Court Opinion

ID: 4299809
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-08-01 12:01:33.792751+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:42:28.515089
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                       No. 14-960C
                                   Filed: July 31, 2018

    * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **
    LW CONSTRUCTION OF                         *
    CHARLESTON, LLC,                           *          Motion for Leave to Amend;
                                               *          Delay; False Claims Act;
                     Plaintiff,                *          Common Law Fraud; Unjust
                                               *          Enrichment; Statute of
             v.                                *          Limitations; 28 U.S.C. § 2415;
                                               *          28 U.S.C. § 2501; 31 U.S.C.
    UNITED STATES,                             *          § 3731; Service Disabled
                                               *          Veteran Owned Small
                     Defendant.                *          Business.
                                               *
    * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **

       William A. Scott, Pederson & Scott, P.C., Charleston, SC, for plaintiff. With him
was James L. Werner, of counsel, Parker Poe Adams & Bernstein, LLP, Columbia, South
Carolina.

       Erin K. Murdock-Park, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendant.1 With her

1  Approximately one week after the case was filed by plaintiff LW Construction of
Charleston, LLC, (LW) on October 8, 2014, Jeffrey Lowry, a trial attorney in the
Commercial Litigation Branch of the Civil Division of the Department of Justice entered
his notice of appearance as the attorney of record on behalf of the United States in the
above-captioned case. On September 22, 2017, Erin Murdock-Park, also a trial attorney
in the Commercial Litigation Branch of the Civil Division of the Department of Justice, filed
a notice of appearance “as attorney of record for the United States” in the above-
captioned case. Following Ms. Murdock-Park’s September 22, 2017 notice of
appearance, Mr. Lowry and Ms. Murdock-Park interchangeably filed documents before
the court in the above-captioned case on behalf of defendant. For example, according to
the docket for the above-captioned case, on October 13, 2017, Ms. Murdock-Park filed,
on behalf of the United States, defendant’s motion for leave to amend currently at issue
before the court. On December 20, 2017, also according to the docket for the above-
captioned case, Mr. Lowry filed, on behalf of the United States, defendant’s reply in
support of its motion for leave to amend. Pursuant to Rule 83.1(c) of the Rules of the
Court of Federal Claims (RCFC), “[a] party may have only one attorney of record in a
case at any one time,” and “[a]ny attorney assisting the attorney of record must be
designated ‘of counsel.’” RCFC 83.1 (2018). On April 5, 2018, Ms. Murdock-Park filed a
second notice of appearance, in which she stated that she was the “attorney of record for
were Jeffrey Lowry, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, Martin
F. Hockey, Jr., Deputy Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, Robert E.
Kirschman, Jr., Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, and Chad A.
Readler, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division.

                                          OPINION

HORN, J.

         Before the court is a motion by the defendant, the United States of America, “for
leave of Court to amend its previously filed answer in order to assert a new affirmative
defense of common law fraud, to assert fraud counterclaims pursuant to common law and
to the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. §§ [sic] 3729,” and to add a counterclaim for unjust
enrichment. Previously, in its amended answer to plaintiff’s amended complaint, filed on
January 12, 2016, defendant had asserted a counterclaim for liquidated damages and for
reprocurement costs in the amount of $1,703,353.22, stemming from the VA’s
reprocurement of a construction contract for the Fort Jackson National Cemetery (the Fort
Jackson contract) after the VA terminated LW from performing on the Fort Jackson
contract for default. Defendant now seeks to “bring counterclaims which allege that the
plaintiff, LW Construction of Charleston, LLC (LW), misrepresented its status as a service-
disabled veteran-owned small business (SDVOSB) in order to receive an award for the
construction project at Fort Jackson National Cemetery, an award reserved for legitimate
SDVOSBs.” According to defendant’s October 13, 2017 proposed amended answer,
defendant seeks to assert four counterclaims and an affirmative defense of common law
fraud. The first counterclaim, for common law fraud, seeks damages, to be determined at
trial, that were caused by plaintiff’s alleged, material misrepresentation of its SDVOSB
status when it submitted its proposal for and was awarded the Department of Veterans
Affairs’ (VA) construction contract for the Fort Jackson National Cemetery, contract no.
VA101CFM-C-0042, the underlying contract at issue in the above-captioned case. The
second counterclaim seeks civil penalties under the False Claims Act (FCA), “31 U.S.C.
§ 3729(a)(1)(2006) and, as amended, 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(A),”2 for each of the twenty-

the United States.” Ms. Murdock-Park, however, stated in her April 5, 2018 notice of
appearance, unlike in her September 22, 2017 notice of appearance, that the “prior
attorney of record, Jeffrey Lowry, should be terminated from the case.” On April 5, 2018,
the court terminated Mr. Lowry as the attorney of record for the United States.
2In its motion for leave to amend, defendant’s second and third proposed counterclaims
are brought pursuant to the FCA. In its motion for leave to amend, defendant cites to 31
U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(A) (2012), and its former version at 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1) (2006),
as the sections under the FCA applicable to its second proposed counterclaim. Defendant
also cites to 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(B) (2012), and its former version at 31 U.S.C.
§ 3729(a)(2) (2006), as the sections under the FCA applicable to its third proposed
counterclaim. Defendant, however, should not be citing to 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1) (2006)
as support for its second counterclaim, nor should defendant be citing to 31 U.S.C.
§ 3729(a)(2) (2006) as support for its third counterclaim, because the 2006 version of the
FCA is not applicable to any of defendant’s proposed FCA counterclaims. Instead, the

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five allegedly false claims3 requesting payment submitted by plaintiff to the VA in
connection with the Fort Jackson contract. The third counterclaim seeks civil penalties
under a different provision of the FCA, “31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(2)(2006) and, as amended,
31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(B),” for each of the twenty-five allegedly false claims submitted by
plaintiff.4 The fourth counterclaim, for unjust enrichment, seeks return of all money paid
by the VA to plaintiff derived from the allegedly fraudulently obtained Fort Jackson
contract. Plaintiff opposes defendant’s motion for leave to amend its answer with an
affirmative defense and the new counterclaims because, according to plaintiff, the motion
is “(i) untimely; (ii) filed solely to gain a negotiating advantage; (iii) prejudicial to LW; and
(iv) futile.”

applicable version of the FCA to defendant’s proposed FCA counterclaims is the current
version of the FCA, 31 U.S.C. § 3729 (2012), which incorporates the amendments to the
FCA that occurred in 2009. The FCA was amended in 2009. See Fraud Enforcement and
Recovery Act of 2009, Pub. L. No. 111–21, § 4(a), 123 Stat. 1617, 1621. The
amendments are treated “as if enacted on June 7, 2008, and apply to all claims under the
False Claims Act (31 U.S.C. 3729 et seq.) that are pending on or after that date.” Id. at
§ 4(f), 123 Stat. at 1625; see also AEY, Inc. v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. 619, 633 (2014)
(“The amended provision, 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(B), took effect as if enacted on June 7,
2008 and applies to all claims under the False Claims Act that were pending on or after
that date.”). Thus, although defendant states in its proposed amended answer that it is
seeking FCA counterclaims pursuant, in part, to the 2006 version of the FCA, because all
of plaintiff’s alleged false claims were submitted for payment, as according to defendant,
beginning in 2009, the 2006 version of the FCA does not apply to defendant’s proposed
FCA counterclaims. Instead, the amendments to the FCA enacted in 2009 and the current
version of the FCA codified at 31 U.S.C. § 3729, are applicable to defendant’s FCA
counterclaims. See AEY, Inc. v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. at 633.
3 According to defendant’s reply brief in support of its motion for leave to amend, plaintiff
“submitted invoices for payment on 22 occasions between 2009 and 2012, each of which
is a separate false claim.” Also, according to defendant’s reply brief, plaintiff submitted
three additional certified claims for payment on February 17, 2015, September 15, 2015,
and September 24, 2015 in connection with the Fort Jackson contract, which “each
represent separate FCA violations.” Defendant alleges that plaintiff submitted a total of
twenty-five false claims. The plaintiff does not dispute defendant’s calculation regarding
the number of claims.
4 “The difference between § 3729(a)(1) and § 3729(a)(2) [of the FCA],” the two separate
provisions of the FCA under which defendant in the above-captioned case is seeking to
assert two separate FCA counterclaims, “is that the former [§ 3729(a)(1)] imposes liability
for presenting a false claim, while the latter [§ 3729(a)(2)] imposes liability for using a
false record or statement to get a false claim paid.” Jana, Inc. v. United States, 34 Fed.
Cl. 447, 449 (1995).

                                               3
                                    BACKGROUND

Statutory Background of the VA’s SDVOSB Set-Aside Program.

       Before addressing the defendant’s pending motion for leave to amend, a review of
the relevant statutory background regarding the VA’s SDVOSB set-aside program, and a
chronology regarding plaintiff’s establishment in 2008 and history to the present, as well
as the procedural history of the above-captioned case is helpful.

       On December 26, 2006, Congress passed the Veterans Benefits, Healthcare, and
Information Act of 2006, Pub. L. No. 109-461, 120 Stat. 3403 (2006), which created a
new mandate for the VA to set-aside competitive procurements for SDVOSBs when two
or more such businesses were likely to compete for a particular contract award. Under
this Act, the VA was required to maintain a database of eligible SDVOSB entities, which
was called VetBiz Vendor Information Pages (VIP), available at www.VetBiz.gov. In 2007,
the VA issued guidance requiring contractors to register in the VIP database before
contract award in order to be eligible for the award of a VA SDVOSB contract. At the time,
the contractor, however, did not have to register in the VIP database before submitting
an offer for a SDVOSB set-aside contract. According to a June 19, 2007 Department of
Veterans Affairs memorandum regarding the “Veterans First Contracting Program,”
attached to defendant’s reply in support of its motion for leave to amend, at the time,
contracting officers only were required to “ensure businesses are registered in VetBiz.gov
Vendor Information Pages (VIP) database and otherwise responsible prior to making
award.”

        On May 19, 2008, however, the VA issued an interim rule requiring that contractors
not only register in the VIP database, but also submit “information establishing that the
business is owned and controlled by eligible parties.” VA Veteran-Owned Small Business
Verification Guidelines, 73 Fed. Reg. 29,024 (May 19, 2008). The interim rule also stated
that the “Department of Veterans Affairs will examine the information provided by the
owners and approve or disapprove applications for ‘verified’ status.” Id. According to a
Government Accountability Office Report (GAO Report) dated March 19, 2009, which
defendant attached to its reply brief in support of its motion for leave to amend, despite
the VA’s 2008 interim rule, the VA only would begin requiring its contracting officers to
award set-aside contracts to “verified” SDVOSBs by “May 2009 at the earliest,” which
was when the VA anticipated finalizing its rulemaking with regard to the SDVOSB set-
aside program. Until at least May 2009, as stated in the GAO Report, contractors
competing for SDVOSB set-aside contracts, according to VA policy at that time, “only
have to be registered in VA’s database to receive set-aside or sole-source awards.” In
fact, the VA did not publish its final rule until February 8, 2010. See VA Veteran-Owned
Small Business Verification Guidelines, 75 Fed. Reg. 6098 (Feb. 8, 2010).

       The verification process for the VA’s SDVOSB set-aside program changed once
again when Congress passed the Veterans Small Business Verification Act of 2010, Pub.
L. No. 111-275, § 104, 124 Stat. 2864, 2867 (2010 Verification Act) on October 13, 2010,
which occurred, according to the government, “[a]fter the GAO began reporting on abuse

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of the SDVOSB program, including from awarding contracts to large businesses that
misrepresented their status at the expense of legitimate SDVOSBs.” According to the
2010 Verification Act, a contractor had to submit documentation to the VA’s Center for
Veterans Enterprise (CVE) that demonstrated its eligibility for the SDVOSB program
within 90 days of receiving notice, or else be removed from the VIP database. Once it
received a “verified” status from the VA, the contractor then would be included in the
government’s database of eligible SDVOSB contractors.

September 11, 2008: LW is formed.

       According to LW’s operating agreement, attached as an exhibit to the
government’s proposed amended answer, Louis White, Sidney A. Brantley and Gary D.
Brantley entered into a limited liability company agreement to form LW on September 11,
2008. Both parties state in their filings before the court that Mr. White is a “disabled
veteran.” According to LW’s operating agreement, Louis White had a 51% company
interest and had made a capital contribution of $510.00, Sidney Brantley had a 25%
company interest and had made a capital contribution of $250.00, and Gary Brantley had
a 24% company interest and had made a capital contribution of $240.00. Notably, the
operating agreement states in the management section that “the Members shall have full,
exclusive and complete discretion in the management and control of the Company and
shall make all decisions affecting its business and affairs.” The operating agreement
further states that “all members must consent in writing in order that any of the
powers set forth below may be exercised,” and then details a laundry list of powers
regarding management of the company, including but not limited to the power “[t]o
execute all agreements and other documents necessary to implement the purposes of
the Company, and to take such actions as may be necessary to consummate the
transactions contemplated thereby,” “[t]o invest funds of the Company,” and “[t]o hire,
supervise and terminate on behalf of the Company all independent contractors and
employees . . . .” (emphasis in original).

2009: LW self-certifies as a SDVOSB and bids on the Fort Jackson contract.

        On March 30, 2009, the VA issued solicitation number VA-101-09-RP-0100 for
offers to perform the construction of Phase 1B of the Fort Jackson National Cemetery
(the Fort Jackson solicitation). The solicitation stated that “[t]his procurement is a Service-
Disable[d] Veteran-Owned Small Business (SDVOSB) set-aside,” and that “[t]he
SDVOSB must be registered in the Central Contractor Registration (CCR) database. . .
prior to award and must also be registered as a SDVOSB firm at the VetBiz Vendor
Information Pages [VIP].” According to the declaration of the VA contracting officer,
Robert Capers, who was also the source selection authority for the award of the Fort
Jackson contract, he “was required to determine whether or not LW was a qualified
service-disabled veteran-owned small business (SDVOSB) and eligible for the award of
the contract.” According to Mr. Capers’ declaration, “the VA was required to review both
the information in the Central Contractor Registration system, as well as the VA’s Vendor
Information Pages database.” According to Mr. Capers, “[u]pon reviewing both databases
we determined that LW had self-certified that they met the requirements for an SDVOSB.”

                                              5
        The government attached a declaration to its reply in support of its motion for leave
to amend that was signed by Benjamin Ward, who states in his declaration that he is the
Chief of Risk and Compliance at the CVE at the VA and is “required to review and analyze
records maintained by CVE relating to the evaluation of contractors for eligibility in the
Veterans First Contacting [sic] Program.” Mr. Ward’s declaration also notes that LW
registered as a SDVOSB on VIP “sometime before June 5, 2009.” Additionally, according
to Mr. Ward’s declaration, “LW did not submit any documentation to CVE to support its
SDVOSB status before that date.” Mr. Ward’s declaration also states that LW “first
submitted documentation to CVE to support its SDVOSB status was [sic] on June 5,
2009.[5] The only document submitted at that time was the VA form 0877 wherein Louis
White certified that he owned 51 percent of LW and that LW was owned and controlled
by a service-disabled veteran.” Also according to the declaration of Mr. Ward, LW
submitted an application to have CVE verify its SDVOSB status on August 25, 2009.
According to a January 14, 2009 letter from the VA to LW that was attached to LW’s
response brief in the above-captioned case, however, the VA indicated that LW has “been
verified and added to the verified Veteran business database at www.VetBiz.gov.” Mr.
Ward states in his declaration, however, that the January 14, 2009 date on the VA’s letter
must be incorrect because “CVE did not review LW’s verification application until August
25, 2009.” According to Mr. Ward’s declaration, “CVE notified LW on January 14, 2010
that LW would be listed as verified on the Vendor Information Pages database.” Mr. Ward
also states in his declaration that,

       [b]ased upon CVE’s records and my knowledge of CVE’s past practices,
       CVE examined and verified LW’s SDVOSB status based upon Mr. White’s
       representation of 51 percent ownership, LW’s business license, and a
       review of available information in the Central Contractor Registration
       Database, LW’s SBA profile, LW’s Duns and Bradstreet report, the Online
       Certifications and Representations Application, and the USA Spending
       database.

       On April 29, 2009, Mr. White, on behalf of LW, submitted LW’s proposal in
response to the Fort Jackson solicitation along with an April 29, 2009, signed cover letter
to the VA. The government states in its reply in support of its motion for leave to amend
that LW did not provide its operating agreement to the government as part of its proposal
to the VA.6 In its technical proposal, LW stated that it “is a full-service General Contractor

5Based on the regulatory framework discussed above, LW must have registered as an
SDVOSB before June 2, 2009, the date on which it was awarded the Fort Jackson
contract.
6 According to LW’s response to the motion for leave to amend, LW did submit its
operating agreement to the VA in 2011, two years after it submitted its proposal for the
Fort Jackson contract. LW asserts in its sur-reply to the motion for leave to amend,
however, that the copy of the operating agreement the VA received in 2011 was the “same
one it had since 2008.” LW does not explain whether the VA received a copy of LW’s
operating agreement in 2008 or in 2009 when the solicitation was issued and when the
Fort Jackson contract was awarded.

                                              6
specializing in federal projects as a Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business.
The members of LW Construction have been in the construction industry over 75 years
collectively.” LW’s technical proposal also provided an overview of personnel at LW who
would be working on the Fort Jackson contract, which consisted of the following six
individuals: Louis White, Sidney Brantley, and Gary Brantley, the three founders and
managing members of LW, as well as Ronald Brantley, the project superintendent,
Stephen Allen, the assistant project superintendent, and Christina McAlhaney, the
estimator. LW’s technical proposal also contained an “Organizational Chart for Proposed
Staff” that displayed Louis White, Sidney Brantley, and Gary Brantley at the top of the
chart. All three individuals were labeled “Managing Member,” and designated to be at the
“Home Office.” Only Louis White also was labeled as “Project Manager.” The technical
proposal also included the resumes for the six individuals. Louis White’s resume had a
heading stating that he was “Managing Member/Project Manager” of LW. According to
the resume, Mr. White was simultaneously working at LW as “Managing Member,” as well
as, at Brantley Construction Company, LLC as “Project Manager.” Mr. White’s resume
also stated that he “will be able to commit 85% of his time to the construction phases of
this project.”

        Sidney Brantley’s resume stated that he was a “Managing Member” of LW. Sidney
Brantley’s resume also stated that he was presently working as a managing member of
LW and president of Brantley Construction Company, LLC. His resume further stated that
Sidney Brantley had previously worked at Brantley Construction Company, Inc. as its
president from 1997 to September 2005. In addition, Sidney Brantley’s resume stated
that he had obtained a B.S. in civil engineering in 1969 from The Citadel and an M.S. in
civil engineering in 1973 from Clemson University.

       Gary Brantley’s resume stated that he was a “Managing Member” of LW, and that
he was presently working as managing member at LW and as the “Managing
Partner/Project Manager” of Brantley Construction Company, LLC, and had previously
worked at Brantley Construction Company, Inc. as the “Vice President/Corporate
Secretary/Project Manager” from 1986 to September 2005. Gary Brantley’s resume
further stated that:

       He is responsible to the day to day operations of Brantley construction and
       LW Construction. He monitors project objectives, company policies,
       procedures and performance standards of all field personnel, monitor [sic]
       material, labor and supply procurements, as well as management and
       distribution of equipment.

        The resume for Ronald Brantley, LW’s project superintendent, stated that he was
at the “Present” working for both LW and Brantley Construction Company, LLC for
“Special Projects” and had previously worked at Brantley Construction Company, Inc. as
the “Vice President/Project Manager” from 1977 to 2002. It also stated that “Ron Brantley
will be assigned full time to the site and will perform all the Project Superintendent duties.”

                                              7
       The resume for Christina McAlhaney, the proposed estimator, stated that she
worked at “Present” for Brantley Construction Company, LLC, and had previously worked
at Brantley Construction Company, Inc. from 1994 to September 2005. The resume did
not state that she was employed at LW at the time LW’s proposal was submitted, but it
did state that she “[w]ill become employed upon receipt of contract.”

       According to the resume for Stephen Allen, the proposed assistant project
superintendent, Mr. Allen is the only individual who was included in LW’s proposal as a
LW team member who had not worked previously for Brantley Construction Company,
LLC or Brantley Construction Company, Inc. The resume did not state that Mr. Allen was
employed by LW at the time LW’s proposal was submitted to the VA for the Fort Jackson
contract. The resume stated, however, that Stephen Allen “[w]ill become employed upon
receipt of contract.”

       According to plaintiff’s sur-reply in response to defendant’s motion for leave to
amend filed on January 26, 2018, between the time LW submitted its proposal and LW
was awarded the Fort Jackson contract, “Government representatives interviewed Louis
White about disclosures in the Proposal,” and specifically “questioned White because his
phone number was at Brantley Construction Company.” Plaintiff also states in its sur-
reply brief that “Mr. White informed the Government that he still worked for Brantley, and
would continue to work for Brantley until LW was awarded a contract.”

         On June 2, 2009, LW, as a SDVOSB contractor, was awarded the Fort Jackson
contract no. VA101CFM-C-0042, Project Number 930CM2002B, for the expansion
improvements to the VA’s cemetery at Fort Jackson, South Carolina for an amount of
$10,273,000.00 with an initial completion date of December 18, 2010. The work “generally
included site work, new sidewalks and roads, construction of an administrative building,
a maintenance building, two committal shelters, new utility infrastructure, a flag placard
facility, decorative fencing, construction of ten columbarium units, concrete crypts,
installation of an irrigation system, and landscaping.” According to plaintiff, and based on
the bond document, “STANDARD FORM 25A,” (capitalization in original), attached to
LW’s response to the motion for leave to amend, dated November 21, 2017, it appears
that one day after contract award, on June 3, 2009, LW provided to the VA payment and
performance bond information. The “Indemnity Disclosure” document, included with LW’s
standard form 25A, stated that the indemnitors on the “performance” bond were (1) LW
Construction of Charleston, LLC, (2) Brantley Construction Company, Inc., (3) BCC
Holdings, L.P., (4) Brantley Management, LLC, and (5) Brantley Construction Services,
LLC D/B/A Brantley Construction Company, LLC.

October 24, 2011: LW is decertified as a SDVOSB.

      According to plaintiff’s brief filed in response to defendant’s motion for leave to
amend, “[s]ometime in early 2011, the VA removed LW from the VetBiz website,” which,
according to plaintiff, prompted LW to contact the VA regarding its SDVOSB status.
According to a June 21, 2011 email from Gary Brantley to VetBiz Vendor Information
Pages, attached to LW’s response brief, LW “began sending e-mails to vip@va.gov in

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early June requesting an update” regarding LW’s SDVOSB verification by the VA
(underline in original). The June 21, 2011 email from Gary Brantley to VetBiz Vendor
Information Pages also stated that, “we [LW] are currently bidding SDVOSB projects” and
such “work is critical to the survival of LW.” Based on a June 24, 2011 email from Gary
Brantley to Chuck Southern, who, according to the email, was the manager of the VA’s
SDVOSB verification program, Gary Brantley followed up with the VA and wrote, “LW
Construction of Charleston, LLC is a SDVOSB.” He also wrote that, “[w]e have been told
that we are ‘verified’ as a SDVOSB. However, recently we are not sure as our company
does not appear in the VetBiz Vender Information Pages at vip.vetbiz.gov.” Following
LW’s emails, LW submitted information on the company and its members to the VA on
July 11, 2011, including, according to plaintiff’s response brief, “LW’s general contractor
license; resumes of Louis White, Sidney Brantley, Gary Brantley, Bert Bailey and Don
Houghton; financial information including Mr. White’s tax returns, LW’s tax returns (form
1120S), and LW’s payroll information; LW’s lease agreements; LW’s Operating
Agreement; and Articles of Organization.” Then, according to plaintiff’s response brief,
the VA twice more requested additional information from LW, on August 23, 2011 and
August 31, 2011. According to plaintiff’s response brief, LW responded to the August 23,
2011 request and provided the VA with the following information:

      Sidney A. Brantley’s 1040 Tax Return 2009 & 2010; Gary D. Brantley’s 1040
      Tax Return 2009 & 2010; 8300 Dorchester LLC Tax Return 2009 & 2010;
      Brantley Management, LLC Tax Return 2008 & 2009; McQueen Street, LLC
      Tax Return 2009 & 2010; Shellmore Investors Tax Return 2009 & 2010;
      Brantley Pratt, LLC Tax Return 2009 & 2010; B&B Construction of
      Charleston, Inc. Tax Return 2009 & 2010; Olivewood Properties, LLC Tax
      Return 2009 & 2010; and 2466 Clements Ferry Rd, LLC Tax Return 2009
      & 2010.

According to plaintiff’s response brief, LW responded to the August 31, 2011 request and
provided the VA with “Sidney A. Brantley’s W-2; Gary D. Brantley’s W-2; Lisa G.
Brantley’s W-2; Joan S. Brantley’s W-2; Brantley Construction Company, Inc. Tax Return
2008 & 2009; BCC Holdings, LP Tax Return 2008 & 2009.”

       On October 24, 2011, CVE wrote to Mr. White, informing him that “your Disabled-
Service Veteran-owned small business (SDVOSB), LW Construction of Charleston, LLC
(LWCC), has been denied for inclusion in the VA VetBiz Vendor Information Pages (VIP)
Verification Program.” CVE explained that “[t]he decision is based upon the results of
CVE review of your organizing documents, publicly available information of your business
conducted by CVE representatives on September 28, 2011.” CVE found that Mr. White
had “valid Service-Disabled status from VA and that you [Mr. White] own at least 51% of
the concern.” The CVE found that “after reviewing your VIP profile and other information
available,” CVE was “unable to conclude that you satisfy the requirements set forth in 38
CFR Part 74[7].” The CVE stated that “[a]s part of the verification process to determine

7“38 CFR Part 74,” refers to 38 C.F.R. §§ 74.1‒74.29 (2018), the part of the United States
Code which codifies the VA’s small business regulations, including 38 C.F.R. § 74.2,

                                            9
ownership and control requirements identified under 38 CFR Part 74, a review of LWCC
records was conducted,” and “consisted of an extensive review of financial records and
interviews of company personnel.” The CVE then indicated:

       According to the LWCC Operating Agreement dated 09/11/2008, it
       identifies you [Louis White] as having 51%; Sidney Brantley 25% and Gary
       Brantley 24% control of LWCC. However, Section 6.01 and 6.02 states that
       Members can only be removed by majority consent of Members. Also
       Members shall have full, exclusive, and complete discretion in the
       management and control of the company and shall make all decisions
       affecting its business and affairs. In Section 11.01 of the Operating
       Agreement it states only with the consent of all Members, no Member may
       assign, sell, transfer, liquidate, encumber, or in any way alienate, all or part
       of the company interest. The language in the company’s documents is
       binding. Since it is very apparent that LWCC Operating Agreement prohibits
       you full control of LWCC, CVE determined [sic] has determined that LWCC
       does not meet the requirements of 38 CFR § 74.4(i)(1).

The CVE stated that “[g]iven the evidence listed above, CVE finds issues with regard to
control and therefore, cannot reasonably conclude that you, the Service-Disabled Veteran
manage the day-to-day decisions and are [not] influenced by another business
relationship and do not meet the requirements of 38 CFR § 74.4,” and that, therefore,
“CVE cannot conclude that LWCC meets the requirements of a service disabled Veteran
owned small business as identified within 38 CFR Part 74.” Consequently, on October
24, 2011, CVE found that LW’s “business will be ineligible to participate in Veterans Frist
Contracting Program opportunities with the VA,” and stated that LW’s “profile will be
removed from the VetBiz VIP database.”

        On November 21, 2011, Mr. White wrote the director of CVE, requesting
“reconsideration for inclusion in the VA VetBiz Vendor Information Pages (VIP)
Verification Program.” Mr. White wrote that LW had modified its operating agreement “to
comply with Ownership and Control requirements for Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned
Small Business.” Mr. White also wrote that “I am a retired service disable [sic] Air Force
[sic] and have already loss [sic] three months of bidding new projects while this verification
process has been going on,” and that, “I now run the risk of losing LW Construction unless
I can resolve this matter quickly.”

       On March 1, 2012, CVE rejected LW’s request for reconsideration and affirmed
that LW did not satisfy the requirements of a SDVOSB. CVE explained that Section 11.01
of LW’s operating agreement states that “all members must be in agreement to transfer
any of the membership interest in the company.” The CVE then explained that the final
denial is “based upon a review and evaluation of the original file as well as the letter
requesting reconsideration and accompanying documents.”

which sets out the VA’s “eligibility requirements a concern must meet for VetBiz
Verification Program.” See 38 C.F.R. § 74.2 (2018).

                                             10
        Despite LW’s decertification from SDVOSB status on October 24, 2011, LW
continued to perform on the Fort Jackson contract. As explained by the government in its
reply in support of its motion for leave to amend, “[a]lthough the VA contracting staff
assigned to the Fort Jackson project learned that LW had subsequently lost its SDVOSB
status several years after the award of the contract, they did not believe a contractor’s
subsequent loss of SDVOSB status had any effect on a contract awarded in 2009.”
Plaintiff similarly states in its response brief that, “SDVOSB status is determined as of the
date of an offer to the government. Once an award is made, the contractor is entitled to
continue performance and receive payment even if its status changes during contract
performance.” (citing 13 C.F.R. § 125.15(e)(1); 38 C.F.R § 74.11(c)).

       According to plaintiff, “[b]y September 10, 2011, the VA had issued time extensions
on the Fort Jackson Project for a total of 350 days, with a then current completion date of
December 3, 2011.” Plaintiff also states that, as of August 25, 2011, “VA had approved
pay applications 1 through 15,” and that “the contract was 90% complete.” Despite LW’s
loss of SDVOSB status, on October 24, 2011, LW continued to perform and the VA
continued to pay LW. On February 23, 2012, according to plaintiff, the VA paid LW
through Pay Application 20, which showed that work was 97% complete overall.
According to the government, “[b]y February 22, 2012, the VA had stopped approving
payment requests from LW . . . because of LW’s failure to meet the contract’s scheduling
requirements.”

      According to the declaration of VA contracting officer, Susan Lam-Sinclair, dated
December 20, 2017, submitted as an exhibit to the government’s reply in support of its
motion for leave to amend, “[s]ince June 2012 I [Ms. Lam-Sinclair] have served as the
contracting officer responsible for the VA’s contract with LW Construction of Charleston,
Contract No. VA101CFM-C-0042.” According to Ms. Lam-Sinclair’s declaration:

       During the fall of 2012, I became increasingly involved in issues of contract
       performance that are the subject of my final decisions.[8] At that time,
       through my own experiences, I began to suspect that LW was not meeting
       its contractual requirement for a service-disabled veteran-owned small
       business to perform 15% of the contract labor and that the work was actually

8 The final decisions Ms. Lam-Sinclair refers to in her December 20, 2017 declaration are
the two final decisions she issued as the contracting officer on the Fort Jackson contract.
In particular, Ms. Lam-Sinclair stated in her December 20, 2017 declaration that:

       In that role [as contracting officer], I was responsible for the October 16,
       2013 final decision to terminate the VA’s contract with LW Construction of
       Charleston (LW) for the construction of Phase 1B of the cemetery at the
       Fort Jackson National Cemetery. I was also responsible for the final
       decision denying the claim submitted by LW on September 15, 2015 that
       requested money and contract time for alleged changes and delays that LW
       believes excused its failure to perform.

                                             11
       being performed by Brantley Construction. In December of 2012, I referred
       the matter to the VA’s Office of Inspector General (OIG). Despite my referral
       and requests for more information, I did not receive any response from OIG
       concerning the results of its investigation. Before I terminated LW’s contract
       for default, I again contacted OIG but did not receive any information about
       its investigation.

Ms. Lam-Sinclair also stated in her declaration that, “[h]ad I known that LW obtained the
contract through fraud, I would have terminated the contract on that basis.”

        On August 7, 2013, as evidenced by an email thread attached as exhibits to
plaintiff’s response brief to the motion for leave to amend, Jeffrey L. Wehrmann, a VA
senior resident engineer at the Fort Jackson National Cemetery, forwarded to Ms. Lam-
Sinclair and to four other individuals at the VA an article titled, “VA slow to clean up broken
veterans preference contracting mess.” According to this article, which is included in the
body of the email, the “VA is now verifying the qualifications of those claiming to be
operators of Service-Disabled, Veteran-Owned Small Businesses.” The article discussed
the VA’s recent effort to verify contractors’ self-representation of SDVOSB status in light
of a history of fraudulent misrepresentations by contractors. The article also stated,
“[r]ecent studies by the Government Accountability Office and the VA’s inspector general
question the agency’s claims that it has rooted out hucksters who lie about their service
records or control of businesses to win lucrative federal set-aside and sole-source
contracts.” Ms. Lam-Sinclair responded to Mr. Wehrmann’s email that had forwarded the
article and stated that: “This program is a mess. I turned [sic] LW and two other firms and
he [sic] has not been addressed.” In a separate email also dated August 7, 2013 and
attached to plaintiff’s response brief to the motion for leave to amend, Mr. Wehrmann
wrote to Ms. Lam-Sinclair and noted:

       And as you may, or may not remember or heard, in the Fall of 2011 LWC
       [LW of Charleston] lost their SBA Certification and couldn’t bid SDVOB [sic]
       contracts until they got that back in place. They were discovered to have in
       their charter that Louis [White], the supposed Managing Member setting at
       50% or lower, not the required 51%. The SBA made them rework and
       resubmit their charter and reapply with him being 51% sometime in 2012
       and frankly that was after the loss of many subcontractors, loss of suppliers
       and loss of employees too. I didn’t hear that that [sic] got reinstated fully but
       I do know that they went back to bidding small business work so I assume
       it got straightened out, but not for sure. That wouldn’t have played a part in
       this contract anyway. That’s what Dana I. told me when I had discussed
       with him.

Ms. Lam-Sinclair responded to Mr. Wehrmann’s earlier email about “LWC” that “if they
[LWC] lost their SDVOSB status after award, it would not play a part as Dana[9] stated.”

9 According to plaintiff’s response to defendant’s motion for leave to amend, the “Dana”
referred to in this email chain is “Dana Ivey,” “another [VA] contracting officer.” Plaintiff

                                              12
       According to the letter from the Ms. Lam-Sinclair to LW, dated October 16, 2013,
and attached to plaintiff’s most recent amended complaint, the VA terminated the Fort
Jackson contract for default on October 16, 2013. Ms. Lam-Sinclair stated in the letter
that the Fort Jackson contract was “terminated for default based on project schedule and
performance deficiencies.” Ms. Lam-Sinclair explained:

       LW was awarded this fixed price contract on June 2, 2009. Notice to
       Proceed was issued on June 26, 2009 establishing an original completion
       date of December 10, 2009. Subsequent contract modifications added 625
       calendar days changing the contract completion date to September 4, 2012.
       LW is now 402 calendar days beyond this completion date. And, I have
       determined LW will not successfully complete the contract by the current
       completion date of October 30, 2013 – VA accepted and established this as
       the completion date based on LW’s proposed schedule in its September 9,
       2013 Response to VA’s Show Cause Notice.

Ms. Lam-Sinclair also noted in the October 16, 2013 letter that LW had “experienced
consistent performance deficiencies,” in areas of work required under the Fort Jackson
contract, such as landscaping, repairing and replacing lawn irrigation valves, correcting
for building concrete deficiencies, and replacing defective columbarium caps. Ms. Lam-
Sinclair further stated that “[b]eause LW continues to have performance deficiencies, I
have no confidence in LW to successfully complete this project.” Ms. Lam-Sinclair
reiterated that because LW had also missed eleven of twelve “critical milestones” from
LW’s “September 4, 2013 schedule, I [Ms. Lam-Sinclair] have no confidence in LW to
successfully complete this project.” Ms. Lam-Sinclair further stated that “[t]his termination
for default is VA’s last resort. VA made numerous attempts to resolve contractual issues
by ensuring LW was aware of contract concerns and providing LW an opportunity to
address the issue(s),” which included the VA sending LW four letters of concern, two
show cause notices, and a cure notice.
February 27, 2014: Landmark Construction Company files suit against LW in the
United States District Court for the District of South Carolina.

         On February 27, 2014, Landmark Construction Company, a civil construction
contracting firm which had subcontracted with LW to perform work on the Fort Jackson
contract, whose officers and shareholders were Frederick B. and Cynthia A. Mixson, filed
suit in the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, Columbia division,
against LW and Travelers Casualty and Surety Company of America (Travelers), the
surety on the Fort Jackson contract. In that suit, Case No. 3:14-cv-00542-CMC, Landmark
Construction Company alleged that LW had “wrongfully failed and refused to pay
Landmark the balance of the Subcontract” and “the cost of performing the extra work that
is properly due and owing,” by:

provides no additional information regarding the identity of Dana Ivey, nor does the record
currently before the court.

                                              13
       (1) failing to properly coordinate and schedule the work on the Project;
       (2) grossly mismanaging the Project to Landmark’s detriment; (3)
       intentionally, negligently and actively interfering with the orderly progress of
       Landmark’s work; (4) restricting and preventing Landmark’s access to
       designated work areas; (5) failing to schedule and coordinate the work on
       the Project in a reasonable manner and to grant reasonable time extensions
       and constructively changing the Subcontract; (6) wrongfully failing and
       refusing to pay subcontract balance and legitimate claims for extra-
       contractual work; (7) conducting and condoning improper and unreasonable
       inspections; (8) wrongfully and unreasonably rejecting work completed by
       Landmark in accordance with the contract documents; (9) wrongful and
       unreasonably [sic] interpretation of contract plans and specifications that
       resulted in additional costs to Landmark; (10) dictating or otherwise
       interfering with the means and methods of construction which were to be
       exclusively within the control of Landmark; and (11) breaching its implied
       covenants of good faith and fair dealing implied in all contracts.

Landmark Construction Company alleged that it was entitled to recover $2,000,000.00 in
damages from LW. Landmark Construction Company also alleged that Travelers was
liable for $2,000,000.00 of the $10,273,000.00 labor and materials payment bond that it
had issued on June 3, 2009 on behalf of LW because “Landmark has fulfilled all conditions
of the Bond necessary for Landmark to recover under the same. Under the terms and
conditions of the Bond, L-W’s failure to pay Landmark renders Travelers liable on the
Bond.” The Stipulation of Dismissal with Prejudice filed in Case No. 3:14-cv-00542-CMC
on August 17, 2015 indicates that the case was resolved through mediation.

May 8, 2014: Frederick and Cynthia Mixson filed a qui tam suit against LW in the
United States District Court for the District of South Carolina.

        On May 8, 2014, Frederick B. Mixson and Cynthia A. Mixson filed a qui tam suit
against LW, Brantley Construction Company, Inc., Brantley Construction Services,
Sidney A. Brantley, Gary D. Brantley, Ron Brantley, and Louis White, in the United States
District Court for the District of South Carolina, seeking “treble damages and civil
penalties arising from the Defendants’ false statements and false claims in violation of the
Civil False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729 et seq.” (emphasis in original). As noted above,
the Mixsons were the officers and shareholders of Landmark Construction Company, a
subcontractor to LW performing on the Fort Jackson contract. The Mixsons, however,
brought the May 2014 qui tam suit on behalf of themselves as “citizens of the United
States,” and “based on their direct, independent, and personal knowledge,” not on behalf
of Landmark Construction Company. The Mixsons alleged:

       In 2008, the Brantley Brothers conspired with Louis White to establish a
       Limited Liability Company to obtain SDVOSB status and compete for
       SDVOSB set-aside contracts. In furtherance of this enterprise, these
       individuals established the defendant L W [sic]. LW held itself out at all times
       as a corporation which was owned, operated, managed and controlled by

                                             14
       White; however, at all times relevant to the allegations of this complaint, LW
       was, in reality, operated, managed, and controlled by and through the
       Brantley Brothers and/or the Brantley Entities.

The Mixsons also alleged:

       [T]he Brantley Brothers and/or the Brantley Entities provided the following
       services to LW: a) accounting and bookkeeping; b) office space and
       sharing; c) common employees and labor force; d) equipment and tools; e)
       insurance and surety bonding; f) banking and legal services; g) license
       qualifications and supervision, management and day to day operation and
       control; and h) operating capital and financing.

The Mixsons further alleged:

       [T]he funds and revenues of LW were commingled and effectively controlled
       by the Brantley Entities. Defendant Louis White made few, if any of the
       management decisions of LW. The Brantley Brothers and/or the Brantley
       Entities determined which construction projects to bid, preparation of the
       project estimates, management of the projects and coordination of
       subcontractors and material suppliers, scheduling, preparation of
       subcontracts, payment application submissions and approvals and all of the
       primary day to day management decisions of LW. In legal matters and
       disputes, the Brantley Brothers and/or the Brantley Entities represented LW
       exclusively in a managerial and ownership capacity and displayed full
       authority and discretion to make the day to day business decisions of LW.
       Neither the Brantley Brothers nor the Brantley Entities are eligible or
       qualified to perform SDVOSB set-aside contracts with the United States. All
       defendants in this action engaged in creating LW as a false front SDVOSB
       qualified contractor in order to allow the Brantley Brothers and/or the
       Brantley Entities to obtain federal funds and monies for which they did not
       properly qualify.

        In addition, the Mixsons alleged that defendants “falsely and fraudulently” entered
into the “SDVOSB set-aside contract . . . with the United States for the construction of the
Fort Jackson National Cemetery in Columbia, South Carolina,” as well as five other,
unrelated, SDVOSB set-aside contracts with the United States between 2010 and 2011.
According to the Mixsons, “LW and the other Defendants falsely executed more that [sic]
20 change orders for the Cemetery Project and numerous progress payment
applications,” and that “[e]ach of the change orders and payment applications and the
contract or bid itself constitutes a false claim to the United States.” The Mixsons then
alleged that, “[t]he United Sates [sic] has paid LW and the other Defendants in excess of
ten million dollars based upon their false claims and the Defendants are liable . . . for
each false claim including each change order, progress payment and the bid for the
project . . . .”

                                            15
        On April 22, 2014, before the Mixsons filed their qui tam suit in the United States
District Court for the District of South Carolina on May 8, 2014, the Mixsons had submitted
a “Joint Pre-Filing Disclosure Statement Of Frederick B. Mixson and Cynthia A. Mixson”
to and “for the benefit of the United States Attorney in Columbia, South Carolina and [to]
the Civil Fraud Division of the United States Justice Department in Washington, D.C.,
pursuant to the qui tam provisions of the False Claims Act.” The joint pre-filing disclosure
statement submitted to the United States Attorney and to the Civil Fraud Division of the
Department of Justice (DOJ) alleged that LW, Brantley Construction Company, Inc.,
Brantley Construction Services, Sidney Brantley, Gary Brantley, Ron Brantley, and Louis
White had fraudulently misrepresented LW’s SDVOSB status in order to obtain the Fort
Jackson SDVOSB, set-aside contract. The Mixsons also attached eleven exhibits to their
joint pre-filing disclosure statement to support their allegation that LW had fraudulently
misrepresented its SDVOSB status when bidding on the Fort Jackson contract, which
included: “LW Construction of Charleston, LLC licensing documents obtained from
Contractor’s Licensing Board, S.C. Department of Labor, License & Regulation’ [sic],”
attached as Exhibit H to the joint pre-filing disclosure statement, “LW Construction of
Charleston, LLC organizational documents obtained from South Carolina Secretary of
State,” attached as Exhibit I to the joint pre-filing disclosure statement, and audio
recordings from a March 11, 2014 meeting and from a April 21, 2014 meeting between
Gary and Sidney Brantley and the Mixsons, attached as Exhibits F and G.

       On August 21, 2014, before LW filed its October 8, 2014 complaint in this court,
the United States filed without explanation, a brief Notice of Election to Decline
Intervention in the Mixsons’ qui tam suit. The government alleges, however, in its reply in
support of its current motion for leave to amend in the above-captioned case that, “[i]n
response to the qui tam suit, the United States Attorney’s Office for the District of South
Carolina conducted an investigation concerning the relators’ allegations.”
The government states in its reply in support of its motion for leave to amend that,
“[a]mong other things, the U.S. Attorney’s Office, along with the VA OIG, reviewed the
SDVOSB documents maintained by CVE and interviewed the relators.” The government
also states in its reply that “[i]n addition, investigators from the VA OIG and the
Department of Defense Office of Inspector General interviewed Mr. White.” The
government then states in its reply to the current motion for leave to amend that ultimately,
“the US Attorney’s Office . . . declined to intervene in what appeared to be a qui tam suit
being brought by a disgruntled subcontractor seeking leverage to obtain a settlement in
the separate district court case.”

2014: The DOJ begins a criminal investigation into LW and its relationship with the
Brantleys.

       According to plaintiff, “[s]ometime in 2014, the Department of Justice started a
criminal investigation into LW and its relationship with the Brantleys.” Based on the record
before the court, it is not exactly clear when in 2014 the DOJ began, or when the DOJ

                                             16
ended, its criminal investigation into LW, and the parties provide no specific dates.10 The
record before the court, however, suggests that the DOJ’s criminal investigation was
underway as of October 30, 2014, when the DOJ requested the United States District
Court for the District of South Carolina to issue a subpoena to Patrick Luciano, a certified
public accountant, to testify before a grand jury in the United States District Court for the
District of South Carolina. The subpoena was signed by Robin Blume, the Clerk of the
Court of the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina on October 30,
2014. The subpoena stated that John Potterfield, Assistant United States Attorney, had
requested the subpoena. The subpoena also stated that Mr. Luciano was to provide
“printed and certified copies” of the following records to Special Agent Doyle Mullis, of the
United States Department of Defense, Office of Inspector General, Defense Criminal
Investigative Service in South Carolina:

       all records related to Gary D. Brantley . . . , Sidney A. Brantley . . . , and
       Louis W. White . . . , to include any of your communications with Gary D.
       Brantley, Sidney A. Brantley, Louis W. White, Chris Hilliard, or any other
       person with, or representing, LW Construction of Charleston, LLC; Brantley
       Construction Company, Inc[.]; Brantley Construction Services; . . . from
       September 2008 to present. Provide all records pertaining to the
       establishment and management of LW Construction of Charleston, LLC, to
       include records pertaining to LW Construction of Charleston, LLC obtaining
       Federal Government contracts from September 2008 to present. Provide all
       records pertaining to any services or activities conducted by Brantley
       Construction Company, Inc.; Brantley Construction Services, LLC; or any
       of their affiliates (hereinafter, the Brantley companies) from September
       2008 to present regarding Federal Contracts that the owners, managers,
       employees, contractors, or consultants of the Brantley companies advised
       on, assisted with, or obtained for themselves, from September 2008 to
       present.

October 8, 2014: LW files the above-captioned case.

        On October 8, 2014, LW filed the case currently before this court and asserted in
its original complaint a claim of “wrongful termination of the [Fort Jackson] contract by the
VA” when the VA terminated LW for default on October 16, 2013. LW also requested in
its original complaint that the termination for default be converted to a termination for
convenience and to recover “attorneys’ fees and costs relating to this action.” As
discussed above, on October 16, 2014, Jeffrey Lowry, an attorney in the Commercial
Litigation Branch, Civil Division, of the DOJ in Washington, D.C., entered his notice of
appearance as the attorney of record for the defendant in the above-captioned case. On
December 8, 2014, the government filed its original answer to the complaint, but did not

10 According to the government’s December 20, 2017 reply in support of its motion for
leave to amend, after the investigation by the DOJ, and after no criminal charges were
filed against LW, there was “no longer an active criminal investigation” by the DOJ into
LW.

                                             17
file a counterclaim or assert any affirmative defenses at that time. After an initial
conference with the parties, the court issued a scheduling Order, establishing a close of
discovery date for August 3, 2015 and a trial date for November 2, 2015.

         On January 26, 2015, the parties filed a Joint Preliminary Status Report in the
above-captioned case, that, among items, notified the court of pending, related cases that
were proceeding “in connection with the contract at issue in this case,” including “two
Miller Act cases currently pending in United States District Court for the District of South
Carolina,” and a “Qui Tam action that is currently pending in United States District Court
for the District of South Carolina.” With regard to the qui tam action, “United States of
America ex rel., Frederick B. Mixson and Cynthia A. Mixson v. LW Construction of
Charleston, LLC, et al., Civil Action No. 3:14-cv-01859-JFA,” the parties indicated in the
Joint Preliminary Status Report to this court that “[t]he Government [had] declined to
intervene in that case.” (emphasis in original). The parties also stated that “[t]he Relators
claim that LW conspired to form the Service Disabled Veteran Owned Small Business
(SDVO SB) to obtain Government projects, and that it was controlled by the minority
members of the company, as opposed to being controlled by the Service Disabled
Veteran majority member.” The Joint Preliminary Status Report filed in the current case
before this court stated that “LW also understands that there is a criminal investigation
relating to LW’s status as a SDVO SB, and control of the company,” and that “[t]he parties
are unware of how that investigation may affect this case.” In particular, the parties stated
that, “[i]n the event that the discovery proceedings in this case interfere with the criminal
investigation or the conclusion of the investigation is necessary to assert any fraud
counter-claims, the Defendant may request that the Court stay further proceedings.” The
Joint Preliminary Status Report also stated that the parties were “unaware of what effect
the false claim issues may have on this case.”

       On February 17, 2015, LW submitted a signed, certified, claim for payment to the
contracting officer for the Fort Jackson contract, seeking payment for alleged contract
changes, delays, and other disputed items and an extension of the contract end date
through October 16, 2013, for 407 additional days. On June 16, 2015, in light of LW’s
recently submitted claim for payment on February 17, 2015 and after conferring with the
parties, the trial originally scheduled for November 2, 2015 was postponed. The court,
however, ordered that regarding the existing claims in the complaint, “document discovery
shall continue, but the parties may defer the taking of any depositions.”11 On September

11 “[T]here must exist a contracting officer’s final decision [regarding a contractor’s claim
for payment] (either actual or deemed denial) before a contractor can challenge such a
decision in the Court of Federal Claims.” Tidewater Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 107
Fed. Cl. 779, 783 (2012); see also England v. The Swanson Grp., Inc., 353 F.3d 1375,
1379 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (“[J]urisdiction over an appeal of a contracting officer’s decision is
lacking unless the contractor’s claim is first presented to the contracting officer and that
officer renders a final decision on the claim.”); James M. Ellett Constr. Co. v. United
States, 93 F.3d 1537,1541-42 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (“[F]or the court to have jurisdiction under
the CDA [Contract Disputes Act], there must be both a valid claim, a term the act leave
undefined, and a contracting officer’s final decision on that claim.”). Therefore, under the

                                             18
15, 2015, LW submitted a revised signed and certified claim to the VA contracting officer
on the Fort Jackson contract seeking entitlement to $5,370,514.97. On September 24,
2015, LW submitted a second, signed and certified claim also to the VA contracting officer
on the Fort Jackson contract seeking entitlement to $216,477.86 for additional alleged
changes to the contract.

        On August 17, 2015, the government filed its notice of consent to the Mixsons’
voluntary dismissal of their qui tam action, and on that same day, the Mixsons filed their
stipulation of dismissal in their qui tam action, which was subsequently dismissed, without
prejudice.12 In October and November of 2015, Ms. Lam-Sinclair, the contracting officer
for the Fort Jackson contract at the VA issued final decisions denying LW’s contract
claims for payment. On November 23, 2015, LW filed a motion for leave to amend its
complaint in this court, which was granted by the court. On December 15, 2015, LW filed
an amended complaint, asserting the following three claims: (1) “wrongful termination” of
the Fort Jackson contract, (2) “entitlement [for an equitable adjustment] under the
changes clause,” of the Fort Jackson contract for the “additional cost incurred as a result
of the changes” made by the VA to the Fort Jackson contract, and (3) “breach of contract”
by the VA of the Fort Jackson contract by:

       a. providing defective plans and specifications;
       b. failing to issue changes as required by the Changes Clause;
       c. failing to extend the performance period required by the Changes Clause;
       d. wrongfully assessing liquidated damages;
       e. failing to pay for work completed by LW;
       f. failing to pay LW as required by the Payments Clause;
       g. wrongfully terminating LW for default;
       h. failing to cooperate;
       i. breaching its obligation of good faith and fair dealings;
       j. failing to provide information necessary to complete the Project; and

Contract Disputes Act, 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101 et seq. (2012), this court lacked subject matter
jurisdiction to decide the merits of plaintiff’s February 17, 2015 claim because the VA
contracting officer for the Fort Jackson contract had not yet issued a final decision on the
February 17, 2015 claim when plaintiff filed its complaint in this court on October 8, 2014.
12The government must consent to a dismissal of an action brought pursuant to Section
3729 of the FCA, such as the Mixsons’ qui tam suit. According to 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(1),

       A person may bring a civil action for a violation of section 3729 for the
       person and for the United States Government. The action shall be brought
       in the name of the Government. The action may be dismissed only if the
       court and the Attorney General give written consent to the dismissal and
       their reasons for consenting.

31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(1) (2012).

                                            19
       k. failing to meet with LW in order to resolve issues so that work could be
       completed.

LW requested in its amended complaint a finding that:

       (1) the termination for default was improper;
       (2) the termination for default must be converted to a termination for
       convenience;
       (3) LW is entitled to the changes and the extension pursuant to the Changes
       Clause as set forth herein;
       (4) The VA breached the contract;
       (5) LW is entitled to compensation in the amount of $5,586.992.83 and an
       extension of the contract performance period until October 16, 2013; and
       (6) LW is entitled to interest on the claims, attorneys’ fees and costs, and
       for such other and further relief as this Court deems just and proper.

       On January 12, 2016, the government filed its first amended answer to LW’s
amended complaint and counterclaimed for liquidated damages and the cost of
reprocurement. At this time, the government did not assert any affirmative defenses or
fraud counterclaims, or a counterclaim of unjust enrichment.

October 13, 2017: DOJ files the pending motion for leave to amend its answer and
assert counterclaims and an affirmative defense.

        The October 13, 2017 motion for leave to amend defendant’s answer, the current
motion before the court, seeks to assert an affirmative defense of common law fraud and
the following four counterclaims: (1) common law fraud, (2) a counterclaim under the FCA
for LW’s alleged presentation of twenty-five false claims for payment to the VA, (3) a
counterclaim under the FCA for LW’s alleged use of a false record or statement when it
submitted twenty-five false claims for payment to the VA, and (4) unjust enrichment.

       According to the government: “In November 2015, counsel for the Government” in
the above-captioned case had “conferred with the United States Attorney’s Office
regarding the Government’s decision to decline to intervene in the qui tam action.”
(emphasis in original). Government counsel asserts that,

       [b]ased on that discussion, given the decision by the U.S. Attorney’s Office
       not to intervene in the qui tam action, or file charges in the criminal case,
       there did not appear to be any reason for the Government’s counsel in this
       case to raise a fraud defense or to pursue a fraud counterclaim [earlier].

(emphasis in original). In particular, the government attorney states in its reply in support
of its motion for leave to amend that “we did not believe there was much evidence of fraud
and initially concluded the fraud claims need not be pursued.” That position on the part of
the government changed during the course of continuing discovery, as described below.

                                             20
       As established with the parties, document discovery in the above-captioned case
continued from November 2015 through November 2016. Depositions began in South
Carolina during the week of November 14, 2016. According to the government in its reply
in support of its motion for leave to amend,

      [a]fter attending the first deposition taken by LW, on November 15, 2016,
      and meeting Louis White and Gary Brantley, counsel for the Government
      began to suspect that it was more likely than not that the Brantleys
      exercised control over both the ultimate decision making of LW as well as
      Mr. White.

The government states, “[t]hat same day, the Government renewed its investigation into
LW’s SDVOSB status.”

       On March 16, 2017, the government issued discovery requests to LW seeking
documents and information related to LW’s SDVOSB status. The government requested
production of “all documents presented by LW Construction or its representatives to the
Department of Veterans Affairs from 2008 to the present for the purposes of establishing
or verifying its status as a Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business;” “all joint
venture agreements, teaming agreements, contracts, subcontracts, or other agreements
entered into between LW Construction and Brantley Construction;” “all communications
from or to Gary Brantley, Ron Brantley, and or Louis White concerning the formation,
ownership, and management of LW Construction through October 16, 2013;” “all
documents describing or establishing the management and operations of LW
Construction;” and “[a]ny employment agreement or contract between LW Construction
and Gary Brantley,” “Ron Brantley,” and “Louis White.”

        On March 23, 2017, government counsel received documents from the VA’s
Center for Verification and Evaluation (previously known as the VA’s Center for Veterans
Enterprise) related to CVE’s denial of LW’s SDVOSB status in 2011. Notably, the
government attorney states in its reply in support of its motion for leave to amend that
after reviewing CVE’s investigation results and its decision, “it became apparent that not
only did LW not qualify for SDVOSB status in 2011 – the sole issue CVE was examining
– LW was not a legitimate SDVOSB when it bid on the Fort Jackson contract.” The
government states in its reply in support of its motion for leave to amend:

      We later obtained documents in March 2017 from CVE and VA OIG [Office
      of Inspector General], organizations not involved in the administration of the
      contract, that established that the idea for the formation of LW was
      proposed by the Brantleys, that Louis White did not put any significant
      amount of money into the company, that LW was operated out of the same
      building as Brantley Construction, that Brantley Construction employees
      identified the work LW was to bid on, and that Louis White had lied to CVE
      investigators when he told them in 2011 that each of the principals of the
      company had put $250,000 into the company.

                                           21
       On April 17, 2017, LW responded to the government’s March 16, 2017 discovery
request, but did not provide the requested documents related to LW’s SDVOSB status,
with the exception of its proposal for the Fort Jackson contract, and argued that such
requests were “not relevant or reasonably intended to lead to the discovery of relevant
information relating to any claim or defense in this case.” Defendant’s reply in support of
its motion for leave to amend states:

       After receiving LW’s [discovery] response, we began the process to obtain
       authority for the fraud counterclaim within the Department of Justice, which
       required the coordination with and approval from multiple sections of the
       Department. Although the issue of fraud was clear [as of April 17, 2017], the
       coordination with various branches within the Department of Justice’s Civil
       Division required more time than anticipated as we internally deliberated a
       variety of issues related to this case.

      From July 2017 through September 2017, defendant continued to depose LW’s
witnesses13 and, according to defendant, during these depositions, “we continued to learn
information that demonstrated fraud.” Defendant states:

       We learned from the deposition of Christina McAlhaney,[14] an employee of
       Brantley Construction, that Brantley Construction employees were seeking
       business opportunities and assembling bids for LW, and that Sidney
       Brantley made the ultimate decision regarding whether Brantley
       Construction or LW would bid on the project.

Defendant also states that it learned through the depositions of Gary Brantley, Sidney
Brantley, and Louis White:

       [T]hat LW was funded entirely through loans provided by Brantley-affiliated
       firms that were passed off as personal loans from the owners. We also
       learned that Brantley employees eventually took over completion of the Fort
       Jackson contract without any formal subcontract or notice to the VA. Finally,

13 Regarding the depositions, plaintiff states in its response to the government’s motion
for leave to amend that plaintiff deposed eleven VA fact witnesses by February 16, 2017
and that the government deposed eight fact witness between July 19, 2017 and October
13, 2017.
14As described above, based on the resume for Christina McAlhaney, submitted by LW
as part of its proposal regarding its “project personnel experience” for the Fort Jackson
contract, in 2009, Ms. McAlhaney was an employee at Brantley Construction Company,
LLC at the time of contract bidding for the Fort Jackson contract. The resume states,
however, that Ms. McAlhaney “[w]ill become employed upon receipt of contract.” This
statement in Ms. McAlhaney’s resume appears to refer to the fact that she would be
employed by LW upon LW’s award of the Fort Jackson contract.

                                            22
      among other items referenced in our motion for leave, we learned that
      Sidney Brantley currently owns 98 percent of LW, purchased from Mr. White
      for “a couple dollars.”

According to defendant’s reply in support of its motion for leave to amend, on September
18, 2017,15 government counsel received authority from within the DOJ to file fraud
counterclaims to the amended complaint filed by plaintiff, as well as to assert an
affirmative defense. Thereafter, on October 13, 2017, defendant prepared and filed
defendant’s motion for leave to amend its earlier answer, based on “the increasing
evidence that LW is not now and never was owned or controlled by Louis White.”

                                      DISCUSSION

         Defendant’s October 13, 2017 motion for leave to amend its answer seeks the
court’s permission to add fraud counterclaims, an unjust enrichment counterclaim, and
an affirmative defense of common law fraud. Plaintiff argues in its supplemental brief that
the government’s common law fraud counterclaim is a “mirror image” of its affirmative
defense of common law fraud. Defendant’s proposed common law fraud counterclaim
and the affirmative defense of common law fraud are almost identically pled in
defendant’s proposed amended answer, but for the fact that defendant’s proposed
affirmative defense is a claim for a set-off, whereas defendant’s proposed common law
fraud counterclaim seeks to obtain damages “in a substantial amount to be determined
at trial.” For example, under both the common law fraud counterclaim and the affirmative
defense of common law fraud in the proposed amended answer, defendant alleges that
“LW made material misrepresentations of fact” in order to obtain “a contract with the
United States,” and that “[t]he United States awarded LW a contract based on LW’s
material misrepresentations and made substantial payments of money in justifiable
reliance upon LW’s representations.” Defendant also alleges that under both the common
law fraud counterclaim and affirmative defense of common law fraud that had LW not
made “material misrepresentations of fact, it would not have received a contract with the
United States or been entitled to any of the contractual amounts it now seeks.” Defendant,
however, is not asking for a determination at this time regarding the validity of the fraud
counterclaims, unjust enrichment counterclaim, or affirmative defense. Rather, in its
motion for leave to amend, defendant merely requests a chance to be heard on the
additional counterclaims and an affirmative defense included in defendant’s proposed
amended answer.

       Pursuant to RCFC 15(a), once a responsive pleading is served, as is the case
currently before the court, “a party may amend its pleading only with the opposing party’s
written consent or the court’s leave.” RCFC 15(a) (2018). Such leave should be freely

15 Defendant indicates in its October 13, 2017 motion for leave to amend that “[o]n
September 18, 2017, we received the necessary authorizations, and subsequently
informed LW and the Court of our intent to file this motion and to assert our affirmative
defense and counterclaim.” Defendant, however, states in its reply brief that it received
the necessary authorization from the DOJ on September 19, 2017.

                                            23
given when “justice so requires.” Id. “[T]he grant or denial of an opportunity to amend is
within the discretion of the District Court.” Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962); see
also Tamerlane, Ltd. v. United States, 550 F.3d 1135, 1147 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (“‘The
decision to grant or deny a motion for leave to amend . . . lies within the sound discretion
of the trial court.’” (quoting Insituform Techs., Inc. v. Cat Contracting, Inc., 385 F.3d 1360,
1372 (Fed. Cir. 2004))); Datascope Corp. v. SMEC, Inc., 962 F.2d 1043, 1045 (Fed. Cir.
1992) (“The grant or denial of leave to amend the complaint is within the discretion of the
district court, and will be reversed only for an abuse of discretion.” (internal citation
omitted)); Mitsui Foods, Inc. v. United States, 867 F.2d 1401, 1403 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (“It is
well established that the grant or denial of an opportunity to amend pleadings is within the
discretion of the trial court.”); Simons v. United States, 75 Fed. Cl. 506, 508 (2007)
(“Under RCFC 15(a), a party may only amend a pleading once as a matter of course; all
subsequent amendments are within the discretion of the trial court.” (citing RCFC 15(a);
Mitsui Foods, Inc. v. United States, 867 F.2d at 1403)).

        RCFC 15 “is liberally construed, and courts generally grant leave to amend if there
is no ‘apparent or declared reason’ not to permit amendment.” Sonoran Tech. & Prof’l
Servs., LLC v. United States, 133 Fed. Cl. 401, 403 (2017) (quoting A & D Auto Sales,
Inc. v. United States, 748 F.3d 1142, 1158 (Fed. Cir. 2014)). As the United States Court
of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has recognized, reasons to deny leave to amend
include, “undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated
failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the
opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, futility of amendment, etc.” Te-
Moak Bands of W. Shoshone Indians v. United States, 948 F.2d 1258, 1260 (Fed. Cir.
1991) (quoting Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. at 182); see also Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine
Research, Inc., 401 U.S. 321, 330–31 (1971) (“[I]n deciding whether to permit such an
amendment, the trial court was required to take into account any prejudice that Zenith
[the nonmovant] would have suffered as a result . . . .”); Shell Oil Co. v. United States,
No. 2017-1695, 2018 WL 3446960, at *11 (Fed. Cir. July 18, 2018) (“[A]mendments are
not allowed where they result in undue delay or prejudice.” (quoting Cencast Servs., L.P.
v. United States, 729 F.3d 1352, 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2013))); (A & D Auto Sales, Inc. v. United
States, 748 F.3d at 1158 (“In the absence of any apparent or declared reason—such as
undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated failure to
cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing
party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, futility of amendment, etc.—the leave
sought should, as the rules require, be ‘freely given.’” (quoting Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S.
at 182)); Sonoran Tech. & Prof’l Servs., LLC v. United States, 133 Fed. Cl. at 403 (“The
Court should deny leave to amend if there is evidence of delay, bad faith, repeated failure
to correct a complaint’s deficiencies, undue prejudice to the opposing party, or if the
amendment would be futile.”). “The existence of any one of these criteria is sufficient to
deny a motion to amend, the theory being that the amendment would not be necessary
to serve the interests of justice under such circumstances.” Christofferson v. United
States, 77 Fed. Cl. 361, 363 (2007) (quoting Spalding & Son, Inc. v. United States, 22 Cl.
Ct. 678, 680 (1991)).

                                              24
         Generally, “[a] party should move to amend its pleading ‘as soon as the necessity
for altering the pleading becomes apparent,’ i.e., ‘at the earliest opportunity.’” Hanover
Ins. Co. v. United States, 134 Fed. Cl. 51, 60 (2017) (quoting Alta Wind I Owner–Lessor
C v. United States, 125 Fed. Cl. 8, 11 (2016)). Defendant is attempting to assert an
affirmative defense of common law fraud in its proposed amended answer in addition to
its four proposed counterclaims. RCFC 8(c)(1) states that “[i]n responding to a pleading,
a party must affirmatively state any avoidance or affirmative defense, including: . . . fraud
. . . .” RCFC 8(c)(1) (2018). Failure to plead an affirmative defense may result in waiver
of that defense. See Pei-Herng Hor v. Ching-Wu Chu, 699 F.3d 1331, 1337-38 (Fed. Cir.
2012) (stating that failure to plead the affirmative defense of estoppel can result in waiver
pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(c)(1), which is parallel to RCFC 8(c)(1),
when applying the law of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit); see also
Stockton E. Water Dist. v. United States, 70 Fed. Cl. 515, 528 (2006) (“The general rule
is that affirmative defenses are waived when not pleaded in the answer.”). “The
determinative factor” in deciding whether a party has waived its affirmative defense is
“whether there is ‘unfair surprise or prejudice’” to the opposing party. Shell Oil Co. v.
United States, 123 Fed. Cl. at 719 (quoting Entergy Nuclear Fitzpatrick, LLC v. United
States, 93 Fed. Cl. 739, 746 (2010), aff’d, 711 F.3d 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2013)).

         “[M]ere delay, without some showing of prejudice, bad faith, or futility is insufficient
to deny a motion to amend a complaint.” Alaska v. United States, 15 Cl. Ct. 276, 280
(1988) (finding that delay of thirteen months in seeking to amend complaint, by itself, did
not constitute undue delay requiring denial of motion for leave to amend); see also
Hanover Ins. Co. v. United States, 134 Fed. Cl. at 61 (finding that, absent a showing of
prejudice, a delay of approximately seven months after production of documents giving
rise to alleged fraud against government did not warrant denying government’s motion
for leave to file an amended answer asserting a Special Plea in Fraud defense and fraud
counterclaims under Contract Dispute Act’s anti-fraud provision and FCA); Meyer Grp.,
Ltd. v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 645, 649 (2014) (finding that defendant’s delay for
seeking leave to amend twelve months after filing its original answer and six months after
plaintiff filed an amended complaint, was, by itself, insufficient reason to warrant denial of
leave to amend); Katzin v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 618, 621 (2014) (finding that there
was no undue delay when case was less than two years old and discovery was still
underway, although fact discovery had closed within the past few days); Veridyne Corp.
v. United States, 86 Fed. Cl. 668, 681 (2009) (finding that the government’s approximately
three-year delay in obtaining critical information for additional proposed fraud
counterclaims from contracting agency did not warrant denial of government’s motion for
leave to amend to add fraud counterclaims when contractor’s additional expenses and
burden of discovery did not rise to level of prejudice required to deny amendment).

        There are cases, however, in which delay alone was found to have warranted
denial of a motion for leave to amend when such delay is “significant.” Te-Moak Bands of
W. Shoshone Indians of Nevada v. United States, 948 F.2d at 1262 (“[C]ourts have not
hesitated to deny motions to amend that have been filed after significant delay.”). A
significant delay is one that is “measured in years.” Meyer Grp., Ltd. v. United States, 115
Fed. Cl. at 649 (quoting Cooke v. United States, 79 Fed. Cl. 741, 742 (2007));

                                               25
see also Cencast Servs., L.P. v. United States, 729 F.3d 1352 at 1363-64 (affirming trial
court’s holding that the delay was unreasonable when plaintiff failed to raise its newly
pleaded theory for over fifteen years after it was aware of the theory and five years after
it could have first raised the theory in response to a government counterclaim); Te-Moak
Bands of W. Shoshone Indians of Nevada v. United States, 948 F.2d at 1263 (finding that
the tribal bands’ eight year delay in filing exceptions to the government’s supplemental
accounting report to amend original accounting petition constituted undue delay); Shell
Oil Co. v. United States, 123 Fed. Cl. 707, 727 (2015) (finding that the government’s
motion for leave to amend its answer to assert an affirmative defense, one fraud
counterclaim under the Special Plea in Fraud statute, 28 U.S.C. § 2514 (2012), and one
counterclaim under the antifraud provision of the Contract Settlement Act of 1944, 41
U.S.C. § 119 (repealed in 2011) in its answer filed approximately seven years ago in
2008, was untimely and prejudicial to the plaintiffs when the government “was on notice”
of plaintiffs’ related insurance coverage litigation that gave rise to the alleged fraud since
1992, approximately twenty-three years before filing its motion for leave in 2015), aff’d,
2018 WL 3446960 (Fed. Cir. July 18, 2018); Rockwell Automation, Inc. v United States,
70 Fed. Cl. 114, 124 (2006) (“[T]he government has failed to satisfy its burden of justifying
why it took eight years from March 1997 before it sought to add affirmative defenses.”).

        “Merely proving that other cases allowed longer delays . . . does not suffice to
demonstrate entitlement to amendment. Delay must be justified.” Alfa Laval Separation,
Inc. v. United States, 47 Fed. Cl. 305, 314 (2000) (finding that plaintiff who prevailed in
bid protest was not entitled to amend complaint to add claim for proposal preparation
costs, when there was a two-year delay in seeking amendment, and plaintiff failed to
justify the delay). In addition, the moving party bears the burden of justifying its delay.
See Te-Moak Bands of W. Shoshone Indians of Nevada v. United States, 948 F.2d at
1263; Sonoran Tech. & Prof’l Servs., LLC v. United States, 133 Fed. Cl. at 404 (“The
‘party seeking to amend its complaint after significant delays bears the burden of justifying
the delay.’” (citing Cupey Bajo Nursing Home, Inc. v. United States, 36 Fed. Cl. 122, 132
(1996))).

         “Undue prejudice may be found when an amended pleading would cause unfair
surprise to the opposing party, unreasonably broaden the issues, or require additional
discovery.” Cooke v. United States, 79 Fed. Cl. at 742–43 (citing Huaschild v. United
States, 53 Fed. Cl. 134 (2002)). “Mere annoyance and inconvenience . . . however, are
insufficient bases to warrant a denial of a motion to amend.” St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins.
Co. v. United States, 31 Fed. Cl. 151, 153 (1994) (“Although, in the case at bar, further
minuscule time-invoking discovery may appropriately ensue, due to defendant’s
introduction of two additional witnesses, the aggregate effect of this extension of
discovery, particularly in the absence of a firm trial date or a trial date in the distant future,
does not rise to the level of undue prejudice.”); see also Alaska v. United States, 15 Cl.
Ct. at 280 (finding that the government was not unduly prejudiced by plaintiff’s motion for
leave to amend its complaint when government failed to explain what other potential
hardships it would suffer other than “potentially extensive discovery,” which, in light of trial
date having not been scheduled, was only a “vexing inconvenience”). Further, “[t]he cost,
even to plaintiff as a small business, and burden of undertaking additional discovery do

                                               26
not substantiate the level of prejudice needed to overcome the liberal standard of RCFC
15(a)(2).” Veridyne Corp. v. United States, 86 Fed. Cl. at 681. The burden to prove undue
prejudice is on the non-moving party. See id. (“[T]he burden to demonstrate prejudice is
plaintiff’s . . . .”). Although amendments filed late in litigation are not automatically
prejudicial, an amended pleading is more likely to cause prejudice “the further a case has
progressed before the amendment is filed.” King v. United States, 119 Fed. Cl. 51, 55
(2014) (citing Laber v. Harvey, 438 F.3d 404, 427 (4th Cir. 2006)).

         “When futility is asserted as a basis for denying a proposed amendment, courts do
not engage in an extensive analysis of the merits of the proposed amendments.” St. Paul
Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. United States, 31 Fed. Cl. at 155. Instead, “courts simply decide
whether a party’s proposed amendment is facially meritless and frivolous, i.e., ‘Where
futility is proposed as a basis for denying amending a complaint, courts will discern
whether a pleading is frivolous and insufficient on its face or has been adequately
addressed in the prior complaint.’” Id. (emphasis in original) (quoting Alaska v. United
States, 15 Cl. Ct. at 280). “This court has found that granting leave to amend a pleading
would be futile if the amended complaint would fail to state a claim upon which relief can
be granted . . . or if the proposed amendment would fail for lack of jurisdiction or is facially
meritless and frivolous.” Chapman v. United States, 130 Fed. Cl. 216, 219 (2017) (internal
quotation omitted); see also Marchena v. United States, 128 Fed. Cl. 326, 330 (2016) (“A
proposed amendment is futile if it would not survive a motion to dismiss.”); Meyer Grp.,
Ltd. v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. at 650 (“A counterclaim must contain facts sufficient to
state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face to survive a motion to dismiss under Rule
12(b)(6).” (internal quotations omitted)); Shoshone Indian Tribe of the Wind River
Reservation, Wyo. v. United States, 71 Fed. Cl. 172, 176 (2006) (“A motion to amend
may be deemed futile if a claim added by the amendment would not withstand a motion
to dismiss.”). As the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit stated:

       When a party faces the possibility of being denied leave to amend on the
       ground of futility, that party must demonstrate that its pleading states a claim
       on which relief could be granted, and it must proffer sufficient facts
       supporting the amended pleading that the claim could survive a dispositive
       pretrial motion.

Kemin Foods, L.C. v. Pigmentos Vegetales Del Centro S.A. de C.V., 464 F.3d 1339,
1354-55 (Fed. Cir. 2006); see also Vivid Techs., Inc. v. Am. Sci. & Eng’g, Inc., 200 F.3d
795, 802 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (stating that “speculation” about the ultimate disposition of a
counterclaim is not an appropriate basis for denying a motion for leave to file an amended
counterclaim).

        For example, “[a] claim that is barred by the statute of limitations would be futile.”
Chapman v. United States, 130 Fed. Cl. at 219. The “statute of limitations is a
jurisdictional issue in the Court of Federal Claims.” TS Infosys., Inc. v. United States, 36
Fed. Cl. 570, 572 (1996); see also Martinez v. United States, 333 F.3d 1295, 1316 (Fed.
Cir. 2003) (“It is well established that statutes of limitations for causes of action against
the United States, being conditions on the waiver of sovereign immunity, are jurisdictional

                                              27
in nature.”), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1177 (2004); L-3 Commc’n Integrated Sys., L.P. v.
United States, 79 Fed. Cl. 453, 461 (2007); Tyger Constr. Co. Inc. v. United States, 28
Fed. Cl. 35, 47 (1993). “In ruling on a jurisdictional motion, the court considers whether
the ‘facts reveal any possible basis on which the non-movant might prevail,’” such that
“the claimant is entitled to offer evidence to support the claims.” TS Infosys., Inc. v. United
States, 36 Fed. Cl. at 572 (quoting W.R. Cooper Gen. Contractor, Inc. v. United States,
843 F.2d 1362, 1364 (Fed. Cir. 1988)) (plaintiff’s motion to dismiss government’s
counterclaims under the FCA, Contract Disputes Act, and Forfeiture of Fraudulent Claims
Act denied when timely filed within six years of date on which government had made final
payment).

      Plaintiff argues that defendant’s motion for leave to amend its answer should be
denied because:

        The government’s motion was filed more than six (6) years after the VA had
        determined LW was not an eligible SDVOSB; more than four (4) years after
        the contracting officer “reported” LW over concerns with its SDVOSB
        certification; more than three (3) years after the DOJ declined to intervene
        in the Mixson Qui Tam action; and almost exactly three (3) years since the
        original Complaint in this case was filed.

Plaintiff also argues that granting defendant’s motion for leave to amend would be futile
and result in undue prejudice and that the motion for leave to amend was filed for an
improper purpose.

   I.      Plaintiff’s allegations     of   futility regarding     defendant’s     proposed
           counterclaims.

       First, plaintiff argues that allowing the government’s proposed common law fraud,
FCA, and unjust enrichment counterclaims to proceed would be futile based on applicable
statutes of limitations and an inability to survive motions to dismiss, even if the proposed
counterclaims were to be allowed.

           a. Common law fraud counterclaim

        Plaintiff argues that to allow defendant’s proposed amended answer to include a
common law fraud counterclaim to proceed would prove futile because of a time-bar
under the general six-year statute of limitations for claims brought in the Court of Federal
Claims, as set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2501 (2012). The statute at 28 U.S.C. § 2501 states
that “[e]very claim of which the United States Court of Federal Claims has jurisdiction
shall be barred unless the petition thereon is filed within six years after such claim first
accrues.” 28 U.S.C. § 2501. According to plaintiff, more than six years has passed since
LW allegedly mispresented its SDVOSB status when bidding on the Fort Jackson contract
in 2009.

                                              28
        The United States Court of Claims, a predecessor court to the current United
States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, generally held that a counterclaim brought
by the government, including a common law fraud counterclaim, such as being asserted
by defendant in its proposed amended answer, is not subject to the six-year statute of
limitations at 28 U.S.C. § 2501 because, based on the language of the statute, the six-
year time-bar applies to claims brought against the government, not counterclaims
brought by United States. See Rhoades v. United States, 222 Ct. Cl. 611, 613 n.1 (1980)
(rejecting plaintiff’s assertion that the six-year time-bar in 28 U.S.C. § 2501 bars the
government’s counterclaim because 28 U.S.C. § 2501 does not apply to claims brought
by the government, and instead, noting that “the section specifically governing claims
brought by the Government is 28 U.S.C. § 2415.” (emphasis in original)); Jankowitz v.
United States, 209 Ct. Cl. 489, 533 F.2d 538, 548 n.11 (1976) (“Plaintiff’s contention that
28 U.S.C. [§] 2501 (1970) applies to counterclaims by the United States must be rejected.”
(citing Dugan & McNamara, Inc. v. United States, 130 Ct. Cl. 603, 611, 124 F. Supp. 650,
652 (1954))); Erie Basin Metal Prods., Inc. v. United States, 138 Ct. Cl. 67, 74, 150 F.
Supp. 561, 566 (1957) (“There is no limit of time within which the Government must bring
a common law action of fraud.”); Dugan & McNamara, Inc. v. United States, 130 Ct. Cl.
at 611 (“Plaintiff’s insistence that a counterclaim is a claim within the meaning of the term
‘claim’ as used in Section 2501, and thus subject to the application of the limitation of that
section against the Government as well as the claimant, cannot be supported.” (internal
reference omitted)). The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, in an
unpublished opinion, which appears to be the only on-point decision issued by the Federal
Circuit on the topic to date, also stated that:

       [S]ince the Court of Federal Claims may only hear claims against the
       government, § 2501 governs claims against the government. The
       counterclaim is a claim by the government and is controlled by the
       limitations periods set forth in § 2415 (titled, “Time for commencing actions
       brought by the United States”). As a result, the Government’s counterclaim
       [seeking to recover wages that it had erroneously paid to cross-appellant, a
       serviceman, during his civil conferment] is not barred by § 2501.

Strand v. United States, 706 F. App’x 996, 1001 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (emphasis in original).16
Thus, this court, in line with these previous decisions, including the recent unpublished

16Over the years, there have been a few judges of this court who have applied a six-year
statute of limitations at 28 U.S.C. § 2501 to an assertion of a government counterclaim.
Those cases, however, specifically have dealt with a government counterclaim arising
under the Special Plea in Fraud Statute at 28 U.S.C. § 2514 (2012), also known as the
Forfeiture of Fraudulent Claims Act, which states that:

       A claim against the United States shall be forfeited to the United States by
       any person who corruptly practices or attempts to practice any fraud against
       the United States in the proof, statement, establishment, or allowance
       thereof. In such cases the United States Court of Federal Claims shall
       specifically find such fraud or attempt and render judgment or forfeiture.

                                             29
Federal Circuit Strand decision, agrees that the statute of limitations set forth in 28 U.S.C.
§ 2501 does not bar, in and of itself, the government from proposing its common law fraud
counterclaim, which, as discussed further below, is permitted by the exception in 28
U.S.C. § 2415(f) (2012).

       Plaintiff, however, also argues that to allow the government to amend its answer
to include a common law fraud counterclaim would be futile because it is time-barred
under the general six-year statute of limitations applicable to contract claims brought by
the United States in any federal court in 28 U.S.C. § 2415(a) (2012), which states:

       [E]very action for money damages brought by the United States or an officer
       or agency thereof which is founded upon any contract express or implied in
       law or fact, shall be barred unless the complaint is filed within six years after
       the right of action accrues or within one year after final decisions have been
       rendered in applicable administrative proceedings required by contract or
       by law, whichever is later.

28 U.S.C. § 2415(a). The government responds that 28 U.S.C. § 2415(f), however,
exempts the government’s common law fraud counterclaim from the general statute of
limitations in § 2415(a). The statute at 28 U.S.C. § 2415(f) provides:

       The provisions of this section shall not prevent the assertion, in an action
       against the United States or an officer or agency thereof, of any claim of the
       United States or an officer or agency thereof against an opposing party, a
       co-party, or a third party that arises out of the transaction or occurrence that
       is the subject matter of the opposing party’s claim. A claim of the United

28 U.S.C. § 2514; see also Shell Oil Co. v. United States, 123 Fed. Cl. at 727 (“[T]he six-
year statute of limitations in 28 U.S.C. § 2501 applies to FFCA [Forfeiture of Fraudulent
Claims Act] claims alleged under 28 U.S.C. § 2514 now bars the Government from
litigating a FFCA claim in this case.”); TS Infosys., Inc. v. United States, 36 Fed. Cl. at
574 (applying the six-year statute of limitations under 28 U.S.C. § 2501 to the
government’s Special Plea in Fraud counterclaim); SGW, Inc. v. United States, 20 Cl. Ct.
174, 181 (1990) (finding that general six-year statute of limitations under 28 U.S.C. § 2501
applied to the government’s Special Plea in Fraud counterclaim). In the case currently
before the court, the government, in its motion for leave to amend, is not seeking a
counterclaim pursuant to the Special Plea in Fraud statute. Notably, other judges of this
court have disagreed with this line of cases which suggests that a government’s Special
Plea in Fraud counterclaim can be subject to the six-year statute of limitations under 28
U.S.C. § 2501, and instead, have found that the six-year statute of limitations at 28 U.S.C.
§ 2501 is inapplicable to a government’s fraud counterclaim under the Special Plea in
Fraud statute. See Am. Heritage Bancorp v. United States, 56 Fed. Cl. at 606 (“[W]hen
28 U.S.C. § 2501 is read in light of 28 U.S.C. § 2415, there is no statute of limitations
applicable to the government’s Special Plea in Fraud counterclaim.”); see also Jana, Inc.
v. United States, 34 Fed. Cl. at 452 (“The special plea in fraud under 28 U.S.C. § 2514 is
not subject to the statute of limitations.”).

                                              30
       States or an officer or agency thereof that does not arise out of the
       transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the opposing party’s
       claim may, if time-barred, be asserted only by way of offset and may be
       allowed in an amount not to exceed the amount of the opposing party’s
       recovery.

28 U.S.C. § 2415(f).

       This court’s precedent supports the government’s view. As a judge of this court
explained in American Heritage Bancorp v. United States:

       According to the government, the only potentially applicable statute of
       limitations for contract claims brought by the United States, is 28 U.S.C.
       § 2415(a); however, Section 2415(f) expressly provides that the six-year
       limitation on such actions does not prevent the assertion of any claim “of
       the United States . . . against an opposing party . . . that arises out of the
       transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the opposing party’s
       claim.” 28 U.S.C. § 2415(f).

Am. Heritage Bancorp. v. United States, 56 Fed. Cl. at 606 (emphasis in original) (holding
that because the government’s counterclaim related to the subject matter of plaintiff’s
case, the government’s counterclaim was not subject to the six-year statute of limitations
set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2415(a)); see also Jana, Inc. v. United States, 34 Fed. Cl. at 451
(“Common law causes of action, such as those asserted in the third, fourth, fifth, tenth,
eleventh, and twelfth counterclaims, are not governed by the six-year statute of limitations
on claims by the government arising from a contract, 28 U.S.C. § 2415(a), if they arise
from the same transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the opposing party’s
claim [against the United States].” (internal citation and quotations omitted; alteration in
original)). A government’s counterclaim that directly relates to the contract that is at issue
in the operative case is a counterclaim that arises out of the “transaction or occurrence
that is the subject matter of the opposing party’s claim” pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2415(f).
See 28 U.S.C. § 2415(f); see also Simmonds Precision Prod., Inc. v. United States, 212
Ct. Cl. 305, 316, 546 F.2d 886, 892 (1976) (“Since the plaintiff raised the subject matter
of the contract in its claim, defendant is entitled to assert a counterclaim arising out of
those same contracts.”); Jana, Inc. v. United States, 34 Fed. Cl. at 451 (finding that the
Navy’s common law counterclaims against publisher of technical manuals that brought
action to recover from United States for denied claims on contract with Navy were not
subject to any statute of limitations since they arose from same contracts as plaintiff
publisher’s claims).

       Based on the record currently before the court, the government is proposing a
common law fraud counterclaim, alleging that LW fraudulently misrepresented its
SDVOSB status when bidding on and performing the Fort Jackson contract. As previously
noted, plaintiff alleges that the government’s proposed common law fraud counterclaim
is barred by the six-year statute of limitations at 28 U.S.C. § 2415(a) for contract actions
filed by the United States in federal court. A common law fraud claim, however, is an

                                             31
action that sounds in tort. See Brown v. United States, 105 F.3d 621, 623 (Fed. Cir.)
(holding that taxpayer’s claim for a “fraudulent assessment” is “grounded upon fraud,”
and, thus, a tort claim), reh’g denied (Fed. Cir. 1997); Kant v. United States, 123 Fed. Cl.
614, 616-17 (2015) (stating that claims for “fraud” sound in tort); Outlaw v. United States,
116 Fed. Cl. 656, 662 (2014) (finding that plaintiff’s claims, “fraud and coercion are tort
claims” over which the court had no jurisdiction); Schweitzer v. United States, 82 Fed. Cl.
592, 595 (2008) (stating that a claim of “common law fraud” sounds in tort).17 Thus,
contrary to plaintiff’s assertion, the government’s claim for common law fraud would not
be governed by the six-year statute of limitations contained in § 2415(a) for contract
actions but under the three-year time-bar in § 2415(b) for tort actions. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 2415(b) (“[E]very action for money damages brought by the United States or an officer
or agency thereof which is founded upon a tort shall be barred unless the complaint is
filed within three years after the right of action first accrues . . . .”); see also United States
v. Intrados/Int’l Mgmt. Grp., 265 F. Supp. 2d 1, 14 (D.D.C. 2002) (holding that the
government’s “common-law fraud” claim was subject to the three-year limitations period
for tort actions under 28 U.S.C. § 2415(b)). The general time-bar contained in 28 U.S.C.
§ 2415(b), however, does not apply in the current case because of the exemption in 28
U.S.C. § 2415(f), given that the fraud alleged by defendant is related to the very contract
which forms the basis of plaintiff’s complaint. Because the six-year statute of limitations
exception in 28 U.S.C. § 2415(f) applies to defendant’s motion to amend its answer to

17 It is well-established that under the Tucker Act, this court does not have general
jurisdiction to hear tort claims against the United States. See 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1)
(2012) (“The United States Court of Federal Claims shall have jurisdiction . . . in cases
not sounding in tort.”); see also Keene Corp. v. United States, 508 U.S. 200, 214 (1993)
(“[T]ort cases are outside the jurisdiction of the Court of Federal Claims today.”); Brown
v. United States, 105 F.3d at 623 (“The Court of Federal Claims is a court of limited
jurisdiction. It lacks jurisdiction over tort actions against the United States.”); Bobka v.
United States, 133 Fed. Cl. 405, 412 (2017) (“[Plaintiff] also alleges that the government
engaged in tortious conduct, e.g., fraud, negligence, and defamation. . . . This court,
however does not have jurisdiction over allegations based in tort.” (internal reference
omitted; emphasis in original) (citing Rick’s Mushroom Serv. v. United States, 521 F.3d
1338, 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2008))); Khalil v. United States, 133 Fed. Cl. 390, 392 (2017);
Leffebre v. United States, 129 Fed. Cl. 48, 53 (2016); Kant v. United States, 123 Fed. Cl.
at 616. Nonetheless, this court has jurisdiction to hear a common law fraud counterclaim
when brought by the United States, as is the case currently before the court, pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 1503, which states that “[t]he United States Court of Federal Claims shall
have jurisdiction to render judgment upon any set-off or demand by the United States
against any plaintiff in such court.” 28 U.S.C. § 1503 (2012); see also Barrett Refining
Corp. v. United States, 242 F.3d 1055, 1062-63 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (citing Cont’l Mgmt., Inc.
v. United States, 208 Ct. Cl. 501, 506, 527 F.2d 613, 616 n.2 (1975) (noting that pursuant
to 28 U.S.C. § 1503, the government could bring a counterclaim sounding in tort even
though the court would not have jurisdiction over such a claim if brought by a plaintiff));
Tennessee Mech. Inst., Inc. v. United States, 145 Ct. Cl. 344 (1959) (“Hence, under 28
U.S.C. [§] 1503, the Court of Claims can grant a judgment to the United States on a
counterclaim based upon plaintiff’s tortious conduct.”).

                                               32
include a common law fraud counterclaim, defendant is not time-barred under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2415 from asserting its common law fraud counterclaim. See Am. Heritage Bancorp v.
United States, 56 Fed. Cl. at 606.

        Plaintiff next argues that allowing the government’s amended answer, which
includes defendant’s proposed common law fraud counterclaim, to proceed would be
futile because the government “cannot establish reasonable and justifiable reliance on a
representation by LW” of its SDVOSB status “which the Government had reason to know
was not accurate or true.” Plaintiff appears to be arguing that because LW believes that
the government cannot prove by “clear and convincing” evidence that it justifiably relied
on LW’s representation of its SDVOSB status, to allow the government’s common law
fraud counterclaim would ultimately prove futile. Although defendant ultimately will have
to prove the elements of its common law fraud counterclaim by clear and convincing
evidence in order to prevail on the merits, see Madison Servs., Inc. v. United States, 94
Fed. Cl. 501, 510 (2010) (stating that the “clear and convincing evidence standard” is the
“traditional heightened standard for proving common law fraud”), for purposes of
reviewing defendant’s motion for leave to amend its answer, the salient inquiry is not
whether defendant is likely to prevail on the merits, but whether the “claim added by the
amendment would not withstand a motion to dismiss.” Shoshone Indian Tribe of the Wind
River Reservation, Wyo. v. United States, 71 Fed. Cl. at 176; Jasmine Int’l Trading &
Servs., Co. W.L.L. v. United States, 120 Fed. Cl. 577, 584 (2015). At this pleading stage,
“speculation about the ultimate disposition of the claim is not an appropriate basis for
refusing the pleading.” Vivid Tech., Inc. v. Am. Sci. & Eng’g, Inc., 200 F.3d at 802.
Therefore, the court does not decide the ultimate decision on this issue, but instead
focuses on the elements of common law fraud.

       To assert a cognizable common law fraud claim, the government must allege the
following five elements of common law fraud:

      (1) a representation of a material fact, (2) the falsity of that representation,
      (3) the intent to deceive or, at least, a state of mind so reckless as to the
      consequences that it is held to the equivalent of intent (scienter), (4) a
      justifiable reliance upon the misrepresentation by the party deceived, which
      induces him to act thereon, and (5) injury to the party deceived resulting
      from reliance on the misrepresentation.

Jasmine Int’l Trading & Servs., Co. W.L.L. v. United States, 120 Fed. Cl. at 582–83
(quoting Unigene Lab., Inc. v. Apotex, Inc., 655 F.3d 1352, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2011)). In the
context of the information currently before the court in Case No. 14-960C, contrary to
plaintiff’s position, the government’s proposed amended answer sufficiently alleges,
although it does not yet establish, the elements of a common law fraud claim.

      Defendant’s proposed, amended answer states:

            “LW made material misrepresentations of fact, with knowledge of, or
      in reckless disregard of, their truth, in order to obtain a contract with the
      United States.”

                                            33
            “LW intended that the United States rely upon the accuracy of the
      false representations referenced above.”

            “The United States awarded LW a contract based on LW’s material
      misrepresentations and made substantial payments of money in justifiable
      reliance upon LW’s representations.”

            “Absent LW’s material misrepresentations of fact, it would not have
      received a contract with the United States or been entitled to any of the
      contractual amounts it now seeks.”

           “LW’s actions caused the United States to be damaged in a
      substantial amount to be determined at trial.”

Defendant also specifically alleges in is proposed amended answer that Mr. White and
the Brantley Brothers had the “intent” to fraudulently mispresent LW’s SDVOSB status.
The proposed amended answer states:

            “On or before September 11, 2008, Sidney Brantley approached Mr.
      White with a proposal to set up a new company that would be a separate
      legal entity from Brantley Construction and for which the Brantley brothers
      would provide the financial backing. In exchange for his cooperation in
      forming this new company, the Brantley brothers would give Mr. White 51%
      ownership.”

            “In this conversation, or related conversations, Sidney Brantley
      explained to Mr. White that one of the goals of the company would be to
      obtain government contracts set aside for veterans, and that Mr. White’s
      status as a service-disabled veteran would be of assistance in obtaining
      these contracts.”

            “Mr. White agreed to this proposal.”

           “Sidney and Gary Brantley’s intent in establishing LW was to allow
      LW and Brantley Construction and the Brantley Companies to participate in
      and profit from contracts that would be awarded by the Federal Government
      on a set-aside basis to SDVOSBs. As Gary Brantley testified at his
      deposition, they both helped Mr. White and LW with the hope that ‘we could
      – could make some money on it . . . I mean, that’s – we’re in business to
      make money.’”

      Plaintiff argues in its sur-reply to defendant’s motion for leave to amend that the
government’s common law fraud counterclaim, if allowed, would prove futile because the
“Government had the reasonable opportunity to know the truth (about LW’s qualification
as an SDVOSB)” because LW had provided the VA in its proposal for the Fort Jackson

                                           34
contract with “direct information reflecting the relationship between Louis White and
Brantley Construction[18] and the individual Brantleys, as well as information about the
ownership, operations and possible control of LW.” The evidence currently before the
court, however, does not establish that the government knew that LW had misrepresented
its SDVOSB when it bid on and was awarded the Fort Jackson contract so as to negate
a finding of justifiable reliance. At the time LW’s proposal was evaluated and LW was
awarded the Fort Jackson contract, the government was relying on LW’s self-certification
of its SDVOSB status. It appears that there exists at least a question as to whether LW
was a legitimate SDVOSB when it bid on and received the Fort Jackson contract pursuant
to the applicable regulations at that time.19 In 2009, when LW bid on and was awarded
the Fort Jackson contract, the VA was not required to verify that a contractor was actually
a bona-fide SDVOSB, and only had to verify that the contractor had registered as a
SDVOSB on the VIP database and Central Contractor Registration system before the VA
awarded a SDVOSB set-aside contract. The agency could rely on the good faith
authenticity of the offerors’ and awardee’s asserted SDVOSB status as registered.
According to the declaration of Mr. Ward, as previously noted, upon reviewing the VIP
and the Central Contractor Registration system, the VA “determined that LW had self-
certified that they met the requirements for an SDVOSB,” and “[b]ased on LW’s
representation that it was eligible for the contract, I [Mr. Ward] awarded LW Contract No.
VA101CFM-C-0042 [the Fort Jackson contract].” Because the Fort Jackson contract was
a SDVOSB set-aside contract, if LW had fraudulently registered and misrepresented its
SDVOSB status in order to obtain the Fort Jackson contract, or other similar SDVOSB
contracts, and was awarded and accepted the contract on the basis of its SDVOSB status,
that could be found to be a false representation of a material fact which could form the
basis of a valid fraud counterclaim. Further, the information in LW’s proposal for the Fort

18Plaintiff does not indicate if plaintiff is referring to Brantley Construction Company, Inc.
or Brantley Construction Company, LLC.
19   The 2009 applicable regulation stated:

         Service-disabled veteran-owned small business concern is a business not
         less than 51 percent of which is owned by one or more service-disabled
         veterans, or in the case of any publicly owned business, not less than 51
         percent of the stock of which is owned by one or more service-disabled
         veterans; the management and daily business operations of which are
         controlled by one or more service-disabled veterans, or in the case of a
         veteran with a permanent and severe disability, a spouse or permanent
         caregiver of such veteran. In addition, some businesses may be owned and
         operated by an eligible surviving spouse. Reservists or members of the
         National Guard disabled from a disease or injury incurred or aggravated in
         the line of duty or while in training status also qualify.

38 U.S.C. § 74.1 (2009).

                                              35
Jackson contract, does not establish that the government knew or reasonably should
have known that LW had misrepresented its SDVOSB status when plaintiff self-registered
as a SDVOSB, submitted its proposal, or accepted the award for the Fort Jackson
contract. LW’s proposal for the Fort Jackson contract stated that LW is a “full-service
General Contractor specializing in federal projects as a Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned
Small Business.” LW’s proposal also stated that Louis White, a service-disabled Air Force
veteran, in addition to being a managing member of LW, along with Sidney and Gary
Brantley, would be the “Project Manager” for the Fort Jackson contract and “will be able
to commit 85% of his time to the construction phases of this project.”

         There is also no clarity in the record currently before the court that the attorneys in
the United States Attorney’s Office in Columbia, South Carolina, who received and
reviewed the Mixsons’ joint-pre filing disclosure statement and qui tam complaint, and the
attorneys in the Civil Fraud Division of the DOJ in Washington, D.C., who received a copy
of the Mixsons’ joint pre-filing disclosure statement before the Mixsons’ qui tam suit was
filed, had knowledge that LW had misrepresented itself at the time the contract was
awarded. The record before the court indicates that United States Attorney’s Office in
Columbia, South Carolina concluded that it did not have sufficient evidence to pursue
fraud claims against LW, as evidenced by the Notice of Election to Decline Intervention
filed by the United States Attorney’s Office in Columbia, South Carolina in the Mixsons’
qui tam suit. Moreover, no criminal charges were filed against LW after review by the
DOJ. Indeed, defendant’s counsel in the above-captioned case has asserted numerous
times in defendant’s filings in support of defendant’s motion for leave to amend that,
initially, the then DOJ Washington based attorney counsel of record for defendant, Jeffrey
Lowry, relied on the conclusions of the United States Attorney’s Office in Columbia, South
Carolina that there were insufficient facts to bring fraud claims against LW. According to
defendant, despite the filing of the Mixsons’ subsequently dismissed qui tam lawsuit, only
in April 2017, following LW’s response to the government’s document discovery requests
and subsequent depositions in the current case did defendant’s attorney of record
reevaluate and initiate the process for getting approval from DOJ supervisors to file a
motion for leave to amend the answer to include fraud counterclaims, an affirmative
defense of common law fraud, and an unjust enrichment counterclaim. Based on the
record before the court, the court finds that defendant has sufficiently alleged its proposed
common law counterclaim, which would not fail based on the futility of proceeding further.
See Jasmine Int’l Trading & Servs., Co. W.L.L. v. United States, 120 Fed. Cl. at 584
(finding that the government sufficiently alleged its common law fraud counterclaim to
survive a motion to dismiss); see also Shoshone Indian Tribe of the Wind River
Reservation, Wyo. v. United States, 71 Fed. Cl. at 178 (rejecting the argument that
proposed amended pleading was not sufficiently pled to survive motion to dismiss and,
instead, granting motion for leave to amend). Therefore, allowing the amendment and
proceeding on defendant’s proposed common law fraud counterclaim is not futile and
defendant’s common law fraud counterclaim is permitted to go forward.

                                              36
          b. FCA counterclaims

        With regard to defendant’s proposed FCA counterclaims, plaintiff argues that to
pursue defendant’s proposed FCA counterclaims also would be futile because “the
government cannot establish that any alleged misrepresentations by LW were material
as required by Universal Health Services, Inc. v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1989, 2003-
04, 195 L. Ed. 2d 348 (2016),” because “the VA consciously decided to continue paying
LW, and to direct LW to continue performance, including performing new and additional
work, despite [the] VA’s actual knowledge that LW’s SDVOSB status had been revoked”
in 2011. Defendant responds that this LW argument “hinges solely on the VA’s revocation
of its SDVOSB status in October 2011,” and that the materiality inquiry should not hinge
on the VA’s October 2011 revocation of LW’s SDVOSB status. Defendant argues that the
proper inquiry for the court should be “whether LW’s assertions that it was an SDVOSB,
upon which the VA relied when making the contract award, were material to the award of
that contract.” Defendant further argues, that contrary to plaintiff’s position, the VA did not
pay LW under the Fort Jackson contract with “‘actual knowledge’” that LW allegedly
fraudulently misrepresented its SDVOSB status when it submitted its proposal for the Fort
Jackson contract (citing Universal Health Servs., Inc. v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1989,
2003).

       The FCA at 31 U.S.C. § 3729, provides:

       (a) Liability for certain acts.--
       (1) In general.--Subject to paragraph (2), any person who--
       (A) knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, a false or fraudulent
       claim for payment or approval;
       (B) knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used, a false record
       or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim;
       (C) conspires to commit a violation of subparagraph (A), (B), (D), (E), (F),
       or (G);
       (D) has possession, custody, or control of property or money used, or to be
       used, by the Government and knowingly delivers, or causes to be delivered,
       less than all of that money or property;
       (E) is authorized to make or deliver a document certifying receipt of property
       used, or to be used, by the Government and, intending to defraud the
       Government, makes or delivers the receipt without completely knowing that
       the information on the receipt is true;
       (F) knowingly buys, or receives as a pledge of an obligation or debt, public
       property from an officer or employee of the Government, or a member of
       the Armed Forces, who lawfully may not sell or pledge property; or
       (G) knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used, a false record
       or statement material to an obligation to pay or transmit money or property

                                              37
       to the Government, or knowingly conceals or knowingly and improperly
       avoids or decreases an obligation to pay or transmit money or property to
       the Government,
       is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not less than
       $5,000 and not more than $10,000,[20] as adjusted by the Federal Civil
       Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990 (28 U.S.C. [§] 2461 note; Public
       Law 104-410), plus 3 times the amount of damages which the Government
       sustains because of the act of that person.
                                             ...
       (b) Definitions.--For purposes of this section--

20 The DOJ, by regulation, “has increased the penalties for FCA violations to a minimum
of $5,500.00 and a maximum of $11,000.00.” Alcatec, LLC v. United States, 100 Fed. Cl.
502, 526 n.13 (2011) (citing 28 C.F.R. § 85.3(a)(9)); see also Veridyne Corp. v. United
States, 105 Fed. Cl. 769, 808 n.30, modified, 107 Fed. Cl. 762 (2012), aff’d in part, rev’d
in part, 758 F.3d 1371 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2014);
Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-410, 104 Stat.
890; Civil Monetary Penalties Inflation Adjustment, 64 Fed. Reg. 47,099–01, 47,104 (Aug.
30, 1999). The regulation at 28 C.F.R. § 85.3 states:

       For all violations occurring on or before November 2, 2015, and for
       assessments made before August 1, 2016, for violations occurring after
       November 2, 2015, the civil monetary penalties provided by law within the
       jurisdiction of the respective components of the Department, as set forth in
       paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section, are adjusted as provided in this
       section in accordance with the inflation adjustment procedures prescribed
       in section 5 of the Federal Civil Monetary Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act
       of 1990, Pub. L. 101–410, as in effect prior to November 2, 2015. The
       adjusted penalties set forth in paragraphs (a), (c), and (d) of this section are
       effective for violations occurring on or after September 29, 1999, and on or
       before November 2, 2015, and for assessments made before August 1,
       2016, for violations occurring after November 2, 2015. For civil penalties
       assessed after August 1, 2016, whose associated violations occurred after
       November 2, 2015, see the adjusted penalty amounts in section 85.5.

       (a) Civil Division.
                                             ...

              (9) 31 U.S.C. 3729(a), False Claims Act, violations: minimum from
              $5,000 to $5,500; maximum from $10,000 to $11,000.
28 C.F.R. § 85.3 (2018). The court has the discretion to impose penalties within the
statutory range. See Morse Diesel Int’l, Inc. v. United States, 79 Fed. Cl. 116, 125 (2007),
recons. denied, 81 Fed. Cl. 311 (2008).

                                             38
      (1) the terms “knowing” and “knowingly” --
      (A) mean that a person, with respect to information--
      (i) has actual knowledge of the information;
      (ii) acts in deliberate ignorance of the truth or falsity of the information; or
      (iii) acts in reckless disregard of the truth or falsity of the information; and
      (B) require no proof of specific intent to defraud;
      (2) the term “claim”--
      (A) means any request or demand, whether under a contract or otherwise,
      for money or property and whether or not the United States has title to the
      money or property, that--
      (i) is presented to an officer, employee, or agent of the United States; or
      (ii) is made to a contractor, grantee, or other recipient, if the money or
      property is to be spent or used on the Government’s behalf or to advance a
      Government program or interest, and if the United States Government--
      (I) provides or has provided any portion of the money or property requested
      or demanded; or
      (II) will reimburse such contractor, grantee, or other recipient for any portion
      of the money or property which is requested or demanded . . . .
31 U.S.C. § 3729 (2012) (emphasis in original); see also U.S. ex rel. Heath v. AT & T,
Inc., 791 F.3d 112, 115 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (“The False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729 et
seq., broadly proscribes the knowing or reckless submission of false claims for payment
to the federal government or within a federally funded program.”).

      Defendant is seeking to assert counterclaims in the above-captioned case
pursuant to 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729(a)(1)(A), (B) of the FCA, which, as noted above, makes a
person liable who

      (A) knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, a false or fraudulent
      claim for payment or approval;
      (B) knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used, a false record
      or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim.
31 U.S.C. §§ 3729(a)(1)(A), (B). There is no explicit requirement in the statute that the
false or fraudulent claim for payment submitted pursuant to either subsection (a) or (b)
listed above contain a “material misrepresentation.” See id. Nonetheless, the United
States Supreme Court explained in Universal Health Services, Inc. v. United States, 136
S. Ct. 1989 (2016) that the materiality of a party’s misrepresentation could play a role in
determining whether a claim is false or fraudulent under the “implied false certification
theory” of liability of the FCA. As the Supreme Court explained,

                                             39
       [a]ccording to this theory, when a defendant submits a claim, it impliedly
       certifies compliance with all conditions of payment. But if that claim fails to
       disclose the defendant’s violation of a material statutory, regulatory, or
       contractual requirement, so the theory goes, the defendant has made a
       misrepresentation that renders the claim “false or fraudulent” under
       § 3729(a)(1)(A).

Universal Health Servs., Inc. v. United States, 136 S. Ct. at 1995. In Universal Health
Services, Carmen Correa and Julio Escobar, parents of Yarushka Rivera, who died after
receiving mental health treatment by individuals at counseling center called Arbour
Counseling Services, owned and operated by Universal Health Services, brought a qui
tam action against Universal Health Services. See id. at 1997. After Ms. Rivera’s passing,
Ms. Correa and Mr. Escobar found out few Arbour employees “were actually licensed to
provide mental health counseling and that supervision of them was minimal,” and that of
Yarushka’s treating physicians, “only was properly licensed.” Id.
        Ms. Rivera’s parents alleged in their qui tam complaint filed in the United States
District Court for the District of Massachusetts that,
       Universal Health had violated the False Claims Act under an implied false
       certification theory of liability. The operative complaint asserts that
       Universal Health (acting through Arbour) submitted reimbursement claims
       that made representations about the specific services provided by specific
       types of professionals, but that failed to disclose serious violations of
       regulations pertaining to staff qualifications and licensing requirements for
       these services. Specifically, the Massachusetts Medicaid program requires
       satellite facilities to have specific types of clinicians on staff, delineates
       licensing requirements for particular positions (like psychiatrists, social
       workers, and nurses), and details supervision requirements for other staff.
       See 130 Code Mass. Regs. §§ 429.422–424, 429.439 (2014). Universal
       Health allegedly flouted these regulations because Arbour employed
       unqualified, unlicensed, and unsupervised staff. The Massachusetts
       Medicaid program, unaware of these deficiencies, paid the claims.
       Universal Health thus allegedly defrauded the program, which would not
       have reimbursed the claims had it known that it was billed for mental health
       services that were performed by unlicensed and unsupervised staff.

Universal Health Servs., Inc. v. United States, 136 S. Ct. at 1997–98 (footnote omitted).
The United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, although embracing the
false certification theory, dismissed the Escobars’ qui tam complaint because “none of
the regulations that Arbour violated was a condition of payment.” Id. at 1998. The United
States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit reversed in part and remanded. See id. The
Supreme Court, “granted certiorari to resolve the disagreement among the Courts of
Appeals over the validity and scope of the implied false certification theory of liability.” Id.
The Supreme Court explained that the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh
Circuit had rejected the implied false certification theory, “reasoning that only express (or
affirmative) falsehoods can render a claim ‘false or fraudulent’” under the FCA while
“[o]ther courts have accepted the theory, but limit its application to cases where

                                              40
defendants fail to disclose violations of expressly designated conditions of payment,”
while others “hold that conditions of payment need not be expressly designated as such
to be a basis for False Claims Act liability.” Id. at 1998-99. The Supreme Court stated:

       We first hold that the implied false certification theory can, at least in some
       circumstances, provide a basis for liability. By punishing defendants who
       submit “false or fraudulent claims,” the False Claims Act encompasses
       claims that make fraudulent misrepresentations, which include certain
       misleading omissions. When, as here, a defendant makes representations
       in submitting a claim but omits its violations of statutory, regulatory, or
       contractual requirements, those omissions can be a basis for liability if they
       render the defendant’s representations misleading with respect to the
       goods or services provided.

Id. at 1999. The Supreme Court explained that “misleading omissions” that Universal
Health Services made were “misleading half-truths” that “can be actionable
misrepresentations.” Id. at 2000. In particular, Universal Health Services’ claims for
Medicaid reimbursement were “more than merely demand for payment.” Id. Instead,
       by submitting claims for payment using payment codes that corresponded
       to specific counseling services, Universal Health represented that it had
       provided individual therapy, family therapy, preventive medication
       counseling, and other types of treatment. Moreover, Arbour staff members
       allegedly made further representations in submitting Medicaid
       reimbursement claims by using National Provider Identification numbers
       corresponding to specific job titles. And these representations were clearly
       misleading in context.

Id. The Supreme Court then held that, contrary to Universal Health Services’ position, the
implied false certification theory should not be narrowly applied so that a party faces
liability “only if it fails to disclose the violation of a contractual, statutory, or regulatory
provision that the Government expressly designated a condition of payment.” Id. at 2001.
The Supreme Court explained that a “statement that misleadingly omits critical facts is a
misrepresentation irrespective of whether the other party has expressly signaled the
importance of the qualifying information.” Id. The Supreme Court also noted that not every
“undisclosed violation” is an actionable FCA claim but must “be material to the
Government’s payment decision in order to be actionable under the False Claims Act.”
Id. at 2002. The Supreme Court explained that “materiality standard is demanding” and
that “materiality ‘look[s] to the effect on the likely or actual behavior of the recipient of the
alleged misrepresentation.’ 26 R. Lord, Williston on Contracts § 69:12, p. 549 (4th ed.
2003) (Williston).” Id. (alteration in original). The Supreme Court also stated:

       A misrepresentation cannot be deemed material merely because the
       Government designates compliance with a particular statutory, regulatory,
       or contractual requirement as a condition of payment. Nor is it sufficient for
       a finding of materiality that the Government would have the option to decline
       to pay if it knew of the defendant’s noncompliance. Materiality, in addition,

                                               41
      cannot be found where noncompliance is minor or insubstantial. See United
      States ex rel. Marcus v. Hess, 317 U.S. 537, 543, 63 S. Ct. 379, 87 L. Ed.
      443 (1943) (contractors’ misrepresentation that they satisfied a non-
      collusive bidding requirement for federal program contracts violated the
      False Claims Act because “[t]he government’s money would never have
      been placed in the joint fund for payment to respondents had its agents
      known the bids were collusive”); see also Junius Constr., 257 N.Y., at 400,
      178 N.E., at 674 (an undisclosed fact was material because “[n]o one can
      say with reason that the plaintiff would have signed this contract if informed
      of the likelihood” of the undisclosed fact).

      In sum, when evaluating materiality under the False Claims Act, the
      Government’s decision to expressly identify a provision as a condition of
      payment is relevant, but not automatically dispositive. Likewise, proof of
      materiality can include, but is not necessarily limited to, evidence that the
      defendant knows that the Government consistently refuses to pay claims in
      the mine run of cases based on noncompliance with the particular statutory,
      regulatory, or contractual requirement. Conversely, if the Government pays
      a particular claim in full despite its actual knowledge that certain
      requirements were violated, that is very strong evidence that those
      requirements are not material. Or, if the Government regularly pays a
      particular type of claim in full despite actual knowledge that certain
      requirements were violated, and has signaled no change in position, that is
      strong evidence that the requirements are not material.

Universal Health Servs., Inc. v. United States, 136 S. Ct. at 2003–04.

        In the instant case, the defendant’s proposed FCA counterclaims should not, at
this stage of the proceedings, be considered futile for a lack of a material
misrepresentation. The relevant inquiry is not whether the government will absolutely
prevail on the merits of its FCA counterclaims, but whether “if a claim added by the
amendment would not withstand a motion to dismiss.” Shoshone Indian Tribe of the Wind
River Reservation, Wyo. v. United States, 71 Fed. Cl. at 176. Based on the record
currently before the court, the VA had restricted competition for the Fort Jackson contract
only to eligible SDVOSBs. The solicitation for the Fort Jackson contract stated that the
“procurement is a Service-Disable Veteran-Owned Small Business (SDVOSB) set-aside,”
and that “[o]ffers received from concerns that are not service-disabled veteran-owned
small business concerns shall not be considered.” (emphasis added). The Fort Jackson
solicitation makes clear that, but for LW’s representation that it was a SDVOSB, the VA
would not have considered LW’s proposal for the award of the Fort Jackson contract.21

21As noted above, the Supreme Court in Universal Health Services, Inc. indicated that “if
the Government pays a particular claim in full despite its actual knowledge that certain
requirements were violated, that is very strong evidence that those requirements are not
material.” Universal Health Servs., Inc. v. United States, 136 S. Ct. at 2003-04. The court

                                            42
       Although plaintiff alleges that “any representations by LW about its SDVOSB status
after October 2011 cannot be considered fraudulent” because the VA had decertified
LW’s SDVOSB status in 2011, there is no indication before the court that the VA’s
decertification of LW’s status in 2011 is dispositive in this case as to the materiality of
LW’s alleged misrepresentation of its SDVOSB status when it bid on and was awarded
the Fort Jackson contract in 2009. As defendant states, “the sole issue CVE was
examining” in 2011 when LW was decertified was whether LW qualified as a SDVOSB in
2011, not whether LW had mispresented its SDVOSB status in 2009, when LW submitted
its proposal and was awarded for the Fort Jackson contract. According to applicable
regulations at the time, a contractor’s status as a SDVOSB is relevant to the contracting
agency’s handling of the procurement process when the contractor submits its proposal
for a SDVOSB set-aside contract and is awarded a contract. Subsequent changes to a
contractor’s SDVOSB status would not necessarily impact the contractor’s ability to
continue to perform on a previously awarded contract. According to the regulations
regarding contracting with the federal government by a SDVOSB, as promulgated by the
Small Business Administration (SBA), a “concern,” i.e., a contractor,

       that represents itself and qualifies as an SDVO [service disabled veteran
       owned] SBC [small business concern] at the time of initial offer (or other
       formal response to a solicitation), which includes price, including a Multiple
       Award Contract, is considered an SDVO SBC throughout the life of that
       contract. This means that if an SDVO SBC is qualified at the time of initial
       offer for a Multiple Award Contract, then it will be considered an SDVO SBC
       for each order issued against the contract, unless a contracting officer
       requests a new SDVO SBC certification in connection with a specific order.
       Where a concern later fails to qualify as an SDVO SBC, the procuring
       agency may exercise options and still count the award as an award to an
       SDVO SBC.

13 C.F.R. § 125.18(e)(1) (2018); see also NEIE, Inc. v. United States, No. 13-164C, 2013
WL 6406992, at *20 (Fed. Cl. Nov. 26, 2013) (unpublished opinion) (“[T]he FAR only
requires that a contractor meet the eligibility requirements for an SDVOSB at the time of
offer.” (emphasis in original)). Even plaintiff acknowledges in its response brief to
defendant’s motion for leave to amend its answer that a subsequent change in a
contractor’s SDVOSB status while performing on a contract does not necessarily require
the VA to terminate the contract. Plaintiff states in its response brief that, “[o]nce an award
is made, the contractor is entitled to continue performance and receive payment even if
its status changes during contract performance.” Whether the government knew or should
have known that LW had misrepresented its SDVOSB status when it bid on the Fort
Jackson contract is the operative issue, not whether LW was allowed to continue to
perform on the Fort Jackson contract once LW’s SDVOSB status was revoked in 2011.

notes, however, there is no evidence in the record that the VA had actual knowledge that
LW was not a SDVOSB when it submitted its proposal for the Fort Jackson contract or
when it received the contract award.

                                              43
The court, therefore, finds that defendant has met materiality concerns with respect to all
of defendant’s proposed FCA counterclaims, see Shoshone Indian Tribe of the Wind
River Reservation, Wyo. v. United States, 71 Fed. Cl. at 178, and defendant’s FCA
counterclaims would survive a motion to dismiss.

        Plaintiff also argues that the government’s proposed FCA counterclaims cannot be
pursued by defendant because they are time-barred under the statute of limitations set
forth in the FCA. Defendant responds in its reply in support of its motion for leave to
amend that “each claim for payment by LW to the Government is its own FCA claim with
a separate statute of limitations inquiry.” Defendant then states that:

       LW cannot establish that all of the Government’s FCA claims are time-
       barred. LW submitted invoices for payment on 22 occasions between 2009
       and 2012, each of which is a separate false claim. The statute of limitations
       period for each of these invoices is six years after the date of the fraudulent
       submissions, thus, at the very least, all 4 invoices for payment made to LW
       on or after October 13, 2011 are within the statute of limitations. 31 U.S.C.
       § 3731(b)(1). Moreover, the three additional claims LW filed in this case—
       on February 17, 2015, September 15, 2015, and September 24, 2015—
       each represent separate FCA violations. These FCA violations are clearly
       not time-barred even under LW’s flawed interpretation of section 3731(b).

(emphasis in original). The government also responds in its supplemental brief that “even
if recovery for some of LW Constructions [sic] false claims would be time-barred under
section 3731 in an affirmative claim, the Government still has the right to raise those time-
barred claims in response to LW’s complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2415(f).” Plaintiff
responds in its supplemental brief that the exception contained in 28 U.S.C. § 2415(f)
does not supersede other statute of limitations, such as statute of limitations set forth in
the FCA. Thus, according to plaintiff, 28 U.S.C. § 2415(f) does not have “any application
to or impact” on the FCA statute of limitations.

        As an initial matter, the government correctly asserts in its reply brief that each
claim for payment by LW to the government can be its own FCA claim resulting in a
separate statute of limitations inquiry. “[C]laims submitted pursuant to a fraudulently
obtained contract are FCA violations even if the claims themselves do not contain false
statements.” Veridyne Corp. v. United States, 758 F.3d 1371, 1379 (Fed. Cir.) (citing
United States ex rel. Marcus v. Hess, 317 U.S. 537, 543-44 (1943)), reh’g and reh’g en
banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2014). Based on the government’s reply brief, “LW submitted
invoices for payment on 22 occasions between 2009 and 2012.” Additionally, based on
the evidence currently before the court, LW filed three certified claims for payment to the
VA contracting officer for the Fort Jackson contract since it filed the above-captioned case
on October 8, 2014. The twenty-two invoices and three certified claims for payment are
each a “claim” for purposes of the FCA. See 31 U.S.C. § 3729(b)(2)(A) (“the term ‘claim’
. . . means any request or demand, whether under a contract or otherwise, for money or
property and whether or not the United States has title to the money or property . . . .”);
see also Veridyne Corp. v. United States, 758 F.3d at 1380 (stating that each of

                                             44
Veridyne’s 127 invoices for payment submitted to the agency on a government contract
was considered a separate “claim” for purposes of the FCA, and affirming the award of
$11,000.00 for each of the 127 claims). Thus, defendant alleges that LW, potentially could
be liable for a total of twenty-five false claims.

       Defendant asserts that, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2415(f), the government may bring
counterclaims that are otherwise time-barred by the more general terms of the FCA
statute of limitations. 28 U.S.C. § 2415 is the statute of limitations regarding certain
causes of action brought by the United States in federal court titled: “Time for commencing
actions brought by the United States.” See 28 U.S.C. § 2415 (2012). Pursuant to
subsection (a), the United States has six years to file an “action for money damages”
which is “founded upon any contract express or implied in law or fact.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2415(a). Pursuant to subsection (b), the United States has three years to file an “action
for money damages” which is founded “upon a tort.” 28 U.S.C. § 2415(b). Pursuant to
subsection (d), the United States has six years to file an

        action for the recovery of money erroneously paid to or on behalf of any
        civilian employee of any agency of the United States or to or on behalf of
        any member or dependent of any member of the uniformed services of the
        United States, incident to the employment or services of such employee or
        member.

28 U.S.C. § 2415(d). Subsection (f) of 28 U.S.C. § 2415 states that, regardless of the
time-bars contained in Section 2415, the United States can still assert any other claims
that arises from the subject matter at issue in the original case as a counterclaim. See 28
U.S.C. § 2415(f). As previously noted, subsection (f) states:

        The provisions of this section shall not prevent the assertion, in an action
        against the United States or an officer or agency thereof, of any claim of the
        United States or an officer or agency thereof against an opposing party, a
        co-party, or a third party that arises out of the transaction or occurrence that
        is the subject matter of the opposing party’s claim. A claim of the United
        States or an officer or agency thereof that does not arise out of the
        transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the opposing party’s
        claim may, if time-barred, be asserted only by way of offset and may be
        allowed in an amount not to exceed the amount of the opposing party’s
        recovery.

Id.22

22 The court notes in that Jana, Inc. v. United States, a judge of this court did dismiss the
government’s FCA counterclaims she found time-barred under the FCA without even
raising the possibility that 28 U.S.C. § 2415(f) could potentially allow the government to
bring an otherwise time-barred FCA counterclaim, as defendant alleges in the current
case before the court. See Jana, Inc. v. United States, 34 Fed. Cl. at 452 (granting

                                              45
        As noted above, Section 2415 sets general time-bars for the government to file a
contract, tort, or wage recovery actions in federal court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2415. The statute
also states that “the provisions of this section [28 U.S.C. § 2415] shall not prevent the
assertion” by the United States of a counterclaim under certain conditions. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 2415(f) (emphasis added). Subsection (f) does not address whether or not the
government may bring counterclaims that are time-barred pursuant to other statutes of
limitations, such as the FCA statute of limitations at 31 U.S.C. § 3731 (2012).

       Whether defendant’s proposed FCA counterclaims are potentially time-barred is
determined by the FCA statute of limitations at 31 U.S.C. § 3731, which states that a “civil
action” brought pursuant to the FCA may not be brought:

       (1) more than 6 years after the date on which the violation of section 3729
           is committed, or

       (2) more than 3 years after the date when facts material to the right of
           action are known or reasonably should have been known by the official
           of the United States charged with responsibility to act in the
           circumstances, but in no event more than 10 years after the date on
           which the violation is committed,

       whichever occurs last.

31 U.S.C. § 3731(b). In other words,

       [s]ix years . . . is the minimum statute of limitations period under the statute.
       . . . This six-year period may be increased by three years if the violation is
       not reasonably known after the date of the commission of the violation. . . .
       In any event, the statute of limitations cannot exceed ten years after the
       date that the violation was committed.

TS Infosys., Inc. v. United States, 36 Fed. Cl. at 572 (emphasis in original; internal
citations omitted).

       As previously noted, defendant states in its reply in support of its motion for leave
to amend, and with which facts LW does not take issue, that LW submitted twenty-two
invoices for payment to the VA on the Fort Jackson contract between 2009 and 2012,
before the contract was terminated on October 16, 2013 and submitted three certified
claims for payment to the VA contracting officer on February 17, 2015, September 15,
2015, and September 24, 2015, after the contract was terminated for default and after
LW filed the above-captioned case. Defendant alleges in its reply that the twenty-two
invoices and three certified claims for payments are each a false claim under the FCA,

plaintiff’s motion to dismiss government’s FCA counterclaims that were time-barred under
the FCA six-year statute of limitations).

                                              46
and thus, collectively, there are twenty-five potentially false claims. As to the timing of the
twenty-five potentially false claims, defendant states in its reply in support of its motion
for leave to amend that seven of the twenty-five false claims, i.e., four invoices and three
certified claims for payment, were submitted on or after October 13, 2011 and are,
therefore, within the FCA six-year statute of limitations, working backwards from the date
that defendant filed its motion for leave to amend the answer on October 13, 2017. The
remaining eighteen false claims, which, according to the defendant’s reply in support of
its motion for leave to amend, were submitted before October 13, 2011, might be
considered as untimely under the FCA statute of limitations. The FCA statute of
limitations’ “minimum limitations period” is six years in which to file from the date of the
alleged violation, which, in the above-captioned case, is the date that LW submitted each
of the twenty-two invoices and filed the three certified claims for payment to the VA on
the Fort Jackson contract. See 31 U.S.C. § 3731(b)(1). Because six years had not passed
from when LW filed its four invoices for payment, which allegedly each occurred “on or
after October 13, 2011,” and filed its three certified claims for payment to the VA in 2015,
to when defendant filed its motion for leave to amend on October 13, 2017, defendant is
not time-barred under the FCA statute of limitations from bringing these seven claims.

       Defendant’s FCA counterclaims for LW’s eighteen pre October 13, 2011 submitted
claims for payment submitted to the VA, normally would be time-barred under the FCA’s
six-year period for filing a claim under the FCA because each of these eighteen claims
for payment were submitted by LW to the VA more than six years before defendant filed
its motion for leave on October 13, 2017.23 Nonetheless, according to defendant, the
government could bring FCA counterclaims regarding these eighteen claims for payment
pursuant to the FCA’s statute of limitations tolling provision at 31 U.S.C. § 3731(b)(2),
which states:

       A civil action under section 3730 may not be brought— . . . (2) more than
       3 years after the date when facts material to the right of action are known
       or reasonably should have been known by the official of the United States
       charged with responsibility to act in the circumstances, but in no event
       more than 10 years after the date on which the violation is committed . . . .

31 U.S.C. § 3731(b)(2).

       The FCA does not define “official of the United States charged with responsibility
to act in the circumstances” referenced in 31 U.S.C. § 3731(b)(2).24 Nor has case law

23As noted above, the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act, although enacted in 2009,
was treated “as if enacted on June 7, 2008, and applies to all claims under the False
Claims At (31 U.S.C. 3729 et seq.) that are pending on or after that date.” See Fraud
Enforcement and Recovery Act, § 4(f), 123 Stat. at 1625. As the Fort Jackson contract
was awarded on June 2, 2009, all claims would be within the amended and current
version of the FCA.
24The legislative history of the False Claims Amendment Act, the act which amended the
FCA by adding 31 U.S.C. § 3731(b)(2), the tolling provision at issue, does not provide

                                              47
provided a clear answer as to which government official(s) qualifies as an “official of the
United States charged with responsibility to act in the circumstances.” A judge of this court
previously held that the “official of the United States” refers to an official of the Civil
Division of the DOJ. See Jana, Inc. v. United States, 34 Fed. Cl. at 451 n.6 (“[T]he
discovery that triggers 31 U.S.C. § 3731(b)(2) is not knowledge of the fraud by any
government official, but knowledge of the fraud by an official having the authority to initiate
litigation under the Act, generally considered to be an official at the Civil Division of the
Department of Justice, which has exclusive litigating authority under the False Claims
Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3730(a).” (emphasis in original)).

        Other judges in various federal courts, for example, are divided on whether the
“official of the United States” refers specifically to an official within the Civil Division of the
DOJ or to any government employee. Compare United States v. Macomb Contracting
Corp., 763 F. Supp. 272, 274 (M.D. Tenn. 1990) (“The ‘official of the United States
charged with responsibility’ could only have been the appropriate official of the Civil
Division of the Department of Justice, which alone has the authority to initiate litigation
under the Act.”), with United States ex rel. Kreindler & Kreindler v. United Techs. Corp.,
777 F. Supp. 195, 205 (N.D.N.Y. 1991) (“The facts material to relator’s cause of action
were known in 1979 by the senior [Army] officials in charge of the Black Hawk project.
Thus, those facts were known, or reasonably should have been known, by officials with
the responsibility to act.”).

        From the record before the court, the DOJ was alerted to LW’s possible fraud on
April 22, 2014, when the Mixsons provided their joint pre-filing disclosure statement
regarding their proposed qui tam suit to the United States Attorney’s Office in Columbia,
South Carolina and to the Civil Fraud Division of the DOJ in Washington, D.C. and then
on May 8, 2014, when the Mixsons filed their qui tam complaint in the United States
District Court of the District of South Carolina. At that time, however, the DOJ concluded
that the government would not join the Mixsons’ qui tam suit and did not initiate action
against LW based on the allegations of fraud. Pursuant to the tolling provision of the FCA

clarity as to the meaning of “official of the United States.” The section of the relevant
Senate Report states:

       Subsection (b) of section 3731 of title 31, as amended by section 3 of the
       bill, would include an explicit tolling provision on the statute of limitations
       under the False Claims Act. The statute of limitations does not begin to run
       until the material facts are known by an official within the Department of
       Justice with the authority to act in the circumstances.

S. Rep. No. 345, 99th Cong., 2d Sess. 30 (1986), reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5266,
5295 (emphasis added). In the same Senate Report, the Senate also used broader
language, stating, “the subcommittee added a modification of the statute of limitations to
permit the Government to bring an action within 6 years of when the false claim is
submitted (current standard) or within 3 years of when the Government learned of a
violation, whichever is later.” S. Rep. No. 345 at 15, 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 5280.

                                                48
statute of limitations, 31 U.S.C. § 3731(b)(2), the DOJ had three years from April 22, 2014
or May 8, 2014 to file FCA counterclaims regarding the eighteen claims LW submitted to
the VA before October 13, 2011, making the DOJ’s statute of limitations filing deadline
April 22, 2017 or May 8, 2017, both before defendant, sought leave to amend its answer
on October 13, 2017. Given the decision by the DOJ at the time, however, after review of
the Mixsons’ submissions and lawsuit, not to join the Mixsons’ qui tam lawsuit, to agree
to the dismissal of the qui tam lawsuit and not to initiate criminal prosecution, it might also
be argued that the DOJ had concluded that there was insufficient evidence of fraud at
that time on which to act, for which reason the statute of limitation did not begin to run.

        When ruling on defendant’s motion for leave to amend in the current case, the
court is tasked to determine whether defendant’s proposed counterclaims are timely
under the applicable statute of limitations. The court also is tasked to determine whether
defendant has unduly delayed in seeking leave to amend its answer to assert various
counterclaims and an affirmative defense. This court acknowledges that statute of
limitations normally are strictly applied with little or no discretion for the court. See Gabelli
v. S.E.C., 568 U.S. 442, 448 (2013) (noting that the “‘basic policies of all imitations
provisions: repose, elimination of stale claims, and certainty about a plaintiff’s opportunity
for recovery and a defendant’s potential liabilities.’” (quoting Rotella v. Wood, 528 U.S.
548, 555 (2000))); see also United States v. Kubrick, 444 U.S. 111, 117 (1979) (“Statute
of limitations . . . represent a pervasive legislative judgment that it is unjust to fail to put
the adversary on notice to defend within a specified period of time and that the right to be
free of stale claims in time comes to prevail over the right to prosecute them.”) (internal
quotations omitted). As the Supreme Court cautioned, “the cases in which a statute of
limitation may be suspended by causes not mentioned in the statute itself . . . are very
limited in character, and are to be admitted with great caution; otherwise the court would
make the law instead of administering it.” Gabelli v. S.E.C., 568 U.S. at 454 (internal
quotations omitted) (declining to “graft” a tolling provision onto the statute of limitations at
28 U.S.C. § 2462, the statute which sets the time period for the United States to file a civil
penalty action in federal court). Contrastingly, as discussed above, whether a party has
unduly delayed in seeking leave to file an amended pleading is subject to the discretion
of the court, and, viewed, on a case by case basis, in the context of whether the amended
pleading would cause undue prejudice. See Alaska v. United States, 15 Cl. Ct. at 280
(“[M]ere delay, without some showing of prejudice, bad faith, or futility is insufficient to
deny a motion to amend a complaint.”).

        Based on the above, the court concludes that the government’s FCA counterclaims
stemming from LW’s seven claims for payment submitted on or after October 13, 2011,
are timely. The court, however, believes it is appropriate to bar defendant’s FCA
counterclaims relating to LW’s eighteen claims for payment submitted before October 13,
2011 in accordance with the statute of limitations provisions in the FCA. The court does
not condone the passage of time from the filing of LW’s case on October 8, 2014 to
October 13, 2017, when defendant’s FCA counterclaims were first asserted, even given
the statements of defendant’s counsel in the case before the court that he accepted the
earlier determination by his DOJ colleagues not to become part of the Mixsons’ qui tam
lawsuit and not to pursue criminal action. The court also cannot condone or dismiss the

                                               49
possibility that LW committed fraud, which the court believes must be addressed when
brought to the court’s attention. Defendant’s FCA counterclaims which were filed on or
after October 13, 2011, therefore, will be reviewed.

          c. Unjust enrichment counterclaim

       Plaintiff also argues that defendant should not be allowed to amend its answer to
include its proposed unjust enrichment counterclaim because the government may not
assert a claim for unjust enrichment in cases in which “‘an express contract already covers
the same subject matter.’” (quoting Short Bros., PLC v. United States, 65 Fed. Cl. 695,
800 (2005)). Plaintiff argues that “[t]here is no question that an express contract exists in
this case,” referring to the Fort Jackson contract. Plaintiff states:

       The Government cannot argue that it has a claim for unjust enrichment
       because the express contract is void ab initio while at the same time basing
       its allegations that LW submitted false claims under the FCA and owes
       liquidated damages and reprocurement costs under the terms of the
       express Contract. The Government cannot claim there was a default under
       the express terms of the contract, and pursue claims for liquidated damages
       and reprocurement costs under express provision of the contract, but at the
       same time argue no contract exists and seek to pursue a different claim for
       unjust enrichment. The Claims are mutually exclusive and cannot co-exist.

(emphasis in original).

        An “‘unjust enrichment’ claim generally exits when one party benefits at another’s
expense, and where allowing that party to retain that benefit would be inequitable.” Copar
Pumice Co. v. United States, 112 Fed Cl. 515, 538 (2013) (quoting Int’l Air Response v.
United States, 75 Fed. Cl. 604, 612 (2007)). An “unjust enrichment claim is an equitable
implied-in-law contract claim.” Copar Pumice Co., v. United States, 112 Fed Cl. at 538. It
is well-settled that this court has no jurisdiction over cases in which plaintiffs assert
implied-in-law contracts. As the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
stated, “[j]urisdiction based on contract ‘extends only to contracts either express or
implied in fact, and not to claims on contracts implied in law.’” Trauma Serv. Grp. v. United
States, 104 F.3d 1321, 1324 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (quoting Hercules, Inc. v. United States,
516 U.S. 417, 423 (1996)); Aetna Cas. & Surety Co. v. United States, 228 Ct. Cl. 146,
164, 655 F.2d 1047 (1981). The government, however, may bring an implied-in-fact
contract claim, such as an unjust enrichment claim, as a counterclaim in this court
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1503 (2012), which states, “[t]he United States Court of Federal
Claims shall have jurisdiction to render judgment upon any set-off or demand by the
United States against any plaintiff in such court.” 28 U.S.C. § 1503; see also MW Builders,
Inc. v. United States, 134 Fed. Cl. 469, 512 (2017). The government may also bring an
implied-in-fact contract claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2508 (2012), which states:

       Upon the trial of any suit in the United States Court of Federal Claims in
       which any setoff, counterclaim, claim for damages, or other demand is set

                                             50
       up on the part of the United States against any plaintiff making claim against
       the United States in said court, the court shall hear and determine such
       claim or demand both for and against the United States and plaintiff.

28 U.S.C. § 2508. The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has
recognized that, “the Court of Federal Claims’ Tucker Act jurisdiction does not extend to
claims based on an implied-in-law contract. However, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1503 and 2508
provide the court with jurisdiction if the government brings such a claim as a
counterclaim.” Barrett Refining Corp. v. United States, 242 F.3d at 1062 (finding that
Court of Federal Claims had jurisdiction over government’s counterclaim seeking to
recover payments it made to jet supplier which were allegedly unauthorized); see also
BLH Inc. v. United States, 13 Cl. Ct. 265, 275 (1987) (“Although this court does not
generally have jurisdiction over implied-in-law contracts, . . ., an exception exits for
counterclaims for money damages asserted by the government.” (citing to 28 U.S.C.
§ 1503 (1982))); Hamilton Secs. Advisory Servs. v. United States, 60 Fed. Cl. 144, 154
(2004) (“[T]he court properly has jurisdiction over a counterclaim based on restitution.”
(citing 28 U.S.C. §§ 1503, 2508)).

        Plaintiff cites to Short Brothers, PLC v. United States, 65 Fed. Cl. 695 to argue that
due to the express Fort Jackson contract, defendant cannot now raise an unjust
enrichment claim. Contrary to the facts in Short Brothers, PLC v. United States, the
government is not alleging in its proposed amended answer that it entered into an implied-
in-fact contract with plaintiff, and that pursuant to such an implied-in-fact contract, it seeks
to recover the alleged payments made to LW under the Fort Jackson contract. Instead,
the government alleges in its proposed amended answer and in its supplemental brief in
support of its motion for leave to amend that the contract at issue in the above-captioned
case, the Fort Jackson contract, was obtained fraudulently by LW because LW
mispresented its SDVOSB status when it bid on the Fort Jackson contract and that the
contract can be considered void ab initio.25 Therefore, the government alternatively

25 A contract tainted with fraud is “void ab initio.” Long Island Sav. Bank, FSB v. United
States, 503 F.3d 1234, 1245 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (“[T]he general rule is that a Government
contract tainted by fraud or wrongdoing is void ab initio.” (emphasis in original) (quoting
Godley v. United States, 5 F.3d 1473, 1476 (Fed. Cir. 1993))); see also J.E.T.S., Inc. v.
United States, 838 F.2d 1196, 1200 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (“A government contract thus tainted
from its inception by fraud is void ab initio . . . .” (emphasis in original)). As a judge of this
court explained:

       A contract may be said to be void from the start where there exists a
       disability of the sort that would preclude the parties’ exchange of promises
       from giving rise to an enforceable engagement. Thus, contracts executed
       in the absence of contractual authority or in violation of statutory controls
       placed on the procurement process can be said to be void ab initio.

Ab-Tech Constr., Inc. v. United States, 31 Fed. Cl. 429, 434 (1994) (emphasis in original)
(finding in that case that there was not a “threshold infirmity” to the establishment of the

                                               51
alleges in its proposed amended answer that “LW’s fraudulent and wrongful conduct in
obtaining the award of the Fort Jackson Contract and payments under that contract
resulted in LW’s unjust enrichment in an amount to be determined at trial.” As previously
noted, the government may assert an unjust enrichment counterclaim in this court
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1503, 2508. See Barrett Refining Corp. v. United States, 242
F.3d at 1062; see also BLH Inc. v. United States, 13 Cl. Ct. at 275; Hamilton Secs.
Advisory Servs. v. United States, 60 Fed. Cl. at 154. Thus, here, the government, unlike
the plaintiff asserting the unjust enrichment claim in Short Brothers, PLC v. United States,
is seeking recovery under an unjust enrichment theory because the Fort Jackson
contract, the express contract at issue in the above-captioned case, has allegedly been
voided ab initio due to LW’s fraudulent misrepresentation of its SDVOSB status when it
bid on and was awarded the Fort Jackson contract.

        Also, contrary to plaintiff’s assertion that the government cannot “claim there was
a default” under the Fort Jackson contract, but at the same time “argue no contract exists
and seek to pursue a different claim for unjust enrichment,” it is well-established that a
party to litigation, including the government, may assert alternative theories of recovery.
According to RCFC 8(d)(3), “[a] party may state as many separate claims or defenses as
it has, regardless of consistency.” RCFC 8(d)(3) (2018); see also Stockton E. Water Dist.
v. United States, 583 F.3d 1344, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“[T]he fact that the theories may
be inconsistent is of no moment.”). Further, according to RCFC 8(d)(2), a “party may set
out 2 or more statements of a claim or defense, alternatively or hypothetically, either in a
single count or defense or in separate ones.” RCFC 8(d)(2). Based on the government’s
proposed amended answer, the government is offering separate theories of recovery. If
defendant’s proposed amended answer is allowed, the government’s counterclaims
include its unjust enrichment counterclaim, common law fraud counterclaim, and FCA
counterclaims, based on:

       LW’s submission of false claims or false statements, or causing the
       submission of false claims or false statements, regarding LW’s eligibility as
       a Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business (SDVOSB), which was
       a requirement to obtain the contract for the construction of Phase 1B of the
       Fort Jackson National Cemetery, Contract Number VA101CFMC-0042 (the
       Fort Jackson Contract) and to obtain payments under that contract.

The government also counterclaims for liquidated damages and reprocurement costs
stemming from LW’s failure to complete the Fort Jackson contract on time, which the
government had previously asserted in its earlier filed amended answer on January 21,
2016.26 That the government is seeking relief under multiple, separate theories of

contract at issue that would render the contract void ab initio); see also J.E.T.S., Inc. v.
United States, 838 F.2d at 1200 (finding that contract was “procured by and therefore
permeated with fraud” when contract knowingly and falsely stated that it was a small
business and, thus, holding that the contract was void ab initio).
26 Defendant, in its January 21, 2016 answer styled its request for liquidated damages

and reprocurement costs as a single counterclaim. Defendant, however, in its proposed

                                            52
recovery is permitted under the Rules of the Court of Federal Claims. See RCFC 8(d).
The court, at this time, does not evaluate the merits of defendant’s various claims, but
recognizes the government cannot succeed under all of its theories of recovery.

        Plaintiff also argues that even if the court permits leave to amend the answer to
allow the unjust enrichment counterclaim, the government’s unjust enrichment
counterclaim will nonetheless fail, and, thus, be futile because “no basis in fact exists for
a government counterclaim of unjust enrichment.” In particular, plaintiff states that “[t]he
Government cannot prove that it conferred any unearned benefit on LW because the
Government did not pay LW more than the value of the work performed,” and that “[i]n
fact, the Government did not pay LW for all of the work performed by LW under the
contract.” Defendant responds in its supplemental brief filed in support of its motion for
leave to amend that “our unjust enrichment claim is based upon LW’s receipt of
$10,792,236.20 in contract payments made pursuant to its illegally obtained contract.”

       To succeed on a claim of unjust enrichment, a party must establish,

       “(1) a benefit conferred on the [plaintiff] by the [aggrieved party]; (2) an
       appreciation or knowledge by the [plaintiff] of the benefit; and (3) the
       acceptance or retention by the [plaintiff] of the benefit under such
       circumstances as to make it inequitable for the [plaintiff] to retain the benefit
       without payment of its value.” 26 Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts
       § 68:5 (4th ed.).

Int’l Air Response v. United States, 75 Fed. Cl. at 612 (alterations in original apart from
second alteration; footnote omitted). Regarding the elements of an unjust enrichment
claim, that an unjust or inequitable benefit be conferred to plaintiff and that plaintiff had
an “appreciation or knowledge” of the benefit, defendant alleges in its proposed amended
answer that LW “acted knowingly when misrepresenting its SDVOSB eligibility for the Fort
Jackson contract,” received “$10,792,236.20 in contract payments,” under the Fort
Jackson contract, and that retaining the benefit would be “inequitable.” Defendant alleges
in its proposed amended answer that,

       companies that did not meet the criteria to an SDVOSB were not eligible to
       obtain the Fort Jackson Contract. Had LW not misrepresented its status as
       qualified SDVOSB by self-certifying its eligibility on ORCA and Vetbiz.gov,
       and in submitting the bid for the Fort Jackson Contract, the VA would not
       have awarded LW the Fort Jackson Contract or paid invoices submitted by
       LW pursuant to that contract.

Defendant further alleges that, “[b]y reason of the payments to [sic] defendants [sic], LW
was unjustly enriched. The circumstances of LW’s receipt of the contracts at issue are
such that, in equity and good conscience, LW is liable to account for and pay such

amended answer currently before the court, styles its request for liquidated damages and
reprocurement costs as two separate counterclaims.

                                              53
amounts, which are to be determined at trial.” At this stage of the proceedings, defendant
has sufficiently alleged the elements for an unjust enrichment claim based on a benefit
possibly knowingly received, retained, and which potentially unjustly or inequitably
bestowed benefits to the receiving party.

        Whether and to what extent plaintiff performed on the contract does not
automatically invalidate the government’s allegation that LW was unjustly enriched on the
Fort Jackson contract. The government has a right to try to recover the amounts paid to
a contractor, as defendant seeks to do in the above-captioned case, on a contract if it
was allegedly fraudulently obtained. See K & R Eng’g Co. v. United States, 222 Ct. Cl.
340, 353, 616 F.2d 469, 475 (1980) (finding that the government was entitled to recover
amounts paid to a contractor pursuant to contracts that were procured as a consequence
of a contractor’s participation in an arrangement prohibited by a conflict of interest
statute).27 The Court of Claims explained in K & R Engineering Co. v. United States, 222
Ct. Cl. 340, 616 F.2d 469:

27  In Veridyne Corp. v. United States, a Court of Federal Claims Judge stated that,
“[f]orfeiture is an inappropriate remedy for common-law fraud except when a conflict of
interest is perpetuated by a contractor involved in facilitating and maintaining a
Government agent’s conflict of interest or where an agent of the contractor obtains a
contract through a conflict of interest.” Veridyne Corp. v. United States, 83 Fed. Cl. 575,
586 (2008). The Veridyne court held that because defendant had not alleged a conflict of
interest in that case, “plaintiff would not be liable for the amount of $31,134,931.12,
representing forfeiture of all monies paid under Mod 0023, or forfeit its claim for unpaid
invoices.” Id. This court, however, is not bound by the narrow conclusion of another Court
of Federal Claims judge in Veridyne Corp. v. United States that the government may not
recover monies paid to a contractor as a remedy for common law fraud absent allegations
of bribery or conflicts of interest. Further, despite the Veridyne court’s narrow conclusion,
the Veridyne court acknowledged that the Federal Circuit in United States v. Amdahl Corp.
786 F.2d 387 (Fed. Cir. 1986) more broadly stated that “fraud in the procurement” of a
contract, and not just narrow instances of bribery or conflicts-of-interest, could potentially
prevent recovery by a contractor for services already rendered. Id. (“The Federal Circuit
did recognize the rule that fraud in the procurement could obviate recovery.” (citing United
States v. Amdahl Corp., 786 F.2d 387, 395 n.8 (Fed. Cir. 1986))). In United States v.
Amdahl Corp., 785 F.2d 387, the Federal Circuit explained that,

       in many circumstances it would violate good conscience to impose upon the
       contractor all economic loss from having entered an illegal contract. Where
       a benefit has been conferred by the contractor on the government in the
       form of goods or services, which it accepted, a contractor may recover at
       least on a quantum valebant or quantum meruit basis for the value of the
       conforming goods or services received by the government prior to the
       rescission of the contract for invalidity. The contractor is not compensated
       under the contract, but rather under an implied-in-fact contract.

Id. at 393 (emphasis in original; footnote omitted). Notably, in Amdahl, the contract at
issue was deemed invalid because of the failure of a contracting officer to comply with

                                             54
       In addition to opposing plaintiff’s claim for the balance due under the barge
       contract, the United States has counterclaimed to recover the amount it
       already paid plaintiff under that contract and the amounts it previously paid
       under the bulkhead 25 and 26 contracts. The government is entitled to
       recover on its counterclaims. The protection of the integrity of the federal
       procurement process from the fraudulent activities of unscrupulous
       government contractors and dishonest government agents requires a
       refund to the government of sums already paid the plaintiff no less than it
       requires nonenforcement of the contract not yet completed.
                                              ...

       Permitting the contractor to retain amounts already received would create
       the danger that “(m)en inclined to such practices, which have been
       condemned generally by the courts, would risk violation of the statute
       knowing that, if detected, they would lose none of their original investment,
       while, if not discovered, they would reap a profit for their perfidy.”

 Id. at 340 (quoting Town of Boca Raton v. Raulerson, 146 So. 576, 577 (Fla. 1933)).
Similarly, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in J.E.T.S., Inc. v.
United States, 838 F.2d 1196 upheld the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals’
decision denying a contractor’s recovery of payment under a government contract
because the contractor fraudulently procured the contract by misrepresenting its status
as a small business. See J.E.T.S., Inc. v. United States, 838 F.2d at 1201. In particular,
the Federal Circuit stated:

       J.E.T.S. obtained this contract by knowingly falsely stating that it was a
       small business. Had it stated the truth about its size, it would not have
       received the contract. A government contract thus tainted from its inception
       by fraud is void ab initio, like the government contracts held void because
       similarly tainted by a prohibited conflict of interest in United States v.
       Mississippi Valley Generating Co., 364 U.S. 520, 81 S. Ct. 294, 5 L. Ed. 2d
       268 (1961), and K & R Eng’g Co. v. United States, 616 F.2d 469, 222 Ct.
       Cl. 340 (1980).

statutory requirements in making the award of the contract at issue, not because of
fraudulent conduct by the contractor. See id. at 392. Further, the Amdahl court
acknowledged that “[t]he remedy” of payment for services rendered “may be different in
a case involving fraud or the like, a matter not involved here.” Id. at 395 n.8 (citing K & R
Eng’g Co. v. United States, 222 Ct. Cl. 340, 616 F.2d 469). Defendant in the above-
captioned case has not alleged any instances of bribery or a conflict of interest.
Defendant, however, does specifically allege that there was fraud in the procurement of
the Fort Jackson contract, namely that plaintiff fraudulently induced the award of the Fort
Jackson contract by fraudulently misrepresenting its SDVOSB status when it submitted
its proposal for the Fort Jackson contract and was awarded the contract.

                                             55
       If in the first appeal the Board had been aware of J.E.T.S.’ fraud in obtaining
       the contract, the Board would not have held that J.E.T.S. was entitled to an
       equitable adjustment for the government’s constructive change in the
       contract. The Board correctly stated in the present appeal, “to permit
       recovery of any further monies under the circumstances would be an affront
       to the integrity of the federal procurement process.” See Mississippi Valley,
       364 U.S. at 564–65, 81 S. Ct. at 316–17. “The protection of the integrity of
       the federal procurement process from the fraudulent activities of
       unscrupulous government contractors,” K & R Eng’g, 616 F.2d at 476, fully
       supported—indeed, required—denial of J.E.T.S.’ claim for additional
       compensation once J.E.T.S.’ fraud in obtaining the contract was disclosed.
       This is so even though, when the fraud was not yet known, the Board earlier
       had determined that J.E.T.S. was entitled to additional money.

J.E.T.S., Inc. v. United States, 838 F.2d at 1200 (emphasis in original). Thus, contrary to
plaintiff’s position, whether and to what extent plaintiff performed on the contract is not
dispositive to defendant’s claim to recover costs paid to plaintiff on the Fort Jackson
contract, if it was, as alleged, procured by fraud.

        Plaintiff further argues that the government’s proposed unjust enrichment claim is
time-barred by the general six-year statute of limitations for claims brought before the
United States Court of Federal Claims set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2501. According to plaintiff’s
response brief, the cause of action giving rise to its unjust enrichment counterclaim
“accrued when LW submitted its proposal and was awarded the contract in 2009,” and
that more than six years has passed since 2009. As it did regarding its proposed common
law fraud counterclaim, the government responds that 28 U.S.C. § 2501 does not apply
to its unjust enrichment claim. As discussed above with regard to the futility of the
government’s proposed common law fraud counterclaim, the statute of limitations set
forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2501 only applies to claims brought against the government, not to
counterclaims brought by the government, such as the government’s proposed unjust
enrichment counterclaim. See Rhoades v. United States, 222 Ct. Cl. at 613; see also
Dugan & McNamara, Inc. v. United States, 130 Ct. Cl. at 611. Therefore, the statute of
limitations set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2501 does not apply to the government’s proposed
unjust enrichment counterclaim.

       Plaintiff also argues that the government’s proposed unjust enrichment
counterclaim is futile because it is time-barred by the six-year statute of limitations for
claims founded upon a contract brought by the United States in any federal court set forth
in 28 U.S.C. § 2415(a). Defendant responds that 28 U.S.C. § 2415(f) specifically exempts
the government from the six-year statute of limitations set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2415(a) in
this case because defendant’s unjust enrichment counterclaim is “related to the ‘same
transaction or occurrence’ that gave rise to LW’s challenge to the termination for default.”
Moreover, defendant argues that, “even if unrelated,” it is still entitled to bring its unjust
enrichment claim to offset LW’s potential recovery under 28 U.S.C. § 2415(f).

                                             56
        As discussed above, 28 U.S.C. § 2415(a) imposes a six-year period for the United
States to file a claim “for money damages” which is “founded upon any contract express
or implied in law or fact.” 28 U.S.C. § 2415(a). The government is seeking to assert a
counterclaim for unjust enrichment, which, as previously noted, “is an equitable implied-
in-law contract claim,” Copar Pumice Co. v. United States, 112 Fed Cl. at 538, and, thus,
absent the exemption under 28 U.S.C. § 2415(f), subject to the six-year statute of
limitations for contract actions under 28 U.S.C. § 2415(a). See United States v.
Intrados/Int’l Mgmt. Grp., 265 F. Supp. 2d at 12 (holding that the government’s unjust
enrichment claim was subject to the six-year statute of limitations for contract actions
under 28 U.S.C. § 2415(a)). As discussed previously, under 28 U.S.C. § 2415(a) if the
contract claim being sought is a counterclaim related to the “same transaction or
occurrence” of the subject matter at issue in the suit, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2415(f), the
government may bring its counterclaim. See Jana, Inc. v. United States, 34 Fed. Cl. at
452 (“Because the counterclaims arise from the same contracts as plaintiff’s claims, they
are not subject to any statute of limitations.”). Based on the record before the court, the
government’s unjust enrichment counterclaim seeks recovery for alleged payments by
the government to LW on the Fort Jackson contract. The government alleges in its
proposed amended answer that it is entitled to recover its payments to plaintiff on the Fort
Jackson contract because plaintiff allegedly fraudulently obtained the contract by
misrepresenting its SDVOSB status when it bid on the Fort Jackson contract. According
to defendant, allowing plaintiff to retain such payments, which were improperly obtained,
would be unjust. The court finds that the government’s unjust enrichment claim does arise
from the same transaction or occurrence giving rise to plaintiff’s complaint, namely the
Fort Jackson contract, and is exempt from the six-year statute of limitations under 28
U.S.C. § 2415(a) by virtue of 28 U.S.C. § 2415(f), and thus, is not time-barred. The court
finds that the government sufficiently has pled its unjust enrichment claim.

   II.      Timeliness.

       In addition to LW’s assertions regarding plaintiff’s alleged statute of limitations
hurdles and plaintiff’s allegations that defendant’s proposed counterclaims and affirmative
defense cannot survive a motion to dismiss, plaintiff argues that defendant’s motion for
leave to amend should be considered untimely because of previous interactions between
the VA and LW regarding LW’s SDVOSB status, which dates back more than six years,
and long before the case currently before the court was filed on October 8, 2014. As
indicated above, plaintiff argues that defendant’s motion for leave to amend is untimely
because,

         [t]he government’s motion was filed more than six (6) years after the VA had
         determined LW was not an eligible SDVOSB; more than four (4) years after
         the contracting officer “reported” LW over concerns with its SDVOSB
         certification; more than three (3) years after the DOJ declined to intervene
         in the Mixson Qui Tam action; and almost exactly three (3) years since the
         original Complaint in this case was filed.

                                             57
       The court notes that the earliest defendant would have asserted the common law
fraud affirmative defense and four counterclaims, which defendant is currently seeking to
assert by its motion for leave to amend its answer was when defendant filed its original
answer in the case on December 8, 2014. Plaintiff states in its sur-reply to defendant’s
motion for leave to amend that “had the claims [currently at issue in defendant’s motion
for leave to amend] been asserted in a timely manner – when the Government answered
LW’s Complaint in December 2014 – the disposition of those claims would have been a
threshold issue in this litigation.”

       As of December 8, 2014, when defendant filed its original answer, the evidence in
the record before the court suggests that certain, as yet unidentified, DOJ personnel, in
the United States Attorney’s Office in Columbia, South Carolina and Washington, D.C.
were informed of possible questions raised about LW’s SDVOSB status when, on April
22, 2014, the Mixsons, shareholders of one of LW’s subcontractors, Landmark
Construction Company, notified both the United States Attorney’s Office in Columbia,
South Carolina and DOJ personnel in Washington, D.C. that they were intending to file a
qui tam suit, and then on May 8, 2014, when the Mixsons filed their qui tam complaint in
the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina.28 The Mixsons’ joint pre-

28 The court notes that according to the Mixsons’ joint pre-filing disclosure statement
submitted to the United States Attorney’s Office and the Civil Fraud Division of the DOJ,
the Mixsons had alleged that not only Gary Brantley, but also Sidney Brantley, played an
active role in the Mixsons’ separate Miller Act case against LW, seeking to recover
charges that Landmark Construction Company alleged it was owed by LW as its
subcontractor on the Fort Jackson contract. According to the Mixsons’ joint pre-filing
statement:

       We believe that perhaps the best indicia of management and control
       of LW by the Brantley Brothers is the manner in which this suit [the
       Miller Act case] has been handled. Although the Brantley Brothers,
       individually, and their corporations are not named in the Miller Act
       case, they have assumed complete control over the matter and Mr.
       White is noticeably absent.

       On March 11, 2014, Gary and Sid Brantley paid a personal visit on
       us. We recorded the conversation and it is attached as Exhibit F.
       This conversation clearly establishes the Brantley’s comprehensive
       control over the affairs of LW. Additionally, the Brantley Brothers
       acknowledge that they have “lost money” and invested substantial
       sums into LW. On April 21, 2014, the Brantley Brothers visited us
       again and reiterated many of the same concerns. That recorded
       conversation is likewise attached as Exhibit G and provides
       additional proof as to the true management, operation and control of
       LW. Mr. White was not present for any of these meetings and has,
       since the financial reversals on the cemetery project, had no

                                             58
filing disclosure statement was submitted together with eleven exhibits. For example, the
Mixsons alleged in their joint pre-filing statement that the Brantley brothers were involved
in LW’s subcontract formation because they “were presented a modified AIA subcontract
document . . . which was actually, a modified standard subcontract template document of
Brantley Construction,” and attached the subcontract and the Brantley subcontract
template as exhibits. The Mixsons also alleged in their joint pre-filing disclosure statement
that the Brantley brothers managed and controlled LW, and attached exhibits consisting
of “organizational documents” and “licensing documents” obtained from the South
Carolina Secretary of State and South Carolina Department of Labor, License, and
Regulation, which according to the Mixsons, demonstrated that “the original organizers
of LW were Louis White, Gary Brantley and Sidney Brantley.” The Mixsons also alleged
in their joint pre-filing statement there that “Mr. White is not the license qualifier for the
corporation,” and that according “to the public records of the License Authority of South
Carolina, Sid Brantley held himself out as ‘Owner President’ of LW.” The Mixsons’ lawsuit
further included allegations that LW fraudulently had misrepresented its SDVOSB status
when it bid on the Fort Jackson contract, as follows:

       In 2008, the Brantley Brothers conspired with Louis White to establish a
       Limited Liability Company to obtain SDVOSB status and compete for
       SDVOSB set-aside contracts. In furtherance of this enterprise, these
       individuals established the defendant LW. LW held itself out at all times as
       a corporation which was owned, operated, managed and controlled by
       White; however, at all times relevant to the allegations of this complaint, LW
       was, in reality, operated, managed, and controlled by and through the
       Brantley Brothers and/or the Brantley Entities.

Moreover, the Mixsons alleged in their qui tam complaint that, “[o]n or about June 2, 2009,
LW and the other Defendants falsely and fraudulently entered into a SDVOSB set-aside
contract in the amount of $10,273,000.00 with the United States for the construction of
the Fort Jackson National Cemetery in Columbia, South Carolina (‘the Cemetery Project’
(Project VA101CFMC0042)).”

        Defendant did not assert its common law fraud affirmative defense, its common
law fraud counterclaim, FCA counterclaims, or unjust enrichment counterclaim in its
original December 8, 2014 answer or in its first amended answer filed January 12, 2016.
Based on the record before the court, there was an approximate two year and ten month
time difference from December 8, 2014, when defendant’s counsel, Mr. Lowry, the
original DOJ attorney of record, filed defendant’s original answer, to when defendant
moved to amend its answer to include fraud counterclaims, an unjust enrichment
counterclaim, and an affirmative defense on October 13, 2017. Defendant argues in its
reply in support of its current motion for leave to amend that the Mixsons’ qui tam suit was

       involvement in the project whatsoever. It is apparent to us that LW is
       a mere sham front for Brantley.

(emphasis in original).

                                             59
determined by the “Civil Division [of the DOJ]” at the time the Mixsons filed their qui tam
complaint to be based on “allegations” brought by a “disgruntled subcontractor.” DOJ
counsel asserts that he had no reason to dispute the contemporaneous conclusion by the
DOJ not to join the qui tam suit or to file fraud charges against LW until he conducted
discovery and, more importantly, when the depositions began in the above-captioned
case during the week of November 14, 2016. In fact, DOJ counsel indicates that after
conferring with the United States Attorney’s Office in Columbia, South Carolina in
November of 2015 regarding the DOJ’s decision to decline to intervene in the Mixsons’
qui tam action, “we [the government] did not believe there was much evidence of fraud
and initially concluded the fraud claims need not be pursued,” which was consistent with
the conclusion by the United States Attorney’s Office in Columbia, South Carolina not to
intervene in the Mixsons’ qui tam suit. Moreover, the United States previously also
concluded that once filed, the Mixsons’ qui tam suit in federal district court was not
meritorious, and consented to its dismissal by the Mixsons. According to the United
States’ notice of consent to the Mixsons’ voluntary dismissal, the Mixsons “filed a
stipulation of voluntary dismissal,” in their qui tam action on August 17, 2015 and the
government consented to the dismissal “so long as the dismissal is without prejudice to
the United States.” In defendant’s reply in support of its motion for leave to amend, the
DOJ counsel first assigned to the above-captioned case as attorney of record indicates
that he did not review critical documents from the CVE and VA’s OIG until March 2017,
during discovery in the current case. Defendant argues that, as discovery progressed,
DOJ reassessed the appropriateness of asserting fraud counterclaims, an unjust
enrichment counterclaim, and an affirmative defense of common law fraud based on
newly identified evidence and further evaluation of such evidence during depositions
taken in the current case.

         According to the government, the DOJ “renewed its investigation into LW’s
SDVOSB status,” after “attending the first deposition taken by LW, on November 15,
2016, and meeting Louis White and Gary Brantley.” DOJ counsel indicates that the
defendant began “to suspect that it was more likely than not that the Brantleys exercised
control over both the ultimate decision making of LW as well as Mr. White,” in part
because “counsel for LW insisted on the attendance of Gary Brantley at the depositions.”
The government also argues in its reply in support of its motion for leave to amend that
LW’s alleged fraud became clearer when “LW responded to our discovery request by
refusing to provide documents related to its SDVOSB status, with the exception of its
proposal.” LW responded to the government’s requests for documents related to LW’s
SDVOSB status by stating that, “LW objects to this request for production because it is
overly broad and seeks documents that are not relevant or reasonably intended to lead
the discovery of relevant information relating to any claim or defense in this case.” As
discussed above, according to the government, “[a]fter receiving LW’s response, we
began the process to obtain authority for the fraud counterclaim within the Department of
Justice, which required the coordination with and approval from multiple sections of the
Department.” Based on the record before the court, there is no reason to doubt the
representations made to the court by Mr. Lowry and Ms. Murdock-Park, defendant’s
counsel. It was not unreasonable for Mr. Lowry, the DOJ counsel of record at the time,
initially, to accept the previously determined conclusions of the various DOJ colleagues

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who chose not to join the Mixsons’ qui tam suit and not to pursue criminal action against
LW and its personnel at the time. Moreover, defendant counsel’s representation that the
depositions and further document production made him reconsider how to proceed has
not been refuted and appears at this time to be sincere.

     III.   Potential prejudice to LW of defendant’s motion for leave to amend.

       Another consideration when trying to determine whether to grant defendant’s
motion for leave to amend its answer to assert an affirmative defense of common law
fraud, fraud counterclaims, and an unjust enrichment counterclaim at this time,
approximately two years and ten months after defendant filed its original answer on
December 8, 2014 in the above-captioned case, is whether granting defendant’s motion
for leave at this time would be unduly prejudicial to plaintiff. The government argues that
any delay in seeking to add its proposed counterclaims and affirmative defense is not
unduly prejudicial to LW because as of yet, “there is no date [re]scheduled for trial, and
LW was put on notice through the Government’s discovery requests and deposition
questions that issues of fraud might be raised.” The government also cites to Veridyne
Corp. v. United States, 86 Fed. Cl. 668, as support for a finding that plaintiff will not be
unduly prejudiced if its motion for leave to amend is granted.

        In Veridyne Corp. v. United States, 86 Fed. Cl. 668,29 Veridyne, a government
contractor filed a complaint in February 2006 against the government for unpaid invoices
related to a contract modification with the Department of Transportation, Maritime
Administration (MARAD), under the SBA’s set-aside program. See Veridyne Corp. v.
United States, 86 Fed. Cl. at 669. In order for the contract modification at issue in Veridyne
to be awarded to Veridyne without open competition, pursuant to SBA regulations, the
modification could not exceed $ 3 million in value. See id. at 672. In July of 2006, the
government in the Veridyne lawsuit initially “asserted as a defense a special plea in fraud,”
and also counterclaimed under the Special Plea in Fraud statute, alleging that the
contractor had fraudulently obtained the contract modification by vastly understating the
value of total services that MARAD would be ordering. See id. at 670. The government
then amended its pleadings by motion in November of 2006, which “were minor, non-
substantive changes to its answer and counterclaim.” See id. at 669. Almost three years
after the original complaint by Veridyne had been filed, and approximately two and half
years since defendant had filed its original answer and counterclaim, on February 18,
2009, defendant filed a “motion to amend its answer to include additional fraud
counterclaims” under the Special Plea in Fraud statute, the Contract Disputes Act, and
the FCA “‘based upon newly-discovered fraudulent statements in plaintiff’s invoices.’”
Veridyne Corp. v. United States, 86 Fed. Cl. at 671 (quoting Veridyne defendant’s brief).
In determining whether to grant defendant’s motion, the Veridyne court considered
whether defendant had unduly delayed in filing its motion for leave and the extent of
prejudice plaintiff would potentially suffer if defendant’s motion was granted. Regarding
undue delay, defendant argued that “the DOJ was not aware of the facts pertaining to the

29The court notes that this is a separate Veridyne case from Veridyne Corp. v. United
States, 83 Fed. Cl. 575, which was distinguished above.

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false funding claims until on or about July 31, 2008,” two and half years after the original
answer, approximately seven months before it filed its motion for leave and when agency
counsel “‘briefed him on the funding facts and circumstances surrounding [plaintiff’s]
funding misstatements.’” Id. at 678 (quoting Veridyne defendant’s brief) (alterations in
original). Defendant also argued that the “DOJ is mindful of the ‘seriousness of the [fraud]
allegations,’ . . . thus, DOJ ‘proceed[ed] cautiously in the assertion of these claims, in
consultation with fraud experts.’” Id. at 680 (quoting Veridyne defendant’s brief). The
Veridyne court, however, concluded that defendant had not justified its delay in “reviewing
and verifying the invoices at issue,” that were contested by the parties and at issue in the
parties’ initial cross-motions for partial summary judgment in the case filed in 2006. See
id. at 679. The Veridyne court, nonetheless, granted defendant’s motion for leave to
amend because it found that plaintiff had failed to carry its burden to show that it would
be “substantially prejudiced” if the court were to allow defendant to amend its answer and
assert its additional fraud counterclaims. See id. at 681.

         In particular, plaintiff argued in Veridyne that, as “a small business, it will be
substantially prejudiced by defendant’s amendment of its answer because protracting
litigation will result in additional costs and investment of time and will handicap plaintiff’s
ability to prove and defend the fact-intensive claims, given the “fading memories” of its
witnesses.” Id. at 680 (quoting Veridyne plaintiff’s brief). The court in Veridyne stated that,

       the burden to demonstrate prejudice is plaintiff’s, and plaintiff has not
       substantiated how fading memories or absent documents would cause
       evidentiary prejudice to plaintiff, particularly because discovery was not
       scheduled to close until September 26, 2008. The cost, even to plaintiff as
       a small business, and burden of undertaking additional discovery do not
       substantiate the level of prejudice needed to overcome the liberal standard
       of RCFC 15(a)(2). The claims of prejudice put forth by plaintiff relate to
       allegedly new facts; consequently, at the least, the court must allow
       defendant to amend its proposed cause of action pursuant to the False
       Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729(a)(1), (a)(2), which is a new cause of action
       not based on newly asserted facts. The court would be inclined to deny
       defendant’s motion to amend pursuant to the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C.
       §§ 3729(a)(1), (a)(2); the CDA, 41 U.S.C. § 604; and 28 U.S.C. § 2514
       based on alleged false funding and overbilling claims if plaintiff’s showing
       of prejudice had been more substantial. In view of all facts and
       circumstances, and the need to preserve already aging evidence, the court
       grants defendant’s motion to amend its answer and counterclaim.

Id. at 681 (internal reference omitted).

       Regarding defendant’s current motion before this court for leave to amend its
answer, plaintiff argues, not only that “additional discovery” will need to take place, but,
according to plaintiff, “discovery will essentially start over again,” if the government’s
motion is granted. Plaintiff argues that the government’s proposed counterclaims and
affirmative defense would fundamentally alter the nature of the current case, resulting in

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“[c]ompletely new discovery.” According to plaintiff, the claims filed by plaintiff are for
wrongful termination of the Fort Jackson contract, entitlement to monies under the
changes clause, and breach of contract by the defendant, as well as plaintiff’s opposition
to defendant’s counterclaim of liquidated damages and reprocurement costs for the Fort
Jackson contract, all of which stem from LW’s award and performance on the Fort
Jackson contract. Plaintiff alleges in its response brief that it will have to re-depose at
least five witnesses, including the two contracting officers and three contracting personnel
involved in the Fort Jackson contract, regarding the issue of LW’s alleged
misrepresentation of its SDVOSB status. Moreover, plaintiff points out that after
defendant already had begun the process of internally seeking to pursue the fraud
counterclaims and affirmative defense of fraud, defendant took the depositions of eight of
plaintiff’s witnesses between July and September 2017. According to plaintiff, the
government did not depose any of LW’s witnesses regarding LW’s alleged fraudulent
misrepresentation of its SDVOSB status. Defendant’s counsel responds that he did not
receive internal DOJ approval to pursue fraud counterclaims and an affirmative defense
until September 18, 2017, which was after most of the depositions occurred in the above-
captioned case. According to defendant, because of upcoming and previously set fact
discovery deadlines, the government decided to proceed with depositions of LW’s
witnesses on the issues in the case at that time, which would remain in the case
regardless of whether defendant’s motion for leave to amend was granted or not.

       In LW’s case, given the history surrounding its SDVOSB status, it is difficult for LW
to claim unfair surprise or prejudice. Although not previously pled by defendant, LW
should have anticipated the possibility, based on previous interactions with the
government, that the affirmative defense and counterclaims relating to LW’s alleged fraud
could be inserted into the case by defendant. The parties disclosed to the court in the
Joint Preliminary Status Report filed in the current case on January 26, 2015 that there
was a criminal investigation being conducted at that time into “LW’s status as a SDVO
SB,” and that defendant stated it would seek a stay in the current case if it eventually
concluded that it was “necessary to assert any fraud counter-claims.” With the filing of
defendant’s answer and subsequent answer to the amended complaint, and the passage
of time, perhaps LW considered the risk of facing fraud counterclaims had diminished or
passed. Nonetheless, LW should not be surprised that the government takes seriously its
responsibility to confront and pursue possibly fraudulent activity by a contractor.

        The court also acknowledges that when a party files a motion for leave to amend
a pleading in a proceeding, in this case defendant’s answer, there should be an inquiry
as to whether prejudice will result to the non-moving party if the motion is granted. See
King v. United States, 119 Fed. Cl. at 55. The role of the court, however, is to balance the
prejudice to the non-moving party as a result of the passage of time with the basis and
justification offered by the moving party for amending. As noted above, allegations of
government contract fraud are particularly difficult to ignore. See Hanover Ins. Co. v.
United States, 134 Fed. Cl. at 61 (granting government’s motion for leave to amend in
three of four consolidated cases to assert a Special Plea in Fraud defense, and fraud
counterclaims under the Contract Disputes Act and under the FCA); Veridyne Corp. v.
United States, 86 Fed. Cl. at 681 (granting government’s motion for leave to amend its

                                            63
answer and assert fraud counterclaims pursuant to the Special Plea in Fraud statute,
Contract Disputes Act and FCA).30

30 The court, however, is not suggesting that the government always should be allowed a
free pass to assert any fraud related counterclaims or affirmative defenses regardless of
its delay in seeking leave from the court to amend its answer. The facts of each particular
case must control. The court recognizes that there are certainly instances in which
extensive delay by the government justifies a denial of a motion for leave to amend a
pleading, even, to proposed fraud counterclaims or affirmative defenses. For example, in
Shell Oil Co. v. United States, a judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims denied
the government’s motion for leave to amend to add an affirmative defense and various
fraud counterclaims as “late and baseless.” See Shell Oil Co. v. United States, 123 Fed.
Cl. at 727. In particular, in Shell Oil Co. v. United States, the United States Court of
Appeals for the Federal Circuit held that the government

       was liable for breach of a production contract entered into during World War
       II and remanded the case for a determination of damages. During post-
       remand discovery [to the United States Court of Federal Claims] allowing
       the Government to finalize preparation for a February 2016 evidentiary
       hearing on damages, a dispute arose about the discovery of Plaintiffs’
       insurance policies and settlements reached in environmental liability
       coverage litigation in other judicial forums many years ago.

Id. at 710. In light of this discovery by defendant of the Shell Oil plaintiffs’ insurance
policies, defendant sought leave from the court, following the remand from the Federal
Circuit, to amend its answer to assert an affirmative defense and counterclaims based on
the Special Plea in Fraud statute and the anti-fraud provisions of the Contract Settlement
Act of 1944 more than seven years after it filed its original answer in the case. See id. at
717, 721. Defendant in Shell Oil stated that its proposed amended answer with new
counterclaims “would not result in an undue burden on or prejudice the Oil Companies
[plaintiffs],” and that its counterclaim was “‘merely one additional claim alleging that
plaintiffs wrongly sought double-payment from Federal and state entities of amounts that
they had already recovered from their insurers.’” Id. at 722 (quoting defendant’s motion
for leave to amend). The Shell Oil court, however, stated that:

       The relevant facts here are that the Government was on notice in 1992, that
       the Oil Companies were involved in insurance coverage litigation. Pls.
       Resp. App. Ex. A (the Government’s 3/19/1992 interrogatories). In 1997,
       during a Joint Status Conference before the California District Court, the
       Government also stated, “The United States has long known that . . . the Oil
       Company Defendants actively litigated claims against their insurance
       carriers, in which they alleged that any liability for . . . the McColl Site was
       an ‘occurrence’ within the meaning of their insurance policies[.]” Pls. Reply
       App. Ex. B. Therefore, at the very least, the Government knew that the Oil
       Companies had made insurance coverage claims that likely included the
       McColl site, well before the allegedly fraudulent conduct—the Oil
       Companies’ submission of their claim to the GSA in November 2005. Thus,

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       The court also considers whether plaintiff’s allegations that defendant’s motion for
leave to amend was filed for an improper purpose. Plaintiff states:

      The government’s proposed amendment is intended to delay the trial. The
      government fully understands, and intends, that if the amendment is
      allowed, it will necessarily extend discovery, and place an enormous
      financial burden on LW which has already been found to finance
      considerable portions of the performance of the Project for the government
      without compensation. It is readily apparent that the government seeks
      delay in order to gain a financial negotiating advantage over LW in a case
      that the government cannot win on the merits.

      the Government’s argument that it could not have raised its proposed fraud
      counterclaims in its Answer before 2015 is simply not credible. Likewise,
      the Government’s excuse that “we were snookered” and “the victims of
      fraud” is not supported by the record. 10/20/15 TR 13–14.

      The CERCLA litigation between the United States and the Oil Companies
      began more than twenty years ago and it has been ten years since this case
      was transferred to the United States Court of Federal Claims. To permit the
      Government to assert fraud counterclaims “substantially changes the theory
      on which the case has been proceeding[.]” Cencast Services, L.P. v. United
      States, 729 F.3d 1352, 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (quoting 6 Wright & Miller
      § 1487 (3d ed. 2013)).

      Finally, it did not escape the court’s attention that the Government
      improperly advised the court that “[t]here is no statute of limitations for the
      special plea on fraud.” 10/20/15 TR 14. But, the predecessor to the United
      States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has held “the only statute of
      limitations applicable is the general six-year statute of limitations” in a
      Government special plea in fraud claim case. See SGW, Inc., 20 Cl. Ct. at
      181. Here the “fraud” alleged by the Government is the claim the Oil
      Companies submitted to GSA in 2005. Therefore, the statute of limitations
      has run. In addition, the six-year statute of limitations in 28 U.S.C. § 2501
      applies to FFCA claims alleged under 28 U.S.C. § 2514 now bars the
      Government from litigating a FFCA claim in this case.

      For these reasons, the court has determined the Government’s Motion For
      Leave To Amend Its February 25, 2008 Answer is late and baseless.

Id. at 726–27 (emphasis in original). The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit recently affirmed the United States Court of Federal Claims’ denial of the
government’s motion for leave to amend. See Shell Oil Co. v. United States, 2018 WL
3446960, at *11.

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The government responds that LW’s assertion that the government’s motion for leave to
amend was filed for “an improper purpose, or in bad faith, is without basis.” The
government states that:

       The Government’s purpose for filing the motion for leave is to ensure that a
       contractor—that is now 98 percent owned by Sidney Brantley, that appears
       to have been improperly formed . . . that misrepresented its status as an
       SDVOSB . . . and that failed to even complete a contract it fraudulently
       obtained—cannot further profit from that fraudulent behavior.

The government also asserts that LW’s allegation that its motion “is to delay trial is absurd,
given that there is no currently scheduled trial date.” The government further states that
it “filed its motion in the hope that LW would receive no more ill-gotten gains from its
abuse of the SDVOSB set-aside program.”

       Amendment of defendant’s answer at this point will cause some delay and
additional discovery, including another deposition of at least some of the witnesses
previously deposed, depending on the parties’ willingness to expedite remaining
discovery. LW, however, has not provided any factual support regarding plaintiff’s
suggestion of bad faith, nor is there any indication in the record currently before the court
that the government is seeking leave to amend for an improper purpose. It appears that
the intention to file the amended answer is motivated by an intent on the part of the
government to meet its responsibilities to uncover and not allow fraud with respect to a
government contract. The defendant also has a responsibility not to condone paying for
and rewarding a contractor which may have committed fraud and to recover funds
improperly paid to any such contractor. As stated above, allegations of fraud must be
taken seriously by the government as protectors of taxpayer funds. There is insufficient
evidence in the record before the court at this time to find that the government’s motion
for leave to amend its answer was filed for an improper purpose, to the contrary. See
Hanover Ins. Co. v. United States, 134 Fed. Cl. at 61 (holding that defendant did not file
motion for leave for an improper purpose when plaintiff did “not provide any factual
support for its argument regarding defendant’s motive,” and, thus, plaintiff’s “argument
concerning defendant’s motive is conclusory and therefore meritless”). Although the
United States Attorney’s Office for the District of South Carolina, Columbia division,
reviewed the Mixsons’ qui tam complaint, declined to participate in the qui tam action,
agreed to the dismissal of the Mixsons’ qui tam suit, and the DOJ did not initiate a fraud
action against LW and its principles, such activities are not determinative of whether fraud
actually occurred. Allowing defendant to amend its answer and allowing the fraud
allegations to be reviewed by the court in the instant case, the court is not deciding
whether fraud occurred, but, rather, is allowing both parties to present their arguments.

                                      CONCLUSION
       Although the court recognizes the passage of time which has occurred between
when defendant filed its original answer and when defendant filed its motion for leave to
file a second amended answer to include fraud counterclaims, unjust enrichment
counterclaim, and an affirmative defense of common law fraud, and that additional

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discovery will be required to explore defendant’s assertions regarding plaintiff’s alleged
fraudulent misrepresentation of its SDVOSB status when it submitted its proposal for the
Fort Jackson contract, allegations of fraud and unjust enrichment in government
contracting should not be dismissed lightly or without scrutiny when brought to a court’s
attention. Better and earlier coordination between the VA client and the DOJ and greater
in depth review of SDVOSB status by the VA of a bidding contractor before contract award
would have been far preferable in this case. The court, however, will allow defendant’s
motion for leave to amend its answer with respect to those of defendant’s FCA
counterclaims which have not been disallowed by the court above, as well as defendant’s
common law fraud counterclaim, defendant’s unjust enrichment counterclaim, and
defendant’s affirmative defense of common law fraud. This conclusion, however, is not a
final determination as to the validity of the counterclaims and affirmative defense now
permitted to be asserted by defendant. Defendant still has the burdens to prove the
counterclaims and plaintiff will have an opportunity to refute the fraud allegations
regarding LW’s SDVOSB status. The court also determines that if additional depositions
are necessary, and fact discovery needs to be re-opened in the current case, because of
the passage of time and the previously held depositions, any necessary and relevant,
supplemental depositions of previously deposed witnesses in Case No. 14-960C should
be conducted at defendant’s expense. Within five weeks of the date of the issuance of
this opinion, in a joint status report, the parties, after conferring, shall propose a joint
schedule suggesting specific dates for future proceedings, including any further
discovery, necessary and relevant to resolve this case. If the parties cannot agree, the
joint status report shall include individual dates proposed by each party.

        Accordingly, the court GRANTS IN PART the government’s motion for leave to
amend as to the government’s FCA counterclaims relating to plaintiff’s seven claims for
payment submitted to the VA on the Fort Jackson contract on or after October 13, 2011,
defendant’s common law fraud counterclaim, unjust enrichment counterclaim, and
defendant’s affirmative defense of common law fraud. The court DENIES IN PART
defendant’s motion for leave to amend as to defendant’s proposed FCA counterclaims
relating to plaintiff’s eighteen claims for payment submitted to the VA on the Fort Jackson
contract before October 13, 2011. The defendant shall file its second amended answer,
affirmative defense of common law fraud, and counterclaims consistent with this opinion
within two weeks of the issuance of this opinion.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.
                                                            s/Marian Blank Horn
                                                            MARIAN BLANK HORN
                                                                      Judge

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