Court Opinion

ID: 9554234
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-08 14:06:10.119598+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:33:30.413828
License: Public Domain

NOTICE: Summary decisions issued by the Appeals Court pursuant to M.A.C. Rule
23.0, as appearing in 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1017 (2020) (formerly known as rule 1:28,
as amended by 73 Mass. App. Ct. 1001 [2009]), are primarily directed to the parties
and, therefore, may not fully address the facts of the case or the panel's
decisional rationale. Moreover, such decisions are not circulated to the entire
court and, therefore, represent only the views of the panel that decided the case.
A summary decision pursuant to rule 23.0 or rule 1:28 issued after February 25,
2008, may be cited for its persuasive value but, because of the limitations noted
above, not as binding precedent. See Chace v. Curran, 71 Mass. App. Ct. 258, 260
n.4 (2008).

                       COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS

                                 APPEALS COURT

                                                  22-P-497

                                 AARON GOODALE

                                       vs.

                          TOWN OF UPTON & others. 1

               MEMORANDUM AND ORDER PURSUANT TO RULE 23.0

       Following his termination as the fire chief of the town of

 Upton, the plaintiff, Aaron Goodale, filed suit against the

 town, the town manager, and members of the town selectboard

 alleging breach of contract, defamation, whistle blower

 retaliation, and age and disability discrimination.              A judge of

 the Superior Court allowed the defendants' motion for summary

 judgment, and this appeal ensued.           We affirm.

       Discussion.     "We review a grant of summary judgment de

 novo," Deutsche Bank Nat'l Trust Co. v. Fitchburg Capital, LLC,

 471 Mass. 248, 252-253 (2015), to determine "whether, viewing

 the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party,

 all material facts have been established and the nonmoving party

 1 Derek Brindisi, Gary Daugherty, Robert Fleming, Stephen
 Matellian, and James Brochu.
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law" (citation omitted).

Molina v. State Garden, Inc., 88 Mass. App. Ct., 173, 177

(2015).

     "It is . . .   the plaintiff's burden in this case, as the

nonmoving party, to show, through his submissions, specific

facts that demonstrate that there is a genuine issue for trial."

Cole v. New England Mut. Life Ins. Co., 49 Mass. App. Ct. 296,

297 (2000).   A party may not rely on the allegations of an

unverified complaint to defeat summary judgment.   See Green v.

Zoning Bd. of Appeals of Southborough, 96 Mass. App. Ct. 126,

132 (2019), quoting LaLonde v. Eissner, 405 Mass. 207, 209

(1989) ("[T]he opposing party cannot rest on his or her

pleadings and mere assertions of disputed facts to defeat the

motion for summary judgment").   Here, even though "[e]ach

statement of fact shall be supported by" an appropriate and

accurate record reference, Mass. R. A. P. 16 (a) (7) and 16 (e),

as appearing in 481 Mass. 1628 (2019), the plaintiff has relied

primarily on the allegations of the unverified amended complaint

on appeal, referring only occasionally to selected portions of

the transcript, the record, and the judge's memorandum.      In the

absence of appropriate citation to the record, we may (and do)

affirm the judgment on the basis of the appeal as presented.

However, while "we are not obliged to read the entire [record]

in search of testimony that may support arguments in the brief,"

                                 2
Cole, supra, we have, in our discretion, also conducted a de

novo review of the record, and likewise find no reason to

disturb the judgment.    We therefore summarily address the

arguments as they have been made to us.

     1.   Breach of contract.   Under the provisions of the so-

called "weak chief" statute, G. L. c. 48, § 42A, the town

entered into a contract with the plaintiff in 2010 that

permitted the town to terminate his contract either with cause,

or in the alternative, without cause if it provided severance

equal to six months' salary, as well as payment of accrued but

unused vacation, and health insurance for the same six month

period.   On January 3, 2018, the town manager gave the plaintiff

a letter of reprimand regarding certain aspects of his

performance.    The plaintiff attempted to grieve the reprimand

under the town's personnel bylaws (initial grievance), which he

claimed were incorporated into his contract by reference.     The

town's counsel responded by stating that the grievance procedure

was inapplicable to the plaintiff, and that even if it was

applicable, the initial grievance was denied.    The plaintiff did

not pursue the next steps of the grievance procedure.    The town

subsequently terminated his employment in 2018 but did not

pursue a cause-based termination.     Instead, the town terminated

his contract without cause, paying the requisite severance and

vacation pay.    The plaintiff did not grieve his termination.

                                  3
     The plaintiff argues on appeal, as he did in the Superior

Court, that the town breached the contract by failing to process

his initial grievance, by depriving him of a hearing before the

personnel board, and by terminating his employment.   On appeal

(and in the Superior Court) the town argued that the breach of

contract claim should be dismissed because, even if it applied

to him, the plaintiff failed to exhaust the grievance procedure.

The judge dismissed the breach of contract claim on this basis.

We agree that the breach of contract claim (and associated

request for declaratory judgment) was properly dismissed.

     Assuming without deciding that the grievance procedure in

the town bylaws was incorporated by reference in his employment

agreement, the plaintiff was required to exhaust -- or at least

attempt to exhaust -- the grievance procedure.   While the town's

letter to the plaintiff claimed the grievance procedure did not

apply to him, the letter also stated in the alternative that to

the extent the grievance procedure applied, the grievance was

denied.   Thus, the town denied the initial grievance on the

merits, placing the plaintiff on notice of the necessity of

advancing the grievance to the next step of the procedure, and

also placing the plaintiff on notice that the town may have

considered a termination grievance on the merits.   However, the

plaintiff "did not follow the grievance procedure, and that

                                 4
omission, as a matter of law, is fatal to [his] claim."    O'Brien

v. New England Tel. & Tel. Co., 422 Mass. 686, 695 (1996).

     Without citation to authority, the plaintiff contends that

any further attempt to grieve would have been futile.    The

plaintiff has not, however, placed facts in evidence to create a

genuine dispute about the futility of pursuing either the

initial grievance or a potential second grievance based on the

termination.   Cf. Balsavich v. Local Union 170, Int'l Bhd. of

Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen & Helpers of Am., 371 Mass.

283, 286 (1976) (employee may bypass grievance procedures and

seek judicial remedies only when employer "repudiates or

otherwise nullifies" grievance procedure).   Given that the town

also rejected the initial grievance on substantive grounds, we

cannot say that it would have been futile for the plaintiff to

have advanced that grievance to the next step, or to grieve his

termination.   Put another way, in the absence of (1) an effort

by the plaintiff to process grievance(s) through the steps of

the grievance procedure, and (2) a refusal by the town to

process the grievance(s), the plaintiff has not placed facts in

dispute as to a breach or repudiation of the grievance

procedure.   See Azzi v. Western Elec. Co., 19 Mass. App. Ct.

406, 409 (1985) (no showing that company "repudiated or

otherwise nullified the grievance . . . procedures").    To the

extent that the plaintiff relies on the facts that it was a

                                 5
small town and the town manager or personnel board were unlikely

to change their minds, he has offered no facts to support the

allegations, nor any legal authority to suggest that the

allegations, if supported, would rise to the level of futility

or repudiation.

       Alternatively, and even if the grievance procedure did not

apply to the plaintiff, the plaintiff failed to place facts in

evidence to create a genuine dispute whether he was harmed by

the claimed breach of the contract.      See Vacca v. Brigham &

Women's Hosp., Inc., 98 Mass. App. Ct. 463, 467 (2020).      Under

the employment agreement, the town was permitted to terminate

the plaintiff without cause so long as he was appropriately

compensated.     The plaintiff received all contractual severance

and vacation pay following his termination.      Thus, he suffered

no harm, and summary judgment on the count for breach of

contract was properly granted as a matter of law.      See id. at

467.

       2.   Defamation.   "In order to state a claim of defamation,

a plaintiff must allege facts indicating that (1) the defendant

published a false statement regarding the plaintiff –- that is,

the defendant communicated the statement concerning the

plaintiff to a third party; (2) the statement could damage the

plaintiff's reputation in the community; and (3) the statement

caused economic loss or is otherwise actionable without proof of

                                    6
economic loss."   Flagg v. AliMed, Inc., 466 Mass. 23, 37 (2013).

On appeal as he did in the Superior Court, the plaintiff points

to deposition testimony to show that he was defamed by the

defendants because unnamed people spread unspecified

"scuttlebutt" about him.

     While the plaintiff claims that his reputation in the

community has been damaged, he has failed to place facts in

dispute to show that damage to his reputation was caused by

actionable statements improperly communicated to a third party

by any one of the defendants.   The town is immune from suit for

intentional torts.   G. L. c. 258, § 10 (c); Barrows v. Wareham

Fire Dist., 82 Mass. App. Ct. 623, 626 (2012).   As to statements

allegedly attributable to the individual defendants, the

plaintiff has not articulated on appeal what the statements

forming "scuttlebutt" were, who spread them, or to whom the

"scuttlebutt" was communicated.   The chair of the selectboard

said in a deposition that there had been "scuttlebutt," but he

also stated that he had no idea which individuals were talking

about the plaintiff.

     The town relies on this evidence to show that there were no

facts in dispute that the named defendants made or published

defamatory statements, and thus no reasonable likelihood of

success at trial as to this issue.    Once this showing was made,

the burden on summary judgment shifted to the plaintiff to

                                  7
submit admissible evidence to support an inference that the

individual defendants each published defamatory statements to

third parties.    See generally Kourouvacilis v. General Motors

Corp., 410 Mass. 706, 711-712 (1991); Green, 96 Mass. App. Ct.

at 132.    However, absent evidence in the summary judgment record

that any of the individual defendants disclosed false

information (or indeed any information) about the plaintiff to

others in the town, 2 the motion for summary judgment was properly

allowed.    See McCone v. New England Tel.& Tel., 393 Mass 231,

235-236 (1984).    Compare Bratt v. International Business Machs.

Corp., 392 Mass. 508, 509 (1984).

     To the extent that the plaintiff claims that the town

manager defamed him by issuing the letter of reprimand, placing

him on administrative leave (and issuing a letter to that

2 The plaintiff's brief on appeal relies only on the
"scuttlebutt" statement. We have nonetheless reviewed certain
portions of the record. In his answers to interrogatories and
his deposition testimony, the plaintiff stated that third
parties told him that the town manager called a meeting and
informed the employees that the plaintiff had been terminated
due to financial improprieties. The statement is arguably
multilevel hearsay. See Mass. G. Evid. § 805 (2023). Cf.
Wingate v. Emery Air Freight Corp., 385 Mass. 402, 405 (1982).
The town manager's statement would be admissible both as an
admission and for its nonhearsay purpose to show that the
statement was made, but what a third party told the plaintiff is
inadmissible hearsay, not based on personal knowledge. See
Mass. G. Evid. § 801(a) (2023); Madsen v. Erwin, 395 Mass. 715,
721 (1985) ("Hearsay in an affidavit is unacceptable to defeat
summary judgment"); Whirty v. Lynch, 27 Mass. App. Ct. 498, 499-
500 (1989) (assertions "based on hearsay or supposition"
properly disregarded on summary judgment).

                                  8
effect), and terminating his employment, the town manager

enjoyed a qualified privilege to do so, and to share that

information with those with a need to know. 3   See Foley v.

Polaroid Corp., 400 Mass. 82, 94-95 (1987).     For purposes of the

defamation claim, the issue is not whether the town was correct

in its assessment of the plaintiff's performance, but whether it

acted within the scope of its qualified privilege. 4   Id.     On the

basis of the arguments as presented, 5 the town manager's

disclosure to the board fell within the ambit of "the employer's

legitimate interest in the fitness of an employee to perform his

or her job," McCone, supra at 235, quoting Bratt, supra, and

summary judgment was properly granted as a matter of law.       Cf.

Mulgrew v. Taunton, 410 Mass. 631, 634-635 (1991).

     3.   Whistleblower claims.   The plaintiff also asserts that

the town violated the Whistleblower Act by terminating him for

reporting fraud.   See G. L. c. 149, § 185 (a) (5).    To prevail

3 The letter of reprimand was carbon copied to town counsel. The
chair of the selectboard was informed of the town manager's
dissatisfaction with the plaintiff's performance and the town
manager's desire to terminate the plaintiff's contract without
cause.
4 The parties relied on facts not presented in the factual record

at oral argument to support their claims regarding the propriety
of the discharge. We do not consider these arguments.
5 The plaintiff has not addressed qualified privilege either on

appeal or in the Superior Court, and the issue is waived. See
Zoning Bd. of Appeals of Lunenburg v. Housing Appeals Comm., 464
Mass. 38, 55 (2013); Carey v. New England Organ Bank, 446 Mass.
270, 285 (2006).

                                  9
on this statutory claim, the plaintiff must establish that (1)

he "engaged in an activity protected by the act; (2) the

protected activity was the cause of an adverse employment

action, such that the employment action was retaliatory; and (3)

the retaliatory action caused [him] damages."    Edwards v.

Commonwealth, 488 Mass. 555, 568-569 (2021).

       The plaintiff reported in 2016 that an employee was plowing

while out of work on medical leave, and reported in March of

2017 that a building inspector gave preferential treatment in

awarding an occupancy permit.    Reporting fraud is conduct

protected under the Whistleblower Act.    See G. L. c. 149, § 185

(b) (3); Trychon v. Massachusetts Bay Transp. Auth., 90 Mass.

App. Ct. 250, 256-257 (2016).    Even assuming these reports rose

to that level, the reports predated the town manager's tenure, 6

and the town manager disclaimed any knowledge of them in his

deposition.    On appeal, the plaintiff has not brought to our

attention any admissible evidence to show that the town manager

knew of the reports, and our review of the record discloses

none.    The act requires that "the employer knew of the protected

activity before undertaking the retaliatory action."       Edwards,

488 Mass. at 573.    See Mole v. University of Mass., 442 Mass.

582, 592 (2004) (where "adverse action is taken against a

6   Derek Brindisi became town manager on July 31, 2017.

                                 10
satisfactorily performing employee in the immediate aftermath of

the employer's becoming aware of the employee's protected

activity, an inference of causation is permissible").    Because

the plaintiff has not placed facts in dispute to show a causal

connection between protected activity and his subsequent

termination, his whistleblower claim was properly dismissed on

summary judgment.

     4.   Discrimination.   The plaintiff brought claims of

employment discrimination based on age and disability.      "To

prove a claim of employment discrimination under the statute, a

plaintiff must show 'that he or she is a member of a protected

class; that he or she was subject to an adverse employment

action; that the employer bore discriminatory animus in taking

that action; and that that animus was the reason for the action

(causation)'" (quotation and citation omitted).   Adams v.

Schneider Elec. USA, 492 Mass. 271, 280 (2023).    On summary

judgment, the moving party must show that there was a

legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its action, and the

plaintiff must then place facts in dispute to show that the

employer's stated reasons were pretextual.    Id. at 281.

     The summary judgment record is devoid of evidence

demonstrating a genuine dispute of fact regarding discrimination

of either type.   The parties' Superior Court Rule 9A (b) (5)

statements of undisputed facts do not directly address the

                                 11
discrimination count of the complaint.    However, the defendants'

rule 9A (b) (5) statement contains the assertion, admitted by

the plaintiff, see Godfrey v. Globe Newspaper Co., 457 Mass.

113, 121 (2010), that the person who replaced the plaintiff was

older than the plaintiff.    See O'Connor v. Consolidated Coin

Caterers Corp., 517 U.S. 308, 311-312 (1996) (replacement of

plaintiff by person in protected age class but substantially

younger permits inference of age discrimination, but no

inference drawn from replacement by one insignificantly

younger).    No other reference to age may be found in either the

rule 9A (b) (5) statements or the verified charge filed with the

Massachusetts Commission against Discrimination. 7   Instead, the

verified charge contains only assertions of a breach of the

covenant of good faith and fair dealing, retaliation for the

exercise contractual rights, and requests a declaratory judgment

regarding contractual obligations.

     Although the parties hotly contest the plaintiff's

performance, there must be some articulated claim and basis for

an inference of age discrimination.    See O'Connor, 517 U.S. at

311-312.    Contrast Adams, 492 Mass. at 282.   None has been

advanced here.    Similarly, the plaintiff has failed to

7 The verified charge was incorporated by reference into the
amended complaint. The plaintiff relies on the amended
complaint on appeal.

                                 12
articulate any basis for his assertion that he was terminated on

account of a disability. 8   The "plaintiff was required to respond

by 'set[ting] forth specific facts showing that there is a

genuine issue for trial.'    Mass. R. Civ. P. 56 (e), 365 Mass.

824 (1974).   As a result of the plaintiff's failure in this

8 With respect to the disability claim, we note that the
plaintiff offered evidence that he suffered from hypertension in
2016 when he was working under prior town manager Blythe
Robinson. The defendants submitted evidence on summary judgment
that plaintiff took leave without incident, and was paid in
accordance with the selectmen's emergency leave bylaw. Two
years later, on April 2, 2018, the current town manager
initiated the process for placing the plaintiff on leave without
pay. See Mole, 442 Mass. at 595 (no inference of discrimination
or retaliation where passage of time substantial). The town
manager delivered the notice of administrative leave without pay
on April 3, 2018. However, it was not until the afternoon of
April 3, 2018, that the plaintiff sent a letter stating that he
had high blood pressure and requesting medical leave. Thus, the
plaintiff has not placed facts in dispute to show that the
defendants were aware of a recurrence of his medical condition
or his request for medical leave before the town manager made
the decision to place him on administrative leave. The only
evidence in the record is that the plaintiff did not inform the
town of his medical condition until after the town manager
obtained approval to place him on administrative leave.

                                 13
regard, the grant of summary judgment to the defendants was

appropriate."    Kourouvacilis, 410 Mass. at 716.

                                      Judgment affirmed.

                                      By the Court (Green, C.J.,
                                        Wolohojian &
                                        Sullivan, JJ. 9),

                                      Clerk

Entered:    August 8, 2023.

9   The panelists are listed in order of seniority.

                                 14