Court Opinion

ID: 4843791
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-23 14:58:44.003072+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:11:38.666193
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Bortree, 2021-Ohio-2873.]

                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                           THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                LOGAN COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,

        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,                                CASE NO. 8-20-67

        v.

RALPH E. BORTREE,                                          OPINION

        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

                  Appeal from Logan County Common Pleas Court
                           Trial Court No. CR 19 08 0261

                                       Judgment Affirmed

                             Date of Decision: August 23, 2021

APPEARANCES:

        James P. Tyack and Holly B. Cline for Appellant

        Eric C. Stewart for Appellee
Case No. 8-20-67

SHAW, J.

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant, Ralph E. Bortree (“Bortree”), brings this appeal

from the December 21, 2020, judgment of the Logan County Common Pleas Court

sentencing him to 11 years in prison after Bortree was convicted by a jury of

attempted aggravated murder in violation of R.C. 2923.02(A) and R.C. 2903.01(B),

a first degree felony. On appeal, Bortree assigns error to several pretrial rulings by

the trial court in addition to arguing that there was insufficient evidence presented

to support his conviction, and that his conviction was against the manifest weight of

the evidence.

                                     Background

       {¶2} On July 30, 1993, Anita C. left the Quincy home where she lived with

her parents around 10 p.m. to run errands before her third-shift job at a plastic

injection molding company. She had started at the company the year prior after

graduating from high school. Once Anita was on her way to work, an individual in

a truck drove around her, stopped in front of her and blocked her path, forcing her

to stop her vehicle. A man Anita did not know got out of the truck and pointed a

revolver at her, telling her to pull her car over or he would put a “hole” in her. Anita

complied and pulled her car off the road. The man then took Anita’s keys and threw

them in the grass. Afterward the man told Anita to get in his truck and stay down

on the floorboards. According to Anita the truck was a red Ford Lariat XLT with a

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Case No. 8-20-67

license plate beginning with the letters “NM.” She also indicated the truck was a

manual transmission.

           {¶3} The man drove around for a while with Anita on the floorboards and he

stopped in a wooded area Anita did not recognize. At that time the man got out and

came to the passenger side of the vehicle and told Anita to take her clothes off.

Anita complied. The man then started “touching” Anita, and he put his mouth on

her breasts and her “private areas.” Next, the man got into the truck and told Anita

to perform oral sex on him. Anita did so, and the man ejaculated in her mouth.

Anita opened the door and spit it out and wiped her mouth on her shirt.

           {¶4} Anita was then allowed to put her clothes back on. The man drove

around rural areas for some time until he stated he had to urinate. He stopped near

another wooded area and came around to the passenger side of the truck and had

Anita get out. Anita indicated that the man came up behind her and that he then cut

her throat with a knife and shoved her over into the ditch.1

           {¶5} Anita played dead until the man left. After the man was gone, Anita

got up and started looking for help until she saw the man’s truck coming back up

the road. She hid until he passed. Afterward she went toward the first houses she

could find, unfortunately getting caught in barbed wire at one point. Finally she

made it to a house and a woman answered the door. The woman aided Anita and

1
    Anita saw the man wearing a sheath for a hunting-style knife but she never saw the knife itself.

                                                       -3-
Case No. 8-20-67

911 was called. The woman stated that the cut on Anita’s throat was the biggest cut

she had ever seen.

       {¶6} Anita was then taken to the hospital where her wounds were treated.

An emergency room doctor indicated that Anita’s neck was cut with an extremely

sharp blade and her carotid artery was just narrowly missed by the cut. In fact, the

doctor stated he could actually see the carotid artery in its “sheath.” Multiple layers,

including muscle, had to be stitched and closed, leaving Anita with a life-long scar

on her neck. The cut was approximately three inches long and a half-inch deep.

The doctor indicated that if Anita’s carotid artery had been cut, she would have bled-

out quickly.

       {¶7} While Anita was at the hospital, a rape kit was performed. Anita’s

clothes were collected and oral swabs were taken. No vaginal swabs were collected.

Anita also spoke with police, giving them a description of the man as roughly 5’7”

or 5’8” tall. She said the man was in his late twenties or early thirties, kind of stocky

with short brown hair that was a little longer in the back. She described the man as

having a moustache, wearing shorts, a t-shirt, and a baseball hat. Anita worked with

a sketch artist to produce a sketch of the man. She also provided what she recalled

about the man’s truck, including the first two letters of the license plate.

       {¶8} The matter was investigated by law enforcement. Voluminous records

were collected, which included all vehicles in the state and local areas that had

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Case No. 8-20-67

license plates beginning with the letters “NM.” This totaled approximately 800

pages of vehicles with numerous listings on each page. Law enforcement also

investigated possible ex-boyfriends and people at Anita’s workplace, among others.

DNA testing was in its infancy at the time, so there was blood-type testing done

from the clothes and swabs that were collected. Comparisons were made to one

potential suspect but he was excluded based on his blood type.

          {¶9} Years passed with law enforcement unable to secure a viable suspect

and there was no new information on the case. In 2004 DNA was again sent out for

testing but the testing was unsuccessful.

          {¶10} In 2014, a Logan County Sheriff’s Deputy began looking into cold

cases and he contacted BCI to see if advancements in DNA could now extract a

profile of the individual who had assaulted Anita. This had not been possible in the

past based on the small amount of DNA present. While nothing could be done in

2014, in 2015 technology had advanced to a point where BCI could extract a profile

of the individual from the semen/saliva mixture left on Anita’s shirt where she

wiped her mouth after the encounter. Once this was done, the assailant’s DNA

profile was loaded into the CODIS database.2 While there was not a match to a

known individual, the DNA profile was a match to another as-yet unidentified

assailant from a 1992 rape in Sidney, Ohio.

2
    CODIS stands for “Combined DNA Index System.”

                                               -5-
Case No. 8-20-67

         {¶11} The 1992 case involved a similarly-aged girl named Sheila who was

walking home from work one night in Sidney when a stranger drove by and stopped,

pointed a gun at her, and told her to get in the trunk of the car he was driving. The

man drove Sheila around for quite some time until he let her out of the trunk in a

rural area near some railroad tracks. The man told Sheila to take off her clothes,

then had her perform oral sex on him. While attempting to leave the scene with

Sheila, the man’s car got stuck near the railroad tracks and he spent a significant

amount of time trying to get it out. The vehicle was seen by railroad employees

who passed on a train. Eventually the man got the car out and he drove back toward

Sidney with Sheila in the car. He let her out of the car, told her not to look at him,

then drove off.

         {¶12} Since the assailant in both cases was unknown in 2015, and since

BCI/law enforcement had no suspects to test the newly extracted DNA profile

against, law enforcement again hit a roadblock. However, as technology advanced

and changed, law enforcement became aware of “forensic genetic genealogy,”

whereby it was possible to identify investigatory leads through family genes that

had been publicly uploaded to genealogy websites.3 BCI could do something

similar to forensic genetic genealogy using the CODIS database on a much smaller

scale, but BCI was only doing this for a few cases per year due to its time-consuming

3
  The DNA testing in this case and forensic genetic genealogy will be discussed in more detail, infra, in the
sixth assignment of error.

                                                    -6-
Case No. 8-20-67

and cumbersome nature. In order to expedite the process, BCI suggested that law

enforcement use a private forensic genetic genealogy company to see if any

investigatory leads could be developed in this matter.

       {¶13} Law enforcement enlisted the aid of AdvanceDNA to conduct a

forensic genetic genealogy search. Once AdvanceDNA conducted its work, the

company provided possible genetic leads to the case that included four brothers in

the Bortree family: Ralph Bortree, Jeff Bortree, Walter Bortree, and Stoney York.

Jeff Bortree was already incarcerated for a heinous rape crime, so his DNA was in

the CODIS database. Jeff Bortree was not a match for Anita or Sheila’s assailant.

Law enforcement then looked at the remaining brothers and decided to first focus

on Ralph because he more closely fit the physical description provided by Anita and

his records indicated that he owned a truck matching Anita’s description around the

time of the incident with a license plate reading “NM4FA.” Further, at one point

Bortree lived in Quincy within 500 feet of Anita.

       {¶14} Law enforcement officers conducted surveillance on Bortree,

particularly at his place of employment. Bortree was observed smoking cigarettes

on break, so law enforcement officers put a foil “trap” in the receptacle where

Bortree disposed of his cigarettes. The trap was eventually collected, containing

four cigarettes. The cigarettes were tested for DNA and three of the cigarettes, the

ones that were all “lights” with a white end, were consistent with the semen DNA

                                        -7-
Case No. 8-20-67

in Anita’s case at a rate rarer than 1 in 1 trillion.4 The other cigarette, with a different

style filter, was from an unrelated individual.

         {¶15} Law enforcement officers then collected all the information it had

acquired, including the fact that Bortree and his wife had owned vehicles matching

the description of those in Anita’s case and Sheila’s case around the time of their

incidents, and law enforcement officers acquired a search warrant for Bortree’s

residence and his personal DNA. Photographs of Bortree and his vehicles from

around the time in question were collected during the search. Bortree’s DNA was

again taken and it was again found to be consistent, to a reasonable degree of

scientific certainty, with the DNA taken from Anita’s clothing.5 Photographs of

Bortree himself from the time period near to when Anita’s rape occurred were seized

during the search of his residence and they were similar to the sketch that had been

drawn with Anita’s assistance. Further, during the search, Bortree admitted to law

enforcement that he owned a truck fitting the description given by Anita, but he

denied knowing Anita and he denied any rape taking place.

         {¶16} On August 20, 2019, Bortree was indicted in Logan County for the

attempted aggravated murder of Anita in violation of R.C. 2923.02(A) and R.C.

2903.01(B), a first degree felony. The rape and kidnapping incidents were not

4
  Both Anita and Sheila testified that after their rape incidents their rapist gave them a cigarette, specifically
a light cigarette.
5
  It was similarly determined to a reasonable degree of scientific certainty that Bortree provided the DNA
that was on Sheila’s blouse.

                                                      -8-
Case No. 8-20-67

charged because the statute of limitations had passed.6 Bortree pled not guilty to

the charge.

         {¶17} On August 28, 2019, Bortree filed a “Motion to Dismiss Count 1

Pursuant to the Applicable Statute of Limitations Contained in R.C. 2901.13”,

arguing that the applicable statute of limitations had expired prior to the prosecution

filing its indictment commencing this case. Specifically, Bortree argued that the

prosecution was required to bring an action alleging the offense of attempted

aggravated murder within six years after the commission of the offense, applying

the statute generally governing felony offenses because R.C. 2901.13, the statute

governing the limitations of criminal prosecutions, does not explicitly state a period

for the prosecution of attempted aggravated murder. Bortree claimed that in this

instance the prosecution “waited” 26 years to file the indictment, well beyond the

general statute of limitations set forth for felony offenses. The state responded by

arguing that R.C. 2901.13 should be interpreted to treat the offense of attempted

aggravated murder the same as the offense of aggravated murder, which explicitly

has no statute of limitations.

         {¶18} On September 12, 2019, the trial court issued an opinion discussing

the 1999 legislative amendments to R.C. 2901.13 modifying the statutory language

6
  Similarly, the rape of Sheila was not charged in Shelby County because the statute of limitations had passed,
falling just outside the timeframe of the newly enacted R.C. 2901.13(D), which extended the statute of
limitations for rape even beyond 25 years in some cases that have DNA.

                                                     -9-
Case No. 8-20-67

of the statute of limitations. Previously the statute used the terms “aggravated

murder and murder” when excluding those offenses from the general six-year statute

of limitations for felonies. Beginning in 1999, the statute removed the words

“aggravated murder and murder” and replaced them with the specific statute

numbers, specifying that the prosecution for a violation of R.C. 2903.01 (aggravated

murder) and R.C. 2903.02 (murder) had no applicable period of limitation. The trial

court concluded that by amending the statute to reference the statutory numbers

rather than the names of the offenses, “the legislative intent was to include attempts

to commit the offenses of attempted aggravated murder within the provisions of

Section 2901.13 of the Revised Code.” (Doc. No. 31). Therefore, the trial court

found that the prosecution of the indicted attempted aggravated murder offense was

not time-barred and that the case could proceed. The trial court subsequently issued

a judgment entry overruling Bortree’s motion to dismiss on statute of limitations

grounds.

       {¶19} On December 5, 2019, the State filed a bill of particulars indicating

that it intended to use evidence at trial in Anita’s case from three other unsolved

cases involving allegations of rape and attempted rape/kidnapping/abduction. The

state felt that the cases could all be attributed to Bortree. Among those other cases

was Sheila’s rape in Shelby county.

                                        -10-
Case No. 8-20-67

       {¶20} On December 20, 2019, Bortree filed numerous motions seeking to

exclude and/or suppress certain evidence from the prosecution’s use at trial. These

motions included: a Motion to Suppress/in Limine (other acts evidence), a Motion

in Limine to Exclude the State’s Expert Genetic Genealogy and/or DNA Witness

and Evidence, a Motion to Suppress/in Limine (DNA evidence), and a Motion to

Suppress/in Limine (evidence from invalid search warrants). Bortree also filed a

Motion to Dismiss Due to the State’s Prejudicial Preindictment Delay, arguing that

material, exculpatory evidence had been compromised or was unavailable as a result

of the State’s 26-year delay in prosecuting this case. The state filed responses to

each of these motions, arguing that exclusion and suppression were not warranted.

Bortree filed replies in support of his motions.

       {¶21} On June 23-25, 2020, the trial court conducted a hearing on Bortree’s

numerous pending motions. Both parties submitted closing written arguments.

       {¶22} On August 10, 2020, and September 30, 2020, the trial court issued an

Opinion and Findings and Additional Findings of Facts and Conclusions of Law,

overruling all of Bortree’s motions to suppress evidence relating to the DNA

evidence, the search warrants, and the testimony and reports of State’s DNA expert.

The trial court also overruled Bortree’s motion to dismiss finding insufficient

evidence of prejudicial pre-indictment delay. With regard to the evidence of other

acts, the trial court found evidence regarding the rape of Sheila to be admissible

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Case No. 8-20-67

under Evid.R. 404(B), but also found that evidence regarding the two other incidents

the state wanted to introduce at trial did not meet the 404(B) standard as it was

unclear that Bortree had even been involved in those cases at all. Accordingly, the

trial court granted Bortree’s motion in limine pertaining to those other cases, but

denied his motion in limine as it related to the rape case involving Sheila.

       {¶23} The matter proceeded to a jury trial from November 2, 2020, to

November 5, 2020. At trial, the state presented the testimony of, inter alia, the

victim, Anita, numerous members of law enforcement, Anita’s treating ER

physician from 1993, multiple DNA analysts, and a member of AdvanceDNA

explaining how the forensic genetic genealogy created new leads in this case.

Bortree challenged the state’s evidence but did not call any witnesses on his own

behalf. Ultimately the jury found Bortree guilty of attempted aggravated murder.

       {¶24} On December 18, 2020, Bortree was sentenced to a maximum 11-year

prison term. A judgment entry memorializing his conviction and sentence was filed

December 21, 2020. It is from this judgment that Bortree appeals, asserting the

following assignments of error for our review.

                            Assignment of Error No. 1
       The trial court erred by failing to dismiss this case, as it was
       initiated after the applicable statute of limitations had expired.

                           Assignment of Error No. 2
       The trial court erred by failing to dismiss this case due to the
       State’s prejudicial and unjustifiable preindictment delay.

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Case No. 8-20-67

                           Assignment of Error No. 3
       The trial court erred by failing to exclude other-acts evidence
       related to the unindicted 1992 Sheila L[.] incident in Sidney.

                           Assignment of Error No. 4
       The trial court erred by failing to exclude DNA evidence obtained
       without a warrant from Bortree’s cigarette butts.

                           Assignment of Error No. 5
       The trial court erred by failing to exclude evidence obtained from
       the execution of two invalid search warrants.

                          Assignment of Error No. 6
       The trial court erred by failing to exclude the testimony from
       Amanda Reno and evidence obtained from AdvanceDNA’s
       improper, unsubstantiated, and unverifiable claims regarding its
       genetic genealogy research in this case.

                           Assignment of Error No. 7
       The cumulative effect of errors violated Bortree’s federal and
       state constitutional due process rights to a fair trial.

                       Assignment of Error No. 8
       The evidence at trial was insufficient to support Bortree’s
       conviction.

                           Assignment of Error No. 9
       The jury erred in finding Bortree guilty of attempted aggravated
       murder, as the verdict was against the manifest weight of the
       evidence.

                             First Assignment of Error

       {¶25} In his first assignment of error, Bortree argues that this case was

initiated after the applicable statute of limitations had passed. More specifically, he

contends that the statute of limitations for a felony offense not expressly listed in

R.C. 2901.13 is six years. He argues that while the statutory subsection for

                                         -13-
Case No. 8-20-67

aggravated murder is expressly listed in the statute and aggravated murder has no

statute of limitations, attempted aggravated murder is not expressly listed in the

statute and therefore the statute of limitations for the crime must be six years.

                                 Standard of Review

       {¶26} The interpretation of a statute, such as Ohio’s statute of limitations

codified in R.C. 2901.13, is a question of law. See State v. Brown, 161 Ohio St.3d

276, 2020-Ohio-4623, ¶ 7, citing State v. Straley, 139 Ohio St.3d 339, 2014-Ohio-

2139, ¶ 9. We review questions of law de novo. Id., citing Id.

                                      Analysis

       {¶27} The offense in this case was committed July 30-31, 1993. At the time

the offense was committed, the statute of limitations, as codified in R.C. 2901.13,

read as follows.

       (A) Except as otherwise provided in this section, a prosecution
       shall be barred unless it is commenced within the following
       periods after an offense is committed:

       (1) For a felony other than aggravated murder or murder, six
       years[.]

       {¶28} Revised Code 2901.13 was amended effective March 9, 1999, less

than six years after the crime in this case occurred. The 1999 amendments extended

the statute of limitations for many crimes and it applied retroactively to offenses

committed prior to the amendments, provided that the statute of limitations had not

                                         -14-
Case No. 8-20-67

expired by the time the statute went into effect. State v. Rogers, 12th Dist. Butler

No. 2006-03-055, 2007-Ohio-1890, ¶ 8.

         {¶29} After the 1999 amendments to R.C. 2901.13 went into effect, the

statute read, in pertinent part, as follows.

         (A)(1) Except as provided in division (A)(2) or (3) of this section
         or as otherwise provided in this section, a prosecution shall be
         barred unless it is commenced within the following periods after
         an offense is committed:

         (a) For a felony, six years;

         ***

         (2) There is no period of limitation for the prosecution of a
         violation of section 2903.01 or 2903.02 of the Revised Code.

         (3) Except as otherwise provided in divisions (B) to (H) of this
         section, a prosecution of any of the following offenses shall be
         barred unless it is commenced within twenty years after the
         offense is committed:

         (a) A violation of section 2903.03, 2903.04, 2905.01, 2907.02,
         2907.03, 2907.04, 2907.05, 2907.21, 2909.02, 2911.01, 2911.02,
         2911.11, 2911.12, or 2917.02 of the Revised Code, a violation of
         section 2903.11 or 2903.12 of the Revised Code if the victim is a
         peace officer, a violation of section 2903.13 of the Revised Code
         that is a felony, or a violation of former section 2907.12 of the
         Revised Code;

         (b) A conspiracy to commit, attempt to commit, or complicity in
         committing a violation set forth in division (A)(3)(a) of this
         section.7

7
 Subsequent to the 1999 amendments, Revised Code 2903.13 has been further amended, but not in a manner
directly relevant to this case. For example, prosecutions involving sexual battery, rape, or an attempt of those
crimes has been extended to twenty-five years—or perhaps longer with DNA evidence. R.C.
2901.13(A)(4)/(D)/(L). The statute now reads, in pertinent part, as follows:

                                                     -15-
Case No. 8-20-67

       {¶30} When comparing the statutes, it is evident that the legislature changed

R.C. 2903.13 in 1999, removing the phrase indicating that the statute of limitations

was six years “[f]or a felony other than aggravated murder or murder” and the

language was replaced with language that specifically states “[t]here is no period of

limitations for the prosecution of a violation of section 2903.01[.]” (Emphasis

added.) The trial court found that “[b]y changing the language and focus of the

       (A)(1) Except as provided in division (A)(2), (3), or (4) of this section or as otherwise
       provided in this section, a prosecution shall be barred unless it is commenced within
       the following periods after an offense is committed:

       (a) For a felony, six years;

       ***

       (2) There is no period of limitation for the prosecution of a violation of section
       2903.01 or 2903.02 of the Revised Code.

       (3) Except as otherwise provided in divisions (B) to (J) of this section, a prosecution
       of any of the following offenses shall be barred unless it is commenced within twenty
       years after the offense is committed:

       (a) A violation of section 2903.03, 2903.04, 2905.01, 2905.32, 2907.04, 2907.05,
       2907.21, 2909.02, 2909.22, 2909.23, 2909.24, 2909.26, 2909.27, 2909.28, 2909.29,
       2911.01, 2911.02, 2911.11, 2911.12, or 2917. 02 of the Revised Code, a violation of
       section 2903.11 or 2903.12 of the Revised Code if the victim is a peace officer, a
       violation of section 2903.13 of the Revised Code that is a felony, or a violation of
       former section 2907.12 of the Revised Code;

       (b) A conspiracy to commit, attempt to commit, or complicity in committing a
       violation set forth in division (A)(3)(a) of this section.

       (4) Except as otherwise provided in divisions (D) to (L) of this section, a prosecution
       of a violation of section 2907.02 or 2907.03 of the Revised Code or a conspiracy to
       commit, attempt to commit, or complicity in committing a violation of either section
       shall be barred unless it is commenced within twenty-five years after the offense is
       committed.

                                                -16-
Case No. 8-20-67

statute, it is clear that the legislature intended a different result from that which

would occur under the previous statute.” (Doc. No. 31). The trial court determined

that by changing the statute of limitations to the statutory number rather than the

restrictive words “aggravated murder,” the legislature intended to exclude attempted

aggravated murder offenses from being time-barred under the statute.

       {¶31} We agree with the trial court. Revised Code 2901.13, both at the time

of the 1999 amendments and currently, explicitly states there is no period of

limitation for the prosecution of a violation of R.C. 2903.01.            This case

straightforwardly involves the prosecution of a violation of R.C. 2903.01 through

an attempt. Aggravated murder, as charged in this case through an attempt, reads,

       No person shall purposely cause the death of another * * * while
       committing or attempting to commit, or while fleeing immediately
       after committing or attempting to commit, kidnapping, [or] rape
       * * *[.]

R.C. 2903.01(B). The attempt statute reads,

       No person, purposely or knowingly, and when purpose or
       knowledge is sufficient culpability for the commission of an
       offense, shall engage in conduct that, if successful, would
       constitute or result in the offense.

In other words, this case involves a prosecution for engaging in conduct that, if

successful, would constitute or result in the purposeful causing of death of another

while committing, of fleeing immediately after, a kidnapping or a rape; i.e. a

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Case No. 8-20-67

violation of R.C. 2903.01. Accordingly this is a prosecution involving a violation of

R.C. 2903.01, and there is no statute of limitations.

        {¶32} Moreover, we would note that while Bortree encourages us to find that

it was legislative oversight in failing to add “attempt” of aggravated murder into the

amended version of R.C. 2901.13 in 1999—and still currently a legislative oversight

since this language has not been changed—rendering the statute of limitations six

years for attempted aggravated murder, Bortree’s argument would lead to an absurd

result. Under the amended statute of limitations in 1999, an attempt to commit

crimes like kidnapping, robbery, aggravated robbery, felonious assault, etc. is

extended from six years to twenty years. In 2016 the limitations period for rape and

sexual battery, or an attempt thereof, was extended to twenty-five years. State v.

Jones, 148 Ohio St.3d 167, 2016-Ohio-5105 at fn. 2. It would be utterly illogical

that an attempt to commit the most serious crime in the Ohio Revised Code would

have a significantly shorter statute of limitations than an attempt to commit other

first (and some second and lower) degree felonies. For these reasons, Bortree’s first

assignment of error is overruled.

                             Second Assignment of Error

        {¶33} In his second assignment of error, Bortree argues that the trial court

erred by failing to dismiss this case due to prejudicial and unjustifiable

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preindictment delay. More specifically, he argues that his indictment 26 years after

the crime was committed caused numerous pieces of evidence to be lost or stale.

                                 Standard of Review

       {¶34} “In reviewing a trial court’s decision on a motion to dismiss for

preindictment delay, this court applies a de novo standard of review to the legal

issues, but we afford great deference to the findings of fact made by the trial judge.”

State v. Robinson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107950, 2019-Ohio-4458, ¶ 25, appeal

not allowed, 2020-Ohio-1634.

                                       Analysis

       {¶35} In general, the primary safeguard against pre-indictment delay is the

applicable statute of limitations. State v. Carter, 5th Dist. Richland No. 07-CA-4,

2007-Ohio-5259, ¶ 16. However, the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment

also provides limited protection against preindictment delay. State v. Adams, 144

Ohio St.3d 429, 2015-Ohio-3954, ¶ 97, citing United States v. Lovasco, 431 U.S.

783, 789-90, 97 S.Ct. 2044 (1977). The Supreme Court of Ohio has recognized a

“comparable due-process protection under Article I, Section 16 of the Ohio

Constitution.” Adams at ¶ 97, citing State v. Luck, 15 Ohio St.3d 150 (1984) at

paragraph two of the syllabus.

       {¶36} A defendant alleging a due-process violation based on preindictment

delay must present evidence establishing substantial prejudice to his right to a fair

                                         -19-
Case No. 8-20-67

trial. Adams at ¶ 98, citing United States v. Rogers, 118 F.3d 466, 475 (6th

Cir.1997).     Importantly, unlike a Sixth Amendment speedy-trial claim, “no

presumption of prejudice arises in the due-process context when a preindictment

delay exceeds a particular length of time.” (Emphasis added.) Adams at ¶ 98, citing

United States v. Schaffer, 589 F.3d 414, 425 (6th Cir. 2009). Nevertheless, a delay

in commencing a prosecution is not justified when the state uses the delay to gain a

tactical advantage or, through negligence or error, the state ceases its investigation

and then later, without new evidence, decides to prosecute. Id.

          {¶37} The Supreme Court of Ohio has held that if the defendant makes a

preliminary showing of substantial prejudice, then the burden shifts to the state to

present evidence of a justifiable reason for the delay. Adams at ¶ 99, citing State v.

Whiting, 84 Ohio St.3d 215, 217 (1998). However, some courts, including the Sixth

Circuit Court of Appeals, have held that under the Fifth Amendment, the defendant

retains the burden of proof at all times and must affirmatively demonstrate both

substantial prejudice to his right to a fair trial and that the delay was an intentional

device by the government to gain a tactical advantage. Adams at ¶ 99 citing Schaffer

at 424.

          {¶38} The Supreme Court of Ohio has held that “The burden upon a

defendant seeking to prove that preindictment delay violated due process is “ ‘nearly

insurmountable,’ ” especially because proof of prejudice is almost always

                                         -20-
Case No. 8-20-67

speculative. Adams at ¶ 100, quoting United States v. Montgomery, 491 Fed. Appx.

683, 691 (6th Cir.2012).

       {¶39} In this case, Bortree argues that the 26-year delay between the incident

in question and his indictment violated his Due Process rights, if not the statute of

limitations, which we resolved in the previous assignment of error. In support,

Bortree argues that photos of the victim’s injuries had been lost; that various

witnesses had faded memories; that the 911 recording, if a recording ever existed,

had been lost; that if Anita’s car could be located there was no way to pull

fingerprints if they were ever present; that the vehicles used to abduct Anita and

Sheila were no longer available; and that railroad employees who saw a vehicle by

the tracks in Sheila’s incident had since died.

       {¶40} The trial court analyzed the arguments and claims made by Bortree

and found that while some evidence had been lost in this matter since 1993 such as

the pictures of Anita’s injury, Bortree “has not demonstrated how the lost evidence

would assist him in his defense, leaving us to speculate as to its effect. Much of it

is hearsay and while it may be admissible in a [suppression] hearing of this nature,

presentation to a jury is another matter.” (Doc. No. 130).

       {¶41} Giving deference to the trial court’s factual findings, while reviewing

the legal conclusions de novo, we agree with the trial court. Photographs of Anita’s

gruesome injury could have hurt Bortree’s case as much as helped it. Further, there

                                         -21-
Case No. 8-20-67

is no indication that any of the other evidence Bortree claims had been lost to time

was exculpatory; rather we would have to baldly speculate that the evidence existed

at all in some instances, that it would have been important, exculpatory, relevant,

and admissible. Mere speculation, the possibility of faded memories, inaccessible

witnesses, and lost evidence is insufficient to demonstrate actual prejudice. State v.

Jones, 148 Ohio St.3d 167, 2016-Ohio-5105, ¶ 21.

        {¶42} Moreover, even if Bortree was able to establish some prejudice that

was not speculative, there is absolutely no indication that any delay by the state in

this matter was done to gain a tactical advantage. Rather, the state promptly brought

the charges once technology had advanced to a point that the assailant in this matter

could be identified. See State v. Danzy, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109433, 2021-

Ohio-1483, ¶ 26. Based on the evidence the state presented, the trial court found

that there was nothing in the record to suggest that the delay was designed or

intended to mislead or gain any technical or tactical advantage, and we agree.8 For

all of these reasons, Bortree’s second assignment of error is overruled.

8
  Bortree’s primary claim was that the case simply was not worked on from 1993 to 2014 and that it was
technically possible to find that he owned a red Ford XLT F150 Lariat with a license plate beginning with
NM in the voluminous vehicle records. The trial court found this argument factually unavailing and we find
no error with that conclusion. The DNA was tested again in 2004, albeit unsuccessfully.

                                                  -22-
Case No. 8-20-67

                             Third Assignment of Error

       {¶43} In his third assignment of error, Bortree argues that the trial court erred

by failing to exclude other-acts evidence related to the unindicted 1992 Sheila L.

kidnapping and rape incident in or around Sidney, Ohio.

                                   Legal Standard

       {¶44} “Evid.R. 404(B) categorically prohibits evidence of a defendant’s

other acts when its only value is to show that the defendant has the character or

propensity to commit a crime.” State v. Smith, 162 Ohio St.3d 353, 2020-Ohio-

4441, ¶ 36, citing Evid.R. 404(B). In other words, “ ‘evidence which tends to show

that the accused has committed other crimes or acts independent of the crime for

which he stands trial is not admissible to prove a defendant’s character or that the

defendant acted in conformity therewith.’ ” State v. Wendel, 3d Dist. Union No. 14-

16-08, 2016-Ohio-7915, quoting State v. Hawthorne, 7th Dist. Columbiana No. 04

CO 56, 2005-Ohio-6779, ¶ 24. See Evid.R. 404(A). However, under Evid.R.

404(B), “the admission of ‘other acts’ extrinsic to the charged offense * * *” is

permissible in certain circumstances. State v. Lester, 3d Dist. Union Nos. 14-18-

21, 14-18-22, 2020-Ohio-2988, ¶ 43. See also R.C. 2945.59.

       {¶45} In determining whether other acts evidence is admissible, the Supreme

Court of Ohio has set forth a three-step analysis. State v. Williams, 134 Ohio St.3d

521, 2012-Ohio-5695, ¶ 19-24.

                                         -23-
Case No. 8-20-67

       ‘The first step is to consider whether the other acts evidence is
       relevant to making any fact that is of consequence to the
       determination of the action more or less probable than it would
       be without the evidence.’ [Williams at] ¶ 20, citing Evid.R. 401.
       See also [State v.] Hartman[, 161 Ohio St.3d 214, 2020-Ohio-4440,
       161 N.E.3d 651,] ¶ 24, 28.

State v. Williams, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-19-70, 2021-Ohio-256, ¶ 16. “The threshold

question is whether the evidence is relevant.” Smith at ¶ 37. “The rule governing

the admissibility of other-acts evidence does not bypass the relevancy

determination.” Hartman at ¶ 25. But

       the problem with other-acts evidence is rarely that it is irrelevant;
       often, it is too relevant. Hartman at ¶ 25; see 1A Wigmore,
       Evidence, Section 58.2, at 1212 (Tillers Rev. 1983). In the Evid.R.
       404(B) context, the relevance examination asks whether the
       proffered evidence is relevant to the particular purpose for which
       it is offered, as well as whether it is relevant to an issue that is
       actually in dispute. Hartman at ¶ 26-27.

Smith at ¶ 37. For this reason, “the inquiry is not whether the other-acts evidence is

relevant to the ultimate determination of guilt. Rather, the court must evaluate

whether the evidence is relevant to the particular purpose for which it is offered.”

(Emphasis sic.) Hartman, supra, at ¶ 26; Smith, supra, at ¶ 37.

       ‘The next step is to consider whether evidence of the other crimes,
       wrongs, or acts is presented to prove the character of the accused
       in order to show activity in conformity therewith or whether the
       other acts evidence is presented for a legitimate purpose, such as
       those stated in Evid.R. 404(B).’

Williams, 2021-Ohio-256, ¶ 16 (3d Dist.), quoting Williams, 2012-Ohio-5695, ¶

19-20. Evidence Rule 404(B) states that other acts evidence may be admissible to

                                        -24-
Case No. 8-20-67

establish “proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,

identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” Evid.R. 404(B). “The key is that the

[other acts] evidence must prove something other than the defendant’s disposition

to commit certain acts.” Smith, supra, at ¶ 36, quoting Hartman, supra, at ¶ 22.

       {¶46} These first two steps of the Supreme Court of Ohio’s analysis present

questions of law and are subject to a de novo standard of review on appeal. State v.

McDaniel, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-190476, 2021-Ohio-724, ¶ 17; Hartman at ¶

22, citing Leonard, The New Wigmore: Evidence of Other Misconduct and Similar

Events, Section 4.10 (2d Ed.2019) (“[d]etermining whether the evidence is offered

for an impermissible purpose does not involve the exercise of discretion * * *, an

appellate court should scrutinize the [trial court’s] finding under a de novo standard”

of review).

       {¶47} Importantly, “[t]he analysis does not end once a proponent has

established a permissible nonpropensity purpose for the admission of other-acts

evidence.” Hartman at ¶ 29.

       ‘The third step is to consider whether the probative value of the
       other acts evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of
       unfair prejudice.’ Williams[, 2012-Ohio-5695,] ¶ 20, citing Evid.R.
       403. See also Hartman at ¶ 29.

Williams, 2021-Ohio-256, at ¶ 16 (3d Dist.). “As the importance of the factual

dispute for which the evidence is offered to the resolution of the case increases, the

                                         -25-
Case No. 8-20-67

probative value of the evidence also increases and the risk of unfair prejudice

decreases.” (Emphasis sic.) Hartman, supra, at ¶ 31.

       {¶48} This third step “constitutes a judgment call which we review for abuse

of discretion.” McDaniel at ¶ 17; see also Hartman, supra, at ¶ 30 (holding that

“[b]alancing the risks and benefits of the evidence necessarily involves an exercise

of judgment; thus, the trial court’s determination should be reviewed for an abuse

of discretion”).

       An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment. State
       v. Sullivan, 2017-Ohio-8937, [102 N.E.3d 86], ¶ 20 (3d Dist.).
       Rather, an abuse of discretion is present where the trial court’s
       decision was arbitrary, unreasonable, or capricious. State v.
       Howton, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-16-35, 2017-Ohio-4349, ¶ 23. When
       the abuse of discretion standard applies, an appellate court is not
       to substitute its judgment for that of the trial court. State v.
       Thompson, 2017-Ohio-792, 85 N.E.3d 1108, ¶ 11 (3d Dist.).

State v. Miller, 3d Dist. Hancock No. 5-20-15, 2020-Ohio-5377, ¶ 11.

                                       Analysis

       {¶49} In this case, the state sought to introduce evidence at trial of three other

victims of rape/kidapping/abduction, or an attempt thereof, separate from Anita, in

order to show “proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,

identity, or absence of mistake or accident” pursuant to Evid.R. 404(B). One of

those sexual assault victims was Sheila L., and the trial court permitted testimony

related to her incident based on the following analysis:

                                          -26-
Case No. 8-20-67

        The Court finds that the incident involving Sheila L[.] meets the
        qualifications required by the Supreme Court [of Ohio]. There is
        sufficient evidence to connect the Defendant to that case to obviate
        any misleading of the jury. Further, there are sufficient
        similarities between the [Sheila L.] incident and the instant case
        to make it relevant to substantial issues in this case. They would
        include the use of a vehicle as the method of abduction, threat of
        violence, use of a revolver as an intimidating factor, requiring the
        victim to put herself in a place where she could not ascertain
        travel location, taking the victim to a remote location, manner of
        arousal and oral as opposed to vaginal sex. The Court further
        finds that such evidence would be more probative than prejudicial
        and will permit it to be presented to the trier of fact.

(Doc. No. 130).

        {¶50} While the trial court permitted testimony related to the Sheila L.

incident in Sidney under Evid.R. 404(B), the trial court granted Bortree’s motion in

limine excluding the testimony of two other potential victims, reasoning as follows:

        As to the incidents involving [two other women], the Court finds
        that these may not be presented to the trier of fact. There is not a
        sufficient indication of identification of Defendant to permit a
        connection without speculation. The State appears to suggest that
        there are sufficient similarities to the other two incidents to
        warrant their consideration. Standing alone, the two incidents
        without identification could not be considered by the jury. The
        purpose of such evidence is to allow a connection from the other
        acts to the instant case and not the other way [a]round. The State
        asks the Court to permit the jury to infer culpability in two
        previous incidents where there is no identification by reason of
        incidents wherein there is identification so that those two previous
        incidents may bolster the identification in the instant case. This
        is not a permissible use of such evidence. The Court finds that the
        prejudicial effect of such evidence outweighs any probative value
        it might have.

(Id.)

                                       -27-
Case No. 8-20-67

           {¶51} Based on the trial court’s rulings, evidence was presented at trial

related to the Sheila L. incident but not the other incidents. Bortree argues on appeal

that the evidence regarding the Sheila L. incident was irrelevant to the actual

purpose it was offered, improper, and prejudicial, and that it should have been

excluded under Evid.R. 404(B).

           {¶52} As noted by the trial court in its ruling, the evidence regarding the

Sheila L. incident was relevant, and it could have been used to establish numerous

admissible purposes under Evid. R. 404(B). For example, the evidence related to

Sheila L. is relevant to establishing identity, and to establishing modus operandi,

which means “method of working.” State v. Hartman, 161 Ohio St.3d 214, 2020-

Ohio-4440, ¶ 37. In both Anita’s case and the Sheila L. incident, the women were

abducted at night, in a vehicle, by a man at gunpoint. The women were made to get

into hidden positions in the vehicle, driven to remote areas, then let out to undress.

Once the women were undressed Bortree either fondled them or attempted to do so,9

he had the women perform fellatio on him, he ejaculated in their mouths, allowed

them to get dressed, drove them around for a while, and allowed the victims to

smoke his light cigarettes. The details are similar enough to establish a kind of

“fingerprint” that would satisfy identity or modus operandi under Evid.R. 404(B).

9
    Sheila told Bortree she had an infection, which stopped Bortree from performing oral sex on her.

                                                     -28-
Case No. 8-20-67

        {¶53} Notably, this case presents a very different situation than State v.

Hartman, 161 Ohio St.3d 214, 2020-Ohio-4440, wherein the Supreme Court of

Ohio rejected 404(B) evidence when identity of the alleged perpetrator was not

actually in dispute. Further, Hartman rejected 404(B) evidence under a “modus

operandi” argument when the evidence contained very few similarities, thus lacking

a specific “fingerprint.” This case presents a much more specific behavioral

fingerprint than Hartman, where the only similarity was that the victim was

sleeping. Thus based on the similarities between this case and Sheila’s incident,

there were relevant, permissible purposes for the evidence under Evid.R. 404(B).

        {¶54} Taking all this into account, the trial court then determined that the

404(B) evidence in this case was more probative than prejudicial, a finding that we

do not find to be an abuse of discretion given all that the evidence helps establish in

this matter. And, particularly unlike Hartman, since Bortree’s identity was in

dispute.

        {¶55} Finally, we would emphasize that the trial court was clearly aware of

the danger of the Sheila L. evidence being used improperly by the jury, so the jury

was instructed on multiple occasions throughout the trial that the evidence was not

to be used to show propensity or bad character.10 For all of these reasons we do not

10
  Given the jury instructions and the DNA evidence in this case, it would be hard to fathom how even if the
404(B) was erroneously admitted in this matter, it would be anything other than harmless. See Hartman at ¶
66.

                                                  -29-
Case No. 8-20-67

find that the trial court erred by permitting testimony related to the Sheila L.

incident. Therefore, Bortree’s third assignment of error is overruled.

                             Fourth Assignment of Error

       {¶56} In his fourth assignment of error, Bortree argues that the trial court

erred by failing to exclude DNA evidence obtained without a warrant from Bortree’s

discarded cigarettes.

                                 Standard of Review

       {¶57} Review of a trial court’s decision on a motion to suppress presents a

mixed question of law and fact. State v. Castagnola, 145 Ohio St.3d 1, 2015-Ohio-

1565, ¶ 32, citing State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, ¶ 8. The

trial court acts as the finder of fact in evaluating a motion to suppress; therefore, it

is in the best position to resolve factual questions and evaluate the credibility of

witnesses. Burnside at ¶ 8. An appellate court must accept the trial court’s findings

of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence. Id. “Accepting these

facts as true, the appellate court must then independently determine, without

deference to the conclusion of the trial court, whether the facts satisfy the applicable

legal standard.” Id.; see also State v. Johnson, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 13AP-637,

2014-Ohio-671, ¶ 6 (“We apply a de novo standard in determining whether the trial

court properly denied appellant’s motion to suppress.”).

                                         -30-
Case No. 8-20-67

                                      Analysis

       {¶58} In this case, after law enforcement officers received new investigative

leads from AdvanceDNA, they conducted surveillance on Bortree.                   Law

enforcement officers observed Bortree purchasing “light” cigarettes and smoking

them outside his place of employment. Bortree was then observed discarding his

used cigarettes in a receptacle outside his place of employment—a receptacle that

was accessible to any of the other employees. Law enforcement officers then

created a foil “trap” to catch discarded cigarettes and they removed the trap after

Bortree had deposited several cigarette butts inside. The cigarettes in the receptacle

were tested for DNA and compared to the DNA that had been extracted from the

semen on Anita’s shirt.

       {¶59} On appeal, Bortree argues that law enforcement improperly searched

and seized his DNA by taking the cigarette butts and testing the DNA on them. He

contends that the cigarette receptacle was placed on private property at his place of

employment and that he had a legitimate privacy expectation in his discarded

genetic material.

       {¶60} Contrary to Bortree’s argument, there is generally no expectation of

privacy in discarded material.       In Abel v. United States, 362 U.S. 217, 241

(1960), the Supreme Court of the United States held that items seized by officers

from the wastebasket of the defendant’s hotel room should not have been

                                        -31-
Case No. 8-20-67

suppressed. The Court concluded that “petitioner had abandoned these articles. He

had thrown them away. So far as he was concerned, they were bona vacantia. There

can be nothing unlawful in the Government’s appropriation of such abandoned

property.”

       {¶61} The ruling in Abel regarding discarded items has been applied in cases

throughout the country related to DNA taken from discarded items.

See Commonwealth      v.   Ewing, 67    Mass.App.Ct.     531,   854    N.E.2d    993

(2006) (holding that a defendant did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in

cigarette butts that he voluntarily abandoned as trash, and the DNA evidence

obtained was admissible, absent evidence of coerced abandonment, even if the

defendant’s trash was obtained under a ruse); Piro v. State, 146 Idaho 86, 190 P.3d

905 (Ct.App.2008) (holding that a suspect did not have a reasonable expectation of

privacy in his discarded genetic material left on a water bottle in an interrogation

room); Commonwealth v. Perkins, 450 Mass. 834, 883 N.E.2d 230 (2008) (holding

that a defendant did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in his abandoned

cigarette butts or a soda can that he left in an interrogation room and were

subsequently tested for his DNA); Commonwealth v. Cabral, 69 Mass.App.Ct. 68,

866 N.E.2d 429 (2007) (holding a defendant did not maintain an expectation of

privacy in spit he left on a public sidewalk, or the DNA retrieved from his saliva;

objectively, society would not recognize his expectation of privacy in his spittle as

                                        -32-
Case No. 8-20-67

reasonable); People v. Sterling, 57 A.D.3d 1110, 869 N.Y.S.2d 288 (2008) (holding

that once the police lawfully obtained a discarded milk carton from an imprisoned

defendant, he no longer retained any expectation of privacy in his discarded genetic

material); State v. Athan, 160 Wash.2d 354, 158 P.3d 27 (2007) (holding that a

police ruse to obtain DNA from a suspect’s saliva after his licking an envelope was

constitutional and the DNA evidence was admissible under both state and federal

constitutions, because the defendant could not maintain a reasonable expectation of

privacy in his discarded genetic material, there was no recognized privacy interest

in voluntarily discarded saliva, and there exists a legitimate government purpose in

collecting a suspect’s discarded DNA for identification purposes); see also

Joh, Reclaiming “Abandoned” DNA: The Fourth Amendment & Genetic Privacy,

100 Nw. U.L. Rev. 857, 865 (2006) (“With abandoned DNA, existing Fourth

Amendment law appears not to apply at all.”).

       {¶62} Based on the controlling and the persuasive legal authority, Bortree

could not maintain a reasonable expectation of privacy in his discarded material, or

the genetic material contained upon it. In fact, this is precisely what the trial court

found when it denied Bortree’s suppression motion, reasoning as follows:

       The Court finds that Defendant voluntarily abandoned his
       smoking materials by depositing them in a receptacle provided by
       his employer. At the time, he was in a common area shared by
       other smokers and was under observation by Logan County
       officers from across the street. The fact that the officers
       trespassed on the employer’s property to enable them to collect

                                         -33-
Case No. 8-20-67

        the material violated no right of Defendant. Consequently, he has
        no standing to object.

(Doc. No. 130).11

        {¶63} After reviewing the record and the applicable legal authority, we

cannot find that the trial court erred by denying Bortree’s suppression motion with

regard to the DNA taken from the discarded cigarettes. His arguments both to the

discarded material and his privacy interests are unavailing. Therefore, Bortree’s

fourth assignment of error is overruled.

                                    Fifth Assignment of Error

        {¶64} In his fifth assignment of error, Bortree argues that the trial court erred

by failing to exclude evidence obtained from the execution of what he characterizes

as two invalid search warrants. More specifically, he argues that the affidavits in

support of the warrants to search Bortree’s residence and his DNA contained

information unconstitutionally obtained, that they contained false or inaccurate

information, that they contained inferences that usurped the magistrate’s inference-

drawing ability, and that they lacked probable cause.

11
   The employer’s property was not surrounded by a fence; rather, law enforcement walked up to the
receptacle that was stationed outside of an employee door. It was located off a short driveway connected to
a public access road. The officers conducted surveillance primarily from a gas station nearby.

                                                  -34-
Case No. 8-20-67

                                               Analysis12

        {¶65} At the outset, we note that in Bortree’s fifth assignment of error, he

makes a number of broad accusations regarding issues with the affidavits in support

of the search warrants, but he does not cite to any specific paragraphs of the

affidavits or direct us to specific sections he claims where evidence was

“unconstitutionally obtained.” Similarly, he does not show which paragraphs he

feels are inaccurate, or usurped the magistrate’s inference-drawing authority.

Rather, he refers us to documents that had previously been filed in the trial court for

a more thorough treatment of the matter. Generally this is not compliant with the

appellate rules; however, having reviewed the record in its entirety, in the interest

of justice we will address the matter.

        {¶66} In this case the affidavit for the search warrant of Bortree’s home

contained 32 enumerated paragraphs and a summary, which totaled approximately

7 pages of text. The affidavit described the Sheila L. incident, and the fact that

Bortree’s wife owned a vehicle consistent with the one Sheila identified in that

incident around the time the incident happened. The affidavit described other

assault/rape/kidnapping incidents that Bortree was suspected to be involved in that

the trial court later suppressed. The affidavit then described Anita’s incident, her

description of the suspect, his truck, and the license plate that began with “NM.”

12
  To the extent that Bortree sought suppression related to the items seized in the searches, the standard of
review from the previous assignment of error applies here.

                                                   -35-
Case No. 8-20-67

The affidavit stated that Bortree owned a truck matching the description at the time

of the incident with a license plate reading “NM4FA,” consistent with Anita’s

description. The affidavit then detailed the DNA process that had taken place over

the years, including the use of forensic genetic genealogy. Further, the affidavit

indicated that Bortree’s DNA had been secured from the cigarette butts discussed

in the previous assignment of error, and that the DNA was consistent with the DNA

left on the clothing from both Anita and Sheila’s cases. Notably, the affidavit in

support of the search warrant for Bortree’s DNA was shorter, with roughly half as

many paragraphs focusing specifically on Anita’s case and the need for DNA

confirmation.

       {¶67} Given the information in the affidavits and the testimony at the

suppression hearing, the trial court rejected Bortree’s challenges to the affidavits,

conducting the following analysis:

       The affidavits are extensive and go into considerable detail. An
       affiant is obliged to demonstrate that probable cause exists to
       obtain a warrant. It does not require proof beyond a reasonable
       doubt. The Judge is at liberty to ask questions and to conduct a
       hearing to obtain additional information if he so desires. The
       evidence at the [suppression] hearing revealed that perhaps some
       erroneous information concerning minor matters was contained
       in the affidavit. The Court finds further, however, that such
       information was not critical to the Judge’s understanding, that he
       was fully and fairly apprised of the situation and that the
       statements contained in the affidavit were made in good faith and
       not with any intent to mislead. The Court finds that the affidavits
       were sufficient to demonstrate probable cause and were
       appropriately signed by the Judge.

                                        -36-
Case No. 8-20-67

(Doc No. 130).

       {¶68} After reviewing the record and the trial court’s decision, we cannot

find that the trial court erred by finding that the affidavits supported a determination

of probable cause. The key details are present in the affidavits, such as Anita’s

incident, her recollection of the event and identifying characteristics, and the DNA

that matched Bortree. Further, the vehicles also matched Anita’s description and

the partial license plate she provided.

       {¶69} While one of the affidavits may have had extraneous details about

other unindicted offenses Bortree was suspected of that were later suppressed, and

while both of the affidavits may not have contained all of the DNA and forensic

genealogy details, the affidavits were readily sufficient for a neutral and detached

magistrate to find that probable cause was present to issue the search warrants. We

do not find that any of the claimed inaccuracies or “improper” inferences rendered

the warrants invalid.

       {¶70} Importantly, a reviewing court must read the affidavits holistically,

examining the totality of the circumstances and employing a healthy dose of

common sense. United States v. White, 874 F.3d 490, 502 (6th Cir.2017), citing

United States v. Greene, 250 F.3d 471, 479 (6th Cir.2001). If an inference is

obvious from the factual context, a reviewing court should indulge it. United States

v. Allen, 211 F.3d 970, 975 (6th Cir.2000) (en banc). Here, the facts outlined in the

                                          -37-
Case No. 8-20-67

affidavits are sufficient to support a finding of probable cause to search Bortree’s

home and his DNA (for further confirmation).

       {¶71} Moreover, the officers in this case obtained warrants signed by a judge

who determined that probable cause was present in this matter. There is nothing in

the record to indicate that the officers conducting the search pursuant to the warrants

were acting in anything other than good faith when they conducted the search, thus

there could be no suppression in this case for that reason alone. “The United States

Supreme Court has held that the exclusionary rule should not be applied in

situations in which an officer has relied in good faith on a warrant issued by a

neutral and detached magistrate or judicial officer, notwithstanding the fact that the

warrant is later found to be invalid.” State v. Dibble, 159 Ohio St.3d 322, 2020-

Ohio-546, ¶ 17, cert. denied, 141 S.Ct. 851. For all of these reasons we cannot find

that the trial court erred; therefore, Bortree’s fifth assignment of error is overruled.

                              Sixth Assignment of Error

       {¶72} In his sixth assignment of error, Bortree argues that the trial court erred

by failing to exclude testimony and evidence related to the work conducted in this

matter by AdvanceDNA.

          The DNA and Forensic Genetic Genealogy Process in this Case

       {¶73} At the suppression hearing in this matter, various witnesses detailed

the DNA analysis in this case as it was conducted over the years, the improvements

                                          -38-
Case No. 8-20-67

in the DNA process that led to a DNA profile of Anita’s assailant eventually being

extracted and placed into CODIS, and, finally, the involvement of AdvanceDNA in

the burgeoning field of forensic genetic genealogy to provide law enforcement with

possible investigatory leads in this case.

        {¶74} Erika Jimenez, a BCI DNA analyst, testified that in 1993 a number of

items were submitted for testing in this case including, inter alia, a black t-shirt and

oral swabs from Anita. Jimenez testified that in 1993 “they did forensic biology,

which is looking for body fluids such as blood and semen as well as doing blood

typing for ABO blood typing.” (June 24, 2020, Tr. at 172). She clarified that they

were not doing “DNA” testing at the time as it is now known, merely blood typing.

(Id. at 173). A possible suspect was submitted in Anita’s case in 1993 but he was

excluded through the blood-type testing that was done at the time.

        {¶75} As BCI was not doing DNA analysis at the time, the oral swabs taken

from Anita in 1993 were sent to a private company; however, the private company

found no foreign DNA in the oral swabs that could be extracted, despite the fact that

the oral swabs were “sperm search positive.” (Id. at 176). Jimenez testified that the

DNA testing done at the time was an “older technology, and we need[ed] a lot of

DNA to get a profile. So there wasn’t a lot of sperm there. So it’s not surprising

that we just found the victim’s [DNA] whose oral swab it was from.” (Id. at 176-

177).

                                         -39-
Case No. 8-20-67

       {¶76} Jimenez testified that 11 years later, in 2004, newer technology

emerged that needed less DNA to get a profile. Jimenez testified that the sample in

this case was sent to an outside lab due to backlogs at BCI. The oral swabs were

sent along with Anita’s shorts, but only Anita’s DNA was able to be identified. Thus

in 2004 the technology had not improved to a significant degree to extract a profile.

       {¶77} In 2014, Detective Phil Bailey of the Logan County Sheriff’s

Department called BCI asking if any new developments in the DNA field could

assist in this case. Jimenez testified that a new kit called “Identifiler” had been

released in recent years and that BCI would try and check the semen positive shirt

since that had not been done yet. The 2014 extraction showed Anita’s DNA and

that there was someone else’s DNA present on the shirt, but a full DNA profile

could not be developed at that time with the Identifiler technology. However,

Jimenez testified she was aware that a newer technology would be “coming on line”

soon, so they waited for the new technology to test for DNA again.

       {¶78} Jimenez testified that in 2015, the “GlobalFiler” kit came “on line” so

they tested the DNA from the shirt with the new system. This time, a DNA profile

was extracted and that a profile of an unknown male was uploaded into the CODIS

database “which searches [a sample] against other samples that are known and

unknown [and already in the system] to see if we could figure out who contributed

that DNA to the sample.” (June 24, 2020, Tr. at 185). Through CODIS, it was

                                        -40-
Case No. 8-20-67

learned that the DNA sample from Anita’s case matched the DNA sample from the

perpetrator in the Sheila L. case. Thus while the perpetrator in both instances was

unknown at that time—a “known” sample of his DNA was not in the CODIS

database—it was, to a reasonable degree of scientific certainty, the same perpetrator

in both Anita’s case and Sheila’s case.13

           {¶79} Without a suspect to check the DNA against, there was nothing more

BCI could do at the time. In 2018, Detective Bailey again called BCI asking if

anything else could be done with the unknown male profile. BCI had started doing

something called “familial DNA testing,” which used the “CODIS database and it

searches the database against your unknown sample to look for any first-degree

relatives that might be present in the system. So we’re looking for a brother, a

father, a son to the unknown sample.” (Id. at 193). Through the “familial DNA

testing” the relative that could be found would have to be a first-degree relative of

the person already in the CODIS system.

           {¶80} Jimenez testified that while BCI started doing familial DNA testing in

late 2016, it took such a long time and so many resources that only three to four

cases per year were being taken through familial testing. Jimenez testified that the

backlog was already over thirty cases long, so while she wanted to get Anita’s case

on the list, a committee determined what cases were next for familial searches.

13
     One suspect at the time had his DNA checked against the newly extracted profile, but he was excluded.

                                                    -41-
Case No. 8-20-67

Anita’s case was added to the list, but Jimenez was aware that “genetic genealogy”

was another tool that could be used if police departments had money to do it, and

“that might be a faster route [than familial DNA testing through BCI] because of

the only three to four cases that were being done per year for the familial at our state

lab.” (June 24, 2020, Tr. at 195).

       {¶81} The Logan County Sheriff’s Department obtained funding and

decided to proceed with the “genetic genealogy.” A specific DNA sample called a

“single-source sample” had to be produced through a process known as differential

extraction. That was conducted successfully and the sample was sent to the private

lab “DNA Solutions.” According to Jimenez, “Government labs right now don’t

have the capability to do the technology that is needed for the genetic genealogy. It

is different from familial.” (Id. at 199). DNA Solutions analyzed the DNA and

generated all the necessary data, then provided it to the genetic genealogist at

AdvanceDNA to do her work. According to Jimenez, the genetic genealogist is

generally “trying to see who shares a similar DNA to this [unknown] sample to try

and to see where this person comes from or who is related to this person; [whereas]

we’re doing our comparisons to try to exclude people as being the sample.” (Id. at

200). Once DNA Solutions provided the necessary data to AdvanceDNA in the

appropriate format, the genetic genealogy company was able to begin the research

part of building out a possible family tree to create investigative leads.

                                         -42-
Case No. 8-20-67

       {¶82} Amanda Reno, owner and director of forensic case management for

Advance DNA, provided testimony as to the company’s work on genetic genealogy

at the suppression hearing. Reno testified that the company “focuses on helping law

enforcement identify DNA samples that either belong to unknown decendents [sic]

or to DNA samples that were found at a crime scenes, and we use genetic genealogy

techniques to do so.” (Id. at 257-258).

       {¶83} Reno testified there were no specific degrees for genetic genealogy,

but she had attended the “Forensic Genealogy Institute” and had attended (and

taught) other course work. (Tr. at 258). Reno testified that “law enforcement and

genealogy just really started being used [together] in the [sic] mid 2018.” (Id. at

259). Reno testified that prior to that shift she had helped identify “John or Jane

Does who were deceased, such as remains found in the woods, things of that nature.

And prior to that, I helped living Does, individuals who were abandoned at birth,

identify who they are genetically.” (Id. at 259).

       {¶84} As to her work in this case, Reno testified that she was contacted by

Erika Jimenez and Detective Phil Bailey.            She indicated that in the initial

conversation Reno needed to determine if the case was eligible for genetic

genealogy. She testified the criteria she needed was a sufficient quantity of DNA,

and that the case had to involve violent crime. Once those criteria were met,

AdvanceDNA agreed to work on the case. As part of that work, AdvanceDNA

                                          -43-
Case No. 8-20-67

requested information on the case, including lists of important locations to aid in

understanding the geographic region.

        {¶85} Reno testified that AdvanceDNA received the “DNA file” from DNA

Solutions, which contained approximately 800,000 lines of information. That file

would then get uploaded to public genealogy sites “GEDmatch” and

“FamilyTree.com.”14 (June 24, 2020, Tr. at 269). These websites allow individuals

who have their own DNA file, obtained through popular DNA testing sites like

23andMe and AncestryDNA, to upload the DNA file and find close or distant

relatives. Reno testified that through the process she can look at relationships to an

unknown DNA sample that “extend out to six cousins and beyond.” (Id. at 272).

“We’re looking at very small quantities of DNA that are shared, so it can be anything

from a close relative that we find or a distant relative that we find in that list.” (Id.

at 272-73).

        {¶86} Reno indicated that the file in this case was uploaded to GEDmatch on

May 28, 2019. At that time the file was uploaded as “law enforcement use for an

identification of a DNA sample tied to a violent crime.” (Id. at 274). This required

14
   “GEDmatch is different from its competitors in that it is not a DNA testing service, but a publicly
searchable database that allows users who have had their DNA analyzed elsewhere to more deeply investigate
their ancestry.” Selvin, A Too Permeating Police Surveillance: Consumer Genetic Genealogy & the Fourth
Amendment After Carpenter, 53 Loy. L.A.L. Rev. 1015, 1020 (2020)

                                                  -44-
Case No. 8-20-67

certification from the Logan County Sheriff’s Department and it restricted to a

degree the use of the public site.15

         {¶87} Once the profile was uploaded, AdvanceDNA learned that a woman

named Judy A. was the closest familial match present in GEDmatch, and Judy’s

daughter Katie had uploaded a family tree to the site.16 According to Reno,

AdvanceDNA received a hierarchy list of “largest quantity of DNA shared with the

DNA sample to the smallest quantity,” after uploading the file. (June 24, 2020, Tr.

at 282). This “autosomnal DNA” statistic was produced, which showed the average

DNA shared by pairs of relatives “in both percentage and centimorgans.” (Id. at

283). In the case of identical twins, 100 percent DNA would be shared, but the

percentage lessens as family members are further removed.17 According to the data

received, Judy A. shared a little less than three percent of her DNA with the subject

DNA. Reno testified that based on this percentage, or the centimorgans, this meant

that AdvanceDNA was looking for someone who was “possibly a second cousin”

15
   On May 20, 2019, GEDmatch changed the structure of its database “pertaining to how low enforcement
accesses matching.” (June 24, 2020, Tr. at 277). At that time “Law enforcement samples uploaded will only
be compared to individuals for matching if the individual has selected that they would like to participate in
law enforcement matching.” (Id. at 277-278). In other words, individuals who uploaded their genetic
information to the site had to affirmatively “opt in” and allow law enforcement to use their DNA in a manner
as it was being used in this case.
16
   “A relative’s genetic data can act as a silent witness, or genetic informant, against the person who left the
DNA at the crime scene. This ‘genetic informant’ wordlessly guides law enforcement to a handful of potential
suspects, by simply informing them that the suspect is very likely a third-cousin, nephew, or grandson of the
person in the DTC database. Public records and newspaper clippings then provide the necessary details to
put a name and location to the crime-scene DNA.” JD, Why We Fear Genetic Informants: Using Genetic
Genealogy to Catch Serial Killers, 21 Colum. Sci. & Tech. L. Rev. 1, 4 (2019)
17
   Testimony indicated Bortree did not have an identical twin.

                                                     -45-
Case No. 8-20-67

to Judy A. Reno testified, “a second cousin shares * * * great grandparents with the

DNA sample.” (Id. at 285).

       {¶88} AdvanceDNA then used information that had already been made

publicly available on GEDmatch as well as other public records like census records,

marriage records, and birth records to build out a family tree from Judy A. and her

daughter. They used the geographic information of the crimes to help focus the

areas of the family tree to build, seeking to find the second-cousin-type relationship

to give law enforcement some individuals to look into.

       {¶89} Ultimately AdvanceDNA created a “Genetic genealogy leads

summary report” for the Logan County Sheriff’s Department. Based on the DNA,

AdvanceDNA felt that law enforcement should look into four brothers in particular:

Jeffrey Bortree, Ralph Bortree, Walter Bortree, and Stoney York. However, Jeffrey

Bortree could be excluded by law enforcement immediately because he was already

incarcerated for a different rape and his DNA was in the CODIS database, thus it

was not a match in this case.

       {¶90} Law enforcement took the information from AdvanceDNA as a lead

and began investigating the remaining brothers. Law enforcement focused first on

Ralph Bortree because he fit the description of the assailant at the time of the crimes,

he and his wife owned vehicles at the time of the crimes that were consistent with

the descriptions provided by Anita and Sheila, and Ralph lived in Quincy in 1993.

                                         -46-
Case No. 8-20-67

After narrowing in on Bortree, law enforcement conducted surveillance on him, and

eventually collected his cigarettes for DNA samples, finding the DNA left on them

to be a match to the DNA left on Anita’s shirt (and also a match to Sheila’s case).

                                            Analysis18

         {¶91} Bortree argued to the trial court, and renews his argument on appeal,

that Amanda Reno’s testimony should have been excluded from trial because the

state never established that Reno complied with GEDmatch’s terms of service, that

Reno did not preserve all of her research to show how the Bortree family was

developed as a lead, and finally that Reno’s research relied, in part, upon unverified

family trees uploaded on public ancestry websites by unknown individuals.

Notably, Bortree cites no legal authority to support his position that the trial court

erred in this matter by permitting Reno to testify at trial.

         {¶92} Nevertheless, addressing Bortree’s concerns, Reno did testify that she

complied with GEDmatch’s terms of service. (June 24, 2020, Tr. at 333-335).

There is no evidence to the contrary in the record, thus this argument is not well-

taken.

         {¶93} As to Bortree’s claim that Reno did not preserve all of her research,

she gave a detailed accounting of AdvanceDNA’s work in this case, including the

provision of a written report and a slideshow that showed how AdvanceDNA went

18
  The suppression standard of review previously cited would be applicable again here since Bortree was
seeking suppression.

                                                -47-
Case No. 8-20-67

from one relative to the next, where the company focused the search, and how the

company narrowed the search based on geography.              It is unclear what more

AdvanceDNA could have produced to aid the matter, and Reno was readily

available for cross-examination both at the suppression hearing and at trial for any

questions by the defense. Thus Bortree’s argument that AdvanceDNA did not do

enough to show its process is not well-taken.

          {¶94} Finally, Bortree argues that Reno’s research relied, in part, on public

information uploaded to public websites by unknown individuals. However, the

company also relied upon verifiable records and Reno indicated that the company

checked to verify information from the family trees uploaded by members of the

public.

          {¶95} Notwithstanding that point, AdvanceDNA was only providing

possible leads for police to further investigate, and AdvanceDNA emphasized this

from the very beginning. Reno actually testified that if none of the Bortree brothers

panned out AdvanceDNA would have built out the family trees further to find

another branch where the specific families intersected in hopes of finding a better

suspect. In sum, the information provided by AdvanceDNA was merely a tool to

provide leads to law enforcement. Law enforcement was then able to check the

vehicles Bortree owned, etc., to find if he would be a good possible suspect. Thus

Bortree’s argument on this issue is not well-taken.

                                          -48-
Case No. 8-20-67

       {¶96} Notably, forensic genetic genealogy is relatively a new field, but there

are numerous law review articles that have spoken about its use, especially since it

was used as a tool to help catch the infamous Golden State Killer. See, e.g., Selvin, A

Too Permeating Police Surveillance: Consumer Genetic Genealogy & the Fourth

Amendment After Carpenter, 53 Loy. L.A.L. Rev. 1015 (2020); Brown, Why We

Fear Genetic Informants: Using Genetic Genealogy to Catch Serial Killers, 21

Colum. Sci. & Tech. L. Rev. 118 (2019); Romine, Crime, DNA, & Family:

Protecting Genetic Privacy in the World of 23andMe, 53 Ariz. St. L.J. 367 (2021).

In this case the trial court found that the evidence did not establish any illegal

activity by engaging in forensic genetic genealogy research, and the research did

not, in fact, yield any substantive evidence that Bortree had engaged in any criminal

activity. Rather, “[i]t merely narrowed the focus of law enforcement.” (Doc. No.

130). We agree with the trial court’s conclusion that the research merely narrowed

the focus of law enforcement, and consequently we can find no error with the trial

court’s determination to allow the testimony related to forensic genetic genealogy

in this matter. Therefore, Bortree’s sixth assignment of error is overruled.

                                         -49-
Case No. 8-20-67

                                      Eighth Assignment of Error19

           {¶97} In his eighth assignment of error, Bortree argues that there was

insufficient evidence presented at trial to convict him of attempted aggravated

murder.

                                            Standard of Review

           {¶98} “An appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the

evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at

trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average

mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio

St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus; State v. Pountney, 152 Ohio St.3d

474, 2018-Ohio-22, ¶ 19 (an appellate court’s function in a sufficiency review is not

to determine if the evidence should be believed). Accordingly, “[t]he relevant

inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the

crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id., following Jackson v. Virginia, 443

U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781 (1979); State v. Ford, 158 Ohio St.3d 139, 2019-Ohio-4539,

¶ 317. “In deciding if the evidence was sufficient, we neither resolve evidentiary

conflicts nor assess the credibility of witnesses, as both are functions reserved for

the trier of fact.” State v. Jones, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-120570 and C-120571,

19
     The seventh assignment of error will be addressed out of order, at the end of this opinion.

                                                      -50-
Case No. 8-20-67

2013-Ohio-4775, ¶ 33, citing State v. Williams, 197 Ohio App.3d 505, 2011-Ohio-

6267, ¶ 25 (1st Dist.); see also State v. Berry, 3d Dist. Defiance No. 4-12-03, 2013-

Ohio-2380, ¶ 19, citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386 (1997)

(“Sufficiency of the evidence is a test of adequacy rather than credibility or weight

of the evidence.”).

                                  Controlling Statutes

       {¶99} In this case, Bortree was convicted of attempted aggravated murder.

Criminal attempt is codified in R.C. 2923.02(A), and reads “(A) No person,

purposely or knowingly, and when purpose or knowledge is sufficient culpability

for the commission of an offense, shall engage in conduct that, if successful, would

constitute or result in the offense.”

       {¶100} Aggravated murder, as charged in this case, is codified in R.C.

2903.01(B), and reads, in pertinent part, “No person shall purposely cause the death

of another * * * while committing or attempting to commit, or while fleeing

immediately after committing or attempting to commit, kidnapping, [or] rape * *

*[.]

                                        Analysis

       {¶101} At trial in this matter, the state presented the testimony of Anita, who

detailed the events of July 30-31, 1993. She testified to being stopped on the way

to work by a truck, to being forced at gunpoint onto the floorboards of a red Ford

                                          -51-
Case No. 8-20-67

Lariat XLT with a license plate beginning with the letters “NM,” to being driven to

a secluded area, to being forced to take off her clothes, to having a man put his hands

and mouth on her, and to being forced to perform oral sex on the man until he

ejaculated in her mouth. She testified to wiping some of the ejaculate on her shirt,

to being driven around after the incident, and ultimately to being removed from the

truck and having her throat cut. Anita survived and provided as much detail as she

could to law enforcement and her clothes were collected as evidence. She worked

with a sketch artist to produce a sketch of her assailant.

        {¶102} The state then produced the testimony of numerous witnesses who

were involved investigating both this case and the Sheila L. case. Sheila also

testified in this matter. DNA analysts and Amanda Reno from AdvanceDNA

provided testimony. Ultimately law enforcement detailed how Ralph Bortree was

determined to be the primary suspect, how his DNA was obtained both from the

cigarettes and later from a search warrant. The DNA was compared to the DNA left

on the shirt from 1993 and Bortree was found to be a match at a rate rarer than 1 in

1 trillion.

        {¶103} While there was a significant amount of detailed testimony produced

over the course of the trial, the salient details were the kidnapping, rape, and

attempted murder of Anita on the night in question, and then the connection to

Bortree as the perpetrator through DNA. However, Bortree was further identified

                                         -52-
Case No. 8-20-67

through his ownership of the vehicles, and his proximity to living in the area.

Furthermore, photographs of Bortree from around the time of the crime looked

similar to the sketch that was completed with Anita’s assistance.

       {¶104} Based on the testimony and the evidence presented, we do not find

that there was insufficient evidence presented to convict Bortree of attempted

aggravated murder.       Bortree’s claim that Anita did not make an unequivocal

identification of Bortree at the trial and his claim that the semen could have been on

Anita’s shirt previously are matters for weight of the evidence, not sufficiency.

State v. Martinez, 3d Dist. Union No. 14-19-28, 2020-Ohio-4883, ¶ 26. Here there

was evidence presented on each and every element of the crime that a jury could

have found established Bortree’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See State v.

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386 (1997). Therefore, Bortree’s eighth assignment

of error is overruled.

                              Ninth Assignment of Error

       {¶105} In his ninth assignment of error, Bortree argues that even if there was

sufficient evidence presented to convict him of attempted aggravated murder, his

conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

                                 Standard of Review

       {¶106} In reviewing whether a verdict was against the manifest weight of the

evidence, the appellate court sits as a “thirteenth juror” and examines the conflicting

                                         -53-
Case No. 8-20-67

testimony. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 1997-Ohio-52. In doing

so, this Court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all of the

reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses and determine whether

in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the factfinder “clearly lost its way and created

such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a

new trial ordered.” Id.

       {¶107} Nevertheless, a reviewing court must allow the trier-of-fact

appropriate discretion on matters relating to the credibility of the witnesses. State

v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 231 (1967). When applying the manifest-weight

standard, “[o]nly in exceptional cases, where the evidence ‘weighs heavily against

the conviction,’ should an appellate court overturn the trial court’s judgment.” State

v. Haller, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-11-34, 2012-Ohio-5233, ¶ 9, quoting State v. Hunter,

131 Ohio St.3d 67, 2011-Ohio-6524, ¶ 119.

                                       Analysis

       {¶108} Bortree does not make any specific arguments in his brief as to how

his conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Nevertheless, he

did argue in his sufficiency claim that the DNA on Anita’s shirt could have been

there long before July 30/31, 1993, and that there was no unequivocal eyewitness

identification of Bortree by Anita at trial. However, these are matters of credibility

for a jury to determine, and we will not second-guess a jury on these matters. State

                                         -54-
Case No. 8-20-67

v. Gribben, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-19-50, 2020-Ohio-3083, ¶ 30, citing State v.

DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 231 (1967).

         {¶109} Moreover, although Anita did not identify Bortree at trial the

evidence surrounding the incident firmly established Bortree as the perpetrator. The

evidence included the DNA, his ownership of a vehicle matching the description

with the appropriate “NM” beginning on the license plate, his height and stature, his

similarity to the sketch, his smoking of light cigarettes, his proximity to the crimes,

etc. Thus Bortree’s claim that Anita did not specifically identify him at trial is

largely irrelevant, particularly given the amount of time that had passed.20

         {¶110} As to his claim that the DNA could have been on the shirt long before

the incident in question, there was no evidence of any relationship between Bortree

and Anita. In fact, Bortree told law enforcement officers searching his residence

that he did not know Anita. Moreover, the jury was presented with Anita’s

testimony and the surrounding investigation and the jury specifically found in the

additional findings on the jury verdict forms that a rape and kidnapping occurred in

this matter. Thus even if Bortree was somehow insinuating a consensual encounter,

the jury determined otherwise.                 Ultimately, the evidence supports the jury’s

conclusion, and we are bound to give the evidence the construction consistent with

20
  At trial, Bortree used his cross-examination to target the fact that Anita had identified a man that was not
Bortree in a photo lineup in the months after the incident occurred. That man was excluded as a possible
suspect in her case. Notably, law enforcement testified that different photo lineup procedures are used now
than in the past so as to prevent false identifications.

                                                    -55-
Case No. 8-20-67

the jury’s determination.21 State v. Richcreek, 3d Dist. Paulding No. 11-20-03,

2021-Ohio-636, ¶ 34.

        {¶111} In sum, the evidence supported Bortree’s conviction in this matter.

We cannot find that the jury clearly lost its way or that a manifest miscarriage of

justice was created. For all of these reasons, Bortree’s ninth assignment of error is

overruled.

                                  Seventh Assignment of Error

        {¶112} In his seventh assignment of error, Bortree argues that even if there

was no individual error that was prejudicial enough to deprive him of a fair trial, the

cumulative impact of the errors deprived him of his right to a fair trial.

                                       Standard of Review

        {¶113} “Under [the] doctrine of cumulative error, a conviction will be

reversed when the cumulative effect of errors in a trial deprives a defendant of a fair

trial even though each of the numerous instances of trial court error does not

individually constitute cause for reversal.” State v. Spencer, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-

13-50, 2015-Ohio-52, ¶ 83, citing State v. Powell, 132 Ohio St.3d 233, 2012-Ohio-

2577, ¶¶ 222-224 and State v. Garner, 74 Ohio St.3d 49, 64 (1995). “To find

cumulative error, a court must first find multiple errors committed at trial and

21
   Bortree seemed to try and create some doubt with the jury by pointing out that brothers share more DNA
than regular unrelated individuals. However, Erika Jimenez testified that Bortree would have to have 300
billion siblings before she would expect one sibling to have the same DNA as him. (Nov. 4, 2020, Tr. at
520).

                                                 -56-
Case No. 8-20-67

determine that there is a reasonable probability that the outcome below would have

been different but for the combination of the harmless errors.” State v. Stober, 3d

Dist. Putnam No. 12-13-13, 2014-Ohio-5629, ¶ 15, quoting In re J.M., 3d. Dist.

Putnam No. 12-11-06, 2012-Ohio-1467, ¶ 36.

                                      Analysis

       {¶114} Because we have found no errors in this matter, let alone cumulative

errors, the doctrine of cumulative error does not apply here. State v. Carpenter, 3d

Dist. Seneca No. 13-18-16, 2019-Ohio-58, ¶ 104, citing State v. Bertuzzi, 3d Dist.

Marion No. 9-13-12, 2014-Ohio-5093, ¶ 110. For these reasons, Bortree’s seventh

assignment of error is overruled.

                                    Conclusion

       {¶115} For the foregoing reasons Bortree’s assignments of error are

overruled and the judgment and sentence of the Logan County Common Pleas Court

is affirmed.

                                                               Judgment Affirmed

ZIMMERMAN and MILLER, J.J., concur.

/jlr

                                       -57-