Court Opinion

ID: 4617002
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 02:35:39.790192+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:55:13.473696
License: Public Domain

JOHN S. WOODARD, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.  MARJORIE C. LANGWORTHY, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Woodard v. CommissionerDocket Nos. 71961, 71962.United States Board of Tax Appeals30 B.T.A. 1216; 1934 BTA LEXIS 1203; July 20, 1934, Promulgated 1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1203  1.  In 1930 the Lamination Stamping Co., of which petitioners were stockholders, entered into a written agreement with the Allegheny Steel Co., pursuant to which the former corporation transferred its business and assets to the latter corporation in exchange for 5,000 shares of no par value common stock and $100,000 cash.  The Lamination Co., in pursuance of the plan of reorganization, distributed the stock and cash pro rata among its stockholders and dissolved.  Held, the transaction constituted a reorganization within the meaning of section 112(i)(1)(A) of the Revenue Act of 1928.  2.  Held, further, that the distribution had the effect of the distribution of a taxable dividend to the extent of the surplus of the Lamination Co. accumulated after February 28, 1913, and the ratable share of such surplus so distributed to each of the petitioners is taxable as a dividend, under section 112(c)(2) of the Revenue Act of 1928.  Geo. B. Furman, Esq., C. E. Frey, Esq., and P. R. Rogers, C.P.A., for the petitioners.  James C. Maddox, Esq., for the respondent.  TRAMMELL 30 B.T.A. 1216">*1216  These are consolidated proceedings for the redetermination of deficiencies1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1204  in income tax for the year 1930 in the amount of $449.61 in the case of petitioner John S. Woodard, and in the amount of $2,739.80 in the case of petitioner Marjorie C. Langworthy.  The petitions allege that in determining the deficiencies respondent erred by including the amount of $6,223 in the income of petitioner Woodard, subject to normal and surtax, and by including the amount of $24,147.12 in the income of petitioner Langworthy, subject to normal and surtax, received as dividends on preferred and common stock in the Lamination Stamping Co. during the year 1930.  These allegations of the petitioners were denied by the respondent in his original answers, and by amendments thereto filed at the hearing respondent affirmatively alleged in substance that in the case of each petitioner he erroneously included in income only a portion of the gain derived by such petitioner on the distribution in complete liquidation of the Lamination Stamping Co. and that the company was not a corporation a party to a reorganization, and asserted claim for an increased deficiency in each case based upon the inclusion in gross income of the entire gain derived from the alleged liquidation.  30 B.T.A. 1216">*1217 1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1205  FINDINGS OF FACT.  Petitioner Woodard is an individual, residing at Tarentum, Pennsylvania, and petitioner Langworthy is an individual, residing at Aspinwall, Pennsylvania.  The Lamination Stamping Co. of Hartford, Connecticut, a Connecticut corporation, hereinafter called the Lamination Co., organized November 21, 1925, exchanged its assets for no par common stock and cash of the Allegheny Steel Co. of Brackenridge, Pennsylvania, a Pennsylvania corporation, hereinafter called the Allegheny Co., in pursuance of the plan of reorganization embodied in an instrument executed by these companies under date of March 13, 1930, reading as follows: Plan of Reorganization for Lamination Stamping Company.In view of the necessity for expanding and enlarging the plant and business of the Company, which may make it necessary to move the present plant from Hartford, Conn., the following plan has been worked out in connection with the Allegheny Steel Company, of Brackenridge, Pa.: First: All the property, book accounts, inventories, goodwill and other assets as well as the liabilities of Lamination Stamping Company, as shown by its books as of March 1st, 1930, are to be transferred1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1206  to Allegheny Steel Company.  From and after that date all operations of Lamination Stamping Company are to be carried on by it as agent for the use and benefit of Allegheny Steel Company.  Second: Allegheny Steel Company is to transfer to Lamination Stamping Company as of March 1st, 1930, five thousand (5000) shares of its No Par Value Common Stock and the sum of not to exceed One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000) in cash.  Third: The Allegheny Steel Company may, if it so elects, take over all the shares of outstanding stock of Lamination Stamping Company, both preferred and common, as of March 1, 1930 in exchange for the five thousand (5000) shares of its common stock and the amount of cash not in excess of $100,000.  Fourth: The purpose and intent of this plan is to effect a merger or consolidation of Lamination Stamping Company with Allegheny Steel Company, so that Allegheny Steel Company may take over the property of Lamination Stamping Company as a going concern and continue the operation of its business, giving it the benefit of the engineering and technical advice and financial assistance of Allegheny Steel Company, which are necessary, desirable and required1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1207  for the further development and enlargement of the business and the plant or plants required in connection therewith.  Fifth: Inasmuch as the officers of the Lamination Company have for some time deemed it very desirable to establish the actual operation of its plant at or adjacent to the plant of a steel company which manufactures the semifinished material used by Lamination Company, it is understood that if as and when it shall be deemed advisable by the parties to the plan of reorganization to move the present plant to such a location, preferably at Brackenridge, Pennsylvania, the officers of Lamination Company will do everything that may be required of them to accomplish such transfer.  Sixth: The Lamination Company is desirous of having the Allegheny Steel Company join with it in this plan of reorganization and to that end it represents 30 B.T.A. 1216">*1218  that the Balance Sheet of Lamination Stamping Company as of February 28th, 1930 which is also attached hereto, is true and correct, and that there are no other liabilities beyond those as shown thereon as of that date, and that it is in a position to transfer all of such assets and liabilities as shown on such balance sheet. 1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1208  As a further inducement to the Allegheny Steel Company to enter into this reorganization the officers of the Lamination Company agree to cause said company to be operated for the entire benefit of the Allegheny from and after March 1st, 1930 for such a period as may be found necessary and practicable and until the plant and business can be transferred to Brackenridge, Pa., or such other point or points as may be selected.  In addition to the foregoing the President of Lamination Stamping Company will, if desired, take charge of this department of the business for Allegheny Steel Company, under the management of its officers, for a period of five (5) years from March 1st, 1930, and the Allegheny Company is to take over such of the other employees of the Lamination Company as it may wish to employ and who may desire to enter its service.  Seventh: Inasmuch as this merger and consolidation contemplates the complete liquidation and dissolution of the Lamination Stamping Company at the earliest date practicable, it is understood that such company will begin such liquidation promptly after the plan becomes effective, and continue such liquidation thereafter until finally completed. 1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1209  All details incident to the execution of the foregoing plan are to be worked out by a Committee consisting of W. P. Langworthy, President of Lamination Stamping Company, Allan K. Smith, of Hartford, Conn., W. F. Detwiler, Vice President and General Manager, James O. Carr, Vice President, and F. H. Stephens, Comptroller of Allegheny Steel Company.  The foregoing plan of reorganization of the Lamination Stamping Company is agreed to by us, effective as of March 1, 1930.  The above agreement was duly ratified and approved by the stockholders of the Lamination Co., and the directors and officers were authorized to carry it into effect.  Petitioner Woodard owned in the year 1930, and some time prior thereto, 39 shares of preferred and 50 shares of common stock of the Lamination Co., for which he paid $100 cash for each share of the preferred stock and $100 cash for each share of the common stock, both acquired subsequent to March 1, 1913, the common stock having been acquired in 1926 and 1929.  Petitioner Langworthy owned in the year 1930, and some time prior thereto, 5 shares of preferred and 195 shares of common stock of the Lamination Co., for which she paid $100 cash for1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1210  each share of the preferred stock and $100 cash for each share of the common stock, both acquired subsequent to March 1, 1913, the common stock having been acquired September 9, 1929.  Pursuant to resolutions of the board of directors of the Lamination Co., embodied in the minutes of their meeting held March 25, 1930, there was distributed to petitioner Woodard $3,932.50 cash in cancellation and redemption of his 39 shares of preferred stock therein, 30 B.T.A. 1216">*1219  being at the rate of $100 per share for principal and 83 1/3 cents per share for dividends accrued to March 1, 1930; and for his 50 shares of common stock he received 1,000 shares of the no par common stock of the Allegheny Co. and in addition thereto net cash of $8,179, being the amount of $11,539, of which $3,360 was subsequently returned to the corporation pursuant to the assessment levied upon the common stockholders of $67.20 per share authorized by the board of directors at a meeting held April 25, 1930.  And there was distributed to petitioner Langworthy $504.17 cash in cancellation and redemption of her 5 shares of preferred stock therein, being at the rate of $100 per share for principal and 83 1/3 cents per share1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1211  for dividends accrued to March 1, 1930; and for her 195 shares of common stock therein she received 3,900 shares of the no par common stock of the Allegheny Co. and in addition thereto net cash of $31,898.10, being the amount of $45,002.10, of which $13,104 was subsequently returned to the corporation pursuant to the assessment levied upon common stockholders of $67.20 per share authorized by the board of directors at a meeting held April 25, 1930.  In the notices of deficiency from which the appeals are taken there was included in the income of petitioner Woodard the amount of $8,211.50 and in the income of petitioner Langworthy $31,902.27 on account of the amounts received by them pursuant to the resolutions of the board of directors, all of which amount was taxed at normal and surtax rates.  The Allegheny Steel Co. delivered to the Lamination Co. 5,000 shares of no par common stock of the Allegheny Co. and $100,000 in cash, pursuant to the plan of reorganization.  The preferred stock and common stock of the Lamination Co. was taken up and canceled upon receipt by petitioners in March 1930 of the distribution made pursuant to the resolution of the board of directors in meeting1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1212  held March 25, 1930.  The charter was surrendered and the company dissolved November 13, 1931.  The total of dividends paid on all classes of stock from date of organization to March 25, 1930, was $466.66.  The Lamination Co. had outstanding at the date of dissolution 250 shares of common stock and 246 shares of preferred stock, each of the par value of $100 per share.  The Allegheny Co. had outstanding, at the time of the issuance of the 5,000 shares of its no par common capital stock to the Lamination Co., approximately 600,000 shares of such stock.  The holders of common stock of the Lamination Co. became stockholders in the Allegheny Co.  The earned surplus of the Lamination Co. as at February 28, 1930, was $33,352.45, accumulated since organization.  30 B.T.A. 1216">*1220  The fair market value of the no par common stock of the Allegheny Co. at the date received by the Lamination Co. in exchange for its assets was $60 per share.  The foregoing facts were stipulated by the parties.  OPINION.  TRAMMELL: Respondent originally determined that the transaction referred to in our findings of fact above constituted a reorganization, and computed the deficiency by including in income1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1213  the gain derived by each of the petitioners upon the liquidation of the Lamination Co. only to the extent of the cash distributed to each.  Respondent now contends that the transaction did not constitute a reorganization and that he erred in not computing tax upon the entire amount of the gain derived by each petitioner, and asserts claim for increased deficiencies accordingly.  Petitioners contend that there was a statutory reorganization, and that not only should the recognizable gain be restricted to the amount of cash distributed to each, but that so much of the recognizable gain as equals the ratable share of the surplus of the Lamination Co. distributed to each petitioner is subject to surtax as a dividend and not taxable as ordinary income.  So far as material here, the Revenue Act of 1928 defines the term "reorganization" as follows: SEC. 112. (i) Definition of reorganization. - As used in this section and sections 113 and 115 - (1) The term "reorganization" means (A) a merger or consolidation (including the acquisition by one corporation of at least a majority of the voting stock and at least a majority of the total number of shares of all other classes of stock1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1214  of another corporation or substantially all of the properties of another corporation), or (B) a transfer by a corporation of all or a part of its assets to another corporation if immediately after the transfer the transaferor or its stockholders or both are in control of the corporation to which the assets are transferred * * *.  The first question arising here is whether the transaction in 1930 effected a class (A) reorganization within the meaning of the quoted statute.  There is no contention that it was a reorganization under clause (B), and obviously it was not, since immediately after the transfer neither the transferor nor its stockholders or both were in control of the transferee corporation.  There is likewise no contention that under clause (A) there was a "consolidation" of the two corporations, or anything in the nature of a technical consolidation, as there was no new corporation organized to take over the combined businesses and assets of predecessors; nor did the Allegheny Co. acquire a majority of the stock of the Lamination Co.  30 B.T.A. 1216">*1221  This leaves for consideration, then, only the question whether the transaction amounted if effect to a merger through the acquisition1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1215  by one corporation of all the assets and business of the other, in the circumstances shown.  In ; certiorari denied, , the court held that reorganization of a corporation within the income tax statute does not embrace the mere purchase by one company of the assets of another; and that where a corporation transferred substantially all its properties to another corporation for cash and notes, and there was no continuity of interest on the part of the transferor corporation or its stockholders, there was no "reorganization" within section 203(h)(1)(A), Revenue Act of 1926, which contains identically the same language as section 112(i)(1)(A) of the Revenue Act of 1928, quoted above.  In its opinion, the court said: A merger ordinarily is an absorption by one corporation of the properties and franchises of another whose stock it has acquired.  The merged corporation ceases to exist, and the merging corporation alone survives.  * * * * * * When subdivision (h)(1)(A) included in its definition of "Merger or consolidation" the "acquisition by one corporation of * * * substantially all1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1216  the properties of another," it did this so that the receipt of property by the corporation surviving the merger might serve to effect a reorganization as does an acquisition of stock.  Each transaction presupposed a continuance of interest on the part of the transferor in the properties transferred.  In , the Supreme Court approved the principles laid down by the Circuit Court in the above quoted opinion, saying: The words within the parenthesis may not be disregarded.  They expand the meaning of "merger" or "consolidation" so as to include some things which partake of the nature of a merger or consolidation but are beyond the ordinary and commonly accepted meaning of those words - so as to embrace circumstances difficult to delimit but which in strictrness can not be designated either merger or consolidation.  But the mere purchase for money of the assets of one company by another is beyond the evident purpose of the provision, and has no real semblance to a merger or consolidation.  Certainly, we think that to be within the exemption the seller must acquire an interest in the affairs of the purchasing1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1217  company more definite than that incident to ownership of its short-term purchase-money notes.  This general view is adopted and well sustained in Cortland Specialty Co.v. Commissioner * * *.  It harmonizes with the underlying purpose of the provisions in respect of exemptions and gives some effect to all the words employed.  It is plain that in the instant proceedings there was no technical merger, as defined by the court in the Cortland Specialty Co., case, supra, because the Allegheny Co. did not acquire any of the stock of the Lamination Co., but the effect of the transaction bears a real semblance 30 B.T.A. 1216">*1222  to a merger.  It partakes of the nature of a merger, although beyond the ordinary and commonly accepted meaning of that word.  As in the case of a true merger, one corporation acquired all the assets and business of the other for the purpose of operating the combined businesses, while one corporation was dissolved and ceased to exist.  Also there was a substantial continuity of interest on the part of the transferor corporation's stockholders in the transferred properties.  Certainly they acquired an interest in the affairs of the transferee company more1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1218  definite than that incident to the ownership of "short-term purchase-money notes." After the transfer the former stockholders of the Lamination Co. owned a beneficial interest in the assets of the Allegheny Co., including the transferred assets, equal to 75 percent of the beneficial interest which they had previously owned in the properties of the Lamination Co.  In , we held that where one corporation transferred its assets to another corporation for stock and cash, and the transferor corporation continued in existence, distributing only the cash to its stockholders, there was no merger or consolidation, nor anything that partook of the nature of such, and hence no reorganization under section 112(i)(1)(A), supra, although there was a continuity of interest in the transferred assets.  Thus, a mere continuity of interest alone is not sufficient under subdivision (A) to constitute a reorganization, unless coupled with a merger or consolidation, or something akin thereto.  Continuity of interest alone through stock ownership is, of course, sufficient under clause (B) where such continuity amounts to control of the transferee corporation. 1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1219  The following extract from our opinion in the Minnesota Tea case has by analogy a reversed application to the instant case: The parties to the transaction deliberately for their own purposes refrained from a merger.  Furthermore they chose an arrangement which avoided the result of a merger.  Instead of the shareholders of the Minnesota Co. owning shares of the Grand Union Co., as they would have if there had been a merger, they continued to own Minnesota shares; and instead of the minnesota Co.'s disappearance as in a merger, its existence and powers continued, and as the owner of the Grand Union shares it brought about a freedom from immediate tax upon the dividends upon such Grand Union shares.  since by section 23(p.) such dividends are deductible by a corporation simultaneously with their receipt as gross income, while to an individual shareholder dividends are subject to surtax.  This decision does not restrict (A) to technical mergers.  It still leaves room for a more expansive application of the statute.  It might be suggested, for example, that by having the assets of the Minnesota Co. transferred to the Grand Union in exchange for shares and then having the Minnesota1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1220  Co. promptly distribute such shares among its own shareholders in liquidation and dissolve, so that in all substantial respects the outcome would have been the same as if a true merger had occurred, the petitioners might properly have invokved part (A) of the definition.  30 B.T.A. 1216">*1223  In the present case, the effect or outcome of the transaction was in all substantial respects the same as if a true merger had occurred, and accordingly we hold that there was a reorganization within the purview of the quoted statute.  The respondent contends, however, that even if there was a statutory reorganization, the Lamination Co. was not a party thereto, and hence the entire gain derived by the petitioners from the distribution in liquidation of that company is recognizable for tax purposes.  This contention, we think, is without merit.  The parties have specifically stipulated that the Lamination Co. exchanged its assets for stock and cash "in pursuance of the plan of reorganization" and that the Allegheny Co. delivered to the Lamination Co. the specified stock and cash "pursuant to the plan of reorganization"; and the agreement between the corporations, attached to the stipulation, shows1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1221  that, pursuant to and as a part of the plan of reorganization, the Lamination Co. agreed to liquidate and dissolve "at the earliest practicable date." Thus, the Lamination Co. was clearly a party to the contract which resulted in the reorganization; it was a party to the plan of reorganization and acted pursuant thereto.  These facts alone, we think, are sufficient to justify the conclusion that this corporation was also a party to the reorganization, as that term is commonly understood.  The statute does not define the term "a party to a reorganization", but section 112(i)(2) provides that the term includes a corporation resulting from a reorganization, and includes both corporations in the case of an acquisition by one corporation of a majority of all the capital stock of another corporation.  However, we think this provision can not be construed as restricting the meaning of the term "a party to a reorganization" exclusively to the two classes of corporations mentioned.  It merely includes such corporations therein, just as the preceding subdivision (1) of the same section does not restrict the meaning of the term "reorganization" to a merger or consolidation, 1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1222  but includes therein the acquisition by one corporation of a majority of the capital stock or substantially all the properties of another corporation.  If one of the corporations here involved had acquired a majority of all the capital stock of the other, then by express statutory direction the Lamination Co. would be "a party to a reorganization." This is not what occurred.  The Allegheny Co. acquired all the properties of the Lamination Co. for stock and cash.  Since the latter company does not fall within either of the two classes of corporations which the statute expressly includes within the term "a party to a reorganization", we must then consider whether the Lamination Co. may otherwise be said to have been a party to the reorganization.  30 B.T.A. 1216">*1224  This question, in our opinion, must be answered in the affirmative.  We are dealing here with what amounts in effect to a merger of one corporation into another.  A merger must involve not less than two corporations, and where one corporation merges into another, it would seem to be elementary to say that both corporations are parties to the merger.  It is also the merger which constituted the reorganization in this case, and1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1223  both corporations being parties to the merger, both must be regarded as parties to the reorganization.  Each took a vital and essential part in the transaction without which there would have been no reorganization, and each was, therefore, a party to the reorganization, notwithstanding only one of the corporations was reorganized.  Having reached the conclusion that the transaction in question constituted a reorganization, it is our opinion that the Lamination Co. was a party thereto.  The petitioners in this case exchanged their stock in the Lamination Co. for cash and stock in the Allegheny Co., and the question is to what extent the profit derived by each is recognizable for tax purposes.  The pertinent provisions of the 1928 Act are as follows: SEC. 112.  RECOGNITION OF GAIN OR LOSS.  (a) General rule. - Upon the sale or exchange of property, the entire amount of the gain or loss, determined under section 111, shall be recognized, except as hereinafter provided in this section.  (b) Exchanges solely in kind. - * * * (3) STOCK FOR STOCK ON REORGANIZATION. - No gain or loss shall be recognized if stock or securities in a corporation a party to a reorganization1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1224  are, in pursuance of the plan of reorganization, exchanged solely for stock or securities in such corporation or in another corporation a party to the reorganization.  * * * (c) Gain from exchanges not solely in kind. - (1) If an exchange would be within the provisions of subsection (b) * * * (3) * * * of this section if it were not for the fact that the property received in exchange consists not only of property permitted by such paragraph to be received without the recognition of gain, but also of other property or money, then the gain, if any, to the recipient shall be recognized, but in an amount not in excess of the sum of such money and the fair market value of such other property.  The petitioners derived gain from an exchange not solely in kind, having exchanged their stock in one corporation a party to the reorganization for cash and stock in another corporation a party to the reorganization, and so come within the precise provisions of subsection (c)(1), supra. The transaction would be within the provisions of subsection (b)(3) if it were not for the fact that the property received in exchange consisted not only of stock permitted by (b)(3) to be received1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1225  without the recognition of gain, but also of 30 B.T.A. 1216">*1225  money.  Nence, the gain is recognizable, but in an amount not in excess of the money.  The remaining issue is whether the recognizable profit derived by the petitioners is taxable as a dividend, subject to the surtax and exempt from the normal tax, under section 112(c)(2) of the 1928 Act, to the extent of the ratable share distributed to each petitioner of the surplus of the Lamination Co. accumulated after February 28, 1913, or whether the whole amount is to be treated as ordinary income, subject to both normal and surtax.  The amount of surplus has been stipulated and set out in our findings of fact.  Petitioners contend that an equivalent amount of the recognizable gain is so taxable, while respondent contends that the entire amount is taxable as ordinary income, substantially on the theory that there was no reorganization.  Since we have reached the contrary conclusion, that there was a reorganization, respondent's argument on this point falls.  However, in view of the statutory provisions relating to the taxation of ordinary and liquidating dividends, some of which provisions standing alone appear more or less ambiguous, 1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1226  it is believed that a brief discussion of these provisions, and the decisions thereunder, will be helpful.  The Revenue Acts of 1913, 1916, and 1917 made dividends taxable as income, and further provided for the taxation, as ordinary dividends, of distributions in liquidation to the extent of earnings and profits accumulated since February 28, 1913.  The Revenue Act of 1918 also made dividends taxable as income, and in section 201(a) defined the term "dividend" as follows: SEC. 201. (a) That the term "dividend" when used in this title * * * means (1) any distribution made by a corporation * * * to its shareholders or members, whether in cash or in other property * * * out of its earnings or profits accumulated since February 28, 1913 * * *.  This definition of the term "dividend" contained in the 1918 Act is substantially the same as that contained in the prior acts, but Congress added subdivision (c) to section 201, reading in material part as follows: * * * Amounts distributed in the liquidation of a corporation shall be treated as payments in exchange for stock or shares, and any gain or profit realized thereby shall be taxed to the distributee as other gains or profits. 1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1227 Under this provision of the 1918 Act we held that it was the intention of Congress to exclude liquidating dividends from its broad definition of a dividend as contained in section 201(a), even though such dividends included earnings accumulated since February 28, 1913, and that it was the intention of Congress to subject 30 B.T.A. 1216">*1226  to both normal and surtax any gains derived from such distributions in the same manner as other gains.  ; ; ; . To the same effect, see also . The Revenue Act of 1921 likewise included dividends in taxable income, and defined the term substantially the same as in the prior acts.  It is significant to note, however, that subdivision (c) of section 201 of the 1918 Act, quoted above, which subjected liquidating dividends to both normal and surtax, was deliberately omitted from the 1921 Act, as finally passed, after consideration of this specific point by Congress.  Thus, Congress eliminated the distinction1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1228  between liquidating dividends and ordinary dividends which it had recognized in the 1918 Act, and declared anew its intent to tax as ordinary dividends all distributions of earnings accumulated since February 28, 1913, whether the dividends were in liquidation or otherwise, as was the case under the 1916 and 1917 Acts.  , cited with approval and followed in  (reviewed by the Board), and . As we said in the Darrow case, The intention of Congress to remove the distinction between liquidating dividends and other dividends, and to make its definition of the term in section 201(a) comprehensive and all-inclusive so far as earnings or profits accumulated since February 28, 1913, are concerned, appears even more clearly from the history of the 1921 Act in process of enactment.  The House bill provided, in section 201(c), for the treatment of liquidating dividends in the identical language of the 1918 Act.  The Senate amendment eliminated the provision entirely and substituted as subdivision (c) the provision as to stock dividends appearing1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1229  as subdivision (d) in the Act as passed.  The House accepted the amendment with an amendment which appears as subdivision (c) in the Act as finally passed.  * * * There would seem to be no doubt that Congress intended its definition of "dividends" to include liquidating dividends to the extent of earnings accumulated since February 28, 1913.  It is our conclusion that the term "dividends" as defined in section 201 of the Revenue Act of 1921 includes distributions in liquidation to the extent of the earnings or profits accumulated since February 28, 1913, contained therein, and that to the extent of those earnings such distributions are taxable as dividends, subject to the surtax and exempt from the normal tax.  Substantially the same definition of the term "dividend" contained in section 201(a) of the 1921 Act, quoted above, appears as section 201(a) of the 1924 and 1926 Acts, and as section 115(a) of the 1928 Act.  The doctrine applied in the Darrow case, then, must be applied and the same conclusion reached in the instant case under the 1928 30 B.T.A. 1216">*1227  Act, unless the latter act contains some provision amounting to a change of the law and a reversion to the policy adopted1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1230  by Congress under the 1918 Act.  Section 201(c) of the latter act provided that "amounts distributed in the liquidation of a corporation shall be treated as payments in exchange for stock or shares." This provision was omitted from the 1921 Act, but a similar and somewhat enlarged provision appears in section 201(c) of the 1924 Act, reading as follows: Amounts distributed in complete liquidation of a corporation shall be treated as in full payment in exchange for the stock, and amounts distributed in partial liquidation of a corporation shall be treated as in part or full payment in exchange for the stock.  The gain or loss to the distributee resulting from such exchange shall be determined under section 202, but shall be recognized only to the extent provided in section 203.  * * * The same provisions in substance were reenacted in the 1926 Act as section 201(c) and in the 1928 Act as section 115(c).  Section 203(d)(1) of the 1924 Act provides that if an exchange of property for other property would be within the nonrecognition provisions of subdivision (b) of that section if it were not for the fact that the property received in exchange consists not only of property permitted1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1231  to be received without the recognition of gain but also of other property or money, then the gain, if any, shall be recognized, but in an amount not in excess of such money and the fair market value of such other property.  And paragraph (2) of the same section provides that if a distribution made in pursuance of a plan of reorganization is within the provision of paragraph (1) but has the effect of the distribution of a taxable dividend, then there shall be taxed as a dividend to each distributee such an amount of the gain recognized under paragraph (1) as is not in excess of his ratable share of the undistributed earnings and profits of the corporation accumulated after February 28, 1913.  Only the remainder, if any, of the recognizable gain may be taxed as gain from the exchange of property.  The same provisions are contained in sections 203(d)(1) and (2) of the 1926 Act, and sections 112(c)(1) and (2) of the 1928 Act.  From the foregoing we think it is clear that, since the enactment of the 1921 Act, it has been the settled, consistent policy of Congress to treat liquidating dividends as ordinary dividends to the extent of the corporate earnings accumulated since February 28, 1913, subject1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1232  to surtax and exempt from normal tax.  While it is true that section 115(c) of the 1928 Act, appearing as section 201(c) of the 1926 and 1924 Acts, requires that liquidating distributions shall be treated as in part of full payment in exchange for the stock, yet such provision can not be construed as subjecting a liquidating dividend in connection with a reorganization to tax as 30 B.T.A. 1216">*1228  ordinary income to the extent of corporate earnings included therein which were accumulated since February 28, 1913, in view of the express provisions of section 112(c)(2), supra, that such distribution "shall be taxed as a dividend" to the extent of each distributee's ratable share of the accumulated earnings and profits.  The provisions of section 112(c)(2) of the 1928 Act first appeared in the revenue laws as section 203(d)(2) of the 1924 Act.  From 1921 to 1924, liquidating dividends to the extent of accumulated earnings were taxable as ordinary dividends subject to surtax, or at the rate applicable to capital net gain.  The House Ways and Means Committee and the Senate Finance Committee in their official reports on the Revenue Bill of 1924 made the following explanation of the1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1233  new provisions of section 203(d)(2): There is no provision of the existing law which corresponds to paragraph (2) of subdivision (d).  This paragraph provides that any amount distributed by a corporation in connection with a reorganization which has the effect of a taxable dividend shall be taxed as a dividend.  The necessity for this provision may best be shown by an example: Corporation A has capital stock of $100,000, and earnings and profits accumulated since March 1, 1913, of $50,000.  If it distributed the $50,000 as a dividend to its stockholders, the amount distributed will be taxed at the full surtax rates.  On the other hand, corporation A may organize corporation B, to which it transfers all its assets, the consideration for the transfer being the issuance by B of all its stock and $50,000 in cash to the stockholders of corporation A in exchange for their stock in corporation A.  Under the existing law, the $50,000 distributed with the stock of corporation B would be taxed, not as a dividend, but as a capital gain, subject only to the 12 1/2 per cent rate.  The effect of such a distribution is obviously the same as if the corporation had declared out as a dividend1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1234  its $50,000 earnings and profits.  If dividends are to be subject to the full surtax rates, then an amount so distributed should also be subject to the surtax rates and not to the 12 1/2 per cent rate on capital gain.  As before stated, the provisions of section 203(d)(2) were reenacted in the 1926 Act under the same section number, and in the 1928 Act as section 112(c)(2).  So far as concerns the question of taxing liquidating dividends, at the extent of accumulated earnings, as ordinary income, it is immaterial that the primary purpose of Congress in enacting section 203(d)(2) was to prevent the taxing of such distributions at the capital gain rate.  The fact remains that Congress has provided that they "shall be taxed as a dividend", subject to the full surtax rates, and not otherwise.  We may not, therefore, read into the statute the requirement that accumulated earnings distributed as a liquidating dividend shall be taxed at the full surtax rates, and also, in addition thereto, at the normal tax rate.  The conclusion herein reached is entirely in harmony with the settled and long continued general policy adopted by Congress for the taxation of corporate earnings.  Section1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1235  25(a) of the 1928 30 B.T.A. 1216">*1229  Act provides that an amount received as dividends by an individual stockholder shall be subject only to the surtax, and section 23(p) provides that dividends received by a corporation shall be allowed as a deduction from gross income; that is, the amount is included in gross income and immediately deducted, so that it is not taxable to the corporate stockholder.  It is then taxed at surtax rates when distributed to the individual stockholders.  Similar provisions are contained in the prior acts.  These provisions unmistakably indicate the intention of Congress to subject corporate earnings to normal tax but once.  The corporation which derives the earnings and profits is required to pay a normal tax thereon, and thereafter the stockholders pay only the surtax when distributed as dividends.  Section 112(c)(2), supra, consistently applies this same scheme of taxation to distributions in liquidation which embrace corporate earnings accumulated after February 28, 1913.  Such distributions are not technically dividends for the reason that they are not recurrent, nor made in the ordinary course of business, but to the extent of the accumulated earnings1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1236  it is apparent that they have "the effect of the distribution of a taxable dividend," and therefore must be taxed at the same rates as dividends, that is, at the full surtax rates only.  In , we held that a distribution in liquidation which included surplus of the merged corporation accumulated after March 1, 1913, had "the effect of a distribution of a taxable dividend under section 203(d)(2) of the Revenue Act of 1926," and was taxable as a dividend at surtax rates only, and not as capital gain.  In , we held that a liquidating dividend, to the extent of the accumulated surplus, must be taxed as a dividend under section 112(c)(2), supra, and not as either ordinary income or capital gain.  In , we held that a distribution in liquidation, to the extent that it represente surplus and profits accumulated subsequent to March 1, 1913, was "taxable as a dividend within the provisions of section 112(c)(2) of the Revenue Act of 1928 * * * at surtax rates only." The latest judicial expression on this question is contained in the opinion1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1237  of the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, rendered March 17, 1934, in , affirming , supra, as follows: The Board of Tax Appeals held that there was an exchange of stock for stock and money within the meaning of § 112(c)(1) of the Revenue Act of 1928, so that so much of the cash received as represents the surplus of the North Texas Bank is to be treated as a dividend not subject to normal tax 30 B.T.A. 1216">*1230  while the remainder is fully taxable gain realized in the transaction.  The Commissioner contends that all is gain.  The Board is right.  * * * The cash which they (stockholders of the liquidating corporation) received was all gain from their investment taxable under § 112(c)(1), but so much of it as might before consolidating have been declared by their corporation as an ordinary dividend out of its profits is by (c)(2) to be so taxed.  It is true that the money was not distributed by the North Texas Bank, and thus was not literally a dividend of that bank.  But the statute speaks of a distribution which "has the effect of the distribution of a dividend." This pro rata payment1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1238  to all stockholders of the North Texas Bank, whether assenting or dissenting, certainly has that effect.  It may be noted in this connection that the respondent's regulations are in harmony with the foregoing construction of the statutes (see art. 575, Regulations 74, Revenue Act of 1928), and, as we understand, his contentions in the present case are not contrary thereto.  For the reasons indicated, and on authority of the decisions cited, we here hold that so much of the recognizable profit derived by the petitioners as represents their respective ratable shares of the undistributed earnings of the Lamination Co. accumulated after February 28, 1913, is taxable as a dividend at surtax rates only.  Reviewed by the Board.  Judgment will be entered under Rule 50.MURDOCK MURDOCK, dissenting: No part of the profit derived by these petitioners from the disposition of their Lamination Co. stock is taxable to them as a dividend.  The distribution in question was in complete liquidation of the Lamination Co. Section 115(c), a general provision covering the ordinary case, provides that "amounts distributed in complete liquidation of a corporation shall be treated1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1239  as in full payment in exchange for the stock." The gain, if any, from such a distribution would be taxable normally, not as a dividend, but as an ordinary gain.  Section 112(c)(2) is a special provision which applies only when a number of stated circumstances concur.  The legislative history of that provision shows that it was intended to prevent taxpayers having large incomes from avoiding surtax on dividends through corporate reorganizations.  The prevailing opinion states that "to the extent of the accumulated earnings it is apparent that they [liquidating distributions] have 'the effect of the distribution of a taxable dividend.'" In other words, every distribution by a corporation having earnings accumulated after February 28, 1913, has the effect of the distribution of a taxable dividend.  If the legislators had so intended a simple statement in the act would have made their intention clear.  The meaning of the words "has the effect of the distribution of a taxable dividend" must be determined.  These words and the example given in the Committee reports, quoted 30 B.T.A. 1216">*1231  in the prevailing opinion, indicate that section 112(c)(2) does not apply unless an examination into1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1240  the particular transaction discloses some close resemblance between the distribution in question and an ordinary dividend distribution.  Cf. sec. 115(g), Revenue Act of 1928; Annie Watts Hill,27 B.T.A. 73">27 B.T.A. 73; affd., 66 Fed.(2d) 45. Normally a liquidating dividend does not have the effect of a taxable dividend, i.e., a dividend taxable at surtax rates only, and section 112(c)(2) was intended to apply to such a dividend only in the exceptional case.  The reorganization involved in this case was not designed for the purpose of permitting the Lamination stockholders to receive a dividend from their corporation.  The Allegheny Steel Co. (unlike corporation B in the example) was not organized to take over all of the assets of the other company and distribute its surplus.  Not only was the reorganization for a wholly different purpose, but the final result was quite different from what it would have been had the Lamination Co. merely declared and paid a dividend of its surplus.  The assets of two corporations were commingled and two sets of former stockholders were united with common interests in but one corporation.  This distribution did not have the effect1934 BTA LEXIS 1203">*1241  of the distribution of a taxable dividend.  Instead its effect was just about as different from that of a taxable dividend as well could be in the case of a distributor having earnings accumulated after February 28, 1913.  Since there is no reason to tax the gain in any but the ordinary way, the gain recognized under section 112(c)(1) is subject to both normal tax and surtax.  STERNHAGEN and GOODRICH agree with this dissent.