Court Opinion

ID: 4212372
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-10-18 00:01:19.727044+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:41:30.277838
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                OCT 17 2017
 1                         NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                            SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
 2                                                             U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                               OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )        BAP No. WW-17-1067-KuFB
                                   )
 6   ZHEN CHEN,                    )        Bk. No.   16-10632-TWD
                                   )
 7                  Debtor.        )        Adv. No. 16-01166-TWD
     ______________________________)
 8                                 )
     ZHEN CHEN,                    )
 9                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
10                                 )
     v.                            )        M E M O R A N D U M*
11                                 )
     UNITED STATES TRUSTEE,        )
12                                 )
                    Appellee.      )
13   ______________________________)
14                 Argued and Submitted on September 28, 2017
                             at Seattle, Washington
15
                            Filed - October 17, 2017
16
                 Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
17                   for the Western District of Washington
18           Honorable Timothy W. Dore, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
                       ___________________________________
19
     Appearances:     Glyn E. Lewis argued for appellant; Hilary B.
20                    Mohr argued for appellee.
                      ___________________________________
21
     Before:    KURTZ, FARIS, and BRAND, Bankruptcy Judges.
22
23
24
25
26       *
          This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
27 Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
   have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value.
28 See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1.

                                      -1-
 1            Appellant, chapter 71 debtor Zhen Chen, appeals from the
 2   bankruptcy court’s summary judgment in favor of the United
 3   States Trustee (Trustee) denying Chen’s discharge under
 4   § 727(a)(3).      Because the record shows that there are no genuine
 5   disputes of material fact, we AFFIRM.
 6                                   I. FACTS
 7   A.       Chen’s Background
 8            Chen lived and worked in China for most of her life.   Her
 9   native language is Mandarin.      She attended college in Beijing
10   and received her degree in Foreign Trade in 1989.       From 1989-
11   2000, Chen worked as an importing agent in China.       In 2000, Chen
12   moved to the United States.
13            The record is spotty regarding her employment after her
14   move.      In 2010, she earned a bookkeeping certificate from
15   Bellevue Community College in Bellevue, Washington.       In 2014,
16   Chen and a colleague formed an import/export business called BTS
17   Trading, LLC (BTS) of which Chen owned ten percent.       That same
18   year, Chen worked for a small Chinese company part-time and a
19   restaurant for two months.
20            Chen was unemployed in 2015 and had no income.   During 2014
21   and 2015, Chen received large wire transfers into her bank
22   accounts from Chinese nationals.        Since February 2016, Chen has
23   been employed by Richful, LLC as a bookkeeper.       In that
24   position, she interfaces with an accountant for payroll and tax
25
          1
26        Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section
   references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532.
27 “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
   Procedure and “Civil Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of
28 Civil Procedure.

                                       -2-
 1   return preparation.
 2        According to the record, Chen was a high stakes gambler.
 3   Chen incurred significant debt related to her gambling.
 4   B.   Bankruptcy Events
 5        Chen filed a chapter 7 petition in early 2016.    Her amended
 6   Schedule E/F shows $417,090.77 in non-priority unsecured debt
 7   consisting primarily of gambling debt owed to casinos in Las
 8   Vegas and Washington.    Her initial Statement of Financial
 9   Affairs (SOFA) showed that she had lived at 35th Place,
10   Sammamish, Washington (35th Place Property) from January 1, 2009
11   to May 1, 2015.   Chen also disclosed that two months before her
12   bankruptcy filing, she transferred her title interest in real
13   property located on 201st Court, Sammamish, Washington (201st
14   Court Property) to her sister for zero dollars because her
15   sister had provided all the funds for the purchase of the
16   property.   The SOFA showed that Chen was a member of BTS, but
17   she indicated that the company had “never done business.”
18   Finally, Chen disclosed $295,000 in gambling losses.
19        Shortly after Chen filed her petition, Trustee sought and
20   obtained an order directing Chen to submit to examination and
21   produce documents under Rules 2004 and 9016.    Trustee issued a
22   subpoena to Chen seeking production of documents pertaining to
23   her financial condition including, among others:
24        (1) copies of financial statements, balance sheets, or
          loan or credit applications prepared or submitted by
25        Chen or an entity she controlled for the two years
          prior to her bankruptcy (Requested Period);
26
          (2) tax returns for tax years 2012 through 2014;
27
          (3) statements for any type of bank or financial
28        account Chen controlled for the Requested Period, and

                                     -3-
 1        related documents (e.g., canceled checks, check
          registers, wire transfers, deposit slips);
 2
          (4) copies of cashier’s checks she or an entity she
 3        controlled obtained during the Requested Period; and
 4        (5) all documents related to real property in which
          Chen had an interest in the past five years,
 5        specifically including her interest in two parcels of
          residential real property - the 201st Court Property
 6        and the 35th Place Property.
 7   Chen produced some documents in response, but many were
 8   missing.    She later produced more documents, but several were
 9   duplicative and others were still missing.
10        In June 2016, Trustee conducted Chen’s 2004 exam and gave
11   her a further opportunity to produce documents pertaining to:
12   (1) a line of credit (LOC) on the 35th Place Property and its
13   sale that occurred within the year preceding the petition,
14   including the disposition of the sale proceeds; (2) Chen’s joint
15   purchase of the 201st Court Property with her sister, also in
16   the year preceding the bankruptcy; (3) Chen’s disposition of
17   $30,000 in proceeds from the sale of a 2013 Lexus about three
18   months before she filed bankruptcy; and (4) millions in
19   unexplained deposits and withdrawals into and out of Chen’s bank
20   accounts in the two years preceding her petition.
21        After her exam, Chen made her largest production of the
22   requested documents, but still many were missing.    She also
23   amended her SOFA to show the sale of the 35th Place Property for
24   $672,000, and disclosed that the sale proceeds were used to pay
25   back her gambling debt to casinos in Las Vegas and to pay the
26   mortgage.    She further disclosed that she had transferred
27   approximately $30,000 in sale proceeds from the Lexus to her
28   friend, Ms. Yin, for repayment of a gambling loan.    In the

                                     -4-
 1   amended SOFA, Ms. Chen reflected her gambling losses as
 2   $400,000.   Finally, Chen made adjustments to her income from
 3   employment for 2015, changing her gross income from $15,000 to
 4   $0.00 and increasing her 2014 gross income from $15,000 to
 5   $20,000.    She also showed gross income of $15,000 from gambling
 6   for the year 2014.
 7        Following Trustee’s repeated failed attempts to obtain
 8   documents relating to the various transactions, Trustee filed an
 9   adversary complaint against Chen seeking to deny her discharge
10   under § 727(a)(2)(A), (a)(3), (a)(4), and (a)(5).   After Chen
11   answered the complaint, Trustee filed a motion for summary
12   judgment (MSJ) on the § 727(a)(3) claim, alleging that there
13   were significant transactions (two property sales, a vehicle
14   sale, and the flow of millions of dollars into and out of Chen’s
15   accounts in the two years before the petition date) that were
16   undocumented or inadequately documented to the extent that
17   parties in interest could not ascertain her financial condition
18   as of the petition date.
19        In support of the MSJ, Trustee submitted the declaration of
20   bankruptcy analyst Young-Mi Petteys (Petteys).   Attached to
21   Petteys’ declaration were bank statements, a two-page ledger
22   from Chen regarding her draws and payments on the LOC for the
23   35th Place Property, and communications regarding requests to
24   Chen for the further production of documents.
25        Trustee also submitted the declaration of Hilary Mohr, the
26   trial attorney for Trustee in this matter.   Attached to
27   Ms. Mohr’s declaration were the transcript of Chen’s 2004 exam
28   and various communications regarding Ms. Mohr’s efforts to

                                     -5-
 1   obtain the relevant documents.
 2              Based on Chen’s testimony and documents that were produced,
 3   Petteys’ declaration set forth the four areas where it was
 4   impossible to trace, verify, or otherwise piece together Chen’s
 5   financial condition:
 6              Unexplained deposits and withdrawals:   Relying on the bank
 7   statements produced, Petteys declared that there were $2,329,000
 8   in unexplained deposits and $2,244,000 in unexplained
 9   withdrawals from Chen’s accounts for the years 2014 and 2015.
10              201st Court Property:   Relying on Chen’s testimony and the
11   documents produced, Petteys declared that she was unable to
12   verify the source of the funds used to purchase the 201st Court
13   Property.        Chen testified that the 201st Court Property belonged
14   to her sister and that Chen was on title only for her sister’s
15   convenience because her sister lives in China.        Chen also
16   testified that after her sister learned of Chen’s gambling
17   habits, her sister requested that Chen quitclaim the property to
18   her.        Chen did so two months before she filed her petition.
19   Although Trustee requested that Chen provide all documents
20   relating to the purchase of the 201st Court Property, she
21   produced documents in draft form only.        The draft deed of trust
22   identified Chen as a “co-borrower” on the loan to purchase the
23   201st Court Property.        She did not produce a final HUD-1
24   statement for the purchase of the 201st Court Property or
25   provide final loan or security documents.2
26
            2
27        There is no explanation in the record why Chen did not
   attempt to obtain final documents pertaining to the sale or, if
28                                                    (continued...)

                                          -6-
 1          35th Place Property:     Based on Chen’s testimony and the
 2   documents produced, Petteys was unable to confirm the amount
 3   Chen received from the sale of this property or the ultimate
 4   disposition of the sale proceeds.        Chen testified that she
 5   purchased this property in 2009 with funds from her father.          In
 6   August 2014, Chen obtained the LOC from East West Bank secured
 7   by the property and began drawing on the credit.        In total, she
 8   drew $669,000 on the LOC.       Chen testified that she drew on the
 9   note to gamble and made payments on the note from gambling
10   winnings.       She also testified that she used the money to make
11   loans to friends for gambling, and paid on the note from what
12   they repaid her.
13          Chen produced no documents showing what she did with the
14   funds drawn on the LOC, and admitted that the loans to her
15   friends were not documented in any way.        Chen testified that
16   all of the credit draws went into her East West Bank checking
17   account.       However, based on a two-page ledger produced by Chen,
18   Petteys could trace approximately $447,000 of the $669,000,
19   leaving $220,000 which could not be accounted for because the
20   draws did not correspond to any deposits in her bank accounts.
21          Finally, Chen sold the property in 2015 for $672,000.
22   However, Chen did not provide any documentation showing the
23   disposition of the sale proceeds.        From what Petteys could piece
24   together, at the time of the sale Chen owed over $300,000 on the
25   LOC.       On July 13, 2015, $313,000 was wired into Chen’s U.S. Bank
26
27
            2
         (...continued)
28 she did, why she could not obtain them.

                                        -7-
 1   account.     Chen testified that she believed the wire was the net
 2   proceeds from the sale after full payment of the East West Bank
 3   mortgage.     The following day, Chen made two wire transfers for
 4   $118,000 and $163,000.     She testified that these transfers were
 5   to repay gambling debts.     However, she produced no records to
 6   show who received the wire transfers.     Chen also did not produce
 7   a final HUD-1 settlement statement or other document from which
 8   the final sale proceeds or mortgage payoff from the sale of the
 9   35th Place Property could be verified.3
10           Petteys declared that the U.S. Bank statement was the only
11   document to support Chen’s claim that she received $313,000 from
12   the sale of the 35th Place Property, and that $118,000 and
13   $163,000 went to pay back casinos.     However, using this bank
14   statement alone, Petteys concluded that she was unable to
15   confirm the source of the $313,000, or to confirm the recipients
16   of the two outgoing wire transfers.
17           Sale of the 2013 Lexus and disposition of sale proceeds:
18   In October 2015, Chen sold a 2013 Lexus for $33,500.     Chen
19   testified that she sold the 2013 Lexus to repay a gambling debt
20   to a friend, Ms. Yin, in the amount of $30,000.     The only
21   document she produced about the sale of the 2013 Lexus is a copy
22   of her deposit slip which includes a copy of a check.     The check
23   is from Lexus of Bellevue for $33,500 and dated October 25,
24   2015.     According to Chen’s U.S. Bank statement, she deposited
25
         3
26        Again, there is no indication in the record that Chen
   attempted to obtain the final HUD-1 settlement statement or other
27 closing documents or that she contacted the casinos to obtain
   documents showing that they received the wire transfers she
28 testified to.

                                      -8-
 1   $30,000 four days later.   Petteys declared that she could not
 2   find a corresponding withdrawal for $30,000 and therefore it was
 3   unclear if Chen’s friend was ever owed the money or repaid.
 4        Chen responded to the MSJ by accusing Trustee of engaging
 5   in “creative accounting,” misleading arguments, and outright
 6   falsehoods.   Chen contended that Trustee used “creative
 7   accounting” to come up with $3.2 million that Chen allegedly
 8   received over two years.   Chen argued that she would withdraw
 9   money to gamble and then deposit the same money the next day.
10        Chen also asserted that it is undisputed that she lost
11   money gambling and was a gambling addict.   According to Chen, a
12   “reasonable person” standard should not be applied to her
13   because gambling against the odds is an inherently unreasonable
14   activity.   Finally, Chen contended that Trustee was using
15   disputed facts to support her MSJ and therefore summary judgment
16   should not be granted.
17        In her declaration, Chen explained that the only money she
18   received from China were gifts from her mother and sister who,
19   together, transferred approximately $900,000 to her from 2013 to
20   2015.   Chen stated that she could not receive the money directly
21   from her sister because of Chinese currency controls and
22   therefore her sister’s friends would send Chen the money.    Chen
23   further declared that she sold the 35th Place Property to pay
24   off her gambling debt to casinos in Las Vegas and that only her
25   sister had provided funds for the purchase of the 201st Court
26   Property.   She also explained that she used $30,000 in proceeds
27   from the sale of her Lexus to pay back a personal loan from one
28   of her gambling friends, Ms. Yin.

                                    -9-
 1        Finally, Chen stated that she did not keep all the
 2   documents she received from the casinos showing her gambling
 3   losses because it was “too depressing” for her to think about.
 4   In addition, she did not document personal loans made to her
 5   gambling friends because they trusted each other:    “To ask for
 6   documentation among such close friends may have been considered
 7   insulting.”   Chen further declared that her native language was
 8   Mandarin and she did not understand all the English language
 9   documents that she has, such as the purchase and sale documents
10   for the 201st Court Property and 35th Place Property.
11        The bankruptcy court heard the matter and stated its ruling
12   granting Trustee’s MSJ on the record.    On December 23, 2016, the
13   court entered the order granting Trustee’s MSJ and denying
14   Debtor’s discharge on the basis of § 727(a)(3).
15        Chen did not file a notice of appeal by the January 6, 2017
16   deadline.   On January 20, 2017, Chen filed a timely motion to
17   extend the time to file an appeal from the order based on
18   excusable neglect — Chen’s counsel thought there were 30 days to
19   file an appeal instead of 14 days.    See Rule 8002(d)(1)(B).
20   Trustee opposed.   The bankruptcy court granted Chen’s motion and
21   extended the time to appeal to March 3, 2017.    Chen filed her
22   notice of appeal on March 2, 2017.
23                           II.   JURISDICTION
24        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction over this proceeding
25   under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(J).    We have jurisdiction
26
27
28

                                    -10-
 1   under 28 U.S.C. § 158.4
 2                                 III.   ISSUE
 3           Did the bankruptcy court err when it granted summary
 4   judgment and denied Chen’s discharge under § 727(a)(3)?
 5                          IV.   STANDARD OF REVIEW
 6           We review a summary judgment de novo.     Caneva v. Sun
 7   Communities Operating Ltd. P’ship (In re Caneva), 550 F.3d 755,
 8   760 (9th Cir. 2008).     We thus independently conduct our review
 9   giving no deference to the bankruptcy court’s conclusion.         Roth
10   v. Educ. Credit Mgmt. Agency (In re Roth), 490 B.R. 908, 915
11   (9th Cir. BAP 2013).     Viewing the evidence in the light most
12   favorable to the non-moving party, we must determine whether
13   there are any genuine disputes of material fact that remain for
14   trial and whether the prevailing party is entitled to judgment
15   as a matter of law.     New Falls Corp. v. Boyajian (In re
16   Boyajian), 367 B.R. 138, 141 (9th Cir. BAP 2007).
17                                V.   DISCUSSION
18           The court shall grant summary judgment when the pleadings,
19   depositions, and admissions on file, together with the
20   affidavits, show that there are no genuine disputes as to any
21   material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter
22   of law.     Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986).
23   Credibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and
24
         4
          The bankruptcy court’s order contained a Civil Rule 54(b)
25 certification thereby making the order final for purposes of this
26 appeal. There is no separate judgment. See Rule 7058, making
   Civil Rule 58 applicable in adversary proceedings. However, the
27 separate judgment requirement is not jurisdictional and can be
   easily waived as occurred here. See Bankers Tr. Co. v. Mallis,
28 435 U.S. 381, 384–85 (1978).

                                        -11-
 1   the drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts are jury
 2   functions, not those of a judge when he is ruling on a motion
 3   for summary judgment.    Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.
 4   242, 255 (1986).
 5        After the moving party has met her initial burden of proof,
 6   the nonmoving party must produce evidence to support her claim
 7   or defense.    Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co., Ltd., v. Fritz Cos.,
 8   Inc., 210 F.3d 1099, 1103 (9th Cir. 2000).    “The evidence of the
 9   non-movant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are
10   to be drawn in his favor.”    Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255.   However,
11   “[a] conclusory, self-serving affidavit, lacking detailed facts
12   and any supporting evidence, is insufficient to create a genuine
13   issue of material fact.”    FTC v. Publ’g Clearing House, Inc.,
14   104 F.3d 1168, 1171 (9th Cir. 1997).    “If the nonmoving party
15   fails to produce enough evidence to create a genuine issue of
16   material fact, the moving party wins the motion for summary
17   judgment.”    Nissan Fire & Marine, 210 F.3d at 1103.
18        For purposes of summary judgment, “the substantive law will
19   identify which facts are material.”    Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248.
20   The substantive law at issue in Trustee’s MSJ is § 727(a)(3).
21   The statute directs the bankruptcy court to deny a debtor’s
22   discharge when:
23        the debtor has . . . failed to keep or preserve any
          recorded information, including books, documents,
24        records, and papers, from which the debtor’s financial
          condition or business transactions might be
25        ascertained, unless such act or failure to act was
          justified under all the circumstances of the case.
26
27        Section 727(a)(3) places an affirmative duty on the debtor
28   to keep and preserve records accurately documenting his or her

                                     -12-
 1   business and personal affairs.        See In re Caneva, 550 F.3d at
 2   762.        Requiring accurate documentation “removes the risk to
 3   creditors of ‘the withholding or concealment of assets by the
 4   bankrupt under cover of a chaotic or incomplete set of books or
 5   records.’”        Id. (quoting Burchett v. Myers, 202 F.2d 920, 926
 6   (9th Cir. 1953).        We strictly construe this exception to
 7   discharge in favor of the debtor’s fresh start.         Id.
 8              To succeed on its objection to discharge under § 727(a)(3),
 9   Trustee must show “‘(1) that [Chen] failed to maintain and
10   preserve adequate records, and (2) that such failure rendered it
11   impossible to ascertain [Chen’s] financial condition and
12   material5 business transactions.’”         Lansdowne v. Cox
13   (In re Cox), 41 F.3d 1294, 1296 (9th Cir. 1994) (quoting
14   Meridian Bank v. Alten, 958 F.2d 1226, 1232 (3d Cir. 1992)).
15   Generally, records are sufficient if they allow the court and
16   creditors to trace the debtor’s financial dealings.
17   In re Ridley, 115 B.R. 731, 733 (Bankr. D. Mass. 1990).
18              Once Trustee met her initial burden showing these elements,
19   the burden of proof then shifted to Chen to justify the
20   inadequacy or nonexistence of the records.         In re Caneva,
21   550 F.3d at 761.        The issue of justification is decided under an
22   objective standard and depends on what a normal, reasonable
23   person would do under similar circumstances.         Id. at 763
24   “‘Justification for [a] bankrupt’s failure to keep or preserve
25
26          5
          The bankruptcy court correctly observed that although the
27 language in § 727(a)(3) does not require the unexplained
   transactions be material, the Ninth Circuit added a materiality
28 requirement in both In re Cox and In re Caneva.

                                         -13-
 1   books or records will depend on . . . whether others in like
 2   circumstances would ordinarily keep them.’”).
 3        In applying this objective standard, the court may
 4   consider: (1) the debtor’s education, experience, and
 5   sophistication; (2) the volume of the debtor’s business; (3) the
 6   complexity of the debtor’s business; (4) the amount of credit
 7   extended to the debtor in his business; and (5) any other
 8   circumstances that should be considered in the interest of
 9   justice.   Meridian Bank, 958 F.2d at 1231.    Generally, “when a
10   debtor is sophisticated and carries on a business involving
11   substantial assets, ‘creditors have an expectation of greater
12   and better record keeping.’”   In re Caneva 550 F.3d at 762
13   (quoting In re Juzwiak, 89 F.3d 424, 428 (7th Cir. 1996)).
14        Finally, “[o]ral testimony is not a valid substitute or
15   supplement for concrete written records.”     In re Juzwiak,
16   89 F.3d at 429.
17        It is not enough that Debtor merely recite from
          records ostensibly ‘kept in his head’ and detail from
18        memory what transactions he engaged in and how the
          funds were dissipated. Records of substantial
19        completeness and accuracy are necessary in order that
          they may be checked against Debtor’s oral statements.
20        Creditors, in other words, are not required to rely on
          a debtor’s oral representations concerning these
21        matters without also having some independent means of
          substantiating such representations.
22
23   Id.; see also Meridian Bank, 958 F.2d at 1233 (“Vague and
24   indefinite explanations of losses that are based upon estimates
25   uncorroborated by documentation are unsatisfactory.”); McBee v.
26   Sliman, 512 F.2d 504, 506 (5th Cir. 1975) (“Where a debtor’s
27   explanation for inadequate records is gambling, the debtor must
28   provide direct or circumstantial evidence to show that money was

                                    -14-
 1   in fact lost and that the gambling explanation was not merely a
 2   ruse to evade creditors.”).
 3        The bankruptcy court used the above-referenced standards
 4   and so do we in assessing the record before us.    It shows that
 5   Chen dealt with substantial sums of cash keeping little or no
 6   verifiable records.    Although Chen produced some documents,
 7   there are no genuine disputes of material fact that the records
 8   produced were inadequate.    Trustee could not verify the details
 9   of the transactions discussed or trace Chen’s financial
10   dealings.   Petteys’ uncontroverted declaration showed:
11        ! Chen received and transferred substantial sums of money
12   to third parties for which she provided no documentation.      The
13   transfer of substantial amounts of money to a third party, with
14   no documentation, establishes a prima facie violation of
15   § 727(a)(3).   In re Caneva, 550 F.3d at 762.   Although Chen
16   disputed Trustee’s contention that millions of dollars flowed
17   into and out of her bank accounts, Chen admitted that
18   approximately $900,000 had been received from family members -
19   either directly or indirectly - in the roughly two years prior
20   to her bankruptcy.    The bankruptcy court properly concluded that
21   “no reasonable trier of fact could find that the transfer or
22   other expenditure of $900,000 in those two years by an
23   individual debtor with very modest income and few other assets
24   was not material.”    Accordingly, even if Chen received the
25   $900,000 versus the millions alleged by Trustee, the bank
26   statements show large withdrawals of cash.    Chen provided no
27   documentation regarding how she used the money.
28        ! Chen admitted to frequently borrowing and loaning money

                                     -15-
 1   to friends for gambling.    She conceded that she had no
 2   documentation for any of the transactions.
 3           ! Chen admitted that she failed to keep all documents that
 4   would show her gambling expenses.6
 5           ! Chen testified during her 2004 exam that she used $30,000
 6   in proceeds from the sale of her 2013 Lexus to repay a gambling
 7   debt to Ms. Yin.    Yet, she provided no documentation of any debt
 8   owed to Ms. Yin or that she repaid it with the sale proceeds.
 9           ! The documents produced regarding Chen’s potential
10   interest in the 201st Court Property were inadequate.      Although
11   Chen attached some documents showing the down payment was made
12   by her sister, she did not produce a final HUD-1 or documents to
13   show where approximately $86,0007 in deposits, in addition to
14   the down payment, came from.    Although Chen tried to explain the
15   purchase transaction, Chen’s oral testimony was not a valid
16   substitute or supplement for the requested records.
17   In re Juzwiak, 89 F.3d at 429.
18           ! Chen’s documents pertaining to the sale of her home on
19   35th Place and the disposition of the sale proceeds were also
20   inadequate.    She did not provide the final HUD-1 closing
21
         6
22        Federal regulations require casinos to maintain extensive
   records about transactions with their customers. See, e.g.,
23 31 C.F.R. § 1021.410. Chen never explained why she failed to
   obtain - or even request - records from the casinos at which she
24 gambled.
25       7
          Attached to Chen’s reply brief is a declaration from her
26 attorney with a copy of a $86,309.00 check written on Chen’s
   account to Toll WA and allegedly returned to Chen. We do not
27 consider this evidence which is presented for the first time on
   appeal. See Cold Mountain v. Garber, 375 F.3d 884, 891 (9th Cir.
28 2004).

                                      -16-
 1   statement or other closing documents for the sale of her home
 2   nor did she provide documents to show how she used the net sale
 3   proceeds.   Although she said she used the money she received to
 4   pay gambling debts to Las Vegas casinos, she never produced
 5   documents showing the transfer of the sale proceeds to those
 6   entities nor does the record show that she tried to obtain them.
 7        Chen suggested in her brief opposing the MSJ that Trustee
 8   could have obtained the records regarding her payments to the
 9   casinos, but she chose not to.    Trustee was not required to
10   investigate and acquire Chen’s records.      Id.; Peters v. Michael
11   (In re Michael), 433 B.R. 214, 225 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2010)
12   (Under § 727(a)(3), “[a] creditor, even if they have the power
13   to obtain the records, such as through a subpoena, is not under
14   an obligation to do so.”).   It was Chen’s duty to keep and
15   preserve records and provide sufficient information.
16        In the end, the records produced were incomplete and raised
17   more questions than they answered.      It was impossible for
18   Trustee or any other party in interest to ascertain any
19   meaningful picture of Chen’s financial condition.      Since Trustee
20   showed that no genuine disputes of material fact existed as to
21   its prima facie case, the burden shifted to Chen to present
22   evidence sufficient to show that a question of material fact did
23   exist as to whether her failure to keep or preserve the records
24   was justified under the circumstances of her case.
25        Chen submitted no evidence in opposition to the MSJ other
26   than her declaration which repeated much of her 2004 exam
27   testimony and contained her justifications for her failure to
28   keep or preserve records in connection with the transactions

                                      -17-
 1   discussed.   Chen’s cursory affidavit does not create any genuine
 2   disputes of material fact.
 3        Chen declares that “she did her best” to produce all the
 4   documents in her possession, custody and control in response to
 5   Trustee’s document requests.    However, her best efforts in
 6   producing the documents is not sufficient to satisfy the
 7   requirements of § 727(a)(3).    In re Caneva, 550 F.3d at 763; see
 8   also Desiderio v. Devani (In re Devani), 556 B.R. 37, 43-44
 9   (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2016) (debtor’s assertion that he produced what
10   was available to him in his possession is not a sufficient
11   justification for his failure to produce financial records as he
12   could have requested them from the relevant banks).
13        Chen’s justifications for her failure to keep relevant and
14   material records because “it was too depressing,” “may have been
15   considered insulting” to her friends, or “she did not understand
16   all the documents” due to a language barrier, fail as a matter
17   of law for several reasons.    First, Chen’s justifications are
18   simply bald assertions without any specifics.    “[F]actually
19   unsupported claims [and] defenses” are insufficient to withstand
20   summary judgment.”    Harrington v. Simmons (In re Simmons),
21   810 F.3d 852, 859 (1st Cir. 2016) (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at
22   323); see also Publ’g Clearing House, Inc., 104 F.3d at 1171.
23   Second, her justifications do not address all the records that
24   she failed to keep.    They do not address her failure to document
25   how she spent the money obtained from the LOC on the 35th Place
26   Property and the numerous deposits and withdrawals from her bank
27   accounts.
28        Third, the test for determining whether Chen has adequately

                                     -18-
 1   justified the inadequacy or lack of financial records is an
 2   objective one.     In re Caneva, 550 F.3d at 763; see also
 3   In re Simmons, 810 F.3d at 859.     It is undisputed that Chen was
 4   educated and had a grasp of business and financial matters.       She
 5   worked as an import agent, earned a bookkeeping certificate, and
 6   started her business - BTS.     As the bankruptcy court found,
 7   “[n]o reasonable trier of fact could conclude that a person with
 8   [Chen’s] background would be justified by failing to keep
 9   records of the voluminous and large transactions, many
10   apparently in cash, that [Chen] engaged in during the, roughly,
11   two years prior to filing her bankruptcy case.”
12           Last, Chen’s alleged gambling addiction does not absolve
13   her from keeping records.      Indeed, since gambling earnings are
14   “income” for tax purposes, the Internal Revenue Service requires
15   gambling documentation, such as “[a]n accurate diary or similar
16   record regularly maintained by the taxpayer, supplemented by
17   verifiable documentation.”8     Person v. Dep’t. of Revenue,
18   No. TC-MD 091421D, 2011 WL 2222261 (Or. Tax Magistrate Div.
19   June 6, 2011).     Many courts have denied a debtor’s discharge
20   under § 727(a)(3) for failure to maintain gambling records.
21
         8
             The court explained:
22
23       In general, the diary should contain at least the
         following information:
24       1) Date and type of specific wager or wagering activity;
         2) Name of gambling establishment;
25       3) Address or location of gambling establishment;
26       4) Names[s] of other person(s) (if any) present with
            taxpayer at gambling establishment; and
27       5) Amount(s) won or lost.

28 Id. at *3.

                                       -19-
 1   United States Tr. v. Macway (In re Macway), No. 14-16680, 2016
 2   WL 4039745 (9th Cir. July 28, 2016) (affirming denial of
 3   discharge where debtor failed to maintain records for his
 4   gambling activities); Dolin v. N. Petrochemical Co.
 5   (In re Dolin), 799 F.2d 251 (6th Cir. 1986) (chemical dependence
 6   and compulsive gambling did not excuse the debtor’s failure to
 7   keep adequate records); United States Tr. v. Hong Minh Tran
 8   (In re Hong Minh Tran), 464 B.R. 885 (Bankr. S.D. Cal. 2012)
 9   (denying discharge where debtor provided no contemporaneous
10   personal or casino records of his gambling wins and losses).
11   This is the price Chen pays for seeking bankruptcy protection
12   and the privilege of a discharge.      See In re Macway, 2014 WL
13   3817103, at *3.
14        On appeal, Chen’s primary argument is that the bankruptcy
15   court erred in granting summary judgment because her credibility
16   was at issue.   Chen is mistaken.   Intent is not a necessary
17   element for the denial of discharge under § 727(a)(3).
18   In re Cox, 41 F.3d at 1297; In re Juzwiak, 89 F.3d at 430.
19   Trustee met her burden of showing that Chen failed to maintain
20   and preserve adequate records such that it was impossible to
21   ascertain her financial condition.      The burden then shifted to
22   Chen to show that her failure to keep records was justified
23   under the circumstances of her case.      Such justification is
24   measured by an objective standard - that of a normal, reasonable
25   person in like circumstances.   As required under summary
26   judgment standards, we accept as true (as did the bankruptcy
27   court) Chen’s justifications for her failure to keep or preserve
28   records.   Measured under objective standards, Chen’s

                                     -20-
 1   justifications failed as a matter of law.
 2           In sum, on this record there are no genuine disputes of
 3   material fact on the essential elements for denial of discharge
 4   under § 727(a)(3).9
 5                              VI.   CONCLUSION
 6           For the reasons stated, we AFFIRM.
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
         9
          Debtor’s counsel contends many of the cases cited by
25 Trustee are distinguishable from this case. This may well be
26 true because Chen’s justification for failing to keep or preserve
   the records is determined under the circumstances of her case and
27 each debtor has unique circumstances. Therefore, it is
   unnecessary to discuss in detail each of the cases cited by the
28 parties in their briefs.

                                      -21-