Court Opinion

ID: 3161106
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-12-09 16:10:19.162351+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:00:40.119968
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be                           Dec 09 2015, 10:09 am

regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.

APPELLANT PRO SE                                         ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Henry Lee Shell, Jr.                                     Gregory F. Zoeller
Bunker Hill, Indiana                                     Attorney General of Indiana

                                                         Eric P. Babbs
                                                         Deputy Attorney General
                                                         Indianapolis, Indiana

                                          IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Henry Lee Shell, Jr.,                                    December 9, 2015
Appellant-Petitioner,                                    Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                         52A02-1504-PC-261
        v.                                               Appeal from the Miami Circuit
                                                         Court
State of Indiana,                                        The Honorable Timothy P. Spahr
Appellee-Respondent                                      Trial Court Cause No.
                                                         52C01-1210-PC-8

Vaidik, Chief Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 52A02-1504-PC-261 | December 9, 2015   Page 1 of 14
                                          Case Summary
[1]   Henry Shell, Jr. was convicted of theft and dealing in methamphetamine

      (manufacturing) following a jury trial. He appealed that conviction

      unsuccessfully and filed a subsequent petition for post-conviction relief.

      Following an evidentiary hearing, his petition was denied, and he now appeals

      that decision. Finding no ineffective assistance of either trial or appellate

      counsel, we affirm the denial of his post-conviction relief petition.

                            Facts and Procedural History
[2]   The facts underlying Shell’s conviction were set forth in the memorandum

      decision issued on direct appeal as follows:

              Crop Production Services, a Miami County company, requested
              police assistance regarding theft from its anhydrous ammonia
              tanks. The Indiana State Police established a surveillance team
              and posted officers throughout CPS’s remotely located facility.
              There were approximately eight officers involved in this
              surveillance operation, which included the use of night-vision
              goggles and thermal imaging.

              A little after 1:00 a.m. on January 14, 2010, a pickup truck pulled
              up to CPS’s anhydrous ammonia storage facility, and one person
              exited the truck. The officers did not see the person, who was
              wearing Carhartt-type clothing, carrying anything at this time.
              The person entered the fenced-in yard of the facility, quickly
              filled a pitcher with anhydrous ammonia, and ran out of the
              yard. The officers observed vapors rising from both the tank and
              the pitcher. The person then squatted down by a utility pole, set
              the pitcher down, and waited for a few minutes. The truck

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 52A02-1504-PC-261 | December 9, 2015   Page 2 of 14
              returned, picked up the person, and left. The officers followed
              and stopped the truck. There were four people inside the truck,
              including Shell. Shell, however, was the only person wearing
              Carhartt-type clothing, and an officer smelled a strong odor of
              anhydrous ammonia on his clothing. In addition, according to
              one of the occupants of the truck, they dropped off Shell at CPS’s
              anhydrous ammonia storage facility and later returned to get
              him. Because no anhydrous ammonia was found in the truck,
              the officers returned to the utility pole where they had seen the
              person crouching and found the pitcher, which contained
              anhydrous ammonia and other ingredients used to manufacture
              methamphetamine, specifically, lithium and pseudoephedrine.
              The ingredients were in the beginning stages of manufacturing.
              The contents of the pitcher were later analyzed and determined
              to contain methamphetamine.

      Shell v. State, No. 52A04-1107-CR-370, 2012 WL 1655164, at *1 (Ind.
      Ct. App. May 9, 2012), trans. denied.

[3]   The State charged Shell with Class B felony dealing in methamphetamine

      (manufacturing) and Class D felony theft. A jury trial was held in May 2011.

      During the trial, counsel unsuccessfully attempted to suppress all evidence

      resulting from the stop of the truck in which Shell was riding. Tr. p. 226-31.

      Also during the trial, Joni Espenschied, who was in the truck, high on

      methadone, and was arrested with Shell, testified that Shell got out of the truck

      and, after some time had passed, the truck stopped again to collect Shell from

      the side of the road. Id. at 269. She further testified that Shell was wearing a

      coat which matched the description given by the officers who observed the

      anhydrous ammonia theft. Id. at 275.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 52A02-1504-PC-261 | December 9, 2015   Page 3 of 14
[4]   Shell was convicted as charged. The trial court sentenced Shell to fourteen

      years for dealing in methamphetamine and three years for theft, to be served

      concurrently. Shell appealed, arguing that there was insufficient evidence to

      support his conviction, and that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing

      to give two of his tendered final jury instructions. Shell, 2012 WL 1655164, at

      *2. This Court affirmed the trial court. Id. at *4.

[5]   Shell filed his initial petition for post-conviction relief in October 2012, and an

      amended petition in September 2014. In his amended petition, he sought relief

      for ineffective assistance of both trial and appellate counsel, due process

      violations, a violation of the confrontation clause, and a violation of Indiana

      Code section 35-38-7-5.

[6]   The Post-Conviction Relief court (PCR court) held an evidentiary hearing and

      subsequently issued its findings of fact and conclusions of law, along with an

      order denying Shell’s petition on March 30, 2015. Shell now appeals.

                                 Discussion and Decision
[7]   Defendants who have exhausted the direct appeal process may challenge the

      correctness of their convictions and sentences by filing a post-conviction

      petition. Stevens v. State, 770 N.E.2d 739, 745 (Ind. 2002). Post-conviction

      proceedings are not an opportunity for a super appeal. Timberlake v. State, 753
N.E.2d 591, 597 (Ind. 2001). Rather, they create a narrow remedy for

      subsequent collateral challenges to convictions which must be based on grounds

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 52A02-1504-PC-261 | December 9, 2015   Page 4 of 14
       enumerated in the post-conviction rules. Ind. Post-Conviction Rule 1(1);

       Timberlake, 753 N.E.2d at 597. In post-conviction proceedings, complaints that

       something went awry at trial are cognizable only when they show deprivation

       of the right to effective counsel or issues demonstrably unavailable at the time

       of trial or direct appeal. Sanders v. State, 765 N.E.2d 591, 592 (Ind. 2002).

[8]    Post-conviction petitions for relief are civil proceedings, requiring the petitioner

       to prove his claims by a preponderance of the evidence. Stevens, 770 N.E.2d at

       745. We review the post-conviction court’s legal conclusions de novo, but

       accept its factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous. Id. at 746. The

       petitioner must establish that the evidence as a whole leads unerringly and

       unmistakably to a decision opposite that reached by the PCR court. John Smith

       v. State, 770 N.E.2d 290, 295 (Ind. 2002).

[9]    Initially we note that Shell is appealing pro se. Pro se litigants without legal

       training are held to the same standard as trained counsel and are required to

       follow procedural rules. Eric Smith v. State, 38 N.E.3d 218, 220 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2015). Shell raises four issues in his appeal which we consolidate to two

       cognizable issues: (1) ineffective assistance of trial counsel; and (2) ineffective

       assistance of appellate counsel.

[10]   We review claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel under the two-prong

       test established in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). The defendant

       must show that trial counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of

       reasonableness based on prevailing professional norms and that there is a

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 52A02-1504-PC-261 | December 9, 2015   Page 5 of 14
       reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding

       would have been different. Moody v. State, 749 N.E.2d 65, 67 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2001), trans. denied.

[11]   Counsel’s performance is presumed effective, and a defendant must offer strong

       and convincing evidence to overcome this presumption. Ben-Yisrayl v. State, 729
N.E.2d 102, 106 (Ind. 2000). We will not speculate as to what may or may not

       have been advantageous strategy. Whitener v. State, 696 N.E.2d 40, 42 (Ind.

       1998). Counsel is afforded considerable discretion in choosing strategy and

       tactics, and we will accord those decisions deference on appeal. Wrinkles v.

       State, 749 N.E.2d 1179, 1195 (Ind. 2001).

                  I. Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel
[12]   Shell contends that his trial counsel was ineffective because counsel failed to: 1)

       suppress evidence gathered as a result of the Terry stop of the truck, and from

       the pitcher left by the side of the road; 2) impeach three witnesses; and 3) timely

       tender preliminary jury instructions. Shell also argues that the cumulative effect

       of the alleged errors amounted to ineffective assistance of counsel.

                               A. Failure to Suppress Evidence
[13]   Shell first argues that trial counsel should have filed a pre-trial motion to

       suppress the evidence gathered in the stop and search of the truck, and the

       pitcher which was subsequently found on the side of the road by the utility

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 52A02-1504-PC-261 | December 9, 2015   Page 6 of 14
       pole.1 To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim based upon

       failure to file motions, the defendant must demonstrate that such motions

       would have been successful. Moore v. State, 872 N.E.2d 617, 621 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2007), trans. denied.

[14]   First, we note that Shell’s trial counsel did make an oral motion to suppress the

       evidence during the trial and it was denied. Tr. p. 226-31. Our review of the

       evidence reveals that the stop of the truck in which Shell was riding was proper,

       and the pitcher left on the side of a public highway was abandoned and,

       therefore, subject to seizure without a warrant.

[15]   Beginning with the stop of the truck, police officers may briefly detain a person

       for investigatory purposes if they have reasonable suspicion that criminal

       activity may be afoot. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21-22 (1968). In evaluating the

       legality of a Terry stop, we consider “the totality of the circumstances—the

       whole picture.” United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417 (1981). The

       reasonable-suspicion requirement is satisfied for Fourth Amendment analysis

       where the facts known to the officer at the moment of the stop, together with

       the reasonable inferences arising from such facts, would cause an ordinarily

       1
         Shell also raises the admission of evidence resulting from the stop and search of the truck in which he was
       riding and the seizure of the pitcher as free-standing error. Appellant’s Br. p. 19. “A defendant in a post-
       conviction proceeding may allege a claim of fundamental error only when asserting either (1) ‘[d]eprivation
       of the Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel,’ or (2) ‘an issue demonstrably unavailable to
       the petitioner at the time of his [or her] trial and direct appeal.’” Lindsey v. State, 888 N.E.2d 319, 325 (Ind.
       Ct. App. 2008) (quoting Canaan v. State, 683 N.E.2d at 235 n. 6 (Ind. 1997) (alteration in original)), trans.
       denied. Therefore, we will not address Shell’s free-standing claims of fundamental error. We will, however,
       address those issues in the context of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 52A02-1504-PC-261 | December 9, 2015               Page 7 of 14
       prudent person to believe that criminal activity has occurred or is about to

       occur. Gipson v. State, 459 N.E.2d 366, 368 (Ind. 1984). Additionally, because

       Shell raises Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution, reasonableness

       under that provision is determined by balancing “1) the degree of concern,

       suspicion, or knowledge that a violation has occurred, 2) the degree of intrusion

       the method of search or seizure imposes on the citizen’s ordinary activities, and

       3) the extent of law enforcement needs.” Litchfield v. State, 824 N.E.2d 356, 361

       (Ind. 2005).

[16]   Here, officers stopped the truck Shell was riding in because, at a little after 1:00

       in the morning, several police officers observed a person get out of a truck, run

       across a field, enter CPS’s property, remove anhydrous ammonia from a tank,

       and return to the road. A short time later, the truck returned and stopped, and

       it appeared that the person who had taken the anhydrous ammonia reentered

       the truck. These facts are sufficient to warrant a Terry stop of the truck under

       both the Fourth Amendment and the Indiana Constitution.

[17]   As to the pitcher containing the temporary methamphetamine lab left by the

       utility pole, Shell contends that evidence of the lab should have been suppressed

       because it was a mile and a half away from Shell when he was arrested. The

       pitcher was left on the side of a public highway. Neither the Fourth

       Amendment nor the Indiana Constitution afford any protection for items

       abandoned in a public location. See California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621, 629

       (1991); Gooch v. State, 834 N.E.2d 1052, 1053 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (providing

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 52A02-1504-PC-261 | December 9, 2015   Page 8 of 14
       that “abandoned property is subject to lawful seizure without a warrant”), trans.

       denied.

[18]   Shell has supplied no evidence that suggests an additional pre-trial motion and

       hearing on the constitutionality of the searches and seizures in this case would

       have produced a different outcome. We find no error.

                               B. Failure to Impeach Witnesses
[19]   Shell next argues that his trial counsel was ineffective because he failed to

       impeach three witnesses. To prove that failure to elicit impeaching testimony

       on cross-examination was ineffective assistance of counsel, the petitioner must

       demonstrate a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s deficient cross-

       examination, he would have been found not guilty. Johnson v. State, 675 N.E.2d
678, 686 (Ind. 1996).

[20]   Beginning with Joni Espenschied, Shell contends that trial counsel failed to

       impeach her testimony during cross-examination by not forcing her to elaborate

       on her use of methadone. However, the fact that she was intoxicated at the

       time of the arrest was covered by the prosecutor during direct examination.

       “[W]ere you doing drugs that night?” Tr. p. 270. “I was under the influence of

       methadone. It’s prescribed to me, but it’s a large amount.” Id. Given that the

       jury heard she was under the influence of methadone at the time of the crime,

       there is not a reasonable probability that the jury would have reached a different

       conclusion had that fact been repeated on cross-examination.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 52A02-1504-PC-261 | December 9, 2015   Page 9 of 14
[21]   Shell next argues that the testimony of Indiana State Police Officer Josh Maller,

       one of the officers who participated in the surveillance of the CPS facility and

       Shell’s arrest, gave trial testimony that was inconsistent with other evidence and

       that trial counsel should have impeached him with the other evidence.

       Specifically, Officer Maller testified at trial that the suspect ran “diagonally

       northeast from the fence directly to the pole described.” Id. at 222. He further

       testified at trial that he could not see which side of the truck the suspect got

       into, he “could just tell that he went up to the cab and entered it.” Id. at 223.

       Shell, once again, has failed to demonstrate a reasonable probability that, but

       for counsel’s cross-examination on these two points, he would have been found

       not guilty. Officer Maller testified that he saw a person dressed like Shell take

       the ammonia, run back to the road near the utility pole, and then a truck

       stopped near that location. Shell was subsequently found in that pick-up truck.

       He was the only one wearing similar clothing, and he smelled of ammonia. We

       see no reasonable probability that impeaching either of these details from

       Officer Maller’s testimony would have changed the verdict.2

[22]   Finally, Shell argues that trial counsel was ineffective because he did not

       impeach Indiana State Police Sergeant Robert Land’s testimony about his

       distance from the scene by holding a ruler to the scaled picture and forcing

       Sergeant Land to calculate the distance more precisely. Sergeant Land, who

       2
        Shell also argues that the inconsistencies between Officer Maller’s testimony and his out of court statements
       might negate probable cause for the search. Again, the search was based on the Terry exception to the
       warrant requirement which does not require probable cause.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 52A02-1504-PC-261 | December 9, 2015          Page 10 of 14
       was among the officers assigned to the surveillance of CPS on the night Shell

       was arrested, testified that he was approximately 150 yards from the anhydrous

       ammonia facility. Id. at 315. Trial counsel had another witness, who worked at

       CPS, use a ruler to calculate the distance to Officer Land’s position and he

       testified that Officer Land’s location was closer to 3500 feet away from the

       facility. Id. at 161. Trial counsel highlighted this discrepancy in his closing

       argument. Id. at 352. Additionally, trial counsel elicited testimony on cross-

       examination of Sergeant Land that he was too far away to see the person who

       got out of the truck clearly enough to offer a description or identification—

       whether that distance was 150 yards or 3500 feet. Id. at 316. Shell fails to

       explain how a different presentation of Officer Land’s location, or the dispute

       over the distance of Officer Land’s location from the anhydrous ammonia tank,

       would have led to a different result.

                   C. Untimely Tender of Preliminary Instructions
[23]   Shell next argues that trial counsel tendered preliminary jury instructions after

       the deadline set by the trial court and that he was prejudiced by trial counsel’s

       untimeliness.3 His only argument is that trial counsel submitted the preliminary

       instructions too late. Shell is correct that counsel tendered preliminary

       instructions after the court’s deadline, but Shell still must show that but for

       counsel’s untimeliness, there is a reasonable probability that he would have

       3
        This issue is not to be confused with the two final jury instructions that appellate counsel raised and were
       addressed on Shell’s direct appeal.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 52A02-1504-PC-261 | December 9, 2015            Page 11 of 14
       been found not guilty. See Benefield v. State, 945 N.E.2d 791, 805 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2011), trans. denied.

[24]   Our review of the transcript reveals that the trial court did review and consider

       the two preliminary jury instructions proffered by Shell’s counsel, even though

       they were untimely. Tr. p. 8-9. However, the court ultimately used its own

       preliminary instructions, which were taken directly from the pattern jury

       instructions. Shell has not met his burden of showing he would have been

       found not guilty but for trial counsel’s untimely tendering of preliminary jury

       instructions.

                                           D. Cumulative Errors
[25]   Finally, Shell argues that the cumulative effect of trial counsel’s errors

       constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. While the individual errors of

       counsel may not be sufficient to prove ineffective representation, the cumulative

       effect of a number of errors can render counsel’s performance ineffective.

       Grinstead v. State, 845 N.E.2d 1027, 1036 (Ind. 2006). However, “irregularities

       which standing alone do not amount to error do not gain the stature of

       reversible error when taken together.” Kubsch v. State, 934 N.E.2d 1138, 1154

       (Ind. 2010) (citation omitted). We find no error, cumulative or otherwise, in

       trial counsel’s performance.4

       4
         Shell contends the trial court abused its discretion in not granting his PCR petition, thereby violating his
       right to due process and equal protection of the laws. He makes no cogent argument, and so his claim is
       waived. Wingate v. State, 900 N.E.2d 468, 475 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (citation omitted); see also Ind. Appellate

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 52A02-1504-PC-261 | December 9, 2015           Page 12 of 14
             II. Ineffective Assistance of Appellate Counsel
[26]   Shell argues next that he received ineffective assistance of appellate counsel.

       The standard of review for a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel

       is the same as for trial counsel: the defendant must show that appellate counsel

       was deficient in his performance and that this deficiency resulted in prejudice.

       Ben-Yisrayl, 729 N.E.2d at 106. The two elements—deficient performance and

       prejudice—are separate and independent inquiries. The failure to satisfy either

       component will cause an ineffective assistance of counsel claim to fail. Taylor v.

       State, 840 N.E.2d 324, 331 (Ind. 2006). In addition, we note that ineffective

       assistance of appellate counsel claims generally fall into three categories: (1)

       denying access to the appeal; (2) waiver of issues; and (3) failure to present

       issues well. Carew v. State, 817 N.E.2d 281, 286 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans.

       denied. We employ a two-part test to evaluate waiver of issue claims: (1)

       whether the unraised issue is significant and obvious from the face of the record

       and (2) whether the unraised issue is “clearly stronger” than the raised issues.

       Little v. State, 819 N.E.2d 496, 506 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied.

       Ineffectiveness is rarely found when the issue is the failure to raise a claim on

       direct appeal because the decision of what issue or issues to raise on appeal is

       Rule 46(A)(8) (requiring that contentions in appellant’s briefs be supported by cogent reasoning and citations
       to authorities, statutes, and the appendix or parts of the record on appeal). Waiver notwithstanding, the
       issues he appears to be raising are derivative of his ineffective assistance of counsel claim and have no merit.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 52A02-1504-PC-261 | December 9, 2015             Page 13 of 14
       one of the most important strategic decisions made by appellate counsel.

       Carew, 817 N.E.2d at 286.

[27]   Shell contends that his appellate counsel was ineffective because he failed to

       argue that the initial Terry stop of the truck and the search and seizure of the

       pitcher left by the side of the road were unconstitutional, particularly because

       appellate counsel only used half of the available word limit on the appellate

       brief; essentially, Shell contends that there was space for one more issue.

       Appellant’s Br. p. 21.

[28]   This is derivative of Shell’s claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel for

       failure to suppress evidence. Again, the stop and search of the truck, and the

       seizure of the pitcher were proper; therefore, Shell cannot now show that the

       unraised issues were “clearly stronger” than the issues raised by appellate

       counsel. Accordingly, Shell has not demonstrated that he was denied the

       effective assistance of appellate counsel.

[29]   We find that Shell has failed to establish that the evidence as a whole leads

       unerringly and unmistakably to a decision opposite that reached by the PCR

       court on any of the issues raised.

[30]   Affirmed.

       Robb, J., and Pyle, J., concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 52A02-1504-PC-261 | December 9, 2015   Page 14 of 14