Court Opinion

ID: 2760848
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-12-15 21:03:07.096112+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:27:05.890476
License: Public Domain

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No. 14-757L FILED

(Filed: December 15, 2014)
(NOT TO BE PUBLISHED) DEC 1 5 2014
us.

************************************ FEDEgELUgJAﬁ/ﬁs
)
EMANUEL MICHAEL, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
V. )
)
UNITED STATES, )
)
Defendant. )
)

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Emanuel Michael, pro se, Decatur, Georgia.

Kristofer R. Swanson, Trial Attorney, Environment & Natural Resources Division,
United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for defendant. With him on the brief
was Sam Hirsch, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Environment & Natural Resources
Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC.

OPINION AND ORDER

LETTOW, Judge.

The complaint ﬁled by plaintiff Emanuel Michael, submitted on behalf of himself and
others including an entity called the United Nuwaupian Nation Government (“Nuwaupian
Nation”), alleges that various government actors wrongfully regulated and stopped construction
on property in which the Nuwaupian Nation maintains a legitimate ownership interest. Compl.
at 22-26. 1 Pending before the court is the government’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Rules of the Court of Federal Claims
(“RCFC”) and for failure state a cognizable claim against the United States within the applicable
statute of limitations period. See United States’ Mot. to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction and
Mem. in Support Thereof (“Def’s Mot”) at l, ECF No. 10.

1In addition to himself, Mr. Michael identiﬁed as plaintiffs the “United Nuwaupian
Nation Govemment[;] Yamassee Tribe of Native American[s;] Muscogee, Seminole Creek,

Shushuni, Washita Mound Builders[;] Through the several states[;] and Charter of the [U]nited
States of America, Inc.” Compl. at l.

BACKGROUND

In January 1993, the Nuwaupian Nation settled on a large tract of land located at 404
Shady Dale Road in Eatonton, Putnam County, Georgia. Compl. at 22 & Ex. L at 8.2 From the
years 1998 to 2000, Mr. Michael alleges that defendants, including the Sheriff of Putnam
County, the State of Georgia, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation, and unknown
police agents, improperly enforced local land use and zoning laws and issued “Stop Work”
orders on the property. See Compl. at 22-23; see also Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n. to Def’s. Mot. to
Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction and Mem. in Support Thereof (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 5, ECF No. 13.
Later, in 2003, the United States brought a civil action for forfeiture in rem against the property,
United States v. $3,107.90, et al., No. 5:03-cv-0236-HL (M.D. Ga. July 18, 2003), culminating in
a judgment of forfeiture on September 24, 2007 vesting “[a]ll right, title and interest” in 404
Shady Dale Road in the United States, Final Order of Forfeiture at 5, United States v. $3,107.90,
et al., No. 5:03-cv-236-HL (M.D. Ga. Sept. 24, 2007).3 Mr. Michael alleges that the “FBI’s role
in the removal of the [p]laintiffs from their territory” and the seizure of “tribal governmental
documents” has “handicapped the [p]laintiffs in the advancement of their culture, proof of
ownership to title and rights of interest to the land . . . [and] any attempts of moving forward for
[ﬂederal [a]cknowledgment.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 5. He claims that he never received notice of the
forfeiture of the Nuwaupian Nation’s property to the United States, id. at 5, and seeks declaratory
and injunctive relief freeing the property of local zoning and land use laws and prohibiting
interference with the Nuwaupian Nation’s “ownership, interest, and possession” of the property
by the government, Compl. at 25-29.

Mr. Michael ﬁled his complaint, along with a motion for a preliminary injunction and
application for a temporary restraining order, on August 20, 2014. On August 26, 2014, the
court directed Mr. Michael “to show cause . . . why he should be permitted to represent the other
plaintiffs he names in the complaint.” Order to Show Cause, ECF No. 6. After Mr. Michael
responded, the court issued an opinion ruling that Mr. Michael lacked authority to appear on
behalf of the other parties named in the complaint and denying his motion for a preliminary
injunction and application for a temporary restraining order. Michael v. United States, 2014 WL
5395877, at *1 (Fed. Cl. Oct. 23, 2014). The motion to dismiss presently before the court is fully

briefed and ready for disposition.

 

2The Nuwaupian Nation is not a federally-recognized tribe and is not included on the list
published by the Secretary of the Interior under the Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act
of 1994, Pub. L. No. 103-454, 108 Stat. 4791 (codiﬁed at 25 U.S.C. §§ 479a, 479a-1). See
Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible to Reserve Services from the United States Bureau of
Indian Affairs, 79 Fed. Reg. 4,748, 4,749-53 (Jan. 29, 2014).

3 Prior to 2007, 404 Shady Dale Road was owned and operated by the President of the
Nuwaupian Nation, Dwight D. York (named in the complaint as “Malachi Z. York”). Compl. at
6, 11 9. The civil forfeiture action brought by the United States was based on probable cause that
Mr. York used the land to commit violations of 18 U.S.C. § 2423(a) (“Transportation of minors
with intent to engage in criminal sexual activity”). Forfeiture Compl. Count 2, 1H] 2, 7, United
States v. $3,107.90, et al., No. 5:03-cv-236-HL (M.D. Ga. July 18, 2003); see also United States
v. York, 428 F.3d 1325 (11th Cir. 2005).

STANDARDS FOR DECISION
A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

Before proceeding to the merits, a “court must satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction to hear
and decide a case.” Hardie v. United States, 367 F.3d 1288, 1290 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (quoting
PIN/NIP, Inc. v. Platte Chem. Co., 304 F.3d 1235, 1241 (Fed. Cir. 2002)) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law. See
Manville Sales Corp. v. Paramount Sys, Inc., 917 F.2d 544, 554 (Fed. Cir. 1990). When
assessing a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the
court will “normally consider the facts alleged in the complaint to be true and correct.” Reynolds
v. Army & Air Force Exch. Serv., 846 F.2d 746, 747 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (citing Scheuer v. Rhodes,
416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974)). The plaintiff bears the burden of “alleg[ing] in his pleading the facts
essential to show [subject matter] jurisdiction” by a preponderance of the evidence. McNutt v.
General Motors Acceptance Corp. ofInd., 298 U.S. 178, 189 (1936); see also Reynolds, 846
F.2d at 748.

Pleadings ﬁled by pro se plaintiffs are generally held to “‘less stringent standards than
formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.’” Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976) (quoting
Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972) (per curiam)). “This latitude, however, does not
relieve a pro se plaintiff from meeting jurisdictional requirements.” Bernard v. United States, 59
Fed. Cl. 497, 499 (2004), aﬂ’d, 98 Fed. Appx. 860 (Fed. Cir. 2004); see also Henke v. United
States, 60 F.3d 795, 799 (Fed. Cir. 1995). Therefore, Mr. Michael “bears the burden of
establishing the [c]ourt’s jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence.” Riles v. United
States, 93 Fed. Cl. 163, 165 (2010) (citing Taylor v. United States, 303 F.3d 1357, 1359 (Fed.
Cir. 2002)).

As part of its inquiry into subject matter jurisdiction, a court must determine whether a
plaintiff has standing to sue. See Rex Service Corp. v. United States, 448 F.3d 1305, 1307 (Fed.
Cir. 2006); Myers Investigative And Sec. Servs., Inc. v. United States, 275 F.3d 1366, 1369 (Fed.
Cir. 2002) (“[S]tanding is a threshold jurisdictional issue”). The requirements for standing
applied by this court are the same as those enforced by Article III federal courts. See Weeks
Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d 1352, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (citing Anderson v. United
States, 344 F.3d 1343, 1350 n.1 (Fed. Cir. 2003)). A party attempting to invoke federal court
jurisdiction has the burden of establishing standing by demonstrating: (1) a concrete,
particularized “injury in fact” that is actual or imminent; (2) a causal connection between the
injury and the challenged action of the defendant, rather than that of an independent third party;
and (3) a likelihood that the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision. Lujan v. Defenders
of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992) (citations omitted).

B. Statute of Limitations

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2501, “[e]very claim of which the United States Court of Federal
Claims has jurisdiction shall be barred unless the petition thereon is ﬁled within six years after
such claim ﬁrst accrues.” 28 U.S.C. § 2501. A claim ﬁrst accrues “when all the events have
occurred that ﬁx the alleged liability of the government and entitle the claimant to institute an
action.” Ingrum v. United States, 560 F.3d 1311, 1314 (Fed. Cir. 2009). The limitations period

35,.

established by Section 2501 is jurisdictional in nature and may not be waived. John R. Sand &
Gravel Co. v. United States, 552 US 130 (2008).

ANALYSIS
I. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

This court lacks jurisdiction to adjudicate Mr. Michael’s claims for a variety of reasons.
First, as a preliminary matter, Mr. Michael may not bring claims against the Sheriff of Putnam
County, the State of Georgia, or police agents in this court. This court lacks jurisdiction to hear
claims against individuals or state governments. The “only proper defendant for any matter
before this court is the United States, not its ofﬁcers, nor any other individual.” Stephenson v.
United States, 58 Fed. C1. 186, 190 (2003) (emphasis in original) (citing United States v.
Sherwood, 312 US. 584, 588 (1941)).

In addition, Mr. Michael premises this court’s jurisdiction on constitutional provisions
that are not money-mandating. Speciﬁcally, Mr. Michael alleges violations of the Fourth
Amendment’s prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures, the Eighth Amendment’s
prohibition of excessive ﬁnes, and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
See Pl.’s Opp’n at 7-8, 12. “Although this court may exercise jurisdiction over claims ‘founded
. . . upon the Constitution,’ the scope of this court’s jurisdiction over constitutional claims is
limited to claims arising under provisions of the Constitution that mandate the payment of
money.” Miller v. United States, 67 Fed. Cl. 195, 199 (2005) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 149l(a)(1)).
Mr. Michael’s asserted violations of the Fourth Amendment, the Eighth Amendment, and the
Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment are unavailing because those
constitutional provisions are not by themselves money-mandating. See, e. g., LeBlanc v. United
States, 50 F.3d 1025, 1028 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (noting that the Fourteenth Amendment does not
mandate the payment of money); Martinez v. United States, 391 Fed. Appx. 876, 878 (Fed. Cir.
2010) (explaining that the Fourth Amendment “is not money-mandating and therefore does not
provide the Court of Federal Claims jurisdiction to entertain [plaintiff 5] claims”) (citations
omitted); Hairston v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. 695, 698 (2011) (noting that the Eighth
Amendment is not money-mandating) (citing Cosma-Nelms v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 170,
172 (2006)). Additionally, although Mr. Michael obliquely references the Fifth Amendment
Takings Clause, see Pl.’s Opp’n. at 16, 22, he fails to request any monetary compensation
resulting from a regulatory or physical taking of the Nuwaupian Nation’s property, see Pl.’s
Resp. to the United States’ Opp’n to P1.’s Mot. for Prelim. Inj. and TRO at 2, 4, ECF No. 8; see
also Pl.’s Prelim. Statement of Actual Facts in Support of P1.’s Mot. for Prelim. Inj. & TRO at
18, ECF No. 2 (“[T]he [Nuwaupian] [N] ation cannot be compensated monetarily for defendants
conduct”). While he broadly states that “[indigenous peoples] have the right to just and fair
compensation” for territories and resources that have been “conﬁscated, occupied, used[,] or
damaged,” he fails to establish any evidence of personal loss entitling him to compensation.

Pl.’s Opp’n. at 22.

7

This court also lacks the authority to grant Mr. Michael the equitable relief that he
requests. “The Court of Federal Claims lacks the ability to award general equitable relief.”
Republic of New Morocco v. United States, 98 Fed. Cl. 463, 469 (2011); see also Legal Aid Soc.
of N. Y. v. United States, 92 Fed. Cl. 285, 301 (2010). The court exercises equitable authority

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only under speciﬁc statutory grants, typically, but not always, where such relief is “‘tied and
subordinate to a moneyjudgment.’” James v. Caldera, 159 F.3d 573, 580 (Fed. Cir. 1998)
(quoting Austin v. United States, 206 Ct. Cl. 719, 723 (1975)). Apart from when it is conjoined
with monetary awards, equitable relief may be granted by the court under certain tax statutes,
e.g., 26 U.S.C. § 6331(i)(4)(B), see Beard v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. 147, 157-58 (2011),
under the Contract Disputes Act, 41 U.S.C. § 7104(b)(1), and 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(2), see Alliant
Techsys., Inc. v. United States, 178 F.3d. 1260, 1268-70 (Fed. Cir. 1999), and as part of its
jurisdiction over bid protests under 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(2), see PGBA, LLC. v. United States,
389 F.3d 1219, 1224-27 (Fed. Cir. 2004). Similarly, this court lacks general authority to grant
declaratory relief. Nat ’1 Air Traﬂic Controllers Ass ’n v. United States, 160 F.3d 714, 716 (Fed.
Cir. 1998) (“The Court of Federal Claims has never been granted general authority to issue
declaratory judgments”).

Finally, Mr. Michael lacks standing to bring his claims because he does not allege that he
has personally suffered any injury. He does not claim to have ever held a property interest in
404 Shady Dale Road, nor does he claim that he was personally damaged in any way by the stop
work orders or regulatory actions by local ofﬁcials. Furthermore, as the court previously found,
Mr. Michael lacks authority to appear on behalf of the Nuwaupian Nation to represent its
interests. See Michael, 2014 WL 5395877, at *1.

In sum, the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over Mr. Michael’s claims.

II. Statute of Limitations

In addition, any potential claim that Mr. Michael may have against the United States is
time-barred because of the applicable six-year statute of limitations. Def.’s Mot. at 13-14. The
alleged regulatory acts forming the subject of this action occurred in 1998 and 1999, more than
fourteen years before the ﬁling of the complaint in 2014. See Pl’s. Opp’n at 1-2; Compl. at 22-
23. In addition, the ﬁnal judgment in the relevant forfeiture proceeding was issued on September
25, 2007, almost seven years before Mr. Michael ﬁled his complaint. See Judgment, United
States v. $3,107.90, et al., No. 5:03-cv-236-HL (M.D. Ga. Sept. 25, 2007). Therefore,

Mr. Michael’s claims are time-barred.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated, the government’s motion to dismiss is GRANTED, and
Mr. Michael’s complaint is dismissed pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction, and alternatively, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2501 for failure timely to ﬁle suit. The
clerk shall enter judgment in accord with this disposition.

No costs.

It is so ORDERED?