Court Opinion

ID: 3006888
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-02 19:09:49.52603+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:46:06.910531
License: Public Domain

J-A22021-15

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                       PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellee

                       v.

JEROME MCNEMAR

                            Appellant                 No. 972 MDA 2014

              Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence June 13, 2012
                 In the Court of Common Pleas of Juniata County
               Criminal Division at No(s): CP-34-CR-0000139-2011

BEFORE: BOWES, J., JENKINS, J., and PLATT, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY JENKINS, J.:                        FILED OCTOBER 02, 2015

        Appellant Jerome McNemar appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered by the Juniata County Court of Common Pleas following his jury trial

conviction for interference with custody of children (“interference with

custody”).1    We affirm the conviction, but remand to the trial court for a

determination as to whether Appellant must register pursuant to the Sex

Offenders Registration and Notification Act (“SORNA”), 42 Pa.C.S.A. §

9799.10, et seq.

        Appellant is the paternal grandfather of H.S. (“Child”).         N.T.,

9/30/2011, at 135. Child was placed in temporary guardianship with Coleen

____________________________________________

*
    Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1
    18 Pa.C.S. § 2904(a).
J-A22021-15

Adlon, a friend of Child’s mother. Id. at 29. Coleen Adlon was subsequently

incarcerated, and Child was placed with Coleen’s daughter, Melissa Adlon.

Id. at 29-30.

       Appellant had regular visitation with Child every other Saturday from

10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.            N.T., 9/30/2011, at 24.   On July 2, 2011,

Appellant picked Child up for his regular visit. N.T., 9/30/2011, at 26. He

then took Child on an unscheduled six-day trip to visit Appellant’s brother in

Pittsburgh. Id. at 31, 71-73. He did not inform Ms. Adlon or Children and

Youth Services (“CYS”) of Child’s location.2

       Appellant maintains he took Child for the six-day trip because he was

concerned about Child’s eating habits; Child had a bad smell, had feces in

his diaper and up his back, and was dirty; Appellant had concerns about

Child’s diet and bowel movements; Child had bruises and scratches; Ms.

Adlon had informed Appellant it was almost unbearable to care for six

toddlers; and Appellant felt he could better observe Child’s eating and

____________________________________________

2
  Following the issuance of an amended temporary custody order from Mifflin
County Court of Common Pleas, Mifflin County CYS conducted a home study
of Ms. Adlon’s residence on May 5, 2011 and found the home to be a safe
and sanitary environment. N.T., 9/30/2011, 100-01. Mifflin County CYS
had no further involvement. Id. at 101-02. The Juniata County CYS, which
is the county in which Ms. Adlon’s residence is located, did not receive any
phone calls regarding Child from May of 2011 through July 11, 2011. Id. at
122-23. Juniata County CYS received a call regarding Child on July 11,
2011, after Appellant took Child for the six days. Id. at 122. Caseworkers
visited the home on July 15, 2011 and were satisfied that Child was safe.
Id.

                                           -2-
J-A22021-15

behavioral habits if he was with him for the six days. N.T., 9/30/2011, at

136-146, 159, 163. Appellant further testified that Ms. Adlon had previously

permitted extended visitation, including an overnight visit.   Id. at 141-42.

Appellant did not inform CYS or the police department of his concerns

regarding Child. N.T., 9/30/2011, at 165.

     Child suffered no injuries during the six days and no one, including Ms.

Adlon and Child’s grandmother, had any fear Appellant would harm or

endanger Child. N.T., 9/30/2011, at 61, 95-96.

     On September 30, 2011, a jury found Appellant guilty of interference

with custody. On June 13, 2012, the trial court sentenced Appellant to 2-23

months’ incarceration.

     In an order dated May 9, 2014 and entered May 16, 2014, the trial

court ordered counsel to file correspondence that counsel had received from

the Juniata County Prothonotary’s Office, which the court was accepting as a

notice of appeal nunc pro tunc.    Order, 5/16/2014.    The correspondence

from Appellant was dated July 13, 2012.          On May 19, 2014, counsel

complied.

     On June 20, 2014, the trial court ordered newly appointed counsel to

file a statement pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure

1925(b) within 25 days, or by July 15, 2014.        On September 4, 2014,

                                    -3-
J-A22021-15

Counsel filed a statement.3          The trial court then filed its Rule 1925(a)

opinion.

       Appellant raises the following claims on appeal:

           A. Did the trial court provide erroneous, extraneous or
           confusing instructions to the jury regarding the elements
           and defenses to the charge of “interference with custody of
           a child”?

           B. Did the trial court err in failing to enter a judgment of
           acquittal on the offense of interference with custody of a
           child inasmuch as the evidence was not sufficient to prove
           the elements of the crime?

           C. Did the trial court err in failing to enter a judgment of
           acquittal on the offense of interference with custody []
           inasmuch as the verdict was against the weight of the
           evidence?

           D. Whether the Appellant is subject to the registration
           requirements of SORNA, 42 Pa.C.S. § 9799, et seq.?

Appellant’s Brief at 5 (capitalization removed).

       For ease of discussion, we will first address Appellant’s second claim,

that the evidence was insufficient to support his interference with custody

conviction.

____________________________________________

3
  Although this Court could find all claims waived due to the late filing of the
1925(b) statement, we will address the issues. See Commonwealth v.
Thompson, 39 A.3d 335, 340-41 (Pa.Super.2012) (“to avoid unnecessary
delay, when a trial court orders the appellant in a criminal case to file a Rule
1925(b) statement and the appellant files it untimely, the trial court’s Rule
1925(a) opinion should note the per se ineffectiveness of counsel, appoint
new counsel if it deems it necessary, . . . and address the issues raised on
appeal.”).

                                           -4-
J-A22021-15

      We apply the following standard when reviewing a sufficiency of the

evidence claim: “[W]hether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the

light most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence to

enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt.”      Commonwealth v. Lehman, 820 A.2d 766, 772

(Pa.Super.2003), affirmed, 870 A.2d 818 (2005) (quoting Commonwealth

v. DiStefano, 782 A.2d 574 (Pa.Super.2001)).            When we apply this

standard, “we may not weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for

the fact-finder.” Id.

      “[T]he facts and circumstances established by the Commonwealth

need not preclude every possibility of innocence.”     Lehman, 820 A.2d at

772 (quoting DiStefano, 782 A.2d at 574).           Moreover, “[a]ny doubts

regarding a defendant’s guilt may be resolved by the fact-finder unless the

evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability

of fact may be drawn from the combined circumstances.”              Id.   “The

Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every element of the

crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial

evidence.” Id.

      In applying the above test, we must evaluate the entire record and we

must consider all evidence actually received. DiStefano, 782 A.2d at 582.

Further, “the trier of fact while passing upon the credibility of witnesses and

the weight of the evidence produced, is free to believe all, part or none of

the evidence.” Id.

                                     -5-
J-A22021-15

      A person commits the crime of interference with custody “if he

knowingly or recklessly takes or entices any child under the age of 18 years

from the custody of its parent, guardian or other lawful custodian, when he

has no privilege to do so.”          18 Pa.C.S. § 2904(a).       “Knowingly” and

“recklessly” are defined as follows:

            (2) A person acts knowingly with respect to a material
            element of an offense when:

               (i) if the element involves the nature of his conduct
               or the attendant circumstances, he is aware that his
               conduct is of that nature or that such circumstances
               exist; and

               (ii) if the element involves a result of his conduct, he
               is aware that it is practically certain that his conduct
               will cause such a result.

            (3) A person acts recklessly with respect to a material
            element of an offense when he consciously disregards a
            substantial and unjustifiable risk that the material element
            exists or will result from his conduct. The risk must be of
            such a nature and degree that, considering the nature and
            intent of the actor's conduct and the circumstances known
            to him, its disregard involves a gross deviation from the
            standard of conduct that a reasonable person would
            observe in the actor’s situation.

18 Pa.C.S. § 302(b)(2)-(3).

      There is a statutory defense to this crime where “the actor believed

that his action was necessary to preserve the child from danger to its

welfare.”     18 Pa.C.S. § 2904(b)(1).      In Commonwealth v. Couch, this

Court stated:

            While our research has failed to uncover precedential
            caselaw which defines the statutory justification defense as
            set forth in 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2904(b)(1), the Court of

                                        -6-
J-A22021-15

         Common Pleas of Cumberland County concluded that the
         statutory defense “contemplates an . . . imminent or
         present danger to a child’s welfare, and the facts of a
         particular situation must warrant interference with custody
         before there is an opportunity to pursue the usual avenues
         of redress.” Commonwealth v. Chubb, 3 D. & C.3d 676,
         679–80 (1977). We find this reasoning to be sound.
         Custody law provides for certain procedures to be followed
         in a civil action to challenge custody if a party believes that
         the best interests of the child are not being met by the
         primary custodian. Therefore, in order for the statutory
         justification defense to apply to a criminal offense of taking
         and concealing a child, there must be some instant danger
         present such that to follow the prescribed civil procedures
         would threaten the immediate welfare of the child.

731 A.2d 136, 144 (Pa.Super.1999).       In Couch, the Court found the trial

court did not err when it required the parties to limit their evidence to the

time period immediately surrounding the date the defendant removed the

child from the guardian’s home. Id.

      Appellant contends the Commonwealth failed to establish Appellant did

not have a privilege, failed to establish Appellant acted recklessly, and failed

to establish Appellant possessed the mens rea to interfere with custody.

Appellant’s Brief at 16. Appellant maintains he had implied consent, based

on past conduct, which established a legal privilege to take the child.

Appellant’s Brief at 16. Appellant argues he had court-ordered visitation and

the guardian had permitted liberal visitation. Id. at 17.

      Further, Appellant argues he reasonably believed his actions were

necessary to protect Child from danger. Appellant’s Brief at 17. Appellant

knew of Child’s neglected condition, the “chaotic nature of the guardian’s

home,” and the guardian’s attitude that having Child “ruined her summer.”

                                      -7-
J-A22021-15

Id.   Appellant therefore felt keeping Child for a week would benefit or

protect Child. Id.

      Appellant maintains that “where the actor means well, acts for the

benefit of the child, and where the evidence fails to establish actual harm to

the child or intent to harm the child, no crime is committed and the proper

redress,   if   any,   is   contempt   for   a   violation   of   a   [c]ourt-ordered

custody/visitation schedule.” Appellant’s Brief at 17-18.

      The Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence in the present case

to establish Appellant knowingly or recklessly took Child from the custody of

Child’s lawful custodian when he had no privilege to do so. Appellant does

not dispute that he took Child. There was sufficient evidence for the jury to

find he acted either knowingly or recklessly, as he removed Child, went to

Pittsburgh for six days without informing Child’s custodian any other family

members, CYS workers, or police of their location, and suggested police

charge him with kidnapping, a higher charge, as he wanted to bring

attention to the case.

      The Commonwealth also presented sufficient evidence to establish that

Appellant did not have a legal privilege. Although Ms. Adlon had permitted

extended visitation in the past, Appellant did not seek permission for an

extended visit and did not inform anyone of Child’s location.

      Further, the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence to defeat

the justification defense.     Although Appellant testified Child may not have

been eating well and was dirty, he never informed any authorities of his

                                        -8-
J-A22021-15

concerns.    There was no evidence of imminent danger to Child’s welfare,

such that Appellant had no time to pursue the civil avenues available to

address such concerns.       Further, after removing Child from Ms. Adlon’s

home, Appellant did not inform police or CYS workers of Child’s location or of

Appellant’s concerns for Child’s welfare and he did not take Child to a

hospital or doctor for evaluation.

        Appellant next contests the interference with custody jury instructions.

Appellant’s Brief at 13-15. “[O]ur standard of review when considering the

denial of jury instructions is one of deference—an appellate court will reverse

a court’s decision only when it abused its discretion or committed an error of

law.”    Commonwealth v. Baker, 24 A.3d 1006, 1022 (Pa.Super.2011)

(quoting Commonwealth v. Galvin, 985 A.2d 783, 798–799 (Pa.2009)

(alteration in original)).    Further, when reviewing the propriety of jury

instructions:

           [T]his Court will look to the instructions as a whole, and
           not simply isolated portions, to determine if the
           instructions were improper. We further note that, it is an
           unquestionable maxim of law in this Commonwealth that a
           trial court has broad discretion in phrasing its instructions,
           and may choose its own wording so long as the law is
           clearly, adequately, and accurately presented to the jury
           for its consideration. Only where there is an abuse of
           discretion or an inaccurate statement of the law is there
           reversible error.

Commonwealth v. Charleston, 94 A.3d 1012, 1021 (Pa.Super.2014)

(quoting     Commonwealth          v.   Antidormi,      84 A.3d 736,   754

(Pa.Super.2014)).

                                        -9-
J-A22021-15

      Regarding the offense of interference with custody and the justification

defense, the trial court instructed:

         [Appellant] has been charged with interfering with the
         custody of a child. To find [Appellant] guilty of this offense,
         you must find that all of the following elements have been
         proven beyond a reasonable doubt.

         First, that [Appellant] took or enticed [Child] from the
         lawful custody of lawful guardian; Second, that [Child] was
         a child under the age of 18. Third, that [Appellant] did not
         have a legal privilege to take [Child]; and fourth, that
         [Appellant] either knew he was doing these things or acted
         recklessly in doing them.

         A defendant acts recklessly if he or she consciously
         disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that he is
         taking a child from someone else’s custody, that the child
         is under 18, and that he, the defendant, has no legal
         privilege to take the child.        It must be grossly
         unreasonable for the defendant to disregard the risk that
         what he is doing amounts to these things.

         Circumstances may exist in a case that provide the
         defendant a complete defense to this charge. The
         Commonwealth must prove beyond a reasonable doubt
         that such circumstances did not exist. The circumstance is
         that [Appellant] believed that his action was necessary to
         preserve the child from danger to his welfare.

         The Commonwealth has the burden of proving beyond a
         reasonable doubt that this circumstance did not exist at
         the time [Appellant] took [Child]. If it fails to do so, you
         must find [Appellant] not guilty. If the Commonwealth
         carries this burden, and otherwise proves the elements of
         the offense as I previously explained to you, then you
         should find [Appellant] guilty.

         If you find that [Appellant] reasonably believed that
         [Child’s] welfare was in imminent danger, you must find
         [Appellant] not guilty. The consideration of long-term
         psychological damage or the like does not entitle
         [Appellant] to this defense.

                                       - 10 -
J-A22021-15

N.T., 9/30/2011 at 189-91.

      Appellant maintains the last paragraph, wherein the trial court

instructed that the danger needed to be imminent and that long-term

psychologic damage did not entitle Appellant to the justification defense,

was reversible error. Appellant’s Brief at 14-15.

      Although this paragraph is not in the standard jury instruction, it is

contained in the standard instruction’s advisory notes.         See Advisory

Committee Note Pa.S.J. 15.2904 (noting Chubb, 3 Pa.D.&C.3d at 680, held

“it must be shown that the child’s welfare was in danger or at least that the

actor reasonably believed that it was” and “the belief of the actor must

relate to imminent danger,” and noting “consideration of long-term

psychological damage or the like does not entitle the defendant to this

defense”). Further, the instruction is supported by appellate precedent and

there is no indication it confused or misled the jury.   Couch, 731 A.2d at

144 (finding “in order for the statutory justification defense to apply to a

criminal offense of taking and concealing a child, there must be some instant

danger present such that to follow the prescribed civil procedures would

threaten the immediate welfare of the child”)       Therefore, the trial court

properly instructed the jury as to interference with custody.

      Appellant next contends the verdict was against the weight of the

evidence.

      “One of the least assailable reasons for granting or denying a new trial

is the lower court’s conviction that the verdict was or was not against the

                                    - 11 -
J-A22021-15

weight of the evidence.”    Commonwealth v. Clay, 64 A.3d 1049, 1055

(Pa.2013) (quoting Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744 A.2d 745 (Pa.2000)).

A weight of the evidence claim concedes that the Commonwealth introduced

sufficient evidence.   Commonwealth v. Charlton, 902 A.2d 554, 561

(Pa.Super.2006),   appeal   denied,    911 A.2d 933   (Pa.2006)   (citing

Commonwealth v. Galindes, 786 A.2d 1004, 1013 (Pa.Super.2001)).             A

trial judge should not grant a new trial due to “a mere conflict in the

testimony or because the judge on the same facts would have arrived at a

different conclusion.” Clay, 64 A.3d at 1055. Instead, the trial court must

examine whether “‘notwithstanding all the facts, certain facts are so clearly

of greater weight that to ignore them or to give them equal weight with all

the facts is to deny justice.’” Id. (quoting Widmer, 744 A.2d at 752). Only

where the jury verdict “is so contrary to the evidence as to shock one’s

sense of justice” should a trial court afford a defendant a new trial.    Id.

(quoting Commonwealth v. Brown, 648 A.2d 1177, 1189 (1994)).

     We review challenges to the weight of the evidence as follows:

           The weight of the evidence is exclusively for the
           finder of fact who is free to believe all, part, or none
           of the evidence and to determine the credibility of
           the witnesses. An appellate court cannot substitute
           its judgment for that of the finder of fact. Thus, we
           may only reverse the . . . verdict if it is so contrary
           to the evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice.

        Commonwealth v. Small, 741 A.2d 666, 672–73
        (Pa.1999) [cert. denied, 121 S. Ct. 80, 148 L. Ed. 2d 42
        (U.S.2000)]. Moreover, where the trial court has ruled on
        the weight claim below, an appellate court’s role is not to
        consider the underlying question of whether the verdict is

                                    - 12 -
J-A22021-15

          against the weight of the evidence. Rather, appellate
          review is limited to whether the trial court palpably abused
          its discretion in ruling on the weight claim.

Commonwealth v. Devine, 26 A.3d 1139, 1146 (Pa.Super.2011), appeal

denied, 42 A.3d 1059 (Pa.2012) (some internal citations omitted).

       The trial court did not err in finding the verdict was not against the

weight of the evidence. The verdict does not shock the conscience and the

jury was entitled to believe the Commonwealth’s evidence.

       Appellant next contends that we should remand for an order striking

his sexual offender registration requirement.      Appellant received notice of

this requirement after his judgment of conviction. Appellant’s Brief at 21-

22.    The Commonwealth concedes Appellant should not be required to

register.4 Appellee’s Brief at 12.

       Because registration pursuant to SORNA was not contained in

Appellant’s judgment of sentence, and no trial court order has addressed

this issue, we cannot review Appellant’s SORNA registration requirement.

____________________________________________

44
   On March 12, 2014, the General Assembly, passed House Bill 1985, which
became law on March 14, 2014. See 2014 P.L. 19, § 3, 7(1) (enacted Mar.
14, 2014, effective Dec. 20, 2012) (“Act 19”). Act 19 amended SORNA’s
applicability provisions and inserted 42 Pa.C.S. § 9799.13(3.1).          As
amended, the statute removes convictions for certain crimes, including
interference with custody, from the definition of “sexually violent offense,”
and, therefore, removes those crimes from SORNA’s registration
requirement. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9799.13(2), (3.1) (enacted Mar. 14, 2014,
effective Dec. 20, 2012).

                                          - 13 -
J-A22021-15

We will remand to the trial court to conduct proceedings addressing

Appellant’s registration pursuant to SORNA.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed. Case remanded to the trial court for

further   proceedings   consistent   with     this   memorandum.   Jurisdiction

relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 10/2/2015

                                     - 14 -