Court Opinion

ID: 2768683
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-01-09 20:08:39.321892+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:18:22.127397
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT JACKSON
                              Assigned December 22, 2014

 SHELBY COUNTY GOVERNMENT, ET AL. V. CITY OF MEMPHIS, ET
                        AL.

                  Appeal from the Chancery Court for Shelby County
                      No. CH1403223      Jim Kyle, Chancellor

               No. W2014-02197-COA-T10B-CV - Filed January 8, 2015

In this accelerated interlocutory appeal from the denial of a recusal motion, the newly-elected
trial court denied a recusal motion on the basis that he continued to represent one of the
parties to the litigation in unrelated matters while winding down his law practice. The
opposing parties filed an accelerated interlocutory appeal pursuant to Tennessee Supreme
Court Rule 10B. Because this situation creates an appearance of impropriety, we reverse the
judgment of the trial court.

Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 10B Interlocutory Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery
                                Court is Reversed

J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD , P.J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which A RNOLD B.
G OLDIN, J., and B RANDON O. G IBSON, J., joined.

Ricky E. Wilkins, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellants, Robert E. Teutsch, Frank G.
Witherspoon, Martha C. Witherspoon, Larry Sawyer, Wanda Sawyer, Doyle S. Silliman, and
Marilyn Williams.

Allan Jerome Wade, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellee, City of Memphis.

                                         OPINION

                                        Background

       This is an accelerated interlocutory appeal from a trial court’s denial of a recusal
motion pursuant to Rule 10B of the Rules of the Tennessee Supreme Court. See generally
Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 10B. We consider this case only on the submissions of the parties and the
attachments thereto. The parties’ submissions indicate that the facts concerning the issue on
appeal are largely undisputed.

       On March 5, 2014, Shelby County Government (“Shelby County”) filed a Petition for
Declaratory Judgment in the Chancery Court of Shelby County, seeking a determination as
to whether Shelby County or Respondent/Appellee City of Memphis (“the City of Memphis”)
was responsible for providing public services to the residents in the Southwind Annexation
Area, while the related case, Silliman, et al.,v. City of Memphis, et al., — S.W.3d —, 2014
WL 3016659 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2014), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Nov. 12, 2014),1 was on
appeal. The City of Memphis filed an answer asserting that Shelby County’s claims had been
mooted by this Court’s opinion in Silliman, and raising a counterclaim regarding the
collection of vehicle registration fees and property tax appraisals. Shelby County and the City
of Memphis later entered an agreed order allowing the City of Memphis to file an additional
counterclaim against Appellants/Counter-Defendants Robert E. Teutsch, Frank G.
Witherspoon, Martha C. Witherspoon, Larry Sawyer, Wanda Sawyer, Doyle S. Silliman, and
Marylan Williams (collectively, “Appellants”) for breach of their consent agreement to allow
annexation of the Southwind Annexation Area. Although Shelby County remains a party to
this lawsuit, the dispute central to this interlocutory appeal concerns only the City of
Memphis and Appellants.

       On August 7, 2014, Jim Kyle was elected to the Shelby County Chancery Court. Prior
to taking the bench, Chancellor Kyle served as both a private attorney with the law firm
Domico Kyle, PLLC (“Domico Kyle”) and as an elected member of the Tennessee General
Assembly. As an attorney with Domico Kyle, Chancellor Kyle represented the City of
Memphis in several employment litigation matters.

       On October 31, 2014, Appellants filed a Petition for a Temporary Restraining Order
and Temporary Injunctive Relief seeking to maintain the status quo regarding the rendition
of public services and the collection of vehicle registration fees pending resolution of either
Silliman or the present litigation. On the same day, the chancellor presiding over the matter,
Chancellor Oscar C. Carr, III, granted the Appellants’ Petition for a Temporary Restraining

        1
           Silliman involved the City of Memphis’s attempted annexation of the Southwind Annexation
Area. Appellants argued that a newly enacted statute prevented the City of Memphis from going forward with
its planned annexation. Silliman, 2014 WL 3016659, at *1. The Court of Appeals held that the newly
enacted statute did not prevent the City from going forward. Id. at *20. The Tennessee Supreme Court denied
Appellants’ application for permission to appeal on November 12, 2014, just a few days after the proceedings
at issue in this case took place.

                                                    -2-
Order and set the matter for hearing on November 13, 2014. On November 3, 2014, however,
Chancellor Carr recused himself from the case, and it was transferred to Chancellor Kyle in
Part II of the Shelby County Chancery Court.

        On November 3, 2014, the City of Memphis filed a motion to dissolve the Temporary
Restraining Order, arguing that the order was entered despite several errors, including the
trial court’s lack of subject matter jurisdiction over the issue and numerous procedural
defects. The City of Memphis filed a restated motion to dissolve on November 4, 2014. The
City of Memphis’s restated motion to dissolve the Temporary Restraining Order was set to
be heard on November 4, 2014 before Chancellor Kyle.

       At the outset of the November 4, 2014 hearing, Chancellor Kyle announced to the
parties that as a partner with Domico Kyle, he had represented the City of Memphis in
several matters, several of which were still pending. According to Appellants, Chancellor
Kyle indicated that he continued to personally represent the City of Memphis in these
matters.2 After making his announcement, Chancellor Kyle allowed the parties a period of
time to discuss the potential conflict and ordered the parties to return to court on November
6, 2014. When the parties returned to court, counsel for the Appellants lodged an oral motion
asking Chancellor Kyle to withdraw on the basis of Chancellor Kyle’s current representation
of a party to the litigation. Appellants allege that both they and the City of Memphis were
under the impression that Chancellor Kyle was willing to withdraw should a party lodge a
recusal motion.

       After a short recess, however, Chancellor Kyle denied the recusal motion. Chancellor
Kyle admitted that he currently represented the City of Memphis in unrelated litigation, but
explained:

               Theoretically, every judge of this judicial district who owns real
               property in the city, you could say, has an interest over and
               above anyone else in the outcome of this case. . . .
                       So having thought about, and reviewed Rule 10,
               reviewing the cannons again, reviewed what we did and how we
               did it for the City [of Memphis], I’m going to overrule [the]
               motion and we’re going to take this matter up today and we’re
               going to get started.

       2
          According to the Tennessee Code of Judicial Conduct, a newly-elected judge has 180 days to
wrap up his or her law practice, which time period would end on January 7, 2015. See Tenn. R. Sup. Ct.
10, § 3.10.

                                                 -3-
Counsel for Appellants asked the trial court for leave to immediately appeal the denial of the
recusal motion. Chancellor Kyle, however, denied the oral motion and stated that he would
go on to consider the merits of the City of Memphis’s motion to dissolve the Temporary
Restraining Order. At the conclusion of the hearing, Chancellor Kyle orally granted the City
of Memphis’s motion to dissolve the Temporary Restraining Order. The trial court indicated,
however, that it would entertain a written recusal motion from the Appellants.

        Prior to the entry of an order on the City of Memphis’s motion to dissolve the
Temporary Restraining Order, on the evening of November 6, 2014, Appellants
electronically filed a written motion for recusal. However, the motion was not supported by
an affidavit under oath as required by Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 10B, discussed in
detail, infra. Accordingly, Appellants filed an amended motion on November 7, 2014.
Appellants’ amended motion sought recusal of Chancellor Kyle on two bases. First, the
Appellants asked for recusal due to Chancellor Kyle’s continued representation of a party to
the lawsuit in unrelated litigation. Second, the Appellants asserted that as a member of the
General Assembly, Chancellor Kyle participated in the enactment of the legislation at issue
in Silliman. According to Appellants’ later submission to this Court in support of their
accelerated interlocutory appeal, Chancellor Kyle “made impassioned public statements in
his capacity as a legislator, concerning the City of Memphis’ right to extend its boundaries
by ordinance, and was a vocal opponent of the law [that Appellants argued in Silliman
prevented the City of Memphis from exercising their annexation power].” As such,
Appellants argued that Chancellor Kyle remaining on the case created an appearance of
impropriety.

       On November 10, 2014, Chancellor Kyle entered an order doing two things: 1)
denying the written recusal motion; and 2) setting aside the temporary restraining order. In
explaining his reasoning in denying the recusal motion, Chancellor Kyle stated:

                      As to the Court’s “representation” of the City, said
              representation concerns six administrative law matters related to
              six City of Memphis employees which are near conclusion and
              are part of the liquidation and winding down of Domico Kyle
              PLLC. None of said matters are currently pending in the 30 th
              Judicial District and at no time was the Court associated with
              plaintiff’s counsel.
                      As to the objection to the Court being a former member
              of the legislative branch of government, the Court could not
              function if all matters voted upon were deemed to create a
              conflict.
                      In compliance with Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 10,

                                             -4-
                Code of Judicial Conduct Rule 2.11(D), the ground upon which
                the Chancellor hereby denied Movants’ motion for recusal is
                that the Chancellor has deemed that Tennessee Supreme Court
                Rule 10, Code of Judicial Conduct Rules 2.4, 2.7, 2.11 do not
                require him to disqualify himself in this proceeding given the
                total circumstances of this matter. The outcome of the Silliman
                case indirectly impacts every citizen of the 30th Judicial District
                as well as the citizens of other Judicial Districts in the State
                therefore the disqualification of this Chancellor and this Court
                is not well taken and does not create an appearance of conflict
                of interest.

Appellants filed a timely accelerated appeal to this Court of the recusal issue.

                                            Issue Presented

       This appeal involves two questions. First, whether Chancellor Kyle’s continued
representation of a party to the lawsuit, or former position as a State Legislator, created an
appearance of impropriety warranting recusal in this case.3 Second, if this Court concludes

        3
         In its submission to this Court, the City of Memphis argues that Appellants’ motion was not
timely because it was first raised as an oral motion and no motion fully compliant with Tennessee Supreme
Court Rule 10B was filed until November 7, 2014. Rule 10B provides, in pertinent part:

                Any party seeking disqualification, recusal, or a determination of
                constitutional or statutory incompetence of a judge of a court of record, or
                a judge acting as a court of record, shall do so by a timely filed written
                motion. The motion shall be supported by an affidavit under oath or a
                declaration under penalty of perjury on personal knowledge and by other
                appropriate materials. The motion shall state, with specificity, all factual
                and legal grounds supporting disqualification of the judge and shall
                affirmatively state that it is not being presented for any improper purpose,
                such as to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the
                cost of litigation. A party who is represented by counsel is not permitted to
                file a pro se motion under this Rule.

Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 10B, § 803 (emphasis added). Further, it is well-settled that “[t]he failure to seek recusal
in a timely manner may result in the waiver of any complaint concerning the judge’s impartiality.” Bean v.
Bailey, 280 S.W.3d 798, 803 (Tenn. 2009) (citing Davis v. Tenn. Dep’t of Employment Sec., 23 S.W.3d 304,
313 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999)). Appellants’ amended motion was filed approximately three days after
Chancellor Kyle stated on the record his current professional relationship with the City of Memphis. Under
these circumstances, we cannot conclude that Appellants’ motion was untimely with regard to Chancellor
                                                                                             (...continued)

                                                     -5-
that the situation presented an appearance of impropriety warranting the recusal of
Chancellor Kyle, should Chancellor Kyle’s order dissolving the temporary restraining order
be vacated. We conclude that Chancellor’s Kyle continued representation of the City of
Memphis at the institution of these proceedings created an appearance of impropriety.
Accordingly, we conclude that Chancellor Kyle erred in denying Appellants’ recusal motion.
We further conclude, however, that Appellants’ request to vacate the order dissolving the
Temporary Restraining Order is moot.

                                             Analysis
                                             A. Recusal

        Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 10, Code of Judicial Conduct Rule 2.11 provides that
“[a] judge shall disqualify himself or herself in any proceeding in which the judge's
impartiality might reasonably be questioned[.]” It is well-settled that “‘[t]he right to a fair
trial before an impartial tribunal is a fundamental constitutional right.’” Bean v. Bailey, 280
S.W.3d 798, 803 (Tenn. 2009) (quoting State v. Austin, 87 S.W.3d 447, 470 (Tenn.2002)).
Article VI, § 11 of the Tennessee Constitution, Tennessee Code Annotated § 17-2-101, and
the Code of Judicial Conduct prohibit a judge from presiding over a matter in which the
judge has an interest in the outcome or where the judge is connected to either party. The
purpose of the prohibition is to “guard against the prejudgment of the rights of litigants and
to avoid situations in which the litigants might have cause to conclude that the court []
reached a prejudged conclusion because of interest, partiality, or favor.” State v. Austin, 87
S.W.3d 447, 470 (Tenn. 2002) (citation omitted). Additionally, we have emphasized that “the
preservation of the public’s confidence in judicial neutrality requires not only that the judge
be impartial in fact, but also that the judge be perceived to be impartial.” Kinard v. Kinard,
986 S.W.2d 220, 228 (Tenn. Ct. App.1998) (citations omitted). Accordingly, even in cases
wherein a judge sincerely believes that he or she can preside over a matter fairly and
impartially, the judge nevertheless should recuse himself or herself in cases where a
reasonable person “‘in the judge’s position, knowing all the facts known to the judge, would
find a reasonable basis for questioning the judge’s impartiality.’” Davis v. Liberty Mut. Ins.
Co., 38 S.W.3d 560, 564–65 (Tenn. 2001) (quoting Alley v. State, 882 S.W.2d 810, 820
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1994)). It is an objective test designed to avoid actual bias and the
appearance of bias, “since the appearance of bias is as injurious to the integrity of the judicial
system as actual bias.” Davis, 38 S.W.3d at 565 (citation omitted).

(...continued)
Kyle’s representation of the City of Memphis. Because we conclude that this continued representation is
sufficient to warrant recusal, we need not consider Appellants’ additional argument regarding Chancellor
Kyle’s statements made while a member of the General Assembly, including the City of Memphis’s argument
that this allegation was not properly raised in the trial court.

                                                  -6-
        Adverse rulings and “the mere fact that a witness takes offense at the court’s
assessment of the witness” do not provide grounds for recusal, however, in light of the
“adversarial nature of litigation.” Id. Further, although “bias” and “prejudice” are terms that
usually refer to “a state of mind or attitude that works to predispose a judge for or against a
party. . . . [n]ot every bias, partiality or prejudice merits recusal.” Alley v. State, 882 S.W.2d
810, 821 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). Rather, “[t]o disqualify, prejudice must be of a personal
character, directed at the litigant, [and] ‘must stem from an extrajudicial source and result in
an opinion on the merits on some basis other than what the judge learned from . . .
participation in the case.’” Id. (quoting State ex rel. Wesolich v. Goeke, 794 S.W.2d 692, 697
(Mo.App.1990)). Appeals from a trial court’s denial of a recusal motion are reviewed de
novo with no presumption of correctness. See Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 10B, § 2.01

       In this case, the trial court ruled that neither Code of Judicial Conduct Rule 2.4,4 2.7,5
nor 2.11 required his recusal. Specifically at issue in this case is Rule 2.11 of the Code of
Judicial Conduct, which states, in pertinent part:

                  (A) A judge shall disqualify himself or herself in any proceeding
                  in which the judge’s impartiality might reasonably be
                  questioned, including but not limited to the following
                  circumstances:
                  (1) The judge has a personal bias or prejudice concerning a party
                  or a party’s lawyer, or personal knowledge of facts that are in
                  dispute in the proceeding.

                  (2) The judge knows that the judge, the judge’s spouse or
                  domestic partner, or a person within the third degree of
                  relationship to either of them, or the spouse or domestic partner

        4
            Rule 2.4 of the Code of Judicial Conduct states:

                  (A) A judge shall not be swayed by partisan interests, public clamor or fear
                  of criticism.

                  (B) A judge shall not permit family, social, political, financial, or other
                  interests or relationships to influence the judge’s judicial conduct or
                  judgment.

                  (C) A judge shall not convey or permit others to convey the impression that
                  any person or organization is in a position to influence the judge.
        5
          Rule 2.7 0f the Code of Judicial Conduct states: “A judge shall hear and decide matters
assigned to the judge, except when disqualification is required by RJC 2.11 or other law.”

                                                      -7-
of such a person is:

       (a) a party to the proceeding, or an officer, director,
       general partner, managing member, or trustee of a party;

       (b) acting as a lawyer in the proceeding;

       (c) a person who has more than a de minimis interest that
       could be substantially affected by the proceeding; or

       (d) likely to be a material witness in the proceeding.

(3) The judge knows that he or she, individually or as a
fiduciary, or the judge’s spouse, domestic partner, parent, or
child, or any other member of the judge’s family residing in the
judge’s household, has an economic interest in the subject
matter in controversy or is a party to the proceeding.

(4) The judge knows or learns by means of a timely motion that
a party, a party’s lawyer, or the law firm of a party’s lawyer has
made contributions or given such support to the judge’s
campaign that the judge’s impartiality might reasonably be
questioned.

(5) The judge, while a judge or a judicial candidate, has made a
public statement, other than in a court proceeding, judicial
decision, or opinion, that commits or appears to commit the
judge to reach a particular result or rule in a particular way in
the proceeding or controversy.

(6) The judge:

       (a) served as a lawyer in the matter in controversy, or
       was associated with a lawyer who participated
       substantially as a lawyer in the matter during such
       association;

       (b) served in governmental employment, and in such
       capacity participated personally and substantially as a
       lawyer or public official concerning the proceeding, or

                               -8-
                     has publicly expressed in such capacity an opinion
                     concerning the merits of the particular matter in
                     controversy; . . . .

Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 10, § 2.11. Comment 1 to Rule 2.11 clarifies that “a judge is disqualified
whenever the judge’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned, regardless of whether any
of the specific provisions of paragraphs (A)(1) through (6) apply.” Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 10, §
2.11, cmt. 1.

        Accordingly, merely because the situation alleged to create an appearance of
impropriety is not specifically mentioned in Rule 2.11, this Court may still conclude that the
situation warrants recusal of the trial judge. As the Tennessee Supreme Court explained:

                      A trial judge should recuse himself or herself whenever
              the judge has any doubt as to his or her ability to preside
              impartially or whenever his or her impartiality can reasonably be
              questioned. Pannell v. State, 71 S.W.3d 720, 725 (Tenn. Crim.
              App. 2001). This is an objective standard. Alley [v. State], 882
              S.W.2d [810,] 820 [(Tenn. Crim. App. 1994).] The appearance
              of impropriety is conceptually distinct from the subjective
              approach of a judge facing a possible disqualification challenge
              and does not depend on the judge's belief that he or she is acting
              properly. See Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 553, n. 2,
              114 S. Ct. 1147, 127 L. Ed. 2d 474 (1994) (“The judge does not
              have to be subjectively biased or prejudiced, so long as he
              appears to be so.”). “Thus, while a trial judge should grant a
              recusal whenever the judge has any doubts about his or her
              ability to preside impartially, recusal is also warranted when a
              person of ordinary prudence in the judge’s position, knowing all
              of the facts known to the judge, would find a reasonable basis
              for questioning the judge’s impartiality.” Id.

State v. Rimmer, 250 S.W.3d 12, 38 (Tenn. 2008).

       In this case, we conclude that there is a reasonable basis for questioning the judge’s
impartiality due to his current representation of the City of Memphis in other litigation.
Neither Chancellor Kyle nor the City of Memphis dispute that at the time Chancellor Kyle
was assigned the case and made his rulings, he was currently representing the City of
Memphis in unrelated litigation. Although there is no specific rule regarding a judge’s
current representation of a party contained in the Code of Judicial Conduct, there is a rule

                                             -9-
regarding conflicts created by representation of current clients in the Tennessee Rules of
Professional Responsibility, applicable to all Tennessee attorneys. Rule 1.7 of the Tennessee
Rules of Professional Responsibility, titled “Conflict of Interest: Current Clients” provides,
in pertinent part:

               a) Except as provided in paragraph (b), a lawyer shall not
               represent a client if the representation involves a concurrent
               conflict of interest. A concurrent conflict of interest exists if:

               (1) the representation of one client will be directly adverse to
               another client; or

               (2) there is a significant risk that the representation of one or
               more clients will be materially limited by the lawyer’s
               responsibilities to another client, a former client or a third
               person or by a personal interest of the lawyer.

               (b) Notwithstanding the existence of a concurrent conflict of
               interest under paragraph (a), a lawyer may represent a client if:

               (1) the lawyer reasonably believes that the lawyer will be able to
               provide competent and diligent representation to each affected
               client;

               (2) the representation is not prohibited by law;

               (3) the representation does not involve the assertion of a claim
               by one client against another client represented by the lawyer in
               the same litigation or other proceeding before a tribunal; and

               (4) each affected client gives informed consent, confirmed in
               writing.6

Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 8, § 1.7. Thus, the Rules of Professional Responsibility recognize the
potential for conflict where a lawyer’s responsibilities to a current client may affect the
representation of another client due to the fiduciary duty a lawyer owes to his client. See
Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 8, § 1.7, cmt. 12 (“The relationship between lawyer and client is a fiduciary

       6
         There can be no dispute that Appellants have not consented to Chancellor Kyle’s decision to
continue to preside over this case.

                                                -10-
one in which the lawyer occupies the highest position of trust and confidence.”); see also
Rose v. Welch, 115 S.W.3d 478, 486 n.4 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003) (recognizing an attorney’s
fiduciary duty to a client). This Court has held that a fiduciary duty is “a duty to act with the
highest degree of honesty and loyalty toward another person and in the best interests of the
other person[.]” Commissioners of Powell-Clinch Utility Dist. v. Utility Management
Review Bd., 427 S.W.3d 375, 389 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2013) (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary
545 (8th ed. 2004)). Accordingly, Chancellor Kyle owed a duty to act in the best interests of
the City of Memphis with regard to his current representation of them at the time he presided
over these proceedings.

       Further, where Rule 1.7 requires a direct conflict or at least a substantial risk, the Code
of Judicial Conduct merely requires that the situation at issue create an appearance of
impropriety. See Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 10, § 2.11; Bean, 280 S.W.3d at 807. As such, it appears
that judges must be held to an even higher standard in this situation. Indeed, the Code of
Judicial Conduct supports our conclusion, as it provides a definite time line for when newly
elected judges must wind up their law practices and definitively states that “[a] judge shall
not practice law.” Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 10, § 3.10. The Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals
has held that this requirement is “unambiguous and absolute.” State v. Lipford, 67 S.W.3d
79, 83 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001). In the criminal context, the Court of Criminal Appeals has
concluded that allowing a sitting judge to continue to represent a party in a matter after the
expiration of the 180-day winding up period “would be inherently prejudicial to the judicial
process.” Id. at 84.

         We, likewise, conclude that Chancellor Kyle’s decision to continue to preside over
this case in spite of his continuing fiduciary duty to the City of Memphis was in error. Due
to his current representation of the City of Memphis in unrelated litigation, Chancellor Kyle
continued to owe a fiduciary duty to the City of Memphis. Further, we disagree that
Chancellor Kyle has no greater interest in this litigation than any other citizen of the 30th
Judicial District. Here, Chancellor Kyle has a continuing business and fiduciary relationship
with the City of Memphis that goes far beyond the relationship of ordinary citizen to city.
Although we do not suggest that Chancellor Kyle is unable to put his professional
relationship with the City of Memphis aside in order to fulfill his role as impartial judge,
under these circumstances, “a person of ordinary prudence in the judge’s position, knowing
all of the facts known to the judge, would find a reasonable basis for questioning the judge’s
impartiality.” Bean, 280 S.W.3d at 805. To allow a judge to preside over a case where he is
currently representing one of the parties in other litigation “would be inherently prejudicial
to the judicial process.” Lipford, 67 S.W.3d at 84. Because the trial judge’s continued
representation of the City of Memphis requires his recusal, we need not consider Appellants’
additional argument concerning Chancellor Kyle’s statements made while a member of the
General Assembly. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is reversed.

                                              -11-
                     B. Order Dissolving the Temporary Injunction

       Finally, we address Appellants’ argument that because we have concluded that
Chancellor Kyle erred in presiding over this case in light of his current representation of the
City of Memphis, we should vacate the trial court’s decision to dissolve the Temporary
Restraining Order. Temporary restraining orders are governed by Rule 65.03 of the
Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 65.03 states, in relevant part:

              (1) When Authorized. The court may issue a temporary
              restraining order without written or oral notice to the adverse
              party or its attorney only if:

              (A) specific facts in an affidavit or a verified complaint clearly
              show that immediate and irreparable injury, loss, or damage will
              result to the applicant before the adverse party can be heard in
              opposition; and

              (B) the applicant's attorney (or pro se applicant) certifies in
              writing efforts made to give notice and the reasons why it should
              not be required.

                                           * * *

              (5) Binding Effect and Duration. A restraining order becomes
              effective and binding on the party to be restrained at the time of
              service or when the party is informed of the order, whichever is
              earlier. Every temporary restraining order granted without
              notice shall expire by its terms within such time after entry, not
              to exceed fifteen days, as the Court fixes, unless within the time
              so fixed the order, for good cause shown, is extended for a like
              period, or unless the party against whom the order is directed
              consents that it may be extended for a longer period. The
              reasons for the extension shall be entered of record.

(Bold in original) (Italics added for emphasis). Thus, Rule 65.03 states that any temporary
restraining order granted without notice to the opposing party shall dissolve by operation of
law at a time not to exceed fifteen days, unless extended for good cause shown.

      The Temporary Restraining Order at issue in this case was granted on October 31,
2014. Accordingly, it has long since dissolved pursuant to Rule 65.03 regardless of any

                                             -12-
action by Chancellor Kyle. Consequently, even if this Court were to vacate Chancellor Kyle’s
order dissolving the Temporary Restraining Order, the Temporary Restraining Order would
nevertheless have been dissolved by operation of Rule 65.03. Thus, Appellants’ argument
is moot. See 1A C.J.S. Actions § 76 (2014) (noting that mootness “ requires that opinions not
be given concerning issues which are no longer in existence because of changes in factual
circumstances”).

        Furthermore, from our reading of Appellants’ request for the Temporary Restraining
Order, Appellants asserted that the order was required because the Silliman case was
awaiting action on the Appellants’ application for permission to appeal. According to
Appellants, a restraining order was needed until a mandate was issued in that case, as the
Tennessee Supreme Court could very well conclude that the enactment of the subject statute
prevented the City of Memphis from annexing the Southwind Annexation Area. The
Tennessee Supreme Court, however, denied Appellants’ application for permission to appeal
on November 12, 2014, leaving in place the Court of Appeals’ ruling that the newly enacted
legislation did not prevent the City of Memphis from going forward with the planned
annexation. A mandate was issued on the same day and a petition to rehear was denied on
November 24, 2014. Accordingly, it appears that Appellants’ stated basis for the Temporary
Restraining Order no longer exists. Under these circumstances, we decline to reinstate the
Temporary Restraining Order. Our decision, however, does not prevent Appellants from
seeking another Temporary Restraining Order in the trial court, should one be warranted.

                                         Conclusion

        The judgment of the trial court denying Appellants’ recusal motion is reversed.
Appellants’ argument concerning the Temporary Restraining Order is moot. This cause is
remanded to the trial court for transfer to a different chancellor for all further proceedings.
Costs of this appeal are taxed to Appellee, the City of Memphis, for which execution may
issue if necessary.

                                                    _________________________________
                                                    J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE

                                             -13-