Court Opinion

ID: 4430143
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-20 19:36:27.725977+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:23:17.630101
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

                                    SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                    APPELLATE DIVISION
                                    DOCKET NO. A-2897-16T1

DEXTER RAMPERSAUD and
SELEEMA RAMPERSAUD,
                                          APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION
      Plaintiffs-Respondents,                    November 1, 2018

                                              APPELLATE DIVISION
v.

RONALD A. HOLLINGSWORTH,

      Defendant-Appellant,

and

CARLOS CRAYTON,

     Defendant.
________________________________

            Argued October 2, 2018 – Decided November 1, 2018

            Before Judges Fisher, Geiger and Firko.

            On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
            Division, Special Civil Part, Hudson County, Docket
            No. LT-015717-16.

            Vincent J. D'Elia argued the cause for appellant.

            Thomas J. Major argued the cause for respondents (The
            Major Law Firm LLC, attorneys; Thomas J. Major, on
            the brief).
      The opinion of the court was delivered by

FISHER, P.J.A.D.

      In this appeal, a now-evicted tenant of a residential apartment, which he

sublet to another, argues that only the subtenant, whose conduct generated the

tenancy action, could be evicted. In affirming a judgment of possession, we

reject the tenant's strained interpretation of the Anti-Eviction Act, N.J.S.A.

2A:18-61.1(c), and conclude that an act of one permits the eviction of all.

      Under the Anti-Eviction Act, one of the ways in which a landlord may

regain possession of leased premises is by proof of willful or grossly negligent

conduct that "caused or allowed destruction, damage or injury to the premises."

N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.1(c). Starting in 1981, a landlord leased a rent-controlled

Jersey City apartment, on a month-to-month basis, to defendant Ronald A.

Hollingsworth ("the tenant"); that tenancy continued after plaintiffs Dexter and

Seleema Rampersaud (collectively, "the landlord") became the owners of the

premises.

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                                       2
      For an approximate six-month period in 2016, the tenant allowed

defendant Carlos Crayton to occupy the premises.1 In October 2016, Crayton

damaged the apartment's rear door, dislodging it from its frame and ruining the

surrounding molding. The landlord served a notice to quit and demand for

possession; invoking statutory language, the landlord declared that the tenant

"willfully or by reason of gross negligence caused or allowed destruction ,

damage or injury to the premises." N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.1(c). Two weeks later, the

landlord commenced this suit for possession.

      After a one-day trial at which the landlord, the tenant, and Crayton

testified, the judge rendered a decision in which he concluded the damage was

significant, the landlord was entitled to possession, and both tenant and Crayton

were to be evicted. A warrant of removal issued, and the tenant failed to obtain

a stay.2 The tenant and Crayton vacated the premises, which have since been

relet to another.

1
 The tenant disputes that Crayton was a "sub-tenant," but he acknowledges that
Crayton paid him rent and only he – and not the landlord – was in privity with
Crayton.
2
  Although no order is contained in the appendix, the parties agree that the trial
court denied the tenant's application for a stay of the judgment. He did not seek
a stay pending appeal from this court.

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                                        3
      In appealing, the tenant argues that N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.1(c) cannot support

a judgment against him in these circumstances and that the notice to quit was

not sufficiently specific. We find no merit in either argument.3 The landlord

also contends that because the premises have since been leased to another the

appeal should be dismissed as moot; we reject this contention because our

disposition of the tenant's novel interpretation of the Act is a matter of sufficient

public importance and the issue is likely to reoccur yet evade review because of

the rapidity with which removal normally follows a judgment of possession. See

Zirger v. Gen. Acc. Ins. Co., 144 N.J. 327, 330 (1996); John F. Kennedy Mem'l

Hosp. v. Heston, 58 N.J. 576, 579 (1971); see also Sudersan v. Royal, 386 N.J.

Super. 246, 251 (App. Div. 2005); Ctr. Ave. Realty, Inc. v. Smith, 264 N.J.

Super. 344, 347 (App. Div. 1993).

      The relevant facts are undisputed. The tenant does not argue the damage

to the premises was too insubstantial to warrant eviction. And there is no dispute

that Crayton's conduct was the actual cause of the damage. The question we

must decide is purely legal: whether eviction must be limited to the tenant that

3
  The first point of tenant's brief includes nine subpoints. To the extent we do
not address some of his subpoints, it is because we find them without sufficient
merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
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                                         4
caused the damage. The tenant would have us respond in the affirmative, but he

is mistaken.

      The opening phrases of the Anti-Eviction Act (what we will refer to as

"the preamble") express a general prohibition on residential evictions in broad,

sweeping language: "No lessee or tenant or the assigns, under-tenants or legal

representatives of such lessee or tenant may be removed. . . ." N.J.S.A. 2A:18-

61.1. The Act then provides eighteen exceptions to its general ban on evictions;

in each of these exceptions, the Legislature labeled the one who triggers the

prohibited event as "the person." So, if we put aside the irrelevant provisions

falling between the preamble and subsection (c), we are asked to interpret a

statute that declares:

               No lessee or tenant or the assigns, under-tenants or
               legal representatives of such lessee or tenant may be
               removed by the Superior Court [from their residence]
               except upon establishment of one of the following
               grounds as good cause:

                    ....

               c. The person has willfully or by reason of gross
               negligence caused or allowed destruction, damage or
               injury to the premises.

               [N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.1(c) (emphasis added).]

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The tenant's argument presupposes that "the person" referred to in subsection

(c) represents a smaller class of individuals than those identified in the preamble.

And, by force of that interpretation, he would have us conclude that only the

"the person" – the bad actor – may be evicted.

       Interpretation of long-winded statutes often provides fodder for any

number of "cosmic rationales"4 about a statute's meaning and scope. Multiple

possibilities may be suggested whenever legislation is expressed through such a

multi-faceted, single-sentenced preamble that then leaps to numerous, multi-part

exceptions. Further uncertainty is added when the actor identified in each

exception is labeled by a term other than that utilized at the outset. Although the

loose connections and the "play in the joints" of this statute may suggest multiple

interpretations, our role, when presented with a statutory ambiguity, is to

ascertain the most plausible interpretation that operates in harmony wi th its

context. DiProspero v. Penn, 183 N.J. 477, 492-93 (2005).5 More general

4
    BILLY JOEL, PRESSURE (Columbia Records 1982).
5
   We are mindful that the Anti-Eviction Act was enacted in 1974 to address a
statewide housing shortage and must be "construed liberally with all doubts
construed in favor of the tenant." 224 Jefferson Condo Ass'n v. Paige, 346 N.J.
Super. 379, 389 (App. Div. 2002). Liberally construing a statute or construing
doubts in one side's favor, however, is not the same as adopting a meaning that
is not remotely suggested by its context.
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                                         6
legislative provisions direct that the word "person" should be assigned a broad

meaning "unless restricted by the context." N.J.S.A. 1:1-2.

      Left only with common sense and the context in which "the person" is

found, we are satisfied that the Legislature deliberately used "the person" in

N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.1(c) in order to provide flexibility in the statute's application

and enforcement and that the Legislature intended a broad view of who or what

might be "the person" whose actions bring about the event that triggers a ground

for terminating a tenancy.     In short, we conclude that "the person" in this

particular context could include those described in the preamble, some smaller

subset of that group, or even someone outside the preamble's description. 6

      In any event, this understanding does not end but only begins our analysis

because the tenant's chief contention is that the statute somehow limits eviction

to "the person" whose conduct triggered N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.1(c). In a moment

we will explain how this argument is without merit, but, even assuming the

tenant is correct, there is no doubt that the tenant also fits the definition of "the

6
   Our holding is limited to N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.1(c). The context of other
subsections suggest that "the person" may be more limited. See, e.g., N.J.S.A.
2A:18-61.1(o) (permitting eviction when "[t]he person" has been convicted of
an offense or, in the case of a juvenile, an act of delinquency, in which case the
Legislature recognizes that "the person" may not be the tenant or lessee but
someone "harbored" by the tenant or lessee).
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                                         7
person" in this statute. This exception to the Anti-Eviction Act includes not only

a circumstance where "the person" has willfully or through gross neg ligence

"caused" damage; it also includes "the person" who "allowed" the damage to

occur. Crayton, of course, is a "person" in this context because he indisputably

"caused" the damage. But the tenant also fits because he "allowed" the damage

by permitting Crayton's use of the premises. The phrasing of the statute – given

a sensible reading, Wilson ex rel. Manzano v. City of Jersey City, 209 N.J. 558,

572 (2012) – must necessarily include a circumstance where a tenant allows

another into the premises and that other person causes the damage that warrants

eviction.

      We also are compelled to affirm the judgment of possession even if "the

person" in subsection (c) may refer here only to Crayton, the person who

physically caused the damage. Crayton triggered a tenancy-ending event

notwithstanding what the tenant did or didn't do. The Anti-Eviction Act does

not permit the eviction of only blameworthy occupants; it preserves tenancies

absent proof of one of the many events described. So, here, the tenant – as an

individual described in the preamble as one who may not be evicted – could be

evicted if, as described in subsection (c), a person caused damage to the

premises. That happened. Crayton caused damage within the meaning of

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                                        8
subsection (c) and that was enough to allow for the tenant's eviction. There is

no other sensible reading to be given to subsection (c). Only a judicial rewriting

based solely on some novel equitable theory would permit a construction that

only Crayton and not the tenant should have been evicted. See DiProspero, 183
N.J. at 492; Craster v. Bd. of Commrs., Newark, 9 N.J. 225, 230 (1952). Stated

another way, we find nothing in the Anti-Eviction Act to suggest a court's

obligation to ensure that the rights of innocent co-occupiers are preserved and

only actual wrongdoers are evicted.7 The fact that the action is in rem – that is,

the action does not assign fault among individuals but instead determines

whether a tenancy should end, see Hodges v. Feinstein, Raiss, Kelin & Booker,

LLC, 383 N.J. Super. 596, 611 (App. Div. 2006) – demonstrates that a tenancy

court need only find an exception to the Anti-Eviction Act as the means for

7
   To the extent one might view the outcome as particularly harsh for the tenant,
we cannot overlook that the interpretation he suggests would foster less
sympathetic results. For example, if the tenant threw a wild party that led to
severe damage to the premises, could he avoid eviction by convincing the trial
court that he sat quietly while his guests caused all the damage? Or, in this case,
if only Crayton was evicted, and the following month the tenant sublet to another
person who caused similar damage, would the result again be that only the new
subtenant could be evicted? Indeed, does a tenant have the right, as the tenant's
thesis suggests, to sublet to a series of unsavory, damage-causing subtenants
without providing the landlord with any recourse? These questions cannot in any
rational world be answered in the affirmative; this is further evidence that the
Legislature could not have intended the interpretation the tenant urges.
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                                        9
terminating a tenancy and compelling a return of possession from all occupants

to the landlord.

      We lastly reject the tenant's argument that the notice to quit was

insufficient because it did not identify the cause of the damage. We disagree.

The notice describes in sufficient detail the nature of the damage and, although

it does not identify with specificity the person who caused the damage, the notice

was sent to both the tenant and Crayton. We have at times said that a landlord

must strictly comply with the notice requirement and that substantial compliance

is not enough, Sacks Realty Co. v. Batch, 248 N.J. Super. 424, 426 (App. Div.

1991); see also Aspep Corp. v. Giuca, 269 N.J. Super. 98, 103 (Law Div. 1993),

but that doesn't mean, as in a case like this, a landlord must be put to the task of

ascertaining who among multiple occupants was the precise cause of the

damage, as the tenant's argument suggests, particularly when, as here, the

landlord wasn't in privity with the occupant who caused the damage.

      Affirmed.

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