Court Opinion

ID: 2816578
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-07-13 15:12:18.457335+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:30:40.296826
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

IN RE APPRAISAL OF DELL INC.                 )     Consol. C.A. No. 9322-VCL

                            MEMORANDUM OPINION

                            Date Submitted: May 11, 2015
                             Date Decided: July 13, 2015

Stuart M. Grant, Michael J. Barry, Christine M. Mackinstosh, Jennifer A. Williams,
Rebecca A. Musarra, GRANT & EISENHOFER P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; Attorneys
for Petitioners Curtiss-Wright Corporation Retirement Plan; Manulife US Large Cap
Value Equity Fund; The Milliken Retirement Plan; Northwestern Mutual Series Fund,
Inc., on behalf of its Equity Income Portfolio; and T. Rowe Price Funds SICAV US Large
Cap Value Equity Fund.

Gregory P. Williams, John D. Hendershot, Susan M. Hannigan, Andrew J. Peach,
RICHARDS, LAYTON & FINGER, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; John L. Latham,
Susan E. Hurd, ALSTON & BIRD LLP, Atlanta, Georgia; Gideon M. Caine, ALSTON
& BIRD LLP, East Palo Alto, California; Charles W. Cox, ALSTON & BIRD LLP, Los
Angeles, California; Attorneys for Respondent Dell Inc.

LASTER, Vice Chancellor.
       The petitioners are five institutions1 who owned common stock of Dell, Inc. They

sought appraisal after Dell announced a going-private merger. Dell contends that they did

not hold their shares continuously through the effective date of the merger and therefore

lost their appraisal rights.

       The Funds held their shares through custodial banks. By virtue of this relationship,

the Funds did not have legal title to the shares; they were beneficial owners. But the

custodial banks did not have legal title either. The shares they held were registered in the

name of Cede & Co., which is the nominee of the Depository Trust Company (―DTC‖).2

       DTC‘s place in the ownership structure results from the federal response to a

paperwork crisis on Wall Street during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Increased trading

volume in the securities markets overwhelmed the back offices of brokerage firms and

the capabilities of transfer agents. No one could cope with the burdens of documenting

       1
         The five institutions are (i) the Northwestern Mutual Series Fund, Inc. Equity
Income Portfolio (―Northwestern‖), (ii) the Manulife US Large Cap Value Equity Fund
(―Manulife‖), (iii) the T. Rowe Price Funds SICAV US Large Cap Value Equity Fund
(―T. Rowe Price‖), (iv) the Milliken Retirement Plan (―Milliken‖), and (v) the Curtiss-
Wright Corporation Retirement Plan (―Curtiss-Wright‖). Although three are ―funds‖ and
two are ―plans,‖ this decision refers to them as the Funds. The collective referent is
purely for convenience.
       2
         Technically, both the Funds and the custodial banks were ―entitlement holders.‖
This term defined is under Article 8 of the Delaware Uniform Commercial Code as a
―person identified in the records of a securities intermediary as the person having a
security entitlement against the securities intermediary.‖ 6 Del. C. § 8-102(a)(7). The
term ―securities intermediary‖ means either ―a clearing corporation,‖ i.e. DTC , or ―a
person, including a bank or broker, that in the ordinary course of its business maintains
securities accounts for others and is acting in that capacity,‖ i.e., the custodial banks. Id. §
8-102(a)(14).

                                               1
stock trades using paper certificates. The markets were forced to declare trading holidays

so administrators could catch up. With trading volumes continuing to climb, it was

obvious that reform was needed. Congress directed the SEC to evaluate alternatives that

would facilitate trading.

       After studying the issue, the SEC adopted a national policy of share

immobilization. To carry out its policy, the SEC placed a new entity—the depository

institution—at the bottom the ownership chain. DTC emerged as the only domestic

depository. Over 800 custodial banks and brokers are participating members of DTC and

maintain accounts with that institution. DTC holds shares on their behalf in fungible bulk,

meaning that none of the shares are issued in the names of DTC‘s participants. Instead,

all of the shares are issued in the name of Cede. Through a Fast Automated Securities

Transfer account (the ―FAST Account‖), DTC uses an electronic book entry system to

track the number of shares of stock that each participant holds.

       By adding DTC to the bottom of the ownership chain, the SEC eliminated the

need for the overwhelming majority of legal transfers. Before share immobilization,

custodial banks and brokers held shares through their own nominees, so new certificates

had to be issued frequently when shares traded. With share immobilization, legal title

remains with Cede. No new certificates are required.

       Although the depository system solved the paperwork crisis, it complicated other

aspects of the legal system. Appraisal is one of those areas. When a transaction triggers

appraisal rights, Section 262 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the ―DGCL‖)

permits ―[a]ny stockholder of a corporation‖ who complies with its requirements to

                                             2
litigate a proceeding that will result in a judicial determination of the ―fair value of the

shares.‖ 8 Del. C. §§ 262(a) & (h). The statute states that ―[a]s used in this section, the

word ‗stockholder‘ means a holder of record of stock in a corporation.‖ Id. § 262(a) (the

―Record Holder Requirement‖). One of the statutory requirements is that a stockholder

who wishes to pursue appraisal must ―continuously hold[] such shares through the

effective date of the merger.‖ Id. (the ―Continuous Holder Requirement‖).

       Many appraisal decisions have involved disputes over these requirements. In one

recurring scenario, companies argued that a petitioner had lost its appraisal rights when

DTC followed its usual procedures, surrendered the shares held in fungible bulk for the

merger consideration, and distributed the merger consideration to its participants, who

then deposited it in their customers‘ accounts.3 In Alabama By-Products Corp. v. Cede &

Co., 657 A.2d 254 (Del. 1995), the Delaware Supreme Court held that if a petitioner had

       3
          See, e.g., S. Prod. Co. v. Sabah, 87 A.2d 128 (Del. 1952); Roam-Tel P’rs v.
AT&T Mobility Wireless Op. Hldgs. Inc., 2010 WL 5276991 (Del. Ch. Dec. 17, 2010)
(Strine, V.C.); Matter of Enstar Corp., 513 A.2d 206 (Del. Ch. 1986); LeCompte v.
Oakbrook Consol., Inc., 1986 WL 2827 (Del. Ch. Mar. 7, 1986); Engel v. Magnavox Co.,
1976 WL 1705 (Del. Ch. Feb. 5, 1976); Abraham & Co. v. Olivetti Underwood Corp.,
204 A.2d 740 (Del. Ch. 1964), aff’d sub nom. Olivetti Underwood Corp. v. Jacques Coe
& Co., 217 A.2d 683 (Del. 1966). See generally 1 R. Franklin Balotti & Jesse A.
Finkelstein, The Delaware Law of Corporations & Business Organizations § 9.44, at 9-
116 (3d ed. 2014) (―Prior to the Delaware Supreme Court‘s ruling in Alabama By-
Products Corp. v. Cede & Co., appraisal rights could be forfeited through any tender at
any time, even if the tender was inadvertent and an appraisal petition had been filed.‖
(footnote omitted)). The Delaware cases traditionally treated the receipt of the transaction
consideration as something inadvertent. Under Article 8 of the UCC, a securities
intermediary is required by law to ―take action to obtain a payment or distribution made
by the issuer of a financial asset‖ and is ―obligated to its entitlement holder for a payment
or distribution made by the issuer of a financial asset if the payment or distribution is
received by the securities intermediary.‖ 6 Del. C. § 8-505(a) & (b).

                                             3
properly perfected its appraisal rights through Cede, then the petitioner would not lose its

appraisal rights if DTC surrendered the shares in exchange for the merger consideration.

The court reached this conclusion because the surrender did not comply with the

appraisal statute‘s requirements for withdrawing or settling a properly perfected appraisal

claim. The practical effect of this decision was to ―impose upon the corporation the

responsibility of overseeing the surrender of shares after a merger.‖ Id. at 263.

       To help issuers oversee the surrender of shares, DTC modified its procedures.

Now, when a beneficial owner causes Cede to demand appraisal, DTC removes the

shares covered by the demand from the fungible bulk tracked in the FAST Account. DTC

does this by causing the issuer‘s transfer agent to issue a paper stock certificate for the

number of shares held by the beneficial owner. The paper certificate is issued in Cede‘s

name, so the same record holder continues to hold the shares for purposes of the

Continuous Holder Requirement.

       In this case, DTC followed its procedures and issued paper stock certificates in

Cede‘s name for the Funds‘ shares. DTC then contacted the custodial banks to make

arrangements for delivering the resulting valuable pieces of paper. But here another back-

office procedure kicked in. For various understandable business reasons (insurance

requirements, recordkeeping for internal audit, mitigating risk of theft, etc.), some banks

and brokers only hold stock certificates that are issued in the names of their own

nominees. The Funds‘ custodial banks followed this policy.

       When DTC contacted the custodial banks, each instructed Dell‘s transfer agent to

record a transfer of the shares to its nominee and issue a certificate in its nominee‘s name.

                                             4
Dell‘s transfer agent complied. The Funds remained the beneficial owners. The

custodians remained the custodians. But now there were new nominees on the stock

ledger.

          Dell has moved for summary judgment, arguing that these back-office steps

resulted in new record holders and broke the chain of title for purposes of the Continuous

Holder Requirement. Under Delaware cases that pre-dated the federal policy of share

immobilization, the record holder for purposes of the DGCL was the person that appeared

on the stock ledger. After the SEC created the depository system, the Delaware courts

adhered to this rule. They did not distinguish the voluntary relationship between a client

and its custodial bank or broker (the ―broker level‖ of ownership) from the federally

mandated relationship between the custodial bank or broker and DTC (the ―depository

level‖ of ownership). Delaware cases simply treated Cede as the holder of record and

applied the Continuous Holder Requirement strictly. Under these decisions, the motion

must be granted.

          A different approach is possible and, in my view, preferable. Federal law looks

through Cede and recognizes the custodial banks and brokers as record holders, just as

before the federal mandate. If Delaware law took a similar approach, the Funds would

retain their appraisal rights, because ownership by the relevant DTC participants never

changed. Were I writing on a blank slate, I would account for the federal policy of share

immobilization by interpreting the term ―stockholder of record‖ as used in Section 262(a)

to parallel its content under the federal securities laws. In other words, the term

―stockholder of record‖ would include a DTC participant. But that is not how our cases

                                             5
have interpreted the statutory term, and this court is bound by those precedents. Dell‘s

motion for summary judgment is therefore granted.

                           I.      FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       The facts are drawn from the parties‘ submissions in connection with Dell‘s

motion for summary judgment. There are no disputes of material fact about the Funds‘

exercise of their appraisal rights or the re-titling of their shares.

A.     The Funds’ Ownership Of Dell Shares

       On February 5, 2013, Dell agreed to a merger in which each publicly held share of

Dell common stock would be converted into the right to receive $13.75 in cash, subject to

the right of stockholders to seek appraisal. The Funds held at least 922,975 shares of Dell

common stock. Like most investors, the Funds did not hold legal title to their shares. The

Funds owned the shares indirectly through accounts at custodial banks. Two of the Funds

used J.P. Morgan Chase (―JP Morgan‖) as their custodian. The others used The Bank of

New York Mellon (―BONY‖).

       The custodial banks did not own record title either. JP Morgan and BONY are two

of more than 800 custodial banks and brokers who are participating members of DTC.

       The vast majority of publicly traded shares in the United States are
       registered on the companies‘ books not in the name of beneficial owners—
       i.e., those investors who paid for, and have the right to vote and dispose of,
       the shares—but rather in the name of ―Cede & Co.,‖ the name used by The
       Depository Trust Company (―DTC‖).

       Shares registered in this manner are commonly referred to as being held in
       ―street name.‖ . . . DTC holds the shares on behalf of banks and brokers,
       which in turn hold on behalf of their clients (who are the underlying
       beneficial owners or other intermediaries).

                                                6
John C. Wilcox, John J. Purcell III, & Hye-Won Choi, “Street Name” Registration &

The Proxy Solicitation Process, in A Practical Guide to SEC Proxy and Compensation

Rules 10-3, 10-3 (Amy Goodman et al. eds., 4th ed. 2007 & 2008 Supp.) [hereinafter

Street Name] (footnote omitted).

      The history of how we arrived at this ownership structure is important and

informative.4

      Prior to 1970, negotiation was the most common method used to transfer
      stock in the United States. The owner would endorse the physical certificate
      to the name of the assignee on the back of the certificate. This endorsement
      instruct[ed] the corporation, upon notification, [about] the change in
      ownership of the shares on its corporate books. If the parties used the
      services of a broker, the seller would transfer the certificate to his brokerage
      firm. The brokerage firm representing the customer buying the security
      would receive the physical certificate and transfer it to the buyer as the new
      record owner of the security. Occasionally, the new owner might request
      that the physical certificate remain at the street address of the brokerage
      firm to facilitate the transfer of the certificate in a subsequent sale.

      4
         A variety of sources provide consistent accounts of the origins of the depository
system. See, e.g., Securities and Exchange Commission, Study Of Unsafe And Unsound
Practices Of Brokers And Dealers, H.R. Doc. No. 92-231, 92d Cong., 2d Sess. 9-10
(1971) [hereinafter SEC Study]; Uniform Commercial Code, Prefatory Note to Article 8
(revised 1994) [hereinafter Prefatory Note]; Street Name at 10-6 n.5; Teresa Carnell &
James J. Hanks, Jr., Shareholder Voting and Proxy Solicitation: The Fundamentals,
Maryland Bar Journal 23, 26 (Jan./Feb. 2004); David C. Donald, Heart of Darkness: The
Problem at the Core of the U.S. Proxy System and Its Solution, 6 Va. L. & Bus. Rev. 41,
45, 50-61 (2011); Marcel Kahan & Edward Rock, The Hanging Chads of Corporate
Voting, 96 Geo. L. J. 1227, 1237-38 & nn.45-50, 1273-74 (2008); Emily I. Osiecki,
Alabama By-Products Corp. v. Cede & Co.: Shareholder Protection Through Strict
Statutory Construction, 22 Del. J. Corp. L. 221, 223-28 (1997); Suellen M. Wolfe,
Escheat and the Challenge of Apportionment: A Bright Line Test To Slice A Shadow, 27
Ariz. St. L.J. 173, 178-88 (1995); Businesses & Subsidiaries-The Depository Trust
Company (DTC), http://www.dtcc.com/about/businesses-and-subsidiaries/dtc.aspx (last
visited June 5, 2015).

                                             7
Wolfe, supra, at 180 (footnotes omitted).

       Transfer of securities in the traditional certificate-based system was a
       complicated, labor-intensive process. Each time securities were traded, the
       physical certificates had to be delivered from the seller to the buyer, and in
       the case of registered securities the certificates had to be surrendered to the
       issuer or its transfer agent for registration of transfer.

Prefatory Note at 2.

       By the late 1960s, increased trading rendered the certificate system obsolete. The

paperwork burden reached ―crisis proportions.‖ Id.

       Stock certificates and related documents were piled ―halfway to the ceiling‖
       in some offices; clerical personnel were working overtime, six and seven
       days a week, with some firms using a second or even a third shift to process
       each day‘s transaction. Hours of trading on the exchange and over the
       counter were curtailed to give back offices additional time after the closing
       bell. Deliveries to customers and similar activities dropped seriously
       behind, and the number of errors in brokers‘ records, as well as the time to
       trace and correct these errors, exacerbated the crisis.

Wolfe, supra, at 181 n.49 (quoting SEC Study at 219 n.1). ―The difficulty that brokers

and dealers experienced in keeping their records due to the volume of transactions and

their thin capitalization caused many brokerage firms to declare bankruptcy and many

investors to realize losses.‖ Id. at 182.

       Congress responded by passing the Securities Investor Protection Act of 1970,

which directed the SEC to study the practices leading to the growing crisis in securities

transfer. 15 U.S.C. § 78kkk(g). The SEC recommended discontinuing the physical

movement of certificates and adopting a depository system. Wolfe, supra, at 182 n.58

(citing SEC Study at 13). Congress then passed the Securities Acts Amendments of 1975,

which directed the SEC to ―use its authority under this chapter to end the physical

                                             8
movement of securities certificates in connection with the settlement among brokers and

dealers of transactions in securities consummated by means of the mails or any means or

instrumentalities of interstate commerce.‖ 15 U.S.C. § 78q-1(e). In a resulting report, the

SEC found that ―registering securities in other than the name of the beneficial owner‖

was essential to establishing ―a national system for the prompt and accurate clearance and

settlement of securities transactions.‖ Kahan & Rock, supra, at 1237 n.49.

       Thus was born the federal policy of immobilizing share certificates through a

depository system. ―Congress called for a more efficient process for comparison,

clearing, and settlement in a national market system, and for the end of the physical

movement of securities certificates in connection with the settlement of transactions

among brokers and dealers.‖ Egon Guttman, Transfer of Securities: State and Federal

Interaction, 12 Cardozo L. Rev. 437, 447 (1990); accord S. REP. NO. 94-75 at 5 (1975)

(―A national clearance and settlement system is clearly needed.‖). To comply,

―[b]rokerages and banks created [depositories] to allow them to deposit certificates

centrally (so-called ‗jumbo certificates,‘ often representing tens or hundreds of thousands

of shares) and leave them at rest.‖ Larry T. Garvin, The Changed (And Changing?)

Uniform Commercial Code, 26 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 285, 315 (1999).

       In 1973, just after the paperwork crisis and with the federal writing on the wall,

the members of the New York Stock Exchange created DTC to serve as a depository and

clearing agency. Originally there were three regional depositories in addition to DTC: the

Midwest Securities Depository Trust Company, which held through its nominee, Kray &

Co.; the Pacific Securities Depository Trust Company, which held through its nominee,

                                            9
Pacific & Co; and the Philadelphia Depository Trust Company, which held through its

nominee, Philadep & Co. ―[I]n the 1990‘s DTC . . . assumed the activities of the [other]

depositories.‖ Carnell & Hanks, supra, at 26. Today DTC is the world‘s largest securities

depository and the only domestic depository. Kahan & Rock, supra, at 1238 n.50. ―DTC

is owned by its ‗participants,‘ which are the member organizations of the various national

stock exchanges (e.g., State Street Bank, Merrill Lynch, Goldman Sachs & Co.).‖ Street

Name at 10-6 to 10-7.

        DTC has been estimated to hold ―about three-quarters of [the] shares in publicly

traded companies.‖ Garvin, supra, at 315; accord Kahan & Rock, supra, at 1236; Street

Name at 10-4 n.2. ―The shares of each company held by DTC are typically represented

by only one or more ‗immobilized‘ jumbo stock certificates held in DTC‘s vaults.‖ Street

Name at 10-7. ―The immobilized jumbo certificates are the direct result of Section 17A(e)

of the Exchange Act, in which Congress instructed the SEC to ‗use its authority . . . to

end the physical movement of securities certificates . . . .‘‖ Id. at 10-7 n.10.

       The depository system is what enables public trading of securities to take place. In

2014, the NYSE reported average daily volume of approximately 1 billion shares and

approximately       4     million     separate      trades.     See      NYSE      Factbook,

http://www.nysedata.com/factbook (last visited June 19, 2015). The failure of the

certificate-based system to keep up with much lower trading volumes in the 1960s

demonstrates that it cannot meet current demand. Prefatory Note at 2. Without

immobilization and DTC, ―implementing a system to settle securities within five business

days (T+5), much less today‘s norm of T+3 or the current goals of T+1 or T+0, would

                                              10
simply be impossible.‖ Kahan & Rock, supra, at 1238. Trading at current levels is only

possible because of share immobilization and DTC. Street Name at 10-7; accord Garvin,

supra, at 315-16; Prefatory Note at 2-3.

      Because of the federal policy of share immobilization, it is now Cede—not the

ultimate beneficial owner and not the DTC-participant banks and brokers—that appears

on the stock ledger of a Delaware corporation. Cede is typically the largest holder on the

stock ledger of most publicly traded Delaware corporations. Street Name at 10-6. To

preserve the pre-immobilization status quo—at least at the federal level—the SEC

provided that for purposes of federal law, the custodial banks and brokers remain the

record holders. Depositories are defined as ―clearing agencies.‖ 15 U.S.C. § 78c(23)(A).

The term ―record holder‖ is defined as ―any broker, dealer, voting trustee, bank,

association or other entity that exercises fiduciary powers which holds securities of

record in nominee name or otherwise or as a participant in a clearing agency registered

pursuant to section 17A of the Act.‖ 17 C.F.R. § 240.14c–1(i). The term ―entity that

exercises fiduciary powers‖ is similarly defined as ―any entity that holds securities in

nominee name or otherwise on behalf of a beneficial owner but does not include a

clearing agency registered pursuant to section 17A of the Act or a broker or a dealer.‖ Id.

§ 240.14c–1(c). Federal law thus looks through DTC when determining a corporation‘s

record holders. For example, when determining whether an issuer has 500 or more record

holders of a class of its equity securities such that it must register under 15 U.S.C. §

78l(g), DTC does not count as a single holder of record. Each DTC participant member

                                            11
counts as a holder of record. Michael K. Molitor, Will More Sunlight Fade The Pink

Sheets?, 39 Ind. L. Rev. 309, 315-16 (2006) (citing SEC interpretive releases).

       The federal regulations also ensure that a corporation can easily find out the

identities of the banks and brokers who hold shares through DTC. Federal regulations

require that DTC ―furnish a securities position listing promptly to each issuer whose

securities are held in the name of the clearing agency or its nominee.‖ 17 C.F.R. §

240.17Ad–8(b). The participant listing is known colloquially as the ―Cede breakdown,‖

and it identifies for a particular date the custodial banks and brokers that hold shares in

fungible bulk as of that date along with the number of shares held. A Delaware

corporation can obtain a Cede breakdown with ease. In 1981, this court noted that a Cede

breakdown could be obtained in a matter of minutes. Hatleigh Corp. v. Lane Bryant, Inc.,

428 A.2d 350, 354 (Del. Ch. 1981). A Cede breakdown can now be obtained through

DTC‘s website or by calling the DTC ―Proxy Services Hotline.‖ Issuers use the Cede

breakdown to understand their stockholder profile, and proxy solicitors use it when

advising clients. Commentary regards the information as reliable. Handbook for the

Conduct of Shareholders’ Meetings 40 (ABA Business Law Section, Corporate

Governance Committee ed., 2000) (identifying the ―lists of holders obtained from

depositories‖ as one of the documents that can be relied on in ―determining the shares

entitled to vote and tabulating the vote‖).

       A publicly traded corporation cannot avoid going through DTC. Federal law

requires that when submitting a matter for a stockholder vote, an issuer must send a

broker search card at least twenty business days prior to the record date to any ―broker,

                                              12
dealer, voting trustee, bank, association, or other entity that exercises fiduciary powers in

nominee name‖ that the company ―knows‖ is holding shares for beneficial owners. 17

C.F.R. § 240.14a–13(a). Rule 14a–13 provides that ―[i]f the registrant‘s list of security

holders indicates that some of its securities are registered in the name of a clearing

agency registered pursuant to Section 17A of the Act (e.g., ‗Cede & Co.,‘ nominee for

Depository Trust Company), the registrant shall make appropriate inquiry of the clearing

agency and thereafter of the participants in such clearing agency.‖ Id. § 240.14a–13(a)

n.1 (emphasis added). An issuer cannot look only at its own records and treat Cede as a

single, monolithic owner.

B.     The Funds Seek Appraisal, And DTC Certificates The Shares.

       Dell was a publicly traded company and the merger involved a stockholder vote,

so Dell had to go through the federally mandated process to identify the custodial banks

and brokers that held its shares through DTC, then send information through them to the

beneficial holders. The list of DTC-participants included JP Morgan and BONY.

Through JP Morgan and BONY, information reached the Funds.

       The Funds exercised appraisal rights for the 922,975 shares that are the subject of

this motion. Because they owned their shares in street name through their custodial

banks, the Funds caused Cede to demand appraisal on their behalf. On July 12, 2013,

before the vote on the merger, Cede made appraisal demands for the Funds.

       DTC held all of the Dell shares registered in street name in fungible bulk, which

enabled DTC to track their ownership through electronic bookkeeping entries in the

FAST Account. When the Funds caused Cede to make appraisal demands for their

                                             13
shares, DTC moved a corresponding number of shares out of the FAST Account by

directing Dell‘s transfer agent to issue uniquely numbered certificates. By issuing paper

certificates, DTC sought to avoid inadvertently surrendering the shares for the merger

consideration along with other shares in the FAST Account. This procedure protected

Dell, which effectively had ―the responsibility of overseeing the surrender of shares after

a merger.‖ Ala. By-Prods., 857 A.2d at 263.

       Dell‘s transfer agent is the American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC (the

―Transfer Agent‖). On July 24, 2013, at DTC‘s request, the Transfer Agent issued paper

stock certificates in Cede‘s name for the shares owned beneficially by the Funds

C.     DTC Delivers The Certificates To The Custodians, Who Re-Title Them.

       As a matter of course, DTC does not act as a custodian of paper stock certificates

for its participants, even if those certificates are issued in Cede‘s name. A participant can

pay to have a vault at DTC for its certificates, but that is a separate service. Unless a

participant has arranged for a vault, DTC will contact the participant and deliver the

paper certificate to the participant for safekeeping.

       JP Morgan and BONY do not have vaults at DTC. Therefore, after the Transfer

Agent delivered the paper certificates for the Funds‘ shares, DTC made arrangements to

deliver them to JP Morgan and BONY.

       When a DTC participant receives a paper certificate from DTC, procedures differ.

Some leave the certificates in Cede‘s name and place them in their vaults. Others require

that the certificates be re-registered in the names of their own nominees. JP Morgan‘s and

BONY‘s internal policies do not permit them to hold paper certificates unless the shares

                                             14
are titled in the names of their own nominees. The custodial banks therefore instructed

Cede to authorize the shares to be re-titled in the names of their nominees.

       On August 5, 2014, Cede endorsed the Funds‘ certificates to the custodial banks.

Over the next three weeks, the custodial banks arranged for the Transfer Agent to reissue

the shares in the names of their nominees. The Transfer Agent reissued the shares held

for Milliken and Manulife in the name of Hare & Co. and the shares held for Curtiss-

Wright in the name of Mac & Co., which are BONY‘s nominees. The Transfer Agent

reissued the shares held for T. Rowe Price in the name of Kane & Co. and the shares held

for Northwestern in the name of Cudd & Co., which are JP Morgan‘s nominees.

       There was an additional hiccough at BONY. Shortly after the Transfer Agent

reissued the shares, BONY conducted a routine weekly sweep of its vault. BONY found

the stock certificates for the shares beneficially owned by Manulife and Milliken and re-

deposited them with DTC in the FAST Account.

       On September 12, 2013, a majority of Dell‘s shares voted in favor of the merger.

A few weeks later, on October 4, BONY realized that the shares beneficially owned by

Manulife and Milliken had been re-deposited in the FAST Account. BONY withdrew

them from DTC and had new certificates issued in the name of Hare & Co.

       Other than taking steps to cause DTC to demand appraisal for their shares through

Cede, the Funds had no involvement in any of the transfers. The Funds did not explicitly

approve any or the transfers or cause any of them to take place. The Funds concede that

under their agreements with their custodial banks, they gave their custodians authority to

make these types of back-office transfers.

                                             15
D.     The Merger Closes, And The Funds Seek Appraisal.

       The merger closed on October 29, 2013. The Funds filed timely petitions seeking

appraisal. They disclosed the issues relating to the re-titling of their shares. Dell moved

for summary judgment.

                              II.      LEGAL ANALYSIS

       Under Court of Chancery Rule 56, summary judgment ―shall be rendered

forthwith if . . . there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the moving party

is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.‖ Ct. Ch. R. 56(c). The facts underlying the

motion are undisputed, and its outcome turns purely on the following question of law:

Does the Continuous Holder Requirement bar a beneficial owner from pursuing appraisal

if there has been an administrative transfer at the depository level? Under current law, the

answer is yes.

       Read together, the Continuous Holder Requirement and the Record Holder

Requirement mandate that an appraisal petitioner ―continuously hold‖ the shares for

which appraisal is sought as a ―holder of record‖ through the effective date of the merger.

8 Del. C. § 262(a). There is no dispute that the Funds continuously held their shares as

beneficial owners through the effective date of the merger. There is also no dispute that

the Funds‘ custodial banks continuously held the shares on behalf of the Funds through

the effective date of the merger. The outcome of the motion turns on the implications of a

single event for ―holder of record‖ status: a change in the name on the shares from DTC‘s

nominee to the custodial banks‘ nominees.

                                              16
       The appraisal statute does not define what it means to be a ―holder of record.‖ No

other provision of the DGCL defines what it means to be a ―holder of record.‖ The

current interpretation is circular: ―The appraisal statute confers the right to an appraisal

only upon the stockholder of record in the corporation. Consequently, only the person

appearing on the corporate records as the owner of stock in the corporation may qualify

for an appraisal . . . .‖ Engel v. Magnavox Co., 1976 WL 1705, at *1 (Del. Ch. Apr. 22,

1976). But that statement begs the question: What are the records of the corporation for

purposes of determining legal ownership?

       In a simplified model of a Delaware corporation, the corporate secretary maintains

a document called the stock ledger. From the corporation‘s standpoint, the stock ledger

identifies all of the legally relevant transactions in the corporation‘s shares, including the

date when any person acquires shares and the number of shares acquired, and the date

when any person transfers shares and the number of shares sold. If a holder transfers

shares without notifying the corporation, the corporation is not required to discover that

fact, nor need the corporation voluntarily treat the new holder as the legal owner. The

corporation can rely on its records until a stockholder takes proper steps to transfer title to

the shares. Under this system, a paper stock certificate is not actually a share of stock. It

is only evidence of ownership of a share of stock.5

       5
          See 8 Del. C. § 158 (―The shares of a corporation shall be represented by
certificates, provided that the board of directors of the corporation may provide by
resolution or resolutions that some or all of any or all classes or series of its stock shall be
uncertificated shares.‖) (emphasis added); Testa v. Jarvis, 1994 WL 30517, at *6 (Del.
Ch. Jan. 12, 1994) (Allen, C.) (noting that ―possession of a certificate does not itself

                                              17
       If the corporation needs to determine who its current stockholders are as of a

particular date, the corporate secretary uses the stock ledger to prepare a stock list. The

stock list identifies those stockholders who own stock as of a given date, together with

the number and type of shares owned, based on the records. See 8 Del. C. § 219(a) & (c).

Evidencing the connection between this process and the concept of a record holder, the

date used for preparing the stock list is called the ―record date.‖6

       For most contemporary public corporations, the simplified model no longer holds.

Virtually all public corporations have outsourced the maintaining of the stock ledger to a

transfer agent, as Dell did. The stock ledger and the stock list as of a particular record

date are corporate records, but they exist and are maintained outside the corporation.

constitute ownership of shares‖); Haskell v. Middle States Petroleum Corp., 165 A. 562,
563 (Del. Ch. 1933) (―[A] person may be the legal owner of stock even though he has
received no certificate; therefore, the certificate is only evidence of ownership.‖); Smith
v. Universal Serv. Motors Co., 147 A. 247, 248 (Del. Ch. 1929) (―The status of
stockholder in a corporation is not dependent on the issuance to him of a certificate of
stock. The certificate is only an evidence of ownership—a muniment of title.‖); Mau v.
Mont. Pac. Oil Co., 141 A. 828, 831 (Del. Ch. 1928) (―Possession of a certificate is not
essential to the ownership of stock.‖); Baker v. Bankers’ Mortg. Co., 135 A. 486, 488
(Del. Ch. 1926) (―Certificates of stock are themselves only evidence of shares. They are
not the shares.‖) (Wolcott, Jos., C.), aff’d sub nom. Sohland v. Baker, 141 A. 277 (Del.
1927).
       6
         See id. § 213 (establishing procedures for fixing a record date for determining the
stockholders of record entitled (i) to notice of any meeting of stockholders (§ 213(a)), (ii)
to vote at any meeting of stockholders (§ 213(a)), (iii) to act by written consent without a
meeting (§ 213(b)), or (iv) to receive a dividend or other distribution or allotment of
rights (§ 213(c))).

                                              18
A.     Existing Delaware Law Applied To This Case

       If the only relevant records are those maintained by Dell or the Transfer Agent,

then summary judgment must be granted in favor of Dell. Under existing precedent, Cede

was the stockholder of record for purposes of the Funds‘ shares and therefore made the

appraisal demand. ―The record holder must . . . continuously hold such shares [seeking

appraisal] through the effective date of the merger . . . .‖ In re Appraisal of Transkaryotic

Therapies, Inc., 2007 WL 1378345, at *3 (Del. Ch. May 2, 2007). It is the ―record

holder—not the beneficial owner—[that] is subject to the statutory requirements for

showing entitlement to appraisal and demonstrating perfection of appraisal rights under

Sections 262(a) and (d).‖ In re Ancestry.com, Inc., 2015 WL 66825, at *8 (Del. Ch. Jan.

5, 2015). The re-titling of a certificated share after the demand but before the effective

date violates the Continuous Holder Requirement by causing record ownership to change.

See Nelson v. Frank E. Best Inc., 768 A.2d 473, 477 (Del. Ch. 2000) (Strine, V.C.)

(noting that after Cede transferred record ownership of shares seeking appraisal to

appraisal petitioner ―Cede‘s demand was invalid, because Cede would not ‗continuously‘

be the holder of record between the . . . date of Cede‘s demand and the effective date of

the Merger, as is required by 8 Del. C. § 262(a).‖).

       There is no dispute that on Dell‘s records as maintained by the Transfer Agent,

legal ownership of Funds‘ shares changed from Cede to the four current nominees: Mac

& Co., Kane & Co., Hare & Co., and Cudd & Co. When the shares were re-titled, the

Funds lost their appraisal rights.

                                             19
       In an effort avoid this result, the Funds cite Alabama By-Products and contend that

―because the right to appraisal vests at the time of perfection, the redemption of the

beneficial owners‘ shares by the custodian and record holder without the knowledge of

the beneficial owners [does] not extinguish the beneficial owners‘ right to appraisal of the

fair value of their shares.‖ Petitioners‘ Br. at 13. The issue in Alabama By-Products was

whether the surrender by DTC of the appraisal petitioners‘ shares and the subsequent

distribution of the merger consideration deprived the appraisal petitioners of properly

perfected appraisal rights. At the time of the surrender, more than sixty days had elapsed

since the closing of the merger, and an appraisal petition had been filed within the

statutory time period. Under the appraisal statute, a stockholder cannot unilaterally

withdraw an appraisal demand more than sixty days after the merger closes, and any

withdrawal after the filing of a petition requires court approval. 8 Del. C. § 262(h). The

Delaware Supreme Court held that DTC‘s surrender of the shares more than sixty days

after the merger closed, post petition, and without court approval did not compromise the

petitioners‘ appraisal rights because the surrender did not satisfy the statutory

requirements.

       To bring themselves within the scope of Alabama By-Products, the Funds describe

their appraisal rights as ―perfected,‖ but the only step in the statutory process that had

been completed at the time of the re-titling was the making of a demand. The merger had

not yet closed, the time for unilateral withdrawals had not yet elapsed, and no appraisal

petition had been filed. When the Funds‘ shares were re-titled, their appraisal rights

remained fragile and easily lost through voluntary action by the holder. The custodial

                                            20
banks instructed DTC and the Transfer Agent to re-title the shares, and under current law,

ownership changes driven by DTC‘s role in the depository system are regarded as

voluntary transfers. At the stage when the re-titling occurred, the statutory provisions

found controlling in Alabama By-Products did not yet apply.

       The Funds also contend that the Continuous Holder Requirement should be

―liberally construed for the protection of objecting stockholders, within the boundaries of

orderly corporate procedures and the purpose of the requirement,‖ which is a passage

quoted from Raab v. Villager Industries, Inc., 355 A.2d 888, 891 (Del. 1976). But as the

language of this passage shows, Raab addressed the procedure for making objections

under the version of the appraisal statute that existed before 1976. In that statutory

scheme, a stockholder who wanted to exercise appraisal rights had to send a written

objection to the corporation before the merger vote, then submit a written demand for

appraisal after the merger vote. See 2 Balotti & Finkelstein, supra, § 262 at IX-159. The

purpose of the first step—the written objection—was ―merely to give notice.‖ Zeeb v.

Atlas Powder Co., 87 A.2d 123, 127 (Del. 1952). The Delaware Supreme Court

construed the objection requirement more liberally than the demand requirement because

―[t]he purpose of the objection [was] of lesser importance than the demand for payment.‖

Raab, 355 A.2d at 891.

       Stockholders seeking appraisal no longer have to make a separate objection, so

Raab‘s language regarding the ―liberal construction‖ of this requirement is no longer

relevant. Delaware decisions have not generally construed other aspects of the appraisal

statute liberally in favor of stockholders. See generally Jesse A. Finkelstein & John D.

                                            21
Hendershot, Appraisal Rights in Mergers & Consolidations at A-97 (5th ed. 2010)

(collecting cases). The Delaware Supreme Court has endorsed a principle of strict

construction, explaining that ―[b]y exacting strict compliance . . . , the appraisal statute

ensures the expedient and certain appraisal of stock.‖ Ala. By-Prods., 657 A.2d at 263. In

subsequently re-affirming its adherence to the principle, the Delaware Supreme Court

cautioned that strict construction should be applied ―even-handedly, not as a one-way

street.‖ Berger v. Pubco Corp., 976 A.2d 132, 144 (Del. 2009). In other words, both

petitioners and the corporation must adhere strictly to the appraisal statute‘s

requirements; neither gets the benefit of the doubt under more a lenient rule of ―liberal

construction.‖ Given these pronouncements and existing precedent, the Funds cannot rely

on a principle of liberal construction to preserve their appraisal rights.

          Finally, the Funds have pointed to the fact that they did not know about or approve

the nominee-level transfers. It is undisputed that their agreements with their custodial

banks permitted the banks to re-title the shares. Our law currently treats ownership

changes driven by the depository system as voluntary transfers, making this a risk that the

Funds accepted. By choosing to hold through intermediaries, the Funds assumed the risk

that the intermediaries might ―act contrary to [their] interests.‖ Ala. By-Prods., 657 A.2d

at 262.

B.        The Possibility Of A Different Approach

          There is another possible interpretation of the Record Holder Requirement. When

Congress and the SEC created the depository system, they added DTC at the bottom of

the ownership chain and introduced Cede as the new omnibus record holder, but the

                                              22
identities of the custodial banks and brokers did not go away. They continue to appear on

the DTC participant list. As discussed in the Factual Background, the DTC participant list

is an integral part of the federally mandated ownership scheme. A publicly traded

corporation cannot avoid going through DTC. See 17 C.F.R. § 240.14a–13(a). Rule 14a–

13 requires that the issuer ―make appropriate inquiry‖ of DTC to identify the custodial

banks and brokers who own shares through Cede. Id. § 240.14a–13(a) n.1. An issuer

cannot rely on the stock ledger maintained by its transfer agent, pretend that Cede is a

single record holder, and ignore the Cede breakdown. For purposes of federal law, Cede

is not a record holder. 15 U.S.C. § 78c(23)(A). The record holders are the banks and

brokers on the DTC participant list. 17 C.F.R. § 240.14c–1(i).

       Were I writing on a blank slate, I would hold that the ―records‖ of the corporation

for purposes of determining who is a ―stockholder of record‖ include the DTC participant

list. Under this interpretation, the custodial banks and brokers who appear on the DTC

participant list would be stockholders of record for purposes of Delaware law, just as they

are for federal law and just as they were before share immobilization. If that rule applied,

then the motion for summary judgment would be denied, because there was no change of

ownership at the DTC participant level.

       In my view, this interpretation better reflects current reality. Viewed

pragmatically, the federal policy of share immobilization compelled publicly traded

Delaware corporations to outsource one part of the stock ledger—the DTC participant

list—to DTC, just as Delaware corporations have chosen to outsource other parts of the

stock ledger to transfer agents. Before share immobilization, banks and brokers appeared

                                            23
on the stock ledger as registered holders. After share immobilization, the same banks and

brokers appear on the stock ledger indirectly through DTC and the Cede breakdown. Just

as Delaware law treats the outsourced stock ledger as a record of the corporation, albeit

one maintained by a third party, Delaware law likewise should treat the outsourced DTC

participant list as a record of the corporation, albeit one maintained by DTC.

       Adopting this approach would recognize that the changes in ownership driven by

the role of DTC in the depository system result from the federal policy of share

immobilization. This case provides a fitting example. But for the federal mandate, JP

Morgan and BONY would have appeared through their nominees on the stock ledger

maintained by the Transfer Agent. There would have been no need to re-title the shares.

The Funds lost their appraisal rights because of a system imposed by federal law.

       But in light of existing precedent, I do not believe that this court is free to interpret

the ―holder of record‖ language in this manner. I previously advocated treating DTC

participants as holders of record for purposes of analyzing whether the shares they held

could be voted without a DTC omnibus proxy. See Kurz v. Holbrook, 989 A.2d 140 (Del.

Ch.), aff’d in part, rev’d on other grounds sub nom. Crown EMAK P’rs, LLC v. Kurz,

992 A.2d 377 (Del. 2010). The Kurz decision posited that recognizing DTC participants

as record owners would have beneficial effects for other areas of Delaware law, including

appraisal. See Kurz, 989 A.2d at 174 (―In some circumstances, Delaware corporations

should benefit from looking through DTC to the holdings of the participant banks and

brokers. Reducing the number of shares available for appraisal arbitrage is one area that

springs to mind.‖).

                                              24
       On appeal, the Delaware Supreme Court reversed the Kurz decision on other

grounds, rendering it unnecessary for the high court to consider whether DTC

participants should be treated as record holders. The Delaware Supreme Court

nevertheless characterized the discussion of the DTC participant list as ―obiter dictum‖

that was ―without precedential effect.‖7 The high court stated that

       a legislative cure is preferable. The DGCL is a comprehensive and carefully
       crafted statutory scheme that is periodically reviewed by the General
       Assembly. Indeed, the General Assembly made coordinated amendments to
       section 219 and section 220 in 2003. Any adjustment to the intricate
       scheme of which section 219 is but a part should be accomplished by the
       General Assembly through a coordinated amendment process.

       7
         EMAK P’rs, 992 A.2d at 398. There is perhaps some irony in using dictum to
characterize a portion of a decision as dictum, although perhaps greater irony in using
dictum to instruct trial judges not to use dictum. See Gatz Props., LLC v. Auriga Capital
Corp., 59 A.3d 1206 (Del. 2012). See generally Mohsen Manesh, Damning Dictum: The
Default Duty Debate In Delaware, 39 J. Corp. L. 35, 54-63 (2013) (exploring tensions in
Gatz). My discussion of an alternative approach to the Record Holder Requirement is
admittedly dictum. I considered the alternative of setting forth these views in a law
review article or speech, as Gatz suggested, but it seemed to me that to the extent a trial
judge wished to suggest to an alternative approach that the Delaware Supreme Court
might consider, a judicial opinion that could be reviewed by the Delaware Supreme Court
would provide an appropriate and efficient vehicle. See, e.g., In re Cox Commc’ns, Inc.
S’holder Litig., 879 A.2d 604, 642-48 (Del. Ch. 2005) (Strine, V.C.) (recommending
change in standard of review for controller squeeze-outs); Agostino v. Hicks, 845 A.2d
1110, 1121 (Del. Ch. 2004) (recommending change in standard for distinguishing
between direct and derivative actions); In re Caremark Int’l Inc. Deriv. Litig., 698 A.2d
959, 967-70 (Del. Ch. 1996) (Allen, C.) (recommending change in the law‘s approach to
the duty of oversight). One obvious benefit is that in the event of an appeal, should there
by one, the Delaware Supreme Court will have all of the arguments before it in one place.
Unless and until the alternative approach discussed in this opinion is adopted by the
Delaware Supreme Court, no one should be misled into believing that it has precedential
effect. Cf. Gotham P’rs, L.P. v. Hallwood Realty P’rs, L.P., 817 A.2d 160, 167 (Del.
2002) (expressing concern that dictum in trial court opinion ―should not be ignored
because it could be misinterpreted in future cases as a correct rule of law‖ and ―could be
relied upon adversely by courts, commentators and practitioners in the future‖).

                                            25
EMAK P’rs, 992 A.2d at 398.

       I respectfully disagree with expressed preference for a legislative cure. In my

view, the question of what constitutes the records of the corporation for purposes of

determining who is a ―holder of record‖ is a quintessential issue of statutory

interpretation appropriate for the judiciary to address. As the Delaware Supreme Court

has explained, ―[i]n our constitutional system, this court‘s role is to interpret the statutory

language that the General Assembly actually adopts, even if unclear and explain what we

ascertain to be the legislative intent without rewriting the statute to fit a particular policy

position.‖ Taylor v. Diamond State Port Corp., 14 A.3d 536, 542 (Del. 2011). ―[T]he

Constitution invests the Judiciary, not the Legislature, with the final power to construe

the law.‖ Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Darden, 503 U.S. 318, 325 (1992). The

interpretation of statutory text is ―one of the Judiciary‘s characteristic roles.‖ Japan

Whaling Ass’n v. Am. Cetacean Soc., 478 U.S. 221, 230 (1986).

       The Delaware courts play a particularly significant role in the corporate arena.8

Historically the judiciary, rather than the General Assembly, has taken the lead when

       8
           Lawrence Hamermesh, How We Make Law in Delaware, and What to Expect
from Us in the Future, 2 J. Bus. & Tech. L. 409, 409 (2007) (―The best-known of the
principal policymakers in Delaware are the members of the judiciary.‖); Marcel Kahan &
Edward Rock, Symbiotic Federalism and the Structure of Corporate Law, 58 Vand. L.
Rev. 1573, 1591 (2005) (―The most noteworthy trait of Delaware‘s corporate law is the
extent to which important and controversial legal rules are promulgated by the judiciary,
rather than enacted by the legislature.‖); Jill E. Fisch, The Peculiar Role of the Delaware
Courts in the Competition for Corporate Charters, 68 U. Cin. L. Rev. 1061, 1075 (2000)
(―Delaware corporate law relies on judicial lawmaking to a greater extent than other
states.‖).

                                              26
addressing corporate law issues.9 Two leading commentators have noted that the

Delaware Supreme Court has not traditionally deferred to the prospect of legislative

action. Rather, ―the Delaware Supreme Court has shown a certain degree of discomfort

with, perhaps even hostility to, legislative intrusions into its domain.‖10

       The significant role played by the Delaware courts stems from the fact that, contra

EMAK, the DGCL has not been viewed traditionally as a comprehensive code, but rather

as a broadly enabling statute that leaves ample room for private ordering and

interpretation.11 In an article written while serving as a Vice Chancellor, Chief Justice

       9
          See, e.g., Hamermesh, supra, at 414 (―[W]e view the courts as the first line of
defense, the first responders in dealing with complex situations. When drafting
legislation, we abstain from addressing complicated matters that are hard to figure out,
allowing them to develop through the common law.‖); Omari Scott Simmons, Branding
the Small Wonder: Delaware’s Dominance and the Market for Corporate Law, 42 U.
Rich. L. Rev. 1129, 1159 (2008) (―As a result of the legislature‘s preference against
regulatory prescription and its deference to the judicial branch, Delaware courts are often
the first responders to corporate law controversies.‖); see also Lawrence A. Hamermesh
& Norman M. Monhait, A Delaware Response to Delaware‘s Choice, 39 Del. J. Corp. L.
71, 75 (2014) (agreeing that the Corporation Law Council and the General Assembly
―have often subscribed to a . . . ‗wait-and-see approach‘ proposing and enacting,
respectively, amendments to the DGCL only when there are persuasive reasons to do so‖
and endorsing a continuing policy of ―reticence to initiate legislative action‖).
       10
          Kahan & Rock, Symbiotic Federalism, supra, at 1594. The commentators
referred to ―numerous examples of this tendency‖ and provided five examples. Id. at
1594-96. All involved statutory interpretation. Id. One involved the interpretation of the
appraisal statute. Id. (citing the narrow interpretation given to language in 8 Del. C. §
262(h) in Weinberger v. UOP, Inc., 457 A.2d 701, 713 (Del. 1983)).
       11
          See, e.g., Shintom Co. v. Audiovox Corp., 888 A.2d 225, 227 (Del. 2005)
(describing the DGCL as ―an enabling statute that provides great flexibility for creating
the capital structure of a Delaware corporation.‖); In re Topps Co. S’holders Litig., 924
A.2d 951, 958 (Del. Ch. 2007) (Strine, V.C.) (describing the DGCL as ―a broadly
enabling statute‖); Jones Apparel Gp., Inc. v. Maxwell Shoe Co., 883 A.2d 837, 845 (Del.

                                              27
Strine distinguished between the ―Delaware Model,‖ in which the statute is ―largely

enabling and provides a wide realm for private ordering,‖ and the ―Mandatory Statutory

Model,‖ under which the corporate code would be ―quite detailed and prescriptive.‖ Leo

E. Strine, Jr., Delaware’s Corporate-Law System: Is Corporate America Buying an

Exquisite Jewel or A Diamond in the Rough? A Response to Kahan & Kamar’s Price

Discrimination in the Market for Corporate Law, 86 Cornell L. Rev. 1257, 1260 (2001).

Because the latter type of statute ―would dictate how things should happen, there would

be less room for judicial interpretation, but also less space for director choice.‖ Id. Chief

Justice Veasey has drawn a similar distinction in his own scholarly writings:

       A flexible or indeterminate regime, such as we have had in Delaware, is
       distinct from a rigid codification system that prevails in many systems
       outside the United States. That is part of the genius of our law. Life in the
       boardroom is not black and white; directors and officers make decisions in
       shades of gray all the time. A ―clear‖ law, in the sense of one that is
       codified, is simply not realistic . . . . There can be no viable corporate
       governance regime that is founded on a ―one size fits all‖ notion.

Ch. 2004) (Strine, V.C.) (noting that the DGCL is ―is widely regarded as the most
flexible in the nation because it leaves the parties to the corporate contract (managers and
stockholders) with great leeway to structure their relations, subject to relatively loose
statutory constraints‖); Matter of Appraisal of Ford Hldgs., Inc. Preferred Stock, 698
A.2d 973, 976 (Del. Ch. 1997) (Allen, C.) (explaining that ―unlike the corporation law of
the nineteenth century, modern corporation law contains few mandatory terms; it is
largely enabling in character‖); accord E. Norman Veasey & Christine T. Di Guglielmo,
History Informs American Corporate Law: The Necessity of Maintaining A Delicate
Balance in the Federal “Ecosystem”, 1 Va. L. & Bus. Rev. 201, 204 (2006) (―Corporate
statutes, like the Delaware General Corporation Law, continue to take an enabling
approach and allow wide latitude for private ordering.‖); Edward P. Welch & Robert S.
Saunders, Freedom and Its Limits in the Delaware General Corporation Law, 33 Del. J.
Corp. L. 845, 847 (2008) (―The DGCL gives incorporators enormous freedom to adopt
the terms they believe are most appropriate for the organization, finance, and governance
of their particular enterprise.‖).

                                             28
E. Norman Veasey & Christine T. Di Guglielmo, What Happened in Delaware

Corporate Law and Governance from 1992-2004? A Retrospective on Some Key

Developments, 153 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1399, 1412-13 (2005) (footnotes omitted). The

―skeletal framework‖ set forth in the flexible DGCL necessarily requires judicial

interpretation. Id. at 1411.

       A review of applicable precedent teaches that for purposes of the issue discussed

in this case, there is ample room for a continuing judicial role. A statutory amendment is

one method of modernizing the law, but it is not the only way.

       1.     The Creation Of The Record Holder Requirement

       The statutory appraisal remedy dates back to the adoption of the DGCL in 1899.

The original statute contained a section that stated:

       If any stockholder in either corporation consolidating aforesaid, who
       objected thereto in writing, shall within twenty days after the agreement of
       consolidation has been filed and recorded, as aforesaid, demand in writing
       from the consolidated corporation payment of his stock, such consolidated
       corporation shall, within three months thereafter, pay to him the value of
       the stock at the date of consolidation.

21 Del. Laws c. 273 § 56 (1899). The provision referred only to the right of ―any

stockholder‖ to seek payment of the value of his stock, without specifying whether the

stockholder had to be a holder of record.

       Nearly five decades later, despite a series of intervening amendments, the

Delaware appraisal statute continued to refer to ―any stockholder‖ having the right to

seek appraisal. The question of whether a beneficial owner could seek appraisal was

finally raised in a proceeding arising out of the merger between Salt Dome Oil

                                             29
Corporation and Gulfboard Oil Corporation. See Schenck v. Salt Dome Oil Corp., 34

A.2d 249 (Del. Ch. 1943), rev’d, 41 A.2d 583 (Del. 1945).

       William Schenck and his fellow petitioners owned a total of 7,100 shares of Salt

Dome common stock, which were registered on its books in the name of Guido

Pantaleoni, Jr. They also owned a total of 10,000 shares of Gulfboard common stock,

which were registered on its books in the name of Berberich & Co. The petitioners made

timely objections to the merger and submitted timely demands for appraisal. They did so

in their own names, although their objections and demands identified the record holders

and the number of shares for which appraisal was sought. The respondent corporations

argued that the petitioners could not seek appraisal unless their names appeared on the

stock ledger, regardless of whatever other information they might provide or

documentation they might introduce to substantiate their ownership.

       Chancellor Harrington rejected this argument, reasoning that on the facts

presented, a court of equity could recognize the petitioners as the real owners of the

shares. Schenck, 34 A.2d at 252. He declined to construe the term stockholder ―in a

strictly legal sense‖ as limited to holders of record. Id. Instead, he reasoned that ―Section

61 of the General Corporation Law [the appraisal statute] is clearly for the protection of

objecting shareholders [and] should be liberally construed to that end.‖ Id. Although the

Chancellor acknowledged that a corporation can only look to its stock list to determine

who its stockholders are, he concluded that ―the real owner of the shares, nevertheless,

has substantial rights that may be materially affected by a corporate consolidation.‖ Id.

                                             30
       The companies appealed, and the Delaware Supreme Court took the opposite

view. In reaching its conclusion, the high court discussed (i) the nature of the appraisal

remedy, which it regarded as an action at law rather than a proceeding in equity, (ii)

existing authorities which said that a corporation could rely exclusively on the

information in its records to determine stockholder status, and (iii) a balancing of

competing public policies, in which the importance of certainty and predictability

prevailed, particularly given the absence of any benefit to the corporation from the then-

prevailing system of beneficial ownership.

       First, the Delaware Supreme Court viewed the appraisal proceeding as a legal

rather than equitable proceeding. Because appraisal was a statutory remedy, the high

court reasoned that ―[t]he right of an unregistered transferee of stock to object to a

proposed agreement of merger must be looked for in the statute.‖ Salt Dome, 41 A.2d at

587. The court found ―nothing in the language of the statute that makes clear the

legislative intent to bestow the remedy provided upon an equitable owner of stock, but

much, indeed, to the contrary.‖ Id. at 588. Rather than an equitable action for breach of

fiduciary duty, the appraisal proceeding resembled a debt collection action. A stockholder

could collect an appraisal award ―as other debts are by law collectible, that is, by suit at

law, judgment at law, and by the usual legal process.‖ Id.

       Second, the Delaware Supreme Court summarized existing authorities addressing

the rights that a beneficial owner had at law:

       The term, ‗stockholder‘, ordinarily, is taken to apply to the holder of the
       legal title to shares of stock. In most jurisdictions registration, or its
       equivalent, is essential to pass the legal title as against the corporation; and

                                             31
       the unregistered transferee is not entitled to the rights and privileges of a
       stockholder in his relations with the corporation. Whatever may be the
       equitable rights that may arise by a delivery of the stock certificate
       accompanied with a power of attorney for its transfer, the legal title and
       legal rights and liabilities of the stockholder of record remain unchanged
       until the transfer is actually accomplished. The record owner may be but the
       nominal owner, and, technically, a trustee for the holder of the certificate,
       but legally he is still a stockholder, and may be treated as the owner by the
       corporation.

Id. at 585 (citations omitted). After reviewing Delaware authorities addressing other

stockholder rights, most notably the right to vote, the court concluded that only a

registered stockholder was entitled to exercise legal rights and be treated as a stockholder

by the corporation. See id. at 585-89.

       Third, the Salt Dome court turned to considerations of public policy:

       With respect to matters intracorporate affecting the internal economy of the
       corporation, or involving a change in the relationship which the members
       bear to the corporation, there must be order and certainty, and a sure source
       of information, so that the corporation may know who its members are and
       with whom it must treat, and that the members may know, in a proper case,
       who their associates are. Especially is this true in a merger proceeding
       which is essentially an intracorporate affair. The merging corporations are
       entitled to know who the objecting stockholders are so that the amount of
       money to be paid to them may be provided. The stockholders in general are
       entitled to know the dissentients and the extent of the dissent. The
       corporation ought not to be involved in possible misunderstandings or
       clashes of opinion between the non-registered and registered holder of
       shares. It may rightfully look to the corporate books as the sole evidence of
       membership.

Id. at 589 (citation omitted). The Supreme Court reasoned that the relationship between

the customer and the broker was a voluntary one, making it appropriate to place any

attendant risk on the stockholder: ―If, for any reason, [a stockholder] chooses to allow his

shares to be registered on the corporate books in the name of another, it is not a denial of

                                            32
his right of actual ownership to require him to establish his rights and pursue his remedy

through the nominee of his own selection.‖ Salt Dome, 41 A.2d at 589. The high court

therefore held that ―only the registered holder of stock is a ‗stockholder‘ within the sense

of the word as used in‖ the appraisal statute. Id.

       Importantly for present purposes, Salt Dome only addressed the broker level of the

beneficial ownership chain. The decision obviously pre-dated the federal policy of share

immobilization—still three decades in the future—so the Delaware Supreme Court could

not have considered whether any distinctions were warranted at the depository level of

ownership, the competing policy considerations raised by the federal response to Wall

Street‘s paperwork crisis, or the benefits that the system provided to issuers. At the time,

the decision to hold in street name properly could be regarded as a matter of choice,

rather than involving at least one level of beneficial ownership (the depository level) that

resulted from federal law. The Delaware Supreme Court also could regard exclusive

reliance on the stock ledger as promoting ―order and certainty‖ and providing a ―sure

source of information.‖ After the federal policy of share immobilization, a legal rule that

looks no further than Cede has the opposite effect. It masks the implications of beneficial

ownership and promotes uncertainty.

       Perhaps most important, the Salt Dome decision did not pre-judge what documents

might encompass the appropriate records for determining registered status and whether,

after the adoption of the depository system, those records should include the DTC

participant list. What the Salt Dome decision does show, however, is that interpreting the

                                             33
appraisal statute to determine which stockholders are entitled to appraisal is an

appropriate subject for the courts.

       2.     Post-Salt Dome, Pre-Codification Cases

       After Salt Dome, the Delaware Supreme Court adhered to the Record Holder

Requirement in Olivetti Underwood Corp. v. Jacques Coe & Co., 217 A.2d 683 (Del.

1966) and Carl M. Loeb, Rhoades & Co. v. Hilton Hotels Corp., 222 A.2d 789 (Del.

1966). The Court of Chancery applied it in Application of General Realty & Utilities

Corp., 42 A.2d 24 (Del. Ch. 1945). The Olivetti decision is noteworthy because it re-

framed the corporation‘s prerogative to rely on its records as a restriction on the

corporation‘s ability to look any further than its records.

       The petitioners in Olivetti were brokers who were registered stockholders of

Olivetti Underwood Corporation. The brokers made appraisal demands in which they

notified Olivetti that they were record holders and did not beneficially own the stock

registered in their names. Underwood moved to dismiss the petitions, arguing that the

brokers failed to submit proof of their authority to act for the beneficial owners. Citing

Salt Dome, the Court of Chancery reasoned that the corporation ―ha[d] no right to raise

any issue as to the right of a registered owner to seek a statutory appraisal and such a

stockholder has no duty to supply proof as to that issue.‖ Abraham & Co. v. Olivetti

Underwood Corp., 204 A.2d 740, 741 (Del. Ch. 1964). Underwood appealed.

       The Delaware Supreme Court affirmed. After quoting Salt Dome at length, the

high court summarized ―the rule of the Salt Dome case‖ as follows: ―[T]here is no

recognizable stockowner under the merger-appraisal provisions of our Corporation Law

                                             34
except a registered stockholder.‖ Olivetti, 217 A.2d at 686. By restating the holding of the

earlier decision in this fashion, the Delaware Supreme Court expanded the rule. Where

the Salt Dome decision permitted a corporation to confine itself to dealing with registered

stockholders in intra-corporate affairs, the Olivetti opinion required it. The court went

further and stated that the corporation ―should avoid becoming involved in the affairs of

registered stockholders vis-á-vis beneficial owners,‖ admonishing that ―the relationship

between, and the rights and obligations of, a registered stockholder and his beneficial

owner are not relevant issues in a proceeding of this kind.‖ Id. at 686, 687.

       3.     The Codification Of The Record Holder Requirement

       During the 1967 revisions to the DGCL, the General Assembly codified the

Record Holder Requirement. The new version of the appraisal statute included the

following language:

       When used in this section, the word ―stockholder‖ means a holder of record
       of stock in a stock corporation and as a member of record of a non-stock
       corporation; the words ―stock‖ and ―share‖ mean and include what is
       ordinarily meant by those words and also membership or membership
       interest of a member of a non-stock corporation.

56 Del. Laws c. 50 § 262(a) (1967). In his landmark treatise, Professor Folk explained the

purpose of the new text.

       Section 262(a), as revised in 1967, defines ―stockholder,‖ for purposes of
       the appraisal remedy, as a holder of record. Although the prior statute was
       not couched in terms so confined, the prior cases consistently limited the
       remedy to record owners on the theory that a corporation should, in
       estimating the number of dissenters, be able to rely exclusively upon
       corporate records of stock ownership and should not become involved in
       disputes between registered and nonregistered stockholders. Moreover, the
       unregistered stockholder is not harmed, since it is within the power to
       obtain the advantages of record ownership by a transfer into his own name.

                                             35
Ernest L. Folk, III, The Delaware General Corporation Law: A Commentary and

Analysis 373 (1972) (footnotes omitted). Professor Folk also warned that the concept of

record ownership did not operate only as an impediment to appraisal petitioners: ―The

registered stockholder requirement cuts both ways. Not only is the corporation entitled to

look solely to record ownership, but in fact it may ordinarily not inquire into the authority

of a registered holder to act for beneficial owners.‖ Id. at 374 (footnotes omitted).

       All of the qualifications and limitations of the common law version of the Record

Holder Requirement apply to the statutory version. The amendment pre-dated the federal

policy of share immobilization, although that initiative soon would loom on the horizon.

Because the depository system had not yet been established, the General Assembly had

no ability to consider the depository level of ownership or the competing policy

considerations that led to its creation. Notably, the language of the statutory provision

only required that the stockholder be ―a holder of record of stock in a stock corporation

and as a member of record of a non-stock corporation . . . .‖ It did not specify what

documents might encompass the appropriate records for determining registered status and

whether, after the adoption of the depository system, those records should include the

DTC participant list.

       4.     Delaware’s Limited Acknowledgement Of Share Immobilization

       During the mid-1970s, the SEC implemented the federal policy of share

immobilization. Delaware decisions largely ignored this development. Rather than

distinguishing between the broker level and the depository level, they treated both as a

                                             36
matter of convenience that resulted exclusively from the private contractual relationship

between a broker and its clients. That perception was inaccurate.

       A representative decision is Carico v. McCrory Corp., 4 Del. J. Corp. L. 595 (Del.

Ch. July 13, 1978). The defendant corporation received a timely written objection from

the beneficial holder of the corporation‘s stock. The objection failed to disclose the

identity of the record holder, Cede. The corporation objected to the claim on the ground

that a proper written objection was not received from or on behalf of the record holder of

the stock in issue. This court agreed, noting that ―[t]t is well established that an objection

which does not enable the resulting corporation to identify the actual record holder is

insufficient.‖ Id. at 598. The court reasoned similarly in Engel v. Magnavox Co., 1976

WL 1705, as did the Delaware Supreme Court in Raab. In fairness, these decisions

involved merger objections made by beneficial owners at the top of the ownership chain,

so it did not matter whether the record owner was Cede or a broker or custodial bank. In

either case, the wrong party made the objection.

       In contrast to these decisions, when considering actions brought under a different

section of the DGCL, the Court of Chancery showed greater sensitivity to the depository

revolution. When stockholders sought to obtain a stock list under Section 220, Delaware

decisions held that the Cede breakdown was part of the list.12 Ever since, Delaware

       12
         See Hatleigh Corp. v. Lane Bryant, Inc., 428 A.2d 350 (Del. Ch. 1981);
Giovanini v. Horizon Corp., 1979 WL 178568 (Del. Ch. Sept. 10, 1979).

                                             37
decisions have ordered the production of a Cede breakdown as part of the stock list.13 The

decisions did not limit stockholder status to the names appearing on the stock ledger, in

which case the inquiry would have stopped with Cede and the breakdown would have

been irrelevant. See Olson v. Buffington, 1985 WL 11575, at *3 (Del. Ch. July 17, 1985)

(―This Court has recognized that a party entitled to a stocklist pursuant to § 220 is also

entitled to a Cede breakdown even though technically Cede is the record holder on the

company‘s books.‖).

       5.     An Opportunity Lost: The Enstar Decisions

       An opportunity to confront the implications of the depository system for appraisal

finally arose in litigation arising out of a merger involving Enstar Corporation. See In re

Appraisal of Enstar Corp. (Enstar I), 1986 WL 8062 (Del. Ch. July 17, 1986), rev’d sub

nom. Enstar Corp. v. Senouf (Enstar II), 535 A.2d 1351 (Del. 1987). The litigation began

as an appraisal proceeding, but Enstar reached a global settlement of the appraisal

litigation. After Enstar refused to pay two of the appraisal petitioners, the matter

transformed itself into a breach of contract case, with the petitioners seeking to enforce

their entitlement to the settlement consideration.

       13
         E.g., Berger v. Pubco Corp., 2008 WL 4173860, at *3 (Del. Ch. Sept. 8, 2008);
Wynnefield P’rs Small Cap Value, L.P. v. Niagara Corp., 2006 WL 2521434, at *2 (Del.
Ch. Aug. 9, 2006); Envtl. Diagnostics, Inc. v. Disease Detection Intern., Inc., 1988 WL
909658, at *3 (Del. Ch. July 15, 1988) (Allen, C.); RB Assocs. of N.J., L.P. v. Gillette
Co., 1988 WL 27731, at *2 (Del. Ch. Mar. 22, 1988) (Allen, C.); Shamrock Assocs. v.
Tex. Am. Energy Corp., 517 A.2d 658, 661 (Del. Ch. 1986); Weiss v. Anderson, Clayton
& Co., 1986 WL 5970, at *4 (Del. Ch. May 22, 1986) (Allen, C.).

                                             38
       One petitioner was Lucie Senouf. Before the merger, she held 10,441 shares in an

account with Drexel Burnham Lambert Incorporated, which in turn held them through

DTC. The other petitioner was Margaret Earle. Before the merger, she held 20,000 shares

in an account with Prudential-Bache Securities Inc., which in turn held them through

DTC. Neither Senouf nor Earle caused Cede to make an appraisal demand. An individual

named Mr. Champy made the demand for Senouf. Prudential-Bache made a demand for

Earle. Enstar argued that neither petitioner had validly perfected appraisal rights and was

not entitled to participate in the settlement.

       Senouf and Earle sought to take advantage of the settlement, and the case went to

trial before then-Vice Chancellor, later Justice Hartnett. The petitioners did not argue

that, by virtue of the depository system and the DTC participant list, Drexel and

Prudential-Bache should be considered stockholders of record. Instead, they contended

that the disclosures in Enstar‘s proxy statement did not accurately describe the role of

DTC and Cede and misleadingly stated that ―[a] record holder such as a broker who

holds Common Shares . . . as nominee for beneficial owners . . . must exercise appraisal

rights on behalf of such beneficial owners . . . .‖ Enstar I, 1986 WL 8062, at *4

(emphasis added).

       Vice Chancellor Hartnett held that on the facts presented, Senouf and Earle had

satisfied the Record Holder Requirement. He described the depository system in some

detail, although predominantly as a voluntary choice by brokers. To get the flavor, it is

worth quoting his description at length:

                                                 39
       CEDE & Co. is a partnership used by The Depository Trust Company as its
       nominee to hold securities for its participants—all of which are brokerage
       firms, banks and other financial institutions. Neither The Depository Trust
       Company nor CEDE & CO. hold any shares for themselves but only hold
       shares as nominees for the participants in The Depository Trust Company.
       At the time of the merger CEDE & Co. was listed on the books of
       ENSTAR as holding over 7 million shares of its stock and there was no
       breakdown on the books of ENSTAR of the actual beneficial ownership of
       the CEDE holdings.

       The use of CEDE & Co. and similar central security depositories to hold
       shares for stockbrokers, which shares are in turn held by the stockbrokers
       for their customers, has emerged as a major, if not dominant, method for
       the holding of shares of publicly traded corporations. The function
       performed by the central security depositories is to provide a central facility
       for the storage of enormous numbers of stock certificates and to provide a
       means for the transfer of shares without the actual transfer of certificates.

                                           ***

       The publicly held corporations are well aware of the system and it is
       obviously to their advantage to have their shares held by central security
       depositories because this aids capital formation and it relieves the
       corporation of the paperwork which would be required if every owner of a
       share of stock had his shares listed in his own name on the books of the
       corporation.

Id. at *1-2.

       Vice Chancellor Hartnett contrasted the petitioners‘ knowledge about Cede with

what Enstar knew. In short, he found that neither Senouf nor Earle knew that her broker

was a DTC participant or that her shares were registered in Cede‘s name. By contrast,

there was

       no question that ENSTAR knew that a large number of its shares were held
       in the name of CEDE . . . and that CEDE . . . was a nominee used by [DTC]
       which in turn held the shares for [its] participants—stock brokerage firms,
       banks and other financial institutions which in turn held them for their
       customers, the actual beneficial owners.

Id. at *2. He also discussed the Cede breakdown, finding that

                                             40
       ENSTAR received a monthly breakdown from [DTC] of all the shares held
       in CEDE[‘s] name which showed the name of the stock broker, etc., for
       whom the shares were being held and which purportedly listed the number
       of shares held for each broker. ENSTAR was also entitled to receive, on
       request, supplementary lists.

Id. At the time of the merger, Enstar knew from participant list that Cede ―held 379,268

shares for customers of Prudential-Bache and 40,169 shares for customers of Drexel-

Burnham Lambert.‖ Id. Vice Chancellor Hartnett stressed that despite knowing about

Cede, Enstar‘s proxy materials made no mention of it.

       Vice Chancellor Hartnett ultimately resolved the case on equitable grounds. He

concluded that

       [w]hen the totality of the circumstances present here are considered, it is
       clear that ENSTAR had reasonable constructive notice that Mrs. Earle‘s
       and Mrs. Senouf‘s shares were listed on the corporation records under the
       name ―CEDE & CO.‖ and that its refusal to permit Mrs. Earle and Mrs.
       Senouf to receive the settlement consideration [provided to appraisal
       claimants] is based on impermissible hypertechnicalities.

Id. at *7. He thus ordered Enstar to pay the settlement consideration to the petitioners.

       Enstar appealed, and the Delaware Supreme Court reversed. The high court

viewed the case as a traditional dispute involving beneficial holder status, rather than a

new scenario resulting from the depository system. The high court thus relied

predominantly on existing precedent, such as Salt Dome, and subsequent cases

interpreting the statutory language of the Record Holder Requirement. Enstar II, 535

A.2d at 1354. The court also observed that requiring record holder status was consistent

with cases interpreting of other sections of the DGCL, including 8 Del. C. § 219(c), and

that the rule was ―harmonious with the Uniform Commercial Code,‖ which permits a

                                             41
corporation to ―treat the registered owner as the person exclusively entitled to vote, to

receive notifications and otherwise to exercise all the rights and powers of an owner.‖ Id.

(emphasis in original) (quoting 6 Del. C. § 8-207(1)). The court does not appear to have

been presented with the argument that by virtue of the DTC participant list, Drexel and

Prudential-Bache should have been considered registered owners.

      Although the Delaware Supreme Court touched on the practice of holding through

DTC, the high court did not consider the origins of the requirement or the overlay of

federal law. The Supreme Court regarded DTC as simply a new form of doing business,

observing that that ―[t]he use of security depositories by brokerage firms now is a

common practice.‖ Id. Of particular note, the court commented that ―[t]he decision [to

use DTC] is a matter which is strictly between the broker and its clients.‖ Id. As support

for this proposition, the Supreme Court cited the testimony of Mr. Karasek, an employee

of Prudential-Bache who signed the appraisal demand for Earle. He had testified that

      [i]f the client wants their (sic) stock in street name, then Prudential–Bache
      will buy the securities for the client ...; the client has determined she wants
      it in street name. That‘s how it‘s done.

                                          ***

      The choice is up to the client.

Id. (alterations in original). Reflecting on Mr. Karasek‘s testimony and citing Delaware

cases pre-dating share immobilization, the high court commented that ―[i]n making that

choice [i.e., the choice to hold in street name], the burden must be upon the stockholder

to obtain the advantages of record ownership. The legal and practical effects of having

one‘s stock registered in street name cannot be visited upon the issuer. The attendant

                                            42
risks are those of the stockholder, and where appropriate, the broker.‖ Id. (citations

omitted).

       Later in the decision, the Supreme Court reiterated its view that Cede‘s role in the

case resulted from a private decision made by the petitioners and their brokers:

       Here, the problem is one between the plaintiffs and their brokers. Enstar
       cannot, and should not, be blamed for the failure of a nominee or broker to
       correctly perfect appraisal rights for a beneficial owner. Several other
       brokers properly instructed CEDE & Co. to demand an appraisal on behalf
       of their customers. The failures of Prudential–Bache or Drexel in that
       regard should not be shifted to, or borne by, Enstar. The dispute, if any, is
       between these brokers and their clients.

Enstar II, 535 A.2d at 1355. Elsewhere, the Supreme Court quoted at length from Salt

Dome and held:

       Thus, in the interest of promoting certainty in the appraisal process . . ., a
       valid demand must be executed by or on behalf of the holder of record,
       whether that holder is the beneficial owner, a trustee, agent or nominee.
       Any other result would embroil merging corporations in a morass of
       confusion and uncertainty, none of which was of their making.

Id. at 1356.

       Finally, the Delaware Supreme Court rejected the argument that Enstar‘s

disclosures about perfecting appraisal rights were misleading. The high court held that

the disclosures gave proper instructions for perfecting appraisal rights and that ―the

relationship between a beneficial stockholder and a nominee are not relevant matters of

concern to the merging corporations.‖ Id. at 1357.

       In my view, the Delaware Supreme Court‘s decision in Enstar II reflected

incorrect assumptions about the depository system. First, Enstar II assumed that custodial

banks and brokers freely chose to move to the depository system for their own

                                            43
convenience.14 To the contrary, the depository system was a necessary response to the

late 1960s paperwork crisis and embodied in a federal mandate. The Enstar II court

similarly treated the holding of shares through depositaries as something that is optional

for end-users, i.e., actual investors. While it is true theoretically that any particular

investor could opt out of the depository system and chose to hold in record name,15 only a

few could do so before the system would break down. Just as some individuals can

choose not to receive vaccinations and free ride on the immunity of the group, so too can

a small minority of stockholders elect to hold shares directly. But without widespread

       14
           See Enstar II, 535 A.2d at 1354 (―The decision [to use DTC] is a matter which
is strictly between the broker and its clients.‖). Other Delaware decisions during this
period reflected the same assumption. See, e.g., RB Assocs., 1988 WL 27731, at *3
(describing DTC system as a ―mechanism of convenience for the brokerage firms‖);
Olson, 1985 WL 11575, at *3 (describing Cede as ―but a name used for the convenience
of the brokerage houses‖); Hatleigh, 428 A.2d at 353 (remarking that DTC exists ―for the
benefit of those firms participating in the Depository Trust Company so as to simplify
their stock transfer transactions on behalf of their customers‖); Giovanini, 1979 WL
178568, at *1 (describing Cede as a ―mechanism of convenience for the brokerage
firms‖).
       15
          See, e.g., 6 Del. C. § 8-508 (―A securities intermediary shall act at the direction
of an entitlement holder to change a security entitlement into another available form of
holding for which the entitlement holder is eligible, or to cause the financial asset to be
transferred to a securities account of the entitlement holder with another securities
intermediary.‖); id. cmt. 1 (―If security certificates in registered form are issued for the
security, and individuals are eligible to have the security registered in their own name, the
entitlement holder can request that the intermediary deliver or cause to be delivered to the
entitlement holder a certificate registered in the name of the entitlement holder or a
certificate indorsed in blank or specially indorsed to the entitlement holder . . . . If the
security can be held by individuals directly in uncertificated form, the entitlement holder
can request that the security be registered in its name.‖); see also 8 Del. C. § 158 (―Every
holder of stock represented by a certificate shall be entitled to have a certificate . . .
representing the number of shares registered in certificate form.‖).

                                             44
participation in the depository system, securities markets would again drown in

paperwork. The system was imposed by Congress and the SEC, and almost-universal

participation is a de facto requirement.

       Second, Enstar II assumed that the depository system imposes only costs on

issuers and yielded them no benefits.16 Yet by the time of the Enstar II decision, the

depository system was what enabled public trading of securities to take place. Issuers

could not undertake an initial public offering or otherwise access the equity markets

without depository ownership. Being able to raise capital through the public markets is an

obvious benefit to issuers. So is avoiding the costly paperwork burdens that previously

brought the markets to a stop. See Part I.A., supra. These benefits have only grown more

profound since Enstar II.

       Third, Enstar II reiterated the Salt Dome decision‘s concern about the uncertainty

and practical difficulties a Delaware corporation would face in identifying its

stockholders if asked to look beyond the stock ledger. With the Cede breakdown, those

concerns do not exist. When Enstar II was written, a Cede breakdown could be obtained

easily, and it provided a reliable listing of the depository institutions that held through

       16
           See Enstar II, 535 A.2d at 1353 n.2 (―Whether a beneficial stockholder
participates in a depository system is a matter between the beneficial stockholder and his
broker, and is not a consideration for issuers.‖); accord Wynnefield P’rs Small Cap Value
L.P. v. Niagara Corp., 2006 WL 1737862, at *3 (Del. Ch. June 19, 2006) (same), rev’d
on other grounds, 907 A.2d 146 (Del. 2006) (ORDER); Am. Hardware Corp. v. Savage
Arms Co., 136 A.2d 690, 692 (Del. 1957) (―If an owner of stock chooses to register his
shares in the name of a nominee, he takes the risks attendant upon such an arrangement . .
. .‖).

                                            45
DTC. Today, it is even easier to obtain a Cede breakdown, and because trades are now

tracked in real time rather than awaiting an end-of-the-day netting-out process, the list is

even more accurate.

       Finally, Enstar II asserted at several points that the nominee relationship was not a

matter of concern for the merging corporation.17 That is not accurate either. Under federal

law, the corporation whose stockholders would vote on the merger—and who could be

eligible for appraisal rights—must go through DTC to identify its custodian banks and

brokers for purposes of mailing out proxy materials. The issuer cannot ignore DTC and

pretend that Cede is a single holder of record.

       Notably, Enstar II did not address whether DTC participants should be regarded as

record holders for purposes of Delaware law, as they are for federal law. No one seems to

have made the argument, and neither court considered it. Although Enstar II seems to

have collapsed the distinction between the broker level of beneficial ownership and the

depository level, it did so on the assumption that the pertinent legislative facts had not

changed since Salt Dome.18 In my view, that was misguided.

       17
          Enstar II, 535 A.2d at 1354 (―The legal and practical effects of having one‘s
stock registered in street name cannot be visited upon the issuer. The attendant risks are
those of the stockholder, and where appropriate, the broker.‖); id. at 1355 (―Here, the
problem is one between the plaintiffs and their brokers. Enstar cannot, and should not, be
blamed for the failure of a nominee or broker to correctly perfect appraisal rights for a
beneficial owner . . . . The dispute, if any, is between these brokers and their clients.‖)
       18
          The concept of ―legislative facts‖ refers to the empirical assumptions about the
world that courts necessarily make when deciding cases. See In re Oracle Corp. Deriv.
Litig., 824 A.2d 917, 940 (Del. Ch. 2003) (Strine, V.C.) (deploying concept and citing
Kenneth Culp Davis, An Approach to Problems of Evidence in the Administrative

                                             46
      Enstar II does appear to have regarded construing the Record Holder Requirement

as an appropriate exercise of judicial authority. As I see it, the question of whether DTC

participants should be regarded as holders of record remains open for the Delaware

Supreme Court to decide, should it wish to do so.

      6.     The Rise Of Appraisal Arbitrage

      The most recent decisions to consider the role of DTC have involved the practice

of appraisal arbitrage, a strategy in which investors purchase shares in order to pursue

appraisal. In Transkaryotic, this court held that funds who bought shares after the record

date for a merger could seek an appraisal for the shares purchased after the record date,

without having to show that the shares were not voted in favor of the merger. 2007 WL

1378345, at *3. Subsequent decisions have followed Transkaryotic.19

      The outcome in Transkaryotic turned on the role of Cede as the omnibus holder of

record. On the record date for the merger, Cede held 29,720,074 shares. Acting in

accordance with the instructions of its participants, Cede voted 12,882,000 shares in

favor of the merger, leaving 16,838,074 shares eligible for appraisal. The petitioners

beneficially owned 2,901,433 shares on the record date and acquired another 8,071,217

shares after the record date. They sought appraisal for all 10,972,650 shares, which was

Process, 55 Harv. L. Rev. 364, 402-403 (1942)). See generally Leo E. Strine, Jr., The
Inescapably Empirical Foundation of the Common Law of Corporations, 27 Del. J. Corp.
L. 499, 502-503 (2002) (describing concept at greater length).
      19
          See, e.g., Merion Capital LP v. BMC Software, Inc., 2015 WL 67586 (Del. Ch.
Jan. 5, 2015); Ancestry.com, 2015 WL 66825.

                                           47
less than the total number of appraisal-eligible shares. This court regarded that fact as

dispositive because under Olivetti, ―the actions of the beneficial holders are irrelevant,‖

and only ―the record holder‘s actions determine perfection of the right to seek appraisal.‖

Id. at *4, *3. Elaborating, the court explained that

       [t]he issue here mirrors that in Olivetti . . . . [Transkaryotic] seeks to
       examine relationships between Cede (the record holder) and certain non-
       registered, beneficial holders in order to determine the existence of
       appraisal rights. But the Supreme Court has already deemed this
       relationship to be an improper and impermissible subject of inquiry in the
       context of an appraisal. The law is unequivocal. A corporation need not and
       should not delve into the intricacies of the relationship between the record
       holder and the beneficial holder and, instead, must rely on its records as the
       sole determinant of membership in the context of appraisal.

Id. at *4.

       In my view, the rise of appraisal arbitrage suggests the need for a more realistic

assessment of the depository system that looks through Cede to the DTC participants. But

first, a caveat: Looking through DTC would not eliminate the ability of appraisal

petitioners to seek appraisal for shares acquired after the record date, which is an

outcome that opponents of appraisal arbitrage frequently advocate. As to that possibility,

it is not clear to me why the law should treat a stockholder‘s right to seek an appraisal

differently than how it treats other legal rights. An appraisal claim is simply a chose in

action. As such, the claim passes with the shares.20 In a market economy, the ability to

       20
          See generally In re Activision Blizzard Inc. S’holder Litig., ___ A.3d ___, 2015
WL 2438067, *13-25 (Del. Ch. May 21, 2015). Choses in action are transferrable under
Delaware law when they are the types of claims that would survive the death of the
transferor and pass to his personal representative. See Indus. Trust Co. v. Stidham, 33
A.2d 159, 160-61 (Del. Super. 1942). By statute in Delaware, ―[a]ll causes of action,

                                             48
transfer property, including intangible property, is generally thought to be a good thing; it

allows the property to flow to the highest-valuing holder, thereby increasing societal

wealth. For creditors, the ability to sell a bundle of property rights that the buyer can

enforce is unquestioned. When a creditor assigns a loan, even one in default, the right to

enforce the loan passes to the new holder. No one objects that the assignee purchased a

lawsuit. It is not apparent to me why a right held by the equity side of the capital structure

should be treated differently, particularly when the right to bring an appraisal proceeding

has been compared by the Delaware Supreme Court to a debt collection action.21

Consequently, no one should view my arguments in favor of looking through DTC as a

way to eliminate appraisal arbitrage entirely—itself a debatable policy goal.22 Custodial

except actions for defamation, malicious prosecution, or upon penal statutes, shall
survive. . . .‖ 10 Del. C. § 3701.
       21
          See Salt Dome, 41 A.2d at 588. Indeed, even the right to control how shares vote
transfers with the shares, notwithstanding the legal expedient of the record date, because
the subsequent holder can compel the seller to issue him a proxy (assuming the seller can
be identified). Commonwealth Assocs. v. Providence Health Care, Inc., 641 A.2d 155,
158 (Del. Ch. 1993) (Allen, C.); In re Giant Portland Cement Co., 21 A.2d 697, 701
(Del. Ch. 1941); In re Canal Constr. Co., 182 A. 545, 547-48 (Del. 1936) (Wolcott, Jos.,
C.); Italo Petroleum Corp. of Am. v. Producers’ Oil Corp. of Am., 174 A. 276, 280 (Del.
Ch. 1934) (Wolcott, Jos., C.).
       22
           Strong arguments can be made that appraisal represents a more rational and
efficient alternative to traditional fiduciary duty litigation. See Charles R. Korsmo &
Minor Myers, Competition and the Future of M&A Litigation, 100 Iowa L. Rev. Bull. 19,
25-28 (2015); Charles R. Korsmo & Minor Myers, Appraisal Arbitrage and the Future of
Public Company M&A, 92 Wash U. L. Rev. (forthcoming 2015); Charles Korsmo &
Minor Myers, The Structure of Stockholder Litigation: When Do The Merits Matter, 75
Ohio State L.J. 829, 859-67 (2014). At one point, the Delaware Supreme Court appeared
to prioritize appraisal over fiduciary duty litigation by holding that ―a plaintiff‘s monetary
remedy [following a merger] ordinarily should be confined to the more liberalized

                                             49
banks and brokers still could buy shares after the record date and seek appraisal for those

shares. And of course, even under a regime that denied appraisal rights to shares

purchased after the record date, investors still could accumulate large appraisal-eligible

stakes between the time of deal announcement and the record date. See Salomon Bros.

Inc. v. Interstate Bakeries Corp., 576 A.2d 650, 654 (Del. Ch. 1989) (finding ―nothing

inequitable about an investor purchasing stock in a company after a merger has been

announced with the thought that, if the merger is consummated on the announced terms,

the investor may seek appraisal‖).

       Nevertheless, in my view, looking through Cede to the DTC participants would be

an improvement. Under the appraisal statute, a record holder is only supposed to be able

to seek appraisal for shares (i) owned on the date of statutorily compliant demand for

appraisal, (ii) held continuously through the effective date of the merger, and (iii) not

voted in favor of the merger. Ancestry.com, 2015 WL 66825, at *4. Taken together,

Cede‘s dominant holdings and the current one-size-fits-all interpretation of the Record

Holder Requirement prevent courts from applying these requirements effectively. Cede

owns too many shares, and with share immobilization, ownership does not change.

appraisal proceeding herein established.‖ Weinberger v. UOP, Inc., 457 A.2d 701, 714
(Del. 1983). That promise did not survive the decisions in Rabkin v. Philip A. Hunt
Chemical Corp., 498 A.2d 1099 (Del. 1985), and Cede & Co. v. Technicolor, Inc., 542
A.2d 1182 (Del. 1988). See generally Andra v. Blount, 772 A.2d 183, 192 (Del. Ch.
2000) (Strine, V.C.) (explaining that Rabkin and Cede effectively overruled the appraisal-
as-basic-remedy aspect of Weinberger).

                                            50
       By contrast, if the focus were to move beyond Cede, it should be possible to

develop a more nuanced jurisprudence. The number of shares held by banks and brokers

does change, and those changes may have legal salience. Or situations may arise that lend

themselves to specific rulings, such as if a broker acquires a large block of shares after

the record date in a negotiated transaction. In that case, the seller should be readily

identifiable, and it should be an easy matter to determine how the shares were voted. The

federal securities laws require that banks and brokers obtain voting instructions from their

clients, and banks and brokers satisfy this requirement by sending out voting instruction

forms. See generally Keir D. Gumbs et al., Debunking the Myths Behind Voting

Instruction Forms and Vote Reporting, 21 Corp. Gov. Adv. 1 (July/Aug. 2013). It also

may be possible to use voter instruction forms for other purposes, such as confirming

whether or not particular shares held by an appraisal claimant on the record date were

voted in favor of the merger. And as this case shows, there also may be records at the

broker level which, if examined, would allow the courts to apply other statutory

limitations more accurately. We already make these types of distinctions when dealing

with the right to vote, which was the principal right relied on by analogy in Salt Dome for

the creation of the Record Holder Requirement.23 Under this more flexible approach, the

       23
          See, supra, n.19 (citing cases in which court permitted post-record date acquirer
of shares to determine how shares were voted, notwithstanding legal ownership on stock
list); Preston v. Allison, 650 A.2d 646, 649 (Del. 1994) (looking through name of
registered holder on stock list and recognizing voting rights of beneficial owners where
form of ownership was mandated by federal law); Sutter Opportunity Fund 2 LLC v.
Cede & Co., 838 A.2d 1123, 1129 (Del. Ch. 2003) (permitting issuer to look through
Cede for purposes of analyzing whether proponents of a proposal for a matter to be

                                            51
corporation ―generally is entitled to rely on its own stock list,‖ but the list is not

conclusive; questions of ownership and the ability to exercise associated rights can be the

subject of proof. Preston, 650 A.2d at 649.

       It would have been preferable, in my view, to begin developing this case law in

2010. See Kurz, 989 A.2d at 174 (arguing that treating DTC participants as holders of

record could help ―[r]educ[e] the number of shares available for appraisal arbitrage‖). Yet

the need for a more flexible approach has not gone away. Looking through Cede is

obviously imperfect, but until share tracing becomes possible, the perfect should not be

the enemy of the good. Viewed pragmatically, looking through Cede to the custodial

banks and brokers on the participant list merely returns Delaware law to the state in

which it existed before the federal policy of share immobilization, restoring the

conditions that prevailed when Salt Dome was written and later when the Record Holder

Requirement was codified.

submitted to a vote met a 10% minimum threshold in partnership agreement); Seidman &
Assocs., L.L.C. v. G.A. Fin., Inc., 837 A.2d 21, 29 (Del. Ch. 2003) (same); In re Ne.
Water Co., 38 A.2d 918, 923 (Del. Ch. 1944) (treating statutory reference to stockholder
status being determined by name on stock list as ―a limited but practical rule of evidence
for the ready ascertainment of persons entitled to notice of and to vote at a stockholders‘
meeting‖ but not dispositive in all cases); In re Diamond State Brewery, Inc., 2 A.2d 254,
257 (Del. Ch. 1938) (Wolcott, Jos., C.) (―The court is not bound in a review proceeding
[of an election] by the showing of stockholders made on the corporation‘s books.‖); cf.
Rainbow Navigation, Inc. v. Pan Ocean Navigation, Inc., 535 A.2d 1357, 1359 (Del.
1987) (―We now hold that when the stock ledger is blank or non-existent, the Court of
Chancery has the power to consider other evidence to ascertain and establish stockholder
status.‖).

                                              52
                              III.     CONCLUSION

       Under current law, Dell‘s motion for summary judgment must be granted. The

Funds lost their appraisal rights when their shares were re-titled in the names of their

custodial banks‘ nominees. Were it up to me, I would hold that the concept of a

―stockholder of record‖ includes the custodial banks and brokers on the DTC participant

list. But given existing precedent, I believe that only the Delaware Supreme Court can

change how our case law interprets the Record Holder Requirement. This court obviously

has no ability to tell the Delaware Supreme Court what to do. This decision has attempted

only to present the reasons why one trial judge believes that a different approach would

be superior.

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