Court Opinion

ID: 8405056
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-25 11:10:49.145422+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:46:47.860434
License: Public Domain

Fourth Court of Appeals
                                     San Antonio, Texas
                                               OPINION

                                         No. 04-20-00486-CR

                                    Jemadari Chinua WILLIAMS,
                                              Appellant

                                                  v.

                                        The STATE of Texas,
                                              Appellee

                      From the 198th Judicial District Court, Kerr County, Texas
                                      Trial Court No. B19-346
                              Honorable Rex Emerson, Judge Presiding

                            OPINION ON MOTION FOR REHEARING
Opinion by:       Liza A. Rodriguez, Justice

Sitting:          Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
                  Beth Watkins, Justice
                  Liza A. Rodriguez, Justice

Delivered and Filed: October 19, 2022

REVERSED AND REMANDED

           On April 27, 2022, we issued an opinion and judgment in this appeal. The State then filed

a motion for rehearing. We deny the State’s motion. However, so that we may clarify the judgment

in this appeal, we withdraw our prior opinion and judgment, and substitute this opinion and

judgment in their place.

           After a jury trial, Jemadari Chinua Williams was convicted of Aggravated Promotion of

Prostitution–Enhanced and was sentenced to forty years of imprisonment. Williams was
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represented by appointed counsel through the guilt/innocence phase of the trial. He then invoked

his right to self-representation, and after being admonished about the risks of self-representation,

represented himself during the punishment phase. Williams later filed a pro se notice of appeal.

To ensure Williams was properly admonished, we abated this appeal and ordered the trial court to

conduct a hearing to fully admonish Williams of the dangers and disadvantages of self-

representation on appeal. We then reinstated this appeal and accepted the trial court’s

recommendation, made after fully admonishing Williams, that Williams be allowed to proceed pro

se on appeal. In his pro se brief, Williams brings various issues. Because we hold Williams was

entitled to notice in the indictment of the specific acts on which the State intended to rely, we

reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand the cause with instructions to dismiss the indictment.

                                        SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

         Williams argues the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for aggravated

promotion of prostitution because the State failed to prove the use or presence of two or more

prostitutes. 1 In assessing the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction,

“we consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether,

based on that evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom, a rational juror could have found the

essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Martin v. State, 635 S.W.3d 672, 679

(Tex. Crim. App. 2021). “The jury is the sole judge of the weight and credibility of the evidence.”

Edward v. State, 635 S.W.3d 649, 655 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021). “When considering a claim of

evidentiary insufficiency, we must keep in mind that a juror may choose to believe or disbelieve

all, some, or none of the evidence presented.” Id. “Further, while jurors may not base their decision

1
 Williams also argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for directed verdict. A challenge to a trial court’s
denial of a motion for directed verdict is reviewed under the same standard used to review a sufficiency challenge.
Hines v. State, 383 S.W.3d 615, 623 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet. ref’d).

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on mere speculation or unsupported inferences, they may draw reasonable inferences from the

evidence.” Id. “The evidence is sufficient to support a conviction, and thus the jury’s verdict is not

irrational, if ‘the inferences necessary to establish guilt are reasonable based upon the cumulative

force of all the evidence when considered in the light most favorable to the verdict.’” Id. at 655-

56 (quoting Wise v. State, 364 S.W.3d 900, 903 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012)). “When faced with

conflicts in the evidence, a reviewing court shall presume that the fact finder resolved those

conflicts in favor of the verdict and defer to that determination.” Id. at 656.

         “We measure the sufficiency of the evidence against the hypothetically-correct jury charge,

defined by the statutory elements as modified by the charging instrument.” Id. Pursuant to section

43.04 of the Texas Penal Code, a person commits the offense of aggravated promotion of

prostitution if the person “knowingly owns, invests in, finances, controls, supervises, or manages

a prostitution enterprise that uses two or more prostitutes.” TEX. PENAL CODE § 43.04(a). 2 A person

commits the offense of prostitution “if the person knowingly offers or agrees to receive a fee from

another to engage in sexual conduct.” Id. § 43.02. Although not defined by the penal code,

“prostitution enterprise” has been construed by the court of criminal appeals to mean “a plan or

design for a venture or undertaking in which two or more persons offer to, agree to, or engage in

sexual conduct in return for a fee payable to them.” Armentrout v. State, 645 S.W.2d 298, 302

(Tex. Crim. App. [panel op.] 1983).

         According to Williams, the evidence was insufficient to show the use of two or more

prostitutes, because “none of the women the State attempts to infer to be prostitutes ever engaged

in, offered to engage in, or agreed to engage in prostitution.” Williams emphasizes that at the

2
 The jury charge followed the statutory language and instructed the jury to find Williams guilty if it found from the
evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about April 5, 2019 in Kerr County Williams “knowingly owned,
invested in, financed, controlled, supervised, or managed a prostitution enterprise that used at least two prostitutes.”

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“scene of [his] arrest, all four women who were present clearly articulated to officers that they

were not prostitutes, nor had [any] intention[] to commit prostitution.” In response, the State points

to the following evidence at trial:

       (1) Investigator Cliff Hirl, who at that time was with the Fredericksburg Police
           Department, testified that he received information from Investigator Jeff Purvis with
           the Kerrville Police Department that one of their informants knew about an individual
           bringing female prostitutes to the Kerrville area. Through the informant Hirl obtained
           Williams’s phone number. When Hirl contacted Williams, he pretended to be a rancher
           in the Kerrville area named “Scott.” Hirl testified that in their first conversation,
           Williams “almost immediately started talking about services and the females that he
           could provide me.” According to Hirl, they “started talking roughly—just rough prices,
           if I remember correctly, but nothing concrete, an idea of how many girls [Hirl] would
           want for the night.”

       (2) State’s Exhibit 24, a CD of recorded phone calls between “Scott” (i.e., Investigator
           Hirl) and “Jay” (who was identified as Williams by Hirl) was admitted in evidence. In
           addition to the recorded phone calls, text messages between Investigator Hirl and
           Williams were admitted in evidence. In the recorded conversations, Williams said he
           was “not a pimp,” but a “booking agent” who “works on commission.” Investigator
           Hirl texted Williams he wanted three “slenderish” women who were “willing to have
           group sex just as much as singles.” Williams responded that he would “have a selection
           for u [sic] to pick from shortly.” Williams advised Hirl about the “donation” required
           for the services provided:

               Hey Scott, tbh [sic], the average donation a girl receives around
               these parts is 200/hr . . . considering the commute, it would make
               sense on both ends, to book an 8 hr [sic] block of time. That gives u
               [sic] plenty of time to relax and let things develop naturally,
               translating to a more pleasurable experience all the way around. For
               that, plus the 2 hours of travel, a thousand for each girl, half on
               arrival, the other half on departure, equals to a 50% savings on what
               you would pay 2 or 3 hours at a time. A thousand dollars’ll [sic]
               sound a lot more enticing to these girls than a couple hundred at a
               time. Paying them a flat fee, hlf [sic] up front hlf [sic] when they
               leave, keeps em [sic] honest with their interaction and minimizes the
               guile. Then if u [sic] decide to tip them further it keeps all the
               attitudes of entitlement to a minimum, because it’s unexpected. An
               additional 2 grand, on arrival, would cover rental of a vehicle, fuel,
               wages for myself, a driver, and security, there and back.

           Williams also texted that “[a]ny party favors . . . provided at said event would have to
           be purchased on a Point of Sale basis.” Hirl replied with the following:

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       ok ill [sic] pay 2k up front to the girls, 2k upfront for your services,
       and 2k on the back end to your girls, but considering im [sic]
       throwing up 6k for the girls, I want one white and one Hispanic
       looking to party.

   Hirl then detailed the sex acts he wanted the “girls” to perform and stated that he also
   wanted the “girls” “to bring some powder to make the party all that much better.” Hirl
   texted, “for that id [sic] pay going rate for a few grams to have fun.”

(3) According to Investigator Hirl, Williams then sent him explicit photos of different
    women. These photos were admitted in evidence.

(4) Investigator Hirl further testified he provided Williams with a real address in Center
    Point, Texas where Williams was to bring the females that Hirl had selected. On the
    day in question, Williams called Hirl to say they were on their way. Hirl testified that
    he received a phone call from Williams later; Williams was unable to find the address
    and was “out in the middle of nowhere.” Hirl testified he tried to guide Williams to the
    ranch, but then told Williams he would come down and meet Williams and the women
    at the ranch’s gate. Hirl testified that other officers involved in the operation were
    waiting at the address given to Williams and had seen Williams’s vehicle pass them.
    According to Hirl, Williams called him again, saying that he had pulled off the side of
    the road and would wait for Williams there. Hirl then told the other officers to go ahead
    with the arrest. Hirl testified,

       It didn’t take but seconds, and I could hear the arrest team. In fact, I
       could hear who I knew was Investigator Purvis yelling out
       commands for showing hands, pulling people out of vehicles. Just
       before that—just before I heard the officers say that, I heard who I
       believe . . . was Maria, but I heard one of the female voices say it
       was a setup . . ., and then that’s when I heard the arrest team start to
       give commands.

(5) Investigator Purvis testified that on the day of the arrest, Investigator Hirl had let his
    team know when Williams was en route and provided a vehicle description of a “red
    Jeep.” After a red jeep passed officers who were stationed at the address given to
    Williams, Purvis was advised by Hirl that Williams was lost. Purvis was able to listen
    to the conversation between Hirl and Williams. He heard Hirl tell Williams that Hirl
    would come out to meet Williams. Hirl then told Purvis that “the suspect is parking
    now.” According to Purvis, he then saw a red Jeep park and turn off its lights. Purvis
    saw a “black male get out of a vehicle with a while female.” Purvis testified he called
    the marked units to approach. The black male and white woman were detained, along
    with three other women who were inside the Jeep. According to Purvis, a search of the
    Jeep and the individuals yielded “some heroin, syringes, and some pills.” As a result of
    a search incident to an arrest, the officers found “methamphetamine and a
    methamphetamine pipe” on Williams.

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        (6) Like Investigator Hirl, Investigator Purvis identified Williams in open court as the
            person arrested at the scene. Purvis also identified the women pictured in State’s
            Exhibits 21, 22, 23, and 24 as the “four females [who] were arrested” at the scene.

        (7) Investigator Purvis testified the four women arrested were Julia Nicole Anderson,
            Nichole Mendoza, Maria Luna, and Chelsea Hogan. According to Purvis, during his
            interviews with the women, one of them described Williams as “being a pimp” and said
            “they were going to try to come up [to Kerrville] and make some money.” Purvis also
            testified that the women were “very uncooperative” and some denied being prostitutes.

        According to Williams, because there is evidence some of the women claimed to not be

prostitutes at the time of their arrest, he argues the jury had no discretion but to find they were not

prostitutes and thus he was not guilty of the offense charged. However, there was other evidence

at trial, including phone conversations and text messages between Investigator Hirl and Williams,

along with Williams and the four women arriving at the appointed location and time as detailed in

those communications between Hirl and Williams, from which the jury could infer that the women

arrested were prostitutes being used in Williams’s prostitution enterprise. Therefore, viewing all

the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude the evidence is legally

sufficient to support Williams’s conviction. See Branch v. State, 497 S.W.3d 588, 590-91 (Tex.

App.—Eastland 2016, no pet.) (holding evidence sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for

aggravated promotion of prostitution).

                                     MOTION TO QUASH INDICTMENT

        In his next issue, Williams argues the trial court erred in denying his motion to quash the

indictment, resulting in the denial of his right to fair notice of the specific charged offense and

preventing him from preparing for trial. 3 The sufficiency of an indictment presents a question of

law. State v. Zuniga, 512 S.W.3d 902, 906 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). Thus, we review a trial court’s

ruling on a motion to quash an indictment de novo. State v. Ross, 573 S.W.3d 817, 820 (Tex. Crim.

3
 We note that Williams has preserved this issue for appeal by filing a detailed pretrial motion to quash, which was
heard and denied by the trial court.

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App. 2019). “The trial court’s ruling should be upheld if it is correct under any theory of law

applicable to the case.” Zuniga, 512 S.W.3d at 906.

       As noted, a person commits aggravated promotion of prostitution if he (1) knowingly (2)

owns, invests in, finances, controls, supervises, or manages (3) a prostitution enterprise (4) that

uses two or more prostitutes. See TEX. PENAL CODE § 43.04(a). The indictment in this case alleged

that Williams

       on or about April 5, 2019, and before the presentment of this indictment, in said
       county and state, did then and there knowingly own, invest in, finance, control,
       supervise, or manage a prostitution enterprise that used at least two prostitutes.

As a pretrial matter, Williams argued to the trial court that the indictment should be quashed

because it failed to notify him which of the six possible manner and means of committing

aggravated promotion of prostitution. The State responded that the indictment tracked the statutory

language.

       “The Texas and United States Constitutions grant a criminal defendant the right to fair

notice of the specific charged offense.” Ross, 573 S.W.3d at 820. “To provide this fair notice, the

charging instrument must convey sufficient information to allow the accused to prepare a defense.”

Id. “Toward that end, chapter 21 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure governs charging

instruments and provides legislative guidance concerning the requirements and adequacy of

notice.” Zuniga, 512 S.W.3d at 906. “With respect to indictments, article 21.02 sets out what facts

must be included in an information and states, in part, that ‘[t]he offense must be set forth in plain

and intelligible words.’” Id. (quoting TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 21.02(7)). Article 21.03 provides

that “[e]verything should be stated in an indictment which is necessary to be proved.” TEX. CODE

CRIM. PROC. art. 21.03. Article 21.04 provides that “[t]he certainty required in an indictment is

such as will enable the accused to plead the judgment that maybe given upon it in bar of any

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prosecution for the same offense.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 21.04. An indictment is sufficient

if it

        charges the commission of the offense in ordinary and concise language in such a
        manner as to enable a person of common understanding to know what is meant, and
        with that degree of certainty that will give the defendant notice of the particular
        offense with which he is charged, and enable the court, on conviction, to pronounce
        the proper judgment[.]

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 21.11.

        This “notice” jurisprudence requires appellate courts to engage in a two-step analysis when

analyzing whether a charging instrument provides adequate notice. Zuniga, 512 S.W.3d at 907.

“First, the reviewing court must identify the elements of the offense.” Id. “Next, it must consider

whether the statutory language is sufficiently descriptive of the charged offense.” Id. The court of

criminal appeals has recognized that “[i]n most cases, a charging instrument that tracks the relevant

statutory text will provide adequate notice to the accused.” Ross, 573 S.W.3d at 820. “But tracking

the language of the statute may be insufficient if the statutory language is not ‘completely

descriptive’ of an offense.” Id. (quoting Curry v. State, 30 S.W.3d 394, 398 (Tex. Crim. App.

2000)). Thus, “if the prohibited conduct is statutorily defined to include more than one manner or

means of commission, then the State must, upon timely request, allege the particular manner or

means it seeks to establish.” Id. (emphasis added) (citation omitted).

        As noted above, a person commits aggravated promotion of prostitution if he (1) knowingly

(2) owns, invests in, finances, controls, supervises, or manages (3) a prostitution enterprise (4) that

uses two or more prostitutes. See TEX. PENAL CODE § 43.04(a). “The term ‘manner and means’

refers to the actus reus of the crime.” Sanchez v. State, 376 S.W.3d 767, 773 (Tex. Crim. App.

2012) (citation omitted). “Syntax can help identify manner and means: ‘[g]enerally, adverbial

phrases, introduced by the preposition “by,” describe the manner and means of committing the

offense.’” Id. (quoting Jefferson v. State, 189 S.W.3d 305, 316 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (Cochran,

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J., concurring)). We conclude the prohibited conduct in section 43.04(a) is statutorily defined to

include more than one manner or means of commission; that is, one can commit the offense by

owning, investing in, financing, controlling, supervising, or managing a prostitution enterprise.

See TEX. PENAL CODE § 43.04(a).

       The record reflects that Williams filed a pretrial motion requesting the State to allege the

particular manner and means it sought to establish. After a hearing on the motion, the trial court

denied Williams’s motion to quash and did not require the State to allege the particular manner

and means. However, because section 43.04(a) is statutorily defined to include more than one

manner or means of commission, the statutory language is not “completely descriptive” of the

offense, and the trial court should have granted Williams’s motion to quash. See Ross, 573 S.W.3d

at 820 (explaining that “if the prohibited conduct is statutorily defined to include more than one

manner or means of commission, then the State must, upon timely request, allege the particular

manner or means it seeks to establish”).

       However, our analysis does not end there. In determining whether an appellant received

constitutionally sufficient notice of the offense to prepare a defense, we do not look solely at the

language of the indictment. State v. Moff, 154 S.W.3d 599, 603 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); State v.

Peterson, 612 S.W.3d 508, 514 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2020, pet. ref’d). The notice

requirement “may be satisfied by means other than the language in the charging instrument.”

Kellar v. State, 108 S.W.3d 311, 313 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). “When a motion to quash is

overruled, a defendant suffers no harm unless he did not, in fact, receive notice of the State’s theory

against which he would have to defend.” Id.; see also TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 21.19 (“An

indictment shall not be held insufficient, nor shall the trial, judgment or other proceedings thereon

be affected, by reason of any defect of form which does not prejudice the substantial rights of the

defendant.”). Thus, if the record reflects that Williams received actual notice of the State’s theory

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against which he would have to defend, then he suffered no harm by the trial court’s failure to

grant his motion to quash. See Peterson, 612 S.W.3d at 514-15 (holding record showed appellant

had actual notice of prosecution’s theory through comments made by prosecutor at motion-to-

quash hearing, statements made in the prosecution’s response to the appellant’s motion to quash,

along with other pretrial notices filed by the prosecution). Further, we note that “[t]he notice

provided by the indictment in question must be examined from the perspective of the accused in

light of his constitutional presumption of innocence.” DeVaughn v. State, 749 S.W.2d 62, 68 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1988) (emphasis added).

       In its brief, the State does not point to anything in the record to show that Williams received

notice of its intended theory of prosecution. The clerk’s record does not reflect that the State filed

a response to Williams’s motion to quash. At the hearing on the motion to quash, Williams’s

defense counsel emphasized that the possible manner and means alleged were very different and

made it impossible for him to prepare a defense:

       The confusion and the lack of notice here comes into the manner and means in
       which they allege that he commits the offense. We have six manner and means
       listed in the statute, that being owns, invests in, finances, controls, supervises, or
       manages, and I think it’s very notable that the statute is very specific and uses the
       word “or” and not “and.” . . . They will have to narrow this down and specify which
       manner and means out of the six possible options. Does he own it? Does he invest
       in it? Does he finance it? Does he control it? Does he supervise it or does he manage
       it? Or is it all of the above? But they don’t state that, and that lacks specificity for
       my client to be able to defend against this indictment sufficiently. For us to defend
       against it, we have to go through and defend against each one of these manner and
       means, and all they have to do is pick one and go after it, but we still have to go
       after all six, and I think that’s fundamentally unfair to my client.

The prosecutor’s response to this argument was merely that the language tracked the statute. The

prosecutor did not provide any specific theory he intended to pursue at trial.

       At the hearing on the motion to quash, the prosecution did refer, in a conclusory fashion,

to the trial court’s “standing discovery order” and the State’s “open file policy.” However, there is

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nothing in the record to indicate what information the defense had access to as a result of the

“standing discovery order” and the State’s “open file policy.” Additionally, while the State did file

notice of its intention to use “bad acts and extraneous matters,” those extraneous bad acts related

to three prior offenses for robbery and one previous offense for assault. The notice of extraneous

bad acts appeared to not relate to any “prostitution enterprise.” The facts of this case, therefore,

are distinguishable from other cases where appellate courts have found the defendant did have

actual notice of the State’s intended theory of prosecution. See Peterson, 612 S.W.3d at 515

(holding “the State’s various pretrial filings, considered together with the indictment’s allegations

that the offense of compelling prostitution by a minor occurred on or about November 3, 2016 and

involved a single complainant whose identity [was] known to [the defendant], is adequate notice

of the State’s theory of criminal liability so that [the defendant] [could] prepare a defense”); Buxton

v. State, 526 S.W.3d 666, 683 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. ref’d) (holding, in a

continuous-sexual-abuse-of-child case, that the defendant had ample notice of the offense when

the indictment was considered together with the probable cause affidavit and the prosecution’s

notices of intention to use outcry statements and extraneous offenses); State v. Stukes, 490 S.W.3d

571, 577 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, no pet.) (holding, in continuing-family-violence

case, that the defendant “had ample notice in addition to that provided by the indictment” when

the prosecution provided defense counsel with offense reports and videotapes regarding two

predicate assaults).

       On this record, we cannot conclude that Williams received pretrial notice of the State’s

theory against which he would have to defend. See Kellar, 108 S.W.3d at 313. Accordingly, we

must reverse the trial court’s judgment. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 21.19 (“An indictment

shall not be held insufficient, nor shall the trial, judgment or other proceedings thereon be affected,

by reason of any defect of form which does not prejudice the substantial rights of the defendant.”);

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see also TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b) (permitting only errors that do not affect substantial rights to be

disregarded).

       Because (1) the trial court should have granted Williams’s motion to quash the indictment

and (2) the record does not reflect that Williams received pretrial notice of the State’s theory

against which he would have to defend, we reverse the trial court’s judgment. In our previous

judgment, we remanded the cause with instructions to dismiss the indictment. In its motion for

rehearing, the State argues our judgment should have ordered the indictment quashed while

permitting the State a period of time in which to amend in accordance with article 28 of the Texas

Code of Criminal Procedure. In support, the State cites State v. Moreno, 807 S.W.2d 327, 329

(Tex. Crim. App. 1991). The facts in Moreno, however, are distinguishable as the trial court in that

case agreed with the defendant that the information in a misdemeanor case should be quashed, and

the issue on appeal was whether the trial court’s order quashing the indictment was appealable by

the State. See id. at 328-34. Indeed, the language in Moreno relied on by the State is dicta. See id.

at 328-29.

       In contrast, in Coleman v. State, 643 S.W.2d 124 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982), the court of

criminal appeals addressed the same factual scenario we are presented with in this appeal. In that

case, before trial, the “appellant filed and presented to the trial court a motion to quash the

indictment, claiming therein that the indictment failed to give him sufficient notice of the meaning

of the word or term ‘appropriate.’” Id. at 125. After the trial court denied the appellant’s motion,

the case proceeded to a jury trial where the appellant was found guilty. Id. On appeal, the Dallas

Court of Appeals agreed with the appellant, holding the trial court erred in failing to grant

appellant’s motion to quash the indictment. Id. The court of appeals reversed the judgment and

ordered “that the indictment be dismissed.” Coleman v. State, 629 S.W.2d 126 (Tex. App.—Dallas

1981), aff’d, 643 S.W.2d 124 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982). The State then appealed to the court of

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criminal appeals, which held the trial court had “reversibly erred in failing to grant the appellant’s

trial court motion to quash the indictment.” Coleman, 643 S.W.2d at 126. The court of criminal

appeals then affirmed the judgment of the Dallas Court of Appeals, which had reversed and ordered

“that the indictment be dismissed.” Id. Given this precedent, we decline to modify our previous

judgment in this appeal.

                                           CONCLUSION

       We reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand the cause with instructions to dismiss the

indictment.

                                                   Liza A. Rodriguez, Justice

PUBLISH

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