Court Opinion

ID: 4095774
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-11-04 20:07:15.569213+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:42:36.488865
License: Public Domain

Digitally signed by
                               Illinois Official Reports                         Reporter of Decisions
                                                                                 Reason: I attest to the
                                                                                 accuracy and integrity
                                       Appellate Court                           of this document
                                                                                 Date: 2016.11.03
                                                                                 12:53:39 -05'00'

                 Conxall Corp. v. iCONN Systems, LLC, 2016 IL App (1st) 140158

Appellate Court           CONXALL CORPORATION, an Illinois Corporation, Plaintiff-
Caption                   Appellant and Cross-Appellee, v. iCONN SYSTEMS, LLC, an
                          Illinois Limited Liability Corporation; RICHARD REGOLE; KERRY
                          NELSON; ROBERT SMITH; MANUAL SANCHEZ; MARIO
                          CALDERA; and JEROME VOREL, Defendants-Appellees and
                          Cross-Appellants (Mine Safety Appliances Company, a Pennsylvania
                          Corporation, Third-Party Defendant).

District & No.            First District, Sixth Division
                          Docket No. 1-14-0158

Filed                     September 2, 2016

Decision Under            Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County No. 08-L-15396; the
Review                    Hon. Gregory J. Wojkowski, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                  Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded with directions.

Counsel on                Williams Montgomery & John, Ltd., of Chicago (Peter C. John and
Appeal                    Alyssa M. Reiter, of counsel), and Howarth & Smith, of Los Angeles,
                          California (Don Howarth, of counsel), for appellant and
                          cross-appellee.

                          Pedersen & Houpt, P.C., of Chicago (Marc D. Janser and Stan
                          Sneeringer, of counsel), for appellees and cross-appellants.
     Panel                    JUSTICE DELORT delivered the judgment of the court as to Parts I,
                              II, and III, with opinion.
                              JUSTICE DELORT delivered the judgment of the court as to Part IV.
                              Presiding Justice Rochford concurred in the judgment of the court as
                              to Parts I, II, and III, and specially concurred as to Part IV, with
                              opinion.
                              Justice Hoffman concurred in the judgment of the court as to Parts I,
                              II, and III, and dissented as to Part IV, with opinion.

                                                OPINION

¶1         The plaintiff, Conxall Corporation, sued defendants iCONN Systems, LLC, Richard
       Regole, Kerry Nelson, Robert Smith, Manual Sanchez, Mario Caldera, and Jerome Vorel,
       alleging that they misappropriated trade secrets relating to a cable assembly and panel mount
       that Conxall produced and sold to third-party defendant Mine Safety Appliances Co. (MSA).
       After a four-week trial, a jury returned a general verdict in favor of defendants. Conxall filed a
       posttrial motion for judgment n.o.v. and new trial, and iCONN filed a motion for attorney fees
       pursuant to section 5 of the Illinois Trade Secrets Act (Act) (765 ILCS 1065/1 et seq. (West
       2008)). The court denied both motions, precipitating Conxall’s appeal and iCONN’s
       cross-appeal. MSA is not a party to either appeal.
¶2         In its appeal, Conxall contends that the trial court erred by denying its posttrial motion for
       three reasons. First, it contends that the trial court tendered an instruction to the jury that
       misstated the law and prejudiced its case. Second, it argues that the court should have
       instructed the jury to limit its consideration of a special interrogatory that MSA propounded to
       its deliberations over iCONN’s cross-claim against MSA. Third, it argues that the jury’s
       answer to the special interrogatory was against the manifest weight of the evidence. In its
       cross-appeal, iCONN claims that the trial court abused its discretion by denying its motion for
       attorney fees.

¶3                                           BACKGROUND
¶4         Conxall manufactures cable and connector assemblies used in electronic devices. The
       third-party defendant, MSA, is a Pennsylvania corporation that manufactures safety equipment
       for firefighters. Defendant iCONN was formed by defendants Richard Regole, Kerry Nelson,
       and Robert Smith, who are all former executive-level Conxall employees. Regole worked at
       Conxall from 1991 to 2000, serving as general manager, director of sales and marketing, and
       manufacturing director; Nelson worked at Conxall from 1997 to 2004, serving as national sales
       manager and manager of industrial products; and Smith worked at Conxall from 1994 to 2006,
       serving as director of operations.
¶5         Defendants Jerome Vorel, Manual Sanchez, and Mario Caldera are former Conxall
       manufacturing employees who went to work for iCONN. Vorel worked at Conxall from 1993
       to 2008. From 1993 to 2000, Vorel was a maintenance mechanic responsible for repairing
       leaky roofs, toilets that would not flush, and jammed doors. In 2000, he became an industrial
       engineer. Vorel left Conxall on June 24, 2008, and began working at iCONN on June 26.

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       Sanchez and Caldera worked on Conxall’s assembly line from 1988 and 1992, respectively, to
       November 8, 2007, when both men began working at iCONN.
¶6         The events that gave rise to this lawsuit began in March 2006. Around that time, Conxall
       secured a lucrative business opportunity to sell MSA cable assemblies and panel mounts for
       incorporation into the Firehawk, a firefighter’s mask that MSA manufactured. Once MSA
       notified Conxall that it had been chosen to supply the components, Conxall and MSA
       collaborated on a design for the cable assembly and panel mount.
¶7         After the design process concluded, Conxall began shipping parts to MSA. MSA
       eventually became dissatisfied with the quality of Conxall’s products. As a result, MSA sought
       out iCONN so that it could also supply MSA with cable assemblies and panel mounts for the
       Firehawk. In October 2007, Jim Flaherty, an MSA materials manager, contacted iCONN and
       spoke to Regole. Flaherty told Regole that MSA was experiencing problems with Conxall
       because Conxall was struggling to deliver enough quality products to MSA in a timely manner.
       Regole visited MSA’s manufacturing facility on October 23, 2007. During the visit, MSA
       agreed to allow iCONN to submit a bid for the Firehawk cable assembly and panel mount.
¶8         To assist iCONN, Flaherty gave iCONN (1) a sample cable assembly and panel mount, (2)
       MSA’s quality control specifications, (3) two-dimensional (2D) design drawings, and (4)
       three-dimensional (3D) models. Flaherty e-mailed Regole the 2D drawings and quality control
       documents on October 25. Jeremy Steck, an MSA engineer, e-mailed the 3D models to iCONN
       on October 29. Flaherty testified that the drawings MSA sent to iCONN “were the property of
       [MSA],” that the 2D drawings contained a proprietary title block with MSA’s name on it, and
       that he told Regole the samples “were MSA parts.” When Steck e-mailed the 3D models, he
       did not refer to Conxall, and the models themselves bore no indicia of ownership as to any
       party. According to Regole, he also asked Steck to send component drawings, but Steck
       refused because he believed that the component drawings belonged to Conxall.
¶9         Sometime around April 1, 2008, Conxall discovered that iCONN was also supplying MSA
       with cable assemblies and panel mounts. Later that month, Conxall filed this lawsuit.
¶ 10       On March 9, 2009, Conxall added two claims alleging that iCONN misappropriated trade
       secrets with respect to products that Conxall had sold to three additional companies—Skybitz,
       Hach, and Kustom Signals, Inc. (KSI). When all was said and done, Conxall had alleged that
       iCONN misappropriated four categories of purportedly secret information: (1) the overall
       design of the Firehawk products; (2) the designs and related information covering certain
       component parts that went into the Firehawk products; (3) the process that Conxall used to
       manufacture the Firehawk products; and (4) the overall designs of the Hach, Skybitz, and KSI
       products.
¶ 11       On November 16, 2009, defendants filed a motion to dismiss Conxall’s amended
       complaint. The trial court denied the motion on May 27, 2010. On June 27, 2011, iCONN filed
       a third-party complaint against MSA. iCONN’s complaint set forth claims for indemnity and
       fraud. The gist of iCONN’s claims against MSA was that, assuming iCONN had
       misappropriated a trade secret by using the information contained in the 2D and 3D files that
       MSA gave iCONN, MSA had misled iCONN into believing that MSA owned the information
       in the files.
¶ 12       On October 26, defendants filed a motion for summary judgment against Conxall. The
       court denied the motion, and the case proceeded to a jury trial.

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¶ 13       After the close of evidence, the trial court instructed the jury. Over Conxall’s objection, the
       court tendered instruction No. 18 to the jury, a nonpattern instruction, which stated: “the
       plaintiff must show that specific secrets were misappropriated. It is not sufficient to point to
       broad areas of technology and assert that something there must have been secret and
       misappropriated.”
¶ 14       The court also tendered six special interrogatories to the jury. Special interrogatory No. 4,
       which was proffered by MSA, asked “[d]id MSA own the information contained in the two
       drawings and two [3D] files relating to the panel mount and cable assembly that MSA
       produced to ICONN?” In chambers, Conxall specifically objected to a different interrogatory
       that is not at issue in this appeal, but it did not specifically object to special interrogatory No. 4.
       After that objection was overruled and immediately before the parties and judge returned to the
       courtroom, one of Conxall’s attorneys lodged a general objection to all of MSA’s special
       interrogatories, stating simply, “I think I better—just for the record, Conxall objects to all
       MSA’s proposed special interrogatories.”
¶ 15       Ultimately, the jury returned a general verdict in favor of iCONN and answered special
       interrogatory No. 4 “yes.” Conxall filed a motion for a new trial and judgment n.o.v., and
       iCONN filed a motion for attorney fees. The trial court denied all three motions in a single
       order on December 20, 2013. With respect to iCONN’s motion for attorney fees, the court
       stated: “Defendant iCONN’s Motion for Attorney Fees is denied. The Court finds that
       Conxall’s claims were not frivolous and not brought in bad faith. There was sufficient
       circumstantial evidence for this finding that Conxall’s claims were not brought in bad faith and
       were not frivolous.” Conxall appealed, and iCONN cross-appealed.

¶ 16                                            ANALYSIS
¶ 17       In its appeal, Conxall has raised three issues. First, Conxall contends that the trial court
       erred by tendering instruction No. 18. Second, Conxall argues that the trial court erred by
       refusing to restrict the jury’s consideration of special interrogatory No. 4 to its deliberations
       with respect to iCONN’s case against MSA. Finally, Conxall claims that the jury’s answer to
       special interrogatory No. 4 was against the manifest weight of the evidence. In its cross-appeal,
       iCONN argues that the trial court erred by denying its motion for attorney fees. We consider
       these arguments in turn.

¶ 18                          I. Instruction No. 18 Was Properly Granted
¶ 19       We first consider Conxall’s claim that the trial court erred by tendering instruction No. 18.
       “The purpose of jury instructions is to provide the jury with correct legal rules that can be
       applied to the evidence to guide the jury toward a proper verdict.” People v. Lovejoy, 235 Ill.
       2d 97, 150 (2009); Dillon v. Evanston Hospital, 199 Ill. 2d 483, 507 (2002). To be proper, a
       jury instruction “must state the law fairly and distinctly and must not mislead the jury or
       prejudice a party.” (Emphasis in original.) Dillon, 199 Ill. 2d at 507. “The decision whether to
       give a nonpattern instruction rests within the sound discretion of the trial court.” People v.
       Bannister, 232 Ill. 2d 52, 81 (2008). “[A]s a court of review we will not disturb such a
       determination absent a clear abuse of discretion.” Surestaff, Inc. v. Azteca Foods, Inc., 374 Ill.
       App. 3d 625, 627 (2007). To determine if the trial court abused its discretion, “we look at the
       jury instructions, taken as a whole, to determine whether they fairly, fully, and
       comprehensively instructed the jury of the relevant legal principles.” Holland v. Schwan’s

                                                      -4-
       Home Service, Inc., 2013 IL App (5th) 110560, ¶ 139. “A reviewing court ordinarily will not
       reverse a trial court for giving faulty instructions unless they clearly misled the jury and
       resulted in prejudice to the appellant.” Schultz v. Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter R.R.
       Corp., 201 Ill. 2d 260, 274 (2002).
¶ 20       Conxall has proffered a complex, multifaceted argument setting forth its belief that
       instruction No. 18 inaccurately stated the law and was misleading. But we need not adopt its
       approach because we find that the instructions, taken as a whole, “fairly, fully, and
       comprehensively apprised the jury of the relevant legal principles.” Schultz, 201 Ill. 2d at
       273-74. Specifically, instruction Nos. 15, 16, and 17, painstakingly set forth—in language
       almost indistinguishable from the relevant text of the Act—the definition of a trade secret, the
       elements of trade secret misappropriation, and Conxall’s burden of proof. Of special relevance
       here, instruction No. 15 contained an extensive definition of the “trade secret.” It stated, in
       relevant part:
                   “A trade secret is information which may include but is not limited to, technical or
               non-technical data, a formula, pattern, compilation, program, device, method,
               technique, drawing, process, financial data, or list of actual or potential customers or
               suppliers. To prove its information is entitled to special protection as a trade secret,
               Conxall must show that:
                       1. The information is sufficiently secret to derive economic value, actual or
                   potential, from not being generally known to other persons who can obtain
                   economic value from its use or disclosure; and
                       2. Conxall took reasonable efforts under the circumstances to maintain the
                   secrecy or confidentiality of the information.
                   In determining whether Conxall has proven that it possessed a trade secret, you
               may consider the following factors:
                       1. The extent to which the information was known outside of Conxall’s
                   business;
                       2. The extent to which the information was known by employees and others
                   involved in Conxall’s business;
                       3. The extent of measures taken by Conxall to guard the secrecy of the
                   information;
                       4. The value of the information to Conxall and its competitors;
                       5. The amount of time, effort or money expended by Conxall in developing the
                   information; and
                       6. The ease or difficulty with which the information could be properly acquired
                   or duplicated by others.”
¶ 21       In light of this extensive definition of trade secret, as well as the other instructions that
       largely tracked the text of the Act, we find that the jury could not have been misled by
       instruction No. 18. Accordingly, under these circumstances, the trial court’s decision to tender
       instruction No. 18 did not constitute an abuse of discretion. We therefore reject Conxall’s first
       claim of error.

                                                   -5-
¶ 22                 II. Conxall Forfeited Its Objection to Special Interrogatory No. 4
¶ 23       Next, Conxall contends that the trial court erred by failing to limit the jury’s consideration
       of special interrogatory No. 4 to iCONN’s case against MSA. A party may object to a special
       interrogatory, but the objecting party must specifically object to an individual special
       interrogatory. See Struthers v. Jack Baulos, Inc., 52 Ill. App. 3d 823, 826 (1977). In Struthers,
       the plaintiff lodged a general objection “ ‘for the record’ ” to a special interrogatory tendered
       by the defendant. Id. On appeal, this court held that the plaintiff forfeited any challenge to the
       interrogatory because, by lodging only a general objection, the plaintiff precluded the trial
       court from “mak[ing] a considered ruling” and prevented the defendant from propounding a
       corrected interrogatory. Id.
¶ 24       The record shows that Conxall only specifically objected to special interrogatory six on the
       basis that it was confusing and should only apply to iCONN’s case against MSA. That specific
       objection was overruled. Immediately before the parties retired from the instruction conference
       in chambers, one of Conxall’s attorneys lodged a general objection, stating, “I think I
       better—just for the record, Conxall objects to all MSA’s proposed special interrogatories.”
       Thus, just as in Struthers, Conxall forfeited any objection to special interrogatory No. 4.

¶ 25                      III. The Jury’s Answer to Special Interrogatory No. 4
                          Was Not Against the Manifest Weight of the Evidence
¶ 26       Next, Conxall argues that the trial court erred by failing to set aside the jury’s answer to
       special interrogatory No. 4. A jury’s answer to a special interrogatory will be set aside only if it
       is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Simmons v. Garces, 198 Ill. 2d 541, 561 (2002).
       “ ‘A verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence where the opposite conclusion is
       clearly evident or where the findings of the jury are unreasonable, arbitrary and not based upon
       any of the evidence.’ ” Maple v. Gustafson, 151 Ill. 2d 445, 454 (1992) (quoting Villa v. Crown
       Cork & Seal Co., 202 Ill. App. 3d 1082, 1089 (1990)).
¶ 27       Conxall argues that the jury’s answer was against the manifest weight of the evidence
       because (1) there was testimony that the 3D models that MSA sent to iCONN contained some
       internal dimensions and (2) Uber testified that MSA was not claiming to own “the internal
       design structure” of the cable assembly and panel mount. We disagree.
¶ 28       Although Conxall is correct that there was testimony showing that the 3D models revealed
       some internal dimensions and Uber testified that MSA was not claiming to own that
       information, Flaherty testified clearly and without qualification that the 2D design drawings
       and 3D models he gave to iCONN were “the property of MSA.” In addition, Flaherty testified
       that he “never sent [Regole] anything that wasn’t MSA owned” and that no one from Conxall
       told him that any of the information in the files belonged to Conxall.
¶ 29       Moreover, there was evidence showing that when iCONN communicated with MSA
       regarding the various files that MSA sent to iCONN, MSA never said that some part of the
       information contained in the files belonged to Conxall or was subject to a confidentiality
       agreement it had with Conxall. In essence, Conxall asks this court to reweigh the evidence,
       substitute its judgment for the jury’s, and answer special interrogatory No. 4 in its favor. This
       court, however, does not reweigh contested evidence. See Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at 452-53 (“[T]he
       appellate court should not usurp the function of the jury and substitute its judgment on
       questions of fact fairly submitted, tried, and determined from the evidence which did not

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       greatly preponderate either way.”). We therefore affirm the trial court’s denial of Conxall’s
       posttrial motion.

¶ 30                                 IV. iCONN’s Attorney Fee Request
¶ 31        We next consider iCONN’s cross-appeal. iCONN contends that it is entitled to receive its
       attorney fees from Conxall pursuant to section 5 of the Act. Section 5 provides “[i]f *** a
       claim of misappropriation is made in bad faith ***, the court may award reasonable attorney’s
       fees to the prevailing party.” 765 ILCS 1065/5 (West 2008). The question dispositive of this
       issue is whether the trial court applied the correct legal standard when determining whether
       Conxall’s claims were brought in “bad faith,” as that term is used and understood in the Act.
¶ 32        That question is one of first impression in this court, and it has generated a sharp difference
       of opinion among the members of this panel. As set forth below, I would apply the two-part
       test for bad faith articulated by the California Court of Appeals in SASCO v. Rosendin Electric,
       Inc., 143 Cal. Rptr. 3d 828 (Ct. App. 2012). My esteemed colleagues, on the other hand,
       believe that, when assessing bad faith under section 5 of the Act, courts may “be guided”—but
       not “constrained”—“by the body of case law construing [Illinois Supreme Court] Rule 137
       [(eff. July 1, 2013)].” Infra ¶ 99 (Rochford, P.J., specially concurring); infra ¶ 108
       (Hoffman, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). Accordingly, this court holds, by a
       majority of two to one, that the appropriate standard to determine bad faith under section 5 of
       the Act is the position taken by Presiding Justice Rochford and Justice Hoffman.
¶ 33        In Presiding Justice Rochford’s view, the fee issue should be remanded to the trial court so
       that it can reconsider the issue under the standard articulated in Presiding Justice Rochford’s
       concurring opinion. For the reasons expressed in infra ¶¶ 109-10, I cannot join Justice
       Hoffman’s conclusion that “circumstantial evidence exists supporting” the trial court’s
       conclusion that Conxall did not proceed in bad faith. Rather, I have a strong belief that the
       record is replete with evidence to the contrary. I would be inclined to simply reverse the trial
       court’s denial of fees. However, prudence suggests that an appropriate course may simply be to
       allow the court below to itself reconsider the issue upon due consideration of our analysis.
       Accordingly, I concur with Presiding Judge Rochford to vacate the fee order and to remand for
       further proceedings. I offer the following analysis to detail my own view of the evidence and to
       guide the trial court on remand.

¶ 34                                   A. The Applicable Standard
¶ 35       As stated above, I would adopt the standard for determining bad faith articulated by the
       California Court of Appeals in cases such as SASCO v. Rosendin Electric, Inc., 143 Cal. Rptr.
       3d 828 (Ct. App. 2012), FLIR Systems, Inc. v. Parrish, 95 Cal. Rptr. 3d 307 (Ct. App. 2009),
       and Gemini Aluminum Corp. v. California Custom Shapes, Inc., 116 Cal. Rptr. 2d 358 (Ct.
       App. 2002). In those cases, the court explained that “bad faith” in the context of California’s
       trade secret statute—which, like the Act, is derived from the Uniform Trade Secrets Act
       (UTSA)—consists of (1) “objective speciousness” and (2) “subjective bad faith.” (Internal
       quotation marks omitted.) SASCO, 143 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 834 (quoting Gemini, 116 Cal. Rptr. 2d
       at 368). In my view, this definition of bad faith is correct for several reasons.

                                                    -7-
¶ 36        Consider first the drafter’s comment to section 4 of the UTSA, from which section 5 of the
       Act is derived.1 The comment states: “Section 4 allows a court to award reasonable attorney
       fees to a prevailing party in specified circumstances as a deterrent to specious claims of
       misappropriation ***.” (Emphases added.) Unif. Trade Secrets Act § 4, Comment (2015).
       Based on that statement, it is clear that the drafters intended for attorney fees to be awarded
       when the plaintiff’s trade secret claim was (1) objectively specious and (2) brought in
       subjective bad faith. With respect to the first requirement, one need look no further than the
       comment: the only adjective the drafter’s used to describe the sort of claims that should result
       in an award of fees are specious ones. The second requirement arises from the drafter’s
       indication that fees should deter specious claims, since a person or entity cannot be deterred
       from engaging in conduct that they do not know they are engaging in. See Gemini, 116 Cal.
       Rptr. 2d at 367 (“To be deterrable, conduct must be at least reckless or grossly negligent, if not
       intentional and willful.” (quoting Stilwell Development, Inc. v. Chen, No. CV86-4487-GHK,
       1989 WL 418783, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 25, 1989))).
¶ 37        Importantly, the words “specious” and “frivolous”—the latter being the standard under
       which Rule 137 motions are measured (see Cult Awareness Network v. Church of Scientology
       International, 177 Ill. 2d 267, 279 (1997); Heckinger v. Welsh, 339 Ill. App. 3d 189, 191
       (2003))—mean different things. Frivolousness is a demanding legal standard. This court has
       explained that a claim or filing is frivolous when it contains “false allegations” made “without
       reasonable cause.” Heckinger, 339 Ill. App. 3d at 191. And importantly, for a claim to be
       frivolous, its falsity must be readily ascertainable on its face. See, e.g., Technology Innovation
       Center, Inc. v. Advanced Multiuser Technologies Corp., 315 Ill. App. 3d 238, 245 (2000)
       (finding allegation in plaintiff’s complaint was frivolous where factual defect was “apparent”
       and the plaintiffs “kn[e]w, or should have known” about the defect). In other words, if a claim
       cannot be judged frivolous based on the pleadings and obvious factual defects, it likely never
       will.
¶ 38        Speciousness is a looser standard that embraces a wider range of claims. Unlike a frivolous
       claim, a claim cannot be judged “specious” simply by reviewing the text of the plaintiff’s
       complaint because specious claims are by definition superficially meritorious. See Bryan A.
       Garner, A Dictionary of Modern Usage 825 (2d ed. 1995) (defining “specious” as “having
       superficial appeal but false”); see also Black’s Law Dictionary 1529 (9th ed. 2009) (defining
       “specious” as “[f]alsely appearing to be true, accurate, or just”); FLIR, 95 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 313
       (“Objective speciousness exists where the action superficially appears to have merit but there
       is a complete lack of evidence to support the claim.”).
¶ 39        The foregoing discussion still begs the question whether frivolousness or speciousness is
       the appropriate standard for judging bad faith. The text of section 5 readily supplies the answer.
       Section 5 states that attorney fees should be awarded “to the prevailing party.” As a case
       proceeds, a defendant has multiple opportunities to “prevail.” By its plain text, section 5
       expresses no preference for defendants who prevail on a motion to dismiss versus a defendant
       who prevails on summary judgment or after a lengthy bench trial. Yet, restricting the

           1
           The General Assembly adopted the Act in 1988 without significant comment. As such, I find it
       appropriate to turn to the drafter’s comments to the Uniform Act from which the Act traces its lineage.
       See McArdle v. McArdle, 55 Ill. App. 3d 829, 833 (1977) (when interpreting provisions of uniform
       laws, court may consult drafter’s comments).

                                                      -8-
       application of section 5 only to frivolous claims—that is, claims with obvious or apparent
       defects—achieves that precise result, since most claims will not be judged frivolous once the
       court moves past the pleadings. In this way, the approach adopted by my colleagues
       significantly blunts the ability of section 5 to actually deter litigants like Conxall, since it is
       often the case that the factual baselessness of a claim can become apparent only after summary
       judgment or trial. See FLIR, 95 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 319 (the court rejected the plaintiff’s argument
       that the trial court’s denial of the defendant’s motion for summary judgment precluded an
       award of attorney fees, reasoning that “[i]f the rule were otherwise, a trade secrets plaintiff
       could file sham declarations to successfully oppose a summary judgment motion and
       immunize itself from sanctions”); cf. Krautsack v. Anderson, 223 Ill. 2d 541, 562 (2006)
       (“Because Rule 137 addresses the pleadings, motions and other papers a litigant files, the rule
       does not provide a sanction against all asserted instances of bad-faith conduct by a litigant or
       the litigant’s attorney during the course of litigation.”).
¶ 40       In holding that bad faith under section 5 is determined based on whether the plaintiff’s
       claim violated the letter or spirit of Rule 137, my colleagues principally rely on Krautsack. I do
       not share this reliance. Krautsack had nothing to do with the law at issue here, which is a
       specific act governing a highly technical field. Instead, the issue before the court was how to
       define the term “bad faith” in the context of a motion for attorney fees pursuant to section
       10a(c) of the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (Consumer Fraud Act)
       (815 ILCS 505/10a(c) (West 2004)).
¶ 41       More to the point, Krautsack simply does not support the position taken by my colleagues.
       Notably, in Krautsack, the plaintiff argued that the court should construe bad faith in the
       context of the Consumer Fraud Act as coterminous with bad faith under Rule 137. The court
       unambiguously rejected that argument, stating:
                     “Because Rule 137 addresses the pleadings, motions and other papers a litigant
                files, the rule does not provide a sanction against all asserted instances of bad-faith
                conduct by a litigant or the litigant’s attorney during the course of litigation. [Citation.]
                For example, a party’s pleadings may conform to Rule 137, yet the party may be guilty
                of other rule violations amounting to bad faith. We discern no reason why a prevailing
                defendant should be limited by Rule 137 in establishing a plaintiff’s bad faith. Rule
                137, and the body of case law that has developed around it, provide useful guidance to
                litigants and judges, but a defendant’s failure to demonstrate bad faith by the plaintiff
                under Rule 137 is not fatal to a prevailing defendant’s fee petition under the Act.
                Appellate court opinions which hold to the contrary, including Krautsack I, are
                overruled.” Id. at 562.
¶ 42       Thus, to the extent it is even relevant, Krautsack strongly suggests that the Rule 137
       definition of bad faith is not a one-size-fits-all standard applicable to every Illinois statute
       containing a fee-shifting provision that hinges on the plaintiff acting in bad faith. Id.

¶ 43                      B. iCONN Has Made a Strong Case for Attorney Fees
¶ 44       Applying the framework described in SASCO, I note that the record is replete with
       evidence that Conxall’s claims were both objectively specious and brought in subjective bad
       faith. “An objectively specious claim is one that is completely unsupported by the evidence
       [citation], or one that lacks proof as to one of its essential elements.” JLM Formation, Inc. v.
       Form+Pac, No. C 04-1774 CW, 2004 WL 1858132, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 19, 2004). In

                                                     -9-
       making that showing, a defendant is not required to “prove a negative” by conclusively
       disproving the plaintiff’s claim. SASCO, 143 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 837. Rather, the defendant’s
       burden under the objective speciousness prong is satisfied by a simple showing that there was
       an “absence of evidence” with respect to an element of the plaintiff’s claim. Id. There is ample
       support in the record from which the trial could conclude that iCONN has satisfied this burden.
¶ 45       First, with respect to Conxall’s claims pertaining to the overall design of the Firehawk
       products, Conxall did not prove that (1) it owned the designs and (2) the designs were even
       secret. With respect to the ownership issue, the evidence at trial showed that Conxall and MSA
       jointly designed the Firehawk products. The evidence further showed that MSA maintained
       total control over the design. Conxall’s own witnesses—specifically Smaczny, Conxall’s
       director of engineering, and Kryza, one of Conxall’s engineers—conceded during their
       respective cross-examinations that MSA “had the final call” on all elements of the design and
       that when MSA rejected Conxall’s design proposals, MSA would tell Conxall how the design
       needed to be changed and Conxall would implement the changes “as instructed.”
¶ 46       Moreover, the evidence showed that in September 2006, Scott Sanchez, a Conxall sales
       manager, sent an e-mail to his colleagues expressing concern about whether Conxall or MSA
       would own the designs. At trial, Sanchez acknowledged that he never sent the e-mail to anyone
       at MSA, and he testified that no one at Conxall ever asked MSA to sign a contract turning over
       ownership of the designs to Conxall.
¶ 47       To make matters worse, Conxall could not even prove that the designs were secret because
       it never entered into a confidentiality agreement with MSA. To be sure, Conxall tried to prove
       that it obtained an oral confidentiality agreement with MSA and that Steck bound MSA to a
       written confidentiality agreement by signing design drawings that contained Conxall’s
       proprietary title block. Those arguments, however, were hopelessly meritless, as the evidence
       showed that MSA itself rejected these assertions long before trial.
¶ 48       Specifically, the evidence showed that in February 2009, Bandolik told Jacqueline Debick,
       a senior buyer at MSA, that Conxall and MSA had a confidentiality agreement. After Debick
       asked Bandolik to produce the agreement, Bandolik admitted that Conxall did not have “a
       single written agreement with MSA.” Bandolik nonetheless insisted that the parties had a
       confidentiality agreement because MSA signed drawings that contained Conxall’s title block
       and MSA orally agreed to confidentiality. On March 2, 2009, Debick replied to Bandolik,
       informing him that MSA’s law department had no record of a confidentiality agreement.
       Moreover, she stated that “[t]he lack of a written confidentiality agreement confirms that no
       such understanding as to confidential information was ever agreed to by MSA.”
¶ 49       Thus, the record shows that by no later than March 2, 2009, Conxall was on notice that it
       did not have a confidentiality agreement with MSA. Accordingly, the record shows that as of
       March 2, 2009, Conxall knew that it did not have a confidentiality agreement with MSA, and it
       knew that the title block and oral agreement theories were unfounded.
¶ 50       That conclusion is reinforced by testimony elicited from James Uber, MSA’s general
       counsel. Uber testified that MSA does not, as a matter of corporate policy, enter into oral
       confidentiality agreements. Moreover, he testified that he “did not believe that there was any
       kind of agreement or contract between MSA and Conxall with regard to confidentiality.”
¶ 51       Additional evidence that Conxall’s confidentiality claims were factually baseless came
       from Sanchez, whose testimony established that Conxall concocted the title block theory for
       purposes of advancing this litigation after it learned that it did not have a genuine

                                                  - 10 -
       confidentiality agreement with MSA. The evidence showed that Bandolik asked Sanchez to
       find a confidentiality agreement after Conxall discovered iCONN’s competition. Sanchez’s
       search proved fruitless, and according to him only then did Conxall begin internal discussions
       about whether the signed design drawings could serve as a confidentiality agreement.
¶ 52        Numerous witnesses confirmed Conxall’s stance in this regard. Regole, Smith, and Nelson
       all explained that during their tenure, Conxall required that its customers sign design drawings
       to confirm the drawing depicted what the customer wanted. Sanchez corroborated that
       understanding, explaining that he “never heard anyone take a position other than that” until
       Conxall filed this lawsuit. Even Conxall’s witnesses confirmed this view. Kryza conceded that
       the Firehawk project could not proceed unless Steck approved the drawings, and he
       acknowledged that when he e-mailed Steck drawings, he did not (1) mention the title block; (2)
       refer to confidentiality; or (3) inform Steck that by signing the drawings, he was actually
       entering into a confidentiality agreement with Conxall.
¶ 53        The title block theory was also undermined by Dunmead, who candidly admitted that
       Bandolik was the only Conxall employee who could execute a confidentiality agreement. The
       record is devoid of evidence, however, showing that Bandolik signed any of the drawings.
       Thus, Conxall’s title block theory was actually inconsistent with its own business practices.
¶ 54        These facts make it apparent that Conxall’s oral agreement and title block theories were
       nothing more than “fabricated, post-hoc notions lacking a scintilla of factual or legal support.”
       Contract Materials Processing, Inc. v. Kataleuna GmbH Catalysts, 222 F. Supp. 2d 733, 746
       (D. Md. 2002). Because Conxall could not prove that it had a confidentiality agreement with
       MSA, its trade secret claim with respect to the design of the Firehawk cable assembly and
       panel mount suffered a total failure of proof as to a critical element, namely that the designs
       were a trade secret. Accordingly, there is support for a finding that Conxall’s claims with
       respect to the Firehawk cable assembly and panel mount were objectively specious.
¶ 55        Conxall’s claims with respect to the Firehawk products’ component parts fared no better.
       At trial, Conxall failed to produce any evidence showing that the designs of the component
       parts were not generally known in the industry. Conxall’s witnesses opined that Conxall’s use
       of component parts like a coupling nut was not generally known in the industry. When
       Conxall’s witnesses were cross-examined, however, they conceded that Conxall was not the
       first company to use any of the components parts at issue in this case and that the only secret
       aspect of the components was their specific dimensions, which, Conxall’s witnesses conceded,
       could be readily ascertained using a vision system. Notably on that point, iCONN elicited
       extensive testimony from Regole, Smith, and Bill Alvelo, one of its engineers, establishing that
       iCONN obtained dimensions for the component parts by dissecting product samples and
       measuring with calipers, height gauges, and a “vision system” capable of 150x magnification
       that gave “precise measurements.” When a company can acquire its competitor’s allegedly
       secret information “with relative ease, ‘the inference is that the information was either
       essentially “public” or is of de minimis economic value.’ ” Trident Products & Services, LLC
       v. Canadian Soiless Wholesale, Ltd., 859 F. Supp. 2d 771, 779 (E.D. Va. 2012) (quoting
       MicroStrategy Inc. v. Business Objects, S.A., 331 F. Supp. 2d 396, 416-17 (E.D. Va. 2004)).
       Again, as to this issue, there is support in the record that Conxall’s claims with respect to the
       component parts were objectively specious.
¶ 56        I next address whether there is evidence showing that Conxall’s claims with respect to the
       Skybitz, KSI, and Hach products were objectively specious. Conxall failed to produce any

                                                  - 11 -
       evidence whatsoever establishing that any of the designs were not generally known in the
       industry. Cooper and Anthony did offer vague and conclusory testimony that the designs for
       these products were trade secrets, but that testimony was obliterated on cross-examination.
       Cooper, for example, conceded that aspects of the designs were in fact generally known and
       “probably not trade secrets.” Yet, he conceded that he did not conduct any study to separate the
       secret from the not secret, and so his testimony had zero evidentiary value. The same was true
       of Anthony, who like Cooper also failed to undertake any study to determine what aspects of
       the designs were secret and what was generally known. Anthony instead opined based on his
       “personal knowledge,” which he acknowledged could not be independently verified. Thus, as
       with Cooper, Anthony’s testimony was worthless. And to ice an already iced cake (1) Cooper
       and Dunmead both conceded that they did not even know if Conxall and iCONN sold the same
       product to Hach, (2) Cooper testified that he was not aware of any Conxall drawings relating to
       Hach that had been found in iCONN’s possession, and (3) Anthony admitted that he never
       compared Conxall and iCONN’s Hach drawings or examined a physical sample of iCONN’s
       Hach product.
¶ 57       The inability of Conxall’s witnesses to identify a single specific aspect of the design of the
       MSA, Skybitz, KSI or Hach products that was a trade secret provides further factual support
       for a finding that Conxall’s claims were objectively specious.
¶ 58       Finally, there is support in the record that Conxall’s claims regarding its manufacturing
       process were objectively specious. At trial, Conxall presented testimony from James
       Considine, its vice president of manufacturing. During his cross-examination, Considine was
       confronted with a December 2007 e-mail he sent to his colleagues in preparation for a visit that
       some MSA employees were making to Conxall’s facility. With respect to the alleged secrecy
       of Conxall’s manufacturing process, the e-mail could not be more damning for Conxall’s case.
       Considine wrote: “There are few places where we employ ‘special’ processes or technology,
       so there really is nothing that we shouldn’t show them.”
¶ 59       It is difficult to imagine a person better situated to opine on the secrecy and novelty of
       Conxall’s manufacturing methods than its vice president of manufacturing. And as the
       above-quoted e-mail shows, Considine (and by extension, Conxall) knew in December
       2007—long before this case was ever filed—that its manufacturing process was not a trade
       secret.
¶ 60       And that is not all. Bandolik—who verified Conxall’s complaint under penalty of
       perjury—admitted that he could not identify any specific manufacturing process that Conxall
       used that was not generally known in the industry. Likewise, Anthony conceded that he did not
       conduct any study to determine whether Conxall’s manufacturing processes were not generally
       known in the industry.
¶ 61       Then there was Dunmead, who, when pressed by iCONN’s attorney to identify just one
       specific part of the manufacturing process that was not generally known in the industry, instead
       replied “[t]he entire process is secret.” That statement led to the following colloquy in which
       Dunmead conceded that Conxall’s method of crimping contacts was both generally known in
       Conxall’s industry and yet somehow simultaneously a secret to Conxall:
                    “Q. *** Is crimping a contact onto a wire a secret?
                    A. Yes.
                    Q. It is?

                                                   - 12 -
                    A. Yes.
                    Q. It is something that only Conxall knows how to do?
                    A. No.
                    Q. Okay. That part isn’t a secret, right? You would agree with that?
                    A. No.
                    Q. You wouldn’t agree with that?
                    A. That’s correct.
                    Q. So when everybody else does it, it is common knowledge, but when you do it,
               it’s a secret; is that right?
                    A. In sum total with all the rest of the processes, the entire process is a trade secret,
               yes.
                    Q. Well, I want to know about crimping a contact. I want to know whether crimping
               a contact is something that is a secret that belongs to Conxall.
                    A. It could be.
                    Q. What does Conxall do to crimp a contact in the MSA Firehawk cable assembly
               and panel mount that only Conxall knows how to do? What is it?
                    A. On that particular product, nothing.
                    Q. Nothing.
                    A. Yes.
                    Q. So that part isn’t a secret, right?
                    A. I believe it is, yes.”
¶ 62       Not only does the record contain support for a finding that Conxall’s claims were
       objectively specious, it also contains support for a finding that they were brought in subjective
       bad faith. Subjective bad faith “means the action was commenced or continued for an improper
       purpose, such as harassment, delay, or to thwart competition.” SASCO, 143 Cal. Rptr. 3d at
       825. Subjective bad faith is present “ ‘where a plaintiff knows or is reckless in not knowing
       that its claim for trade secret misappropriation has no merit.’ ” Contract Materials, 222 F.
       Supp. 2d at 744 (quoting Computer Economics, Inc. v. Gartner Group, Inc., No. 98-CV-0312
       TW (CGA), 1999 WL 33178020, at *6 (S.D. Cal. Dec. 14, 1999)). To be clear, “the test is not
       what the plaintiff believed about its objectively specious claim, but for what purpose it pursued
       such a claim.” (Emphasis in original.) Cypress Semiconductor Corp. v. Maxim Integrated
       Products, Inc., 186 Cal. Rptr. 3d 486, 506 (Ct. App. 2015). Thus, “[i]f the court finds that a
       claim is objectively specious, and that the plaintiff made it for an improper purpose, there is no
       further requirement that the court also find a lack of ‘subjective belief in the merits of its
       case.’ ” Id.
¶ 63       To determine whether a claim was brought for an improper purpose, courts may consider
       “evidence of the plaintiff’s knowledge during certain points in the litigation” as well as the
       degree of speciousness of the plaintiff’s claims. JLM Formation, 2004 WL 1858132, at *2; see
       Contract Materials, 222 F. Supp. 2d at 744. Thus, even if a claim was initially brought in good
       faith, evidence that the plaintiff later knew or gained knowledge that its claims were factually
       baseless may constitute evidence of subjective bad faith. See FLIR, 95 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 315. In
       addition, the timing of the plaintiff’s lawsuit relative to other events germane to the plaintiff’s
       and defendant’s respective businesses is a relevant factor courts should consider. Id.; Gemini,

                                                    - 13 -
       116 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 369; see also Contract Materials, 222 F. Supp. 2d at 748 (fact that
       plaintiff’s claim was brought after plaintiff learned that the defendant corporation might obtain
       a cash infusion from outside investors was evidence of bad faith based on inference that the
       defendants would seek quick settlement so as to not scare off investors).
¶ 64       The court may also take into account evidence showing that the plaintiff used the litigation
       as a means of conveying its litigiousness to other market participants, including the plaintiff’s
       competitors as well as its business partners. See, e.g., Cypress, 186 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 508
       (evidence showing that, after plaintiff dismissed its lawsuit, it issued a press release indicating
       its willingness to “ ‘file again if we perceive more unfair efforts to hire away our employees’ ”
       supported an inference that the plaintiff’s lawsuit which it later dismissed was filed for the
       purpose of inhibiting lawful conduct (internal quotation marks omitted)). And of course, the
       court should consider statements made by the plaintiff (including in the case of a business, its
       officers, and its employees) that shed light on the true reason the lawsuit was filed. See, e.g.,
       FLIR, 95 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 321 (statement by the plaintiff’s CEO that the plaintiff “ ‘couldn’t
       tolerate a direct competitive threat by [respondents] because it would fly in the face of
       everything that we spent 200 million dollars to buy’ ” was evidence that the plaintiff’s claim
       was brought in bad faith).
¶ 65       The record contains abundant evidence that Conxall’s claims were brought in subjective
       bad faith. First, the evidence at trial established that that once Conxall began shipping product
       to MSA, MSA almost immediately began lodging complaints about the quantity and quality of
       Conxall’s shipments. By the middle of November, MSA reported to Conxall that it had two
       products returned to it that had life-threatening defects, and by January 4, MSA informed
       Conxall that it had to shut down its production line because Conxall had not shipped enough
       quality product that MSA could use. By April 4, 2008, MSA informed Conxall that it would
       not purchase any more cable assemblies and panel mounts until it corrected its quality
       problems. In light of these facts, Sanchez explained at trial that Conxall was “blowing the deal”
       with MSA.
¶ 66       The record further establishes that, when MSA told Conxall that it would not place
       additional orders until it rectified its quality problems, Conxall had known for at least one day
       that iCONN was also supplying products to MSA. Accordingly, Conxall had to have known
       that it was in real jeopardy of losing MSA’s business. Armed with this awareness and knowing
       that it could not gainfully compete with iCONN in the marketplace, Conxall filed this lawsuit
       to (1) financially cripple iCONN and (2) render iCONN legally unable to compete for MSA’s
       business. The strength of this inference is underscored by the baseless nature of Conxall’s
       claims set forth above.
¶ 67       Second, the allegations contained in Conxall’s complaint, and MSA’s actions after the
       complaint was filed, also suggest that Conxall filed this lawsuit for the singular purpose of
       thwarting iCONN’s legitimate competition for MSA’s business. Although Conxall’s original
       complaint did not name MSA as a defendant, it nonetheless signaled that Conxall believed that
       MSA had acted wrongfully by engaging with iCONN. Specifically, Conxall’s complaint
       alleged that (1) MSA approved design changes by signing off on drawings that Conxall sent
       MSA, (2) “[e]ach and every drawing Conxall submitted to MSA acknowledged that the design
       was Conxall’s,” and (3) Conxall “never gave permission” for anyone to copy the drawings and
       it did not “give MSA authority to distribute the drawings.” Despite the fact that MSA had
       previously told Conxall it would not place any more orders until Conxall fixed its quality

                                                   - 14 -
       problems, after the lawsuit was filed, MSA began ordering products from Conxall again. The
       content of Conxall’s complaint, in conjunction with the chronology above, demonstrates that
       Conxall filed this lawsuit in part to signal to MSA that it was willing to litigate over the
       Firehawk business and that it believed MSA breached a legal obligation it owed to Conxall.
       See Cypress, 186 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 508 (evidence showing that, after plaintiff dismissed its
       lawsuit, it issued a press release indicating its willingness to “ ‘file again if we perceive more
       unfair efforts to hire away our employees’ ” supported inference that the plaintiff’s lawsuit
       which it later dismissed was filed for the purpose of inhibiting lawful conduct (internal
       quotation marks omitted)); Contract Materials, 222 F. Supp. 2d at 748 (fact that plaintiff’s
       claim was brought after plaintiff learned that the defendant corporation might obtain a cash
       infusion from outside investors was evidence of bad faith based on inference that the
       defendants would seek quick settlement so as to not scare off investors).
¶ 68       Third, Conxall’s witnesses admitted that Conxall filed this lawsuit for an anticompetitive
       purpose. At trial, Bandolik testified that (1) Conxall’s parent company, Switchcraft, purchased
       Conxall for $30 million; (2) all Conxall employees are required to review an employee
       handbook that discusses confidentiality obligations; and (3) Regole, Smith, and Nelson were
       required to sign confidentiality agreements at that time of the acquisition. According to
       Bandolik, the confidentiality agreement precluded Regole, Nelson, and Smith from speaking
       to Conxall customers about custom products sold by Conxall or working on any custom
       products that Conxall had “ever made.” Similarly, Bandolik testified that the handbook “bars
       Conxall’s former employees from ever working on any of the products that Conxall has ever
       made” as well as “any product, even if Conxall didn’t make it, that performs the same product
       and mates properly with Conxall’s product.” In a similar vein, Bandolik stated that Conxall’s
       custom product customers belonged to Conxall “forever.”
¶ 69       This testimony shows that Conxall believed it was entitled to exist in a marketplace free
       from competition and that when that view was shattered by the reality of iCONN’s
       competition, Conxall filed this lawsuit to accomplish in court what it could not accomplish in
       the free market—defeat iCONN’s competition. See FLIR, 95 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 321 (statement
       by the plaintiff’s CEO that the plaintiff “ ‘couldn’t tolerate a direct competitive threat by
       [respondents] because it would fly in the face of everything that we spent 200 million dollars to
       buy’ ” was evidence that the plaintiff’s claim was brought in bad faith).
¶ 70       Furthermore, Bandolik admitted that he was one of the people who made the decision to
       pursue this case and candidly acknowledged that one of the reasons the case was filed was to
       “put iCONN *** out of business.” Likewise, Dunmead testified that he was one of the people
       who made the decision to file suit against iCONN and that he would “personally *** love to
       see iCONN out of business.” This testimony further supports a finding that Conxall pursued its
       trade secret claims in subjective bad faith. See id. at 313.
¶ 71       Fourth, Conxall’s attorneys conceded during opening statements and closing arguments
       that Conxall could not prove its claims. During his opening statement, Conxall’s attorney
       stated “[t]here may be some paths to get iCONN this proprietary and confidential information
       that none of us never know the answer to.” In line with that concession, during his closing
       argument, Conxall’s attorney repeatedly disclaimed any obligation on the part of Conxall to
       prove how iCONN allegedly misappropriated Conxall’s purportedly secret information,
       stating at various points, “[w]e don’t have to prove what that source was, although there are
       lots of candidates”; “the law doesn’t require that we tell you exactly what their sources are”;

                                                   - 15 -
       and “[i]t’s enough that using reasonable inferences under the law, your common sense, that
       you know they stole the designs because they’ve been caught with it in their hands.”
¶ 72       The law is precisely the opposite. To prove that iCONN misappropriated secret
       information, Conxall was required to show that defendants either (1) acquired Conxall’s
       information by “improper means,” i.e., by “theft, bribery, breach or inducement of a breach of
       a confidential relationship or other duty to maintain secrecy or limit use, or espionage through
       electronic or other means” or (2) used Conxall’s information after acquiring it (a) by improper
       means, or (b) under circumstances giving rise to a duty on the part of defendants to maintain its
       secrecy, or (c) from someone who had a duty to maintain its secrecy. See 765 ILCS 1065/2(a),
       (b) (West 2014).
¶ 73       It is thus clear from the plain language of the Act that “[t]he essential element of a
       misappropriation claim is the ‘abuse of confidence or impropriety in the means of
       procurement.’ ” Trandes Corp. v. Guy F. Atkinson Co., 996 F.2d 655, 660 (4th Cir. 1993)
       (quoting Space Aero Products Co. v. R.E. Darling Co., 208 A.2d 74, 84 (Md. Ct. Spec. App.
       1965)); Contract Materials, 222 F. Supp. 2d at 747 (finding that claim was objectively
       specious because the plaintiff “failed to identify any admissible probative evidence that
       defendants acquired the Technology through improper means”); see also Restatement of Torts
       § 757 cmt. a (1939) (“It is the employment of improper means to procure the trade secret,
       rather than the mere copying or use, which is the basis of the liability ***.”). Thus, the specific
       circumstances under which defendants acquired or used Conxall’s allegedly secret information
       are crucial considerations in assessing whether misappropriation took place.
¶ 74       It is difficult to understand how, for example, Conxall could prove that iCONN induced
       someone to “breach a confidential relationship” without identifying the person or entity that it
       had a confidential relationship with and the contours of the relationship. See Contract
       Materials, 222 F. Supp. 2d at 747 (court examined technology transfer agreement to determine
       whether information was acquired through improper means). Accordingly, Conxall’s
       admission during its opening statement and closing argument that it could not prove how
       iCONN misappropriated its allegedly secret information, coupled with Conxall’s disclaimer of
       responsibility thereto, is further evidence that Conxall brought this case in subjective bad faith.
¶ 75       Fifth, the record shows that Bandolik admitted that Conxall lacked a factual basis for many
       of the allegations contained in its complaint. Conxall filed pleadings on April 25 and August 8,
       2008, and added claims on March 11, 2009. Every pleading was verified by Bandolik. Among
       other things, Conxall alleged in its amended complaint (1) that Sanchez was responsible for
       “developing” Conxall’s “manufacturing processes” in order to meet the “print specifications of
       the MSA panel and cable assemblies” and avoid quality control problems; (2) that Caldera had
       “significant input” into Conxall’s engineering designs for the cable assembly; (3) that iCONN
       hired Sanchez and Caldera “with the expectation that they would” disclose trade secrets to
       iCONN regarding Conxall’s “engineering prints” and the “confidential processes and
       procedures” that Conxall developed in order to assemble the MSA products; (4) that iCONN
       and its executives “knew or had reason to know” that, when MSA gave iCONN the product
       samples, TST files, and 2D and 3D files, that MSA had a duty to maintain that information’s
       secrecy; (5) that iCONN obtained Conxall’s trade secrets by inducing MSA to “breach the
       confidential relationship it had with Conxall”; and (6) that with respect to the Skybitz, KSI, and
       Hach products, Nelson, Regole, Smith, and Vorel misappropriated information pertaining to
       the design drawings, pricing, contracts, and manufacturing processes.

                                                   - 16 -
¶ 76       Bandolik swore to these allegations under penalty of perjury. Yet Bandolik admitted both
       during his April 27, 2012, deposition and at trial that that he lacked knowledge or a factual
       basis for many of the allegations contained in Conxall’s amended complaint. For example,
       when cross-examined, Bandolik admitted that he did not actually know what the
       manufacturing processes were that Conxall claimed were a trade secret:
                   “Q. And you can’t tell us specifically what manufacturing processes Conxall uses
               that Conxall claims are unknown outside of Conxall, correct?
                   A. No, I cannot.”
       This concession is significant because if Bandolik could not identify what aspect of Conxall’s
       manufacturing process was a trade secret, then he could not have had a factual basis for the
       allegation that iCONN misappropriated it. See Perlan Therapeutics, Inc. v. Superior Court,
       101 Cal. Rptr. 3d 211, 226 (Ct. App. 2009) (“If Perlan does not know what its own trade
       secrets are, it has no basis for suggesting defendants misappropriated them.”).
¶ 77       Similarly, at trial, Bandolik acknowledged that he did not have firsthand or personal
       knowledge of what Sanchez or Caldera did at Conxall with respect to the Firehawk cable
       assembly and panel mount. The complaint that Bandolik verified, however, alleged that
       Sanchez helped Conxall develop the manufacturing process for the MSA products and that
       Caldera had “significant input” into Conxall’s engineering designs.
¶ 78       Likewise, during his deposition, Bandolik acknowledged that he did not know (1) if any
       former Conxall worker took any 2D or 3D files to iCONN or (2) how iCONN actually set up its
       assembly line to manufacture the Firehawk cable assembly and panel mount. In the complaint
       that Bandolik verified, Conxall alleged that iCONN hired Sanchez and Caldera “with the
       expectation that they would” disclose trade secrets to iCONN regarding Conxall’s
       “engineering prints” and “confidential processes and procedures.”
¶ 79       Moreover, during his deposition, Bandolik acknowledged that he could not identify any
       specific documentary evidence proving that iCONN and Conxall ever sold the same product to
       Hach. Likewise, with respect to KSI, Bandolik admitted during his deposition that he knew
       practically nothing about the KSI products. Indeed, as the following colloquy shows, Bandolik
       had no knowledge about the KSI products:
                   “Q. You said earlier there were multiple products that were at in [sic] this lawsuit
               that were being sold to Kustom Signals.
                   Are all of these products—do all these products fall within the same general
               category?
                   A. I don’t know.
                   Q. You don’t know what the products are?
                   A. No, I just—those are custom part numbers.
                   Q. No, but I’m asking you about the products now that are the subject of this
               lawsuit.
                   Do you know what Conxall products are the subject of this lawsuit?
                   ***
                   THE WITNESS: I don’t know the specific products, I just see the part numbers.
               They’re custom numbers, I would have to see the print.”
¶ 80       Bandolik continued along this line. The pertinent testimony reads:

                                                  - 17 -
                    “Q. Can you tell me what is a trade secret about any of these Kustom Signals
                products?
                    A. Yeah, they’re all custom part numbers.
                    Q. The part numbers are the secret?
                    A. *** I don’t know what, specifically are on those individual specifications, but
                they are signed off on the drawings, as far as I know.
                    Q. So they’re trade secrets because, like all of your custom products, a customer
                signed off on a drawing; is that accurate?
                    A. Well, in some cases beyond that. But in this particular case, I believe, to the best
                of my knowledge, that these were custom part numbers *** that [KSI] procured from
                us. So we get that straight.
                    Q. Do you have an understanding as to whether any portion of the design of the
                [KSI] part is not generally known in the industry?
                    A. I don’t know.
                    Q. Do you have any information as to whether any portion of the manufacturing
                process used to create the products sold to [KSI] is not generally known in the industry?
                    A. I don’t know.”
¶ 81       Bandolik’s testimony shows a conscious awareness on his part that the allegations in
       Conxall’s pleadings were not supported by a reasonable factual basis. Under these
       circumstances, Conxall knew that its lawsuit was not filed to vindicate any legitimate legal
       rights, as Bandolik’s concessions vitiated the existence of any such rights. Simply put, if
       Bandolik did not know what was a trade secret about the KSI product, he had no basis to allege
       that iCONN misappropriated it. Perlan, 110 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 226. These concessions, taken in
       conjunction with Conxall’s knowledge that it was on the cusp of losing MSA’s business and
       the timing of the lawsuit, supports the inference that Conxall filed this lawsuit in subjective bad
       faith in order to thwart iCONN’s competition and illegitimately retain MSA’s business.
¶ 82       For these reasons, I believe that iCONN has made an exceptionally strong case that it
       should be awarded attorney fees on remand, even under the more stringent standard adopted by
       the majority of this panel. Having said that, I agree with Justice Rochford that the case should
       be remanded to the trial court for reconsideration of iCONN’s motion.

¶ 83                                           CONCLUSION
¶ 84       For the reasons stated in this lead opinion and the opinions of the panel members, this court
       affirms the trial court’s order denying Conxall’s various requests for posttrial relief, vacates
       the court’s order denying iCONN’s motion for attorney fees, and remands the case to the trial
       court for further proceedings. The proceedings on remand should be guided by the concurring
       opinion of Justice Rochford.

¶ 85      Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded with directions.

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¶ 86       PRESIDING JUSTICE ROCHFORD, specially concurring.
¶ 87       I concur with Justice Delort’s conclusions in parts I, II, and III of this opinion and agree
       that the judgment in favor of defendants and the denial of Conxall’s posttrial motion should be
       affirmed.
¶ 88       As to part IV (iCONN’s cross-appeal), I disagree (1) that the term “bad faith” found in
       section 5 of the Act should be construed under the two-prong test set forth in SASCO v.
       Rosendin Electric, Inc., 143 Cal. Rptr. 3d 828 (Ct. App. 2012); (2) that this court should
       express a belief, strong or otherwise, that Conxall’s claims were brought in bad faith (supra
       ¶ 33); and (3) that the trial court should be guided by the review of the evidence set forth above,
       which is dicta and was made under the standards of SASCO (supra ¶¶ 44-82). I would vacate
       the order denying iCONN’s motion for fees and remand to the trial court for consideration of
       the motion for attorney fees with directions as discussed below.
¶ 89       In its cross-appeal, iCONN argues that the trial court erred in denying its request for
       attorney fees under section 5 of the Act. That section provides that, “[i]f *** a claim of
       misappropriation is made in bad faith ***, the court may award reasonable attorney’s fees to
       the prevailing party.” 765 ILCS 1065/5 (West 2012). Where a statute provides that a court
       “may” award attorney fees, the award lies within the discretion of the trial court and will be
       overturned only upon a showing of an abuse of discretion. Armour Swift-Eckrich v. Industrial
       Comm’n, 355 Ill. App. 3d 708, 711-12 (2005); Timan v. Ourada, 2012 IL App (2d) 100834,
       ¶ 29. An abuse of discretion may be found when there is an error of law. US Bank, National
       Ass’n v. Avdic, 2014 IL App (1st) 121759, ¶ 18.
¶ 90       The Act does not define the term “bad faith.” Where there is an undefined term in a statute,
       the well-settled principle of statutory interpretation requires that courts give the term its
       ordinary and commonly understood meaning. People v. Ward, 215 Ill. 2d 317, 325 (2005). Our
       review of an issue of statutory interpretation is de novo. Alvarez v. Pappas, 374 Ill. App. 3d 39,
       43 (2007).
¶ 91       iCONN urges the adoption of the two-prong test set forth in SASCO for determining
       whether a claim of misappropriation has been made in “bad faith” such that the court may
       award reasonable attorney fees under section 5 of the Act. The SASCO two-prong test requires
       findings both that the plaintiff’s claim was objectively specious and maintained with
       subjective bad faith. SASCO, 143 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 834. For several reasons, I would reject the
       adoption of this test.
¶ 92       First, section 5 of the Act plainly states that “bad faith” is the sole cornerstone for an award
       of fees to a prevailing party (765 ILCS 1065/5 (West 2012)); the provision does not include the
       term “objective speciousness.” In construing a statute, “[c]ourts may not depart from the plain
       language of a statute by reading into it exceptions, conditions, or limitations that the legislature
       did not express.” Skaperdas v. Country Casualty Insurance Co., 2015 IL 117021, ¶ 15.
¶ 93       Further, the SASCO court, in accepting the two-prong test, relied on the legislative purpose
       behind the fee provision (SASCO, 143 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 835), which is found in the comment to
       the fee provision of the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA). That comment states that a fee
       award serves “as a deterrent to specious claims of misappropriation.” Unif. Trade Secrets Act
       § 4, Comment (2015). However, section 5 of the Act does not include a similar comment.
       Because the comment of the UTSA was not adopted by our legislature, I believe the comment
       and the case law interpreting the fee provisions of other state trade secret statutes in accordance
       with the UTSA’s comment “to be of little value.” Dass v. Yale, 2013 IL App (1st) 122520, ¶ 40

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       (where this court made a similar conclusion based on the fact that the legislature in adopting
       the Limited Liability Company Act (805 ILCS 180/10-10 (West 2010)) did not adopt the
       relevant comment of the Uniform Limited Liability Company Act (1996)). Instead, I would
       construe section 5 of the Act by its plain language that fees may be awarded to a prevailing
       party upon a showing of bad faith as that term is commonly understood in this state.
¶ 94        Finally, I note that, while federal courts have accepted the two-prong test of SASCO, state
       courts have shown a reluctance to do so in their interpretations of bad faith contained in the fee
       provisions of the trade secret acts of their states. Krafft v. Downey, 68 A.3d 329, 338 n.12 (Pa.
       Super. Ct. 2013) (“The [two-prong] test has taken hold in federal trial courts with precious
       little analysis. Without advocacy and a thorough analysis of other available alternatives, we
       refuse to join the parade.”). The superior court of Pennsylvania in Krafft explained its refusal to
       adopt the two-prong test of SASCO in this way:
                “[I]t does not appear that the two-prong test garners the support of the majority of other
                states that have enacted the UTSA and its attorney’s fee provision. [Citation.] *** As
                explained, our research reveals that the courts of only one state—California—have
                adopted this test. [Citation.] The remaining states that have defined bad faith for the
                purpose of awarding attorney’s fees under the UTSA have not adopted a uniform test.
                Indeed, the only uniformity among these states’ tests is that each of them draws on their
                own state’s pre-existing test for defining bad faith. [Citation.]” Id. at 336.
¶ 95        I am persuaded by the analysis of Krafft and conclude that the term “bad faith” in section 5
       of the Act should be given the preexisting definition of “bad faith” of this state.
¶ 96        Though no Illinois court has previously been asked to interpret “bad faith” within section 5
       of the Act, our supreme court in Krautsack v. Anderson, 223 Ill. 2d 541 (2006), had the
       opportunity to announce a test for determining bad faith in the context of awarding statutory
       attorney fees to a prevailing defendant under the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business
       Practices Act (815 ILCS 505/10a(c) (West 2004)). In Krautsack, our supreme court first held
       that when a prevailing defendant petitions the trial court for a reasonable attorney fee under
       section 10a(c) of the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act, the defendant
       must show the plaintiff acted in bad faith. See id.; Krautsack, 223 Ill. 2d at 559.
¶ 97        In considering the proper standard for judging a plaintiff’s bad faith in that context, our
       supreme court in Krautsack cited Illinois Supreme Court Rule 137 (eff. July 1, 2013), which
       states in relevant part:
                “The signature of an attorney or party constitutes a certificate by him that he has read
                the pleading, motion or other document; that to the best of his knowledge, information,
                and belief formed after reasonable inquiry it is well grounded in fact and is warranted
                by existing law or a good-faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of
                existing law, and that it is not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or
                to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation. *** If a
                pleading, motion, or other document is signed in violation of this rule, the court, upon
                motion or upon its own initiative, may impose upon the person who signed it, a
                represented party, or both, an appropriate sanction, which may include an order to pay
                to the other party or parties the amount of reasonable expenses incurred because of the
                filing of the pleading, motion or other document, including a reasonable attorney fee.”

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¶ 98         Our supreme court recognized that the purpose of Rule 137 is to penalize claimants who
        bring vexatious and harassing actions and to prevent false and frivolous filings. Krautsack, 223
        Ill. 2d at 561-62. Our supreme court, however, further noted:
                 “Because Rule 137 addresses the pleadings, motions and other papers a litigant files,
                 the rule does not provide a sanction against all asserted instances of bad-faith conduct
                 by a litigant or the litigant’s attorney during the course of litigation. [Citation.] *** We
                 discern no reason why a prevailing defendant should be limited by Rule 137 in
                 establishing a plaintiff’s bad faith. Rule 137, and the body of case law that has
                 developed around it, provide useful guidance to litigants and judges, but a defendant’s
                 failure to demonstrate bad faith by the plaintiff under Rule 137 is not fatal to a
                 prevailing defendant’s fee petition under the Act.” Id. at 562.
¶ 99         I construe Krautsack as holding that the standard for determining a party’s bad faith in
        maintaining suit that would justify an award of statutory fees is (1) whether the pleadings,
        motions, and other papers which were filed by the party violated Rule 137 or (2) whether the
        party’s other conduct during the course of the litigation ran afoul of the underlying purpose of
        Rule 137, which is “to prevent abuse of the judicial process by penalizing claimants who bring
        vexatious and harassing actions” or violated other court rules. (Internal quotation marks
        omitted.) Id. at 561. In determining whether bad faith exists in a given case, the trial court may
        consider and be guided by the body of case law construing Rule 137 but is not constrained by
        Rule 137. Id. at 562. Thus, I am not saying, in any way, that the Krautsack standard of bad faith
        is “coterminous” or stops with Rule 137 as suggested supra ¶¶ 39-42.
¶ 100        As our supreme court has articulated guidelines for determining bad faith in the award of
        statutory fees to a prevailing party, I believe these guidelines should be followed in the
        determination of bad faith under section 5 of the Act. See People v. Bingham, 2014 IL 115964,
        ¶ 42 (holding that, when a statute is unclear, a court may look to similar statutes as an aid to
        construction); Midwest Rem Enterprises, Inc. v. Noonan, 2015 IL App (1st) 132488, ¶ 89
        (where court, in considering fee provision in the Citizen Participation Act (735 ILCS 110/25
        (West 2010)), looked “to precedent involving other statutes that permit the award of fees to a
        successful party”).
¶ 101        The fee request was argued before the trial court under the California two-prong test for
        bad faith in SASCO, instead of under Illinois’s preexisting test for defining “bad faith” as
        discussed in Krautsack. The trial court, in denying the fee request, referenced “bad faith” and
        “frivolous” but not “speciousness.” It is, thus, not clear to me exactly what standard the trial
        court applied. Therefore, I would vacate the order denying iCONN’s motion for attorney fees.
        Further, because the trial court is in the best position to consider whether an award of fees is
        appropriate, I suggest the fee issue be remanded to the trial court to allow it an opportunity to
        consider whether iCONN, as a prevailing party, made a sufficient showing of bad faith on the
        part of Conxall as that term has been defined by our state courts and articulate its findings
        under that standard.
¶ 102        In doing so, I understand that the able trial court, who had firsthand knowledge of this case
        and observed the witnesses and the presentation of evidence, did find that there was no bad
        faith under the arguments that were presented by the parties. Further, I do not find, nor even
        suggest, that the trial court’s findings that iCONN had not shown Conxall acted in bad faith
        and that the claims were not frivolous and its denial of iCONN’s fee request under section 5
        were in error, only that the parties presented the wrong test for bad faith to the trial court and

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        that it is not apparent from the record what standard was applied by the trial court. And, as I
        have stated, I do not agree that the trial court may or should be guided by the discussion set
        forth supra ¶¶ 44-82, which is done under the SASCO standard and which is described above
        (supra ¶ 38) as less strict. It is my belief that this discussion does not give the deference that is
        due to the trial court in determining whether a fee award is appropriate and may invade the trial
        court’s province to determine credibility.

¶ 103       JUSTICE HOFFMAN, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
¶ 104       I concur with Justice Delort’s conclusion that the trial court’s decision to give instruction
        No. 18 to the jury was not an abuse of discretion. I base my conclusion in this regard upon a
        firm belief that, taken as a whole, the instructions that the court gave fully instructed the jury
        on the relevant legal principles necessary to a resolution of the case, and the giving of
        instruction No. 18 neither misled the jury nor prejudiced Conxall.
¶ 105       For the reasons stated in Justice Delort’s opinion, I also agree that Conxall forfeited any
        objection to special interrogatory No. 4 by making only a general objection before the trial
        court and that the jury’s answer to special interrogatory No. 4 is not against the manifest
        weight of the evidence.
¶ 106       Consequently, I too vote to affirm the judgment in favor of the defendants and the denial of
        Conxall’s posttrial motion.
¶ 107       I disagree, however, with both of my colleagues on the resolution of iCONN’s
        cross-appeal. Justice Delort proposes the adoption of a two-prong test consisting of objective
        speciousness and subjective bad faith for determining bad faith under section 5 of the Illinois
        Trade Secrets Act (Act) (765 ILCS 1065/5 (West 2012)). Justice Delort has cited cases decided
        by the California Appellate Court in support of his proposed test. However, as was observed by
        the Superior Court of Pennsylvania, although the two-prong test for determining bad faith in a
        trade secrets case has been widely adopted by federal district courts throughout the country, it
        has not been implemented by a reviewing court in any state other than California. Krafft v.
        Downey, 68 A.3d 329, 334-36 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2013). As the Krafft court noted, the only
        uniformity among the states such as Illinois that have adopted the Uniform Trade Secrets Act is
        that they determine “bad faith” by applying their own preexisting test for defining bad faith.
        Krafft, 68 A.3d at 336.
¶ 108       I agree with Presiding Justice Rochford’s analysis as to the proper standard that a trial
        judge should employ in determining bad faith under section 5 of the Act. The trial judge should
        be guided by cases construing Illinois Supreme Court Rule 137 (eff. July 1, 2013) and which
        define bad faith consistent with the underlying purpose of Rule 137. Where I disagree with
        Presiding Justice Rochford is on the need to remand this matter to the trial court for a rehearing
        on the issue of iCONN’s entitlement to an award of fees.
¶ 109       The record establishes that the trial court conducted a hearing on iCONN’s motion for an
        award of fees, following which the trial court entered its order denying the motion and finding
        that Conxall’s claims were not frivolous and not brought in bad faith. I find nothing in the
        record establishing that the trial judge did not apply the standards that both Presiding Justice
        Rochford and I have held appropriate; namely, an application of the analysis of Illinois
        reviewing courts that have defined bad faith in a manner consistent with the underlying
        purpose of Rule 137. Further, from a factual standpoint, I cannot say that the trial court erred in
        finding that sufficient circumstantial evidence exists supporting its conclusion that Conxall’s

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        claims were neither frivolous nor brought in bad faith. For these reasons, I am unable to find an
        abuse of discretion in the trial court’s denial of iCONN’s motion for an award of attorney fees
        and would, therefore, affirm its judgment in that regard.
¶ 110       Justice Delort devotes 21 pages of a 33-page opinion to detail his “view of the evidence and
        to guide the trial court on remand.” Supra ¶ 33. On the issue of the standard that the trial court
        should employ on remand when it reconsiders iCONN’s motion for an award of fees, I fail to
        see what guidance Justice Delort’s opinion gives in light of the fact that a majority of this panel
        has rejected the test for bad faith that he proposed. Further, our view of the evidence, either
        supporting or opposing an award of fees, is wholly irrelevant. As stated earlier, I would affirm
        the order denying iCONN’s motion for an award of fees, but I am not in the majority on that
        issue. Rather, the majority has vacated the circuit court’s order and remanded the matter for a
        new hearing on the motion for fees. Whether the trial court grants or denies the motion for fees
        on remand is a matter committed to its sound discretion, unencumbered at this juncture by our
        “view of the evidence.” Had Justice Delort dissented from the denial of iCONN’s motion for
        an award of fees, his “view of the evidence” would certainly be relevant. However, having
        voted to vacate the trial court’s judgment and remand the matter back to the trial court for
        reconsideration, the 17 pages which Justice Delort has devoted to his “view of the evidence”
        serves no purpose other than as an attempt to influence the trial judge’s decision on remand.
        There is time enough for the members of this court to express their views of the evidence after
        the trial court has issued its order on remand and the question of its propriety is properly before
        us.

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