Court Opinion

ID: 4609651
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 19:45:11.238757+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:53:55.778191
License: Public Domain

ELVIRA SCATENA, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Scatena v. CommissionerDocket No. 63920.United States Board of Tax Appeals32 B.T.A. 675; 1935 BTA LEXIS 912; May 29, 1935, Promulgated *912  1.  Dividends in stock of a third corporation were declared in 1928 by two corporations in which the petitioner was a stockholder.  The dividend stock was issued in petitioner's name and signed by the transfer agent and registrar on or before December 5, 1928, and the issuing corporations recognized the dividends as a liability on their books as of October 31, 1928.  The certificates were delivered to the petitioner in January 1929.  Held, the dividends were income in 1928.  2.  The market value of subscription rights to purchase bonds of the American Telephone & Telegraph Co., received as a stockholder, does not constitute taxable income.  T. I. Hare Powel,27 B.T.A. 55">27 B.T.A. 55, followed.  Myrtile Cerf, C.P.A., for the petitioner.  George D. Brabson, Esq., for the respondent.  MORRIS*676  Respondent determined a deficiency of $3,681.29 in petitioner's income tax for 1929 by adding to income the value of a corporate dividend in stock of another corporation declared in 1928 but for which certificates were not delivered to petitioner until 1929.  Respondent also added to income the value of subscription rights, exercised by petitioner, *913  of purchasing corporate bonds at par.  Petitioner contends that the dividend was taxable in 1928 and that receipt of the subscription rights did not result in income.  FINDINGS OF FACT.  Petitioner, a resident of San Francisco, California, was the owner in 1928 of 5,201 shares of stock of the Bancitaly Corporation (of which 240 had not been fully paid for) and of 1,800 shares of the National Bankitaly Co.  On September 19, 1928, the Bancitaly Corporation declared a dividend of 130,000 shares of the stock of the Bank of America National Association, one share to the holder of each 40 shares of its own stock.  On September 26, 1928, the National Bankitaly Co. declared a similar dividend of 50,000 shares of the same stock.  A. P. Giannini, president of both, addressed to the stockholders a letter dated September 27, 1928, advising them that their respective companies had resolved to distribute the said dividends to the shareholders of record November 1, 1928, and that certificates would be mailed as soon as practicable, which should be on or before January 2, 1929.  On October 31, 1928, both corporations charged surplus and credited their investment accounts with the cost of the distributable*914  shares, and about the same time the San Francisco Stock Exchange served notice on its members that the said stock would be ex-dividend on November 1.  On or about November 1, 1928, the two corporations each delivered the respective number of shares distributable pursuant to its dividend declaration to the transfer agent of the Bank of America National Association, which then issued separate certificates for the shareholders entitled thereto, and during November and December 1928 and January 1929 delivered the certificates in lots to the trust department of the Bank of Italy National Trust & Savings Association for delivery to said shareholders.  The transfer agent was furnished with a list of the shareholders and the exact number of shares due each.  This list indicated that petitioner was entitled to 169, and three certificates for 39, 30, and 100 shares, respectively, were issued in petitioner's name and signed by the transfer agent and registrar on or before December 5, 1928.  In addition to the 169 shares a certificate for 6 shares was also issued in petitioner's name on January 24, 1929, as a dividend on *677  the 240 shares of Bankitaly stock for which petitioner had*915  not paid in full until that date.  A dividend of $1.12 1/2 a share was declared December 3, 1928, by the Bank of America National Association, payable January 2, 1929, to shareholders of record on December 8, 1928.  Petitioner received this dividend on her 169 shares early in 1929, and subsequently on the 6 shares issued January 24.  In response to an inquiry the Deputy Commissioner of Internal Revenue advised the Bankitaly Trust Department in February 1929 that income from the above dividends in stock was realized and taxable in 1929.  Petitioner, who filed her tax returns on a cash basis, did not report as income any amount representing the value of the 175 dividend shares of Bank of America National Association either for 1928 or 1929.  Respondent added to petitioner's income, as a taxable dividend, for 1929, $33,862.50 representing the value of said 175 shares.  In 1929 petitioner was the owner of 100 shares of stock in the American Telephone & Telegraph Co., which in May offered its shareholders the right to purchase at par a $100 bond for each six shares of stock held.  Petitioner subscribed and paid for the bonds at par.  Respondent determined that petitioner's subscription*916  rights to buy the bonds had a fair market value of $568.75, and added it as a taxable dividend to petitioner's income.  OPINION.  MORRIS: The first question pertains to whether or not the aggregate value of the 175 shares of stock of the Bank of America National Association received by the petitioner, as dividends, from Bancitaly Corporation and National Bankitaly Co. is taxable within the period under consideration, 1929, as the respondent has determined and as he here contends.  The respondent relies upon the following provisions of the Revenue Act of 1928 and the articles of Regulations 74 promulgated by him pursuant thereto: SEC. 115. (a) Definition of dividend. - The term "dividend" when used in this title (except in section 203(a)(4) and section 208(c)(1), relating to insurance companies) means any distribution made by a corporation to its shareholders, whether in money or in other property, out of its earnings or profits accumulated after February 28, 1913.  SEC. 42.  The amount of all items of gross income shall be included in the gross income for the taxable year in which received by the taxpayer, unless, under methods of accounting permitted under section 41, *917  any such amounts are to be properly accounted for as of a different period.  ART. 621.  * * * A taxable distribution made by a corporation to its shareholders shall be included in the gross income of the distributees when the cash or other property is unqualifiedly made subject to their demands.  *678  The essential facts are that two corporations in which the petitioner owned stock declared dividends in Bank of America shares in September 1928; recognized the dividend as a liability on their books as of October 31, 1928, and delivered the shares to the transfer agent on November 1, together with a list of the shareholders and the exact number due each, and directed that certificates be made out accordingly.  During November, December, and January the transfer agent delivered the new certificates to the trust department of the Bank of Italy National Trust & Savings Associations for delivery to the shareholders.  One hundred and sixty-nine of the petitioner's shares were prepared and registered by the transfer agent on or before December 5, 1928; six additional shares were issued in petitioner's name in January 1929 after she had completed payment for the stock to which said*918  shares related.  The respondent's position is that the dividends are taxable for the year 1929 when actual physical delivery of the certificates was made to the petitioner.  His argument ignores the vital distinction between the ownership of an interest in a corporate enterprise and the certificates which are a mere evidence of that ownership.  "A certificate is authentic evidence of title to stock; but it is not the stock itself, nor is it necessary to the existence of the stock.  It certifies to a fact which exists independently of itself." . Ownership of stock is not affected by the shareholder's failure to be in physical possession of a certificate.  In , affirming , the court said: * * * A stockholder may prove his ownership of shares by evidence other than that of the certificate.  * * * The shares may go in one direction and the certificate in another * * *.  Then "ownership follows the owner, and not the certificates." *919 Howbert v. Penrose, 38 Fed.(2) 577, 579. * * * From these observations, abundantly sustained by decisions, it is plain that the petitioner in this case owned shares of U.G.I. stock, though neither he nor his brokers ever held certificates for them in his name * * *.  A similar view was expressed in , reversing in part : "But the law is well settled that non-delivery of possession [of certificates] would not preclude title to the stock passing forthwith.  * * *" In , the Board considered the same question on similar facts.  In that case a resolution was passed by the corporation in 1918 declaring a dividend of certain stock owned by it in another corporation and held by voting trustees under a voting trust agreement.  We held in that case that, notwithstanding there was no actual delivery of the certificates during the *679  year 1918, the stockholders were nevertheless the recipients of income in that year and not in the year 1919.  In support of the conclusion reached, we said: Under the resolution of March 11, 1918, the*920  taxpayers became the owners of their proportionate part of the voting trust certificate for the stock of the Salt Creek Producers Association, Inc., owned by the New York Oil Co.  The resolution provided that the certificates of stock of the Salt Creek Producers Association, Inc., would be issued to the stockholders of the New York Oil Co. upon the surrender of their old certificates in the New York Oil Co. to be exchanged for new certificates of reduced par value.  This, in our opinion, related merely to the receipt of the certificates representing the stock which became theirs by virtue of the resolution of March 11.  While it may be true that a division or distribution by a corporation is not taxable to a stockholder who is on the cash receipts and disbursements basis until the amount of the distribution is made available to him, this does not mean that, when stock of one corporation is distributed by another, the certificate itself must actually be received before there can be taxable gain.  Since a person may be a stockholder in a corporation without ever having received a stock certificate, the time of the actual receipt of the stock certificate is immaterial.  The question is, *921  when did the taxpayers become the beneficial owners of the stock of the Salt Creek Producers Association, Inc.?  We think they became the owners thereof in 1918 by virtue of the resolution distributing the stock.  From the foregoing decisions it is clear the dividends were income in 1928, as the petitioner had received the stock although she did not have the paper evidence.  The fact that the certificates were not delivered directly from the transfer agent to the stockholders does not indicate the retention of any right by the issuing corporations.  On the contrary, the corporation's books, their surrender of the certificates, the notice of the stock exchange, the shareholders' unchallenged right to the December cash dividends, and the receipt by the trustee of the certificates for delivery to the registered owners are indicative that neither corporation retained any interest in the dividend shares after October 1928.  The petitioner, as the registered holder, had herself received right, title, and interest thereto in 1928 and was enjoying the fruits of ownership.  It is in this respect that the conclusion herein reached is clearly not in conflict with *922 . In that case the Court held that a cash dividend payable on or before December 31, represented by a check dated and mailed on that day, but not received until January, constituted income in January.  The distinguishing factors are apparent from the Court's language: It was the practice of the company to pay all dividends by checks not intended to reach stockholders until the first business day of January; there is nothing to show that petitioner could have obtained payment on December 31st, he did not expect this, and the practice shows the company had no intention to make actual payment on that day.  Nothing indicates that it recognized *680  an unrestricted right of stockholders to demand payment except through checks sent out in the usual way.  The checks did not constitute payments prior to their actual receipt.  The mere promise or obligation of the corporation to pay on a given date was not enough to subject to petitioner's unqualified demand "cash or other property"; and none of the parties understood that it was.  The taxpayer's gain was represented by the check and until it was in his hands he had received*923  nothing.  In the instant proceeding the receipt of the stock certificates added nothing to that which the petitioner already had, namely, title and all the benefits of ownership which had been acquired in the preceding year.  The respondent added $33,862.50 to the petitioner's income for 1929, representing the value of 175 shares of Bank of America National Association received as a dividend.  Six of these shares were not placed in the petitioner's name until January 24, 1929, after she finished paying for the stock upon which these shares were declared.  Although the parties stipulated that the petitioner, on November 1, 1928, was the legal and equitable owner of the stock from which she received the six shares, it may be inferred from the stipulation that these six shares were intentionally withheld until final payment and that the petitioner had no right to them until that time.  In effect the respondent has so determined, and we should not, therefore, disturb his determination to the extent of the value of the six shares.  The respondent argues, but does not affirmatively plead in his answer, that, because he advised the petitioner that these dividends should be reported as*924  income for the taxable year 1929, which she failed and refused to do, and because of the fact that the statute of limitations now bars the satisfaction of a deficiency upon said dividends in the year 1928, the petitioner is now estopped to deny their taxability in 1929.  Estoppel in order to be availed of must be pleaded and proved and the failure to do so is fatal.  , citing . The respondent concedes that the second issue falls within the principle of , and . Therefore, upon that issue the petitioner will be sustained.  Reviewed by the Board.  Judgment will be entered under Rule 50.ARUNDELLARUNDELL, dissenting: I think this case comes within the principle of Avery v. Commissioner,292 U.S. 210">292 U.S. 210, and the stock was taxable as a dividend when received in 1929.  In that case the corporation *681  declared dividends in November 1924 and November 1929, payable on or before December 31 of the respective years.  The dividend checks*925  were prepared in 1924 and 1929 but held in the treasurer's office in each case until the first business day of the following year, and then distributed through the office mail.  The Court said in part: If we give the words of the statutes their ordinary meaning, clearly the dividends under consideration were not actually received by the taxpayer during 1924 and 1929.  Certainly they were not received when declared.  They did not come into the taxpayer's hands on December 31st simply because payable on that day.  And, unless Congress has definitely indicated an intention that the words should be construed otherwise, we must apply them according to their usual acceptation.  * * * * * * Nothing indicates that it [the corporation] recognized an unrestricted right of stockholders to demand payment except through checks sent out in the usual way.  The checks did not constitute payments prior to their actual receipt.  The mere promise to pay on a given date was not enough to subject to petitioner's unqualified demand "cash or other property"; and none of the parties understood that it was.  [Italics supplied.] Applying the reasoning of the above opinion to this case I do not*926  see how it can be said that the stock was "received" by the taxpayer in 1928.  Putting the stock in her name in 1928 did not constitute a receipt by her any more than did the writing of checks in the Avery case.  There, as here, the corporation became a debtor to the stockholders and they became creditors in the earlier year; no doubt that there, as here, the corporation made appropriate book entries in the earlier year.  But the creation of a debt in favor of the taxpayer on a cash basis does no result in income to him save in unusual cases as in those where the doctrine of constructive receipt may be applicable.  Here there is no showing of availability to the taxpayer in 1928 or that she understood the dividend to be available before 1929.  The letter of the president of the corporations, dated September 27, 1928, notified the stockholders that the dividend shares would be mailed "as soon as it is practicable to do so, which should be on or before January 2, 1929." There is nothing in that notice to lead the stockholders to expect actual distribution in 1928, and, in fact, this taxpayer did not receive her dividend shares until 1929.  On the fact of actual receipt in 1929, and*927  in the absence of any showing either that the corporation intended to distribute in 1928 or that the stockholders had any reason to expect receipt in that year, I think we should adhere to the fundamental rule of taxing income in the year of receipt, which in this case is the year 1929.  BLACK agrees with this dissent.