Court Opinion

ID: 854178
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-03-04 15:29:37.080239+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:42:25.911883
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                      File Name: 13a0058p.06

                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                    _________________

                                                X
                          Plaintiff-Appellant, -
 SARUNAS VINCAS ABRAITIS,
                                                 -
                                                 -
                                                 -
                                                     No. 12-3747
          v.
                                                 ,
                                                  >
                                                 -
                         Defendant-Appellee. -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                N
                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                 for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
         No. 1:11-cv-02077—Nancy A. Vecchiarelli, Magistrate Judge.
                             Decided and Filed: March 4, 2013
                 Before: COOK, WHITE, and DONALD, Circuit Judges

                                      _________________

                                            COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: Catherine M. Brady, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Michael J. Haungs,
Robert J. Branman, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington,
D.C., for Appellee.
                                      _________________

                                            OPINION
                                      _________________

        COOK, Circuit Judge. Sarunas Abraitis appeals the district court’s dismissal of
his tax claim for lack of jurisdiction and failure to state a claim. Despite Abraitis’s
argument to the contrary, the appeal turns on the administrative exhaustion requirement
of his tax claim,1 a challenge to the reasonableness of an IRS jeopardy determination
under 26 U.S.C. § 7429(b). That statute permits a taxpayer to seek judicial review of an
IRS jeopardy determination, id. § 7429(b)(1), so long as the taxpayer requested

        1
          The Complaint initially included a claim for damages under 26 U.S.C. § 7433, but the district
court dismissed it under Rule 12(b)(6). Abraitis abandons the claim on appeal.

                                                  1
No. 12-3747          Abraitis v. United States                                          Page 2

administrative review within 30 days of receiving the notice of jeopardy levy, id.
§ 7429(a)(2). Abraitis disputes neither the exhaustion requirement nor his failure to
request administrative review within the statutory period. Nevertheless, he argues that
various bad-faith actions by the IRS excuse his neglect and permit judicial review of the
IRS’s jeopardy determination.

         Though we may not consider the reasonableness of a jeopardy determination,
26 U.S.C. § 7429(f), we have limited authority to review the district court’s legal
determinations that it lacked jurisdiction and that Abraitis failed to state a claim,
28 U.S.C. § 1291. See, e.g., Galvez v. IRS, 448 F. App’x 880, 883–84 & n.5 (11th Cir.
2011) (per curiam); Wapnick v. United States, 112 F.3d 74, 74 (2d Cir. 1997) (per
curiam). Before addressing Abraitis’s argument, we determine an issue on which
Abraitis offers no opinion: whether § 7429’s administrative exhaustion requirement is
jurisdictional.

                                                 I.

         The government and the district court follow the Second Circuit’s decision in
Wapnick v. United States, 112 F.3d at 75, which deemed the exhaustion requirement
jurisdictional, but note the contrary ruling of an Eleventh Circuit panel, Galvez v. IRS,
448 F. App’x at 888. As we recently explained in Hoogerheide v. IRS, 637 F.3d 634,
636 (6th Cir. 2011), the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp.,
546 U.S. 500 (2006) provides the appropriate starting point.

         In Arbaugh, a unanimous court drew the following “readily administrable bright
line”:

         If the Legislature clearly states that a threshold limitation on a statute’s
         scope shall count as jurisdictional, then courts and litigants will be duly
         instructed and will not be left to wrestle with the issue. But when
         Congress does not rank a statutory limitation on coverage as
         jurisdictional, courts should treat the restriction as nonjurisdictional in
         character.

546 U.S. at 515–16 (internal citation and footnote omitted).
No. 12-3747        Abraitis v. United States                                        Page 3

       Section 7429’s exhaustion requirement lacks such clarity.           The relevant
provisions read:

       Section 7429. Review of jeopardy levy or assessment procedures
       (a) Administrative review.
       ...
              (2) Request for review. Within 30 days after the day on
              which the taxpayer is furnished the [Secretary’s statement
              of reasons for the jeopardy levy or assessment], or within
              30 days after the last day of the period within which such
              statement is required to be furnished, the taxpayer may
              request the Secretary to review the action taken.
       ...
       (b) Judicial review.
              (1) Proceedings permitted. Within 90 days after the
              earlier of--
                      (A) the day the Secretary notifies the taxpayer of the
                      Secretary’s determination . . . , or
                      (B) the 16th day after the request described in subsection
                      (a)(2) was made,
              the taxpayer may bring a civil action against the United States for
              a determination under this subsection in the court with
              jurisdiction determined under paragraph (2).
              (2) Jurisdiction for determination.
                      (A) In general. Except as provided in subparagraph (B),
                      the district courts of the United States shall have
                      exclusive jurisdiction over any civil action for a
                      determination under this subsection.
                      (B) Tax Court. If a petition for a redetermination of a
                      deficiency . . . has been timely filed with the Tax Court
                      before the making of an assessment or levy that is subject
                      to the review procedures of this section, and 1 or more of
                      the taxes and taxable periods before the Tax Court
                      because of such petition is also included in the written
                      statement that is provided to the taxpayer under
                      subsection (a), then the Tax Court also shall have
                      jurisdiction over any civil action for a determination
No. 12-3747         Abraitis v. United States                                         Page 4

                        under this subsection with respect to all the taxes and
                        taxable periods included in such written statement.

26 U.S.C. § 7429. No doubt the statute requires administrative exhaustion or, at a
minimum, the timely “request [for administrative review] described in subsection
(a)(2),” as a precondition for judicial review. Id. § 7429(b)(1)(A)–(B). Yet neither
subsection (a)(2) nor (b)(1) term this requirement “jurisdictional,” or expressly speak to
a court’s adjudicatory power. Rather, the statute assigns “Jurisdiction for determination”
in subsection (b)(2), granting “exclusive jurisdiction” to district courts, except for certain
proceedings referred to the Tax Court. Id. § 7429(b)(2); see also id. § 7429(e)(2)
(authorizing the Tax Court to transfer actions belonging in the district court according
to the “jurisdiction provisions of subsection (b)(2)”). If anything, this statutory design
casts the exhaustion requirement in a nonjurisdictional light.

        Still, the Supreme Court counsels that the clear statement need not consist of
“magic words,” and we may consider the Court’s treatment of similar provisions as
context. Henderson v. Shinseki, 131 S. Ct. 1197, 1203 (2011); see also Reed Elsevier,
Inc. v. Muchnick, 130 S. Ct. 1237, 1250–51 (2010) (Ginsburg, J., joined by Stevens and
Breyer, JJ., concurring). Absent specific guidance from the Supreme Court, we look to
the function of the exhaustion requirement.

        Section 7429 grants taxpayers subject to jeopardy liens two forms of appeal, one
administrative, the other judicial. The availability of judicial review depends on the
taxpayer’s completion (or timely request for) the administrative remedy. Thus, although
it frames the remedies in permissive terms—i.e., that the taxpayer may request
administrative review and may bring a civil action—the statute mandates administrative
exhaustion as a prerequisite for judicial review. Further, each remedy imposes its own
filing deadline: 30 days from notice for administrative review; and the earlier of 90 days
from administrative determination or 106 days from requesting administrative review
for judicial review. 26 U.S.C. § 7429(a)(2), (b)(1). And judicial review necessarily
presupposes a timely request for administrative review by incorporating the
administrative determination and the “request [for administrative review] described in
No. 12-3747           Abraitis v. United States                                       Page 5

subsection (a)(2)” as alternative triggers that “permit[]” the taxpayer to “bring a civil
action against the United States.” Id. § 7429(b)(1). In short, § 7429 presents an
exhaustion requirement and two filing deadlines as conditions for the relief
Abraitis seeks.

        These rules, which “promote the orderly progress of litigation by requiring that
the parties take certain procedural steps at certain specified times . . . are quintessential
claim-processing rules” that the Supreme Court treats as nonjurisdictional. Henderson,
131 S. Ct. at 1203; see also id. at 1206 (classifying the 120-day deadline for appealing
a veteran’s claim to the Veterans Court a claim-processing rule). We acknowledged as
much in Hoogerheide when we considered a similar tax-code exhaustion requirement
and found it nonjurisdictional. Hoogerheide, 637 F.3d at 637. “The [Supreme] Court
has not wavered from this rule. Each time it has construed a statutory requirement that
a plaintiff proceed in another forum or seek redress in other ways before coming to
federal court, it has construed the requirement as nonjurisdictional.” Id. at 637
(collecting cases).

        The exhaustion provision in Hoogerheide expressly provided that a “judgment
for damages [for tax code violations by the IRS] shall not be awarded . . . unless the
court determines that the plaintiff has exhausted the administrative remedies available
to such plaintiff.” 26 U.S.C. § 7433(d). Notwithstanding its mandatory language, we
deemed the provision a claim-processing rule because “[t]he requirement simply
imposes a precondition on an award of damages, akin to other nonjurisdictional
preconditions on a plaintiff’s right to relief.” Hoogerheide, 637 F.3d at 637. It did not
speak to the court’s adjudicatory power. Id. at 638 (distinguishing § 7433(d)’s
exhaustion requirement from the exhaustion requirement of 26 U.S.C. § 7422(a), which
states that “[n]o suit or proceeding shall be maintained in any court for the recovery of
any internal revenue tax . . . until a claim . . . has been duly filed with the Secretary”).

        One aspect of § 7429’s exhaustion requirement, however, makes it “more
difficult” to classify than § 7433(d). Galvez, 448 F. App’x at 887. Unlike that provision,
§ 7429 links its exhaustion requirement to the United States’ consent to suit, implicating
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a waiver of sovereign immunity. 26 U.S.C. § 7429(b)(1) (permitting a taxpayer to
“bring a civil action against the United States for a determination under this subsection”
upon the exhaustion of administrative remedies). The district court, citing United States
v. Mitchell, 445 U.S. 535, 538 (1980), correctly notes that conditions tied to the United
States’ waiver of sovereign immunity often limit the jurisdiction of federal courts. But
Congress retains the authority “to attach the conditions that go with the jurisdictional
label,” and we look for “clear” guidance in the statute. Henderson, 131 S. Ct. at 1203.

        Here,    §     7429(b)(1)’s     limited     waiver     of    sovereign     immunity
references “jurisdiction,” but not in speaking of the exhaustion requirement.
Specifically, it permits a taxpayer, upon exhaustion, to file suit against the United States
“in the court with jurisdiction determined under paragraph (2).” 26 U.S.C. § 7429(b)(1)
(emphasis added). Thus, like the venue transfer provision in subsection (e)(2), the
exhaustion requirement in (b)(1) treats subsection (b)(2) as the “jurisdiction” provision.
The government and the district court present sensible arguments for finding a
jurisdictional bar, but Congress did not make that point clear. Following the guidance
of Arbaugh and its progeny, we hold that § 7429’s exhaustion requirement lacks
jurisdictional pedigree.

                                              II.

        Nevertheless, § 7429’s exhaustion requirement remains mandatory, inasmuch as
the availability of judicial review hinges on either exhaustion or a timely request for
administrative review. 26 U.S.C. § 7429(b)(1)(A)–(B). Abraitis concedes his failure to
file a timely request for administrative review, but appears to argue for an equitable
exception due to the misconduct of IRS officials. This argument suffers from two flaws,
both fatal.

        First, Abraitis forfeited this argument by failing to present it to the district court.
E.g., Bondex Int’l, Inc. v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co., 667 F.3d 669, 681 (6th Cir.
2011). The complaint makes no mention of IRS officials obstructing his attempts to
seek administrative review under § 7429(a)(2), and his opposition to the government’s
motion to dismiss—though cursorily alleging concealment of the Area Director’s name
No. 12-3747            Abraitis v. United States                                                   Page 7

and generally disputing the applicability of exhaustion requirements altogether (R. 41,
Pl.’s Resp. Br. at 11–12)—does not seek equitable tolling of the provision’s 30-day
deadline for requesting administrative review.

         Second, Abraitis presents no authority supporting the application of equitable
tolling to subsection (a)(2)’s 30-day deadline for requesting administrative review. In
light of the statute’s express deadlines and exhaustion requirement, we decline to supply
a rationale.

         Even looking past these defaults, Abraitis only presents evidence that counsel
unsuccessfully contacted the IRS on September 26, 2011, with inquiries about the Area
Director, the official charged with receiving requests for administrative review.2
Yet, because the IRS issued the Notice of Jeopardy Levy and Right of Appeal on August
19, 2011,3 counsel’s outreach occurred after the deadline for administrative review
expired. Nothing in the record supports Abraitis’s allegation that the IRS acted in bad
faith to preclude administrative or judicial review of the jeopardy levy under § 7429, and
we have no independent authority to review the reasonableness of the jeopardy levy.
29 U.S.C. § 7429(f).

         Beyond these arguments, Abraitis mentions another tax code provision,
26 U.S.C. § 6330(e), the Americans with Disabilities Act, and the Administrative
Procedure Act, and requests leave to amend his complaint. Abraitis forfeited these
claims too by failing to include them in his complaint or briefing before the district
court. Because Abraitis offers no explanation for this omission and fails to explain how

         2
           Pursuant to Treasury Regulation § 301.7429-2(a), as modified by IRS restructuring, a taxpayer
triggers administrative review under § 7429(a)(2) by filing a written request for administrative review with
the Area Director. See Galvez v. IRS, 448 F. App’x 880, 885 n.6 (11th Cir. 2011). It remains unclear
whether Abraitis ever properly filed a request for administrative review of the jeopardy levy under § 7429.
(See Appellant’s Br. at 23 (“At this point [§ 7429(a)(2)] would not permit the case to go forward because
an appropriate IRS Area Director had not been notified.”).) The record reflects that he filed a Collection
Appeal Request with the IRS Office of Appeals on September 22, 2011, but this pleading neither complies
with § 7429’s filing requirements nor attempts to dispute the reasonableness of the jeopardy levy. (R. 39-
6.)
         3
            The notice of jeopardy levy clearly instructed Abraitis to file any challenge to the jeopardy
determination by “submit[ting] a request in writing to the Area Director within 30 days from the date of
this letter.” (R. 39-5.)
No. 12-3747        Abraitis v. United States                                       Page 8

these provisions enable him to present plausible claims, we reject this attempt to replead
on appeal.

                                           III.

       For the above reasons, we AFFIRM.