Court Opinion

ID: 8301170
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-17 11:13:01.269625+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:44:20.073093
License: Public Domain

Mr. Chief Justice Neil
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case is before ns on hill and demurrer, the bill setting forth the following facts:
In January, 1910', the Tennessee Life Insurance Company issued to William B. Silliman a policy of insurance on his life for the sum of twenty-five hundred dollars, payable to his wife Mattie I. Silliman. The consideration was the payment of “thirty-eight and 23/100 dollars in advance, being the premium for one year’s term insurance, and the payment of. á like-sum of thirty-eight and 23/100' dollars on or before the 12th day of January in every year thereafter during* four years of the life of the insured.” The policy provided that it should he incontestable after the expira*305tion' of one year from the date of its issue except for nonpayment of premiums. It contained also the following “privilege of exchange.”
‘ ‘ This policy is issued for a term of five years from the date hereof and no longer, hut on any anniversary of this policy and while in force, the company will, upon its surrender, grant in exchange therefor, without medical re-examination a new policy on any plan then written for an amount not greater than the sum insured by this policy, and at the rate of premium required for this (the) kind of policy chosen at the age then attained, or at a premium rate required for the original age and date, upon the payment of the difference in premiums with six per cent, interest per annum.”
The policy contained likewise the following condition:
“In ease of suicide committed while sane or insane within one year of the date hereof, the liability of the company shall not exceed the amount of the premiums paid on this policy.”
Between the date of the issuance of the policy above mentioned and the 12th day of January, 1914, the defendant, International Life Insurance Company, took over all of the assets of the Tennessee Life Insurance Company, and assumed and bound itself to carry out all of the contracts and obligations of the former company. Up to the time of this assumption the insured promptly paid his premiums to the former company, and on being informed of the assumption, he thereafter *306paid Ms premiums to the latter company, and Ms policy ■was in full force, on .the 12th. day of January, 1914, ■when, to quote the hill:
“In accordance with the terms of said policy and upon the demand of the said W. B. Silliman therefor, the defendant company issued to the said W. B. Silli-man its policy No. 26688, being a whole life or ordinary life policy, with the annual premium of $90.40, which said amount was paid in full by the said "W. B. Silli-man on said date, and said policy of insurance was made payable to the complainant, Mattie I. Silliman, in the sum of $2,500, upon the death of the insured. This policy of insurance was issued by defendant in accordance with the terms of the said first policy, and upon the demand of the said W. B'. Silliman.therefor. No new application was made for said policy, and the original application made to the Tennessee Life Insur- ■ anee Company, above mentioned, or a photograpMc •copy of the same, was attached to the new policy by the defendant. ... ”
There was also attached to said policy a rider in these words:
“This policy is issued in exchange for and in lieu •of Tennessee Life policy No. 757 issued by the Tennessee Life Insurance Company.”
It also contained a provision that it was nonforfeitable “from date of issue and incontestable after one year,” and the following clause on the subject of .suicide:
*307“In case of snicide, committed while sane or insane within one year from the date on which this insurance begins, the limit of the recovery hereunder shall be the premiums paid.”
The bill continues:
“In the year 1910, the said W. B. Silliman was stricken with some disease of the stomach and bowels, the exact nature of which the physicians were unable, to determine, and was from that time and until the time of his death in a helpless and hopeless condition, being unable to leave his home or to take any nourishment except liquids. • During this period he continued to suffer the greatest agony of mind and body, and was thought by his physicians to be at all times in imminent danger of death. This condition was well known to the defendant company at the time the said W. B. Silliman made the demand for the policy to which he was entitled under his original contract. When demand was made by W. B. Silliman for the change in the form of his policy, the defendant company sent to him blanks upon which were to be made out a certificate of health. This application and this certificate of health he declined to execute, expressly demanding the issue of the new policy under the terms of the original contract and notifying the defendant company that he had taken the matter up with the insurance department of Tennessee, and their refusal to comply with their contract would result in a revocation of their license. The defendant company thereupon issued and changed the form of policy in accordance with the demand made *308upon them, and in accordance with their original undertaking, withont any new application containing representations and warranties, and withont medical examination, the same being issned npon the original application, and the representations and warranties and medical examination which had been made in 1909.”
On Jnly 1, 1914, the insured died as the result of suicide. Due proofs of loss were filed with the defendant, to which no objection was made. The company, however, immediately denied all liability under its policy “except for the amount of the premium which had been paid since the change in the form of the policy,” and on September 10, 1914, tendered this sum, which was refused. Thereupon the present bill was filed.
The defendant filed a demurrer containing in varying forms the single defense that under the facts stated no cause of action was shown. The chancellor overruled the demurrer, but under the section of the Code applicable to the subject granted an immediate appeal to this court. Here the defendant assigned for error the decree of tbe chancellor in overruling the demurrer.
We think the decree of the chancellor should be affirmed. It seems to us quite clear that under the facts stated the new policy was but a continuation of the same insurance contract. It was based on the old application and the old medical examination, and the new terms were in strict accord with the provisions of the first policy, granting to the insured the right to *309make just such a selection to take the place of the original form. The same may be said of the higher rate of premium paid. We are unable to see how a different resnlt can he based on the circumstance that the premium was fixed at the rate applicable to the age the insured had attained when the new policy was issued, that is, forty-eight years, rather than at the old rate, supplemented by the difference in cash, with six per cent, added. The two rates meant the same thing to the company, being but different expressions of the same price of insurance, but the choice of either was addressed simply to the convenience of the insured.
We are referred to the case of Milton H. Gans, Ex’r, v. Ætna Life Ins. Co., decided by the court of appeals of New York, February 15, 1915, 108 N. E., —, as an opposing authority. There is a general resemblance between the facts of the two cases, but there are likewise important differences. In the Gans Case, the facts, so far as necessary to state them, were that on April 5, 1907, the company issued a “term policy” insuring the life of one Hockstadter for the term of five years—
“except: (a) Upon the expiration of the policy it might be renewed and 'Continued for the successive term of five years each until the insured had passed the insuring age of sixty years, by paying premiums as prescribed by an included table; or (b) upon any anniversary of its date it might be ‘ exchanged upon medical re-examination for a new policy upon any plan then in use by said company on payment of premiums re*310quired for suela new policy, for tlae insuring age then attained by the insured’; or (c) he exchanged at any time within five years from its date for a then lawful policy of any kind issued April 5,1907, by the company to be dated April 5, 1907, and issued at the insurer’s age at that date, on payment of a sum equal to the difference between the aggregate of the premiums then actually paid and the aggregate of the premiums the .substituted policy should have earned from April 5, 1907, with interest, provided in either case of exchanged policies, ‘the premium required by such new policy shall be paid on the date stipulated for payment of premiums under this policy, that the amount of insurance shall not be increased nor the premium rate be less than required by this policy, and that application for such new policy be made, and this policy retired. ”
It is recited in.the opinion that on April 3, 1912, the insured made, under the second above option, a written application to the company for a new policy, and therein agreed that the statements and answers in the application for the term policy “shall be the basis of a new contract or policy herein applied for and form a part of the same, except that the kind of policy, amount of same, and the premiums thereon, shall be as specified below.” It is further recited that the application stated the kind of policy desired, and certified in regard to the physical condition of the applicant, and requested “that the new policy contain the provision for disability. ’ ’ The opinion continues:
*311“In accord with the application for the ‘new contract or policy,’ which was made a part of this, the policy sued upon was isned. The appeal presents the single question, Did the two policies form a single contract made April 5,1907, under which the suicide clause was at the death of the insured inoperative because the suicide was not within one year from April 5, 1907, as found by the trial term? The appellate division, reversing, found the contrary. . . . The policy in suit is dated April 5, 1912, and in it the insured, and the defendant said: ‘If the insured shall commit suicide within one year from the date hereof, while sane or insane, the policy shall be null and void.’ This is a rigid and certain agreement from which no doubt or hesitation as to its meaning can spring. They also said: ‘ The policy and the application herefor constituted the entire contract between the parties hereto. . . . ’ It is and must be conceded that there is no language or stipulation within the policy or application for it which conflicts with or affects the stipulation above quoted. The reference to the application in consideration of which the policy was issued is a strong-confirmation of the integrity of the stipulation. It applies for a ‘new contract or policy,’ specifying the kind desired. The policy of April 5, 1912, is, in form and substance, an independent, complete, and isolated contract. It expressed no dependence on or connection with the term policy. ’ ’
And so it was held that the policy of 1912 was a new and independent contract, and that the clause in *312respect of death by suicide referred to the date of that policy, and, the suicide having occurred within one year of the date thereof, the policy could not be collected.
The differences between the policy sued on in the Gans Case and that before us are now apparent. Not only is there nothing to show that the policy of 1914 is “an independent, complete, and isolated contract,” expressing no dependence on or connection with the term policy, but, on the contrary, it is expressly shown that they are connected, and that the second was issued because of and in compliance with the requirements of the first. Again, so far from there having been filed an application for a “new contract or policy,” no application was filed at all, but simply a demand was made that another form of policy be issued in compliance with the agreement therefor in the first policy. It is also shown that this demand was sought to be evaded by the company through its suggestion for a new application, and a new health certificate, that this suggestion was repudiated by the insured, and his demand for compliance with the contract renewed, accompanied by a pointed reference to the fact that he had brought the matter to the attention of the insurance department of the State, and that thereupon the defendant yielded, and issued the policy which the insured demanded as a compliance with the contract contained in the term policy, and that defendant had attached to its policy the application filed with the term *313policy, and a rider showing that its policy was issued “in exchange for and in lien of” the term policy.
Furthermore, the suicide clause in the policy sued on does not refer to the date of this policy, but “within one year from the date on which this insurance begins. ’ ’ It is true that if the policy stood alone, “this insurance” would have to he construed as referring to the date of the policy; but it appearing from what we have already said that the dominant purpose was to carry out the contract embraced in the policy of 1910, this clause must be held to apply to the date of that policy, since it was then that “the insurance” began. Any other construction would result in giving an effect to the clause in question which would nulify the whole tenor of the contract between the parties. It may be true that the suicide clause as thus construed was a useless stipulation in the policy sued on, considered alone, since the one year from the date the insurance began had long since elapsed; but it is more consonant with the agreement of the parties, as evidenced by everything else in the case, that this clause would be treated as mere surplusage even than that it should be permitted to stand apart, and out of harmony with all of the other facts showing the true intent of the parties.
We believe that in general the suicide clause of the kind we have before us is treated favorably by the courts (Billings v. Ins. Co., 64 Vt., 78, 24 Atl., 656, 17 L. R. A., 89, 33 Am. St. Rep., 913, and note; Note, also, to Mut. L. Ins. Co. v. Wiswell, 35 L. R. A., 262, 263), *314since the commission of snicide by an insured while in his right mind, if snch a thing be possible, which some donbt, in order that the beneficiary in the policy may collect it, is nothing less than a fraud on the company; and so much of the clause as refers to persons of unsound mind is likewise worthy of favorable consideration, since the evidence of such a condition is easy to fabricate and difficult for the insurer to overthrow. Therefore it is not at all improper that insurance companies should, by this clause, render unnecessary any inquiry into the mental condition of the insured at the time of his self-destruction. It is equally commendable that the limit should be brief, as being, on the one hand, sufficient to enable the company to satisfy itself of the honest purposes of the insured, while protecting itself against possible fraud on his part; and at the same time it is desirable that the insured should not feel that he should, during the whole life of the policy, be unprotected against the possibility of bringing death to himself by his own hand through the blameless misfortune of losing his mental faculties. The insured in the case before us had the right to guard against such a contingency, as we believe he did, by confining that contingency to the first year of his insurance. When he had lived through that year, and so outlived the clause in question, he had attained a status with the company more valuable than the one he held when he obtained his policy in 1910. We cannot think that it was his purpose to waive that advantage, or of the company by indirection to take it from him. Viewing the case as a *315whole, we believe that we have given to the contract and writings of the parties the only construction which they can reasonably bear.
The result is that the decree of the chancellor must be affirmed, and the cause remanded for answer and further proceedings.