Court Opinion

ID: 4447469
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-10-17 14:07:32.513184+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:44:59.443938
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-0317-18T1

ALEXANDER FERRIS, an infant,
by his GUARDIAN AD LITEM,
MELISSA FERRIS, and SEAN
FERRIS and MELISSA FERRIS,
individually,

          Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

AIDA BLANCO-ALQUACIL,
AFFINITY CARE OF NEW JERSEY,
HEALTH AND COMFORT HOME
CARE AGENCY,

          Defendants,

and

BOROUGH OF MIDDLESEX,
a Municipal Corporation of New Jersey,

     Defendant-Respondent.
_________________________________

                    Argued September 16, 2019 – Decided October 17, 2019

                    Before Judges Messano and Susswein.
            On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
            Division, Middlesex County, Docket No. L-0274-16.

            Joseph F. Trinity argued the cause for appellants
            (Trinity & Farsiou, LLC, attorneys; Joseph F. Trinity,
            on the briefs).

            Alexandra J. Taylor argued the cause for respondent
            (Camassa Law Firm, PC, attorneys; John Anthony
            Camassa, of counsel and on the briefs; Alexandra J.
            Taylor, on the briefs).

PER CURIAM

      Plaintiff, then thirteen-years-old, Alexander Ferris, suffered serious

injuries when struck by a car driven by defendant Aida Blanco-Alquacil as he

crossed the road in a delineated intersection crosswalk in the Borough of

Middlesex (Middlesex).1 His parents filed suit individually and on his behalf,

alleging negligence by defendant and further claiming Middlesex maintained a

"dangerous condition," specifically "a poorly maintained crosswalk" that

"lack[ed] proper and adequate signage" and was "improper[ly]" lit.

      Middlesex moved for summary judgment, arguing the intersection was not

a dangerous condition under the New Jersey Tort Claims Act (TCA), N.J.S.A.

1
  Plaintiff alleged that at the time of the accident, Blanco-Alquacil was "in the
course of her employment" with Affinity Healthcare of New Jersey "and/or"
Comfort Home Care Agency. We need not discuss the procedural history
regarding those two defendants because plaintiff settled the litigation with all
three defendants.

                                      2                                 A-0317-18T1
59:1-1 to 12-3, specifically N.J.S.A. 59:4-2.       It furnished a report from a

purported crash reconstruction expert who opined that the crosswalk and

intersection were not a dangerous condition, since the crosswalk was clearly

marked with a streetlight above.2 Plaintiff opposed the motion, arguing the

intersection did not have an upright crosswalk sign, as did the crosswalks on the

same road at intersections before and after. Plaintiff also cross-moved to reopen

discovery in order to serve a rebuttal liability expert report and possibly

additional medical expert reports.

      The judge granted Middlesex summary judgment, concluding the

intersection was not a dangerous condition and, based on defendant's deposition

testimony, the lack of a sign could not have been a proximate cause of the

accident. In her deposition, defendant acknowledged she would "slow down"

and be "more careful" upon seeing an upright crosswalk sign. She also testified

that she drove the road "twice per day," was going slowly because there were

"many businesses" in the area and "a lot of people who walk," and saw the

crosswalk lines at the subject intersection. The judge reasoned "[t]he fact that

2
  Contrary to the requirements of Rule 2:6-1(a)(1), plaintiff has not included "a
statement of all items submitted to the court on the summary judgment
motion[.]" The transcript of oral argument on the motion, however, reveals the
defense expert report was part of the motion record and is included in the
appellate record.
                                     3                                   A-0317-18T1
there was no upright sign is moot, because [defendant] testified she was aware

of the crosswalk and looked for pedestrians."

      The judge partially granted plaintiff's motion to reopen discovery,

permitting an extension for additional medical reports but not for a liability

expert report. The judge reasoned that a rebuttal expert's report as to Middlesex

was unnecessary because of the grant of summary judgment. Plaintiff sought

reconsideration. In an oral decision, the judge denied the motion, reasoning that

plaintiff provided "nothing . . . to warrant reconsideration of [the court's] prior

decision."

      Plaintiff appeals. He argues the judge erred in finding, as a matter of law,

that the intersection and crosswalk were not a dangerous condition of public

property. Citing defendant's deposition testimony, plaintiff argues there was a

genuine dispute whether the absence of an upright crosswalk sign at the

intersection could have been a proximate cause of the accident, and, therefore,

the issue was not "moot." Lastly, plaintiff challenges the order that partially

reopened discovery to permit him only to serve an expert's report on medical

damages, but not a liability expert's report. 3

3
  Plaintiff's notice of appeal also requests our review of the order denying his
motion for reconsideration. However, plaintiff makes no argument in his brief
challenging the order. An issue not briefed is waived. See Pressler & Verniero,
Current N.J. Court Rules, cmt. 5 on R. 2:6-2 (2019).
                                       4                                A-0317-18T1
      In response, Middlesex argues that the intersection was not a dangerous

condition under the TCA. It also cites defendant's deposition testimony, wherein

she claimed to reduce speed at all intersections, and, since defendant often drove

along this particular road, Middlesex contends the lack of an upright crosswalk

sign could not have been a proximate cause of the accident. Additionally, for

the first time, Middlesex asserts that N.J.S.A. 59:4-5 specifically immunizes a

public entity "for an injury caused by the failure to provide ordinary traffic

signals, signs, markings or other similar devices." Ibid. Plaintiff responded to

this new argument in his reply brief.

      We usually will not consider an argument not raised before the trial court.

Zaman v. Felton, 219 N.J. 199, 226–27 (2014). However, given the significance

of Middlesex's contention and its interrelationship to whether the intersection

was a dangerous condition, we asked at oral argument, in an effort to preserve

judicial resources and those of the parties, if plaintiff objected to our

consideration of the sign immunity under the facts of this case. He does not.

We gave the parties the opportunity to file supplemental briefs, which they have

now done.

      We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same

standard used by the trial court. Templo Fuente De Vida Corp. v. Nat'l Union

Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, 224 N.J. 189, 199 (2016).

                                        5                                A-0317-18T1
             That standard mandates that summary judgment be
             granted "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
             interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the
             affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as
             to any material fact challenged and that the moving
             party is entitled to a judgment or order as a matter of
             law."

             [Ibid. (quoting R. 4:46-2(c)).]

We owe no deference to the trial court's legal analysis or interpretation of a

statute. Palisades at Fort Lee Condo. Ass'n v. 100 Old Palisade, LLC, 230 N.J.
427, 442 (2017) (citing Zabilowicz v. Kelsey, 200 N.J. 507, 512 (2009)).

      The general rule is that "a public entity is 'immune from tort liability

unless there is a specific statutory provision' that makes it answerable for a

negligent act or omission." Polzo v. Cty. of Essex, 209 N.J. 51, 65 (2012) (Polzo

II) (quoting Kahrar v. Borough of Wallington, 171 N.J. 3, 10 (2002)). A public

entity may be liable for injuries caused by a condition on its property if a

plaintiff can establish:

             [1] the existence of a "dangerous condition," [2] that
             the condition proximately caused the injury, [3] that it
             "created a reasonably foreseeable risk of the kind of
             injury which was incurred," [4] that either the
             dangerous condition was caused by a negligent
             employee or the entity knew about the condition, and
             [5] that the entity's conduct was "palpably
             unreasonable."

             [Vincitore v. N.J. Sports & Exposition Auth., 169 N.J.
119, 125 (2001) (quoting N.J.S.A. 59:4-2).]

                                       6                                  A-0317-18T1
"Th[e]se requirements are accretive; if one or more of the elements is not

satisfied, a plaintiff's claim against a public entity alleging that such entity is

liable due to the condition of public property must fail." Polzo v. Cty. of Essex,

196 N.J. 569, 585 (2008) (Polzo I).

      "The [TCA] defines a 'dangerous condition' as 'a condition of property

that creates a substantial risk of injury when such property is used with due care

in a manner in which it is reasonably foreseeable that it will be used.'" Garrison

v. Twp. of Middletown, 154 N.J. 282, 286–87 (1998) (quoting N.J.S.A. 59:4-

1(a)). Whether the property presents a dangerous condition, and whether the

public entity's conduct was palpably unreasonable, are generally questions of

fact. Vincitore, 169 N.J. at 123, 130. Even if liability exists, however, it is

trumped by an immunity explicitly provided for by the TCA. See, e.g., Dickson

v. Twp. of Hamilton, 400 N.J. Super. 189, 195 (App. Div. 2008) ("When both

liability and immunity exist, immunity prevails.") (citing N.J.S.A. 59:2-1).

      Plaintiff acknowledges the intersection and crosswalk where the accident

occurred did not inherently pose "a substantial risk of injury" when "used with

due care[.]" N.J.S.A. 59:4-1(a). The crosswalk was appropriately marked and

visible to approaching drivers. Plaintiff contends, however, that a reasonable

factfinder could conclude the presence of upright crosswalk signs at other

                                       7                                  A-0317-18T1
adjacent intersections on the road transformed this intersection, which lacked a

sign, into a dangerous condition under the TCA.

      He relies, in large part, on the Court's decision in Civalier by Civalier v.

Estate of Trancucci, 138 N.J. 52 (1994). There, the stop sign that regulated the

flow of intersection traffic was missing due to vandalism, an apparent "recurring

problem" in the municipality that caused the municipality to replace the sign

weeks earlier because of a prior incident of vandalism. Id. at 57. One driver

"knew that a sign regulated the intersection and he assumed that he had the right

of way." Id. at 56–57. Without the benefit of the stop sign, the other driver

proceeded into the intersection, resulting in a horrible accident that claimed

three lives and injured two others. Id. at 57.

      The Court analyzed the tension between the TCA's sign immunity, and

another provision which "imposes liability for failure to provide warning signs

when 'necessary to warn of a dangerous condition which endanger[s] the safe

movement of traffic and which would not be reasonably apparent to, and would

not have been anticipated by, a person exercising due care.'" Id. at 63 (alteration

in original) (quoting N.J.S.A. 59:4-4). As the Court framed the issue: "The

question is whether the absence of a traffic signal that had been at the

intersection 'was actively deceptive' or 'lulled [at least one of the drivers] into a

false sense of security,' thus constituting a 'trap' under N.J.S.A. 59:4-4." Id. at

                                       8                                   A-0317-18T1
64 (alteration in original) (quoting Lytle v. City of Newark, 166 N.J. Super. 191,

196 (Law Div. 1979)). The Court held:

                [I]n this context of previously-posted traffic signals,
                that our "trap liability" provision, N.J.S.A. 59:4-4,
                limits recovery to those plaintiffs injured by motorists'
                reliance on the proper functioning or presence of a
                previously posted signal to their detriment. We limit
                the imposition of liability in that way because in the
                absence of reliance the public entity and the public are
                in the same position as they were before the entity
                posted the sign. In that setting of non-reliance, as we
                held in Weiss [v. New Jersey Transit], 128 N.J. 376
                [(1992)], public entities have the same immunity for
                failure to implement promptly a decision to post a sign
                as they have for their initial discretionary decision not
                to post a sign at all. However, the element of a driver's
                reliance on the sign's presence may create a dangerous
                condition of property for purposes of N.J.S.A. 59:4-4
                when the signal is malfunctioning or absent. Therefore,
                we hold that a public entity is liable for its failure to
                replace a traffic sign only when the motorist's reliance
                on the previous presence of the sign caused the
                claimant's injuries.

                [Id. at 64–65 (emphasis added).]

Justice O'Hern's clear explanation refutes any application of Civalier to the facts

of this case.

      Here, there was nothing in the motion record demonstrating the

intersection where the accident occurred ever had an upright crosswalk sign,

and, more importantly, the record was clear that defendant never relied upon

"the previous presence of the sign" as she drove down the road in the evening of

                                         9                                  A-0317-18T1
the accident. In the absence of any proof that Middlesex ever placed an upright

crosswalk sign at this particular intersection, this case is similar to numerous

other cases applying the sign immunity of N.J.S.A. 59:4-4 to defeat a plaintiff's

claim of a dangerous condition of public property. See, e.g., Weiss, 128 N.J. at

381–83 (immunity applied despite inordinate delay to municipal failure to install

traffic light at dangerous railroad crossing); Kolitch v. Lindedahl, 100 N.J. 485,

497 (1985) (public entity immunized for any failure to post a sign warning of an

upcoming dangerous curve in roadway); Smith v. State, Dep't of Trans., 247 N.J.

Super. 62, 69 (App. Div. 1991) (recognizing in dicta no liability for failing to

post a traffic sign); Aebi v. Monmouth Cty.. Highway Dep't, 148 N.J. Super.
430, 433 (App. Div. 1977) (finding N.J.S.A. 59:4-5 "clear and unambiguous"

and applicable to immunize county for failing to post a sign warning of a narrow

bridge).

      Middlesex's decision to place signs at other intersections cannot overcome

N.J.S.A. 59:4-5, which immunized Middlesex's discretionary decision not to

post an above ground crosswalk sign at the intersection where defendant's car

struck plaintiff. See Kolitch, 100 N.J. at 496 ("The determination as to the

advisability or necessity of a traffic sign or warning device at any particular

place requires the exercise of discretion, and hence N.J.S.A. 59:4-5 simply

specifies one particular type of discretionary activity to which immunity

                                     10                                  A-0317-18T1
attaches.") (quoting Aebi, 148 N.J. Super. at 433). In the absence of other proof

that the crosswalk and intersection formed a dangerous condition, as defined by

N.J.S.A. 59:4-1(a), summary judgment was appropriate.

      In his supplemental brief, plaintiff suggests the judge's limited, partial

reopening of discovery denied him the opportunity to explore the circumstances

of why this particular intersection lacked a sign, rhetorically asking "[d]id the

sign ever exist? Was it being repaired? Was it removed?" However, the

discovery end date had already passed, the case was removed from arbitration,

and plaintiff's motion to extend discovery specifically requested only an

opportunity to supply a rebuttal liability expert report and to possibly supply

additional medical reports. There was no mention of a need for additional

factual discovery from Middlesex.

      Moreover, even if further discovery would have demonstrated a sign once

existed, summary judgment still would have been appropriate because no

reasonable factfinder could conclude that Middlesex was aware of the need for

the sign's replacement to avoid a dangerous "trap" for unwary drivers who,

relying upon its absence, approached without due caution for pedestrians. See

N.J.S.A. 59:4-4 (imposing liability only for failure "to warn of a dangerous

condition . . . not . . . reasonably apparent to, and would not have been

anticipated by, a person exercising due care") (emphasis added); see also

                                     11                                  A-0317-18T1
Civalier, 138 N.J. at 60–61 (recognizing reliance as key factor distinguishing

pre-TCA case of Hoy v. Capelli, 48 N.J. 81 (1966), which granted public entity

immunity for failing to replace traffic light leaving intersection unregulated).

      Finally, in light of the above discussion, the judge's decision not to reopen

discovery to permit plaintiff to serve a report to rebut Middlesex's liability

expert report was not a mistaken exercise of discretion. It is unclear whether

the judge actually relied upon the defense report since he only mentioned it in

passing.   However, there were no extraordinary circumstances justifying

reopening of discovery because the report had been furnished to plaintiff months

earlier.4 Moreover, given the essentially undisputed facts we have outlined

above, it is difficult to see how any expert report could have overcome the TCA's

grant of immunity and staved off summary judgment.

      Affirmed.

4
   Plaintiff's original attorney became a Superior Court judge, necessitating
successor counsel to take over the litigation that had already significantly
progressed.
                                     12                              A-0317-18T1