Court Opinion

ID: 9348884
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-20 15:05:12.850232+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:43:41.576232
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                      2022-NCCOA-846

                                         No. COA20-839

                                  Filed 20 December 2022

     Wake County, No. 17 CRS 220095

     STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

                    v.

     AUSBAN MONROE, III, Defendant.

           Appeal by Defendant from judgment entered 29 January 2020 by Judge

     Rebecca W. Holt in Wake County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 20

     October 2021.

           Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Special Deputy Attorney General Steven
           Armstrong, for the State.

           Michael E. Casterline for Defendant-Appellant.

           JACKSON, Judge.

¶1         Defendant Ausban Monroe, III, (“Defendant”) appeals from his conviction for

     second-degree murder. For the reasons detailed below, we hold that the trial court

     did not err.

                                    I.     Background

¶2         Early in the morning on 15 October 2017, Lazarus Hohn attended a house

     party on New Market Way in Raleigh, North Carolina, with several friends.

     Relatively soon after arriving at the party, Mr. Hohn and two of his friends, Khalid
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     Al-Najjar and Jamie Reyes, became involved in an altercation with another

     individual, Victor Benitez, outside the front of the house. Mr. Benitez ended up on

     the ground. After the fight was over, Mr. Hohn, Mr. Al-Najjar, and Mr. Reyes walked

     to the complex’s parking lot to leave. As they approached their car, Defendant and

     one of his friends entered the parking lot on foot.      Mr. Benitez had informed

     Defendant, who was attending the same house party, about the altercation in front

     of the home and that he felt that it had been an unfair fight. Defendant, already

     heavily intoxicated at that point, decided to seek out Mr. Hohn, Mr. Al-Najjar, and

     Mr. Reyes to confront them. Once in the parking lot, Defendant pulled out a gun and

     began pointing it between the three friends, asking who had fought Mr. Benitez.

     Defendant had purchased the gun on the street, and testimony at trial revealed that

     it had been stolen from the original owner’s home. Defendant testified that he

     purchased the gun and kept it on him for protection.

¶3         Mr. Hohn stepped forward in response to Defendant’s question and answered

     that he had been the one to fight Mr. Benitez. Defendant then pointed the gun at Mr.

     Hohn, and Mr. Hohn attempted to hit the gun away from him. Defendant and Mr.

     Hohn started fighting, while Mr. Reyes started fighting with the other individual who

     had accompanied Defendant to the parking lot. Mr. Al-Najjar testified at trial that

     he attempted to grab the gun from Defendant during the fight and that it was “going

     everywhere.” As Defendant and Mr. Hohn were fighting, the gun that Defendant was
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     holding fired, and Mr. Hohn fell to the ground, having been shot in the chest. Mr. Al-

     Najjar threw Defendant to the ground and grabbed the gun. He then discarded the

     gun and applied pressure to Mr. Hohn’s wound with his shirt. Defendant and his

     friend left the scene.

¶4         Paramedics arrived and determined that Mr. Hohn had a single gunshot

     wound and did not have a pulse or other signs of life. Mr. Hohn was transported to

     Wake County Medical Center and was pronounced dead shortly after arriving.

¶5         Defendant was arrested and, on 6 November 2017, was indicted on one count

     of first-degree murder. Defendant was tried by jury at the 21 January 2020 Criminal

     Session of Wake County Superior Court. At the close of the evidence, the trial court

     instructed the jury on first-degree murder, second-degree murder, and involuntary

     manslaughter.

¶6         With respect to second-degree murder, the trial court instructed the jury that,

     if they found Defendant guilty of second-degree murder, they should indicate on the

     verdict form which theory or theories of malice they found. The verdict form itself

     listed three theories of malice: (1) malice meaning hatred, ill will, or spite; (2) malice

     defined as condition of mind which prompts a person to take the life of another

     intentionally or to intentionally inflict serious bodily harm which proximately results

     in another’s death; and (3) malice that arises when an act which is inherently

     dangerous to human life is intentionally done so recklessly and wantonly as to
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       manifest a mind utterly without regard for human life and social duty and

       deliberately bent on mischief.

¶7           During deliberations, the jury asked for clarification on malice and second-

       degree murder. The trial court repeated its prior second-degree murder instructions.

¶8           On 29 January 2020, the jury returned a verdict finding Defendant guilty of

       second-degree murder. The jury answered “yes” on the form as to whether they found

       each of the three theories of malice, finding all three present.      The trial court

       sentenced Defendant for second-degree murder as a Class B1 to a minimum of 240

       months to a maximum of 300 months active incarceration. Defendant objected to the

       B1 classification, contending that a B2 classification was appropriate.

¶9           Defendant orally noticed appeal.

                                        II.     Analysis

¶ 10         Defendant argues on appeal that he is entitled to be resentenced as a Class B2

       felon because N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-17(b) is ambiguous as to how a defendant should

       be sentenced when the jury finds that the evidence supports multiple theories of

       malice that do not all carry the same sentence.

       A. Standard of Review

¶ 11         “The standard of review relating to the sentence imposed by the trial court is

       whether the sentence is supported by evidence introduced at the trial and sentencing

       hearing.” State v. Fortney, 201 N.C. App. 662, 669, 687 S.E.2d 518, 524 (2010). “We
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       review de novo whether the sentence imposed was authorized by the jury’s verdict.”

       State v. Lail, 251 N.C. App. 463, 471, 795 S.E.2d 401, 408 (2016).

       B. Rule of Lenity

¶ 12          Defendant contends that he is entitled to the application of the rule of lenity,

       and therefore that he should be sentenced as Class B2 rather than Class B1 for his

       second-degree murder conviction. We disagree.

¶ 13         “The rule of lenity forbids a court to interpret a statute so as to increase the

       penalty that it places on an individual when the Legislature has not clearly stated

       such an intention.” State v. Conley, 374 N.C. 209, 212, 839 S.E.2d 805, 807 (2020)

       (internal quotations omitted). This rule is only applicable to ambiguous criminal

       statutes. State v. Cates, 154 N.C. App. 737, 740, 573 S.E.2d 208, 210 (2002).

¶ 14         For example, in State v. Smith, our Supreme Court held that a statute which

       prohibited the dissemination of “any obscene writing, picture, record or other

       representation or embodiment of the obscene” was ambiguous. 323 N.C. 439, 444,

       373 S.E.2d 435, 438 (1988). Because the use of the word “any” could be reasonably

       construed as referring to either a single item or multiple items, the Court applied the

       rule of lenity and held that the defendant could only be convicted of one violation of

       that statute, even where there were multiple items seized. Id.

¶ 15         Similarly, in Conley, our Supreme Court held that the prohibition contained in

       N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-269.2(b) on the possession or carrying of “any gun, rifle, pistol,
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       or other firearm” on educational property was ambiguous and prohibited conviction

       for multiple violations where the defendant had several firearms in his possession on

       school grounds. Conley, 374 N.C. at 214, 839 S.E.2d at 808.

¶ 16         “When the language of a statute is clear and without ambiguity, it is the duty

       of this Court to give effect to the plain meaning of the statute, and judicial

       construction of legislative intent is not required.” Diaz v. Div. of Soc. Servs. & Div.

       of Med. Assistance, N.C. Dep’t of Health and Human Servs., 360 N.C. 384, 387, 628

       S.E.2d 1, 3 (2006). The statute at issue here is our sentencing scheme for second-

       degree murder, specifically N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-17(b).

¶ 17         “Second-degree murder is defined as (1) the unlawful killing, (2) of another

       human being, (3) with malice, but (4) without premeditation and deliberation.” State

       v. Arrington, 371 N.C. 518, 523, 819 S.E.2d 329, 332 (2018).            North Carolina

       recognizes three forms of malice: (1) “actual malice, meaning hatred, ill-will or spite”;

       (2) “that condition of mind which prompts a person to take the life of another

       intentionally without just cause, excuse, or justification”; and (3) “an inherently

       dangerous act done so recklessly and wantonly as to manifest a mind utterly without

       regard for human life and social duty and deliberately bent on mischief.” Id. (internal

       citations and quotations omitted). The third theory of malice is often referred to as

       “depraved heart” malice. Lail, 251 N.C. App. at 464, 795 S.E.2d at 404.

¶ 18         North Carolina General Statute § 14-17 was amended in 2012, and, in relevant
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       part, currently reads:

                    (b)    A murder other than described in subsection (a) or
                    (a1) of this section or in G.S. 14-23.2 shall be deemed
                    second degree murder. Any person who commits second
                    degree murder shall be punished as a Class B1 felon,
                    except that a person who commits second degree murder
                    shall be punished as a Class B2 felon in either of the
                    following circumstances:

                    (1)    The malice necessary to prove second degree murder
                    is based on an inherently dangerous act or omission, done
                    in such a reckless and wanton manner as to manifest a
                    mind utterly without regard for human life and social duty
                    and deliberately bent on mischief.

                     ....

       (emphasis added).

¶ 19         Defendant contends that this statute is ambiguous as to how a trial court

       should sentence a defendant that is found guilty of second-degree murder under

       multiple theories of malice, and therefore the rule of lenity prohibits the trial court

       from sentencing him at the higher Class B1 range. We disagree.

¶ 20         The key term contained in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-17(b) is that for a defendant to

       be entitled to sentencing as a Class B2, the malice necessary to prove second-degree

       murder must be “based on an inherently dangerous act or omission, done in such a

       reckless and wanton manner as to manifest a mind utterly without regard for human

       life and social duty and deliberately bent on mischief[],” i.e. depraved heart malice.

       The word “necessary” has a plain and routinely used meaning in our law. According
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       to Black’s Law Dictionary, it means “needed for some purpose or reason; essential.”

       Necessary, Black's Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). A “necessary element” of an

       offense is one that is required to support a conviction. See State v. Ledwell, 171 N.C.

       App. 328, 329, 614 S.E.2d 412, 413 (2005). A “necessary witness” is one whose

       testimony is “relevant, material, and unobtainable by other means.” See State v.

       Smith, 230 N.C. App. 387, 391, 749 S.E.2d 507, 510 (2013) (emphasis added)

       (discussing Rule 3.7(a) of the North Carolina Rules of Professional conduct).

¶ 21         We hold that the language of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-17(b) is clear and without

       ambiguity. It is apparent from the statute that a defendant is only entitled to be

       sentenced as a Class B2 if the malice that is essential or required for the defendant

       to be convicted of second-degree murder is depraved heart malice. If the jury finds

       that the evidence supports either, or both, of the other two forms of malice in addition

       to depraved heart malice, then a finding of depraved heart malice is not necessary to

       convict the defendant of second-degree murder, and he is not entitled to sentencing

       as a Class B2 and will instead be sentenced as a Class B1.

¶ 22         Here, a finding of depraved heart malice was not necessary or essential for the

       jury to convict Defendant of second-degree murder. Defendant concedes that the jury

       verdict itself was not ambiguous and does not challenge its finding of all three

       theories of malice beyond a reasonable doubt. A second-degree murder conviction

       predicated on a malice theory other than depraved heart malice is sentenced as a
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                                          Opinion of the Court

       Class B1. The jury not only found that the evidence supported depraved heart malice,

       but that it also supported the other two theories of malice. If the jury had found that

       the evidence did not support depraved heart malice, Defendant still would have been

       convicted of second-degree murder under the other two theories.            A finding of

       depraved heart malice was therefore not necessary to his conviction and Defendant

       was appropriately sentenced as a Class B1 felon.

¶ 23         Defendant relies on our prior decision in State v. Mosley, 256 N.C. App. 148,

       806 S.E.2d 365 (2017), for his contention that the jury’s verdict finding all three forms

       of malice present in his case requires a sentence in the Class B2 range. Mosley is

       inapplicable under the circumstances of this case.

¶ 24         In Mosley, we found that where there was evidence presented at trial that

       would have supported a second-degree murder conviction on more than one theory of

       malice, and because those theories of malice carry different sentences, the jury’s

       general finding of unspecified malice was ambiguous. Id. at 153, 806 S.E.2d at 369.

       The trial court had provided the jury with a general verdict form that did not specify

       which potential forms of malice the jury could find. Id. at 149, 806 S.E.2d at 367.

       When the jury returned a guilty verdict for second-degree murder, the trial court had

       no way of knowing under which theory of malice that verdict resulted from, and

       therefore was unable to properly sentence the defendant. Id. at 153, 806 S.E.2d at

       369. We recommended that:
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                     In order to avoid such ambiguity in the future, we
                     recommend two actions. First, the second degree murder
                     instructions contained as a lesser included offense in
                     N.C.P.I.—Crim. 206.13 should be expanded to explain all
                     the theories of malice that can support a verdict of second
                     degree murder, as set forth in N.C.P.I.—Crim. 206.30A.
                     Secondly, when there is evidence to support more than one
                     theory of malice for second degree murder, the trial court
                     should present a special verdict form that requires the jury
                     to specify the theory of malice found to support a second
                     degree murder conviction.

       Id.

¶ 25           The trial court in this case did provide the jury with instructions that explained

       all three theories of malice, in addition to providing a verdict form that required the

       jury to specify the theory of malice that they found supported a second-degree murder

       conviction.    Further, Defendant does not challenge the jury verdict here as

       ambiguous. Therefore, the issues we identified in Mosley were not present in this

       case.

¶ 26           We note that this Court recently decided a similar issue where the jury was

       presented with, and selected, all three categories of malice on the verdict form for

       second-degree murder in State v. Borum, 274 N.C. App. 249, 849 S.E.2d 367 (2020).

       However, our Supreme Court granted a petition for discretionary review and petition

       for writ of supersedeas in Borum, in addition to a temporary stay. State v. Borum,

       867 S.E.2d 667 (N.C. 2022). Borum is still pending at our Supreme Court and

       therefore it is not controlling on our decision here. See State v. Hutchens, 272 N.C.
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       App. 156, 161, 846 S.E.2d 306, 311 (2020).

¶ 27         We hold that N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-17(b) is not ambiguous, and therefore

       Defendant is not entitled to the application of the rule of lenity. The statute is clear

       that only where a finding of depraved heart malice is necessary to the conviction of

       second-degree murder will a defendant be entitled to sentencing as a Class B2 felon.

       Because the jury here explicitly found that the evidence supported other theories of

       malice in addition to depraved heart malice, Defendant was properly sentenced as a

       Class B1 felon.

                                       III.     Conclusion

¶ 28         For the aforementioned reasons, we hold that the trial court did not err in

       sentencing Defendant as a Class B1 felon.

             NO ERROR.

             Judge CARPENTER concurs.

             Judge HAMPSON concurs in result only.