Court Opinion

ID: 9900445
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-18 22:13:02.71283+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:08.947981
License: Public Domain

No. 282                June 7, 2023                     259

          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE
                  STATE OF OREGON

               TRAVIS COLBY CURRY,
                 Petitioner-Respondent
                    Cross-Appellant,
                            v.
                 Josh HIGHBERGER,
                    Superintendent,
          Oregon State Correctional Institution,
                  Defendant-Appellant
                   Cross-Respondent.
              Marion County Circuit Court
                      19CV11026;
              A176592 (Control), A176628

  Patricia A. Sullivan, Senior Judge.
  Argued and submitted February 22, 2023.
   Adam Holbrook, Assistant Attorney General, argued
the cause for appellant-cross-respondent. Also on the briefs
were Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney General, and Benjamin
Gutman, Solicitor General.
  Jedediah Peterson argued the cause for respondent-cross-
appellant. Also on the brief was O’Connor Weber LLC.
   Before Aoyagi, Presiding Judge, and Joyce, Judge, and
Jacquot, Judge.
  JOYCE, J.
  On appeal, judgment on claims 13D and 13E reversed and
remanded; otherwise affirmed. On cross-appeal, affirmed.
  Aoyagi, P. J., specially concurring.
260   Curry v. Highberger
Cite as 326 Or App 259 (2023)                                                261

           JOYCE, J.
          In this post-conviction proceeding, defendant, the
superintendent of the Oregon State Correctional Institution,
appeals from a judgment granting petitioner post-conviction
relief. Petitioner was convicted of first-degree assault in con-
nection with an altercation that resulted in the complainant
suffering several knife wounds. Petitioner filed for post-
conviction relief, alleging, among other claims, that trial
counsel was inadequate and ineffective in failing to (1) move
pretrial for an order prohibiting the prosecutor and wit-
nesses from referring to the complainant as the “victim” of
a crime and (2) object at trial to each instance in which the
prosecutor and two witnesses used the word “victim” when
referring to the complainant. The post-conviction court
agreed with petitioner and granted post-conviction relief
on those grounds. The court rejected petitioner’s remaining
claims.
         The superintendent appeals, arguing that the post-
conviction court erred in concluding that trial counsel per-
formed deficiently regarding the “victim” issue (claims 13D
and 13E).1 Petitioner cross-appeals, assigning error to the
post-conviction court’s rejection of his four other specifica-
tions of inadequate assistance of counsel (claims 13G, 13L,
claims 15A, and 18). We review the post-conviction court’s
legal conclusions for legal error. Waldorf v. Premo, 301
Or App 572, 573, 457 P3d 298 (2019), rev den, 366 Or 451
(2020). We accept the post-conviction court’s express and
implicit findings of fact if there is evidence in the record to
support them. Id.
         We summarily reject the assignments of error
raised in petitioner’s cross-appeal, concluding, as the post-
conviction court did, that petitioner fails to establish that
his trial counsel or appellate counsel provided inadequate
assistance of counsel as to claims 13G, 13L, 15A, and 18.
     1
       The superintendent also assigns error to the post-conviction court’s enter-
ing of an amended judgment to correct the reference to petitioner’s underlying
criminal case number—a clerical error contained in the original general judg-
ment. We agree with petitioner that the post-conviction court properly exercised
its authority to correct, on its own motion, a clerical mistake under ORS 19.270(5)
and ORCP 71 A. Yarbrough v. Viewcrest Investments, LLC, 299 Or App 143, 449
P3d 902 (2019), rev den, 366 Or 135 (2020).
262                                       Curry v. Highberger

As to claims 13D and 13E, we agree with the superinten-
dent that the post-conviction court erred in determining
that petitioner was entitled to post-conviction relief based
on trial counsel’s failure to object—pretrial and during peti-
tioner’s trial in 2015—to the prosecutor’s and two witnesses’
use of the term “victim” when referring to the complainant
who suffered multiple knife wounds. Accordingly, we reverse
and remand.
                          I.   FACTS
         The relevant background facts are undisputed. On
an evening in 2014, while complainant, RD, was walking in
downtown Lebanon, Oregon, he passed by petitioner argu-
ing with his then-girlfriend, Miller, outside a bar. RD saw
petitioner get aggressive with Miller; he stepped between
petitioner and Miller, trying to help Miller. That interven-
tion soon turned into an altercation between petitioner and
RD. During the fight, petitioner pulled out a knife, stabbed
RD in the stomach and in the bottom of his rib cage, and cut
RD’s hand. RD was eventually able to restrain petitioner.
         Police subsequently arrested petitioner, and the
state charged petitioner with attempted murder and first-
degree assault. At petitioner’s trial in 2015, the prosecutor
referred to RD as a “victim” several times in his opening and
closing statements. Additionally, during examination, the
prosecutor referred to RD as the “victim” on several occa-
sions while asking questions. There were also five instances
when two eyewitnesses referred to RD as the “victim” in
their testimony, which we describe in greater detail below.
Trial counsel did not object to those descriptions during the
trial or move pretrial for an order prohibiting the prosecu-
tor and witnesses from referring to RD as the “victim” of a
crime during trial.
         Petitioner’s defense at trial was that he acted in
self-defense and that he lacked the intent to kill or seriously
injure RD. A jury convicted petitioner of first-degree assault
and acquitted him of attempted murder.
        In 2019, petitioner initiated this post-conviction pro-
ceeding, alleging that he received inadequate and ineffective
assistance of counsel in violation of his rights under Article I,
Cite as 326 Or App 259 (2023)                               263

section 11, of the Oregon Constitution, and the Sixth and
Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.
As relevant to this appeal, petitioner argued that trial coun-
sel’s performance was deficient because trial counsel (1) “failed
to move pretrial for an order prohibiting the prosecutor and
witnesses to refer to [RD] as the ‘victim’ of a crime before
Petitioner was convicted of a crime”; and (2) “failed to object
to, move to strike, then move for a mistrial after the prose-
cutor and state witnesses referred to [RD] as the ‘victim’ of a
crime before the jury determined that [RD] was a victim and
before Petitioner was convicted of a crime.”
        In support for those claims, petitioner relied pri-
marily on the Supreme Court’s decision in State v. Sperou,
365 Or 121, 442 P3d 581 (2019), holding that the use of the
word “victim” by the state’s witnesses amounted to imper-
missible vouching, when the only evidence that the alleged
criminal conduct occurred was from witnesses’ testimony,
and the defendant’s theory of the case was that no crime had
occurred.
         In response, the superintendent argued that Sperou
had been decided after petitioner’s criminal trial and was
distinguishable from the facts in petitioner’s case, and thus,
petitioner’s attorney did not fail to exercise reasonable pro-
fessional skill and judgment by not moving pretrial to pre-
vent the prosecutor and witnesses from referring to RD as
the “victim” during trial or objecting during trial to the use
of the term “victim” to describe RD.
         The post-conviction court granted relief. It noted
that although Sperou was decided after petitioner’s trial
took place, that decision “points out the problem with using
the term victim when the issue whether some[one] is in fact
a victim is central to the case.” Because petitioner claimed
that he acted in self-defense, the court concluded that “the
repeated use of the term ‘victim’ reinforces the idea that
[RD] was not the initial aggressor and that Petitioner was
not acting in self-defense,” and thus trial counsel was inad-
equate by not acting—pretrial and again during trial—to
prevent the prosecutor and witnesses from using the word
“victim” to describe RD. As noted above, the superintendent
challenges that ruling.
264                                      Curry v. Highberger

                       II. ANALYSIS
         Article I, section 11, of the Oregon Constitution and
the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
guarantee a criminal defendant’s right to adequate and
effective assistance of counsel. Antoine v. Taylor, 368 Or 760,
767, 499 P3d 48 (2021). A violation of such constitutional
rights entitles a petitioner to receive post-conviction relief.
ORS 138.530(1)(a).
         To establish inadequate assistance of counsel, peti-
tioner bears the burden of establishing by a preponderance
of the evidence that “counsel failed to exercise reasonable
professional skill and judgment, and that the petitioner suf-
fered prejudice as a result of counsel’s inadequacy.” Johnson
v. Premo, 361 Or 688, 699, 399 P3d 431 (2017). Because the
state and federal standards are “functionally equivalent”
and petitioner does not argue that the two standards should
be applied differently in this case, we focus our analysis on
petitioner’s claim under the Oregon Constitution. Montez v.
Czerniak, 355 Or 1, 6-7, 322 P3d 487, adh’d to as modified on
recons, 355 Or 598, 330 P3d 595 (2014).
         To determine whether counsel exercised reasonable
professional skill and judgment, we “ ‘evaluate a lawyer’s
conduct from the lawyer’s perspective at the time, without
the distorting effects of hindsight.’ ” Antoine, 368 Or at 768
(quoting Lichau v. Baldwin, 333 Or 350, 360, 39 P3d 851
(2002)); see also Sullivan v. Popoff, 274 Or App 222, 231, 360
P3d 625 (2015), rev den, 358 Or 833 (2016) (we evaluate the
reasonableness of trial counsel’s “skill and judgment under
the circumstances existing at the time of the challenged act
or omission”) (internal quotation marks omitted). When a
petitioner argues that the attorney’s performance was con-
stitutionally deficient because of a failure to present an
unsettled legal issue at the time of petitioner’s trial, such a
theory of inadequate assistance of counsel prevails only if
“the state of the law was so obviously ambiguous that any
lawyer exercising reasonable professional skill and judg-
ment necessarily would have seen it.” Jackson v. Franke, 369
Or 422, 434, 507 P3d 222 (2022) (internal quotation marks
omitted); see also Burdge v. Palmateer, 338 Or 490, 497, 112
P3d 320 (2005) (it was incorrect to “assume that, because a
Cite as 326 Or App 259 (2023)                              265

court eventually recognized a statute’s ambiguity, any law-
yer exercising reasonable professional skill and judgment
would have done the same”); Montez, 355 Or at 32 (“Defense
counsel cannot be faulted for lacking a crystal ball[.]”).
Framed slightly differently, a petitioner must do more than
“merely argue that [their] counsel could have made a win-
ning argument”; rather, a petitioner must show that “based
on the law as it existed at the time of [their] trial, any rea-
sonably competent defense attorney would have made the
argument.” Hagberg v. Coursey, 269 Or App 377, 382, 344
P3d 1118, rev den, 358 Or 69 (2015).
          So framed, the question on appeal is whether peti-
tioner established that his counsel failed to exercise reason-
able professional skill and judgment, at the time of petition-
er’s trial in 2015, when he failed to take action pretrial or at
trial to prevent the prosecutor and the state witnesses from
referring to the complainant as the “victim.”
         To answer that question, we begin—somewhat
counterintuitively—with Sperou. Although trial counsel did
not have the benefit of that case at the time of petitioner’s
trial in 2015, because that case formed the basis for the
post-conviction court’s ruling, and because the question we
must answer is whether, in 2015, trial counsel would have
made the argument that was ultimately deemed meritori-
ous in Sperou, we discuss that decision before addressing
the question of its foreseeability in 2015.
         Sperou marked the first time that the Supreme
Court expressly set parameters as to when a prosecu-
tor’s and a state witness’s use of the term “victim” at trial
would amount to unlawful vouching. There, the defendant
was accused of having sexually assaulted the complainant
when she was a child. 365 Or at 123. The state disclosed
pretrial that it would call the complainant and six other
women who would testify to having been sexually abused
by the defendant. Id. The defendant, who denied that any
abuse had occurred, moved pretrial to preclude all parties
or witnesses from referring to either the complainant or the
other six women as “victims” because to do so would amount
to impermissible vouching. Id. at 125-26. The trial court
denied the motion. Id. at 126. At trial, the prosecutor and
266                                          Curry v. Highberger

witnesses referred to the complainant as the “victim.” Id. at
127. The state did not present “any physical or eyewitness
evidence” corroborating the allegations of the complainant
or the other accusers. Id.
         The defendant appealed, challenging the trial court’s
denial of his motion to prohibit the use of the term “victim.”
Id. We affirmed without opinion, and the Supreme Court
granted review. Id.
          The Supreme Court reversed and noted that vouch-
ing “refers to the expression of one’s personal opinion about
the credibility of a witness,” which may be either overt or
subtle. Id. at 128. When the statement is subtle, the court
emphasized the importance that each statement be consid-
ered in the context in which it was made, because “certain
statements might be vouching in some contexts but not oth-
ers.” Id. Specifically, with respect to the prosecutor’s use of
the term “victim,” the court explained:
      “In light of a prosecutor’s dual responsibilities to refrain
   from inflammatory remarks and personal commentary, on
   the one hand, but to be an advocate for the state’s cause,
   on the other * * *, [o]ne can imagine situations where such
   use is meant to convey, improperly, a prosecutor’s personal
   opinion that a witness is credible. But one can readily
   imagine other situations in which the use of that term is
   a fair comment on the evidence (e.g., ‘we will prove that
   defendant committed this crime and that [witness] was his
   victim’).”
Id. at 135-36. Thus, although the rule against vouching pro-
hibits counsel from expressing personal opinions as to wit-
nesses’ credibility, “prosecutors, as advocates for the state’s
cause, have wide latitude to make arguments from the evi-
dence.” Id. at 130 (emphasis in original). Ultimately, “the pro-
priety of a prosecutor’s use of the term ‘victim’ will depend
on the context in which the word is used,” and “if context
renders the comment inappropriate, the court has discre-
tion to fashion an appropriate remedy, subject to the defen-
dant’s right to a fair trial.” Id. at 136. In Sperou, because the
defendant’s pretrial motion sought to categorically prohibit
prosecutorial references to “victim,” without an attempt to
distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate circum-
stances of such use, the court concluded that the trial court
Cite as 326 Or App 259 (2023)                            267

acted within its discretion to deny the defendant’s pretrial
motion with respect to the prosecutor. Id. at 137-38.
         The court reached a different conclusion with
respect to the state’s witnesses’ use of “victim.” Relying
primarily on an earlier case, State v. Lupoli, 348 Or 346,
234 P3d 117 (2010), the court concluded that “the use of the
term ‘victim’ to refer to the complaining witness or other
witnesses, in circumstances where the accusers’ own testi-
mony is the only evidence that the alleged criminal conduct
occurred, conveys the speaker’s belief that the accusers are
credible.” Sperou, 365 Or at 132 (emphasis added). It further
explained that where a defendant denies that any crime
occurred, such as in Sperou, references to the complaining
witness as a “victim” may “undermine the presumption of
the defendant’s innocence” because it assumes their guilt,
a fact that is not proved until the jury finds the defendant
guilty. Id. at 133. Meanwhile, the court acknowledged the
state’s argument that a witness’s use of the word “victim”
was not vouching “could have salience in a case where there
is physical evidence corroborating the complaining witness’s
claims of victimhood, allowing another witness to conclude
that the complaining witness is a ‘victim’ based on evidence
other than the complaining witness’s allegations.” Id. at 131.
          Thus, it was clear in 2019 that, depending on the
context in which the term “victim” is used during a trial,
a prosecutor’s or witness’s use of the term “victim” could
amount to improper vouching. The question we now turn to
is whether any lawyer exercising reasonable skill and judg-
ment would have objected to the use of that term in peti-
tioner’s trial in 2015.
A. Failure to Move Pretrial to Prohibit the Prosecutor’s Use
   of the Term “Victim”
        We begin with petitioner’s argument that his trial
counsel provided inadequate assistance of counsel for fail-
ing to move pretrial to prohibit the prosecutor from refer-
ring to RD as the victim. Even assuming that, in 2015,
counsel should have foreseen the Supreme Court’s eventual
holding in Sperou, under Sperou’s reasoning, petitioner’s
argument fails. In other words, we do not need to assess
whether counsel in 2015 should have anticipated Sperou
268                                      Curry v. Highberger

because, as the court explained in Sperou, given the range
of latitude afforded to prosecutors in terms of advocacy, a
pretrial motion categorically prohibiting the prosecutor
from referring to the complaining witness as “victim” is too
broad. 365 Or at 137. When a pretrial motion failed to “alert
the trial court to, the considerations distinguishing a prose-
cutor’s legitimate use of the term ‘victim’ from uses that are
improper,” as it would have in this case, under petitioner’s
argument, the trial court, “in its discretion, could deny
[the] motion.” Id. at 137-38; see also State v. McConnell, 308
Or App 29, 35, 479 P3d 1082 (2020) (applying Sperou, con-
cluding that the trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion in
limine to preclude the prosecutor from using the word “vic-
tim” to refer to the complainant was within the range of
allowable discretion). And petitioner points to no case that
existed at the time of his trial in 2015 that held otherwise.
Thus, the post-conviction court erred in ruling that Sperou
rendered trial counsel’s performance constitutionally inade-
quate for failing to move before trial to prevent the prosecu-
tor from referring to RD as the victim.
B.    Failure to Move Pretrial to Prohibit Witnesses’ Use of
      the Term “Victim” and to Object to Witnesses and the
      Prosecutor Using the Term “Victim” during Trial
          At trial, the prosecutor stated in his opening state-
ment that “[RD] is the victim in the case.” When he later
described the altercation and introduced the state’s wit-
nesses, he referred to RD as “victim” five additional times.
The prosecutor made similar multiple references in closing
argument. During examination, the prosecutor also referred
to RD as the “victim” while examining (1) the state’s two
eyewitnesses, (2) Miller, who, as noted, was petitioner’s then
girlfriend, (3) Officer Dominy, who interviewed RD at the hos-
pital, (4) Detective McCubbins, who interviewed petitioner
during the investigation, and (5) petitioner. Petitioner’s trial
counsel did not object to any of those descriptions at trial.
        With respect to witnesses, Patterson, an eyewit-
ness to part of the altercation, described at trial that he
saw petitioner and “the victim” on the ground and that “the
victim had some blood coming out of his hand and a knife
got thrown through the air.” When the prosecutor asked
Cite as 326 Or App 259 (2023)                            269

Patterson where RD went after the fight, he responded, “To
the best of my knowledge the victim was about out in this
area.” Another eyewitness, Poston, testified that after he
separated petitioner from RD, “[o]n the victim I saw that his
mouth was bleeding,” and “the person—the victim, I guess,
was standing there spitting at us and cursing at us.”
         As we understand petitioner’s argument and the
post-conviction court’s conclusions, petitioner asserts that
his trial counsel failed to exercise reasonable professional
skill and judgment by not acting, both pretrial and at peti-
tioner’s trial in 2015, to prohibit any references to the com-
plaining witness as a “victim” in light of the particular
nature of petitioner’s claim that he acted in self-defense. In
petitioner’s view, for the same reasons underlying the hold-
ing in Sperou, by referring to the complaining witness as a
“victim” in this case, the prosecutor and witnesses unlaw-
fully vouched for the complainant’s credibility and function-
ally undermined the presumption of petitioner’s innocence
by casting doubt on his claim of self-defense.
        As described above, however, to succeed on his
claim that his counsel acted unreasonably, petitioner can-
not merely argue that his counsel could have made an argu-
ment that would be meritorious under Sperou. Petitioner
must show that, based on the state of law as it existed at the
time of his trial, trial counsel exercising reasonable profes-
sional skill and judgment would have made the argument
that any references to RD as a “victim” at trial constituted
unlawful vouching. Jackson, 369 Or at 434.
         The state of the law in 2015—and what the Sperou
court relied on—was Lupoli, decided in 2010. In that case,
a nurse testified at trial that she had diagnosed the com-
plainant as having been the victim of child sexual abuse.
348 Or at 353. In support of that diagnosis, she stated that
the child’s responses during a forensic interview were devel-
opmentally appropriate for her age, had included “very clear
and spontaneous” descriptive details, and were “pretty com-
pelling.” Id. The court concluded that the nurse improperly
vouched for the child’s credibility because “given the lack of
physical evidence of abuse,” the nurse’s statement “necessar-
ily was based on her assessment of the child’s believability.”
270                                      Curry v. Highberger

Id. at 362; see also State v. Southard, 347 Or 127, 218 P3d
104 (2009) (a physician’s medical diagnosis that alleged
child victim had been sexually abused was inadmissible in
the absence of any physical evidence of abuse).
          For several reasons, we disagree that petitioner’s
trial counsel, based on the law in 2015, i.e., Lupoli, failed to
exercise reasonable professional skill and judgment by not
objecting to the use of the term “victim” at trial. As an ini-
tial matter, with respect to the prosecutor’s use of the term,
Lupoli involved testimony by a witness, not a prosecutor; it
was only until Sperou that the court extended the princi-
ples underlying its decision in Lupoli to statements made by
a prosecutor and in doing so, observed that a prosecutor’s
use of the term “victim” entails a “qualitatively different”
analysis. 365 Or at 137. Further, in Lupoli, there was no
physical evidence of abuse; thus, there was no physical evi-
dence that the child was a victim. By contrast, in petitioner’s
case, the state provided physical evidence and eyewitnesses’
testimony that RD suffered knife wounds as the result of the
altercation with petitioner. In other words, unlike in Lupoli,
in petitioner’s trial, an eyewitness could have concluded that
RD was a “victim” based on evidence other than the witness’s
personal opinions and perceptions. Accordingly, Lupoli did
not obligate petitioner’s trial attorney to object to the pros-
ecutor’s and eyewitnesses’ use of the term “victim” at trial
in 2015 or even suggest that such an objection might be suc-
cessful. Framed slightly differently, an argument that use
of the term “victim” constitutes unlawful vouching—which
would turn out to be meritorious in Sperou in 2019—was not
so obvious under the state of the law in 2015 that “the exer-
cise of reasonable professional skill and judgment obligated
attorneys to raise the argument.” Jackson, 369 Or at 425;
see also Hagberg, 269 Or App at 387 (“given the state of the
law, his own experience in that trial court, and the circum-
stances of the case,” the defense attorney had not performed
inadequately despite not raising an objection that later case
law deemed meritorious).
         Nor did petitioner’s self-defense theory make Lupoli
obviously applicable. As the superintendent notes, the term
“victim” can include someone who suffers an injury “either
as a result of ruthless design or incidentally or accidentally.”
Cite as 326 Or App 259 (2023)                             271

Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary 2550 (unabridged ed
2002). As such, under the state of law in 2015, use of the
term “victim” under the particular circumstances of this
case would not necessarily amount to a comment on the
credibility of the complaining witness’s allegation or a com-
ment on whether petitioner had acted in self-defense.
         In summary, given that petitioner has not shown
that his trial counsel failed to exercise reasonable profes-
sional skill and judgment in failing to move pretrial for an
order prohibiting the prosecutor and witnesses from refer-
ring to RD as the “victim” during trial or object during trial
to the eyewitnesses and prosecutor’s references to RD as the
“victim,” he is not entitled to post-conviction relief on those
grounds.
       On appeal, judgment on claims 13D and 13E reversed
and remanded; otherwise affirmed. On cross-appeal, affirmed.
        AOYAGI, P. J., specially concurring.
        I agree with the majority that the post-conviction
court erred in granting post-conviction relief on Claims 13D
and 13E, but my reasoning is significantly different from
the majority’s reasoning, so I write separately.
         There are some things that, once you see, you can-
not unsee. In my view, the impropriety of persistently refer-
ring to the complainant as “the victim” in a criminal trial in
which the complainant’s victimhood is disputed is something
that is so obvious now that it is difficult to imagine it ever
having not been obvious. Moreover, reading the transcript
of defendant’s trial, there is little doubt in my mind that the
prosecutor crossed the line recognized in State v. Sperou,
365 Or 121, 442 P3d 581 (2019). The prosecutor referred to
the complainant as “the victim” approximately 30 times in
front of the jury, including in his opening statement, while
questioning witnesses, and in his closing argument. Indeed,
the prosecutor’s very first words to the jury in his opening
statement were, “Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, welcome
back. Now we can talk about the facts. You’re going to meet
[RD], he is the victim in the case.” Throughout trial, the
prosecutor regularly reiterated that the complainant was
“the victim” in this case. His phrasing of questions also
272                                      Curry v. Highberger

repeatedly boxed witnesses into acknowledging or referring
to the complainant as “the victim.”
         The majority concludes that, given the nature of this
case, not all constitutionally adequate defense counsel would
have objected or sought to exclude references to the com-
plainant as “the victim.” See 326 Or App at 270. I disagree
with that reasoning. In my view, State v. Lupoli, 348 Or 346,
234 P3d 117 (2010), put attorneys on notice that, as relevant
to vouching in a criminal trial, there is an important dis-
tinction between cases in which the complainant’s victim-
hood is disputed and cases in which the dispute is over the
identity of the perpetrator. And, unlike the majority, I view
this case as falling into the former category.
         A child who has been sexually abused is necessar-
ily a “victim,” even if the defendant is not the perpetrator.
Similarly, in a trial where it is undisputed that the com-
plainant was defrauded, stolen from, or otherwise the vic-
tim of a crime—such that the state’s case turns on the per-
petrator’s identity, not the fact of the crime itself—referring
to the complainant as “the victim” would not seem to be
vouching. An eyewitness might also refer to someone as “the
victim” based on what they personally saw, which would not
be vouching. This case is different. Here, two adult men had
a physical altercation, and the one charged with a crime
claimed that he had acted in self-defense. In that context,
referring to the complainant as “the victim” necessarily
cast him as the victim of a crime committed by defendant,
counter to defendant’s theory that no crime occurred or that,
if one did, the complainant was the perpetrator.
          There could be contexts in which calling someone
“the victim” might be understood to refer only to a per-
son being physically injured, regardless of how the injury
was sustained. A criminal trial in which the defendant is
charged with assault and attempted murder and claims
self-defense is not one of them. To illustrate the point, real-
istically, if defendant had been the one physically injured in
the altercation, but the jury found that he was the aggres-
sor and guilty of assault, would anyone refer to defendant
as “the victim”? Or, if the jury found that the complainant
was the aggressor and that defendant acted in self-defense,
Cite as 326 Or App 259 (2023)                                                 273

resulting in defendant’s acquittal, would anyone still refer to
the complainant as “the victim”? I think not. Perhaps more
importantly, it is obvious on this record that the prosecutor
was not using “victim” in a neutral manner.1
         Physical evidence of an injury is different from
physical evidence of victimhood, and it is the latter type of
evidence that I understand Lupoli and Sperou to reference.
See Sperou, 365 Or at 131 (distinguishing between situa-
tions where the only basis to conclude that someone is a
“victim” is the complaining witness’s own statements and
situations where “there is physical evidence corroborating
the complaining witness’s claims of victimhood” (emphasis
added)); Lupoli, 348 Or at 362 (discussing the lack of “phys-
ical evidence” in the context of child sexual abuse). I there-
fore disagree with the majority that the mere fact that the
complainant was injured in the altercation with defendant
made it less objectionable for the state to continuously refer
to him as “the victim.” It is important to observe that the
majority’s reasoning in this case would not seem to be lim-
ited to trials that took place before Sperou was decided. I
can discern no reason that it would not apply equally (or
nearly equally) today, if the majority believes that the phys-
ical evidence here is the type of physical evidence to which
Lupoli and Sperou refer.
         Although I disagree with the majority’s reasoning,
I ultimately agree with the majority’s disposition. That is
because, in my view, Sperou effected a significant extension
of the principle animating Lupoli, and not all constitutionally
adequate defense counsel would have foreseen that exten-
sion in 2015. Two considerations in particular compel me to
that conclusion. First, as to the speaker, Lupoli is limited
to witness testimony, whereas Sperou addresses both wit-
ness testimony and prosecutorial statements, arguments,

    1
      Even if the prosecutor had used the term “victim” ambiguously—which is
not the case here—it would not follow that we should assume that jurors would
have understood that. Cf. Sperou, 365 Or at 132 (“The state’s contrary argument
appears to presume that, even under those circumstances, the jury will under-
stand that the word ‘victim’ really means ‘alleged victim.’ It is possible that some
jurors will have that understanding some of the time, but we decline to simply
assume that that will always be so for all jurors, particularly when jurors are
given no instruction regarding the term’s legal meaning.”).
274                                                 Curry v. Highberger

and questions. Sperou, 365 Or at 123; Lupoli, 348 Or at 349.
Second, as to subject matter, Lupoli focuses on witnesses
diagnosing children as having been sexually abused and
pays no attention to the use of the term “victim,”2 whereas
Sperou directly addresses the use of the term “victim” to
refer to a complainant. Sperou, 365 Or at 123; Lupoli, 348
Or at 353. In some ways, Sperou goes beyond vouching and,
at least as to prosecutors, crosses into concerns about the
presumption of innocence.
         Post-Sperou, the present case is, in my view, exactly
the type of situation in which constitutionally adequate
defense counsel would object to persistent references to the
complainant as “the victim,” including during witness ques-
tioning, as undermining the presumption of innocence and
risking depriving the defendant of a fair trial. I cannot say
that all constitutionally adequate defense counsel would
have made that objection in 2015, however, at least in a case
like this one where it was almost entirely the prosecutor who
was referring to the complainant as “the victim,” and where,
in context, it is fairly apparent that the witnesses were sim-
ply accepting the prosecutor’s characterization for purposes
of answering his questions (when they were asked a question
about “the victim” and answered with the understanding
that he meant the complainant) and occasionally repeating
his phrasing (the few times that a witness said “the victim”
to refer to the complainant), rather than expressing their
own views on whether the complainant was “the victim.” As
difficult as it is to unsee the problem identified in Sperou,
now that it seems so obvious, we are not to rely on hindsight
in assessing counsel’s constitutional adequacy in a post-
conviction case.
         In sum, I agree with the majority that petitioner’s
trial counsel was not constitutionally deficient—but based
on different reasoning from the majority—and that the post-
conviction court therefore erred in granting post-conviction

    2
      It is unclear whether, in Lupoli, the witnesses even used the word “vic-
tim” in referring to the complainants. See generally Lupoli, 348 Or at 349-70.
Moreover, the Supreme Court itself repeatedly used the word “victim” to refer to
the complainants in Lupoli, despite reversing the defendant’s convictions, which
strongly suggests that the court was not especially sensitive to the use of the
term “victim” in 2010. See id.
Cite as 326 Or App 259 (2023)                             275

relief on Claims 13D and 13E. I also agree with the major-
ity’s disposition of the state’s other assignment of error and
petitioner’s assignments of error. Accordingly, I respectfully
concur.