Court Opinion

ID: 9962869
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-23 21:03:44.359392+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:19:54.218468
License: Public Domain

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                                                         Electronically Filed
                                                         Supreme Court
                                                         SCAP-XX-XXXXXXX
                                                         23-APR-2024
                                                         10:07 AM
                                                         Dkt. 56 OP

           IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAI‘I

                              ---o0o---

                           SCAP-XX-XXXXXXX

                 In the Matter of the Tax Appeal of
                    WEST MAUI RESORT PARTNERS LP,
                         Appellant-Appellant,

                                  vs.

                           COUNTY OF MAUI,
                         Appellee-Appellee.

                APPEAL FROM THE TAX APPEAL COURT
     (CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX; CASE NO. 1CTX-XX-XXXXXXX (Lead Case)
                     AND CONSOLIDATED CASES:
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                           SCAP-XX-XXXXXXX

                In the Matter of the Tax Appeal of
         OCEAN RESORT VILLAS VACATION OWNERS ASSOCIATION,
                       Appellant-Appellant,

                                  vs.

                           COUNTY OF MAUI,
                         Appellee-Appellee.

                 APPEAL FROM THE TAX APPEAL COURT
      (CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX; CASE NO. 1CTX-XX-XXXXXXX (Lead Case)
                      AND CONSOLIDATED CASES:
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                           APRIL 23, 2024

           RECKTENWALD, C.J., McKENNA, AND EDDINS, JJ.,
        CIRCUIT JUDGE OCHIAI AND CIRCUIT JUDGE SOMERVILLE,
                  ASSIGNED BY REASON OF VACANCIES

               OPINION OF THE COURT BY RECKTENWALD, C.J.

                          I.   INTRODUCTION

          Appellants West Maui Resort Partners LP (West Maui

Resort) and Ocean Resort Villas Vacation Owners Association

(Ocean Resort), plan managers for nearly 700 time share units,

appealed their Maui County tax assessments to the Tax Appeal

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Court, which granted summary judgment for the County in both

cases.   They argue on appeal that the County’s tax assessments

are unconstitutional and violated the County’s own code.       In

particular, they allege that the County’s creation of a Time

Share real property tax classification acts as an illegal tax on

time share visitors.    Appellants also contend that time share

units and hotel units have an identical “use” for real property

purposes, and therefore, should be taxed in the same real

property tax classification.    In other words, Appellants want to

have their time share properties taxed at the same, lower tax

rate as that of hotel and resort properties.

           We are not persuaded by Appellants’ arguments.      The

County acted within its constitutional authority to tax real

property in creating the Time Share classification and taxing

properties assigned to it.    The Hawai‘i Constitution grants broad

powers of real property taxation to the counties under article

VIII, section 3, including counties’ ability to create real

property tax classifications.     Neither the Hawai‘i Constitution

nor the Maui County Code requires that the County consider only

real property use when creating those classifications.       Further,

time share unit owners are not a protected class and do not

otherwise receive heightened protections under the equal

protection clauses of the Hawai‘i or U.S. Constitution.       The

County had several legitimate policy purposes rationally related

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to the creation of the Time Share classification, including

raising revenue for infrastructure maintenance and addressing

time share properties’ unique impacts on the community.

            We therefore affirm the Tax Appeal Court’s summary

judgment for the County in both cases.

                              II.   BACKGROUND

A.    Factual Background

            The Maui County Code (MCC) outlines the real property

classifications in the County and how real property is

classified and valued for real property tax purposes.             At the

time of the assessments at issue, MCC § 3.48.305 (2021) 1 stated:

                  A.    Except as otherwise provided in subsection B,
            real property must be classified, upon consideration of its
            highest and best use, into the following general classes:

                        1. Owner-occupied.
                        2. Non-owner-occupied.
                        3. Apartment.
                        4. Hotel and resort.
                        5. Time share.
                        6. Short-term rental.
                        7. Agricultural.
                        8. Conservation.
                        9. Commercial.
                        10. Industrial.
                        11. Commercialized residential.

                  B.    In assigning land to one of the general
            classes, the director must give major consideration to: the
            districting established by the land use commission in
            accordance with chapter 205, Hawai‘i Revised Statutes; the
            districting established by the County in its general plan
            and comprehensive zoning ordinance; use classifications

      1     Except as otherwise noted, we refer to the MCC as it read in
2021. Ocean Resort appeals its 2021 tax assessments, and West Maui Resort
appeals its 2020 tax assessments. There were no substantive differences
between the 2020 and 2021 cited sections of the MCC that affect the analysis
below.

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          established in the Hawai‘i state plan; and other factors
          that influence highest and best use; except that:

          . . .

                        5. Real property that is subject to a time
                  share plan as defined in section 514E-1, Hawai͑i
                  Revised Statutes, as amended, must be classified as
                  "time share."

          MCC § 3.48.290 described, the County Finance

Director’s role in real property tax assessments:

                The director must cause the fair market value of all
          taxable real property to be determined and annually
          assessed by the market data and cost approaches to value
          using appropriate systematic methods suitable for mass
          valuation of properties for taxation purposes, so selected
          and applied to obtain, as far as possible, uniform and
          equalized assessments throughout the County . . . .

          In 1986, the State created the transient accommodation

tax (TAT) to "'provide money that can be made available to the

counties to improve tourist-related infrastructure.'"

Travelocity.com, L.P. v. Dir. of Tax'n, 135 Hawai‘i 88, 121, 346

P.3d 157, 190 (2015) (citation omitted); see 1986 Haw. Sess.

Laws Act 340, § 1 at 758–64.        The TAT is a tax on transient

accommodation units imposed directly on individual visitors,

including those at both time share and hotel and resort units.

For hotel guests, the TAT is assessed based on “the gross rental

or gross rental proceeds derived from furnishing transient

accommodations.”     Hawai‘i Revised Statutes (HRS) § 237D-

2(a) (2017).   For time share occupants, the TAT is assessed

based on the unit’s fair market rental value.           HRS § 237D-2(c).

Fair market rental value is defined as “an amount equal to one-

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half of the gross daily maintenance fees that are paid by the

owner and are attributable to the time share unit located in

Hawai‘i.”   HRS § 237D-1 (2017).

            Before 1997, the County classified time share units in

either the Apartment or Hotel and Resort real property

classifications.      In 1997, the County passed Ordinance 2569,

reclassifying all time share units into the Hotel and Resort

classification.       We upheld that ordinance in Gardens at W. Maui

Vacation Club v. Cnty. of Maui, 90 Hawai‘i 334, 978 P.2d 772

(1999).

            In 2004, the County’s Budget and Finance Committee

proposed a bill to the Council entitled “A BILL FOR AN ORDINANCE

ESTABLISHING A REAL PROPERTY TAX CLASSIFICATION FOR TIME

SHARES,” and the relevant committee report stated:

            The purpose of the draft bill is to add a new “Time Share”
            real property tax classification.

            . . . .

                  Your Committee notes that the draft bill removes Time
            Share properties from the Hotel and Resort real property
            tax classification, and establishes a new classification
            for Time Share properties. . . . Your Committee further
            notes that Time Share properties are transient units
            subject to a time share plan under Section 514E-1, [HRS].

                  Your Committee recognized that the application of the
            Transient Accommodations Tax (TAT) under HRS Chapter 237D
            is different for Hotel and Resort properties and Time Share
            properties. The TAT for Time Share properties is 7.25
            percent of the unit’s fair market rental value. Under HRS
            Section 237D-1 “fair market rental value means an amount
            equal to one-half the gross daily maintenance fees that are
            paid by the owner . . .” The TAT for Hotel and Resort
            properties is 7.25 percent of the gross rental proceeds.
            With the application of these formulas, Time Share

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          properties generate considerably less TAT revenue per unit
          than Hotel and Resort properties do.

Council of the County of Maui, Budget and Fin. Comm. Rep. No.

04-187 at 1-2 (Nov. 5, 2004) (third ellipsis in original),

https://www.mauicounty.gov/Archive/ViewFile/Item/8943,

[https://perma.cc/QJL6-Q6WC].

          In November 2004, the Council added the Time Share

classification to MCC § 3.48.305 and amended section 2.C. to

read:

          Units occupied by transient tenants for periods of less
          than six consecutive months and units subject to a time
          share plan as defined in section 514E-l, [HRS], as amended,
          shall be classified as "time share.”

Maui County, Haw., Ordinance 3227 (2004).

          In 2005, the Council considered a bill establishing a

taxation rate for the Time Share classification, which would be

higher than the Hotel and Resort classification rate.           The

relevant Budget and Finance Committee report stated “[i]n 2004,

the Council established the Time Share classification to address

the need for owners and occupants of time share units to pay a

more equitable share of taxes for County services they utilize

and the economic impact they place on the surrounding

community.”   Council of the County of Maui, Budget and Fin.

Comm. Rep. No. 05-63 (as amended) at 10 (May 16, 2005),

https://www.mauicounty.gov/Archive/ViewFile/Item/9582

[https://perma.cc/ZVD9-D37N].

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B.   Procedural Background

           West Maui Resort appealed its 2020 tax assessment to

the County Board of Review (the Board).      In 2020, the Time Share

and Hotel and Resort tax rates per thousand dollars of net

taxable assessed valuation were $14.40 and $10.70, respectively.

Maui County Res. 20-72 (2020),

https://www.mauicounty.gov/DocumentCenter/View/122153/Reso-20-

072 [https://perma.cc/S8K4-KXGB].

           Ocean Resort appealed its 2021 tax assessment to the

Board.   In 2021, the Time Share and Hotel and Resort tax rates

per thousand dollars of net taxable assessed valuation were

$14.60 and $11.75, respectively.       Maui County Res. 21-83 (2021),

https://www.mauicounty.gov/DocumentCenter/View/127521/Reso-21-

083 [https://perma.cc/3F47-MAGQ].

           The Board denied the appeals.     West Maui Resort and

Ocean Resort then appealed to the Tax Appeal Court.

           The County filed a motion for summary judgment in both

cases.   Ocean Resort and West Maui Resort filed motions for

summary judgment, advancing similar arguments.

           Ocean Resort argued the Time Share classification was

illegal under the MCC and the Hawai‘i and U.S. Constitutions.       It

also alleged that the County arbitrarily set the Time Share

classification rate and claimed it was entitled to a refund of

the difference between the Time Share and Hotel and Resort tax

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rates.   Ocean Resort argued the County established the Time

Share classification and the related rate for the improper

purpose of collecting a de facto TAT that was imposed on

individual visitors.

            Ocean Resort contended that state law preempted the

County’s Time Share classification and rate because they

conflict with the TAT’s “comprehensive state statutory scheme,”

citing Ruggles v. Yagong, 135 Hawai‘i 411, 412, 353 P.3d 953, 954

(2015) (holding municipal ordinance is preempted by state law

“if (1) it covers the same subject matter embraced within a

comprehensive state statutory scheme disclosing an express or

implied intent to be exclusive and uniform throughout the state

or (2) it conflicts with state law.”     Ocean Resort claimed the

Time Share classification conflicted with state law because the

TAT is imposed using specific rates, and the Time Share

classification impermissibly duplicates TAT assessments.       It

emphasized that the TAT already supports counties’

infrastructure costs related to tourism, and therefore the

County could not create another tax addressing the same

concerns.

            Ocean Resort also argued that the County set the Time

Share classification rate arbitrarily.     It argued that “given

that the County just a short time earlier [in Gardens] had

argued that timeshares were properly taxed at the same rate as

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hotels and resorts, a timeshare tax rate more than 68% higher

than hotels is irrational,” and therefore bore no rational

relationship to a legitimate state purpose. 2

            West Maui Resort also contended that the difference

between the Hotel and Resort and Time Share classification tax

rates operated as a de facto tax on time share visitors, and

cited Stewarts' Pharmacies, Ltd. v. Fase, 43 Haw. 131, 144

(1959) (“The nature of the tax that a law imposes is not

determined by the label given to it but by its operating

incidence.”).     It argued that time share properties already paid

their fair share of taxes under the Hotel and Resort

classification and the TAT.

            Next, West Maui Resort argued the County’s

classification of its time share units under the Time Share

classification violated the equal protection clauses of the

Hawai‘i and U.S. Constitutions.        It claimed the County could not

demonstrate a change in the time share units’ use that justified

reclassifying the units between 1999, when Gardens was decided,

and 2005, when the Time Share classification was created.             Thus,

West Maui Resort contended that the County violated the equal

      2     Prior to the Time Share classification creation, time share units
were taxed under the Hotel and Resort classification, which had a tax rate of
$8.30 per one thousand dollars of net taxable assessed valuation in 2005.
When the Time Share classification was created, the related rate was $14 per
one thousand dollars of net taxable assessed valuation. Maui County Res.
5-72 (2005), https://www.mauicounty.gov/DocumentCenter/View/7518/Reso-05-072
[https://perma.cc/2PHW-F5GT].

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protection clauses by classifying hotel and time share

properties differently, even though they had the same use.

          Finally, West Maui Resort argued the Time Share

classification violated MCC §§ 3.48.305.A. and C. because the

County did not consider either “highest and best use” or “actual

use” when creating the real property classification or when

assigning its units to the Time Share classification.

          The County argued primarily that article VIII, section

3 of the Hawai‘i Constitution authorizes counties to tax real

property and that power “includes the authority to establish

general classifications of real property . . . for taxation at

differential rates.”    The County further argued the Time Share

classification “is a levy on an ownership interest in real

property and based on the annually assessed property value,” and

thus, is an appropriate ad valorem tax on real property.       In

contrast, the TAT is a point-of-sale tax levied “on the

temporary duration of a hotel visitor’s stay, and based on an

income transaction for that stay.”     Therefore, the County

argued, it was constitutional to create the Time Share

classification and impose a specific tax rate for that

classification under article VIII, section 3’s broad grant of

real property tax authority to the counties.

          The County also argued the MCC did not limit the

County’s creation of real property classifications.       It

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contended that MCC § 3.48.305.A.’s requirement to consider

“highest and best use” applies only to the assignment of parcels

to a classification, but not to the County’s creation of

classifications.

            With regard to Appellants’ equal protection

challenges, the County urged the Tax Appeal Court to apply

rational basis review because (1) residency and property

ownership were not suspect classifications, (2) West Maui Resort

had neither a property interest in nor a fundamental right to a

tax classification, and (3) Appellants’ allegation of animus

against time share users was irrelevant to the constitutional

analysis.

            The County argued that its creation of the Time Share

classification was reasonably tailored to the legitimate policy

aims of (1) collecting more tax revenue from time share

properties for their use of services and infrastructure impacts,

and (2) disincentivizing conversions from hotel to timeshare

use.   It emphasized that in relation to tax policy, courts’ role

is not to “evaluate the wisdom of such state policy, but only to

discover that some policy does exist.”     In re Pac. Marine &

Supply Co., Ltd., 55 Haw. 572, 582, 524 P.2d 890, 897

(1974) (footnote omitted).

            Moreover, the County argued that residency is not a

suspect classification, citing Daly v. Harris, 215 F. Supp. 2d

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1098, 1113 (D. Haw. 2002), aff'd, 117 F. App'x 498 (9th Cir.

2004) (holding that while ordinance “on its face, classifie[d]

on the basis of residency, non-residents are not a judicially

recognized suspect class”) and Haw. Boating Ass'n v. Water

Transp. Facilities Div., Dep't of Transp., State of Haw., 651

F.2d 661, 665 (9th Cir. 1981) (preferential rates of mooring for

state residents in recreational boat harbors was not “a

significant penalty on the right to travel”).

          The County denied any discriminatory intent towards

time share owners or nonresidents, citing Allied Stores of Ohio,

Inc. v. Bowers, 358 U.S. 522, 530 (1959) (holding federal equal

protection clause not violated because “the discrimination

against residents is not invidious nor palpably arbitrary

because, as shown, it rests not upon the ‘different residence of

the owner,’ but upon a state of facts that reasonably can be

conceived to constitute a distinction, or difference in state

policy, which the State is not prohibited from separately

classifying for purposes of taxation”).

          At a hearing on West Maui Resort’s and the County’s

cross summary judgment motions, the Tax Appeal Court tried to

clarify who paid the challenged tax assessments:

          THE COURT: [I]n your statements, there are at least three
          individuals or persons that might be paying this tax
          assessment on timeshare. It could be West Maui Resorts, it
          could be the owners of the slots, and it could be the
          people that rent the timeshare. So which one is paying for
          the use of this timeshare?

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          [West Maui Resort’s counsel]: West Maui Partners is the
          taxpayer of record.

(Emphasis added.) 3

           The Tax Appeal Court granted the County’s summary

judgment motion and denied West Maui Resort’s cross-motion.              It

concluded that the Time Share classification “is indeed

consistent with the . . . provisions of [Hawai͑i Constitution]

[a]rticle VIII, [s]ection 3 that restricts the taxing authority

for the County to imposing a tax upon real property.”             The court

also concluded that the Time Share Classification acted as a

“tax upon real property,” and not a de facto TAT, as Appellants

argued.   With regard to the equal protection challenge, the

court determined that heightened scrutiny did not apply.            It

found a rational basis for the creation of the Time Share

classification because the County considered several legitimate

policy concerns, including:

          No. 1, timeshare units are subject to a timeshare plan,
          which distinguishes timeshare properties from all other
          properties on Maui.

                No. 2, there was an increased construction of
          timeshare units.

                No. 3, there was increased conversion of hotel resort
          units to timeshare units.

                And No. 4, the timeshare properties were imposing an
          increased burden upon the County infrastructure, which was
          not being borne fairly by the timeshare unit owners.

     3    The Honorable Gary W.B. Chang presided in both cases.

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          A week later, the Tax Appeal Court heard arguments on

the County’s and Ocean Resort’s respective motions for summary

judgment, and it ruled for the County.     It found that when

considering the Time Share classification’s creation, the

Council “in addition to TAT impacts, [was] also very concerned

about the community impact of timeshare [units] and how that

affected the Maui County's responsibilities to provide

infrastructure.”   Thus, the County “considered a broad spectrum

of impacts that resulted from this developing timeshare industry

and how it was not only changing population centers, but also

modifying where tax revenues could be generated for the

business” of the County.

          The court concluded that the County considered time

share properties’ actual use, as well as revenue generation and

community impacts, when creating the Time Share classification,

and therefore the County did not violate the MCC’s “requirement

that in establishing classifications that the Maui County

consider highest and best use . . . .”

C.   Appellate Proceedings

          West Maui Resort and Ocean Resort appealed to the

Intermediate Court of Appeals (ICA), and the cases were

transferred to this court and consolidated.      After accepting

transfer in West Maui Resort Partners LP, we ordered

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supplemental briefing on the jurisdictional question of whether

West Maui Resort timely appealed to the ICA.

          The parties generally advance the same arguments as

below.

                      III.   STANDARDS OF REVIEW

A.   Summary Judgment

                This court reviews an award of summary judgment de
          novo, under the same standards applied by the trial
          court. . . . Therefore, summary judgment is appropriate if
          the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and
          admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,
          show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact
          and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a
          matter of law.

          . . .

                Moreover, it is well settled that, in reviewing the
          decision and findings of the Tax Appeal Court, a
          presumption arises favoring its actions which should not be
          overturned without good and sufficient reason. The
          appellant has the burden of showing that the decision of
          the Tax Appeal Court was clearly erroneous. . . . Inasmuch
          as the facts here are undisputed and the sole question is
          one of law, we review the decision of the Tax Appeal Court
          under the right/wrong standard.

Kamikawa v. Lynden Air Freight, Inc., 89 Hawai‘i 51, 54, 968 P.2d

653, 656 (1998) (internal quotations marks, emphases, and

citations omitted).

B.   Ordinance Interpretation

          “When interpreting a municipal ordinance, we apply the

same rules of construction that we apply to statutes.”           Ocean

Resort Villas Vacation Owners Ass'n v. Cnty. of Maui, 147 Hawai‘i

544, 553, 465 P.3d 991, 1000 (2020) (citation omitted).

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                Statutory interpretation is a question of law
          reviewable de novo. This court's statutory construction is
          guided by established rules:

                First, the fundamental starting point for statutory
                interpretation is the language of the statute itself.
                Second, where the statutory language is plain and
                unambiguous, our sole duty is to give effect to its
                plain and obvious meaning. Third, implicit in the
                task of statutory construction is our foremost
                obligation to ascertain and give effect to the
                intention of the legislature, which is to be obtained
                primarily from the language contained in the statute
                itself. Fourth, when there is doubt, doubleness of
                meaning, or indistinctiveness or uncertainty of an
                expression used in a statute, an ambiguity exists.

Id. at 552–53, 465 P.3d at 999–1000.

C.   Constitutional Law

          “We answer questions of constitutional law by

exercising our own independent constitutional judgment based on

the facts of the case.    Thus, we review questions of

constitutional law under the right/wrong standard.”          Gardens, 90

Hawai‘i at 339, 978 P.2d at 777 (citation omitted).

                            IV.   DISCUSSION

A.   This Court Has Jurisdiction Over West Maui Resort’s Appeal
     Under the “Unique Circumstances” Doctrine

          On August 16, 2022, the Tax Appeal Court entered

orders denying West Maui Resort’s summary judgment motion and

granting the County’s summary judgment motion.         Thirteen days

later, on August 29, 2022, West Maui Resort filed a request for

entry of judgment and submitted a proposed final judgment.              The

County did not oppose entry of the judgment and the Tax Appeal

Court entered final judgment on September 8, 2022, “[p]ursuant

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to Rule 1(b) of the Rules of the Tax Appeal Court of the State

of Hawai‘i and Rules 54 and 58 of the Hawai‘i Rules of Civil

Procedure . . . .”    The final judgment “resolve[d] all claims

and appeals” and dismissed with prejudice “[a]ny and all

remaining claims or appeals, if any . . . .”         On October 7,

2022, West Maui Resort filed its Notice of Appeal with the ICA.

          Strictly interpreting existing law, West Maui Resort’s

notice of appeal to the ICA was untimely.        However, we may

exercise jurisdiction over the case under the “unique

circumstances” doctrine adopted in Cabral v. State, 127 Hawai‘i

175, 180, 277 P.3d 269, 274 (2012).

          HRS § 232-19 (2017) provides the procedure for appeals

from the Tax Appeal Court and states:

                Any taxpayer or county aggrieved or the assessor may
          appeal to the intermediate appellate court, subject to
          chapter 602, from the decision of the tax appeal court by
          filing a written notice of appeal with the tax appeal court
          and depositing therewith the costs of appeal within thirty
          days after the filing of the decision. The appeal shall be
          considered and treated for all purposes as a general appeal
          and shall bring up for determination all questions of fact
          and all questions of law, including constitutional
          questions, involved in the appeal. A notice of appeal may
          be amended at any time up to the final determination of the
          tax liability by the last court from which an appeal may be
          taken. The appellate court shall enter a judgment in
          conformity with its opinion or decision.

(Emphases added.)

          West Maui Resort contends that it requested final

judgment because it believed that, under Hawai‘i Rules of Civil

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Procedure (HRCP) Rule 58 (2020), the final judgment rule

applied.    HRCP Rule 58 provides:

                  Unless the court otherwise directs and subject to the
            provisions of [HRCP] Rule 54 . . . and Rule 23 of the Rules
            of the Circuit Courts, the prevailing party shall prepare
            and submit a proposed judgment. The filing of the judgment
            in the office of the clerk constitutes the entry of the
            judgment; and the judgment is not effective before such
            entry. The entry of the judgment shall not be delayed for
            the taxing of costs. Every judgment shall be set forth on a
            separate document.

            West Maui Resort requested entry of final judgment

after the Tax Appeal Court entered the summary judgment orders,

relying on the Rules of the Tax Appeal Court of the State of

Hawai͑i (RTAC) Rule 1(b) (2019) 4 and the Rules of the Circuit

Courts of the State of Hawai‘i (RCCH) Rule 23(a) and Rule 23(e)

(2019). 5   West Maui Resort filed its Notice of Appeal within

     4      RTAC Rule 1(b) provides:

            These Rules shall be construed and administered to secure
            the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every
            action. These Rules shall be read and construed with
            reference to each other, the Hawai‘i Electronic Filing and
            Service Rules, the HRCP, the RCCH, and the Hawai‘i Court
            Records Rules. The RTAC shall apply unless an issue is not
            covered by these Rules, in which case the HRCP and the RCCH
            shall apply, in that order. To the extent there is any
            conflict between these Rules and the Hawai‘i Court Records
            Rules or the Hawai‘i Electronic Filing and Service Rules,
            the latter shall prevail.

     5      RCCH Rule 23(a) and Rule 23(e) provide:

            (a) Preparation. Within 10 days after a decision of the
            court awarding any judgment, decree, or order, including
            any interlocutory order, the prevailing party, unless
            otherwise ordered by the court, shall prepare a judgment,
            decree, or order in accordance with the decision . . . .
            . . . .
            (e) Request for Entry. If the drafting party fails to
            timely submit a proposed judgment, decree, or order to the
            court, any other party may present, through conventional or
                                                             (. . . continued)

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thirty days of the entry of final judgment, but fifty-two days

after entry of the orders denying West Maui Resort’s summary

judgment and granting summary judgment for the County.

            This court held in Alford v. City & Cnty. of Honolulu

that the appealable decision of the Tax Appeal Court is the

decision that “finally decides all issues in the tax appeal,”

and a separate final judgment is unnecessary for appeal.             109

Hawai‘i 14, 22, 122 P.3d 809, 817 (2005).          We explained in Alford

that HRCP Rule 58, requiring a separate final judgment to

appeal, only applies to civil actions in circuit courts, not to

the Tax Appeal Court.       Id. at 20-23, 122 P.3d at 815-17.

However, Alford neither involved a final judgment, nor

determined how appeals work when a final judgment is issued

after summary judgment orders resolve all issues.

            Alford does not preclude entry of final judgment in

the Tax Appeal Court.       The summary judgment order in Alford

constituted the final decision that started the thirty-day

appeal clock.       Where there is no order constituting a final

decision, a final judgment is what “finally decides all issues

in the tax appeal.”       Id. at 22, 122 P.3d at 817.

(continued . . .)

            electronic filing, a proposed judgment, decree, or order to
            the court for approval and entry. A request for entry must
            represent that the drafting party failed to timely submit a
            proposed judgment, decree, or order as required by this
            Rule.

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            In Cabral, this court held that an otherwise untimely

appeal based on a court’s erroneous approval of a stipulated

appeal extension was valid under the “unique circumstances”

doctrine.    127 Hawaiʻi at 185, 277 P.3d at 279.         There, the

parties stipulated to extend a notice of appeal deadline, which

the circuit court incorrectly approved.          Id. at 181, 277 P.3d at

275.   Petitioners then filed a notice of appeal within the

extended deadline.      Id. at 177-78, 277 P.3d at 271-72.         The ICA

dismissed the case for lack of appellate jurisdiction, but this

court reversed.     Id. at 181, 277 P.3d at 275.        We reasoned:

                  Petitioners relied, to their detriment, on the order
            granting an extended . . . deadline, and reasonably
            believed that the original . . . deadline was no longer
            effective. In light of the circuit court's order, it is not
            surprising that Petitioners filed their notice of appeal
            after the expiration of the original deadline, but within
            the presumptively valid extended deadline. The State,
            having stipulated to the extended . . . deadline, and not
            challenging appellate jurisdiction until the issue was
            raised by the ICA, has not been prejudiced. Under the
            specific, unique factual circumstances of this case, we
            hold that application of the equitable doctrine of “unique
            circumstances” is in the interests of justice and
            appropriate.

Id. at 185, 277 P.3d at 279 (emphases added).

            Under a strict reading of HRS § 232-19, West Maui

Resort’s appeal was untimely because it was not filed within

thirty days of the orders denying West Maui Resort’s summary

judgment motion and granting the County’s summary judgment

motion, which together constituted a final decision.            Alford,

109 Hawai͑i at 23, 122 P.3d at 818 (“[W]here the decision of the

court finally deciding a tax appeal is clearly ascertainable,

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the matter of appealability is not uncertain, and, thus, entry

of a separate judgment on the decision to ‘make certain the

matter of appealability’ would not serve the purpose of the

separate judgment rule.”).    West Maui Resort appealed twenty-two

days after the thirty-day appeal window expired.

           However, West Maui Resort requested entry of final

judgment before the expiration of the appeal period, and the Tax

Appeal Court entered the requested judgment within that same

period.   See Cabral, 127 Hawaiʻi at 184, 277 P.3d at 278

(applying the “unique circumstances” doctrine where

“[p]etitioners' request for an extension of time was filed prior

to the expiration of the original deadline.”).      West Maui

Resort’s appeal would therefore be timely under the

“presumptively valid extended deadline” period because it

appealed twenty-nine days after the final judgment - within

thirty days pursuant to Hawai͑i Rules of Appellate Procedure

Rule 4(a)(1) (2021).    See id. at 178, 277 P.3d at 272.     Thus,

West Maui Resort reasonably relied on the Tax Appeal Court’s

final judgment and the “application of the equitable doctrine of

‘unique circumstances’ is in the interests of justice and

appropriate” in this case.    See id. at 185, 277 P.3d at 279.

           Thus, we conclude that this court has jurisdiction

over the merits of West Maui Resort’s appeal under Cabral’s

“unique circumstances” doctrine.

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B.   The Tax Appeal Court Did Not Err in Concluding that the
     County Had the Constitutional Authority to Create the Time
     Share Classification and Tax Time Shares Accordingly

     1.   The Hawai‘i Constitution authorizes counties to tax
          real property and does not limit their ability to
          create tax classifications

          The counties have broad constitutional authority to

tax real property under article VIII, section 3 of the Hawai‘i

Constitution, which states in relevant part:

                The taxing power shall be reserved to the State,
          except so much thereof as may be delegated by the
          legislature to the political subdivisions, and except that
          all functions, powers and duties relating to the taxation
          of real property shall be exercised exclusively by the
          counties . . . .

          In Gardens, a time share vacation club challenged its

Maui County real property tax assessment shortly after the

County reclassified all time share units under the Hotel and

Resort classification.    90 Hawai‘i at 337-39, 978 P.2d at 775-77.

We wrote that owners “subject to a time share plan, although

vested with ownership rights in their time slots, put the units

to use much like transient hotel guests, resulting in intensive

use of the property.”    Id. at 343, 978 P.2d at 781.        Appellants

argue that Gardens held time shares were properly classified in

the Hotel and Resort classification because hotel and time share

units have an identical use.

          However, Gardens did not hold that hotel and time

share properties have an identical use, requiring the County to

indefinitely maintain both types of properties in the same tax

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classification.   In upholding the County’s 1997 ordinance that

moved all time share units under the Hotel and Resort

classification, this court held only that it was rational for

the County to classify time share and hotel units together

because of their similar use.     See id. at 342–43, 978 P.2d at

780–81.   This court also noted that the County wanted to

“uniformly classify time share units” because some of them were

taxed under the Apartment classification, while others were

taxed under the Hotel and Resort classification.      Id. at 342,

978 P.2d at 780 (internal quotation marks omitted).       Gardens

focused on the rationality of (1) uniformly classifying all time

share units in the same classification and (2) classifying time

share and hotel units together, but did not hold that time share

units and hotel units are used identically.      See id. at 342–43,

978 P.2d at 780–81.

           The Hawai‘i Constitution grants counties broad powers

to tax real property, including creating real property tax

classifications that are taxed at different rates.       It places no

limitations on counties when creating those classifications.

Neither does the MCC.    The MCC requires most real property to be

assigned to a tax classification based on highest and best use.

Further, all properties are taxed according to their real

property value.   These principles limit the County’s ability to

single out individual properties.      Nevertheless, the County may

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classify different property types based on reasonable policy

considerations other than use under the Hawai‘i Constitution’s

broad authorization to tax real property.

     2.     The Time Share classification is constitutional
            because it acts as a real property tax

            This court has held that a tax’s nature “is not

determined by the label given to it but by its operating

incidence.”    Stewarts' Pharmacies, 43 Haw. at 144 (citation

omitted).    We agree with the County that the Time Share

classification and its rate act as a tax on real property based

on the assessed property value, whereas the TAT is a tax

assessed on individual visitors and the value of their stay.

            Appellants do not show how the Time Share real

property tax is actually a tax on individual time share unit

users.    Critically, the TAT is assessed on time share visitors

according to the “fair market rental value” of individual units,

which under HRS § 237D-1 is defined as “one-half . . . the gross

daily maintenance fees that are paid by the owner . . . .”       HRS

§ 237D-1.    On the other hand, the Time Share classification rate

is assessed on the appraised real property’s value.       See MCC

§ 3.48.180 (“[A]ll real property shall be subject to a tax upon

one hundred percent of its fair market value determined in the

manner provided by ordinance, at such rate as shall be

determined in the manner provided . . . .”)      We therefore agree

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with the Tax Appeal Court that “[t]he subject tax is a tax rate

that is applied to the assessed value” of real property, and is

not a tax on users’ stays.

          It is undisputed that the County’s real property tax

assessments are based on properties’ value, not occupancy or any

other user-related metric.     MCC § 3.48.290 states that the

County’s Finance Director

          must cause the fair market value of all taxable real
          property to be determined and annually assessed by the
          market data and cost approaches to value using appropriate
          systematic methods suitable for mass valuation of
          properties for taxation purposes, so selected and applied
          to obtain, as far as possible, uniform and equalized
          assessments throughout the County . . . .

          Appellants repeatedly point to Councilmembers’

concerns about declining TAT revenues which led them to create

“a new real property tax rate classification for timeshare units

in order to collect a more equitable share of taxes for services

used by owners of timeshare units.”       Council of the County of

Maui, Budget and Fin. Comm. Rep. No. 04-78 at 10 (2004),

https://www.mauicounty.gov/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/8909

[https://perma.cc/8NBH-WW8S].

          While the Council might have wished to raise revenue

to address time share users’ impacts, the Time Share

classification tax rate is imposed as an ad valorem tax.           See

Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (defining ad valorem tax

as “a tax imposed proportionally on the value of something (esp.

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real property), rather than on its quantity or some other

measure”).    Time share properties are taxed under the Time Share

classification based on their appraised value, not on the number

of users or length of users’ stays.     The record reflects that

the real property tax is assessed on the time share plan

managers, such as West Maui Resort and Ocean Resort.       But the

record does not show that time share interval owners – i.e. the

individual visitors who buy time share points and stay in the

time share units – pay the real property tax directly, if at

all.    Indeed, counsel for West Maui Resort acknowledged at oral

argument that even if no time share unit owners visited the

property, the real property tax would still be assessed.       In

contrast, a TAT would not be assessed if those visitors did not

come.

            Therefore, we affirm the Tax Appeal Court’s conclusion

that the Time Share classification and its rate act as a real

property tax, and the County did not exceed its authority under

Hawai‘i Constitution article VIII, section 3 in adopting them.

       3.   The County did not violate the MCC by creating the
            Time Share classification or assigning appellants’
            time share units to the Time Share classification

            Appellants argue that the County violated the MCC

because (1) MCC § 3.48.305.A. required the County to create

classifications based on real property use, and (2) MCC

§§ 3.48.305.A. and C. required the County to assign time share

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units based on use.    Because the County allegedly violated the

MCC when it created the Time Share classification or when it

assigned their units to the Time Share classification in 2005,

appellants argue their properties should have been assigned to

the Hotel and Resort classification, and taxed accordingly.       We

disagree.

            First, the MCC does not require the County to create

real property classifications based on use.      Appellants point to

Gardens, which stated that the County “classifie[d] real

property into nine classifications based on use for the purpose

of real property taxation.”    90 Hawai‘i at 337, 978 P.2d at 775.

At the time Gardens was decided, MCC § 3.48.305.A. (1997) stated

that “land shall be classified, upon consideration of its

highest and best use, into the following general classes.”

(Emphases added.)    Similarly, at the time of these appeals, MCC

§ 3.48.305.A. stated that “real property must be classified,

upon consideration of its highest and best use, into the

following general classes.”    (Emphases added.)    Appellants argue

that this provision requires the County to create

classifications based on highest and best use.

            We hold that the MCC does not require the County to

consider highest and best use when creating classifications.

MCC § 3.48.305.A. only requires that the County consider real

property use when classifying real property parcels into a

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particular classification.    It says nothing about whether the

County must consider use when creating those classifications in

the first place.

          Here, the County appropriately considered a variety of

factors when creating the Time Share classification, including

the use of such properties and their broader impacts on the

community and economy at large.     See, e.g., Council of the

County of Maui, Budget and Fin. Comm. Mtg. Minutes at 41-48

(Apr. 25, 2005)

https://www.mauicounty.gov/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/9641,

[https://perma.cc/2BSS-E2LV].

          Appellants’ claim that the County violated its own

code when assigning their parcels to the Time Share

classification is irrelevant for the present appeals.       The 2010

amendment to MCC § 3.48.305 applies to this case.      Appellants

concede that “[p]rior to the passage of the exception created by

Ordinance 3766 in 2010, the MCC required that the classification

of timeshares be based on use,” but the passage of that

ordinance “except[ed] timeshares from the requirement of

considering only ‘highest and best’ or ‘actual’ use . . . .”

(Emphasis omitted.)

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          MCC § 3.48.305 (2020), which applies to the appeals at

issue, provides:

                A.    Except as otherwise provided in
          subsection [3.48.305(B)], real property [shall] be
          classified, upon consideration of its highest and best use,
          into the following general classes:

          . . .

                B.    In assigning land to one of the general
          classes, the director must give major consideration to: the
          districting established by the land use commission in
          accordance with chapter 205, Hawai͑i Revised Statutes; the
          districting established by the County in its general plan
          and comprehensive zoning ordinance; use classifications
          established in the Hawai͑i state plan; and other factors
          that influence highest and best use; except that:

          . . .

                        5.    Real property that is subject to a time
                  share plan as defined in section 514E-1, Hawai͑i
                  Revised Statutes, as amended, must be classified as
                  “time share.”

          Subsection B exempts time share units from being

considered based on highest and best use and requires the County

to classify real property subject to a time share plan under the

Time Share classification.       Thus, we reject Appellants’ argument

that time share units must be assigned to a real property tax

classification according to their use because the Code

specifically exempts time share units from that requirement.

          We therefore affirm the Tax Appeal Court’s decision on

this issue and conclude that the County neither exceeded its

constitutional authority when creating the Time Share

classification, nor violated its own code in doing so.

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C.      The County’s Taxation of Time Share Units is Not Preempted

             Under the test outlined in Richardson v. City & Cnty.

of Honolulu, state law preempts a municipal ordinance “if (1) it

covers the same subject matter embraced within a comprehensive

state statutory scheme disclosing an express or implied intent

to be exclusive and uniform throughout the state or (2) it

conflicts with state law.”        76 Hawai‘i 46, 62, 868 P.2d 1193,

1209 (1994).

             This court explained in Richardson that:

             A conflict exists if the local legislation duplicates,
             contradicts, or enters an area fully occupied by general
             law, either expressly or by legislative implication.

             Local legislation is “duplicative” of general law when it
             is coextensive therewith.

             Similarly, local legislation is “contradictory” to general
             law when it is inimical thereto.

             Finally, local legislation enters an area that is “fully
             occupied” by general law when the Legislature has expressly
             manifested its intent to “fully occupy” the area, or when
             it has impliedly done so . . . .

Id. at 61, 868 P.2d at 1208 (emphases and citation omitted).

             Appellants argue that the State’s TAT scheme preempts

the Time Share classification and its rate under the Richardson

test.     We disagree.

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     1.    The Time Share classification does not cover the
           same subject matter embraced within a comprehensive
           state statutory scheme

           Appellants argue that the Time Share classification

and its rate are preempted because they cover the same subject

matter as the State’s comprehensive TAT scheme.      This argument

fails because the State’s TAT scheme neither expressly nor

implicitly precludes counties from taxing transient

accommodation properties through real property taxation.

           The legislature created the TAT “to tax visitors for

their use of county infrastructure and services by assessing the

cost of transient accommodations that is allocated to the

operator . . . .”   Travelocity.com, 135 Hawai‘i at 127, 346 P.3d

at 196.   As discussed above, the Time Share classification does

not tax visitors.   See supra section IV.B.2.     The Time Share

classification and its rate act as a real property tax on time

share properties.   Thus, the subject matter of the State’s TAT

is not the same as the Time Share classification.

           Moreover, the State did not design the TAT to be the

only source of revenue to repair infrastructure within the

counties, and thus, the TAT does not preempt the Time Share

classification because of a comprehensive statutory scheme.        See

Application of Anamizu, 52 Haw. 550, 554, 481 P.2d 116, 119

(1971) (noting that county’s ordinance imposing “additional

qualifying regulations” on contractors was preempted by state’s

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comprehensive statutory scheme to license and regulate

contractors).     Rather, the State created the TAT to support

counties’ ability to improve infrastructure for tourists,

because Hawai‘i residents alone bore these costs previously.               The

State decided to allocate a certain portion of TAT revenues to

counties because

            [T]ourism is the largest industry in Hawai͑i, and many of
            the burdens imposed by tourism falls on the counties.
            Increased pressures of the visitor industry mean greater
            demands on county services. Many of the costs of providing,
            maintaining, and upgrading police and fire protection,
            parks, beaches, water, roads, sewage systems, and other
            tourism related infrastructure are being borne by the
            counties.

                  Upon further consideration, your Committee has
            amended this bill in order to share the TAT revenues with
            the counties.

Travelocity.com, 135 Hawai‘i at 122, 346 P.3d at 191 (emphasis

omitted).

            But the TAT’s structure did not prevent counties from

raising their own revenue through real property taxes that might

also contribute to these same expenses.          Instead, the State

decided to allocate TAT revenues across several priorities,

including a set percentage distributed to each county.             See HRS

§ 237D-6.5 (2017).      The State intended for the TAT to be passed

to individual visitors, and not the properties themselves.                See

Travelocity.com, 135 Hawai‘i at 122, 346 P.3d at 191 (stating TAT

“was not a tax on the hotels, but instead, was a mechanism to

tax visitors by assessing the cost of their hotel room to

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correlate to costs associated with visitor use of infrastructure

and county services.”)

            Further, when enacting the TAT, the legislature knew

that counties used real property taxation to generate revenue

for a variety of costs because of article VIII, section 3’s

language.     In 1978, the legislature proposed an amendment to the

Hawai‘i Constitution that shifted real property taxation to the

counties, reasoning:

            Traditionally, much of the revenue for local government is
            derived from the real property tax.

            . . .

            Your Committee concludes that the power to levy a tax on
            real property should be granted to the counties for the
            following reasons:

                    (1)   County governments are completely responsible
                          and accountable for the administration of their
                          local affairs. It is felt that in order to
                          have complete authority over their county
                          finances the real property tax function should
                          be given to the counties.

                          . . .

                    (4)   There are certain program elements which do not
                          Invoke issues of statewide concern and/or which
                          Do not lend themselves to single, statewide
                          solutions. In other words, there are different
                          economic bases and needs of the counties which
                          cannot be addressed by statewide real property
                          provisions.

Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of Hawai‘i of 1978

at 594-595.

            We wrote recently that when proposing article VIII,

section 3, the legislature

            rejected a proposal to adopt a general excise tax, noting
            that “should the counties desire additional revenues,” the

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          counties should do so through “the real property tax by
          increasing the rates.”

          . . . .

                We note that the counties’ power to tax real property
          cannot be construed in isolation, but instead, must be
          construed with reference to “the current prohibition on the
          State taxing real property.”

Kaheawa Wind Power, LLC v. Cnty. of Maui, 146 Hawai‘i 76, 91, 93,

456 P.3d 149, 164, 166 (2020) (citation and emphasis omitted).

          Thus, the legislature enacted the TAT knowing that

counties already used real property taxes to raise additional

revenue and would likely continue to do so, even with the new

TAT contributions.    The State did not reserve revenue-generating

powers for infrastructure repair exclusively for the TAT.

Cf. Citizens Utilities Co., Kauai Elec. Div. v. Cnty. of Kaua͑i,

72 Haw. 285, 288, 814 P.2d 398, 400 (1991) (holding county

ordinance that set utility poles’ height was preempted by state

statute and scheme that authorized only public utilities

commission to “supervise and regulate public utilities, which

would include the height of utility poles”).

          We therefore conclude that the State’s TAT does not

cover the same subject matter as the County’s Time Share

classification.

     2.   The Time Share classification does not conflict with
          state law

          The County’s Time Share classification and rate do not

conflict with state law because they do not duplicate,

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contradict, or enter an area fully occupied by the State’s

general law.   As described, the Time Share classification and

its rate are not duplicative of the TAT because they operate

distinctly.    See supra section IV.B.2.    The TAT taxes transient

accommodation visitors separately from other general excise

taxes and real property taxes.

          The Time Share classification and its rate also are

not contradictory or inimical to the TAT, as Appellants argue.

See Richardson, 76 Hawai‘i at 61, 868 P.2d at 1208.      Appellants

point to Travelocity.com, 135 Hawai‘i at 123, 346 P.3d at 192, in

which this court stated that the legislature intended to

“minimize the impact of the [TAT] on Hawai‘i visitors and the

hotel industry.”   But Travelocity.com concerned a situation in

which the TAT was effectively assessed “twice: first, against

the [online travel companies] based on the room rate plus the

mark-up and service charges, and second, against the hotel on

the net rate collected for the room.”      Id. at 126, 346 P.3d at

195 (emphasis omitted).    Accordingly, we held that “the

legislature intended the TAT to be a tax upon the transient,

assessed on the cost of a hotel room,” but “did not intend that

the TAT would be assessed in full on multiple operators.”       Id.

We emphasized that the TAT operates by taxing the “transient’s

cost of the hotel room . . . .”     Id.

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           In contrast, the Time Share classification rate

operates on the assessed real property value of the time share

property as a whole, not on the transient cost of the time share

unit.   Here, the TAT was only assessed once against time share

plan operators.   While those time share plan operators must also

pay real property taxes, appellants have not shown that the Time

Share classification rate operates as a double TAT assessment.

           Further, the Time Share classification is far from

entering an area that is fully occupied by general law.

Richardson, 76 Hawai͑i at 61, 868 P.2d at 1208.      Article VIII,

section 3 of the Hawai͑i Constitution explicitly grants

counties, not the State, the power to tax real property.       The

State’s TAT does not preempt all taxation of visitors, nor of

the visitor industry.    See Travelocity.com at 113, 346 P.3d at

182 (noting general excise tax “is imposed on the travel agency

and hotel operator on the respective portion of the gross income

allocated or distributed to each, and no more” in addition to

TAT).   Indeed, as stated above, the legislature passed the TAT

knowing that the Constitution authorizes the counties exclusive

power to tax real property, and did not provide any limitations

on how the TAT might interact with those taxation provisions.

See Application of Ferguson, 74 Haw. 394, 400, 846 P.2d 894, 898

(1993) (“[T]he legislature is presumed to have enacted valid

statutes in harmony with all constitutional provisions.”).

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             We therefore conclude that the County acted within its

constitutional authority by creating the Time Share

classification because it does not invade the State’s authority

to impose the TAT.      Thus, the TAT does not preempt the Time

Share classification because the two taxes do not conflict.

D.   The Time Share Classification and Its Rate Do Not
     Violate the Equal Protection Clauses of the Hawai‘i and
     U.S. Constitutions

            “In analyzing alleged equal protection violations,

classifications that are neither suspect nor quasi-suspect are

subject to the rational basis test.”         Del Rio v. Crake, 87

Hawai‘i 297, 304, 955 P.2d 90, 97 (1998) (internal quotations

omitted).

                  In analyzing tax classifications under the equal
            protection clause, this court has stated that “where . . .
            discrimination is of a ‘non-suspect’ or ‘non invidious'
            variety, such discrimination is not unconstitutional if
            there is any rational basis for such classification. Such
            discrimination is only a violation of equal protection if
            it is totally arbitrary or capricious.” In re Pacific
            Marine & Supply Co., Ltd., 55 Haw. 572, 581, 524 P.2d 890,
            896 (1974). Under this “rational basis test,” it is the
            court's function “only to seek to adduce any state of
            facts that can reasonably sustain the classification
            statute . . . challenged.” Id. at 582, 524 P.2d at 896. “If
            the classification statute . . . is arguably tailored to
            serve the state policy, it is not arbitrary or capricious,
            and hence is constitutional under the equal protection
            clauses.”

Gardens, 90 Hawai‘i at 342, 978 P.2d at 780 (ellipses in

original).

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        1.   Rational basis review applies because time share
             owners are neither a suspect class nor subject to
             invidious discrimination

             In Gardens, this court applied rational basis review

to a vacation club’s claim that a Maui County ordinance violated

the equal protection clauses of the Hawai‘i and U.S.

Constitutions by classifying its time share units under the

“Hotel Resort” category.        Id.   This court held that the

ordinance’s stated purpose to uniformly classify time share

units under the Hotel and Resort classification was reasonably

“tailored to serve the policy of eliminating disparate tax

treatment, [and thus] is neither arbitrary nor capricious.”                Id.

at 342–43, 978 P.2d at 780–81.         This court emphasized that the

vacation club did not acquire vested rights in its Apartment

classification because “detrimental reliance on a tax

classification alone is insufficient to establish a

constitutional right.”       Id. at 345, 978 P.2d at 783.        We also

held:

             Multiple owners subject to a time share plan, although
             vested with ownership rights in their time slots, put the
             units to use much like transient hotel guests, resulting in
             intensive use of the property. The “Hotel Resort”
             classification thus legitimately applies to properties
             whose actual use is transient or short-term, regardless of
             whether the units are used personally. That being the case,
             higher tax rates as applied to time share units are
             rationally related to the ordinance's purpose, and do not
             violate the equal protection clauses of the Hawai‘i and
             United States Constitutions.

Id. at 343, 978 P.2d at 781 (emphasis added).

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          Here, Appellants argue that the County’s creation of

the Time Share classification and the assignment of their

properties to it deprived them of equal protection.       They

contend that (1) heightened scrutiny should apply because the

County impermissibly distinguishes between state residents and

nonresidents in a way that violates the fundamental right to

travel, and (2) the County’s Time Share classification rate is

the “product of invidious discrimination” against time share

owners.

          Time share owners are neither a suspect class nor the

object of invidious discrimination.     They are property tax

payers subject to a uniform tax rate.     Thus, they are not a

suspect class that receives heightened protection under the

equal protection clauses of the Hawai‘i or U.S. Constitutions.

See Gardens, 90 Hawai‘i at 342, 978 P.2d at 780 (applying

rational basis review to time share owners’ classification equal

protection clause challenge); Pac. Marine, 55 Haw. at 580-81,

524 P.2d at 896 (applying rational basis review to shipping

company’s equal protection challenge of tax assessments).

          The Time Share classification also does not violate

time share owners’ right to travel.     First, non-residents are

not a suspect class.    See Daly, 215 F. Supp. 2d at 1113 (stating

that while Honolulu ordinance “on its face, classifie[d] on the

basis of residency, non-residents are not a judicially

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recognized suspect class”).       Further, even if some time share

owners are out-of-state residents, all time share owners - both

residents and nonresidents - are taxed at the same rate within

the Time Share classification.        Appellants offer no evidence of

the County’s animus or invidious intent to discriminate against

either time share owners or nonresidents.          See Allied Stores,

358 U.S. at 530 (noting “discrimination against residents is not

invidious nor palpably arbitrary because, as shown, it rests not

upon the ‘different residence of the owner,’ but upon a state of

facts that reasonably can be conceived to constitute a

distinction . . . which the State is not prohibited from

separately classifying for purposes of taxation” under federal

equal protection clause).       The alleged invidious discrimination

against time share owners reflects the County’s

nondiscriminatory concerns about time share properties’ burden

on infrastructure and the local economy.

            We therefore review for rational basis.

     2.     The Time Share classification is reasonably related
            to several different legitimate policy purposes

            The County considered several legitimate policy

purposes that were reasonably related to the creation of the

Time Share classification and the setting of the corresponding

tax rate.

            [W]here, as here, discrimination is of a non-suspect or
            non-invidious variety, such discrimination is not
            unconstitutional if there is any rational basis for such

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          classification. Such discrimination is only a violation of
          equal protection if it is totally arbitrary or capricious.
          Furthermore, it is well established that anyone who
          questions the constitutionality of a statute on equal
          protection grounds has the burden of showing, with
          convincing clarity, that the challenged classification does
          not rest upon some ground of difference having a fair and
          substantial relation to the object of the legislation.

Pac. Marine, 55 Haw. at 581, 524 P.2d at 896–97 (internal

quotation marks omitted).

                In analyzing tax classifications under the equal
          protection clause, this court has stated that “where . . .
          discrimination is of a ‘non-suspect’ or ‘non invidious'
          variety, such discrimination is not unconstitutional if
          there is any rational basis for such classification. Such
          discrimination is only a violation of equal protection if
          it is totally arbitrary or capricious.” . . . Under this
          “rational basis test,” it is the court's function “only to
          seek to adduce any state of facts that can reasonably
          sustain the classification statute . . . challenged.” “If
          the classification statute . . . is arguably tailored to
          serve the state policy, it is not arbitrary or capricious,
          and hence is constitutional under the equal protection
          clauses.”

Gardens, 90 Hawai‘i at 342, 978 P.2d at 780 (citations omitted

and emphases added).

          The County considered many legitimate policy purposes

reasonably related to the creation of a separate real property

tax classification for time share units.        Appellants argue the

Time Share classification creation is not rationally related to

a legitimate policy purpose because generating revenue to

account for time share visitors’ impact on County infrastructure

does not “survive constitutional scrutiny.”         As discussed above,

supra section IV.C.1, the County may use real property taxation

to generate revenue and is not limited as to how it uses that

revenue for various costs.     Article VIII, section 3 of the

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Hawai‘i Constitution was specifically designed to “grant the

counties full control over their finances, . . . [and] further

the democratic ideal of home rule, and allow the counties

flexibility in addressing their unique local needs.”       City &

Cnty. of Honolulu v. State, 143 Hawai‘i 455, 458, 431 P.3d 1228,

1231 (2018).   Generating revenue needed for infrastructure costs

or other items in the County’s budget is not an improper policy

purpose.   See Kaheawa Wind Power, 146 Hawai‘i at 91, 456 P.3d at

164 (noting that when adopting article VIII, section 3, “the

Standing Committee rejected a proposal to adopt a general excise

tax, noting that ‘should the counties desire additional

revenues,’ the counties should do so through ‘the real property

tax by increasing the rates.’”) (citation omitted).

           Moreover, the County considered many different

purposes when creating the Time Share classification, including

time share properties’ burdens on employment, infrastructure

use, and Maui’s ability to attract visitors for large events.

See, e.g., Council of the County of Maui, Budget and Fin. Comm.

Mtg. Minutes at 41-48 (Apr. 25, 2005),

https://www.mauicounty.gov/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/9641,

[https://perma.cc/2BSS-E2LV].     It also wanted time share

properties to contribute revenue needed for infrastructure

repair and maintenance.    These are legitimate policy purposes,

and the creation of a separate real property tax classification

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that could be used to regulate this type of land differently is

rationally related to those purposes.

          The Time Share classification tax rate is also

constitutional.    Neither the Hawai‘i Constitution nor the MCC

require that real property tax rates be related to actual

property use.    See MCC § 3.48.565.     Appellants point to the

County Finance Director’s erroneous calculations and statements

that he did “not have an analysis for why we would justify or

ration[alize]” the rate as evidence that the County acted

arbitrarily.    Council of the County of Maui, Budget and Fin.

Comm. Mtg. Minutes at 11 (Apr. 19, 2005),

https://www.mauicounty.gov/Archive.asp?ADID=1772&ARC=5718

[https://perma.cc/Q6MC-EJ35].      However, the committee report

that set the initial rate for the Time Share classification

further explained that:

                In 2004, the Council established the Time Share
          classification to address the need for owners and occupants
          of time share units to pay a more equitable share of taxes
          for County services they utilize and the economic impact
          they place on the surrounding community. The Mayor
          proposed to establish a new Time Share real property tax
          classification at a rate of $16 per $1,000 of net taxable
          assessed valuation. Your Committee received oral and
          written testimony from time share industry representatives
          requesting a rate of $9.50. Due to uncertainties of the
          impacts created by time shares, your Committee added an
          appropriation for an independent study of the economic and
          social impacts of the time share industry on the County.
          Pending the outcome of this study, your Committee decided
          to reduce the Time Share tax rate to $14 per $1,000 of net
          taxable assessed valuation.

Council of the County of Maui, Budget and Fin. Comm. Rep. No.

05-63 at 10-11 (May 16, 2005) (as amended),

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https://www.mauicounty.gov/Archive/ViewFile/Item/9582

[https://perma.cc/ZVD9-D37N].

            Under rational basis review, it is our duty “only to

seek to adduce any state of facts that can reasonably sustain

the classification statute . . . challenged.”           Gardens, 90

Hawai‘i at 342, 978 P.2d at 780; see also Tax Found. of Hawai‘i

v. State, 144 Hawai‘i 175, 205, 439 P.3d 127, 157 (2019) (“[T]he

rational basis standard ‘is especially deferential in the

context of classifications made by complex tax laws.            In

structuring internal taxation schemes the States have large

leeway in making classifications and drawing lines which in

their judgment produce reasonable systems of taxation.’”)

(citation omitted).      The County considered the difference

between hotel and time share TAT revenues as one factor for

setting this rate, but it was not the only reason. 6

            The County also considered time share properties’

broader impacts on the community when it created the Time Share

classification, and presumably drew on these same considerations

when setting the tax rate.       See, e.g., Council of the County of

Maui, Budget and Fin. Comm. Mtg. Minutes at 41-48 (Apr. 25,

      6     The County Finance Director explained that “the examination of
the time-share versus hotel for the TAT calculation is [the] only run
rationale that could be done in terms of evaluating the rate. It was the
rationale that we looked to, but clearly it did not establish the rate.”
Council of the County of Maui, Budget and Fin. Comm. Mtg. Minutes at 116
(Mar. 22, 2005), https://www.mauicounty.gov/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/9618
[https://perma.cc/D5D3-RSXJ].

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2005)

https://www.mauicounty.gov/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/9641,

[https://perma.cc/2BSS-E2LV].     Neither the Maui County Code nor

any other source requires that tax rates be set at exactly the

number that would make tax revenue contributions from all

sources equal.    On these facts, the County set a rate rationally

related to its several policy purposes, including raising

revenue for time share properties’ impacts on the community.

          We conclude that the classification of time share

units under the Time Share classification is reasonably related

to legitimate policy purposes, including to (1) ensure that time

share properties make greater contributions to the County’s

revenue and (2) mitigate time share properties’ impact on County

infrastructure.   Thus, we conclude that the Time Share

classification’s creation and rates are constitutional under the

equal protection clauses of the Hawai‘i and U.S. Constitutions.

                           V.   CONCLUSION

          For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Tax Appeal

Court’s (1) Order Granting Appellee County of Maui’s Motion

for Summary Judgment filed August 16, 2022 in Case

No. 1CTX-XX-XXXXXXX; (2) Order Denying Appellant West Maui

Resort Partners LP’s Motion for Summary Judgment filed

August 16, 2022 in Case No. 1CTX-XX-XXXXXXX; (3) Order Granting

Appellee County of Maui’s Motion for Summary Judgment filed

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March 2, 2023 in Case No. 1CTX-XX-XXXXXXX; and (4) Order Denying

Appellant Ocean Resort Villas Vacation Owners Association’s

Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment filed on March 2, 2023 in Case

No. 1CTX-XX-XXXXXXX.

Kurt W. Klein,                         /s/ Mark E. Recktenwald
James M. Yuda,
(Robert G. Klein and                   /s/ Sabrina S. McKenna
David A. Robyak on the briefs)
for appellant-appellant                /s/ Todd W. Eddins
West Maui Resort Partners LP
                                       /s/ Dean E. Ochiai
William C. McCorriston,
Brett R. Tobin                         /s/ Rowena A. Somerville
for appellant-appellant
Ocean Resort Villas Vacation
Owners Association

Brian A. Bilberry
for appellee-appellee

Thomas Yamachika
(on the briefs)
for amicus curiae
Tax Foundation of Hawai‘i

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