Court Opinion

ID: 9374845
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-24 15:04:42.590288+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:53.521057
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA

                                No. 22–0468

            Submitted January 19, 2023—Filed February 24, 2023

CITY OF AMES,

      Appellant,

vs.

IOWA PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS BOARD,

      Appellee,

and

INTERNATIONAL UNION OF OPERATING ENGINEERS, LOCAL 234,

      Intervenor-Appellee

and

AFSCME Iowa Council 61,

      Intervenor.

      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Scott D. Rosenberg,

Judge.

      A city appeals the district court judgment affirming an agency ruling on

the bargaining rights of nontransit employees. REVERSED AND REMANDED.

      Waterman, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which all justices

joined.

      Jason M. Craig (argued) and Aaron J. Hilligas of Ahlers & Cooney, P.C.,

Des Moines, for appellant.
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      Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and David Ranscht (argued) and

Benjamin J. Flickinger (until withdrawal), Assistant Attorneys General, and

Diana S. Machir (until withdrawal), Iowa Public Employment Relations Board,

Des Moines, for appellee.

      Jay M. Smith (argued) of Smith & McElwain Law Office, Sioux City, for

intervenor-appellee International Union of Operating Engineers, Local 234.
                                         3

WATERMAN, Justice.

      In this appeal, we must decide whether statutes that protect the pre-2017

collective bargaining rights of public transit employees extend to nontransit

employees in the same bargaining unit. Federal funding is conditioned upon

labor protections for transit workers. The Iowa legislature amended Iowa Code

chapter 20 in 2017 to restrict the bargaining rights of public employees

generally. Two provisions, Iowa Code section 20.27 and section 20.32 (2018),

have been enacted to help avoid loss of federal transit funding. The City of Ames

sought guidance whether section 20.32 requires broader bargaining rights for

nontransit employees in the same bargaining unit, as urged by the union

representing the city employees. The parties agree the City will provide its transit

employees with the bargaining rights they enjoyed before the 2017 amendments

by operation of Iowa Code section 20.27. The Iowa Public Employee Relations

Board (PERB) ruled that broader bargaining rights must be extended under

section 20.32 to the nontransit employees in a bargaining unit consisting of at

least thirty percent transit employees. The district court affirmed that

determination. We retained the City’s appeal.

      On our review, we hold that PERB and the district court misinterpreted

Iowa Code section 20.32 by extending broader bargaining rights to nontransit

employees. In our view, the plain meaning of section 20.32 protects only transit

employees, not nontransit employees in the same bargaining unit. The parties

can accommodate intraunit differences in bargaining rights. We reverse the
                                        4

conflicting interpretation by the district court and remand the case for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

      The City of Ames provides public transportation through “CyRide” bus

services operated by city transit employees. The City’s transit employees are

represented by the International Union of Operating Engineers (IUOE). Their

bargaining unit is mixed, including both transit and nontransit employees.

Transit employees make up over thirty percent of the bargaining unit. The City

receives federal funding for its public transportation.

      The federal funding comes with strings attached. Congress enacted the

Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 (UMTA) to “provide funding to support

public transportation” and to “promote the development of the public

transportation workforce.” 49 U.S.C. § 5301(b)(1), (8). Congress “was aware of

the increasingly precarious financial condition of a number of private

transportation companies across the country, and it feared that communities

might be left without adequate mass transportation.” Jackson Transit Auth. v.

Loc. Div. 1285, Amalgamated Transit Union, 457 U.S. 15, 17 (1982). “At the same

time, however, Congress was aware that public ownership might threaten

existing collective-bargaining rights of unionized transit workers employed by

private companies” that are acquired by local governments in states that forbade

collective bargaining by government employees. Id. “To prevent federal funds

from being used to destroy the collective-bargaining rights of organized workers,

Congress included § 13(c) in the Act.” Id.
                                                5

      Section 13(c) of the UMTA requires recipients of federal transit funds to

protect the collective bargaining rights of public transit employees. 49 U.S.C.

§ 5333(b). Termed “section 13(c) agreements,” public employers must certify they

provide their transit employees certain minimum rights. Failure to meet the

minimum standards can result in the loss of federal funds.

      At the state level, the Iowa Public Employee Relations Act (PERA), enacted

in 1974 and codified in chapter 20, originally guaranteed a broad range of

collective bargaining subjects for public employees. See 1974 Iowa Acts ch. 1095

(codified at Iowa Code ch. 20 (1975)). But in 2017, the General Assembly enacted

House File 291, which amended PERA to restrict the collective bargaining rights

of public employees generally. 2017 Iowa Acts ch. 2, §§ 1–18 (codified in

scattered sections of Iowa Code ch. 20 (2018)). “The amendments ended payroll

deductions for union dues and narrowed the scope of mandatory collective

bargaining topics for bargaining units comprised of less than thirty percent

‘public safety employees.’ ”1 AFSCME Iowa Council 61 v. State, 928 N.W.2d 21,

      1Section   20.3(11) defines “Public safety employee” as follows:
             a. A sheriff’s regular deputy.
             b. A marshal or police officer of a city, township, or special-purpose district
      or authority who is a member of a paid police department.
              c. A member, except a non-peace officer member, of the division of state
      patrol, narcotics enforcement, state fire marshal, or criminal investigation,
      including but not limited to a gaming enforcement officer, who has been duly
      appointed by the department of public safety in accordance with section 80.15.
             d. A conservation officer or park ranger as authorized by section 456A.13.
              e. A permanent or full-time fire fighter of a city, township, or
      special-purpose district or authority who is a member of a paid fire department.
             f. A peace officer designated by the department of transportation under
      section 321.477 who is subject to mandated law enforcement training.
                                              6

26 (Iowa 2019). Even for units with more than thirty percent public safety

employees, the 2017 amendments eliminated payroll deductions for dues and

imposed a retention and recertification election to be held one year before the

expiration of the collective bargaining agreement. See 2017 Iowa Acts ch. 2, §§ 9

(codified at Iowa Code § 20.15(2)(a) (2018)), 22 (codified at Iowa Code § 70A.19

(2018)). The United States Department of Labor (DOL) relied on those provisions

to determine that extending the rights of public safety employees to transit

workers was insufficient to preserve federal transit funding.

       Even after the 2017 amendments, when a bargaining unit is comprised of

at least thirty percent public safety employees, its employees still have the right

to bargain with the public employer on a wide range of matters:

       wages, hours, vacations, insurance, holidays, leaves of absence,
       shift differentials, overtime compensation, supplemental pay,
       seniority, transfer procedures, job classifications, health and safety
       matters, evaluation procedures, procedures for staff reduction,
       in-service training, grievance procedures for resolving any questions
       arising under the agreement, and other matters mutually agreed
       upon.

Iowa Code § 20.9(1). When a bargaining unit is comprised of less than thirty

percent public safety employees, however, the unit has a much narrower scope

of collective bargaining rights. Employees in these bargaining units have the

right to bargain only as to “base wages and other matters mutually agreed

upon.”2 Id.

Iowa Code § 20.3(11).
       2We upheld the constitutionality of the 2017 amendments and rejected claims challenging

the greater restrictions on the bargaining rights of public employees in bargaining units
comprised of less than thirty percent public safety employees. See AFSCME Iowa Council 61, 928
N.W.2d at 31, 39–40 (upholding the two-class bargaining scheme under rational basis review);
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       The City, as a recipient of federal transit funds, is subject to both federal

law and Iowa law, including the amendments of House File 291. The DOL notified

the City that narrowing the bargaining rights of its transit employees could

jeopardize its receipt of federal funds.

       The General Assembly had anticipated this issue when it enacted PERA.

It provided at that time that Iowa law would be considered inoperative to the

extent it jeopardizes the receipt of federal funds. See 1974 Iowa Acts ch. 1095,

§ 28 (codified at Iowa Code § 20.27 (1975)). The City agreed to use this escape

hatch provided by section 20.27; the 2017 amendments would be inoperative

and its transit employees would have the full bargaining rights they enjoyed

before the 2017 amendments. See Iowa Code § 20.27 (“If any provision of this

chapter jeopardizes the receipt by the state or any of its political subdivisions of

any federal grant-in-aid funds or other federal allotment of money, the provisions

of this chapter shall, insofar as the fund is jeopardized, be deemed to be

inoperative.”). This satisfied the DOL, which certified the City’s continued receipt

of federal transit funding based on the City’s reliance on section 20.27.

       The City and the IUOE disagreed, however, whether Iowa Code

section 20.32 provides broader bargaining rights for nontransit employees in the

same bargaining unit. Section 20.32 is triggered if the director of the Iowa

Department of Transportation (IDOT) determines, “upon written confirmation

from the [DOL]” that a public employer would otherwise “lose federal funding.”

see also Iowa State Educ. Ass’n v. State, 928 N.W.2d 11, 18–19 (Iowa 2019) (upholding the payroll
deduction prohibition against an equal protection challenge).
                                        8

See Iowa Code § 20.32. The director of the IDOT, Mark Lowe, determined that

section 20.32 was inapplicable because the DOL provided no such written

confirmation and the City had secured federal funding through section 20.27.

      The City petitioned PERB for a declaratory order clarifying whether

section 20.32 extends broader bargaining rights to nontransit employees in the

same bargaining unit. PERB determined that section 20.32 required the City to

provide nontransit workers with the same bargaining rights as public safety

employees when the bargaining unit consists of at least thirty percent transit

employees.

      The City filed a petition for judicial review. See Iowa Code § 17A.19(10)(c).

It argued PERB erred in concluding Iowa Code section 20.32 applies to

nontransit employees. The district court denied the City’s petition, concluding

PERB correctly determined the substantive bargaining rights and interpreted

chapter 20 in a reasonable manner. The City appealed; we retained the case.

      II. Standard of Review.

      This appeal turns on the interpretation of Iowa Code section 20.32. We

review interpretations of Iowa Code chapter 20 for correction of errors at law

without deference to PERB’s interpretation. See United Elec., Radio & Mach.

Workers of Am. v. Iowa Pub. Emp. Rels. Bd., 928 N.W.2d 101, 108 (Iowa 2019)

(noting the 2017 amendments to chapter 20 removed PERB’s interpretive

authority).
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      III. Analysis.

      The fighting issue is whether statutory protections for the bargaining

rights of transit workers to secure federal transit funding also extend to

nontransit workers in the same bargaining unit. PERB, affirmed by the district

court, interpreted Iowa Code section 20.32 to provide broader bargaining rights

for nontransit employees in a bargaining unit with at least thirty percent transit

employees. The IUOE argues that interpretation is correct. As noted, PERB’s

interpretation is owed no deference. United Elec., Radio & Mach. Workers of Am.,

928 N.W.2d at 108. The City argues section 20.32 does not broaden the

bargaining rights of nontransit employees. We agree with the City based on the

plain meaning of section 20.32.

      We begin with the statutory text. Borst Bros. Constr. v. Fin. of Am. Com.,

LLC, 975 N.W.2d 690, 699 (Iowa 2022). Iowa Code section 20.27 provides:

            If any provision of this chapter jeopardizes the receipt by the
      state or any of its political subdivisions of any federal grant-in-aid
      funds or other federal allotment of money, the provisions of this
      chapter shall, insofar as the fund is jeopardized, be deemed to be
      inoperative.

As noted, the City has secured its federal transit funding by relying on

section 20.27 to maintain the same collective bargaining rights for its transit

employees as they enjoyed before the 2017 amendments. This effectuates the

legislative goal of avoiding a loss of federal funding and satisfies the

congressional goal of protecting the bargaining rights of public transit workers.
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      But the parties’ dispute did not end there. PERB went on to extend broader

bargaining rights to the City’s nontransit employees pursuant to section 20.32,

which provides:

             All provisions of this chapter applicable to employees
      described in section 20.3, subsection 11 [public safety employees],
      shall be applicable on the same terms and to the same degree to any
      transit employee if it is determined by the director of the department
      of transportation, upon written confirmation from the United States
      department of labor, that a public employer would lose federal
      funding under 49 U.S.C. §5333(b) if the transit employee is not
      covered under certain collective bargaining rights.

Id. § 20.32 (emphasis added). In our view, section 20.32 protects only “transit

employees,” not nontransit employees. PERB’s contrary interpretation is simply

wrong, and we must reverse the district court ruling on that interpretation. A

bus driver is a transit employee covered under 49 U.S.C. § 5333(b). Custodians,

meter readers, and plumbing inspectors are not.

      We conclude the text of section 20.32 is unambiguous, and we need not

resort to any tools or canons of statutory construction. See State v. Zacarias, 958

N.W.2d 573, 581 (Iowa 2021). The title of section 20.32 is “Transit employees —

applicability.” We take our cue to apply the text that follows to transit employees.

The text itself confirms this: the key phrase, repeated twice, is to any “transit

employee.” Iowa Code § 20.32. Conspicuously lacking are any extenders or

modifiers of “bargaining unit” or similar language that would suggest a mixed

group of occupations. Moreover, the text references 49 U.S.C. § 5333(b), which

guarantees the minimum bargaining rights of transit employees under federal

law. The scope of section 20.32 is limited to determining the substantive

bargaining rights of transit employees.
                                              11

       PERB and the IUOE took a tortuous path to extend section 20.32 to

nontransit employees. They noted the statute extends the rights of public safety

workers (as defined in section 20.3(11)) to transit employees as necessary to

avoid the loss of federal transit funding. Next, they jumped to section 20.9, which

provides broader bargaining rights to all employees in a bargaining unit

comprised of at least thirty percent public safety employees. The legislature,

however, did not cross-reference section 20.9 in section 20.32. And PERB’s

interpretation of section 20.32 fails to broaden the bargaining rights of any

transit employees in a bargaining unit lacking thirty percent transit employees.

       Extending broader bargaining rights to nontransit employees has nothing

to do with the purpose of section 20.32: protection of federal funding. Yet that

extension of broader bargaining rights to nontransit employees would be flatly

at odds with the thrust of the 2017 amendments that restricted the bargaining

rights of most public employees. See AFSCME Iowa Council 61, 928 N.W.2d at

28–30 (reviewing restrictions on collective bargaining rights imposed by the 2017

amendments).3

       PERB’s interpretation is not supported by reading the related provisions

together. The City’s bargaining unit at issue represented by the IUOE has thirty

percent transit employees, not thirty percent public safety employees. PERB’s

interpretation would effectively rewrite section 20.9 to read “thirty percent of

       3We  upheld the constitutionality of those restrictions under rational basis review and
rejected equal protection challenges to the thirty percent public safety employee threshold.
AFSCME Iowa Council 61, 928 N.W.2d at 39–40. Nothing in that opinion extends broader
bargaining rights to nontransit workers in a unit lacking thirty percent public safety employees.
                                          12

members who are public safety employees or transit employees.” It is not our role

to rewrite legislation. The legislature simply did not extend broader bargaining

rights to all employees in bargaining units with thirty percent transit employees.

Rather, it expressly limited the benefits of section 20.32 to transit employees.

      We are not persuaded that our interpretation leads to practical problems

administering varying bargaining rights within the same unit. The parties

acknowledge that some intraunit bargaining disparity is unavoidable. Indeed,

under PERB’s interpretation, transit employees would still be exempted from the

recertification   election   and   dues   checkoff   provisions   by   operation   of

section 20.27, even though those provisions apply to public safety employees.

Nor are we convinced that section 20.32 is impermissibly rendered superfluous

when, as here, it is bypassed in favor of section 20.27 because the DOL

determined the rights of public safety employees are insufficient to preserve

federal funding. See State v. Thompson, 954 N.W.2d 402, 417–18 (Iowa 2021)

(concluding “belt-and-suspenders” canon trumped surplusage canon).

      Plain language prevails. Transit workers are not nontransit workers,

whether section 20.32 is read in isolation or together with related provisions. We

hold that the City is not required to provide broader bargaining rights to

nontransit employees, regardless of whether the bargaining unit has thirty

percent transit employees.
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      IV. Disposition.

      For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the district court’s decision affirming

PERB’s erroneous interpretation of Iowa Code section 20.32. We remand the case

for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      REVERSED AND REMANDED.