Court Opinion

ID: 168992
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-08-14 17:03:00+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:59:53.355052
License: Public Domain

F I L E D
                                                             United States Court of Appeals
                                                                     Tenth Circuit
                                      PUBLISH
                                                                     March 28, 2007
                    UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS             Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                     Clerk of Court
                                TENTH CIRCUIT

 U N ITED STA TES O F A M ER ICA,

              Plaintiff - Appellee,
 v.                                                    No. 04-6384
 M A RG ARET A N N G OR DO N ,

              Defendant - Appellant.

          A PPE AL FR OM T HE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
              FO R TH E W ESTERN DISTRICT O F O K LAH O M A
                         (D .C . NO. CR-04-147-1-R)

Submitted on the briefs: *

W illiam P. Earley, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma,
for Defendant - Appellant.

John C. Richter, United States Attorney, and Randal A. Sengel, Assistant United
States Attorney, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for Plaintiff - Appellee.

Before KELLY, L UC ER O, and TYM KOVICH, Circuit Judges.

KELLY, Circuit Judge.

      *
        This matter is submitted on the briefs by this court’s own motion, dated
October 10, 2006, pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2) and 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G).
        Defendant-Appellant M argaret Ann Gordon appeals from the district

court’s order requiring her to pay restitution for credit card fraud in the amount of

$68,698.52. M s. Gordon argues the amount of restitution exceeds the statutory

limits set forth in the M andatory Victim Restitution Act (M VRA). See 18 U.S.C.

§ 3663A. The government filed two motions for enforcement of the plea

agreement, 1 see United States v. Hahn, 359 F.3d 1315, 1328 (10th Cir. 2004) (en

banc) (per curiam), arguing that M s. Gordon waived her right to appeal the

amount of restitution. M s. Gordon responds that her challenge to the amount of

restitution is not covered by her waiver of appellate rights and that, if it is, she

did not enter the waiver knowingly and voluntarily. Exercising jurisdiction

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we determine that M s. Gordon may appeal the

restitution order. W e vacate that order and remand to the district for the entry of

a restitution order in the amount of $7,950.98.

                                      Background

        On August 9, 2004, M s. Gordon pled guilty to an Information charging her

with a single count of credit card fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1029(a)(2):

        [T]he defendant herein, knowingly and with intent to defraud used an
        unauthorized access device during a one-year period, that is
        M astercard XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-9512, in a manner that affected
        interstate commerce, and by such conduct obtained something of

        1
            W e denied the government’s first motion in an order dated April 12,
2005.

                                            2
      value of $1,000 or more.

R. Doc. 1, at 1.

     The loss associated with this count was $7,950.98. M s. Gordon entered into

a written plea agreement that did not place an express limit on the amount of

restitution that could be ordered. Instead, the agreement stated: “the Court must

order the payment of restitution to the victim(s) of the offense.” I. R. Doc. 8, at

2. It also contained a waiver of M s. Gordon’s appellate rights. On November 19,

2004, the district court sentenced M s. Gordon to serve eighteen months of

imprisonment followed by three years of supervised release. It ordered her to pay

restitution in the amount of $68,698.52.

      The Pre-Sentence Report (PSR) included, as relevant conduct, monetary

losses other than those associated with the count of conviction. Specifically, the

PSR considered losses resulting from six other incidents where M s. Gordon

fraudulently used credit cards belonging to other persons. 2 The total loss

resulting from the count of conviction and the other incidents was $68,698.52.

The district court used that amount to calculate the guidelines sentence, and also

based its restitution order on that amount. M s. Gordon did not object to the

restitution order at sentencing. On appeal, she challenges the restitution order to

      2
         M s. Gordon was hired to be a caretaker for two elderly women who
subsequently died. She used credit cards in their names (and procured new credit
cards using their personal information) and had the credit card statements mailed
to a post office box under her control. M s. Gordon also used the personal checks
of one of the women after she died.

                                           3
the extent it requires payments for losses not causally linked to the count of

conviction. The government argues that M s. Gordon’s w aiver of appellate rights

bars her challenge to the restitution order.

                                      Discussion

I.    The Scope of the W aiver of Appellate Rights

      W aivers of appellate rights are generally enforceable. Hahn, 359 F.3d at

1318. Consequently, before reaching the merits of this appeal, we must determine

whether such review is precluded by the waiver. First, we must determine

“whether the disputed appeal falls within the scope of the waiver of appellate

rights.” Id. at 1325. If the appeal does not fall within the scope of the w aiver,

our analysis ends and we may proceed to the merits. If the appeal is within the

scope of the waiver, we must next determine “whether the defendant knowingly

and voluntarily waived [her] appellate rights,” and “whether enforcing the waiver

would result in a miscarriage of justice. . . .” Id.

      Plea agreements are governed by contract principles. United States v.

Rockwell Int’l Corp., 124 F.3d 1194, 1199 (10th Cir. 1997). One key principle is

the doctrine of contra proferentem; that ambiguities in agreements are to be

construed against the drafter. See Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 206

(1981). Thus, in determining the scope of a waiver, the court must strictly

construe any ambiguities in the agreement against the government (the drafter)

                                            4
and in favor of the defendant. Hahn, 359 F.3d at 1325. This means waivers

should be narrowly construed. Id.

          M s. Gordon’s plea agreement contains the following waiver of appellate

rights:

          Defendant understands that a sentencing guideline range for her case
          will be determined by the Court under the guidelines issued by the
          U.S. Sentencing Commission. Defendant also understands that the
          Court has jurisdiction and authority to impose any sentence within
          the statutory maximum for the offense(s) to which she is pleading
          guilty. Defendant further understands that Title 28, United States
          Code, Section 1291, and Title 18, United States Code, Section 3742
          give her the right to appeal the judgment and sentence imposed by
          the Court. Acknowledging all this, defendant in exchange for the
          promises and concessions made by the United States in this plea
          agreement, knowingly and voluntarily waives her right to:

                (a)   Appeal or collaterally challenge her guilty plea and any
                      other aspect of her conviction, including but not limited
                      to any rulings on pretrial suppression motions or any
                      other pretrial dispositions of motions and issues;

                (b)   Appeal, collaterally challenge, or move to modify under
                      18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) or some other ground, her
                      sentence as imposed by the Court and the manner in
                      which the sentence is determined, provided the sentence
                      is within or below the applicable guideline range
                      determined by the Court to apply to this case. . . .

                (c)   It is provided that (i) defendant specifically does not
                      waive the right to appeal an upward departure from the
                      sentencing guideline range determined by the Court to
                      apply to this case, and (ii) her waiver of rights to appeal
                      and to bring collateral challenges shall not apply to
                      appeals or challenges based on changes in the law
                      reflected in Tenth Circuit or Supreme Court cases
                      decided after the date of this agreement that are held by
                      the Tenth Circuit or Supreme Court to have retroactive

                                             5
                    effect.

R. Doc. 8, at 5-6 (emphasis added).

      Other relevant provisions of the plea agreement stated: (1) “[t]his

agreement applies only to the criminal violations described and does not apply to

any civil matter or any civil forfeiture proceeding except as specifically set

forth,” id. at 1, and (2) “the Court must order the payment of restitution to the

victim(s) of the offense,” id. at 2.

      M s. Gordon’s petition to enter a plea of guilty further stated:

      If you plead GUILTY the judge may require you to make restitution
      to any victim of the offense (18 U.S.C. § 3579 [for pre-Guidelines
      violations], 3663, and 3664). If you plead GUILTY to an offense
      that occurred on or after April 24, 1996, and the offense falls into
      certain categories of offenses, including property offenses and crimes
      of violence, ordinarily the judge is required to order you to pay
      restitution to any victim of the offense (18 U.S.C. § 3663A).

R. Doc. 9, at 4 (emphasis added) (bracketed text in original)

      Because M s. Gordon argues that the restitution order is unlawful under the

M VRA, our task is discrete: we need only determine whether M s. Gordon waived

the right to challenge an unlaw ful restitution order. 3 In this regard, we think it

clear that M s. Gordon preserved her right to appeal such an order.

      Analysis of the scope of a waiver of appellate rights must extend beyond

discrete clauses. A contract must be “interpreted as a whole,” and “[w]ords and

      3
        W e need not decide whether M s. Gordon waived the right to appeal the
amount of restitution generally, although we have no doubt that a defendant may,
by inclusion of specific language in the plea agreement, agree to such a w aiver.

                                           6
other conduct are interpreted in the light of all the circumstances.” Restatement,

supra, at § 202(1),(2). Furthermore, “if the principal purpose of the parties is

ascertainable it is given great weight.” Id. § 202(1). In this case, the plea

agreement, read in its totality, suggests the parties only intended that M s. Gordon

would waive the right to appeal aspects of her sentence and restitution that were

imposed within the authority granted to the district court by the relevant statutes. 4

For example, the first paragraph of the waiver states: “Defendant also understands

that the Court has jurisdiction and authority to impose any sentence within the

statutory maximum for the offense(s) to which she is pleading guilty.” R. Doc. 8,

at 5 (emphasis added). Furthermore, M s. Gordon only waived the right to

collaterally attack her sentence “provided the sentence is within or below the

applicable guideline range determined by the Court.” Id. at 6 (emphasis added).

These clauses suggest, at the very least, that M s. Gordon did not waive the right

to appeal a sentence of imprisonment beyond that which could be law fully

imposed. M ore broadly, they also suggest M s. Gordon did not intend to waive the

right to appeal an unlawful restitution order. See United States v. Gordon, 393

F.3d 1044, 1050 (9th Cir. 2004) (“A restitution order w hich exceeds its authority

      4
          This case is different from one where a defendant merely challenges the
district court’s factual calculation of the amount of restitution linked to an
offense. Such an appeal would be precluded by a general waiver of the right to
appeal the amount of restitution. In this case, however, the parties appear not to
dispute that only $7,950.98 is causally linked to the offense of conviction. Thus,
M s. Gordon asks us to determine w hether, as a legal matter, the district court’s
restitution order w as unlawful.

                                           7
under M VRA is equivalent to an illegal sentence. Such a restitution order is in

excess of the maximum penalty provided by statute and, therefore, the waiver of

appeal is inapplicable to it.”) (internal citations, alterations, and quotations

omitted); United States v. Broughton-Jones, 71 F.3d 1143, 1147 (4th Cir. 1995)

(“Because a restitution order imposed w hen it is not authorized . . . is no less

‘illegal’ than a sentence of imprisonment that exceeds the statutory maximum

[such] appeals . . . are similarly outside the scope of a defendant’s otherwise valid

appeal w aiver.”).

      M oreover, we question whether M s. Gordon could have waived her right to

appeal an unlawful restitution order, even if she wanted to do so. A plea

agreement permitting a court to impose a restitution order beyond that authorized

by statute might well be unenforceable on grounds of public policy. See Richard

A. Lord, 6 W illiston on Contracts, § 12:4 (4th ed. 2006). In fact, several reported

cases have suggested a defendant cannot waive the right to appeal an unlawful

sentence. See, e.g., United States v. Cockerham, 237 F.3d 1179, 1182 (10th Cir.

2001); DeRoo v. United States, 223 F.3d 919, 923 (8th Cir. 2000); United States

v. Baramdyka, 95 F.3d 840, 843 (9th Cir. 1996). The same reasoning applies to

cases involving an unlawful restitution order. Indeed, Hahn implies this rule,

because an otherwise valid waiver of appellate rights may be invalidated if it

results in a miscarriage of justice and an unlawful sentence or an unlawful

restitution order results in a miscarriage of justice. See 359 F.3d at 1327.

                                           8
Nevertheless, the language of the plea agreement itself suggests M s. Gordon did

not intend to waive the right to appeal any aspect of her sentence or restitution

that w as beyond that authorized by the pertinent statutes.

      Furthermore, we must construe the plea agreement against a general

backdrop of legality. See United States v. Ready, 82 F.3d 551, 559 (2d Cir.

1996). This means that we should presume that “all promises made were legal,

and that the non-contracting ‘party’ who implements the agreement (the district

judge) w ill act legally in executing the agreement.” Id. (citing W alsh v. Schlecht,

429 U.S. 401, 408 (1977)). Surely then, M s. Gordon was also entitled to

presume, when she entered the plea agreement, that the judge would order

restitution in a legal manner. See E. Allen Farnsworth, Farnsworth on Contracts §

9.2 (3d ed. 2004) (noting that “existing law is part of the state of facts at the time

of agreement” and that a mistake of fact is grounds for relief). Indeed, this would

seem to be an implied term of the agreement. Accordingly, M s. Gordon’s

challenge to the lawfulness of the restitution order is beyond the scope of the

waiver of appellate rights.

II.   The Unlawful Restitution Order

        Because we find that M s. Gordon’s appeal is outside the scope of her

waiver of appellate rights, we may proceed directly to the merits of her claim.

This court reviews the legality of a restitution order de novo. United States v.

Nichols, 169 F.3d 1255, 1278 (10th Cir. 1999). Because M s. Gordon did not

                                           9
object to the amount of restitution at sentencing, we review for plain error.

United States v. M itchell, 429 F.3d 952, 961 (10th Cir. 2005).

      In the past, we have implied that the M VRA does not set a statutory

maximum on the amount of restitution. See United States v. W ooten, 377 F.3d

1134, 1144 n.1 (10th Cir. 2004); see also United States v. Sharp, 442 F.3d 946,

952 (6th Cir. 2006). In reality, however, the M VRA does set a statutory

maximum on the amount of restitution–it is, absent two exceptions discussed

below, the amount causally linked to the offense of conviction. 5

      The M VRA states in relevant part:

      [W ]hen sentencing a defendant convicted of an offense . . . the court
      shall order, in addition to, or in the case of a misdemeanor, in
      addition to or in lieu of, any other penalty authorized by law, that the
      defendant make restitution to the victim of the offense or, if the
      victim is deceased, to the victim’s estate. . . . For the purposes of
      this section, the term “victim” means a person directly and
      proximately harmed as a result of an offense for which restitution
      may be ordered . . . .

18 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(1),(2) (emphasis added).

      Courts have no inherent power to order restitution; they may only do so as

authorized by statute. Nichols, 169 F.3d at 1278. Interpreting the Victim and

W itness Protection Act of 1982 (VW PA ), we held that restitution “is authorized

only for losses caused by conduct underlying the offense of conviction.” United

States v. Brewer, 983 F.2d 181, 183-84 (10th Cir. 1993) (citing Hughey v. United

      5
        The point we implied in W ooten is that the amount causally linked to the
offense charged is not capped by the statute. See W ooten, 377 F.3d at 1144 n.1.

                                         10
States, 495 U.S. 411, 420 (1990)). In Hughey, the defendant was indicted for

multiple counts of fraudulent credit card use but pled guilty to only one count.

495 U.S. at 413. The Supreme Court held that the defendant could be ordered to

pay restitution under the VW PA only for the amount of loss resulting from the

count to which he pled guilty. Id. at 422.

      The M VRA, which amended the VW PA in 1996, did not change the general

rule that restitution may only be ordered for losses caused by the offense of

conviction. In only two cases does the M VRA authorize restitution to be paid to

someone other than the victim (or his estate) of the offense of conviction. The

first is where the criminal conduct involves a “scheme, conspiracy, or pattern of

criminal activity.” 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(2); see also id. (extending restitution in

such cases to “any person directly harmed by the defendant’s criminal conduct”);

United States v. Fogg, 409 F.3d 1022, 1028 (8th Cir. 2005) (“Unless the charged

offense has a scheme, conspiracy, or pattern of criminal activity as an element, . .

. the restitution order may only cover losses from the specific offense for which

the defendant was indicted and convicted.”). In this case, the offense of

conviction does not contain as an element a scheme, conspiracy, or pattern of

criminal activity.

      Second, the M VRA authorizes restitution “to persons other than the victim

of the offense,” “if agreed to by the parties in a plea agreement.” 18 U.S.C. §

3663A(a)(3). W e do not think such a promise can be found in the plain language

                                         11
of M s. Gordon’s plea agreement, although such a promise could have been

included. The plea agreement stated, “the Court must order the payment of

restitution to the victim(s) of the offense.” I. R. Doc. 8, at 2 (emphasis added).

Additionally, M s. Gordon’s petition to enter a guilty plea stated, “the judge may

require you to make restitution to any victim of the offense.” R. Doc. 9, at 4

(emphasis added). It is noteworthy that the plea agreement and petition to enter a

guilty plea refer to “the offense” in the singular. M s. Gordon pled guilty to only

one offense, and that was the illegal use of M astercard #9512. That offense had

only one victim, and the loss to that victim caused by the offense was only

$7,950.98. If M s. Gordon agreed to pay restitution to multiple victims, it was

only to the extent that the single count to which she pled guilty caused loss to

multiple victims. Although it could have been so structured, nowhere in the plea

agreement, the petition to enter a guilty plea, or the plea colloquy did M s. Gordon

ever agree to pay restitution for losses caused by acts of credit card fraud other

than the single count to which she pled guilty.

      Although it may be argued that M s. Gordon’s post-plea conduct at the

sentencing hearing indicates she was willing to pay restitution to all the victims

of her alleged credit card fraud, that is not the agreement that was entered into.

W hen a contract is sufficiently clear on its face, we cannot reach a contrary

interpretation based on post-hoc statements of intent or subsequent actions. See

Restatement, supra, at § 203(b) (noting that “express terms are given greater

                                          12
weight than course of performance”). If the language of M s. Gordon’s plea

agreement was ambiguous, her post-plea conduct might be relevant. See United

States v. Gebbie, 294 F.3d 540, 551-52 (3d Cir. 2002). But, in this case, the plain

language of the plea agreement shows M s. Gordon did not agree to pay

restitution beyond the amount causally linked to the single count to which she

pled guilty. Thus, the district court was only authorized to order restitution in the

amount of $7,950.98. As a result, the $68,698.52 restitution order is unlaw ful in

these circumstances.

      The government urges that we should exercise discretion and not recognize

plain error. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993) (noting that

appellate courts may decline to reverse plain error). It suggests that our power to

recognize plain error should be used sparingly, and only in those circumstances in

which a miscarriage of justice would result. See id. at 736. Aside from the fact

that an unlawful restitution order does constitute a miscarriage of justice because

it is beyond the remedy authorized by statute, see Hahn, 359 F.3d at 1327, this

court has, on several previous occasions, held that an unlawful restitution order

constitutes plain error, see, e.g., United States v. Smith, 156 F.3d 1046, 1057

(10th Cir. 1998); United States v. Guthrie, 64 F.3d 1510, 1515 (10th Cir. 1995);

United States v. Herndon, 982 F.2d 1411, 1421-22 (10th Cir. 1992). W e see no

reason to deviate from that precedent. The district court’s restitution order is

                                          13
VACATED and the case is REM ANDED for entry of an order in the amount of

$7,950.98.

                                     14
04-6384, United States v. Gordon

TYM K O V IC H, J., dissenting.

      I would enforce the plea waiver. In my view, Gordon agreed to pay

restitution to the multiple victims of her crimes.

      As part of a plea deal, the government agreed to drop all but one count

against Gordon in exchange for her guilty plea. Accordingly, she entered into a

written plea agreement in which she agreed to be charged for the fraudulent use of

one of the credit cards. The losses associated with the use of that card w ere

$7,950.98. The plea agreement, however, did not place any express limits on the

amount of restitution that could be ordered, stating that “the Court must order the

payment of restitution to the victim(s) of the offense.” Vol. 1 D. 8 at 2.

      Prior to sentencing, the government submitted a Presentence Report (PSR)

to the court. The PSR recommended Gordon pay the following restitution to the

victims of the frauds: Chase USA for $9,942.69; Discover Card for $7,795.59;

Citicorp Credit Services, Inc. for $34,365.51 (four Citicorp cards were involved,

including the one charged in the indictment); and Target Financial Services for

$16,594.73. The PSR also made plain that all four amounts w ould “be used in

establishing the sentencing guideline calculations.”   Vol. 4 D. 1 at 12–14.

Gordon initially objected to the loss calculation, but withdrew all objections at

sentencing. In accordance with the PSR recommendation, the district court
sentenced her to eighteen months imprisonment and ordered her to pay restitution

totaling $68,698.52.

                                          I.

      An appellate waiver will be enforced if (1) the disputed appeal falls within

the scope of the waiver; (2) the waiver was made knowingly and voluntarily; and

(3) enforcing the waiver w ill not result in a miscarriage of justice. United States

v. Hahn, 359 F.3d 1315, 1325 (10th Cir. 2004).

      W e interpret the terms of a plea agreement “according to contract principles

and what the defendant reasonably understood when he entered his plea.” United

States v. Arevalo-Jimenez, 372 F.3d 1204, 1206 (10th Cir. 2004) (quoting United

States v. Chavez-Salais, 337 F.3d 1170, 1172 (10th Cir. 2003)). M oreover, while

we construe “any ambiguities in these agreements [] against the Government,”

United States v. Porter, 405 F.3d 1136, 1142 (10th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation

omitted), we start by “examin[ing] the plain language of the plea agreement.”

United States v. Taylor, 413 F.3d 1146, 1151 (10th Cir. 2005). If the plain

language is dispositive of the issue, our inquiry is at an end. Id. at 1152. Even

so, we may also look to the conduct of the parties to help ascertain the meaning of

an appeal waiver. Chavez-Salais, 337 F.3d at 1173 (looking to Rule 11 colloquy).

See also United States v. Gebbie, 294 F.3d 540 (3d Cir. 2002) (“[F]aced with an

ambiguous plea agreement, we must look to extrinsic evidence that may evince the

                                          2
parties’ intent.” Id. at 551. “[Only if the] extrinsic evidence does not resolve the

ambiguity, then we construe the ambiguity against the drafter.” Id. at 551–552.).

      I think Gordon understood her plea waiver precluded a challenge to the

amount of restitution. First, the agreement contains a broad appellate waiver:

      [Gordon] knowingly and voluntarily waives her right to . . . appeal,
      collaterally challenge, or move to modify . . . her sentence as imposed
      by the Court and the manner in which the sentence is determined,
      provided the sentence is within or below the applicable guideline range
      determined by the Court to apply to this case.

Vol. 1 D. 8 at 5–6. Second, the plea agreement expressly contemplates an aw ard

of restitution as part of the sentence. Under the section “M aximum Penalty,

Restitution and Special A ssessments,” the agreement provided that “the Court

must order payment of restitution to the victim(s) of the offense.” V ol. 1 D . 8 at 2

(emphasis added).

                                          II.

      As a preliminary matter, Gordon conceded that mandatory restitution was

expressly a part of the plea agreement (“the court must order the payment of

restitution to the victim(s) of the offense”). The plain language of the plea

agreement encompasses restitution and the other ordinary incidents of sentencing

as part of the appellate waiver. The length of imprisonment, any fines or

assessments, and restitution are all listed as and understood to be a part of the

                                           3
court’s sentencing function and thus are properly considered within the scope of

the appellate waiver.

      The only question here, then, is whether the amount of restitution awarded

is within the scope of the plea agreement. I think it is. First, as discussed above,

the plea agreement plainly acknowledges that mandatory restitution will be

imposed as part of sentencing. The amount of restitution, like the length of her

prison term or amount of fines, is not specified. Understanding that the ultimate

sentence to be imposed was within the discretion of the sentencing court so long as

it did not exceed the statutory maximum, Gordon agreed to enter the plea. She

cannot now be heard to complain that the waiver is somehow invalid because it

failed to set forth the amount of restitution possible. W e have never held a plea

agreement’s appeal waiver unenforceable simply because it failed to establish the

terms of the sentence with specificity. In fact, our cases “have consistently and

repeatedly held that broad waivers are enforceable even where they are not

contingent on the ultimate sentence falling within an identified sentencing range.”

United States v. M ontano, 472 F.3d 1202, 1205 (10th Cir. 2007) (citing Hahn, 359

F.3d at 1328–29); United States v. Sandoval, 477 F.3d 1204 (10th Cir. 2007)

(defendant’s general waiver of appellate rights regarding his sentence precluded

appeal of supervised-released terms, despite the fact that plea did not specifically

reference these terms, because supervised-release is part of the sentence). I see no

reason to treat the term of sentence and the amount of restitution any differently.

                                           4
Indeed, restitution is an inseparable component of a criminal sentence, particularly

in the context of financial crimes as we have here.

      Second, although the plea agreement does not specify the exact amount of

restitution, it contemplates that Gordon’s other frauds and victims will be

considered by the court during sentencing. It expressly provides that the district

court may look to multiple victims of her frauds and “order the payment of

restitution to the victim(s) of the offense.” Vol. 1 D. 8 at 2. M oreover, when she

entered her plea of guilty, Gordon acknowledged the district court could examine

related criminal conduct in imposing a sentence. The Petition to Enter Plea of

Guilty specifically states that “the court is required to take into account all

conduct, circumstances, and injuries associated with your criminal conduct,

whether or not this conduct is charged by the Government in the crime to which

you are pleading guilty.” V ol. 1 D . 9 at 5. Gordon was thus on notice that all

relevant conduct, including restitution to multiple “victim(s)” would be considered

in sentencing her as a part of the plea agreement.

      Supporting the language of the plea agreement, the record discloses the

parties understood that the recommended sentence and amount of restitution would

be based on the government’s presentence investigation and report. Following the

presentence investigation, the government prepared a PSR which disclosed a

recommended sentence, including a contemplated amount of restitution based on

Gordon’s credit card frauds. Gordon thus knew well before sentencing that her

                                            5
related credit card offenses w ould be part of the amount of restitution proposed to

the district court.

       After the PSR was released, Gordon lodged a written objection to the

contemplated amount of restitution. She w rote: “Defendant denies that the loss

amount is at $68,698.52. This loss includes charges and debits including interest

and late fees and miscellaneous fees along with legitimate charges made by card

holder M arilyn Harman.” Vol. 1 D. 13. at 1. This objection was based on the

technicalities of her crime, and had nothing to do with the fact that the

recommended restitution exceeded the plea agreement.

       In addition to being based on an entirely distinct theory than advanced on

appeal, this objection was expressly withdrawn by Gordon at sentencing:

       THE COURT: [Prosecutor], I believe you were about to call your next witness.

       GORDON’S COUNSEL: Your Honor, may I approach?

       THE COURT: Yes.

       GORDON’S COUNSEL: Your Honor, we and – [the Prosecutor] and I have
       talked over some of the objections that I have. If I could just have a minute to
       visit with my client, I think we may wish to w ithdraw those objections.

       THE COURT: Take your time.

       GORDON’S COUNSEL: Y our Honor, at this time, we wish to withdraw all
       objections. W e w ere only arguing one of the objections and only that objection
       I believe because of some misunderstanding as to names. W e wish to withdraw
       that.

                                           6
      THE COURT: That would be in regard to the loss attributable to – I believe
      it was M s. – is her name H arman?

      GORDON’S COUNSEL: Yes, Your Honor. The misunderstanding was, as you
      can see from the U nited States’ exhibit, each of these says that the cards were
      in the name of M artha C offey – that’s not correct. They were in the name of
      M arilyn H arman, yes.

      THE COURT: I think that the – what it’s saying is the PO box is in the name
      of M artha Coffey.

      GORDON’S COUNSEL: That’s where we had the mistake. And there’s
      another paragraph that they actually get the names interchanged.

      THE COURT: M s. Gordon, you’re satisfied and you agree with your counsel’s
      announcement that you wish to withdraw your objection in this regard?

      DEFENDANT GORDON: Yes.

Vol. 2 at 48–50. Apparently, Gordon’s counsel discussed the amount of restitution

with the prosecutor and concluded that reviving the objection was not in Gordon’s

best interest. The sentencing judge gave counsel an opportunity to consult with

Gordon in the courtroom, after which he asked Gordon whether she agreed to

withdraw the objection. She said that she did.

      M oreover, Gordon’s position on appeal— that she did not knowingly agree

to pay restitution to multiple victims— is undermined by the fact that her prior

objection was premised on an understanding that her victims would be

recompensed. Specifically, her written objection rested not on the notion that the

loss amount calculated exceeded her crimes, but rather that the calculation

included “legitimate charges” made by the original card holder.

                                          7
      This understanding is also revealed more subtly by the concession of

Gordon’s counsel at the plea hearing on August 9, 2004. Before the PSR was

released and more than three months before sentencing, counsel told the court:

      GORDON’S COUNSEL: W e do not intend to challenge the [sentencing]
      guidelines, Your Honor. W e’re – we are going to review the documentation
      provided to us by the United States A ttorney’s Office as to the am ount of loss
      totally, not necessarily as to this single offense that the Government has filed.
      So I think that the United States Attorney and I will be able to sit down and
      more accurately depict exactly what the loss is. And that, of course, will
      determine where this defendant falls within the guideline range.

Vol. 2 at 8. It is clear that Gordon’s counsel was aware even before the PSR was

released, that Gordon’s sentence, including restitution, would be based on the total

loss caused by her conduct and not just the charge of offense.

      Thus, while the plea agreement was clear as to Gordon’s commitment to pay

restitution for her fraud, the conduct of the parties also revealed their mutual

understanding that restitution could be ordered for all victims of G ordon’s

fraudulent conduct. Her representations at sentencing— namely the quashing of

her objections to amounts of restitution and failure to seek withdrawal of her

                                           8
guilty plea based on misunderstanding or mistake 1 — convince me that she knew

and accepted that she would be ordered to pay restitution to all of her victims.

      At the very least, Gordon waived any challenge to the amount of restitution

(including an amount encompassing restitution to multiple victims) by

withdrawing all of her objections at sentencing. In these circumstances, I see no

plain error by the district court at sentencing.

                                          III.

      Gordon also advances a statutory argument that this appeal falls outside the

scope of the appellate waiver based on her reading of the M andatory Victim

Restitution Act (M VRA).     She claims the district court was authorized under the

M VRA to order restitution only in the amount of $7,950.98, the loss associated

with the count of conviction. § 3663A(a)(1). Thus, she argues the amount of

restitution exceeds the statutory maximum allowable for the crime and therefore

falls outside the scope of the plea agreement. This argument fails because

       1
         A defendant who has entered a plea agreement may move to withdraw the
plea prior to sentencing. The standard for w ithdrawal requires the defendant to
show a “fair and just reason” for w ithdrawal, Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(d), which in this
circuit turns on a balancing of various factors, such as whether the defendant has
asserted actual innocence, prejudice to the government, and inconvenience to the
court. See, e.g., United States v. Graham, 466 F.3d 1234, 1237–39 (10th Cir.
2006); United States v. Gordon, 4 F.3d 1567 (10th Cir. 1993). Gordon’s failure
to suggest to the court that restitution was improper or to withdraw her plea based
on the claimed overbreadth of the PSR’s restitution recommendation casts doubt
on her view that it w as not encompassed in the plea agreement.

                                           9
§ 3663A(a)(3) allows courts to assess restitution to other victims where the parties

agree, and here the plea agreement contemplates restitution to multiple victims.

      Gordon’s related argument is that an award of restitution beyond the count

of conviction takes her sentence outside the guideline range and thus exceeds the

scope of the appellate waiver. The M VRA, however, contains no statutory cap on

restitution nor does it indicate that the amount of restitution must fall within any

particular guideline range. For example, in upholding a restitution award in the

face of a defendant’s claim that the amount exceeded the dictates of the M VRA ,

the Sixth Circuit held:

      Because the restitution statutes do not contain a maximum penalty,
      Sharp cannot be heard to complain that the restitution order violates the
      statutory maximum for his offense. Furthermore, the restitution order
      did not constitute a punishment in excess of the Guidelines range
      deemed applicable by the court. Unlike other penalties, such as
      imprisonment or supervised release, the amount of restitution ordered or
      the method of its calculation is not determined by the G uidelines.
      Because there is no applicable Guidelines range for the amount of
      restitution, the restitution order could not have constituted an upward
      departure from such a range.

United States v. Sharp, 442 F.3d 946, 952 (6th Cir. 2006).

      I agree with the court in Sharp. An award of restitution must be linked to

the actual conduct of the defendant and is not subject to any specific cap. W e are

not faced with a situation where the defendant claims restitution exceeded the

actual criminal conduct: Gordon does not deny that she was responsible for the

                                          10
losses stemming from each of the credit cards she used, but rather that she should

not be obligated to pay restitution for losses beyond the formal charge.

      Accordingly, I would enforce the plea w aiver.

                                         IV.

      In the end, the complications in this case will require the government to

revise its plea agreements to avoid the problems identified by the majority

opinion. I, for one, see no problem with defendants agreeing to pay restitution to

multiple victims as part of a plea deal, even if the amount of restitution will be

calculated as part of the presentence investigation.

                                          11