Court Opinion

ID: 6517666
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-19 18:28:09.605125+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:55:04.125684
License: Public Domain

BRICKELL, C. J.
1. The objections taken in varied forms to the "examination of Jenkins, one of the subscribing -witnesses to the note, to prove its execution, without first calling, or accounting for the absence of *95the other subscribing Avitness,, were properly OArerruled. It is noAV the settled doctrine as to deeds or other instru-. ments operating inter vivos, requiring the attestation of witnesses, to call one of the subscribing Avitnesses, though the other may be attainable, and if he proves execution, to admit the instrument in evidence. — 1 Greenl. Ev., §569; 1 Whart. Ev., §729; Melchor v. Flanders, 40 N. H. 157. Nor is there any force in the contention that Jenkins had any such relation to the note as disqualified him from attesting its execution. It may be, that a party to an instrument is not a competent attesting witness ; and that his attestation is a nullity, rendering necessary the calling, or accounting for the absence of another attesting Avitness, if there be one, to prove due execution. But Jenkins Avas not a party to the note — it was payable to Emley, and in Emley’s name, by Jenkins, as agent, Avas indorsed to the plaintiff. It is one thing to shy that a party to an instrument is not competent to attest its execution, and quite another to say that his agent or attorney is also incompetent. The mere relation of agency did not disqualify the agent as a Avitness for or against the principal at common laAV, unless he had a certain direct and immediate interest in the event of the suit, or the record of the judgment would be evidence for or against him in a subsequent suit with the principal. — Bean v. Pearsall, 12 Ala. 592; Governor v. Gee, 19 Ala. 199. The statute (Code, 1896, §1794), having removed the common laAv disqualifications of Avitnesses, it would be going very far to pass beyond them and hold an agent or an attorney an incompetent attesting Avitness, contravening a very usual course in the transaction of business.
2. An objection that evidence is secondary, primary or better evidence of the fact proposed to be proved existing, belongs to that class of objections AArhich ought to be made at the earliest opportunity. Such objections are distinguishable from objection directed against the releA-ancy or legality of evidence, it is the duty of the court, on motion, to exclude at any stage of the proceedings, because its infirmities are not capable of being removed. — McCreary v. Turk, 29 Ala. 244; Whilden v. M. & P. Bank, 64 Ala. 31; 1 Brick. Dig. 887, §§1190-97. The reason is, that otherwise many incouveniences may arise to the delay of causes and to the injury of parties. *96Speaking of an objection, that an answer of a witness testifying by deposition was not responsive to the interrogatories, in McCreary v. Turk, supra, it was said, that if the objection had been made before entering on the trial it could have been removed without hazard or injury to either party. And, further: “Looking at the results which would necessarily attend a practice which would encourage and sustain such objections, when made for the first time on the trial, after an earlier opportunity had been afforded for making them; and bearing in mind that all the rules of evidence are adopted for. practical purposes in the administration of justice, and ought to be so applied as to promote the ends for which they were designed, we hold that such objections are waived, if not made before the trial begins; unless, when made for the first time on the trial, they are accompanied by proof from the party making them that he had no opportunity to make them at an earlier period.” On the cross-examination of Jenkins (his testimony having been taken by deposition), he stated that.the power of attorney given him by Emley ivas in writing, having previously testified to the nature and extent of his authority. If he had been examined orally, in open court, the objection that his testimony ivas secondary not primary ■ — -that the power of attorney ivas the higher evidence— must have been taken at the time the evidence was given, and the failure then to object, would, have been a' waiver of its inferiority. The cases are numerous in which parties have been concluded by secondary evidence not objected to in due time. — I Brick. Dig. 848, §635. The defendants suffered the plaintiff to enter on the trial relying on this evidence, having opportunity to object to its admissibility, but raised no objection until the deposition was being read. We hold that the objection came too late — that it could not be sprung on the trial, to the delay of the cause or at the hazard of greater injury to the plaintiff.
3. If there be any merit in the motion for a new trial, it is contained in the ground that Strong was disqualified as a juror, because he was the brother-in-law of one of the shareholders of the plaintiff bank. If it be conceded that the relationship disqualified the juror (a question we need not decide), it is apparent, we are of the opinion, that it was known to one of the counsel of *97the defendants when the juror was accepted, though it may have escaped his memory. The verdict of a jury will not be set aside, and a neiv trial granted, unless it be shown affirmatively that the disqualification was unknown to the party moving for the new trial and his counsel, when the juror was accepted. — Rollins v. Ames, 9 Am. Dec. 79, and note; Cannon v. Bullock, 26 Ga. 431; Hilliard on New Trials, 181; 2 Graham & Waterman on New Trials, 474.
We find no error in the record, and the judgment must be affirmed.