Court Opinion

ID: 2721610
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-28 15:00:57.687345+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:02:47.084344
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                         For the Eighth Circuit
                     ___________________________

                             No. 13-1161
                     ___________________________

                     In re: Nevel Properties Corporation

                            lllllllllllllllllllllDebtor

                          ------------------------------

   Agri Star Meat & Poultry, LLC; SHF Industries, LLC, Now known as SHF
                               Holdings LLC

                          lllllllllllllllllllllAppellants

                                        v.

                        Nevel Properties Corporation

                           lllllllllllllllllllllAppellee
                                 ____________

                  Appeal from United States District Court
                 for the Northern District of Iowa - Dubuque
                               ____________

                         Submitted: April 14, 2014
                          Filed: August 28, 2014
                              ____________

Before RILEY, Chief Judge, MELLOY and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                              ____________
RILEY, Chief Judge.

      This bankruptcy case is another chapter in the legal saga of Sholom
Rubashkin’s meteoric rise and spectacular fall. See generally United States v.
Rubashkin, 655 F.3d 849, 853-54 (8th Cir. 2011) (affirming Rubashkin’s conviction
and prison sentence of 324 months for “86 counts of bank, wire, and mail fraud;
making false statements to a bank; money laundering; and violations of an order of
the Secretary of Agriculture”). The appellant in this case is SHF Holdings, LLC
(SHF), which acquired the vestiges of Rubashkin’s bankrupt Agriprocessors, Inc.
(Agriprocessors), now rebranded as Agri Star. The appellee and debtor is Nevel
Properties Corporation (Nevel), whose current owner is Sholom Rubashkin’s brother
Tzvi “Heshy” Rubashkin.

       Although the parties’ filings complicate the case with several tangential issues,
the core dispute on appeal is whether SHF has any rights to a well located on land
owned by Nevel. The bankruptcy court1 concluded SHF did not, and the district
court2 agreed. SHF appeals, and Nevel moves to dismiss the appeal based on the so-
called “equitable mootness” doctrine. Having both constitutional and statutory
jurisdiction, see U.S. Const. art. III, § 2; 28 U.S.C. § 158(d)(1), we affirm on the
merits and deny the motion to dismiss.3

      1
      The Honorable Thad J. Collins, Chief United States Bankruptcy Judge for the
Northern District of Iowa.
      2
      The Honorable Edward J. McManus, United States District Judge for the
Northern District of Iowa.
      3
       Because we affirm on the merits, we deny as moot Nevel’s motion to dismiss
the appeal arguing the doctrine of “equitable mootness.” See In re Westpointe, L.P.,
241 F.3d 1005, 1009 (8th Cir. 2001)

                                          -2-
I.     BACKGROUND
       Before unethical and criminal practices led to federal prosecution and
bankruptcy, Sholom Rubashkin’s business in Postville, Iowa, included
Agriprocessors, a kosher meatpacking company, and Nevel, which owns and leases
property. See Rubashkin, 655 F.3d at 853. Nevel rented residential property to
employees of the meatpacking facility, and Nevel also owned a piece of non-
residential property with a deep water well (one of three used by the meatpacking
facility).

      Nevel filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11 on March 2, 2009, and lengthy
proceedings unfolded in the Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Iowa.
Eventually, Nevel filed an amended reorganization plan, which SHF found
objectionable. This appeal arises from SHF’s objections to the reorganization plan’s
handling of the deep water well. According to SHF, Nevel and SHF were parties to
a “Deep Water Well Lease -- Water Line and Access Easements” (contract or lease)
giving SHF (1) the exclusive right to use the deep water well in exchange for an
annual payment, and (2) a non-exclusive right to access the well for maintenance and
other purposes incident to the well’s operation. In SHF’s view, the contract was
neither executory nor a lease, so Nevel could not reject it. Cf. 11 U.S.C. § 365(a)
(allowing “the trustee” of an entity in bankruptcy to “assume or reject any executory
contract or unexpired lease” “subject to the court’s approval”). SHF also believes
Nevel waived any argument that Agriprocessors had already rejected the contract.

       The bankruptcy court agreed the contract was not executory, but still overruled
SHF’s objections because SHF was never a party to the contract. The bankruptcy
court explained the contract was between Agriprocessors and Nevel—not SHF and
Nevel—and, while Agriprocessors was in bankruptcy protection under the control of
a court-appointed trustee, the contract was deemed rejected as a matter of law under
11 U.S.C. § 365(d)(4)(A). By the time SHF acquired Agriprocessors’ assets, the
contract was already broken: SHF neither became a party to the contract nor acquired

                                         -3-
any rights from it. The bankruptcy court also rejected SHF’s alternative argument,
that Nevel waived Agriprocessors’ trustee’s rejection, because (assuming without
deciding a prior § 365(a) rejection could be waived) the facts did not show any
waiver by Nevel.

      SHF appealed to the district court, which affirmed the bankruptcy court’s
decision. The district court was “satisfied that the Bankruptcy Court did not err in
finding the totality of the substance of this economic transaction . . . to be an
‘unexpired lease’ within the meaning of 11 U.S.C. §[ ]365.” Because the contract
was an “unexpired lease,” the district court detected no error in the bankruptcy court’s
conclusion that the contract was rejected as a matter of law under § 365, meaning
SHF never acquired any rights under the contract. The district court also rejected
SHF’s waiver theory, explaining the bankruptcy court “considered and rejected the
grounds raised by SHF in support of its waiver argument, including Nevel’s claimed
acquiescence in SHF’s continuing possession and use of the well, and failure to
invoice SHF for rent.”

      SHF now appeals to our court.

II.   DISCUSSION
      The parties ask us to decide five issues. All five of those issues boil down to
one question: Did the district court err in concluding SHF had no rights to the deep
water well? We conclude the district court did not err.

      The bankruptcy court correctly found SHF never acquired any rights to the well
because Agriprocessors’ trustee was deemed to have rejected the contract as a matter
of law. Our court, sitting “as a second court of review, . . . generally appl[ies] the
same standards of review as the district court and review[s] the bankruptcy court’s
factual findings for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo.” In re M & S
Grading, Inc., 526 F.3d 363, 367 (8th Cir. 2008).

                                          -4-
              1.     Agriprocessors’ Trustee’s Rejection of the Lease
      Before SHF acquired Agriprocessors’ assets, Agriprocessors was under the
control of a trustee in Chapter 11 proceedings. The trustee did not assume the well
lease within the period required under 11 U.S.C. § 365(d)(4), so the lease was
“deemed rejected” well before SHF could have acquired any rights to the lease:

      [A]n unexpired lease of nonresidential real property under which the
      debtor is the lessee shall be deemed rejected, and the trustee shall
      immediately surrender that nonresidential real property to the lessor, if
      the trustee does not assume or reject the unexpired lease by the earlier
      of—

             (i) the date that is 120 days after the date of the order for relief
             [unless extended by the bankruptcy court]; or

             (ii) the date of the entry of an order confirming a plan.

11 U.S.C. § 365(d)(4)(A). As the bankruptcy court found, “SHF does not argue that
the [lease] was actually assumed in the 120-day period under the statute [or] that the
Trustee attempted to preserve the Lease under the procedures required in § 365(d).”
Far from assuming the lease in accordance with the provisions of § 365, the trustee
could not have assumed the lease because Agriprocessors’ rental payment default was
never cured. See id. § 365(b)(1)(A) (“If there has been a default in an . . . unexpired
lease of the debtor, the trustee may not assume such . . . lease unless, at the time of
assumption of such . . . lease, the trustee cures, or provides adequate assurance that
the trustee will promptly cure, such default.” (emphasis added)). As a matter of fact
and law, SHF never acquired any rights to the well.

             2.     SHF’s Theories
      In an effort to overcome the unambiguous effect of § 365(d)(4), SHF presents
several theories.

                                          -5-
      First, SHF insists the contract—which it calls a “Well Lease and
Easement”—was not actually a lease. As the bankruptcy court found and
convincingly explained, “the totality of the arrangement [was] the functional
equivalent of a lease” for two reasons. One, the core of the contract was, both by
name and according to its terms, a lease requiring an annual inflation-adjusted rental
payment. Two, the easement on which SHF heavily relies was both temporary and
“non-exclusive,” solely permitting Agriprocessors incidental access (for maintenance
and waterline construction) to the leased property. This easement was granted “[i]n
consideration of the payments, agreements and conditions” listed in the contract, and
“upon the termination of th[e] Agreement,” the easement and any associated rights
would revert to Nevel (the lessor). In other words, the easement was inseparable from
the well lease. We accordingly reject SHF’s argument that the contract as a whole
was not a lease.

       Second, SHF theorizes that the pre-bankruptcy relationship between
Agriprocessors and Nevel means “the bankruptcy court should have reviewed
Agriprocessors’ failure to assume the Well Lease and Agreement and Nevel’s claim
that the Well was not sold to SHF . . . under close, careful scrutiny.” SHF’s theory
fundamentally misconceives the nature of heightened scrutiny for insider transactions.
This scrutiny would, for example, allow Agriprocessors’ trustee to avoid or reverse
a preferential transfer of property by pre-bankruptcy Agriprocessors to Nevel. See
11 U.S.C. § 547(b). Thus, had Agriprocessors rejected the lease before entering
bankruptcy, heightened scrutiny might well apply. But in this case it was the trustee,
not the insiders at Agriprocessors, who rejected the lease—by the trustee’s choosing
not to assume the lease under § 365(d). The court-appointed trustee, by definition,
must be independent and is required to operate at arm’s length from interested parties.
See 11 U.S.C. § 1104(b)(1), (2)(A) (requiring a “disinterested . . . trustee” (emphasis
added)). The bankruptcy court appropriately scrutinized the trustee’s presumptively
disinterested decision not to assume the lease.

                                         -6-
      Third, SHF contends the bankruptcy court clearly “erred in holding that Nevel
did not waive the right to argue that the well property lease was terminated and/or not
assumed.” Assuming a rejection as a matter of law under § 365(d) is waivable (a
question we have not decided and need not consider today), the bankruptcy court’s
finding was far from clear error. We reprise how difficult it is to show clear error on
appeal in a bankruptcy case:

       While our review is a searching and independent one, we also realize
       that we are the second court charged with reviewing the bankruptcy
       court’s factual findings for clear error. Being the second court to review
       the record, we are reminded of another jurist’s poignant and colorful
       description of the clear error standard: “To be clearly erroneous, a
       decision must strike us as more than just maybe or probably wrong; it
       must . . . strike us as wrong with the force of a five-week-old,
       unrefrigerated dead fish.”

In re Papio Keno Club, Inc., 262 F.3d 725, 729 (8th Cir. 2001) (omission in original)
(quoting Parts & Elec. Motors, Inc. v. Sterling Elec., Inc., 866 F.2d 228, 233 (7th Cir.
1988)). We smell nothing fishy in the bankruptcy court’s factual findings.

       These conclusions also dispose of SHF’s remaining theories, which are
predicated on the erroneous premise that the lease was never rejected as a matter of
law. SHF’s assertion that it clearly acquired the well lease is especially flawed
because, as SHF concedes, “the Well Lease and Easement was not specifically listed
as an asset to be sold.” It was not listed, of course, because it had already been
rejected.

III.  CONCLUSION
      We affirm the district court’s affirmance of the bankruptcy court’s well-
reasoned decision, and deny Nevel’s motion to dismiss.
                      ______________________________

                                          -7-