Court Opinion

ID: 3199469
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-05-02 12:01:33.335609+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:39:13.141529
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                          No. 11-201C
                                     (Filed: April 29, 2016)

*************************
ROSS-HIME DESIGNS, INC., *
                         *                            Patent Infringement; 28 U.S.C. §
          Plaintiff,     *                            1498; Claim Construction; Ordinary
                         *                            and Customary Meaning; Prosecution
     v.                  *                            History Disclaimer.
                         *
THE UNITED STATES,       *
                         *
          Defendant.     *
                         *
*************************

      Vytas M. Rimas, Rimas Law Firm, PLLC, 5101 Thimsen Ave., Suite 204, Minnetonka,
MN, 55345, for Plaintiff.

       Benjamin Mizer, John Fargo, and Conrad J. DeWitte, Jr., U.S. Department of Justice, Civil
Division, Commercial Litigation Branch, P.O. Box 480, Ben Franklin Station, Washington, D.C.
20044, for Defendant. Kurt G. Hammerle, Office of the Chief Counsel, NASA Johnson Space
Center, Of Counsel.

           ____________________________________________________________
                  CLAIM CONSTRUCTION OPINION AND ORDER
           ____________________________________________________________
WILLIAMS, Judge.

        In this action, Plaintiff, Ross-Hime Designs, Inc. (“Ross-Hime”), claims that the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (“NASA”) infringed two patents - - U.S. Patent Nos.
5,967,580 (“the ’580 Patent”) and 6,658,962 (“the ’962 Patent”) (collectively “patents-in-suit”)
through NASA’s use and manufacture of the robotic hand-like manipulators in Robonaut 1 and
Robonaut 2, two anthropomorphic robotics systems. This matter comes before the Court for claim
construction following a technology tutorial and claim construction hearing held on May 27
through May 29, 2015, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Following the claim construction hearing, the
parties modified their proposed constructions, and briefing concluded on January 29, 2016.
                                          Background1
Overview of the Inventions

        The inventions of the ’580 and ’962 Patents relate to anthropomorphic “master-slave”
robotic manipulators. A “master-slave” system refers to a robotic assembly in which the robot
acts as a “slave” to mimic movements performed by a human “master.” The asserted claims of
the ’580 Patent aim to robotically simulate a gripping mechanism. Independent Claim 1 of the
’580 Patent is illustrative of its invention:
       1. An articulated manipulating system for mounting on a base in a robotic
       manipulator and capable of engaging selected objects, and said system comprising:
       a support frame having a base support for mounting on said base with said base
       support having a first frame extension so as to extend therefrom in a first direction
       and a second frame extension rotatable connected to said base support and
       extending therefrom in a second direction at an angle to said first direction;
       a first effector base rotatably connected to said first frame extension so as to be
       rotatable with respect thereto in plural different directions;
       a second effector base rotatable connected to said second frame extension so as to
       be rotatable with respect thereto in plural different directions;
       first pair of base linear actuators each having an end thereof rotatably connected to
       said first frame extension at corresponding extension connection locations thereon,
       and each having that opposite end thereof rotatably connected to said first effector
       base at corresponding effector connection locations thereon so that any substantial
       differentials in movement of these actuators cause corresponding substantial
       motions of said first effector base towards a corresponding one of said extension
       connection locations and so that substantial common movements of these actuators
       causes substantial motions of said first said effector toward or away from both of
       said extension connection locations; and
       a second pair of base linear actuators each having an end thereof rotatable
       connected to said second frame extension at corresponding extension connection
       locations thereon, and each having that opposite end thereof rotatably connected to
       said second effector base at corresponding effector connections locations thereon.
’580 Patent 27:42 - 28:9.

        The hand-like manipulator of Claim 1 is depicted in Figure 11 of the ’580 Patent containing
“linear actuators” at 180, 181, 182, and 183:

1
      This background is derived from the record developed at the claim construction hearing.
The Court has not corrected grammatical errors in quotations from the record.
                                               2
’580 Patent Fig. 11.
        The asserted claims of the ’962 Patent also relate to hand-like manipulators “capable of
engaging selected objects . . . .” ’962 Patent 27:9-10. Independent Claims 11 and 14 are exemplary
of the hand-like manipulators in the ’962 Patent.
       Claim 11 teaches:
       11. An articulated manipulating system for mounting on a base in a robotic
       manipulator and capable of engaging selected objects, said system comprising:
       a subbase rotatably mounted on said base to have a single subbase rotation axis
       therethrough;

                                                3
       a first linear actuator coupled at one end thereof to said base and coupled at an
       opposite end thereof to said subbase to be capable of rotating said subbase about
       said subbase rotation axis;
       a first effector base rotatably connected to said subbase to have a first effector
       rotation axis
       a second linear actuator coupled at one end thereof to said subbase and coupled at
       an opposite end thereof to said first effector base to be capable of rotating said first
       effector base about said first effector rotation axis.
’962 Patent 27:9-23.

       Claim 14 teaches:
       14. An articulated manipulating system for mounting on a base in a robotic
       manipulator and capable of engaging selected objects, said system comprising:
       a plurality of shackles each having a pair of arms spaced apart by a recess space
       with said arms being joined in a joining structure on one side of said recess space;
       a plurality of effector bases each rotatably mounted at a pivot location thereof to
       and between said separate arms of a corresponding shackle so as to leave a recess
       space between an end of that said effector base rotatably mounted to said shackle
       and said joining structure thereof;
       a fixed pedestal affixed to said base and having said joining structure of a
       corresponding one of said plurality of shackles rotatably coupled thereto;
       a moveable pedestal rotatably connected to said base and having said joining
       structure of a corresponding one of said plurality of shackles rotatably coupled
       thereto;
       a pedestal linear actuator coupled at one end thereof to said base and coupled at an
       opposite end thereof to said moveable pedestal to be capable of rotating said
       moveable pedestal with respect to said base.
’962 Patent 27:56 - 28:10.
        Figure 5 depicts the palm side of the hand-like manipulator of Claim 14 of the ’962 Patent
that contains the “shackle” system supported on a “fixed pedestal.” The “shackles” are labeled as
106'A, 106'B, and 106'C in Figure 5.

                                                  4
’962 Patent Fig. 5.
        Figure 10A depicts the back-of-the-hand side of the ’962 Patent that exposes base pair
linear actuators 115'A, 116'A, 115'B, 116'B, and 115'C and 116'C. Sitting atop these linear actuator
pairs are linear actuators 125'A, 125'B, and 125'C that are rotatably connected to the finger-tip
“gripping effectors” 124'A, 124'B, and 124'C.

                                                 5
’962 Patent Fig. 10A.

Prosecution History of the ’580 Patent

       The ’580 Patent issued on October 19, 1999, from United States Patent Application No.
08/978,192 (“the ’192 Application), filed on November 25, 1997. The ’192 Application was a
continuation of Application No. 08/525,395 (“the ’395 Application”) filed September 8, 1995,
which in turn was a continuation-in-part of Application No. 08/497,199, filed June 30, 1995, both
now abandoned. The ’580 Patent lists Mark E. Rosheim as the inventor, and Plaintiff, Ross-Hime
Designs, Incorporated, as the assignee.
      On February 25, 1997, during prosecution of the ’580 Patent’s parent application - - the
’395 Application - - Plaintiff amended Claim 1 in pertinent part, as follows:

                                               6
       a first pair of base linear actuators each having an end thereof rotatably connected
       to said first frame extension [on either side of where said first effector base is
       rotatably connected thereto], and each having that opposite end thereof rotatably
       connected to said effector base on [either side of] opposite sides thereof where said
       first frame extension is rotatably connected thereto so that substantial differentials
       in movement of these actuators causes substantial motions of said first effector base
       towards a corresponding one of them.2

DCX 20 at NASA-1301-02. According to the amendment, the Examiner had rejected Claim 1 of
the ’395 Patent as anticipated by another Ross-Hime Patent - - U.S. No. 4,821,594 (“the ’594
Patent”). Id. at NASA-1305. Plaintiff explained that the linear actuators in the ’395 Application
were distinct from the prior art because the linear actuators in the instant invention were required
to move in a “push-pull” motion for the “fingers” - - the so-called “effectors” - - to move in a side-
to-side motion. In the Patentee’s own words:
       The Examiner then goes on to reject claims 1 through 3, 5, 7 and 11 under 35 U.S.C.
       § 102 as being anticipated by U.S. Patent 4,821,594 to Rosheim et al. Apparently,
       the Examiner contends that the connections of the linear actuators to the driven
       members depicted in the [’594 reference] meet the claims of the present invention.
       With this contention, the applicant must respectfully disagree.

       Claim 1 of the present invention requires that the linear actuators be rotatably
       connected to the effector base on opposite sides of where the effector base is
       rotatably connected to the frame extension. There is no such connection with [the
       ’594 reference] as the rotary connections of the linear actuators are made on the
       bottom of the comparable effector and one side thereof, rather than on opposite
       sides thereof. As a result, [the ’594 reference] driven members need not operate
       with the actuators in a push-pull mode to accomplish motions toward an actuator
       therein in contrast to the present invention requiring such push-pull operation for
       side-to-side movements of the base effector.

       The applicant has amended claims 1 and 4 to make clear that opposite sides was
       meant where the former recitation was “on either side” and to make clear the
       differential movement need.

Id. at NASA-1305-06. Figure 1 of the ’594 reference is depicted below and shows how individual
linear actuators - - labeled as number 26 - - move individually rather than in unison as base pairs,
to effect forward/backward and side-to-side motions of the robotic manipulator:

2
        Underlining in claim amendments depicts where new claim language is added. Deleted
claim language from prior claims is bracketed.
                                               7
DCX 05 Fig. 1.
        On June 2, 1997, the Patent Examiner issued a final rejection of Claims 1-3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13,
14, 20, and 21, and deemed Plaintiff’s argument unpersuasive, “since the left most and right most
actuator [both labeled as number 26] for each digit in [the ’594 reference] Figure 1 are connected
on opposite sides as are the actuators in figure 14.” DCX 06 at NASA-1330.
       On February 24, 1998, following the Examiner’s rejection, Plaintiff amended Application
Claim 1, stating in pertinent part:
       a first pair of base linear actuators each having an end thereof rotatably connected
       to said first frame extension, and each having that opposite end thereof rotatably
       connected to said first effector base [on opposite sides thereof where said first frame
       extension is rotatably connected thereto] so that differentials in movement of these
       actuators causes substantial motions of said first effector base towards a
       corresponding one of them and so that substantial common movements of these
       actuators causes substantial motions of said first said effector toward or away from
       both of them.

DCX 07 at NASA-1346-47.

                                                 8
        On April 22, 1998, the Examiner issued a final Office Action, rejecting Claims 1-3, 5, 7,
8, 11, 13, 14, 20, and 21 as anticipated by the ’594 Patent under 35 U.S.C. § 102, as well as
corresponding dependent claims, 4, 6, 9, 10, and 12. DCX 23 at NASA-1352.
        On June 18, 1998, Plaintiff responded to the Examiner’s final rejection by submitting a
“Letter After Final,” requesting the Examiner reconsider the final rejection of all claims. Id. at
NASA-1354. Plaintiff argued:
       Claim 1, however, does require that the connections of the base linear actuators
       recited therein to the first effector base and the first frame extension be such that
       substantial differentials in movements of the two actuators cause substantial
       motions of the effector base towards one of them, and that common movements of
       the two actuators results in substantial movements of the effector base toward or
       away from both of them. This effectively states that the first effector base cannot
       move in response to movement of just one of the actuators, but instead requires
       motion of both of the actuators if the base effector is to move at all. This statement
       represents that the actuators are connected to the first base effector so as to be
       dependent on one another, i.e. coupled to one another with respect to motion of the
       base effector. This arrangement in the present invention is in contrast to the devices
       shown in Figures 1 and 14 of the Rosheim reference where the leftmost and
       rightmost linear actuators can each, independently of the other, cause the digit
       member to which they are connected to move even if the other actuator is not acting
       to move that digit member. That is, the actuators in [the ’594 reference] figures
       cited by the Examiner are connected to a digit member so as to be decoupled from
       one another since either one can independently drive the digit about a
       corresponding axis without regard to the activity of the other.

       Thus, a differential motion between the leftmost and rightmost actuators connected
       to a digit in the Rosheim reference does not necessarily result in the digit member
       to which they are connected moving closer to one of those actuators. As an
       example, a contraction motion by a leftmost actuator, for instance, which by itself
       would tend to move the digit member to which it is connected toward the rear and
       toward that actuator, can be overridden so as to not have such a result. An
       accompanying, independent expansion motion of the rightmost actuator connected
       to that digit member can force that member away therefrom sufficiently to result
       instead in the digit member moving away from both of the actuators. Such a result
       cannot occur in the present invention because such differential motion between the
       actuators connected to an effector base necessarily results in that base moving
       closer to one of the actuators.
       Thus, the rightmost and leftmost actuators in the Rosheim reference can be operated
       and controlled independently of one another in causing motion of the digit member
       to which they are connected because of being decoupled. This is certainly an
       advantage in simplicity of operation and in simplicity of control of such operation.
       On the other hand, the actuators in the present invention must be jointly controlled
       to obtain any usable motion of the base effector which is a disadvantage in that
       added complexity is required in control of those actuators to operate the base

                                                 9
       effector. This disadvantage of being coupled is in many situations more than
       balanced by the advantage also obtained which is having the joint force of two
       actuators applied in connection with each motion of the base effector to impart
       thereto considerably more force than provided in the independent or decoupled
       actuator situation. Nothing in the Rosheim reference provides any suggestion of
       having the cumulative force of two actuators available to operate the digits therein.
Id. at NASA-1353-54 (emphasis added).
        On July 1, 1998, the Examiner responded to Plaintiff’s “Final Action Letter,” affirming his
earlier rejection of all claims because “claim 1 does not preclude movement of the effector base
by one actuator as argued.” DCX 08 at NASA-1355. The Examiner, however, decided to hold a
telephonic interview with Plaintiff’s counsel following this denial of reconsideration on July 16,
1998. DCX 09 at NASA-1356. The Interview Summary noted that:
       Final rejection was discussed. Examiner reiterated the position in the final.
       Applicant’s representative indicated a response would be filed.
Id.
        On September 21, 1998, Plaintiff amended Application Claim 1 with respect to the linear
actuators:
       a first pair of base linear actuators each having an end thereof rotatably connected
       to said first frame extension at corresponding extension connection locations
       thereon, and each having that opposite end thereof rotatably connected to said first
       effector base at corresponding effector connection locations thereon so that any
       substantial differentials in movement of these actuators [causes] cause
       corresponding substantial motions of said first effector base towards a
       corresponding one of [them] said extension connection locations and so that
       substantial common movements of these actuators causes substantial motions of
       said first said effector toward or away from both of [them] said extension
       connection locations.
DCX 10 at NASA-1361-62. But on November 6, 1998, the Examiner again rejected the proposed claims,
holding to his prior decision that Application Claims 1-3, 5, 7, 11, 20, and 21 were anticipated by the prior
art ’594 Patent, or otherwise rendered obvious by the ’594 Patent in view of U.S. Patent No. 3,722,706
(“Blonsky”) and another reference called “Walters.” 3 DCX 11 at NASA-1366-67. The Examiner,
however, noted that Application Claims 4, 6, 9, 10, and 12 would be allowable if rewritten in independent
form including all limitations of the claims on which they depend. Id. at NASA-1367.
       Taking into account the Examiner’s guidance, Plaintiff filed another amendment on May
6, 1999, incorporating Application Claim 4 into Claim 1. DCX 12 at NASA-1381-82. Amended
Claim 1 read:

3
       “Walters” is not in the Court’s record.
                                                 10
       1. (Twice Amended) An articulated manipulating system for mounting on a base in
       a robotic manipulator and capable of engaging selected objects, said system
       comprising:
       a support frame having a base support for mounting on said base with said base
       support having a first frame extension so as to extend therefrom in a first direction
       and a second frame extension rotatably connected to said base support and
       extending therefrom in a second direction at an angle to said first direction;
       a first effector base rotatably connected to said first frame extension so as to be
       rotatable with respect thereto in plural different directions; [and]
       a second effector base rotatably connected to said second frame extension so as to
       be rotatable with respect thereto in plural different directions;
       a first pair of base linear actuators each having an end thereof rotatably connected
       to said first frame extension at corresponding extension connection locations
       thereon, and each having that opposite end thereof rotatably connected to said first
       effector base at corresponding effector connection locations thereon so that any
       substantial differentials in movement of these actuators cause corresponding
       substantial motions of said first effector base towards a corresponding one of said
       extension connection locations and so that substantial common movements of these
       actuators causes substantial motions of said first said effector toward or away from
       both of said extension connection locations; and
       a second pair of base linear actuators each having an end thereof rotatably
       connected to said second frame extension at corresponding extension connection
       locations thereon, and each having that opposite end thereof rotatably connected to
       said second effector base at corresponding effector connections locations thereon.
DCX 12 at NASA-1381-82.
        Additionally, the Applicant amended what had been application Claim 6 to be Claim 5.
The new Claim 5 read the following with respect to common and differential movements of the
linear actuators:
       a first pair of base linear actuators each having an end thereof rotatably connected
       to said first frame extension at corresponding extension connection locations
       thereon, and each having that opposite end thereof rotatably connected to said first
       effector base at corresponding effector connection locations thereon so that any
       substantial differentials in movement of these actuators cause corresponding
       substantial motions of said first effector base towards a corresponding one of said
       extension connection locations and so that substantial common movements of these
       actuators causes substantial motions of said first said effector toward or away from
       both of said extension connection locations.
Id. at NASA-1383. With these changes, the Examiner allowed Claims 1, 2, 3, 5-14, 20 and 21,
and the ’580 Patent issued on October 19, 1999. In sum, the Examiner allowed the claims with

                                                11
the understanding that both linear actuators in a base pair move to effect forward/backward and
side-to-side movement of the effector.
Prosecution History of the ’962 Patent

        The ’962 Patent issued on December 9, 2003, from U.S. Patent Application No. 10/284,926
(“the ’926 Application), filed on October 31, 2002, from provisional application no. 60/336,477,
filed October 31, 2001. The ’962 Patent lists Mark E. Rosheim as the inventor and is assigned to
Ross-Hime Designs, Incorporated.
        Unlike the ’580 Patent, the ’962 Patent was not subject to any Examiner rejections. DCX
14 at NASA-1834. Rather, the claims were allowed within nine months of the filing date with the
Examiner4 stating that “[n]one of the prior art of record shows or renders obvious the systems of
the claims 1, 11, 14, and 20, specifically.” Id.5 The Examiner explained why, in his view, Claims
11 and 14 of the ’962 Patent overcame the considered prior art references, stating:
       Claim 11 requires a subbase rotatably mounted on the base to gave a single subbase
       rotation axis, a first linear actuator coupled at one end thereof to the base and
       coupled at an opposite end thereof to the subbase to be capable of rotating the
       subbase about the subbase rotation axis; a first effector base rotatably connected to
       the subbase; and a second linear actuator.
       Claim 14 requires a movable pedestal rotatably connected to the base and having
       the joining structure of a corresponding one of the plurality of shackles rotatably
       coupled thereto; and a pedestal linear actuator coupled at one end thereof to the
       base and coupled at an opposite end thereof to the movable pedestal to be capable
       of rotating the movable pedestal with respect to the base.
Id. Accordingly, the ’962 Patent was allowed and issued on December 9, 2003.

                                             Discussion
Jurisdiction

       The Court has subject-matter jurisdiction over this action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1498(a),
which provides in relevant part:
       Whenever an invention described in and covered by a patent of the United States is
       used or manufactured by or for the United States without license of the owner

4
       The Examiner of the ’962 Patent was a different person than the Examiner of the ’580
Patent. Notably, the ’962 Examiner only considered prior patents listing Mr. Rosheim as the
inventor and did not appear to consult any other prior art references.
5
        Although the Examiner did not elaborate on what constituted the “prior art of record,” and
the Court does not have all prior art of the ’962 Patent’s prosecution history in the record, the face
of the ’962 Patent indicates that the Examiner considered the following United States Patents, all
listing Mr. Rosheim as the inventor: U.S. Patent Nos. 4,821,594, 5,692,412, 5,845,540, 5,967,580,
5,979,264, 6,105,455, and 6,418,811.
                                                  12
        thereof or lawful right to use or manufacture the same, the owner’s remedy shall be
        by action against the United States in the United States Court of Federal Claims for
        the recovery of his reasonable and entire compensation for such use and
        manufacture.
28 U.S.C. § 1498(a) (2012). Because NASA has made and used robotic manipulators such as the
Robonaut 1 and Robonaut 2, which Plaintiff accuses infringe its ’580 and ’962 Patents, this Court
has jurisdiction.

Stipulated Claim Terms

       Following the claim construction hearing, the parties narrowed the disputed claim
language. ECF No. 160. The parties agreed to the following construction of the terms below:

 ’580 Patent Claims       Term                                 Agreed Construction

                          a pair of housing sectorial frames   no construction necessary
 5
                          effector connection locations        locations on the first effector base
                          thereon
 1, 5                                                          or

                                                               locations on the second effector
                                                               base
                          either side                          plain and ordinary meaning
 15
                          Extension connection locations       locations on the first frame
                          thereon                              extension

 1, 5                                                          or

                                                               locations on the second frame
                                                               extension
 14                       on a further common side             on a common side

                          rotatable                            rotatably
 1, 5
                          rotatably connected
 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 14,
 15                       and                                  plain and ordinary meaning

                          rotatable connected
                          rotatably mounted                    plain and ordinary meaning
 5
                          rotatably connected to said . . .
 1, 5                                                          plain and ordinary meaning
                          frame extension so as to be

                                                  13
                       rotatable with respect thereto in
                       plural differential directions

                       and

                       rotatable connected to said . . .
                       frame extension so as to be
                       rotatable with respect thereto in
                       plural different directions
                       rotatably connected to said
                       subextension so as to be rotatable
 4                                                            plain and ordinary meaning
                       with respect thereto in orthogonal
                       directions

 ’962 Patent Claims    Term                                   Agreed Construction

 14                    joining structure                      the structural portion joining the
                                                              spaced apart shackle arms

 11                    rotation axis                          plain and ordinary meaning

 14                    said base                              said base in a robotic manipulator

Id.

Claim Terms at Issue

      The parties identified four claims terms to be construed:

        Patent Claims                              Term to be Construed

        ’580 Patent : 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 14, 15    linear actuator
        ’962 Patent: 11, 14, 16

        ’580 Patent: 1, 5                          differentials in movement
        ’962 Patent: 16

        ’580 Patent: 1, 5                          common movements
        ’962 Patent: 16

        ’962 Patent: 14                            shackle

                                                  14
ECF No. 160.

Legal Standards for Claim Construction

        The “bedrock principle” of patent law is that “‘the claims of a patent define the invention
to which the patentee is entitled the right to exclude.’” Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303,
1312 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc) (quoting Innova/Pure Water, Inc. v. Safari Water Filtration Sys.
Inc., 381 F.3d 1111, 1115 (Fed. Cir. 2004)). The meaning of claim language is often apparent on
its face, but can be complicated by the human failings of the written word and the inclusion of
highly technical terminology. Id. The Supreme Court recently clarified that claim construction
involves a mixed question of law and fact, with a Court interpreting, as a matter of law, the intrinsic
record of the patent - - the claims, specification and patent prosecution history, and interpreting as
a matter of fact, the extrinsic record - - including expert testimony, analogous case law, and
dictionaries. Teva Pharm. USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc., 135 S.Ct. 831, 840-41 (2015) (abrogating
Lighting Ballast Control LLC v. Philips Elecs. North Am. Corp., 744 F.3d 1272 (Fed. Cir. 2014)
(en banc)).
        Claim terms should be given their ordinary and customary meaning as used in the field of
invention. Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1312-13; Vitronics Corp. v. Conceptronic, Inc., 90 F.3d. 1576,
1582 (Fed. Cir. 1996). The ordinary and customary meaning is the meaning a claim term would
have to a skilled artisan at the time of invention - - the effective filing date of the patent application.
Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1313 (citing Innova, 381 F.3d at 1116). A person of ordinary skill in the art
is “deemed to read the claim term not only in the context of the particular claim in which the
disputed term appears, but in the context of the entire patent, including the specification.” Id. “In
some cases, the ordinary meaning of claim language . . . may be readily apparent even to lay judges,
and claim construction in such cases involves little more than the application of widely accepted
meaning of commonly understood words.” Id. at 1314. A claim can depart from its ordinary
meaning only if the inventor has explicitly assigned it a separate meaning. Id. at 1316.
        To construe claims, a court objectively looks at public sources, such as the patent itself, its
prosecution history, or technical dictionaries available at the time, that show what a skilled artisan
would have understood the disputed claim language to mean. Innova, 318 F.3d at 1116. In
Phillips, the Federal Circuit clarified that courts should first review the “intrinsic” record of the
patent. 415 F.3d at 1314-17. Intrinsic evidence consists of the patent claims, specification, and
the patent’s prosecution history. Id. at 1314; IMS Tech., Inc. v. Haas Automation Inc., 206 F.3d
1422, 1433 (Fed. Cir. 2000). As the claims define the invention, the claim language is the most
important source for a Court to consider in construing the claim terms. Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1312.
        The second most critical source of intrinsic evidence is the patent specification, which
“contain[s] a written description of the invention and of the manner and process of making and
using it . . . .” 35 U.S.C. § 112 ¶ 1 (2006). The “specification ‘is always highly relevant to the
claim construction analysis. Usually it is dispositive; it is the single best guide to the meaning of
a disputed term.’” Phillips, 413 F.3d at 1315 (quoting Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1582)). The third source
of intrinsic evidence is the prosecution history, which consists of “the complete record of the
proceedings before the PTO and includes the prior art cited during examination of the patent.” Id.

                                                    15
at 1317. The prosecution history is less useful in claim construction, however, because it can itself
be ambiguous as it represents ongoing negotiations between the patent applicant and the PTO. Id.;
see Inverness Med. Switz. GmbH v. Warner Lambert Co., 309 F.3d 1373, 1380-82 (Fed. Cir.
2002).
        After consideration of the intrinsic evidence, if a court still finds the claim term to be
ambiguous, it can look to extrinsic evidence which “consists of all evidence external to the patent
and prosecution history, including expert and inventor testimony, dictionaries, and learned
treatises.” Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 52 F.3d 967, 980 (Fed. Cir. 1995). However,
such external evidence is “less significant than the intrinsic record in determining the ‘legally
operative meaning of claim language.’” C.R. Bard, Inc. v. U.S. Surgical Corp., 388 F.3d 858, 862
(Fed. Cir. 2004) (quoting Vanderlande Indus. Nederland BV v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 366 F.3d
1311, 1318 (Fed. Cir. 2004)).

Person of Ordinary Skill in the Art

       The parties largely agree on the definition of a person of ordinary skill in the art
(“POSITA”) for the purposes of assessing the patents-in-suit. Plaintiff asserts that a POSITA
would be a person with a Bachelor of Science Degree (or equivalent) in either mechanical
engineering or electrical engineering with an additional “one or two years of experience in
electromechanical manipulator device engineering.” Pl.’s Post-Hr’g Br. 8. Plaintiff’s expert, Mr.
Theodore F. Neils,6 testified that “I think one of ordinary skill in the art derived from mechanical
engineering courses and working with mechanical devices over the years gives you ordinary skill
in many mechanical arts, including these.” Tr. 375.7 Defendant, relying on the testimony of its
6
        Mr. Neils is a retired patent attorney and former practicing engineer. He holds a Bachelor
of Science degree in electrical engineering from the University of Minnesota. Tr. 363; ECF No.
110 Ex. 1. Following graduation in 1963, Mr. Neils worked as an engineer at Honeywell, Inc. for
eight years where he worked in “gunfire controls,” which “involved sensing and control directions,
[and] control of mechanical device directions.” Tr. 363-64. Mr. Neils also worked on electrical
and hydraulic motors used in military tanks that included actuators. He switched careers in 1969,
and enrolled in the University of Minnesota Law School, where he received his Juris Doctor in
1972. Id. at 366. He continued to work in Honeywell, Inc.’s legal department until 1986, when
he joined a patent law firm, Kinney & Lange, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Id. at 368. The Court
accepted Mr. Neils as an expert in “robotic and mechanical manipulators and technology for the
time frame 1998 and 2002.” Id. at 391.

        Mr. Neils both filed and prosecuted the patents-in-suit and is being paid on a contingent
basis in this matter. Tr. 370, 379. These facts led Defendant to file a motion in limine to exclude
Mr. Neils as an expert outright. The Court denied Defendant’s motion.
7
        Plaintiff relies on Mr. Neils’ first, second, and third expert reports. Pl.’s Post Hr’g Br. 8.
During supplemental briefing, the parties contested whether the Court could consider Mr. Neils’
expert reports because the reports had not been admitted as evidence during the claim construction
hearing and are otherwise inadmissible hearsay under Federal Rule of Evidence (“FRE”) 801.
        Here, the circumstances are unusual in that Mr. Neils’ third amended expert report was
filed the night before the claim construction hearing, and Defendant did not have the opportunity
                                                16
expert, Dr. Kenneth Salisbury,8 defined a POSITA as “someone who has a bachelor’s degree in
mechanical engineering, plus two years of experience following that, and in mechanical
engineering, that specifically should include some work with mechanisms.” Def.’s Post-Hr’g Br.
6; Tr. 462.
       The Court adopts the parties’ substantively similar definitions of a POSITA to be someone
with a Bachelor’s degree, or equivalent, in mechanical engineering with a minimum of two years
of experience following graduation, including work with mechanisms. Tr. 375, 462.
       The parties also agree on the effective filing date of the patents for the purposes of claim
construction - - November, 25, 1997, for the ’580 Patent and 2002 for the ’962 Patent. Def.’s Post-
Hr’g Br. 6; Pl.’s Post-Hr’g Br. 8, 23.
Claim Construction

        Plaintiff asserts that NASA infringes independent Claims 1 and 5 of the ’580 Patent, and
dependent Claims 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 14, and 15, all of which depend on Claim 1. Independent Claim
1 is substantially similar to Independent Claim 5 for claim construction purposes. Plaintiff further
alleges that NASA infringes independent Claims 11 and 14 of the ’962 Patent, as well as Claim
16 that depends on Claim 14. As the parties propose the same construction for the same three
disputed terms found in both the ’580 and ’962 Patents - - “linear actuator,” “differentials in
movement,” and “common movements” - - and both patents list Mr. Rosheim as the inventor, the
Court applies the same construction to each common term for both patents. Cf. Laryngeal Mask
Co. Ltd. v. Ambu, 618 F.3d 1367, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (recognizing that the same term appearing

to review Mr. Neils’ third amended expert report before the hearing. Tr. 584. The Court therefore
allowed Plaintiff to use Mr. Neils’ second amended expert report as a roadmap during the Claim
Construction hearing to facilitate Mr. Neils’ testimony. Tr. 655. The Court will thus only consider
the content from Mr. Neils’ second amended expert report referenced during the hearing. To the
extent that Plaintiff cites information from Mr. Neils’ second or third amended expert report that
was not referenced at this hearing, that information is inadmissible hearsay under FRE 801. Bianco
v. Globus Med. Inc., 30 F. Supp. 3d 565, 570 (E.D. Tex. 2014) (citing Engebresten v. Fairchild
Aircraft Corp., 21 F.3d 721, 729 (6th Cir. 1994); Mahnke v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 821
F.Supp. 2d 125, 154 (D.D.C. 2011); Skyline Potato Co. v. Hi-Land Potato Co., 2013 WL 311846,
at *15 (D.N.M. Jan. 18, 2013)).
8
        Dr. Salisbury is a Professor at Stanford University’s Department of Computer Science &
Surgery in the Schools of Engineering and Medicine. Tr. 169-70; DCX 18. He holds a Bachelor
of Science degree in electrical engineering and a Master of Science degree and Ph.D. in mechanical
engineering from Stanford University. Tr. at 166. Dr. Salisbury has worked as a research and
development engineer, and a technical advisor for approximately 40 years at companies including
Hewlett-Packard, APD, SRI International, and at the NASA/Ames Research Center and the
Robotic Ventures Fund. DCX 18. He also was the President and founder of his own company,
Salisbury Robotics, Inc., where he designed and sold robotic hands. Tr. 168. Dr. Salisbury has an
extensive consulting record, is a named inventor in 35 United States Patents and Patent
Applications, and has co-authored five books on robotics and 34 papers on various electrical and
mechanical engineering topics. DCX 18. The Court accepted Dr. Salisbury as an expert in the
construction of robotic manipulators and hands. Tr. 174.
                                                 17
in two prior art patents listing the same inventor should be construed the same way). The fourth
disputed term, “shackle,” only appears in the ’962 patent.

       “Linear Actuator”
       The parties propose the following constructions of “linear actuator” for both the ’580 and
’962 Patents:

          Term                    Plaintiff’s Proposed         Defendant’s Proposed
                                  Construction                 Construction
          “linear actuator”       a device with an output      a device, with ends defined
                                  structure selectively        by a base piece and an
                                  forced into motion by a      extending piece, that
                                  motor and connectable to     converts some kind of
                                  allow forcing, and           power into bi-directional
                                  following the motion of      linear motion relative to the
                                  that to which it is          base piece and the
                                  connected.                   extending piece, the device
                                                               being able to connect
                                                               rotatably at its ends to other
                                                               components of a larger
                                                               structure.

        Plaintiff argues that the term “linear actuator” should be broadly construed to include the
arcing movements of the extending piece of the actuator, the so-called “output structure,” based
upon movements of structures rotatably connected to the acutator. Pl.’s Post-Hr’g Br. 9
(“Plaintiff’s construction of linear actuator covers the possible movements of the output structure
of the linear actuator with respect to the hand thereof and the corresponding movements of the
members of the rotational joint to which it is rotatably connected.”) (second emphasis added).
Plaintiff also argues that the ’580 Patent “teaches different kinds of linear actuators, including
garden variety linear actuators and garden variety linear actuators converted to special linear
actuators.” Pl.’s Post-Hr’g Br. 13.
        Defendant argues that “linear actuator” should be construed solely to refer to the movement
of the extending piece of the actuator relative to the actuator’s base piece, and not expansively to
include the resulting movement of structures rotatably connected to the linear actuator’s ends.
Def.’s Post-Hr’g Br. 7-8.
       As such, the issues before the Court are whether the ’580 and ’962 Patents limit the
meaning of “linear actuator” to linear back-and-forth motion of the actuator alone, or broadly
include circular motions of structures rotatably connected to the linear actuators. Also at issue is
whether the term “linear actuator” is meant to encompass what Plaintiff calls “converted end linear
actuators.” Pl.’s Post-Hr’g Br. 16-17.

                                                18
               Ordinary and Customary Meaning
        The parties do not dispute the term “actuator” itself, both recognizing an actuator is a device
that converts power into motion. Pl.’s Post-Hr’g Br. 9 (proposing an actuator to be “a device with
an output structure selectively forced into motion by a motor”); Def.’s Post-Hr’g Br. 7 (proposing
that an actuator be a device that converts some kind of power into motion).
        The parties also appear to agree that linear means in a straight line. Plaintiff states that
“[r]elative to its base, the linear actuator manipuable member will move in a straight line” and “the
controlled movable output structure end of a linear actuator assembled in the hand moves in a
straight line only relative to the base structure of the linear actuator.” Pl.’s Post-Hr’g Br. 12, 26
(emphasis added). Defendant agrees that the linear actuator “converts some kind of power into bi-
directional linear motion relative to the base piece and the extending piece,” and that “the linear
actuator, in fact, only produces linear motion.” Def.’s Post-Hr’g Br. 7, 11 (emphasis added).
        The Court too recognizes that according to its ordinary and customary meaning, “linear” is
an adjective meaning “in a straight line” - - not a curved line. See Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1314
(noting that “[i]n some cases, the ordinary meaning of claim language as understood by a person
of skill in the art may be readily apparent even to lay judges” and that claim construction may
involve “little more than the application of the widely accepted meaning of commonly understood
words.”
        However, Plaintiff strays from the widely accepted meaning of “linear” asking the Court
to add a gloss contradictory to the straight-line notion that “linear” implies. Plaintiff posits that
linear actuator here should be construed to encompass a partially circular or arc-like movement,
arguing that when the manipulator member is extended, the structures attached to the linear
actuator’s rotatable connections cause the actuator ends’ “path in space” to move in an arc. Pl.’s
Post-Hr’g Br. 12. Hence Plaintiff asks the Court to characterize the linear actuator to encompass
the structures rotatably connected to the linear actuator. Id. In so arguing, Plaintiff attempts to
include in the definition of linear actuator the movement of a wholly different structure - - the
member of the rotational joint to which the linear actuator is rotatably connected.9 This broadening
of the term is unwarranted by the term’s language in the context of the claim. Plaintiff further
urges the Court to construe this term to encompass linear actuators that have additional features
attached to its ends - - such as flexible tape - - that Plaintiff calls “converted end linear actuators”
or “special linear actuators.” Pl.’s Post-Hr’g Br. 11-12.
      Defendant agrees that the linear actuator’s ends are capable of moving in arcs in three-
dimensional space but disputes that the construction of “linear actuator” should encompass the
movement of other structures rotatably connected to the actuator. Def.’s Post-Hr’g Br. 8

9
          Plaintiff’s original proposed construction for “linear actuator” was an “output structure
selectively forced into motion by a motor to follow a curved or straight line path.” Following the
Markman hearing, Plaintiff removed the term “curved” from its proposed construction and instead
expressly recognized that the linear actuator itself only moves in a “straight line.” Pl.’s Post-Hr’g
Br. 12 (“Relative to its base, the linear actuator manipuable member will move in a straight line .
. . .”). Now, Plaintiff has walked back its construction adding within the meaning of linear actuator
itself, that the structures rotatably connected to the linear actuator’s ends are capable of arcing
movements.
                                                  19
(“[D]efendant’s revised claim construction describes the function of the linear actuator as a bi-
directional linear motion generator, and also describes the possibility for structure that Plaintiff
argued during claim construction was necessary to allow for the linear actuator being rotatably
connected at both ends to other structures.”).
        Because the extending piece of the linear actuator only moves back and forth in a straight
line relative to the base piece, but the rotational connections allow the actuator to twist and turn,
causing circular movements in space, the Court is inclined to adopt Defendant’s plain-meaning
construction. When the plain meaning of a claim is immediately apparent, the Court should refrain
from “elaborate interpretation.” See Brown v. 3M, 265 F.3d 1349, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2001). Thus,
in the Court’s view, the plain meaning construction of “linear actuator” would be:
       a device, with ends defined by a base piece and an extending piece, that converts
       some kind of power into linear motion such that the extending piece moves in a
       straight line relative to the base piece.
        However, given Plaintiff’s arguments here, it is appropriate for the Court to look to the
patent and prosecution history to determine whether Plaintiff can show any convincing reason for
the Court to depart from the ordinary and customary meaning of linear actuator. See DSW, Inc.
v. Shoe Pavilion, Inc., 537 F.3d 1342, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (“[A]bsent contravening evidence
from the specification or prosecution history, plain and unambiguous claim language controls the
construction analysis.”).
               The Claim Language Does Not Expand the Construction of Linear Actuator
               Beyond its Ordinary and Customary Meaning
       Claim 1 of the ’580 Patent states the following with respect to the structure of linear
actuators:
       first pair of base linear actuators each having an end thereof rotatably connected to
       said first frame extension at corresponding extension locations thereon . . . ;
       a second pair of base linear actuators each having an end thereof rotatable
       connected to said second frame extension at corresponding extension locations
       thereon . . . .
’580 Patent 27:57 - 28:7. The ’580 Patent only includes language to suggest that structures
“rotatably connected” to the ends of the linear actuator are capable of rotating around the end of
the linear actuator. Thus there is no need for the Court to add additional structural features to the
claimed linear actuators themselves. The claims do not include any language to suggest that the
linear actuators extend or retract in any direction except in a straight line. Indeed, were the Court
to add language in its construction to include circular movement of the structures rotatably attached
to the actuator, the “rotatably connected” language of Claim 1 of the ’580 Patent and Claim and
the “capable of rotating” language of Claim 14 of the ’962 Patent would be redundant.
       The ’962 Patent Claim 11 similarly expresses the structure of the linear actuator as:
       a subbase rotatably mounted on said base to have a single subbase rotation axis
       therethrough;

                                                 20
       a first linear actuator coupled at one end thereof to said base and coupled at an
       opposite end thereof to said subbase to be capable of rotating subbase about said
       subbase rotation axis.
’962 Patent 27:12-17, 20-24 (same for second linear actuator). According to Claim 11, the subbase
in the ’962 Patent rotates around the “subbase rotation axis,” with the subbase coupled to one end
of the linear actuator - - with the linear actuator being a distinct stand-alone structure. As such,
the Court declines to import external structures, such as the “rotatably mounted” subbase, into its
construction of linear actuator.
        Further, the claims do not support finding that the term “linear actuator” should encompass
separate structures attached to the linear actuator ends, what Plaintiff calls “converted end linear
actuators” or “specialized linear actuators.” By “converted end linear actuator,” Plaintiff means a
linear actuator that has an additional structure attached, such as the flexible tape 82 in Figure 10
of the ’580 Patent. Pl.’s Post-Hr’g Br. 12. Figure 10 is depicted below:

        Plaintiff’s position is undercut by Figure 10 itself. The linear actuator in Figure 10 is
depicted as structure 80, and the flexible tape is considered a separate structure 82. Accordingly,
what Plaintiff calls a “converted end linear actuator” is comprised of two separate structures - - the
actuator and the tape, not one integrated structure. See ’580 Patent 10:32-36 (“Thus, movement
of linear actuator 80 in FIG. 10, thereby forcing upward the end of the tape 82 connected to it, will
lead to clockwise motion of joint extension 88, and downward motion of linear actuator 80 will
lead to counterclockwise motion of joint extension 88.”). The linear actuator of Figure 10 is only

                                                 21
capable of linear motion - - straight upward and downward, while the flexible tape is a separate
structure capable of curved motion.10
        Although Plaintiff attempts to shoehorn these additional structures into the category of
linear actuators by labeling them “specialized linear actuators,” these structures are distinct. When
additional structures are to be affixed to the ends of the linear actuators, the claims explicitly say
so. For example, Claim 14 of the ’962 Patent incorporates the modifier “pedestal” to “linear
actuator” such that the term reads a “pedestal linear actuator.” Claim 14 reads in relevant part:
       a pedestal linear actuator coupled at one end thereof to said base and coupled at an
       opposite end thereof to said moveable pedestal to be capable of rotating said
       movable pedestal with respect to said base.
’962 Patent 28:7-10 (emphasis added). Because the Claim adds the modifier “pedestal” to “linear
actuator,” a POSITA would understand that the ’962 Patent would expressly delineate in the claims
between a “linear actuator” and a modified linear actuator. See Pl.’s Post-Hr’g Br. 13. A POSITA
would understand that if the patentee meant anything but a typical linear actuator it would have
added a modifier - - such as “pedestal,” and he did not do so here. Accordingly, the Court will not
construe linear actuator in an overly broad manner to include connected structures.

               Specification
        Like the claim language, the ’580 and ’962 specifications demonstrate that a linear actuator
is only capable of moving in a linear motion - - i.e., in a straight line - - but has ends capable of
rotatably connecting to additional structures. For example, in the “yoke” end of the extending
piece 264 of the actuator, number 265 in Figure 15 below, the holes enable the actuator to be
rotatably connected to a structure, so the connected structure is capable of rotating around that end:

’580 Patent Fig. 15.
       Figure 15 of the ’580 Patent is illustrative of all linear actuators used in the ’580 Patent.
’580 Patent 18:32-34. It depicts a rigid structure with a base piece 261 and an extending piece
264, with the extending piece 264 only capable of moving back-and-forth linearly along interior

10
       Plaintiff additionally fails to clarify what a “specialized linear actuator” means as compared
to an unmodified “linear actuator,” stating “garden variety linear actuators” are converted to
“special linear actuators.” Pl’s Post-Hr’g Br. 13.
                                                   22
screw thread arrangement 263. Id. at 18:34-40. As such, the extending piece only moves in a
straight line relative to the base piece.
       Similarly, Figure 12 depicts the back of the robotic “hand” in which three linear actuators
can be seen connecting to each of two “fingers” of the ’580 Patent. Figure 12 illustrates the
construction of a “linear actuator” (number 227) on the back of the farthest right “finger” of the
following drawing:

’580 Patent Fig. 12.
         Two of the three linear actuators - - 182 and 183 - - connect to the lower portions of the
“finger” farthest from the thumb and replicate the movement of the lower segment of the “finger”
- - the “effector base.” The third linear actuator, 227, sits above the two linear actuators, 182 and

                                                 23
183, and controls the upper portion of the “finger” described in the ’580 Patent as the “first gripping
extension.” The specification describes linear actuator 227, controlling the “first gripping
extension” in Figure 12, as:
       A linear actuator, 227, has a base end thereof rotatably connected by a pivot pin,
       228, between the extensions of yoke 196. The moveable end of actuator 227 is
       rotatably connected between a pair of extensions forming a yoke, 229, in first
       gripping extension 225 by a pair of pivot pins 229'. Extensions and retractions of
       linear actuator 227 forces gripping extension 225 to rotate forward and backward
       about pins 229' with respect to effector base 194.
’580 Patent 17:7-14 (emphasis added). In other words, the moveable end of the linear actuator
extends and retracts in a straight line relative to the base piece.
       Figure 14 depicts the linear actuator representative of the ’962 Patent, which also has a
yoke at the end of the extending piece 132:

The ’962 Patent specification describes the linear actuator in Figure 14:
       FIG 14 shows a perspective view of a linear actuator, 130, of the kind used in both
       joint and manipulator structure 50 and joint and manipulator structure 50' in FIGS.
       5, 10A, 11, 12 and 13 [the robotic hand-like figures]. Actuator 130 has a base, 131,
       more or less radially symmetric about a long axis of actuator 130 in the form
       approximately of a truncated cylindrical shell, and an outer body, 132, partially

                                                  24
       thereabout also in the form approximately of a truncated cylindrical shell more or
       less radially symmetric about the actuator long axis but of a larger interior diameter
       than the outer diameter of the base 131. (Alternatively, outer body can additionally
       have an output shaft centered about the actuator long axis thereon, and affixed to,
       the end thereof rather than the openings across from one another at the end thereof
       as shown.) Base 131 has an unseen electric motor provided in its shell, and outer
       body 132 is driven by this motor to linearly extend or retract under the direction of
       the unseen control system, connected to the motor by unseen wiring, which
       determines when current is to be supplied to this motor to cause rotation in one
       direction or the other of its rotor.
       Base 131 has a force sensor, 133, formed of a multiple slitted side truncated
       cyclindrical resulting in partially separated rings that effectively become a spring
       that can be expanded or compressed by axial forces on actuator 130 that can be
       measured by measuring the resulting distances of expansion or compression.
’962 Patent 18:3-28 (emphasis added).
        Like the ’580 Patent, the ’962 Patent specification describes the linear actuator as having a
base piece containing an internal motor that drives the movable extending piece to linearly extend
and retract relative to the base piece. A POSITA would thus understand the linear actuators in the
patents-in-suit to have the extending piece moving in a straight line relative to the base piece.
               The Prosecution History Does Not Alter the Ordinary and Customary
               Meaning of Linear Actuator
        The prosecution history similarly supports applying the ordinary and customary meaning
of “linear” meaning in a straight line. As discussed above, in distinguishing the linear actuators
used in the ’580 Patent from the prior art - - the ’594 reference that contained a hand with rotatable
actuators - - the Applicant stated:
       Claim 1 of the present invention requires that the linear actuators be rotatably
       connected to the effector base on opposite sides of where the effector base is
       rotatably connected to the frame extension. There is no such connection with [the
       ’594 reference] as the rotary connections of the linear actuators are made on the
       bottom of the comparable effector and one side thereof, rather than on opposite
       sides thereof. As a result, [the ’594 reference] driven members need not operate
       with the actuators in a push-pull mode to accomplish motions toward an actuator
       therein in contrast to the present invention requiring such push-pull operation for
       side-to-side movements of the base effector.
DCX 20 at NASA-1305-06. The Applicant similarly described the linear actuators as only
functional in the ’580 Patent when they operate in a push-pull mode. This would indicate to a
POSITA that the linear actuator would move back and forth - - pushing and pulling - - in a straight
line to effect movement of the “base effector.” A POSITA would therefore understand that a linear
actuator should be defined based on the straight-line movement of the extending piece relative to
the base piece.

                                                 25
               The Court’s Construction of “Linear Actuator”
        Because Defendant’s construction comports with the ordinary and customary meaning of
the term “linear actuator,” and Plaintiff has not shown why the Court should depart from that plain
meaning, the Court largely adopts Defendant’s construction. The Court thus construes the term
“linear actuator,” as it would be understood by a POSITA, to mean “a device, with ends defined
by a base piece and an extending piece, that converts some kind of power into linear motion such
that the extending piece moves in a straight line relative to the base piece.”
        In so construing “linear actuator,” the Court recognizes that these linear actuators are able
to move in arcs in three-dimensional space. The capability of the linear actuator to turn in arcing
movements in space, however, is expressed in the claims by the rotatable connections on either
end of the linear actuator not the linear actuator itself. To define linear actuator to itself possess
the feature of rotational movement would be redundant. In addition, the Court does not construe
“linear actuator” to include an amorphous notion of “specialized” or “converted end” linear
actuators because these “specialized” features are also separate structures, such as the flexible tape
in Figure 10 of the ’580 Patent attached to the linear actuator ends. Moreover, the claims already
express when modifications are required, such as the “pedestal linear actuator” in Claim 14 of the
’962 Patent, so it would be inappropriate to add Plaintiff’s suggested modifier, “converted end,”
to expand the meaning of linear actuator.

       “Differentials in Movement”
       The parties propose the following constructions for “differentials in movement”:

       Term                        Plaintiff’s Proposed         Defendant’s Proposed
                                   Construction                 Construction
       “differentials in           differences in movement      synchronized movement of
       movement”                                                two linear actuators in
                                                                opposite directions

        The parties agree that the “differentials in movement” of the linear actuators cause the
individual “fingers” of the robotic hand-like manipulator to wag in a side-to-side fashion at the
“knuckle” joint located at the bottom of the finger-like “effector base.” Pl.’s Post-Hr’g Br. 18;
Def.’s Post-Hr’g Br. 21. The parties dispute whether “differentials in movement” would be
understood by a POSITA to mean that only one of the linear actuators in the base pair extends and
retracts individually for the “finger” to move in a side-to-side manner. Plaintiff’s position is that
only one actuator needs to extend and retract to cause side-to-side movement. Defendant counters
that both base pair linear actuators must move to effect side-to-side movement based on the
Applicant’s statements to that effect during prosecution history.
        The doctrine of prosecution disclaimer governs the construction here. The Applicant made
a clear and unmistakable disclaimer during prosecution history that both base linear actuators
forming the base pair must move for the effector - - the finger of the hand - - to move at all. See
Purdue Pharma L.P. v. Endo Pharm., Inc., 438 F.3d 1123, 1136 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“Under the
doctrine of prosecution disclaimer, a patentee may limit the meaning of a claim term by making a
clear and unmistakable disavowal of scope during prosecution . . . for example, when the patentee
explicitly characterizes an aspect of his invention in a specific manner to overcome prior art.”).

                                                 26
               Prosecution History Disclaimer
       During prosecution, the Applicant articulated how the base pair of linear actuators effected
movement of the “effector bases” to overcome an Examiner rejection. The Applicant amended
Claim 1 of the ’580 Patent’s application on February 24, 1998, stating:
       a first pair of base linear actuators each having an end thereof rotatably connected
       to said first frame extension, and each having that opposite end thereof rotatably
       connected to said first effector base [on opposite sides thereof where said first frame
       extension is rotatably connected thereto] so that substantial differentials in
       movement of these actuators causes substantial motions of said first effector base
       towards a corresponding one of them and so that substantial common movements
       of these actuators causes substantial motions of said first said effector toward or
       away from both of them.
DCX 07 at NASA-1346-47.
       On April 22, 1998, the PTO issued a final Office Action, rejecting Claim 1. DCX 23 at
NASA-1352. On June 18, 1998, the Applicant responded to this rejection by submitting a “Letter
After Final,” requesting the Examiner reconsider its final rejection of all claims. Id. at NASA-
1354. The Applicant argued that the ’580 Patent’s application overcame the prior art, stating:
       Claim 1, however, does require that the connections of the base linear actuators
       recited therein to the first effector base and the first frame extension be such that
       substantial differentials in movements of the two actuators cause substantial
       motions of the effector base towards one of them, and that common movements of
       the two actuators results in substantial movements of the effector base toward or
       away from both of them. This effectively states that the first effector base cannot
       move in response to movement of just one of the actuators, but instead requires
       motion of both of the actuators if the base effector is to move at all. This statement
       represents that the actuators are connected to the first base effector so as to be
       dependent on one another, i.e., coupled to one another with respect to motion of the
       base effector. This arrangement in the present invention is in contrast to the devices
       shown in Figures 1 and 14 of the Rosheim reference [the ’594 Patent pictured
       above] where the leftmost and rightmost linear actuators can each, independently
       of the other, cause the digit member to which they are connected to move even if
       the other actuator is not acting to move that digit member. That is, the actuators in
       [the ’594 Patent] figures cited by the Examiner are connected to a digit member so
       as to be decoupled from one another since either one can independently drive the
       digit about a corresponding axis without regard to the activity of the other.
                                         *       *       *
       On the other hand, the actuators in the present invention must be jointly controlled
       to obtain any usable motion of the base effector which is a disadvantage in that
       added complexity is required in control of those actuators to operate the base
       effector. This disadvantage of being coupled is in many situations more than
       balanced by the advantage also obtained which is having the joint force of two

                                                 27
       actuators applied in connection with each motion of the base effector to impart
       thereto considerably more force than provided in the independent or decoupled
       actuator situation. Nothing in the Rosheim reference provides any suggestion of
       having the cumulative force of two actuators available to operate the digits therein.
Id. at NASA-1353-54 (emphasis added).
        The Applicant’s statement that “the first effector base cannot move in response to
movement of just one of the actuators, but instead requires motion of both of the actuators if the
base effector is to move at all” and that the actuators “must be jointly controlled to obtain any
useable motion of the base effector” is a clear and unmistakable disavowal of the scope of Claim
1, removing from the invention the notion that just one actuator can move the base effector side-
to-side. See Golden Bridge Tech., Inc. v. Apple Inc., 758 F.3d 1362, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (citing
Omega Eng’g, Inc. v. Raytek Corp., 334 F.3d 1314, 1325-26 (Fed. Cir. 2003)); see also Am.
Innotek, Inc. v. United States, No. 11-223C, 2016 WL 1454661, at *10 (Fed. Cl. Apr. 12, 2016).
The statement was made in an effort to overcome the ’594 Patent prior art, and unequivocally
limits Claim 1 such that “the movement of just one of the actuators” cannot move the effector
base on its own, “but instead requires the motion of both the actuators if the base effector is to
move at all.” DCX 23 at NASA-1353. As such, the Court finds that both linear actuators in the
base pair must move for the effector base to wag side-to-side.
        The Court further finds that the language the Applicant used in the disclaimer
unequivocally connotes synchronized movements of the base pair of linear actuators. The
Applicant’s statements that “the actuators are connected to the first base effector so as to be
dependent on one another, i.e., coupled to one another with respect to motion of the base effector”
and that the base pair of linear actuators “must be jointly controlled to obtain any usable motion
of the base effector” necessitate synchronicity of movement of the base pair to effect any
movement of the base effector. DCX 23 at 1353-54 (emphasis added). A POSITA would thus
understand that the base pair of linear actuators must extend and retract in a synchronized fashion
for the base effector to move.
        Plaintiff’s expert, Mr. Neils, attempted to relegate this disclaimer to the status of a mere
scrivener’s error, stating that the Letter After Final is “quirky” and “[l]ooks like it has a couple of
words dropped.” Tr. 674. Mr. Neils did not explain how he came to that conclusion. Indeed,
during the claim construction hearing, Mr. Neils reviewed the “Letter After Final” quoted above
and testified as follows on cross examination:
       MR. NEILS:              I’m sorry. Okay. Dr. Salisbury is right.11 There is a
                               quirky sentence in there. Looks like it has a couple of
                               words dropped.
       THE COURT:              It looks like it has a couple of words – I didn’t hear you.

11
        Dr. Salisbury testified that the sentence in the Letter After Final, stating that the first
effector base “cannot move in response to movement of just one of the actuators, but instead
requires motion of both actuators,” was “strange” because it limited the operation of the robotic
hand to “a subset of the potential of all operations . . . .” Tr. 632-34.
                                                  28
       MR. NEILS:              Dr. Salisbury pointed out that the sentence was kind of
                               quirky. I think a couple of words were dropped
                               somehow when this was composed and sent in to the patent
                               office.
       QUESTION:               So Mr. Neils, is that your expert opinion or your opinion
                               as the patent attorney who prosecuted this application?
       MR. NEILS:              Well, the sentence is quirky.
Id. Mr. Neils further testified it “appear[ed] [the statement] would have been in response” to the
office action summary that rejected the ’580 Patent claims over the prior art. Id. at 675.
        The Court recognizes that disavowal would not apply when a “person of reasonable
intelligence would not be misled into relying on the erroneous statement.” See Biotec Biologische
Naturverpackungen GmbH & Co. v. Biocorp, Inc., 249 F.3d 1341, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2001). Here,
however, the statement does not appear to be erroneous. Rather, the Applicant’s statement that
Claim 1 “requires motion of both of the actuators if the base effector is to move at all,” was clear
cut and repeated in the “Letter After Final.” See Springs Window Fashions LP v. Novo Indus.,
L.P., 323 F.3d 989, 994-96 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (recognizing statements in prosecution history to
constitute a disclaimer when such statements are “detailed, consistent, and repeated.”); cf. Tektel,
Inc. v. United States, 116 Fed. Cl. 612, 624 (2013) (holding where there is “a dearth of evidence”
suggesting that the Government made a scrivener’s error, the Court had no basis to conclude a
scrivener’s error occurred).
        Contrary to Plaintiff’s suggestion of a scrivener’s error here, the record indicates that
Plaintiff wholeheartedly embraced its position that both actuators had to move for the effector base
to move. First, the Applicant states that “the first effector base cannot move in response to
movement of just one of the actuators, but instead requires motion of both of the actuators if the
base effector is to move at all.” DCX 23 at NASA-1353. The Applicant repeats this understanding
later in the Letter After Final, stating “the actuators in the present invention must be jointly
controlled to obtain any usable motion of the base effector.” Id. at NASA-1354. In a clear attempt
to overcome the prior art - - the Rosheim ’594 Patent that only required one actuator to effect side-
to-side movement - - the Applicant explains that the requirement that both actuators move is a
disadvantage to the current invention, stating “[n]othing in the Rosheim reference [’594 Patent]
provides any suggestion of having the cumulative force of two actuators available to operate the
digits therein.” DCX 23 at NASA-1353-54. Based on these consistent and repeated statements,
the Court relies on the prosecution history disclaimer in construing “differentials in movement” to
mean both actuators in the base pair must move for the effector base to wag side-to-side.

               The Court Applies the Same Construction of “Differentials in Movement” for
               the ’962 Patent as the ’580 Patent
        Passages in the ’962 specification support applying the same understanding of
synchronized movement of the paired linear actuators to effect side-to-side movement of the
effector base:
       Extending or retracting the moveable ends of actuators 115'A and 116'A in unison
       forces effector base 111'A toward one side or the other of palm-like structure 91'
                                                 29
       with the combined forces supplied by each actuator, while differentials in motions
       between output shafts 117'A and 118'A of these actuators result in side-to-side
       motions of effector base 111'A plus shackle 106'A.
’962 Patent 16:39-45 (emphasis added). The discussion of the motion of the base pair of linear
actuators in the plural connotes that both actuators must extend and retract to effect differentials
in motion. So too, the ’962 specification’s detail that the extending and retracting of both actuators
would be done “in unison” reaffirms that the actuators would move in a synchronized fasion.
        Moreover, although the disclaimer appears in the prosecution history of the ’580 Patent
and not the prosecution history of the ’962 Patent, Defendant asserts that the disclaimer in the ’580
Patent Application should operate as extrinsic evidence to the ’962 Patent. Plaintiff does not
contest this assertion. Defendant argues that “statements made in the ’580 prosecution history are
indicative of how one skilled in the art would understand identical claim language that is contained
in the ’962 Patent claims.” Def.’s Post-Hr’g Br. 30. Defendant reasons that the ’580 Patent
prosecution history is persuasive to the interpretation of the ’962 Patent because the “[l]anguage
discussing the movement of paired linear actuators moving a finger from the ’962 specification is
very similar to the ’580 specification” and because the ’580 Patent is related to the ’962 Patent as
“they share the same sole inventor and use the same claim language.” Id. at 29-30.
        The Court agrees with Defendant. Indeed, Defendant’s position is further supported by the
fact that the ’580 Patent is expressly listed as a prior art reference in the ’962 Patent specification
and the ’580 Patent itself uses the term “differentials in movement.” See Arthur A. Collins, Inc.
v. N. Telecom Ltd., 216 F.3d 1042, 1045 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (“When prior art that sheds light on the
meaning of a term is cited by the patentee, it can have particular value as a guide to the proper
construction of the term, because it may indicate not only the meaning of the term to persons
skilled in the art, but also that the patentee intended to adopt that meaning.”). As such, the Court
concludes that its understanding of “differentials in movement” based on the disclaimer in the ’580
Patent also bears on the Court’s construction of “differentials in movement” for the ’962 Patent.

               The Court’s Construction of “Differentials in Movement”
        Based on the unambiguous language of the prosecution history disclaimer, the Court finds
that a POSITA would understand the term “differentials in movement” to mean that both linear
actuators in a base pair must move in a synchronized fashion to effect the side-to-side movement
of the effector base. The Court therefore adopts Defendant’s construction of “differentials in
movement” to mean “synchronized movement of two linear actuators in opposite directions.”

       “Common Movements”
       The parties propose the following construction for “common movements”:

       Term                         Plaintiff’s Proposed         Defendant’s Proposed
                                    Construction                 Construction
       “common movements”           common or joint              synchronized movement of
                                    movements of two linear      two linear actuators in a
                                    actuators in a similar       similar direction
                                    direction
                                                  30
        The parties’ proposed constructions are nearly identical. Both parties agree that “common
movements” of the linear actuator cause the individual “fingers” to move towards or away from
the “palm” of the robotic hand and that such movement requires both of the two linear actuators
in the base pair to move in a similar direction. The main dispute between the parties is whether
the term “synchronized” in Defendant’s proposed construction is applicable. Plaintiff argues that
the word “synchronized” does not appear in the language of either patent-in-suit, and that
synchronicity connotes “coordinating time movements” that fails to account for types of
“computerized controls” described in the specifications of both patents-in-suit that pulse current
to each actuator at differing times. Pl.’s Post-Hr’g Br. 22-23, 32.

               The ’580 and ’962 Specifications
        While the claim language is unclear on whether the term “common movements” means
both linear actuators in a base pair must move in a synchronized fashion, the specification states
that the pair of linear actuators connected to the effector bases move “in unison.” The ’580
specification provides with respect to the first base pair of linear actuators 180 and 181:
       Linear actuators 180 and 181 are capable of forcing effector base 190 to any angle
       with respect to vertical within a limited angular range about the vertical in FIGS 11
       and 12 [both shown above] substantially followed by the length axis of effector base
       190 in the straight-up position thereof in those figures. Extending or retracting the
       movable ends of actuators 180 and 181 in unison forces effector base 190 forward
       and backward in the views of these figures with the combined forces supplied by
       each actuator, while differentials in the motions between the moveable ends of these
       actuators result in side-to-side motions of effector base 190. As a result,
       combinations of such motions allow choosing any desired angle for effector base 190
       within the limited range. The angular range possible for effector base 190 is clearly
       limited mechanically by interference between ball capture lip structure 191 and
       pedestal 186, by the maximum excursion of the moveable ends of actuators 180 and
       181 from the base ends thereof, and by the location of effector base 194 and the
       location of an opposing effector base not yet described.
’580 Patent 15:15-33 (emphasis added). The specification is dispositive that the linear actuators
must extend and retract “in unison” to effect “common movements” – the motion of the effector
toward and away from the palm-like structure of the hand.
       With respect to the second pair of base actuators, 182 and 183, the ’580 specification
continues:
       Here again, extending or retracting the moveable ends of actuators 182 and 183 in
       unison forces effector base 194 forward and backward with the combined forces of
       each actuator in views of these figures [11 and 12], while differentials in the
       motions between the moveable ends of these actuators result in side-to-side motions
       of effector base 194.
’580 Patent 15:64 - 16:3 (emphasis added). Again, the ’580 specification inserts the phrase “in
unison” in reference to “common movements.”

                                               31
        With respect to the ’962 Patent, the specification provides:
        [L]inear actuators 115'A and 116'A are capable of forcing effector base 111'A to
        any angle with respect to vertical within a limited angular range about the vertical
        in FIGS. 5, 10A, 11, 12, and 13 [the robotic hand-like manipulator drawings]
        substantially followed by the extension support structure of effector base 111'A in
        the straight-up position thereof in those fingers. Extending or retracting the
        moveable ends of actuators 115'A and 116'A in unison forces effector base 111'A
        toward one side or the other of palm-like structure 91' with the combined forces
        supplied by each actuator, while differentials in motions between output shafts
        117'A and 118'A of these actuators result in side-to-side motions of effector base
        111'A plus shackle 106'A. As a result, combinations of such motions allow
        choosing any desired angle for effector base 111'A with respect to the above
        described vertical within a limited range.
’962 Patent 16:33-48. Like the ’580 specification, the ’962 specification only references forces
operating “in unison” when moving the “effector base” or “finger” forward and backward, toward
or away from the “palm-like structure.”
        As detailed above, the specifications of both the ’580 Patent and ’962 Patent indicate that
“common movements” require the base pair of linear actuators to move “in unison.” The term “in
unison” is synonymous with synchronized in this context. Accordingly, the specification is
dispositive that “common movements” of the linear actuators extending and retracting “in unison”
or in a synchronized fashion are required to move the finger “effector bases” back and forth. See
Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1315 (“[T]he specification ‘is always highly relevant to the claim construction
analysis. Usually, it is dispositive; it is the single best guide to the meaning of a disputed term.’”
(quoting Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1582)).
        Plaintiff’s position that computerized controls could pulse currents and activate movement
of each linear actuator in its base pair at different times lacks support in the intrinsic Patents. While
the ’580 specification does state that the robotic manipulator is “operated at the direction of a
computer,” no notion of a “pulse current” control system appears in in either the claims or
specification. ’580 Patent 3:18-19. Further, the extrinsic testimony from Mr. Neils that it is
“possible” for a computer control system to control the linear actuators with pulse currents cannot
override the explicit language in the specification describing the base pair of linear actuators as
extending and retracting “in unison.” Tr. 407.

                The Court’s Construction of “Common Movements”
         Based on the specifications, the Court finds that both linear actuators must be extending
and retracting in length “in unison” to move the effector bases toward and away from the palm-
like structure of the robotic hand. Defendant’s proposed modifier, “synchronized” is synonymous
with “in unison” as both suggest that the base pair of linear actuators would move in identical time
and rhythm. Moreover, the prosecution history disclaimer explicitly applies to both “differentials
in movement” and “common movements.” Therefore, the Court considers both types of
movements to require synchronicity.

                                                   32
       The Court thus construes “common movements” to mean “synchronized movements of
two linear actuators in a similar direction.”

       “Shackle”
        The parties request the following constructions of the term “shackle” located in Claim 14
of the ’962 Patent:

      Claim term                  Plaintiff’s     Proposed     Defendant’s         Proposed
                                  Construction                 Construction
      “shackle”                   a pair of arms spaced        a link with extended legs;
                                  apart by a recess space      each leg has a transverse
                                  with said arms being         hole to accommodate a pin
                                  joined in a joining          or the like
                                  structure on one side of
                                  said recess space; e.g., a
                                  U-shaped structure

         Plaintiff argues that the term “shackle” requires no construction as the term speaks for
itself, but then argues that the “shackle” should be generally construed to be a “U-shaped
structure.” Pl.’s Post-Hr’g Br. 33. Defendant argues that “shackle” is a distinct structure in the
patent and is required to have a connection that allows for rotational movement. Def.’s Post-Hr’g
Br. 38.
       The only asserted claim of the ’962 Patent involving the term “shackle” is Claim 14. It
provides:
       14. An articulated manipulating system for mounting on a base in a robotic
       manipulator and capable of engaging selected objects, said system comprising:
       a plurality of shackles each having a pair of arms spaced apart by a recess space
       with said arms being joined in a joining structure on one side of said recess space;
       a plurality of effector bases each rotatably mounted at a pivot location thereof to
       and between said separated arms of a corresponding shackle so as to leave a recess
       space between an end of that said effector base rotatably mounted to said shackle
       and said joining structure thereof;
       a fixed pedestal affixed to said base and having said joining structure of a
       corresponding one of said plurality of shackles rotatably coupled thereto;
       a moveable pedestal rotatably connected to said base and having said joining
       structure of a corresponding one of said plurality of shackles rotatably coupled
       thereto; and
       a pedestal linear actuator coupled at one end thereof to said base and coupled at an
       opposite end thereof to said moveable pedestal to be capable of rotating said
       moveable pedestal with respect to said base.

                                               33
’962 Patent 27:56 - 28:10 (emphasis added).
         Claim 14 itself defines the term “shackle” as a “pair of arms spaced apart by a recess space
with said arms being joined in a joining structure on one side of said recess space,” and provides
for it to have rotatable connections. Because the term is already unambiguously defined in this
claim, the Court need not construe the term “shackle” at all. Cent. Admixture Pharm. Servs., Inc.
v. Adv. Cardiac Sols., P.C., 482 F.3d 1347, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (“Claims mean precisely what
they say.”), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 1038 (2007). The language of the claim here is clear, and neither
party points to any language in the specification or prosecution history that should operate to color
the meaning of “shackle” to diverge from the claim language itself. As such, construction is
unnecessary.

               The Court’s Construction
        The Court declines to construe the term “shackle” because it is already defined in Claim
14 to be “a pair of arms spaced apart by a recess space with said arms being joined in a joining
structure on one side of said recess space” and also having said “arms” capable of “rotatably
mount[ing]” or “rotatably coupl[ing with]” other structures.

                                            Conclusion
       For the above reasons, the Court construes the claims of the ’580 and the ’962 patent as
follows:
        “Linear actuator” means “a device, with ends defined by a base piece and an extending
piece, that converts some kind of power into linear motion such that the extending piece moves in
a straight line relative to the base piece.”
       “Differentials in movement” means “synchronized movements of two linear actuators in
opposite directions.”
        “Common movements” means “synchronized movements of two linear actuators in a
similar direction.”
       The Court declines to construe shackle as its meaning is defined in the asserted claims.
      The parties shall file a joint proposed schedule for further proceedings in this matter by
May 13, 2016.

                                                      /s/ Mary Ellen Coster Williams
                                                      MARY ELLEN COSTER WILLIAMS
                                                      Judge

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