Court Opinion

ID: 6329003
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-01 06:06:57.375508+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:22:46.842713
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     March 31, 2022
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                    No. 352274
                                                                     Ottawa Circuit Court
SCOTT ALLEN DEBRUYN,                                                 LC No. 19-043164-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: K. F. KELLY, P.J., and SAWYER and GADOLA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant was convicted after a jury trial of delivering a controlled substance causing
death, MCL 750.317a. The trial court sentenced defendant to 198 to 360 months’ imprisonment.
Defendant appealed as of right and moved for remand to the trial court for an evidentiary hearing
to determine whether he was entitled to a new trial on the basis that he was denied the effective
assistance of counsel. This Court granted the motion1 and remanded the matter to the trial court
for a Ginther2 hearing. At the conclusion of the evidentiary hearing on remand, the trial court
denied defendant’s motion for a new trial, finding that defendant was not denied the effective
assistance of counsel at trial. Returning to this Court after remand, defendant challenges the trial
court’s order denying his motion for a new trial. We affirm.

                                            I. FACTS

       Defendant’s conviction relates to the death of Camille Gesiakowski, who was found dead
in defendant’s motel room on the morning of April 12, 2017. At the time of her death,

1
  People v DeBruyn, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered December 17, 2020
(Docket No. 352274).
2
 People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436, 443-444; 212 NW2d 922 (1973) (“A defendant who wishes to
advance claims that depend on matters not of record can properly be required to seek at the trial
court level an evidentiary hearing for the purpose of establishing his claims with evidence as a
precondition to invoking the processes of the appellate courts . . .” ).

                                                -1-
Gesiakowski was 23 years old and defendant was 53 years old. The two had known each other
since Gesiakowski dated defendant’s son while a teenager. Sometime after that relationship ended,
Gesiakowski and defendant began a relationship and lived together for a time. At some point,
Gesiakowski began abusing opioids and other substances.

        On April 7, 2017, less than one week before her death, Gesiakowski was released from jail
where she had served approximately 8 ½ months after violating probation for charges related to
drug use. Communications between Gesiakowski and defendant while she was in jail
demonstrated that the couple intended to meet upon her release from jail to use “oxy,” apparently
referring to the opioid oxycodone, and other drugs. In these communications, they repeatedly
discussed defendant’s efforts to obtain “oxy” for Gesiakowski; in one exchange Gesiakowski
stated that “I can’t wait to take some oxys,” and defendant replied that he had “some” and that he
had “good stuff.” In another exchange, when Gesiakowski stated that she wanted oxy, defendant
replied that he had “some of them” and that he could “get some oxys from Lona between now and
then.” Defendant also stated that they could “pick up a can or two later on,” apparently referring
to cans of compressed air, commonly known as air duster, manufactured for use in cleaning, but
sometimes misused for inhaling or “huffing” to produce a disorienting or euphoric effect.

         When Gesiakowski was released from jail on April 7, 2017, defendant picked her up and
the two went to a Walmart store where defendant purchased two cans of air duster and two bottles
of wine. Upon learning that Gesiakowski had been released earlier than expected, Gesiakowski’s
sister, Celia, went to defendant’s house and discovered that Gesiakowski was unresponsive, lying
on a bed surrounded by pill bottles and a can of air duster. Celia also saw open alcohol bottles in
the house and guns standing against the wall. Celia was able to revive Gesiakowski, whom Celia
described as delirious, and transport her to their parents’ home.

        Thereafter, Gesiakowski and defendant exchanged numerous messages in which they
discussed meeting to use drugs and defendant’s efforts to obtain “pills” and “duster.” Throughout
the extensive message exchange, defendant was insistent that the couple meet to spend time
together, while Gesiakowski was insistent that defendant obtain oxycodone as a condition of them
meeting. During the message exchange, defendant assured Gesiakowski that he had “another can
and stuff,” and that he was buying pills. Gesiakowski asked whether the pills were “oxys,” to
which defendant responded, “Yeah. I got more coming. Good.” Gesiakowski asked defendant to
drop some off to her, and repeatedly told defendant that she had a headache and that she needed
the pills. Defendant agreed to drop off a can of air duster and some wine. Later in the exchange,
Gesiakowski emphasized that she had a migraine and needed “pain pills.” Defendant responded
that he had “hooked up with Mike’s stuff,” and that he had gotten “a hold of Lona.”

        Gesiakowski left her parents’ house on the evening of April 9, 2017, and joined defendant
at his house after defendant purchased two cans of air duster. On April 10, 2017, defendant
purchased another four cans of air duster at Walmart. That same day, defendant purchased 40
Percocet pills, a medication containing oxycodone and acetaminophen, from Lona Daniels and her
boyfriend, Michael Montgomery; each pill contained 10 milligrams of oxycodone and 325
milligrams of acetaminophen. According to Daniels, defendant paid her $400 for the 40 pills.
Montgomery testified similarly that on April 9, 2017, defendant texted Daniels looking for pills,
and Montgomery told Daniels that he would sell defendant 40 pills for $400. Montgomery traveled
with Daniels to Grand Haven to sell defendant the pills, and waited in the car while Daniels

                                               -2-
completed the transaction. He further testified that he had sold pills to defendant 20 or 30 times
in the past.

        On April 11, 2017, Gesiakowski’s father, Blake, called the police and asked them to check
on the welfare of Gesiakowski at defendant’s house. The police went to the house, but did not
retrieve Gesiakowski. Blake then went to defendant’s house, but was unable to convince
Gesiakowski to come outside. Blake later returned to defendant’s house, but discovered that
defendant and Gesiakowski had left.

        After leaving the house on April 11, 2017, defendant and Gesiakowski took a taxi to a
Walmart store, where defendant purchased additional cans of air duster. Defendant and
Gesiakowski then traveled to the Baymont Inn in Grand Haven, where defendant rented a room.
After learning where the couple had gone, Blake went to the Baymont Inn. Blake told the desk
clerk that Gesiakowski might be in danger, but the clerk said that there was nothing he could do.
Blake banged on the door of the motel room where the couple was staying until police arrived and
advised Blake that he would be arrested if he did not leave.

        The next morning, on April 12, 2017, at approximately 6:00 a.m., defendant went to the
front desk of the Baymont Inn and told the desk clerk to call 911 because Gesiakowski was not
breathing. Although defendant had a cell phone in his possession, he did not call 911. While the
desk clerk called 911, defendant returned to his room. When police arrived, they saw defendant
in the parking lot, smoking a cigarette. Police found Gesiakowski dead in defendant’s room. The
room was extremely cold, and Gesiakowski’s body was cold to the touch. In the room, police
found four empty cans of air duster, but did not find any pills or empty pill bottles.

         Defendant told police that he and Gesiakowski arrived at the motel the day before at 4:30
p.m. and that they “were just hanging out.” He told police that they went to bed at approximately
seven or eight p.m., but that Gesiakowski said that she did not feel well and repeatedly went to the
bathroom to vomit. At approximately 3:00 a.m., Gesiakowski again vomited in the bathroom and
again said that she did not feel well. When defendant awoke at approximately 6:00 a.m., he found
Gesiakowski was dead. Gesiakowski was found unclothed from the waist up; defendant reported
that she was wearing clothes earlier, but she had complained that she was very hot and had turned
the air conditioning to a very cold setting.

       Prosecutors charged defendant with delivering a controlled substance causing death,
MCL 750.317a, alleging that defendant delivered oxycodone, a Schedule 2 controlled substance,
to Gesiakowski, who then died after consuming it. At trial, the prosecution introduced evidence
that Gesiakowski died of mixed-drug toxicity, caused by a combination of four of the substances
found in her system: oxycodone3 (a semisynthetic opioid pain reliever), tramadol (a synthetic
opioid pain reliever), fluoxetine (an antidepressant branded as Prozac), and difluoroethane (a
halogenated hydrocarbon used as an aerosol propellant in compressed air dusters). Regarding the
cause of death, the prosecution called as witnesses toxicologist Dr. Benedict Kuslikis, toxicologist

3
 A conviction under MCL 750.317a requires delivery of a Schedule 1 or 2 controlled substance.
Among the toxins found to have contributed to Gesiakowski’s death from mixed-drug toxicity,
only oxycodone qualifies as a Schedule 1 or 2 controlled substance.

                                                -3-
Dr. Matthew McMullin, pathologist Dr. Matthew Carr, and forensic pathologist and chief medical
examiner Dr. David Start. The consensus of the prosecution’s experts was that all four substances
played a role in Gesiakowski’s death and that oxycodone, a Schedule 2 controlled substance, was
a substantial factor in Gesiakowski’s death. Dr. Start testified that oxycodone was the most
significant factor in her death, while Dr. Carr testified that, assuming Gesiakowski had not been
using oxycodone while in jail, the amount of oxycodone she consumed on April 11, 2017, was
alone enough to have caused her death.

        The defense contended that the prosecution failed to demonstrate that defendant delivered
oxycodone to Gesiakowski and also failed to prove that oxycodone was a substantial cause of
Gesiakowski’s death. The defense further contended that serotonin syndrome, caused by the
interaction of tramadol and fluoxetine, or the effect of difluoroethane alone, had not been excluded
as causes of Gesiakowski’s death. The defense did not present an expert witness to support its
causation theories, but cross-examined the prosecution’s experts on the theories that serotonin
syndrome or difluoroethane caused Gesiakowski’s death.

        At the conclusion of trial, the jury convicted defendant. Thereafter, defendant appealed to
this Court and moved for remand to the trial court for determination whether he was entitled to a
new trial on the basis that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance. Defendant contended
that counsel had been ineffective by failing to properly investigate the cause of Gesiakowski’s
death, and also failing to call an expert in toxicology and/or pathology to refute the opinions of the
prosecution’s experts and to support the defense theories of the cause of death.

         This Court remanded to the trial court for an evidentiary hearing. During the hearing, the
trial court heard testimony from defendant’s trial attorneys, as well as defense experts Dr. Gerald
Shiener, a psychiatrist, and Dr. Randall Commissaris, Ph.D., qualified by the trial court as an expert
in the areas of pharmacology and toxicology, regarding the cause of Gesiakowski’s death. The
prosecution again called Dr. Kuslikis, Dr. Start, and Dr. Carr, who reiterated their opinions offered
at trial and responded to new matters raised by defendant’s experts. Following the hearing, the
trial court denied defendant’s motion for a new trial, finding that (1) defense counsel’s
performance did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness, and that (2) presentation
of expert testimony, such as that presented by the defense at the Ginther hearing, would not have
affected the outcome of the proceedings. This matter now returns to this Court after remand.

                                         II. DISCUSSION

        Defendant contends that the trial court erred by finding that his trial counsel was not
ineffective and consequently denying his motion for a new trial. Defendant argues that, contrary
to the trial court’s findings, his trial attorneys performed below an objective standard of
reasonableness by failing to investigate and to obtain an expert in toxicology to refute the evidence
introduced by the prosecution regarding the cause of Gesiakowski’s death, and that this failure
resulted in prejudice to defendant. Defendant further argues that the trial court demonstrated a
misunderstanding of its role and the purpose of the Ginther hearing when it engaged in
impermissible fact-finding and allowed the prosecution to call expert witnesses at the hearing on
remand.

                                                 -4-
                                 A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of fact and law. People v
Ackley, 497 Mich 381, 388; 870 NW2d 858 (2015). We review the trial court’s findings of fact
for clear error and review de novo the ultimate constitutional question arising from a claim of
ineffective assistance. Id. When reviewing an ineffective assistance claim, this Court will not
substitute its judgment for counsel’s on matters of trial strategy, People v Unger, 278 Mich App
210, 243; 749 NW2d 272 (2008), nor will we use the benefit of hindsight to assess counsel’s
competence. People v Grant, 470 Mich 477, 485; 684 NW2d 686 (2004). However, counsel’s
performance is not insulated from review simply by calling it “trial strategy,” and we must consider
whether strategic choices were made without an adequate investigation. People v Trakhtenberg,
493 Mich 38, 52; 826 NW2d 136 (2012).

                                       B. MCL 750.317A

     Defendant was convicted of delivering a controlled substance causing death, prohibited by
MCL 750.317a, which provides:

       A person who delivers a schedule 1 or 2 controlled substance, other than marihuana,
       to another person in violation of section 7401 of the public health code, 1978 PA
       368, MCL 333.7401, that is consumed by that person or any other person and that
       causes the death of that person or other person is guilty of a felony punishable by
       imprisonment for life or any term of years.

        The elements of delivering a controlled substance causing death under MCL 750.317a are
(1) delivery to a person, (2) of a schedule 1 or 2 controlled substance other than marijuana, (3)
with intent to deliver a controlled substance as proscribed by MCL 333.7401, (4) consumption of
the controlled substance by a person, (5) resulting in the death of that person from the consumption
of the controlled substance. People v McBurrows, 504 Mich 308, 319; 934 NW2d 748 (2019).
MCL 750.317a is a general intent crime that does not require that the defendant intend that death
occur from the delivery of the controlled substance, but only that the defendant intend to deliver a
schedule 1 or 2 controlled substance. People v Plunkett, 485 Mich 50, 60; 780 NW2d 280 (2010).
The statute punishes “an individual’s role in placing the controlled substance in the stream of
commerce, even when that individual is not directly linked to the resultant death.” McBurrows,
504 Mich at 317, quoting Plunkett, 485 Mich at 60.

       To hold a defendant criminally responsible, the trier of fact must find beyond a reasonable
doubt that the defendant’s conduct was a proximate cause of the harm to the victim. See People v
Feezel, 486 Mich 184, 201; 783 NW2d 67 (2010). The harm suffered by the victim may have
more than one cause, however. In People v Bailey, 451 Mich 657, 676; 549 NW2d 325 (1996),
amended 453 Mich 1204 (1996), our Supreme Court explained:

              In assessing criminal liability for some harm, it is not necessary that the
       party convicted of a crime be the sole cause of that harm, only that he be a
       contributory cause that was a substantial factor in producing the harm. The criminal
       law does not require that there be but one proximate cause of harm found. Quite
       the contrary, all acts that proximately cause the harm are recognized by the law.

                                                -5-
                        If a certain act was a substantial factor in bringing about the
               loss of human life, it is not prevented from being a proximate cause
               of this result by proof of the fact that it alone would not have resulted
               in death, nor by proof that another contributory cause would have
               been fatal even without the aid of this act. [Id., quoting Perkins &
               Boyce, Criminal Law (3d ed), p 783.]

Consistent with Bailey, the standard jury instruction related to delivery of a controlled substance
causing death states, in relevant part, that the prosecution is required to prove that consuming the
controlled substance caused the victim’s death, but that:

       There may be more than one cause of death. The controlled substance delivered by
       the defendant does not need to be the sole cause of [victim’s name]’s death. The
       prosecutor is only required to prove that the controlled substance was a contributing
       cause that was a substantial factor in the death of [victim’s name]. It does not matter
       if there was another contributing cause to the death. [M Crim JI 12.2a(6).]

        Thus, in this case, the prosecution was required to demonstrate that defendant delivered the
oxycodone to Gesiakowski, that he intended to deliver it, that she consumed it, and that her death
resulted from her consumption of the oxycodone, which is demonstrated if the evidence shows
that the oxycodone was a contributory cause that was a substantial factor in her death, regardless
of whether there were other contributory causes. See Bailey, 451 Mich at 677 (An intervening act
that causes harm to the victim will “only serve to cut off the defendant’s criminal liability when
the intervening act is the sole cause of harm.”).

                                C. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE

        Defendant contends that his trial attorneys performed below an objective standard of
reasonableness because they failed to investigate and to present an expert witness to refute the
evidence presented by the prosecution regarding the cause of Gesiakowski’s death, and that this
failure resulted in prejudice to defendant. We disagree.

        A defendant’s right to counsel is guaranteed by the United States and the Michigan
Constitutions. US Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20. The right to counsel includes the right
to effective assistance of counsel. People v Smith, 336 Mich App 79, ___; 969 NW2d 548, 562
(2021). A defendant is entitled to have his counsel prepare, investigate, and present all substantial
defenses, which are defenses that might make a difference in the outcome of the trial, People v
Chapo, 283 Mich App 360, 371; 770 NW2d 68 (2009), but decisions about which defenses and
arguments to present are matters of trial strategy regarding which defense counsel must be afforded
broad discretion. People v Pickens, 446 Mich 298, 324-325; 521 NW2d 797 (1994). Specifically,
the decision whether to call witnesses is a matter of trial strategy. People v Payne, 285 Mich App
181, 190; 774 NW2d 714 (2009). There is a strong presumption that trial counsel’s decision-
making is the result of sound trial strategy, People v White, 331 Mich App 144, 149; 951 NW2d
106 (2020), and the defendant must overcome that strong presumption to demonstrate that counsel
was ineffective. See Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich at 52. “If counsel’s strategy is reasonable, then his
or her performance is not deficient.” People v Randolph, 502 Mich 1, 12; 917 NW2d 249 (2018).

                                                 -6-
         To establish ineffective assistance of counsel premised on the failure to call witnesses, a
defendant is required to demonstrate, as with any other claim of ineffective assistance of counsel,
that (1) defense counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and that
(2) there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s deficient performance, there would have
been a different outcome. People v Jurewicz, 506 Mich 914 (2020), citing Trakhtenberg, 493
Mich at 51. A reasonable probability is one that is “sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.” People v Zitka, 335 Mich App 324, 341; 966 NW2d 786 (2020), quoting Strickland v
Washington, 466 US 668, 688, 694; 104 S Ct 2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984).

        To overcome the presumption that counsel’s decision not to call an expert witness was a
legitimate trial strategy, the defendant must meet a heavy burden by establishing a record that
“ ‘excludes hypotheses consistent with the view that his trial court lawyer represented him
adequately.’ ” People v Mitchell, 454 Mich 145, 163; 560 NW2d 600 (1997), quoting Ginther,
390 Mich at 442-443. Counsel may decide not to call an expert for strategic reasons, such as when
cross-examination is determined to provide a sufficient means to expose defects in the opinions of
the prosecution’s experts. Harrington v Richter, 562 US 86, 111; 131 S Ct 770; 178 L Ed 2d 624
(2011). Although decisions regarding experts must be based on sufficient information and
constitute a matter of trial strategy only when they are made after thorough investigation, Ackley,
497 Mich at 390, a failed strategy does not equate to a deficient performance. White, 331 Mich
App at 149.

        In this case, the prosecution introduced evidence at trial that defendant delivered
oxycodone to Gesiakowski in the form of Percocet, a prescription drug containing oxycodone and
acetaminophen, and that thereafter Gesiakowski died of mixed-drug toxicity caused by a
combination of four substances: oxycodone, tramadol, fluoxetine, and difluoroethane. Of these
four substances, only oxycodone is a schedule 2 drug, MCL 333.7214(a)(i), and thus only if that
drug was a contributory cause that was a substantial factor in Gesiakowski’s death was MCL
750.317a violated. At trial, the prosecution’s expert witnesses concurred that the combination of
all four substances caused Gesiakowski’s death, and that the oxycodone was a substantial factor
in causing her death.

         Defendant contends that effective assistance required defense counsel to investigate
whether the oxycodone caused Gesiakowski’s death and to call a toxicologist and/or pathologist
at trial as an expert witness to refute the testimony of the prosecution’s witnesses. Contrary to
defendant’s argument, however, defense counsel did not fail to investigate the cause of
Gesiakowski’s death. Before trial, defense counsel consulted with Dr. Daniel Spitz, identified as
a forensic pathologist4 by the State Appellate Defender’s Office, regarding the role of oxycodone

4
  Dr. Spitz also was identified as a toxicologist, but defense counsel thereafter learned that Dr.
Spitz was not a toxicologist. Toxicology is defined by the Society of Toxicology as “the study of
the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on people, animals, and the
environment.” Toxicology Education Foundation,  (accessed
February 25, 2022). Toxicology evidence is used in homicide investigations to determine if the
victim consumed drugs and whether a drug or combination of drugs was fatal. 40 AmJur Trials
501, Forensic Pathology in Homicide Cases, Toxicological Evidence, § 34. A forensic pathologist

                                                -7-
in Gesiakowski’s death. Dr. Spitz offered an opinion unfavorable to the defense to the effect that
the amount of oxycodone Gesiakowski consumed, even without the other substances, would have
caused her death. Thereafter, defense counsel interviewed Dr. Kuslikis,5 a toxicologist identified
as a prosecution witness, whose opinion supported the prosecution’s theory that the cause of death
was mixed-drug toxicity including oxycodone, which was a substantial factor in Gesiakowski’s
death.

        After investigating the role of oxycodone in Gesiakowski’s death, defense counsel
determined to cast doubt upon the prosecution’s theory that oxycodone was a substantial factor in
Gesiakowski’s death by cross-examination of the prosecution’s witnesses rather than calling a
defense expert on causation.6 At the Ginther hearing, defense counsel explained that through
cross-examination, they were able to use the prosecution’s toxicologist and medical examiner to
present defendant’s theories that the level of oxycodone in Gesiakowski’s blood was not extremely
high, and that more significant factors in her death were the likelihood of serotonin syndrome,
caused by the combination of tramadol and fluoxetine, and also difluoroethane from huffing air
duster. The record supports that defense counsel at trial were able to present these theories through
a thorough and knowledgeable cross-examination of the prosecution’s experts.

        The record thus demonstrates that defense counsel investigated the cause of death by
consulting a forensic pathologist and interviewing a toxicologist testifying for the prosecution,
both of whom opined that oxycodone was a contributory cause that was a substantial factor in
Gesiakowski’s death, and defense counsel demonstrated command of the topic while cross-
examining the prosecution’s expert witnesses at trial; we therefore cannot conclude that defense
counsel failed to investigate causation. Similarly, we cannot conclude that defense counsel’s
strategy to present the defense theories through cross-examination of the prosecution’s experts was
objectively unreasonable. Counsel was not required to “shop around” until they found an expert
willing to offer them a favorable opinion. See Ackley, 497 Mich at 392. We conclude that the trial
court did not clearly err by determining that defense counsel’s performance did not fall below an
objective standard of reasonableness in their investigation of causation and determination of trial
strategy.

       Defendant also argues that defense counsel was ineffective by failing to introduce expert
testimony that Gesiakowski could not have consumed the Percocet defendant allegedly provided

is a subspecialist in pathology whose area of special competence is the examination of deceased
persons to determine the cause and manner of death. See 40 AmJur Trials 501, Forensic Pathology
in Homicide Cases, Nature of Forensic Pathology, § 6. Forensic pathologists are qualified to opine
at trial regarding the cause and manner of a decedent’s death. Unger, 278 Mich App at 251-252.
5
  40 AmJur Trials 501, Forensic Pathology in Homicide Cases, Forensic Pathology, § 4, suggests
that interviewing the prosecution’s expert witness before trial is an effective strategy for defense
counsel to gain understanding of the scientific intricacies of the case.
6
  40 AmJur Trials 501, Forensic Pathology in Homicide Cases, Forensic Pathology, § 4, also
suggests that an effective cross-examination by defense counsel of the forensic pathologist who
performed the autopsy, ordinarily called as a prosecution witness, is a valid strategy that “can often
win the case for the defense.”

                                                 -8-
because Gesiakowski’s blood tests did not indicate the presence of acetaminophen. At the Ginther
hearing, appellate defense counsel presented as an expert witness Dr. Randall Commissaris, Ph.D.,
whom the trial court qualified as an expert in both pharmacology and toxicology. Dr. Commissaris
opined that although the lab report indicates that Gesiakowski consumed oxycodone in the hours
before her death, she did not consume it in the form of Percocet because the toxicology screen did
not indicate the presence of acetaminophen in her blood.

        In response, the prosecution recalled Dr. Kuslikis who testified that although the lab report
did not indicate the presence of acetaminophen in Gesiakowski’s blood, the report indicated that
acetaminophen was present in her urine. He explained that acetaminophen metabolizes up to twice
as fast as oxycodone and has a shorter “half-life,” and thus it was not unusual that the lab report
did not indicate acetaminophen in the blood, which is often present in a level too low to be
indicated in a lab report. He further explained that drugs in the blood are excreted by the kidneys
into the urine, and that the blood and urine levels of acetaminophen indicated in the lab report were
“absolutely” consistent with a person having consumed Percocet. Dr. Start, the chief medical
examiner, similarly testified that the lab report was not inconsistent with Gesiakowski having
consumed Percocet. Because a review of the record demonstrates that acetaminophen not being
indicated as present in the blood in the lab report did not establish that Gesiakowski did not
consume Percocet, it was not a theory that could have defeated the prosecution’s proof that
Gesiakowski consumed Percocet provided by defendant. Defense counsel therefore was not
ineffective for failing to present an expert witness to advance this theory.

        Defendant further argues that defense counsel at trial was ineffective for failing to call an
expert witness to testify that Gesiakowski’s consumption of oxycodone was not a substantial factor
in her death because (1) she was opioid tolerant from frequent opioid use, (2) the elevated level of
fluoxetine and tramadol combined to cause serotonin syndrome and a fatal seizure, (3) huffing
difluoroethane caused a seizure or cardiac arrest resulting in death, (4) the absence of
Gesiakowski’s prescribed anti-seizure medication in the lab report indicates that she had failed to
take the medication and therefore was susceptible to seizure, and (5) post-mortem redistribution
may have occurred, which may cause more oxycodone to be observed in the blood after death than
was present in the blood at the time of death. We disagree that the record supports the viability of
these theories.

         With regard to opioid tolerance, Dr. Commissaris testified that Gesiakowski was unlikely
to have died from consuming oxycodone because it was likely that she was opioid tolerant from
previous opioid use. He testified that oxycodone will have less effect on someone with tolerance
to the drug, that tolerance can arise relatively quickly, and that opioid tolerance will quickly
reemerge in a former opioid user when he or she resumes use of the drug. Dr. Commissaris
conceded, however, that he had no personal knowledge of Gesiakowski’s history of drug use, such
as her use of drugs while in jail or following her release. Because Dr. Commissaris’ speculation
regarding Gesiakowski’s potential for opioid tolerance was not supported by the facts of this case,
it is unpersuasive, and defendant was not prejudiced by counsel’s failure to present a defense expert
in toxicology to advance this theory.

        With regard to the possibility of a fatal seizure, Dr. Commissaris opined that a seizure
appeared probable and could have been caused by (1) serotonin syndrome, resulting from the
interaction of fluoxetine and tramadol, (2) huffing difluoroethane, (3) the cessation of Keppra

                                                -9-
(antiseizure medication prescribed for Gesiakowski while in jail), or (4) some combination of these
factors. Dr. Commissaris noted that there was evidence that Gesiakowski felt hot on the night of
her death, which is a symptom of serotonin syndrome. Defendant argues that individually or
collectively this evidence demonstrates a reasonable probability of a different outcome had defense
counsel called an expert witness to advance the theory that Gesiakowski died of a seizure caused
by factors other than oxycodone. When questioned about mixed-drug toxicity, Dr. Commissaris
agreed that “mixed drug intoxication” was “very likely” the cause of death, but opined that only
tramadol, fluoxetine, and difluoroethane were related to seizures, and that oxycodone was the
“least likely contributor” to Gesiakowski’s death.

        Dr. Commissaris’ testimony that Gesiakowski suffered a seizure is purely speculative,
however. Dr. Commissaris testified that Gesiakowski was at risk for a seizure, but there is no
evidence that she, in fact, suffered a seizure; Dr. Kuslikis explained that seizures rarely leave
evidence and that there was no evidence in this case that Gesiakowski suffered a seizure.
Moreover, Dr. Commissaris’ testimony does not demonstrate that oxycodone was not a
contributory cause that was a substantial factor in Gesiakowski’s death. See Ackley, 497 Mich
at 394. Dr. Commissaris suggested that the other substances combined to cause Gesiakowski to
have a seizure causing death; however, the evidence would need to demonstrate that the seizure
was the sole cause of harm to adequately contradict the prosecutor’s assertion that oxycodone was
a contributing cause that was a substantial factor in Gesiakowski’s death. See Bailey, 451 Mich at
677 (An intervening act that causes harm to the victim will “only serve to cut off the defendant’s
criminal liability when the intervening act is the sole cause of harm.”). Dr. Carr testified that even
if Gesiakowski suffered a seizure, mixed-drug toxicity caused her death and oxycodone was a
substantial factor in her death. Defense counsel therefore was not ineffective for failing to call an
expert witness to advance the theory that Gesiakowski suffered a seizure.

         Dr. Commissaris also testified that post-mortem redistribution may have occurred and as a
result the level of oxycodone in Gesiakowski’s blood may have tested at a higher level after death
than the level that actually was in her blood at the time of death. However, Dr. Carr testified that
post-mortem redistribution was unlikely in this case because the autopsy was performed very
quickly after the victim’s death and that certain blood samples were taken from the victim’s
vitreous humor (eye), which is not susceptible to post-mortem redistribution. Further, Dr.
Commissaris’ testimony did not establish that if post-mortem redistribution had occurred it would
have affected the level of oxycodone in the blood to the extent that it was no longer considered a
substantial factor in Gesiakowski’s death. Again, defense counsel was not ineffective for failing
to call an expert witness to advance a theory that would not have negated the prosecution’s proofs.

        Because we conclude that counsel’s performance did not fall below an objective standard
of reasonableness, we need not reach the question whether counsel’s decision not to call an expert
in toxicology to advance the suggested theories resulted in prejudice. We conclude, however, that
no such prejudice occurred. To establish prejudice, the defendant must demonstrate that, but for
counsel’s deficient performance, it is reasonably probable that a different result would have been
reached. Jurewicz, 506 Mich 914 (2020). “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome.” Zitka, 335 Mich App at 341, quoting Strickland, 466 US
at 688. Here, defendant has advanced no theory that would have defeated the prosecution’s case
if advanced by an expert witness at trial.

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       We know certain things from the trial court record in this case. We know that the 23-year-
old victim repeatedly implored defendant to obtain oxycodone for her use. We know that
defendant obtained oxycodone in the form of 40 Percocet pills and that the next day defendant and
Gesiakowski retreated to the motel room where she was found dead the following morning. We
know that oxycodone was found in Gesiakowski’s blood post-mortem. We know that all of the
prosecution’s experts testified that the level of oxycodone in Gesiakowski’s blood stream, either
alone or in combination with other drugs, was sufficient to cause her death. And we know that
both of the experts defense counsel consulted before trial opined that the level of oxycodone in
Gesiakowski’s blood stream was sufficient to cause her death either alone or in combination with
the other drugs in her system. We are unable to conclude that had defendant presented largely
speculative alternate theories of the cause of Gesiakowski’s death, there would have been a
reasonable probability of a different outcome at trial.

         Defendant also contends that the trial court misunderstood its role at the Ginther hearing
and erred by allowing the prosecution to call witnesses and by evaluating the credibility of
witnesses. In support of this argument, defendant cites People v Lemmon, 456 Mich 625, 627; 576
NW2d 129 (1998), for the proposition that a “trial judge does not sit as the thirteenth juror in ruling
on motions for a new trial.” Defendant’s reliance on Lemmon is misplaced. Lemmon considered
the trial court’s role when ruling on a motion for a new trial premised on the contention that the
verdict was against the great weight of the evidence. Id. By contrast, a Ginther hearing is an
evidentiary hearing at which the trial court serves as fact-finder. See People v LeBlanc, 465 Mich
575, 579; 640 NW2d 246 (2002) (“A judge first must find the facts, and then must decide whether
those facts constitute a violation of the defendant’s constitutional right to effective assistance of
counsel.”) Defendant also identifies no authority for the proposition that a prosecutor may not call
witnesses at a Ginther hearing. The purpose of a Ginther hearing is to determine whether
defendant was deprived of the effective assistance of counsel, and this generally includes receiving
testimony from witnesses relevant to that determination. See People v Morgan, 456 Mich 946
(remanding for a Ginther hearing with instructions to allow testimony from several specified
witnesses as well as “any other witness whose knowledge and credibility could have a
determinative effect” in deciding the defendant’s ineffective assistance claims). In presiding over
a Ginther hearing, the trial court’s role was precisely to find the facts and then decide whether
those facts constituted a violation of defendant’s right to the effective assistance of counsel. See
LeBlanc, 465 Mich at 579.

       Affirmed.

                                                               /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
                                                               /s/ David H. Sawyer
                                                               /s/ Michael F. Gadola

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