Court Opinion

ID: 9841201
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-21 16:08:22.95403+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:48:30.667768
License: Public Domain

J-S19045-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  KAREN MARIE GREGORIO                         :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 1649 MDA 2022

      Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered October 20, 2022
         In the Court of Common Pleas of Northumberland County
           Criminal Division at No(s): CP-49-CR-0001129-2020,
                          CP-49-CR-0001130-2020

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., McLAUGHLIN, J., and SULLIVAN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY SULLIVAN, J.:                    FILED: SEPTEMBER 21, 2023

       Karen Marie Gregorio (“Gregorio”) appeals from the judgments of

sentence imposed following a non-jury trial in absentia on charges of

harassment and disorderly conduct.1 We vacate the judgments of sentence

and remand for a new trial.

       In 2020, the Commonwealth charged Gregorio with harassment,

disorderly conduct, and simple assault at docket 1129 of 2020 and disorderly

conduct, harassment, and intimidating a witness at docket 1130 of 2020. The

charges in both cases involve the same complainant, Gregorio’s neighbor,

whom Gregorio allegedly struck outside their homes and then accosted outside

a court building before a hearing on that assault. Gregorio initially proceeded

____________________________________________

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2709(a)(1)-(2), 5503(a)(1), (4).
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pro se, and at times was held in custody on bench warrants. She retained

counsel (“trial counsel”) at the end of 2021.

       The certified records indicate that on October 7, 2022, Gregorio, with

trial counsel, appeared in court concerning a pre-trial motion for writ of habeas

corpus, which the trial court denied.           That same day, the court modified

Gregorio’s bail, which she posted.             The bail paperwork stated that jury

selection was scheduled for Monday, October 17, 2022. On October 14, 2022,

the Commonwealth filed motions to amend the criminal informations to

include only the four summary offenses and to proceed to a non-jury trial.

The trial court granted the Commonwealth’s requests on October 17, 2022,

and scheduled non-jury trial for October 20, 2022, at 9:15 a.m. See Orders,

10/17/22, at 1.2 Trial commenced at the scheduled time, but Gregorio was

not present.     After waiting approximately fifteen minutes for Gregorio to

arrive, the trial court and the parties discussed Gregorio’s absence as follows:

             THE COURT: . . . [to trial counsel]: it’s my understanding
       your client is not present in the courthouse?

              [Trial Counsel]: No, she’s not, Your Honor.

            THE COURT: And do you have any information on her
       whereabouts?

             [Trial Counsel]: I don’t, Your Honor. All I can say to the
       [c]ourt [is] when she was last here in person on the 7th I told her
       she had jury selection on the 17th, and she had a trial during

____________________________________________

2 It is unclear whether Gregorio, her counsel, or the prosecutor appeared in

court on October 17, 2022, and the records contain no indication that any
discussions occurred before the scheduled jury selection.

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       sometime this week. I have not had contact since when she was
       brought to court for her proceeding on the 7th.

             THE COURT: And have you had any contact with her about
       today’s hearing?

             [Trial Counsel]: I -- I did not -- we tried calling -- we sent a
       notice of today[’s] proceedings on Monday to her, Your Honor. I
       did not have a phone number. We had a phone number I believe
       of a relative. We called and left a voicemail, and the office never
       received any kind of response, Your Honor.

              THE COURT: Okay.            And what’s the Commonwealth's
       position today?

            [The Prosecutor]: The Commonwealth has all the witnesses
       needed for both cases and is ready to proceed as necessary.

N.T., 10/20/22, at 2-3. The trial court conducted the trial in absentia, found

Gregorio guilty at both trial court dockets, and ordered her to pay fines of

$300 for each count.

       Gregorio filed a single pro se notice of appeal listing both trial court

docket numbers.3        The trial court denied trial counsel’s request to file a

____________________________________________

3 Gregorio’s pro se notice of appeal requires several comments. First, the
timely filing of a pro se notice of appeal when the defendant has counsel, while
technically an improper hybrid filing, will perfect an appeal.              See
Commonwealth v. Bankhead, 217 A.3d 1245, 1246 n.3 (Pa. Super. 2019).
Second, Gregorio’s notice of appeal, filed on Monday, November 21, 2022,
was timely because the thirtieth day after sentencing on October 20, 2022,
fell on a Saturday. See 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1908. Third, Gregorio’s filing of a single
notice of appeal violates the requirement that an appellant file separate
appeals at each case she intends to appeal. See Commonwealth v. Walker,
185 A.3d 969, 977 (Pa. 2018), overruled in part by Commonwealth v.
Young, 265 A.3d 462 (Pa. 2021) (holding that violations of Walker do not
require quashal). In the instant case, none of the trial court’s sentencing
orders advised Gregorio of her appellate rights. Under the circumstances of
this case, we conclude there was a breakdown in the operation of the court
that excuses strict compliance with the requirements of Walker. See
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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counseled notice of appeal nunc pro tunc. Both Gregorio and the trial court

complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

       Gregorio raises the following issue for our review:

       Was [Gregorio] denied both her federal and state constitutional
       rights to be present at trial under the Sixth Amendment of the
       United States constitution and Article 1 Section 9 of the
       Pennsylvania constitution when the trial court conduct[ed] her
       non-jury trial in absentia when [she] did not voluntarily absent
       herself from trial nor was she absent without cause.

Gregorio’s Brief at 6 (some capitalization omitted).

       This Court reviews a decision to conduct a trial in absentia for an abuse

of discretion.    See Commonwealth v. DeCosta, 197 A.3d 813, 816 (Pa.

Super. 2018).      The United States and Pennsylvania Constitutions establish

that a defendant has an absolute right to be present at trial but may waive

that right expressly or implicitly by her conduct. See Commonwealth v.

Sullens, 619 A.2d 1349, 1351 (Pa. 1992).

       Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 602 outlines the following

principles concerning a decision to proceed in absentia:

       The defendant shall be present at every stage of the trial including
       the impaneling of the jury and the return of the verdict, and at
       the imposition of sentence, except as otherwise provided by this
       rule.  The defendant’s absence without cause at the time
       scheduled for the start of trial or during trial shall not preclude
       proceeding with the trial, including the return of the verdict and
       the imposition of sentence.
____________________________________________

Commonwealth v. Floyd, 257 A.3d 13, 17 (Pa. Super. 2020) (considering
the merits of the appeals and holding that the trial court’s failure to inform
the appellant of his appellate rights constituted a breakdown in the operation
of the court).

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Pa.R.Crim.P. 602(A).        A court’s determination of a defendant’s absence

without cause should consider whether the defendant had notice of the

proceeding and whether the defendant voluntarily, knowingly, and without

justification failed to be present. See Commonwealth v. Wilson, 712 A.2d

735, 739 (Pa. 1998) (discussing, with approval, factors discussed in federal

case law, including whether the record clearly shows “that the defendant was

advised when proceedings were to commence” and whether the defendant

“voluntarily, knowingly, and without justification failed to be present at the

designated time and place” (internal citation omitted)). The Commonwealth

bears the burden of proving that a defendant is absent without cause. See

DeCosta, 197 A.3d at 818.

       Gregorio asserts she did not have notice of the October 20, 2022 trial

date and there was no evidence she voluntarily absented herself from trial.4

       The trial court concludes this issue is frivolous and reasons:

       [Gregorio] failed to appear for her trial and she provided no
       explanation to the [c]ourt ahead of time or at the time set for trial.
       The Commonwealth was ready to proceed with its subpoenaed
       witness at their inconvenience. [Gregorio] did participate in the
       hearing on her petition for habeas corpus held just thirteen days
       prior to the trial date.     Finally, [Gregorio] was previously
       scheduled for hearings when she was incarcerated and refused to
       come out of her cell. [Gregorio] cannot simply ignore a firm trial
       date.

Trial Court Opinion, 12/12/22, at 2 (some capitalization omitted).

____________________________________________

4The Commonwealth responds that Gregorio’s issue has “apparent merit.”
See Commonwealth’s Brief at 5.

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      We are constrained to conclude that the trial court abused its discretion

because the records in these appeals do not clearly show Gregorio had notice

of the rescheduled October 20, 2022 non-jury trial date.        The trial court

initially scheduled jury selection for Monday, October 17, 2022. The Friday

before the scheduled date for jury selection, the Commonwealth filed motions

to amend the informations and to proceed to a non-jury trial. Aside from the

trial court’s October 17, 2022 orders granting the Commonwealth’s motions

and rescheduling a non-jury trial for October 20, 2022, there was no evidence

of record concerning what may have transpired in the trial court on October

17, 2022. The record does not contain a transcript of any proceeding from

October 17, 2022, evidence that any subpoenas issued, or any indication

whether the parties appeared in court for the originally scheduled jury

selection proceeding.     Furthermore, the October 20, 2022 transcript

establishes only that Gregorio’s counsel sent one letter to Gregorio, three days

before the rescheduled non-jury trial date, and left a single voicemail with

Gregorio’s relative. See N.T., 10/20/22, at 2-3. Neither the trial court nor

the Commonwealth adduced any further evidence of attempts to locate or

even contact Gregorio before commencing the non-jury trial in absentia. See

id. Based on our review, we conclude the records in these appeals do not

clearly establish that Gregorio had notice of her non-jury trial on October 20,

2022. Cf. Wilson, 712 A.2d at 739.

      We acknowledge the trial court’s frustration with Gregorio. We remind

Gregorio, that an individual on bail has responsibilities to the courts and the

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efficient administration of justice. See Commonwealth v. Kelly, 78 A.3d

1136, 1144 (Pa. Super. 2013), disapproved of on other grounds by

Commonwealth v. King, 234 A.3d 549 (Pa. 2020).               Gregorio also has

affirmative duties to remain in contact with her attorney and alert the trial

court of potential problems, particularly when a trial is imminent. See id.

While a defendant has a right to a day in court, she has no right to unilaterally

select the day and hour that meets her convenience. See Sullens, 619 A.2d

at 1352. Here, it is only the unique circumstances of this case—including (1)

the limited evidence concerning the efforts to locate or contact Gregorio, (2)

the short interval between the Commonwealth’s requests to amend the

charges and forgo a jury trial and the originally scheduled date for jury

selection, (3) the lack of a clear record of what occurred on October 17, 2022,

and (4) the trial court’s decision to set a new trial date for October 20, 2022,

without any further evidence that Gregorio had adequate notice—that compel

our decision that the trial court abused its discretion.

      Judgments of sentence vacated.          Case remanded for new trials.

Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 09/21/2023

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