Court Opinion

ID: 9947464
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-04 21:08:53.418669+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:26:28.817383
License: Public Domain

Credit Acceptance Corp. v Garcia
               2023 NY Slip Op 34625(U)
                    October 10, 2023
  Civil Court of the State of New York, Bronx County
     Docket Number: Index No. CV-008127-22/BX
                 Judge: Howard-Algarin
Cases posted with a "30000" identifier, i.e., 2013 NY Slip
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                       publication.
        CIVIL COURT OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
        COUNTY OF BRONX: PART 1lC
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        CREDIT ACCEPTANCE CORPORATION,                                    DECISION AND ORDER
                                                                          Index No. CV-008127-22/BX
                                                          Plaintiff,
                            -against-                                     Present:
                                                                          Hon. John A. Howard-Algarin
        MIRAL YS GARCIA and LUCERO ACEVEDO,

                                                      Defendants.
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        Recitation as required by CPLR §2219(a) of the papers considered in the review of plaintiffs motion for summary
        judgment:

         Papers                                                                                   Numbered

         Plaintiffs Notice of Motion for Summary Judgment, Affirmation, Affidavits and Exhibits   I

                  Creditor-plaintiff, Credit Acceptance Corporation ("Plaintiff'), brought this cause of action
        for damages upon an (1) account stated and for (2) breach of a contract against debtor-defendants,
        Miralys Garcia and Lucero Acevedo (referred together as "Defendants" or individually as
        "Defendant Garcia" or "Defendant Acevedo"), for the sum of $17,747.15, plus costs,
        disbursements, and interest, arising from a consumer credit case for the purchase of a vehicle.
        Plaintiff seeks to strike the affirmative defense asserted by Defendant Garcia and moves for
        summary judgment, pursuant to CPLR § 3212, against her. In addition, Plaintiff moves for a
        default judgment, pursuant to CPLR § 3215, against Defendant Acevedo. Defendants did not file
        papers in opposition to the motion. Based on the record before the Court, Plaintiffs request to
        strike Defendant Garcia's answer is granted. Plaintiffs requests for summary judgment against
        Defendant Garcia and a default judgment against Defendant Acevedo are denied, and the entire
        action against Defendants is dismissed with prejudice.
                  Defendant Garcia
                  Plaintiff seeks to strike the affirmative defense asserted by Defendant Garcia in her answer
        that she has "no income at this moment" (Plaintiffs Exhibit A, Defendant Garcia's Answer,

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        November 14, 2022). Statements in pleadings should be sufficiently precise to give the parties and
        court notice of the occurrences or transactions intended to be proved and the material elements of
        each defense (CPLR § 3013; 3505 BWAY Owner LLC. v McNeely, 67 Misc3d 583, 584 [Civ Ct,
        NY County 2020]). That said, a party may move to dismiss any defense on the ground that it lacks
        merit (CPLR § 321 l[b]; 3505 BWAY Owner LLC. v McNeely, 67 Misc3d at 584). However, the
        party moving to dismiss a defense has the burden of demonstrating that the defense is without
        merit as a matter oflaw (534 E. 1J1h St. Haus. Dev. Fund Corp v Hendrick, 90 AD3d 541 [1st Dept
        2011 ]). In considering such an application, a court must construe the allegations set forth in the
        answer liberally and view them in the light most favorable to defendant, who is entitled to every
        reasonable inference (Id at 541-42; Atlas Feather Corp v Pine Top Ins. Co. 128 AD2d 578 [2d
        Dept 1987]). Conversely, affirmative defenses should be stricken where they merely plead
        conclusions of law without supporting facts (Belcher v Feller, 64 AD3d 672 [2d Dept 2009]).
        Based on these legal principles, the Court finds that Defendant Garcia's unsubstantiated defense,
        that she has no source of income, factual though it may be, is not a legal defense to either a breach
        of contract or an account stated cause of action. Therefore, the defense is stricken. The Court now
        turns to Plaintiffs request for summary judgment against Defendant Garcia for the sum of
        $17,747.15, plus costs, disbursements, interest, and for such other and further relief as this Court
        may deem just and proper.
               Summary judgment may be granted only when no triable issues of fact exist (Alvarez v
        Prospect Hospital, 68 NY2d 320 [1986]). The burden is on the moving party to make prima facie
        showing that he or she is entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law by presenting evidence
        in admissible form demonstrating the absence of disputed material facts (Winegrad v N. YU Med.
        Ctr., 64 NY2d 851, 953 [1985]). If the moving party has established sufficient proof to warrant
        summary judgment, the burden shifts to the party opposing the motion to produce evidentiary
        proof in admissible form sufficient to establish the existence of a question of material fact that
        would require a trial (Zuckerman v City of New York, 49 NY2d 557 [1980]). If there are no
        material, triable issues of fact, summary judgment must be granted (Sillman v Twentieth Century-
        Fox Film Corp., 3 NY2d 395 [1957]). Issue finding, not issue determination, is the key to summary
        judgment (Rose v Da Ecib USA, 259 AD2d 258 [1 st Dept 1999]).
                On a cause of action for account stated, Plaintiff may establish prima facie entitlement to
        summary judgment by submitting evidence that: (i) it generated account statements for defendant

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        in the regular course of its business; (ii) it mailed those statements to defendant monthly; and (iii)
        defendant accepted and retained the statements for a reasonable period without objection; and (iv)
        made partial payments in response thereto (Citibank [SD.], NA. v Keskin, 121 AD3d at 636).
        When establishing a prima facie case upon an account stated, bank and credit card account
        statements are self-authenticating and do not require a foundation for admission in evidence
        (Portfolio Recovery Assoc., LLC v Lall, 127 AD3d 576 [1 st Dept 2015]; Capital (USA) v Koralik,
        51 Misc3d 74, 78 [App Term, I5tDept2016]; Midland Funding, LLCvDavid66Misc3d 1216[A]
        [Civ Ct, Bronx County 2020]).
               Alternatively, for breach of contract in a consumer credit case, a plaintiff may establish
        prima facie entitlement to summary judgment by submitting evidence that: (i) there was an
        agreement for the issuance of a line of credit; (ii) defendant accepted the agreement by using the
        credit issued; (iii) defendant made payments thereon; and (iv) defendant subsequently breached
        the agreement by failing to make the required ensuing payments (Citibank [SD.], NA. v Keskin,
        121 AD3d 635,636 [2d Dept 2014]; Midland Funding, LLCv David, 66 Misc3d 1216[A] [Civ Ct,
        Bronx County 2020]). In this context, business records are admissible to prove a breach of contract
        if the party seeking to admit them establishes a proper foundation, to wit, that: ( 1) the record was
        made in the regular course of its business; (2) it was the regular course of its business to make said
        record; and (3) the records were made on or about the time of the event (CPLR § 4518; Calvary
        SPV I, LLC v Awumey 59 Misc3d 1223[A] [Civ Ct, Bronx County 2018]). This foundation must
        be made by someone with personal knowledge of Plaintiffs business practices and procedures
        (Capital One Bank (USA) v Koralik, 51 Misc3d 74 (App Term, 1st Dept 2016]); Autovest LLC v
        Cassamajor, 195 AD3d 672 [2d Dept 2021]; cf Citibank, NA. v Cabera 130 AD3d 861 [2 nd Dept
        2015] [where affiant did not attest that she was familiar with plaintiffs record keeping practices
        and procedures, document inadmissible under hearsay exception]).
                Here, Plaintiff failed to establish prima facie entitlement to summary judgment on an
        account stated action as it failed to provide any evidence that it generated account statements for
        Defendant Garcia in the regular course of business, that it mailed those statements to her on a
        monthly basis, and that she accepted and retained those statements, without objection, for a
        reasonable period oftime after making partial payments in response thereto (Citibank [SD.], NA.
        v Keskin, 121 AD3d at 636). Therefore, its motion for summary judgment on an account stated
        against Defendant Garcia must be denied.

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               Likewise, Plaintiff failed to establish that it is entitled to summary judgment on its breach
        of contract claim. Here, Plaintiff submits a document entitled "Retail Instalment Contract"
        (Plaintiffs Exhibit B). Plaintiff also submits an affidavit from legal assistant Sandi Ostler, who
        attests that this is "a true and accurate copy of the Contract" between the parties (Affidavit of Sandi
        Ostler, Jr 4, attached to Plaintiffs motion). Based on this document, on January 11, 2021,
        Defendants purchased, from Sparta Auto Group LLC ("Sparta"), a 2012 Honda Accord with
        101,391 miles on the odometer. The document also includes the following language:
                               USED CAR BUYERS GUIDE. THE INFORMATION
                               YOU SEE ON THE WINDOW FORM OF THIS
                               VEHICLE IS PART OF THIS CONTRACT.
                               INFORMATION ON THE WINDOW FORM
                               OVERRIDES ANY CONTRARY PROVISIONS IN
                               THE CONTRACT OF SALE.

        (Plaintiffs Exhibit B, Retail Instalment Contract, pg. 1). Plaintiff, however, does not include the
        window form with its motion, nor does it provide an explanation as to why it is not included. Thus,
        contrary to Plaintiffs sworn statement, Plaintiff has not provided a true and accurate copy of the
        contract. Therefore, Plaintiff has failed to establish prima facie entitlement to summary judgment
        on its breach of contract claim against Defendant Garcia.
                In any event, the purported installment contract submitted by Plaintiff is illegal on its face.
        The maximum annual interest in New York is 16.00% (General Obligations Law § 5-510[1];
        Banking Law §14-1[1]; Credit Acceptance Corp v Holness, 80 Misc3d 346,349 [Civ Ct, Bronx
        County 2023]), and New York's usury statute prohibits a party from charging, directly or
        indirectly, an interest rate exceeding that rate (Seidel v East 18th East 17th St. Owners, Inc., 79
        NY2d 735, 740 [1992]; General Obligations Law§ 5-510[2]; Banking Law §14-a[l]). The usury
        statute was designed to protect people from predatory lenders, and safeguard desperately poor
        people from the consequences of their own desperation (Seidel v East 18th East 17th St. Owners,
        Inc., 79 NY2d at 740). Thus, where a lending agreement has an interest rate in above 16.00%, the
        contract is void (General Obligations Law§ 5-511; Credit Acceptance Corp v Holness, 80 Misc3d
        at 349). The exception to the usuary statute is, as purportedly utilized here, a retail instalment
        contract (CPLR § 301 [5]).
                Personal Property Law section 301 governs and defines retail instalment contracts. It
        provides, in pertinent part, that it is:

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                               ... an agreement. .. pursuant to which the title to, the
                              property or a security interest in or a lien upon a motor
                              vehicle, which is the subject matter of a retail instalment
                              sale, is retained or taken by a retail seller from a retail
                              buyer as security, in whole or in part, for the buyer's
                              obligation ...

        (Personal Property Law § 301 [5]). The retail buyer is the party who purchases the motor vehicle
        from a retail seller and executes a retail instalment contract in connection therewith: the retail seller
        is the party who sells the vehicle to the       buyer under or subject to a retail instalment contract
        (NY Personal Property Law § 301 [2], [3]). Any interest rate agreed upon by the retail buyer and
        retail seller may be applied with a retail instalment contract (Personal Property Law § 303). A
        retail seller is authorized to sell its interest in the retail instalment contract to a financing agency
        (Personal Property Law§ 301 [3], [9]).
                In this case, the retail instalment contract submitted by Plaintiff reveals that Defendants
        purchased a motor vehicle from Sparta for $13,995.00, plus tax, and a warranty purchase for
        $1,248.00, thereby financing a total of $16,203.82. The interest applied to the purchase was
        22.99% over five years, requiring Defendants to pay $28,089.80 for the purchase of a nine-year-
        old car with more than 100,000 miles (Plaintiffs Exhibit B) - double the sticker price of the
        vehicle. The subject contract between the parties is a five-page pre-printed form entitled "Retail
        Instalment Contract", with pre-printed information regarding Plaintiff at the bottom of each page.
        Specifically, each page of the purported retail instalment contract has the following pre-printed on
        it:
                              New York Credit Acceptance Corporation (11-16)
                              @2012-2016 Credit Acceptance Corporation.
                              All Right Reserved
                              The original retail installment contract is assigned to
                              Credit Acceptance Corporation
                              This copy was created on 01/11/2021

        (Plaintiffs Exhibit B, Retail Instalment Contract at pages 1-5). Moreover, although the contract
        identifies Sparta as the retail seller and Defendants as the retail buyers, both with addresses in
        Bronx County, the contract has pre-printed language immediately assigning the debt to Plaintiff
        along with a pre-printed arbitration clause identifying Plaintiff as a party to the transaction.
        Further, the agreement proclaims that the transaction evidinces interstate commerce and that
        notices regarding any arbitration must be sent to Plaintiff in the State of Michigan. All of this is

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        bolstered by Plaintiff in its motion through an affirmation from Shelly L. Baldwin, Esq., declaring
        that Plaintiff and Defendant entered into the retail installment contract, and that Plaintiff provided
        financing to Defendant for the purchase of the car (Affirmation of Attorney Baldwin, Jrlr 3-4).
                Based on the pre-printed contract form -- which included the Michigan Plaintiffs name,
        the Michigan Plaintiffs copyright, the Michigan Plaintiffs reservation of rights, and the Michigan
        Plaintiff as the party to arbitration -- combined with the pre-printed language that the contract is
        an interstate commerce transaction, despite the fact that the sale of the motor vehicle was in Bronx
        County between a Bronx County retail seller and two Bronx County retail buyers, it is clear that a
        retail instalment contract never existed between Defendants and the non-party retail seller Sparta.
        Rather, the purported instalment contract was specifically designed to conceal that Plaintiff in
        Michigan was the original lender, and that the Bronx County retail seller was merely a pass-
        through vehicle so that Plaintiff could charge an exorbitant interest rate of 22. 99%, while insulating
        itself from New York usury laws. Such duplicity cannot be countenanced by this Court.
                More accurately, having exceeded the maximum legal interest rate permitted under New
        York law, this Court finds the contract to be usurious and void, ab initio (General Obligations Law
        5-511; Credit Acceptance Corp v Holness, 80 Misc3d at 353-54). Therefore, the case is dismissed
        with the prejudice as against Defendant Garcia (See Credit Acceptance Corp v Holness, 80 Misc3d
        346).
                Defendant Acevedo
                To succeed on a motion for a default judgment, the moving party must present proof that
        it effectuated valid service, the other party defaulted, and it has meritorious cause of action to
        obtain a judgment (CPLR § 3215[a], [f]; Woodson v Mendon Leasing Corp., 100 NY2d 62, 71
        [2003]; Joosten v Gale, 129 AD2d 531 [1st Dept 1987]). Although a failure to answer a default
        motion may constitute an admission of the facts alleged and reasonable inferences may be drawn
        therefrom (Rokina Optical Co. v Camera King, Inc., 63 NY2d 728, 730 [1984]), the moving party,
        nonetheless, must establish a prima facie case to obtain a judgment (Id.; Gagen v Kipany
        Productions, Ltd., 289 AD2d 844 [3d Dept 2001 ]). The standard of proof is not stringent, the
        moving party must submit an affidavit or verified complaint by one with personal knowledge
        alleging sufficient facts to demonstrate that a viable cause of action exists (Petty v Law Office of
        Santorielle, 200 AD3d 621 [151 Dept2021]; Joosten v Gale, 129.AD2d 531).

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               In this case, to establish that it effectuated valid service, Plaintiff submitted an affidavit
        from process server Wendys Feliz, who attests that on September 17, 2022, at 12:55 PM, she
        personally served the subject Summons and Complaint upon a person who identified herself as
        Defendant Acevedo at 770 Union Avenue, lB, Bronx, New York 10455 (Plaintiffs Exhibit C,
        Affidavit of Wendys Feliz). Feliz attests that the person was a female with brown hair and skin,
        between 25 and 30 years old. She further attests that the person was between 5 feet and 5 feet, 3
        inches tall, and weighed about 150 - 174 pounds. In addition, Plaintiff filed an affidavit of Emerald
        Clarke, a legal assistant, who attests that on March 3, 2023, she mailed the subject default motion
        in a sealed envelope with prepaid postage by depositing it at a post office or official US Postal
        Service depository. She further attests that the envelope was addressed to Defendant Acevedo at
        770 Union Avenue, lB, Bronx, New York 10455. In addition, Plaintiff presented proof that
        Defendant Acevedo is not in the military (Affidavit of Emerald Clarke, attached to Plaintiffs
        motion). Significantly, the Court records in this case establish that Defendant Acevedo neither
        appeared, filed an answer, nor requested an extension of time to do so. Based on this evidence, the
        Court finds that Plaintiff established that it effected valid service of the summons and complaint
        and default motion on Defendant Acevedo, and she failed to act in response to same. Hence, she
        defaulted.
               The question then turns to whether Plaintiff established a viable cause of action against
        Defendant Acevedo. For the same reasons the Court denied Plaintiffs summary judgment motion
        and dismissed this action as against Defendant Garcia, it finds that Plaintiff failed to show that it
        has a meritorious cause of action to obtain a judgment against Defendant Acevedo. Specifically,
        having determined that the contract is usurious and void, the action against Defendant Acevedo is
        dismissed with prejudice.
                Accordingly, it is hereby:

                ORDERED that Plaintiffs motion to strike Defendant Garcia's affirmative defense is

        GRANTED; and it is further

                ORDERED that Plaintiffs motion for summary judgment against Defendant Garcia is

        DENIED; and it is further

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               ORDERED that Plaintiff's motion for a default judgment against Defendant Acevedo is

        DENIED; and it is further

               ORDERED that Plaintiffs cause of action against both Defendants are DISMISSED

        WITH PREJUDICE: and it is further

               ORDERED that the Clerk shall enter judgment DISMISSING THE ACTION WITH

        PREJUDICE; and it is further

               ORDERED that Plaintiff shall serve a copy of the Decision and Order upon Defendant

        Garcia and Defendant Acevedo, with Notice of Entry, within thirty (30) days of the date hereof.

               This constitutes the Decision and Order of this Court.

        Dated: October 10, 2023

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