Court Opinion

ID: 3091919
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 04:05:28.056264+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:46:53.170167
License: Public Domain

NO. 12-09-00134-CR

                         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

            TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

                                       TYLER, TEXAS

LINDA ZORN,                                       §                APPEAL FROM THE 241ST
APPELLANT

V.                                                §                JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT OF

THE STATE OF TEXAS,
APPELLEE                                          §                SMITH COUNTY, TEXAS

                                                OPINION
       Linda Zorn appeals her conviction for manslaughter. In five issues, Appellant argues that
the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the verdict and that the trial court
erred by allowing the State to offer certain evidence and by excluding certain testimony offered
by the defense. We affirm.

                                              BACKGROUND
       On the evening of June 27, 2008, Appellant struck a pedestrian, J. B. Nowell, with her car
as she drove through the Hide-A-Way Lake community outside Lindale, Texas. The collision
occurred on a narrow roadway on a downhill curve. Nowell died from his injuries. Appellant
was found a short distance away, her car crashed into a stand of small trees. She was disoriented
and uncooperative with the police. A subsequent evaluation of her blood indicated that she had a
blood alcohol concentration of 0.20 grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood or two and one
half times the legal limit for operating a motor vehicle.1
       A Smith County grand jury indicted Appellant for the felony offense of manslaughter.
Appellant pleaded not guilty, and a jury trial was held. The jury found Appellant guilty as

       1
           See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.01(2)(B) (Vernon 2003).
charged. Following a trial on punishment, the jury assessed punishment at imprisonment for
twenty years and a fine of $10,000. This appeal followed.

                                 SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
       In her first, second, and third issues, Appellant argues that the evidence is legally and
factually insufficient to support the verdict. Specifically, she argues that the trial court erred in
overruling her motion for a directed verdict and that there is insufficient evidence to establish
that she acted with criminal recklessness.
Applicable Law
       The due process guarantee of the Fourteenth Amendment requires that a conviction be
supported by legally sufficient evidence. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 315–16, 99 S.
Ct. 2781, 2786–87, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 517 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2009); Willis v. State, 192 S.W.3d 585, 592 (Tex. App.–Tyler 2006, pet. ref’d). Evidence
is not legally sufficient if, when viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the verdict, no
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable
doubt. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; see also Rollerson v. State, 227 S.W.3d
718, 724 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). A challenge to a trial court’s denial of a motion for directed
verdict is a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the verdict. See Canales v. State, 98 S.W.3d
690, 693 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
       While legal sufficiency review is all that is required by the U.S. Constitution, the Texas
Court of Criminal Appeals has determined that the Texas Constitution requires further review of
the factual sufficiency of the evidence. Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 129-30 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1996). Factual sufficiency review differs from legal sufficiency review only slightly. See
Marshall v. State, 210 S.W.3d 618, 625 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). In a factual sufficiency review,
we review the evidence without the light most favorable to the verdict and we are authorized,
“albeit to a very limited degree,” to disagree with the jury’s resolution of contested factual
issues. See id.; Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). In a review
of the factual sufficiency of the evidence, we will conclude that the evidence is insufficient only
if the great weight and preponderance of the evidence contradicts the jury’s verdict or the verdict
is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. See Rollerson, 227 S.W.3d at 724; Watson, 204 S.W.3d
2
at 417.
          Under either standard, our role is that of appellate review, and the fact finder is the
principal judge of the weight and credibility of a witness’s testimony. Wesbrook v. State, 29
S.W.3d 103, 111–12 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The fact finder may choose to believe all, some,
or none of a witness’s testimony. Sharp v. State, 707 S.W.2d 611, 614 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986).
          The sufficiency of the evidence is measured against the offense as defined by a
hypothetically correct jury charge. See Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App.
1997). A hypothetically correct jury charge “accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the
indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict
the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the
defendant is tried.” Id.
          A person commits manslaughter if she recklessly causes the death of an individual. TEX.
PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.04(a) (Vernon 2003).               A person acts recklessly with respect to
circumstances surrounding her conduct or the result of her conduct when she is aware of, but
consciously disregards, a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the circumstances exist or the
result will occur. Id. § 6.03(c) (Vernon 2003). The risk must be of such a nature and degree that
its disregard constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care that an ordinary person
would exercise under all circumstances as viewed from the actor’s standpoint. Id.; Garza v.
State, 50 S.W.3d 559, 564 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, no pet.). “At the heart of
reckless conduct is conscious disregard of the risk created by the actor’s conduct.” Lewis v.
State, 529 S.W.2d 550, 553 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975). Recklessness can be applied generally to
the act of driving. See Porter v. State, 969 S.W.2d 60, 63 (Tex. App.–Austin 1998, pet. ref’d).
          In this case, the State was required to prove that Appellant recklessly caused the death of
J. B. Nowell by operating a vehicle into Nowell while intoxicated. See TEX. PENAL CODE
ANN. § 19.04.
Analysis
          When evaluating whether conduct is reckless, a finder of fact and a reviewing court must
examine (1) whether the act, when viewed objectively at the time of its commission, created a
“substantial and unjustifiable” risk of the type of harm that occurred, (2) whether that risk was of
such a magnitude that disregard of it constituted a gross deviation from the standard of care that
                                                   3
a reasonable person would have exercised in the same situation, (3) whether the defendant was
consciously aware of that risk, and (4) whether the defendant consciously disregarded that risk.
See Williams v. State, 235 S.W.3d 742, 755–56 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
       At trial and on appeal, the State argues that Appellant was reckless in the operation of her
vehicle because she drove at a speed that was inappropriate for the setting and because she drove
while intoxicated. Appellant does not argue that the speed of her driving cannot support the
verdict. Instead, she argues that there was no competent evidence as to her speed at the time of
the wreck.
       Appellant does not directly address the two issues raised specifically by the indictment,
namely that striking Nowell with a vehicle, and doing so while intoxicated, created an
unacceptable risk of his death. Instead, she argues that the evidence showed only that she was
operating a vehicle in a twenty-five miles an hour zone and that her car collided with Nowell.
She argues that there is no evidence of excessive speed or other act which, under the standard
articulated in Williams, shows that she created and then disregarded a substantial and
unjustifiable risk. We disagree.
       Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the verdict, there is evidence from
several eyewitnesses that Appellant was travelling at a rate of speed that was unsafe for the
circumstances. Denver Gentry, a security officer with the Hide-A-Way community, testified that
the roads within the community were not “built for speed.” Kim Dockery, a resident, testified
that the roadway where Appellant struck Nowell was a curvy hill that required a motorist to slow
down. Pat Kesey, Kristine Kubin, and Emilee Alcock testified that they saw Appellant’s vehicle
before the wreck travelling at what appeared to be high rate of speed for the area. Two witnesses
testified that it was common for pedestrians to be present on the streets in the community in the
evening hours.
       There was a dispute about the speed at which Appellant was travelling. Appellant did not
testify, but she called an expert witness who testified that she had to have been travelling at a rate
below the speed limit because, in his opinion, she would not have been able to control the
vehicle through the turn if she had exceeded the speed limit. Although the State did not offer the
testimony of a witness who had done a formal reconstruction of the wreck, several police officers
offered opinions that Appellant was travelling too fast for the roadway.
                                                  4
         Additionally, there is the issue of Appellant’s intoxication.2                  The court of criminal
appeals has held that intoxication is recklessness per se. See Ormsby v. State, 600 S.W.2d 782,
783–84 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979). That holding no longer controls because it was based on the
legislature’s grouping the offense of intoxication manslaughter with the offense of involuntary
manslaughter.       See Burke v. State, 80 S.W.3d 82, 90–91 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2002, no pet.)
(op. on reh’g). The legislature separated those offenses in 1994. Id. But that does not mean that
the act of driving while intoxicated could not, in this case, be reckless conduct by Appellant.
And, there was ample evidence that Appellant was intoxicated, including a high blood alcohol
concentration as well as her disorientation and demeanor following the wreck.3
         When viewed in a light most favorable to the evidence, we hold that a rational jury could
conclude that based either on the speed at which Appellant drove her vehicle or on her level of
intoxication that Appellant was aware of, but consciously disregarded, a substantial and
unjustifiable risk that a pedestrian would be struck by her vehicle. Appellant was intoxicated and
driving too fast on narrow roads clustered with pedestrians in her own neighborhood. The jury’s
conclusion that she was reckless is reasonable. Accordingly, we overrule Appellant’s first and
second issues.
         We reach the same conclusion with respect to the factual sufficiency of the evidence. As
we will discuss in a following section, some of the testimony about the speed of Appellant’s
vehicle is problematic. But the problem presented is the specific estimate of speed by lay, and
youthful, witnesses.        Several lay witnesses testified, without objection, that Appellant was
travelling at too high a rate of speed. For example, one witness testified that when the car passed
it looked like a bullet or a “big blur.” Others testified that she was travelling too fast or that the
resultant impact was powerful.
         Appellant does not contest the evidence that shows she was intoxicated. There was some
dispute as to whether Nowell was in the roadway when he was struck. Appellant’s expert

         2
          There is no impediment to charging Appellant with manslaughter even if intoxication manslaughter had
also been available as a potential charge. See Burke v. State, 28 S.W.3d 545, 549 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); see also
Lomax v. State, 233 S.W.3d 302, 312 n. 32 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
         3
           The Texas Penal Code defines “intoxicated” as either (1) not having the normal use of mental or physical
faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol, a controlled substance, a drug, a dangerous drug, a combination of
two or more of those substances, or any other substance into the body; or (2) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08
or more. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.01(2)(A), (B) (Vernon 2003).
                                                          5
witness testified that, in his opinion, it was “more likely than not [that] the pedestrian would have
been either in the street completely or kind of on and off the street.” A State’s witness testified
that the area of impact was “well off the roadway,” although he conceded that he had not done a
formal reconstruction of the wreck and that it was difficult to pinpoint the exact location of the
impact because of the way Appellant’s vehicle struck Nowell.
       In sum, viewing the evidence in a neutral light, a rational finder of fact could have
concluded that Appellant was travelling too fast for the conditions and the roadway, failed to
keep an adequate lookout, and was intoxicated. In such a situation, the jury’s conclusion that
Appellant was reckless is not against the weight and preponderance of the evidence, is not
clearly wrong, and does not represent a manifest injustice. We overrule Appellant’s third issue.

                                   EXCLUSION OF TESTIMONY
       In her fourth issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in excluding the testimony
of a witness who would have testified that Appellant suffered from various mental illnesses and
took medicine for anxiety. Appellant argues that the trial court ruling violated her right to
present a defense.
Background and Procedural History
       Appellant proposed to call Jean Davenport to testify about her interactions with Appellant
in the days and years that preceded the wreck. Outside the presence of the jury, the State
objected to Davenport’s testimony based on counsel’s preview of that evidence during her
opening statement. In order to make a ruling, the trial court invited Appellant to present the
proposed testimony outside the presence of the jury. Appellant did so.
       The testimony proffered by Appellant showed that Jean Davenport is Appellant’s friend.
They are members of the same church. Appellant did not have any immediate family in the area,
and Davenport and her husband, who is also Appellant’s minister, became a surrogate family for
her. For the nine years that preceded that trial, Davenport assisted Appellant with her daily
responsibilities. Appellant had been discharged from the military and was disabled. Davenport
testified at the offer of proof hearing that Appellant had been diagnosed with paranoid
schizophrenia. She also had colon surgery, and Davenport helped Appellant deal with issues that
arose between Appellant and the Veteran’s Administration. She said that she had a power of
                                                 6
attorney for Appellant for “about eight years.”
       Davenport testified that Appellant was an alcoholic but that she had been sober for about
a year before the wreck. She testified that she had Appellant involuntarily committed because
she had been suicidal. She also testified that Appellant was under a great deal of stress at the
time of the wreck because her house was being remodeled. Appellant could not stay at the house
at the time of the remodeling. Davenport testified that Appellant could achieve balance when
she was in familiar surroundings but that changes to her routine were very difficult for Appellant
to manage.
       The State objected to this evidence on the grounds that it was hearsay, that Davenport
was not an expert witness and was not qualified to make a medical or psychiatric diagnosis, and
that a witness could not testify about another person’s mental state.          Appellant’s attorney
responded that Davenport should be permitted to testify that Appellant does not have the
“emotional responses or the judgment abilities” that others may have or possess. The trial court
ruled that the testimony was inadmissible for the guilt/innocence phase of the trial.
Standard of Review and Applicable Law
       Generally, we review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence under an abuse
of discretion standard. See Willover v. State, 70 S.W.3d 841, 845 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); see
also Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 379 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (op. on reh’g). We
reverse only when the trial court’s decision was so clearly wrong as to fall outside the zone of
reasonable disagreement. See Weatherred v. State, 15 S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
We uphold the trial court’s ruling if it is reasonably supported by the record and correct under
any theory of law applicable to the case. See Willover, 70 S.W.3d at 845.
       If it is a defendant’s evidence that is excluded, an error can be a violation of the
defendant’s constitutional right to compel the attendance of witnesses in his favor. See Potier v.
State, 68 S.W.3d 657, 659 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); see also Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14,
18–19, 87 S. Ct. 1920, 1022–23, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1019 (1967) (Sixth Amendment insures
compulsory process to obtain favorable witnesses). Evidentiary rulings rarely rise to the level of
denying the fundamental constitutional rights to present a meaningful defense. See Potier, 68
S.W.3d at 663. There are two circumstances in which the improper exclusion of evidence may
establish a constitutional violation: (1) when a state evidentiary rule categorically and arbitrarily
                                                  7
prohibits the defendant from offering relevant evidence that is vital to his defense; or (2) when a
trial court erroneously excludes relevant evidence that is a vital portion of the case and the
exclusion effectively precludes the defendant from presenting a defense. Id. at 659–62; Wiley v.
State, 74 S.W.3d 399, 405 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
       A nonexpert witness may offer opinion testimony or testimony about inferences made,
but such testimony is limited to opinions or inferences that are rationally based on the perception
of the witness and are helpful to a clear understanding of the witness’s testimony or the
determination of a fact in issue. See TEX. R. EVID. 701. Hearsay is a statement not made at trial
that is offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. TEX. R. EVID. 801(d).
Unless it meets an exception, hearsay is not admissible. TEX. R. EVID. 802.
Analysis
       Appellant argues that she was denied her ability to present evidence that “if believed,
squarely brought Appellant’s mental status” into question and raised the issue of “whether she
was capable of being reckless as that term is defined in Texas under [the facts of the case.]” By
excluding Davenport’s testimony, Appellant argues that the jury “was left without vital
information as to Appellant’s ability to be reckless,” specifically whether she was able to
appreciate and then consciously disregard a substantial and unjustifiable risk.
       Appellant does not cite any authority in support of her argument for admissibility of this
specific kind of evidence. We agree with the State that some of this evidence is inadmissible
hearsay. For example, Appellant’s diagnosis by a medical doctor is an out of court statement
that Appellant proposed that Davenport repeat in court for the truth of the matter asserted. And
Appellant did not present evidence that Appellant was unfamiliar with an automobile, or with the
neighborhood, or other experience–based information relevant to the issue of whether she could
appreciate and then disregard the risks involved in this case. Nor does Appellant argue that this
evidence should be admissible to explain Appellant’s awkward and inappropriate behavior
following the wreck. In fact, Appellant’s counsel told the court during the hearing that she did
not contest that Appellant was intoxicated.
       What remains of the evidence proffered by Appellant is testimony that she was paranoid,
that she is “different” when she is out of her comfort zone, and that she had stress in her life at
the time of the wreck. The court of criminal appeals has held, and the State forthrightly
                                                 8
acknowledges, that evidence about the mental state of a defendant can be admissible when it is
relevant to the issue of mens rea. See Ruffin v. State, 270 S.W.3d 586, 597 (Tex. Crim. App.
2008). Texas does not recognize a diminished capacity defense, but, for lack of a better term,
psychological evidence is admissible if it is relevant to the question of whether the defendant had
the mens rea to commit the crime. See Jackson v. State, 160 S.W.3d 568, 573–74 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2005). In the Ruffin decision, the court drew an analogy between a blind person and a
person with a mental disease or defect. Ruffin, 270 S.W.3d at 593–94. The court reasoned that
just as a blind person would be permitted to offer evidence that his blindness prevented him from
understanding that a person he shot at was a police officer, so too could a person suffering from
mental delusions offer evidence about those delusions if they prevented him from apprehending
that the person he shot at was a police officer. Id. at 594.
        In that case, the court held that the proffered testimony that the defendant, because of a
mental disease and attendant delusions, believed he was shooting at someone other than police
officers was “clearly relevant.” Id. at 596. By contrast, this case turns, essentially, on whether
Appellant understood and disregarded the risk she undertook in driving while intoxicated. The
nonhearsay portion of Davenport’s testimony allows the conclusion that Appellant was easily
flustered, occasionally suicidal, and in a state of anxiety the day before the wreck.4 Rule 701
does not prevent the admission of this kind of evidence because, as here, it is based on the
witness’s perception of Appellant.
        Because the right to present a defense is a constitutional right, many jurists would allow
this testimony, if only in an abundance of caution.5 But as to the relevance of the evidence, we
do not conclude that Davenport’s testimony was directly germane to the question of whether
Appellant understood the risk she created. Her testimony is not that Appellant suffered from a
delusion that caused her to fail to apprehend that she was driving or intoxicated or to think that
she was driving in a different locale. Nor did her testimony show or tend to show that Appellant
could not understand the risks her actions created. In this way, this case is more like Mays v.

        4
           Davenport was more specific when she testified during the punishment phase of the trial. She testified
that Appellant drank that day because of the stress of having her home repainted and the concomitant disruption to
the orderliness of her life.
        5
           In Ruffin, the trial court allowed lay testimony but not expert testimony as to the defendant’s delusional
thinking at or near the time of the assault. Ruffin, 270 S.W.3d at 589, 597.
                                                         9
State, No. AP-75,924, 2010 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 480, at *28–29 (Tex. Crim. App. Apr. 28,
2010). In that case, the defendant’s mental illness evidence explained why he acted––he was
paranoid and thought the deputies had “mistreated” him––but did not touch on the mens rea
element of the offense. Id. Similarly, in this case, Appellant’s lowered ability to navigate
stressful situations explains why she was drinking and why she was in a hurry, but does not serve
to negate the mens rea or to show that she could not appreciate the risk that her conduct created.
We overrule Appellant’s fourth issue.

                                        OPINION TESTIMONY
       In her fifth issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in allowing six witnesses to
testify as to the speed at which Appellant was travelling. The State does not argue that such
evidence is proper, but instead argues that Appellant failed to preserve a complaint and that any
error is harmless.
Applicable Law
       As a prerequisite to presenting a complaint on appeal, there must be a contemporaneous
objection in the trial court. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1. Even the erroneous admission of evidence will
not result in reversible error if the same evidence is admitted elsewhere in the trial without
objection. See Saldano v. State, 232 S.W.3d 77, 102 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Leday v. State,
983 S.W.2d 713, 718 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).
Analysis
       Several witnesses testified about having seen Appellant’s vehicle travelling through the
Hide-A-Way Lake community before the wreck. Several other witnesses testified as to their
impressions based on having arrived at the scene following the wreck. Each witness offered
some quantitative assessment of Appellant’s rate of travel. We will discuss the testimony of
each witness individually.
       Detective Goodman
       In a bench conference, Appellant’s counsel stated that she objected to testimony from
Detective Goodman that it was a “high–impact collision.” That objection was overruled. The
State then asked the detective, “[H]ow would you describe the impact?” Appellant did not object
when he described the impact as “very forceful.”

                                               10
        An objection lodged at a bench conference is sufficient to preserve a complaint. See
Ethington v. State, 819 S.W.2d 854, 858 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). However, in this instance, it
appears that the State was attempting to ask a more direct question and avoid Appellant’s
objection.    On appeal, Appellant asserts that Goodman testified that it was a “high–speed
impact.” That was not his testimony. Goodman testified that it was a very forceful impact and
later testified, without contemporaneous objection, that it was consistent with someone travelling
faster than the speed limit.        Because Appellant did not object to the testimony about the
forcefulness of the impact, no complaint is preserved for appellate review. Assuming Appellant
preserved a complaint as to Goodman’s testimony that Appellant was exceeding the speed limit,
such evidence is not reversible error in this case because Appellant did not object when other
witnesses offered the same testimony. See Leday, 983 S.W.2d at 718.
        Emilee Alcock
        The State asked fourteen year old Emilee Alcock the following question, “About how fast
would you estimate just approximately do you think [Appellant’s vehicle] was going?”
Appellant objected on the basis of Alcock’s lack of qualifications to answer the question,
pointing out that she was not old enough to have a driver’s license. The court overruled the
objection, and Alcock estimated that Appellant was travelling at thirty–five to forty miles an
hour before the collision.
        The State agrees that it was improper to allow Alcock to estimate the speed of
Appellant’s vehicle.6 The State argues that Appellant waived this objection because she failed to
object to other witnesses who testified as to their opinions about the speed of Appellant’s
vehicle. However, no other witness made a specific estimate about the speed of the vehicle.
Several witnesses testified that Appellant was travelling over the speed limit.                    And others
testified that Appellant was travelling too fast for the roadway. There was no objection to that
testimony, so any error in admitting Alcock’s statement that Appellant was travelling too fast is
not reversible error. See Leday, 983 S.W.2d at 718.
        Alcock’s specific, numerical estimate of the speed of Appellant’s vehicle was not
duplicated by the other witnesses. Any qualifications the fourteen year old Alcock possessed to

        6
          The relevant portion of the brief reads as follows: “Appellant then argues that Emilee Alcock was
improperly allowed, over [Appellant’s] objection, to estimate the speed of Appellant’s vehicle. [] This is true.”
                                                       11
make a specific estimate as to the speed of Appellant’s vehicle were not presented by the State
before it elicited that estimate from her. Nevertheless, we hold that this error is harmless. See
TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b); Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).
Alcock’s specific estimate of the speed is not inconsistent with the testimony of other witnesses
and may actually have served to damp down the jury’s estimate of the speed the vehicle was
travelling. Cf. Ochoa v. State, 994 S.W.2d 283, 285 (Tex. App.–El Paso 1999, no pet.) (error in
admitting radar evidence harmless because defendant did not object to officer’s testimony that, in
his opinion, appellant exceeded speed limit). Furthermore, it is unlikely that the jury was
unreasonably swayed by the testimony of a fourteen year old as to the speed of a motor vehicle,
especially in this instance where the State did not offer any foundation on which the jury could
conclude that Alcock had any basis to make such an estimate. Accordingly, we hold that any
error in the admission of Alcock’s specific estimate of the speed of Appellant’s vehicle did not
have a substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict. After
examining the record as a whole, we have a fair assurance that any error did not influence the
jury, or had but slight effect. See Morales v. State, 32 S.W.3d 862, 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
       Kristin Kubin
       Kristin Kubin answered in the affirmative when asked, “And do you feel like that car was
going faster than 25 miles an hour?” At the time of trial, Kubin was a young person not yet of
legal driving age. Appellant did not object to this testimony and has not preserved a complaint
about this testimony for appellate review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.
       Pat Kesey
       Pat Kesey testified that Appellant’s car was travelling “fast” and that it appeared to her to
be a “red streak.” She also answered in the affirmative when asked if Appellant was travelling
“way too fast” for the road. Appellant did not object to this testimony and has not preserved a
complaint about this testimony for appellate review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.
       Denver Gentry
       Denver Gentry, a supervisor of patrol officers working within Hide-A-Way Lake,
testified that in his estimation, Appellant was travelling over the speed limit at the time of the
wreck. Appellant did not object to this testimony and has not preserved a complaint about this
testimony for appellate review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.
                                                12
         Aaron Goodwin
         Aaron Goodwin, a paramedic, testified that there was “a lot of speed involved” based on
his assessment of the damage to the vehicles and the injuries. Appellant did not object to this
testimony and has not preserved a complaint about this testimony for appellate review. See TEX.
R. APP. P. 33.1.
         Detective Martin
         Detective Martin testified that he was not an accident reconstruction expert, but he
described the accident as a “high–force impact.” Appellant did not object to this testimony and
has not preserved a complaint about this testimony for appellate review. See TEX. R. APP. P.
33.1.
Conclusion
         Appellant objected to Alcock’s testimony in which she estimated the speed of
Appellant’s vehicle immediately before the wreck. Appellant did not object to several other
witnesses who testified that Appellant was driving too fast or that the impact of the wreck was
powerful. Those complaints, therefore, are not preserved for our review. To the extent that
Alcock’s testimony is the same as the testimony of the other witnesses admitted without
objection, Appellant has not shown reversible error. Any error in the admission of a specific
estimate of the speed of Appellant’s vehicle is harmless. We overruled Appellant’s fifth issue.

                                                    DISPOSITION
         Having overruled Appellant’s five issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                                  SAM GRIFFITH
                                                                      Justice

Opinion delivered May 28, 2010.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Griffith, J., and Hoyle, J.

                                                    (PUBLISH)

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