Court Opinion

ID: 4634986
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 03:17:10.682295+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:02.151280
License: Public Domain

THE BARTO CO., PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Barto Co. v. CommissionerDocket Nos. 33474, 40501.United States Board of Tax Appeals21 B.T.A. 1197; 1931 BTA LEXIS 2238; January 15, 1931, Promulgated *2238  1.  Evidence fails to show that amounts claimed as deductions from income in the several taxable years here involved as ordinary and necessary expenses were reasonable compensation for personal services rendered in such years.  2.  Certain amounts due officers of the petitioner as interest on their credit balances on the books and settled in the several taxable years by credit and debit book entries are not proper deductions from the income of a corporation on a cash receipts and disbursements basis.  C. L. Stone, Esq., and Joseph A. Barto, Esq., for the petitioner.  L. A. Luce, Esq., for the respondent.  LANSDON *1197  The respondent asserts deficiencies in income taxes for the years 1924, 1925, and 1926 in the respective amounts of $852.03, $1,413.84, and $911.54.  For its causes of action the petitioner contends that the respondent erroneously disallowed certain amounts as deductions from its income in the several years involved which, it avers, represent salaries and interest authorized, incurred, and paid in such respective years.  The two proceedings are consolidated for hearing and decision.  FINDINGS OF FACT.  The petitioner is*2239  a corporation with its principal place of business at Seattle, in the State of Washington, where it is engaged in the business of making small loans.  Its books are kept and its income tax *1198  returns are made on the cash receipts and disbursements basis.  The only stockholders are T. C. Barto, Ella Barto, and J. A. Barto, who held all the outstanding capital stock in amounts, proportions, and at costs not disclosed by the record.  Such stockholders were its trustees and officers during all the years involved.  In each of the taxable years, T. C. Barto was president and general manager of the corporation.  He devoted all his time to the business of the petitioner.  In conjunction with other officers he passed on all applications for loans, and on the valuation of property pledged in security for such loans.  Ella Barto, who was vice president, devoted time not disclosed by the record to the petitioner's affairs.  She participated in the consideration of applications for loans, in the appraisal of real estate, and acted generally in an advisory capacity.  J. A. Barto was secretary.  He participated in the consideration of applications for loans, assisted in the routine work, *2240  handled all the legal business of the corporation, and examined titles of lands pledged in security for loans.  The time required for such duties is not disclosed by the record.  In each of such years the petitioner had a business turnover in excess of a million dollars and had from 1,500 to 2,000 loan accounts.  The gross income of the petitioner for the respective taxable years was $21,487.84 for 1924, $25,484 for 1925, and $26,742.99 for 1926, and the net income reported for taxation after authorized salaries were deducted was in the respective amounts of $2,877.35, $3,687.67, and $2,606.30.  The outstanding capital stock in each of the taxable years had a par value of $100,000.  By appropriate corporate action the petitioner authorized salaries of officers for each of the taxable years in the following amounts: For T. C. Barto, $5,000, $6,500, and $8,600; Ella Barto, $3,200, $4,700, and $1,200; J. A. Barto, $2,300, $3,800 and $5,300.  The total salaries authorized for each of the respective taxable years were $10,500, $15,000, and $15,100.  For each officer the amount of salary due and unpaid at December 31 of each of the taxable years was entered on the one side of the cash*2241  book of the corporation as cash paid out and on the other side as cash received for investment.  The corresponding ledger entries were credited to the personal accounts of the several officers balanced by charges to expense.  By appropriate corporate action the petitioner agreed to pay interest at the rate of 5% per annum upon average bills payable amounting to over $1,000.  The amounts due officers under this obligation in 1924 and 1926 were accounted for on the books in the same manner in which the salaries were handled.  In its income tax return for each of the taxable years the petitioner deducted the amount of the salaries authorized by the trustees *1199  as ordinary and necessary expenses incurred in its business and, for the years 1924 and 1926, deducted the respective amounts of $691.25 and $1,126.71 as interest.  In his audit of such returns the Commissioner held that the authorized salaries had not been paid in the year in which deductions were taken and disallowed such deductions in the respective amounts of $6,125, $10,875, and $5,677.13, and, for the same reason, disallowed interest on the alleged loan accounts of petitioner's officers for the years 1924 and*2242  1926, in the respective amounts of $691.25 and $1,075.  The deficiencies here in controversy are based solely on such disallowances.  OPINION.  LANSDON: The petitioner claims the right to deduct in each of the taxable years the amount of salaries authorized and settled as set forth in our findings of fact, under the identical provisions of section 234(a)(1) and (2) of the Revenue Acts of 1924 and 1926.  The statutory provision relating to salaries contains the following in its enumeration of deductions: "All the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or business, including a reasonable allowance for salaries or other compensation for personal services actually rendered.  * * *" The courts and the Board have repeatedly held that in controversies relating to deductions of salaries of officers from gross income, taxpayers must show that the amounts involved are necessary expenses of the trade or business, that they are reasonable compensation for the services rendered, and that they are not, in fact, distributions of profits in the guise of salaries.  *2243 United States v. Philadelphia Knitting Mills,273 Fed. 657; Model Dairy, Inc.,13 B.T.A. 545">13 B.T.A. 545; Model Dairy, Inc., v. Commissioner, 36 Fed.(2d) 768. In the present proceeding the officers, who are all the stockholders of the petitioner, are only three in number, and all are members of the same family group.  In a similar situation we have held that the salaries claimed as deductions should be scrutinized carefully to ascertain whether the statutory provisions are satisfied.  McMillan Metal Co.,2 B.T.A. 797">2 B.T.A. 797. In determining the reasonableness of salaries, capital employed, volume of business, amounts of gross and net income, duties discharged, and responsibilities assumed must be considered.  In this proceeding the record shows that in each of the taxable years the petitioner had outstanding capital stock of the par value of $100,000, and that all such stock was owned in undisclosed proportions by the officers whose salaries are here involved.  Its gross earnings were small in comparison with its capitalization and volume of business, viz., $21,487.84, $25,484, and $26,742.99, respectively, for *1200 *2244  1924, 1925, and 1926.  The net income reported, after deducting the salaries in question, was $2,877.35, $3,687.67, and $2,606.30, or an average of only $3,057.10, for the three years.  This indicates a return of only 3 per cent per annum on the capital invested, a rate that seems scarcely commensurate with the hazards of the small-loan business.  During the period involved there is no evidence that any dividends were paid and it is clear that if the shareholders received anything for the use of their capital it was included in the amounts credited to them as salaries.  T. C. Barto devoted all his time to the business, but the record is vague as to the time devoted to the affairs of the corporation by the other two officers.  Ella Barto acted in an advisory capacity only and was authorized to receive salary for 1924, 1925, and 1926 in the respective amounts of $3,200, $4,700, and $1,200, for the respective taxable years.  The record shows no reason for the wide disparity between the pay for 1925 and 1926 and, if any existed, it certainly could have had no relation to income-producing service, since the gross profits of the petitioner were greatest in the year in which its vice president*2245  received the lowest salary.  The secretary, no doubt, rendered service of value, but we are not informed as to the time which he devoted to the affairs of the petitioner or why his stipend varied from $2,300 in 1924 to $5,300 in 1926.  A careful study of the entire record convinces us that the petitioner has not sustained the burden of proof necessary to establish that the deductions claimed are reasonable compensation for the services rendered.  Model Dairy, Inc., supra; Model Dairy, Inc., v. Commissioner, supra;Becker Brothers v. United States, 7 Fed.(2d) 3; Botany Worsted Mills v. United States,278 U.S. 282">278 U.S. 282; McMillan Metal Co., supra.The respondent also disallowed the deduction of certain amounts which the petitioner alleges it paid as interest on the credit balances of its officers in the years 1924 and 1926, and, as his reason therefor, contends that as such payments were not made by check or in cash in the respective years involved, the petitioner, being on a cash basis, is not entitled to the allowance claimed.  The record discloses that at the beginning and end of the years 1924 and 1926, *2246  the petitioner was indebted in substantial amounts to each of its officers and that it had agreed to pay interest thereon at the rate of 5 per cent per annum.  At the end of such years the interest due each officer was credited to his or her account on the books of the petitioner and simultaneously charged to expense.  Doubtless this procedure constituted a discharge of the corporation's obligations to pay interest on its officers' credit balances, but it created other obligations that were not settled by the payment of cash within the taxable years.  The fact that the corporation had the means to do that *1201  which it did not do, that is, pay the interest due its several officers at the close of the respective taxable year, is not material.  The only question here is whether an obligation was settled in such a way that the petitioner may be allowed deductions of constructive cash payments.  The record discloses that the settlement was effected by a series of book entries evidencing credits and debits and that the payment of cash by the petitioner and the receipt of cash by its officers were alike deferred beyond the close of each of the taxable years involved. *2247  The Commissioner has determined that there was no cash payment, either actual or constructive.  The evidence adduced by the petitioner is not sufficient to overcome the presumption that the Commissioner is correct.  See William D. Huber,12 B.T.A. 1">12 B.T.A. 1; R. V. Board,18 B.T.A. 650">18 B.T.A. 650. Reviewed by the Board.  Decision will be entered for the respondent.MURDOCK, SMITH, and STERNHAGEN concur in the result only.  TRAMMELL dissents on the second point.