Court Opinion

ID: 9958770
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-09 20:11:25.698367+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:15:50.531279
License: Public Domain

Safra v SNBNY Holdings Ltd.
               2024 NY Slip Op 31061(U)
                     March 28, 2024
           Supreme Court, New York County
        Docket Number: Index No. 650710/2023
                Judge: Margaret A. Chan
Cases posted with a "30000" identifier, i.e., 2013 NY Slip
 Op 30001(U), are republished from various New York
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                       publication.
                                                                                                                INDEX NO. 650710/2023
  NYSCEF DOC. NO. 140                                                                                  RECEIVED NYSCEF: 03/28/2024

            SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
            COUNTY OF NEW YORK: COMMERCIAL DIVISION PART 49M

                ALBERTO JOSEPH SAFRA,                                                      INDEX NO.            650710/2023

                                                    Plaintiff,                                                   06/26/2023
                                                                                           MOTION DATE

                                            -v-
                                                                                           MOTION SEQ. NO.           005
                SNBNY HOLDINGS LIMITED, CARLOS ALBERTO
                VIEIRA, CARLOS CESAR BERTACO BOMFIM,
                                                                                            DECISION+ ORDER ON
                SIMONI PAS SOS MORA TO, VICKY SAFRA, JACOB
                JOSEPH SAFRA, and DAVID JOSEPH SAFRA
                                                                                                  MOTION

                                                    Defendants.
            ---------------------------------------------------------------------------X
            HON. MARGARET A. CHAN:

            The following e-filed documents, listed by NYSCEF document number (Motion 005) 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,
            72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 99, 100, 101,104,105, 106, 107,108,109,
            llO, 111,112,113,114,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132
            were read on this motion to/for                                             DISMISSAL

                   Plaintiff Alberto Joseph Safra Wberto) brings this action against defendants
            SNBNY Holdings Limited (SNBNY), Carlos Alberto Viera (Viera), Carlos Cesar
            Bertaco Bomfim (Bomfim), Simoni Passos Morato (Morato, and together with Viera
            and Bomfim, the Director Defendants), Vicky Safra (Vicky), Jacob Joseph Safra
            (Jacob), and David Joseph Safra (David, and together with Vicky and Jacob, the
            Family Defendants) (collectively, defendants), asserting claims for breach of
            SNBNY's Articles of Association (the Articles), tortious interference with
            contractual rights, undue influence, unfair prejudice under Gibraltar law, breach of
            fiduciary duties, and rescission of certain transactions decreasing Alberto's holdings
            in SNBNY (NYSCEF # 2- compl or the complaint). Presently before the court is
            defendants' motion to dismiss the complaint pursuant to CPLR 32ll(a)(I), (a)(7),
            and (a)(S), CPLR 327(a), CPLR 1001, and/or CPLR 3016(b) (NYSCEF # 65). For the
            following reasons, defendants' motion to dismiss is granted.

                                                                 Background.1
                  This action involves a thorny inter-family dispute concerning the ownership
            and governance of SNBNY, a holding company that owns Safra National Bank of
            New York (SNB), a nationally charted United States bank headquartered in New

            1
             The following facts, which are accepted as true solely for purpose of this motion, are drawn from
            the complaint, as well as the affirmations and exhibits submitted in connection with the motion.
                650710/2023 SAFRA vs. SNBNY HOLDINGS LIMITED ET AL                                               Page 1 of 18
                Motion No. 005

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            York (compl ,r,r 1 ·7, 18, 38, 49). Both SNBNY and SNB are part of a global portfolio
            of finance, real estate, and agricultural assets held by the Safra Group, an entity
            formerly headed and controlled by the late Joseph Yacoub Safra (Joseph) (id. ,r,r 48·
            50). 2 Alberto, David, Jacob, and Esther Safra Dayan (Esther) are Joseph's children.
            The four children, together Joseph's widow, Vicky, are the heirs to the Safra
            Group's assets (see id ,r,r 19, 48).

                   Given the extent and prominence of their international interests, the Safra
            family prepared a comprehensive plan for Joseph's estate (compl ,r 51). As part of
            that estate plan, 28% of equity interests in Class B shares of SNBNY were to be
            distributed to each of Alberto, David, and Jacob, while 16% of equity interests were
            to be distributed to Esther (id ,r,r 19, 52, 71). Joseph in turn relied on these
            proportions in December 2018 when he donated 100,000,000 Class B shares to his
            children (id ,r 53). Following this distribution, Joseph owned 613 Class A shares of
            SNBNY; Alberto, David, and Jacob each owned 28,000,000 Class B shares; and
            Esther owned 16,000,000 Class B shares (id ,r,r 11, 53, 71).

            Defendants' Dilution ofAlberto's Shares in the Bafra Group's Assets

                    In 2006, Alberto joined the executive management of Banco Safra S.A. (Banco
            Safra), a Brazilian commercial bank, eventually becoming a member of Banco
            Safra's Board of Directors in 2010 (compl ,r,r 20, 62). But when David joined the
            Banco Safra's management in 2008, issues between Alberto and his family began to
            emerge (see id). Specifically, David embarked on a campaign to gain power at
            Banco Safra, which, in turn, undermined the bank's working environment,
            increased its costs, and depreciated its synergies, coordination, and administrative
            efficiencies (see id). David's actions resulted in substantial professional and
            personal disagreements with Alberto due to diverging views on the bank's business,
            management, and strategy (id). This resulted in Alberto eventually leaving his
            position at Banco Safra and founding an asset management firm, ASA Investments
            (id ,r,r 21, 62).

                     Normally, Joseph would have been called upon to resolve this type of
            business disagreement amongst siblings (seecompl ,r 62). But beginning in the
            latter half of 2019, Joseph's health significantly deteriorated (id ,r,r 15, 21, 54·57,
            61). Taking advantage of this situation, David enlisted Jacob's assistance, and, with
            Vicky's apparent knowledge, the two engaged a concerted effort to influence Joseph
            to reduce Alberto's share of the Safra family assets to their direct benefit (see id
            ,r,r 21 ·22, 62-64).
                  The first part of the Family Defendants' scheme involved obscuring the
            extent of Joseph's health decline (compl ,r 23). For example, on November 18, 2019,
            without informing Alberto, the Family Defendants hired Professor Robert Howard,
            2
             Safra Group assets include SNBNY, Banco Safra S.A., JS International Holding Limited, and
            Andromeda Global Strategy Fund Limited (compl ,r 49).
                650710/2023 SAFRA vs. SNBNY HOLDINGS LIMITED ET AL                            Page 2 of 18
                Motion No. 005

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                                                                                                   INDEX NO. 650710/2023
  NYSCEF DOC. NO. 140                                                                      RECEIVED NYSCEF: 03/28/2024

            a Professor of Old Age Psychiatry at University College London, to examine Joseph
            in Geneva, Switzerland (id ,r,r 58, 60). Alberto alleges that the Family Defendants
            secretly hand·picked Professor Howard to issue a report claiming that Joseph had
            sufficient mental capacity in aid of their efforts to make significant alterations to
            his estate planning (id). At the same time, the Family Defendants attempted to
            restrict Alberto from visiting his father and removed him from family
            communications in which Joseph's health and mental capacity were discussed (see
            id ,r,r 24, 57, 61, 63, 89). By obfuscating Joseph's situation, the Family Defendants
            were able to then influence Joseph without Alberto's knowledge (see id ,r,r 23, 26·
            27, 63·65, 87).

                    The second part of the Family Defendants' campaign involved having Joseph
            carry out a series of transactions that resulted in the dilution of Alberto's
            shareholder interests in SNBNY (the Dilution Events) (compl ,r,r 23, 66·73). The
            foundation of the Dilution Events began in the fourth quarter of 2019 (see id ,r,r 14·
            15, 66). Under Gibraltar law, SNBNY was required to have sufficient profits to
            support a capitalization event and the issuance of new shares to Joseph (id ,r 76).
            Accordingly, in November 2019, SNBNY allegedly switched, without explanation,
            from the US GAAP accounting standard to the International Financial Reporting
            Standards when preparing its financial statements, and this change became
            retroactively effective as of January 1, 2019 (id ,r 67). This change allowed SNBNY
            to report a jump in income in 2019 of $872,116,000, which, in turn, increased
            SNBNY's total equity to $1,674,571,000 (see id ,r,r 14, 67·68, 72, 78). Alberto
            alleges, upon information and belief, that these "write ups" were ultimately taken to
            artificially create profits and justify capitalizing new shares (id ,r 69). 3

                    Relying on SNBNY's updated 2019 financial statements, the Family
            Defendants then influenced Joseph and the Director Defendants to pass a series of
            resolutions that increased David and Jacob's shares in SNBNY while decreasing
            Alberto's shares (see compl. ,r,r 9, 12, 69, 72, 78·80). Specifically, on December 4,
            2019, Joseph, who was in New York for medical treatment, approved (by special
            resolution) new Articles authorizing SNBNY to increase its share capital (see id
            ,r 72 [ii]). That same day, Joseph allegedly passed a special resolution by which
            SNBNY's share capital increased from $100,000,613 (based on 613 Class A shares
            and 100,000,000 Class B shares) to $300,002,000 (based on 2000 Class A shares and
            300,000,000 Class B shares) through the creation of 1,387 new Class A shares and
            200,000,000 new Class B shares (id ,r 72 [iii]). Also on that same day, by a written
            resolution that was proposed and recommended by the Director Defendants,
            $868,212,382.01 of SNBNY's reserves and profits were capitalized (id ,r,r 9, 12, 69,
            72 [iv]). This resulted in the issuance of 660 new Class A shares and 107,665,100
            new Class B shares to Joseph (id ,r 72 [ivD. Finally, Joseph transferred his

            3
             Alberto corroborates his belief by pointing to the fact that, in 2020, following the Dilution Events,
            SNBNY wrote down SNB's book value, leading to a negative income of $325,247,893 (compl ,r 79). As
            explained, this "write down" occurred even though SNB had increased its income over 2019 (id.).
                650710/2023 SAFRA vs. SNBNY HOLDINGS LIMITED ET AL                                 Page 3 of 18
                Motion No. 005

                                                             3 of 18
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            107,665,100 newly issued Class B shares solely to Jacob and David in equal shares
            for no apparent consideration (id 1 72 [v]). Upon completion of the Dilution Events,
            Alberto's Class B Share holdings were reduced from 28% to 13.47%, while David
            and Jacob's holdings both increased (see id 1113, 73). 4

                   According to Alberto, Joseph lacked the capacity to understand, plan, or carry
            out the sophisticated corporate transactions involved in the Dilution Events (compl
            11 5, 12, 15, 70). In support, Alberto identifies certain irregularities in these special
            resolutions (id 11 3, 77, 80). Despite these irregularities, Alberto avers, each of
            these resolutions were recommended by the Director Defendants (id 1 70).

            Alberto's Discoverv of the Dilution Events and Joseph's Passing

                   On January 13, 2020, Alberto texted his mother to ask whether something
            had been done regarding his interest in the Safra family businesses (compl 1 90).
            The next day, Alberto received a letter, back·dated January 6, 2020, which was
            allegedly written and signed by Joseph (id). The letter expressed that Joseph was
            hurt by Alberto's decision to leave Banco Safra's management, but it made no
            mention of any dilution of Alberto's interest (id). Alberto responded to the letter by
            indicating his desire to speak with Joseph to resolve any issues between the two (id
            1 91). Despite protests from the Family Defendants, Alberto visited Joseph in
            Geneva in early 2020 (id). Alberto alleges that Joseph seemed unaware of the
            Dilution Events and did not display any of the sentiments raised in the January 6,
            2020, letter (id).

                    Joseph passed away on December 10, 2020 (compl ,r,r 25, 92). Six months
            later, in June 2021, Alberto learned that his shares had been diluted and the extent
            of the dilution (id 1 88). Alberto had not previously received notice of any of the
            Dilution Events, or even confirmation of any changes to his Class B share holdings
            (id ,r 85). Nor has he received any purported approvals by the Director Defendants
            that were required to carry out the Dilution Events (id).

            The Present Lawsuit and Defendants, Challenge to Personal Jurisdiction

                   Alberto commenced this action on February 6, 2023. This lawsuits represents
            just one of several proceedings across the globe challenging Joseph's estate
            administration and Alberto's dilution of interests in the Safra family businesses
            (compl ,r,r 7, 28; see also NYSCEF # 79 ,r,r 6·18). In this action, Alberto seeks to set
            aside, cancel, or rescind the transactions impacting his interest in SNBNY based on
            Joseph's alleged lack of mental capacity and incompetence, and he also asserts

            4
             After the initial transfer in 2019, David and Jacob's SNBNY share holdings were each 39.4%. Then,
            on May 5, 2020, David and Jacob each transferred 8,613,208 of their Class B shares to Esther, which
            returned her to her prior level of Class B share holdings (compl 141! 75, 86). This resulted in each of
            David and Jacob's Class B share holdings dropping to 35.26% (id).
                650710/2023 SAFRA vs. SNBNY HOLDINGS LIMITED ET AL                                  Page 4 of 18
                Motion No. 005

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                                                                                                  INDEX NO. 650710/2023
  NYSCEF DOC. NO. 140                                                                     RECEIVED NYSCEF: 03/28/2024

            claims for breach of the Articles, undue influence, unfair prejudice under Gibraltar
            law, and breach of fiduciary duties (seecompl ,r,r 127·182). 5

                    Alberto broadly contends that this action concern "business interests located
            in New York, conduct in New York, and harm in New York" (compl ,r 8). Alberto
            first focuses on SNBNY, alleging that the court has general jurisdiction over the
            company because, although incorporated in Gibraltar, its principal place of business
            is in New York (id ,r 38). Alberto further avers that SNBNY has extensive contacts
            with New York and limited contacts with Gibraltar, citing the fact that (1) SNBNYs
            principal purpose as a holding company is to invest in common stock of SNB,
            (2) SNBNY is subject to regulation by the Federal Reserve in New York, (3) all three
            of SNBNYs directors have business offices located in SNB's headquarters, and (4)
            SNBNY is essentially managed and operated in New York (id ,r 39). In any event,
            Alberto also avers, this court has personal jurisdiction over SNBNY because, among
            other things, (i) SNBNY conducts nearly all its business through SNB and (ii)
            alterations to SNBNYs capital structure were initiated through shareholder
            resolutions executed in New York under the alleged influence and/or approval of the
            Family Defendants and the Director Defendants (id ,r 40).

                   Alberto next turns to the court's alleged jurisdiction over the Director
            Defendants, contending that all three work in New York and two of the three
            maintain residences in New York (compl ,r 41). In so alleging, Alberto relies on the
            fact that the Director Defendants maintain offices, and engage in business, in New
            York by virtue of their positions within SNB (id). Alberto further states that the
            court independently has jurisdiction over the Director Defendants because his
            claims arise out of their transactions in New York (id ir 42). Specifically, he avers,
            Director Defendants were likely in New York when they purportedly approved
            Joseph's resolutions diluting Alberto's SNBNY interests (id). 6

                  Alberto's final set of jurisdictional allegations relate to the Family
            Defendants. Alberto alleges that the court has personal jurisdiction over Jacob and
            Vicky because Jacob maintains a residence in New York and serves as the chair of
            SNB, while Vicky maintains a residence in New York where she regularly spends
            time (compl ,r 43). Alberto further alleges that the court has jurisdiction over all the

            5 Alberto also brings causes of actions based on defendants' alleged failure to recognize Alberto's

            nomination to SNBNY's board of directors (compl. ,r,r 104·126). As alleged, on June 7, 2021, June 25,
            2021, and March 2022, Alberto sent letters to SNBNY and the Family Defendants to exercise his
            right to appoint a director pursuant to Article 61(a) of the Articles (id ,r,r 93·94). The Family
            Defendants, however, purportedly directed SNBNY not to recognize Alberto's director appointee, and
            on July 2, 2021, SNBNY sent a letter refusing to recognize Alberto's appointment until approved by
            the Federal Reserve (id ,r 95). Now, in connection with their motion, defendants represent that, in
            the months since this action was commenced, Alberto's nomination has been appointed with
            immediate effect (see NYSCEF # 130 ,r 6; NYSCEF # 131). Based on defendants' account, these
            claims in the complaint appear to be moot.
            6
              Alberto also alleges that the denial of his board appointment was taken by, or done with the
            knowledge of, the Director Defendants when they were likely in New York (compl ,r 42).
             650710/2023 SAFRA vs. SNBNY HOLDINGS LIMITED ET AL                                   Page 5 of 18
             Motion No. 005

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                                                                                     INDEX NO. 650710/2023
  NYSCEF DOC. NO. 140                                                         RECEIVED NYSCEF: 03/28/2024

            Family Defendants because they took advantage of Joseph's physical and mental
            state while he was in New York, explaining that Vicky was with Joseph at the time
            and David and Jacob were "both aware of his medical condition" and were present
            in New York with Joseph at certain points in December 2019 (id ,r 44). Alberto
            alternatively contends that, because SNBNY's principal place of business is alleged
            to be in New York, personal jurisdiction exists ove1· the Family Defendants because
            his injuries occurred in New York (id ,r 45).

                   Defendants, in response, contest personal jurisdiction over SNBNY, the
            Family Defendants, and defendants Vieira and Bomfim (together, the Non-Resident
            Directors) (NYSCEF # 89 - MOL at 8·31; NYSCEF # 126 - Reply at 15·24). As to
            SNBNY, defendants offer the affirmation of Liam Roche, the director of SNBNY's
            company secretary, Line Secretaries Limited (NYSCEF # 72 - Roche aff ,r,r 5·6).
            Roche contends that SNBNY has its principal place of business in Gibraltar, not
            New York, and he offers several fact to support his position (see id. ,r,r 4·10). For
            instance, based on an inspection SNBNY's statutory and minute books maintained
            in Gibraltar, Roche affirms that SNBNY's sole business is managing the shares it
            holds, and it employs Gibraltar-based professional firms to provide auditing and
            legal services and representation in corporate matters (id ,r,r 5, 7·8). Roche further
            explains that SNBNY does not generally hold in·person board meetings; rather,
            meetings are held telephonically and decisions validly made by written resolution
            signed in whatever place SNBNY's directors are located at the time (id ~j 10). Roche
            then affirms, more generally, that SNBNY's corporate policies implicating the
            allotment and issuance of shares in SNBNY, as well as the rights and restrictions
            attaching to such shares, are drafted and recorded in Gibraltar (id ,r 9). In support,
            Roche notes that he signed and submitted a "Return of Shares Transfer" in
            Gibraltar to register Joseph's transfer with the Registrar of Companies in Gibraltar
            (see id ,r 16; NYSCEF # 78).

                   To further challenge personal jurisdiction over SNBNY, defendants also offer
            the affirmation of Bomfim who reiterates that SNBNY is a Gibraltar holding
            company for its primary asset, Safra New York Corporation (SNYC) (NYSCEF # 81
            - Bomfim aff ,r 5). Bomfim goes on to explain that SNBNY has no office in New
            York and has no employees in New York (id ,r,r 11·12). He also reiterates that
            SNBNY's directors' meetings are held telephonically and any resulting board
            resolutions are generally drafted in Gibraltar (see id ,r,r 14·15).

                     Defendants next turn to the court's alleged jurisdiction over the Non-
            Resident Directors, offering the affirmations of Bomfim and Vieira to support their
            position. Vieira affirms that he is a citizen of Brazil and maintains his primary
            business address in Sao Paulo, Brazil at Banco Safra (NYSCEF # 82 - Vieira aff
            ,r,r 5·6, 8). Although he acknowledges owning an apartment in New York, he
            represents that he only used this apartment for 116 days in 2019 and generally uses
            it less than 90 days per year (id ,r 7). Vieira further affirms that, other than his
            duties as a director of SNB and other Safra Group·affiliated entities, he does not
             650710/2023 SAFRA vs. SNBNY HOLDINGS LIMITED ET AL                      Page 6 of 18
             Motion No. 005

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            conduct any business activities in New York (id ,r 9). Vieira goes on to explain that
            when Joseph signed the December 4, 2019, shareholder resolutions, and when
            Vieira signed the December 11, 2019, board resolution approving the capitalization
            of SNBNY and the issuance of new Class A and Class B shares, he was in Brazil (id
            ,r,r 11·12). Vieira, however, acknowledges that he was in New York when he signed
            the December 19, 2019, board resolution transferring Josephs Class B shares to
            David and Jacob (id ,r 13).

                   For his part, Bomfim explains that he is a citizen of the United States and
            Brazil and is a resident of New Jersey (Bomfim aff ,r 8). Bomfim indicates that he
            owns an apartment in New York City that he rents to a tenant, and he also owns an
            apartment in Buffalo, New York, that he rents to his son (id ,r 9). Bomfim
            acknowledges that he has an office in SNB in New York, but that, other than his
            duties as an officer of SNB and a director of some other Safra Group-affiliated
            entities, he does not conduct any business activities in New York (id ,r,r 6, 10). And
            regarding the Dilution Events alleged in the complaint, Bomfim affirms that he was
            not present when Joseph signed the shareholder resolutions on December 4, 2019,
            but he was in New York when he signed the December 11 and December 19, 2019,
            board resolutions (id ,r,r 16·18).

                   Finally, defendants target Alberto's jurisdictional allegations concerning the
            Family Defendants by submitting affirmations from each of Vicky, David, and
            Jacob, who all affirm that they are citizens of Brazil, Greece, and Spain, and not the
            United States (NYSCEF # 83 David aff ,r 3; NYSCEF # 85 - Jacob aff ,r 3;
            NYSCEF # 87 Vicky aff ,r 3). David maintains his primary residence in Sao Paulo,
            Brazil; Jacob maintains his primary residence in Switzerland; and Vicky maintains
            her primary residence in Switzerland (David aff ,r 4; Jacob aff ,r 4; Vicky aff ,r 4).
            David occasionally visits but does not maintain a residence in New York; Jacob
            owns residential property in New York but only spends, at most, 20 days at that
            property during a typical year; and Vicky rents an apartment in New York but only
            spends, at most, 30 days per year in that apartment (see David aff ,r 4; Jacob aff ,r 4;
            Vicky aff ,r 4). Addressing the relevant events in Alberto's complaint, David affirms
            that he was New York to visit his father on December 8, 2019, and he left on
            December 11, 2019 (David aff ,r 5). Jacob, in turn, affirms that he was in New York
            on December 5, 2019, and he left New York on December 14, 2019 (Jacob aff ,r 5).
            Finally, Vicky states that she spent more time than usual in New York in 2019 due
            to Joseph's health issues, and that she was in New York with Joseph for medical
            reasons from December 2, 2019, to January 16, 2020 (Vicky aff ,r 5).

                                                       Legal Standard

                   CPLR 32ll(a)(8) provides that a party may move to dismiss one or more
            causes of action on the ground that the court lacks personal jurisdiction over
            defendants (CPLR 3211 [a][8]). On such a motion, the court is required to accept as
            true allegations set forth in the complaint and accord plaintiff the benefit of every
             650710/2023 SAFRA vs. SNBNY HOLDINGS LIMITED ET AL                        Page 7 of 18
             Motion No. 005

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            possible favorable inference (see Leon v Martinez, 84 NY2d 83, 87·88 (1994]; Lawati
            v Montague Morgan Slade Ltd, 102 AD3d 427, 428 [1st Dept 2013]; Whitcraft v
            Runyon, 123 AD3d 811, 812 [2d Dept 2014]). Plaintiff nevertheless bears the
            "burden of presenting sufficient evidence, through affidavits and relevant
            documents, to demonstrate jurisdiction" (Coast to Coast Energy, Inc. v Gasarch, 149
            AD3d 485, 486 [1st Dept. 2017]). Although a plaintiff need not conclusively
            establish that there is personal jurisdiction in defending against a motion to
            dismiss, he or she must make at least a "sufficient start" in demonstrating its
            existence (see James v i'Flex Inc., 185 AD3d 22, 29·30 [1st Dept 2020] [explaining
            that plaintiff "need only make a 'sufficient start' in demonstrating, prima facie, the
            existence of personal jurisdiction"]). Conclusory assertions of jurisdiction will not
            suffice (see Gasarch, 149 AD3d at 487 [rejecting "vague, conclusory and
            unsubstantiated" allegations offered to support long arm jurisdiction]; Cotia (USA)
            Ltd v Lynn Steel Corp., 134 AD3d 483, 484 [1st Dept 2015] ["Plaintiff has offered
            nothing but conclusory assertions to support long·arm jurisdiction under CPLR
            302(a)(l)"]).

                                                          Discussion

                   Defendants primarily move to dismiss the complaint on the grounds that,
            except as to defendant Morato (who resides in New York), the court lacks a basis to
            exercise either general or specific personal jurisdiction (MOL at 8·31; Reply at 15·
            24). Defendants first argue that the court lacks general or specific jurisdiction over
            SNBNY because it is a holding company incorporated in Gibraltar with its principal
            place of business in Gibraltar, and none of Alberto's claims arise out of any
            transaction or activities conducted by it in New York (see MOL at 10· 17; Reply at
            15·19). Regarding the Family Defendants, defendants contend, the complaint fails
            to plead either general or specific jurisdiction because none of them maintain their
            primary residences in New York, none of them have had "extensive contacts" with
            the state, and none of them engaged in wrongful conduct within the state or caused
            injury within the state (MOL at 17·26; Reply at 20·24). As for the Non-Resident
            Directors, defendants aver that the court lacks either general or specific jurisdiction
            because neither of them are domiciled in New York or engaged in extensive
            business activities in the state, and none of Alberto's claims arise out of any of the
            directors' transactions of business in New York (MOL at 26·28; Reply at 19·20). 7

                   Alberto counters that he has made a prima facie showing of personal
            jurisdiction over all defendants (NYSCEF # 114- Opp at 22·30). Alberto first
            contends that he has sufficiently demonstrated that the court can exercise both
            general and specific jurisdiction over SNBNY based on his allegations that its
            principal place of business is in New York and that the relevant transactions at
            7 Defendants also move to dismiss on the grounds of forum non conveniens and failure to state a

            claim (see MOL at 31·50). Because Alberto has failed to establish personal jurisdiction over SNBNY,
            the Family Defendants, and the Non-Resident Directors, the court does not reach these alternative
            bases for dismissal.
             650710/2023 SAFRA vs. SNBNY HOLDINGS LIMITED ET AL                                  Page 8 of 18
             Motion No. 005

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            issue in the complaint took place in New York (id at 22·27). He further contends
            that he has sufficiently established that the court may exercise specific jurisdiction
            over both the Family Defendants and the Non-Resident Directors (id at 27·30). As
            to the Family Defendants, Alberto avers that the court may exercise jurisdiction
            because they were in New York when Joseph and SNBNY carried out the Dilution
            Events, and they otherwise caused Alberto injury in New York (idat 27·28). And as
            to the Non-Resident Directors, Alberto argues that his claims arise out of their
            transaction of business in New York (id at 29·30).

                     The court addresses the parties' contentions below.

              I.      Defendants' Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction

                   A. General Jurisdiction under CPLR 301

                   Although he alleges in the complaint that the court has general jurisdiction
            over all defendants (see compl -,i 41), Alberto's general jurisdiction arguments in his
            opposition focus solely on SNBNY (see Opp at 22·30). Alberto contends that the
            court may exercise general jurisdiction over SNBNY on the grounds that its
            decisions are made in New York and thus its principal place of business is here (id
            at 22). Specifically, Alberto argues, SNBNY's decisions originate in New York, not
            Gibraltar, because its three directors exercise control over SNBNY from SNB in
            Manhattan, and hence, SNBNY's decisions are made in New York (id. at 22·24).

                   For a court to exercise general jurisdiction over a defendant, a defendant
            must generally either be domiciled or have its principal place of business in New
            York (Bracco v E. Metal Recycling Term. LLC, 211 AD3d 628,628 [1st Dept 2022]).
            To establish that a company's principal place of business is in New York, plaintiff
            must demonstrate that a company's "nerve center" is in New York (see Robins v
            Procure Treatment Ctrs., Inc., 179 AD3d 412, 414 [1st Dept 2020]). A company's
            "nerve center" is the place where "the majority of its executive and administrative
            functions are performed" (Hertz Corp. v Friend, 559 US 77, 82 [2010]). There are
            also "exceptional case[s]" where a court may exercise general jurisdiction over a
            foreign company because its "ties to New York are so continuous and systematic as
            to render it essentially 'at home' in New York" (KPP II CCT LLC v Douglas Dev.
            Corp., 222 AD3d 408, 408 [1st Dept 2023]; see also Daimler AG v Bauman, 571 US
            117, 139 [2014]).

                   Here, to establish general jurisdiction over SNBNY, Alberto alleges that
            SNBNY's principal place of business is in New York (compl 1 38). But defendants'
            sworn submissions establish that, in addition to being incorporated in Gibraltar,
            SNBNY's principal place of business is also in Gibraltar. As an initial matter, as
            affirmed by both Roche and Bomfim, SNBNY is merely a holding company whose
            only asset, SNYC, is also a holding company with interests in four other assets
            (including SNB) (see Roche aff 1 4; Bomfim aff 11 4·5). And as a holding company,

             650710/2023 SAFRA vs. SNBNY HOLDINGS LIMITED ET AL                         Page 9 of 18
             Motion No. 005

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            SNBNY's only business activity is managing the shares it holds, with its
            administrative and corporate affairs being handled and maintained in Gibraltar
            (see Roche aff 1 4·9, 16; see also NYSCEF # 78). Gibraltar also happens to be the
            place in which SNBNY's written shareholder and board resolutions are drafted and
            prepared, and, as relevant here, where changes to the corporate register are
            recorded and pertinent documents filed (see Roche aff ,i,i 9, 16; Bomfim aff 11 13·
            15; see also NYSCEF # 74 at 4; NYSCEF # 78) By contrast, SNBNY has no office or
            employees in New York, and it does not conduct any in ·person meetings in New
            York (Roche ,i 10; Bomfim aff1il 11·12, 14; Vieira aff i-1111·12). Viewing these facts
            together, the record supports a conclusion that, although SNBNY's operations in
            Gibraltar may not necessarily be substantial in scope, it is Gibraltar, not New York,
            where the majority of SNBNY's executive and administrative functions are
            performed and where its corporate policies originate (see Utopia Studios, Ltd v
            Earth Tech, Inc., 607 F Supp2d 443, 445-446 [ED NY 2009] [explaining that, for
            purposes of establishing a company's principal place of business "the salient
            question [is] where the company's policies originate"]). 8

                   To avoid this conclusion, Alberto largely relies on SNB's operations in New
            York to impute jurisdiction over SNBNY (seecompl i-11 38-39). Such reliance is
            misplaced. It is true that in certain limited circumstances, CPLR 301 jurisdiction
            may be established by the acts of related entities to the named defendant (see
            Delagi v Volkswagenwerk AG ofWolfsburg, Germany, 29 NY2d 426,432 [1972])).
            But the mere existence of a parent-subsidiary relationship, alone, does not confer
            jurisdiction over a company (see FIMBank P.L. C. v Woori Fin. Holdings Co. Ltd.,
            104 AD3d 602, 602-603 [1st Dept 2013] [rejecting that defendant was subject to
            personal jurisdiction based on ownership of subsidiary]; Porter v LSB Indus., Inc.,
            192 Ad2d 205, 213 [4th Dept 1993] [explaining that "[a] finding of agency for
            jurisdictional purposes will not be inferred from the mere existence of a parent·
            subsidiary relationship"]; see also Cortlandt St. Recovery Corp. v Bonderman, 73
            Misc3d 1217[A], at *7 [Sup Ct, NY County, 2021], mod on other grounds, 215 AD3d
            446 [1st Dept 2023] ["the presence of a local corporation does not create jurisdiction
            over a related, but independently managed, foreign corporation"]). Rather, the
            parent's "control over the subsidiary's activities ... must be so complete that the
            subsidiary is, in fact, merely a department of the parent" (Delagi, 29 NY2d at 432;
            accord Blount v Bovis Lend Lease LMB, Inc., 49 AD3d 293, 294 [1st Dept 2008]). To
            determine if a subsidiary is a "mere department" of its parent, courts consider the
            following factors: (1) "common ownership"; (2) "financial dependency of the
            subsidiary on the parent"; (3) the "degree to which the parent corporation interferes
            in the selection and assignment of the subsidiary's executive personnel and fails to
            8
              That SNBNY may be regulated by the Federal Reserve by virtue of its interests in SNB does not
            alter this determination (c£ Okoroafor v Emirates Airlines, 195 AD3d 540, 541 [1st Dept 2021]
            ~"r~gi~tr~tio~ to do business in New York does not constitute consent to submit to general
            Jur1sd1ct1on m New York for causes of action that are unrelated to its affiliation with New York");
            Advance 1!ealty Assocs. v Krupp, 636 FSupp 316, 317·318 [SD NY 1986] [registration of several
            partnerships as broker dealers in New York did not confer general jurisdiction over those entities]).
                650710/2023 SAFRA vs. SNBNY HOLDINGS LIMITED ET AL                                 Page 10 of 18
                Motion No. 005

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            observe corporate formalities"; and (4) "the degree of control over the marketing and
            operational policies of the subsidiary exercised by the parent" ( Volkswagenwerk AG.
            v Beech Aircraft Corp., 751 F2d 117, 120·122 [2d Cir 1984]; accord FIA Leveraged
            Fund Ltd v Grant Thornton LLP, 150 AD3d 492,493 [1st Dept 2017] [relying on the
            four factor test set out by the Second Circuit in Beech Aircraftl).

                   The crux of Alberto's position is that SNBNY is "at home" in New York
            because, as he alleges, (1) SNBNY is a holding company whose principal purpose is
            to invest, through its subsidiary SNYC, in SNB's common stock, and (2) all three of
            SNBNY's directors maintain offices in New York at SNB's headquarters and
            therefore must have made decisions about SNBNY in New York (seecompl ,r 39;
            Opp at 22·24). But even accepting these allegations as true, the complaint does not
            sufficiently allege that SNB is a "mere department" of SNBNY. For instance,
            beyond identifying common ownership and some financial ties, the complaint does
            not suggest that SNBNY exerts control over SNB's activities and operations or that
            these entities have failed to observe corporate formalities. Rather, it is evident that
            SNBNY, indirectly through SNYC, operates as "nothing more than an investment
            mechanism," while SNB "conduct[s] business not as [SNBNY's] agent0 but as its
            investment □" (see Gurvey v Cowan, Liebowitz & Latman, PC, 2009 WL 691056, at
            *4 [SD NY, Mar. 17, 2009, No. 06 Civ. 1202]; Gallelli v Crown Imports, LLC, 701 F
            Supp 2d 263, 273·274 [ED NY 2010] ["Since the subsidiaries carry out their own
            businesses, and not the investment business of [parent], the subsidiaries cannot be
            deemed the agents of [parent]"]; see also FIA Leveraged Fund, 150 AD3d at 493
            [observing that "since [parent] is a holding company, it is financially dependent on
            its subsidiaries" rather than vice versa]).

                   In sum, Alberto has failed to establish or make a sufficient start
            demonstrating that the court may exercise general jurisdiction over SNBNY. The
            court next turns to Alberto's specific jurisdiction arguments. 9

                   B. Specific Jurisdiction Under CPLR 302

                   New York's long arm·statute, CPLR 302, provides for three separate bases
            that a court may exercise specific jurisdiction over a non-domiciliary (CPLR 302 [aD.
            Preliminarily, under CPLR 302(a)(l), a court may exercise jurisdiction over a non·
            domiciliary who "transacts any business within the state." The jurisdictional
            inquiry under CPLR 302(a)(l) involves a "two-pronged analysis" (Bangladesh Bank
            v Rizal Commercial Banking Corp., -AD3d-, 2024 WL 847976, at *11 [1st Dep Feb.
            29, 2024]). "[U]nder the first prong the defendant must have conducted sufficient
            activities to have transacted business in the state, and under the second prong, the

            9
             To ~he extent that Alberto maintains that the court may exercise general jurisdiction over the
            Family Defendants or the Non-Resident Directors (see compl ,r,r 41, 43), that contention fails
            b~c~use none of them maintain New York as their primary place of domicile (see Bomfim aff ,r,r 8-9;
            V1e1ra afr,f,r 5•8; David aff ,r 4; Jacob aff ,r 4; Vicky aff,r 4).
                650710/2023 SAFRA vs. SNBNY HOLDINGS LIMITED ET AL
                Motion No. 005                                                                   Page 11 of18

                                                             11 of 18
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            claims must arise from the transactions" (Rushaid v Pictet & Cie, 28 NY3d 316, 323
            [2016]).

                   The next basis for specific jurisdiction is set forth in CPLR 302(a)(2), which
            provides that courts may exercise jurisdiction over a non·domiciliary who, in person
            or through an agent, "commits a tortious act within the state" (CPLR 302 [a] [2]).
            The mere occurrence of an injury in New York "cannot serve to transmute an out·of-
            state tortious act into one committed here within the sense of the statutory
            wording" (SOS Capital v Recycling Paper Partners ofPA, LLC, 220 AD3d 25, 33·34
            [1st Dept 2023]). For this reason, courts typically require that the defendant be
            physically present in New York at the time of the tort (see Framer S. C.A. v Ahaplus
            Intl. Corp., 76 AD3d 89, 95-97 [1st Dept 2010]). This is true "even when the
            instrument of the tort itself is in New York" (id. at 97).

                   The final basis for specific jurisdiction, as relevant here, is set forth in CPLR
            302(a)(3)(ii). To establish jurisdiction under this subsection, a plaintiff must
            demonstrate that (1) "defendant committed a tortious act outside [New York],"
            (2) "the cause of action arises from that act," (3) "the act caused injury to a person or
            property within [New York]," (4) "defendant expected or should reasonably have
            expected the act to have consequences in [New York]," and (5) "defendant derived
            substantial revenue from interstate or international commerce" (LaMarca v Pak·
            Mor Mfg. Co., 95 NY2d 210, 214 [2000]; see also CPLR 302[a][3][ii]). In New York
            "the situs of commercial injury is where the original critical events associated with
            the action or dispute took place, not where any financial loss or damages occurred"
            (Deutsche Bank AG v Wk, 163 AD3d 414, 415 [1st Dept 2018]; accord Uzan v
            Telsim Mobil Telekomunikasyon Hizmetleri A.S., 51 AD3d 476, 478 [1st Dept 2008]
            ["the situs of the injury for long-arm purposes is where the event giving rise to the
            injury occurred, not where the resultant damages occurred"]).

                   Here, Alberto invokes all three of the above-referenced subsections of CPLR
            302 to contend that the court may exercise specific over each of SNBNY, the Non·
            Resident Directors, and the Family Defendants (Opp at 25·30). The court considers
            each of Alberto's personal jurisdictional bases in turn.

                1. Specific Jurisdiction over SNBNY

                  Alberto argues that the court may exercise specific jurisdiction over SNBNY
            under CPLR 302(a)(l) because his claims arise out of SNBNY's purported
            transaction of business in New York, including the planning, execution, and
            approval of the Dilution Events (Opp at 25·27). There is, however, no indication
            from the complaint or the parties' submissions that Alberto's claims arise out of any
            transaction in New York. As explained above, SNBNY is a holding company whose
            principal purpose is manage the shares it holds through SNYC (see Roche aff ,r,r 4·
            8; Bomfim aff ,r,r 4-5, 11 ·15). As a result, insofar as SNBNY has transacted business
            in New York, it is solely through its investment activities (cf. Gallelli: 701 F Supp
             650710/2023 SAFRA vs. SNBNY HOLDINGS LIMITED ET AL                        Page 12 of 18
             Motion No. 005

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            2d at 272·274). Although Alberto may allege that SNBNY (through acts of other
            defendants) diluted his shareholder interest, the purported transactions resulting in
            this alleged dilution were ultimately effectuated in Gibraltar, not New York, and
            impacted Alberto's shareholder interests as registered in Gibraltar, not New York
            (seecompl ~f,r 9, 12, 66·83; Roche aff,r,r 9·16; NYSCEF# 78). 10

                   Unable to establish harm flowing for SNBNY's own transaction of business in
            New York, Alberto again points to SNB's operations in New York to impute
            jurisdiction over SNBNY (compl ,r 40). Specifically, Alberto contends that the court
            has specific jurisdiction over SNBNY because (1) it conducts its business through
            SNB, and (2) SNBNY's directors work out of SNB's headquarters in New York (id.).
            Alberto's contentions are just as unavailing as they were in the CPLR 301 context.
            To start, as explained above, "[m]ere ownership by a parent company of a subsidiary
            that is subject to personal jurisdiction" does not subject the parent to jurisdiction in
            New York (see Moreau v RPM, Inc., 20 AD3d 456, 457 [2d Dept 2005]). Moreover,
            this court has already determined that there is no basis to conclude that SNB is a
            "mere department" of SNBNY in the absence of any control over SNB's activities or
            failure to observe corporate formalities. Simply stated, nothing in the record
            suggests that purported jurisdiction arising from SNB's contacts within New York
            can be imputed on to SNBNY.

                  At any rate, there are no such allegations in the complaint supporting a
            conclusion that Alberto's claims arise from any transaction of business by SNB
            (rather than SNBNY). To assert specific jurisdiction under CPLR 302(a)(l) over a
            non·domiciliary parent company based on its subsidiary's contacts within New
            York, a plaintiff must establish that the parent company "knew of and consented to"
            acts by the in-state subsidiary giving rise to plaintiffs cause of action (see DeCraene
            v Neuhaus (U.S.A.), Inc., 2005 WL 1330761, at *5 [SD NY June 3, 2005, No. 04 Civ.
            2876(GEL)], quoting EFCO Corp. v Nortek, 205 F3d 1322 [2d Cir 2000]); see also
            Gasarch, 149 AD3d at 486-487 ["[t]o establish that a defendant acted through an
            agent, a plaintiff must 'convince the court that [the New York actors] engaged in
            purposeful activities in this State in relation to [the] transaction for the benefit of
            and with the knowledge and consent of [the defendant] and that [the defendant]
            exercised some control over [the New York actors]"']). Here, however, all that the
            complaint alleges is that, through actions taken by defendants in their capacity as
            10
               In fact, the only true connection to New York is that Joseph and certain defendants executed
            shareholder and board resolutions in New York (seecompl ,r,r 40, 42; seealsoBomfim aff ,r,r 17·18).
            But this fact is not determinative of whether SNBNY or the Non· Resident Directors transacted
            business under CPLR 302(a)(l) (see Presidential Realty Corp v Michael Sq. W., 44 NY2d 672, 673·
            67 4 [1978] [rejecting personal jurisdiction in the absence of "proof of any contacts with [New York]
            other than the fact that the modification letter and the agreement were signed in New York"];
            Galgay v Bulletin Co., 504 F2d 1062, 1065 & n2 [2d Cir 1974] [holding that the "fact that the
            contract was executed in New York" was not "determinative" of defendant's "purposeful activity" in
            New York]; Yacht Haven USVI LLC v The West Indian Co. Ltd, 2022 WL 1555935, at *4 [Sup Ct,
            NY County, May 16, 2022} ["merely executing a contract in New York is not sufficient to satisfy the
            transaction-of-business prong of the statute")).
             650710/2023 SAFRA vs. SNBNY HOLDINGS LIMITED ET AL                                    Page 13 of 18
             Motion No. 005

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            shareholders and directors of SNBNY, Alberto's shares in SNBNY were diluted to
            the direct benefit of David and Jacob, and he was later deprived of his right to
            appoint a director to the SNBNY board (with the latter claim now appearing to be
            moot). None of these allegations involved actions carried out by, or on behalf of,
            SNB or its representatives. Alberto's claims consequently lack any "articulable
            nexus between the business transacted [by SNB] and the cause of action sued upon"
            by Alberto (see McGowan v Smith, 52 NY2d 268, 272-273 [1981]). The court
            therefore cannot conclude that it may exercise specific jurisdiction over SNBNY
            under CPLR 302(a)(2) based on SNB's contacts with New York.

                   In sum, defendants' motion to dismiss Alberto's claims against SNBNY for
            lack of personal jurisdiction is granted.

                 2. Specific Jurisdiction over Non-Resident Directors

                  Alberto argues that the court can exercise specific jurisdiction over the Non·
            Resident Directors under CPLR 302(a)(l) because his claims arise out of their
            purported transaction of business in New York, including their approval of the
            Dilution Events (Opp at 29-30). In support of jurisdiction, Alberto alleges that the
            Non-Resident Directors maintain offices at SNB in New York and were likely in
            New York when they approved the resolutions diluting Alberto's shares in SNBNY
            and refused to recognize Alberto's director nominee (see compl ,r 42). The court
            disagrees.

                    To reiterate, the alleged transactions underlying Alberto's claims are the
            increase in share capital, the issuance of new Class B shares to Joseph, and the
            transfer of those shares to David and Jacob (compl ,r,r 72·75). Although the relevant
            resolutions approving these transactions may have been executed and/or approved,
            in part, in New York (see Bomfim aff ,r1 16· 17; Vieira aff 1 15; hut see Vieira aff ,r,r
            11 ·12), they were ultimately prepared in Gibraltar and their actual impact on
            SNBNY's shareholder interests was effectuated in Gibraltar (Roche aff 41f1 5, 9, 16;
            Bomfim aff ,r1 13· 15). Thus, even assuming the Non· Resident Directors somehow
            did avail themselves to New York by virtue of maintaining offices at SNB, Alberto's
            claims do not arise from the Non-Resident Directors' alleged transactions within the
            state.1 1

            11
               Neither MoneyGram Payment Sys., Inc. v Consorcio Oriental, S.A. (2007 WL 1489806 [SD NY
            May 21, 2007, No. 05 Civ. 10773(RMB)]) nor Kravitz v Binda (2020 WL 927534 [SD NY Jan. 21,
            2020, No. 17·CV·07461 (ALC)(SN)]) warrant a different conclusion. For example, in MoneyGram, the
            court concluded that it could exercise long·arm jurisdiction over a company's shareholder where the
            company's actions underlying plaintiffs claim could be imputed to the shareholder, and the company
            had ~ransacted business in New York by entering into an agreement with a New York corporation
            that mcluded New York forum-selection and choice·of·law clauses (2007 WL 1489806 at* 5).
            Meanwhile, in Kravitz, defendants' communications, travels, and business decisions, including the
            drafting of board resolutions in New York, were "part of a larger business plan purposefully directed
            at New York" (2020 WL 927534 at *7). Here, by contrast, the transactions underlying Alberto's
             650710/2023 SAFRA vs. SNBNY HOLDINGS LIMITED ET AL                                   Page 14 of 18
             Motion No. 005

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                  Defendants' motion to dismiss Alberto's claims against the Non-Resident
            Directors for lack of personal jurisdiction is granted. 12

                8. Specific Jurisdiction over Family Defendants

                   Alberto argues that the court can exercise specific jurisdiction over the
            Family Defendants because they were either in New York when Joseph executed
            the resolutions diluting Alberto's interest in SNBNY or engaged in conduct that
            caused an injury that occurred in New York (Opp at 27·29). Neither basis for
            jurisdiction is availing.

                   Alberto first invokes CPLR 302(a)(2) by alleging that the Family Defendants
            took advantage of Joseph's deteriorated state in New York (compl ,r 44).
            Specifically, Alberto alleges that Vicky was with Joseph at the time of the Dilution
            Event, and David and Jacob were "both aware" of his condition and in New York
            with Joseph on certain dates in December in relation to his medical issues (id).
            Nothing in the complaint, however, supports the court exercising personal
            jurisdiction pursuant to CPLR 302(a)(2). To start, although Vicky was in New York
            at the time Joseph purportedly executed the shareholder resolutions diluting
            Alberto's interests on December 4, 2019 (Vicky aff ,r 5), there is no meaningful
            dispute that both Jacob and David were out of the state at the time (see Jacob aff
            ,r 5; David aff ,r 5). Meanwhile, beyond a certain conclusory allegations that they
            "tortiously took advantage" of Joseph and were aware of his medical conditions
            during a New York visit (seecompl ,r 44), the complaint fails allege what, if
            anything, the Family Defendants did with Joseph while in New York (c£ id ,r,r 58·
            60 [alleging that the Family Defendants hired Dr. Howard to examine Joseph in
            Geneva, Switzerland]; id ,r 62 [alleging that David "sought to assert influence over
            [Joseph]" in connection with the management of Banco Safra in Brazil]). In the
            absence of any non·conclusory allegations to the contrary, Alberto has failed to
            make a sufficient start establishing specific jurisdiction over the Family Defendants
            under CPLR 302(a)(2).

                   Alberto next invokes specific jurisdiction over the Family Defendants
            pursuant to CPLR 302(a)(3)(ii), alleging that, even if the Family Defendants were
            not in New York when they caused Joseph to dilute Alberto's shareholder interests
            in SNBNY, Alberto's dilution of his shareholder interests occurred in New York
            (Opp at 28·29; see alsocompl ,r 45). This basis for jurisdiction, however, fails for
            largely the same reasons previously articulated by the court. To reiterate, the crux

            claims were implemented outside of New York and impacted his shareholder interests registered in
            Gibraltar.
            12
               The court would reach the same conclusion about jurisdiction over the Non· Resident Directors
            regarding Alberto's claim that they prevented Alberto from nominating his appointment to the
            SNBNY board. As certain letters submitted in connection with defendants' motion to dismiss
            indicate, defendants' alleged failure recognize Alberto's nomination seemingly originated from
            Gibraltar, not New York (see NYSCEF #s 69·71).
             650710/2023 SAFRA vs. SNBNY HOLDINGS LIMITED ET AL                                Page 15 of 18
             Motion No. 005

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            of Alberto's allegations is that Joseph, under the undue influence of the Family
            Defendants, effectuated a transfer of shares to Jacob and David that diluted
            Alberto's shareholder interests registered in Gibraltar, not New York (seecompl ,r,r
            66·80). Although the resolutions approving this transaction may have been executed
            in New York, the actual dilution of shares-including the recording and registration
            the relevant transfer of shares (see e.g. NYSCEF # 78)-was carried out by SNBNY,
            through its representatives, in Gibraltar. Because the impact of the Dilution Events
            flowed from Gibraltar, the "situs" of Alberto's injury is not, as Alberto avers, in New
            York. It is in Gibraltar.1 3 A finding of specific jurisdiction under CPLR 302(a)(3)
            over the Family Defendants, is unwarranted.

                 In conclusion, defendants' motion to dismiss Alberto's claims against the
            Family Defendants for lack of personal jurisdiction is granted.

                 C. Jurisdictional Discovery is Not Warranted

                    Alberto argues that if personal jurisdiction is in question, the court should
            adjourn defendants' motion and permit Alberto to take jurisdictional discovery. In
            support, Alberto submits the Affirmation of Jonathan B. Oblak setting out
            purported facts that "may exist to support jurisdictional discovery" (NYSCEF #104
            ,r,r 3·9).
                    CPLR 3211(d) provides that, "[s]hould it appear from affidavits submitted in
            opposition to a motion made under [CPLR 3211(8)] that facts essential to justify
            opposition may exist but cannot then be stated," then the court may direct that the
            parties engage in jurisdictional discovery. In order to obtain jurisdictional discovery,
            "plaintiff[] must demonstrate the possible existence of essential jurisdictional facts
            that are not yet known" (Copp v Ramirez, 62 AD3d 23, 31·32 [1st Dept 2009]). This
            requires that plaintiff "offer 'some tangible evidence which would constitute a
            'sufficient start' in showing that jurisdiction could exist, thereby demonstrating that
            its assertion that a jurisdictional predicate exists is not frivolous"' (SNS Bank, N. V.
             v Citibank, N.A., 7 AD3d 352, 354 [1st Dept 2004], quoting Mandel v Busch
            Entertainment Corp., 215 AD2d 455,455 [2d Dept 1995]).

                   Here, for the reasons explained above, Alberto has failed to make a "sufficient
            start" indicating that jurisdiction could exist over SNBNY, the Family Defendants,
            or the Non-Resident Directors. Furthermore, Alberto has failed to sufficiently
            indicate that facts exist that the court might deem essential to Alberto's opposition
            to defendants' motion to dismiss. At most, citing to allegations and arguments that
            this court has already considered, Alberto offers conjecture as to what he may find if
            afforded an opportunity to take jurisdictional discovery (see NYSCEF # 104 ,r,r 3·9).

            13
               The same conclusion would be warranted insofar Alberto's tortious interference claim related to
            the F~mily _De~en~ants' alleged failure to recognize his board nominee is not mooted. Simply put,
            there 1s no md1cation from the complaint or the parties' submissions that the situs of injury arising
            from this claim has any connection to New York.
             650710/2023 SAFRA vs. SNBNY HOLDINGS LIMITED ET AL                                     Page 16 of 18
             Motion No. 005

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            But more than conjecture is needed to support a conclusion that for jurisdictional
            discovery is warranted (see Warck-Meister v Diana Lowenstein Fine Arts, 7 AD3d
            351, 352 [1st Dept 2004] [holding that "discovery was not warranted since plaintiff
            failed to advance any non-conjectural ground to believe that the disclosure sought
            would be productive of evidence supporting an exercise of jurisdiction over
            defendants"]). Alberto's request for jurisdictional discovery is denied.

             II.    Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Action in the Absence of a Necessary Party

                   With SNBNY, the Family Defendants, and the Non· Resident Directors
            dismissed from the case for lack of personal jurisdiction, the only remaining
            defendant in this action is defendant Morato. Defendants argue that Alberto's
            complaint must now be dismissed because, in the absence of, inter alia, SNBNY,
            complete relief cannot be afforded (see MOL at 29; Reply at 26). Under CPLR
            3211(a)(10), a party may move to dismiss on the basis that "the court should not
            proceed in the absence of' a necessary party (CPLR 3211 [a] [10]). CPLR l00l(a), in
            turn, defines necessary parties as either "[p]ersons [or entities] who ought to be
            parties if complete relief is to be accorded between the persons who are parties to
            the action or [persons or entities] who might be inequitably affected by a judgment
            in the action" (CPLR 1001 [a]; Matter of27th St. Block Assn. v Dormitory Auth. of
            State ofN. Y, 302 AD2d 155, 160 [1st Dept 2002]). In assessing the issue of
            complete relief, courts will consider whether the relief sought against a defendant
            relies on, in part or in whole, an adjudication of the liability of and/or harm caused
            by the nonparty sought to be joined (see Almah LLC v AIG Empl Servs., Inc., 159
            AD3d 532, 532 [1st Dept 2018] [holding that complete relief could be accorded
            "between plaintiff and [defendant], without joining [nonparty]" because
            "[defendant's] liability, if any, will be limited to any damage that it caused during
            its tenancy; it will not be liable for damage that [nonparty] may have caused during
            its earlier tenancy"]).

                  Here, Alberto's claims all relate to (1) the validity of share issued and
            maintained by SNBNY, (2) amendments to SNBNY's Articles, and (3) issues
            impacting SNBNY's corporate governance and internal affairs (to the extent not
            mooted) (seecompl ,r,r 104·182). And the relief sought by Alberto necessarily
            requires an adjudication of SNBNY's liability and/or the harm caused by its actions.
            Accordingly, as Alberto seemingly concedes (see Opp at 32), the court cannot afford
            complete relief without SNBNY, meaning that full dismissal is warranted in the
            absence of this necessary party.

                   Consideration of the CPLR l00l(b) factors does not alter this conclusion.
            Under CPLR l00l(b), if the court lacks jurisdiction over a necessary party, it shall
            consider the following factors: "(1) whether plaintiff has another remedy if the
            action is dismissed for nonjoinder; (2) the prejudice which may accrue from
            nonjoinder to the defendant or to the nonjoined party; (3) whether and by whom
            prejudice might have been avoided or may in the future be avoided; (4) the
             650710/2023 SAFRA vs. SNBNY HOLDINGS LIMITED ET AL                      Page 17 of 18
             Motion No. 005

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                                                                                               INDEX NO. 650710/2023
  NYSCEF DOC. NO. 140                                                                     RECEIVED NYSCEF: 03/28/2024

            feasibility of a protective provision; and (5) whether an effective judgment may be
            rendered in the absence of the nonjoined person" (L-3 Communications Corp. v
            SafeNet, Inc., 45 AD3d 1, 10·11 [1st Dept 2007]). Here, these factors largely weigh
            in favor of dismissal of the entire action in the absence of SNBNY. For example,
            Alberto has another remedy if this action is dismissed because he would be free to
            initiate this action in another forum (including in Gibraltar). By contrast, any
            judgment entered in this action would seemingly be ineffective because the sole
            remaining defendant, Morato, would not be able to bind SNBNY on any judgment or
            declaration entered in this action. Furthermore, allowing SNBNY's rights and
            obligations to be adjudicated in its absence would also be unfairly prejudicial,
            especially since the heart of this matter pertains to SNBNY's internal affairs,
            corporate governance, shareholder structure, and share capitalization. And a
            protective provision would not be able to cure this infirmity.

                   In sum, SNBNY is a necessary party under CPLR l00l(a). But because the
            court lacks personal jurisdiction over SNBNY dismissal of the entirety action under
            CPLR 3211(a)(10) is warranted.

                                                          Conclusion

                    For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby

                   ORDERED that defendants' motion to dismiss the complaint in its entirety
            for lack of personal jurisdiction under CPLR 3211(a)(8) is granted and the
            complaint is dismissed; and it is further

                    ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court shall enter judgment accordingly; and
            it is further

                   ORDERED that defendants are to serve a copy of this order together with a
            notice of entry upon plaintiff and the Clerk of the Court within 10 days of this order.

                    03/28/2024
                      DATE

             CHECK ONE:                   CASE DISPOSED                NON-FINAL DISPOSITION

                                          GRANTED         □ DENIED     GRANTED IN PART         □ OTHER
             APPLICATION:                 SETTLE ORDER                 SUBMIT ORDER
             CHECK IF APPROPRIATE:        INCLUDES TRANSFER/REASSIGN   FIDUCIARY APPOINTMENT   □ REFERENCE

             650710/2023 SAFRA vs. SNBNY HOLDINGS LIMITED ET AL                                 Page 18 of 18
             Motion No. 005

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