Court Opinion

ID: 5124208
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-08 21:00:39.037723+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:22:39.260090
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        NOV 8 2021
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.    19-10454

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                3:18-cr-00368-CRB-1
 v.

ABHIJIT PRASAD,                                 MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of California
                   Charles R. Breyer, District Judge, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted February 9, 2021
                            San Francisco, California

Before: BERZON, CHRISTEN, and BADE, Circuit Judges.

      Defendant-Appellant Abhijit Prasad appeals his convictions on twenty-one

counts of visa fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1546(a), and two counts of

aggravated identity theft, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1). Prasad asserts

evidentiary errors and challenges the sufficiency of the evidence. We have

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      Prasad operated Maremarks, a company through which he filed petitions

with United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) to obtain H-1B

nonimmigrant status for foreign workers, known as H-1B beneficiaries, to supply

these beneficiaries as workers for his end-clients. The government alleged that

Prasad falsely represented in the H-1B petitions that there were specific work

positions for the prospective H-1B beneficiaries at Maremarks’ end-clients,

including Cisco Systems, when those work positions did not exist. The

government asserted that Prasad’s commission of some counts of visa fraud

included fabricating a work position at Cisco and then forging a Cisco employee’s

signature on a statement of work, which purportedly evinced that there was a bona

fide position at Cisco for the H-1B beneficiary even though no position existed.

See Donald Neufeld, U.S. Citizenship & Immigr. Servs., HQ 70/6.2.8 (AD 10-24),

Determining Employer-Employee Relationship for Adjudication of H-1B Petitions,

Including Third-Party Site Placements (2010).1

      1.     Prasad argues that the district court violated Federal Rule of Evidence

404(b) by admitting evidence of two statements of work, Exhibits 20 and 919, that

were related to dismissed visa fraud charges. “Evidence of any other crime,

wrong, or act is not admissible to prove a person’s character in order to show that

      1
         This guidance was effective during the period that Prasad filed the petitions
at issue in this case. See U.S. Citizenship & Immigr. Servs., U.S. Dep’t of
Homeland Sec., PM-602-0114, Rescission of Policy Memoranda 1 (2020).

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on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character.” Fed.

R. Evid. 404(b)(1). “‘Other act’ evidence that is ‘inextricably intertwined’ with a

charged offense is independently admissible and is exempt from the requirements

of Rule 404(b).” United States v. Anderson, 741 F.3d 938, 949 (9th Cir. 2013).

This court reviews de novo whether evidence falls under Rule 404(b)’s prohibition.

See United States v. Dorsey, 677 F.3d 944, 951 (9th Cir. 2012).

      The district court did not err in admitting Exhibits 20 and 919 because they

were relevant to the charges presented at trial. The government offered Exhibits

20 and 919 to prove that there was a fraudulent signature on a statement of work,

which the government offered as Exhibit 1006, that formed the basis for five

counts of visa fraud. The government asserted that Exhibits 20, 919, and 1006 all

included the same, identical signature of a Cisco employee, Jennifer Teves. And

the government elicited testimony that Prasad knew his associate photoshopped

Teves’s authentic signature from the statement of work in Exhibit 919 onto the

statement of work in Exhibit 20. Thus, Exhibits 20 and 919 were relevant to

whether the purportedly identical signature on Exhibit 1006 was fraudulent and

whether Prasad knew it was fraudulent, two of the elements of visa fraud under

§ 1546(a). Thus, because Exhibits 20 and 919 bore directly on the elements of the

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charged offenses, Rule 404(b)’s prohibition on character evidence did not apply.2

Dorsey, 677 F.3d at 952; Anderson, 741 F.3d at 949.

      2.     Prasad also asserts that Exhibits 20 and 919 are inadmissible under

Federal Rule of Evidence 608(b). But the government did not offer Exhibits 20

and 919 “to prove specific instances of a witness’s conduct in order to attack or

support [Prasad’s] character for truthfulness.” Fed. R. Evid. 608(b); Fed. R. Evid.

608 Committee Notes on Rules—2003 Amendment (stating Rule 608(b) only

applies “when the sole reason for proffering that evidence is to attack or support

the witness’ character for truthfulness”). Rather, Exhibits 20 and 919 were

relevant to whether Prasad committed visa fraud, and thus, Rule 608(b) is

inapplicable. See Fed. R. Evid. 608(b); United States v. Abel, 469 U.S. 45, 56

(1984).

      3.     Finally, Prasad challenges his conviction for two counts of aggravated

identity theft, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1), for using Cisco employee

Naveen Gattu’s name next to a QR code on two fraudulent statements of work.

Prasad argues that there was insufficient evidence to show that he used Gattu’s

name “without lawful authority” because the evidence demonstrated that he

      2
       The district court’s in limine ruling—essentially stating that it would abide
by Rule 404(b)’s restrictions—is therefore irrelevant to our analysis.

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believed that he had permission to use Gattu’s name.3 See 18 U.S.C.

§ 1028A(a)(1).

      However, whether Prasad had permission to use Gattu’s name is irrelevant

because Prasad “use[d] the identification unlawfully.” United States v. Gagarin,

950 F.3d 596, 604 (9th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted). The jury

convicted Prasad on counts 30 and 31, which charged that Prasad committed visa

fraud under § 1546(a) by filing fraudulent statements of work. Prasad affixed

Gattu’s name on these statements of work and, thus, used Gattu’s means of

identification “during and in relation to” his commission of visa fraud. See

Gagarin, 950 F.3d at 604. He therefore used Gattu’s name unlawfully. See id.

Accordingly, the evidence sufficiently supports Prasad’s convictions under

§ 1028A(a)(1).

      AFFIRMED.

      3
        Prasad asserts, in passing, that this court “has never held that a false QR
code, without further data attached to it, constitutes a name within the meaning of
section 1028A.” But the inclusion of the QR code next to Gattu’s name is
immaterial because “a means of identification” is defined as “any name or number
that may be used, alone or in conjunction with any other information, to identify a
specific individual.” 18 U.S.C. § 1028(d)(7); see also United States v. Alexander,
725 F.3d 1117, 1120 (9th Cir. 2013) (“Subsection (A) reiterates that any ‘name’
meets the definition.” (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1028(d)(7)(A))). Gattu’s name can be
used to identify Gattu and, thus, it is clearly “a means of identification” under
§ 1028(d)(7).

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