Court Opinion

ID: 6105369
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-20 21:01:46.821263+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:53:48.135053
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JAN 20 2022
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ADAM SCHELL; ANDREW M. OLSON;                   No.    20-17480
ANGELA MATT ARCHITECT INC.;
BENJAMIN TYLER DUNN; BRADLEY                    D.C. Nos.    3:17-cv-04372-CRB
CONNER; BRENDAN DALY; BRYAN                                  3:15-md-02672-CRB
SHEFFIELD; CATHERINE LAMENZO;
DARRYL LECOURS; DEREK
WINEBAUGH; EDDIE FIELD; GISBEL                  MEMORANDUM*
DE LA CRUZ; INGRID SALGADO;
JENNIFER NEMET; JOHN KUBALA;
KEN GALLUCCIO; MARK MILLER;
MELISSA ST. CROIX; MICHAEL
BOWMAN; MICHAEL SKENA;
NORBERT KAHLERT; STEPHEN
FRANCK; STEVEN FERDINAND;
STEVEN RAWCZAK; SVEN HOFMANN;
THOMAS SIEHL III; TONYA DREHER,

                Plaintiffs-Appellants,

 v.

VOLKSWAGEN AG; VOLKSWAGEN
GROUP OF AMERICA, INC.; AUDI OF
AMERICA, INC.; AUDI
AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, (Audi AG);
AUDI OF AMERICA, LLC; ROBERT
BOSCH, LLC, a Michigan limited liability
company; ROBERT BOSCH GMBH, a
German corporation,

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of California
                   Charles R. Breyer, District Judge, Presiding

                    Argued and Submitted December 10, 2021
                            San Francisco, California

Before: GOULD and COLLINS, Circuit Judges, and EZRA,** District Judge.

      Plaintiffs-Appellants Adam Schell, et al., filed this suit on behalf of a putative

class of consumers who bought or leased “clean diesel” automobiles from

Volkswagen but disposed of these vehicles before Volkswagen’s “clean diesel”

emissions fraud was publicized. See In re Volkswagen “Clean Diesel” Mktg. Sales

Prac. & Prods. Liab. Litig., 895 F.3d 597, 603 (9th Cir. 2018) (discussing the nature

and extent of this emissions fraud). Plaintiffs appeal from the district court’s order

dismissing this case for lack of evidence of an Article III injury.          We have

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Reviewing the issue of Article III injury de

novo, Deschutes River All. v. Portland Gen. Elec. Co., 1 F.4th 1153, 1158 (9th Cir.

2021), and the underlying exclusion of an expert opinion offered by Plaintiffs for

abuse of discretion, United States v. Telles, 6 F.4th 1086, 1096 (9th Cir. 2021); see

also Lust v. Merrell Dow Pharms., 89 F.3d 594, 597 (9th Cir. 1996), we affirm.

      **
             The Honorable David A. Ezra, United States District Judge for the
District of Hawaii, sitting by designation.

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      This appeal concerns Defendant-Appellant Volkswagen’s “factual challenge

to standing under Rule 12(b)(1).” Friends of the Earth v. Sanderson Farms, Inc.,

992 F.3d 939, 944 (9th Cir. 2021). Once Volkswagen disputed the truth of Plaintiffs’

factual allegations as to Article III standing, Plaintiffs could “no longer rest on mere

allegations [regarding] the existence of such standing.” Gerlinger v. Amazon.com

Inc., 526 F.3d 1253, 1255–56 (9th Cir. 2008). Plaintiffs instead “had the burden to

support their jurisdictional allegations with competent proof, and, of course, had the

burden of establishing subject matter jurisdiction.” Friends of the Earth, 992 F.3d

at 944 (cleaned up).

      Even assuming Plaintiffs correctly asserted at oral argument that the theory of

Article III injury before the district court was that Volkswagen fraudulently induced

Plaintiffs into paying a “clean diesel premium” for their cars, Plaintiffs still had to

offer evidence that this price premium exists. See Friends of the Earth, 992 F.3d at

944; Gerlinger, 526 F.3d at 1256. Plaintiffs contend that the expert opinion of Ted

Stockton is sufficient proof of this injury such that their case should have survived

Volkswagen’s factual challenge to standing, and that the district court erred in ruling

otherwise. We disagree.

      Stockton admitted in his deposition that he did not calculate the “clean diesel

premium” that was necessary to support Plaintiffs’ theory for the Article III injury

alleged by Plaintiffs.     He instead assumed that his calculation of “excess

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depreciation” based on the post-emissions-fraud-disclosure decrease in the value of

used Volkswagens was a “reasonable proxy for overpayment at the time of initial

purchase.” This method captures ancillary post-disclosure factors as to the price of

used Volkswagen “clean diesel” vehicles, such as fear of regulatory action, loss of

brand reputation, and uncertain resale value. The district court did not abuse its

discretion in concluding that, because Stockton’s method relied on such post-

disclosure factors, it was irrelevant to Plaintiffs’ clean-diesel-premium theory of

Article III injury. See United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1263 (9th Cir. 2009)

(en banc) (holding that no abuse of discretion exists if the district court ruling is

logical and supported by inferences which may be drawn the record); see also

Comcast Corp. v. Behrend, 569 U.S. 27, 35 (2013) (“[A] model purporting to serve

as evidence of damages in this class action must measure only those damages

attributable to [the pertinent] theory [of liability in the case].”); Bricklayers &

Trowel Trades Int’l Pension Fund v. Credit Suisse Sec. (USA) LLC, 752 F.3d 82, 96

(1st Cir. 2014). Plaintiffs’ argument is unavailing even under their own legal

standard. They did not prove the only Article III injury that they alleged, and that

failure of proof ends the case. See Gerlinger, 526 F.3d at 1256.

      Plaintiffs argue that the district court erred in obliging them to prove damages

with certainty via Stockton’s opinion, and conditioning standing on whether they

mitigated their injuries. They are incorrect because the district court did neither. It

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excluded Stockton’s opinion, not for imprecision, but because it was irrelevant, and

the district court declined to analyze mitigation because Plaintiffs offered no proof

of a “clean diesel premium.”

      Because the district court properly exercised its discretion when it excluded

Stockton’s opinion, and Plaintiffs had neither offered in the district court nor

discussed in their Opening Brief any other supportive evidence of damages, we

conclude that they lack any admissible evidence of Article III injury. Plaintiffs’

allegations that they overpaid for “clean diesel” vehicles due to fraud are insufficient

because the district court dismissed the case at the post-pleading stage after fact and

expert discovery had occurred and Plaintiffs had a failure of proof as to standing.

See Friends of the Earth, 992 F.3d at 944. Dismissal was appropriate here. See

Gerlinger, 526 F.3d at 1256.

      AFFIRMED.

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