Court Opinion

ID: 2801196
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-05-15 19:03:39.000374+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:29:39.128629
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/15/15 In re S.M. CA4/1
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                    COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

                                           STATE OF CALIFORNIA

In re S.M., a Person Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.
                                                                 D066498
SAN DIEGO COUNTY HEALTH AND
HUMAN SERVICES AGENCY,
                                                                 (Super. Ct. No. J518024B)
         Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.

J.M. et al.,

         Defendants and Respondents.

         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Kimberlee A.

Lagotta, Judge. Affirmed.

         William Hook, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant J.M.

         Monica Vogelmann, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant

and Appellant V.G.
       Thomas E. Montgomery, County Counsel, John E. Philips, Chief Deputy County

Counsel, and Emily K. Harlan, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

       V.G. (mother) appeals from the order denying her reunification services and

terminating parental rights to her daughter, S.M.,1 who was born in January 2014. Her

contention on appeal is that the juvenile court abused its discretion and thus erred when it

denied her "changed circumstances" petition under Welfare and Institutions Code2

section 388.

       S.M.'s father, Jesus M. (father), also appeals the denial of his separate section 388

petition. Father does not assert any independent issues; instead, he joins in mother's

opening brief and her challenge to the denial of the section 388 petition and the

termination of parental rights. As we explain, we conclude the court properly exercised

its discretion in denying the section 388 petitions and terminating parental rights.

Affirmed.

                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       In or about 2009, mother "relinquished her parental rights" to her two older

children. In 2013, mother and father failed to reunify in a prior dependency case with

their other daughter, B.M., after both mother and B.M. tested positive for drugs at B.M.'s

1     Minor's counsel filed a letter brief joining in the arguments and position of the San
Diego County Health and Human Services Agency. (See Cal. Rules of Court, rule
8.200(a)(5).)

2      All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
                                             2
birth. In early January 2014, S.M. was born. At the time of S.M.'s birth, both mother and

father were incarcerated.

       Shortly after her birth, the agency filed a petition on S.M.'s behalf alleging she was

a child described by section 300, subdivision (b) because of the extensive and pervasive

drug use of mother and father.

       Mother admitted to a social worker of the San Diego County Health and Human

Services Agency (agency) to the daily use of heroin while pregnant with S.M., until her

arrest in November 2013. Mother also did not receive prenatal care before her

incarceration.

       Mother reported that when she gave birth to S.M., she had been addicted to heroin

for about six years; that she typically injected two grams of heroin a day; that if she did

not take that amount, she would become severely ill; that to support her drug habit,

mother would steal; and that as a result of repeatedly stealing to support her addiction,

mother was arrested 10 times between October 2008 and November 2013. In 2013,

mother had two arrests for burglary and one felony conviction for burglary.

       Mother further reported that father also was an addict; that he provided her with

heroin; and that their relationship began in 2008 and they were together "on" and "off"

since then because they would "argue" a lot, particularly when under the influence.

Mother reported she and father married in 2011. Father, however, reported they were

married in 2009. Mother denied there was any domestic violence in their relationship

                                              3
and stated father was a "great father" despite his extensive criminal history and heroin

addiction.

       The record shows father's criminal history dates back to 1997, when he was

arrested for attempted murder. In 1998, father was convicted of attempted murder and

sentenced to five years in prison. In 2003, father was arrested for possession of a

controlled substance and sentenced to 80 months in prison. Father was arrested multiple

times while incarcerated. Since 2009, father has been arrested nine times for possession

and/or being under the influence of a controlled substance, with his last arrest being in

November 2013, shortly before S.M. was born.

       Mother reported that she had not had stable housing for the last six years, since the

onset of her addiction; that she had not obtained any baby supplies for S.M.; and that

addiction to heroin caused her to lose her other three children. Mother reported that over

the last two years of her addiction, she began to share needles with other addicts, which

the agency noted placed mother "at high risk for contracting blood[-]borne illness."

       In late February 2014, the court made a true finding on the petition, removed S.M.

from the custody of mother and father and ordered her placed in the home of relatives,

where S.M. had been residing with her full biological sibling, B.M., since S.M. was

released from the hospital shortly after her birth. Mother was denied reunification

services pursuant to section 361.5, subdivision (b)(10) and (11).3 Father was denied such

3      Subdivision (b) of section 361.5 provides: "Reunification services need not be
provided to a parent or guardian described in this subdivision when the court finds, by
clear and convincing evidence, any of the following: [¶] . . . [¶] (10) That the court
ordered termination of reunification services for any siblings or half siblings of the child
                                              4
services pursuant to subdivision (b)(12) and (13) of this same statute.4 The court set a

section 366.26 hearing to select and implement a permanent plan for S.M.

       The agency in its section 366.26 report recommended that parental rights be

terminated and that a permanent plan of adoption be ordered for S.M. That report noted

that S.M. remained placed with her relative caregivers; that the caregivers wished to

adopt S.M. and raise her along with B.M.; and that S.M. was doing well in her placement,

with no development concerns. Meanwhile, mother (but not father) had been released

from custody into an inpatient drug treatment program, as required by the conditions of

her parole.

because the parent or guardian failed to reunify with the sibling or half sibling after the
sibling or half sibling had been removed from that parent or guardian pursuant to Section
361 and that parent or guardian is the same parent or guardian described in subdivision
(a) and that, according to the findings of the court, this parent or guardian has not
subsequently made a reasonable effort to treat the problems that led to removal of the
sibling or half sibling of that child from that parent or guardian. [¶] (11) That the parental
rights of a parent over any sibling or half sibling of the child had been permanently
severed, and this parent is the same parent described in subdivision (a), and that,
according to the findings of the court, this parent has not subsequently made a reasonable
effort to treat the problems that led to removal of the sibling or half sibling of that child
from the parent."

4       Subdivision (b)(12) and (13) of section 361.5 respectively provide: "Reunification
services need not be provided to a parent or guardian described in this subdivision when
the court finds, by clear and convincing evidence, any of the following: [¶] . . . [¶] (12)
That the parent or guardian of the child has been convicted of a violent felony, as defined
in subdivision (c) of Section 667.5 of the Penal Code. [¶] (13) That the parent or guardian
of the child has a history of extensive, abusive, and chronic use of drugs or alcohol and
has resisted prior court-ordered treatment for this problem during a three-year period
immediately prior to the filing of the petition that brought that child to the court's
attention, or has failed or refused to comply with a program of drug or alcohol treatment
described in the case plan required by Section 358.1 on at least two prior occasions, even
though the programs identified were available and accessible."
                                              5
       The section 366.26 report noted mother was then having weekly visits with S.M.

Father remained in custody; he did not respond to correspondence from the agency and

did not request any visitation with S.M.

       The section 366.26 report included descriptions of four visits between mother and

S.M. between mid-April and early June 2014 that were observed by an agency social

worker. Each visit took place at mother's inpatient drug treatment facility. That report

noted that each of these visits, as well as others, went "without incident"; that mother

acted appropriately during the visits; that mother asked questions about S.M. and showed

love and affection toward S.M.; and that S.M. tended to cry a lot during the visits and

was hard to console, which S.M.'s caregivers noted was "not typical behavior" for S.M.

       The agency social worker in the section 366.26 report recommended a permanent

plan of adoption for S.M. In making this recommendation, the agency "examined the

parent-child relationship against the benefits of adoption. Based on the fact that [father]

has been incarcerated for the majority of the dependency case and that [father] has not

responded to the correspondence of [the agency social worker] as to visitation, one can

infer that a parental relationship with [S.M.] does not exist. While [mother] eagerly

participates in visitation, brings [S.M.] gifts and items of clothing, [S.M.] cries for the

majority of the time during visitation and [mother] has difficulty consoling her. In

addition, [S.M.] does not display signs of emotional distress in separating from [mother].

[S.M.] has been out of her mother's care since birth and has not had her needs

consistently met over time by [mother]. Throughout [S.M.]'s lifetime, [mother] has

                                               6
exposed [S.M.] to unhealthy elements (heroin in utero), and criminal activity resulting in

incarceration and her inability to develop a parental relationship with her daughter.

       "In evaluating the relationship between [mother and S.M.], it does not appear to

outweigh the benefits of adoption. [S.M.] was removed at birth based on her parent[s']

long history of drug use and prior failure to reunify. Developmentally, [S.M.] is in a

critical stage in which a secure parental figure is necessary for her emotional well-being.

The benefit of adoption for [S.M.] would mean stability in a placement where she can

continue to thrive, have her daily needs met, enjoy the benefit of being emotionally

supported, and not be exposed [to] substance abuse and criminal activity. [S.M.] would

remain with relatives and have the continued support of extended family. [S.M.] is also

placed with her sibling, [B.M.], who has been adopted by the same relative caregivers.

[Mother] and [father] have not shown, over time, that they are capable of meeting

[S.M.]'s needs on a consistent basis, nor that there is a likelihood that they could do so.

       "Therefore, based on the evaluation of the parent-child relationship against the

benefits of adoption, the [agency] is respectfully requesting the Court to terminate

parental rights and to order a permanent plan of adoption."

       Mother in late July 2014 filed her section 388 petition. In her petition, mother

sought a modification to the court's previous order denying her reunification services and

requested services up to the date of her 12-month permanency review hearing. In

support of her petition, mother contended that granting her reunification services was in

the best interest of S.M. because mother was then "clean and sober" and had "completed

                                              7
an inpatient substance abuse treatment program." Mother also contended that S.M.

would "have a mother with strong and effective parenting skills because [she] has

completed two parenting classes, and [she] has gained the insight needed to handle

difficult parenting situations through her therapy." The court granted an evidentiary

hearing on mother's petition.5

       In connection with the combined section 388 evidentiary hearing and section

366.26 selection and implementation hearing, the agency submitted an addendum report

in which the agency recommended against granting the section 388 petitions of mother

and father. In the addendum, the agency noted that there was no showing of "changed

circumstances" by either mother or father; that although mother was "making progress" in

treatment, mother was still in the "'initial stages of recovery' with a long road ahead of

her" as a result of her six-year-long heroin addiction; that although the agency

commended mother's efforts, mother herself admitted she was unable to consider her

plans after she left residential treatment because she could not "'really look that far into

the future'"; and that because mother had chosen to remain at the inpatient recovery

facility, it would be difficult for mother to "show that she could be successful living on

her own, making daily choices in recovery, exposed to triggers, implementing her relapse

prevention plan, over time." Thus, the agency concluded in its addendum that mother's

5      The record shows father also filed a section 388 petition, and the court likewise
granted an evidentiary hearing on his petition. As noted, father has not submitted any
briefing but instead has in this appeal joined in mother's opening brief. As a result, we
deem it unnecessary to discuss the substance of father's section 388 petition.
                                              8
circumstances were "slowly 'changing'" but have "not 'changed' to the degree to warrant

reunification services, with a baby, at this early stage in her recovery."

       As to father, the addendum noted that father for about three weeks had been living

in a sober living facility per the conditions of his probation; that father had one

supervised visit with S.M. since his release; and that father wanted S.M. to be in mother's

care. The addendum noted that after the one visit, father failed to communicate with the

agency, and, thus, it had no knowledge of father's then current circumstances, including

his progress in services. In any event, the agency noted that, like mother, father had "a

long road ahead of recovery" as he was just released from custody on drug-related

charges and he had an "extensive history of violent and drug related charges."

       The addendum also found the best interest of S.M. warranted denial of both

section 388 petitions. The agency in that report noted the problems of mother and father

that led to S.M.'s dependency were serious, as mother had been a heroin addict for six

years, while father for 10, and, as a result, they lost their custody and parental rights to

their other child, B.M.

       Further, the agency noted there was no bond between S.M. and father, as he had

been incarcerated for the majority of the dependency case and had failed to respond to the

agency's efforts to provide additional supervised visits with S.M. after just one visit.

       As to mother, the agency again noted that S.M. had been out of mother's care since

her birth; that S.M. displayed no signs of emotional distress when separated from mother

after visits; that S.M. cried during a majority of the visits with mother and mother had a

                                               9
difficult time consoling S.M.; and that mother had exposed S.M. to unhealthy elements

while pregnant including mother's daily intravenous heroin use during the first six

months of her pregnancy. As such, the agency concluded in the addendum that the

relationship between mother and S.M. did not outweigh the benefits of adoption.

       Finally, the agency noted that the problems of the parents that lead to dependency,

namely long-term heroin addiction and myriad criminal arrests and convictions, were not

easily removed or ameliorated, and that both mother and father were, as noted, in the very

early stages of recovery. For this additional reason, the agency concluded in its

addendum that the best interest of the child supported a denial of both section 388

petitions.

       The combined hearing took place in mid-August 2014. The court received into

evidence the agency's reports, including the addendum to the section 366.26 report, and

various exhibits provided by both mother and father in support of their respective section

388 petitions.

       Father testified at the hearing that he had been released from custody for about a

month; that he was then undergoing treatment through the "drug court" and attending

Narcotics Anonymous (NA) meetings three times a week; and that he was residing in a

sober living arrangement. Father testified that he had been sober for about four months

and that unlike the past when he tried to quit, he was not "crav[ing]" drugs anymore.

Father indicated that he had one visit with S.M. since his release from custody; and that

he hoped to visit S.M. at least once a week.

                                               10
       On cross-examination, father testified he would be able to stay sober without a

treatment program and without attending any NA or similar 12-step meetings, despite the

fact father admitted that he used drugs "off and on all of [his] adult life" and that within

the last 10 years his drug of choice was heroin.

       Mother testified that she was then living in a residential treatment facility for

addiction to heroin and "crystal"; that after she got out of custody, the court ordered her

to enter the facility for drug treatment; that she then had been living in the facility for

about four months; and that, although she had completed the requirements of the

program, she continued to live in the facility and attend groups dealing with anger

management, parenting and relapse prevention. Mother also testified she was attending

NA meetings five times a week, speaking with her sponsor on a "daily basis" and

participating in therapy.

       Although mother completed her inpatient treatment program, mother testified she

continued to live at the facility because at her "phase" of recovery she still needed to find

work and a stable living environment, and, thus, the facility allowed her to stay "for [her]

safety" and to ensure she stayed sober. Mother testified she had just found part-time

employment but had not yet started work.

       Mother testified she has had supervised visits with S.M. once a week for an hour,

and there was a strong bond between her and S.M. She also testified that she has been

sober since her incarceration in November 2013 and that this was her longest period of

sobriety in the last six years. Mother testified her motivation to stay sober was her desire

                                              11
not to lose S.M. With a job, mother believed she was one step closer to living on her

own.

       On cross-examination, mother identified certain "triggers" that led to her drug use,

including anger, people and places. Mother denied father was a trigger for her because

mother said she then did not have any relationship with him. Mother noted her own

mother also was in treatment for substance abuse. Each weekend mother took about a

three-hour bus ride to visit her own mother.

       Mother stated that in between visits with S.M. she did not call the caregivers to

check on S.M. Mother also never offered to travel to the caregivers' home to have

additional visits with S.M. Mother did call the agency social worker between five and 10

times, however, to ask how S.M. was doing. Mother testified that she had just begun

working on "step one," which was "admitting that you're powerless over your addiction

and that your life has become unmanageable."

       A counselor from mother's inpatient treatment facility testified that mother had

participated in two, 90-day treatment plans while at the facility; that mother was then

close to living in "transitional housing" at the facility; and that although mother had

completed all the requirements of the facility, she was still living in the facility because

the longer mother stayed, the better her chances were of "success" in treatment.

       The counselor also testified mother had participated in and/or completed among

others a "parenting" group, a "relationship" group, and a "relapse" group. The counselor

noted that the facility drug tested mother on admission to the program and thereafter four

                                               12
times a month or upon suspicion. In each instance, mother had tested negative for drugs.

On cross-examination, the counselor testified mother previously recognized father as one

of mother's triggers.

       The agency social worker who prepared both the section 366.26 and addendum

reports testified at the combined hearing that she observed about nine visits between

mother and S.M.; that mother acted appropriately during the visits and asked for

additional visits with S.M.; and that in the first few visits, S.M. cried for most of the visit

and it was "very hard" for mother to console S.M. However, the social worker noted that

S.M. had not cried in her most recent visits with mother, although S.M., according to the

social worker, did not make a lot of eye contact with mother during their visits. The

social worker described mother's behavior during the visits as being neither "overly

excited" when they began nor "overly sad" when they ended.

       The agency social worker also attended the one visit between father and S.M. The

social worker testified father was happy to see S.M. and the child displayed no distress at

the end of the visit as a result of separating from father.

       The agency social worker testified that she observed S.M. in the relative

caregivers' home and that, in contrast to visits with mother, S.M. was "generally smiling,"

"more alert" and did not cry. The social worker noted that S.M. appeared "more

cautious" when visiting with mother; that S.M. looked to the caregivers and even the

social worker during the visits; and that when separated from mother at the end of the

visits, S.M. did not cry or attempt to hold on to mother. The social worker noted that in

                                              13
visits with mother, S.M. "look[ed] to be a child that's gaining more confidence in

someone they're meeting," as opposed to how S.M. acted when she was in the home of

her caregivers, where the social worker observed S.M. was "more animated" and looked

to be "comfort[able] . . . with someone that [she] actually kn[e]w." Thus, according to

the social worker, S.M. viewed her mother as a "friendly person" but not as parent.

       The agency social worker noted mother had taken positive steps to address her

addiction but characterized mother as being in the "early" stage of recovery. The social

worker noted mother still appeared to be in some relationship with father, as the social

worker had observed mother and father holding hands and hugging after a recent court

hearing. The social worker stated this factored into her assessment mother has not yet

changed circumstances because mother and father used to do heroin together, father

supplied mother with the drug and father was one of mother's "triggers."

       The agency social worker testified that S.M.'s caregivers initiated a home study to

adopt S.M.; that there were no impediments when they adopted B.M., S.M.'s biological

sister; and that the caregivers had not criminal history or history with the agency.

       The relative caregiver, F.G., testified mother had called only once to check on

S.M. since her release from custody and that call had come during the first week of

mother's release. He further testified that he attended most of the visits between S.M. and

mother; that initially the visits were "very hard" for S.M., as she was "very

uncomfortable" and cried through most of the visits with mother; and that there was a

                                             14
"big difference" between S.M.'s behavior during the visits with mother and her behavior

in the caregivers' own home.

       F.G. testified that during visits with mother, S.M. was "just plain" and "not very

alive and interactive," but in their home S.M. was "very expressive" and "alive." He also

testified mother at the last visit did not ask whether S.M. was then crawling and only did

so when someone else asked mother about crawling and mother said she was not sure.

       F.G. testified that in addition to B.M., he and his wife have a five-year-old

daughter; that it was a "joy" to watch S.M. interact with B.M. and their five year old; and

that S.M. clearly loved her "older sisters" and they in turn "love[d]" and "adore[d]" S.M.

F.G. stated their family would like to adopt S.M., whom he referred to as "his daughter."

       At the conclusion of the hearing, after considering the documentary evidence as

well as the testimony of the witnesses, the court denied the father's section 388 petition,

finding no "proof by preponderance of the evidence that there has been a change of

circumstance that makes the change of orders in this case in the best interest of [S.M.]"

In making this finding, the court found father "has a lengthy history of a severe heroin

addiction. That has been demonstrated throughout the documents as well as the

testimony in this case. He has recently been released from custody. He's been in and out

of custody the majority of his adult life. He's been in treatment for one month, and is

currently in the drug court program in sober living based upon his criminal conviction

and probationary grant which has ordered him to attend those programs. Father lacks

insight at this time and does not believe that he is an addict. And his recovery is at a very

                                             15
early stage. Based upon the evidence presented regarding father's 388, there has not been

proof by preponderance of the evidence of change in circumstances.

       "I also find that based upon father's de minimis relationship with [S.M.], although

he says he loves her, and I have no reason to doubt that, that he does not have a

relationship with [S.M.] He visited her once since being released from custody, and that

is the only visit he had because he's been incarcerated during the entire [time] that she has

-- from birth to present. Father's 388 petition fails on both prongs."

       The court next denied mother's section 388 petition. In so doing, the court

commended mother for participating in treatment and recognized the facility where

mother was living appeared to be a "good fit" for her. Nonetheless, the court noted

mother also was in the early stages of treatment: "But by my calculation mother has been

in the program since March 23rd, and today is August 13th. We are really looking at

about five months of mother's treatment. I understand that mother alleges sobriety for a

lengthier period of time, November 2013, but in terms of the actual treatment to narcotics

and more specifically heroin, narcotics for about half of her life and heroin for the last six

years, there has been a beginning stage of treatment. She's probably about half way

through. But the issue is, even the therapist from -- the counselor, rather, from [the

facility] indicated that truly to show and to have success at recovery the program is at

least one year in length and includes continued groups, therapy, and sponsorship, and

going through the steps one through 12. Mother is at step one, and moving into a social

living environment and then moving into an independent environment which then shows

                                             16
a true change of circumstance that one, such as mother, who has the history of addiction

that she has, has changed her circumstance that she can remain in a stable and sober

environment on her own without the structure and daily oversight of the residential

treatment program she's in.

       "So although I think mother is in the process of changing her circumstances by

participating . . . in the . . . treatment program, I don't find there has been proof by

preponderance of the evidence that her circumstances have changed.

       "I also rely on the fact that there is . . . quite a history that mother has had with her

previous children. In this particular case, with respect to [S.M.], mother indicated she did

not receive prenatal care until she was arrested November 1, 2013. She admitted using

heroin while she was pregnant for the first six months up until the point she was arrested,

and then at that point she remained in custody until she gave birth to [S.M.] in January

2014. She has four children. The two older children . . . were removed from her care.

Parental rights and services were terminated, and there is legal guardianship with

maternal aunt. And then she relinquished her parental rights through family court

approximately five years ago. We also know that mother failed to reunify with [B.M.],

and her parental rights were terminated. And [B.M.] is in the process of being adopted

by the current caregiver who is also interested in adopting [S.M.]

       "In looking at the history of mother's interaction with her children who are older

than [S.M.], her failure to reunify with those children, her failure to take advantage in

those services, in those cases, and then looking at this particular case in such an early

                                               17
stage of mother's treatment . . . , I do not find that there has been a change of

circumstances. Circumstances may be changing in that mother is at this point having lost

three -- four of her children, including [S.M.], is maybe at a place in her life where she

realizes that the addiction has taken quite a toll on her personal life and she's lost four

children as a result of it. But with respect to a change of circumstance, I don't find that

her circumstances have changed based upon the information before the court."

       The court also found that it was in S.M.'s best interest to have permanency and

stability and that mother's best interests were no longer the court's focus. The court found

it was in S.M.'s best interest to remain with her current caregivers, who were interested in

adopting S.M. just like S.M.'s older biological sister, B.M. The court noted that S.M. had

been living with the relative caregivers since the third day she was born and that S.M. felt

safe in that arrangement and had the opportunity for "permanence and a lifelong set of

parents."

       After denying the section 388 petitions of the parents, the court found by clear and

convincing evidence that S.M. would be adopted, either by her relative caregivers or by

105 families that have approved adoptive home studies who met S.M.'s criteria. The

court further found by clear and convincing evidence that none of the circumstances

listed in section 336.26, subdivision (c) applied to make termination of parental rights

detrimental to S.M. The court thus terminated parental rights and declared a permanent

plan of adoption for S.M.

                                              18
                                        DISCUSSION

                                                I

         A. Guiding principles

         Section 388 permits any person having an interest in the child to petition for a

hearing to change, modify, or set aside any court order previously made on grounds of

change of circumstance or new evidence. (In re Lesly G. (2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 904,

912.) To prevail, the petitioner must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence

that new or changed circumstances warrant a change in the prior order and that changing

the order will serve the child's best interests. (In re S.J. (2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 953,

959; In re Daijah T. (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 666, 672.)

         After an evidentiary hearing, such as what occurred in the instant case, we review

the denial of a petition under section 388 for abuse of discretion. (In re S.R. (2009) 173

Cal.App.4th 864, 870; In re B.D. (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 1218, 1228.) "'The appropriate

test for abuse of discretion is whether the trial court exceeded the bounds of reason.

When two or more inferences can reasonably be deduced from the facts, the reviewing

court has no authority to substitute its decision for that of the trial court.'" (In re

Stephanie M. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 295, 318-319; see In re I.W. (2009) 180 Cal.App.4th 1517,

1527.)

         The petition to modify a prior order must include (1) a showing of changed

circumstances, and (2) the requested modification must be in the child's best interests.

The burden is on the petitioning party to show both of these elements. (In re Casey D.

                                               19
(1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 38, 47.) In determining whether a section 388 petition makes the

necessary showing, the court may consider the entire factual and procedural history of the

case. (In re Justice P. (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 181, 188–189.)

       Moreover, the best interests of the child are of paramount consideration when a

modification petition is brought—as it was here—after termination of reunification

services. (In re Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 317.) In assessing the best interests

of the child at this juncture, as the court here correctly noted we look not to the parent's

interests in reunification but to the needs of the child for permanence and stability. (In re

Marilyn H. (1993) 5 Cal.4th 295, 309.)

       Thus, a "petition which alleges merely changing circumstances and would mean

delaying the selection of a permanent home for a child to see if a parent, who has

repeatedly failed to reunify with the child, might be able to reunify at some future point,

does not promote stability for the child or the child's best interests." (In re Casey D.,

supra, 70 Cal.App.4th at p. 47.) "[W]hen a child has been placed in foster care because

of parental neglect or incapacity, after an extended period of foster care, it is within the

court's discretion to decide that a child's interest in stability has come to outweigh the

natural parent's interest in the care, custody and companionship of the child." (In re

Jasmon O. (1994) 8 Cal.4th 398, 419.)

       Indeed, the "'escape mechanism'" (In re Kimberly F. (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 519,

528) provided by section 388 after reunification efforts have ceased is only available

when a parent has "complete[d] a reformation" before parental rights have been

                                              20
terminated. (Ibid., italics added.) This is because, if a parent's circumstances have not

changed sufficiently to permit placement of the child with that parent, reopening

reunification "does not promote stability for the child or the child's best interests" when

the child is otherwise adoptable. (In re Casey D., supra, 70 Cal.App.4th at p. 47.)

       B. Analysis

       1. Father

       Turning first to father, the record contains ample evidence supporting the finding

that father had a lengthy history of a severe heroin addiction; that at the time of the

petition, father had been out of custody and in treatment for only about a month; that he

had been in and out of custody the majority of his adult life and his convictions included

attempted murder; and that since 2009, he had been arrested nine times for possession,

and/or being under the influence, of a controlled substance.

       What's more, the record shows father testified he could stay sober without a

treatment program and without attending NA or similar 12-step programs, despite the fact

he had used drugs for most of his adult life, including heroin over the last 10 years.

Father also told agency workers shortly before the hearing that he believed S.M. should

be placed in the care of mother, even though mother also had been a heroin addict for the

last several years until her incarceration in November 2013. Finally, the record shows

father already had lost a child, B.M., through dependency.

       In light of this record, we conclude the court acted well within its discretion when

it found father did not carry his burden of proof to show "changed," as opposed to merely

                                             21
"changing," circumstances with respect to his section 388 petition seeking a modification

of the order denying him reunification services.

       We also conclude the court properly exercised its discretion when it found father

also did not carry his burden to show it was in S.M.'s best interest to grant his section 388

petition. The record shows that S.M. was adoptable—a finding not challenged on appeal;

that S.M. was living with her biological sister, B.M., in the home of relative caregivers

who also desired to adopt S.M.; that S.M. was thriving in her placement; and that S.M.

was at a critical stage of development and needed consistency and secure parental figures

for her emotional wellbeing. In light of this additional evidence, when considered in

connection with the evidence summarized ante, we conclude the court properly denied

father's section 388 petition.

       2. Mother

       Like the juvenile court, we commend mother for her efforts in tackling heroin and

drug addiction. Nonetheless, as a court of review our role is to determine whether the

court abused its discretion when it found mother's circumstances were merely

"changing," but not yet "changed," for purposes of her section 388 petition. On this

record, we find no such abuse.

       Indeed, the record shows that up until her incarceration in November 2013, mother

had been a heroin addict for six years, including during six months of her pregnancy with

S.M.; that mother typically injected two grams of heroin a day; that mother had used

drugs since she was 19 years old; that mother had been unsuccessful in treatment before

                                             22
her current placement; that mother was arrested 10 times between October 2008 and

November 2013; that mother had not had stable housing for years; and that because of

her addiction, mother already had lost B.M. through the dependency system and had

relinquished her rights to two other children.

       Moreover, the record also shows despite the long history of heroin addiction of

father, his extensive criminal background (including violent felonies) and his providing

mother with heroin during the course of their relationship, mother still reported to an

agency social worker that he was a "great father" to their children. Such evidence also

supports the finding that mother was in the early stages of recovery.

       In light of this evidence, which is substantial, we conclude the court properly

exercised its discretion in denying mother's section 388 petition. (See § 388, subd. (a)(1);

see also In re Casey D., supra, 70 Cal.App.4th at p. 47.)

       Moreover, we also conclude mother did not satisfy her burden to show it was in

S.M.'s best interest to grant mother's section 388 petition and offer mother reunification

services. As noted, the paramount consideration at this stage of the dependency

proceedings is the need of S.M. for permanence. The record shows that S.M. had lived

with her relative caregivers since she was three days' old; that she also lived with her

biological sibling, B.M., who was in the process of being adopted by the caregivers; and

that the caregivers were also interested in adopting S.M. In addition, the record shows

that S.M. was thriving in her placement and that S.M. was at a critical stage in her

development, where stability was paramount.

                                             23
       In light of this additional evidence and the evidence already summarized, we

conclude the court also properly exercised its discretion when it found it was not in

S.M.'s best interests to grant mother's section 388 petition and offer mother reunification

services. (See In re Jasmon O., supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 419; cf. In re Jeremy W. (1992) 3

Cal.App.4th 1407, 1417 [noting juvenile court erred in failing to offer a mother an

evidentiary hearing before summarily denying her section 388 petition because three

declarations attached to the petition supported a prima facie finding that her

circumstances had changed and that the only negative factor supporting termination of

services was her failure to find stable housing].)

                                      DISPOSITION

       The order denying the section 388 petitions and terminating the parental rights of

mother and father is affirmed.

                                                                                 BENKE, J.

WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

McINTYRE, J.

                                             24