Court Opinion

ID: 3200245
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-05-04 13:19:51.252702+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:17.018380
License: Public Domain

NO. 12-14-00280-CV

                          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

               TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

                                     TYLER, TEXAS

TONDA HARRIS HELMS,                               §      APPEAL FROM THE
APPELLANT

V.                                                §      COUNTY COURT AT LAW #2

MARY FRANCES SWANSEN,
APPELLEE                                          §      SMITH COUNTY, TEXAS

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION
       Tonda Harris Helms appeals from the judgment rendered after a trial before the court in
Mary Frances Swansen’s suit for breach of contract. Helms raises eight issues regarding the trial
court’s refusal to file additional findings of fact, the sufficiency of the evidence, and the awards
of property and attorney’s fees. We affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.

                                          BACKGROUND
       In 2006, Swansen purchased a new “park model” mobile home and moved it onto a lot in
Spring Lake Mobile Home Park, which is owned by Helms. Swansen moved to Kansas when
she married in January 2008, leaving her mobile home in Helms’s park. Swansen and Helms had
an oral agreement that Helms would try to sell the mobile home. A disagreement as to the terms
of that agreement and ownership of the mobile home led to litigation. Trial was before the court,
which rendered judgment that the home belongs to Swansen.

                  ADDITIONAL FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
       In her first issue, Helms contends the trial court erred in failing to file additional findings
of fact and conclusions of law when she requested them. She asserts that the court’s initial
findings do not include findings on what the terms of the contract were, what term was breached,
or what consideration was given by each party. Citing Rule of Civil Procedure 298, Helms
argues that, because no findings or conclusions can be deemed or presumed by the court’s failure
to make additional findings or conclusions, the failure to find the missing essential elements of
the claim for breach of contract results in a take nothing judgment.
Applicable Law
         If timely requested, the trial court “shall file any additional or amended findings and
conclusions that are appropriate.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 298. Additional findings are not required if
the original findings and conclusions properly and succinctly relate the ultimate findings of fact
and law necessary to apprise the party of adequate information for the preparation of the party’s
appeal. Pakdimounivong v. City of Arlington, 219 S.W.3d 401, 412 (Tex. App.−Fort Worth
2006, pet. denied). An ultimate fact is one that would have a direct effect on the judgment. Id.
The controlling issue is whether the circumstances of the particular case require the party to
guess at the reasons for the trial court’s decision. In re Marriage of C.A.S. & D.P.S., 405
S.W.3d 373, 382 (Tex. App.−Dallas 2013, no pet.). If the refusal to file additional findings does
not prevent a party from adequately presenting an argument on appeal, there is no reversible
error.    Flanary v. Mills, 150 S.W.3d 785, 792 (Tex. App.−Austin 2004, pet. denied).
Furthermore, if the requested findings will not result in a different judgment, they need not be
made. Id.
Analysis
         At Helms’s request, the trial court filed findings of fact and conclusions of law. The
pertinent findings are as follows:

                          3. While the park model home was still located at such park space at a
                time less than four years before the commencement of the instant lawsuit when
                the parties entered into a valid oral contractual agreement via the exchange of
                mutual promises under which Defendant agreed to find a buyer for the park
                model home.
                          5. Defendant represented to Plaintiff that to facilitate the sale of the
                park model home pursuant to their agreement, Plaintiff should sign the title to
                the said park model home in blank, and leave such signed title in the possession
                and care of the Defendant, which Plaintiff did with the understanding that the
                defendant would complete the application for title by adding the name of the
                buyer at the time when a buyer was located and payment therefor was received
                so as to transfer such title to such buyer.
                          6. In May 2010, after the conclusion of litigation in a justice court in
                Smith County, Texas which had resulted in a judgment unfavorable to
                Defendant, without the knowledge or consent of the Plaintiff, and without

                                                        2
               payment of any consideration, the Defendant breached the oral contract to hold
               such title until a buyer could be found.
                         7. In May 2010 the Defendant, unilaterally and without the payment of
               any consideration for the sale of such park model home, wrongfully affixed her
               own name to the application for title as Buyer and then remitted the title to the
               said park model home to the State of Texas further breaching such oral contract
               and resulting in the issuance of a new certificate of title by the state of Texas
               reflecting Defendant as owner.
                         8. That Plaintiff gave defendant the proper notices and demands
               necessary under the statute to invoke the provisions of Tex Civ Prac and Rem
               Code Ann Sec. 38.001 et seq. regarding the recovery of reasonable attorney’s
               fees in cases based upon the breach of an oral contract.

       The pertinent conclusions of law are as follows:

                         1. The court finds that as a result of the existence of the oral contract
               between the parties and the subsequent breach of the contract by the Defendant,
               the Plaintiff sustained damages, and is therefore entitled to judgment relief . . . .
                         3. That Plaintiff is entitled under the law to judgment for the recovery
               of reasonable attorney’s fees necessarily incurred on her behalf in this action as
               a result of Defendant’s breach of the oral contract . . . .

       Thereafter, Helms filed a request for additional findings of fact and conclusions of law on
the following issues:

                        1.   The consideration given by each party to the contract.
                        2.   The material terms of the contract between the parties.
                        3.   Which material term was breached, and by what specific act.
                        4.   The date the claim for breach of contract was presented to the
                             Defendant under Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 38.002.

       Helms’s requested findings and conclusions 1 and 2 are subsumed by the trial court’s
original finding of fact 3 and conclusion of law 1. Further, her requested finding and conclusion
3 is addressed in the trial court’s original findings. Finding of fact number 6 specifically states
that Helms breached the oral contract to hold the title until a buyer could be found. Finding of
fact number 7 states that Helms further breached the agreement by affixing her name to the
application for title as buyer. Further, Helms’s requested additional finding and conclusion 4 is
subsumed under original finding of fact 8 and conclusion of law 3. Moreover, under these
circumstances, Helms was not required to guess at the reasons for the trial court’s decision. See
In re Marriage of C.A.S. & D.P.S., 405 S.W.3d at 382. Finally, none of the requested additional

                                                        3
findings or conclusions would have resulted in a different judgment and therefore need not have
been made. See Flanary, 150 S.W.3d at 792. We overrule Helms’s first issue.

                                     SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
       In her second issue, Helms asserts that there is no evidence of consideration to support
the oral contract. Specifically, she argues that while she agreed to find a buyer for Swansen, the
agreement required no obligation on Swansen’s part. In her third issue, Helms contends the
contract is insufficiently definite to be enforceable. She asserts that the contract is so vague as to
be meaningless and “there is absolutely no guidance as to what the obligations of the plaintiff
would be.” In her fourth issue, Helms contends there is no evidence that she breached the
contract. She asserts it is difficult to determine what the contractual obligations of the parties
were, but argues that putting her name on the title was not a breach of the parties’ agreement.
She further argues that the terms of a contract are determined at the time of the original
formation and their original agreement did not include “anything about the title.” Therefore, she
argues, an additional requirement that Helms not affix her name to the title would require
additional consideration.
Standard of Review
       In an appeal of a judgment rendered after a bench trial, the trial court’s findings of fact
have the same weight as a jury’s verdict, and we review the legal and factual sufficiency of the
evidence used to support them just as we would review a jury’s findings. In re Doe, 19 S.W.3d
249, 253 (Tex. 2000). When challenged, a trial court’s findings of fact are not conclusive, if as
in the present case, there is a complete reporter’s record. In re K.R.P., 80 S.W.3d 669, 673 (Tex.
App.−Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. denied). A party who challenges the legal sufficiency of the
evidence to support an issue upon which it did not have the burden of proof at trial must
demonstrate on appeal that there is no evidence to support the adverse finding. G.D. Holdings,
Inc. v. H.D.H. Land & Timber, L.P., 407 S.W.3d 856, 860 (Tex. App.−Tyler 2013, no pet.).
When reviewing a no evidence issue, we determine whether the evidence at trial would enable
reasonable and fair minded people to reach the verdict under review. City of Keller v. Wilson,
168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005). In making this determination, we must credit favorable
evidence if a reasonable finder of fact could and disregard contrary evidence unless a reasonable
finder of fact could not. Id. If there is any evidence of probative force to support the finding,

                                                  4
i.e., more than a scintilla, we will overrule the issue. City of Houston v. Hildebrandt, 265
S.W.3d 22, 27 (Tex. App.−Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied).
       We are mindful that the trier of fact is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses
and weight to be given their testimony. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 819. When there is
conflicting evidence, it is the province of the trier of fact to resolve such conflicts. Id. at 820. In
every circumstance in which a reasonable trier of fact could resolve conflicting evidence either
way, the reviewing court must presume it did so in favor of the prevailing party, and disregard
the conflicting evidence in its sufficiency review. Id. at 821.
Applicable Law
       The elements of a breach of contract claim include (1) the existence of a valid contract,
(2) performance or tendered performance, (3) breach of the contract, and (4) damage as a result
of the breach. See Critchfield v. Smith, 151 S.W.3d 225, 233 (Tex. App.−Tyler 2004, pet.
denied). The plaintiff is required to prove the following elements underlying the formation of a
valid and binding contract: (1) an offer, (2) acceptance in strict compliance with the terms of the
offer, (3) a meeting of the minds, (4) each party’s consent to the terms, and (5) execution and
delivery of the contract with the intent that it be mutual and binding. Id.
       Consideration is also a fundamental element of every valid contract. Id. Consideration
may consist of some right, interest, profit, or benefit that accrues to one party, or, alternatively,
of some forbearance, loss, or responsibility that is undertaken or incurred by the other party. In
re C & H News Co., 133 S.W.3d 642, 647 (Tex. App.−Corpus Christi 2003, orig. proceeding).
Application of the consideration requirement depends in part on the nature of the contract. A
bilateral contract is one in which there are mutual promises between two parties to the contract,
each being both a promisor and a promisee. Hutchings v. Slemons, 174 S.W.2d 487, 489 (Tex.
1943). Thus, valid consideration for a bilateral contract involves mutuality of obligation. In re
Palm Harbor Homes, Inc., 129 S.W.3d 636, 643 (Tex. App.−Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, orig.
proceeding).
       In determining the existence of an oral contract, the court looks to the communications
between the parties and to the acts and circumstances surrounding those communications.
Critchfield, 151 S.W.3d at 233. Questions of contract formation must be resolved on objective
standards, looking to the meaning reasonably conveyed by the parties’ actions and words, rather

                                                  5
than their uncommunicated subjective intentions. Harrison v. Williams Dental Grp., P.C., 140
S.W.3d 912, 916 (Tex. App.−Dallas 2004, no pet.).
       Whether an agreement fails for indefiniteness is a question of law to be determined by the
court. Fiduciary Fin. Servs. of the Sw., Inc. v. Corilant Fin., L.P., 376 S.W.3d 253, 256 (Tex.
App.−Dallas 2012, pet. denied). A contract is legally binding when its terms are sufficiently
definite to enable a court to understand the parties’ legal obligations. Fort Worth Indep. Sch.
Dist. v. City of Fort Worth, 22 S.W.3d 831, 846 (Tex. 2000). Contract terms are reasonably
certain when they provide a basis for determining the existence of a breach and for giving an
appropriate remedy. Corilant Fin., L.P., 376 S.W.3d at 256. If the essential terms are so
uncertain that there is no basis for deciding whether the agreement has been kept or broken, there
is no contract. Id.
Analysis
       Swansen testified that she and Helms had an oral agreement that she would leave the
home in Helms’s park and Helms would try to sell the mobile home for Swansen. Swansen
never agreed for Helms to take the mobile home for any purpose other than to resell it. Swansen
wanted $50,000.00 for the home, but Helms was authorized to gradually, over time, lower the
asking price. Swansen testified that “[i]t was understood that when [Helms] is going to sell it,
she is going to get her lot rent back, however much it was.” Swansen explained that she did not
want to risk losing the title in the mail so she signed the title in Helms’s presence, leaving the
new owner’s name blank, and left it with Helms before she moved to Kansas. Helms was to add
the new owner’s name to the title when she found a buyer. Swansen testified that she did not
give the title to Helms to convey the home to Helms. At the time Swansen moved out, she paid
$250.00 per month in lot rent. According to Swansen, it was understood that she did not have to
pay lot rent after she moved out. Further, Helms did not owe Swansen any money until she sold
the home. Swansen testified that Helms was to take lot rent out of the buyer’s payments.
       Helms testified that when Swansen moved out in January 2008, she agreed to try to sell
the home for Swansen. According to Helms, Swansen could not afford to move the home.
Although conclusively disproved by other evidence, Helms said that Swansen owed her
$1,800.00 in back rent when she moved out. Helms testified that, as part of the agreement,
Helms would receive any lot rent still owed when the home sold. Accordingly, she did not

                                                6
expect Swansen to pay back rent until the home sold. However, Helms said she was not able to
sell the home.
       Contrary to Swansen’s testimony, Helms testified that Swansen did not give her the title
at the time they made the agreement that Helms would try to sell the home. Helms testified that
Swansen called her in May 2008, after Swansen had moved to Kansas, told her she was filing for
bankruptcy, and said she could not repay the debt she owed Helms. Helms stated that Swansen
wanted to sign the home over to Helms at that time because she was going to lose it anyway.
Helms told Swansen she “would take the home for the debt,” which Helms believed was at least
$2,700.00 at the time. According to Helms, Swansen then mailed her the title so she could put
her own name on the title as payment for the back rent. Helms testified that she accepted the title
in satisfaction of the amount she believed Swansen owed at the time. After she accepted the
title, making her owner of the mobile home, Helms made a deal with Robert Garcia for him to
purchase the mobile home for $25,000.00. He “agreed to owner-finance the home” with Helms.
He moved into the home in September 2009, making monthly payments to Helms. Helms sent
Swansen two $200.00 checks, but she denied sending them as payments for the mobile home.
Helms testified that she sent those checks because Swansen said she was going through a hard
time and did not have any groceries. Garcia moved out, and stopped paying, in 2010. Helms
testified that she did not try to find another buyer after he moved out. That was not a breach of
the agreement, she reasoned, because Swansen had already signed the home over to Helms by
then. On May 25, 2010, Helms submitted an application for title to the State of Texas to have
title to the mobile home put in her name “to protect [her]self.”
       The testimony illustrates that the terms of the agreement are sufficiently definite for the
trial court to understand the parties’ legal obligations and, therefore, there is an enforceable
contract. See Fort Worth Indep. Sch. Dist., 22 S.W.3d at 846. Both parties testified that they
had an agreement for Helms to try to find a buyer for Swansen’s mobile home. In exchange,
Helms received the benefit of having a renter for the lot where the mobile home is located.
Further, they both testified that Helms would receive any back rent owed when the home sold.
The record evidence supports the trial court’s determination that there was an exchange of
mutual promises, satisfying the consideration requirement. See Hutchings, 174 S.W.2d at 489.
       The parties presented different versions of events regarding the title. We presume the
trial court resolved the conflict in favor of Swansen, and we disregard Helms’s conflicting

                                                 7
testimony. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 821. Thus, putting title in her name constituted a
breach of the contract by Helms, resulting in Swansen’s loss of the home. See Critchfield, 151
S.W.3d at 233.      There is more than a scintilla of evidence supporting the trial court’s
determination that there is an enforceable contract, including consideration for the contract, and
that Helms breached the contract. See City of Houston, 265 S.W.3d at 27. We overrule Helms’s
second, third, and fourth issues.

                                           AWARD OF PROPERTY
       In her fifth issue, Helms asserts that the trial court erred by awarding the mobile home to
Swansen. She argues that an award of damages would be appropriate, not an award of a specific
piece of property. Among other arguments, Helms contends that rescission is not appropriate
because Swansen did not prove that she offered to put Helms back in the position she was in
before the contract was entered by repaying her for money paid for taxes and insurance on the
mobile home.
       Rescission is an equitable remedy that operates to extinguish a contract that is legally
valid, but must be set aside because of fraud, mistake, or some other reason to avoid unjust
enrichment. Neese v. Lyon, 479 S.W.3d 368, 389 (Tex. App.−Dallas 2015, no pet.). It may be
available if the other party to the contract has breached the contract in a material part. Boyter v.
MCR Constr. Co., 673 S.W.2d 938, 941 (Tex. App.−Dallas 1984, writ ref’d n.r.e.). To be
entitled to the equitable remedy of rescission, a party must show either (1) that she and the other
party are in the status quo, i.e., that she is not retaining benefits received under the instrument
without restoration to the other party, or (2) that there are special equitable considerations that
obviate the need for the parties to be in the status quo. Id.
       In her petition, Swansen asked the court to enjoin Helms from selling the mobile home,
which would effectively rescind the agreement, and for reformation of the title to reflect that
Swansen is the owner. In Helms’s counterclaim, she asked the court to declare that Swansen
does not have any ownership interest in the home. The trial court ordered the title to be reformed
and reissued to Swansen. Accordingly, the trial court determined that Swansen was entitled to
possession of the home and effectively rescinded the parties’ contract.
       Pursuant to the terms of the contract, Swansen retained ownership of the home until it
sold. There was an attempted sale, but it fell through. Therefore, Swansen remained the owner.

                                                  8
Although Helms presented evidence that she paid for taxes, maintenance, repair, and insurance,
there is no evidence that she did so pursuant to an agreement with Swansen. Further, Helms’s
act of applying to put title in her name was a material breach of the parties’ agreement.
Accordingly, there was no requirement that Swansen put Helms back in the position she was in
before they entered into their contract. See id. The trial court did not err in ordering the title to
the mobile home to be reformed and reissued to Swansen and that Swansen may take possession
of the home. We overrule Helms’s fifth issue.

                                            ATTORNEY’S FEES
       In her sixth issue, Helms contends there is no evidence to support the award of attorney’s
fees. She argues that Swansen elected to use the lodestar method to prove up attorney’s fees but
her evidence lacks the specificity that method requires. She complains that Swansen did not
provide evidence showing specifics such as how much time her attorney worked on the case,
what he spent his time on, the skill required, or the novelty or difficulty involved in the case.
Therefore, the argument continues, the court cannot analyze whether the tasks performed were
necessary and the time spent on them reasonable. In her seventh issue, Helms asserts that
Swansen failed to segregate requested attorney’s fees by cause of action.
Applicable Law
       Chapter 38 of the Civil Practices and Remedies Code allows recovery of reasonable
attorney’s fees in breach of contract cases. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 38.001 (West
2015). A “reasonable” attorney’s fee is one that is not excessive or extreme, but rather moderate
or fair. Sullivan v. Abraham, No. 14-0987, 2016 WL 1513674, at *4 (Tex. April 15, 2016). We
review the decision by a district court to either grant or deny attorney’s fees under an abuse of
discretion standard, and we review the amount awarded as attorney’s fees under a legal
sufficiency standard. EMC Mortg. Corp. v. Davis, 167 S.W.3d 406, 418 (Tex. App.−Austin
2005, pet. denied). In conducting our legal sufficiency review, we consider the evidence in the
light most favorable to the finding under review and indulge every reasonable inference that
would support it. City of Keller, 168 S.W.2d at 822. If more than a scintilla of evidence
supports the challenged finding, the legal sufficiency challenge fails. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v.
Canchola, 121 S.W.3d 735, 739 (Tex. 2003) (per curiam).

                                                 9
       The lodestar method for proving attorney’s fees involves evidence relating the hours
worked for each attorney multiplied by their hourly rates for a total fee. Long v. Griffin, 442
S.W.3d 253, 255 (Tex. 2014) (per curiam). The supreme court has held that where a party elects
to use the lodestar method, the party must offer evidence of the time expended on particular
tasks. Id. That party must provide evidence that is sufficiently specific to allow the factfinder to
determine the amount of time spent on a particular task and to decide whether that length of time
was reasonable. El Apple I Ltd. v. Olivas, 370 S.W.3d 757, 763 (Tex. 2012).
Analysis
       Swansen testified that she paid Robert Hindman, her attorney, $1,500.00 cash for him to
review her case and determine whether he wanted to take the case. He agreed to take the case,
but Swansen had no more money and could not pay on an hourly basis. Therefore, she and
Hindman entered into a written contingency fee contract. She agreed that Hindman would get
forty percent of the value of the mobile home.
       Hindman testified regarding his fees. He has been licensed to practice law since 1976.
He is familiar with the customary and normal fees charged for cases of this nature, and he
testified that the going rate is $250.00 an hour. He took the case on a percentage basis and is to
receive forty percent of the market value of the home in addition to the separate fee he charged
for reviewing the case before determining that he wanted to take the case “because of its
complexity.” He explained that he kept a record of the amount of time expended on this case
and testified that the time spent was necessary and reasonable. At $250.00 an hour, attorney’s
fees totaled $12,938.85.     Adding court costs of $504.82, the total amount charged was
$13,443.67. He specifically testified that “the amount of time based upon the hourly billing rate
would have been equivalent to the amount of funds if this trailer is worth $33,000.” He
explained that his percentage is based solely on what the home actually sells for. He further
testified that if this case is appealed, “having had some experience just recently with the retention
of an attorney to go before an appellate court at the Court of Appeals level and the Texas
Supreme Court, that the going rate for each of that, a reasonable fee is $10,000 per level. . . .”
He reiterated that “all of this was necessary and reasonable as to the amount of time and what the
charges, therefore, would have been . . . .”

                                                 10
       The trial court awarded Swansen $11,443.67 in attorney’s fees for “preparation and trial
of the case,” $10,000.00 if appealed to the court of appeals, and another $10,000.00 if appealed
to the supreme court.
       Based on our reading of recent supreme court cases, we interpret Hindman’s reference to
his hourly rate as an election to use the lodestar method. Long, 442 S.W.3d at 255 (“The
affidavit supporting the Griffins’ request for attorney’s fees used the lodestar method by relating
the hours worked for each of the two attorneys multiplied by their hourly rates for a total fee.”);
City of Laredo v. Montano, 414 S.W.3d 731, 736 (Tex. 2013) (per curiam) (held that property
owner chose to prove up attorney’s fees using the lodestar method by testifying that he arrived at
his fee by multiplying the number of hours worked by his hourly rate); see also Felix v.
Prosperity Bank, No. 01-14-00997-CV, 2015 WL 9242048, at *3-4 (Tex. App.−Houston [1st
Dist.] Dec. 17, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (court applied El Apple I requirements where attorney
seeking fees pursuant to Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code Section 38.001 presented
evidence of his hourly fee); Auz v. Cisneros, 477 S.W.3d 355, 359-60 (Tex. App.−Houston [14th
Dist.] 2015, no pet.) (held that El Apple I requirements apply where attorney seeking fees
pursuant to Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code Section 38.001 presented evidence that he
arrived at his total fee by multiplying his hourly fee by the number of hours he worked); but see
In re E.B., No. 05-14-00295-CV, 2015 WL 5692570, at *2 (Tex. App.−Dallas Sept. 29, 2015,
no pet.) (mem. op.) (in case brought pursuant to the family code, party who presented evidence
of hourly fee and number of hours held to have used traditional method, not lodestar method);
Myers v. Sw. Bank, No. 02-14-00122-CV, 2014 WL 7009956, at *6 (Tex. App.−Fort Worth Feb.
5, 2015, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (although attorney testified as to his hourly rate and number of
hours worked, court characterized case as “ordinary hourly-fee breach of contract case” not
requiring time sheets or other detailed hour calculations); Ferrant v. Graham Assocs., Inc., No.
02-12-00190-CV, 2014 WL 1875825, at *7-8 (Tex. App.−Fort Worth May 8, 2014, no pet.)
(mem. op.) (although attorney testified as to his hourly rate and number of hours worked, court
characterized case as “ordinary non-lodestar, hourly-fee breach of contract case” not requiring
hourly time records); Metroplex Mailing Servs., LLC v. R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co., 410
S.W.3d 889, 900 (Tex. App.−Dallas 2013, no pet.) (drawing distinction between cases governed

                                                11
by lodestar approach and “non-lodestar awards of fees such as those made in breach of contract
cases”).1
        Accordingly, Swansen was required to introduce sufficient evidence to allow the trial
court to apply the lodestar method. Counsel noted that this is a complex case, stated his hourly
rate, which he characterized as necessary and reasonable, and asked for a total, which he
presumably arrived at by multiplying his hourly rate by the number of hours worked. This
testimony regarding attorney’s fees is generalized. Counsel did not provide testimonial evidence
of the time expended on specific tasks. Further, although he kept a record of the time spent on
the case, he presented no documentation in support of his request for fees. Without any evidence
of time spent on specific tasks, the trial court had insufficient information to meaningfully
review the fee request. Long, 442 S.W.3d at 255. Thus, the trial court was not provided legally
sufficient evidence to calculate a reasonable fee. Id. at 254-55.
        Additionally, counsel testified to a contingency fee arrangement. His contract with
Swansen provided that he would be paid an amount equivalent to forty percent of the actual sales
price of the home. While his fee was contingent upon Swansen’s being awarded the home, his
fee was not contingent upon a damages award. Accordingly, even if supporting evidence is not
required for the contingency fee method of proof, that method cannot support the award here
because his contract was not based on a percentage of damages and the final judgment awarded
no damages.2 See Long, 442 S.W.3d at 256. Accordingly, because the contingency method
cannot support the trial court’s fee award, and no legally sufficient evidence supports the award
under the lodestar method, we remand to the trial court to redetermine attorney’s fees. See id.
We sustain Helms’s sixth issue.
         In Helms’s seventh issue, she contends that Swansen failed to segregate recoverable fees
from those incurred on claims for which fees are not recoverable. We do not reach the merits of
this argument because Helms did not lodge a trial court objection on this ground and it is
therefore waived. See Green Int’l, Inc. v. Solis, 951 S.W.2d 384, 389 (Tex. 1997). We overrule
Helms’s seventh issue.
        1
           We note that the El Apple and Long decisions have left some unanswered questions regarding when a
party can be said to have elected to use the lodestar method and whether their approach to proving attorney’s fees
abrogates the statutory language of Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code Chapter 38. See Mark E. Steiner, Will
El Apple Today Keep Attorney’s Fees Away?, 19 J. OF CONSUMER & COM. LAW 114 (Winter 2016).
        2
           We do not address the significance of the fact that the judgment awarded no damages because we are
prohibited from addressing unassigned error. See Pat Baker Co. v. Wilson, 971 S.W.2d 447, 450 (Tex. 1998).

                                                       12
                                                 PRESENTMENT
         In her eighth issue, Helms contends that Swansen failed to segregate requested attorney’s
fees by time. She argues that Swansen is not entitled to fees incurred before the date of
presentment and the record does not reflect the date of presentment.
         Section 38.002 requires parties to present their claim to the opposing party, and that the
opposing party refuse to pay, before a party is entitled to attorney’s fees. TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
REM. CODE ANN. § 38.002 (West 2015). The purpose of presentment is to allow the opposing
party to pay a claim within thirty days after she has notice of the claim before becoming liable
for attorney’s fees. Jones v. Kelley, 614 S.W.2d 95, 100 (Tex. 1981).
         Here, Hindman testified that, in compliance with the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies
Code, he sent a letter, “during the pendency of this” suit, giving Helms thirty days to respond,
“laying the groundwork for attorney’s fees.” Although the date of presentment is not reflected in
the record, presentment occurred prior to the date of the hearing. The judgment was signed
almost two months after the hearing. Accordingly, presentment occurred more than thirty days
before the trial court rendered judgment ordering that Helms is liable for attorney’s fees. The
statute speaks to the plaintiff’s entitlement to attorney’s fees and the defendant’s opportunity to
avoid an obligation to pay attorney’s fees. The statute does not limit the award to fees incurred
after the date of presentment. We overrule Helms’s eighth issue.

                                                   DISPOSITION
         We affirm that portion of the trial court’s judgment concerning title to and possession of
the mobile home. Because Swansen did not present legally sufficient evidence to support the
award of attorney’s fees, we reverse that portion of the trial court’s judgment awarding
attorney’s fees to Swansen, and we remand the cause to the trial court to redetermine attorney’s
fees.

                                                                 BRIAN HOYLE
                                                                    Justice

Opinion delivered April 29, 2016.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.

                                                   (PUBLISH)

                                                         13
                                  COURT OF APPEALS

     TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                                          JUDGMENT

                                            APRIL 29, 2016

                                        NO. 12-14-00280-CV

                                  TONDA HARRIS HELMS,
                                        Appellant
                                           V.
                                 MARY FRANCES SWANSEN,
                                        Appellee

                             Appeal from the County Court at Law #2
                          of Smith County, Texas (Tr.Ct.No. 62,602-A)

                      THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the appellate record and briefs filed
herein, and the same being considered, it is the opinion of this court that there was error in the
judgment of the trial court below. In accordance with this court’s opinion of this date, the
judgment of the trial court is affirmed in part and reversed and remanded in part, as follows:
                      It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the portion of
the trial court’s judgment awarding attorney’s fees is reversed and the cause is remanded to the
trial court for further proceedings in accordance with this court’s opinion.
                      It is further ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that the judgment of
the court below is affirmed in all other respects.
                      It is further ORDERED that all costs of this appeal are hereby adjudged
against the party incurring same; and that the decision be certified to the court below for
observance.
                      Brian Hoyle, Justice.
                   Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.