Court Opinion

ID: 3144230
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-22 18:02:21.893551+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:08:32.297669
License: Public Domain

ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                         Appellate Court

                    Khan v. BDO Seidman, LLP, 2012 IL App (4th) 120359

Appellate Court            SHAHID R. KHAN; ANN C. KHAN; UVIADO LLC; JONCTION, LLC;
Caption                    and LEMAN, LLC, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. BDO SEIDMAN, LLP; and
                           MICHAEL COLLINS, Defendants-Appellees, and GRAMERCY
                           ADVISORS, LLC; GRAMERCY ASSET MANAGEMENT, LLC;
                           GRAMERCY FINANCIAL SERVICES, LLC; TALL SHIPS CAPITAL
                           MANAGEMENT, LLC; JAY A. JOHNSTON; MARC HELIE;
                           DECASTRO, WEST, CHODOROW, GLICKFIELD & NASS, INC.;
                           FINANCIAL STRATEGY GROUP, PLC; and PAUL SHANBROM,
                           Defendants.–SHAHID R. KHAN; ANN C. KHAN; SRK WILSHIRE
                           INVESTMENTS, LLC; SRK WILSHIRE PARTNERS; SRK WILSHIRE
                           INVESTORS, INC.; THERMOSPHERE FX PARTNERS, LLC; and
                           KPASA, LLC, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. BDO SEIDMAN, LLP; and
                           MICHAEL COLLINS, Defendants-Appellees, and DEUTSCHE BANK
                           AG; DEUTSCHE BANK SECURITIES, INC., d/b/a DEUTSCHE
                           BANK; ALEX BROWN; DAVID PARSE; EQUILIBRIUM
                           CURRENCY TRADING, LLC; SAMYAK VEERA; GRANT
                           THORNTON, LLP; GRAMERCY ADVISORS, LLC; JAY A.
                           JOHNSTON; MARC HELIE; and PAUL SHANBROM, Defendants.

District & No.             Fourth District
                           Docket Nos. 4-12-0359, 4-12-0360 cons.

Filed                      October 17, 2012

Held                       The stay of proceedings entered by the trial court in an action arising from
(Note: This syllabus       the consulting agreement between the parties was modified to eliminate
constitutes no part of     the stay until the breach-of-contract claims against some defendants were
the opinion of the court   arbitrated and to continue the stay for the duration of the appeal to the
but has been prepared      supreme court filed by defendant who prepared plaintiffs’ income tax
by the Reporter of         returns, since the breach-of-contract claims based on tax advice and
Decisions for the          investment advice were specifically disclaimed by the parties’ agreement.
convenience of the
reader.)
Decision Under             Appeal from the Circuit Court of Champaign County, Nos. 09-L-139, 09-
Review                     L-140; the Hon. Jeffrey B. Ford, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                   Affirmed as modified.

Counsel on                 David R. Deary (argued) and Carol E. Farquhar, both of Loewinsohn
Appeal                     Flegle Deary, LLP, of Dallas, Texas, and James D. Green, of Thomas,
                           Mamer & Haughey, LLP, of Champaign, for appellants.

                           Michael S. Poulos, Andrew R. Gifford, Mark A. Bradford, and Raja
                           Gaddipati, all of DLA Piper LLP (US), of Chicago, and Cary B.
                           Samowitz (argued), of DLA Piper LLP (US), of New York, New York,
                           for appellees.

Panel                      JUSTICE APPLETON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                           Justices Pope and McCullough concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                            OPINION

¶1          The plaintiffs in these two consolidated appeals are Shahid R. Khan and his spouse, Ann
        C. Khan, along with various partnerships and limited-liability companies that Shahid R.
        Khan formed, allegedly on the advice of BDO Seidman, LLC (BDO), for the purpose of
        creating tax shelters. Thermosphere FX Partners, LLC (Thermosphere), is one of the
        partnerships. (Whenever we refer to “Khan” in the singular, we will mean Shahid R. Khan,
        because, according to the complaint, he was the one who transacted all the business with
        BDO and the other defendants.) The only defendants who are parties to these two appeals,
        the only appellees, are BDO and one of its employees, Michael Collins. (When referring
        collectively to BDO and its employees named in these actions, we will call them the “BDO
        defendants.”) Plaintiffs have sued BDO, Collins, and other persons and business entities for
        leading plaintiffs into some flawed “tax-advantaged investment strategies.”
¶2          Plaintiffs have been before us twice before in this litigation. Khan v. BDO Seidman, LLP,
        404 Ill. App. 3d 892 (2010) (Khan I); Khan v. BDO Seidman, LLP, 408 Ill. App. 3d 564
        (2011) (Khan II). In Khan I, we decided which of plaintiffs’ claims against the BDO
        defendants had to be arbitrated pursuant to plaintiffs’ written “consulting agreement” with

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     BDO. We held that only the claims for breach of contract came within the scope of the
     arbitration clause. Khan I, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 895. The Supreme Court of Illinois has denied
     BDO’s petition for leave to appeal from our judgment in Khan I (Khan v. BDO Seidman,
     LLP, 239 Ill. 2d 555 (2011) (table)), and the Supreme Court of the United States has denied
     BDO’s petition for a writ of certiorari (BDO Seidman, LLP v. Khan, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S.
     Ct. 96 (2011)). Thus, Khan I has reached finality in the appellate process.
¶3        The appellate process is not yet exhausted in Khan II–but first let us recount what Khan
     II is all about. In Khan II, we rejected the contention that plaintiffs’ claims against Deutsche
     Bank AG; Deutsche Bank Securities, Inc.; and an accounting firm, Grant Thornton LLP,
     were barred by statutes of limitations and a statute of repose. Khan II, 408 Ill. App. 3d at 566.
     (We will refer to Deutsche Bank, Deutsche Securities, and their employees as the “Deutsche
     Bank defendants.”) Those three defendants in Khan II petitioned the supreme court for leave
     to appeal. The supreme court granted their petitions and consolidated their appeals. Khan v.
     BDO Seidman, LLP, Nos. 112219, 112221, cons. (Sept. 28, 2011). On March 20, 2012, the
     supreme court heard oral arguments in the consolidated appeals, and its decision is pending.
¶4        On March 14, 2012, on remand from our decisions in Khan I and Khan II, the trial court
     granted motions by BDO and Collins to stay the trial court proceedings until (1) the supreme
     court issued its decision in Grant Thornton’s appeal and (2) plaintiffs’ claims of breach of
     contract were arbitrated. Plaintiffs disagree with this stay. They appeal pursuant to Illinois
     Supreme Court Rule 307(a)(1) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010).
¶5        We find no abuse of discretion in staying the trial court proceedings until the supreme
     court issues its opinion in Grant Thornton’s appeal. We find an abuse of discretion, however,
     in staying the proceedings until the claims of breach of contract are arbitrated, considering
     that after our analysis in Khan I, little or nothing of the breach-of-contract claims is left.
     Therefore, we modify the stay so as to make it last only for the duration of Grant Thornton’s
     appeal to the supreme court. We affirm the trial court’s judgment as modified and remand
     this case for further proceedings subject to the stay–which the trial court, in its discretion,
     may eventually lift if it finds that Grant Thornton’s appeal is not proceeding with sufficient
     dispatch.

¶6                                    I. BACKGROUND
¶7       In Champaign County case Nos. 09-L-139 and 09-L-140, plaintiffs brought actions
     against the BDO defendants; the Deutsche Bank defendants; Grant Thornton, LLP; and other
     persons and business entities for duping plaintiffs into setting up tax shelters that the Internal
     Revenue Service (IRS) regarded as abusive and illegal. According to the complaints in the
     two cases, these tax shelters were designed to follow, at least ostensibly, a two-pronged
     strategy–“Plan A” and “Plan B,” so to speak. First, in Plan A, Khan was to make an
     “investment,” by which, the BDO defendants told him, he stood a good chance of making
     a profit. It is unclear how much Khan understood about this “investment,” but it was a bet
     with Deutsche Bank on what a certain foreign currency would be worth on a certain date. If
     Khan lost money in this “investment,” he was not to worry, because Plan B would kick in
     and that very loss would be put to lucrative use. Through some transfers between

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       partnerships and limited-liability companies specially created for this purpose, Khan would
       be able to use the “investment” loss as a tax loss, to reduce his federal income tax. Not just
       one but a series of these tax shelters was created.
¶8         Both prongs of this “tax-advantaged investment strategy” were a falsehood, plaintiffs
       allege. For one thing, the “investments” were designed to ensure that Khan would lose
       money (and that the broker, Deutsche Bank, would make money), and further, plaintiffs
       allege, it should have been apparent to anyone with a reasonable degree of competence in tax
       law that the IRS would disallow the claimed tax losses as a sham–and then impose large
       penalties for the overdue income tax. The strategies appear to be variations on the “Son of
       BOSS” plan, which, reduced to its essence, works this way. X pays Y, say, a million dollars.
       Y pays X a million dollars. X counts the million dollars he paid Y as a tax loss without
       offsetting it by the million dollars Y paid him. See 106 Ltd. v. Commissioner of Internal
       Revenue Service, 684 F.3d 84, 86 (D.C. Cir. 2012). In their complaints in the two cases,
       plaintiffs raised a variety of legal theories, e.g., fraud, negligent misrepresentation, fraudulent
       concealment of a cause of action, rescission, an illusory contract, and (as an alternative to the
       theories of rescission and an illusory contract) breach of contract.
¶9         Some of the defendants raised affirmative defenses. The BDO defendants invoked an
       arbitration agreement between BDO and Khan. Khan I, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 894. The Deutsche
       Bank defendants invoked the statute of limitations in section 13-205 of the Code of Civil
       Procedure (735 ILCS 5/13-205 (West 2008)). Khan II, 408 Ill. App. 3d at 566. Grant
       Thornton invoked the statute of limitations in section 13-214.2(a) (735 ILCS 5/13-214.2(a)
       (West 2008)), as well as the statute of repose in section 13-214.2(b) (735 ILCS 5/13-214.2(b)
       (West 2008)). Khan II, 408 Ill. App. 3d at 566.
¶ 10       In Khan I, we considered the BDO defendants’ affirmative defense that all of plaintiffs’
       claims against them had to be arbitrated.
¶ 11       In Khan II, we considered, inter alia, the affirmative defenses of the Deutsche Bank
       defendants and Grant Thornton that plaintiffs’ claims against them were time-barred.

¶ 12                      A. The Scope of the Arbitration Clause (Khan I)
¶ 13       In preparation for each of the “investments,” which were supposed to yield a profit for
       Khan or, alternatively, a loss that, after being passed through partnerships, would reduce his
       federal income-tax liability, BDO required Khan’s signature on “consulting agreements,”
       each of which contained an identically worded arbitration clause. Khan I, 404 Ill. App. 3d
       at 893, 910. The trial court held that all of plaintiffs’ claims against the BDO defendants
       came within the scope of this arbitration clause. Id. at 894.
¶ 14       Plaintiffs appealed, and in Khan I we affirmed the trial court’s judgment in part and
       reversed it in part, concluding that, by its terms, the arbitration clause covered only plaintiffs’
       alternative claims against the BDO defendants for breach of contract. Id. at 895. (Justice
       Turner dissented in part: he was of the opinion that the arbitration clause covered not just the
       claims of breach of contract but all the claims against the BDO defendants: tort claims and
       contract claims alike. Id. at 920 (Turner, J., specially concurring in part and dissenting in
       part).)

                                                  -4-
¶ 15        In our analysis in Khan I, two features of the consulting agreement led us to the
       conclusion that the arbitration clause covered only the claims for breach of contract. (We will
       refer to “the consulting agreement” in the singular because the consulting agreements were
       “identical in their germane provisions.” Id. at 894.) The first feature was the wording of the
       arbitration clause itself. The arbitration clause said: “ ‘If any dispute, controversy or claim
       arises in connection with the performance or breach of this agreement and cannot be
       resolved by facilitated negotiations (or the parties agree to waive that process) then such
       dispute, controversy or claim shall be settled by arbitration ***.’ ” (Emphasis added.) Id. at
       911. We observed that, in its wording, this arbitration clause was “more narrow than the
       typical arbitration clause, such as the one in [Prima Paint Corp. v. Flood & Conklin Mfg.
       Co., 388 U.S. 395, 398 (1967)], which referred to ‘ “any controversy or claim arising out of
       or relating to this Agreement.” ’ ” Id. at 913. The arbitration clause in the consulting
       agreement between BDO and Khan “contemplate[d] the arbitration of a narrower class of
       claims–those relating to the performance of the agreement–not claims relating to the
       agreement.” Id. at 913-14 (citing Midwest Window Systems, Inc. v. Amcor Industries, Inc.,
       630 F.2d 535, 537 (7th Cir. 1980)).
¶ 16        The second significant feature of the consulting agreement was the language specifically
       excluding certain activities from BDO’s promised performance. The consulting agreement
       said: “ ‘BDO is not in the business of providing investment advice or services, thus, none of
       the services to be rendered are to be considered as investment advice, and it is understood
       that the Client is not relying upon BDO for investment advice or services.’ ” (Emphasis
       omitted.) Khan I, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 914. Also, the consulting agreement said: “ ‘BDO’s
       Services hereunder do not include, and BDO assumes no responsibility whatsoever for, any
       legal and/or tax opinions regarding any strategies that may be implemented, and has advised
       the Client to retain a law firm for legal and/or tax opinions on any strategies or transactions
       they [sic] enter into.’ ” Id. at 897.
¶ 17        Thus, the consulting agreement specifically excluded investment advice and tax advice
       from BDO’s promised performance. Those exclusions were significant for purposes of
       arbitrability, because, according to the various counts in plaintiffs’ complaints, BDO’s bad
       investment advice and bad tax advice (or the bad tax advice of law firms with which BDO
       was in cahoots) were the proximate causes of plaintiffs’ damages. BDO advised Khan that
       he could make money in the “investments” (id. at 895), whereas, in reality, the “investments”
       were structured so as to ensure that he would lose money (id. at 898-99). BDO assured him
       that if he lost money in the “investments,” he could claim tax losses (id. at 895), and BDO
       sent him to supposedly independent but actually compromised law firms to obtain
       confirmation of this falsehood through “ ‘pre-wired’ ” legal opinions (id. at 900). Plaintiffs’
       allegations that BDO gave Khan this bad investment advice and bad tax advice (or that BDO
       deceptively referred him to coconspiring lawyers, by which BDO became liable for their bad
       tax advice) were outside the scope of the arbitration clause because (1) the consulting
       agreement specifically excluded those activities from BDO’s contractual performance and
       (2) the arbitration clause covered only claims “ ‘aris[ing] in connection with the performance
       or breach of this agreement’ ” (id. at 897). Id. at 916, 919. Of all the claims in plaintiffs’
       complaints, which consisted mostly of tort claims, the arbitration clause covered only those

                                                -5-
       for breach of contract. Id. at 895. And bad investment advice and bad tax advice could not
       possibly be a breach of the contract between plaintiffs and BDO, given the disclaimers in the
       consulting agreement.

¶ 18             B. The Statutes of Limitations and Statutes of Repose (Khan II)
¶ 19       In the judgment that we reversed in Khan II, the trial court held that the statute of
       limitations in section 13-205 (735 ILCS 5/13-205 (West 2008)) barred the actions against
       the Deutsche Bank defendants and that the statute of limitations in section 13-214.2(a) (735
       ILCS 5/13-214.2(a) (West 2008)) as well as the statute of repose in section 13-214.2(b) (735
       5/13-214.2(b) (West 2008)) barred the actions against Grant Thornton.
¶ 20       We first will recount the trial court’s analysis regarding the Deutsche Bank defendants,
       followed by the reasons we gave in Khan II for disagreeing with that analysis. Then we will
       recount the trial court’s analysis regarding Grant Thornton, followed by our reasons for
       disagreement.

¶ 21          1. The Trial Court’s Analysis Regarding the Deutsche Bank Defendants
¶ 22       Section 13-205 (735 ILCS 5/13-205 (West 2008)) is a five-year statute of limitations,
       which applies to actions for common-law fraud and other tortious misrepresentations.
       Chicago Park District v. Kenroy, Inc., 78 Ill. 2d 555, 560-61 (1980) (quoting then section
       22 of the Limitations Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1975, ch. 83, ¶ 23)). The statute provides: “[A]ll
       civil actions not otherwise provided for[ ] shall be commenced within 5 years next after the
       cause of action accrued.” (Emphasis added.) 735 ILCS 5/13-205 (West 2008).
¶ 23       Regardless, though, of when a cause of action accrues, the discovery rule postpones the
       running of the statute of limitations until the date when the plaintiff knows, or reasonably
       should know, that the injury has been wrongfully caused. Khan II, 408 Ill. App. 3d at 596.
       This is not to say that the statute of limitations waits until the plaintiff knows, or reasonably
       should know, the full extent of the wrongfully caused injury. Id. Rather, the statutory period
       begins running just as soon as the plaintiff becomes aware, or reasonably should become
       aware, of the existence of some wrongfully caused injury. Id.
¶ 24       According to the trial court, the earliest harm that the Deutsche Bank defendants
       wrongfully caused and of which the Khans reasonably should have been aware was the
       $1,275,000 they paid Deutsche Bank for “ ‘brokering’ ” the foreign-currency transactions.
       Id. at 592, 596. Once the Khans became aware, or once they had notice, that the IRS would
       disallow the claimed losses, it should have been apparent to them that they had been misled
       into paying this $1,275,000. Id. at 596. The court found that when the Khans hired a tax
       attorney in May 2003 to represent them in an IRS audit, they should have discovered that
       their payment of the $1,275,000 to the Deutsche Bank defendants had been wrongfully
       caused, because their tax attorney, in the exercise of due diligence, should have discovered
       the IRS notices rejecting the type of tax-advantaged “investment strategies” that the
       coconspiring defendants had foisted on the Khans. Id. Because the Khans filed their
       complaint in July 2009, more than five years after May 2003, the court held that the five-year
       period of limitation in section 13-205 barred their claims against the Deutsche Bank

                                                 -6-
       defendants. Id. at 597. (For purposes of its analysis, the court used what appeared to be the
       longest applicable statute of limitations. The court ruled out the 10-year statute of limitations
       in section 13-206 (735 ILCS 5/13-206 (West 2008)) because the court regarded plaintiffs’
       contract claims as disguised tort claims and, according to case law, one could not lengthen
       the time for filing suit by dressing up a tort claim as a contract claim. Khan II, 408 Ill. App.
3d at 597.)

¶ 25                    2. Our Disagreement With the Trial Court’s Analysis
                               Regarding the Deutsche Bank Defendants
¶ 26        We disagreed with the trial court’s analysis regarding the Deutsche Bank defendants
       because, first, in return for the transaction fees that plaintiffs paid the defendants, plaintiffs
       were promised either a profit from the “investments” or, alternatively, a tax loss and, second,
       regardless of any ominous rumblings from the IRS, plaintiffs were not deprived of their tax
       loss until the IRS actually took it away from them by imposing an assessment. Presumably,
       in the contemplation of the parties, the payment of $1,275,000 to the Deutsche Bank
       defendants would have been worthwhile if, despite the immediate failure of the “investment”
       (or, rather, because of it), plaintiffs were able to claim a tax loss. See id. at 607 (“Until the
       IRS disallows the loss and, consequently, assesses the deficiency along with the interest and
       penalties, the fees that plaintiffs paid to defendants are not yet a waste, because plaintiffs
       have not yet been deprived of the contemplated benefit of their bargain, namely, the
       alternative benefit of a tax loss.”). In short, Plan B was just as acceptable as Plan A. The
       notices that the IRS sent out to the general public did not deprive plaintiffs of their claimed
       tax loss. Plaintiffs would not actually lose their tax loss until, in their specific case, the IRS
       finally and definitively took it away through an assessment or until plaintiffs settled with the
       IRS–a point we gleaned from Federated Industries, Inc. v. Reisin, 402 Ill. App. 3d 23 (2010),
       and International Engine Parts, Inc. v. Feddersen & Co., 888 P.2d 1279 (Cal. 1995). Those
       authorities taught that a misadvised taxpayer in plaintiffs’ position would not suffer actual
       damages, and consequently a cause of action would not accrue, until the earliest of two
       events: (1) the IRS made an assessment against the taxpayer (the final step of the IRS’s
       assessment process, not to be confused with an earlier step, the issuance of a notice of
       deficiency), or (2) the taxpayer agreed with the IRS to pay additional taxes, penalties, or
       interest that the taxpayer would not have had to pay but for the tax advisor’s bad advice.
       Khan II, 408 Ill. App. 3d at 602. (We should emphasize that, unlike us, the trial court did not
       have the benefit of Federated. The First District issued its decision in Federated after the
       trial court filed its decision.)
¶ 27        In addition to citing and discussing Federated and Feddersen, we pointed out the danger
       of an unjust result if an action for bad tax advice had to be filed before the claim was truly
       ripe. If a taxpayer had to file an action against the allegedly negligent tax advisor before the
       IRS made an assessment or before the taxpayer agreed to pay the IRS an additional amount,
       a fiasco could unfold. The plaintiff could win a money judgment against the tax advisor, and
       then, for whatever reason and against all expectation, the IRS could let the deadline go by
       for filing an assessment–with the unjust result that the taxpayer would get to keep the tax as

                                                  -7-
       loss well as the money judgment premised on the now-problematic theory that claiming the
       tax loss had caused the taxpayer pecuniary harm. Id. at 601.
¶ 28       The harm from underpaying one’s federal income taxes–the hammer–was an IRS
       assessment or, alternatively, a settlement with the IRS. Requiring the taxpayer to file a claim
       before that harm happened was tantamount to requiring the taxpayer to file an unripe claim.
       Consequently, we concluded that the trial court had erred in dismissing the claims against
       the Deutsche Bank defendants as time-barred. Id. at 603. We said:
           “Indeed, we hold, as a matter of law, that the actions against those defendants are not
           time-barred, given the allegations of the complaint. We find no indication in the
           complaint that more than five years (or even two years) have elapsed since an assessment
           or settlement with the IRS. Until an assessment or settlement, there was no actual harm
           and hence no accrual of a cause of action–even if, by May 2003, it had become
           abundantly clear to Khan that defendants had given him false advice. Negligence without
           harm does not make a cause of action.” Id.

¶ 29                 3. The Trial Court’s Analysis Regarding Grant Thornton
¶ 30                    a. The Statute of Limitations in Section 13-214.2(a)
¶ 31       The trial court held that the two-year statute of limitations in section 13-214.2(a) (735
       ILCS 5/13-214.2(a) (West 2008)) barred plaintiffs’ claims against Grant Thornton. Section
       13-214.2(a) provides: “Actions based upon tort, contract or otherwise against any person,
       partnership or corporation registered pursuant to the Illinois Public Accounting Act, as
       amended [(225 ILCS 450/0.01 to 32 (West 2008))], or any of its employees, partners,
       members, officers or shareholders, for an act or omission in the performance of professional
       services shall be commenced within 2 years from the time the person bringing an action
       knew or should reasonably have known of such act or omission.” 735 ILCS 5/13-214.2(a)
       (West 2008). The court used the same reasoning regarding Grant Thornton that it used
       regarding the Deutsche Bank defendants–only the period of limitation for actions against an
       accounting firm, such as Grant Thornton, was shorter.

¶ 32                     b. The Statute of Repose in Section 13-214.2(b)
¶ 33       In addition to holding that the statute of limitations in section 13-214.2(a) barred
       plaintiffs’ claims against Grant Thornton, the trial court held that the statute of repose in
       section 13-214.2(b) (735 ILCS 5/13-214.2(b) (West 2008)) likewise barred those claims.
¶ 34       Section 13-214.2(b) provides as follows:
           “In no event shall such action be brought more than 5 years after the date on which
           occurred the act or omission alleged in such action to have been the cause of the injury
           to the person bringing such action against a public accountant. Provided, however, that
           in the event that an income tax assessment is made or criminal prosecution is brought
           against a person, that person may bring an action against the public accountant who
           prepared the tax return within two years from the date of the assessment or conclusion
           of the prosecution.” 735 ILCS 5/13-214.2(b) (West 2008).

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¶ 35       Plaintiffs’ only allegation against Grant Thornton was that it had prepared and signed the
       federal and state income tax returns for one of the partnerships, Thermosphere, for the year
       2000 and that these tax returns had claimed the losses from the “investments.” The error had
       flowed into the individual returns of the partners, the Khans, causing them to underpay their
       taxes. Khan II, 408 Ill. App. 3d at 575-76. Because the Khans, however, did not file their
       complaint until 2009, the trial court held that the five-year statute of repose in section 13-
       214.2(b) barred their claims against Grant Thornton. Id. at 609.
¶ 36       The trial court interpreted the “[p]rovided” sentence in section 13-214.2(b) as
       “condensing,” rather than lengthening, the five-year period. It appears that, under the trial
       court’s interpretation, if the IRS assessed a deficiency or if the plaintiff were prosecuted for
       violating a tax law, the plaintiff had less than five years after the defendant’s act or omission
       to file suit; the plaintiff had to file suit within two years after the assessment or the
       conclusion of the prosecution. Id. at 610-11.

¶ 37    4. Our Disagreement With the Trial Court’s Analysis Regarding Grant Thornton
¶ 38                    a. The Statute of Limitations in Section 13-214.2(a)
¶ 39        Because the Khans would not suffer any actual harm from the defective income-tax
       returns until the IRS assessed a deficiency or the Khans agreed to pay the IRS some
       additional amount in settlement of the IRS proceedings on their individual tax returns for
       2000, we held that the statute of limitations in section 13-214.2(a) did not bar the actions
       against Grant Thornton. Everything we said about “actual harm,” in our discussion regarding
       the Deutsche Bank defendants, “applie[d] with equal force to Grant Thornton.” Id. at 604.
¶ 40        Even the attorney fees the Khans had incurred in the IRS audit were merely a potential
       harm until the IRS assessed a deficiency as a result of the errors in the tax returns that Grant
       Thornton had prepared. Id. at 607. Drawing an analogy from an attorney malpractice case,
       Lucey v. Law Offices of Pretzel & Stouffer, Chartered, 301 Ill. App. 3d 349, 355 (1998), we
       held: “The attorney fees that plaintiffs incurred in the IRS audit are damages only upon the
       filing of an assessment by the IRS or only when plaintiffs are forced to settle with the IRS,
       whichever event comes earliest.” Khan II, 408 Ill. App. 3d at 609.

¶ 41                      b. The Statute of Repose in Section 13-214.2(b)
¶ 42       We disagreed with the trial court that the “[p]rovided” sentence in the statute of repose
       (735 ILCS 5/13-214.2(b) (West 2008)) shortened the five-year period of limitation in the
       preceding sentence of the statute. Instead, we interpreted section 13-214.2(b) to mean that,
       notwithstanding the expiration of the five-year period in the first sentence, the plaintiff might
       bring an action against the accountant within two years after an assessment. We reasoned:
               “The trial court’s interpretation might be more convincing if the statute said that the
           plaintiff ‘shall’ bring the action against the public accountant within two years after the
           date of the assessment. Instead, the statute uses the permissive verb ‘may.’ The statute
           says that the plaintiff ‘may’ bring the action within two years after the
           assessment–suggesting that notwithstanding the first sentence of section 13-214.2(b),

                                                 -9-
            which says that actions against an accountant are barred five years after the harmful act
            or omission, the plaintiff has permission to bring the action within two years after an
            assessment. Permission would be necessary, for purposes of the statute of repose, only
            if the five-year period in the first sentence of section 13-214.2(b) had expired.” Khan II,
            408 Ill. App. 3d at 611.
       In other words, “[p]rovided” was a qualifying word, making an exception to the five-year
       period by giving the aggrieved taxpayer permission to sue the accountant within two years
       after the assessment.
¶ 43        Grant Thornton argued, however, that, in order for the “[p]rovided” qualification to be
       applicable, the accountant had to prepare the plaintiff’s tax return and the IRS had to make
       an assessment against the plaintiff. Id. at 612-13. Because Grant Thornton prepared the
       income tax returns for Thermosphere instead of for the Khans and because the IRS
       commenced assessment proceedings against the Khans individually instead of against
       Thermosphere, Grant Thornton argued that the qualification in section 13-214.2(b) was, by
       its terms, inapplicable. Id. at 613.
¶ 44        We rejected this argument by Grant Thornton because section 13-214.2(b) did not
       actually say that the return had to be the injured person’s return. Id. Instead, the qualification
       in section 13-214.2(b) said: “ ‘[I]n the event that an income tax assessment is made ***
       against a person, that person may bring an action against the public accountant who prepared
       the tax return within two years from the date of the assessment ***.’ ” Id. (quoting 735 ILCS
       5/13-214.2(b) (West 2008)). The statute said “ ‘the tax return,’ ” not “the person’s individual
       tax return.” Id. We inferred: “The legislature must have been aware that the negligent
       preparation of a partnership’s return [could] cause individual returns to be incorrect and
       result in assessment proceedings against individuals.” Id.

¶ 45                                        II. ANALYSIS
¶ 46                             A. Our Subject-Matter Jurisdiction
¶ 47        We first must resolve the question of whether we have subject-matter jurisdiction over
       these two appeals. On this question, plaintiffs invoke Illinois Supreme Court Rule 307(a)(1)
       (eff. Feb. 26, 2010). That rule provides: “An appeal may be taken to the Appellate Court
       from an interlocutory order of court *** granting, modifying, refusing, dissolving, or refusing
       to dissolve or modify an injunction ***.” Id. An order granting a stay of proceedings is a
       preliminary injunction, appealable under Rule 307(a)(1). TIG Insurance Co. v. Canel, 389
Ill. App. 3d 366, 371 (2009); Property Management, Ltd. v. Howasa, Inc., 14 Ill. App. 3d
536, 539 (1973); Valente v. Maida, 24 Ill. App. 2d 144, 149-50 (1960).
¶ 48        Defendants take the position, however, that the trial court’s “Order on Motion for
       Protective Order and Stay Pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 201” (Ill. S. Ct. R. 201 (eff. July
       1, 2002)) really is not an injunction but instead is a “ ‘routine discovery order.’ ” Goodrich
       Corp. v. Clark, 361 Ill. App. 3d 1033, 1039 (2005). “Discovery orders ordinarily are not
       subject to interlocutory appeal because they only regulate the procedural aspects of the case
       before the court.” Id. The same is true of other “orders properly characterized as ‘ministerial’
       or ‘administrative.’ ” Id. at 1039-40.

                                                 -10-
¶ 49        Hence, just because an order requires parties to do something or to refrain from doing
       something–for example, just because an order requires parties to refrain from performing
       discovery–it does not necessarily follow that the order is an injunction. Even though
       “ministerial” or “administrative” orders, such as discovery orders, impose requirements or
       prohibitions, they are not injunctions. Id. An order is an injunction only if it is the type of
       order that, traditionally, a court of equity would issue in the enforcement of equitable
       principles. In re A Minor, 127 Ill. 2d 247, 261-62 (1989). The supreme court has explained:
            “Not every nonfinal order of a court is appealable, even if it compels a party to do or not
            do a particular thing. Orders of the circuit court which can be properly characterized as
            ‘ministerial,’ or ‘administrative’–because they regulate only the procedural details of
            litigation before the court–cannot be the subject of an interlocutory appeal. (See People
            ex rel. Scott v. Silverstein (1981), 87 Ill. 2d 167, 171 (stating that discovery orders and
            subpoenas are not appealable interlocutory orders).) Such orders may be considered
            noninjunctive because they did not form part of the power traditionally reserved to courts
            of equity, but, instead, were part of the inherent power possessed by any court to compel
            witnesses to appear before it and give testimony. (See JFS v. ABMJ (1983), 120 Ill. App.
3d 261, 262.) They do not affect the relationship of the parties in their everyday activity
            apart from the litigation, and are therefore distinguishable from traditional forms of
            injunctive relief.” Minor, 127 Ill. 2d at 261-62.
¶ 50        The final sentence of this quotation creates a contradiction by implying that unless an
       order “affect[s] the relationship of the parties in their everyday activity apart from the
       litigation,” the order does not fall within any of the “traditional forms of injunctive relief.”
       Id. The contradiction is this: the supreme court just got through saying, two paragraphs
       earlier in Minor, that a stay of litigation was an injunction (id. at 260); but a stay of litigation
       would not necessarily affect the parties “in their everyday activity apart from the litigation”
       (id. at 262). Regardless of whether a stay has any quotidian effect, a stay is indisputably a
       “traditional form[ ] of injunctive relief.” Id.
¶ 51        “The use of injunctions to stay actions at law was almost coeval with the establishment
       of the chancery jurisdiction.” 4 John Norton Pomeroy, A Treatise on Equity Jurisprudence
       § 1360, at 3248 (1919). In England, the court of chancery could never have built up its
       equitable jurisdiction without “the instrumentality of the injunction restraining the
       prosecution of legal actions, where the defendants sought the aid of chancery, which alone
       could take cognizance of the equities that would defeat a recovery at law against them.” Id.
       “Indeed the occasions on which an injunction may be used to stay proceedings at law are
       almost infinite in their nature and circumstances.” 2 Joseph Story, Commentaries on Equity
       Jurisprudence as Administered in England and America § 1206, at 566-67 (WH. Lyon, Jr.,
       ed., 14th ed. 1918). See also Chapman v. American Surety Co., 261 Ill. 594, 599 (1914);
       School District No. 46 v. Del Banco, 68 Ill. App. 2d 145, 152 (1966).
¶ 52        On the one hand, in the passage from Minor quoted above, the supreme court approves
       of cases holding that stays of litigation are appealable injunctions (Minor, 127 Ill. 2d at 260-
       61 (citing, among other cases, Valente and School District No. 46)), but, on the other hand,
       the supreme court implies that, in order for a judicial directive to qualify as an injunction, it
       must “affect the relationship of the parties in their everyday activity apart from the litigation”

                                                  -11-
       (id. at 262). Because it strikes us as improbable that the supreme court, in Minor, intended
       to overrule the line of cases holding that a stay is an appealable injunction (e.g., Disciplined
       Investment Advisors, Inc. v. Schweihs, 272 Ill. App. 3d 681, 691 (1995); Atkins v. Rustic
       Woods Partners, 171 Ill. App. 3d 373, 377 (1988); Valente, 24 Ill. App. 2d at 149-
       50)–especially considering that the supreme court cited Valente with approval in that respect
       (Minor, 127 Ill. 2d at 260)–we resolve the apparent contradiction by reaffirming the long-
       held view that a stay of proceedings is indeed an injunction.
¶ 53        An order could effectively stay proceedings by staying discovery, but, even so, Minor and
       Silverstein appear to suggest that such an order would not be an injunction. Minor, 127 Ill.
2d at 262; Silverstein, 87 Ill. 2d at 171. “[D]iscovery orders *** are not appealable
       interlocutory orders.” Minor, 127 Ill. 2d at 262.
¶ 54        The trial court’s order in the present case purports to be “pursuant to Illinois Supreme
       Court Rule 201,” a rule entitled “General Discovery Provisions,” and defendants insist that
       the order is nothing more than a discovery order. Rule 201(c)(1), which the trial court quotes
       in its order, describes the protective orders a trial court may enter in its regulation of
       discovery. The rule provides: “The court may at any time on its own initiative, or on motion
       of any party or witness, make a protective order as justice requires, denying, limiting,
       conditioning, or regulating discovery to prevent unreasonable annoyance, expense,
       embarrassment, disadvantage, or oppression.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 201(c)(1) (eff. July 1, 2002). If
       the court’s order in the present case were indeed a protective order pursuant to Rule
       201(c)(1), and nothing more, we would lack subject-matter jurisdiction because such a
       protective order would be a discovery order and the supreme court has flatly said that
       “discovery orders *** are not appealable interlocutory orders.” Minor, 127 Ill. 2d at 262.
¶ 55        But is that all the trial court’s order is, a protective order pursuant to Rule 201(c)(1)?
       “The appealability of an order is determined by its substance rather than its form.” Boonstra
       v. City of Chicago, 214 Ill. App. 3d 379, 385 (1991). Likewise, the character of a pleading
       is determined by its content, not its label. Sarkissian v. Chicago Board of Education, 201 Ill.
2d 95, 102 (2002). Although BDO’s and Collins’s motions invoked Rule 201(c)(1), the
       motions actually sought more than a protective order regulating discovery. As plaintiffs
       observe in their reply brief, the motions sought “a protective order and stay of the instant
       proceedings,” to quote the motions. (Emphasis added.) Accordingly, when the court granted
       the motions, it did more than enter a “protective order *** denying *** discovery” for the
       time being (Ill. S. Ct. R. 201(c)(1) (eff. July 1, 2002)); the concluding sentence of the court’s
       order says: “BDO Defendants’ (which will include Defendant Paul Shanbrom) Motion for
       Protective Order and Stay is allowed.” (Emphasis added.) Thus, the court exercised not only
       its power under Rule 201(c)(1) to regulate discovery but also its common-law equitable
       power to stay the entire litigation pending before it. Such a stay is an appealable injunction.
       Under Rule 307(a)(1), we have subject-matter jurisdiction over these appeals. See Minor,
       127 Ill. 2d at 261; Disciplined Investment, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 691; Atkins, 171 Ill. App. 3d
       at 377; Valente, 24 Ill. App. 2d at 149-50.

                                                 -12-
¶ 56                           B. Staying the Cases Until Resolution of
                           Grant Thornton’s Appeal to the Supreme Court
¶ 57                             1. Guidance From Federal Case Law
¶ 58       The parties agree on the standard of review; they agree that (assuming we have subject-
       matter jurisdiction) we should decide whether the trial court abused its discretion by staying
       the proceedings. See Philips Electronics, N.V. v. New Hampshire Insurance Co., 295 Ill.
       App. 3d 895, 902 (1998). They disagree, however, on how much overlap must exist between
       the BDO defendants’ case and Grant Thornton’s appeal before a stay of litigation in the trial
       court is justified. Plaintiffs argue that if some of the defendants in a case file an interlocutory
       appeal, a trial court would be justified in staying the litigation against the other defendants
       only if the pending appeal could potentially dispose of all the claims against those other
       defendants, not just some of the claims against them.
¶ 59       Initially, we remark that this argument is counterintuitive. Assume, for instance, that a
       pending appeal involves 9 of the 10 claims made in the trial court. It would seem strange to
       argue that a stay is unjustified simply because the appeal cannot dispose of the tenth claim.
¶ 60       Granted, courts deem a stay to be a sound exercise of discretion if the appeal has the
       potential of being completely dispositive. Plaintiffs cite, for example, Morrison v. YTB
       International, Inc., Civil No. 08-565-GPM, 2010 WL 1931127, at *1 (S.D. Ill. May 13,
       2010) (hereinafter Morrison). See Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 (“A court may not prohibit or restrict
       the citation of federal judicial opinions *** that have been *** designated as ‘unpublished[ ]’
       *** and *** issued on or after January 1, 2007.”). According to plaintiffs, Morrison stands
       for the following proposition: “Under Illinois law, a court is within its discretion to stay a
       case when a ruling–which may be dispositive of the case at hand–is pending in that case or
       in a separate proceeding.” (Emphasis in original.)
¶ 61       Actually, when it comes to a stay, Morrison says nothing about Illinois law; a stay is
       procedural, and hence, under the Erie doctrine (Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64
       (1938)), “[t]he determination of whether to stay a federal court proceeding is governed by
       federal law” (Abdullah Sayid Rajab Al-Rifai & Sons W.L.L. v. McDonnell Douglas Foreign
       Sales Corp., 988 F. Supp. 1285, 1291 (E.D. Mo. 1997)). See Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S. 460,
       465 (1965) (“[F]ederal courts [sitting in diversity cases] are to apply state substantive law
       and federal procedural law.”).
¶ 62       Even under federal law, just because a trial court is, as plaintiffs rightly say, “within its
       discretion” by staying litigation pending an interlocutory appeal that could dispose of all
       issues, it does not follow that a court is outside its discretion by staying litigation pending an
       interlocutory appeal that could dispose of significant issues, though not all the issues. In other
       words, Morrison does not suggest that the potential disposition of all issues is the sine qua
       non of a stay. Rather, Morrison says: “Typically, an appropriate exercise of a court’s
       discretion to enter a stay is a situation in which a ruling dispositive of a case is pending either
       in the case in which a stay is under consideration or in a separate matter.” Morrison, 2010
WL 1931127, at *1. “Typically” does not mean “always,” and “an appropriate exercise of
       a court’s discretion” is not necessarily the only appropriate exercise of a court’s discretion.
       (Emphasis added.) Id.

                                                  -13-
¶ 63        In fact, federal courts have rejected the assertion that the separate proceeding has to be
       potentially dispositive in order to justify a stay. The Supreme Court has said that the issues
       in the two proceedings do not have to be “identical.” Landis v. North American Co., 299 U.S.
248, 254 (1936). And the Ninth Circuit has said: “[A] trial court may, with propriety, find
       it is efficient for its own docket and the fairest course for the parties to enter a stay of an
       action before it, pending resolution of independent proceedings which bear upon the case.
       This rule applies whether the separate proceedings are judicial, administrative, or arbitral in
       character, and does not require that the issues in such proceedings are necessarily
       controlling of the action before the court.” (Emphases added and internal quotation marks
       omitted.) Mediterranean Enterprises, Inc. v. Ssangyong Corp., 708 F.2d 1458, 1465 (9th Cir.
       1983). See also Lakeland Village Homeowners Ass’n v. Great American Insurance Group,
       727 F. Supp. 2d 887, 897 (E.D. Cal. 2010) (“Since three of [the] [p]laintiff’s four claims
       against [the defendant] are based upon [the appealed issue], [i]t would be a waste of judicial
       and party resources to proceed with [these] claims while the appeal is pending.” (Internal
       quotation marks omitted.)); Ass’n of Irritated Residents v. Fred Schakel Dairy, 634 F. Supp.
2d 1081, 1094 (E.D. Cal. 2008) (even though the interlocutory appeal could dispose of only
       one of the three claims, a stay was worthwhile because “a resolution of the interlocutory
       appeal regarding the third cause of action in favor of [the] [d]efendants would alter the
       direction of the current proceedings, and might prompt the filing of an amended complaint”).
       So, if we take our cue from nonbinding federal authority, the pending interlocutory appeal
       does not have to be potentially dispositive or controlling of all claims in order for the trial
       court to order a stay.

¶ 64                           2. An Analogy From Illinois Case Law
¶ 65        Drawing an analogy from our decision in Shaw v. Citizens State Bank of Shipman, 185
Ill. App. 3d 79 (1989), we conclude that imposing a stay until resolution of Grant Thornton’s
       appeal to the supreme court was a reasonable exercise of the trial court’s discretion.
¶ 66        The facts in Shaw are not precisely parallel to those before us, but the factual differences
       are insignificant and have no tendency to lessen the applicability of Shaw’s rationale. In
       Shaw, the plaintiff filed two actions in the Macoupin County circuit court. Id. at 80. One
       action was against a bank, and the other action was against the bank and the owner of a grain
       elevator. Id. In both cases, which the circuit court consolidated, the gist of the plaintiff’s
       complaint was the same. The plaintiff alleged that he and his father, Julius Shaw, had entered
       into a lease agreement, in which Julius Shaw agreed to lease him a farm. Id. The bank,
       however, had lent money to Julius Shaw, who, in return, had granted the bank a security
       interest in all growing crops and stored grain on his farm–the same farm he subsequently
       rented to his son, the plaintiff. Id. After the plaintiff, pursuant to the lease agreement, raised
       crops on the farm, harvested them, and took the grain to elevators, the bank made claims to
       the elevators that this corn–which the plaintiff, of course, considered to be his corn–was
       actually the bank’s corn under the terms of its security agreement with Julius Shaw (who
       evidently had defaulted on his loan). Id.
¶ 67        The plaintiff’s parents, Julius Shaw and Phyllis Shaw, then filed for “relief under chapter

                                                 -14-
       12 of the Bankruptcy Act (11 U.S.C. § 101 et seq.),” but the bankruptcy court dismissed their
       petition because (1) the bankruptcy court found the lease between the plaintiff and Julius
       Shaw to be valid and enforceable; (2) given that lease, the Shaws could not have been
       engaged in a farming operation when they filed their bankruptcy petition; and (3) given that
       they were not engaged in a farming operation at the time of filing, they were ineligible for
       relief under chapter 12. Id. See 11 U.S.C. § 109(f) (2006) (“Only a family farmer or family
       fisherman with regular annual income may be a debtor under chapter 12 of this title [(11
       U.S.C. §§ 1201 to 1231 (2006))].”); 11 U.S.C. § 101(18)(A) (2006) (to be a “family farmer,”
       the individual must be “engaged in a farming operation”); Otoe County National Bank v.
       Easton, 883 F.2d 630, 634 (8th Cir. 1989) (“[W]e reject the proposition *** that the renting
       out of land simpliciter constitutes ‘farming,’ and hence by statutory definition, a ‘farming
       operation.’ ”). The bank, a party to the bankruptcy case, was concerned by the bankruptcy
       court’s finding that the plaintiff and Julius Shaw had a valid lease; the bank regarded that
       finding as a threat to its asserted security interest in the grain. Therefore, the bank appealed
       the dismissal of the bankruptcy petition. Shaw, 185 Ill. App. 3d at 80.
¶ 68        The plaintiff, however, presented the circuit court with the bankruptcy court’s finding,
       pleading res judicata. Id. at 81. The bank responded by filing in circuit court a motion to stay
       the consolidated cases until the federal appellate court issued its decision. Id. The bank
       argued that “the existence and validity of [the] plaintiff’s lease with his father [was] a major
       factual issue in the combined cases, because, for [the] plaintiff to prevail, he [had to] show
       that the lease for a cash rent [was] valid, thus preventing creditors of his parents from having
       a lien upon the grain grown upon the land.” Id. The federal appellate court might set aside
       the bankruptcy court’s finding that the plaintiff and Julius Shaw had a valid lease, and the
       bank argued it would be unwise for the circuit court to base its own decision on a finding that
       the pending federal appeal might erase. Id.
¶ 69        The circuit court denied the bank’s motion for a stay. The court relied on State Life
       Insurance Co. v. Board of Education, 401 Ill. 252, 257 (1948), in which the supreme court
       said: “ ‘The rule has been settled that where a judgment in one case has successfully been
       made the basis for the judgment in a second case, the second judgment will stand as res
       judicata, although the first judgment be subsequently reversed.’ ” Shaw, 185 Ill. App. 3d at
       81 (quoting State Life, 401 Ill. at 257). Evidently, the court reasoned that because the law
       would give effect to such conflicting judgments, a stay should not be used to prevent such
       contradictions from coming into existence in the first place.
¶ 70        We disagreed, relying on our decision in Wiseman v. Law Research, Inc., 133 Ill. App.
2d 790 (1971). We said:
                 “This court recognized in Wiseman, citing State Life, that a judgment of a trial court
            could be res judicata even where that judgment was being appealed. This court also
            recognized, however, the unfortunate result which could occur where a judgment being
            appealed in one case is used as a basis for a second case before the appeal is final. If the
            first decision is subsequently reversed, the second decision, though then erroneous,
            would be required to stand, and there would be no avenue of relief. To avoid that
            situation, the Wiseman court determined that the final decision in the second case should
            be delayed until the decision on appeal had been rendered. The court added the caveat

                                                 -15-
           that the circuit court could determine at a subsequent date whether the appeal was
           proceeding at a reasonable pace, and if it were not, the stay order could be set aside and
           the proceedings could continue in their ordinary course.” Shaw, 185 Ill. App. 3d at 81-82.
¶ 71       In other words, unseemly contradictions between judgments could arise in the following
       manner. While a circuit court has a case pending before it, another tribunal, in a separate case
       between the same parties, makes a finding relevant to the case before the circuit court–but
       a party to that case before the other tribunal appeals. While the appeal from the judgment of
       that other tribunal is still pending, the circuit court makes a decision in the case before it on
       the basis of the tribunal’s finding. The time runs out for appealing the circuit court’s
       judgment, making that judgment res judicata. Then a reviewing court overturns the tribunal’s
       finding–the finding on which the circuit court unfortunately had relied in reaching the
       judgment that has become res judicata. Our point in Shaw was that such a fiasco was
       possible under the law, but it did not have to be inevitable: the circuit court could have, and
       should have, stayed the proceedings before it until the appeal from the tribunal’s judgment
       was resolved.
¶ 72       The plaintiff in Shaw argued, however, that, in his cases pending in the circuit court, a
       stay was unjustified because the validity of the lease was only one issue in those cases and
       resolving that issue favorably to him would not yield a judgment; he still would have to
       prove other elements. Id. at 82. We responded:
           “We do not agree this is a sufficient distinction to negate application of the Wiseman
           theory. We recognize that an issue decided in another case may be so collateral to the
           case where a court is requested to give res judicata effect to that decision that no stay
           pending appeal of the earlier case is warranted. But here, where the question in the other
           case is so significant, the unfairness of denying a party an opportunity to refute a
           determination of another tribunal which may be determined to be wrong requires the
           application of the Wiseman precedent.” Id.
¶ 73       We acknowledged that, even if the overlapping issue were significant, a stay was not
       without its pitfalls. The pending appeal could have dragged on, making the length of the stay
       unfair and excessively prejudicial to the opposing party. Id. Or the appeal could have been
       frivolous, a ploy to keep res judicata at bay. Id. Here is how we addressed those concerns:
               “The Wiseman opinion recognizes that the period of the stay should not be
           unreasonably long, and if the appeal does not proceed with reasonable dispatch, the stay
           should be lifted. However, when the record shows that the issue on appeal is significant
           as here, and no conclusive showing is made that the appeal is frivolous or a sham,
           Wiseman requires the trial court to grant a stay for a reasonable time.” Id. at 82-83.
¶ 74       Thus, according to Shaw, in order for a stay to be justified, the overlap between the case
       at hand and the pending appeal does not have to be complete such that resolution of the
       appeal is potentially dispositive; it is necessary only that the two proceedings share a
       “significant” issue, in contrast to an issue “collateral” to the case at hand. Id. at 82. Unless
       the appeal is clearly frivolous, the circuit court should stay its proceedings for a reasonable
       length of time, until the appeal resolves the shared significant issue. Id. at 82-83. If it turns
       out that the appeal is lasting too long, the court should lift the stay. Id. at 82. See also

                                                 -16-
       Kensington’s Wine Auctioneers & Brokers, Inc. v. John Hart Fine Wine, Ltd., 392 Ill. App.
3d 1, 17 (2009); In re Estate of Barth, 339 Ill. App. 3d 651, 668 (2003); Illinois Founders
       Insurance Co. v. Guidish, 248 Ill. App. 3d 116, 121 (1993).
¶ 75        It is true that Wiseman and its progeny–Shaw, Illinois Founders, Barth, and Kensington’s
       Wine–involved separate actions whereas Grant Thornton’s appeal to the supreme court is part
       of, and a continuation of, the same action that is pending before the trial court. Nevertheless,
       we do not see how this factual distinction weakens the relevance of the Wiseman doctrine.
       There is the same potential for contradictory decisions, since, on remand, the trial court must
       follow our decision, which the supreme court might afterward reverse. Our decision in Khan
       II is the law of the case, binding on the trial court. See Kennedy v. First National Bank of
       Mattoon, 259 Ill. App. 3d 560, 563 (1994). But, as a practical matter, Grant Thornton’s
       appeal to the supreme court makes our decision in Khan II tentative.
¶ 76        In its appeal to the supreme court, Grant Thornton makes good-faith arguments deserving
       of serious consideration; no “conclusive showing” has been made that Grant Thornton’s
       appeal is “frivolous or a sham.” Shaw, 185 Ill. App. 3d at 82. The supreme court might agree
       with Grant Thornton and disagree with us, reversing our judgment in Khan II. If, before that
       possible outcome, the trial court and the parties make decisions based on our (later reversed)
       decision in Khan II, “unfortunate” inconsistencies could arise. Id. at 81. Expensive discovery
       could be conducted on claims, or portions of claims, that the supreme court ultimately holds
       to be time-barred. Pleadings, motions, and memoranda could be drafted, filed, and argued
       only for the court and the parties to later find out that these costly and time-consuming efforts
       are based on incorrect legal premises. Plaintiffs could even win a money judgment premised
       on our holdings in Khan II, and, after the time for appeal has run out, the supreme court
       could reject some or all of those holdings. Understandably, the trial court did not want to step
       onto a rug that could be jerked out from under its feet.
¶ 77        To be sure, as plaintiffs point out in their brief, they still might have viable theories of
       recovery against BDO even if the supreme court agrees with all of Grant Thornton’s
       arguments. In its brief to the supreme court in Khan v. Grant Thornton LLP, No. 112223,
       Grant Thornton argues, for example, that for purposes of the two-year statute of limitations
       in section 13-214.2(a) (735 ILCS 5/13-214.2(a) (West 2008)), plaintiffs’ cause of action
       against Grant Thornton accrued at the same time it accrued against other coconspirators:
       when the Khans paid the transaction fees in 2000 or 2001. Even if the supreme court agrees
       with that argument, plaintiffs might still have the argument that BDO committed fresh torts,
       and fraudulently concealed their causes of action, by subsequently misleading them in the
       IRS audit in 2003.
¶ 78        So, like the trial court, we agree it is unclear that a supreme court decision entirely
       favorable to Grant Thornton would dispose of all of plaintiffs’ claims against the BDO
       defendants. But the test is whether the supreme court’s decision would be significant to the
       litigation against the BDO defendants, not whether it would be completely dispositive of the
       litigation (see Shaw, 185 Ill. App. 3d at 82; Mediterranean, 708 F.2d at 1465), and since
       Grant Thornton is asking the supreme court to interpret the statute of limitations and statute
       of repose pertaining to accountants (735 ILCS 5/13-214.2(a), (b) (West 2008)) and to
       elucidate when a cause of action for bad tax advice accrues, one might reasonably expect that

                                                 -17-
       the supreme court’s decision will have considerable significance for plaintiffs’ claims against
       another accounting firm, BDO. For example, plaintiffs might or might not have to prove
       fraudulent concealment by BDO, depending on the supreme court’s decision in Grant
       Thornton’s appeal. Also, the BDO defendants cannot intelligently conduct their defense, or
       know how to respond to discovery requests, until they receive final and definitive guidance
       on (1) when a cause of action for bad tax advice accrues and (2) what is the correct
       interpretation of the statute of repose in section 13-213.2(b) (735 ILCS 5/13-214.2(b) (West
       2008)). These are questions that the supreme court is anticipated to address in Grant
       Thornton’s and Deutsche Bank’s consolidated appeals. The trial court did not abuse its
       discretion by staying the litigation against the BDO defendants until the supreme court
       answers these questions.

¶ 79         C. Staying the Cases Until the Claim of Breach of Contract Is Arbitrated
¶ 80       The trial court stayed the proceedings not only for the duration of Grant Thornton’s
       appeal to the supreme court but also for the duration of the arbitration of plaintiffs’ claims
       of breach of contract. Plaintiffs contend that imposing a stay until the conclusion of the
       arbitration was an abuse of discretion and severely prejudicial to them.
¶ 81       Section 2(d) of the Uniform Arbitration Act (710 ILCS 5/2(d) (West 2010)) provides:
       “Any action or proceeding involving an issue subject to arbitration shall be stayed if an order
       for arbitration or an application therefor has been made under this Section or, if the issue is
       severable, the stay may be with respect thereto only.” The first part of section 2(d) is
       expressed in mandatory language: if the proceeding involves an issue subject to arbitration,
       the whole proceeding “shall be stayed.” But then the statute provides an alternative,
       introduced by the conjunction “or”: if the issue subject to arbitration is “severable” from the
       other issues in the proceeding, the stay “may” apply to that issue alone. In effect, section 2(d)
       gives the trial court a choice if an issue is within the arbitration agreement but the other
       issues are outside the arbitration agreement: the court may stay the entire proceeding, or,
       alternatively, the court may stay the proceeding only with respect to the severable issue that
       is subject to arbitration. Kelso-Burnett Co. v. Zeus Development Corp., 107 Ill. App. 3d 34,
       41 (1982).
¶ 82       Keeping in mind that our standard of review–abuse of discretion–is the most deferential
       standard of review recognized by law (In re D.T., 212 Ill. 2d 347, 356 (2004)), we do not see
       how it was “within the bounds of reason” to stay the proceedings until the claims of breach
       of contract (whatever was left of those claims) were arbitrated (People v. Ortega, 209 Ill. 2d
354, 360 (2004)). For the reasons we have explained, we understand and uphold the trial
       court’s decision to stay the proceedings until the supreme court decides Grant Thornton’s
       appeal, but because our interpretation of the arbitration agreement, in Khan I, has thoroughly
       hollowed out the claims of breach of contract, we do not see the logic or usefulness of
       awaiting the conclusion of the arbitration as well. It is unclear to us that anything is left to
       arbitrate, given the conduct that the complaints designate as breaches of contract.
¶ 83       There are two cases in the trial court and therefore two complaints, each of which
       contains a count entitled “Breach of Contract”: count IX in Champaign County case No. 90-

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       L-139 and count X in Champaign County case No. 09-L-140. Both of those counts assert,
       in identical language, that the BDO defendants breached their contract with plaintiffs in the
       following ways:
               “These Defendants breached their obligations under the oral and/or written contracts
           with the Plaintiffs, which caused damages to the Plaintiffs. For instance, Defendants
           marketed and sold the illegal and abusive tax shelters to Plaintiffs. The Defendants then
           implemented these illegal and abusive tax shelters for Plaintiffs. The Distressed Debt
           Strategies were not legal tax-advantaged investment strategies as Defendants promised
           Plaintiffs they would receive and which Plaintiffs bargained for. Certain of Defendants
           assisted in the preparation of Plaintiffs’ tax returns, signed Plaintiffs’ tax returns and
           advised the Plaintiffs to sign and file the tax returns using the losses generated by these
           illegal and abusive tax shelters.”
¶ 84       In the paragraph quoted above, plaintiffs refer to “oral and/or written contracts,” but the
       consulting agreement contains a merger clause, providing as follows:
           “ ‘This Agreement sets forth the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the
           subject matter herein, suspending all prior agreements, negotiations or understandings,
           whether oral or written, with respect to such subject matter. This Agreement may not be
           amended or modified except in writing signed by duly authorized representatives of the
           Client and BDO.’ ” Khan I, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 898.
¶ 85       The “ ‘subject matter’ ” of the consulting agreement includes “ ‘investment advice or
       services’ ” and “ ‘legal and/or tax opinions regarding any strategies that may be
       implemented.’ ” Id. at 897. These areas of endeavor are “ ‘subject matter’ ” of the consulting
       agreement in that BDO specifically disclaims them as part of its contractual performance. Id.
       at 898. Because the consulting agreement disclaims these services as part of BDO’s promised
       contractual performance, these services are outside the scope of the arbitration clause, which
       covers only “ ‘any dispute, controversy or claim aris[ing] in connection with the performance
       or breach of this agreement’ ” (id. at 913). Id. at 918, 919. Given the merger clause, it is
       difficult to see how plaintiffs could have some other, oral contract with the BDO defendants
       regarding investment advice or tax advice. According to the merger clause, any subsequent
       agreement regarding this subject matter would have to be in a writing signed by the
       contracting parties, and we are aware of no such writing.
¶ 86       So, insomuch as plaintiffs seek to recover from the BDO defendants for bad investment
       advice, they evidently will have to do so on some theory other than breach of contract, since
       the written contract says that investment advice and investment services will not be part of
       BDO’s promised performance. That is why bad investment advice is outside the scope of the
       arbitration clause.
¶ 87       Likewise, insomuch as plaintiffs seek to recover from BDO for bad tax advice, it is
       unclear how they could do so under a theory of breach of contract, considering that tax
       advice is another service that the written contract specifically disclaims. The contracting
       parties not only exclude tax advice from being part of BDO’s promised performance, but
       they agree that insomuch as BDO gives tax advice, such advice is a tentative suggestion that
       plaintiffs are obliged to validate by consulting a lawyer. It would seem that the only way

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       plaintiffs could recover from the BDO defendants for bad tax advice would be on some
       theory of tort based on BDO’s conduct in steering plaintiffs to lawyers having prior
       agreements with BDO to issue bogus legal opinions. Id. at 919.
¶ 88       In sum, given our analysis in Khan I, bad investment advice and bad tax advice are
       excluded from the breach-of-contract claim, because, as the parties stipulated in their
       integrated agreement, which could be modified only in writing, investment advice and tax
       advice were not part of BDO’s agreed-on performance. Those theories, which are the meat
       of plaintiffs’ case–if not the hide, hair, bones, and nails, too–are relegated to the realm of tort
       or some realm other than contract, as the trial court seemed to recognize when it refused to
       allow plaintiffs to present their tort claims as contract claims for purposes of statutes of
       limitations.
¶ 89       What is left, then, of the claims of breach of contract? Or, to ask the question differently,
       what is left to arbitrate? We do not know. In Khan I, we intended to proceed cautiously; we
       left the door open in case the parties could think of some alleged breach of contract to
       arbitrate (plaintiffs say “[f]or instance” when listing the breaches of contract in their
       complaints). If indeed anything is left under the heading of breach of contract, it would seem
       relatively insignificant and “collateral” to the central allegations of bad investment advice
       and bad tax advice. See Shaw, 185 Ill. App. 3d at 82. Therefore, while we find that the trial
       court was well within its discretion to stay the proceedings until the supreme court decided
       Grant Thornton’s appeal, we conclude the court abused its discretion by staying the
       proceedings against the BDO defendants until the breach-of-contract claims were arbitrated,
       given that those claims are collateral at best.

¶ 90                                 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 91       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the stay as modified so as to last only for the
       duration of Grant Thornton’s appeal to the supreme court, not for the duration of the
       arbitration.

¶ 92       Affirmed as modified.

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