Court Opinion

ID: 4665324
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-05 18:02:49.970966+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:42.134443
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/5/21 United States Aviation Underwriters, Inc. v. Apical Industries, Inc. CA4/1
                 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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                COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION ONE

                                         STATE OF CALIFORNIA

UNITED STATES AVIATION                                               D076860
UNDERWRITERS, INC.,

         Plaintiff and Appellant,
                                                                     (Super. Ct. No.
         v.                                                           37-2018-00057420-CU-NP-NC)

APICAL INDUSTRIES, INC.,

         Defendant and Respondent.

         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
Jacqueline M. Stern, Judge. Affirmed.
         Cunningham Swain, Steven D. Sanfelippo, Michael J. Terhar and
Jonathan E. Hembree for Plaintiff and Appellant.
         Michaelis Montanari & Johnson, Garry L. Montanari and Wesley S.
Wenig for Defendant and Respondent.
         Plaintiff and appellant United States Aviation Underwriters, Inc.
individually and on behalf of United States Aircraft Insurance Group
(Underwriters) appeals from an order entered after the trial court granted
the motion of Apical Industries, Inc, (Apical) to stay or dismiss Underwriters’
lawsuit on forum non conveniens grounds, and stayed the action pending
completion of another proceeding in New York. Underwriters contends the
court abused its discretion in its ruling; that it misapplied the law and failed
to consider all of the relevant public and private interest factors necessary to
assess whether the action should remain in California. It further contends
that no reasonable court could have weighed the relevant factors in favor of
staying the case, and the cases relied upon by Apical do not support the
court’s decision. We reject these contentions, and affirm the order.
              FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      In 2018, Underwriters, a New York corporation with its principal place
of business there, filed a complaint in subrogation against Apical. It alleged
that Apical, a designer and manufacturer of emergency flotation systems for
helicopters, supplied a defective and dangerous emergency flotation system
causing a sightseeing helicopter in New York to roll and sink upon an
emergency water landing and resulting in the death of five passengers.
Underwriters alleged it had issued a policy of aircraft insurance to tour
company Liberty Helicopters (Liberty) and paid on its policy for the
helicopter’s loss. Underwriters brought tort and products liability causes of
action under theories of manufacturing and design defects, failure to warn,
negligence and negligent failure to warn, and breach of implied warranty.
Apical unsuccessfully demurred to the complaint on grounds the claims were
barred under New York’s economic loss rule.
      Apical thereafter moved to stay or dismiss the lawsuit on grounds of
forum non conveniens. It asserted that as a result of the accident and before
Underwriters filed its complaint, a wrongful death lawsuit had been filed in
New York County—Cadigan, et al. v. Liberty Helicopters, et al. (March 13,
2018, No. 152286) [2018 WL 1312212] (N.Y. Sup.) (the Cadigan action)—in
which Apical, a California-based corporation, had stipulated to submit to the

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New York court’s jurisdiction in exchange for the plaintiffs’ waiver of punitive
damages and also with respect to Underwriters’ property claims in
subrogation in the California action. Apical argued Underwriters’ causes of
action closely mirrored those against it in the Cadigan action, and thus there
was “no practical impediment to [Underwriters] or Liberty . . . making their
claims against A[pical] in the Cadigan action.” It argued Underwriters’
complaint involved the same evidence and liability issues involving the other
Cadigan defendants, but those defendants were not parties to the California
action or California residents, presenting challenges to personal jurisdiction
in California if Apical were to bring them into the case via cross-complaint.
According to Apical, access to evidence from those parties—all but one of
whom had already submitted to New York jurisdiction and could be subject to
coordinated discovery and compulsory process there—would be significantly
more difficult, costly and time-consuming in the California action, causing it
unfair prejudice because the parties were highly relevant to the accident
flight and their evidence was required for a fair result. Apical argued New
York was a suitable alternative forum, and the balance of public and private
interest factors—access to sources of proof, the cost of obtaining and
availability of compulsory process for witnesses, burdens on local courts,
protecting jurors’ interests, California’s interests and competitive
disadvantages to its businesses—favored New York as the forum for
Underwriters’ claims. It argued Liberty and Underwriters would not be
inconvenienced by dismissal of the California lawsuit because they were both
New York corporations and their evidence was located in New York. Apical
submitted a declaration from its counsel attaching Underwriters’ complaint
and the Cadigan second amended complaint.

                                       3
      In opposition, Underwriters argued that Apical’s motion should be
denied because California was the sole location of all the documents and
witnesses relevant to the design and manufacturing issues presented by its
lawsuit. It pointed out that Apical, which is located in Oceanside, California,
had initially objected to the New York court’s assertion of personal
jurisdiction over it in the Cadigan action and claimed it had no nexus with
New York. Underwriters asserted it would be inconvenient for Apical to
litigate anywhere other than its home forum. Underwriters argued that all of
the information and witnesses relating to Apical’s design and manufacture
were in California and sale of the flotation system occurred in California. It
asked the court to reject Apical’s “procedural maneuvering” and maintain the
action in California
      The trial court tentatively denied Apical’s motion, finding the public

and private interests weighed in favor of keeping the action in California.1
After considering the parties’ arguments on the motion and taking the matter
under submission, however, the court granted the motion. It ruled Apical
met its burden of showing the balance of private and public interests required
using New York as the alternate forum: “[Apical] has entered into a
stipulation to submit to personal jurisdiction in New York and there is no
dispute that any of [Underwriters’] claims are time-barred. Moreover, while
[Apical] is a California corporation that designs and manufactures its

1      The tentative ruling reads in part: “[T]he Court is not persuaded that
it would be in the interest of substantial justice to have this matter
adjudicated in New York. Although [Apical] has established that New York
is a ‘suitable’ alternative forum, the private interests of the parties and the
interests of the public weigh in favor of the action remaining in California.
. . . The gravamen of the instant lawsuit is that [Apical] allegedly defectively
manufactured and/or designed one of its products. . . . California has an
interest in regulating products manufactured here and there is no evidence
that this case will impose an undue burden on California courts.”
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products exclusively in California, the Court is persuaded that much of the
evidence relating to causation and damages is located in New York, where
the accident occurred. As such, the Court finds that it is in the interest of
substantial justice to have the action adjudicated in New York.” The court
stayed the action until completion of the New York Cadigan case.
      Underwriters filed this appeal from the order.
                                  DISCUSSION
                  I. Legal Principles and Standard of Review
      “Forum non conveniens is an equitable doctrine invoking the
discretionary power of a court to decline to exercise the jurisdiction it has
over a transitory cause of action when it believes that the action may be more
appropriately and justly tried elsewhere.” (Stangvik v. Shiley Inc. (1991) 54
Cal.3d 744, 751 (Stangvik).) The doctrine is codified in Code of Civil

Procedure section 410.30.2 Both case authority and the statute distinguish
between the dismissal of an action on this ground and a stay. (Archibald v.
Cinerama Hotels (1976) 15 Cal.3d 853, 857; see Verdugo v. Alliantgroup, L.P.
(2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 141, 161.) When, as here, a court stays an action on
ground of forum non conveniens, it retains jurisdiction over the parties and
the cause to protect the interests of the California resident pending the

2     Code of Civil Procedure section 410.30, subdivision (a) provides: “When
a court upon motion of a party or its own motion finds that in the interest of
substantial justice an action should be heard in a forum outside this state,
the court shall stay or dismiss the action in whole or in part on any conditions
that may be just.” The Judicial Council comments to the statute state in
part: “Under the doctrine of inconvenient forum, a court, even though it has
jurisdiction, will not entertain the suit if it believes that the forum of filing is
a seriously inconvenient forum for the trial of the action. But in such
instances a more appropriate forum must be available to the plaintiff.”
(Judicial Council of Cal., com., reprinted at 14A West’s Ann. Code Civ. Proc.
(2004 ed.) foll. § 410.30, p. 486.)
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foreign forum’s final decision. (Archibald, at p. 857.) Apical as the moving
defendant bears the burden of proof on a motion to stay or dismiss on
grounds of an inconvenient forum. (Stangvik, at p. 751; David v. Medtronic,
Inc. (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 734, 743.)
      In ruling on a motion based on this doctrine, the trial court engages in
a two-step process, first determining whether the proposed alternative forum
is a suitable place for trial. (Stangvik, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 751; David v.
Medtronic, Inc., supra, 237 Cal.App.4th at p. 741; National Football League v.
Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 902, 917.) “ ‘An
alternative forum is suitable if it has jurisdiction and the action in that forum
will not be barred by the statute of limitations. [Citation.] . . . “[I]t is
sufficient that the action can be brought, although not necessarily won, in the
suitable alternative forum.” ’ ” (Investors Equity Life Holding Co. v. Schmidt
(2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 1519, 1529.) A lawsuit “ ‘will be entertained, no
matter how inappropriate the forum may be, . . . if the plaintiff’s cause of
action would elsewhere be barred by the statute of limitations, unless the
court is willing to accept the defendant’s stipulation that he will not raise this
defense in the second state [citations].’ ” (Stangvik, at p. 752; see also
Investors Equity Life, at p. 1531.) Any concerns regarding the “ ‘suitability’ ”
of the alternative forum may be avoided by defendant’s agreement to comply
with certain conditions, such as submission to jurisdiction or waiver of the
statute of limitations defense. (Stangvik, at p. 752; see Investors Equity Life,
at pp. 1536-1537.) The threshold issue of a suitable forum is
nondiscretionary and subject to de novo review. (Diaz-Barba v. Superior
Court (2015) 236 Cal.App.4th 1470, 1483-1484; American Cemwood Corp. v.
American Home Assurance Co. (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 431, 436; see Stangvik,
at p. 752, fn. 3.)

                                         6
      If the court finds the forum a suitable alternative, “the next step is to
consider the private interests of the litigants and the interests of the public in
retaining the action for trial in California. The private interest factors are
those that make trial and the enforceability of the ensuing judgment
expeditious and relatively inexpensive, such as the ease of access to sources
of proof, the cost of obtaining attendance of witnesses, and the availability of
compulsory process for attendance of unwilling witnesses. The public
interest factors include avoidance of overburdening local courts with
congested calendars, protecting the interests of potential jurors so that they
are not called upon to decide cases in which the local community has little
concern, and weighing the competing interests of California and the alternate
jurisdiction in the litigation.” (Stangvik, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 751; see
National Football League v. Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company, supra, 216
Cal.App.4th at p. 917.) “The court can also take into account the amenability
of the defendants to personal jurisdiction, the convenience of witnesses, the
expense of trial, the choice of law, and indeed any consideration which
legitimately bears upon the relative suitability or convenience of the
alternative forums.” (Archibald v. Cinerama Hotels, supra, 15 Cal.3d at
p. 860.) Courts reviewing the doctrine have identified as many as 25
somewhat-overlapping factors to be considered on these interests. (See Great
Northern Ry. Co. v. Superior Court (1970) 12 Cal.App.3d 105, 113-114;
Northrop Corp. v. American Motorists Inc. Co. (1990) 220 Cal.App.3d 1553,
1560.)
      We review the court’s weighing and balancing of public and private
factors for abuse of discretion, giving “substantial deference” to the trial
court’s ruling. (Stangvik, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 751; Laboratory Specialists
International, Inc. v. Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Inc. (2017) 17

                                        7
Cal.App.5th 755, 764.) “ ‘We “will only interfere with a trial court’s exercise
of discretion where [we find] that under all the evidence, viewed most
favorably in support of the trial court’s action, no judge could have reasonably
reached the challenged result.” ’ ” (National Football League v. Fireman’s
Fund Insurance Company, supra, 216 Cal.App.4th at p. 918.)
                  II. New York as a Suitable Alternate Forum
      Whether an alternative forum is a suitable place for trial entails an
inquiry into whether the action can be brought: there is jurisdiction and no
statute of limitations bars hearing the case on the merits. (Roulier v.
Cannondale (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 1180, 1186; see Piper Aircraft Co. v.

Reyno (1981) 454 U.S. 235, 254, fn. 22.)3 The trial court determined New
York was a suitable alternative forum, and Underwriters does not contest
that part of the court’s ruling. We proceed to the court’s decision on the
second step of the forum non conveniens analysis.

3      The United States Supreme Court in Piper explained: “Ordinarily, this
requirement will be satisfied when the defendant is ‘amenable to process’ in
the other jurisdiction. [Citation.] In rare circumstances, however, where the
remedy offered by the other forum is clearly unsatisfactory, the other forum
may not be an adequate alternative, and the initial requirement may not be
satisfied. Thus, for example, dismissal would not be appropriate where the
alternative forum does not permit litigation of the subject matter of the
dispute.” (Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, supra, 454 U.S. at p. 254, fn. 22.)
Piper’s “ ‘no remedy at all’ ” exception applies only in rare circumstances as
where the alternate forum is a foreign country without an independent
judiciary or due process of law. (Shiley Inc. v. Superior Court (1992) 4
Cal.App.4th 126, 134.) Under Stangvik, however, the court may not consider
the fact that the alternate forum fails to recognize a particular remedy that
would be available to the plaintiff under California law. (Stangvik, supra, 54
Cal.3d at pp. 754 [“the fact that California law would likely provide plaintiffs
with certain advantages of procedural or substantive law cannot be
considered as a factor in plaintiffs’ favor”], 764; Shiley Inc., at p. 133; Boaz v.
Boyle & Co. (1995) 40 Cal.App.4th 700, 710.) On this prong, there is no
balancing or discretion to be exercised. (Shiley Inc., at p. 132.)
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                 III. Balancing of Private and Public Interests
      The court determined that the balance of private and public interests
favored New York as the appropriate forum for Underwriters’ lawsuit, in part
finding “much of the evidence relating to causation and damages is located in
New York, where the accident occurred.” Underwriters contends the court
misapplied the law by failing to evaluate all of the relevant factors. It points
to the court’s tentative ruling, characterizing it as finding Apical “failed to
produce any evidence in support of any of the public interest factors.”
Underwriters argues Apical came forward with no new evidence establishing
any burden on California courts in retaining the lawsuit, and even after the
hearing the court recognized the product was designed and manufactured
exclusively in California. It argues for these reasons the court could not have
reached its ruling on the motion because Apical did not attempt to meet the
public interest factors, and on this ground alone we should reverse.
      In assessing whether the trial court’s decision is an abuse of discretion
we look to whether its act “is within the range of options available under
governing legal criteria in light of the evidence before [it].” (Hansen v.
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. (1996) 51 Cal.App.4th 753, 758, disagreed
with on other grounds in National Football League v. Fireman’s Fund Ins.
Co., supra, 216 Cal.App.4th at p. 933.) We ask whether the court’s ruling
“ ‘ “exceed[ed] the bounds of reason,” ’ ” after considering all of the
circumstances before it; if not, we affirm the ruling regardless how we might
have decided the issue in the first instance. (Quanta Computer Inc. v. Japan
Communications Inc. (2018) 21 Cal.App.5th 438, 447 [review of grant of
forum non conveniens motion].) In the context of a forum non conveniens
analysis, as is generally the case on appellate review, we presume the order
is correct. (Ibid.) We are ultimately concerned with the correctness of the

                                         9
lower court’s decision rather than its reasoning. (Ibid.; see Guimei v. General
Electric Co. (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 689, 696 [appellate court must uphold
order if there is a reasonable or even fairly debatable justification under the
law for the court’s action]; accord, In re Marriage of Ditto (1988) 206
Cal.App.3d 643, 647.)
      Underwriters’ focus on the court’s tentative ruling is misplaced. “ ‘[A]
court is not bound by its statement of intended decision and may enter a
wholly different judgment [or order] than that announced.’ ” (In re Marriage
of Ditto, supra, 206 Cal.App.3d at p. 646.) Even if we were to consider it,
Underwriters mischaracterizes the court’s tentative ruling as finding no
evidence of any public interest factor. The court’s tentative ruling addressed
only evidence of undue burden on the California court. Court congestion or
burden is but one factor in the forum non conveniens public interest analysis.
The court had wide discretion in weighing and balancing all of the factors,
including after its tentative ruling. We reject the suggestion that the court
was bound by its tentative finding or precluded from revisiting or reassessing
the strength of certain factors in its final ruling.
      Citing Stangvik, Underwriters argues “the lower court must weigh all
of the public and private interest factors” and “may not base its conclusion on
some factors to the exclusion of others.” Stangvik involved a medical product
designed and manufactured in California by a California corporate defendant
causing injury to foreign plaintiffs. The California Supreme Court
acknowledged the relevant cumulative California connections with the
defendant: the presumption of California’s convenience and close connection
with the alleged wrongful conduct committed here. (Stangvik, supra, 54
Cal.3d at pp. 757 [summarizing the plaintiffs’ showing on the point]), 760.)
However, it rejected decisions holding these factors necessarily meant the

                                        10
California court would not be unfairly burdened, stating such an analysis
“would require that the court congestion factor always be decided in favor of
the plaintiff and against a California corporation which caused injury to
consumers anywhere in the world, if the product was manufactured here.”
(Id. at pp. 760-761.) The court stated “we cannot look only to such
circumstances,” since other matters were relevant such as the complexity of
the case and condition of the court’s docket. (Id. at p. 761.) The import of
Stangvik is that even where, as here, there are strong considerations favoring
California as a forum (a California corporation designs and manufactures an
allegedly defective product in California), those circumstances are not
dispositive on the public and private interest factors, but may be outweighed
by other considerations.
      The trial court’s ruling in this case, which expressly acknowledges the
law requires a balancing of private and public interests and states it applied
those standards, does not suggest the court placed undue emphasis on any
particular factor to the exclusion of others. (Compare Shiley Inc. v. Superior
Court, supra, 4 Cal.App.4th at pp. 130, 135 [court’s ruling that petitioners
had “ ‘failed to show the kind of weighty reasons to interfere with the
plaintiff’s [sic] choice of forum that case law requires’ ” and finding it was
“ludicrous” for Orange County defendant to say California was inconvenient,
showed court did not consider the relevant factors but relied too heavily on
plaintiffs’ choice of forum and defendant’s residence].) Additionally, the
public and private factors are not fixed and inflexible. The California
Supreme Court has explained that “[t]he trial court retains a flexible power
to consider and weigh all factors relevant to determining which forum is the
more convenient . . . .” (Archibald v. Cinerama Hotels, supra, 15 Cal.3d at p.
860.) The “private and public interest factors must be applied flexibly,

                                        11
without giving undue emphasis to any one element” and no court should
decide there are circumstances in which the doctrine will always apply or
never apply. (Stangvik, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 753.) The strength, weakness
or absence of any particular factor is not fatal to a finding that other relevant
factors warrant granting or denying a motion to dismiss or stay on forum non
conveniens grounds.
      To the extent Underwriters suggests Stangvik requires the court to
make express findings on each and every factor, it is incorrect. The law is to
the contrary: no structured analysis or express ruling on the record is
required for a proper exercise of the court’s discretion on a forum non
conveniens motion. (Campbell v. Parker-Hannifin Corp. (1999) 69
Cal.App.4th 1534, 1542.) And as stated, the factors are not immutable. (See
Stangvik, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 751 [describing factors as examples, listing
them using the phrases “such as” and “including”]; Archibald v. Cinerama
Hotels, supra, 15 Cal.3d at p. 860 [trial court may take into account “any
consideration which legitimately bears upon the relative suitability or
convenience of the alternative forums”].)
      There is no indication that the trial court in this case failed to consider
the relevant factors. As we set out more fully below, Apical’s motion
addressed the private and public interest factors. The trial court could have
reasonably decided that other public and private interest factors weighed in
favor of New York as the forum even if no appreciable burden to the
California court would result from retaining the case here. (See, e.g.,
Stangvik, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 760 [“the [appellate] court was justified in
upholding the judgment on the basis of the other public and private interest
factors which it considered”].) Or the court could have decided that Apical
did in fact demonstrate burden on the California court in, for example,

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compelling the presence of unwilling New York witnesses if the action were to
remain here to warrant its ruling. The trial court was not required to explain
its reasoning. In short, Underwriters has not shown the court misapplied the

law by failing to consider relevant factors.4
A. Private Interests
      The private interest factors focus on the litigants. (Price v. Atchison, T.
& S.F. Ry. Co. (1954) 42 Cal.2d 577, 584-585.) As stated, in determining
whether to grant a forum non conveniens action, those factors “are those that
make trial and the enforceability of the ensuing judgment expeditious and
relatively inexpensive, such as the ease of access to sources of proof, the cost
of obtaining attendance of witnesses, and the availability of compulsory
process for attendance of unwilling witnesses.” (Stangvik, supra, 54 Cal.3d at
p. 751.) The private interests broadly involve “ ‘all other practical problems
that make trial of a case easy, expeditious and inexpensive.’ ” (Price, at p.
585.) It may be that both sets of parties suffer inconvenience and expense
from litigating the case in the forum preferred by the other side. But such
problems “are implicit in many cases in which forum non conveniens motions
are made, and it is for the trial court to decide which party will be more
inconvenienced.” (Stangvik, at p. 763.) If the balancing does not clearly favor

4      Citing Fox Factory, Inc. v. Superior Court (2017) 11 Cal.App.5th 197,
Underwriters argues a court abuses its discretion when it fails to properly
apply relevant legal standards. But in Fox Factory, the trial court denied a
motion to dismiss or stay the plaintiff’s lawsuit on forum non conveniens
grounds citing authority requiring California to be a “seriously inconvenient”
forum for the motion to succeed. (Id. at p. 200.) The Court of Appeal
explained that use of that particular legal test in cases involving a foreign
plaintiff, as plaintiff was there, contravened Stangvik, and thus the lower
court erred by using it. (Id. at pp. 205, 207.) Fox does not convince us the
trial court here failed to properly consider or weigh the various public and
private interest factors.
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one state over the other, we must defer to the trial court’s discretionary
decision according more weight to the factors favoring the state chosen.
      Underwriters contends no reasonable court could conclude the private
interest factors weigh in favor of staying its action. It argues Apical admitted
that all of its conduct related to the design and manufacture of the flotation
system took place in California, and thus all of the documentary evidence and
knowledgeable witnesses are in this state. Underwriters points out that in
connection with Apical’s challenge to New York jurisdiction, Apical submitted
evidence that it had no connection to New York; it was not authorized to do
business there, did not maintain offices or facilities there, it designed and
manufactured its products exclusively in California, it sold and shipped its
product to a Canada company in Canada, and it did not enter into any
contract with any entity in New York. It characterizes Apical’s position on its
forum non conveniens motion as a “reversal” amounting to “gamesmanship

and forum shopping.”5 Underwriters claims Apical’s sworn admissions
established the private interest factors weighed in favor of denying its
motion.
      In support of its motion, Apical presented a declaration from its counsel
Garry Montanari, who averred, among other things, that while Underwriters
alleged the helicopter flotation device was manufactured by Apical, “A[pical]
did not install the float system onto the accident helicopter. Apical did not
conduct maintenance of the subject float system” but “[t]hose activities were

5      Underwriters’ accusation of gamesmanship on Apical’s part is without
merit. Apical may have at first challenged the New York court’s jurisdiction
over it, but the existence of personal jurisdiction is a different inquiry than
the question of whether an action “may be more appropriately and justly
tried elsewhere.” (Stangvik, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 751.) Apical later
submitted to the New York court’s jurisdiction, and we see nothing
inconsistent with its earlier position and its forum non conveniens motion.
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conducted by other entities outside the State of California.” He averred that
Apical was one of ten defendants in the New York Cadigan action, and the
only defendant from California. He identified the other defendants, including
the helicopter pilot, all of which had appeared or agreed to appear in New
York with the exception of a group of companies (EuroTec) associated with
installing or servicing the system. Montanari stated: “[The helicopter pilot],
in particular, is the only eyewitness who was on the subject helicopter and
survived the accident. He is a vital witness/party. He is believed to be a
resident in the New York area. It is probable that he would challenge
personal jurisdiction in California. Thus, the Cadigan action involves a far
more complete roster of relevant parties than this California subrogation
action does or ever could do, based on anticipated challenges to personal
jurisdiction if A[pical] was forced to cross-complain against those parties in
this California action.” He further averred: “Because the underlying
helicopter accident does not involve any other California party, and there are
no known witnesses or evidence located in California other than A[pical]-
controlled evidence and witnesses, the majority of evidence relevant to this
case will be located or available in New York. The aircraft was maintained
and tested there when it was in operation. The aircraft wreckage is there.
The pilot . . . is in the New York area. Investigations were conducted there.
First responders and recovery workers are located in New York.
Additionally, the FAA/NTSB only allows one deposition of its investigators
per accident so those witnesses could only be deposed in one jurisdiction on
liability issues. . . . Taking those depositions in a coordinated way with all
parties present in the Cadigan action would be the much more convenient
and preferable way to handle that discovery. Thus, New York offers far
greater ease of access to sources of proof, a lower of [sic] cost of obtaining

                                        15
attendance of witnesses, and the availability of compulsory process for the
attendance of unwilling witnesses located in New York or who are under the
control of parties who have already submitted to the jurisdiction of New York
arising out of the helicopter accident. Furthermore, conducting pretrial
investigation and discovery will be significantly less expensive and
burdensome if it is coordinated among all parties in the Cadigan action in
New York.” Montanari went on to say that none of the other Cadigan
defendants were California residents, so access to evidence from them would
be more difficult, costly and time-consuming, prejudicing Apical because
“those other parties are highly relevant to the accident flight and the
evidence they could provide should be available for a fair result in this
litigation.”
        Of course, causation and injury are elements of negligence, as well as
design and manufacturing defect and failure to warn claims. (See County of
Santa Clara v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2006) 137 Cal.App.4th 292, 318, citing
Artiglio v. Corning, Inc. (1998) 18 Cal.4th 604, 614 & Soule v. General Motors
Corp. (1994) 8 Cal.4th 548, 560.) Establishing causation in a products
liability case requires a showing that some defect in a product’s design or
manufacture, or some other negligence or failure to warn, was a substantial
factor in an injury or loss, here the loss of the helicopter. (See Rutherford v.
Owens-Illinois, Inc. (1997) 16 Cal.4th 953, 968; Johnson & Johnson Talcum
Powder Cases (2019) 37 Cal.App.5th 292, 323-324; Bolger v. Amazon.com,
LLC (2020) 53 Cal.App.5th 431, 461 [strict liability is not absolute liability;
the plaintiff’s injury must have been caused by a defect in the product];
Hoover v. New Holland North America, Inc. (N.Y.Ct.App. 2014) 11 N.E.3d
693,701; Voss v. Black & Decker Mfg. Co. (N.Y.Ct.App. 1983) 450 N.E.2d 204,
208.)

                                        16
      Underwriters’ claim that the sole relevant witnesses are in California is
an overly narrow view of the issues in this products liability/subrogation case.
Apical made a showing that the evidence would not be necessarily restricted
to evidence of negligent design and manufacture. A manufacturer defendant
is not prevented from presenting evidence that some other circumstance or
actor contributed to the injury or loss, based on the circumstances
surrounding the occurrence of the accident. (Accord, Endicott v. Nissan
Motor Corp. (1977) 73 Cal.App.3d 917, 926, 927 [“If the violence of a crash is
the effective efficient cause of plaintiff’s injuries to the extent that it
supersedes other factors such as defective design and makes them
immaterial, plaintiff cannot recover”; in Endicott, “plaintiff’s operation of his
automobile, negligent or not, was the overriding cause of the serious accident
that brought him severe injury” and difficulty in reconstructing the probable
sequence of events along with other limitations on expert evidence “wholly
preclude any demonstration of substantial probability of causal link” of the
product’s design and enhancement of plaintiff’s injuries].)
      Underwriters did not rebut or object to Montanari’s declaration, which
established that witnesses relevant to possible contributors to the accident
and information about the helicopter’s loss—the helicopter pilot, persons who
tested and maintained the aircraft, first responders, and accident
investigators—were in New York and had submitted to jurisdiction there.
Underwriters did not contest Montanari’s assertion that it would present a
challenge to compel key witnesses such as the pilot to appear if sued in a
California cross-complaint. Underwriters points to Apical’s initial
jurisdictional challenge, but Apical has since agreed to submit to New York
jurisdiction. The evidence supports the court’s conclusion that New York was
a more convenient place for trial in view of the evidence from these witnesses,

                                         17
despite the fact much if not all of the evidence relating to design and
manufacture of the product would be in California. (Accord, Stangvik, supra,
54 Cal.3d at p. 762 [holding the private interests of the parties favored trial
in Scandinavia, in part reasoning: “It is true that much, but not all, of the
evidence concerning liability exists in California; but virtually all the
evidence relating to damages is in Scandinavia,” footnote omitted].)
      The parties’ respective residences do not compel a different conclusion.
Though a corporation’s state of incorporation or principal place of business is
presumptively a convenient forum (Stangvik, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 755), a
“[California] defendant may overcome the presumption of convenience by
evidence that the alternate jurisdiction is a more convenient place for trial of
the action.” (Stangvik, at p. 756, fn. omitted; Campbell v. Parker-Hannifin
Corp. (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th 1534, 1542.) Further, because Underwriters is a
New York entity, “the fact [it] chose to file [its] complaint in California is not
a substantial factor in favor of retaining jurisdiction here.” (Stangvik, at p.
756, fn. omitted; accord, Fox Factory, Inc. v. Superior Court, supra, 11
Cal.App.5th at p. 205 [“the forum choice of a foreign plaintiff is not entitled to
a presumption of convenience”].) Finally, Apical presented evidence that it
already had appeared in New York, and Underwriters had also hired
attorneys for Liberty and filed an answer in the Cadigan action. The court
reasonably could conclude Apical should not suffer the disadvantage and
additional expense of having counsel appear in both states, and Underwriters
would face no additional burden if the case were tried in New York.
      It was reasonable for the trial court to conclude Apical adequately
demonstrated that many likely witnesses were present in New York and thus
the ease of access of proof, the cost of obtaining their attendance, and the
availability of compulsory process for the attendance of any unwilling

                                        18
witnesses, weigh in favor of New York as the appropriate forum. Our review
for abuse of discretion means we may not reweigh the factors and ignore
those supporting the court’s resolution, but must instead give its decision
substantial deference. Particularly in view of Montanari’s declaration, we
cannot say the trial court abused its discretion in deciding that the private
interests of the parties support litigating this matter in New York; we
therefore defer to its conclusion. (Stangvik, supra, 54 Cal.3d at pp. 751-752.)
B. Public Interest
      Underwriters contends Apical did not meet its burden to prove the
public interest factors weighed in favor of granting Apical’s motion. It points
again to the trial court’s tentative conclusion that there was no evidence the
case would impose an undue burden on California courts. Underwriters
argues California has a strong interest in deterring negligent design,
production and sale of products within its borders, and in comparison, New
York “has no interest in a product liability subrogation lawsuit brought by an
insurance company against a manufacturer, and involving a product not
designed, manufactured or sold in New York.” Underwriters maintains
“[n]othing changed” after the court’s tentative ruling; it argues Apical did not
counter that California—its principal place of business and state of
incorporation—was “ ‘presumptively a convenient forum.’ ”
      We reject the latter contention, which again seeks to set in stone the
court’s tentative ruling. The court had ample basis to change its decision on
the public interest aspect of the analysis. In making its motion, Apical
argued California had little interest in claims focusing on a helicopter
accident that occurred in New York, involving a helicopter owned and
operated in New York, and resulting in injuries and property damage to New
York residents. It argued “[a]ny interest that California may have as it

                                       19
applies to Apical is outweighed by New York’s public interest in adjudicating
claims arising from the death of its residents while they are passengers in a
helicopter that is being operated in its airspace.” Apical also touched on
issues of court congestion, arguing “[t]he time to litigate this case in
California would be protracted due to Apical’s limited ability to compel
witnesses and documents in California from the New York and other non-
forum parties who are already subject to and/or have submitted to the
jurisdiction of the pending New York Cadigan action.” It argued much of the
evidence would originate in New York, including that involving Liberty, the
helicopter operator and insured.
      The guiding principle in considering the public interest is that the
jurisdiction with the greater interest should bear the cost and burden of
entertaining the litigation. (Stangvik, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 757, citing Piper
Aircraft Co. v. Reyno (1981) 454 U.S. 235, 260-261.) The examination is not
so much an evidentiary question as a process of weighing and balancing
“more general considerations.” (Campbell v. Parker-Hannifin Corp., supra,
69 Cal.App.4th at p. 1542; see National Football League v. Fireman’s Fund
Ins. Co., supra, 216 Cal.App.4th at p. 933, fn. 15 [citing Campbell and

another case for proposition that no particularized affidavits are required].)6
We will not attach significance to the court’s failure to mention any particular
part of the evidence. (National Football League v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co.,
at p. 936.) “Where the record is silent we draw all reasonable inferences in

6     In National Football League v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., supra, 216
Cal.App.4th 902, the court stated that “[t]he moving party burden on a forum
non conveniens motion appears to consist of establishing a suitable alternate
forum and providing the trial court with sufficient facts to carry out its
weighing and balancing analysis. Any additional requirements would appear
to conflict with the clear mandate that the analysis is entrusted to the trial
court’s discretion.” (Id. at p. 933, fn. 15.)
                                        20
favor of the trial court’s ruling, because that court had no duty to fully
express the reasons for its ruling.” (Ibid.)
      It is clear both New York and California each have an interest in
adjudicating the matter. California certainly has an interest in protecting its
consumers from the production and sale of defective products in this state, or
as Stangvik characterized this factor, an interest in deterring negligent
conduct. (Stangvik, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 759.) On the other hand, both
Underwriters and Liberty are domiciled in New York and the accident
occurred there involving Liberty’s tour company helicopter with numerous
essential New York witnesses and victims. New York has at least an equally
strong interest in assessing the contribution of not only Apical, but also the
resident defendants—including Liberty employees and the pilot—in the cause
of the accident that resulted in the aircraft’s loss as well as deaths in its
state. California jurors have little interest in the damage to a helicopter
owned and operated in New York, suffered by a New York company, in New
York. (Accord, Hansen v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., supra, 51
Cal.App.4th at p. 760 [“California courts . . . have little or no interest in
litigation involving injuries incurred outside of California by nonresidents”].)
The trial court could reasonably take the view that successful litigation in
New York would have the same deterrent effect on Apical that a California
court might afford. (Accord, Morris v. AGFA Corp. (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th
1452, 1467, disagreed with on other grounds in National Football League v.
Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., supra, 216 Cal.App.4th at p. 933.) It reasonably
decided the public interests favor maintaining the action in New York, and
we decline to reweigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for the trial
court’s. (National Football League, at p. 936.)

                                        21
      Underwriters summarizes and distinguishes other cases in an effort to
convince us that the trial court erred in its ruling because its subrogation
case against Apical does not involve multiple plaintiffs, defendants or
victims. It points out the forum non conveniens doctrine is equitable in
nature, and argues there is nothing equitable about allowing Apical to engage
in “blatant manipulation” or “forum shopping.” Underwriters cites more
cases to highlight that in none of them was the forum non conveniens
doctrine used to forum shop, but it does not explain why New York law is so
much more beneficial to Apical that it would be compelled without
justification to move the case there. Underwriters concedes that a stay is
appropriate where there are substantial connections with a foreign
jurisdiction and comparatively minimal connections with California, but it
argues “where the case involves a California defendant and there are
substantial connections between the case and California, staying or
dismissing a case based upon forum non conveniens would be inappropriate.”
      The forum non conveniens analysis is not so bright-line, and because
each case turns on its own facts, it is unhelpful to compare the circumstances
here to other cases. Here, New York has a strong connection to the subject
matter of the case, and we see nothing about Apical’s motion suggesting it
unfairly or unreasonably invoked the forum non conveniens doctrine. We are
required to give “substantial deference” to the court’s discretionary
determination according more weight to the public and private interest
factors favoring New York as the appropriate forum and staying the
California action. (Stangvik, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 751.) For the reasons
stated above, we cannot say the court’s ultimate conclusion exceeds the
bounds of reason under all of the circumstances. Thus, we affirm the order.

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                             DISPOSITION
    The order is affirmed.

                                           O’ROURKE, J.

WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

BENKE, J.

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