Court Opinion

ID: 27752
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 09:14:07+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:45:48.021655
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                    FIFTH CIRCUIT

                                           ____________

                                           No. 01-60980
                                           ____________

               SAMANTHA JAMERAN,

                                               Petitioner,

               versus

               JOHN ASHCROFT, U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                               Respondent.

                              Petition for Review of an Order of the
                                  Board of Immigration Appeals
                                       BIA No. A78 566 403

                                           May 14, 2002

Before DAVIS, BARKSDALE, and EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

       Samantha Jameran, a native and citizen of Guyana, appeals the final order of the Board of

Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirming the Immigration Judge’s denial of her application for asylum

and withholding of removal under the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel,

       *
               Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not be
published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“Convention Against Torture”).1 On appeal, we

must decide whether the BIA’s conclusion that Jameran failed to establish either past persecution or

a well-founded fear of persecution on account of her race is supported by the substantial evidence.

                                                 I

       Jameran is a 22-year old native and citizen of Guyana. She is of Indian heritage. On April

26, 2001, Jameran and her sister attempted to enter the United States using Trinidad and Tobago

passports bearing false names and United States tourist visas. After immigration inspectors

determined that the passpo rts had been altered, the sisters were detained and questioned. During

questioning, Jameran’s sister produced a concealed Guyanese passport. Jameran also disclosed her

identity. Jameran then proceeded to answer several questions, admitting that she was a citizen of

Guyana, that she did not have any conflict with any groups or persons in Guyana, and that she would

not be harmed if she returned to Guyana. She described Guyana as “nice and decent.” When asked

why she left Guyana, she replied that she wanted to live in the United States to work, study, meet

people, and get more experience. Jameran denied having any immediate relatives in the United

States, although her mother, sister, and brother were all living in New York at the time.

       The Immigration and Naturalization Service then charged Jameran as being inadmissible under

§ 212(a)(6)(C)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) for entering the United States with

       1
         United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment, Dec. 10, 1984, art. 3, 23 I.L.M. 1027, 1028, ratified by United States,
Oct. 21, 1994, 34 I.L.M. 590, 591 (1995) (stating that “[n]o State Party shall expel, return
(“refouler”) or extradite a person to another State where there are substantial grounds for believing
that he would be in danger of being subjected to torture” (emphasis added)). Withholding of removal
under the Convention Against Torture is provided for in 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(4) (2002).

                                                -2-
fraudulent documents.2 Jameran, through her counsel, admitted the factual allegations. She then filed

an asylum application with the Immigration Judge claiming that she was persecuted in Guyana

because of her Indian race, and sought withholding of removal under the Convention Against Torture.

       In her asylum application, Jameran described Guyana as a country plagued with political and

social unrest. Specifically, she noted a recent rise of violence between Indian and Afro-Guyanese

citizens following the March 2001 national elections. Fo r the first time in 28 years, the People’s

Progressive Party (PPP), which is predominantly composed of Guyanese Indians, defeated the

People’s National Congress/Reform (PNC/R), the Afro-Guyanese party. Since the elections, Jameran

stated, the Afro-Guyanese repeatedly attacked Indians, their houses and their businesses, “burning,

looting, raping, beating and killing.” She stated that she could not walk down the street without

being harassed and derogatorily called a “coolie.” She also alleged that if she returned to Guyana,

the Afro-Guyanese would hurt or kill her.

       Jameran then described how the violence personally affected her and her sister. First, she

stated that, prior to the March 2001 elections, she took hairdressing classes. Because she feared the

violence the elections would cause, she stopped attending class. The Indian-owned school was later

closed as a result of the violence after the elections. Second, Jameran alleged that, shortly after the

elections, an Afro-Guyanese man tried to break into her house using a knife. Jameran screamed and

two Indian neighbors responded. The Afro-Guyanese man fled. Jameran stated that she thought she

would have been raped or killed had the man succeeded in breaking into the house. She did not call

       2
        Section 212(a)(6)(C)(i) of the INA provides: “Any alien who, by fraud or willfully
misrepresenting a material fact, seeks to procure (or has sought to procure or has procured) a visa,
other documentation, or admission into the United States or other benefit provided under this chapter
is inadmissible.” 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(C)(i) (2000).

                                                 -3-
the police because she had no phone, and because “the police don’t take complaints anyway right now

because of all the problems.” Jameran also stated that her sister had been attacked twice.

       At a hearing on her asylum application, Jameran testified to all of the above. She also stated

that she lied to the immigration inspector upon arriving in the United States because she was afraid

and wanted to avoid problems for her family. Jameran’s mother also testified at the hearing to the

poor relations between Indian and Afro-Guyanese citizens in Guyana. She testified that the

population of Guyana is 50% Indian and 50% black. She stated that a high percentage of the police

and government positions in Guyana are held by Afro-Guyanese, and that business and commerce are

dominated by Guyanese Indians, who are generally wealthier. She also testified that Jameran would

have no place to go and no one to protect her if she returned to Guyana.

       Jameran also submitted various news articles reporting incidents of arson, robbery, rioting,

beatings, and murder following the March 2001 elections. The United States Department of State

Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000 (released February 2001) similarly describes

longstanding tensions in Guyana between Indian and Afro-Guyanese citizens. The report cites

incidents of racial discrimination, rising racial tensions, and widespread violence against women.

       At the conclusion of the hearing, the Immigration Judge denied Jameran’s asylum application.

Specifically, the Immigration Judge found the evidence presented by Jameran insufficient to establish

past persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution. The Immigration Judge also found that

Jameran did not qualify for withholding of removal under the Convention Against Torture and

ordered Jameran deported. The BIA affirmed the Immigration Judge’s ruling, making similar factual

determinations. Jameran now appeals the decision of the BIA.

                                                -4-
                                                  II

       Our review of the BIA’s factual findings is limited to determining whether they are supported

by substantial evidence. INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992); Mikhael v. INS, 115 F.3d
299, 302 (5th Cir. 1997). In other words, we will reverse the Board’s findings only when the evidence

is “such that a reasonable factfinder would have to conclude that the requisite fear of persecution

existed.” Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. at 481; 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B) (providing that administrative

findings of fact supporting an order of removal “are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator

would be compelled to conclude to the contrary”). We review questions of law, however, de novo.

Fonseca-Leite v. INS, 961 F.2d 60, 61 (5th Cir.1992).

                                                  A

       Jameran first contends that she is eligible for asylum. Pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1158, the

Attorney General has the authority to grant asylum to any alien who the Attorney General determines

to be a “refugee.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1) (2000). The INA defines a “refugee” as

       any person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality . . . and who is unable or
       unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of that country because of persecution
       or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership
       in a particular social group or political opinion.

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A) (2000) (emphasis added). Under this statutory definition, Jameran can

qualify as a refugee in one of two ways. She must either establish that she was subject to past

persecution or that she possesses a well-founded fear of persecution for one of the five reasons listed

in the statute. Mikhael, 115 F.3d at 303-04. In order to prove a well-founded fear of persecution,

Jameran must establish both that she (1) has a subjective fear of persecution, and (2) that this

subjective fear is objectively reasonable. Id. at 304. Jameran does not have to prove that the

                                                 -5-
persecution will probably occur in order to establish that her fear is objectively reasonable. Id. at 305.

Instead, she only has to show a reasonable possibility of persecution in order for her fear to be

considered well-founded. INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 440 (1987); Mikhael, 115 F.3d

at 305 n.6.

        Jameran argues that, based on the evidence in the record, a reasonable factfinder could only

conclude that she is eligible for asylum. First, Jameran argues that she has established past

persecution based on the attempt of an Afro-Guyanese man to break into her house in April 2001.

The BIA, ho wever, found that there was insufficient evidence to conclude that the attack was

“anything other than a burglary.” The only evidence that the incident was racially motivated was

Jameran’s own impressions based on generalized racial tensions in Guyana. This evidence does not

compel the conclusion that the attempted burglary was more than an “isolated criminal incident.” See

Lata v. INS, 204 F.3d 1241, 1245 (9th Cir. 2000) (affirming factual finding that attack on Indo-Fijian

by native Fijians was an isolated criminal incident that did not rise to the level of persecution).3 Thus,

we conclude that the BIA’s determination is supported by substantial evidence.4

        Second, Jameran argues that she established a well-founded fear of persecution based on the

        3
         Jameran’s generalized allegation of verbal harassment and her claim that she was afraid to
attend her hairdressing classes also do not compel a finding of persecution. See Fatin v. INS, 12 F.3d
1233, 1243 (3d Cir. 1993) (“[T]he concept of persecution does not encompass all treatment that our
society regards as unfair, unjust, or even unlawful or unconstitutional.”).
        4
         When discussing Jameran’s claim of past persecution, the BIA noted that she has never been
“arrested, detained, or questioned by anyone relating to anything whatsoever, and has never been
involved in any political activity.” Based on this statement, Jameran contends that the BIA
erroneously relied on this fact to reject her claim on the ground that she failed to show that she was
persecuted by the government. While Jameran is correct that persecution under the INA may occur
at the hands of non-governmental groups that the government is unable or unwilling to control, the
BIA did not rule otherwise. Rather, the BIA rejected her claim of past persecution because she failed
to present sufficient evidence of persecution.

                                                   -6-
intensification of racial conflict between Indian and Afro-Guyanese citizens since the March 2001

elections. Specifically, she argues that recent events in Guyana demonstrate “group persecution.”

See Chen v. INS, 195 F.3d 198, 203 (4th Cir. 1999) (noting that, in some cases, asylum petitioners

may “demonstrate a well-founded fear by showing that they belong to a broader class of individuals

that has been subjected to systematic persecution”); Kotasz v. INS, 31 F.3d 847, 852-53 (9th Cir.

1997) (same). Although the BIA found that the evidence established political and racial conflict in

Guyana between Indian and Afro-Guyanese citizens, it found that the conditions of violence and

social unrest affected the populace as a whole. The BIA also found that no special circumstances

existed to support a persecution claim under the facts of this case. Because generalized country

conditions do not compel a finding that a petitioner has a well-founded fear of persecution, the BIA’s

determination is supported by the substantial evidence. See, e.g., Lata, 204 F.3d at 1245; Bevc v.

INS, 47 F.3d 907, 910 (7th Cir. 1995) (“[G]eneral conditions of unrest alone are insufficient to

warrant relief.”); Sivaainkaran v. INS, 972 F.2d 161, 165 (7th Cir. 1992) (“[C]onditions of political

upheaval which affect the populace as a whole or in large part are generally insufficient to establish

eligibility for asylum.”).

                                                   B

        Jameran next argues that she is entitled to withholding of removal under the Convention

Against Torture. If an alien is determined to be eligible for protection under the Convention,

withholding of removal shall be granted unless mandatory denial of withholding is otherwise required

by the INA and its regulations. 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c). When making out a claim under the

Convention Against Torture, “[t]he burden of proof is on the applicant . . . to establish that it is more

likely than not that he or she would be tortured if removed to the proposed country of removal.” 8

                                                  -7-
C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2); see also INS v. Stevic, 467 U.S. 407 (1984) (ho lding that an alien seeking

withholding of deportation based on former § 243 of the INA must establish that he faces a “clear

probability” of persecution if returned to the country to which he would be deported). The burden

of proof for a petitioner seeking to establish her eligibility for a withholding of removal under the

Convention Against Torture is higher than the burden imposed on an asylum applicant. See Najjar

v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1303 (11th Cir. 2001); 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2). Because Jameran has

failed to satisfy the lower standard for asylum based on the evidence in this case, it necessarily follows

that she has failed to satisfy the higher standard for withholding of removal under the Convention

Against Torture.

        For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the decision of the BIA.

                                                   -8-