Court Opinion

ID: 3159047
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-12-01 20:05:55.04799+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:00:38.806832
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

                               NO. 2014-CA-01282-COA

LOUISIANA EXTENDED CARE CENTERS,                                        APPELLANTS
LLC, ADAMS COMMUNITY CARE CENTER,
LLC D/B/A ADAMS COUNTY NURSING
CENTER, MAGNOLIA MANAGEMENT
CORPORATION, MAGNOLIA ANCILLARY
SERVICES, INC. AND COMMCARE
MISSISSIPPI

v.

CAROLYN BINDON, INDIVIDUALLY AS                                            APPELLEE
ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF
FRANK BINDON, AND ON BEHALF OF THE
WRONGFUL DEATH BENEFICIARIES OF
FRANK BINDON

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                        08/26/2014
TRIAL JUDGE:                             HON. LILLIE BLACKMON SANDERS
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:               ADAMS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS:                 JOSEPH SPENCER YOUNG JR.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:                   EDWARD GIBSON
NATURE OF THE CASE:                      CIVIL - WRONGFUL DEATH
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:                 DENIED DEFENDANTS’/APPELLANTS’
                                         MOTION TO COMPEL ARBITRATION
DISPOSITION:                             REVERSED AND REMANDED – 12/01/2015
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

      BEFORE IRVING, P.J., MAXWELL AND FAIR, JJ.

      IRVING, P.J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1.   This appeal arises from the judgment of the Circuit Court of Adams County denying

a motion to compel arbitration filed by the Defendants/Appellants, Louisiana Extended Care

Centers LLC d/b/a Adams County Nursing Center; Adams County Community Care Center
LLC; Magnolia Management Corporation d/b/a/ Magnolia Ancillary Services Inc.;

CommCare Mississippi; and John Does 1-20 (collectively, “nursing home” unless individual

identification is necessitated). The nursing home raises the following issues: (1) whether

a provision of an admission agreement is so one-sided and oppressive that it renders an

incorporated arbitration clause unconscionable, invalid, and unenforceable; (2) whether the

arbitration clause is invalid and unenforceable due to the lack of an arbitration forum; and

(3) whether the arbitration clause is invalid and unenforceable because it fails to outline an

alternative arbitrator-selection procedure.

¶2.    Finding the arbitration clause valid and enforceable, we reverse and remand for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                           FACTS

¶3.    In February 2008, Frank Bindon was admitted to the Adams County Nursing Center

(facility), and upon his admission, he and his wife, Carolyn, executed an admission

agreement that contained an arbitration clause. On or around September 9, 2012, Frank died

as a result of sepsis. Carolyn, as administrator of Frank’s estate, filed a complaint against

the nursing home, alleging negligence, gross negligence, and wrongful death. In response,

the nursing home filed a motion to compel arbitration, and after a hearing, the circuit judge

denied the motion. This appeal resulted.

                                       DISCUSSION

¶4.    The standard of review for granting or denying a motion to compel arbitration is de

                                              2
novo. Harrison Cnty. Commercial Lot LLC v. H. Gordon Myrick Inc., 107 So. 3d 943, 949

(¶12) (Miss. 2013) (citation omitted). An appellate court “does not review the merits of the

underlying claim.” Id. at (¶13) (citation omitted).

       I.     Unconscionability of section A(5)

¶5.    At the hearing on the nursing home’s motion to compel arbitration, Carolyn argued

that the admission agreement was a contract of adhesion and that it was substantively

unconscionable because, among other reasons, section A(5) of the admission agreement

unilaterally allowed the nursing home to pursue litigation in collection cases. In denying the

motion, the circuit judge stated:

       [In Caplin Enterprises Inc. v. Arrington, 145 So. 3d 608 (Miss. 2014), the
       Mississippi Supreme Court] said that [a] preprinted contract was offered on a
       take[-]it[-]or[-]leave[-]it basis. That’s kind of what we’ve got here. You’ve
       got a whole agreement, [and] you’ve got arbitration in it, but if [a prospective
       patient] want[s] to get into the [the facility, he or she would have] to sign it all,
       which I think is unconscionable. I read the agreement, too, that said that you
       would be entitled to legal representation or you should consult an attorney. I
       doubt seriously that issue was offered even though it’s not here[—]that that
       provision was offered.

¶6.    On appeal, the nursing home argues that the arbitration clause is valid and enforceable

because (1) there is no legal prohibition against arbitration clauses in preadmission

agreements between nursing-home facilities and their patients; and (2) section A(5) does not

unilaterally permit the nursing home to seek judicial relief in collection cases. According to

the nursing home, section A(5) merely gives it the right to collect attorney’s fees and court

costs in the event that a patient refuses to pay a delinquent debt, and the nursing home is

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forced to seek a judgment compelling arbitration of a collection dispute. The nursing home

insists that, unlike the arbitration clause in Caplin, the clause at issue in this case clearly

states that the parties must submit all disputes, including claims for payment, nonpayment,

or refunds, to binding arbitration. The nursing home also insists that unlike Caplin, this case

does not involve a one-sided contractual limitation of liability. According to the nursing

home, because this is not a collection case, whether section A(5) is unconscionable is an

issue not yet ripe for review. The nursing home contends that despite any ambiguity caused

by section A(5), the arbitration clause “is [nonetheless] replete with language that the nursing

[home] is bound to resolve all collection disputes in binding arbitration.”

¶7.    In the alternative, the nursing home argues that this Court is required to find that the

specific language of the arbitration clause that forces the parties to arbitrate any dispute

arising under the admission agreement controls over the general language found in section

A(5). The nursing home further argues that mutuality of obligation is not a requirement of

an enforceable agreement and that even if section A(5) is unconscionable, that does not

invalidate the arbitration clause.

¶8.    In response, citing Caplin and Covenant Health & Rehabilitation of Picayune LP v.

Estate of Moulds, 14 So. 3d 695 (Miss. 2009), Carolyn reiterates her argument that section

A(5) is unconscionable and invalidates the arbitration clause. She also argues that the

ambiguity of other provisions of the admission agreement renders the clause unenforceable.

¶9.    “The Mississippi Supreme Court has held that arbitration provisions within a nursing

                                               4
home admission agreement fall within the scope of the Federal Arbitration Act [(FAA)].”

Cmty. Care Ctr. of Vicksburg LLC v. Mason, 966 So. 2d 220, 225 (¶10) (Miss. Ct. App.

2007) (citation omitted). Under the FAA, in determining whether an arbitration clause is

enforceable,

       [c]ourt[s] employ[] a two-part test: (1) whether the parties intended to arbitrate
       the dispute, and (2) whether legal constraints external to the parties’ agreement
       foreclosed the arbitration of those claims. The first prong has two
       considerations: (1) whether there is a valid arbitration agreement, and (2)
       whether the parties’ disputes fall within the scope of that agreement.

H. Gordon Myrick, 107 So. 3d at 949 (¶13) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

Here, neither party argues lack of intent to arbitrate disputes arising under the admission

agreement or that Carolyn’s claims fall outside the scope of the arbitration clause. So we

only discuss, under the second prong of the analysis, whether the alleged unconscionability

of section A(5) constitutes a legal restraint external to the admission agreement that

forecloses the arbitration of Carolyn’s claims.

¶10.   “Unconscionability has been defined as an absence of meaningful choice on the part

of one of the parties, together with contract terms which are unreasonably favorable to the

other party[.]” Nw. Fin. Miss. Inc. v. McDonald, 905 So. 2d 1187, 1193 (¶13) (Miss. 2005)

(citation omitted). There are two forms of unconscionability: procedural and substantive.

¶11.   Procedural unconscionability may be proved by showing a lack of knowledge,
       lack of voluntariness, inconspicuous print, the use of complex legalistic
       language, disparity in sophistication or bargaining power of the parties and/or
       a lack of opportunity to study the contract and inquire about the contract term.

Mason, 966 So. 2d at 229 (¶24) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). Contracts

                                               5
of adhesion presented on a take-it-or-leave-it basis can be procedurally unconscionable. But

“[a]n arbitration agreement may not be labeled unconscionable simply because it carries with

it aspects of adhesion[.]” McDonald, 905 So. 2d at 1194 (¶15) (citation omitted).

¶12.   To determine whether an agreement is substantively unconscionable, a court must

       look within the four corners of an agreement in order to discover any abuses
       relating to the specific terms [that] violate the expectations of, or cause gross
       disparity between, the contracting parties. Substantive unconscionability is
       proven by oppressive contract terms such that there is a one-sided agreement
       whereby one party is deprived of all the benefits of the agreement or left
       without a remedy for another party’s nonperformance or breach.

Smith v. Express Check Advance of Miss. LLC, 153 So. 3d 601, 607 (¶14) (Miss. 2014)

(internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

¶13.   Here, the admission agreement provides, in relevant part:

       [Section A(5):] Should an account become delinquent and be referred to an
       attorney and/or agency for collection, the Resident and/or Responsible Party
       agree to be responsible for paying all costs of collection if same are found
       liable for the delinquent amount by the appropriate tribunal. This includes, but
       is not limited to, attorney’s fees and other costs of arbitration or litigation.

                                            ****

       In the event any party to this [a]greement is forced to incur legal expenses or
       costs because of the other party’s refusal to comply with the arbitration
       provision, the other party shall be liable to the party which successfully
       enforces said arbitration provision for all legal costs, including attorneys[’]
       fees and expenses, incurred in enforcing the provision.

                                            ****

       THE UNDERSIGNED ACKNOWLEDGE THAT EACH OF THEM HAS
       READ AND UNDERSTANDS THIS AGREEMENT, INCLUDING THE
       ARBITRATION PROVISION, AND HAS RECEIVED A COPY OF

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       THIS AGREEMENT, AND THAT EACH OF THEM VOLUNTARILY
       CONSENTS TO AND ACCEPTS ALL OF ITS TERMS.

(Emphasis in original).

¶14.   The arbitration clause provides, in pertinent part:

       E.     ARBITRATION - PLEASE READ CAREFULLY

                                             ****

       This agreement to arbitrate includes, but is not limited to, any claim for
       payment, nonpayment[,] or refund for services rendered to the Resident by the
       Facility.

                                             ****

       The parties understand and agree that by entering this [a]rbitration provision,
       which binds both the Facility and the Resident/Responsible Party, they are
       giving up and waiving their constitutional right to have any claim decided in
       a court of law before a judge and a jury.

                                             ****

       The Resident and/or Responsible Party understand that[:] (1) he/she has the
       right to seek legal counsel concerning this agreement[;] (2) the execution of
       this [a]rbitration [p]rovision is not a precondition to the furnishing of services
       to the Resident by the Facility[;] and (3) this [a]rbitration [p]rovision may be
       rescinded by written notice to the Facility from the Resident within [three]
       business days of signature.

                                             ****

       The [p]arties agree that, by executing this [a]greement, they will be bound to
       arbitrate any dispute or claim that is asserted at any time in the future
       regardless of when the occurrence, events[,] or incidents related to the claim
       occurred or transpired and regardless of whether the Resident still resides at
       the Facility.

       The parties agree that the Resident and the Responsible Party have other

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       choices with regard to the provision of long[-]term care to the Resident[,] and
       they enter into this [a]greement voluntarily. The parties acknowledge that this
       [a]greement involves interstate commerce and that this [a]rbitration [clause]
       shall be governed by and interpreted under the [FAA].

(Bold and underline in original; italics added).

¶15.   As stated, procedural unconscionability is characterized by, among other things, a lack

of knowledge or voluntariness, small print, or disparities in the bargaining power of the

parties. Here, (1) section A(5) and the arbitration clause were typed in the same print as the

remaining provisions of the admission agreement; (2) Frank and Carolyn were free to obtain

advice of counsel before signing the agreement; (3) they acknowledged that the facility was

not their only option for a healthcare provider for Frank; and (4) they agreed that their

decision to have Frank admitted as a patient at the facility was a voluntary one. Therefore,

Carolyn cannot now legitimately argue procedural unconscionability.

¶16.   We have noted that Carolyn relies on Caplin and Moulds as support for her argument

that section A(5) is unconscionable and invalidates the arbitration clause; so we discuss those

cases here. In Moulds, before a nursing home admitted the appellee’s mother as a patient,

he and a representative of that nursing home executed an admission agreement that contained

an arbitration clause. Moulds, 14 So. 3d at 700 (¶15). The nursing home later presented a

second agreement to the appellee, and that agreement also contained an arbitration clause.

Id. at (¶16). He denied signing the second agreement. Id. After his mother died, the

appellee filed a complaint against the nursing home, and in response, the nursing home

moved to compel arbitration. Id. at 698 (¶4). The trial judge denied the motion, and the

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nursing home appealed. Id. On appeal, this Court reversed and remanded, and the

Mississippi Supreme Court granted certiorari. Id.

¶17.   In cases that preceded Moulds, our supreme court invalidated eight provisions of the

admission agreement at issue in Moulds, and the nursing home conceded that the eight

provisions invalidated by the supreme court and two additional provisions of the same

admission agreement were unenforceable. Id. at 701-02 (¶20) (citation omitted). In another

preceding case, this Court found several provisions of the same agreement unenforceable.

Id. In Moulds, in addition to the previously invalidated provisions, our supreme court took

issue with other provisions of the agreement, including Clauses A5 and C5, which allowed

the nursing home to litigate disputes; and Clause E15, which required any dispute resolution

or “legal proceedings” to be brought in the county where the nursing home was located. Id.

at 703 (¶21). The supreme court concluded “that the arbitration clause[,] coupled with a

multitude of unconscionable provisions, makes [the agreement] unconscionable as a whole.”

Id. at (¶25). Here, unlike in Moulds, there is not a “multitude” of unconscionable provisions

that warrant invalidation of the arbitration clause. Instead, Carolyn attacks only one

provision of the admission agreement, and the record does not establish that other provisions

of the agreement are now or were ever at issue.

¶18.   In Caplin, a consolidated case, the appellant, a check-cashing agency, appealed from

circuit court judgments denying its motion to compel arbitration pursuant to arbitration

clauses contained in two versions of an agreement signed by the check-cashing agency and

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the thirty-two appellees. Caplin, 145 So. 3d at 610-11 (¶¶1-2). Eight of the appellees signed

an older version of the agreement, a two-page, double-sided document. Id. at 611 (¶3). The

reverse side of that document contained several indistinguishable paragraphs written in fine

print, and one of those paragraphs set forth the arbitration clause. Id. The agreement

provided, among other things, that upon default by the appellees: (1) the check-cashing

agency could, after making a written demand for payment, “go to court[,] and get a judgment

against [the appellees,] and seek to collect [the] judgment though all judicial means

necessary”; and (2) after obtaining counsel for the purpose of collecting debts, require the

appellees to pay all reasonable costs and expenses of collection (collectively, “litigation

provisions”). Id. at (¶3). The arbitration clause stated:

       Any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this contract, or the
       breach thereof, shall be settled by arbitration[.]

       The [c]ompany shall not be liable . . . for any indirect, special or consequential
       damages arising out of or related to th[e] contract, even if the [c]ompany has
       been advised of the possibility of such damages. In no event shall the
       [c]ompany’s liability, if any, exceed the price paid . . . for the services rendered
       [under the contract]. Where disclaimer, exclusion[,] or limitation of liability
       for consequential or incidental damages is limited by law, [the company’s]
       liability is limited to the greatest extent permitted by law.

Id.

¶19.   Twenty-four of the appellees signed a newer version of the agreement that also

contained the litigation provisions. Id. at 611-12 (¶4). It also contained an arbitration clause

that stated: “Any and all disputes . . . between the parties arising out of th[e] [a]greement or

any prior agreement between them . . . shall be resolved, upon the election of you or us, by

                                               10
binding arbitration[.]” Id.

¶20.   On appeal, this Court found that both versions of the agreement were contracts of

adhesion. Caplin Enters. Inc. v. Arrington, 145 So. 3d 675, 683 (¶¶26-27) (Miss. Ct. App.

2013). We also found that the arbitration clause in the older version of the agreement was

procedurally unconscionable because it “contain[ed] no number or heading [and was]

wedged in the midst of other non-distinguishable, non-labeled provisions on the back page

of the agreement [and] typed in a much smaller font than the terms on the front of the page.”

Id. at (¶28). However, we concluded that the arbitration clause in the newer version of the

agreement was not unconscionable because it was a

       more concise recitation of the parties’ rights and obligations. It consist[ed] of
       only one side of a single page, with the financial charges and payment
       information listed at the top of the page. Th[e] transactional terms [were]
       followed by eight bolded headings, all of which [were] capitalized and set out
       in larger type than the bulk of the agreement’s other text. The sixth of these
       bolded headings [was] labeled “ARBITRATION PROVISION[.]”

                                            ****

       The agreement also include[d] a separate italicized paragraph, which
       emphasize[d]: “By signing this agreement, you acknowledge that you have
       read, understand, and agree to all of [the] terms and conditions of the
       agreement, including the arbitration provision.”

Id. at 684 (¶31). Thus, we affirmed as to the older version of the agreement and reversed and

remanded as to the newer version. Id. at 686 (¶42).

¶21.   After granting certiorari, the Mississippi Supreme Court found that the agreements

were contracts of adhesion “presented to [the appellees] on a take-it-or-leave-it basis.”

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Caplin, 145 So. 3d at 615 (¶15). It also found that

       the [first] version of the arbitration clause contained in the adhesive . . .
       agreements was so one-sided as to be oppressive and substantively
       unconscionable . . . because it forced the [appellees] to arbitrate their claims,
       while permitting [the check-cashing agency] to pursue [judicial] remedies for
       the [appellees’] breach[.] Additionally, the [agreement] foisted upon the
       [appellees the check-cashing agency’s cost] of hiring an attorney for
       collection, including “other damages” ordered by the court. . . . That contract
       also attempted to limit [the check-cashing agency’s] liability to the finance
       charge each [appellee] had paid in exchange for the cash. . . . The arbitration
       clause and the limitation-of-liability clause, taken together, effectively deny the
       [appellees] an adequate remedy against [the check-cashing company].

                                             ****

       And the arbitration clause in the [second] version of the [agreement], which
       permitted [the check-cashing agency] to pursue judicial remedies while
       relegating the [appellees’] claims to arbitration, is also clearly oppressive and
       substantively unconscionable.

Id. at 617 (¶19). Thus, the supreme court affirmed this Court’s judgment as to the older

version of the agreement and reversed as to the newer version. Id. at (¶20).

¶22.   The Mississippi Supreme Court decided Smith after it decided Caplin. In Smith, the

appellant, a previous employee of the appellee, signed a two-page agreement. Smith, 153 So.

3d at 604 (¶2). Section 6 of the agreement contained: (1) an injunctive-relief provision that

gave the appellee the right to seek injunctive relief from a court of competent jurisdiction and

to recover reasonable attorney’s fees and costs from the appellant and (2) an arbitration

clause that bound the parties to arbitrate any employment-related dispute, controversy, or

claim. Id. After the appellee terminated the appellant’s employment, she instituted litigation,

and in response, the appellee moved to compel arbitration. Id. at (¶1). The trial court

                                               12
granted the motion, and an appeal ensued. Id.

¶23.   On appeal, in deciding whether the agreement was unconscionable, the Mississippi

Supreme Court noted that “the doctrine of unconscionability traditionally has applied only

to the most egregious of contractual situations.” Id. at 607 (¶13). The supreme court found

that the appellee’s right to seek injunctive relief was a limited exception to the parties’

agreement to arbitrate all disputes. The court concluded that

       th[e] section [that] provides that [the appellant] must pay reasonable attorneys’
       fees and costs incurred by [the appellee] . . . is found in the injunctive-relief
       section of the agreement. It is the third statement in a sentence which
       otherwise solely relates to injunctive relief. So a fair reading of the agreement
       leads to the conclusion that it applies to injunctive relief alone. And the
       provision does not absolutely entitle [the appellee] to [recover] attorneys’ fees
       and costs. . . . The provision would be of no benefit to [the appellee] unless
       it prevailed in obtaining injunctive relief against Smith. So[] while the
       provision does favor [the appellee], [the supreme court] cannot say it is so
       one-sided as to be oppressive or unconscionable. Nor do[es the supreme
       court] find it substantively unconscionable.

Id. at 608 (¶¶19-20).

¶24.   In this case, like Smith, section A(5) is not a part of the arbitration clause. Instead, it

is listed under the financial-agreement section of the admission agreement. Additionally,

here, as noted, the arbitration clause states that (1) it encompasses “any legal dispute”

between the parties; (2) claims involving “payment, nonpayment, or refund for services

rendered” must be submitted to arbitration; and (3) the parties were required to arbitrate “any

dispute or claim that is asserted at any time.” Therefore, as in Smith, while section A(5)

favors the nursing home, we do not find it to be so one-sided or oppressive that it renders the

                                               13
arbitration clause unconscionable. This issue is without merit.

       II.    Unavailability of Forum

¶25.   The nursing home contends that the arbitration clause is enforceable because the

arbitration forum is available. It avers that (1) the American Arbitration Association (AAA)

is not the forum identified in the arbitration clause; and (2) because the AAA is not the

selected forum, the absence of a post-dispute agreement (PDA) is of no consequence.

According to the nursing home, the arbitration clause specifically provides that arbitration

will be held pursuant to the AAA’s procedural rules and that the AAA is not to be otherwise

involved in the arbitration. In response, Carolyn argues that the arbitration clause is

unenforceable because the selected forum, the AAA, is unavailable because the parties do

not have a PDA.

¶26.   The arbitration clause provides:

       It is understood and agreed by the Facility and Resident and/or Responsible
       Party that any legal dispute, controversy, demand[,] or claim . . . that arises out
       of or relates to the [a]dmission [a]greement, any service or health care
       provided by the Facility to the Resident or any matter related to the Resident’s
       stay shall be resolved exclusively by binding arbitration pursuant to the [FAA],
       to be conducted at a place agreed upon by the parties, or in the absence of such
       agreement, at the Facility, in accordance with the procedural rules of the
       [AAA] under its Commercial Arbitration Rules[.] . . . The rules established
       by the [AAA] are referred to only to provide a procedural guideline for
       arbitrations held under this [a]greement. The [p]arties do not agree to use said
       service to conduct any arbitration; nor do they agree to use said service’s
       arbitrators. Any of the [AAA’s] Commercial Arbitration Rules which refer to
       the involvement of the AAA in the arbitration itself will not apply to an
       arbitration held under this [a]greement to the extent said rule calls for AAA
       involvement. The [p]arties may mutually agree to deviate from said rules of
       the [AAA] in whole or in part[.]

                                               14
¶27.   In Moulds, the Mississippi Supreme Court refused to enforce an arbitration clause that

designated the AAA as the forum for a nursing-home dispute because the AAA refused to

arbitrate disputes without a PDA. There was no PDA in that case, and our supreme court

declined to order the trial court to choose a forum. Moulds, 14 So. 3d at 709 (¶45).

However, in this case, the parties specifically agreed that arbitration would be held at a place

mutually agreed upon by the parties or, in the alternative, at the facility. Although they

agreed to conduct the arbitration pursuant to the procedural rules of the AAA, the parties

limited the AAA’s involvement by nullifying any AAA rule requiring the AAA’s direct

governance, and they even agreed upon a method for selecting a non-AAA arbitrator.

Therefore, it is clear that the parties had no intention of selecting the AAA as their arbitration

forum, and the record does not establish that the selected forum is unavailable. This issue

is without merit.

       III.    Unavailability of Arbitrator

¶28.   The nursing home argues that the issue of the absence of an alterative arbitrator-

selection provision is not yet ripe for review. It insists that in order to litigate this issue,

Carolyn must first agree to arbitration and select an arbitrator. Alternatively, the nursing

home argues that the FAA, specifically 9 U.S.C. § 5 (2015), provides a mechanism for

settling arbitrator-selection disputes and that, if the parties cannot agree on an arbitrator, the

circuit court may designate one. In response, Carolyn argues that the arbitration clause is

unenforceable because (1) it does not provide a mechanism for selecting an arbitrator if the

                                               15
parties cannot agree on one; and (2) it would be error for a court to select an arbitrator

because such court involvement would defeat the purpose of an agreement to arbitrate

claims.

¶29.   The arbitration clause provides that any dispute between the parties will “be arbitrated

by one impartial, unbiased arbitrator who is chosen by mutual agreement of the parties.”

Section 5 states:

       If in the agreement provision be made for a method of naming or appointing
       an arbitrator or arbitrators or an umpire, such method shall be followed; but if
       no method be provided therein, or if a method be provided and any party
       thereto shall fail to avail himself of such method, or if for any other reason
       there shall be a lapse in the naming of an arbitrator or arbitrators or umpire, or
       in filling a vacancy, then upon the application of either party to the controversy
       the court shall designate and appoint an arbitrator or arbitrators or umpire, as
       the case may require, who shall act under the said agreement with the same
       force and effect as if he or they had been specifically named therein; and
       unless otherwise provided in the agreement the arbitration shall be by a single
       arbitrator.

¶30.   In BP Exploration Ltd. v. ExxonMobil Libya Ltd., 689 F.3d 481 (5th Cir. 2012), the

Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals concluded that section 5 applies in three situations:

       (1) if the arbitration agreement does not provide a method for selecting
       arbitrators[,] (2) if the arbitration agreement provides a method for selecting
       arbitrators but any party to the agreement has failed to follow that method[,]
       or (3) if there is a lapse in the naming of an arbitrator or arbitrators.

ExxonMobil, 689 F.3d at 490-91 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).

¶31.   In this case, the record does not establish that any of the section 5 triggers have

occurred. The arbitration clause provides a method for selecting an arbitrator, there has not

been a lapse in the naming of an arbitrator, and the record does not conclusively establish

                                              16
that, on remand, Carolyn will refuse to follow the method identified in the arbitration clause

for selecting an arbitrator. We cannot speculate as to the course of action Carolyn will take

once this case is back before the circuit court. This issue is without merit.

¶32.   As stated, in this appeal, this Court is limited to deciding whether the arbitration

clause is enforceable, and at this juncture, we conclude that the arbitration clause is valid

with no legal constraints to its enforceability. We, therefore, reverse and remand this case

for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶33. THE JUDGMENT OF THE ADAMS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT IS
REVERSED, AND THIS CASE IS REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS
CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE
ASSESSED TO THE APPELLEE.

    LEE, C.J., GRIFFIS, P.J., BARNES, ISHEE, CARLTON, MAXWELL, FAIR,
JAMES AND WILSON, JJ., CONCUR.

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