Court Opinion

ID: 6571193
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 19:29:18.831165+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:56:54.880375
License: Public Domain

The opinion of the court was pronounced by
Hutchinson, J.
The single question presented for our consideration is, whether the plaintiff’s testimony to prove an excessive and unnecessary beating by the defendant, not rendered necessary by any assault of the plaintiff, was correctly admitted under the general replication of de injuria suapropria absque tali causa*
This question is not known to have been ever agitated in this state, fill now : and there is not the most perfect agreement in tbfe several authorities, cited' in argument. It seems worthy of our attention, to examine the principles and authorities sufficiently to ascertain which should govern this case, and to what result they lead.
One case is cited by the plaintiff’s counsel directly in point for the admission of this testimony. That case is Hannen vs. Edes. 15th Mass. Rep. 347.
*475That was tried upon the plea of son assault demesne only, with the same general replication. The evidence was admitted, and the plaintiff obtained a verdict. The question was saved, and very fully considered before the Supreme Court. It appears, that the trial proceeded according to a long practice in that state ; but that practice was not sanctioned by any decision within memory. The court took up the subject as not settled, and ex-* amined the authorities seriatim, and arrived at the conclusion, that the authorities fully supported their practice. In the 2 vol. N. H. Rep. 539, Curtis vs. Carson, there is a similar decision. But the chief justice, in giving the opinion of the court, leaves it wholly upon the practice in that state and Massachusetts, and the former practice in England ; but he supposes the practice in England now to be otherwise, requiring a new assignment.— These are all the American authorities produced on either side.
English authorities are now produced, that were not cited at the hearing of either of those cases in Mass, and JV. II. Reports. How stands the question on those authorities ? In 1st of Chitty’s PL 563, and 3d of Starhie’s Ev. 1474, it is stated that the plaintiff must reply specially, in order to entitle himself to the benefit of such testimony. Both these elementary authors rest this assertion solely on the case of King and wife vs. Phipard, or Pippard, reported in Carthew, 280, and in Skinner, 387. On examining that case, it appears, that the matter replied was so evidently new, and not before upon the record, that there could be no plausible pretext for admitting it without a special replication. The case was this. The plaintiffs declared lor an assault and battery upon the wife. The defendant pleaded son assault demesne in the common form. The plaintiffs instead of the general replication de injuria he. confessed and avoided this matter of the plea 5 that is, confessed that she made the first assault, or,did that which the defendant called the first assault, and justified the same, by averring, that the defendant entered the house of said King, and misbehaved himself, he. and that said wife gently put him out, &ec. and averred this to be the same assault named in said plea.— The defendant demurred, and this replication was adjudged to be good ; and the court said, that the plaintiff could not have given this new matter in evidence under the general replication, de in-juria, ike. Both Chitty and Starkie, however, when they mention, that, if the defendant’s battery was outrageous, or more than was necessary for self defence, that matter should be so replied, propose a queere, if it be not sufficient to reply, de injuria ? he. And StarJcie says expressly, “ But it has been doubted by most learned judges, in former as well as in modern times, whether-it *476necessary to reply the excess.” He refers also to the case above ... , cited from 15 th of Mass. Rep.
The general principles,that run through the whole system ofspe-c‘a^ pleadings, are, that each party pleading must either traverse all the important matter of that, to which he pleads, or, he must confess and avoid it. And, to avoid embarrassment and prolixity in pleading, the law has established many simple forms of traverse, which compel the other party to prove all his material allegations. Thus,non assumpsit,not guilty, nil debet, fee. in the eases to which they , are properly applied, put the plaintiff upon the proof of his whole declaration. Now, it is difficult to discover any reason why, the general replication, de injuria, &tc. does not deny, and put the defendant to prove, all the material allegations of his plea. Starkie, (3 vol. page 1467,) says, “ where issue is joined on the general replication de injuria, Sic. it is incumbent on the defendant to prove every material allegation in his plea.” “Where plaintiff declares for several trespasses, and defendant pleads a licence ; the plaintiff replies de injuria, Izc. and issue is joined : the plaintiff shall recover for all those trespasses, for which the defendant proves no licence.” See 11 East. Rep. 451, Barnes vs. Hunt. Again, on page 1470 of Starkie, after observing, that it had been said, that the plaintiff under this issue cannot insist upon an excess, he adds, “ but it may be questioned, whether the defendant does not, by his plea, undertake to prove such a case as is proportioned to, and will justify, his own act.” See B. & A. page 220. — (1 Com. L. 74, Philips vs. Howgate.) This was an action for an assault, battery, imprisonment, Sic. The defendant justified under a warrant from Kings Bench, by which he arrested the plaintiff: and because the plaintiff, while in defendant’s custody, behaved and conducted himself in a violent and outrageous manner, Sic., the defendant was obliged to pull plaintiff about with a little force, and to give him a few blows, Sic. Replication,de injuria,lie. and issue thereon. And Bayley, J. left the question to the jury, whether what was done by the defendant was more than was necessary for the purpose of keeping the plaintiff safely, Sic. The plaintiff recovered. Williams moved in Bank to have a verdict entered for the defendant, on the authority of Taylor vs. Cole, 3 Term Rep. 297, on the ground that the warrant justified the principal trespass complained of; and the other parts of the plea need not be proved. The court refused to grant the rule. Abbot, C. J. says, “ In order for the defendant to justify the pushing and beating of the plaintiff, it was necessary for him to prove that part of his justification which states the plaintiffs misconduct and resistance, while in custody.” Again, in 8 Starkie, *4771469, he says, “ as the general replication, de injuria, &c. is traverse of the whole plea, the plaintiff is at liberty to go into any evidence which disproves the facts of the plea.” Again, on page 1472-3, he says, “ the proof is of course upon the defendant, and the plaintiff need not adduce evidence except for the purpose of encountering the defendant’s evidence, and also for the purpose of increasing the damages.”
What, then, are the material facts in a special plea of son assault ?' Would it answer the defendant’s purpose to plead, that the plaintiff committed the first assault, and there rest his defence ? By no means. Such á plea would be bad on demurrer. If such a plea would be good, without regard to the particular circumstances of the. case, it would be good in all cases. Suppose the plaintiff charges the defendant with having assaulted the plaintiff, and shot him with a ball from a pistol and broken ken his arm. The defendant merely pleads, that the plaintiff made the first assault. “What then?” would be a sufficient answer to such a plea. The plea of son assault must state definitely what the plaintiff did, and what the defendant did ; and a very essential ingredient of such a plea is, an averment, that the defendant used no other or greater force than was necessary in his defence, or to defend his possession, or to keep the plaintiff from escaping, &c. as the case may be. Such is the plea in the present case. Such are the forms given in the books. See 2 Chit. 523-4. Such are the requisitions of all the principles that support such a plea as a defence. The meaning of the plea is, that he, the defendant, is not in fault, for all that he has done was rendered necessary by the prior misconduct of the plaintiff. Cockcroft vs. Smith, 2 Salic. 642, was for assault, battery and mayhem. The defendant pleaded son assault. It is not stated what the replication was, but, by what follows in the case, we must presume it was de in-juria, &c. Lord Holt there says, (and Powell agrees with him,) “ if A strike B, and B again strike A, and they close, and B maims A, it is son assault. But if A give B a little blow,and B gives him a blow that maims him,'that is not son assault. The only meaning of this, that can be,is, that,in the first case put,the plea is proved,but, in the last case,it is not proved. If it be true,that the defendant needs to prove those averments in his plea, which show what he did to have been done in his necessary self defence, it is very evident, that the plaintiff has a right to disprove them, under the same issue.
This view of the case, and this reference to the authorities, presents a plain distinction between the case before us, and those in which a special replication, or a new assignment, have been re-*478Squired. In the case before us, the whole controversy is about the truth of the allegations of the defendant’s plea ; in those, the plaintiff urges some entire new matter. If the plaintifí did make the first assault, and can justify it, he must reply that matter of justification, as in the case in Carthew. If the defendant justifies under legal process, and the plaintiff would avail himself of any matter, which shows the defendant a trespasser ab initio, he must place that matter upon the record in his replication ; so that the defendant may take issue upon it, if he choose.
Actions of trespass for breaking and entering the plaintiff’s close have forms of pleading in some sort peculiar to themselves. Where the plaintiff charges the breaking and entering, and adds various personal injuries in aggravation of damages; if the defendant justifies the original entry, that covers the whole trespass, unless the plaintiff new assign. — See 3d T. R. 297, Taylor vs. Cole. So, where the'plaintiff’s allegations are all very general, and the defendantjustifies, alleging it to be the same trespass j this, though apparently more narrow than the plaintiff’s allegations, drives the plaintifí to a new assignment of some particular trespass, within his general allegations, and to show the same to be different from that justified in the defendant’s plea. Such is the case in the second of Camp. Rep. 175, cited by the defendants counsel. There, the plaintiff charged, that the defendant broke and entered his house and tarried three weeks, and seized and carried away his goods. The defendant, by his plea, justified the breaking and entering and staying twenty four hours, a part of. said three weeks ; also, that he took the goods by fieri jadas. The plaintifí admitting the writ,replied de injuria,he. absque residuo causes. Issue was joined. The defendantproved his justification. It appeared, that his officers tarried in the house more than twenty four hours. The plaintiff contended, that all proved beyond the twenty four hours stood as upon not guilty, and that the plaintiff was entitled to damages for what he suffered by it. But Ld. El-lenboro held, that the replication put nothing in issue but the residue of the matters mentioned in the plea, beside \h<i fieri fa-cias, and seizing the goods — That the time charged in the declaration, and not included in the plea, was left out of the controversy, altogether. Upon a just application of principles, if the plaintiff would contend for damage, for any period beyond the twenty four hours justified, he should have replied that the defendant’s officers tarried more than the said twenty/our hours, to wit, Ac. naming such a time as he could prove.
In the same volume (page 629, Warrall vs. Clare,) the de*479fendant, in such action of trespass, justified entering for broken. The plaintiff admitted the demise, and replied de inju-ria suapropria absque residuo causa. The plaintiff, under this issue, offered to prove such facts as would amount to a waiver of the defendant’s right to re-enter ; but it was not allowed, for this was matter of special replication, and could not come in under this issue.
Bennett and Athens, for plaintiff.
Sargeant and Isham, for defendant.
The cases of special replications seem all to be those where the plaintiff confesses the material allegations of the plea, and replies some new matter in avoidance.
The cases of new assignments seem all to be those, where the plaintiff’s general allegations in his declaration must be rendered more particular, in order to avoid the force of a plea, which is not broad enough tomeet the whole declaration, and yet avers it to be the same trespass ; or where the principal tresspass is justified, and the plaintiff new assigns, in issuable terms, such facts as before were only alleged in aggravation of damages. I have made considerable search, and have found no special replication in the cases, nor any form in the books of forms, but what comes within one or the other of these descriptions.
That the plaintiff cannot both traverse a plea of son assault, and new assign, see 10th of East. Rep. 73, Chearley vs. Barnes et al. It would be no small embarrassment to the plaintiff, as suggested by his counsel, if he were obliged to admit one part of the defendant’s plea, in order to be at liberty to controvert the rest. And I know of no rule of pleading, by which the plaintiff, in this case, could reply or newly assign the excess and aggravation of the defendant’s assaulting and beating, without confessing that the plaintiff made the first assault, as alleged in the plea.
Upon the whole, the testimony offered by the plaintiff was admissible, as contradicting an essential allegation oí the plea : it was admissible by the direct authority of the case m Massachusetts, and the case in JY. Hampshire : its admission is not opposed by the case in Charihew and Skinner, notwithstanding the contrary suppositions, occasioned by that case.
The judgement of the county court is affirmed»