Court Opinion

ID: 4677677
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-15 17:01:06.525362+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:39.406014
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         Tenth Circuit

                           FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                           April 15, 2021
                       _________________________________
                                                                       Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                           Clerk of Court
 KEENAN, HOPKINS, SUDER, AND
 STOWELL CONTRACTORS, INC., d/b/a
 KHS&S Contractors,

       Petitioner,

 v.                                                        No. 20-9537
                                                        (OSHC No. 18-1306)
 DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,

       Respondent.
                       _________________________________

                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                       _________________________________

Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, BALDOCK and EID, Circuit Judges.
                 _________________________________

      Keenan, Hopkins, Suder, and Stowell Contractors, Inc. (KHS&S) petitions for

review of a final decision by the Occupational Safety and Health Review

Commission (Commission) finding that KHS&S had committed a serious violation of

an applicable safety and health standard. Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to

      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
29 U.S.C. § 660(a), we deny the petition for review and affirm the Commission’s

decision.

I.     Procedural Background

       While investigating an unrelated accident at a job site in Littleton, Colorado,

an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) investigator learned that

KHS&S employees were climbing on, standing on, and working from the guardrails

of an aerial lift basket to perform their work. Upon the investigator’s

recommendation, the Secretary issued KHS&S a citation for a serious violation of

29 C.F.R. § 1926.453(b)(2)(iv), which requires that “[e]mployees shall always stand

firmly on the floor of the basket [of an aerial lift], and shall not sit or climb on the

edge of the basket or use planks, ladders, or other devices for a work position.” The

citation proposed a penalty of $5,543.

       KHS&S contested the citation with the Secretary of Labor, triggering review

by the Commission. See 29 C.F.R. § 659(c). An administrative law judge (ALJ)

presided over a one-day trial, after which both parties submitted post-trial briefs.

The ALJ issued a written decision on January 17, 2020, affirming the citation and

assessing a penalty of $5,543. When the Commission declined discretionary review,

the ALJ’s decision became a final order of the Commission on February 20, 2020.

See F & H Coatings, LLC v. Acosta, 900 F.3d 1214, 1220 (10th Cir. 2018).

II.    Discussion

       In its petition for review, KHS&S contends that the ALJ erred: (1) by not

allowing KHS&S sufficient time to prepare its defense after disclosure of witness

                                             2
statements; (2) in finding that KHS&S knew or should have known that its employees

were working from the railings of the aerial lift basket; and (3) in finding there was a

serious violation of § 1926.453(b)(2)(iv).

         A.    Time to Review Witness Statements

               1.    Relevant Background

         It was undisputed that two KHS&S employees, Fernando Ruiz Moya and

Martin Rojas, had stood on the guardrails of an aerial lift basket while installing

drywall on the exterior upper levels of a building that was under construction.

During the investigation, Ruiz Moya and Rojas each provided a statement. The

Secretary withheld their statements during discovery pursuant to the government

informer’s privilege. The Secretary then listed Ruiz Moya and Rojas as fact

witnesses in a pretrial statement, which was served on KHS&S a week before the

trial.

         At the beginning of the trial, KHS&S inquired whether there were witness

statements from Ruiz Moya and Rojas. Counsel asked to view any statements and

sought a “short recess in order to review them and prepare before [cross

examination].” Trial Tr. at 21. The ALJ construed counsel’s request as seeking

production of prior statements at that time. Following the Commission’s caselaw,

however, the ALJ ruled that the Secretary would be required to produce an informer

witness’s prior statement only after the witness’s direct examination, at which point

                                             3
the ALJ would recess to allow KHS&S time to review the statement before

proceeding with cross examination.

      After Ruiz Moya’s direct examination, the Secretary produced his statement.

Following a twenty-minute recess, the trial resumed with the ALJ stating: “I know

you had a pretty short amount of time to review what you said was a 65-page

interview statement with the witness. Are you ready to proceed with your

cross-examination?” Id. at 63. KHS&S’s counsel responded:

            I would, your Honor, like to make an objection, just for the record,
      though, about the witness statement.
      ...

             . . . First, we would like to object that the Secretary did not produce
      redacted copies of the statements during discovery.
             Secondly, we believe under . . . a Tenth Circuit case, that these
      statements should have been produced at the time the Secretary identified
      the witnesses on the pretrial statement.
             Alternatively, we believe they should have been produced at the start
      of the hearing today, once the Secretary knew that she was, in fact, calling
      the witness since it was, in fact . . . I think it’s about 75 pages of a
      transcript.
              So we believe that the Respondent has been prejudiced by the fact
      that they have been produced after the witness has testified with only about
      20 minutes to review the transcript.
Id. at 63-64. Counsel did not request additional time to review Ruiz Moya’s witness

statement. The ALJ overruled KHS&S’s objections and counsel proceeded with the

cross examination.

      Rojas was the next witness called after Ruiz Moya. Before he testified,

KHS&S renewed its request for his prior statement. Over the Secretary’s objection,

                                             4
the ALJ ordered the Secretary to produce Rojas’s statement before his direct

examination because it was clear he was going to testify. Rojas’s statement was

approximately the same length as Ruiz Moya’s statement. The ALJ recessed for a

one-hour lunch break during Rojas’s direct testimony. When his direct testimony

concluded, KHS&S’s counsel proceeded with cross examination without making any

objection or asking for additional time to review Rojas’s prior statement.

      In its post-hearing brief, KHS&S argued that the ALJ had misapplied the

government informer’s privilege and had provided insufficient time to review the

informer witnesses’ statements such that KHS&S could not adequately prepare for

cross examination.

             2.      The Government Informer’s Privilege

      “The government is privileged to withhold from disclosure the identities of

persons furnishing information of law violations to law enforcement officers. The

purpose of the privilege is the furtherance and protection of the public interest in

effective law enforcement.” Usery v. Loc. Union 720, Laborers’ Int’l Union of N.

Am., AFL-CIO, 547 F.2d 525, 527 (10th Cir. 1977) (citation and internal quotation

marks omitted). “The principle applies in both civil and criminal actions.” Id. This

court has applied the government informer’s privilege, for example, in actions under

the Fair Labor Standards Act. See id. The Commission has also long held that the

privilege applies in proceedings before it. See Massman-Johnson (Luling),

1980 CCH OHSD ¶ 24436, 1980 WL 10593, at *3 (No. 76-1484, 1980). “The

informer’s privilege belongs to the government . . . .” Id. at *10. And “the mere fact

                                            5
that [an employee] supplied information relevant to the investigation of alleged

OSHA violations makes the privilege applicable.” Id. at *4.

      The Commission has stated that “[t]he essence of the informer’s privilege . . .

is the protection of the informer’s identity, and the confidential information in a

statement is that which tends to indicate that the person giving it has cooperated with

the government against the employer.” Id. Thus, witness statements are protected

from disclosure because “the identity of an informer might be revealed from the

disclosure of even a basically factual statement relevant to an investigation, for

example, if the tone and manner of the statement were accusatory or unfriendly to the

respondent.” Id. The “concern [is] over possible witness harassment due to

premature disclosure of witness statements,” such as “pressure by the employer . . .

involved on the employees or others to change their testimony or discourage them

from testifying.” Id. at *7.

      In Massman-Johnson, see id., the Commission discussed a case in which the

Eighth Circuit held that the appropriate time for disclosure of informer statements is

left to the trial court’s “sensitive discretion,” Brennan v. Eng’red Prods., Inc.,

506 F.2d 299, 304 (8th Cir. 1974). Brennan had set forth several options for the

timing of disclosure, including the approach applied in federal criminal cases under

the Jencks Act, pursuant to which a defendant is allowed to examine a government

witness’s prior statement only after the witness has completed testifying on direct

examination. See 506 F.2d at 304-05; 18 U.S.C. § 3500(b). Ultimately, the

Commission decided to adopt the Jencks Act approach in proceedings before it,

                                            6
see 1980 WL 10593, at *9, unless, however, the respondent has made a

“particularized showing of need for any of the statements themselves before the

hearing sufficient to outweigh the strong public interest in protecting the

confidentiality of government sources,” id. at *11.

      Also consistent with the Jencks Act, see 18 U.S.C. § 3500(c), the Commission

set forth a procedure to allow for review of an informer witness’s statement that is

disclosed after direct examination:

      The Respondent shall be entitled to a recess for such reasonable time as is
      necessary to evaluate a statement and prepare to use it in the hearing. In the
      event that a statement disclosed at the hearing contains material that the
      respondent could not have discovered previously and that bears on the
      issues in the case, the respondent shall be entitled upon request to a recess
      or continuance for such time as is reasonably necessary to meet or take
      advantage of the new evidence.
Massman-Johnson, 1980 WL 10593, at *9. It further stated that “any unfair surprise

may be cured by a recess or continuance.” Id. at *10.

             3.     Standard of Review

      We apply the same standard of review to the ALJ’s decision as we would

apply to an order actually issued by the Commission. See F & H Coatings, 900 F.3d

at 1221. KHS&S argues the time allotted by the ALJ for its review of the prior

statements by Ruiz Moya and Rojas after they were produced by the Secretary was

unreasonable. But it does not clearly articulate what standard of review this court

should apply. It contends the ALJ’s decisions were “not in accordance with the law,”

Pet. Opening Br. at 15, but it fails to explain how a reasonableness determination

raises a legal question. KHS&S also argues that the ALJ abused his discretion.

                                            7
See id. at 2, 28. For several reasons, we conclude that the determination of what

amounts to a reasonable amount of time in this context is a matter within the

discretion of the ALJ.

      First, the Commission modeled its rule for the timing of disclosure of informer

witness statements on the Jencks Act. See Massman-Johnson, 1980 WL 10593, at

*9. Under the Jencks Act, the amount of time permitted for a criminal defendant to

review a government witness’s statement is subject to the court’s discretion.

See § 3500(c); see also Ogden v. United States, 303 F.2d 724, 738 n.51 (9th Cir.

1962) (“The recess which the Court in the exercise of its discretion (18 U.S.C.A.

§ 3500(c)) granted to defendant to examine the statement was short, but in all the

circumstances we cannot say that it was so unreasonably short as to constitute an

abuse of discretion.”). Moreover, outside of the criminal context, this court has

applied an abuse-of-discretion standard in reviewing district courts’ application of

the government informer’s privilege. See Usery, 547 F.2d at 528; Brock v.

Gingerbread House, Inc., 907 F.2d 115, 117 (10th Cir. 1989). Finally, we also

review issues related to the grant or denial of a continuance for an abuse of

discretion. See Morrison Knudsen Corp. v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., 175 F.3d 1221,

1229 n.4 (10th Cir. 1999) (reviewing a district court’s denial of a continuance);

Robinson v. United States, 718 F.2d 336, 338 n.1 (10th Cir. 1983) (reviewing an

ALJ’s denial of a continuance).

      We will therefore review for an abuse of discretion the ALJ’s determinations

in this case regarding the time allotted KHS&S to review informer witness

                                           8
statements. And we “will find error only if the decision was arbitrary, capricious,

whimsical or manifestly unreasonable, or we are convinced that the tribunal made a

clear error of judgment or exceeded the bounds of permissible choice in the

circumstances.” F & H Coatings, 900 F.3d at 1223 (brackets and internal quotation

marks omitted).

             4.     KHS&S’s Contentions

      Under Massman-Johnson, KHS&S was “entitled to a recess for such

reasonable time as is necessary to evaluate a statement and prepare to use it in the

hearing.” 1980 WL 10593, at *9. KHS&S first contends that the time permitted by

the ALJ—twenty minutes to review Ruiz Moya’s seventy-five page statement and

one hour to review Rojas’s sixty-five page statement—was insufficient under

Massman-Johnson. But the Commission did not decide in that case how much time

is reasonable under particular circumstances. Here, KHS&S tells us nothing about

the circumstances beyond the length of the witnesses’ statements and the duration of

the recesses. It does not point to where the statements are contained in the

administrative record, nor have we found them. And despite KHS&S’s assertion

otherwise, it is not obvious based solely upon a stated number of pages that the time

allotted by the ALJ for review was manifestly unreasonable.

      For example, one court held it was an abuse of discretion to deny a defendant’s

request for additional time to review Jencks Act material that had been produced one

day before the trial began, which consisted of one thousand pages of testimony (an

eight-inch stack of paper) and a forty-five minute video tape. See United States v.

                                           9
Holmes, 722 F.2d 37, 40-41 (4th Cir. 1983). But another court held there was no

abuse of discretion in allowing only nine minutes to review a stack of papers

one-quarter the size of that produced in Holmes. See United States v. Stanfield,

360 F.3d 1346, 1356-58 (D.C. Cir. 2004). The volume of paper in this case appears

to be comparable to that produced in Stanfield, in which the court concluded that

“[n]o one would accuse the district court here of being overly generous in affording

counsel time to review the documents produced after [the government witness’s]

testimony; indeed, the court flirted with the outer limits of its discretion, but we

cannot conclude that it abused that discretion.” Id. at 1358. Nor does KHS&S cite

any case in which a comparable recess to review a similar volume of material was

held to constitute an abuse of discretion. We conclude that KHS&S has not

demonstrated an abuse of discretion by the ALJ based solely upon the length of the

witnesses’ statements and the duration of the recesses after they were produced.

      KHS&S also appears to contend that the ALJ abused his discretion by not

granting an additional recess or a continuance. See Pet. Opening Br. at 19 (“The ALJ

decided that a short break and then a lunch break would suffice instead of granting a

recess or a continuance of the hearing.”). But KHS&S never sought an additional

recess or a continuance of the trial. When asked by the ALJ if she was ready to

proceed with Ruiz Moya’s cross examination, KHS&S’s counsel made objections

“just for the record” regarding the Secretary’s failure to produce the witnesses’

statements either before trial or at the beginning of trial. Trial Tr. at 63. She

concluded by asserting (without elaboration) that KHS&S had been prejudiced by the

                                           10
production of Ruiz Moya’s statement after he testified “with only about 20 minutes to

review the transcript.” Id. at 64. When the ALJ overruled these objections, counsel

proceeded to cross examine Ruiz Moya. Then, after the lunch break and the

conclusion of Rojas’s direct examination, counsel proceeded with cross examination

without offering any objection, much less a request for additional time to review

Rojas’s prior statement. See id. at 109.

      We will not fault the ALJ for failing to grant a further recess or a continuance

when no such request was made. In particular, under Massman-Johnson, if a

witness’s “statement disclosed at the hearing contains material that the respondent

could not have discovered previously . . . the respondent shall be entitled upon

request to a recess or continuance for such time as is reasonably necessary to meet or

take advantage of the new evidence.” 1980 WL 10593, at *9 (emphasis added).

Although this is precisely the type of prejudice that KHS&S contends it suffered, it

made no such request during the trial.

      KHS&S asserts that it first learned at trial that the Secretary alleged a

particular supervisor, Ricardo Cereceres, had authorized employees to work from the

guard rails of the aerial basket or knew that they were doing so. KHS&S claims that

“[w]ithout time to prepare with Mr. Rojas’ prior statement, [it] had no way to test the

                                           11
veracity of his multiple statements made at trial.” Pet. Opening Br. at 11.1 It

contends this “amounted to trial by ambush.” Id. at 19.

      There are several problems with these contentions. First, KHS&S argues it

was prejudiced because it was unaware of unspecified “material” in the witnesses’

prior statements due to the Secretary’s failure to disclose them before the trial. Id. at

18. But it fails to demonstrate that the ALJ abused his discretion by ordering their

disclosure after (or just before) the witnesses’ direct examinations.2 KHS&S also

does not show how its alleged prejudice relates to new information in the witnesses’

prior statements, which, as we have noted, are absent from the administrative record.

But even assuming that either or both of the statements alleged knowledge or

authorization by Cereceres, KHS&S ignores the Commission’s holding that, when

      1
         It appears that KHS&S focuses on Rojas’s prior statement and testimony
because Ruiz Moya did not testify that Cereceres authorized him to stand on the
railing of the aerial basket.
      2
         KHS&S challenges the timing of disclosure of the informer witness
statements in a perfunctory manner in a footnote of its opening brief. See Pet.
Opening Br. at 18 n.2. It argues the Secretary was obliged to produce redacted
statements before the trial if their contents did not reveal the informers’ identities.
But it fails to demonstrate this was the case. And the Commission has noted that “a
rule requiring pretrial disclosure of witness statements generally, even with deletions,
may result in unnecessary disclosure of informers’ identities” and also “might lead to
extensive in camera proceedings and place an unwarranted administrative burden
upon judges.” Massman-Johnson, 1980 WL 10593, at *10. KHS&S also argues the
Secretary could have produced the prior statements when Ruiz Moya and Rojas were
listed as witnesses in the Secretary’s pretrial statement. But the Commission has held
“that submission of a witness list . . . does not constitute a waiver of the
confidentiality of the identities of informers or their statements.” Id. at *5.
Ultimately, KHS&S fails to show that the ALJ abused his discretion by timing the
Secretary’s disclosure of the informer witnesses’ statements consistent with the
Commission’s holding in Massman-Johnson.
                                           12
“the problem of surprise at trial due to the contents of a witness statement” arises,

“any unfair surprise may be cured by a recess or continuance,” Massman-Johnson

1980 WL 10593, at *10. And despite having an hour to review Rojas’s statement and

hearing his direct testimony regarding Cereceres’s authorization, KHS&S did not ask

the ALJ for additional time either to prepare for the cross examination or to offer

other rebuttal evidence. KHS&S therefore fails to demonstrate it was prejudiced by

having insufficient time to prepare its defense after the Secretary produced the

witnesses’ statements. See United States v. Arboleda, 929 F.2d 858, 864 (1st Cir.

1991) (treating “with skepticism . . . claims of prejudice when accompanied by a

failure to attempt at trial to mitigate the perceived harm”).

       We reject KHS&S’s first claim of error because it has not identified an abuse

of discretion by the ALJ in the timing of the Secretary’s disclosure of informer

witness statements or in the amount of time allotted for review of such statements. It

also failed to make any attempt to cure or mitigate any prejudice. We ultimately

cannot say that the ALJ’s decisions were arbitrary, capricious, whimsical or

manifestly unreasonable, nor are we convinced that the ALJ made a clear error of

judgment or exceeded the bounds of permissible choice in the circumstances.

       B.     ALJ’s Finding That KHS&S Knew or Should Have Known of the
              Violation

       Section 1926.453(b)(2)(iv) requires that “[e]mployees shall always stand

firmly on the floor of the basket [of an aerial lift], and shall not sit or climb on the

edge of the basket or use planks, ladders, or other devices for a work position.” To

                                            13
establish a violation of an OSHA safety and health standard, the Secretary must

demonstrate the following elements by a preponderance of the evidence: “(1) the

applicability of the standard, (2) the employer’s noncompliance with the terms of the

standard, (3) employee access to the violative condition, and (4) the employer’s

actual or constructive knowledge of the violation.” Jake’s Fireworks Inc. v. Acosta,

893 F.3d 1248, 1256 (10th Cir. 2018). KHS&S challenges the ALJ’s finding on the

fourth element: that it knew, or with reasonable diligence should have known, that

its employees were working from the aerial basket railings.

             1.     Standard of Review

      We will uphold an ALJ’s factual finding if it is supported by substantial

evidence. See F & H Coatings, 900 F.3d at 1221; 29 U.S.C. § 660(a).

      Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might
      accept as adequate to support a conclusion, and it must be enough to justify,
      if the trial were to a jury, a refusal to direct a verdict when the conclusion
      sought to be drawn from it is one of fact for the jury.
F & H Coatings, 900 F.3d at 1221 (internal quotation marks omitted). “[W]e do not

reweigh the evidence, second-guess the factual inferences drawn therefrom, or

substitute our judgment on the credibility of witnesses.” Id. (internal quotation

marks omitted).

             2.     Relevant Background

      Ruiz Moya and Rojas were using an aerial lift to install sheets of drywall—

which measured four feet by eight feet and weighed forty pounds—on the exterior

upper levels of a building approximately sixty to eighty feet above the ground.

                                           14
Because of certain aspects of the building under construction, the distance from the

aerial lift basket to the point of installation was sometimes three to four feet.

Cereceres and another supervisor, Morgan Payne, directed Ruiz Moya and Rojas to

install self-retracting lanyards, also called “yo-yos,” on the building’s steel I-beams

above the basket so that they could tie-off when stepping out of the basket. The ALJ

found that Ruiz Moya and Rojas consistently testified that, when installing the

drywall sheets, they sometimes stood with one or both feet on the aerial basket

railing. They also sometimes used the basket railing to climb out of the basket when

it was not possible to open the gate due to the position of the basket relative to the

building. The ALJ also pointed to testimony that Payne and Cereceres authorized the

employees to stand on the basket railing to get their job done, as long as they tied-off

to a yo-yo.

      The ALJ found that KHS&S either knew, or with the exercise of reasonable

diligence should have known, that Ruiz Moya and Rojas were repeatedly standing on,

climbing on, and working from the aerial lift basket railings. The ALJ found the

evidence showed that these employees were doing so multiple times per hour

throughout the day. Finding that the aerial lift was visible from the main entrance to

the job site as well as from KHS&S’s job trailer, the ALJ concluded that “the

violative condition was open, obvious, and in plain view.” ALJ’s Dec. & Ord. at 9.

The ALJ also pointed to the following evidence regarding the supervisors’

knowledge:

                                            15
      Supervisors Payne and Cereceres acknowledged providing [the employees]
      with a yo-yo strap to enable them to climb out of the basket as needed.
      Payne, and to a lesser extent Cereceres, were seen walking around the job
      underneath the two employees throughout the day. Payne even repaired
      their stuck aerial lift twice. Cereceres stopped and commented on the
      location of their yo-yo on one occasion.
Id. The ALJ found that, “[w]ith the exercise of reasonable diligence, both Payne and

Cereceres should have known what Ruiz [Moya] and Rojas were doing to perform

their assigned task.” Id.

             3.        KHS&S’s Contentions

      KHS&S argues the ALJ’s knowledge finding is not supported by substantial

evidence. But its contentions ask this court to ignore substantial evidence in the

record, reweigh the evidence, draw different inferences than the ALJ, or reassess

witness credibility.

      KHS&S argues the ALJ “fail[ed] to rectify the inconsistences in Mr. Rojas’

testimony at trial” regarding who authorized him to work from the aerial lift basket

railings. Pet. Opening Br. at 21. But the ALJ pointed to Rojas’s testimony that he

received authorization from both Cereceres and Payne. And KHS&S does not

explain why a reasonable jury could not rely on that evidence. See F & H Coatings,

900 F.3d at 1221.

      It also contends there was inconsistent or conflicting testimony regarding how

often the employees were working from the railings, as well as the distance and

visibility from the job trailer to the aerial lift. KHS&S argues the “facts show that

the condition did not exist long enough to establish [it] failed to use reasonable

                                           16
diligence to gain knowledge.” Id. at 25. Again, however, this contention fails to

demonstrate that the evidence actually relied on by the ALJ was insubstantial.

      KHS&S argues the evidence that Payne and Cereceres were attentive to the

employees working in the aerial lift basket shows their reasonable diligence in

enforcing safety standards rather than their knowledge of violations. It also contends

the evidence that KHS&S implemented work rules, trained employees, inspected the

job site, and supervised and disciplined employees shows it was unlikely that

KHS&S management would permit employees to stand on the railings to do their

work. But these assertions merely ask us to draw different inferences from the

evidence than the ALJ.

      Finally, KHS&S argues the ALJ should have relied on the testimony of

Christian Mancera, its Regional Safety Engineer, regarding its lack of knowledge.

But it ignores that the ALJ “did not find Mr. Mancera to be very credible.” ALJ Dec.

& Ord. at 11 n.3. And we defer to the ALJ’s credibility determinations.3

      KHS&S fails to demonstrate that the ALJ’s finding as to its knowledge of the

violation was not supported by substantial evidence.

      3
        In addition, KHS&S appears to concede that the testimony of Ruiz Moya and
Rojas constitutes substantial evidence supporting the ALJ’s knowledge finding. See
Pet. Opening Br. at 19; Reply Br. at 8-9.
                                          17
      C.     ALJ’s Finding That KHS&S’s Violation Was Serious

      Violations of OSHA safety and health standards are classified based on their

seriousness. See Jake’s Fireworks, 893 F.3d at 1256 (noting violations can range from

“de minimis” to “willful”).

      [A] serious violation shall be deemed to exist in a place of employment if
      there is a substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could
      result from a condition which exists, or from one or more practices, means,
      methods, operations, or processes which have been adopted or are in use, in
      such place of employment.
29 U.S.C. § 666(k). The Secretary need not prove a substantial probability that an

accident would occur; rather he need only show that if an accident were to occur,

death or serious physical harm could result. See Kent Nowlin Constr. Co. v.

Occupational Safety & Health Rev. Comm’n, 648 F.2d 1278, 1282 (10th Cir. 1981).

KHS&S challenges the ALJ’s finding that its violation of § 1926.453(b)(2)(iv) was

serious. We will uphold the ALJ’s finding if it was supported by substantial

evidence. See F & H Coatings, 900 F.3d at 1221.

      The ALJ found as follows:

              If Ruiz [Moya] or Rojas had slipped while working from the aerial
      lift guardrails, they could have been seriously injured. The self-retracting
      lanyard, or yo-yo, they were connected to would quickly slow the rate of
      the fall or swing, but would not prevent it. Complainant and Respondent
      disagreed on the distance that the employees would fall or swing if they lost
      their footing while standing on the guardrails. Complainant argued they
      could have fallen as much as 14 feet before the fall protection equipment
      stopped them. Respondent argued it would have only been 2 feet of free
      fall. The Court finds that a slip, fall, or swing of even 2-3 feet by either
      employee, could have resulted in them striking the steel I-beam, the outside
      of the basket, or falling in between the basket and the steel I-beams. This
      could have resulted in serious injuries, including head injuries or broken
      limbs. This is especially true considering the shaky, unsteadiness of the

                                           18
       aerial lift basket as employees moved around. Citation 1, Item 1 was
       properly characterized as a serious violation of the Act.
ALJ’s Dec. & Ord. at 10 (citations omitted).

       KHS&S argues that no evidence supports the ALJ’s finding. It contends that

the yo-yos the employees used would permit no more than a one-to-two-foot fall,

which KHS&S argued “removes any fall hazard.” Pet. Opening Br. at 27. KHS&S

maintains there was no evidence supporting a finding that an employee could sustain

the type of injuries assumed by the ALJ based on such a fall.

       We disagree. There was evidence that the employees were frequently standing

on the railing of the aerial lift basket, which was only two inches wide, while

installing sheets of drywall measuring four feet by eight feet that weighed forty

pounds. The basket was unsteady and tipped toward one side when an employee

stood on the railing. The basket was adjacent to steel I-beams on the building, and

the employees sometimes stood on both the railing and an I-beam to install drywall.

The ALJ found that a slip, fall, or swing of even two feet could cause an employee to

strike a steel I-beam or the outside of the basket, which could result in a head injury

or a broken limb. The ALJ’s finding of a serious violation is supported by

substantial evidence.

III.   Conclusion

       We deny the petition for review and affirm the Commissioner’s decision.

                                            Entered for the Court

                                            Bobby R. Baldock
                                            Circuit Judge
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