Court Opinion

ID: 8206664
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-15 16:00:30.83419+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:18.009115
License: Public Domain

Appellate Case: 21-9521    Document: 010110739760        Date Filed: 09/15/2022    Page: 1
                                                                                  FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                                       PUBLISH                                Tenth Circuit

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      September 15, 2022

                                                                          Christopher M. Wolpert
                              FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                           Clerk of Court
                          _________________________________

  INTEGRITY ADVANCE, LLC; JAMES
  R. CARNES,

        Petitioners,

  v.                                                          No. 21-9521

  CONSUMER FINANCIAL
  PROTECTION BUREAU,

        Respondent.
                          _________________________________

                       Petition for Review of an Order from the
                        Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
                           (Consumer No. 2015-CFPB-0029)
                        _________________________________

 Richard J. Zack (Michael A. Schwartz and Christen M. Tuttle, with him on the brief), of
 Troutman Pepper Hamilton Sanders LLP, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for Petitioners.

 Lawrence DeMille-Wagman, Senior Litigation Associate (Stephen Van Meter, Acting
 General Counsel; Steven Y. Bressler, Acting Deputing General Counsel; and Kevin E.
 Friedl, Senior Litigation Counsel; Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, with him on
 the brief) Washington D.C., for Respondent.
                          _________________________________

 Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, PHILLIPS, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

 PHILLIPS, Circuit Judge.
                      _________________________________
Appellate Case: 21-9521     Document: 010110739760          Date Filed: 09/15/2022        Page: 2

        Integrity Advance, LLC operated as a nationwide payday lender offering short-

 term consumer loans at high interest rates. In 2015, the Consumer Financial Protection

 Bureau (“Bureau”) brought an administrative enforcement action against Integrity and its

 CEO, James Carnes (collectively, “Petitioners”). The Notice of Charges alleged

 violations of the Consumer Financial Protection Act (“CFPA”), the Truth in Lending Act

 (“TILA”), and the Electronic Fund Transfer Act (“EFTA”).

        Between 2018 and 2021, the Supreme Court issued four decisions—Lucia v. SEC,

 Seila Law v. CFPB, Liu v. SEC, and Collins v. Yellen—that bore on the Bureau’s

 enforcement activity in this case. These opinions decided fundamental issues such as the

 Bureau’s constitutional authority to act and the appointment of its administrative law

 judges (“ALJ”). The series of decisions led to intermittent delays and restarts in the

 Bureau’s case against Petitioners. For instance, two different ALJs decided the present

 case years apart, with their recommendations separately appealed to the Bureau’s

 Director. Ultimately, the Director mostly affirmed the recommendations of the second

 ALJ.

        Petitioners have appealed the Director’s final order to our court under 12 U.S.C. §

 5563(b)(4). They ask that we vacate the order, or at least remand for a new hearing,

 mainly arguing that the Director’s order didn’t give them the full benefit of the Supreme

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 Court’s rulings. For the reasons below, we reject Petitioners’ various challenges and

 affirm the Director’s order.

                                     BACKGROUND

 I.     Factual Background

        From 2008 to 2013, Integrity operated nationwide as a payday lender. It was

 founded and run by James Carnes, its CEO.1 The company offered short-term, small-

 dollar consumer loans at high interest rates. Integrity’s loans usually ranged from $100 to

 $1,000 and were its only financial product. Though the law usually allows for non-

 coercive contractual arrangements between private parties, it sometimes requires

 heightened disclosure for loan agreements between parties of disparate bargaining power.

        As relevant here, TILA requires loan providers to disclose material terms about

 the structure of their offered loans. Though Integrity provided borrowers TILA disclosure

 documents, it misled borrowers about the loan structure. Its disclosure documents

 misleadingly implied that the loans were single-payment loans. In fact, the loans typically

 resulted in multi-payment installment loans that automatically renewed. So absent

 undoing the automatic renewal, borrowers were left paying more in fees than Integrity

 had disclosed.

        In January 2012, the Bureau and the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) entered a

 Memorandum of Understanding by which the two agencies agreed to share information

        1
         Integrity was owned by Hayfield Investment Partners. Carnes was technically
 employed by Hayfield. The Bureau tells us that Carnes called himself Integrity’s “de
 facto” CEO because Integrity had no employees of its own. Resp. Br. at 4 n.4.
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 about their enforcement activities and any consumer complaints received. In March 2012,

 the Bureau searched the FTC database for consumer complaints about Integrity. The

 search returned complaints revealing consumer confusion about the true cost of

 Integrity’s loans. From this, the Bureau began investigating Integrity and its loan

 practices.

 II.    Procedural Background

        A.     The Bureau’s Initial Investigation

        In January 2013, the Bureau sent Integrity a civil investigative demand (“CID”) to

 obtain more information on Integrity’s practices, its officers, and employees.2 Included in

 this requested information were copies of Integrity’s loan documents. Nine months later,

 in October 2013, Integrity produced its initial responses to the CID. It completed

 production in December 2013. In June 2014, the Bureau held an investigative hearing and

 took Carnes’s testimony. During that hearing, Carnes described his role at Integrity and

 acknowledged that he had the ultimate say over all of Integrity’s policies and procedures.

        From its investigation, the Bureau concluded that Integrity’s loan documents

 violated federal law. The Bureau learned that Integrity charged a fixed price of $30 for

 first-time customers for every hundred dollars borrowed per pay period. For repeat

 customers, Integrity charged $24 per hundred dollars per pay period. Though Integrity

 provided each borrower TILA disclosures, the disclosures misled borrowers into

        2
         CIDs work like civil subpoenas, and executive-branch departments or
 agencies commonly issue them in their investigations. The Bureau has statutory
 authority to issue CIDs under 12 U.S.C. § 5562(c)(1).
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 believing that they would pay off the loan with a single payment. But if a borrower didn’t

 call Integrity three days before his or her next payment was due and request to pay the

 loan in full, the loan would automatically default into four cycles of “auto-renewal”

 status. Dkt. 308 at 5. If the borrower failed to act after four renewals, the loan would

 enter an “auto-workout” status. Id. This meant that Integrity would debit the consumer’s

 personal banking account for a “finance charge[]” plus a “principal payment of $50.00”

 Id. at 4. The loan would remain in auto-workout status until it had been paid off. As an

 example, the Bureau tells us that “it could take a borrower many months to repay a $300

 loan, and the loan would cost that borrower $1065 even though [Integrity]’s TILA

 disclosures listed the total of payments as $390.” Resp. Br. at 6.

        The Bureau also learned that Integrity’s loan documents required customers to

 provide direct automated-clearinghouse (“ACH”) withdrawals from their bank accounts.

 If a customer tried to retract his or her ACH authorization, Integrity could remotely

 generate paper checks and withdraw payments directly from the customer’s bank

 account.

        On November 18, 2015, based on its gathered evidence, the Bureau filed a Notice

 of Charges against Petitioners. The Notice of Charges alleged that Integrity—as the loan

 provider—had violated TILA (Count I), EFTA (Count V), and CFPA (Counts II, III, IV,

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 VI, and VII). The Bureau also alleged that Carnes had violated CFPA (Counts III, IV,

 and VII) given his knowledge of the misleading disclosures and his role as CEO.

            a. The First Administrative Hearing

        When the Bureau filed its Notice of Charges, the CFPB lacked an in-house ALJ.

 So the Bureau enlisted Parlen McKenna, an ALJ with the U.S. Coast Guard, to hear the

 case. In July 2016, ALJ McKenna held a three-day evidentiary hearing. The Bureau

 called six witnesses, and Petitioners called two. The parties also introduced documentary

 evidence. After considering all the evidence, ALJ McKenna ruled that the Bureau had

 proved all the active counts.3 ALJ McKenna recommended that the Director order

 Petitioners to pay $38 million of restitution, jointly and severally, plus “first-tier”4 civil

        3
         The Bureau had earlier stipulated to dismiss Count IV with prejudice before
 ALJ McKenna because it was duplicative of Count III. See Resp. Br. at 9–10 n.8
 (“[T]he parties agreed that the consumer harm resulting from Count III was coextensive
 with Count IV.”). This was because Count III alleged that Petitioners violated CFPA
 because Integrity’s loan disclosures were deceptive and Count IV alleged that they
 violated CFPA because the loan disclosures were unfair. However, under the terms of
 the remand from the Director, the earlier dismissal of Count IV had no effect. Still,
 while the Director held that the Bureau properly pursued Count IV before ALJ Kirby,
 Count IV appears to make no difference to the ordered remedy. We assume it does
 not, because Petitioners make no argument explaining whether the revival of Count
 IV affects the resolution of the issues they raise on appeal.
        4
          CFPA provides that “[a]ny person that violates, through any act or omission,
 any provision of Federal consumer financial law shall forfeit and pay a civil
 penalty[.]” 12 U.S.C. § 5565(c)(1). CFPA establishes three tiers of penalties with
 statutory maximums ranging from $5000 to $1 million (before adjustments for
 inflation) for each day during which a violation continues. “A first-tier penalty
 requires no showing of scienter; a second-tier penalty applies to ‘any person that
 recklessly engages in a violation’ of the CFPA; and a third-tier penalty applies to
 ‘any person that knowingly violates’ the CFPA.” See CFPB v. CashCall, 35 F.4th
 734, 741 (9th Cir. 2022) (citing 12 U.S.C. § 5565(c)(2)(A)–(C)).

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 penalties of $8.1 million from Integrity and $5.4 million from Carnes. Dkt. 176 at 74, 80–

 81.

       In 2016, Petitioners appealed the ALJ’s decision to the Bureau’s Director.5 But the

 Director (and later the Bureau’s Acting Director) held the appeal in abeyance pending the

 Supreme Court’s decision in Lucia v. SEC, 138 S. Ct. 2044 (2018). That case would soon

 decide the constitutional status of Securities & Exchange Commission administrative law

 judges.

       In June 2018, the Supreme Court ruled that the SEC’s ALJs were constitutional

 officers. That meant the Appointments Clause—U.S. Const. art. II, § 2, cl. 2—required

 that the ALJs be appointed by the President, a court of law, or a department head. Lucia,

 138 S. Ct. at 2051, 2053–54. In May 2019, the Director concluded that Lucia required

 that ALJ McKenna be appointed under the Appointment Clause too. Because he hadn’t

 been, the Director remanded the case to a constitutionally appointed ALJ for a “new

 hearing.”

             b. The Second Administrative Hearing

       By the time the Supreme Court decided Lucia, the Bureau had obtained an in-

 house ALJ, Christine Kirby. She had been appointed in conformity with the

 Appointments Clause. In remanding Integrity’s case to ALJ Kirby, the Director

       5
        Parties may appeal an ALJ’s recommendation to the Director under 12 C.F.R.
 § 1081.402(a)(1). Otherwise, the Director can accept or reject the recommendation
 under 12 C.F.R. § 1081.402(b).
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 instructed her to “give no weight to, nor presume the correctness of, any prior

 opinions, orders, or rulings issued by” ALJ McKenna. Dkt. 308 at 8.

       Though Petitioners requested a “new hearing” in which they could further

 develop the record, ALJ Kirby determined that ALJ McKenna had given the parties

 an adequate opportunity to present their case. Thus, she announced her “intent[ion] to

 conduct a de novo review of the record—to the extent possible.” Dkt. 269 at 5. She

 clarified that she “w[ould] consider the parties’ arguments as to whether the record

 need[ed] to be supplemented or whether portions of the record that were previously

 admitted should be struck.” Id. But Petitioners wanted their proceedings before ALJ

 Kirby to include additional “pre-hearing discovery and an evidentiary hearing with

 the opportunity for both sides to present evidence and examine witnesses” beyond

 what they had presented before ALJ McKenna. Dkt. 295 at 12. Nevertheless,

 Petitioners (and the Bureau) each moved for summary disposition on the existing

 record.

       In June 2020, while the summary-disposition motions were pending, the

 Supreme Court decided another case bearing on the Bureau’s enforcement activities.6

 In Seila Law LLC v. CFPB, 140 S. Ct. 2183 (2020), the Court reviewed a challenge

 to the Bureau’s authority to issue a CID for documents from the law firm of Seila

       6
         Liu v. SEC, 140 S. Ct. 1936 (2020), is another important case decided a week
 before Seila Law. The case is relevant to Petitioners’ challenge to the Director’s
 ordered remedies. Though Petitioners preserved their arguments challenging the
 ordered remedies, they didn’t cite Liu in their appeal before the Director. Nor did the
 Director discuss Liu. See generally, Dkt. 308.

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 Law. Id. at 2194. The law firm had refused to comply with the CID, based on its

 assertion that the Bureau was unconstitutionally structured.7 Id. Though the Bureau

 prevailed in the Ninth Circuit, the Supreme Court reversed. Id. at 2195–97. It held

 that Congress had structured the Bureau by making its director removable by the

 President only for “inefficiency, neglect, or malfeasance” in violation of the

 separation of powers. Id. at 2197; see also 12 U.S.C. §5491(c)(3) (“The President

 may remove the Director for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in

 office.”).

        By the time the Supreme Court heard the case, Congress had revised the

 Bureau’s structure to authorize the President to remove the Bureau’s Director without

 cause. Id. at 2208. And by then, the newly, properly appointed Director had ratified

 the previously issued CID.8 Id. In this circumstance, the Court declared that the

 ratification issue “turn[ed] on case-specific factual and legal questions not addressed

 below and not briefed[.]” Id. Thus, it remanded the case for the Ninth Circuit “to

 consider whether the civil investigative demand was validly ratified.” Id. at 2211.

        7
         Throughout this opinion, our references to the Bureau’s unconstitutional
 “structure” relate to Congress’s having limited the President’s authority to remove
 the Bureau’s Director by requiring that the removal be for cause.
        8
         On remand, the Ninth Circuit held that the Director’s ratification “remedies
 any constitutional injury that Seila Law may have suffered due to the manner in
 which the CFPB was originally structured.” CFPB v. Seila Law LLC, 984 F.3d 715,
 718 (9th Cir. 2020). That enabled the Bureau to enforce the disputed CID. Id. at 720.

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        In August 2020, ALJ Kirby recommended that Petitioners be held liable on all

  counts. She recommended that the Director hold Integrity responsible for $132.5

  million in equitable restitution. Of this amount, she recommended that Carnes be held

  responsible for $38.4 million, jointly and severally. ALJ Kirby spared Carnes the

  $95.1 million difference for two reasons: (1) the Bureau hadn’t charged him under all

  CFPA counts, and (2) the Bureau lacked statutory authority to enforce CFPA against

  Carnes until July 21, 2011, the date that the Bureau obtained its full range of

  authorities under CFPA. See Dkt. 308 at 26 n.8 (identifying the effective date of most

  of the Bureau’s statutory authority as July 21, 2011).9 She also recommended that the

  Director impose civil monetary penalties of $7.5 million against Integrity and $5

  million against Carnes.

        Petitioners appealed ALJ Kirby’s recommendation to the Director. Petitioners

  contend that they “took exception to the Recommended Decision in its entirety,

  including but not limited to, all findings of liability, all relief recommended by the

        9
           In creating the Bureau, Congress afforded the agency time to implement its
  statutory functions. 75 Fed. Reg. 57252, 57252 (Sept. 20, 2010). Agencies previously
  enforcing consumer-protection laws needed to transfer their responsibilities to the
  Bureau. Id. Congress concluded that a “transfer date of July 21, 2011 . . . will provide
  the CFPB an appropriate period of time to hire and assign employees to support its
  new functions, as well as to plan and make important decisions necessary to build a
  strong foundation for the new agency.” Id. at 57253. On this “designated transfer
  date, the ‘consumer financial protection functions’ currently carried out by the
  Federal banking agencies, as well as certain authorities currently carried out by the
  Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Federal Trade Commission”
  were transferred to the Bureau. Id. (footnote omitted).
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  ALJ, and the ALJ’s decision to deny [their] motion for Summary Disposition.” Op.

  Br. at 9.

         In January 2021, the Director adopted ALJ Kirby’s recommendations on

  Petitioners’ liability. The Director concluded that Integrity had violated TILA by

  using disclosures that misled borrowers into believing that their loans were single-

  payment loans, not multi-payment installment loans. The Director also determined

  that Integrity had violated EFTA by requiring consumers to accept the ACH

  authorization as a loan condition. The Director concluded that both Petitioners had

  violated CFPA (1) by providing deceptive loan disclosures, and (2) by using checks

  that Integrity created remotely, with the consumers’ identifying information and

  without authorization, to withdraw their funds from their personal bank accounts if

  the ACH authorization failed.

         The Director mostly adopted ALJ Kirby’s recommended restitution award and

  civil penalties. The Director reduced the restitution award against Integrity from

  $132.5 million to $38.4 million, the sum needed to compensate Petitioners’

  borrowers for harms suffered after July 21, 2011. The Director also imposed this

  restitution amount jointly and severally. But the Director departed from ALJ Kirby’s

  characterization of the restitution award as an equitable, not legal, remedy.10 Instead,

         10
           Addressing the Petitioners’ request for legal, not equitable, restitution, ALJ
  Kirby noted that the Bureau “d[id] not cite to any authority or cases applying this
  theory in the context of a CFPB case and [Integrity and Carnes] argue that no such
  authority exists.” Dkt. 293 at 79. ALJ Kirby was “not convinced that [the Bureau’s]
  theory of ‘legal’ restitution is applicable to the present matter.” Id. She concluded

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  the Director chose both, concluding that “[w]hether as a matter of equity or law . . .

  an award of restitution is justified both to remedy the losses consumers suffered . . .

  and to deprive Respondents of the amounts that they gained as a result of their

  unlawful conduct.” Dkt. 308 at 35 (emphasis added). Finally, the Director agreed

  with ALJ Kirby’s recommendation to impose civil penalties of $7.5 million from

  Integrity and $5 million from Carnes.

         Acknowledging Seila Law, the Director ruled that in November 2015 (when

  the Notice of Charges was filed) the Bureau had been unconstitutionally structured

  because of the statutory limits on the President’s removal authority. But the Director

  concluded that she could cure any associated problems by ratifying the Notice of

  Charges. Thus, the Director “ratif[ied] the Bureau’s decision to file the Notice of

  Charges and to prosecute th[e] action.” Dkt. 308 at 19.

         Petitioners appeal the Director’s final decision to our court.

  III.   Standard of Review

         “We review agency action under the Administrative Procedure Act.” Ukeiley v.

  EPA, 896 F.3d 1158, 1163 (10th Cir. 2018). Our review requires us to determine whether

  the agency’s actions were “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not

  in accordance with the law.” WildEarth Guardians v. Conner, 920 F.3d 1245, 1256 (10th

  Cir. 2019) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(a)(A)). We review purely legal questions de novo.

  Karki v. Holder, 715 F.3d 792, 800 (10th Cir. 2013). And we review factual findings for

  that she “need not decide this issue because . . . an award of ‘equitable’ restitution is
  nevertheless appropriate.” Id.
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  substantial evidence. Forest Guardians v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv., 611 F.3d 692, 704

  (10th Cir. 2010). Evidentiary rulings and the agency’s chosen remedies are reviewed for

  abuse of discretion. United Steelworkers of Am. v. NLRB, 376 F.2d 770, 773 (D.C. Cir.

  1967); Cintas Corp. v. NLRB, 589 F.3d 905, 913 (8th Cir. 2009).

                                        DISCUSSION

         Petitioners challenge the Director’s final order on three primary grounds. First,

  they argue that we should set aside the Bureau’s entire enforcement action because the

  Bureau was unconstitutionally structured when it filed its charges. Second, they argue

  that the enforcement action resulted in multiple due-process violations, chief among them

  being a deprivation of their right under Lucia to a “new hearing.”11 Third, they argue that

  the Director’s restitution award is unlawful because it concerns an equitable remedy that

  must account for Petitioners’ business expenses.

  I.     The Bureau’s Structure

         Petitioners argue that an unconstitutionally structured agency lacks authority to

  act. And as mentioned, Seila Law held that in 2015 the Bureau was in fact

  unconstitutionally structured (as limiting the President’s removal power) when it filed its

  Notice of Charges. From this, Petitioners conclude that the Bureau’s enforcement action

  against them must be set aside entirely.

         In June 2021, after Petitioners filed their opening appellate brief, the Supreme

  Court rejected a similar argument in Collins v. Yellen, 141 S. Ct. 1761 (2021). First, after

         11
         Petitioners also present a handful of arguments that pertain only to Carnes.
  We address these arguments in their own section of this opinion.
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  concluding that Seila Law was “all but dispositive,” the Court ruled that a “for cause”

  restriction on the President’s ability to remove the Federal Housing Finance Agency

  (“FHFA”) Director (a principal officer) violated separation of powers. Id. at 1783–84.

  Next, the Court considered whether that defect rendered the FHFA’s prior actions void ab

  initio. Id. at 1787. The Court ruled that it did not, noting that the FHFA’s leadership had

  been properly appointed when they took the disputed actions. Id. Because “there was no

  constitutional defect in the statutorily prescribed method of appointment of that office,”

  the Court concluded that “there is no reason to regard any of the actions taken by the

  FHFA in relation to the [the disputed actions] as void.”12 Id.

         In addition, Collins put to rest another of Petitioners’ present arguments. In

  response to the argument that the agency’s ratification of its earlier decisions wasn’t

  timely, the Court in Collins ruled that an agency need not even ratify the actions it took

  while it was unconstitutionally structured. Id. at 1788. In reaching this conclusion, the

  Court rejected their claim that Seila Law said otherwise. Id. That resolves Petitioners’

  contention that the ratification here was impermissible for occurring after the three-year

  limitations period for filing the Notice of Charges had supposedly expired. See 12 U.S.C.

  § 5564(g)(1); see also CashCall, 35 F.4th at 742 (“We find it unnecessary to consider

         12
            Just two days before issuing Collins, the Court cautioned against any approach
  that would invalidate swaths of administrative decisions. See generally United States v.
  Arthrex, Inc., 141 S. Ct. 1970, 1986–88 (2021) (reaffirming the general principle that
  “when confronting a constitutional flaw in a statute, we try to limit the solution to the
  problem” (quoting Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of N. New Eng., 546 U.S. 320, 328–29
  (2006))).

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  ratification because [Collins v. Yellen] has made clear that despite the unconstitutional

  limitation on the President’s authority to remove the Bureau’s Director, the Director’s

  actions were valid when they were taken.”).

         Still, Collins left open an avenue of relief for potential injuries stemming from the

  actions of an unconstitutionally structured agency. On the issue of relief, the Court

  remanded “for further proceedings to determine what remedy, if any, the shareholders are

  entitled to receive on their constitutional claim.” 141 S. Ct. at 1770. It observed that “the

  possibility that the unconstitutional restriction on the President’s power to remove a

  Director of the FHFA could have such an effect cannot be ruled out.” Id. at 1789. So the

  Court concluded that a future plaintiff may be able to challenge actions taken by an

  unconstitutionally structured agency by alleging “compensable harm.” Id. As possible

  instances, the Court raised situations in which the President had wanted to remove the

  director but was stopped by a lower court decision or by heeding a statute disallowing it.

  Id. Petitioners in our case don’t point to any such “compensable harm” resulting from the

  Bureau’s unconstitutional structure. We therefore find no avenue of relief available to

  them under Collins.

         We heed Seila Law’s admonition that we are to use a “scalpel rather than a

  bulldozer” in remedying a constitutional defect. See Seila Law, 140 S. Ct. at 2210–11. So,

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  because the Director’s actions weren’t unconstitutional, we reject Petitioners’ argument

  to set aside the Bureau’s enforcement action in its entirety.

  II.    Petitioners’ Due-Process Claims

         Petitioners next complain of what they characterize as due-process violations.

  They argue that ALJ Kirby’s proceeding fell short of the “new hearing” referenced in

  Lucia. They also challenge some of the ALJ’s evidentiary rulings. We address these

  arguments in turn.

         A.     A “New Hearing” Under Lucia v. SEC

         In Lucia, the Supreme Court provided a remedy for the Appointments Clause

  violation, namely, a “new hearing” before a constitutionally appointed ALJ. 138 S. Ct. at

  2055. Petitioners argue that a “new hearing” must allow additional evidence and

  arguments—it can’t just be a de novo review of the existing record. Unfortunately, Lucia

  offers little guidance on the constitutional requirements of a “new hearing.” In fact, it

  simply cites Ryder v. United States, 515 U.S. 177 (1995), for the proposition that a new

  hearing is required. See Lucia, 138 S. Ct. at 2055. But Ryder doesn’t help us much either,

  as it simply requires “a hearing before a properly appointed panel” of military court

  judges. 515 U.S. at 188.

         We do find helpful a D.C. Circuit case applying Ryder and rejecting an argument

  that a “new hearing” must be more than de novo review by a different ALJ. In

  Intercollegiate Broadcasting System, Inc. v. Copyright Royalty Board, 796 F.3d 111

  (D.C. Cir. 2015), the court noted that appellant’s sole support for re-opening an

  administrative proceeding on remand was “a single sentence at the end of the [Ryder]

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  opinion,” but “[n]othing in that sentence suggests that a new hearing would have been

  required if the reviewing court had possessed de novo authority.” Id. at 120.

         Petitioners have provided no support for a bright-line rule against de novo review

  of a previous administrative hearing. Nor do we see a reason for a more extensive

  hearing. The Appointments Clause violation notwithstanding, Petitioners had a full

  opportunity to present their case in the first proceeding. ALJ Kirby independently

  reviewed the existing record before relying on it. And she permitted Petitioners to

  challenge ALJ McKenna’s previous determinations. Ultimately, she agreed with most of

  ALJ McKenna’s recommendations and rejected Petitioners’ various challenges. We see

  no error.

         B.     Evidentiary Rulings

         Petitioners raise a handful of evidentiary challenges to the Bureau’s decision. They

  argue that ALJ Kirby erred by not permitting evidence about Integrity’s operational

  expenses,13 about their reliance on counsel, and about the credibility of certain

  witnesses.14 Petitioners must show that the Bureau abused its discretion by excluding this

  evidence. See Manna Pro Partners, L.P. v. NLRB, 986 F.2d 1346, 1353 (10th Cir. 1993).

         Petitioners’ position lacks support, as they cite no case reversing based on similar

  alleged error. And even without deferential review, Petitioners’ arguments would still

         13
           We address Petitioners’ argument to present evidence of their expenses in
  Section III of this opinion discussing the Supreme Court’s decision in Liu v. SEC.
         14
          Petitioners also argue that it was legal error for ALJ Kirby to deny their
  motion to amend their answer to challenge as vague the Bureau’s characterization of

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  fail. Petitioners argue that ALJ Kirby prevented them from presenting their advice-of-

  counsel defense. They say that this defense would have negated the restitution award and

  civil penalties. In support, they assert that Carnes “did not draft, revise, or substantively

  review or approve the Loan Agreement, but instead relied on [his] legal counsel.” Op. Br.

  at 4, 35–36. But we don’t see where ALJ Kirby prevented Carnes from presenting his

  defense—she just ruled that Carnes’s testimony sufficed on this point. See Dkt. 269 at 9

  (“Respondents state in their brief that Respondent Carnes previously testified that he

  relied upon his outside counsel to draft the loan agreement and to ensure it complied with

  the law . . . . Additional testimony . . . appears unnecessary and, at best, would merely

  corroborate Carnes’ sworn testimony.”).

         Further, Petitioners’ asserted advice-of-counsel defense isn’t relevant to the

  restitution award. Petitioners’ contrary argument relies on two district court cases. But the

  Ninth Circuit has reversed one of their cases on grounds that reliance on counsel is

  neither an appropriate basis to deny CFPA liability nor to deny restitution. See CashCall,

  Inc., 35 F.4th at 749. Nor is advice of counsel relevant to the appropriateness of civil

  their practices as unfair, deceptive, or as abusive acts or practices (“UDAAP”). A
  UDAAP results in the violation of the CFPA. See 12 U.S.C. § 5531(a). Petitioners
  make no effort to brief this argument or explain why it was legal error for ALJ Kirby
  to deny their request. So we decline to consider it. See Adler v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.,
  144 F.3d 664, 679 (10th Cir. 1998).
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  penalties under 12 U.S.C. § 5565, unless “heightened” civil penalties are imposed. See id.

  at 750. Petitioners weren’t subject to heightened civil penalties.

         Petitioners also challenge ALJ Kirby’s decision to forgo live testimony despite its

  help in evaluating the credibility of witnesses. But nothing requires an ALJ to “observe a

  witness’[s] live testimony,” and Integrity never “articulated sufficient grounds for [ALJ

  Kirby] to recall any of the witnesses for this purpose.” See Dkt. 269 at 7. So we find no

  abuse of discretion.

  III.   Carnes’s Due-Process Claims

         Carnes alleges three due-process violations pertaining solely to himself: (1)

  CFPA’s statute of limitations had expired before the November 2015 Notice of

  Charges; (2) the Director wrongly upheld ALJ Kirby’s denial of Carnes’s discovery

  request seeking information relating to the statute of limitations; and (3) that ALJ

  Kirby granted summary disposition over Carnes’s liability despite the existence of

  genuine factual disputes.15 These arguments lack merit.

         A.     Statute of Limitations

         Petitioners argue that the Notice of Charges was filed outside the limitations

  period because the Bureau either did discover or could have discovered Carnes’s

  violations more than three years before it filed its Notice of Charges. Under CFPA,

  “no action may be brought under this title more than 3 years after the date of

  discovery of the violation to which an action relates.” 12 U.S.C. § 5564(g)(1). We

         15
          The statute-of-limitations arguments apply to Carnes alone, because the
  Bureau signed tolling agreements with Integrity to toll the limitations period.
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  conclude that § 5564(g)(1)’s limitations period commences when the Bureau either

  knows of a violation or, through reasonable diligence, would have discovered the

  violation.

         In Merck & Co., Inc. v. Reynolds, 559 U.S. 633 (2010), the Court considered

  “the timeliness of a complaint filed in a private securities fraud action.” Id. at 637.

  The Court noted that “[t]he complaint was timely if filed no more than two years

  after the plaintiffs ‘discover[ed] the facts constituting the violation.’” Id. (quoting 28

  U.S.C. § 1658(b)(1)). The Court held that a claim for relief “accrues (1) when the

  plaintiff did in fact discover, or (2) when a reasonably diligent plaintiff would have

  discovered, ‘the facts constituting the violation’—whichever comes first.” Id. The

  Court further held that “the ‘facts constituting the violation’ include the fact of

  scienter, ‘a mental state embracing intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud.’” Id.

  (citation omitted).

         A fraud claim accrues “once a plaintiff has a ‘complete and present cause of

  action.’” Id. at 644 (citation omitted). Otherwise, “a defendant’s deceptive conduct

  may prevent a plaintiff from even knowing that he or she has been defrauded.” Id.

  Thus, in considering accrual, we are mindful of the Court’s pronouncement that

  “unless a § 10(b) plaintiff can set forth facts in the complaint showing that it is ‘at

  least as likely as’ not that the defendant acted with the relevant knowledge or intent,

  the claim will fail.” Id. at 649 (citation omitted). Accrual and knowledge go together.

         Importantly, the Court rejected Merck’s argument that “facts that tend to show

  a materially false or misleading statement (or material omission) are ordinarily

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  sufficient to show scienter as well.” Id. As support, the Court noted that “[a]n

  incorrect prediction about a firm’s future earnings, by itself, does not automatically

  tell us whether the speaker deliberately lied or just made an innocent (and therefore

  nonactionable) error.” Id. at 650.

         The Court also rejected Merck’s argument that the limitations period accrued

  when a plaintiff is on “inquiry notice,” meaning “the point ‘at which a plaintiff

  possesses a quantum of information sufficiently suggestive of wrongdoing that he

  should conduct a further inquiry.’” Id. (citation omitted). The Court saw nothing in

  the statutory limitations period signifying “that the limitations period should occur at

  some earlier moment before ‘discovery,’ when a plaintiff would have begun

  investigating[.]” Id. at 651.

         Petitioners’ statute-of-limitations arguments fail just as Merck’s did.

  Petitioners make a debatable argument that by May 18, 2012, the Bureau could have

  learned from public information that Carnes was Integrity’s CEO. But the limitations

  period still wouldn’t have run by November 18, 2015, when the Bureau filed its

  Notice of Charges. Before the limitations period would commence, the Bureau

  needed to know not only that Carnes was Integrity’s CEO but also that he had

  sufficient knowledge of those violations. See CFPB v. Gordon, 819 F.3d 1179, 1193

  (9th Cir. 2016). As discussed further below, the Bureau couldn’t successfully charge

  Carnes personally without showing that he “had knowledge of the

  misrepresentations, was recklessly indifferent to the truth or falsity of the

  misrepresentation[s], or was aware of a high probability of fraud along with an

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  intentional avoidance of the truth.” Id. After all, “scienter is assuredly a fact” that the

  Bureau would need to prove. Merck, 559 U.S. at 648 (cleaned up). We reject the

  argument that the receipt of consumer complaints triggered the statute of limitations.

  As Merck says, consumer complaints generally serve only as a “storm warning” that

  an agency might want to start investigating. 559 U.S. at 653.

         Here, the limitations period wouldn’t have commenced earlier than October

  2013, when the Bureau received Integrity’s responses to the CIDs and deposed

  Carnes. Carnes hasn’t identified what public information would have established his

  knowledge of Integrity’s illegal conduct before then. Petitioners didn’t provide the

  information about Carnes’s role and knowledge until late 2013. So the Bureau’s

  November 2015 Notice of Charges is timely.

         B.     Discovery Requests

         Petitioners argue that the ALJ violated their due-process rights by denying

  Carnes additional discovery on the statute-of-limitations issue. They conclude that

  “[t]he Director’s denial was an abuse of discretion and, under the circumstances, a

  denial of Petitioners’ due process rights.” See Op. Br. at 31. But Petitioners cite no

  authority supporting their view that the ALJ abused her discretion. And the Bureau

  couldn’t have learned of Petitioners’ violations until they complied with the Bureau’s

  CID, so additional discovery would have been pointless. Our conclusion might have

  been different had Petitioners pointed us to public documents that, for example,

  evinced Carnes’s knowledge of Integrity’s misleading practices. But, based on the

  record before us, we reject Petitioners’ argument.

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        What’s more, the Bureau complied with Petitioners’ valid discovery requests.

  It produced the consumer complaints and related external communications about

  Petitioners. Though Petitioners argue that they should have received the Bureau’s

  “internal correspondence” too, Op. Br. at 31, the ALJ didn’t err by denying their

  request. Under 12 C.F.R. § 1081.206(b)(1)(ii), “[t]he Office of Enforcement may

  withhold a document if: . . . The document is an internal memorandum, note, or

  writing prepared by a person employed by the Bureau[.]” Nonetheless, Carnes

  complains that he never received a privilege log for any withheld documents. But the

  ALJ needn’t order a privilege log. See 12 C.F.R. § 1081.206(c) (“The hearing officer

  may require the Office of Enforcement to produce a list of documents or categories of

  documents withheld[.]”) (emphasis added)).

        C.     Summary Disposition

        Petitioners argue that the Director erred by ruling on summary disposition that

  Carnes acted with knowledge of Integrity’s illegal practices.

        Under CFPA, an individual may be held liable for a corporation’s violations if

  “(1) he participated directly in the deceptive acts or had the authority to control them

  and (2) he had knowledge of the misrepresentations, was recklessly indifferent to the

  truth or falsity of the misrepresentation[s], or was aware of a high probability of

                                             23
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  fraud along with an intentional avoidance of the truth.” Gordon, 819 F.3d at 1193

  (citation omitted).16

         Petitioners don’t challenge the finding that Carnes controlled Integrity—the

  first requirement under Gordon. They challenge only the Director’s finding under the

  second requirement of Gordon about knowledge. We note that the Director found that

  Carnes knew about Integrity’s misrepresentations and, alternatively, found that

  Carnes was at least recklessly indifferent to the misrepresentations. See Dkt. 308 at

  15 (“[T]here is ample evidence that Mr. Carnes knew that [Integrity]’s loan

  agreement misrepresented the amount that consumers were likely to pay, and also

  knew that consumers were likely to pay more than the amount disclosed unless they

  took affirmative action.”); see also id. at 16 (“While Mr. Carnes asserts that as CEO

  he was not familiar with the details of [Integrity]’s loan agreement, I conclude that he

  was at least recklessly indifferent to those details[.]”). Yet, Petitioners’ opening brief

  mentions the words “recklessly” and “indifferent” only when stating the legal

  standard. See Op. Br. at 25, 33. Petitioners’ brief provides no basis for why the

  Director’s finding of reckless indifference would be erroneous. See Bronson v.

  Swensen, 500 F.3d 1099, 1104–05 (10th Cir. 2007) (parties must adequately brief the

         16
            In Gordon, the Ninth Circuit adopted the test for individual liability for a
  corporation’s actions used under the FTC Act. 819 F.3d at 1193 n.8. Petitioners don’t
  object to importing the Ninth Circuit’s test for individual liability from Gordon. And
  the parties all cite Gordon in their briefing. We thus follow the Ninth Circuit’s
  articulation of the relevant test in Gordon. We note that other courts have similarly
  relied on the FTC Act to interpret CFPA. See, e.g., CFPB v. NDG Fin. Corp., No. 15-
  cv-5211, 2016 WL 7188792, at *17 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 2, 2016).
                                              24
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  arguments they want our court to consider). So we hold that the Director’s order

  properly found Carnes liable for being recklessly indifferent to Integrity’s practices.

         Nevertheless, the Director didn’t err in also finding that Carnes knew about

  Integrity’s misrepresentations. Petitioners argue that Carnes’s reliance on counsel

  precludes a finding that Carnes was sufficiently knowledgeable. They contend that

  the Director improperly “disregard[ed] other evidence that Mr. Carnes did not

  substantively approve the loan agreement and instead relied on outside counsel.” Op. Br.

  at 34. But reliance on counsel isn’t a defense to liability. See CashCall, 35 F.4th at 749

  (Under CFPA, individual liability requires knowledge of the practices that misled

  consumers, not knowledge that the misleading practices were illegal). Addressing

  Carnes’s review and approval of the loans, the Director had a solid basis to find that

  “[a]lthough Mr. Carnes did not personally draft the loan agreement that [Integrity]

  used for those loans, he approved its use.” Dkt. 308 at 14; see also id. (Carnes

  testified: “Did they have my approval to use the loan agreement? Yes.”); id. (“Q. And

  in most cases they would pay substantially more than the amount that’s reflected in

  the total amounts of payments box; is that right? A. They would pay more.”).17

         17
            Petitioners contest the illegality of Integrity’s practice of using remotely
  created checks to withdraw funds from customer accounts. We agree with the Director
  that Petitioners’ practice was “unfair” under CFPA.

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         In short, we find the Director’s analysis consistent with the applicable standard

  in Gordon. We therefore reject Petitioners’ arguments.18

  IV.    Remedies Order

         Petitioners challenge the remedies order on the basis that the ALJ and Director

  didn’t allow them to present evidence of their good-faith reliance on counsel (as to

  restitution and civil penalties) and evidence of their expenses (as to the Director’s

  residual disgorgement order). We reject Petitioners’ challenges.

         A.     Evidence of Good Faith

         Petitioners argue that the ALJ erred by disallowing evidence of their good faith

  through their advice-of-counsel defense. They contend that the Director should have

  denied restitution or civil penalties based on this evidence. As earlier discussed in Section

  II.B. of this opinion, Petitioners’ advice-of-counsel argument opposing restitution lacks

  merit. As “developing case law,” they cite two district-court decisions from the Ninth

  Circuit concluding that advice of counsel is relevant to restitution. But since Petitioners’

  briefing, the Ninth Circuit has ruled otherwise. See CashCall, 35 F.4th at 750–51 (finding

  that reliance on counsel is not an appropriate basis for denying restitution.).

         As for the civil penalties under CFPA, the Director must consider five possible

  mitigating factors before imposing a civil-penalty order. See 12 U.S.C. § 5565(c)(3). The

         18
           In support of their argument that Carnes didn’t know that Integrity’s loans
  were misleading, Petitioners rely on the State of Delaware’s approval of their
  application to do business there. But this didn’t include a legal review of the loan
  document under federal law.

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  Director considered all these factors, including good faith, and rejected Petitioners’

  challenge to the ALJ’s recommended civil penalties. As earlier discussed, the ALJ

  considered Carnes’s own testimony on this point and deemed that sufficient. See Section

  III.C., supra. This is all that was required.19

          B.    Net Profits and Business Expenses

          Petitioners complain that the ALJ kept them from introducing evidence of

  Integrity’s legitimate business expenses. In their opening brief, Petitioners claim an offset

  for these expenses for any “disgorgement,” but not an offset against the restitution award

  itself. Op. Br. at 39. They acknowledge that “[t]hroughout the proceedings, the CFPB

  sought restitution rather than disgorgement.” Id. After that, they note that the Director

  further ordered that “the Bureau will deposit any remaining funds in the U.S. Treasury as

  disgorgement” after restitution amounts are transferred to individual consumers. Dkt. 309

  at 1.

          Because the Director referred to a “disgorgement” remedy, Petitioners seek an

  offset for expenses on disgorged amounts under Liu v. SEC. In that case, the Supreme

  Court held that “a disgorgement award that does not exceed a wrongdoer’s net profits and

  is awarded for victims is equitable relief permissible under [28 U.S.C.] § 78u(d)(5).” 140

  S. Ct. at 1940. The Court further ruled that “courts must deduct legitimate expenses

          19
          Further, Petitioners repeatedly asserted attorney-client privilege in
  responding to discovery requests, which hindered the Bureau’s ability to contest any
  advice-of-counsel evidence. Petitioners don’t dispute this fact.
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  before ordering disgorgement under § 78u(d)(5).” Id. at 1950. But the present case differs

  from Liu.

         Here, the Director ordered the full $38.4 million as both legal and equitable

  restitution. Petitioners haven’t challenged that designation and have thus waived any

  challenge. So we evaluate the case as one involving a legal, not equitable, remedy. Under

  § 5565, the Bureau has jurisdiction in “[a]dministrative proceedings or court actions” “to

  grant any appropriate legal or equitable relief with respect to a violation of Federal

  consumer financial law, including a violation of a rule or order prescribed under a

  Federal consumer financial law.” 12 U.S.C. § 5565(a)(1). Among the listed available

  remedies is “restitution.” Id. at § 5565(a)(2)(C).

         In contrast, Liu involved a disgorgement order under a statute allowing only

  equitable relief. Certainly, the Director in Petitioners’ case did describe as

  “disgorgement” any possible sums deposited in the U.S. Treasury for borrowers the

  Bureau couldn’t locate to reimburse. See Dkt. 309 at 1 (“If funds remain after this redress

  has been completed, the Bureau will deposit any remaining funds in the U.S. Treasury as

  disgorgement.”). But Petitioners offer no authority that such deposits to the U.S. Treasury

  become equitable disgorgement. In fact, in Liu, the Court declared it an “open question”

  whether such deposits are “consistent with the limitations of § 78u(d)(5).” Id. at 1948.

  The Court noted that “[t]he parties have not identified authorities revealing what

  traditional equitable principles govern when, for instance, the wrongdoer’s profits cannot

  practically be disbursed to the victims.” Id. at 1948–49. Left in this same circumstance,

  we cannot conclude that Petitioners are entitled to an offset for legitimate business

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  expenses against any future, hypothetical funds collected as legal restitution, but by the

  Director’s order deposited with the U.S. Treasury as disgorgement.20 Moreover, Liu

  concerned the SEC’s authority to order disgorgement under 15 U.S.C. § 78u(d)(5). That

  statute limits the SEC to granting “any equitable relief that may be appropriate or

  necessary for the benefit of investors.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u(d)(5). But 12 U.S.C. § 5565(a) is

  broader, permitting the Bureau to pursue both equitable and legal relief.

         Finally, Petitioners contest the Director’s imposition of joint and several liability

  for restitution or disgorgement “without consideration or evidence of what (if any) profits

  of the alleged misconduct went to Mr. Carnes individually.” Op. Br. at 39–40. The

  Bureau responds that Petitioners have waived this argument by failing to object to its

  request for joint and several liability in moving for summary disposition before ALJ

  Kirby or on appeal before the Director. Petitioners reply that the possibility of

  disgorgement never arose until the Director issued her order, so they couldn’t have

  objected to its joint and several nature. Even so, Petitioners could have objected to joint

  and several liability for the full restitution award of $38.4 million. In that circumstance,

  we conclude that Petitioners have waived this issue too.21

         20
             In their reply brief, Petitioners enlarge their argument to assert that the Director
  “ordered that the entire award be retained by the government as ‘disgorgement,’ in
  essence, turning the remedy into a disgorgement award.” Reply Br. at 18 (citing Dkt. 309
  at 1). In addition to asserting a new argument in the reply brief, Petitioners
  mischaracterize the record as cited, which does not support their account of it.
         21
           We note that in Liu, the Court addressed an argument against imposing joint
  and several liability. 140 S. Ct. at 1947, 1949. The Court pointed to “the common-
  law rule requiring individual liability for wrongful profits,” and commented that the

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                                     CONCLUSION

        The Director’s order is affirmed.

  SEC’s joint and several liability “could transform any equitable profits-focused
  remedy into a penalty.” Id. at 1949. But the Court further noted that “[t]he common
  law did, however, permit liability for partners engaged in concerted wrongdoing.” Id.
  The Court didn’t reverse the joint and several liability. Instead, it noted that the
  petitioners, a married couple, had presented no evidence that they did not both “enjoy
  the fruits of the scheme.” Id. Here, Integrity and Carnes obviously were closely
  related, and as in Liu, we see nothing making joint and several liability “unjust.” See
  id.
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  21-9521, Integrity Advance v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
  PHILLIPS, Circuit Judge, concurring.

        In contesting the Director’s restitution award, Petitioners don’t challenge the

  Director’s approval of restitution as a legal (as well as an equitable) remedy. Though

  I agree that Petitioners have waived any such challenge on this point, I express some

  reservations about legal restitution under § 5565(a) for a case in which the issue is

  preserved.

        Under 12 U.S.C. § 5565, the Bureau may sue either in federal district court or

  in its own administrative tribunal to seek “appropriate legal or equitable relief”:

        (a) Administrative proceedings or court actions

               (1) Jurisdiction[—]The court (or the Bureau, as the case may be)
               in an action or adjudication proceeding brought under Federal
               consumer financial law, shall have jurisdiction to grant any
               appropriate legal or equitable relief with respect to a violation of
               Federal consumer financial law, including a violation of a rule or
               order prescribed under a Federal consumer financial law.

  12 U.S.C. § 5565(a)(1) (emphasis added). In my view, whether this statute allows a

  given remedy depends on the forum and the nature of the remedy sought. I have three

  reasons for questioning whether “legal restitution” is an appropriate form of relief,

  especially when the Bureau chooses to litigate in its own administrative tribunal.

        First, restitution is generally considered to be an equitable remedy. See Adams

  v. Cyprus Amax Minerals Co., 149 F.3d 1156, 1162 (10th Cir. 1998); see also CFPB

  v. Consumer First Legal Grp., LLC, 6 F.4th 694, 711 (7th Cir. 2021) (rejecting the

  Bureau’s attempt to recharacterize an award of equitable restitution under 12 U.S.C.

  § 5565 as legal restitution). When Congress refers to a remedy that is traditionally
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  equitable, courts presume that the remedy maintains its equitable character. See Liu,

  140 S. Ct. at 1947 (“Statutory references to a remedy grounded in equity must, absent

  other indication, be deemed to contain the limitations upon its availability that equity

  typically imposes. Accordingly, Congress’ own use of the term ‘disgorgement’ in

  assorted statutes did not expand the contours of that term beyond a defendant’s net

  profits—a limit established by longstanding principles of equity.” (cleaned up)).

  Nothing in § 5565 empowers the Bureau to treat the listed remedies under

  § 5565(a)(2) as legal or equitable for its convenience.

        Second, the Bureau’s claim to “legal restitution” might render superfluous

  another remedy listed in § 5565(a)(2). See Lockheed Martin Corp. v. Admin. Rev.

  Bd., 717 F.3d 1121, 1130 (10th Cir. 2013) (“It is a rudimentary canon of statutory

  construction that such superfluities are to be avoided.”). I am uncertain how the

  Bureau’s “legal restitution” differs from “payment of damages or other monetary

  relief,” which is separately listed in § 5565(a)(2)(E).

        Third, allowing the Bureau to obtain “legal restitution” in an administrative

  forum raises Seventh Amendment concerns, which implicates the constitutional-

  avoidance canon. The Seventh Amendment guarantees jury-trial rights to parties sued

  for legal remedies. See Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Woolman, 913 F.3d 977, 992

  n.14 (10th Cir. 2019) (“Though the Seventh Amendment guarantees the right to a

  jury trial in any suit involving legal rights, this guarantee doesn’t extend to equitable

  rights.” (cleaned up)); see also Lorillard v. Pons, 434 U.S. 575, 583 (1978) (“In cases

  in which legal relief is available and legal rights are determined, the Seventh

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  Amendment provides a right to jury trial.” (citation omitted)); Jarkesy v. SEC, 34

  F.4th 446, 454 (5th Cir. 2022) (the Seventh Amendment applies to actions seeking

  legal relief (citing Tull v. United States, 481 U.S. 412 (1987)). Under the

  constitutional-avoidance canon, courts interpret federal statutes to avoid risking

  constitutional concerns. See United States v. Ciapponi, 77 F.3d 1247, 1250 (10th Cir.

  1996); Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal

  Texts 247–48 (2012) (explaining that the “constitutional-doubt canon “militates

  against not only those interpretations that would render the statute unconstitutional

  but also those that would even raise serious questions of constitutionality.”).

  Interpreting § 5565(a)(2) to encompass “legal restitution” would enable the Bureau to

  file actions for legal relief in its own administrative tribunals potentially in violation

  of the Seventh Amendment.

         Had Petitioners not waived their challenge to legal restitution, I would reach

  the issue of whether § 5565 permits legal restitution in an administrative enforcement

  action. If it doesn’t, and only equitable restitution is permitted, I would require an

  explanation why, under Liu, the Bureau’s administrative restitution order wouldn’t

  need to be reduced by Integrity’s legitimate business expenses.

                                                  3