Court Opinion

ID: 4673909
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-01 22:57:49.592571+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:17.048219
License: Public Domain

MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT                                                     Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2020 ME 115
Docket:   Cum-18-445
Argued:   March 5, 2019
Reargued: July 15, 2020
Decided:  September 29, 2020
Revised:  April 1, 2021

Panel:       MEAD, JABAR, HUMPHREY, and HORTON, JJ., and HJELM, A.R.J.*
Majority:    MEAD, HUMPHREY, and HORTON, JJ., and HJELM, A.R.J.
Dissent:     JABAR, J.

                              ESTATE OF CAROL A. KENNELLY

                                                  v.

                                    MID COAST HOSPITAL

HUMPHREY, J.

       [¶1] In this appeal, arising in a medical malpractice case, we must decide

whether medical records of individuals who are not parties to these

proceedings, even when redacted to remove personally identifying

information, are protected from discovery by statutes providing for patient and

medical records privacy, 42 U.S.C.S. § 1320d-6 (LEXIS through Pub. L. No.

   * At the time that this case was originally argued, Chief Justice Saufley participated in the appeal,

but she resigned before this opinion was certified. Justices Alexander and Hjelm also participated in
the first argument, but they retired before this opinion was certified. Justice Hjelm is now
participating in this appeal as an Active Retired Justice. This appeal has since been reargued, and the
panel now includes Justice Horton.
2

116-158); 22 M.R.S. § 1711-C (2020),1 or the physician-patient privilege, M.R.

Civ. P. 26(b)(1); M.R. Evid. 503(a)(1)(A), (a)(2)(A), (b).

        [¶2] Mid Coast Hospital (MCH) appeals from an order entered by the

Superior Court (Cumberland County, L. Walker, J.) compelling discovery of

(1) the redacted medical records of fifty MCH patients who are not parties to

these proceedings and (2) the personnel file of Dr. Mia Marietta, a former

employee of MCH who performed the surgery at issue in this case.2 MCH argues

that these records are not subject to discovery because they are not relevant,

they are protected under state and federal law, and they are privileged under

the Maine Rules of Evidence. See 42 U.S.C.S. § 1320d-6; 22 M.R.S. § 1711-C(2);

M.R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1); M.R. Evid. 503. The Estate of Carol A. Kennelly (“the

Estate”)3 argues that the appeal is interlocutory because it does not satisfy any

    1 Although references to Title 18-A in 22 M.R.S. § 1711-C have now been updated to reference
Title 18-C, these amendments are immaterial to the issues on appeal, and in all other respects the
statute now in effect is identical to that which the court construed in this matter. See P.L. 2017,
ch. 402, §§ C-44, F-1 (effective Sept. 1, 2019 pursuant to P.L. 2019, ch. 417, § B-14) (codified at
22 M.R.S. § 1711-C (2020)). We cite the current statute throughout this opinion.
    2 MCH originally also appealed the trial court’s order compelling production of documents
relating to Dr. Marietta’s training and continuing education and of an audit trail of her entries in a
patient’s electronic medical records. MCH later agreed to produce these materials, however, and
therefore is no longer challenging those portions of the court’s order.
    3Kennelly died in November 2018, while this appeal was pending. We granted the plaintiff’s
motion to substitute her estate as the plaintiff in this action. Accordingly, all references to the
proceedings in this action refer to “the Estate.” There is no suggestion in the record that Kennelly’s
death was related to the medical procedure at issue.
                                                                                 3

of the exceptions to the final judgment rule and that the records at issue are

discoverable. We conclude that MCH’s appeal from the portion of the order

compelling production of the personnel file is interlocutory and does not fall

within any of the exceptions to the final judgment rule, but we reach the merits

of MCH’s appeal from the court’s order compelling discovery of the fifty

nonparty patient records, and we vacate that part of the order.

                                I. BACKGROUND

      [¶3] The pertinent facts are largely procedural and are drawn from the

trial court record, which includes discovery materials already produced.

See Doe v. McLean, 2020 ME 40, ¶ 2, 228 A.3d 1080. On September 2, 2015,

Dr. Marietta performed a laparoscopic cholecystectomy—a gallbladder

removal—on Carol A. Kennelly at MCH in Brunswick. The Estate alleges that

Dr. Marietta, who is not a party to this action, negligently cut the incorrect duct

during the procedure, causing bile to leak into Kennelly’s abdomen, which

required surgical repair, an extended recovery, and other medical treatments.

The Estate further alleges that MCH is vicariously liable as Dr. Marietta’s

employer.

      [¶4] In November 2016, the Estate filed a notice of claim of medical

malpractice against MCH, and the parties proceeded through the prelitigation
4

screening panel process.      See 24 M.R.S. § 2853(1) (2020); M.R. Civ. P.

80M(b)(1). After the prelitigation screening process concluded without the

parties reaching a settlement, the Estate filed a complaint in 2018 alleging

medical malpractice. See 24 M.R.S. § 2903 (2020).

      [¶5] The Estate alleges that MCH breached its duty to Kennelly when

Dr. Marietta performed the surgery in a manner that violated the appropriate

standard of care. It contends that the standard of care in this procedure is called

the Critical View of Safety (CVS). According to the Estate, MCH’s expert testified

before the screening panel that, although CVS is the safest way to perform this

procedure and is the standard of care in major cities, “a surgeon in Maine is

within the standard of care as long as [the surgeon] use[s] an approach that [the

surgeon] feel[s] comfortable with.” Dr. Marietta testified in a deposition that

she performs roughly 200 surgeries per year, the majority of which are

laparoscopic cholecystectomies, and that she does not use the phrase “critical

view of safety” because she believes the term is unclear, and prefers instead to

describe the specific steps she takes in a procedure.

      [¶6] The Estate requested, and later filed a motion to compel the

production of, Dr. Marietta’s operative notes, with certain redactions, for the

twenty-five gallbladder removal surgeries she performed on nonparty patients
                                                                                              5

before Kennelly’s surgery and the twenty-five gallbladder removal surgeries

she performed on nonparty patients after Kennelly’s surgery.4

       [¶7] MCH objected to the production of the operative notes, arguing that

the notes were privileged, confidential, and protected by state and federal law;

that the request was not reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of

admissible evidence; and that the notes would be unduly burdensome to

produce. The Estate argued that the redacted operative notes were relevant to

determine whether Dr. Marietta had followed her standard practice during

Kennelly’s surgery and that production of those records would not violate

privilege or confidentiality requirements.

       [¶8] By written order entered on October 15, 2018, the Superior Court

granted the Estate’s motion to compel discovery and ordered MCH to produce,

subject to redaction, Dr. Marietta’s operative notes from the twenty-five

nonparty surgeries she performed before Kennelly’s procedure and the

twenty-five she performed after it. The court ordered that the records be

redacted and produced as follows:

       Each redacted record shall include only the year of the surgery, the
       name of the surgeon (Dr. Marietta), the name of the procedure, and

  4  The Estate initially requested records from the fifty procedures performed before and fifty
procedures performed after Kennelly’s surgery, but later reduced the number of records it was
requesting.
6

        a portion of the section labeled “operative procedure” (i.e., all
        information other than the year, the name of the surgeon, the name
        of the procedure, and a portion of the “operative procedure” will be
        redacted). The “operative procedure” section shall be provided
        only to the point in the surgery where the gallbladder was
        removed. To the extent there is any identifying information, (e.g.,
        name, date of birth, age, sex, race) in the “operative procedure”
        section, such information shall also be redacted. The [c]ourt is
        satisfied that these significantly redacted records will not identify
        any non-parties and that their identification will not be able to be
        discerned from the records or otherwise.

                ....

              . . . [A]ll records produced by this Order shall be used by
        Plaintiff solely for the purpose of prosecuting her claim before the
        court. Plaintiff’s counsel shall not attempt to identify persons
        whose identities have been redacted and shall not provide copies
        to anyone, other than expert witnesses in the case.

(Emphasis in original.)

        [¶9]    MCH did not produce the requested materials but rather, on

November 5, 2018, filed a notice of appeal from the discovery order. The Estate

filed motions to dismiss the appeal as interlocutory and to supplement the

record with certain materials. We denied both of the Estate’s motions but

ordered that the appellate justiciability of the issues raised would be addressed

with the merits of the appeal.5

   5 On this issue, we conclude that as to the medical records of nonparty patients, which may be

subject to the physician-patient privilege, the death knell exception to the final judgment rule applies,
and we proceed to address all issues pertaining to those records. See Harris Mgmt., Inc. v. Coulombe,
2016 ME 166, ¶ 11 n.3, 151 A.3d 7; see also M.R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). The appeal from the order
                                                                                                  7

                                        II. DISCUSSION

       [¶10]      On appeal, MCH challenges the court’s order compelling

production of the fifty nonparty operative notes. Much as it did before the trial

court, MCH argues here that no portion of the nonparty medical records is

discoverable because the records are not relevant, see M.R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1), and

are protected by both state and federal privacy laws, see 22 M.R.S. § 1711-C(2);

42 U.S.C.S. § 1320d-6, and the physician-patient privilege, see M.R. Evid. 503.

MCH asserts that the court therefore abused its discretion by ordering it to

produce the requested material.

A.     Relevance

       [¶11] MCH first argues that the court abused its discretion by ordering

production of the operative notes because the way Dr. Marietta performed

nonparty surgeries has no bearing on whether she breached her duty of care to

Kennelly. The trial court found that the Estate’s discovery request was “[m]ore

than a mere fishing expedition for irrelevant surgical errors in other surgeries”

and sought “to better establish what procedures would be consistent with the

compelling production of the personnel file does not, however, fall within an exception to the final
judgment rule because 26 M.R.S. § 631 (2020) does not create a privilege that could protect a
document from discovery. See M.R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1) (allowing the discovery of “any matter, not
privileged”); Pinkham v. Dep’t of Transp., 2016 ME 74, ¶¶ 12-13, 139 A.3d 904.
8

applicable standard of care and whether the procedure Dr. Marietta used in

[Kennelly]’s surgery breached that standard.” We agree but only as to the

surgical procedures preceding Kennelly’s.

      [¶12] We review for clear error the court’s determination that the

nonparty operative notes are relevant.       See Pinkham v. Dep’t of Transp.,

2016 ME 74, ¶ 17, 139 A.3d 904. Pursuant to M.R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1), a party “may

obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the

subject matter involved in the pending action, whether it relates to the claim or

defense of the party seeking discovery or to the claim or defense of any other

party.” The scope of discoverable materials at this stage in the proceedings is

broader than the scope of relevant evidence at trial. Compare id. (“It is not

ground for objection that the information sought will be inadmissible at the

trial if the information sought appears reasonably calculated to lead to the

discovery of admissible evidence.” (emphasis added)) with M.R. Evid. 401

(“Evidence is relevant if: [i]t has any tendency to make a fact more or less

probable than it would be without the evidence; and [t]he fact is of consequence

in determining the action.” (emphasis added)). Therefore, the issue presented

to the trial court was whether the nonparty operative notes were either

relevant to the standard of care Dr. Marietta owed Kennelly or reasonably
                                                                              9

calculated to lead to the discovery of “admissible evidence,” which must itself

be relevant. M.R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1); see M.R. Evid. 401, 402.

      [¶13] The Estate renews on appeal its argument that operative notes

from surgeries performed on nonparties both before and after Kennelly’s

procedure are relevant to establishing or are reasonably calculated to lead to

admissible evidence regarding (1) the standard of care to which Dr. Marietta

should have adhered, and (2) whether Dr. Marietta had knowledge of and

experience using the CVS technique. The Estate’s argument may be persuasive

with regard to the surgeries Dr. Marietta performed before Kennelly’s

procedure, but it fails as to those performed after Kennelly’s procedure.

      [¶14]   Unlike the surgical techniques used by Dr. Marietta before

Kennelly’s surgery, those used afterward have no bearing on whether

Dr. Marietta had used or had been aware of the CVS technique at the time she

performed the gallbladder procedure on Kennelly or whether during Kennelly’s

procedure she had used, as an alternative to CVS, a technique with which she

was “comfortable.” Therefore, the operative notes for surgeries performed

after Dr. Marietta operated on Kennelly are unlikely to lead to the discovery of
10

admissible evidence and are therefore not discoverable. M.R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1).

The court committed clear error, and we vacate that part of the court’s order.6

         [¶15] We turn to the question of whether the operative notes from

procedures before Kennelly’s surgery, although relevant, are protected from

discovery by statutory law or the physician-patient privilege.

B.       State and Federal Statutory Prohibitions

         [¶16] MCH argues that the nonparty operative notes are protected from

discovery by the Maine statute providing for confidentiality of health care

information, 22 M.R.S. § 1711-C(2), and the federal Health Insurance Portability

and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 42 U.S.C.S. § 1320d-6. We review de novo

whether either statute prevents disclosure of the nonparty operative notes. See

SAD 3 Educ. Ass’n v. RSU 3 Bd. of Dirs., 2018 ME 29, ¶ 14, 180 A.3d 125.

         [¶17]    In general, both the Maine statute and HIPAA prohibit the

disclosure of individually identifiable health care information;7 however, each

     Even if the notes from these later procedures were relevant or reasonably calculated to lead to
     6

the discovery of admissible evidence, they would be protected from disclosure for the same reasons,
discussed below, that the notes from the surgeries preceding Kennelly’s were privileged and
therefore not discoverable.
   7 The health care information protected by Maine’s statute and HIPAA is, specifically, information

that identifies the patient. See 22 M.R.S. § 1711-C(1)(E), (2) (2020); 42 U.S.C.S. § 1320d-6 (LEXIS
through Pub. L. No. 116-91); see also 45 C.F.R. § 164.514(a) (2020) (“Health information that does
not identify an individual and with respect to which there is no reasonable basis to believe that the
information can be used to identify an individual is not individually identifiable health information.”).
                                                                                                   11

statute also contains an exception permitting disclosure of health care

information pursuant to a court order.8                   See 22 M.R.S. § 1711-C(6)(F-1);

45 C.F.R. § 164.512(e) (2020). Thus, the trial court correctly determined that,

despite substantial protection under state and federal laws, “neither the [Maine

statute] nor HIPAA absolutely bars the disclosure of medical records” because

each permits disclosure by the custodian of the records if they do not identify

the patient or if disclosure is directed by a court order.

       [¶18] However, neither the Maine statute nor HIPAA addresses the

circumstances under which a court may order the disclosure of a nonparty

patient’s operative notes. These statutes speak in terms of confidentiality

rather than privileges that protect records from disclosure through discovery

pursuant to Rule 26(b)(1).               Absent provisions specifically declaring an

individual’s health care information privileged, the statutes do not directly

   8    The regulations implementing HIPAA plainly contemplate that confidential medical records may
be disclosed pursuant to a court order in the context of litigation. For example, “[a] covered entity
may disclose protected health information in the course of any judicial or administrative proceeding
. . . in response to an order of a court,” 45 C.F.R. § 164.512(e) (2020) (emphasis added), without
violating HIPAA’s confidentiality protections and without leading to the penalties created in
42 U.S.C.S. § 1320d-6.

   Title 22 M.R.S. § 1171-C similarly provides that “[a]n individual’s health care information is
confidential and may not be disclosed other than to the individual by the health care practitioner or
facility except as provided in subsection 3, 3-A, 3-B, 6 or 11.” 22 M.R.S. § 1711-C(2). Subsection 6
lays out a list of exceptions to that general rule, one of which is that a health care practitioner or
facility covered by section 1171-C may disclose confidential health care information “[a]s directed by
order of a court or as authorized or required by statute.” 22 M.R.S. § 1711-C(6)(F-1) (2020).
12

address the judicial analysis of privilege in the context of discovery or the trial

court’s authority to order the disclosure of nonparty medical records. See M.R.

Evid. 503 (physician-patient privilege); M.R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1) (permitting

discovery of materials “not privileged”); see also Pinkham, 2016 ME 74, ¶¶ 10,

13, 139 A.3d 904 (distinguishing confidentiality and privilege); Burka v. U.S.

Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 87 F.3d 508, 518 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (stating that

privileged information is “presumptively not discoverable”).

      [¶19] Thus, we turn to the question of whether the operative notes

sought in this case are categorically protected by the physician-patient

privilege such that a court may not order their disclosure without a waiver of

the privilege by the nonparty patient, or whether they may be redacted to an

extent that the privilege no longer applies.

C.    Privilege

      [¶20] MCH contends that the nonparty records are protected from

discovery by the physician-patient privilege and that, in the absence of a waiver

by the nonparty patient, no redaction can abrogate that privilege. See M.R.

Civ. P. 26(b)(1); M.R. Evid. P. 503. We review de novo the “nature and scope”

of the physician-patient privilege.       See Dubois v. Dep’t of Env’t. Prot.,

2017 ME 224, ¶ 13, 174 A.3d 314.
                                                                                  13

        [¶21] It is well established that “discovery is not a limitless mechanism

to obtain information.” Pinkham, 2016 ME 74, ¶ 13, 139 A.3d 904. Privileged

information, although often relevant, is “neither discoverable nor admissible at

trial.” Id.; see also M.R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). “Rules of privilege are designed to keep

out some portion of the truth in order to foster relationships that as a matter of

social policy are deemed to deserve protection.”           Field & Murray, Maine

Evidence § 501.1 at 206 (6th ed. 2007). One such privilege, found in Maine Rule

of Evidence 503, protects confidential communications between a patient and

the patient’s physician.

        1.    The Physician-Patient Privilege in Maine

        [¶22] There was no physician-patient privilege at common law. The

privilege was first adopted in Maine by statute, which provided, in pertinent

part:

              Except at the request of, or with the consent of, the patient,
        no duly licensed physician shall be required to testify in any civil or
        criminal action . . . respecting any information which he may have
        acquired in attending, examining or treating the patient in a
        professional capacity if such information was necessary to enable
        him to furnish professional care to the patient. . . .

              Nothing in this section shall prohibit disclosure by a
        physician of information concerning a patient when such
        disclosure is required by law.
14

32 M.R.S.A. § 3295 (Supp. 1973).9 In 1976, when we first promulgated the

Maine Rules of Evidence in our capacity as the Supreme Judicial Court, we

included a rule specifically adopting the physician-patient privilege because we

considered the statutory privilege in section 3295 to be “a dubious protection

to the confidentiality of the relationship [between physician and patient], since

disclosure would be required when a court in the exercise of sound discretion

deem[ed] such disclosure necessary to the proper administration of justice.”

M.R. Evid. 503 Advisers’ Note to former M.R. Evid. 503 (Feb. 2, 1976) (quotation

marks omitted); see also Field & Murray, Maine Evidence § 503.1 at 225. The

Rule was intended to provide what the statutory privilege could not: “clear

assurance to the patient . . . before the communication was made that it would

not be ordered to be disclosed.”10 M.R. Evid. 503 Advisers’ Note to former M.R.

Evid. 503 (Feb. 2, 1976).                  Rule 503 is currently the only source of the

physician-patient privilege in Maine.

            [¶23] Rule 503 provides that “[a] patient has a privilege to refuse to

disclose, and to prevent any other person from disclosing, confidential

     9    Title 32 M.R.S.A. § 3295 was repealed by P.L. 1977, ch. 564, § 123 (effective July 23, 1977).

      The physician-patient privilege is not absolute. See M.R. Evid. 503(e) (providing exceptions not
     10

applicable to this appeal).
                                                                            15

communications made for the purpose of diagnosing or treating the patient’s

physical, mental, or emotional condition, including alcohol or drug addiction.”

M.R. Evid. 503(b) (emphasis added). Subject to several exceptions listed in

Rule 503(e), none of which is applicable here, the Rule specifically protects

confidential communications “between or among” the patient; the patient’s

“health care professional, mental health professional, or licensed counseling

professional”; and “[t]hose who were participating in the diagnosis or

treatment at the direction of the health care, mental health, or licensed

counseling professional.” M.R. Evid. 503(b).

      [¶24] Whereas Maine’s confidentiality statute protects “health care

information,” 22 M.R.S. § 1711-C(1)(E), (2), and HIPAA protects “individually

identifiable health information,” 42 U.S.C.S. § 1320d-6(a), Rule 503 protects

“confidential communications.” Both the state and federal statutes permit

disclosure when certain information is redacted or withheld. See 22 M.R.S.

§ 1711-C(1)(E), (2); 42 U.S.C.S. § 1320d-6. On the other hand, Rule 503 by its

plain terms does not provide that redaction of discrete pieces of information

conveyed as part of a confidential communication will remove the entire

communication from the privilege’s protection.          See Wipf v. Altstiel,

888 N.W.2d 790, 796-98 (S.D. 2016) (Gilbertson, C.J., dissenting) (“Simply put,
16

. . . a patient medical record is a confidential communication, regardless of the

information it contains.”); In re Columbia Valley Reg’l Med. Ctr., 41 S.W.3d 797,

800-02 (Tex. App. 2001).             Thus, in this context, the terms “confidential

communication” and “information” are closely related, but they are not

synonymous.

          [¶25] The privilege available under Rule 503 belongs to the patient, but

it may also be claimed on behalf of the patient by the patient’s guardian,

conservator, or personal representative.                 See M.R. Evid. 503(d)(1); Field

& Murray, Maine Evidence § 503.3 at 227.                        Additionally, “[t]here is a

presumption that the person who was the health care, mental health, or

licensed counseling professional at the time of the communication in question

has authority to claim the privilege on behalf of the patient.” M.R. Evid.

503(d)(2). A “health care professional” is “[a] person authorized to practice as

a physician; [a] licensed physician’s assistant; or [a] licensed nurse

practitioner.” M.R. Evid. 503(a)(2).

          [¶26] Under this definition, a hospital or medical facility, such as MCH, is

not considered a health care professional and cannot claim the privilege on

behalf of the patient.11 See id.; see also State v. Moody, 486 A.2d 122, 124

      In contrast, Maine’s confidentiality statute defines a “health care practitioner” as “a person
     11

licensed by this State to provide or otherwise lawfully providing health care or a partnership or
                                                                                                    17

(Me. 1984) (holding that the State could not claim the privilege on behalf of a

patient).12 However, none of the individuals who are authorized to claim the

privilege on behalf of the patient under Rule 503(d) has the capacity to waive

the privilege; that right belongs to the patient alone. See Seider v. Bd. of Exam’rs

of Psychs., 2000 ME 206, ¶¶ 17, 20, 762 A.2d 551; see also Dorris v. Detroit

Osteopathic Hosp. Corp., 594 N.W.2d 455, 459 (Mich. 1999).

       [¶27] In this case, although MCH did not claim the physician-patient

privilege on behalf of the nonparty patients—and could not have done so, see

M.R. Evid. 503(d)—it did object to the Estate’s discovery request on the ground

that the medical records sought by the Estate are privileged.                              See M.R.

Civ. P. 26(b)(1) (“Parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not

privileged . . . .”) (emphasis added). In precluding the discovery of matter that

is privileged, Rule 26(b)(1) does not require that the party objecting to the

discovery request be the holder of the privilege. Because the physician-patient

corporation made up of those persons or an officer, employee, agent or contractor of that person acting
in the course and scope of employment, agency, or contract related to or supportive of the provision
of health care to individuals.” 22 M.R.S. § 1711-C(1)(F) (emphasis added).
   12 In State v. Moody, 486 A.2d 122, 124 (Me. 1984), although not parties to the action, the minor

patient, her family, and her physician were present and involved with the case and had the
opportunity to assert the physician-patient privilege but did not do so. In the case before us, the
nonparty patients have not been present or involved, likely do not even know that their medical
records are being sought, and have had no opportunity to assert the privilege.
18

privilege “continues indefinitely, and can be waived by no one but the patient,”

it is proper for a party to object to discovery if the materials requested in

discovery contain such privileged communications. Dorris, 594 N.W.2d at 459

(quotation marks omitted). It is on this basis that we consider whether the

operative notes sought in this medical malpractice case are protected by the

physician-patient privilege even in the absence of the nonparty patients’

presence in the case to claim it.

      [¶28] The nonparty patients whose medical records are at issue here are

likely unaware that the court has issued an order compelling production of

their records. See M.R. Evid. 511(b) (“A privilege is not waived by a disclosure

that was . . . [m]ade without opportunity to claim the privilege.”). To compel

MCH to produce the medical records of these nonparty patients would deprive

them of the protection of their communications with their healthcare

professionals provided by the privilege simply because their common doctor,

Dr. Marietta, has not been joined as a defendant and the hospital cannot claim

the privilege under Rule 503(d). A patient’s medical records are no less

privileged simply because the patient is unaware of the prospect of disclosure

and, therefore, unable to assert or waive the privilege, and none of the other

individuals with the authority to assert the privilege has been made a party to
                                                                               19

the suit. See M.R. Evid. 503(b), 511(b); see also Tucson Med. Ctr. v. Rowles,

520 P.2d 518, 523 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1974); Meier v. Awaad, 832 N.W.2d 251, 260

(Mich. Ct. App. 2013). Therefore, at least in these circumstances, when neither

the patient nor the physician is a party to the case, we consider the privilege to

exist and not to have been waived. See M.R. Evid. 511(b); cf. Tucson Med. Ctr. v.

Misevch, 545 P.2d 958, 961 (Ariz. 1976) (“[W]hen neither the physician nor the

patient has an interest in the proceedings, the hospital has standing to assert

the privilege to protect the absent patient.”). We therefore conclude that the

unredacted patient records are privileged and not discoverable. See M.R. Civ. P.

26(b)(1).

      [¶29] We next consider whether the nonparty medical records, when

redacted of all personally identifying information, are protected by the

physician-patient privilege.

      2.    Scope of the Privilege: Confidentiality and Redaction

      [¶30] Rule 503—the patient privilege rule—protects from disclosure

“confidential communications.” M.R. Evid. 503(b). Specifically, the patient’s

privilege is “to refuse to disclose, and to prevent any other person from

disclosing, confidential communications made for the purpose of diagnosing or

treating the patient’s physical, mental, or emotional condition.”            M.R.
20

Evid. 503(b) (emphasis added). Pursuant to Rule 503(a)(5), for purposes of the

privilege rule,

      A communication is “confidential” if it was not intended to be
      disclosed to any third persons, other than:

             (A)   Those who were present to further the interests of the
                   patient in the consultation, examination, or interview;

             (B)   Those who were reasonably necessary to make the
                   communication; or

             (C)   Those who are participating in the diagnosis and/or
                   treatment under the direction of the . . . professional.
                   This includes members of the patient’s family.

(Emphasis added.) Although Rule 503 does not define “communication,” other

courts have held that, in the context of the physician-patient privilege,

communication includes all information conveyed verbally between a patient

and a physician as well as information and knowledge gained by the physician

through observation and examination of the patient. See State v. Comeaux,

818 S.W.2d 46, 54-56 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (Campbell, J., concurring)

(collecting cases); see also State v. Schroeder, 524 N.W.2d 837, 839-42

(N.D. 1994); Williams v. City of Gallup, 421 P.2d 804, 808 (N.M. 1966) (stating

that “information obtained through observation or examination of the patient

includes all inferences and conclusions drawn therefrom”). But whether a

communication is confidential, and therefore privileged, does not depend on
                                                                              21

the particular content of the communication or the specific kind of information

involved; instead, whether a communication benefits from the protections

afforded by Rule 503 hinges on the intention of the patient and his or her health

care professional—whether the patient intended the communication “to be

disclosed to any third persons.” M.R. Evid. 503(a)(5); see also Wipf, 888 N.W.2d

at 796-98 (Gilbertson, C.J., dissenting) (positing that redaction cannot “remove

the ‘confidential’ quality of a communication” because redaction cannot “create

a ‘fixed purpose’ in the mind of the patient to disclose the communication,” and

therefore a medical record remains “confidential as long as the patient does not

intend to disseminate it, regardless of whether it has been redacted”); In re

Columbia Valley Reg’l Med. Ctr., 41 S.W.3d at 800-03 (analogizing the

physician-patient privilege to the attorney-client privilege and observing that

in the attorney-client context a trial court may not redact information covered

by the privilege while permitting disclosure of the rest of the document once it

has been established that the document contains a confidential communication

because the privilege extends to the entire document, and therefore “redaction

of any or all privileged portions of the nonparty medical records does not defeat

the privilege”); Field & Murray, Maine Evidence § 503.2 at 226.
22

          [¶31] One of the primary questions presented by this appeal is whether

the nonparty operative notes remain confidential, and therefore privileged,

once personally identifying information is redacted—assuming that the

redaction can be accomplished in a way that would produce information that is

relevant or reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible

evidence. See infra n.18. Because this is an issue of first impression in Maine,13

we consider the approaches of other states that have grappled with the

disclosure of redacted nonparty medical records and the privacy concerns

implicated.

          [¶32] The states are split as to whether, and to what extent, redacting

personally identifying patient information de-identifies nonparty medical

records sufficiently to remove the records from the ambit of the

physician-patient privilege. However, there is general agreement among the

states that certain personally identifying information—such as a patient’s name

and address—is absolutely protected by the physician-patient privilege and is

not discoverable under any circumstances.14

     This issue was presented in McCain v. Vanadia, 2018 ME 118, ¶ 16, 191 A.3d 1174; however,
     13

because we held the appeal moot, we did not consider the case on the merits.
   14 See e.g., In re Fink, 876 F.2d 84, 85 (11th Cir. 1989) (applying Florida law to prevent disclosure

of the names and addresses of a particular doctor’s patients who had undergone a particular
procedure during a specified time); Bennett v. Fieser, 152 F.R.D. 641, 643-44 (D. Kan. 1994) (allowing
discovery of nonparty medical records pursuant to a Kansas privilege statute where “the patient’s
                                                                                                     23

       [¶33] In a majority of states that have addressed the issue, once such

identifying information has been redacted, the physician-patient privilege no

longer protects nonparty medical records from disclosure.15 In other states,

redaction of a nonparty’s personally identifying information is deemed

insufficient to protect the nonparty’s privacy interests, so that the

physician-patient privilege continues to prevent the disclosure of all portions

of nonparty patient records even when the records have been significantly

name and other identifying information [are] deleted from the records,” and “the parties and counsel
. . . [were ordered to] make no effort to learn the identity of the patient or attempt to contact the
patient”); Ex parte Mack, 461 So. 2d 799, 800-01 (Ala. 1984) (preventing disclosure of patients’
names and addresses in an action against a clinic and physician alleging negligent performance of an
abortion); Marcus v. Superior Ct., 95 Cal. Rptr. 545, 546 (Cal. Ct. App. 1971) (preventing disclosure of
the names and addresses of certain patients who had received the same medical test as the plaintiff);
Meier v. Awaad, 832 N.W.2d 251, 254, 259-60 (Mich. Ct. App. 2013) (preventing the disclosure of the
names and addresses of nonparty patients).

    15 See e.g., Cochran v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 909 F. Supp. 641, 645 (W.D. Ark. 1995)

(applying Arkansas law and ordering the defendant hospital to release medication incident reports
with patient names omitted, and denying the defendant’s request to further redact “the name and
title of the person discovering the incident, the name of the physician, the signature and title of the
person involved in the incident, the section entitled analysis of the medication incident, the comment
section, and the name of the department manager”); Ziegler v. Superior Ct., 656 P.2d 1251, 1254-56
(Ariz. Ct. App. 1982) (ordering discovery of nonparty medical records provided that the “name,
address, marital status and occupation or employment” and “[a]ny additional information that would
tend to identify the patient . . . except for age, sex and race” were removed (quotation marks
omitted)); Amente v. Newman, 653 So. 2d 1030, 1032-33 (Fla. 1995) (ordering the discovery of
nonparty medical records where identifying information—names and addresses—is removed, but
providing for additional procedural safeguards if the trial court is not satisfied that redaction alone
is sufficient to protect nonparty privacy); Terre Haute Reg’l Hosp., Inc. v. Trueblood, 600 N.E.2d 1358,
1361-62 (Ind. 1992) (allowing the production of unredacted nonparty medical records where there
are “adequate safeguards to protect the identity of the non-party patients,” including requiring the
plaintiff’s attorney and expert to sign a confidential protective order and requiring leave of court to
copy inspected records, which must be redacted to remove patient information); Wipf v. Altstiel,
888 N.W.2d 790, 794-95 (S.D. 2016) (holding that “anonymous, nonidentifying medical information
is not privileged per se” because “there is no patient once the information is redacted”).
24

redacted.16 We determine that the nonparty privacy interests at stake are best

served by the latter approach and that the physician-patient privilege of

Rule 503 protects the entirety of privileged medical records.

          [¶34]      The      physician-patient         privilege      protects      “confidential

communications made for the purpose of diagnosing or treating the patient’s

physical, mental, or emotional condition, including alcohol or drug addiction.”

M.R. Evid. 503(b). The privilege represents an acknowledgement that the

potential evidentiary value of patient information is outweighed by the benefit

and critical importance of encouraging a trusting relationship between patient

and physician vital for full and effective treatment. “This out-of-court

[relationship] is affected by giving assurance that the recipient of a confidence

      See People ex rel. Dep’t of Pro. Regul. v. Manos, 782 N.E.2d 237, 244-47 (Ill. 2002) (concluding
     16

that disclosing records after “merely deleting the patient names and other identifying information
from patient records would violate the physician-patient privilege”); Parkson v. Cent. DuPage Hosp.,
435 N.E.2d 140, 143-44 (Ill. App. Ct. 1982) (denying a discovery request for redacted nonparty
medical records after the court concluded that redaction would not sufficiently protect the patients’
expectation of privacy when they disclosed “prior and present medical conditions” to their doctors);
Meier, 832 N.W.2d at 259 (observing that under Michigan law, the physician-patient privilege is an
“absolute bar” that prohibits unauthorized disclosure of nonparty medical records, even when the
patient’s identity and other personal information are redacted); Roe v. Planned Parenthood Sw. Ohio
Region, 912 N.E.2d 61, 71 (Ohio 2009) (concluding that “[r]edaction of personal information . . . does
not divest the privileged status of confidential records”); Buckman v. Verazin, 54 A.3d 956, 964
(Pa. Super. Ct. 2012) (denying a discovery request for nonparty surgical records where the nonparty
patients had not consented to the disclosure of their records); see also Ortiz v. Ikeda,
No. 99C-10-032-JTV, 2001 Del. Super. LEXIS 193, at *4-5 (Del. Super. Ct. Mar. 26, 2001) (denying a
discovery request for redacted nonparty medical records—even if subsequently sealed—because
none of the nonparties waived the privilege and the court was “not persuaded that redaction of
names adequately protects a patient’s legitimate expectation of privacy”).
                                                                                          25

will not be required to disclose it.” Field & Murray, Maine Evidence § 501.1

at 206. Therefore, to foster this relationship, “it is necessary to secure the

patient from disclosure in court of potentially embarrassing private details

concerning health and bodily condition.” 1 Robert P. Mosteller, McCormick on

Evidence § 98 at 692 (8th ed. 2020).

       [¶35] The United States Supreme Court considered such public policy

objectives and the balance of privacy concerns and evidentiary interests when

it sanctioned the use of the psychotherapist privilege in federal litigation.17

See generally Jaffee v. Redmond, 518 U.S. 1 (1996). There, the Court opined that

“the psychotherapist-patient privilege is rooted in the imperative need for

confidence and trust” and that “the mere possibility of disclosure [of

confidential communications] may impede development of the confidential

relationship necessary for successful treatment.” Id. at 10 (quotation marks

omitted). The Court made clear that the likely evidentiary benefit that would

result from the disclosure of such sensitive personal information is modest

when compared with the significant interest of the patient in seeking and the

public in “facilitating the provision of appropriate treatment.” Id. at 11.

  17  Rule 503 includes provisions protecting communications made during the course of mental
health and counseling treatment. M.R. Evid. 503(a)(1)(B)-(C), (b).
26

      [¶36] Several states have applied this same reasoning when considering

the scope of the physician-patient privilege as it pertains to redacted nonparty

medical records. For example, in Roe v. Planned Parenthood Southwest Ohio

Region, 912 N.E.2d 61, 71 (Ohio 2009), the Supreme Court of Ohio concluded

that “[r]edaction of personal information . . . does not divest the privileged

status of confidential [medical] records.” In that case, the parents of a minor

who received an abortion at a Planned Parenthood facility sought the medical

records of nonparties—many of whom were also minors—in a civil action for

damages. Id. at 64-65. The parents did not dispute that the records were

confidential and contained privileged information; however, they argued that

redaction of the patients’ personally identifying information removed the

confidential and privileged status of the records. Id. at 67. Over Planned

Parenthood’s objection and motion for a protective order, the trial court

ordered Planned Parenthood to turn over the medical records but specifically

ordered that “all patient-identifying information [be] redacted from the records

produced.” Id. at 66. The Ohio Supreme Court, affirming the appellate court’s

reversal of the trial court’s order compelling discovery, held that “[r]edaction

is merely a tool that a court may use to safeguard the personal, identifying

information within confidential records that have become subject to disclosure
                                                                              27

either by waiver or by an exception,” but that it was not a mechanism for

circumventing the physician-patient privilege. Id. at 66, 71.

      [¶37] Other courts concur in that approach. See, e.g., People ex rel. Dep’t

of Pro. Regul. v. Manos, 782 N.E.2d 237, 246-47 (Ill. 2002) (rejecting the

argument that “deleting the patient names and identifying information from the

records removes the records from protection under the physician-patient

privilege” and concluding that “merely deleting the patient names and other

identifying information from patient records would [not circumvent] the

physician-patient privilege”); Meier, 832 N.W.2d at 259 (stating that “the

physician-patient privilege prohibits disclosure even when the patient’s

identity is redacted” and that “[t]he names, addresses, telephone numbers, and

medical information relative to nonparty patients fall within the scope of the

physician-patient privilege”); In re Columbia Valley Reg’l Med. Ctr., 41 S.W.3d

at 803 (concluding that “the requested nonparty medical records in redacted

form remain privileged”); see also Ortiz v. Ikeda, No. 99C-10-032-JTV, 2001 Del.

Super. LEXIS 193, at *4-5 (Del. Super. Ct. Mar. 26, 2001) (concluding that “[t]he

redaction of names does not alter the fact that the operative notes are

privileged” because allowing the disclosure of redacted nonparty patient

medical records “would mean that the patient’s only real privilege is that of
28

having his name deleted before his intimate medical records are interjected

into a civil lawsuit without his knowledge or consent”).

      [¶38] In this case, the Estate seeks the operative notes contained in

nonparty medical records. The trial court ordered MCH to produce the notes

but specified that “[e]ach redacted record shall include only the year of the

surgery, the name of the surgeon (Dr. Marietta), the name of the procedure, and

a portion of the section labeled ‘operative procedure’ (i.e., all information other

than the year, the name of the surgeon, the name of the procedure, and a portion

of the ‘operative procedure’ section will be redacted).”           The operative

procedure section of the note was to be further redacted of “any identifying

information (e.g., name, date of birth, age, sex, race)” and disclose information

“only to the point in the surgery where the gallbladder was removed.”

However,    these    operative    notes   themselves     constitute   confidential

communications—records created by Dr. Marietta to inform her patients and

their other treatment providers about the techniques used during surgery, the

outcome of the procedure, any challenges encountered during the operation,

and anything else relevant to the procedure or associated medical care and

treatment. M.R. Evid. 503(b); Ortiz, 2001 Del. Super. LEXIS 193, at *3 (stating

that “a doctor’s communication, set to paper in the form of an operative note,
                                                                              29

of the details of a surgical treatment performed on a patient” is a “confidential

communication” and protected by the physician-patient privilege). Although

the trial court ordered substantially more redaction than many other courts

have, see supra n.14, the nonparty records even in this heavily redacted form

remain protected by the physician-patient privilege and are therefore not

discoverable.

      [¶39] Absent a waiver of the privilege, it must be presumed that the

nonparty patients in this case, like the patients in Parkson v. Central Du Page

Hospital, 435 N.E.2d 140, 143-44 (Ill. App. Ct. 1982), for example, disclosed

private medical information to their health care providers with an expectation

of privacy. These disclosures were made in an environment marked by the

assurance that their private medical information would be kept in confidence

by their doctors and other treatment professionals. Likewise, the operative

notes made by Dr. Marietta following the surgeries were for the benefit of her

patients and were part of the ongoing confidential dialogue among the

physician, the patient, and other care providers.

      [¶40] Because there is no evidence that the nonparty patients in this case

intended for any portion of these confidential communications “to be disclosed

to any third persons,” M.R. Evid. 503(a)(5), their medical records must be
30

deemed to remain privileged in their unredacted and redacted forms.18 See, e.g.,

Meier, 832 N.W.2d at 259; Roe, 912 N.E.2d at 71. To hold otherwise would erode

the necessary trust between physician and patient and impede the delivery of

effective physical, emotional, and mental health services—the very purpose of

the privilege. See M.R. Evid. 503 & Advisers’ Note to former M.R. Evid. 503

(Feb. 2, 1976); Field & Murray, Maine Evidence § 501.1 at 206; 1 Robert

P. Mosteller, McCormick on Evidence § 98 at 692. The trial court erred in

ordering the production of the nonparty operative notes in the circumstances

of this case, and we vacate the court’s judgment to the extent it compelled their

disclosure by MCH.

          The entry is:

                       The portion of the discovery order compelling
                       disclosure of any medical records of nonparty
                       patients vacated. Remanded for issuance of an

      The Estate’s argument also hinges entirely on the premise that the redaction of all identifying
     18

information from a patient record makes it impossible to identify the patient. That premise is
demonstrably not true in all cases. For example, if one party to litigation seeks discovery of the other
party’s patient records, the identity of the patient is obvious even if the records are redacted. Thus,
the Estate’s premise is true only when the requester does not know the identity of the patient whose
records are requested. Even then, if either the medical condition or the medical procedure described
in the record is uncommon, it may be possible to deduce the identity of the patient from a fully
redacted record. The disclosure of other information in medical records, for instance the date of a
procedure performed in a small community hospital, could also create “the possibility of recognizing
and equating a record” with a particular patient. Manos, 782 N.E.2d at 247. For us to give blanket
endorsement to discovery of redacted patient records would be antithetical to the letter and spirit of
M.R. Evid. 503.
                                                                             31

                   order denying that part of the motion to compel.
                   In all other respects, appeal dismissed.

JABAR, J., dissenting.

      [¶41] Although I agree that neither the Maine statute providing for

confidentiality of health care information, 22 M.R.S. § 1711-C (2020), nor the

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 42 U.S.C.S.

§ 1320d-6 (LEXIS through Pub. L. No. 116-91), prevent the disclosure of

medical records when identifying information is redacted, I respectfully dissent

because I believe that the physician-patient privilege set out in Maine Rule of

Evidence 503 does not prevent the disclosure of relevant medical records of an

unidentified nonparty patient. I would follow the near unanimous approach of

the other jurisdictions that have considered this issue and hold that relevant

health information that does not identify the patient is not privileged. This is

the same approach taken in HIPAA and the Maine statute.

A.    HIPAA and the Maine statute

      [¶42] I concur in the Court’s opinion indicating that the requested

medical records are not confidential under HIPAA and the Maine statute,

however I believe that it is unnecessary to rely on the statutes’ respective
32

court-order exceptions for the disclosure of health information. See 22 M.R.S

§ 1711-C(6)(F-1); 45 C.F.R. 164.512(e).

      [¶43] Under HIPAA, it is a violation to disclose “individually identifiable

health information.”     42 U.S.C.S. § 1320d-6.        Section 1320d(6) defines

“individually identifiable health information” as any information that

      (B) relates to . . . [health information] and—

            (i) identifies the individual; or

            (ii) with respect to which there is a reasonable basis to
            believe that the information can be used to identify the
            individual.

42 U.S.C.S. § 1320d(6). By definition, unidentified health information is not

confidential.

      [¶44] Similarly, under the Maine statute, section 1711-C(1)(E), defines

health care information as “information that directly identifies the individual

and that relates to an individual’s physical, mental or behavioral condition,

personal or family medical history or medical treatment or the health care

provided to that individual.” See 22 M.R.S. § 1711-C(1)(E) (emphasis added).

It specifically states that “‘[h]ealth care information’ does not include
                                                                                                33

information that protects the anonymity of the individual by means of

encryption or encoding of individual identifiers . . . .” Id.19

       [¶45]     Pursuant to both the federal and state statutes, health care

information that does not identify the patient is not confidential. See 42 U.S.C.S.

§ 1320d-6; 22 M.R.S § 1711-C(1)(E). Therefore, there is no need to refer to the

sections allowing disclosure pursuant to court order. The corresponding

exceptions dealing with court orders permit the court to order the disclosure

of protected health care information—information that is identifiable and

therefore confidential. See 22 M.R.S § 1711-C(6)(F-1); 45 C.F.R. 164.512(e). In

this case, the medical information does not fit the definition of “individually

identifiable health information,” see 42 U.S.C.S. § 1320d(6), nor does it “directly

identify the individual,” 22 M.R.S. § 1711-C(1)(E). The requested health care

information in this case is by definition not confidential, and therefore there is

no need to obtain a court order pursuant to section 1711-C(6)(F-1). See

22 M.R.S. § 1711-C(1)(E),(2), (6).

    19 Section 1711-C(1)(E) directs the Maine Health Data Organization (MHDO) to adopt rules to

define what constitutes “identifying information.” 22 M.R.S. § 1711-C (1)(E)(2020). The MHDO rules
specify twenty-five items as identifying information. See 90-590 C.M.R. ch. 125 (effective Feb. 17,
2009). None of these identifiers would be present in the redacted operative notes at issue pursuant
to the court order.
34

B.        Privilege

          [¶46] I also disagree with the Court’s holding that Maine Rule of Evidence

503(b) protects the health care information in this case because I believe that

we should adopt the same approach as the federal and state confidentiality laws

(HIPAA & the Maine statute)—if the individual is not identifiable then the rule

does not apply. 42 U.S.C.S. § 1320d-6; 22 M.R.S § 1711-C(1)(E), (2).

          [¶47]   Based upon the recognition that the confidentiality of the

physician-patient relationship is paramount to medical care, the Maine statute

prohibits the unauthorized disclosure of identifiable information obtained in

the context of that relationship. See 22 M.R.S. § 1711-C; P.L. 1997, ch. 793; see

also An Act to Provide for Confidentiality of Healthcare Information and An Act

Regarding Access to Medical Information: Hearing on L.D. 1737 & L.D. 1779

Before the J. Standing Comm. on Health & Human Servs., 118th Legis. (1997).

Thus,      section    1711-C      “establishes      safeguards       for   maintaining       the

confidentiality, security and integrity” of an individual’s identifiable health

information. L.D. 1737, Enacted Law Summary (118th Legis. 1998).

          [¶48] The physician-patient privilege in Maine arises from our own

evidentiary rules.20 Maine Rule of Evidence 503(b) protects from disclosure

      The since-repealed statutory privilege cited by the Court “could not give assurance to the
     20

patient that what the patient said would not be disclosed.” Field & Murray, Maine Evidence § 503.1
                                                                                                   35

“confidential communications made for the purpose of diagnosing or treating

the patient’s physical, mental, or emotional condition.” Like other evidentiary

privileges, the physician-patient privilege exists to serve the public interest by

encouraging complete and honest discourse between a patient and their doctor.

See Jaffee v. Redmond, 518 U.S. 1, 11 (1996); Lewin v. Jackson, 492 P.2d 406, 410

(Ariz. 1972).        The physician-patient privilege facilitates this interest by

“secur[ing] the patient from disclosure in court of potentially embarrassing

private details concerning health and bodily condition.” 1 Robert P. Mosteller,

McCormick on Evidence § 98 at 692 (8th ed. 2020).

       [¶49] Here we are not interpreting a statutory confidentiality provision,

but considering our own evidentiary rule and setting policy based on that rule.

Although we are not bound by the Maine statute’s definition of confidentiality

in interpreting Rule 503, we should be wary of adopting a policy that is

incongruous with that of the Maine Legislature. Rule 503 and the Maine statute

both seek to facilitate effective health care services by protecting the

confidentiality of the physician-patient relationship.                     See M.R. Evid. 503

Advisers’ Note to former M.R. Evid. 503 (Feb. 2, 1976). We should not interpret

at 225; see 32 M.R.S.A. § 3295 (Supp. 1973), repealed by P.L. 1977, ch. 564, § 123 (effective July 23,
1977).
36

Rule 503 as preventing disclosure of nonidentifiable health information

because such an interpretation conflicts with the Legislature’s policy, which

does not prevent disclosure of nonidentifiable health care information. See

22 M.R.S. § 1711-C(1)(E), (2). In this case, pursuant to HIPAA and the Maine

statute, the hospital could produce these records (properly redacted) to the

estate, or to anyone that requests them, but under the Court’s holding these

same records could not be produced to the litigants because Rule 503 prohibits

disclosure.

      [¶50] When any and all information that could potentially identify a

patient is redacted prior to the disclosure of a relevant medical record, the

privilege should not be applicable. In the absence of identifying information,

there is no “patient” for the privilege to protect and the information contained

within the redacted medical records becomes “nothing more than medical

terminology.” Staley v. Jolles, 230 P.3d 1007, 1011 (Utah 2010); see also Wipf v.

Altstiel, 888 N.W.2d 790, 794 (S.D. 2016) (“This type of anonymous,

nonidentifying information is not protected by the physician-patient privilege

because there is no patient once the information is redacted.”) Likewise, the

purpose that the privilege exists to serve is no longer served because “[i]t is

unlikely that a patient would be inhibited from confiding in his physician where
                                                                               37

there is no risk of humiliation and embarrassment, and no invasion of the

patient’s privacy.” Terre Haute Reg’l Hosp., Inc. v. Trueblood, 600 N.E.2d 1358,

1361 (Ind. 1992).

      [¶51] A substantial majority of other jurisdictions follows the approach

of allowing for the discovery of relevant medical records when information that

could identify a nonparty patient has been redacted. See, e.g., Wipf, 888 N.W.2d

at 793 (collecting cases); Staley, 230 P.3d at 1011; Baptist Mem’l Hosp.-Union

Cnty. v. Johnson, 754 So. 2d 1165, 1169-71 (Miss. 2000); State ex rel. Wilfong v.

Schaeperkoetter, 933 S.W.2d 407, 409-10 (Mo. 1996); Amente v. Newman, 653
So. 2d 1030, 1033 (Fla. 1995); Terre Haute Reg’l Hosp., 600 N.E.2d at 1361-62;

Cmty. Hosp. Ass’n v. Dist. Ct., 570 P.2d 243, 244-45 (Colo. 1977); Rudnick v.

Superior Ct., 523 P.2d 643, 650 n.13 (Cal. 1974); Snibbe v. Superior Ct., 168 Cal.

Rptr. 3d 548, 556-57 (Cal. App. Ct. 2014); Bennet v. Fieser, 152 F.R.D. 641,

643-44 (D. Kan. 1994); Todd v. S. Jersey Hosp. Sys., 152 F.R.D. 676, 684-87

(D.N.J. 1993).

      [¶52] To protect the anonymity of nonparty patients, courts following

the majority approach have taken a variety of steps to ensure that any and all

identifying information has been redacted from the medical records, including

not just patient names, but any other information that could reasonably lead to
38

the identification of a patient—e.g., dates of birth, locations and dates of

treatment, family and medical histories, or any other information deemed

necessary. See, e.g., Wipf, 888 N.W.2d at 795; Cmty. Hosp., 570 P.2d at 244.

      [¶53] In Wipf v. Altstiel, the South Dakota Supreme Court held that “[i]n

accordance with the rationale of . . . the almost unanimous view of other courts,

we too hold that anonymous, nonidentifying medical information is not

privileged per se.” Wipf, 888 N.W.2d at 794. In Wipf and other similar cases, the

courts have ordered procedural steps to protect the information provided

within the medical records, such as issuing protective orders requiring leave of

court to copy records, and limiting who the redacted records may be disclosed

to for the purposes of litigation. See Wipf, 888 N.W.2d at 795; Terre Haute,
600 N.E.2d at 1362.

      [¶54] In this case, the trial court took significant steps to protect the

identity of any nonparty patients and to ensure that the request was not a

fishing expedition.   The trial court first determined that the requested

information was relevant. The trial court stated, “Here, because the standard

relied upon by the parties requires some assessment of the physician’s usual

practice, the procedure the physician has used in other surgeries has some

tendency to make it more or less probable that she breached the standard of
                                                                                                  39

care.” After making this finding of relevance for purposes of discovery, the trial

court ordered the production of twenty-five redacted notes on operations

performed by Dr. Marietta before the surgery on Kennelly and twenty-five on

operations performed after it.21 The trial court ordered that all information

except “the year of the surgery, the name of the surgeon (Dr. Marietta), the

name of the procedure, and a portion of the section labeled ‘operative

procedure’” be redacted. To the extent there is any identifying information,

(e.g., name, date of birth, age, sex, race) in the ‘operative procedure’ section,

such information shall also be redacted.” Further still, the trial court subjected

the already highly-redacted information to a protective order, stating that

“[p]laintiff’s counsel shall not attempt to identify persons whose identities have

been redacted and shall not provide copies to anyone, other than expert

witnesses in the case . . . .”

       [¶55] This is not to say that redactions in all cases make the protections

of the physician-patient privilege inapplicable. The physician-patient privilege,

although broad, should not be a blunt impediment to the discovery of highly

   21 Because I agree with the trial court that the procedure used by Dr. Marietta in the twenty-five

surgeries before Kennelly’s and the twenty-five surgeries after Kennelly’s has some tendency to make
it more or less probable that she breached the standard of care, I would hold that the trial court
properly concluded that the requested operative notes from the twenty-five surgeries that took place
after Kennelly’s are relevant for purposes of discovery.
40

relevant medical records when there is a sufficient guarantee of anonymity

through the use of redactions or other procedural protections. “Whether and

under what circumstances redaction can make good on its promise of

anonymity depends on the circumstances of each case.” Staley, 230 P.3d at

1012. In this vein, a recent dissent in McCain v. Vanadia raised the issue of

whether, even with substantial redactions, the identities of patients could be

protected in “smaller Maine communities where only a few treatments may be

provided per year.”    2018 ME 118, ¶ 27, 191 A.3d 1174 (Alexander, J.,

dissenting). This, and other similar concerns, however, would properly be

considered by the court on a case-by-case basis prior to issuing an order

compelling the production of medical records. See Wipf, 888 N.W.2d at 795

(noting that, on remand, the court should consider when the small population

would make identification of patients likely); Staley, 230 P.3d at 1013 (noting

that a large population served by multiple hospitals increased the likelihood

that anonymity would be preserved). If “the prospect of preserving anonymity

through redaction [is] too uncertain,” Staley, 230 P.3d at 1013, then the court,

in its discretion, could deny the request for records, even with substantial

redactions.
                                                                                41

C.      Conclusion

        [¶56] It does not make sense to hold that HIPAA and the Maine statute

provide less protection to a patient’s confidential record than a court created

rule of evidence pertaining to the same records.

        [¶57] In this case, I believe that the trial court took sufficient steps to

protect the identity of the nonparty patients whose medical records are at

issue. I would affirm the trial court’s order compelling the production of the

operative notes along with the safeguards ordered by the court.

Philip M. Coffin III, Esq., and Abigail C. Varga, Esq. (orally), Lambert Coffin,
Portland, for appellant Mid Coast Hospital

Travis M. Brennan, Esq. (orally), and Taylor A. Asen, Esq., Berman & Simmons,
P.A., Lewiston, for appellee Estate of Carol A. Kennelly

Karen Frink Wolf, Esq., and Rachel M. Wertheimer, Esq., Verrill Dana LLP,
Portland, for amici curiae Maine Hospital Association and Maine Medical
Association

Thomas L. Douglas, Esq., Douglas, McDaniel & Campo LLC, PA, Westbrook, for
amicus curiae Maine Trial Lawyers Association

Cumberland County Superior Court docket number CV-2016-471
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY