Court Opinion

ID: 4709070
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-04 17:02:58.844967+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:53.461005
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                          OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS

*********************
SCOTT A. HOERTH,          *
                          *                         No. 19-1016V
                          *                         Special Master Christian J. Moran
                          *
              Petitioner, *                         Filed: July 20, 2021
                          *
v.                        *
                          *                         Attorneys’ fees and costs; reasonable
SECRETARY OF HEALTH       *                         basis; onset of shoulder injury.
AND HUMAN SERVICES,       *
                          *
              Respondent. *
*********************

Stephanie A. Thompson, Krueger & Hernandez S.C., Middleton, WI, for
petitioner;
Adriana R. Teitel, United States Dep’t of Justice, Washington, DC, for respondent.

  PUBLISHED DECISION DENYING ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND COSTS1

      Scott Hoerth alleged that an influenza (“flu”) vaccine he received on
December 6, 2016, caused him to suffer right shoulder pain resulting in Parsonage-
Turner Syndrome. Am. Pet. ¶¶ 2, 8. The parties disputed the timing of onset and
the undersigned ruled that “Mr. Hoerth’s right shoulder pain began on November
27, 2016, and worsened on March 18, 2017, after he performed exercises involving
his upper body.” Hoerth v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 19-1016V, 2020
WL 5230358, at *1 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. July 29, 2020).

       1
          The E-Government Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-347, 116 Stat. 2899, 2913 (Dec. 17,
2002), requires that the Court post this decision on its website. Anyone will be able to access
this decision via the internet (https://www.uscfc.uscourts.gov/aggregator/sources/7). Pursuant to
Vaccine Rule 18(b), the parties have 14 days to file a motion proposing redaction of medical
information or other information described in 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(4). Any redactions
ordered by the special master will appear in the document posted on the website
       Mr. Hoerth filed a motion for voluntary dismissal, resulting in an order
concluding proceedings. He then filed a motion for attorneys’ fees and costs,
arguing that because a reasonable basis supported the claim set forth in his petition,
he was eligible to receive attorneys’ fees and costs as the Vaccine Act permits.
The Secretary, however, disagreed, maintaining that Mr. Hoerth did not have a
reasonable basis. Adjudication of Mr. Hoerth’s motion was deferred while the
Federal Circuit considered the factors contributing to an analysis of reasonable
basis. The Federal Circuit provided additional guidance in Cottingham v.
Secretary of Health & Human Services, 971 F.3d 1337 (Fed. Cir. 2020). The
parties address the impact of Cottingham in a second round of briefs. The Federal
Circuit then issued another decision regarding the reasonable basis standard in
James-Cornelius v. Secretary of Health & Human Services, 984 F.3d 1374 (Fed.
Cir. 2021). The parties were afforded the opportunity submit additional briefs in
light of this most recent decision.

       Mr. Hoerth does not qualify for an award of attorneys’ fees because he has
failed to establish a reasonable basis for the assertion that Mr. Hoerth received the
vaccine within a medically acceptable time frame after vaccination to support
causation. Accordingly, his motion for attorneys’ fees and costs is DENIED.

I.    Procedural History

       Mr. Hoerth filed his petition on July 16, 2019, alleging that the flu
vaccination he received on December 6, 2016, caused him to suffer right shoulder
pain resulting in Parsonage-Turner Syndrome. Pet. ¶¶ 2, 8. After collecting and
filing medical records and affidavits over the course of multiple months, as well as
a final amended petition, Mr. Hoerth filed a statement of completion on June 9,
2020. During this time, the parties also identified a dispute regarding the onset of
Mr. Hoerth’s right shoulder pain and scheduled a fact hearing to resolve this issue.

      An onset hearing was held on June 23, 2020. Mr. Hoerth, along with his
wife Melissa Wheeler and his brother Chad Hoerth, testified. In a fact ruling
issued on July 29, 2020, the undersigned found that Mr. Hoerth’s right shoulder
pain began on November 27, 2016, and worsened on March 18, 2017, after Mr.
Hoerth performed upper body exercises. Hoerth, 2020 WL 5230358, at *1.

       In light of this fact finding, which established onset as occurring prior to
vaccination, Mr. Hoerth elected to move for a voluntary dismissal. Pet’r’s Status
Rep., filed Aug. 19, 2020, at 1. Mr. Hoerth filed a motion for voluntary dismissal

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on August 20, 2020, and the undersigned issued an order concluding proceedings
on September 1, 2020.

        Mr. Hoerth then filed a motion for attorneys’ fees and costs on November
18, 2020. The Secretary filed a response on December 2, 2020, deferring to the
undersigned regarding the question of attorneys’ fees. Mr. Hoerth filed a reply on
December 8, 2020. On December 8, 2020, the undersigned ordered the Secretary
to file a response taking a position on the issue of reasonable basis. The Secretary
filed his supplemental response on January 4, 2021, contesting reasonable basis,
and Mr. Hoerth filed a reply on January 11, 2021. This second round of briefs also
addressed the impact of the then recent decision in Cottingham. After the decision
in James-Cornelius was issued on January 8, 2021, the parties were afforded an
opportunity to submit supplemental briefs regarding reasonable basis considering
this new precedent. Mr. Hoerth filed his supplemental brief on March 22, 2021.
The Secretary filed his response on April 13, 2021. Thus, the matter is now ripe
for adjudication.

II.   Standards for Adjudication

       Petitioners who have not been awarded compensation (like Mr. Hoerth here)
are eligible for an award of attorneys’ fees and costs when “the petition was
brought in good faith and there was a reasonable basis for the claim.” 42
U.S.C. § 300aa—15(e)(1). As the Federal Circuit has stated, “good faith” and
“reasonable basis” are two separate elements that must be met for a petitioner to be
eligible for attorneys’ fees and costs. Simmons v. Secʼy of Health & Human
Servs., 875 F.3d 632, 635 (Fed. Cir. 2017). Here, the Secretary has not raised a
challenge to Mr. Hoerth’s good faith. Thus, the disputed issue is reasonable basis.

       In Cottingham, the Federal Circuit stated that the evidentiary burden for
meeting the reasonable basis standard “is lower than the preponderant evidence
standard.” Something “more than a mere scintilla” might establish the reasonable
basis standard. 917 F.3d at 1356. Petitioners meet their evidentiary burden with
“objective evidence.” Id. at 1344. In categorizing medical records as objective
evidence, the Federal Circuit stated, “[m]edical records can support causation even
where the records provide only circumstantial evidence of causation.” Id. at 1346.
Finally, the Federal Circuit in Cottingham specified that “[w]e make no
determination on the weight of the objective evidence in the record or whether that
evidence establishes reasonable basis, for these are factual findings for the Special
Master and not this court.” Id. at 1347.

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        In its most recent opinion regarding the reasonable basis standard, the
Federal Circuit stated that medical records, affidavits, and sworn testimony all
constitute objective evidence to support reasonable basis. James-Cornelius v.
Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 984 F.3d 1374, 1379-81 (Fed. Cir. 2021). The
Federal Circuit further clarified that “absence of an express medical opinion on
causation is not necessarily dispositive of whether a claim has reasonable basis.”
Id. at 1379 (citing Cottingham, 971 F.3d at 1346). These two most recent
decisions guide the analysis regarding what types of evidence constitute objective
evidence of reasonable basis, as originally articulated in Simmons, though the
ultimate weighing of such evidence is left up to the special master.

III.   Analysis

       Preliminarily, the outcome of the Fact Ruling does not control the result of
Mr. Hoerth’s pending motion for attorneys’ fees and costs. The Fact Ruling
weighed the evidence regarding onset according to the preponderance of the
evidence standard. However, the evidentiary standard for determining reasonable
basis is less than the preponderance of the evidence. Chuisano v. Sec’y of Health
& Human Servs., No. 07-452V, 2013 WL 6324660, at *12-13 (Fed. Cl. Spec.
Mstr. Oct. 25, 2013), mot. for rev. denied, 116 Fed. Cl. 276 (2014).

      However, the analysis in the Fact Ruling regarding the weight of different
pieces of evidence is instructive here, given that the undersigned must consider and
weigh objective evidence to determine if Mr. Hoerth has met the reasonable basis
standard. The two competing categories of evidence in this case are (1) Mr.
Hoerth’s medical records, which include multiple reports to treating doctors
regarding the onset of his shoulder pain, and (2) affidavits submitted by Scott
Hoerth, Chad Hoerth, and Melissa Wheeler. The content of these two types of
evidence conflict as to whether Mr. Hoerth’s shoulder pain began post-vaccination.

       To his doctors, Mr. Hoerth consistently reported an onset that places the
beginning of his shoulder pain in October or November 2016 (before vaccination)
at three separate medical appointments. On March 20, 2017, Mr. Hoerth reported
to a medical assistant and a physician’s assistant at an urgent care clinic that he
experienced shoulder pain as a result of sleeping on his shoulder wrong beginning
“4 months ago.” See exhibit 4 at 5-6. On April 6, 2017, Mr. Hoerth reported to
sports medicine specialist Dr. David Bernhardt a “6-month history of shoulder pain
which became suddenly worse a couple weeks ago when he was doing a functional
fitness class,” again consistently placing onset of his shoulder pain around
October/November 2016. Id. at 21. Finally, on July 11, 2017, Mr. Hoerth reported
to orthopedic sports medicine specialist Dr. John Orwin “right shoulder pain and
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weakness that started 9 months ago” and that he “noticed dull pain and weakness
in his shoulder without a specific event or injury.” Id. at 27. Again, this places
onset in approximately October/November 2016. Thus, Mr. Hoerth consistently
reported that his right shoulder pain began before vaccination and never attributed
his symptoms to the vaccination.

       Furthermore, though Mr. Hoerth argued that medical providers merely
copied his medical history over from appointment to appointment, this is
unpersuasive given the unique notations in each subsequent record that backtracks
from each appointment to approximately October/November 2016 (e.g., 4-month
history in March, 6-month history in April, and 9-month history in July). Medical
records in which multiple treating doctors over the course of multiple months
noted Mr. Hoerth’s reports of pre-vaccination shoulder pain are highly persuasive
both because of the reliability of contemporaneous medical records and because of
the particular consistency of reporting in this case. In general, contemporaneously
created medical records are considered reliable and persuasive evidence. See
Cucuras v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 993 F.2d 1525, 1528 (Fed. Cir. 1993)
(finding that medical record evidence more persuasive than testimony and stating
“[m]edical records, in general, warrant consideration as trustworthy evidence”).

       Mr. Hoerth counters this evidence by pointing to the two affidavits
submitted by Chad Hoerth and Melissa Wheeler, in asserting that he has met the
reasonable basis standard. He argues that these affidavits should not be afforded
less weight than the medical records in weighing evidence. See Pet’r’s Supp. Br.,
filed Mar. 22, 2021, at 3. However, these affidavits, which were prepared three
years after Mr. Hoerth’s vaccination and whose content is relatively weak in
showing a post-vaccination onset, are simply not as valuable as the
contemporaneous medical records created within six months of onset and
vaccination.

        First, Chad Hoerth stated in his affidavit that he heard from Mr. Hoerth in
April 2017 that his shoulder pain began in “late 2016.” Exhibit 10 ¶ 5. This does
little to place the onset after vaccination, as Mr. Hoerth appears not to have
attributed the shoulder pain to the vaccination in speaking with Chad Hoerth and
his report of the pain beginning in “late 2016” is still consistent with an onset of
October/November 2016 as reflected in the medical records.

      Second, Melissa Wheeler stated in her affidavit that Mr. Hoerth first
mentioned shoulder pain to her in December 2016, but stated that she “do[es]n’t
necessarily know that [Mr. Hoerth] is in pain unless [she] see[s] something on his
face. He doesn’t talk about it.” Exhibit 9 ¶ 2. Therefore, it is likely given her
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characterization that Mr. Hoerth may not have reported his symptoms to her
exactly when they began. He also appears not to have attributed his symptoms to
his vaccination when speaking with Ms. Wheeler. Therefore, the affidavits do not
provide persuasive evidence showing a post-vaccination onset.

        In addition to the affidavits from Mr. Chad Hoerth and Ms. Wheeler, Mr.
Hoerth also submitted his own affidavit. While Mr. Hoerth does not emphasize his
own testimony, the undersigned has considered petitioner’s testimony as well. Mr.
Hoerth’s testimony about the onset of his shoulder pain is again outweighed by the
multiple contemporaneous medical records reflecting reports of pre-vaccination
shoulder pain. In his affidavit, Mr. Hoerth stated that he began to experience pain
within a day or two of the vaccination, which he attributed to the vaccination only
in hindsight. Exhibit 3 ¶ 4. He also did not dispute the accuracy of the reports in
his medical records, instead stating that, although he reported the pain had started
in early winter, he “do[es] not believe [he] indicated it was before the vaccine.” Id.
¶ 6 (emphasis in original). This contention still does not amount to any affirmative
evidence in the medical records that Mr. Hoerth’s pain began after vaccination. In
fact, the medical records conflict with Mr. Hoerth’s testimony and, for the reasons
explained in this decision, continue to outweigh both Mr. Hoerth’s and his
witnesses’ affidavits.

       Likewise, the oral testimony in the June 23, 2020 hearing does not carry Mr.
Hoerth’s burden to establish a reasonable basis for the petition’s assertion that his
shoulder pain developed after (and was caused by) his vaccination. Again, this
burden is lower than the preponderance of the evidence standard. While his oral
testimony was more-or-less consistent with his affidavit, the oral testimony
revealed additional weaknesses.2 For example, Mr. Hoerth acknowledged people’s
memories are more accurate closer in time to when the events occurred. Tr. 22, 64.
He admitted to not remembering details about his activities in the relevant time.
See Tr. 38. More importantly, Mr. Hoerth did not provide any persuasive reason
for finding the reports medical personnel created were inaccurate. See Tr. 64-67.

       The three affidavits submitted by Mr. Hoerth as well as the oral testimony
from the witnesses during the hearing constitute evidence of reasonable basis. See
James-Cornelius, 984 F.3d at 1379-81. As such, the undersigned has duly
considered the affidavits and testimony in determining whether Mr. Hoerth has
established reasonable basis. However, to the extent that different pieces of
objective evidence conflict, the undersigned must assess the relative weight of
these pieces of evidence in making this determination. See Cottingham, 971 F.3d

      2
          Mr. Hoerth’s demeanor suggested that he was hesitant and/or reserved in his testimony.
                                                    6
at 1347. Here, the persuasiveness of the medical records greatly outweighs that of
the affidavits and oral testimony upon which Mr. Hoerth relies. Furthermore, the
consistency of the medical records in this case as to the onset of Mr. Hoerth’s
shoulder pain only add to their reliability and persuasiveness. Thus, as detailed in
the Fact Ruling, the undersigned credits the medical records and weighs them more
heavily than the affidavits and oral testimony in showing that Mr. Hoerth’s
shoulder pain began before vaccination. Because these records also so clearly
show a pre-vaccination onset date, the undersigned therefore finds that Mr. Hoerth
has not satisfied the reasonable basis standard.

       A finding that Mr. Hoerth’s case lacked a reasonable basis is consistent with
an appellate authority with similar facts. See Murphy v. Secʼy of Health & Human
Servs., No. 90-882V, 1991 WL 74931 (Cl. Ct. Spec. Mstr. Apr. 25, 1991). Today,
Murphy is often cited as a well-known case in which a special master weighed the
value of medical records created contemporaneously with the events the medical
records described against the value of affidavits created many years later. The
special master found that the medical records were more reliable, id. at *5, and the
Claims Court ruled that this finding was not arbitrary. 23 Cl. Ct. 726, 734 (1991),
affʼd, 968 F.2d 1226 (Fed. Cir. 1992). Under the representations presented in the
contemporaneously created medical records, the petitioners in Murphy were not
entitled to compensation.

       A less recognized aspect to Murphy is the ensuing motion for attorneys’ fees
and costs, which is more relevant to the case at hand. Although the special
master’s 1993 decision denying an award of attorneys’ fees and costs is
unpublished, the opinion on a motion for review states the special master found a
lack of reasonable basis because “the medical records and other written records
contradict the claims brought forth in the petition.” 30 Fed. Cl. 60, 61 (1993).
Upon a motion for review, the petitioners argued that the special master abused his
discretion in denying attorneys’ fees and costs. More specifically, the petitioners
argued that “because they submitted expert opinion to support their claim, they had
a reasonable basis for their case as a matter of law.” Id. at 62.

      The Court, however, rejected the petitioners’ argument and ruled that the
special master was not arbitrary in finding a lack of reasonable basis. The Court
reasoned that an expert report premised on unreliable assertions does not confer
reasonable basis:

      [The petitioners’] position assumes that special masters rely upon
      expert testimony without determining whether it is corroborated by
      the facts. This position is not plausible, as expert testimony in and of
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       itself does not determine reasonableness. . . . [T]he expert opinion
       submitted by petitioners was founded upon Mrs. Murphy’s version of
       the events, a version found to be unreliable by the special master.

Id. at 63.

       While neither the special master’s decision nor the opinion denying the
motion for review from the judge of the Court of Federal Claims constitutes
binding authority, see Boatmon v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 941 F.3d
1351, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2019), Murphy does provide some appellate guidance.
According to Murphy, a discrepancy between medical records created
contemporaneously and later-given assertions could, in some cases, weigh against
a finding that reasonable basis supported the claim set forth in the petition. This
guidance points against a finding of reasonable basis in Mr. Hoerth’s case.3

       The Vaccine Act recognizes that a special master might credit an assertion
that a vaccinee developed a medical condition at a time other than the time shown
in the medical records. 42 U.S.C. § 300aa–13(b)(2). Thus, the Vaccine Act does
not prohibit Mr. Hoerth’s assertion that he developed a shoulder problem earlier
than the time listed in his medical records. Mr. Hoerth’s attempt to take advantage
of this opportunity appears to be in good faith.

      However, good faith differs from reasonable basis. The reasonable basis
inquiry, as emphasized in Simmons, is “objective.” 875 F.3d at 635. An
evaluation of reasonable basis necessarily involves weighing the value of evidence.
See Cottingham, 971 F.3d at 1347.

       The evidence in the present case does not support a finding of reasonable
basis. Needless to say, when the evidence differs, the result might differ.
Accordingly, the undersigned is not ruling that whenever a petitioner fails to
establish the onset of a shoulder injury closely followed a vaccination, the
petitioner necessarily lacked a reasonable basis. Adjudications of other cases must
depend upon the record in those cases. See Silva v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 108 Fed. Cl. 401, 402 (2012) (denying motion for review of a decision

       3
          While the outcome in Murphy, a denial of attorneys’ fees and costs, is consistent with
the outcome in this decision, also a denial of attorneys’ fees and costs, Murphy does not require
this result. Other special masters might reasonably reach different conclusions, especially when
the nature of the inconsistency between versions of events differs. Cf. SiOnyx LLC v.
Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 981 F.3d 1339, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (indicating that while a
district court “may have been within its right” to award attorneys’ fees pursuant to 35 U.S.C.
§ 285, the denial of fees was not an abuse of discretion).
                                                    8
finding no reasonable basis and affording special masters “maximum” discretion in
this context).

V.    Conclusion

       Mr. Hoerth’s eligibility for an award of attorneys’ fees and costs depends
upon his establishing a reasonable basis for the claim set forth in the petition.
While the standard for showing reasonable basis is lower than the preponderance
of the evidence (and therefore, easier to satisfy), Mr. Hoerth has failed to present
sufficient objective evidence that would ground a finding of reasonable basis that
Ms. Hoerth’s symptoms began after his vaccination. Accordingly, Mr. Hoerth’s
motion for an award of attorneys’ fees and costs is DENIED.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                     s/Christian J. Moran
                                                     Christian J. Moran
                                                     Special Master

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