Court Opinion

ID: 4427945
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-20 18:58:26.322531+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:50:48.742252
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-4438-16T1

SANTA MALLON,

          Plaintiff-Respondent/
          Cross-Appellant,

v.

HUDSON SAVINGS BANK,
and DENIS J. SALAMONE,
individually and in his official
capacity,

          Defendants-Appellants/
          Cross-Respondents,

and

RONALD E. HERMANCE, JR.,

     Defendant.
____________________________

                    Argued telephonically February 12, 2019 – Decided July 23, 2019

                    Before Judges Hoffman, Suter and Geiger.

                    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                    Division, Bergen County, Docket No. L-0466-13.
            David Francis Jasinski argued the cause for
            appellants/cross-respondents (Jasinski, PC, attorneys;
            David Francis Jasinski, of counsel; Jennifer C. Van
            Syckle, Susan Barbara Burns and Rebecca D.
            Winkelstein, on the briefs).

            Bruce L. Atkins argued the cause for respondent/cross-
            appellant (Deutsch Atkins, PC, attorneys; Bruce L.
            Atkins, of counsel; Carly Skarbnik Meredith and
            Michael Malatino, on the briefs).

            Andrew William Dwyer argued the cause for amicus
            curiae National Employment Lawyers Association of
            New Jersey (Dwyer & Barrett, LLC, attorneys; Andrew
            William Dwyer, of counsel and on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      Defendants Hudson City Savings Bank (Hudson City) and Denis J.

Salamone appeal from a judgment for plaintiff in a case brought under the New

Jersey Law Against Discrimination (LAD), N.J.S.A. 10:5-1 to -49. Defendants

urge us to reverse, contending plaintiff failed to prove she engaged in a protected

activity. Alternatively, they claim errors in the jury charge and verdict sheet, an

evidentiary error, and misconduct by plaintiff's counsel also warrant reversal.

      Plaintiff cross-appeals, arguing the trial court "erroneously dismissed

[p]laintiff's claim for punitive damages" and "made numerous legal and factual

errors in rendering its decision as to [p]laintiff's award of counsel fees and

                                                                           A-4438-16T1
                                        2
costs." For the reasons that follow, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand

for further proceedings.

                                         I.

      We derive the following facts from the trial record. Plaintiff's career at

Hudson City spanned thirty-six years, beginning in 1975. Commencing in 1981,

she reported to Michael Lee, then a Senior Vice President.

      During her tenure, plaintiff received multiple promotions. In 2004, she

reached her highest position, First Vice President, based on a recommendation

from Lee. Salamone, then the bank's Chief Operating Officer, and defendant

Ronald Hermance,1 the bank's president, CEO, and Chairman, also approved the

promotion.

      Plaintiff's complaint alleged a glass ceiling at Hudson City prevented her

from advancing beyond First Vice President. Plaintiff and Lee regularly spoke

about gender discrimination at the bank, particularly in the highest levels of

management. However, Lee discouraged plaintiff from pursuing the issue based

on his concerns it could result in retaliation.

1
   Before trial, plaintiff stipulated to the dismissal of her claims against
Hermance, after he passed away.
                                                                           A-4438-16T1
                                         3
      As of 2011, the gender composition of Hudson City's management, at the

Vice President level and above, remained predominantly male. Of twenty-seven

Vice Presidents, eleven were women; of fourteen First Vice Presidents, four

were women; of nine Senior Vice Presidents, one was a woman. Between 2001

and 2011, no women received a promotion to the Senior Vice President level,

compared to fourteen men.

      No females held the position of Executive Vice President in 2010, but the

bank hired one in 2011, after its first choice – a male – proved unavailable; there

were three other Executive Vice Presidents in 2011, all male. The bank's Board

of Directors included seven or eight male members, and one female member.

      Defendants denied a glass ceiling existed at Hudson City and maintained

the bank made promotions based upon an employee's abilities, skills, talents,

and willingness to assume greater responsibility; however, Hudson City did not

have a formal policy or process for promotions. Generally, an employee would

receive a promotion based on excellent performance, on the recommendation of

the employee's supervisor. Up to the Senior Vice President level, promotion

recommendations were submitted to Chris Nettleton, the head of human

resources, and Salamone.      Officer-level positions required approval by the

Board of Directors.

                                                                           A-4438-16T1
                                        4
      According to plaintiff, in August 2010, she told then-Executive Vice

President, John Tassillo, she wanted "the same respect" and salary "as the

males," and a promotion to Senior Vice President. Plaintiff also had several

conversations with Lee about her desire for a promotion.

      Lee viewed plaintiff as an exemplary employee. According to Lee, in

December 2010 and January 2011, he discussed with Salamone and Hermance

his recommendation for plaintiff to receive a promotion to Senior Vice

President; however, these discussions were preliminary, and Lee did not confirm

his request in writing. Salamone denied Lee ever recommended plaintiff for a

promotion to Senior Vice President, as did Nettleton; however, Yolanda DiMari,

a Vice President in human resources, testified plaintiff told her she wanted to be

a Senior Vice President.

      Plaintiff testified that over the course of her career with Hudson City, she

did not receive any warnings or criticisms about her performance or behavior .

Defendants disputed this contention, and highlighted three incidents that raised

concerns about plaintiff: (1) a 2005 anonymous complaint alleging plaintiff and

Lee were romantically involved, and that plaintiff received promotions because

of Lee's influence; (2) a 2009 written warning plaintiff received for failing to

                                                                          A-4438-16T1
                                        5
comply with the bank's policy regarding the sale of Hudson City stock; (3) a

March 2011 ethics complaint filed against plaintiff by a Hudson City bank teller.

        No disciplinary action was taken in response to the 2005 complaint, and

plaintiff and Lee denied any romantic relationship. They were advised only to

not have lunch together so often.

        The warning plaintiff received in 2009 concerned an October 2008 stock

sale.    According to plaintiff, she notified the bank's Investor Relations

Department before the sale, but "never made a call afterwards," because she "did

not understand [she] needed to do it." The incident did not result in any other

action against plaintiff.

        A bank teller named Jill Ford filed the ethics complaint against plaintiff

following a negative interaction between Ford and plaintiff's husband, when

plaintiff's husband attempted to cash a $200 check. Both plaintiff and her

husband signed the back of the check, and plaintiff gave her husband her

employee identification card to verify her signature. Plaintiff's husband tried to

cash the check on a joint checking account he maintained with plaintiff since

2004. Previously, the account belonged to plaintiff and her sister; however, in

2004, after the account became dormant, plaintiff deleted her sister's name from

the account, and added her husband's name, with Lee approving the change.

                                                                          A-4438-16T1
                                         6
      Ford declined to cash the check after looking up the account using

plaintiff's husband's social security number and finding no account belonging to

him. The complaint alleged plaintiff's husband attempted to use intimidation to

get the check cashed, invoking plaintiff's position as an officer with the bank.

Ford further complained Lee acted inappropriately when he told the branch

manager to cash the check.

      Along with DiMari from human resources, Paul Chaves from security, and

Louis Beierle, a Senior Vice President in charge of audit functions, investigated

the complaint. On April 26, 2011, DiMari, Chaves, and Beierle met with

plaintiff and advised her of the bank policies she had violated, specifically the

transfer of ownership of the checking account from her and her sister to her and

her husband, a missing signature card, and allowing her husband to use her

employee identification card. Plaintiff denied any wrongdoing, and insisted the

branch acted inappropriately in failing to process her husband's transaction.

After the meeting, plaintiff emailed Chaves and Beierle, and copied Lee and

Salamone, with copies of relevant bank policies supporting her position.

      On June 9, 2011, DiMari issued the final report of the investigation, which

also alleged plaintiff violated additional bank policies relating to bank accounts

belonging to plaintiff and her relatives. Chaves testified that the investigation

                                                                          A-4438-16T1
                                        7
was "like peeling back the layers on [an] onion," with each person interviewed

having a new tale to tell about plaintiff.

      The investigators reported plaintiff acted as though the rules did not apply

to her, and people were fearful of and intimidated by her. While numerous trial

witnesses testified to plaintiff's combativeness, other witnesses testified they got

along well with plaintiff.

      In a meeting with plaintiff in June 2011, DiMari and Chaves raised an

additional policy violation by plaintiff relating to an account opened by her

niece. They maintained that since this was a joint account, the second owner

should have been present. Plaintiff again denied violating any policy with

respect to this account.2

      Another alleged policy violation noted in the June 9 report involved

plaintiff's request for a bank employee to monitor one of her accounts for

overdrafts. Plaintiff denied doing anything other than requesting "a heads up"

if a check bounced on the account, a courtesy generally afforded to employees.

      On June 22, 2011, Salamone authored a hand-written note to human

resources, stating he no longer had confidence in plaintiff's leadership, and could

2
  Defendants also took issue with plaintiff's niece working under plaintiff, and
receiving special favors as a result.
                                                                            A-4438-16T1
                                         8
not trust that she would put the interests of the bank before her own. Therefore,

he had "changed" her responsibilities, such that she would work in the human

resources department, overseeing training, and report to Nettleton.

      Lee told Salamone the transfer "would be considered a demotion" and was

unwise, given the nature of plaintiff's and Nettleton's personalities. 3 Lee also

warned Salamone that plaintiff would "take this very badly, and that she would

consider it discriminatory, and that the bank would be facing a lawsuit."

      In pretrial discovery, defendants took the position that plaintiff's change

in job responsibilities constituted a disciplinary action. Lee also testified that

when Salamone spoke to him about the proposed transfer, Salamone presented

it as a disciplinary action.

      At trial, however, defendants denied that plaintiff's transfer constituted a

disciplinary action or demotion because plaintiff retained her title and

maintained her salary. They claimed the transfer represented "an opportunity"

for plaintiff to redeem herself and take charge of an expanded, company-wide

training program.

3
   According to Lee, Nettleton is "an extremely confrontational, outspoken,
aggressive person. One of his favorite comments is he likes to shoot first and
aim later."
                                                                            A-4438-16T1
                                        9
      On June 30, 2011, Salamone and Nettleton met with plaintiff to address

the issues raised in the Ford ethics report. When plaintiff continued to deny any

wrongdoing, the meeting became heated. Salamone told plaintiff she expected

people to make exceptions and violate policies to make things easier for her. He

also said she was a poor leader, was high maintenance, and intimidated her staff.

Finally, he told her he did not trust her to put the bank's interests ahead of her

own, and because Lee had been protecting her, he needed to separate them and

move her to human resources.

      According to plaintiff, she left the meeting distraught and humiliated,

believing her career was over. On July 21, 2011, plaintiff submitted a memo to

Salamone, copying Lee and Nettleton, defending her actions, denying any

wrongdoing, and opposing her "punishment." She testified that her new position

constituted a demotion because she would have fewer people report to her and

would not have the same chance for promotion to Senior Vice President.

Plaintiff ended the memo with the following statement:

            There appears to be an underlying agenda that can only
            make me think that this is a discriminatory action
            against me. I believe that these accusations and the
            unfair depth of punishment were instituted because of
            my request for a promotion. I can only believe that the
            plan was to either fire me or get me so [humiliated] that
            I would quit my employment with the bank. After
            [thirty-six] years of loyalty, accomplishments and high

                                                                          A-4438-16T1
                                       10
              performance to have to deal with such adverse,
              discriminatory and unfair conditions is just disturbing.

      Plaintiff later complained of discrimination to Chaves. Chaves responded

he had "nothing to do with this," explaining that Salamone was telling Nettleton

what to do.

      Lee understood plaintiff was alleging discrimination and believed the

allegation warranted investigation.     Nevertheless, defendants contended the

memo did not constitute a valid complaint of discrimination and therefore did

not require an investigation.

      Salamone believed plaintiff's allegation constituted "words that didn't

mean anything" and there was "absolutely no abuse . . . or discrimination in the

investigation or in any of the actions" taken with respect to plaintiff. He testified

human resources employees knew "all the right words" to use.

      A day later, Salamone emailed Nettleton: "this changes how I think we go

forward. It looks like there is no hope for her." He questioned "whether [he]

should have fired her . . . because it was clear that she only wanted to work for

Mike Lee and she would not accept anything else."

      On July 27, 2011, Salamone responded to plaintiff by email, with an

attached memo, which stated

                                                                             A-4438-16T1
                                        11
               Hudson has not, and will never discriminate against any
               employee for any reason. One needs to look no further
               than the composition of our Executive Vice Presidents,
               Senior Vice-Presidents and First Vice-Presidents,
               which is a diverse group representative of our
               community. Equally spurious is your suggestion that a
               request for promotion may have spurred the bank's
               actions.

         Salamone also wrote a memo to human resources, which added

information about his June 30, 2011 meeting with plaintiff, and plaintiff's July

21, 2011 memo. Salamone stated, "My conclusions are only reinforced by Mrs.

Mallon's continued inability to recognize and accept responsibility for her highly

inappropriate actions. Mrs. Mallon never raised any claim of discrimination."

         Salamone testified the last sentence referred to plaintiff's failure to raise

any claim of discrimination. She only mentioned discrimination on July 21,

which he characterized as "a desperate attempt to work again with Mike Lee."

         In an earlier draft of his memo, which he sent to DiMari and Nettleton,

Salamone stated: "My conclusions are only reinforced by this email and the

accusations of 'abusive action' and 'discrimination' raise this issue to a deeper

question as to whether Mrs. Mallon should continue to be employed at Hudson

City."

         Salamone was concerned with plaintiff's continued refusal to accept

responsibility, and "thought it preposterous, to keep going on with this ." He

                                                                              A-4438-16T1
                                          12
believed her claim of discrimination was uncalled for because the ethics

investigation had been fair, and he never received a request for her to be

promoted. He questioned whether she should keep working at the bank.

      On August 3, 2011, plaintiff sent a memo to Salamone, again denying any

violations of bank policies. Salamone forwarded plaintiff's memo to Nettleton,

indicating he should share the memo with counsel.

      Salamone intended plaintiff's transfer to human resources to take effect

on July 1, 2011. However, Nettleton acknowledged a period of transition during

the month of July. During this transition period, Nettleton and DiMari attempted

to engage plaintiff in her new position; however, plaintiff refused to report to

Nettleton, insisting he was not her superior, and accused him of being a liar and

having been "bought."

      On August 4, 2011, plaintiff met with Nettleton and DiMari regarding her

new   position   and    office.    According    to   plaintiff,    Nettleton   was

"[c]onfrontational, argumentative, pushy, arrogant, bullying, [and] abusive,"

telling her to email him every day because he did not trust her.

      In August 2011, while Nettleton was on vacation, he and DiMari co-

authored a memo regarding the August 4 meeting. Nettleton wrote that he found

plaintiff "contentious, confrontational, and insubordinate" and that he told

                                                                           A-4438-16T1
                                      13
plaintiff she "already had 'two strikes against her'", and "if her behavior

continued to be negative it would lead to discipline and possible termination ."

      Nettleton also wrote a memo to plaintiff, responding to her request for

information regarding the Ford ethics complaint. Nettleton stated that although

plaintiff had the ability to perform, he had "concerns" regarding her

"commitment," and was "disappointed by the most recent incident of [her]

insubordinate behavior that resulted in [his] verbal warning."

      DiMari later learned plaintiff approved excessive tuition reimbursements

for her subordinates, including plaintiff's own niece, in violation of the bank's

education assistance policy. Also, while plaintiff was on vacation, one of her

subordinates indicated their failure to meet a deadline. DiMari and Nettleton

drafted another memo, documenting plaintiff's failure to fulfill her job

responsibilities, and the violation of company policy.

      On September 7, 2011, plaintiff, DiMari, and Nettleton had another

contentious meeting. Nettleton raised the tuition reimbursement irregularities,

which plaintiff denied.    Plaintiff claimed Nettleton told her to retire.     He

admitted calling plaintiff the worst employee he ever had.

                                                                         A-4438-16T1
                                      14
        That afternoon, Nettleton told plaintiff she was being suspended.

According to plaintiff, she told Nettleton she was being discriminated against,

and he laughed at her.

        On September 8, 2011, Nettleton and DiMari documented the previous

day's meeting. According to the memo, plaintiff "was angry and insubordinate"

and called Nettleton "a bully and a liar" who "constantly berates her and puts

her down." She accused Nettleton of "discrimination and disparate treatment"

because he demanded a daily email from her regarding her work.

        On September 15, 2011, Hudson City terminated plaintiff's employment.

Plaintiff once more alleged discrimination. Again, the discrimination allegation

was not investigated. Defendants claimed plaintiff was terminated because of

multiple violations of bank policies, her failure to accept responsibility for those

violations, and her insubordination in refusing to work in her new position .

        On December 19, 2011, plaintiff filed a charge of discrimination with the

Equal     Employment     Opportunity    Commission,     alleging   age   and     sex

discrimination.    In January 2013, plaintiff filed a Law Division complaint

alleging claims of gender and age discrimination, retaliation, and aiding and

abetting liability, under the LAD, as well as a claim for violation of New Jersey's

                                                                            A-4438-16T1
                                        15
Equal Pay Act, N.J.S.A. 34:11-56.1 to -56.14. The parties later stipulated to the

dismissal of the age discrimination and equal pay claims.

      The matter proceeded to a jury trial in spring 2016. At the close of

plaintiff's case, defendants moved for dismissal pursuant to Rule 4:37-2(b). The

court dismissed plaintiff's claims for punitive damages and future emotional

distress damages, but denied the remainder of defendants' motion. Defendants

again moved for dismissal at the close of all evidence, which the court denied.

      The jury returned a verdict in favor of plaintiff on her retaliation claim

and the aiding and abetting claim, but found against plaintiff on her gender

discrimination claim. The jury awarded plaintiff $733,000 for past economic

loss and $202,000 for future economic loss, but nothing for emotional distress.

Plaintiff's counsel requested the court to reconsider its dismissal of the punitive

damages claim, which the court denied.

      Defendants then moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, or

alternatively a new trial. The court denied the motion.

      Meanwhile, plaintiff filed a motion for attorney's fees, costs, prejudgment

interest, and a tax gross-up to account for the negative tax consequences caused

by receiving the economic award in a lump sum. The court awarded plaintiff

$491,227.37 in counsel fees, $75,231.60 in costs, and $62,955.64 in

                                                                           A-4438-16T1
                                       16
prejudgment interest, but denied her request for a tax gross-up. Plaintiff filed a

motion for reconsideration regarding the fee award, which the court denied.

This appeal followed.

                                       II.

      Defendants argue plaintiff did not prove she engaged in protected conduct

under the LAD and therefore could not prove the retaliation claim. We disagree.

      When reviewing the denial of a motion for judgment, we apply the same

standard as the trial court. We will deny a motion for judgment "if the evidence,

together with the legitimate inferences therefrom, could sustain a judgment in

plaintiff's favor." R. 4:37-2(b). We grant the motion only "where no rational

juror could conclude that the plaintiff marshaled sufficient evidence to satisfy

each prima facie element of a cause of action."           Godfrey v. Princeton

Theological Seminary, 196 N.J. 178, 197 (2008).

      The LAD prohibits retaliation against individuals who complain of

unlawful discrimination. See Battaglia v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 214 N.J.
518, 546 (2013); Tartaglia v. UBS PaineWebber, Inc., 197 N.J. 81, 125 (2008).

To prove a claim of retaliation, a plaintiff must establish: (1) he or she engaged

in a protected activity known to the employer, such as making a good faith

complaint of unlawful discrimination; (2) an adverse employment action; and

                                                                          A-4438-16T1
                                       17
(3) causation. Battaglia, 214 N.J. at 547; Carmona v. Resorts Int'l Hotel, Inc.,

189 N.J. 354, 372-73 (2007).

      Defendants claim plaintiff failed to prove the first element of her

retaliation claim. As to this element, "[a]s a starting point, protected activity, if

involving a complaint, must concern discrimination." Dunkley v. S. Coraluzzo

Petrol. Transporters, 437 N.J. Super. 366, 377 (App. Div. 2014), remanded on

other grounds, 221 N.J. 217 (2015). "A general complaint of unfair treatment"

will not suffice. Ibid. (quoting Barber v. CSX Distrib. Servs., 68 F.3d 694, 702

(3d Cir. l995)).

      At the same time, our case law cautions against a narrow reading of the

LAD's protections. Battaglia, 214 N.J. at 551. Thus, there are no magic words

for expressing a complaint of discrimination. Cf., Beasley v. Passaic Cty., 377
N.J. Super. 585, 605 (App. Div. 2005). "[A]s long as the complaint is made in

a good faith belief that the conduct complained of violates the LAD, it suffices

for purposes of pursuing a cause of action." Ibid.

      Here, the record supports the jury's conclusions that plaintiff had a good

faith belief in her complaint of unlawful discrimination and defendants

understood plaintiff's complaint related to an alleged violation of the LAD.

Plaintiff regularly complained to Lee, a senior bank executive, about gender

                                                                             A-4438-16T1
                                        18
discrimination at the bank and a glass ceiling that prevented women from

reaching top levels of management. Moreover, plaintiff spoke with Lee about a

promotion to Senior Vice President. In the same time-frame, Lee discussed

plaintiff's possible promotion with Salamone. Thus, the jury could reasonably

conclude that plaintiff's discrimination claim was not contrived in response to

the March 2011 ethics complaint made against her, as defendants argued.

      As to the nature of plaintiff's complaint, Lee testified he advised Salamone

against transferring plaintiff to human resources, stating she would find the

transfer discriminatory, and likely file a lawsuit. Thereafter, when plaintiff

wrote to Salamone complaining of discrimination, Salamone responded by

stating the bank does not discriminate against its employees, and noting the

diversity of the bank's senior management.

      Both Lee's advice to Salamone to expect a lawsuit alleging discrimination,

and Salamone's response, which invoked diversity, show defendants understood

plaintiff's July 2011 memo to Salamone alleged discrimination in violation of

the LAD, and not merely a complaint of unfair treatment.

      Defendants dismissed plaintiff's allegation, apparently in the belief it

lacked merit. However, Salamone's dismissiveness towards other allegations of

discrimination, made by human resources employees because they knew "all the

                                                                          A-4438-16T1
                                      19
right words," is consistent with a conclusion that defendants would have rejected

any discrimination complaint made by plaintiff, regardless of the specific words

used.

        Defendants next argue for a new trial on the retaliation claim, asserting

errors in the jury charge and the verdict sheet. Defendants argue the instructions

and verdict sheet were erroneous because they referenced only "discrimination"

complaints generally, and thereby permitted the jury to find for plaintiff without

finding she made a complaint of gender-based discrimination.             Moreover,

defendants claim the court made similar errors in responding to the jury's

question on this subject.

        Defendants' proposed retaliation charge did not follow the relevant model

charge.     It was longer, and inserted the words "gender" or "gender

discrimination" any time it referred to a complaint made by plaintiff.

        The questions in defendants' proposed verdict sheet regarding the

retaliation claim also added the word "gender" every time they referenced a

complaint of discrimination.

        During deliberations, the jurors posed three questions to the court:

           1) Could you give us a definition of discrimination?

           2) Is there a difference in gender discrimination than just
              discrimination?

                                                                           A-4438-16T1
                                        20
         3) Are we allowed to consider that . . . there might have
            been a discrimination not . . . necessarily gender
            discrimination?

      After discussing the questions with counsel, the judge provided the jury

with the following responses:

            Question #1:

            Discrimination can be generally defined as treating
            someone differently. However, the LAD statute is
            more specific and makes it unlawful to treat someone
            differently because of, among the various categories,
            their race, creed, national origin, color, or sex. LAD
            specifically prohibits an employer from taking an
            adverse action against their employee based on
            "differential treatment" that is premised on the sex or
            the gender of a person. If proven, this "differential
            treatment" would be considered an adverse
            employment action, which is prohibited by LAD.

            Question #2:

            Yes.

            Question #3:

            This question cannot be answered as phrased. Please
            rephrase if you still wish guidance or clarification.

      The court's concern with respect to question three was that the answer

could differ depending upon whether the jury was considering the gender

discrimination claim, or the claim for retaliation.         With the gender

discrimination claim, the jurors could not consider whether plaintiff was

                                                                      A-4438-16T1
                                     21
discriminated against based upon any other protected characteristic. However,

with the retaliation claim, the jurors could consider her discrimination complaint

a protected activity if based upon, or perceived by defendants as based upon,

any protected characteristic under the LAD, not limited to gender. The jurors

chose not to rephrase question three.

      When reviewing a trial court's instructions, we consider the charge as a

whole. Sons of Thunder v. Borden, Inc., 148 N.J. 396, 418 (1997). We "will

not disturb a jury's verdict based on a trial court's instructional error 'where the

charge, considered as a whole, adequately conveys the law and is unlikely to

confuse or mislead the jury, even though part of the charge, standing alone,

might be incorrect.'" Wade v. Kessler Inst., 172 N.J. 327, 341 (1996) (quoting

Fischer v. Canario, 143 N.J. 235, 254 (1996)).

      We also apply the same standard when evaluating jury interrogatories or

a verdict sheet. Ibid. (citing Mogull v. CB Commercial Real Estate Grp., Inc.,

162 N.J. 449, 467–68 (2000)).         We will not reverse "unless they were

misleading, confusing, or ambiguous." Sons of Thunder, 148 N.J. at 418.

      A charge that closely follows the model charge will rarely result in a

finding of error. Mogull, 162 N.J. at 466. However, the failure to tailor a charge

to the facts of a case may warrant reversal if it results in an incorrect charge, or

                                                                            A-4438-16T1
                                        22
a charge that does not adequately guide the jury in how to apply the legal

principles to the facts. Reynolds v. Gonzalez, 172 N.J. 266, 288-89, 291 (2002).

      Here, the jury instructions complied with the law in discussing the

retaliation claim, and closely followed Model Jury Charge (Civil), 2.22

Unlawful Employment Practices Under the New Jersey Law Against

Discrimination (LAD) – Retaliation (N.J.S.A. 10:5-12(d) and -12(r)) (Approved

Sept. 2009; rev. Jan. 2019). The verdict sheet also complied with the governing

law, as did the responses to the jurors' questions.

      The jurors received accurate instructions as to the nature of plaintiff's

allegations.     They were instructed that plaintiff was alleging gender

discrimination in the failure to promote her to Senior Vice President, and

retaliation in response to her complaint of gender discrimination. Moreover, the

judge accurately instructed the jurors that to find for plaintiff on the retaliation

claim, they must find plaintiff made a protected claim of discrimination under

the LAD, and not merely a complaint of unfair treatment. Dunkley, 437 N.J.

Super. at 377.

      The court did not err in rejecting defendants' proposed jury charge on

retaliation. The court reasonably concluded the proposed charge would mislead

the jurors into believing plaintiff needed to utter the words "gender

                                                                            A-4438-16T1
                                        23
discrimination" for her discrimination complaint to constitute protected activity

under the LAD; however, the law imposes no such obligation. Battaglia, 214
N.J. at 548-49, 551.

      Third, defendants argue the court erred in admitting into evidence three

documents protected by the attorney-client privilege.           We review the

applicability of the attorney-client privilege de novo. Hedden v. Kean Univ.,

434 N.J. Super. 1, 10 (App. Div. 2013).

      "New Jersey's discovery rules are to be construed liberally in favor of

broad pretrial discovery." Payton v. N.J. Tpk. Auth., 148 N.J. 524, 535 (1997).

However, privileged documents and communications are not discoverable. R.

4:10-2(a).

      The attorney-client privilege protects "communications between a lawyer

and his client in the course of that relationship and in professional confidence

. . . ." N.J.R.E. 504(1). It applies to communications "(1) in which legal advice

is sought, (2) from an attorney acting in his capacity as a legal advisor, (3) and

[where] the communication is made in confidence, (4) by the client." Hedden,
434 N.J. Super. at 10.

      The privilege also applies to documents prepared at the request of the

attorney to aid in providing legal advice or to prepare for litigation. Hannan v.

                                                                          A-4438-16T1
                                       24
St. Joseph's Hosp. & Med. Ctr., 318 N.J. Super. 22, 27-29 (App. Div. 1999).

The privilege may apply to communications between a client and intermediaries

or agents of an attorney. Rivard v. Am. Home Prods., Inc., 391 N.J. Super. 129,

154 (App. Div. 2007); O'Boyle v. Borough of Longport, 218 N.J. 168, 185

(2014).

      The term "client" includes a "corporation or other association that . . .

consults a lawyer . . . for the purpose of retaining the lawyer or securing legal

service or advice from him in his professional capacity. . . ." N.J.R.E. 504(3).

"The privilege . . . belongs to the institution and covers confidential

communications between the entity's attorneys and its employees." Hedden, 434
N.J. Super. at 11. Moreover, "[e]-mail exchanges are covered by the privilege

like any other form of communication." Stengart v. Loving Care Agency, Inc.,

201 N.J. 300, 315 (2010).

      During discovery, defendants produced a log of documents they claimed

were protected under attorney-client or work product privilege. Plaintiff moved

to compel documents identified in the privilege log. The court denied plaintiff's

motion, but ordered defendant to produce a more descriptive privilege log.

                                                                         A-4438-16T1
                                      25
       In March 2015, plaintiff again moved to compel discovery. After an in

camera review of the disputed documents, the court ordered defendants to

produce certain items.

       Defendants first contend the court erred in admitting Exhibit P-109, which

consists of an email from Salamone to Nettleton and DiMari, with an attached

three-page draft memo written by Salamone to human resources. In the memo,

Salamone summarizes his thoughts regarding the Ford ethics complaint

investigation, and questions whether the bank should continue to employ

plaintiff.

       The memo is mostly a typewritten version of Salamone's handwritten

notes dated June 22, 2011, which were admitted into evidence as Exhibit P-106.

However, on appeal, defendants do not complain about the admission of P-106.

They also do not complain about the admission of Exhibit P-118 – the final

version of the memo.

       In Exhibit P-109, Salamone references plaintiff's July 21, 2011 memo, in

which she complained of discrimination. Salamone stated, "My conclusions are

only reinforced by this email and the accusations of 'abusive action' and

'discrimination' raise this issue to a deeper question as to whether Mrs. Mallon

should continue to be employed at Hudson City."

                                                                         A-4438-16T1
                                       26
      However, in the final version of the memo (P-118), Salamone states: "My

conclusions are only reinforced by Mrs. Mallon's continued inability to

recognize and accept responsibility for her highly inappropriate actions. Mrs.

Mallon never raised any claim of discrimination."

      Here, the record supports the conclusion that Exhibit P-109 was not

protected by the attorney-client privilege. Salamone addressed the memo to

human resources, and, as explained in both Salamone's deposition and his trial

testimony, the memo documents Salamone's thoughts regarding the Ford ethics

complaint investigation, and his plan as to how to proceed going forward.

      Defendants also contend the question contained in the memo – whether

the bank should continue to employ plaintiff – was a question posed to counsel.

However, the record does not support this contention. Nothing in the record

indicates that Exhibit P-109 was intended as an attorney-client communication,

or was prepared at the request of counsel to assist counsel in providing legal

advice or prepare for litigation. Hannan, 318 N.J. Super. at 27-29. Further,

Salamone did not testify that the question posed in his memo to human resources

was directed to defendants' counsel.

      Defendants next contend the trial court erred in admitting Exhibit P -115

over their objection of attorney-client privilege. Exhibit P-115 consists of a

                                                                       A-4438-16T1
                                       27
cover email from Salamone to Nettleton and DiMari, stating: "Here is the final

with a minor change in blue. Please send this back to me in 'final' so the various

changes are not visible or attainable." The attached memo is from Salamone to

plaintiff, responding to her July 21, 2011 memo; it is in draft form, with

strikeouts and additions noted.

      Plaintiff's counsel referenced this document in his opening statement,

arguing it showed Salamone "doesn't want anybody to know how this evolved.

He wants it to go – be gone and only the final be available, but that didn't

happen." Plaintiff's counsel made a similar argument in summation. Defense

counsel objected to plaintiff's counsel's comments, and moved for a mistrial,

arguing that confidential communications between client and counsel had been

presented to the jury.

      The record supports the trial court's conclusion that Exhibit P-115 is not

protected by the attorney-client privilege under N.J.R.E. 504(1). Exhibit P-115

does not constitute a communication between attorney and client. It consists

solely of an email communication among Salamone, Nettleton, and DiMari,

without any reference to any communication with counsel; and a draft memo

from Salamone to plaintiff, without any reference to communication with

counsel. The mere fact that the draft memo may have been sent to counsel does

                                                                          A-4438-16T1
                                       28
not make it privileged. K.L. v. Evesham Twp. Bd. of Educ., 423 N.J. Super.
337, 351 (App. Div. 2011).

      Defendants also contend Exhibit P-122 is protected by the attorney-client

privilege. Exhibit P-122 consists of a string of two emails sent on August 3,

2011. In the first email, plaintiff forwards a memo to Salamone, responding to

his July 27 memo. In the second email, Salamone forwards plaintiff's email to

Nettleton and states: "Chris, [s]he doesn't want this to end. You may want to

share this with David Jasinski and get his advice. Sandy must have forgotten

that she signed the Insider Trading Violation memo."

      As above, Exhibit P-122 is not protected because it does not reflect any

attorney-client communication. Salamone's mere reference to seeking advice

from counsel in the future does not make the communication privileged.

      Finally, defendants argue that the court erred by not responding to a juror's

question regarding attorney-client privilege. Following Salamone's testimony,

one juror sent a note to the court, proposing that the following questions be

posed to Salamone: "What is attorney-client privilege?" and "When can this

privilege be revoked?" The court declined to pose these questions to Salamone,

but reminded the jurors they would be instructed on the law pertaining to the

issues in the case.

                                                                           A-4438-16T1
                                       29
      The court appropriately handled the juror's question. The juror was not

entitled to pose a question to Salamone that called for a legal opinion, nor was

the juror entitled to question the court's legal rulings as to the admissibility of

evidence. The court must instruct the jury on the law. During the jury charge,

the court correctly instructed the jurors to make their factual determinations

based upon the evidence admitted by the court. Therefore, we reject defendants'

argument that the judgment should be reversed due to the erroneous admission

of privileged documents.

      Defendants also assert a number of errors they claim cumulatively warrant

reversal for a new trial. Defendants claim plaintiff's counsel argued defendants

attempted to bury evidence, knowing defendants could not respond without

waiving the attorney-client privilege. Defendants also argue plaintiff's counsel

inappropriately questioned defendants' racial and ethnic bias, despite the lack of

relevance. Defendants further argue plaintiff's counsel improperly attacked

defense counsel through the use of privileged documents. Defendants' final

argument is that plaintiff's counsel improperly asked the jury to make a negative

inference about the bank's failure to produce certain evidence.

      None of the complained of errors, individually or together, warrant

reversal of the judgment. They largely repeat arguments made and addressed

                                                                           A-4438-16T1
                                       30
earlier in this opinion or were simply not raised in the trial court, and are

therefore waived. See Nieder v. Royal Indem. Ins. Co., 62 N.J. 229, 234 (1973).

Regarding any arguments not specifically addressed, we conclude they lack

sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

                                      III.

      In plaintiff's cross-appeal, she argues the court erred in dismissing her

claim for punitive damages. We apply the same standard as the trial court, and

determine "if the evidence, together with the legitimate inferences therefrom,

could sustain a judgment in plaintiff's favor." R. 4:37-2(b). "The motion should

only 'be granted where no rational juror could conclude that the plaintiff

marshaled sufficient evidence to satisfy each prima facie element of a cause of

action.'" Smith v. Millville Rescue Squad, 225 N.J. 373, 397 (2016) (quoting

Godfrey v. Princeton Theological Seminary, 196 N.J. 178, 197 (2008)).

      Under the Punitive Damages Act, N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.12:

            a. Punitive damages may be awarded to the plaintiff
            only if the plaintiff proves, by clear and convincing
            evidence, that the harm suffered was the result of the
            defendant's acts or omissions, and such acts or
            omissions were actuated by actual malice or
            accompanied by a wanton and willful disregard of
            persons who foreseeably might be harmed by those acts
            or omissions.

                                                                         A-4438-16T1
                                      31
      Actual malice is defined as "an intentional wrongdoing in the sense of an

evil-minded act." N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.10. "Wanton and willful disregard" is

defined as "a deliberate act or omission with knowledge of a high degree of

probability of harm to another and reckless indifference to the consequences of

such act or omission." N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.10.

      In LAD cases, there are two prerequisites for the imposition of punitive

damages: proof of actual participation by upper management, or willful

indifference; and proof that the conduct was especially egregious. Quinlan v.

Curtiss-Wright Corp., 204 N.J. 239, 274 (2010); Cavuoti v. N.J. Transit Corp.,

161 N.J. 107, 113 (1999); Rendine v. Pantzer, 141 N.J. 292, 313–14 (1995);

Lehmann v. Toys 'R' Us, Inc., 132 N.J. 587, 624-25 (1993). The only relevant

question in this case concerns whether the conduct was especially egregious.

      The "difficult and fact-sensitive" concept of egregiousness "does not lend

itself to neat or precise definitions . . . ." Quinlan, 204 N.J. at 274-75. But, the

standard will be satisfied if plaintiff proves intentional wrongdoing, a wanton

and willful disregard for plaintiff's rights, or that defendants acted with actual

malice. Id. at 274.

      Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, she proved

that upon receiving the memo alleging discrimination in July 2011, Salamone

                                                                            A-4438-16T1
                                        32
questioned whether plaintiff should remain employed by the bank. Thereafter,

defendants continued with their plan of transferring plaintiff to a position in

human resources, micromanaging her, and ultimately terminating her

employment. The record amply supports her claim of retaliation, including

significant hostility directed towards her by certain high level Hudson City

decision makers.

      On the other hand, defendants' investigation of plaintiff originated in

March 2011, with the Ford ethics complaint, four months before plaintiff made

her July 2011 complaint of discrimination. The investigation may have been

flawed and inadequate; however, nothing in the record suggests the Ford ethics

complaint was contrived. Moreover, it is undisputed that plaintiff dismissed

their concerns regarding her conduct, thereby provoking some of the

acrimonious interactions with Salamone, Nettleton, and others.       Also, the

decision to transfer plaintiff occurred before she made her discrimination

complaint.

      Considered as a whole, the record does not show, by clear and convincing

evidence, defendants acted in an especially egregious manner, warranting an

award of punitive damages.      Therefore, we affirm the court's dismissal of

plaintiff's punitive damages claim.

                                                                       A-4438-16T1
                                      33
      Plaintiff also argues the court erred in not admitting testimony from her

statistical expert regarding her gender discrimination claim. She requests a new

trial, but only "if, in the unlikely circumstance, this Court remands for a new

trial on [p]laintiff's retaliation claim." Since we do not remand this case for a

new trial on the retaliation claim, we need not address this argument.

      Plaintiff and amicus also contend the court made numerous legal and

factual errors in its decision on plaintiff's fee application. Plaintiff submitted

multiple certifications in support of her motion for counsel fees and costs. She

requested a lodestar of $1,114,470.50, plus a fifty percent fee enhancement

($557,235.25), for a total of $1,671.705.75. She also sought costs in the amount

of $150,463.21.

      Defendants also submitted certifications.          Most significantly, they

requested a reduction of $442,446 in counsel fees, for any time not spent on the

successful retaliation claim. Defendants also sought a fifty percent reduction in

trial costs to account for time not associated with the retaliation claim, a

reduction for the cost of depositions not connected with the retaliation claim,

and a fifty percent reduction of legal research costs to reflect plaintiff 's limited

success.

                                                                             A-4438-16T1
                                        34
      In addition, defendants sought: (1) a $38,667.75 reduction for excessive

time devoted to certain tasks; (2) a reduction for the fees and costs associated

with a mock trial ($21,374.50 in fees, plus $31,258.41 in costs); (3) disallowing

$8,167.75 in entries that were vague; (4) disallowing $4,844 in fees connected

to plaintiff's spoliation of evidence; (5) disallowing $31,404 in fees and costs,

including motion practice, associated with an expert who did not testify; (6)

disallowing $35,502.91 in fees and costs associated with other unsuccessful

motions; (7) disallowing $14,303.72 in fees associated with having two people

in attendance for depositions; (8) disallowing $28,832.50 in excessive fees

associated with having multiple attorneys and a paralegal present at trial; (9)

disallowing $41,126.15 in costs; (10) disallowing $579.02 for the cost of

lunches during trial; and (11) disallowing $2,941.40 in costs associated with

serving subpoenas on witnesses not called to testify.

      We review the counsel fee award for an abuse of discretion. Occhifinto

v. Olivo Constr. Co., 221 N.J. 443, 453 (2015); Passaic Valley Sewerage Com'rs

v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 206 N.J. 596, 619 (2011).                "Fee

determinations by trial courts will be disturbed only on the rarest occasions, and

then only because of a clear abuse of discretion." Rendine, 141 N.J. at 317.

                                                                          A-4438-16T1
                                       35
      The LAD provides that prevailing parties may be awarded reasonable

counsel fees and costs. N.J.S.A. 10:5-27.1. However, under Rule 4:42-9(b),

parties seeking a fee award must submit an affidavit of services addressing:

            (1) the time and labor required, the novelty and
            difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill
            requisite to perform the legal service properly;

            (2) the likelihood, if apparent to the client, that the
            acceptance of the particular employment will preclude
            other employment by the lawyer;

            (3) the fee customarily charged in the locality for
            similar legal services;

            (4) the amount involved and the results obtained;

            (5) the time limitations imposed by the client or by the
            circumstances;

            (6) the nature and length of the professional
            relationship with the client;

            (7) the experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer
            or lawyers performing the services; [and]

            (8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent.

            [R.P.C. 1.5(a).]

      The starting point for a counsel fee award is the "lodestar" amount, or the

number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation multiplied by a

reasonable hourly rate. Walker v. Giuffre, 209 N.J. 124, 130 (2012); Rendine,

                                                                         A-4438-16T1
                                      36
141 N.J. at 334-35. The court's determination of the lodestar "requires the trial

court to evaluate carefully and critically the aggregate hours and specific hourly

rates advanced by counsel for the prevailing party to support the fee

application." Rendine, 141 N.J. at 335.

      There is no requirement of proportionality between damage recoveries and

counsel fee awards. Id. at 336. Nevertheless, the court may reduce the lodestar

by hours not reasonably expended, if the hours exceed those competent counse l

reasonably would have expended to obtain a similar result. Ibid.

            Similarly, a trial court should reduce the lodestar fee if
            the level of success achieved in the litigation is limited
            as compared to the relief sought. If . . . a plaintiff has
            achieved only partial or limited success, the product of
            hours reasonably expended on the litigation as a whole
            times a reasonable hourly rate may be an excessive
            amount. This will be true even where the plaintiff's
            claims were interrelated, nonfrivolous, and raised in
            good faith.

            [Ibid. (citing Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 436
            (1983)); see, e.g., Scales v. J.C. Bradford & Co., 925
F.2d 901, 910 (6th Cir.1991).]

      Thus, a trial court should exclude "hours devoted to claims that are

entirely distinct from the relevant successful claims." Singer v. State, 95 N.J.
487, 500 (1984). However, "if a plaintiff's unsuccessful claims are related to

the successful claims, either by a 'common core of facts' or 'related legal

                                                                          A-4438-16T1
                                       37
theories,' the court must consider the significance of the overall relief obtained

to determine whether those hours devoted to the unsuccessful claims should be

compensated." Ibid.

      Plaintiff argues the court erred in reducing her fee application by $442,446

for time not related to her successful retaliation claim, since her claims were

legally and factually intertwined. She also argues the hours spent on the matter

were reasonable in light of the overall success of the litigation, with plaintiff

receiving an award of $935,000 as compared to the negligible settlement offer

made by defendants.

      We agree that the retaliation claim was factually intertwined with her

other, unsuccessful claims. To prove the retaliation claim, plaintiff needed to

establish the good faith nature of her complaint of gender discrimination and

overcome defendants' claim that they decided to terminate her employment for

a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason. Thus, both the successful and unsuccessful

claims revolved around a common core of facts. See Kluczyk v. Tropicana

Prods., Inc., 368 N.J. Super. 479, 499-500 (App. Div. 2004).

      Where the claims are intertwined, "a court should not attempt to identify

specific hours spent on related, but unsuccessful claims and exclude them from

the lodestar." Blakey v. Cont'l Airlines, Inc., 2 F. Supp. 2d 598, 606 (D.N.J.

                                                                          A-4438-16T1
                                       38
1998). Instead, the court should "focus on the significance of the overall relief

obtained by the plaintiff in relation to the hours reasonably expended on the

litigation." Ibid.

      Thus, in this case, the court erred when it reduced the fee award to

eliminate all charges unrelated to the retaliation claim. That reduction amounted

to $442,446, or forty percent of the requested lodestar. Instead, the court should

have made an overall assessment of the reasonableness of the fee award based

upon plaintiff's overall success. New Jerseyans for a Death Penalty Moratorium

v. N.J. Dep't of Corr., 185 N.J. 137, 153-55 (2005); Chakravarti v. Pegasus

Consulting Grp., Inc., 393 N.J. Super. 203, 211-12 (App. Div. 2007).

      In her amended complaint, plaintiff sought damages for her losses, with

the damages she sought virtually identical for each of her claims, regardless of

the legal theory. The jury awarded plaintiff $935,000. However, this was

substantially less than she sought at trial, as her economic expert testified that

her losses amounted to either $1,400,000, or $2,680,967, depending upon

whether she became Senior Vice President. In addition, the jury did not award

plaintiff any emotional distress damages, and the court dismissed her claim for

punitive damages. Therefore, a reduction of the lodestar was still appropriate

                                                                          A-4438-16T1
                                       39
based upon plaintiff's overall level of success. Silva v. Autos of Amboy, Inc.,

267 N.J. Super. 546, 556 (App. Div. 1993).

       In ruling on the appropriate lodestar, the court considered the factors set

forth in R.P.C. 1.5. In light of the court's findings as to reasonableness, we

affirm the court's reduction of the lodestar by $442,446. Although the court

identified this reduction as "for time that is not related to the successful claim

of retaliation," the reduction was consistent with plaintiff's overall success in

the litigation. 4

       Plaintiff next argues that the court erred by: (1) deducting $17,360.91 in

counsel fees for time spent on the deposition of David Jasinski, defendant's

counsel; (2) deducting $3949.50 in counsel fees for time spent on an

unsuccessful motion to inspect the bank's computer, and $2006 for an

unsuccessful motion to compel discovery; (3) deducting $31,404 in counsel fees

relating to plaintiff's statistical expert; (4) deducting $14,303.72 for the

attendance of a paralegal at depositions; (5) deducting $28,832.50 in fees

relating to the attendance of a paralegal at trial, in addition to two attorneys; (6)

4
  Because our analysis diverges from the trial judge, we note that "we review
orders and not, strictly speaking, reasons that support them . . . . [A] correct
result, even if predicated on an erroneous basis in fact or in law, will not be
overturned on appeal." El-Sioufi v. St. Peter's Univ. Hosp., 382 N.J. Super. 145,
169 (App. Div. 2005).
                                                                             A-4438-16T1
                                        40
reducing the lodestar by $38,667.75 for excessive time spent on normal

litigation tasks such as preparing for a deposition and drafting deficiency letters;

(7) deducting $21,374.50 in fees for time spent on a mock trial; and (8) double -

counting $33,103.50 in fee deductions by (a) allowing a reduction of $38,667.75

for excessiveness, notwithstanding that plaintiff adjusted her fee request by

$18,480 and $623.50 to account for errors in her initial application, and (b)

allowing a reduction for $442,446 for time spent on claims unrelated to the

retaliation claim, which included $14,000 in paralegal time at depositions, which

the court also made as an additional deduction.

      Most of these deductions are permissible under the legal standard

previously discussed. Trial courts should "consider the extent to which a party's

discovery posture has caused any excess expense to be incurred," Szczepanski

v. Newcomb Medical Center, 141 N.J. 346, 366 (1995), and the court did so

here, finding the case was over-litigated by both sides. Moreover, the court did

not err in eliminating fees relating to the statistical expert who was precluded

from testifying at trial.

      However, we must reverse a few deductions. First, the court erred in

deducting fees for the Jasinski deposition. The court ordered that Jasinski

appear for a deposition related to his role in the Ford investigation. Since

                                                                            A-4438-16T1
                                        41
Jasinski's deposition was court-ordered, and related to defendants' conflicting

positions during discovery, it is unfair to deny plaintiff fees relating to that

deposition, even though Jasinski was not disqualified. Saffos v. Avaya Inc., 419
N.J. Super. 244, 275 (App. Div. 2011).

      However, while plaintiff characterizes the court's $17,360.91 deduction

as the cost of Jasinski's deposition, the court characterized that deduction as

"time billed in an unsuccessful attempt to disqualify defense counsel David

Jasinski, Esq." Therefore, the record is unclear as to what monetary adjustment

should be made, and we remand for resolution of that issue.

      Second, we reverse $33,103.50 in deductions, which represent double-

counted deductions.

      Plaintiff lastly argues the court erred in arbitrarily reducing her request

for costs by fifty percent. Plaintiff requested costs of $150,463.21, which

defendants opposed, and the court awarded costs of $75,231.60.

      The award of costs is consistent with the law set forth above, and the

court's evaluation of the reasonableness of plaintiff's request in light of her

limited success. Notably, more than forty percent of the court's reduction

($31,258.41) was attributable to the mock trial plaintiff's counsel conducted.

                                                                         A-4438-16T1
                                      42
The court rejected the mock trial as excessive, and denied counsel fees for the

mock trial as well.

      Thus, we affirm the trial court's ruling on plaintiff's request for counsel

fees and costs, except we remand to eliminate any deduction for counsel fees

and costs associated with the court-ordered Jasinski deposition, and to eliminate

$33,103.50 in double-counted deductions.

      Plaintiff and amicus next argue that the court erred in denying her a

contingency fee enhancement of the lodestar. In her fee application, plaintiff

requested a fifty percent fee enhancement – $557,235.25. The court noted "the

ability of a party to pay an award of counsel fees is inherent in the conc ept of

analyzing what is a reasonable fee." The court also found that "[p]laintiff's

request for a 50% fee enhancement is not reasonable," noting that "[t]he United

States Supreme Court applies a strong presumption against fee enhancements,

requiring the party seeking same to prove with specificity why an enhancement

is justified," citing Perdue v. Kenny A., 559 U.S. 542, 546 (2010).

      Ultimately, the court rejected plaintiff's request "because [p]laintiff did

not accept a substantially contingent fee arrangement," and "[t]he agreement

between [p]laintiff and counsel mitigated the risks of nonpayment," as did

plaintiff's request for substantial damages. Specifically, the court found that

                                                                         A-4438-16T1
                                      43
plaintiff had paid her counsel $52,500 in fees and $104,981.11 in costs, and

remains responsible for the remainder of costs in the amount of $41,772.33

pursuant to the fee agreement.

      The court further found that plaintiff's counsel incurred little economic

risk, and did not lose business or clients as a result of this matter, since the case

involved routine claims, as to which plaintiff's counsel was confident of success,

and before trial the case was handled mostly by an associate at plaintiff 's

counsel's firm. Moreover, the court found that plaintiff's settlement demand of

$2.6 million (inclusive of counsel fees and costs) was unreasonable in light of

the $935,000 jury award.

      Rendine, holds that, after determining the lodestar, the trial court "should

consider whether to increase that fee to reflect the risk of nonpayment in all

cases in which the attorney's compensation entirely or substantially is contingent

on a successful outcome." 141 N.J. at 337. Counsel fees "awarded under a fee-

shifting statute cannot be 'reasonable' unless the lodestar, calculated as if the

attorney's compensation were guaranteed irrespective of result, is adjusted to

reflect the actual risk that the attorney will not receive payment if the suit does

not succeed." Id. at 338. To determine if a contingency fee enhancement is

appropriate, the court must determine if the case was taken on a contingent basis;

                                                                             A-4438-16T1
                                        44
whether the attorney was able to mitigate the risk of nonpayment; and whether

other economic risks were aggravated by the contingency of payment. Id. at

339.

       "[A]ttorneys who are paid a portion of their reasonable hourly fee

irrespective of result have partially mitigated the risk of nonpayment." Id. at

340. Also, an attorney seeking substantial damages in a contingency fee setting

has reduced his or her risk of nonpayment. Ibid. However, a risk of nonpayment

may remain substantial due to "specific problems of proof and the hazards

inherent in all litigation."   Ibid. Thus, the court may consider the overall

strength of the case when determining whether to award a contingency fee

enhancement. Id. at 340-41.

       "[Contingency] enhancements in fee-shifting cases ordinarily should

range between five and fifty-percent of the lodestar fee, with the enhancement

in typical contingency cases ranging between twenty and thirty-five percent of

the lodestar."   Id. at 343.    However, there is no requirement that a fee

enhancement be awarded in every case. Saffos, 419 N.J. Super. at 277; Gallo v.

Salesian Soc'y, Inc., 290 N.J. Super. 616, 660 (App. Div. 1996).

       Here, the trial court began its analysis with a misunderstanding of the

applicable law and the relevant factors to consider.      Although the court

                                                                       A-4438-16T1
                                      45
addressed some of the factors set forth in Rendine, it erred in several respects.

First, contrary to the court's finding, the retainer agreement set forth a primarily

contingency fee arrangement. Plaintiff was responsible for the payment of costs,

but her payments were capped at $50,000, and were subject to a partial credit if

the case resolved before trial. Thus, there was little mitigation of the risk of

non-payment in the fee arrangement, particularly in light of the extensiveness of

this litigation, which, the court noted, was characterized by "heightened discord

and confrontations." Rendine, 141 N.J. at 339-41.

      In addition, the court relied upon plaintiff's counsel's pretrial posturing

regarding the strength of plaintiff's case. Instead, the court should have relied

upon its own analysis of the strength of the case, as well as any difficulties

plaintiff experienced in achieving a favorable verdict. Id. at 340-41.

      The trial court also erred to the extent it believed "the ability of a party to

pay an award of counsel fees" was relevant to its analysis. This is not a factor

recognized by our Supreme Court.

      Finally, in concluding that plaintiff failed to mitigate the economic risk

because she assumed an unreasonable settlement posture, the court noted only

plaintiff's settlement demand of $2.6 million. The court failed to note that

defendants made only one settlement offer, at the beginning of trial, for

                                                                             A-4438-16T1
                                        46
$100,000. Arguably, defendants' settlement posture was just as unreasonable as

plaintiff's. Based upon these legal misunderstandings and analytical errors, we

remand to the trial court for a reassessment of the request for a contingency fee

enhancement. Id. at 344.

      Plaintiff and amicus next argue the court erred in denying her request for

monies to offset the negative tax consequences of receiving the economic

damages and lost wages as a lump sum, rather than over the course of the years

they would have been earned. Plaintiff sought a tax gross-up award of $222,694,

to account for the increase in taxes she would owe as a result of receiving a

lump-sum award of $935,000 in economic damages, which would raise her

federal and state income tax rate from 26.7% to 40.8%. She supported her

request with an analysis performed by the forensic accountant who testified as

her economic expert at trial. The expert testified that his analyses of plaintiff's

lost income were gross numbers, and were not reduced for the taxes she would

owe on an award. Similarly, in summation, plaintiff's counsel reminded the jury

that any award for plaintiff's economic losses "is all taxable income."

      In the jury charge on economic damages, the court did not give any

instructions on the taxable nature of the award. The court mentioned taxes only

in reference to discounting to determine the present value of future losses .

                                                                           A-4438-16T1
                                       47
      The court rejected plaintiff's request for a tax gross-up, finding no binding

precedent to support such an award, and finding that plaintiff's request was

inappropriate given her economic expert's trial testimony. In N.J.S.A. 10:5-3,

the Legislature expressed its intent that "compensatory and punitive damages

. . . be available to all persons protected by [the LAD] and that this act shall be

liberally construed in combination with other protections available under the

laws of this State."

      Only one published case in New Jersey addresses whether a LAD plaintiff

may receive an award to compensate for the negative tax consequences of a lump

sum award of economic damages, and that case found such damages permissible.

See Ferrante v. Sciaretta, 365 N.J. Super. 601 (Law. Div. 2003).

      Likewise, we hold a trial court may issue an award to successful plaintiffs

under the LAD, to offset the negative tax consequences the plaintiff would incur

as a result of receiving economic damages in a lump sum award. However, the

trial court did not err in failing to issue such an award under the circumstances

presented in this case. Based upon the economic expert's testimony, plaintiff's

counsel suggested in his closing argument that the jury should increase its award

of economic damages because plaintiff would owe taxes on the award. We

discern no basis for allowing plaintiff to both: (1) request from the jury a larger

                                                                           A-4438-16T1
                                       48
economic damages award, to account for the taxes she will owe on the award;

and (2) subsequently request that the court issue an award to account for the

negative tax consequences of the jury's economic damages award. Therefore,

we affirm the court's ruling denying a tax gross-up.

      Affirmed in part, and reversed and remanded in part. We do not retain

jurisdiction.

                                                                      A-4438-16T1
                                      49