Court Opinion

ID: 2746479
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-10-29 17:01:14.203242+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:53:21.919861
License: Public Domain

Slip Op. 14 - 126

     UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

                                          :
TOSCELIK PROFIL VE SAC ENDUSTRISI A.S., :
                                          :
                             Plaintiff,   :
                                          :
                v.                        : Before: R. Kenton Musgrave, Senior Judge
                                          :
UNITED STATES,                            : Court No. 13-00371
                                          :
                             Defendant, :
                                          :
               and                        :
                                          :
WHEATLAND TUBE COMPANY and                :
UNITED STATES STEEL CORPORATION,          :
                                          :
                   Defendant-Intervenors. :
                                          :

                                   OPINION AND ORDER

[On USCIT Rule 56.2 motion, administrative review determination remanded.]

                                                                       Dated: October 29, 2014

       David L. Simon, Law Offices of David L. Simon, of Washington DC, for the plaintiff.

       L. Misha Preheim, Senior Trial Counsel, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S.
Department of Justice, of Washington DC, for the defendant. With him on the brief were Stuart
Delery, Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Franklin E. White, Jr.,
Assistant Director. Of Counsel on the brief was David P. Lyons, Attorney, Office of the Chief
Counsel for Import Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.

       Gilbert B. Kaplan and Jennifer D. Jones, King & Spaulding LLP, of Washington DC, for the
defendant-intervenor Wheatland Tube Company.

      Jeffrey D. Gerrish and Robert E. Lighthizer, Skadden Arps Slate Meagher & Flom, LLP, of
Washington DC, for the defendant-intervenor United States Steel Corporation.
Court No. 13-00371                                                                            Page 2

               Musgrave, Senior Judge: The plaintiff Toscelik Profil ve Sac Endustrisi A.S.

(“Toscelik”), a producer of subject merchandise for the Turkish domestic and export markets,

appeals from Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes And Tubes From Turkey: Final Results of

Countervailing Duty Administrative Review; Calendar Year 2011, 78 Fed. Reg. 64916 (Oct. 30,

2013) (“Final Results”), see PDoc 201, including its issues and decision memorandum (Oct. 23,

2013) (“I&D Memo”), PDoc 202, and accompanying set of calculations (“Final Calcs”), PDoc 205,

CDoc 212. Toscelik contests two benchmarks Commerce constructed to measure the benefits

Toscelik received, respectively, from two parcels of land it acquired from a Turkish governmental

entity. Toscelik received one parcel under a grant in 2008 and purchased the adjacent parcel in 2010.

I&D Memo at 10, 12. For each parcel, the benefit is calculated as the difference between the price

paid and the benchmark value. 19 C.F.R. §351.511(a)(2).

                                            Background

               Toscelik was a mandatory respondent for the calendar year 2011 administrative

review at bar of the countervailing duty (“CVD”) order. See Initiation of Antidumping and

Countervailing Duty Administrative Reviews and Request for Revocation in Part, 77 Fed. Reg.

25401, 25403 (Apr. 30, 2012). In its questionnaire response (“QR”) of July 29, 2012, PDocs 34, 35,

CDocs 7-27, Toscelik reported, inter alia, that in 2008 it had received a grant of free land under

Turkish Law 5084 in the Organized Industrial Zone (OIZ) of Osmaniye, Turkey. CDocs 29-30.

Toscelik had previously reported this grant in the prior administrative review covering year 2010.

               In its questionnaire responses, Toscelik also reported having purchased an adjacent

parcel from the Osmaniye OIZ in 2010. Toscelik Supplemental Questionnaire Response (“SQR”)
Court No. 13-00371                                                                            Page 3

(Nov. 8, 2012), PDoc137, CDocs142-146, at 1-2. Commerce initiated an inquiry to determine

whether the price Toscelik paid for this 2010 parcel was less than adequate remuneration (“LTAR”).

New Subsidy Allegation Memorandum (Oct. 9, 2012), PDoc 121, CDoc139.

               In its SQR of November 8, Toscelik detailed the location, size, and price for

Toscelik’s purchases of comparable properties from private-sector sellers and the site in Osmaniye

of the 2008 and 2010 parcels. PDoc137, CDocs142-146, at 1-2 & Exhs. 2, 4, 5. The Government

of Turkey (“GOT”) also submitted a QR. Response of GOT (Jul. 30, 2012), PDocs 36-85. Exhibits

24 and 25 thereto are respectively an English translation of Turkish Law 5084 (Feb. 6, 2004), the law

under which Toscelik acquired the two parcels, and a list of the 49 least-developed provinces for

which the regional benefits under Law 5084 are available, which includes Osmaniye Province.

PDocs 63-64.

               Wheatland also presented a “submission of factual information” (“SFI”) to

Commerce. Wheatland SFI (Aug. 20, 2012), PDocs 100-102. An exhibit thereto contains

advertisements for the sale of real estate in Turkey, showing the location, size, and value of

properties in various locations as of August 18, 2012. See id.

               Commerce conducted an on-site verification in February 2013, and its verification

report for Toscelik included details of Toscelik’s acquisition of the 2008 and 2010 parcels.

Verification Report (Mar. 15, 2013), PDoc 177, CDoc 203. Commerce also placed on the record

a memo regarding the value of land in Turkey: “Placement of Land Price Information on Record of

Review” (Mar. 26, 2012), PDoc 183. This was the same information that Commerce had used in

the 2010 review. See Verification Report Exh. 18 (Feb. 20, 2013), CDoc 198.
Court No. 13-00371                                                                                Page 4

                In general, Commerce allocates non-recurring subsidies pursuant to 19 C.F.R.

§351.524 over a period corresponding to the “average useful life” of the renewable physical assets

used to produce the subject merchandise (“AUL”). Commerce in this proceeding (again) found the

AUL to be 15 years pursuant to 19 C.F.R. §351.524(d)(2) and the U.S. Internal Revenue Service’s

1977 Class Life Asset Depreciation Range System.1              Commerce further explained that for

non-recurring subsidies, it would apply the “0.5 percent expense test” described in 19 C.F.R.

§351.524(b)(2) by comparing the amount of subsidies approved under a given program in a

particular year to relevant sales (e.g., total sales or total export sales) for the same year and allocate

the amount of subsidies “to the year of receipt rather than allocate[ ] over the AUL period” if the

amount of the subsidies is less than 0.5 percent of the relevant sales. I&D Memo at 3.

                For the preliminary results, Commerce again examined the relevant Turkish law and,

as in the prior 2010 review, when considering the benefit from the 2008 parcel grant Commerce used

the same benchmark from that prior review -- a weighted average of certain land values -- to value

both the 2008 parcel as well as the 2010 parcel.2 Toscelik accepted the preliminary results as issued

        1
         I&D Memo at 3, referencing U.S. Internal Revenue Service Publication 946 (2008), “How
to Depreciate Property” at Table B-2: Table of Class Lives and Recovery Periods.
        2
          Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from Turkey: Preliminary Results of
Countervailing Duty Administrative Review; Calendar Year 2011, 78 Fed. Reg. 21107 (May 9,
2013), PDoc 185 (“Preliminary Results”), with its accompanying preliminary decision memorandum
(“Prelim. Decision Memo”) dated Apr. 2, 2013, PDoc 180, and accompanying calculations, PDoc
186, CDoc 207. In the Final Results, Commerce describes Turkish Law 5084 as concerning the
allocation of “free” land and the purchase of LTAR land for the purpose of encouraging the
economic development of OIDs under Turkish control in order “to reduce inter-regional disparities
and to increase employment in provinces where the development is relatively low”. I&D Memo at
10. Also in the Final Results, Commerce “continue[d] to find that the allocation of free land to
Toscelik [in the “organized industrial zone” (“OID”) of Osmaniye] by the OIZ authority constitutes
                                                                                    (continued...)
Court No. 13-00371                                                                                Page 5

and provided no administrative case brief. Wheatland did file, and its case brief argued Commerce

should use additional land valuation information provided by Wheatland in its SFI. PDoc 191, CDoc

209. Toscelik’s rebuttal, directed at the issues raised by Wheatland’s case brief,3 opposed changing

the benchmark. PDoc 192.

               In the Final Results, Commerce stated that it “continue[d] to rely upon the land

benchmark data used in the prior review.” I&D Memo at 11. But, Commerce relied on those 2010

prior review benchmark data only in part, apparently, because Commerce “decided . . . to build a

more robust data set” by “add[ing] . . . twelve additional data points”. Id. at 28. Further towards

revision, Commerce also agreed with the domestic industry that the benchmark price is “normally”

derived from a simple average of the reference land prices available in the record,4 and that

       [g]iven the lack of sufficient detail regarding the characteristics of the land involved
       in the transactions underlying the benchmark data -- in particular, the extent to which
       the composition of our reference data set reflect the broader market, e.g., whether the
       proportion of large/small tracts in the benchmark data compares to the proportion of
       large/small tracts throughout Turkey--we have no basis to assume that any one parcel

       2
         (...continued)
a financial contribution” under 19 U.S.C. §1677(5)(D)(ii) and a benefit under 19 U.S.C.
§1677(5)(E)(iv), and that Toscelik’s LTAR land purchase conferred a financial contribution within
the meaning of 19 U.S.C. §1677(5)(D)(iii). I&D Memo at 10-12. Commerce also found that the
subsidy program was “regionally specific” under 19 U.S.C. §1677(5A)(D)(iv) since it was “limited
to companies located in the 49 eligible provinces”. These facts are not in dispute.
       3
          See 19 C.F.R. §351.309(d)(2) (“[t]he rebuttal brief may respond only to arguments raised
in case briefs and should identify the arguments to which it is responding”).
       4
          I&D Memo at 28, referencing Certain Steel Wire Garment Hangers From the Socialist
Republic of Vietnam: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Alignment
of Final Countervailing Duty Determination with Final Antidumping Duty Determination, 77 Fed.
Reg. 32930 (Jun. 4, 2012), at “Land Benchmark,” unchanged in the Final Affirmative Countervailing
Duty Determination and Final Affirmative Critical Circumstances Determination, 77 Fed. Reg.
75973 (Dec. 26, 2012), and accompanying issues and decision memorandum at 6.
Court No. 13-00371                                                                               Page 6

       of land among the reference set is more representative than any other parcel for the
       purpose of deriving a market price by which to determine adequate remuneration for
       the land in question. Moreover, obtaining more detailed information beyond the
       general comparability factors such as land-use classification would be impracticable
       for the Department. Given these inherent limitations, for these final results, we are
       applying a simple average, which gives all benchmark data on the record equal
       weight rather than weight based on a factor (or factors) which, in this case, have not
       been demonstrated to be relevant for an appropriate benchmark price.

Id. at 28-29. Thus, for the Final Results Commerce used a “revised” (from the prior review)

benchmark for the 2008 parcel and constructed a different benchmark for the 2010 parcel; both

benchmarks used simple averaging in the calculation. Final Calcs, PDoc 205, CDoc 212.

               After publication of the Final Results, Toscelik initiated suit, invoking the jurisdiction

of 28 U.S.C. §1581(c) via 19 U.S.C. §1516a(a)(2).

                                         Standard of Review

               The court will not uphold an agency determination that is unsupported by substantial

evidence or otherwise not in accordance with law. 19 U.S.C. §1516a(b)(1)(B)(i). An agency

determination is presumed to be correct, and the burden of proving otherwise before the court rests

upon the challenging party. 28 U.S.C. §2639(a)(1).

                                             Discussion

               In 1998, Commerce announced that it would amortize a non-recurring benefit over

its “average useful life” (“AUL”), calculated by the formula provided in 19 C.F.R. §351.524(d).

Countervailing Duties, 63 Fed. Reg. 65348, 65395-97 (Nov. 25, 1998). Amortization attributes

“the” benefit over each successive administrative POR. See Norsk Hydro Canada, Inc. v. United

States, 472 F.3d 1347, 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“[a]mortization of a non-recurring subsidy is not

inconsistent with preserving the integrity of separate PORs; it simply reflects that a non-recurring
Court No. 13-00371                                                                           Page 7

subsidy received in one POR may provide a ‘benefit’ in other PORs”). The variables of the

regulatory formula are the AUL, the discount rate, and the amount of “the” benefit to be amortized

pursuant to the formula. See, e.g., Final Calcs, CDoc 212.

                              I. The Benchmark for the 2008 Parcel

               Pointing out that Commerce appears to have conducted “hundreds” of CVD

administrative reviews and does not cite a single case in which it has ever amended a benefit-stream

calculation in “mid-amortization” but has in fact denied a number of requests to do so,5 Pl’s Reply

at 1-2, Toscelik argues Commerce’s revision to the benchmark for the 2008 parcel was unlawful and

against the principle (not to mention the principal) of amortization. See generally Pl’s 56.2 Br.

               The government cites Notice of Final Affirmative CVD Determination: Certain

Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea, 67 Fed. Reg. 62102 (Oct. 3,

2002), and accompanying final issues and decision memorandum at comment 9, as an instance where

Commerce changed a benchmark. Def’s Resp. at 13. The case does not appear analogous, however,

since Commerce therein simply changed a benchmark between the preliminary determination and

the final determination of the same segment of the proceeding. That is procedurally distinguishable

from recalculating the value of a benefit upon which Commerce has already made a final

determination including a final determination as to its amortization schedule.

               Wheatland argues Toscelik “inappropriately conflates the legal standards governing

the selection and establishment of the AUL with the legal standards governing Commerce’s

       5
        See, e.g., Magnola Metallurgy, Inc. v. United States, 508 F.3d 1349, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2007);
Norsk Hydro Canada, supra; Certain Carbon Steel Products from Sweden; Final Results of
Countervailing Duty Administrative Review, 62 Fed. Reg. 16549, 1649-50 (Apr. 7, 1997) (“Steel
from Sweden”).
Court No. 13-00371                                                                             Page 8

benchmark determination.” Def-Int’s Resp. at 21. Wheatland claims that the selection of an AUL

is different from selection of other elements of the benefit calculation because the AUL involves

time while the other elements determine the size of the benefit. Id. at 21-22. That seems to be a

distinction without a difference, however: the benefit calculation is a formula; each element of the

formula is determined in the initial analysis of the subsidy program; and there is nothing in the

regulation to suggest that any of the terms of the formula, once determined, is ever subject to change,

since a change in terms is antithetical to the principle of amortization. Steel from Sweden rather

appears to uphold that principle. See 62 Fed. Reg. at 1649-50 (“if a subsidy has already been

countervailed based on an allocation period established in an earlier segment of the proceeding, it

does not appear reasonable or practicable to reallocate that subsidy over a different period of time”).

                Referencing Iron-Metal Castings From India; Final Results of CVD Administrative

Review, 62 Fed. Reg. 32297 (Jun. 13, 1997), Wheatland attempts to persuade that Commerce’s

selection of a different discount rate in that POR than the rate used in earlier review(s) equates to a

change to the calculation of a benefit stream. The argument is not persuasive. The Castings From

India benefit pertains to short-term export credits that are expensed in the year received, not

amortized over a period of time, and “[a]mortization of a non-recurring subsidy is not inconsistent

with preserving the integrity of separate PORs; it simply reflects that a non-recurring subsidy

received in one POR may provide a ‘benefit’ in other PORs.” Norsk, 508 F.3d at 1363.

                Commerce and Wheatland acknowledge that the benefit of the 2008 parcel was

conferred upon Toscelik at a certain and particular point in time,6 but they appear to contest the

       6
           See, e.g., Def’s Resp. at 2-3; Def-Int’s Resp. at 23.
Court No. 13-00371                                                                              Page 9

propriety of “fixing” its amortization over time. That is, they implicitly appear to argue for discrete

and severable benefit periods and adjustable pro-ration or benefits within each period. Commerce,

for example, justifies its determination to revise the benchmark for the 2008 parcel on the ground

that each administrative review is a separate segment of proceedings, with its own unique facts,7 and

it simply “corrected” its land benchmark averaging methodology to align with its predominant

methodology in deriving land benchmarks. Def’s Resp. at 11, referencing I&D Memo at 28-29.

                 This contention amounts to post hoc rationale with respect to changing the benchmark

for the 2008 parcel. Regardless, the selection of “correct” methodology for the allocation of “the”

benefit is appropriate at the outset of its selection -- which is rather the whole point of amortization

and 19 C.F.R. §351.524. The same is true with respect to valuing the LTAR benefit conferred by

Toscelik’s purchase of the 2010 parcel: yearly revaluation of the benefit would be inconsistent with

the regulatory definition of the benefit of “the” grant. 19 C.F.R. §351.505(a) provides: “In the case

of a grant, a benefit exists in the amount of the grant.” The use of the singular means that a grant

has only a singular benefit amount, and in the absence of clear indication to the contrary, a singular

benefit amount is not variable and subject to recalculation in successive reviews. See also 19 C.F.R.

§351.511(c) (“[i]n the case of the provision of infrastructure, the Secretary will normally treat the

benefit as non-recurring and will allocate the benefit to a particular year in accordance with §

351.524(d)”). Had Commerce intended otherwise, there would have been no reason to create a

multi-year benefit-stream formula.

        7
            See, e.g., Shandong Huarong Machinery Co. v. United States, 29 CIT 484, 491 (2005).
Court No. 13-00371                                                                          Page 10

               Having thus established the benchmark for the 2008 parcel and the benchmark’s AUL

amortization schedule in the prior review, use of that benchmark and schedule became final and

unappealable.8 As a “tribunal” of this matter, Commerce thereby established the law of the case,

which must be abided,9 unless, in this subsequent review, it can be demonstrated that Commerce’s

prior determination is “clearly erroneous and would work a manifest injustice.” See Arizona v.

California, 460 U.S. 605, 618 n.8 (1983) (citation omitted). No party has done so in this case.

Consistent with its “obligation to examine the record in each individual segment of a proceeding”,

e.g., Def’s Resp. at 9, Commerce does not argue, for example, that there has been any significant

change in the “U.S. Internal Revenue Service’s 1977 Class Life Asset Depreciation Range System”

since the prior administrative review that would require revision of the relevant AUL. And the fact

that “Wheatland put twelve land parcel values on the record of this segment that were not on the

record of the prior review”, Def’s Resp. at 11, does not render Commerce’s original calculation of

the benchmark for the 2008 parcel inaccurate, let alone clearly erroneous or manifestly unjust. And

while Wheatland’s administrative case brief argued that a weighted average can result in distortions

       8
         Cf. Magnola, 508 F.3d at 1353, quoting Commerce: “once a determination has been made
regarding whether a non-recurring subsidy was specific (or not) at the time of bestowal, then that
finding holds for the duration of the subsidy benefit barring any new facts or evidence pertaining to
the circumstances of the subsidy’s bestowal.”
       9
          Indeed, “[g]iven that Commerce undertakes annual reviews, it would be duplicative and
wasteful for later reviews to revisit matters subject to review in prior PORs. Revisiting issues that
were resolved in prior review proceedings would impair the finality of any one annual review,
potentially prolonging a CVD dispute far beyond the year to which it relates.” Norsk, 472 F.3d at
1361.
Court No. 13-00371                                                                           Page 11

and that Commerce’s “standard” practice is to use a simple average,10 Commerce’s consideration of

the issue simply amounted to “agree[ment] with Petitioners that the Department normally derives

the benchmark price from a simple average of the reference land prices available in the record”, I&D

Memo at 28, not proclamation of clear error or manifest injustice.

               Due to Commerce’s rationale for the acceptance of the petitioners’ figures in the

revised benchmark for the 2008 parcel, Toscelik also complains Commerce ignored “abundant”

evidence on the record of Toscelik’s actual purchase of comparable properties located reasonably

close to Osmaniye province as well as record evidence of actual land-transaction values in Osmaniye

(in contrast to mere offers for sale),11 and that was not in accordance with regulation. Further,

Toscelik also complains that the parcels from Istanbul and Yalova are “outliers” that should not have

been included in the revised 2008 parcel benchmark data set, not merely because of their “extreme”

       10
          Wheatland Case Brief, PDoc 191, at 3-6, referencing preliminary and final determinations
in Drawn Stainless Steel Sinks From the People’s Republic of China: Final Affirmative
Countervailing Duty Determination, 78 Fed. Reg. 13017 (Feb. 26, 2013) and accompanying issues
and decision memorandum at “E. Benchmarks for Land” section; Certain Steel Wire Garment
Hangers From the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty
Determination and Final Affirmative Critical Circumstances Determination, 77 Fed. Reg. 75973
(Dec. 26,2012) and accompanying issues and decision memorandum at 6-7; Crystalline Silicon
Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled Into Modules, From the People’s Republic of China:
Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Final Affirmative Critical Circumstances
Determination, 77 Fed. Reg. 63788 (Oct. 17, 2012) and accompanying issues and decision
memorandum at 6, 13-14 and cmt. 11; Polyethylene Retail Carrier Bags from the Socialist Republic
of Vietnam: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 75 Fed. Reg. 16428 (Apr. 1,2010)
and accompanying issues and decision memorandum at footnote 23 and cmt. 9.
       11
           E.g., Pl’s 56.2 Br. at 11, 21-25, referencing, inter alia, Toscelik SQR, Nov. 8, 2012, at
Exhs. 1-5, PDoc137, CDocs 142-146. On the issue of whether exhaustion of administrative remedy
should apply with respect to administrative consideration of this data as argued by Wheatland (in
which the government did not join), the court finds the doctrine inapplicable in this instance for the
reasons stated in Toscelik’s reply brief, and as elucidated at oral argument. See, e.g., Pl’s Reply at
14-20.
Court No. 13-00371                                                                             Page 12

(as compared to the other benchmark data) values but because they are located in more highly

developed areas of Turkey and not in the less developed areas covered by Turkish Law 5084.

                Apart from the “propriety” of revising the 2008 parcel benchmark in the first instance,

see supra, the court agrees that the record does not reflect Commerce’s consideration on whether

these parcels are appropriate for inclusion therein even if revision would be considered proper. Cf.

Zhaoqing New Zhongya Aluminum Co., Ltd. v. United States, 37 CIT ___, ___, 929 F. Supp. 2d

1324, 1328 (2013) (“Zhongya Aluminum”) (“the amenities currently advertised as available in the

general region have absolutely no bearing on the condition of the specific plot as it existed when

Zhongya assumed the land use rights in 2006”) (italics added). If Commerce reaches this issue on

remand, Commerce must explain why the Turkish government’s schematization is an inappropriate

basis on which to apply the comparability analysis required by 19 C.F.R. §351.511(a)(2), address

the aspect of the Istanbul and Yalova properties’ listings as “agricultural land” in the appropriateness

of their inclusion, see PDoc 99, and also address Toscelik’s proffered evidence and claim of

“relatively nearby and manifestly similar properties.” See Pl’s Reply at 10, referencing CDocs

142-146.

                For the above reasons,12 the matter must be remanded with instruction to either restore

use of the benchmark and amortization schedule established for the 2008 parcel or explain why its

use would be clearly erroneous and would work a manifest injustice. Any revision to the 2008

benchmark, if properly explained, must also be accompanied by adequate consideration of “similarity

. . . and other factors affecting comparability” in accordance with 19 C.F.R. §351.511(a)(2).

        12
            The court has considered the parties’ other arguments on these issues but finds in the
interest of brevity that their discussion would not further this opinion thereon.
Court No. 13-00371                                                                           Page 13

                              III. The Benchmark for the 2010 Parcel

               Regarding the benchmark for the 2010 parcel, Toscelik claims a number of parcels

are double-counted, resulting in an arbitrary benchmark unsupported by the record. See Final Calcs,

PDoc 205, CDoc 212. Commerce seeks voluntary remand of this issue. The defendant-intervenors

oppose, but Commerce’s reason therefor appears substantial and legitimate. Def’s Resp. at 25-26.

Remand for that purpose is appropriate. See SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 254 F.3d 1022, 1029

(Fed. Cir. 2001).

               Toscelik also argues the 2010 parcel’s benchmark construction was arbitrary and

capricious. The rationale indicated in the I&D Memo is essentially that “more is better”; that the

addition of twelve data points to the existing nine data points in the benchmark from the prior review

makes for a “more robust data set.”13 Toscelik contends that since the 2008 and 2010 parcels are

adjacent to one another and are of nearly identical square-meter size and features, they constitute

“similar situations” that ought to merit the same benchmark, albeit indexed to the relevant difference

in yearly value as in the preliminary results.

               Commerce responds that despite their proximity several “material differences”

distinguish the two parcels, namely the fact that the GOT conveyed the parcels to Toscelik at

different times, and that one was conveyed for free and the other for LTAR. Apart from again being

impermissibly post hoc, the temporality of the transactions appears to be of little relevance to land

       13
          Toscelik argues the addition should equate to 21 data points, whereas the Final Results
only have 8 data points for the 2008 benchmark and 9 data points for the 2010 benchmark, certainly
not the “more robust data set” (or sets) claimed. Pl’s 56.2 Br. at 20 n.7.
Court No. 13-00371                                                                             Page 14

benchmarking, which is supposed to be accomplished through proper “comparables.”14 See 19

C.F.R. §351.511(a)(2). And aside from the relevance of temporality, Commerce does not explain

why the benchmarks used for the 2008 property (one 2009 parcel, five 2010 parcels, and one 2011

parcel) are temporally inappropriate to use in benchmarking a 2010 property, particularly since the

2009 and 2011 parcels are indexed to 2010 values. See Preliminary Calculations, PDoc 186.

Furthermore, as Toscelik argues, the amount of the benefit conveyed in any particular transaction,

while also post hoc, is irrelevant to what the value of the benchmark should be. The amount

Toscelik paid would change the value of the benefit, not the benchmark.

                On remand, Commerce is requested to address such concerns in its selection of the

appropriate parcels for purposes of constructing the 2010 parcel benchmark. In addition, the fact that

the 2008 parcel and the 2010 parcel are adjacent and of approximate size in square meters suggests,

a fortiori, the propriety of comparing them to the same benchmark, which is what Commerce did

in the preliminary determination, albeit temporally indexed for the 2010 parcel. That is not to imply

that the use of different benchmarks for purposes of valuing the benefits conferred by the acquisition

of the two properties (i.e., a “vertical” comparison) should be precluded, but if on remand different

benchmarks are determined to be used, in the final results the reasonableness of the benchmarks

selected will be adjudged by the same proximate relationship to each other, most relevantly in value

(i.e., a “horizontal” comparison), as the adjacent 2008 parcel and 2010 parcel in realty reality bear

to each other. See also supra & infra.

        14
           As Commerce’s own benchmarking method indicates, using “comparables” of proximate
parcels (e.g., in location, terrain, size, features) is an accepted proposition for purposes of land and
realty valuation. See, e.g., Morris v. C.I.R., 761 F.2d 1195 (6th Cir. 1985); Childers v. United States,
116 Fed. Cl. 486 (2013).
Court No. 13-00371                                                                           Page 15

                    III. Weighted Versus Simple Average, and Other Matters

               In addition to its argument regarding reliance upon “cherry-picked” values above,

Toscelik also complains that by switching from a weighted average to a simple arithmetic average

Commerce effectively increased the 2008 benchmark tenfold as well as doubled the 2010

benchmark. Regarding the general explanation for selecting a simple average versus a weighted

average quoted above, I&D Memo at 28-29, the impracticability of obtaining “more detailed

information beyond the general comparability factors such as land-use classification” does not appear

facially unreasonable to explain resorting to a simple average, but the provision of such information

is an incumbence upon the parties to undertake, not Commerce. The papers presented do not

otherwise provide sufficient commentary for the benefit of the court’s understanding.

               Specifically, regarding Commerce’s first and more general point, it is unclear why

it is necessary that the data of record must “reflect the broader market . . . throughout Turkey”. The

issue goes beyond whether weighted or simple averaging is appropriate: why is it the case that the

composition of the “reference data set” must constitute proportional representation of large/small

tracts throughout Turkey before a determination can be made as to which parcels are the most

comparable to “the land in question”? Commerce also does not elaborate on what more “sufficient

detail regarding the characteristics of the land involved in the transactions underlying the benchmark

data” would be necessary for that purpose, which also appears close to admitting that such data are

inappropriate for use in benchmarking in the first place.

               For Commerce to have taken the (proper) position elsewhere that land is unique, it

makes little sense to obfuscate the uniqueness of “the land in question” by requiring that its
Court No. 13-00371                                                                          Page 16

“comparables” be tied to or derived from (what appears to be) an “average” or “standard” set of data

representative of the entirety of Turkish lands as opposed to an approximation of appropriately

comparable parcels of land for “the land in question,” and the “necessity” of constructing a “broad

market” representation of such entirety especially conflicts with the administrative finding that the

benefits conferred by Turkish Law 5084 are limited to the 49 underdeveloped provinces that include

Osmaniye, not the other and more-developed areas of the country. Cf. Zhongya Aluminum, supra.

               Wheatland argues that use of a simple average for land benchmarking, not only with

respect to the 2010 property, is consistent with policy.        Whether that is true, it was not

administratively offered as a reason for doing so with respect to the 2010 parcel benchmark.

Remand being required in any event, further clarification on the advantages and disadvantages of

simple versus weighted averages in the context of land benchmarking would assist the parties and

the court, but Commerce shall not be precluded from reconsidering anew, in its discretion on

remand, the benchmark that would be proper for the 2010 parcel.

                                            Conclusion

               For the foregoing reasons, this matter will be remanded to the International Trade

Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, for further proceedings not inconsistent with this

opinion. A separate order to this effect will issue.

So ordered.

                                              /s/ R. Kenton Musgrave
                                              R. Kenton Musgrave, Senior Judge
Dated: October 29, 2014
       New York, New York