Court Opinion

ID: 4256942
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-03-21 20:00:29.347992+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:45:44.180022
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MAR 21 2018
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

HONG JACQUELINE NGUYEN                          No.    16-16911
GARDNER, Trustee of Avalon Nguyen
Gardner Trust UTA Dated 8/17/2010               D.C. No.
                                                3:15-cv-01514-JD
                Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v.                                             MEMORANDUM*

CHEVRON CAPITAL CORPORATION,
DBA Chevron Texaco Capital Corporation

                Defendant-Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of California
                    James Donato, District Judge, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted March 15, 2018
                           San Francisco, California

Before: WATFORD and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges, and RAKOFF,** Senior
District Judge.

      Plaintiff Hong Jacqueline Nguyen Gardner appeals the district court’s

dismissal, with prejudice, of her claims under the Comprehensive Environmental

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Jed S. Rakoff, Senior United States District Judge for
the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.
Response, Compensation and Liability Act (“CERCLA”). CERCLA allows private

parties to recover the costs of cleaning up contamination caused by polluters. See

generally 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a). Gardner claims that her property was contaminated

by a gas station that defendant allegedly operated there until 1973. Specifically,

Gardner alleges that the gas station left both “unadulterated petroleum fractions

and those which have been contaminated during use” in her soil. Gardner attached

to her complaint a “Site Investigation Report and Closure Request” (“Site Report”)

that Chevron submitted to the Alameda County Environmental Health Department

in 2014 and incorporates its findings in her complaint.

      To survive a motion to dismiss, a plaintiff bringing suit under CERCLA

must plausibly allege, inter alia, that the relevant contaminant is a “hazardous

substance” as defined in § 9601(14). That section of CERCLA contains a so-called

“petroleum exception,” under which “petroleum, including crude oil or any

fraction thereof which is not otherwise specifically listed or designated as a

hazardous substance” is not a hazardous substance for which plaintiffs can recover.

Id. “If a specifically listed hazardous substance is indigenous to petroleum and is

present as a result of the release of petroleum, such substance will fall within the

petroleum exclusion unless it is present at a concentration level that exceeds the

concentration level that naturally occurs in the petroleum product.” Cose v. Getty

Oil Co., 4 F.3d 700, 704 (9th Cir. 1993). Such indigenous petroleum substances

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include xylene. See Wilshire Westwood Assocs. v. Atl. Richfield Corp., 881 F.2d
801, 803, 810 (9th Cir. 1989).

      We review de novo the district court's dismissal for failure to state a claim.

Daniels-Hall v. Nat'l Educ. Ass'n, 629 F.3d 992, 998 (9th Cir. 2010). We accept as

true all plausible allegations of material fact and construe them in the light most

favorable to the plaintiff. “We are not, however, required to accept as true

allegations that contradict exhibits attached to the Complaint or matters properly

subject to judicial notice, or allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted

deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” Id.

      The district court determined, and our de novo review confirms, that Gardner

has not stated a claim because she has plausibly alleged pollution of her soil only

by substances that fall within the petroleum exception. Gardner argues on appeal

that the district court erred by holding that xylene from sources other than

petroleum, contaminated petroleum, and contaminated recycled oil and hydraulic

fluid fall under the petroleum exception.1 But the district court did not so hold; it

instead correctly found that Gardner’s conclusory allegations as to the presence of

these pollutants were not plausible. Gardner stated that “[t]he xylene is a non-

1
  We have not yet addressed whether substances that would otherwise fall under
the petroleum exception no longer do if they are contaminated. See Wilshire
Westwood Assocs., 881 F.2d at 805 n.5. We need not reach that question here.

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petroleum source,” but the xylene identified in the Site Report was found in the

context of petroleum pollution from the gas station, and she offers no other

allegations about how defendant caused the xylene to be in the soil. Likewise,

Gardner asserted that she found “hydraulic fluids [and] recycled oil products” that

were “contaminated during use,” but she offers no details about what contaminants

were in those substances, nor how they came to be contaminated. Nor does

Gardner offer any details to support her claim that the petroleum found on her

property was itself contaminated. The lack of detail renders her claim implausible,

particularly in light of the fact that none of the studies that she attaches to her

complaint and on which she relies found such contaminants. See Bell Atl. Corp. v.

Twombly, 550 U.S. 554, 570 (2007) (explaining that a complaint must contain

“enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face”). Dismissal of

Gardner’s CERCLA claims was therefore appropriate.

      Gardner also appeals the district court’s decision to dismiss her CERCLA

claims with prejudice. Although leave to amend should be freely given, Fed. R.

Civ. P. 15(a), “repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously

allowed” justifies dismissal with prejudice, Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182

(1962); see also Sisseton–Wahpeton Sioux Tribe v. United States, 90 F.3d 351, 355

(9th Cir. 1996) (“The district court’s discretion to deny leave to amend is

particularly broad where plaintiff has previously amended the complaint.” (quoting

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Allen v. City of Beverly Hills, 911 F.2d 367, 373 (9th Cir. 1990))). This was

Gardner’s third attempt to state a claim, and she twice received specific instruction

from the district court regarding the deficiencies in her pleadings. Yet she is no

closer now to curing those deficiencies than she was on her first attempt.

Moreover, Gardner’s counsel made clear at oral argument that plaintiff has no

good faith basis to make any new allegations that could cure these deficiencies.

The district court therefore did not abuse its discretion by denying leave to amend.

      AFFIRMED.

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