Court Opinion

ID: 5000616
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-30 22:01:20.517748+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:17:07.494992
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

WOODLAND DRIVE LLC,

              Plaintiff,

      v.                                             Civil Action No. 1:19-cv-00750 (CJN)

JAMES COURTOVICH,

              Defendant.

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       In 2015, James Courtovich received millions for agreeing to spearhead a new lobbying

business. See Compl., ECF No. 1 at ¶ 1. Woodland Drive LLC claims that Courtovich pocketed

the windfall, and that he breached various contracts and committed various torts under District law

against the corporation in doing so. See generally id. As a result, Woodland has filed a lawsuit

alleging six separate counts against Courtovich. See generally id. Courtovich has moved to

dismiss each of them. See generally Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss. (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 24. The

Court denies Courtovich’s Motion for reasons that follow.

                                               Background

       In late 2014, Courtovich pitched a business plan where he would establish a limited liability

corporation (called SGR) to engage in government relations and lobbying efforts in exchange for

seed funding. See Compl. ¶ 6. In March 2015, Courtovich borrowed $4,000,000 from an entity

related to Woodland Drive so he could get SGR off the ground. Id. The loan served two ends.

First, half of the funds were earmarked to purchase a piece of property in the District to house the

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business operations. Id. Second, the remaining funds were set aside to get SGR up and running.

Id.

       In August 2015, Woodland Drive became an official corporation under Delaware law. See

Def.’s Mot., ECF No. 24-2, Ex. A. Roughly a year after that, in May 2016, Woodland Drive and

Courtovich entered into a security agreement. See Pl.’s Reply in Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss

(“Pl.’s Opp’n”), ECF No. 28-1, Ex. A at 6. The agreement specifies that the investor, defined as

Woodland Drive, “invested . . . $4,000,000 . . . for the benefit of SGR.” Id. It stipulates that

Courtovich, defined as the grantor, agreed to purchase property to get SGR on its feet. Id. It also

obligated Courtovich to grant Woodland Drive a security interest in the property, and it required

him to keep the property free and clear of all encumbrances. Id. The agreement, too, states that

Courtovich agreed to observe “obligations” between the parties. Id. And it marks March 9, 2015,

as the agreement’s effective date. Id. As Woodland Drive sees things, the security agreement

memorialized the terms and conditions of the business arrangement starting with the loan that was

made to Courtovich in early 2015. Compl. ¶ 1.

       Woodland Drive asserts that nothing went as planned after the parties signed the security

agreement. In particular, Courtovich, Woodland Drive claims, declined to grant it a security

interest in SGR, refused to provide financial information about SGR, failed to repay the loan,

encumbered the purchased property, and engaged in all-around deceitful conduct. Id. ¶¶ 8, 11.

       In light of Courtovich’s alleged actions, Woodland Drive has brought six counts under

District law: (1) fraud, (2) breach of contract for failing to grant the corporation an interest in the

                                                  2
property, (3) breach of contract for failing to grant the corporation an interest in SGR, (4) wrongful

conversion, (5) unjust enrichment, and (6) an action for accounting. See generally id.

        Courtovich has moved to dismiss each of the counts. See Def.’s Mot. He argues that the

fraud claim, the breach of contract claim as to the interest in SGR, the wrongful conversion claim,

the unjust enrichment claim, and the action for accounting claim should all be dismissed for lack

of Article III jurisdiction. Id. at 5. He also contends that the breach of contract claim for failing

to grant Woodland Drive an interest in the property should be dismissed because the corporation

cannot demonstrate an enforceable contract. Id. And he argues that, notwithstanding the standing

issues and pleading deficiencies, the Complaint should be dismissed because it was filed outside

the statute of limitations. Id.

                                           Standard of Review

        Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) requires dismissal of a complaint if the Court

lacks “subject-matter jurisdiction.” See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). When ruling on a motion filed

under Civil Rule 12(b)(1), the Court must “treat the complaint’s factual allegations as true” and

must afford the plaintiff “the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.”

Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. Export–Import Bank of U.S., 85 F. Supp. 3d 250, 259 (D.D.C. 2015)

(quotation omitted). Although the Court need not accept inferences unsupported by the facts

alleged, the Court “may consider such materials outside the pleadings as it deems appropriate to

resolve the question whether it has jurisdiction to hear the case.” XP Vehicles, Inc. v. Dep’t of

Energy, 118 F. Supp. 3d 38, 56 (D.D.C. 2015) (quotation omitted).

        Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) requires dismissal of a complaint if it “fail[s] to

state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). To survive a motion to

dismiss filed under Civil Rule 12(b)(6), a plaintiff must plead “facts to state a claim of relief that

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is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A court treats the

“complaint’s factual allegations as true and afford[s] the plaintiff the benefit of all inferences that

can be derived from the facts alleged.” Atlas Brew Works, LLC v. Barr, 391 F. Supp. 3d 6, 11

(D.D.C. 2019) (quotation omitted). Although the Court accepts all well pleaded facts in the

complaint as true, “[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the

speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. The claim to relief must be “plausible on its face,”

id., meaning that the plaintiff must have pleaded “factual content that allows the court to draw the

reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged,” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556

U.S. 662, 678 (2009).1

         When a claim sounds in fraud, the plaintiff must satisfy the “heightened” pleading standard

under Civil Rule 9(b). See United States ex rel. Cimino v. Int’l Bus. Machines Corp., 3 F.4th 412,

421 (D.C. Cir. 2021). Civil Rule 9(b) requires that when “alleging fraud or mistake, a party must

state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b).

Such circumstances require the plaintiff to “state the time, place and content of the false

misrepresentations” and to “identify individuals allegedly involved in the fraud.” Aston v. Johnson

& Johnson, 248 F. Supp. 3d 43, 54 (D.D.C. 2017) (quotation omitted).

                                         Standing as to Five of the Six Counts

         Courtovich claims that Woodland Drive “is not the proper party to maintain nearly every

claim asserted” because the corporation “was formed after Courtovich allegedly received the

alleged loan and after Courtovich used the proceeds of the alleged loan to purchase the property.”

Def.’s Mot. at 9. Put differently, Courtovich contends that because Woodland Drive did not exist

1
  “In determining whether a complaint fails to state a claim,” courts in the typical case “consider only the facts alleged
in the complaint, any documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint and matters of which [the Court]
may take judicial notice.” EEOC v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624 (D.C. Cir. 1997).

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at the time of those alleged actions, it could not have suffered an injury from them. Id. As a result,

he argues, Woodland Drive lacks standing to enforce any rights under the loan or to seek damages

related to Courtovich’s alleged noncompliance with the terms.

       The Constitution of the United States limits the “judicial Power” to resolving “Cases” and

“Controversies.” U.S. Const. art. III, § 2. To satisfy the case-or-controversy requirement, a

plaintiff must show that she has “suffered an injury in fact,” that is, “an invasion of a legally

protected interest which is (a) concrete and particularized, and (b) actual or imminent, not

conjectural or hypothetical.” Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992) (quotation

omitted). Second, the plaintiff must allege “a causal connection between the injury and the conduct

complained of.” Id. (quotation omitted). In other words, “the injury has to be fairly traceable to

the challenged action of the defendant, and not the result of the independent action of some third

party not before the court.” Id. (quotation omitted). Third, the plaintiff must state facts that make

it “likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a favorable

decision.” Id. at 561 (quotation omitted). At the pleading stage, the plaintiff must “clearly . . .

allege facts demonstrating” the existence of standing. Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540,

1547 (2016) (quotation omitted). Stated differently, the plaintiff must assure the Court that it is a

proper party to bring the lawsuit. Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Indep. Redistricting

Comm’n, 576 U.S. 787, 799 (2015).

       The Complaint, along with attached exhibits, describe a single transaction over the course

of more than a year. According to the Complaint, the single transaction, while drawn-out, started

with Courtovich’s business proposal, led to the securement of seed funding, advanced to a signed

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agreement, and concluded with alleged breach. Based on those allegations, Woodland Drive has

standing to assert the claims in its Complaint.2

         Moreover, correspondence between Courtovich and representatives of Woodland Drive

evinces Courtovich’s knowledge of the existence of the corporation prior to its official

incorporation in August 2015. Take, for example, an email sent on May 28, 2015, from Courtovich

in which Courtovich denotes the subject line as “Woodland and SGR.” Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. A at 4.

A representative’s response to that email noted that although Woodland Drive was in the offing,

“the Delaware corporation, Woodland, [had not yet been] established.” Id. In an email sent

roughly a year later, on March 18, 2016, Courtovich recognized the initial loan and the later

agreement regarding the property as a single drawn-out transaction rather than two separate deals.

Courtovich stated that “[a]s for the signature on the house, we would like to wait just a few more

months. We have cleared the hurdle of the cease order on the house based on neighbors

complained that we were running a business out of there. We had the cease order pulled in a few

2
  The Court pauses to note two theories (both admittedly unbriefed) by which Woodland Drive may have standing to
assert the claims in its Complaint. Further proceedings may elucidate the viability of either route. In the meantime,
the Court decides that the allegations suffice to show Woodland Drive has standing.
           First, District law recognizes the general rule that “all contractual rights may be assigned.” Brandenburger
& Davis, Inc. v. Est. of Lewis, 771 A.2d 984, 988 (D.C. 2001) (quotation omitted). Assuming the unnamed “related
entity” should be considered Courtovich’s true counterparty with regard to the allegedly separate loan agreement, that
entity may have assigned its contractual rights to Woodland Drive thereafter. Indeed, the May 2016 security
agreement may reflect an implicit assignment of the related entity’s rights to Woodland Drive.
           Second, it is plausible that the “related entity” acted as Woodland Drive’s “promoter.” See Jones v. Health
Res. Corp. of Am., 509 A.2d 1140, 1147 n.15 (D.C. 1986) (defining promoters as “[t]hose who take an active part in
organizing the corporation prior to its coming into being”) (quotation omitted); Blish v. Thompson Automatic Arms
Corp., 64 A.2d 581, 594–95 (Del. Ch. 1948) (defining “promoter” as including “those who undertake to form a
corporation and to procure for it the rights, instrumentalities and capital by which it is to carry out the purposes set
forth in its charter, and to establish it as fully able to do its business”) (quotation omitted). Assuming the related entity
served as Woodland Drive’s promoter prior to its incorporation, the security agreement between Courtovich and
Woodland Drive could be viewed as the ratification and adoption of the alleged separate investment agreement. See
Lucas v. Hamilton Realty Corp., 105 F.2d 800, 803 (D.C. Cir. 1939) (noting that a “corporation is generally said to
adopt the promoter’s contract and thereby acquire rights . . . or incur liabilities”) (quotation omitted); Lorillard
Tobacco Co. v. Am. Legacy Found., 903 A.2d 728, 744 (Del. 2006); see, e.g., Walnut Park Lumber & Coal Co. v.
Roane, 17 P.2d 896, 898 (Wash. 1933) (“If promoter Kelly, who later became manager and president of the
corporation, made contracts, prior to incorporation, in the interests of his corporation, and those contracts were
approved by the company subsequent to incorporation, such ratification is binding upon the corporation.”).

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days but still wanted to be careful, that is why I offered you to put a hold on Woodland Drive in

the interim, so you could have your collateral and we could get past this small bump with the

lovely neighbors of capitol hill.” Id. at 2. Courtovich sent that email about two months before

signing the security agreement.

         It is also a plausible inference from the allegations that Woodland Drive has standing. After

all, Courtovich contends that he received $4,000,000 from a party related to Woodland Drive, and

then at a later point in time signed what he asserts to be an unrelated contract with Woodland Drive

for $4,000,000 (with that later agreement specifying that Courtovich would purchase the very same

piece of property). What’s more, Woodland Drive bears the same name of the street where

Courtovich currently resides in the District. See Pl.’s Mot. for Default J., ECF No. 9 at 1 (noting

that Courtovich resides at “2900 Woodland Drive, N.W., Washington, DC”). Surely a plausible

inference is that Woodland Drive was always intended to be Courtovich’s contractual

counterparty.

         Courtovich fights this conclusion by asserting that he involved himself in two transactions

rather than one. In his view, the initial seed funding and the later security agreement were separate

and distinct from one another, involved different parties, and took place a year apart. See Def.’s

Reply in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 29 at 4. But that is not what the Complaint alleges.

At a minimum, it plausibly alleges that that Woodland Drive was his counterparty from the start,

even though the corporation had not yet been formally incorporated at the time Courtovich

received the seed funding.3

3
  In a footnote, Courtovich contends that Woodland Drive’s claim of fraud “should also be dismissed due to its failure
to satisfy [Civil] Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading standard.” Def.’s Mot at 11 n.2. In particular, Courtovich argues
that Woodland Drive “fails to allege the time, place and content of the false misrepresentations, the fact misrepresented
and what was retained or given up as a consequence of the fraud, and does not identify the individuals allegedly
involved in the fraud.” Id. (quotation omitted). The Court disagrees. Taking Woodland Drive’s allegations as true,
the facts state a viable fraud claim against Courtovich through his representations that he would use the $4,000,000
loan for the business venture and would grant the corporation a security interest in either the property or SGR—both

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          Breach of Contract Claim for Failing to Grant Woodland Drive an Interest in SGR

         Courtovich contends that the security agreement “is unenforceable because it does not

sufficiently define its terms and ultimately lacks consideration on its own.” Def.’s Mot at 13. In

particular, Courtovich posits that the security agreement is not sufficiently definite as to its material

terms, and that it lacks consideration. Id. at 13–14.

         Under District law, the “determination whether an enforceable contract exists, when based

on the contract documents, is a question of law.” Kramer Assocs., Inc. v. Ikam, Ltd., 888 A.2d

247, 251 (D.C. 2005) (quotation omitted). The party asserting the existence of a contract has the

burden of proving it existed. Id. “For a contract to be enforceable, the parties must (1) express an

intent to be bound, (2) agree to all material terms, and (3) assume mutual obligations.” Dyer v.

Bilaal, 983 A.2d 349, 356 (D.C. 2009). As to the first element, though a “meeting of the minds,

or mutual assent, is most clearly evidenced by the terms of a signed written agreement . . . such a

signed writing is not essential to the formation of a contract. The parties’ acts at the time of the

making of the contract are also indicative of a meeting of the minds.” Carter v. Bank of Am., 845

F. Supp. 2d 140, 144 (D.D.C. 2012) (quotation omitted). As to the second element, “[a] contract

must be sufficiently definite as to its material terms (which include, e.g., subject matter, price,

payment terms, quantity, quality, and duration) that the promises and performance to be rendered

by each party are reasonably certain.” Eastbanc, Inc. v. Georgetown Park Assocs. II, L.P., 940

A.2d 996, 1002 (D.C. 2008) (quotation omitted). As to the third element, a mutuality of obligation

“exists when each party undertakes to do something the party is otherwise under no legal obligation

of which he allegedly did not do. See Antoine v. U.S. Bank Nat. Ass’n, 547 F. Supp. 2d 30, 39 (D.D.C. 2008) (noting
that to state a claim of fraud, the plaintiff must satisfy the following elements: (1) a false representation; (2) made in
reference to a material fact; (3) with knowledge of its falsity; (4) with the intent to deceive; (5) resulting in detrimental
reliance by the plaintiff).

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to do.” Di Lella v. Univ. of D.C. David A. Clarke Sch. of L., 570 F. Supp. 2d 1, 11 (D.D.C. 2008)

(quotation omitted).

        Based on the allegations contained in the Complaint as well as the attached exhibits,

Woodland Drive has carried its burden of showing at the pleading stage that Courtovich agreed to

an enforceable contract. In early 2015, Courtovich proposed a business deal in which he would

receive $4,000,000 to purchase property as part of the transaction. That arrangement led the parties

to sign an agreement. A year or so later, Courtovich and Woodland Drive put pen to paper when

they memorialized the terms in a security agreement.           That the prolonged and drawn-out

transaction involved several steps does not mean that the steps bore no relation to one another. It

is plausible, based on the allegations in the Complaint, that the steps reflected a single transaction.

As a result, the security agreement is enforceable because it satisfies the elements of an enforceable

contract.

        Courtovich counters, contending that the security agreement failed to identify the details

of performance and therefore is not sufficiently definite as to its material terms. True, the security

agreement does not identify all the details of performance nor does it identify all the parties’

various obligations. But the law requires less. “All the terms contemplated by the agreement need

not be fixed with complete and perfect certainty for a contract to be enforceable.” LanQuest Corp.

v. McManus & Darden LLP, 796 F. Supp. 2d 98, 102 (D.D.C. 2011) (quotation omitted) (emphasis

added). Rather, the contract terms “must be clear enough for the court to determine whether a

breach has occurred and to identify an appropriate remedy.” Queen v. Schultz, 747 F.3d 879, 885

(D.C. Cir. 2014) (quotation omitted). The Court concludes that the parties can discern their

performance obligations from the security agreement, and that the security agreement therefore is

sufficiently definite as to its material terms.

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       Courtovich also argues that the security agreement lacks consideration because Courtovich

received the $4,000,000 loan before signing the security agreement. In other words, he posits that

the general rule that “past consideration is no consideration” applies here. Braude & Margulies,

P.C. v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., 468 F. Supp. 2d 190, 196–97 (D.D.C. 2007) (quotation omitted).

This argument, however, fails for two reasons. First, the security agreement itself, though executed

after Courtovich’s receipt of funds, is the document in which the parties detailed their agreement,

which spanned over the course of a year. Indeed, other courts have concluded that consideration

existed despite two separate agreements, because the two events constituted a “single transaction,”

which the parties contemplated from the outset. See AGR-Keast, L.L.P. v. Steen, 798 N.W.2d 349

(Iowa Ct. App. 2011). Second, District law makes clear that if “a debtor simply acknowledges an

old debt, the law implies from that simple acknowledgment a promise to pay it; for which promise

the old debt is a sufficient consideration.” Tiger Steel Eng’g, LLC v. Symbion Power, LLC, 195

A.3d 793, 798 n.2 (D.C. 2018) (quotation omitted). Here, at a minimum, Courtovich through the

security agreement acknowledged an old debt owed to Woodland Drive. Indeed, recall that the

agreement specifies that the investor, defined as Woodland Drive, “invested . . . $4,000,000 . . .

for the benefit of SGR.” See Pl.’s Opp’n, ECF No. 28-1, Ex. A at 6. It then stipulates that

Courtovich, defined as the grantor, agreed to purchase property to get SGR on its feet. Id.

       Courtovich contends that Woodland Drive could not have provided consideration because

if anything it was the “related party” that paid Courtovich the $4,000,000. But even assuming it

was not Woodland Drive that granted Courtovich the loan, see supra p.6 n.2, this argument runs

headfirst into the principle that a third party may under certain circumstances provide consideration

for contracts between a promisor and promisee. Hyman v. Ford Motor Co., 142 F. Supp. 2d 735,

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742 n.7 (D.S.C. 2001).4 In other words, if consideration is sufficient for a contract in other

respects, “[i]t matters not from whom the consideration moves or to whom it goes.” Restatement

(Second) of Contracts § 71(4), cmt. (e) (1981). The facts and circumstances demonstrate that, at

a minimum, a related entity provided consideration for the business arrangement between

Courtovich and Woodland Drive (though the Court believes it more likely that Woodland Drive,

though not a formal corporation at the time, provided Courtovich with the initial investment).

                                                  Statute of Limitations

         Courtovich argues that even if the six counts survive his other arguments, they are all time-

barred under the applicable statute of limitations.5

         Under District law, the statute of limitations for the tort and breach of contract claims is

three years “from the time the right to maintain the action accrues.” D.C. Code § 12-301(a);

Murray v. Wells Fargo Home Mortg., 953 A.2d 308, 317 (D.C. 2008). An action generally accrues

when “the plaintiff suffers injury,” which involves the impairment of a right or an interest.

Hillbroom v. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 17 A.3d 566, 572 (D.C. 2011). In cases involving an

obscure relationship between the alleged injury and the conduct giving rise to it, the District applies

the “discovery rule” to determine when an action accrues. Perry v. Scholar, 696 F. Supp. 2d 91,

96 (D.D.C. 2010). An action accrues under the discovery rule when “a plaintiff has knowledge of,

or through the exercise of reasonable diligence should have knowledge of (1) the existence of the

injury, (2) its cause in fact, and (3) some evidence of wrongdoing.” Ling Yuan Hu v. George

Washington Univ., 766 F. Supp. 2d 236, 241 (D.D.C. 2011) (quotation omitted). The party

4
  Relatedly, District law recognizes a third party’s authority to sue for breach of contract so long as the third party
counts as an intended beneficiary to the arrangement. Prasad v. George Washington Univ., 390 F. Supp. 3d 1, 34
(D.D.C. 2019). An intended beneficiary need not be named in the contract, rather the intent to involve a third-party
beneficiary can be implied based on the circumstances under which the contract was executed. Id.
5
  A statute-of-limitation defense “is properly brought under Civil Rule 12(b)(6)” rather than Civil Rule 12(b)(1). Byrne
v. Clinton, 410 F. Supp. 3d 109, 121 (D.D.C. 2019); Oparaugo v. Watts, 884 A.2d 63, 73 (D.C. 2005).

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asserting the affirmative, statute-of-limitations defense carries the burden unless the face of the

complaint clearly bars the claims. Oparaugo, 884 A.2d at 73.

        As Courtovich sees it, Woodland Drive complains about allegedly fraudulent statements

made in late 2014 and early 2015; a business loan allegedly issued in March 2015; and a deed of

trust on the property allegedly obtained in September 2015. See Def.’s Mot. at 16. Courtovich

contends, that, because all those events took place before March 2016, and because Woodland

Drive initiated this action in March 2019, the applicable statute of limitations time bars the

Complaint. Id. That argument, however, fails to recognize that Woodland Drive and Courtovich

may not have finalized the business arrangement when they signed the security agreement in May

2016.

        In particular, D.C. Code § 28-3504 provides that “[i]n an action upon a simple contract, an

acknowledgement, or promise, by words only is not sufficient evidence of a new or continuing

contract whereby to take the case out of the operation of the statute of limitations . . . unless the

acknowledgement, or promise, is in writing, signed by the party chargeable thereby.” In other

words, “[a] distinct and unequivocal acknowledgment of a debt as a still subsisting personal

obligation constitutes an implied promise to pay it, and takes the contract out of the statute [of

limitations].” Spellman v. Am. Sec. Bank, N.A., 504 A.2d 1119, 1127 (D.C. 1986) (quotation

omitted); Brown v. Lamb, 414 F.2d 1210, 1211 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 1969) (noting the ancient history of

the rule). To fit within the provision, the acknowledgment must be (1) distinct and unequivocal

and (2) it must be made “either to the creditor or to someone acting for him, or to some third person

with intent that it be known by and influence the action of the creditor.” P’ship Placements, Inc.

v. Landmark Ins. Co., 722 A.2d 837, 843 (D.C. 1998) (quotation omitted). What’s more, “[n]o

new consideration is necessary for an acknowledgment,” because “the unextinguished original

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debt remains . . . itself a sufficient consideration for the new promise.” Griffith v. Butler, 571 A.2d

1161, 1164 (D.C. 1990) (quotation omitted).

        Here, the Complaint plausibly alleges that the security agreement counts as an

acknowledgement of Courtovich’s obligation to provide Woodland Drive a security interest in the

purchased property and evidences a promise to fulfill this obligation. Put differently, Courtovich

and Woodland Drive signed the security agreement, which acknowledged Courtovich’s

obligations and promises. The security agreement therefore “[took] the case out of the operation

of the statute of limitations.”

        Assuming that the security agreement was not the event that triggered the start of the statute

of limitations, Courtovich argues that the discovery rule cannot salvage Woodland Drive’s

Complaint from being time-barred. Def.’s Mot. at 16. In Courtovich’s view, Woodland Drive

was on inquiry notice about possible tort and breach of contract actions as early as September 11,

2015 (the date when Courtovich’s deed of trust became a matter of public record). Id. Though

the Court need not decide the question whether Woodland Drive was on inquiry notice, it is

inclined to the Complaint does not establish that it was. Inquiry notice is “that notice which a

plaintiff would have possessed after due investigation.” Diamond v. Davis, 680 A.2d 364, 372

(D.C. 1996). Under District law, the time at which a plaintiff acquires inquiry notice “is a question

of fact.” Capitol Servs. Mgmt., Inc. v. Vesta Corp., 933 F.3d 784, 791 (D.C. Cir. 2019) (quotation

omitted). “The critical question,” then, “is whether the plaintiff exercised reasonable diligence

under the circumstances in acting or failing to act on whatever information was available to him.”

Momenian v. Davidson, 878 F.3d 381, 388 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (quotation omitted). The Court has

                                                  13
trouble concluding that Woodland Drive should have scoured the public records in search of the

alleged deed of trust given the facts and circumstances of this particular case.

                                                Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, Courtovich’s Motion to Dismiss is DENIED. An Order will be

entered contemporaneously with this Memorandum Opinion.

       It is so ORDERED.

DATE: September 30, 2021
                                                              CARL J. NICHOLS
                                                              United States District Judge

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