Court Opinion

ID: 4667260
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-12 16:01:45.916244+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:54.960335
License: Public Domain

Case: 20-1367   Document: 53     Page: 1   Filed: 03/12/2021

        NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

   United States Court of Appeals
       for the Federal Circuit
                 ______________________

    CAJUN SERVICES UNLIMITED, LLC, DBA
    SPOKED MANUFACTURING, T2 TOOLS &
  DESIGN, LLC, SHANE TRICHE, HEATH TRICHE,
                Plaintiffs-Appellees

                            v.

    BENTON ENERGY SERVICE COMPANY, DBA
              BESCO TUBULAR,
              Defendant-Appellant
             ______________________

                       2020-1367
                 ______________________

    Appeal from the United States District Court for the
 Eastern District of Louisiana in Nos. 2:17-cv-00491-BWA-
 JCW, 2:18-cv-05630-BWA-JCW, 2:18-cv-05932-BWA-JCW,
 Judge Barry W. Ashe.
                  ______________________

                 Decided: March 12, 2021
                 ______________________

     WALTER JAMES SCOTT, JR., Scott Law Group LLP, Ev-
 ergreen, CO, argued for plaintiffs-appellees. Also repre-
 sented by GEORGE THEODORE SCOTT; TORI SHERER
 BOWLING, Keogh, Cox & Wilson, Ltd., Baton Rouge, LA.

    ROBERT MICHAEL KALLAM, Kean Miller LLP, Lafayette,
Case: 20-1367    Document: 53      Page: 2    Filed: 03/12/2021

 2   CAJUN SERVS. UNLIMITED, LLC   v. BENTON ENERGY SERV. CO.

 LA, argued for defendant-appellant. Also represented by
 AMANDA MARIE COLLURA-DAY, ROBERT DEVIN RICCI, New
 Orleans, LA; LAUREN J. RUCINSKI, Baton Rouge, LA;
 CHRISTOPHER RIVIERE, Riviere Abel, PLC, Thibodaux, LA.
                 ______________________

     Before LOURIE, HUGHES, and STOLL, Circuit Judges.
 STOLL, Circuit Judge.
      Benton Energy Service Company (BESCO) appeals the
 United States District Court for the Eastern District of
 Louisiana’s denial of its motion to compel arbitration. Be-
 cause the district court did not err in concluding that
 BESCO waived its right to compel arbitration of the claims
 at issue, we affirm.
                         BACKGROUND
                               I
     This case arose from a dispute between BESCO and
 Cajun Services Unlimited, LLC, dba Spoked Manufactur-
 ing, T2 Tools & Design, L.L.C., Shane Triche, and Heath
 Triche (collectively, “Cajun”) over ownership and intellec-
 tual property rights in an elevator roller insert system used
 in oil drilling. BESCO and Cajun had a working relation-
 ship in which Cajun prepared drawings and fabricated cer-
 tain equipment for BESCO’s use in oil fields. Following a
 2014 discussion of improvements to the elevator BESCO
 used in the field, Cajun began manufacturing a roller in-
 sert system to fit BESCO’s elevator.
      Whenever BESCO’s field hands picked up the elevator
 roller insert system from Cajun’s facilities for use in the
 field, Cajun required them to sign a delivery ticket ac-
 knowledging receipt. Around June 2015, Cajun started
 printing terms and conditions on the delivery tickets.
 Thereafter, BESCO’s field hands continued to pick up the
 elevator roller insert system and sign the delivery tickets.
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 CAJUN SERVS. UNLIMITED, LLC   v. BENTON ENERGY SERV. CO.   3

     Among the terms and conditions on the tickets was an
 arbitration clause in Section 5.6:
    Any dispute or difference arising out of or in con-
    nection with this contract shall be determined by
    the appointment of a single arbitrator to be agreed
    between the parties, or failing agreement within
    fourteen days, after either party has given to the
    other a written request to concur in the appoint-
    ment of an arbitrator, by an arbitrator to be ap-
    pointed by the President or a Vice President of the
    Chartered Institute of Arbitrators.
 J.A. 420. The terms and conditions (also referred to as the
 “Rental Agreement”) stated that the elevator roller insert
 system “at all times remain[ed] the property of [Cajun]”
 and prohibited BESCO from making any alteration or mod-
 ification to the elevator roller insert system, or “dis-
 sassembl[ing], reverse engineer[ing] or analyz[ing]” the
 elevator roller insert system or having a third party do the
 same. Id. The terms and conditions also purportedly gave
 Cajun “all right, title and interest to all improvements and
 modifications made to the [elevator roller insert system],
 whether made by [Cajun] or [BESCO].” Id.
     In March 2015, Cajun filed a provisional patent appli-
 cation covering the elevator roller insert system, which ul-
 timately issued as U.S. Patent No. 9,988,862 on June 5,
 2018. The ’862 patent is titled “Elevator Roller Insert Sys-
 tem,” and names Cajun’s principals as the sole inventors
 and Cajun as the sole assignee.
     The parties’ relationship deteriorated toward the end
 of 2015, when oil prices declined, and Cajun demanded
 more money for the elevator roller insert system than
 BESCO was willing to pay. BESCO stopped renting the
 elevator roller insert system from Cajun and contracted
 with a third party to manufacture new roller inserts for
 BESCO’s elevators.
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 4   CAJUN SERVS. UNLIMITED, LLC   v. BENTON ENERGY SERV. CO.

                              II
                              A
      On January 20, 2017, Cajun filed suit against BESCO
 in the Eastern District of Louisiana, alleging eight causes
 of action: (1) violation of the Defend Trade Secrets Act
 (DTSA); (2) violation of the Louisiana Uniform Trade Se-
 crets Act (LUTSA); (3) violation of Louisiana Unfair Trade
 Practices and Consumer Protection Law (LUPTA); (4) bad
 faith breach of contract; (5) fraud; (6) civil conspiracy;
 (7) declaratory judgment that Cajun retained all right, ti-
 tle, and interest to the elevator roller insert system; and
 (8) injunctive relief to preclude BESCO from using the ele-
 vator roller insert system. Complaint at 14–27, Cajun
 Servs. Unlimited, LLC v. Benton Energy Serv. Co.,
 No. 17-cv-00491 (E.D. La. Jan. 20, 2017), ECF No. 1 (Ca-
 jun I). BESCO filed an answer that did not mention arbi-
 tration and included counterclaims for: (1) unfair and
 deceptive trade practices; (2) breach of contract; (3) fraud-
 ulent inducement; and (4) declaratory judgment that
 BESCO did not utilize any of Cajun’s confidential and pro-
 prietary information.        Answer at 17–20, Cajun I,
 No. 17-cv-00491 (E.D. La. Feb. 16, 2017). Cajun filed a first
 amended complaint, and BESCO filed an answer, which
 again omitted any reference to arbitration.
     Discovery proceeded in Cajun I on all claims and the
 parties filed motions for summary judgment in Octo-
 ber 2017. BESCO filed a motion for partial summary judg-
 ment seeking dismissal of Cajun’s DTSA, LUTSA, and
 LUPTA claims, arguing that Cajun had no cognizable trade
 secrets and no standing to assert trade secrets, and, in the
 alternative, that BESCO had not misappropriated any
 trade secrets that may have existed. BESCO’s summary-
 judgment briefing did not mention arbitration. Cajun filed
 two motions for summary judgment, one concerning the
 breach-of-contract claims and counterclaims and the other
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 CAJUN SERVS. UNLIMITED, LLC   v. BENTON ENERGY SERV. CO.    5

 concerning BESCO’s counterclaims for unfair and decep-
 tive trade practices and fraudulent inducement.
     BESCO filed separate oppositions to each of Cajun’s
 motions for summary judgment on October 24, 2017, about
 six weeks before trial was scheduled to begin. BESCO’s
 opposition to Cajun’s trade-practices motion did not men-
 tion arbitration. BESCO raised arbitration for the first
 time in its opposition to Cajun’s breach-of-contract motion.
 In a footnote, BESCO made a single-sentence, alternative
 argument that the claims should be arbitrated: “Even if
 this Court determined that the Disputed [Terms & Condi-
 tions] constituted a binding agreement between [Cajun]
 and Besco, the Court should nonetheless deny the motion
 for summary judgment so that this matter can proceed in
 arbitration in accordance with the provisions of the Dis-
 puted [Terms & Conditions].” J.A. 216. BESCO reiterated
 this alternative argument in its reply brief in support of its
 own motion for summary judgment. J.A. 237 (“[E]ven if the
 alleged terms and conditions do constitute a binding agree-
 ment between Cajun and Besco, which is at all times de-
 nied, this Honorable Court should dismiss this action so
 that the dispute can proceed to arbitration in accordance
 with the provisions of Cajun’s own ‘agreement.’”).
      Cajun I ended on May 18, 2018 when, “at the request
 of counsel for both parties,” the district court administra-
 tively closed the case “pending request by either party to
 re-open the case in the future with the parties reserving all
 rights.” J.A. 259–60. Due to standing issues with Cajun’s
 DTSA claim, the district court dismissed that claim with-
 out prejudice. The DTSA claim was the lynchpin of the dis-
 trict court’s jurisdiction, but the district court retained
 supplemental jurisdiction of Cajun’s state law claims in
 “anticipat[ion of Cajun] moving to amend its complaint
 once this case is re-opened in order to add its anticipated
 patent infringement claim.” J.A. 259.
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 6   CAJUN SERVS. UNLIMITED, LLC   v. BENTON ENERGY SERV. CO.

     On June 4, 2018, the day before the ’862 patent issued,
 BESCO filed a declaratory judgment action seeking decla-
 rations that the ’862 patent claims were invalid, not in-
 fringed, and unenforceable. Complaint at 6–7, Benton
 Energy Serv. Co. v. Cajun Servs. Unlimited, LLC,
 No. 18-cv-05630 (E.D. La. June 4, 2018) (BESCO).
     On June 14, 2018, Cajun filed another suit against
 BESCO, asserting the same causes of action as in the Ca-
 jun I litigation, except that Cajun added a patent infringe-
 ment claim and removed its civil conspiracy claim.
 Complaint at 26–39, Cajun Servs. Unlimited, LLC v. Ben-
 ton Energy Serv. Co., No. 18-cv-05932 (E.D. La. June 14,
 2018), ECF No. 1 (Cajun II). BESCO answered the Ca-
 jun II complaint on August 13, 2018, raising arbitration as
 an affirmative defense to Cajun’s breach-of-contract
 claims. Answer at 18, Cajun II, No. 18-cv-05932 (E.D. La.
 Aug. 13, 2018), ECF No. 20 (“Any alleged breach of contract
 claims based on the language and provisions of the Rental
 Agreement are subject to arbitration.”). BESCO also as-
 serted counterclaims for noninfringement, invalidity, and
 unenforceability of Cajun’s patent, unfair and deceptive
 trade practices, fraudulent inducement, breach of contract,
 and the lack of a valid agreement.
     On August 15, 2018, the district court entered an order
 consolidating BESCO and Cajun II with Cajun I. 1
 J.A. 331–32. Cajun filed an amended complaint in the con-
 solidated action in November 2018. BESCO filed an an-
 swer to Cajun’s amended complaint, including arbitration
 as an affirmative defense to Cajun’s breach-of-contract
 claims. J.A. 480.

     1    The district court ultimately granted Cajun’s mo-
 tion to dismiss the BESCO declaratory judgment claims for
 lack of subject-matter jurisdiction in April 2019.
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 CAJUN SERVS. UNLIMITED, LLC   v. BENTON ENERGY SERV. CO.   7

     In April 2019, BESCO filed three motions for summary
 judgment: a first seeking dismissal of Cajun’s trade-secret
 claims; a second seeking dismissal of Cajun’s breach-of-
 contract claim; and a third seeking dismissal of Cajun’s pa-
 tent infringement claims. BESCO raised arbitration in its
 briefing supporting its motion for summary judgment on
 Cajun’s breach-of-contract claims only.         Specifically,
 BESCO included a footnote to the last sentence of its brief,
 stating:
     In the event Besco’s Motion for Partial Summary
     Judgment is denied and a determination is
     made . . . that the Terms and Conditions . . . is a
     binding and enforceable agreement . . . , Besco in-
     tends to seek a dismissal and/or stay of any and all
     breach of contract claims asserted by Cajun so that
     these claims can be resolved by arbitration pursu-
     ant to Section 5.6 of the Terms and Conditions/Dis-
     puted [Terms & Conditions].
 J.A. 500.
     In June 2019, the district court held a pretrial confer-
 ence. The parties’ proposed pretrial order stated several
 contested issues related to arbitration, including “whether
 all or any part of this dispute must be submitted to, and
 decided by, arbitration,” to the extent the Rental Agree-
 ment was binding; “[w]hich claims of any party, if any, are
 subject to the . . . arbitration provision”; and “[w]hether
 Besco has waived the arbitration provision.” J.A. 657.
     BESCO filed its objections to Cajun’s proposed jury in-
 structions in July 2019. Relevant here, BESCO “object[ed]
 to any jury instruction which would attempt to empower
 the jury to determine the issues of whether the Agreement
 was breached, whether the breach caused any actual dam-
 age to [Cajun], and/or the calculation of any purported
 damages resulting from the alleged breach.” J.A. 687. The
 jury could not decide these issues, BESCO maintained, be-
 cause if “the Agreement is enforceable, then the arbitration
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 8   CAJUN SERVS. UNLIMITED, LLC   v. BENTON ENERGY SERV. CO.

 clause included therein will be triggered and the parties’
 dispute must be resolved by arbitration pursuant to Sec-
 tion 5.6 of the Agreement.” Id. Notwithstanding BESCO’s
 position that some or all of Cajun’s claims would be subject
 to arbitration if the Rental Agreement were enforceable,
 BESCO’s proposed verdict form asked the jury to deter-
 mine liability and damages on BESCO’s counterclaims if it
 found the Rental Agreement enforceable. J.A. 1297–303.
     The district court held a four-day jury trial starting on
 July 8, 2019. The jury found in Cajun’s favor on all of Ca-
 jun’s claims remaining in the case and rejected BESCO’s
 counterclaims.
                               B
      After receiving the jury’s verdict, BESCO moved to
 compel arbitration of all of Cajun’s claims, asking the dis-
 trict court to “vacate the jury verdict on all issues other
 than the finding of a valid and enforceable written agree-
 ment between Cajun and Besco.” Cajun Servs. Unlimited,
 LLC v. Benton Energy Serv. Co., No. 17-cv-491, 2019 WL
 6173766, at *2 (E.D. La. Nov. 11, 2019). BESCO asserted
 that all claims should be arbitrated because they “arise out
 of the equipment rentals under the Rental Agreement.” Id.
 Cajun responded that BESCO waived any right to compel
 arbitration by failing to timely raise the issue. The district
 court denied BESCO’s motion to compel arbitration, con-
 cluding that BESCO had waived arbitration of all of its
 claims by “substantially invok[ing] the judicial process to
 [Cajun’s] prejudice.” Id. at *10.
      In particular, the district court found that BESCO had
 substantially invoked the judicial process with respect to
 all of the claims at issue. Regarding BESCO’s non-contract
 claims, the district court found that BESCO “sought a res-
 olution of [Cajun’s] trade-secret, unfair-trade-practices,
 fraud, and patent-infringement claims, as well as its own
 claims against [Cajun], through the judicial system, with-
 out arguing that any of these claims should be resolved
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 CAJUN SERVS. UNLIMITED, LLC   v. BENTON ENERGY SERV. CO.     9

 through arbitration until” after trial. Id. at *6. Addressing
 BESCO’s contract claims, the district court acknowledged
 that “[a]fter October 2017, Besco did consistently mention
 its arbitral rights in regard to the contract claims as it con-
 tinued to dispute the existence of the Rental Agreement
 and litigate the other claims.” Id. at *8. But, considering
 the balance of BESCO’s conduct, the district court decided
 that this did not alter the conclusion that “Besco’s actions
 before mentioning its arbitral rights constitute[d] overt
 acts which evince a desire to resolve the dispute through
 litigation rather than arbitration.” Id. at *9. Specifically,
 “during the seven months preceding any notice of an intent
 to arbitrate, Besco filed two answers with affirmative de-
 fenses and counterclaims, filed a joint motion for a protec-
 tive order (without seeking to limit discovery to the issue
 of contract validity), engaged in full-fledged discovery, and
 filed a motion for summary judgment on Cajun’s trade-se-
 cret claims.” Id.
     The district court further found that Cajun was preju-
 diced as a result of BESCO’s delay in seeking arbitration.
 The court emphasized that Cajun was forced to incur legal
 expenses defending against BESCO’s counterclaims and
 BESCO’s discovery in the Cajun I lawsuit on claims that
 BESCO now argues are subject to arbitration. See id. at *6,
 *9. The court reasoned that Cajun’s expenses in litigating
 both BESCO’s motions for summary judgment and the
 BESCO declaratory judgment action provided an addi-
 tional basis for prejudice, because BESCO did not notify
 Cajun of any intent to “seek arbitration of any non-contract
 claim until the final pretrial conference on June 25, 2019,
 over two years after the initial complaint was filed.” Id.
 at *6. The district court further found that BESCO’s Octo-
 ber 2017 assertions that the contract claims should be ar-
 bitrated did not eliminate prejudice to Cajun as to those
 claims, because BESCO’s “total inaction on its intent to
 seek arbitration, while otherwise continuing to litigate,
 made it unreasonable for Besco to expect [Cajun] to believe
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 10   CAJUN SERVS. UNLIMITED, LLC   v. BENTON ENERGY SERV. CO.

 Besco actually intended to move for arbitration.” Id. at *10.
 BESCO appeals. 2
                         DISCUSSION
      On appeal, BESCO challenges the district court’s de-
 nial of its motion to compel arbitration. Specifically,
 BESCO argues that the district court committed clear er-
 ror in finding that BESCO substantially invoked the litiga-
 tion process and that BESCO’s conduct in this case
 prejudiced Cajun. Because the district court’s conclusions
 are not clearly erroneous, we affirm.
                               I
     As a threshold matter, we conclude that we have juris-
 diction over BESCO’s appeal. The district court had juris-
 diction under 28 U.S.C. § 1338 due to Cajun’s assertion of
 a patent infringement claim. The Federal Arbitration Act
 allows an appeal from “an order . . . denying a petition . . .
 to order arbitration to proceed,” 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1)(B), thus
 “render[ing] appealable under section 1292(a)(1) the denial

      2  Following oral argument, Cajun informed us that
 it had filed a petition for involuntary bankruptcy against
 debtor BESCO, and we stayed BESCO’s appeal in this
 court consistent with 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(1), which imposes
 an automatic stay on judicial proceedings against a debtor
 when a petition for involuntary bankruptcy is filed. Order
 Staying Appeal, Cajun Servs. Unlimited, LLC v. Benton
 Energy Serv. Co., No. 20-1367 (Oct. 26, 2020), ECF No. 48.
 The parties later informed us that the United States Bank-
 ruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana modified
 the automatic stay for the limited purpose of allowing the
 appeal in this court to proceed to final judgment. Notice
 Regarding Bankruptcy at 2, Cajun Servs. Unlimited, LLC
 v. Benton Energy Serv. Co., No. 20-1367 (Dec. 18, 2020),
 ECF No. 49. We hereby lift the stay of this appeal in this
 court.
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 CAJUN SERVS. UNLIMITED, LLC   v. BENTON ENERGY SERV. CO.   11

 of an injunctive order (i.e., motions to compel arbitration).”
 Microchip Tech. Inc. v. U.S. Philips Corp., 367 F.3d 1350,
 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2004). “Since the district court had juris-
 diction under 28 U.S.C. § 1338, and the order is appealable
 under section 1292(a)(1), we, rather than the regional cir-
 cuit, have appellate jurisdiction.” Id. (citing 28 U.S.C.
 § 1292(c)(1)).
                               II
     We apply Fifth Circuit law to our review of the district
 court’s denial of BESCO’s motion to compel arbitration.
 See id. at 1356 (“We are obligated to follow regional circuit
 law on questions of arbitrability that are not ‘intimately in-
 volved in the substance of enforcement of a patent right.’”
 (quoting Flex-Foot, Inc. v. CRP, Inc., 238 F.3d 1362, 1365
 (Fed. Cir. 2001))). The Fifth Circuit reviews the denial of
 a motion to compel arbitration de novo and reviews any un-
 derlying factual findings for clear error. In re Mirant Corp.,
 613 F.3d 584, 588 (5th Cir. 2010). “The district court’s fac-
 tual findings are clearly erroneous only if, after reviewing
 the record, we are firmly convinced that a mistake has been
 made.” Nicholas v. KBR, Inc., 565 F.3d 904, 907 (5th Cir.
 2009) (citing Baldwin v. Stalder, 137 F.3d 836, 839
 (5th Cir. 1998)).
     Under Fifth Circuit law, waiver of a party’s right to ar-
 bitrate “will be found when the party seeking arbitration
 substantially invokes the judicial process to the detriment
 or prejudice of the other party.” Republic Ins. Co. v. PAICO
 Receivables, LLC, 383 F.3d 341, 344 (5th Cir. 2004) (quot-
 ing Subway Equip. Leasing Corp. v. Forte, 169 F.3d 324,
 326 (5th Cir. 1999)). “There is a strong presumption
 against finding a waiver of arbitration, and the party
 claiming that the right to arbitrate has been waived bears
 a heavy burden.” Id. (citing Subway, 169 F.3d at 326).
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 12   CAJUN SERVS. UNLIMITED, LLC   v. BENTON ENERGY SERV. CO.

                               A
     “To invoke the judicial process ‘[t]he party must, at the
 very least, engage in some overt act in court that evinces a
 desire to resolve the arbitrable dispute through litigation
 rather than arbitration.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quot-
 ing Subway, 169 F.3d at 329). A district court’s finding
 that a party substantially invoked the judicial process is
 reviewed for clear error. Id. at 346 (“[T]he district court
 finding that Republic invoked the judicial process . . . is not
 clearly erroneous.”).
      The district court did not clearly err in finding that
 BESCO substantially invoked the judicial process with re-
 spect to both the contract and non-contract claims. 3
 BESCO filed two answers in Cajun I and participated in
 full-fledged discovery on the merits of the contract claims
 before it first hinted that it would seek to arbitrate those
 claims in October 2017. Even then, BESCO did not seek to
 stay proceedings on the merits pending resolution of the
 threshold question of the validity of the agreement contain-
 ing the arbitration provision. Instead, BESCO stated only

      3   On appeal, BESCO asserts that the district court
 erred in treating the contract and non-contract claims sep-
 arately. BESCO does not appear to dispute, however, that
 invocation of the judicial process is determined on a claim-
 by-claim basis. See Subway, 169 F.3d at 328 (“We hold to-
 day that a party only invokes the judicial process to the ex-
 tent it litigates a specific claim it subsequently seeks to
 arbitrate.”). Nor does BESCO appear to challenge the dis-
 trict court’s factual finding that BESCO “acted differently”
 with respect to how it sought to litigate the contract and
 non-contract claims. Cajun, 2019 WL 6173766, at *4; see
 Appellant’s Br. 37–39. Accordingly, we conclude that
 BESCO has not demonstrated that the district court erred
 by analyzing the contract and non-contract claims sepa-
 rately.
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 CAJUN SERVS. UNLIMITED, LLC   v. BENTON ENERGY SERV. CO.   13

 that the district court should deny Cajun’s motion for sum-
 mary judgment on the merits if the court found a valid
 agreement “so that this matter can proceed in arbitration.”
 J.A. 216. Other than including this obscure statement in a
 footnote, BESCO did not take any action to initiate an ar-
 bitration in accordance with the terms of the Rental Agree-
 ment until nearly two years later, following a trial on the
 merits.
      As the district court properly found, BESCO partici-
 pated in litigation even more fully with respect to the non-
 contract claims. BESCO waited until the June 2019 pre-
 trial conference in the consolidated action to “put[ Cajun]
 on notice that it would even possibly seek arbitration of
 any non-contract claim.” Cajun, 2019 WL 6173766, at *6.
 In addition to its litigation activity in Cajun I, 4 BESCO
 filed two answers, asserted counterclaims, and filed three
 motions for summary judgment before it ever suggested
 that the non-contract claims were subject to arbitration at
 the June 2019 pretrial conference. Even then, BESCO’s
 actions were inconsistent with the notion that the non-con-
 tract claims must be arbitrated. Indeed, BESCO’s pro-
 posed verdict form asked the jury to determine liability and
 damages on BESCO’s counterclaims. We agree with the
 district court that these facts collectively demonstrate
 BESCO’s “desire to resolve the arbitrable dispute through
 litigation rather than arbitration.” Republic Ins., 383 F.3d
 at 344 (quoting Subway, 169 F.3d at 329).
     The district court’s decision is also consistent with the
 Fifth Circuit’s decisions in Republic Insurance and General

     4   BESCO argues that we should disregard its actions
 in Cajun I in considering whether BESCO waived its right
 to compel arbitration in the consolidated action. Appel-
 lant’s Reply 6; see Appellant’s Br. 26, 29. We disagree and
 conclude that the consolidated action is properly viewed as
 a continuation of Cajun I.
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 14   CAJUN SERVS. UNLIMITED, LLC   v. BENTON ENERGY SERV. CO.

 Guaranty Insurance Co. v. New Orleans General Agency,
 Inc., 427 F.2d 924 (5th Cir. 1970). In Republic Insurance,
 the Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court’s denial of Re-
 public’s motion to compel arbitration. 383 F.3d at 349. The
 court reasoned that Republic had waived its right to arbi-
 trate because it “wait[ed] to file its motion to compel arbi-
 tration until days before the trial,” and it “undertook
 extensive litigation activities before asserting its right to
 arbitrate,” such as answering counterclaims, conducting
 full-fledged discovery, amending its complaint, filing sev-
 eral motions, and filing the required pretrial materials
 with the district court. Id. at 344–45. On its contract
 claims, BESCO, like Republic, filed two answers and par-
 ticipated in full-fledged discovery on the merits of the con-
 tract claims before hinting that it would seek to arbitrate
 those claims. With respect to the non-contract claims,
 BESCO further filed an additional suit, two answers, and
 four motions for summary judgment before raising arbitra-
 tion. Like Republic, BESCO’s failure to move to compel ar-
 bitration in a timely fashion “prevented the district court
 from limiting the judicial proceedings to the threshold
 question of whether a valid agreement to arbitrate exists.”
 Id. at 345.
      On the other hand, in General Guaranty, the Fifth Cir-
 cuit reversed the district court’s denial of the defendant’s
 motion to compel arbitration when the defendant’s first re-
 sponsive pleading contained an alternative argument re-
 questing a stay pending arbitration, and the district court’s
 denial was based on: (1) the defendant’s failure to “ask for
 arbitration before suit was filed”; (2) the defendant “al-
 low[ing] plaintiff to proceed with taking depositions . . . be-
 fore indicating any intent to request arbitration”; and
 (3) the defendant “ask[ing] the court . . . for a stay to arbi-
 trate only in the alternative.” 427 F.2d at 926–28. Unlike
 the defendant in General Guaranty, BESCO did not raise
 its right to arbitration in its first responsive pleading. Nor
 did BESCO raise its right to arbitration in a manner
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 CAJUN SERVS. UNLIMITED, LLC   v. BENTON ENERGY SERV. CO.   15

 “consistent with orderly participation in the lawsuit,” that
 would provide for “preservation of the time and effort of
 [the] court and [the] parties.” Id. at 929. The holding in
 General Guaranty that the defendant “did not lose its
 rights to arbitration by pleading alternatively that the con-
 tract had been abandoned and that court proceedings
 should be stayed pending arbitration,” id. at 928, also un-
 dermines BESCO’s assertion that it could not raise the is-
 sue of arbitrability of the claims until after the jury had
 decided whether the parties had a valid agreement, see Ap-
 pellant’s Br. 25–26, 34.
      For all these reasons, we conclude that the district
 court did not clearly err in finding that BESCO substan-
 tially invoked the litigation process.
                               B
     “[F]or purposes of a waiver of an arbitration agree-
 ment: ‘prejudice . . . refers to the inherent unfairness in
 terms of delay, expense, or damage to a party’s legal posi-
 tion that occurs when the party’s opponent forces it to liti-
 gate an issue and later seeks to arbitrate that same issue.’”
 Republic Ins., 383 F.3d at 346 (alterations in original)
 (quoting Subway, 169 F.3d at 327). A finding of prejudice
 in support of the conclusion that a party has waived its
 right to compel arbitration is a finding of fact reviewed for
 clear error. Price v. Drexel Burnham Lambert, Inc.,
 791 F.2d 1156, 1163 (5th Cir. 1986).
     The district court did not clearly err in finding that Ca-
 jun was prejudiced by BESCO’s conduct in this case. The
 district court acknowledged that, in Cajun I, BESCO raised
 arbitration as an alternative argument in a footnote at the
 end of its October 2017 summary-judgment opposition
 brief, and that this may have informed Cajun of BESCO’s
 intent to arbitrate Cajun’s contract claims as of that time.
 The district court reasonably concluded, however, that not-
 withstanding this footnote, “Besco’s total inaction on its in-
 tent to seek arbitration, while otherwise continuing to
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 16   CAJUN SERVS. UNLIMITED, LLC   v. BENTON ENERGY SERV. CO.

 litigate, made it unreasonable for Besco to expect [Cajun]
 to believe Besco actually intended to move for arbitration.”
 Cajun, 2019 WL 6173766, at *10; see Republic Ins.,
 383 F.3d at 1346 (“[W]here the pretrial activity was related
 to all of the parties’ claims, including those that were con-
 ceded to be arbitrable, arbitration would result in preju-
 dice.” (citing Price, 791 F.2d at 1159)). Indeed, BESCO
 allowed litigation and trial to proceed on the merits of all
 issues instead of seeking to limit the proceedings to the
 threshold question of whether a valid agreement existed.
 And even prior to October 2017, Cajun incurred costs for
 pleadings, discovery, and motions practice in Cajun I for
 claims that BESCO subsequently sought to arbitrate.
     We also find unpersuasive BESCO’s assertion that Ca-
 jun’s litigation expenses do not provide a cognizable basis
 for prejudice. See Appellant’s Br. 35–36 (citing Gen. Guar.,
 427 F.2d at 929). BESCO’s cited cases do not stand for
 such a broad proposition. The court in General Guaranty,
 on which BESCO principally relies, stated that “the factors
 of delay and possible double expense, arising from the
 court’s determination of the initial issue, is not a basis for
 denying the arbitration otherwise available by reason of
 that determination.” 427 F.2d at 929. The reference to de-
 termination of “the initial issue” in General Guaranty re-
 fers to whether arbitration was available at all in that case.
 See id. (“Initial determination was to be given the issue of
 abandonment [of the contract], and the issues of whether
 the indemnitors were to be bound by an arbitration award
 and whether arbitration had been waived were reserved.”).
 Contrary to BESCO’s suggestion, General Guaranty did
 not hold that expenses incurred in litigation to resolve the
 merits of claims that a party later argues are subject to ar-
 bitration are irrelevant to the prejudice determination.
     Accordingly, the district court did not clearly err in con-
 cluding that BESCO’s conduct prejudiced Cajun.
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 CAJUN SERVS. UNLIMITED, LLC   v. BENTON ENERGY SERV. CO.   17

                       CONCLUSION
     We have considered BESCO’s remaining arguments
 and do not find them persuasive. For the foregoing rea-
 sons, we affirm the district court’s denial of BESCO’s mo-
 tion to compel arbitration.
                       AFFIRMED