Court Opinion

ID: 5142186
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-31 01:10:52.455124+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:34.094225
License: Public Domain

Whitney Wheeling, et al. v. Selene Finance LP, et al., No. 27, September Term, 2020,
Opinion by Booth, J.

Pleading a Cause of Action under Real Property Article § 7-113 – The Petitioners’
amended complaint adequately pleaded a private cause of action under Real Property
Article § 7-113. The statute does not require that a protected resident be deprived of actual
possession of the property as a condition precedent to bringing a private cause of action for
damages.

Pleading a Private Cause of Action under the Maryland Consumer Protection Act,
Commercial Law Article § 13-101 et seq. (“MCPA”) – The Petitioners’ amended
complaint adequately pleaded a private cause of action under the MCPA. Although
damages must be pleaded in a private action brought under the MCPA, the general rule of
pleading set forth in Maryland Rule 2-303(b) applies. Under Maryland law, damages for
emotional injuries may only be recovered if they are accompanied by physical
manifestations capable of objective determination. Taking all inferences in the light most
favorable to the Petitioners, the amended complaint, alleging “emotional damages with
physical manifestations” adequately pleaded a claim for emotional damages.

Attorney’s Fees Alleged as Damages – Petitioners are not entitled to recover attorney’s
fees for consulting an attorney to “know their rights” as separate compensable damages.
We decline to expand our collateral litigation exception to the American Rule to permit the
recovery of attorney’s fees as damages where the fees were not incurred in collateral
litigation with a party other than the defendant, nor otherwise incurred to protect an interest
vis-à-vis a third party.
 Circuit Court for Baltimore City
 Case No.: 24-C-17-000996
 Argued: January 5, 2021

                                                                                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                                              OF MARYLAND

                                                                                                    No. 27

                                                                                            September Term, 2020

                                                                                        WHITNEY WHEELING, et al.

                                                                                                       v.

                                                                                        SELENE FINANCE LP, et al.

                                                                                           Barbera, C.J.
                                                                                           McDonald
                                                                                           Watts
                                                                                           Hotten
                                                                                           Getty
                                                                                           Booth
                                                                                           Harrell, Glenn T., Jr.,
                                                                                           (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),

                                                                                                    JJ.

                                                                                            Opinion by Booth, J.
 Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
Materials Act
                                                                                   Hotten and Getty, JJ., concur and dissent.
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic.

                            2021-10-28 14:35-04:00

                                                                                             Filed: April 30, 2021
Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk
       This case requires that we determine whether the circuit court and the Court of

Special Appeals erred in dismissing an amended complaint for failure to state a claim upon

which relief can be granted. The Petitioners, Eric and Whitney Wheeling and Joanne

Rodriguez, were occupants of residential property that they owned or leased. They initiated

this action in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, against Respondents, Selene Finance

LP (“Selene”), a mortgage servicer, and Gina Gargeu d/b/a Century 21 Downtown

(“Gargeu” or “Century 21”), a real estate broker, after Respondents posted eviction notices

on Petitioners’ properties, attempting to gain possession of the properties through self-help

measures without a court order.

       Petitioners’ amended complaint alleges that the Respondents violated two

statutes—Maryland Code Real Property Article (“RP”) § 7-113, and the Maryland

Consumer Protection Act (the “MCPA”), codified at Maryland Code Commercial Law

Article (“CL”) § 13-101 et. seq. Both statutes create a private right of action that authorize,

among other things, a plaintiff to recover his or her actual damages incurred as a result of

the defendant’s unlawful conduct. RP § 7-113 was enacted by the General Assembly in

2013 and restricts the use of self-help in certain kinds of residential evictions. Without a

court order, a person claiming the right to possession of a residential property may only

resort to self-help evictions if the person posts a notice that complies with the requirements

of the statute, and only if he or she “reasonably believes the protected resident has

abandoned or surrendered possession of the property based on a reasonable inquiry into the

occupancy status of the property[.]” RP § 7-113(b)(2)(ii)(1).
       After learning of the eviction notices that were posted on their respective properties,

the Petitioners allege that they consulted with counsel to “know their rights.” In both

instances, the Petitioners did not vacate the premises in response to the eviction notices.

Although the Respondents’ actions did not cause them to leave, the Petitioners allege that

the Respondents’ unlawful act of posting the eviction notices without ascertaining the

occupancy status of the property caused them to suffer two forms of compensable

damages—(1) “emotional damages and losses with physical manifestations” such as fear

that they would lose their home; and (2) economic damages in the form of attorney’s fees

they incurred to understand their rights.

       Selene and Ms. Gargeu filed motions to dismiss the amended complaint on the basis

that it failed to state a cause of action. The circuit court granted both motions. The

Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez noted a timely appeal. In a reported opinion, the Court of

Special Appeals affirmed the judgment of the circuit court. Wheeling v. Selene Finance

LP, 246 Md. App. 255 (2020).

       The intermediate appellate court determined that the amended complaint alleges

facts that, if proven, establish that the Respondents violated RP § 7-113. Id. at 260.

However, the court concluded that a private cause of action arising under RP § 7-113 is

only extended to residents who vacate the property as the result of the improperly posted

eviction notice. Id. at 279. The Court of Special Appeals further determined that,

“[a]ssuming for purposes of analysis that Selene’s actions violated the MCPA, the amended

complaint fails to allege damages with the specificity required for private causes of action

under that statute.” Id. at 261.

                                              2
       For the reasons set forth more fully below, we reverse the judgment of the Court of

Special Appeals in part and affirm it in part. We hold that the Petitioners’ amended

complaint adequately sets forth a cause of action under RP § 7-113 and that the statute does

not require that a protected resident be deprived of actual possession as a condition to

bringing a private cause of action. We further hold that, under our jurisprudence, we have

not established a more demanding standard for pleading damages in private actions brought

under the MCPA. Although actual damages must be pleaded in a private cause of action

brought under that statute, the general rule of pleading as articulated in Maryland Rule 2-

303(b) applies. Under Maryland law, damages for emotional injury may only be recovered

if they are accompanied by physical manifestations capable of objective determination.

Petitioners’ amended complaint alleges that Petitioners suffered “emotional damages and

losses with physical manifestations[.]” Although the emotional damages pleaded in the

amended complaint are sparse, they supply the minimum to state a claim. We affirm the

judgment of the Court of Special Appeals, however, with respect to the Petitioners’

assertion that they are entitled to their attorney’s fees incurred to “know their rights” as

separate compensable damages. Under both RP § 7-113 and the MCPA, Petitioners would

be entitled to their reasonable attorney’s fees incurred to prosecute their case (assuming

they prevail). We determine that the Petitioners’ damages claim related to their pre-

litigation, consultation attorney’s fees do not fall within any of our common law exceptions

to the American Rule, which prohibits recovery of attorney’s fees as separate compensable

damages.

                                             3
                                             I.

                         Factual Background and Procedural History

       Because this case was decided on a motion to dismiss, we take the well-pleaded

allegations set forth in the amended complaint as true for purposes of our analysis, and we

recount them here as alleged.

       A. Facts as Alleged in the Complaint
                                   The Wheeling Claim

       At all times relevant to this case, the Wheelings and their children were renting

property in Anne Arundel County from the property owner, Donna Poole. Prior to the

Wheelings’ tenancy, Ms. Poole purchased the property through a mortgage loan with

CitiMortgage, Inc. After Ms. Poole defaulted on her loan in 2013, the loan was acquired

by Christiana Trust, as trustee for Normandy Mortgage Loan Trust Series 2013-9

(“Normandy”).

       Selene is a mortgage lender and servicer licensed to operate in Maryland. Selene

acted as Normandy Mortgage’s servicer for Ms. Poole’s mortgage. On May 15, 2015,

Selene, on behalf of Normandy, claimed to have a right to possess the property and posted

an eviction notice on the home. The notice stated, in pertinent part:

       IMPORTANT NOTICE ABOUT EVICTION

       A PERSON WHO CLAIMS THE RIGHT TO POSSESS THIS PROPERTY
       BELIEVES THAT THIS PROPERTY IS ABANDONED. IF YOU ARE
       CURRENTLY RESIDING IN THE PROPERTY, YOU MUST
       IMMEDIATELY CONTACT:

       Selene Finance
       NAME

                                             4
       9990 Richmond Avenue, Suite 400 S
       Houston, TX 77042
       ADDRESS

       (877) 768-3759
       TELEPHONE NUMBER

       5/15/15
       DATE OF THIS NOTICE

       IF YOU DO NOT CONTACT THE PERSON LISTED ABOVE WITHIN
       15 DAYS AFTER THE DATE OF THIS NOTICE, THE PERSON
       CLAIMING POSSESSION MAY CONSIDER THIS PROPERTY
       ABANDONED AND SEEK TO SECURE THE PROPERTY, INCLUDING
       CHANGING THE LOCKS WITHOUT A COURT ORDER

When the eviction notice was placed on the door, the Wheeling property was not subject

to any foreclosure proceeding, nor did Selene have any reasonable basis to believe that the

Wheeling property was vacant. On the contrary, the Wheelings and their children openly

occupied the house, and Selene was in the process of negotiating with Ms. Poole about a

short sale.

       Mr. Wheeling contacted Selene at the telephone number listed on the eviction notice

on May 19, 2015. A Selene representative falsely told Mr. Wheeling that Selene had

initiated foreclosure proceedings, when in fact, no such proceedings had been filed. The

Selene representative also told Mr. Wheeling that Selene believed that the property was

abandoned solely because the Wheelings were not the owners.              Additionally, the

representative told Mr. Wheeling that if the Wheelings did not vacate the property by June

1, 2015, the locks would be changed, and they would be evicted with the assistance of the

Sheriff’s Department.

                                            5
       As a result of, and in reliance on, the eviction notice and the statements made by

Selene’s representative, the Wheelings incurred legal expenses by seeking legal advice to

understand their rights as tenants on the property. They also suffered emotional distress

with physical manifestations.

       The amended complaint did not allege that the Wheelings vacated the home as a

result of Selene’s actions, nor did it allege that Selene took any steps other than posting the

eviction notice to force or induce them to move.

                                    The Rodriguez Claim

       Ms. Rodriguez was the owner and occupant of property located in Baltimore City

during the relevant time period. She purchased the property in 2008 through a mortgage

backed by a federal housing program. After she was unable to make timely payments, the

loan went into default and was eventually transferred to Sunset Mortgage Loan Trust,

Series 2014-1 (“Sunset Mortgage”).

       Selene, acting on behalf of Sunset Mortgage, filed a foreclosure action against the

Rodriguez property. Sunset Mortgage was the successful bidder at the foreclosure sale and

acquired the property for $42,000. The sale was ratified in September 2016.

       In February 2017, Selene contracted with Century 21 Downtown, a real estate

brokerage company operated by Ms. Gargeu. Acting as Selene’s agent, Ms. Gargeu

scheduled a sheriff’s eviction. On February 10, the sheriff posted a notice on the property

informing the occupants that they would be evicted pursuant to a court order on March 28,

2017. Ms. Rodriguez began preparing to vacate the property in reliance on the deadline in

the sheriff’s notice.

                                              6
       A little less than two weeks later, on February 22, Ms. Gargeu posted an eviction

notice on the Rodriguez property that was identical to the notice posted on the Wheeling

property, but for differences in names, address, and other incidental information. When

the eviction notice was placed on the home, Selene and Century 21 had no reasonable

basis to believe that the property was vacant because Ms. Rodriguez had opposed the

foreclosure proceeding, was represented by counsel, and her possessions remained in

place. Selene did not disclose to Ms. Rodriguez’s lawyer in the foreclosure that it had

posted the eviction notice. Ms. Rodriguez learned about the eviction notice through her

neighbor. After seeing the eviction notice, Ms. Rodriguez’s neighbor called Ms. Gargeu

and told her that Ms. Rodriguez still occupied the property. Fearing that she might come

home from a medical appointment to find her personal belongings on the curb or stolen,

Ms. Rodriguez alleges that she incurred additional legal expense by consulting her lawyer

in the foreclosure to understand her rights concerning Selene’s and Century 21’s actions

arising from their threats to evict her prior to the March 28 date established in the sheriff’s

notice. Ms. Rodriguez also alleges that she suffered severe emotional distress, including

fear, anxiety, and anger with physical manifestations.

       B. Circuit Court Proceeding

       The Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez initiated this action on March 1, 2017 in the

Circuit Court for Baltimore City on behalf of themselves and a proposed class of

persons similarly situated. On May 30, 2017, they filed an amended complaint. The

amended complaint asserts two claims against Selene and Ms. Gargeu. First, the

amended complaint alleges that Selene and Ms. Gargeu violated RP § 7-113(b) by

                                              7
making threats of eviction without first making a reasonable inquiry as to whether the

properties were, in fact, abandoned. Second, they allege that Selene and Ms. Gargeu

violated the MCPA by threatening to take possession of their properties by posting the

eviction notices. Petitioners requested that the court certify their claims as a class

action, grant them declaratory and injunctive relief, and award them monetary damages

and attorney’s fees.

       Selene and Ms. Gargeu both filed motions to dismiss the amended complaint for

failure to state a claim, contending that: (1) they were not liable under RP § 7-113 because

the eviction notices did not constitute a “threat” as defined in that statute; (2) the MCPA

did not apply in this case because (a) the Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez are not

“consumers” as defined in the MCPA, and (b) posting an eviction notice on a residence

is not a collection activity within the provisions of the MCPA; (3) Selene, as a licensed

mortgage lender, was exempt from the provisions of the MCPA; and (4) the Wheelings

and Ms. Rodriguez did not sufficiently plead damages in their complaint and could not

show any accompanying physical manifestations of their emotional distress.

       For their part, the Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez responded that RP § 7-113 requires

that a party who posts an eviction notice first make a reasonable inquiry as to the occupancy

status of the property, and that Selene and Ms. Gargeu failed to do this before posting the

eviction notices. The Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez pointed out that both properties were

inhabited at the time the eviction notices were posted. They asserted that Selene and Ms.

Gargeu’s failure to make reasonable inquiry before posting the notices caused them

damages, and accordingly, the case should go to the trier of fact to resolve these issues. As

                                             8
for the MCPA claim, the Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez asserted that the MCPA allows for

the recovery of non-economic damages for emotional injuries, which they contend was

properly pleaded.

       The circuit court granted both motions to dismiss without leave to amend. The court

concluded that the eviction notices posted by Selene and Ms. Gargeu conformed with the

provisions of RP § 7-113. As to Selene, the court concluded that the amended complaint

failed to allege sufficient facts to state a claim upon which relief could be granted because

the Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez were not evicted or otherwise deprived of their property

and, therefore, did not suffer an objectively identifiable actual injury. As to Ms. Gargeu,

the court concluded that the MCPA did not apply to her because CL § 13-104 exempts real

estate brokers from the provisions of the MCPA.1 The Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez filed

a timely notice of appeal.

       C. Court of Special Appeals Proceeding

       The Court of Special Appeals affirmed the judgment of the circuit court. Wheeling,

246 Md. App. at 255. Interpreting RP § 7-113, the intermediate appellate court determined

that under its plain language, “the cause of action established by the statute is limited to

cases in which the party seeking possession locks a protected person out of the property,

intentionally terminates or diminishes utility, water and sewer and similar services to the

property, or takes ‘any other action’ which deprives a protected resident of actual

possession of the property.” Id. at 279. The court concluded that, even where the party

       1
        The Petitioners did not appeal the dismissal of the MCPA claims against Ms.
Gargeu. Accordingly, that claim is no longer part of the case.
                                             9
seeking possession does not make the required reasonable inquiry prior to posting the

eviction notices, the statutory cause of action does not extend to the Wheelings and Ms.

Rodriguez because they did not vacate the properties. Id.

       Turning to the Wheelings’ and Ms. Rodriguez’s claims under the MCPA, the Court

of Special Appeals assumed “for the purposes of analysis that one or more aspects of

Selene’s alleged behavior constituted a violation of the MCPA.” Id. at 280. The court

determined that Petitioners had not sufficiently pleaded their damages in the amended

complaint, reasoning that the “Court of Appeals has imposed a more demanding standard

for pleading damages in private actions brought under the MCPA.” Id. at 282. The court

concluded that the “requirements of this standard are particularly relevant in cases, like the

present one, that involve claims for emotional distress.” Id. The intermediate appellate

court determined that the amended complaint “does not allege that [the Wheelings and Ms.

Rodriguez] manifested any observable physical manifestations of the emotional distress

caused by Selene.” Id. at 286. Instead, the court reasoned that the allegations in the

amended complaint simply reflected that Selene’s actions upset them. Id. The Court of

Special Appeals concluded that the “MCPA requires more in order for a complaint to

survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of action.” Id. The intermediate

appellate court also concluded that the Wheelings’ and Ms. Rodriguez’s allegation that

they incurred attorney’s fees as monetary damages to understand their rights after learning

of the eviction notices did not change the result. Id.

                                             10
       The Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez filed a petition for writ of certiorari. We granted

certiorari to answer the following questions, which we have slightly rephrased:2

       1. Did the Court of Special Appeals err in holding that a defendant’s
          violation of RP § 7-113 does not give rise to a cause of action unless the
          protected resident physically vacates the residential property?

       2. Did the Court of Special Appeals err in holding that the Petitioners failed
          to sufficiently plead emotional damages, thereby warranting dismissal of
          their claims?

       3. Did the Court of Special Appeals err in holding that the Petitioners could
          not claim attorney’s fees incurred to consult with an attorney to “know
          their rights” as separate compensable damages?

       For the reasons more fully set forth below, we answer questions one and two in the

affirmative, and question three in the negative.

       2
           The questions presented in the petition for writ of certiorari are:

   1. Did the Court of Special Appeals err in holding that a defendant’s violation
      of RP § 7-113 does not give rise to a cause of action unless the protected
      resident physically vacates the residential property?

   2. Did the Court of Special Appeals err in holding that a consumer’s claim for
      emotional damage, such as fear, anxiety, anger, and accompanying physical
      manifestations, does not adequately allege an injury to state a cause of action
      under the MCPA?

   3. Did the Court of Special Appeals err in holding that attorney’s fees incurred
      as a result of a defendant’s unfair and deceptive misrepresentations made in
      violation of the MCPA do not constitute a recoverable injury supporting a
      private cause of action?

                                               11
                                             II.

                                        Discussion

       This case involves the interpretation of two statutes that establish private causes of

action. Where questions of law and statutory interpretation are presented, this Court

reviews them de novo, without deference to either the circuit court’s or the Court of Special

Appeals’ analysis. See Goshen Run Homeowner’s Ass’n v. Cisneros, 467 Md. 74, 88

(2020); Harvey v. Marshall, 389 Md. 243, 257 (2005). The issues in this case also involve

the sufficiency of Petitioners’ amended complaint and whether it adequately sets forth a

cause of action under the applicable statutes.

       Under Maryland Rule 2-322(b)(2), the court may dismiss a complaint if it fails “to

state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” A motion to dismiss is properly granted

if the factual allegations in a complaint, if proven, would not provide a legally sufficient

basis for the cause of action asserted in the complaint. See, e.g., Barclay v. Castruccio,

469 Md. 368, 374 (2020). This Court reviews “a trial court’s grant of a motion to dismiss,

without deference, to determine whether it was legally correct.” Id. at 373. In doing so,

we “must assume the truth of all relevant and material facts that are well pleaded and all

inferences which can reasonably be drawn from those pleadings.” Id. at 373–74 (quoting

Lloyd v. Gen. Motors Corp., 397 Md. 108, 121 (2007)). A motion to dismiss on this ground

may only be granted where the allegations presented do not state a cause of action. Barclay,

469 Md. at 374. In determining whether a plaintiff has alleged claims upon which relief

can be granted, there is a big difference between that which is necessary to prove the

elements, and that which is necessary to merely allege them. Lloyd, 397 Md. at 121–22.

                                             12
Indeed, our decision does not “pass on the merits of the claim,” but instead, we merely

“determine[] the plaintiff’s right to bring the action.” Id. at 122.

       The general rule governing sufficiency of pleadings is set forth in Maryland Rule 2-

303(b), which states that:

       Each averment of a pleading shall be simple, concise, and direct. No
       technical forms of pleadings are required. A pleading shall contain only such
       statements of fact as may be necessary to show the pleader’s entitlement to
       relief or ground of defense. It shall not include argument, unnecessary
       recitals of law, evidence, or documents, or any immaterial, impertinent, or
       scandalous matter.

(Emphasis added). Under Maryland’s liberal pleading standard, “a plaintiff need only state

such facts in his or her complaint as are necessary to show an entitlement to relief.” Johns

Hopkins Hosp. v. Pepper, 346 Md. 679, 698 (1997).

       Our de novo review in this matter begins and ends with an examination of the four

corners of the amended complaint to determine whether the Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez

have adequately pleaded facts sufficient to support a cause of action for the two statutory

claims asserted in that pleading.

       A. Cause of Action for Violation of RP § 7-113(b)

       This case presents us with our first opportunity to consider a statutory cause of

action arising under RP § 7-113, which was enacted in 2013 by the General Assembly.

2013 Md. Laws ch. 514, § 1 (“HB 1308”). The statute was enacted in response to this

Court’s decision in Nickens v. Mount Vernon Realty Group, 429 Md. 53 (2012), in which

we held that a foreclosure purchaser had the ability to exercise the common law remedy of

                                              13
peaceable self-help, or in other words, the right to lawfully enter and repossess the property

without a court order. See Fiscal and Policy Note for HB 1308.

       In response to our holding in Nickens, the General Assembly passed RP § 7-113,

which significantly narrowed the scope of self-help evictions in situations involving

residential properties. Under the statute, the general rule is that “possession of residential

property from a protected resident [may be taken] only in accordance with a writ of

possession issued by a court and executed by a sheriff or constable.” RP § 7-113(b)(2)(i).

The statute contains a limited exception to the general rule—permitting a party seeking

possession to use self-help to obtain possession of properties that appear to be abandoned,

but only after making a “reasonable inquiry into the occupancy status of the property,”

based upon a reasonable belief that the property has been abandoned or surrendered, and

only after posting a notice that complies with the provisions of subsection (c). RP § 7-

113(b)(2)(ii).

       Where a party claiming the right to possession violates subsection (b) of the statute,

the General Assembly has created a private cause of action. The statute authorizes a

protected resident to seek a variety of remedies, including an order granting possession of

the property, actual damages, and reasonable attorney’s fees and costs, after a judicial

determination that the party claiming the right to possession violated subsection (b) of the

statute. RP § 7-113(d).

       In this case, we are asked to determine whether the language of the statute requires

that a protected resident be dispossessed of the property in order to avail himself or herself

of the remedies available under the statute when a violation occurs. To ascertain the

                                             14
meaning of the statute, we apply the rules of statutory construction that we have repeated

in decisions of this Court too numerous to count. For completeness, we once again repeat

them here.

          1. Pertinent Canons of Statutory Interpretation

       When undertaking an exercise in statutory interpretation, we start with the cardinal

rule of statutory interpretation—to ascertain and effectuate the General Assembly’s

purpose and intent when it enacted the statute. 75-80 Properties, L.L.C. v. RALE, Inc., 470

Md. 598, 623 (2020). “A court’s primary goal in interpreting statutory language is to

discern the legislative purpose, the ends to be accomplished, or the evils to be remedied by

the statutory provision under scrutiny.” Lockshin v. Semsker, 412 Md. 257, 274 (2010)

(citations omitted).

       To ascertain the intent of the General Assembly, our analysis begins with the

normal, plain meaning of the language of the statute. Id. at 275. In doing so, we read the

plain meaning of the language of the statute “as a whole, so that no word, clause, sentence

or phrase is rendered surplusage, superfluous, meaningless or nugatory.” Koste v. Town of

Oxford, 431 Md. 14, 25–26 (2013) (internal quotations omitted). Additionally, “[w]e

neither add nor delete language so as to reflect an intent not evidenced in the plain and

unambiguous language of the statute, and we do not construe a statute ‘with forced or subtle

interpretations’ that limit or extend its application.” Lockshin, 412 Md. at 275 (citations

omitted). “If the language of the statute is unambiguous and clearly consistent with the

statute’s apparent purpose, our inquiry as to legislative intent ends ordinarily and we apply

the statute as written, without resorting to other rules of construction.” Id.

                                             15
       As we stated in Lockshin:

       We, however, do not read statutory language in a vacuum, nor do we
       confine strictly our interpretation of a statute’s plain language to the
       isolated section alone. Rather, the plain language must be viewed within
       the context of the statutory scheme to which it belongs, considering the
       purpose, aim, or policy of the Legislature in enacting the statute. We
       presume that the Legislature intends its enactments to operate together as a
       consistent and harmonious body of law, and, thus, we seek to reconcile and
       harmonize the parts of a statute, to the extent possible consistent with the
       statute’s object and scope.

       Where the words of a statute are ambiguous and subject to more than one
       reasonable interpretation, or where the words are clear and unambiguous
       when viewed in isolation, but become ambiguous when read as part of a
       larger statutory scheme, a court must resolve the ambiguity by searching
       for legislative intent in other indicia, including the history of the legislation
       or other relevant sources intrinsic and extrinsic to the legislative process. In
       resolving ambiguities, a court considers the structure of the statute, how it
       relates to other laws, its general purpose, and the relative rationality and
       legal effect of various competing constructions.

       In every case, the statute must be given a reasonable interpretation, not one
       that is absurd, illogical, or incompatible with common sense.

Id. at 275–76 (internal citations omitted).

       In addition to the above-described canons that we routinely employ, there are other

canons that we occasionally pull out of the arsenal depending upon the type of statute in

question.   Sometimes, the application of available canons may lead to conflicting

interpretations depending upon which standard wins the day. In this case, in reaching their

interpretation of RP § 7-113, the Court of Special Appeals relied upon the principle that,

where a statute confers a right in derogation of the common law, we must strictly construe

its terms. Wheeling, 246 Md. App. at 278–79 (citing Cosby v. Dept. of Human Resources,

425 Md. 629, 645 (2012)). Selene and Ms. Gargeu urge us to apply this principle in a

                                              16
manner consistent with the Court of Special Appeals’ application. As a counterpoint to

this canon, the Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez urge us to rely upon another well-settled

canon—that where a statute provides remedies not available at common law, the statute is

remedial in nature, and we liberally construe a remedial statute in order to effectuate its

broad remedial purpose. Lockett v. Blue Ocean Bristol, LLC, 446 Md. 397, 424 (2016);

Pak v. Hoang, 378 Md. 315, 326 (2003).                  We discuss these canons further in our

interpretation of this statute below.

             2. Deconstructing the Elements

                     a. Prohibited Conduct—Taking Possession and Threatening to Take
                        Possession
       Section 7-113(b) of the statute sets forth the general prohibitions on non-judicial

evictions of owner-occupied residential properties. Starting with the plain language of the

statute, RP § 7-113(b)(1) provides:

       Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, a party claiming the
       right to possession may not take possession or threaten to take possession of
       residential property from a protected resident by:

             (i)       Locking the resident out of the property;
             (ii)      Engaging in willful diminution of services to the protected resident;
                       or
             (iii)     Taking any other action that deprives the protected resident of
                       actual possession.
       By its plain terms, subsection (b) prohibits a person claiming possession 3 from

taking possession or threatening to take possession of residential property from a protected

       3
        RP § 7-113(a)(2) defines a “[p]arty claiming the right to possession” as meaning
a person who:

       (i)           Does not have actual possession of a residential property; and
                                                   17
resident,4 unless the person claiming the right to possession can avail himself or herself of

the exception set forth in (b)(2)(ii).   Under the definitions contained in the statute,

“‘threaten to take possession’ means using words or actions intended to convince a

reasonable person that a party claiming the right to possess intends to take imminent

possession of residential property in violation of this section.” RP § 7-113(a)(5).

              b. The Safe Harbor Provision—Limited Circumstance Where Self-Help
                 Eviction is Permitted

       The statute sets forth a safe harbor provision, which allows a party claiming a right

to possession to engage in a self-help eviction (and avoid liability under the statute) in

limited circumstances and only where the party complies with the statutory requirements.

The statute explicitly states that a court order is required to obtain possession of the

residential property unless the party claiming the right to possession complies with the

       (ii)   Has or claims to have a legal right to possession of the residential
              property:
              1. By the terms of a contract or foreclosure sale;
              2. Under a residential lease or sublease that has an initial term of 99
                 years renewable forever and that creates a leasehold estate subject
                 to the payment of periodic installments of an annual lease amount;
                 or;
              3. Under a court order, including a court order extinguishing a right
                 of redemption.
       4
         The phrase “protected resident” is defined as meaning “an owner or former owner
in actual possession of residential property[,]” and includes “a grantee, tenant, subtenant,
or other person in actual possession by, through, or under an owner or former owner of
residential property.” RP § 7-113(a)(3)(i) and (ii). The phrase does not include a trespasser
or squatter. Id. at (iii).

                                             18
provisions of RP § 7-113(b)(2)(ii).5 In the absence of such a court order, a party claiming

the right to possession of residential property may use nonjudicial self-help to take

possession of the property, if the party:

       1. Reasonably believes the protected resident has abandoned or
          surrendered possession of the property based on a reasonable inquiry
          into the occupancy status of the property;
       2. Provides notice as provided in subsection (c) of this section; and
       3. Receives no responsible communication to that notice within 15 days after the
          later of posting or mailing the notice as required by subsection (c) of this section.
RP § 7-113(b)(2)(ii) (emphasis added).        Subsection (c) provides the specific notice

requirements that must be satisfied in connection with the nonjudicial self-help eviction.6

       5
         See RP § 7-113(b)(2)(i) (“Except as provided in subparagraph (ii) of this
paragraph, a party claiming the right to possession may take possession of residential
property from a protected resident only in accordance with a writ of possession issued by
a court and executed by a sheriff or constable.”).
       6
         If the party claiming the right to possession of the residential property “reasonably
believes, based on a reasonable inquiry into the occupancy status of the property, that all
protected residents have abandoned or surrendered possession of the residential property,”
the party “may post on the front door of the residential property and mail by first-class mail
addressed to ‘all occupants’” of the property, a written notice in substantially the following
form:

                       IMPORTANT NOTICE ABOUT EVICTION

       A person who claims the right to possess this property believes that this
       property is abandoned. If you are currently residing in the property, you must
       immediately contact:
              ______________________________
              Name
              ______________________________
              Address
              ______________________________
              Telephone
              ______________________________
                                              19
Subparts (b)(2)(ii) and (c)(1) make it clear that, to avail oneself of the self-help eviction

process (and the protection from liability afforded by the statute), the party claiming the

right to possession must make reasonable inquiry into the status of the property in order to

have a reasonable and good faith belief that all protected residents have abandoned or

surrendered the property.

              c. Available Remedies for Violations of the Statute

       RP § 7-113(d)(1) sets forth the available remedies for a violation of the statute,

providing that “[i]f in any proceeding the court finds that a party claiming the right to

possession violated subsection (b) of this section, the protected resident may recover: (i)

possession of the property, if no other person resides in the property; (ii) actual damages;

and (iii) reasonable attorney’s fees and costs.” (Paragraph breaks and some capitalization

omitted). The statute further provides that “[t]he remedies set forth in this subsection are

not exclusive.” RP § 7-113(d)(2).

       3. Application of the Statute to the Facts Alleged in the Amended Complaint

       Taking all facts set forth in the amended complaint in the light most favorable to the

plaintiffs, the Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez were protected residents and Selene and its

agent, Ms. Gargeu, were parties claiming a right to possession. Although the eviction

              Date of this notice

       If you do not contact the person listed above within 15 days after the date of this
       notice, the person claiming possession may consider the property abandoned and
       seek to secure the property, including changing the locks without a court order.

See RP § 7-113(c).
                                             20
notices included the necessary statutory language contained in subsection (c), neither

Selene nor Ms. Gargeu had undertaken a reasonable inquiry into the status of the property

to ascertain whether the properties were abandoned or whether the residents had

surrendered possession. Accordingly, they cannot take advantage of the safe harbor

protections set forth in RP § 7-113(b)(2)(ii) and (c).7

       The question, therefore, is whether the Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez have stated a

cause of action under the statute where the Respondents’ unlawful actions—posting

eviction notices without undertaking the necessary reasonable inquiry into the occupancy

status of the property—did not cause them to be dispossessed of the property.

       The Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez assert that under the plain language of the statute,

subsection (b) prohibits a party claiming the right to possession from “tak[ing] possession”

as well as “threaten[ing] to take possession.” According to the Wheelings and Ms.

Rodriguez, a judicial determination that a defendant engaged in either act gives a protected

resident the right to recover the remedies available under subsection (d).

       7
         The dissent erroneously concludes that “RP § 7-113 operated exactly as . . . was
intended by the General Assembly because notice was provided to Petitioners and their
response to that notice prevented them from being evicted.” Dissent Slip Op. at 14. We
disagree. Considering all the facts set forth in the amended complaint in the light most
favorable to the Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez, Selene and Ms. Gargeu failed to undertake
the necessary “reasonable inquiry” into the occupancy status of the property, thereby
necessitating the residents’ actions in contacting their attorney to understand their rights.
Had Selene and Ms. Gargeu undertaken the required “reasonable inquiry” into the
occupancy status of the properties, presumably the eviction notices never would have been
posted in the first place. The dissent’s conclusion requires that we read out of the statute
the “reasonable inquiry” requirement contained in RP § 7-113(b)(2)(ii)(1). In order to avail
oneself of the safe harbor provision, a party claiming possession is required to undertake a
reasonable inquiry prior to posting notice. We will not omit language in the statute in order
to reach a different result.
                                             21
       On the other hand, Selene and Ms. Gargeu urge us to adopt the interpretation

embraced by the Court of Special Appeals—that a statutory cause of action does not extend

to persons who “do[] not vacate their properties even if the parties seeking possession

violated § 7-113(b) and (c) by not making the required inquiry before posting.” Wheeling,

246 Md. App. at 279.

       We determine that the Court of Special Appeals’ interpretation is inconsistent with

the plain language of the statute. Subsection (d) of the statute provides a cause of action

for a violation of subsection (b). Despite its holding, the intermediate appellate court aptly

observed that “[s]ubsection (d) establishes a remedy for violations of ‘subsection (b)’ and

not only for violations of ‘subsection (b)(1).’” Id. at 278. In other words, under the plain

language of the statute, the General Assembly established a remedy for a violation of both

(b)(1) and (b)(2). A party violates subsection (b)(2) when the party attempts to engage in

a self-help eviction by posting the statutory notice without undertaking the required

“reasonable inquiry into the occupancy status of the property[.]” There is no language in

the statute that requires that a protected resident vacate the property as a condition

precedent to maintaining an action against a party who violates subsection (b)(2).

       Other subsections of the statute support our interpretation. The plain language of

RP § 7-113 expressly prohibits the act of taking possession and threatening to take

possession: “a party claiming the right to possession may not take possession or threaten

to take possession of residential property from a protected resident.” RP § 7-113(b)(1).

And although the provisions go on to enumerate the ways in which a party may not take

possession—i.e., by “[l]ocking the resident out,” “engaging in willful diminution of

                                             22
services,” or “taking any other action that deprives the protected resident of possession,”

RP § 7-111(b)(1)(i)-(iii)—it clearly prohibits the threatening of those actions as well.

       The Court of Special Appeals’ conclusion that a plaintiff must vacate the property

to have a cause of action under RP § 7-113 would have the effect of rendering as surplusage

the express language prohibiting threats to take possession. Subsection (b)(1) prohibits a

variety of conduct, including the claiming party taking actual possession, but also threats

to take possession. Taking possession of property and threatening to take possession of

property are two distinct acts. One may threaten action but never consummate the act.

Each action is unlawful under the statute. That the General Assembly specifically intended

to prohibit each distinct act is bolstered by the fact that it supplied a precise definition to

the phrase “threaten to take possession.” See RP § 7-113(a)(5).8 We will not interpret a

statute in a manner so as to render a “word, clause, sentence, or phrase . . . surplusage,

superfluous, meaningless, or nugatory[.]” Breslin v. Powell, 421 Md. 266, 287 (2011). If

we read the statute as extending protections to only protected residents who are, in fact,

       8
          Selene and Ms. Gargeu hone in on the word “imminent” in the definition of
“threaten to take possession[,]” see RP § 7-113(a)(5), ask us to supply a dictionary
definition for that word, and conclude that there was no violation of the statute because
their eviction notice did not contemplate that eviction was “likely to occur at any moment.”
Even if we were to determine that the eviction notice did not constitute “a threat[] to take
possession” because the action was not “imminent,” such an interpretation would not
excuse the factual allegation in the amended complaint that they failed to undertake the
required reasonable inquiry into the occupancy status of the property prior to posting the
notice. See RP § 7-113(b)(2)(ii). Regardless, we decline to narrowly interpret the term
“imminent” and supply a definition that is inconsistent with the remedial purpose of the
statute. See Lockett v. Blue Bristol, LLC, 446 Md. 397, 424 (2016).
                                              23
dispossessed by the claiming party’s unlawful acts, it renders the prohibition on

“threaten[ing] to take possession” surplusage—a disfavored interpretation.

       Nor does our examination of subsection (d) lead us to conclude that the General

Assembly intended to limit the protections under the statute only to those protected

residents who are displaced by the unlawful conduct of a party claiming the right to

possession. If a party claiming possession violates subsection (b), the statute provides a

protected resident a variety of non-exclusive remedies, including “(i) possession of the

property, if no other person resides in the property; (ii) actual damages; and (iii) reasonable

attorney’s fees and costs.” RP § 7-113(d) (capitalization omitted).9 We do not interpret

       9
          Although the dissent pays lip service to the principle that, when undertaking
statutory interpretation, we start with the plain language, the dissent’s proffered
construction ignores this cardinal rule. Instead, the dissent posits that the Court must
read “the controlling language in subsection (b), and the statute’s legislative history . . .
to find that the ‘reasonable inquiry’ requirement under subparagraph (b)(2)(ii) is not tied
to the penalties in subsection (d).” Dissent Slip Op. at 4. The dissent spends
approximately fourteen pages explaining its “plain language” analysis of the statute
(sprinkled with references to the legislative bill file as evidence of what the dissent
contends the Legislature actually intended). Dissent Slip Op. at 2–15. We determine that
such interpretive gymnastics are unnecessary, given that the Legislature very plainly and
clearly summed up the available remedies for violating the statute in one sentence.
Subsection (d) establishes remedies for a “violat[ion] of subsection (b),” plain and simple.

        Ignoring the plain and unambiguous language, the dissent supplies its own
interpretive gloss to reach an alternative construction. Relying upon various materials in
the legislative bill file, such as the deleted preamble contained in the first reader of the
bill, emails, and testimony from various proponents and opponents of the bill, the dissent
asserts that the General Assembly did not actually intend what it said. See Dissent Slip
Op. at 50 (explaining that “the language of [RP § 7-113](b)(2)(ii) suggests that its
requirements, although important, do not have a nexus to the remedies in subsection (d).
Where a party seeking the right to possession does not threaten to take possession or
actually take possession of real property, the General Assembly did not intend for the
party in possession to recover under subsection (d).”). (Emphasis added). The dissent’s
analysis turns our cardinal canon of statutory interpretation on its head. Where a statute
                                              24
the statute’s use of the word “and” as requiring that the protected resident seek all the

available remedies in order to recover any of them. See Comptroller of Treasury v.

Fairchild Industries, Inc. 303 Md. 280, 286 (1985) (stating that courts have the authority

to construe the word “and” to mean “or” as required by the context in order to comply with

the clear legislative intent). Such an interpretation would frustrate “the evils to be remedied

by the statutory provision under scrutiny[,]” rather than advance the statute’s purpose.

Lockshin, 412 Md. at 274. For example, there may be situations where a protected resident,

who is displaced by the unlawful act of a party claiming possession, incurs damages arising

from the unlawful act, but does not wish to repossess the property. Or the protected resident

may be unable to obtain possession because the property is occupied by someone else,

thereby foreclosing the ability to seek repossession under the statute. See RP § 7-113(d)(i).

Protected residents who fall within these hypothetical situations should not be denied the

is unambiguous, “[w]e will not divine a legislative intention contrary to the plain
language of a statute or judicially insert language to impose exceptions, limitations or
restrictions not set forth by the legislature.” Nesbit v. Gov’t Employees Ins. Co., 382 Md.
65, 75–76 (2004) (cleaned up). Nor will we use legislative history to negate the result
that the text would otherwise compel. Indeed, such a “seine net approach to legislative
history increases the risk that the court will attribute a purpose to the General Assembly
that it never really intended.” Jack Schwartz & Amanda Stakem Conn, The Court of
Appeals at the Cocktail Party: The Use and Misuse of Legislative History, 54 Md. L.
Rev. 432, 454 (1995). Moreover, even if we were inclined to review the legislative
history to confirm our plain language analysis (as we occasionally, but are not required
to, consider where the language is plain and unambiguous), we find nothing in the history
cited by the dissent to contradict the plain language.

       Respectfully, we are not interpreting the statute “in order to achieve a policy-
driven outcome[.]” Dissent Slip Op. at 49. We are simply applying the text as written.
To the extent that the General Assembly did not actually intend for the remedies in
subsection (d) to apply to a violation of subsection (b)—as reflected in the plain and
unambiguous language in the statute—it knows how to correct it.
                                              25
opportunity to recover actual damages arising from a violation of the statute simply

because, for whatever reason, they do not wish to repossess the property, or are otherwise

unable to do so. Finally, we conclude that any alternative reading of the word “and,”

suggesting that the listed remedies are somehow mandatory, is foreclosed by subsection

(d)(2), which expressly states that the “remedies set forth in this subsection are not

exclusive.” Accordingly, we hold that the clear purpose of the list of remedies is to identify

the types of non-exclusive remedies that are available to a protected resident, rather than to

limit recovery only to a subset of protected residents who have been displaced by the

unlawful conduct.10

       In conclusion, we hold that under the plain language of RP § 7-113(d), a protected

resident has a statutory cause of action to recover actual damages arising from a violation

       10
          In concluding that RP § 7-113 only provides a statutory cause of action where the
unlawful conduct caused the resident to be dispossessed, the Court of Special Appeals
relied upon the canon of statutory interpretation that, where a statute confers a right in
derogation of common law, we must strictly construe its terms. Wheeling v. Selene
Finance, LP, 246 Md. App. 255, 278–79 (2020) (citing Cosby v. Dept. of Human
Resources, 425 Md. 629, 645 (2012)). The dissent similarly relies upon this canon. Dissent
Slip Op. at 51. Although we agree that the statute was enacted in direct response to our
holding in Nickens (and therefore enacted in derogation of common law), we conclude that
the use of this canon to limit the cause of action only to protected residents who suffer from
an unlawful dispossession, would conflict with the express language of the statute. We
decline to apply this canon to reach a result that would be inconsistent with the plain and
unambiguous language of the statute. See, e.g., Witte v. Azarian, 369 Md. 518, 533 (2002)
(noting that “[m]ost statutes, of course, change the common law, so that principle
necessarily bends when there is a clear legislative intent to make a change[]”). We further
observe that, not only did the Legislature’s enactment of RP § 7-113 overturn our decision
in Nickens, it also created a private cause of action for violations of the statute. Where a
statute provides remedies not available at common law, the statute is remedial in nature,
and we liberally construe a remedial statute in order to effectuate its broad remedial
purpose. Lockett v. Blue Ocean Bristol, LLC, 446 Md. 397, 424 (2016); Pak v. Hoang, 378
Md. 315, 326 (2003).
                                             26
of subsection (b) of the statute regardless of whether the unlawful conduct forced the

protected resident to vacate the property. We conclude that the amended complaint

adequately alleges a cause of action under RP § 7-113(d).

       B.     Private Cause of Action for a Violation of the MCPA

       We turn to the second cause of action pleaded in the amended complaint—a private

cause of action under the MCPA. The purpose of the MCPA is to “set certain minimum

standards for the protection of consumers across the State.” CL § 13-102(b)(1). In enacting

the MCPA, the General Assembly determined that the State “should take strong protective

and preventative steps to investigate unlawful consumer practices, to assist the public in

obtaining relief from these practices, and to prevent these practices from occurring in

Maryland.” CL § 13-102(b)(3). The General Assembly further instructed that the MCPA

shall be “construed and applied liberally to promote its purpose.” CL § 13-105. To that

end, the MCPA prohibits “any unfair, abusive, or deceptive trade practice . . . in . . . [t]he

sale, lease [or] rental, . . . of any . . . consumer realty.” CL § 13-303(1).

       Under the MCPA, “consumer realty” is defined as real property that is “primarily

for personal, household, family, or agricultural purposes.” CL § 13-101(d). “Consumer”

is defined as an “actual or prospective purchaser, lessee, or recipient of consumer goods,

consumer services, consumer realty, or consumer credit.” CL § 13-101(c)(1). Under these

definitions, we determine that the Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez, who leased or owned real

property for personal purposes, qualify for protection under the MCPA.

       Section 13-303 of the MCPA generally prohibits unfair, abusive, or deceptive trade

practices, and § 13-301 of the Act contains a nonexclusive list of practices that are defined

                                              27
to be unfair, abusive, or deceptive. Golt v. Phillips, 308 Md. 1, 8–9 (1985). The MCPA

prohibits false or misleading oral or written statements that have “the capacity, tendency,

or effect of deceiving or misleading consumers.” CL § 13-301(1).

       The MCPA sets forth provisions for public enforcement, as well as private remedies.

Specifically, CL § 13-201 “establishes the Division of Consumer Protection in the Office

of the Attorney General, charging the Division with the duty to administer the Consumer

Protection Act. The Division has the power and the duty to receive and investigate

complaints and to initiate an investigation of any unfair and deceptive trade practice.”

Consumer Protection Division v. Morgan, 387 Md. 125, 149 (2005). In addition to the

broad public enforcement powers granted to the Consumer Protection Division, the MCPA

also sets forth a private remedy, stating that “any person may bring an action to recover for

injury or loss sustained by him as the result of a practice prohibited by this title.” CL § 13-

408(a).

       “A consumer who has been subjected to an unfair or deceptive trade practice may

elect to utilize either the public or private enforcement proceedings available under the

[M]CPA or may utilize both public and private enforcement proceedings, either

simultaneously or in the alternative.” Citaramanis v. Hallowell, 328 Md. 142, 151

(1992). We have held that a plaintiff pursuing a private action under the MCPA must

prove “actual injury or loss.” Lloyd v. GMC, 397 Md. 108, 143 (2007); Citaramanis, 328

Md. at 153.

       In considering the Wheelings’ and Ms. Rodriguez’s MCPA claims in this case, the

Court of Special Appeals reviewed Lloyd and Citaramanis, and concluded that under these

                                              28
cases, this Court has established a “more demanding standard for pleading damages in

private actions brought under the MCPA.” Wheeling, 248 Md. App. at 282. We examine

these cases here, as well as our decision in Golt v. Phillips, 308 Md. 1 (1986) (our first case

to discuss these issues), to determine whether our jurisprudence establishes a heightened

pleading requirement for damages in the context of a private MCPA claim.

       In Golt, we held that, where the landlord had engaged in unfair and deceptive trade

practices in the rental of consumer realty (by renting an unlicensed apartment with

housing code violations), the tenant could recover compensatory damages consisting of

three months’ rent that he had paid for an uninhabitable apartment, as well as

consequential damages, such as moving expenses and costs associated with substitute

housing for the remainder of the term of the original lease. 308 Md. at 13–14.

       In Citaramanis, the tenants brought a similar private action under the MCPA

against the landlord for renting them an unlicensed apartment. 328 Md. at 145. However,

unlike the facts of Golt—in which the tenant established that the property was not only

unlicensed, but uninhabitable—the tenants in Citaramanis did not allege that the property

was unclean, unsafe, uninhabitable, or unsuitable in any regard. Id. at 149. To the

contrary, the tenants’ counsel explicitly argued that the condition of the property was

irrelevant because the basis of their cause of action was misrepresentation regarding the

failure to license, not the condition of the property. Id. In fact, the evidence reflected

that, at the conclusion of the term of the lease, the tenants elected to extend their tenancy

and remain on the premises for another six months after the termination of the original

lease at a higher rent. Id.

                                              29
       We granted certiorari to determine whether a tenant who brings a private action

under the MCPA may be awarded restitution of rent paid for an unlicensed dwelling

upon proving lack of licensure alone. Id. at 147. We held that in order to prevail on a

private MCPA claim, a plaintiff must prove “actual injury or loss.” Id. at 151 (quoting

CL§ 13-408(a) and Golt, 308 Md. at 12). We explained the rationale for the requirement

that a plaintiff prove “actual injury or loss,” observing that where the plaintiff does not

suffer an injury or loss, they may avail themselves of the MCPA’s public enforcement

remedies. Id. at 151–52. We noted that the MCPA’s “public enforcement mechanisms

are set up to prevent potentially unfair or deceptive trade practices from occurring, even

before any consumer is injured, whereas § 13-408(a) requires that actual ‘injury or loss’

be sustained by a consumer before recovery of damages is permitted in a private cause

of action.” Id. at 153. We stated that “awarding full restitution of the rent paid by the

tenants who offered no proof of actual injury or loss would be in the nature of a punitive

remedy,” serving to penalize the landlords for their failure to obtain a license and to

serve as a general deterrent to similar conduct by other landlords generally. Id. We

explained that CL § 13-408(a) “was not intended to punish the landlord or set an

example for similar wrongdoers.” Id. Accordingly, we held that the plaintiff tenants

could only recover on their private MCPA claim against their landlord for deceptive

trade practices arising from renting an unlicensed apartment if they could prove that the

unlicensed condition caused them to suffer an “actual injury or loss.” Id. We remanded

the case to the trial court for further proceedings “to determine whether the tenants are

                                            30
able to prove that they suffered ‘actual injury or loss,’ justifying recovery” under CL

§ 13-408(a). Id. at 164.

       In Lloyd v. General Motors Corp., 397 Md. 108 (2007), the petitioners brought a

class action lawsuit against certain corporations that manufactured automobiles for the

cost of repairing and/or replacing the front seats in specific vehicles. The petitioners

alleged that the seats were unsafe because they collapsed rearward in moderate and severe

rear-impact collisions. Id. at 117–18. None of the petitioners, nor any putative class

members, alleged that he or she had experienced personal injury as a result of the

mechanical failure that caused the alleged defect, and in fact, persons with such

experiences were expressly excluded from the case. The seven-count complaint alleged

negligent design, strict liability, breach of implied warranty of merchantability, negligent

failure to warn, concealment and misrepresentation, fraudulent concealment and

intentional failure to warn, unfair and deceptive trade practices under the MCPA, and

civil conspiracy. Id. at 118. After the petitioners filed suit in the circuit court, the

respondents moved, pursuant to Maryland Rule 2-322(b), to dismiss the case for failure

to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Id. at 119. The circuit court granted

the motion, which was affirmed by the Court of Special Appeals. Id. at 120.

       We granted certiorari, explaining that the main issue in the case was “whether the

cost to repair defective seatbacks,” allegedly having a “tendency to collapse in rear-impact

collisions, causing, in some cases, serious bodily injury or death to drivers and/or

passengers in the class vehicles, constitutes a cognizable injury, in the form of economic

loss for claims sounding in tort, contract, and consumer protection.” Id. at 117. Concluding

                                            31
that the petitioners had “sufficiently alleged an injury that is cognizable under each of the

petitioners’ claims[,]” we reversed the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals dismissing

the petitioners’ claims. Id.

       With respect to the petitioners’ MCPA claim, we explained that “actual physical

injury to a person or property or actual product malfunction is not required to state a

cognizable injury under the [MCPA]” and therefore, we reversed the dismissal of that

claim. Id. at 140. In considering the nature of the petitioners’ allegations, we discussed

Golt and Citaramanis, reiterating the distinction we described in those cases between a

public enforcement action under the MCPA for which no consumer injury is required, and

a private action under CL § 13-408(a), which requires that the parties “plead actual injury

or harm[.]” Id. at 148. Because the MCPA requires “actual injury or loss” in order to

maintain a private action, whereas a public enforcement action requires no such proof, we

stated that “there is a difference between the two options with regard to the necessity of

pleading injury or harm:

       ‘Section 13-408(a) therefore, requires [an] aggrieved consumer to
       establish the nature of the actual injury or loss that he or she has allegedly
       sustained as a result of the prohibited practice. This statutory construction
       creates a bright line distinction between the public enforcement remedies
       available under the [MCPA] and the private remedy available under § 13-
       408(a).’”

Id. at 148 (quoting Citaramanis, 328 Md. at 151).

       Analyzing the complaint, we noted that the petitioners alleged facts constituting “a

loss, measured by the amount it will cost them to repair the defective seatbacks.” Id. at

149. We concluded “that the alleged damages in this case are more like those in Golt, in

                                             32
that they constitute no more than the amount it would take to remedy the loss they incurred

as a result of the respondents’ alleged deceptive trade practices.” Id. at 150. Accordingly,

we held that the petitioners had “set forth sufficient facts of injury or loss to withstand

dismissal of the consumer protection claim.” Id.

       Respectfully, our examination of Golt, Citaramanis, and Lloyd, does not lead us

to the same conclusion as that reached by the Court of Special Appeals—that our

jurisprudence “impos[es] a more demanding standard for pleading in private actions

brought under the MCPA.” Wheeling, 246 Md. App. at 282. We simply construe these

cases as requiring that a plaintiff plead “an actual loss or injury” as part of a private

MCPA claim. In other words, because “actual loss or injury” is a necessary element to

bring a private cause of action under the MCPA, it must be pleaded in the same fashion

as would be required in any other cause of action where the plaintiff seeks money

damages.

       Having determined that the general pleading standard articulated in Maryland Rule

2-302(b) applies to the amended complaint, we turn to the damages to determine whether

they have been sufficiently pleaded to withstand a motion to dismiss.

       C.     Sufficiency of Damages Pleaded

       The amended complaint alleges that, as a result of Selene’s unlawful actions, the

Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez suffered two types of damages: (1) “emotional damages

and losses with physical manifestations[;]” and (2) attorney’s fees arising from their

seeking legal advice to “understand their rights” after receiving the eviction notices.

                                             33
       Specific to the Wheelings’ claims, the amended complaint alleges that, as a result

of Selene’s unlawful actions, they

       suffered damages and losses. These included: (i) having to incur legal fees
       to know their rights as bona fide tenants based upon Selene’s unfair and false
       statements; (ii) emotional damages and losses with physical manifestations
       such as fear (of losing their home), anxiety (with the threat of eviction
       through no fault of their own), anger (that Selene could not answer basi[c]
       questions to them as bona fide tenants), etc.

Turning to Ms. Rodriguez, the amended complaint alleges that she

       suffered damages and losses. These included: (i) she incurred legal fees to
       know her rights as a former owner of the property based upon Selene’s and
       Gargeu’s deceptive eviction threats; (ii) emotional damages and losses with
       physical manifestations such as fear, anxiety, and anger that she would return
       home from a medical or other appointment to find her possessions and
       property taken from her before the dates established by the Sheriff’s office
       even though Selene and Gargeu knew the property was in fact occupied by
       her.

We consider each category of damages pleaded below.

       1.     Damages for Emotional Distress

       In Maryland, a right to recovery exists for emotional distress “if it results in physical

injury.” Vance v. Vance, 286 Md. 490, 494 (1979). We described the history and rationale

of the physical injury requirement in Vance, which we again summarized in Hoffman v.

Stamper, 385 Md. 1, 33–38 (2005). It is useful to briefly repeat the history and the

evolution of this Court’s standard here.

       In Vance, we observed that “[u]nder the traditional rule, formulated in the nineteenth

century, courts did not recognize a duty to refrain from the negligent infliction of emotional

distress and therefore recovery of damages solely for mental distress was not permitted.”

286 Md. at 496. We noted that under the traditional rule, “damages for mental distress had

                                              34
a parasitic status; recovery was dependent upon an immediate physical injury

accompanying an independently actionable tort.” Id. We explained that, over time, courts

generally, and this Court in particular, began to modify the accompanying “physical

impact” rule because it led to inconsistent results. Id. at 497. In Green v. Shoemaker, 111

Md. 69 (1909), we rejected the physical impact rule, and adopted what was later

characterized as the “modern rule” which permitted recovery for negligent infliction of

emotional distress if a “physical injury” resulted from the commission of a tort, regardless

of impact. Vance, 385 Md. at 497.

       In Hoffman, we explained the rationale for the adoption of the modern rule, which

allows for the recovery of damages for emotional distress if there is at least a

“consequential” physical injury:

       Although courts were not averse to eliminating the requirement of an
       accompanying physical impact, they were reluctant to eliminate entirely the
       requirement of some consequential physical injury as a condition to the
       award of damages for emotional or mental distress. There still remained
       concern that mental distress may be too easily simulated and that there was
       no practical standard for measuring such distress; thus, recovery for
       emotional injury would not be allowed based on the plaintiff simply saying,
       “This made me feel bad; this upset me.” The “modern rule,” allowing
       recovery of damages for emotional distress if there was at least a
       “consequential” physical injury, we regarded as the proper balance—a
       “sufficient guarantee of genuineness that would otherwise be absent in a
       claim for mental distress alone.”

Hoffman, 385 Md. at 34 (quoting Vance, 286 Md. at 498). We explained that the modern

rule simply applied the same rule to emotional injuries that applies to other types of

injuries—that is, “recovery could be had if the injury was objectively ascertainable and

was shown to be a provable consequence of the wrongful conduct.” Id.

                                            35
       We also explained that in Vance, the “rule itself underwent a significant expansion

when we gave an elastic definition to the word ‘physical.’” Id. Specifically, “for purposes

of applying the ‘modern rule,’ the term ‘physical’ was not used in its ordinary dictionary

sense, but instead ‘is used to represent that the injury for which recovery is sought is

capable of objective determination.’” Id. (quoting Vance, 286 Md. at 500). Under this

standard, we observed that the physical injury accompanying the emotional injury “had

been held to include such things as depression, inability to work or perform household

chores, loss of appetite, insomnia, nightmares, loss of weight, extreme nervousness and

irritability, withdrawal from socialization, fainting, chest pains, headaches, and upset

stomachs.” Id. at 34–35 (citing Vance, 286 Md. at 501). We stated that, examined

analytically, the accompanying physical injury “had more to do with proving, rather than

defining, this kind of injury.” Id. at 35 (citing Belcher v. T. Rowe Price, 329 Md. 709

(1993); Faya v. Almaraz, 329 Md. 435 (1993); Smith v. Borello, 370 Md. 227 (2002))

(emphasis added).

       In Vance, one of the questions was whether, under the “physical injury” test,

damages may be recovered for emotional distress resulting from a negligent

misrepresentation. 286 Md. at 492. In that case, Mrs. Vance sued Mr. Vance for negligent

misrepresentation. Mr. and Mrs. Vance were married for twenty years and had two

children. Id. After Mr. Vance left Mrs. Vance for another woman, Mrs. Vance sought an

order for alimony and child support. Mr. Vance opposed the relief on the ground that he

had not been divorced from his first wife prior to his marriage to Mrs. Vance, and therefore,

their marriage was a nullity. Id. Mr. Vance had never disclosed to Mrs. Vance that he was

                                             36
not divorced from his first wife at the time of their marriage, and she did not discover this

fact until Mr. Vance sought to annul the marriage twenty years later. Id. Mrs. Vance filed

a suit against Mr. Vance seeking, among other things, damages for emotional distress

resulting from Mr. Vance’s negligent misrepresentation.

       The evidence at trial was that the disclosure of the fact that her twenty-year

marriage was void had a devastating effect on Mrs. Vance:

       She went into a state of shock, engaged in spontaneous crying and for a
       period deemed detached and unaware of her own presence. She was unable
       to function normally, unable to sleep and too embarrassed to socialize. In
       addition to experiencing symptoms of an ulcer, [Mrs. Vance] suffered an
       emotional collapse and depression which manifested itself in her external
       condition, i.e., her significantly deteriorated physical appearance—unkempt
       hair, sunken cheeks and dark eyes.

Id. at 501. We held that this evidence was “legally sufficient to establish symptoms of a

mental state evidencing a physical injury” within the meaning of the modern rule. Id.

       In Hoffman, we had an opportunity to consider whether a plaintiff could recover

emotional damages in the context of an action alleging fraud and violations of the MCPA.

385 Md. at 1. In that case, nine purchasers brought an action against several defendants,

including a vendor, mortgage lender, loan officer, and appraiser, alleging fraud,

conspiracy to defraud and violations of the MCPA in connection with an elaborate

property flipping scheme. Id. at 7–8. The plaintiffs alleged that the vendor: (1) purchased

dilapidated properties in Baltimore City at low prices, then searched for unsophisticated,

low-income buyers with poor credit histories; (2) promised them that he could sell them

a renovated home for a down payment of only $500; (3) got buyers to sign contracts of

sale at significantly inflated prices upon a promise to make extensive repairs, many of

                                             37
which were never made; (4) arranged for the buyers to finance the purchase with loans

obtained through the defendant mortgage lender; (5) secured the loans using grossly

inflated appraisals prepared by the defendant appraiser, all in violation of federal

regulations regarding Federal Housing Administration (FHA) loans. Id. at 9. After

taking possession, the plaintiffs experienced major problems with their homes, some of

which were uninhabitable. Six of the nine plaintiffs eventually lost their homes to

foreclosure. Id. A jury found each of the defendants liable to each of the plaintiffs for

fraud, conspiracy to defraud, and violations of the MCPA. Id. at 7. The jury awarded

each plaintiff, as against all the defendants, different amounts of economic damages, and

$145,000 for non-economic (emotional damages). Id. Although each of the plaintiffs

was awarded non-economic damages for emotional injuries, only one plaintiff testified

about any physical manifestations of those emotions. Id. at 32. Specifically, other than

plaintiff Haley, all of the plaintiffs testified that the “problems they encountered with

their homes caused them emotional distress—sadness, anger, humiliation, embarrassment

[and] stress[.]” Id. Haley, who died prior to trial, was the only plaintiff who described

any physical manifestations associated with his emotional injuries, stating at his

deposition that, whenever he began thinking about his problems, he would get headaches

and would vomit. Id. at 33. Haley also admitted that he was a diabetic and was required

to have kidney dialysis three days a week and that those conditions were not caused by

the stress associated with the problems with his house. Id.

       On appeal, the Court of Special Appeals upheld the non-economic damages awards

to all of the plaintiffs, after concluding that the physical injury rule was not applicable to

                                             38
intentional torts such as fraud. We granted certiorari to consider, among other issues,

whether the Court of Special Appeals erred in holding that, in an action based on fraud,

damages for emotional injuries may be awarded in the absence of any physical injury. Id.

at 8. After recounting the history and rationale of the physical injury rule in the context of

negligence cases, we held that the Court of Special Appeals erred in excusing the plaintiffs

in a fraud case from having to show some physical manifestation as a condition to recovery

of damages for purely emotional injury:

       We see no reason to create an exception for fraud cases to the carefully crafted
       rule enunciated in Vance and the subsequent cases. It is consistent with the more
       liberal approach adopted by other courts; it remains a fair balance that permits
       recovery of damages for emotional injury which, by reason of either an
       accompanying or consequential “physical” injury, is objectively ascertainable;
       and it avoids the dilemma of requiring some physical manifestation where the
       misrepresentation is negligent but not where it is deliberate, even though the
       consequences to the plaintiff may be precisely the same.

Id. at 38. We determined that “[b]ecause eight of the plaintiffs offered no evidence of any

physical manifestation of their claimed emotional stress, the defense motions on that issue

should have been granted” and that the “uniform $145,000 awards to them must be

stricken.” Id. However, we noted that because the plaintiff Haley “did present sufficient

evidence of some physical manifestation, an award of non-economic damages to him

would be possible under a correct jury instruction.” Id. In remanding the case for further

proceedings concerning Mr. Haley’s non-economic damages, we stated that, given Haley’s

death prior to trial, “[w]hether his estate can still or might desire to pursue a trial on that

issue we cannot determine, but we shall not foreclose it.” Id.

                                              39
       Applying the above principles to the amended complaint and considering the

pleading in the light most favorable to the Petitioners, we conclude that the Wheelings and

Ms. Rodriguez have sufficiently pleaded damages for emotional injury. As noted above,

in order to maintain a private cause of action under the MCPA, the plaintiff must allege an

“actual injury or loss.” Lloyd, 397 Md. at 143; CL § 13-408(a). In order to recover

damages for emotional injury, they must be accompanied by a physical injury, which the

plaintiff will be required to prove by some objective physical manifestation. See Hoffman,

385 Md. at 39; Vance, 286 Md. at 500. Here, the Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez have

alleged that Selene’s unlawful act of posting eviction notices, without undertaking the

required “reasonable inquiry” to determine whether the property had been abandoned,

caused them to suffer “emotional damages and losses with physical manifestations. . . . ”

Although the plaintiffs will be required to prove that their emotional injuries are

accompanied by physical injuries that are capable of objective determination, the specifics

of such objective manifestations have “more to do with proving, rather than defining, this

kind of injury.” Hoffman, 385 Md. at 35 (emphasis added). We note, however, that

pleading emotional damages with physical manifestations is a much different hurdle than

proving the same. Our holding should not be construed as altering the standard for proving

such physical injuries as articulated in Hoffman and Vance.11

       11
          We are mindful that the amended complaint alleges “emotional damages and
losses with physical manifestations such as fear, anxiety and anger . . . .” We reiterate that
under Vance and Hoffman, emotional injuries must be accompanied by a physical injury
that is objectively ascertainable. In other words, the Petitioners’ testimony that “[t]his
made me feel bad; [or] this upset me” would not suffice. See Hoffman v. Stamper, 385 Md.
1, 34 (2005) (quoting Vance v. Vance, 286 Md. 490, 498 (2005)).
                                             40
              2.      Attorney’s Fees as Actual Damages

       Finally, we turn to the second component of the Wheelings’ and Ms. Rodriguez’s

damages claim—attorney’s fees that they incurred to “know their rights” resulting from

the unlawful posting of the eviction notices. Distinct from the statutory attorney’s fees that

may be recovered for litigation expenses,12 these pre-litigation attorney’s fees are sought

as separate compensatory damages, which are governed by common law principles

applicable to recovery of attorney’s fees generally.

       Any consideration of the common law standard for awarding attorney’s fees begins

with the prevailing rule in this country, known as the “American Rule,” which prohibits

the prevailing party in a lawsuit from recovery his or her attorney’s fees as an element of

damages. Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. v. Wilderness Society, 421 U.S. 240, 247 (1975);

St. Luke Evangelical Lutheran Church, Inc. v. Smith, 318 Md. 337, 344 (1990) (tracing the

history of the American Rule). In Maryland, our jurisprudence follows the American Rule

with a few exceptions. Eastern Shore Title Co. v. Ochse, 453 Md. 303, 330 (2017); Collier

v. MD-Individual Practice Ass’n, 327 Md. 1, 11 (1992) (“In Maryland, the general rule is

that costs and expenses of litigation, other than the usual and ordinary court costs, are not

recoverable in an action for compensatory damages.”) (Cleaned up).

       12
          Under both statutory causes of action, the prevailing plaintiff is entitled to recover
his or her reasonable attorney’s fees by statute. See RP § 7-113(d)(1) (“If in any proceeding
the court finds that a party claiming the right to possession violated subsection (b) of this
section, the protected resident may recover . . . (iii) reasonable attorney’s fees and costs.”);
CL § 13-408(b) (“Any person who brings an action to recover for injury or loss under this
section and who is awarded damages may also seek, and the court may award, reasonable
attorney’s fees.”).
                                              41
       In Ochse, we identified four Maryland exceptions to the American Rule, where

attorney’s fees are permitted as compensatory damages:13 (1) where a statute allows for the

imposition of such fees; (2) where parties to a contract have an agreement regarding

attorney’s fees; (3) where the wrongful conduct of a defendant forces a plaintiff into

litigation with a third party; and (4) by a plaintiff in a malicious prosecution action for the

recovery of damages arising from the defense of the criminal charge. 453 Md. at 330; see

also Hess Constr. Co. v. Bd. of Educ., 341 Md. 155, 160 (1996) (noting that “exceptions

are quite rare under Maryland common law to the general rule that counsel fees, incurred

by the prevailing party in the very litigation in which that party prevailed, are not

recoverable as compensatory damages against the losing party”).

       To support their assertion that they are entitled to recover attorney’s fees as

compensatory damages, the Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez primarily rely upon case law

permitting the award of attorney’s fees under category 3 above.              This exception,

commonly known as the “collateral litigation doctrine,” permits a party to recover

attorney’s fees actually incurred “when the wrongful conduct of a defendant forces a

plaintiff into litigation with a third party.” Smith, 318 Md. at 346. In Ochse, we explained

that “the collateral litigation doctrine permits the court to award as damages the legal fees

from the separate litigation.” 453 Md. at 333 (citing Empire Realty Co. v. Fleisher, 269

Md. 278, 286 (1973)). Although we have commonly referred to the collateral litigation

       13
         Compare St. Luke Evangelical Lutheran Church, Inc. v. Smith, 318 Md. 337
(1990) (permitting counsel fees of a prevailing party to be considered where punitive
damages may be awarded).
                                              42
doctrine as an exception to the American Rule, in Ochse, we quoted the Supreme Court

of Colorado explaining that the doctrine is actually “an acknowledgement that the

litigation costs incurred by a party in separate litigation may sometimes be an appropriate

measure of compensatory damages against another party.” Ochse, 453 Md. at 334

(quoting Rocky Mountain Festivals, Inc. v. Parsons Corp., 242 P.3d 1067, 1071 (Colo.

2010)).

       In Maryland, we first explained this doctrine in McGaw v. Acker, Merrall & Condit,

Co. as follows:

       The general rule is that costs and expenses of litigation, other than the usual
       and ordinary court costs, are not recoverable in an action for damages, nor
       are such costs even recoverable in a subsequent action; but, where the
       wrongful acts of the defendant have involved the plaintiff in litigation with
       others, or placed him in such relations with others as make it necessary to
       incur expense to protect his interest, such costs and expense should be treated
       as the legal consequences of the original wrongful act.

111 Md. 153, 160 (1909). The Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez rely upon the above-quoted

language in McGaw, as well as subsequent cases that applied the collateral litigation

doctrine, to support their argument that they can recover as separate damages, their

attorney’s fees incurred to “know their rights.” McGaw, 111 Md. 153; Ochse, 453 Md.

303; Montgomery Vill. Assocs. v. Mark, 95 Md. App. 337 (1993); Tully v. Dasher, 250

Md. 424, 441–42 (1968). However, these cases are distinguishable from the facts alleged

by the Wheelings and Ms. Rodriguez in their amended complaint. In contrast to the facts

pleaded in this case, each of those cases involved unlawful conduct by a defendant that

forced the plaintiff to incur legal expenses in separate litigation, or to protect his or her

interest vis-à-vis a third party. For example, in McGaw, the Court permitted the plaintiff

                                             43
to recover attorney’s fees incurred to secure a new lease with a third party after the

defendant (who was the plaintiff’s agent and manager) failed to renew the lease in his

employer’s name, and instead wrongfully renewed it in his own name. 111 Md. at 161.

In other words, the defendant’s wrongful actions “placed [the plaintiff] in such relations

with others as [to] make it necessary to incur expense to protect his interest . . . .” Id. at

163 (emphasis added). In Ochse, 453 Md. at 331, this Court held that, under the collateral

litigation doctrine, the plaintiffs were entitled to recover their attorney’s fees as

compensatory damages against a defendant title company in a negligence action, where

the plaintiffs had incurred the attorney’s fees in separate litigation with a third-party

property owner to resolve a title dispute that the plaintiffs contended was the result of the

title company’s negligence. Similarly, in Montgomery Village Associates, the Court of

Special Appeals applied the collateral litigation doctrine to permit the plaintiffs to recover

their legal fees incurred in connection with a bankruptcy proceeding, where the

defendants wrongfully failed to perform under a repurchase agreement for a

condominium unit, which caused the plaintiff to seek bankruptcy protection after the deed

of trust matured on the property, thereby necessitating the need to file bankruptcy as the

only alternative to avoid foreclosure with the third-party lender, and in order to preserve

the plaintiff’s right of specific performance against the defendant. 95 Md. App. at 342.

In Tully, this Court held that, in a malicious prosecution case, the plaintiffs were entitled

to recover as compensatory damages, against the defendants, the attorney’s fees that they

incurred in connection with the defense of the wrongful criminal charges. 250 Md. at

424.

                                             44
       Indeed, since our articulation in McGaw of the Maryland common law exception

to the American Rule known as the “collateral litigation doctrine,” the plaintiff’s recovery

of attorney’s fees as compensatory damages has been limited to instances where the

defendant’s wrongful conduct forced a plaintiff into collateral litigation involving a party

other than the defendant. This limitation to the doctrine has a sound justification—

attorney’s fees that are incurred in collateral litigation with a third party to protect one’s

interest can be objectively quantified and demonstrated to be the natural and proximate

consequence of the wrongful act, and incurred necessarily and in good faith, and in a

reasonable amount. See Fowler v. Benton, 245 Md. 540, 550 (1967). By contrast, where

attorney’s fees are incurred in connection with a consultation that ultimately results in

the filing of a private MCPA claim, it would be difficult, if not impossible (given the

shroud of secrecy created by the attorney-client privilege), to discern the fine line

between a plaintiff consulting with an attorney to “know his rights” as opposed to a

slightly different conversation with counsel “to evaluate a claim.” We determine that an

application of the collateral litigation doctrine in this instance would simply rove too far.

Accordingly, we decline to expand the common law doctrine to permit the plaintiffs to

allege, as compensatory damages, their attorney’s fees incurred to consult with an

attorney to understand their rights where the alleged wrongful conduct alleged did not

force them into collateral litigation or require that they incur legal expense to protect their

interests in relation to other third parties.

                                                45
                                             III.

                                         Conclusion

       Petitioners’ amended complaint adequately sets forth a cause of action under RP

§ 7-113. The statute does not require that a protected resident be deprived of actual

possession as a condition to bringing a private cause of action. The Petitioners’ amended

complaint adequately sets forth a cause of action under the MCPA. Under Maryland’s

liberal pleadings standard, the Petitioners’ amended complaint alleges that Petitioners

suffered “emotional damages and losses with physical manifestations.” Although the

emotional injury damages pleaded in the amended complaint are sparse, they supply the

minimum necessary to state a claim. We affirm the judgment of the Court of Special

Appeals, however, concerning the Petitioners’ assertion that they are entitled to their

attorney’s fees for consulting an attorney prior to commencing litigation as separate

compensable damages. We decline to expand our collateral litigation exception to the

American Rule (prohibiting the recovery of attorney’s fees as separate damages) to

situations where the attorney’s fees were not incurred in separate litigation with a third

party, or otherwise incurred to protect an interest vis-à-vis a third party.

                                            JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF
                                            SPECIAL APPEALS AFFIRMED IN PART
                                            AND REVERSED IN PART, AND CASE
                                            REMANDED TO THE CIRCUIT COURT
                                            FOR BALTIMORE CITY FOR FURTHER
                                            PROCEEDINGS. COSTS IN THIS COURT
                                            AND THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS
                                            TO BE PAID BY RESPONDENTS.

                                              46
Circuit Court for Baltimore City
Case No. 24-C-17-000996
Argued: January 5, 2021

                                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                           OF MARYLAND

                                                No. 27

                                        September Term, 2020

                                     WHITNEY WHEELING, ET AL.

                                                V.

                                     SELENE FINANCE LP, ET AL.

                                   Barbera, C.J.,
                                   McDonald
                                   Watts
                                   Hotten
                                   Getty
                                   Booth
                                   Harrell, Glenn T., Jr.
                                      (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned)
                                                  JJ.

                                   Concurring and Dissenting Opinion
                                             by Getty, J.,
                                        which Hotten, J., joins.

                                   Filed: April 30, 2021
                                    “Laws, like sausages, cease to inspire respect in
                                    proportion as we know how they are made.”

                                    John Godfrey Saxe1

         Respectfully, I dissent. Given the facts here, I would find that the “reasonable

inquiry” provision under Md. Code (1974, 2015 Repl. Vol.), Real Prop. (“RP”) § 7-

113(b)(2)(ii) is a statutory exception and does not provide a cause of action under

subsection (d) of the statute. My dissent will focus on this section of the Majority’s opinion

because this is the Court’s first opportunity to address § 7-113 of the Real Property Article

after its enactment by the General Assembly during the 2013 legislative session.

         I concur with the Majority’s analysis that the American Rule prevails in this case

and the Petitioners are not entitled to attorney’s fees.

         However, I also dissent from the Majority and would affirm the holding by the Court

of Special Appeals that the Petitioners did not sufficiently plead their damages in a private

cause of action under the Maryland Consumer Protection Act. I would adopt the perceptive

and succinct analysis of Judge Christopher B. Kehoe in his well-written opinion and feel

no need to further elaborate on that issue in this dissent.

         During the 2013 legislative session, the General Assembly responded with outrage

in opposition to this Court’s opinion in Nickens v. Mount Vernon Realty Group, 429 Md.

53 (2012). Cross-filed bills were introduced in the Senate and the House of Delegates to

repeal the English common law rule of nonjudicial self-help evictions. After committee

1
    John Godfrey Saxe (1811-1887) was a Vermont attorney and poet.
hearings and amendments, the General Assembly passed Senate Bill 642 and House Bill

1308 to end the use of self-help evictions. Senate Bill 642, 2013 Leg., 433rd Sess. (Md.

2013); House Bill 1308, 2013 Leg., 433rd Sess. (Md. 2013). Governor Martin O’Malley

signed both bills into law and Senate Bill 642 became chapter 514 and House Bill 1308

became chapter 515.2

       At issue in this case is the statutory interpretation of an amendment added to the

first reader House and Senate bills after the legislative committee hearings. This committee

amendment clarifies a pre-existing exception in the original bill language that preserves

the nonjudicial self-help rule if the property is abandoned (the “abandonment safe harbor

amendment”). At issue is the provision in the amendment allowing a person claiming the

right to possession of a residential property to, without a court order, use the nonjudicial

self-help eviction process if the person “[r]easonably believes the protected resident has

abandoned or surrendered possession of the property based on a reasonable inquiry into the

2
  When two bills are cross-filed in the General Assembly and both pass in the House of
Delegates and the Senate, the Governor has the choice to sign only one bill or
both. Traditionally, it has been good legislative practice to only sign one bill. This is done
for several reasons, such as to not clutter the chapter laws with redundancy, to preserve
resources of staff time and printing (the printed Laws of Maryland for each legislative
session would be almost double in size, print, and paper due to the large number of cross-
filed bills), and to avoid legal confusion if, during the bill drafting and amendment process,
the two bills end up being not truly identical word-for-word. The only reason to sign both
involves the pride of the primary sponsors who each want the benefit of having the
Governor sign their bill. When both cross-filed bills are signed by the Governor in
succession, the first bill is superseded by the second bill. In this case, Senate Bill 642 was
signed into law first (2013 Md. Laws, ch. 514) and was superseded when House Bill 1308
was subsequently the next bill signed into law (2013 Md. Laws, ch. 515). Hereinafter, I
only reference House Bill 1308 or chapter 515.

                                              2
occupancy status of the property” (the “reasonable inquiry” provision) and complies with

a newly-created notice provision under the amendment as provided for in subsection (c) of

the committee amendments.3

       This exception for cases of abandonment was broadly worded in the language of the

original bill. In clarifying what it means for a property to be abandoned, a safe harbor

notice provision was added to the bill with qualifying language requiring a “reasonable

inquiry” into the occupancy status of the property. It is clear that this abandonment safe

harbor amendment was inserted into the center of the bill’s original language without a

reciprocating change to the prohibited acts preceding it or to the remedies following it that

are tied directly to the prohibited acts.

       The questions before the Court are: Do the remedies as originally drafted now apply

for the failure to make a “reasonable inquiry?” Or, as the circuit court judge found, do the

remedies not apply and the Wheeling and Rodriquez pleadings fail to state a claim upon

which relief can be granted?

A.     Competing Interpretations of the Statute’s Plain Language.

       The Majority answers “yes” to the first question by focusing on the opening phrase

in subsection (d), which reads: “If in any proceeding the court finds that a party claiming

the right to possession violated subsection (b) of this section, the protected resident may

recover[.]” I reject this interpretation and instead argue that the controlling language of the

3
  For ease of reading and clarity, I refer to the subsections and subparagraphs of the bill
and statute directly as such—i.e., “subsection (c)” or “subparagraph (b)(2)(ii)”—instead of
providing the full citation of RP § 7-113. To be clear, any reference to a “subsection” or
“subparagraph” in this opinion refers to paragraphs of House Bill 1308 or to RP § 7-113.
                                              3
statute is the opening phrase in subsection (b), which states: “Except as provided in

paragraph (2) of this subsection[.]” This controlling phrase creates a statutory exception

in the structure of subsection (b) and only allows a party to recover under subsection (d) if

they violated subsection (b)(1), i.e., they are dispossessed of the property or threatened

with imminent eviction.

       By relying on the subsection (d) language, the Majority finds in the statute a penalty

if one does not make a “reasonable inquiry” even though no such penalty or remedy was

stated in the proposed amendments that were adopted by the legislative committees. Thus,

they interpret the remedies in the bill prior to the addition of the abandonment safe harbor

amendment as applicable for the failure to make a “reasonable inquiry” even though that

provision is a statutory exception to the prohibited acts.

       Unlike the Majority, I believe that the controlling language in subsection (b), and

the statute’s legislative history, require the Court to find that the “reasonable inquiry”

requirement under subparagraph (b)(2)(ii) is not tied to the penalties in subsection (d). The

structure of subsection (b)(2) places the “reasonable inquiry” provision as part of the

exceptions to the prohibited acts and thus not subject to the subsection (d) remedies.

       The best way to analyze RP § 7-113 is by looking independently at the four

component parts that appear after the definitions. Once we analyze the language within

each subsection, we then view the statute’s overall structure and the interrelationship

between each section. The four component parts are:

              1.     The prohibited acts in subsection (b)(1).

              2.     The exceptions to the prohibited acts in subsection (b)(2).

                                              4
              3.     The statutory form notice in subsection (c).

              4.     The remedies in subsection (d).

       1.     The Majority Fails to Give Effect to the Statutory Exception Created by the
              General Assembly in Subsection (b).

       The Majority ignores the plain language of subsection (b) by incorrectly blending

subsections (b)(1) and (b)(2) together as if they are identical. See Maj. Slip Op. at 22

(“[U]nder the plain language of the statute, the General Assembly established a remedy for

a violation of both (b)(1) and (b)(2). A party violates subsection (b)(2) when the party

attempts to engage in a self-help eviction by posting the statutory notice without

undertaking the required ‘reasonable inquiry into the occupancy status of the property[.]’”

(emphasis and alteration in original)). Such an interpretation fails to acknowledge the

language of the statutory exception created by the plain language in this section.

       Subsection (b) is divided into two parts: (b)(1) contains the prohibited acts and

(b)(2) contains exceptions to the prohibited acts. First, subsection (b)(1) provides that a

party seeking the right to possession cannot take possession of property or threaten to take

possession by lockouts, willful diminutions of services, or other actions that deprive actual

possession:

       (b)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, a party claiming
       the right to possession may not take possession or threaten to take
       possession of residential property from a protected resident by:
              (i) Locking the resident out of the residential property;
              (ii) Engaging in willful diminution of services to the protected
              resident; or
              (iii) Taking any other action that deprives the protected resident of
              actual possession.

RP § 7-113(b)(1) (emphasis added).
                                             5
       From the outset, it is critical to understand the definition of the “threaten to take

possession” in this section. As a result of the testimony before the legislative committee,

a definition was added to House Bill 1308 as part of the committee amendments. The focus

of the definition is the use of the word “imminent” to always qualify the word “threat”

throughout RP §7-113 as intending “to take imminent possession of residential property[.]”

The full definition reads as follows:

       “Threaten to take possession” means using words or actions intended to
       convince a reasonable person that a party claiming the right to possession
       intends to take imminent possession of residential property in violation of
       this section.

RP § 7-113 (a)(5).

       After describing the prohibited acts in subsection (b)(1), two exceptions are

provided for in subsection (b)(2). The first exception is when a court proceeding is

undertaken resulting in a writ of possession. The second exception details how a party may

take possession of a property using nonjudicial self-help under the abandonment safe

harbor amendment:

       (b)(2)(i) Except as provided in subparagraph (ii) of this paragraph, a party
       claiming the right to possession may take possession of residential property
       from a protected resident only in accordance with a writ of possession issued
       by a court and executed by a sheriff or constable.
       (ii) A party claiming the right to possession of residential property may use
       nonjudicial self-help to take possession of the property, if the party:
               1. Reasonably believes the protected resident has abandoned or
               surrendered possession of the property based on a reasonable inquiry
               into the occupancy status of the property;
               2. Provides notice as provided in subsection (c) of this section; and
               3. Receives no responsive communication to that notice within 15
               days after the later of posting or mailing the notice as required by
               subsection (c) of this section.

                                             6
RP § 7-113(b)(2).

         The Majority wants to interpret the “reasonable inquiry” provision of subparagraph

(b)(2)(ii)(1) as being surplusage unless the remedies are applied to the entirety of

subsection (b). But that interpretation fails to understand the structure of the statute and

the impact of the opening phrase in subsection (b)(1) (“Except as provided in paragraph

(2) of this subsection”) that carves out subsection (b)(2) as an exception to the prohibited

acts.

        In interpreting the text of a statute, this Court “read[s] ‘the statute as a whole to

ensure that no word, clause, sentence or phrase is rendered surplusage, superfluous,

meaningless or nugatory.’” Johnson v. State, 467 Md. 362, 372 (2020) (quoting Phillips

v. State, 451 Md. 180, 196–97 (2017)). Subparagraph (b)(2)(i) begins: “Except as provided

in subparagraph (ii) of this paragraph, a party claiming the right to possession may take

possession of residential property . . . .”

        Prior to the adoption of the committee amendments, the first reader of House Bill

1308 contained a broadly worded exception for nonjudicial self-help to still apply when a

property was abandoned. As a statutory exception, the language clarifies when a party

seeking the right to possession can use nonjudicial self-help without violating the

prohibited acts in subsection (b)(1) and without being subject to the remedies in subsection

(d). See Statutory Exception, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (defining “statutory

exception” as “[a] provision in a statute exempting certain persons or conduct from the

statute’s operation”).

                                              7
       The broadly worded exception was changed with qualifying language to conduct a

“reasonable inquiry” in direct response to the concerns of various property owners’ groups

at the bill hearings. But the committee amendment did not change the nature of this

provision as a statutory exception to the prohibited acts delineated in (b)(1). Instead, the

“reasonable inquiry” language is specific to the safe harbor created by the General

Assembly for property owners. In enacting the compromise language agreed upon by the

opponents and proponents of House Bill 1308, the General Assembly intended to clearly

delineate when a party could legally take possession of property from a protected resident

under the abandonment safe harbor exception.

        The third component part is subsection (c), which provides the mechanics of the

safe harbor with the process and wording of the statutory form notice. Under subsection

(c), if a party claiming the right to possession seeks to use self-help on an abandoned

property, they are required to (1) mail “all occupants” of the property written notice of

potential eviction; and (2) post written notice of potential eviction on the front door of the

property. RP § 7-113(c)(1). The statutory form notice required by subsection (c)(1) lets

the party or parties in possession know that the party claiming the right to possession

considers the property abandoned. All the party or parties in possession are required to do

under the statute to avoid eviction is call the phone number provided on the notice. The

notice provision set out in subsection (c), which is a requirement created by subparagraph

(b)(2)(ii), indicates that these provisions were added to protect residents from eviction

while avoiding confusion for parties seeking the right to possess a potentially abandoned

property.

                                              8
       Now that we have analyzed the plain language meaning and structure of the

provisions in subsections (b) and (c), we must reconcile how they interact with the fourth

component part, the remedies in subsection (d). Subsection (d) provides:

       (d)(1) If in any proceeding the court finds that a party claiming the right to
       possession violated subsection (b) of this section, the protected resident may
       recover:
              (i) Possession of the property, if no other person then resides in the
              property;
              (ii) Actual damages; and
              (iii) Reasonable attorney’s fees and costs.
       (2) The remedies set forth in this subsection are not exclusive.

RP § 7-113(d)(1), (2).

       The Majority correctly points out that, at face value, the remedies in subsection (d)

appear to be tied to both subsections (b)(1) and (b)(2). However, the statute’s structure

makes it clear that the remedies—which all relate to the repossession of the property for a

protected resident who was dispossessed—apply to the lockouts, willful diminutions of

services, and other actions that deprive actual possession in violation of subsection (b)(1).

       It is also clear that had the qualifying “reasonable inquiry” language not been added

by the committee amendments, nonjudicial self-help evictions would have been a total

exception to the remedies if the property was abandoned. The question is whether the

addition of the “reasonable inquiry” language dismantles the exception or whether it is

separately part of a safe harbor for clarifying when a property is abandoned.

       2.     The Majority Improperly Reads Subparagraph (b)(2)(ii) as the Elements of
              a Separate Cause of Action, but That Provision Was Added as a Safe Harbor
              to Clearly Indicate when a Property Is Abandoned.

                                             9
       The requirement that a party seeking the right to possession undertake a “reasonable

inquiry” before using nonjudicial self-help on an abandoned property does not create a

separate cause of action under subsection (d). Rather, subparagraph (b)(2)(ii), which

includes the “reasonable inquiry” requirement, is a safe harbor provision that sets out the

elements of an affirmative defense when a party seeking the right to possession is accused

of improperly conducting a nonjudicial eviction or taking other actions that deprive actual

possession. Based on the plain language and legislative history, subparagraph (b)(2)(ii)

does not set out the elements of a separate cause of action that entitles a plaintiff to the

remedies in subsection (d).

       The General Assembly certainly intended for parties to adhere to the requirements

set out in subparagraph (b)(2)(ii). However, the committee amendments retained the

exception language in (b)(1) and thus the structure of the statute indicates that the failure

to conduct a “reasonable inquiry” is not an element of a separate cause of action under

subsection (d). In dismissing Petitioners’ amended complaint, the circuit court judge

correctly read the statute’s plain language and determined that Respondents’ actions, under

subparagraph (b)(2)(ii), were “as a matter of law, in conformity with the required notice[.]”

Wheeling v. Selene Finance LP, No. 24-C-17-000996, (Balt. City Cir. Ct. Nov. 28, 2017)

(order granting Defendant Gina Gargeu’s motion to dismiss).

       The circuit court judge did so because the plain language of the statute indicates the

intent of the General Assembly in enacting RP § 7-113—to abrogate the common law by

“prohibiting a party claiming the right to possession from taking possession or threatening

                                             10
to take possession of residential property from . . . certain protected resident[s].” House

Bill 1308, 2013 Leg., 433rd Sess. (Md. 2013); see 2013 Md. Laws, ch. 515.

       The primary goal of this Court’s statutory interpretation analysis is to ascertain the

intent of the legislature. Chow v. State, 393 Md. 431, 443 (2006) (citation omitted). This

Court defers to the policy objectives enacted into law by the General Assembly and

“assume[s] that the legislature’s intent is expressed in the statutory language[.]” Johnson,

467 Md. at 371 (quoting Blackstone v. Sharma, 461 Md. 87, 113 (2018)). Therefore, this

Court’s “statutory interpretation focuses primarily on the language of the statute to

determine the purpose and intent of the General Assembly.” Id.

       The plain language of RP § 7-113 demonstrates that subparagraph (b)(2)(ii)

provides a safe harbor and outlines a clear process for repossessing real property without

receiving a writ of possession. When a party takes possession of real property by using

nonjudicial self-help, and does not have a writ of possession, the remedies in subsection

(d) do not apply unless the requirements of the safe harbor provision are not met. Contrary

to the Majority’s holding, and unlike subsection (b)(1), the safe harbor provision does not

set out a list of prohibited acts that entitle a plaintiff to the cause of action enumerated in

subsection (d).

       An illustrative example is helpful in demonstrating how this provision operates.

Imagine a trial in which a plaintiff contends that their landlord improperly used a

nonjudicial self-help eviction based upon abandonment of the property. Under the statute,

the landlord may only escape liability under subsection (d) if they prove that, before they

took possession of the property, they received a writ of possession from a circuit court or

                                              11
that they complied with the requirements of subparagraph (b)(2)(ii). This qualifying safe

harbor language therefore lays out an affirmative defense—if the landlord in the above

hypothetical did not receive a writ of possession, the judge would consider or the jury

would be charged with determining whether the landlord (1) reasonably believed the

protected resident had abandoned or surrendered the property based on a reasonable inquiry

into the status of the property; (2) provided the notice required in subsection (c), and; (3)

received no responsive communication to that notice within 15 days.

       The “reasonable inquiry” required to use nonjudicial self-help does not, on its own,

entitle the tenant to bring suit under subsection (d) where no eviction or other actions that

deprive actual possession occurred. This plain language reading of the statute comports

with the General Assembly’s purpose in adding the safe harbor provision to the statute,

which was not to carve out the elements of a separate claim under subsection (d), but to

provide clear standards as to when nonjudicial self-help is available. Attempting to match

the remedies in subsection (d) with any potential damages caused by a party’s failure to

conduct a “reasonable inquiry” further demonstrates that the General Assembly did not

intend to create the cause of action now recognized by the Court. Any actual damages

potentially caused by a party’s failure to conduct a “reasonable inquiry” are negligible to

non-existent. If the General Assembly intended to create a cause of action for failing to

conduct a “reasonable inquiry,” it would have included remedies that match the alleged

misconduct; such as monetary fines or suspension of the offender’s license.

       In reviewing the legislative history presented infra, and the record of this case, two

things are certain. First, as a policy matter, the clear intent of the General Assembly in

                                             12
enacting RP § 7-113 was to protect citizens from threats of eviction, nonjudicial evictions,

or other actions that deprive actual possession. See Dep’t Legis. Servs., Fiscal and Policy

Note (Revised), House Bill 1308, at 1 (2013 Session); Dep’t Legis. Servs., Fiscal and

Policy Note (Revised), Senate Bill 642, at 1 (2013 Session). Second, at no point were the

Petitioners evicted or threatened with eviction.

       This legislative intent is crystal clear beginning with the title: “Residential Property

– Prohibition on Nonjudicial Evictions.” Although struck from the final bill, the preamble

stated the underlying intent as resolving the problem of “[s]o-called self-help evictions in

the residential context [that] are inconsistent with human dignity and human rights and will

lead to an increased potential for violent confrontations and sudden homelessness.” See

infra page 18–19 (discussing the preamble in the first reader of House Bill 1308). The

amendments to add a notice provision created a safe harbor method for a person claiming

right to possession to identify whether a property was, in fact, abandoned.

        The statutory form notice and the plain language of subsection (c)(1) confirms our

reading that subparagraph (b)(2)(ii) sets out a safe harbor provision rather than the elements

of a cause of action. If a party claiming the right to possession seeks to use self-help

eviction on an abandoned property—and follows the requirements of RP § 7-

113(b)(2)(ii)—then, under subsection (c), they are required to (1) mail “all occupants” of

the property written notice of potential eviction; and (2) post written notice of potential

eviction on the front door of the property. RP § 7-113(c)(1). If the property is occupied,

the party or parties in possession are instructed to call the phone number provided on the

                                              13
notice. As described above, the notice provision set out in subsection (c), is part of a safe

harbor confirmation process to determine whether a property is occupied or abandoned.

        Based on the preceding analysis, RP § 7-113 operated exactly as House Bill 1308

was intended by the General Assembly because notice was provided to Petitioners and their

response to that notice prevented them from being evicted. The Respondents’ use of the

statutory form notice averted every concern presented by the Rental Housing Coalition’s

testimony at the bill hearing—“sudden lockouts, homelessness, and a greater potential for

violent confrontations between residents and those attempting a Wild West eviction.” See

infra page 24 (discussing the Rental Housing Coalition’s testimony at the bill hearing).

       For these reasons, the remedies in subsection (d) do not apply to the exceptions in

subsection (b)(2). If the remedies do not apply for the failure to make a “reasonable

inquiry,” then the Circuit Court for Baltimore City was correct when it found that the

Petitioners failed to a state claim under the statute upon which relief could be granted. See

Maryland Rule 2-322(b)(2) (“The following defenses may be made by motion to dismiss

filed before the answer, if an answer is required: . . . (2) failure to state a claim upon which

relief can be granted[.]”); Barclay v. Castruccio, 469 Md. 368, 374 (2020) (“The granting

of a motion to dismiss is proper only if the allegations and permissible inferences, if true,

would not afford relief to the plaintiff, i.e., the allegations do not state a cause of action.”

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted)).

       Thus, I would hold that the Respondents’ failure to conduct a “reasonable

inquiry”—whether or not it occurred under the facts pled in the amended complaint—

before posting a notice of eviction does not provide Petitioners a cause of action under RP

                                              14
§ 7-113. As a result of this statutory interpretation, the circuit court did not err in granting

Respondents’ motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be

granted. Moreover, the Court of Special Appeals correctly decided this case when they

affirmed the circuit court’s dismissal of Petitioners’ amended complaint.

       Such a reading of the plain language is confirmed by the legislative history, hence

it is important to understand the underlying issues that drove the General Assembly’s

outrage over this Court’s decision in Nickens. The underpinnings of this legislative

response to prevent nonjudicial self-help evictions as enacted in RP § 7-113 are found

resoundingly in the legislative hearings that controlled the evolution of the statutory

language of the third reader House Bill 1308.

B.     The General Assembly Abrogates Maryland’s Long-Standing Common Law Self-
       Help Rule Described in Nickens to Prohibit Nonjudicial Evictions.

       1.     The Nickens Decision.

       As this Court aptly explains in Nickens, the common law remedy of peaceable self-

help traces its roots back to the English common law statutes of 5 Richard II, Chapter 8

(1381) and 8 Henry VI, Chapter 9 (1429), which respectively created causes of action for

forcible entry and forcible detainer. Nickens, 429 Md. at 64–66. Before the late fourteenth

century, a titleholder to property in England was within their rights to enter property and

“‘regain . . . possession by force’ from an unlawful possessor.” Id. at 66 (quoting Moxley

v. Acker, 294 Md. 47, 50 (1982)).

       Then, in 1381, 5 Rich. II, ch. 8 “limited the amount of ‘force’ that a titleholder may

use to repossess his [or her] property by establishing that a right of entry may be made with

                                              15
‘not a strong hand, nor with a multitude of people, but only in a peaceable and easy

manner[.]’” Id. 5 Rich. II, ch. 8 also prescribed a criminal penalty for conduct in violation

of the statute. Id. In a similar vein, although inapplicable to leasehold tenants, 8 Hen. VI,

ch. 9 created a civil cause of action for owners of a freehold estate in land to “regain

possession of property wrongfully detained[.]” Id. at 67 (quoting Eubanks v. First Mount

Vernon Indus. Loan Ass’n, Inc., 125 Md. App. 642, 662–63 (1999)). The English common

law was imported to the Maryland colony, adopted in Maryland’s first Constitution of

1776, and remains in effect through Article 5 of the Declaration of Rights in the current

Constitution, which was adopted in 1867. See id. at 65 n.11 (“These statutes were derived

from the English common law when our Declaration of Rights was adopted on 3 November

1776 as Article 3. . . . This provision was reconstituted as Article 5 of the Maryland

Declaration of Rights in 1867.”); Md. Const., Decl. of Rights, art. 5.

       When Nickens was decided in 2012, peaceable self-help had been a “long-

established common law remedy for titleholders in Maryland.” Nickens, 429 Md. at 68;

see Manning v. Brown, 47 Md. 506 (1878). Nickens stemmed from a foreclosure dispute

between Mount Vernon Realty Group (“MVRG”) and Demetrius Nickens. The Nickens

Court was accordingly tasked with determining whether statutorily enumerated eviction

procedures in the Baltimore City Code precluded MVRG’s use of peaceable self-help when

it threatened to remove Mr. Nickens from the property, and then subsequently conducted a

“lock-out.” Nickens, 429 Md. at 58.

       Mr. Nickens lived with his parents in their Baltimore City home until his parents

moved out. Id. at 58–59. Mr. Nickens’ parents allowed him to remain in the home after

                                             16
they moved out as long as he paid rent to cover the monthly mortgage payment. Id.

However, after the parents’ monthly amount due increased and Mr. Nickens ceased making

payments, the account fell in arrears and the parents’ mortgage servicer initiated

foreclosure proceedings. Id. at 59. The mortgage servicer received a foreclosure judgment

in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City and, through its law firm, retained MVRG to remove

Mr. Nickens from the property. Id. MVRG’s process in removing Mr. Nickens from the

property was two-fold. Id. at 59–60. First, MVRG sent a notice to Mr. Nickens threatening

to imminently enter his home, remove Mr. Nickens’ belongings, and take possession of the

property. Id. Then, upon learning that Mr. Nickens was out of town, MVRG entered the

property, disposed of Mr. Nickens’ personal belongings, changed the locks, and placed a

“no trespassing” sign on the front door. Id.

       Even though the Nickens’ mortgage servicer pursued a court proceeding and

received a judgment in circuit court, this Court’s upholding of the common law remedy of

peaceable self-help was viewed by the housing and tenants’ rights communities as having

broad implications regarding the actions available for mortgage providers, landlords, and

others to regain possession of real property. In finding that the common law remedy of

peaceable self-help was not abrogated by the General Assembly nor superseded by Balt.

City Code art. 13, § 8B-2, the Court allowed parties seeking the right to possession to

sidestep the statutory eviction process for repossessing property through court proceedings

in Baltimore City. See id. at 75 (“Based on the express language of the ordinance, we

conclude that the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore did not intend to supersede

                                               17
pervasively and comprehensively the use of the common law remedy of self-help in

Baltimore.”).

        Nickens was correctly decided because there had been no action by the General

Assembly since 1776 to revise, amend, or repeal the English common law that allowed the

use of peaceable self-help as a remedy to regain possession from an unlawful possessor.

Absent action by the General Assembly, the English common law prevailed under Article

5 of the Declaration of Rights. However, the use of a nonjudicial self-help eviction in

Nickens sparked outrage in the General Assembly and drove the legislative effort to enact

the statutory protections enumerated in RP § 7-113.

       2.       First Reader – House Bill 1308 – Residential Real Property – Prohibition on
                Nonjudicial Evictions.

       While preambles4 are relatively rare in legislation passed by the General Assembly,

the first reader of House Bill 1308 included a preamble to express the intensity of emotions

held by the legislators against this Court’s holding in Nickens. Ultimately, this language

as a preamble was deleted from the final bill, but the words of the preamble are instructive

as to the legislature’s intent in enacting this legislation:

4
  In Washington Gas Light Co. v. Maryland Public Service Comm’n, this Court looked to
the Maryland Department of Legislative Services’ Legislative Drafting Manual in
discussing the use of preambles in legislation. 460 Md. 667, 683–84 (2018) (citing Dep’t
Leg. Servs., Legislative Drafting Manual 2013, at 152–53 (2012), available at
http://dlslibrary.state.md.us/publications/OPA/A/LDM_2013.pdf
[https://perma.cc/5AWJ-ZS4M]). We explained that “[a]though infrequently used, a
preamble is sometimes desirable in legislation to state legislative intent or facts showing
the background and necessity for a bill.” Id. at 684 (alteration in original) (citation
omitted).

                                               18
              WHEREAS, The General Assembly has created numerous expedited
       court processes to assist owners of residential real property in quickly
       recovering possession of their properties with the assistance of the sheriff;
       and
              WHEREAS, So-called self-help evictions in the residential context
       are inconsistent with human dignity and human rights and will lead to an
       increased potential for violent confrontations and sudden homelessness; and
              WHEREAS, The General Assembly intends to supersede the ruling
       of the Court of Appeals of Maryland in Nickens v. Mount Vernon Realty
       Group, et. al., 429 Md. 53 (2012), and abrogate any right to so-called self-
       help eviction that owners may possess in the context of residential
       foreclosures, tax sale foreclosures, landlord-tenant actions, and mobile home
       park actions, now, therefore, [Section 1 and the text of the bill follows.]

       Under this rubric of legislative intent, House Bill 1308 proposed language to

prohibit nonjudicial evictions in three sections of the Real Property Article: (1) § 7-112

(later codified as § 7-1135) relating to foreclosure sale and tax sale purchasers; (2) § 8-216

relating to landlord and tenant matters; and (3) § 8A-1102 relating to mobile home park

owners. We will focus on the legislative process and amendments for the language of RP

§ 7-113 which is at issue in this case.

       After defining a “protected resident” and a “residential property,” the bill language

in the first reader of House Bill 1308 outlined the prohibited acts as follows:

             (B)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, a
       secured party, foreclosure sale purchaser, plaintiff in a tax sale foreclosure
       under Title 14 of the Tax – Property Article, or a successor to a secured party,

5
  During the 2013 session, two different bills proposed adding a new section after RP § 7-
111 and thus both proposed in the language of each bill that their new section would be RP
§ 7-112. In codifying the two bills, Senate Bill 199 was signed first as chapter 205 and
became RP § 7-112. Senate Bill 199 addressed the refinancing of unpaid debts without the
permission of junior lienholders which is not relevant to this case. 2013 Md. Laws, ch.
205. Because House Bill 1308 was the second bill to be signed into law, as chapter 515, it
became RP § 7-113. We refer to it as RP § 7-113 in this section on legislative history even
though it is identified in the bill as RP § 7-112.

                                             19
       foreclosure sale purchaser, or a plaintiff in a tax sale foreclosure may not take
       possession or threaten to take possession of residential property from a
       protected resident by locking the resident out or any other action, including
       willful diminution of services to the protected resident by interrupting or
       causing the interruption of heat, running water, hot water, electricity, gas or
       other essential services.

       The language of subsection (b) is straightforward in that it sets up certain prohibited

acts and exceptions to those prohibited acts. Subsection (b)(1) enumerates the prohibited

acts of forced foreclosure lockouts, threats of forced foreclosure lockouts, and diminutions

of services. However, it begins with the phrase “[e]xcept as provided in paragraph (2) of

this subsection[.]” Subsection (b)(2) thus identifies certain exceptions to the prohibited

acts as follows:

              [(B)] (2) A secured party, foreclosure sale purchaser, plaintiff in a tax
       sale foreclosure under Title 14 of the Tax – Property Article, or a successor
       to a secured party, foreclosure sale purchaser, or a plaintiff in a tax sale
       foreclosure may take possession of residential real property from a protected
       resident only:
                      (I) In accordance with a writ of possession issued by a court
       and executed by a sheriff or constable; or
                      (II) If the protected resident has abandoned or surrendered
       possession of the property.

       Here, as articulated clearly by the General Assembly in this language, are two key

exceptions to the prohibited acts of subsection (b)(1). The first is the obvious exception

when the proceeding is not nonjudicial. Thus, if there is a legal proceeding in which a

court has issued a writ of possession and the writ is executed by a sheriff or constable, then

the prohibited acts do not apply.

       The second exception is significant to our analysis. The original first reader bill

includes an exception for situations where the “protected resident has abandoned or

                                              20
surrendered possession of the property.” In other words, nonjudicial self-help is still

available if there is evidence of abandonment or the surrender of the property by the

protected resident.

       The first reader bill provides remedies in the original subsection (c) (after the

committee amendments, the remedies become subsection (d) as fully described supra).

The application of the remedies is broadly worded to apply to violations of subsection (b).

The remedies as originally outlined in the bill are:

              (C)(1) If in any proceeding the court finds that a secured party,
       foreclosure sale purchaser, plaintiff in a tax sale foreclosure under Title 14
       of the Tax – Property Article, or a successor to a secured party, foreclosure
       sale purchaser, or a plaintiff in a tax sale [foreclosure] violated subsection
       (B) of this section, the protected resident may recover:
                      (I) Possession of the property;
                      (II) Three times actual damages; and
                      (III) Reasonable attorney’s fees and costs.
              (2)     (I) The remedies set forth in this subsection are not exclusive.
                      (II) A [protected] resident or any person claiming under a
       protected resident may recover any other actual or consequential damages
       available under any other applicable law.

       The question then arises as to whether the remedies apply to the exceptions in

subsection (b)(2). At this point, it is important to note that while these remedies are stated

to apply to the entirety of subsection (b), abandonment is a provision of subsection (b)(2)

that is a statutory exception to the prohibited acts. It is therefore logical to interpret by its

plain language that the remedies articulated in subsection (c) apply to the prohibited acts

in subsection (b)(1) but would not apply to the articulated exceptions in (b)(2).

       With this background in mind, I now turn to the legislative process that occurred

after the introduction of the first reader of House Bill 1308.

                                               21
       3.     The Legislative Committee Hearing on House Bill 1308.

       The stage was set for a classic confrontation between the advocates of housing and

tenants’ rights organizations and the representatives of the property owners. In the

aftermath of this Court’s Nickens decision, the advocates of housing and tenants’ rights

organizations urged the General Assembly to take action to repeal Maryland’s long-

standing common law practice of nonjudicial self-help residential evictions. As a perennial

opponent in the legislative give-and-take, the property owners were expected to vigorously

oppose the proposed new restrictions on eviction laws.

       The bill hearing was held on March 7, 2013, in the Environmental Matters

Committee.6 The testimony of the proponents of House Bill 1308 was organized by the

Public Justice Center as a participant in the Maryland Rental Housing Coalition.         The

proponents offered three panels of testimony that included witnesses with personal

testimony of being forced out of their homes. The proponents’ testimony took up most of

the time during the approximately one-hour hearing.

       In addition to the Public Justice Center, the bill file contains written testimony from

housing advocates representing a broad spectrum of organizations dealing with rental

housing, legal assistance, and poverty. These organizations included the Legal Aid Bureau,

Inc., Maryland Alliance for the Poor, Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc., Casa de Maryland,

6
  Recording of March 7, 2013, Environmental Matters Committee hearing available at:
https://mgahouse.maryland.gov/mga/play/f3e53cfaf06b4a2b9cc819be9e08ccf1/?catalog/
03e481c7-8a42-4438-a7da-93ff74bdaa4c&playfrom=123476       [https://perma.cc/VJ9W-
YLQJ].
                                             22
SHARP (Coalition to Stop Homelessness and Reduce Poverty), Maryland Volunteer

Lawyers Service, and Maryland Disability Law Center.

       On the other side, a coalition named Property Owners Association of Maryland,

Inc., a nonprofit trade association comprised of five separate property owners associations

from across Maryland, was the primary voice at the hearing. Additional written testimony

was provided by the Maryland Bankers Association, Maryland Association of Realtors,

and the Apartment and Office Building Association of Metropolitan Washington.

       The pièce de résistance of the written testimony was a letter from Congressman

Elijah E. Cummings, a former Speaker pro tem of the House of Delegates. See Bill File to

H.B. 1308, Testimony – Written Statement of the Honorable Elijah E. Cummings in

Support of S.B. 642/H.B. 1308 (2013). In the letter, Congressman Cummings offered

testimony of his personal experience during the 1970s when he was evicted by a landlord

for a late rent payment. He explained that, at that time, he relied on his student financial

aid for personal expenses including his rent when he was a student in law school. Id. One

day, having missed that month’s rent, and even though he had previously informed his

landlord that his financial aid check would be a few days late, he states: “I arrived home

from class to find all my possessions on the street in front of my apartment building.

Strangers were going through my belongings, and the portable typewriter I needed for my

courses was missing.” Id.

       Congressman Cummings’ personal recollection of the self-help eviction mirrored

the written accounts of testimony by other witnesses when he wrote: “Today, more than

four decades later, I can still remember the pain, anger and desolation that I felt.

                                            23
Fortunately, I am a peace-loving person, but, as a lawyer, I can tell you that this is not

always the case with everyone who suffers this kind of mistreatment.” Id.

       Written testimony from the Rental Housing Coalition offered the personal

experiences of twelve individuals subject to nonjudicial “lockouts.” See Bill File to H.B.

1308, Testimony – Written Statement of the Rental Housing Coalition in Support of H.B.

1308 (2013). Recognizing that most well-established landlords and foreclosure purchasers

do not engage in this type of eviction, the testimony noted that most advocates, prior to this

Court’s Nickens decision, thought that nonjudicial evictions were illegal. Id.

       Significantly, the Rental Housing Coalition’s written testimony almost universally

detailed immediate lockouts with little to no prior notice. In addition, three individuals

who provided personal written testimony also testified as a part of a panel during the house

committee hearing. For example, W.L., a resident of Prince George’s County who had

fallen behind on paying rent, received a text from his landlord that the locks to his home

had been changed and his possessions placed under tarp outside the home. Id. When L.G.,

a resident of Baltimore County withheld rent payments until her landlord made repairs, the

landlord provided no notice before he entered her home and changed the locks. Id. S.B.,

a resident of Baltimore County, described being told to vacate her home with no notice

despite always paying her rent on time. Id. When S.B. tried to reason with her landlord,

the landlord’s wife told S.B. that she had ten days to vacate the property. Id. With no

notice, and before the ten day period had expired, S.B.’s landlord entered the home and

changed the locks. Id.

                                             24
       In light of this testimony, and citing to the Nickens opinion, the Rental Housing

Coalition concluded that “[t]he Court’s decision to upend settled practices in Maryland will

undoubtedly lead to increased sudden lockouts, homelessness, and a greater potential

for violent confrontations between residents and those attempting a Wild West

eviction.” Id. (emphasis in original).

       In spite of the inimical relationship between the two groups, the expected opposition

of the property owners failed to materialize. As a unified group, at the hearing and in their

written testimony, they proffered support for the bill if clarifying amendments were

adopted to address certain areas of concern. In addition, the property owners promised to

work with the bill’s proponents to craft consensus amendments that both sides could agree

on.

       The key area of concern for the property owners was to clarify the abandonment

exception so that there were clear standards for when a foreclosure sale purchaser or

landlord could act. The current abandonment language was too open-ended and potentially

subject to court challenges over whether a property was abandoned or not. The property

owners proposed a safe harbor notice provision that would assure protections for both

sides, as explained succinctly in the testimony of the Maryland Bankers Association:

              The proponents also acknowledge that the abandonment or surrender
       of property by the tenant or owner are legal reasons for the
       landlord/foreclosure purchaser to take possession of the property. The
       [Maryland Bankers Association] supports amendments that make it clear
       when the use of nonjudicial self-help is permissible. They are: when the
       party with a right to possess 1) believes the protected resident has abandoned
       or surrendered possession of the property; 2) provides notice by posting on
       the front door of the residential property and mails by first-class mail
       addressed to “all occupants” at the address of the residential property a

                                             25
       written notice in a specified statutory form; and 3) receives no written
       response to that notice within 10 days after the later of posting or mailing
       notice as required by the statute.

See Bill File to H.B. 1308, Testimony – Written Statement of the Maryland Bankers

Association in Support of H.B. 1308 (2013).7

       The property owners also expressed concerns over two additional sections of the

bill. First, they urged the legislative committee to adopt better definitions for the terms in

the statute, including “party with a right to possess,” “residential property,” “threaten to

take possession,” “willful diminution of services,” and “protected resident” (clarifying that

a “protected resident” does not include a trespasser or squatter). Second, the property

owners uniformly opposed the application of “treble” damages in the original remedies and

proposed that the remedy language be amended to “actual” damages.

       Although a far cry from the anticipated opposition to the bill, the Maryland

Association of Realtors addressed concerns in their written testimony regarding the

statutory definition for “threaten to take possession,” as well as the inclusion of “or any

other action” in the language of the first reader. Bill File to H.B. 1308, Testimony –

Written Statement of the Maryland Association of Realtors in Opposition to H.B. 1308

7
  The Maryland Bankers Association’s proposal at the bill hearing mirrors emergency
legislation passed during the 2009 legislative session requiring “notices of foreclosure to
be sent to all occupants of a residential property (1) when a foreclosure is filed; (2) no
earlier than 30 days and no later than 10 days prior to the foreclosure sale; and (3) a final
notice after the entry of a judgment awarding possession of the property and before any
attempt to execute the writ of possession.” Dep’t Legis. Servs., Fiscal and Policy Note
(Revised), House Bill 776, at 1 (2009 Session); see 2009 Md. Laws, ch. 615. Chapter 615,
which was added as RP § 7-105.9 and is currently RP § 7-105.11, was signed into law in
response to the fallout from the housing bubble collapse in 2007-08. See Ronald Deutsch
& Jeffrey Nadel, Gordon on Maryland Foreclosures 5, 638 (5th ed. 2021).
                                             26
(2013). Specifically, the Association alluded to the possibility that the use of a legal

process—the statutory form notice—could violate the statute. Id. In opposing this illogical

outcome, the Association’s written testimony noted that it was “concerned that [the

statutory form notice] could be considered a threat even when the landlord is planning to

take possession through the normal judicial process.” Id. Moreover, the phrase “or any

other action” in the first reader prompted concerns about whether that language “would

prevent a landlord from informing a tenant that the landlord can file for eviction if the

tenant does not pay . . . rent.” Id. As a result of these concerns, the Association emphasized

the importance of “clarify[ing] the abandoned property exception.” Id.

       Sensing a kumbaya moment8 in the legislative process, the committee concluded

the hearing with a commitment from both sides to work on amendments for clarification

of the bill language suitable for a consensus package to be considered at a voting session.

       4.     The Committee Amendments to House Bill 1308.

8
  In legislative slang, a kumbaya moment occurs when two stridently opposed sides to a
proposed bill forge a compromise that resolves the conflict and allows the legislators
supporting either side to join together in voting in favor of the bill. Based on the song
Kumbaya, the legislative compromise is symbolic of the typical performance of the song
where the singers join hands and sing the lyrics about peace and harmony. Kumbaya has
been recognized by the Georgia legislature as the “state historical song”
by legislation passed in 2017.              Georgia General Assembly, S.R. 293,
https://www.legis.ga.gov/legislation/50935              [https://perma.cc/WKW8-5VYA].
(“Recognizing Georgia’s first state historical song, known worldwide as ‘Kumbaya[.]’”);
see also Christopher Ingraham, Orrin Hatch Has Drug Puns, Washington Post (September
13, 2017), https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/09/13/orrin-hatch-has-
drug-puns/ [https://perma.cc/GSE6-DD46] (describing a press release from Senator Orrin
Hatch in which he had high hopes that the bipartisan Marijuana Effective Drug Study
(MEDS) Act of 2017 would “be a kumbaya moment for both parties”).
                                             27
       A package of committee amendments was considered at the voting session of the

Environmental Matters Committee on March 19, 2013. The amendments addressed most

of the topics discussed at the committee hearing.        An identical set of committee

amendments was offered in the Senate and the process of forging this compromise and the

explanation of the changes to the statutory language are best explained in an email from C.

Matthew Hill, Staff Attorney of the Public Justice Center, to Senator Anthony Muse,

sponsor of Senate Bill 642:

       I have attached a redline from [staff of the Judicial Proceedings Committee]
       of the compromise amendments on SB 642 that Sen. Muse has agreed to offer
       tomorrow in the voting session of JPR. . . .

       Here again are the talking points for the compromise.

       After extensive negotiations between the housing advocates and associations
       representing bankers and landlords, we have agreed upon a set of
       compromise amendments.

       The following organizations do not oppose SB 642/HB 1308 with these
       sponsor amendments: Md. Bankers Association, Md. Multi-Housing
       Association (MMHA), Apartment and Office Buildings Association
       (AOBA), Maryland Association of Realtors, and Maryland Property Owners
       Association.

       These compromise amendments:

          • Clarify the definitions of terms like “threaten to take possession”
            “abandonment” and “willful diminution of services” to protect
            residents and provide clarity to bankers and landlords.
          • Provide a method for mortgagees and foreclosure sale purchasers to
            identify and secure abandoned properties.
          • Limit damages to actual damages and reasonable attorney’s fees and
            costs. This removes the provision for treble damages that housing
            advocates had requested.
          • Clarify that landlords may take temporary measures to secure an
            unsecured property without violating this proposed legislation.

                                            28
       The Maryland Rental Housing Coalition including the Public Justice Center,
       Baltimore Neighborhoods Inc., Maryland Legal Aid Bureau, Homeless
       Persons Representation Project, Maryland Disability Law Center, CASA de
       Maryland, Civil Justice Inc., St. Ambrose Housing Aid Ctr., Md. Volunteer
       Lawyers Service, Univ. of Baltimore School of Law Civil Advocacy Clinic,
       Washington Comm. For Civil Rights and Urban Affairs, Go Northwest
       Housing Ctr., and Baltimore County Communities for the Homeless support
       these compromise amendments.

See Bill File to S.B. 642, Email from C. Matthew Hill to Senator Anthony Muse (2013)

(bullet points and emphasis in original).

       The email from the Public Justice Center explains the policy underpinning the

committee amendments to House Bill 1308. These amendments affect the language and

structure of the bill. The amendments can be briefly summarized in three parts. First, the

prohibited acts were clarified because the definitions were significantly revised. The

phrase “threaten to take possession” was not defined in the first reader and new language

was added to clarify the types of actions that would subject a party to liability under the

statute. Significantly, the new definition added in the amended language focused on the

imminence of the threat, requiring that the threat to take possession be “words or actions

intended to convince a reasonable person that a party . . . intends to take imminent

possession of residential property[.]” Another significant addition to the bill clarified the

phrase “or any other action” by creating a separate subparagraph, (b)(1)(iii), that prohibits:

“Taking any other action that deprives the protected resident of actual possession.”

       Second, clarifying language was added to the abandonment provisions to include

the safe harbor notice provision (now subsection (c)).         The committee amendments

provided a statutory form notice to be used by a party that avails themselves of the

                                             29
exception in subparagraph (b)(2)(ii). The language also provides for the posting and

mailing of the notice with a 15-day period for the protected resident to respond (instead of

the 10-day period proposed by the property owners in their testimony).

       Significant to our analysis is the “reasonable inquiry” qualifying language added by

amendment to the original language in the first reader. Added to the abandonment

exception in subparagraph (b)(2)(ii) is the language that a party claiming the right to

possession may use nonjudicial self-help to take possession if the party “[r]easonably

believes the protected resident has abandoned or surrendered possession of the property

based on a reasonable inquiry into the occupancy status of the property[.]”            These

clarifications were deemed critical so that the abandonment exception could be more easily

recognized by both parties and clearly interpreted by the courts when someone challenged

a nonjudicial eviction or other actions that deprive actual possession based on the property

being abandoned.

       Third, the remedies were moved to subsection (d) but were not changed except that

the treble damages initially proposed were downgraded to actual damages. As amended,

the remedies continued to be entirely oriented to prohibit acts outlined in subsection (b)(1),

which relates specifically to evictions, threats of eviction, the diminution of services, or

other actions that deprive actual possession. Important to our analysis, no amendment was

adopted to apply a remedy under the exceptions in subsection (b)(2) if a “reasonable

inquiry” is not undertaken.

       Additionally, to underscore the statement of legislative intent, the third “Whereas”

clause of the first reader preamble was restated in the committee amendments as “Section

                                             30
2” of the bill. See supra page 19. By doing so, the third reader bill clearly articulates the

General Assembly’s intent to abrogate the English common law right to nonjudicial self-

help evictions and to supersede this Court’s holding in Nickens.

       5.     The Unanimous Vote on a Favorable Motion for House Bill 1308 in Both
              Chambers.

       In a true kumbaya moment of legislative process, the amended House Bill 1308

passed unanimously 24-0 on a favorable motion in the House Environmental Matters

Committee on March 19, 2013. The third reader vote in the House of Delegates on March

21 was also a unanimous vote of 136-0. House Bill 1308 crossed over to the Senate and

the committee vote in the Judicial Proceedings Committee was a unanimous 9-0 on March

28. Finally, the bill passed third reader in the Senate by a unanimous 47-0 vote on

April 3.9 House Bill 1308 was signed by Governor Martin O’Malley on May 16.

       And so, in light of this legislative history, it is apparent that the General Assembly

intended for the remedies in the statute to only apply when the party in possession is

threatened with imminent eviction or actually dispossessed of the property. The Majority’s

approach to the statute runs contrary to the circuit court’s common-sense understanding

and instead provides remedies that do not match up with the Petitioners’ newfound claim

for the failure to conduct a “reasonable inquiry.” For that reason, it is instructive to shed

light on proceedings before the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, before turning to the

9
  For the Senate vote, House Bill 1308 was placed on a consent calendar consisting of 32
different House bills. A consent calendar is a calendar of non-controversial measures that
has one vote passing all measures. In this case, most of the bills were House bills for which
there were cross-filed Senate bills that had already passed third reader in the Senate.

                                             31
question of whether the statutory form notice transforms into a threat to take imminent

possession absent the required “reasonable inquiry.”

C.     Proceedings in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City—Is There a Nexus Between
       the Requirement that a Party Conduct a “Reasonable Inquiry” and the Remedies
       Set Forth in RP § 7-113(d)?

       The motions filed under the amended complaint in this case were argued before the

Circuit Court for Baltimore City at two separate hearings held on July 19 and August 28,

2017. First, the circuit court judge considered a motion by the Wheelings’ counsel10 for

partial summary judgment based upon Blackstone v. Sharma, a then-recent decision by the

Court of Special Appeals holding that the finance company in a mortgage foreclosure was

required to be licensed as a collection agency. See 233 Md. App. 58 (2017).11

       The two motions relevant to this appeal are the motions to dismiss filed by Selene

and by Century 21. In considering the motions, the circuit court judge first asked for clarity

on the legal posture of the two separate cases.

       1.     The Rodriguez Claim.

10
   Counsel for Ms. Rodriguez also represented Mr. and Ms. Wheeling in the circuit court
proceedings below. Because the Wheeling and Rodriguez claims are factually distinct, and
to avoid confusion, I sometimes refer to Petitioners’ counsel as the “Wheelings’ counsel.”
11
  This Court reversed the Court of Special Appeals’ holding in Blackstone in an August 2,
2018, opinion. See Blackstone, 461 Md. at 87. During the July 19, 2017, motions hearing,
Petitioners’ counsel referenced the Court of Special Appeals’ holding in Blackstone and
argued that, based on that decision, they were entitled to partial summary judgement. In
arguing so, Petitioners attempted to establish that Respondents acted on behalf of
unlicensed foreign statutory trusts. Moreover, Petitioners argued that the Court of Special
Appeals’ decision in Blackstone stood for the proposition that Respondents, acting on
behalf of unlicensed foreign statutory trusts, could not lawfully evict or threaten to evict a
Maryland resident. This Court’s holding in Blackstone (and the Court of Special Appeals’
holding shortly before the motions hearing) is inapplicable to the facts here.
                                             32
       Counsel for Century 21 outlined the fully litigated foreclosure proceeding of the

Rodriguez property at 2418 Edmondson Road in Baltimore City. Counsel highlighted the

facts leading to ratification by the court of the foreclosure action and the posting of the writ

of possession by the Sheriff of Baltimore City. The docket entries on this case provide the

following pertinent dates:

       January 7, 2015 - Order to docket foreclosure entered in Circuit Court for
       Baltimore City.

       June 22, 2016 - Trustees’ Report of Sale entered and confirmed that the
       property was purchased by Christiana Trust for $42,000.

       July 11, 2016 - Certificate of Publication entered.

       September 15, 2016 - Final Order Ratifying Report of Sale.

       January 30, 2017 - Judgment awarding possession.

       February 8, 2017 - Writ of Possession issued by Court to the Sheriff of
       Baltimore City with notice to vacate the premises on or before March 28.

       Counsel for Century 21 explained to the circuit court judge that the Sheriff of

Baltimore City (“Sheriff”) posted the property on or about February 10 advising the

resident to vacate the premises by March 28 or else to be subject to an eviction on that date.

On February 22, Petitioners allege that Gina Gargeu, a real estate salesperson for Century

21, posted a statutory form notice under RP § 7-113.12 A friend of Ms. Rodriguez contacted

12
   Ms. Gargeu’s involvement in the Rodriguez claim, for the purposes of this appeal, is
limited to her alleged violation of RP § 7-113. Petitioners concede that the circuit court
correctly dismissed their claim for damages against Ms. Gargeu under the Maryland
Consumer Protection Act, Md. Code (1975, 2013 Repl. Vol.), Com. Law (“CL”) § 13-104,
because she is exempt from that statute as a real estate salesperson.

                                              33
Century 21 on February 27 to notify the company under the terms of the notice that the

property was occupied.

       Pursuant to the statutory language of RP § 7-113, and as a result of the contact by

the friend of Ms. Rodriguez, Century 21 did not pursue a nonjudicial eviction under the

abandonment exception.

       2.     The Wheeling Claim.

       Unlike the Rodriguez case, where a fully-litigated foreclosure action had transpired

in the circuit court, the facts plead in the Wheeling claim relating to RP § 7-113 are

evanescent.13 The best that can be inferred from the facts plead in the amended complaint

is that Selene engaged in an unfair and deceptive trade practice because they posted the

statutory form notice from subsection (c) of RP § 7-113 on the door of the house where the

Wheelings resided. Whitney and Eric Wheeling were tenants of a property located at 167

Cardamon Drive in Edgewater, Maryland. The property was owned by Donna Poole

during that time. Although the real property is located in Anne Arundel County, there is

no evidence in the record of an underlying court proceeding in that jurisdiction.

       During the July 19, 2017, motions hearing, the circuit court judge attempted to

clarify why the Wheelings—whose rental property was in Anne Arundel County—were

before the Circuit Court for Baltimore City. Selene’s counsel explained that the Wheelings

“had no relationship whatsoever with Selene or with any particular lender, nobody.”

13
   The facts plead in the amended complaint regarding the Wheeling claim primarily
revolve around whether Selene was operating as an unlicensed collection agency in
violation of the Court of Special Appeals’ then-recent decision in Blackstone v. Sharma,
as explained in footnote 11, supra.
                                            34
E. 173. The facts presented in the Wheelings’ amended complaint support this assertion.

The amended complaint states that “upon information and belief” the loan that Ms. Poole

used to purchase 167 Cardamon was in default. E. 42. However, the amended complaint

goes on to state that “[n]o foreclosure or land-lord [sic] tenant proceeding had been initiated

in any court related to the Wheeling Property.”          E. 45.    Selene’s counsel further

characterized the relationship between Selene and the Wheelings as nonexistent during the

August 27, 2018, motions hearing. E. 206.

       To clarify the facts in the amended complaint, the circuit court judge asked about

the posture of the Wheeling claim. The Wheelings’ counsel reiterated the facts presented

in the amended complaint, specifically that the property was posted with the statutory form

notice, but it remained unclear what connection the Wheelings had to the Respondents.

During the August 28, 2017, motions hearing the Wheelings’ counsel clarified that “[i]n

Mr. and Mrs. Wheeling’s case, according to the well-pled facts, Your Honor, and the public

records, no foreclosure was filed.” E. 213. From the amended complaint and the motions

hearings it is evident that the Wheelings’ only connection to this case is that they were

Donna Poole’s tenants at 167 Cardamon Drive.

       Despite this unclear posture, and the Wheelings’ tenuous connection to the

Respondents in this case, it is crystal clear from the record that they were never evicted or

subject to other actions that deprived them of actual possession of 167 Cardamon Drive.

       3.     Is the Posting of the Statutory Form Notice a Threat of Imminent Eviction?

       After clarifying to the extent possible the posture of both cases through the

arguments presented by each attorney, the circuit court judge probed for the proper

                                              35
interpretation of the statutory language of RP § 7-113. The first question was whether the

posting of the notice could, under certain circumstances, be an imminent threat under the

definitions in the statute. The second question was what relief was available under the

remedies of the statute for the posting of the notice in these two cases.

       The crux of the argument made by the Wheelings’ counsel was that the posting of

the statutory notice itself was a threat of dispossession. Due to the “reasonable inquiry”

language in the exceptions section of the statute, counsel argued that posting the notice

transforms into an imminent threat of eviction. In other words, in analyzing both the

Rodriguez and Wheeling claims, the mere posting of a form notice provided in the statute

violates the statute, which resulted in the following colloquy between the Wheelings’

counsel and the circuit court judge:

       Wheelings’ Counsel:          So as I generally described earlier, this statute
                                    was created as remedial legislation in response to
                                    the Court of Appeals decision in Nickens. My
                                    colleague’s essential argument is we didn’t
                                    actually carry out the eviction, so therefore [we
                                    are] not liable. That’s one point. What my
                                    colleague overlooks is[,] is that the statute
                                    governs threats of eviction. And there is no
                                    dispute that there was a threat of eviction with
                                    that notice. . . .

       The Court:                   So I read the notice that’s attached here. So keep
                                    moving.

       Wheelings’ Counsel:          So the reason—it’s not just the notice, it’s the
                                    circumstances surrounding the notice, Your
                                    Honor. The circumstances—

       The Court:                   But the threat, under your assertion, is contained
                                    in that notice.

                                             36
       Wheelings’ Counsel:          Correct.

E. 187–88.

       The counterpoint to the Wheelings’ argument that the notice, by and of itself, is a

threat of eviction had been offered by Selene’s counsel earlier in the first hearing:

       [RP § 7-113] defines what it means to threaten to take action. And it states
       that it is to take action that would cause a reasonable person to believe that
       there is going to be imminent dispossession. And then the legislature
       provides a time frame for the posting of the notice advising the recipient that
       someone may take action if you don’t contact us in 15 days. I would submit
       to the Court that it is self-evident that the legislature would not have passed
       a statute that is self-eviscerating by supplying a 15-day time limit, which can
       be construed as a threat of imminent action.

E. 181–82.

       At the second hearing, counsel for Century 21 also offered a concise argument

rebutting the claim that posting the notice was a threat of imminent action to dispossess the

property from a protected resident:

       The legislature prescribed a specific 15-day period. And unless we can
       conclude that the legislature decided to give someone a [primer] on how to
       threaten imminent action by following its mandatory language and notice,
       it’s nonsensical. We can’t go there. Otherwise—and I’m saying this as
       someone who has always cast a jaundiced eye on our brothers and sisters in
       Annapolis, but this one I think is very easy to look at. They would not have
       prescribed a time period in which to threaten imminent action. And we can’t
       divorce that. There was no threat of eviction . . . there was no threat of
       imminence because the statute was followed.

E. 228.

       As described in the orders detailed below, the circuit court judge ultimately agreed

with Respondents’ counsel that the posting of a notice under the procedures laid out in

subparagraph (b)(2)(ii) and subsection (c) does not constitute a threat to take imminent

                                               37
possession of real property. Although the circuit court did not expand on its reasoning in

dismissing Petitioners’ amended complaint, by doing so, it rejected Petitioners’ contention

that the Respondents threatened imminent eviction by posting the form notice required by

statute on the Wheeling and Rodriguez properties.

       4.     Do the Remedies Provide a Cause of Action for Not Conducting a
              “Reasonable Inquiry?”

       At the beginning of the first hearing, the Wheelings’ counsel presented the circuit

court with the factual scenario that a “reasonable inquiry” did not take place with the

posting of the notice on the Rodriguez property. The Wheelings’ counsel argued that

Century 21 and Selene should have known that “the property wasn’t abandoned because

Ms. Rodriguez had appeared in the foreclosure case” and that the posting of the notice was

a threat of imminent eviction. E. 167.

       In response, at the beginning of the second hearing, Selene’s counsel addressed the

structure of RP § 7-113. After first noting that the definition under subsection (a)(5) for

“[t]hreaten to take possession” includes the words “intends to take imminent possession,”

Selene’s counsel focused on the prohibited acts in subsection (b)(1). In parsing the

language of the statute, Selene’s counsel noted that there was no violation of subsection

(b)(1) because they did not take possession of the property under the prohibited acts of

locking out the resident, diminution of services, or other actions that would deprive the

protected resident of actual possession. Further, under subsection (b)(1), there was no

threat to take possession under the prohibited acts because the only act taken was to post

the notice. Since the definition in subsection (a)(5) requires a threat of “imminent”

                                            38
possession, the posting of the statutorily mandated form notice with a 15-day provision

cannot be interpreted to be an “imminent” threat.

       Turning to the remedies in subsection (d), Selene’s counsel explained that the

remedies apply to the prohibited acts in subsection (b)(1). Emphasizing that subsection

(b)(2) outlines exceptions where actual possession can be taken, the remedies do not apply

to that subsection. Selene’s counsel accordingly maintained that Petitioners’ claims only

fall under a “threat of possession” and subsection (b)(2) does not encompass threats to take

possession.

       The Wheelings’ counsel did not rebut these arguments with any statutory

interpretation about whether the remedies in subsection (d) apply under the statute for

failure to conduct a “reasonable inquiry.” Instead, counsel focused on arguments

concerning the nature of the damages. When asked by the circuit court judge how to

interpret the statute, the Wheelings’ counsel responded: “It permits damages and losses. It

doesn’t have to say emotional distress. And under the law, [it is] crystal clear that

[emotional distress] is a cognizable damage that is recoverable under Maryland law.” E.

191–92.

       At the second motions hearing, the Wheelings’ counsel argued that the circuit court

judge should defer to a January 7, 2014, advisory notice issued by the Maryland

Department of Labor, Licensing, and Regulation’s Office of the Commissioner of Financial

Regulation (the “OCFR”). Commissioner of Financial Regulation, Property Preservation

– Nonjudicial Evictions, Advisory Notice, Jan. 7, 2014. The administrative agency’s

                                            39
interpretation of the statute, as argued by the Wheelings’ counsel, required the Respondents

to make a “reasonable inquiry” before posting the statutory form notice:

               The administrative agency goes on to say that before they post that
       notice, they have to make reasonable inquiry as to the occupancy of the
       property. Well, the well-pled facts before the Court and the amended
       complaint are they didn’t do that. They didn’t look at the public records. No
       one asked Mr. and Mrs. Wheeling or Ms. Rodriguez whether she was still in
       possession. And the well-pled facts show that they were in occupancy and
       they were holding themselves out as occupants and residents of the
       properties. There was no status. There was no check. They just posted the
       property.
               The statute doesn’t say if you—you may just post the property and
       you’re absolved of any responsibility that the agency that regulates my
       colleague’s client says it has, his client has. And they make clear in their
       notice that’s attached as Exhibit 3 to the amended complaint that the
       prohibition on non-traditional evictions applies to tenants as well as
       homeowners. They have to conduct a reasonable inquiry into the occupancy
       status of the property. And here the well-pled facts are they did none of that.
       They want to dispute that. I get that. That’s for a different phase. And we
       highlighted in our brief that there’s a decision about reasonableness. That’s
       a factual issue that goes later. Looking at the well-pled facts, we’ve pled that
       their investigation was unreasonable.

E. 211–12.

       Respondents’ counsel analyzed RP § 7-113 and argued that the posting of a notice

under the statute is not actionable as an imminent threat to take possession.14 In response

to Petitioners’ invocation of the OCFR’s advisory notice, Selene’s counsel retorted:

               Your Honor, counsel spent lot of time talking about interpretations
       from the Commissioner of Financial Regulation, which we can all look at
       that two-page document and argue what it means. I would submit that it does
       not actually support the claim here notwithstanding counsel’s best effort to
       try to shoehorn whatever the Commissioner has stated into these facts does
       not support the claim. And we can all read it.

14
  Selene’s and Century 21’s responses to Petitioners’ arguments and the facts in the
amended complaint contained parallel arguments.
                                             40
              But separately I just thought it was very telling that counsel did not
       even refer to the actual statute itself. The statute itself of course is the be all
       and end all of whether or not there is claim here. And we walk through that
       with respect to the definitions of (b)(1) and (b)(2) and then what (d) truly
       means. It sounds like, if anything, counsel may submit that the
       Commissioner could actually consider whether or not there’s something
       improper about anything that happened here.
              But the private right of action is expressly proscribed by the—or
       prescribed by the legislature. It is as it is. The legislature defined it. It is
       either you took possession, in which case you could fall within (b)(2) and
       have a claim. We don’t have that scenario. [Subsection] (b)(l) is the only
       one that would apply. That would contemplate threatening to take
       possession. Referring back to the definition of that, the word imminent is
       used. Obviously, they meant it for something. They used it. We have to
       breathe life into that word and the only way you can do it is by finding that
       there was no imminent threat here.

E. 226–27 (indentation added).

       In response to the Wheelings’ argument that the court defer to the OCFR advisory

notice, the circuit court judge probed the applicability of the advisory notice to her statutory

analysis. The Wheelings’ counsel reiterated that the court should defer to the OCFR’s

interpretation in applying the remedies in subsection (d) to the “reasonable inquiry”

provision:

              [W]e’ve provided as Exhibit 2 to the amended complaint a copy of an
       agency decision against parties just like the Defendants before the Court
       today for taking unlawful collection agency action in the eviction and
       threatened eviction of Maryland residents. And that agency’s decision under
       the Blackstone case is entitled to some deference. These are the statutes that
       they regulate, that govern the agency.

E. 214.

       The circuit court judge then inquired about whether judicial deference to the OCFR

was required, specifically regarding the facts of this case:

                                               41
      The Court:                  But we don’t have an agency decision in this
                                  case.

      Wheelings’ counsel:         As to my clients?

      The Court:                  These—

      Wheelings’ Counsel:         No, No, Your Honor.

      The Court:                  —or as to these Defendants.

      Wheelings’ counsel:         No, Your Honor. No, the agency decision that’s
                                  before the Court as Exhibit 2 is for the Court’s—
                                  it’s the same one that was relied on by the Court
                                  of Special Appeals in Blackstone, it’s only to
                                  give the Court persuasive authority . . . . [I]t says
                                  that the courts are supposed to give deference to
                                  the agencies who regulate certain statutes and
                                  entities.

      The Court:                  Right, but I don’t have anything from the agency
                                  in this case for these facts.

      Wheelings’ Counsel:         No.

Id. at 214–15.

      Having clarified that there is no administrative decision in which a standard of

deference needed to be shown, the circuit court judge heard opposing counsel’s argument,

held the matter sub curia and stated that she would render an opinion shortly.

      5.     The Circuit Court Grants Respondents’ Motions to Dismiss.

      As explained more fully above, the circuit court judge made her ruling based on the

facts contained in Petitioners’ amended complaint and the parties’ oral argument at two

motions hearings. The Wheelings’ counsel argued that posting the statutory notice was an

imminent threat to evict and that the alleged emotional damages suffered by Petitioners

                                            42
were actionable. Moreover, the Wheelings’ counsel maintained that Selene improperly

operated as an unlicensed collection agency under the Court of Special Appeals’ decision

in Blackstone and that the circuit court should defer to an OCFR advisory notice in allowing

Petitioners’ claims to survive at the motion to dismiss stage.

       Respondents’ counsel reasoned that abandonment is not covered by the threat of

eviction clause, subsection (b)(1), and that subsection (b)(2) clearly provides an exception

to the prohibited acts. Respondents’ counsel maintained that the posting of a notice under

the statute does not entitle Petitioners to the remedies in subsection (d) and that Petitioners

did not plead sufficient damages. From this, Respondents argued that the appropriate

disposition is to dismiss Petitioners’ amended complaint for failing to state a claim upon

which relief could be granted.

       The circuit court issued two orders on November 28, 2017. The first order

addressed the claims against defendant Gina Gargeu doing business as Century 21. With

regard to the real property violation claim, the court “FOUND that the notice which

Plaintiffs allege violate the provisions of Md. Code Ann., Real Prop. §7-113(c)-(d) (West

2017) is, as a matter of law, in conformity with the required notice.” Wheeling, No. 24-C-

17-000996, (Balt. City Cir. Ct. Nov. 28, 2017) (order granting Defendant Gina Gargeu’s

motion to dismiss). The circuit court also found that the professional services of a real

estate salesperson are exempt from the MCPA. Id. As such, the circuit court granted the

motion to dismiss and ordered that all claims against Ms. Gargeu are dismissed.

       The second order granted Selene’s motion to dismiss and stated:

                                              43
       FOUND that dismissal is proper if the alleged facts and informed inferences
       would, if proven, nonetheless fail to afford relief to the Plaintiffs. [See]
       Morris v. Osmose Wood Preserving, 340 Md. 519, 531 (1995), and it is
       further

       FOUND that the Amended Class Action Complaint fails to plead sufficient
       facts which state a claim upon which relief can be granted where, the
       Plaintiffs were not evicted or otherwise deprived of their property, and
       therefore did not suffer any actual injury which is objectively identifiable.
       See Lloyd v. Gen. Motors Corp[.], 397 Md. 108, 142-143 (2007); [see also]
       Hoffman v. Stamper, 385 Md. 1 (2005); McGraw v. Loyola Ford, Inc. 124
       Md. App. 560, 581 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1999).

Wheeling, No. 24-c-17-000996, (Balt. City Cir. Ct. Nov. 28, 2017) (order granting

Defendant Selene Finance LP’s motion to dismiss).

       Although the circuit court did not explain its rationale, the circuit court judge found

that the remedies in the statute apply when there has been an eviction or other actions that

deprive actual possession and, absent the dispossession of the property, Petitioners failed

to state a claim for which relief can be granted. In other words, the failure to make a

“reasonable inquiry” does not trigger the remedies under the statute. If we look at the

language of the statute in the context of the motions to dismiss before the circuit court

judge, Petitioners asked the court to determine that the General Assembly intended for the

remedies provided in subsection (d) to apply if a party seeking the right to possession fails

to conduct a “reasonable inquiry into the occupancy status of the property” before posting

a notice of eviction under subparagraph (b)(2)(ii). However, the General Assembly did not

intend for subsection (d) to provide a cause of action for failing to conduct a “reasonable

inquiry.”

                                             44
       More clearly, however, the Court explicitly rejected Petitioners’ contention that the

required statutory form notice somehow transforms into an “imminent threat to take

possession” absent Respondents conducting a “reasonable inquiry.”              The Majority’s

reversal of the circuit court has two practical effects. First, as explained supra, it creates a

statutory cause of action for the failure to conduct a “reasonable inquiry” before posting

the statutory form notice. Then, it unnecessarily transforms the form notice—that is

required by statute—into a threat to take imminent possession absent the party seeking the

right to possession making a “reasonable inquiry.” Although ancillary to the Majority’s

primary holding, its decision to consider the statutory form notice as an imminent threat

renders the statute self-eviscerating. As explained infra, I agree with the circuit court’s

determination that the General Assembly did not intend for the statutory form notice to

constitute an imminent threat to take possession absent a “reasonable inquiry.”

D.     The Majority’s Incorrect Interpretation is Compounded by Transforming the
       “Reasonable Inquiry” into an “Imminent Threat to Take Possession.”

       1.     The Majority Misinterprets or Ignores the Word “Imminent” in the
              Definition of “Threaten to Take Possession.”

       After the concerns raised by both sides at the legislative hearings, the committee

amendments added a statutory definition for “threaten to take possession.” As discussed

above and confirmed by the legislative history, the General Assembly’s express intent

defined “threat” to only include imminent threats.

       The Majority wants to define “imminent” by a dictionary definition and disposes of

the committee amendment’s focus on “imminent” in a footnote. See Maj. Slip Op. at 23

n.8 (“Regardless, we decline to narrowly interpret the term ‘imminent’ and supply a

                                              45
definition that is inconsistent with the remedial purpose of the statute.”). However, to

discern the legislature’s intent in using the word “imminent” to define a threat for the

purposes of this statute, we must look to the testimony of the housing advocates and tenants

before the legislative committee.

       The written testimony of Rental Housing Coalition universally outlined “imminent”

threats, i.e., immediate lockouts with little to no prior notice. The three tenants who

testified during the house committee hearing described forced lockouts such as receiving a

text message from the landlord without any prior notice that the locks had been changed

and possessions placed under tarp outside the home. For others, the imminent threat was

the landlord entering the home and changing the locks without any prior notice.

       In addition to the written testimony of the Rental Housing Coalition, other advocacy

organizations and housing attorneys described scenarios where residents received little to

no notice before being evicted from their homes. C. Matthew Hill of the Public Justice

Center, who led the coalition of proponents for House Bill 1308, made the following

statement to the Baltimore Sun: “You’re talking about instant homelessness[.]” See

Bill File to H.B. 1308, Baltimore Sun Article – Advocates Ask Lawmakers to Update

Eviction Law (2013). Mr. Hill went on to reiterate, as he did in the Public Justice Center’s

written testimony, that allowing immediate, no notice evictions contributes to a “Wild,

Wild West mentality” that has no place today. Id.

       It is clear that the General Assembly’s intent in crafting the statute was to provide

remedies only to those words or actions that imminently threaten eviction. The statutory

form notice, in accord with the General Assembly’s purpose in enacting that provision,

                                            46
protects residents from the imminent, no notice evictions and forced lockouts contemplated

in the legislative history of House Bill 1308.

          In that context, the committee amendments defined “threaten to take possession” to

require “words or actions intended to convince a reasonable person that a party claiming

the right to possession intends to take imminent possession . . . .” RP § 7-113(a)(5)

(emphasis added). Confirming this sense of immediacy, Black’s Law Dictionary defines

“imminent” as “threatening to occur immediately; dangerously impending” and “[a]bout

to take place.” Imminent, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019).

          Under the definition provided by the General Assembly, the statutory form notice

and 15-day waiting period is not an imminent threat of eviction. Contrary to the Majority’s

conclusion, the Respondents’ act of posting the notice was not a threat to take imminent

possession. Instead, Respondents’ actions complied with the provisions set out by the

General Assembly in the statute. As the statute’s form notice clearly states, the party in

possession has 15 days before the party seeking possession may take any further action.

Any other reading of the statute is illogical, including Petitioners’ contention that Selene’s

posting of the statutory form notice is an unfair and deceptive trade practice. A reasonable

person could not fear an imminent eviction given the 15-day window provided on the

notice.

          2.    Contrary to the Plain Language and Legislative Intent of the General
                Assembly, the Majority Creates a Cause of Action Where One Does Not Exist
                in the Statute.

          As explained above, the statutory form notice and 15-day waiting period is not an

imminent threat of eviction. The Majority relies on its assumption that the statutory form
                                              47
is an “eviction notice” in construing a cause of action for failure to make a “reasonable

inquiry.” Maj. Slip. Op. at 21 n.7 (“Had Selene and Ms. Gargeu undertaken the required

“reasonable inquiry” into the occupancy status of the properties, presumably the eviction

notices never would have been posted in the first place.”). This is contradictory to the

legislature’s intent in passing House Bill 1308.

       As the bill evolved in the General Assembly, an open-ended abandonment exception

was refined and structured as a posting and notice provision to confirm whether a property

was inhabited or abandoned. The General Assembly attempted to create a bright line

process for determining abandonment by setting out a legal process, not provide a statutory

means of threatening imminent eviction. Moreover, as the circuit court judge found, where

no threat occurs, an eviction or other action depriving actual possession has to occur for

the remedies to apply.

       As part of the “sausage-making” in the legislative process, no penalties were created

for the indiscriminate posting of a notice. Certainly, the remedies could apply as described

above if, under the safe harbor, an eviction occurred and in a lawsuit for wrongful eviction,

the plaintiff proves that there was a failure to make a “reasonable inquiry.”

       The Majority offers little to no explanation as to how Respondents’ act of posting

of a notice without first conducting a “reasonable inquiry” is somehow a threat to take

possession. The statute does not equate posting a notice of eviction without conducting a

“reasonable inquiry” to an actual eviction or threat of eviction. Where no imminent threat

is made, or no actual eviction occurs, a plaintiff is not entitled to the remedies in subsection

(d).

                                              48
        The Majority applies an “imminent threat” as occurring when the party seeking the

right to possession fails to undertake a “reasonable inquiry,” but that understanding of the

connection between subsection (b)(1) and subparagraph (b)(2)(ii) reads words into the

statute that do not exist. This Court avoids supplying “missing language when there is a

casus omissus in the legislative scheme by judicially creating a statutory provision that the

legislature would probably have added if it had given any thought to the problem it had not

addressed.”   Fisher v. State, 367 Md. 218, 292 (2001) (Bloom, J., concurring and

dissenting); see Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of

Legal Texts 93 (2012). The General Assembly did not intend to create a self-eviscerating

statute by equating the mandatory form notice to a threat of imminent eviction when the

party seeking the right to possession fails to conduct a “reasonable inquiry.” This Court

should therefore avoid such an interpretation.

       In hindsight, a separate remedy such as a monetary fine or suspension of a business

license, may have been an appropriate policy for the General Assembly to adopt to prevent

the indiscriminate posting of the statutory notice. However, the Majority’s interpretation

of the statute in order to achieve a policy-driven outcome improperly creates a cause of

action where none was intended by the General Assembly.

       3.     If Intended, the General Assembly Knows How to Draft Language that
              Clearly States a Penalty for Not Making a “Reasonable Inquiry.”

       The General Assembly intended for the notice requirements in subparagraph

(b)(2)(ii) to be preventative, not punitive. The remedial nature of the statute encourages

liberal use of the notice provisions and, when a party seeking the right to possession uses

                                             49
the notice language drafted by the General Assembly, the notice prevents evictions when

the property is not abandoned or vacant. Certainly, the General Assembly knows how to

clearly add a penalty for failure to make a “reasonable inquiry” before posting a notice of

eviction. They did not do so here. This Court should not substitute our policy preference

by supplanting the General Assembly’s intent with a creative interpretation of the statute.

       The Majority’s interpretation of subparagraph (b)(2)(ii) turns the statute on its head

by determining that a party’s failure to strictly adhere to that subsection somehow

constitutes a threat to take imminent possession. Moreover, the language of subparagraph

(b)(2)(ii) suggests that its requirements, although important, do not have a nexus to the

remedies in subsection (d). Where a party seeking the right to possession does not threaten

to take possession or actually take possession of real property, the General Assembly did

not intend for the party in possession to recover under subsection (d).

       4.     The Legislative Intent is Clear that RP § 7-113 was Enacted to Prevent
              Evictions.

       As recognized by the extensive legislative history provided herein, it is clear that

RP § 7-113 was enacted to prevent nonjudicial evictions or other actions that deprive actual

possession. As evidenced by MVRG’s conduct in Nickens, the actions that the General

Assembly sought to eliminate in enacting House Bill 1308 are the verbal and physical

actions that either imminently threaten eviction or actually cause the party in possession to

be ousted from the property. Given the facts in Nickens, and the General Assembly’s clear

call to abrogate this Court’s holding in that case, it is apparent that the General Assembly

did not intend to prohibit the posting of a notice under subparagraph (b)(2)(ii) and

                                             50
subsection (c) as a separate cause of action. See Dep’t Legis. Servs., Fiscal and Policy

Note (Revised), House Bill 1308, at 2 (2013 Session) (expressing “intent that the bill

supersedes the ruling of the Court of Appeals in Nickens”).

       Because RP § 7-113 was enacted to abrogate the common law, its language should

be strictly construed. Spangler v. McQuitty, 449 Md. 33, 50 (2016). And while I agree

with the Majority that RP § 7-113 serves a remedial purpose, I disagree that it must be read

so broadly that a party in possession can file suit when they are not evicted from their

property or imminently threatened with eviction.

       5.     The Circuit Court Judge Correctly Interpreted the Statute in Dismissing
              Petitioners’ Amended Complaint.
       After many pages of pleadings and two in-person hearings, the circuit court judge

took a pragmatic approach to interpreting RP § 7-113. She evaluated the plain language of

the statute and considered that the remedies pertain entirely to the repossession of the

property. Having given thorough consideration to the arguments, the circuit court judge

found that the amended complaint “fail[ed] to plead sufficient facts which state a claim

upon which relief can be granted where, the Plaintiffs were not evicted or otherwise

deprived of their property, and therefore did not suffer an actual injury which is objectively

identifiable.” Wheeling, No. 24-c-17-000996, (Balt. City Cir. Ct. Nov. 28, 2017) (order

granting Defendant Selene Finance LP’s motion to dismiss).

       This outcome is correct based upon the plain language of RP § 7-113 and the

legislative intent of the General Assembly when it passed House Bill 1308 in 2013. The

                                             51
Majority now crafts a new remedy for the failure to conduct a “reasonable inquiry” that is

not clearly expressed in the statutory language.

       The focus of the Majority’s concern is the indiscriminate use of the statutory form

notice, and they address this concern by attaching a penalty to the “reasonable inquiry”

requirement. But the General Assembly did not address this issue in the language of the

statute; it only adopted the compromise language proposed during the committee work on

House Bill 1308. If the Majority believes that a penalty is warranted for the indiscriminate

use of the statutory form notice, this Court should properly interpret the statute but also

recommend to the General Assembly that there may be policy reasons for the legislature

to reconsider the language of the statute. See In re S.K., 466 Md. 31, 57–58 (2019) (“In

affirming this adjudication, however, we recognize that there may be compelling policy

reasons for treating teenage sexting different from child pornography. . . . [And] in light

of these policy concerns, such legislation ought to be considered by the General Assembly

in the future.”).15

       This Court should also recognize that there are multiple policy reasons upon which

the General Assembly could have determined to not craft such a remedy. The adoption of

the safe harbor notice amendment proposed by the property owners was intended to

15
   During the 2021 legislative session, the General Assembly took notice of the analysis in
the In re S.K. opinion about criminal and juvenile laws and their application to the cultural
phenomenon of sexting and, in response, passed House Bill 180. See Dep’t Legis. Servs.,
Fiscal and Policy Note (Revised), House Bill 180, at 4–5 (2021 Session) (citing 466 Md.
at 61). The Fiscal and Policy Note for the bill specifically references the Court’s express
call that “legislation ought to be considered” to address policy concerns regarding sexting
by minors. Id. at 5.

                                             52
circumvent potential court proceedings over whether a property was abandoned or not.

Allowing the “reasonable inquiry” provision to serve as a safe harbor affirmative defense

ameliorates the potential for ancillary litigation as to whether a property is abandoned.

       Moreover, once the compromise was reached by the competing interest groups as

expressed by the Public Justice Center email to Senator Anthony Muse, the legislators may

have taken a hands-off approach to further revisions to avoid any complications to the bill’s

passage by upending the fragile consensus that had been forged between the housing

advocates and the property owners. If a legislator may have noted the absence of a penalty

for failure to make a “reasonable inquiry,” it may have been a political reality for the

legislator to allow this bill to move forward with the achieved consensus knowing that any

problems that might arise could be fixed at a future legislative session.

       Whichever policy decision was made by the General Assembly, this Court should

refrain from second-guessing the plain language and clear structure of the statute. Where

this Court’s “search for legislative intent contemplates ‘the consequences resulting from

one construction rather than another,’” it is clear that the correct construction of the statute

is to hold that Respondents’ failure to conduct a “reasonable inquiry” before posting a

notice under subparagraph (b)(2)(ii) does not provide Petitioners a cause of action

subsection (d). Johnson, 467 Md. at 372 (quoting Blaine v. Blaine, 336 Md. 49, 69 (1994)).

       The circuit court judge dismissed Petitioners’ amended complaint because it

“fail[ed] to plead sufficient facts which state a claim upon which relief can be granted.”

The Majority focuses on the first part of that finding as to whether, based upon the four

corners of the amended complaint, there were sufficient facts to state a claim. But the

                                              53
circuit court judge’s finding is not based upon the sufficient pleading of facts. Instead, the

circuit court’s ruling is grounded on whether relief can be granted through the remedies in

RP § 7-113. Specifically, the circuit court judge determined that no relief can be granted

to Petitioners under the statute where the Respondents did not threaten to take possession

or actually take possession of real property because the General Assembly did not intend

for the remedies under subsection (d) to attach for the failure to conduct a “reasonable

inquiry.”

       After analyzing the plain language and structure of RP § 7-113, the circuit court

judge correctly granted Respondents’ motions to dismiss Petitioners’ claims and, upon

appellate review, the Court of Special Appeals correctly affirmed the circuit court orders.

                                      CONCLUSION

       The Majority’s interpretation of RP § 7-113 improperly creates a cause of action

where none was intended by the General Assembly. The remedies in subsection (d) are

tethered to the prohibited acts in RP § 7-113(b)(1) and only allow for a party in possession

to recover when the party seeking the right to possession threatens to evict, evicts, or takes

any other action that deprives the protected resident of actual possession. None of these

prohibited acts occurred here. Moreover, the text of the statute does not indicate that the

General Assembly intended for Respondents’ failure to strictly adhere to RP § 7-

113(b)(2)(ii) to transform the posting of a statutory form notice into a threat to take

possession. Instead, the abandonment safe harbor provision enacted by the General

Assembly sets out an affirmative defense for a party who utilizes the abandonment

exception in subsection (b)(2). Subsection (b)(2) does not create a separate cause of action

                                             54
unless there is an eviction or other action that deprives actual possession. It is for these

reasons that I respectfully dissent.

       Judge Hotten advises that she joins this opinion.

                                            55