Court Opinion

ID: 9653753
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-23 17:53:22.438919+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:13:01.168818
License: Public Domain

*482Mr. Justice Tomlinson
delivered the opinion of the Court.
By means of petiton for writ of habeas corpus Stewart sought release from the penitentiary on the ground that he was being illegally restrained. The illegality alleged is that the' judgments under the authority of which he was being held were “void on their face”. They were three separate judgments of the Criminal Court of Montgomery County reciting that Stewart, appearing “in person and by counsel and * * * being arraigned at the bar, plead guilty” to (1) kidnapping, (2) armed robbery and (3) grand larceny, as charged in the respective indictments. The specific illegality alleged is that Stewart was seventeen (17) years of age at the time of the rendition of these judgments;. hence, that this Criminal Court did not have jurisdiction. When persons less than eighteen (18) years of age are charged with a criminal offense “original, exclusive jurisdiction” is vested in the Juvenile Court. Code, sec. 37-242, 37-243.
From the action of the Trial Court in sustaining the petition after hearing proof as to Stewart’s age, the Warden has appealed.
*483■ At the time of Stewart’s arraignment, in response to an inquiry, lie told the district attorney, and his Court appointed lawyer, and the Trial Court that he was eighteen (18) years of age. He likewise so represented to the officials at the penitentiary when being committed.
The proof received by the Trial Court on the hearing of this petition shows conclusively that Stewart was born on May 6, 1938. The offenses to which he plead guilty were committed on April 28, 1955,. and the pleas of guilty were received May 10, 1955. He was four days more than seventeen (17) years old, therefore, at the time of the rendition of these judgments, and was on parole from the State Training and Agricultural School át the time. He filed this petition when he was about 18% years old.
The relief sought is release from prison. The overturning of the respective judgments is a necessary prerequisite to the procuring of that relief. This is, therefore, a collateral attack upon each of the judgments sentencing him to prison. Jordan v. Jordan, 145 Tenn. 378, 454, 239 S.W. 423.
If a judgment sought to be collaterally attacked was rendered by a Court of special jurisdiction, then it is subject to collateral attack unless the jurisdictional requirements appear upon the face of the judgment or the record in the case in which that judgment was rendered. But if the Court rendering a judgment sought to be attacked collaterally is one of general jurisdiction, there is a presumption that nothing shall be intended to be out of its jurisdiction except that which so appears upon the face of the judgment or in the record of the case in which that judgment is rendered. There is a *484splendid discussion of these two classes of courts in Brewer v. Griggs, 10 Tenn. App. 378, 393-394. Several decisions of this Court are there cited and discussed.
Since the age of Stewart does not appear in either of these judgments or the record of the case in which that judgment was rendered, in order to determine whether such judgment may be collaterally attacked, it.is necessary to first ascertain whether the Criminal Court of Montgomery County (the Court rendering the judge-ments) is one of general jurisdiction or one of special jurisdiction.
Freeman in his text on Judgments says that there is no well defined test by which to determine to which of the two above mentioned classes a particular Court belongs. Generally speaking, if the Court be vested with a general common law jurisdiction, that is, proceeding according to the course of common law, it is a Court of general jurisdiction. If such be the case, then the fact that its powers are limited does not bring it within the other class. Pope v. Harrison, 84 Tenn. 82, 89, 90.
14 American Jurisprudence, page 249, defines a Court of general jurisdiction as being one which has the power to hear and determine suits, civil or criminal, according to the law of the State. About the same definition in meaning is found in 21 C.J.S., Courts, sec. 2, p. 19. Its statement is that a Court of general jurisdiction is one “which’takes cognizance of all causes, civil or criminal, of a particular nature”.
The Criminal Court of Montgomery County falls within each of the definitions stated. It is, then, a Court of general jurisdiction.
*485' In Puckett-v. Wywns, 132 Tenn. 513, 523, 178 S.W. 1184, 1186, the applicable rule- is stated viz.:
“Upon collateral attack on a judgment or decree of a court of general jurisdiction by parties or privies thereto, the rule is that such judgment or decree can- - not be questioned, except for want of authority over the. matter adjudicated upon, and the want of authority must he found in the record itself. Wilkins v. McCorkle, 112 Tenn. (688), 707, 80 S.W. 834. (Emphasis supplied.)
“In the absence of anything in the record to impeach the1 right of a court to determine the' question involved, there is a conclusive presumption that it had such right. ’ ’ ,
■ If we are to adhere in this case to this rule which has been so consistently followed down through the' years, see Edwards v. Puckett, 196 Tenn. 560, 568, 268 S.W.2d 528, the Trial Court will have to be reversed, because neither of the judgments in this case or the record in which such judgment was rendered by this Court of general jurisdiction discloses any want of authority to pronounce that judgment. Hence, collateral attack was not permissible. And the evidence upon which the Court acted should not have been considered.
A strong plea in behalf of this petitioner is made because of his youth. If a Court makes, an exception to a general rule because it is a hard case, sooner or later that Court will be embarrased by reference to the decision in which it departed from the rule. Confusion and uncertainty will follow.
*486The public policy declared by tlie Legislature with reference to persons under eighteen (18) years of age is that such person shall not be “brought into contact with or confined in any enclosure with adult convicts or prisoners” while his or her case is pending, etc. It may be that this Court in many cases involving a juvenile' will feel the necessity of making an exception to this rule denying collateral attack in order to carry out this public policy purpose. But to depart from that rule in this case would not accomplish that purpose. This petitioner has been confined under the authority of these 'judgments with adult convicts and prisoners for some eighteen (18) months and is well beyond the age limit of eighteen (18) years which the legislature had in mind in its declaration of public policy.
. The judgment of the Court below will be reversed, and the petition for the writ denied.