Court Opinion

ID: 5648778
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-11 19:03:13.347671+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:38:28.587990
License: Public Domain

*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

                                                         Electronically Filed
                                                         Supreme Court
                                                         SCWC-XX-XXXXXXX
                                                         11-JAN-2022
                                                         08:03 AM
                                                         Dkt. 17 OP

           IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAIʻI

                            ---o0o---
________________________________________________________________

         BERNET CARVALHO, Individually, and as Personal
    Representative of the Estate of ROYDEN KALAVI, Deceased,
                Petitioner/Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                 vs.

              AIG HAWAIʻI INSURANCE COMPANY, INC.;
              HAWAIʻI INSURANCE CONSULTANTS, LTD.,
               Respondents/Defendants-Appellees.
________________________________________________________________

                          SCWC-XX-XXXXXXX

         CERTIORARI TO THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS
             (CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX; CIVIL NO. 07-1-294K)

                          JANUARY 11, 2022

 RECKTENWALD, C.J., NAKAYAMA, McKENNA, WILSON, AND EDDINS, JJ.

                OPINION OF THE COURT BY WILSON, J.

                           I. INTRODUCTION

          This case arises from a dispute regarding payment of

uninsured motorist and underinsured motorist benefits to

Petitioners/Plaintiffs-Appellants Bernet Carvalho (“Carvalho”),

individually, and as Personal Representative of the Estate of

her deceased son.   Petitioner argues before this court that the
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

Circuit Court of the Third Circuit (“circuit court”)1 (1)

improperly precluded evidence and (2) improperly denied her

Motion to Amend Complaint solely on the basis of undue delay.

          We hold that the ICA did not err when it held that the

circuit court was within its discretion to exclude evidence

related to an unpleaded claim.      To resolve the second issue

before this court, we must consider whether, under Hawaiʻi Rules

of Civil Procedure (“HRCP”) Rule 15(a), undue delay alone is a

sufficient basis to deny leave to amend a complaint.         Consistent

with the requirement of Rule 15(a) that leave be freely given to

requests to amend a complaint, we hold that undue delay alone is

an insufficient basis to deny leave to amend a complaint under

HRCP Rule 15(a).

                            II. BACKGROUND

          On September 23, 2005, Royden Kalavi (“Royden”) died

as a passenger in an automobile accident.         The other car and

driver involved in the accident were uninsured.        Carvalho

contended that Royden was covered by his maternal grandparents

John and Barbara Carvalho’s (“the Carvalhos”) insurance policy.

The Carvalhos purchased their insurance policy from

Respondents/Defendants-Appellees AIG Hawaiʻi Insurance Company,

Inc. and Hawaiʻi Insurance Consultants, Ltd. (collectively “AIG”).

     1    The Honorable Ronald Ibarra presided.

                                    2
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

          Carvalho was designated as the personal representative

of Royden’s estate and made a claim for uninsured motorist (“UM”)

and underinsured motorist (“UIM”) benefits under the Carvalhos’

AIG policy, stating that Royden was covered as a “resident

relative.”   AIG told Carvalho that only non-stacked UM and UIM

coverages totaling $70,000 were available to Royden under the

Carvalhos’ AIG policy and stated that it had not determined

whether Royden was covered under the Carvalhos’ AIG policy as a

“resident relative.”

          Carvalho filed a Complaint against AIG on December 31,

2007 with the circuit court seeking a declaratory judgment for

increased and stacked UM and UIM insurance coverage totaling

$1.2 million under the Carvalhos’ AIG policy arguing that AIG

improperly failed to recognize that stacked UM and UIM coverages

totaling $1.2 million were available to her.

          On March 11, 2008, AIG filed a motion requesting that

the circuit court stay the case pending the resolution of a

separate declaratory judgment action filed by AIG.      AIG filed a

separate action against, inter alia, Carvalho, the Carvalhos,

Royden’s father (“Kalavi”), and any other identified parties to

determine who, including Royden, was covered under the

Carvalhos’ AIG policy and who was covered under Kalavi’s AIG

policy.   The circuit court granted the stay on April 15, 2008.

                                  3
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

             The parties resolved AIG’s declaratory judgment action

by stipulated judgment filed on July 16, 2008.            The parties

stipulated that Royden was covered as a resident “family member”

under the Carvalhos’ AIG policy but not under Kalavi’s AIG

policy.      Following the stipulated judgment, the parties

submitted to private UM/UIM arbitration to resolve the value of

the loss sustained by Royden’s estate, Carvalho, and Kalavi as

provided under the Carvalhos’ AIG policy if the parties did not

agree on “the amount of damages.”          The case was continued

pending a resolution by arbitration per the stipulation of the

parties.     On April 2, 2009, an arbitration award totaling $3

million2 in damages was issued, with $500,000 awarded to Royden’s

estate, $1.25 million to Carvalho, and $1.25 million to Kalavi.

On April 29, 2009, AIG transmitted two checks to Carvalho

totaling $1.2 million as payment under the Carvalhos’ combined

UM and UIM policy limits.

             Following the arbitration award, the case remained

dormant for multiple years3 until November 1, 2013, when the

circuit court filed a Notice of Status Hearing.            On June 25,

2014, Plaintiff Carvalho filed a Notice of Trial Setting Status

      2      The $3 million damage award included no deductions for any other
insurance.

      3     As the ICA noted, the reason why the case remained dormant is
unclear from the record.

                                       4
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

Conference, and the circuit court set a trial date of January 12,

2016, and set all pretrial deadlines, including a discovery cut-

off date of November 13, 2015.

             AIG sought to preclude “any and all evidence and

argument from being presented to the jury at the time of trial

in furtherance of [Carvalho’s] unpled claim that [AIG] somehow

breached a duty to settle the underlying UM and UIM claim . . .

prior to the issuance of the UM/UIM Arbitration Award” on June

12, 2015.4    AIG asserted that Carvalho did not make a bad faith

claim in her initial Complaint and that such allegations were

time-barred because seven years since the filing of Carvalho’s

original Complaint and five years since the UM/UIM arbitration

had passed.    On August 12, 2015, the circuit court orally

granted AIG’s Motion to Preclude Evidence.

             On August 10, 2015, Plaintiff Carvalho filed a Motion

to Amend Complaint.     Carvalho’s motion did not include further

causes of action but included significant additional factual

allegations and assertions that AIG “deliberately, deceptively,

unfairly, and/or in bad faith unreasonably delayed their payment

of $1.2 million in UM and UIM benefits to [Carvalho] from at

     4      The ICA stated that “AIG’s motion was apparently brought in
response to a settlement conference statement filed by Carvalho on February 6,
2015, and a discovery request on or around June 8, 2015, which made reference
to what AIG characterized as a previously unpled claim that AIG had acted in
bad faith for its failure to tender the policy limits to Plaintiff Carvalho
prior to the UM/UIM arbitration award.”

                                     5
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

least on or about April 16, 2007 until after the April 2, 2009

Arbitration Award was issued[.]”          The circuit court denied

Carvalho’s Motion to Amend Complaint due to “undue delay.”5

           Relevant to this appeal, before the ICA, Carvalho

asserted that the circuit court erred when it:           (1) granted

AIG’s Motion to Preclude Evidence and (2) when it denied

Carvalho’s Motion to Amend Complaint.          The ICA affirmed the

circuit court’s Order Precluding Evidence and Order Denying

Motion to Amend Complaint.       The ICA agreed with Carvalho that

AIG’s Motion to Preclude Evidence was a motion in limine, but

held that that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion

when it granted AIG’s Motion to Preclude Evidence “because it

appropriately prohibited Plaintiff Carvalho from introducing

evidence not related to her Complaint.”          The ICA also held that

the circuit court did not abuse its discretion when it denied

Carvalho’s Motion to Amend Complaint because Carvalho “had

waited multiple years to request leave to amend her Complaint,

      5     Carvalho also filed “Plaintiff’s Motion for Reconsideration,
and/or clarification, and in the alternative, for leave to file an
interlocutory appeal pursuant to HRS § 641-1(b) (2011), of the Order Denying
Plaintiffs’ Motion to Amend Complaint” (“Motion for Reconsideration”). The
circuit court denied the Motion for Reconsideration because “1) there is no
new matter or evidence that could not have been presented to Judge Melvin
Fujio and 2) as an alternative, the petition was filed beyond the 30 day
period required to file an interlocutory appeal[.]” The ICA affirmed the
circuit court’s Order Denying Reconsideration. The Motion for
Reconsideration is not before this court and will not be addressed in this
opinion.

                                      6
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

and her motion was based on information that she had access to

since 2008[.]”

                       III. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

A.   Motion to Preclude Evidence/Motion in Limine

                The granting or denying of a motion in limine is reviewed
          for abuse of discretion. The denial of a motion in limine, in
          itself, is not reversible error. The harm, if any, occurs when
          the evidence is improperly admitted at trial. Thus, even if the
          trial court abused its discretion in denying a party’s motion,
          the real test is not in the disposition of the motion but the
          admission of evidence at trial.

Kobashigawa v. Silva, 129 Hawaiʻi 313, 320, 300 P.3d 579, 586

(2013) (citing State v. Eid, 126 Hawaiʻi 430, 440, 272 P.3d 1197,

1207 (2012) (quoting Miyamoto v. Lum, 104 Hawaiʻi 1, 7, 84 P.3d

509, 515 (2004) (internal quotation marks, citations, and

ellipsis omitted))).

          “An abuse of discretion occurs where the trial court

has clearly exceeded the bounds of reason or disregarded rules

or principles of law or practice to the substantial detriment of

a party litigant.”     Hart v. Ticor Title Ins. Co., 126 Hawaiʻi 448,

455, 272 P.3d 1215, 1222 (2012) (quoting Allstate Ins. Co. v.

Pruett, 118 Hawaiʻi 174, 179, 186 P.3d 609, 614 (2008)).

B.   Motion to Amend Complaint

          “This court reviews a denial of leave to amend a

complaint under HRCP Rule 15(a) or (b) under the abuse of

discretion standard.”    Kamaka v. Goodsill Anderson Quinn &

Stifel, 117 Hawaiʻi 92, 104, 176 P.3d 91, 103 (2008) (citations

                                   7
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

omitted).   See also Seki ex rel. Louie v. Hawaiʻi Gov’t Emps.

Ass’n, AFSCME Local No. 152, AFL-CIO, 133 Hawaiʻi 385, 400, 328

P.3d 394, 409 (2014).    The trial court abuses its discretion if

its ruling is based on an erroneous view of the law or on a

clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence.     The operative

question is whether the trial court has clearly exceeded the

bounds of reason or disregarded rules or principles of law or

practice to the substantial detriment of a party litigant.

Kamaka, 117 Hawaiʻi at 104, 176 P.3d at 103.

                            IV. DISCUSSION

            Carvalho raises two primary issues before this court:

(1) whether the circuit court properly precluded evidence

related to an unpleaded claim and (2) whether the circuit court

properly denied Carvalho’s Motion to Amend Complaint solely on

the basis of undue delay.    As discussed below, the ICA did not

err when it held that the circuit court was within its

discretion to grant AIG’s Motion to Preclude Evidence.      However,

the ICA did err when it held that the circuit court did not

abuse its discretion when it denied Carvalho’s Motion to Amend

Complaint solely on the basis of undue delay.     We now hold that

undue delay alone is an insufficient basis for denying leave to

amend a complaint.

A.   The ICA did not err when it upheld the circuit court’s
     grant of AIG’s Motion to Preclude Evidence.

                                  8
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

          Carvalho does not appeal the ICA’s conclusion that

AIG’s Motion to Preclude Evidence is a motion in limine.      Thus,

the issue before this court is whether the circuit court

properly excluded evidence.    A motion in limine is “a procedural

device which requests a pretrial order enjoining opposing

counsel from using certain prejudicial evidence in front of a

jury at a later trial.”   See Kobashigawa, 129 Hawaiʻi at 321, 300

P.3d at 587.   We have held that a circuit court may properly

deny a motion in limine where the motion is “akin to a motion

for summary judgment or other dispositive motion.”      O’Grady v.

State, 140 Hawaiʻi 36, 53 n.16, 398 P.3d 625, 642 n.16 (2017);

see also Kuroda v. Kuroda, 87 Hawaiʻi 419, 427, 958 P.2d 541, 549

(App. 1998) (stating that “a motion in limine is not an

authorized method for presenting issues involving genuine issues

of fact (in contrast to stipulated facts, questions of law, and

matters of discretion) to the court for decision”); Kawakami v.

Kahala Hotel Investors, LLC, 142 Hawaiʻi 507, 521-22, 421 P.3d

1277, 1291-92 (2018).

          Here, the claim made in Carvalho’s Complaint was that

AIG had initially failed to recognize the increased stacked

UM/UIM policy limits due to her under the Carvalhos’ AIG policy.

AIG’s Motion to Preclude Evidence on the other hand was seeking

to “preclude[e] any and all evidence and argument from being

presented to the jury at the time of trial in furtherance of

                                  9
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

[Carvalho’s] unpled claim that [AIG] somehow breached a duty to

settle the underlying UM and UIM claim . . . prior to the

issuance of the UM/UIM Arbitration Award.”     Thus, the bad faith

claim was not a part of Carvalho’s Complaint and not before the

court.    Consequently, the circuit court properly excluded “any

and all evidence and argument from being presented to the jury

at the time of trial in furtherance of [Carvalho’s] unpled claim

that [AIG] somehow breached a duty to settle the underlying UM

and UIM claim . . . prior to the issuance of the UM/UIM

Arbitration Award” because it was not relevant to the issue of

whether AIG had initially failed to recognize the increased

stacked UM/UIM policy limits due to her under the Carvalhos’ AIG

policy.   As the ICA noted, at the time of the Motion to Preclude

Evidence, Carvalho had not filed her Motion to Amend Complaint

which included her bad faith claim.    When the circuit court

granted the Motion to Preclude Evidence, only Carvalho’s claims

in her Complaint were at issue.    Thus, the circuit court did not

abuse its discretion when it granted AIG’s Motion to Preclude

Evidence.

B.   The ICA erred when it held that the circuit court did not
     abuse its discretion when it denied Carvalho’s Motion to
     Amend Complaint.

            Carvalho’s second point of error that the circuit

court erred in denying her Motion to Amend Complaint, is

                                  10
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

governed by HRCP Rule 15(a)(2).6           HRCP Rule 15(a) provides that

prior to trial, “leave shall be freely given when justice so

requires”:

           (a) Amendments before trial.

                  . . . .

           (2) OTHER AMENDMENTS. In all other cases, a party may amend the
           party’s pleading only by leave of court or by written consent of
           the adverse party; and leave shall be freely given when justice
           so requires. A motion or stipulation to amend a pleading shall
           be accompanied by the proposed amended pleading in Ramseyer
           formatting (additions underscored and deletions bracketed and
           stricken). A party filing or moving to file an amended pleading
           shall reproduce the entire pleading as proposed and shall not
           incorporate any part of the prior pleading by reference, except
           with leave of court. If granted or allowed, the amended pleading
           shall be filed, with Ramseyer formatting removed, and served
           forthwith.

HRCP Rule 15(a)(2).         This court has held that “unless there is

an apparent reason indicating otherwise, under HRCP Rule 15(a),

leave to amend shall be freely given to a party to amend its

complaint when justice so requires.”           Dejetley v. Kaho‘ohalahala,

122 Hawaiʻi 251, 269, 226 P.3d 421, 439 (2010) (citation and

internal quotation marks omitted).           We have further explained:

                 In the absence of any apparent or declared reason—such as
           undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the
           movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments
           previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party by
           virtue of allowance of the amendment, futility of amendment,
           etc.—the leave sought should, as the rules requires, be “freely
           given.”

     6      Carvalho contends in the alternative that HRCP Rule 15(b)(1)
applies to her Motion to Amend, which governs “issues tried by consent” for
amendments during and after trial. Carvalho’s reliance on Rule 15(b)(1) is
misplaced as her Motion to Amend was filed prior to trial and therefore HRCP
Rule 15(a), which governs amendments made before trial, applies. See HRCP
Rule 15(a).

                                      11
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

Gonsalves v. Nissan Motor Corp. in Hawaiʻi, 100 Hawaiʻi 149, 160,

58 P.3d 1196, 1207 (2002); see also Kamaka, 117 Hawaiʻi at 112,

176 P.3d at 111 (affirming an order denying a motion to amend

complaint because the trial court had justifiable reasons for

denying the motion); Hirasa v. Burtner, 68 Haw. 22, 26, 702 P.2d

772, 775 (1985); Bishop Trust Co. v. Kamokila Dev. Corp., 57 Haw.

330, 337, 555 P.2d 1193, 1198 (1976) (quoting Foman v. Davis,

371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962)).

          In its opinion, the ICA noted that “[u]pon review of

the record and arguments of the parties, it appears that

reasonable minds could differ as to whether Plaintiff Carvalho

was entitled to amend her complaint pursuant to HRCP Rule 15(a)”:

                On one hand, the motion was filed approximately three
          months prior to the discovery cut-off date and five months prior
          to trial, which was by no means prompt, but not as late into the
          court deadlines as other cases where our appellate courts have
          determined undue delay provided justifiable reason to deny a
          request to amend a complaint or answer.

Ultimately, the ICA concluded that the circuit court did not

abuse its discretion in denying Carvalho’s Motion to Amend

Complaint because it had “justifiable reasons,” namely undue

delay:

                Here, Plaintiff Carvalho’s motion to amend was filed
          approximately seven and a half years after her Complaint had been
          filed, more than six years after the UM/UIM Arbitration award was
          issued and the stay in this case had expired, and almost one and
          a half years after she had filed her pretrial statement, which
          made no reference or mention of the previously unpled allegations.
          Also, Plaintiff Carvalho has stated, both to the circuit court
          and now on appeal, that the additional factual allegations
          alleged in her proposed First Amended Complaint were based on the
          claim handling conduct documented in AIG’s claim file documents
          that AIG had produced in discovery on May 1, 2008, and

                                   12
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

          correspondence between her counsel and AIG’s counsel. This
          indicates that Plaintiff Carvalho was aware of the circumstances
          pertaining to her proposed amended complaint as early as 2008,
          and yet chose not to request leave to amend her Complaint until
          multiple years after the arbitration award was issued and the
          stay in this case had expired.

          The ICA erred in its conclusion that undue delay alone

was a sufficient basis to deny the Motion to Amend Complaint

brought pursuant to HRCP Rule 15(a).       As this court has held,

HRCP Rule 15(a) is “functionally identical” to Rule 15(a) of the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“FRCP”) and “[w]here a Hawai‘i

rule of civil procedure is identical to the federal rule, the

interpretation of this rule by federal courts is highly

persuasive.”   Dejetley, 122 Hawaiʻi at 270, 226 P.3d at 440

(quoting Fed. Home Loan Mortg. Corp v. Transamerica Ins. Co., 89

Hawai‘i 157, 162 n.1, 969 P.2d 1275, 1280 n.1. (1998)).          We agree

with the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals that undue delay alone

is an insufficient basis for denying leave to amend a complaint

under FRCP Rule 15(a).    See United States v. United Healthcare

Ins. Co., 848 F.3d 1161, 1184 (9th Cir. 2016) (holding that the

district court erred when it denied leave to amend complaint

based on undue delay alone when the record did not support any

additional grounds--such as prejudice or bad faith--that would

justify the denial of leave to amend in combination with undue

delay); Owens v. Kaiser Found. Health Plan, Inc., 244 F.3d 708,

712–13 (9th Cir. 2001).

                                   13
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

          As applied in this case, the circuit court relied

solely on undue delay when it denied Carvalho’s Motion to Amend

Complaint and did not provide support for any additional grounds

such as prejudice or bad faith.    Thus, based on this record,

under HRCP Rule 15(a), the circuit court should have granted

Carvalho’s Motion to Amend Complaint.

                            V. CONCLUSION

          For the foregoing reasons, the ICA was correct to

conclude that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion

when it granted AIG’s Motion to Preclude Evidence.      However, the

ICA incorrectly concluded that under HRCP Rule 15(a), Carvalho

could not amend her Complaint due to undue delay.      We reiterate

that under HRCP Rule 15(a), leave to amend a complaint shall be

freely given and now also hold that undue delay alone is an

insufficient basis for denying leave to amend a complaint.       The

ICA’s December 23, 2020 judgment on appeal is accordingly

affirmed in part and vacated in part.     This case is remanded to

the circuit court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Arthur Y. Park,                        /s/ Mark E. Recktenwald
(Patricia Kim Park,
Travis A. Yu, and                      /s/ Paula A. Nakayama
Lionel D. Meyer on the
briefs) for petitioner                 /s/ Sabrina S. McKenna

Steven L. Goto                         /s/ Michael D. Wilson
for respondents
                                       /s/ Todd W. Eddins

                                  14