Court Opinion

ID: 4233220
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-12-28 21:00:35.364218+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:42:31.841198
License: Public Domain

FILED
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                            DEC 28 2017
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION,                        No.   15-56730

              Plaintiff-Appellee,                D.C. No.
                                                 3:06-cv-01952-JLS-JMA
 v.

THOMAS VILLWOCK, individually, and               MEMORANDUM*
as an officer of Neovi, Inc.,

              Defendant-Appellant,

 and

NEOVI, INC., DBA Neovi Data
Corporation, DBA Qchex.com,

              Defendant,

G7 PRODUCTIVITY SYSTEMS, INC.,
DBA Qchex.com; JAMES M.
DANFORTH, individually, and as an
officer of Neovi, Inc. and G7 Productivity
Systems, Inc.,

              Defendants.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court

       *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
                       for the Southern District of California
                   Janis L. Sammartino, District Judge, Presiding

                            Submitted October 5, 2017**
                               Pasadena, California

Before: RAWLINSON and N.R. SMITH, Circuit Judges, and KORMAN,***
District Judge.

      Appellee Federal Trade Commission (FTC) brought an action against

Appellant Thomas Villwock (Villwock) and his companies because his website

sold a form of software that was easily exploited to create checks to fraudulently

remove funds from bank accounts. See F.T.C. v. Neovi, Inc., 604 F.3d 1150, 1153-

54, 1157 (9th Cir. 2010), as amended. The district court entered a permanent

injunction mandating various identity and account verification procedures to

prevent any future facilitation of fraud. Villwock appeals the district court’s

contempt order and order imposing sanctions premised on his failure to implement

the verification procedures delineated in the final order. Villwock asserts that he

substantially complied with the district court’s order to the extent it was possible,

and that the sanctions were unreasonable.

      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
             The Honorable Edward R. Korman, United States District Judge for
the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation.
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      1.     The district court made the requisite factual findings that Villwock

repeatedly failed to abide by the requirements of its orders. See Hilao v. Estate of

Marcos, 103 F.3d 762, 765 (9th Cir. 1996). The district court’s adoption of the

FTC’s proposed order does not undermine the conclusion that the district court’s

underlying factual findings were supported by the record. See F.T.C. v. Enforma

Nat. Prods., Inc., 362 F.3d 1204, 1215 (9th Cir. 2004), as amended (explaining

that “verbatim adoption of a prevailing party’s proposed findings is not

automatically objectionable if the findings are supported by the record”) (citation

omitted).

      2.     The district court did not clearly err in rejecting Villwock’s assertion

that it was impossible for him to comply with the district court’s orders. See

F.T.C. v. Affordable Media, LLC, 179 F.3d 1228, 1241 (9th Cir. 1999) (placing the

burden of production on “the party asserting the impossibility defense”). The

district court detailed acceptable forms of compliance, and emphasized that

Villwock always had the option of utilizing a monitor approved by the FTC.

Villwock failed to satisfy his burden of producing evidence that it was impossible

to comply with the final order, or that it was vague and overbroad. See id.

      3.     The contempt order was supported by clear and convincing evidence

of noncompliance. See Inst. of Cetacean Research v. Sea Shepherd Conservation

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Soc’y, 774 F.3d 935, 945 (9th Cir. 2014) (setting forth the “clear and convincing

evidence” standard) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The district

court entered its contempt order after reviewing extensive testimony, depositions,

and exhibits. Villwock does not point to any hearsay statements or other evidence

undermining the district court’s findings. Based on the record and its findings, the

district court properly determined that Villwock continued to create check delivery

systems in defiance of the district court’s orders.

      4.     The district court did not err in concluding that Villwock failed to

substantially comply with the identity and account verification procedures required

by the final order. Villwock continued to market software that did not comply with

the district court’s orders, and did not utilize software upgrades, as recommended

by the district court, to bring older versions of check delivery software into

compliance. Villwock also conceded that he had “discontinued any efforts” to

comply with the verification procedures.

      5.     Villwock posits that the contempt order should be vacated for public

policy reasons because the order infringes consumer rights. However, Villwock

failed to establish that consumers’ rights to utilize his software outweigh the

consumer fraud protections in the district court’s orders. See F.T.C. v. EDebitPay,

LLC, 695 F.3d 938, 945 (9th Cir. 2012) (affirming contempt order in favor of FTC

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based on the district court’s “broad authority under the Federal Trade Commission

Act to grant any relief necessary to accomplish complete justice”) (citation and

internal quotation marks omitted).

      6.     The district court did not abuse its discretion in imposing sanctions

based on its contempt order. See United States v. Bright, 596 F.3d 683, 694 (9th

Cir. 2010) (applying abuse of discretion standard to sanctions order). In its 2012

contempt order, the district court determined that a fine of $100,000 per day was

warranted “to attempt restitution for consumer losses.” The district court re-

imposed this fine in its 2015 sanctions order. The district court’s order imposing

compensatory sanctions was supported by the record and Villwock articulates no

error compelling reversal. During the course of this extensive litigation, the

district court was presented with ample evidence of losses to consumers based on

Villwock’s failure to comply with the final order, thereby justifying the amount of

the fine. See Ahearn v. Int’l Longshore & Warehouse Union, 721 F.3d 1122, 1130

(9th Cir. 2013) (approving compensatory fines).

      AFFIRMED.

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