Court Opinion

ID: 4526809
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-04-18 01:10:40.976805+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:43:39.289499
License: Public Domain

Issued February 19, 2020
     Issued February 19, 2020

Corrected February 20,2020

                                                                                           Supreme Court

                                                                                           No. 2017-301-Appeal.
                                                                                           (PM 17-701)

                                                                       :

                                In re 38 Studios Grand Jury.           :

                                                                       :

                                      NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in
                                      the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers are requested to notify the Opinion
                                      Analyst, Supreme Court of Rhode Island, 250 Benefit Street, Providence,
                                      Rhode Island 02903, at Tel. 222-3258 of any typographical or other formal
                                      errors in order that corrections may be made before the opinion is published.
                                                                    Supreme Court

                                                                    No. 2017-301-Appeal.
                                                                    (PM 17-701)

         In re 38 Studios Grand Jury.             :

              Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

                                            OPINION

        Justice Flaherty, for the Court. In this controversy, two constitutional officers of this

state, the Governor and the Attorney General, present us with conflicting views about whether

certain grand jury materials should become available to the public or whether, in the alternative,

those materials should be protected from public view in accordance with existing court rules and

centuries of cautious precedent. The Governor and the Attorney General have both vigorously and

articulately argued their positions as each sees her or his constitutional responsibilities. In essence,

the question presented to this Court is: Is the Superior Court vested with the “inherent supervisory

authority” to order the public disclosure of grand jury materials—materials that are generally kept

secret—from a grand jury that adjourned less than five years ago, that could potentially be

reopened, and that dealt with events for which the potentially relevant statute of limitations has

not yet run? In her official capacity, Governor Gina M. Raimondo asks this Court to answer that

question in the affirmative on appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court that answered the

                                                 -1-
question in the negative. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, this Court affirms the judgment

of the Superior Court.

                                                   I

                                          Facts and Travel

        There can be no question that the Governor’s appeal involves a matter of intense public

concern with which many, if not most, Rhode Islanders are familiar. In 2010, the Economic

Development Corporation (EDC), a quasi-public corporation created by the Rhode Island General

Assembly, issued $75 million in bonds to guarantee loans for 38 Studios, a video game company

headed by former Boston Red Sox World Series hero Curt Schilling. As is painfully well-known,

just two years later 38 Studios failed and did not honor its obligation to repay the bonds, leaving

the taxpayers of Rhode Island to foot an $88 million bill. 1

        In 2012, a statewide grand jury convened to investigate the possibility of potential

criminality in connection with the 38 Studios deal. That grand jury sat for eighteen months and,

as has been confirmed by the Attorney General, completed its work in 2015. During the course of

the investigation, which began before the convening of the grand jury, approximately 146

individuals, including members of the 2010 General Assembly, were interviewed or called to

testify before the grand jury. However, at the conclusion of the grand jury investigation, in a joint

statement, the Attorney General and the Rhode Island State Police announced that there were not

any “provable criminal violations of the Rhode Island General [L]aws in connection with the

funding of 38 Studios, the disbursement of funds to 38 Studios, and by 38 Studios to vendors.”

1
 As is explained later in this opinion, the state initiated litigation against a host of what it regarded
as responsible parties and recovered over $61 million in settlements.

                                                  -2-
       Independent of the grand jury investigation, the state initiated civil litigation against

persons and entities that had been involved in the 38 Studios deal. The settlements recovered in

excess of $61 million for taxpayers, and hundreds of thousands of documents produced during the

course of litigation were made public. Following the close of the civil litigation, the Governor

filed a miscellaneous petition in the Superior Court in February 2017, seeking “the release of all

38 Studios Grand Jury Records[.]”

       To support her petition, the Governor argued: (1) that the Superior Court, in exceptional

circumstances, has the discretion to release grand jury materials; (2) that exceptional circumstances

exist; and (3) that the need for grand jury secrecy is outweighed by those exceptional

circumstances. The Attorney General opposed the Governor’s petition. The Presiding Justice of

the Superior Court heard the petition in April 2017, and thereafter rendered a thorough twenty-

four-page written decision in which she determined that, because the Governor was not seeking

disclosure pursuant to Rule 6(e) of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure, which governs

grand jury secrecy and permits disclosure of grand jury materials in certain enumerated instances,

she was without authority to grant the Governor’s petition. However, although she founded her

ruling on the Rules of Criminal Procedure, the Presiding Justice also conducted alternative

analyses and ruled that, even if the Superior Court had the authority to go beyond Rule 6(e) to

allow disclosure of the grand jury materials requested, the grand jury materials in this case should

not be disclosed because the Governor had failed to demonstrate a particularized need for the

information requested and, separately, because policy factors that courts consider when

                                                -3-
determining if grand jury disclosure is appropriate did not support disclosure in this case.

Judgment therefore entered denying the petition, and the Governor timely appealed. 2

        Before this Court, the Governor asserts that it was error for the Presiding Justice to read

Rule 6(e) as the sole avenue by which grand jury materials may be disclosed. She argues that,

beyond the specific provisions of Rule 6(e), the Superior Court is cloaked with the “inherent

authority” to disclose the material that she has requested. The Governor also contends that the

Presiding Justice erred when she engaged in alternative analyses. In this regard, the Governor

maintains that the Presiding Justice should not have applied the “particularized need” test to the

petition for disclosure because that test applies only when evaluating a request for disclosure

pursuant to Rule 6(e). Further, the Governor argues that the Presiding Justice abused her discretion

when she determined, in the Governor’s words, “that the Governor’s disclosure request failed to

meet factors in favor of the release of grand jury material.”

                                                  II

                                              Discussion

        This case raises a weighty question of first impression in this jurisdiction. That is, whether

the Superior Court has inherent authority to disclose grand jury materials beyond the parameters

of the permitted disclosures that are set forth in Rule 6(e) of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal

Procedure. This question is of grave importance because it concerns an institution that plays a

critical role in our criminal justice system. Indeed, it often has been said that the grand jury “serves

the dual function of determining if there is probable cause to believe that a crime has been

2
  We granted a motion by the American Civil Liberties Union of Rhode Island, Common Cause
Rhode Island, The New England First Amendment Coalition, and the Rhode Island Press
Association to file a brief as amicus curiae in support of the Governor’s petition. We have found
that brief to be thoughtful and scholarly, and we thank the amici for their participation.

                                                 -4-
committed and of protecting citizens against unfounded criminal prosecutions.” In re Doe, 717
A.2d 1129, 1134 (R.I. 1998) (quoting United States v. Sells Engineering, Inc., 463 U.S. 418, 423

(1983)). Despite these important roles, however, it remains true that the function of the modern-

day grand jury is not well known, even to many lawyers. See Paul S. Diamond, Federal Grand

Jury Practice & Procedure § 1.01 at 1 (5th ed. 2012).

       In Rhode Island, there exist both county and statewide grand juries. See G.L. 1956 chapters

11 and 11.1 of title 12. An individual in Rhode Island cannot be tried on any felony carrying a

maximum penalty of life imprisonment without an indictment having been issued by a grand jury.

R.I. Const., art. 1, § 7; Super. R. Crim. P. 7(a). Grand juries not only pass on whether to indict

those charged or suspected of serious crimes, but they also serve an investigatory function. See

State v. Guido, 698 A.2d 729, 735 (R.I. 1997) (discussing the grand jury’s “interrelated but distinct

functions” of investigation and indicting). A prosecutor who presents evidence and witnesses

before the grand jury has the power to, “in practice, select the witnesses to be subpoenaed to appear

before the grand jury and generally direct the investigation.” Id. at 736 (quoting In re Melvin, 546
F.2d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 1976)). The prosecutor presents the evidence, and the relevant law, to the grand

jury and may ultimately ask the grand jury to vote on an indictment. See Super. R. Crim. P. 6(f)

(“An indictment may be found only upon the concurrence of twelve (12) or more jurors and shall

be signed by each juror who concurred in the finding.”).

       In some cases, the prosecutor will have all of the information that he or she requires for an

indictment readily available. Those types of cases would most commonly involve criminal

offenses that require indictment by a grand jury, those that, as mentioned above, carry a maximum

sentence of life imprisonment. That type of grand jury, which does not conduct an investigation

but rather acts on a request to issue an indictment, is known as an “indicting grand jury.” 1 Sara

                                                -5-
Sun Beale, Grand Jury Law and Practice § 1:7 at 31 (2d ed. 2018). In other cases, however, the

state may be uncertain as to whether proof of criminal conduct exists; in that situation, it will use

the grand jury to compel witness testimony and receive evidence to determine whether provable

criminal conduct has taken place. See id. at 32-33 (discussing the utility of the investigative grand

jury and noting that it “is particularly well-suited to investigating business crime, political

corruption, organized crime, and other criminal activity where there is no identifiable victim to

report the offense and help investigative agencies”). When the government employs a grand jury

in this way, it is commonly referred to as an “investigative grand jury.” Id. at 31. Of course, after

the completion of the investigation, if the government believes that there is sufficient evidence of

provable criminal conduct, it will ask the grand jury to vote on whether to indict. If an indictment

is returned, the case is charged and proceeds to trial or other disposition.

       A grand jury that hears evidence, and that may be asked by the government to vote on

indictments, is made up of between thirteen and twenty-three individuals who are selected at

random from the general public. Sections 12-11.1-1 and 12-11.1-4; see G.L. 1956 § 9-9-1.1.

Indeed, any person who is a citizen of the United States, resides in Rhode Island, is at least eighteen

years of age, is able to understand and participate in the proceedings, and is capable of performing

the duties of a juror is qualified to serve. Section 9-9-1.1. As such, the process is considerably

democratic and affords targets of the grand jury the protection that accompanies review by their

fellow citizens. However, and as previously discussed, the grand jury also affords the government

considerable powers; if it suspects criminal activity, the government can hale witnesses and

evidence before the grand jury in an inquisitorial fashion. See Guido, 698 A.2d at 735 (“[T]he

grand jury may compel the production of evidence or the testimony of witnesses as it considers

appropriate, and its operation generally is unrestrained by the technical procedural and evidentiary

                                                 -6-
rules governing the conduct of criminal trials.” (quoting United States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338,

343 (1974))). Importantly, and unlike the more familiar petit jury of twelve, unanimity is not

required of a grand jury. See Super. R. Crim. P. 6(f).

        In order to better understand the “dual function” of the grand jury, and to better evaluate

the Governor’s request to release the 38 Studios grand jury material, we will provide an overview

of the history of the institution.

                                                 A

               A Brief History of the Grand Jury and the Modern Secrecy Rule

                                          English Roots

        The history of the grand jury begins in England nearly a millennium ago during the twelfth

century. King Henry II, in the enactment known as the Assize of Clarendon, established the initial

form of the grand jury. Richard H. Helmholz, The Early History of the Grand Jury and the Canon

Law, 50 U. Chi. L. Rev. 613, 613 (1983); Susan M. Schiappa, Preserving the Autonomy and

Function of the Grand Jury: United States v. Williams, 43 Cath. U.L. Rev. 311, 324-25 (1993). 3

In its early form, the grand jury was made up of twelve men from each township who charged the

accused in place of the victim. Schiappa, 43 Cath. U.L. Rev. at 325. Far from being a bastion

against unfounded accusations, it has been said that: “The repressive nature of the medieval grand

jury cannot reasonably be questioned.” Diamond, supra, § 1.01 at 3. Indeed, the system as initially

established was instituted as a means of increasing the power of the Crown, relative to the church

and the nobility, and to raise money, because it was the King who received the resulting fines and

3
  Historically, an assize could refer to a number of things, including “[a] session of a court or
council” or “[a] law enacted by such a body[.]” Black’s Law Dictionary 150 (11th ed. 2019).
Specifically, the Assize of Clarendon was “[a] decree issued in 1166 by Henry II to the justices in
eyre and sheriffs concerning criminal procedure.” Id. at 151.

                                                -7-
forfeitures. Mark Kadish, Behind the Locked Door of an American Grand Jury: Its History, Its

Secrecy, and Its Process, 24 Fla. St. U.L. Rev. 1, 6 (1996); Schiappa, 43 Cath. U.L. Rev. at 326,

326 n.76. In fact, “[i]f the jurors failed to accuse a ‘known’ criminal, they were heavily fined.”

Diamond, supra, § 1.01 at 3. 4 Ominously, accusal by a grand jury was often followed by trial by

ordeal; as such, “a grand jury’s accusation was tantamount to a finding of guilt.” Id., § 1.01 at 4;

see Kadish, 24 Fla. St. U.L. Rev. at 6-7; Schiappa, 43 Cath. U.L. Rev. at 325 n.71. 5

       By 1215, however, the incipient building blocks of due process were laid when King John

signed the Magna Carta. Kadish, 24 Fla. St. U.L. Rev. at 7. Although the Magna Carta did not

specifically refer to the grand jury, “[i]t did * * * introduce the concept of due process against

which any procedural practice [of the day] must be measured.” Id. Then, by the fourteenth century,

during the reign of Edward III, the process of criminal prosecution in England morphed once again.
Id. at 8. The role of the twelve men who, under the reign of King Henry II, would have made

accusations that were essentially confirmed by trial by ordeal, was altered. Id. The accusatorial

role was, instead, assumed by twenty-four knights who were selected by the county sheriff. Id.

The twelve men previously responsible for accusations now functioned to return a verdict in cases

of capital crime. Id. This body of twelve was called the petit jury. Id. Accusation in a grand jury

followed by trial by petit jury is reflective of the course of criminal prosecution today.

Nevertheless, that does not mean that, in those early days, criminal justice included the protections

4
  Professor Helmholz clarifies that, under the Assize, “sworn men of the inquest were asked not to
accuse anyone * * * but to give voice to common fame[.]” Richard H. Helmholz, The Early History
of the Grand Jury and the Canon Law, 50 U. Chi. L. Rev. 613, 616-17 (1983).
5
  In one odd rendition of trial by ordeal, an accused would be made to swallow a piece of bread or
cheese whole. Susan M. Schiappa, Preserving the Autonomy and Function of the Grand Jury:
United States v. Williams, 43 Cath. U.L. Rev. 311, 324 n.68 (1993). Only if the accused did not
choke to death would he be found not guilty. Id. The extent of usage of this particular ordeal is
unclear; however, the use of water to try the accused seems to have been the preferred method. See
id. at 325 n.71; Helmholz, 50 U. Chi. L. Rev. at 617.

                                                -8-
that we enjoy today. If the King was displeased, he could fine or imprison jury members who

failed to convict—and he often did. Id. at 8-9.

       It was “[n]ot until the 17th century * * * [that] the English grand jury earn[ed] its reputation

as a body that not only accused the guilty, but also shielded the innocent from unfounded charges.”

Beale, supra, § 1:2 at 9. As early as 1642, Lord Coke, the famous English jurist, interpreted the

Magna Carta as requiring “indictment or presentment of good and lawful men.” 6 Id. Later, in

1681, two separate London grand juries, despite facing significant pressure from the Catholic-

leaning King Charles II, declined to indict two of the King’s Protestant enemies for treason. See
id., § 1:2 at 9-10; Diamond, supra, § 1.01 at 4; Schiappa, 43 Cath. U.L. Rev. at 327. Undaunted,

the Crown empaneled a grand jury from a different county, resulting in the indictment of one of

the King’s Protestant targets, who was ultimately tried and executed. See id., § 1:2 at 10; Diamond,

supra, § 1.01 at 5-6. The other target fled into exile. See id.; Diamond, supra, § 1.01 at 5-6. Even

in the face of these outcomes, “the London grand juries’ refusal to indict in these cases was hailed

as a demonstration that the grand jury was one of the chief safeguards of the liberty of

Englishmen.” Id.

                                              America

       The grand jury was used for instituting criminal charges in all the English colonies in

America. Beale, supra, § 1:3 at 11. In Rhode Island, for example, a grand jury was first empaneled

nearly four hundred years ago, in 1640. 7 Id., § 1:3 at 12. Although it might be true that the grand

6
  Lord Coke famously wrote in 1604 that “the house of every one is to him as his * * * castle and
fortress[.]” Semayne’s Case (1604) 77 Eng. Rep. 194, 195; 5 Co. Rep. 91 a, 91 b. In addition, the
phrase engraved above the bench of this Court: NON SUB HOMINE SED SUB DEO ET LEGE
(meaning: Not under man but under God and Law), can also be traced back to Lord Coke, who, in
1607, attributed a variation of this phrase to Lord Bracton. Prohibitions Del Roy (1607) 77 Eng.
Rep. 1342, 1343, 12 Co. Rep. 63, 65.
7
  This was a mere four years after Roger Williams founded Providence in 1636.

                                                  -9-
jury the colonists inherited from the mother country was “a governmental body by which the

sovereign could enforce his will[,]” Diamond, supra, § 1.02 at 6, nonetheless, during the

Revolutionary period some grand juries in the colonies “frustrated the efforts of royal officials to

enforce unpopular laws.” Beale, supra, § 1:3 at 14. In Massachusetts, for example, a grand jury

refused to indict the Boston Gazette for libel against the governor. Id. In New York, multiple

grand juries similarly refused to indict publisher John Peter Zenger, of the New York Weekly

Journal, for libel against the governor of that colony. Id.; Schiappa, 43 Cath. U.L. Rev. at 329.

       After this country had achieved independence, the tradition of using the grand jury for the

bringing of criminal charges continued. Beale, supra, § 1:4 at 15-16. The former colonists’

experiences with grand juries during the Revolution, as well as the English legal sources that the

colonists had available to them, influenced the founders of the new state governments. Id., § 1:4

at 16. Those sources, from Lord Coke to William Blackstone, “uniformly focused on the grand

jury’s role in protecting suspects against malicious and unfounded accusations.” Id. It is true that

the grand jury was not provided for in the United States Constitution when it was adopted, but by

1791, the Fifth Amendment had been ratified. See id., § 1:4 at 19; Kadish, 24 Fla. St. U.L. Rev. at

11-12. That Amendment provides in part that: “No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or

otherwise infamous crime, unless on presentment or indictment of a grand jury[.]” U.S. Const.

Amend. V. The United States Supreme Court has, since at least the nineteenth century, described

the grand jury as an institution “designed as a means, not only of bringing to trial persons accused

of public offenses upon just grounds, but also as a means of protecting the citizen against

unfounded accusation[.]” Ex parte Bain, 121 U.S. 1, 11 (1887) (quoting In re Charge to Grand

Jury, 30 F. Cas. 992, 993 (C.C.D. Cal. 1872)).

                                               - 10 -
                                              Secrecy

       Of course, lying at the heart of this dispute is not the general history of the grand jury, but

the specific history and tradition of grand jury secrecy. It should be recognized that, as the grand

jury evolved, the tradition of grand jury secrecy was born. See Kadish, 24 Fla. St. U.L. Rev. at 12-

13. The oath that members of the grand jury were required to take did not include a vow of secrecy

until the fourteenth century. Id. at 13. However, by the seventeenth century, the oath that was

administered to grand jurors was similar to the oath in use in the 1940s, when the Federal Rules of

Criminal Procedure were established. Id. at 13-14.         One eminent legal scholar of the late

seventeenth century, John Somers, explained that there were five reasons behind grand jury

secrecy: to prevent criminals from fleeing; to determine whether witnesses were biased; to prevent

judicial oversight; to enhance the truth-finding process; and to allow for the evidence to be fully

developed. Id. at 14-15. Somers explained that, even though those benefits were for the King’s

interest, secrecy also had the effect of protecting the innocent accused. Id. at 15-16.

       That notion—that confidentiality benefited those who were brought before the grand

jury—soon took root in the United States. For example, in an early and influential charge to a

grand jury in the District of California in 1872, Circuit Justice Stephen Johnson Field, who would

later serve on the United States Supreme Court, said:

               “You are * * * to keep your own deliberations secret; you are not at
               liberty even to state that you have had a matter under consideration.
               Great injustice and injury might be done to the good name and
               standing of a citizen if it were known that there had ever been before
               you for deliberation the question of his guilt or innocence of a public
               offense.” In re Charge to Grand Jury, 30 F. Cas. at 995.

       In Rhode Island, albeit in a federal rather than a state court, the reasons for grand jury

secrecy were expounded upon in a 1917 case decided by United States District Court Judge Arthur

Lewis Brown, who served on that court for over thirty years, United States v. Providence Tribune

                                                - 11 -
Co., 241 F. 524 (1917). In that case, a newspaper published by the Providence Tribune Company

had published an article divulging certain information that allegedly had come before a grand jury,

purportedly related to cocaine trafficking by prominent physicians in the state. Providence Tribune

Co., 241 F. at 524-25. In denying the publisher’s motion to dismiss the contempt case brought

against it by the United States, Judge Brown explained the importance of grand jury secrecy:

               “Secrecy is essential to the proceedings of a grand jury for many
               reasons. Publicity may defeat justice by warning offenders to
               escape, to destroy evidence, or to tamper with witnesses. Even when
               indictments have been found and presented to the court, secrecy is
               extended until those indicted have been arrested.

               “* * * Even when [disclosure] does not lead to the flight of an
               offender, it may result in the disappearance of witnesses and of
               documentary proof, and thus in a failure of the grand jury to secure
               evidence sufficient for an indictment.

               “Secrecy is also required in order that the reputations of innocent
               persons may not suffer from the fact that their conduct is under
               investigation, or has been investigated, by a grand jury.

               “Secrecy is further required for the protection of witnesses who may
               go before the grand jury, and to encourage them to make full
               disclosure of their knowledge of subjects and persons under
               investigation, without fear of evil consequences to themselves.

               “Premature disclosures may thus injuriously affect and embarrass
               the attorneys for the United States in the duty of presenting matters
               to the grand jury, the grand jury itself in the duty of investigation,
               and court and grand jury alike in giving protection to witnesses and
               to other persons, by preventing scandals and rumors respecting
               matters which may or may not be under investigation. Furthermore,
               such premature reports may go further and prejudice the mind of the
               public, thus affecting a trial which may follow the action of the
               grand jury.” Id. at 526 (internal citations omitted).

                         Modern Disclosure Practice in Rhode Island

       Today, in this state, the grand jury is, for the most part, governed by Rule 6 of the Superior

Court Rules of Criminal Procedure. Rule 6 contains provisions relating to the aspects of grand

                                               - 12 -
jury procedure, from the number of grand jurors and their tenure to the making of objections. See

Rule 6(a), (b), and (g). Of particular interest to us in this case is Rule 6(e), which relates to grand

jury secrecy. Rule 6(e)(2) provides a general rule of secrecy that is followed by a number of

exceptions, at Rule 6(e)(3), the effect of which are of significance to this appeal.

                                                  B

                                              Standing

                                                   i

       In advance of our addressing the Governor’s arguments, we must consider whether the

Governor has the requisite standing to seek the relief she requests. See Carlson v. United States,

837 F.3d 753, 757 (7th Cir. 2016). Although the Governor’s standing to petition the Superior

Court to release the 38 Studios grand jury material was not challenged in the Superior Court,

standing is a prerequisite to a court’s entertaining a claim or petition, and the issue may be raised

by this Court sua sponte. Robinson v. Mayo, 849 A.2d 351, 353 n.2 (R.I. 2004) (acknowledging

this Court’s “authority to reach the issue of standing * * * sua sponte”).

       Standing is a component of justiciability that ensures that a complaining party has “such a

personal stake in the outcome of the controversy as to assure that concrete adverseness[,] which

sharpens the presentation of issues upon which the court so largely depends for illumination of

difficult * * * questions[,]” exists. Watson v. Fox, 44 A.3d 130, 135 (R.I. 2012) (quoting Baker v.

Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 204 (1962)). To have standing, the party that believes itself to be aggrieved

“must allege ‘that the challenged action has caused him injury in fact, economic or otherwise.’”
Id. (quoting Rhode Island Ophthalmological Society v. Cannon, 113 R.I. 16, 22, 317 A.2d 124,

128 (1974)). That injury-in-fact must be “concrete and particularized[.]” Id. at 135-36 (quoting

McKenna v. Williams, 874 A.2d 217, 225 (R.I. 2005)). The party bringing suit, or in this case

                                                - 13 -
petitioning the court, “must ‘demonstrate that he has a stake in the outcome that distinguishes his

claims from the claims of the public at large.’” Id. at 136 (quoting Bowen v. Mollis, 945 A.2d 314,

317 (R.I. 2008)). “[G]eneralized claims alleging purely public harm are an insufficient basis for

sustaining a private lawsuit[,]” id., and are also an insufficient basis on which to petition the court.

       Arguments were not submitted to this Court on the issue of standing because, as

acknowledged above, the issue was not raised in the Superior Court. Nevertheless, this Court

ordered the parties to be prepared to address at oral argument whether the Governor does indeed

have standing and whether, if this Court were to find that she does not, the lack of standing should

be overlooked. At oral argument, the Governor argued that she has suffered a unique injury

because, each year, when putting together the annual budget proposal for the state, she must

allocate funds to pay off the remainder of the 38 Studios debt. She also argued that, as Governor

and chairperson of the Rhode Island Commerce Corporation, her injury is unique. 8 At the same

time, however, the Governor argues that the alleged injury is one shared by the general public; that

is, the public’s inability to secure full transparency with respect to the series of events culminating

in 38 Studios’ bankruptcy and the ensuing litigation. She also maintains that any member of the

public has standing to petition the court to release court records.

       On the other hand, the Attorney General argues that the Governor does not have standing

and that the disclosure the Governor seeks—disclosure to the general public—is reflective of the

Governor’s lack of particularized harm. If the harm alleged by the Governor were particularized,

the Attorney General argues, the Governor would be requesting that the materials sought be

disclosed directly to the Governor alone to remedy the harm. Thus, the Attorney General contends,

8
 The Rhode Island Commerce Corporation is the successor organization to the EDC, of which the
office of the Governor was also the chairperson.

                                                 - 14 -
because disclosure is sought for the public at large, the harm cannot be characterized as

“particularized.”

       To support her claim that she has standing, the Governor draws this Court’s attention to a

2016 case from the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, Carlson, cited supra.

In that case, a three-judge panel of that court considered whether Carlson, “a journalist and

historian with a special expertise in naval history” who petitioned the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Illinois to unseal certain grand jury materials related to a 1942 Chicago

Tribune article following the Battle of Midway that suggested that the United States had broken a

Japanese code, while he was writing a book about that very article seventy years later, had

standing. Carlson, 837 F.3d at 755, 756, 757. The court determined that Carlson did have standing,

reasoning that grand jury materials are court records and, because the public has a general right to

view such records, as a member of the public his injury-in-fact was “the denial of access to

government documents that he ha[d] a right to seek.” Id. at 758, 759.

       Although we understand why the Governor believes that Carlson supports her position, we

believe that the matter before us is readily distinguishable from Carlson, in particular with respect

to the issue of standing. First, when a member of the general public brings a claim, that individual

still needs to demonstrate a harm different from the harm shared by every other member of the

public. See Watson, 44 A.3d at 136. While Carlson, which was decided by a divided three-judge

panel, may seem to suggest otherwise when it comes to petitioning for access to grand jury records,

Carlson, 837 F.3d at 759 (“That Carlson is a member of the public is sufficient for him to assert

his ‘general right to inspect and copy judicial records.’”) (deletion and internal citation omitted),

we disagree with that sweeping holding and note that the standing analysis in Carlson appears to

have been colored by the fact that the petitioner was a historian writing a book about a long-ago

                                                - 15 -
Chicago Tribune article that was the subject of the grand jury materials that he was seeking.

Carlson, 837 F.3d at 756, 757. Thus, Carlson’s injury was particularized.

       In contrast, the Governor argued in the Superior Court that “Rhode Islanders should have

full disclosure about [the] disastrous [38 Studios] deal. * * * [The Superior] Court should permit

the release of all the grand jury material from the 38 Studios investigation so that our State can

finally move past this unfortunate episode in our history.” This is a clear allegation of a harm that

is shared by the public at large, not one that is particular to the Governor in any way.

       Second, in this case the Governor, unlike the petitioner in Carlson, is not seeking disclosure

of the 38 Studios grand jury material as a member of the general public, but rather in her official

capacity as the Governor of the State of Rhode Island. In that respect, and as has been recognized,

the Governor argues that her injury is unique because she must allocate monies to pay off the

remaining 38 Studios debt. Again, she also argues that her injury is unique given her position as

Governor and chairperson of the successor organization to the EDC, which authorized the issuance

of the 38 Studios bonds. Clearly, Carlson does not speak to such arguments. And, moreover, it is

our opinion that, despite her responsibilities as Governor, which we certainly do not minimize,

these arguments do not establish an injury-in-fact. Further, as the Attorney General points out, if

the Governor’s harm was particularized, that harm could be remedied by disclosure directly to the

Governor’s office. Instead, the Governor seeks public disclosure of all the grand jury material.

Moreover, it is unclear to us how gaining access to the grand jury material would actually assist

the Governor in the performance of her official duties.

                                                 ii

       It is our opinion that the Governor does not meet the traditional requirements for standing

that would enable her to petition for release of the materials she seeks. Nonetheless, it has long

                                               - 16 -
been part of our jurisprudence that “on rare occasions this Court has overlooked the standing

requirement to determine the merits of a case of substantial public interest.” Watson, 44 A.3d at

138 (brackets omitted) (quoting Burns v. Sundlun, 617 A.2d 114, 116 (R.I. 1992)); see Sennott v.

Hawksley, 103 R.I. 730, 732, 241 A.2d 286, 287 (1968) (explaining that “because there was a

substantial public interest in the adoption or rejection of a new constitution,” and due to other

considerations, the Court would determine whether the constitutional convention exceeded its

authority “without first resolving the standing question”).

        We cannot fail to recognize that the issue which has been framed is one that, as the

Governor has so capably demonstrated, is of immense public interest. In her words, “[e]ven six

years after the company closed its doors, the 38 Studios transaction and its consequences still

makes front-page news.” Moreover, we emphasize that this case does contain an element of the

“concrete adverseness” that this Court relies upon to “sharpen[] the presentation of issues[.]”

Watson, 44 A.3d at 135 (quoting Baker, 369 U.S. at 204). The case has been skillfully briefed and

argued in the Superior Court and in this Court by some of the most highly regarded public attorneys

in the state.

        For these reasons, we shall overlook the absence of the traditional elements of standing and

reach the merits of the controversy before us.

                                                   C

  Does the Superior Court Have the Inherent Authority to Release Grand Jury Materials
                                 Outside of Rule 6(e)?

        The Governor first argues that it was error for the Superior Court to read Rule 6(e) of the

Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure as disallowing disclosure that does not have firm

footing within the dictates of the rule. The Governor’s argument is that the Superior Court is

cloaked with inherent supervisory authority over the grand jury and, as had been the case with

                                                 - 17 -
some federal decisions, that authority includes the discretion to disclose grand jury material where

there exists “special or exceptional circumstances.” 9 Moreover, she argues that the permitted

disclosures in Rule 6(e) are just that, permissive and nonexclusive, and that Rule 6(e) does not

preclude disclosures by the Superior Court in other circumstances. The Governor further asserts

that the general rule of secrecy contained in Rule 6(e) is limited to specific persons and does not

apply to the Superior Court itself.

          In contrast, the Attorney General maintains that the disclosures permitted by Rule 6(e) are

all-inclusive. Rule 6(e), the Attorney General argues, “requires grand jury secrecy be maintained

‘except as otherwise provided for in these rules[.]’” (Quoting Rule 6(e)(2).) According to the

Attorney General, because the Governor does not seek disclosure pursuant to the rigid

requirements of Rule 6(e), the Governor’s request must fail.

          Whether the Superior Court has inherent authority to release grand jury materials outside

of the permitted disclosures set forth in Rule 6(e) is a question of law. As such, our standard of

review is de novo. Dellagrotta v. Dellagrotta, 873 A.2d 101, 109 (R.I. 2005).

          We begin our analysis with the text of that rule. In its current form, Rule 6(e)(2) provides

the “General Rule of Secrecy.” It states:

                 “A grand juror, an interpreter, a stenographer, an operator of a
                 recording device, a typist who transcribes recorded testimony, an
                 attorney for the State, or any person to whom disclosure is made
                 under subdivision (e)(3)(A)(ii) shall not disclose matters occurring
                 before the grand jury, except as otherwise provided for in these
                 rules. A knowing violation of Rule 6 may be punished as a contempt
                 of court.” Super. R. Crim. P. 6(e)(2).

The very next provision of Rule 6(e) permits certain “[d]isclosure otherwise prohibited by this

rule” that “may be made” in a number of circumstances. Rule 6(e)(3)(A) and (C).                    Rule

9
    The Governor forthrightly states that she “is not seeking disclosure pursuant to Rule 6(e).”

                                                 - 18 -
6(e)(3)(A)(i) and (ii) permit disclosure to “[a]n attorney for the State for use in the performance of

such attorney’s duty” and to “government personnel * * * deemed necessary by an attorney for the

State to assist an attorney for the State in the performance of such attorney’s duty to enforce

criminal law.” Rule 6(e)(3)(C) permits disclosure in four other circumstances, three of which

require that the court itself must pass on the propriety of the disclosure:

               “(i) When so directed by a court preliminarily to or in connection
               with a judicial proceeding; (ii) When permitted by a court at the
               request of the defendant * * *; (iii) When the disclosure is made by
               an attorney for the State to another grand jury; or (iv) When
               permitted by a court at the request of an attorney for the State * * *
               to an appropriate official of the federal government for the purpose
               of enforcing such [federal criminal] law.”

       Rule 6(e), as we have said in the past, “codifies the traditional rule of grand jury secrecy[.]”

In re Doe, 717 A.2d at 1134. We have not yet, however, had occasion to determine just how much

control Rule 6 exercises over the Superior Court’s common-law authority over the grand jury.

Both the Governor and the Attorney General make strong arguments. The Governor rightly points

out that Rule 6(e)(2), the general secrecy provision, does not mention the Superior Court itself as

an entity held to secrecy. Rather, the rule specifically lists “[a] grand juror, an interpreter, a

stenographer, an operator of a recording device, a typist * * *, an attorney for the State, or any

person to whom disclosure is made [pursuant to a particular provision permitting disclosure]” as

those entities bound to secrecy. Super. R. Crim. P. 6(e)(2). On the other hand, the Attorney General

also rightly points out that Rule 6(e)(2) specifically holds to secrecy those employees of the

Superior Court, in his words, “who would have direct knowledge or possession of grand jury

materials” and, he adds, that it is sensible for the Superior Court itself not to be enumerated in the

rule because the Superior Court itself does not actually come into contact with grand jury material.

                                                - 19 -
       With respect to the Governor’s assertion that Rule 6(e) is permissive, the stripes of this

argument bleed into the question of whether the Superior Court has inherent authority to release

grand jury materials outside of the exceptions to grand jury secrecy listed above. That is, if

disclosure is a matter of total discretion within the Superior Court’s inherent authority, then the

rule is in fact permissive, or demonstrative, of that authority. On the other hand, if such inherent

authority does not exist, the rule expresses the full extent of the Superior Court’s authority with

respect to disclosure. We therefore move directly to whether the Superior Court has such inherent

authority.

       The Governor is correct that we have in the past endorsed the principle “that the grand jury

is an arm of the Superior Court[,]” and also that “[i]t is not under the control of the Attorney

General.” In re Young, 755 A.2d 842, 843 (R.I. 2000) (mem.). The Governor also argues that

historically included in the inherent authority of courts over the grand jury is the discretion to

disclose grand jury materials that would normally be secret; she points out that Rhode Island courts

have recognized that “[t]he granting of access to Grand Jury materials is a matter within the

discretion of the Superior Court.” In re Station Fire Grand Jury, 2006 R.I. Super. LEXIS 193, at

*4 (R.I. Super. Ct. Dec. 21, 2006). Indeed, this Court has determined that whether to disclose

grand jury materials is, in appropriate instances, a matter within the discretion of the Superior

Court. See State v. Ouimette, 110 R.I. 747, 764, 298 A.2d 124, 135 (1972).

       In Ouimette, a case tried in the Superior Court two years before the adoption of the Superior

Court Rules of Criminal Procedure and decided by this Court just months after their adoption, we

considered whether a justice of the Superior Court erred in denying the requests of two defendants

to inspect grand jury minutes in connection with their defenses at their trials for murder. Ouimette,
110 R.I. at 763-64, 298 A.2d at 134-35. While we ultimately concluded that the Superior Court

                                               - 20 -
did not commit error because the defendants failed to demonstrate a particularized need for the

information requested, we indicated that we were making our determination through the prism of

an abuse of discretion standard. Id. at 764, 298 A.2d at 135. That case, however, cannot stand for

the proposition that our Superior Court has, or always has had, wide-reaching discretion when it

comes to disclosure of grand jury materials. The defendants in Ouimette were seeking to make

use of grand jury materials in connection with their defenses to the capital crimes with which they

had been charged—a circumstance under which Rule 6(e) would not prevent disclosure. See Rule

6(e)(3)(C)(i) (permitting disclosure “[w]hen so directed by a court preliminarily to or in connection

with a judicial proceeding”). 10

        Similarly, In re Station Fire Grand Jury, the case which the Governor quotes for the

proposition that Rhode Island courts have the discretion to disclose grand jury material,

specifically addressed whether disclosure was appropriate in connection with ongoing litigation,

pursuant to Rule 6(e)(3)(C)(i). In re Station Fire Grand Jury, 2006 R.I. Super. LEXIS 193, at *3,

*4, *5-6, *21. These cases, therefore, provide little guidance as we grapple with the question

before us. 11

10
   It is noteworthy that today, Rule 16 of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure, the
reciprocal discovery rule, independently provides for disclosure of certain grand jury materials in
instances such as those in State v. Ouimette, 110 R.I. 747, 298 A.2d 124 (1972).
11
   The United States Supreme Court cases on which the Governor relies for the general proposition
that historically the courts had discretion to disclose grand jury materials that would normally be
secret similarly provide us scant guidance as we consider the Governor’s disclosure request. Both
cases cited by the Governor for that proposition include allusions to the discretion of the trial court,
but in very different circumstances than the case presently before us. See Pittsburgh Plate Glass
Company v. United States, 360 U.S. 395, 399, 401 (1959) (stating that “Rule 6(e) is but declaratory
of” the principle that disclosure of grand jury material is “committed to the discretion of the trial
judge” in a case where defendants argued they had an absolute right to inspect certain grand jury
minutes); United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., 310 U.S. 150, 233 (1940) (stating that the “use
of grand jury testimony for the purpose of refreshing the recollection of a witness rests in the sound
discretion of the trial judge”). Interestingly, in Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, the United States

                                                 - 21 -
        As the Attorney General points out, this Court, in a case that was decided after the adoption

of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure, endorsed the concept that where a “disclosure

request would pierce the veil of secrecy shielding the matters which occurred before the grand

jury, the [request] must be denied unless an exception can be shown.” In re Young, 755 A.2d at

847. This language strongly indicates that only in those cases where an enumerated Rule 6(e)

exception is applicable should the Superior Court consider whether disclosure is appropriate.

However, In re Young dealt with the requests of the City of Providence and the estate of police

Sergeant Cornel Young, Jr., to access materials from the grand jury that investigated the shooting

and death of Sergeant Young by two fellow Providence police officers. Id. at 845. Both the city

and the estate of Sergeant Young sought the information because the Sergeant’s estate had filed a

notice of claim with the Providence City Council seeking significant damages and equitable relief,

which carried the specter of a potential civil lawsuit. Id. at 845, 848. As was made clear in that

case, the issue was whether disclosure was appropriate under Rule 6(e)(3)(C)(i). Id. at 846-48. As

such, In re Young also provides little insight into disclosure requests that, like the Governor’s

request, lie outside the reach of Rule 6. 12

Supreme Court also stated: “[A]ny disclosure of grand jury minutes is covered by Fed.Rules Crim.
Proc. 6(e)[.]” Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, 360 U.S. at 398.
12
   It is noteworthy that, as the Attorney General also points out, we have said that: “In construing
Rule 6(e), courts begin with the ‘fundamental policy of grand jury secrecy.’” In re Doe, 717 A.2d
1129, 1134 (R.I. 1998) (quoting In re Grand Jury Investigation, 642 F.2d 1184, 1190 (9th Cir.
1981)). While true, that statement does not provide an answer to the question of whether the
disclosures a court is permitted to make under Rule 6(e) are exhaustive or permissive.
Significantly, the language of In re Doe is used by both the Governor and the Attorney General to
support their respective positions. That is because in In re Doe, we also indicated that “the secrecy
extended to grand jury proceedings is not absolute[,]” id., and that “[t]here is no per se rule against
disclosure of any and all information which has reached the grand jury chambers.” Id. (quoting
Senate of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico v. United States Department of Justice, 823 F.2d 574,
582 (D.C. Cir. 1987)). In any event, In re Doe is also of little guidance because it did not concern
the question of under which circumstances a court can disclose grand jury material. Rather, it
concerned whether notice to a patient that a subpoena had been issued by the grand jury for his

                                                - 22 -
       The Governor, recognizing that the question before us is one of first impression for this

Court, directs us to federal caselaw. She argues that “the great weight of federal cases” supports

her contention that “the Superior Court has the inherent authority to disclose grand jury material

outside the confines of Rule 6(e).”

       Indeed, it is true that a number of federal appellate courts have concluded that the federal

district courts have the inherent authority to disclose grand jury materials, even if those disclosures

fall outside of the exceptions set out in Rule 6(e) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. See

Carlson, 837 F.3d at 767 (“The district courts retain certain inherent powers * * * . One such

power relates to their supervision of the disclosure of grand-jury materials. * * * Rule 6(e)(3)(E)

does not displace that inherent power.”); United States v. Aisenberg, 358 F.3d 1327, 1347 (11th

Cir. 2004) (“Although Rule 6(e)(3) enumerates the exceptions to the traditional rule of grand jury

secrecy, the Supreme Court and this Court have recognized that the district courts have inherent

power beyond the literal wording of Rule 6(e)(3) to disclose grand jury material and that Rule

6(e)(3) is but declaratory of that authority.”); In re Petition of Craig, 131 F.3d 99, 102 (2d Cir.

1997) (explaining that under federal Rule 6(e)(3), “district courts, as part of their supervisory

authority over the grand juries that they have empaneled, are explicitly given the discretion to

determine whether, if one or more of the listed exceptions to grand jury secrecy apply, disclosure

of records is appropriate”; and also explaining that, because “Rule 6(e) * * * reflects rather than

creates the relationship between federal courts and grand juries[,]” “there are certain ‘special

medical records, a disclosure that was required by the Confidentiality of Health Care
Communications and Information Act, violated Rule 6(e). Id. at 1130. We were not satisfied that
the subpoena constituted “a matter occurring before the grand jury.” Id. at 1135 (brackets omitted)
(quoting Super. R. Crim. P. 6(e)).

                                                - 23 -
circumstances’ in which release of grand jury records is appropriate even outside of the boundaries

of the rule”).

        However, the point of view that Rule 6(e)(3) can be circumvented is not unanimous. Last

year, a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit

ruled that federal courts lack the “inherent authority” to authorize the disclosure of grand jury

materials in circumstances not covered by the explicit exceptions in federal Rule 6(e). McKeever

v. Barr, 920 F.3d 842, 844 (D.C. Cir. 2019), cert. denied, __ S. Ct. __ (Jan. 21, 2020). McKeever

rejected the view articulated in the federal cases relied upon by the Governor, holding instead that

“the district court has no [inherent] authority” “to disclose what we assume are historically

significant grand jury matters.” Id.

        After reviewing the competing and conflicting authority, and after carefully considering

the thoughtful arguments of the opposing constitutional officers, we are confronted with the

ultimate question: Does our Superior Court have the authority to disclose grand jury materials if

that disclosure is not authorized by Rule 6(e)? Importantly, as we have in the past recognized,

“the Superior Court is statutory in origin and derives its powers from statutes duly enacted by the

Legislature.” State v. Briggs, 934 A.2d 811, 815 (R.I. 2007) (quoting State v. DiStefano, 764 A.2d
1156, 1167-68 (R.I. 2000)). That is to say, the Superior Court does not generally have the right to

exercise “inherent authority,” and the Superior Court is not permitted to act outside of the mandates

of a statute or, as in this case, court rule. Put another way, our general rule is: That which is not

prescribed by statute or rule is forbidden—not that anything that is not expressly forbidden is

permissible. See Drago Custom Interiors, LLC v. Carlisle Building Systems, Inc., 57 A.3d 668,

673-74 n.5 (R.I. 2012) (rejecting the notion that the Superior Court has “inherent authority to

remand an arbitration award”); Briggs, 934 A.2d at 815, 816 (explaining that because “the

                                               - 24 -
Legislature * * * has established an explicit statutory scheme for maintaining, handling,

expunging, and sealing Bureau of Criminal Identification * * * records[,]” the Superior Court does

not have authority to expunge records outside of that scheme); State v. Dearmas, 841 A.2d 659,

661-62 (R.I. 2004) (explaining that, where the General Assembly has created a statutory scheme

for the issuance of search warrants, “the Superior Court does not possess any inherent authority”

to go outside of that scheme to accomplish a seizure); see also State v. Manocchio, 743 A.2d 555,

557 (R.I. 2000) (“[D]espite the inherent supervisory power provided to Superior Court justices to

govern proceedings before them and to vindicate their authority by appropriate sanctions, such

supervisory power is limited by rules that are constitutionally authorized.”). 13 Therefore, we are

constrained to answer the question in the negative: There is no inherent authority in the Superior

Court to disclose grand jury materials beyond that which is permitted by the Superior Court Rules

of Criminal Procedure.

13
   It is true that this Court has recognized certain inherent powers of the Superior Court, in
particular those powers necessary for the Superior Court to vindicate its own authority. See Lett v.
Providence Journal Company, 798 A.2d 355, 365 (R.I. 2002) (“[T]rial courts possess the inherent
authority to protect their integrity by sanctioning any fraudulent conduct by litigants that is directed
toward the court itself or its processes, as informed by the procedures and sanctions available to
the court and to the parties under [the Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure].”); State v. DiPrete,
710 A.2d 1266, 1275 (R.I. 1998) (“We concur with the general proposition that justices of the
Superior Court have inherent power to govern proceedings before them and to vindicate their
authority by appropriate sanctions including the sanction of contempt.”); Mello v. Superior Court,
117 R.I. 578, 583-84, 370 A.2d 1262, 1265 (1977) (explaining that the Superior Court has inherent
authority to revoke a defendant’s bail even though the Rules of Criminal Procedure provide other
sanctions for breach of a condition and the General Assembly has not granted the Superior Court
such authority, because “a court with jurisdiction over a criminal case has the power to enforce its
orders as to bail just as it has control over other orders”). Another example of this kind of power
is that of the trial justice “to sequester witnesses during trial testimony for the purpose of
preventing that witness from shaping his or her testimony to conform to that of other witnesses.”
State v. Perez, 882 A.2d 574, 583 (R.I. 2005). Other inherent powers of the Superior Court do
exist; however, none of those are at all similar to the asserted inherent power here. See State v.
Lead Industries Association, Inc., 951 A.2d 428, 479 (R.I. 2008) (“Courts have the inherent
authority to review attorney contingent fee contracts in order to prevent unreasonableness.”).

                                                 - 25 -
       In reaching this conclusion, we harken back to our long-standing principles expressed in

In re Opinion to the Governor, 62 R.I. 200, 4 A.2d 487 (1939), in which we said that: “One of [the

grand jury’s] main purposes was to protect the rights of the individual citizen against possible

oppression by the crown or its agencies in the prosecution of crimes[,]” In re Opinion to the

Governor, 62 R.I. at 203, 4 A.2d at 488; and in In re Buxton, 111 R.I. 480, 304 A.2d 350 (1973),

in which we endorsed the principle that “the grand jury was a shield which would protect an

accused from governmental oppression[.]” In re Buxton, 111 R.I. at 482, 304 A.2d at 352. We are

of the opinion that, as the history reflects, grand jury secrecy plays an integral part not only in the

effective prosecution of crimes, but also in the protection of those upon whom the grand jury casts

its considerable inquisitorial powers, which in turn is a protection potentially afforded to every

member of the public. We decline to hold that the Superior Court has the authority to act as the

Governor advocates. We affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.

                                                  D

              Did the Governor Present Special or Exceptional Circumstances?

       In light of our conclusion that the Superior Court is not garbed with the inherent authority

to disclose grand jury materials outside of Rule 6(e)(3), it is not necessary for us to consider the

Governor’s arguments that the Superior Court erred in its alternative analyses. However, in view

of the heightened public nature of the issues implicated by this case, and considering that the matter

concerns a legal battle between two constitutional officers, we think it appropriate that we highlight

that, even had we held that the Superior Court did have inherent authority to act as the Governor

advocates, we would have had no hesitation in determining that it would have been well within

the Presiding Justice’s discretion to deny the Governor’s petition. That is so because we are

confident that even those courts that allow the release of grand jury material under special or

                                                - 26 -
exceptional circumstances would not have granted the Governor’s petition. In fact, the cases the

Governor urges upon us to support her argument, in which petitioners uninvolved in the underlying

proceedings sought public disclosure of grand jury materials, differ starkly from this case.

        In the vast majority of the cases offered by the Governor to support her argument, in which

a court has publicly released grand jury material under special or exceptional circumstances, the

subject of the grand jury was of unquestionably intense national historical interest; a significant

amount of time—decades—had passed since the grand jury proceedings had closed; the

disclosures were sought by historians; and the courts released but a limited amount of information.

See Carlson, 837 F.3d at 756-57 (affirming disclosure of transcripts of witness testimony from

grand jury that investigated newspaper’s publication of a 1942 article after the critical Battle of

Midway on petition from historian who was writing a book about the article “more than 70 years

later”); In re Pitch, 275 F. Supp. 3d 1373, 1375-76, 1379, 1383 (M.D. Ga. 2017) (ordering the

disclosure of “the 71-year-old transcripts” from grand jury that investigated the 1946 Moore’s Ford

lynching on petition of historian); 14 In re Petition of National Security Archive, 104 F. Supp. 3d
625, 626-27 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (ordering disclosure of testimony transcript of two witnesses who

testified before grand jury that indicted Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in 1950, for conspiracy to

commit espionage by handing information related to the atomic bomb to Soviet agents, on petition

of nonprofit organization, various historical associations, and journalist); 15 In re Petition of Kutler,

14
   In re Pitch, 275 F. Supp. 3d 1373 (M.D. Ga. 2017), was heard on appeal by the United States
Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. Pitch v. United States, 915 F.3d 704 (11th Cir. 2019).
That court, after affirming the decision of the district court, id. at 707, granted rehearing en banc
and vacated the panel’s affirmance. See Pitch v. United States, 925 F.3d 1224 (11th Cir. 2019).
The full panel of the court has yet to issue an opinion on rehearing.
15
   It is worthy of mention that other witness testimony from the same grand jury proceedings had
previously been released by the same court; however, an extensive analysis was not provided. See
In re National Security Archive, No. 08 Civ. 6599 (AKH), 2008 WL 8985358, at *1 (S.D.N.Y.
Aug. 26, 2008).

                                                 - 27 -
800 F. Supp. 2d 42, 43, 49, 50 (D.D.C. 2011), abrogated by McKeever, cited supra (ordering

disclosure of President Richard Nixon’s 1975 grand jury testimony and associated materials thirty-

six years after he testified, and seventeen years after his death, on petition of historian, various

historical associations, and the Society of American Archivists); In re American Historical

Association, 49 F. Supp. 2d 274, 277-78, 292, 297 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) (ordering the disclosure of

certain grand jury transcripts from the two grand juries convened from 1947 to 1950 that

investigated Alger Hiss for “historical reasons fifty years after the proceedings ended[,]” on

petition of various historical associations). 16

        In our opinion, the Governor’s case is not analogous in any way to any of those cases.17

First, the Governor seeks disclosure, not of a limited nature, but, as the Presiding Justice put it, of

16
   We also observe that certain grand jury materials related to the 1998 investigation conducted by
Independent Counsel Kenneth W. Starr into President William Clinton’s relationship with Monica
Lewinsky were ordered to be released by the United States District Court for the District of
Columbia on petition of CNN and one of its journalists. In re Unseal Dockets, 308 F. Supp. 3d
314, 317 (D.D.C. 2018), abrogated by McKeever v. Barr, 920 F.3d 842 (D.C. Cir. 2019), cert.
denied, __ S. Ct. __ (Jan. 21, 2020). Although the proceedings in that case “took place two decades
ago[,]” id. at 327, which is not as substantial an amount of time as in the cases listed above, and
no historians were involved, public interest on a national scale in that matter was beyond question.
However, even in that case, the court did not order a wholesale release of all information. Id. at
319, 328, 329, 331, 333-34. Moreover, as has been set forth supra, this decision has been
abrogated by virtue of a ruling by the D.C. Circuit that the district courts do not have inherent
authority to disclose grand jury material outside of Rule 6(e). McKeever, 920 F.3d at 843.
17
   In a very recent decision, Lepore v. United States, No. 18-mc-91539-ADB, slip op. (D. Mass.
Feb. 4, 2020), a judge of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts granted
in part the petition of a professor from Harvard University to release grand jury records from two
1971 federal grand juries that investigated the famous disclosure of the so-called “Pentagon
Papers.” Lepore, slip op. at 1-2. We find it noteworthy that that decision relates to a petition which
presented circumstances that are significantly different from the petition before us. The petitioner
in Lepore sought disclosure of grand jury information from an event that was undoubtedly of
immense national historical interest. Moreover, the grand juries in that case convened in 1971,
almost fifty years ago. Id. And, importantly, the court refused to grant wholesale disclosure,
stating: “The Court will not * * * grant Lepore unfettered access to the materials she seeks.” Id. at
11. For example, the court explained that it would release transcripts and exhibits related to
witnesses, still living, who had consented to the release and to deceased witnesses, but that the
government would have an opportunity to propose redactions and withholdings. Id. at 12, 15.

                                                   - 28 -
“all materials or documents presented to the grand jury, including transcripts, recordings, exhibits,

and all other documents.”        Second, no historians, journalists, or historical or educational

institutions seeking to advance a historical record are involved in the case. Third, and extremely

significantly, the grand jury completed its work only five years ago. And, fourth, in light of the

relatively brief period of time that has passed since the events at issue occurred, the public interest,

while intense, is not yet historical in nature, nor has it been tested by the passage of time. See In

re Petition of Craig, 131 F.3d at 107 (explaining that sustained interest over time can demonstrate

the substantiality of the interest).

        We conclude that, had we determined that it was necessary to address whether the

Governor presented special or exceptional circumstances, the timing of the Governor’s petition

alone would have been all but fatal to her request. As has been explained by the Second Circuit

Court of Appeals in In re Petition of Craig, “[t]he timing of [a] request remains one of the most

crucial elements” for at least three reasons. In re Petition of Craig, 131 F.3d at 107. “First, if

historical interest in a specific case has persisted over a number of years, that serves as an important

indication that the public’s interest in release of the information is substantial.” Id. “Second, the

passage of time erodes many of the justifications for continued secrecy.” Id. And “[t]hird, the

passage of time eventually, and inevitably, brings about the death of the principal parties involved

Finally, the court said that it would consider a stay in the event that the government sought review
by a higher court. Id. at 15.
        While the decision, which determined that the federal courts have “inherent authority to
disclose grand jury records[,]” Lepore, slip op. at 8, is clearly at odds with our holding that our
Superior Court does not have inherent authority to release grand jury materials outside of our Rule
6(e), we think it important to point out that, even that court refused wholesale disclosure, “only
reluctantly allow[ed] the release[,]” recognized that “[g]rand jury proceedings have traditionally
been kept secret and with good reason[,]” was “loath to erode this presumption of secrecy[,] and
[was] wary of the risk of unintended consequences.” Id. at 14-15. The court also highlighted that
it was “concerned that any ‘historical’ exception could be expanded beyond the very limited
exception the Court recognize[d][.]” Id. at 15.

                                                 - 29 -
in the investigations, as well as that of their immediate families. And the continued existence and

vulnerability of such parties is, of itself, a factor that a court should consider.” Id. 18

        It cannot be said that time has eroded the justification for secrecy because, in the context

of existing jurisprudence, a substantial amount of time has not passed. The grand jury adjourned

in 2015, and the Governor petitioned the Superior Court for release of all grand jury materials less

than two years later, in 2017. As the Attorney General points out, the statute of limitations to bring

criminal charges for potential conduct that might be related to 38 Studios has not yet expired. And,

as the Presiding Justice stated in her analysis, given that the grand jury investigation at issue

concluded in 2015, it is “highly likely that the principals of the grand jury proceedings, along with

witnesses, would still be alive[.]” Individuals who may have been under investigation but were

not indicted do not deserve to have their names placed in the crucible of public opinion. 19 Nor

18
  In In re Petition of Craig, 131 F.3d 99 (2d Cir. 1997), the court provided a number of
considerations as potentially relevant in determining whether special circumstances exist. Those
considerations are:

                “(i) the identity of the party seeking disclosure; (ii) whether the
                defendant to the grand jury proceeding or the government opposes
                the disclosure; (iii) why disclosure is being sought in the particular
                case; (iv) what specific information is being sought for disclosure;
                (v) how long ago the grand jury proceedings took place; (vi) the
                current status of the principals of the grand jury proceedings and that
                of their families; (vii) the extent to which the desired material—
                either permissibly or impermissibly—has been previously made
                public; (viii) whether witnesses to the grand jury proceedings who
                might be affected by disclosure are still alive; and (ix) the additional
                need for maintaining secrecy in the particular case in
                question.” In re Petition of Craig, 131 F.3d at 106.

While we do not discuss each consideration in the body of this text, we are convinced that virtually
none of these factors would weigh in favor of granting the Governor’s petition.
19
   Although the Governor has argued that the public likely already knows the identity of those that
were under investigation by the grand jury because of the 38 Studios civil litigation and wide media
coverage, we think the operative word in that argument is “likely.” Moreover, the Governor’s
argument that there is no need to protect exonerated targets because the Investigation Results stated

                                                  - 30 -
should witnesses, who relied on advice and precedent that their testimony would remain secret, in

the absence of a public trial, be subjected to their accounts of events being displayed on the front

pages of newspapers or broadcast over the airwaves.

       Again, had we reached the question of whether the Presiding Justice abused her discretion

in denying the Governor’s petition, we would have unhesitatingly held that she did not.

                                                III

                                            Conclusion

       For many people in this state, particularly those who are currently holding public office,

the 38 Studios situation and the company’s bankruptcy, occurring as it did just as the entire country

was clawing its way out of the Great Recession, still stings. We certainly understand those

feelings. However, after careful consideration of the issues ably briefed and argued by the parties,

the judgment of the Superior Court is affirmed. The papers in this case shall be returned to the

Superior Court.

that there was insufficient evidence to offer a criminal charge for consideration by the grand jury
would similarly be unpersuasive.

                                               - 31 -
STATE OF RHODE ISLAND AND                                  PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS

                         SUPREME COURT – CLERK’S OFFICE

                                 OPINION COVER SHEET

Title of Case                        In re 38 Studios Grand Jury.
                                     No. 2017-301-Appeal.
Case Number
                                     (PM 17-701)
Date Opinion Filed                   February 19, 2020
                                     Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and
Justices
                                     Indeglia, JJ.
Written By                           Associate Justice Francis X. Flaherty

Source of Appeal                     Providence County Superior Court

Judicial Officer From Lower Court    Presiding Justice Alice B. Gibney
                                     For the Governor:

                                     Claire J. Richards, Esq.
                                     Adam J. Sholes, Esq.
                                     For the Attorney General:
Attorney(s) on Appeal
                                     Michael W. Field, Esq.
                                     Susan Urso, Esq.
                                     Rebecca Tedford Partington, Esq.
                                     Kate C. Brody, Esq.

SU‐CMS‐02A (revised June 2016)