Court Opinion

ID: 6320542
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-05 06:15:01.718642+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:02:30.815046
License: Public Domain

Opinion filed February 28, 2022

                                        In The

        Eleventh Court of Appeals
                                     __________

                                  No. 11-19-00359-CR
                                      __________

               MICHAEL ANDREW GUERRA, Appellant
                                         V.
                     THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                     On Appeal from the 259th District Court
                             Jones County, Texas
                         Trial Court Cause No. 011608

                     MEMORANDUM OPINION
       A jury convicted Appellant, Michael Andrew Guerra, of assault on a public
servant, a third-degree felony. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01(a)(1), (b)(1) (West
Supp. 2021). The jury assessed Appellant’s punishment at confinement for a term
of eight years in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal
Justice. Appellant challenges his conviction in three issues. In his third issue,
Appellant asserts that the trial court abused its discretion when it failed to conduct
an informal inquiry concerning his competency after receiving some evidence during
the trial proceedings suggesting that Appellant might not be competent to stand trial.
In his first issue, Appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it
failed to conduct a formal competency trial. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.
arts. 46B.004(c)–(d), .005 (West 2018). We agree.
      We previously abated this appeal and remanded this cause to the trial court to
conduct, if feasible, a retrospective competency trial. A copy of our October 14,
2021 abatement order is attached as an appendix to this opinion. We expressly
incorporate the abatement order as a part of the opinion in this appeal.
      In our abatement order, we determined that some evidence came to the
attention of the trial court during trial suggesting that Appellant might be
incompetent. We concluded that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to stay
the trial proceedings to conduct a formal competency trial. Accordingly, we
instructed the trial court to determine if a retrospective competency trial was
feasible. By doing so, we essentially sustained Appellant’s third issue, which
complained of the absence of an informal competency inquiry, and we sustained
Appellant’s first issue in part by determining that the trial court should have
conducted a formal competency trial.
      In response to our abatement order, the trial court has now determined that a
retrospective competency trial is infeasible. On the reinstatement of this appeal, we
now reverse Appellant’s conviction and remand this cause for a new trial.
                           Factual and Procedural History
      We incorporate the “Background Facts” set out in our abatement order. In
addition to those facts, we note that in 2015, a jury convicted Appellant of indecency

                                           2
with a child. In accordance with the jury’s recommendation, the trial court placed
Appellant on community supervision for seven years. We later affirmed Appellant’s
previous conviction for indecency with a child. See Guerra v. State, No. 11-15-
00155-CR, 2016 WL 4574954 (Tex. App.—Eastland Aug. 25, 2016, pet. ref’d)
(mem. op., not designated for publication).
      Appellant’s conviction for assault on a public servant arises from an event that
occurred during the revocation proceeding initiated by the State to revoke
Appellant’s community supervision due to Appellant’s violation of certain terms of
his community supervision. During the revocation proceeding, Appellant became
disruptive and allegedly bit James Duke when Duke tried to restrain him. Duke was
the Jones County jail administrator and was providing courtroom security that day.
Appellant was later indicted for assault on a public servant for intentionally,
recklessly, and knowingly causing bodily injury to Duke, by biting him, with
knowledge that Duke was a public servant. Appellant does not challenge the
sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction for that offense.
                                      Analysis
      Upon reinstatement, this appeal presents a single question for our
determination—What is the appropriate disposition of the appeal when: (1) the trial
court should have conducted a formal competency trial; and (2) the trial court has
determined that a retrospective competency determination is not feasible?
      In our abatement order, we determined that “some evidence” came to the trial
court’s attention during the trial proceedings suggesting that Appellant might be
incompetent to stand trial, thereby triggering the requirement for the trial court to
conduct an informal competency inquiry.          See CRIM. PROC. art. 46B.004(c).
We further determined that there was more than a scintilla of evidence that

                                          3
Appellant had a debilitating mental illness that might have caused him to lack the
“capacity . . . to . . . engage in a reasoned choice of legal strategies and options . . .
[or] to engage with counsel in a reasonable and rational manner.” See Turner v.
State, 422 S.W.3d 676, 689 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (quoting CRIM. PROC. art.
46B.024, §§ 1(c), 4)). Therefore, we held that the trial court abused its discretion by
failing to stay the underlying trial proceedings to conduct a formal competency trial.
We reaffirm those determinations and that holding today.
      Because of the trial court’s failures, we abated this appeal and remanded this
cause to the trial court with instructions to conduct, if feasible, a retrospective
competency determination. See Boyett v. State, 545 S.W.3d 556, 566 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2018); Turner, 422 S.W.3d at 696; Bautista v. State, 605 S.W.3d 520, 530
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2020, no pet.). We also instructed the trial court
to first determine “whether it is presently feasible to conduct a retrospective
competency trial, given the passage of time, availability of evidence, and any other
pertinent considerations.” Turner, 422 S.W.3d at 696; see 43 George E. Dix &
John M. Schmolesky, 43 Texas Practice: Criminal Practice and Procedure § 31:81
(3d ed. 2020) (discussing retrospective competency hearings and the feasibility of
such hearings).
      Pursuant to our abatement and remand, the trial court entered its Court Order
on Feasibility of a Retrospective Competency Determination. In that order, the trial
court stated that it had determined Appellant to be competent at the time of trial and
that the presumption of competence in Article 46B.003(b) was not overcome at trial.
Further, the trial court included the following findings:
          • competency is a fluid, complex state;
          • a retrospective determination of a person’s legal competency to stand
            trial more than two years after trial is not feasible;

                                            4
            • no new evidence would exist that was not considered at the time that
              Appellant’s determination of competency was made; and
            • no further evaluation could be conducted or expert testimony submitted
              that could determine whether Appellant was competent at the time of
              trial.

We agree with the trial court that “competency is a fluid, complex” question.
However, when some evidence from any source exists that would support a finding
that the defendant may be incompetent to stand trial, the question of competency is
one that must be decided in a formal competency trial. See Turner, 422 S.W.3d at
692–93; see also CRIM. PROC. art. 46B.051.
        We previously determined that the state of the evidence developed during the
trial proceedings was such that Appellant was entitled to a formal competency trial.
However, the trial court has subsequently determined that a retrospective
competency trial is not feasible. In light of that determination, the appropriate
disposition of this appeal is a reversal of Appellant’s conviction and a remand for
new trial.      See Greene v. State, 264 S.W.3d 271, 273 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
2008, pet. ref’d; see also Anderson v. State, No. 04-00-00751-CR, 2002 WL 432674,
at *4 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Mar. 20, 2002, no pet.) (not designated for
publication).
        Accordingly, we sustain Appellant’s first and third issues. In light of our
disposition of these issues, we need not address Appellant’s second issue. 1

        1
         In Appellant’s second appellate issue, he asserts that the trial court’s failure to conduct an informal
inquiry and a formal competency hearing deprived him of an impartial jury. Because we have sustained
Appellant’s first and third issues, a ruling as to Appellant’s second issue is not “necessary to a final
disposition of the appeal.” See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1

                                                       5
                                   This Court’s Ruling
       We reverse the trial court’s judgment of conviction and remand this cause to
the trial court for a new trial.

                                                W. BRUCE WILLIAMS
                                                JUSTICE

February 28, 2022
Do not publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Panel consists of: Bailey, C.J.,
Trotter, J., and Williams, J.

                                            6
APPENDIX

   7
Order filed October 14, 2021

                                     In The

        Eleventh Court of Appeals
                                  __________

                               No. 11-19-00359-CR
                                   __________

               MICHAEL ANDREW GUERRA, Appellant
                                        V.
                     THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                     On Appeal from the 259th District Court
                             Jones County, Texas
                         Trial Court Cause No. 011608

                                   ORDER
       Appellant, Michael Andrew Guerra, challenges his conviction for assault on
a public servant, a third-degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01(a)(1),
(b)(1) (West Supp. 2020). Appellant raises three issues, but we only address one at
this time. In his first issue, Appellant contends that the trial court abused its
discretion in failing to order a competency examination after receiving some

                                         8
evidence during the pendency of Appellant’s trial that suggested that Appellant was
not competent to stand trial. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 46B.004(c) (West
2018). Because the record indicates that some evidence did come to the trial court’s
attention suggesting that Appellant may not have been competent when he stood
trial, we abate this appeal and remand to the trial court to determine whether a
retrospective competency determination is feasible. If it is feasible, then the trial
court shall conduct one.
                                   Background Facts
       Appellant’s trial counsel, Trey Keith, filed a pretrial motion suggesting that
Appellant may be incompetent to stand trial. In that motion, Keith described
Appellant as “fixated on the idea that his current detention is unlawful, but the basis
of his belief is unclear . . . [his] speech is rapid, and frequently non-stop; his locutions
are repetitive and rambling, but the apparent theme is that [Appellant] believes
himself to be the victim of ongoing injustice . . . [such that he is] entirely distracted
by his perception that he is being persecuted by the system.” It should be noted that
Appellant continued to exhibit such behavior throughout the entirety of his trial.
       The trial court ordered that Appellant be examined by Dr. Samuel D.
Brinkman. Based on Dr. Brinkman’s evaluation of Appellant and the opinions stated
in his expert report, the trial court found sufficient evidence to suggest that Appellant
“does not possess a rational understanding of the charges against him and . . . is not
able to provide meaningful assistance to Counsel” in preparing his defense. In light
of the trial court’s finding, on February 28, 2018, the trial court ordered that
Appellant be committed to the North Texas State Hospital in Big Spring, Texas. On
August 8, 2018, the trial court found that Appellant was still incompetent to stand
trial and ordered that his commitment in the North Texas State Hospital be extended

                                             9
for a year in order to help Appellant regain his competency. On October 30, 2018,
the Texas Department of Health and Human Services filed a report concluding that
Appellant “is presently competent to stand trial.” After Appellant’s competency to
stand trial was restored, this case went to trial nine months later.
                                  Pretrial Hearings
      At the first pretrial conference, on July 9, 2019, Appellant stated that he did
not understand why he was sent to North Texas State Hospital.              Appellant
complained that he was required to take medication for schizophrenia while he was
there and that those medications were still being provided, though he refused to take
them after being released from North Texas State Hospital.
      At the second and final pretrial hearing, Appellant’s trial counsel, Keith, made
the following address to the trial court:
      Mr. Guerra reports to me this morning that he doesn’t . . . understand
      why we’re going to jury trial next week. He doesn’t believe that he’s
      currently accused of the offense, which is actually scheduled to go to
      trial. He believes he’s already been discharge[d] and dismissed[.]
Appellant began to interrupt, and the trial court had him removed from the
courtroom. The trial court then made the following remark:
      [L]et the record reflect that he has for the second time in court engaged
      in an outburst. I believe that it’s his intent to do that purposefully so
      that he can avoid the purs[uit] of justice.
             ....
            . . . He’s been restored, for the record, to his mental
      competency. . . . [A]nd so we’ve got to put our blindfolds on and press
      forward.
                                       Voir Dire
      The following week, at the beginning of voir dire, the trial court began by
reading from the report made by the Texas Department of Health and Human

                                            10
Services in October of 2018, deeming Appellant “presently competent to stand trial.”
Upon Keith’s request, the trial court then also made note of paragraph three:
      It is of vital importance that [Appellant] continues medication therapy
      while awaiting trial. His medication is at a therapeutic level and must
      be maintained for continued managing symptoms. . . . His diagnosis
      [is] [s]chizoaffective disorder, bipolar type.
After reading paragraph three into the record, the following exchange took place
between the trial court and Keith:
             THE COURT: [L]et’s not dance around the elephant in the room.
      Are you suggesting that you believe that [Appellant] is not [t]aking his
      medications, and, therefore, you do not believe he is competent to stand
      trial on the very day that we are proceeding forward with trial[?]
            [KEITH]: Judge, [Appellant] instructs me that he is competent
      and he wants [to] proceed to trial. I certainly believe there was an issue
      when I first filed a request for [an] exam that resulted in his
      commitment to Big Spring back in September or October of 2017. I --
      Judge, I don’t think I’m permitted to -- I don’t think I’m capable of
      giving an opinion. [Appellant] tells me he’s competent so . . . .
The trial court then conducted the following, informal inquiry with Appellant:
             [Q]: . . . Do you believe you’re competent?
             [A]: Yes, sir.
             [Q]: Have you been taking any medications?
             [A]: No, sir.
             ....
             [Q]: And why do you choose to not take the medications?
            [A]: Because I was born a human being without any problems. I
      speak perfect English. I can write perfect English. I passed high school
      and everything like that. And there’s -- I know the law from front to
      back, each paper. . . . There’s nothing in there that any paper that says
      doesn’t tell me I’m guilty. . . . I have civil rights. . . . [A]nybody can

                                         11
      type up a paper and say I’m guilty and when they show it to you, you’re
      going to go off the paper and say I’m guilty . . . based on the paper.
             ....
           [Q]: Do you understand that all of us have a certain level of
      conduct that we must comply with?
             [A]: Yes, sir, the Declaration of Independence.
      The trial court was ostensibly satisfied with Appellant’s responses, and the
voir dire proceedings commenced. During a recess for the parties to consider their
peremptory strikes, Appellant instructed his attorney “to not exercise any strikes.”
The jury that was ultimately empaneled, with no strikes having been made by
Appellant, included seven venirepersons who gave disconcerting responses during
voir dire. Upon observing the unselected venirepersons being dismissed from the
courtroom, Appellant audibly complained, “But the contract stated that they all --
that all those names stated that -- for the jury in the cause number of this case and
they all left except these amount.” The trial court disregarded Appellant’s remarks
and continued with the trial proceedings.
                                      The Trial
      At trial, and after the State rested its case-in-chief, the trial court advised
Appellant of his Fifth Amendment right not to testify. The trial court neither
inquired as to whether Appellant understood this right nor solicited any other
response from him.      Appellant testified during both the guilt/innocence and
punishment phases of trial, and his answers were routinely nonresponsive, rambling,
confusing, or unintelligible. During his testimony, Appellant also renewed his
complaint from voir dire about the jury’s size:
      This is the first time I’ve had a jury trial with at least some, but not all
      the ones that were here. They all signed a contract for the whole case.

                                          12
      They were excluded. I did say that I do not want to exclude any of
      them. I signed for them to be all jurors.
                                  This Appeal
      We begin with a threshold matter, addressing why the State’s claim that the
issues are not preserved for appeal under TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a) is mistaken. We
then explain why there was some evidence to suggest that Appellant was
incompetent to stand trial, such that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to
stay the proceedings and to conduct a formal competency trial in compliance with
the procedures outlined in Article 46B of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.
Therefore, we abate this appeal and remand this cause to the trial court with
instructions to conduct a retrospective competency hearing, if feasible.
      I. Appellant’s complaints are properly before this court because an error
      regarding the application of Article 46B is either systemic or waivable only,
      which makes it exempt from the ordinary preservation requirements of
      Rule 33.1(a).
             A. Standard of Review
      Rule 33.1(a) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure “could be summarized
as requiring a timely, specific objection and a ruling by the trial court,” in order for
a complaint to be properly preserved for appeal. Mendez v. State, 138 S.W.3d 334,
341 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). Crucially, this rule does not apply to “rights which are
waivable only or to absolute systemic requirements, the violation of which may still
be raised for the first time on appeal.” Id. Indeed, systemic requirements and
waivable only rights “cannot be made subject to rules of procedural default because,
by definition, they are not forfeitable.” Marin v. State, 851 S.W.2d 275, 279 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1993).
      A systemic requirement is “a law that a trial court has a duty to follow even if
the parties wish otherwise[,]” and violations of which any party can complain about

                                           13
on appeal, “even if the party failed to complain about the failure.” Mendez, 138
S.W.3d at 340. Rights that are waivable only are “rights of litigants which must be
implemented by the system unless expressly waived.” Id. (quoting Marin, 851
S.W.3d at 279). A litigant is never deemed to have waived a right that is waivable
only, “unless he says so plainly, freely, and intelligently, sometimes in writing and
always on the record.” Marin, 851 S.W.2d at 280 (citing Goffney v. State, 843
S.W.2d 583, 585 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)).
      At the very least, “[a] law that puts a duty on the trial court to act sua sponte,
creates a right that is waivable only . . . [and] cannot be . . . forfeitable by a party’s
inaction.” Mendez, 138 S.W.3d at 342. Thus, if Article 46B of the Texas Code of
Criminal Procedure places a duty on trial courts to act sua sponte, then Appellant’s
complaints are not subject to Rule 33.1(a)’s preservation requirement.
             B. Analysis
      It is a violation of due process for an incompetent person to be tried, convicted,
or sentenced for a criminal offense. See Pate v. Robinson, 383 U.S. 375, 378 (1966)
(“[T]he conviction of an accused person while he is legally incompetent violates due
process.”); Boyett v. State, 545 S.W.3d 556, 563 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018) (“As a
matter of constitutional due process, a criminal defendant who is incompetent may
not stand trial.”). Thus, states are required to implement procedures that are
“adequate to assure that incompetent defendants are not put to trial.” Turner v. State,
422 S.W.3d 676, 689 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). The Texas Legislature codified this
due process requirement in Article 46B, which “elaborately describe[s] the
circumstances that require, and the procedures for making, a determination of
whether a defendant is competent to stand trial.” Id.

                                           14
      For purposes of this section, what is important about Texas’s procedure is that
“[i]f evidence suggesting the defendant may be incompetent to stand trial comes to
the attention of the court, the court on its own motion shall suggest that the defendant
may be incompetent to stand trial.” CRIM. PROC. art. 46B.004(b) (emphasis added).
Thus, trial courts have a duty to be vigilant as to whether there is evidence suggesting
a defendant’s incompetence to stand trial and must sua sponte raise the issue if such
evidence comes to its attention. Furthermore, should that happen, “the court shall
determine by informal inquiry whether there is some evidence from any source that
would support a finding that the defendant may be incompetent to stand trial.” Id.
art. 46B.004(c) (emphasis added). And if the trial court does find some evidence of
the defendant’s incompetency at the informal inquiry, “the court . . . shall stay all
other proceedings in the case” and conduct a formal competency trial.                Id.
art. 46B.004(d) (emphasis added). A competency trial may be forgone only when
neither party’s counsel requests a trial on the issue of incompetency; and neither
party’s counsel opposes a finding of incompetency; and the trial court does not, on
its own motion, determine that a trial is necessary to determine incompetency. CRIM.
PROC. art. 46B.005(c).
      Appellant claims that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to stay the
proceedings and order a competency trial because there was some evidence, at the
time of the trial court’s informal inquiry, to support a finding that he was not
competent to stand trial. If there was, in fact, some evidence, then the trial court had
a duty to either find Appellant incompetent or stay the proceedings in order to
conduct a formal competency trial irrespective of what the parties agreed to or
requested.   This requirement cannot be forfeited by inaction nor waived by
agreement of the parties. The trial court has this duty irrespective of what the parties

                                          15
do or do not request. As such, Appellant may raise the issue for the first time on
appeal.
      II. The trial court erred in failing to stay the proceedings and to conduct a
      formal competency trial after ‘some evidence’ came to its attention suggesting
      that Appellant’s debilitating mental illness was the engine of his obstinacy.
             A. Standard of Review
      When evidence suggesting a defendant may not be competent to stand trial
comes to the attention of the trial court, “the court shall determine by informal
inquiry whether there is some evidence from any source that would support a finding
that the defendant may be incompetent.” CRIM. PROC. art. 46B.004(c) (emphasis
added). The Court of Criminal Appeals has explained that some evidence only
requires “‘more than none or a scintilla’ of evidence that ‘rationally may lead to a
conclusion of incompetency.’” Boyett, 545 S.W.3d at 564 (quoting Turner, 422
S.W.3d at 696).
      During the informal inquiry, “a trial court must consider only evidence of
incompetency, and it must not weigh evidence of competency against the evidence
of incompetency.” Id.; see also Bautista v. State, 605 S.W.3d 520, 527–28 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2020, no pet.) (explaining that “the informal inquiry is
not the appropriate venue for determining the merits of a claim of incompetency”).
      Finally, it is insufficient to stay the proceedings and order a competency trial
simply because the informal inquiry reveals more than a scintilla of evidence that
the defendant is mentally ill, that he “refuses to cooperate with his trial counsel,” or
both. Turner, 422 S.W.3d at 691. Rather, there must be more than a scintilla of
evidence to suggest “that the defendant’s refusal to rationally engage with counsel
is caused by his mental illness.” Boyett, 545 S.W.3d at 564. Thus, in the present
case, there must be more than a scintilla of evidence that Appellant’s bipolar

                                          16
schizophrenia is the well-spring of his self-sabotaging decisions not to strike any
venirepersons and to testify (poorly) in his own defense, despite his lawyer’s advice.
             B. Analysis
      During the trial court’s informal inquiry at the beginning of voir dire, there
did exist some evidence that Appellant (1) had a debilitating mental illness, (2) had
been prescribed medication for that illness, (3) had regained his competency through
the use of that medication, and (4) had stopped using that medication, which the
Texas Department of Health and Human Services described as “vital” to managing
the symptoms that were ostensibly responsible for Appellant’s prior incompetency.
But what was missing, at that time, was some evidence suggesting that Appellant
was obstinately refusing to rationally cooperate with his attorney, to his detriment.
      By the time voir dire had ended, the trial court had learned that Appellant’s
delusional belief in his own knowledge of the law and in the number of
venirepersons that may sit on a jury had resulted in a failure to strike any potential
jurors, even though seven of the venirepersons who were ultimately empaneled gave
answers suggesting they would be harmful to Appellant’s defense. The trial court
learned that Appellant’s deluded belief in his own legal prowess further meant that
he had no intention of accepting any advice that his attorney was prepared to provide
throughout trial. These revelations, in combination with what was already known
by then, created more than a scintilla of evidence that Appellant’s debilitating mental
illness may be causing him to lack the “capacity . . . to . . . engage in a reasoned
choice of legal strategies and options . . . [or] to engage with counsel in a reasonable
and rational manner.”        Turner, 422 S.W.3d at 689 (quoting CRIM. PROC.
art. 46B.024, §§ 1(c), 4).

                                          17
       There existed some evidence suggesting that Appellant was not competent to
stand trial by the end of voir dire. The State argues, however, that because the
informal inquiry had ended before the trial court had seen any evidence that
Appellant was obstinately refusing to cooperate with his attorney or that he intended
to disregard his attorney throughout the trial as a result of his mental illness, the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to stay the proceedings and conduct a
formal competency trial. The State directs our attention to a passage from Turner,
which appears to emphasize the time sensitivity of the informal inquiry:
             The question therefore becomes whether, in light of what became
      known to the trial court by the conclusion of th[e] informal inquiry, it
      should have conducted a formal competency trial. The answer depends
      upon whether “some evidence from any source” had arisen by that time
      “that would support a finding that [the appellant] may be incompetent
      to stand trial.”
Id. at 692 (second alteration in original) (emphasis added) (quoting Crim. Proc.
art. 46B.004 (c)).
       According to the State, even if some evidence suggesting that Appellant was
incompetent had come to the trial court’s attention by the end of voir dire or
subsequently throughout the trial, such evidence was not known by the conclusion
of the informal inquiry when voir dire began. Thus, the State urges, the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in failing to stay the proceedings and conduct a formal
competency trial.     What the State overlooks, however, is the paragraph that
immediately follows in Turner:
              Should the formal competency trial result in a finding of
       competency, the trial court is not obliged to revisit the issue later absent
       a material change of circumstances suggesting that the defendant’s
       mental status has deteriorated. However, especially when there has
       been a suggestion of incompetency but no formal adjudication of the
       issue, due process requires the trial court to remain ever vigilant for

                                            18
      changes in circumstances that would make a formal adjudication
      appropriate.
Id. at 693 (footnote omitted).
      The trial court conducted an informal inquiry at the beginning of voir dire but
did not follow the formal competency trial procedures in Article 46B. As such, due
process required the trial court to remain vigilant of any subsequent developments
that may have made a formal adjudication necessary. Moreover, even if we consider
the formal competency adjudication that took place a year before voir dire occurred
in this case, the trial court was still obliged to revisit the issue if a change in
circumstances suggested that Appellant’s mental status had deteriorated. The record
reflects that Appellant was deemed to have regained his competency as a result of
his “vital” medications, and the trial court had been informed that Appellant had
stopped taking those medications. Thus, when Appellant prevented his attorney
from striking any potentially harmful jurors and announced to the trial court that he
had no intention of listening to his lawyer’s advice since he “know[s] the law from
front to back, each paper,” the trial court had a duty to revisit the matter and
determine if this behavior amounted to more than a scintilla of evidence that
Appellant’s debilitating mental illness was preventing him from engaging in
reasoned legal decisions and rationally engaging with his attorney. We conclude
that it did. Thus, we hold that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to stay
the proceedings and conduct a formal competency trial.
                                 This Court’s Order
      We have held that it was an abuse of discretion for the trial court not to stay
the proceedings and conduct a formal competency trial after some evidence of
Appellant’s potential incompetency came to the trial court’s attention. As such, we
abate this appeal and remand this cause to the trial court with instructions to conduct

                                          19
a retrospective competency determination, if feasible. See Boyett, 545 S.W.3d at
566; Turner, 422 S.W.3d at 696; Bautista, 605 S.W.3d at 530. On remand, the trial
court shall first determine, “whether it is presently feasible to conduct a retrospective
competency trial, given the passage of time, availability of evidence, and any other
pertinent considerations.” Turner, 422 S.W.3d at 696; see 43 George E. Dix & John
M. Schmolesky, 43 Texas Practice: Criminal Practice and Procedure § 31:81 (3d
ed. 2020) (discussing retrospective competency hearings and the feasibility of such
hearings). Should the trial court find that a retrospective competency trial is feasible,
“it shall proceed to conduct such a trial in accordance with Chapter 46B,
Subchapter C, of the Code of Criminal Procedure.” Id. If the trial court finds that a
retrospective competency trial is not feasible, “the record of the proceedings on
remand shall . . . be returned to this Court for reinstatement of the appeal.” Id.
      Under either scenario, the trial court is ordered to prepare appropriate written
findings within twenty days after it has determined whether a retrospective
competency trial is feasible, and the results of such proceeding, if feasibly
conducted. We further order (1) that the district clerk forward a supplemental clerk’s
record containing the trial court’s written findings within twenty days after the trial
court files its written findings or order and (2) that the court reporter for the 259th
district court create a supplemental reporter’s record containing a transcript of all
proceedings associated with any retrospective competency trial and to file the
supplemental reporter’s record with this court within thirty days after the trial court
files its written findings or order.
      Upon the filing of the supplemental clerk’s record and the supplemental
reporter’s record with this court, the appeal will be reinstated. This court will issue

                                           20
further orders and instructions to the parties, as necessary, upon the receipt of the
records requested above.
      It is so ordered.

                                               W. BRUCE WILLIAMS
                                               JUSTICE

October 14, 2021
Do not publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Panel consists of: Bailey, C.J.,
Trotter, J., and Williams, J.

                                         21