Court Opinion

ID: 9403687
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-21 15:13:35.422869+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:08.746298
License: Public Domain

THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
                        In The Court of Appeals

            Wilton Q. Greene, Petitioner,

            v.

            State of South Carolina, Respondent.

            Appellate Case No. 2018-000339

                        ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI

                        Appeal From Berkeley County
                     Michael G. Nettles, Circuit Court Judge

                              Opinion No. 5991
                  Heard October 12, 2021 – Filed June 21, 2023

                       REVERSED AND REMANDED

            Appellate Defender Joanna Katherine Delany, of
            Columbia, for Petitioner.

            Attorney General Alan McCrory Wilson, Senior
            Assistant Deputy Attorney General William M. Blitch,
            Jr., Assistant Attorney General Joshua Abraham
            Edwards, and Assistant Attorney General William Harold
            Ray, all of Columbia, for Respondent.

MCDONALD, J.: Wilton Q. Greene (Petitioner) argues the post-conviction relief
(PCR) court erred in finding he received effective assistance of counsel despite
trial counsel's failure to object to the admission of his prior robbery conviction or
request a limiting instruction at his trial for armed robbery and kidnapping. We
reverse and remand.

Facts and Procedural History

Petitioner went to the Big Lots in Moncks Corner one morning and purchased three
grams of crack cocaine. After unsuccessfully trying to resell the drugs, he saw the
victim, Bing Ho Zhang, as he was leaving the Big Lots parking lot. According to
Petitioner, "I met with Mr. Bing before. I did business with Mr. Bing. . . . [H]e
asked me did I have drugs on me. I told him yes. So I asked him could he give me
a ride." 1

Petitioner testified Zhang was initially confused about whether they were going to
Bojangles or McDonald's. 2 He claimed Zhang wanted to buy sixty dollars' worth
of cocaine but did not have enough money, so Petitioner agreed to hold Zhang's
wallet, which contained Zhang's green card, as collateral until he could pay.
According to Petitioner, the two men had previously engaged in a similar
transaction, and he used a knife to cut pieces of the crack cocaine. Petitioner
explained, "I gave it to Mr. Bing. He hit it and then we started driving." He asked
Zhang to take him to the bank since Zhang did not seem to know where Bojangles
was, but Zhang did not understand and responded: "[O]h I get it[,] you want all the
money. You want all the money."

At that point, Zhang "started acting a little funny." Petitioner "kept telling him to
go to the bank. He would keep saying I don't got [sic] no money." Although
Zhang tried to give him some small bills, Petitioner declined. Instead, Petitioner
agreed to hold on to Zhang's wallet until he could pay in full. While they were
driving, Zhang saw a police car and swerved towards it. Petitioner stated, "And as
soon as he stopped I ran to get the drugs off me; [so] that I could throw the drugs
off me." When Petitioner saw the police car, he "was thinking about just getting

1
 It is undisputed that Zhang agreed to give Petitioner a ride, and the two men
drove away in agreement that Zhang would drop him off at a fast food restaurant.
2
  Zhang, who is originally from China, primarily speaks Mandarin. During
Zhang's testimony, the trial court stopped the proceedings and asked the State to
find an interpreter, stating: "I don't think he understands what anybody is even
asking him, okay."
away from the police because [he] had drugs on [him]." Petitioner admitted he was
able to toss the drugs before the police arrested him.

While Zhang testified he agreed to give Petitioner a ride to McDonald's, he
claimed that on the way, Petitioner pulled a knife, instructed him to go to a bank,
and took his wallet. Zhang then began looking for a police car and when he saw
one, he swerved toward it, honking his horn and yelling that he was being robbed.
According to Zhang, Petitioner "saw the police and just said shit, the bad word,
and then opened the door and [ran] away."

Officer Anthony Judy of the Moncks Corner Police Department was on patrol
when Zhang's car came at him "head on" through the median. Officer Judy
testified he "locked up the brakes" and jumped out of his car because he feared he
was being ambushed. The car stopped about five feet in front of Officer Judy's
patrol car, and the driver, who "had a very wild look in his face," then "bailed out
yelling he robbed me, he robbed me." A black male passenger exited the car and
started running toward the Huddle House. After he saw "how frantic the driver
was[, Officer Judy] realized there definitely was a problem and the black male was
exiting and leaving the area." So, he returned to his patrol car and began chasing
Petitioner. Officer Judy was able to cut Petitioner off in a parking lot and a brief
foot chase ensued until Petitioner fell and dropped a knife. When Officer Judy
took Petitioner into custody, he found Zhang's wallet and twenty-two dollars in
Petitioner's pocket. At that point, Petitioner stated, "[T]his is bull. I asked him to
take me to Bojangles and drop me off by the bank beside it." Petitioner told him
he was just a "victim of circumstances." The Berkeley County Grand Jury
subsequently indicted Petitioner for armed robbery and kidnapping.

At trial, Petitioner observed, "it's my word against his word," and told his trial
counsel he wanted to testify. 3 However, trial counsel noted for the record that
Petitioner was going to testify "against [his] advice." 4 After questioning Petitioner,
the trial court found he "freely, voluntarily, and intelligently" chose to testify.

3
 At the PCR hearing, trial counsel agreed the case was a "swearing match"
between Petitioner and Zhang.
4
  Trial counsel further testified Petitioner initially told him the incident arose from
a drug deal gone bad; however, when he later met with Petitioner to relay a plea
offer, Petitioner's account differed.
In response to the trial court's inquiry about Petitioner's prior record, trial counsel
reported Petitioner had a prior conviction from 2011 for "strong arm robbery." 5
Neither the State nor trial counsel made any argument regarding the admissibility
(or inadmissibility) of Petitioner's prior conviction. Nevertheless, the trial court
and trial counsel agreed strong arm robbery "would be an impeachable offense."
Without further argument or discussion, the trial court advised Petitioner that the
State could ask him about his prior conviction if he testified.

Trial counsel testified he attempted to minimize the prejudicial effect of the prior
conviction by questioning Petitioner about it on direct. At the very end of
Petitioner's direct examination, trial counsel inquired:

             Q. And you have a conviction?

             A. Yes, sir.

             Q. What's the conviction for?

             A. I pled to strong armed robbery.

             Q. No further questions.

Prior to the court's jury charge, the parties had a "very informal charge
conference." There was no limiting instruction addressing Petitioner's prior similar
conviction, nor was one requested. Before submitting the case to the jury, the trial
court asked the parties if they had any exceptions to the charge as given. Trial
counsel responded, "No, Your Honor."

The jury deliberated for five and a half hours before sending a note asking, "Is
there a possibility of a lesser included charge?" After receiving an answer in the
negative, the jury sent another note requesting to rehear (or be provided a copy of)
Petitioner and Zhang's testimonies, which were replayed for the jury. The jury
then sent a third note stating, "We would like to see the police report of the

5
 "Common law robbery and 'strong arm' robbery are synonymous terms for a
common law offense whose penalty is provided for by statute." State v. Rosemond,
348 S.C. 621, 628, 560 S.E.2d 636, 640 (Ct. App. 2002), aff'd as modified, 356
S.C. 426, 589 S.E.2d 757 (2003).
incident and transcript." The trial court replied that because neither the transcript
nor the police report was admitted into evidence, it could not provide them.

Finally, the trial court alerted counsel, "[t]he jury sent in a note saying they're
decided on one charge, deadlocked on another. They [have] voted three times;
some are unwavering." The court accepted and sealed the verdict on one charge
and gave an Allen charge 6 as to the second. The jury then deliberated another hour
before finding Petitioner guilty as indicted. At sentencing, Petitioner maintained
the incident was "a misunderstanding." The trial court sentenced him concurrently
to twenty years' imprisonment for armed robbery and twenty years for kidnapping.

Petitioner timely appealed his convictions and sentences, which this court affirmed
by unpublished opinion in State v. Greene, Op. No. 2015-UP-086 (S.C. Ct. App.
filed February 25, 2015). Petitioner then filed this action for post-conviction relief.

The PCR court heard testimony from Petitioner and trial counsel, who explained
his strategy was to "minimize the selling of drugs." Trial counsel did not know
why he failed to argue the inadmissibility of Petitioner's prior robbery conviction
or seek to limit its similarity to the offense for which Petitioner was being tried.
Trial counsel admitted he has argued in other cases "to change it to just a felony"
when a defendant's prior convictions are similar to the crime charged. He noted, "I
know I have done that on other cases. I don't know why I didn't do it on this one."

PCR counsel agreed trial counsel had control over strategy decisions but noted
Petitioner's testimony that this was a drug deal gone bad, "flew in the face of [trial
counsel's] preferred strategy." PCR counsel argued trial counsel was ineffective
because he failed to object to the admission of Petitioner's prior conviction; failed
to request that the trial court articulate its basis for finding the prior conviction
admissible under Rule 609(a)(1), SCRE; and did not request a limiting instruction
addressing the purpose for which the jury could consider the prior conviction.

The PCR court denied relief and issued an order of dismissal, finding meritless
Petitioner's allegation that trial counsel was ineffective in failing to object to the
admission of the prior robbery conviction. The court noted Petitioner's "prior
conviction was within the ten-year period allowed under the rules of evidence, and
its introduction at trial was not objectionable in any manner other than its potential
prejudice as a similar offense with little probative value." Finding trial counsel

6
    Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492 (1896).
was not deficient, the PCR court stated "there can be no resulting prejudice from
any alleged deficiency based on the overwhelming evidence against [Petitioner]."
The order further stated:

            Although the trial judge in the case at hand did not
            explicitly place this balancing test on the record at trial,
            [Petitioner] has not met his burden of showing that the
            trial judge failed to conduct the balancing test. It is
            possible that the trial judge conducted the balancing test
            but did not specifically explain each factor of the test for
            the record. Trial Counsel credibly testified he saw no
            reason to object to the admission of the prior conviction
            at the time of trial. Although he was unsure at the
            evidentiary hearing why he did not make that argument,
            he did not believe at the time of trial that an objection
            was necessary. "[E]ven if an omission is inadvertent,
            relief is not automatic. The Sixth Amendment guarantees
            reasonable competence, not perfect advocacy judged with
            the benefit of hindsight." Yarborough v. Gentry, 540
            U.S. 1, 6 (2003). This Court finds Trial Counsel's failure
            to object [or] to request [a] curative instruction was not
            deficient.

Standard of Review

"Our standard of review in PCR cases depends on the specific issue before us."
Smalls v. State, 422 S.C. 174, 180, 810 S.E.2d 836, 839 (2018). "We defer to a
PCR court's findings of fact and will uphold them if there is evidence in the record
to support them." Id. "We review questions of law de novo, with no deference to
trial courts." Id. at 180–81, 810 S.E.2d at 839. "The admission of evidence
concerning past convictions for impeachment purposes remains within the trial
[court's] discretion, provided the [trial court] conducts the analysis mandated by
the evidence rules and case law." State v. Robinson, 426 S.C. 579, 591, 828 S.E.2d
203, 209 (2019) (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Dunlap, 346 S.C. 312,
324, 550 S.E.2d 889, 896 (Ct. App. 2001)).

Law and Analysis

The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees criminal
defendants the right to the effective assistance of counsel. Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). "In order to establish a claim for ineffective
assistance of counsel, the applicant must show that: (1) counsel failed to render
reasonably effective assistance under prevailing professional norms, and (2)
counsel's deficient performance prejudiced the applicant's case." Speaks v. State,
377 S.C. 396, 399, 660 S.E.2d 512, 514 (2008). "A reasonable probability is a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." Strickland, 466
U.S. at 694. "Failure to make the required showing of either deficient performance
or sufficient prejudice defeats the ineffectiveness claim." Id. at 700.

I. Deficiency and Rule 609(a)(1)

Petitioner argues the PCR court erred in finding trial counsel provided effective
assistance despite his failure to object to the admission of Petitioner's prior
conviction for strong arm robbery because trial counsel testified he did not know
why he failed to object to the admission of the prior similar conviction. 7 We agree.

"Rule 609 of the South Carolina Rules of Evidence governs the admissibility of a
witness's prior convictions for purposes of impeachment." Robinson, 426 S.C. at
592, 828 S.E.2d at 209. It provides, in pertinent part:

             (a) General Rule. For the purpose of attacking the
             credibility of a witness,

             (1) evidence that a witness other than an accused has
             been convicted of a crime shall be admitted, subject to
             Rule 403, if the crime was punishable by death or
             imprisonment in excess of one year under the law under
             which the witness was convicted, and evidence that an
             accused has been convicted of such a crime shall be

7
  Armed robbery occurs when one commits robbery "while armed with a pistol,
dirk, slingshot, metal knuckles, razor, or other deadly weapon, or while alleging,
either by action or words, he was armed while using a representation of a deadly
weapon or any object which a person present . . . reasonably believed to be a
deadly weapon." S.C. Code Ann. § 16-11-330. Strong arm robbery is a common
law crime, which is defined as "the 'felonious or unlawful taking of money, goods,
or other personal property of any value from the person of another or in his
presence by violence or by putting such person in fear.'" State v. Gourdine, 322
S.C. 396, 398, 472 S.E.2d 241, 241 (1996) (quoting State v. Drayton, 293 S.C.
417, 361 S.E.2d 329, 335 (1987)).
             admitted if the court determines that the probative value
             of admitting this evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect
             to the accused; . . .

SCRE 609(a)(1). Regarding this rule, our supreme court has explained:

             [U]nder Rule 609(a)(1), when the accused chooses to
             testify during his trial, if the State seeks to introduce
             impeachment evidence that the accused has been
             convicted of a crime punishable by imprisonment for
             more than one year, the evidence is admissible if the
             State establishes the probative value of admitting the
             evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect upon the
             accused.

Robinson, 426 S.C. at 593, 828 S.E.2d at 210.

In State v. Colf, our supreme court adopted a five-factor test for trial courts to use
when weighing whether the probative value of evidence of a defendant's prior
convictions outweighs its prejudicial effect:

             1. The impeachment value of the prior crime.

             2. The point in time of the conviction and the witness's
             subsequent history.

             3. The similarity between the past crime and the charged
             crime.

             4. The importance of the defendant's testimony.

             5. The centrality of the credibility issue.

337 S.C. 622, 627, 525 S.E.2d 246, 248 (2000). "These factors are not exclusive;
trial courts should exercise their discretion in light of the facts and circumstances
of each particular case." Id.

"The starting point in the analysis is the degree to which the prior convictions have
probative value, meaning the tendency to prove the issue at hand—the witness's
propensity for truthfulness, or credibility." Robinson, 426 S.C. at 597–98, 828
S.E.2d at 212 (quoting State v. Black, 400 S.C. 10, 21, 732 S.E.2d 880, 886
(2012)). "The purpose of the impeachment is not to show the witness is a bad
person but rather to show background facts which impact the witness's credibility."
Id. at 598, 828 S.E.2d at 213.

In Robinson, the supreme court ultimately concluded the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in weighing the impeachment value of the defendant's prior
convictions:

             Even though Robinson's convictions for strong arm
             robbery and breaking and entering automobiles are not
             crimes involving dishonesty or false statement within the
             meaning of Rule 609(a)(2), that does not rule out the
             existence of impeachment value in each one of these
             prior offenses. The trial court observed, "Simply put,
             convictions for breaking into motor vehicles and
             strong-arm robbery don't imply that the accused was an
             armed burglar, as was alleged in this case, but they do
             imply that the accused is not someone to be trusted—that
             he might not be credible." It was within the trial court's
             discretion to conclude that because Robinson has prior
             convictions for such offenses, he legitimately might not
             be considered credible.

Id. at 599–600, 828 S.E.2d at 213–14.

In Petitioner's case, the PCR court explained:

             [Petitioner]'s allegation that Trial Counsel was ineffective
             for failing to request a Rule 609(A), SCRE, balancing
             test for his prior conviction for his prior conviction for
             strong armed robbery is meritless. [Petitioner]'s prior
             conviction was within the ten year period allowed under
             the rules of evidence, and its introduction at trial was not
             objectionable in any manner other than its potential
             prejudice as a similar offense with little probative value.
             However this Court finds Trial Counsel was not deficient
             and there can be no resulting prejudice from any alleged
             deficiency based on the overwhelming evidence against
             [Petitioner].
The PCR court recognized the trial court did not specifically articulate the basis for
its conclusion that Petitioner's prior conviction was admissible, stating, "It is
possible that the trial judge conducted the balancing test but did not specifically
explain each factor of the test for the record." We are unable to find support in the
record for the conclusion that the required balancing occurred because when the
trial court suggested Petitioner's 2011 strong armed robbery conviction was an
impeachable offense, trial counsel simply agreed and made no attempt to challenge
admissibility. Thus, the trial court did not conduct an on-the-record balancing,
presumably because trial counsel acquiesced to the admission of the prior similar
conviction. Although trial counsel later testified at the PCR hearing that he
generally would challenge the admissibility of such a conviction, he could not
explain why he failed to do so in Petitioner's case, which he admitted was a
swearing contest. Contra Smith v. State, 386 S.C. 562, 567, 689 S.E.2d 629, 632
(2010) ("[W]hen counsel articulates a valid reason for employing a certain
strategy, such conduct will not be deemed ineffective assistance of counsel.").

"The current state of the law does not mandate the trial court make an
on-the-record specific finding 'as long as the record reveals that the trial judge did
engage in a meaningful balancing of the probative value and the prejudicial effect
before admitting a non-609(a)(2) prior conviction under 609(a)(1).'" State v.
Elmore, 368 S.C. 230, 238–39, 628 S.E.2d 271, 275 (Ct. App. 2006) (quoting State
v. Scriven, 339 S.C. 333, 341, 529 S.E.2d 71, 75 (Ct. App. 2000)). However, "[a]n
on-the-record analysis is especially needed when undertaking a balancing that
involves a prior similar offense under Rule 609(a)(1)." Id. at 239, 628 S.E.2d at
275. "This is because the 'the danger of unfair prejudice to the defendant from
impeachment by that prior offense weighs against its admission.'" Id. (quoting
State v. Dunlap, 353 S.C. 539, 542, 579 S.E.2d 318, 320 (2003)); see also, Green
v. State, 338 S.C. 428, 434, 527 S.E.2d 98, 101 (2000) (finding trial counsel's
failure to argue the prejudicial effect of the convictions outweighed their probative
value constituted ineffective assistance of counsel and prejudiced the defendant).
"Indeed, the similarity of a prior crime to the crime charged heightens the
prejudicial value of the crime." Elmore, 368 S.C. at 239, 628 S.E.2d at 275.

Petitioner argues trial counsel provided ineffective assistance when he failed to
object to the prior conviction's admissibility because the conviction should have
been excluded under Rule 609 and Colf. The language of Elmore and Green,
supra, supports Petitioner's argument. While trial counsel may have believed the
court was inclined to admit Petitioner's strong arm robbery conviction for
impeachment purposes, this alone does not render his representation effective.
Without any objection—or even a request that the trial court perform the required
Rule 609(a) balancing—we cannot know whether the trial court would have
admitted the evidence for impeachment purposes. See, e.g., Robinson, 426 S.C. at
607, 828 S.E.2d at 217 ("In any given case involving the same indicted charges,
two different trial courts could examine the same prior conviction(s), evaluate the
same five Colf factors, and perhaps reach opposite conclusions as to the
admissibility of the prior convictions. In such an instance, it is conceivable that
under our standard of review, both trial courts would be affirmed. This is the
nature of our standard of review in Rule 609(a)(1) cases when a trial court weighs
the probative value of a prior conviction against its prejudicial effect."). In sum,
we find no evidence in the record to support the PCR court's finding that trial
counsel rendered reasonably effective assistance in merely acquiescing to the
admission of Petitioner's prior strong arm robbery conviction. If trial counsel had
objected or requested that the trial court perform the balancing test on the record,
this may have made a difference to the trial court's decision. Accordingly, the PCR
court erred in finding trial counsel's failure to object (or request a balancing
analysis) was not deficient performance.

II. Limiting Instruction

Petitioner next argues the PCR court erred in finding trial counsel provided
effective assistance where counsel failed to request a limiting instruction so the
trial court could inform the jury of the limited purpose for which a prior conviction
may be considered. In Petitioner's view, the lack of such instruction permitted the
jury to improperly consider the prior conviction as propensity evidence. We agree.

"Under our system of justice, a conviction must be based upon evidence of the
offense for which the accused is on trial rather than prior criminal or immoral
acts." State v. Gore, 283 S.C. 118, 120, 322 S.E.2d 12, 13 (1984). In State v.
Smalls, our supreme court explained, "where the evidence of other crimes is
admissible only to impeach an accused when he testifies, the court, particularly on
request, should instruct the jury that such evidence shall be considered by the jury
only on the question of the credibility of the accused, and not to show his guilt."
260 S.C. 44, 47, 194 S.E.2d 188, 189 (1973). There, the supreme court found the
trial judge's refusal of "a request to instruct the jury that evidence of [the
defendant's] prior criminal record could only be considered on the issue of his
credibility as a witness and not upon the question of his guilt" was prejudicial error
requiring a new trial. Id. at 46, 194 S.E.2d at 189. "Since the jurors were not so
instructed, they were free to consider the prior convictions for any purpose,
including the probability that [the defendant] committed the crime because he had
demonstrated a prior criminal tendency. This was highly prejudicial." Id. at 47–
48, 194 S.E.2d at 189–90.

In State v. Bryant, the trial court committed reversible error when it declined to
give a limiting instruction regarding Bryant's prior convictions for housebreaking,
conspiracy to commit burglary, and strong arm robbery, which were admitted for
impeachment purposes in his trial for distribution of crack cocaine. 307 S.C. 458,
459–61, 415 S.E.2d 806, 807–08 (1992). In reversing the conviction, the supreme
court noted a prior conviction does not need to be similar to the crime charged for
a defendant to be entitled to a limiting instruction but recognized "prejudice is even
more egregious in such cases." Id. at 461, 415 S.E.2d at 808.

Here, the jury heard Petitioner's testimony regarding his prior robbery conviction
not once but twice: during Petitioner's case-in-chief and again during deliberations
after the jury asked to rehear the testimonies of Petitioner and Zhang. In between,
the trial court charged the jury on kidnapping and armed robbery. 8 At no point did
the trial court provide—because trial counsel did not request—a limiting
instruction regarding the prior conviction. The similarity between Petitioner's prior
conviction for strong arm robbery and the armed robbery charge for which he was
on trial was highly prejudicial, particularly in the absence of a limiting instruction
addressing impeachment versus propensity. Thus, when we consider trial counsel's
failure to request a limiting instruction coupled with his failure to object to the
admissibility of the prior similar conviction in the first instance, we find the PCR
erred in finding trial counsel's performance was not deficient.

III.   Overwhelming Evidence and Prejudice

Relying on Smalls v. State, 9 Petitioner argues the PCR court erred in finding
overwhelming evidence of guilt where the jury deliberated for over five hours and
asked to rehear the testimony of Petitioner and Zhang; the jury said it was

8
 We acknowledge Petitioner's own testimony—that this was a drug deal gone
bad—illustrated for the jury that he was engaging in illegal activity.
9
  422 S.C. at 191, 810 S.E.2d at 845 (holding overwhelming evidence of guilt
precludes a finding of prejudice only where the evidence provides "something
conclusive, such as a confession, DNA evidence demonstrating guilt, or a
combination of physical and corroborating evidence so strong that the Strickland
standard of 'a reasonable probability . . . the factfinder would have had a reasonable
doubt' cannot possibly be met.").
deadlocked on one of the two charges, resulting in an Allen instruction; and trial
counsel admitted the case was a swearing match between Petitioner and Zhang.
We agree.

In Smalls, the State introduced eyewitness testimony identifying Smalls—who was
on trial for armed robbery—as the perpetrator, testimony from a police officer
reporting Smalls fled the scene of the crime, and fingerprint evidence establishing
Smalls handled the weapon used during the robbery. Id. at 179–80, 810 S.E.2d at
838–39. However, our supreme court held the eyewitness testimony and
fingerprint evidence were tainted by trial counsel's errors. Id. at 194–95, 810
S.E.2d at 847. The court explained, "the strength of the [State's] evidence must be
considered along with the specific impact of counsel's errors." Id. at 194, 810
S.E.2d at 846. In light of its finding that "Smalls's flight, which is marginally
probative and thus has little significance in our analysis[,]" the court determined
"the evidence that is not tainted by counsel's errors does not meet the standard for
overwhelming evidence we described in Franklin—'no reasonable possibility
[counsel's errors] contributed in any way to his convictions.'" Id. at 195, 810
S.E.2d at 847 (quoting Franklin v. Catoe, 346 S.C. 563, 574–75, 552 S.E.2d 718,
725 (2001)).

As to overwhelming evidence, the PCR court here summarized:

             At trial, the victim testified about the entire encounter.
             The police officer, who met the victim and [Petitioner] at
             the scene of the crime while it was happening and chased
             [Petitioner] down the street until he tackled and arrested
             him, also testified. The State introduced the knife, which
             [Petitioner] threw away from him as he was being
             chased, right before he was apprehended. Finally, the
             victim's wallet with his identification card was found in
             [Petitioner]'s front pocket as he was arrested and was
             introduced at trial. Accordingly, this Court finds any
             error in admitting this prior conviction had no prejudicial
             effect on the outcome of the trial and [Petitioner] cannot
             meet the second prong of the Strickland test.

In this case, the jury faced competing stories from Zhang and Petitioner—both of
whom provided at least arguable explanations for the actions of the parties and the
physical evidence Officer Judy retrieved at the scene. Zhang's testimony pointed
to an armed robbery and kidnapping, while Petitioner testified the encounter was a
drug deal gone bad complicated by a language barrier. Although Officer Judy
witnessed Petitioner exit Zhang's vehicle and flee after Zhang drove toward his
patrol car with a "very wild look on his face," Zhang and Petitioner were the only
witnesses able to testify as to what may have happened inside the car.

We are not convinced that the probative evidence in the record supports the PCR
court's finding of overwhelming evidence under the circumstances in this case.
Because Petitioner and Zhang were the only witnesses to their encounter in the
vehicle, we cannot say there "is no reasonable possibility [counsel's errors]
contributed in any way to [Petitioner's] convictions." Martin v. State, 427 S.C.
450, 456, 832 S.E.2d 277, 280 (2019) (quoting Smalls, 422 S.C. at 191, 810 S.E.2d
at 845). As evidenced by its request to rehear the testimonies of Zhang and
Petitioner, its initial deadlock on one count and need for an Allen charge, and its
inquiry about the possibility of a lesser included offense, the jury clearly struggled
with the evidence and with who was telling the truth. See, e.g., Martin, 427 S.C. at
457, 832 S.E.2d at 280 (noting that in Lounds v. State, 380 S.C. 454, 458–59, 463,
670 S.E.2d 646, 648, 651 (2008), the court found "a jury's questions during
deliberations—asking to rehear testimony and jury charges—indicated they were
struggling with several aspects of witnesses' accounts"). For these reasons, we find
erroneous the PCR court's overwhelming evidence and prejudice findings.

Conclusion

Accordingly, we reverse the PCR court's finding that trial counsel provided
effective assistance and remand this matter for a new trial.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

WILLIAMS, C.J., and, LOCKEMY, A.J., concur.