Court Opinion

ID: 9701295
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-25 22:14:38.415666+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:21:22.166946
License: Public Domain

OPINION
LESLIE BROCK YATES, Justice.
The trial court vacated an arbitration award based on “evident partiality” by the sole arbitrator. See Tex. Crv. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 171.088(a)(2)(A) (Vernon Supp.2002). The court concluded the arbitrator exhibited evident partiality by failing to disclose information that he was under a duty to disclose. The prevailing party in the arbitration proceeding brought both an interlocutory appeal and a petition for writ of mandamus. We affirm the trial court’s order and deny the petition.
Factual and Procedural Background
In 1996, William and Jennifer Falbaum purchased a new home from Houston Village Builders, Inc. After discovering significant foundation problems, the Falb-aums filed suit against Village Builders, alleging breach of contract, breach of express and implied warranties, and DTPA violations. As required by the parties’ purchase agreement, the dispute was submitted to binding arbitration subject to the Construction Industry Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association (“AAA”).
The AAA provided the Falbaums and Village Builders a list of ten potential arbitrators with a short résumé for each. After each side was given an opportunity to strike three of the ten candidates, the AAA selected an attorney, Stephen Pax-son, to be the sole arbitrator (the “Arbitrator”). The Arbitrator’s résumé states that the majority of his practice is in the construction area, “primarily representing general contractors, builders, developers, designers, owners, and sub and specialty contractors.” His résumé also notes he is a member of the Greater Houston Builders Association (“GHBA”) and the National Association of Home Builders. Under the heading “Publications and Speaking Engagements,” the résumé identifies two 1998 speeches and a 1993 article in the Texas Bar Journal titled “Builder Liability: The Implied Warranties of Good Workmanship and Habitability and the Builder’s Statute of Repose.”
On January 10, 2001, the Arbitrator sent a letter to the AAA’s case manager providing certain disclosures. Among other things, this letter mentions the Arbitrator’s membership in the GHBA, which he identifies as a trade association of “approximately 1350 corporate, business and professional members involved in the residential construction industry.” The Arbitrator further notes in his letter that both Village Builders and its parent company, Lennar Homes, are also members of the GHBA. This letter states that because of his GHBA membership, the Arbitrator has *31met an individual associated with Lennar Homes. The letter then states, “Neither my firm, nor any prior law firm of which I have been a member, have represented Village Builders or Lennar Homes.” It concludes by stating, “I am unaware of any potential conflicts or other disclosures that would need to be made to the parties.” The Arbitrator’s letter was forwarded by the AAA to both parties.
The arbitration hearing occurred on April 25, 2001. On May 17, the Arbitrator issued an award that the Falbaums take nothing and that they pay $235.50 in administrative fees and expenses to Village Builders. Shortly thereafter, the Falb-aums’ counsel learned that, in addition to being a member of the GHBA, the Arbitrator may have had an attorney-client relationship with the GHBA. The Falb-aums filed a motion to vacate the award under the Texas Arbitration Act on grounds of “evident partiality” by the Arbitrator. See Tex. Civ. PRAC. & Rem.Code Ann. § 171.088(a)(2)(A).1 Village Builders responded to the motion to vacate and filed a motion to adopt the arbitration award. See id. § 171.087. On August 14, the trial court held a hearing, at which the Arbitrator and two other witnesses (one by deposition) testified. The trial court granted the Falbaums’ motion and vacated the arbitration award.
Evident Partiality
In granting the Falbaums’ motion to vacate the award, the trial court concluded that the Arbitrator’s failure to disclose certain information created evident partiality, requiring the court to vacate the award. Under the Texas Arbitration Act, an arbitration award must be vacated if a party’s rights were prejudiced by evident partiality by a neutral arbitrator. See id. § 171.088(a)(2)(A). In Burlington Northern Railroad Co. v. TUCO Inc., 960 S.W.2d 629 (Tex.1997), the Texas Supreme Court set forth the following standard for establishing evident partiality of a neutral arbitrator based on the arbitrator’s failure to disclose:
[W]e hold that a prospective neutral arbitrator selected by the parties or their representatives exhibits evident partiality if he or she does not disclose facts which might, to an objective observer, create a reasonable impression of the arbitrator’s partiality. We emphasize that this evident partiality is established from the nondisclosure itself, regardless of whether the nondisclosed information necessarily establishes partiality or bias.
Id. at 636 (emphasis in original). Significantly, a potential arbitrator’s required disclosures are not limited to direct financial or business relationships; instead, the court concluded that “parties should have access to all information that might reasonably affect the potential arbitrator’s impartiality.” Id. at 637. In this case, the trial court concluded that the Arbitrator should have disclosed (1) his attorney-client relationship with the GHBA, (2) his involvement in preparing amicus briefs relating to changes in the law affecting claims pleaded by the Falbaums, and (3) his testimony before the Texas Legislature relating to certain legal theories on which the Falbaums relied.
Applying the TUCO Standard
We begin by addressing the claim that the TUCO standard, whereby nondis-*32closures alone can establish evident partiality, does not apply in this case because the Arbitrator was selected by the AAA, not the parties. In TUCO, the court expressly noted that it was adopting a standard only for situations where “the parties select their arbitrators.” Id. Later in its opinion, the court distinguishes a case out of the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals because the neutral arbitrator in that case was selected by the AAA, and thus it did not present a case “where parties are selecting their arbitrators.” Id. at 638 (discussing Ormsbee Dev. Co. v. Grace, 668 F.2d 1140 (10th Cir.1982)). In Ormsbee, however, the parties’ agreement simply cahed for the AAA to select the neutral arbitrator, and there is no indication the parties had any veto powér over that selection. In this case, the parties were permitted to strike up to three arbitrators from a list of ten before the selection was made. This case therefore presents a situation where, as in TUCO, parties need access to all relevant information to aid their participation in the selection process. See TUCO, 960 S.W.2d at 636. Accordingly, we conclude this case falls within the category of cases in which the parties select their arbitrator, and thus the TUCO standard applies.
Even if we were to find that the parties did not strictly “select” their arbitrator in accordance with the facts in TUCO, we believe the Arbitrator would be under the same duty to disclose. In Mariner Financial Group, Inc. v. Bossley, 79 S.W.3d 30 (Tex.2002), all three arbitrators were selected by an administrator from the National Association of Securities Dealers. In reviewing the evidence as to whether one of the arbitrators was evidently partial, the Texas Supreme Court cited TUCO and noted that the arbitrator had a duty to disclose nontrivial relationships known to him that might objectively create a reasonable impression of his partiality. See Mariner Financial, 79 S.W.3d at 32-33. Thus, Mariner Financial apparently extends the TUCO standard to all neutral arbitrators, regardless of the method for their selection. See id.; see also id. at 35 (“It is well-established ... that a neutral arbitrator has a duty to disclose dealings of which he or she is aware that might create an impression of possible bias.”) (internal quotations omitted).
Because the Arbitrator was selected to serve as a neutral arbitrator, we conclude he was under a duty to disclose facts within his knowledge that might, to an objective observer, create a reasonable impression of his partiality. If the evidence showed he failed to disclose such facts, the nondisclosure establishes evident partiality. See TUCO, 960 S.W.2d at 636.
The Arbitrator’s Relationship with the GHBA
In its motion to vacate, the Falbaums argued the Arbitrator failed to disclose that, at the time of the arbitration, he served as counsel to the GHBA, a trade association of homebuilders. Both Village Builders and its parent company, Lennar Homes, are members of the GHBA. In its findings of fact, the trial court found that the Arbitrator “has had a long-term attorney-client relationship with the GHBA.” Village Builders does not challenge this finding. Instead, it contends the Arbitrator was under no duty to disclose this representation, and even if he was, he satisfied this duty. Alternatively, Village Builders claims the Falbaums may not complain about the Arbitrator’s alleged nondisclosure because the Falbaums could have discovered this information, yet they made no attempt to investigate the facts.

The Arbitrator’s Duty to Disclose

Village Builders first argues the Arbitrator was not required to disclose his *33representation of the GHBA because he was under no duty to identify specific individuals or entities he has represented for whom he might have advocated positions contrary to the arguments raised by the parties in this case. However, the Arbitrator’s undisclosed relationship with the GHBA raises concerns for reasons other than legal positions he may have advanced on the trade association’s behalf. The evidence showed that, at the time of the arbitration, the Arbitrator was in a current and long-standing attorney-client relationship with a trade association of which both Village Builders and Lennar Homes were members. Kathryn Wood, the GHBA’s in-house counsel, testified by deposition that the Arbitrator has “an ongoing relationship” with the GHBA as “one of [its] legal counsel.” According to Wood, she would contact the Arbitrator directly for advice or assistance on certain matters, including issues involving the Residential Construction Liability Act and implied warranties, issues that were undeniably raised in the arbitration proceeding.
Although the Arbitrator did not have a direct attorney-client relationship with Village Builders or Lennar Homes, his relationship with the GHBA can be compared to that of an arbitrator who represents the parent company of one of the parties to an arbitration. In Schmitz v. Zilveti, 20 F.3d 1043 (9th Cir.1994), a case cited with approval by our supreme court in TUCO, the arbitrator’s law firm had previously represented a parent company of one of the parties to the arbitration. Schmitz, 20 F.3d at 1044. Despite the absence of any suggestion that the parent company controlled the actions of the subsidiary, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals concluded that the arbitrator’s firm’s prior representation of the parent company “is likely to affect impartiality or may create an appearance of partiality.” Id. at 1049. In this case, the Arbitrator’s connection to the GHBA is stronger than the connection between the arbitrator and the parent company in Schmitz; here, the Arbitrator’s representation was personal and ongoing at the time of the arbitration. Furthermore, it is not unreasonable to suggest that someone in the Arbitrator’s position might be influenced into ruling in favor of a trade-association member to protect his status as the association’s counsel. Although the record is silent as to whether Village Builders or Lennar Homes actually had the authority or ability to influence the GHBA’s decisions regarding selection of outside counsel, the test we must apply requires only that an objective observer would believe the undisclosed relationship might create an impression of partiality or bias.2 See TUCO, 960 S.W.2d at 636.
Village Builders nevertheless argues that the Arbitrator’s relationship with the GHBA cannot support vacation of the arbi*34tration award, citing United States Wrestling Federation v. Wrestling Division of AAU, Inc., 605 F.2d 313 (7th Cir.1979). In that case, the arbitrator failed to disclose that he and his law firm had significant connections to Northwestern University. Northwestern was a member of the NCAA, which was affiliated with the USWF, the prevailing party in the arbitration. The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals held that the arbitrator’s relationship with the USWF was too remote to require the arbitration decision to be set aside. Id. at 320. Unlike this case, neither the association (the NCAA) nor the individual member (Northwestern) represented by the arbitrator’s firm was a party to the arbitration. Furthermore, we believe that an arbitrator’s representation of a trade association creates a much stronger potential for partiality in an arbitration involving one of the association’s members than if the arbitrator represented a single member of an association and the association was a party in the arbitration. We conclude that United States Wrestling Federation is distinguishable from this case.
Under these facts, we conclude that, to an objective observer, the Arbitrator’s ongoing service as counsel for the GHBA might create a reasonable impression of partiality toward Village Builders and Lennar Homes, two sizeable members of that trade association. Accordingly, the Arbitrator was required to disclose the existence of his ongoing attorney-client relationship with the GHBA.

The Arbitrator’s Alleged Disclosures

Next, Village Builders argues that, even if the Arbitrator had a duty to disclose his attorney-client relationship with the GHBA, he satisfied this duty through (1) the listing on his AAA résumé of a 1993 Texas Bar Journal article identifying him as counsel to the GHBA’s board of directors and (2) his alleged statement at the beginning of the arbitration hearing that he “worked with” the GHBA.
The Arbitrator’s AAA résumé, submitted to the parties along with the list of potential arbitrators, includes a reference to a 1993 article published in the Texas Bar Journal. At the end of the article, there is a short biography stating that the Arbitrator “serves as counsel to the board of directors of the Greater Houston Builders Association.” Village Builders claims that by citing this article in his résumé, the Arbitrator sufficiently disclosed his ongoing attorney-client relationship with the GHBA. We disagree. Despite specifically mentioning his membership in the GHBA both on his résumé and in his disclosure letter, the Arbitrator never informed the parties that he served as the association’s attorney. Instead, Village Builders relies on a form résumé listing an eight-year-old article that contained the relevant information in a single endnote. This does not satisfy an arbitrator’s affirmative duty to disclose. Even if we were to find that it did, this article discloses only that the Arbitrator served as counsel to the GHBA’s board in some unspecified capacity in 1993. This purported disclosure is not sufficient to inform the parties that the Arbitrator was in an attorney-client relationship with the GHBA at the time of the arbitration.
Village Builders also contends the Arbitrator disclosed the existence of his attorney-client relationship with the GHBA orally at the arbitration hearing. The Arbitrator testified that, at the beginning of the hearing, he told the parties that he “worked with” the GHBA. Even if we assume the trial court believed this testimony, we conclude the Arbitrator’s statement would not satisfy his duty to disclose. At best, the Arbitrator’s statement is ambiguous as to whether he was ever the GHBA’s *35attorney. As a member of the GHBA, he could have “worked with” the association in some capacity other than as its attorney. The Arbitrator’s statement certainly did not inform the parties of his current and ongoing attorney-client relationship with the GHBA. We conclude the Arbitrator failed to disclose his attorney-client relationship with the GHBA.

The Falbaums’ Failure to Investigate

Finally, Village Builders argue that the Falbaums’ complaint should fail because they could have discovered the Arbitrator’s attorney-client relationship with the GHBA on their own but failed to investigate. However, as the supreme court makes clear in Mariner Financial, determining whether an arbitrator satisfied the disclosure duty does not turn on what facts are available to the complaining party:
[T]he concurrence would excuse even an arbitrator’s knowing concealment of a relationship evidencing partiality as long as there are facts from which the arbitrator can presume the complaining party knew it too. But the whole purpose of an arbitrator’s duty to disclose is to avoid this very type of speculative presumption and let the parties to the arbitration make the call.
Mariner Financial, 79 S.W.3d at 35; see also id. at 36 (Owen, J., concurring) (“What the losing party to an arbitration knew or should have known does not answer the question of whether an arbitrator’s nondisclosure exhibits evident partiality.”). Thus, regardless of whether the Falbaums knew or should have known of the Arbitrator’s attorney-client relationship with the GHBA, the Arbitrator’s failure to disclose this relationship is evidence of his partiality.
To the extent Village Builders contends the Falbaums’ failure to investigate constitutes a waiver of their evident-partiality claim, we note that in Mariner Financial, the supreme court expressly declined to consider whether parties to an arbitration have a duty to investigate. Id. at 33. Furthermore, waiver is an affirmative defense, on which Village Builders had the burden of proof. See Paradigm Ins. Co. v. Texas Richmond Corp., 942 S.W.2d 645, 652 n. 5 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, writ denied); El Paso Natural Gas Co. v. American Petrofina Co. of Tex., 733 S.W.2d 541, 553 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1986, writ refd n.r.e.). Village Builders faded to establish that a reasonable investigation would have led the Falb-aums to discover the Arbitrator’s ongoing attorney-client relationship with the GHBA. As we note above, the information contained in the 1993 Texas Bar Journal article would not have apprised the Falb-aums that the Arbitrator had an ongoing attorney-client relationship with the GHBA at the time of the arbitration. Thus, we reject Village Builders’s complaints about the Falbaums’ alleged failure to investigate.
Conclusion
As a prospective neutral arbitrator, the Arbitrator had a duty to disclose to the parties that he had an ongoing attorney-client relationship with the GHBA, a trade association of homebuilders of which Village Builders and Lennar Homes were members. The Arbitrator’s failure to disclose this information exhibited evident partiality, which required the trial court to vacate the arbitration award.3 We affirm *36the trial court’s judgment and deny the petition for writ of mandamus.
FROST, J., dissenting.

. The relevant portion of section 171.088 states:
(a) On application of a party, the court shall vacate an award if:
(2) the rights of a party were prejudiced by:
(A) evident partiality by an arbitrator appointed as a neutral arbitrator....
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 171.088(a).

. The proper test is not whether the undisclosed information would, in fact, create the appearance of bias. Rather, the court must determine whether an objective observer would believe the information might create that appearance. While we acknowledge that this case presents a close call, the supreme court has made it clear that potential arbitrators should err in favor of full disclosure. See TUCO, 960 S.W.2d at 637.
The dissent argues that it would be too speculative for an objective observer to conclude that the Arbitrator might think the GHBA had any interest in the outcome of the arbitration. However, the record shows that, within the last three years, the Arbitrator worked on at least two amicus briefs that were filed with the Texas Supreme Court on behalf of the GHBA. In both cases, the GHBA sided with a homebuilder and sought to reverse a judgment entered in favor of a purchaser. Furthermore, these cases obviously related to issues raised in this arbitration, as the Arbitrator cited and distinguished both of the appellate-court opinions in his written award.

. Because the Arbitrator’s failure to disclose his attorney-client relationship with the GHBA was itself sufficient to support the trial court’s judgment vacating the arbitration award, we need not address the other nondis-closures found by the trial court.