Court Opinion

ID: 5184879
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-06 04:47:02.452986+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:26:42.453588
License: Public Domain

Ward, J. (dissenting):
The action was brought by the plaintiff for the construction of the will of Nathan F. Graves, deceased, and judgment was rendered by the Special Term of Onondaga county construing said will and adjudging that the trust provisions contained therein were valid. The plaintiffs are the heirs at law and next of kin of the said Nathan F. Graves. The deceased left a widow, Catherine S. Graves, who, before the commencement of the action, was adjudged of unsound mind, and a committee was appointed over her property and person. She and her committee were made parties defendant. After the trial and before the decision in the action, the said widow died and Sidney B. Breese was duly appointed administrator of her estate, and he as such administrator and the heirs and next of kin of the widow were substituted as defendants in the action in the place of the widow and her committee. There is no appeal from that portion of the judgment holding that the bequests contained in the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th clauses of the will are valid (except so far as limited and affected by chapter 360 of the Laws of 1860).
The will was admitted to probate in the Surrogate’s Court of *492Onondaga county on the 5th day of September, 1896, as a will valid to pas's real and personal property, and duly recorded.
■ The trustees under the will were also the executors named therein, but Rasselas A. Bonta duly renounced as executor, • but did not-renounce as trustee under the said will. A number of corporations and associations, charitable and religious, were.made legatees under the will, and were parties to the action and appeared and answered.
The 1st clause of the will made provisions for the testator’s wife, Catherine; then followed eight clauses • providing legacies for the corporations and charitable and religious institutions.- The 9th clause gave legacies to relatives and friends of the decéased, and the 10th and 11th clauses, being the remaining clauses of the will, are those upon which the controversy in this action arises. The testator died July 21, 1896, a resident of Syracuse, in this ■ State.
The testator at the time of his death, in July, 1896, had reached the advanced age of eighty-three years. He never had any children, but left a widow still older than himself and two brothers and two sons of deceased. sisters, his heirs at law and next of kin, who are plaintiffs in this action. He left personal property' of about the value of $65,000, after deducting claims and demands made by suit brought, and about $100,000 in value of real estate, subject to similar deductions. He left a last -will and testament which had been executed in September, 1893. His business had been that of a lawyer and a banker in Syracuse, transacting his law business mainly in his banking office. He drew the will himself, and seems to have been a very charitably disposed person, devoting eight of the eleven provisions in his will to bequeathing legacies aggregating a large amount to various charitable and religious institutions, giving specific directions in several instances as to the distribution of the funds, and stating specific objects to which he wished those funds devoted.
The 10th and lltii clauses of his will are as follows:
“ Tenth. I give, bequeath and devise all the rest and residue of my property of every kind, personal and real, wherever situate, to my trustees hereinafter named, for the purpose of' founding, erecting and maintaining Graves Home for the Aged, to be. located in the city of Syracuse, in the State of New York. It is intended as a home for those who by misfortune have become incapable of providing for themselves and those who have slender means of sup*493port. The institution to be known as The Graves Home' for the Aged.
u I hereby appoint Charles E. Stevens, Rasselas A. Bonta and Maurice A. Graves for the trustees to execute the above trust..
“ I hereby authorize and empower my executors, or the survivor of them, to rent or sell any part or all of my real estate that I may own at the time of my death. They are authorized to employ a person or persons to have charge of the real estate, to collect rents,, make & to repairs and to pay such sums for compensation as they may deem reasonable and proper.
“ After my executors have executed their trust and paid all the legatees provided for in this will, they are authorized and directed to convey to the said trustees above named the balance and remainder of my property of every kind to be applied for the purposes above provided, .and the said trustees or the survivor are authorized to rent or sell all or any part of my real or personal property and to employ such agents as they may deem proper to take charge of the same and pay them such compensation as they deem best.
“ Eleventh. My executors or my trustees are authorized to retain my stock and .shares in the New York State Banking Company, and continue the business of banking for a term of years at their discretion,, but may sell the same or any part thereof at any time, but the same is. not to be continued nor any portion of my property held longer than the lives of Catharine Graves Roby, daughter of Sidney B. Roby of Rochester, and Helen Greese Graves, daughter of Maurice A. Graves of Syracuse.”
The learned trial court found as a conclusion of law that the bequest, in the 10th clause of the will was “a legal and valid disposition of the residue of the testator’s estate and constitutes and creates a valid and legal trust of such property under the laws of the State of New York and is not repugnant to any existing statute; * f * that "" * * the trustees therein named are charged with the duty of making effective the object the testator had in view, the Supreme Court to have control over such bequests. * * "" That by the terms of the said testator’s will that portion of the estate of the said testator which is composed of real es-tate is converted into personal property for the purpose of distribution and the carrying out of the provisions of said will.”
*494•The chief contention of the appellants arises upon these conclusions. They insist that the bequest in the 10th clause is void as against the statute of perpetuities, and in conflict with the decisions of the courts of this State, notwithstanding chapter 701 of the Laws of 1893, which was in force when the will was made and at the testator’s death, and is entitled “An act to regulate gifts for charitable purposes,” and is as follows :
“ Section 1. No gift, grant, bequest or devise to religious, educational, charitable or benevolent uses which shall in other respects be. valid under the laws of this state, shall or be deemed invalid by reason of the in definiteness or uncertainty of the persons designated as the beneficiaries thereunder in the instrument creating the same. If in the instrument creating such a gift, grant, bequest or devise, there is a trustee named to execute the same, the legal title to the lands or property given, granted, devised or bequeathed for . such purposes shall vest in such trustee. If no person be named as trustee then the title to such lands or property shall vest in the supreme court.
- “ § 2. The supreme court shall have control over gifts, grants, bequests and devises in all cases provided for by section one of this act. The attorney-general shall represent the beneficiaries in all such cases, and it shall be his duty to enforce such trusts by proper proceedings in the court.” .
The appellants seem to concede that this statute relieves the bequest from the objection, so potent before the passage of this remedial act, that the beneficiaries of the trust were so indefinite and uncertain that the. trust could- not be enforced in their favor; but they contend that as the scheme of the.testator contemplates a permanent investment of the residuary property both real and personal in. the charity for the “ Graves Home for the Aged,” the trust is liable .to the objection that it suspends the alienation or disposition of property for -a longer period than during the continuance and until the termination of two lives in being at the death .01' the testator. There is no doubt but that the trust is a charitable one, for a purpose highly commendable and represented the strong desire of the testator as to the disposition of the residuary estate, and to found a home in his •own name for a worthy class of aged persons whom misfortune had ■deprived of their means of support. Perhaps no question has more *495agitated and confused the courts of this State than this question of charitable uses.
. The Statute of Perpetuities was early engrafted upon our system, of law, and the wisdom and necessity of such a statute, aside from its effect upon charitable disposition of property, has not been questioned.
In Williams v. Williams (8 N. Y. 525) the Court of Appeals passed upon the validity of two legacies contained in a will which took effect in November, 1841. One legacy gave to the trustees of the Presbyterian church and congregation in the village of Huntington and their successors in trust for the support of a minister of said church, the sum of $6,000, which was to be invested and the interest accruing thereon to be annually applied for such support. The other legacy constituted three persons of the village of Huntington, and their successors, trustees. Six thousand dollars was given to such trustees as a perpetual fund for the education of the children of the poor at the academy in the village of Huhtington. It- was objected that these legacies were void as against the Statute of Perpetuities, and Judgé Denio, in an exhaustive opinion, reviewed the history of charities, the statute of 43 Elizabeth, and the law of charitable uses that had existed' in England, and as administered by the Court of Chancery of that country. The Court of Appeals held that the law of charitable uses as it existed in England at the time of the revolution and the jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery over the subject became the law of- this State upon the adoption of the Constitution in 1777, and had not been repealedthat such law does not derive its origin from the statute 43 Elizabeth, nor depend upon it, but that it was borrowed from the civil law as modified by the institutions of Christianity, and at a very early period became part of the common law, and that the statute of Elizabeth merely furnished a remedy for the abuse of charities in England, but. was not applicable to the circumstances in this country; that the object of this class'of corporations being .to perpetuate the uses of the property acquired by them, a donor may prescribe as a condition of his gift that it be preserved in a particular manner in order to -render it subservient to the objects for which he gives it, and -the statute against perpetuities does not affect property given in perpetuity to religious or charitable institutions.
*496A brief .reference to the statute-43 Elizabeth and to the jurisdiction. of the English Chancery in regard to charitable uses may be serviceable here. The preamble of the statute sets forth that- property of every kind had been given, limited, appointed and assigned by the Queen and other well-disposed persons, for some or other of the purposes which it enumerates -as follows: “ Relief of aged, impotent -poor people; maintain anee of sick and maimed soldiers and mariners; schools of learning, free schools, and scholars in universities ; some for repair of bridges, ports, havens, causways, churches, sea banks and highways; some for education and ■ preferment of orphans; some for or towards relief, stock or maintenance for houses of correction; some for marriages of poor maids; some for supportation, aid and help of young tradesmen, handicraftsmen and persons decayed, and others for relief or redemption of prisoners or . captives; and for aid or ease of any poor inhabitants concerning payments of fifteens, setting out of soldiers and other taxes.”
It then recites that the lands and effects so. appropriated had not been duly employed, and for redress and remedy of such abuses and breaches of' trust, it was enacted that it should be lawful for the lord chancellor or lord keeper of the great seal, and for the chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and within their respective jurisdictions, to award commissions to the bishops of the diocese and chancellor and to other persons, authorizing them to inquire as well by the oaths of twelve men as by other good and lawful ways and means of all gifts, limitations, assignments and appointments, and of the abuse, breaches of trust, misemployment and misgovernment of any property which had been appointed or assigned to or for any of the charitable and godly uses aforesaid-
The commissioners had the power to make orders for the proper application of the property given in trust. These' orders were to be certified to the Court of Chancery and executed by the chancellor if fit and convenient. This statute was passed in 1601.
The-English system of enforcing charitable disposition of property sanctioned a two-fold method. One was under the sanction and by the sign manual of the Crowiq and the other was through the Court of Chancery. The Crown also exercised direct power through the chancellor, the chancellor executing the decree in the King’s behalf, not as chancellor, but in the exercise of a ministerial *497function as the keeper of the King’s conscience. The exercise of this power by the Crown was called the “Prerogative Power.” If bequests or devises to charity, .while commendable and proper in themselves, were in conflict with some law of the realm, or so defective in their nature as to be impracticable of execution; for example, if a testator bequeathed a sum of money in trust for such charitable purpose as lie shall name thereafter, and died without naming the purpose, and it was plain that the testator had a charitable intent, but the only power to enforce such a bequest resided in the Crown, and in cases where trustees had been appointed to execute the trust, and the general nature of tlie trust pointed out, but no intention is expressed to limit it to a particular institution or mode of application, and afterwards, either by a change of circumstances or other reasons, it becomes impracticable to carry out the scheme of the testator, the Court of Chancery (the fund once having vested in cliarity) will carry out the charitable intent as near the testator’s particular directions as possible. This jurisdiction obtained in other cases of incomplete trust'for want of a defined beneficiary, or want of appointment of agencies to carry out the trust, the principle upon which the Crown and the court acted being not to permit the trust to fail if it could possibly be saved and to carry out the charity by invoking the prerogative power or the doctrine of cy pres. The definition of the word “ cy prés ” is “ as near to ” (Imperial Dictionary). ' This authority also defines the term as follows: “ When there is an excess in an appointment under a power executed by will, affecting real estate, the court will carry the power out as near to (cypres) the testator’s intention as practicable, and prevent such excess disappointing the general design. This doctrine is not applicable to personalty, but is confined to wills. In regard to charitable legacies, where a literal execution becomes inexpedient or impracticable, the court will execute it as nearly as it can according to the original purpose, or, as the technical expression is, cy pres.”
The doctrine is stated in the American and English Encyclopsedia. of Law (2d ed., vol. 5, p. 936) as follows: “ Where an apparent charitable intention has failed, whether by an incomplete disposition at the outset or by subsequent inadequacy of the original object, *498effect will be given to it by a cypres or proximate application notwithstanding that in ordinary cases the trust would be void for ■ uncertainty or would result to the donor or his representatives.” (Citing Adams Eq. *69.)
The prerogative power exercised by the Crown was not engrafted upon our system as a part of our inheritance of English' law and chancery jurisdiction: That power only, exists in this country in the Legislatures of the several States.
“ The jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery in England in relation to charities was derived from three sourcés:
“First. From its ordinary jurisdiction over trusts.
“ Second. From the prerogative of the Crown.
“ Third. From the statute of 43 Elizabeth, ch. 4.
. i£ * * * This statute was embraced in the general repeal of English statutes in 1788, andi * * * it is not in force here, and it seems equally clear that our courts are-not endowed with'any portion of the power which the Chancellor of England exercises by virtue of the royal prerogative. * * * It follows that the jurisdiction possessed by the courts of this State ever trusts for charitable purposes is limited to that which the Court of Chancery in England possessed independent of those two sources.” (Owens v. Missionary Society of the M. E. Church, 14 N. Y. 387, 388.)
Several cases had been decided in this State prior to the case of Williams v. Williams (supra) which seemed to hold a similar doctrine to that of the Williams case; but a case widely different in its facts (Bascom v. Albertson, 34 N. Y. 584) from that of Willimis v. Williams, decided sixteen years later, assumed directly to overrule the case.of Williams v. Williams in several respects, and held that the English system of charitable uses had no existence in this State and no place in our system of jurisprudence; that the authority prior to the statute of 43 Elizabeth was exercised by the English Court of Chancery in respect to pious and charitable uses, and' as distinguished from other uses and trusts was not a part of its original and inherent judicial power as an equitable tribunal, but a branch of the jurisdiction it assumed to. exercise in virtue of the royal prerogative and the cy pres powers with which the courts of this State have not been invested; that the design and effect of the repeal of the statute of Elizabeth and of the Mortmain Act of 9 George II, *499chapter 36, was to abrogate in this State the English law of indefinite charitable uses, and there is nothing to withdraw gifts to mere private trustees or indefinite charitable uses from the statute against perpetuities. This case was followed by a series of other cases in the Court of Appeals. (Prichard v. Thompson, 95 N. Y. 76; Holland v. Alcock, 108 id. 312; Cottman v. Grace, 112 id. 307; Fosdick v. Town of Hempstead, 125 id. 581; Tilden v. Green, 130 id. 29; and see Burrill v. Boardman, 43 id. 254; People v. Powers, 147 id. 104.)
But in Bird v. Merklee (144 N. Y. 549) the court says, in speaking of Williams v. Williams (supra) and of the bequests therein mentioned: “ It was there held that the provisions of the Bevised Statutes against perpetuities do not affect the property given in perpetuity to religious or charitable institutions. While this case has been disapproved as to another bequest involving the existence of the English system of charitable uses in this State, its decision sustaining the bequest referred to has not only never been questioned, but has been expressly approved in subsequent cases in this court.” (Citing Wetmore v. Parker, 52 N. Y. 457; Holland v. Alcock, 108 id. 337.)
The rule established in Williams v. Williams, however, as to-charitable trusts not being obnoxious to the Statute of Perpetuities, has received the sanction of the United States Supreme Court and of the courts of nearly every. State in the Union outside of our own, although in those States similar statutes to our own against perpetuities are in force. (See 2 Perry Trusts [2d ed.], § 748, n. 1.)
“ Charitable trusts are not within the rule against perpetuities, nor are they affected by or within the scope of statutory or constitutional provisions against perpetuities in general.” (5 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law [2d ed.], 902, and notes 1, 2; Russell v. Allen, 107 U. S. 163; 3 Washb. Real Prop. [5th ed.] 555, and note.)
The review I have made of the decisions of this and other States and of the English system in regard to charitable us'es discloses, the reasons and necessity for legislation in this State defining the law as to charitable trusts in order that they may be protected in the future and the charitable intention of donors sustained in behalf of that large class of people in our midst who are in need of all that charity can give them.
*500The Legislature of 1893 was confronted with a confused condition of things with relation to the laws of charitable trusts, nearly equal to that which disturbed the serenity of Lord Bacon, who, in the year before the adoption of the statute of 43 Elizabeth, in a lecture on the Statute of Uses before the Society.of Gray’s Inn, exclaimed: “ I have chosen to read upon the statute of uses made 27 H. VIII, ch. 10, a law whereupon the inheritancés of this Realm are tossed at this day like a ship upon the sea in such sort that it is hard to say which bark will sink and which will get to the haven; that is to say, what assurances will stand good, and- what will not. Neither is there any lack or default in the pilots, the grave and learned judges; but the tides and currents of received errors and unwarranted and abusive experience have been so strong, as they were not able to keep a right course according to the law.”
It is a curious fact that in nearly all the cases that have passed upon charitable trusts in this State since the decision in Williams v. Williams the trust has been declared invalid either for the want-of a legal trustee to take the title or a legal beneficiary to claim the equitable interests. Mainly, the trust has been declared void for the want of a.legal beneficiary. The cases cited and many others might be referred to, to establish this statement.
What a picture do these cases present of disappointed expectations ; of hope deferred; of suffering and want in those who could ' have been benefited and relieved by the noble' charities that those-cases disclose. The donors of these charitable gifts have gone to their graves in the wrong belief that they had done something for the benefit of their fellowmen. This condition amounts to an “ evil ” and “ reproach.” (Fairchild v. Fdson, 154 N. Y. 212.)
A learned author has well said: “ It is always hoped where funds are given in trust, the income to be applied to some church, almshouse, hospital or school, that such institution will exist indefinitely, and that the donor’s bounty will be a perennial spring for generations.” (Perry on Trusts, § 737.)
As has been said, the appellants assail the charity instituted by the testator as void, being in conflict with "the Statute of Perpetuities. Their argument assumes that the scheme of the testator contemplates a permanent home for the beneficiaries at Syracuse. It is to extend beyond two lives in being at the death of the testator and *501be a permanent- institution. Assuming that such will be the situation, the inquiry confronts us whether the trust can be sustained. All parties to this controversy concede that, under the decisions of our highest courts, this trust would have been invalid prior to the passage of the remedial statute (Chap. 701, Laws of 1893).
The appellants contend that the statute only relieves a part of the ■difficulty, which existed before its passage, viz., the indefiniteness and uncertainty of the beneficiary; and that all other objects remain as before, and the trust is still'obnoxious to the statute against perpetuities ; and that the objection that the trustees are not a corporation which can legally assume the trust, and that there is no provision in the will for the creation of such a corporation during the two lives in being, is still available.
As I understand the decisions, the law had become finally settled in this State that in order to avoid the Statute . of Perpetuities the trustees must be either a corporation that had power to take the property bequeathed or devised as trustees, or there must be a provision in the will for the creation of such a corporation within the period of two lives in being, and that that must be accomplished. It seems to us that this argument of the appellants takes too narrow a view of the act of 1893. That act goes further than to remedy the difficulty as to beneficiaries. It creates a complete system. It provides not only for the protection of the beneficiaries, though unnamed and only designated as a class, but it provides for a trustee, in all cases,, that is competent to take. If the will specifies the trustees by.name, whether individuals or corporations, the act vests the legal title to the property of the trust in such trustees and indicates a purpose to' clothe'them with the power to take and hold trust property to carry out the purposes of the testator. This is a new feature in the law of charities. Trustees in equity and the legal title are both united in the trustees named in the will. This, however, does hot create . a merger of the equitable estate in the legal, which never occurs where the intention is otherwise. (1 Perry Trusts [2d ed.], § 347, and n. 3.) The statute goes further and provides that if no trastee is named, the trust shall vest in the Supreme Court.; hence the objection so often raised to defeat the charitable intentions of donors, that the cestui que trust is not definitely ascertained, or the trustee not named, or if named is not competent to act, cannot prevail in *502the case at bar, as the remedial statute has provided for both difficulties so that we have in this case beneficiaries competent to take and trustees competent to hold under this, statute. To make the situation clear beyond controversy the 2d section of the act provides that the Supreme Court shall control the gift and the Attorney-General of the State shall enforce the trust by a proper proceeding in court. The Supreme Court thus assumes one of the highest functions of the English Chancery'Court.. It takes control of the rights of the beneficiaries. It becomes the guardian of their welfare, and it supplies a trustee .when one is lacking.
There is no force in tlie argument that the Supreme Court has no jurisdiction in a case where a trustee has been named by the donor, and that it can only act where no trustee lias been appointed. This view is too narrow. It is apparent that, the Legislature intended to clothe the trustees appointed by the' donor with the title. The trustee was given the legal title so as to obviate. the objection that the title was in abeyance, and, therefore, the bequest void; and when in the exigencies of human affairs the trustee named by the donor had died or ceased to act, the court then assumed the function of trustee, and in doing so only carried out the equitable rule that where a valid trust was created, equity would not permit the trust to fail for- want of a trustee, but the court would appoint one. (1 Perry Trusts [2d ed.], § 38;. 5 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law [2d ed.], 920, and notes.)
It would be doing violence to" the legislative intelligence, as well as its intention, to suppose that the Legislature did not intend the result that must necessarily flow from the new system it had created. The old objections to charitable trusts, so far as concerned the objects of the trust and the agency to execute it, as well as the law of perpetuities and the disastrous results which had followed, was before it. It had witnessed the spectre of the Statute of Perpetuities rising up and overthrowing many cases. The Legislature well knew that the permanence of trusts of a charitable nature was an indispensible element in their success. We are of opinion that the statute has placed the trust recognized by it beyond the reach of the law against perpetuities, and necessarily so.
The experience of the people of this State with charitable, institutions had created no cause for the alarm which was felt in England *503in an earlier day against the absorbing of . vast estates by religious and other corporations, and thus withdrawing them from commerce and business. These institutions in our State, so far as they had been permitted to exercise their functions, have had a beneficent influence, so it had become the best policy of the State to aid this good work by appropriate legislation.
Public policy encourages gifts to charitable institutions. (Hollis v. Drew Theological Seminary, 95 N. Y. 166, 172; Amherst College v. Ritch, 151 id. 335.)
But the learned counsel for the plaintiffs earnestly insists that the clause in the 1st section of the act of 1893,-which provides that no gift, etc., “ which shall, in other respects be valid under the laws of this State,” shall be deemed invalid, etc., subjects the trust therein authorized to the law against perpetuities. The clause quoted refers to the statement that no grant," bequest or devise, etc., shall be invalid if otherwise valid by the laws of this State. Certain formalities are necessary to create a valid bequest or devise. Then there are many corporations that under their charters, or by the laws creating them, cannot take as trustees.
2 Revised Statutes (Part 2, chap. 6, tit. 1, § 3) provides that “ no devise to a corporation shall be valid unless such corporation be expressly authorised by its charter, or by statute, to take by devise.”
We have also the act of 1860 which stands in the way of giving more than one-half of the property of a testator (leaving a wife, etc.) to certain corporations. Other reasons may be suggested.for the existence of that clause. As the purpose of the act of 1893 evidently was to give stability and permanency to charitable trusts, and relieve them from the operation of the' law against perpetuities, we cannot assume that the clause in question was intended to defeat that purpose.
The guide for our interpretation of statutes is the intention of the Legislature. A thing that is within the intention of the Legislature is as much within the statute as though it had been stated in definite terms. In determining the intention of the Legislature we must also consult the reasons and necessities of the statute and the causes that led up to it. Instead of naming trustees to carry out the trust, if the.testator had named a corporation as trustee, that by the law of its existence was permitted to act as such trustee, then concededly *504the appointment would have been valid. The Legislature has supplied ,a trustee with the same powers to discharge the duties of the trust as the corporation would have had, and the effect of the statute is to clothe these trustees with . all the powers that legal trustees could have had. The title to a statute may always be consulted to determine its purpose and intention, and the title to this remedial statute is broad and comprehensive. It is entitled “ An act to regulate gifts for charitable purposes.” Not to regulate as to the beneficiaries only, but as to the trustees and for all the purposes of the trust.. When a public statute is remedial in its nature it should be construed liberally with a view to the beneficial ends proposed. (Hudler v. Golden, 36 N. Y. 446.)
The briefs of counsel erroneously state that section 93 of chapter '547 of the Laws of 1896 (which constitutes chap. 46 of the General Laws) applies to the trust in this 'case. The act, .though it received the approval of the Governor on May 12, 1896, did not take effect until October 1, 1896 (§ 301), which was several months after the death of the testator, but that section (93) is a substantial reproduction of the remedial act of 1893,. and is a new provision inserted in the laws, of the State as a part of the general laws concerning real property. That chapter also- covers the laws of uses and trusts being article 3, section 93, being the last section of the article. Section 71 provides that- uses and trusts concerning real property, “ except as authorized and modified by this article, have been abolished.”
Section 32. of chapter -547 contains the statutes of perpetuities. Sections 32 and 71 from October, 1896, must be construed in connection with, section 93. Taking these sections altogether, do they not indicate the legislative intention to except charitable trusts from the operation of sections 32 and 71 ? While section 93 does not apply to the trust in this case, the provision is instructive as to the tendency of the Legislature in the direction of protecting charitable trusts in real estate from the statute against perpetuities.
The remedial act applies to both real and personal property and has not been repealed. We. find no reported case where a court has construed the remedial act. An allusion is made to it in Dammer v. Osborn (140 N. Y. 43), where Judge'O’Bbieit says : “This statute indicates an intention on the part of the Legislature to enforce *505and uphold charitable bequests not heretofore recognized as valid, and.it may be regarded as the first step in the direction of modifying that body of law which this court lias built up on the ruins of the system outlined in Williams v. Williams (8 N. Y. 525). The result which the Second Division of this court was constrained to reach in a recent case of public importance no doubt had some influence in creating the sentiment which is embodied in the law.” (Tilden v. Green, 130 N. Y. 29.)
In the Tilden case it seems that the law of charitable trusts had become so complicated that Mr. Samuel J. Tilden, a great lawyer and prominent citizen of the State, was ■ unable to frame a will to furnish a free library to New York city and to promote scientific and educational purposes, and it was regarded as extremely unfortunate that the Court of Appeals could find no way to sanction so laudable' a purpose.
•The learned counsel for Sidney Breese, administrator, and others, makes the point that the will contains no power of selection or appointment of the persons who are to enjoy the privileges of the “ Graves Home for the Aged.” The will does not give in express language this power of selection to the trustees, but the power of making such selection is necessarily implied from the powers granted. The trustees received the residuary estate for the purpose of founding, erecting and maintaining the “ Graves Home for the Aged,” to be located in the city of Syracuse, which was intended as a home for those who by misfortune had become incapable of providing for themselves, and those who have slender means .of support. The accomplishment of this broad purpose involves the right of the trustees to select the occupants of the home, and the inference from the authority given and the location of the institution at Syracuse, would seem to be that the beneficiaries of the trust were to be selected in that city or in its vicinity, but the trust will not be held invalid on account of this objection, as it relates to the uncertainty of the beneciaries, which the statute has provided for. (See Power v. Cassidy, 79 N. Y. 602.)
The view is presented that, by the terms of the will, the trust is limited to the existence of two lives in being (two ladies named in the will), and, therefore, the ty-ust does not violate the Statute of Perpetuities. If that statute applies, this, perhaps, is an .answer to *506the claim of the invalidity of the trust, hut I prefer to put my decision upon the broader ground I have indicated, that the trust is valid under the remedial act.
The complaint asks that it be adjudged and determined whether, by the provisions of the willj there is an equitable conversion of the real estate into personalty, and counsel discuss that question in their ■ briefs, and we will’ consider it, though it is difficult to see how it is ' important in this case, inasmuch as the statutory limitation as to the suspension of ownership of personal property is the same as in the case of real estate. The will vests the residuary fund in the trustees for the purposes of the trust, and directs the founding of “ Graves Home for the Aged.” The debts and legacies shall first be paid and the residuary, whether of real or personal property, to be used for the purposes of the trust. They are authorized to convert the real estate into money, and it would seem, necessary to do so in executing the trust. The executors are authorized and directed, after they have performed their duty and paid ■ all the legacies, to convey to the trustees the remainder of the property of every kind, to be applied for the purposes of the trust.
We think these provisions of the will converted the real estate into personalty. (Phelps’ Executor v. Pond, 23 N. Y. 69 ; Lent v. Howard, 89 id. 169, 176, 177 ; Fraser v. Trustees, etc., U. P. Church, 124 id. 479, 484.)
But it is insisted by the appellants that if the residuary gift is valid the testator has left more, than one-half of his property for .charitable corporations or associations, in violation of chapter 360. of ' the Laws of .1860. This act is as-follows:
“ Section 1. No person having a husband, wife, child or. parent, shall, by his or her last will and testament, devise or bequeath to any benevolent, charitable, literary, scientific, religious or missionary society, association or corporation, in trust or otherwise, more than one-half part of his or her estate after the payment of his or her debts (and such devise or bequest shall be valid to the extent of one-' half, and no more).”
It seems to be assumed by the learned counsel in this case that more than ohe-lialf of the testator’s estate under his will would go into the residuary trust fund. The testator left a wife, and the quéa-, tion is whether the will gave the residuary estate to any of the cott *507porations or associations named in the statute; if not, the statute has no application. The gift is to trustees individually to found a home, etc. The trustees’ are certainly not corporations, nor are they an association in the legal sense. The fact that in the consummation of the trust the creation of the “ Home ” might, by the aid of legislation, become an association or corporation is not material in the consideration of this question. The gift must be to an existing corporation or association, and not to one that the future may develop. The American and English Encyclopsedia of Law (Vol. 3 [2d ed.], p. 162) defines an association to be: “ Confederacy or union for particular-purposes, good or ill. This term is used throughout the United States to signify a body of persons united without a charter, but. upon the methods and forms used by incorporated bodies for the prosecution of some common enterprise. It also enters into the names bestowed by the Legislatures upon many corporations. In this connection it is used without any very uniform discrimination as to its precise meaning, but seems' to be, on the whole, preferred for bodies which are not vested with full and perfect corporate rights and powers.”
This accords with the common understanding of the meaning of the word “ association.”
This statute is a limitation upon the right of a testator to dispose of his property as he sees fit, and unless the devise or bequest comes plainly within the limitations, it cannot prevail. In Matter of Crane (12 App. Div. 271, 276) the bequest of the residuary was to the mayor, aldermen and commonalty of the city of New York, to be expended in the erection of a drinking fountain in the city. The point was taken that it was in conflict with the provisions of the law we are considering. Barrett, J., speaking for the first department,, says : “ But this act only applies to benevolent, charitable,- literary, scientific, religious or missionary societies —in other words, to a particular class of private corporations, ■ It does not apply to the State,, nor to individuéis, nor to public or municipal corporations.” (And see Amherst College v. Ritch, 151 N. Y. 282, 333, 334; Harris v. Slaght, 46 Barb. 470.)
I have reached the conclusion that the residuary fund under the provisions of this will is not controlled or affected by this statute. • (Chap. 360, Laws 1860.)
*508. The remaining questions to be considered are those arising upon ■ the several appeals brought tp review the allowances of costs to the respective parties in the action. The Special Term made an extra allowance to the attorneys for the plaintiff of $2,000 in addition to the taxable costs; to the attorney and counsel for the trustees,.defendants, the taxable costs and $2,000 ; to the attornéy for the Attorney-General, his taxable costs and an extra allowance of $1,800; to the attorneys for Syracuse University, their taxable costs and an extra, allowance of $500; to the attorney for the. Syracuse Home Association and two other corporations, defendants, the taxable costs and an extra allowance of $250; toi the attorney of the First Reformed Dutch Church of'Syracuse, the taxable costs .and disbursements and ' an extra allowance of $500 ; to the attorneys for-the St. Joseph’s Hospital, taxable costs and disbursements and an extra allowance of $250-; to the attorneys, of The General Synod, of the Reformed Church of America, taxable hosts and disbursements and $'50 extra allowance; to the attorney for the heirs and representatives of the deceased widow) costs and disbursements and $250 extra allowance, and to the ■ same attorney an allowance of $250 as a guardian ad litem for an infant.
The record in this case contains this statement: “ Upon the settlement- of. the findings herein, the court, after hearing the counsel for the'respective parties as to the amount they claimed should be awarded to them for extra allowances, made the extra allowances for costs subsequently inserted in the judgment herein. At the time said extra allowances were awarded no objection was made by any .party .to this action.” ,
The Special Term, having .exercised its discretion as to these-costs in ail equitable action, and the allowances of costs having been made with the consent of all the parties, the only question to be considered is whether-the court had jurisdiction to . make the order for extra allowances and whether the attorneys had the right to consent to such an order. ; Independently, of the consent of parties at the Special Term, in fixing the allowances, there is no doubt, of the power of this court tp review the discretion of the Special Term as to allowances for costs. (People v. New York Central Railroad Company, 29. N. Y. 418 ; Gorham v. Innis, 115 id. 87, 93.)
If the clients that the attorneys represented were fairly entitled *509to. an extra allowance, the attorneys had a right to consent thereto at the Special Term and the court will not reverse an order obtained upon such consents, unless it appears that the consent of the attorneys was the result of collusion and a fraudulent attempt to obtain excessive allowances of costs from the general fund. There is no evidence in this case of any collusion or misconduct on the part of the attorneys, and it does appear from the record upon this appeal and from the variety and intricacy of the questions involved in the action, that there was much responsibility and labor upon the principal counsel engaged in the case for which adequate compensation should be made.
The most serious question that arises- upon these - appeals is as to the right of the Attorney-General to costs, that right being challenged.by several parties to the action. The Attorney-General was admitted as a party defendant in the action by the consent of all the parties to the action “as representative of certain beneficiaries under the last will and testament of the late Nathan F. Graves, of City -of Syracuse, N. Y., the said Attorney-General be at liberty to serve an answer to the complaint in this action within twenty days from the taking of this order.”
The Attorney-General served an answer sustaining and defending the trust created by the will and demanded judgment that the trust be executed. He appeared upon the trial and upon the appeal by' an attorney in Syracuse (the Hon. Frank Hiscock).
The Attorney-General in England and in the several States of this Union has been charged with the duty of defending the rights of beneficiaries in charitable trusts and enforcing such trusts as against delinquent trustees, and it has been held that there is one branch of the prerogative power which still exists in the United States. It is the duty of the King as parens patriw to superintend the management of all public charities or trusts, and when property is bequeathed for specified charitable objects and an abuse occurs, the prerogative of the King finds its appropriate exercise through the Attorney-General in bringing the case before the Court of Chancery for a judicial determination. (Attorney-General v. Mayor, etc., of Dublin, 1 Bligh N. R. 348; Corporation of Ludlow, ete., v. Greenhouse, Id. 62; Attorney-General v. Middleton, 2 Ves. 328; Attorney-General v. Compton, 1 Younge & C. *510Ch. 417; 2 Perry Trusts [2d. ed.], § 732; Jackson v. Phillips, 14 Allen [Mass.], 579; People v. Cogswell, 113 Cal. 129.)
The relation and duty of the Attorney-General to this class of ■cases is recognized and enforced in the remedial act of 1893 (Chap. 701), and section 2 of that act provides that “The Attorney-General shall represent the beneficiaries in- all such eases, and it shall be his duty to enforce such trusts by proper proceedings in the court.”
So that by legislative fiat the duty of the Crown in England, as represented by the Attorney-General, in regard to such trusts, is placed upon the' Attorney-General of this State in cases arising. therein: By consent of all tlie parties,, he was made a party in this •action, and as a -party he is entitled, in a proper case, to an extra allowance. Section 3253 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that in difficult and extraordinary cases, where a defense has been interposed in any action, the court may, in its discretion, award to ■anypa/rfy (except in mortgage foreclosures or partition suits) a sum not exceeding five per centum of the sum recovered or claimed or the value of the subject-matter involved; but the next section provides that the allowances made to “ two or more parties on the same ■side, * * * cannot exceed, in the aggregate, two thousand ■dollars.”
Whether the Attorney-General, under the statute of 1893, should ■appear as a party, as in the case at bar, or simply as an attorney representing the-beneficiaries of the .trust and the People of this State who are interested in the enforcement of the trust, we heed not ■consider here; but, for the purposes. of this action, we may treat him as a proper party, and as such he had the undoubted right to counsel and to such allowances of costs as any other party would have had under the provisions of the Code.
In People v. Powers (29 N. Y. Supp. 950; 8. Misc. Rep. 628) it was held'that a devise for charitable purposes is for a public use, and that an action to enforce it might be maintained in the name of the People by the Attorney-General. That view is sustained in a reference by the court in that case to many authorities, showing the inherent power of the Attorney-General to represent the People in such actions.
The judgment in that case, was affirmed by the General Term of the fifth department (83 Hun, 449); the judgment was reversed *511in the Court of Appeals (147 N. Y. 104), but upon other grounds, the Court of Appeals declining to pass upon the question of the Attorney-General’s power to bring the action.
The cases of Attorney-General v. Continental Life Ins. Co. (88 N. Y. 571) and of People v. Metropolitan Telephone & Telegraph Company (11 Abb. N. C. 304) are not in point.
In the first case the Attorney-General had employed special counsel to represent him in an action where a receiver had been appointed to aid in the settlement and adjustment of the affairs of an insolvent insurance corporation, and it was claimed that the special counsel could be paid out of the assets of the corporation for his services. The court held that there was no statute of this State authorizing the employment of such special counsel to be paid in that manner.
In the Metropolitan Telephone & Telegraph case, upon the trial of a People’s action at a New York Circuit, the Attorney-General was represented by counsel, and it was held that there was no statutory authority to appoint special counsel to act generally for him in actions; that under chapter 357 of the Laws of 1848, the Attorney-General was only authorized to employ additional counsel in prosecuting or defending suits in which the People were a party or interested, at any General or Special Term or, at Chambers, when official duties prevent his attending in person. It would not answer for him to have such counsel at a Circuit. These were decisions which occurred before the passage of the Executive Law (Chap. 683, Laws of 1892). The 52d section of that act required the Attorney-General to “ prosecute and defend all actions and proceedings in which the State is interested, and have charge and control of all the legal business of the departments and bureaus of the State.”
And by section 55, as amended in 1895, the Attorney-General may designate and employ such additional attorneys or counsel as may be necessary to assist in the transaction of the legal business mentioned in section 52, and he should be paid out of the treasury of the State, or out of the costs recovered iy the Attorney-General. It would seem from this that the Attorney-General has the right to pay Mr. Hiscock out of his costs, and although the costs are awarded in the name of the attorney, it belongs to the Attorney-General as a party to the action.
*512The other' jurisdictional question in the case, which is urged by the learned counsel for the plaintiff, is that, as the aggregate amount of the allowance to the Attorney-General and to the counsel for the trustees exceeds $2,000, it was error to allow it, as they were in fact both upon the same side, within the meaning of section 3254 of the Code of Civil Procedure. We cannot assent to this contention'. While the Attorney-General and the attorney for the trustees' both sought to sustain the trust, they were in no sense on the same side of the controversy. The Attorney-General represented the People in a public capacity and was in the discharge of a public duty. The counsel for the trustees represented individuals charged with a specific trust, and they were not ón the same side of the controversy within the meaning of section 3254.
The counsel for the trustees insists that as the plaintiffs were defeated in their action, they should have no extra allowance of costs. The action was to construe a will. The plaintiffs had the right to bring the action. The plaintiffs succeeded to the extent of having a construction of the will. They failed in obtaining a judgment construing the will as void, which was a part of the judgment demanded.
I think that the court had the power to award the extra allowance to the plaintiffs, it being an equitable action, and a difficult and extraordinary one. ' "
There is but little in the record to guide us as to the value and extent of the services performed by the several attorneys in the action-for which, allowances. have. been made. I find, therefore, no basis upon -which we might reduce these allowances, and were we inclined to do so, we are met with the objection above stated, that all the parties to the action have, in effect, agreed to these allowances, and upon that agreement the Special Term has acted.
I have reached the conclusion that the judgment of the Special Term should in all respects he affirmed, with costs of this appeal, to be paid to the respondents (the. trustees) out of the fund in controversy.
Judgment . reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to the appellants, who -have appealed from the whole of the judgment, to abide the event.