Court Opinion

ID: 9386621
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-13 14:00:24.308752+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:07.780675
License: Public Domain

22-1826
     TAL Props. of Pomona, LLC v. Village of Pomona

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                        SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER
IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN
ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY
ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

 1                 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
 2   held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of
 3   New York, on the 13th day of April, two thousand twenty-three.
 4
 5   PRESENT:
 6               MICHAEL H. PARK,
 7               EUNICE C. LEE,
 8                     Circuit Judges,
 9               SIDNEY H. STEIN, *
10                     District Judge.
11   _____________________________________
12
13   TAL Properties of Pomona, LLC, Avrohom
14   Manes,
15
16                             Plaintiffs-Appellants,
17
18                    v.                                                       22-1826
19
20   Village of Pomona, Brett Yagel,
21   individually and in his official capacity as
22   Mayor of the Village of Pomona, Doris
23   Ulman, individually and in her official
24   capacity as Attorney for the Village of
25   Pomona, Deputy Village Clerk Noreen
26   Shea, individually and in her official
27   capacity for the Village of Pomona, Clerk
28   Treasurer        Francis        Arsa-Artha,
29   individually and in her official capacity for

             *
               Judge Sidney H. Stein, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York,
     sitting by designation.
 1   the Village of Pomona, Building Inspector
 2   Louis Zummo, individually and in his
 3   official capacity for the Village of Pomona,
 4   Special Prosecutor Christopher Riley,
 5   individually and in his official capacity for
 6   the Village of Pomona, Deputy Mayor
 7   Leon Harris, individually and in his
 8   official capacity for the Village of Pomona,
 9   Trustee and Mayor Ian Banks,
10   individually and in his official capacity for
11   the Village of Pomona, Engineer Joseph
12   Corless, individually and in his official
13   capacity for the Village of Pomona,
14                          Defendants-Appellees. †
15   _____________________________________
16
17   FOR PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS:                                                DANIEL G. ASHBURN,
18                                                                             Ashburn Law Office LLC,
19                                                                             Atlanta, GA.
20
21   FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES                                                  IRYNA S. KRAUCHANKA,
22   VILLAGE OF POMONA, CHRISTOPHER RILEY,                                     Morris Duffy Alonso Faley &
23   AND JOSEPH CORLESS:                                                       Pitcoff, New York, NY.
24
25   FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES                                                  Suzanne M. Halbardier,
26   BRETT YAGEL, DORIS ULMAN,                                                 Barry, McTiernan & Moore
27   FRANCIS ARSA-ARTHA, AND LEON HARRIS:                                      LLC, New York, NY.
28
29   FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLEE LOUIS ZUMMO:                                       Eliza M. Scheibel, Janine A.
30                                                                             Mastellone, Wilson Elser
31                                                                             Moskowitz Edelman &
32                                                                             Dicker, LLP, White Plains,
33                                                                             NY.
34
35   FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLEE NOREEN SHEA:                                       Rondiene Novitz, Cruser,
36                                                                             Mitchell, Novitz, Sanchez,
37                                                                             Gaston & Zimet, LLP,
38                                                                             Farmingdale, NY.
39

            †
                The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption accordingly.
                                                          2
1           Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of

2    New York (Halpern, J.).

 3          UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

 4   DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

 5          Plaintiff-Appellant Avrohom Manes is the sole owner of TAL Properties of Pomona, LLC

 6   (individually “Manes,” and collectively, “TAL”), a real-estate developer in Pomona, New York.

 7   In 2017, TAL filed a lawsuit (“TAL 1”) against the Village of Pomona and several Village officials

 8   in their individual and official capacities (collectively, “Pomona” or “Defendants”) alleging

 9   (1) selective enforcement based on Manes’s religion and (2) violations of the Free Exercise Clause

10   of the First Amendment. The district court (Seibel, J.) dismissed TAL 1 for failure to state a

11   claim. TAL then moved to reopen TAL 1 based on new evidence arising from a whistleblower

12   complaint filed with the New York State Division of Human Rights, but the district court denied

13   the motion. In 2019, TAL filed this suit (“TAL 2”), reiterating the allegations in TAL 1 and

14   raising allegedly new evidence of Pomona’s religious animus directed at Manes specifically and

15   Pomona’s Orthodox Jewish community generally. The district court (Halpern, J.) (1) dismissed

16   with prejudice most of TAL’s claims as barred by res judicata, (2) dismissed without prejudice

17   TAL’s claims against Defendant-Appellee Ian Banks, and (3) granted TAL thirty days to replead

18   its claims against Banks. The district court then denied TAL’s motion for reconsideration of TAL

19   2 and request for an extension of time to file an amended complaint. On appeal, TAL challenges

20   the district court’s dismissal of TAL 2 and the denial of an extension of time to amend. We

                                                     3
 1   assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and

 2   the issues on appeal.

 3   I.     Appellate Jurisdiction

 4          As an initial matter, we have jurisdiction to review the district court’s dismissal of TAL 2

 5   on res judicata grounds. A “notice of appeal must . . . designate the judgment—or the appealable

 6   order—from which the appeal is taken.” Fed. R. App. P. 3(c)(1)(B). We generally “construe

 7   notices of appeal liberally, taking the parties’ intentions into account.” Shrader v. CSX Transp.,

 8   Inc., 70 F.3d 255, 256 (2d Cir. 1995). Pomona contends that because “Plaintiffs’ Notice of

 9   Appeal makes no mention of the Dismissal Order,” our review is limited to TAL’s “appeal [from]

10   the denial of reconsideration.” Appellees’ Br. at 16. We disagree. First, the district court’s

11   denial of reconsideration brings up for review the initial dismissal of the TAL 2 complaint. “[A]

12   notice of appeal from a final judgment brings up for review all reviewable rulings which produced

13   the judgment.” SongByrd, Inc. v. Est. of Grossman, 206 F.3d 172, 178 (2d Cir. 2000) (citations

14   and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Van Buskirk v. United Grp. of Cos., Inc., 935 F.3d

15   49, 52 (2d Cir. 2019) (“We generally treat an appeal from a denial of a motion for reconsideration

16   that largely renews arguments previously made in the underlying order as bringing up for review

17   the underlying order or judgment.”). In Van Buskirk, the plaintiffs appealed from the order

18   denying reconsideration of a dismissal but not the dismissal order itself. See Notice of Appeal at

19   1, Van Buskirk, 935 F.3d 49 (No. 18-1469), ECF No. 1. Nonetheless, the Court reviewed both

20   the dismissal order and denial of reconsideration. Van Buskirk, 935 F.3d at 54–56. So too here,

21   TAL’s motion for reconsideration “largely renew[ed] arguments previously made in the

22   underlying [dismissal] order” by revisiting the dismissal order’s res judicata analysis. Id. at 52.

                                                     4
1    We thus construe TAL’s notice of appeal as encompassing the district court’s underlying dismissal

2    order in TAL 2.

3            Second, the district court’s dismissal order in TAL 2 was not an appealable final order, so

4    TAL could not have sought earlier review of the dismissal. “A final judgment or order is one that

5    conclusively determines all pending claims of all the parties to the litigation, leaving nothing for

 6   the court to do but execute its decision.” Petrello v. White, 533 F.3d 110, 113 (2d Cir. 2008).

7    The district court’s order dismissed without prejudice the claims against Banks and granted TAL

 8   30 days to amend. Such a “dismissal with leave to amend is [considered] a non-final order and

 9   not appealable.” Slayton v. Am. Express Co., 460 F.3d 215, 224 (2d Cir. 2006). The district

10   court’s judgment did not become final until the denial of TAL’s motion for reconsideration

11   “directed” the clerk to “close the case.” Special App’x at SPA-22. Therefore, we do not infer

12   that TAL forfeited this Court’s review of the dismissal order based on its failure to seek earlier

13   review of the dismissal. We thus retain jurisdiction to review the dismissal order. 1

             1
                To the extent that TAL appeals from the district court’s denial of its reconsideration motion, we
     consider any such challenge abandoned. TAL’s arguments on appeal focus exclusively on the district
     court’s dismissal on res judicata grounds, and TAL fails to raise arguments that independently challenge
     the district court’s denial of reconsideration. See Debique v. Garland, 58 F.4th 676, 684 (2d Cir. 2023)
     (“We consider abandoned any claims not adequately presented in an appellant’s brief, and an appellant’s
     failure to make legal or factual arguments constitutes abandonment.” (citation and internal quotation marks
     omitted)).

                                                          5
1    II.    Res Judicata

 2          The district court did not err by holding that most of TAL’s claims are barred by res

 3   judicata. “We review de novo a district court’s grant of a defendant’s motion to dismiss.” City

 4   of Pontiac Gen. Emps.’ Ret. Sys. v. MBIA, Inc., 637 F.3d 169, 173 (2d Cir. 2011).

5           A.      Burden of Proof

 6          The district court did not improperly place the burden of proof on TAL. “[R]es judicata

 7   is an affirmative defense that should be raised in the defendant’s answer,” Monahan v. N.Y.C.

 8   Dep’t of Corr., 214 F.3d 275, 283 (2d Cir. 2000), and the defendant must “plead and prove such a

 9   defense,” Taylor v. Sturgell, 553 U.S. 880, 907 (2008).

10          TAL points to several examples of the district court shifting the burden to TAL, but all are

11   unavailing. First, the district court did not improperly conclude that “res judicata bars claims

12   unrelated to TAL1 based upon its presumption that they ‘could have been’ raised in TAL1.”

13   Appellant’s Br. at 26 (emphasis omitted). The district court first found that Pomona met its

14   burden that “allegations contained in the [Second Amended Complaint] . . . could have been raised

15   in the Prior Action” and then rejected all of TAL’s rebuttals as unpersuasive. Special App’x at

16   SPA-5 to -9. Second, the district court did not err by applying res judicata to (1) undated

17   allegations related to a snow-removal bill and (2) allegations related to a December 2017 stop-

18   work order. We have previously held that “claim preclusion may apply where some of the facts

19   on which a subsequent action is based post-date the first action but do not amount to a new claim.”

20   Storey v. Cello Holdings, L.L.C., 347 F.3d 370, 384 (2d Cir. 2003). TAL’s allegations are too

21   vague to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. TAL makes conclusory allegations that

22   the “snow removal bill is a complete fabrication” and “caus[ed] Plaintiffs continuing and ongoing

                                                     6
 1   harm” without any greater specificity. App’x at A-45. Moreover, allegations about the stop-

 2   work order affecting TAL’s “project on [a] driveway” are not backed by any specific evidence that

 3   the order was in fact “doctored” and pretextual. Id. at A-46 to -47. So the district court did not

 4   improperly shift the burden to TAL by applying the res judicata bar.

 5          B.      Application of Res Judicata

 6          The district court did not err by dismissing TAL’s arguments on res judicata grounds. “To

 7   prove the affirmative defense [of res judicata] a party must show that (1) the previous action

 8   involved an adjudication on the merits; (2) the previous action involved the plaintiffs or those in

 9   privity with them; (3) the claims asserted in the subsequent action were, or could have been, raised

10   in the prior action.” Monahan, 214 F.3d at 285. TAL challenges the second and third prongs.

11                  1.      Privity

12          The TAL 2 Defendants are in privity with the TAL 1 defendants. “[L]iteral privity is not

13   a requirement for res judicata to apply”; rather, the Court must engage in “a functional inquiry” to

14   determine whether the parties’ “interests were adequately represented by another vested with the

15   authority of representation.” Id. TAL’s arguments to the contrary are without merit. First, TAL

16   forfeited this argument below by failing to respond to Pomona’s motion-to-dismiss argument that

17   there is privity. We decline to consider arguments raised for the first time on appeal. See Greene

18   v. United States, 13 F.3d 577, 586 (2d Cir. 1994).

19          Second, in any event, TAL cannot defeat privity by adding new Defendants, all of whom

20   are sued in their official capacities and are thus in privity with the Village of Pomona. See

21   Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165–66 (1985). TAL relies on cases in which officers were

22   sued only in their individual capacities, whereas Defendants here have been sued in their official

                                                      7
 1   and individual capacities. See Fabian v. Pappalardo, 395 F. Supp. 3d 257, 264 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

 2   (“[B]ecause each of the officers is sued in his individual capacity, rather than his official capacity,

 3   they are not in privity with the City.” (citations omitted)); Stancuna v. Sherman, 563 F. Supp. 2d

 4   349, 354 (D. Conn. 2008) (finding no privity when the defendant was “sued only in his individual,

 5   not official, capacity”).

 6                   2.       Prior Action

 7           TAL 2 does not raise new claims unrelated to TAL 1. “Whether a claim that was not

 8   raised in the previous action could have been raised therein depends in part on whether the same

 9   transaction or connected series of transactions is at issue, and whether the same evidence is needed

10   to support both claims.” Pike v. Freeman, 266 F.3d 78, 91 (2d Cir. 2001) (citation and internal

11   quotation marks omitted).         First, TAL 2’s allegations about the “Subdivided Properties”

12   repackage allegations made in TAL 1. 2 Second, as to allegations of antisemitism, TAL 2 raises

13   “additional instances of what was previously asserted” in TAL 1, permitting the inference that both

14   TAL lawsuits arise from a “common nucleus of operative facts.” Waldman v. Village of Kiryas

15   Joel, 207 F.3d 105, 113 (2d Cir. 2000). The district court thus did not err by concluding that TAL

16   2’s claims could have been raised in TAL 1.

             2
                Compare App’x at A-42 (“Defendants . . . threatened to retroactively withdraw 22 High’s
     Certificate of Occupancy[] unless Plaintiffs would sign an agreement . . . that the road accessing 22 High
     was not a village road . . . in order to impede and delay Plaintiffs’ ability to sell the Subdivided
     Properties.”), with id. at A-120 to -121 (“[T]he Village of Pomona threatened to withdraw the certificate of
     occupancy if plaintiff failed to sign an agreement acknowledging, inter alia, that the road accessing the
     property was not a village road and that its maintenance was the sole responsibility of the property owner.”).

                                                           8
 1                  3.      “Due Diligence” Exception

 2          We do not decide whether the exception to res judicata for “newly discovered evidence”

 3   that “could not have been discovered with due diligence” applies here. In re Layo, 460 F.3d 289,

 4   292–93 (2d Cir. 2006). TAL argues that the 2019 revelation of Defendant-Appellee Noreen

 5   Shea’s recordings and the 2018 admissions of Defendants-Appellees Louis Zummo and Doris

 6   Ulman support finding a due-diligence exception to res judicata. But even if the due-diligence

 7   exception applied, TAL fails to articulate how Shea’s recordings or the 2018 admissions would

 8   have provided new evidence beyond what TAL had already alleged in substance or of which it

 9   was unaware before the January 10, 2018 dismissal of TAL 1. So the newly discovered evidence

10   amounts to “nothing more than additional instances of what was previously asserted” and would

11   thus have not changed the outcome of TAL 1. Waldman, 207 F.3d at 113.

12   III.   Claims Against Banks

13          The district court did not err by dismissing TAL’s claims against Banks under Fed. R. Civ.

14   P. Rule 12(b)(6). To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the complaint must plead “enough facts to

15   state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570

16   (2007). A claim has “facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the

17   court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”

18   Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Pleadings that are “no more than conclusions . . . are

19   not entitled to the assumption of truth.” Id. at 679. TAL’s allegations against Banks are

20   conclusory, suggesting he “reneged on his promises after being elected Mayor,” “sought to undo

21   personnel changes,” and at an unspecified time threatened to “enforce code and building

22   violations” and block development unless Manes and another Pomona resident “dismissed their

                                                      9
 1   lawsuits for discrimination against the Village.” App’x at A-80 to -81. TAL also alleges that

 2   Banks told Manes, “You people now have too much power,” but the Second Amended Complaint

 3   does not connect this statement with any specific misconduct against TAL.            Id. at A-80.

 4   Moreover, as the district court noted, TAL fails to “tether these allegations [against Banks] to a

 5   specific claim for relief” in the Second Amended Complaint.            Special App’x at SPA-9.

 6   Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not err by dismissing the claims against Banks

 7   for failure to state a claim.

 8   IV.     Extension of Time to Amend

 9           Finally, the district court did not commit an abuse of discretion by denying TAL’s request

10   for an extension of time to file an amended complaint. “We review a district court’s [denial of

11   an] extension of time for abuse of discretion.” Tancredi v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 378 F.3d 220,

12   226 (2d Cir. 2004). The district court reasonably denied TAL’s request because TAL had notice

13   of the deadline to amend but failed to comply. The district court’s September 7, 2021 dismissal

14   order permitted TAL to file a Third Amended Complaint “within thirty days of the date of this

15   Order”—i.e., October 7, 2021. Special App’x at SPA-9. TAL requested an “extension of time

16   to file a motion for reconsideration” until October 11, 2021, “and that any other deadlines or

17   conferences in this case be deferred until after that date.” Id. at SPA-11. The district court

18   granted the application. Id. But when TAL moved for a second extension, it sought only “a one-

19   week extension to file a motion for reconsideration,” without any mention of “other deadlines,”

20   such as the deadline to amend. Id. at SPA-12. The district court’s grant of the second extension

21   request also made no mention of the deadline to amend. Id. TAL’s motion for reconsideration

22   again made no reference to the deadline to amend, and TAL did not request an extension of this

                                                     10
 1   deadline until the end of its reply brief. See App’x at A-487. The district court was thus within

 2   its discretion to deny TAL’s untimely request for an extension, especially considering it was raised

 3   for the first time in TAL’s reply brief supporting its motion for reconsideration. Cf. Conn. Bar

 4   Ass’n v. United States, 620 F.3d 81, 91 n.13 (2d Cir. 2010) (“Issues raised for the first time in a

 5   reply brief are generally deemed waived.”).

 6                                              *     *    *

 7          We have considered all of TAL’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.

8    For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

 9                                                  FOR THE COURT:
10                                                  Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
11

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