Court Opinion

ID: 7914
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 05:32:38+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:48:59.799184
License: Public Domain

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                        FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                                No. 95-50109

CLEVLAND HICKS, JR.,

                                                    Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                   versus

JACK M. GARNER, ETC.

                                                   Defendants-Appellees.

             Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Western District of Texas

                           November 3, 1995

Before REAVLEY, JOLLY, and WIENER, Circuit Judges:

WIENER, Circuit Judge:

     Plaintiff-Appellant Clevland Hicks, Jr., a prisoner proceeding

pro se and in forma pauperis (IFP), filed this civil rights suit

under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Defendants-Appellees Texas prison

officials,    alleging   that     the   prison's   grooming   regulations

interfered with the free exercise of his religion in violation of

both the First Amendment and the Religious Freedom Restoration Act
(RFRA).1    The district court dismissed his complaint as frivolous

under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d).     The sole issue before us is whether the

district court abused its discretion in holding both of these

claims frivolous.    As we agree that Hicks' First Amendment claim

was frivolous, we affirm in part; however, as we disagree that his

RFRA claim was frivolous, we reverse and remand in part.

                                    I

                          FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

     Hicks, who is currently incarcerated in the Administrative

Segregation (AS) Section of the Alfred D. Hughes Unit, a maximum

security prison within the Texas Department of Criminal Justice-

Institutional Division (TDCJ-ID), professes the Rastafari religion.

Based on the Biblical vow of the Nazarite, Rastafari practices

include, inter alia, never cutting or combing one's hair, instead

allowing it to grow in dreadlocks.2     Diametrically opposed to that

tenet of the Rastafari religion is the aspect of the TDCJ-ID

grooming regulations that prohibits long hair and beards.

     Hicks filed this suit alleging that the prison's grooming

regulations interfered with the free exercise of his religion, in

     1
         42 U.S.C. §§ 2000bb-2000bb-4
     2
         Numbers 6:6-1.   Verse five of that vow reads:

     All the days of the vow of his separation there shall no
     razor come upon his head: until the days be fulfilled, in
     the which he separateth himself unto the Lord, he shall
     be holy, and shall let the locks of the hair of his head
     grow.

See Scott v. Mississippi Dep't of Corrections, 961 F.2d 77 (5th
Cir. 1992).

                                    2
violation of the First Amendment and the RFRA.                Hicks concedes, in

his   complaint,     that   as   a   general    proposition      his     religious

practices facially conflict with penological interests, such as

prison security and ready ease of inmate identification.                        He

contends that an exception should be made in his case, however,

arguing that his confinement in AS and his segregation from the

general prison population so significantly reduce the importance of

these penological interests that they serve no valid purpose.

Adding that he has no desire to return to the general prison

population,   Hicks    concludes      that,    in     his    unique    confinement

situation, forcing him to comply with the grooming regulations both

interferes    with    his   religious       beliefs    and    serves    no   actual

penological interests.

      In essence, Hicks asserts that because he is in special

confinement, the penological interests of safety and identification

do not apply to him, and that without these penological interests,

the grooming requirements fail to pass muster under either the

Constitution or the RFRA.        By way of relief, he seeks an injunction

that would prohibit prison officials from enforcing the grooming

regulations against him and would permit him to keep a "large

flexible plastic comb" in his cell for grooming.

      This matter was referred to a magistrate judge who recommended

that the complaint be dismissed as frivolous pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

1915(d).   Hicks filed objections, requiring the district court to

review his complaint de novo.           After considering the record, the

magistrate judge's recommendations, and the objections raised by

                                        3
Hicks,           the    district         court      adopted    the   magistrate    judge's

recommendations,               dismissing         Hicks'    complaint   as   frivolous   and

revoking his IFP status.3                    Hicks timely appealed.

                                                    II

                                                 ANALYSIS

A.   STANDARD          OF   REVIEW

     An IFP petition under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d) may be dismissed if

the district court is "satisfied that the action is frivolous or

malicious." We review a district court's section 1915(d) dismissal

under the abuse-of-discretion standard.4

B.   THE DEFINITION            OF    FRIVOLOUS

     Prior to the Supreme Court teachings in Neitzke v. Williams5

and Denton v. Hernandez,6 we held in Cay v. Estelle7 that "[a]n IFP

proceeding may be dismissed if (1) the claim's realistic chance of

ultimate success is slight;                      (2) the claim has no arguable basis in

law or fact;                or (3) it is clear that the plaintiff can prove no

set of facts in support of his claim."                          Thereafter, however, we

determined that Neitzke invalidated Cay's third prong8 and that

         3
             We reinstated Hicks' IFP status for the purposes of this
appeal.
             4
         Denton v. Hernandez, 504 U.S. 25, 112 S. Ct. 1728, 118
L. Ed. 2d 340 (1992); Mackey v. Dickson, 47 F.3d 744, 745-46 (5th
Cir. 1995).
     5
             490 U.S. 319, 109 S. Ct. 1827, 104 L. Ed. 2d 338 (1989).
     6
             504 U.S. 25, 112 S. Ct. 1728, 118 L. Ed. 2d 340 (1992).
     7
             789 F.2d 318, 326 (5th Cir. 1986).
     8
      Pugh v. Parish of St. Tammany, 875 F.2d 436 (5th Cir. 1989)
(citing Neitzke for proposition that complaint which fails to state

                                                    4
Denton, invalidated its first prong.9         There is no question,

however, regarding the continued validity of Cay's second prong.10

In both Neitzke and Denton, the Court held that a complaint "is

frivolous where it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in

fact."11

      A court may dismiss a claim as factually frivolous only if the

facts are "clearly baseless, a category encompassing allegations

that are 'fanciful,' 'fantastic,' and 'delusional."12       As Hicks'

factual assertions obviously do not fall within this category, we

must review Hicks' legal arguments to determine whether they have

"an arguable basis in law."13        We initially examine his First

Amendment claim and then his RFRA claim.

C.    FIRST AMENDMENT

      The rule is well established that inmates retain their First

Amendment right to exercise religion;14 however, this right is

subject to reasonable restrictions and limitations necessitated by

claim for purposes of Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) is not automatically
frivolous within meaning of section 1915(d)).
      9
           Booker v. Koonce, 2 F.3d 114, 115 (5th Cir. 1993).
      10
           Id. at 115 n.6.
     11
      Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 325, 109 S.Ct. at 1831-32; Denton, 504
U.S. at 28, 112 S.Ct. at 1733; see also, Booker, 2 F.3d at 115-16.
      12
           Denton, 504 U.S. at 33-34, 112 S.Ct. at 1733.
     13
      Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 325, 109 S.Ct. at 1831-32; Denton, 504
U.S. at 28, 112 S.Ct. at 1733; see also, Booker, 2 F.3d at 115-16.
     14
       Powell v. Estelle, 959 F.2d 22 (5th Cir. 1992)(per curiam),
cert. denied sub nom., Harrison v. McKaskle, __ U.S. __, 113 S. Ct.
668, 121 L. Ed. 2d 592 (1992).

                                    5
penological       goals.15     Equally     clear     in   this   circuit     is   the

proposition        that      prison   grooming         regulations,     including

specifically the requirement that a prisoner cut his hair and

beard,      are   rationally     related       to   the   achievement   of    valid

penological goals, such as security and inmate identification.16

Hicks does nothing to distinguish his case from the long line of

cases that establish this precedent.                Regardless of whether Hicks

is in the general prison population or in AS, the penological goals

behind the grooming requirements remain. Thus, Hicks has failed to

identify "an arguable basis in law" for his free exercise claim; it

is based on an indisputably meritless legal theory.17                 Accordingly,

we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in

dismissing Hicks' First Amendment claim.

D.    THE RFRA

      On the other hand, we conclude that the district court did

abuse its discretion by dismissing Hicks' claim under the RFRA.

Passed by Congress in 1993, the RFRA states in pertinent part:

      § 2000bb-1. Free exercise of religion protected
      (a) In general.     Government shall not substantially
      burden a person's exercise of religion even if the burden
      results from a rule of general applicability, except as
      provided in subsection (b).

     15
      Id. (citing Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 817, 822-23, 94 S. Ct.
2800, 2804, 41 L. Ed. 2d 495 (1974)).
           16
          See Powell, 959 F.2d at 25 (holding that the TDJC's
prohibition on long hair and beards is rationally related to
legitimate state objectives); Scott v. Mississippi Dep't of
Corrections, 961 F.2d 77 (1992)(hair-grooming regulations that
required short hair was reasonably related to legitimate
penological concerns of identification and security).
      17
           See Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 327, 109 S.Ct. at 1832.

                                           6
     (b) Exception.   Government may substantially burden a
     person's exercise of religion only if it demonstrates
     that application of the burden to the person--
          (1) is in furtherance of a compelling
          governmental interest; and
          (2) is the least restrictive means of
          furthering   that   compelling   governmental
          interest. The purpose of the RFRA is "to
          restore the compelling interest test ... in
          all cases where free exercise of religion is
          substantially burdened.18

Given this broad statement of purpose, we join every other circuit

that has addressed this issue in concluding that the RFRA clearly

applies to prisoners' claims.19     Thus the issue whether the prison

violated Hicks' religious rights under RFRA must be analyzed using

the "substantial burden" test rather than the less stringent

"reasonable opportunity" test previously employed.20

     We cannot see how the district court could have validly

concluded that Hicks' claim under the RFRA lacks "an arguable basis

in law."       Not passed until late in 1993, RFRA remains relatively

     18
           42 U.S.C. s 2000bb(b)(1).
          19
         Bryant v. Gomez, 46 F.3d 948, 948 (9th Cir. 1995)(per
curiam); Brown-El v. Harris, 26 F.3d 68, 69 (8th Cir. 1994); Werner
v. McCotter, 49 F.3d 1476 (10th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, __ U.S.
__, 115 S. Ct. 2625, __ L.Ed.2d __. These holdings are based on the
fact that Congress debated and rejected an amendment that would
have excluded prisons from the RFRA. See S.Rep. No. 111, 103rd
Cong., 1st Sess. §§ V(d) and XI (1993); H.R.Rep. No. 88, 103rd
Cong., 1st Sess. (1993).
    20
       Under the latter test, an inmate who adheres to a minority
religion must be given a "reasonable opportunity of pursuing his
faith comparable to the opportunity afforded fellow prisoners who
adhere to the conventional religious precepts." Cruz v. Beto, 405
U.S. 319, 322, 92 S. Ct. 1079, 1081, 31 L. Ed. 2d 263 (1972).
Nevertheless, the religious needs of the inmate must be balanced
against the reasonable penological goals of the prison. O'Lone v.
Estate of Shabazz, 482 U.S. 342, 349, 107 S. Ct. 2400, 2404, 96
L. Ed. 2d 282 (1987).

                                    7
new law; its statutory contours are vague and its legal limits,

contours, and standards have yet to be defined.21 More importantly,

we have yet to address the RFRA or any of its discrete standards.

    21
       For example, "[t]he threshold inquiry under RFRA is whether
the statute [or conduct] in question substantially burdens a
person's religious practice. If there is no substantial burden,
RFRA does not apply." Morris v. Midway Southern Baptist Church,
183 B.R. 239, 251 (D.Kan. 1995). A "substantial burden" has been
defined in several different ways:

     The religious adherent . . . has the obligation to prove
     that a governmental [action] burdens the adherent's
     practice of his or her religion . . . by preventing him
     or her from engaging in conduct or having a religious
     experience which the faith mandates. This interference
     must be more than an inconvenience; the burden must be
     substantial and an interference with a tenet or belief
     that is central to religious doctrine. Bryant v. Gomez,
     46 F.3d 948, 949 (9th Cir.1995); see also, Morris, 183
B.R. at 251;

     To exceed the "substantial burden" threshold, government
     regulation must significantly inhibit or constrain
     conduct or expression that manifests some central tenet
     of a prisoner's individual beliefs, . . .;          must
     meaningfully curtail a prisoner's ability to express
     adherence to his or her faith; or must deny a prisoner
     reasonable opportunities to engage in those activities
     that are fundamental to a prisoner's religion. Werner,
49 F.3d at 1480 (citations omitted);

     To be a "substantial burden", the government must either
     compel a person do something in contravention of their
     religious beliefs or require them to refrain from doing
     something required by their religious beliefs. Morris,
183 B.R. at 251;

     A "substantial burden" has been defined as follows:
     "where the state conditions receipt of an important
     benefit upon conduct proscribed by a religious faith, or
     where it denies such a benefit because of conduct
     mandated by religious belief, thereby putting substantial
     pressure on an adherent to modify his behavior and to
     violate his beliefs, a burden upon religion exists. Woods
     v. Evatt, 876 F. Supp. 756, 762 (D.S.C. 1995) (citations
     omitted).

                                8
Although either a motion for summary judgment or the further

development of case law in this circuit may ultimately defeat

Hicks' RFRA claim, we hold that, at this early stage in the

development of RFRA, Hicks' has a "fightin' chance" to make some of

that   the   law.    Accordingly,     the   district   court   abused    its

discretion   when   it   summarily   dismissed   Hicks'   RFRA   claim    as

frivolous.    We therefore vacate the district court's ruling on

Hicks' RFRA claim and remand it for further adjudication consistent

with this opinion.       To facilitate future appellate review, the

district court should on remand explain its analysis in some

detail.

                                     III

                              CONCLUSIONS

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court's

dismissal of Hicks' First Amendment claim, but vacate and remand

his claim under RFRA for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

AFFIRMED in part, and VACATED and REMANDED in part.

                                      9