Court Opinion

ID: 4413034
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-07-01 20:51:58.535546+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:52:35.088619
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

 THE SUMMIT HOMEOWNERS
 ASSOCIATION, a Washington state                   No. 77893-5-I
 nonprofit corporation,
                                                   DIVISION ONE
               Appellant,
                                                   UNPUBLISHED OPINION
               V.

 GLENN R. CAKES and CINDY R.
 OAKES, husband and wife;
 UNKNOWN OCCUPANTS of the
 subject real property; and JOHN DOES
 1-10, who are all other persons or
 parties unknown claiming any right,
 title, estate, lien, or interest in the
 subject real property described herein,

               Respondents,

 R. CRAIG GRIFFITHS and JUNE A.
 GRIFFITYS, husband and wife; THE
 DAVEY TREE EXPERT COMPANY, a
 foreign for profit corporation; and
 DOES ito 10, inclusively,

               Third Party Defendants.             FILED: July 1, 2019

       APPELWICK, C.J.    —   The Cakes prevailed on a counterclaim for timber

trespass against the Summit Homeowners Association. Summit argues that the

trial court erred in awarding the Cakes attorney fees under a fee provision of

Summit’s CC&Rs. It also argues that the trial court erred in trebling damages other

than the amount awarded for tree removal. It asserts that the trial court abused its

discretion in declining to offset the judgment in favor of the Cakes against a
No. 77893-5-1/2

previous judgment against the Cakes. And, it argues that the trial court imposed

an improper interest rate on the judgment. We affirm.

                                      FACTS

       Glenn and Cindy Cakes own property within the Summit development,

controlled by the Summit Homeowners Association. On March 31, 2016, Summit

filed a complaint against the Cakes for breach of its Declaration of Covenants,

Conditions, and Restrictions (CC&Rs), damages, appointment of receiver, and lien

foreclosure.   In a separate lawsuit, Summit had already obtained a judgment

against the Cakes for their failure to comply with the CC&Rs.

       The Cakes answered and brought counterclaims for declaratory judgment,

injunctive relief, damages for timber trespass under RCW 64.12.030, and various

other claims for damages. The Cakes also brought counterclaims against third

parties—Craig and June Griffiths, and Davey Tree Expert Company (DTEC).

Summit moved for summary judgment on its claims. The Cakes amended their

answer and counterclaims, proceeding solely on the timber trespass claim. The

trial court granted Summit’s motion for summary judgment in part. After the trial

court partially granted Summit’s motion, the only remaining claims in the case were

the Cakes’s timber trespass claims against Summit and DTEC. Before trial, the

Cakes settled with DTEC and dismissed the claims against it.

       Summit moved again for summary judgment, this time on the sole remaining

claim of timber trespass.    Summit argued that timber trespass did not apply

because its actions were authorized by its CC&Rs. The Cakes’s claim proceeded

to trial. Ultimately, the jury returned a verdict for the Cakes, finding that Summit

                                            2
No. 77893-5-1/3

committed willful timber trespass. The jury awarded $530 in tree damages, $2500

in other property damages, and $0 for emotional distress.

       The Cakes moved for an entry of judgment and an award of attorney fees

under the CC&Rs. Summit opposed the motion. In granting the Cakes’s motion

for attorney fees, the trial court stated,

               The Cakes prevailed in a jury trial for damages to a
       cottonwood tree. The facts are that during Summit’s action to
       lawfully cut trees in enforcement of the CC&Rs, a cottonwood tree
       was unlawfully cut on [a Native Growth Protection Area/Easement].
       During the trial, it was clear that someone was responsible for
       trespass and cutting of the cottonwood tree, and the question was
       whether Summit had any responsibility. Summit was found 50%
       liable, and [its] behavior was found to be willful.
             The question is whether under the Amended and restated
       Declaration for the Summit Homeowner’s Association.    the Cakes
                                                               .   .

       may obtain a judgment for fees and costs. The cause of action was
       only as to the trespass action. Summit makes a number of
       arguments that the Cakes’[s] claim is not made under the CC&Rs
       and is not a counterclaim in the enforcement action. That is not
       determinative.
               The CC&R language drives the result. The language states
       fees and costs may be awarded to the prevailing party “in any judicial
       action.. (see 10.5) which is so broad that it would appear to include
                 .“

       the timber trespass claim here. The entire claim was about whether
       or not, in the enforcement of the CC&Rs, Summit trespassed while
       enforcing its rights. Clearly, the jury found that it did, and did so
       intentionally. There was evidence that Board member(s) pressured
       Davey Tree to go in and cut down the cottonwood.
            The Cakes are entitled to their fees under, section 10.5 of the
       CC&Rs.
       Because the jury found Summit 50 percent at fault, the court reduced the

fee amount the Cakes requested, ultimately awarding $23,375 in fees and costs.

The court also held that the Cakes were entitled to treble damages, for a total

underlying damage award of $4,454. Summit moved for reconsideration. The trial

                                             3
No. 77893-5-1/4

court denied the motion.     The Cakes moved for entry of judgment.         Summit

opposed the entry of judgment for the attorney fees and alternatively requested a

setoff based on a previously entered judgment against the Cakes. The trial court

entered judgment in favor of the Oakes, ordering principle judgment of $4,454 and

attorney fees and costs of $23,375, for a total judgment value of $27,829. It also

ordered a postjudgment interest rate of 12 percent. Summit appeals.

                                   DISCUSSION

       Summit makes four arguments. First, it argues that the trial court erred in

awarding the Cakes attorney fees under its CC&Rs because the timber trespass

statute does not provide for attorney fees. Second, it argues that the trial court

erred in trebling damages unrelated to the value of the tree removed. Third,

Summit alternatively argues that the trial court erred by declining to offset the

judgment awarded to the Cakes against a previous judgment in Summit’s favor.

Fourth, Summit argues that the trial court erred in imposing an improper interest

rate on its judgment for the Cakes.

  I.   Attorney Fees

       Summit argues first that the trial court erred in awarding the Cakes attorney

fees under the CC&Rs. It points out that the timber trespass statute does not

contain a provision for attorney fees. Consequently, it contends that, because the

Cakes prevailed at trial solely on their timber trespass counterclaim, they cannot

benefit from the contractual attorney fee provision of the CC&Rs, which were not

implicated in the timber trespass claim.

                                            4
No. 77893-5-1/5

   A. Standard of Review

       Whether a party is entitled to an award of attorney fees is a question of law

and is reviewed de novo on appeal.1 Durland v. San Juan County, 182 Wash. 2d 55,

76, 340 P.3d 191 (2014). The general rule in Washington is that attorney fees will

not be awarded for costs of litigation unless authorized by contract, statute, or

recognized ground of equity. j4. Whether a particular statutory or contractual

provision, or recognized ground in equity authorizes an award of attorney fees is

a legal question. Tradewell Grp., Inc. v. Mavis, 71 Wash. App. 120, 126, 857 P.2d
1053 (1993).

   B. Timber Trespass

       The statute prohibiting timber trespass provides,

       Whenever any person shall cut down, girdle, or otherwise injure, or
       carry off any tree, including a Christmas tree as defined in RCW
       76.48.020, timber, or shrub on the land of another person, or on the
       street or highway in front of any person’s house, city or town lot, or
       cultivated grounds, or on the commons or public grounds of any city
       or town, or on the street or highway in front thereof, without lawful
       authority, in an action by the person, city, or town against the person
       committing the trespasses or any of them, any judgment for the
       plaintiff shall be for treble the amount of damages claimed or
       assessed.
RCW 64.12.030.

       No statute provides for attorney fees in a timber trespass action.          jj~f~

Raceway, Inc. v. JDFJ Corp., 97 Wash. App. 1, 8, 970 P.2d 343 (1999).

       1 The Cakes assert at the outset that Summit failed to provide an adequate
record for review, because it did not designate any portion of the trial record to this
court. It is a question of law, not fact, whether the trial court erred in determining
that the Cakes were entitled to an award of fees on their timber trespass action.
We can decide the issue before this court on the record Summit designated.

                                              5
No. 77893-5-1/6

    C. CC&Rs

       Summit asserts that the trial court erred in awarding attorney fees under the

CC&Rs. It argues that the Cakes’s timber trespass action was not based on the

contract, but a statutory intentional tort. And, Summit asserts that its CC&Rs

provides for attorney fees related only to enforcing compliance with the governing

documents or a board decision.

       The trial court found that the Cakes were entitled to fees under section 10.5

of the CC&Rs. That section states, in part,

       In any judicial action to enforce compliance with the Governing
       Documents or a Board Decision, the prevailing party, including the
       Association, shall be entitled to recover from the non-prevailing
       party, whether or not the action proceeds to judgment, its costs and
       a reasonable sum for attorneys’ fees incurred in connection with the
       action, in addition to taxable costs permitted by law.
       RCW 4.84.330 authorizes attorney fees to the prevailing party in an action

on a contract containing an attorney fee provision. 4518 S. 256th, LLC v. Karen

L. Gibbon, P.S., 195 Wash. App. 423, 446, 382 P.3d 1 (2016), review denied, 187
Wash. 2d 1003, 386 P.2d 1084 (2017).          This statute may apply if the contract

containing the attorney fee provision is central to the controversy. ki. An action is

on a contract for purposes of a contractual attorney fees provision if the action

arose out of the contract and if the contract is central to the dispute. Edmonds v.

John L. Scott Real Estate, Inc., 87 Wash. App. 834, 855, 942 P.2d 1072 (1997).

       On appeal, Summit states that the Cakes did not sue for breach of the

CC&Rs, but sued for the intentional tort of timber trespass. It argues that it is

“inconsistent with the purpose of the contractual term [for attorney fees] to apply it

                                              6
No. 77893-5-1/7

to a separate claim for an intentional tort.” But, below, Summit answered the

Cakes’s claim of timber trespass using the CC&Rs as a shield. Its affirmative

defensives included,

            1.5 The Cakes[] have failed to follow the dispute resolution
      procedure contained in the Governing Documents.

              1.8 The Cakes were on notice of the terms of the recorded
      Association Governing Documents in purchasing their lot in the
      Summit Community. The Cakes thereby accepted the terms of those
      Governing Documents in purchasing their Lot and their property
      rights are restricted by the clear terms of those documents.

              1.12 The Cakes’[s] breach of contract in violating the
      Association’s governing documents bars the Cakes’[sj claims based
      on violation of those same documents and further the governing
      contractual documents in this case bar any claims for trespass and
      this lawsuit is meritless.

               1.22 Summit Homeowners Association acted with lawful
      authority under the Governing Documents. While expressly denied,
      if trespass is shown, Summit Homeowners Association did not act
      willfully or intentionally, only casually or involuntarily under RCW
      64.12.040.
      Summit also stated in its motion for summary judgment,

      The Cakes[’s] suit is expressly barred under the Covenants,
      Conditions, and Restrictions associated with membership in the
      Summit Homeowners Association.     .

             This case arises out of the failure of the Cakes to maintain
      their property allowing overgrown vegetation in violation of
      contractual view impairment policies requiring Summit to intervene.
      The complaints on this limited issue date back to at least 2008. As
      a result of years of neglect by the Cakes, Summit hired Davey Tree
      to remediate the horrible conditions on the Cakes’[sj property.
                                                                    .   .

                                             7
No. 77893-5-118

                    The Oakes are contractually bound to abide by the
       CC&Rs. The CC&Rs prohibit a homeowner from bringing a trespass
       suit against the Association or its agents while performing remedial
       maintenance or enforcement actions, such as the removal of
       vegetation or the massive cottonwood which was removed from the
       Oakes’[s] property.

              In practical terms, this case involves enforcement of the
       CC&Rs and View Impairment Policies by a homeowners association.
       It does not involve the typical removal and profitable sale of valuable
       timber that would normally implicate the timber trespass statute.
(Footnote and citation omitted.)

       Judicial estoppel is an equitable doctrine that precludes a party from

asserting one position in a court proceeding and later seeking an advantage by

taking a clearly inconsistent position. Arkison v. Ethan Allen, Inc., 160 Wash. 2d 535,

538, 160 P.3d 13 (2007). There are three core factors to consider: (1) whether the

later position is clearly inconsistent with the earlier position; (2) whether judicial

acceptance of the second position would create a perception that either the first or

second court was misled by the party’s position; and (3) whether the party

asserting the inconsistent position would obtain an unfair advantage or imposes

an unfair detriment on the opposing party if not estopped. Ashmore v. Estate of

Duff, 165 Wash. 2d 948, 951-52, 205 P.3d 111 (2009).

      Summit argued to the trial court that its actions were justified under the

CC&Rs. It used the document as a defense against the Oakes’s timber trespass

claim. It lost. It is incongruent for Summit to now assert that the timber trespass

action is unrelated to the CC&Rs.

                                             8
No. 77893-5-1/9

       Summit acknowledges that “[t]o award fees under a separate tort action, the

contract must be central to the dispute.” (Boldface omitted.) Summit relies on

Boquch v. Landover Corp., 153 Wash. App. 595, 224 P.3d 795 (2009). In Boguch,

this court stated,

       A prevailing party may recover attorney fees under a contractual fee-
       shifting provision such as the one at issue herein only if a party brings
       a “claim on the contract,” that is, only if a party seeks to recover under
       a specific contractual provision. If a party alleges breach of a duty
       imposed by an external source, such as a statute or the common
       law, the party does not bring an action on the contract, even if the
       duty would not exist in the absence of a contractual relationship.
Id. at 615.

       There, the plaintiff entered into an exclusive sale and listing agreement for

the sale of his property. j.~ at 601. The plaintiff then sued the listing agents for

negligence, breaching their professional duties under chapter 18.86 RCW, and

breach of contract. k1. at 603. The trial court dismissed the claims on summary

judgment and awarded the defendants attorney fees. j~, at 606-07.              Partially

reversing2 the award of attorney fees, this court reasoned,

       Although [the defendant’s] duty to Boguch arose because the parties
       entered into a contractual relationship, the listing agreement itself
       does not specify the duty of care that the Realtor must provide. To
       the contrary, the common law and chapter 18.86 RCW imposed a
       duty to exercise reasonable care on the Realtors. Although the
       statute may be read as being incorporated into the listing agreement
       by reference, it does not follow that any act taken in fulfillment or
       derogation of that duty constitutes specific contractual performance
       or breach thereof.

       2This court determined that, while Boguch’s realtor could not recover fees
incurred for time spent defending against Boguch’s tort claims, she could recover
fees incurred in defending against his breach of contract claim. 153 Wash. App. at
600. The court remanded for a recalculation of the fee award. ki.

                                              9
No. 77893-5-1/10

ki. at 600, 617.

       Boquch is distinguishable.     Summit sued the Cakes for breaching its

CC&Rs. The Cakes’s counterclaim for timber trespass was the sole issue that

went to trial. Summit argued that timber trespass did not apply because its actions

were authorized by the CC&Rs. Unlike Boguch, the CC&Rs were central to the

dispute throughout the proceeding, and Summit took that exact position below.

       Summit also argues that the Cakes’s timber trespass claim was a

permissive counterclaim, with an outcome independent of Summit’s claims.           It

argues that this court should note that the Cakes did not mention the CC&Rs in

their cause of action for timber trespass. And, it asserts that the Cakes elected a

specific remedy when they chose to pursue a statutory claim of timber trespass,

and in doing so precluded a subsequent claim for attorney fees.

       But, Summit acted to cut the trees under a claim of authority of the CC&Rs.

The Cakes claim was that its action was a trespass, not an authorized action.

Relying on the CC&Rs, Summit defended on the basis that its action was not a

trespass. The CC&Rs were clearly central to the dispute below. If a tort action is

based on a contract central to the dispute containing an attorney fee provision, the

prevailing party may receive attorneyfees. Hill v. Cox, liOWn. App. 394, 411,41

P.3d 495 (2002).

      At oral argument, Summit raised for the first time C-C Bottlers, Ltd. v. J.M.

Leasing, Inc., 78 Wash. App. 384, 896 P.2d 1309 (1995). In C-C Bottlers, a party

was not entitled to attorney fees for successfully defending against the opponent’s

permissive counterclaims. ki. at 387-88, 390. C-C Bottlers Ltd. (CCB) sued J.M.

                                            10
No. 77893-5-111 1

Leasing Inc. (JML) to collect two delinquent promissory notes. k~. at 386. Both

notes provided for recovery of costs and fees of collection, including suit. Id. JML

counterclaimed, alleging securities fraud. ki. The trial court ruled in favor of CCB

on the notes on summary judgment, and dismissed the counterclaims following a

bench trial. ki. It awarded CCB fees for the entire litigation after finding that JML’s

counterclaims were “substantially interwoven and inseparable” from COB’s action

on the notes. ki. at 386-87.

       The court disagreed. ki. at 390. It noted that the issue presented “turns on

the pleadings rather than the factual basis for those pleadings or the way in which

this case was tried.” ki. at 387. The court described JML’s securities fraud claims

as “independent and unrelated claims asserted permissively” and noted that the

fraud claims did not affect and would not affect the outcome of the promissory note

claims. ki. at 387-88. It also observed that “JML’s pleadings and trial brief both

assert the securities fraud counterclaims strictly as a setoff against any judgment

on the notes.”         at 389.    The court recognized that contractual language

authorizing fees for “any litigation” involving rights under the contract establishes

only a right to fees incurred in litigation of contract-related claims. ki.

       Here, as in C-C Bottlers, the Oakes’s counterclaim for timber trespass was

permissive. It was independent from, and did not affect the outcome of, Summit’s

original claims.    But, unlike C-C Bottlers, Summit’s affirmative defense to the

Oakes’s timber trespass claim was not permissive.           And, it was substantially

interwoven with the CC&Rs. Also, in its amended answer to the Oakes’s amended

counterclaim, Summit specifically invoked the CC&Rs when it asked for attorney

                                              11
No. 77893-5-1/12

fees and costs as provided for under its governing documents. Summit requested,

“[Am   award of costs and attorneys’ fees as provided for or allowed by law,

including, but not limited to, the Association’s Governing Documents, RCW

64.38.050, and common law.”

         Summit contends that the issue of whether attorney fees are proper here

“turns on the pleadings.” Though the trial court focused on the facts, which

demonstrated the tort and contract claims were interwoven, its conclusion was

correct. Considering the pleadings, Summit’s affirmative defense, and its request

for attorney fees under the CC&Rs in its amended answer to the Oakes’s

counterclaim, we conclude as a matter of law that the tort action was an action on

the contract.

         The trial court did not err in awarding the Qakes attorney fees.

   D. Award Amount

         Summit also contends that the trial court not only erred in awarding the

attorney fees generally, but that it also erred in determining the amount of the

award.     It argues that the trial court “granted the Oakes a blanket fee award

including fees dating back to January 2014 and fees unrelated to the timber

trespass claim.”

         An appellate court will uphold an attorney fee award unless it finds the trial

court manifestly abused its discretion. Berrvman v. Metcalf, 177 Wash. App. 644,

656-57, 312 P.3d 745 (2013). A trial court initially determines attorney fees and

costs using the “lodestar” calculation, multiplying the total number of hours

reasonably expended in the litigation by the reasonable hourly rate. Clausen v.

                                              12
No. 77893-5-1/13

Icicle Seafoods, Inc., 174 Wash. 2d 70, 81, 272 P.3d 827 (2012). Once the lodestar

has been calculated, the court may adjust the fee to reflect factors not considered

yet. jçj~ The two categories for adjustment are based on whether the fee was

contingent on the outcome and the quality of work performed.        ki. The party

requesting an adjustment has the burden to show the deviation is justified. k~.

       Below, the Cakes requested $51,598 in fees and costs. Summit argued

that, if the court were to award fees, it should reduce the requested amount by

$25,181. Summit has not alleged the lodestar method was not followed, only that

additional charges should have been excluded. The trial court ultimately awarded

$23,375 in fees and costs. The trial court imposed an award that was $3,043 less

than the amount for which Summit argued in the event fees were imposed.

       Summit has not met its burden of showing how the award amount was

improper. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining the attorney

fee award amount.

 II.   Treble Damages

       Summit argues second that the trial court erred in trebling damages that

encompassed more than what the jury awarded for the removal of the cottonwood

tree. Summit asserts that the principle judgment, after trebling, should be $2,045,

not $4540. Summit cites Lytle Logging & Mercantile Co. v. Humptulips Driving Co.,

6OWn. 559, 561, 111 P.774(1910).

       The 1910 State Supreme Court stated, “While the appellant in the present

action claimed treble damages for the entire trespass it is apparent under the

                                           13
No. 77893-5-1/14

statute that treble damages can only be allowed, if at all, for cutting down and

carrying off the timber.” ki.

          Summit’s argument requires this court to interpret a statute, and the proper

review is de novo. Pendergrast v. Matichuk, 186 Wash. 2d 556, 568, 379 P.3d 96

(2016).

       The timber trespass statute provides in relevant part,

       Whenever any person shall cut down       .   any tree
                                                    .   .    .  on the land of
                                                                 .   .

       another person. without lawful authority, in an action by the person
                          .   .

            against the person committing the trespasses     .  any judgment
                                                                 .   .

       for the plaintiff shall be for treble the amount of damages claimed or
       assessed.
RCW 64.12.030.

       The purpose of the timber trespass statute is well established: to (1) punish

a voluntary offender, (2) provide treble damages, and (3) discourage persons from

carelessly or intentionally removing another’s merchantable shrubs or trees on the

gamble that the enterprise will be profitable if actual damages only are incurred.

Penderqrast, 186 Wash. 2d at 567. In the time since 1910, our Supreme Court has

interpreted the statute to permit recovery for emotional distress.         Birchler v.

Castello Land Co., 133 Wash. 2d 106, 117, 942 P.2d 968 (1997). And later, in

Penderqrast, the court held that an award for emotional distress could also be

trebled. 186 Wash. 2d at 568. It stated, “[U]nder the plain language of the statute,

[the plaintiff] is entitled to treble damages on all damages awarded under the

timber trespass statute.” ki.

                                              14
No. 77893-5-1115

        Here, the jury awarded the Oakes $530 in tree damages and $2,500 in other

property damages. It found Summit 50 percent at fault. The trial court halved the

total amount of damages awarded, for an amount of $1,515, and then trebled it for

a total of $4,545. The trial court did not err in trebling damages.

 Ill.   Setoff

        Summit contends third that the trial court erred by declining to offset the

judgment amount it awarded to the Cakes against the amount the Cakes owed

Summit from a previous judgment.

        Whether mutual judgments may be satisfied by being set off against each

other rests largely within the court’s discretion; the application to set off judgments

should be made in equity and controlled by equitable principles. In the Matter of

the Application by Rapid Settlements, Ltd., 166 Wash. App. 683, 694, 271 P.3d 925

(2012). This court reviews a trial court’s decision to grant an offset for abuse of

discretion. Eagle Point Condo. Owners Ass’n v. Coy, 102 Wash. App. 697, 701, 9
P.3d 898 (2000).

        Below, Summit sought an offset based on a previous judgment in its favor

on sanctions and attorney fees. In entering judgment for the Cakes, the trial court

did not set off the judgment amount or address Summit’s request. At the time the

trial court entered the judgment, Summit had already appealed to this court.

Cognizant of the appeal, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in declining to

offset the judgment amount.

                                             15
No. 77893-5-1/16

 IV.   Judgment Interest Rate

       Summit argues last that the trial court erred in imposing an interest rate of

12 percent perannum on thejudgment. Relying on RCW4.56.110(3)(b), Summit

asserts that the interest rate should be 2 percentage points above the current

prime rate, or 6.5 percent.

       RCW 4.56.110(1) provides, ‘Judgments founded on written contracts,

providing for the payment of interest until paid at a specified rate, shall bear interest

at the rate specified in the contracts: PROVIDED, That said interest rate is set forth

in the judgment.”

       The CC&Rs in this case provide for an interest rate of 12 percent. As

reasoned above, this case is “on a contract” for purposes of applying RCW

4.84.330. The same reasoning applies to the trial court’s decision to apply the

interest rate set forth in the CC&Rs.

       The trial court did not err in imposing a 12 percent interest rate on the

judgment.

 V.    Attorney Fees on Appeal

       Pursuant to RAP 18.1,the Oakes request that this court award attorney fees

and costs incurred on appeal.

       A contract provision that authorizes attorney fees below authorizes attorney

fees on appeal. Nw. Cascade, Inc. v. Unique Constr., Inc., 187Wn. App. 685, 705,

351 P.3d 172 (2015).

       Above, we affirmed the trial court’s award of attorney fees to the Oakes

under the fee provision of the CC&Rs. For the same reason, we find that the

                                              16
No. 77893-5-1/17

Cakes are entitled to attorney fees and costs on appeal, pursuant to compliance

with RAP 18.1(d).

      We affirm.

WE CONCUR:

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