Court Opinion

ID: 4344903
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-27 20:33:35.56944+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:15:00.006170
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Sharp v. Miller, 2018-Ohio-4740.]

             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                             SEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 JEFFERSON COUNTY

                                   JEFFREY H. SHARP, et al.,

                                         Plaintiffs-Appellants
                                          Cross-Appellees,

                                                  v.

                                     DAVID R, MILLER, et al.,

                                       Defendants-Appellees
                                        Cross-Appellants.

                        OPINION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY
                                         Case No. 17 JE 0022

                                    Civil Appeal from the
                       Court of Common Pleas of Jefferson County, Ohio
                                    Case No. 15 CV 108

                                         BEFORE:
                 Cheryl L. Waite, Carol Ann Robb, Kathleen Bartlett, Judges.

                                             JUDGMENT:
                                               Affirmed.

Atty. Sean R. Scullin, Scullin & Cunning, LLC, 940 Windham Ct., Ste. 4, Boardman,
Ohio 44512, for Plaintiffs-Appellants/Cross-Appellees Jeffrey H. Sharp, Bradley W.
Sharp, Gregory C. Smith, J. Kent Smith, Jeffrey S. Smith, Lelah Cline Smith, and Scott
Johnson

Atty. Lawrence T. Piergallini, 131 Third Street, P.O. Box 7, Tiltonsville, Ohio 43963, for
Defendants/Appellees David R. Miller and Ruth A. Miller

Atty. Thomas A. Hill and
Atty. Richard F. Protiva, 6075 Silica Road, Suite A, Austintown, Ohio 44515-1081, for
                                                                                        –2–

Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants, Eric Petroleum Corp., and the Brocker Royalty
Trust.

Atty. Clay K. Keller, Jackson Kelly PLLC, 50 S. Main Street, Akron, Ohio 44308, for
Defendants-Appellees Chesapeake Exploration, L.L.C., Chesapeake Appalachia,
L.L.C., Total E&P USA, Inc., CHK Utica, L.L.C., Pelican Energy, L.L.C. and Dale
Pennsylvania Royalty, LP.

                               Dated: November 26, 2018

WAITE, J.

       {¶1}   This oil and gas case involves the ownership of mineral interests that lie

beneath approximately 153 acres of land located in Springfield Township, Jefferson

County. Appellants/Cross-Appellees Jeffrey H. Sharp, Bradley W. Sharp, Gregory C.

Smith, J. Kent Smith, Jeffrey S. Smith, Lelah Cline Smith, and Scott Johnson

(collectively referred to as “Appellants”) appeal a judgment entry granting summary

judgment in favor of Appellees David R. and Ruth A. Miller (collectively referred to as

“the Millers”). Appellants argue the trial court erroneously ruled that their interest in the

minerals was abandoned pursuant to common law and the 2006 Dormant Mineral Act

(“DMA”). Appellees/Cross-Appellants Eric Petroleum Corporation (“EPC”) and Brocker

Royalty Trust (“Brocker”) filed a cross-appeal seeking a declaration from this Court that

an oil and gas lease entered into by EPC and the Millers is not a nullity. For the

reasons provided, the trial court correctly determined that Appellants’ interests were

abandoned pursuant to the 2006 DMA. Because the 2006 DMA controls, Appellants’

arguments regarding common law abandonment are moot. As to the cross-appeal, the

trial court’s dicta did not affect the validity of the oil and gas lease between the Millers

and EPC. Finally, EPC/Brocker waived their Marketable Title Act (“MTA”) argument.

Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

Case No. 17 JE 0022
                                                                                    –3–

                            Factual and Procedural History

      {¶2}   The property at issue in this matter was originally owned by I.W. Poole

and R.S. Smith. In a March 3, 1944 deed, Poole and Smith transferred the surface

rights to Henry and Lucy McClosky. Poole and Smith reserved mineral interests in the

property using language in the deed:     “Excepting and reserving all mineral rights.”

(3/3/44 Deed.)   Following a series of conveyances, the surface rights are currently

owned by the Millers.

      {¶3}   On May 20, 2004, the Millers entered into an oil and gas lease with Mason

Dixon Energy, Incorporated.     The record is devoid of the details regarding the

Miller/Dixon lease. On June 30, 2009, the Millers entered into an oil and gas lease with

EPC. After several assignments, Brocker obtained an interest in the lease.

      {¶4}   On July 9, 2014, the Millers filed a notice of intent to declare the mineral

interests abandoned.     They could not locate the names or addresses of any

Poole/Smith heirs and filed the notice by publication. On or about August 10, 2014,

East Ohio Minerals Recovery, LLC (“EOMR”) learned of this notice and informed Jeffrey

Sharp that he and his brother, Bradley, might be heirs to a reservation of mineral

interest and would need to file something by early September of 2014.

      {¶5}   On August 15, 2014, the Sharps’ attorney ordered a title search on a farm

formally owned by the Sharps’ grandfather (the property at issue) and discovered that a

coal interest had been reserved. On August 27, 2014, the Sharps’ attorney requested a

copy of the March 3, 1944 deed and learned that the mineral interests had also been

reserved. On September 2, 2014, the Millers filed an affidavit of abandonment. On

September 10, 2014, the Sharps’ attorney requested a second title search which

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revealed the 2009 oil and gas lease between the Millers and EPC. On November 6,

2014, the attorney requested an updated title report which showed the affidavit of

abandonment.      On November 12, 2014, Jeffrey and Bradley Sharp filed a claim of

preservation.

      {¶6}      On March 17, 2015, the Sharps filed a complaint against the following

individuals: the Millers, EPC, Brocker, Dale Pennsylvania Royalty, L.P., Chesapeake

Explorations, LLC, Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC, Total E&P USA, Inc., CHK Utica,

LLC, Pelican Energy, LLC, CGas Properties, L.P., Belden & Blake Corporation,

EnerVest Energy Institutional Fund IX, L.P., EnerVest Energy Institutional Fund XI-WI,

L.P., EnerVest Energy Institutional Fund XI-A, L.P., and EnerVest Energy Institutional

Fund IX-WI, L.P. The complaint sought to have the court declare that Appellees did not

comply with the 2006 DMA, sought quiet title and termination of the Miller/EPC lease,

and raised a conversion claim.

      {¶7}      On April 3, 2015, Appellants voluntarily dismissed the following

defendants:     CGas Properties L.P., Belden & Blake Corporation, EnerVest Energy

Institutional Fund IX, L.P., EnerVest Energy Institutional Fund XI-WI, L.P., EnerVest

Energy Institutional Fund XI-A, L.P., and EnerVest Energy Institutional Fund IX-WI, L.P.

      {¶8}      On June 15, 2015, Appellants filed an amended complaint seeking

ejectment and the value of the rents and profits resulting from the oil and gas leases.

The amended complaint asked for a declaratory judgment that the two oil and gas

leases entered into by the Millers constituted savings events under both the 1989 and

2006 version of the DMA and that the Millers failed to comply with the notice

requirements of the 2006 DMA. The complaint also joined later discovered heirs June

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                                                                                   –5–

Smith, Jane Doe, Lelah Cline Smith, Gregory C. Smith, Jeffrey S. Smith, J. Kent Smith,

and Scott W. Johnson. June Smith did not file an answer and the court entered default

judgment against her.

      {¶9}   On June 29, 2015, EPC and Brocker filed an answer to Appellants’

amended complaint and to the Millers’ counterclaim. On the same date, the remaining

defendants filed an answer:         Dale Pennsylvania Royalty, L.P., Chesapeake

Explorations, LLC, Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC, Total E&P USA, Inc., CHK Utica,

LLC, and Pelican Energy, LLC. It is unclear whether Dale Pennsylvania Royalty and

Chesapeake remained parties to this action. On July 10, the Millers filed an answer.

      {¶10} On April 11, 2017, the parties filed competing motions for summary

judgment. The trial court held a hearing on April 24, 2017. However, the trial court

judge recused herself from the case on June 22, 2017 and a new judge was assigned.

On October 25, 2017, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Appellees.

The court ruled that the mineral interests of R.S. Smith and I.W. Poole were abandoned

pursuant to the 2006 DMA. The court additionally ruled that Poole’s interests were

abandoned pursuant to common law. Appellants filed this timely appeal. Because

Appellants’ second assignment of error is determinative, the assignments of error are

addressed out of order.

                                 Summary Judgment

      {¶11} An appellate court conducts a de novo review of a trial court’s decision to

grant summary judgment, using the same standards as the trial court set forth in Civ.R.

56(C). Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co., 77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105, 671 N.E.2d 241 (1996).

Before summary judgment can be granted, the trial court must determine that: (1) no

Case No. 17 JE 0022
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genuine issue as to any material fact remains to be litigated, (2) the moving party is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law, (3) it appears from the evidence that reasonable

minds can come to but one conclusion, and viewing the evidence most favorably in

favor of the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made, the

conclusion is adverse to that party. Temple v. Wean United, Inc., 50 Ohio St.2d 317,

327, 364 N.E.2d 267 (1977). Whether a fact is “material” depends on the substantive

law of the claim being litigated. Hoyt, Inc. v. Gordon & Assoc., Inc., 104 Ohio App.3d

598, 603, 662 N.E.2d 1088 (8th Dist.1995).

       {¶12} “[T]he moving party bears the initial responsibility of informing the trial

court of the basis for the motion, and identifying those portions of the record which

demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of fact on a material element of the

nonmoving party’s claim.” (Emphasis deleted.) Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280,

296, 662 N.E.2d 264 (1996). If the moving party carries its burden, the nonmoving party

has a reciprocal burden of setting forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine

issue for trial. Id. at 293. In other words, when presented with a properly supported

motion for summary judgment, the nonmoving party must produce some evidence to

suggest that a reasonable factfinder could rule in that party’s favor.            Brewer v.

Cleveland Bd. of Edn., 122 Ohio App.3d 378, 386, 701 N.E.2d 1023 (8th Dist.1997).

       {¶13} The evidentiary materials to support a motion for summary judgment are

listed in Civ.R. 56(C) and include the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories,

written admissions, affidavits, transcripts of evidence, and written stipulations of fact that

have been filed in the case. In resolving the motion, the court views the evidence in a

light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Temple, 50 Ohio St.2d at 327.

Case No. 17 JE 0022
                                                                                       –7–

                             ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2

       The trial court erred by finding that Appellants' mineral interest were [sic]

       abandoned pursuant to the 2006 Ohio Dormant Mineral Act. Judgment

       Entry, at 2.

       {¶14} Appellants raise several reasons to support their contention that the trial

court erroneously ruled their interest in the minerals was abandoned pursuant to the

2006 DMA. First, Appellants argue that the Millers failed to comply with the notice

requirements of R.C. 5301.56(E).          Appellants argue that the Millers did not use

reasonable diligence when researching potential heirs, making service by publication

improper. Second, Appellants argue that two oil and gas leases entered into by the

Millers are title transactions that constitute a savings event.

       {¶15} We first address whether Appellees were permitted to file notice of intent

to declare the mineral interests abandoned by publication.                 Pursuant to R.C.

5301.56(E)(1), a surface owner attempting to reunite the surface with the mineral

interests must:

       Serve notice by certified mail, return receipt requested, to each holder or

       each holder's successors or assignees, at the last known address of each,

       of the owner's intent to declare the mineral interest abandoned. If service

       of notice cannot be completed to any holder, the owner shall publish

       notice of the owner's intent to declare the mineral interest abandoned at

       least once in a newspaper of general circulation in each county in which

       the land that is subject to the interest is located. The notice shall contain

       all of the information specified in division (F) of this section.

Case No. 17 JE 0022
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       {¶16} R.C. 5301.56(E)(1) allows notice by publication when notice cannot be

completed through certified mail.     An attempt to provide notice by certified mail is

unnecessary where a reasonable search fails to reveal the names or addresses of

potential heirs who must be served. Shilts v. Beardmore, 7th Dist. No. 16 MO 0003,

2018-Ohio-863, ¶ 15, appeal not allowed by Shilts v. Beardmore, 153 Ohio St.3d 1433,

2018-Ohio-2639, 101 N.E.3d 464. Appellants ask this Court to determine the extent of

the efforts required to satisfy reasonable due diligence in locating heirs before service

by publication can be employed.

       {¶17} In Shilts, we reviewed whether the following search efforts satisfied the

“reasonable due diligence” standard: probate records, public records, Ohio Department

of Natural Resources (“ODNR”) records, and an internet search. Id. at ¶ 14. We found

that, based on the facts of that case, these efforts satisfied the due diligence

requirement. Id. at ¶ 15. Appellants ask this Court to require these exact efforts in

every case. Contrary to Appellants’ arguments, we did not establish in Shilts a bright-

line rule or definition of “reasonable due diligence.” Because the standard relies on the

reasonableness of any party’s actions, whether that party’s efforts constitute “due

diligence” will depend on the facts and circumstances of each individual case. In other

words, reasonable actions in one case may not be reasonable in another case.

       {¶18} Appellees in this matter provided evidence in summary judgment in the

form of two affidavits. The first affidavit is from Michael J. Calabria, an attorney retained

by EPC as an expert witness. (4/17/17 Calabria Aff.) In his affidavit, Calabria avers

that he reviewed Appellees’ efforts in this matter and concluded that those efforts

satisfied reasonable due diligence. While we note that this testimony improperly goes

Case No. 17 JE 0022
                                                                                        –9–

to the legal question to be determined by the court, we also note that this witness set

forth the efforts undertaken. Calabria stated that Appellees searched public records,

specifically probate and deed records, and were unable to locate any heirs. The sole

address obtained in the search was a post office box that formally belonged to I.W. and

Ruth Poole. Calabria stated that the search also revealed I.W. Poole’s release of estate

from administration, which did not refer to the mineral interests. A title report also failed

to reveal any potential heirs.

       {¶19} Appellees also filed an affidavit from Richard F. Protiva.              Protiva

apparently undertook an exhaustive search to locate heirs during trial preparation which

did not yield information on all heirs. Additionally, he was unable to confirm that the

information he did obtain was accurate. He could not ensure that the information he

found correlates to the correct individual heir. He began by conducting an online search

using paid subscription services such as ancestry.com, world vital records, and

MyHeritage Company.        Next, he visited the Carroll County Genealogical Society.

Based on his efforts up to this point, he was able to locate a record for Florence Edna

Poole Sharp (Jeffrey and Bradley Sharp’s mother.) He used that information to conduct

public record searches, including probate records. He then used the names in the

complaint to connect the names he found in his search efforts. Using this information,

he conducted another internet search and contacted a librarian at Arizona State

University. Again, he was unable to locate all heirs and could not confirm that the

information he had obtained was correct.

       {¶20} Appellants argue that the trial court erroneously relied on a statement at

the hearing made by EPC counsel that it took more than 80 hours for Protiva to find a

Case No. 17 JE 0022
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partial list of heirs.      Although the fact that the search took more than 80 hours to

complete is not in Protiva’s affidavit, it is apparent from his affidavit that his search

consumed a great deal of time. Regardless, the search that occurred prior to the filing

of the notice is at issue here, not any later-conducted search.

         {¶21} Based on Calabria’s affidavit, prior to filing the complaint Appellees

searched available public records; they undertook to search probate records and

recorded deeds. The only difference between their search and the Shilts search is an

internet component. However, an internet search would not likely have been helpful in

this case, because the only names available to Appellees were Smith and Poole. There

is no evidence that a simple internet search would have revealed the actual Smith/Poole

heirs.    Based on the facts and circumstance of this case, Appellees’ public record

search constituted reasonable due diligence.

         {¶22} Next, we must address whether Appellants preserved their interests in

accordance with R.C. 5301.56(H). R.C. 5301.56(H)(1) states:

         If a holder or a holder's successors or assignees claim that the mineral

         interest that is the subject of a notice under division (E) of this section has

         not been abandoned, the holder or the holder's successors or assignees,

         not later than sixty days after the date on which the notice was served or

         published, as applicable, shall file in the office of the county recorder of

         each county where the land that is subject to the mineral interest is

         located one of the following:

         (a) A claim to preserve the mineral interest in accordance with division (C)

         of this section;

Case No. 17 JE 0022
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       (b) An affidavit that identifies an event described in division (B)(3) of this

       section that has occurred within the twenty years immediately preceding

       the date on which the notice was served or published under division (E) of

       this section.

       {¶23} There is no question that Appellants failed to file a timely claim of

preservation or an affidavit identifying a savings event. While Appellants claim that they

did not know Appellees filed a notice of intent to abandon, the record demonstrates that

Appellants did learn of their possible interest prior to the deadline for filing a timely claim

of preservation.

       {¶24} The Millers published a notice of intent to declare the mineral interests

abandoned on July 9, 2014. Pursuant to statute, Appellants had until September 9,

2014 to file either a claim of preservation or an affidavit declaring a savings event had

occurred. See R.C. 5301.56(H)(1)(a), (b). Appellants admit that EOMR informed them

on August 10, 2014 that they were required to file in the matter by sometime in

September. While Appellants claim that they lacked sufficient information after the

initial call from EOMR and needed time to research the nature of their claim, it is clear

from this record that they had sufficient information on which to at least timely file a

claim of preservation.

       {¶25} Appellants obtained the March 3, 1944 deed on August 27, 2014, placing

the Sharps on notice of the mineral interest reservation. The Millers filed the notice of

abandonment on September 2, 2014. That same day, Appellants obtained an updated

title report alerting the Sharps to the 2009 oil and gas lease between the Millers and

EPC. Knowledge of this lease placed Appellants on notice that there was an adverse

Case No. 17 JE 0022
                                                                                       – 12 –

interest in the minerals, particularly as they already knew that their grandfather reserved

the interest in the property’s minerals by way of the March 3, 1944 deed. Despite this

knowledge, Appellant filed nothing to protect their interests. On September 9, 2014, the

period to file a timely claim of preservation ended. Appellants waited until November 6,

2014 to attempt to file their claim for preservation. While it was on that date that they

obtained an updated title search revealing the September 2, 2014 affidavit of

abandonment, Appellants were aware as early as August that they had a potential

interest in these minerals, and that quick action was necessary in order to preserve this

potential interest.   Appellants have provided no reasonable excuse as to why they

waited until November of 2014 to file a claim of preservation.            Importantly, EOMR

informed the Sharps in early August that something would need to be filed in this matter

by September at the latest. Appellants failed to take heed. This record shows that

Appellants failed to file a timely claim of preservation to protect their interests.

       {¶26} Appellants next argue that two oil and gas leases entered into by the

Millers constitute savings events under the statute. Pursuant to R.C. 5301.56(B)(3):

       Within the twenty years immediately preceding the date on which notice is

       served or published under division (E) of this section, one or more of the

       following has occurred:

       (a) The mineral interest has been the subject of a title transaction that has

       been filed or recorded in the office of the county recorder of the county in

       which the lands are located.

       (b) There has been actual production or withdrawal of minerals by the

       holder from the lands, from lands covered by a lease to which the mineral

Case No. 17 JE 0022
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      interest is subject, from a mine a portion of which is located beneath the

      lands, or, in the case of oil or gas, from lands pooled, unitized, or included

      in unit operations, under sections 1509.26 to 1509.28 of the Revised

      Code, in which the mineral interest is participating, provided that the

      instrument or order creating or providing for the pooling or unitization of oil

      or gas interests has been filed or recorded in the office of the county

      recorder of the county in which the lands that are subject to the pooling or

      unitization are located.

      (c)   The mineral interest has been used in underground gas storage

      operations by the holder.

      (d) A drilling or mining permit has been issued to the holder, provided that

      an affidavit that states the name of the permit holder, the permit number,

      the type of permit, and a legal description of the lands affected by the

      permit has been filed or recorded, in accordance with section 5301.252 of

      the Revised Code, in the office of the county recorder of the county in

      which the lands are located.

      (e) A claim to preserve the mineral interest has been filed in accordance

      with division (C) of this section.

      (f) In the case of a separated mineral interest, a separately listed tax

      parcel number has been created for the mineral interest in the county

      auditor's tax list and the county treasurer's duplicate tax list in the county

      in which the lands are located.

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        {¶27} A title transaction has been defined as “any transaction affecting title to

any interest in land, which means that it is not limited to the transactions enumerated in

the statute or to transactions that transfer an ownership interest.”          Chesapeake

Exploration, L.L.C. v. Buell, 144 Ohio St.3d 490, 2015-Ohio-4551, 45 N.E.3d 185, ¶ 39.

“In order for the mineral interest to be the ‘subject of’ the title transaction the grantor

must be conveying that interest or retaining that interest.” Dodd v. Croskey, 7th Dist.

No. 12 HA 6, 2013-Ohio-4257, ¶ 48, affirmed on other grounds, Dodd v. Croskey, 143

Ohio St.3d 293, 2015-Ohio-2362, 37 N.E.3d 147. A recorded oil and gas lease is a title

transaction, and constitutes a savings event under R.C. 5301.56(B)(3)(a). Id. at ¶ 66.

According to Appellants, a lease constitutes a savings event regardless of whether the

lessor is the surface owner or the interest holder. This issue is one of first impression in

Ohio.

        {¶28} We are puzzled as to Appellants’ claim that this lease would constitute a

savings event for them, as they were never parties to this lease. Regardless, this

particular lease cannot in any way be construed as a savings event. A person can only

convey what he or she owns. Short v. Short, 4th Dist. No. 2014-Ohio-5864, ¶ 28. The

record is clear that the Millers did not own any mineral interests at the time they entered

into a lease with EPC, as they had not yet initiated the abandonment process. Because

the Millers did not hold an interest in the minerals in either 2005 or 2009, they had no

rights or property they were able to convey in a lease. As the mineral interests at issue

were not properly conveyed or retained, they cannot validly be the “subject of” a title

transaction. As such, neither the 2005 nor 2009 oil and gas lease rises to the level of a

savings event under R.C. 5301.56(B)(3)(a).

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       {¶29} Accordingly, Appellants’ second assignment of error is without merit and is

overruled.

                            ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1

       The trial court erred by finding that Appellants' mineral interest was

       abandoned under common law principles. Judgment Entry, at 4, 5, 10-11.

       {¶30} Appellants argue that the trial court erroneously ruled that I.W. Poole’s

mineral interests were abandoned due to Ruth Poole’s failure to include these interests

during her husband’s estate administration. According to the trial court’s findings of

facts, I.W. Poole died in 1954, leaving his assets to his wife, Ruth Poole. In 1969, Ruth

filed a release of administration listing a small parcel of property, but did not mention the

mineral interests reserved in the March 3, 1944 deed. It does not appear that an estate

was filed for Ruth Poole. The trial court ruled that Poole’s interests were abandoned

due to the failure to include them in the release of administration.

       {¶31} In Ohio, as we have previously noted, any theory of common law

abandonment has been supplanted by statute:             “the Supreme Court has stated

abandonment is now governed by the 2006 DMA. Corban, 149 Ohio St.3d 512 at ¶ 31,

33.   None of the DMA cases in the appellate courts or the Supreme Court were

remanded to ascertain if the mineral interest was abandoned outside of the DMA, and

such a claim was not in the plaintiff’s complaint.”       Jefferis Real Estate Oil & Gas

Holdings, L.L.C. v. Schaffner Law Offices, L.P.A., 7th Dist. No. 17 BE 0042, 2018-Ohio-

3733, ¶ 22 (“Jefferis II”). Because the 2006 DMA is the sole governing authority when

determining whether interests in minerals have been abandoned, any analysis under

common law is moot.

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       {¶32} Accordingly, Appellants’ first assignment of error is without merit and is

overruled.

                            ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 3

       The trial court erred by failing to grant Appellants' motion for summary

       judgment. Judgment Entry, at 11.

       {¶33} Appellants essentially repeat the arguments that appear in their first and

second assignments of error.       For the reasons provided within those assignments,

Appellants’ arguments are without merit and are overruled.

                                       Cross-Appeal

       {¶34} EPC/Brocker raises four cross-assignments of error: (1) the trial court

erroneously ruled that the oil and gas lease between the Millers and EPC is null

pursuant to the 2006 DMA, (2) the trial court erroneously ruled that the lease is null

pursuant to common law abandonment, (3) the trial court improperly failed to rule on

EPC/Brocker’s MTA defense, and (4) the trial court erroneously denied EPC/Brocker’s

counterclaim to quiet title. As EPC/Brocker does not provide any law or argument as to

its fourth cross-assignment, it will not be addressed.

       {¶35} Regarding its other three claims, EPC/Brocker generally argues that the

trial court erroneously deemed its lease with the Millers a “nullity.”         As we have

previously acknowledged, the purpose of the DMA is to “allow a surface owner to take

steps to have mineral interests reunited with the surface lands.” Paul v. Hannon, 7th

Dist. No. 15 CA 0908, 2017-Ohio-1261, ¶ 28. In other words, the 2006 DMA addresses

only whether mineral interests have been abandoned, allowing these interests to reunite

with the surface property. While the trial court inartfully called the lease a “nullity,” the

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validity of the lease was never directly at issue in this case, as the DMA resolves only

issues regarding the abandonment of mineral interests. To the extent that the parties

interpret the trial court’s dicta as affecting the validity of the lease, the court’s statement

reflects only its interpretation that the lease is irrelevant to any 2006 DMA analysis in

this matter, and not that the lease is itself invalid.

       {¶36} EPC/Brocker also argues that the trial court erroneously failed to consider

its MTA defense. EPC/Brocker assert that they presented an affirmative defense based

on the MTA, claiming that Appellants’ interests were extinguished pursuant to the MTA.

As interests extinguished by the MTA are automatically null and void, EPC/Brocker

contended that the surface and mineral interests reunited in 1985, 24 years before the

oil and gas lease was signed. Thus, the Millers did own the mineral interests at the time

they entered the lease with EPC.

       {¶37} EPC/Brocker raised the MTA as an affirmative defense, however, it was

not raised for the first time until it was included in their motion for summary judgment.

An affirmative defense must be raised in the pleadings or in an amendment to the

pleading, or it is waived. Henricksen v. Henricksen, 7th Dist. No. 17 MA 0044, 2017-

Ohio-9050, ¶ 19.      The MTA is not mentioned in either EPC/Brocker’s answer and

counterclaim or in their amended answer and counterclaim. Consequently, any MTA

issue was waived, here.

       {¶38} Accordingly, EPC/Brocker’s cross-assignments of error are without merit

and are overruled.

                                          Conclusion

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       {¶39} Appellants argue that the trial court erroneously ruled their interest in the

minerals at issue was abandoned pursuant to common law and the 2006 DMA. For the

reasons provided, the trial court correctly determined that Appellants’ interests were

abandoned pursuant to the 2006 DMA. Because the 2006 DMA controls, Appellants’

arguments regarding common law abandonment are moot. As to Appellees’ cross-

appeal, the trial court’s dicta did not directly address nor affect the validity of the oil and

gas lease between the Millers and EPC/Brocker in any way. The judgment of the trial

court is affirmed.

Robb, P.J., concurs.

Bartlett, J., concurs.

Case No. 17 JE 0022
[Cite as Sharp v. Miller, 2018-Ohio-4740.]

        For the reasons stated in the Opinion rendered herein, Appellants’ assignments

of error are overruled and Appellees’ cross-assignments are also overruled. It is the

final judgment and order of this Court that the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas

of Jefferson County, Ohio, is affirmed. Costs to be taxed against the Appellants.

        A certified copy of this opinion and judgment entry shall constitute the mandate in

this case pursuant to Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. It is ordered that a

certified copy be sent by the clerk to the trial court to carry this judgment into execution.

                                        NOTICE TO COUNSEL

        This document constitutes a final judgment entry.