Court Opinion

ID: 2973422
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 17:02:14.961471+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:43:45.714646
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                                        File Name: 06a0053p.06

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                    FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                      _________________

                                                    X
                              Plaintiff-Appellant, -
 LEXICON, INC.,
                                                     -
                                                     -
                                                     -
                                                         No. 04-6086
          v.
                                                     ,
                                                      >
 SAFECO INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA, INC.,          -
                             Defendant-Appellee. -
                                                    N
                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Eastern District of Kentucky at Frankfort.
                 No. 02-00068—Joseph M. Hood, Chief District Judge.
                                    Argued: September 16, 2005
                               Decided and Filed: February 9, 2006
                   Before: KENNEDY, COOK, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.
                                        _________________
                                             COUNSEL
ARGUED: Michael D. Strong, LATHROP & GAGE, L.C., Kansas City, Missouri, for Appellant.
Gregory J. Berberich, GOTTESMAN & ASSOCIATES, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: Michael D. Strong, Michael P. O’Shea, LATHROP & GAGE, L.C., Kansas City,
Missouri, Robert M. Connolly, STITES & HARBISON, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellant.
Gregory J. Berberich, GOTTESMAN & ASSOCIATES, Cincinnati, Ohio, J. Thomas Mellott,
STATMAN, HARRIS, SIEGEL & EYRICH, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellee.
         KENNEDY, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which COOK, J., joined. GRIFFIN,
J. (pp. 11-14), delivered a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part.
                                        _________________
                                            OPINION
                                        _________________
         KENNEDY, Circuit Judge. Lexicon Inc. (Lexicon), a sub-contractor of Icon, Inc. (Icon),
seeks recovery of self-styled “delay and impact claims” from Safeco Insurance Co. of America, Inc.
(Safeco), the surety of Icon, under a labor and material payment bond. The district court determined
that any claims asserted by Lexicon against Safeco not based on labor and material costs caused by
delay are not recoverable under the bond. It further held that a settlement agreement that
purportedly settled contractual claims between Lexicon and Icon precluded Lexicon from recovering
from Safeco on the payment bond, granted summary judgment to Safeco, and dismissed the action.
For the reasons that follow, we affirm the district court in part, reverse it in part, and remand to the
district court for further proceedings.

                                                   1
No. 04-6086                    Lexicon, Inc. v. Safeco Ins. Co. of America, Inc.                                     Page 2

                                                     BACKGROUND
       North American Stainless, L.P. (NAS) entered into an agreement with general contractor
SMS Demag Co. (SMS) to expand a melt shop and casting facilities at NAS’s stainless steel plant
in Kentucky. Joint Appendix (J.A.) at 34. SMS entered into a subcontract with Icon to perform
equipment installation and commissioning services. Id. at 150-51, 342, 919-20. Pursuant to its
agreement with SMS, Icon provided a payment bond for which Safeco served as surety. Id. at 920.
         The Labor and Material Payment Bond provided that any “claimant” who has not been paid
in full within ninety days after the date on which it performed labor or work, or furnished materials
to the project, may sue either Icon or Safeco. Id. at 146. The Bond defines a “claimant” as “one
having a direct contract with the Principal or with a Subcontractor of the Principal for labor,
material, or both, used or reasonably required for use in the performance of the Contract.” Id. The
Bond did not define “work,” “labor,” or “materials,” other than to indicate that “labor and material
[are] construed to include that part of water, gas, power, light, heat, oil, gasoline, telephone service
or rental equipment directly applicable to the Contract.” Id.
        Icon hired Lexicon as a sub-contractor and gave it the responsibility of erecting and installing
certain equipment. Id. at 191-267, 920. During Lexicon’s performance of the sub-contract, it
encountered numerous delays through no fault of its own, id. at 622, which resulted in substantial
cost overruns. Id. at 129, 378, 390-95. After Lexicon submitted a letter requesting that Icon declare
Lexicon’s work “substantially complete,” id. at 381, Lexicon submitted a written claim on January
18, 2002, advising Icon of the problems and extra expenses caused by delays. Id. at 386. The letter
sought an equitable adjustment to the contract. Id.
         On March 8, 2002, again in a letter, Lexicon provided Icon with further details with respect
to its claims. Id. at 388-415. This letter covered all of its outstanding claims against Icon. Id. at 383,
388-89. First, Lexicon sought payment for the outstanding contract balance. Id. at 388-89, 396.
Second, Lexicon sought compensation for “extra work authorizations” (EWAs). Id. The EWAs
were agreed-upon additions to the contract work that the parties had negotiated during construction.
Id. Finally, Lexicon sought payment for what it termed “cost impacts that Schueck Steel has
suffered on the North American Stainless project . . . due to the action or inaction             of other
companies, including, but not limited to, Icon, SMS, and NAS or their subcontractors.”1 Id. at 388.
On September 3, 2002, Icon and Lexicon settled some of Lexicon’s claims. Id. at 147-48.
Specifically, Paragraph One of the written settlement agreement recited that Icon paid Lexicon
$1,500,000 “in full and final settlement of Lexicon’s pending contract claims, including contract
balances and approved EWAs.” Id. at 147. Paragraph four of the settlement agreement, however,
preserved: “Lexicon’s delay and impact related claims and Lexicon’s right and ability to pursue such
claims.” Id. at 148. Paragraph four also indicated that the “delay and impact related claims . . . shall
not be included [in] the settlement referenced in paragraph 1.” Id.
        On July 15, 2002, Lexicon commenced an action against Safeco, Icon’s surety, in the United
States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky. Id. at 5. SMS commenced an action
against NAS on July 25, 2002. Id. at 35, 53. That action was sent to arbitration. Id. Icon, by
agreement of NAS and SMS, was joined as a third-party to the SMS-NAS arbitration. Id. at 41-42.
Upon a motion by both parties, the district court stayed this action twice pending the result of the
SMS-NAS-Icon arbitration. Id. at 34-36, 44-45. While Lexicon was not a party to the arbitration,
Icon did submit Lexicon’s claims to the arbitrators as evidence of amounts for which it might be
liable and for which it, therefore, sought to recover so as to meet that obligation.

           1
               For reasons that the record does not make clear, Lexicon did business as Schueck Steel for the purposes of this
project.
No. 04-6086           Lexicon, Inc. v. Safeco Ins. Co. of America, Inc.                          Page 3

       Lexicon subsequently obtained relief from the stay, id. at 6, and filed a first amended
complaint against Safeco. Id. at 21-26. In its complaint, Lexicon argued that the labor and material
bond issued by Safeco to Icon required Safeco to pay Lexicon for the delay and impact damages that
were exempted from Icon and Lexicon’s settlement agreement. Id. at 21-24. The parties filed cross-
motions for summary judgment. Id. at 153-60.
        Additionally, during discovery, Lexicon sought access to a document Lexicon believed
contained representations from Safeco to Icon indicating Safeco’s belief that if Icon passed-through
Lexicon’s claims to the general contractor during its arbitration with NAS and SMS, the claims
would be covered as an “extra” by the bond, thereby making Safeco liable for the claims. Id. at
821-23. Safeco had earlier provided its privilege log and produced the alleged privileged documents
to a magistrate judge pursuant to the district court’s order. Id. at 911, 914-15. Lexicon moved to
strike Safeco’s privilege log because it asserted that the log was not sufficiently detailed. Id. at 813.
The magistrate judge had made no ruling on this issue at the time the case was dismissed.
         The district court awarded Safeco summary judgment. Id. at 927. The district court first
decided that the issue of whether delay and impact claims are recoverable was dependent on the
language of the specific bond. Id. at 925-26. Based on that holding, the court determined that
Lexicon had not offered sufficient descriptions of its “delay and impact claims.” Id. at 925. The
district court indicated that Lexicon’s submissions with respect to those claims did not specifically
identify those claims, nor did they separate out labor and material costs from other costs or damages
that a company might incur in the completion of a contract. Id. at 925-26. The district court noted
that such costs could be:
        lost profits from other jobs foregone in order to remain at work on a project for an
        extended period of time, the cost of contacting other parties about delaying work on
        other projects, the expense of hiring additional workers to cover other projects
        because a normal workforce is tied up in a project under contract, the cost of
        additional insurance for those workers, etc.
Id. at 926-27. The district court then held that “to the extent that the ‘delay and impact claims’
comprise expenses collateral to the labor and material actually used on the Project, they do not fall
into the category of items recoverable under a payment bond for ‘labor and material used or
reasonably required for use in the performance of the contract.’” Id. at 927. Thus, the district court
determined that expenditures made on things other than specific labor or materials necessary for the
completion of the project were not recoverable under the bond.
         The district court then assumed, for the purposes of deciding Safeco’s motion for summary
judgment, that all of the delay and impact claims were for labor and materials used or reasonably
required for use in the performance of the contract. It held that even under that assumption, the
partial settlement agreement between Icon and Lexicon terminated Safeco’s liability. Id. at 927-28.
The district court reasoned that because the settlement agreement included a “full and final
settlement of Lexicon’s pending contract claims,” any remaining claims would have to be, by
definition, extra-contractual. Id. Because extra-contractual claims were not covered by Safeco’s
bond, the district court held that Safeco was entitled to summary judgment. Id.
        On appeal, Lexicon asserts that the district court erred in several important respects. First,
Lexicon argues that the district court ignored important evidence detailing its delay and impact
claims. In particular, Lexicon points to a letter, dated March 8, 2002, it sent Icon that provided
details about its claims for extra expenses required because of delay. Id. at 388-414. Lexicon also
points to an invoice Icon submitted to SMS. Id. at 500. Both the letter and the invoice were
attached to its memorandums in opposition to summary judgment filed with the district court.
Lexicon argues that this evidence was sufficient to establish that its claims were for extra labor and
No. 04-6086               Lexicon, Inc. v. Safeco Ins. Co. of America, Inc.                                    Page 4

materials necessary to complete the project and required because of delay and, that being so, that
there is evidence in the record that it is making a claim for labor and materials under the bond.
Thus, Lexicon argues that Safeco was not entitled to summary judgment.
        Lexicon also disputes the district court’s conclusion that the settlement agreement had settled
all Lexicon’s claims related to the contract. Lexicon argues that the district court should not have
relied on this ground as a basis for summary judgment because Safeco first raised the argument in
its reply brief, so that Lexicon did not have a chance to respond to it. Lexicon asserts that the
settlement agreement should be read to except “delay and impact claims” from the settlement
agreement, not because those claims are extra-contractual, as the district court held, but because
those contractual claims were still in dispute between the parties.
        Lexicon also argues that the district court improperly credited it with drafting the settlement
agreement. This issue is still relevant, Lexicon argues, because if the court finds the settlement
agreement ambiguous, it should find that both parties are drafters of the agreement so as not to
construe the agreement against one party or the other. Finally, Lexicon argues that the district court
should not have ruled on Safeco’s summary judgment motion without first ruling on Lexicon’s
motion to strike Safeco’s privilege log. The privilege log was relevant, Lexicon argues, because had
Lexicon been able to defeat Safeco’s assertion of privilege and discover some of the documents
listed on the log, Lexicon believes that those documents would show that Safeco knew that Icon’s
attempt to pass through Lexicon’s   claims to SMS during the arbitration would convert those claims
into extras due under the bond.2
        Safeco, in contrast, argues that claims for delay are not compensable under its bond. Safeco
relies on various cases that have held that claims for delay are not recoverable under labor and
material bonds. Safeco then argues that the district court properly determined that the settlement
agreement eliminated any contract-based claims Lexicon may have had against Safeco. Safeco also
disputes Lexicon’s arguments with respect to the privilege log and the district court’s reference to
Lexicon having drafted the settlement agreement.
                                                    ANALYSIS
A.       Standard of Review
         This court reviews a grant of summary judgment de novo. Frazier v. Honda of Am. Mfg.
Co., 431 F.3d 563, 565 (6th Cir. 2005). For the purposes of this appeal, we construe the evidence
in the light most favorable to Lexicon and draw all reasonable inferences in its favor. Aiken v. City
of Memphis, 190 F.3d 753, 755 (6th Cir. 1999) (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio
Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986)). Granting summary judgment is proper when “the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,
show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to
a judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c).
B.       Delay Claims
       The district court determined that, in general, claims for delay can be compensable under a
bond if the language of the bond allows for recovery of delay claims. On appeal, Lexicon agrees
with the district court’s finding that some delay claims may be compensable under a bond and

         2
           Indeed, in the district court, Lexicon appeared to argue that since Icon had submitted Lexicon’s claim to the
arbitrator as a part of its claim against the general contractor and owner on the basis that Lexicon was claiming those
charges as due to delay, the submission amounted to Icon’s and, thus, Safeco’s, recognition of the validity of Lexicon’s
claim under the bond.
No. 04-6086                Lexicon, Inc. v. Safeco Ins. Co. of America, Inc.                                    Page 5

argues that its exhibits attached to its response to Safeco’s motion for summary judgment establish
that its claims on the bond are for labor and materials necessary for the completion of the project
caused by delays. Safeco argues that damages for a breach of contract are not compensable under
a payment bond and that impact claims are similar to breach of contract claims, which are broader
than labor and material.
        The rule with respect to whether delay claims are recoverable under a payment bond appears
to be that labor and material costs caused by delay can be recovered under a payment bond. Mai
Steel Servs. Inc. v. Blake Constr. Co., 981 F.2d 414, 418 (9th Cir. 1992)        (The court limited the
plaintiff’s recovery to “out-of-pocket labor and material costs.”);3 see also Tremack Co., v.
Homestead Paving Co., 582 So. 2d 26 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1991). Recovery for all labor and
material costs, costs incurred, damages for delay not related to labor and materials, or for damages
for breach of contract, may not be recovered. See U.S. ex rel. E. & R. Constr. Co., v. Guy H. James
Constr. Co., 390 F. Supp. 1193, 1244 (M. D. Tenn. 1972) (“[T]he subcontractor[] does have a
remedy against the surety for the recovery of the value of labor and materials supplied by him in the
prosecution of the work covered by such a bond, even though they were required by reason of the
breach or default of said prime contractor . . . .” Although the court also held that “[d]amages based
on misrepresentation and delays are not within the legislative intent of 40 U.S.C. §§ 270(a)- 270(b),”
and that “[a] subcontractor is not entitled to recover from the surety for losses suffered due to delays
growing out of the acts or omissions of others.”) (internal citations and quotations omitted); U.S. ex
rel. Edward E. Morgan Co., v. Md. Cas. Co., 147 F.2d 423, 425 (5th Cir. 1945); L.P. Friestedt Co.
v. U.S. Fireproofing Co., 125 F.2d 1010, 1012 (10th Cir. 1942) (“We know of no case that has gone
so far as to hold that one may recover damages for breach of a contract on a bond required under the
Heard Act.”). Thus, in general, if a bond guarantees payment of labor and materials, a sub-
contractor may recover for additional labor and materials expenses caused by delay under the bond,
but a sub-contractor may not recover for other non-labor or materials expenses or damages, nor may
a party recover for a breach of contract under the bond.
         Because labor and material expenses caused by delay can, in general, be compensable, the
language of the bond must be evaluated to determine if the bond itself provides limits on a sub-
contractor’s rights of recovery. The bond in this case guaranteed payment “for all labor and material
used or reasonably required for use in the performance of the Contract.” J.A. at 146. The district
court found that Lexicon had only vaguely described “the nature of the recovery” it sought. Id. at
925. According to the district court, Lexicon did not identify the “specific instances of labor and
material for which it seeks payment under the bond.” Id. at 926. Instead, the district court, quoting
Lexicon, found that Lexicon sought generic damages for things like administrative expenses      and lost
profits, neither of which would be covered under Safeco’s labor and materials bond.4 Id. Because
Lexicon refused, as far as the district court understood, to enumerate its claimed labor and material
expenses in any detail, the district court found that, “to the extent that the ‘delay and impact claims’
comprise expenses collateral to the labor and material actually used on the Project, they do not fall
into the category of items recoverable under a payment bond for ‘labor and material used or
reasonably required for use in the performance of the contract.’” Id. at 927.
        We are sympathetic with the district court’s apparent frustration. Lexicon is apparently
reluctant to spell out exactly what monies it claims are still due for labor and material costs under

         3
          Although many of the cases cited in this opinion deal with Miller Act payment bonds, or the state equivalent
of the Miller Act, neither party has offered a good reason why Miller Act cases are not, at the very least, persuasive in
determining how the term labor and material in a common law payment bond should be interpreted, especially when
neither party can cite to Kentucky common law authority on the question.
         4
             Those damages could probably, however, be awarded if Lexicon sued Icon for breach of contract and won.
No. 04-6086               Lexicon, Inc. v. Safeco Ins. Co. of America, Inc.                                 Page 6

the bond.5 We also agree with the district court that insofar as Lexicon asserts that it is due more
than labor and material costs caused by delay, Safeco deserves summary judgment under the bond
on those claims. We, therefore, affirm that portion of the district court’s ruling.
        When filing its claim under the bond, J.A. at 415, Lexicon broke its delay and impact claims
down into three sections: (1) caster area, (2) fume control/material handling area, and (3) EAF/AOD
equipment area. Id. at 418. Lexicon explained that the effect of late plant equipment deliveries had
the largest impact: “Maintaining a 45-man crew for the added seven months at sixty-hour workweek
[sic] would add over eighty thousand man-hours to the project without any significant completion
of our contractual obligations.” Id. at 420.
        Hours of labor resulting from keeping the job manned by Lexicon at these levels seems
hardly labor required to complete the project. Nor does Lexicon’s addition of a 12% profit. Indeed,
the contract between Lexicon and Icon setting out the hourly wages for Lexicon employees states
that those wages included overhead and profit, among other items.
        Nor does Lexicon’s method of determining its claim by stating its estimate of what is should
have cost in labor to do the job, and what it actually expended appear to be a measure of the hours
necessary to complete the contract caused by delay. If Lexicon estimated the cost at ten hours for
a job that ended up taking twenty hours on the scale that we see in Lexicon’s claim here, bonding
companies would end up paying for the contractors’ too low bids. While that may be what happens
when a job is not completed and the sub-contractor is judgment proof, here the contract was
completed.
        Implicit in the court’s ruling is the recognition that a portion of Lexicon’s claims may be
claims for labor and material costs necessary to complete the project that were caused by delay. It
is unclear whether in this portion of the district court’s opinion it is granting Safeco summary
judgment on those claims because Lexicon has failed to make that claim. The only place in its
opinion where the district court clearly grants summary judgment on all labor and material claims
appears further on in the opinion when the district court rules that the settlement agreement
unambiguously settled all contract based claims. We turn now to that ruling.
C.     The settlement agreement
        Lexicon argues that the district court should not have granted summary judgment on the
basis of the settlement agreement between Lexicon and Icon, as Safeco never argued that the
settlement agreement eliminated all obligations it had under the bond. Lexicon complains that
because Safeco did not argue the point, Lexicon did not have an adequate chance to respond. It
asserts that the district court should not have used the settlement agreement as a basis for awarding
summary judgment because its terms are ambiguous or, alternatively, if the agreement is not
ambiguous, the district court has misinterpreted it because the agreement unambiguously reserves
contract-based delay and impact claims under the bond. Finally, Lexicon argues that the district
court improperly found that Lexicon drafted the settlement agreement.

       5
           Apparently, Lexicon was reluctant or unwilling to limit its recovery from Icon for all its delay and other
damages.
No. 04-6086               Lexicon, Inc. v. Safeco Ins. Co. of America, Inc.                                     Page 7

       As a preliminary matter, because we review the grant of motions for summary judgment de
novo, any error by the district court in granting Safeco’s summary judgment without giving Lexicon
an opportunity to respond to Safeco’s arguments is harmless.6 FED R. CIV. P. 61.
        As to Lexicon’s other arguments, the Kentucky Court of Appeals has found that: “Generally,
the interpretation of a contract, including determining whether a contract is ambiguous, is a question
of law for the courts and is subject to de novo review.” Cantrell Supply, Inc. v. Liberty Mut. Ins.
Co., 94 S.W.3d 381, 385 (Ky. Ct. App. 2002) (citing First Commonwealth Bank of Prestonsburg
v. West, 55 S.W.3d 829, 835 (Ky. Ct. App. 2000); Morganfield Nat’l Bank v. Damien Elder & Sons,
836 S.W.2d 893, 895 (Ky. 1992); Fay E. Sams Money Purchase Pension Plan v. Jansen, 3 S.W.3d
753, 757 (Ky. Ct. App. 1999)). “A contract is ambiguous if a reasonable person would find it
susceptible to different or inconsistent interpretations.” Id. (citing Transp. Ins. Co. v. Ford, 886
S.W.2d 901, 905 (Ky. Ct. App. 1994); Luttrell v. Cooper Industries, Inc., 60 F. Supp. 2d 629, 631
(E. D. Ky. 1998)). Finally, “. . . once a court determines that a contract is ambiguous, areas of
dispute concerning the extrinsic evidence are factual issues and construction of the contract become
subject to resolution by the fact-finder.” Id. (citing Cook United, Inc. v. Waits, 512 S.W.2d 493, 495
(Ky. 1974); Reynolds Metals Co. v. Barker, 256 S.W.2d 17, 18 (Ky. 1953); Lagrew v. Hooks-
SupeRx, 905 F. Supp. 401, 404 (E. D. Ky. 1995).
       In this case, the district court determined that the settlement agreement precluded any
contractual recovery because all contract-based claims were settled based on the parties’ agreement
in paragraph one of the settlement to a “full and final settlement of Lexicon’s pending contract
claims.” J.A. at 167. In so reasoning, the district court relied on the maxim of expressio unius est
exclusio alterius - the expression of one thing is an intention to exclude all others. Id. at 927-28.
The district court then reasoned that if all contractual claims were settled and the bond only provided
recovery for contract-based claims, any claims remaining would have to be extra-contractual and,
hence, not covered by the bond. Id.
         If the phrase in paragraph one of the settlement agreement were the only relevant phrase, the
district court would undoubtedly be correct. Paragraph four of the agreement, however, indicates
that “Lexicon’s delay and impact related claims and Lexicon’s right and ability to pursue such
claims (and Icon’s defenses which are specific to such claims) are specifically preserved and shall
not be included or encompassed in . . . the settlement referenced in paragraph 1.” This additional
term complicates the inquiry, as one reading of paragraph four could encompass an intention to
specifically reserve a portion of the settlement contract claims otherwise settled in the “full and final
settlement” of the contract claims. Thus, the district court’s interpretation of the contract is not
necessarily correct.

         6
            The concurrence would not address Safeco’s arguments on this point, because Safeco failed to properly
preserve those arguments. Con. Op. at 4-6, n.3. We fail to see how an issue of preservation or waiver is raised in this
case. First, the district court fully addressed Lexicon’s concerns in its order denying Lexicon’s Motion to Alter, Amend,
or Vacate the Judgment. J.A. at 970-75. See also id. at 947-54. In addition, both parties fully briefed the issue before
this court. Finally, as a procedural matter, parties are not limited to one summary judgment motion because “[d]istrict
courts may in their discretion permit renewed or successive motions for summary judgment, particularly when the
moving party has expanded the factual record on which summary judgment is sought.” Kovacevich v. Kent State Univ.,
224 F.3d 806, 835 (6th Cir. 2000). See also Whitford v. Boglino, 63 F.3d 527, 530 (7th Cir.1995) (“[T]he denial of
summary judgment has no res judicata effect, and the district court may, in its discretion, allow a party to renew a
previously denied summary judgment motion or file successive motions, particularly if good reasons exist.”). Thus, if
this court declined to address the merits of the parties’ argument at this stage, no principle of waiver or preservation
would prevent Safeco from raising the argument below in a successive summary judgment motion. In light of that fact,
judicial economy requires that this court address the merits of the arguments raised by the parties at this stage of the
litigation, rather than forcing the parties to raise it with the district court anew on remand.
No. 04-6086            Lexicon, Inc. v. Safeco Ins. Co. of America, Inc.                          Page 8

        Lexicon’s alternative position, that the contract unambiguously reserves contract based
claims, is also fraught with difficulties, however. The settlement agreement uses the term “delay
and impact claims.” Such a term does not appear to be a term of common usage, nor is there any
evidence in the record that this court could locate that the term is a common one in construction
contracts. Nor do the parties point to any document or testimony in the record that describes the
term prior to its use in the settlement agreement. Additionally, while evidence in the record may
allow a fact-finder to infer that both parties understood “delay and impact claims” to mean those
claims for labor and materials needed for the completion of the contract due to the delay of other
parties, see id. at 386-414, there is also evidence in the record that delay and impact claims could
encompass a broader set of claims for delay than just those for labor and materials under the
contract. See id. (the letters and reports do not differentiate between claims under the contract and
extras; moreover, the reports detail extra costs for site overhead and corporate and division
overhead).
        Because Lexicon’s complaint, argument, and evidence do not differentiate between the
amounts Icon owes it for extra-contractual work or for monies due under the contract not related to
labor and materials (e.g. profit), it is possible that reservation of delay and impact claims in the
settlement between Icon and Lexicon could be for claims unrelated to labor or materials under the
contract. It would, therefore, seem that the settlement agreement could refer to an intent to reserve
contractual claims for labor and materials, contractual claims for amounts other than labor and
materials, extra-contractual claims, or some combination thereof. The settlement agreement,
therefore, appears to be ambiguous under Kentucky law because “a reasonable person would find
it susceptible to different or inconsistent interpretations.” Cantrell Supply, Inc., 94 S.W.3d at 385.
Thus, under Kentucky law, a fact-finder must determine the meaning the parties to the agreement
(Icon and Lexicon) intended. Id.
         Finally, because the settlement agreement appears to be ambiguous, it may be relevant which
party drafted it, as some Kentucky case law indicates that an agreement must be construed against
the drafter. See, e.g., Home Folks Mobile Homes, Inc. v. Meridian Mut. Ins. Co., 744 S.W.2d 749,
750 (Ky. Ct. App. 1987). Lexicon argues that the district court made an impermissible finding of
fact that Lexicon drafted the agreement. It is not at all clear, however, whether the district court ever
made a finding of fact that Lexicon drafted the agreement, as the district court specifically held that
it was irrelevant who drafted the agreement. Id. at 971-72 n.1. In addition, it is not clear that the
record contains sufficient evidence to rule one way or another on this point. For instance, Lexicon
references an affidavit as evidence that the agreement was extensively negotiated by both parties.
Id. at 448. The settlement agreement is on the letterhead of the law firm representing Lexicon and
appears to make a settlement offer on behalf of Lexicon to Icon. Id. at 167-68. As a result, because
it is unclear whether the district court ruled on this point at all, and because ambiguities in the record
preclude a conclusive determination as to who drafted the settlement agreement, a decision on this
point will need to be made by the district court or, if necessary, the fact-finder on remand.
        Thus, the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Safeco on Lexicon’s labor and
material cost delay claims was in error. We must, therefore, remand those claims to the district court
for further fact-finding on at least two issues. First, what is the proper interpretation of the
settlement agreement? Second, does Lexicon make a claim under the bond for labor and material
costs related to delay? We note, finally, the limited extent of our ruling in this case. Although we
reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment, a future grant of summary judgment is not
foreclosed if Lexicon does not carry its burden.
D.      Recovery Under the Bond
       If the court’s opinion intended to grant summary judgment to Safeco on the grounds that
there was no evidence that Lexicon was making a claim for labor and materials under the bond, it
No. 04-6086               Lexicon, Inc. v. Safeco Ins. Co. of America, Inc.                                      Page 9

is reversed. Lexicon points to several documents in the record including letters sent to Icon on
March 8, 2002, which provided a breakdown of the then-disputed costs and extras; an exhibit Icon
submitted in the SMS-NAS separate arbitration detailing Lexicon’s claims against it; and the
affidavit of Lexicon’s project manager. These documents, we believe, were sufficient to raise a jury
issue that part of Lexicon’s claims were covered by the bond. Lexicon has, however, the obligation
to identify the evidence in the record that supports its claim for labor and material costs under the
bond. Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587.
        We note that, at this stage, however, Lexicon has not conclusively proved its case. Indeed,
while Lexicon referred to its claim as a claim for damages, the term damages sufficiently
incorporates costs associated with labor and materials as well as other damages Lexicon suffered
as a result of Icon’s breach of contract that would not be covered by the bond. Similarly, the reports
only describe the difference   between the hours allocated to hours in bidding the contract and the
labor actually expended.7
         Lexicon should not expect the district court or a fact-finder to sift through the record to
identify evidence in support of its claims. Guarino v. Brookfield Twp. Trs., 980 F.2d 399, 403-407
(6th Cir. 1992). Especially in a case as complicated as this one, Lexicon must make the evidence
of its claims explicit. Id. While Lexicon urges us to grant summary judgment in its favor, it has
not argued for any sum except the full amount of its delay and impact claim. It is apparent that its
“delay and impact claim” is broader than the labor and material provision of the bond. The case is
remanded for further proceedings on the issue of the settlement agreement; and, depending on the
outcome of that issue, for a determination of whether either party is entitled to summary judgment
on the remaining issues not addressed by the district court’s or this court’s rulings.
E.       The Privilege Log
       Finally, Lexicon argues that the district court should not have ruled on Safeco’s motion for
summary judgment before it ruled on Lexicon’s motion to strike Safeco’s privilege log. As a
general rule, a district court should rule on discovery motions prior to granting summary judgment.
See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250 n.5 (1986) (“[W]here the nonmoving party
has not had the opportunity to discover information that is essential [to its position, summary
judgment should be denied].”). If the settlement issue is not dispositive of the case, we agree that
the court should dispose of the privilege issue before ruling on Safeco’s motion for summary
judgment as some of the documents could very well have helped Lexicon’s theory of the case. See
id.
        The court in this case ordered Safeco to submit both a privilege log and the privileged
documents to the court for in camera review, and Safeco provided both the log and the documents
to a magistrate judge. J.A. at 911, 914-15. Lexicon filed its motion to strike the privilege log before
the magistrate judge in this case ruled on Safeco’s assertion of privilege. Id. at 915. Presumably,
because the magistrate judge did not rule on whether the documents in question were privileged
before the district court granted summary judgment to Safeco, a ruling has never been made on
Safeco’s assertion of privilege with respect to those documents. Because the court has the
documents in question, it may be able to rule on the assertion of privilege regardless of whether the
privilege log provides sufficient information to Lexicon.

         7
          Both the January and the March letters to Icon include claims for all costs Icon owed Lexicon at the time, but
the August settlement means that some of those claims are likely no longer at issue. Without further explanation, or a
detailed parsing of the record, a fact-finder would have difficulty separating out the settled claims from the non-settled
claims.
No. 04-6086          Lexicon, Inc. v. Safeco Ins. Co. of America, Inc.                     Page 10

       Under the precedent cited above, however, the district court should wait to grant summary
judgment until a decision is made with respect to whether the documents are privileged. Thus,
although Lexicon’s motion was not well-fashioned, the principle underlying its motion is sound.
Thus, unless the case is disposed of on the settlement issue, the court should rule on the privilege
claim before granting summary judgment.
                                         CONCLUSION
    For the foregoing reasons, this court AFFIRMS the district court’s judgment in part,
REVERSES the district court’s judgment in part, and REMANDS for further proceedings.
No. 04-6086              Lexicon, Inc. v. Safeco Ins. Co. of America, Inc.                                Page 11

                       _______________________________________________
                        CONCURRING IN PART, DISSENTING IN PART
                       _______________________________________________
       GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part. I concur in the result of
the majority opinion, which reverses in part the grant of summary judgment in favor of defendant
Safeco Insurance Company (“Safeco”). I write separately to express my differences with both the
remedy and portions of the majority’s analysis.
                                                         I.
        At the outset, I am not persuaded that Kentucky common law recognizes “delay and impact”
claims as a separate form of contract recovery. To resolve this issue, I would not use Miller Act
cases in my analysis. (Opinion at 5 n.3.) Given that the Miller Act provides a federal cause of
action,1 see United States v. Fidelity & Deposit Co. of Md., 813 F.2d 697, 700 (5th Cir. 1987) (“The
Miller Act provides a federal cause of action, and the extent of the limitation period must be
determined in accordance with federal law.” (citation omitted)), I would decline to apply the logic
of the Miller Act in the context of a private common law payment bond, e.g., Mai Steel Serv., Inc.
v. Blake Constr. Co., 981 F.2d 414, 420 (9th Cir. 1992) (“Claims arising under its common law
payment bond are therefore governed by state, rather than federal, law.” (citation omitted)); United
States ex rel. Doten’s Constr., Inc. v. JMG Excavating & Constr. Co., 223 F.R.D. 17, 18 (D. Me.
2004) (dismissing claim for lack of federal question jurisdiction because bond under which litigant
sought recovery was a common law bond rather than a Miller Act bond). On this point, although
Safeco dedicates several pages to a detailed discussion of Miller Act caselaw, it nonetheless agrees
that Miller Act cases are of limited value. Accordingly, I would not rely on Miller Act cases in the
context of a private common law payment bond.
         More pointedly, although the parties submitted a variety of documents reflecting the parties’
and district court’s considerable discussion of delay and impact claims, the issue appears illusory.
The cases cited by the parties and the majority do not demonstrate that “delay and impact damages”
arise from a pre-existing legal construct. Instead, they are but words utilized by Lexicon to describe
the alleged damages that arose from Project delays. The district court’s opinion tacitly
acknowledges this reality in its opinion when, after reviewing the varied cases supplied by the
parties, it merely surmises that “recovering delay or acceleration damages under a payment bond
turns on the language of the bond and the nature of the recovery sought.”
        The majority also appears to acknowledge that delay and impact claims are not a separate
form of contractual recovery. Indeed, the majority notes that Lexicon seeks recovery of “self-
styled” delay and impact claims, (Opinion at 1), then concedes that the term “delay and impact”
“does not appear to be a term of common usage,” (Opinion at 8). Thus, I would conclude that there
is no need to separately examine whether Kentucky common law provides for the recovery of “delay
and impact” damages. Instead, I would simply analyze the issue as one of ordinary contract
interpretation: whether Lexicon’s March 8, 2002, claims for payment are encompassed by the
language of the Bond.
       Moreover, I respectfully disagree with the majority’s statement that “[w]e are sympathetic
with the district court’s apparent frustration” that Lexicon is “reluctant to spell out exactly what
monies it claims are still due for labor and material costs under the bond.” (Opinion at 6.) The

        1
        Notably, Lexicon did not seek to invoke the district court’s federal question jurisdiction. Instead, Lexicon
commenced this litigation pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332.
No. 04-6086                Lexicon, Inc. v. Safeco Ins. Co. of America, Inc.                                        Page 12

record evidence wholly contradicts that statement.2 Indeed, the record reflects that Lexicon
submitted a written claim on January 18, 2002, pursuant to the Subcontract’s claim procedure,
advising Icon of the problems caused by project delays and seeking an equitable adjustment to the
contract. Lexicon followed up on March 8, 2002, by providing Icon with a more detailed
explanation of the “actual man-hours and cost[s] expended” as a result of the Project delays. In
pertinent part, the March 8 report detailed Lexicon’s claims for “delay and impact” costs, which
Lexicon defined as “extra out-of-pocket costs for labor and material expended in completing the
work in the Subcontract, caused by inefficiencies, hindrances, and related impacts.” Lexicon later
submitted a more detailed analysis, which further analyzed the delay costs attributable to extra man-
hours, equipment costs, and overhead.
         It is undisputed that Safeco received these materials. Icon forwarded Lexicon’s detailed
March 8, 2002, report to Safeco for its review on April 10, 2002. Icon even marked up the
$2,962,274 damages sum detailed in the March 8 analysis when it “passed through” Lexicon’s claim
and presented it against SMS during its arbitration with SMS. Moreover, it is further undisputed
that the district court possessed these materials when ruling on Safeco’s summary judgment motion.
Accordingly, I conclude that the district court had sufficient evidence regarding Lexicon’s delay and
impact claims. Again, however, the question is whether that evidence demonstrates that Lexicon’s
March 8 analysis sets forth recoverable sums pursuant to the Bond. Because a genuine issue of
material fact exists on this question, I would remand for trial.
                                                             II.
         I also respectfully disagree with the majority’s analysis of the parties’ Settlement Agreement.
First, I note that the majority declines to address Lexicon’s argument that whether the Settlement3
prevented it from pursuing its delay claims was not an issue that was properly preserved.
Significantly, Safeco, in proffering its motion for summary judgment, did not argue that the
language of the parties’ Settlement barred Lexicon from pursuing its delay claims against Safeco.
Instead, a review of the “argument” section of Safeco’s summary judgment brief reveals that it
primarily argued that delay and impact claims are not covered by the language of the Bond.

         2
          This statement likewise appears to be contradicted by a later portion of the majority’s opinion itself.
Specifically, the majority later notes:
         If the court’s opinion intended to grant summary judgment to Safeco on the grounds that there was
         no evidence that Lexicon was making a claim for labor and materials under the bond, it is reversed.
         Lexicon points to several documents in the record including letters sent to Icon on March 8, 2002,
         which provided a breakdown of the then-disputed costs and extras; an exhibit Icon submitted in the
         SMS-NAS separate arbitration detailing Lexicon’s claims against it; and the affidavit of Lexicon’s
         project manager.
(Opinion at 8-9.) Crediting Lexicon for submitting a “detailed” breakdown of costs and extras does not appear consistent
with the majority’s previous statement that Lexicon is “reluctant to spell out exactly what monies it claims are still due
for labor and material costs under the bond.” Id. at 10.
         3
           The majority instead notes that, because we review the grant of summary judgment de novo, “any error by the
district court in granting Safeco’s summary judgment without giving Lexicon an opportunity to respond to Safeco’s
arguments is harmless.” (Opinion at 7.) The error, however, is hardly harmless given that it provided the district court
with a ground upon which to grant summary judgment. More importantly, the issue is not one of harmless error, but
rather one of preservation. Assuming a district court properly declines to consider an issue raised for the first time in
a reply brief, e.g., Sundberg v. Keller Ladder, 189 F. Supp. 2d 671, 682-83 (E.D. Mich. 2002) (noting, in the context
of summary judgment, “it is not the office of a reply brief to raise issues for the first time” (citation omitted)), that issue
remains unpreserved for appellate review, cf. Novosteel SA v. United States, 284 F.3d 1261, 1273-74 (Fed. Cir. 2002)
(holding that raising an issue for the first time in summary judgment reply brief does not suffice to preserve issue for
appellate review). A de novo standard of review does not excuse a party’s obligation to fairly present each of its issues
at every stage in the proceedings.
No. 04-6086                Lexicon, Inc. v. Safeco Ins. Co. of America, Inc.                                     Page 13

Nowhere, however, did Safeco assert that the Settlement prohibits Lexicon’s delay claims. To the
contrary, Safeco spent a full paragraph explaining that such claims are all that remain after the
parties’ Settlement. Only after Lexicon filed its response did Safeco argue, in its reply brief, that
the terms of the Settlement preclude Lexicon from asserting delay claims against Safeco. In doing
so, it termed Lexicon’s characterization of its claims as “contract-based” and argued that, if indeed
the claims are based on the parties Subcontract, then such claims were resolved by the Settlement.
Given that “[i]t is impermissible to mention an issue for the first time in a reply brief because the
appellee then has no opportunity to respond,” United States v. Jerkins, 871 F.2d 598, 602 (6th Cir.
1989) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted), I would not address the issue because it was
not properly preserved.
        Second, I respectfully disagree with the majority’s analysis governing who drafted the
parties’ Settlement Agreement.4 As discussed above, the import of who drafted the Settlement
Agreement is insignificant because the issue was not properly before the district court. Even if it
were properly raised and preserved for appellate review, I would decline to reach the issue because
it does not impact the fundamental inquiry necessary for resolution in this case: whether Lexicon’s
March 8, 2002, claims for payment are encompassed by the language of the Bond.
                                                            III.
         Finally, I am concerned that the majority fails to mention or discuss the existence of two
significant issues of material fact: (1) the date upon which Lexicon reached substantial completion
of its role in the Project; and (2) whether Lexicon complied with the notice provision of the Bond.
         On these points, I note that the Subcontract provides a contractual completion date of
March 23, 2001, but likewise provides a mechanism by which the parties could alter the completion
date. For example, the Subcontract provides that “[t]he time for performing the Work is established
by the requirements and milestone dates set out in the Master Project Schedule with mutually
agreed durations.” The district court made no finding with regard to (1) whether the parties’
“mutually agreed durations” altered Lexicon’s time for substantial completion, or (2) when Lexicon
actually completed its work on the project. Significantly, the parties dispute when Lexicon fulfilled
its obligations pursuant to the Subcontract. Thus, the existence of these material fact issues prevents
us from determining when Lexicon was obligated to provide the notice required by the Bond.5
        For the foregoing reasons, I would reverse the district court’s entry of summary judgment
because of its failure to first rule on Lexicon’s motion to strike Safeco’s privilege log before
resolving the parties’ summary judgment motions. See Brainard v. Am. Skandia Life Assurance
Corp., 432 F.3d 655, 667 (6th Cir. 2005) (“Generally, a district court should dispose of motions that
affect the record on summary judgment before ruling on the parties’ summary judgment motions.”
(citation omitted)). I would likewise reverse the district court’s entry of summary judgment and

         4
            Also, I do not understand what significance the Settlement Agreement has on the wholly separate question
of whether the court improperly ruled on the parties’ summary judgment motions without first ruling on Lexicon’s
pending motion to strike Safeco’s privilege log. Although I agree with the majority’s statement of the basic rule that
a district court should not consider the parties’ summary judgment motions before ruling on any pending discovery
motions, I do not agree with the majority’s subsequent suggestion that such a rule is somehow altered in this case “[i]f
the settlement issue is not dispositive of the case[.]” (Opinion at 9.) Such a statement is particularly confusing given
that the majority appears to recognize that the Settlement Agreement preserved Lexicon’s delay and impact claims.
(Opinion at 7.)
         5
           The Bond requires a claimant to provide notice of non-payment “within ninety (90) days after such claimant
did or performed the last of the work or labor, or furnished the last of the materials for which said claim is made, stating
with substantial accuracy the amount claimed and the name of the party to whom the materials were furnished, or for
whom the work or labor was done or performed.”
No. 04-6086          Lexicon, Inc. v. Safeco Ins. Co. of America, Inc.                     Page 14

remand for trial because genuine issues of material fact remain concerning: (1) the date upon which
Lexicon reached substantial completion of its role in the Project; (2) whether Lexicon complied with
the notice provision of the Bond; and (3) if so, whether the Bond would allow Lexicon to recover
the sums detailed by Lexicon’s March 8, 2002, report.