Court Opinion

ID: 8483340
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-11 06:04:15.346465+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:49:45.320719
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                  revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

CAI LIQUIDATING, INC. and J & A PROPERTY                               UNPUBLISHED
HOLDINGS, LLC,                                                         November 10, 2022

               Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v                                                                      No. 358278
                                                                       Court of Claims
MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT,                                    LC No. 20-000164-MZ
GREAT LAKES, AND ENERGY,

               Defendant-Appellee.

Before: HOOD, P.J., and JANSEN and K. F. KELLY, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Plaintiffs, CAI Liquidating, Inc. (CAI) and J & A Property Holdings, LLC (J & A), appeal
as of right the Court of Claims opinion and order dismissing the matter for lack of an actual
controversy, and granting summary disposition in favor of defendant, the Michigan Department of
Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy. We vacate the opinion and order of the Court of Claims,
and remand for a determination on the merits.

                      I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

         This case arises from a dispute between the parties regarding whether defendant has
jurisdiction to order plaintiffs to perform corrective action at its hazardous waste facility under the
Michigan Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA), MCL 324.101 et seq.
When waste management spills or releases hazardous material into the environment, Part 111 of
the NREPA, MCL 324.11101 et seq., requires corrective action by the owner or operator of the
facility, which may include an investigation, assessment, or cleanup of the contaminated air,
groundwater, surface water, soil, or sediments. MCL 324.11115a.

        Chemical Analytics, Inc. (CAI’s former business operating name) operated a hazardous
waste treatment, storage, and disposal facility at 29959 Beverly Road, in Romulus, under Part 111
of the NREPA. Chemical Analytics operated under a Part 111 operating permit for treatment and
storage of hazardous waste from 2002 until 2015. Around March 1, 2015, Stericycle Specialty
Waste Solutions, Inc. (Stericycle) purchased the operating name “Chemical Analytics” and all of

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its assets, except the property and the buildings on the property. J & A is the current owner of the
property and its buildings (“the facility”).

         When plaintiffs began closing the facility, disputes arose between the parties regarding
whether corrective action needed to be performed. Various studies conducted at the facility
showed levels of arsenic, selenium, zinc, and benzo(a)pyrene that exceeded statutory cleanup
criteria levels. Plaintiffs hired PM Environmental, Inc. (PM) throughout the years to conduct
evaluations at the facility. Contrary to PM’s conclusions, defendant believed that a release
occurred at the facility, therefore triggering corrective action under Part 111. Plaintiffs asserted
that there was no evidence of a release, and the contaminants found in the soil were naturally
occurring. Defendant suggested corrective action in the form of a restrictive covenant limiting the
use of the property to nonresidential, and to maintain a concrete slab foundation to act as an
infiltration barrier. Plaintiffs contested these recommendations, and no order or consent agreement
was ever entered requiring corrective action.

        Thus, in August 2020, plaintiffs filed a one-count complaint for declaratory judgment in
the Court of Claims, seeking a declaration that defendant lacked authority under Part 111 to impose
corrective action on plaintiffs where there was no evidence of release. The parties each filed
competing motions for summary disposition. However, in July 2021, on its own motion, the Court
of Claims ordered the parties to file supplemental briefs regarding whether plaintiffs could seek
declaratory relief when no corrective action was ordered, whether plaintiffs’ action was premature,
and whether an actual controversy existed between the parties giving rise to an action for
declaratory relief.

        The parties each filed briefs, and plaintiffs argued that defendant “effectively ordered”
corrective action at the facility, creating an actual controversy. Defendant asserted that no formal
order or consent order was ever entered, plaintiffs’ injuries were hypothetical, and therefore, no
actual controversy existed. The Court of Claims agreed with defendant, dismissed plaintiffs’
complaint for lack of an actual controversy, and granted defendant summary disposition. Plaintiffs
now appeal.

                                 II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        The lower court decision whether to grant or deny declaratory relief is reviewed for an
abuse of discretion. The Reserve at Heritage Village Ass’n v Warren Fin Acquisition, LLC, 305
Mich App 92, 104; 850 NW2d 649 (2014). “An abuse of discretion occurs when a trial court’s
decision is not within the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” Id. (quotation marks and
citation omitted). A trial court’s decision regarding a motion for summary disposition in a
declaratory-judgment action is reviewed de novo. Little v Kin, 249 Mich App 502, 507; 644 NW2d
375 (2002), aff’d 468 Mich 699 (2003). “Questions regarding ripeness are also reviewed de novo.”
Van Buren Charter Twp v Visteon Corp, 319 Mich App 538, 542; 904 NW2d 192 (2017) (quotation
marks and citation omitted).

                                         III. ANALYSIS

      Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred by dismissing its complaint for a declaratory
judgment because an actual controversy did exist. We agree.

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       MCR 2.605 is the court rule governing a trial court’s authority to enter a declaratory
judgment. MCR 2.605(A)(1) states: “In a case of actual controversy within its jurisdiction, a
Michigan court of record may declare the rights and other legal relations of an interested party
seeking a declaratory judgment, whether or not other relief is or could be sought or granted.” The
decision whether to grant declaratory relief is within the sound discretion of the trial court. Van
Buren Charter Twp, 319 Mich App at 545.

               When there is no actual controversy, the court lacks jurisdiction to issue a
       declaratory judgment. Thus, the existence of an “actual controversy” is a condition
       precedent to the invocation of declaratory relief. An actual controversy exists when
       a declaratory judgment is necessary to guide the plaintiff’s future conduct in order
       to preserve the plaintiff’s legal rights. It is not necessary that actual injuries or
       losses have occurred; rather [that] plaintiffs plead and prove facts which indicate
       an adverse interest necessitating a sharpening of the issues raised. [Id. at 545-546
       (quotation marks and citations omitted; alteration added).]

      Defendant’s authority to order corrective relief under Part 111 of the NREPA is provided
in MCL 324.11115a, which provides:

               (1) Beginning on June 4, 1992, the owner or operator, or both, of a facility
       specified in this subsection is subject to the corrective action requirements specified
       in this part and the rules promulgated under this part for all releases of a
       contaminant from any waste management unit at the facility, regardless of when
       the contaminant may have been placed in or released from the waste management
       unit. This requirement applies to a facility for which the owner or operator, or both,
       is applying for or has been issued a license under this part.

              (2) Beginning on June 4, 1992, if the department, on the basis of any
       information, determines that there is or has been a release of a contaminant from
       any waste management unit at the facility, the department may order, or may enter
       a consent order with an owner or operator, or both, of a facility specified in
       subsection (1), requiring corrective action at the facility. . . .

        There is no dispute that defendant never entered an order or consent order requiring
plaintiffs to perform corrective action under MCL 324.11115a(2). Plaintiffs concede this point on
appeal. The parties negotiated for years what corrective action was appropriate, i.e., the restrictive
covenant restricting the land to nonresidential use and the maintenance of a concrete slab
foundation to act as an infiltration barrier. Plaintiffs were provided with draft consent agreements,
but refuted the terms, so they were never signed or entered. Defendant has not offered any reason
why it has not entered a formal order for corrective action up to this point.

        Thus, the actual controversy that exists between the parties is whether defendant has
jurisdiction to order plaintiffs to perform corrective action where, as alleged by plaintiffs, there is
no evidence of a release of contaminants at the facility. The parties have debated this point for
years, culminating in this litigation, and there can be no resolution of the issue without declaratory
relief. As long as defendant fails to enter a formal order, plaintiffs will dispute the terms of any
draft consent agreement, rendering the sale of the property at a stalemate to the detriment of

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plaintiffs. Thus, plaintiffs have sufficiently “plead[ed] and prove[n] facts which indicate an
adverse interest necessitating a sharpening of the issues raised.” Van Buren Charter Twp, 319
Mich App at 546 (quotation marks and citation omitted). Although the Court of Claims deemed
this issue hypothetical, and “there [] must be a present legal controversy, not one that is merely
hypothetical or anticipated in the future,” League of Women Voters of Mich v Secretary of State,
506 Mich 561, 586; 957 NW2d 731 (2020) (quotation marks and citation omitted), a controversy
exists here because the parties have disputed corrective action for years, and a declaratory
judgment is necessary for a resolution.

        The parties dispute the application of Flanders Indus, Inc v Michigan, 203 Mich App 15;
512 NW2d 328 (1993) to the facts at hand.1 In Flanders, the plaintiff purchased an industrial plant
on Lake Michigan, and the previous owner had discharged contaminants into the water. Id. at 18-
19. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources (DNR, a predecessor of defendant), notified
the plaintiff that it was responsible for remediating the contamination under a previous version of
the NREPA, and the plaintiff incurred expenses for inspecting, testing, monitoring, and removing
the contaminants. Id. at 19. The plaintiff moved for declaratory relief seeking a determination
that it was not liable for the cost of cleaning up the lake, and the trial court denied the request
because it was premature. Id. at 20. This Court determined that the plaintiff could not obtain a
declaratory judgment of nonliability “before the DNR has initiated a cost recovery action.” Id.
at 21 (emphasis added). The plaintiff’s “ ‘right’ to avoid liability for the clean-up costs can be
determined just as effectively after the DNR has instituted a cost recovery action as before.” Id.
at 23. Therefore, no actual controversy existed at the time of the suit. Id.

        The facts of this case are distinguishable from Flanders because defendant has initiated
corrective action proceedings. Defendant has directed plaintiffs to produce studies of the property
and has attempted to enter a consent agreement for corrective action for years. Defendant
requested that plaintiffs submit a work plan for corrective action in 2016. For unknown reasons,
defendant has not entered a formal order. Plaintiffs, therefore, are in need of declaratory relief and
a determination of this case on the merits.

       Therefore, the Court of Claims abused its discretion when it determined that there was no
actual controversy between the parties, and improperly dismissed plaintiffs’ complaint for
declaratory relief and granted defendant summary disposition.2

1
  Plaintiffs argue that this case is distinguishable and nonbinding because it relies on federal
caselaw. Although lower federal court decisions are not binding on this Court but merely
persuasive, Abela v Gen Motors Corp, 469 Mich 603, 607; 677 NW2d 325 (2004), the Flanders
decision itself remains good law. See Straman v Lewis, 220 Mich App 448, 451; 559 NW2d 405
(1996), citing MCR 7.215(C)(2) (the publication of an opinion of this Court creates binding
precedent until our Supreme Court enters a decision altering this Court’s decision or its rationale).
2
  This renders discussion of defendant’s alternative argument that plaintiffs failed to exhaust
administrative remedies unnecessary.

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       The Court of Claims opinion and order is vacated, and this matter is remanded to the Court
of Claims for a determination on the merits. We do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                           /s/ Noah P. Hood
                                                           /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                           /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly

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