Court Opinion

ID: 9401282
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-12 17:10:12.091237+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:51.754881
License: Public Domain

J-A06030-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    LEON SEWELL                                :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 178 WDA 2022

         Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 5, 2022
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Criminal Division at
                        No(s): CP-02-CR-0004754-2020

BEFORE:      OLSON, J., NICHOLS, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY NICHOLS, J.:                              FILED: JUNE 12, 2023

        Appellant Leon Sewell appeals from the judgment of sentence imposed

following his conviction for criminal trespass and related offenses. Appellant

challenges the sufficiency of the evidence and argues that the trial court erred

in denying his request to proceed pro se. We affirm.

        The trial court summarized the underlying facts of this matter as follows:

        [Appellant] and Sandra Harness (referred to herein as “the
        victim”) were former paramours who were no longer together due
        to the fact that the victim had obtained a Protection From Abuse
        [(PFA)] order prohibiting [Appellant] from being [at the victim’s
        residence] due to a prior violent incident between [Appellant] and
        the victim.

Trial Ct. Op., 6/30/22, at 2.

____________________________________________

*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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       At trial, the victim testified that on May 21, 2020, she was awakened by

Appellant attempting to open her bedroom window, which was on the second

floor of her residence. N.T. Trial, 9/14/21, at 47-48. The victim stated that

after she told Appellant to leave, Appellant entered through the window,

shattering the glass. Id. After Appellant entered the victim’s residence, the

trial court explained:

       [Appellant] pushed [the victim] down on her bed. He placed his
       hand on her neck and began squeezing. He kept telling her to
       “shut-up.” She was unable to fight him off. [Appellant] pushed
       the victim down the steps from the second floor to the first floor.
       When she got to the first floor, [Appellant] ordered her to open
       the back door.       The alarm in the residence activated and
       [Appellant] screamed at the victim to turn it off. Acting as though
       she was going to the front door to deactivate the alarm, she
       quickly opened the door and ran to a neighbor’s house where her
       neighbor called 911. During the incident, [Appellant] grabbed the
       victim’s cell phone from her hand and threw it. After the incident,
       she was unable to find her phone. The phone was eventually
       found in the chimney of the house. The victim suffered injuries to
       her neck and hand during the incident. Police officers immediately
       responded to the scene. Officers observed broken glass around
       the second-floor window and the window was broken out. There
       was a ladder propped up against the exterior of the house.

Trial Ct. Op., 6/30/22, at 2 (some formatting altered).

       Following the incident, the Commonwealth charged Appellant with

aggravated assault, strangulation, burglary, theft by unlawful taking, criminal

trespass, and defiant trespass.1

____________________________________________

1  18 Pa.C.S. §§ 2702(a)(1), 2718(a)(1),              3502(a)(1)(i),   3921(a),
3503(a)(1)(ii), and 3503(b)(1)(i), respectively.

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      Prior to trial, Appellant filed a pro se motion to replace his trial counsel

with another court-appointed attorney.      See Appellant’s Motion to Replace

Counsel, 11/10/20.       Therein, Appellant stated that trial counsel was

“ineffective, not trustworthy” and that trial counsel had failed to communicate

with Appellant’s family. Id. at 2. The trial court did not rule on Appellant’s

motion.

      On January 24, 2021, Appellant filed a motion seeking to waive his right

to counsel and proceed pro se. At a hearing on February 2, 2021, Appellant

reiterated that he was dissatisfied with trial counsel, wished to invoke his right

to self-representation, and believed that he would be “better off” without

counsel. N.T. Hr’g, 2/2/21, at 5, 17. After the trial court questioned Appellant

about the quality of trial counsel’s representation, the trial court concluded

that Appellant had failed to demonstrate that trial counsel “was not doing his

job.” Id. at 17. The trial court then attempted to dissuade Appellant from

proceeding pro se by asking a series of questions concerning Appellant’s

knowledge of the criminal court system. Id. at 17-18; 24-32.

      At one point during the hearing, Appellant asked the trial court: “Why

can’t I get a court appointed attorney or get me a bond and I can go out there

and go to work and buy me an attorney?” Id. at 21. In response, the trial

court stated: “[Appellant], this isn’t Let’s Make a Deal. This isn’t Judge Judy

or Judge Jerry or whatever the heck those shows are. This is real court. So

what I am suggesting to you is refocus and accept the fact that you have an

experienced trial lawyer who is doing his job . . . .” Id.

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      Ultimately, the trial court concluded:

      THE COURT: You don’t know the basic things that are involved
      in your case. You don’t know any of that. I can’t let you do it. I
      can’t. If you get a bad result and appeal, the Superior Court would
      say to me, did you go to law school, Judge. You let this guy do
      this when he proved he doesn’t know what he’s doing?

      Did you even go to law school, Judge? Maybe you studied
      pharmacy. You didn’t go to law school. That’s what the Superior
      Court would tell me. They would say it nicer than that, but that’s
      what they would tell me. So, no, I can’t let you do it. You have
      demonstrated your lack of ability to proceed on your own behalf.
      You have also failed to demonstrate that [trial counsel] isn’t doing
      his job. Consequently, your motion to represent yourself is
      denied.      [Trial counsel] is your lawyer.      Work with him.
      Reevaluate your position and work with him, and we will see you
      all in April [for] the status conference. We are done.

Id. at 31-32 (formatting altered).

      On March 16, 2021, Appellant filed a second pro se motion to replace

trial counsel with another court-appointed attorney.          Therein, Appellant

reiterated his dissatisfaction with trial counsel’s representation. The trial court

did not rule on Appellant’s motion.      On April 9, 2021, trial counsel filed a

motion to withdraw stating that there had been “an irretrievable breakdown

in the attorney-client relationship.” Petition to Withdraw, 4/9/21. The trial

court denied trial counsel’s motion.

      The matter proceeded to a jury trial on September 14, 2021. Ultimately,

the jury found Appellant guilty of criminal trespass, theft, and defiant trespass,

but not guilty on the remaining charges. On January 5, 2022, the trial court

sentenced Appellant to an aggregate term of thirty-six to eighty-four months’

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incarceration. Appellant filed timely post-sentence motions, which the trial

court denied.

      Appellant subsequently filed a timely notice of appeal and a court-

ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement. The trial court issued a Rule 1925(a)

opinion addressing Appellant’s claims.

      On appeal, Appellant raises the following issues for review:

      1. Is Appellant entitled to a new trial . . . when he was forced to
         proceed to trial before a jury while represented by counsel,
         rather than proceeding pro se as he desired, with said trial
         having been conducted in violation of his self-representation
         and due process rights under U.S. Const. amend. VI & XIV, Pa.
         Const. art. I § 9, and 42 Pa.C.S. § 2501(b)?

      2. Should Appellant’s conviction for [criminal trespass] be vacated
         with prejudice owing to the Commonwealth’s failure to present
         sufficient evidence . . . establishing (A) that he had gained
         entry to the victim’s residence by voluntarily, rather than
         inadvertently, breaking the windowpane in the bedroom
         window through which he entered the home; or, alternatively,
         (B) that, in entering via that portal, he had entered the home
         through an opening not designed for human access?

Appellant’s Brief at 3.

                          Representation by Counsel

      In his first claim, Appellant argues that he is entitled to a new trial

because the trial court violated his right to self-representation. Id. at 22-23.

Specifically, Appellant asserts that his request “should have been granted

since it was timely, it was unequivocal, and it was knowing and intelligent”

and “was denied only because the trial judge believed it to be an unwise

decision, which is an impermissible basis for denying pro se status.” Id. at

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33.   In support, Appellant notes that he was fully informed about the

consequences of waiving his right to counsel, but unequivocally maintained

that he wished to proceed pro se. Id. at 38-39.        Appellant concludes that

“his waiver of his right to counsel was valid, and his exercise of his right to

proceed pro se ought to have been respected.”           Id. at 39.     Therefore,

Appellant requests that we remand the matter for new trial. Id.

      “A defendant’s right to act as his own counsel has long been recognized

under the law . . . . [I]t is implicit in the Sixth Amendment to the United States

Constitution and explicit in Article I, Section 9 of the Pennsylvania

Constitution.” Commonwealth v. Tighe, 224 A.3d 1268, 1280 (Pa. 2020)

(Tighe II); see also Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 821 (1975).

“Whether that right was violated presents a question of law, for which our

review is de novo.” Commonwealth v. Tighe, 184 A.3d 560, 566 (Pa. Super.

2018) (Tighe I) (citation omitted).

      Our Supreme Court has stated that although a defendant’s right to self-

representation is guaranteed, it is not absolute. Commonwealth v. Brooks,

104 A.3d 466, 474 (Pa. 2014). To exercise the right to self-representation, a

“defendant must demonstrate that he knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently

waives his right to counsel.” Id. (citation omitted); see also Pa.R.Crim.P.

121(A)(2).    Additionally, “to invoke the right of self-representation, the

request to proceed pro se must be made timely and not for purposes of delay

and must be clear and unequivocal.” Commonwealth v. Davido, 868 A.2d

431, 438 (Pa. 2005).

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      “[T]he inquiry surrounding whether a request to proceed pro se is

unequivocal is fact intensive and should be based on the totality of the

circumstances surrounding the request.” Id. 439. Specifically, our Supreme

Court has explained:

      [C]ourts generally consider a myriad of factors in concluding
      whether a request was unequivocal including: whether the request
      was for hybrid representation or merely for the appointment of
      standby or advisory counsel, the trial court’s response to a
      request, whether a defendant has consistently vacillated in his
      request, and whether a request is the result of an emotional
      outburst.

Id. at 438–39 (citations omitted).

      Generally, Pennsylvania courts have held that “a request for [pro se]

status is timely when it is asserted before ‘meaningful trial proceedings’ have

begun.” Commonwealth v. El, 977 A.2d 1158, 1163 (Pa. 2009) (citations

omitted). “In the context of a jury trial, the consensus is that proceedings

become ‘meaningful’ as soon as the selection of jurors begins.” Id.

      Further, our Supreme Court has explained:

      To ensure a proper waiver, the trial court must conduct a “probing
      colloquy,” . . .

      The “probing colloquy” standard requires Pennsylvania trial courts
      to make a searching and formal inquiry into the questions of (1)
      whether the defendant is aware of his right to counsel or not and
      (2) whether the defendant is aware of the consequences of
      waiving that right or not. Specifically, the court must inquire
      whether or not: (1) the defendant understands that he has the
      right to be represented by counsel, and the right to have free
      counsel appointed if he is indigent; (2) the defendant understands
      the nature of the charges against him and the elements of each
      of those charges; (3) the defendant is aware of the permissible
      range of sentences and/or fines for the offenses charged; (4) the

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      defendant understands that if he waives the right to counsel he
      will still be bound by all the normal rules of procedure and that
      counsel would be familiar with these rules; (5) [the] defendant
      understands that there are possible defenses to these charges
      which counsel might be aware of, and if these defenses are not
      raised at trial, they may be lost permanently; and (6) the
      defendant understands that, in addition to defenses, the
      defendant has many rights that, if not timely asserted, may be
      lost permanently; and that if errors occur and are not timely
      objected to, or otherwise timely raised by the defendant, the
      objection to these errors may be lost permanently.

      If the trial court finds that the defendant’s waiver is not knowing,
      voluntary, and intelligent after a probing colloquy, the court may
      prevent the defendant from proceeding pro se.

Commonwealth v. Blakeney, 946 A.2d 645, 655 (Pa. 2008).

      Additionally, our Supreme Court has reiterated that “a defendant’s

choice to proceed pro se must be honored out of that respect for the individual

which is the lifeblood of the law even when the defendant acts to his or her

own detriment.” Commonwealth v. Spotz, 47 A.3d 63, 83 (Pa. 2012) (citing

Faretta, 422 U.S. at 834) (formatting altered).

      Here, Appellant filed a motion seeking to waive his right to counsel and

proceed pro se approximately three months before trial was scheduled to

begin. At the hearing, Appellant confirmed that he wished to proceed pro se,

that he was aware of his right to counsel, and that he understood the

consequences of waiving that right. N.T. Hr’g at 24-25. Ultimately, the trial

court concluded that Appellant’s request was “ridiculous,” that Appellant had

“demonstrated [his] lack of ability to proceed on [his] own behalf,” and that

Appellant had “failed to demonstrate that [trial counsel wasn’t] doing his job.”

Id. at 27; 31-32.

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       In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court further explained:

       In this case, this court did not believe that [Appellant] knowingly
       and intelligently waived his right to counsel. [Appellant’s] request
       came just three months prior to the scheduled court date.
       [Appellant’s] frustration with trial counsel stemmed from
       [Appellant’s] erroneous belief that his case had been delayed by
       the dilatory actions of trial counsel. On the contrary, the delay in
       [Appellant’s] trial stemmed solely from the cessation of jury trials
       due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Upon questioning from the court,
       [Appellant] admitted that he did not understand the hearsay rule
       and the exceptions thereto. [Appellant] did not know what a
       motion in limine or a motion to strike for cause were. He asked
       the court to provide him with a different court-appointed attorney.
       It was clear to this court that [Appellant] did want counsel to assist
       him at trial and that he did not knowingly and intelligently waive
       his right to counsel. [Appellant] was simply frustrated with his
       trial counsel. For those reasons, this court denied [Appellant’s]
       motion.

Trial Ct. Op. at 12-13 (formatting altered).

       Following our review of the record, we agree with the trial court’s

conclusion that Appellant’s request to proceed pro se was not unequivocal.2

See Tighe I, 184 A.3d at 566; Davido, 868 A.2d at 438. As noted previously,

Appellant initially filed a motion in which he claimed that trial counsel was

____________________________________________

2 As noted previously, the trial court also concluded that Appellant was not
entitled to proceed pro se because Appellant “demonstrated [his] lack of
ability to proceed on [his] own behalf.” See N.T. Hr’g at 32. However,
although the trial court appears to have believed that Appellant was incapable
of successfully defending himself at trial, we emphasize that “a defendant’s
choice to proceed pro se ‘must be honored out of ‘that respect for the
individual which is the lifeblood of the law’ even when the defendant acts to
his or her own detriment.” Spotz, 47 A.3d at 83. Therefore, to the extent
the trial court denied Appellant’s motion based on Appellant’s lack of
knowledge concerning the criminal court system, that ruling was erroneous.
See id. In any event, because we conclude that Appellant’s request was not
unequivocal, Appellant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

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ineffective and requesting that the trial court appoint new counsel on his

behalf.   After the trial court declined to rule on Appellant’s pro se motion,

Appellant filed a motion requesting to proceed pro se.           During the Faretta

colloquy, Appellant indicated that he wished to proceed pro se because he was

“better off,” without his current counsel, reiterated his displeasure with trial

counsel’s representation, and stated: “Why [can’t I] get a court appointed

attorney or get me bond and I can go out there and go to work and buy me

an attorney?” See N.T. Hr’g at 5, 31. After the trial court denied Appellant’s

motion to proceed pro se, Appellant filed an additional pro se motion again

reiterating   his   dissatisfaction   with   trial   counsel’s   representation   and

requesting a new attorney.       Based on the totality of these circumstances,

where Appellant has consistently vacillated in his request to proceed pro se,

we are unable to conclude that Appellant’s request for self-representation was

unequivocal.    See Davido, 868 A.2d at 438.              Therefore, the trial court

properly denied Appellant’s motion.

                          Sufficiency of the Evidence

      Appellant also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his

conviction for criminal trespass, which was graded as second-degree felony.

Appellant’s Brief at 40-41.       Initially, Appellant concedes that there was

sufficient evidence to establish the elements of criminal trespass, graded as a

third-degree felony. Id. However, Appellant argues that the Commonwealth

failed to prove the “breaking” element necessary for a second-degree felony

conviction because there was no evidence that Appellant “deliberately broke

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the windowpane” or that by “entering through the window[, Appellant]

entered through an opening that was not designed for human access under

any circumstances.” Id. at 47. Further, Appellant contends that he could not

be convicted for criminal trespass because “one reasonable interpretation of

the testimony presented at trial was that the windowpane shattered via an

involuntary act . . . we cannot say beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant's

act in causing the windowpane to break was a voluntary act.”         Id. at 48.

Therefore, Appellant requests that we vacate his judgment of sentence and

remand for further proceedings. Id. at 41.

      In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, our standard

of review is as follows:

      Because a determination of evidentiary sufficiency presents a
      question of law, our standard of review is de novo and our scope
      of review is plenary. In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence,
      we must determine whether the evidence admitted at trial and all
      reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, viewed in the light most
      favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, were sufficient
      to prove every element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.
      [T]he facts and circumstances established by the Commonwealth
      need not preclude every possibility of innocence. It is within the
      province of the fact-finder to determine the weight to be accorded
      to each witness’s testimony and to believe all, part, or none of the
      evidence. The Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving
      every element of the crime by means of wholly circumstantial
      evidence. Moreover, as an appellate court, we may not re-weigh
      the evidence and substitute our judgment for that of the fact-
      finder.

Commonwealth v. Palmer, 192 A.3d 85, 89 (Pa. Super. 2018).

      Pursuant to Section 3503(a)(1)(ii) of the Crimes Code, a person

commits criminal trespass, graded as a felony of the second degree, “if,

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knowing he is not licensed or privileged to do so, he . . . breaks into any

building or occupied structure or separately secured or occupied portion

thereof.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 3503(a)(1)(ii); (2). “Breaks into” is defined as “[t]o

gain entry by force, breaking, intimidation, unauthorized opening of locks, or

through an opening not designed for human access.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 3503(a)(3).

      Here, at trial, the victim testified that she awoke in the middle of the

night to the sound of her bedroom window “being raised.” N.T. Trial, 9/14/21,

at 43, 47.   At that time, the victim saw Appellant outside of the bedroom

window, which was located on the second floor of her residence. Id. The

victim stated that after she refused Appellant’s request to open the door and

told him to leave, Appellant entered the residence through the window. Id.

at 47-48. As a result, the glass window shattered. Id. The victim further

explained that after Appellant entered the home, the victim started screaming,

and Appellant “pushed [her] down on the bed . . . choking [her] and telling

[her] to shut up.” Id. at 48.

      Following our review of the record, and in viewing the evidence in the

light most favorable to the Commonwealth, we conclude that there was

sufficient evidence to support Appellant’s conviction for criminal trespass. See

Palmer, 192 A.3d at 89. In light of the victim’s testimony, it was reasonable

for the jury to infer that Appellant committed a “breaking” when he entered

through the bedroom window and caused the glass window to shatter.

Further, as noted previously, the Commonwealth’s evidence “need not

preclude every possibility of innocence.” See id. Therefore, to the extent

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Appellant claims that the victim’s testimony does not preclude the possibility

that Appellant broke the window “via an involuntary act,” he is not entitled to

relief. For these reasons, we affirm.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 6/12/2023

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