Court Opinion

ID: 9365033
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-20 21:01:06.926023+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:42.768971
License: Public Domain

Appellate Case: 23-9900     Document: 010110800815       Date Filed: 01/20/2023    Page: 1
                                                                                  FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                                       PUBLISH                                Tenth Circuit

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       January 20, 2023

                                                                          Christopher M. Wolpert
                              FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                           Clerk of Court
                          _________________________________

  UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

        Plaintiff - Appellee,

  v.                                                          No. 23-9900

  JANE DOE, (Female Juvenile),

        Defendant - Appellant.
                       _________________________________

 Before TYMKOVICH, BRISCOE, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

 TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judge.
                   _________________________________

        Jane Doe and two boys are accused of killing Doe’s parents. Even though Doe

 is a juvenile (she was 17 at the time of the murders), the government charged her

 with two counts of first-degree murder. The government successfully moved to

 transfer her case to adult court, where the punishments for first-degree murder are

 death or mandatory life imprisonment without parole. These punishments are

 unconstitutional when applied to a juvenile. Doe argues she cannot be transferred to

 adult court because, even if guilty, there is no statutory punishment available for her

 alleged crime. She also argues the district court used an incorrect legal standard for

 transfer from juvenile to adult court and improperly weighed the relevant factors for

 transfer.
Appellate Case: 23-9900     Document: 010110800815        Date Filed: 01/20/2023      Page: 2

        We find that her constitutional argument is not ripe, the district court applied

 the correct legal standard, and the district court did not abuse its discretion in

 weighing the transfer factors. We therefore affirm the district court’s transfer of

 Doe’s case from juvenile to adult court.

                                    I. Background

        When defendant Jane Doe was 17 ½ years old she allegedly orchestrated the

 murder of her two parents. After posturing a false pregnancy to her fifteen-year-old

 boyfriend and lamenting her parents’ opposition to their relationship, Doe asked her

 boyfriend and another friend to kill her mother and father. They quickly formulated

 a plan. While Doe hid in the bathroom of her parents’ house, the two boys snuck into

 the home then beat and stabbed Doe’s mother multiple times. They buried the body

 in a crude grave and waited for Doe’s father. When he arrived, the boys clubbed and

 set him on fire. Doe’s father died of blunt force trauma and smoke and soot

 inhalation. Doe and the boys fled but were soon apprehended. Although Doe did not

 participate in the physical assaults, she was the author of the plan—the murders

 would not have occurred without her initiative.

        The gruesome facts of the crime are preceded by a neglected and dysfunctional

 childhood for Doe. According to the record, she was born into an unstable and

 impoverished household. For the first eight years of her life, Doe lived in

 approximately eight different residences. Her father was a violent alcoholic, and Doe

 said that she had been physically abused since she was five or six years old. The

 Oklahoma Department of Human Services (DHS) received multiple referrals against
                                             2
Appellate Case: 23-9900    Document: 010110800815        Date Filed: 01/20/2023    Page: 3

 Doe’s mother alleging inadequate care of her children. When Doe was nine years

 old, DHS took Doe and her siblings into emergency custody because of concerns of

 child sexual abuse. Doe’s father’s parental rights were terminated. Doe lived in

 foster care from age 9 to 13, then returned to living with her parents. When Doe was

 14, her father was convicted of Sexual Abuse of a Child Under Twelve for abusing

 his daughter, Doe’s half-sister. Beginning after Doe turned 15, she lived alone in a

 dirty, cluttered residence across the street from her mother and father (after he was

 released from the Oklahoma Department of Corrections). She was not permitted to

 live with her father because of his felony conviction. While Doe’s parents provided

 her with food, electricity, and water at her house, her living conditions were

 nevertheless neglectful. She lacked supervision, discipline, and moral guidance.

       After the crime, two experts (Dr. Roberson for the government and Dr.

 LaFortune for the defendant) assessed Doe. Dr. Roberson chose not to ask Doe about

 the nature of the offense because Doe’s counsel noted that some answers may violate

 Doe’s Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination. Nonetheless, both experts

 found that Doe had low intellectual ability and maturity for her age.

       Doe is charged by juvenile information with two counts of murder under 18

 U.S.C. § 1111. Since Doe is an enrolled member of the Choctaw nation and the

 offenses occurred on the Choctaw Nation Reservation, criminal jurisdiction is

 appropriate in federal court. 18 U.S.C. §§ 1152, 1153. Because Doe was a juvenile

 at the time of the alleged conduct, the charges implicate the Juvenile Justice and

 Delinquency Prevention Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 5031–42. Under the Act, juveniles may

                                            3
Appellate Case: 23-9900    Document: 010110800815        Date Filed: 01/20/2023     Page: 4

 be prosecuted as adults if they are at least 15 ½ years old, they allegedly committed a

 felony crime of violence, and the court determines adult prosecution would be “in the

 interest of justice.” 18 U.S.C. § 5032.

       The government filed a motion to transfer proceedings from juvenile court to

 adult court. The magistrate judge considered the motion and recommended that the

 case be transferred to adult court. The district court judge reviewed the case de novo,

 adopted the recommendation, and granted the government’s motion to transfer Doe’s

 case. Doe appeals the order, and we have jurisdiction over this appeal under the

 collateral order doctrine. See United States v. Angelo D., 88 F.3d 856, 857–58 (10th

 Cir. 1996).

                                     II. Analysis

       Doe advances three arguments to negate her transfer to adult court. First, she

 argues it is unconstitutional to charge her with first-degree murder as an adult

 because no constitutional punishments are available if she is convicted. Second, she

 contends the district court applied an incorrect legal standard in granting the

 government’s motion to transfer. Finally, she argues the district court abused its

 discretion when applying the six transfer factors.

       A. Unconstitutional Punishments and Ripeness

       Doe argues her case cannot be transferred from juvenile to adult court because

 the punishments for first-degree murder under 18 U.S.C. § 1111 violate the Eighth

 Amendment when applied to a juvenile. We review questions of law de novo,
                                            4
Appellate Case: 23-9900    Document: 010110800815        Date Filed: 01/20/2023    Page: 5

 including challenges to the constitutionality of a federal statute and questions of

 ripeness. See United States v. Price, 265 F.3d 1097, 1106 (10th Cir. 2001); New

 Mexicans for Bill Richardson v. Gonzales, 64 F.3d 1495, 1499 (10th Cir. 1995).

       The federal murder statute at issue in this case defines murder as “the unlawful

 killing of a human being with malice aforethought.” 18 U.S.C. § 1111(a).

 Subsection (a) of the statute defines both first-degree murder and the lesser-included

 offense of second-degree murder:

              Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being with
              malice aforethought. Every murder perpetrated by poison,
              lying in wait, or any other kind of willful, deliberate,
              malicious, and premeditated killing; or committed in the
              perpetration of, or attempt to perpetrate, any arson, escape,
              murder, kidnapping, treason, espionage, sabotage,
              aggravated sexual abuse or sexual abuse, child abuse,
              burglary, or robbery; or perpetrated as part of a pattern or
              practice of assault or torture against a child or children; or
              perpetrated from a premeditated design unlawfully and
              maliciously to effect the death of any human being other
              than him who is killed, is murder in the first degree.

              Any other murder is murder in the second degree.

 Id. Subsection (b) includes the penalties for both first-degree and second-degree

 murder:

              Whoever is guilty of murder in the first degree shall be
              punished by death or by imprisonment for life;

              Whoever is guilty of murder in the second degree, shall be
              imprisoned for any term of years or for life.

 18 U.S.C. § 1111(b).

                                            5
Appellate Case: 23-9900     Document: 010110800815         Date Filed: 01/20/2023        Page: 6

        Important to the present appeal, the penalties for first-degree murder—death or

 life imprisonment without parole—are unconstitutional when applied to juveniles.

 The Supreme Court has deemed these punishments excessively harsh in violation of

 the Eighth Amendment. Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 578 (2005) (holding “[t]he

 Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments forbid imposition of the death penalty on

 offenders who were under the age of 18 when their crimes were committed.”); Miller

 v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 470 (2012) (concluding “mandatory life-without-parole

 sentences for juveniles violate the Eighth Amendment”).

        In the proceedings below, the district court acknowledged that the penalties for

 first-degree murder are unconstitutional when applied to a juvenile. But the district

 court found the constitutionality issue was not ripe because “the Eighth

 Amendment’s proscription against cruel and unusual punishment is only applicable

 following a determination of guilt after a trial or plea.” R., Vol. I at 319 (citing

 Weimer v. Schraeder, 952 F.2d 336, 340 n.5 (10th Cir. 1991)). The district court

 noted that it would revisit the issue should Doe be convicted.

        Federal courts only have subject matter jurisdiction over cases and

 controversies ripe for adjudication. Evaluating cases for ripeness allows courts to

 avoid “premature adjudication” by refraining from “entangling themselves in abstract

 disagreements.” United States v. Wilson, 244 F.3d 1208, 1213 (10th Cir. 2001). The

 test for ripeness requires us to consider “(1) the fitness of the issues for judicial

 decision and (2) the hardship to the parties of withholding court consideration” until

                                              6
Appellate Case: 23-9900     Document: 010110800815        Date Filed: 01/20/2023      Page: 7

 a later time. Nat’l Park Hosp. Ass’n v. Dep’t of Interior, 538 U.S. 803, 808 (2003);

 Wilson, 244 F.3d at 1213.

       If waiting to decide a case would put us in a better position to resolve the

 dispute, such as when further factual development would help us adjudicate the case,

 the case may be unripe and therefore nonjusticiable. See, e.g., Nat’l Park, 538 U.S.

 at 812 (quotation omitted) (finding that “further factual development would

 significantly advance our ability to deal with the legal issues presented.”). In other

 words, “[a] claim is not ripe for adjudication if it rests upon ‘contingent future events

 that may not occur as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at all.’” Texas v. United

 States, 523 U.S. 296, 300 (1998) (quoting Thomas v. Union Carbide Agricultural

 Products Co., 473 U.S. 568, 580–81 (1985)).

       On appeal, Doe argues her constitutional argument is ripe because (1) the issue

 is fit for a judicial decision, and (2) she would suffer hardship if we withheld

 consideration until a later time. See Wilson, 244 F.3d at 1213 (stating the two-part

 test for ripeness). Doe requests that we reverse and order the district court to deny

 the motion to transfer.

       Regarding fitness, Doe argues her case is fit for a judicial decision because her

 charges carry penalties—death or life imprisonment without parole—that violate the

 Eighth Amendment. See 18 U.S.C. § 1111(b). Doe argues these inapplicable

 penalties satisfy the threshold question of fitness for justiciability because her

 unconstitutional prosecution bears on eligibility for transfer from juvenile to adult

 court. As to hardship, Doe argues she would lack notice of her possible penalties,

                                             7
Appellate Case: 23-9900   Document: 010110800815        Date Filed: 01/20/2023     Page: 8

 and that this hardship violates due process. The Fifth Amendment “requires that the

 range of available sentences be specified with sufficient clarity,” and Doe contends

 her possible sentences are not clear. Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. 591, 594–97

 (2015).

       We agree with the district court. Doe’s argument is unripe because her

 potential punishments rely upon “contingent future events that may not occur as

 anticipated, or indeed may not occur at all.” Texas v. United States, 523 U.S. 296,

 300 (1998). Doe could be acquitted, be convicted of second-degree murder, plea to a

 lesser-included offense, or even be convicted for first-degree murder but receive a

 lower sentence.1 Because of these contingences, the court will be in a better position

 to assess the constitutionality of Doe’s punishment after further factual development.

 See Nat’l Park, 538 U.S. at 812; Sealed Appellee 1 v. Sealed Juv. 1, No. 15-20262,

 2018 WL 11335611, at *3 (5th Cir. Mar. 9, 2018) (dismissing interlocutory appeal of

 juvenile transfer on ripeness grounds because sentencing for murder charge had not

 yet occurred and acknowledging that defendant “raised an important constitutional

 question that may deserve a thorough review when the appropriate time comes”).

       As is apparent, these future contingencies can play out without the need to

 impose an unconstitutional sentence. One recent example can be found in United

 States v. Bonilla-Romero, 984 F.3d 414, 420 (5th Cir. 2020). In that case, the Fifth

 1
   A defendant who cooperates with the government may be given a lower sentence
 due to assistance with other prosecutions, or the government can move for a below-
 statutory minimum sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e).
                                           8
Appellate Case: 23-9900     Document: 010110800815         Date Filed: 01/20/2023     Page: 9

 Circuit found a juvenile defendant’s collateral attack on the constitutionality of his

 transfer to be premature. Id. The court later addressed the constitutionality of the

 first-degree murder statute at the juvenile’s sentencing, after the juvenile was

 transferred to adult court and pled guilty. Id. (concluding juvenile defendant was

 eligible for sentencing under 18 U.S.C. § 1111(b)’s second-degree murder

 provisions).

        The parties focus much of their briefing on the possibility of severing the first-

 degree murder statute, such that a constitutional punishment could be available for a

 juvenile. They cite two cases discussing this proposition, Bonilla-Romero, 984 F.3d

 at 418, and United States v. Under Seal, 819 F.3d 715, 723 (4th Cir. 2016). But we

 need not address severance because Doe’s argument about her unconstitutional

 punishment is not ripe.

        In summary, we hold that Doe’s challenge to the constitutionality of the

 charges against her is not ripe because future contingencies make a ruling on her

 argument a “premature adjudication.” United States v. Wilson, 244 F.3d 1208, 1213

 (10th Cir. 2001) (finding the ripeness doctrine is intended to “prevent courts, through

 the avoidance of premature adjudication, from entangling themselves in abstract

 disagreements”). Doe may effectively raise this argument again at a future point in

 the proceedings.

        B. Juvenile Transfer to Adult Court

        Doe also challenges the merits of her transfer. She argues (1) the district court

 applied the incorrect test for transferring a juvenile to adult court, and (2) the district

                                              9
Appellate Case: 23-9900     Document: 010110800815          Date Filed: 01/20/2023     Page: 10

  court abused its discretion by finding the transfer factors weighed in favor of

  prosecuting Doe as an adult. We review statutory interpretation and legal standards

  de novo. United States v. Brian N., 900 F.2d 218, 220 (10th Cir. 1990). We review a

  district court’s decision regarding a juvenile transfer motion for an abuse of

  discretion. United States v. McQuade Q., 403 F.3d 717, 719 (10th Cir. 2005).

         In general, children who commit crimes before the age of 18 should be tried as

  juveniles. Id. (finding that “[j]uvenile adjudication is presumed appropriate”). As

  the Supreme Court has noted, “children are constitutionally different from adults for

  purposes of sentencing.” Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 471 (2012). Children are

  “less deserving of the most severe punishments” because they “have diminished

  culpability and greater prospects for reform.” Id. (quotation omitted). Because of

  these inherent differences, juveniles may only be tried as adults when the government

  establishes that prosecution as an adult is “in the interest of justice,” as part of the

  federal juvenile delinquency process. United States v. Leon, D.M., 132 F.3d 583, 589

  (10th Cir. 1997) (citing 18 U.S.C. § 5032).

         “The purpose of the federal juvenile delinquency process is to remove

  juveniles from the ordinary criminal process in order to avoid the stigma of a prior

  criminal conviction and to encourage treatment and rehabilitation.” McQuade, 403

  F.3d at 719 (quotation omitted). District courts considering juvenile transfer motions

  “must balance this important interest against the need to protect the public from

  dangerous individuals.” Id. Juvenile adjudication is “presumed appropriate” unless

  the government establishes by a preponderance of the evidence “that a transfer to

                                              10
Appellate Case: 23-9900     Document: 010110800815         Date Filed: 01/20/2023      Page: 11

  adult status is warranted” in the interests of justice. United States v. David A., 436

  F.3d 1201, 1213–14 (10th Cir. 2006); Leon, 132 F.3d at 589; 18 U.S.C. § 5036.

         The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 5031–42,

  provides six statutory factors to guide district courts in determining whether transfer

  to adult status is “in the interest of justice.” Id. at § 5032. The factors are: (1) the

  age and social background of the juvenile; (2) the nature of the alleged offense; (3)

  the extent and nature of the juvenile’s prior delinquency record; (4) the juvenile’s

  present intellectual development and psychological maturity; (5) the nature of past

  treatment efforts and the juvenile’s response to such efforts; and (6) the availability

  of programs designed to treat the juvenile’s behavioral problems. Id.

         A district court must consider and make findings with respect to each factor.

  See McQuade, 403 F.3d at 719. The district court is not required, however, to give

  equal weight to each factor. Id. Instead, the court may balance the factors as it

  deems appropriate. Id. The court is not required to state whether each specific factor

  favors or disfavors transfer. Id. at 719–20.

         A defendant bears “a heavy burden” in seeking to overturn the district court’s

  transfer decision. Leon, 132 F.3d at 590. “A district court abuses its discretion in

  deciding whether to transfer a juvenile to adult status when it fails to make the

  required factual findings or when its factual findings are clearly erroneous.” Id. The

  district court’s decision may not be overturned simply because an appellate court

  might have reached a different conclusion had it considered the matter in the first

  instance. Id.; McQuade, 403 F.3d at 719.

                                              11
Appellate Case: 23-9900     Document: 010110800815         Date Filed: 01/20/2023     Page: 12

         Doe first argues the district court used an inapplicable balancing test when

  considering transfer and thus made reversible error. She contends the district court

  failed to properly consider the interests of juvenile rehabilitation afforded by the

  juvenile judicial process and the need to protect society from harmful individuals.

         Considering the record as a whole, we disagree. The district court (and the

  magistrate judge in her report and recommendation) considered each factor,

  ultimately concluding the defendant’s risk to society outweighed the potential

  benefits of a juvenile adjudication. R., Vol. I at 314-19. The district court correctly

  framed the legal test for transferring a juvenile to adult court. The test for transfer is

  not obscure or ambiguous—Doe and the district court both relied on 18 U.S.C.

  § 5032 and Tenth Circuit cases David A., 436 F.3d at 1213–14, McQuade, 403 F.3d

  at 719, and Leon, 132 F.3d at 589. In reaching its conclusion, the district court also

  cited to the Sixth Circuit’s decision in United States v. One Juvenile Male in support

  of its decision to transfer Doe. 40 F.3d 841, 844 (6th Cir. 1994). But that case is

  consistent with Tenth Circuit juvenile transfer case law and is a relevant example of

  courts considering the six-factor test and finding that the risk to society factor could

  be paramount in approving a motion to transfer.2

  2
     Doe argues the district court’s quotation of “harm to society” from One Juvenile
  Male suggests the district court misunderstood the proper legal test. See 40 F.3d at
  844 (“[A] motion to transfer is properly granted where a court determines that the
  risk of harm to society posed by affording the defendant more lenient treatment
  within the juvenile justice system outweighs the defendant’s chance for
  rehabilitation.”). In context, we see no basis to believe the district court was not
  applying applicable law.
                                              12
Appellate Case: 23-9900     Document: 010110800815        Date Filed: 01/20/2023     Page: 13

         Doe next takes issue with the district court’s evaluation of the transfer factors.

  In particular, she contends the court’s findings as to the final two factors are clearly

  erroneous. Doe challenges the district court’s findings for factor five, the nature of

  past treatment efforts and the juvenile’s response to such efforts, and factor six, the

  availability of programs designed to treat the juvenile’s behavioral problems.

         Regarding factor five, response to treatment efforts, the district court noted

  that the parties dispute whether this factor concerns Doe’s responses to past

  treatment, as the government contends, or the efficacy of past and future treatment,

  as Doe contends. The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s findings that past

  treatment was not successful and found Doe was moderately amenable to future

  treatment, but that there would be difficulties. The district court held that under

  either theory—past treatment or past and future treatment—this factor weighed in

  favor of transfer.

         Doe argues that she responded favorably to past treatment when she lived in

  foster care and when she was held at the Sac & Fox Juvenile Detention Center.

  While in foster care, a counselor reported that Doe “has improved since being in

  custody, by talking and being more sociable” and that she had “opened up more,”

  although she was still guarded. R. Supp., Vol. II at 60. Additionally, Doe would

  have liked continued services and her counselors thought her time in treatment had

  been “somewhat beneficial.” R., Vol. I at 51. While at the detention center, Doe

  actively engaged in services and did not exhibit negative behavior. And Doe’s expert

                                             13
Appellate Case: 23-9900     Document: 010110800815         Date Filed: 01/20/2023    Page: 14

  noted that treatment for juveniles is generally difficult, which contradicts the district

  court’s findings that it would be difficult to treat Doe in particular.

         We find that Doe’s argument fails because, although Doe may have responded

  favorably to past treatment, the district court did not fail to make factual findings or

  make clearly erroneous findings. See McQuade, 403 F.3d at 719. The district court

  considered future treatment in its determination of factor five, as Doe requested, and

  its assessment in favor of transfer is not clearly erroneous. Id. The magistrate judge

  presided over extensive evidentiary hearings and reviewed expert witness reports and

  testimony and is thus in the best position to make this factual determination.3

         Regarding factor six, available programming, the district court found the factor

  to be “a wash.” R., Vol. I at 318. The three juvenile facilities have voluntary

  treatment options, but juveniles must leave the facility on their twenty-first birthday.

  The magistrate judge found that only adult facilities offered intensive residential

  substance-abuse and trauma-based treatment that Doe needs.

         Doe argues the district court erred in this finding because intensive residential

  treatment programs are only available in low-security adult prisons, and Doe may be

  placed in a high-security facility without such programming. Additionally, she

  3
    Doe also claims the district court erred by finding her treatment failed because Doe
  ultimately assisted in the murders. Doe argues that if being charged with a serious
  crime equaled “unsuccessful treatment” then there would be no need for factor five.
  But the district court did not hold Doe’s crime against her while assessing her
  response to past treatment or amenability to future treatment, thus we find this
  argument unpersuasive.
                                              14
Appellate Case: 23-9900     Document: 010110800815        Date Filed: 01/20/2023     Page: 15

  contends the district court omitted testimony that Doe would likely be placed in a

  facility with programs meeting her needs if she were in the juvenile justice system.

        We find that Doe’s argument again fails to meet the clearly erroneous standard

  required for reversal. See McQuade, 403 F.3d at 719. While Doe’s claims about

  programming are reasonable, they do not necessarily change the district court’s

  evaluation that factor six is “a wash.” Doe does not have certainty about

  programming in either adult or juvenile facilities, even if she has a better chance of

  more effective programming in a juvenile facility.

        Doe’s arguments do not make factors five or six outcome-determinative. Even

  if factors five and six favored placement in a juvenile facility, these factors are not so

  persuasive as to make the district court’s contrary determination, in aggregate, an

  abuse of discretion. See McQuade, 403 F.3d at 719.

        In total, the district court independently addressed each of the six transfer

  factors. R., Vol. I at 314–18. And the district court also adopted the magistrate

  judge’s extensive findings regarding the six factors. Id. at 268–74. Construing the

  facts in Doe’s favor, two factors may weigh in favor of transfer (factors one and two:

  age and social background and nature of the alleged offense), and four factors may

  weigh against transfer (factors three, four, five, and six: prior delinquency, present

  intellectual development, response to treatment efforts, and available programming).4

  4
    Regarding factor one, age and social background, Doe is close to adulthood which
  may support transfer. See, e.g., United States v. Juvenile Male, 554 F.3d 456, 468–
  69 (4th Cir.2009); United States v. Dion L., 19 F. Supp. 2d 1224, 1225 (D.N.M.

                                             15
Appellate Case: 23-9900     Document: 010110800815          Date Filed: 01/20/2023   Page: 16

  It is possible that, considering all six factors on our own, we might not have granted

  transfer. See id. at 586–87 (affirming denial of adult prosecution when only two

  factors favored transfer). But the possibility an appellate court “might have reached

  a different conclusion had it considered the matter in the first instance” is insufficient

  to overrule the district court’s transfer order. See McQuade, 403 F.3d at 719. To

  constitute an abuse of discretion, the district court must have failed to find facts or

  the factual findings must be clearly erroneous, and neither error is present in this

  case. Id.

        The dissent notes additional facts in Doe’s favor for factors one, five, and six.

  But the question is not whether the factors weigh for or against transfer; instead, the

  question is whether the district court abused its discretion. And on that question, we

  cannot agree with the dissent’s finding of clear error.

  1998) (finding a juvenile crime committed two months before defendant’s eighteenth
  birthday favored transfer to adult status). Although Doe’s social background was
  dysfunctional, it was reasonable for the district court to find this factor weighed in
  favor of transfer. According to the dissent, the magistrate judge’s finding that Doe’s
  family life was “routine” makes the court’s analysis clearly erroneous. We do not
  agree—Doe’s family life was clearly unstable and neglectful, but the district court
  acknowledged this dysfunction and correctly considered Doe’s social background
  alongside age in factor one. Any error was harmless. Regarding factor two, the
  nature of the alleged offense, Doe concedes that the gruesome nature of the crime
  favors transfer. See Leon, 132 F.3d at 590 (“[S]ome of those factors (particularly Leon’s
  age and the heinousness of the alleged offense) provide support for treating him as an
  adult.”). Factor three, prior delinquency, is not disputed because Doe had no prior
  record and thus this factor weighs against transfer. Factor four, present intellectual
  development, weighs against transfer because Doe has low intellectual maturity for
  her age. Factors five and six may weigh against transfer, see supra part II.B.

                                              16
Appellate Case: 23-9900     Document: 010110800815        Date Filed: 01/20/2023      Page: 17

        A district court’s reasoning must apply the facts to the statutory test and

  balance “[t]he purpose of the federal juvenile delinquency process” (avoiding the

  stigma of prior criminal conviction and encouraging treatment and rehabilitation)

  against “the need to protect the public from dangerous individuals,” and to use the six

  statutory transfer factors to aid in its balancing. Id. The district court did so in Doe’s

  case when it adopted the magistrate judge’s finding “[a]fter consideration of the

  entirety of the record as well as the requirements of § 5032.” R., Vol. I at 275.

  Although the district court judge could have been more expository and the magistrate

  judge could have engaged in more explicit balancing, the judges did not abuse their

  discretion in weighing the six factors for juvenile transfer and correctly considered

  them in the light of the overarching transfer standard: “in the interest of justice.” 18

  U.S.C. § 5032.5

        In sum, given Doe’s age—nearly 18 years old—at the time of the alleged

  offense, the heinousness of the crime, the callousness of her participation, and her

  leadership role, we conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in granting

  the government’s motion to transfer. Although we ultimately disagree with the

  dissent on the proper outcome for Doe’s case, we reiterate that courts reviewing

  juvenile transfer should describe the legal standard for transfer including the

  5
    For example, the district court described its task as “weighing” the various factors.
  R., Vol. I at 316. Similarly, the magistrate judge described her task as to “balance
  [the] factors” while acknowledging that the factors did not receive “equal weight.”
  R., Vol. I at 267.
                                             17
Appellate Case: 23-9900      Document: 010110800815         Date Filed: 01/20/2023     Page: 18

  statutory factors, summarize the evidence they relied on, and explain their reasoning

  to the best of their ability. We are satisfied the district court did so in this case.

                                      III. Conclusion

         Doe’s constitutional challenge is unripe, and the district court did not abuse its

  discretion in applying the correct legal standard for juvenile transfer. We affirm the

  district court.

                                               18
Appellate Case: 23-9900      Document: 010110800815          Date Filed: 01/20/2023      Page: 19

  United States v. Doe
  BRISCOE, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

         I concur in part and dissent in part. I agree with the majority that Doe’s

  constitutional argument is unripe. Further, regarding Doe’s challenges to the district

  court’s decision to grant the government’s motion to transfer, I agree with the majority

  that the district court properly identified and at least minimally discussed the statutory

  factors outlined in 18 U.S.C. § 5032 for transferring a juvenile to adult status. I part ways

  with the majority, however, on the ultimate question of whether the district court abused

  its discretion in granting the government’s motion to transfer. As to that overarching

  question, I conclude that the district court (a) expressly adopted clearly erroneous factual

  findings made by the magistrate judge regarding three of the statutory factors, (b) adopted

  a legally incorrect interpretation of one of the statutory factors outlined in § 5032, and

  (c) ultimately failed to offer any explanation regarding how it weighed all of the statutory

  factors and arrived at its conclusion that a transfer was appropriate. As a result, I would

  vacate the district court’s decision and remand the matter to the district court for further

  consideration of the government’s motion to transfer.

             Section 5032 of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

         The government’s motion to transfer is based upon § 5032 of the Juvenile Justice

  and Delinquency Prevention Act (the Act). Section 5032 outlines, in pertinent part, when

  federal courts may exercise jurisdiction over a juvenile alleged to have committed an act

  of juvenile delinquency, and when a juvenile may be tried as an adult in federal court:
Appellate Case: 23-9900     Document: 010110800815           Date Filed: 01/20/2023          Page: 20

        A juvenile alleged to have committed an act of juvenile delinquency, other
        than a violation of law committed within the special maritime and territorial
        jurisdiction of the United States for which the maximum authorized term of
        imprisonment does not exceed six months, shall not be proceeded against in
        any court of the United States unless the Attorney General, after
        investigation, certifies to the appropriate district court of the United States
        that (1) the juvenile court or other appropriate court of a State does not have
        jurisdiction or refuses to assume jurisdiction over said juvenile with respect
        to such alleged act of juvenile delinquency, (2) the State does not have
        available programs and services adequate for the needs of juveniles, or
        (3) the offense charged is a crime of violence that is a felony or an offense
        described in section 401 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 841),
        or section 1002(a), 1003, 1005, 1009, or 1010(b)(1), (2), or (3) of the
        Controlled Substances Import and Export Act (21 U.S.C. 952(a), 953, 955,
        959, 960(b)(1), (2), (3)), section 922(x) or section 924(b), (g), or (h) of this
        title, and that there is a substantial Federal interest in the case or the offense
        to warrant the exercise of Federal jurisdiction.

        If the Attorney General does not so certify, such juvenile shall be
        surrendered to the appropriate legal authorities of such State. For purposes
        of this section, the term “State” includes a State of the United States, the
        District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of
        the United States.

        If an alleged juvenile delinquent is not surrendered to the authorities of a
        State pursuant to this section, any proceedings against him shall be in an
        appropriate district court of the United States. For such purposes, the court
        may be convened at any time and place within the district, in chambers or
        otherwise. The Attorney General shall proceed by information or as
        authorized under section 3401(g) of this title, and no criminal prosecution
        shall be instituted for the alleged act of juvenile delinquency except as
        provided below.

        A juvenile who is alleged to have committed an act of juvenile delinquency
        and who is not surrendered to State authorities shall be proceeded against
        under this chapter unless he has requested in writing upon advice of counsel
        to be proceeded against as an adult, except that, with respect to a juvenile
        fifteen years and older alleged to have committed an act after his fifteenth
        birthday which if committed by an adult would be a felony that is a crime of
        violence or an offense described in section 401 of the Controlled
        Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 841), or section 1002(a), 1005, or 1009 of the

                                                2
Appellate Case: 23-9900      Document: 010110800815           Date Filed: 01/20/2023         Page: 21

         Controlled Substances Import and Export Act (21 U.S.C. 952(a), 955, 959),
         or section 922(x) of this title, or in section 924(b), (g), or (h) of this title,
         criminal prosecution on the basis of the alleged act may be begun by
         motion to transfer of the Attorney General in the appropriate district court
         of the United States, if such court finds, after hearing, such transfer would
         be in the interest of justice.

         ....

         Evidence of the following factors shall be considered, and findings with
         regard to each factor shall be made in the record, in assessing whether a
         transfer would be in the interest of justice: the age and social background
         of the juvenile; the nature of the alleged offense; the extent and nature of
         the juvenile’s prior delinquency record; the juvenile’s present intellectual
         development and psychological maturity; the nature of past treatment
         efforts and the juvenile’s response to such efforts; the availability of
         programs designed to treat the juvenile’s behavioral problems. In
         considering the nature of the offense, as required by this paragraph, the
         court shall consider the extent to which the juvenile played a leadership
         role in an organization, or otherwise influenced other persons to take part
         in criminal activities, involving the use or distribution of controlled
         substances or firearms. Such a factor, if found to exist, shall weigh in favor
         of a transfer to adult status, but the absence of this factor shall not preclude
         such a transfer.

  18 U.S.C. § 5032 (emphasis added).

         The purpose of the Act, as exemplified by § 5032, “is to ‘remove juveniles from

  the ordinary criminal process in order to avoid the stigma of a prior criminal conviction

  and to encourage treatment and rehabilitation.’” United States v. Angelo D., 88 F.3d 856,

  858 (10th Cir. 1996) (quoting United States v. Brian N., 900 F.2d 218, 220 (10th Cir.

  1990)). This purpose, however, “must be balanced . . . against the need to protect the

  public from violent and dangerous individuals and providing sanctions for antisocial

                                                 3
Appellate Case: 23-9900       Document: 010110800815         Date Filed: 01/20/2023     Page: 22

  acts.” United States v. Leon D.M., 132 F.3d 583, 588–89 (10th Cir. 1997) (internal

  quotation marks omitted).

         We have held, construing § 5032, that “juvenile adjudication is presumed

  appropriate, and the government bears the burden of establishing,” by a preponderance of

  the evidence, “that a transfer to adult status is warranted.” United States v. David A., 436

  F.3d 1201, 1213 (10th Cir. 2006). A district court evaluating a motion to transfer a

  juvenile to adult prosecution is required to consider and make findings on all six of the

  factors outlined in § 5032, but is not required to give equal weight to each factor or to

  state whether each factor favors or disfavors transfer. United States v. McQuade Q., 403

  F.3d 717, 719–20 (10th Cir. 2005).

         “Appellate review of § 5032 transfer decisions is quite deferential.” Leon D.M.,

  132 F.3d at 590. Specifically, “[t]hese decisions are reviewed for an abuse of discretion,

  and . . . an appellant bears a heavy burden in seeking to overturn them.” Id. (internal

  quotation marks omitted).

                       Statutory factor #1 (age and social background)

         The first statutory factor listed in § 5032 is “the age and social background of the

  juvenile.” 18 U.S.C. § 5032. The district court acknowledged this factor and discussed,

  at some length, Doe’s age at the time of the alleged crimes. As for Doe’s social

  background, the district court stated only that “the phrase ‘very dysfunctional

  background’ . . . is applicable,” and it immediately stated thereafter that it was “not

  persuaded this aspect overrule[d] the age factor.” ROA, Vol. I at 862. Otherwise, the

                                                4
Appellate Case: 23-9900      Document: 010110800815          Date Filed: 01/20/2023      Page: 23

  district court simply “affirmed and adopted” the factual findings made by the magistrate

  judge. Id. at 867.

         In her appeal, Doe argues that the magistrate judge’s findings regarding her social

  background, which the district court adopted and implicitly relied on, were clearly

  erroneous. Specifically, Doe argues that “[t]he Magistrate’s Report repeatedly minimized

  [her] background” and ultimately and erroneously found that her “relationship with her

  parents appeared to be relatively routine since 2016.” Aplt. Br. at 44 n.8 (emphasis in

  original).

         I agree with Doe. According to the record, Doe was approximately thirteen years

  old in 2016 and had just been returned to her parents after having been in foster care

  since age nine. In 2017, Doe’s father was convicted of raping Doe’s half-sister and, as a

  result, he was incarcerated in 2017 and 2018 and his parental rights were terminated.

  Nevertheless, after he was released from prison and until the time of the murders, he and

  Doe’s mother lived in a camper that was parked across the road from the house where

  Doe lived (the house was owned by Doe’s aunt). As a result, Doe, then a teenager, was

  effectively subject to control by her father and mother, but yet was left to live alone in a

  house that was, due to its lack of maintenance and cleaning, likely unfit for human

  habitation. See United States’ Supplement to Joint Motion to Supplement the Record,

  Vol. 4 at 67–74 (photographs of the outside and inside of Doe’s house). Doe asserts, and

  I agree, that “[n]othing about this is ‘routine,’ and nothing about [her] childhood could

  accurately be characterized as ‘routine.’” Aplt. Br. at 44 n.8. I therefore conclude that

                                                5
Appellate Case: 23-9900       Document: 010110800815           Date Filed: 01/20/2023       Page: 24

  the district court abused its discretion to the extent it implicitly relied on this clearly

  erroneous factual finding about Doe’s social background in arriving at its conclusion that

  transferring Doe to adult status was in the interest of justice.

    Statutory factor #5 (past treatment efforts and amenability to future treatment efforts)

         The fifth statutory factor listed in § 5032 is “the nature of past treatment efforts

  and the juvenile’s response to such efforts.” 18 U.S.C. § 5032. In the district court, the

  parties disputed the meaning and purpose of this factor. The magistrate judge concluded,

  in her proposed findings and recommendation, that “[w]hile considerable effort was

  provided at the hearing and in the briefing concerning [Doe’s] ability to benefit from

  future treatment, [the magistrate judge] d[id] not perceive this to be the requirements of

  this factor.”1 ROA, Vol. I at 821. Doe objected to the magistrate judge’s conclusion and

  argued that the undisputed facts indicated Doe was amenable to treatment. She argued

  that these omitted facts were crucial to the crux of the transfer decision which requires

  the district court’s “balancing on one hand the Act’s presumption that a juvenile should

  benefit from treatment and rehabilitation and on the second hand the need to protect the

  public from dangerous individuals.” Id. at 301. The district court, in its order granting

  the government’s motion to transfer, considered and summarily rejected Doe’s objection.

  In doing so, it stated that “[u]nder either view” offered by the parties, it “[wa]s not

  persuaded this factor require[d] a different ultimate result than the Magistrate

         1
            The magistrate judge did not otherwise offer her interpretation of the purpose of
  this statutory factor.
                                               6
Appellate Case: 23-9900       Document: 010110800815           Date Filed: 01/20/2023         Page: 25

  recommended.” Id. at 865. The district court also, at the conclusion of its order,

  expressly adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendations. Id. at 867.

         Doe argues in her appeal that both the magistrate judge and the district court

  misinterpreted this statutory factor to her detriment. She argues that “[b]y renouncing the

  relevance of a juvenile’s ability to benefit from future treatment, the [district] court

  rejected the correct test . . . that requires a balancing of the ‘important interests’ of

  rehabilitation and treatment versus protecting the public from a dangerous individual.”

  Aplt. Br. at 45. She in turn argues that “[n]umerous courts have correctly considered the

  juvenile’s ‘ability to benefit from future treatment’ as an important part of the mandated

  assessment of § 5032.” Id.

         I agree with Doe. Although § 5032 does not expressly mention the juvenile’s

  “ability to benefit from future treatment,” that, in my view, is the general intent of Factors

  #5 (“the nature of past treatment efforts and the juvenile’s response to such efforts”) and

  #6 (“the availability of programs designed to treat the juvenile’s behavioral problems”),

  at least when those two factors are considered together. See generally United States v.

  SLW, 406 F.3d 991, 994–95 (8th Cir. 2005) (discussing district court’s assessment of

  juvenile’s “reasonable prospects of rehabilitation”) (emphasis added); United States v.

  Brandon P., 387 F.3d 969, 977 (9th Cir. 2004) (“We decline to hold that a district court

  must accept an expert’s opinion regarding a juvenile’s chances for rehabilitation”)

  (emphasis added); United States v. Bilbo, 19 F.3d 912, 916 (5th Cir. 1994) (discussing

  juvenile’s “prospects for rehabilitation”) (emphasis added). Indeed, there could be no

                                                  7
Appellate Case: 23-9900      Document: 010110800815         Date Filed: 01/20/2023      Page: 26

  other purpose for a district court to consider these two factors other than to determine the

  likelihood of the juvenile benefitting from available treatment options. Thus, I agree with

  Doe that the magistrate judge erred in concluding that Doe’s amenability to treatment

  was not a relevant factor under § 5032, and the district court also erred in effectively

  discounting the relevance of this factor.

         Doe also argues in her appeal that the magistrate judge’s findings regarding Factor

  #5, which were expressly adopted by the district court, were clearly erroneous in a

  number of respects. To begin with, Doe argues that the magistrate judge clearly erred in

  finding that attempts to treat Doe in the past were unsuccessful. In support, Doe notes

  that, unlike some juvenile offenders who had significant experience with the juvenile

  justice system and in turn were given repeated opportunities for treatment in that system,

  she “had no prior juvenile delinquency” and thus did not have those same treatment

  opportunities. Aplt. Br. at 47. Doe in turn notes that the past treatment efforts occurred

  “primarily when she was in foster care” and “the undisputed evidence was that [she]

  responded favorably to” those treatment efforts. Id.

         A review of the record confirms Doe’s assertion that her past treatment efforts

  were largely confined to the period between February 2012 and January 2014, a time

  when she was in foster care. ROA, Vol. I at 51. It does not, however, confirm Doe’s

  assertion that she responded favorably to those specific treatment efforts. According to

  the counselor who saw Doe during that time period, “he had not been able to gain rapport

  with her and . . . she would not open up to him.” Id. at 42. “He observed her to have no

                                                8
Appellate Case: 23-9900      Document: 010110800815          Date Filed: 01/20/2023       Page: 27

  social skills at all, that she did not know how to interact with other people, and he

  believed that [her father] had molested her because she was like in a shell and would not

  open up to him.” Id.

         The only other indication in the record of past treatment efforts (aside from Doe’s

  occasional meetings with her school counselor, which generally do not involve treatment)

  was Doe’s voluntary participation in substance abuse counseling after she was arrested

  for the murders. Id. at 53. According to Dr. LaFortune, Doe’s forensic psychologist,

  “these current services appear to be helping [Doe] become aware of her emotions,

  stabilizing her fear and anxiety, teaching her prosocial skills for interacting with others,

  and making better decisions.” Id. at 88. Further the progress notes from the juvenile

  detention facility indicate that Doe has “had no behavioral or mental health incidents,” is

  “routinely pleasant to staff,” and in a “good mood” and “has a positive attitude.” Id. at

  53.

         Dr. LaFortune noted in her report to the district court that “[i]t [wa]s to be

  expected that [Doe] did not make significant gains in therapy while she was in

  [Department of Human Services] custody and certainly not afterwards, considering she

  was returned to the family in which her father’s parental rights had been terminated as

  well as her mother who chose to support her husband over multiple allegations of sexual

  indiscretions over a twenty-year period.” Id. at 76. Dr. LaFortune further noted that,

  “[i]n addition, the component of enormous fear of parental retribution she expressed

  should her abuse be discovered by anyone was repeated throughout her interviews and

                                                9
Appellate Case: 23-9900      Document: 010110800815         Date Filed: 01/20/2023        Page: 28

  was a concern in every incident in which she was present in a community setting such as

  at a doctor, teacher, or treatment provider.” Id. In sum, Dr. LaFortune noted that “[t]he

  most important point to be made here is that [Doe] has never had the opportunity to

  receive appropriate services in conjunction with the safety and security of a positive

  environment, thereby reducing her anxiety and raising her ability to concentrate on actual

  treatment.”2 Id. at 76. Notably, neither the magistrate judge nor the district court

  addressed, let alone adopted or rejected, these statements from Dr. LaFortune in

  considering Factor #5.3

         2
           Dr. Roberson, the government’s forensic psychologist, noted in his report that he
  “was not provided any current or past treatment records.” ROA, Vol. I at 127. He did
  note, however, that “[a]ccording to FBI interviews of officials where [Doe] has been
  housed” since her arrest, “she has displayed positive behavior and no significant
  infractions.” Id. Roberson further noted that, based upon Dr. LaFortune’s psychological
  testing results, Doe would likely “be cooperative with treatment.” Id. at 128. He also
  noted: “I suspect that [Doe] might be sufficiently cooperative with treatment, but this is
  not a prognostication as to the likelihood she would benefit from treatment, as I was
  unable to formally score that aspect of” a test called the “Risk-Sophistication-Treatment
  Inventory.” Id. at 125, 128.

         3
           Both the magistrate judge and the district court, presumably due to the magistrate
  judge’s erroneous conclusion that amenability to treatment was not relevant to the interest
  of justice analysis, also effectively ignored the following statement in Dr. LaFortune’s
  report regarding Doe’s amenability to treatment:

         “she is a suitable candidate for treatment in that she has no history of court
         involvement for delinquency, has mental disorders that can respond well to
         treatment, is motivated for treatment, that she has some awareness of her
         difficulties now that she has been in custody for the past several months
         and wants to change, that she is hopeful about change and expects to
         improve, that she has voiced remorse for the alleged crime, that she can
         display empathy for others, has a knowledge of right and wrong, but
                                                10
Appellate Case: 23-9900      Document: 010110800815          Date Filed: 01/20/2023       Page: 29

         Doe also argues in her appeal that the magistrate judge, in considering Factor #5,

  “commit[ted] a logical fallacy by stating” in her report “that ‘other [treatment] efforts’

  ‘were not successful as evidenced by . . . ultimately, [Doe’s] role in the murders.’” Aplt.

  Br. at 48. Doe notes that “[e]very single juvenile who is the subject of a transfer motion

  pursuant to the Juvenile Act has been charged with a serious crime,” and that “[i]f being

  charged with a serious crime equaled ‘unsuccessful treatment,’ then there would be no

  need for Factor #5.” Id. I fully agree with Doe on this point. A juvenile’s commission

  of a crime, standing alone, cannot be construed as meaning that the juvenile failed to

  respond to prior treatment or is not amenable to future treatment. Otherwise, there would

  be no point in a court considering either Factors #5 or #6.

         In sum, I agree with Doe that the district court erred by adopting the magistrate

  judge’s erroneous legal interpretation of, and factual findings regarding, Factor #5.

                                       Statutory factor #6

         The final factor listed in § 5032 is “the availability of programs designed to treat

  the juvenile’s behavioral problems.” 18 U.S.C. § 5032. In addressing Factor #6, the

  magistrate judge found in her report, based upon testimony from a witness at the

  evidentiary hearing, that (1) “the Bureau of Prisons contracts with three facilities

  dedicated to juvenile offenders,” (2) that juveniles “age out of the[se] facilities” when

         importantly, does not and never has had a family that has been stable and
         supportive.”

  ROA, Vol. I at 88.
                                               11
Appellate Case: 23-9900       Document: 010110800815         Date Filed: 01/20/2023       Page: 30

  they reach age 21, and (3) that these juvenile facilities offer voluntary and outpatient

  “educational programs, mental health programs, and drug and sex abuse treatment.”

  ROA, Vol. I at 813. The magistrate judge also found that the Bureau of Prison’s “adult

  facilities offer residential drug and trauma treatment,” as well as “educational and

  vocational training.” Id.

         Doe argues in her opening appellate brief that the magistrate judge’s findings on

  Factor #6, which were adopted by the district court, were clearly erroneous because they

  omitted key pieces of testimony from the government’s witness, specifically that (a) the

  residential treatment programs he testified about in the Bureau of Prison’s adult facilities

  are only available in low-level security facilities, (b) that if Doe were designated to a

  high-level security facility for adult offenders, none of those residential treatment

  programs would be available to her, and (c) that one of the juveniles facilities (located in

  South Dakota) would have programs that would meet Doe’s needs. Although the

  government correctly notes in response that this same witness testified that he could not

  predict with any accuracy what level of facility Doe would be assigned to if she were

  convicted as an adult, the fact remains that the magistrate judge’s findings on Factor #6

  omitted these key points. And, in turn, these omissions undercut the magistrate judge’s

  findings on Factor #6, which, at least in my view, imply that Doe would have more

  substantial treatment options available to her if she were treated as an adult offender. The

  omissions also undercut the magistrate judge’s subsequent analysis of Factor #6, in which

  she stated: “it appears that [Doe] is in need of intensive substance abuse and trauma-

                                               12
Appellate Case: 23-9900      Document: 010110800815          Date Filed: 01/20/2023       Page: 31

  based treatment,” and “[o]nly the adult facilities offer the more intensive residential

  treatment from which [she] could benefit.” Id. at 821.

         Although the district court purported to adopt the magistrate judge’s findings and

  conclusions, it is simply unclear what role, if any, those findings and conclusions

  regarding Factor #6 played in the district court’s ultimate conclusion that Doe’s transfer

  to adult prosecution was in the interest of justice. That is because the district court only

  had this to say regarding Factor #6:

         Finally, regarding “the availability of programs designed to treat the
         juvenile’s behavioral problems,” the court finds this factor to largely be “a
         wash.” There are three juvenile facilities, which are not run by the Bureau
         of Prisons. All treatment (for juveniles or adults) is voluntary. Even if
         convicted as a juvenile, an individual must leave the juvenile facility on his
         or her 21st birthday.

  Id. at 865–66 (citations omitted).

                       The district court’s grant of the motion to transfer

         In the end, the key question we face is whether the district court abused its

  discretion in granting the government’s motion to transfer. Although we have held that a

  district court is not required to give equal weight to each of the six statutory factors

  outlined in § 5032, implicit in that holding is the notion that a district court must assign

  some weight, even if that is no weight, to each of the statutory factors and then

  determine, based upon these assigned weights, whether a transfer to adult status “is in the

                                                13
Appellate Case: 23-9900       Document: 010110800815           Date Filed: 01/20/2023         Page: 32

  interest of justice.”4 18 U.S.C. § 5032. It is also useful, and indeed I would submit

  typically necessary, for a district court to offer some explanation for how it weighed the

  statutory factors and arrived at its ultimate conclusion that a transfer was or was not in the

  interest of justice.

         Here, the district court briefly discussed most of the statutory factors. But it is

  unclear what, if any, weight the district court assigned to each of the statutory factors.

  Further, although the district court concluded that “[t]ransfer to adult prosecution [wa]s

  ‘in the interest of justice’ under 18 U.S.C. § 5032,” it offered virtually no explanation for

  how it arrived at this conclusion. Although the abuse of discretion standard that we apply

  in this case is, typically speaking, highly deferential, I am unable and unwilling to defer

  to the district court’s decision in this case because I am left not knowing how (or really

  even if) the district court exercised its discretion. I also cannot defer to the district

  court’s conclusion that Doe’s transfer is “in the interest of justice” when I am left not

  knowing how the district court’s decision was impacted by its adoption of the magistrate

  judge’s legal misinterpretation and erroneous factual findings.

         Remand is appropriate here to afford the district court an opportunity to more

  carefully address the § 5032 factors.

         4
            I do not mean to suggest that a district court must assign a specific numerical
  weight to each of the six statutory factors. It would suffice, in my view, for a district
  court to characterize a factor as carrying, for example, “substantial,” “significant,”
  “little,” or “no” weight.
                                                 14