Court Opinion

ID: 4248778
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-02-28 10:12:09.417254+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:43:45.274834
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                             COURT OF APPEALS

In re Attorney Fees of MITCHELL T. FOSTER.

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    February 27, 2018
                Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                   No. 334309
                                                                    Oakland Circuit Court
DAVID JOHN BERNARD,                                                 LC No. 2015-253430-FH

                Defendant,

and

MITCHELL T. FOSTER,

                Appellant.

Before: MURRAY, P.J., and FORT HOOD and GLEICHER, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In this appeal concerning the appropriate compensation due to an attorney appointed to
represent an indigent criminal defendant, appellant, Mitchell T. Foster, appeals as of right the
trial court’s opinion and order granting in part and denying in part his motion for reconsideration
of the trial court’s award of fees. We affirm.

                                            I. FACTS

        This appeal stems out of three charges of embezzlement1 brought against defendant,
David John Bernard. Bernard was originally represented by retained counsel, who saw Bernard
through the preliminary examination and bindover. However, after retained counsel was
permitted to withdraw from the case, Foster was appointed to represent Bernard. With Foster’s
assistance, Bernard eventually pleaded no contest to the charges brought against him pursuant to

1
    MCL 750.174. Bernard was charged with embezzling over $300,000 from his employer.

                                                -1-
a Cobbs2 agreement.      Bernard was sentenced to three concurrent terms of 6 to 40 years’
imprisonment.

        Under the trial court’s fee schedule, Foster was paid $385 for his services.3 Foster
subsequently sought additional compensation for his services. Explaining that he spent nearly 80
hours on the matter, Foster requested that he be paid $45 an hour for his services, for a total of
slightly more than $3,500. The trial court initially awarded Foster an additional $115 without
explanation. Foster filed a motion for reconsideration of this decision, again requesting the same
amount. The trial court held a hearing, and after examining a spreadsheet of the hours Foster
claimed to have spent on the case, issued a detailed, 10-page opinion and order. Ultimately, the
trial court found it appropriate to award Foster an additional $200, for a total of $700.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

        Foster raises essentially three arguments on appeal.4 He contends that the trial court’s
decision was an abuse of discretion because it ultimately failed to order that he receive
reasonable compensation for his services in this matter. Foster also contends that the trial court’s
decision violates the Sixth Amendment’s right to counsel and the Fifth Amendment’s takings
clause. Though we sympathize with Foster’s position, application of settled law to the decision
of the trial court requires that we affirm.

                                 A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        A trial court’s decision on a motion for reconsideration is reviewed for an abuse of
discretion. Woods v SLB Prop Mgt, LLC, 277 Mich. App. 622, 629; 750 NW2d 228 (2008). “A
trial court’s determination regarding the reasonableness of compensation for services and
expenses of court-appointed attorneys is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.” In re Foster
Attorney Fees, 317 Mich. App. 372, 375; 894 NW2d 718 (2016). An abuse of discretion occurs
when the trial court reaches a decision falling outside the range of reasonable and principled
outcomes. Id. To the extent this Court is asked to consider constitutional issues, this Court’s
review is de novo. Wayne Co v Hathcock, 471 Mich. 445, 455; 684 NW2d 765 (2004).5

2
    People v Cobbs, 443 Mich. 276; 505 NW2d 208 (1993).
3
 Because he did not participate in the case from the beginning, Foster was paid half of the trial
court’s ordinary fee of $770 for this type of case.
4
  This Court has allowed the Criminal Defense Attorneys of Michigan (CDAM) to file a brief as
amicus curiae. In re Attorney Fees of Mitchell T Foster, unpublished order of the Court of
Appeals, entered February 16, 2017 (Docket No. 334309). CDAM argues in its amicus brief that
appointed attorneys have a constitutional right to reasonable compensation and that the
reasonableness of the compensation paid to appointed attorneys cannot depend on the trial
court’s own budgetary constraints.
5
  The trial court declined to address Foster’s constitutional arguments. While the trial court’s
failure to address these questions could render the arguments unpreserved, Mouzon v Achievable

                                                -2-
       As this Court has explained:

       “At common law” the burden of providing a defense to indigent defendants “was
       borne by members of the bar as part of the obligations assumed upon admission to
       practice law.” In re Recorder’s Court Bar Ass’n, 443 Mich. 110, 121; 503 NW2d
       885 (1993). However, in Recorder’s Court Bar Ass’n, our Supreme Court, while
       noting that the validity and accuracy of this common-law rule was not without
       challenge, recognized that MCL 775.16 provides a statutory right to reasonable
       compensation for those attorneys appointed to represent indigent defendants. Id.
       at 122-123. Our Supreme Court held that while “what constitutes reasonable
       compensation may necessarily vary among circuits,” “the Legislature clearly
       intended an individualized determination of reasonable compensation . . . .” Id. at
       129-130. [In re Foster Attorney Fees, 317 Mich. App. at 375-376.]

                                   B. GUIDING PRINCIPLES

       As this Court has also recognized, the statutory authority for compensating appointed
attorneys was altered effective July 1, 2013, and no longer explicitly provides for a right to
reasonable compensation. Id. at 376 n 1. The version of MCL 775.16 currently in effect, and
which has been in effect throughout the proceedings in this matter, provides:

              When a person charged with having committed a crime appears before a
       magistrate without counsel, the person shall be advised of his or her right to have
       counsel appointed. If the person states that he or she is unable to procure counsel,
       the magistrate shall appoint counsel, if the person is eligible for appointed counsel
       under the Michigan indigent defense commission act.

         That said, even after our Legislature amended MCL 775.16, our Supreme Court has
seemingly held, albeit in a peremptory order, that the “reasonable compensation” requirement
still applies:

              Pursuant to MCR 7.305(H)(1), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we
       reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals as to Docket No. 316494, and we
       remand this case to the Kent Circuit Court for a determination of the
       reasonableness of the attorney fees requested. The trial court applied the county’s
       fee schedule, which capped compensation for plea cases at $660, but did not
       address at all the reasonableness of the fee in relation to the actual services

Visions, 308 Mich. App. 415, 419; 864 NW2d 606 (2014), Foster “should not be punished for the
omission of the trial court,” Peterman v Dep’t of Natural Resources, 446 Mich. 177, 183; 521
NW2d 499 (1994). We address Foster’s constitutional issues because they were raised in the
trial court and concern legal questions, and all of the facts necessary to resolve the questions are
present. Dell v Citizens Ins Co of America, 312 Mich. App. 734, 751 n 40; 880 NW2d 280
(2015).

                                                -3-
       rendered, as itemized by the appellant. See In re Recorder’s Court Bar Ass’n,
       443 Mich. 110, 131[; 503 NW2d 885] (1993). Although the expenditure of any
       amount of time beyond that contemplated by the schedule for the typical case
       does not, ipso facto, warrant extra fees, spending a significant but reasonable
       number of hours beyond the norm may. On remand, the trial court shall either
       award the requested fees, or articulate on the record its basis for concluding that
       such fees are not reasonable. See, e.g., In re Attorney Fees of Mullkoff, 176 Mich
       App 82, 85-88[; 438 NW2d 878] (1989), and In re Attorney Fees of Jamnik, 176
Mich. App. 827, 831[; 440 NW2d 112] (1989). [In re Attorney Fees of Ujlaky, 498
Mich. 890, 890 (2015).]

        This Court, while declining to specifically address the issue, has explained that our
Supreme Court’s order in Ujlaky “indicates that the [reasonable compensation] requirement still
exists.” In re Foster Attorney Fees, 317 Mich. App. at 376 n 1. Further, a peremptory order of
our Supreme Court is “binding precedent when [it] can be understood.” People v Phillips (After
Second Remand), 227 Mich. App. 28, 38 n 11; 575 NW2d 784 (1997). See also People v Crall,
444 Mich. 463, 464 n 8; 510 NW2d 182 (1993) (an order of the Supreme Court is binding if it is a
final disposition of an application and it contains a concise statement of the Court’s reasoning
and applicable facts). We conclude that our Supreme Court’s order in Ujlaky clearly satisfies
these requirements and, thus, is binding on this Court. Accordingly, despite our Legislature’s
amendment to MCL 775.16, trial courts remain under a duty to determine whether fees requested
by appointed counsel are reasonable. In re Attorney Fees of Ujlaky, 498 Mich. at 890.

        Admittedly, it is not at all clear where the “reasonable compensation” requirement could
be derived from in light of the amendment to MCL 775.16. Clearly, the text of MCL 775.16 was
the source of the rule prior to the amendment of the statute. See In re Recorder’s Court Bar
Ass’n, 443 Mich. at 121-122. As is discussed later in this opinion, our Supreme Court’s
precedent also clearly holds that there is no constitutional right to reasonable compensation. In
re Meizlish, 387 Mich. 228; 196 NW2d 129 (1972). With no constitutional or statutory text to
support the principle, the only other avenue is the common law. But the parties cite to no
binding common-law decisions that address attorney fees for appointed counsel, and nor does the
Court in Ujlaky. But regardless, our Supreme Court has seemingly held that, even though MCL
775.16 no longer provides a right to reasonable compensation, the right still exists.

      With the understanding that appointed attorneys are entitled to reasonable compensation, 6
the question becomes what framework to apply when evaluating a trial court’s decision

6
  Our resolution of this question renders it unnecessary to address the argument that the Sixth
Amendment to the United States Constitution independently requires the payment of reasonable
compensation to appointed counsel. “This Court will not unnecessarily decide constitutional
issues, People v Riley, 465 Mich. 442, 447; 636 NW2d 514 (2001), and it is an undisputed
principle of judicial review that questions of constitutionality should not be decided if the case
may be disposed of on other grounds.” J & J Constr Co v Bricklayers & Allied Craftsmen, Local
1, 468 Mich. 722, 734; 664 NW2d 728 (2003). Rather than review the constitutional argument,

                                               -4-
regarding a fee request made by appointed counsel. In this regard, we again rely on Ujlaky. In
Ujlaky, the Supreme Court remanded the matter and directed the trial court to two opinions of
this Court, “In re Attorney Fees of Mullkoff, 176 Mich. App. 82, 85-88 (1989), and In re Attorney
Fees of Jamnik, 176 Mich. App. 827, 831 (1989).” In re Attorney Fees of Ujlaky, 498 Mich. at
890. The Ujlaky order also cited a prior opinion of that Court, In re Recorder’s Court Bar Ass’n,
443 Mich. at 127-129, where our Supreme Court set forth the general considerations underlying
compensation issues for appointed counsel:

               The petitioners would have us define “reasonable compensation” as the
       amount privately retained counsel would earn for providing similar services for
       members of the general public. We refuse to do so. When MCL 775.16; MSA
       28.1253 was enacted, counsel was provided without costs to indigent criminal
       defendants by lawyers as part of their professional obligations assumed upon
       admission to practice law in this state. Our review of the statute’s legislative
       history leads us to conclude that the impetus underlying the enactment and
       subsequent amendments of MCL 775.16; MSA 28.1253 was the Legislature’s
       desire to relieve members of the bar of at least some of their professional
       obligation to provide free legal services to the indigent.

               Iowa gives appointed counsel the statutory right to compensation equal to
       the current market rate. The Iowa Legislature amended its attorney compensation
       statute to provide that court-appointed counsel were entitled to reasonable
       “compensation to be made on the basis of ordinary and customary charges for like
       services in the community . . . .” Iowa Code 815.7; Hulse v Van Wifvat, 306
       NW2d 707, 711 (Iowa, 1981) (construing the statute as amended to equate
       “reasonable compensation” with “full compensation”). Although our Legislature
       easily could have provided a similar definition for “reasonable compensation,” it
       has not done so.

                                             * * *

                Representation of indigent criminal defendants in the Third Circuit Court
       and the Detroit Recorder’s Court is completely voluntary. Therefore, unlike the
       courts of other states that have considered an involuntarily appointed attorney’s
       right to compensation, we decline, at this time, to establish any specific definition
       or formula for determining or calculating “reasonable compensation.” In the
       proper exercise of its legislative authority, the Legislature has “directed the chief
       judge[s] of the circuit court to appoint an attorney to represent an indigent
       defendant’s defense, and directed the county to pay” whatever a chief judge
       “considers . . . reasonable compensation for the services performed.” Frederick v
       Presque Isle Co Circuit Judge, 439 Mich. 1, 15; 476 NW2d 142 (1991). There are
       fifty-six circuits plus the Detroit Recorder’s Court in our state spread throughout

we may simply rely on our Supreme Court’s order in Ujlaky to hold that appointed attorneys
remain entitled to reasonable compensation, despite the amendment to MCL 775.16.

                                               -5-
       eighty-three counties of varying financial means. Attorney population likewise
       varies from county to county. Indeed, there is a potential myriad of local
       considerations that will necessarily enter into the chief judge’s determination of
       “reasonable compensation.” Thus, what constitutes reasonable compensation
       may necessarily vary among circuits. [Emphasis added.]

        In the first Court of Appeals decision cited, this Court explained that a trial court has an
obligation (pursuant to the prior version of MCL 775.16) to “determine and award reasonable
compensation for court appointed attorneys.” In re Attorney Fees of Mullkoff, 176 Mich. App. at
85. This Court found no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s decision to reduce the number of
compensable hours for certain tasks because the trial court, after carefully reviewing the matters
involved, determined that a lesser amount of time was reasonable for completing the tasks at
issue. Id. at 85-86. This Court found an abuse of discretion in failing to award fees entirely for
other tasks, however. Specifically, this Court determined that it was an abuse of discretion to
refuse to award fees for the attorney “visiting his client in prison, attending oral argument in this
Court, and appearing at the prosecutor’s motion hearing to set a date for resentencing.” Id. at 86.
Thus, while Mullkoff may provide some guidance, it does not establish a general framework for
reviewing the reasonableness of fees to be awarded to appointed counsel.

      Fortunately, though, the second case cited does. In In re Attorney Fees of Jamnik, 176
Mich. App. at 831, this Court explained:

              We believe the following factors should be considered in determining
       reasonable compensation:

       1. The complexity and difficulty of the case and the time and expense of counsel
       which can reasonably be justified.

       2. The trial court’s policy as to compensation.

       3. The minimum standards for indigent criminal appellate defense services
       promulgated by the Michigan Supreme Court in Administrative Order 1981-7,
       412 Mich lxxxiv-xci.

       In support of his argument that the fees awarded were unreasonable, Foster advocates for
application of the factors stated in Wood v DAIIE, 413 Mich. 573, 588; 321 NW2d 653 (1982):

       [T]here is no precise formula for computing the reasonableness of an attorney’s
       fee, but [the] factors to be considered are:

               (1) the professional standing and experience of the attorney; (2) the
               skill, time and labor involved; (3) the amount in question and the
               results achieved; (4) the difficulty of the case; (5) the expenses
               incurred; and (6) the nature and length of the professional
               relationship with the client. [Quotation marks and citations
               omitted.]

                                                -6-
These factors have since been used in a myriad of cases involving the calculation of reasonable
attorney fees for retained counsel in civil matters. See, e.g., Pirgu v United Servs Auto Ass’n,
499 Mich. 269; 884 NW2d 257 (2016) (attorney fees pursuant to MCL 500.3148(1) of the no-
fault act, MCL 500.3101 et seq.); Smith v Khouri, 481 Mich. 519; 751 NW2d 472 (2008) (case
evaluation sanctions pursuant to MCR 2.403); Ford Motor Co v Dep’t of Treasury, 313 Mich
App 572; 884 NW2d 587 (2015) (sanctions pursuant to MCL 600.2591 for pursuing a frivolous
defense); Riemer v Johnson, 311 Mich. App. 632; 876 NW2d 279 (2015) (attorney fees pursuant
to MCR 3.206(C), which applies in domestic relations actions); Prins v Mich State Police, 299
Mich. App. 634; 831 NW2d 867 (2013) (attorney fees pursuant to MCL 15.240(6), a provision of
the Freedom of Information Act, MCL 15.231 et seq.).

        But this case is not a civil matter, and more importantly, does not involve retained
counsel. And both facts affect the proper analysis, because the Supreme Court has explicitly
refused to direct that appointed counsel be compensated in the same manner as retained counsel.
In re Recorder’s Court Bar Ass’n, 443 Mich. at 127. Logically, then, it would make very little
sense to rely on factors utilized to determine the reasonable compensation due to a retained
attorney—in civil matters, no less—to determine the reasonable compensation due to a retained
attorney in a criminal matter. Indeed, the Supreme Court’s Ujlaky order directed the trial court
to Jamnik, not Wood or any case discussing those factors. In re Attorney Fees of Ujlaky, 498
Mich. at 890. Thus, we conclude that we must evaluate the case by looking to the factors stated
in In re Attorney Fees of Jamnik, 176 Mich. App. at 831.

        The distinction is not an unimportant one. The Wood factors look solely to the
characteristics of the attorney and the case at hand, without any consideration given to the
financial resources of whoever must pay the fee. See Wood, 413 Mich. at 588. But under
Jamnik, clearly, consideration is given to the ability of the local court to pay fees. In re Attorney
Fees of Jamnik, 176 Mich. App. at 831 (citing “[t]he trial court’s policy as to compensation” as
one of three relevant factors). See also In re Recorder’s Court Bar Ass’n, 443 Mich. at 129
(explaining that there exists “a potential myriad of local considerations that will necessarily enter
into the chief judge’s determination of ‘reasonable compensation’ ” under MCL 775.16); id. at
129 n 27 (explaining that “county budgetary concerns are appropriate considerations in the
determination of ‘reasonable compensation,’ ” albeit not controlling). Importantly, as the trial
court repeatedly stressed at the motion hearing, the trial court operates under budget constraints
that limit the “pool” of funds available for paying attorneys appointed to represent indigent
defendants. If the trial court is not permitted to consider its own budget when determining a
reasonable fee for appointed counsel, the result could easily be that this line-item of the annual
budget would evaporate within months, leaving the court without the ability to compensate
attorneys for representing indigent counsel throughout the remainder of the year.

        Applying the Jamnik framework, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its
discretion. The first Jamnik factor considers “[t]he complexity and difficulty of the case and the
time and expense of counsel which can reasonably be justified.” In re Attorney Fees of Jamnik,
176 Mich. App. at 831. Concerning the complexity of the case, this matter was a three-count
embezzlement case that was resolved through a plea agreement. Foster only began representing
Bernard after the preliminary examination was complete and the matter bound over to the circuit
court. It does not appear that this was a particularly novel or difficult case. And as the trial court
correctly noted, Foster’s only reason for arguing that this case was out of the ordinary was the

                                                 -7-
fact that he spent more time than usual on this particular matter. As our Supreme Court
explained in Ujlaky, “the expenditure of any amount of time beyond that contemplated by the
schedule for the typical case does not, ipso facto, warrant extra fees . . . .” In re Attorney Fees of
Ujlaky, 498 Mich. at 890. Simply asserting that he spent more time than usual on this matter does
not, standing alone, warrant Foster receiving additional fees.

        That said, “spending a significant but reasonable number of hours beyond the norm may
[warrant additional compensation].” Id. (emphasis added). Thus, and as the first Jamnik factor
contemplates, if Foster spent an inordinate amount of time defending this matter, and his
expenditure of time “can reasonably be justified,” In re Attorney Fees of Jamnik, 176 Mich. App.
at 831, he may be entitled to additional compensation. Clearly, the trial court understood this
portion of the analysis because it conducted a thorough review of Foster’s claimed hours.
Ultimately, the trial court found that most of the claimed hours could not be reasonably justified
and, thus, did not warrant much in the way of additional compensation. The trial court did award
Foster a total of $700, which was $315 more than called for under the trial court’s fee schedule.

        We now turn to Foster’s challenge to the specific findings the trial court made with
regard to his claimed hours.

                                  C. SPECIFIC CHALLENGES

        Foster first challenges the trial court’s decision not to award him any additional fees for
the time he spent working with a court-appointed certified public accountant, Gerald Gabriel.7 In
its opinion and order, the trial court explained that it could not discern why Gabriel was
necessary to the case, and refused to award any compensation for time Foster spent working with
Gabriel or examining his report. On appeal, although Foster makes several conclusory
statements that it should be obvious to anyone why Gabriel was necessary to the case, we too fail
to see any such obvious link. Why a certified public accountant was necessary to address the
questions Gabriel addressed is entirely unclear. It is also unclear why Foster needed to spend
nearly 20 hours consulting with Gabriel and reviewing the report in order to understand Gabriel’s
conclusions that were clearly stated in the six-page report. We cannot find an abuse of discretion
in the trial court’s conclusion that the time Foster claimed to have spent consulting with Gabriel
and reviewing the report was not reasonably justified.

       Foster’s arguments regarding the necessity of the expert also miss the mark because
ultimately, the question is not so much the necessity of retaining Gabriel, but rather, the necessity

7
 Foster moved for Gabriel to be appointed to investigate the matter to counter the expected
testimony of a forensic accountant who, after being retained by Bernard’s employer, discovered
Bernard’s actions. Ultimately, Gabriel provided a six-page report that contained virtually no
financial analysis. Instead, Gabriel questioned whether it could be shown that Bernard was
ultimately responsible for stealing funds from his employer, which had indisputably been taken,
and whether Bernard’s job duties encompassed control over the company’s petty cash account,
which was at the center of the scheme. Foster relied on Gabriel’s report to support a motion to
quash the bindover, which was denied.

                                                 -8-
of Foster’s time spent reviewing Gabriel’s report and consulting with him. In this regard, Foster
explains that counsel must, in order to provide effective assistance of counsel, adequately
investigate the case. See People v Grant, 470 Mich. 477, 485; 684 NW2d 686 (2004). Foster
fails to explain why the time he spent investigating Gabriel’s conclusions was actually necessary,
a task he may not leave to this Court to craft on his behalf. Mudge v Macomb Co, 458 Mich. 87,
105; 580 NW2d 845 (1998).

         Foster also contends that the trial court should not be allowed to second-guess his
strategic decisions, particularly because no such inquiry is found in the Wood factors. But, under
the controlling test from Jamnik, the trial court must consider “the time and expense of counsel
which can reasonably be justified.” In re Attorney Fees of Jamnik, 176 Mich. App. at 831. It was
not only appropriate for the trial court to second-guess whether the claimed expense was
necessary; the trial court was under an affirmative duty to conduct such an analysis. See In re
Attorney Fees of Mullkoff, 176 Mich. App. at 85-86 (finding no abuse of discretion where the trial
court reduced the attorney’s claimed hours spent on certain matters; “The trial judge carefully
reviewed the length of the trial transcript and determined a reasonable amount of time in which it
should have been read and then added an additional hour for note taking. In regard to the time to
prepare and draft the appellate brief, the lower court likewise considered the complexity of the
case and clarity of the issue.”); In re Attorney Fees of Jacobs, 185 Mich. App. 642, 647; 463
NW2d 171 (1990) (affirming the trial court’s thorough review of appointed counsel’s time and
efforts to arrive at a reasonable fee amount). Foster’s arguments lack merit.

        We also reject Foster’s contention that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to
compensate him for time spent travelling to and from court. It is difficult to understand why
Foster would be entitled to additional travel time compensation, beyond that contemplated by the
trial court’s fee schedule, for it is only time spent “beyond the norm” that may warrant additional
compensation. In re Attorney Fees of Ujlaky, 498 Mich. at 890. In any event, the trial court
explained that Foster failed to provide sufficient evidence detailing his travel, such as where he
was traveling to and from, and whether he was traveling to court to appear solely in Bernard’s
case or in other matters as well. Although Foster argues that it would be unconscionable to
require such a level of proof, the trial court was under an obligation to consider whether Foster’s
claimed hours were reasonably justified. In re Attorney Fees of Jamnik, 176 Mich. App. at 831;
In re Attorney Fees of Jacobs, 185 Mich. App. at 647. Requiring Foster to provide some proof
beyond simply asserting that he spent certain hours driving to court in a spreadsheet is not only
not unconscionable, it is entirely reasonable when the trial court must determine whether the
claimed hours are reasonably justified.

        The trial court also determined whether the fees were reasonable for what the court
described as “basic tasks,” which included “brief telephone calls and other conversations[,]” as
well as time spent “drafting praecipes, emails, cover letters, and other standard legal
documents[,]” preparing mail, personally serving subpoenas and motions, and reviewing
correspondence. These tasks, each of which took little time, added up to 8.8 hours. With regard
to these tasks, the trial court explained:

       Although Mr. Foster repeatedly points out that he is not being compensated at the
       rate that a retained attorney would be, the fact that he has painstakingly recorded
       every task that he completed in this manner suggests that he believes that he

                                                -9-
       should be compensated in a similar manner to that of a privately retained attorney.
       The Court finds that this is not reasonable in matters concerning criminal
       appointments. Further, as already stated, Mr. Foster argues that he is entitled to
       the rate of $45.00 per hour. This Court entirely fails to see how it would be
       reasonable to compensate Mr. Foster $396.00 for the completion of 8.8 hours’
       worth of basic tasks.

        Foster contends that the trial court’s analysis is flawed because, while appointed counsel
cannot expect to be paid the same amount as privately retained counsel, “no court has ever
suggested that the ‘amount’ charged by appointed counsel would be discounted by ignoring time
spent on the case.” Rather, Foster explains, it is the hourly rate of pay that is discounted (as
opposed to the time spent on a task), and he requested a discounted rate of $45 an hour. For two
reasons, Foster’s argument misses the point. First, it is time spent “beyond the norm” that may
warrant additional compensation. In re Attorney Fees of Ujlaky, 498 Mich. at 890. In Oakland
Circuit Court, appointed attorneys are paid pursuant to a fee schedule. The fee paid varies
depending on the nature of the case and how it is disposed. Appointed attorneys are not paid on
an hourly basis. The fee paid for each case would seem to account for basic tasks that would
generally be expected of an attorney. As the trial court explained, Foster’s accounting indicated
that he expected to be compensated on an hourly basis, much the same as a retained attorney.
Given Oakland Circuit Court’s fee schedule, this is not a reasonable expectation.8 Second, the
trial court did not ultimately ignore time spent by Foster, rather, it refused to award additional
compensation for tasks that would already be accounted for in the court’s fee schedule.
Additionally, even if it had, our Court has repeatedly upheld trial courts reducing the actual
hours spent by appointed counsel to a reasonable number. In re Attorney Fees of Jacobs, 185
Mich. App. at 646; In re Attorney Fees of Mullkoff, 176 Mich. App. at 85-86. There was no abuse
of discretion.

         The same holds true for Foster’s challenge to the trial court’s refusal to award additional
compensation for what the trial court described as “casual conversations” with the prosecutor
and for “time [Foster] spent waiting for [Bernard]’s case to be called.” Foster again seemingly
fails to recognize that this is not a case where he was not compensated at all for his time. Rather,
he was compensated under the trial court’s fee schedule, and given an additional award on top of
what the schedule called for. The fee schedule undoubtedly takes into account routine
appearances, conversations, and time spent waiting for a case to be called. These are all ordinary
events, incident to the representation of a client, that counsel must expect to occur. Again, it is
time spent “beyond the norm” that may warrant additional compensation. In re Ujlaky, 498
Mich. at 890.

8
  Foster briefly argues that Oakland County’s use of its fee schedule is unconstitutional and
unreasonable. This argument was not raised in the trial court, and thus, the question is not
preserved for review on appeal. Mouzon, 308 Mich. App. at 419. Moreover, Foster ignores that
the trial court did not adhere strictly to the fee schedule, instead deviating from that schedule at
Foster’s request. Such a procedure has been condoned by our Supreme Court. See In re
Attorney Fees of Ujlaky, 498 Mich. at 890.

                                               -10-
        Foster also briefly addresses the trial court’s decision regarding the 14 hours he spent
drafting five motions.9 With the exception of the motion to quash, the trial court found that none
were particularly detailed or required “a substantial amount of legal research or analysis,” and
thus concluded it reasonable to compensate Foster for three hours spent on the motion to quash.
Foster contends that the trial court’s analysis amounted to second-guessing his actions, which he
posits “has a profound chilling effect on vigorous representation – defense counsel who is
appointed will be careful not to spend too much time on defense work, fearing that the court will
find that, in the court’s opinion, the work was not necessary, and that the court could have
accomplished the work in less time.” Again, the trial court not only may, but must consider
whether the time spent by an attorney “can reasonably be justified.” In re Attorney Fees of
Jamnik, 176 Mich. App. at 831. See also In re Attorney Fees of Mullkoff, 176 Mich. App. at 85-86.

        Both Foster and CDAM express concern that the trial court based its ruling largely on its
own budgetary concerns. It is true, as the In re Recorder’s Court Bar Ass’n Court explained, that
while “county budgetary concerns are appropriate considerations in the determination of
‘reasonable compensation,’ such considerations should seldom, if ever, be controlling. The
counties have a duty to fund whatever the chief judge, in the exercise of sound discretion, deems
appropriate.” In re Recorder’s Court Bar Ass’n, 443 Mich. at 129 n 27. But although the trial
court did appropriately consider its own budget when deciding this matter, the record clearly
demonstrates it did not treat its budgetary concerns as controlling. The vast majority of the trial
court’s thorough and well-reasoned opinion is dedicated to discussing the reasonableness of
Foster’s claimed fees without any discussion of the trial court’s budget. To say that the trial
court treated its budgetary concerns as controlling simply ignores the record made below.10

                            D. CONSTITUTIONAL ARGUMENTS

       Foster contends that paying appointed counsel what he deems to be an unreasonably low
fee denies the represented indigent defendant the right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment.
However, in In re Meizlish, 387 Mich. at 240, our Supreme Court rejected a similar challenge
under the Sixth Amendment, explaining:

              We agree with the New Jersey court [in State v Rush, 46 NJ 399; 217 A2d
       441 (1966),] that an indigent defendant is not deprived of his constitutional rights

9
  The trial court did not include motions Foster drafted with respect to Gabriel’s fees, explaining
that it had already decided that issue.
10
  Nor are we swayed by the practical concern raised by CDAM. CDAM contends that if the trial
court is permitted to rely on its own budgetary constraints, rather than those of the county as a
whole, the trial court may avoid paying reasonable compensation to appointed attorneys by
manipulating its own budget. Unlike CDAM, we are confident that trial courts make every
attempt to be fair and reasonable when crafting a budget for appointed counsel, and when
crafting compensation plans that balance budgetary concerns with the concerns of indigent
defendants and those attorneys who are appointed to represent them.

                                               -11-
       by the appointment of unpaid counsel. Dedication and diligence to a client’s
       cause should not be altered because of the payment of a higher fee. Judging by
       the numerous complaints received by the State Bar Grievance Administrator, the
       payment of minimum fees does not insure the quality of work from retained
       counsel. Most attorneys are dedicated and will zealously protect the rights of any
       client they defend.

       If it is constitutionally permissible to appoint unpaid counsel, it cannot seriously be
argued that appointed counsel is constitutionally entitled to an adequate or reasonable fee.
Unless and until our Supreme Court rejects Meizlish, this Court is bound to reject Foster’s
challenge.

        Meizlish also precludes Foster’s contentions that the payment of a low fee amounts to a
taking of his property in violation of the takings clause of the Fifth Amendment.

               Appellant’s contention that he has been deprived of due process and equal
       protection under the United States Constitution and Michigan Constitution 1963
       has been discussed and decided adversely to him by numerous courts in this
       country. In United States v Dillon, 346 F2d 633 (CA 9, 1965), cert den 382 U.S.
978; 86 S. Ct. 550; 15 L. Ed. 2d 469 [(1966)], the Court rejected an attorney’s
       contention that property was taken in violation of due process of law when he was
       forced to defend an indigent defendant without compensation. The Court stated . .
       .:

               “An applicant for admission to practice law may justly be deemed to be
       aware of the traditions of the profession which he is joining, and to know that one
       of these traditions is that a lawyer is an officer of the court obligated to represent
       indigents for little or no compensation upon court order. Thus, the lawyer has
       consented to, and assumed, this obligation and when he is called upon to fulfill it,
       he cannot contend that it is a ‘taking of his services.’ ” [Id. at 635.]

              In Jackson v State, 413 P2d 488, 490 (Alas, 1966)[, overruled by DeLisio
       v Alaska Superior Court, 740 P2d 437 (Alas, 1987)], the Court held that the
       attorney did not have a constitutional right to compensation for defending an
       indigent defendant. The Court stated:

               “The requirement of the attorneys’ oath and Canon 4 reflect a tradition
       deeply rooted in the common law—that an attorney is an officer of the court
       assisting the court in the administration of justice, and that as such he has an
       obligation when called upon by the court to render his services for indigents in
       criminal cases without payment of a fee except as may be provided by statute or
       rule of court. This principle is so firmly established in the history of the courts
       and the legal profession that it may be said to be a condition under which lawyers
       are licensed to practice as officers of the court.” [In re Meizlish, 387 Mich. at 236-
       237.]

                                               -12-
                                E. RESPONSE TO THE DISSENT

        In reviewing the dissenting opinion, one overriding principle repeatedly comes to mind.
That is, courts are limited to declaring what the law is, not what it should be. Obergefell v
Hodges, 576 US ___, 135 SCt 2584, 2611; 192 L. Ed. 2d 609 (2015) (ROBERTS, C.J., joined by
SCALIA and THOMAS, JJ., dissenting). This is particularly important for an intermediate appellate
Court, as our primary task is to act as an error-correcting Court. Despite this principle, our
dissenting colleague repeatedly makes reference to what the controlling law “should” be on these
issues. For example, the dissent suggests that cases such as Pirgu, which govern the
determination of retained civil counsel compensation, and which have never been the standard
for determining compensation for appointed criminal counsel, should apply to these
circumstances. The dissent also opines that the standards in In re Jamnik, just recently cited with
approval by the Supreme Court, should be discarded. However, it is not our duty as judges in
general, or as intermediate appellate judges specifically, to write dissents based upon law that has
not been deemed controlling by any prior published opinion in this state. Neither our dissenting
colleague nor Foster cites to any decision that supports the theory that compensation disputes
regarding appointed criminal counsel should be governed by the same standards used for civil
retained counsel. And, as we have already pointed out, our Supreme Court has explicitly refused
to make that leap. See In re Recorder’s Court Bar Ass’n, 443 Mich. at 127. Consequently,
despite the vigor of the dissent and Foster’s articulation of their position, it is simply one that has
not been adopted by any court of this state, and that has been specifically rejected by the
Supreme Court.

        Additionally, we take great umbrage with the dissent’s characterization that we have
taken Foster “to task” for submitting a bill reflecting all the time he spent on this case. We have
done no such thing, and the dissent has not cited to any language within our opinion that does so.
However, what we have stated is that – consistent with Michigan precedent – many of the more
minor entries made by Foster are not considered for extra compensation purposes when they are
comprised of routine matters. Our opinion says nothing as to whether Foster should maintain
detailed billings, as there is no need to for purposes of deciding this case. Nor do we criticize his
retention of Gabriel; instead, we uphold under the deferential standard of review the trial court’s
findings that Foster’s time spent reviewing Gabriel’s report was not necessary for compensation
purposes.

        Finally, for several reasons, we reject the dissent’s dual notions that “[t]he majority holds
that a court properly ranks its own budget as a primary factor in determining a reasonable fee,
and may heavily discount a request if the judge retrospectively decides that work done by an
attorney was unnecessary.” First, neither our opinion, nor that of the trial court, unduly
emphasized the county budget. As we have previously explained, the vast majority of the trial
court’s opinion addressed the specific issues raised by Foster, not the county budget. And as we
have noted, the local budget is one of three factors the court was required to consider. Second,
the dissent seems to criticize the trial court for “retrospectively” deciding that certain of Foster’s
work was not entitled to additional compensation. When else was it to be done-before the hours
were expended? The request for additional compensation was submitted after the work was
complete, and the trial court was obligated at that time to decide what was, or was not,
reasonable. And the fact that a request for additional compensation may be “heavily
discount[ed]” should be of no surprise to Foster or any other attorney who takes assignments

                                                 -13-
from that court or, for that matter, any other circuit court in this state. The unfortunate fact is
that in many cases (though certainly not all) appointed criminal attorneys do not get the
compensation that is warranted, but the fee schedules are published and are well-known by
attorneys practicing in this field.

        Compensation for appointed criminal counsel has morphed over the years. At statehood
through 1927, attorneys who performed these services had no common law right to
compensation. In re Recorder’s Court Bar Ass’n, 443 Mich. at 121-122, citing Bacon v Wayne
Co, 1 Mich. 461 (1850). MCL 775.16 was first enacted in 1927, and provided that, upon services
being provided, the presiding judge had the discretion to award reasonable compensation for the
work performed. Now the issue is governed by the most recent amendment to MCL 775.16,
which contains no specific mention of fees to be paid counsel, but instead contains reference to
the Michigan indigent defense commission act, MCL 780.981 et seq. Whether changes made
through that act will alter the fee determination landscape for appointed criminal counsel has yet
to be seen, but nothing in statute or caselaw currently provides the changes advocated by the
dissent and Foster.

       Affirmed.

                                                            /s/ Christopher M. Murray
                                                            /s/ Karen M. Fort Hood

                                               -14-