Court Opinion

ID: 2644707
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-12-03 18:07:42.350491+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:43:57.082165
License: Public Domain

SER U-Haul Company v. Zakaib, No. 13-0181
                                                                              FILED
                                                                           December 3, 2013

                                                                         RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK

                                                                       SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                           OF WEST VIRGINIA

Workman, J., concurring:

       In this proceeding, the petitioner sought a writ of prohibition to prevent enforcement

of a circuit court order that denied the petitioner's motion to compel arbitration. Justice

Davis, writing for the majority, has denied the writ after determining that an arbitration

agreement was not part of the contracts between the petitioner and the respondents. I concur

with all of the majority’s reasoning and concur in the judgment. I write separately, however,

to address the dissent’s position that the contracts fairly incorporated an arbitration provision

because of the parties’ “course of dealing” within Article 2A of the Uniform Commercial

Code, West Virginia Code §§ 46-2A-101 to -532.

       To begin, it should be noted that neither the parties nor the circuit court addressed

"course of dealing.” The dissent raises this issue sua sponte, in the absence of a record

properly developed for resolution of a “course of dealing” claim.

       The UCC sets out a concise definition of the phrase "course of dealing" in West

Virginia Code § 46-1-303(b):

                  A "course of dealing" is a sequence of conduct concerning
              previous transactions between the parties to a particular
              transaction that is fairly to be regarded as establishing a common
              basis of understanding for interpreting their expressions and

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              other conduct.

This definition is further explained in West Virginia Code § 46-1-303(d), which provides,

in relevant part:

                 A ... course of dealing between the parties ... is relevant in
              ascertaining the meaning of the parties' agreement, may give
              particular meaning to specific terms of the agreement, and may
              supplement or qualify the terms of the agreement.

Finally, a legislatively approved limitation upon the phrase "course of dealing" is set out in

the Official Comment for the statute as follows:

                   2. “Course of dealing,” as defined in subsection (b), is
              restricted, literally, to a sequence of conduct between the parties
              previous to the agreement. A sequence of conduct after or under
              the agreement, however, is a “course of performance.”

W. Va. Code § 46-1-303, Official Comment No. 2 (emphasis supplied).

       As is readily apparent from an examination of these provisions, the UCC allows the

introduction of evidence of pre-contract "course of dealing" between the parties in order to

avoid application of the parol evidence rule in a situation where there is an ambiguity in a

term of the contract.1

       1
        "The parol evidence rule ... generally prohibits the introduction of any extrinsic
evidence to vary or contradict the terms of written contracts[.]" Larew v. Monongahela
Power Co., 199 W.Va. 690, 694, 487 S.E.2d 348, 352 (1997); see Syl. Pt. 1, Kanawha
Banking and Trust Co. v. Gilbert, 131 W.Va. 88, 46 S.E.2d 225 (1947) ("Extrinsic evidence
of statements and declarations of the parties to an unambiguous written contract occurring
contemporaneously with or prior to its execution is inadmissible to contradict, add to, detract
from, vary or explain the terms of such contract, in the absence of a showing of illegality,

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                   [The UCC] makes admissible evidence of course of dealing
              ... to explain or supplement the terms of any writing stating the
              agreement of the parties in order that the true understanding of
              the parties as to the agreement may be reached. Such writings
              are to be read on the assumption that the course of prior dealings
              between the parties ... were taken for granted when the
              document was phrased. Unless carefully negated they have
              become an element of the meaning of the words used.

Scovill Fasteners, Inc. v. Northern Metals, Inc., 692 S.E.2d 840, 843 (Ga. App. 2010); see

also Deerfield Commodities, Ltd. v. Nerco, Inc., 696 P.2d 1096, 1109 (Or. App. 1985) (“[The

UCC] provides that the terms of a completely integrated document may be explained or

supplemented by three different means: specifically, evidence of (1) a course of dealing, (2)

a course of performance or (3) usage of the trade.”); Morgan v. Stokely-Van Camp, Inc., 663
P.2d 1384, 1389-1390 (Wash.App. 1983) (“[C]ourse of dealing is used most frequently to

clarify or perhaps alter the meaning of terms used in a contract.”).

       The petitioner in this case did not argue that pre-contract conduct between the parties

explained the respondents’ understanding of any term in the contracts, because the contracts

did not even mention the term – an arbitration clause – at issue in this lawsuit. "[A] course

of dealing ... can only give meaning to and supplement or qualify the terms of an agreement

between the parties." Circle A Automotive Service, Inc. v. American Rentals, Inc., 2001 WL
195006, *1 n.1 (Conn. Super. 2001) (emphasis supplied). "In such instances, the evidence

fraud, duress, mistake or insufficiency of consideration.").

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of a course of dealing that explains or supplements a contract is competent evidence of the

parties' intent and can become a part of a contract." L.F. Brands Marketing, Inc. v. Dillard's,

Inc., 314 S.W.3d 736, 739 (Ark.App. 2009).

       In short, the dissent is attempting to pound a square peg into a round hole with its

“course of dealing” analysis. The fact that the petitioner’s prior contracts with the

respondents made no mention of an arbitration clause does not establish a “course of dealing”

between the parties; rather, it establishes a consistent but unilateral course of conduct on the

part of the petitioner in attempting to hide the arbitration clause from its customers. To

accept the dissent’s position to the contrary would be to elevate the adage, “fool me once,

shame on you; fool me twice, shame on me,” to the status of a legal principle.

       The real bottom line of the dissent’s analysis seems to be the dissenting justice’s belief

that the respondents knew or should have known about the arbitration clause, having received

copies of the Addendum after signing their previous contracts. There are two flaws in this

analysis, the first a matter of evidence and the second a matter of law.

       First, the record indicates that after the respondents signed their contracts, they were

handed a packet of materials that included copies of the Addendum – at the same time they

were handed the car keys and were on the way outside to take possession of their vehicles.

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There is no evidence to indicate they were told to review the contents of the packets before

getting into the vehicles, and no evidence to indicate they were told that anything in the

packets added additional provisions to the contracts they had just signed. On this record, no

appellate court could conclude in the first instance2 that the respondents had knowledge of

the arbitration clause contained in the Addendum because they had received copies of the

document after the fact, i.e., after they had signed their contracts and taken possession of

their vehicles.

       Second, and more fundamentally, I am unwilling to conclude as a matter of law, as

the dissent does in cursory fashion, that once the respondents were given those packets they

had a duty to read everything contained in them. This Court has held that “‘[a] party to a

contract has a duty to read the instrument.’ Syllabus point 5, Soliva v. Shand, Morahan &

Co., Inc., 176 W. Va. 430, 345 S.E.2d 33 (1986), overruled on other grounds by National

Mutual Insurance Co. v. McMahon & Sons, Inc., 177 W. Va. 734, 356 S.E.2d 488 (1987).”

Syl. Pt. 4, American States Ins. Co. v. Surbaugh, 231 W. Va. 288, 745 S.E.2d 179 (2013).3

       2
       Because “course of conduct” was not raised by the parties, the circuit court had no
occasion to make specific findings of fact with respect to these critical facts.
       3
        Ironically, the dissenting justice in this case concurred in Surbaugh, clarifying that
one “cannot escape the effect of exclusions in an insurance policy due to failure to read the
policy, when the exclusions are clear, unambiguous and conspicuous.” 231 W. Va. at __, 745
S.E.2d at 191 (emphasis supplied). In the instant case, the arbitration provision at issue was
not even contained in the contract; it was clearly, unambiguously and conspicuously not
there.

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But in this case the contract was completely silent with respect to arbitration; rather, the

arbitration clause was contained in a separate document “hiding out” in a packet of unrelated

information presented to the respondents after they had signed their contracts. I do not

believe that the principle of Soliva and Surbaugh extends to this situation, and I do not

believe that the issue can or should be decided in this case where the parties did not develop

the record for this purpose.

       Accordingly, I concur in the majority opinion.

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