Court Opinion

ID: 4541158
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-06-12 19:02:09.476463+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:48:27.207288
License: Public Domain

Filed 6/12/20
                            CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                      DIVISION ONE

                                STATE OF CALIFORNIA

 STATE COMPENSATION INSURANCE                   D075942
 FUND,

          Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                (Super. Ct. No. PSC1500168)
          v.

 READYLINK HEALTHCARE, INC.,

          Defendant and Appellant.

        APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Riverside County,

David M. Chapman, Judge. Reversed.

        Roxborough, Pomerance, Nye & Adreani, Edward D. Pomerance, Vincent S.

Gannuscio and David R. Ginsburg for Defendant and Appellant.

        Anthony Lewis, Noah Graff, R. Timothy O'Connor, Eric P. Jones, Tony M. Chang

and Seaton Tsai for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                              I.

                                     INTRODUCTION

       Defendant ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. (ReadyLink) is a nurse staffing company

that places nurses in hospitals, typically on a short-term basis. Plaintiff State

Compensation Insurance Fund (SCIF) is a public enterprise fund created by statute as a

workers' compensation insurer. Like private workers' compensation insurers, SCIF

provides workers' compensation insurance to employers. The premiums that SCIF

charges are based in part on the employer's payroll for a particular insurance year.

       SCIF and ReadyLink have been engaged in a multiyear, multijurisdictional dispute

over the final amount of workers' compensation insurance premium that ReadyLink owes

to SCIF for the 2005 policy year, from September 1, 2005 to September 1, 2006, based

on an audit of ReadyLink's payroll for that year performed by SCIF. During the audit,

SCIF determined that certain payments made by ReadyLink to its nurses, which

ReadyLink characterized as per diem payments, should instead be considered to be

payroll under the relevant workers' compensation regulations.1 SCIF's audit resulted in a

significant increase in ReadyLink's premium for the policy year at issue.

       ReadyLink challenged SCIF's application of the regulations by filing an appeal of

the audit to the Insurance Commissioner. The Insurance Commissioner approved SCIF's

application of the relevant regulation. A trial court rejected ReadyLink's petition for a

1      Under the relevant regulations, per diem payments refer to "reimbursement for
additional living expense by virtue of job location." (Italics added.)

                                              2
writ of administrative mandamus to prohibit the Insurance Commissioner from enforcing

its decision, and an appellate court affirmed the trial court's judgment.2

       SCIF subsequently filed the action underlying this appeal, pleading causes of

action including breach of contract, and seeking a judgment for damages against

ReadyLink for its failure to pay the additional premium amount that SCIF had calculated

was owed pursuant to its audit of ReadyLink's 2005 policy year payroll. ReadyLink

answered SCIF's complaint and asserted a number of affirmative defenses, including

estoppel, waiver, and fraud. ReadyLink was later granted leave to file an amended

answer, in which it provided additional factual allegations supporting its affirmative

defenses.

       SCIF moved for judgment on the pleadings, claiming that the issue of the premium

that ReadyLink owed for the 2005 policy year had been previously determined in the

administrative proceeding and had been affirmed by subsequent judicial review of the

administrative decision, and further claiming that issues related to ReadyLink's

affirmative defenses had also been litigated in the prior proceedings. The trial court

agreed with SCIF and concluded that SCIF's "action was necessary to reduce SCIF's

2      ReadyLink also filed a separate putative class action in federal court, seeking a
declaratory judgment that federal tax law preempted the Insurance Commissioner's
decision regarding what an employer must demonstrate in order for per diem payments to
be excluded from payroll calculations for purposes of workers compensation.
ReadyLink's federal lawsuit was ultimately dismissed, and the dismissal was upheld on
appeal on the ground of issue preclusion, in view of an intervening California Court of
Appeal opinion rejecting the federal preemption argument.

                                              3
claim to the premium owed to a judgment," and that "[t]he amount owed is precisely

what was determined in the underlying administrative decision and appeals." The trial

court granted SCIF's motion for judgment on the pleadings and entered a judgment in

favor of SCIF in the amount of $555,327.53, plus prejudgment interest of $571,606.99.

       On appeal, ReadyLink contends that the trial court erred in granting SCIF's motion

for judgment on the pleadings, and also asserts that the trial court erred in denying

ReadyLink's motions to compel further discovery responses from SCIF. According to

ReadyLink, the trial court erred in concluding that the amount of premium it owes SCIF

for the 2005 policy year was determined in prior proceedings. ReadyLink concedes that

it previously litigated and lost its challenge to SCIF's decision to include per diem

amounts as payroll for the 2005 insurance year, but argues that it has never had the

opportunity to challenge whether SCIF otherwise properly calculated the premium

amount that it claims is due, pursuant to the terms of the contract between the parties, or

whether SCIF's past conduct, which ReadyLink alleges includes SCIF's acceptance of

ReadyLink's exclusions of its per diem payments from payroll in prior policy years and

SCIF's exclusion of per diem amounts in paying out on workers' compensation claims

filed by ReadyLink employees, might bar SCIF from being entitled to collect that

premium amount under the contract.

       We agree with ReadyLink that the trial court erred in granting SCIF's motion for

judgment on the pleadings. A full review of the collateral administrative and judicial

proceedings demonstrates that ReadyLink and SCIF have not previously litigated the vast

majority of issues raised by SCIF's action seeking to collect additional premium amounts

                                              4
from ReadyLink, and further reveals that those issues could not have been litigated in the

administrative action. We therefore reverse the judgment, as well as the court's

interlocutory order denying ReadyLink's motion to compel further discovery responses

from SCIF. We remand the matter for further proceedings.

                                             II.

                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. Factual background

       1. Background regarding ReadyLink and its payments to its nurse employees

       Appellant ReadyLink is a nurse staffing company based in Thousand Palms,

California. It contracts with registered nurses, licensed vocational nurses, and certified

nursing assistants from throughout the United States and places them at hospitals.

       During the relevant time period, ReadyLink paid its nurses an hourly wage and,

with respect to its California nurses for whom the workers' compensation insurance is at

issue in this case, also paid a "per diem" amount. The per diem component that

ReadyLink relied on in paying its nurses was calculated using location-specific federal

tables, known as "CONUS" tables. ReadyLink pays the per diem to nurses as an

expense, which is taken from its general and administrative account, rather than as

payroll.

                                             5
      2. SCIF's role as ReadyLink's workers' compensation insurer

      SCIF is a public enterprise fund, created pursuant to Insurance Code section 11770

et seq., as a workers' compensation insurer.3 In September 2000, ReadyLink applied for

workers' compensation insurance through SCIF, and SCIF issued a policy to ReadyLink.

ReadyLink's workers' compensation policy with SCIF was renewed annually until

ReadyLink cancelled its coverage with SCIF in February 2007.

      Pursuant to the terms of the insurance policy, at the end of each policy year, SCIF

was permitted to audit ReadyLink's payroll records to determine the amount of wages

that ReadyLink had paid to its employees that year, and to use that amount to determine

the final premium owed. Workers' compensation insurers report the results of such audits

to the Workers' Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau (WCIRB), which uses the data

supplied to support its classification and rating systems. (ReadyLink Healthcare, supra,

3       As the court in ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. Jones (2012) 210 Cal. App. 4th 1166,
1169 (ReadyLink Healthcare) described it, "SCIF is a quasi-public company created by
the Legislature to ensure that mandatory workers' compensation insurance will be
available to California employers." By statute, SCIF is required to be "self-supporting"
and is to "be fairly competitive with other [workers' compensation] insurers." (Ins. Code,
§ 11775.)

                                            6
210 Cal.App.4th at p. 1169.)4 SCIF conducted routine audits for ReadyLink's 2001,

2002, 2003, and 2004 policy years. In each of those years, SCIF did not question

ReadyLink's use of the per diem payment system, thereby essentially permitting

ReadyLink to exclude the per diem payments from its payroll calculation for purposes

determining the amount of its premium. According to a declaration submitted by

ReadyLink's Executive Vice President, during these policy years, SCIF paid out workers'

compensation benefits to ReadyLink's injured employees and excluded the per diem

amounts when calculating salary replacement.

4       Workers' compensation insurance is regulated by the Insurance Commissioner.
"Each workers' compensation insurer must report claims data to a rating organization
designated by the Insurance Commissioner. (§§ 11734, subd. (b), 11751.5.) 'To achieve
a uniform system for accurately recording and analyzing data, Insurance Code section
11751.5 authorizes the Insurance Commissioner to adopt "reasonable rules and statistical
plans" for reporting loss and expense information.' (Simi Corp. v. Garamendi [(2003)]
109 Cal.App.4th [1496,] 1500–1501.) To achieve this end, the Rating Bureau publishes
the California Workers' Compensation Uniform Statistical Reporting Plan—1995
([USRP]; available at  [as
of Feb. 16, 2012]) and the California Workers' Compensation Experience Rating Plan—
1995 (Experience Rating Plan; available at  [as of Feb. 16, 2012]). The plans are
compendia of administrative rules and regulations governing the issuance of workers'
compensation coverage by SCIF and other carriers. They set forth classifications, rates
and rating systems approved by the commissioner pursuant to sections 11658 and 11730
et seq. and have been incorporated by reference into the California Code of Regulations.
(Cal. Code Regs., tit. 10, §§ 2318.6, 2353.1.)" (Allied Interstate Inc. v. Sessions Payroll
Management, Inc. (2012) 203 Cal. App. 4th 808, 818–819.)

                                             7
       3. SCIF's audit of the 2005 policy year and invoice for additional premiums
          based on the inclusion of per diem payments as payroll

       SCIF began its audit of ReadyLink's 2005 policy year in January 2007. During the

audit of the 2005 policy year, SCIF requested from ReadyLink information regarding its

per diem program. A senior auditor in SCIF's "[S]pecial [R]isk [D]ivision" had noticed

that ReadyLink was paying its nurses a minimum wage of approximately $6.75 an hour

and providing them with unusually high stipulated per diem amounts. This senior auditor

had conducted dozens of audits of nurse staffing agencies and registries and had never

before seen a nurse staffing agency pay more than 50 percent of its remuneration to

nurses in the form of per diem payments; nor had she seen a nurse staffing agency pay its

nurses hourly wages that were significantly below the average hourly rate that was

typically paid to nurses who were trained, licensed, and registered nurses in California.

(ReadyLink Healthcare, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at 1170.) The auditor questioned

ReadyLink regarding its per diem payments and requested documentation to substantiate

that the per diem payments met the standards for such payments set forth in the USRP.

ReadyLink responded to SCIF's inquiries by stating that ReadyLink was in compliance

with federal per diem guidelines. ReadyLink provided no additional documentation to

SCIF regarding its per diem payment program.

       SCIF provided ReadyLink with its final audit for the 2005 policy year in June

2007. The audit categorized ReadyLink's per diem payments to nurses during the policy

year as payroll for reporting purposes, and included the per diem amounts in calculating

ReadyLink's final premium for the policy year. SCIF determined that with the per diem

                                             8
payments included as payroll, ReadyLink owed more than $550,0005 in additional

premium payments for the 2005 policy year.6

       4. ReadyLink's appeal of SCIF's decision to include the per diem amount as
          payroll in calculating ReadyLink's 2005 premium to the Department of
          Insurance

       ReadyLink disputed SCIF's decision to include the per diem amounts as payroll

under the USRP rules, and SCIF referred the dispute to its internal customer assistance

program. (ReadyLink Healthcare, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at p. 1170.) SCIF's internal

customer assistance program "requested that ReadyLink provide 'verifiable

documentation' of the per diem payments, in the form of 'invoices, receipts and other

third-party paperwork' showing reimbursement for 'travel expenses, lodging, food

expenses, and the like.' " (Ibid.) "ReadyLink did not provide any documentation" in

response to this request. (Ibid.) In the absence of documentation to support ReadyLink's

assertion that the per diem payments were made to reimburse nurses for their travel

expenses while away from home, rather than having been made to compensate them for

their nursing services, SCIF's internal customer assistance program determined that the

5       In the breach of contract action from which this appeal arises, SCIF contends that
the amount of additional premium is $555,327.53. In an administrative decision issued
by an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) and adopted by the Insurance Commissioner
arising from ReadyLink's appeal of SCIF inclusion of the per diem amounts as payroll in
its final audit—a decision that we discuss further below—the ALJ identifies the amount
of additional premium that SCIF was claiming as being due as $570,000.

6      Beginning in September 2007, the IRS began a tax audit of ReadyLink for tax
years 2004, 2005, and 2006. At the conclusion of that audit, the IRS tax auditor informed
ReadyLink that he "was proposing no changes to ReadyLink's tax return."

                                            9
per diem amounts were properly included in the adjusted premium calculation for the

2005 policy year. (Ibid.)

      In April 2008, ReadyLink appealed SCIF's audit decision to include per diem

amounts as payroll to the California Department of Insurance (DOI appeal).7 The issue

7       Although the ALJ's Proposed Decision states that ReadyLink filed its appeal
"pursuant to California Insurance Code section 11753.1," the trial court that decided
ReadyLink's subsequent petition for a writ of administrative mandamus states that
ReadyLink "appealed . . . to the California Department of Insurance's Administrative
Hearing Bureau, pursuant to California Insurance Code Section 11737(f)." On appeal,
ReadyLink suggests that it was proceeding pursuant to Insurance Code section 11753.1,
arguing that its appeal related to the "reclassification of per diem payments . . . [as]
payroll." (Italics omitted.) A document in the record that SCIF identified in the
underlying trial court proceeding in this case as being "ReadyLink's Administrative
Appeal" and that appears to be a letter dated June 2, 2008, from an attorney for
ReadyLink to the ALJ, does not identify any statutory provision as the basis for
ReadyLink's appeal of SCIF's decision regarding how to calculate payroll to the
Insurance Commissioner.
        A review of the two provisions of the Insurance Code that are referenced in the
record as providing the basis for ReadyLink's administrative appeal does not definitively
clarify under which statutory provision ReadyLink proceeded, but does suggest that
subdivision (b) of section 11753.1 may provide the most applicable statutory basis for
ReadyLink's appeal to the Insurance Commissioner.
      Insurance Code section 11753.1 provides in relevant part:
          "(a) Any person aggrieved by any decision, action, or omission to
          act of a rating organization may request that the rating organization
          reconsider the decision, action, or omission. If the request for
          reconsideration is rejected or is not acted upon within 30 days by the
          rating organization, the person requesting reconsideration may,
          within a reasonable time, appeal from the decision, action, or
          omission of the rating organization. The appeal shall be made to the
          commissioner by filing a written complaint and request for a hearing
          specifying the grounds relied upon. . . .
          "(b) Any insurer adopting a change in the classification assignment
          of an employer that results in an increased premium shall notify the
          employer in writing . . . . Any employer receiving this notice shall
                                           10
to be decided in that appeal, as stated by the ALJ, was: "For policy year 2005, did SCIF

properly include per diem payments made to registry nurses as 'payroll' or 'remuneration'

pursuant to USRP, Part 3, Section V?" As explained by the ALJ, the USRP defines per

diem payments as "reimbursement for additional living expense by virtue of job

location." The ALJ further explained that these amounts "shall not be considered payroll

if 'the amount is reasonable and the employer's records show that the employee worked at

a job location that would have required the employee to incur additional expenses not

normally assumed by the employee.' " The ALJ noted that whether SCIF could properly

include ReadyLink's per diem payments as payroll constituted a question of first

impression.

      The DOI appeal proceeded through discovery, and the ALJ conducted a three-day

hearing on March 25–27, 2009. After the hearing, and after considering the parties'

          have the right to request reconsideration and appeal the
          reclassification pursuant to this section."
      Insurance Code section 11737, subdivision (f) provides in relevant part:
          "(f) Every insurer or rating organization shall provide within this
          state reasonable means whereby any person aggrieved by the
          application of its filings may be heard by the insurer or rating
          organization on written request to review the manner in which the
          rating system has been applied in connection with the insurance
          afforded or offered. . . . Any party affected by the action of the
          insurer or rating organization on the request may appeal, within 30
          days after written notice of the action, to the commissioner who,
          after a hearing held within 60 days from the date on which the party
          requests the appeal, or longer upon agreement of the parties and not
          less than 10 days' written notice to the appellant and to the insurer or
          rating organization, may affirm, modify, or reverse that action. . . ."

                                            11
posthearing briefing, the ALJ issued a 40-page Proposed Decision, dated August 6, 2009.

In the Proposed Decision, the ALJ stated, among other things:

          "Appellant [ReadyLink] has not met its burden of proof to show
          SCIF's 2005 payroll calculations were improper with regard to the
          inclusion of per diem monies. More specifically, Appellant failed to
          prove the per diem amounts paid to its employees were 'reasonable'
          and further failed to prove the nurses worked in locations that
          required them to incur additional expenses not normally assumed."

      In reaching this conclusion, the ALJ specifically found that of the 259 nurses

ReadyLink employed during the 2005 policy year, 142 of them lived within 50 miles of

the hospitals to which they had been assigned, and as to the remaining 117, there was an

absence of "any facts demonstrating [that] these 117 employees actually had a separate

residence or that they incurred duplicate living expenses while in ReadyLink's employ as

required by the plain language of the USRP."8 Thus, "all per diem payments made to

[the 142 nurses who lived within 50 miles of their assignments] are properly considered

payroll for premium calculation purposes" and "all per diem payments made to [the

remaining 117 nurses for whom there was no demonstration of the incurring of duplicate

living expenses] must be included in ReadyLink's payroll calculation for workers'

compensation purposes."

      The ALJ's Proposed Decision concluded with the following one-sentence order,

"SCIF's decision regarding the 2005 policy year audit is affirmed."

8      The ALJ noted that a "taxpayer [who] continuously travels and thus does not
duplicate substantial, continuous living expenses for a permanent home . . . may be
considered 'itinerant' and thus ineligible for any travel deductions."

                                           12
       The Insurance Commissioner adopted the ALJ's Proposed Decision and designated

the decision as "precedential" by way of an order filed September 30, 2009.

       5. ReadyLink's petition for writ of administrative mandamus in the Superior
          Court and its appeal of the trial court's denial of its petition

       ReadyLink sought judicial review of the Insurance Commissioner's decision by

petitioning the superior court for a peremptory writ of administrative mandamus under

Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5. In its petition, ReadyLink argued: "(1) the

Commissioner exceeded his authority by effectively promulgating a 'new' regulation

without proceeding through the required public hearing process; (2) the new rule was

improperly applied retroactively to ReadyLink; and (3) the Commissioner failed to

recognize that the IRS regulations [regarding per diem payments] are presumptively

reasonable." (ReadyLink Healthcare, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at p. 1172.)

       The trial court issued a 10-page ruling denying ReadyLink's petition. (ReadyLink

Healthcare, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at p. 1172.) ReadyLink appealed the trial court's

denial of the petition to the Second District Court of Appeal. (Ibid.)

       The appellate court affirmed the trial court's ruling denying ReadyLink's petition

for a peremptory writ of administrative mandamus. (ReadyLink Healthcare, supra, 210

Cal.App.4th at p. 1180.) In reviewing the trial court's judgment, the appellate court

concluded that (1) the trial court had applied the correct standard of review in considering

ReadyLink's writ petition; (2) the Insurance Commissioner's decision was not preempted

by federal tax law, as ReadyLink had argued for the first time on appeal; (3) the

Insurance Commissioner's decision did not constitute a "new regulation" for which notice

                                            13
and a public hearing would be required because the Insurance Commissioner had merely

"interpreted the USRP's subsistence payments rule to determine whether ReadyLink's per

diem payments constituted payroll"; and (4) the equitable considerations that ReadyLink

raised did not prevent the "retroactive" application of the Insurance Commissioner's

decision to a prior policy year. (Id. at pp. 1172–1179.)

       6. ReadyLink's separate federal action

       While ReadyLink's appeal from the trial court's denial of its petition for a

peremptory writ of administrative mandamus was pending, ReadyLink filed a putative

class action lawsuit in federal district court against SCIF and the Insurance

Commissioner. ReadyLink's "federal complaint alleged that IRS regulations preempted

the [Insurance] Commissioner's decision, requested both declaratory and injunctive relief,

and asserted various state-law damage claims." (ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. State

Compensation Ins. Fund (9th Cir. 2014) 754 F.3d 754, 757.)

       The federal district court issued an order granting the defendants' motions to

dismiss, concluding that with respect to ReadyLink's request for declaratory and

injunctive relief based on federal preemption, the requirements for abstention were met

under Younger v. Harris (1971) 401 U.S. 37 (Younger), and, further concluding that it

was appropriate to decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state-

law claims. (ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. State Compensation Ins. Fund, supra, 754

F.3d at p. 757.)

       ReadyLink appealed the federal district court's judgment to the Ninth Circuit

Court of Appeals. (ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. State Compensation Ins. Fund, supra,

                                             14
754 F.3d at p. 756.) While ReadyLink's federal appeal was pending, California's Second

District Court of Appeal issued its opinion in ReadyLink Healthcare, supra, 210
Cal. App. 4th 1166, and the California Supreme Court denied review (ibid.), rendering the

Second District's opinion final.

       In providing background relevant to its determination of ReadyLink's appeal, the

Ninth Circuit described what had occurred in ReadyLink's appeal of SCIF's decision to

include the per diem amounts in the calculation of payroll to the Insurance Commissioner

as follows:

          "When SCIF audited ReadyLink for the 2005 policy year, it found
          that ReadyLink had failed to report certain per diem payments to
          employees as payroll, and billed ReadyLink for an additional
          premium of $555,327.53. ReadyLink appealed that decision to the
          California Department of Insurance, see Cal. Ins. Code § 11737(f),
          and an administrative law judge (ALJ) approved SCIF's premium
          calculation." (ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. State Compensation
          Ins. Fund, supra,754 F.3d at p. 757, italics omitted.)

       In the sections of the opinion discussing whether the federal district court was

correct in dismissing ReadyLink's complaint, the Ninth Circuit considered and decided

two issues: (1) Had the district court properly abstained from adjudicating ReadyLink's

federal preemption argument on Younger abstention grounds? and (2) Given the issuance

of an opinion by the California Second District Court of Appeal's during the intervening

time, in which the state appellate court rejected ReadyLink's federal preemption

argument, did principles of issue preclusion bar ReadyLink's claim for declaratory relief?

(ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. State Compensation Ins. Fund, supra, 754 F.3d at pp.

757–760, 760–762.) The Ninth Circuit determined that the district court had erred in

                                            15
abstaining from adjudicating the federal preemption argument, but that ReadyLink was

barred by the doctrine of issue preclusion from litigating its claim for declaratory relief.

(Ibid.)

B. Procedural background

          1. SCIF's complaint and ReadyLink's answer

          SCIF filed the action underlying this appeal in Riverside County Superior Court

on January 13, 2015. SCIF alleged causes of action against ReadyLink for breach of

contract, money due on an open book, and common count.9

          According to SCIF's complaint, ReadyLink entered into a written insurance

contract with SCIF that was effective between September 1, 2005 and September 1, 2006.

SCIF alleged that ReadyLink had breached the insurance contract by 1) failing to

accurately report all of its payroll, in that it had improperly characterized some of its

payroll as expense reimbursement; and 2) failing to pay SCIF the full premium when due

under the policy, as established pursuant to SCIF's audit of the 2005 payroll records.

SCIF sought damages in the amount of $555,327.53, plus prejudgment interest at the

legal rate.

          ReadyLink filed its answer to SCIF's complaint in March 2015. The answer

included a general denial and asserted nine affirmative defenses: failure to state a cause

9      In its briefing on appeal, SCIF refers to the underlying action as its "collection
case."

                                              16
of action, statute of limitations, waiver, estoppel, speculative damages, laches,

ratification, unclean hands, and accord and satisfaction.10

       2. SCIF's Initial Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings

       In August 2016, SCIF filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings. SCIF argued

that ReadyLink's "boilerplate" affirmative defenses had not been properly stated because

ReadyLink had failed to allege any facts to support them. SCIF further argued that these

defenses were barred by principles of collateral estoppel and res judicata. SCIF requested

that the trial court grant its motion for judgment on the pleadings, specifically with

respect to ReadyLink's affirmative defenses, without leave to amend.

       After a hearing on September 9, 2016, the trial court granted SCIF's motion for

judgment on the pleadings. The trial court concluded that the affirmative defenses, as

stated in the answer, "fail[ed] to state facts sufficient to constitute a defense." However,

the court granted ReadyLink leave to amend its answer. The trial court concluded that

"[t]he claim preclusion aspect of res judicata does not apply because issues raised in the

underlying actions concerned the Insurance Commissioner's determination that per diem

payments were properly considered payroll while the issue in this action is whether the

failure to pay the $555,327.53 is a breach of the parties' contract." The court was unsure

whether "the issue preclusion aspect of res judicata, otherwise referred to as collateral

10     Pursuant to a meet and confer between the attorneys for the parties, ReadyLink
apparently agreed to withdraw four of its affirmative defenses—failure to state a cause of
action, statute of limitations, laches, and speculative damages.

                                             17
estoppel, may apply." However, because ReadyLink's answer failed to allege the facts

necessary for the court to "analyze the effect of collateral estoppel," the court permitted

ReadyLink to file an amended answer.

       3. ReadyLink's first amended answer and subsequent proceedings

       ReadyLink filed a first amended answer on September 14, 2016 in which it

asserted six affirmative defenses—estoppel, ratification, fraud, unclean hands, waiver,

and conflict with Insurance Code section 381. The first amended answer detailed the

facts supporting these affirmative defenses, including allegations that at the time it first

purchased insurance from SCIF, ReadyLink had informed SCIF "about its compensation

structure and fully disclosed its per diem to SCIF" (italics omitted), that SCIF had

conducted multiple audits in prior policy years in which it had said nothing about

ReadyLink's per diem payment structure and had not included per diem payments as

payroll, that SCIF had previously calculated ReadyLink's annual premiums with

knowledge of ReadyLink's per diem payment structure, and that ReadyLink had relied on

SCIF's representations about the amount of premium that ReadyLink would be charged in

deciding to purchase workers' compensation insurance from SCIF.

       Just after ReadyLink filed its original answer, it commenced discovery by serving

Requests to Produce, Requests for Admission, Special Interrogatories, and Form

Interrogatories on SCIF. Unhappy with what ReadyLink believed were "non-responsive"

discovery responses from SCIF, and after meeting and conferring with SCIF's counsel,

ReadyLink filed motions to compel further responses to its Requests to Produce, Form

Interrogatories, and Special Interrogatories on November 8, 2016.

                                              18
       The trial court heard ReadyLink's motions to compel on March 15, 2017. The

court denied all three motions on collateral estoppel grounds, stating, "It is clear from

ReadyLink's Amended Answer that it seeks to relitigate the exact same issues already

addressed before the Insurance Commission[er] and the Court of Appeal. Each of the

assertions that ReadyLink makes in its Amended Answer were either expressly or

implicitly addressed and rejected by the [C]ourt of [A]ppeal and cannot be relitigated in

this action. The discovery sought by ReadyLink is to support their non-defensible

affirmative defenses, which they are collaterally estopped from asserting in this action

and therefore not relevant to this litigation. Accordingly, the court denies the motions in

their entirety."11

       4. SCIF'S second motion for judgment on the pleadings

       On August 3, 2017, SCIF filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings directed to

ReadyLink's first amended answer. The motion asserted generally that the "Amended

Answer does not state facts sufficient to constitute a defense to the complaint" and that

"ReadyLink is collaterally estopped from asserting all of the affirmative defenses

alleged." SCIF further claimed that "[t]he parties litigated on the merits all of the issues

surrounding State Fund's attempts to enforce the terms of the insurance policy contract

between State Fund and Readylink for the 2005 policy year four times- prior [to] the

present collection action- resulting in three published decisions." (Italics omitted.)

11    ReadyLink filed a petition for writ of mandate in this court after the trial court
denied its motions to compel; this court summarily denied the petition.

                                             19
       As to each affirmative defense asserted in ReadyLink's first amended answer,

SCIF relied on language from the appellate court's opinion in ReadyLink Healthcare,

supra, 210 Cal. App. 4th 1166 to demonstrate that the issues underlying ReadyLink's

affirmative defenses had been rejected by that court. For example, SCIF relied on the

appellate court's statement that "[the fact t]hat a sole IRS auditor or prior SCIF auditors

did not discover that ReadyLink's per diem payments could not be substantiated is not

evidence that ReadyLink's practices were correct or that it reasonably believed them to be

correct." (Id. at p. 1179.) According to SCIF, this statement by the appellate court

demonstrated that "ReadyLink's reliance [on SCIF's prior audits] was not reasonable."

SCIF also asserted that, "[a]s noted in ¶8 of the complaint, and repeatedly during this

lawsuit, the parties litigated the issue of State Fund's damages in this matter at every

possible level."12

       ReadyLink filed an opposition to SCIF's motion for judgment on the pleadings. In

its opposition, ReadyLink contended that SCIF's pleadings failed to "sufficiently establish

damages," by failing "to plead with particularity the contract terms giving rise to the

amount owed." ReadyLink asserted that SCIF's reliance on the policy provision that

12     Paragraph 8 of SCIF's Complaint states: "State Fund's decision regarding the
policy audit, and as such the premium bill for $555,327.53, was affirmed by the
California Insurance Commissioner, Court of Appeal of California, Second Appellate
District, and became final upon the California Supreme Court's denial of certiorari [sic].
Moreover, the federal court's dismissal of ReadyLink's related federal complaint was
affirmed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit based on issue
preclusion."

                                             20
states, " 'All premiums for this policy will be determined by our manuals of rules, rates,

rating plans and classifications' " (boldface & italics omitted) was insufficient to establish

damages because none of the "pertinent language of its manuals" was set forth in the

complaint. ReadyLink also argued that it had never been provided the opportunity to

litigate its affirmative defenses in any of the prior actions, and that in fact, it could not

have litigated the issues raised by its affirmative defenses in the prior proceedings

"because they were not relevant to the narrow issues decided in the prior proceedings."

For example, ReadyLink noted that with respect to its affirmative defense of fraud, it had

alleged that its decision to purchase insurance from SCIF was based on representations

by SCIF that it would base its premium calculations on ReadyLink's accounting methods

regarding its per diem program, which, ReadyLink further alleged, had been fully

disclosed to SCIF prior to the inception of any of the policies SCIF issued to ReadyLink.

ReadyLink also noted that "[t]here have been no express findings on the defenses

ReadyLink raises in this case," and further argued that "[i]f these issues had been

decided, SCIF would not have filed this action," suggesting that SCIF would not have

had to file a breach of contract action if the issues raised in ReadyLink's affirmative

defenses had in fact previously been litigated and determined.

       The trial court held a hearing on SCIF's second motion for judgment on the

pleadings on September 22, 2017. During argument on the motion, the trial court asked

ReadyLink's counsel, "Didn't the United States Court of Appeal[s] confirm an issue that

was litigated and/or, to use your words, could have been litigated regarding the premium

calculation? And the Court said, quote, 'And an administrative law judge approved

                                               21
SCIF's premium calculation.' That can only be fairly interpreted to mean that [what] the

administrative law judge, at least so far as the U.S. Court of Appeal[s] for the Ninth

Circuit [was concerned], determined[,] was a premium calculation and amount."

ReadyLink's counsel attempted to explain that "it never was adjudicated in terms of the

exact precise amount which was owed."

       The trial court ultimately granted SCIF's second motion for judgment on the

pleadings. In its written order, the court concluded that principles of issue preclusion

prevented ReadyLink from relitigating the issue of the amount of premium that

ReadyLink owed to SCIF for the 2005 policy year, stating, "This action was necessary to

reduce SCIF's claim to the premium owed to a judgment. The amount owed is precisely

what was determined in the underlying administrative decision and appeals." The court

noted in its order that SCIF was seeking "to recover $555,327.53 in premiums for 2005."

The court did not mention prejudgment interest.

       5. Entry of judgment and ReadyLink's motion to vacate the judgment

       SCIF's counsel served ReadyLink's counsel with a proposed judgment on October

11, 2017. SCIF had failed to provide ReadyLink with the required 10 days to make

objections, as required by California Rules of Court, rule 3.1590(j), submitting its

proposed judgment to the court just five days after the trial court issued its ruling.

ReadyLink filed an objection to the proposed judgment on October 19, 2017; however,

the trial court had already signed the proposed judgment on October 16.

       The judgment signed by the court included interest on the judgment at the rate of

10 percent per annum dating from July 30, 2007. However, the issue of SCIF's

                                              22
entitlement to prejudgment interest had not been addressed prior to that point in time. On

October 24, 2017, ReadyLink filed a motion to vacate the judgment, arguing that the

judgment impermissibly included prejudgment interest, which was not available under

Civil Code section 3287, given that the parties had required the assistance of the court in

fixing SCIF's damages.13

       SCIF argued in opposition to ReadyLink's motion to vacate the judgment that the

premium amount owed by ReadyLink was "established to a legal certainty" as a result of

the single sentence in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals' opinion describing the prior

history of the related administrative action before the Insurance Commissioner and

reviewed by California state trial and appellate courts. SCIF further argued that the

amount of damages became fixed when ReadyLink withdrew its affirmative defense of

"speculative damages."

13     Civil Code section 3287 reads in relevant part: "(a) A person who is entitled to
recover damages certain, or capable of being made certain by calculation, and the right to
recover which is vested in the person upon a particular day, is entitled also to recover
interest thereon from that day . . . ."
       " ' "Damages are deemed certain or capable of being made certain within the
provisions of subdivision (a) of section 3287 where there is essentially no dispute
between the parties concerning the basis of computation of damages if any are
recoverable but where their dispute centers on the issue of liability giving rise to
damage." [Citations].' [Citation.] Thus, ' " '[t]he test for recovery of prejudgment
interest under [Civil Code] section 3287, subdivision (a) is whether defendant actually
know[s] the amount owed or from reasonably available information could the defendant
have computed that amount. [Citation.]' [Citations.]" ' " (Duale v. Mercedes-Benz USA,
LLC (2007) 148 Cal. App. 4th 718, 729.)

                                            23
       In denying ReadyLink's motion to vacate the judgment, the trial court rejected

ReadyLink's objections to the judgment, stating that the "objections are not well

founded."

       The trial court entered judgment on October 16, 2017. The judgment awarded

SCIF $555,327.53 "for the 2005 premium bill issued by Plaintiff on June 29, 2007" and

awarded another $571,606.99 in prejudgment interest for the time period between July

30, 2007 and October 11, 2017.

       SCIF filed notice of entry of judgment on ReadyLink on November 30, 2017.

ReadyLink filed a timely notice of appeal from the judgment.

                                             III.

                                        DISCUSSION

A. Three requests for judicial notice

       While this appeal was pending, the parties filed three requests for judicial notice

with this court. As an initial matter, we address these requests for judicial notice.

       1. ReadyLink's request for judicial notice filed June 15, 2018

       On June 15, 2018, ReadyLink filed a request that this court take judicial notice of

"the State Compensation Insurance Fund 'Workers' Compensation Insurance — Rate

                                             24
Filing Form' with the Department of Insurance for the year 2005, filed June 1, 2005."14

SCIF did not oppose ReadyLink's request for judicial notice of this document.

       Although no opposition was filed to ReadyLink's request for judicial notice of

certain portions of SCIF's 2005 rate filing, we deny the request on the ground that the

materials are not relevant to our determination of the issues on appeal. (See Mangini v.

R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. (1994) 7 Cal. 4th 1057, 1063 (Mangini) [only relevant

material is subject to judicial notice], overruled on other grounds by In re Tobacco Cases

II (2007) 41 Cal. 4th 1257.)

       2. SCIF's request for judicial notice filed October 16, 2018 and its related
          request for judicial notice filed November 21, 2018

       On October 16, 2018, SCIF filed a request for judicial notice and sought judicial

notice of the following documents and records:

          "1. Exhibit A-Transcript of Hearing, Riverside County Superior
          Court Case No. PSC 1500168 State Compensation Insurance Fund
          v. ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc., Reporter's Transcript of Motion for
          Judgment on the Pleadings, Before the Honorable David M.
          Chapman September 22, 2017.

          "2. Exhibit B-Supplemental Brief in Support of Petitioner
          ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc.'s Petition for Writ of Administrative
          Mandamus, submitted to the Los Angeles Superior Court, in case
          No. BS 124590, ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. Steve Poizner, et al.
          served on January 31, 2011 to be heard April 14, 2011.

14     The supporting declaration filed with the request for judicial notice indicates that
ReadyLink seeks to "attach[ ] only those portions relevant to this appeal and cited in
Appellant's Opening Brief," and is therefore seeking judicial notice of only some portions
of the 200-page filing form.

                                            25
          "3. Exhibit C-State Compensation Insurance Fund's Discovery
          Request, filed with the Insurance Commissioner of the State of
          California on September 12, 2008, In the Matter of the Appeal of
          ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc., Case No. AHB-WCA-08-14, and
          Appellant's Objections to SCIF's Discovery Request.

          "4. Exhibit D-The California Department of Insurance
          Commissioner's Precedential Decision In the Matter of the Appeal of
          Advanced Fuel Filtration Systems[ ] (5/21/04) AHB-WCA-03-45.

          "5. Exhibit E-The California Department of Insurance
          Commissioner's Precedential Decision In the Matter of the Appeal of
          E M Machining (11/29/01) File No. ALB –WCA-00-30.

          "6. Exhibit F-Excerpt from Rassp & Herlick, California Workers'
          Compensation Law § 3.11 Insurance Premiums. [8] Employer-
          Insurer Disputes.

          "7. Exhibit G-Excerpt from Levine on California Workers'
          Compensation Premium and Insurance, Copyright 2006, by
          International Risk Management Institute, Inc., p. 6.D.3."

       On November 21, 2018, SCIF filed a second request for judicial notice that it

identified as an "abridged request [for judicial notice filed] concurrently with its brief."

(Italics added.) In the document, SCIF requested that this court take judicial notice of the

same documents for which it had sought judicial notice in its previous request for judicial

                                              26
notice, with the exception of the first document, the "Transcript of Hearing, Riverside

County Superior Court Case No. PSC 1500168."15

       ReadyLink filed oppositions to both requests for judicial notice.

       We grant SCIF's request for judicial notice of the following two documents,

pursuant to Evidence Code section 452, subdivision (c), which permits a court to take

judicial notice of the "[o]fficial acts of the legislative, executive, and judicial departments

of the United States and of any state of the United States":

           (1) "The California Department of Insurance Commissioner's
           Precedential Decision In the Matter of the Appeal of Advanced Fuel
           Filtration Systems[ ] (5/21/04) AHB-WCA-03-45."

           (2) "The California Department of Insurance Commissioner's
           Precedential Decision In the Matter of the Appeal of E M Machining
           (11/29/01) File No. ALB –WCA-00-30."

15      SCIF indicated that the transcript at issue was already part of the record on appeal.
As a result of SCIF eliminating what had been the document identified as "Exhibit A" in
its October 16, 2018 request for judicial notice, each document listed in its November 21,
2018 request for judicial notice bears a different exhibit letter from the exhibit letter in
the October filing. For example, what had been "Exhibit B" in the October 16, 2018
request for judicial notice, bears the title "Exhibit A" in the November 21, 2018 request
for judicial notice. Because of the confusion that may be caused by this labeling, in
addressing these documents here, we will refer to each exhibit by the title that SCIF used
(e.g., "Supplemental Brief in Support of Petitioner ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc.'s Petition
for Writ of Administrative Mandamus, submitted to the Los Angeles Superior Court, in
case No. BS 124590, ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. Steve Poizner, et al. served on
January 31, 2011 to be heard April 14, 2011") rather than by their "Exhibit" indicators
(e.g., "Exhibit A").

                                              27
       We deny SCIF's request for judicial notice of the remaining materials on the

ground that they are not relevant to our determination of the issues on appeal (see

Mangini, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 1063).

B. The trial court erred in granting SCIF's motion for judgment on the pleadings

       ReadyLink challenges the trial court's decision to grant SCIF's motion for

judgment on the pleadings, based on the court's stated conclusion that "[r]es judicata bars

relitigation of the determination of the premium owed" (boldface & underscoring

omitted). According to ReadyLink, the issues in this case are not "identical to" the issues

in the prior administrative proceeding. ReadyLink contends that "while the ALJ ruled on

how ReadyLink's per diem payments would be classified for workers' compensation

premium purposes, no decision has ever touched on the amount of premium to which

SCIF would be entitled" (second italics added). ReadyLink further contends that "[t]he

prior litigation between the parties did not actually or necessarily decide SCIF's

entitlement to damages" (bolding & some capitalization omitted). ReadyLink notes that

most of the factual issues that must be determined with respect to SCIF's breach of

contract claim against ReadyLink are issues that are distinct from the issues that were

considered and decided in the administrative proceeding, the writ of administrative

mandamus proceeding and appeal, and the separate federal proceeding, and include

issues such as: (1) "Did SCIF fully perform under the contract of insurance"; (2) "Did

ReadyLink breach by failing to pay premiums when due"; (3) "Did SCIF suffer damages

as a result of any breach"; (4) "If [SCIF did suffer damages], what [is the] amount of

                                             28
those damages" (italics added); and "Do any affirmative defenses apply to eliminate or

reduce ReadyLink's liability."16

       In response, SCIF asserts that the "audit clearly established the amount of

premium owed" (boldface & some capitalization omitted) by ReadyLink. SCIF further

contends that ReadyLink "argued exhaustive facts and contentions regarding all of its

affirmative defenses in the prior litigation," such that it either previously litigated all of

the issues relevant to its affirmative defenses or was required to have raised the issues

with the Insurance Commissioner and failed to do so, thereby barring it from relitigating

these issues in this action.

       To determine whether, as the trial court concluded, principles of issue preclusion

bar ReadyLink from litigating issues raised by SCIF's claims or the six affirmative

defenses that ReadyLink raised in its first amended answer, we must examine the

doctrines of res judicata and collateral estoppel, and the relationship of those principles to

the administrative hearing and the subsequent judicial review of that administrative

hearing, as well as the separate federal action. We then apply the preclusion doctrines to

16     We understand from ReadyLink's arguments presented on appeal and its
arguments made before the trial court that it seeks to hold SCIF to its burden to prove the
amount of damages it claims to have suffered in order to prevail on its breach of contract
claim by having SCIF demonstrate the accuracy of its premium calculation—in other
words, to have SCIF demonstrate that it used the correct inputs and applied the correct
calculations in coming up with the final premium amount. ReadyLink fully concedes that
it cannot challenge whether SCIF properly included per diem payments as payroll for
purposes of calculating the premium amount, since that issue was litigated and
determined in the prior proceedings.

                                               29
determine whether the trial court was correct in concluding that the "amount owed" by

ReadyLink under the parties' contract was "determined in the underlying administrative

decision and appeals."

       1. Relevant legal standards on review from judgment on the pleadings

       A plaintiff is entitled to judgment on the pleadings if its complaint states a cause

of action against the defendant and the defendant's answer does not state facts sufficient

to constitute a defense. (Code Civ. Proc., § 438, subd. (c)(1)(A), (3)(A).)17 " 'A motion

for judgment on the pleadings, like a general demurrer, tests the allegations of the

[pleadings at issue], supplemented by any matter of which the trial court takes judicial

notice, to determine whether [the party] has stated a cause of action. [Citation.] Because

the trial court's determination is made as a matter of law, we review the ruling de novo,

assuming the truth of all material facts properly pled.' " (Angelucci v. Century Supper

Club (2007) 41 Cal. 4th 160, 166 (Angelucci).)

       2. Preclusion doctrines

       "As generally understood, '[t]he doctrine of res judicata gives certain conclusive

effect to a former judgment in subsequent litigation involving the same controversy.' "

(People v. Barragan (2004) 32 Cal. 4th 236, 252 (Barragan), italics omitted.) " 'In its

primary aspect,' commonly known as claim preclusion, [res judicata] 'operates as a bar to

17     Conversely, a defendant is entitled to judgment on the pleadings if the complaint
does not state a cause of action against the defendant. (Code Civ. Proc., § 438, subd.
(c)(1)(B), (3)(B).)

                                             30
the maintenance of a second suit between the same parties on the same cause of action.

[Citation.]' [Citation.] 'In its secondary aspect,' commonly known as collateral estoppel,

'[t]he prior judgment . . . "operates" ' in 'a second suit . . . based on a different cause of

action . . . "as an estoppel or conclusive adjudication as to such issues in the second

action as were actually litigated and determined in the first action." ' " (Id. at pp. 252–

253.)

        " 'The doctrine of res judicata, whether applied as a total bar to further litigation or

as collateral estoppel, "rests upon the sound policy of limiting litigation by preventing a

party who has had one fair adversary hearing on an issue from again drawing it into

controversy and subjecting the other party to further expense in its reexamination." '

[Citations.]" (Bucur v. Ahmad (2016) 244 Cal. App. 4th 175, 185.) Res judicata promotes

judicial economy by precluding parties from engaging in the type of piecemeal litigation

that may occur if a single cause of action is split into more than one lawsuit or if a

particular issue has already been decided in an earlier lawsuit. (Mycogen Corp. v.

Monsanto Co. (2002) 28 Cal. 4th 888, 897 (Mycogen).)

        Although the res judicata doctrine encompasses both claim and issue preclusion,

the term "res judicata" has sometimes been used by California courts to denote claim

preclusion, while the term "collateral estoppel" has been used to refer to issue preclusion.

(See Mycogen, supra, 28 Cal.4th at p. 896, fn. 7.) Given that "res judicata" has

sometimes been used to refer to claim preclusion and at other times has been used in a

broader sense to refer to both claim and issue preclusion, or even issue preclusion, only,

(see DKN Holdings LLC v. Faerber (2015) 61 Cal. 4th 813, 824 (DKN Holdings)), we

                                               31
will adopt the labels employed by the Supreme Court in DKN Holdings and will "use the

terms 'claim preclusion' to describe the primary aspect of the res judicata doctrine and

'issue preclusion' to encompass the notion of collateral estoppel." (Ibid.)

       " 'The prerequisite elements for applying the doctrine [of preclusion] to either an

entire cause of action or one or more issues are the same: (1) A claim or issue raised in

the present action is identical to a claim or issue litigated in a prior proceeding; (2) the

prior proceeding resulted in a final judgment on the merits; and (3) the party against

whom the doctrine is being asserted was a party or in privity with a party to the prior

proceeding.' " (Barragan, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 253.) However, there are some

differences.

       "Claim preclusion 'prevents relitigation of the same cause of action in a second

suit between the same parties or parties in privity with them.' [Citation.] Claim

preclusion arises if a second suit involves (1) the same cause of action (2) between the

same parties (3) after a final judgment on the merits in the first suit. [Citations.] If claim

preclusion is established, it operates to bar relitigation of the claim altogether." (DKN

Holdings, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 824.) California courts apply the "primary rights"

theory in assessing whether two proceedings involve identical causes of action. (See

Mycogen, supra, 28 Cal.4th at p. 904.) "The plaintiff's primary right is the right to be

free from a particular injury, regardless of the legal theory on which liability for the

injury is based. [Citation.] The scope of the primary right therefore depends on how the

injury is defined. A cause of action comprises the plaintiff's primary right, the

defendant's corresponding primary duty, and the defendant's wrongful act in breach of

                                              32
that duty." (Federation of Hillside & Canyon Assns. v. City of Los Angeles (2004) 126
Cal. App. 4th 1180, 1202.)18 Additionally, " '[i]f the matter was within the scope of the

action, related to the subject-matter and relevant to the issues, so that it could have been

raised, the judgment is conclusive on it despite the fact that it was not in fact expressly

pleaded or otherwise urged . . . . A party cannot by negligence or design withhold issues

and litigate them in consecutive actions. Hence the rule is that the prior judgment

[constitutes claim preclusion] on matters which were raised or could have been raised, on

matters litigated or litigable.' " (Aerojet-General Corp. v. American Excess Ins. Co.

(2002) 97 Cal. App. 4th 387, 402, italics omitted.)

       "Issue preclusion prohibits the relitigation of issues argued and decided in a

previous case, even if the second suit raises different causes of action. [Citation.]" (DKN

Holdings, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 824.) "[I]ssue preclusion applies (1) after final

adjudication (2) of an identical issue (3) actually litigated and necessarily decided in the

first suit[19] and (4) asserted against one who was a party in the first suit or one in privity

with that party. [Citations.]" (DKN Holdings, supra, at p. 825.) If all four of the

18      A primary right is distinct from the legal theory on which liability is premised or
the remedies that may be sought. Thus, while a primary right may support multiple
theories of liability or various forms of relief, it gives rise to a single, indivisible cause of
action for purposes of applying claim preclusion principles. (Mycogen, supra, 28 Cal.4th
at p. 904.)

19    "For purposes of [issue preclusion], an issue was actually litigated in a prior
proceeding if it was properly raised, submitted for determination, and determined in that
proceeding." (Hernandez v. City of Pomona (2009) 46 Cal. 4th 501, 511.)

                                               33
requirements for issue preclusion are satisfied, a court then also determines whether

application of preclusion would be consistent with the "preservation of the integrity of the

judicial system, promotion of judicial economy, and protection of litigants from

harassment by vexatious litigation." (Lucido v. Superior Court (1990) 51 Cal. 3d 335.)

       The "party who asserts claim or issue preclusion as a bar to further litigation bears

the burden of proving that the requirements of the doctrine are satisfied." (Hong Sang

Market, Inc. v. Peng (2018) 20 Cal. App. 5th 474, 489 (Hong Sang).)

       3. Analysis

       Although SCIF's briefing is somewhat confusing on this point, SCIF appears to

contend that the administrative proceeding conclusively determined the amount that

ReadyLink owes to SCIF under the contract (as the trial court apparently concluded when

it stated that "[t]he amount owed is precisely what was determined in the underlying

administrative decision"), or, in the alternative, that to the extent that the ALJ did not

decide the amount of premium due, the ALJ's failure to do so resulted from ReadyLink's

                                              34
failure to pursue or exhaust its administrative remedies.20 We disagree with both

contentions.

                a.   The issues raised by the complaint and ReadyLink's first amended
                     answer are not identical to the issues determined in those prior
                     proceedings

          SCIF maintains that ReadyLink "argued exhaustive facts and contentions

regarding all of its affirmative defenses in the prior litigation." However, SCIF does not

identify which "facts" or "contentions" it believes ReadyLink previously argued that

would bar its affirmative defenses and entitle SCIF to a judgment on its breach of

contract claim in this action, and also fails to identify where in the administrative record,

or in the record of any prior court proceeding, those facts or contentions were actually

raised.

20      In making its arguments on appeal, SCIF seemingly mixes and conflates the
separate doctrines of issue preclusion, claim preclusion, and administrative exhaustion
without drawing the necessary connections between or among the doctrines. For
example, SCIF contends that ReadyLink was required to "first exhaust administrative
remedies" when "seeking relief from excessive surcharges," and that ReadyLink "knew it
had the duty to raise this issue [i.e., presumably the amount of the premium due] at the
administrative hearing" in arguing that the trial court's ruling on the motion for judgment
on the pleadings was correct. The exhaustion of administrative remedies doctrine
provides a basis for a court to decline to act when requested by a plaintiff where that
plaintiff has not first sought relief from the administrative agency. Without fully
articulating the contours of its argument, SCIF appears to contend that because, in its
view, ReadyLink was required to raise the issue of the amount of premium with the
Insurance Commissioner under some theory of exhaustion of administrative remedies and
failed to do so, ReadyLink could have litigated that issue in the administrative
proceeding, such that either claim preclusion or issue preclusion should now bar it from
litigating its affirmative defenses to SCIF's contract action.

                                             35
       SCIF's complaint in this case includes a claim for breach of contract, a common

count for reasonable value, and a claim for "open book." The elements of a claim for

breach of contract are: (1) the existence of a contract; (2) the plaintiff's performance or

excuse for nonperformance of the contract; (3) defendant's breach; and (4) damage to

plaintiff resulting from the breach. (Oasis West Realty, LLC v. Goldman (2011) 51 Cal.
4th 811, 821.) A common count for reasonable value has the following elements:

(1) plaintiff performed certain services for the defendant; (2) the reasonable value of

those services; (3) the services were rendered at the request of the defendant; and (4) the

services were unpaid. (Haggerty v. Warner (1953) 115 Cal. App. 2d 468, 475.) The

elements of an open book account cause of action are: "1. That [plaintiff] and

[defendant] had financial transactions . . . ; [¶] 2. That [plaintiff] . . . kept [an] account of

the debits and credits involved in the transactions; [¶] 3. That [defendant] owes [plaintiff]

money on the account; and [¶] 4. The amount of money that [defendant] owes [plaintiff]."

(CACI No. 372.) For every cause of action that SCIF has asserted, SCIF must establish

the amount of money due (in the form of damages, reasonable value of services, or

money due on an open book account).

       ReadyLink's affirmative defenses to SCIF's complaint include estoppel,

ratification, fraud, unclean hands, waiver, and violation of Insurance Code section 381.21

21     Insurance Code section 381, subdivision (f) provides that an insurance policy shall
specify "[e]ither: [¶] (1) A statement of the premium, or [¶] (2) If the insurance is of a
character where the exact premium is only determinable upon the termination of the
contract, a statement of the basis and rates upon which the final premium is to be
determined and paid."
                                               36
All of these affirmative defenses are based on ReadyLink's general factual allegations,

which include the following assertions: that ReadyLink "was upfront with SCIF about its

compensation structure and fully disclosed its per diem to SCIF" (italics omitted) when it

purchased insurance from SCIF; that "[a]fter reviewing ReadyLink's [per diem reliant]

compensation structure, and with full knowledge of that structure, SCIF represented to

ReadyLink what ReadyLink's premiums would be based upon ReadyLink's [per diem

reliant] compensation method"; that "[i]n deciding to purchase insurance from SCIF,

ReadyLink reasonably relied upon SCIF's representation that it had fully reviewed

ReadyLink's compensation formulas and that the premium SCIF was offering . . . was the

premium SCIF would charge"; that "SCIF repeatedly audited ReadyLink for the 2000

through 2004 calendar years and did not say a peep to ReadyLink about whether

ReadyLink's [per diem reliant] compensation formulas could lead to an additional

premium down the road"; that "ReadyLink believed, and had every reason to believe, that

SCIF had looked at ReadyLink's payroll practices and properly charge[d] premiums

based on those practices"; that "SCIF paid [workers' compensation] claims [out] to nurses

using the very salary schedules ReadyLink used[, which excluded per diem payments as

wages]"; and that if "ReadyLink [had] known the truth about SCIF's intentions [to later

contend ReadyLink did not properly classify all of its payroll as payroll], it would not

have done business with SCIF."

       A review of the record, including the ALJ's Proposed Decision as adopted by the

Insurance Commissioner, clearly demonstrates that none of these factual allegations, nor

the legal impact of such allegations with respect to SCIF's breach of contract/collection

                                            37
action, was at issue in the administrative proceeding, much less decided by the ALJ.

Further, although the trial court concluded that SCIF was entitled to judgment on the

pleadings because, as the trial court stated, "[t]he amount owed is precisely what was

determined in the underlying administrative decision and appeals," in fact, the ALJ's

Proposed Decision demonstrates that the ALJ did not consider or determine the amount

of premium that ReadyLink owes SCIF under the 2005 policy contract.

       The single issue before the ALJ was whether SCIF's inclusion as payroll those

amounts that ReadyLink paid to its employee nurses as per diems for the 2005 policy

year complied with the USRP. Indeed, in a letter sent from the WCIRB to the ALJ

assigned to decide ReadyLink's appeal, the WCIRB asserts that "[t]he matter under

appeal is whether the monies that ReadyLink paid to its employees as 'subsistence

payments' should be included as payroll." The letter further states: "The WCIRB has no

first hand knowledge of the manner in which ReadyLink either compensates its

employees or reimburses them for travel expenses. That said, pursuant to the above

referenced section of Appendix III [of USRP, the Payroll Remuneration Table], should it

be determined that the payments . . . should be excluded from payroll. [¶] If it is

determined that the payments in question cannot reasonably be considered to be

payments to cover an employee's additional expenses incurred based upon a job's

location, then all or a portion of the monies should be included as payroll."

       The ALJ defined the issue to be decided as whether SCIF had properly interpreted

and applied the Insurance Commissioner's regulations for determining payroll to include

ReadyLink's per diem payments to its employees; the ALJ did not define the issue to be

                                             38
decided as whether the premium amount that SCIF had calculated as being due by

ReadyLink was accurate. The ALJ introduced the matter by stating that the appeal was

about a dispute "regarding the proper calculation of payroll for premium and statistical

reporting purposes under the terms of the California Workers' Compensation Uniform

Statistical Reporting Plan." (Italics added.) The ALJ identified the "Statement of Issues"

as including a single issue: "1. For policy year 2005, did SCIF properly include per diem

payments made to registry nurses as 'payroll' or 'remuneration' pursuant to USRP, Part 3,

Section V?"

       In determining this issue, the ALJ considered evidence regarding ReadyLink's per

diem program, as well as evidence of the per diem programs of other nurse staffing

companies and evidence provided by SCIF regarding its audit procedure. In her decision,

the ALJ provided background regarding the relevant regulatory framework, including

information regarding the WCIRB's function—i.e., "to collect accurate payroll and loss

information regarding every California workers' compensation insurance policy." The

ALJ noted that "[g]iven the critical nature of accurate data, every insurer must record and

report its policy payroll and claims loss data to the WCIRB pursuant to the rules in the

USRP." (Italics added.) Thus, as the ALJ viewed it, her task was to determine whether

SCIF, as a workers' compensation insurer, was accurately reporting to the WCIRB the

payroll amounts under its issued policies pursuant to the regulations governing how

payroll is to be determined.

       As the ALJ noted, the USRP excludes from payroll "[s]ubsistence payments" that

"are considered to be reimbursements for the additional living expense[s] by virtue of job

                                            39
location," and further allows that such excluded "[s]ubsistence payments" may be

"stipulated per diem amounts" if " 'the amount is reasonable and the employer's records

show that the employee worked at a job location that would have required the employee

to incur additional expenses not normally assumed by the employee.' " The ALJ

explained that the USRP did not define " 'reasonable,' " nor did it provide guidelines as to

what might constitute " 'additional expenses not normally assumed by the employee.' "

Thus, the ALJ set out to interpret the word " 'reasonable' " in the USRP's reference to

stipulated per diem amounts, and also to interpret the meaning of the USRP's reference to

records demonstrating that the employee was " 'working at a location that would have

required an employee to incur additional expenses not normally assumed.' " After

providing interpretations of those portions of the USRP, the ALJ proceeded to apply

those standards to the facts presented regarding ReadyLink's per diem payment program.

The ALJ concluded that ReadyLink's stipulated per diem amount was not "reasonable"

under the USRP, and that ReadyLink had failed to demonstrate that its nurses who

received the per diem payments had been working in a location where they would have

incurred additional living expenses that they would not have otherwise normally

assumed. As a result, the ALJ concluded that ReadyLink had not met its burden to

demonstrate that SCIF had improperly included the per diem amounts paid to

ReadyLink's nurse employees in calculating ReadyLink's 2005 policy year premium, and

further concluded that it was therefore appropriate to affirm "SCIF's decision regarding

the 2005 policy year audit."

                                            40
       It is clear from the entirety of the ALJ's written decision that the ALJ's seemingly

broad statement—i.e., that "SCIF's decision regarding the 2005 policy year audit" was

affirmed—would be more accurately stated as "SCIF's decision [to include as payroll

those amounts that ReadyLink paid to its nurses as stipulated per diem payments]

regarding the 2005 policy year audit" was affirmed. This is because, as noted, the sole

issue that the ALJ determined in her Proposed Decision (and thus the sole issue

determined by the Insurance Commissioner) was whether SCIF had correctly interpreted

and applied the USRP standards regarding the inclusion of ReadyLink's per diem

payment as payroll for use in calculating ReadyLink's premium.22 Further, a review of

22     At no point in the Proposed Decision did the ALJ make any comment about
SCIF's calculation of the dollar amount of ReadyLink's premium, nor did she purport to
suggest that the amount of premium that SCIF was claiming ReadyLink owed pursuant to
the audit was in fact owed by ReadyLink. The ALJ made no comment regarding the
validity of the insurance contract, the premium calculated pursuant to that contract, or the
facts on which ReadyLink relies in asserting its affirmative defenses to SCIF's collection
action. Indeed, the ALJ did not discuss any issues regarding the precontract conduct of
ReadyLink or SCIF, or possible representations made by SCIF to ReadyLink prior to
ReadyLink's decision to purchase insurance from SCIF.
                                            41
the subsequent proceedings initiated by ReadyLink to challenge the Insurance

Commissioner's decision to adopt the ALJ's Proposed Decision also demonstrates that the

parties were not litigating either the amount of premium owed or the broad range of

issues that arise from the complaint in this collection action and the affirmative defenses

to the collection action asserted in the first amended answer.

       In its ruling on ReadyLink's petition for a writ of administrative mandamus, the

trial court summarized the "dispute between [SCIF] and ReadyLink" as a dispute

"regarding the proper determination of Petitioner's total nurse payroll paid out during its

2005 policy period," which the court thereafter described as a question involving the

interpretation of the USRP.23 Absent from this description is any suggestion that the

        At the administrative hearing, the ALJ specifically told the parties that she was not
considering whether the final premium calculated by SCIF had been calculated correctly.
At the hearing, counsel for ReadyLink expressed the following concern regarding exactly
what occurred in this litigation: "My concern, quite frankly, is I don't want a court
ultimately to say that I'm precluded from challenging [SCIF's] entitlement to an amount
of premium independent of whether a certain amount of payroll is reportable for USRP.
[¶] I do understand there's a relationship between the amount of payroll and the USRP
and the amount of premium [finally calculated]. Ultimately, it [i.e., the final premium
due and payable] depends on a lot of other factors too, re filings and conduct." In
response the ALJ stated, "Right. And what I'm doing is ruling on the USRP and whether
SCIF applied it accurately in this case. [¶] Ultimately, where [sic] you end up paying
SCIF or any compromises made down the line, if I call it [i.e., the per diem amounts]
payroll, is not something I get to rule on. And I don't get to say what the premium should
be, either, because I don't actually know how it's calculated . . . necessarily." (Italics
added.)

23     The trial court noted that "Insurance Code § 11737, provides a reasonable means
by which any person may challenge the rating system that has been applied to them in
connection with the insurance provided. And, a party may appeal to the Commissioner,
who may hold a hearing to determine whether an existing rating plan has been correctly
applied to an employer. [Fn. omitted.] Insurance Code § 11737, subd. (f)."
                                             42
dispute involved other questions, such as the total amount of the premium owed by

ReadyLink, or whether SCIF's past conduct in relation to ReadyLink might provide a

legal basis for ReadyLink to avoid having to pay the premium for the 2005 policy year as

determined by SCIF.

       However, the trial court's ruling does demonstrate that certain other issues related

to the propriety of including per diem payments in payroll were also "actually litigated"

and "decided" (DKN Holdings, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 825) in the writ proceeding.

Specifically, ReadyLink argued in favor of the issuance of a writ of administrative

mandamus on four grounds, all addressed by the trial court in that proceeding: (1) that

the Insurance Commissioner's application of the USRP to ReadyLink's per diem payment

structure constituted a "[n]ew [r]egulation," and that the Insurance Commissioner had no

authority to issue a new regulation; (2) that the Insurance Commissioner's interpretation

of the USRP and his application of that interpretation to the facts of ReadyLink's per

diem payment structure was impermissibly retroactive; (3) that the Insurance

Commissioner was bound by the results of an IRS tax audit and/or was required to adopt

IRS standards or rules in order to interpret the USRP's rules regarding payroll; and

(4) that the Insurance Commissioner improperly exceeded his authority by addressing a

"rate controversy" regarding the rates in State Fund rate filing. The trial court rejected all

of ReadyLink's contentions and denied its petition for a writ of administrative mandamus.

None of these issues involves a determination as to the final amount of premium that

ReadyLink owes (after a determination of all of the relevant inputs and the appropriate

                                             43
application of relevant calculations), or whether ReadyLink has any defenses to SCIF's

collection action based on SCIF's conduct prior to the 2005 policy year.

       The trial court's determination of these issues became final upon the affirmance of

its judgment by the appellate court in ReadyLink Healthcare, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at

p. 1172, with review denied in the Supreme Court on February 13, 2013, and once the

time for filing a petition for writ of certiorari to the United States Supreme Court passed.

(See People v. Buycks (2018) 5 Cal. 5th 857, 876 ["A judgment becomes final when the

availability of an appeal and the time for filing a petition for certiorari with the United

States Supreme Court have expired. [Citation.]"].)

       A review of ReadyLink Healthcare, supra, 210 Cal. App. 4th 1166, further

demonstrates that the issues that remain to be decided in this collection action were not

previously considered, let alone decided, in the appellate review from the writ

proceeding. The appellate court in ReadyLink Healthcare addressed ReadyLink's four

claims of error: (1) whether the trial court applied the correct standard of review in

assessing ReadyLink's petition for a writ of administrative mandamus (id. at p. 1172);

(2) whether the Insurance Commissioner's decision was preempted by federal law (id. at

p. 1173); (3) whether the Insurance Commissioner's decision constituted a "new

regulation" that required a public hearing and opportunity to comment under Insurance

Code section 11750, subdivision (b) (ReadyLink Healthcare, supra, at pp. 1177–1178);

and (4) whether equitable considerations, including arguments that the Insurance

Commissioner's decision constituted a new regulation, that "ReadyLink's recordkeeping

practices were based on the advice of payroll and legal experts and passed muster with

                                              44
the IRS," and that "SCIF's prior audits had excluded the same per diem payments from

ReadyLink's payroll," required that the administrative decision not be applied to include

the per diem payments as payroll for purposes of determining ReadyLink's premium for

the 2005 policy year (id. at p. 1179).24 None of these issues involves the question of the

"amount" of premium "owed." Nor do these issues address the factual questions raised

by ReadyLink's first amended answer, such as whether SCIF knew about ReadyLink's per

diem payment structure before ReadyLink purchased insurance through SCIF, whether

SCIF affirmatively represented to ReadyLink that its premiums would be calculated

based on that per diem payment structure, or whether ReadyLink reasonably relied on

such representations, if they occurred, in purchasing insurance through SCIF. Neither the

Insurance Commissioner, the trial court nor the appellate court addressed whether, if the

24     Although at least one of the "equitable considerations" raised by ReadyLink before
the appellate court in ReadyLink Healthcare, supra, 210 Cal. App. 4th 1166, sounds
similar to the estoppel defense that ReadyLink argues it should be permitted to pursue in
this contract action, the two issues are not identical. ReadyLink argued in ReadyLink
Healthcare that the appellate court should reverse the trial court's denial of ReadyLink's
petition for a writ of mandate in part on the ground that the ALJ should have interpreted
the USRP rules differently, and should have determined that the USRP did not require the
inclusion of ReadyLink's per diem payments as payroll because, among other things,
SCIF had not included those per diem payments as payroll in calculating prior year
payroll amounts. The appellate court in ReadyLink Healthcare rejected the idea that the
Insurance Commissioner should have altered his interpretation of the USRP rules based
on SCIF's prior conduct in applying those rules. However, this was not a determination
that SCIF's prior conduct cannot form the basis of an equitable estoppel defense in
response to a breach of contract claim. We do not make this distinction to suggest that
ReadyLink will ultimately prevail on its equitable estoppel argument, but, rather, merely
to explain that the equitable estoppel issue that ReadyLink seeks to raise in this case has
not previously been litigated.

                                            45
facts alleged by ReadyLink are true, they amount to fraud or waiver such that SCIF

should be precluded from collecting a premium based on calculations that include the per

diem payments as payroll.25

       Further, none of ReadyLink's affirmative defenses to SCIF's collection action were

relevant to the issues addressed by the Insurance Commissioner, the trial court or the

appellate court, nor were they considered or decided in the collateral federal proceedings

initiated by ReadyLink to challenge the Insurance Commissioner's adoption of the ALJ's

decision. As we have already described, ReadyLink's putative class action lawsuit filed

against SCIF and the Insurance Commissioner in the federal district court alleged that

IRS regulations pertaining to per diem payments preempted the Insurance

Commissioner's decision regarding the treatment of ReadyLink's per diem payments for

purposes of calculating payroll for workers' compensation insurance under the USRP.

(See ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. State Compensation Ins. Fund, supra, 754 F.3d at p.

757.) The federal district court decided two issues in dismissing the case: (1) that the

25      For purposes of resolving a motion for judgment on the pleadings, a court must
" 'assum[e] the truth of all material facts properly pled.' " (Angelucci, supra, 41 Cal.4th at
p. 166.) For this reason, we must assume the truth of the facts alleged in ReadyLink's
first amended answer, and, assuming their truth, consider their potential legal import.
However, it is important to note that we do not intend to imply that ReadyLink will or
will not prevail on any of its affirmative defenses. Rather, we conclude only that
ReadyLink should have the opportunity to litigate the issues that it raises in defense of
SCIF's collection action based on the allegations in its first amended answer, since these
issues have not been the subject of prior litigation between the parties, and, as we discuss
further in section III.B.3.b, post, ReadyLink could not properly have raised these issues in
the prior administrative proceedings.

                                             46
Younger requirements for abstention were met with respect to ReadyLink's request for

declaratory and injunctive relief on federal preemption grounds, and (2) that it would

decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over any remaining state-law claims.

(ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. State Compensation Ins. Fund, supra, at p. 757.) Thus,

the federal district court decided issues related solely to the propriety of a federal court

deciding any of the issues raised in the complaint on their merits. Upon ReadyLink's

appeal, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals also considered only two issues, albeit one

issue considered by the trial court, and a second issue not considered by the trial court:

(1) whether the Younger abstention doctrine provided grounds for the trial court to

decline to adjudicate ReadyLink's claim for declaratory and injunctive relief based on

federal preemption, and (2) whether principles of issue preclusion arising from the state

appellate court's rejection of the federal preemption argument barred ReadyLink from

relitigating the federal preemption argument. (ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. State

Compensation Ins. Fund, at pp. 757–760, 760–762.) It is readily apparent that none of

the issues addressed in the federal action, either at the district court or appellate court

level, concerns the amount of premium owed by ReadyLink.

       The trial and appellate courts in the federal action did not consider, much less

decide, the question of the amount of premium actually owed by ReadyLink for workers

compensation insurance for the 2005 policy year. However, in considering the issues

raised on SCIF's motion for judgment on the pleadings, the trial court appears to have

given undue weight to a single sentence in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals' opinion.

Specifically, in a section providing background context regarding the collateral

                                              47
administrative and court proceedings that ReadyLink had initiated in California forums,

the Ninth Circuit described what it understood to have taken place in the administrative

proceeding, summarizing that proceeding as follows:

          "When SCIF audited ReadyLink for the 2005 policy year, it found
          that ReadyLink had failed to report certain per diem payments to
          employees as payroll, and billed ReadyLink for an additional
          premium of $555,327.53. ReadyLink appealed that decision to the
          California Department of Insurance, see Cal. Ins. Code § 11737(f),
          and an administrative law judge (ALJ) approved SCIF's premium
          calculation." (ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. State Compensation
          Ins. Fund, supra,754 F.3d at p. 757.)

       The trial court in this case seized on the Ninth Circuit's description of what the

Ninth Circuit understood the ALJ to have done (i.e., "an administrative law judge (ALJ)

approved SCIF's premium calculation") and appears to have concluded that the Ninth

Circuit's descriptive statement regarding what it believed had occurred in the

administrative proceeding should itself be given preclusive effect. In other words, the

trial court appears to have concluded that the Ninth Circuit's statement that "an

administrative law judge (ALJ) approved SCIF's premium calculation" was a

determination, on the merits that the ALJ had determined, on the merits, that ReadyLink

owed SCIF the additional premium amount that SCIF had charged ReadyLink.26 The

26      During arguments on SCIF's motion for judgment on the pleadings, the trial court
made several comments that indicate that the court was laboring under the misconception
that the issue of the amount of the premium had been "determined" by the Ninth Circuit
when it described what the ALJ had done, including:
              • "Didn't the United States Court of Appeal confirm an issue
                that was litigated and/or, to use your words, could have been
                litigated regarding the premium calculation? And the Court
                said, quote, 'And an administrative law judge approved
                                             48
trial court thus relied on two levels of issue preclusion to bar ReadyLink from litigating

its affirmative defenses to SCIF's contract action. However, the question of what issues

had been considered and decided by the ALJ, or what other issues could have been raised

but were not, in the administrative proceeding was not before the Ninth Circuit; rather,

the Ninth Circuit was merely attempting to summarize what had occurred in prior

                 SCIF's premium calculation.' That can only be fairly
                 interpreted to mean that the administrative law judge, at least
                 so far as the U.S. Court of Appeal for the Ninth Circuit[ ]
                 determined was a premium calculation and amount."
              • "Going back to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth
                Circuit in which the U.S. Court of Appeals determined that
                the administrative law judge had, in fact, approved SCIF's
                premium calculation, my question to you, sir, is have you --
                in any of your appeals, did you every attack the number for --
                no, strike that -- did you ever attack either the amount of the
                premium or the manner in which the premium was
                calculated? And, if so, wasn't that determined adverse to you
                when the court determined that the administrative law judge
                approved SCIF's premium calculation?" (Italics added.)
              • "My next question to you is when you received the opinion
                from the U.S. Court of Appeals in which that opinion states,
                quote, 'And an administrative law judge approved SCIF's
                premium calculation,' did you seek any further appellate
                review of that finding?" (Italics added.)
              • "Why doesn't that then dispose of the issue as to that
                finding -- [¶] . . . [¶] . . . -- on a res judicata and collateral
                estoppel analysis?" (Italics added.)
        These questions by the trial court demonstrate that the court appears to have
believed that the Ninth Circuit had made a "finding" of fact or had "determined" that the
issue of the amount of premium due had previously been determined, such that the Ninth
Circuit's opinion had some sort of preclusive effect with respect to the amount of
premium due. However, SCIF's attorney actually noted during these oral arguments that
the issue of the amount of premium due from ReadyLink "didn't get adjudicated because
it wasn't submitted by ReadyLink."

                                               49
litigation between the parties. A loose description of the history of a collateral

proceeding cannot form the basis of a preclusive determination of an issue on its merits.

(See Hernandez, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 511 ["For purposes of [issue preclusion], an issue

was actually litigated in a prior proceeding if it was properly raised, submitted for

determination, and determined in that proceeding" (italics added)].) Here, the issue of

the dollar amount of the premium was not decided by the ALJ; the Ninth Circuit's

statement in ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. State Compensation Ins. Fund regarding what

it believed the ALJ had decided was provided merely as background.

       Our review of the collateral proceedings between ReadyLink and SCIF makes

clear that the trial court erred in concluding that the issues raised by SCIF's collection

action and by ReadyLink's affirmative defenses to that action had been litigated and

decided in a prior action.

              b. Contrary to SCIF's assertions, ReadyLink could not have raised as
                 "claims" in the prior administrative proceeding those matters that
                 form its affirmative defenses in this action

       The trial court granted SCIF's motion for judgment on the pleadings based on the

erroneous conclusion that "[t]he amount [of premium] owed [by ReadyLink] is precisely

what was determined in the underlying administrative decision and appeals." SCIF

contends that if these issues were not in fact previously determined in the underlying

administrative proceeding, it is because "ReadyLink disregarded its opportunity to

dispute the premium owed before the Insurance Commissioner" (boldface & some

capitalization omitted). SCIF thus suggests that ReadyLink should be barred from

litigating its affirmative defenses in response to SCIF's breach of contract action against it

                                              50
on the basis that ReadyLink could have, and should have, litigated before the ALJ the

issue of the amount of premium due. SCIF asserts that ReadyLink "was required to

exhaust its administrative remedies, which included the opportunity to dispute the

premium owed, before the Department of Insurance, when it brought its initial appeal,"

but ReadyLink "affirmatively chose not to do so."

       SCIF is incorrect in suggesting that ReadyLink should be barred from litigating

the amount of premium due (apart from that aspect of the premium that involves

including the per diem payments as payroll for premium calculation purposes, which has

been litigated and decided), or whether SCIF is not entitled to full payment of the

premium claimed, as alleged in ReadyLink's affirmative defenses. SCIF appears to be

suggesting that the prior administrative action has preclusive effect as to all other issues

raised by ReadyLink in this case because, SCIF maintains, ReadyLink was required to

exhaust its administrative remedies by raising the other issues in the administrative

proceeding before the Insurance Commissioner, and its failure to do so precludes it from

raising these issues now. Although causes of action or defenses that could have been

brought in an earlier action may be barred because they are subject to claim preclusion,

"a prior judgment generally does not bar a subsequent claim if the matter could not have

been raised or litigated in the earlier action." (Hong Sang, supra, 20 Cal.App.5th at p.

491, italics omitted.) Despite SCIF's suggestions to the contrary, SCIF has presented no

authority to demonstrate that ReadyLink could have actually litigated the issues bearing

on whether SCIF calculated the correct premium amount, or issues regarding its

affirmative defenses in the administrative proceeding.

                                             51
       "Administrative agencies have only such powers as have been conferred on them,

expressly or by implication, by Constitution or statute." (Noble v. Draper (2008) 160
Cal. App. 4th 1, 12.) The record in this case reveals Insurance Code sections 11753.1 and

11737, subdivision (f) as possible statutory bases for ReadyLink's appeal to the Insurance

Commissioner of SCIF's audit decision to include the per diem payments as payroll.

Both of these statutory provisions make clear that only the matters identified in those

statutory provisions may be appealed to, and determined by, the Insurance

Commissioner.27 Neither of these provisions indicates that the Insurance Commissioner

27      Insurance Code section 11753.1 provides that the Insurance Commissioner has the
authority to consider appeals from a "decision, action, or omission of the rating
organization," or from "the reclassification pursuant to this section [i.e., a change in the
classification assignment that results in an increased premium]." That statute provides:
          "(a) Any person aggrieved by any decision, action, or omission to
          act of a rating organization may request that the rating organization
          reconsider the decision, action, or omission. If the request for
          reconsideration is rejected or is not acted upon within 30 days by the
          rating organization, the person requesting reconsideration may,
          within a reasonable time, appeal from the decision, action, or
          omission of the rating organization. The appeal shall be made to the
          commissioner by filing a written complaint and request for a hearing
          specifying the grounds relied upon. If the commissioner has
          information on the subject appealed from and believes that probable
          cause for the appeal does not exist or that the appeal is not made in
          good faith, the commissioner may deny the appeal without a hearing.
          The commissioner shall otherwise hold a hearing to consider and
          determine the matter presented by the appeal.
          "(b) Any insurer adopting a change in the classification assignment
          of an employer that results in an increased premium shall notify the
          employer in writing, or if the insurance was transacted through an
          insurance agent or broker, the insurer shall notify the agent or broker
          who shall notify the employer in writing of the change and the
          reasons for the change. Any employer receiving this notice shall
                                             52
has the authority to consider the common law breach of contract and other collection

claims raised by SCIF in this action, or to consider the equitable and other affirmative

defenses to SCIF's claims asserted by ReadyLink. We have been directed to no authority

that would suggest that the Insurance Commissioner has any authority to consider other

aspects of a premium calculation dispute, beyond the specific matters identified in

          have the right to request reconsideration and appeal the
          reclassification pursuant to this section. The notice required by this
          section shall inform the employer of his or her rights pursuant to this
          section. No notification shall be required when the change is a result
          of a regulation adopted by the Department of Insurance or other
          action by or under the authority of the commissioner."
       Insurance Code section 11737, subdivision (f) authorizes an appeal to the
Insurance Commissioner to allow the Commissioner to "review the manner in which [a]
rating system has been applied in connection with the insurance afforded or offered" to
the insured. That statute provides:
          "(f) Every insurer or rating organization shall provide within this
          state reasonable means whereby any person aggrieved by the
          application of its filings may be heard by the insurer or rating
          organization on written request to review the manner in which the
          rating system has been applied in connection with the insurance
          afforded or offered. If the insurer or rating organization fails to
          grant or reject the request within 30 days, the applicant may proceed
          in the same manner as if the application had been rejected. Any
          party affected by the action of the insurer or rating organization on
          the request may appeal, within 30 days after written notice of the
          action, to the commissioner who, after a hearing held within 60 days
          from the date on which the party requests the appeal, or longer upon
          agreement of the parties and not less than 10 days' written notice to
          the appellant and to the insurer or rating organization, may affirm,
          modify, or reverse that action. If the commissioner has information
          on the subject from which the appeal is taken and believes that a
          reasonable basis for the appeal does not exist or that the appeal is not
          made in good faith, the commissioner may deny the appeal without a
          hearing. The denial shall be in writing, set forth the basis for the
          denial, and be served on all parties."

                                            53
sections 11753.1 and 11737, subdivision (f). In fact, case law and the records in this case

suggest otherwise.

       For example, courts have rejected the idea that an insured must first exhaust

administrative remedies through an appeal to the Insurance Commissioner before

asserting claims of breach of contract against its insurer, including breaches that place the

amount of premium in dispute. (See Lance Camper Manufacturing Corp. v. Republic

Indemnity Co. (1996) 44 Cal. App. 4th 194, 199 (Lance Camper); Tricor California, Inc.

v. State Compensation Ins. Fund (1994) 30 Cal. App. 4th 230; Security Officers Service,

Inc. v. State Compensation Ins. Fund (1993) 17 Cal. App. 4th 887.) "The requirement of

exhaustion of administrative remedies is founded on the theory that the administrative

tribunal is created by law to adjudicate the issue sought to be presented to the court, and

the issue is within its special jurisdiction. If a court allows a suit to go forward prior to a

final administrative determination, it will be interfering with the subject matter of another

tribunal. . . . [¶] [However,] [t]he mere possession by some official body of a continuing

supervisory or investigatory power does not itself suffice to afford an administrative

remedy unless the statute or regulation under which that power is exercised establishes

clearly defined machinery for the submission, evaluation and resolution of complaints by

aggrieved parties." (Horsemen's Benevolent & Protective Assn. v. Valley Racing Assn.

(1992) 4 Cal. App. 4th 1538, 1552–1553.) In the workers' compensation insurance arena,

"[t]he [Insurance] Commissioner's supervisory and regulatory power over the insurance

industry does not give him power to adjudicate all insurance disputes—such as . . . one

[that] involves an alleged breach of contract with a demand for monetary damages—

                                              54
unless persuasive legislative intent to grant this authority can be identified." (Lance

Camper, supra, at p. 199.) The Lance Camper court found no persuasive legislative

intent to grant authority to the Insurance Commissioner to consider an insured's causes of

action challenging the conduct of the insurer with respect to the insurance contract

between them, including a challenge that the amount of the premium was too high as a

result of the insurer's wrongful conduct. The Lance Camper court thus determined that

the insured's claims were "not . . . subject to administrative review." (Id. at p. 203.)

       Further, the Insurance Commissioner has concluded that he does not have

authority to consider breach of contract issues between insurers and insureds. In In the

Matter of the Appeal of SportsMobile West, Inc. (2007) file No. AHB -WCA-06-7

(available at ), the Insurance Commissioner specifically

stated that "SCIF correctly argues that the Commissioner does not have jurisdiction to

                                              55
decide the rights and duties of parties to a contract." (Id. at p. 4, fn. 10.)28 A number of

documents in the record in this case further demonstrate not only that the Insurance

Commissioner did not view himself as having the authority to determine a contract

dispute between the parties, but that the Insurance Commissioner expressed to the parties

that his jurisdiction was indeed limited. For example, when ReadyLink initially appealed

28      SCIF suggests that other precedential decisions of the Insurance Commissioner
demonstrate that the Insurance Commissioner does decide matters regarding the amount
of premiums due under insurance contracts. SCIF relies on In the Matter of the Appeal of
Advanced Fuel Filtration Systems (2004) file No. AHB-WCA-03-45 (Advanced Fuel)
and In the Matter of the Appeal of E. M. Machining (2001) file No. ALB-WCA-00-30
(E. M. Machining), of which we have granted judicial notice, to suggest that the
"Commissioner deliberates and decides premium issues when they are raised before it."
These authorities do not support SCIF's position. Advanced Fuel involved the "sole
issue" described as follows: "Whether SCIF's retroactive assignment of classification
codes 8018 (stores - wholesale), 7219 (truckmen), 6218/6220 (excavation) and 4511
(analytical or testing laboratories) to AFFS's policies is contrary to Insurance Code
sections 11753.l(b) and 11753.2." (Advanced Fuel, supra, at p. 2, Proposed Decision of
ALJ.) Thus, as in this case, the Insurance Commissioner was considering whether SCIF
had properly applied relevant statutory and regulatory rules in conducting its audit. The
Insurance Commissioner, through an ALJ, made a determination that SCIF had properly
applied the classification codes in question, and acknowledged that the decision would
result in an increase in premiums for the insured. The ALJ did not, however, decide the
contractual issue of what final premium amount was due, or whether the employer would
have any valid defenses to a breach of contract action. Similarly, E. M. Machining
involved "the question whether the WCIRB properly assigned classification 3643 (1),
'Electric Power or Transmission Equipment Mfg.–N.O.C.' to EMM's operations by
analogy, pursuant to the Standard Classification System, Part 3, of the California
Workers' Compensation Uniform Statistical Reporting Plan ('Plan')." (E. M. Machining,
supra, at p. 2.) Again, the Insurance Commissioner, through an ALJ, considered whether
the relevant regulatory framework was being applied correctly. These cases do not
demonstrate what SCIF appears to suggest by implication— i.e., that the Insurance
Commissioner may decide any premium issue raised before it, including whether the
premium accurately reflects the contract between the parties, based on issues unrelated to
the application of the relevant statutory and regulatory rules.

                                             56
to the Insurance Commissioner regarding SCIF's application of the USRP rules to

determine ReadyLink's payroll for the 2005 policy year, the Department of Insurance sent

ReadyLink a letter, dated April 29, 2008, in which an employee of the Department of

Insurance informed ReadyLink's representative that "[t]he Insurance Commissioner is

authorized by the California Insurance Code to investigate allegations of unlawful

activities by licensees. The Department will initiate an investigation into your complaint

against the licensee to determine whether the licensee has violated the California

Insurance Code. The Department's regulatory activities will be separate from, and will

not include, the mediation or negotiation of your complaint. However, if the Department

determines from its investigation that your dispute resulted from the licensee's failure to

comply with the code, the Department can request that the licensee take corrective action

to achieve compliance." (Italics added.)

       Later, in the letter sent from the WCIRB to the ALJ assigned to ReadyLink's

appeal, the WCIRB states:

          "A review of the record indicates that the appellant, ReadyLink
          Healthcare, Inc. (ReadyLink) is appealing the State Compensation
          Insurance Fund's (State Fund)[ ] audit of Policy no. 1596579,
          effective for the period September 1, 2005 to September 1, 2006.
          ReadyLink is appealing the State Fund's determination that the
          monies ReadyLink paid to its employees as 'per diem' should be
          included as payroll for premium computation purposes. ReadyLink
          argues that the payments in question are 'government per-diem
          amounts' and that because ReadyLink 'does not set them, modify
          them, negotiate them, nor vary them among nurses,' the monies meet
          the criteria for a reasonable 'stipulated amount,' and therefore should
          not be included as payroll.

          "In its February 28, 2008 letter, the State Fund argues that 'the
          amounts listed as per diem have not yet been shown to be

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          reasonable' and therefore must be included as payroll for premium
          computation purposes. Indeed, the State Fund states that 'proposing
          that a vast majority of the nurses' payroll is for unverified travel
          expenses, is not reasonable and can not [sic] be accepted."

          "Preliminarily, it should be noted that the WCIRB's jurisdiction in
          this matter is limited to ensuring that the required Unit Statistical
          Report [USRP] both accurately reflects the policy's payroll and loss
          experience, as well as reports all such experience under the
          appropriate standard classification. However, the WCIRB does not
          have the authority to make determinations in matters concerning
          [the] basis of premium disputes between insurers and policyholders.
          At most, the WCIRB would be able to provide expertise with respect
          to the California Workers' Compensation Uniform Statistical
          Reporting Plan's [i.e., the USRP's] provisions regarding the basis of
          premium for workers' compensation purposes." (Italics added;
          underscoring added to demonstrate italics in original.)

       Further, the ALJ in this case specifically informed the parties that she was not

determining, and in fact could not determine, whether the ultimate premium charged by

SCIF was correct. The ALJ specifically stated, "I don't get to say what the premium

should be . . . because I don't actually know how it's calculated . . . ." The ALJ also

expressed her inability "to rule on" whether ReadyLink would have to pay the premium

determined by SCIF, or whether there might be "compromises made down the line." The

ALJ clearly did not view her role as determining the accuracy of SCIF's final premium

calculation.

       Despite all of this, SCIF argues on appeal that ReadyLink was required to exhaust

its administrative remedies by asking Insurance Commissioner to determine the

correctness of SCIF's calculation of the premium amount and the validity of ReadyLink's

affirmative defenses, and that its failure to do so bars it from litigating those issues now.

The authority on which SCIF relies in claiming that ReadyLink failed to exhaust its

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administrative remedies does not support SCIF's assertion. SCIF relies on

P. W. Stephens, Inc. v. State Compensation Ins. Fund (1994) 21 Cal. App. 4th 1833

(P. W. Stephens), for the proposition that "a policyholder seeking relief from excessive

surcharges must first exhaust administrative remedies before resorting to the courts."

However, P. W. Stephens is inapposite. The narrow questions before the court in

P. W. Stephens were whether the SCIF was permitted, by statute or regulation, to impose

a surcharge on its premiums, and whether arbitrary, exorbitant, discriminatory or unfair

surcharges were subject to administrative review. Notably, the Legislature has

"specifically required that workers' compensation insurers, including SCIF, not impose

any 'surcharges' or maintain reserves that are 'unfairly discriminatory' " through Insurance

Code section 11737.5. (P. W. Stephens, at p. 1839.) The P. W. Stephens court thus

concluded that the Legislature had entrusted the Insurance Commissioner to ensure that

any surcharges imposed by insurers "are fair and reasonable." (Id. at p. 1840.)

       The dispute in P. W. Stephens involved what amounted to a rate-setting dispute,

for which administrative exhaustion was a prerequisite to resort to the courts. (See State

Compensation Ins. Fund v. Brown (1995) 32 Cal. App. 4th 188, 199 [distinguishing

dispute at issue in P. W. Stephens from contractual dispute initiated by SCIF in which it

sought additional premiums from an employer based on SCIF's decision to include

independent contractors as employees for purposes of calculating premium].) "There is

good reason for deferring to an initial agency determination: the propriety of premium

rates and surcharges involve factors and methodology which require quasi-legislative

action involving expertise in the subject matter, and courts have traditionally given

                                            59
deference to such agency determinations [citation]." (Ibid.) Indeed, the P. W. Stephens

court specifically relied on the fact that the Insurance Commissioner's expertise was

needed in the area of rate and surcharge setting, areas that are specifically designated by

statute as requiring the approval of the Insurance Commissioner, as well as the Insurance

Commissioner's creation of a mechanism by which a surcharge could be reviewed, in

concluding that administrative exhaustion was required with respect to the dispute at

issue there. "Such administrative review is appropriate because of the expertise of the

Commissioner and his agency resources and because of the complexity of the matter

presented. A determination of whether or not an overall premium, or a surcharge

component of a premium, is unfair and discriminatory [as was specifically prohibited

under a then-newly-enacted Insurance Code provision] requires a comprehensive

understanding of the manner in which the merit rating system schedules are generally

applied in the workers' compensation insurance business. Additionally, a reviewing body

requires familiarity with the manner in which surcharges are generally applied, and

familiarity with the particular occupations or businesses of the insureds in question. Such

expertise clearly resides with the Rating Bureau and with the office of the Commissioner

and certainly not initially with our trial courts." (P. W. Stephens, supra, 21 Cal.App.4th

at p. 1842.) In contrast, issues of contract interpretation, including whether an insurer

accurately calculated a premium under the contract, and the application of equitable

defenses to the enforcement of a contract, do not involve considerations that fall uniquely

within the Insurance Commissioner's expertise. P. W. Stephens thus does not support the

                                             60
conclusion that ReadyLink was required to exhaust administrative remedies before

litigating the issues that arise from this contract dispute.

       We therefore reject SCIF's suggestion that we may affirm the trial court's ruling on

SCIF's motion for judgment on the pleadings on the ground that, to the extent that we

have concluded that the issue of the amount of premium due or issues regarding the

validity of ReadyLink's affirmative defenses were not in fact determined in the prior

administrative proceeding, those issues could have been determined if ReadyLink had

properly raised them, and the prior administrative proceeding should therefore act as a

bar to ReadyLink raising them in this case under a theory of claim preclusion (see

Guerrero v. Department of Corrections & Rehabilitation (2018) 28 Cal. App. 5th 1091,

1098 [principles of res judicata may be used to bar a party from asserting claims that

"could have been litigated" in a prior proceeding]). The administrative proceeding

involved the question whether SCIF had properly interpreted and applied the USRP rules

regarding payroll. The question whether SCIF properly applied the USRP rules in

including ReadyLink's per diem payments as payroll was well within the Insurance

Commissioner's expertise and jurisdiction. Although the answer to that question affected

the calculation of the ultimate premium due under the contract between SCIF and

ReadyLink, there is no basis to conclude that other matters going to the accuracy of

SCIF's premium calculations under the contract—matters not related to issues that

involve application of the regulatory rules or rate filings and are therefore within the

Insurance Commissioner's adjudicatory jurisdiction—or matters related to whether SCIF

                                               61
can succeed on its contract claim could have been, raised with the Insurance

Commissioner.

C. The trial court's denial of ReadyLink's discovery motions was based on an
   erroneous conclusion regarding the preclusive effect of the prior proceedings

        ReadyLink challenges the trial court's order denying its motions to compel

discovery from SCIF. We review a trial court's ruling on a motion to compel discovery

for abuse of discretion. (Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Superior Court (2009) 47 Cal. 4th
725, 733.) However, " ' "[t]he scope of [a court's] discretion always resides in the

particular law being applied, i.e., in the 'legal principles governing the subject of [the]

action . . . .' Action that transgresses the confines of the applicable principles of law is

outside the scope of discretion and we call such action an 'abuse' of discretion." '

[Citation.] An order that implicitly or explicitly rests on an erroneous reading of the law

necessarily is an abuse of discretion." (Williams v. Superior Court (2017) 3 Cal. 5th 531,

540.)

        The trial court denied ReadyLink's motions to compel further discovery from

SCIF solely on the ground that ReadyLink was "seek[ing] to relitigate the exact same

issues already addressed before the Insurance Commission and the Court of Appeal." As

we have explained, the prior administrative and judicial proceedings did not decide the

issues that SCIF raises in its collection action.

        We agree with ReadyLink that because the current action involves factual and

legal questions different from the issues that were decided in the prior administrative and

                                              62
judicial proceedings, ReadyLink is entitled to discovery related to those questions.29 We

therefore conclude that the trial court erred in denying ReadyLink's motions to compel

and we reverse that order.

                                             IV.

                                      DISPOSITION

       The judgment of the trial court is reversed. The trial court's order denying

ReadyLink's motions to compel further discovery is also reversed. ReadyLink is entitled

to costs on appeal.

                                                                        AARON, J.
WE CONCUR:

MCCONNELL, P. J.

HALLER, J.

29      In other words, ReadyLink is entitled to discovery going to issues in this litigation
that have not been determined to finality. Issues that have been previously determined to
finality and to which ReadyLink is not entitled to discovery include: whether including
ReadyLink's per diem payments to nurses as payroll complied with the USRP, whether
the Insurance Commissioner's interpretation of the USRP per diem rules and application
to the facts of ReadyLink's per diem payment structure constituted a "new regulation"
that could not be imposed without notice and an opportunity for hearing, whether the
Insurance Commissioner's decision was impermissibly retroactive, whether the Insurance
Commissioner exceeded his authority by converting the administrative proceeding into a
rate controversy, and whether the IRS regulations preempt application of the USRP, such
that in interpreting the USRP the Insurance Commissioner must adopt the IRS standards
or rules.

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