Court Opinion

ID: 9494377
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 15:36:46.88775+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:56:23.125176
License: Public Domain

PAULINE NEWMAN, Circuit Judge.
Dr. Roger W. Brown appeals the decision of the United States District Court for the District of Arizona, granting summary judgment of invalidity of Dr. Brown’s United States Patent No. 5,852,824:1 We affirm the district court’s judgment.
DISCUSSION
The district court ruled summarily that Brown’s patent was anticipated by United States Patent No. 5,600,836 (the “TOCS” patent, for Turn of the Century Systems). For the grant of summary judgment there must be no material fact in dispute, or no reasonable version of material fact upon which the nonmovant could prevail. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986) (the purpose of the summary judgment procedure is not to deprive a litigant of a trial, but to avoid an unnecessary trial when there is only one reasonably possible outcome). The grant of summary judgment of invalidity is reviewed on the same standard as applied by the district court, viz. whether upon application of the correct law a reasonable trier of fact could find for the nonmovant when all reasonably disputed material facts and factual inferences are resolved in favor of the nonmovant.
Anticipation under 35 U.S.C. § 102 means lack of novelty, and is a question of fact. To anticipate, every element and limitation of the claimed invention must be found in a single prior art reference, arranged as in the claim. Karsten Mfg. Corp. v. Cleveland Golf Co. ., 242 F.3d 1376, 1383, 58 USPQ2d 1286, 1291 (Fed.Cir.2001); Scripps Clinic & Research Foundation v. Genentech, Inc., 927 F.2d 1565, 1576, 18 USPQ2d 1001, 1010 (Fed. Cir.1991). When a claim covers several structures or compositions, either' generically or as alternatives, the claim is deemed anticipated if any of the structures or compositions within the scope of the claim is known in the prior art. Titanium Metals Corp. of America v. Banner, 778 F.2d 775, 782, 227 USPQ 773, 778 (Fed. Cir.1985). See also In re Petering, 49 C.C.P.A. 993, 301 F.2d 676, 682, 133 USPQ 275, 280 (CCPA 1962) (a compound described in a reference, and a generic claim including that compound, are unpatentable under 35 U.S.C. § 102(b)); In re Slayter, 47 C.C.P.A. 849, 276 F.2d 408, 411, 125 USPQ 345, 347 (CCPA 1960) (a generic claim can not be allowed if the prior art describes a species within the claimed genus).
The Brown and the TOCS patents are both directed to the Year 2000(Y2K) problem. For computer programs where the year 1999 was represented by the two digits “99,” there was concern about whether in the year 2000 the programs would differentiate between the year dates 2000 and 1900, with forecasts of catastrophic consequences. One proposed solution was to reprogram the computer into thinking it was an earlier year than it. actually was, so that a year date ending in “00” would not soon be reached. The TOCS patent presented a solution of this type, wherein “two-digit years provided as inputs to the application are adjusted by either a time change value or complement value,” while the output dates are represented in local time. Although it is disputed, for the purposes of review of this summary judgment we accept Brown’s position that the TOCS patent does not teach remediation of other than two-digit year dates.
*1352Not all computer databases represent the year date solely by two digits; some databases use three digits or four digits to represent year dates, especially in newer computer programs. Thus several different date formats may be running on the same computer system. The Brown invention includes adjustment of programs containing any such date systems.
The TOCS patent was licensed to a company called Unbeaten Path International Ltd. (UPI), who provided a program that, according to Dr. Brown, remediated year dates on computers running applications containing two-, three-, and four-digit year dates by setting the computer date clock to an offset time. Dr. Brown states that the defendants use this method of remediating year date data, and that by application to two-, three- or four-digit year dates, the Brown patent is infringed.
Dr. Brown’s patent, filed on May 22, 1997, claims a system for setting the computer clock to an offset time, applicable to records with year date data in “at least one of two-digit, three-digit, or four-digit” representations. Claim 16 is in suit:
16. An apparatus for processing year-date data in a computer system, the apparatus comprising:
a CPU;
a bus coupled to the CPU;
a memory coupled to the bus;
a system clock coupled to the bus, wherein the system clock is set to an offset time wherein the offset time is a time other than the actual time;
at least one application program stored in the memory and being executed by the CPU;
a[t] least one database file stored in the memory containing records with year-date data with years being represented by at least one of two-digit, three-digit, or four-digit year-date representations; and
a mechanism for converting the year-date data representations in the database file to a two-digit year-date data representation.
(Emphasis added.) During prosecution Dr. Brown identified the TOCS patent (filed on November 14, 1995) as the closest reference.
The district court construed the word “or” in claim 16 as meaning that the apparatus was capable of converting “only two-digit, only three-digit, only four-digit, or any combination of two-, three-, and four-digit date-data.” Slip op. at 9. We agree with this construction of the claim, for it is the plain reading of the claim text. These are not technical terms of art, and do not require elaborate interpretation. There is no basis in the specification or prosecution history for reading “or” as “and” — nor does Dr. Brown request such a reading.
Neither party disputes that the TOCS patent teaches the handling of year dates in two-digit format by setting the system clock to an offset date other than the actual date. Although Dr. Brown argues that TOCS does not anticipate the larger capability of the Brown system to conduct threeand/or four-digit date conversion, the TOCS disclosure of two-digit remediation anticipates the Brown two-digit rededication. By claiming his invention in the alternative, Dr. Brown has presented a claim for which infringement would lie whether or not there were also offset of three-digit or four-digit year dates. The principle of law is concisely embodied in the truism that: “That which infringes if later anticipates if earlier.” Polaroid Corp. v. Eastman Kodak Co., 789 F.2d 1556, 1573, 229 USPQ 561, 574 (Fed. Cir.1986) (citing Peters v. Active Mfg. Co., 129 U.S. 530, 537, 9 S.Ct. 389, 32 L.Ed. 738 (1889)). See generally Lewmar Marine, *1353Inc. v. Barient, Inc., 827 F.2d 744, 747, 3 USPQ2d 1766, 1768 (Fed.Cir.1987).
Dr. Brown argues that because the capability to act on a combination of two-, three-, and four-digit data when such data are present is not shown in the prior art, claim 16 can not be anticipated. However, claim 16 is written in the alternative, and as written would be literally infringed by a system that offsets year dates only in two-digit formats such as the TOCS system. Thus the district court correctly ruled that claim 16 was anticipated, and invalid for lack of novelty. 35 U.S.C. § 102.
Each party shall bear its costs.

AFFIRMED.

. Brown v. Proctor & Gamble Co., No. 99-CV-1577 (D.Az. Aug. 10, 2000).