Court Opinion

ID: 4034488
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-16 17:06:44.476104+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:26:43.082835
License: Public Domain

Digitally signed by
                                 Illinois Official Reports                              Reporter of Decisions
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                                                                                        accuracy and integrity
                                                                                        of this document
                                         Appellate Court                                Date: 2016.09.14
                                                                                        16:38:26 -05'00'

                 Mizyed v. Palos Community Hospital, 2016 IL App (1st) 142790

Appellate Court            SALEH MIZYED, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. PALOS COMMUNITY
Caption                    HOSPITAL, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No.             First District, First Division
                           Docket No. 1-14-2790

Rule 23 order filed        March 28, 2016
Rule 23 order
withdrawn                  May 2, 2016
Opinion filed              May 9, 2016

Decision Under             Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 11-L-1501; the
Review                     Hon. John H. Ehrlich, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                   Affirmed.

Counsel on                 Muslin & Sandberg, of Chicago (Craig M. Sandberg, of counsel), for
Appeal                     appellant.

                           Pretzel & Stouffer Chtrd., of Chicago (Robert Marc Chemers,
                           Matthew J. Egan, Edward J. Aucoin, Jr., and Scott L. Howie, of
                           counsel), for appellee.

Panel                      PRESIDING JUSTICE CUNNINGHAM delivered the judgment of
                           the court, with opinion.
                           Justices Connors and Harris1 concurred in the judgment and opinion.

       Pursuant to Justice Liu’s passing, Justice Harris has reviewed the briefs, the Rule 23 order filed
        1

  March 28, 2016, and the motion to publish filed in the above captioned case and is participating in the
  disposition.
                                             OPINION

¶1      Plaintiff-appellant Saleh Mizyed appeals from the trial court’s order granting summary
     judgment dismissing his medical malpractice complaint against the defendant-appellant Palos
     Community Hospital (Palos), which was premised on Palos’ vicarious liability for the alleged
     negligence of Mizyed’s treating physicians. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.

¶2                                        BACKGROUND
¶3       This action arises out of treatment rendered to Mizyed at Palos in early 2009. Mizyed is a
     native Arabic speaker. He speaks a limited amount of English and was deposed in this case
     with the assistance of an interpreter. Mizyed testified that he cannot read or write in either
     English or Arabic and that he relies on his adult children to read and translate documents for
     him. His adult daughter, Nadera (who testified that she has no difficulty speaking or reading
     English), sometimes accompanied Mizyed to doctors’ appointments.
¶4       On January 26, 2009, Mizyed visited his primary physician, Dr. Odeh, for a regularly
     scheduled appointment. Nadera accompanied him during that visit. At Dr. Odeh’s office, a
     nurse administered an electrocardiogram (EKG) to monitor Mizyed’s heart. Based on the EKG
     results, Dr. Odeh told Mizyed that he needed to go to a hospital immediately. According to
     Nadera, Dr. Odeh told Mizyed that “it looks like you’re having a heart attack right now.” Dr.
     Odeh called an ambulance, and Mizyed was transported to Palos.
¶5       Nadera and other relatives arrived at Palos’ emergency room that evening. According to
     Nadera, emergency room doctors indicated they suspected that Mizyed had a “major
     blockage” that could require surgery. Nadera testified that none of the medical personnel at
     Palos spoke Arabic.
¶6       During his treatment at Palos, Mizyed was provided with a number of consent forms,
     which Palos later relied upon in seeking summary judgment. Mizyed’s signature appears on
     five consent forms provided by Palos, all of which are in English. Although Mizyed did not
     specifically recall each form that he signed, he acknowledged that he signed certain forms
     based on Nadera’s advice:
                 “Q. *** What were you told about the forms before you signed them?
                 A. I don’t know. They were basically talking to Nadera, my daughter. They were
             showing her my heart on the monitor and telling her that I had four blocked arteries and
             they needed to do surgery.
                 Q. Did Nadera look at the forms before you signed them?
                 A. Of course they were talking to Nadera and to my wife.
                 Q. And did Nadera explain or go over any of the forms with you before you signed
             them?
                 A. Yes. She told me, ‘Dad, sign the paper because they want to do surgery for you,’
             and I trust my daughter. So I signed the papers.”
     Mizyed additionally testified: “I don’t speak English 100 percent, and I don’t know what the
     doctors were telling me. I based everything upon what Nadera told me and based upon that I
     signed.”

                                                -2-
¶7          Two of the forms with Mizyed’s signature are dated January 26, 2009, the date that he was
       first taken to Palos. First, Mizyed signed a form entitled “CONSENT FOR EMERGENCY
       TREATMENT,” which consisted of four numbered paragraphs. The first paragraph, under the
       heading “AUTHORIZATION FOR EXAMINATION AND TREATMENT,” states:
                “I wish to be treated in the Emergency Room and/or be admitted for treatment to Palos
                Community Hospital. I understand and acknowledge that in presenting myself for
                emergency treatment and/or voluntary inpatient admission, or outpatient treatment, I
                authorize and consent to the administration and performance of all tests and treatments
                which may be ordered by my physicians and the physicians in the Emergency Room
                and carried out by members of the Palos Community Hospital Medical Staff and/or
                personnel.”
¶8          The second numbered paragraph, in bold type, states: “I understand that all physicians
       providing services to me, including emergency room physicians, radiologists, pathologists,
       anesthesiologists, my attending physician and all physician consultants, are independent
       medical staff physicians and not employees or agents of Palos Community Hospital.” The third
       and fourth paragraphs consisted of a description of Palos’ privacy practices, and an
       acknowledgment that payment of insurance benefits would be made “to the party who accepts
       assignment.”
¶9          At his deposition, Mizyed acknowledged that this consent form contains his signature but
       he did not recall signing it. However, Nadera testified that she was present when her father
       signed this consent form. Although she had not read the whole document, she nonetheless
       encouraged him to sign:
                    “Q. Were you *** physically present with your father when he signed this on
                January 26th of 2009?
                    A. Yes.
                    Q. Did he ask you any question about it, if you remember?
                    A. Of course, I’m, like, this is just – I didn’t read the whole thing but I’m, like, it’s
                just to treat you. That’s what I said to him. This is to treat you so they could go ahead
                and treat you.
                    Q. So, he asked you a question about it before he signed it?
                    A. Yes, uh-huh.
                    Q. Yes?
                    A. Yes.
                    Q. And you told him after looking it over that it was okay for him to sign it?
                    A. Yes.
                    Q: So he could be treated?
                    A. Yes.”
       Nadera also testified that, apart from the forms, no one at Palos informed her, and she did not
       ask, whether any of the doctors providing care to her father were employees or agents of Palos.
¶ 10        After being seen in the emergency room, Mizyed was admitted to the hospital on the
       evening of January 26, 2009. In conjunction with his admission, Mizyed signed another form
       dated January 26, 2009, entitled “Consent to Hospital Care.” The introductory paragraphs of
       that form contain language identical to that of the first two paragraphs of the “CONSENT FOR

                                                     -3-
       EMERGENCY TREATMENT” form, including the bolded statement: “I understand that all
       physicians providing services to me *** are independent medical staff physicians and not
       employees or agents of Palos Community Hospital.” In the “Consent to Hospital Care” form,
       that statement is followed by paragraphs entitled “Notice of Privacy Practices and Release of
       Information,” “Payment Guarantee/Assignment of Insurance Benefits,” and “Responsibility
       for Personal Properties.”
¶ 11        Mizyed acknowledged that he signed this document. At her deposition, Nadera also
       acknowledged that she encouraged her father to sign it, explaining she “did not exactly go line
       to line to read [it] because at that moment, honestly, I was like, okay, this is just a consent ***.
       So, I did not take the time *** to kind of go over every detail in the paper, just trusting that this
       is a consent for his medical.”
¶ 12        On January 27, 2009, Mizyed signed a third separate consent form to undergo a cardiac
       catheterization procedure. That form is dated January 27, 2009 and indicates it was signed at
       10:10 a.m. That form consists of 12 numbered paragraphs. The first numbered paragraph
       described the procedure and–as in the two prior consent forms–stated that the treating
       physicians were not Palos’ employees or agents:
                    “I authorize and consent to have Drs. Camba, Everett, Sullivan or West and such
                assistants as [they] may designate to perform a procedure known as Cardiac
                Catheterization ***. Additional procedures including coronary device-based
                interventions and/or select noncoronary angiographic studies may be performed as
                deemed necessary. I understand that all physicians providing services to me, including
                emergency room physicians, radiologists, pathologists, anesthesiologists, my
                attending physician and physician consultants, are independent medical staff
                physicians and not employees or agents of Palos Community Hospital.” (Emphasis
                added.)
       At his deposition, Mizyed acknowledged that he signed this form and testified that “maybe
       Nadera” was there at the time. However, Nadera testified that she had not seen this particular
       consent form, as she was not present at the hospital during the morning of January 27, 2009.
¶ 13        Mizyed additionally signed a separate “Consent to Operation” form, which is also dated
       January 27, 2009 at 10:10 a.m. and contains nine numbered paragraphs. The first paragraph
       states that Mizyed “authorize[s] the performance upon myself of the following surgical
       operation[:] emergency coronary artery bypass grafts.” The second paragraph consisted of the
       bolded statement: “I understand that all physicians providing services to me, including
       emergency room physicians, radiologists, pathologists, anesthesiologists, my attending
       physician and physician consultants, are independent medical staff physicians and not
       employees or agents of Palos Community Hospital.” At his deposition, Mizyed acknowledged
       that he signed that form. Nadera also testified that she had seen this form2 and “told my dad to
       sign here, consent about the surgery.”

           2
             Both the “Consent to Operation” form and the “Consent for Procedure Catheterization” form
       reflect that they were signed at 10:10 a.m. on January 27, 2009. Assuming both forms were signed at
       that time, Nadera’s testimony that she saw her father sign the “Consent to Operation” form appears to
       be inconsistent with her testimony that she was not present for the signing of the “Consent for
       Procedure Catheterization” form.

                                                     -4-
¶ 14       The following day, January 28, 2009, Mizyed underwent coronary artery bypass surgery.
       Two days after the surgery, on January 30, 2009, Mizyed underwent a procedure to place a
       peripherally inserted cardiac catheter (PICC line). A fifth form, entitled “CONSENT FOR
       PROCEDURE” and dated January 30, 2009, indicates that it contains Mizyed’s consent to the
       PICC line insertion.
¶ 15       That consent form for the PICC line procedure consists of 13 numbered paragraphs. The
       second paragraph of the form, as in the prior consent forms, consisted of the bolded statement:
       “I understand that all physicians providing services to me, including emergency room
       physicians, radiologists, pathologists, anesthesiologists, my attending physician and physician
       consultants, are independent medical staff physicians and not employees or agents of Palos
       Community Hospital.”
¶ 16       At his deposition, Mizyed did not remember signing this particular form and testified that
       his signature on that form appeared to be different from his usual signature: “if I’m the one
       who signed this one, that’s not really my normal signature. It’s different because maybe I was
       not feeling well.” Nadera testified that she recognized her father’s signature on the PICC line
       consent form, but she did not recall whether she had discussed that particular form with him.
¶ 17       Mizyed remained hospitalized at Palos until February 7, 2009. In the days following the
       January 30 PICC line procedure, Mizyed developed a fever. Doctors at Palos, including his
       attending physician, Dr. Kanashiro, determined that he had developed an infection resulting
       from the PICC line insertion. Dr. Kanashiro testified that on February 4, 2009, the results of
       blood cultures confirmed that Mizyed had an infection. Dr. Kanashiro testified that she
       requested the assistance of a physician specializing in infectious disease to address the
       infection. Mizyed was subsequently prescribed vancomycin, an antibiotic. According to
       Mizyed’s complaint, he stopped receiving vancomycin on February 6, 2009.
¶ 18       Mizyed was discharged from the hospital on the morning of February 7, 2009, with
       directions to take another antibiotic, amoxicillin. Dr. Kanashiro testified that the decision that
       Mizyed was ready for discharge was made by her in consultation with physicians from
       “cardiology, infectious disease and the cardiovascular surgeon. And all of them decided that
       the patient was able to go home.” She testified that she believed Mizyed was ready to be
       discharged because he “was awake, responsive, [and] stable.”
¶ 19       However, Mizyed and Nadera testified that Mizyed was still not feeling well when he was
       discharged from Palos on February 7, 2009. Nadera testified that she visited her father at his
       home on the same evening after he was discharged from Palos. She recalled that Mizyed
       appeared weak, had a fever, and complained that he was having difficulty breathing. The
       family called an ambulance, and Mizyed was admitted to Advocate Christ Hospital.
¶ 20       Mizyed testified that he remained at Advocate Christ Hospital for several days, where he
       continued to receive treatment for the infection that he had contracted at Palos. For several
       additional weeks, Mizyed required daily injections of antibiotics to treat the infection.
¶ 21       Mizyed filed his initial medical malpractice complaint on February 9, 2011, alleging that
       unidentified agents or employees of Palos had been negligent in failing to prevent, recognize,
       and treat his infection and had prematurely discharged him. After Palos moved to dismiss,
       Mizyed filed an amended complaint on October 7, 2011, which identified Dr. Kanashiro as one
       of his treating physicians.

                                                   -5-
¶ 22        The court subsequently granted Mizyed leave to file a second amended complaint, which
       was filed December 8, 2011. On January 12, 2012, Palos filed a motion to dismiss the second
       amended complaint. On April 11, 2012, Mizyed responded by seeking to file a third amended
       complaint (the complaint), attaching that pleading.
¶ 23        The complaint alleged that Palos “employed physicians,” including Dr. Kanashiro, that
       were “actual agents and/or employees” of Palos in caring for Mizyed. The complaint
       alternatively alleged that Dr. Kanashiro and other physicians acted as Palos’ “apparent” agents
       or employees. The complaint alleges that Dr. Kanashiro “was assigned to and did become
       [Mizyed’s] attending physician” and thereafter assumed primary responsibility for his care.
¶ 24        The complaint alleges that prior to discharging him, “Palos Community Hospital, through
       its agent Mary Kanashiro, did not obtain confirmation that his [PICC] line-related infection
       was under control and manageable.” As a result of Dr. Kanashiro’s alleged failure to properly
       treat Mizyed’s infection, “there was seeding of the infection in new locations” which required
       “an aggressive course of antibiotics” at Advocate Christ Hospital. The complaint alleges that
       Palos–acting through Dr. Kanashiro as its agent–was guilty of, inter alia: failing to obtain daily
       blood cultures; failing to continue antibiotics “until the blood culture was reported negative”;
       failing to properly manage Mizyed’s infection; and discharging him without confirming that
       his infection was “under control.”
¶ 25        On June 21, 2012, the court entered an order “dismissing all allegations of neglect” in the
       complaint “other than those directed at [Palos] for the actions of Mary Kanashiro, M.D.,” but
       otherwise directed Palos to answer the complaint. On July 3, 2012, Palos filed an answer in
       which it admitted that Dr. Kanashiro was Mizyed’s attending physician and that Mizyed had
       developed an infection. However, Palos denied that Dr. Kanashiro was its agent, servant or
       employee, and denied all allegations of negligence.
¶ 26        The parties engaged in discovery, including depositions of Mizyed, Nadera, and Dr.
       Kanashiro. In her deposition, Dr. Kanashiro testified that at the time of Mizyed’s treatment at
       Palos, she was not an employee of Palos, but was employed by a corporation known as
       Cardiology Internal Medicine Associates. She testified that she had been “on call for the
       emergency department” and became Mizyed’s attending physician on January 27, 2009. She
       explained: “When you are on call, the ER doctor calls you that there’s a patient that doesn’t
       have a doctor and you are going to be taking care.” She testified that Mizyed “didn’t have a
       doctor that was on staff in Palos. That’s the way they assigned me to him.”
¶ 27        Dr. Kanashiro testified that Mizyed had spoken English with her, that she believed he
       understood her, and that they did not require an interpreter to communicate. Dr. Kanashiro
       acknowledged that she never informed Mizyed that she worked for Cardiology Internal
       Medicine Associates and that she did not wear any badge identifying her employer. She
       indicated she wore a badge to signify that she was a doctor on the “staff” but did not say
       whether it identified her as Palos’ agent or employee:
                   “Q. When you do rounds and see patients like Saleh Mizyed back in February of
                2009, what was the attire that you would typically wear, a white coat?
                   A. A blue coat.
                   Q. A blue coat. And does that have any identifying marks on it?
                   A. There’s a badge.
                   Q. And what does the badge say?

                                                   -6-
                   A. That we are–belong to the medical staff, that we have privileges at Palos
               Community Hospital.
                   Q. What specifically does the badge say?
                   A. Medical staff.
                   Q. It says Palos Community Hospital?
                   A. That you are a doctor, you are not a nurse. Just to identify that you are a doctor.”
       Dr. Kanashiro agreed that Palos did not direct her care for Mizyed, but that she instead
       “exercise[d] [her] own independent training, skill and knowledge and medical judgment.” She
       specifically denied that she ever told Mizyed that she was an employee or agent of Palos.
¶ 28       On April 10, 2014, Palos moved for summary judgment, arguing that the evidence
       demonstrated that Mizyed could not establish that Dr. Kanashiro was either an actual or
       apparent agent of Palos. Palos argued that Dr. Kanashiro’s undisputed testimony negated any
       claim of actual agency, as she testified that she was never an employee of Palos and had used
       her independent judgment in treating Mizyed. With respect to apparent agency, Palos’ motion
       relied largely on the consent forms signed by Mizyed acknowledging that physicians were not
       Palos’ agents or employees. Palos argued that the explicit language of the consent forms
       demonstrated that Palos had not “held out” Dr. Kanashiro as Palos’ agent or employee,
       precluding liability under an apparent agency theory. Palos similarly argued that the consent
       forms demonstrated that Mizyed could not show that Palos or Dr. Kanashiro “acted in a
       manner that would lead a reasonable person to conclude that Dr. Kanashiro was [Palos’]
       employee or agent,” that Palos had acquiesced to any “holding out” by Dr. Kanashiro, or that
       Mizyed could have reasonably relied on such “holding out.” Palos further asserted that
       Mizyed’s inability to read English was “immaterial” since his daughter Nadera had reviewed
       the consent forms and directed him to sign.
¶ 29       On July 11, 2014, Mizyed filed his opposition to the motion for summary judgment. That
       opposition did not attempt to argue that Dr. Kanashiro was Palos’ actual agent, but limited its
       argument to the theory of apparent agency. Citing our supreme court’s decision in Gilbert v.
       Sycamore Municipal Hospital, 156 Ill. 2d 511 (1993), which set forth the requirements of an
       apparent agency claim against a hospital, Mizyed argued there remained triable issues of fact
       as to: whether Palos or Dr. Kanashiro acted in a manner that would lead a reasonable person to
       conclude that she was Palos’ agent, “whether the acts of the alleged agent created the
       appearance of authority” that was known or acquiesced to by Palos, and whether Mizyed
       “acted in reliance upon the conduct of the hospital or its agent, consistent with ordinary care
       and prudence.”
¶ 30       Palos filed its reply in support of its motion for summary judgment on July 28, 2014,
       arguing that it had “clearly notified both the plaintiff and his daughter that all physicians who
       would provide medical care to him were independently employed and were not [Palos’]
       employee or agent.” Palos asserted that Mizyed had failed to identify any evidence that Palos
       or Dr. Kanashiro had “provided him with any information that was contrary” to those
       disclosures.
¶ 31       On August 13, 2014, the trial court entered an order granting Palos’ motion for summary
       judgment “in its entirety.” The record on appeal contains no transcript or record of proceedings
       from that date. On August 28, 2014, Mizyed filed a motion stating that the court had “orally
       pronounced its decision/order granting the defendant’s motion for summary judgment” and

                                                    -7-
       requesting that the court provide written findings of fact and conclusions of law concerning
       that order. On September 5, 2014, the trial court entered an order denying that request.
¶ 32       On September 11, 2014, Mizyed filed a notice of appeal from the August 14, 2014 order
       entering summary judgment in Palos’ favor.

¶ 33                                           ANALYSIS
¶ 34        We note that we have jurisdiction as Mizyed perfected a timely notice of appeal from a
       final order entering judgment in Palos’ favor. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 303(a) (eff. May 30, 2008).
¶ 35        The sole issue on appeal is whether summary judgment should have been granted in favor
       of Palos with respect to Mizyed’s theory of liability premised on apparent agency. “Summary
       judgment is appropriate where the pleadings, depositions, admissions, and affidavits show that
       there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
       matter of law.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Hawkins v. Capital Fitness, Inc., 2015 IL
       App (1st) 133716, ¶ 10. “A triable issue of fact exists where there is a dispute as to material
       facts, or where, the material facts being undisputed, reasonable persons might draw different
       inferences from the facts.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. “Although summary
       judgment has been deemed a ‘drastic means of disposing of litigation’ [citation], it is
       nonetheless an appropriate mechanism to employ to expeditiously dispose of a lawsuit when
       the moving party’s right to a judgment in its favor is clear and free from doubt [citation]. A trial
       court’s ruling on a motion for summary judgment is subject to de novo review. [Citation.]”
       Lamb-Rosenfeldt v. Burke Medical Group, Ltd., 2012 IL App (1st) 101558, ¶ 23.
¶ 36        Mizyed’s arguments in this appeal are limited to Palos’ vicarious liability for the alleged
       negligence of his treating physicians under the theory of apparent, rather than actual, agency.
       In 1993, our supreme court “first applied the apparent agency doctrine in a medical malpractice
       context” and “addressed the question of whether a hospital may be held vicariously liable for
       the negligence of a physician who is not an employee of the hospital but who, rather, is an
       independent contractor,” concluding that “a hospital may be vicariously liable under such
       circumstances pursuant to the doctrine of apparent agency.” York v. Rush-Presbyterian-St.
       Luke’s Medical Center, 222 Ill. 2d 147, 179 (2006) (citing Gilbert v. Sycamore Municipal
       Hospital, 156 Ill. 2d 511 (1993)).
¶ 37        “[P]ursuant to the doctrine of apparent authority, ‘[a] principal will be bound not only by
       that authority which he actually gives to another, but also by the authority which he appears to
       give. Apparent authority in an agent is the authority which the principal knowingly permits the
       agent to assume, or the authority which the principal holds the agent out as possessing. It is the
       authority which a reasonably prudent person, exercising diligence and discretion, in view of
       the principal’s conduct, would naturally suppose the agent to possess.’ ” Lamb-Rosenfeldt,
       2012 IL App (1st) 101558, ¶ 24 (quoting Gilbert, 156 Ill. 2d at 523).
¶ 38        Under Gilbert, “a hospital may be found vicariously liable under the doctrine of apparent
       agency for the negligent acts of a physician providing care at a hospital, ‘regardless of whether
       the physician is an independent contractor, unless the patient knows, or should have known,
       that the physician is an independent contractor.’ ” York, 222 Ill. 2d at 184 (quoting Gilbert, 156
Ill. 2d at 524). The Gilbert decision “set forth the three elements a plaintiff must plead and
       prove to hold a hospital vicariously liable under the apparent agency doctrine.” Id. In
       particular, Gilbert held:

                                                    -8-
                    “ ‘For a hospital to be liable under the doctrine of apparent authority, a plaintiff
               must show that: (1) the hospital, or its agent, acted in a manner that would lead a
               reasonable person to conclude that the individual who was alleged to be negligent was
               an employee or agent of the hospital; (2) where the acts of the agent create the
               appearance of authority, the plaintiff must also prove that the hospital had knowledge
               of and acquiesced in them; and (3) the plaintiff acted in reliance upon the conduct of the
               hospital or its agent, consistent with ordinary care and prudence.’ [Citation.]” (Internal
               quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 184-85 (quoting Gilbert, 156 Ill. 2d at 525).
       “To survive a defendant hospital’s motion for summary judgment on a claim of apparent
       agency, a plaintiff must present at least some evidence to satisfy each of the Gilbert factors.”
       Lamb-Rosenfeldt, 2012 IL App (1st) 101558, ¶ 25. As set forth below, we conclude that
       Mizyed did not do so in this case.
¶ 39       “The first two Gilbert elements are frequently grouped together and have been referred to
       as the ‘holding out’ factor. [Citation.] The focus of this factor is whether or not ‘the patient
       knows, or should have known, that the physician is an independent contractor.’ ” [Citation.] Id.
       ¶ 26. “Regarding ‘holding out,’ if a patient has actual or constructive knowledge that the doctor
       is an independent contractor, the hospital is not vicariously liable. The hospital prevails on this
       element if ‘the patient is in some manner put on notice of the independent status of the
       professionals with whom he might be expected to come into contact.’ ” (Emphasis added.)
       Steele v. Provena Hospitals, 2013 IL App (3d) 110374, ¶ 138 (quoting York, 222 Ill. 2d at
       182).
¶ 40       “Although not dispositive of the ‘holding out’ factor, whether a patient signs a hospital
       consent to treatment form that contains clear and unambiguous independent contractor
       disclaimer language is an important factor to consider with respect to this factor because it is
       unlikely that a patient who signs such a form can reasonably believe that [his] treating
       physician is an employee or agent of a hospital when the form contains specific language to the
       contrary.” Lamb-Rosenfeldt, 2012 IL App (1st) 101558, ¶ 27. In fact, the Third District of our
       court “has held that such consents are ‘almost conclusive’ in determining whether a hospital
       should be held liable for the medical negligence of an independent contractor.” Steele, 2013 IL
       App (3d) 110374, ¶ 131 (quoting Thede v. Kapsas, 386 Ill. App. 3d 396, 401 (2008)).
¶ 41       In this case, Palos argues that Mizyed cannot meet the “holding out” element of its
       apparent agency claim, in light of the consent forms he signed indicating that his treating
       physicians were independent contractors. As Palos notes, in a number of decisions, our court
       has sustained summary judgment against plaintiffs who have signed consent forms explicitly
       disclosing that their treating physicians were not agents or employees of the hospital. See, e.g.,
       Lamb-Rosenfeldt, 2012 IL App (1st) 101558, ¶ 28 (affirming summary judgment in favor of
       hospital where plaintiff’s decedent signed several forms stating that “ ‘PHYSICIANS ARE
       NOT EMPLOYEES OF THE MEDICAL CENTER’ and ‘NONE OF THE PHYSICIANS
       WHO ATTEND ME AT THE HOSPITAL ARE AGENTS OR EMPLOYEES OF THE
       HOSPITAL’ ”); Wallace v. Alexian Brothers Medical Center, 389 Ill. App. 3d 1081, 1083
       (2009) (hospital entitled to summary judgment where consent form stated “ ‘I understand that
       physicians who provide professional services to me such as my attending physician *** are not
       the employees or agents of [the hospital], but they are independent contractors’ ”); Churkey v.
       Rustia, 329 Ill. App. 3d 239, 241 (2002) (affirming summary judgment where consent form
       stated that the hospital “ ‘uses independently contracted physicians ***. The physicians are not

                                                    -9-
       employees of Sherman Hospital but have been granted privileges to practice at the institution
       ***.’ ”); James v. Ingalls Memorial Hospital, 299 Ill. App. 3d 627, 629 (1998) (affirming
       summary judgment where patient signed consent form stating that “ ‘the physicians on staff at
       this hospital are not employees or agents of the hospital, but independent medical practitioners
       who have been permitted to use its facilities for the care and treatment of their patients’ ”).
¶ 42       On the other hand, the signing of a consent form will not preclude recovery under an
       apparent agency theory if it is ambiguous or potentially confusing as to whether one or more of
       the plaintiff’s treating physicians are agents of the hospital or independent contractors. For
       instance, our supreme court upheld a jury verdict against a hospital, premised on an apparent
       agency theory, despite the patient’s signing of a consent form that authorized “ ‘Dr. Rosenberg
       and such assistants and associates as may be selected by him *** and the [hospital] to
       perform’ ” procedures. York, 222 Ill. 2d at 196-97. Our supreme court noted that the consent
       form “nowhere stated that plaintiff would be treated by independent-contractor physicians,”
       and agreed with the appellate court that “ ‘the language of the consent [form] providing that
       [the hospital] could select physicians to assist *** could reasonably be interpreted as allowing
       [the hospital] to select anesthesiologists.’ ” Id. at 197 (quoting York v. El-Garizouri, 353 Ill.
       App. 3d 1, 30-31 (2004)).
¶ 43       Similarly, our court has reversed the trial court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of a
       hospital when the consent form was arguably confusing. In Schroeder v. Northwest
       Community Hospital, 371 Ill. App. 3d 584 (2006), the patient or his wife had, on three
       occasions, signed a consent form containing six sections. Id. at 587. The defendant hospital
       had obtained summary judgment in reliance on the second section, which provided:
                   “ ‘Item 2 disclosure Statement: Your care will be managed by your personal
               physician or other physicians who are not employed by [the hospital] but have
               privileges to care for patients at this facility. Your physician’s care is supported by a
               variety of individuals employed by [the hospital], including nurses, technicians and
               ancillary staff. Your physician may also decide to call in consultants who practice in
               other specialties and may be involved in your care. Like your physician, those
               consultants have privileges to care for patients at this facility, but are not employed by
               [the hospital].’ ” (Emphasis added and omitted.) Id. at 587.
       The Schroeder plaintiff had argued that the form “was ‘extremely confusing’ and ambiguous
       because it did not state in a clear fashion that the doctors who would be caring for decedent
       were not hospital employees or agents, and it could reasonably be interpreted to mean that his
       personal physicians were employed by Northwest but the other unidentified physicians, who
       might be involved in his care were not.” Id. at 589.
¶ 44       Our court reasoned:
               “[W]e believe the issue is not whether plaintiff was confused or led to believe by any
               actions on the part of Northwest that the physicians were its agents or employees but
               whether decedent was confused or misled by the disclosure forms and whether he
               perceived or believed the physicians were the agents or employees of Northwest.
               Obviously, if he knew or should have known that the defendant physicians were
               independent contractors, then the hospital is not liable. Gilbert, 156 Ill. 2d at 523. If,
               however, there is evidence that decedent reasonably believed his personal care
               physician and the consulting physicians were agents or employees of the hospital, a
               triable issue of fact exists and should be presented to a jury. We believe there is

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                sufficient material evidence on this issue of apparent agency which should be
                submitted to the trier of fact, and that, therefore, summary judgment was
                inappropriate.” Id. at 593-94.
¶ 45        Likewise, in Spiegelman v. Victory Memorial Hospital, 392 Ill. App. 3d 826 (2009), our
       court upheld a jury verdict against a hospital after concluding that, due to the ambiguous
       consent form, “the jury could rightfully infer that plaintiff was confused as to which doctors
       were employees of the hospital and which were independent contractors.” Id. at 837. The
       Spiegelman plaintiff had signed a nine-paragraph consent form in which the third paragraph
       stated: “ ‘I am aware that during my visit ***, hospital employees will attend to my medical
       needs as may be necessary. I understand that these individuals may carry out a part or all of my
       treatment ***.’ ” Id. at 829. The fourth paragraph then stated:
                “ ‘I understand that the Emergency Department physician and my attending physician
                are independent contractors and not agents or employees of [the hospital]. *** I am
                also aware that any other physicians who may be called to attend my care are
                independent contractors and not employees or agents of [the hospital].’ ” Id.
¶ 46        Although the hospital sought to rely on the statements in the fourth paragraph, our court
       found that “it d[id] not adequately address the ambiguity created by the rest of the form.” Id. at
       837. Our court’s decision in Spiegelman noted that, as in Schroeder, “the consent utilized a
       multipart format and contained various provisions unrelated to the independent contractor
       disclaimer.” Id. (citing Schroeder, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 587). Our court emphasized that
       “immediately preceding the paragraph containing the disclosure is a paragraph stating: ‘I am
       aware that during my visit to the Emergency Department *** hospital employees will attend to
       my medical needs as may be necessary.’ ” (Emphasis in original.) Id.
¶ 47        In applying the foregoing precedent in this appeal, we first acknowledge that this case
       presents additional factual circumstances not described in those cases–namely, Mizyed’s
       limited English proficiency and his inability to read in any language. Mizyed relies primarily
       on these facts to argue that Palos cannot rely on any of the English-language consent forms to
       support summary judgment.
¶ 48        Notably, Mizyed does not identify any cases holding that a non-English speaking or
       illiterate patient cannot be held to the terms of a consent form that he signs. Rather, he claims
       that he cannot be deemed to have received notice of, or that he gave “informed consent” to, the
       provisions of the consent form. His argument cites Black’s Law Dictionary’s definitions of
       “notice” and “consent” to argue that the hospital was obligated to ensure his actual, subjective
       understanding of the statements in the forms he signed. He claims “a patient cannot be
       considered to have notice of *** the independent contractor status of physicians if he lacks the
       ability to read English and the party who wishes to impose such notice on the patient does not
       take the time to actively ensure understanding.”
¶ 49        Similarly, analogizing to the concept of a patient’s “informed consent” to permit a medical
       procedure, he argues that the hospital was obligated to ensure that Mizyed actually understood
       the legal significance of the statements in the consent form. He suggests that it was not
       sufficient for the hospital to provide him with English language forms, but that the hospital was
       obligated to provide oral Arabic translation for the consent forms to have any effect: “absent
       the hospital and the physicians explaining all of the contents of the forms to [him], the consent
       that was actually obtained would be limited only to that which was explained to him orally by
       the hospital and the physicians.” He argues that since “none of these consent forms were read

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       to [Mizyed] or explained to him by any of the health care professionals” at Palos, there is a
       “genuine issue of material fact as to whether [he] reasonably believed that Dr. Kanashiro was
       an agent of and part of the medical staff of Palos Community Hospital.”
¶ 50       The parties do not identify any cases applying the “holding out” requirement under Gilbert
       where, as here, the patient claims that he could not understand the forms he signed due to his
       inability to speak or read English. Nonetheless, we find Mizyed’s arguments unavailing as they
       conflict with well-settled precedent regarding: (1) the requisite notice sufficient to defeat the
       “holding out” element of an apparent agency claim and (2) the effect of signing a document,
       even where the signing party claims not to have read or understood it.
¶ 51       First, the case law discussing the “holding out” element under Gilbert clearly does not
       require that the hospital ensure actual notice to defeat an apparent agency claim. Our court has
       stated that the “focus” of the “holding out” element is “whether or not ‘the patient knows, or
       should have known, that the physician is an independent contractor.’ ” (Emphasis added.)
       Lamb-Rosenfeldt, 2012 IL App (1st) 101558, ¶ 26 (quoting Gilbert, 156 Ill. 2d at 524). Rather
       than requiring proof of the patient’s subjective understanding, our court has explained that if a
       plaintiff is “placed on notice of the independent contractor status of [her] doctors, it would be
       unreasonable of her to assume that they were employed by defendant and, thus, she could not
       sustain an apparent agency claim.” (Emphasis added and internal quotation marks omitted.)
       Wallace, 389 Ill. App. 3d at 1087. Thus, “if a patient has actual or constructive knowledge that
       the doctor is an independent contractor, the hospital is not vicariously liable.” (Emphasis
       added.) Steele, 2013 IL App (3d) 110374, ¶ 138. We decline Mizyed’s invitation to depart
       from this precedent to require the hospital to prove the patient’s actual knowledge if the patient
       does not understand English.
¶ 52       In order for Palos to avoid apparent agency liability, there was no duty on the hospital’s
       part to determine Mizyed’s education or to ensure his subjective understanding of the English
       language consent forms. The hospital need only show that (through the use of consent forms or
       otherwise) Mizyed had been placed on notice regarding the relationship between his treating
       physicians and the hospital. Notably, the deposition testimony regarding the role of Mizyed’s
       adult daughter, Nadera, confirms that Mizyed was placed on such notice. Nadera, who
       admittedly understood English, acknowledged that she reviewed and encouraged Mizyed to
       sign multiple consent forms containing the express disclosure that his treating physicians were
       not agents or employees of the hospital. Although Nadera admitted that she had not read the
       forms completely before encouraging her father to sign, Palos had no reason to doubt that she
       had fully read and understood the forms and accurately communicated them to her father
       before he signed, indicating his understanding and consent. Further, there is no testimony
       suggesting that Mizyed or Nadera asked Palos for any clarification of any terms in the forms.
       Under these circumstances, the hospital could rely on Mizyed’s signing of the documents as
       evidence of his understanding of their terms, notwithstanding his subsequent claims that he did
       not subjectively understand them.
¶ 53       Moreover, Mizyed does not cite Illinois precedent to suggest that English-language
       consent forms are not sufficient to put a non-English speaker on notice of their terms. We agree
       with Palos that our supreme court’s decision in Hernandez v. Department of Labor weighs
       against such an argument. See 83 Ill. 2d 512, 514 (1981) (rejecting Spanish speaker’s argument
       that his untimely appeal from agency’s denial of unemployment benefits should be allowed

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       because the written notice informing him of his appeal deadline was in English and had been
       “mistranslated” by his friend).
¶ 54        Furthermore, Mizyed’s arguments ignore the long-standing principle that one who signs a
       document is charged with knowledge of its contents, regardless of whether he or she actually
       read the document. Mizyed’s reply brief suggests, without citing applicable authority, that “[a]
       patient’s signature on a hospital ‘consent’ form does no more than create a rebuttable
       presumption that the contents of the form was read, understood, and agreed-to.” However, it is
       well settled that: “Generally, absent fraud, the act of signing legally signifies that the
       individual had an opportunity to become familiar with and comprehend the terms of the
       document he or she signed. An individual ‘who has had an opportunity to read a contract
       before signing, but signs before reading, cannot later plead lack of understanding.’ [Citation.]”
       Hawkins v. Capital Fitness, Inc., 2015 IL App (1st) 133716, ¶ 14.
¶ 55        Relying on his inability to read, Mizyed argues that the only way he would know that his
       physicians were not employees “would be if they told him (which they did not) or he was able
       to read English.” Nonetheless, our supreme court has held that illiteracy does not exempt a
       party from the terms of the document he signs. See Shulman v. Moser, 284 Ill. 134, 140 (1918)
       (“Illiteracy is not a defense to a contract, and if a party to a contract cannot read an instrument
       it is as much his duty to have it read to him before he signs it as it would be to read it before
       signing it if he were able to do so. [Citation.] One who is unable to read is not permitted to
       make contracts without the usual precaution to ascertain what they contain.”). Thus, although
       he may not have been able to read the consent forms, his decision to sign them legally signifies
       that he “had an opportunity to become familiar with and comprehend” their terms. Hawkins,
       2015 IL App (1st) 133716, ¶ 14.
¶ 56        We additionally recognize the testimony that Mizyed relied on his adult daughter Nadera’s
       recommendation to sign at least some of the consent forms, but do not find that this creates any
       issue of fact on the “holding out” element. It is undisputed that Nadera was fluent in English.
       Neither Mizyed’s nor Nadera’s testimony suggested that Palos impeded their understanding of
       the explicit language in the consent forms regarding the independent contractor status of
       Mizyed’s treating physicians. Although Mizyed’s appellate argument faults Palos for not
       providing Arabic translation of the consent forms, there was no testimony that Mizyed or
       Nadera had ever asked for Arabic translation assistance or that Palos had ever denied such a
       request. Rather, Nadera (who acknowledged that she had no difficulty reading English)
       candidly admitted that she “did not take the time” to read the forms in their entirety but
       nonetheless encouraged her father to sign the forms to obtain treatment. Nadera also
       specifically denied asking anyone at Palos any questions about those forms. Further, there was
       no testimony suggesting that anyone at Palos misrepresented whether any of the treating
       physicians were agents or employees of the hospital; rather, both Mizyed and Nadera
       acknowledged that the subject was simply not raised in their discussions at Palos.
¶ 57        Under these circumstances, we conclude that Mizyed’s inability to read or speak English
       does not undermine the effect of the consent forms that he signed. In turn, we conclude that the
       explicit language of those consent forms put him on notice that his treating physicians were not
       Palos’ agents or employees, defeating his apparent agency claim.
¶ 58        We reiterate that “actual or constructive knowledge that the doctor is an independent
       contractor” precludes the “holding out” element of an apparent agency claim. Steele, 2013 IL
       App (3d) 110374, ¶ 138. “The hospital prevails on this element if ‘the patient is in some

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       manner put on notice of the independent status of the professionals with whom he might be
       expected to come into contact.’ [Citation.]” Id. Given the explicit language contained in the
       multiple forms that he signed, we find that Mizyed was put on notice and had at least
       constructive knowledge that his physicians were not Palos’ agents or employees.
¶ 59       The evidence is undisputed that Mizyed signed multiple consent forms, each of which
       explicitly stated that “all physicians providing service to me, including *** my attending
       physician *** are independent medical staff physicians and not employees or agents of Palos
       Community Hospital.” Mizyed conceded at his deposition that he had signed four consent
       forms (and his daughter Nadera identified his signature on a fifth form).
¶ 60       We acknowledge that the consent forms at issue in this case used “a multipart format and
       contained various provisions unrelated to the independent contractor disclaimer”; in this
       respect they resemble the consent forms found insufficient to defeat an apparent agency claim
       in Spiegelman and Schroeder. Spiegelman, 392 Ill. App. 3d at 837 (citing Schroeder, 371 Ill.
       App. 3d at 587). However, as our court discussed in Lamb-Rosenfeldt, the mere fact that a
       consent form “contain[s] multiple parts” and “sections unrelated to the physician disclaimer”
       does not necessarily undermine the effect of otherwise explicit disclosures that physicians are
       independent contractors. See Lamb-Rosenfeldt, 2012 IL App (1st) 101558, ¶ 30 (finding the
       form at issue in Schroeder distinguishable because it “did not contain key phrases like
       ‘independent contractor’ or ‘independent physician’ ”).
¶ 61       We likewise find that Schroeder and Spiegelman are distinguishable, since those two cases
       concerned consent forms whose language was ambiguous as to whether certain doctors may or
       may not be agents or employees of the defendant hospital. See Spiegelman, 392 Ill. App. 3d at
       837 (consent form could be found confusing where statement that doctors were independent
       contractors was preceded by statement that “ ‘hospital employees will attend to my medical
       needs’ ” (emphasis in original)); Schroeder, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 589, 593 (finding issue of fact
       as to “whether decedent was confused or misled by the disclosure forms” where plaintiff
       argued that consent form “did not state in a clear fashion that the doctors who would be caring
       for decedent were not hospital employees or agents”).
¶ 62       In contrast, each consent form signed by Mizyed in this case explicitly stated that “all
       physicians providing services to [Mizyed],” including his “attending physician,” 3 were
       “independent medical staff physicians and not employees or agents” of Palos. (Emphasis
       added.) Such unambiguous language is akin to the explicit statements relied upon by our court
       in upholding summary judgment orders dismissing similar vicarious liability claims. See, e.g.,
       Lamb-Rosenfeldt, 2012 IL App (1st) 101558, ¶ 28 (“ ‘PHYSICIANS ARE NOT
       EMPLOYEES OF THE MEDICAL CENTER’ ” and “ ‘NONE OF THE PHYSICIANS WHO
       ATTEND ME *** ARE AGENTS OR EMPLOYEES OF THE HOSPITAL.’ ”); Wallace v.
       Alexian Brothers Medical Center, 389 Ill. App. 3d 1081, 1083 (2009) (“ ‘I understand that
       physicians who provide professional services to me such as my attending physician *** are not
       the employees or agents of [the hospital], but they are independent contractors ***.’ ”).

           3
            The fact that each form specified that Mizyed’s “attending physician” was not a Palos employee is
       particularly significant in this case, since the trial court (in an order not challenged by Mizyed on
       appeal) expressly dismissed Mizyed’s complaint except with respect to the allegations concerning his
       attending physician, Dr. Kanashiro.

                                                    - 14 -
¶ 63       The consent form, by itself, would not necessarily warrant summary judgment in Palos’
       favor if there was other evidence that Palos was “holding out” Dr. Kanashiro as its agent or
       employee. See Churkey v. Rustia, 329 Ill. App. 3d 239, 245 (2002) (“There certainly could be
       situations in which a patient signed a consent form *** but additional facts exist that would
       create a triable issue of fact as to whether the hospital held the defendant physician out as its
       agent.”). However, the record on appeal in this case indicates no other evidence to support the
       “holding out” element. Dr. Kanashiro specifically denied that she ever represented that she was
       an employee or agent of Palos, verbally or otherwise. Further, she testified that her badge only
       said “medical staff” and she did not indicate that her badge identified her as a Palos employee.
       Moreover, neither Mizyed’s nor Nadera’s deposition testimony suggested that they had
       inquired, or that anyone ever told them, whether any treating physicians were agents or
       employees of Palos.
¶ 64       As in Churkey, we conclude that “the lack of any facts showing that the hospital ‘held out’
       Dr. [Kanashiro] as its agent, coupled with the signed consent form[s] *** leads us to conclude,
       as a matter of law, that [Mizyed] knew or should have known that Dr. [Kanashiro] was not the
       hospital’s agent.” Id. As Mizyed failed to present a sufficient factual basis to satisfy the
       “holding out” element of his apparent agency claim, the trial court correctly entered summary
       judgment dismissing his vicarious liability claim against Palos.
¶ 65       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.

¶ 66      Affirmed.

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