Court Opinion

ID: 4461674
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-12-05 20:00:24.519558+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:28:03.200414
License: Public Domain

UNPUBLISHED

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                      No. 19-1354

PAMELA H. SMITH; PAM’S CLEANING COMPANY, LLC,

                    Plaintiffs - Appellants,

             v.

PREMIER PROPERTY MANAGEMENT, d/b/a The Edge Flats, d/b/a Deacon
Station Townhomes,

                    Defendant - Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, at
Greensboro. N. Carlton Tilley, Jr., Senior District Judge. (1:18-cv-00081-NCT-JLW)

Submitted: November 20, 2019                                 Decided: December 5, 2019

Before AGEE and WYNN, Circuit Judges, and HAMILTON, Senior Circuit Judge.

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

Angela Newell Gray, GRAY NEWELL THOMAS, LLP, Greensboro, North Carolina, for
Appellants. Benjamin P. Fryer, Daniel J. Nobles, MOORE & VAN ALLEN, PLLC,
Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellee.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:

       Pamela H. Smith and Pam’s Cleaning Company (“PCC”) appeal from the district

court’s grant of summary judgment to Premier Property Management on their claims under

the Age Discrimination and Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 621-634 (2012) (ADEA); N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 143-422.2; 1 and the North Carolina Unfair and Deceptive Trade Practices Act

(UDTPA). We affirm.

       “[This court] review[s] a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.”

Variety Stores, Inc. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 888 F.3d 651, 659 (4th Cir. 2018) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Summary judgment is appropriate “‘if the movant shows that

there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law.’” Id. (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)). In making this determination,

“courts must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and

refrain from weighing the evidence or making credibility determinations.” Variety Stores,
888 F.3d at 659 (internal quotation marks omitted).

       “The ADEA prohibits employers from refusing to hire, discharging, or otherwise

discriminating against any person who is at least 40 years of age ‘because of’ the person’s

age.” E.E.O.C. v. Baltimore Cty., 747 F.3d 267, 272 (4th Cir. 2014) (citing 29 U.S.C.

§§ 623(a)(1), 631(a)). To demonstrate a claim of age discrimination under the ADEA,

Smith either had to provide direct evidence of discrimination or demonstrate a prima facie

       1
        North Carolina law applies the same standards as the ADEA. Rishel v. Nationwide
Mut. Ins. Co., 297 F. Supp. 2d 854, 875 (M.D.N.C. 2003) (dismissing North Carolina
wrongful discharge claim because the ADEA claim failed).

                                            2
case of discrimination. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 801-02

(1973); see also Mereish v. Walker, 359 F.3d 330, 333-35 (4th Cir. 2004) (applying

McDonnell-Douglas framework to ADEA claims). To establish a prima facie case of age

discrimination under McDonnell Douglas, Smith had to demonstrate that: “(1) [she] is a

member of a protected class, (2) [she] suffered an adverse employment action (such as

discharge), (3) [she] was performing [her] job duties at a level that met the employer’s

legitimate expectations at the time of the adverse employment action, and (4) [her] position

remained open or was filled by a similarly qualified applicant outside of the protected

class.” Baqir v. Principi, 434 F.3d 733, 742 (4th Cir. 2006).

       If the plaintiff makes a prima facie showing, the burden then shifts to the employer

to articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the employment action.

Dugan v. Albemarle Cty. Sch. Bd., 293 F.3d 716, 721 (4th Cir. 2002). Once the employer

comes forward with such a reason, “the burden reverts to the plaintiff to establish that the

employer’s nondiscriminatory rationale is a pretext for intentional discrimination.”

Heiko v. Colombo Sav. Bank, 434 F.3d 249, 258 (4th Cir. 2006). To do so, the plaintiff

must “show that the employer’s proffered explanation is unworthy of credence, thus

supporting an inference of discrimination, or offer other forms of circumstantial evidence

sufficiently probative of intentional discrimination.” Dugan, 293 F.3d at 721.

       First, Smith asserts that she demonstrated that Premier’s expectations were an

illegitimate sham designed to hide its discriminatory purpose. Specifically, Smith contends

that, as the Property Manager of the Edge Flats residential rental property, she was never

tasked with increasing the occupancy rate; rather, her job was one of support and oversight.

                                             3
Thus, she contends that, although she was terminated for inter alia not meeting occupancy

goals, such goals were not legitimate expectations of her position.

       Of course, the burden is on Smith to demonstrate that Premier’s stated reasons for

its conduct are false. Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., 530 U.S. 133, 146-48 (2000).

Smith’s subjective belief that her supervisors were motivated by age bias does not suffice

to withstand summary judgment on this issue. Goldberg v. B. Green & Co., 836 F.2d 845,

848 (4th Cir. 1988). Moreover, Smith’s opinion that she was meeting expectations

demonstrates almost nothing about Premier’s motivation in terminating her, as it is the

decisionmaker’s perception which is relevant. Holland v. Washington Homes, Inc., 487
F.3d 208, 217 (4th Cir. 2007).

       Smith’s arguments and factual recitation fail to address whether Premier honestly

believed that Smith bore partial responsibility for leasing issues. Contrary to Smith’s

argument, the district court properly considered the record in the light most favorable to

Smith before rejecting her claim. The record is clear that, although Smith was not directly

responsible for leasing and marketing, she was responsible as a senior member of the team

for many tasks and departments that would lead both to new leases and lease retention. 2

While there is conflicting evidence as to who the leasing staff reported to, Smith was still

a superior to the leasing staff, as shown by the termination of a staff member for

insubordination to Smith. In addition, in an email after her termination, Smith admitted

that she was working on a plan for increasing occupancy and pointed to increasing

       2
           In fact, Smith received a bonus for every lease renewed.

                                              4
occupancy numbers under her leadership. Further, it is undisputed that the occupancy rates

at her termination were not meeting ownership expectations. Finally, Smith was not

terminated for occupancy rates alone; instead, that was just one area where her superior

determined that her performance was unacceptable. Smith simply presents no evidence

undermining the conclusion that Premier believed that occupancy levels were unacceptably

low and that Smith bore at least partial responsibility for that number.

       Next, Smith contends that her supervisor could not have had any legitimate

expectations for her performance, given that management was in desperate need of

someone to fill the Property Manager position and, instead of advertising, the supervisor

simply offered the job to Smith, who she was familiar with but who lacked any relevant

experience. Smith’s argument is illogical. She is essentially saying that, because she was

actually unqualified for the position, her supervisor could not fire her for poor performance.

However, Smith fails to show anything other than that her employer’s expectations were

perhaps lofty; however, such is insufficient to show that the expectations were not bona

fide. See Coco v. Elmwood Care, Inc., 128 F.3d 1177, 1179-80 (7th Cir. 1997) (noting that

legitimate expectations means simply “bona fide expectations” and it is irrelevant whether

an employer demands “too much” of its workers).

       Next, Smith contends that, when the Edge Flats transitioned from a

family-environment to a student environment, the result was a more youth-centric

environment and Smith no longer fit in. Thus, Smith alleges that the given reasons for her

termination were pretextual and simply relied upon in order to replace her with a younger

employee. She points to several facts: most of the new hires were younger, the new hires

                                              5
were permitted perks she was not (free rent, pets, extra training), and the fact that her

supervisor referred to her as “mama” and referenced her age.

       In this regard, the district court relied upon the strong inference of

non-discrimination where the same decision-maker, who hired Smith when she was

fifty-five years old, terminated her approximately six months later. In Proud v. Stone, 945
F.2d 796, 797-98 (4th Cir. 1991), we noted that where the same individual who hired the

plaintiff also fired the plaintiff within a relatively short period of time, “a strong inference

exists that discrimination was not a determining factor for the adverse action taken by the

employer.” See also Evans v. Techs. Applications & Serv. Co., 80 F.3d 954, 959 (4th Cir.

1996) (noting that because same person hired and fired plaintiff, powerful inference arose

that decision not motivated by discriminatory animus). In Proud, we noted that where the

hirer and firer are the same person, “claims that employer animus exists in termination but

not in hiring seem irrational.” 945 F.2d at 797.

       We find that Smith’s evidence was insufficient to overcome this inference. 3 While

the occupancy rate had increased under Smith’s supervision, it was still well below

expectations. While other employees lived at the Edge Flats rent free, they were not

similarly situated to Smith. As far as comments about Smith’s age, Smith offered no detail

or context. This evidence is insufficient to overcome the same-actor inference. See

Sagar v. Oracle Corp., 914 F. Supp. 2d 688, 696 (D. Md. 2012) (“It strains reason to

       3
        Smith also relies on state case law, but admits that Proud is still controlling
precedent in this court.

                                               6
conclude that Sachar would seek to bring a nearly sixty year old man onto his team only to

discriminate against him in pursuit of a ‘younger’ workforce a few months later.”). 4

       Turning to the UDTPA claim, the relevant statute provides that “[u]nfair methods

of competition in or affecting commerce, and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or

affecting commerce, are declared unlawful.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 75-1.1(a). The UDTPA is

“intended to benefit consumers.” Dalton v. Camp, 548 S.E.2d 704, 710 (N.C. 2001).

Success on a claim under the UDTPA requires a plaintiff to establish (1) the defendant

committed an unfair or deceptive act or practice; (2) the act or practice in question was in

or affecting commerce; and (3) the act or practice proximately caused injury to the plaintiff.

Bumpers v. Comm. Bank of N. Va., 747 S.E.2d 220, 226 (N.C. 2013). A practice qualifies

as unfair “when it offends established public policy as well as when the practice is immoral,

unethical, oppressive, unscrupulous, or substantially injurious to consumers, and a practice

is deceptive if it has the capacity or tendency to deceive.” Id. at 228 (internal quotation

marks omitted); see Dalton, 548 S.E.2d at 711 (requiring “some type of egregious or

aggravating circumstances” to be alleged before the UDTPA’s provisions may take effect).

       4
         In a claim raised for the first time in her opening brief on appeal, Smith questions
whether her supervisor was the sole decisionmaker, given that the termination form
referred to “ownership” decisions. However, in district court, Smith did not raise this issue.
In addition, in an argument raised for the first time in her reply brief, Smith avers that her
supervisor was unaware of her age when Smith was hired. We decline to consider these
arguments. Muth v. United States, 1 F.3d 246, 250 (4th Cir. 1993) (holding that claims
raised for the first time on appeal generally will not be considered, absent exceptional
circumstances of plain error or fundamental miscarriage of justice); First Virginia Banks,
Inc. v. BP Exploration & Oil, Inc., 206 F.3d 404, 407 n.1 (4th Cir. 2000) (declining to
consider issues raised for first time on appeal).

                                              7
Whether an act or practice is unfair or deceptive under the UDTPA is a question of law.

Tucker v. Boulevard at Piper Glen LLC, 564 S.E.2d 248, 250 (N.C. Ct. App. 2002). PCC

improperly ended its contracts to clean two properties. Specifically, PCC generally cleaned

the buildings after hours and was able to do so because it had keys to the facilities. PCC

asserts that Premier took its keys, meaning that PCC had to complete its cleaning tasks

during regular hours. Smith, the sole owner of PCC, alleges that her regular staff was

unable to work these hours, and as she had to fill in, she was unable to find other daytime

work. In addition, Premier did not pay PCC in a timely manner, hired another company to

perform certain cleaning jobs, and removed business cards from display.

       The district court ruled that, while PCC stated a claim for breach of contract, the

behavior alleged did not rise to the level of an unfair or deceptive trade practice. A “mere

breach of contract, even if intentional, is not an unfair or deceptive act under [the UDTPA]”

by itself. Bob Timberlake Collection, Inc. v. Edwards, 626 S.E.2d 315, 323 (2006); see

PCS Phosphate Co. v. Norfolk S. Co., 559 F.3d 212, 224 (4th Cir. 2009). North Carolina

law “does not permit a party to transmute a breach of contract claim into a . . . UDTPA

claim . . . because awarding punitive or treble damages would destroy the parties' bargain.”

PCS Phosphate, 559 F.3d at 224; see Broussard v. Meineke Discount Muffler Shops, Inc.,

155 F.3d 331, 347 (4th Cir. 1998) (collecting cases). However, if substantial aggravating

circumstances accompany a breach of contract, then those circumstances can create an

UDTPA claim. Burrell v. Sparkkles Reconstruction Co., 657 S.E.2d 712, 717 (2008).

       Smith claims that the parties were not in equitable power positions, resulting in

Smith being forced to clean under difficult constraints. However, PCC was free to find

                                             8
other clients and seek damages for breach of contract. PCC does not allege any fraud or

actions that affected PCC’s ability to operate in the marketplace. Instead, PCC alleges only

that Premier ended        their contractual       relationship in an   unprofessional and

uncommunicative way. Such is insufficient to show an unfair or deceptive trade practice.

See, e.g., Bartolomeo v. S.B. Thomas, Inc., 889 F.2d 530, 535 (4th Cir. 1989) (affirming

summary judgment and holding that “complete and abrupt abandonment of [a] contractual

relationship” is neither unfair nor deceptive).

       Accordingly, we affirm. We dispense with oral argument because the facts and

legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this court and argument

would not aid the decisional process.

                                                                               AFFIRMED

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