Court Opinion

ID: 9486984
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 12:05:28.47752+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:52:02.525892
License: Public Domain

JOHN R. GIBSON, Senior Circuit Judge.
Jose Maria Mendoza-Figueroa appeals the district court’s sentencing of him as a career offender under section 4B1.1 of the United States Sentencing Guidelines. We conclude that the Sentencing Commission extended the definition of a career offender in promulgating sections 4B1.1 and 4B1.2 to include conspiracy. In doing so, the Commission exceeded the statutory underpinnings of the career offender provisions. See 28 U.S.C. § 994(h) (1988). We reverse.
Mendoza-Figueroa pleaded guilty to conspiring to distribute marijuana, 21 U.S.C. *767§§ 841(a)(1) and 846 (1988), and to transferring money obtained pursuant to the conspiracy, 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(A)® (1988). Mendoza-Figueroa’s criminal history included two felony convictions for distribution of controlled substances. Based on these facts, the district court determined that he met the criteria for a career offender. See U.S.S.G. §§ 4B1.1 & 4B1.2. After making the resulting adjustments to Mendoza-Figueroa’s offense level and criminal history category, the court sentenced him to two concurrent terms of 236 months, followed by five years of supervised release. We review the district court’s application of the sentencing guidelines de novo. United States v. Casares-Cardenas, 14 F.3d 1283, 1288 (8th Cir.1994).
Section 4B1.1 contains three requirements for sentencing a defendant as a career offender:
(1) the defendant was at least eighteen years old ..., (2) the instant offense of conviction is a felony that is either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense, and (3) the defendant has at least two prior felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense.
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. “Controlled substance offense,” as defined by section 4B1.2, includes state or federal offenses involving “the manufacture, import, export, distribution, or dispensing of a controlled substance” or the possession with intent to do any of the above. Critical for our purposes is Application Note 1 to section 4B1.2 which states that “aiding and abetting, conspiring, and attempting to commit such offenses” are controlled substance offenses. (Emphasis added).
Mendoza-Figueroa clearly meets the enumerated criteria for career offender status. The question before this court is whether the Sentencing Commission exceeded its mandate by including conspiracy in its definition of career offender in Application Note 1.
The career offender provisions of section 4B1.1 originated in 28 U.S.C. § 994(h). Congress provided in section 994(h) that the Commission “shall assure that the guidelines specify a sentence to a term of imprisonment at or near the maximum term” when a defendant over eighteen years old commits a third crime of violence or listed controlled substance violation. Id. The specifically listed controlled substance violations, however, do not include conspiracy, 21 U.S.C. § 846.
The government contends that because section 846 provides that those conspiring to commit an offense “shall be subject to the same penalties as those prescribed for the offense,” Mendoza-Figueroa should be treated as if he violated 21 U.S.C. § 841, which is among the enumerated offenses in section 994(h). Mendoza-Figueroa argues that the omission of section 846 represents a deliberate congressional choice that should not be disregarded.
Despite their similarity, a substantive criminal offense and a conspiracy to commit the same offense are distinct crimes with different elements. The government’s sweeping interpretation of “same penalties” would require that we read all statutory references to the underlying offense, for purposes of sentencing, as if conspiracy to commit the offense were included as well. We are convinced that if Congress wanted to include conspiracy in section 994(h), it could easily have done so. It did not, and we reject the government’s invitation to insert it through judicial fiat.
The government also contends that nothing in section 994(h) prevents the Sentencing Commission from extending career offender status to include conspiracy to commit one of the offenses enumerated in section 994(h).
We recognize that Congress gave the Commission broad authority to promulgate sentencing guidelines. See 28 U.S.C. § 994(a); Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 377, 109 S.Ct. 647, 657, 102 L.Ed.2d 714 (1989). The Commission, however, was explicit that Chapter 4, part B implements the section 994(h) mandate that “the Commission assure that certain ‘career’ offenders, as defined by the statute, receive a sentence of imprisonment, ‘at or near the maximum term authorized.’” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1, cmt., bkgd. (emphasis added). There is no indication that the Commission intended to rely on its discretionary authority under section 994(a) to extend the section 994(h) mandate. Rather, it is evident that the Commission *768simply exceeded the language of section 994(h). Where an agency action is based on an erroneous view of the law, the action cannot stand. See SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 94, 63 S.Ct. 454, 462, 87 L.Ed. 626 (1943); Collins v. SEC, 532 F.2d 584, 588 (8th Cir.1976).
Our analysis comports with the D.C. Circuit’s reasoning in United States v. Price, 990 F.2d 1367, 1369-70 (D.C.Cir.1993). On facts virtually identical to those before us, the court stated that the commentary to section 4B1.1 demonstrates that the Commission sought only to implement the mandate of section 994(h). Id. at 1369. “If the Commission intended Ch. 4, part B to rest as well on its discretionary authority under section 994(a), it certainly did not say so.” Id. Thus, the court concluded that “[bjecause we find its stated basis — § 994(h) — inadequate for Application Note l’s inclusion of conspiracies, Note 1 cannot support [the defendant’s] sentence as a career offender.” Id.
We recognize that at least one circuit has specifically rejected the reasoning of Price.1 See United States v. Heim, 15 F.3d 830 (9th Cir.1994). The Ninth Circuit stated that although the Commission admittedly sought to “implementn the mandate of § 994(h),” it never stated that “it considered § 994(h) to be the sole legal authority for promulgating the career offender guidelines.” Id. at 832. From this, the court concluded that “the Commission was lawfully exercising its authority under § 994(a)(2).” Id. We have considered this approach, but believe it would be inappropriate to assume the Commission relied on a possible unstated statutory basis (section 994(a)), however valid, where it expressly relied on an inadequate basis (section 994(h)). See Mayo v. Schiltgen, 921 F.2d 177, 179 (8th Cir.1990) (“reviewing court may not uphold an agency decision based on reasons not articulated by the agency itself’); Chenery, 318 U.S. at 88, 63 S.Ct. at 459 (judicial decision making not appropriate where agency action is “valid only as a determination of policy or judgment which the agency alone is authorized to make”).
Accordingly, the district court erred in sentencing Mendoza-Figueroa as a career offender. We vacate the sentence and remand to the district court for resentencing.

. We are aware that a panel of this court has expressed its “doubts” about Price. United States v. Baker, 16 F.3d 854, 857 (8th Cir.1994). We deal with conspiracy, whereas Baker involved the use of property to possess or distribute controlled substances. Baker did not rest its holding on its doubts about Price, but went on to decide that if the use of property was to possess rather than distribute controlled substances, it would not support the increased sentence. Accordingly, Baker remanded for resentencing based on a finding of either possession or distribution in the use of the property. This is not the issue before us, and Baker does not control our decision.