Court Opinion

ID: 477281
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2011-08-23 09:46:47+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:02:16.469789
License: Public Domain

802 F.2d 458
Unpublished DispositionNOTICE: Sixth Circuit Rule 24(c) states that citation of unpublished dispositions is disfavored except for establishing res judicata, estoppel, or the law of the case and requires service of copies of cited unpublished dispositions of the Sixth Circuit.CONRAD and DEBRA HIMES, Plaintiffs-Appellantsv.UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE,Defendants-Appellees.
No. 85-5632.
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
Aug. 14, 1986.

1
BEFORE:  KEITH and MERRITT, Circuit Judges;  CONTIE, Senior Circuit Judge

ORDER

2
These two pro se plaintiffs appeal from a district court judgment dismissing their suit and assessing costs and attorney fees against them.  Plaintiffs filed their suit seeking a refund of a penalty assessed against them under 26 U.S.C. Sec.  6702(a) by the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service for their having filed an unsubstantiated and frivolous amended income tax return for the year 1982.  In their memorandum of law submitted with their amended tax return, plaintiffs essentially expounded on two theories to support their conclusion that they did not owe any taxes.  One, labor is a property right which may be traded in equal exchange for income without any taxable gain being realized;  and two, the federal income tax is a direct tax on the source of income which is not apportioned and is, therefore, in violation of the constitution.

3
Upon review of the record and all of the arguments presented by the parties, this Court concludes that the district court properly dismissed plaintiffs' suit and assessed costs and attorney fees against them for filing their suit in bad faith.  Furthermore, we conclude that assertion of plaintiffs' arguments in this appeal also warrants double costs and attorney fees to be assessed against them pursuant to Rule 38, Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure.

4
The $500 civil penalty was properly imposed under 26 U.S.C. Sec.  6702.  This section authorizes a penalty whenever a taxpayer files a purported return which fails to "contain information on which the substantial correctness of the self-assessment may be judged" or "contains information that on its face indicates that the self-assessment is substantially incorrect," and where such conduct is due to "a position which is frivolous" or "a desire . . . to delay or impede the administration of Federal Income tax laws."    Clearly, plaintiffs' amended return, which failed to include their wages as income, contained a self-assessment that was substantially incorrect on its face for reasons which are totally without merit.

5
Gross income includes all income derived from any source including compensation for labor and services.  Perkins v. Commissioner, 746 F.2d 1187 (6th Cir. 1984) (per curiam).    The contrary assertion that wages are not income when received in equal exchange for labor, therefore, fully warrants the penalty allowable under 26 U.S.C. Sec.  6702.  See Stelly v. Commissioner, 761 F.2d 1113 (5th Cir.)  (per curiam), cert. denied, 106 S. Ct. 149 (1985);  Hyslep v. United States, 765 F.2d 1083 (11th Cir. 1985) (per curiam);  Jolly v. United States, 764 F.2d 642, 644-47 (9th Cir. 1985);  Lovell v. United States, 755 F.2d 517, 519 (7th Cir. 1984) (per curiam), cert. denied, 105 S. Ct. 1769 (1985);  Davis v. United States Government, 742 F.2d 171, 172 (kth Cir. 1984) (per curiam).    The federal income tax laws also do not violate the requirement of the Sixteenth Amendment to impose taxes on income, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the states.  Perkins v. Commissioner, supra;  Funk v. Commissioner, 687 F.2d 264 (8th Cir. 1982) (per curiam);  Davis v. United States Government, 742 F.2d at 172.  The plaintiffs were also not denied their right to a jury trial, Martin v. Commissioner, 756 F.2d 38 (6th Cir. 1985);  Perkins v. Commissioner, supra;  Funk v. Commissioner, supra;  nor were they denied due process notice by being required to pay the penalty assessment without prior notice before judicial review became available.  Hudson v. United States, 766 F.2d 1288, 1291-92 (9th Cir. 1985);  Jolly v. United States, 764 F.2d at 644-47;  Wardell v. United States, 757 F.2d 203, 205 (8th Cir. 1985) (per curiam);  Anderson v. United States, 754 F.2d 1270, 1272 (5th Cir. 1985) (per curiam);  Kahn v. United States, 753 F.2d 1208, 1217-22 (3rd Cir. 1985);  Heitman v. United States, 753 F.2d 33, 35 (6th Cir. 1984) (per curiam).    Plaintiffs' purported return likewise fell within the scope of 26 U.S.C. Sec.  6702 despite their disclaimer to the contrary.  Lovell v. United States, supra, 755 F.2d at 519;  Anderson v. United States, 754 F.2d at 1272;  Davis v. United States Government, 742 F.2d at 173.  Furthermore, it is clear that the district court was fully warranted in imposing costs and reasonable attorney fees against the plaintiffs because their suit is clearly frivolous and was asserted in bad faith.  See Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. v. Wilderness Society, 421 U.S. 240, 259 (1975);  Shimman v. International Union of Operating Engineers, Local 18, 744 F.2d 1226, 1230 & n.6 (6th Cir. 1984) (en banc), cert. denied, 105 S. Ct. 1191 (1985).  Contrary to the plaintiffs' argument, an award of costs and fees may be awarded for the government in all cases where it must defend against frivolous and vexatious lawsuits.  See Dallo v. INS, 765 F.2d 581, 589 (6th Cir. 1985);  Stelly v. Commissioner, supra;  Paulson v. United States, 758 F.2d 61, 62 (2nd Cir. 1985) (per curiam);  Anderson v. United States, supra, 754 F.2d at 1272.

6
It is also clear that the district court properly denied the plaintiffs' request construed as a motion to disqualify him under 28 U.S.C. Secs.  144 and 455(a) as disqualification of the district court judge was clearly not required under the circumstances of this case.  See Davis v. Commissioner, 734 F.2d 1302, 1303 (8th Cir. 1984) (per curiam);  Shaw v. Martin, 733 F.2d 304, 308 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 105 S. Ct. 230, reh'g denied, 105 S. Ct. 555 (1984);  United States v. Story, 716 F.2d 1088, 1091 (6th Cir. 1983).

7
Finally, double costs and attorney fees should be imposed against the plaintiffs pursuant to Rule 38, Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, because they filed a frivolous appeal which involves issues which have already been clearly and repeatedly rejected by the courts.  See Martin v. Commissioner, 756 F.2d at 41;  Perkins v. Commissioner, 746 F.2d at 1188-89.

8
For these reasons, this panel unanimously agrees that oral argument is not necessary in this appeal.  Rule 34(a), Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure.  The district court's judgment is, accordingly, affirmed pursuant to Rule 9(d)(3), Rules of the Sixth Circuit.  Double costs and attorney fees are hereby awarded to the government pursuant to the decided case authority and Rule 38, Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure.  An itemized and verified bill for the costs and attorney fees may be filed with the Clerk of this Court, with proof of service, within 14 days after the entry of this order.