Court Opinion

ID: 8022725
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 02:27:31.966454+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:36:43.208644
License: Public Domain

MR. JUSTICE HOLLOWAY
delivered the opinion of the court,
Hugh Kelley, the husband of plaintiff, purchased from the defendant six cooked and spiced pigs’ feet for food for his family, consisting of himself, his wife and two sons. On the day following the members of the family ate of the meat, and immediately thereafter the husband, the wife and one son became ill. Plaintiff brought this action to recover damages, and prevailed in the lower court. Defendant appealed from the judgment"and from an order denying its motion for a new trial.
Counsel for appellant discuss at great length, and with much [1] learning, the several theories under which recovery may be permitted in an action for damages arising from the sale of impure food. It is the • contention that this complaint does not state facts sufficient to make out a cause of action under any theory recognized by the law. If we had no governing statute in this state, the question of the sufficiency of the complaint might present an interesting subject of inquiry; but, in our judgment, much of the argument of appellant’s counsel is beside the mark.
Chapter 130, Laws of 1911 (the Pure Food and Drug Act), makes it unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to sell, or offer for sale, any article of food which is adulterated. The term “food” is defined to include “all articles used as food, *71drink, confectionery or condiment by man or animals.” (Section 1.) An article of food is deemed to be adulterated “if it contains any proportion of a filthy, diseased, decomposed, putrid or rotten animal or vegetable substance,” or “if it contains any added poisonous or other added deleterious ingredient.” (Section 2.)
“Actionable negligence arises only from a breach of legal duty, and, to state a cause of action for damages resulting from negligence, it is necessary that the complaint disclose the duty, the breach, and the resulting damages.” (Fusselman v. Yellowstone Valley L. & I. Co., 53 Mont. 254, Ann. Cas. 1918B, 420, [2] 163 Pac. 473.) It is elementary that the duty, the breach of which is made the gist of the action, must be a duty which the defendant owes to the plaintiff.
In Conway v. Monidah Trust, 47 Mont. 269, L. R. A. 1915E, 500, 132 Pac. 26, we reviewed at length the authorities which have considered statutes of the same general character, and the discussion need not be repeated here. It is sufficient for the purpose of this case to say that the Pure Food and Drug Act is a general police regulation, which recognizes the fact that the sale of adulterated foodstuff is a constant menace to the health of the consuming public, and the duty enjoined by it upon the seller is such that a violation of it can affect the public health only through the individuals who are injuriously affected by partaking of such food. The duty imposed upon the vender is one which extends to the public considered as a composite of individuals, and, if the plaintiff sustained some special injury by reason of defendant’s violation of the statute, her right to recover cannot be questioned.
It is alleged in the complaint that at the time of the sale the [3] defendant was engaged in business in Missoula County, selling at retail, to the public generally, meat and meat products for human consumption. These facts are sufficient to bring the case within the statute and to disclose the duty which the defendant owed to the public, including the plaintiff, to see to it *72that the food products offered for sale were not adulterated, within the meaning of that term as employed in 'the statute.
It is further alleged that the defendant sold and delivered to [4] Hugh Kelley, for the immediate use of his family, including plaintiff, six cooked and spiced pigs’ feet, which were adulterated, in that they “contained in and on them• diseased, infected,-putrid, decomposed and poisonous acid aiid animal matter. ’ ’ By this allegation the defendant is charged with a violation of the statute and a breach of duty, and such violation is of itself legal negligence. The -subject is not a new one. It has been before this court on many occasions.
By an Act approved September 13, 1887 (Extra Session 15th Territorial Legislature, p. 68), the amount of high explosives which anyone was permitted to store in a city, town or village was limited-to fifty pounds. The,violation of that statute resulted in the death of several members of the fire department of Butte. It was held that the corporation guilty of the violation was subject to punishment as for a misdemeanor, and was likewise liable for damages in á civil action at the suit of the personal representative of one of the deceased firemen. (Cameron v. Kenyon-Connell Com. Co., 22 Mont. 312, 74 Am. St. Rep. 602, 44 L. R. A. 508, 56 Pac. 358.)
Section 8536, Revised' Codes, requires the use of safety cages in certain mining operations, and it was held that the violation of the statute gives rise to an action for damages to an employee injured by the failure of the employer to observe the law. (Monson v. La France C. Co., 39 Mont. 50, 133 Am. St. Rep. 549, 101 Pac. 243.)
Section 4289 requires a railway company, ip. the operation of trains, to give certain designated signals on approaching crossings, and this court held that the failure of a railway company to observe the law constitutes negligence. (Hunter v. Montana C. Ry. Co., 22 Mont. 525, 57 Pac. 140; Sprague v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co., 40 Mont. 481, 107 Pac. 412; De Atley v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co., 42 Mont. 224, 112 Pac. 76.)
*73By section 8535, Revised Codes, the owner of a mining shaft within the limits of a city, town or village, or within one mile of such limits, is required to protect the same by fence or covering. It was held that the owner who disregarded the statute was liable in damages to one injured by reason thereof, and that failure to observe the law is negligence per se. (Conway v. Monidah Trust, above.)
" Section 1739, Revised Codes, limits the period of labor in underground mines :to eight hours per day. Speaking of the application of the rule under consideration to the facts of that case, this court said: “It is the general rule that, where a statute makes a requirement or prohibits a thing, for the benefit of a person or class of persons, one injured by reason of a violation of it is entitled to maintain an action against him by whose disobedience he has suffered injury; and this is true whether the statute is penal in its character or not. [Citing authorities.] A violation of the statute is negligence per se, or, properly speaking, legal negligence.” (Melville v. Butte-Balaklava Copper Co., 47 Mont. 1, 130 Pac. 441.) These cases sufficiently illustrate the principle involved. The statutes considered are all police regulations, designed to protect the health and safety of the people and to promote the general welfare, and, in principle, are not distinguishable from the Pure Food and Drug Act. (Meshbesher v. Cannnellene Oil & Mfg. Co., 107 Minn. 104, 131 Am. St. Rep. 441, 119 N. W. 428.)
Prior to the enactment of Chapter 130, above, there were in force at different periods of our history- statutes obviously intended to protect the publie health by regulating the sale of impure food, but in every instance the statute made the knowledge on the part of the seller of the impurity of the food sold the gist of the offense. (Pen. Code 1895, sec. 683; Rev. Codes, sec. 8496.) Those statutes proceeded upon the theory that a dealer who sold impure food knowing it to be impure was guilty of perpetrating a fraud upon the public. (Pen. Code 1895, sec. 682.) In the enactment of the Pure Food and Drug Act, however, a [5] different theory was adopted. The sale of adulterated food *74is absolutely prohibited. The seller is made the insurer of the purity of food products sold by him, and guilty knowledge on his- part is no longer an ingredient of the offense. The obligation imposed by the statute is personal, and cannot be avoided by showing that the impure food was purchased from a foreign concern, and bore the stamp of approval of the' government inspectors. (Rinaldi v. Mohican Co., 171 App. Div. 814, 157 N. Y. Supp. 561; Catani v. Swift & Co., 251 Pa. 52, L. R. A. 1917B, 1272, 95 Atl. 931.) Under section 5115, Revised Codes, the [6] warranty of food offered for sale extended only to the immediate purchaser, evidently upon the theory that it arose out of the contractual relations of the parties. Under Chapter 130 the warranty extends to the public generally, and the liability of the vender rests upon the principle that his original act in selling impure food ivas unlawful, and that he is responsible for the natural consequences of his wrongful act. But, in any event, the liability arises from a violation of the statute, and it is immaterial whether the foundation is laid in negligence or warranty.
The plaintiff alleges, further, that as the direct and proximate [7] result of the sale of this impure food, and her partaking of it, she was made violently ill, to her great damage. The complaint discloses the duty, the breach, and the resulting damage, and is therefore sufficient under the authorities cited.
There is but one form of civil action in this state (section 6425, Rev. Codes), and a statement of the facts constituting the cause of action, with the other matters enumerated in section [8] 6532, Revised Codes, is all that is required. If the facts stated disclose a violation of the statute and the resulting damage, the complaint is not rendered insufficient because it contains other allegations which might have been omitted.
It was not necessary for plaintiff to refer to the Pure Food [9] and Drug Act in order to recover damages for injuries arising from a violation of it. The courts take judicial notice of the general and public domestic statutes, and they need not be specially pleaded. (Rev. Codes, sec. 7888; 36 Cyc. 1236, 1237.)
*75Under the theory adopted, the allegation that defendant knew, [10] or in the exercise of reasonable care should have known, of the impure condition of the food at the time of the sale, is surplusage, and the objection to instruction No. 2 was properly overruled.
This court has frequently recognized the rule for which [11] appellant contends: That there must be some substantial evidence proving, or tending to prove, the causal connection between defendant’s negligence and plaintiff’s injury; but the rule does not require that a chemical analysis be made of food in order to establish the fact that it is impure or unwholesome. Evidence was introduced to show the manner in which this meat was handled by defendant; that it was exposed to dust and flies; that it was sold for the use of plaintiff; that as a result of eating it she was made violently ill; and that her illness was attributable to food poisoning. The jurors likewise had before them the fact that the meat was kept by plaintiff twenty-four hoo.rs before it was used and the manner in which it was kept. Without reviewing the testimony at length, we think it is sufficient to warrant a finding that the meat was adulterated when sold by defendant, and that plaintiff’s illness resulted proximately from eating it.
The complaint states but a single cause of action, viz., a cause of action for damages arising from the violation of a'duty imposed by statute. Defendant’s motion to compel plaintiff to elect was therefore properly overruled.
Notwithstanding the statutory liability of the defendant, the [12,13] defense of contributory negligence was available. (Melville v. Butte-Balaklava C. Co., above.) But contributory negligence is not to be presumed. It must be made to appear from the evidence, and it may appear from-the evidence offered by the plaintiff. In Harrington v. Butte, A. & P. Ry. Co., 37 Mont. 169, 16 L. R. A. (n. s.) 395, 95 Pac. 8, we announced the rule'as follows: “Whenever the plaintiff’s own ease presents evidence which, if unexplained, would make out prima facie contributory negligence on his part, there must be further evi*76dence exculpating Mm or lie cannot recover.” Defendant offered no evidence of contributory negligence, but, in reliance upon the testimony of plaintiff, sought to have the question [14] presented by an offered instruction. The court did not err in refusing the instruction, for either of two reasons: It does not state the rule of law correctly, and in our opinion the evidence does not justify the submission of the question. While the plaintiff had the opportunity to examine the meat before' she ate it, there was nothing in its appearance to justify her in discarding it as unfit for human consumption. She had the right to assume in the first instance, that the law had been observed and that the meat was wholesome. Furthermore, she had the assurance of the defendant, conveyed to her by her husband, that the bleached condition was occasioned by overcoolring and that the meat was all right. The offered instruction ignored the surrounding circumstances, and predicated negligence upon her-opportunity to examine the meat, and upon that alone.
The court refused to limit plaintiff’s right to recover to damages arising from physical pain. It is not contended that mental suffering is not a proper element to be considered under appropriate pleadings; but it is said in appellant’s brief that “the complaint alleges no suffering other than physical suffering.” This contention is without merit. Plaintiff alleges that, as the direct and proximate result of eating the meat, she was made sick, describing the sickness in detail, and “plaintiff has suffered great and excruciating pains and mental suffering.” •
By paragraph 11 of the charge the jurors were told that, if [15] they found the issues in favor of the plaintiff, they might award damages in such amount as they believed would compensate her, etc. It is urged that by this instruction the jurors were left free to disregard the evidence and base the amount of recovery upon their individual views of the extent of the injury; and Rugenstein v. Ottenheimer, 78 Or. 371, Ann. Cas. 1917E, 953, 152 Pac. 215, is cited to suppórt the contention that for the error in this instruction a new trial should be ordered. While the law imposes upon the jurors the duty to consider the evidence *77alone in estimating the amount of damages, it does not follow that the judgment should be reversed because of the failure of the court to impress that fact upon their attention, and, so far as our investigation discloses, the case cited stands alone in the extreme view adopted. The authorities generally treat an instruction of this character as nonprejudicial. It presents a case of nondirection, rather than misdirection, of omission rather than commission. Every jury, before it enters upon its consideration of a case, is solemnly sworn to well and truly try the matter in issue and a true verdict render according to the evidence. (Rev. Codes, sec. 6745.) The court in instruction No. 1 advised the jury that every element essential to a recovery must be established by a preponderance of the evidence, and, though this rule was not made applicable to the amount of recovery by specific direction, we think it is impossible that defendant suffered prejudice by reason thereof. It is equally the duty of the jury to accept the law as given by the court; but the failure of the court to so instruct the jury is not reversible error. These are questions common to the trial of every civil action, and some presumption in favor of the intelligence of the jurors must be indulged. The defendant did not request a more specific instruction, and, in the absence of some suggestion that prejudice resulted, we are not warranted in interfering. (Rev. Codes, sec. 6593.)
If every microscopic defect in the proceedings of a trial is to be counted prejudicial error, litigation will become interminable over subtle refinements and legal quibbles which never affect the decision of the merits. The late Henry B. Brown, afterward associate justice of the supreme court of the United States, said: ‘ ‘ There is nothing which tends to belittle the authority of courts or to impair the confidence of the public in the certainty of justice so much as the habit of reversing cases for slight errors in admitting testimony, or trifling slips in the charge. I have in mind one case which was carried to the supreme court six times and was reversed every time. Better by far the practice of the English courts and the federal supreme court, where every in*78tendment is made in favor of the action of the lower court, and cases are rarely reversed except for errors going to the very merits — errors which usually obviate the necessity of a second trial.” (Report of American Bar Association 1889, p. 285.)
For authorities supporting the view that the giving of this instruction did not constitute reversible error, see Burr v. McCallum, 59 Neb. 326, 80 Am. St. Rep. 677, 80 N. W. 1040; Missouri O. & G. Ry. Co. v. Adams, 52 Okl. 557, 153 Pac. 200; Birmingham & R. R. Co. v. Lee, 153 Ala. 386, 45 South. 164; Austin Fire Ins. Co. v. Sayles (Tex. Civ. App.), 157 S. W. 273; Isaacs v. McLean, 106 Mich. 79, 64 N. W. 2; Gorman v. People, 17 Colo. 596, 31 Am. St. Rep. 350, 31 Pac. 335; Walters-Pierce Oil Co. v. Deselms, 212 U. S. 159, 53 L. Ed. 453, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 270.
Dr. Dodds, the family physican who attended plaintiff, was [16] permitted to give his opinion or diagnosis of the ease based upon the examination he made of the patient and the history of the case as disclosed to him by her. It is contended-that his opinion, based in part upon information furnished by the patient, was inadmissible, and cases may be found sustaining this view; but the overwhelming weight of authority'approves the rule announced in Barber v. Merriam, 11 Allen (Mass.), 322. The discussion of the subject is lengthy, and cannot be reproduced here. Among other things the court said: ‘ ‘ The opinion of a surgeon or physician is necessarily formed in part on the statements of his patient, describing his condition and symptoms, and the causes which have led to the injury or disease under which he appears to be suffering. This opinion is clearly competent as coming from an expert.” It was held, further, that the. physician, with the patient’s consent, may testify to the [17] statements made to him by the patient, and upon which, in part, he based his diagnosis and treatment. The reasoning of the court commends itself to our judgment. Cases supporting this rule will be found cited in Rogers on Expert Testimony, section 47, and in 11 R. C. L. 610.
*79A hypothetical question was propounded to Dr. Brooke, in [18] which was recited a history of plaintiff’s condition before she ate the meat in question, the fact that she ate of the meat, and the history of her subsequent illness, and upon the facts recited Dr. Brooke was asked to give his opinion as to the cause of the illness. It is urged that the evidence was improperly received (1) because the question called for a statement of an ultimate fact to be determined by the jury (2) because the question was predicated upon part only of the evidence upon the subject, and (3) because the opinion could not have evidentiary value.
In Copenhaver v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co., 42 Mont. 453, 113 Pac. 467, we adopted the rule that whenever the conclusion to be drawn from the facts stated depends upon professional or scientific knowledge or skill not within the range of ordinary training or intelligence, the conclusion may be stated by a qualified expert, even though the conclusion is a statement of an ultimate fact to be found by the jury. The rule as thus stated is supported by the decided weight of authority and by the better reasoned cases.
In Rogers on Expert Testimony, section 50, it is said that a witness skilled in the science and practice of medicine may state his opinion that a person’s ill health resulted from a certain cause. In Transportation Line v. Hope, 95 U. S. 297, 24 L. Ed. 477, it is held that it is not an objection that an expert witness is asked a question involving the point to be decided by the jury. To the same effect are Daly v. City of Milwaukee, 103 Wis. 588, 79 N. W. 752; Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Shipman, 119 N. Y. 324, 24 N. E. 177.
In De Sandro v. Missoula L. & W. Co., 52 Mont. 333, 157 Pac. 641, we said: “In putting a hypothetical question, counsel may assume as established, for the time being, all the facts in evidence tending, directly or by fair inference, to establish his theory of the case. * * * He need not embody all the evidence on the subject to which it relates. If opposing counsel does not think the question incorporates all of the facts in evi*80dence, he can include them in questions propounded by himself. * * * It is then for the jury to say whether the facts assumed by the question are really established and whether the opinion of the witness has any probative value.” This answers completely the other objections to the question propounded to Dr. Brooke.
One of the counsel for plaintiff is charged with misconduct in [19] asking certain questions intended to solicit the information that prior to the sale of the meat in question the defendant had been prosecuted for violating the pure food law. The court properly sustained objections to the questions, and directed the. jury to disregard the fact that the questions had been aked. We do not agree with appellant that there was misconduct on the part of counsel; but, under any view of the matter, the admonition to the jury must be accepted as removing any prejudicial effect. (Pascoe v. Nelson, 52 Mont. 405, 158 Pac. 317.)
Plaintiff was awarded damages in the sum of $10,000, and [20, 21] complaint is made that the verdict is excessive. In passing we may observe that the fact that a verdict appears to be excessive is not a ground for a motion for a new trial. It is only when the excessive damages appear to have been given under the influence of passion or prejudice that a new trial may be granted for that reason. (Rev. Codes, see. 6794, subd. 5.)
There is no standard fixed by law for measuring the value of human health or happiness. In every case of personal injury a wide latitude is allowed for the exercise of the judgment of the jury, and, unless it appears that the amount awarded is so grossly out of all proportion to the injury received as to shock the conscience, this court cannot substitute its judgment for that of the jury. (Armitage v. Chicago, M. & St. P. Ry. Co., 54 Mont. 38, 166 Pac. 301; White v. Chicago, M. & St. P. Ry. Co., 49 Mont. 419, 143 Pac. 561.) The appearance of the witnesses on the stand, their manner in testifying, their apparent candor or lack of it, are all elements which enter into an estimate of their credibility. These elements were present in the lower court, but cannot be reproduced here.-
*81It was for the jury to determine whether the evidence touching the character and extent of plaintiff’s illness was worthy of credit, and the verdict is their answer to the inquiry, Was she malingering or was she seriously injured? There is ample evidence from which the jury could conclude that at the time of partaking of the meat plaintiff was thirty-seven years of age, in good health, and the mother of two young boys; that, as the result of eating -this meat, she contracted diarrhoea, which has apparently become chronic, and that she has lost control of other organs of the body; that she is practically a nervous wreck; and that any prospect of improvement is problematical. Aside from the question of physical pain and suffering, the mental distress resulting from her injuries was an element of damages cognizable by the jury. Her appearance on the witness-stand a year after the sale of the meat cannot be depicted by a printed record, yet it may have furnished the best evidence to the jury and presiding judge of the extent of her damage.
The amount of the recovery is very large, but we cannot say that it is out of proportion to the extent of the injury — certainly not so far excessive as to indicate'that it was prompted by the passion or prejudice of the jury.
We cannot treat the assignments in detail. We have examined them all, and content ourselves with saying, .that we find no reversible error.
The judgment and order are affirmed.

Affirmed.

Mr. Chief Justice Brantly and Mr. Justice Cooper concur.