Court Opinion

ID: 6114873
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-02 18:01:31.259618+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:16:47.386568
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                      No. 19-414V
                               Filed: December 9, 2021
                      Reissued for Publication: January 31, 20221

    * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **
                                                *
    JOHNNY MATTHEWS,                            *
                      Petitioner,               *
                                                *
    v.                                          *
                                                *
    SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND                     *
    HUMAN SERVICES,                             *
                      Respondent.               *
                                                *
                                                *
         * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **

      Renée J. Gentry, Vaccine Injury Clinic, George Washington University Law
School, Washington, DC, for petitioner.

       Ryan D. Pyles, Senior Trial Attorney, Torts Branch, Civil Division, United States
Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for respondent. With him were Heather L.
Pearlman, Deputy Director, Torts Branch, Civil Division, C. Salvatore D’Alessio, Acting
Director, Torts Branch, Civil Division, and Brian M. Boynton, Acting Assistant Attorney
General, Civil Division.

                                      OPINION

HORN, J.

       On March 19, 2019, petitioner Johnny Matthews filed a pro se petition in this court
under the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-10 (2018). Petitioner
claimed he “received the Influenza Vaccine on or around November 10, 2013, at the
emergency room, Carolinas Hospital System in Florence, South Carolina,” and that “[his]
GBS [Guillain-Barré Syndrome] was caused-in-fact by the Influenza Vaccine
administered on November 10, 2013.” As a result, “[p]etitioner respectfully seeks an
award in accordance with the [National Childhood Vaccine Injury] Act, including but not
limited to an award of pain and suffering, out-of-pocket medical expenses, and costs.”

1
 This Opinion was issued under seal on December 9, 2021. The parties did not propose
any redactions to the December 9, 2021 Opinion, and the court, therefore, issues the
Opinion without redactions for public distribution.
Initially, petitioner attempted to proceed in forma pauperis. He subsequently obtained
counsel. From October 14, 2019 to September 29, 2020, petitioner filed numerous
medical records pertaining to his hospital visits from 2013 and 2014. On February 23,
2021, petitioner moved for a finding of fact to prove that “he received an influenza
vaccination on or about November 10, 2013.”2 Respondent opposed the motion and
cross-moved for dismissal, arguing that petitioner had failed to produce a record of
vaccine administration.

        On August 19, 2021, after reviewing the extensive medical records that petitioner
submitted, Special Master Horner dismissed the petition stating there was “not
preponderant evidence that petitioner received a vaccination covered by this program.”
Matthews v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No 19-414V, 2021 WL 4190265, at *1 (Fed.
Cl. Aug. 19, 2021). On September 17, 2021, after the public version of the Special
Master’s decision was released, petitioner filed a motion for review in this court, claiming
that “[t]he Special Master abused his discretion by characterizing Petitioner’s medical
records in such a way as to give them dispositive weight against petitioner as to the issue
of vaccination.” The motion for review was assigned to the undersigned.

        In relevant part, the facts in the record depict the following: On October 13, 2013,
petitioner presented himself to the Carolinas Hospital System emergency department in
Florence, South Carolina for chronic lower back pain. Petitioner was diagnosed with acute
lumbar strain. A screening assessment from this visit indicated “no” under the prompt “flu
vaccine this season.” When petitioner returned to the Carolinas Hospital System
emergency department on October 28, 2013, for scabies, his screening assessment listed
the same response of “no” to the prompt “flu vaccine this season.” Less than two weeks
later, on November 10, 2013, petitioner returned to the Carolinas Hospital System
emergency department for a swollen painful toe assessed as a right-toe contusion. This
time, the prompt “flu vaccine this season” on the screening assessment elicited a printed
“yes,” without any additional details such as when or where the vaccine was administered.
The billing statement for services provided during this visit did not include a charge for an
influenza vaccination.

       On November 13, 2013, petitioner presented to the McLeod Regional Medical
Center emergency department in Florence, South Carolina for cough, congestion, and
pain on his right side. A laboratory report dated November 14, 2013, showed petitioner
tested negative for both the Influenza A and B antigen tests. A billing statement from the
November 13, 2013, visit to the McLeod Regional Medical Center showed the petitioner
was billed for antigen tests, but not for an influenza vaccination.

       On November 18, 2013, petitioner returned to the Carolinas Hospital System
emergency department for a severe right forearm laceration sustained from a knife attack.
Petitioner was admitted for surgery to repair his forearm. A screening assessment from

2 Petitioner states he received the influenza vaccination at issue “on or around November
10, 2013” in his petition. In his motion for finding of fact, however, petitioner states he
received the influenza vaccination “on or about November 10, 2013.”

                                             2
this visit listed “yes” as the response to the prompt “flu vaccine this season,” again with
no elaboration of when or where an influenza vaccine had been administered. The billing
statement from this stay reflected no billing for an influenza vaccination.

       Petitioner alleges that a nurse administered an influenza vaccination in the
emergency room at Carolinas Hospital System emergency department during his
hospitalization starting on November 18, 2013. Petitioner claims a nurse administered the
influenza vaccination in his left arm while another nurse sewed up his right arm after the
surgery to repair his laceration. He claims the influenza vaccination occurred in the
Carolinas Hospital System emergency department. This is inconsistent with the report
from petitioner’s surgery, which states that the surgery, along with the subsequent
stapling, splintering, dressing, and wrapping of his wound, were performed in an operating
room while he was under anesthesia and intubated. The report further states that, after
his surgery, petitioner was transferred to a Carolinas Hospital System post-anesthesia
care unit, not to the emergency department.

        Petitioner was discharged from the Carolinas Hospital System on November 21,
2013. Petitioner’s Patient Discharge Summary had “No” printed next to the prompt
“Influenza Admin.” A form in petitioner’s medical records signed by a nurse and dated
November 21, 2013, marked that petitioner refused vaccination. The form also included
an unchecked box next to the prompt “Previously immunized this flu season.” The billing
statement from petitioner’s November 18-21, 2013, hospital stay did not include a charge
for an influenza vaccination.

        On November 25, 2013, petitioner returned to the Carolinas Hospital System
emergency department for moderate numbness and tingling in his hands and legs. He
was assessed with hyperventilation syndrome. The screening assessment from this visit
indicated “no” in response to the prompt “flu vaccine this season.” As with the previous
visits to the Carolinas Hospital System, the billing statement for services during this visit
reflected no charge for a vaccination. On November 27, 2013, petitioner returned to the
McLeod Regional Medical Center emergency department for anxiety, chest pain,
shortness of breath, and numbness. His immunizations were noted as “current” without
any specification. Petitioner was diagnosed with numbness of the arms and legs, after
which he left the hospital against medical advice.

       On November 28, 2013, petitioner returned to the Carolinas Hospital System
emergency department, at which time he presented with difficulty standing and walking.
Petitioner was assessed with neuropathy, after which he agreed to follow up with a
neurologist. Once again, the screening prompt “flu vaccine this season” elicited a “no.”
Similar to the other billing statements, the billing statement from this visit showed no
charge for a vaccination. On November 29, 2013, petitioner returned to the McLeod
Regional Medical Center for what was diagnosed as GBS. Upon admission, medical
records again indicated he had not received an influenza vaccine for the 2013-2014 flu
season. An order was entered to administer an influenza vaccination at discharge.
Petitioner then consulted with a neurologist on December 6, 2013. While making no

                                             3
reference to any vaccination history, the neurologist diagnosed petitioner with probable
GBS, which was later confirmed.

       A notation in petitioner’s medical records dated December 12, 2013, instructed a
nurse at McLeod Regional Medical Center to call the Carolinas Hospital System to
confirm whether petitioner had received an influenza shot during his prior admission. This
notation was followed by the word “done,” with no date shown. Clinical notes from that
same date state a pharmacist at the Carolinas Hospital System confirmed “there are no
records of pt [patient] receiving the vaccination.”

        On December 21, 2013, a notation in the petitioner’s medical record from the
McLeod Regional Medical Center indicated the influenza vaccine should be added to
petitioner’s list of allergies. This notation was followed by another stating petitioner had a
“recent shot followed by Guillain-Barre Syndrome.” The basis for these notations is
unknown as the clinic notes from December 21, 2013, did not indicate who or which
record provided this information. Following the notations regarding an allergy to the
Influenza vaccine, petitioner’s medical record was updated to include the vaccine among
his allergies. The order for vaccination issued on November 29, 2013, was then
discontinued.

        On January 7, 2014, a consultation for pain management indicated no known drug
allergies. Petitioner’s medical records further indicated that he “is now no longer a
candidate for the flu shot.” From this consultation on, petitioner reported to other health
providers that his GBS was caused by an influenza vaccination and the vaccine continued
to be listed as an allergy. On January 18, 2014, before his discharge from the McLeod
Regional Medical Center, petitioner was recorded as having reported to a nurse that he
was previously vaccinated. On January 19, 2014, petitioner’s medical records reflected a
severe allergy to the influenza vaccine. On February 24, 2014, petitioner’s medical record
indicated that “he got GBS from getting a flu shot.”

         As noted above, petitioner filed his original petition in this case on March 19, 2019,
initially pro se. On March 20, 2019, a notice of the entry of appearance by Heather
Pearlman as attorney of record for respondent was filed. On March 21, 2019, the case
was assigned to Special Master Herbrina Sanders. On August 30, 2019, the case was
reassigned to Special Master Daniel Horner. On March 25, 2019, petitioner filed a motion
to proceed in forma pauperis, which, according to the docket, was terminated on March
26, 2019. Petitioner appealed and, on March 28, 2019, Special Master Herbrina granted
the motion to proceed in forma pauperis. After Ryan Pyles filed a notice of appearance
for respondent, Renée Gentry filed a motion to substitute as petitioner’s attorney on April
29, 2019, which the Special Master granted. Currently, Ms. Gentry, as part of the George
Washington University Law School Vaccine Injury Clinic, remains the attorney of record
for petitioner. On May 8, 2019, an order to vacate the previous order granting petitioner
in forma pauperis status was filed.

       On October 14, 2019, petitioner filed his extensive medical records from the
Carolina Hospital, the Carolina Pines Regional Medical Center, the McLeod Regional

                                              4
Medical Center, and HopeHealth, as exhibits before the Special Master. The exhibits also
included an affidavit detailing petitioner’s own account of his vaccination status. In his
affidavit, petitioner claimed “he received the influenza vaccination on or about November
18, 2013.” On March 27, 2020, petitioner filed yet additional medical records from the
McLeod Regional Medical Center. On April 14, 2020, petitioner also filed further medical
records from the McLeod Regional Medical Center. On August 16, 2020, petitioner once
more filed further documents regarding billing at the Carolinas Hospital Center and the
McLeod Regional Medical Center and, on September 29, 2020, petitioner filed additional
medical records from the McLeod Regional Medical Center. After all these medical
records were filed, the parties filed various status reports, and on December 17, 2020,
Special Master Horner gave petitioner another chance to file any “additional evidence of
additional evidence of his alleged injury-causing vaccination.”

        On February 23, 2021, petitioner filed a motion for ruling on the record. As noted
above, petitioner again requested that the Special Master issue a finding of fact that he
had “received an influenza vaccination on or about November 10, 2013.” In the motion
for ruling on the record, petitioner noted that one of his many screening assessments did
indicate that he had received an influenza vaccination for the 2013-2014 flu season. Most
of petitioner’s motion focused on the recorded doctors’ notes that associated his GBS
with an influenza vaccination and the adverse health effects he suffers as a result.
Petitioner contended that “the weight of the circumstantial evidence” “supports a finding
that Petitioner received the influenza vaccination on or about November 10, 2013.”

        On March 9, 2021, respondent filed a response to the petitioner’s motion.
Respondent did not oppose a finding of fact by the Special Master, but answered that the
record did not establish by a preponderance of the evidence that petitioner had in fact
received the influenza vaccine and, therefore, respondent moved for dismissal of
petitioner’s claim for failure to demonstrate the receipt of an influenza vaccine and when
it was received. Respondent, therefore, cross-moved for dismissal of petitioner’s claim
for failure to establish, as a threshold matter, that petitioner had indeed received an
influenza vaccination for the year in question. Respondent focused on the numerous
inconsistencies in petitioner’s hospital screening assessments prior to the GBS diagnosis,
most of which indicated that petitioner had not received a vaccine for the 2013-2014 flu
season. Respondent argued that the doctors’ notes pertaining to a linkage between
petitioner’s GBS diagnosis and an influenza vaccine administration were not sufficient to
establish petitioner’s claim. Respondent noted that the medical record also indicated that
petitioner was struggling with substance abuse issues. Respondent claimed that due to
the internal inconsistencies in petitioner’s medical records and those between the medical
records and petitioner’s affidavit detailing the vaccine administration, petitioner failed to
provide preponderant evidence that a vaccination had been administered to the petitioner
as alleged.

      On March 16, 2021, petitioner filed a reply brief and once again maintained that he
had “received the influenza vaccination on or about November 10, 2013.” Petitioner
argued that direct medical documentation of the vaccination is not required to meet the
preponderance of the evidence standard. He claimed the records reflecting that his GBS

                                             5
followed an influenza vaccination, and those indicating he was allergic to the influenza
vaccine, were more important than the earlier inconsistent screening assessments.
Petitioner also noted that medical staff had been critical of him due to what the staff
viewed as “drug-seeking behavior.” He acknowledged that he was not a sympathetic
victim, but argued that this was irrelevant to his case. Petitioner again asserted that, when
viewing the record as a whole, there was preponderant evidence that he had received an
influenza vaccination.

       On August 19, 2021, Special Master Horner issued an appropriately reasoned
decision dismissing the petition. See generally Matthews v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 2021 WL 4190265. The Special Master wrote:

       Medical records and/or statements of a treating physician's views do not per
       se bind the special master to adopt the conclusions of such an individual,
       even if they must be considered and carefully evaluated. §300aa-13(b)(1);
       Snyder v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 88 Fed. Cl. 706, 746 n.67 (2009)
       (“there is nothing . . . that mandates that the testimony of a treating physician
       is sacrosanct—that it must be accepted in its entirety and cannot be
       rebutted”). The views of treating physicians should also be weighed against
       other, contrary evidence also present in the record. Hibbard v. Sec’y of
       Health & Human Servs., 100 Fed. Cl. 742, 749 (2011) (not arbitrary or
       capricious for special master to weigh competing treating physicians’
       conclusions against each other), aff’d, 698 F.3d 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2012);
       Caves v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 100 Fed. Cl. 119, 136 (2011),
       aff’d, 463 Fed. Appx. 932 (Fed. Cir. 2012); Veryzer v. Sec’y of Health &
       Human Servs., No. 06-522V, 2011 WL 1935813, at *17 (Fed. Cl. Spec.
       Mstr. Apr. 29, 2011), mot. for review denied, 100 Fed. Cl. 344, 356 (2011),
       aff’d without opinion, 475 Fed. Appx. 765 (Fed. Cir. 2012).

Matthews v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 2021 WL 4190265, at *7. When addressing
the medical notation that petitioner’s GBS occurred after receiving an influenza shot, the
Special Master wrote further:

       The source of information ultimately relied upon in subsequently noting to
       the contrary that petitioner’s GBS followed a flu vaccine is not documented
       (Ex. 9, p. 294); however, to the extent that source of information would have
       been petitioner himself, his contemporaneous medical records document,
       as explained above, that he already had an established pattern of
       inconsistently reporting whether he had received a flu vaccine that year.
       Accordingly, reliance on a single, additional instance of this unreliable
       reporting by the MRMC treaters does not provide any meaningful evidence
       buttressing petitioner’s claim, especially where the treaters initially arrived
       at their diagnosis [of GBS] without that information and then tried and failed
       to confirm the vaccination. Moreover, given that MRMC [McLeod Regional
       Medical Center] confirmed that Carolinas Hospital had no record of
       vaccination, the later notation that petitioner’s GBS was preceded by a flu

                                              6
       vaccine is conspicuous for the lack of any additional detail or indication of
       when petitioner purportedly received the vaccination.

Id. at *8 (capitalization in original; brackets added). Special Master Horner cited the
various inconsistencies in the record, stating: “Additionally, these inconsistent notations
were generated at two different facilities on nine different occasions, and both confirm
and deny that petitioner was vaccinated. Many of these notations would have to be
incorrect to allow for the record to support any of petitioner’s various allegations.” Id. at
*6. Due to these inconsistencies, the Special Master stated that “neither petitioner’s
medical records nor his affidavit, alone or in combination, provide preponderant evidence
that any flu vaccination was administered to petitioner in the days, weeks, or months prior
to the onset of his GBS.” Id. at *9.

        Special Master Horner determined: “I find that there is not preponderant evidence
that petitioner received a vaccination covered by this program and therefore dismiss this
petition.” Id. at *1. As noted above, on September 17, 2021, petitioner filed a motion for
review in this court. The motion for review was assigned to the undersigned. On October
18, 2021, respondent filed a response to petitioner’s motion for review.

                                       DISCUSSION

       When reviewing a Special Master’s decision, the assigned Judge of the United
States Court of Federal Claims shall:
             (A) uphold the findings of fact and conclusions of law of the special master
       and sustain the special master's decision,
               (B) set aside any findings of fact or conclusions of law of the special
       master found to be arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise
       not in accordance with law and issue its own findings of fact and conclusions
       of law, or
             (C) remand the petition to the special master for further action in
       accordance with the court's direction.

Munn v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 970 F.2d 863, 867 (Fed. Cir. 1992); see also
42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(e)(2) (2018). The legislative history of the Vaccine Act states: “The
conferees have provided for a limited standard for appeal from the [special] master’s
decision and do not intend that this procedure be used frequently, but rather in those
cases in which a truly arbitrary decision has been made.” H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 101-386,
at 516–17, reprinted in 1989 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3018, 3120.

       In Markovich v. Secretary of Health & Human Services, the United States Court of
Appeals for the Federal Circuit wrote, “[u]nder the Vaccine Act, the Court of Federal
Claims reviews the Chief Special Master's decision to determine if it is ‘arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with the law.’ 42 U.S.C.
§ 300aa-12(e)(2)(B).” Markovich v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 477 F.3d 1353,

                                             7
1355-56 (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 816 (2007); see also K.G. v. Sec’y of Health
& Human Servs., 951 F.3d 1374, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2020); Oliver v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 900 F.3d 1357, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (citing Milik v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 822 F.3d 1367, 1375-76 (Fed. Cir. 2016)); Deribeaux ex rel. Deribeaux v. Sec’y
of Health & Human Servs., 717 F.3d 1363, 1366 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g and reh’g en banc
denied (Fed. Cir. 2013) (The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit stated
that “we ‘perform[ ] the same task as the Court of Federal Claims and determine[ ] anew
whether the special master’s findings were arbitrary or capricious.’” (brackets in original)
(quoting Lampe v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 219 F.3d 1357, 1360 (Fed. Cir.
2000))); W.C. v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 704 F.3d 1352, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2013);
Hibbard v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 698 F.3d 1355, 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2012); de
Bazan v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 539 F.3d 1347, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2008); Avera
v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 515 F.3d 1343, 1347 (Fed. Cir.) (“Under
the Vaccine Act, we review a decision of the special master under the same standard as
the Court of Federal Claims and determine if it is ‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of
discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.’” (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-
12(e)(2)(B))), rehearing and rehearing en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2008); Althen v. Sec’y
of Health & Human Servs., 418 F.3d at 1277; Faup v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
147 Fed. Cl. 445, 458 (2019); Dodd v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 114 Fed. Cl. 43,
47 (2013); Taylor v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 108 Fed. Cl. 807, 817 (2013). The
abuse of discretion standard is applicable when the special master excludes evidence or
limits the record upon which he or she relies. See Munn v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 970 F.2d at 870. The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has
indicated that:

       These standards vary in application as well as degree of deference. Each
       standard applies to a different aspect of the judgment. Fact findings are
       reviewed by us, as by the Claims Court judge, under the arbitrary and
       capricious standard; legal questions under the “not in accordance with law”
       standard; and discretionary rulings under the abuse of discretion standard.
       The latter will rarely come into play except where the special master
       excludes evidence.

Id. at 871 n.10; see also Carson ex rel. Carson v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 727
F.3d 1365, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2013); Deribeaux ex rel. Deribeaux v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 717 F.3d at 1366; W.C. v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 704 F.3d at 1355;
Griglock v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 687 F.3d 1371, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2012); Porter
v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 663 F.3d 1242, 1249 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (citing
Broekelschen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 618 F.3d at 1345) (explaining that the
reviewing court “do[es] not reweigh the factual evidence, assess whether the special
master correctly evaluated the evidence, or examine the probative value of the evidence
or the credibility of the witnesses—these are all matters within the purview of the fact
finder”) reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2012); Dodd v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 114 Fed. Cl. at 56. “[T]he special masters have broad discretion to weigh evidence
and make factual determinations.” Dougherty v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 141
Fed. Cl. 223, 229 (2018). As explained by the federal circuit:

                                             8
      With regard to both fact-findings and fact-based conclusions, the key
      decision maker in the first instance is the special master. The Claims Court
      owes these findings and conclusions by the special master great deference
      – no change may be made absent first a determination that the special
      master was “arbitrary and capricious.”

Munn v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 970 F.2d at 870; see also 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-
12(e)(2)(B).

        Generally, “if the special master ‘has considered the relevant evidence of record,
drawn plausible inferences and articulated a rational basis for the decision, reversible
error will be extremely difficult to demonstrate.’” Hibbard v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 698 F.3d at 1363 (quoting Hines v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 940 F.2d
1518, 1528 (Fed. Cir. 1991)); see also Porter v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 663
F.3d at 1253-54; Lampe v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 219 F.3d at 1360; Avila ex
rel. Avila v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 90 Fed. Cl. 590, 594 (2009); Dixon v. Sec'y
of Health & Human Servs., 61 Fed. Cl. 1, 8 (2004) (“The court's inquiry in this regard must
therefore focus on whether the Special Master examined the ‘relevant data’ and
articulated a ‘satisfactory explanation for its action including a rational connection
between the facts found and the choice made.’” (quoting Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Association
v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29 (1983) (quoting Burlington Truck Lines,
Inc. v. United States, 371 U.S. 156, 168 (1962)))).

      As noted by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit:

      Congress assigned to a group of specialists, the Special Masters within the
      Court of Federal Claims, the unenviable job of sorting through these painful
      cases and, based upon their accumulated expertise in the field, judging the
      merits of the individual claims. The statute makes clear that, on review, the
      Court of Federal Claims is not to second guess the Special Masters [sic]
      fact-intensive conclusions; the standard of review is uniquely deferential for
      what is essentially a judicial process. Our cases make clear that, on our
      review of the judgment of the Court of Federal Claims, we remain equally
      deferential. That level of deference is especially apt in a case in which the
      medical evidence of causation is in dispute.

Deribeaux ex rel. Deribeaux v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 717 F.3d at 1366-
67 (modification in original) (quoting Hodges v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 9 F.3d
958, 961 (Fed. Cir. 1993)); Hibbard v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 698 F.3d at
1363; Locane v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 685 F.3d 1375, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2012).
The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has explained that the
reviewing courts “‘do not sit to reweigh the evidence. [If] the special master's conclusion
[is] based on evidence in the record that [is] not wholly implausible, we are compelled to
uphold that finding as not being arbitrary and capricious.’” Deribeaux ex rel. Deribeaux v.
Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 717 F.3d at 1367 (modification in original) (quoting

                                            9
Lampe v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 219 F.3d at 1363); see also K.G. v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 951 F.3d at 1379 (“With respect to factual findings, however, we
will uphold the special master's findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous.”
(citing Althen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 418 F.3d at 1278)); Hibbard v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 698 F.3d at 1363 (citing Cedillo v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 617 F.3d at 1338).

       The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has explained that:
       A petitioner can establish causation in one of two ways. Id. [Broekelschen
       v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 618 F.3d at 1341] If the petitioner shows
       that he or she received a vaccination listed on the Vaccine Injury Table, 42
       U.S.C. § 300aa–14, and suffered an injury listed on that table within a
       statutorily prescribed time period, then the Act presumes the vaccination
       caused the injury. Andreu [ ex rel. Andreu] v. Sec'y of Health & Human
       Servs., 569 F.3d 1367, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2009). Where, as here, the injury is
       not on the Vaccine Injury Table, the petitioner may seek compensation by
       proving causation-in-fact.

Milik v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 822 F.3d at 1379 (citing Andreu ex rel. Andreu
v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 569 F.3d at 1374); see also W.C. v. Sec’y of Health
& Human Servs., 704 F.3d at 1356; Broekelschen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
618 F.3d at 1346; Pafford v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 451 F.3d 1352, 1356 (Fed.
Cir.), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2006), cert. denied, 551 U.S. 1102 (2007);
Grant v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 956 F.2d 1144, 1147-48 (Fed. Cir. 1992); Faup
v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 147 Fed. Cl. at 458; Dodd v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 114 Fed. Cl. at 50; Paluck v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 104 Fed. Cl. 457,
467-68 (2012); Fesanco v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 99 Fed. Cl. 28, 31 (2011).

        When proving eligibility for compensation for a petition under the Vaccine Act, such
as the one filed by Mr. Matthews, a petitioner must establish by a preponderance of the
evidence that he received a vaccine set forth in the Vaccine Injury Table and that injury
caused by the vaccination occurred within the required amount of time. See Althen v.
Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 418 F.3d at 1278; see also 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-
11(c)(1)(A). Regarding the preponderance of the evidence standard, the Vaccine Act
requires “‘the trier of fact to believe that the existence of a fact is more probable than its
nonexistence before [he] may find in favor of the party who has the burden to persuade
the [judge] of the fact’s existence.’” Moberly ex rel. Moberly v. Sec’y of Health and Human
Servs., 592 F.3d 1315, 1322 n.2 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (quoting Concrete Pipe & Prods. of Cal.,
Inc. v. Construction Laborers Pension Trust for S. Cal., 508 U.S. 602 (1993)). In
demonstrating this preponderance of evidence, petitioner may not rely on his or her
testimony alone to establish preponderant evidence of vaccine administration. According
to the Vaccine Act, “[t]he special master or court may not make such a finding based on
the claims of a petitioner alone, unsubstantiated by medical records or by medical
opinion.” 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-13(a)(1).

                                             10
        In weighing the evidence pertaining to proof of vaccination, the Special Master has
discretion to determine the relative weight of the evidence presented, including
contemporaneous medical records and oral testimony. See Burns v. Sec’y of Health &
Human Servs., 3 F.3d 415, 417 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (finding that the Special Master had
thoroughly considered evidence in record, had discretion not to hold an additional
evidentiary hearing); see also Hibbard v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 698 F.3d at
1368 (finding it was not arbitrary or capricious for the Special Master to weigh diagnoses
of different treating physicians against one another, including when their opinions
conflict).

      “Clearly it is not then the role of this court to reweigh the factual evidence,
      or to assess whether the special master correctly evaluated the evidence.
      And of course we do not examine the probative value of the evidence or the
      credibility of the witnesses. These are all matters within the purview of the
      fact finder.”

Dodd v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 114 Fed. Cl. at 56 (quoting Munn v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 970 F.2d at 870 n.10); see also Rich v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 129 Fed. Cl. 642, 655 (2016); Paluck v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 104
Fed. Cl. at 467 (“So long as those findings are ‘based on evidence in the record that [is]
not wholly implausible,’ they will be accepted by the court.” (quoting Lampe v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 219 F.3d at 1363 (alteration in original))). “Determinations
subject to review for abuse of discretion must be sustained unless ‘manifestly erroneous.’”
Heddens v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 143 Fed. Cl. 193 (2019) (quoting Piscopo
v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 66 Fed. Cl. 49, 53 (2005) (citations omitted)).

        Additionally, a Special Master is “not required to discuss every piece of evidence
or testimony in [his or] her decision.” Snyder ex rel. Snyder v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 88 Fed. Cl. 706, 728 (2009) (brackets added). As explained by a Judge of the
United States Court of Federal Claims:

      “[W]hile the special master need not address every snippet of evidence
      adduced in the case, see id. [Doe v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 601
      F.3d 1349, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2010)], he [or she] cannot dismiss so much
      contrary evidence that it appears that he ‘simply failed to consider genuinely
      the evidentiary record before him [or her].’” (brackets added)
      (quoting Campbell v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 97 Fed. Cl. 650, 668
      (2011))).

       A Special Master is required to acknowledge that “the purpose of the Vaccine Act’s
preponderance standard is to allow the finding of causation in a field bereft of complete
and direct proof of how vaccines affect the human body,” even if the possible link between
the vaccine and the injury is "hitherto unproven.” Althen v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 418 F.3d at 1280; see Porter v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 663 F.3d at
1261. In that vein, “close calls regarding causation are resolved in favor of injured

                                            11
claimants.” Id. (citing Knudsen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 35 F.3d 543, 548-49
(Fed. Cir. 1994)).

        With regard to the Special Master’s weighing of evidence when testimony conflicts
with contemporaneous medical records, a Special Master generally should afford
contemporaneous medical records greater weight than conflicting testimony offered after
the fact. See Murphy v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 23 Cl. Ct. 726, 733 (1991) (citing
United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 396 (1948) (“It has generally
been held that oral testimony which is in conflict with contemporaneous documents is
entitled to little evidentiary weight.”)), aff’d, 968 F.2d 1226 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied (Fed.
Cir. 1992). This is because medical records, created contemporaneously with the events
they describe are presumed to be accurate and complete. See Cucuras v. Sec’y of Health
& Human Servs., 993 F.2d 1525, 1528 (Fed. Cir. 1993).

       In his motion for review, petitioner claims that:

       It is not Mr. Matthews’ burden to explain the inconsistency in the records,
       and it was an abuse of discretion on the part of the Special Master to require
       it and specifically, to use Mr. Matthews inability to explain it as the lens
       through which he viewed the evidence.

       Petitioner further claims that “[t]he Special Master abused his discretion by
characterizing Petitioner’s medical records in such a way as to give them dispositive
weight against petitioner as to the issue of vaccination.” Petitioner asserted this
characterization led the Special Master to conclude there was not preponderant evidence
that a vaccination occurred. Petitioner maintained that he had demonstrated, by
preponderance of the evidence, that he had received the influenza vaccine, as referenced
in his medical records. The Court notes, however, that from the time Ryan Pyles filed a
notice of appearance to represent respondent, Mr. Matthews was no longer appearing
pro se and, during the majority of the proceedings in this case, he was represented.

       As explained above, in this case, petitioner has the burden to demonstrate, by
preponderant evidence, that his medical records establish that he had received the
influenza vaccination at a time that it could be recognized by the Vaccine Compensation
Injury Program as causation for petitioner’s GBS. See 300aa-11(c)(1). The Vaccine Act
indicates that “[t]he special master or court may not make such a finding based on the
claims of a petitioner alone, unsubstantiated by medical records or by medical opinion.”
42 U.S.C. § 300aa-13(a)(1) If the Special Master finds that the petitioner has not met his
burden and this decision was not arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or
otherwise not in accordance with the law, the reviewing court shall uphold that
decision. See 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(e)(2).

       The Special Master found that petitioner failed to demonstrate, by preponderant
evidence, that he had received an influenza vaccination in the months before the onset
of his GBS. The Special Master’s decision explained:

                                              12
       Considering the record as a whole, several aspects of petitioner’s medical
       history warrant discussion, namely: inconsistent references to petitioner’s
       vaccination status prior to onset of his GBS; the implausibility of the more
       detailed account of vaccination provided by petitioner; references to efforts
       made to ascertain petitioner’s vaccination status during his hospitalization
       for his GBS; and the undisclosed basis for the references to petitioner
       becoming ineligible for future flu vaccinations. Considering the record as a
       whole, there is not preponderant evidence that petitioner received a flu
       vaccination at any point in the days, weeks, or months preceding onset of
       his GBS.

Matthews v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 2021 WL 4190265, at *6.

        After careful review of the record and the Special Master’s decision to dismiss Mr.
Matthews’ petition, the court finds that Special Master Horner’s decision was not arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law. See 42 U.S.C.
§ 300aa-12(e)(2). Petitioner failed to meet his burden of demonstrating by a
preponderance of the evidence that he had received an influenza vaccination in the time
leading up to the onset of his GBS. § 300aa-11(c)(1)(A). The unexplained and plentiful
inconsistencies in the record before the Special Master render the evidence petitioner
tried to rely on insufficient to support petitioner’s claim of having received the vaccination
at a time that could have caused petitioner’s GBS. These inconsistencies include the
contradictory responses to the vaccination prompts on the hospital screening
assessments, the differing dates on which petitioner claims he received an influenza
vaccination, and the differing details of what occurred during his November 18-21, 2013,
hospital stay at the Carolinas Hospital System. The remaining indications that an
influenza vaccination occurred was the petitioner’s own account of an influenza vaccine
administered “on or about November 18, 2013,” which was inconsistent with his petition
and subsequent motion practice which asserted he received a vaccination “on or around
November 10, 2013, and which was contradicted by the medical records of his November
18-21, 2013, hospital stay. Petitioner failed to meet the requirement set forth in 42 U.S.C.
§ 300aa-13(a)(1) that he may not establish his case “based on the claims of a petitioner
alone, unsubstantiated by medical records or by medical opinion.” 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-
13(a)(1).

       As noted above, in reviewing Vaccine Act decisions, “‘[t]he statute makes clear
that, on review, the United States Court of Federal Claims is not to second guess the
Special Masters [sic] fact-intensive conclusions; the standard of review is uniquely
deferential for what is essentially a judicial process.’” Deribeaux ex rel. Deribeaux v. Sec'y
of Health & Human Servs., 717 F.3d at 1366 (quoting Hodges v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 9 F.3d at 961). When “‘the special master's conclusion was based on evidence in
the record that was not wholly implausible, we are compelled to uphold that finding as not
being arbitrary and capricious.’” Id. at 1367 (quoting Lampe v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 219 F.3d at 1363).

                                             13
        With no explanation for the inconsistencies in petitioner’s medical records
regarding whether he had received an influenza vaccination, or when he received the
influenza vaccination, the Special Master, after comprehensively reviewing the record,
found the inconsistencies were not explainable and, therefore, “five separate notations
regarding his vaccination status would necessarily be incorrectly recorded,” to accept
petitioner’s version. Furthermore, the Special Master noted that petitioner’s own medical
records labeled him a “difficult historian.” According to the Special Master, “[t]hus, without
more, these notations cannot serve as evidence that any vaccination occurred.” Matthews
v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 2021 WL 4190265, at *6.

        Petitioner tried to place increased importance on certain medical notations made
after his diagnosis of GBS. As with the multiple inconsistent screening assessments on
whether petitioner had received an influenza vaccination, neither petitioner nor his
medical records provided a basis for the notations indicating that petitioner “got GBS from
getting a flu shot,” or that he was allergic to the influenza vaccine. Before these notations
appeared in petitioner’s medical records, a separate notation instructed a nurse at the
McLeod Regional Medical Center to verify petitioner’s vaccination with the Carolinas
Hospital System. This notation was followed by the word “done,” with no date or location
listed or whether the word “done” referred to a vaccination or a check of petitioner’s
records. Another notation, dated December 12, 2013, stated a pharmacist at the
Carolinas Hospital System confirmed “there are no records of pt [patient] receiving the
vaccination.” Only after the December 12, 2013 notation, did the notations start to appear
in petitioner’s medical records, leaving the source of his vaccination status unknown.
Given that neither the Carolinas Health System, nor petitioner’s billing statements verified
the time or place of petitioner’s vaccination, the Special Master reasonably found that the
evidence did not establish that petitioner had been given an influenza vaccination prior to
contracting GBS. Regarding the allergy notation, the Special Master’s decision noted the
data suggesting that those who suffer from GBS “are generally cautioned against receipt
of the flu vaccine without specific respect to the underlying trigger of their prior GBS.”

        As previously stated, “[t]he special master or court may not make such a finding
[of eligibility for compensation] based on the claims of a petitioner alone, unsubstantiated
by medical records or by medical opinion.” 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-13(a)(1). Although Mr.
Matthews’ petition alleges that he “received the Influenza Vaccination on or around
November 10, 2013,” petitioner claimed in the affidavit he submitted to the Special Master
that he received the vaccination during his November 18-21, 2013, stay at the Carolinas
Hospital System after he had surgery for a forearm laceration. In his motion for review
before the undersigned, petitioner alleged that the Special Master had erred when he
concluded that there were no medical records consistent with this account. Petitioner
pointed out that “the initial assessment form filled out on November 18, 2013, is where it
states, ‘Flu Vaccine This Season – Yes.’” The Special Master reasonably listed this
screening assessment as one that was incorrect to be consistent with petitioner’s claims
because the hospital record does not support that petitioner received a vaccination on
November 18, 2013. Given that petitioner stated during his initial screening assessment
on November 18, 2013, that he had already received a flu vaccination, the Special Master

                                             14
reasonably concluded that the hospital did not administer the influenza vaccination during
the admission to the Carolinas Hospital System from November 18-21, 2013.

         Petitioner further asserts that the Special Master’s analysis of the record was
flawed because, under the vaccine compensation system, “close calls regarding
causation are resolved in favor of injured claimants.” Althen v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 418 F.3d at 1280 (citing Knudsen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 35 F.3d at
548-49). Petitioner claims that this rule should apply to facts, as well as to causation. It is
unlikely, however, that as part of the overall statutory National Childhood Vaccine Injury
Act, failure to document vaccination is permissible to allow a petitioner to receive
compensation. Whether or not a petitioner had received a vaccination is a statutory
requirement under the Act. 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-11(c)(1)(A). Respondent correctly states
in its response to petitioner’s motion for review that preponderant proof is the requirement
for proving the establishment of a critical fact necessary to be eligible for compensation.
See Moberly ex rel. Moberly v. Secretary of Health and Human Servs., 592 F.3d at 1322
n.2 (quoting Concrete Pipe & Prods. of Cal., Inc. v. Construction Laborers Pension Trust
for S. Cal., 508 U.S. at 622).

        As a result of the Special Master’s analysis of the record, he found there was
insufficient evidence to support petitioner’s inconsistent versions of when or if an influenza
vaccination was administered to the petitioner. With no contemporary medical records
establishing a clear date of vaccination and with multiple records indicating that petitioner
had not been vaccinated, the Special Master properly found that there was a lack of proof
in the record before the court presented by petitioner of an influenza vaccine
administration which could have caused his GBS symptoms, as unfortunate as the GBS
diagnosis is for petitioner. See 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-13(a)(1).

                                       CONCLUSION

       This court finds that Special Master Horner fully examined the relevant available
evidence and that his conclusions with respect to the significance of the evidence in the
record, as a whole, were not “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise
not in accordance with law.” 42 U.S.C. § 300aa–12(e)(2)(B). The Special Master’s
decision provided a comprehensive review of the record and came to the proper
conclusion that the record, as a whole, did not constitute preponderant evidence that an
influenza vaccine was administered to petitioner which could have caused his GBS.
Therefore, the Special Master properly denied petitioner’s request for compensation. The
Special Master’s ruling is affirmed. Petitioner’s motion for review is DENIED. The above-
captioned case brought by Mr. Matthews is DISMISSED. The Clerk of the Court shall
enter JUDGMENT consistent with this Opinion.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                       s/Marian Blank Horn
                                                       MARIAN BLANK HORN
                                                                Judge

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