Court Opinion

ID: 4578743
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-20 19:13:54.896919+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:41:16.978598
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                                 September 2020 Term
                                  _______________
                                                                            FILED
                                    No. 18-0608                         October 20, 2020
                                                                            released at 3:00 p.m.
                                  _______________                       EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                                                        SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                             OF WEST VIRGINIA
                             STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA,
                              Plaintiff Below, Respondent

                                          v.

                                 JOSHUA S. DEEM,
                              Defendant Below, Petitioner

      ____________________________________________________________

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court of Harrison County
                     The Honorable Thomas A. Bedell, Judge
                            Criminal Action No. 18-F-17

                                     AFFIRMED

      ____________________________________________________________

                             Submitted: September 22, 2020
                                Filed: October 20, 2020

George J. Cosenza, Esq.                        Patrick Morrisey, Esq.
Cosenza Law Office                             Attorney General
Parkersburg, West Virginia                     Mary Beth Niday, Esq.
                                               Assistant Attorney General
Counsel for the Petitioner                     Caleb A. Ellis, Esq.
                                               Assistant Attorney General
                                               Charleston, West Virginia

                                               Counsel for the Respondent

JUSTICE WALKER delivered the Opinion of the Court.
                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

              1.     “When reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress, an appellate court

should construe all facts in the light most favorable to the State, as it was the prevailing

party below. Because of the highly fact-specific nature of a motion to suppress, particular

deference is given to the findings of the circuit court because it had the opportunity to

observe the witnesses and to hear testimony on the issues. Therefore, the circuit court’s

factual findings are reviewed for clear error.” Syllabus Point 1, State v. Lacy, 196 W. Va.
104, 468 S.E.2d 719 (1996).

              2.     “In contrast to a review of the circuit court’s factual findings, the

ultimate determination as to whether a search or seizure was reasonable under the Fourth

Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section 6 of Article III of the West

Virginia Constitution is a question of law that is reviewed de novo. Similarly, an appellate

court reviews de novo whether a search warrant was too broad. Thus, a circuit court’s denial

of a motion to suppress evidence will be affirmed unless it is unsupported by substantial

evidence, based on an erroneous interpretation of the law, or, based on the entire record, it

is clear that a mistake has been made.” Syllabus Point 2, State v. Lacy, 196 W. Va. 104,

468 S.E.2d 719 (1996).

              3.     “‘Searches conducted outside the judicial process, without prior

approval by judge or magistrate, are per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment and

                                              i
Article III, Section 6 of the West Virginia Constitution—subject only to a few specifically

established and well-delineated exceptions. The exceptions are jealously and carefully

drawn, and there must be a showing by those who seek exemption that the exigencies of

the situation made that course imperative.’ Syllabus Point 1, State v. Moore, 165 W. Va.
837, 272 S.E.2d 804 (1980), overruled in part on other grounds by State v. Julius, 185
W. Va. 422, 408 S.E.2d 1 (1991).” Syllabus Point 20, State v. Ladd, 210 W. Va. 413, 557
S.E.2d 820 (2001).

              4.     “The existence of a reasonable belief should be analyzed from the

perspective of the police officers at the scene; an inquiring court should not ask what the

police could have done but whether they had, at the time, a reasonable belief that there was

a need to act without a warrant.” Syllabus Point 7, State v. Lacy, 196 W. Va. 104, 468
S.E.2d 719 (1996).

                                             ii
WALKER, Justice:

              Police seized Petitioner Joshua Deem’s (Deem) cell phone without a warrant

while investigating the solicitation of a minor. Based primarily on evidence later obtained

from the cell phone pursuant to a warrant, Deem was convicted of one count of attempting

to solicit a minor using a computer. Deem now asks us to overturn his conviction and

vacate his sentence because, he argues, the warrantless seizure of his cell phone was

unreasonable and so violated his Fourth Amendment rights. We disagree: the seizure was

reasonable under the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement and did

not offend the Fourth Amendment. So, we affirm the circuit court’s August 9, 2018

sentencing order.

                            I. Facts and Procedural History

              The State prevailed below on Deem’s motion to suppress, so we construe all

facts in its favor. 1 On December 13, 2016, the Bridgeport Police Department noticed an

advertisement on Craigslist titled, “Speed for You,” in which Deem sought contact with a

girl or group of women. Adopting the persona of a fifteen-year old girl (Minor), Lieutenant

Gary Weaver (Lt. Weaver) responded “YO 15 F BPORT,” and “What’s up?” through the

Craigslist messaging feature. Minor and Deem conversed over Craigslist for the next few

       1
          Syl. Pt. 1, in part, State v. Lacy, 196 W. Va. 104, 468 S.E.2d 719 (1996) (stating
that “[w]hen ruling on a motion to suppress, an appellate court should construe all facts in
the light most favorable to the State, as it was the prevailing party, below.”). We rely upon
Lt. Weaver’s testimony to the circuit court during the March 2018 hearing on Deem’s
motion to suppress.

                                             1
days. Deem asked Minor for explicit photographs, explaining that if she would send the

photos, then he wished to meet her and have sex. At Deem’s request, the conversation

moved to text messages. As Deem and Minor continued to text, she received his messages

from different cell phone numbers. Lt. Weaver determined that Deem was using the

TextNow App to change the numbers, although he could still tell from the messages’

content that Deem was the sender. For example, in one of the messages Deem asked Minor

for nude photos once again.

              Lt. Weaver served an administrative subpoena on Craigslist to find out who

had posted the “Speed for You” ad.           Craigslist responded with the email address,

joshdeem1990@****.com, and telephone number, 304-9**-1***. In January 2017, Minor

started to receive text messages from 304-9**-1***. It was not hard to deduce that Deem

was using that number to correspond with Minor: when she asked the user of that number

to identify himself, the user responded, “Josh.” Lt. Weaver later confirmed that 304-9**-

1*** was a real, AT&T cell phone number used by Deem at that time.

              Deem, using the 304-9**-1*** number, sent Minor a message on February

1, 2017. The next day, Lt. Weaver, Detective Travis Wolfe of the Parkersburg Police

Department, and Trooper Jennifer DeMeyer of the West Virginia State Police went to

Deem’s home. It was cold outside, so when Deem came to the door, the officers asked if

they could go into the house or talk in one of the officers’ cars. Deem let the officers inside.

                                               2
              Deem, his father, and the officers went to the family room. When Lt. Weaver

asked Deem for his cell phone number, Deem gave him 304-4**-1***. Deem then

admitted to using 304-9**-1***, but claimed that he had not used that number for a long

time. Then, Deem and the officers left Deem’s father and went to another room. Once

there, Lt. Weaver explained “that this was [his] investigation, this is what I was looking

into [sic], this is a little bit of the information that I have.” He then asked Deem about

email addresses. Deem stated that he used the email address, jdeem2016@****.com, but

that he did not know about the joshdeem1990@****.com address. Deem admitted that he

“randomly” placed some ads on Craigslist. When Lt. Weaver asked Deem if he had another

cell phone, Deem said that he had another phone, but that it had stopped working some

months ago.

              Lt. Weaver observed a cell phone in Deem’s pocket. When Lt. Weaver asked

Deem about it, Deem responded that it was an AT&T Android phone. The officers asked

Deem to give them the phone, but he refused. Det. Wolfe attempted to move the interview

along by calling 304-9**-1*** from his cell phone. The phone in Deem’s pocket rang.

Deem got the phone out and Lt. Weaver, standing right beside Deem, saw “Unknown” on

the phone’s display. Det. Wolfe displayed his own phone and said, “Hey, that’s me

calling.” Lt. Weaver testified that Deem returned the phone to his pocket, but not before

his hand moved on to the screen of the phone.

                                            3
                Based on training and experience, Lt. Weaver knew that a person can easily

delete information stored in a phone. Acting on that training and experience, Lt. Weaver

explained to Deem, “Hey, listen, we’ve got to take the phone. We can’t look at it. We

have to do a search warrant to look at it, but we have reason to believe there’s evidence on

there.” He asked Deem for the phone again, but Deem still refused. Lt. Weaver then seized

the phone from a resistant Deem. Two days later, authorities obtained a warrant, searched

Deem’s phone, and found incriminating evidence.

                In January 2018, a Harrison County grand jury indicted Deem on one count

of using a computer to attempt to solicit a minor believed to be at least four years younger

than himself in violation of West Virginia Code § 61-3C-14b (2016). 2 In February 2018,

       2
           Section 61-3C-14b states:

                        (a) Any person over the age of eighteen, who knowingly
                uses a computer to solicit, entice, seduce or lure, or attempt to
                solicit, entice, seduce or lure, a minor known or believed to be
                at least four years younger than the person using the computer
                or a person he or she believes to be such a minor, in order to
                engage in any illegal act proscribed by the provisions of article
                eight [§§ 61-8-1 et seq.], eight-b [§§ 61-8B-1 et seq.], eight-c
                [§§ 61-8c-1 et seq.] or eight-d of this chapter [§§ 61-8D-1 et
                seq.], or any felony offense under section four hundred one [§
                60A-4-401], article four, chapter sixty-a of this code, is guilty
                of a felony and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not
                more than $5,000 or imprisoned in a state correctional facility
                not less than two nor more than ten years, or both.

                      (b) Any person over the age of eighteen who uses a
                computer in the manner proscribed by the provisions of
                subsection (a) of this section and who additionally engages in
                                                4
Deem moved to suppress all evidence obtained from the search of his cell phone. Deem

argued that the plain view exception to the warrant requirement did not cover Lt. Weaver’s

seizure of his phone. The State responded that Lt. Weaver had not run afoul of the Fourth

Amendment because the seizure was reasonable under both the plain view and exigent

circumstances exceptions. 3

              The circuit court conducted a hearing on Deem’s motion in March 2018.

Deem contended that the officers should have obtained a search warrant before seizing the

cell phone and that there were no exigent circumstances to justify its seizure. He also

argued that before the officers went to his house, they knew that his cell phone might

contain evidence of a crime and that “[t]hey had ample probable cause to go ahead and get

a search warrant . . . .” Alternatively, Deem asserted that once the officers observed the

phone in his pocket, they could have detained him while someone left to get a warrant. The

              any overt act designed to bring himself or herself into the
              minor’s, or the person believed to be a minor’s, physical
              presence with the intent to engage in any sexual activity or
              conduct with such a minor that is prohibited by law, is guilty
              of a felony and shall be fined not more than $25,000 or
              imprisoned in a state correctional facility for a determinate
              sentence of not less than five nor more than thirty years, or
              both: Provided, That subsection (a) shall be deemed a lesser
              included offense to that created by this subsection.

       3
         Deem also moved to suppress evidence obtained from the cell phone on the
grounds that the affidavit provided in support of the application for the search warrant did
not establish probable cause. The circuit court denied this motion and Deem does not
appeal that ruling.

                                             5
State responded that Lt. Weaver had reacted to the situation before him based on his

experience that the kind of evidence he suspected was in Deem’s phone is frequently

removed, altered, or destroyed. The State argued that the plain view exception to the

warrant requirement also applied to the seizure. The circuit court denied Deem’s motion

from the bench, seemingly based on the plain view exception to the warrant requirement. 4

The court entered an order reflecting that ruling on March 26, 2018.

              In March 2018, Deem was convicted on the single count of the indictment

after a two-day trial. The circuit court entered its Second Amended Order Following

       4
         The circuit court applied our analysis of the plain view exception to the warrant
requirement as stated in Syllabus Point 3 of State v. Farley, 167 W. Va. 620, 280 S.E.2d
234 (1981) (“A warrantless seizure of property in plain view is constitutionally permissible
provided three requirements are met: “(1) the police must observe the evidence in plain
sight without benefit of a search [without invading one’s reasonable expectation of
privacy], (2) the police must have a legal right to be where they are when they make the
plain sight observation and, (3) the police must have probable cause to believe that the
evidence seen constitutes contraband or fruits, instrumentalities or evidence of crime.” Syl.
Pt. 7, State v. Moore, W.Va., 272 S.E.2d 804 (1980), quoting, Syl. pt. 3, in part, State v.
Stone, W.Va., 268 S.E.2d 50 (1980).”). We recast that test ten years later, in Syllabus Point
3 of State v. Julius, 185 W. Va. 422, 408 S.E.2d 1 (1991) (“The essential predicates of a
plain view warrantless seizure are (1) that the officer did not violate the Fourth Amendment
in arriving at the place from which the incriminating evidence could be viewed; (2) that
the item was in plain view and its incriminating character was also immediately apparent;
and (3) that not only was the officer lawfully located in a place from which the object could
be plainly seen, but the officer also had a lawful right of access to the object itself.”).
Because we do not rely on the plain view exception to the warrant requirement to resolve
Deem’s appeal, the circuit court’s application of Syllabus Point 3 of Farley, rather than
Syllabus Point 3 of Julius, does not affect our decision to affirm the circuit court’s denial
of Deem’s motion to suppress.

                                             6
Sentencing Hearing/Order Placing Defendant on Supervised Probation on August 9, 2018, 5

in which it ordered that Deem was to serve not less than two nor more than ten years of

incarceration. The court then suspended that sentence and placed Deem on supervised

probation for three years. Deem now appeals from the circuit court’s August 9, 2018 Order.

                                    II. Standard of Review

                 When reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress, we take the facts in the

light most favorable to the State, review the circuit court’s factual findings for clear error,

and conduct a de novo review of the determination of whether the search or seizure violated

the Fourth Amendment. We detailed that standard of review in Syllabus Points 1 and 2 of

State v. Lacy:

                         When reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress, an
                 appellate court should construe all facts in the light most
                 favorable to the State, as it was the prevailing party below.
                 Because of the highly fact-specific nature of a motion to
                 suppress, particular deference is given to the findings of the
                 circuit court because it had the opportunity to observe the
                 witnesses and to hear testimony on the issues. Therefore, the
                 circuit court’s factual findings are reviewed for clear error.

                        In contrast to a review of the circuit court’s factual
                 findings, the ultimate determination as to whether a search or
                 seizure was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment to the
                 United States Constitution and Section 6 of Article III of the
                 West Virginia Constitution is a question of law that is reviewed
                 de novo. Similarly, an appellate court reviews de novo whether

       5
        The circuit court entered an Order Following Sentencing Hearing/Order Placing
Defendant on Supervised Probation on June 7, 2018, and an Amended Order Following
Sentencing Hearing/Order Placing Defendant on Supervised Probation on June 19, 2018.

                                                7
                a search warrant was too broad. Thus, a circuit court’s denial
                of a motion to suppress evidence will be affirmed unless it is
                unsupported by substantial evidence, based on an erroneous
                interpretation of the law, or, based on the entire record, it is
                clear that a mistake has been made.[6]

                                       III. Discussion

                Deem does not challenge the circuit court’s factual findings so we limit our

review to the constitutional question: did the temporary warrantless seizure of his cell

phone violate his Fourth Amendment rights?             After analyzing the totality of the

circumstances Lt. Weaver faced during his February 2, 2017, encounter with Deem, we

find that his belief that he had to act quickly to secure Deem’s cell phone to prevent the

destruction of potential evidence was reasonable. 7 So, we affirm the circuit court’s

conclusion that the seizure did not violate the Fourth Amendment.

       6
           Syl. Pts. 1 and 2, Lacy, 196 W. Va. at 104, 468 S.E.2d at 719.
       7
         The circuit court found the seizure to be reasonable under the plain view exception
to the warrant requirement. We may, however, affirm that judgment on “‘any legal ground
disclosed by the record, regardless of the ground, reason or theory assigned by the lower
court as the basis for its judgment.’” State v. Coles, 234 W. Va. 132, 139 n.18, 763 S.E.2d
843, 850 n.18 (2014) (quoting Syl. Pt. 3, Barnett v. Wolfolk, 149 W. Va. 246, 140 S.E.2d
466 (1965)). The State argued before the circuit court that both the plain view and exigent
circumstances exceptions to the warrant requirement justified the seizure of Deem’s cell
phone. Therefore, although the circuit court relied on the plain view exception, we may
affirm based on the exigent circumstances exception.

                                               8
              The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution 8 and the near-

identical Article III, Section 6 of the West Virginia Constitution 9 protect against

unreasonable searches and seizures.        A warrant issued for probable cause is the

presumptive means of ensuring that a search or seizure is reasonable and does not offend

those protections. 10 But, presumptions are not absolute and as we have explained in the

Fourth Amendment context, there are some exceptions recognizing certain exigencies:

                     “Searches conducted outside the judicial process,
              without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are per se
              unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment and Article III,
              Section 6 of the West Virginia Constitution—subject only to a
              few specifically established and well-delineated exceptions.
              The exceptions are jealously and carefully drawn, and there
              must be a showing by those who seek exemption that the
              exigencies of the situation made that course imperative.”
              Syllabus Point 1, State v. Moore, 165 W. Va. 837, 272 S.E.2d
8
         U.S. Const. amend. 4 (“The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and
no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and
particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.”).
       9
         W. Va. Const. art. III, § 6 (“The rights of the citizens to be secure in their houses,
persons, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
violated. No warrant shall issue except upon probable cause, supported by oath or
affirmation, particularly describing the place to be searched, or the person or thing to be
seized.”).
       10
         Lacy, 196 W. Va. at 112, 468 S.E.2d at 727 (“Indeed, the touchstone of the Fourth
Amendment’s promise is ‘reasonableness,’ which generally, though not always, translates
into a warrant requirement.”) (citing Vernonia School Dist. 47J v. Acton, 515 U.S. 646
(1995)).

                                              9
                804 (1980), overruled in part on other grounds by State v.
                Julius, 185 W. Va. 422, 408 S.E.2d 1 (1991).[11]

                       Exigent circumstances “may exist . . . when police reasonably believe

[that] quick action is necessary to prevent the destruction of potential evidence . . . .” 12

“The test for the existence of exigent circumstances is whether the facts would lead a

reasonable, experienced police officer to believe the evidence might be destroyed or

removed before a warrant could be secured.” 13 “The existence of a reasonable belief should

be analyzed from the perspective of the police officers at the scene; an inquiring court

should not ask what the police could have done but whether they had, at the time, a

       11
         Syl. Pt. 20, State v. Ladd, 210 W. Va. 413, 557 S.E.2d 820 (2001) (emphasis
added). See also Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452, 460 (2011) (“One well-recognized
exception applies when the exigencies of the situation make the needs of law enforcement
so compelling that [a] warrantless search is objectively reasonable under the Fourth
Amendment.”) (internal quotations and alterations omitted).
       12
         State v. Kendall, 219 W. Va. 686, 692, 639 S.E.2d 778, 784 (2006) (quoting State
v. Buzzard, 194 W. Va. 544, 549 n.11, 461 S.E.2d 50, 55 n.11 (1995)). See also Lacy, 196
W. Va. at 112 n.7, 468 S.E.2d at 727 n.7 (noting that “[r]ecognized situations in which
exigent circumstances exist include: danger of flight or escape; danger of harm to police
officers or the general public; risk of loss, destruction, removal, or concealment of
evidence; and hot pursuit of a fleeing suspect”).
       13
            Lacy, 196 W. Va. at 112 n.7, 468 S.E.2d at 727 n.7.

                                              10
reasonable belief that there was a need to act without a warrant.” 14 Ultimately, the test for

exigent circumstances is an objective one based on the totality of the circumstances. 15

                Numerous federal Courts of Appeal faced with the warrantless seizure of a

digital device have turned, as we do in this case, to the exigent circumstances exception to

the warrant requirement. 16 For example, in United States v. Burton, the Fourth Circuit

applied the exception to Burton’s cell phones, which police seized while investigating

allegations that he had used a cell phone to take pictures underneath a woman’s skirt while

       14
            Syl. Pt. 7, Lacy, 196 W. Va. at 104, 468 S.E.2d at 719 (emphasis in original).
       15
          See Syl. Pt. 6, in part, Kendall, 219 W. Va. at 686, 639 S.E.2d at 778 (stating that
the test for exigent circumstances “is an objective test based on what a reasonable, well-
trained police officer would believe”); cf. Syl. Pt. 2, in part, State v. Canby, 162 W. Va.
666, 252 S.E.2d 164 (1979) (stating that “[t]he test of exigent circumstances for the making
of an arrest for a felony without a warrant in West Virginia is whether, under the totality
of the circumstances, the police had reasonable grounds to believe that if an immediate
arrest were [sic] not made, the accused would be able to destroy evidence . . . . This is an
objective test based on what a reasonable, well-trained police officer would believe.”).
       16
          See United States v. Brown, 701 F.3d 120, 127 (4th Cir. 2012) (“[I]t was entirely
reasonable for the officers to seize Brown’s laptop—as they did—to prevent either it or its
contents from being damaged or destroyed.”); United States v. Bradley, 488 F. App’x 99,
103 (6th Cir. 2012) (“[I]t is objectively reasonable to seize a [computer] an officer has
probable cause to believe contains evidence of a crime, rather than leave it unguarded in
the hands of a suspect who knows that it will be searched.”); United States v. Blood, 429
F. App’x 670, 671 (9th Cir. 2011) (unpublished opinion involving child pornography)
(stating that “[t]he fragile and easily destructible nature of the digital evidence at issue
raises undeniable concerns regarding ‘loss or possible destruction of contraband by the
owner’”) (quoting United States v. Place, 462 U.S. 696, 701 (1983)). The United States
Supreme Court recognized that seizure of cell phones in a similar situation was appropriate
in order to prevent destruction of evidence pending the subsequent procurement of a search
warrant. See Riley v. California, 573 U.S. 373, 388 (2014) (noting the petitioner’s “sensible
concession” that officers “could have seized and secured their cell phones to prevent
destruction of evidence while seeking a warrant.”).

                                              11
she shopped for groceries. 17 During a voluntary interview with police, Burton denied

taking any photos, but admitted to “crouching behind [the woman] at the store with a cell

phone in his hand . . . .” 18 He also told police that “he had two employer-issued cell phones

with him during the grocery store incident, and that one of the phones had both a camera

and email functionality. Burton brought both phones to the initial interview.” 19 An officer

seized the phones, later testifying that he did so with probable cause and to allay his fear

that if he did not take the phones, Burton would destroy any pictures in them. 20 Authorities

recovered lewd pictures from Burton’s cell phone pursuant to a search warrant. 21 Next,

they used that evidence to obtain a warrant to search Burton’s home, including the contents

of electronic devices found there. 22 Authorities recovered images of child pornography

from Burton’s electronic devices. 23 Following an unsuccessful motion to suppress, Burton

entered a conditional guilty plea to a single count of possession of child pornography. 24

       17
         United States v. Burton, 756 F. App’x 295, 297 (4th Cir. 2018), cert. denied, 139
S. Ct. 1636 (2019).
       18
Id.
       19
Id. (internal note omitted).
       20
Id.
       21
 Id.
       22
Id. at 298.
       23
 Id.
       24
 Id.

                                             12
                  The Fourth Circuit rejected Burton’s argument on appeal that the exigent

circumstances exception to the warrant requirement could not justify the seizure of his cell

phones. 25 The court detailed the circumstances surrounding the seizure of Burton’s phones

that gave the officer “‘good reason to fear’ that Burton would destroy digital evidence if

allowed to depart the police station with the phones”: 26

                          Following the initial interview, Burton was aware that
                  he was the subject of an investigation into his use of cell phones
                  to take up-skirt photos, and also knew that Myrick was
                  skeptical of Burton’s description of the grocery store incident.
                  Given the ease with which Burton could have deleted,
                  transferred, or otherwise removed the digital photos from the
                  phones, Myrick reasonably assumed that Burton might destroy
                  any evidence contained on the phones, or the devices
                  themselves. And finally, Myrick made sufficiently “reasonable
                  efforts” to balance law-enforcement needs with Burton’s
                  Fourth Amendment rights. Myrick conducted a voluntary
                  interview with Burton, did not immediately place Burton under
                  arrest, and waited to seize the phones until after investigating
                  the victim’s allegations and providing Burton with an
                  opportunity to give his version of the events.[27]

                  The Eleventh Circuit recently affirmed the warrantless, temporary seizure of

a suspect’s cell phone in circumstances similar to those in Burton and this case. In United

States v. Babcock, police responded to a disturbance at Babcock’s camper, where they

       25
Id.
       26
Id. at 299 (quoting Illinois v. McArthur, 531 U.S. 326, 332 (2001)).
       27
Id. at 299 (internal citations, quotations, and note omitted).

                                                 13
found Babcock and a minor girl with blood on her thigh. 28 Babcock showed an officer a

video on his phone of the minor holding a knife to her throat and threatening to kill herself,

apparently attempting to explain the blood. Babcock permitted the officer to keep the

phone so she could show the video to a colleague. 29 When another officer asked Babcock

to look at other content on the phone, Babcock refused and asked for the phone back. 30

The officer kept it, obtained a warrant to search the phone’s contents, and found graphic

photos and videos of the minor girl within. 31

                  Babcock later moved to suppress the evidence culled from the phone. The

district court denied the motion and Babcock entered a conditional guilty plea to two counts

of producing a visual depiction of sexually explicit content with a minor in violation of

18 U.S.C. § 2251(a), (e). 32 The Eleventh Circuit affirmed the lower court’s ruling, easily

identifying the facts that created the exigent circumstances that made the seizure

reasonable:

                  Given the facts here, a reasonable, experienced agent certainly
                  could have believed that Babcock—the suspect, not a mere
                  bystander—would delete any incriminating evidence on his

       28
            924 F.3d 1180, 1184–85 (11th Cir. 2019).
       29
Id. at 1185.
       30
Id.
       31
 Id.
       32
Id. at 1185–86.

                                                14
              phone before a warrant could be obtained. For starters,
              Babcock had tried to deceive the responding officers from the
              get-go, denying that anyone else was in his camper, reporting
              that C.A. had randomly shown up at his house in the middle of
              the night, and claiming that he didn’t know her age—all lies.
              Moreover Babcock surely knew that he was under suspicion
              once Detective Broughton asked to search the camper and to
              further inspect his phone. Finally, of course, and on top of all
              that, the electronic files on Babcock’s phone could have been
              quickly destroyed while the search was progressing. All told, .
              . . it was reasonable for the officers here to conclude that
              Babcock had the ability and incentive to, after learning of the
              investigation into his relationship with C.A., destroy damning
              information contained on his phone. That’s all the exigent-
              circumstances doctrine requires.[33]

              The facts and circumstances of the seizure of Deem’s cell phone are equally

compelling. They would certainly lead a reasonable, experienced police officer standing

in Deem’s living room to believe that if he did not act quickly and seize the cell phone,

Deem would delete or destroy potential evidence in it before a warrant could be obtained.

First, Deem had already tried to deceive the officers. He lied about his current cell phone

number and denied knowing about the joshdeem1990@****.com email account. Deem

knew the nature of Lt. Weaver’s investigation and that it had turned up the 304-9**-1***

cell phone number. Deem also knew that Lt. Weaver had observed a cell phone in his

       33
Id. at 1194–95 (internal quotations, alterations, and note omitted). The Eleventh
Circuit also analyzed whether the police had probable cause to believe that Babcock’s cell
phone contained evidence of a crime. See id. at 1186 (stating that “absent either a warrant
or probable cause plus an exception, police may not seize private property”). Sensibly,
Deem does not challenge on appeal Lt. Weaver’s belief that evidence of Deem’s
solicitation of Minor was probably in his phone.

                                            15
pocket and that he believed that particular phone contained evidence pertinent to his

investigation.     In addition, Deem had shown that he was technologically savvy by

strategically using the TextNow App to send Minor messages from different cell phone

numbers, an obvious attempt to evade detection. Finally, the potential evidence on Deem’s

phone could have been quickly damaged or destroyed, something that a reasonable and

experienced officer would have recognized.

                 Those particular facts gave Deem every incentive to destroy or damage the

evidence that authorities later recovered from the cell phone. 34 Viewed in their totality,

and combined with the fragility of any evidence contained in Deem’s phone, the particular

circumstances detailed above would lead a reasonable, experienced officer to believe that

the warrantless seizure of Deem’s cell phone was necessary to prevent the destruction of

or damage to potential evidence within. 35

       34
           Cf. McArthur, 531 U.S. at 332 (stating authorities “reasonably could have
concluded that McArthur, consequently suspecting an imminent search, would, if given the
chance, get rid of the drugs fast”); Crocker v. Beatty, 886 F.3d 1132, 1136 (11th Cir. 2018)
(stating that, “[f]or obvious reasons, evidence is more likely to be destroyed when it is in
the possession of a person who may be convicted by it”).
       35
         Deem makes a cursory citation to Missouri v. McNeely, 569 U.S. 141 (2013), but
offers no analysis of the case except to quote a single sentence and state that “[t]he same
logic applies to the case at bar.” We cannot analyze an argument that Deem does not make.
See State v. LaRock, 196 W. Va. 294, 302, 470 S.E.2d 613, 621 (1996) (“In addition to the
above assignments, the defendant raises some half-hearted assignments that were not fully
developed and argued in the appellate brief. Although we liberally construe briefs in
determining issues presented for review, issues which are not raised, and those mentioned
only in passing but are not supported with pertinent authority, are not considered on
                                             16
                                    IV. CONCLUSION

              For the reasons discussed above, we find no error in the circuit court’s denial

of Deem’s motion to suppress and affirm the Second Amended Order Following

Sentencing Hearing/Order Placing Defendant on Supervised Probation of August 9, 2018.

                                                                                    Affirmed.

appeal.”) (citing State v. Lilly, 194 W. Va. 595, 605 n.16, 461 S.E.2d 101, 111 n.16 (1995)
(“casual mention of an issue in a brief is cursory treatment insufficient to preserve the issue
on appeal”)).

        Giving Deem the benefit of doubt, however, we observe that the issue in McNeely
was whether “the natural metabolization of alcohol in the bloodstream presents a per se
exigency that justifies an exception to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement for
nonconsensual blood testing in all drunk-driving cases.” McNeely, 569 U.S. at 146. That
is not the issue presented here. The State did not ask this Court for a per se rule and we do
not make one. Rather, our ruling depends on an objective assessment of the totality of the
facts and circumstances of this particular case.

                                              17