Court Opinion

ID: 4653477
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-01-22 10:07:05.114552+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:52:23.507848
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     January 21, 2021
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                    No. 350064
                                                                     Berrien Circuit Court
RONNY WAYNE SCOGGIN,                                                 LC No. 2016-004590-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: REDFORD, P.J., and MARKEY and BOONSTRA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

         Defendant, Ronny Wayne Scoggin, appeals as of right his jury convictions of six counts of
first-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC-I), MCL 750.520b(2)(b). The trial court sentenced
defendant to consecutive terms of 25 to 60 years’ imprisonment for each count. We affirm
defendant’s convictions, but remand to the trial court to correct defendant’s sentences for Counts
3, 4, 5, and 6.

                                 I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

        This case arose from defendant’s sexual abuse of his seven-year-old step-granddaughter,
AB. One day in October 2016, AB visited her grandmother and defendant at their residence. AB
went into a motor home on the property and defendant followed her. AB’s grandmother entered
the motor home and saw defendant near the bedroom with his pants down and his penis exposed.
As AB’s grandmother walked toward defendant, she saw AB standing near a desk by the bed
leaning and bending at her waist with one hand on a chair. AB had on her top, but her pants were
at her ankles. AB’s grandmother removed her from the motor home and took her to her parents’
house. AB’s mother and grandmother took AB to the hospital for an examination.

        Sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) Bonnie Christopher conducted a SANE
examination on the day of the alleged sexual assault. During the examination, AB disclosed that
defendant put his penis in her anus and asked AB to perform fellatio on him. AB also disclosed
that defendant previously committed penile-vaginal penetration, penile-oral penetration, penile-
anal penetration, digital-anal penetration, digital-vaginal penetration, oral-vaginal sexual contact,
and oral-anal sexual contact. Regarding the physical examination, Christopher observed that AB

                                                -1-
had irritation around her anal area and AB cried when Christopher examined that area. Christopher
also observed a disruption of AB’s hymenal tissue and tearing around AB’s anal area. At trial,
AB testified that defendant sexually abused her. The jury found defendant guilty of six counts of
CSC-I. Defendant now appeals.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

        A. EXPERT WITNESS TESTIMONY IN A CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE CASE

                                  1. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Defendant first argues that the trial court committed plain error by permitting expert
witnesses Christopher and Children’s Advocacy Center (CAC) forensic interviewer Barbara
Welke to vouch for and bolster AB’s credibility, and that defense counsel provided ineffective
assistance by failing to object to Christopher’s and Welke’s testimonies. We disagree.

       This issue is unpreserved because defendant did not object to the admission of
Christopher’s and Welke’s testimonies on the basis of impermissible witness vouching. See
MRE 103(a)(1); People v Douglas, 296 Mich App 186, 191; 817 NW2d 640 (2012). We review
unpreserved challenges for plain error affecting defendant’s substantial rights. People v Carines,
460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). In Carines, our Supreme Court explained:

       To avoid forfeiture under the plain error rule, three requirements must be met: 1)
       error must have occurred, 2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, 3) and the
       plain error affected substantial rights. The third requirement generally requires a
       showing of prejudice, i.e., that the error affected the outcome of the lower court
       proceedings. It is the defendant rather than the Government who bears the burden
       of persuasion with respect to prejudice. Finally, once a defendant satisfies these
       three requirements, an appellate court must exercise its discretion in deciding
       whether to reverse. Reversal is warranted only when the plain, forfeited error
       resulted in the conviction of an actually innocent defendant or when an error
       seriously affected the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings
       independent of the defendant’s innocence. [Id. at 763-764 (quotation marks,
       alteration, and citations omitted).]

       Under MRE 702, expert witness testimony is permitted,

                If the court determines that scientific, technical, or other specialized
       knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a
       fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience,
       training, or education may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise if
       (1) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product
       of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles
       and methods reliably to the facts of the case.

“[I]t is improper for a witness or an expert to comment or provide an opinion on the credibility of
another person while testifying at trial.” People v Musser, 494 Mich 337, 349; 835 NW2d 319

                                                 -2-
(2013). Jurors, not expert witnesses, make credibility determinations. Id. at 348-349; People v
Dobek, 274 Mich App 58, 71; 732 NW2d 546 (2007).

     2. WHAT IS AND IS NOT PERMISSIBLE PHYSICIAN AND MEDICAL EXPERT
                 TESTIMONY IN CHILD SEXUAL ASSAULT CASES

         A physician or medical expert may not opine whether a complainant was sexually assaulted
when the expert’s opinion is based on the expert’s assessment of the complainant’s truthfulness or
when the expert’s opinion is based only on what the complainant told the medical expert. People
v Thorpe, 504 Mich 230, 255; 934 NW2d 693 (2019). “Nonetheless, an examining physician, if
qualified by experience and training relative to treatment of sexual assault complainants, can opine
with respect to whether a complainant had been sexually assaulted when the opinion is based on
physical findings and the complainant’s medical history.” Id. Although an expert may not testify
that sexual abuse occurred and may not vouch for the veracity of a victim or whether the defendant
is guilty,

       (1) an expert may testify in the prosecution’s case in chief regarding typical and
       relevant symptoms of child sexual abuse for the sole purpose of explaining a
       victim’s specific behavior that might be incorrectly construed by the jury as
       inconsistent with that of an actual abuse victim, and (2) an expert may testify with
       regard to the consistencies between the behavior of the particular victim and other
       victims of child sexual abuse to rebut an attack on the victim’s credibility. [People
       v Peterson, 450 Mich 349, 352-353; 537 NW2d 857 (1995).]

       In this case, after Christopher testified regarding her findings, defense counsel cross-
examined Christopher whether in her opinion the findings were consistent with sexual abuse.
Christopher responded, “I would say she had findings consistent with sexual—possible sexual
abuse, but I can’t confirm that. Because I didn’t take—I didn’t look at her prior to [the SANE
examination]. I didn’t know what she look like prior to that.” Christopher then clarified, “Coming
from the history that she gave me, the history that mom gave me, with her medical con—history,
what [AB] had told me and what I saw was consistent,” and stated that AB’s reaction to the
examination was consistent with sexual abuse.

        Christopher based her opinion that the findings were consistent with sexual abuse on AB’s
statements to Christopher, AB’s reaction and discomfort during the examination, and AB’s
medical history. The record reflects that physical findings also supported a finding of sexual
assault. AB presented with irritation and tearing around her anus and a disruption of her hymenal
tissue. Although Dr. Sarah Brown and Christopher discussed that AB’s physical examination
results were normal, Christopher testified that her opinion was in part based on “what [she] saw”
during the examination, which included the irritation of AB’s anus. Christopher did not state that
she believed AB or that AB was trustworthy, nor did she testify that a sexual assault occurred.
Further, Christopher did not testify or offer an opinion regarding defendant’s guilt. Christopher
opined that there were findings consistent with possible sexual abuse, but she did not base her
testimony solely on her assessment of AB’s statements. The record reflects that physical findings
existed from which the jury could find that sexual abuse occurred. Cf. Thorpe, 504 Mich at 261-
262; People v Del Cid (On Remand), ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2020) (Docket
No. 342402); slip op at 9.

                                                -3-
         The prosecution offered CAC interviewer Welke’s direct examination testimony to explain
why a child’s statements and sexual abuse disclosures may appear inconsistent and to explain
delayed disclosures. Welke did not explain AB’s behavior or testify whether AB’s behavior and
statements were consistent with a victim of sexual abuse. Welke only referred to AB’s behavior
to explain that Welke did not observe evidence of suggestibility or coaching during her interview
with AB. The record reflects that Welke provided testimony regarding AB on redirect examination
in response to defense counsel’s cross-examination regarding suggestibility and coaching, as well
as in response to a juror’s questions if AB was coached and was truthful during the CAC interview.
Defense counsel stated in opening that AB’s inconsistent statements made her testimony not
credible and defended by challenging her credibility. Welke testified regarding AB’s statements
and behavior to explain that AB’s behavior could be incorrectly construed by the jury as
inconsistent with that of an actual abuse victim. She properly testified in response to defendant’s
attack on AB’s credibility by clarifying that AB’s behavior appeared consistent with other victims
of sexual abuse. See Peterson, 450 Mich at 352-353.1

        Defendant has failed to demonstrate that Christopher’s or Welke’s testimonies were
inadmissible or vouched for AB’s credibility. The admission of their testimonies by the trial court
did not constitute plain error. See Thorpe, 504 Mich at 255; Carines, 460 Mich at 763; Peterson,
450 Mich at 352-353.

3. ALLEGATIONS OF INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF TRIAL COUNSEL RELATIVE TO
                 NOT OBJECTING TO EXPERT TESTIMONY

         Regarding defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim, defendant failed to preserve
this issue because he did not move the trial court for a new trial or evidentiary hearing. See People
v Sabin (On Second Remand), 242 Mich App 656, 658; 620 NW2d 19 (2000). We review this
issue for mistakes apparent on the lower court record. See People v Heft, 299 Mich App 69, 80;
829 NW2d 266 (2012).

       “Effective assistance of counsel is presumed, and the defendant bears a heavy burden of
proving otherwise.” People v Solmonson, 261 Mich App 657, 663; 683 NW2d 761 (2004) (citation
omitted). To overcome this presumption, a defendant must show that: (1) defense counsel’s
performance did not meet an objective standard of reasonableness under the circumstances and

1
  Further, the trial court instructed the jury that Christopher and Welke were qualified as experts
and that experts were permitted to give opinions on matters within their expertise. However, the
trial court instructed the jury that it could decide not to believe an expert’s opinion and that it must
decide whether the facts that the expert gave for his or her opinion were true. Additionally, the
trial court instructed the jury that it could consider Welke’s testimony about the behavior of
sexually abused children “only for the limited purpose of deciding whether [AB]’s acts and words
after the alleged crime were consistent with those of sexually abused children.” The trial court
also instructed the jury that it could not use this evidence to find that defendant committed the
charged offenses and could not consider Welke’s testimony an opinion that AB was telling the
truth. Jurors are presumed to follow their instructions. See People v Stevens, 498 Mich 162, 177,
190; 869 NW2d 233 (2015). Additionally, the jury as the finder of fact makes credibility
determinations. See Dobek, 274 Mich App at 71.

                                                  -4-
according to prevailing professional norms, and (2) there was a reasonable probability that, but for
defense counsel’s errors, the results of the proceeding would be different. Strickland v
Washington, 466 US 668, 687-688; 104 S Ct 2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984); People v Pickens, 446
Mich 298, 312-313; 521 NW2d 797 (1994). A defendant must show that the result that occurred
was fundamentally unfair or unreliable. People v Lockett, 295 Mich App 165, 187; 814 NW2d
295 (2012).

        “Defense counsel must be afforded broad discretion in the handling of cases.” Pickens,
446 Mich at 325. Trial counsel is not ineffective for failing to raise an objection or a motion that
lacks merit. People v Fonville, 291 Mich App 363, 384; 804 NW2d 878 (2011). “Declining to
raise objections can often be consistent with sound trial strategy.” People v Unger, 278 Mich App
210, 242, 253; 749 NW2d 272 (2008).

         In this case, the record does not support defendant’s claim that defense counsel provided
ineffective assistance. Both Christopher’s and Welke’s testimony did not constitute impermissible
vouching for AB’s credibility. Because Christopher’s and Welke’s testimonies were admissible,
defense counsel’s performance did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness by
failing to raise a futile objection. See Fonville, 291 Mich App at 384.

         Further, even if defense counsel performed deficiently, defendant has failed to demonstrate
that a reasonable probability existed that, but for defense counsel’s failure to object to the experts’
testimonies, the results of the proceeding would be different. AB testified that defendant
penetrated her anus in October 2016, and that defendant previously committed penile-vaginal
penetration, penile-oral penetration, penile-anal penetration, digital-anal penetration, digital-
vaginal penetration, oral-vaginal sexual contact, and oral-anal sexual contact. Reasonable jurors
could find beyond a reasonable doubt based upon AB’s testimony that defendant committed six
counts of CSC-I. See MCL 750.520b. Absent Christopher’s and Welke’s testimonies, ample
evidence supported the jury’s verdict. See People v Dunigan, 299 Mich App 579, 582; 831 NW2d
243 (2013) (explaining that it is the jury’s role to determine the weight and credibility of a
witness’s testimony). Defendant has failed to establish that the outcome of the trial was
fundamentally unfair or unreliable, see Lockett, 295 Mich App at 187, or that a different result
likely would have occurred. See Strickland, 466 US at 687-688; Pickens, 446 Mich at 312-313;
Solmonson, 261 Mich App at 663.

      B. ADMISSIBILITY OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE VICTIMS’ STATEMENTS TO
                    MEDICAL PROVIDERS UNDER MRE 803(4)

         Defendant next argues that the trial court abused its discretion by allowing Christopher to
testify regarding AB’s statements that she made during the SANE examination. We disagree.

       We review for an abuse of discretion the trial court’s decision whether to admit evidence.
People v Gursky, 486 Mich 596, 606; 786 NW2d 579 (2010). “The trial court abuses its discretion
when its decision falls outside the range of principled outcomes or when it erroneously interprets
or applies the law.” People v Lane, 308 Mich App 38, 51; 862 NW2d 446 (2014) (citation
omitted). The decision to admit evidence that is inadmissible as a matter of law constitutes an
abuse of discretion. Gursky, 486 Mich at 606.

                                                 -5-
        Hearsay is “a statement, other than the one made by the declarant while testifying at the
trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” MRE 801(c).
Hearsay, generally, is not admissible. MRE 802. MRE 803(4) pertains to a hearsay exception for
statements that a declarant makes for the purpose of medical treatment or diagnosis. MRE 803(4)
provides:

              The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the
       declarant is available as a witness:

                                              * * *

              (4) Statements made for purposes of medical treatment or medical diagnosis
       in connection with treatment. Statements made for purposes of medical treatment
       or medical diagnosis in connection with treatment and describing medical history,
       or past or present symptoms, pain, or sensations, or the inception or general
       character of the cause or external source thereof insofar as reasonably necessary to
       such diagnosis and treatment.

       The Michigan Supreme Court concluded that the rationale for the hearsay exception under
MRE 803(4) involves “(1) the self-interested motivation to speak the truth to treating physicians
in order to receive proper medical care, and (2) the reasonable necessity of the statement to the
diagnosis and treatment of the patient.” People v Meeboer (After Remand), 439 Mich 310, 322;
484 NW2d 621 (1992).

       Factors related to trustworthiness guarantees surrounding the actual making of the
       statement include: (1) the age and maturity of the declarant, (2) the manner in which
       the statements are elicited (leading questions may undermine the trustworthiness of
       a statement), (3) the manner in which the statements are phrased (childlike
       terminology may be evidence of genuineness), (4) use of terminology unexpected
       of a child of similar age, (5) who initiated the examination (prosecutorial initiation
       may indicate that the examination was not intended for purposes of medical
       diagnosis and treatment), (6) the timing of the examination in relation to the assault
       (the child is still suffering pain and distress), (7) the timing of the examination in
       relation to the trial (involving the purpose of the examination), (8) the type of
       examination (statements made in the course of treatment for psychological
       disorders may not be as reliable), (9) the relation of the declarant to the person
       identified (evidence that the child did not mistake the identity), and (10) the
       existence of or lack of motive to fabricate. [Id. at 324-325 (citations omitted).]

Further, corroborating evidence, such as physical evidence of assault or resulting diagnosis and
treatment, can strengthen the reliability of the evidence and support whether the statement was
made for the purpose of receiving medical treatment and care. Id. at 325-326. In Meeboer, our
Supreme Court clarified that in cases of suspected or alleged child abuse, a trial court should
consider the totality of the circumstances to determine the trustworthiness of a child’s statement
and whether the child understood the importance of telling the treating physician the truth. Id.

                                                -6-
       Regarding the reasonable necessity of the statements, information regarding the declarant’s
physical and psychological injuries can be reasonably necessary for medical diagnosis and
treatment of the declarant’s trauma. Id. at 328-329. Medical diagnosis and treatment of a victim
involves treatment of her medical, physical, developmental, and psychological well-being. Id.
at 329. Questions and discussion regarding the identity of the perpetrator may be reasonably
necessary as it relates to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, pregnancy, and the psychological
impact of the abuse. Id. at 328-329. Disclosing the identity of the perpetrator itself can be a
portion of the injury that a victim experiences from a sexual assault. Id. at 329.

        In this case, AB was seven years old at the time of the SANE examination. AB
demonstrated maturity when she described to Christopher what occurred. The record indicates
that Christopher did not use leading questions to elicit statements from AB. Christopher asked
direct questions in response to AB’s statements in order to clarify AB’s answers, to understand the
extent of the acts that had occurred, and to understand how AB may have been injured. AB used
childlike terms, including that defendant “put his private in my private,” and had difficulty saying
the words for the body parts, as demonstrated by AB pointing to the applicable genital area and
referring to her vagina as her “coo coo cachew.” AB was able to clarify to which “private” she
referred when Christopher asked AB direct questions. The record indicates that AB used age-
appropriate terminology.

        Although an investigating police officer recommended that AB participate in an
examination, AB’s grandmother and parents initiated and brought AB to the hospital for the SANE
examination. The SANE examination occurred on the same day as the sexual assault, and AB
described that she felt irritation and tenderness around her anus at the time of the examination.
Further, during the examination AB hid under a blanket, cried, expressed embarrassment, and had
difficulty discussing the incident. Such conduct showed that she continued to suffer emotional
distress from the incident at the time of the examination. The purpose of the examination was not
related to preparation for the trial because the examination occurred approximately three years
before the jury trial. Christopher performed the SANE examination in a hospital and not for
psychological treatment. AB did not mistake defendant’s identity because she had a close
connection with him as her step-grandfather. Finally, no evidence establishes that AB had a motive
to fabricate sexual abuse allegations. See People v Duenaz, 306 Mich App 85, 96; 854 NW2d 531
(2014). Further, in relation to diagnosis and treatment, Christopher testified that she recommended
and prescribed a numbing medicine for AB because of the tearing, tenderness, and irritation that
Christopher observed around AB’s anal area, which supports a finding that AB’s statements were
made for the purpose of receiving medical treatment. See Meeboer, 439 Mich at 325-326.

        Regarding the reasonable necessity of the statement to the diagnosis and treatment of AB,
AB’s statements regarding defendant’s acts in October 2016, were reasonably necessary so that
Christopher could examine and treat the areas of AB’s body that could be injured and required
medical treatment. See id. at 335-336. Although Christopher talked with an emergency room
physician and nurse about AB before she conducted the SANE examination, no evidence
establishes that the physician or nurse diagnosed and treated AB before Christopher’s examination.
AB showed symptoms of irritation and tenderness around her anus and expressed emotional
distress from the incident at the time of the examination, and indicated the need for medical
attention. Additionally, AB’s statements regarding the incidents of sexual abuse that occurred
before October 2016, provided medical history reasonably necessary so that Christopher could

                                                -7-
identify and treat any past injuries, understand AB’s past trauma, and diagnose and treat AB’s
present physical condition and her psychological well-being. See id. at 328-329, 334-335.
Christopher’s questions and AB’s responses were reasonably necessary for Christopher to examine
and treat AB and were not for investigatory purposes. Christopher followed the procedures for
conducting a SANE examination, and her report reflected AB’s statements, Christopher’s
observations of AB’s body, and Christopher’s notes regarding the examination. Therefore, we
conclude that AB’s statements to Christopher were reasonably necessary for medical diagnosis
and treatment and that the statements were admissible under MRE 803(4). See Meeboer, 439 Mich
at 322.

   C. ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE OF OTHER ACTS OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE
                            UNDER MCL 768.27a

      Defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting other-acts evidence.
We disagree.

       MCL 768.27a provides:

                (1) Notwithstanding section 27, in a criminal case in which the defendant
       is accused of committing a listed offense against a minor, evidence that the
       defendant committed another listed offense against a minor is admissible and may
       be considered for its bearing on any matter to which it is relevant. If the prosecuting
       attorney intends to offer evidence under this section, the prosecuting attorney shall
       disclose the evidence to the defendant at least 15 days before the scheduled date of
       trial or at a later time as allowed by the court for good cause shown, including the
       statements of witnesses or a summary of the substance of any testimony that is
       expected to be offered.

               (2) As used in this section:

              (a) “Listed offense” means that term as defined in section 2 of the sex
       offenders registration act, 1994 PA 295, MCL 28.722.

               (b) “Minor” means an individual less than 18 years of age.

Our Supreme Court explained in People v Watkins, 491 Mich 450, 470-471; 818 NW2d 296
(2012), that this statute provides an exception to MRE 404(b) permitting the admission of other-
acts evidence in a case in which a defendant is charged with sexual misconduct against a minor to
show a defendant’s character and propensity to commit the charged offenses. The policy
considerations for the admission of other-acts evidence under MCL 768.27a include that sexual
offenders are more likely than other offenders to commit subsequent sexual assaults; evidence of
sexual assault of a minor typically involves difficult credibility determinations; and previous acts
of sexual abuse are probative of a defendant’s behavior and capability to engage in sexual
misconduct. Id. at 475-476.

       A trial court may exclude other-acts evidence under MCL 768.27a if “its probative value
is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or
misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation

                                                -8-
of cumulative evidence.” MRE 403; see also Watkins, 491 Mich at 487. “[W]hen applying MRE
403 to evidence admissible under MCL 768.27a, courts must weigh the propensity inference in
favor of the evidence’s probative value rather than its prejudicial effect. That is, other-acts
evidence admissible under MCL 768.27a may not be excluded under MRE 403 as overly
prejudicial merely because it allows a jury to draw a propensity inference.” Id. The trial court
should consider the following factors when determining whether to exclude the other-acts
evidence:

       (1) the dissimilarity between the other acts and the charged crime, (2) the temporal
       proximity of the other acts to the charged crime, (3) the infrequency of the other
       acts, (4) the presence of intervening acts, (5) the lack of reliability of the evidence
       supporting the occurrence of the other acts, and (6) the lack of need for evidence
       beyond the complainant’s and the defendant’s testimony. [Watkins, 491 Mich at
       487-488.]

The extent to which the other-acts evidence supports a victim’s credibility and rebuts the defense’s
attack on the victim’s credibility weighs in favor of the probative value of the evidence. Id. at 492.

        TD, MH1, MH2, and CR, who previously alleged sexual abuse by defendant, were
similarly situated to AB when defendant committed the acts of sexual abuse against them.
Defendant lived in the same home and served as a father figure to TD, MH1, MH2, and CR when
the sexual abuse occurred. Defendant was married to their mothers, and the witnesses were
between 7 and 14 years old when the sexual abuse occurred. Similarly, AB considered defendant
a grandfather figure, regularly visited her grandparents’ house, and AB was between six and seven
years old when the sexual abuse occurred. TD, MH1, MH2, and CR testified that defendant
committed acts of sexual abuse against them similar to the act against AB, including penile-anal
penetration, digital-vaginal penetration, touching vaginal and anal areas, and having TD touch his
penis. In this case, AB testified that defendant committed penile-anal penetration, oral-vaginal
penetration, digital-anal penetration, digital-vaginal penetration, and cunnilingus against AB, and
that defendant had AB perform fellatio. The other-acts evidence and the charged conduct were
similar regarding the victims’ ages, defendant’s role as a parental figure, and the acts that defendant
committed.

       Defendant’s prior acts of sexual abuse against MH1, MH2, CR and TD occurred more than
35 years before defendant’s acts of sexual abuse against AB. The other acts of sexual abuse were
not temporally proximate to the charged offenses. Nevertheless, the lack of temporal proximity
does not preclude the admission of the other-acts evidence, particularly when the acts of sexual
abuse were similar. See People v Solloway, 316 Mich App 174, 195; 891 NW2d 255 (2016).

        TD testified that the acts of sexual abuse started when she was nine years old and continued
until she was a teenager. Defendant was married and lived with MH1, MH2, and CR’s mother.
MH1testified that defendant committed the sexual abuse against her for a few years. The repetitive
nature of the previous acts of sexual abuse did not weigh in favor of excluding the evidence. See
id.

       Regarding the presence of intervening acts, defendant and MH1, MH2, and CR’s mother
divorced, and defendant pleaded guilty to second-degree criminal sexual conduct on the basis of

                                                 -9-
his sexual abuse of MH1, MH2, and CR. The record does not reflect significant intervening acts
between the time of defendant’s sexual assaults of TD, MH1, MH2, and CR and his assaults of
AB. The record, however, does not contain evidence that defendant sufficiently reformed his
behavior between his prior assaults and his present assaults. It appears that defendant’s abuse of
TD occurred shortly after defendant’s relationship with MH1, MH2, and CR’s mother ended and
after defendant’s abuse of MH1, MH2, and CR ended. Although about 20 years elapsed between
defendant’s sexual abuse of TD and his abuse of AB, no intervening act occurred during that period
of 20 years. Evidence of intervening acts do not weigh in favor of excluding the evidence. See
id.

         Further, no evidence established that TD’s, MH1’s, MH2’s, and CR’s testimonies lacked
reliability. Defendant’s guilty plea of second-degree criminal sexual conduct on the basis of
MH1’s, MH2’s, and CR’s sexual abuse allegations supported the reliability of their testimonies.
No evidence established that MH1, MH2, or CR had bias or anger against defendant at the time of
the trial in this case. Moreover, no evidence established that TD’s, MH1’s, MH2’s, and CR’s
testimonies regarding the other-acts evidence were not sufficiently reliable to present to the jury.
See Solloway, 316 Mich App at 195-196.

        The record reflects that the trial court instructed that the jury must find that defendant
committed the acts of sexual misconduct against MH1, MH2, CR, and TD before it could consider
the other-acts evidence against defendant. The trial court also instructed the jury that it could
consider the other-acts evidence in deciding if defendant committed the charged offenses if the
jury found that defendant committed the other acts of sexual misconduct. The trial court instructed
the jury that it could not convict defendant because the jury believed that he was guilty of other
bad conduct. Jurors are presumed to follow their instructions. See People v Stevens, 498 Mich
162, 177, 190; 869 NW2d 233 (2015).2 The jury instructions “served to limit the danger of unfair
prejudice by restricting use of the evidence.” People v Pesquera, 244 Mich App 305, 320; 625
NW2d 407 (2001).

        Finally, regarding the necessity of the other-acts evidence, AB testified that defendant
committed penile-anal penetration, and defendant did not testify. AB’s grandmother did not
witness the act of penetration, and there were no eyewitnesses to support AB’s allegations.
Although physical evidence existed of defendant’s semen on a paper towel located near the bed in
the motor home, no testimony that defendant used the paper towel during or after the incident with
AB was presented, and AB’s DNA was not found on the bedsheets that were collected from the
motor home. There were no eyewitnesses or physical evidence to support AB’s disclosures and
testimony regarding defendant’s acts of sexual abuse against her that occurred before
October 2016. The other-acts evidence was necessary for the prosecution’s case because this case
relied on AB’s credibility, there were no eyewitnesses to corroborate AB’s testimony, and there
was no direct physical evidence to support AB’s testimony, other than irritation of AB’s anal area.
See id. at 196.

2
 Additionally, the jury as the finder of fact makes credibility determinations. See Dobek, 274
Mich App at 71.

                                               -10-
        The other-acts evidence admitted under MCL 768.27a was relevant and probative because
it tended to show defendant’s propensity to commit the charged offenses and weighed in support
of AB’s credibility. See Watkins, 491 Mich at 470-471, 492. The danger of unfair prejudice did
not substantially outweigh the probative value of the other-acts evidence, and the Watkins factors
weighed in favor of admission. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting
the other-acts testimony under MCL 768.27a. See id. at 487-488.

                   D. CONSECUTIVE VS. CONCURRENT SENTENCING

         Defendant also argues that the trial court abused its discretion and plainly erred by
imposing consecutive sentences, and that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance by
failing to object to the imposition of consecutive sentences. We agree.

       This issue is unpreserved because defendant did not object to the imposition of consecutive
sentences or argue his convictions did not arise from the same transaction. See People v Clark
(On Remand), 315 Mich App 219, 223-224; 888 NW2d 309 (2016). Generally, the trial court’s
decision to impose consecutive sentences is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. People v Norfleet,
317 Mich App 649, 664; 897 NW2d 195 (2016). However, this Court reviews unpreserved
challenges for plain error affecting substantial rights. Carines, 460 Mich at 763.

       In Michigan, concurrent sentencing is the norm, and a trial court may not impose a
consecutive sentence unless authorized by the Legislature. See People v Ryan, 295 Mich App 388,
401; 819 NW2d 55 (2012). When the Legislature has authorized consecutive sentencing, the trial
court must articulate its rationale for its discretionary decision to impose consecutive sentencing
such that the rationale facilitates appellate review. See Norfleet, 317 Mich App at 664-665. MCL
750.520b(3) permits a trial court to impose consecutive sentences for CSC-I convictions. Ryan,
295 Mich App at 401.

        MCL 750.520b(3) provides: “The court may order a term of imprisonment imposed under
this section to be served consecutively to any term of imprisonment imposed for any other criminal
offense arising from the same transaction.” Criminal conduct that arises from the “same
transaction” to justify consecutive sentences involves charges that “grew out of a continuous time
sequence,” or “had a connective relationship that was more than incidental” with “no relevant
disruption in time or in the flow of events between the two distinct offenses.” Ryan, 295 Mich
App at 403-404.

       In this case, Counts 1 and 2 pertained to the acts that defendant committed in October 2016.
Counts 3, 4, 5, and 6 related to acts against AB that occurred between September 2015 to
October 2016. The evidence presented during the trial supported that AB was subject to two acts
of penetration (penile-anal penetration and fellatio) on the same day sufficient to constitute two
CSC-I convictions during the same transaction. The evidence that the acts of penetration in
October 2016, supported consecutive sentences because they grew out of a continuous time
sequence and there was no disruption in time or in the flow of events between these acts. Id.

        The prosecution concedes that the trial court erred by sentencing defendant consecutively
for Counts 3, 4, 5, and 6. The record reflects that AB testified that the other acts of sexual abuse
that formed the factual basis for Counts 3, 4, 5, and 6 did not occur on the same day as the acts on

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the day in October 2016. Therefore, the acts of penetration from September 2015 to October 2016
did not support consecutive sentences because they did not arise from the same transaction or arise
from the same transaction as Counts 1 and 2. Because the trial court did not possess the statutory
authority to impose consecutive sentences for Counts 3, 4, 5, and 6, the trial court plainly erred by
imposing consecutive sentences for those convictions. This error requires remand for the trial
court to resentence defendant. See People v Bailey, 310 Mich App 703, 726; 873 NW2d 855
(2015). Where a court imposes a sentence that is partially invalid, only the invalid part of the
sentence may be set aside. MCL 769.24; People v Thomas, 447 Mich 390, 393; 523 NW2d 215
(1994). Because our ruling effectively renders defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim
in this regard moot, we need not address it.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

        For the reasons set forth above, all of defendant’s convictions for six counts of CSC-I upon
a minor are affirmed. The case is, however, remanded to the trial court for the sole purpose to
modify defendant’s judgment of sentence to correct defendant’s sentences so his convictions of
Counts 3, 4, 5, and 6 run concurrently with one another and with Counts 1 and 2.3 We do not
retain jurisdiction.

                                                              /s/ James Robert Redford
                                                              /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                              /s/ Mark T. Boonstra

3
    Upon remand, the amended judgment of sentence should reflect the sentences as follows:
Count 1: not less than 25 nor more than 50 years; consecutive with Count 2 but concurrent with
Counts 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Count 2: not less than 25 nor more than 50 years; consecutive with Count 1 but concurrent with
Counts 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Count 3: not less than 25 nor more than 50 years; concurrent with all other counts.
Count 4: not less than 25 nor more than 50 years; concurrent with all other counts.
Count 5: not less than 25 nor more than 50 years; concurrent with all other counts.
Count 6: not less than 25 nor more than 50 years; concurrent with all other counts.

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