Court Opinion

ID: 2972871
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 16:55:08.140213+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:43:43.025198
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                                            File Name: 05a0389p.06

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                        FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                          _________________

                                                    X
                              Plaintiff-Appellant, -
 ROSEMARY JOHNSON-KUREK,
                                                     -
                                                     -
                                                     -
                                                         No. 04-4502
          v.
                                                     ,
                                                      >
 SAMIR ABU-ABSI; THOMAS BARDEN; and CAROL            -
                                                     -
                           Defendants-Appellees. -
 NELSON-BURNS,

                                                     -
                                                    N
                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Northern District of Ohio at Akron.
                     No. 03-07500—James Gwin, District Judge.
                                          Argued: August 9, 2005
                                Decided and Filed: September 13, 2005
       Before: BOGGS, Chief Judge; SUTTON, Circuit Judge; and RICE, District Judge.*
                                            _________________
                                                 COUNSEL
ARGUED: Thomas A. Sobecki, Toledo, Ohio, for Appellant. Anastasia Kay Hanson, SPENGLER
NATHANSON, Toledo, Ohio, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Thomas A. Sobecki, Toledo, Ohio, for
Appellant. Anastasia Kay Hanson, Theodore M. Rowen, SPENGLER NATHANSON, Toledo,
Ohio, for Appellees.
                                            _________________
                                                OPINION
                                            _________________
         BOGGS, Chief Judge. Rosemary Johnson-Kurek appeals the district court’s dismissal of her
claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Samir Abu-Absi, Thomas Barden, and Carol Nelson-Burns,
tenured faculty members of the University of Toledo. Johnson-Kurek, then a part-time lecturer in
the Department of English and the Department of Theater and Film at the University of Toledo,
alleged that her First Amendment rights to free speech and academic freedom were violated when
the English Department denied her a second class to teach in the Fall semester of 2001, in retaliation
for her refusal to comply with a request that she communicate more clearly to her students what was
required to complete the coursework in a class she taught in the Fall of 2000. Holding that a

        *
          The Honorable Walter H. Rice, United States District Judge for the Southern District of Ohio, sitting by
designation.

                                                        1
No. 04-4502           Johnson-Kurek v. Abu-Absi, et al.                                       Page 2

university may constitutionally require a lecturer to provide detailed advice to students about the
administrative aspects of a course, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
                                                  I
        This case arose in the Spring of 2001, when a student in Johnson-Kurek’s organizational
writing class the previous Fall complained to English Department Professor Jane Bradley that
Johnson-Kurek had refused to explain to him what he needed to do in order to convert his grade of
“incomplete” to a final course grade. It turned out that Johnson-Kurek had given an incomplete to
thirteen of the seventeen students in that class because their work was substandard. She had posted
a message on an automatic mailing list service (“listserv”) for the course, stating that these
incomplete grades had each been assigned for one or more of three reasons (proper formatting,
proper citations, and/or textual changes), but left it up to each student to determine which of these
reasons applied to his or her own case. The posting explained how and when revised assignments
should be handed in, and warned that any textual (as opposed to formatting) revisions to assignments
were to receive pre-clearance from Johnson-Kurek. A subsequent posting on the same listserv
expanded slightly on the reason for several of the incompletes, namely poor citation of authority,
but did not specify which students had received an incomplete for that particular reason. Johnson-
Kurek stated in one of these messages that she had “very sound and ethical reasons for not providing
students with specific, individual guidance on how to correct their texts,” and claimed in her
complaint that writing individualized letters would have interfered with the students’ learning
experience and the purpose of the class.
        Professor Bradley forwarded the student’s request to Carol Nelson-Burns, the Director of
Technical Writing in the Department of English and Johnson-Kurek’s immediate supervisor, who
told Johnson-Kurek that her listserv postings about the incompletes were not sufficiently clear for
the students to know what to do to complete the course, and requested that she prepare letters to each
student containing individualized instructions for obtaining a final grade in the course. In a memo
to Johnson-Kurek memorializing the meeting, Nelson-Burns summarized her request as follows:
       As we discussed, a more specific statement needs to be prepared for each student and
       each student needs to be told specifically what he or she must do to finish the
       coursework and earn a grade. Please note that although your instructions in those
       published messages may seem clear, a given student may still be confused as to what
       is expected of him or her personally. Please draft those statements and share them
       with me before forwarding them to students.
(emphasis in original).
        Five weeks later, after receiving additional complaints that Johnson-Kurek had not provided
any additional information to the students, Nelson-Burns repeated her request that Johnson-Kurek
provide her with draft letters to each student, and emphasized that the continuing incompletes were
a serious problem for the involved students because the grades affected their GPA and their financial
aid status. Johnson-Kurek did not respond to this renewed request, nor to a series of phone calls and
mailbox notes. In the end, Nelson-Burns had to wait outside Johnson-Kurek’s classroom to speak
with her before class. Johnson-Kurek never prepared the requested letters.
        Johnson-Kurek complained to Samir Abu-Absi, Chair of the Department of English, about
Nelson-Burns, but he refused to intervene. She also complained to Thomas Barden, Associate Dean
for Humanities in the College of Arts and Sciences, who told Johnson-Kurek that she could not file
a grievance because she was not a member of a bargaining unit recognized by the University.
       During the Fall semester of 2001, Johnson-Kurek taught one course in the Department of
English and two courses in the Department of Theater and Film. Abu-Absi, Barden, and Nelson-
No. 04-4502           Johnson-Kurek v. Abu-Absi, et al.                                        Page 3

Burns claim that Johnson-Kurek was offered a second class by the English Department on at least
two occasions, but turned it down each time due to scheduling conflicts. Johnson-Kurek claims that
a second class was withheld by the Department of English in retaliation for her refusal to cooperate
with Nelson-Burns’s requests regarding the incompletes. It was suggested during oral argument by
counsel for Johnson-Kurek that the Department of English may have refused to work around
Johnson-Kurek’s schedule as a result of the dispute.
        Johnson-Kurek filed suit against Abu-Absi, Barden, and Nelson-Burns in August 2003,
alleging that her First Amendment rights to free speech and academic freedom were violated when
she was instructed by Nelson-Burns to send letters to her students, and when Abu-Absi “took no
action” in response to her complaint about Nelson-Burns’s instruction, and denied her a second class
for the Fall semester. She also alleged that her Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated when
Barden advised her that she had no right to file a grievance because she was not a member of a
bargaining unit.
         The district court dismissed Johnson-Kurek’s claims against all three defendants for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction, on Eleventh Amendment and qualified immunity grounds; for failure to
state a claim; and, in the case of her claims against Nelson-Burns, as time-barred. On appeal,
Johnson-Kurek raises two issues. First, she argues that the district court erred by holding that she
had failed to present any evidence that her constitutional rights were violated by the alleged attempts
of all three defendants to force her to write to her students, a holding that underpinned the dismissal
of her claims for failure to state a claim and on qualified immunity grounds. Second, she argues that
the district court erred by refusing to allow her to amend her complaint to specify more clearly that
her due process claim against Barden was predicated on her interests in freedom of speech and
academic freedom.
                                                  II
       Johnson-Kurek argues that her First Amendment rights were violated when she was asked
to communicate with her students by Nelson-Burns, and when she was denied a second class to
teach as a result of her refusal. We disagree.
        “[T]o the extent the Constitution recognizes any right of ‘academic freedom’ above and
beyond the First Amendment rights to which every citizen is entitled, the right inheres in the
University, not in individual professors.” Urofsky v. Gilmore, 216 F.3d 401, 410 (4th Cir. 2000);
see also Sweezy v. New Hampshire, 354 U.S. 234, 263 (1957) (Frankfurter, J., concurring)
(describing the “four essential freedoms of a university”: “to determine for itself on academic
grounds who may teach, what may be taught, how it shall be taught, and who may be admitted to
study.”). “Courts do not and cannot intervene in the resolution of conflicts which arise in the daily
operation of school systems and which do not directly and sharply implicate basic constitutional
values.” Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97, 104 (1968); see also Parate v. Isibor, 868 F.2d 821,
827 (6th Cir. 1989) (“The administration of the university rests not with the courts, but with the
administrators of the institution.”).
        These “essential freedoms” of a university encompass the right to determine how classes are
to be taught, and grades assigned:
       A nontenured professor does not escape reasonable supervision in the manner in
       which she conducts her classes or assigns her grades. University officials remain
       free to review a professor’s classroom activities when determining whether to grant
       or deny tenure. The university may constitutionally choose not to renew the contract
       of a nontenured professor whose pedagogical attitude and teaching methods do not
       conform to institutional standards. The First Amendment concept of academic
No. 04-4502           Johnson-Kurek v. Abu-Absi, et al.                                         Page 4

       freedom does not require that a nontenured professor be made a sovereign unto
       himself.
Parate, 868 F.2d at 827 (internal citations omitted); see also Brown v. Armenti, 247 F.3d 69, 75 (3d
Cir. 2001) (“Because grading is pedagogic, the assignment of the grade is subsumed under the
university’s freedom to determine how a course is to be taught. We therefore conclude that a public
university professor does not have a First Amendment right to expression via the school’s grade
assignment procedures.”).
        This is not to say that professors must leave their First Amendment rights at the campus
gates. “[T]hat a teacher does have First Amendment protection under certain circumstances cannot
be denied.” Parate, 868 F.2d at 827 (quoting Fowler v. Board of Educ., 819 F.2d 657, 662 (6th
Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 986 (1987)); see also Piarowski v. Ill. Cmty. Coll. Dist. 515, 759 F.2d
625, 629 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1007 (1985) (the term academic freedom “is used to
denote both the freedom of the academy to pursue its end without interference from the
government . . . and the freedom of the individual teacher . . . to pursue his ends without interference
from the academy . . . .”). For example, there are limits on the extent to which a university may
require a professor to endorse actively the university’s decisions about pedagogy and grading. In
Parate, we considered the case of a non-tenured associate professor at Tennessee State University,
who was required by the University to change the grade of a student from a “B” to an “A.” See 868
F.2d at 824. Although the University could have changed the grade by fiat without involving Parate,
Parate was required not only to change the grade himself, but to sign a memorandum stating that he
had amended the grading policy for the class in a way that would retroactively justify the change
of grade. Ibid. Parate did sign such a memorandum, but added a notation to the effect that the
change was made at the instruction of the Dean. When instructed to sign a clean copy of the
memorandum without adding any notation, he refused, and, as a result, his contract was not renewed
the following year. Ibid. We held that the requirement that Parate personally sanction the change
of grade by signing the memorandum violated his rights to free speech and academic freedom. Ibid.
        Our concern in Parete was not with the University’s insistence that the grade be changed,
but only with the insistence that Parete himself make and endorse that change. A professor’s own
evaluation of a student’s work, and the grade that he or she decides to assign to reflect that
evaluation is an important part of a professor’s teaching method. Id. at 828. The grade that is
affixed to a student’s transcript, however, is the concern of the university. See id. at 830 (“If [the
University] deemed Parate’s grade assignments improper, however, the defendants could have
achieved their goals by administratively changing [the student’s] grade.”). In other words, the
university may override the professor’s evaluation, and change the assigned grade. It may not
require him to publicly endorse those changes.
        In this case, Johnson-Kurek’s First Amendment rights were not implicated, still less violated,
by Nelson-Burns’s request that she explain to her students the precise requirements for obtaining
a final grade in her class. She was not required to communicate the ideas or evaluations of others
as if they were her own. She was not even told what grades to assign her students, or what the
requirements for completing the class should be. She was simply required, as one might be in
preparing a syllabus, to spell out in detail the requirements she had devised. While the First
Amendment may protect Johnson-Kurek’s right to express her ideas about pedagogy, it does not
require that the university permit her to teach her classes in accordance with those ideas. The
freedom of a university to decide what may be taught and how it shall be taught would be
No. 04-4502               Johnson-Kurek v. Abu-Absi, et al.                                                     Page 5

meaningless if a professor were entitled to refuse to1 comply with university requirements whenever
they conflict with his or her teaching philosophy.
                                                          III
        In order to succeed on a section 1983 claim, Johnson-Kurek had to prove that the defendants
(1) acted under color of law, and (2) deprived her of her rights under the Constitution or laws of the
United States. See Upsher v. Grosse Pointe Pub. Sch. Sys., 285 F.3d 448, 452 (6th Cir. 2002). It
is undisputed that all three defendants, as public officials, acted under color of state law. As the
district court correctly held, however, Johnson-Kurek failed to identify any violation of her
constitutional rights as a result of the alleged efforts of each defendant to force her to write to her
students. As explained above, Nelson-Burns’s request that she write to her students did not
implicate Johnson-Kurek’s First Amendment rights. Nor, a fortiori, did Abu-Absi’s failure to
intercede on Johnson-Kurek’s behalf in her dispute with Nelson-Burns, nor his alleged refusal to
give her a second class to teach as a result of that dispute. Although the non-renewal of the contract
of a non-tenured instructor at a public university may not be predicated on his or her exercise of First
Amendment rights, see Perry v. Sindermann, 408 U.S. 593, 598 (1972), Johnson-Kurek was not
exercising her First Amendment rights by refusing to comply with Nelson-Burns’s request. Finally,
Johnson-Kurek’s failure to allege a violation of her First Amendment rights renders moot her claim
that she should have been permitted to amend her complaint to make clear that her Fourteenth
Amendment claims against Barden were predicated on the alleged violation of her First Amendment
rights by Nelson-Burns and Abu-Absi, about which she wished to file a grievance.
        Because we hold that the district court properly dismissed Johnson-Kurek’s complaint for
failure to state a claim, we need not address the alternative grounds given by the district court for
dismissing her complaint.
                                                          IV
         For the reasons discussed above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

         1
           Ironically, the aspect of Nelson-Burns’s request that Johnson-Kurek found most objectionable – that she would
have to identify for each student the shortcomings and errors in his or her assignment, and explain how to improve and
correct them – seems to have been her own fault. It was only because she assigned grades of incomplete to work that
was not incomplete in the sense of being partially finished, but was simply of poor quality, that her explanations of how
to pass the class had to touch on the substantive aspects of the course.