Court Opinion

ID: 4614145
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 20:03:00.858757+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:54:44.206524
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                   FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

_________________________________________
                                          )
IOAN MICULA et al.,                       )
                                          )
      Petitioners,                        )
                                          )
             v.                           )                               Case No. 17-cv-02332 (APM)
                                          )
GOVERNMENT OF ROMANIA,                    )
                                          )
      Respondent.                         )
_________________________________________ )

                                MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

I.         INTRODUCTION

           Pending before the court is (1) Respondent Government of Romania’s (“Romania”) Motion

for Relief from Judgment Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(5) and (2) Petitioners’

Motion for a Civil Contempt Order and Sanctions. 1 Romania claims that the International Centre

for Settlement of Investment Disputes (“ICSID”) award at issue in this case has been paid in full

and therefore this court’s $356 million judgment confirming that award (“the Judgment”) should

be voided or discharged. Petitioners oppose Romania’s motion on the grounds that approximately

$97 million of the Judgment remains unpaid. They also seek a civil contempt order against

Romania for its willful disregard of this court’s March 11, 2020 Order compelling Romania to

produce post-judgment discovery (“the Discovery Order”). For the reasons that follow, Romania’s

motion for relief from judgment is denied, and Petitioners’ motion for a civil contempt order is

granted.

1
    The court will address by separate order Petitioners’ Bill of Costs, ECF No. 137.
II.     BACKGROUND

        The facts of this case have been stated at length in prior opinions of this court, and therefore

only the facts critical to the resolution of the pending motions will be briefly summarized here.

See Micula v. Gov’t of Rom. (Micula II), 404 F. Supp. 3d 265 (D.D.C. 2019); Micula v. Gov’t of

Rom. (Micula I), 104 F. Supp. 3d 42 (D.D.C. 2015). In December 2013, an ICSID tribunal ruled

for Petitioners in arbitration proceedings against Romania and awarded monetary damages of

376,433,229 Romanian Leu (RON)—the equivalent of $116,317,868—plus interest (“the Award”).

See Micula II, 404 F. Supp. 3d at 270–71 (citing Ioan Micula, et al. v. Romania, ICSID Case No.

ARB/05/20 (Sept. 24, 2008), ECF No. 62-2, ¶ 1329). Shortly thereafter, Petitioners came to this

court seeking to confirm the Award so it would become an enforceable judgment in the United

States under 22 U.S.C. § 1650a. Micula I, 104 F. Supp. 3d at 44. Romania resisted confirmation

of the Award on many grounds, including that it had already satisfied the Award in full—a

contention the court ultimately rejected. See Micula II, 404 F. Supp. 3d at 284. After five years

“on a long, winding road [of litigation,]” id. at 272, mostly owing to Romania’s diversionary

tactics, this court granted the petition to confirm the Award and entered judgment in favor of

Petitioners in the amount of $356,439,727 2 on September 20, 2019, see Order & Final J., ECF No.

88 [hereinafter Final J.], at 2. Romania appealed the Judgment, including this court’s conversion

of the ICSID award into U.S. dollars, and on May 19, 2020, the D.C. Circuit affirmed the Judgment

in full. Micula v. Gov’t of Rom. (Micula III), 805 F. App’x 1 (D.C. Cir. 2020).

        Instead of the Award confirmation clearing the way for execution to begin, however,

Romania has continued to lay down roadblocks at every turn. After months of trying in good faith

2
 The Final Judgment amount was calculated by Petitioners’ expert by converting the Award to U.S. dollars as of the
date of the Award and then adding “post-award interest to the outstanding dollar amount between 11 December 2013
and 18 September 2019.” Notice of Pet’rs Regarding Proposed Order and Final J., ECF No. 87, Ex. B, ECF No. 87-
2, at 1.

                                                        2
to get Romania to respond to discovery requests, on December 2, 2019, Petitioners moved to

compel Romania to answer post-judgment interrogatories. See Pet’rs’ Mot. to Compel Romania

to Answer Post-J. Interrogs., ECF No. 98. In opposition, Romania argued that the motion to

compel was “moot” because it had already satisfied the Judgment in Romania and therefore

“Petitioners [were] not entitled to any additional information about Romania’s assets in pursuit of

their post-judgment discovery.” Resp’t’s Opp’n to Pet’rs’ Mot., ECF No. 104, at 3, 8. The court

found that argument to be a “nonstarter” after a hearing on the motion, where Romania conceded

that although it had paid appreciable amounts to Petitioners through concurrent enforcement

proceedings in Romania, it had not satisfied the Judgment in full. See Order, ECF No. 133

[hereinafter Discovery Order], at 1–2 (citing Hr’g Tr., Mar 9, 2020 (conceding payment of $213

million toward the $356 million judgment entered by the court)). Concluding that Respondent’s

“self-proclaimed insistence that it owe[d] no more than what it has already paid d[id] not

‘substantially justify’ its refusal to answer Petitioners’ discovery demands,” the court granted

Petitioners’ motion and awarded attorneys’ fees and costs associated with preparing the motion to

compel. Id. at 2 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(5)).

       But Romania’s obstinance continued. On March 25, 2020, Petitioners asked Romania to

comply with the court’s Order and to provide substantive responses to the interrogatories within

30 days. See Pet’rs’ Mot. for Civil Contempt Order & Sanctions Against Romania, ECF No. 151,

Mem. of Law in Supp. of Pet’rs’ Mot., ECF No. 151-1 [hereinafter Pet’rs’ Mot.], at 3. Five days

later, Romania filed the instant Motion for Relief from Judgment under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 60(b)(5), recycling—now for the third time—the argument that it has satisfied the

Judgment in its entirety through parallel proceedings in Romania. See Gov’t of Romania’s Mem.

in Supp. of Mot. for Relief from J. Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(5), ECF No. 138 [hereinafter

                                                  3
Resp’t’s Mem.]. In support of this contention, Romania relies primarily on a Bucharest Court of

Appeals (“BCA”) ruling on a tax setoff (that has since been annulled) 3 and a report issued by

Petitioners’ executor as to the value of the Award in Romania. See id. at 6–7. In opposition,

Petitioners maintain that the payments they have received through Romanian enforcement

proceedings “come nowhere near to satisfying the $356 million Judgment [of this court], which

remains operative and binding.” Pet’rs’ Opp’n to Romania’s Mot. for Relief from J. Pursuant to

Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(5), ECF No. 143 [hereinafter Pet’rs’ Opp’n], at 12.

        Romania still has not responded to Petitioners’ interrogatories. After over two months of

continued good-faith attempts to get Romania to comply with the Discovery Order, Petitioners

filed a Motion for a Civil Contempt Order and Sanctions Against Romania. See Pet’rs’ Mot. at 3–

5. In opposition, Romania first claims that the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”) does

not authorize the imposition of monetary contempt sanctions against Romania. See Gov’t of

Romania’s Mem. in Opp’n to Pet’rs’ Mot. for Civil Contempt Order & Sanctions Against

Romania, ECF No. 152 [hereinafter Resp’t’s Opp’n], at 8–18. In the alternative, Romania

maintains that it is substantially justified in not adhering to the Discovery Order, and therefore

should not be held in contempt. See id. at 18–21.

III.    LEGAL STANDARD

        A.       Relief from Judgment

        A court may relieve a party from an otherwise final judgment if it finds that, among other

things, “the judgment has been satisfied, released, or discharged.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(5). “The

party seeking relief from a judgment bears the burden of demonstrating that he or she satisfies the

3
 See Notice of Suppl. Authority in Supp. of Pet’rs’ Opp’n to Romania’s Mot. for Relief from J. Pursuant to Fed. R.
Civ. P. 60(b)(5), ECF No. 155 (notifying the court that the High Court of Romania had “resolved the appeal of the
annulment of the set-off and has rejected Romania’s claim that the annulment was invalid”).

                                                        4
prerequisites for such relief.” Lewis v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, 841 F. Supp. 2d 56, 61 (D.D.C. 2012)

(citing McCurry ex rel. Turner v. Adventist Health Sys./Sunbelt, Inc., 298 F.3d 586, 592 (6th Cir.

2002)). “Relief under Rule 60(b) is an extraordinary remedy that is to be granted only in

exceptional cases.” SEC v. Bilzerian, 815 F. Supp. 2d 324, 327 (D.D.C. 2011). For instance,

“Rule 60(b)(5) may not be used to challenge the legal conclusions on which a prior judgment or

order rests.” Horne v. Flores, 557 U.S. 433, 447 (2009)). In exercising its discretion, the court

must “balance the interest in justice with the interest in protecting the finality of judgments.”

Summers v. Howard Univ., 374 F.3d 1188, 1193 (D.C. Cir. 2004).

       B.      Civil Contempt

       Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37, “a district court may issue ‘just orders’ entering

sanctions against a party that ‘fails to obey an order to provide or permit discovery,’ including an

order granting a motion to compel.” Parsi v. Daioleslam, 778 F.3d 116, 128 (D.C. Cir. 2015)

(quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2)(A)). Possible sanctions “include (but are not limited to) . . .

holding the disobedient party in contempt.” Id. “Unlike criminal contempt, which has a punitive

goal, civil contempt is ‘a remedial sanction designed to obtain compliance with a court order.’”

LaShawn A. ex rel. Moore v. Fenty, 701 F. Supp. 2d 84, 90 (D.D.C. 2010) (quoting Food Lion v.

United Food Com. Workers Int’l Union, 103 F.3d 1007, 1016 (D.C. Cir. 1997)). It is appropriate

“only if the putative contemnor has violated an order that is clear and unambiguous, and the

violation must be proved by clear and convincing evidence.” Broderick v. Donaldson, 437 F.3d

1226, 1234 (D.C. Cir. 2006). “Once the moving party has come forward with sufficient evidence

to establish a prima facie case of noncompliance, the respondent carries the burden to establish a

justification for the violation in order to avoid a contempt finding.” LaShawn A., 701 F. Supp. 2d

at 90. Upon granting a contempt motion, a court “must order the disobedient party, the attorney

                                                 5
advising that party, or both to pay the reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, caused by

the failure to obey a discovery order, unless the party’s disobedience was substantially justified or

the circumstances would otherwise render an expense award unjust.” Parsi, 778 F.3d at 128

(cleaned up). “A party is substantially justified in opposing discovery or disobeying an order if

there is a genuine dispute, or if reasonable people could differ as to the appropriateness of the

contested action.” Id. at 127 (cleaned up).

IV.    DISCUSSION

       With these principles in mind, the court turns to the parties’ motions. Because the

arguments raised by Romania in its motion for relief from judgment are central to both requests

for relief, the court begins there. The court then turns to Petitioners’ motion for a civil contempt

order and sanctions.

       A.      Romania’s Motion for Relief From Judgment

       The primary theory underlying Romania’s Rule 60(b) motion and, for that matter, its

opposition to Petitioners’ motion for a contempt order, is that Romania’s satisfaction of a judgment

arising from the ICSID award in Romania translates into satisfaction of this court’s Judgment.

It does not. In fact, that argument fairs worse in trying to prevent execution of the Judgment than

it did when Romania asserted it to try to stop enforcement of the Award. Compare Micula II, 404

F. Supp. 3d at 283 (recognizing that setoff and satisfaction are available defenses in an ICSID

enforcement proceeding in U.S. courts, but rejecting Romania’s claim of satisfaction (citing Mobil

Cerro Negro, Ltd. v. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, 863 F.3d 96, 121 (2d Cir. 2017)), with

Delta Foods Ltd. v. Republic of Ghana, 265 F.3d 1068, 1071–72 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (explaining that

“[o]nce the district court entered judgment, . . . everything changed” because Ghana then owed the

judgment creditor an amount in U.S. dollars, not Ghanaian cedi). As the Second Circuit held in

                                                 6
Competex, S.A. v. Labow, “once an enforcing judgment is entered, a new obligation in dollars is

created, and . . . the opportunity to prevent its entry by paying in [a foreign currency] does not

imply the right to satisfy it by paying [in that foreign currency].” 783 F.2d 333, 340 (2d Cir. 1986).

The D.C. Circuit embraced this holding in Delta Foods. There, the court rejected as “squarely at

odds with the holding in Competex” the argument that the district court’s judgment could be

satisfied by paying a less valuable foreign judgment. 265 F.3d at 1072.

        Petitioners do not dispute that Romania has satisfied the Romanian judgment confirming

the Award, leading to the termination of Romanian enforcement proceedings that they initiated.

See Resp. of Pet’rs to Romania’s Notice of Suppl. Auth. in Supp. of Romania’s Mot. for Relief

from J. Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(5), ECF No. 158 [hereinafter Pet’rs’ Resp. to Suppl.

Auth.], at 2. But that judgment, the value of which was determined by an accounting expert

retained for the Romanian enforcement proceedings, was calculated in RON, not U.S. dollars. See

Romania’s Notice of Suppl. Auth. in Supp. of Romania’s Mot. for Relief from J. Pursuant to Fed.

R. Civ. P. 60(b)(5), ECF No. 157 [hereinafter Rom’s Suppl. Auth.], ¶¶ 23–24; Pet’rs’ Opp’n at 9

n.2 (explaining the purpose of Petitioners’ accounting expert’s report—the so-called “Mazilu

Report”—and its role in Romanian enforcement proceedings). The parties offer differing accounts

of the amount Romania has paid in satisfaction of the Romanian judgment. Romania contends it

has paid RON 1,212,673,110.78—the equivalent of $286,129,990.14. Rom’s Suppl. Auth. ¶ 23.

Petitioners say Romania has made payments totaling approximately $274 million. Pet’rs’ Resp.

to Suppl. Auth. at 1. The court need not decide which amount is correct because for the instant

inquiry it suffices to say that neither amount satisfies the $356 million Judgment entered by this

court. See Final J. at 2.

                                                  7
       Despite this clear mathematical and legal reality, Romania nevertheless asserts four equally

unavailing arguments in support of its contention that it should be relieved of the Judgment. First,

Romania claims that both the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws and a prior decision of

this court confirm that “Romanian law governs as to payments,” and therefore, having satisfied

the Award in Romania, the Judgment here “can no longer be enforced.” Resp’t’s Mem. at 13–14.

This is incorrect as a matter of law and mischaracterizes the words of the court. As already

discussed, once the court entered Judgment in favor of Petitioners, the question became whether

Romania has satisfied the Judgment as entered in U.S. dollars. Romania does not contend that it

has done so, and the application of Romanian law would not alter that fact. Moreover, when the

court spoke of Romanian law in its Memorandum Opinion confirming the Award, it was in the

context of “Romania’s suggestion” that it had satisfied the Award, pre-confirmation. Micula II,

404 F. Supp. 3d at 285 (stating that the court had “applied Romanian law to assess whether

Romania ha[d] satisfied the Award” for the purposes of confirming the Award and entering

Judgment). As to that argument, the court “assume[d]” that Romanian law applied—as Petitioners

had not asserted otherwise—yet concluded that Romania had not satisfied the ICSID Award, even

under Romanian legal principles of debt satisfaction. See id. at 283–84. Thus, nothing in the prior

decision of this court gives primacy to Romanian law or the Romanian proceedings in determining

whether the Judgment has been satisfied in full.

       Nor does the Restatement help Romania’s cause. The Restatement (Second) of Conflict of

Laws § 116 (1971) provides that “[a] judgment will not be enforced in other states if the judgment

has been discharged by payment or otherwise under the local law of the state of rendition.”

Romania’s reliance on that provision is premised on the faulty presumption that Romania is the

“state of rendition.” See Resp’t’s Mem. at 11. It is not. In fact, a “state” did not render the Award

                                                   8
at all, ICSID did. The cited Restatement provision therefore has no application here. Likewise,

the two cases Romania cites pertaining to interstate judgment enforcement are of no consequence

here, where this court is enforcing a Judgment arising from an ICSID award, not enforcing a

Judgment entered under the laws of another state. See Resp’t’s Mem. at 14–17 (discussing Darren

Brewer v. Insight Tech., Inc., Case No. 12-cv-668, 2014 WL 12623024 (M.D. Fl. Jan 3, 2014),

and Mike Smith Pontiac, GMC, Inc. v. Mercedez-Benz of North American, Inc., 741 A.2d 462 (Md.

1999)).

          The sense of déjà vu continues with Romania’s remaining three arguments. It asserts that

the principles of Comity, the Act of State Doctrine, and the Foreign Service Compulsion Doctrine

all bar the Judgment from standing. Id. at 17–21. None of these arguments is a valid ground for

setting aside the Judgment under Rule 60(b)(5), and they have all been raised, and rejected, at prior

stages of this litigation. See Micula II, 404 F. Supp. 3d at 285 (finding that “international comity

concerns play no role here”); Micula v. Gov’t of Rom., No. 15 Misc. 107, 2015 WL 4643180, at

*3–8 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 5, 2015) (rejecting foreign comity, act of state doctrine, and foreign

sovereign compulsion doctrine arguments raised by European Commission in an amicus brief to

urge the court to abstain from exercising jurisdiction or to vacate the judgment).                The

inapplicability of these doctrines is evident from the fact that neither the Petitioners nor this court

challenges any act of Romania as a sovereign or any decision by its courts. Cf., e.g., W.S.

Kirkpatrick & Co. v. Env’t Tectonics Corp., Int’l, 493 U.S. 400, 409–10 (1990) (holding that the

act of state doctrine “merely requires that . . . the acts of foreign sovereigns taken within their own

jurisdiction shall be deemed valid”); Bryant v. Int’l Sch. Servs. Inc., 502 F. Supp. 472, 490 (D.N.J.

1980) (“The foreign compulsion defense, developed in the context of antitrust litigation, shields

from liability the acts of parties carried out in obedience to the mandate of a foreign government.”).

                                                  9
Romania has paid a sum certain toward the ICSID Award in RON, thereby satisfying this court’s

Judgment to a degree, but there is no disputing that sum falls short of the full amount this court

has ordered Romania to pay in U.S. dollars. The various international comity doctrines that

Romania resurrects once again cannot change that reality.

       To the extent that Romania is using its Rule 60(b)(5) motion to challenge the court’s

conversion of the ICSID Award to U.S. dollars, that ship has long sailed. See Resp’t’s Mem. at

16–17 (arguing that the Award was improperly converted from RON to dollars). As the court

previously found, Romania did not contest Petitioners’ request to convert the Award to U.S. dollars

as of the date of the Award, which is the norm in proceedings under § 1650a, and so the court

converted the Judgement into dollars. See Micula II, 404 F. Supp. 3d at 285 n.12 (citing Belize

Bank Ltd. v. Gov’t of Belize, 191 F. Supp. 3d 26, 39–40 (D.D.C. 2016)). The D.C. Circuit did not

disturb that determination. Micula III, 805 F. App’x 1. Romania may not now use a Rule 60(b)(5)

motion to “challenge the legal conclusions” upon which the “[J]udgment . . . rests.” Horne, 557

U.S. at 447.

       Accordingly, because Romania has not shown that relief under Rule 60(b)(5) is warranted,

the court denies its motion. See id. (“The party seeking relief [under Rule 60(b)(5)] bears the

burden of establishing that changed circumstances warrant relief.”).

       B.      Petitioners’ Motion for a Civil Contempt Order

       The court now turns to Petitioners’ Motion for a Civil Contempt Order and Sanctions

Against Romania. A civil contempt citation is appropriate where “the putative contemnor has

violated an order that is clear and unambiguous, and the violation . . . [is] proved by clear and

convincing evidence.” In re Sealed Case, 932 F.3d 915, 939 (D.C. Cir. 2019) (cleaned up).

Petitioners argue that “[e]ach of the requirements for holding Romania in civil contempt is easily

                                                10
satisfied here.” Pet’rs’ Mot. at 7. “The Discovery Order unambiguously requires Romania to

respond to Petitioners’ interrogatory requests,” Petitioners contend, “and Romania cannot in good

faith claim that the order is not ‘clear and reasonably specific.’” Id. Because Romania “has not

provided any responses to the interrogatories” to which it was ordered to respond, Petitioners

further argue, “there is clear and convincing evidence supporting a finding of civil contempt

against Romania.” Id. As a result, Petitioners submit that a civil contempt “sanction of $25,000

per week, payable to Petitioners and doubling every four weeks until either reaching a maximum

of $100,000 per week or until Romania complies with the Discovery Order, is appropriate.” Id.

at 10. They also seek reimbursement of “expenses, including attorneys’ fees, incurred in bringing

Romania into Compliance with the Discovery Order.” Id. at 2.

       For its part, Romania does not dispute that it has refused to respond to the propounded

interrogatories nor does it assert that the court’s order was anything other than “clear and

unambiguous.” Instead, it advances three arguments as to why it should not be held in contempt.

None is persuasive.

               1.     Romania’s Arguments

       Romania first argues that the FSIA “precludes enforcement of monetary contempt

sanctions against [it],” and therefore “a contempt order should not even be ordered.” Resp’t’s

Opp’n at 8. According to Romania, “28 U.S.C. § 1610 and § 1611 describe the available methods

of attachment and execution against a foreign sovereign’s property,” and “[m]onetary sanctions

are not included in this scheme.” Id. This argument ignores binding precedent, and counsel for

Romania will have to answer for it. Petitioners cited the controlling authority in their opening

brief, yet counsel for Romania blithely ignored it in her opposition. See Pet’rs’ Mot. at 8–9. Such

conduct is arguably a violation of the duty of candor—itself a sanctionable offense. Fed. R. Civ.

                                                11
P. 11(b)(2) and (c)(1). The court will issue a separate Order to Show Cause why Romania’s

counsel should not be sanctioned for her conduct.

       In FG Hemisphere Associates, LLC v. Democratic Republic of Congo, the D.C. Circuit

expressly rejected the very argument that Romania makes here, holding that “the FSIA does not

abrogate a court’s inherent power to impose contempt sanctions on a foreign sovereign.” 637 F.3d

373, 380 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (emphasis added). In reaching that conclusion, the court dismissed as

unpersuasive the Fifth Circuit’s opinion in Af-Cap, Inc. v. Republic of Congo, 462 F.3d 417 (5th

Cir. 2006), the case upon which Romania primarily relies. See Resp’t’s Opp’n at 8–9 & n.2. It

did so because “the Fifth Circuit [in Af-Cap, Inc.] never considered the distinction between” an

order imposing a contempt sanction, as is at issue here, and an order enforcing one.

FG Hemisphere Assocs., 637 F.3d at 379. The court also brushed aside the notion, advanced by

Romania, see Resp’t’s Opp’n at 14, that the legislative history of the FSIA “suggests” that

“imposing a fine on a foreign state for failure to comply with a court order . . . would be

unavailable,” FH Hemisphere Assocs., 637 F.3d at 378 (cleaned up). Quite the contrary, the court

found, “there is not a smidgen of indication in the text of the FSIA [nor in the legislative history]

that Congress intended to limit a federal court’s inherent contempt power.” Id.

       Indeed, it is not unusual in this Circuit and elsewhere for courts to impose civil contempt

sanctions on foreign sovereigns. See, e.g., Walters v. People’s Republic of China, 72 F. Supp. 3d

8, 12 (D.D.C. 2014) (holding “that civil contempt sanctions against Defendant [the People’s

Republic of China] are authorized in this Circuit”); Chabad v. Russian Federation, 915 F. Supp.

2d 148, 155 (D.D.C. 2013) (issuing civil contempt sanctions against the Russian Federation);

Sistem Muhendislik Insaat Sanayi Ve Ticaret, A.S. v. Kyrgyz Republic, Case No. 12-cv-4502, 2018

WL 5629900, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 31, 2018) (entering civil contempt sanctions against the Kyrgyz

                                                 12
Republic for noncompliance with a post-judgment discovery order). Romania’s opposition does

not grapple with these cases, nor does it cite a single case on this point decided after the

D.C. Circuit’s decision in FG Hemisphere. See Resp’t’s Opp’n at 8–17.

       Second, Romania argues that “notions of comity, equity and international standards” weigh

against imposing monetary contempt sanctions against Romania. See Resp’t’s Opp’n at 16.

FG Hemisphere is instructive on this point, too. There, the court noted that “[a]lthough it may be

true . . . that at least several countries have explicitly prohibited monetary sanctions against a

foreign state for refusal to comply with a court order, that seems quite irrelevant because our

Congress has not.” 637 F.3d at 380. Additionally, the court stressed, “we should bear in mind

that our discovery process is extraordinarily extensive compared to that of most foreign legal

systems.” Id.; see also Export-Import Bank of the Republic of China v. Grenada, Case No. 06-cv-

2469, 2010 WL 5463876, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 29, 2010) (rejecting Grenada’s comity argument

and holding that Grenada’s status as a foreign sovereign did not preclude contempt sanctions).

Thus, under controlling precedent, principles of international comity are no more relevant to

Romania’s argument in opposition to Petitioners’ motion to compel than they were in support of

its motion for relief from judgment. See supra at 9.

       The third argument—that Romania is substantially justified in refusing to respond to

Petitioners’ discovery request—fails straight out the gate because it is premised on the fact that

Romania “has filed a [Rule 60(b) motion],” and the arguments therein, Resp’t’s Opp’n at 19, which

the court has now denied, see supra at 10. Contrary to Romania’s contention, there is no “genuine

dispute” as to whether Romania has satisfied the Judgment—it has not. See Resp’t’s Opp’n at 20

(quoting Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565 (1988)). Romania admitted as much to the court

at a March 2020 hearing, see Hr’g Tr., ECF No. 135, at 5:9–6:11 (conceding payment of $213

                                               13
million toward the $356 million judgment entered by the court), and nothing has materially

changed between the time Romania made that admission and its refusal to respond to ordered

discovery. 4 Accordingly, the court will grant Petitioners’ motion for a civil contempt order and

sanctions.

                2.       Monetary Sanctions

        The final task for the court is to determine what amount of sanctions would best “coerce

[Romania’s] compliance” with the Discovery Order. In re Fannie Mae Sec. Litig., 552 F.3d 814,

823 (D.C. Cir. 2009); see also Walters, 72 F. Supp. 3d at 11 (deciding an appropriate sanction

requires a court to consider what size award “will coerce the contemnor into compliance,

compensate the complainant for losses due to the noncompliance, or both”). Petitioners request

“a sanction of $25,000 per week, payable to Petitioners and doubling every four weeks until either

reaching a maximum of $100,000 per week or until Romania complies with the Discovery Order.”

Pet’rs’ Mot. at 10. Romania opposes this amount on the grounds that it is unduly “punitive” and

thus prohibited under 28 U.S.C. § 1606. Resp’t’s Opp’n at 12–13 & n.3. In support of its claim

that Petitioners merely seek to “punish Romania,” Romania asserts that Petitioners “justify[] the[]

exorbitant amounts [requested]” by saturating their motion for sanctions “with reference [to]

Romania’s alleged current and prior ‘bad acts.’” Id. at 13. The court disagrees with Romania,

both as a matter of law and fact.

        Petitioners’ requested sanctions are not unduly “punitive,” especially when the court

considers Romania’s past conduct, which is relevant to the court’s calculus. See Fannie Mae Sec.

Litig., 552 F.3d at 822–23 (describing lower court’s determination of whether contempt order was

appropriate as necessarily “fact-bound”). An order of civil contempt is meant to be coercive, and

4
 The court recognizes that Romania paid additional sums to Petitioners after the March 2020 hearing, but those
amounts still do not fully satisfy the Judgment.

                                                     14
Romania’s status as a sovereign does not immunize it from those effects. Nor is the amount

requested “exorbitant.” Petitioners convincingly cite to a host of cases showing that “[t]he amount

Petitioners seek is more than the amount imposed on foreign sovereigns with smaller gross

domestic products (‘GDP’) than Romania, such as the DRC, but less than the amount imposed on

foreign sovereigns with larger GDPs, such as China and Russia.” Pet’rs’ Reply in Supp. of Mot.

for Civil Contempt Order & Sanctions Against Romania, ECF No. 153, at 9; accord Chabad, 915

F. Supp. 2d at 154 (comparing defendant Russia’s economy to that of the DRC, as sanctioned by

the court in FG Hemisphere, for the purpose of determining the size of the award best calibrated

to “coerce [Russia’s] compliance”). For example, in Walters, the court ordered China to show

cause why the court should not impose a sanction of $246,500 per day for failure to comply with

a discovery order. See 72 F. Supp. 3d at 13. In FG Hemisphere, by contrast, the court upheld a

sanction imposed on the DRC for violating a discovery order of “$5,000 per week, doubling every

four weeks until reaching a maximum of $80,000 per week.” 637 F.3d at 376. By way of

comparison, the GDP of the DRC was $41.4 billion as of 2017, whereas Romania’s was $211.9

billion.5 These comparator cases show that Petitioners’ request for a starting sanction of $25,000

per week, progressing up to an amount not to exceed $100,000, is sufficient but not excessive to

coerce Romania’s adherence to the Discovery Order and to compensate Petitioners for the “losses

sustained” from Romania’s noncompliance thus far. Fannie Mae Sec. Litig., 552 F.3d at 823.

Accordingly, the court will grant Petitioners’ request.

5
   See Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/ (last visited Nov. 17, 2020).

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V.    CONCLUSION AND ORDER

      For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby ORDERED that:

      1. Romania’s Motion for Relief from Judgment Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil

         Procedure 60(b)(5), ECF No. 138, is DENIED;

      2. Petitioners’ Motion for a Civil Contempt Order and Sanctions Against Romania, ECF

         No. 151, is GRANTED;

      3. Romania is adjudged and decreed to be in civil contempt for its failure to comply with

         the court’s March 11, 2020 Order, ECF No. 133;

      4. Civil contempt sanctions are hereby awarded against Romania. If Romania fails to

         answer the post-judgment interrogatories within 14 days of entry of this Order, it shall

         pay Petitioners a fine in the amount of $25,000 per week, which shall double every four

         weeks reaching a maximum of $100,000 per week, until such time as Romania

         complies with the March 11, 2020 Order, ECF No. 133; and,

      5. Romania shall pay Petitioners the attorneys’ fees and costs associated with seeking a

         civil contempt order. Petitioners shall file a bill of fees and costs with the court by

         December 4, 2020.

Dated: November 20, 2020                                  Amit P. Mehta
                                                   United States District Court Judge

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