Court Opinion

ID: 4041735
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-28 22:53:32.94835+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:29:28.018463
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ACCEPTED
                                                                                     04-14-00651-CV
                                                                          FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                               SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
                                                                                 2/5/2015 8:16:47 PM
                                                                                       KEITH HOTTLE
                                                                                              CLERK

                           NO. 04-14-00651-CV

                In the Fourth Court of Appeals     FILED IN
                                            4th COURT OF APPEALS
                                             SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
                      San Antonio, Texas    2/5/2015 8:16:47 PM
                                                                KEITH E. HOTTLE
                           ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯       ♦    ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯                    Clerk

               Philip Wayne Hindes and Melinda Hindes Eustace,

                                                  Appellants,
                                       v.

 La Salle County, Texas; Hon. Joel Rodriguez, Jr., in his Official Capacity as
 County Judge, La Salle County, Texas; and Hon. Raul Ayala, in his Official
   Capacity as County Commissioner, Precinct 4, La Salle County, Texas,

                                                  Appellees.
                           ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯       ♦    ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
         On Appeal from the 81st District Court, La Salle County, Texas
                        Cause No. 12-09-00179-CVL
                           ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯       ♦    ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
                             BRIEF OF APPELLEES
                           ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯       ♦    ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

CHRISTOPHER S. JOHNS                   MICHAEL SHAUNESSY
Texas Bar No. 24044849                 Counsel of Record
JOHNS MARRS ELLIS & HODGE LLP          Texas Bar No. 18134550
805 West 10th Street, Suite 400        MCGINNIS LOCHRIDGE LLP
Austin, Texas 78701                    600 Congress Avenue, Suite 2100
(512) 215-4078                         Austin, Texas 78701
(512) 628-7169 fax                     (512) 495-6000
cjohns@jmehlaw.com                     (512) 495-6093 fax
                                       mshaunessy@mcginnislaw.com

                                    Attorneys for Appellees La Salle County,
                                    Texas; Hon. Joel Rodriguez, Jr.; and Hon.
                                    Raul Ayala
                       ORAL ARGUMENT NOT REQUESTED
                  IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL

Parties to the Trial Court’s Judgment

Plaintiffs/Counter-      Thomas Michael Townsend, Sr.; TMT Management,
Defendants:              LLC; and Townsend Mineral Company, LP

Defendants/Counter-      Philip Wayne Hindes and Melinda Hindes Eustace
Plaintiffs and
Third-Party
Plaintiffs/Appellants:

Third-Party           La Salle County, Texas; Hon. Joel Rodriguez, Jr., In His
Defendants/Appellees: Official Capacity As County Judge, La Salle County,
                      Texas; and Hon. Raul Ayala, In His Official Capacity As
                      County Commissioner, Precinct 4, La Salle County,
                      Texas

Names and Addresses of Trial and Appellate Counsel

Counsel for              Dan Miller
Plaintiffs/Counter-      MCELROY, SULLIVAN, MILLER, WEBER &
Defendants:              OLMSTEAD, LLP
                         P.O. Box 12127
                         Austin, Texas 78711
                         dmiller@msmtx.com

Counsel for              Appellate Counsel:
Defendants/Counter-      Samuel V. Houston, III
Plaintiffs and           HOUSTON DUNN, PLLC
Third-Party              4040 Broadway, Suite 440
Plaintiffs/Appellants:   San Antonio, Texas 78209
                         sam@hdappeals.com

                                        ii
                     Trial/Appellate Counsel:
                     Jorge C. Rangel
                     Jaime C. Rangel
                     THE RANGEL LAW FIRM, P.C.
                     615 North Upper Broadway, Suite 2020
                     Corpus Christi, Texas 78401
                     jorge.c.rangel@rangellaw.com
                     jaime.rangel@rangellaw.com

                     J. Byron “Trace” Burton, III
                     Ezra A. Johnson
                     UHL, FITZSIMONS, JEWETT & BURTON, PLLC
                     4040 Broadway, Suite 430
                     San Antonio, Texas 78209
                     tburton@ufjblaw.com
                     ejohnson@ufjblaw.com

Counsel for           Appellate Counsel:
Third-Party           Christopher S. Johns
Defendants/Appellees: JOHNS, MARRS, ELLIS & HODGE, LLP
                      805 West 10th Street, Suite 400
                      Austin, Texas 78701
                      cjohns@jmehlaw.com

                     Trial/Appellate Counsel:
                     Michael A. Shaunessy
                     MCGINNIS LOCHRIDGE, LLP
                     600 Congress Avenue, Suite 2100
                     Austin, Texas 78701
                     mshaunessy@mcginnislaw.com

                                   iii
                                            TABLE OF CONTENTS

IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL ...................................................................... ii 

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... iv 

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES ............................................................................................. vii 

STATEMENT OF THE CASE ........................................................................................... 1 

STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT ......................................................... 3 

ISSUES PRESENTED ........................................................................................................ 3 

STATEMENT OF FACTS .................................................................................................. 5 

                   A.        The Underlying Suit ........................................................................... 5 

                   B.        Appellants’ Allegations Against La Salle County ............................. 6 

                   C.        Causes of Action and Alleged Basis for Jurisdiction
                             Contained in Third-Party Petition. ................................................... 10 

SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT ................................................................................ 12 

ARGUMENT..................................................................................................................... 14 

I.       Standard of Review ................................................................................................ 14 

II.      The Trial Correctly Granted Appellees’ Plea to the Jurisdiction Because
         Appellants Lacked Standing and Their Claims were not Ripe .............................. 16 

         A.        Appellants lack standing because they do not allege that they have
                   already sustained a concrete injury traceable to actions taken by La
                   Salle County ................................................................................................ 18 

         B.        Appellants’ Claims are Not Ripe Due to Their Inability to Establish
                   That Future Injury is Imminent ................................................................... 19 

III.     La Salle County’s Immunity from Suit Deprived the Trial Court of
         Jurisdiction. ............................................................................................................ 24 

                                                                iv
A.    La Salle County Enjoys Immunity from Suit Which Bars Appellants’
      Suit, Thereby Denying the District Court Jurisdiction Over La Salle
      County. ........................................................................................................ 25 

      1.        Sovereign Immunity, in part, Serves to Preserve Separation of
                Powers by Preventing Litigants from Using Courts to Control
                Other Branches of Government. ...................................................... 26 

      2.        Immunity from Suit is a Component of Sovereign/
                Governmental Immunity. ................................................................. 27 

B.    Appellants’ Third-Party Petition Failed to Establish Subject Matter
      Jurisdiction Because it did not Allege Either that Immunity does not
      Apply or that Immunity has been Waived. ................................................. 28 

      1.        La Salle County Commissioners Court did not exceed its
                authority, thus, precluding the District Court from exercising
                Supervisory Jurisdiction ................................................................... 29 

                a.        Appellants did not establish grounds for the trial court
                          to exercise supervisory jurisdiction....................................... 31 
      2.        “Dominant Jurisdiction” did not empower the District Court
                to Enjoin the La Salle County Commissioners Court from
                Considering the 251 Application.” ................................................... 38 

                a.        Appellants Cannot Establish the Conditions for
                          Assertion of Dominant Jurisdiction Are Present in this
                          Case. ...................................................................................... 38 
                b.        Dominant Jurisdiction Is Not Applicable to Prohibit
                          Commissioners Courts from Exercising Powers
                          Entrusted to them by Law. ................................................... 42 
      3.        Appellants cannot establish that La Salle County committed
                an ultra vires act in connection with the Road. ................................ 45 

                a.        Appellants’ pleadings were insufficient to allege La
                          Salle County Acted Beyond its Authority and, thus,
                          did not plead an Ultra Vires Claim. ...................................... 45 
      4.        Appellants cannot establish a waiver of immunity from suit
                under the Uniform Declaratory Judgment Act. ................................ 47 

                                                    v
IV.       The Separation-of-Powers Doctrine Reinforces the Propriety of the Trial
          Court’s Decision to Grant the Plea to the Jurisdiction. .......................................... 48 

CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 51 

PRAYER ........................................................................................................................... 52 

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE ................................................................................ 53 

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE .......................................................................................... 54 

                                                                 vi
                                       INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

CASES 
American Pawn and Jewelry, Inc. v. Kayal, 923 S.W.2d 670 (1996) .....................39

Andrews v. Utica Mut. Ins. Co., 647 S.W.2d 22 (1982) ..........................................39

Bagg v. Univ. of Tex. Med. Branch, 726 S.W.2d 582 (Tex. App.—
     Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, writ ref'd n.r.e). ..................................................45

Ben Bolt Palito Blanco Consol. Ind. Sch. Dist. v. Tex. Political
     Subdivisions Prop. Cas. Self Ins. Fund, 212 S.W.3d 320 (Tex.
     2006) ..............................................................................................................26

Bird v. Alexander, 288 S.W. 606 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas 1926, no writ).............36

Canales v. Laughlin, 147 Tex. 169, 214 S.W.2d 451 (1948) ..................... 22, 23, 42

Casco v. Cameron County Attorney, 319 S.W.3d 205 (Tex. App.—
     Corpus Christi 2010, no pet.).........................................................................30

City of Canyon v. McBroom, 121 S.W.3d 410 (Tex. App.—Amarillo
       2003, no pet. h.) .............................................................................................15

City of El Paso v. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d 366 (Tex. 2009) ................... 26, 31, 45, 47

City of Houston v. Arney, 680 S.W.2d 867 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
       Dist.] 1984, no writ).......................................................................................28

City of Houston v Rhule, 417 S.W.3d 440 (Tex. 2013) ...........................................18

City of Houston v. Williams, 216 S.W.3d 827 (Tex. 2007) .....................................47

City of Weslaco v. Cantu, 2004 WL 210790 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi,
       2004, no pet.) .................................................................................................15

County of Cameron v. Brown, 80 S.W.3d 549 (Tex. 2002) ....................................15

                                                           vii
County of Hays v. Alexander, 640 S.W.2d 73 (Tex. App.—Austin 1982,
     no writ)................................................................................................... passim

Creedmoor-Maha Water Supply Corp. v. Tex. Comm'n on Envtl. Quality,
     307 S.W.3d 505 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.) .....................................47

Curtis v. Gibbs, 511 S.W.2d 263(Tex. 1974) (orig. proceeding) ............................38

Dallas Area Rapid Transit v. Whitley, 104 S.W.3d 540 (Tex. 2003) ............... 14, 15

Dallas Fire Ins. Co. v. Davis, 893 S.W.2d 288 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1995,
      no writ)...........................................................................................................40

Eastex Wildlife Conservation Ass'n v. Jasper, 450 S.W.2d 904, 907
      (Tex. Civ. App.—Beaumont 1970, writ ref’d n.r.e.) .....................................23

Ector County v. Springer, 843 S.W.2d 477 (Tex. 1992) .................................. 29, 31

El Paso County Comm'rs Court, 281 S.W.3d 16 (Tex. App. 2005)..... 31, 36, 37, 44

Fed. Sign v. Tex. S. Univ., 951 S.W.2d 401 (Tex. 1997) .........................................27

Foree v. Crown Central Petroleum Corp., 431 S.W.2d 312 (Tex. 1968) ...............39

Grayson County v. Harrell, 202 S.W. 160 (Tex. Civ. App.—Amarillo
     1918, writ ref'd) .............................................................................................48

Hardin Cty. Community Supervision and Corrections Dep't v. Sullivan,
     106 S.W.3d 186 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003, pet. denied) ..............................15

Harris County Hosp. Dist. v. Tomball Reg'l Hosp., 283 S.W.3d 838
      (Tex. 2009) ............................................................................................. 25, 27

Haverbekken v. Coryell County, 112 Tex. 422, 247 S.W. 1086 (1923) ..... 35, 42, 43

Haverbekken v. Hale, 109 Tex. 106, 204 S.W. 1162 (1918) ............................ 32, 43

Hays County v. Hays County Water Planning P'ship, 106 S.W.3d 349
     (Tex. App.—Austin 2003, no pet.) ......................................................... 23, 42

Hearts Bluff Game Ranch, Inc. v. State, 381 S.W.3d 468 (Tex. 2012) ...................15

                                                           viii
Heckman v. Williamson County, 369 S.W.3d 137 (Tex. 2012) ...............................19

Heigel v. Wichita County, 84 Tex. 392, 19 S.W. 562 (1892) ..................................25

Hooten v. Enriquez, 863 S.W.2d 522 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1993, no
     writ) ................................................................................................... 30, 31, 48

In re Luby's Cafeterias, Inc., 979 S.W.2d 813(Tex. App.—Houston
       [14th Dist.] 1998, .............................................................................. 39, 40, 50

In re Puig, 351 S.W.3d 301 (Tex. 2011) .................................................................38

In re Servicios Legales de Mesoamerica S. de R.L., No. 13-12-00466-
       CV, 2014 WL 895513(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Mar. 6, 2014, ,
       orig. proceeding) ............................................................................................41
In the Matter of El Paso County Courthouse, 765 S.W.2d 876, 880 (Tex.
       App—El Paso 1989, no writ) ................................................................................. 41

Kavanaugh v. Underwriters Life Ins. Co., 231 S.W.2d 753 (Tex. Civ.
     App.—Waco 1950, writ ref'd) .......................................................................40

Leach v. Tex. Tech Univ., 335 S.W.3d 386 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011,
      writ denied) ....................................................................................................47

Lens Express, Inc. v. Ewald, 907 S.W.2d 64 (Tex. App.—Austin 1995,
      no writ)...........................................................................................................40

Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297 (Tex. 1976) ...........................................25

Maples v. Henderson County, 259 S.W.2d 264, 268 (Tex. Civ. App.—
     Dallas 1953, writ ref’d n.r.e) .........................................................................23

Matter of El Paso County Courthouse, 765 S.W.2d 876 (Tex. App.—El
      Paso 1989, no writ) ..................................................................... 31, 37, 38, 44

Mayhem v. Town of Sunnyvale, 964 S.W.2d 922 (Tex. 1998) ................................14

Nueces County v. Ferguson, 97 S.W.3d 205 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi
     2002, no pet.) .................................................................................................25

Perry v. Del Rio, 66 S.W.3d 239 (Tex. 2006) .................................................. 17, 21

                                                            ix
Phillips v. Naumann, 154 Tex. 153, 275 S.W.2d 464 (1955)..................................32

Robinson v. Parker, 353 S.W.3d 753 (Tex. 2011) ........................................... 16, 23

Rolling Plains Groundwater Conservation Dist. v. City of Aspermont,
      353 S.W.3d 756 (Tex. 2011) .........................................................................25

Rusk State Hospital v. Black, 392 S.W.3d 88 (Tex. 2012) ......................................26

Schiller v. Duncan, 21 S.W.2d 571 (Tex. Civ. App.—Galveston 1929,
       no writ)................................................................................................... passim

Smith v. Lutz, 149 S.W.3d 752 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, no. pet. h.) ............ 47, 48

State Bar v. McGee, 972 S.W.2d 770 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1998,
       no writ)...........................................................................................................39

State v. Lueck, 290 S.W.3d 876 (Tex. 2009) ...........................................................27

Tex. Ass'n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control, 852 S.W.2d 440 (Tex. 1993) ... 14, 15, 16, 22

Tex. Dep't of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217 (Tex. 2004) ..............14

Tex. Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs. v. Mega Child Care, Inc.,
      145 S.W.3d 170 (Tex. 2004) .........................................................................26

Tex. Dep't of Transp. v. Jones, 8 S.W.3d 636 (Tex. 1999) ............................... 27, 28

Tex. Dep't of Transp. v. Ramirez, 74 S.W.3d 864 (Tex. 2002) ...............................15

Tex. Dep't of Transp. v. Sefzik, 355 S.W.3d 618 (Tex. 2011) .................................26

Tex. Lottery Comm'n v. First State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628
      (Tex. 2010) ....................................................................................................47

Tex. Natural Res. Conservation Comm'n v. IT Davy, 74 S.W.3d 849
      (Tex. 2002) ....................................................................................................27

Texas Dept. of Ins. v. Reconveyance Servs., Inc., 240 S.W.3d 418(Tex.
      App.—Austin 2007), .....................................................................................18

United Services Life Ins. Co. v. Delaney, 396 S.W.2d 855) (Tex. 1965) ................39

                                                             x
Vondy v. Commissioners Court of Uvalde County, 620 S.W.2d 104 (Tex.
     1981) ................................................................................................. 29, 30, 32

Vondy v. Comm'rs Court of Uvalde County, 714 S.W.2d 714 S.W.2d
     417(Tex. App.—San Antonio 1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.) ................................ 30, 32

Waco Indep. Sch. Dist v. Gibson, 22 S.W3d 849 (Tex. 2000) ........................ passim

Weber v. City of Sachse, 591 S.W.2d 563 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas 1979,
     writ dism'd) ....................................................................................................49

Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor, 106 S.W.3d 692 (Tex. 2003) .................. 16, 26

Wyatt v. Shaw Plumbing Co., 760 S.W.2d 245 (Tex. 1988) ...................................40

STATUTES 
Rev. Civ. Stat. Art. 1908 ................................................................................... 29, 36

Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Art. 6704..................................................................................34

Tex. Const. Art. II, §1 ....................................................................................... 48, 50

Tex. Const. Art. V, § 8 ................................................................................ 29, 36, 43

Texd. Const. Art. V, § 18 .................................................................................. 29, 42

Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 24.020 ...............................................................................43

Tex. Transp. Code §251.052 ............................................................................. 33, 46

Texas Transp. Code § 251.053 ........................................................................... 8, 41

RULES 
Tex. R. Civ. P. 97(a).................................................................................................40

Tex. R. App. P. 9.4 ...................................................................................................54

OTHER AUTHORITIES 
2 Tex. Jur. 3d Administrative Law § 78 (1995)....................................................... 39

                                                           xi
                         STATEMENT OF THE CASE

      Appellants are parties to a lawsuit with adjoining land owners, the

Townsends, 1 regarding Appellants’ ownership and right to control a roadway (the

“Road”) that crosses Appellants’ property. Appellees La Salle County, Texas; the

Honorable Joel Rodriguez, Jr., County Judge of La Salle County, Texas; and the

Honorable Raul Ayala, County Commissioner, Precinct Four, La Salle County,

Texas (collectively “La Salle County”) were joined as third-party defendants to an

underlying suit by the Appellants.

      Appellants’ Third-Party Petition sought an injunction prohibiting the La

Salle County Commissioners Court from considering an application filed by the

Townsends under Chapter 251 of the Texas Transportation Code seeking to open

the Road to the public. Appellants also sought a declaration that the La Salle

County Commissioners Court acted ultra vires when it “accepted” the Townsends’

251 application. Finally, Appellants claimed that the District Court could exercise

supervisory jurisdiction or dominant jurisdiction over the La Salle County

Commissioners Court.

      La Salle County filed a plea to the jurisdiction seeking to dismiss all of

Appellants’ claims against La Salle County. The plea to the jurisdiction asserted

1
 The “Townsends” include Thomas Michael Townsend, Sr.; TMT Management, LLC; and
Townsend Mineral Company, LP.

                                        1
that, even taking all the allegations in the Third-Party Petition as true: (1)

Appellants’ claims were not ripe; (2) La Salle County enjoyed immunity from suit;

(3) La Salle County Commissioners Court had not taken any action that would

invoke the District Court’s supervisory jurisdiction; and (4) La Salle County

Commissioners Court has not taken any action that could constitute an ultra vires

act.

       After hearing arguments on La Salle County’s First Amended Plea to the

Jurisdiction, District Judge Dick Alcala granted the plea. Appellants then brought

this interlocutory appeal from the order granting the plea to the jurisdiction.

                                          2
              STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

      Oral argument is unnecessary in this matter.        The proper resolution of

Appellants’ arguments are clear from the face of their petition: their claims are not

presently justiciable, they have not pleaded a valid waiver of the La Salle County

Defendants’ governmental immunity, and they offer no good reason for a district

court to entangle itself in supervising the deliberations of a body of the co-equal

legislative branch of government.      Granting the plea to the jurisdiction was

indisputably correct, and oral argument is not needed to resolve the questions

presented by this appeal. However, should the Court wish to hear argument from

the parties, the La Salle County Defendants request to participate.

                              ISSUES PRESENTED

      This case presents the following issues:

             Standing and Ripeness:

             1. Whether Appellants had standing to bring suit where they do not

allege any actions were taken by the La Salle County Commissioners Court that

impacted their ownership or control of the Road.

             2. Whether the “threat” of possible action in the future that might or

might not impact ownership or control of the Road are sufficient to make

Appellants’ claims against La Salle County ripe for adjudication.

                                         3
             Governmental Immunity and Separation of Powers:

             3.    Whether Appellants’ allegation that the La Salle County

Commissioners Court “accepted” the Townsends’ 251 application and/or declared

a “public interest” in the Road is sufficient to invoke the District Court’s limited

supervisory jurisdiction over commissioners courts.

             4.   Whether Appellants plead an         “ultra vires” claim under the

Declaratory Judgment Act when they alleged that the La Salle County

Commissioners Court “accepted” the Townsends’ 251 application and/or declared

a “public interest” in the Road.

             5.   Whether the Trial Court could enjoin the La Salle County

Commissioners Court from taking any action on the Townsends’ 251 application

under the doctrine of dominant jurisdiction.

             6. Whether Appellants otherwise plead a waiver of immunity from

suit where they alleged the La Salle County Commissioners Court “accepted” the

Townsends’ 251 application and/or declared a “public interest” in the Road.

             7.   Whether the Trial Court would have violated the separation of

powers doctrine by enjoining the La Salle County Commissioners Court from

considering the Townsends’ 251 application.

                                         4
TO THE HONORABLE FOUTH COURT OF APPEALS:

       Appellees La Salle County, Texas; the Honorable Joel Rodriguez, Jr., in his

Official Capacity as County Judge, La Salle County, Texas; and the Honorable

Raul Ayala, in his Official Capacity as County Commissioner, Precinct Four, La

Salle County, Texas (collectively “La Salle County”) respectfully file their brief

arguing for this Court to affirm the Trial Court’s granting of their First Amended

Plea to the Jurisdiction.

                                STATEMENT OF FACTS

       A.     The Underlying Suit

       Appellants and the Townsends were the original parties to the underlying
                         2
suit. Appendix, p.1;         CR, p. 297. Appellants and the Townsends own adjacent

property in La Salle County. Appendix, p.5; CR, p. 300.

       According to Appellants’ Third-Party Petition, the Townsends brought the

underlying suit against Appellants asserting the right to use the Road based on

various legal theories, claiming a right to use the Road and challenging Appellants’

ownership of the Road. Appendix, p. 6; CR, p. 301. Appellants filed a counter-

2
  Page three of Third-Party Plaintiffs’ Original Petition and Application for Temporary and
Permanent Injunction was inadvertently left out of the appellate record. For ease of reference,
and to ensure a complete copy of Appellants’ live pleading is before the Court, Appellees have
attached a complete copy (including the missing page three, excluding exhibits, in their
Appendix attached hereto.

                                              5
claim against the Townsends for trespass and sought a permanent injunction to

prevent the Townsends from using the Road or other roads on Appellants’

property. Appendix, p.4; CR, p. 299. Appellants and Townsends filed competing

motions for summary judgment. Appendix, p. 4; CR, p. 299. The Trial Court

ruled that the Townsends take nothing on various claims they brought seeking

access to the Road. Appendix, p.4; CR, p. 299.

       Appellants sought a temporary injunction prohibiting the Townsends, their

agents and invitees from using the Road. Appendix, p. 4; CR, p. 299. Appellants

allege that the Townsends claimed the right to use the road based on actions of the

La Salle County Commissioners Court. Appendix, p.4; CR, p. 299. The Trial

Court entered a temporary restraining order and, later, a temporary injunction

restraining the Townsends from using the Road. Appendix, pp. 4-5; CR, pp. 299-

300.

       B.     Appellants’ Allegations Against La Salle County

       Appellants’ live pleading 3 contains only three paragraphs (paragraphs 1.15-

1.17) which contain any allegations related to La Salle County. Appendix, pp. 6-7;

CR, pp. 301-302.

3
  La Salle County challenged whether Appellants’ pleading alleged sufficient facts to establish a
waiver of immunity from suit. Accordingly, the Trial Court and this Court’s determination of
whether Appellants met their burden of establishing a waiver of immunity from suit is limited to
reviewing the facts alleged in Appellants’ live pleading. Texas Dept. of Parks and Wildlife v.

                                               6
       Paragraph 1.15 alleges that, in January and November of 2013, “the

Townsends and the Martin Family requested that the La Salle County

Commissioners’ Court [sic] open the Private Easement to the public.” Appendix,

p. 6; CR, p. 301 (emphasis added). Appellants further allege that “representatives

of the Townsends and the Martin Family appeared together before the La Salle

County Commissioners’ [sic] Court to request that the Commissioners’ [sic] Court

open the Private Easement based upon a ‘public interest’ in the road.” 4 Appendix,

p. 6; CR, p. 301. This paragraph alleges the Commissioners Court found a “public

interest” in the “Private Easement.” 5 Appendix, p.6; CR, p. 301.

       Appellants do not allege the Commissioners Court violated any statute in

declaring a “public interest” in the Road. Appendix, p. 6; CR, p. 301. Nor do

Appellants allege that the finding of a “public interest” has an adverse legal

consequence to their ownership or right to control access to the Road. Appendix,

p. 6; CR, p. 301.

__________________________
Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217 (Tex. 2004). Appellants’ Brief frequently goes outside their live
pleading, which are not matters this Court can consider in this appeal. See Appellants’ Brief, pp.
1-7.
4
  This paragraph of the Third-Party Petition also alleges that the Townsends “trespass[ed] on
Hindes Ranch” as a result of the Commissioners Court’s finding of “public interest.” Appendix,
p. 6; CR, p. 301.
5
  While Appellants repeatedly allege they did not have notice of the fact the Commissioners
Court was going to discuss the Road, they do not allege, in that paragraph or anywhere in the
pleading, that either meeting was held in violation of the Texas Open Meetings Act. Appendix,
pp. 1-13; CR, pp. 297-300.

                                                7
      Paragraph 1.16 alleges that, in April of 2014, “the Townsends filed an

Application for the Establishment of a Public Road Pursuant to Texas

Transportation Code Section 251.053 (“251 Application”). Appendix, p. 6; CR, p.

301. On May 12, 2014, the La Salle County Commissioners’ [sic] Court held a

hearing on Townsends’ 251 Application.” Appendix, p. 6; CR, p. 301. The

pleading states that Appellants and “numerous” other landowners testified in

opposition to the 251 Application and that,

            [o]ther than the Townsends, no landowners who own
            property adjacent to [the Road] testified in favor of the
            Townsends’ 251 Application. ... Neither the 251
            Application nor the testimony in support of it
            demonstrated a necessity for access to the Townsend
            property .... Following the extensive public testimony
            against the 251 Application and despite the Hindes’
            protest, the Commissioners’ [sic] Court accepted it for
            consideration.

Appendix, pp. 6-7; CR, pp. 301-302 (emphasis added).

      Neither this paragraph nor any other paragraph in the pleading alleged that

the 251 Application was granted.        Appendix, pp. 1-13; CR, pp. 297-308.

Appellants only alleged that the 251 Application was “accepted for consideration.”

Appendix, p. 7; CR, p. 302. Appellants do not identify any statute that sets the

legal standard that must be met before a county commissioners court can “accept”

a Chapter 251 Application. Appendix, pp. 1-13; CR, pp. 297-308.

                                         8
      The pleading further alleges that,

            The Commissioners’ [sic] Court called its retained
            engineer to testify to the alleged fact that certain surveys
            and plats purportedly show a ‘county road easement’ on
            Hindes Ranch. While the County’s engineer testified to
            this alleged fact, he did not submit any copies of surveys
            or plats ... in support of his statements. Additionally, in a
            clear reflection of its assertion of purported rights to the
            [Road], the Commissioners’ [sic] Court took action to
            authorize the purchase of a title insurance policy
            covering the [Road]. While the Commissioners’ [sic]
            Court set the Townsends’ 251 Application on its agenda
            for the June 2nd meeting, it took no action to dismiss the
            251 Application for lack of jurisdiction and it remains
            pending.

Appendix, p. 7; CR, p. 302 (emphasis added). Appellants’ live pleading clearly

alleges that the Townsends’ 251 Application has not been granted. Appendix, pp.

1-13; CR, pp. 297-308. Appellants do not even allege that La Salle County ever

purchased a title insurance policy on any portion of the land over which they claim

ownership. Appendix, pp. 1-13; CR, pp. 297-308.

      Although the hearing on the First Amended Plea to the Jurisdiction was held

in September 2014, Appellants did not amend their pleadings to allege any actions

were taken by the La Salle County Commissioners Court regarding the Road after

June 2, 2014 (more than three months before the hearing). Nor did Appellants

amend their pleadings to allege that an action of any kind was ever taken on the

                                           9
Townsends’ 251 Application after May 12, 2014 (almost four months before the

hearing).

      C.     Causes of Action and Alleged Basis for Jurisdiction Contained in
             Third-Party Petition.

      The Third-Party Petition asserts one cause of action against La Salle County

and also seeks injunctive relief enjoining the La Salle County Commissioners

Court from taking certain actions regarding the Road. Appendix, pp. 7-10; CR, pp.

302-305.

      The sole cause of action against La Salle County is a claim under the

Uniform Declaratory Judgment Act (hereinafter “DJA”). Appendix, pp. 7-9; CR,

pp. 302-304. The specific basis of the DJA claim is that La Salle County “did not

have the authority to accept the Townsends’ 251 Application.” Appendix, pp. 7-8;

CR, pp. 302-303. Again, there is no allegation that the 251 Application has been

granted, only that it was accepted, despite the fact that “the Townsends failed to

demonstrate a necessity for access to their property as required by the statute.”

Appendix, p. 8; CR, p. 303. The pleading also alleges that “consideration of the

251 Application directly interferes with the [trial court’s] continuing jurisdiction

over the disputed rights to the [Road] and improperly attempts to moot” claims at

issue in this litigation. Appendix, p. 8; CR, p. 303.

                                          10
      The Third-Party Petition alleges “an actual controversy has arisen and exists

between the [Appellants] and Third Party Defendants as to the deeded rights to the

[Road] located on Hindes Ranch. In light of the actions and statements of Third-

Party Defendants to date, a declaratory judgment is necessary to settle and afford

[Appellants] relief from uncertainty and insecurity....” Appendix, p. 8; CR, p. 303

(emphasis added). The following paragraph states that a judgment is necessary to

declare that “Third-Party Defendants do not have authority to consider the

Townsend 251 Application,” nor to declare the parties’ rights relative to the Road.

Appendix, pp. 8-9; CR, pp. 303-304. Once again, there is no allegation that the La

Salle County Commissioners Court has taken action challenging Appellants’

ownership of the Road at issue. Appendix, pp. 8-9; CR, pp. 303-304. Paragraph

2.4 concludes with a global statement that governmental immunity does not apply.

Appendix, p. 9; CR, p. 304.

      Finally, the Third-Party Petition sets out the request for both a temporary

and a permanent injunction. Appendix, pp. 9-10; CR, pp. 304-305. Appellants

seek to enjoin the La Salle County Commissioners Court “from considering the

Townsend 251 Application and taking any action to order the opening or taking of

the [Road] pending the outcome of the Lawsuit.” Appendix, p. 9; CR, p. 304

(emphasis added). Thus, Appellants judicially admit that they were not only

                                        11
seeking to enjoin the Commissioners Court from acting on the 251 Application,

they were also seeking to have the Commissioners Court enjoined from exercising

powers granted to a county commissioners court by statute and the Texas

Constitution. CR, p. 304.

                       SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT

      Appellants brought suit seeking extraordinary and unprecedented relief from

the Trial Court, namely an injunction that would prohibit a legislative body (the La

Salle County Commissioners Court) from deliberating and acting on a matter over

which it had exclusive jurisdiction (the Townsends’ 251 Application).            The

question here is whether Appellants can utilize the judicial branch of government

to preclude a county commissioners court from even considering an application as

provided by statute.

      In this case, the Court must resolve a question of law; whether considering

only the allegations in Appellants’ Third-Party Petition, did Appellants allege facts

and claims that vested the Trial Court with jurisdiction over La Salle County? The

Trial Court correctly found it did not have jurisdiction.

      First, Appellants do not allege facts establishing that they have sustained any

injury resulting from the actions of the La Salle County Commissioners Court or

that future injury from actions of the La Salle County Commissioners Court is

                                          12
imminent. Thus, Appellants lacked standing and their claims were not ripe, which

deprived the Trial Court of jurisdiction.

      Second, La Salle County is immune from suit, which deprives a trial court of

jurisdiction unless Appellants’ pleadings are sufficient to allege their claims are not

barred by immunity, or they allege a waiver of immunity from suit. Appellants

seek to avoid immunity by asserting they are bringing claims within the District

Court’s supervisory jurisdiction, or claims for ultra vires acts.         Appellants’

pleadings fail to state claims within the Trial Court’s supervisory jurisdiction, or a

claim for ultra vires acts because Appellants do not allege acts that, if proven,

would establish the La Salle County Commissioners Court’s actions violated a

statute or the Constitution, or that the La Salle County Commissioners Court had

abused its discretion.

      Appellants claim that the doctrine of dominant jurisdiction granted the Trial

Court jurisdiction over their claims against La Salle County. The doctrine of

dominant jurisdiction does not apply to the La Salle County Commissioners Court

because it is not a court of coordinate jurisdiction to the district court and

Appellants cannot meet the test for establishing an inherent relationship between

its third-party claims and the underlying suit. Furthermore, dominant jurisdiction

                                            13
does not apply to the La Salle County Commissioners Court carrying out its

deliberative and legislative functions.

      Finally, the Trial Court lacked jurisdiction because the essence of

Appellants’ claims violate the separation of powers doctrine. Appellants seek to

use the court system to interfere with, and indeed prohibit, the La Salle County

Commissioners Court from carrying out a legislative and administrative function

over which it was granted exclusive jurisdiction by the Legislature.

                                   ARGUMENT

I.    Standard of Review

        The trial court’s grant of a plea to the jurisdiction is reviewed de novo.

Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 225-26 (Tex. 2004);

Mayhem v. Town of Sunnyvale, 964 S.W.2d 922, 928 (Tex. 1998). In a suit against

a sovereign governmental entity, the plaintiff bears the burden of affirmatively

pleading a valid waiver of immunity from suit that vests the trial court with

jurisdiction. Dallas Area Rapid Transit v. Whitley, 104 S.W.3d 540 (Tex. 2003).

When a plea to the jurisdiction is based on the plaintiff’s pleadings, as opposed to

the plaintiff’s ability to prove jurisdictional facts, the trial court and court of

appeals’ review is limited to the four-corners of the plaintiff’s live pleading. Tex.

Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control, 852 S.W.2d 440, 446 (Tex. 1993). A plaintiff

                                          14
has the burden of affirmatively pleading a valid waiver of immunity from suit that

vests the trial court with jurisdiction. Dallas Area Rapid Transit v. Whitley, 104
S.W.3d 540 (Tex. 2003). Both the trial court and the court of appeals must

liberally construe the pleadings in plaintiff’s favor and look to plaintiff’s intent in

determining if plaintiff plead a waiver of immunity from suit. County of Cameron

v. Brown, 80 S.W.3d 549, 555 (Tex, 2002); Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Ramirez, 74
S.W.3d 864, 867 (Tex. 2002); Tex. Ass’n of Bus., 852 S.W.2d at 446.

        While Appellants’ allegations are to be liberally construed, Appellants’ live

pleading must demonstrate, by the facts alleged, reference to statute, or other

provisions of law, that immunity from suit has been waived. City of Weslaco v.

Cantu, 2004 WL 210790 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi, 2004, no pet.); City of

Canyon v. McBroom, 121 S.W.3d 410 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, no pet. h.);

Hardin Cty. Community Supervision and Corrections Dep’t v. Sullivan,

106 S.W.3d 186, 189 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003, pet. denied). Furthermore, the

court does not have to accept a plaintiff’s allegations if its pleading relates to issues

of law rather than issues of fact. Hearts Bluff Game Ranch, Inc. v. State, 381
S.W.3d 468, 487 (Tex. 2012). The deferential standard of reviewing a plaintiff’s

pleadings and evidence does not extend to the determination of whether there is a

waiver of immunity from suit; instead, the pleadings are construed in favor of

                                           15
finding no waiver of immunity from suit and, thus, in favor of the governmental

defendant. Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor, 106 S.W.3d 692, 701 (Tex. 2003).

       When a plea to the jurisdiction challenges whether an appellant has plead a

waiver of immunity from suit, as in this case, the Court’s review is limited to the

pleadings and the court does not consider what, if any, evidence might have been

offered in the trial court. Tex. Ass’n of Bus, 852 S.W.2d at 446.

II.   The Trial Correctly Granted Appellees’ Plea to the Jurisdiction
      Because Appellants Lacked Standing and Their Claims were not Ripe.

       Standing and ripeness are threshold issues that must be considered because

they are indispensable components of the court’s subject-matter jurisdiction.

Robinson v. Parker, 353 S.W.3d 753, 755 (Tex. 2011).            These jurisdictional

prerequisites ensure that a suit presents a live case or controversy and that the

Court does not issue an advisory opinion on events and injuries that might or might

not occur. Waco Indep. Sch. Dist v. Gibson, 22 S.W3d 849, 852 (Tex. 2000).

Standing requires a plaintiff to allege a “concrete injury in order for a justiciable

claim to be presented.” Robinson, 353 S.W.3d at 755. Whether claims are ripe

turns on whether “the facts are sufficiently developed so that an injury has

occurred or is likely to occur, rather than being contingent or remote.” Id. (internal

quotations omitted). Thus, a claim is not ripe where it “involves uncertain or

contingent events that may not occur as anticipated or indeed may not occur at all.”

                                         16
Perry v. Del Rio, 66 S.W.3d 239, 250-51 (Tex. 2006). In evaluating ripeness, the

court must consider all information that is available and, thus, consider the facts

alleged at the time suit was filed and all intervening events. Id.

      Under those standards, the Trial Court properly granted La Salle County’s

plea to the jurisdiction because the Appellants have not been injured and their

claims were not, and are not, ripe. Appellants rely on two actions by the La Salle

County Commissioners Court; (1) acceptance of the Townsends’ 251 Application;

and (2) the declaration of a “public interest” in the Road to establish their injury.

Appellants do not and cannot allege that either of those acts has caused any

particularized concrete injury as required by Texas law. That fact is of little

importance to Appellants’ argument, however, because they actually seek to

litigate the possibility that the Commissioners Court might grant the 251

Application at some indefinite future point—the ambiguous “threat,” of uncertain

future action. CR, p. 338.

                                          17
       A.      Appellants lack standing because they do not allege that they have
               sustained a concrete injury traceable to actions taken by La Salle
               County 6 .

         The Third-Party Petition did not allege that the La Salle County

Commissioners Court granted the 251 Application, or even that it posted a meeting

notice to take further action on the 251 Application. Further, the Third-Party

Petition did not allege the Commissioners Court took actions to seize the Road,

remove the gates Appellants placed on the Road, or otherwise open the Road to the

public. The only allegations made are that the Commissioners Court did not refuse

to file or accept the 251 Application. According to Appellants’ pleadings, no

6
  At the Trial Court, La Salle County argued that Appellants’ claims were not “ripe” because, at
the time of the filing of this suit, Appellants had not sustained any injury resulting from any
actions of La Salle County or the La Salle County Commissioners Court. CR, pp. 324-325.
While the argument made at the Trial Court regarding whether Appellants “had” sustained any
injury was labeled “ripeness,” it is, in fact, a “standing” argument. Standing and ripeness are
related doctrines which courts must frequently address together. As the Texas Supreme noted in
Patterson, “in many cases, the standing and ripeness inquiries merge: a party may lack standing
because what happened to him is not far enough developed, but that lack of development may
also render the action unripe.” Patterson, 971 S.W.2d at 442. See Texas Dept. of Ins. v.
Reconveyance Servs., Inc., 240 S.W.3d 418, 436 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007), rev’d on other
grounds, 306 S.W.3d 256 (Tex. 2010). Although La Salle County did not expressly raise
“standing” at the Trial Court, this Court must consider the issue as it determines whether the
Trial Court had jurisdiction. City of Houston v Rhule, 417 S.W.3d 440, 442 (Tex. 2013) (subject
matter jurisdiction is essential to a court’s power to decide a case, can be raised for the first time
on appeal, and all courts have the affirmative obligation to determine if they have subject matter
jurisdiction); Gibson, 22 S.W.3d at 851 (the court of appeals erred in holding that standing and
ripeness were not properly preserved for review because subject matter jurisdiction is essential to
the authority of a court to decide a case, it cannot be waived and may be raised for the first time
on appeal).

                                                 18
action regarding the Road was taken by the La Salle County Commissioners Court

in the four months prior to the hearing on the First Amended Plea to the

Jurisdiction.

        Appellants allege that the Townsends claimed the declaration of a “public

interest” in the Road lead the Townsends to try to use the Road. The Townsends’

claimed right to use the Road is the “sole” basis on which Appellants claim they

“have” sustained an injury. But, Appellants admit the Townsends claimed the

right to use the road and challenged Appellants’ ownership and control of the Road

long before any actions taken by the La Salle County Commissioner Court.

Appellants’ Brief, pp. 2-3. Moreover, Appellants do not allege that La Salle

County took actions to seize the Road or to compel Appellants to allow others to

use the Road. Under these circumstances, the purported injury stemming from the

declaration is not properly traceable to La Salle County, which deprives the

Appellants of standing. See Heckman v. Williamson County, 369 S.W.3d 137, 155

(Tex. 2012) (noting that traceability precludes any injury “that results from the

independent action of some third party not before the court”).

      B.        Appellants’ Claims are Not Ripe Due to Their Inability to
                Establish That Future Injury is Imminent.

      With regard to injury in the future, Appellants’ Brief states that, “[u]nlike

cases ... where it was not known how the government would act, we know

                                        19
precisely what is going to happen in this case ... The only conclusion to draw from

the record is that La Salle County [Commissioners Court] are going to grant the

Townsends’ Chapter 251 application.” Appellants’ Brief, p. 19. However, the

only basis in Appellants’ live pleading which can be read to allege that an injury is

imminent is the fact that the La Salle County Commissioners Court “accepted”

Townsends’ 251 Application. Appendix, p. 1; CR, p. 297. Appellants asserted at

the trial court that this allegation was sufficient to establish that there was a

“threat” of injury in the future. CR, p. 444. Texas courts consistently reject

claims as unripe even where the claimed future injury is far more certain than in

this case.

       In Gibson, for example, the Texas Supreme Court rejected a claim of

“certain” future discrimination predicted to flow from a school district policy, to be

implemented in the upcoming year, requiring passage of a standardized test (or

summer school) for students to be promoted. 22 S.W.3d at 850. Notwithstanding

plaintiffs’ expert testimony that a disproportionate number of minority students

historically failed standardized tests and that some disparity in pass rates among

minority groups would persist in the future, creating a racially discriminatory

effect, the Supreme Court held the plaintiffs’ claims were not ripe because no one

                                         20
had yet taken a test under the new policy and there was no evidence of the success

of the summer remediation program. Id. at 855-56.

      Even closer to the instant facts is Patterson, where the plaintiffs sought to

strike down an appropriations rider, which was predicted to cause them to lose

federal funding, as arguably in conflict with federal regulations. 971 S.W.2d at

440. The Supreme Court found the claims were not ripe because neither the state

agency charged with disbursing the federal funds, nor the federal agency with

responsibility for the regulations, had yet determined what actions they would take

to implement the rider. Id. at 444; Perry, 66 S.W.3d at 250-51. If the Patterson

plaintiffs’ claims were unripe because the agencies were still considering their

policy responses, there can be no question that the Appellants' claims, predicated

on the potential future outcome of the Commissioners’ consideration of the 251

Application, are likewise unripe.

      The cases Appellants cite—City of Houston v. Norcini and Perry v. Del

Rio—do not aid their argument. In Norcini, the takings claims were ripe because

applying for a building permit was futile—Houston’s regulations precluded

building anything on the plaintiff’s land. 317 S.W.3d at 293. Here, in contrast,

there is no certainty as to what decision the Commissioners Court may reach on the

Townsend 251 Application. Appellants’ reliance on Perry is even more puzzling,

                                        21
given its statement that the “district court could properly have dismissed [the suit]

for lack of ripeness while the Legislature was still considering redistricting during

the regular session” and, therefore, there was no certain injury to the plaintiffs. 666
S.W.3d at 251.7

       In light of this, it is unsurprising that Appellants attempt to go outside their

live pleading to show that injury is imminent, citing unofficial statements by two

members of the La Salle County Commissioners Court, Judge Rodriguez and

Commissioner Ayala. Appellants’ Brief, pp. 18-19. This resort to extra-record

evidence to prove imminent injury fails for two reasons. First, it is beyond dispute

that looking beyond their pleading violates the proper standard of review. Tex.

Ass’n of Bus., 852 S.W.2d at 446. Second, Appellants’ arguments fail on their

merits, as the evidence to which they point does not demonstrate that their

prediction of imminent, injurious official action has any basis in reality.

       As Appellants admit, statements by individual members of the

Commissioners Court do not constitute acts of the Commissioners Court. “The

commissioners court may only validly act as a body; the acts of a single

commissioner do not bind the court.” Id. at 360 (citing Canales v. Laughlin, 147

7
  Perry’s holding that claims can become ripe, if the only contingent future event that will cause
injury happens during the pendency of an appeal, id. at 251, is inapplicable here. Appellants do
not assert that they have been injured by any actions that occurred after the trial court dismissed
their claims.

                                                22
Tex. 169, 214 S.W.2d 451, 455 (1948) (“individual commissioners have no

authority to bind the county by their separate action”); Eastex Wildlife

Conservation Ass’n v. Jasper, 450 S.W.2d 904, 907 (Tex. Civ. App.—Beaumont

1970, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (“County can act only through the Commissioners’ Court,

the individual Commissioners having no authority to bind the county by their

separate actions”)). CR, p. 338 (“official action taken by the court meeting as a

body in session”). Moreover, the commissioners court “speaks through its official

minutes.” Hays County v. Hays County Water Planning P’ship, 106 S.W.3d 349,

355 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003, no pet.); Maples v. Henderson County, 259 S.W.2d
264, 268 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas 1953, writ ref’d n.r.e). In Robinson, the Texas

Supreme Court rejected the argument that statements of individual government

officials established that injury was imminent making the plaintiff’s claims ripe.

Robinson, 353 S.W.3d at 756 (statements of comptroller/mayor-elect did not

establish the City of Houston was going to fail to comply with provision of citizen-

initiated referendum proposition); Canales v. Laughlin, 214 S.W.2d 451, 455

(Tex. 1945) (“... individual commissioners have no authority to bind the County by

their separate action”).

      Here, Appellants’ claims are not ripe because they do not allege that an

injury is definite and certain to happen, only that there is some possibility that the

                                         23
La Salle County Commissioners Court could, at some point in the future, grant the

251 Application and/or take some other action which might injure Appellants.

Gibson, 22 S.W.3d at 850; Patterson, 971 S.W.2d at 444. See also County of Hays

v. Alexander, 640 S.W.2d 73, 80 (Tex. App.—Austin 1982, no writ)

(commissioners court passing a “resolution” stating that a roadway which plaintiffs

blocked with a gate was a public roadway, “was not in any sense a final action over

which a district court had jurisdiction to review”); Schiller v. Duncan, 21 S.W.2d
571, 572-73 (Tex. Civ. App.—Galveston 1929, no writ) (allegations that members

of commissioners court had already indicated that it will adopt report and appoint

overseer to make a public road on plaintiff’s property were insufficient to establish

the district court’s jurisdiction where “the commissioners’ court has made no final

order” on application to open roadway). 8

III.   La Salle County’s Immunity from Suit Deprived the Trial Court of
            Jurisdiction.

       The trial court lacked jurisdiction over Appellants’ claims because

Appellants’ pleadings do not assert a claim to which governmental immunity did

not apply, or for which there was a waiver of governmental immunity.

8
  County of Hays v. Alexander and Schiller v. Duncan are discussed in greater detail in Section
III.B.1. below regarding the district court’s supervisory jurisdiction, but both hold that a
landowner’s claim is not proper until the Commissioners Court issues a final order directing the
taking of the property or the expansion of the roadway. County of Hays v. Alexander, 640
S.W.2d 73, 80 (Tex. App.—Austin 1982); Schiller v. Duncan, 21 S.W.2d 571, 572-73 (Tex. Civ.
App.—Galveston 1929).

                                              24
             A.     La Salle County Enjoys Immunity from Suit Which Bars
                    Appellants’ Suit, Thereby Denying the District Court
                    Jurisdiction Over La Salle County.

      Appellants brought suit against La Salle County, as well as County Judge

Joel Rodriguez, Jr. in his official capacity, and County Commissioner Raul Ayala,

in his official capacity.   A suit brought against a county official in their official

capacity is a suit against the county. Nueces County v. Ferguson, 97 S.W.3d 205,

214 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.). Thus, La Salle County is the only

party against which Appellants are bringing suit. Id.

      La Salle County enjoys sovereign immunity. Sovereign immunity extends

to the political subdivisions of the state, including counties. Lowe v. Tex. Tech

Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297 (Tex. 1976); Heigel v. Wichita County, 84 Tex. 392, 19
S.W. 562, 563 (1892). Sovereign immunity, as it applies to local governmental

entities, is referred to as governmental immunity. Rolling Plains Groundwater

Conservation Dist. v. City of Aspermont, 353 S.W.3d 756, 759 (Tex. 2011) (per

curiam); Harris County Hosp. Dist. v. Tomball Reg’l Hosp., 283 S.W.3d 838, 842

(Tex. 2009). While the name of the immunity enjoyed is different, governmental

immunity offers counties and other local governmental entities the same degree of

protection afforded to state entities under sovereign immunity. Id.

                                          25
             1.    Immunity, in part, Serves to Preserve Separation of Powers
                   by Preventing Litigants from Using Courts to Control
                   Other Branches of Government.

       Sovereign immunity and governmental immunity serve two purposes. The

first purpose is to ensure that litigants cannot use the judicial branch to interfere

with powers vested in the executive branch. Sovereign immunity ensures litigation

cannot be utilized “to control state action by imposing liability on the State.” City

of El Paso v. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d 366, 371-73 & n.6 (Tex. 2009) (italics in the

original). Sovereign immunity precludes litigants from using the court system to

interfere with the exercise of powers needed in the executive branches. See Tex.

Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs. v. Mega Child Care, Inc., 145 S.W.3d
170, 198 (Tex. 2004). Second, sovereign immunity serves to protect the public

treasury. Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Sefzik, 355 S.W.3d 618, 621 (Tex. 2011) *4; Ben

Bolt-Palito Blanco Consol. Ind. Sch. Dist. v. Tex. Political Subdivisions Prop. Cas.

Self Ins. Fund, 212 S.W.3d 320 (Tex. 2006); Taylor, 106 S.W.3d at 698. See Rusk

State Hospital v. Black, 392 S.W.3d 88, 97, 106 (Tex. 2012) (one of the purposes

of sovereign immunity and early rulings on immunity from suit is to avoid the

wasting of tax dollars on defending suits, including on discovery, where claims are

barred by immunity from suit).

                                         26
             2.    Immunity from Suit is a Component of Sovereign/
                   Governmental Immunity.

      Sovereign/governmental immunity protects governmental entities both from

suit and liability. Fed. Sign v. Tex. S. Univ., 951 S.W.2d 401, 405 (Tex. 1997).

             Sovereign immunity embraces two principals: immunity
             from suit and immunity from liability. First, the State
             retains immunity from suit, without legislative consent,
             even if the State’s liability is not disputed. Second, the
             State retains immunity from liability though the
             Legislature has granted consent to the suit.

Id. (citations omitted) (emphasis in original); Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Jones, 8
S.W.3d 636, 638 (Tex. 1999) (“[i]mmunity from liability and immunity from suit

are two distinct principles”). The Texas Supreme Court went on to explain the

effect of immunity from suit.

             Immunity from suit bars a suit against the State unless the
             State expressly gives its consent to the suit. In other
             words, although the claim asserted may be one on which
             the State acknowledges liability, this rule precludes a
             remedy until the Legislature consents to suit. ...

Federal Sign, 951 S.W.2d at 405 (citations omitted) (emphasis in original); State v.

Lueck, 290 S.W.3d 876 (Tex. 2009) (“[i]mmunity from suit is a jurisdictional

question of whether the State has expressly consented to suit.…”); Tomball Reg’l

Hosp., 283 S.W.3d at 842. Whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction is a

question of law. Tex. Natural Res. Conservation Comm'n v. IT-Davy, 74 S.W.3d
27
849 (Tex. 2002). See City of Houston v. Arney, 680 S.W.2d 867 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 1984, no writ) (a plaintiff has the burden of pleading facts that

establish a waiver of immunity from suit). Moreover, because immunity from suit

deprives a trial court of jurisdiction, it is properly raised through a plea to the

jurisdiction. Jones, 8 S.W.3d 637.

      B.     Appellants’ Third-Party Petition Failed to Establish Subject
             Matter Jurisdiction Because it did not Allege Either that
             Immunity does not Apply or that Immunity has been Waived.

      A party bringing suit against a governmental entity has the burden of

establishing that, either their suit falls within a statutory waiver of governmental

immunity, or the nature of their suit means immunity does not apply.         Heinrich,
248 S.W.3d at 370. Here, Appellants assert that immunity does not apply to their

claims. Appellants argue that their claims are not barred by immunity because

either their claims: (1) fall within the District Court’s supervisory jurisdiction over

the actions of the La Salle County Commissioners Court; (2) the Trial Court could

enjoin the La Salle County Commissioners Court based on dominant jurisdiction;

or (3) La Salle County’s actions were ultra vires. The allegations in Appellants’

pleading do not establish any of these bases for avoiding immunity.

                                          28
            1.     La Salle County Commissioners Court did not exceed its
                   authority, thus, precluding the District Court from
                   exercising Supervisory Jurisdiction.

      Appellants rely upon the Trial Court’s supervisory jurisdiction to establish

the Trial Court’s jurisdiction. The Texas Supreme Court explained the limited

scope of the Trial Court’s supervisory jurisdiction in Ector County v. Springer, 843
S.W.2d 477 (Tex. 1992).

            Article V, § 18 of the Texas Constitution establishes the
            commissioners court as the principal governing body of
            the county. The powers and duties of the commissioners
            courts include aspects of legislative, executive,
            administrative, and judicial functions.

            The constitution vests in the district court “appellate
            jurisdiction and general supervisory control over the
            County Commissioners Court, with such exceptions and
            under such regulations as may be prescribed by law.”
            Tex. Const. art. V, § 8. With a few narrow exceptions,
            the legislature has not prescribed procedures for
            exercising this appellate jurisdiction or supervisory
            control.

            The scope of the district courts’ jurisdiction has been
            defined by case law:

            It is equally well settled that the supervisory power of the
            district court over the judgments of a commissioners’
            court, as authorized by article 5, section 8, of the
            Constitution, and article 1908 of the Revised Civil
            Statutes [the predecessor of the Government Code], can
            only be invoked when it acts beyond its jurisdiction or
            clearly abuses the discretion conferred on it by law.

                                        29
Id. at 478-79 (some internal citations omitted) (emphasis added).      See
Commissioners Court of Titus County v. Agan; 940 S.W.2d 77, 79 (Tex. 1977);
Vondy v. Commissioners Court of Uvalde County, 620 S.W.2d 104, 109 (Tex.
1981)(“Vondy I”).
      Thus, supervisory jurisdiction can be exercised ONLY when a

commissioners court’s actions are beyond its authority, or the action is so

egregious that it represents an abuse of the discretion entrusted to the

commissioners court. Vondy, 620 S.W.2d at 109; Vondy v. Comm’rs Court of

Uvalde County, 714 S.W.2d 417 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.)

(“Vondy II”). A commissioners court abuses its discretion only when its actions

are “arbitrary, capricious, unsupported by substantial evidence or that the court has

acted beyond its jurisdiction.”    Id.   To bring suit within the district court’s

supervisory jurisdiction, the plaintiff must: (1) direct the court to an applicable

constitutional or statutory provision that precluded the commissioners court from

taking the action in question; (2) direct the court to an applicable constitutional or

statutory provision that establishes the performance of a clear statutory duty which

is ministerial and nondiscretionary; or (3) allege that the commissioners court

abused its discretion by making decisions arbitrarily, capriciously, collusively, or

fraudulently. Springer, 843 S.W.3d at 479; Vondy I, 620 S.W.2d at 109; Casco v.

Cameron County Attorney, 319 S.W.3d 205, 225 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi

                                         30
2010, no pet.); Hooten v. Enriquez, 863 S.W.2d 522, 532 (Tex. App.—El Paso

1993, no writ).

      Furthermore, supervisory jurisdiction does not empower a district court to

interfere with a commissioners court carrying out its legislative and administrative

functions. In Springer, the Texas Supreme Court held that supervisory jurisdiction

did not give the district court the authority to determine what constituted

reasonable annual compensation for a constable. Springer, 843 S.W.2d at 478.

Similarly, the El Paso Court of Appeals held a district court could not use

supervisory jurisdiction to assume the powers of the El Paso Commissioners Court

which entered orders related to the construction and improvements to the county

courthouse. In re El Paso County Comm’rs Court, 281 S.W.3d 16 (Tex. App.—El

Paso 2005, orig. proceeding); In the Matter of El Paso County Courthouse, 765
S.W.2d 876, 880 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1989, no writ).

                   a.    Appellants did not establish grounds for the trial
                         court to exercise supervisory jurisdiction.

      Appellants rely on Vondy II and Hooter v. Enriquez to argue that the Trial

Court should have exercised supervisory jurisdiction. However, in both of those

cases, the commissioners court clearly acted in violation of the Texas Constitution

or statute. Hooter v. Enriquez, 863 S.W.2d 522, 528 (Tex. App—El Paso 1993, no

writ) (the commissioners court did not have authority to set job duties and

                                        31
responsibility of deputy county clerks); Vondy II, 714 S.W.3d at 422

(commissioners court could not abolish office established by the Texas

Constitution). Vondy II demonstrates what extreme facts need to be alleged and

proven to invoke supervisory jurisdiction. The Uvalde County Commissioners

Court set an annual salary for constables that was very low ($40 per month). This

Court held that the decision was either so arbitrary and capricious as to constitute

an abuse of discretion, or it represented an action beyond the commissioners

court’s authority, namely effectively terminating the constitutionally created office

of constable in Uvalde County. Vondy II, 714 S.W.2d at 422. No such facts are

alleged here.

      Appellants are correct that a district court can exercise supervisory

jurisdiction over commissioners court’s actions related to county roadways.

However, in the cases cited by Appellants to support this proposition, the

commissioners courts made a final decision to open a public roadway, but the

commissioners courts’ actions were not in compliance with the applicable statute.

Phillips v. Naumann, 154 Tex. 153, 275 S.W.2d 464 (1955) (commissioners court

could not open public road where applicant failed to establish all the requirements

of the statute); Haverbekken v. Hale, 109 Tex. 106, 204 S.W. 1162 (1918). But no

                                         32
violation is alleged here, as the La Salle County Commissioners Court has not

granted the 251 Application.

      The facts alleged in this case do not justify the exercise of the Trial Court’s

supervisory jurisdiction and the relief sought by Appellants clearly exceeds the

authority granted by supervisory jurisdiction. The only allegation that an action

taken by the La Salle County Commissioners Court exceeded its jurisdiction is the

allegation that the court “accepted [the 251 Application] for consideration.”

Appendix, p. 7; CR, p. 302.         Appellants allege that “accepting” the 251

Application exceeded the Commissioners Court’s authority based on the allegation

that the 251 Application fails to demonstrate a necessity for access to the Road.

However, neither Chapter 251 of the Transportation Code, nor the case cited by

Appellants (Phillips v. Naumann, 275 S.W.3d 464 (Tex. 1955)) empower a

commissioners court to refuse to “accept” an application under Chapter 251. In

fact, Chapter 251 does not even reference the acceptance of a 251 application. See

TEX. TRANSP. CODE §§251.052-53. Moreover, a Chapter 251 application need not

set out all of the requirements in order for it to be considered and granted by a

commissioners court. See Schiller, 21 S.W.2d at 573 (decided under a predecessor

statute similar to Chapter 251).

                                        33
      Appellants cannot point to any statute or constitutional provision that La

Salle County violated either in “accepting” the 251 Application or declaring a

“public interest” in the Road.       Assuming, arguendo, that these actions are

consistent with an intention to grant the 251 Application at some later date, those

actions are not enough to vest the District Court with supervisory jurisdiction over

the La Salle County Commissioners Court. Alexander, 640 S.W.2d 73 at 80;

Schiller, 21 S.W.2d 571 at 573 (supervisory jurisdiction cannot be exercised until

the commissioners court makes a “final” decision granting or denying the

application to open the road).

      The facts of Alexander and Schiller are analogous to the case at bar and, in

each instance, the district court lacked jurisdiction because the commissioners

court had not taken any action to remove the road from private control and compel

its opening to the public.

      The Alexanders brought suit in 1979 seeking a declaration that, among other

things, the road that ran through their property was a private road or, alternatively,

it was a third class road under article 6704 of the Texas Revised Civil Statutes

which authorized landowners to put a gate across the road.      In 1980, over a year

after the suit was filed, the Hays County Commissioners Court passed a resolution

declaring the road to be a First Class Road. Alexander, 640 S.W.2d at 76. In

                                         34
response, the Alexanders amended their pleadings seeking a declaration that the

1980 action of the commissioners court was voided for failing to comply with

applicable statutes dealing with the creation, expansion and improvement of roads.

Id. The trial court entered a judgment stating that:

             [the 1980] “action and order” of the Commissioners
             Court ... was “vacated, set aside, and held for naught ...
             and [the Hays County Commissioners Court]” and their
             successors in office, are hereby permanently enjoined
             from interfering with (appellees), their heirs and assigns,
             in their use and enjoyment of such third class road and
             the rights and privileges accorded them under the laws of
             this State.

Id. at 76.

       The Austin Court of Appeals recognized that, when a commissioners court

acts as administrator of the county road system, “the Commissioners Court acts not

as the county’s governing body merely, but exercises the powers of a court of

general jurisdiction with respect to such matters; and ‘[h]aving acquired

jurisdiction of the subject-matter and of the party or parties, they may, except as

[restrained] or prohibited by law, exercise such powers according to their

discretion.’” Id. at 78 (quoting Haverbekken v. Coryell County, 112 Tex. 422, 247
S.W. 1086 (1923)).

       The Alexander court then held that the 1980 resolution was not subject to

review because it was not a final action by the commissioners court.

                                         35
                The action of the Commissioners Court in passing the
                resolution of July 14, 1980 was not in any sense a final
                action which a district court had jurisdiction to review
                under Article 5, § 8 of the Constitution of Texas or under
                Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. art. 1908. Bird v. Alexander, 288
S.W. 606 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas 1926, no writ). While
                such a resolution is an act of the Commissioners Court, it
                is patently not a final act subject to judicial review.
                Therefore, the trial court had no jurisdiction to declare
                the resolution of July 14, 1980 “vacated, set aside, and
                held for naught....”

Id at 79-80.

      Schiller, like Appellants, alleged that the petition alleging public necessity

for a roadway did not contain all of the statutory elements required for a county to

authorize the establishment/opening of a public roadway. Schiller, 21 S.W.2d at

571-72. Like Appellants, Schiller did not allege that the commissioners court had

passed an order establishing or declaring the road to be a public road. Id. at 72. As

Appellants do, Schiller alleged the commissioners court members had indicated

that they would take action to establish a public road across his property. Id.   The

Court of Appeals found that the district court could not exercise supervisory

jurisdiction.

                The revisory power of the district court over the
                judgments of a commissioners’ court can only be called
                into exercise when it acts beyond its jurisdiction or in
                clear abuse of the discretion conferred upon it by the
                statute in the matter of the establishment of public roads.

                                            36
             Certainly no such power or jurisdiction exists in the
             district court when the commissioners’ court has made no
             final order on the application for the establishment of a
             road, and has not reached any conclusion on the question
             of the necessity for the establishment of the road of
             which complaint is made. Until such action is taken by
             the commissioners’ court, no question of the abuse of its
             discretion can be raised.

Id. at 573 (internal citations omitted).

      Appellants admit that no final action has been taken on the 251 Application.

Therefore, there has been no final action by the La Salle County Commissioners

Court that either exceeded their authority or constituted an abuse of discretion. See

Id. Despite the fact that no action has been taken, Appellants ask the Trial Court to

enjoin the La Salle County Commissioners Court from exercising its legislative

and administrative functions, which clearly exceeds the scope of the District

Court’s supervisory jurisdiction and violates the separation of powers between co-

equal branches of government.

      In this case, Appellants did not only seek to have the District Court exercise

its supervisory jurisdiction but, rather, to have it enjoin the Commissioners Court

from taking actions related to the Road. The El Paso Court of Appeals in In re El

Paso County Comm’rs Court, held that the improper exercise of the district court’s

supervisory jurisdiction would result in the judicial branch of Texas government

violating the separation of powers doctrine by controlling matters with a

                                           37
commissioners court’s administrative and legislative functions. In re El Paso

County Comm’rs Court, 281 S.W.3d at 27-28; In the Matter of El Paso County

Courthouse, 765 S.W.2d at 880.

      2.     “Dominant Jurisdiction” did not empower the District Court to
             Enjoin the La Salle County Commissioners Court from
             Considering the 251 Application.

      Appellants contend that the District Court was obligated to assert “dominant

jurisdiction” over the La Salle County Commissioners Court and to enjoin the La

Salle County Commissioners Court from taking any action regarding the Road

because of a prior filed suit.

                    a.        Appellants Cannot Establish the Conditions for
                              Assertion of Dominant Jurisdiction Are Present in
                              this Case.

      Appellants assert that the Trial Court had jurisdiction over their claims under

the doctrine of dominant jurisdiction. Appellants are correct that, if two lawsuits

are pending involving identical parties in courts of coordinate jurisdiction, the first

court may acquire dominant jurisdiction. In re Puig, 351 S.W.3d 301, 305 (Tex.

2011); Curtis v. Gibbs, 511 S.W.2d 263, 267 (Tex. 1974) (orig. proceeding).

However, the pre-conditions for the assertion of dominant jurisdiction are not

present in the case at bar.

                                          38
       First, dominant jurisdiction cannot apply here because the district court and

the commissioners court are not “courts of coordinate power.” “Courts have

concurrent or coordinate jurisdiction when each has the power, under the same

facts and conditions to determine and enforce the rights of litigants.” Andrews v.

Utica Mut. Ins. Co., 647 S.W.2d 22, 25 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1982, writ

disms’d) (citing United Services Life Ins. Co. v. Delaney, 396 S.W.2d 855) (Tex.

1965).    Dominant jurisdiction does not apply when one of the two pending

proceedings is pending in the executive branch, as is the case here. In re Luby’s

Cafeterias, Inc., 979 S.W.2d 813, 817 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no

pet.) (“[b]ecause the principle of dominant jurisdiction applies to courts of

coordinate power, it does not apply when one of the two pending proceedings is an

agency proceeding”). The La Salle County Commissioners Court did not have

coordinate jurisdiction with the District Court when the La Salle County

Commissioners Court “accepted” the 251 Application because it was effectively

an administrative proceeding; 9 therefore, dominant jurisdiction does not apply to

9
    The Legislature granting commissioners courts with exclusive original jurisdiction over
applications under Chapter 251 of the Transportation Code makes the application of the doctrine
of “primary jurisdiction” more appropriate than “dominant jurisdiction.” ‘‘Primary jurisdiction
is a judicially created doctrine of abstention, whereby a court that has jurisdiction over a matter
nonetheless defers to an administrative agency for an initial decision on questions of fact or law
within the peculiar competence of the agency.’’ See State Bar v. McGee, 972 S.W.2d 770, 772
(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1998, no writ) (quoting 2 TEX. JUR. 3d Administrative Law § 78

                                                39
the consideration of the 251 Application. See Id. In order for the La Salle County

Commissioners Court and the District Court to have “coordinate power,” the

Townsends would have had to be able to file their 251 Application in District

Court. However, Chapter 251 of the Transportation Code provides that only the La

Salle County Commissioners Court could consider and act on the Townsends’

application. See TEX. TRANS. CODE §251.053.

       Appellants’ dominant-jurisdiction theory also fails because the principle

applies only when “there is an inherent interrelation of the subject matter in the

two suits.” Dallas Fire Ins. Co. v. Davis, 893 S.W.2d 288, 292 (Tex. App.—Dallas

1995, no writ). Courts determine “whether an inherent interrelationship exists” by

applying “the compulsory counterclaim rule.” Wyatt v. Shaw Plumbing Co., 760
S.W.2d 245, 247 (Tex. 1988). Under that rule, a claim must be raised in an extant

lawsuit if: (1) it is a claim that the “pleader has against any opposing party” at the

time of filing; and (2) ”it arises out of the transaction or occurrence that is the
__________________________
(1995)). The purpose behind primary jurisdiction is to assure that the administrative agency will
not be bypassed in a matter which has been especially committed to it by the Legislature. See
American Pawn and Jewelry, Inc. v. Kayal, 923 S.W.2d 670, 673 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi
1996, writ denied). Where the Legislature has committed a matter to an agency, the agency’s
primary jurisdiction is exclusive. See id. at 674 (citing Foree v. Crown Central Petroleum Corp.,
431 S.W.2d 312, 317 (Tex. 1968)). In other words,‘‘a court does not have jurisdiction to
determine administrative questions or to adjudicate controversies involving them until they have
been determined by the appropriate administrative agency.’’ Lens Express, Inc. v. Ewald, 907
S.W.2d 64, 71 (Tex. App.—Austin 1995, no writ) (quoting Kavanaugh v. Underwriters Life Ins.
Co., 231 S.W.2d 753, 755 (Tex. Civ. App.—Waco 1950, writ ref’d).

                                               40
subject matter of the opposing party’s claim.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 97(a). Applying

those standards, there are two reasons dominant jurisdiction does not apply in the

instant case.    First, the later-filed “claim” at issue (the Townsends’ 251

Application) could not be raised in the extant lawsuit, as the Legislature vests

county commissioners with exclusive original jurisdiction to consider such

applications. See TEX. TRANSP. CODE §251.053. Second, even if a 251 application

could have been raised in district court, such an application would not be a

compulsory counterclaim. Indeed, a 251 application is not truly a “claim” at all; it

is a petition to the county’s legislative and executive body to exercise their

governmental powers in the future.

      Further, to the extent there is a legitimate dispute about “inherent

interrelatedness,” that determination is “committed to the sound discretion of the

trial court.” In re Servicios Legales de Mesoamerica S. de R.L., No. 13-12-00466-

CV, 2014 WL 895513, at *10 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Mar. 6, 2014, orig.

proceeding).    Here, the Trial Court implicitly found there was no inherent

interrelation when it rejected Appellants’ dominant-jurisdiction argument.

Appellants have not argued, much less proven, that the Trial Court’s implicit

finding was an abuse of discretion.

                                        41
                      b.      Dominant Jurisdiction Is Not Applicable to Prohibit
                              Commissioners Courts from Exercising Powers
                              Entrusted to them by Law.

       Appellants assert that, because the Texas Commission of Appeals referred to

commissioners courts as “courts of general jurisdiction” and stated the validity of

their proceedings is to be determined by the rules applicable to courts of general

jurisdiction (as outlined in Haverbekken v. Coryell County), district courts can

assert dominant jurisdiction and prohibit commissioners courts from acting even

where a statute expressly grants them authority to act. 10 Appellants’ Brief, p. 13.

Outside of quoting the Haverbekken opinion, Appellants cannot cite any legal

authority holding that a trial court can assert “dominant jurisdiction” over a county

commissioners court and enjoin or otherwise prohibit a commissioners court from

deliberating and taking action.

10
    While various opinions refer to commissioners courts as courts of general jurisdiction, the
actions of commissioners courts are materially different from courts within the judicial branch of
the Texas government. “Commissioners courts do not readily fit within the context of an article
I, section 13 court. Although commissioners courts do have the word “court” in their title, they
do not perform the same functions as the courts of the judiciary. Article V, section 18 of the
Texas Constitution delegates the duties of commissioners courts: “The county commissioners
court ... has none of the functions of a court, but is the governing body of the county.” TEX.
CONST. art. V, § 18 interp. commentary (West 1993). Further, although the Texas Supreme
Court has referred to Rowan, Swaim, and Smith, the Court did not mention article I, section 13;
instead, the Court decided the issues before it under article V, section 18. Canales v. Laughlin,
147 Tex. 169, 214 S.W.2d 451, 455 (1948) (commissioners court’s order to create a new county
office and hire a specific employee was challenged and voided as outside commissioners court’s
statutory authority).” Hays County, 106 S.W.3d at 360.

                                               42
      To the contrary, Texas courts have repeatedly held that, even when

commissioners courts act as courts of general jurisdiction over matters involving

roadways, their actions are subject to review on direct appeal pursuant to the

limitations of the district court’s supervisory jurisdiction.

             In its administration of the system of county roads within
             its county, the Commissioners Court acts not as
             the county’s governing body merely, but exercises the
             powers of a court of general jurisdiction with respect to
             such matters; and ”[h]aving acquired jurisdiction of the
             subject-matter and of the party or parties, they may,
             except as [restrained] or prohibited by law, exercise such
             powers according to their discretion.” Haverbekken v.
             Coryell County, 112 Tex. 422, 247 S.W. 1086 (1923).
             The exercise of such powers by the Commissioners Court
             is subject to review in the district court for the county by
             a suit filed in that court directly attacking the action of
             the Commissioners Court.

Hays County v. Alexander, 640 S.W.2d 73, 78 (Tex. App.—Austin 1982, no writ)

(citing TEX. CONST. art. V, § 8 and statutory predecessor to TEX. GOV’T CODE

ANN. § 24.020). See Haverbekken v. Hale, 109 Tex. 106, 204 S.W. 1162, 1164

(1918) (holding that the commissioners court order opening road was void because

statutory jurisdictional prerequisites were not met, entitling appellant to a

preliminary injunction); Bourgeois v. Mills, 60 Tex.76, 77 (1883); Schiller v.

Duncan, 21 S.W.2d 571, 573 (Tex. Civ. App.—Galveston 1929, no writ).

Therefore, while commissioners courts are referred to as “courts of general

                                           43
jurisdiction,” the only appeal from the granting of a 251 application is through a

lawsuit based on the District Court’s supervisory jurisdiction; not by appeal.

      The Alexander court specifically rejected the argument that district courts

can enjoin a commissioners court from taking action even where the matter before

the commissioners is subject to a pending lawsuit. A year after Alexander filed

suit against the Hays County Commissioners Court, the commissioners passed a

resolution declaring the road at issue was a First Class Road as opposed to a Third

Class Road as plaintiff alleged. Hays County v. Alexander, 640 S.W.2d at 76. The

trial court entered a final judgment enjoining the present and all future

commissioners courts from altering the designation of the road as something other

than a Third Class Road. Id. at 77. The Court of Appeals held that it was error to

enjoin a commissioners court from exercising its jurisdiction even if that meant the

commissioners court could “enter an order changing the classification of the road,

abandoning it or altering its route, all of which are matters of discretion conferred

upon the Commissioners Court....” Id. at p. 80. See Stringer, 834 S.W.2d at 479

(“the district court may order the commissioners court to exercise its discretion, but

cannot tell the commissioners what to decision to make”); In re El Paso County

Commissioners Court, 281 S.W.3d at 27-28 (suit must be filed, district court

cannot bring its own action under supervisory jurisdiction); In re El Paso

                                         44
Courthouse, 765 S.W.2d at 880 (supervisory jurisdiction does not empower the

district court to make a decision for the commissioners court).

       3.        Appellants cannot establish that La Salle County committed an
                 ultra vires act in connection with the Road.

       Appellants assert that immunity from suit does not apply because they are

asserting an “ultra vires” claim.

                      a.    Appellants’ pleadings were insufficient to allege La
                            Salle County Acted Beyond its Authority and, thus,
                            did not plead an Ultra Vires Claim.

       An “ultra vires” claim is not barred by immunity because the plaintiff’s suit

is predicated on the unlawful acts of a governmental official.        Heinrich, 284
S.W.3d at 371-72. To constitute an ultra vires suit, the plaintiff must not complain

of a government officer’s exercise of discretion but, rather, must allege, and

ultimately prove, that the officer acted without legal authority or failed to perform

a purely ministerial act. Id. at 372-73. Prevailing in an ultra vires claim rests on

establishing that the governmental official exceeded their authority or failed to

carry out an act in which the person sued had no discretion whether or not to

perform the function. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d at 371; Bagg v. Univ. of Tex. Med.

Branch, 726 S.W.2d 582, 584-85 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, writ

ref’d n.r.e.).

                                         45
        Once again, the only actions to which Appellants can point as the basis of

their ultra vires claim is “accepting” the 251 Application and declaring a public

interest in the Road.       The Transportation Code make no reference to the

commissioners court “accepting” an application. See TEX. TRANSP. CODE

§§251.052-.053. The Transportation Code sets out requirements for the elements of

an application, but does not set standards under which a commissioners court must

either accept or reject an application under Chapter 251.

        In an effort to assert their pleading alleged an ultra vires claim, Appellants

argue that the La Salle County Commissioners Court lacked authority to

“consider” the 251 Application because the application failed to set out all

requirements of the statute. Appellant’s Brief, p. 17. However, an application for

opening a road based on necessity does not need to set forth all of the requirements

of the statute in order to be granted by a commissioners court. See Schiller, 21
S.W.2d at 57 (decided under a predecessor statute that was comparable to Chapter

251).    More importantly, while the District Court may consider whether the

granting of the 251 Application was an ultra vires act by determining if the

statutory requirements were met, there are no statutory or other requirements that

determine when a commissioners court can consider a 251 application, even if it is

defective. Accordingly, Appellants have not plead an ultra vires claim.

                                          46
             4.    Appellants cannot establish a waiver of immunity from suit
                   under the Uniform Declaratory Judgment Act.

      Finally, Appellants’ pleading stated that governmental immunity is waived

because Appellants are bringing suit under the Uniform Declaratory Judgment Act

(“DJA”). Appendix, pp. 8-9; CR, pp. 303-304. The DJA is a limited, not general,

waiver of sovereign immunity and it does not enlarge a court’s jurisdiction.

Creedmoor-Maha Water Supply Corp. v. Tex. Comm'n on Envtl. Quality, 307
S.W.3d 505 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.). A plaintiff cannot circumvent

immunity from suit merely by claiming he is bringing suit under the DJA.

Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d at 370. In order to determine if the DJA waives immunity

from suit, courts are obligated to look at the real nature of the relief sought. See

City of Houston v. Williams, 216 S.W.3d at 829; Creedmoor, 307 S.W.3d at 515;

Leach v. Tex. Tech Univ., 335 S.W.3d 386 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011, writ

denied). The DJA waives immunity from suit to allow a plaintiff to sue to declare

an order, ordinance or statute invalid or illegal. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d at 373, n. 6.

Additionally, the DJA waives immunity from suit to join a governmental entity as

a party to suit to construe or interpret an order, ordinance or statute. Tex. Lottery

Comm’n v. First State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628, 633-34 (Tex. 2010).

      For example, in Smith v. Lutz, 149 S.W.3d 752 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004,

no. pet. h.) (not released for publication), the Austin Court held that the DJA did

                                         47
not waive immunity from suit where the plaintiff could not point to any statute or

regulation for which he needed an interpretation or was seeking a determination

regarding its validity.

      Here, as in Smith, Appellants cannot point to any order of the

Commissioners Court or County regulation for which they are in need of an

interpretation or determination of validity. Thus, there is no basis for them to seek

declaratory or other relief and their claims are barred by immunity from suit. Id.

      Each of Appellants’ efforts to avoid immunity or to plead a waiver of

immunity fail. Therefore, this Court must affirm the Trial Court’s granting of

Appellees’ First Amended Plea to the Jurisdiction.

IV.   The Separation-of-Powers Doctrine Reinforces the Propriety of the
      Trial Court’s Decision to Grant the Plea to the Jurisdiction.

         “The power to provide for the improvement of the public roads is a

legislative function, which has been delegated to the commissioners’ court.”

Grayson County v. Harrell, 202 S.W. 160, 163 (Tex. Civ. App.—Amarillo 1918,

writ ref’d). “This legislative function, when properly performed, is protected from

the scrutiny of the judicial branch by the constitutionally-mandated separation of

powers doctrine.” Hooten v. Enriquez, 863 S.W.2d 522, 528 (Tex. App.—El Paso

1993, no writ) (citing TEX. CONST. art. II, §1). Because there is no basis for the

exercise of supervisory authority here and no basis for bringing an ultra vires

                                         48
claim, the separation-of-powers doctrine strongly counsels against taking

jurisdiction of the Appellants’ claims.

        The district court “has no authority to direct a public official how to

perform a discretionary act.” Weber v. City of Sachse, 591 S.W.2d 563, 566 (Tex.

Civ. App.—Dallas 1979, writ dism’d). “The district court’s authority extends only

to enjoin illegal expenditures and to situations where the commissioners abuse

their discretion. It has no authority to substitute its judgment for that of these

elected officials as to the particular expenditures that should be made.” Id.

Substituting judicial authority for the legislative judgment of the Commissioners

Court, however, is precisely what Appellants seek to do. Worse still, the requested

injunctive relief extends far beyond merely restricting deliberation on the

purportedly defective 251 Application, and seeks to tie the hands of the La Salle

County Commissioners Court even as to unrelated questions, like whether to

initiate eminent-domain proceedings.

        Validating that effort by permitting proceedings on the Third-Party

Petition to go forward would have severe and deleterious consequences for

governmental entities across Texas. Rather than requiring challenges be made only

after the entry of actual orders or other official acts, according to Appellants, any

allegedly aggrieved citizen should be empowered to have a district court step into

                                          49
ongoing policy debates and put an end to legislative deliberation far in advance of

any eventual decision. Following Appellants’ argument to its logical conclusion,

potentially aggrieved parties would be entitled to bring suit to enjoin the Texas

Legislature based on the allegations that a bill is pending which, if passed and

enacted into law, might violate the Texas Constitution and could possibly injury

the plaintiff.   That is not the proper function of our judicial system, and

Appellants’ vision utterly fails to respect the clear delineation of checks and

balances set out in Article II, §1 of the Constitution.

         Under these circumstances, the proper course, even if the trial court had

jurisdiction, is to decline to exercise it. Cf. In re Luby’s Cafeterias, Inc., 979
S.W.2d at 816 (observing that primary jurisdiction, a “judicially created doctrine

of abstention,” permits courts possessed of subject-matter jurisdiction nonetheless

to “defer[] to an administrative agency for an initial decision on questions of fact

or law within the peculiar competence of the agency” in order to “assure that the

administrative agency will not be bypassed in a matter which has been especially

committed to it by the legislature” (quotation marks and citation omitted). The

quintessential legislative function at issue here—the consideration of whether or

not to grant the 251 Application, discretion over which has been expressly vested

                                          50
in the commissioners court by statute—should be permitted to continue

unmolested by unwarranted intervention by the judicial branch.

                                 CONCLUSION

      Taking all of the facts plead in the Third-Party Petition as true, Appellants

failed to meet their burden of establishing the Trial Court had jurisdiction over

their claims. Appellants did not allege they had been injured or that future injury

was imminent; thus, they lacked standing and their claims were not ripe.

Appellants also failed to allege facts that either establish their claims are not

subject to governmental immunity or that immunity from suit has been waived.

Appellants do not allege any action taken by the La Salle County Commissioners

Court violated a clearly established law or constituted an abuse of discretion.

Thus, the Trial Court could not assert supervisory jurisdiction over the La Salle

County Commissioners Court or assert jurisdiction based on purportedly ultra

vires acts.   Appellants cannot establish jurisdiction based on the Declaratory

Judgment Act because they are not seeking a declaration or determination of the

validity of an official act of the La Salle County Commissioners Court. Finally,

the nature of the claims and the relief sought by Appellants establish they are

seeking to use the court system to interfere with the La Salle County

                                        51
Commissioners Court’s deliberative and legislative process in violation of the

separation of powers doctrine.

                                   PRAYER

      For the reasons set forth above, Appellees La Salle County, Texas; the

Honorable Joel Rodriguez, Jr., County Judge, La Salle County, Texas; and the

Honorable Raul Ayala, County Commissioner, Precinct Four, La Salle County,

Texas, respectfully pray that the Court affirm the Trial Court’s judgment granting

Appellees’ First Amended Plea to the Jurisdiction and dismiss all of Appellants’

claims against Appellees.

                                       52
                                    Respectfully submitted,

                                    /s/ Michael A. Shaunessy
                                    Michael A. Shaunessy
                                    State Bar No. 18134550
                                    MCGINNIS LOCHRIDGE, LLP
                                    600 Congress Avenue, Suite 2100
                                    Austin, Texas 78701
                                    (512) 495-6000 Telephone
                                    (512) 495-6093 Facsimile
                                    mshaunessy@mcginnislaw.com

                                    Christopher S. Johns
                                    State Bar No. 24044849
                                    JOHNS, MARRS, ELLIS & HODGE, LLP
                                    805 West 10th Street, Suite 400
                                    Austin, Texas 78701
                                    (512) 215-4078 Telephone
                                    (512) 628-7169 Facsimile
                                    cjohns@jmehlaw.com

                                    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES

                     CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

       In accordance with Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.4, the undersigned
certifies that the foregoing computer-generated brief contains 11,815 words.

                                           /s/ Michael A. Shaunessy
                                           Michael A. Shaunessy

                                      53
                         CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      This is to certify that a true and correct copy of the foregoing document has
been served in accordance with the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure on the 5th
day of February, 2015, to the following:

Via Email/E-Service                          Via Email/E-Service
Samuel V. Houston, III                       J. Byron “Trace” Burton, III
HOUSTON DUNN, PLLC                           Ezra A. Johnson
4040 Broadway, Suite 440                     UHL, FITZSIMONS, JEWETT &
San Antonio, Texas 78209                        BURTON, PLLC
sam@hdappeals.com                            4040 Broadway, Suite 430
                                             San Antonio, Texas 78209
Via Email/E-Service                          tburton@ufjblaw.com
Jorge C. Rangel                              ejohnson@ufjblaw.com
Jaime C. Rangel
THE RANGEL LAW FIRM, P.C.                    Via Email/E-Service
615 North Upper Broadway, #2020              Dan Miller
Corpus Christi, Texas 78401                  MCELROY, SULLIVAN, MILLER,
jorge.c.rangel@rangellaw.com                   WEBER & OLMSTEAD, LLP,
jaime.rangel@rangellaw.com                   P.O. Box 12127
                                             Austin, Texas 78711
                                             dmiller@msmtx.com

                                             /s/ Michael A. Shaunessy
                                             Michael A. Shaunessy

                                        54
                             No. 04-14-00651-CV

                  In the Fourth Court of Appeals
                        San Antonio, Texas
                             ----+----
                Philip Wayne Hindes and Melinda Hindes Eustace,

                                                     Appellants,
                                         v.

   La Salle County, Texas; Hon. Joel Rodriguez, Jr., in his Official Capacity as
   County Judge, La Salle County, Texas; and Hon. Raul Ayala, in his Official
     Capacity as County Commissioner, Precinct 4, La Salle County, Texas,

                                                     Appellees.
                             ----+----
          On Appeal from the 8lst District Court, La Salle County, Texas
                         Cause No. 12-09-00179-CVL
                             ----+----
                                     APPENDIX

                             ----+----

Third-Party Plaintiffs' Original Petition and Application for Temporary and Permanent
Injunction
                              CAUSE NO. 12-09-00179-CVL

THOMAS MICHAEL TOWNSEND, SR.,            §                     IN THE DISTRICT COURT
TMT MANAGEMENT, LLC, TOWNSEND            §
MINERAL COMPANY, LP,                     §
                                         §
      Plaintiffs and Counter-Defendants, §
                                         §
v.                                       §
                                         §
PHILIP WAYNE HINDES and                  §
MELINDA HINDES EUSTACE,                  §
                                         §                      81 ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
      Defendants, Counter-Plaintiffs and §
      Third-Party Plaintiffs, and        §
                                         §
v.                                       §
                                         §
LA SALLE COUNTY, TEXAS, HON. JOEL        §
RODRIGUEZ, JR., IN HIS OFFICIAL          §
CAPACITY AS COUNTY JUDGE, LA SALLE §
COUNTY, TEXAS and HON. RAUL AYALA, §
IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS COUNTY §
COMMISSIONER, PRECINCT 4, LA SALLE §
COUNTY, TEXAS,                           §
                                         §
      Third-Party Defendants.            §                      LA SALLE COUNTY, TEXAS

            THIRD-PARTY PLAINTIFFS' ORIGINAL PETITION AND
        APPLICATION FOR TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT INJUNCTION

       COME NOW PHLIP WAYNE HINDES and MELINDA HINDES EUSTACE

("Defendants/Counter-Plaintiffs/Third-Party Plaintiffs" or "Hindes") and pursuant to TEXAS

RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 39, 40 and 97(f), file this, their Third-Party Original Petition and

Application for Temporary and Permanent Injunction ("Third-Party Petition") against LA

SALLE COUNTY, TEXAS, HON. JOEL RODRIGUEZ, JR., IN HIS OFFICIAL

CAPACITY AS COUNTY JUDGE, LA SALLE COUNTY, TEXAS and HON. RAUL

AYALA, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS COUNTY COMMISSIONER, PRECINCT

4, LA SALLE COUNTY, TEXAS ("Third-Party Defendants"). In support thereof, Third-Party

                                             297
Plaintiffs would respectfully show the Court the following:

                                                    I.
A.       Discovery Control Plan

         1.1       Discovery shall be conducted pursuant to the Docket Control Order in this suit.

B.       Parties

         1.2       Third-Party Plaintiffs are residents of the State of Texas and landowners in La

Salle County, Texas.

         1.3       Third-Party Defendant La Salle County, Texas is a political subdivision of the

State of Texas and may be served with process by serving Hon. Joel Rodriguez, Jr., County

Judge, La Salle County, Texas at 101 Courthouse Square, Cotulla, Texas 78014.

         1.4       Third-Party Defendant Hon. Joel Rodriguez, Jr., County Judge, La Salle County,

Texas is a county official and may be served with process by serving Hon. Joel Rodriguez, Jr.,

County Judge, La Salle County, Texas at 101 Courthouse Square, Cotulla, Texas 78014.

         1.5       Third-Party Defendant Hon. Raul Ayala, County Commissioner, Precinct 4, La

Salle County, Texas is a county official and may be served with process by serving Hon. Joel

Rodriguez, Jr., County Judge, La Salle County, Texas at 101 Courthouse Square, Cotulla, Texas

78014.

         1.6       Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant Thomas Michael Townsend, Sr. ("Townsend") is an

individual who is a resident of McAllen, Hidalgo County, Texas and who has been served and

appeared in this matter.

         1.7       Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant Townsend Mineral Company, LP is a Texas limited

partnership, with an office in Corpus Christi, Nueces County, Texas and has been served and

appeared in this matter.

                                                    2

                                                    298
             1.8     Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant TMT Management, LLC is a Texas limited liability

    company, with an office in Corpus Christi, Nueces County, Texas, and has been served and

    appeared in this matter. 1

    C.      Jurisdiction & Venue

            1.9      Jurisdiction is proper because the amount in controversy is within the

    jurisdictional limits of the Comt and pursuant to the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act.

    Jmisdiction is fu1ther proper because Article V, Section 8 of the Texas Constitution grants

    district courts general supervisory control over County Commissioners Courts.                    This

    constitutional provision is also codified at Section 24.020 of the Texas Government Code.

    Jurisdiction is further proper because governmental itmmmity is inapplicable to Third-Patty

Defendants' actions as such actions were unauthorized under Texas Transportation Code Section

251.053. Alternatively, jurisdiction is proper because this suit is permitted by the statutory

framework under which Third-Patty Defendants have purportedly acted.

            1.10     Venue is mandatory in La Salle County, Texas pursuant to Texas Civil Practice &

Remedies Code Section 15.011 because the real prope1ty in dispute is located in La Salle

County, Texas.

D.         Procedural History

           1.11     On or about September 18, 2012, the Townsends filed this lawsuit against Hindes

(the "Lawsuit") asserting rights to a private road located on the Hindes' property (the "Private

Easement") and seeking $6.6 million in damages. 2 On or about May 10, 2013 Hindes filed their

First Amended Original Answer and Original Counter-Claim asse1iing a cause of action for

trespass and further seeking permanent injunctive relief preventing the Townsends from entering

1
    Collectively, Plaintiffs/Counter-Defendants shall be referred to as "the Townsends" herein.
2
    In October 2013, the Townsends amended their petition to drop their $6.6 million damage claim.

                                                            3
or otherwise using any of the roads located on Hindes Ranch. Thereafter, the Hindes filed their

Traditional Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on September 4, 2013. The Hindes filed their

First Supplemental Traditional Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and No- Evidence Motion

for Partial Summary Judgment on September 24, 2013. Said Traditional Motion for Summary

Judgment, First Supplemental Traditional Motion for Summary Judgment, and No- Evidence

Motion for Partial Summary Judgment are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.

The Court issued its rulings on said motions by letter dated November 12, 2013 ("The Letter

Ruling"). On December 2, 2013, the Court signed an order ("Summary Judgment Order") on its

rulings and ordered that Plaintiffs take nothing against Hindes on Plaintiffs' Express Public

Dedication Claim, Private Dedication Claim, Easement by Necessity Claim, Easement by

Estoppel Claim, or Trespass to Try Title Claim.

        1.12    Due to repeated trespasses on Hindes Ranch by the Townsends, their agents, and

invitees under purported authority from the La Salle County Commissioners' Court, Hindes filed

their Second Amended Counter-Claim and Verified Application for Temporary Restraining

Order and for Temporary Injunction on or about December 17, 2013. On or about December 17,

2013, the Court entered a temporary restraining order restraining the Townsends, their agents,

and invitees from using or attempting to use the Private Easement or advising any third party that

they have authorization to use the Private Easement in any manner or for any purpose.

Following a January 9, 2014 hearing, during which the Townsends argued their actions were

authorized by the La Salle County Commissioners' Court, the Court granted Hindes' Application

for Temporary Injunction.3          On January 21, 2014, the Court signed an Order Granting

Temporary Injunction restraining the Townsends from (a) using the Private Easement in any

3
  At the January 9, 2014 injunction hearing, the Townsends presented testimony from Third-Party Defendant Ayala
in support of their position.

                                                      4

                                                      299
manner, for any purpose, (b) entering Hindes Ranch at anytime; or (c) authorizing any third party

to use the Private Easement or enter Hindes Ranch at anytime or for any purpose, until the

completion of a trial of the Lawsuit on the merits. On April 30, 2014, the Court signed an

Agreed Order Extending Temporary Injunction, extending the temporary injunction until the trial

in this cause, which is set to commence on October 6, 2014.

E.      Factual Background

        1.13   The Hindes own lands ("Hindes Ranch") located in La Salle County, Texas,

which include that certain road in dispute in this suit, the Private Easement. Hindes Ranch is

surrounded by fences and locked gates, and has been for over 50 years. The Hindes family has

been the exclusive owner of the surface estate of Hindes Ranch for over 50 years. For over 50

years, only the Hindes, their family and persons with their express permission have had lawful

access to Hindes Ranch or Hindes Road. At no time has a public road existed on Hindes Ranch.

No instrument dedicating a road on the Hindes Ranch to the public exists.

        1.14   The Townsends own the surface estate of a tract of land located adjacent to

Hindes Ranch. The Townsends obtained their interest in the property located adjacent to the

Hindes Ranch in 2003. The Townsends' deed describes a road access easement ("Martin Road"),

which serves as the Townsends' means of ingress and egress to their property. The Martin Road

is not located on the Hindes Ranch, but rather on lands owned by the Martin Family, which are

located to the south of the Townsend Property. Townsend has also sued the Martin Family over

the alleged rights to Martin Road. In addition to the Martin Road, the Townsends have used and

continue to use other roads located on the Martin Family property to access the Townsend

Property.

                                                5

                                               300

     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - •... I
       1.15    The Townsends filed the Lawsuit in an effort to acquire rights to the Private

Easement. Additionally, the Townsends and the Martin Family have requested that the La Salle

County Commissioners' Court open the Private Easement to the public. Initially, these efforts

were unbeknownst to Hindes, until Hindes learned about such efforts through discovery in the

Lawsuit. For instance, on November 26, 2013, shortly after the Letter Ruling, representatives of

the Townsends and the Martin Family appeared together before the La Salle County

Commissioners' Court to request that the Commissioners' Court open the Private Easement

based upon a "public interest" in the road. Hindes did not receive notice of this hearing nor did

Hindes have an opportunity to appear at this hearing. Representatives of the Martin Family had

previously appeared before the Commissioners' Court on January 14, 2013, requesting similar

relief. Hindes did not receive notice of this hearing nor did Hindes have an opportunity to appear

at this hearing. Despite the lack of notice to Hindes and Hindes' absence, on both of these

occasions, the Commissioners' Court purportedly found a "public interest" in and declared

public rights to the Private Easement. Such action by the Commissioners' Court caused the

Townsends to trespass on Hindes Ranch. A 2008 County Road Map does not show the Private

Easement as being a county road open to the public.

       1.16    On April 4, 2014, without regard to this Court's Summary Judgment Order and

jurisdiction over the disputed rights to the Private Easement, the Townsends filed an Application

for the Establishment of a Public Road Pursuant to Texas Transportation Code Section 251.053

("251 Application").   On May 12, 2014, the La Salle County Commissioners' Court held a

hearing on Townsends' 251 Application. Hindes appeared and protested the 251 Application.

Additionally, numerous La Salle County landowners, several of whom own property adjacent to

the Private Easement, provided testimony in support of the Hindes' protest of the 251

                                                6

                                                301
Application.     Other than the Townsends, no landowners who own property adjacent to the

Private Easement testified in favor of the Townsends' 251 Application. Tellingly, no member of

the Martin Family appeared to testify in support of the 251 Application.             Neither the 251

Application nor the testimony in support of it demonstrated a necessity for access to the

Townsend property so as to confer authority to consider the 251 Application upon the La Salle

County Commissioners' Court.         Following the extensive public testimony against the 251

Application and despite the Hindes' protest, the Commissioners' Court accepted it for

consideration.

        1.17     On June 2, 2014, the La Salle County Commissioners' Court took further action

in its continued effort to open the Private Easement to the public. The Commissioners' Court

called its retained engineer to testify to the alleged fact that certain surveys and plats purportedly

show a "county road easement" on Hindes Ranch. While the County's engineer testified to this

alleged fact, he did not submit any copies of surveys or plats to the Commissioners' Court in

support of his statements. Additionally, in a clear reflection of its assertion of purported rights to

the Private Easement, the Commissioners' Court took action to authorize the purchase of a title

insurance policy covering the Private Easement.         While the Commissioners' Court set the

Townsends' 251 Application on its agenda for the June      2nd   meeting, it took no action to dismiss

the 251 Application for lack of jurisdiction and it remains pending.

                                                  II.

A.      Cause of Action: Declaratory Judgment Pursuant to the Uniform Declaratory
        Judgments Act

        2. 1     Third-Party Plaintiffs incorporate Paragraphs 1.9 through 1.17 by reference as if

fully set forth herein.

        2.2      Third-Party Defendants did not have authority to accept Townsends' 251

                                                  7

                                                  302
Application, because the Townsends failed to demonstrate a necessity for access to their property

as required by the statute. Phillips v. Naumann, 275 S.W.2d 464 (Tex. 1955); TEX. TRANSP.

CODE§ 251.053. Indeed, they cannot show a necessity and the Court's dismissal of Townsends'

easement by necessity claim in this case illustrates as much.             Third-Party Defendants'

consideration of the 251 Application directly interferes with the Court's continuing jurisdiction

over the disputed rights to the Private Easement and improperly attempts to moot or otherwise

collaterally attack the Court's prior rulings. Third-Party Plaintiffs are entitled to declaratory

relief as a result of Third-Party Defendants' unauthorized, ultra vires actions.

       2.3     Additionally, an actual controversy has arisen and exists between the Third-Party

Plaintiffs and Third Party Defendants as to the deeded rights to the Private Easement located on

Hindes Ranch.     In light of the actions and statements of Third-Party Defendants to date, a

declaratory judgment is necessary to settle and afford Third-Party Plaintiffs relief from

uncertainty and insecurity with respect to their legal rights to the Private Easement.

Furthermore, in the absence of Third-Party Defendants, complete relief cannot accorded among

the parties to the Lawsuit. At all relevant times herein, Third-Party Plaintiffs have been in lawful

possession of Hindes Ranch. At no time has the Private Easement been dedicated to the public,

and the general public has not used the Private Easement for any purpose. The Private Easement

leads to no school, church, cemetery, or any other public monument. No La Salle County Road

Map reflects the Private Easement as being a county road and no record granting La Salle

County rights to the Private Easement exists.

       2.4     Third-Party Plaintiffs respectfully request declaratory relief including a

declaration that (a) Third-Party Defendants do not have authority to consider the Townsend 251

Application because there has not been a demonstration of the requisite necessity for access so as

                                                  8

                                                 303
to confer such authority upon Third-Party Defendants and because any consideration of the 251

Application interferes with the Court's jurisdiction over the Lawsuit; and (b) The relevant

instruments affecting the rights to the Private Easement do not reflect a public right to the Private

Easement. Since Third-Party Plaintiffs seek declaratory relief only with respect to the claim

asserted in the Third-Party Petition, the defenses of governmental/sovereign immunity do not

apply. City of El Paso v. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d 366 (Tex. 2009); Ware v. Miller, 82 S.W.3d 795,

804 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 2002, pet. denied).

B.      Injunctive Relief

        2.5     Third-Party Plaintiffs incorporate Paragraphs 1.9 through 1.17 by reference as if

fully set forth herein.

        2.6     Third-Party Plaintiffs request entry of a temporary injunction in order to preserve

the status quo pending disposition of the Lawsuit. After hearing, Third-Party Plaintiffs request

that the Court enter a temporary injunction enjoining Third Party Defendants from considering

the Townsend 251 Application and taking any action to order the opening or taking of the Private

Easement pending the outcome of the Lawsuit. TEX. Crv. PRAC. & REM. CODE§ 65.011. Third-

Party Plaintiffs request the Court enter a permanent injunction perpetuating the terms of the

temporary injunction following a trial on the merits.

        2.7     Third-Party Plaintiffs have a probable right to the relief they seek in their

declaratory judgment action claim herein because the Townsends have failed to demonstrate the

requisite necessity for access and no evidence of the Private Easement being dedicated to the

public exists. Third-Party Plaintiffs face imminent harm, irreparable injury and have no other

adequate legal remedy because an opening of the Private Easement to the public will

compromise the security of Hindes Ranch and endanger its residents and visitors. Further, action

                                                  9

                                                 304
by Third-Party Defendants to open the Private Easement would be inconsistent with the

Temporary Injunction already in place in the Lawsuit and create the possibility of inconsistent

outcomes of the underlying dispute. Judgment in the Lawsuit may be rendered ineffectual. TEX.

Crv. PRAC. & REM. CODE§ 65.011(2).

          2.8   A temporary injunction is further needed because Third-Party Defendants'

consideration of the 251 Application constitutes a threat to the Court's jurisdiction, the Court

should prevent a multiplicity of suits, and Third-Party Plaintiffs should be protected from

vexatious or harassing litigation.

          2.9   Third-Party Plaintiffs are willing to post bond in this matter.

                                                 III.

A.        Joinder Pursuant to Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 39

          3.1   Joinder of Third-Party Defendants is proper under Rule 39 because in their

absence complete relief cannot be accorded among those already parties to the Lawsuit, Third-

Party Defendants claim an interest relating to the subject of the Lawsuit and they are so situated

that the disposition of the Lawsuit in their absence may leave Third-Party Plaintiffs subject to a

substantial risk of incurring double, multiple, or otherwise inconsistent obligations by reason of

Third-Party Defendants' claimed interest. In light of Plaintiffs claims, joinder of Third-Party

Defendants is also proper under Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code Section 37.006(a).

B.        Attorneys' Fees

          3.2   As a direct result of Third-Party Defendants' actions, Third-Party Plaintiffs have

incurred attorneys' fees and costs. Third-Party Plaintiffs seek an award of their attorneys' fees

and costs pursuant to the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act. TEX. Crv. PRAC. & REM. CODE§

37.009.

                                                  10

                                                   305
C.     Jury Demand

       3.3    Third-Party Plaintiffs have demanded a jury pursuant to TEXAS RULE OF CIVIL

PROCEDURE 216, and the appropriate jury fee has been previously paid.

       WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, Third Party Plaintiffs respectfully pray as

follows:

       1.     That the Court declare the following:

              a.      Third-Party Defendants do not have authority to consider the Townsend

                      251 Application because there has not been a demonstration of the

                      requisite necessity for access so as to confer such authority upon Third-

                      Party Defendants and because any consideration of the 251 Application

                      interferes with the Court's jurisdiction over the Lawsuit; and

              b.      The relevant instruments affecting the rights to the Private Easement do

                      not reflect a public right to the Private Easement.

       2.     That following an evidentiary hearing with notice to Third Party Defendants, the

              Court issue a temporary injunction pending final trial hereof enjoining Third Party

              Defendants from considering the Townsend 251 Application and taking any

              further action to open, take or declare a public interest in the Private Easement;

       3.     That upon final hearing, the Court enter a permanent injunction perpetuating the

              terms of the temporary injunction and enter a judgment awarding Third Party

              Plaintiffs attorneys' fees, prejudgment and post-judgment interest as allowed at

              law, and assessing costs against Third Party Defendants;

       4.     The Court award Third-Party Plaintiffs their reasonable and necessary attorneys'

              fees and costs pursuant to TEX. C1v. PRAC. & REM. CODE§ 37.009; and

                                                 11

                                                 306
     5.     Third Party Plaintiffs pray for such other and further relief to which they may be

            justly entitled.

                                         Respectfully submitted,

                                         THE RANGEL LAW FIRM, P.C.

  FILED FOR RECORD                       Jaime S. Rangel
Al IO' 3-Ao'clock        M.              State Bar No. 24033 759
                                         615 N. Upper Broadway, Suite 2020
                                         Corpus Christi, Texas 7840 I
     JUN - 6 2014                        Telephone: (361) 883-8500
                                         Facsimile: (361) 883-2611

                                         and

                                         UHL, FITZSIMONS, JEWETT & BURTON, PLLC
                                         J. Byron "Trace" Burton, III
                                         State Bar No. 24031776
                                         Ezra A. Johnson
                                         State Bar No. 24065499
                                         4040 Broadway, Suite 430
                                         San Antonio, Texas 78209
                                         Telephone: (210) 829-1660
                                         Facsimile: (210) 829-1641

                                         ATTORNEYS FOR DEFENDANTS,
                                         COUNTER-PLAINTIFFS and
                                         THIRD-PARTY PLAINTIFFS

                                            12

                                            307
                                 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

        I hereby certify that the foregoing was served on this the 6th day of June, 2014, in
compliance with the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure by serving the following counsel of record
as follows:

       Via Certified Mail, RRR
       Dan Miller
       MCELROY, SULLIVAN, MILLER
       WEBER & OLMSTEAD, LLP
       P.O. Box 12127
       Austin, Texas 78711

                                           Ja~

                                              13

                                              308