Court Opinion

ID: 9959396
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-11 17:01:33.071045+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:18:29.925946
License: Public Domain

Slip Op. 24-44

               UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

 ASSAN ALUMINYUM                SANAYI      VE
 TICARET A.S.,

               Plaintiff and Consolidated
               Defendant-Intervenor,

        v.

 UNITED STATES,

               Defendant,

        and
                                                   Before: Gary S. Katzmann, Judge
 ALUMINUM ASSOCIATION COMMON                       Consol. Court No. 21-00246
 ALLOY ALUMINUM SHEET TRADE
 ENFORCEMENT WORKING GROUP AND
 ITS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS, ALERIS
 ROLLED PRODUCTS, INC.; ARCONIC
 CORPORATION;    COMMONWEALTH
 ROLLED       PRODUCTS       INC.;
 CONSTELLIUM ROLLED PRODUCTS
 RAVENSWOOD, LLC; JW ALUMINUM
 COMPANY; NOVELIS CORPORATION;
 AND TEXARKANA ALUMINUM, INC.,

               Defendant-Intervenors and
               Consolidated Plaintiffs.

                                          OPINION

[ The court remands Commerce’s Remand Results. ]

                                                                         Dated: April 11, 2024

Leah Scarpelli, Arent Fox LLP, of Washington, D.C., argued for Plaintiff and Consolidated
Defendant-Intervenor Assan Aluminyum Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. With her on the briefs were
Matthew M. Nolan and Jessica R. DiPietro.

Kyle S. Beckrich, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department
Consol. Court No. 21-00246                                                                 Page 2

of Justice, of Washington, D.C., argued for Defendant the United States. With him on the briefs
were Brian M. Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Patricia M. McCarthy,
Director, and Reginald T. Blades, Jr., Assistant Director. Of counsel on the brief was Ashlande
Gelin, Attorney, Office of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement and Compliance, U.S.
Department of Commerce, of Washington, D.C.

John M. Herrmann, Kelley Drye & Warren LLP, of Washington, D.C., argued for Defendant-
Intervenors and Consolidated Plaintiffs Aluminum Association Common Alloy Aluminum Sheet
Trade Enforcement Working Group and its Individual Members Aleris Rolled Products, Inc.,
Arconic Corporation, Commonwealth Rolled Products Inc., Constellium Rolled Products
Ravenswood, LLC, JW Aluminum Company, Novelis Corporation, and Texarkana Aluminum,
Inc. With him on the brief were Paul C. Rosenthal and Joshua R. Morey.

       Katzmann, Judge: Last year, the court granted a voluntary remand request by Defendant

the United States (“the Government”) to allow the U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce”)

to recalculate a duty drawback adjustment. See Assan Aluminyum Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. v.

United States, 47 CIT __, 624 F. Supp. 3d 1343 (2023) (“Assan I”). 1 The original calculation, the

Government acknowledged, was incompatible with a recent holding by the U.S. Court of Appeals

for the Federal Circuit (“Federal Circuit”) that disfavored “duty neutral” adjustment

methodologies. Id. at 1362–63; see also Uttam Galva Steels Ltd. v. United States, 42 CIT __, __,

311 F. Supp. 3d 1345, 1355 (2018), aff’d, 997 F.3d 1192 (Fed Cir. 2021).

       On remand, Commerce’s recalculation resulted in a larger drawback adjustment—and

accordingly a higher calculated export price—for Assan Aluminyum Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S.

(“Assan”), a Turkish producer of subject merchandise. Redetermination Pursuant to Court

Remand Order at 16 (Dep’t Com. May 31, 2023), ECF No. 94 (“Remand Results”). This in turn

1
  To ensure internal consistency and compatibility with future publication formats, the court
represents Turkish-language proper names without diacritics. For example, the name “Assan
$OPLQ\XP6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$ù” becomes “Assan Aluminyum Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S.” See,
e.g., Civility Experts Worldwide v. Molly Manners, LLC, 167 F. Supp. 3d 1179, 1191 n.5 (D.
Colo. 2016) (omitting French diacritics); Akina v. Hawaii, 141 F. Supp. 3d 1106, 1111 n.1 (D.
Haw. 2015) (Hawaiian).
Consol. Court No. 21-00246                                                                    Page 3

brought Assan’s overall dumping margin below the de minimis level. See id. If upheld,

Commerce’s redetermination would thus extinguish Assan’s entire antidumping duty liability for

the period of investigation. See 19 U.S.C. §§ 1673b(b)(3), 1673d(a)(4).

       A consortium of U.S. aluminum producers, the Aluminum Association Common Alloy

Aluminum Sheet Trade Enforcement Working Group and its Individual Members (“Association”),

challenges this redetermination. See Consol. Pls.’ Cmts. on Remand Redetermination, June 30,

2023, ECF No. 100 (“Ass’n’s Br.”). That challenge is now before the court. To resolve it, the

court must examine the interaction between Commerce’s new adjustment methodology and the

Turkish government’s system for exempting import duties.

       The court concludes that Commerce’s new methodology, as currently explained, does not

take proper account of the Turkish exemption system.            The court accordingly remands

Commerce’s redetermination for further explanation or reconsideration.

                                       BACKGROUND

       I.      Legal and Regulatory Framework

       The court set forth the legal framework of Commerce’s application of duty drawback

adjustments in Assan I, 624 F. Supp. 3d at 1356. The key provision is as follows:

       The price used to establish export price and constructed export price shall be . . .
       increased by . . . the amount of any import duties imposed by the country of
       exportation which have been rebated, or which have not been collected, by reason
       of the exportation of the subject merchandise to the United States . . . .

19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(1)(B). In other words, “a duty drawback adjustment shall be granted when,

but for the exportation of the subject merchandise to the United States, the manufacturer would

have shouldered the cost of an import duty.” Saha Thai Steel Pipe (Pub.) Co. v. United States, 635

F.3d 1335, 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2011).
Consol. Court No. 21-00246                                                                     Page 4

       The court in Assan I also discussed the Turkish government’s system—known as an Inward

Processing Regime (“IPR”)—for exempting duty liability on imports of input materials “if the

exporter satisfies certain requirements”:

       Specifically, interested firms in Turkey secure Inward Processing Certificates
       (“IPC”), which represent that inputs used for the production of relevant exports fall
       within the same 8-digit HTS classification as those inputs for which an exemption
       has been sought. Duty liability is extinguished when an IPC is “closed,” meaning
       that an exporter has demonstrated sufficient amounts of corresponding imports and
       exports to Turkish authorities.

624 F. Supp. 3d at 1357 (footnote and citation omitted). An IPC holder has two options: it can

either pay import duties as usual and then obtain a refund of those duties upon the closure of an

IPC, or it can pay no import duties at the time of importation and instead submit a guarantee

(effectively an IOU) for the amount that would otherwise be owed. See Letter from Mayer Brown,

LLP to W. Ross, Sec’y of Com., re: Section C Questionnaire Response at 42 (June 29, 2020), P.R.

142–43, C.R. 52 (“Assan Questionnaire Resp.”). 2 Either way, an IPC holder remains liable for

any import duties incurred until it exports a sufficient quantity of qualifying merchandise to close

the IPC. See id. at 42. If an IPC does not close, the result is “retroactive collection” by the Turkish

government “of all the customs duties, charges and VAT, as applicable, plus penalties.” Id. at 43.

       Commerce’s practice is to decline to apply a duty drawback adjustment on the basis of an

IPC until that IPC is closed. See, e.g., Habas Sinai ve Tibbi Gazlar Istihsal Endustrisi, A.S. v.

United States, 44 CIT __, __, 439 F. Supp. 3d 1342, 1349 (2020) (“Commerce reasonably

predicates its inclusion of IPCs on evidence of closure as demonstrating final duty exemption . . .

2
  “P.R.” and “C.R.” respectively refer to the (pre-remand) Public Record and Confidential Record
in this case. See Pub. Joint App’x, Apr. 7, 2022, ECF No. 48; Conf. Joint App’x, Apr. 7, 2022,
ECF No. 47. “P.R.R.” and “C.R.R.” respectively refer to the Public Remand Record and
Confidential Remand Record. See Pub. Remand Joint App’x, Aug. 14, 2023, ECF No. 108; Conf.
Remand Joint App’x, Aug. 14, 2023, ECF No. 107.
Consol. Court No. 21-00246                                                                  Page 5

.”); Icdas Celik Enerji Tersane ve Ulasim Sanayi A.S. v. United States, 47 CIT __, __, 654

F. Supp. 3d 1311, 1319 (2023) (“Commerce declined to provide Icdas any adjustment because

Icdas did not provide evidence that demonstrated that any of the IPCs were closed.”); see also

Def.’s Resp. to Cmts. on Remand Redetermination at 5–6, July 31, 2023, ECF No. 103 (“Gov’t

Resp.”). Over the past decade, however, Commerce has applied an increasingly strict definition

of IPC closure for the purpose of determining entitlement to a duty drawback adjustment. See

Icdas, 654 F. Supp. 3d at 1320–21. Whereas Commerce used to require a mere demonstration that

“the exporting company has applied to the Turkish government for closure,” Commerce now

requires “some indication from the [Turkish government] that the IPC was approved.” Id. (internal

quotation marks and citations omitted).

       II.     Procedural History

       The court presumes familiarity with the background of this case as of the court’s decision

in Assan I. In Assan I, the court sustained “Commerce’s general grant of a duty drawback

adjustment to Assan.” 624 F. Supp. 3d at 1362. 3 As to Commerce’s specific calculation of that

adjustment, however, the court granted the Government’s request for a voluntary remand on the

ground that “[a] remand is generally required when an intervening event affects the validity of the

3
  Assan I also involved four unrelated issues. The court (1) sustained Commerce’s denial to Assan
of a home market rebate adjustment, (2) sustained Commerce’s deduction of Assan’s affiliated
freight costs from its calculation of Assan’s constructed export price, (3) remanded for further
explanation Commerce’s determination not to apply an adverse inference as to Assan’s reporting
of certain billing adjustments, and (4) stayed consideration of Assan’s challenge to Commerce’s
deduction of certain tariffs until the Federal Circuit’s then-pending decision in Borusan
Mannesmann Boru Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. v. United States, 63 F.4th 25 (Fed. Cir. 2023). Because
the Remand Results announce a de minimis dumping margin for Assan, these issues are not now
live. See Assan’s Cmts. on Remand Redetermination at 9, June 30, 2023, ECF No. 99 (“Assan’s
Br.”) (“Assan supports the Final Remand Redetermination and will not request a second remand
to the agency on . . . [the adverse inference] issue solely in the interest of expediency.”).
Consol. Court No. 21-00246                                                                   Page 6

agency action.” Assan I, 624 F. Supp. 3d at 1363 (citing SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 254 F.3d

1022, 1028 (Fed. Cir. 2001)). The intervening event in question was the Federal Circuit’s May

2021 decision in Uttam Galva, 997 F.3d 1192. The decision affected the validity of Commerce’s

determination because Commerce had “allocated the exempted duties over Assan’s total

production rather than over only Assan’s total exports of the subject merchandise, thereby utilizing

a so-called ‘duty neutral methodology.’௘” Assan I, 624 F. Supp. 3d at 1362; see also Common Alloy

Aluminum Sheet from Turkey: Final Affirmative Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value,

86 Fed. Reg. 13326 (Dep’t Com. Mar. 8, 2021), P.R. 358. In Uttam Galva, however, the Federal

Circuit held that “[t]here is no basis” in 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(1)(B) for dividing exempted duties

by both exports and home-market sales of subject merchandise. 997 F.3d at 1197.

       Commerce issued a draft redetermination and a revised dumping margin calculation on

May 10, 2023. See Draft Results of Redetermination & Revised Margin Calculation for Assan

Aluminyum Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. (Dep’t Com. May 10, 2023), C.R.R. 1, P.R.R. 2 (“Draft

Remand Results”). Referring (seemingly) to the Federal Circuit, Commerce stated that it “revised

its calculation of duty drawback consistent with the Court’s opinion that the statute requires an

upward adjustment to [Constructed Export Price] based on the entire drawback.” Id. at 2.

Commerce stated that it accomplished this “by dividing the amount of duties exempted on the

Inward Processing Certificate (IPC) closed during the [period of investigation] over the total

quantity of exports made under that closed IPC.” Id. This calculation yielded a “a per-unit duty

drawback” figure that Commerce added to the adjusted gross unit price of each of Assan’s U.S.

sales of subject merchandise. Id. at 3.
Consol. Court No. 21-00246                                                               Page 7

       Before Commerce’s revised drawback adjustment, the dumping margin 4 Commerce

calculated for Assan hovered barely above the 2 percent de minimis level. Assan I, 624 F. Supp.

at 1380. Following the revised adjustment, which increased Assan’s calculated export price, the

margin dropped below the de minimis level. Draft Remand Results at 16.

       The Association submitted comments on the Draft Remand Results, arguing that

Commerce’s revised methodology was flawed and proposing an alternate methodology that it

suggested Commerce adopt instead. See Letter from Association to G. Raimondo, Sec’y of Com.,

re: Comments on Draft Redetermination (May 17, 2023), C.R.R. 11, P.R.R. 8 (“Ass’n’s Cmts. on

Draft Remand Results”). Assan objected to the Association’s comments on the ground that they

contained “new arguments . . . which were not previously raised before this agency or the

reviewing court.” Letter from Assan to G. Raimondo, Sec’y of Com., re: Objection to Petitioner’s

Comments on Draft Redetermination and Request to Strike New Factual Information at 1–2 (May

23, 2023), C.R.R. 12, P.R.R. 9.      Assan stated that the Association’s proposed alternate

methodology constituted “untimely filed new factual information” and should therefore “be

stricken from the record of this proceeding.” Id. at 2 (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2637(d)). Assan also

filed comments of its own. See Letter from Assan to G. Raimondo, Sec’y of Com., re: Assan’s

Comments on Draft Remand Redetermination Pursuant to Court Remand (May 17, 2023), Bar

Code 4377730-01.

       Commerce made no changes to the Draft Remand Results and issued a final remand

redetermination on May 31, 2023. See Remand Results at 16. The Association and Assan each

4
  A dumping margin is “the amount by which the normal value exceeds the export price or
constructed export price of the subject merchandise.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35)(A). An adjustment
that increases (constructed) export price thus decreases the ultimate dumping margin.
Consol. Court No. 21-00246                                                                 Page 8

filed comments before the court. See Assan’s Br.; Ass’n’s Br. The Government responded to both

comments, see Gov’t Resp., and the Association and Assan each filed responses to the other’s

comments. See Assan’s Resp. to Cmts. on Remand Redetermination, July 31, 2023, ECF No. 104

(“Assan’s Resp.”); Ass’n’s Resp. to Assan’s Cmts. on Remand Redetermination, July 31, 2023,

ECF No. 106 (“Ass’n’s Resp.”).

       On August 14, 2023, the Association moved for oral argument. See Ass’n’s Request for

Leave to File and Mot. for Oral Arg., Aug. 14, 2023, ECF No. 109. The court granted this motion

and issued questions to the parties. See Ct.’s Qs. for Oral Arg., Jan. 18, 2024, ECF No. 111. Oral

argument took place on January 25, 2024. See Oral Arg. Tr., Jan. 26, 2024, ECF No. 114 (“Oral

Arg. Tr.”). At that argument and in a subsequent letter, the court ordered the parties to file

additional briefs in response to the court’s supplemental questions. See Ct.’s Supp. Qs., Jan. 26,

2024, ECF No. 113. The parties did so. See Assan’s Resp. to Supp. Qs., Jan. 31, 2024, ECF No.

115; Ass’n’s Resp. to Supp. Qs., Jan. 31, 2024, ECF No. 116; Gov’t Resp. to Supp. Qs., Jan. 31,

2024, ECF No. 118.

                     JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The court has jurisdiction over this action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) and 19 U.S.C.

§ 1516a(a)(2)(A)(i)(I), (a)(2)(B)(ii). 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(l)(B)(i) provides the standard of

review: “The court shall hold unlawful any determination, finding or conclusion found . . . to be

unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law,” id.;

see also Huaiyin Foreign Trade Corp. v. United States, 322 F.3d 1369, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2003),

“which includes compliance with the court’s remand order,” SMA Surfaces, Inc. v. United States,

47 CIT __, __, 658 F. Supp. 3d 1325, 1328 (2023).
Consol. Court No. 21-00246                                                                   Page 9

       Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as

adequate to support a conclusion.” Broadcom Corp. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 28 F.4th 240, 249

(Fed. Cir. 2022). To be supported by substantial evidence, a determination must account for

evidence in the record that fairly detracts from its weight, CS Wind Viet. Co. v. United States, 832

F.3d 1367, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2016), including “contradictory evidence or evidence from which

conflicting inferences could be drawn,” Suramerica de Aleaciones Laminadas, C.A. v. United

States, 44 F.3d 978, 985 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (quoting Universal Camera Corp. v. N.L.R.B., 340 U.S.

474, 487 (1951)).

       An agency acts contrary to law if its decisionmaking is arbitrary or unreasoned. Burlington

Truck Lines v. United States, 371 U.S. 156, 167–68 (1962). Commerce must establish and

articulate a “rational connection between the facts found and the choice[s] made.” Id. at 168; see

also Yangzhou Bestpak Gifts & Crafts Co. v. United States, 716 F.3d 1370, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2013).

                                          DISCUSSION

       During the period of investigation, Assan exported subject merchandise to the United

States under four distinct Turkish IPCs. See Assan Questionnaire Resp. at Ex. C-10. One of these

IPCs closed during the period of investigation; the other three remained open. See id.; Oral Arg.

Tr. at 7. Sales of subject merchandise exported under the closed IPC contributed to Assan’s receipt

of duty exemptions from the Turkish government. See Remand Results at 10. But Assan’s sales

under the three IPCs that remained open did not have this consequence. Under Turkey’s Inward

Processing Regime, the Turkish government does not grant drawbacks or exemptions “earned”

under an IPC until the entire import balance of the IPC is matched by an equivalent value of

exports. Assan I, 624 F. Supp at 1357. This means that an export under an open IPC does not

result in a duty exemption (or drawback) until additional exports reach the amount required to
Consol. Court No. 21-00246                                                                 Page 10

close the IPC. Id. As the Government puts it, “a duty liability remains contingent until an IPC is

closed by the Turkish government.” Gov’t Resp. at 7.

       In this case, Commerce applied a duty drawback adjustment to all of Assan’s U.S. sales of

subject merchandise even though only some of those sales contributed directly to Assan’s receipt

of exemptions during the period of investigation. Commerce did this by (1) deriving a uniform

per-unit duty drawback rate from the exports attributable to the closed IPC—dividing “the amount

of total duties exempted on the IPC closed during the [period of investigation] over the total

quantity of exports made under that closed IPC to calculate a per-unit duty drawback

adjustment”—and (2) applying that adjustment to all of Assan’s sales of subject merchandise.

Remand Results at 12. As a result, Commerce applied a duty drawback adjustment to certain U.S.

sales of merchandise whose export did not contribute to Assan’s receipt of the Turkish duty

exemptions used to calculate the adjustment. Commerce stated that this methodology nevertheless

“reasonably reflects the duties actually exempted for the exports of subject merchandise made to

the United States during the [period of investigation].” Id.

       The Association disagrees, arguing that Commerce’s methodology is not in accordance

with 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(1)(B)’s limitation of upward export price adjustments to “the amount

of any import duties imposed by the country of exportation which have been rebated, or which

have not been collected, by reason of the exportation of the subject merchandise to the United

States.” See Ass’n’s Br. at 4. The Association argues that Commerce ignored “a temporal aspect

of the statute” by applying a per-unit drawback adjustment to increase the calculated price of sales

of merchandise whose exportation from Turkey did not yet earn a duty exemption (because their

associated IPCs remained open during the period of investigation). Id. at 6.
Consol. Court No. 21-00246                                                                Page 11

       The Government responds that Commerce’s application of a duty drawback adjustment to

sales under open IPCs was lawful because “the record demonstrates” that with respect to all of

Assan’s U.S. sales, “a connection exists between the non-payment of import duties and the

exportation of subject merchandise to the United States.” Gov’t Resp. at 7. According to the

Government, Commerce’s application of a closed IPC–derived duty drawback adjustment to open-

IPC U.S. sales is consistent with the Federal Circuit’s holding in Uttam Galva that

§ 1677a(c)(1)(B) “requires an adjustment to ‘export price’ based on the full extent of the duty

drawback” and that “[i]t does not impose an additional requirement that the respondent trace

particular imported goods to U.S. exports.” Id. (quoting 997 F.3d at 1197–98).

       I.      Commerce’s Revised Duty Drawback Adjustment Is Not in Accordance with
               Law

       It appears that Commerce’s revised methodology impermissibly increased Assan’s export

price by more than “the amount of any import duties imposed by the country of exportation which

have been rebated, or which have not been collected, by reason of the exportation of the subject

merchandise to the United States.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(1)(B). This is because Commerce

calculated a per-unit duty drawback adjustment on the basis of a single closed IPC and applied that

adjustment to all of Assan’s U.S. sales of subject merchandise, including to sales of merchandise

exported under open IPCs. See Draft Remand Results at 3. Even though certain open-IPC sales

did not earn “benefits of the exempted duties,” Gov’t Resp. at 3, Commerce adjusted its calculation

of their U.S. prices as though they did. There was no clear statutory basis for doing so. Under

what the Government acknowledges is Commerce’s practice, the amount of exempted duties under

an open IPC is zero. See Gov’t Resp. at 3, 7 (“[A] duty liability remains contingent until an IPC

is closed by the Turkish government.”). The adjustments to open-IPC sales thus exceed, in their
Consol. Court No. 21-00246                                                                   Page 12

entirety, “the amount” of duties exempted by the Turkish government “by reason of” the open-IPC

exports of subject merchandise to the United States. 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(1)(B).

       The Government argues that applying the closed-IPC–derived drawback adjustment to

open-IPC sales nevertheless “reasonably reflects the duties exempted for the exports of subject

merchandise made to the U.S. during the period of investigation.” Gov’t Resp. at 10. Assan

develops this argument further, stating that “Commerce has endorsed a general principle whereby

one closed [IPC] is used as a proxy for other IPCs in its drawback calculation,” Assan’s Resp. to

Supp. Qs. at 1, and that “[b]ecause all of Assan’s U.S. sales are made pursuant to an IPC, and are

thus eligible for a drawback adjustment, application of the calculated per-unit adjustment to all

U.S. sales is appropriate and does not involve any ‘unrelated’ duty liability,” Assan’s Resp. at 3

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

       These arguments assert reasonableness but do not demonstrate it: neither the Government

nor Assan explains why it was reasonable for Commerce to adjust the calculated price of open-

IPC sales using a per-unit adjustment derived from duties exempted under a closed IPC. The

Government’s reference to “duties exempted for the exports of subject merchandise,” Gov’t Resp.

at 10, appears to refer only to duties exempted pursuant to the closure of the closed IPC. This

leaves unanswered the question of why Commerce extended an adjustment based on these closed-

IPC exempted duties to increase anything more than the calculated price of closed-IPC U.S. sales.

       Assan’s suggestion that it was reasonable for Commerce to adjust the price of all of Assan’s

U.S. sales of subject merchandise because all were made pursuant to “an IPC,” Assan’s Resp. at

3, is similarly unpersuasive. It appears to rest on a tacit assumption that an IPC that is open during

the period of investigation will close at some point in the future—such that it is reasonable to treat
Consol. Court No. 21-00246                                                               Page 13

all IPCs, open or closed, as closed for the purpose of calculating drawback adjustments. 5 But

Commerce itself appears to have rejected the validity of this assumption, meaning that “the

grounds upon which [Commerce] acted in exercising its powers” are not those upon which Assan

suggests that Commerce’s “action can be sustained.” SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 95

(1943). “Commerce’s practice,” the Government explains, “is to consider the benefits of the

exempted duties once an [IPC] is closed.” Gov’t Resp. at 3; see also Icdas, 654 F. Supp. 3d at

1320–21 (collecting Commerce determinations); see also Assan’s Resp. to Supp. Qs. at 2

(describing Commerce’s “requirement that IPCs be ‘closed’ to be included in the numerator of the

per-unit calculation” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). An open IPC yields no duty

exemptions during the period of investigation—and indeed may never close at all. See Assan

Questionnaire Resp. at 43.

       The court does not read 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(1)(B) to allow deeming the background

operation of an IPC scheme to confer exempt status on certain unexempted duties under open IPCs

for the narrow purpose of calculating drawbacks. “[T]he statute,” the court has explained,

“references only import duties, not import duty programs.” Saha Thai Steel Pipe (Public) Co. v.

United States, 33 CIT 1541, 1543 (2009). In other words, Commerce’s directive is to predicate

drawback adjustments on the exemption of duties—not a likelihood of future exemption through

5
  The Government raised a similar point at oral argument, stating that although Commerce’s
methodology in this case “could result, in some cases, in a slightly higher duty drawback
adjustment, or a slightly lower duty drawback adjustment,” applying a uniform adjustment derived
from one closed IPC is “probably going to work out right, because Commerce is using the
consumption ratios under the closed IPC, which are unlikely to vary much from IPC to IPC.” Oral
Arg. Tr. at 45. As with Assan’s argument, however, this argument rests on an unstated and
unsupported assumption that the open IPCs (for which the closed IPC serves as a proxy) will close
in the future.
Consol. Court No. 21-00246                                                                 Page 14

the contingent operation of a foreign government’s duty exemption scheme.

       Assan further argues that “Commerce properly granted Assan a full adjustment to U.S.

price in accordance with its usual practice, i.e.[,] by dividing the amount of the uncollected duty

under the closed IPC by Assan’s total exports covered by that closed IPC and applying that per-

unit adjustment to Assan’s U.S. sales.” Assan’s Br. at 11. But Assan does not substantiate this

description of Commerce’s “practice” with an example of a past determination or case in which

Commerce has applied a uniform per-unit adjustment to increase the calculated price of both

closed- and open-IPC sales. As Assan acknowledged at oral argument, this aspect of Commerce’s

methodology has never been litigated before. See Oral Arg. Tr. at 35.

       By focusing narrowly on Commerce’s initial calculation of the per-unit adjustment, Assan

loses sight of the equally important consideration of that adjustment’s application. Recall that the

per-unit adjustment is intended to reflect, as a practical matter, “the amount of any import duties

imposed by the country of exportation which have been rebated, or which have not been collected,

by reason of the exportation of the subject merchandise to the United States.” 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677a(c)(1)(B). Even if this adjustment is based on an internally correct numerator and

denominator as to one IPC, it may cease to reflect “the amount” of exempted duties if it is

subsequently applied to sales of merchandise whose exportation did not earn any duty exemptions

at all during the period of investigation. It would be analogously incongruous to apply one

taxpayer’s properly-calculated deductions to another taxpayer’s income. See 26 U.S.C. § 161.

       The Government, meanwhile, transplants Uttam Galva to an inapplicable context. Uttam

Galva involved an Indian steel producer that imported input materials into India and used those

materials together with Indian-origin inputs to produce outputs that were exported to the United
Consol. Court No. 21-00246                                                                Page 15

States as subject merchandise, resulting in the producer’s receipt of duty drawbacks from the

Indian government. 997 F.3d at 1195–96. Commerce’s drawback adjustment methodology

reduced 6 the amount of the export price adjustment based on the estimated proportion of drawback-

earning U.S.-bound exports of subject merchandise that incorporated non-dutiable Indian-origin

input materials. Uttam Galva, 997 F.3d at 1195–96; see also Uttam Galva, 42 CIT at __, 311

F. Supp. 3d at 1352–53. The Federal Circuit held that this was unlawful, explaining that “[i]t does

not make a difference whether the imported inputs that qualified for a drawback were actually

incorporated into goods sold in the exporter’s domestic market.” Uttam Galva, 997 F.3d at 1198.

In other words, Commerce failed to implement 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(1)(B) when it reduced an

export price adjustment to account for a foreign manufacturing process that incorporated non-

dutiable, non-imported inputs into subject merchandise. See id. at 1198. Where an importer’s

country’s government exempts duties “by reason of the exportation of the subject merchandise to

the United States,” 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(1)(B), Commerce is to adjust export price by the full

amount of the exemption—regardless of the destination of the imports that incurred the exempted

duties. See Uttam Galva, 997 F.3d at 1198.

6
  Commerce did this by “allocat[ing] the import duties exempted or rebated based on the import
duty absorbed into, or imbedded in, the overall cost of producing the merchandise under
consideration.” Id. at 1196 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Commerce calculated
the duty adjustment by dividing the amount of exempted duties by the cost of all production of
merchandise, not just the production of U.S.-bound exports. Uttam Galva Steels Ltd. v. United
States, 42 CIT __, __, 311 F. Supp. 3d 1345, 1352–53 (2018). This, in turn, was based on
Commerce’s assumption that “imported raw material and the domestically sourced raw material
are proportionally consumed in producing the merchandise, whether sold domestically or
exported.” Id. at 1352 (citation omitted). In other words, Commerce diluted the duty drawback
adjustment to export price to account for the estimated proportional use of Indian-origin inputs in
producing U.S.-bound subject merchandise. See id.
Consol. Court No. 21-00246                                                                 Page 16

       All parties agree that Commerce avoided the Uttam Galva pitfall in this case. See Remand

Results at 16; Assan’s Resp. at 10–11. But § 1677a(c)(1)(B) is not a single-pitfall provision.

There are other ways to increase export price by an amount other than “the amount of any import

duties imposed by the country of exportation which have been rebated, or which have not been

collected by reason of the exportation of the subject merchandise to the United States.” 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677a(c)(1)(B). One of them is to increase export price by an amount that includes duties which

have been collected and not rebated as of the end of the period of investigation—which is precisely

what Commerce appears to have done in this remand proceeding. The court accordingly remands

the Remand Results for Commerce’s reconsideration or further explanation of its adjustment

calculation methodology.

       II.     Commerce Did Not Adequately Explain Its Determination

       Remand is also warranted for the separate reason that Commerce failed to adequately

explain its redetermination. See Borusan Mannesmann Boru Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. v. United

States, 41 CIT __, __, 222 F. Supp. 3d 1255, 1269 (2017). Commerce is required to provide “an

explanation of the basis for its determination that addresses relevant arguments, made by interested

parties who are parties to the investigation or review.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677f(i)(3)(A); see also Motor

Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983);

Timken U.S. Corp. v. United States, 421 F.3d 1350, 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (holding that § 1677f(i)

codifies the State Farm standard). And while the court will “uphold a decision of less than ideal

clarity if the agency’s path may reasonably be discerned,” State Farm, 463 U.S. at 43 (quoting

Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Ark.-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 286 (1974)), Commerce’s

explanation “must reasonably tie the determination under review to the governing statutory
Consol. Court No. 21-00246                                                                  Page 17

standard and to the record evidence by indicating . . . what facts the agency is finding,” CS Wind

Viet. Co, 832 F.3d at 1376.

       The Remand Results do not meet this standard because Commerce did not substantively

address two of the Association’s relevant arguments.          First, the Association argued that

Commerce’s drawback methodology improperly applied a closed IPC–derived adjustment to

open-IPC sales:

       By assigning to each U.S. sale a per-unit drawback amount that applies only to
       exports made pursuant to [the closed IPC], regardless of whether Assan exported
       that U.S. sale pursuant to [the closed IPC], the Department . . . exaggerates the duty
       drawback applicable to Assan’s U.S. sales. Because the Department has identified
       no record evidence that Assan exported all its U.S. sales pursuant to [the closed
       IPC], the Department’s methodology for Assan’s reported per-unit drawback is
       unsupported by substantial evidence.

Ass’n’s Cmts. on Draft Remand Results at 4. Commerce acknowledged this argument in its

“Petitioner’s Comments” summary and restated it as follows: “By assigning to each U.S. sale a

per-unit drawback amount that applies only to exports made pursuant to the closed IPC, regardless

of whether Assan exported that U.S. sale pursuant to that closed IPC, Commerce exaggerates the

duty drawback applicable to Assan’s U.S. sales.” Remand Results at 10.

       But instead of addressing the Association’s argument directly, Commerce devoted its

response to a discussion of how the record “demonstrate[s] that a reasonable link exists between

the duties imposed and those rebated or exempted.” Id. at 11 (citing Maverick Tube Corp. v.

Toscelik Profil ve Sac Endustrisi A.S., 861 F.3d 1269, 1274 (Fed. Cir. 2017)). Referring

repeatedly to Uttam Galva (which, as explained above, does not apply to the Association’s

challenge here), Commerce stated (twice, verbatim) that its methodology “reasonably reflects the

duties actually exempted for the exports of subject merchandise made to the United States during

the [period of investigation].” Id. at 12–14. Commerce thus misconstrued the Association’s
Consol. Court No. 21-00246                                                                  Page 18

argument as applying to a link between duties imposed and duties exempted. In fact, the

Association’s argument did not concern the nature of Turkish import duties or their links to

exported merchandise. What the Association did challenge was the link between duties exempted

and adjustments applied. Perhaps because of this misreading, Commerce did not acknowledge the

Association’s argument regarding the permissibility of applying a closed-IPC–derived duty

drawback adjustment to open-IPC U.S. sales.

        Commerce instead raised the specter of “tracing”—whereby a methodology runs afoul of

Uttam Galva by attempting to match imported inputs to exported outputs—and claimed that the

Association’s proposed alternative methodology invokes that concern. See Remand Results at 12.

But this kind of “tracing” is not relevant here. The Association has not advanced an alternative

methodology whereby the amount of Commerce’s duty drawback adjustment would depend on

the nature of the pre-production sources of Assan’s inputs. See Ass’n’s Cmts. on Draft Remand

Results at 7. What the Association recommends “tracing” is the link between the exemption of a

duty and the U.S. sale that earns a corresponding drawback adjustment. Id. That kind of tracing

was not at issue in Uttam Galva, and the Federal Circuit accordingly did not address it.

       Avoidance of the type of “tracing” referenced by the Federal Circuit in Uttam Galva has a

decades-long history in Commerce’s determinations. It stems from Commerce’s reasonable need

to relieve itself “of the difficult, if not impossible, task of determining whether the raw materials

used in producing the exported merchandise actually came from imported or domestic sources.”

Far E. Mach. Co. v. United States, 12 CIT 428, 431, 688 F. Supp. 610, 612 (1988). Based on

Commerce’s explanation here, however, the court cannot discern how the task the Association

suggests that Commerce undertake—attributing specific adjustments to specific duty
Consol. Court No. 21-00246                                                                  Page 19

exemptions—would implicate this concern. Commerce has not established that linking U.S. sales

to corresponding IPCs is as Herculean a task as linking, for example, specific imported physical

steel coils to specific exported physical steel pipes (by analyzing a production process in a foreign

country). See Avesta Sheffield, Inc. v. United States, 17 CIT 1212, 1216, 838 F. Supp. 608, 610

(1993). It is indeed a task that Commerce has suggested that it is capable of completing in this

case, dividing as it did “the amount of total duties exempted on the IPC closed during the POI over

the total quantity of exports made under that closed IPC to calculate a per-unit duty drawback

adjustment.” Remand Results at 12; see also Assan’s Questionnaire Resp. at 61 (“As noted above,

all duties are tracked on a sales specific basis in . . . Assan’s accounting systems.”).

       Second, Commerce did not address the Association’s relevant argument that duty

exemptions pursuant to the closed IPC do not all constitute exemptions “by reason of the

exportation of the subject merchandise to the United States,” 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(1)(B), because,

as summarized by Commerce, “the closed IPC . . . includes export destinations other than the

United States as well as exports made outside of the [period of investigation].” Remand Results

at 10; Ass’n’s Cmts. on Draft Remand Results at 4–5. Commerce made no mention 7 of this

specific statutory argument beyond this summary—this omission contravenes the text of 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677f(i)(3)(A).

7
  Commerce’s statement that “[t]he statute does not impose an additional requirement that the
respondent trace particular imported goods to U.S. exports,” Remand Results at 13, is not a
response to the Association’s argument. Whether a particular imported good was exported to the
United States is one question; whether goods exported under an IPC were exported to countries
other than the United States is another. 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(1)(B) (emphasis added).
Consol. Court No. 21-00246                                                                  Page 20

                                         CONCLUSION

       For the reasons described above, the court remands the Remand Results for Commerce to

(1) reconsider or further explain its duty drawback calculation methodology in light of the statutory

constraints imposed by 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(1)(B), and (2) respond to the arguments raised by

the Association in its comments on the Draft Remand Results.

       The court does not direct a result on remand. Commerce need not adopt, for instance, the

Association’s proposed drawback methodology. Commerce could adopt an altogether different

methodology. Commerce could also leave its methodology unchanged and attempt to explain the

reasonableness of its determination. If Commerce chooses this latter path, it must explain why

19 U.S.C. § 1677a does not prohibit adjustments to the price of open-IPC sales using a per-unit

adjustment derived from closed-IPC sales—why, in other words, the universal application of that

adjustment to all sales of subject merchandise does not increase “the price used to establish export

price” by more than “the amount of any import duties imposed by the country of exportation which

have been rebated, or which have not been collected, by reason of the exportation of the subject

merchandise to the United States.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(1)(B).

       The court does not reach the merits of any other unresolved issue in this litigation. Nor

does the court opine on any questions of waiver or exhaustion pertaining to those issues. See, e.g.,

Gov’t Resp. at 12; Ass’n’s Resp. at 8. If Commerce’s second redetermination results in a dumping

margin for Assan that is above the de minimis level, the court will consider those issues (and

related questions) as necessary. It is hereby:
Consol. Court No. 21-00246                                                             Page 21

       ORDERED that Commerce shall file its second remand redetermination with the court

within ninety days of the date of this opinion. The timeline for filings and comments regarding

the second remand redetermination shall proceed according to USCIT Rule 56.2(h).

       SO ORDERED.

                                                   /s/ Gary S. Katzmann
                                                   Gary S. Katzmann, Judge

Dated: April 11, 2024
       New York, New York