Court Opinion

ID: 6336128
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-28 19:00:33.424947+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:24:07.486170
License: Public Domain

UNPUBLISHED

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                      No. 20-4077

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                    Plaintiff − Appellee,

             v.

JACQUELINE DIANNE OKOMBA,

                    Defendant – Appellant.

                                      No. 20-4079

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                    Plaintiff − Appellee,

             v.

LAURENCE SESSUM,

                    Defendant – Appellant.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina,
at Charlotte. Robert J. Conrad, Jr., District Judge. (3:18-cr-00292-RJC-DSC-1; 3:18-cr-
00292-RJC-DSC-2)

Submitted: December 10, 2021                                    Decided: April 28, 2022

Before AGEE and DIAZ, Circuit Judges, and FLOYD, Senior Circuit Judge.
Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Judge Diaz wrote the opinion, in which Judge Agee and
Senior Judge Floyd joined.

ON BRIEF: Chiege Ojugo Kalu Okwara, Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellant
Jacqueline Dianne Okomba. Patrick Michael Megaro, HALSCOTT MEGARO, PA,
Orlando, Florida, for Appellant Laurence Sessum. R. Andrew Murray, United States
Attorney, Charlotte, North Carolina, Amy E. Ray, Assistant United States Attorney,
OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Asheville, North Carolina, for
Appellee.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

                                            2
DIAZ, Circuit Judge:

       Following a joint trial, a jury convicted Laurence Sessum and Jacqueline Dianne

Okomba of conspiracy to commit wire fraud and obstruction of justice. The jury also

convicted Sessum of wire fraud and conspiracy to commit money laundering. The district

court sentenced Sessum to 135 months in prison. Okomba received a 72-month prison

sentence. They appeal, raising a host of challenges. We affirm.

                                            I.

                                            A.

       The evidence at trial established these facts. In October 2013, Sessum and Okomba

opened Direct Processing, LLC, a company that collected “out-of-statute” debts—i.e.,

unenforceable debts whose statutes of limitations had run.

      Direct Processing bought lists of people with such debts, often engaging outside

vendors to obtain debtors’ contact information. The company then called the debtors using

dialer services and left automated messages prompting them to resolve their debts. The

messages identified a fictitious caller and warned debtors of impending legal action.

      If a debtor responded to the message, they were connected to a Direct Processing

employee. These employees used scripted pressure tactics that built on the automated

messages, coercing debtors into paying some, all, or more than their alleged debt. And

employees earned bonuses the more they collected.

      Employees were also trained to inflate the purported debts and tell debtors that

Direct Processing would be serving them with legal process, including judgments, wage

                                            3
garnishments, or liens. And they warned debtors of imminent arrest if the debts went

unpaid.

       But Direct Processing lacked legal authority to enforce the out-of-statute debts. So

it never did. Still, the company collected over $6,000,000 in its first three years of

operation.

       Sessum and Okomba, as co-owners of Direct Processing, played key roles in its day-

to-day business. Sessum bought the lists of debts. He also sent Direct Processing’s

automated-message scripts to the dialer services. And when debtors agreed to pay,

employees emailed payment information to Sessum for processing. At times, Sessum

reprimanded employees who threatened debtors with arrest. But these employees rarely

faced discipline. If they were fired, the company often rehired them.

       Okomba worked as an “office manager” who oversaw Direct Processing’s

employees. J.A. 509. She ensured that the employees were present, on time, and doing

their job. Okomba worked closely with another supervisor, Shane Hough. They directed

employees to use false company names in the collection calls—names that Sessum and

Hough created when faced with debtor complaints.

       As part of Direct Processing’s operation, it formed several affiliated companies.

Direct Processing and its alter egos maintained at least fifteen bank accounts, with

collections deposited into six of those accounts. Sessum and Okomba controlled the

primary bank accounts, including Direct Processing’s own accounts that received over $4.5

million in collections. And the pair regularly directed funds from Direct Processing to the

                                            4
alter-ego companies. In turn, the companies used those funds for payroll, dialer services,

and debt-list purchases.

                                            B.

       In August 2015, the FBI executed a search warrant at Direct Processing’s office on

Sardis Road in Charlotte, North Carolina. The day before, the FBI had frozen Direct

Processing’s brokerage account.      Having noticed the account was frozen, Sessum

instructed employee Cameron Leach to “clear out the computers” at the office because “a

raid [was] coming.” J.A. 774. Sessum and Okomba were already at the office when Leach

arrived. Leach then loaded his car with phones and computers. He stored them at his house

“until everything . . . cooled down.” J.A. 778.

       When FBI agents arrived at the office, they discovered most cubicles were missing

computers. Agents did, however, find several scripts describing Direct Processing’s debt-

collection tactics, as well as paperwork bearing false company names. Agents spoke with

Okomba and Sessum while there. When asked if she had been tipped off, Okomba noted

that the brokerage account had been frozen.       But when pressed about the missing

computers, Okomba denied owning any. For his part, Sessum also mentioned the frozen

brokerage account, but he refused to talk about the computers.

       Direct Processing later opened a new office. Though associated with a different

company, the FBI traced this office to Direct Processing and obtained a second search

warrant. Agents again recovered scripts describing legal consequences for debtors if they

failed to pay and letters to debtors on other companies’ letterhead. Okomba wasn’t present

during this second search.

                                             5
                                              II.

                                              A.

       A grand jury indicted Sessum and Okomba for conspiracy to commit mail and wire

fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341, 1343, 1349 (Count 1); wire fraud, in violation of

18 U.S.C. § 1343 (Count 2); conspiracy to commit money laundering, in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 1956(h) (Count 3); and obstruction of justice by destruction and concealment of

objects and records, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1519 (Count 4). 1

       Okomba moved to sever her trial from Sessum’s, arguing a joint trial could

prejudice her ability to present exculpatory testimony because it would inculpate Sessum.

She also argued that evidence going to Sessum’s guilt could have a “spillover effect”

against her. J.A. 55. The court denied Okomba’s motion because any prejudice could be

remedied by less drastic measures such as limiting instructions.

       On the eve of trial, Sessum and Okomba separately moved to dismiss Counts 1

through 3 of the indictment. They each argued that those charges turned on alleged conduct

that violated only the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act or the Federal Trade Commission

Act. According to Sessum and Okomba, their conduct amounted to a civil violation, so it

couldn’t support a criminal prosecution. The district court denied both motions. It found

that the “existence of civil remedies” for Sessum and Okomba’s alleged conduct didn’t bar

a prosecution for fraud. J.A. 378.

       1
           Counts 2 and 4 also charged aiding-and-abetting liability. See 18 U.S.C. § 2.

                                              6
                                             B.

       The case proceeded to a jury trial. The government called victims of Direct

Processing’s collection scheme and former employees. FBI agents testified about the

investigation and provided a forensic analysis of bank accounts affiliated with the

company. The government also submitted documentary evidence, including emails about

purchasing out-of-statute debts, and Direct Processing’s debt-collection scripts.

       At the close of the government’s case, Sessum and Okomba each moved for a

judgment of acquittal under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29. The district court

denied both motions. Neither defendant presented evidence.

       During deliberations, the jury asked two questions: (1) “Are debit/credit transactions

processed by payment company intermediaries considered wire transactions?”; and (2)

“Are email communications considered wire communications?” J.A. 1025. The court

found that the first question was factual and for the jury to answer. But over defendants’

objections, the court answered the second question in the affirmative.

       The jury then found Okomba guilty of conspiracy to commit wire fraud and

obstruction of justice but acquitted her on substantive wire fraud and conspiracy to commit

money laundering. It convicted Sessum on all four counts.

       Following the verdict, Sessum and Okomba renewed their Rule 29 motions and

moved for new trials. Okomba challenged the district court’s answer to the jury’s question

about email communications on her wire-fraud-conspiracy conviction, as well as the

sufficiency of the evidence supporting her obstruction conviction. She also claimed the

latter had been tainted by spillover evidence from Sessum’s wrongdoing. Sessum likewise

                                             7
contested the district court’s response to the jury’s second question and challenged the

sufficiency of the evidence underlying his convictions, arguing he only violated civil

statutes.

       The district court denied both motions. 2

                                             C.

                                             1.

       Sessum’s presentence investigation report calculated a Guidelines sentence of 210

to 262 months’ imprisonment, based on a total offense level of 36 and a criminal-history

category of II. Sessum’s money-laundering-conspiracy conviction drove his Guidelines

calculation. The report increased this offense’s level by 18 based on a loss amount of at

least $3.5 million, among other enhancements.

       Sessum objected to the report’s calculation. He argued that the evidence supported

a loss amount of no more than $60,000, particularly since he tried to have “Direct

Processing comply with fair debt collection practices.” J.A. 1824. Sessum filed a

sentencing memorandum to the same effect.

       The district court overruled Sessum’s objections. It noted that the 18-level increase

to his money-laundering-conspiracy conviction required only a loss amount of $3.5

million, far lower than the $6.1 million figure supported by the evidence.

       2
         The district court denied Okomba’s belated motion to adopt Sessum’s motion as
her own, though it noted this ruling wouldn’t have made a difference on the merits.

                                             8
       Sessum then argued for a downward variance based on sentencing disparities

between himself and other coconspirators, including Hough, who pleaded guilty. Sessum

claimed that he faced a longer sentence just because he chose to try his case.

       The government responded that only a two-level downward variance was warranted

based on disparities. It contrasted Sessum’s failure to cooperate and his lack of remorse

with his coconspirators’ immediate and genuine acceptance of responsibility. But the

government supported a second two-level downward variance based on the overlapping

nature and circumstances of Sessum’s offenses.

       The district court sentenced Sessum to 135 months’ imprisonment, in line with the

government’s proposed variances. It found Sessum’s conduct “heinous” and “consistent

with [his] other illegal activity” beginning in 2011. 3 J.A. 1331. Such conduct reflected the

“compelling need” for a sentence that would deter his activity and reflect the seriousness

of his crimes. Id. Though the court considered Sessum’s arguments on sentencing

disparities, it found such disparities justified. Unlike Sessum, his coconspirators accepted

responsibility and, importantly, hadn’t obstructed the FBI’s investigation. Ultimately, the

court determined that the sentence was sufficient but not greater than necessary to

accomplish 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)’s sentencing objectives.

       3
         Sessum had prior convictions for larceny, fraud, and the operation of an unlicensed
collection agency.

                                             9
                                            2.

       Okomba’s presentence investigation report calculated a Guidelines sentence of 121

to 151 months’ imprisonment, based on a total offense level of 32 and a criminal-history

category of I.     Okomba’s wire-fraud-conspiracy conviction drove her Guidelines

calculation. Like for Sessum, this conviction carried an 18-level increase based on a loss

amount of at least $3.5 million. The report also enhanced Okomba’s offense because (1)

it involved more than ten victims, (2) she was a manager or supervisor in the conspiracy,

and (3) she obstructed justice.

       Okomba challenged the loss amount and claimed there was insufficient evidence to

support her supervisory role in the scheme. She argued for a three-level decrease because

she was only a minor participant in the conspiracy. Okomba’s sentencing memorandum

also emphasized her lack of criminal history and sophistication. And she asserted that she

hadn’t been involved with Direct Processing following the FBI’s first search.

       The district court overruled Okomba’s objections. As it had for Sessum, the court

found that the evidence supported the 18-level increase based on the loss amount. And it

was persuaded that Okomba had an aggravating (and not minor) role in the “extensive”

conspiracy given her status as a co-owner of Direct Processing with authority over several

employees. J.A. 1357–58.

       Okomba then requested a downward variance to three years’ probation, advancing

many of the same arguments she made in objecting to the presentence report. She also

highlighted her strong community ties, low risk of recidivism, and that she was just a pawn

in Sessum’s scheme.

                                            10
       The government agreed to a two-level downward variance, as it had for Okomba’s

coconspirators. The government also supported two separate one-level reductions: one

because Okomba wasn’t involved in “branching out” Direct Processing after the FBI’s

Sardis Road search; the other because she was less culpable than Sessum. J.A. 1371–72.

The government explained that Okomba wasn’t implicated in the creation of alter-ego

entities and bank accounts following the FBI’s first search. It recommended a 72-month

sentence.

       The district court imposed the government’s proposed sentence. It considered

Okomba’s arguments for a probationary sentence, as well as her allocution and family

engagement. But the court rejected those claims because of the seriousness of Okomba’s

offense, her role in the scheme, and her “added deception” when confronted by law

enforcement. J.A. 1373–74.

                                       *      *      *

       Sessum and Okomba timely appealed their convictions and sentences.

                                             III.

       Sessum and Okomba raise four challenges to their convictions, though Okomba

brings the final one alone. We discuss each in turn.

                                             A.

       Sessum and Okomba first argue that the district court erred by denying their motions

to dismiss the indictment for lack of jurisdiction. They claim that the unlawful conduct

alleged in the indictment falls exclusively under the prohibitions of the Fair Debt Collection

                                             11
Practices Act or the Federal Trade Commission Act. And because neither statute provides

for criminal liability, Sessum and Okomba contend the indictment fails to state a claim,

depriving the district court of jurisdiction. We disagree.

       We review a district court’s legal conclusions on a motion to dismiss an indictment

de novo. United States v. Hosford, 843 F.3d 161, 163 (4th Cir. 2016).

       As the district court rightly found, the existence of civil remedies for Sessum and

Okomba’s conduct doesn’t bar a criminal prosecution for fraud. Courts routinely affirm

criminal convictions involving conduct that could subject a defendant to civil liability. See,

e.g., United States v. Chikvashvili, 859 F.3d 285, 288–90 (4th Cir. 2017) (affirming

convictions for healthcare fraud); United States v. Williams, 736 F. App’x 267, 270–71 (2d

Cir. 2018) (rejecting that a parallel civil action by the Federal Trade Commission precluded

criminal prosecution for fraudulent debt collection under the Double Jeopardy Clause).

       Sessum and Okomba don’t otherwise dispute the adequacy of the indictment. So

we affirm the district court’s denial of their motions to dismiss.

                                             B.

       Sessum and Okomba next challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting their

convictions. On the wire-fraud convictions, Sessum and Okomba say that they had the

right to collect the lawfully purchased debts and that there’s no evidence they personally

threatened debtors. For conspiracy to commit money laundering, Sessum argues that

Direct Processing’s activities were lawful, and that the government failed to show his use

of criminally derived proceeds. Last, Sessum and Okomba contend their obstruction

                                             12
convictions fail because there was no evidence that they hindered a matter they knew to be

within the government’s criminal jurisdiction.

      We review de novo the denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal. United States

v. Zelaya, 908 F.3d 920, 925 (4th Cir. 2018). We uphold the jury’s verdict if, viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the government, “the verdict is supported by

substantial evidence.” United States v. Burfoot, 899 F.3d 326, 334 (4th Cir. 2018).

“Substantial evidence is that which a reasonable finder of fact could accept as adequate

and sufficient to support a conclusion of a defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”

Id. (cleaned up). We’re “not entitled to assess witness credibility” and must “assume that

the jury resolved any conflicting evidence in the prosecution’s favor.” United States v.

Savage, 885 F.3d 212, 219 (4th Cir. 2018) (cleaned up).

      Because substantial evidence supports the convictions, we affirm the district court’s

denial of the Rule 29 motions.

                                            1.

      We turn first to the conspiracy and substantive convictions for wire fraud. To prove

Sessum and Okomba conspired to commit wire fraud, the government had to show (1) they

agreed to commit wire fraud; and (2) they “willfully joined the conspiracy with the intent

to further its unlawful purpose.” Burfoot, 899 F.3d at 335. A jury “need not rely on direct

evidence but may infer conspiracy from the facts and circumstances of the case.” United

States v. Dennis, 19 F.4th 656, 669 (4th Cir. 2021). And a substantive wire-fraud

conviction requires that a defendant “(1) devised or intended to devise a scheme to defraud

                                            13
and (2) used or caused the use of wire communications in furtherance of that scheme.”

Burfoot, 899 F.3d at 335.

       Sessum and Okomba claim they “had a right to collect on the debt they had lawfully

purchased,” Appellants’ Br. at 15, so the government couldn’t show their intent to defraud. 4

But their legal right to collect the debt is beside the point. What matters is their intent to

use fraudulent means to collect the debt. Ample evidence supports the jury’s verdict in

that regard.

       Direct Processing employees described several fraudulent tactics used to collect on

expired debts. Some told the jury how they regularly collected amounts greater than what

debtors owed, motivated in part by the company’s bonus structure. Others discussed

Sessum’s emails, which contained scripted messages that threatened debtors with non-

existent legal consequences if they didn’t pay. Okomba directly managed the employees

who used these tactics. The jury also heard how Sessum and Okomba created false

company names and instructed employees to use them when calling debtors. Such

evidence reveals their intent to participate in (and further) the scheme to defraud. See

United States v. Perry, 757 F.3d 166, 176 (4th Cir. 2014) (stating that “scheme to defraud”

includes “acts taken to conceal, create a false impression, mislead, or otherwise deceive in

order to prevent the other party from acquiring material information” (cleaned up)).

       4
        Sessum relies on this argument for both his conspiracy and substantive convictions
for wire fraud. We thus address his wire-fraud convictions together.

                                             14
       Sessum and Okomba say that they never personally threatened debtors and that

Sessum fired employees who went too far. Neither contention persuades us. That these

defendants never communicated directly with debtors doesn’t negate the other actions they

took to facilitate the criminal scheme. Nor do Sessum’s sporadic efforts to discipline

allegedly rogue employees absolve him. The jury heard testimony that Direct Processing

routinely rehired employees it had fired.

       We hold that sufficient evidence supports Sessum and Okomba’s wire-fraud-

conspiracy convictions, as well as Sessum’s substantive wire-fraud conviction.

                                            2.

       Sessum contests his conviction for conspiracy to commit money laundering. He

claims Direct Processing’s activities were lawful, so any income it generated wasn’t

“criminally-derived.” Appellants’ Br. at 16. This argument is unavailing.

       To prove a money-laundering-conspiracy charge, the government had to show (1)

an agreement to commit a substantive money-laundering offense; (2) that Sessum “knew

that the money laundering proceeds had been derived from an illegal activity”; and (3) that

Sessum “knowingly and voluntarily became part of the conspiracy.” United States v.

Farrell, 921 F.3d 116, 136–37 (4th Cir. 2019).

       Although Sessum denies it, Direct Processing’s activities were illegal. Under

Sessum’s oversight, Direct Processing employees engaged in fraudulent practices to collect

otherwise unenforceable debts (often in amounts exceeding the face value of the debts) on

the threat of illusory legal consequences. We therefore reject Sessum’s claim of error.

                                            15
                                            3.

       Sessum and Okomba also challenge their obstruction convictions. To prove this

offense, the government had to show (1) Sessum and Okomba concealed a record,

document, or tangible object; (2) they did so knowingly; and (3) they “intended to impede,

obstruct, or influence the investigation or proper administration of a matter within the

jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States.” See United States v.

Hassler, 992 F.3d 243, 246–47 (4th Cir. 2021) (cleaned up); 18 U.S.C. § 1519.

       Sessum and Okomba first argue that their convictions fail because they didn’t

obstruct a matter within the FBI’s criminal jurisdiction. But we’ve already rejected the

notion that civil liability for Sessum and Okomba’s unlawful conduct somehow precludes

criminal prosecution.

       Next, Sessum and Okomba argue that the government failed to prove they knew the

search of the Sardis Road office constituted “an actual or contemplated [FBI]

investigation.” Appellants’ Br. at 17. The government, however, wasn’t required to prove

this. Hassler, 992 F.3d at 247 (“The Government [is] not required to prove that [the

defendant] knew or contemplated that the investigation he intended to impede was within

the jurisdiction of a federal agency.”). On § 1519’s jurisdictional element, the jury heard

substantial evidence to infer that the FBI was actively investigating Sessum and Okomba

during the Sardis Road search. 5

       5
        If Sessum and Okomba mean to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence going to
their knowledge and intent, we’re not convinced. They learned that Direct Processing’s
brokerage account had been frozen before the FBI’s search and immediately moved to hide

                                            16
       In the light most favorable to the government, the evidence shows Sessum and

Okomba helped hide Direct Processing’s computers from the FBI. 6 Sessum ordered it.

Okomba lied about it. Sufficient evidence then supports their convictions for obstruction

of justice.

                                            C.

       Sessum and Okomba next assert that the district court erred in answering the jury’s

question about whether emails are wire communications under 18 U.S.C. § 1343. First,

they claim the district court improperly relieved the government of proving an essential

element of the wire-fraud counts. Second, they argue that the district court’s response was

an “eleventh hour change in the instructions” that constructively amended their indictment.

Appellants’ Br. at 29. We disagree on both points.

                                             1.

       “We review a district court’s decision to respond to a jury’s question, and the form

of that response, for an abuse of discretion.” United States v. Foster, 507 F.3d 233, 244

(4th Cir. 2007). A district court has a general obligation to “give instructions to the jury

that fairly state the controlling law.” United States v. Alvarado, 816 F.3d 242, 248 (4th

Cir. 2016) (cleaned up). When the jury asks a clarifying question, the court should

company computers because a “raid [was] coming.” J.A. 774; see Yates v. United States,
574 U.S. 528, 547 (2015) (Section 1519 “covers conduct intended to impede any federal
investigation or proceeding, including one not even on the verge of commencement.”).
       6
         Sessum and Okomba say they weren’t “present when [Leach] removed the
computers” the night before the FBI’s search of the Sardis Road office. Appellants’ Br. at
17. But the jury could credit Leach’s testimony to the contrary.

                                            17
“respond to the jury’s apparent source of confusion fairly and accurately without creating

prejudice.” Id. (cleaned up). We’ll reverse only if the court’s response is “prejudicial in

the context of the record as a whole.” Foster, 507 F.3d at 244.

       Sessum and Okomba’s first contention—that the district court’s response resolved

elements of the wire-fraud offenses—turns on the jury’s question being one of fact, rather

than law.    But the district court rightly determined that whether emails are wire

communications under § 1343 is a legal question. And we find that the district court’s

affirmative response to the question was a fair statement of the law.

       It’s true that § 1343 doesn’t define “wire communications.” But we’ve affirmed

instructions informing the jury that “electronic communications” (like emails) are within

§ 1343’s scope. 7 See, e.g., United States v. Wynn, 684 F.3d 473, 478 (4th Cir. 2012). And

we’ve upheld wire-fraud convictions based on the use of emails. See, e.g., United States

v. Delavan, 826 F. App’x 259, 263 (4th Cir. 2020) (affirming § 1343 conviction when the

defendant “used or caused the use of wire communications (email) in furtherance of [a

fraudulent] scheme”).

       Sessum and Okomba’s argument to the contrary rests on the Wiretap Act, 18 U.S.C.

§ 2510 et seq., which they say excludes emails from its definition of wire communications.

See id. §§ 2510(1), (18). But such definitions apply only within that Act. See id. § 2510

       7
         Our sister circuits agree. See United States v. Valdes-Ayala, 900 F.3d 20, 33 n.15
(1st Cir. 2018) (“An email address has long counted as a wire communication.”); United
States v. Weimert, 819 F.3d 351, 355 (7th Cir. 2016) (stating that § 1343 prohibits schemes
to defraud by fraudulent means “if interstate wire or electronic communications are used”).

                                            18
(setting forth definitions “[a]s used in this chapter”). We thus decline to apply § 2510’s

definitions to offenses under § 1343.

       It’s not disputed that Sessum and Okomba used emails to further their scheme, so

the court didn’t err in clarifying that emails fell within the scope of § 1343.

                                              2.

       Sessum and Okomba also contend that the district court’s response to the jury’s

question constructively amended their indictment by expanding the possible grounds of

conviction for the wire-fraud offenses.

       “The Fifth Amendment guarantees that a criminal defendant will be tried only on

charges in a grand jury indictment, so only the grand jury may broaden or alter the charges.”

Burfoot, 899 F.3d at 338 (cleaned up). Thus, a district court constructively amends the

indictment—and violates the Fifth Amendment—when it “broadens the possible bases for

conviction beyond those presented by the grand jury.” Id. (cleaned up).

       Here, the grand jury charged Sessum and Okomba with a fraudulent debt-collection

scheme by use of wire communications. The indictment referred to the use of email as part

of that scheme. J.A. 26 (charging Sessum and Okomba with causing the transmission of

wire communications, “including interstate phone calls and emails”). So the district court’s

response (that emails are wire communications under § 1343) didn’t broaden the potential

bases of Sessum and Okomba’s convictions. That was the precise theory the grand jury

presented. We thus reject the defendants’ constructive-amendment claim.

                                              19
                                              D.

       Okomba lastly challenges the district court’s denial of her severance motion. We

review that ruling for abuse of discretion. United States v. Min, 704 F.3d 314, 319 (4th

Cir. 2013). “If two defendants are properly indicted together, courts generally adhere to

the principle that defendants indicted together should be tried together.” 8 United States v.

Young, 989 F.3d 253, 266 (4th Cir. 2021) (cleaned up). And “[j]oinder is highly favored

in conspiracy trials.” United States v. Lawson, 677 F.3d 629, 639 (4th Cir. 2012).

       But if a joint trial would prejudice a defendant, a court may order a separate trial.

Fed. R. Crim. P. 14(a). “Demonstrating prejudice is a high hurdle.” Young, 989 F.3d at

266. It requires a defendant to show “a serious risk that a joint trial would compromise a

specific trial right . . . or prevent the jury from making a reliable judgment about guilt or

innocence.” Id. (cleaned up).

       On appeal, Okomba doesn’t argue that the joint trial compromised any specific trial

right. She instead claims evidence of Sessum’s “debt collection fraud in connection with

a prior company” prejudiced her. Appellants’ Br. at 55. According to Okomba, this

evidence “clearly spilled over,” as the verdict reflects. Id.

       But the government never used evidence of Sessum’s previous fraudulent practices.

It moved in limine to admit such evidence but took no further action on it at trial. So the

district court didn’t err in denying the motion to sever.

       8
           Okomba doesn’t contest the initial joinder of the charges.

                                              20
                                            IV.

       Sessum and Okomba also challenge the procedural and substantive reasonableness

of their sentences. On procedural reasonableness, Okomba asserts the district court erred

by applying role enhancements, miscalculating the loss amount attributable from the

fraudulent scheme, and inadequately explaining her sentence. Sessum joins her on the loss-

amount issue.

       We review all sentences “under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.” United

States v. Torres-Reyes, 952 F.3d 147, 151 (4th Cir. 2020) (quoting Gall v. United States,

552 U.S. 38, 41 (2007)). To determine whether a sentence is procedurally reasonable, we

“consider[] whether the district court properly calculated the defendant’s advisory

guidelines range, gave the parties an opportunity to argue for an appropriate sentence,

considered the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, and sufficiently explained the selected

sentence.” Id. (cleaned up). When reviewing whether a court properly calculated the

Guidelines range, we review its factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de

novo. United States v. Shephard, 892 F.3d 666, 670 (4th Cir. 2018).

       Finding no error, we affirm Sessum and Okomba’s sentences.

                                             A.

       Okomba contends that the district court erred in applying a three-level sentencing

enhancement for her aggravating role in the wire-fraud conspiracy. She says the district

court should have instead applied a reduction for her minor role. We disagree.

       Under the Guidelines, if a defendant was “a manager or supervisor (but not an

organizer or leader) and the criminal activity involved five or more participants or was

                                             21
otherwise extensive,” a three-level increase is appropriate. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b). A

“participant” must be “criminally responsible for the commission of the offense, but need

not have been convicted.” Id. § 3B1.1 cmt. n.1. “A sentencing court’s ruling on the

aggravating role adjustment is a factual determination,” which we review for clear error.

United States v. Llamas, 599 F.3d 381, 389 (4th Cir. 2010) (cleaned up).

                                             1.

       Okomba first argues that the district court erred in applying the three-level

enhancement because the conspiracy didn’t involve at least five participants and wasn’t

otherwise extensive. Because we find the district court didn’t clearly err in finding the

conspiracy was extensive, we don’t reach whether the conspiracy had at least five

participants.

       In assessing whether an organization is “otherwise extensive,” we consider “all

persons involved during the course of the entire offense,” including nonparticipants who

offered “unknowing services.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 cmt. n.3. We also examine “the totality

of the circumstances, including not only the number of participants but also the width,

breadth, scope, complexity, and duration of the scheme.” United States v. Beverly, 284 F.

App’x 36, 41–42 (4th Cir. 2008) (cleaned up) (collecting cases).

       Here, there were at least three participants and many outsiders who may have

unknowingly assisted in the wire-fraud conspiracy. Sessum, Okomba, and Hough were all

convicted (and thus “criminally responsible”) for conduct arising out of Direct Processing’s

debt-collection scheme, qualifying as “participants” under the Guidelines. See U.S.S.G.

§ 3B1.1 cmt. n.1.

                                            22
       Direct Processing’s scheme also involved a team of collection employees who

defrauded victims to the tune of $6.1 million over three years. And Direct Processing

engaged the services of various outside vendors, such as dialing services and banks, to

further its scheme. So even if those outside the conspiracy had no knowledge that they

were assisting criminal activity, the district court didn’t clearly err in finding the conspiracy

extensive.

                                               2.

       Okomba next claims that there was “simply no evidence in the record” to support

the district court’s finding that she was a “manager or supervisor” under § 3B1.1(b)’s

enhancement. Appellants’ Br. at 38. Such a finding is “appropriate where the evidence

demonstrates that the defendant controlled the activities of other participants or exercised

management responsibility.” United States v. Slade, 631 F.3d 185, 190 (4th Cir. 2011)

(cleaned up).

       The district court’s conclusion that Okomba was a manager or supervisor of the

scheme wasn’t clearly erroneous.        After all, she was the registered agent of Direct

Processing, a signatory to its primary bank account, and a person with access to its

brokerage account. Most importantly, employees identified Okomba as the company’s

office manager and co-owner who oversaw collection employees, and one employee told

the jury Okomba fired her. That’s enough to satisfy our review, even accepting (as

Okomba says) that she didn’t recruit Sessum or Hough into the conspiracy.

                                               23
                                             3.

       Okomba also challenges the court’s refusal to apply a minor-role reduction under

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2. A defendant is entitled to the reduction “if she is ‘substantially less

culpable than the average participant in the criminal activity.’” United States v. Carbajal,

717 F. App’x 234, 240 (4th Cir. 2018) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 cmt. n.3).

       Our discussion of the district court’s ruling on the “manager or supervisor”

enhancement resolves this claim. As we’ve noted, Okomba played a key role in opening

and operating Direct Processing, and she managed its day-to-day collection activities.

Okomba stood to substantially benefit from Direct Processing’s collections—even if not

as much as Sessum—and had access to its bank accounts. That Okomba didn’t develop

the scripts or teach anyone how to collect debts doesn’t overcome the evidence that she

ensured employees used Direct Processing’s fraudulent tactics.

                                            B.

       Sessum and Okomba argue that the district court erred in calculating the $6.1

million loss amount it used to apply an 18-level enhancement to their offenses. See

U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(J). They claim that the court’s failure to state whether it based its

calculation on the actual or intended loss renders the result speculative. And the court

erred, Sessum and Okomba say, by refusing to reduce the loss amount by collections

returned to debtors. Okomba also complains that the court ignored that she distanced

herself from Direct Processing after the FBI searched the Sardis Road office. She says that

separation should have reduced her loss amount. We reject these arguments.

                                            24
       We review the district court’s determination of the loss amount for clear error.

United States v. Cloud, 680 F.3d 396, 409 (4th Cir. 2012). In reviewing the court’s

determination, we’re mindful that it “need only make a reasonable estimate of the loss.”

Id. (cleaned up).

       At trial, the government presented testimony from an FBI forensic accountant and

documentary evidence that tied over $6.1 million in collections to Direct Processing’s

scheme. Employees and victims testified that Direct Processing first contacted victims

with false threats of legal action if they didn’t pay their purported debts. This evidence

adequately supports the district court’s finding that all of Direct Processing’s collections

were illegitimate from the start, so the court could treat the full $6.1 million as the loss

amount.

       We easily dispose of Sessum and Okomba’s argument premised on the district

court’s failure to specify whether it calculated the actual or intended loss amount. That’s

because, under the Guidelines, the loss amount “is the greater of actual loss or intended

loss.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(A) (emphasis added). The district court’s failure to

specify exactly the type of loss it found is of no moment given that its calculation is

otherwise supported by the record.

       And even assuming the district court erred by failing to reduce the loss amount by

any collections refunded to debtors over the course of the conspiracy, such error was

harmless. During the scheme, Direct Processing returned about $565,000 to debtors

                                            25
through “charge backs.” 9 Had the court reduced the $6.1 million loss amount by that

figure, the loss would still be well above the $3.5 million threshold required for the 18-

level enhancement. See United States v. Dowell, 771 F.3d 162, 175 (4th Cir. 2014)

(“Sentencing error is harmless if the resulting sentence is not longer than that to which the

defendant would otherwise be subject.” (cleaned up)).

       As for Okomba’s claim that her loss amount should be reduced given her limited

involvement in Direct Processing after the FBI’s first search, we’re not persuaded. For

even after the search, Okomba continued to sign financial documents on behalf of Direct

Processing. See J.A. 845, 858. So she never fully withdrew from the conspiracy. We think

the district court reasonably attributed at least $3.5 million in loss to Okomba given her

“role in the conspiracy, her knowledge, [and] the reasonable foreseeability of the loss with

respect to her.” J.A. 1351.

       We thus affirm the district court’s calculation of Sessum and Okomba’s loss amount

and its application of the 18-level enhancement under § 2B1.1(b)(1)(J). 10

       9
         A “charge back” occurs when a debtor doesn’t “want to finish with the payment,”
so the credit card company reverses the charge. J.A. 495, 910.
       10
          It’s not clear that Sessum and Okomba challenge the district court’s restitution
orders, but that contention fails all the same. They argue only that “none of the required
findings were made.” Appellants’ Br. at 46. Before a court may order restitution, it must
direct “the probation officer to obtain and include in its presentence report . . . information
sufficient for the court to exercise its discretion in fashioning a restitution order.” 18 U.S.C.
§ 3664(a). Both Sessum’s and Okomba’s reports contained this information. And neither
defendant objected when the district court adopted the reports’ restitution amount. We see
no reason to disturb the court’s finding.

                                               26
                                              C.

       Okomba also claims that the district court erred by failing to adequately respond to

her mitigating arguments or explain the sentence that it imposed. 11 She argues that the

district court failed to address why the § 3553(a) factors didn’t warrant the probationary

sentence she requested. And the court, Okomba says, disregarded that she “was much less

culpable than Sessum.” Appellants’ Br. at 50. Again, we disagree.

       A district court must “adequately explain [its] chosen sentence to allow for

meaningful appellate review and to promote the perception of fair sentencing.” Gall, 552

U.S. at 50. A court’s explanation is sufficient if it, even if “somewhat briefly, outlines the

defendant’s particular history and characteristics not merely in passing or after the fact, but

as part of its analysis of the statutory factors and in response to defense counsel’s arguments

for a downward departure.” United States v. Lozano, 962 F.3d 773, 782 (4th Cir. 2020)

(cleaned up).

       Here, the district court explained why it rejected Okomba’s request for a

probationary sentence. Addressing “the seriousness of the offense,” the court pointed to

“Okomba’s extended role in [the offense], her financial gain from it, her employment in

the criminal organization, . . . [and] her owner/manager role.” J.A. 1373. The court also

noted identified that Okomba’s criminal conduct exploited a “vulnerable” population, and

       11
          The opening brief fails to meaningfully challenge the district court’s explanation
of Sessum’s sentence, so that issue is waived. See United States v. Caldwell, 7 F.4th 191,
207 n.13 (4th Cir. 2021) (finding arguments waived where the appellant raised the issue
only “[i]n headings, his statement of issues, and an introductory sentence in his brief”).

                                              27
when confronted by the FBI, Okomba lied to agents, hoping to obstruct the investigation.

J.A. 1373–74.

       Yet the district court still imposed a below-Guidelines sentence. It varied down

from a low-end Guidelines recommendation of 121 months to impose a 72-month sentence.

In doing so, it acknowledged a variance was warranted because Okomba ceased her

criminal activity before her coconspirators did—like she argued. And this variance

reflected the court’s desire to “avoid unwarranted sentencing disparit[ies]” and a

“diminished” need to protect the public. J.A. 1374–75.

       We’re satisfied that the district court considered Okomba’s arguments and had a

“reasoned basis for exercising its own legal decisionmaking authority.” Lozano, 962 F.3d

at 782 (cleaned up).

                                             D.

       Finally, Sessum and Okomba contend that their sentences are substantively

unreasonable. On this issue, we look at “the totality of the circumstances to see whether

the sentencing court abused its discretion in concluding that the sentence it chose satisfied

the standards set forth in § 3553(a).” United States v. Arbaugh, 951 F.3d 167, 176 (4th

Cir. 2020) (cleaned up).      We presume that Sessum and Okomba’s sentences are

substantively reasonable because each is below its respective Guidelines range. United

States v. Gutierrez, 963 F.3d 320, 344 (4th Cir. 2020). So they can only rebut this

presumption by showing that their sentence is unreasonable when measured against the

statutory sentencing factors. Id.

                                             28
       Sessum argues his sentence is substantively unreasonable because it created

unwarranted sentencing disparities between him and his coconspirators who pleaded

guilty. And Sessum suggests the court penalized him for trying his case. He’s wrong on

both counts.

       The district court examined the differences between Sessum’s and the other

coconspirators’ sentences, finding any disparity was “justified and wholly appropriate.”

J.A. 1334.     Sessum’s coconspirators accepted responsibility for their conduct and

cooperated with the government. Sessum, on the other hand, obstructed law enforcement’s

investigation into his criminal conduct and displayed a lack of remorse. And as much as

he reiterates that the court “grossly inflated” his loss amount, see Appellants’ Br. at 54, the

district court varied downward to address that concern. Like the district court, we find that

Sessum’s sentence reflects his conduct, not his decision to go to trial.

       Okomba’s contentions similarly fail. She claims that the district court failed to

properly account for the nature and circumstances of her offense and avoid unwarranted

sentencing disparities. But as we discussed, the court correctly accounted for Okomba’s

substantial role in the scheme. The court thus rightly rejected her request for a probationary

sentence because it would fail to recognize the seriousness of her offense.

       Yet the court also acknowledged that Okomba ended her criminal activity before

other coconspirators. So it varied downward. Okomba offers no persuasive reason why

we should reject the district court’s below-Guidelines sentence.

                                              29
                                           V.

      For the reasons given, we affirm the district court’s judgment. We dispense with

oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the

materials before this court and argument would not aid the decisional process.

                                                                             AFFIRMED

                                           30