Court Opinion

ID: 4582584
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-30 22:10:52.793905+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:46:52.987603
License: Public Domain

10/30/2020
                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                                  AT NASHVILLE
                              September 1, 2020 Session

             TERRY WALLACE V. CITY OF LEWISBURG, TENNESSEE

                       Appeal from the Circuit Court for Marshall County
                         No. 11-CV-80      Franklin L. Russell, Judge

                                    No. M2019-01690-COA-R3-CV

Former city employee brought suit for age discrimination under the Tennessee Human
Rights Act. Based upon its determination that the city fired the employee because a
majority of the city council members disapproved of his job performance and that the
employee failed to prove that age was a determining factor in his termination, the trial court
dismissed the employee’s complaint. We affirm.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

ANDY D. BENNETT, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D. MICHAEL SWINEY,
C.J., and FRANK G. CLEMENT, JR., P.J., M.S., joined.

Roger Steven Waldron, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, for the appellant, Terry Wallace.

Stephen W. Elliott and Fetlework S. Balite-Panelo, Nashville, Tennessee, for the
appellee, City of Lewisburg, Tennessee.

                                                 OPINION

                              FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      Terry Wallace, who was born in 1947, acted as the director of Marshall County’s
emergency medical service from 1972 until he was elected county executive in 1990. Mr.
Wallace served in that role for four terms,1 but he lost the election in 2006.

        As county executive, Mr. Wallace had a voting position on the industrial board for
the City of Lewisburg. The county gave $20,000.00 to the city to have a voice in industrial
recruiting. Mr. Wallace worked closely with the city’s industrial recruiter to help attract

1
    During Mr. Wallace’s tenure, the title of the position changed from “county executive” to “county mayor.”
industry to the area and believed that he acquired skills in industrial recruiting by virtue of
his position as county executive. Mr. Wallace “had connections with the State of
Tennessee and with [the Tennessee Valley Authority],” as well as connections with local
industrial leaders. In his work as county executive, Mr. Wallace participated in efforts to
assist local industry, including in lieu of tax investments and industrial development bonds.

        A few months after he lost the election in 2006, Mr. Wallace applied for the position
of city economic development coordinator, or industrial recruiter, with the City of
Lewisburg. The city council interviewed him and recommended to the city manager, Eddie
Fuller, that he be hired. Mr. Fuller then hired Mr. Wallace for the position. At the time of
the interview, the council asked Mr. Wallace about his computer skills, and he informed
them that he “did not have any computer skills at this time, but I was taking . . . going to
take a course at Columbia State, a non-accredited course in computers.” The council and
Mr. Fuller expressed satisfaction with this response. Mr. Fuller mentioned that Greg Lowe,
a city codes inspector, had the necessary computer skills and could assist Mr. Wallace, if
necessary.

       Mr. Wallace began acting as Lewisburg’s industrial recruiter in 2007. During his
tenure and through his efforts, three businesses moved into the city’s new industrial park.
Mr. Wallace estimated that those companies brought 170 to 205 new jobs with them. He
also assisted companies already doing business in Lewisburg to help them stay there.
Although Mr. Fuller was Mr. Wallace’s direct supervisor, they rarely discussed his job
performance. Mr. Wallace attended monthly industrial board meetings and gave a report
of his activities. At times, city council members would attend the industrial board
meetings.

       On July 31, 2009, Mr. Fuller called Mr. Wallace and Mr. Lowe into his office and
asked them both to sign the following letter:

       Eddie informed Terry and Greg that it is public perception that Greg is doing
       Terry’s job. Eddie informed them that they were to do their own job duties.
       The codes enforcement [Mr. Lowe’s job] has been lacking and several
       complaints have been filed.

       They understood        and   will   implement      Eddie’s   recommendations
       immediately.

The signatures of Mr. Lowe, Mr. Wallace, and Mr. Fuller appear on the letter. According
to Mr. Lowe, he stopped helping Mr. Wallace as frequently but continued to provide Mr.
Wallace with computer support on large projects.

      There was a city council election in 2009, and the composition of the council
changed. In the summer of 2010, Mr. Wallace heard rumors that his continued employment

                                             -2-
had been discussed at a budget meeting. He asked the new mayor, Barbara Woods, if a
council member had said he could be replaced by someone right out of college for $30,000,
and she acknowledged that this had occurred. She encouraged him to attend the next
budget meeting.

        In early July 2010, Mr. Fuller talked to Mr. Wallace and informed him that there
were three council members (out of five) who wanted Mr. Wallace to resign. They felt that
he was not doing his job. Mr. Fuller gave Mr. Wallace the option of resigning; otherwise,
Mr. Fuller would terminate his employment. Mr. Wallace asked Mr. Fuller for a week to
talk to the council members, and Mr. Fuller granted his request. While at a Fourth of July
celebration, Mr. Wallace learned that a local radio station was broadcasting the story that
he was about to be terminated by the city. Mr. Wallace was humiliated by the radio
broadcast, which the station continued to air.

      When Mr. Wallace refused to resign, Mr. Fuller terminated his employment. Mr.
Lowe, age 41, was hired to fill the position in October 2010.

       There is no dispute that, during the period when Mr. Wallace held the position of
industrial recruiter, from 2007 through 2010, the economic outlook in Marshall County,
and in the United States overall, was unfavorable. The testimony at trial established that,
by 2009, when Mr. Wallace was terminated, the Great Recession had led to unemployment
of around twenty percent in Marshall County, one of the hardest hit areas in Tennessee.

       Mr. Wallace filed suit against the City of Lewisburg (“the City”) in July 2011
asserting a claim for age discrimination pursuant to the Tennessee Human Rights Act.2
The City answered denying liability and asserting affirmative defenses. Prior to the trial
date, Mr. Wallace filed a motion in limine asking the trial court to “exclude from evidence
any testimony of Plaintiff’s alleged inadequate work performance.” Mr. Wallace argued
that Mr. Fuller’s statement on a separation notice that Mr. Wallace was discharged “without
cause” was conclusive. In an order entered on January 4, 2016, the trial court denied the
motion in limine.

       During the trial on April 25 to 27, 2016, the court heard testimony from numerous
witnesses, including Mr. Wallace, Mr. Fuller, Mr. Lowe, Ms. Woods, three former
members of the industrial development board (“IDB”), four former city council members,
the executive director of the joint economic commission, the chairman of the parks and
recreation board, a former employee of the city parks and recreation department, and an
expert witness for Mr. Wallace. Overall, the IDB members expressed their approval for
Mr. Wallace’s job performance and their disappointment with his termination. Mr.

2
 The complaint also included a claim for violation of the Open Meetings Act; this claim was dismissed
before trial pursuant to the City’s unopposed motion for partial summary judgment.
                                                -3-
Wallace kept the IDB informed about his work, and Mr. Fuller never discussed Mr.
Wallace’s termination with the IDB.

        The testimony established that the City was having budget difficulties during the
time period in question and that the parks and recreation department, in particular, was
losing money. Mr. Fuller testified that he directed department heads to terminate the least
productive employees. Asked to explain the reasons for Mr. Wallace’s termination, Mr.
Fuller stated that there were three council members who were dissatisfied with Mr.
Wallace’s job performance. Because Mr. Fuller served at the pleasure of the council, he
felt that he had to be responsive to the wishes of the majority of the council members in
order to retain his position. As will be discussed more fully below, the four former council
members testified concerning their problems with Mr. Wallace’s job performance,
although one stated that he would not have voted in favor of termination.

        After hearing all of the evidence, the trial court entered a memorandum opinion
detailing its findings and analysis. The court concluded:

               The first three elements of an age discrimination claim are clearly
       present in this case. However, age discrimination has not been proven to
       have been a determining factor in the termination. An isolated statement by
       a Council member about hiring a recent college graduate (which did not
       occur) and stress on other City employees due to budget issues do not
       establish that age was a determining factor in the termination of Mr. Wallace.
       The evidence suggests that the termination resulted from pressure by three
       City Council members on the City Manager, and the evidence suggests that
       the pressure was motivated by personal or political hostility to Mr. Wallace
       and by a need to find a scapegoat for economic sluggishness in the Marshall
       County economics during a period of national economic malaise. The
       termination was handled unprofessionally but not in a manner that was
       actionable. The Complaint will be dismissed.

Accordingly, the trial court entered an order, on November 27, 2017, dismissing Mr.
Wallace’s complaint.

         On April 16, 2018, Mr. Wallace filed a Rule 60 motion for relief from the judgment
on the ground that his attorney did not receive the order of dismissal and that, because the
order did not comply with Tenn. R. Civ. P. 58, it was not a final order. The trial court
determined that the order substantially complied with Rule 58 and was a final order. Mr.
Wallace appealed, and this court determined that the order of dismissal did not comply
with Rule 58 and, therefore, was not a final order. On remand, the trial court clerk attached
a certificate of service, dated August 21, 2019, to the November 2017 order of dismissal.
It is from this final order that Mr. Wallace now appeals.

                                            -4-
       Mr. Wallace presents the following issues on appeal: (1) whether the trial court
erred in denying his motion in limine to exclude evidence of his alleged inadequate work
performance; (2) whether Mr. Fuller’s testimony concerning his reasons for terminating
Mr. Wallace was contradictory and the asserted reasons should “cancel each other out”; (3)
whether this court should reverse the trial court’s ruling that Mr. Wallace’s age was not the
but-for cause of his termination; and (4) whether this case should be remanded for a ruling
on damages, attorney fees, Mr. Wallace’s reinstatement, and the assessment of court costs
and discretionary expenses.

                                         ANALYSIS

       I.     Motion in limine.

        Mr. Wallace asserts that the trial court erred in denying his motion in limine to
exclude evidence of his alleged inadequate work performance. We review a trial court’s
ruling on the admissibility of evidence, including a decision on a motion in limine, under
an abuse of discretion standard. Singh v. Larry Fowler Trucking, Inc., 390 S.W.3d 280,
284 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012). A trial court abuses its discretion when it “causes an injustice
by applying an incorrect legal standard, reaches an illogical result, resolves the case on a
clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or relies on reasoning that causes an
injustice.” Gonsewski v. Gonsewski, 350 S.W.3d 99, 105 (Tenn. 2011).

       A motion in limine affords parties a means of “requesting guidance from the trial
court prior to trial regarding an evidentiary question which the court may provide, at its
discretion, to aid the parties in formulating their trial strategy.” Duran v. Hyundai Motor
Am., Inc., 271 S.W.3d 178, 192 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008). Such a motion should not be used
as a substitute for a dispositive motion. Jackson v. Joyner, 309 S.W.3d 910, 915 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2009); Duran, 271 S.W.3d at 192; see also Dunn ex rel. Albery v. State Farm
Mut. Auto Ins. Co., 264 F.R.D. 266, 274-75 (E.D. Mich. 2009). Rather, a motion in limine
properly addresses “‘discrete evidentiary issues related to trial,’” Dunn, 264 F.R.D. at 274
(quoting Nomo Agroindustrial SA DECV v. Enza Zaden N. Am. Inc., No. CV-05-351-TUC-
FRZ, 2007 WL 1077023, at *1 (D. Ariz. Apr. 9, 2007)), and is essentially a substitute for
an evidentiary objection at trial. Jackson, 309 S.W.3d at 915. Thus, a trial court should
avoid “[o]rders in limine which exclude broad categories of evidence.” Sperberg v.
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 519 F.2d 708, 712 (6th Cir. 1975).

       Mr. Wallace asserted in his motion in limine that all evidence of his alleged
inadequate work performance should be excluded on the grounds that Mr. Fuller’s
statement in the separation notice that Mr. Wallace’s termination was “without cause” was
conclusive. In the context of an employment discrimination case, the reasons for an
employee’s termination constitute a material issue to be proven at trial. See Wilson v.
Rubin, 104 S.W.3d 39, 49 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002). Granting Mr. Wallace’s motion would
have hampered or prevented the City from mounting a defense to his age discrimination

                                            -5-
claim by excluding a broad category of relevant evidence. See Duran, 271 S.W.3d at 193
(stating motion in limine should not be used to “‘choke off’ a party’s entire case or
defense”).

       Mr. Wallace relies upon Hensley v. Cocke Farmers Cooperative, No. E2014-00264-
SC-R3-WC, 2015 WL 1929874 (Tenn. Workers’ Comp. Panel Apr. 27, 2015), to support
his argument that the reason stated in the separation notice should be deemed conclusive.
In Hensley, the workers’ compensation panel affirmed the trial court’s determination that
the minutes of the employer’s board meeting “were conclusive evidence of the reason for
Employee’s termination” and that parol evidence in the form of testimony from members
of the board stating contrary reasons did not create a genuine issue of material fact to
preclude partial summary judgment. Hensley, 2015 WL 1929874, at *4. The employer in
Hensley was a Tennessee nonprofit corporation and, pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 48-58-
101(b), all corporate powers were exercised by the board, which speaks through its
minutes. Id.

        The circumstances of the present case are distinguishable from Hensley because Mr.
Wallace is relying upon the statement of Mr. Fuller, the city manager, in a separation
notice. Unlike the corporation’s minutes in Hensley, the separation notice did not represent
the official action or deliberations of the City. The City of Lewisburg is governed by a city
council, which exercises the powers of the City. See Charter of the City of Lewisburg
(“Charter”), art. III, §§ 1, 8, 1915 TENN. PRIV. ACTS ch. 214, as amended by 1961 TENN.
PRIV. ACTS ch. 36, as amended. The city council has the authority to appoint a city
manager, who “shall be the administrative head of the municipal government under the
direction and supervision of the City Council.” Charter, art. VII, § 1. Thus, a statement
by Mr. Fuller does not constitute an official, conclusive action of the City.

       We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s denial of Mr. Wallace’s motion in
limine.

       II.     Cancellation rule.

       Mr. Wallace next asserts that the trial court erred in failing to disregard Mr. Fuller’s
testimony pursuant to the cancellation rule. He specifically argues that the cancellation
rule should apply with respect to Mr. Fuller’s testimony regarding (a) whether there was
any cause for Mr. Wallace’s termination, (b) whether Mr. Wallace’s lack of computer skills
was a factor in his termination, and (c) whether the July 31, 2009 document constitutes a
written warning or documentation of a verbal warning.

       The cancellation rule provides that “contradictory statements by the same witness
regarding a single fact cancel each other out.” Church v. Perales, 39 S.W.3d 149, 169
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2000); see also Taylor v. Nashville Banner Publ’g Co., 573 S.W.2d 476,
482 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1978). As our Supreme Court has explained, “[t]he statements only

                                             -6-
cancel each other out, however, if the contradiction is unexplained and ‘neither statement
can be corroborated by other competent evidence.’” TWB Architects, Inc. v. Braxton, LLC,
578 S.W.3d 879, 895 (Tenn. 2019) (quoting Church, 39 S.W.3d at 170). We must
determine “‘whether there is an explanation for the inconsistency and whether either
version is corroborated by other evidence.’” Id. (quoting 1 Neil P. Cohen et al., TENNESSEE
LAW OF EVIDENCE § 6.07[5] (6th ed. Supp. 2017)).

      (a) Any cause for Wallace’s termination.

        Mr. Wallace argues that Mr. Fuller’s testimony that he wrote “without cause” on the
separation notice used for purposes of unemployment benefits is inconsistent with his
testimony on the cause of Mr. Wallace’s termination by the City. Therefore, he avers that
the testimony should be subject to the cancellation rule. As discussed below, Mr. Fuller’s
testimony includes an explanation of his “without cause” statement, and his testimony of
the causes of Mr. Wallace’s termination is corroborated by competent evidence.

       Mr. Fuller testified that he wrote “without cause” on Mr. Wallace’s separation
notice so that Mr. Wallace would be able to receive unemployment benefits. He viewed
the “without cause” notation as equivalent to a statement that the City would not object to
Mr. Wallace receiving unemployment benefits. Mr. Fuller understood his actions to be
consistent with City practice “that we didn’t contest terminated individuals receiving
unemployment benefits” except in rare cases. Mayor Woods corroborated Mr. Fuller’s
testimony on using the “without cause” phrase on the separation notice. She testified:

      I had—having read the things that I had read, I understood that that was—
      you did not give a reason. The City hired people to work for them, they
      didn’t have to give a reason to dismiss them, and that that was generally what
      you would write to dismiss someone.

Mr. Wallace testified that he received unemployment benefits after his termination by the
City.

       In light of the explanatory testimony regarding the City’s policy on separation
notices, Mr. Fuller’s statement on the separation notice is not inconsistent with his
testimony regarding the reasons for Mr. Wallace’s termination.

      (b) Lack of computer skills as a factor.

       Mr. Wallace points to several different statements made by Mr. Fuller on the issue
of whether Mr. Wallace’s lack of computer skills played a role in his termination. He
argues that the testimony is contradictory and should cancel itself out.

                                           -7-
       During the trial, Mr. Fuller testified that Mr. Wallace’s lack of computer skills was
an issue with his job performance, but not a “major” one:
       Q. Computer skills had nothing to do with Terry Wallace’s employment, did
       it?
       A. Being able to use the computer?
       Q. Yes, sir.
       A. A little bit. I mean, he—in the beginning, we told him he needed to, you
       know, learn PowerPoint presentations and stuff like that. I think he failed to
       do that.
       Q. But is that why he got fired?
       A. I mean, that’s not a specific reason, no.
       Q. Was his—were his computer skills an issue with his job performance?
       A. Was it an issue?
       Q. Yes, sir.
       A. Him not being able to do the PowerPoint presentations was somewhat of
       an issue, but nothing major.

Mr. Fuller was then questioned about his deposition testimony, in which he had stated that
Mr. Wallace’s lack of computer skills was not an issue with his job performance. In
response, Mr. Fuller testified: “I took this question [in his deposition] that he was fired
because he couldn’t operate a computer. And the answer would be no.”

         When asked why Mr. Wallace was terminated, Mr. Fuller stated that he was
terminated in part because a majority of the city council members were not satisfied with
him. As to other reasons, Mr. Fuller stated: “I mean, I considered—I could see him being
a little lax in his job. And there was really actually nothing coming in, you could say . . .
.” Mr. Fuller also testified that, if the council had been happy with Mr. Wallace, he would
have been employed with the City until Mr. Fuller retired.

       The testimony of other witnesses corroborates the testimony of Mr. Fuller that Mr.
Wallace’s lack of computer skills was a part of the reason for the overall dissatisfaction
with his job performance. Mayor Woods testified that council members were unhappy
about Mr. Wallace’s “general failure to perform the job like they wanted it performed, and
he did not learn to use the computer as they had asked him—as he had been asked to do
when he was hired.” Council member Brandon-Stewart, in particular, raised concerns
about Mr. Wallace’s inability to use email and lack of computer skills, noting that, more
than once, she saw Mr. Lowe giving presentations for industrial recruitment.

       In light of Mr. Fuller’s explanation for his deposition testimony and the
corroborating testimony in support of his trial testimony, the cancellation rule does not
apply to this portion of Mr. Fuller’s testimony.

                                            -8-
        (c) Significance of July 31, 2009 document.

       Mr. Wallace argues that Mr. Fuller gave inconsistent testimony concerning the July
31, 2009 letter informing Mr. Wallace and Mr. Lowe of the public perception that Mr.
Lowe was doing Mr. Wallace’s job and instructing them to do their own jobs. To support
this position, he points to Mr. Fuller’s trial testimony that he did not know whether to call
this a written warning and his deposition testimony that the letter constituted a verbal
warning. Mr. Fuller further stated that the letter was not intended as a verbal reprimand
but as documentation that they had talked about the problem. Nevertheless, the consistent
import of Mr. Fuller’s testimony is that the letter was intended as a warning to Mr. Wallace
and Mr. Lowe of the public perception and the need to adhere to their own job
responsibilities.

        Mr. Lowe’s testimony corroborates Mr. Fuller’s testimony:

        Eddie [Fuller] called us in saying that it sort of was perceived that Terry
        [Wallace] wasn’t doing his job and/or I was doing much of his job and that
        we should really stop doing it. And so we—you know, we explained how
        we were doing things, that I was just assisting doing that. Eddie had us sign
        this and suggested we kind of do our own jobs.

Mr. Wallace himself gave similar testimony, agreeing that this letter represented “the
closest thing to a disciplinary action” he experienced while employed by the City.

        We find no substantive inconsistency here because the testimony shows that the
letter constituted a warning.3 Therefore, the cancellation rule does not apply.

        III.     Age discrimination claim.

       Mr. Wallace argues that the trial court erred in concluding that he failed to establish
that age was a determining factor in the City’s decision to terminate his employment. With
a bench trial, our review is de novo upon the record, accompanied by a presumption of
correctness of the trial court’s findings of fact, unless the preponderance of the evidence is
otherwise. TENN. R. APP. P. 13(d); Gregg v. Estate of Cupit, No. M2018-00379-COA-R3-
CV, 2018 WL 5733289, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 31, 2018); Nashville Ford Tractor, Inc.
v. Great Am. Ins. Co., 194 S.W.3d 415, 424-25 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). We afford the trial
court’s credibility determinations great deference because the trial court is able to assess

3
  Mr. Wallace makes a distinction between a written warning and documentation of a verbal warning
because he complains that the City failed to follow its own disciplinary procedures. There is no real dispute,
however, that the City did not follow the hierarchy of disciplinary procedures recommended for employees
with unsatisfactory work performance. As the trial court noted, “the absence of formal discipline does not
circumstantially prove or even promote the proposition that Mr. Wallace was a victim of age
discrimination.”
                                                    -9-
the witnesses’ demeanor as they testify. Wells v. Tenn. Bd. of Regents, 9 S.W.3d 779, 783
(Tenn. 1999). We review the trial court’s legal conclusions de novo with no presumption
of correctness. Nashville Ford Tractor, 194 S.W.3d at 425.

       Mr. Wallace claims that the City terminated his employment in violation of the
Tennessee Human Rights Act (“THRA”), Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 4-21-101–4-21-607, which
prohibits employers from discriminating against employees forty years of age or older
because of their age. Tenn. Code Ann. § 4-21-101(a)(3), (b). The THRA seeks to further
the policies embodied in similar federal discrimination statutes and, thus, Tennessee courts
have historically consulted federal caselaw for guidance in interpreting the THRA. Yount
v. FedEx Express, No. W2015-00389-COA-R3-CV, 2016 WL 1056958, at *4 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Mar. 17, 2016); Wilson, 104 S.W.3d at 48. To recover for unlawful age
discrimination under the THRA, an employee bears the burden of proving “that
considerations of age not only played a role in but determinatively influenced the
employer’s decision.” Williams v. Greater Chattanooga Pub. Television Corp., 349
S.W.3d 501, 509 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011).

        Although it is possible to prove age discrimination by direct evidence, most
plaintiffs must rely upon the indirect method of proof. Goree v. United Parcel Serv., Inc.,
490 S.W.3d 413, 426-27 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2015). Cases interpreting the THRA have held
that, to make out a prima facie case of age discrimination, a plaintiff must satisfy the criteria
set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). Brenner v. Textron
Aerostructures, 874 S.W.2d 579, 583-84 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993). Under the McDonnell
Douglas framework, a plaintiff must prove that: “(1) he was a member of the protected
class; (2) he was subjected to adverse employment action; (3) he was qualified for the
position; and (4) he was replaced by a younger person.” Id. at 584.

         The trial court found that Mr. Wallace met his burden of proof to establish a prima
facie case of age discrimination.4 The proof supports the trial court’s determination that
Mr. Wallace met the criteria of the prima facie analysis: he was over the age of 40, he was
terminated from his job, he was qualified for the position,5 and the person who was later
hired to fill his position, Mr. Lowe, was 41 years old when hired (a younger person). The
trial court then stated that Mr. Wallace had not proven that age was a determining factor in
his termination, which is the ultimate issue in an age discrimination case. See Bruce v. W.
Auto Supply Co., 669 S.W.2d 95, 99-100 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984).

4
 The trial court referenced the Tennessee Pattern Jury Instruction, which presents the elements of the prima
facie case in the first three of four requirements for age discrimination. See 8 TENN. PRAC. PATTERN JURY
INSTR. T.P.I.-CIVIL 11.55 (2020 ed.)
5
 Consideration of the City’s allegations regarding inadequate performance (used as part of its defense) is
not appropriate at the prima facie stage of the McDonnell Douglas framework. See Cicero v. Borg-Warner
Auto., Inc., 280 F.3d 579, 587-88 (6th Cir. 2002).
                                                  - 10 -
        Once the employee has established a prima facie case of age discrimination, there
is a rebuttable presumption of unlawful discrimination. Wilson, 104 S.W.3d at 50. This
presumption places “on the employer the burden of producing evidence that the challenged
employment action was taken for legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons.” Id. If the
employer meets its burden of production, “the presumption of discrimination drops out of
the picture, and the trier of fact proceeds to decide the ultimate question of whether the
employee has proved that the employer unlawfully discriminated against him or her.” Id.
At this stage of the analysis, the employee seeks to demonstrate that the reasons given by
the employer are pretextual and that the true reason for the challenged action was unlawful
discrimination. Id.; Goree, 490 S.W.3d at 427.

       The City asserts that Mr. Wallace “was terminated because a majority of the Council
members were dissatisfied by Wallace’s inability to bring new industries at a time when
the City’s sluggish economy desperately needed new industries to ease the City’s
unemployment problem.” Mr. Wallace argues that the trial court failed to find that the City
“had produced evidence of a legitimate reason for the challenged employment action.” We
respectfully disagree. The trial court found that the “without cause” statement in the
separation notice was “false” and rejected defense witnesses’ assertions of poor job
performance, but the court made the following determination: “The evidence suggests
instead that the real reason for the termination was subjective disapproval by three of the
Council members and a need to find a scapegoat for economic sluggishness not related in
any way to Wallace’s job performance.”

       Because the City produced evidence to show a non-discriminatory reason for Mr.
Wallace’s termination, the presumption of discrimination drops away. See Wilson, 104
S.W.3d at 50. The central issue on appeal is whether the trial court erred in failing to find
that age was a determining factor in the City’s decision to terminate Mr. Wallace’s
employment.6 Part of Mr. Wallace’s burden at this stage was to prove that the City’s
proffered reason for his termination was pretextual. See id. To demonstrate that the
employer’s proffered reasons are pretextual, an employee may reveal the “‘weaknesses,
implausibilities, inconsistencies, incoherencies, or contradictions’ in the employer’s
explanation.” Id. at 51 (quoting Garrett v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 305 F.3d 1210, 1217

6
  Mr. Wallace cites federal cases, most notably Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 176 (2009),
applying a but-for standard to age discrimination cases brought under the federal Age Discrimination in
Employment Act. In Tennessee, “an employee asserting a claim under the THRA [traditionally] bore the
burden of showing that his age was ‘a determining factor’ in the adverse employment decision.’” Pierson
v. Quad/Graphics Printing Corp., 749 F.3d 530, 536 n.2 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting Flynn v. Shoney’s, Inc.,
850 S.W.2d 458, 460 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992)). The Sixth Circuit has noted: “It is by no means certain that
the Tennessee Supreme Court would choose to adopt the Gross standard; in other contexts, Tennessee
courts have chosen to deviate from heightened federal causation standards for claims brought under the
THRA.” Id. (citing Sykes v. Chattanooga Hous. Auth., 343 S.W.3d 18, 29 (Tenn. 2011)). Mr. Wallace has
not explicitly raised the issue of the appropriate causation standard in this appeal, and we decline to address
that issue.
                                                    - 11 -
(10th Cir. 2002)). Some common means of undermining an employer’s reasons are the
following:

       (1) establishing that the proffered reasons have no basis in fact, (2)
       establishing that the proffered reasons did not actually motivate the adverse
       employment action, or (3) establishing that the proffered reasons were
       insufficient to motivate the adverse employment action.
Id.

        Mr. Wallace relies upon Davis v. Reliance Electric, 104 S.W.3d 57 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2002), for the proposition that “‘disbelief of the reasons put forward by the defendant
(particularly if disbelief is accompanied by a suspicion of mendacity) may, together with
the elements of the prima facie case, suffice to show intentional discrimination,’” and that
“‘rejection of the defendant’s proffered reasons will permit the trier of fact to infer the
ultimate fact of intentional discrimination.’” Davis, 104 S.W.3d at 62 (quoting St. Mary’s
Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 510 (1993)). The court in Davis was interpreting an
arbitrator’s award and, in that context, determined that the arbitrator “followed the proper
framework” when deciding the discrimination claim. Id. at 58, 63. The rule cited by Mr.
Wallace can apply only when the court does not believe the reasons proffered by the
employer. Id. at 62. Rejection of the pretext does not require, but only permits, a finding
of intentional discrimination. Id. Moreover, the ultimate burden of proof remains on the
employee at all times. Id. (citing Hicks, 509 U.S. at 511).

       Mr. Wallace argues that the reason given by the City was not actually the reason for
Mr. Fuller’s decision to terminate him. He acknowledges that he was targeted by three of
the five city council members, but asserts that the “targeting as described by Fuller is more
suggestive of an intent to discriminate when the statement of false reasons for termination
is considered along with the mendacity surrounding the announcement to the community
by radio of [Mr. Wallace’s] termination.”7 Although the apparent leak of information to
the radio station was understandably upsetting to Mr. Wallace, it does not tend to prove
intent on the part of the City to discriminate against him on the basis of age. Rather, as
stated by the trial court, “this is not evidence of age discrimination but rather is strong
evidence of personal or political hostility.”

       One piece of evidence emphasized by Mr. Wallace is the alleged statement of
Council member Quinn Brandon-Stewart at a budget workshop in July 2010 that the City
could replace Mr. Wallace with a recent college graduate at a fraction of his salary. To

7
 The evidence did not establish how the radio station learned that the City was about to terminate Mr.
Wallace’s employment.

                                               - 12 -
bolster his argument here, Mr. Wallace relies upon a “cat’s paw” theory of employer
liability derived from federal caselaw:

      In employment discrimination law the “cat’s paw” metaphor refers to a
      situation in which an employee is fired or subjected to some other adverse
      employment action by a supervisor who himself has no discriminatory
      motive, but who has been manipulated by a subordinate who does have such
      a motive and intended to bring about the adverse employment action. So if
      for example the subordinate has told the supervisor that the employee in
      question is a thief, but as the subordinate well knows she is not, the fact that
      the supervisor has no reason to doubt the truthfulness of the accusation, and
      having no doubt fires her, does not exonerate the employer if the
      subordinate’s motive was discriminatory.

Cook v. IPC Int’l Corp., 673 F.3d 625, 628 (7th Cir. 2012). Mr. Wallace asserts that Ms.
Brandon-Stewart’s statement shows discriminatory intent and that she manipulated Mr.
Fuller to bring about Mr. Wallace’s unlawful termination.

       Ms. Brandon-Stewart’s deposition was admitted into evidence. When asked about
the June 2010 budget workshop, Ms. Brandon-Stewart did not recall any discussion about
the possibility of replacing Mr. Wallace with someone out of college at a lower salary. She
also did not recall having a discussion with Mr. Fuller about Mr. Wallace’s job
performance prior to his termination. She thought that Mr. Fuller was concerned that the
county had “the highest unemployment rate in the state.” Ms. Brandon-Stewart said that
she encouraged Mr. Fuller in his decision to terminate Mr. Wallace because many people
complained to her about the high unemployment rate, about Mr. Wallace not being in the
office, and about Mr. Lowe, rather than Mr. Wallace, giving industrial recruitment
presentations. She testified that, on more than one occasion, she had been to IDB meetings
at which Mr. Lowe had given presentations. According to Ms. Brandon-Stewart, some
members of the IDB were concerned about Mr. Wallace’s job performance.

       Mr. Fuller testified that he interpreted Ms. Brandon-Stewart’s statement as a
suggestion about how to save money: “[W]e were at a budget workshop meeting and we
were talking about the city budget, the numbers, you know. And I think she made the
statement, considering we could save [$]20- or $30,000.” The trial court found that Mr.
Wallace’s actual replacement was “not newly graduated from college and not paid a
fraction of Wallace’s salary.”

      Three of the five city council members recommended Mr. Wallace’s termination—
Ms. Brandon-Stewart, Odie Whitehead, and Ronald McRady. Explaining the reasons
behind his recommendation, Mr. Whitehead stated that, during the time that Mr. Wallace
was the industrial recruiter, many jobs were leaving Marshall County and there were no
new jobs coming in. Mr. Whitehead’s constituents were concerned about the loss of jobs

                                           - 13 -
and how to maintain their standard of living. He assessed Mr. Wallace’s job performance
as “stagnant or nill.” Mr. Whitehead believed that Mr. Wallace could have been more
active and assertive in his efforts to bring jobs into the area. He denied that age was a
factor in Mr. Wallace’s termination and testified that, while he was on the city council, the
City hired age-protected persons for other positions.

        Mr. McRady testified that, during the time period in question, the unemployment
rate in Marshall County was 18 to 20 percent, and the city council was concerned that “we
weren’t getting any industry in here.” Mr. Wallace was the industrial recruiter who was
trying to bring industry to the county. When asked whether Mr. Wallace’s age was a factor
in his termination, Mr. McRady commented that Mr. Wallace “seemed to be a pretty young
fellow” to him.8 He testified that he had not heard anyone else on the city council say that
Mr. Wallace’s age was problematic. Mr. McRady denied instructing Mr. Fuller to fire Mr.
Wallace.9

       Another council member, Clarence Minor, testified that he did not participate in the
council discussions about Mr. Wallace’s job performance because he considered Mr.
Wallace a friend. If Mr. Wallace had not been his friend, Mr. Minor stated, he probably
would have talked to Mr. Fuller about Mr. Wallace’s job performance. Mr. Minor was
displeased that Mr. Wallace was on vacation when the City made an important presentation
for the Tennessee Valley Authority and others had to take over in his place. He was not
aware that age was a factor in any of the council members’ unhappiness with Mr. Wallace.

       In analyzing the significance of Ms. Brandon-Stewart’s statement, the trial court
discussed Brenner v. Textron Aerostructures, 874 S.W.2d at 585, a case in which a plaintiff
based his age discrimination claim on the statement by the company president that one
objective of the human resources department was to “establish and maintain a recruitment
program that brings in new, young talent to ensure a base of future key contributors of new
ideas of technology.” The plaintiff in that case also presented statistical evidence to support
his age discrimination claim. Brenner, 874 S.W.2d at 585. The trial court in this case
summarized the Brenner court’s analysis:

                 The Brenner court quotes the following statement from Gagné v.
          Northwestern National Insurance, 881 F.2d 309, 314 (6th Cir. 1989): “Case
          precedent clearly reflects that isolated and ambiguous statements . . . are too
          abstract, in addition to being irrelevant and prejudicial, to support a finding
          of age discrimination.’” Gagné at 314. In Gagné, the employee plaintiff’s
          supervisor had said to the plaintiff that he, the supervisor, “needed new

8
    Mr. McRady was born in 1936. Mr. Whitehead was born in 1946.
9
 Mayor Woods testified that Mr. McRady was one of the council members who was unhappy with Mr.
Wallace’s job performance.
                                               - 14 -
blood.” The employee plaintiff in Brenner tried to distinguish Gagné by
asserting that the statement made in Gagné “was made facetiously.” Brenner
at 586. The Brenner court observed that the statement made in Gagné was
“isolated, made only once” and “was not directed at any particular
individual.” Id.

       The Brenner court then examined the court’s earlier holding in Flynn
v. Shoney’s Inc., [850 S.W.2d 458, 460 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992], as follows:

       In Flynn v. Shoney’s, Inc. we found that remarks made by the
       plaintiff’s superior were sufficient to take the case to the jury
       on the issue of age discrimination. Flynn v. Shoney’s Inc., 850
S.W.2d 458, 460 (Tenn. App. 1992). The plaintiff’s superior
       in Flynn made the following statements: “that after
       restructuring it was ‘out with the old and in with the new;’ that
       for the same money Mr. Flynn was paid the company could
       hire a lot of ‘eager young bucks right out of college;’ and that
       it was a ‘young man’s business.’” Id. at 459. These statements
       were directed to the plaintiff and are much less susceptible of
       different interpretations. Moreover, we held that “repeated
       references to the employee’s age by the company
       representative while informing the employee of his termination
       is some evidence from which the jury could infer that age was
       a factor.” Id. at 460 (emphasis added). Hence, only one
       statement was made, and it was made five years before plaintiff
       was terminated. Plaintiff has not demonstrated the causal
       connection between the statement and his termination, as did
       the plaintiff in Flynn.

       Plaintiff insists that even though the statement was made only
       once, it became the policy of the Human Resources
       Department. Plaintiff asserts that because the president of the
       company made the statement, the management of the Human
       Resources Department automatically adopted it. Plaintiff
       testified that it is common human resources practice for every
       subordinate to adopt his manager’s objectives. However, even
       if we take this allegation as true, there is no evidence in the
       record that the “policy” adversely affected plaintiff or any
       other employee within the protected class. Id.

The Brenner court concluded, “Although this court has previously held that
statements by an employee can establish evidence of age discrimination, in
this [Brenner] case, we find the president’s statement to be insufficient as a

                                    - 15 -
       matter of law.” Id. This holding was made in spite of the fact that in Brenner
       there were statistics . . . to support the employee’s claim and in spite of the
       fact that the Court of Appeals was reviewing a grant of summary judgment
       and not reviewing a dismissal after a full trial.

       Looking at the facts before it, the trial court concluded that Ms. Brandon-Stewart’s
statement was “isolated and ambiguous . . . and too abstract” to support Mr. Wallace’s
claim. See Brenner, 874 S.W.2d at 585-86 (quoting Gagné, 881 F.2d at 314). The trial
court noted that Ms. Brandon-Stewart was “only one of three Council members pursuing
the termination behind the scene,” that her remark “was isolated from the pressure by the
Council to terminate Mr. Wallace,” and that there was no evidence that “the ‘policy’
adversely affected plaintiff or any other employee within the protected class.” See id. at
586. With the exception of Ms. Brandon-Stewart, the trial court was able to view the
witnesses and assess their credibility. The evidence does not preponderate against the trial
court’s decision not to infer discriminatory intent on the part of the City from Ms. Brandon-
Stewart’s isolated statement.

        Mr. Wallace also argues that there is circumstantial evidence of age discrimination
in this case. He points to the testimony of Jane Tilford, former assistant director of the
parks and recreation department for the City, who testified:

       Q. Okay. What led to your retirement?
       A. Oh, okay. Well, there were several factors. One was it had gotten to be
       a pretty stressful job. The economy was bad. There were lots of cuts within
       the budget. It seemed like we were on the hot seat all the time. And I just
       felt that—I felt that there was some amount of, I felt, not necessarily pressure,
       but I could feel—it was becoming stressful. And I decided that I wanted to
       retire before I was pushed out. I really just didn’t think I could survive if I
       was pushed out. So that’s why I left.
       Q. Why were you concerned about being pushed out?
       A. Well, I knew there was—the—it seemed like every week we had some
       sort of meeting where the council was needing us to cut our budget more.
       We had lots of meetings about that. And it seemed like the payroll was –
       well, it didn’t seem like the payroll was an issue; the payroll was an issue.
       So just began to feel that often the best place to cut is from the top. And I
       was the second highest paid employee at the parks and rec department, so I
       felt that there was some pressure.

Ms. Tilford further stated that she felt that she and Guy Chambers, the department director,
“were kind of getting under the gun.” She stated that her replacement was Michelle
Harrison; she estimated Ms. Harrison to be in her late 30s or early 40s when she was hired.

                                            - 16 -
        When asked if she knew Harold Wiggins, Ms. Tilford stated that he was employed
by the parks and recreation department for “probably 20 or more years.” She thought that
Mr. Wiggins retired the year before she did; he was in his late 70s at that time. Ms. Tilford
recalled that Councilman McRady asked her one day if Mr. Wiggins had retired yet, and
she informed him that Mr. Wiggins had not retired. Mr. McRady said “that these other
employees were gone, that he was going to proceed with that information.” According to
Ms. Tilford, Mr. Wiggins retired the following day. After Mr. Wiggins retired, his position
was abolished; the responsibilities were “covered by a variety of part-time people or one
of us.”

        Ms. Tilford further testified that, before her retirement, she asked Mr. Fuller if she
could be “pushed out” if she announced a retirement date. Mr. Fuller “said that he had
spoken to a lawyer . . . about that at some point, and he assured me that if I announce my
date, I should be okay.” Ms. Tilford understood Mr. Fuller’s statement to mean that he had
asked an attorney on his own behalf.

        We agree with the trial court’s finding that “[t]he thrust of Ms. Tilford’s testimony,
however, was not that she was discriminated against because of her age but rather that she
was extremely stressed by the fact that the City was under great financial pressure and that
there was a constant threat to close the Recreation Center in order to save money.” The
testimony of other witnesses corroborates this interpretation. For example, Mayor Woods
testified:

       Q. And around the same time period, Mayor Woods, are you aware that there
       was some discussion in the city council about how the rec center was
       performing – or maybe not performing – in regards to the City budget?
       A. Yes.
       Q. And what do you remember about that?
       A. That was a big topic. It was quite frequently argued that they were
       expending a lot of money there, that the force needed to be cut, that there
       were too many people working there and there were too many managers
       there. They needed to reduce some of the management so it was more
       functional on the City – more complementary to the City budget. It’s always
       in the hole, but they wanted to reduce some of the larger workforce to help
       bring it back close into line.
       Q. Around that time period did some management with the rec center cease
       to become employed with the City?
       A. I think, by retirement, a couple of members left, who weren’t replaced
       for that work reduction purpose.
       Q. Do you remember who those were?
       A. Guy Chambers and Jane Tilford. I wanted to say Jane Barns.
       Q. Were you aware of any pressure put on either Ms. Barns-Tilford or Mr.
       Chambers to retire?

                                            - 17 -
       A. Not that I was aware of.

        Leslie Woodward, chair of the City parks and recreation board, testified that he
overheard a conversation in which Mr. Whitehead said that the City was “going to have to
get rid of some people because of the economy was bad, and the people who had the high
salaries would be the ones to go.” Mr. Woodward stated that, with respect to Mr. Chambers
and Ms. Tilford, “the councilmen were wanting to get their salaries out of there because
the economy was bad.” He confirmed that the recreation center was a drain on the City’s
budget.

       In sum, the circumstantial evidence upon which Mr. Wallace relies shows that the
City was concerned that it could not afford the high salaries of the employees with the most
seniority. The argument that “the desire to save money on salary costs is a proxy for age
discrimination” has been rejected by courts, including the Sixth Circuit. Hugo v.
Millennium Labs., Inc., 993 F. Supp. 2d 812, 829 (E.D. Tenn. 2014). The Supreme Court
explained the distinction in Hazen Paper Co. v. Biggins, 507 U.S. 604 (1993):

              When the employer’s decision is wholly motivated by factors other
       than age, the problem of inaccurate and stigmatizing stereotypes disappears.
       This is true even if the motivating factor is correlated with age . . . . On
       average, an older employee has had more years in the work force than a
       younger employee, and thus may well have accumulated more years of
       service with a particular employer. Yet an employee’s age is analytically
       distinct from his years of service. An employee who is younger than 40, and
       therefore outside the class of older workers as defined by the ADEA, see 29
       U.S.C. § 631(a), may have worked for a particular employer his entire career,
       while an older worker may have been newly hired. Because age and years of
       service are analytically distinct, an employer can take account of one while
       ignoring the other, and thus it is incorrect to say that a decision based on
       years of service is necessarily “age based.”

Hazen Paper Co. 507 U.S. at 611. To make out a claim for age discrimination, one must
prove that the employer “discriminated against [the employees] because they were old, not
because they were expensive.” Allen v. Diebold, Inc., 33 F.3d 674, 677 (6th Cir. 1994).

        We conclude, as the trial court implicitly did, that Mr. Wallace failed to prove that
the City’s proffered reason for its termination of Mr. Wallace was pretextual. He further
failed to prove that age was a determining factor in the City’s decision to terminate his
employment.

                                           - 18 -
                                        CONCLUSION

       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed, and costs of this appeal are taxed against
the appellant, Terry Wallace, for which execution may issue if necessary.

                                                     ________________________________
                                                     ANDY D. BENNETT, JUDGE

                                            - 19 -