Court Opinion

ID: 9378767
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-13 16:04:54.610131+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:57.095603
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 22-10675   Document: 94-1    Date Filed: 03/13/2023    Page: 1 of 13

                                                        [PUBLISH]

                                 In the

                 United States Court of Appeals
                        For the Eleventh Circuit

                         ____________________

                              No. 22-10675
                         ____________________

        PDVSA US LITIGATION TRUST,

                                                    Plaintiff-Appellant,

        PETROLEOS DE VENEZUELA, S.A. (PDVSA),

                                         Intervenor Plaintiff-Appellant,

        versus

        LUKOIL PAN AMERICAS LLC,
        LUKOIL PETROLEUM LTD,
        COLONIAL OIL INDUSTRIES INC.,
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        2                       Opinion of the Court                   22-10675

        COLONIAL GROUP, INC.,
        GLENCORE LTD., et al.,

                                                        Defendants-Appellees.

                              ____________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of Florida
                      D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cv-20818-DPG

                              ____________________

        Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, MARCUS, Circuit Judge, and
        MIZELLE, ∗ District Judge.

        WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge:

               This appeal involves a nonjusticiable political question: who
        has the authority to litigate in the name of the Venezuelan state oil
        company, Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. The underlying action,
        brought by a litigation trust on behalf of Petróleos de Venezuela,

        ∗ Honorable Kathryn Kimball Mizelle, United States District Judge for the
        Middle District of Florida, sitting by designation.
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        22-10675                Opinion of the Court                         3

        alleged conspiracy, antitrust, cybercrime, and fraud claims against
        various individuals and entities. After the district court dismissed
        the action for lack of standing and this Court affirmed, an entity
        purporting to speak for Petróleos de Venezuela sought to substi-
        tute itself as the real party in interest. The entity’s board was ap-
        pointed by Nicolás Maduro, who claims to be the president of Ven-
        ezuela. But the United States Department of State has concluded
        that Maduro is not Venezuela’s legitimate political leader. The dis-
        trict court denied the motion. We affirm because the district court
        could not grant the motion without addressing a nonjusticiable po-
        litical question.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

                The action underlying this appeal involves conspiracy, anti-
        trust, cybercrime, and fraud claims brought on behalf of the Vene-
        zuelan state oil company, Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. The plain-
        tiff was a litigation trust established to pursue these claims. The
        movant that seeks substitution as the real party in interest purports
        to speak for Petróleos de Venezuela itself. In its complaint, the trust
        alleged that a collective of oil companies, oil traders, banks, and
        corrupt Venezuelan officials conspired to profit at Petróleos de
        Venezuela’s expense.

                Two key defendants—Venezuelan nationals Francisco Mo-
        rillo and Leonardo Baquero—along with numerous co-conspira-
        tors allegedly engaged in a variety of fraudulent and anticompeti-
        tive activities. Morillo and Baquero purportedly formed an energy
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        4                       Opinion of the Court                   22-10675

        consulting firm, an energy advisory and trading firm, and a series
        of shell companies. The complaint alleged that the conspirators
        bribed Petróleos de Venezuela officials to provide inside infor-
        mation, fix prices, rig bids, “accept artificially low prices” for sales,
        “pay inflated prices” for purchases, “overlook” products and ser-
        vices that Petróleos de Venezuela paid for but never received, and
        “fraudulently conceal” what was owed to Petróleos de Venezuela.
        It further alleged that Morillo and Baquero delivered inside infor-
        mation about competing bids and Petróleos de Venezuela’s future
        tenders to their oil-company clients, giving those companies an un-
        fair advantage over their competitors, including competitors in the
        United States. The clients allegedly compensated Morillo and Ba-
        quero by paying “commissions.” The complaint alleged violations
        of various state and federal antitrust, conspiracy, and cybercrime
        statutes, as well as other theories of civil liability.

               At the outset of this litigation, a trust was “established pur-
        suant to the laws of New York to investigate and pursue claims
        against [these] Defendants and others.” The entity that now seeks
        substitution contends that it initially relied on the trust “so that ef-
        forts to hold [the alleged conspirators] accountable could proceed
        without interference from the political and economic instability
        and rampant corruption in Venezuelan government and society.”
        In theory, the trust could distribute any damages awarded in a
        manner consistent with United States sanctions against Venezuela.
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        22-10675                Opinion of the Court                         5

                But the legitimacy of the trust immediately became a point
        of contention. Initially, the trust moved for a preliminary injunc-
        tion and a temporary restraining order to prevent the alleged con-
        spirators from destroying records and hiding or spending the pro-
        ceeds of their alleged illegal activity. The alleged conspirators filed
        a motion to dismiss for lack of standing. The alleged conspirators
        argued that the trust agreement could not be authenticated and
        that it was void under New York law in part because it violated the
        ban on champerty. The law on champerty prohibits the assignment
        of claims “with the intent and for the primary purpose of bringing
        a lawsuit.” See Justinian Cap. SPC v. WestLB AG, 65 N.E.3d 1253,
        1254 (N.Y. 2016). They also argued that the validity of the trust un-
        der Venezuelan law presented a nonjusticiable political question
        that, if reached, must be decided against the trust—both because
        the signatories lacked authority to speak for Petróleos de Vene-
        zuela and because the agreement was not approved by the Na-
        tional Assembly.

                The dispute over the agreement’s validity under Venezue-
        lan law is connected to a broader controversy over the legitimate
        political leadership of Venezuela. The United States ceased to rec-
        ognize the government of Nicolás Maduro, who purports to serve
        as president of Venezuela, in August 2017. See Press Statement,
        Heather Nauert, Dep’t Spokesperson, U.S. Dep’t of State (Aug. 18,
        2017). Instead, the United States Department of State recognizes
        the National Assembly elected in 2015 as “the last remaining demo-
        cratic institution” in that country. See Press Statement, Ned Price,
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        6                       Opinion of the Court                  22-10675

        Dep’t Spokesperson, U.S. Dep’t of State (Jan. 3, 2023) [hereinafter
        Price 2023]; see also Exec. Order No. 13,857, 84 Fed. Reg. 509 (Jan. 30,
        2019) (recognizing the National Assembly as “the only legitimate
        branch of government duly elected by the Venezuelan People”). It
        also recognized the former president of that Assembly, Juan Guaidó,
        as interim president of Venezuela, see Readout, Ned Price, Dep’t
        Spokesperson, U.S. Dep’t of State (May 2, 2022), until the Assembly
        recently voted to remove him and replace his interim government
        with a committee. Early statements by the Biden Administration in-
        dicate that the Department of State continues to recognize the Na-
        tional Assembly. See Price 2023, supra. The executive branch has
        given no indication that it will change its longstanding position that
        the Maduro government is illegitimate. See id.

               Two different boards of directors, appointed by the two per-
        sons who claimed to be the president of Venezuela, purport to gov-
        ern Petróleos de Venezuela. Maduro officials approved the crea-
        tion of the purported litigation trust and the commencement of the
        underlying action. The trust agreement was signed in July 2017,
        one month before the United States ceased to recognize the Ma-
        duro government. See Nauert, supra. The initial complaint was
        filed in March 2018. In April 2018, the National Assembly de-
        nounced the trust as unconstitutional and stated that Reinaldo
        Muñoz Pedroza—Maduro’s attorney general and one of the pur-
        ported signers of the trust agreement—lacked the authority to
        form the trust.
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        22-10675               Opinion of the Court                         7

                After a hearing and discovery on the standing question, the
        magistrate judge recommended dismissal. The trust objected, but
        the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s report and recom-
        mendation in part and dismissed the action for lack of subject-mat-
        ter jurisdiction.

                The district court reasoned that the litigation trust lacked
        standing because the trust was void and the trust agreement was
        inadmissible. It ruled that the trust agreement was inadmissible due
        to a lack of authenticated signatures. And it concluded that even if
        the agreement were admissible, it violated the New York law
        against champerty. The district court also stated that in the light of
        “the National Assembly’s declaration that the Trust Agreement is
        unconstitutional,” ruling that the trust was valid “would be ruling
        in direct contravention to a resolution by a foreign sovereign—
        likely in violation of the Act of State doctrine.” But it declined to
        rest its judgment on that basis. On appeal, this Court affirmed on
        the ground that the agreement violated the New York law on
        champerty. PDVSA US Litig. Tr. v. Lukoil Pan Ams., LLC, 991 F.3d
        1187, 1193, 1195, 1197 (11th Cir. 2021).

                In response, an entity that purports to speak for Petróleos de
        Venezuela moved to reopen the judgment and to intervene or be
        substituted as the real party in interest under Federal Rules of Civil
        Procedure 60(b), 24(a)(2), and 17(a). The entity’s board was ap-
        pointed by Maduro, not Guaidó. By the time the Maduro entity
        filed the motion, nearly three years had passed since the alleged
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        8                       Opinion of the Court                  22-10675

        conspirators first disputed the trust’s standing and more than two
        had passed since the district court dismissed the action for lack of
        standing.

               The district court denied the motion. It stated that “[w]hile
        a motion to intervene may have been timely and appropriate much
        earlier in the case, it must be denied because the [district] [c]ourt
        does not have subject matter jurisdiction.” It reasoned that it had
        already dismissed the action for lack of jurisdiction, and this Court
        had affirmed that order. The district court also determined that the
        motion was untimely under Rule 17.

                           II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

               We review de novo issues of subject-matter jurisdiction. See
        United States v. Grimon, 923 F.3d 1302, 1305 (11th Cir. 2019). And
        this Court “may affirm on any ground supported by the record, re-
        gardless of whether that ground was relied upon or even consid-
        ered below.” Waldman v. Conway, 871 F.3d 1283, 1289 (11th Cir.
        2017).

                                  III. DISCUSSION

               The district court could not grant the Maduro entity’s mo-
        tion to substitute without addressing a nonjusticiable political
        question. Rule 17 guarantees that “the real party in interest” will be
        allowed “a reasonable time . . . to ratify, join, or be substituted into
        the action.” FED. R. CIV. P. 17(a)(3) (emphasis added). Two boards
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        22-10675                Opinion of the Court                           9

        of directors purport to legally control Petróleos de Venezuela: one
        appointed by Maduro and one appointed by Guaidó. The Maduro
        entity asked the district court to determine whether it had the au-
        thority to prosecute this action in the name of Petróleos de Vene-
        zuela as the real party in interest. That question is nonjusticiable.

               From the Founding to today, the Supreme Court has
        acknowledged that some questions can be answered only by the
        political branches. Chief Justice John Marshall in Marbury v. Madi-
        son explained that “[b]y the constitution of the United States, the
        President is invested with certain important political powers, in
        the exercise of which he is to use his own discretion, and is account-
        able only to his country in his political character, and to his own
        conscience.” 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 165–66 (1803). And the Su-
        preme Court has repeatedly held that it is the role of the political
        branches, not the courts, to identify the legitimate political leader-
        ship of a foreign country. “Who is the sovereign, de jure or de facto,
        of a territory is not a judicial, but is a political question, the deter-
        mination of which by the legislative and executive departments of
        any government conclusively binds the judges . . . .” Oetjen v.
        Cent. Leather Co., 246 U.S. 297, 302 (1918) (citation omitted); see
        also Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino, 376 U.S. 398, 410 (1964)
        (“Political recognition is exclusively a function of the Executive.”),
        superseded on other grounds by statute, 22 U.S.C. § 2370(e)(2); Zi-
        votofsky ex rel. Zivotofsky v. Kerry, 135 S. Ct. 2076, 2086, 2094
        (2015) (explaining that because “the Nation must have a single pol-
        icy regarding which governments are legitimate in the eyes of the
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        10                      Opinion of the Court                 22-10675

        United States and which are not,” the President’s “power to recog-
        nize foreign nations and governments” is exclusive).

                For more than five years, the executive branch has taken the
        position that the Maduro government is illegitimate. See Nauert,
        supra. And, in its motion, the Maduro entity conceded that its
        board was appointed by Maduro. The judicial branch is bound to
        accept the President’s statement that the 2015 National Assembly, not
        the Maduro government, is the legitimate political authority in Vene-
        zuela. Oetjen, 246 U.S. at 302; see Price, supra. And under the act-
        of-state doctrine, the district court is barred “from inquiring into
        the validity of a recognized foreign sovereign’s public acts commit-
        ted within its own territory.” Fogade v. ENB Revocable Tr., 263
        F.3d 1274, 1293 (11th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted). The district
        court cannot question the validity of then-President Guaidó’s ap-
        pointment of an alternative board of directors. So, under the polit-
        ical-question doctrine, it was powerless to grant the Maduro en-
        tity’s motion to substitute the entity as the real party in interest in
        contravention of the position taken by the United States Depart-
        ment of State.

               The Maduro entity argues that it does not matter which
        board of directors is authorized to speak for Petróleos de Vene-
        zuela. It contends that “whether [the] board comprises Maduro ap-
        pointees or Guaidó appointees is immaterial to this litigation which
        addresses the multibillion-dollar injury suffered by [Petróleos de
        Venezuela] as a corporate entity.” It suggests that “this Court
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        22-10675                Opinion of the Court                         11

        should hold in abeyance the distribution of any recovery in this ac-
        tion until the recognition of [Petróleos de Venezuela] is resolved.”

                We are not persuaded. To be sure, no one disputes that “Pe-
        tróleos de Venezuela” is the real party in interest, and no one dis-
        putes that there is functionally only one “Petróleos de Venezuela.”
        Instead, the question is whether the Maduro entity had the author-
        ity to bring suit in Petróleos de Venezuela’s name. A company may
        be an independent juridical entity, but it can speak only through its
        officers and directors. The identities of those officers and directors
        matter. Even if the Guaidó-appointed board might desire the same
        outcome in this litigation, as the Maduro entity contends, a party
        is entitled to decide if and how it wishes to litigate. No Guaidó-
        appointed officials have authorized this suit or the Maduro entity’s
        motion to substitute, nor has any entity they control opted to bring
        suit itself.

               The Maduro entity seems to suggest that by granting its mo-
        tion the district court would simply allow it to serve as a place-
        holder. It states that it seeks to “preserve the claims asserted . . .
        against possible expiration of the statute of limitations.” And it sug-
        gests that the district court could later distribute any “recovery . . .
        [when] the recognition of [Petróleos de Venezuela] is resolved.”

                 This argument fails. As this Court has explained, “Rule 17
        was not promulgated to allow lawyers to file placeholder actions
        . . . to keep a limitations period open while they investigate their
        claims and track down the proper parties.” In re Engle Cases, 767
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        12                     Opinion of the Court                22-10675

        F.3d 1082, 1113 (11th Cir. 2014). The district court cannot grant a
        motion for substitution by an entity that is not authorized to liti-
        gate in Petróleos de Venezuela’s name in hopes that the proper
        party will eventually request substitution.

                Finally, the Maduro entity also requests that we remand this
        action to allow the district court to conduct a further factual in-
        quiry into “who may properly represent the interests of [Petróleos
        de Venezuela] in light of the complex and ever-changing political
        situation within Venezuela” and into the “position of the United
        States Government.” It suggests that relations between the United
        States and Maduro’s government are “thawing,” so permitting it to
        litigate in the name of Petróleos de Venezuela might be consistent
        with American foreign-policy interests. But federal courts are not
        empowered to decide what is consistent with American foreign-
        policy interests. The district court would not have jurisdiction to
        conduct the requested inquiry on remand. And even if the Depart-
        ment of State declared today that the Maduro entity is authorized
        to bring suit in Petróleos de Venezuela’s name, we would still af-
        firm because, under Article III, a justiciable case or controversy
        must exist “through all stages of the litigation,” including “at the
        time the complaint is filed.” Kingdomware Techs., Inc. v. United
        States, 136 S. Ct. 1969, 1975 (2016) (citation omitted).
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        22-10675            Opinion of the Court                   13

                             IV. CONCLUSION

             The order denying the motion to reopen and substitute is
        AFFIRMED.