Court Opinion

ID: 4022215
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-08-05 15:09:01.602251+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:17:03.020779
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM DECISION
                                                                       FILED
      Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),                      Aug 05 2016, 6:15 am

      this Memorandum Decision shall not be                            CLERK
                                                                   Indiana Supreme Court
      regarded as precedent or cited before any                       Court of Appeals
                                                                        and Tax Court
      court except for the purpose of establishing
      the defense of res judicata, collateral
      estoppel, or the law of the case.

      ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
      Cynthia Phillips Smith                                   Michael B. Troemel
      Lafayette, Indiana                                       Lafayette, Indiana

                                                IN THE
          COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

      In the Matter of the Adoption of                         August 5, 2016
      S.W.F., a Minor Child                                    Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                               79A04-1512-AD-2116
      S.D.F.,
                                                               Appeal from the Tippecanoe
      Appellant-Respondent,                                    Circuit Court
              v.                                               The Honorable Thomas H. Busch,
                                                               Judge
      M.C.T.,                                                  Trial Court Cause No.
                                                               79C01-1504-AD-16
      Appellee-Petitioner

      Bailey, Judge.

                                          Case Summary
[1]   S.W.F. (“Birth Father”) and C.T. (“Mother”) were parents to S.W.F.

      (“Child”). In 2015, M.C.T. (“Adoptive Father”), by then married to Mother
      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A04-1512-AD-2116 | August 5, 2016   Page 1 of 11
      and thus Child’s stepfather, filed a petition to adopt Child. The trial court

      determined that the adoption could move forward without Birth Father’s

      consent, and granted the adoption petition. Birth Father now appeals.

[2]   We affirm.

                                                   Issues
[3]   Birth Father raises two issues for our review, which we restate as:

                I.    Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it
                      concluded that Birth Father’s consent to the adoption was
                      unnecessary; and

               II.    Whether the requirements of the Indian Child Welfare Act
                      (“the Act”) were not satisfied, thus requiring reversal of
                      the adoption.

                            Facts and Procedural History
[4]   Child was born in 2002 to Mother and Birth Father in Kentucky. Mother

      eventually moved to Benton County, Indiana, and at some point Birth Father

      also moved to Indiana. Both Birth Father and Mother suffer from physical and

      mental disabilities that limit their respective incomes.

[5]   A paternity case was opened concerning Child in the Benton Circuit Court, and

      Birth Father was ordered to pay child support. On May 17, 2007, upon Birth

      Father’s request (apparently proceeding pro se), the Benton Circuit Court issued

      an agreed order terminating Birth Father’s child support obligation. From that

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A04-1512-AD-2116 | August 5, 2016   Page 2 of 11
      point forward, Birth Father was under no further court-ordered obligation to

      pay child support and made no voluntary contributions toward Child’s well-

      being.

[6]   In 2009, Mother moved to Lafayette and resided with Adoptive Father.

      Mother did not filed a notice of intent to move at this or any other time. 1 Birth

      Father also did not file such notices when he relocated to a home in Lafayette

      in the same year.

[7]   At some point, Birth Father and Adoptive Father attempted to settle on a

      parenting time schedule for Birth Father and Child. There was considerable

      hostility, and as a result no schedule was arrived at. Birth Father continued to

      contact Mother, in particular, by telephone, often warning her that he would

      hire an attorney and attempt to take Child back to Kentucky. Sometimes Birth

      Father would use profanity toward Mother. To stop Birth Father’s phone calls,

      which Mother found harassing, Mother and Adoptive Father in 2011 changed

      their home telephone number.

[8]   Birth Father had no contact with Child after 2009. Birth Father knew where

      Child attended school; Mother instructed the school not to permit Birth Father

      to contact Child. Birth Father did not make requests for grade reports or other

      1
       Ind. Code § 37-17-2.2-1(a) requires that custodial and non-custodial parents file notice of intent to move
      with the clerk of the court with jurisdiction over custody or parenting time orders in a case.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A04-1512-AD-2116 | August 5, 2016             Page 3 of 11
       information about Child’s education, and during most of the period from 2009

       until the filing of the adoption petition he knew where Child attended school.

[9]    Birth Father also did not avail himself of the courts to attempt to enforce

       parenting time rights. Instead, Birth Father drove through the neighborhood

       where he knew Child resided with Mother and Adoptive Father. Birth Father

       would inquire of children who went to school with Child as to Child’s

       whereabouts. In 2015, Father was driving in Child’s neighborhood and saw

       Mother, thereby learning the location of Child’s home.

[10]   On April 6, 2015, Adoptive Father filed the petition for adoption, which alleged

       that Birth Father’s consent to the adoption was not required because of the

       duration of time during which Birth Father had not communicated with Child.

       Two hearings were conducted on the petition. The first hearing, on July 16,

       2015, centered on the question of whether Birth Father’s consent was required;

       the trial court found on September 11, 2015 that the requirements for dispensing

       with consent had been met. The second hearing, on October 28, 2015, was

       related to whether adoption of Child by Adoptive Father was in Child’s best

       interests. That day, the trial court concluded that adoption was in Child’s best

       interests and that Birth Father’s parental rights should be terminated. On

       November 5, 2015, the court entered its order of adoption.

[11]   This appeal ensued.

                                  Discussion and Decision

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A04-1512-AD-2116 | August 5, 2016   Page 4 of 11
                                        Standard of Review
[12]   The Indiana Supreme Court has recently restated the standard of review for

       challenges to adoption proceedings:

               “When reviewing the trial court’s ruling in an adoption
               proceeding, we will not disturb that ruling unless the evidence
               leads to but one conclusion and the trial judge reached an
               opposite conclusion.” Rust v. Lawson, 714 N.E.2d 769, 771 (Ind.
               Ct. App. 1999). We presume the trial court’s decision is correct,
               and we consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the
               decision. Id. at 771-72.

               When, as in this case, the trial court has made findings of fact
               and conclusions of law, we apply a two-tiered standard of review:
               “we must first determine whether the evidence supports the
               findings and second, whether the findings support the judgment.”
               In re Adoption of T.W., 859 N.E.2d 1215, 1217 (Ind. Ct. App.
               2006); see also Ind. Trial Rule 52(A) (providing that where the
               trial court has made findings of fact and conclusions of law, “the
               court on appeal shall not set aside the findings or judgment
               unless clearly erroneous, and due regard shall be given to the
               opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the
               witnesses.”). Factual findings “are clearly erroneous if the record
               lacks any evidence or reasonable inferences to support them
               [and] ... a judgment is clearly erroneous when it is unsupported
               by the findings of fact and the conclusions relying on those
               findings.” T.W., 859 N.E.2d at 1217.

       In re Adoption of T.L., 4 N.E.3d 658, 662 (Ind. 2014).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A04-1512-AD-2116 | August 5, 2016   Page 5 of 11
                                       Consent Requirement
[13]   Birth Father’s first contention on appeal is that the trial court erred when it

       found that his consent to the adoption was not required. Subject to exceptions

       specified by statute, “a petition to adopt a child who is less than eighteen (18)

       years of age may be granted only if written consent has been executed” by

       certain parties. I.C. § 31-19-9-1(a). Section 31-19-9-8 sets forth exceptions to

       the consent requirement. Here, the trial court concluded that Birth Father’s

       consent was not required under subsection (a) of the statute:

               Consent to adoption, which may be required under section 1 of
               this chapter, is not required from any of the following: …

               (2) A parent of a child in the custody of another person if for a
               period of at least one (1) year the parent:

                       (A) fails without justifiable cause to communicate
                       significantly when able to do so as required by law or
                       judicial decree.

       The petitioner seeking to adopt the child must bear the burden of proving by

       clear and convincing evidence that these statutory requirements have been met.

       T.L., 4 N.E.3d at 663.

[14]   The evidence presented to the trial court was that Birth Father had not seen or

       spoken with Child for six years—from 2009 to 2015. Both Birth Father and

       Mother had moved without notifying a court of their intent to do so, and

       Mother and Adoptive Father changed their home phone number—in part to

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A04-1512-AD-2116 | August 5, 2016   Page 6 of 11
       avoid harassing phone calls from Birth Father. Birth Father had demonstrated

       his ability to avail himself of access to the courts to obtain child support

       modifications, but failed to use this same access to enforce his right to parenting

       time with Child. Instead, Birth Father testified, because he did not know the

       exact address at which Child resided, he drove around the area where he knew

       Child lived with Mother and Adoptive Father and asked other children if they

       knew where Child resided. Further, during the six-year period preceding the

       petition for adoption, Birth Father knew where Child attended school but made

       no efforts to obtain contact information for Child and made no efforts to send

       birthday or holiday gifts to child. See In re Adoption of Subdza, 562 N.E.2d 745,

       749 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990) (noting that in a two-year period, “the statute does not

       contemplate ‘regular’ communication. One significant communication in a

       year would have been sufficient.”).

[15]   Birth Father acknowledges that he did not communicate with Child for well in

       excess of the one-year period designated by the statute. However, he insists that

       he lacked the ability to communicate with Child because Mother changed her

       phone number and obtained a protective order. Yet, as the trial court observed,

       Birth Father failed to avail himself of the courts to circumvent this problem, but

       was able to do so on multiple occasions with respect to child support. And the

       evidence in the record is that when Birth Father did have Mother’s phone

       number, he did not seek to talk to Child, but instead would threaten to hire a

       lawyer and take Child away from Mother. Moreover, to the extent Birth Father

       points to “testimony about calling law enforcement, obtaining a protective

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A04-1512-AD-2116 | August 5, 2016   Page 7 of 11
       order, changing addresses … informing the school to not allow contact,”

       lacking a current phone number, and not filing change of address notices,

       (Appellant’s Br. at 8) these amount to requests that we reweigh evidence and

       second-guess the trial court.

[16]   In light of the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court did not clearly err

       when it found that Birth Father’s consent to the adoption was not necessary.

                                   Indian Child Welfare Act
[17]   We turn now to Birth Father’s other issue on appeal, whether his due process

       rights were violated because the adoption was ordered without compliance with

       the Indian Child Welfare Act.

[18]   During the second hearing, addressing whether adoption was in Child’s best

       interests, Birth Father was permitted to testify concerning what he considered to

       be Child’s best interests. Birth Father stated that he was a “full blooded”

       member of the Cherokee tribe, as was his father, and that Child was also

       eligible for tribe membership. (Amended Tr. at 99.) Birth Father further stated

       that he was concerned that Child would lose his “Indian [h]eritage” as a result

       of being adopted by Adoptive Father, because Birth Father would not have

       contact with Child. (Amended Tr. at 100.) While these matters were presented

       to the trial court during the best interests hearing, neither party notified or

       requested that the court notify the Cherokee tribe to permit its involvement in

       the case.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A04-1512-AD-2116 | August 5, 2016   Page 8 of 11
[19]   The Indian Child Welfare Act provides that, “[i]n any involuntary proceeding

       in a State court” involving an “Indian child,” the party seeking foster care

       placement or termination of parental rights “to an Indian child shall notify the

       parent or Indian custodian and the Indian child’s tribe … of the pending

       proceedings and of their right to intervention.” 25 U.S.C. § 1912(a). Birth

       Father contends that because this did not occur, the adoption order must be

       vacated.

[20]   Taking as true Birth Father’s testimony concerning his own tribal membership

       and the status of Child’s claim to tribal membership, we observe that Indiana

       courts have previously recognized that 25 U.S.C. § 1912 operates against the

       broader background of the Act. In re Adoption of T.R.M., 525 N.E.2d 298, 303-

       04 (Ind. 1988). The Act’s provisions include the following statement of

       Congressional policy:

               The Congress hereby declares that it is the policy of this Nation
               to protect the best interests of Indian children and to promote the
               stability and security of Indian tribes and families by the
               establishment of minimum Federal standards for the removal of
               Indian children from their families and the placement of such
               children in foster or adoptive homes which will reflect the unique
               values of Indian culture, and by providing for assistance to
               Indian tribes in the operation of child and family service
               programs.

       25 U.S.C. § 1902. Indiana’s appellate courts have interpreted the Act as

       “‘applicable when you have Indian children being removed from their existing

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A04-1512-AD-2116 | August 5, 2016   Page 9 of 11
       Indian environment.’” In re Adoption of D.C., 928 N.E.2d 602, 605 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2010) (quoting T.R.M., 525 N.E.2d at 303), trans. denied.

[21]   Here, Birth Father is a Cherokee Indian and claims that Child is also entitled to

       such status. However, Child had not resided within an existing Indian

       environment for at least six years prior to the petition for adoption. That is, for

       the period at issue in this appeal, Child “never lived in an Indian home from

       which he could be removed.” Id. at 605. The Act is thus inapplicable in the

       instant case and provides no basis for reversal; any error associated with failure

       to give notice to Birth Father’s tribe is thus harmless. See Ind. Trial Rule 61

       (providing that harmless error—error that does not affect a party’s substantial

       rights—provides no basis for reversal of a trial court’s judgment).

                                               Conclusion
[22]   The trial court did not clearly err when it found that Birth Father’s consent was

       not necessary for the adoption proceedings. Failure to notify Birth Father’s

       Indian tribe of the adoption proceedings does not require vacation of the

       adoption decree.

[23]   Affirmed.

       Riley, J., concurs.
       Barnes, J., concurs with separate opinion.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A04-1512-AD-2116 | August 5, 2016   Page 10 of 11
                                                IN THE
          COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

      In the Matter of the Adoption of
      S.W.F., a Minor Child,                                   Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                               79A04-1512-AD-2116
      S.D.F.,

      Appellant-Respondent,

              v.

      M.C.T.,

      Appellee-Petitioner.

      Barnes, Judge, concurring with separate opinion

[1]   I concur with the majority’s conclusion. I write to once again urge, as I did in

      In re Adoption of D.C., 928 N.E.2d 602, 607-09 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied,

      that our supreme court examine Indiana’s precedent and status in these types of

      cases. Indiana clings to a minority view regarding the “existing Indian family”

      doctrine. A clarification and/or an affirming of that position would be helpful,

      I believe.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A04-1512-AD-2116 | August 5, 2016   Page 11 of 11