Court Opinion

ID: 2730771
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 22:06:46.012322+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:27:31.323543
License: Public Domain

FOR PUBLICATION

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                     ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:

JULIA BLACKWELL GELINAS                      DAVID K. HERZOG
MAGGIE L. SMITH                              JON LARAMORE
Frost Brown Todd LLC                         APRIL E. SELLERS
Indianapolis, Indiana                        Baker & Daniels LLP

                                                                       FILED
                                             Indianapolis, Indiana
ROBERT D. EMMERSON
SCOTT SHOCKLEY                                                       Feb 29 2012, 9:34 am
Defur Voran LLP
Fishers, Indiana
                                                                            CLERK
                                                                          of the supreme court,
                                                                          court of appeals and
                                                                                 tax court

                            IN THE
                  COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

JOSEPH A. DAVIS,                             )
                                             )
     Appellant-Defendant,                    )
                                             )
            vs.                              )    No. 49A04-1101-CT-5
                                             )
HERBERT SIMON and BUI SIMON,                 )
                                             )
     Appellees-Plaintiffs.                   )

                   APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
                        The Honorable Heather A. Welch, Judge
                          Cause No. 49D12-1005-CT-20141

                                  February 29, 2012

                             OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION

BROWN, Judge
       Joseph A. Davis appeals the trial court‘s denial of his Motion to Dismiss for Lack

of Personal Jurisdiction, or in the Alternative, on Grounds of Forum Non Conveniens (the

―Motion to Dismiss‖), in favor of Herbert and Bui Simon (collectively, ―the Simons‖).

Davis raises four issues, which we consolidate and restate as whether the court erred in

denying his Motion to Dismiss. We reverse.

       The relevant facts follow.1 On May 5, 2010, the Simons filed a complaint in the

Marion County Superior Court alleging claims for defamation and false light publicity

―based on false, malicious, and defamatory statements that Davis, a California lawyer,

has made concerning the Simons to the media in Indianapolis.‖ Appellant‘s Appendix at

21. The complaint alleged that Davis ―is an attorney who maintains his law practice in

Beverly Hills, California‖ and that Herbert Simon ―has his personal domicile in

Indianapolis, Indiana, but together with [Bui] also maintains a home in California.

[Herbert] is a longtime Indianapolis resident, having maintained his principal office and

residence in Indianapolis for more than fifty (50) years.‖ Id. at 22. It also noted that

Herbert ―is Chairman Emeritus and co-founder of Simon Property Group, Inc., whose

worldwide headquarters are in Indianapolis‖ that he ―is the owner of the Indiana Pacers,‖

and that Bui ―lives primarily in Los Angeles, County, California, but visits Indianapolis

several times a year‖ and is ―a resident of California.‖ Id. at 23.

       The complaint recited the following allegations giving rise to the claims:

       10.    On or about April 9, 2010, Davis purposefully communicated with
              WTHR, a news organization based in Indianapolis, and prompted
              WTHR to publish a story on the evening news (the ―April 9
              Broadcast‖) regarding a lawsuit that he had filed against the Simons

       1
         We held oral argument on January 25, 2012, in Indianapolis. We commend counsel for their
well-prepared advocacy.
                                               2
             on behalf of the Simons‘ former house manager in California (the
             ―California Lawsuit‖), alleging that the Simons had wrongfully
             terminated her.

      11.    On the April 9 Broadcast, Davis stated that,

                    [t]he firing is because my client refused to engage in
                    an unlawful, meaning a criminal, act pursuant to our
                    immigration laws. . . . This was all designed to
                    conceal from local and state authorities the existence
                    of this undocumented worker.

      12.    Davis‘s statements in the April 9 Broadcast (―Davis‘s Statements‖)
             falsely portray the Simons as having committed criminal acts and
             having attempted to coerce another to commit a criminal act,
             representing those facts to be established and true, and without
             making clear that they are simply allegations in the California
             lawsuit.

      13.    The Simons deny any and all wrongdoing alleged in the California
             lawsuit. . . .

Id. at 23. The complaint contained attached exhibits which purport to demonstrate the

falsity of Davis‘s statements to WTHR.

      On July 1, 2010, Davis filed his Motion to Dismiss and his brief in support in

which he argued that the court should dismiss the Simons‘ action pursuant to Ind. Trial

Rule 12(B)(2) or, in the alternative, on grounds that the State of California is a more

convenient forum. In his Motion to Dismiss, Davis stated in part:

      3.     Mr. Davis is not now nor has he ever owned property in the State of
             Indiana nor has he ever held a bank account, been employed, had a
             registered agent, advertised, or otherwise conducted business in the
             State of Indiana.

      4.     Mr. Davis has not engaged in any acts that would provide a basis for
             personal jurisdiction in Indiana pursuant to Trial Rule 4.4(A) or the
             Due Process Clause. Mr. Davis‘ only contacts with the State of
             Indiana resulted from his response to repeated inquiries from
             television station WTHR regarding lawsuits Davis filed in California
             on behalf of his clients.
                                            3
Id. at 35-36. Attached to the Motion to Dismiss as Exhibit C was the affidavit of Davis in

which Davis stated that he, in his capacity as an attorney practicing in California, filed

three lawsuits in March or April 2010 on behalf of Robert G. Young and Claudia Leite,

Mayra Acosta, and Beverly Du Jacques, in which the Simons were listed as defendants in

each suit. Also, Davis stated in part:

       43.      Prior to March 13, I was initially contacted by a reporter with
                WTHR in connection with the Young Case. The reporter informed
                me that WTHR had learned of the existence of the Young Case
                through a report distributed by TMZ. The reporter requested that I
                provide to it (WTHR) a copy of the Complaint in the Young Case
                but I declined and continue to decline to do so. Thereafter, WTHR
                requested that I provide to it (WTHR) a copy of the Complaint in the
                Acosta Case and Du Jacques Case and again, I declined and
                continue to decline to do so. Thereafter, WTHR notified me that it
                (WTHR) had obtained copies of the Complaints in the above cases
                by independent means.

       44.      In or about April 2010, I was in California when WTHR contacted
                me by telephone indicating that it was prepared to take my recorded
                statement regarding Du Jacques, who is suing the Simons for
                wrongful termination. I was always in California when I spoke by
                telephone to WTHR. In the recorded statement, I repeatedly referred
                to the content of the Complaint in the Du Jacques Case and that it
                was Du Jacques (not me) making allegations as referenced in the
                Complaint, a public record accessible to anyone located anywhere in
                the world. WTHR did not provide any control to me nor did I have
                any control over how my comments were edited or how they were
                presented by WTHR in the context of its reporting. Nor was I
                provided an advance copy of anything that WTHR published or
                reported in advance of it doing so.

Id. at 76-77.

       On August 16, 2010, the Simons filed their Opposition to Davis‘s Motion to

Dismiss in which they stated in a footnote:

       Davis‘s suggestion that he did not initiate contact with WTHR means only
       that WTHR placed the call in which he gave the interview, not the other
                                            4
       way around. But Davis‘s affidavit says that WTHR ―initially‖ contacted
       him ―[p]rior to March 13‖ and then in April 2010 told him they were
       ―prepared to take [his] recorded statement.‖ (Davis Aff. ¶¶43, 44). So it
       appears that WTHR had contacted him earlier to arrange the interview. So
       who placed the call at the pre-arranged time is of no consequence. What is
       important is that Davis knowingly and voluntarily directed defamatory
       statements to Indiana with the understanding and intention that they would
       be published here. . . .

Id. at 170. The Simons‘ Opposition also contained the attached affidavit of Herbert

Simon, in which Herbert stated that his principal office and residence are in Indianapolis,

Indiana, and have been for more than fifty (50) years,‖ that his ―principal place for voting

on most Election Days is in Indianapolis,‖ that he files income taxes in Indiana, that he is

―Chairman Emeritus and co-founder of Simon Property Group, Inc., whose worldwide

headquarters are in Indianapolis,‖ and that he is ―the owner of the Indiana Pacers.‖ Id. at

178.

       On August 30, 2010, Davis filed his Reply in Support of Motion to Dismiss. On

October 12, 2010, the court held a hearing on the Motion to Dismiss and arguments were

presented by both parties. On October 27, 2010, the court entered an order denying

Davis‘s Motion to Dismiss in its entirety. 2 On November 19, 2010, Davis filed a motion

to certify the court‘s order for interlocutory appeal pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 14(B)

which the court approved on December 12, 2010. On March 8, 2011, this court granted

Davis‘s motion to accept jurisdiction of interlocutory appeal pursuant to Ind. Appellate

Rule 14(B)(3).

       2
         Specifically, the court entered an Amended Order Denying Davis‘s Motion to Dismiss for Lack
of Personal Jurisdiction, or in the Alternative, on Grounds of Forum Non Conveniens. However, the
record does not contain or allude to an initial order.
                                                 5
       The issue is whether the court erred in denying Davis‘s Motion to Dismiss. We

begin by addressing whether the court erred in determining that Davis had sufficient

minimum contacts with the State of Indiana to find personal jurisdiction. ―Personal

jurisdiction is a question of law . . . .‖ LinkAmerica Corp. v. Albert, 857 N.E.2d 961, 965

(Ind. 2006) (quoting Anthem Ins. Co. v. Tenet Healthcare Corp., 730 N.E.2d 1227, 1237

(Ind. 2000)).   ―Because Indiana state trial courts are courts of general jurisdiction,

jurisdiction is presumed.‖ Everdry Mktg. and Mgmt., Inc. v. Carter, 885 N.E.2d 6, 10

(Ind. Ct. App. 2008). ―The party contesting jurisdiction bears the burden of proving the

lack of personal jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence, unless the lack of

jurisdiction is apparent on the face of the complaint.‖ Id. As with other questions of law,

a determination of the existence of personal jurisdiction is entitled to de novo review by

appellate courts, and is reviewed on a case-by-case basis. LinkAmerica, 857 N.E.2d at

965.   We do not defer to the trial court‘s legal conclusion as to whether personal

jurisdiction exists.   Id.   However, personal jurisdiction turns on facts, typically the

contacts of the defendant with the forum, and findings of fact by the trial court are

reviewed for clear error. Id. ―Where the trial court did not find jurisdictional facts, we

may accept the plaintiff‘s well-pleaded facts to the extent they are not challenged, and we

may view challenged facts in favor of the plaintiff.‖ JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v.

Desert Palace, Inc., 882 N.E.2d 743, 747-748 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (citing Anthem, 730

N.E.2d at 1238), trans. denied.

       ―The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires that before a

state may exercise jurisdiction over a defendant, the defendant must have ‗certain

minimum contacts with [the state] such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend
                                          6
traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.‘‖3 LinkAmerica, 857 N.E.2d at

967 (quoting Int‘l Shoe Co. v. Wash., 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S. Ct. 154 (1945) (internal

quotation omitted)). ―If the defendant‘s contacts with the state are so ‗continuous and

systematic‘ that the defendant should reasonably anticipate being haled into the courts of

that state for any matter, then the defendant is subject to general jurisdiction, even in

causes of action unrelated to the defendant‘s contacts with the forum state.‖ Id. (citing

Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 415 n.9, 104 S. Ct.

1868 (1984)).

           In cases where a defendant is not subject to general jurisdiction in a forum state,

―specific jurisdiction may be asserted if the controversy is related to or arises out of the

defendant‘s contacts with the forum state.‖ Id. ―Specific jurisdiction requires that the

defendant purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the

forum state so that the defendant reasonably anticipates being haled into court there.‖ Id.

(citing Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 474-475, 105 S. Ct. 2174 (1985)).

Also, ―[a] single contact with the forum state may be sufficient to establish specific

jurisdiction over a defendant, if it creates a ‗substantial connection‘ with the forum state

and the suit is related to that connection.‖ Id. (citing McGee v. Int‘l Life Ins. Co., 355

U.S. 220, 223, 78 S. Ct. 199 (1957)). ―But a defendant cannot be haled into a jurisdiction

‗solely as a result of random, fortuitous, or attenuated contacts or of the unilateral activity

       3
         We note that the LinkAmerica Court held that an amendment to Indiana‘s long arm statute,
Indiana Trial Rule 4.4(A), rendered inapplicable the two-pronged test for personal jurisdiction in Anthem,
730 N.E.2d at 1232, stating that ―[r]etention of the enumerated acts found in Rule 4.4(A) serves as a
handy checklist of activities that usually support personal jurisdiction but does not serve as a limitation on
the exercise of personal jurisdiction by a court of this state.‖ 857 N.E.2d at 967. Thus, we ―direct our
analysis toward the constitutional safeguards found in the Fourteenth Amendment‖ of the Federal
Constitution. Everdry, 885 N.E.2d at 12.
                                                      7
of another party or a third person.‘‖ Id. (quoting Burger King, 471 U.S. at 475, 105 S. Ct.

2174 (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing Helicopteros, 466 U.S. at 417, 104 S. Ct.

1868; Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 774, 104 S. Ct. 1473 (1984);

World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 299, 100 S. Ct. 559 (1980))).

        Once either general or specific jurisdiction has been established, ―due process

requires that the assertion of personal jurisdiction over the defendant is reasonable.‖ Id.

However, ―[t]he assertion of personal jurisdiction will rarely be found unreasonable if

‗minimum contacts‘ are found.‖ Id. The Court cited to Burger King and set forth five

factors to balance in determining reasonableness:

        (1) the burden on the defendant; (2) the forum State‘s interest in
        adjudicating the dispute; (3) the plaintiff‘s interest in obtaining convenience
        and effective relief; (4) the interstate judicial system‘s interest in obtaining
        the most efficient resolution of controversies; and (5) the shared interest of
        the several States in furthering fundamental substantive social policies.

Id. at 968 (citing Burger King, 471 U.S. at 476-77, 105 S. Ct. 2174).4

        In this case, the parties agree that Davis is not subject to general personal

jurisdiction and confine their arguments to specific jurisdiction. In particular, the parties

argue over the application of the ―express aiming test‖ first articulated in the United

States Supreme Court case of Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783, 104 S. Ct. 1482 (1984).5 In

        4
         Again, ―[t]hese considerations come into play only if the defendant has sufficient contacts with
the forum state to assert personal jurisdiction.‖ LinkAmerica, 857 N.E.2d at 968 (citing Asahi Metal
Indus. Co. v. Superior Court, 480 U.S. 102, 116, 107 S. Ct. 1026 (1987)).
        5
              We note that the Calder test has been referred to as the ―effects test.‖ See, e.g., JP Morgan, 882
N.E.2d at 752 (―While we acknowledge the possible slippery slope and the importance of the ‗effects
test,‘ . . . .‖). The Seventh Circuit has recently observed:

        In the past, the reasoning in Calder has been called the ―effects test.‖ We believe the
        phrase ―express aiming test‖-adopted by this court in Tamburo[ v. Dworkin, 601 F.3d
        693, 697 (7th Cir. 2010), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 567 (2010)]-is more faithful to Calder.
        It properly focuses attention on whether the defendant intentionally aimed its conduct at
                                                       8
Calder, the plaintiff, a known entertainer, sued the defendant, a national magazine, in

California for libel published in Florida and circulated in California. JP Morgan, 882

N.E.2d at 750 (citing Calder, 465 U.S. at 785, 104 S. Ct. 1482). Prior to publishing the

allegedly libelous article, the defendant‘s reporter lived in Florida, did the majority of his

research in Florida, made phone calls and wrote letters from Florida to California, and

occasionally flew to California on business. Id. (citing Calder, 465 U.S. at 785-786, 104

S. Ct. 1482). The named defendant, Calder, was the president and editor of the magazine

and had been to California once prior to the publication, for pleasure and not business.

Id. (citing Calder, 465 U.S. at 785-786, 104 S. Ct. 1482).

       The Court held that jurisdiction over the defendants in California was proper

―because of their intentional conduct in Florida calculated to cause injury to [Jones] in

California,‖ noting that the defendants were ―not charged with mere untargeted

negligence.     Rather, their intentional, and allegedly tortious, actions were expressly

aimed at California.‖ Calder, 465 U.S. at 790, 104 S. Ct. at 1487. The Court began its

analysis by noting that ―[i]n judging minimum contacts, a court properly focuses on ‗the

relationship among the defendant, the forum, and the litigation,‘‖ id. at 788, 104 S. Ct. at

1486 (quoting Shaffer v. Heitner, 433 U.S. 186, 204, 97 S. Ct. 2569, 2579 (1977)), but

that ―[t]he plaintiff‘s lack of ‗contacts‘ will not defeat otherwise proper jurisdiction, but

they may be so manifold as to permit jurisdiction when it would not exist in their

absence.‖ Id. (citation omitted). The Court held, as restated by a federal circuit decision,

       the forum state, rather than on the possibly incidental and constitutionally irrelevant
       effects of that conduct on the plaintiff.

Mobile Anesthesiologists Chicago, LLC v. Anesthesia Assocs. Of Houston Metroplex, P.A., 623 F.3d
440, 445 n.1 (7th Cir. 2010). We agree with the Seventh Circuit‘s observation and will refer to the test
laid out in Calder as the ―express aiming test.‖
                                                   9
that in such cases where minimum contacts may be otherwise insufficient,

constitutionally sufficient contacts can be imputed to a defendant if:

        (1)     The defendant committed an intentional tort;

        (2)     The plaintiff felt the brunt of the harm in the forum such that the
                forum can be said to be the focal point of the harm suffered by the
                plaintiff as a result of that tort;

        (3)     The defendant expressly aimed his tortious conduct at the forum
                such that the forum can be said to be the focal point of the tortious
                activity.

Remick v. Manfredy, 238 F.3d 248, 258 (3d Cir. 2001) (citing IMO Indus., Inc. v.

Kiekert AG, 155 F.3d 254, 265-266 (3d Cir. 1998) (examining Calder, 465 U.S. at 788-

789, 104 S. Ct. at 1486-1487)).6

        Recently, the Seventh Circuit examined the ―express aiming test‖ and noted that

Calder did not hold that ―any plaintiff may hale any defendant into court in the plaintiff‘s

home state, where the defendant has no contacts, merely by asserting that the defendant

has committed an intentional tort against the plaintiff;‖ rather, its ―express aiming‖

requirement ―was merely one means of satisfying the traditional due process standard set

out in International Shoe and its familiar progeny, not an independent path to jurisdiction

that allowed a defendant to avoid ‗minimum contacts‘ altogether.‖                                    Mobile

Anesthesiologists Chicago, LLC v. Anesthesia Assocs. Of Houston Metroplex, P.A., 623

F.3d 440, 445 (7th Cir. 2010). The court made clear that ―‗express aiming‘ remains the

crucial requirement‖ in applying Calder. Id. at 445-446.
        6
          We note that in federal decisions, including Remick, courts state that the plaintiff must show
that the three-part test has been met. See, e.g., Remick, 238 F.3d at 258 (―the Calder ‗effects test‘
requires the plaintiff to show that . . . .‖). However, unlike in Indiana, in the federal system the burden is
on the plaintiff to establish personal jurisdiction. See Tamburo v. Dworkin, 601 F.3d 693, 700 (7th Cir.
2010). Thus, for our purposes, in Indiana the burden is on the defendant to show that at least one element
of the express aiming test is not present.
                                                     10
       In determining whether a defendant‘s conduct satisfies the ―express aiming‖

requirement, we might discern whether such conduct was ―intentionally directed at‖ the

forum resident, see Calder, 465 U.S. at 790, or whether ―the defendant is alleged to have

engaged in wrongful conduct targeted at a plaintiff whom the defendant knows to be a

resident of the forum state.‖ See Bancroft & Masters, Inc. v. Augusta Nat‘l Inc., 223

F.3d 1082, 1087 (9th Cir. 2000), overruled on other grounds by Yahoo! Inc. v. La Ligue

Contre Le Racisme Et L‘Antisemitisme, 433 F.3d 1199, 1207 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc),

cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1163, 126 S. Ct. 2332 (2006).7 This court has similarly recognized

jurisdiction is proper where a defendant exhibits ―purposeful conduct‖ in which ―the

forum is the focal point of the conduct and the injury . . . .‖ JP Morgan, 882 N.E.2d at

750 (citing Calder, 465 N.E.2d at 788-789, 104 S. Ct. 1482 (citing World-Wide

Volkswagen, 444 U.S at 297-298, 100 S. Ct. 559; and Restatement (Second) of Conflicts

of Law § 37)). We examined previous Indiana cases in which a defendant‘s purposeful

conduct subjected it to Indiana‘s jurisdiction:

       [I]n Brockman v. Kravic, 779 N.E.2d 1250 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), we held
       that a psychologist who did not practice and was not licensed in Indiana but
       sent allegedly defamatory letters regarding his treatment of an Indiana
       citizen into Indiana that affected the rights of others was subject to
       Indiana‘s personal jurisdiction. Similarly, in Mart v. Hess, 703 N.E.2d 190,
       193 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998), defendant-wife sent disparaging, libelous, and
       defamatory letters about the plaintiff-husband from her home in Hawaii to
       individuals in Indiana. We found that when the claim arises out of the
       defendant‘s conduct, ―less is required to support jurisdiction,‖ and
       defendant-wife‘s acts were sufficient. Id.

       7
           As observed by the court in Bancroft & Masters, ―[e]xpress aiming is a concept that in the
jurisdictional context hardly defines itself.‖ 223 F.3d at 1087.

                                                 11
Id.8

        As stated above, the parties agree that whether Davis‘s contacts with Indiana are

sufficient depends upon our application of the ―express aiming test‖ to the facts.

However, before addressing whether the court misapplied the ―express aiming test‖ when

it found specific personal jurisdiction, we must examine whether the court clearly erred in

making certain factual findings. Davis argues that the Simons ―place significant and

repeated emphasis on their allegation that Attorney Davis ‗called the reporter back and

agreed to provide a taped interview at a scheduled date in the future‘‖ and cites to pages

3, 4, 7, 11, 12, 18, and 24 of the Simons‘ brief. Appellant‘s Reply Brief at 3. Davis

argues that such an allegation ―is not supported by the Record on appeal‖ and notes that

the Simons‘ citation to the record for the proposition consists of Paragraph 44 of Davis‘s

affidavit and to the ―Factual Background‖ section of the court‘s order, which in turn cites

to the same Paragraph 44. Id. at 3-4. Davis further notes that the court‘s order denying

his motion to dismiss made findings to the same effect, and he argues that such findings

are erroneous because the court‘s evidentiary support was the same Paragraph 44 of

Davis‘s affidavit which does not stand for the proposition. Id. at 4. However, we also

note that, at oral argument, Davis conceded that ―[t]he record . . . does not affirmatively

state one way or the other. The inference to be drawn from the way Mr. Davis presented

his testimony is that he returned the call, and we have accepted that one inference in the

        8
          We note that the court in JP Morgan stated that Brockman and Mart ―applied Calder;‖ however,
although these cases applied Calder‘s principles in reaching their decisions, they did not examine the
Calder decision itself and focused their analysis on the traditional minimum contacts factors. 882 N.E.2d
at 750; see Mart, 703 N.E.2d at 193 (―While it is true that such contacts would not ordinarily subject a
nonresident to jurisdiction in our state, the law is clear that an ordinarily insignificant contact with a state
becomes constitutionally significant when it gives rise to the claim involved in the lawsuit.‖); see also
Brockman, 779 N.E.2d at 1257-1258 (comparing Mart with certain Indiana cases in which the minimum
contacts present were deemed insufficient).
                                                      12
record,‖ before noting that ―much has been made about the returning of the phone call, as

if somehow that changes who initiated the contacts,‖ that this ―is not the inquiry we

should be focusing on,‖ and that instead: ―While a news source may know that his

statements will ultimately end up in the forum state, the news source is not the one

selecting the . . . forum state as a target. Instead the news media, the person responsible

for publishing the story, has already selected that target.‖

       The court‘s order states the following in its ―Factual Background:‖

       The Simons‘ complaint for defamation and false light publicity stems from
       one interview which Davis provided to Indianapolis television station
       WTHR regarding a lawsuit Davis filed in California on behalf of a client.
       (Complaint ¶ 10-12). WTHR contacted Davis about the lawsuit he filed on
       behalf of Beverly Du Jacques and Davis responded to the inquiry by
       WTHR and agreed to schedule a time to provide a taped interview. (Davis
       Affidavit ¶ 44). Davis responded to WTHR‘s request for an interview and
       reached out to Indiana by giving an interview to an Indiana television
       station making statements which the Plaintiffs . . . alleged are defamatory.

Appellant‘s Appendix at 8 (emphasis added). In determining that Davis had sufficient

minimum contacts with Indiana, the court relied heavily on its factual finding that Davis

responded to WTHR‘s request and in so doing reached out to Indiana, as follows:

               In this case, an analysis of the aforementioned factors establishes
       Davis does have the ―minimum contacts‖ sufficient to support specific
       jurisdiction. With respect to the first factor, Davis acknowledges that the
       claim brought by the Simons does arise from his alleged ―forum contacts‖
       in the form of his scheduled taped interview with WTHR regarding the Du
       Jacques lawsuit filed in California. Since this defamation case addresses
       alleged contacts and statements made by Davis to an Indianapolis television
       station, the Court gives little weight to the second factor, which examines a
       defendant‘s overall contacts with the forum state particularly since the
       Simons are only seeking specific jurisdiction. The third factor is the
       foreseeability of the defendant being haled into court in Indiana. In this
       case, it was and is foreseeable that one who makes alleged defamatory
       statements about an individual where they reside could be haled into Court
       because the statements were broadcast in the jurisdiction where the plaintiff
       resides, in this case in Indiana. Although WTHR contacted Davis, he did
                                              13
      make a voluntary decision to respond to their inquiry and scheduled a time
      to provide a taped interview about the Simons. By responding and
      scheduling a taped interview with WTHR, Davis purposefully established
      contact with the State of Indiana. Davis ―expressly aimed‖ his comments at
      Indiana. Where an out-of-state resident such as Davis, an attorney,
      voluntarily gives an interview to a news organization headquartered in the
      Plaintiff‘s hometown, he must ―reasonably anticipate being hailed [sic] into
      court here‖ [sic] to answer for the truth of those statements. See Calder v.
      Jones, 465 U.S. at 790. Davis‘s statements did not randomly end up in the
      possession of an Indiana news source; he directed them solely to that news
      source. Davis should have foreseen that his statements and comments in
      the taped interview he provided to WTHR would be broadcast in Indiana
      and could or would cause harm in Indiana not California. The Court does
      not find such actions to be random, fortuitous, or attenuated. Such actions
      are purposeful and make it foreseeable that he could be haled into an
      Indiana Court.

             The fourth question is who initiated the contacts. When examining
      this prong of the minimum contacts test, the Court finds the initial inquiry
      was made by WTHR to Davis about the Simons but that Davis made a
      voluntary decision to contact WTHR. He could have simply failed to
      contact WTHR but he did not. Thus, he did initiate contact with WTHR
      when he telephoned them to respond to their inquiry and when he
      scheduled a time to complete a telephone taped interview. This is initiating
      contact. He did not simply answer the telephone and refuse to provide a
      taped interview. The final ―minimum contacts‖ factor is whether the
      defendant expected or encouraged contacts with the state. There is nothing
      present in this case to lead the Court to believe that Davis expected or
      encourage [sic] contact with the State of Indiana when he filed the lawsuits
      against the Simons in California but that all changed when he made the
      voluntary decision to respond to WTHR’s inquiry and schedule a taped
      interview and provided that taped interview to an Indianapolis television
      station. He went beyond simply filing lawsuits on behalf of his clients in
      the State of California against the Simons, and he purposefully reached out
      and contacted Indiana when he communicated by his choice with WTHR.
      When the Court considers the five factors set out in Anthem, the Court finds
      after conducting a Federal Due Process analysis that Davis does have the
      ―minimum contacts‖ sufficient to support specific jurisdiction under the set
      of facts present in this case.

Id. at 15-16 (emphases added).

      As noted above, there are two paragraphs from Davis‘s affidavit which are

relevant to Davis‘s contacts with Indiana:
                                             14
      43.    Prior to March 13, I was initially contacted by a reporter with
             WTHR in connection with the Young Case. The reporter informed
             me that WTHR had learned of the existence of the Young Case
             through a report distributed by TMZ. The reporter requested that I
             provide to it (WTHR) a copy of the Complaint in the Young Case
             but I declined and continue to decline to do so. Thereafter, WTHR
             requested that I provide to it (WTHR) a copy of the Complaint in the
             Acosta Case and Du Jacques Case and again, I declined and
             continue to decline to do so. Thereafter, WTHR notified me that it
             (WTHR) had obtained copies of the Complaints in the above cases
             by independent means.

      44.    In or about April 2010, I was in California when WTHR contacted
             me by telephone indicating that it was prepared to take my recorded
             statement regarding Du Jacques, who is suing the Simons for
             wrongful termination. I was always in California when I spoke by
             telephone to WTHR. In the recorded statement, I repeatedly referred
             to the content of the Complaint in the Du Jacques Case and that it
             was Du Jacques (not me) making allegations as referenced in the
             Complaint, a public record accessible to anyone located anywhere in
             the world. WTHR did not provide any control to me nor did I have
             any control over how my comments were edited or how they were
             presented by WTHR in the context of its reporting. Nor was I
             provided an advance copy of anything that WTHR published or
             reported in advance of it doing so.

Id. at 76-77. Based upon the record, the extent of Davis‘s contacts with the State of

Indiana consist of: (1) WTHR phoning Davis multiple times about Davis‘s various cases

against the Simons and requesting that Davis provide WTHR with the complaints filed in

those actions, and in each instance Davis declined to so provide the complaint; and (2)

WTHR phoning Davis indicating that it ―was prepared to take [his] recorded statement,‖

which Davis provided to WTHR. Although we recognize that Davis conceded at oral

argument that one inference to be drawn from the record may indicate that he returned a

                                          15
phone call to WTHR, we find the trial court‘s heavy reliance on this inference in its order

to be problematic.9

        Indeed, regardless of whether Davis returned the WTHR reporter‘s phone call or

not, we conclude that this inquiry is immaterial because the record unequivocally

demonstrates that it was WTHR who initiated the contact, and Davis did nothing more

than simply respond to WTHR‘s inquiry it initiated. Unlike the defendants in Brockman

and Mart, who sent letters into Indiana, Davis‘s act of responding to the questions of a

reporter who initiated the contact with Davis regarding a California lawsuit, in which he

is serving as a plaintiff‘s attorney, was not done with the purpose of expressly targeting a

resident of the forum state.          Unlike in Calder itself, here Davis neither wrote nor

disseminated the news story which is the object of the Simons‘ defamation and false light

claim. In short, the record does not reveal ―purposeful conduct‖ which was ―intentionally
        9
         We note that, in an attempt to further this argument, the Simons appear to misstate Davis‘s
statements from his affidavit in their Opposition to Davis‘s Motion to Dismiss, inferring that a time to
take Davis‘s recorded statement had been set up during a previous phone call pursuant to Paragraph 43,
stating:

        Davis‘s suggestion that he did not initiate contact with WTHR means only that WTHR
        placed the call in which he gave the interview, not the other way around. But Davis’s
        affidavit says that WTHR “initially” contacted him “[p]rior to March 13” and then in
        April 2010 told him they were “prepared to take [his] recorded statement.” (Davis Aff.
        ¶¶43, 44). So it appears that WTHR had contacted him earlier to arrange the interview.
        So who placed the call at the pre-arranged time is of no consequence. What is important
        is that Davis knowingly and voluntarily directed defamatory statements to Indiana with
        the understanding and intention that they would be published here. . . .

Id. at 170 (emphasis added). As discussed above, Paragraph 43 discusses inquiries made by WTHR to
Davis asking that Davis send WTHR copies of complaints filed in the Young, Acosta, and Du Jacques
cases.

         We also note that the Simons assert in their brief that they ―requested discovery from Davis
before responding to his Motion to Dismiss,‖ that ―Davis refused,‖ and that they therefore ―pieced
together the evidence establishing personal jurisdiction by other means . . . .‖ Appellees‘ Brief at 2.
Davis responded to the Simons‘ assertion by noting that ―discovery from WTHR related to its contacts
with Attorney Davis was a possibility,‖ that ―[i]t is [the Simons] who thereafter intentionally chose not to
seek discovery from WTHR,‖ and that if true ―[t]hat ‗only a partial picture of the facts‘ exists,‖ it ―is
directly attributable to [the Simons‘] own choices.‖ Appellant‘s Reply Brief at 5.
                                                    16
directed at‖ Indiana on the part of Davis to defame the Simons in Indiana, and

accordingly Davis did not ―expressly aim‖ conduct at the State of Indiana.10

        The contacts present in this case are not unlike those from a case in another court

examining personal jurisdiction in a defamation action. In Ticketmaster-New York, Inc.

v. Alioto, the Boston Globe, a newspaper, undertook ―an investigation into pricing

practices on Ticketmaster‘s part,‖ and ―[i]n conducting this investigation, a Globe

reporter conversed by telephone‖ with Alioto, who was an attorney practicing in

California who was ―pressing a class action in the California courts against Ticketmaster .

. . .‖ 26 F.3d 201, 203 (1st Cir. 1994). The newspaper ran a story which stated the

following, quoting Alioto: ―[K]ickbacks are the key to Ticketmaster‘s California

monopoly. ‗They‘re nothing more than a straight bribe,‘ [Alioto] said.‖ Id. at 204. The

record in that case did ―not suggest[] that Alioto dialed the telephone or otherwise

initiated the call,‖ and it was ―equally barren of any showing that Alioto solicited the

inquiry or that more than one call occurred.‖ Id. at 203 (footnote omitted). However, it

was clear that Alioto ―knew when speaking that his comments would inform a story

        10
           We note that the crux of the dissent‘s position is that ―[w]here else, but in Indiana, could the
defamatory remarks have been aimed?‖ Infra, slip op. at __. However, this position presupposes that
Davis‘s conduct was ―expressly aimed‖ at all. Indeed, as explained above ―express aiming,‖ although a
phrase which ―hardly defines itself‖ in the jurisdictional context, is a term of art and requires a showing
that a defendant undertook ―purposeful conduct‖ which was ―intentionally directed at‖ the forum state,
and in which ―the forum is the focal point of the conduct and the injury.‖ Here, Davis‘s act of responding
to the inquiry of a WTHR reporter by telephone from his office in California about a California lawsuit
(rather than ―purposefully communicat[ing] with WTHR‖ and ―prompt[ing] WTHR to publish a story,‖ as
the Simons alleged in their complaint) did not satisfy Calder‘s ―express aiming‖ requirement.

        Also, we note that the dissent distinguishes Ticketmaster, discussed below, by noting that it does
not apply Calder to the issue, and the dissent instead examines this court‘s opinion in Brockman,
concluding that ―I am unable to draw a meaningful distinction between Brockman and the case now
before us.‖ Infra, slip op. at __. However, Brockman, which was decided almost twenty years after
Calder, did not apply the ―express aiming‖ test or otherwise examine Calder. See generally Brockman,
779 N.E.2d 1250 (holding that certain minimum contacts were present which provided for specific
personal jurisdiction).
                                                    17
slated for publication in a newspaper circulated chiefly in Massachusetts.‖ Id. at 203-

204.

       In affirming the district court‘s dismissal of the action based upon a lack of

personal jurisdiction, the court examined the relatedness of the contacts and noted:

       [W]hen the defendant in a defamation action is a journalist‘s source, the
       link between the defendant‘s conduct and the cause of action is attenuated
       by the intervening activities of third parties, e.g., the reporter, the editor, the
       media outlet, and that those intermediaries shape, amplify, and occasionally
       distort the original utterance. This case illustrates the point. The original
       comment, technically a tort in its own right (if defamatory), inflicted no
       significant injury, except insofar as it led to republication in the ensuing
       newspaper article—and the form and tone of the republication was not by
       any stretch of the most active imagination within the defendant‘s effective
       control.

Id. at 207. Further, regarding purposeful availment, the court noted:

       Courts are consentient that when, as in McBreen[ v. Beech Aircraft Corp.,
       543 F.2d 26 (7th Cir. 1976)], the source of an allegedly defamatory remark
       did not initiate the pivotal contact, and the in-forum injury is not
       reasonably foreseeable, jurisdiction may not be asserted over the source
       based on the comment. See, e.g., Madara v. Hall, 916 F.2d 1510, 1517-19
       (11th Cir. 1990); Mann v. Tom James Co., 802 F. Supp. 1293, 1296-97
       (E.D. Pa. 1992). However, when the source takes the initiative and causes
       foreseeable injury, jurisdiction may lie. See, e.g., Brown v. Flowers Indus.,
       Inc., 688 F.2d 328, 333-34 (5th Cir. 1982)[, reh‘g denied, cert. denied, 460
       U.S. 1023, 103 S. Ct. 1275 (1983)]; Rusack v. Harsha, 470 F. Supp. 285,
       291 (M.D. Pa. 1978); Fallang v. Hickey, 40 Ohio St. 3d 106, 532 N.E.2d
       117, 118-19 (1988) . . . .

Id. at 208 (emphasis added).       The court, after first observing that ―[t]his case falls

between the stools, for, although the source did not initiate the contact, the resultant in-

forum injury was foreseeable,‖ held that Ticketmaster ―has made only the most marginal

of showings that Alioto purposefully availed himself of an opportunity to act in

Massachusetts.‖     Id. at 208-209. The court explained its holding using the ―classic

analogy for an out-of-state libel: the gunman firing across a state line,‖ as follows:
                                            18
       In a situation like this one, the analogy is imperfect. The person who
       responds to a journalist‘s question in the course of an interview initiated by
       the latter is less like a traditional sniper and more like a person who has
       been transported to the border and eased into position behind a rifle aimed
       at a pre-selected target. While such a person retains the choice of pulling
       the trigger, or not, he cannot fairly be equated with an individual who has
       achieved the same position through a series of personalized affirmative
       choices reaffirmed at every significant juncture.

Id. (emphasis added).

       Thus, although the court did not explicitly apply the ―express aiming test,‖ we find

the Ticketmaster court‘s analysis instructive in answering the question of whether an

attorney, answering a reporter‘s unsolicited questions, in which the attorney made

comments regarding the allegations of a lawsuit and represented that the allegations were

truthful, without more, constitutes expressly aiming one‘s conduct at the forum state. We

conclude that it does not.11

       Finally, the Simons cite to the recent United States Supreme Court case of J.

McIntyre Mach., Ltd. V. Nicastro, 131 S. Ct. 2780, 2787 (2011), for the proposition that

       11
            Davis also directs our attention to a treatise in support of his position which states:

       [W]here a plaintiff is allegedly defamed by statements made by an out-of-state news
       source during a telephone conversation instituted by a forum reporter, and where the
       statement is subsequently published in the forum state, the courts of that state do not, in
       most cases, on that basis alone, have jurisdiction over the source in a resulting libel suit.
       The source‘s act in responding to a question by telephone is not sufficiently directed to
       the state to confer jurisdiction there. The result is particularly appropriate where the
       plaintiff, too, is from out of state, but the result should be the same in any event.

                When a forum seeks to establish specific personal jurisdiction over a nonresident
       defendant, due process requires that there be fair warning that a particular activity may
       subject him to personal jurisdiction in that forum. This fair warning requirement is
       satisfied if the defendant purposefully directed his activities toward the forum state.
       Defendants rightly argue that it would be senseless to find that their answering the
       telephone [one in Iowa and one in Indiana] and speaking to a Dallas reporter constituted
       ―purposeful direction.‖

ROBERT D. SACK, SACK ON DEFAMATION: LIBEL, SLANDER & RELATED PROBLEMS § 15:1.3 (4th Ed.
2011) (footnotes omitted).
                                                       19
Davis is ―attempting to avoid Indiana‘s jurisdiction‖ and ―trying to obstruct Indiana‘s

laws by forcing [the Simons] to bring their claims in a forum state that he believes

(correctly) would treat his defamation more leniently.‖ Appellees‘ Brief at 25. As cited

to by the Simons, the J. McIntyre Court, in a plurality decision, noted:

           As a general rule, the sovereign‘s exercise of power requires some act by
           which the defendant ―purposefully avails itself of the privilege of
           conducting activities within the forum State, thus invoking the benefits and
           protections of its laws,‖ Hanson, 357 U.S., at 253, though in some cases, as
           with an intentional tort, the defendant might well fall within the State’s
           authority by reason of his attempt to obstruct its laws.

Id. (quoting J. McIntyre, 131 S. Ct. at 2787).

           However, we note that this issue has been previously addressed since the Court‘s

opinion in J. McIntyre. In S.E.C. v. Compania Internacional Financiera S.A., No. 11 Civ.

4904(DLC), 2011 WL 3251813 (S.D.N.Y. July 29, 2011), ―[t]he SEC allege[d] that the

defendants traded Arch securities using insider information in violation of § 10(b) of the

Securities Exchange Act of 1934 . . . .‖ Id. at *4. The court, in examining whether it had

personal jurisdiction over the defendants, examined the relevant language from J.

McIntyre and noted:

           This is not a new statement of the law, as the Second Circuit had earlier
           held that ―personal jurisdiction is proper where the defendant took
           ‗intentional, and allegedly tortious, actions expressly aimed at the forum.‘‖
           In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001, 538 F.3d 71, 93 (2d Cir.
           2008) (quoting Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783, 789, (1984)).‖

Id. at *5. We agree with the Compania Internacional Financieara S.A. court that this is

not a new statement of the law and is instead a statement grounded in the ―express aiming

test.‖12

           12
                Indeed, were we to conclude that this statement is a new statement of law, it would abrogate the
                                                         20
        For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the court‘s order denying Davis‘s Motion to

Dismiss.

        Reversed.

BAKER, J., concurs.

KIRSCH, J., dissents with separate opinion.

―express aiming test,‖ which includes the commission of an intentional tort as one of the three elements to
satisfy in its application.

                                                    21
                             IN THE
                   COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

JOSEPH A. DAVIS,                             )
                                             )
      Appellant-Defendant,                   )
                                             )
             vs.                             )    No. 49A04-1101-CT-5
                                             )
HERBERT SIMON AND BUI SIMON,                 )
                                             )
      Appellee-Plaintiff.                    )

KIRSCH, Judge, dissenting.

      I respectfully dissent.

      In Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783, 789 (1984), the United States Supreme

Court addressed the issue of long arm jurisdiction. In Calder, the plaintiff, a

known entertainer, sued the defendant, a national magazine, in California for libel

published in Florida and circulated in California. Id. at 785. Prior to publishing

the allegedly libelous article, the defendant‘s reporter lived in Florida, did the

majority of his research in Florida, made phone calls and wrote letters from Florida

to California, and occasionally flew to California on business. Id. at 785–86. The

named defendant, Calder, was the president and editor of the magazine and had

been to California once prior to the publication, for pleasure not business. Id. The

                                        22
Court agreed with the California Court of Appeal and its holding that defendant‘s

contacts were insufficient to establish general jurisdiction, but that specific

jurisdiction exists when the action arises out of the defendant‘s ―intentional

conduct‖ allegedly calculated to cause injury in the forum state. Id. at 791. Where

the forum is the focal point of the conduct and the injury, jurisdiction is proper. Id.

at 790 (citing World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. et al. v. Woodson, 444 U.S 286, 297–

98 and Restatement (Second) of Conflicts of Law § 37) (known as the ―effects‖

test). The court held that specific jurisdiction lay in the forum state because the

defendant‘s intentional and allegedly tortious actions were ―expressly aimed‖ at

the forum state. Id. at 789.

      In JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. Desert Palace, Inc., 882 N.E.2d 743 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2008), we applied Calder and said that jurisdiction is proper where the

forum is the focal point of the defendant‘s purposeful conduct and the plaintiff‘s

injury.

      Here, California Attorney Joseph Davis returned a long distance telephone

call from a television reporter located in Indianapolis, Indiana.        The reporter

identified himself as a reporter for WTHR, an Indianapolis television station.

Davis agreed to provide a taped interview to the reporter. In due course, Davis

provided the taped interview to the reporter by long distance telephone call to the

reporter in Indiana. In the course of the interview, Davis made remarks that are

                                          23
deemed to be defamatory at this stage of the litigation. These defamatory remarks

were broadcast by the television station throughout central Indiana.

      By intentionally communicating defamatory statements about Herbert and

Bui Simon to a reporter for an Indianapolis television station, Joseph Davis

engaged in intentional conduct in Indiana that was calculated to cause injury to the

Simons in Indiana. Indiana was the focal point of the defendant‘s purposeful

conduct and the plaintiffs‘ injuries. Davis‘s conduct was ―expressly aimed‖ at

Indiana. His intention was to cause harm to the Simons in Indiana. The reporter

worked only in Indiana, and WTHR broadcasts only in Indiana. Where else, but in

Indiana, could the defamatory remarks have been aimed?

      Indeed, Davis‘s tortious conduct here was more directly and narrowly aimed

at Indiana than the conduct at issue before the Court in Calder. In Calder, the

defamatory statements were written and published in a magazine issue in the

foreign state, which was then distributed nationally, including California, the

plaintiff‘s state of residence.   Here, Davis‘s defamatory statements were not

transmitted nationally, but were telephonically transmitted only to Indiana where it

was clearly foreseeable that they would be re-transmitted throughout the state.

      My colleagues rely upon the decision of the federal Circuit Court of

Appeal‘s decision in Ticketmaster-New York, Inc. v. Alioto, 26 F.3d 201 (1st Cir.

1994). While the facts presented by the case are analogous, I do not believe that

the court‘s opinion in Ticketmaster should inform our decision here. Although

                                         24
Ticketmaster was decided more than ten years after the United States Supreme

Court decided Calder, the court in Ticketmaster did not apply, and did not discuss,

the express aiming test set forth in Calder and, indeed, cited the Calder decision

only in relation to a collateral issue.

       In Brockman v. Kravic, 779 N.E.2d 1250 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), we held that

a psychologist who was not licensed and did not practice in Indiana, but sent

allegedly defamatory letters into Indiana about an Indiana resident was subject to

specific personal jurisdiction in Indiana. Indiana was where the alleged wrong was

committed and where the alleged harm to the plaintiff occurred. The defendant‘s

tortious actions were expressly aimed at Indiana.

       Here, a lawyer who was not licensed in and did not practice in Indiana

communicated allegedly defamatory statements to an Indiana television station via

telephone about a long-time Indiana resident who maintains a significant presence

in this state. The defendant‘s tortious actions were expressly aimed at Indiana.

Indiana was where the alleged wrong was committed and where the alleged harm

occurred.    I am unable to draw a meaningful distinction between Brockman and

the case now before us.

       More than fifty years ago, the United State Supreme Court observed that a

state has ―a ‗manifest interest‘ in providing its residents with a convenient forum

for redressing injuries inflicted by out-of-state actors.‖ McGee v. Int’l Life Ins.

                                          25
Co., 355 U.S. 220, 223 (1957). Indiana‘s interest here is similarly manifest. I

would affirm the considered judgment of the trial court in all particulars.

                                         26