Court Opinion

ID: 4208093
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-10-02 07:01:28.657316+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:47:13.633951
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                 FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

    FOREST COUNTY POTAWATOMI
    COMMUNITY,

                            Plaintiff,                               Civil Action No. 14-2201 (BAH)

                            v.                                       Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell

    RYAN ZINKE, Secretary, United States
    Department of the Interior, et al.,

                            Defendants.

                                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

         The plaintiff, Forest County Potawatomi Community, a federally recognized Native

American tribe located in Crandon, Wisconsin, filed ten requests, pursuant to the Freedom of

Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, for information relating to a competitor tribe’s

unsuccessful application to open a gaming establishment. Pl.’s Statement of Undisputed

Material Facts & Resps. to Defs.’ Statement of Undisputed Material Facts (“Pl.’s SUMF”) ¶¶ 19,

37–118, ECF No. 49-2. The FOIA requests were submitted to three components of the U.S.

Department of the Interior (“DOI”)—the Bureau of Indian Affairs’ (“BIA”) Central Office

(“BIA-Central”) and Midwest Regional Office (“MWRO”), and Office of Indian Gaming

(“OIG”). Id. 1 The gaming application died, but the FOIA requests live on. In response to the

plaintiff’s requests, DOI released over 22,954 pages of information. Id. ¶ 139. Dissatisfied, the

1
          The plaintiff sued the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs (“BIA”); BIA’s Office of
Indian Gaming; BIA’s Central Office; Sally Jewel, Secretary of the Interior, in her official capacity; Kevin
Washburn, Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs, in his official capacity; Paula Hart, Director, Office of Indian
Gaming, in her official capacity; and Diane Rosen, Regional Director for the Midwest Region Bureau of Indian
Affairs, in her official capacity. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d), federal employees named in
their official capacities are automatically substituted. Accordingly, Ryan Zinke is substituted for Sally Jewell,
Michael Black is substituted for Kevin Washburn, and Tammie Poitra is substituted for Diane Rosen.

                                                              1
plaintiff sued the defendants to compel disclosure of nine documents withheld in full or part and

to challenge the adequacy of the agencies’ search procedures. Pending before this Court are the

parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment. See generally Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. (“Defs.’

MSJ”), ECF No. 44; Pl.’s Cross-Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 49. The defendants’ motion is granted

in part and denied in part, and the plaintiff’s motion is denied.

I.       BACKGROUND

         Contextual background for the FOIA requests at issue is helpful in understanding the

scope and timing of the requests, and the agencies’ rationale for the searches conducted and

withholdings. Consequently, the statutory framework for, and participation in, commercial

gaming activities of both the plaintiff and the Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin

(“Menominee”) are briefly reviewed before turning to the legal challenges to the defendants’

responses to plaintiff’s FOIA requests.

         A.       Overview of Statutory Framework Governing Indian Gaming

         The records sought in this action concern the Menominee’s application to engage in

gaming operations on land approximately 35 miles from the plaintiff’s gaming facility in

Wisconsin. 2 Under the Indian Reorganization Act (“IRA”), the Secretary of DOI “is authorized,

in his discretion, to acquire . . . any interest in lands, water rights, or surface rights to lands . . .

for the purpose of providing land for Indians.” 25 U.S.C. § 5108; see also Citizens Exposing

Truth About Casinos v. Kempthorne, 492 F.3d 460, 461 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (“[T]he Secretary may

acquire lands for the purpose of providing land for Native Americans.”). The IRA further

2
         The land the Menominee sought to acquire, known as the Dairyland Greyhound Park, is located in
Kenosha, Wisconsin, Pl.’s SUMF ¶¶ 2, 8, approximately 35 miles from Milwaukee, where the plaintiff operates a
gaming facility, id. ¶ 15. The distance between the two locations is judicially noticed, as “not subject to reasonable
dispute because” this distance “can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot
reasonably be questioned.” FED. R. EVID. 201(b).

                                                              2
specifies that “[t]itle to any lands or rights acquired pursuant to this Act . . . shall be taken in the

name of the United States in trust for the Indian tribe or individual Indian for which the land is

acquired.” 25 U.S.C. § 5108. Under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (“IGRA”), “gaming

regulated by [the IGRA] shall not be conducted on lands acquired by the Secretary in trust for

the benefit of an Indian tribe after October 17, 1988.” 25 U.S.C. § 2719(a). Notwithstanding

this provision, a tribe may conduct gaming on trust land acquired after 1988 when, as relevant

here, the Secretary determines after a consultation process that “a gaming establishment on

newly acquired lands” both (1) “would be in the best interest of the Indian tribe and its

members” and (2) “would not be detrimental to the surrounding community.” Id. §

2719(b)(1)(A). This exception may be granted “only if the Governor of the State in which the

gaming activity is to be conducted concurs in the Secretary’s determination.” Id.

        In practice, the Secretary makes this two-part determination after a tribe submits an

application for a gaming exemption to the applicable BIA Regional Office, which develops and

sends a recommendation to OIG. Pl.’s SUMF ¶ 2. OIG then conducts its own review and

prepares a draft two-part determination for consideration and final decision by the Assistant

Secretary for Indian Affairs. Id.

        B.      The Menominee’s Gaming Application

        In 2004, the Menominee “filed an off-reservation gaming acquisition application with

[MWRO] requesting that the Secretary acquire in trust approximately 228 acres of land” in

Kenosha, Wisconsin for gaming purposes. Id. ¶¶ 8, 15. “The site of the proposed casino is

located approximately 190 miles from the Menominee’s gaming facility in Northern Wisconsin,”

and the “Menominee’s existing gaming facility is located approximately 160 miles north of the

[plaintiff’s] casino in Milwaukee, [Wisconsin].” Id. ¶ 26. MWRO entered into a three-party

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agreement (“TPA”) with a third party contractor, Analytical Environmental Services (“AES”),

and the Menominee to undertake preparation of Environmental Impact Statements (“EISs”)

required by the National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”), 42 U.S.C. § 4321 et seq., as part

of the Menominee’s gaming application. Decl. of Scott Doig (“First MWRO Decl.”) ¶¶ 6, 9, 11,

16, ECF No. 45-1. AES was responsible “only for the delivery of draft and final EIS

documents.” Id. ¶ 16.

       The Secretary denied the Menominee’s application to acquire the land in trust on January

7, 2009. Pl.’s SUMF ¶ 29. Thereafter, the Menominee sued DOI challenging the denial, which

lawsuit was resolved in 2011 with an agreement that DOI would withdraw its denial letter and

reconsider the Menominee’s application. Id.

       Following further review, DOI conveyed to the Governor of Wisconsin, on August 23,

2013, a Secretarial Determination, ECF No. 49-25, that gaming at the Kenosha location would be

in the Menominee’s best interest and not detrimental to the surrounding community. See id. ¶

14. On January 23, 2015, the Governor conveyed to the Secretary his non-concurrence with

DOI’s determination, prompting DOI to recognize formally, on June 1, 2015, that the Kenosha

site could not be acquired in trust. Id. ¶ 124.

       C.      The Plaintiff’s FOIA Requests

       As this process unfolded, the plaintiff filed ten FOIA requests for documents concerning

the Menominee’s gaming application with BIA-Central, MWRO, and OIG. Pl.’s SUMF ¶¶ 37–

118. These requests sought “to obtain the Supplemental Information submitted by Menominee

or its third party contractor, Analytical Environmental Services (‘AES’), regarding the Kenosha

Casino Application” in order to “provide meaningful comments on the Kenosha Casino

Application . . . by the comment deadlines.” Pl.’s Cross-Mot. Summ. J., Ex. 3, Decl. of April E.

                                                   4
Olson (“Plaintiff Decl.”) ¶ 4, ECF No. 49-3. In response to this multiple FOIA requests, the

defendants produced 22,954 pages of documents. Pl.’s’ SUMF ¶¶ 18, 139. Despite the volume

of this production, the plaintiff filed the instant suit challenging both the adequacy of the search

and the withholdings. Id. ¶ 126.

         The defendants withheld 71 documents, pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 3, 4, 5, and 6, for

reasons set out in a Vaughn Index. See Vaughn Index, ECF No. 45-2. 3 The plaintiff does not

contest the defendants’ withholdings under Exemptions 3, 5, and 6, except as to segregable

portions of such documents. Pl.’s Mem. Supp. Cross-Mot. Summ. J. & Resp. Defs.’ Mot.

Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mem.”) at 5 & n.2, 7, 24–25, ECF No. 49-1; Pl.’s Reply Supp. Cross-Mot.

Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Reply”) at 1, 15–16, ECF No. 60. At issue, then, are the plaintiff’s challenges

to withholdings under Exemption 4 and the adequacy of the defendants’ searches for responsive

documents. The plaintiff raises the following five grounds for relief, claiming the defendants:

(1) improperly withheld six documents under Exemption 4, Pl.’s Mem. at 1; (2) failed to produce

or identify in their Vaughn Index two documents that the plaintiff “knows to be in [d]efendants’

possession,” id.; 4 (2) failed to release reasonably segregable information from documents

withheld in their entirety, id. at 7; (3) failed to search AES’s computer networks for responsive

documents, id. at 1; and (4) engaged in a pattern and practice of violating FOIA, id. at 2.

II.      LEGAL STANDARD

         Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 provides that summary judgment shall be granted “if

the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is

3
         “A Vaughn index describes the documents withheld or redacted and the FOIA exemptions invoked, and
explains why each exemption applies.” Prison Legal News v. Samuels, 787 F.3d 1142, 1145 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 2015).
The 71 entries in the Vaughn Index appear to include some duplicates since, for example, Vaughn Rows 17, 22, 29
and 38 refer to a document titled Menominee Report on Impact of Kenosha, without any indication that the
documents differ in any way.
4
         As described in more detail, infra n.5, the plaintiff originally complained about five missing documents, but
three were ultimately disclosed, leaving only two such documents at issue.

                                                              5
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). “In FOIA cases, ‘summary

judgment may be granted on the basis of agency affidavits if they contain reasonable specificity

of detail rather than merely conclusory statements, and if they are not called into question by

contradictory evidence in the record or by evidence of agency bad faith.’” Judicial Watch, Inc.

v. U.S. Secret Serv., 726 F.3d 208, 215 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (quoting Consumer Fed’n of Am. v. U.S.

Dep’t of Agric., 455 F.3d 283, 287 (D.C. Cir. 2006)). Indeed, the D.C. Circuit has observed that

“the vast majority of FOIA cases can be resolved on summary judgment.” Brayton v. Office of

the U.S. Trade Representative, 641 F.3d 521, 527 (D.C. Cir. 2011).

          The FOIA was enacted “to promote the ‘broad disclosure of Government records’ by

generally requiring federal agencies to make their records available to the public on

request.” DiBacco v. U.S. Army, 795 F.3d 178, 183 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (citing U.S. Dep’t of Justice

v. Julian, 486 U.S. 1, 8 (1988)). Reflecting the necessary balance between the public’s interest

in governmental transparency and “legitimate governmental and private interests that could be

harmed by release of certain types of information,” United Techs. Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t of

Defense, 601 F.3d 557, 559 (D.C. Cir. 2010), the FOIA contains nine exemptions, set forth in 5

U.S.C. § 552(b), which “are explicitly made exclusive and must be narrowly construed,” Milner

v. U.S. Dep’t of Navy, 562 U.S. 562, 565 (2011) (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted); see also Murphy v. Exec. Office for U.S. Attys., 789 F.3d 204, 206 (D.C. Cir.

2015); Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Wash. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice (CREW), 746 F.3d
1082, 1088 (D.C. Cir. 2014); Pub. Citizen, Inc. v. Office of Mgmt. & Budget, 598 F.3d 865, 869

(D.C. Cir. 2010). “[T]hese limited exemptions do not obscure the basic policy that disclosure,

not secrecy, is the dominant objective of the Act.” Dep’t of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 361

(1976).

                                                     6
       In litigation challenging the sufficiency of “the release of information under the FOIA,

‘the agency has the burden of showing that requested information comes within a FOIA

exemption.’” Pub. Citizen Health Research Grp. v. Food & Drug Admin., 185 F.3d 898, 904

(D.C. Cir. 1999) (quoting Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t of Energy, 169 F.3d 16,

18 (D.C. Cir. 1999)); see also U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Landano, 508 U.S. 165, 171 (1993)

(noting that “[t]he Government bears the burden of establishing that the exemption applies”);

Fed. Open Mkt. Comm. of Fed. Reserve Sys. v. Merrill, 443 U.S. 340, 352 (1979) (finding that

the agency invoking an exemption bears the burden “to establish that the requested information

is exempt”); Elec. Frontier Found. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 739 F.3d 1, 7 (D.C. Cir. 2014). This

burden does not shift even when the requester files a cross-motion for summary judgment

because “the Government ‘ultimately [has] the onus of proving that the [documents] are exempt

from disclosure,’” while the “burden upon the requester is merely ‘to establish the absence of

material factual issues before a summary disposition of the case could permissibly occur,’” Pub.

Citizen Health Research Grp., 185 F.3d at 904–05 (quoting Nat’l Ass’n of Gov’t Emps. v.

Campbell, 593 F.2d 1023, 1027 (D.C. Cir. 1978)).

       An agency may carry its burden of showing an exemption was properly invoked by

submitting sufficiently detailed affidavits or declarations, a Vaughn index of the withheld

documents, or both, to demonstrate that the government has analyzed carefully any material

withheld and provided sufficient information as to the applicability of an exemption to enable the

adversary system to operate. See Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Secret Serv., 726 F.3d 208, 215

(D.C. Cir. 2013) (“In FOIA cases, ‘summary judgment may be granted on the basis of agency

affidavits if they contain reasonable specificity of detail rather than merely conclusory

statements, and if they are not called into question by contradictory evidence in the record or by

                                                     7
evidence of agency bad faith.’” (alteration adopted) (quoting Consumer Fed’n of Am., 455 F.3d

at 287)); CREW, 746 F.3d at 1088 (noting that an agency’s burden is sustained by submitting an

affidavit that “‘describe[s] the justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail,

demonstrate[s] that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and

[is] not controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad

faith’” (quoting Larson v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d 857, 862 (D.C. Cir. 2009))); Oglesby v.

U.S. Dep’t of Army, 79 F.3d 1172, 1176 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (instructing that an agency’s

description “should reveal as much detail as possible as to the nature of the document, without

actually disclosing information that deserves protection[,] . . . [which] serves the purpose of

providing the requestor with a realistic opportunity to challenge the agency’s decision.”)

(internal citation omitted). While “an agency’s task is not herculean” it must “‘describe the

justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail’ and ‘demonstrate that the

information withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption.’” Murphy, 789 F.3d at

209 (quoting Larson, 565 F.3d at 862). “Ultimately, an agency’s justification for invoking a

FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears ‘logical’ or ‘plausible.’” Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S.

Dep’t of Defense, 715 F.3d 937, 941 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (quoting ACLU v. U.S. Dep’t of

Defense, 628 F.3d 612, 619 (D.C. Cir. 2011)); Larson, 565 F.3d at 862 (quoting Wolf v. CIA, 473
F.3d 370, 374–75 (D.C. Cir. 2007)).

       The FOIA provides federal courts with the power to “enjoin the agency from withholding

agency records and to order the production of any agency records improperly withheld from the

complainant.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B). District courts must “determine de novo whether non-

disclosure was permissible,” Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 777 F.3d
518, 522 (D.C. Cir. 2015), by reviewing the Vaughn index and any supporting declarations “to

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verify the validity of each claimed exemption.” Summers v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 140 F.3d
1077, 1080 (D.C. Cir. 1998). In addition, the court has an “affirmative duty” to consider whether

the agency has produced all segregable, non-exempt information. Elliott v. U.S. Dep’t of

Agric., 596 F.3d 842, 851 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (referring to court’s “affirmative duty to consider the

segregability issue sua sponte”) (quoting Morley v. CIA, 508 F.3d 1108, 1123 (D.C. Cir.

2007)); Stolt–Nielsen Transp. Grp. Ltd. v. United States, 534 F.3d 728, 734 (D.C. Cir.

2008) (“[B]efore approving the application of a FOIA exemption, the district court must make

specific findings of segregability regarding the documents to be withheld.”) (quoting Sussman v.

U.S. Marshals Serv., 494 F.3d 1106, 1116 (D.C. Cir. 2007))); Trans-Pac. Policing Agreement v.

U.S. Customs Serv., 177 F.3d 1022, 1028 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (“[W]e believe that the District Court

had an affirmative duty to consider the segregability issue sua sponte . . . even if the issue has not

been specifically raised by the FOIA plaintiff.”); see also 5 U.S.C. § 552(b) (“Any reasonably

segregable portion of a record shall be provided to any person requesting such record after

deletion of the portions which are exempt under this subsection.”).

III.   DISCUSSION

       The plaintiff challenges the sufficiency of the defendants’ responses to the ten FOIA

requests at issue, raising issues as to the adequacy of the search, explanations for withholdings,

and delays in responding. Specifically, whether the defendants conducted an adequate search

turns on whether (1) their failure to search records held by AES was improper and (2) their

search’s failure to turn up two documents the plaintiff knew to exist means it necessarily was

inadequate. These issues are addressed first, before turning to whether the defendants (3)

improperly withheld or redacted five documents under Exemption 4, (4) failed to disclose all

                                                      9
reasonably segregable portions of three documents that they withheld in full, and (5) engaged in

a policy or practice of violating FOIA.

        A.       The Adequacy of DOI’s Search

        The plaintiff complains that the defendants’ search was inadequate because the search (1)

failed to locate two documents the plaintiff knew to exist because the documents were attached

to the Secretarial Determination, and (2) did not include documents held by defendants’

contractor AES. See Pl.’s Reply at 11−14, 17−19. These issues are addressed following review

of the applicable legal standard. For the reasons that follow, the defendants have met their

burden to show that the search was adequate as to the AES records, but they must either perform

an additional search for responsive documents or provide a supplemental Vaughn Index or

declaration explaining the withholdings of the two documents attached to the Secretarial

Determination.

                 1.       Failure to Locate Documents

        The plaintiff asserts that the defendants’ search was unreasonable or inadequate because

the defendants did not produce or identify in response to FOIA Requests Nos. 6, 9, and 10, two

documents attached to the Secretarial Decision, namely: the KlasRobinson Final Report (Feb.

12, 2012) and a letter, dated June 19, 2013, from Craig Corn, Chairman, Menominee Indian

Tribe of Wisconsin, to Troy Woodward, Office of Indian Gaming, with supporting exhibits

(“Corn Letter”). 5 See Pl.’s Mem. at 23−24; Pl.’s Reply, at 13 & n.12; Pl.’s SUMF ¶ 117.

5
         The plaintiff initially challenged the defendants’ withholding of three other documents attached to the
Secretarial Determination as well, but has since acknowledged that only the KlasRobinson Final Report and Corn
Letter remain at issue. Pl.’s Reply at 13 & n.12. The plaintiff acknowledges that the defendants might have
produced these documents in entirely redacted form, although “it is impossible to know due to the complete
redaction of documents and due to Defendant’s failure to update their Vaughn Index to identify the documents
withheld and the grounds for withholding.” Id. at 13 n.13. In any event, the plaintiff waives any challenge to the
redactions on these three documents, id. at 12–13 & n.11, and, thus, the defendants are entitled to summary
judgment as to those documents.

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According to the plaintiff, these documents were “specifically requested” in Request No. 10,

which sought “[a]ll records listed in the . . . Attachment List to the [Secretarial] Determination,”

Pl.’s Reply at 14 (emphasis in original); Pl.’s SUMF ¶ 117, and, consequently, the defendants

should be required “to perform an additional search to locate and disclose these missing

records,” and to produce both documents and/or identify withholdings in their Vaughn Index,

Pl.’s Mem. at 24; Pl.’s Reply at 13−14.

        The defendants assert the “well-settled” principle that “the identification of potentially

responsive documents that were not identified in response to a request is not proof of an

unreasonable or inadequate search.” Def.’s Opp’n Pl.’s Cross-Mot. Summ. J. & Reply Supp.

Def.’s Mot. Summ J. (“Defs.’ Reply”) at 8, ECF No. 59 (citing DiBacco, 795 F.3d at 191−92;

SafeCard Services, Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1201 (D.C. Cir. 1991)). Further, the defendants

point out that the “documents Plaintiff [seeks] . . . were produced to Plaintiff in response to yet

another FOIA request,” one of the ten at issue, and that the plaintiff’s request for an additional

search to produce these documents thus is moot. Id. at 9. 6 In other words, the defendants do not

dispute that the records are responsive and are non-exempt from disclosure. The defendants cite

to nothing in the record, however, showing that these two documents were produced, and the

plaintiff denies that the KlasRobinson Final Report and the Corn Letter were either produced or

identified as withheld. Pl.’s Reply at 12−13 & n.12.

         This dispute raises a genuine issue of material fact as to the adequacy of the defendants’

search, requiring denial of both the defendants and plaintiff’s motions for summary judgment.

The defendants’ suggestion that this issue is “moot” is predicated on their assumption that the

6
         In addition, the defendants argued that most of the documents attached to the Secretarial Determination
“were not part of the search parameters” because they “post-date the FOIA requests at issue.” Defs.’ Reply at 9.
This argument fails because the plaintiff’s Reply focuses on Request No. 10, which was submitted after the
Secretarial Determination issued. See Pl.’s SUMF ¶ 117.

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two documents, the KlasRobinson Final Report and Corn Letter, were actually produced, but the

defendants have not shown that such production occurred.

       Nevertheless, the defendants assert that “BIA has met the reasonableness standard in

conducting its search for records concerning the Menominee Indian Tribe’s Kenosha Casino

application and various documents required as a part of the gaming application process,” and cite

to declarations detailing their process of searching for records responsive to the plaintiff’s FOIA

requests. Defs.’ Mem. at 6; see generally First MWRO Decl.; Defs.’ Mot., Ex. 2, Decl. of

Michelle R. Corbine, MWRO’s FOIA Coordinator (“Second MWRO Decl.”), ECF No. 44-2; id.,

Ex. 4, Decl. of Kayla Danks, MWRO’s Realty Officer (“Third MWRO Decl.”), ECF No. 44-4;

id., Ex. 3, Decl. of OIG Director Paula Hart (“DOI OIG Decl.”), ECF No. 44-3. An agency is not

entitled to summary judgment, however, if “a review of the record raises substantial doubt,

particularly in view of ‘well defined requests and positive indications of overlooked materials.’”

Iturralde v. Comptroller of Currency, 315 F.3d 311, 314 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (quoting Valencia–

Lucena v. U.S. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 326 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks and

citations omitted); see also Aguiar v. Drug Enf’t Admin., 865 F.3d 730, 738 (D.C. Cir. 2017).

       In this case, the plaintiff submitted a “well defined” request for all records attached to the

Secretarial Determination. See Pl.’s SUMF ¶ 117; Valencia-Lucena, 180 F.3d at 326 (quoting

Founding Church of Scientology of Wash. D.C., Inc., v. Nat’l Sec. Agency, 610 F.2d 824, 837

(D.C. Cir. 1979)). That the Secretarial Determination listed the KlasRobinson Final Report and

Corn Letter as attachments makes clear that these documents exist, Secretarial Determination at

53−54, and the defendants do not dispute their existence, see Defs.’ Reply at 9; indeed, they

claim, without any record evidence, to have already produced these documents. Id. These

constitute “positive indications of overlooked materials” that preclude a grant of summary

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judgment to the defendants. Valencia-Lucena, 180 F.3d at 326 (quoting Founding Church of

Scientology, 610 F.2d at 837). The defendants have not sustained their burden of showing their

searches’ adequacy, and so are not entitled to summary judgment as to this claim. They may

either supplement their declarations to address the genuine issues of material fact the plaintiff

raises as to the KlasRobinson Final Report and the Corn Letter, or else perform an additional

search to locate these missing records. See Pub. Citizen v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs.,

975 F. Supp. 2d 81, 98 (D.D.C. 2013) (directing defendant to “either supplement its declarations

to address the factual questions raised by the plaintiff . . . or perform an additional search” where

“the defendant was or became aware” while conducting its search that additional responsive

reports “should exist,” yet “offer[ed] no explanation, and cite[d] to no produced document, to

account for the missing records”).

                 2.       Records Held by Contractor AES

        The parties also dispute whether AES internal records are “agency records” for the

purpose of FOIA’s disclosure requirements. See Pl.’s Mem. at 34; Defs.’ Reply at 9. The

plaintiff seeks an order requiring the defendants to conduct a search for records responsive to

Request No. 7, of internal AES records as “likely includ[ing] information and analysis relating to

AES’s preparation of” records and documents ultimately provided to the BIA. Pl.’s Mem. at

25−26. 7

        The defendants argue that the MWRO “conducted a reasonable search for AES files” by

“provid[ing] emails between its employees and AES, as those emails were incorporated into the

agency’s files, but did not conduct a search of AES’s internal files because those files do not

7
        Request No. 7 sought “[a]ll records produced by or held by AES or its subcontractors relating to the BIA,
the Menominee Tribe, the Menominee Tribe’s business partners and its third party agent, AES, including counsel or
representatives of the foregoing, regarding the National Environmental Policy Act review and evaluation process
conducted by AES for the Menominee Tribe’s Kenosha Casino Project.” Pl.’s Reply at 26.

                                                           13
meet the standard for agency records.” Defs.’ Mem. at 8; First MRWO Decl. ¶¶ 17−24. The

defendants aver that “they lack the authority to command [AES] to retain or dispose of AES’s

records,” and that because the plaintiff “cannot point to a specific document custody arrangement

between AES and Defendants, it is reasonable that potentially responsive documents may remain

solely within AES’s custody and control, meaning [d]efendants’ search was adequate and

[d]efendants are entitled to summary judgment.” Defs.’ Reply at 9.

       Records held by third-party contractors may under certain circumstances be “agency

records.” This inquiry does not turn on who created the document or where the document is

currently located. Rather, to qualify as “agency records,” requested documents must satisfy two

requirements: the agency must (1) “either create or obtain the requested materials” and (2) “be in

control of [them] at the time the FOIA request is made.” Burka v. U.S. Dep’t of Health &

Human Servs., 87 F.3d 508, 515 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (quoting U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Tax Analysts,

492 U.S. 136, 144 (1989)) (alteration in original) (internal quotations omitted). “The burden is

on the agency to demonstrate, not the requester to disprove, that the materials sought are not

‘agency records’ or have not been ‘improperly’ ‘withheld.’” Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. at 142 n.3

(citing S. REP. NO. 89-813, at 8 (1965)). For the reasons that follow, the Court finds that AES’s

internal records are not “agency records” subject to the disclosure requirements of FOIA.

                       a)      Creating or Obtaining Requested Materials

       An agency “created or obtained” records possessed by third-party firms when “the

extensive supervision and control exercised by the agency over collection and analysis of the

data indicates that these [third-party] firms acted on behalf of [the agency] in creating the

[records].” Burka, 87 F.3d at 515. The defendants assert that they lacked access to AES’s

internal records and never sought documents from any subcontractor. See First MRWO Decl. ¶¶

16−19, 21−23. Furthermore, MWRO “considered the records which were internal to and
                                                     14
controlled by AES . . . as non-government records, since the records were created by a non-

federal entity.” Second MWRO Decl. ¶ 117. The plaintiff counters that the BIA “created or

obtained” the AES internal records because AES was a contractor that “‘acted on behalf of’ the

[BIA].” See Pl.’s Mem. at 27 (citing Burka, 87 F.3d at 515; ExxonMobil Corp. v. Dep’t of

Commerce, 828 F. Supp. 2d 97, 106 (D.D.C. 2011); Chi. Tribune Co. v. U.S. Dep’t of Health &

Human Servs., No. 95 C 3917, 1997 WL 1137641, at *13 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 28, 1997)). As support,

the plaintiff notes that under the TPA, “AES agree[d] to act as the project manager on behalf of

the BIA,” and BIA served as “Lead Agency,” Pl.’s Mem. at 28 (quoting Plaintiff Decl., Ex. M

(“TPA Exhibit”) § 5.0, ECF No. 49-16 (emphasis added)), and, further, that “[DOI] regulations

and Council on Environmental Quality (‘CEQ’) regulations[] both required BIA to retain

ultimate responsibility for the preparation of environmental documents and independently

evaluate such documents,” id. at 28−29 (citing; 40 C.F.R. § 1506.5(a), (c); 43 C.F.R. § 46.105).

As such, the plaintiff argues, AES created the internal records the plaintiff seeks “on behalf of”

the defendants and under their “extensive supervision and control.” Id.

       The plaintiff’s points are well taken. AES “acted on [BIA’s] behalf” in serving as project

manager, TPA Exhibit § 5.0, meaning that any internal documents created by AES in the course

of serving as project manager were made on BIA’s behalf as well. BIA thus exercised

“extensive supervision and control” over AES’s “collection and analysis of the data.” Burka, 87
F.3d at 515. As such, the defendants “created or obtained” AES’s internal records for purposes

of FOIA’s disclosure rules even though these records “were neither created by agency

employees, nor [we]re they currently located on agency property.” Id. That the defendants did

not understand AES’s internal records to be agency records, see Second MWRO Decl. ¶ 117, is

immaterial—the objective nature of an agency-third party relationship, not the agency’s

                                                    15
subjective understanding of a document’s status, controls whether an agency “created or

obtained” the document. See Burka, 87 F.3d at 515.

                       b)     Agency control of the AES internal documents at the time the FOIA
                       request was made

       A document that an agency “created or obtained” is not an “agency record” within

FOIA’s meaning if the agency lacked “control of [them] at the time the FOIA request [wa]s

made.” Id. (quoting Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. at 144 (internal quotation marks and citation). Four

factors determine whether an agency controlled records at the time of a FOIA request:

       (1) the intent of the document’s creator to retain or relinquish control over the
       records; (2) the ability of the agency to use and dispose of the record as it sees fit;
       (3) the extent to which agency personnel have read or relied upon the document;
       and (4) the degree to which the document was integrated into the agency’s record
       system or files.

Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Fed. Hous. Fin. Agency, 646 F.3d 924, 926–27 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting

Burka, 87 F.3d at 515). The D.C. Circuit “has adopted a totality of the circumstances test” to

determine whether documents are “agency records.” Consumer Fed’n of Am., 455 F.3d at 287.

Courts apply this test “mindful that the ‘core purpose of the FOIA’ is to ‘contribut[e]

significantly to public understanding of the operations or activities of the government.’” Judicial

Watch, Inc., 646 F.3d at 928 (quoting U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of

the Press, 489 U.S. 749, 775 (1989) (alternation and emphasis in original) (internal quotation

marks omitted)). The plaintiff argues that three of the four factors weigh in favor of finding that

BIA has “control” over the internal AES records. Pl.’s Reply at 17.

       The first factor, “the intent of the document’s creator to retain or relinquish control over

the records,” weighs in a requester’s favor when a third-party firm transfers documents to an

agency “with full knowledge that the agency might use them.” Judicial Watch, Inc., 646 F.3d at

926–27 (quoting Burka, 87 F.3d at 515). BIA explains that neither BIA nor AES “intended for

                                                     16
internal AES documentation to be provided to BIA as part of the contract,” but rather, intended

only for AES to turn over to BIA “actual deliverables – namely, draft and final EIS documents.”

First MRWO Decl. ¶ 17. The plaintiff asserts that BIA “ordered the creation of” the EIS

documents as “Lead Agency” and “necessarily retained ultimate responsibility and control over

these documents.” Pl.’s Mem. at 30–31 (citing Burka, 87 F.3d at 515). Although AES knew

BIA might use the particular deliverables AES agreed to provide BIA, the record does not show

that AES intended to provide BIA other internal documents. In fact, BIA and AES did not

expect BIA to obtain access to or control over internal AES documents. First MRWO Decl. ¶

17. BIA sought only the EIS and related documents, and MWRO produced those documents in

response to the plaintiff’s FOIA requests. Id. ¶ 22. The first factor thus weighs in the

defendants’ favor.

       As to the second factor, “the ability of the agency to use and dispose of the record as it

sees fit,” Judicial Watch, Inc., 646 F.3d at 926–27 (quoting Burka, 87 F.3d at 515), BIA explains

that “MWRO has no direct access to AES’[s] internal documents (aside from those transmitted to

[MWRO])” and thus “MWRO cannot use the documents, nor can MWRO require AES to

dispose of the documents.” First MRWO Decl. ¶ 20. The plaintiff argues that MWRO had

implicit access to internal AES pursuant to the TPA, which “provided that AES would provide

‘technical direction, review, and quality control for the preparation of the Scoping Report, EIS,

technical studies, and other NEPA-related documents,’” and that BIA would review “‘[w]ork in

progress, deliverables, and finished products . . . for accuracy, completeness, compliance with

required standards, and responsiveness to the requirements of this agreement.’” Pl.’s Mem. at 31

(quoting TPA Exhibit §§ 5.0, 7.0) (alteration in original). The plaintiff observes that AES

routinely provided to BIA documents that, in the plaintiff’s view, show BIA had “the ability to

                                                    17
obtain, use, and dispose of AES records as it saw fit.” Id. Moreover, the plaintiff points out that

the TPA allowed BIA to provide review and quality control over AES’s work. Id. at 32. Finally,

the plaintiff argues as a policy matter that to allow agencies “to avoid disclosure under FOIA by

setting limits on their access and control over documents created and held by their contractors on

their behalf” effectively “would shield an agency from public scrutiny where the agency

delegated sensitive assignments to independent contractors yet effectively created, obtained, and

controlled the work.” Id. (quoting Chi. Tribune 1997 WL 1137641, at *16). 8

         Notwithstanding the legitimate concerns implicated by the plaintiff’s arguments, the

second factor weighs against the plaintiff’s assertion that internal AES documents were “agency

records.” Here, the defendants lacked the ability to use or dispose of internal AES documents as

they saw fit. See First MRWO Decl. ¶ 19–20 (asserting that BIA “cannot use the documents” or

“require AES to dispose of the documents”). AES’s submission of some documents to BIA does

not show that the defendants could use or dispose of different, internal AES documents as they

saw fit. The TPA allowed BIA to provide technical direction, review, and quality control with

respect only to “the Scoping Report, EIS, technical studies, and other NEPA-related documents,”

not all internal AES documents related to the casino project. TPA Exhibit § 5.0. Likewise, the

TPA allowed BIA to review “for accuracy, completeness, compliance with required standards,

and responsiveness to the requirements of this agreement” only “[w]ork in progress, deliverables,

and finished products,” not all internal AES documents related to the project. Id. § 7.0.

Moreover, even if the defendants could have demanded access to AES’s internal documents, this

would not make such internal documents subject to FOIA. “[D]ocuments an agency had the

8
         The plaintiff’s reliance on Chicago Tribune is misplaced. In that case, the agency did not deny that it could
use or dispose of the contractor’s documents at issue and, in fact, directed the contractor to provide some
information for the FOIA request. 1997 WL 1137641, at *14–15. The defendants here lacked such control.

                                                              18
right to acquire [do] not become agency records subject to FOIA ‘unless and until the right is

exercised.’” Judicial Watch, Inc., 646 F.3d at 928 (citing Forsham v. Harris, 445 U.S. 169,

181).

        As to the third factor, “the extent to which agency personnel have read or relied upon the

document,” id. at 927 (quoting Burka, 87 F.3d at 515), the defendants assert that because they

lacked direct access to AES internal records, they did “not rely upon those documents in making

its decisions.” First MRWO Decl. ¶ 21. The plaintiff counters that (1) MWRO was obligated to

review AES records because BIA was contractually obligated to review AES “work in progress”

and provide technical direction, and (2) the defendants necessarily relied on internal AES records

because AES assisted the defendants in preparing the EIS, with related analyses and documents,

as well as the Secretarial Determination, which cited the final EIS. Pl.’s Mem. at 33. Although

BIA reviewed and relied upon certain AES documents in drafting the EIS and Secretarial

Determination, the plaintiff identifies no evidence that the defendants relied on undisclosed

internal AES documents. To the contrary, the evidence shows that the defendants did not read or

rely on internal AES documents. First MRWO Decl. ¶ 17, 19, 21–22.

        As to the fourth factor, “the degree to which the document was integrated into the

agency’s record system or files,” Judicial Watch, Inc., 646 F.3d at 927 (quoting Burka, 87 F.3d

at 515), only documents sent to or received by the BIA—not internal AES documents—were

incorporated into the BIA’s files. First MRWO Decl. ¶ 22. The defendants also note that AES

and DOI had no agreement “whereby [DOI] maintains custody and control over all AES

documents relevant to Plaintiff’s FOIA requests.” Defs.’ Reply at 10. The plaintiff believes that

the defendants had constructive or actual control over AES’s internal documents, but

acknowledges not knowing whether AES records were integrated into the defendants’ record

                                                    19
keeping system. Pl.’s Mem. at 33. Nonetheless, in light of the defendants’ invocation of

Exemption 5 to withhold certain communications with AES as inter- or intra-agency records, the

plaintiff contends this “confirms” that internal AES documents are agency records. Id. at 34−35.

Yet, whether information the defendants and AES communicated between each other are inter-

or intra-agency records does not bear on whether internal information that AES did not disclose

to the defendants are agency records.

         For these reasons, the defendants lacked control of internal AES records at the time of the

FOIA requests. Accordingly, the plaintiff’s challenge to the adequacy of the defendants’ search

on this basis fails.

         B.       Documents Withheld Under Exemption 4

         The plaintiff challenges the defendants’ withholding, under Exemption 4, of the

following six documents: (1) KlasRobinson Preliminary Report (Feb. 9, 2012) (Vaughn Index

Rows 28, 30, 39, 63); (2) Memorandum of Agreement (Vaughn Index Rows 27, 37); (3)

Menominee Report on Impact of Kenosha (Vaughn Index Rows 17, 22, 29, 38); (4) Use of

Funding Data (Vaughn Index Row 14); (5) Interim Report—LaFollette School of Public Affairs

(Vaughn Index Row 18); and (6) KlasRobinson Rebuttal Report (Vaughn Index Row 63). 9 Pl.’s

Mem. at 33. Exemption 4 exempts from disclosure “trade secrets and commercial or financial

information obtained from a person” that is “privileged or confidential.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(4).

Where withheld records do not contain trade secrets, an agency must establish that the records

are “(1) commercial or financial, (2) obtained from a person, and (3) privileged or confidential”

to sustain the burden of showing that Exemption 4 was properly applied. Pub. Citizen Health

9
        The Vaughn Index identifies the KlasRobinson Rebuttal Report as withheld under Exemption 5, see
Vaughn Index at 28, but that appears to have been a typographical error. The Vaughn Index also identifies this
document only as KlasRobinson Report, but the plaintiffs describe this to be a rebuttal report, see Pl.’s Mem. at
19−20; Pl.’s SUMF ¶ 33, a description adopted here for specificity’s sake.

                                                              20
Research Grp. v. FDA, 704 F.2d 1280, 1290 (D.C. Cir. 1983). All parties agree “that documents

received from Menominee are ‘obtained from a person,’” Pl.’s Mem. at 8 (citing Defs.’ Mem. at

11),10 and contest only whether the withheld documents (1) contain “commercial” materials and

are (2) “confidential.” Id.

                  1.       Whether The Withheld Documents Are “Commercial”

         FOIA does not define the term “commercial” used in Exemption 4 and, thus, the D.C.

Circuit has instructed that “the term[] ‘commercial’ . . . in this exemption should be given [its]

ordinary meaning[].” Pub. Citizen Health Research Grp., 704 F.2d at 1290; see also Nat’l Ass’n

of Home Builders v. Norton, 309 F.3d 26, 38 (D.C. Cir. 2002); accord Perrin v. United States,

444 U.S. 37, 42 (1979) (“A fundamental canon of statutory construction is that, unless otherwise

defined, words will be interpreted as taking their ordinary, contemporary, common meaning.”).

“[I]nformation is commercial under this exemption if, in and of itself, it serves a commercial

function or is of a commercial nature.” Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders, 309 F.3d at 38 (citing Am.

Airlines, Inc. v. Nat’l Mediation Bd., 588 F.2d 863, 870 (2d Cir. 1978)) (internal quotation marks

omitted). “[R]ecords that actually reveal basic commercial operations, such as sales statistics,

profits and losses, and inventories, or relate to the income-producing aspects of a business”

contain “commercial” information. Pub. Citizen Health Research Grp., 704 F.2d at 1290. Yet,

“Exemption 4 is not confined only to records that ‘reveal basic commercial operations . . . or

relate to the income-producing aspects of a business,’” Baker & Hostetler LLP v. U.S. Dep’t of

Commerce, 473 F.3d 312, 319 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (emphasis is original) (quoting Pub. Citizen

Health Research Grp., 704 F.2d at 1290), but “reaches more broadly and applies . . . when the

10
         Under 5 U.S.C. § 551(2), a “‘person’ includes an individual, partnership, corporation, association, or public
or private organization other than an agency.” Id.

                                                              21
provider of the information has a commercial interest in the information submitted to the

agency,” id. (citing Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders, 309 F.3d at 38–39).

       The defendants have met their burden of showing that the six documents withheld under

Exemption 4 contain commercial or financial information. Gaming, as a general matter, is

“commercial . . . by its nature,” particularly in connection with establishing a casino as a

“commercial enterprise.” Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders, 309 F.3d at 39. Moreover, information

relating to this project is commercial “in its function,” as the Menominee have “a commercial

interest at stake in its disclosure.” Id. This conclusion is fully supported by the declarations

submitted by the defendants describing the commercial or financial information contained in

each of the six disputed documents. The KlasRobinson Preliminary Report contains “projected

revenues of a gaming facility,” as well as “information regarding: traffic patterns in and around

the proposed Kenosha Facility, demographic and population statistics related to persons living

within various distances from the proposed Kenosha Facility,” which is pertinent to evaluating

potential revenue streams,” and the “description of gaming facilities, projected size and phasing

of the Kenosha Facility, and projected breakdown of revenue and expenses of the Kenosha

Facility.” Defs.’ Opp’n. Pl.’s Cross-Mot. Summ. J., Ex. 2, Decl. of Joan R. Delabreau,

Chairperson of the Menominee Tribal Legislature ¶¶ 7–8 (“Menominee Decl.”), ECF No. 58-2.

The Memorandum of Agreement contains “information regarding the rights and liabilities of both

the Menominee Kenosha Gaming Authority and the Menominee Indian Tribe.” Id. ¶ 13. The

Menominee Report on Impact of Kenosha contains “information regarding detailed analysis of

Tribal assets and their potential for development, an analysis of how potential Kenosha Casino

gaming revenue would be used, and information on long term . . . business, and economic[,]

goals of the Menominee Tribe,” id. ¶ 9, as well as “documents summarizing the Tribes’ financial

                                                     22
decision” and summaries of financial documents, DOI OIG Decl. ¶ 74. The Use of Funding

Data contains “projected revenues of a gaming facility,” Menominee Decl. ¶ 7, as well as

“documents summarizing the Tribes’ financial decision” and summaries of financial documents

found in the other withheld and redacted documents, DOI OIG Decl. ¶ 74. The Interim Report—

LaFollette School of Public Affairs contains “information regarding detailed analysis of Tribal

assets and their potential for development, an analysis of how potential Kenosha Casino gaming

revenue would be used, and information on long term [Menominee] business[] and economic

goals.” Menominee Decl. ¶ 9. Finally, the KlasRobinson Rebuttal Report contains “information

regarding: traffic patterns in and around the proposed Kenosha Facility, demographic and

population statistics related to persons living within various distances from the proposed

Kenosha Facility, description of gaming facilities, projected size and phasing of the Kenosha

Facility, and projected breakdown of revenue and expenses of the Kenosha Facility.” Id. ¶ 8. 11

         Notwithstanding these descriptions of the commercial or financial information contained

in each of the six disputed documents, the plaintiff asserts that the withhold information in these

six documents “is not ‘commercial or financial,’ because the information relates to the

Menominee’s governmental operations, and thus ‘is commercial neither by its nature (having

been created by the government rather than in connection with a commercial enterprise) nor in

its function (as there is no evidence that the parties who supplied the . . . information have a

commercial interest at stake in its disclosure).’” Pl.’s Mem. at 17−23 (citing Nat’l Ass’n of

Home Builders, 309 F.3d at 39). 12 This argument is predicated on a false dichotomy. Simply

11
        The defendants stress the obvious context that the “[p]laintiff wants the proprietary information of a rival
group – submitted at the behest of [DOI] – to better compete against that rival.” Defs.’ Reply at 5. Even if so,
“agencies must generally release requested records without regard to the identity or motive of the requestor.”
Chiquita Brands Int’l Inc., v. S.E.C., 805 F.3d 289, 294 (D.C. Cir. 2015).
12
        The plaintiff’s reliance on National Association of Home Builders for this proposition is misplaced. Pl.’s
Mem. at 17−18 (quoting Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders, 309 F.3d at 39). In that case, a statute forbade sale of the
records at issue, and the “quid-pro-quo exchange between governmental entities” by which the federal government

                                                             23
put, governmental and commercial information are not mutually exclusive categories, and,

accordingly, information provided by a tribal government relating to governmental operations

does not preclude such information from being commercial or financial. See, e.g., Flathead

Joint Bd. of Control v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 309 F. Supp. 2d 1217, 1220 (D. Mont. 2004)

(concluding that information submitted by a tribe to BIA relating to a tribe’s water rights

negotiating position, materials supporting their water rights claims, and information that

maximizes their negotiating position was “commercial” information); Merit Energy Co. v. U.S.

Dep’t of Interior, 180 F. Supp. 2d 1184, 1188 (D. Colo. 2001) (concluding that information

relating to the computation of royalties assessed on production of oil and gas on a tribe’s

reservation was “clearly” “commercial or financial” information).

         For these reasons, the defendants have met their burden with respect to the first prong of

the test to determine whether Exemption 4 is properly applied to withhold information from the

five documents here.

                  2.       Whether The Withheld Documents Are “Confidential”

         To invoke Exemption 4, the defendants must show that the withheld information, in

addition to being “commercial,” is “privileged” or “confidential.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(4). The

defendants contend that the withheld information is “confidential.” Defs.’ Mem. at 10−11.

Different tests apply to voluntarily and involuntarily submitted documents in determining

whether information is “confidential.” See Critical Mass Energy Project v. Nuclear Regulatory

Comm’n, 975 F.2d 871, 879 (D.C. Cir. 1992). “Commercial or financial matter” that an entity

obtained them was not, in the D.C. Circuit’s opinion, “a commercial transaction in the ordinary sense.” 309 F.3d at
38–39. For these reasons, the records at issue were held not to be “commercial or financial.” Id. Information on
casino operations and related land acquisition, business planning, and revenue predictions, in contrast, fall within the
ordinary meaning of “commercial.” See Wash. Post Co. v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 690 F.2d 252, 266
(D.C. Cir. 1982) (“[B]usiness information was Congress’s primary concern.”).

                                                               24
submits to the government involuntarily may be deemed “confidential” under Exemption 4 if the

information’s disclosure is likely “(1) to impair the Government’s ability to obtain necessary

information in the future; or (2) to cause substantial harm to the competitive position of the

person from whom the information was obtained.” Id. at 873 (quoting Nat’l Parks &

Conservation Ass’n v. Morton, 498 F.2d 765, 770 (D.C. Cir. 1974)) (alterations omitted). By

contrast, “financial or commercial information provided to the Government on a voluntary

basis,” is “‘confidential’ for the purpose of Exemption 4” merely if the information “is of a kind

that would customarily not be released to the public by the person from whom it was obtained.”

Id. at 879 (emphasis added). Thus, the threshold determination to be made is whether the

Menominee submitted the six disputed documents voluntarily or involuntarily.

       “[A]ctual legal authority, rather than parties’ beliefs or intentions, governs judicial

assessments of the character of submissions” as voluntary or involuntary.” Ctr. for Auto Safety

v. Nat'l Highway Traffic Safety Admin., 244 F.3d 144, 149 (D.C. Cir. 2001). Although the D.C.

Circuit has not formulated a test for determining whether documents were voluntarily or

involuntarily submitted, an entity has been held to submit documents involuntarily when “any

legal authority compels its submission, including informal mandates that call for the submission

of the information as a condition of doing business with the government.” Lepelletier v. FDIC,

977 F. Supp. 456, 460 n.3 (D.D.C. 1997), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, & remanded on other

grounds, 164 F.3d 37 (D.C.Cir.1999). “In contrast, documents collected by a government

agency merely to aid in ‘formulating effective policies’ [are] voluntarily submitted for

Exemption 4 purposes.” Soghoian v. Office of Mgmt. & Budget, 932 F. Supp. 2d 167, 175

(D.D.C. 2013) (alterations omitted) (quoting Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of

Commerce, 337 F. Supp. 2d 146, 171 (D.D.C. 2004)). A tribe’s decision to apply for a license to

                                                     25
operate an off-reservation casino is plainly voluntary, but then, having chosen to apply, the

Menominee committed themselves to complying with all information submission requirements

that the law imposed. The documents at issue were submitted to the government as required by

the gaming application process, and so were submitted involuntarily. The defendants concede as

much. Defs.’ Mem. at 12 (“In the instant case, the information was turned over to the

government as a requirement in the application process. . . . Thus, the proper standard is whether

the information would: (1) impair the Government’s ability to obtain necessary information in

the future, or (2) cause substantial harm to the competitive position of the person from whom the

information was obtained.”). The confidentiality standard for involuntarily-submitted documents

thus governs.

                       a)     The Defendants’ Ability to Obtain Necessary Information

       The first prong of the confidentiality standard for involuntarily-submitted information

asks whether the information’s disclosure “is likely to . . . impair the Government’s ability to

obtain necessary information in the future.” Critical Mass Energy Project, 975 F.2d at 873

(quoting Nat’l Parks & Conservation Ass’n, 498 F.2d at 770). The defendants argue that

although tribes currently submit detailed financial statements to DOI as part of off-reservation

gaming license applications, if information in these applications were not protected from

disclosure to rival tribes, tribal applicants would be deterred from making such detailed

submissions and “would only submit very broad, cursory financial information, which would

hinder the agency’s ability to determine the extent to which a casino would benefit the tribe.”

DOI OIG Decl. ¶ 67. The plaintiff rejects this reasoning since the information was obtained

through a mandatory submission and tribes would risk having their applications rejected by

submitting low-quality information. Pl.’s Mem. at 10–11. Though a close call, the plaintiff has

the better argument.

                                                    26
       Generally, “the governmental impact inquiry . . . focus[es] on the possible effect of

disclosure on [the] quality” of information supplied. Ctr. for Auto Safety, 244 F.3d at 148

(quoting Critical Mass Energy Project, 975 F.2d at 878). “When the Government obtains

information as part of a mandatory submission, the Government’s access to the information

normally is not seriously threatened by disclosure.” Id.; see also Nat’l Parks & Conservation

Ass’n, 498 F.2d at 770 (“[D]isclosure of this material . . . is a mandatory condition of the

concessioners’ right to operate in national parks. Since the concessioners are required to provide

this financial information to the government, there is presumably no danger that public

disclosure will impair the ability of the Government to obtain this information in the future.”).

       To be sure, a tribe applying for an off-reservation gaming license might understandably

be reluctant to submit information that the tribe knows may be disclosed publicly. Indeed, the

Menominee’s Chairperson has asserted that she would recommend submitting less detailed

information in future off-reservation gaming applications if information of the sort that the six

documents contain is released. Menominee Decl. ¶ 6. In this case, however, regulations

governing off-reservation gaming applications require submission of specific commercial or

financial information, see, e.g., 25 C.F.R. §§ 151.11(c), 292.17(a), (j)(2)-(3), 292.18(g), and

failure to provide sufficiently specific, detailed, and relevant information would adversely affect

any approval of a gaming application. Accordingly, the disclosure of the information in the six

documents cannot be found to pose serious risk to the government’s ability to obtain similar

information in the future from the Menominee or any other tribe seeking approval for off-

reservation gaming. See Ctr. for Auto Safety, 244 F.3d at 148.

                       b)      Likelihood of Substantial Competitive Harm

       Since the defendants cannot show that disclosure of the withheld information would

impair the government’s ability to obtain necessary information in the future, Exemption 4 may

                                                     27
only be invoked successfully here upon a showing that disclosure likely would cause the

Menominee substantial competitive harm. Id. The defendants satisfy that burden by showing

disclosure likely would substantially injure the Menominee with respect to actual competition.

       Substantial competitive harm is “limited to harm flowing from the affirmative use of

proprietary information by competitors,” Pub. Citizen Health Research Grp., 704 F.2d at 1291

n.30 (emphasis in original), and “requires a showing of both” (1) actual competition and” (2) “a

likelihood of substantial competitive injury,” Jurewicz v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 741 F.3d 1326,

1331 (D.C. Cir. 2014). “In reviewing an agency’s determination as to substantial competitive

harm,” courts “recognize that ‘predictive judgements are not capable of exact proof,’” and

“generally defer to the agency’s predictive judgments as to ‘the repercussions of disclosure.’”

United Techs. Corp., 601 F.3d at 563 (quoting McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t of the Air

Force, 375 F.3d 1182, 1191 n.4 (D.C. Cir. 2004)).

       The defendants contend that disclosure of the withheld and redacted information would

cause the Menominee substantial competitive harm, DOI OIG Decl. ¶ 68, a position also urged

by the Menominee, Menominee Decl. ¶¶ 7–13. According to the defendants, disclosure of the

withheld information in the six documents would give gaming competitors “insight into the

actual or projected financial plans” of the Menominee and allow such competitors “to use such

information to gain an advantage in the gaming marketplace.” DOI OIG Decl. ¶ 68.

Additionally, the Menominee express a continuing interest in opening a casino in Kenosha,

Wisconsin, noting that the tribe has in effect a gaming compact with the State of Wisconsin

authorizing gaming pursuant to approval under the IGRA, and has even intervened as a party in

Forest County Potawatomi Community v. United States, 317 F.R.D. 6 (D.D.C. 2016), “to protect

                                                    28
[the tribe’s] rights related to future gaming in Kenosha, Wisconsin.” Menominee Decl. ¶¶ 14,

16–17. 13

        The defendants identify specific competitive concerns regarding release of the six

disputed documents. For example, release of the KlasRobinson Preliminary Report “would

benefit any Indian Tribe interested in pursuing an off-reservation casino in Kenosha, Wisconsin

to the detriment of the Menominee,” id. ¶¶ 7–8, “allowing a competitor casino to identify and

compete for the key revenue sources and amounts identified in the report,” Vaughn Index at 15.

Production of the Memorandum of Agreement “would reveal the legal rights and/or legal

commitments of the parties, including information about the financial risk and responsibilities

borne by each party.” Menominee Decl. ¶ 13; accord Vaughn Index at 14. Production of the

Menominee Report on Impact of Kenosha “would allow a competitor to identify proposed

revenue amounts from the Kenosha Casino and the businesses and governmental activities that

the [Menominee] proposes to fund with Kenosha Casino revenues,” Menominee Decl. ¶ 9, which

in turn “would allow a competitor tribe to identify elements of the [t]ribe’s long-term plan and

acquire key assets or revenue streams in advance of the [t]ribe’s ability to do so, thwarting the

[t]ribe’s economic development and/or driving up the cost to the [t]ribe of purchasing key

assets.” Vaughn Index at 7, 10, 15. Production of the Use of Funding Data “would benefit any

Indian Tribe interested in pursuing an off-reservation casino in Kenosha, Wisconsin to the

detriment of the Menominee,” Menominee Decl. ¶ 7, and “cause substantial harm to the

competitive position of the Casino and the [t]ribe,” Vaughn Index at 6. Production of the Interim

Report “would allow a competitor to identify proposed revenue amounts from the Kenosha

13
        In Forest County Potawatomi Community, the plaintiff here seeks to reverse DOI’s disapproval of an
agreement between the plaintiff and the State of Wisconsin that effectively would have created a fifty-mile zone of
noncompetition around the plaintiff’s Milwaukee gaming facility. 317 F.R.D. at 9–10. That case serves as further
evidence of existing competition between the plaintiff and the Menominee.

                                                             29
Casino and the businesses and governmental activities that the [Menominee] proposes to fund

with Kenosha Casino revenues.” Menominee Decl. ¶ 9. Release of the KlasRobinson Rebuttal

Report would “would benefit any Indian Tribe interested in pursuing an off-reservation casino in

Kenosha, Wisconsin to the detriment of the Menominee.” Id. ¶ 8. Finally, release of the

Menominee Report on Impact of Kenosha and Interim Report “would cause competitive harm to

the [Menominee] by placing [it] at a disadvantage in any commercial dealings with third parties

necessary to accomplish its long term goals by allowing them access to the [Menominee’s]

priorities and proposed level of funding,” allow competitors “to identify elements of the

[Menominee’s] long-term plan and acquire key assets or revenue streams in advance of the

[Menominee’s] ability to do so, thwarting the [t]ribe’s economic development,” and “allow

[t]ribes and other persons or entities in competition with the [Menominee’s] Kenosha Casino

including the [plaintiff] to utilize the [Menominee’s] commercial and financial information

related to its intended use of Kenosha Casino revenue to bolster public relations or government

relations efforts to oppose the Kenosha Casino development.” Id. ¶¶ 10–12.

       The plaintiff points to the fact that the Governor rejected the Menominee’s application to

build a casino in Kenosha, and argues, on this basis, that the defendants are unable to show any

effect on either actual competition or a likelihood of substantial competitive harm. Pl.’s Mem. at

14. Moreover, the Menominee have not renewed its option agreement to purchase the Kenosha

site for the planned casino, the property is back on the market, and the Menominee’s

intergovernmental agreement for the casino with the City and County of Kenosha has expired.

Id. at 15. Under these circumstances, the plaintiff contends that any future competition the

Menominee may face for a gaming operation in Kenosha is “highly speculative,” which “is

insufficient under Exemption 4.” Id. at 14–15 (citing Niagara Mohawk Power Corp., 169 F.3d
30
at 19). In addition, according to the plaintiff, disclosure would not cause substantial competitive

harm to the Menominee’s existing casino operations, which are located 190 miles from Kenosha,

as the information at issue is largely specific to the proposed casino in Kenosha. Id. at 15. The

plaintiff also asserts that production of the withheld documents would not cause the Menominee

substantial competitive harm because the documents are several years old and that the defendants

have not explained how the information they contain is still competitively valuable, id. at 15–23,

noting, in particular, that the KlasRobinson Preliminary Report analyzed a public

PricewaterhouseCoopers report from 2004 and was discussed in the Secretarial Determination,

id. at 18–19. These arguments are not persuasive.

       The defendants have met their burden to show that the Menominee face actual

competition with respect to gaming operations in Kenosha and that production of the withheld

documents likely would cause them substantial competitive harm. Despite the Governor of

Wisconsin’s non-concurrence with DOI’s determination, the Menominee continue to seek a

gaming operation in Kenosha. Menominee Decl. ¶¶ 14–17. The Menominee thus face not just

“future or potential competition,” which is “legally inadequate” to justify withholding or

redaction information, but “actual competition.” Niagara Mohawk Power Corp., 169 F.3d at 19.

The Menominee is involved in separate litigation with the plaintiff concerning future gaming

operations in Kenosha and have evidenced a “continuing commercial interest” in opening a

gaming facility in Kenosha in reliance on provisions in its gaming compact with the State of

Wisconsin that authorize gaming in Kenosha upon acquisition of land eligible for gaming.

Menominee Decl. ¶ 17.

       The disputed documents’ ages, though relevant, do not alter this conclusion, given that

the Menominee continue to seek a gaming operation in Kenosha. The plaintiff cites Center for

                                                    31
Auto Safety v. U.S. Dep’t of Treasury, 133 F. Supp. 3d 109 (D.D.C. 2015), and Biles v.

Department of Health & Human Services, 931 F. Supp. 2d 211 (D.D.C. 2013)), to argue that the

information at issue is too old for its production to cause the Menominee substantial competitive

harm. Pl.’s Mem. at 15–16. Center for Auto Safety and Biles each determined that production of

five-year old documents likely would not cause substantial competitive harm, but Center for

Auto Safety’s analysis rested in meaningful part on the facts that (1) the companies involved had

undergone significant bankruptcy restructuring and (2) companies in the industry rarely planned

more than five years ahead, 133 F. Supp. 3d at 134, while Biles’s analysis rested in meaningful

part on the fact that the health care industry had undergone major structural reform due to the

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act’s (“ACA”) enactment, which altered rebate

calculation, 931 F. Supp. 2d at 226. No analogous restructuring has occurred here, nor is there

any indication that obtaining an off-reservation gaming license rarely entails planning more than

five years ahead. Given the Menominee’s continuing interest in a Kenosha gaming operation

and the “defer[ence due] to [an] agency’s predictive judgments as to ‘the repercussions of

disclosure,’” Jurewicz, 741 F.3d at 1331 (quoting United Techs., 601 F.3d at 563), the

defendants have carried their burden to show that production of the disputed documents likely

would cause the Menominee substantial competitive harm. The defendants are therefore entitled

to summary judgment, on this claim as to each of the withheld documents, except the

KlasRobinson Preliminary Report.

       The defendants have withheld in full the KlasRobinson Preliminary Report, even though

the Secretarial Determination partially disclosed its contents as part of the Secretarial

Determination. Pl.’s SUMF ¶ 35. “To the extent that any data requested under FOIA are in the

public domain, the submitter is unable to make any claim to confidentiality—a sine qua non of

                                                     32
Exemption 4.” CNA Fin. Corp. v. Donovan, 830 F.2d 1132, 1154 (D.C. Cir. 1987); see also

Worthington Compressors, Inc. v. Costle, 662 F.2d 45, 51 (D.C. Cir. 1981) (“If the information

is freely or cheaply available from other sources . . . it can hardly be called confidential and

agency disclosure is unlikely to cause competitive harm to the submitter.”). Thus, the defendants

have not carried their burden to show that production of any part of the report would cause the

Menominee substantial competitive harm. The defendants must release all reasonably

segregable information that the Secretarial Determination already makes publicly available, and

so are not entitled to summary judgment as to this particular document withheld in full.

       C.      Segregability

       The plaintiff argues that the defendants have not released all segregable information from

three documents: (1) the KlasRobinson Preliminary Report (Vaughn Index Rows 28, 30, 39), (2)

the Memorandum of Agreement (Vaughn Index Rows 27, 37); and (3) the Draft Memo re:

Recommendation of Menominee Indian Tribe’s Off Reservation Trust Application (Nov. 5, 2012)

(Vaughn Index Row 70). Pl.’s Mem. at 24–25. According to the plaintiff, “[a]t a minimum,

[d]efendants should release the cover pages or headings of these documents, which would likely

indicate information such as the sender, recipient, date, and title of the documents.” Id.

        “FOIA requires that ‘any reasonably segregable portion of a record shall be provided to

any person requesting such record after deletion of the portions which are exempt.’” Morley,
508 F.3d at 1123 (alteration omitted) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)). To satisfy its segregability

obligation, “[an] agency must provide a ‘detailed justification’ for . . . non-segregability,” but “is

not required to provide so much detail that the exempt material would be effectively disclosed.”

Johnson v. Exec. Office for U.S. Att’ys, 310 F.3d 771, 776 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (citing Mead Data

Ctr., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 261 (D.C. Cir. 1977)). An agency may

                                                      33
provide sufficient justification by describing the materials withheld, the exemption under which

they were withheld, and an affidavit attesting that “it released all segregable material.” Loving v.

Dep’t of Defense, 550 F.3d 32, 41 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (holding that “the description of the

document set forth in the Vaughn index and the agency’s declaration that it released all

segregable material” are “sufficient for [the segregability] determination”); Johnson, 310 F.3d at

776.

       The defendants assert that “BIA has performed adequate and reasonable searches for

responsive records; has processed all such records and released all reasonably segregable non-

exempt information from documents responsive to plaintiff’s . . . requests that are subject to

FOIA; and has properly denied access to records and information pursuant to FOIA Exemptions

3, 4, 5, and 6.” Defs.’ Mem. at 21. They also assert that any release of non-exempt information

in the Draft Memo would also reveal information covered under Exemption 5 which is not

challenged, and that the KlasRobinson Preliminary Report “could not be redacted with any

information provided without revealing the substance of the information withheld properly.”

Defs.’ Reply at 7; see Vaughn Index at 32. Finally, they assert that the plaintiff’s claim is moot

with respect to the Memorandum of Agreement because they released a redaction version of the

document on July 29, 2015. Defs.’ Reply at 7.

       The defendants have met their burden of showing that they have released all segregable

information from the Draft Memo and Memorandum of Agreement. The Vaughn Index entry for

the Draft Memo asserts that the document cannot be redacted without revealing exempt

information, Vaughn Index at 32, which suffices to show that the defendants met their burden to

“provide a ‘detailed justification’ for . . . non-segregability.” Johnson, 310 F.3d at 776 (citing

Mead Data Ctr., 566 F.2d at 261). The defendants thus are entitled to summary judgment and

                                                     34
the plaintiff is not entitled to summary judgment on the plaintiff’s segregability claim as to those

documents. The defendants have also produced the Memorandum of Agreement in redacted

form. Vaughn Index at 14; Memorandum of Agreement, ECF No. 60-3. The plaintiff correctly

notes that the Memorandum of Agreement is entirely redacted, Pl.’s Reply at 15, but does not

show that any withheld portion of the document was segregable, and the defendants’ assertion

that it has released a redacted version of the document, Defs.’ Reply at 7, must be understood to

implicitly assert that further segregation of disclosable material is not possible. Accordingly, the

defendants are entitled to summary judgment as to the Memorandum of Agreement as well.

       Despite their assertion to the contrary, the defendants identify no attestation they have

made, in any declaration or in the Vaughn Index, that they have “released all segregable

material” from the KlasRobinson Preliminary Report. Loving, 550 F.3d at 41. As discussed,

supra, the Secretarial Determination partially disclosed this document’s contents. Given the

defendants’ obligation to release any information reasonably segregable from the KlasRobinson

Preliminary Report, they are not entitled to summary judgment as to this document and are

directed to either produce the document in a less redacted form or clarify their Vaughn Index’s

deficiencies with respect to this document.

       D.      Pattern or Practice of Violating FOIA

       Finally, the plaintiff argues that the defendants have engaged in a “pattern and practice”

of violating FOIA, for which it seeks declaratory and injunctive relief. Pl.’s Mem. at 35. The

defendants assert that the “[p]laintiff has not (and cannot) show some general policy or practice

whereby [d]efendants have affirmatively elected to not process FOIA requests . . . that would

require extraordinary relief.” Defs.’ Reply at 13.

                                                     35
       FOIA requires agencies to “determine within 20 days (excepting Saturdays, Sundays, and

legal public holidays) after the receipt of any such request whether to comply with such request

and [to] immediately notify the person making such request of such determination and the

reasons therefor.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(A)(i). This deadline may be extended in accordance

with FOIA. See, e.g., id. § 552(a)(6)(B)(i), (ii). Even when a requester has “obtained relief as to

a specific request under the FOIA,” the requester may raise a “claim that an agency policy or

practice will impair [its] lawful access to information in the future.” Payne Enters., Inc. v.

United States, 837 F.2d 486, 491 (D.C. Cir. 1988). A district court may “order relief beyond the

simple release of extant records,” including “a prospective injunction with an affirmative duty to

disclose,” Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Wash. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 846 F.3d
1235, 1242 (D.C. Cir. 2017), where “an agency’s refusal to supply information evidences a

policy or practice of delayed disclosure or some other failure to abide by the terms of the FOIA,

and not merely isolated mistakes by agency officials,” Payne Enters., Inc., 837 F.2d at 491.

       The plaintiff asserts that the defendants’ delays evidence a policy or practice of FOIA

noncompliance. Pl.’s Mem. at 35. Specifically, it asserts that the defendants failed to make

timely determinations for eight of its ten FOIA requests, identify “the date on which a

determination is expected to be dispatched,” or offer the plaintiff an opportunity to narrow the

scope of its claims or access to a FOIA Public Liaison to aid its requests. Id. at 37–39 (citing 5

U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(B)(i), (ii)) (internal quotation marks omitted). The plaintiff also asserts that

the defendants also failed to make records “promptly available,” identifying long delays in the

defendants’ response to its FOIA requests. Id. at 41–43 (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(A); Citizens

for Responsibility & Ethics in Wash. v. FEC, 711 F.3d 180, 188 (D.C. Cir. 2013)). Further, the

plaintiff asserts that the defendants failed to make appeal determinations within twenty days, and

                                                     36
even failed to acknowledge or make any appeal determination at all for eight of the ten appeals.

Id. at 35, 39. Finally, the plaintiff criticizes the defendants for “repeatedly spen[ding] time

providing old documents that had been re-submitted by [the] Menominee, notwithstanding . . .

repeated requests that they focus on more recent information.” Id. at 43.

       Although the defendants missed many FOIA deadlines and in some cases failed to act

altogether, the plaintiff must show that the defendants’ delays were not due “merely [to] isolated

mistakes by agency officials” to establish a FOIA policy or practice claim. Payne Enters., Inc.,
837 F.2d at 491. Significant personnel turnover occurred in late 2012, when many of the FOIA

responses at issue were due, and the defendants could not begin searching for responsive

documents until March 2013. DOI OIG Decl. ¶ 45. While searching for and reviewing

responsive documents “as time allowed,” OIG also was processing the Menominee’s gaming

application, “7 other . . . applications for gaming, 47 class III tribal state gaming compacts, 2

Secretarial Procedures, and 41 Revenue Allocation Plans.” Id. ¶ 46.

       The plaintiff’s complaint that the defendants did not release requested materials until late

July 2012, in response to FOIA Request No. 2 made in early June 2012, Pl.’s Mem. at 41−42,

seems almost frivolous since this delay is brief, this request’s scope was broad, and the

defendants gave multiple partial responses throughout June and July. Plaintiff Decl. ¶¶ 40–41;

Pl.’s SUMF ¶ 55. The plaintiff asserts that it did not receive final responses as to FOIA Requests

No. 4, 6, and 9 until July 2015, but concedes that it received partial responses in February and

December of 2014. Pl.’s Mem. at 42 n.13. Though this delay was more significant, the

defendants requested that the plaintiff narrow the scope of these requests, which sought “‘any

and all documentation and communication’ over a five year period of time,” as they were “overly

burdensome and vague,” and would require searching 47 storage boxes over a period of years.

                                                     37
Plaintiff Decl. ¶¶ 71–72; DOI OIG Decl. ¶ 31. The plaintiff also complains that the defendants

repeatedly produced “old documents that had been resubmitted by [the Tribe],” even though the

plaintiff had asked that the government focus on more recent information. Pl.’s Mem. at 43. To

the extent, however, that the plaintiff requested documents that were duplicates of earlier

submitted documents, so long as those documents were resubmitted after September 9, 2009, the

defendants fulfilled their FOIA obligations. Plaintiff Decl. ¶ 13. In any event, the plaintiff fails

to show that the defendants’ production of duplicative documents amounted to a “policy or

practice” of FOIA noncompliance. Payne Enters., Inc., 837 F.2d at 491. Finally, the plaintiff

complains that it “specifically and repeatedly requested OIG’s October 17, 2011 letter to [the]

Menominee,” but that the defendants did not produce this letter until June 17, 2015, over three

years after the plaintiff had initially requested it. Pl.’s Mem. at 43; Pl.’s SUMF ¶¶ 9, 54. An

agency’s delay in complying with this request for this specific document, however, simply does

not rise to the level of establishing a pattern and practice by the defendant agencies of refusing to

comply with their FOIA obligations, especially in light of the tremendous volume of responsive

records disclosed to the plaintiff here. Cf. Payne Enters., Inc., 837 F.2d at 494 (allowing pattern

and practice claim where agency simply refused to release of responsive records where no FOIA

exemption applied).

       Given this background and close examination of the plaintiff’s specific complaints about

delays in the defendants’ responses, the plaintiff has failed to establish a policy or practice of

FOIA noncompliance and, accordingly, the defendants are entitled to summary judgment and the

plaintiff is not entitled to summary judgment as to this claim.

                                                      38
IV.    CONCLUSION

       The defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment is denied as to the plaintiff’s claims for

(1) an additional search for the KlasRobinson Final Report and Corn Letter, and (2) production

of all segregable portions of the KlasRobinson Preliminary Report, and otherwise granted in full.

The plaintiff’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment is denied in full.

       An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

       Date: September 30, 2017

                                                    __________________________
                                                    BERYL A. HOWELL
                                                    Chief Judge

                                                   39