Court Opinion

ID: 4588117
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-19 21:00:46.924933+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:50:39.303197
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                            FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        NOV 19 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                        U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

EDDIE M. VARGAS, Sr.,                           No.    18-15708

                Petitioner-Appellant,           D.C. No. 5:03-cv-02930-EJD

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
CRAIG KOENIG, Acting Warden,

                Respondent-Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of California
                   Edward J. Davila, District Judge, Presiding

                          Submitted November 16, 2020**
                             San Francisco, California

Before: NGUYEN, HURWITZ, and BRESS, Circuit Judges.

      Eddie M. Vargas, Sr. was convicted in California of first-degree murder,

conspiracy, and possession of a concealable firearm by a convicted felon in 1997.

His 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition asserts ineffective assistance because his trial counsel

opposed severing Vargas’s trial from that of his codefendants. Vargas also claims

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
he was denied due process when the prosecution introduced evidence about two

attempted murders not listed in the indictment as overt acts of the conspiracy. The

district court denied the petition, and this Court granted a certificate of appealability.

We affirm.

   1. Because this case is governed by The Antiterrorism and Effective Death

Penalty Act (“AEDPA”), Pub. L. 104–132, 110 Stat. 1214 (1996), our review of

Vargas’s ineffective assistance claim is “doubly deferential.”              Knowles v.

Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, 123 (2009). We ask only whether the state court “could

have reasonably concluded” that Vargas’s counsel was not constitutionally deficient.

See Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 194 (2011) (citing Strickland v. Washington,

466 U.S. 668, 691 (1984)). Strickland imposes a “strong presumption that counsel’s

performance was within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance [that]

might be considered sound trial strategy.” Carrera v. Ayers, 670 F.3d 938, 943 (9th

Cir. 2010) (cleaned up).

   2. The state court reasonably concluded that counsel’s opposition to severance

did not fall below an “objective standard of reasonableness.” Strickland, 466 U.S.

at 688.   Vargas claims that counsel was ineffective because, unlike him, his

codefendants faced possible death sentences, and the Supreme Court has purportedly

placed the defense bar on notice that death qualification of a jury harms a client not

facing the death penalty. However, the cases on which Vargas relies do not establish

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that principle. In Lockhart v. McCree, 476 U.S. 162 (1986), the Court simply held

that death-qualifying a jury during the guilt phase of a capital trial does not violate

the Sixth Amendment. And, Buchanan v. Kentucky, 483 U.S. 402 (1987), held that

use of a death-qualified jury did not deprive a homicide defendant of his right to an

impartial jury when only his codefendant faced the death penalty.

        Counsel opposed severance because he believed Vargas would be “viewed in

a better light by the jury” compared to his more culpable codefendants who faced

the death penalty. Vargas, after hearing counsel’s reasoning, consented to that

decision. This “strategic choice[ ] made after thorough investigation of law and facts

relevant to plausible options [is] virtually unchallengeable.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at

690.1

    3. The district court also did not err in finding that Vargas was not deprived of

due process when the prosecution presented evidence of the attempted murders of

two people not named in the indictment as overt acts in furtherance of the conspiracy.

Under California law, identifying the intended victim of a conspiracy to commit

murder is proof of the “means” by which the conspiracy was to be achieved, not an

“element” of the crime. People v. Vargas, 91 Cal. App. 4th 506, 563 (2001).

AEDPA permits relief only when the Supreme Court has established a “specific

1
       Because Vargas’s Strickland claim fails at the first step, we do not address
Strickland’s “prejudice” requirement. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.

                                          3
rule” that “clearly establish[es] the legal proposition needed to grant . . . habeas

relief.” Lopez v. Smith, 574 U.S. 1, 6 (2014); 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). Vargas relies

on Cole v. Arkansas, 333 U.S. 196 (1948), and In re Oliver, 333 U.S. 257 (1948).

But, those cases “stand for nothing more than the general proposition that a

defendant must have adequate notice of the charges against him.” Lopez, 574 U.S.

at 5–6.

   AFFIRMED.

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