Court Opinion

ID: 4348099
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-12-06 21:01:03.095183+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:47:06.626826
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                                             )
FENG WANG, et al.,                           )
                                             )
              Plaintiffs,                    )
                                             )
      v.                                     )       Civil Action No. 18-cv-1732 (TSC)
                                             )
                                             )
MICHAEL R. POMPEO, et al.,                   )
                                             )
                                             )
                                             )
              Defendants.                    )
                                             )

                                MEMORANDUM OPINION

       In 1990, Congress created the EB-5 Immigrant Investor program, which grants the U.S.

Department of State (“State”) the authority to issue visas to foreign investors who contribute a

specific amount of capital to U.S. companies and create at least ten U.S. jobs per investment.

The statute creating EB-5 visas provides a path towards permanent residency, but it also sets

various limits on the number of visas that may be issued each fiscal year. It also accords

accompanying spouses and children of EB-5 principals (or those following to join the principals)

the same status and order of consideration as the principal investors. Since 1990, State has

counted these derivative spouses and children of principal immigrant investors toward the yearly

caps on EB-5 visas. Since that time, there have been no legislative, regulatory or judicial

objections to State’s counting policy.

                                           Page 1 of 23
       Plaintiffs, who contend that this counting policy is unlawful, are thirteen Chinese EB-5

investors provisionally representing a class consisting of: 1 children of investors who have lost or

will lose their status as derivative children (i.e., age out) and the class members they

provisionally represent; and American Lending Center LLC (“ALC”), which is a U.S.-based

regional center sponsor of projects funded with EB-5 investment capital. The Defendants are

Michael R. Pompeo, in his official capacity as Secretary of State, Edward J. Ramotowski, in his

official capacity as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Visa Services, the U.S. Department of

State (“State”), and the United States of America.

       Plaintiffs have moved for a Preliminary Injunction, ECF No. 2 (“Pls. Mot.”), prohibiting

Defendants from counting derivatives against the EB-5 caps and requiring Defendants to make

available the full number of EB-5 visas that would be available if derivatives were not counted.

       Having reviewed the parties’ filings (including the brief of amicus curiae, Invest in the

USA, and Defendants’ Opposition), the record, and the relevant case law, the court, for reasons

set forth below, hereby DENIES Plaintiffs’ Motion for Preliminary Injunction.

                                       I.      BACKGROUND

    A. EB-5 Visa Program
       The EB-5 program was created by the Immigration Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-649,

104 Stat. 4978 (“The 1990 Act”). The 1990 Act amends the Immigration and Nationality Act,

Pub. L. No. 82-414, 66 Stat. 163, 167 (1952) (“INA”), by providing visas under a fifth

employment-based preference category, known as EB-5, 8 U.S.C. § 1153(b)(5). Through this

1
 This court, on consent of both parties, granted provisional class certification to Plaintiffs for the
sole purpose of resolving Plaintiffs’ Motion for Preliminary Injunction. See ECF No. 29.
                                           Page 2 of 23
program, immigrant investors can obtain lawful permanent residency in the United States for

themselves and their spouses and children who are “accompanying or following to join” them,

i.e., their derivatives. INA § 203(d). The program is “intended to attract foreign capital,

encourage economic development,” and “benefit the U.S. economy and labor market.” Compl. ¶

33.

       The 1990 Act imposes certain caps on immigrant visas. First, the worldwide level of

employment-based immigrants is capped each fiscal year. INA § 201(d), 8 U.S.C. § 1151(d).

No more than 7.1 percent of employment-based visa numbers can be awarded to qualified

immigrants under EB-5. INA § 203(b)(5)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1153(b)(5)(A). This translates to

roughly 10,000 EB-5 visas issued annually. Within the 7.1 percent of the worldwide level,

“[n]ot less than 3,000” visas numbers are reserved for qualifying investors in high-

unemployment or targeted rural areas. INA § 203(b)(5)(B), 8 U.S.C. § 1153(b)(5)(B). Second,

the statute sets a per country limit by restricting visas accorded to immigrants from any single

country to 7 percent of the annual overall EB-5 category. INA § 202(a)(2), 8 U.S.C. §

1152(a)(2). The Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992, Pub. L. No. 102-404, 106 Stat. 1969,

further restricts the number of EB-5 visas available to Chinese immigrants by deducting 700 visa

numbers from the EB-5 limit.

       A foreign investor seeking an EB-5 visa must first file a Petition on Form I-526 with the

United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) seeking classification as an EB-5

investor. 8 U.S.C. § 1154(a)(1)(H); 8 C.F.R. § 204.6(a). The investor must prove that he or she

is 1) investing, or is in the process of investing, either $1,000,000 into a new commercial

enterprise or $500,000 into a new commercial enterprise if the investment is made in a rural area

                                           Page 3 of 23
or area of high unemployment, and 2) creating, or is in the process of creating, at least ten new

jobs from the investment. 8 U.S.C. § 1153(b)(5); 8 C.F.R. § 204.6(j). The petition must also

demonstrate that the investor obtained the capital legally. Id. If USCIS approves the petition it

is sent to State for immigrant visa pre-processing. Once the petition is approved, it is given a

priority date, determined by the date on which it was filed with USCIS. 8 C.F.R. § 204.6(d).

       At the beginning of each month, State receives information from consular posts

worldwide and USCIS and calculates how many visa number are available. Decl. of Charles

Oppenheim ¶ 3, ECF No. 13-2, Defs. Ex. 1 (“Oppenheim Decl.”). Once a visa number becomes

available, an EB-5 investor physically located in the United States may file an application for an

adjustment of status to a lawful permanent resident with USCIS. Id. ¶ 2; 8 U.S.C. § 1255. An

investor who is not in the United States when the petition is approved may file for an immigrant

visa at a U.S. embassy or consulate. 8 U.S.C. §§ 1201-1202. Aliens physically present in the

United States and those outside the United States are allocated numbers from the same group of

available visas. 22 C.F.R. § 42.51(b). If, however, the number of qualified applicants in a visa

category is greater than the amount of visa numbers available for allotment for the month, State

considers the category to be “oversubscribed,” and establishes and publishes a cut-off date,

referred to as a “final action date.” Oppenheim Decl. ¶ 5. Only EB-5 investors with approved I-

526 petitions filed before the cut-off date can obtain available visa numbers in order of priority

date. Defendants describe the process as follows:

       When visa numbers are ‘oversubscribed,’ not all beneficiaries of approved petition who
       may seek adjustment of status or an immigrant visa can immediately be processed to
       conclusion. Only persons with priority dates earlier than a cut-off date are allotted a visa
       number and are thus eligible for final adjustment of status by USCIS or for issuance of an
       immigrant visa by State. Persons with a priority date on or after the cut-off date must
       wait until future movement of the cut-off date allows numbers to be allocated.

                                           Page 4 of 23
Defs. Resp. in Opp. to Pls. Mot. for Prelim. Inj. (“Defs. Opp.”) at 8, ECF No. 13-1, (citations

omitted).

        INA § 203(d) provides that derivative spouses and children of employment-based

immigrants who are “accompanying or following to join” the principal immigrant are “entitled to

the same status, and the same order of consideration” as the principal. 8 U.S.C. § 1153(d). The

section states in full:

        A spouse or child as defined in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), (D), or (E) of section
        1101(b)(1) of this title shall, if not otherwise entitled to an immigrant status and the
        immediate issuance of a visa under subsection (a), (b), or (c), be entitled to the same
        status, and the same order of consideration provided in the respective subsection, if
        accompanying or following to join, the spouse or parent.

Id. Section 203(d) gives derivative spouses and children the option of either “accompanying” or

“following to join” their principal. A derivative is accompanying his or her principal investor

when the derivative seeks permanent residency within six months of the principal’s admission.

22 C.F.R. § 40.1(a)(1) (“Accompanying or accompanied by means not only an alien in the

physical company of a principal alien but also an alien who is issued an immigrant visa within 6

months of: (i) The date of issuance of a visa to the principal alien; (ii) The date of adjustment of

status in the United States of the principal alien; or (iii) The date on which the principal alien

personally appears and registers before a consular officer abroad to confer alternate foreign state

chargeability or immigrant status upon a spouse or child.”). A derivative can “follow[]-to-join”

the principal at any time after the investor obtains permanent residency. 9 Foreign Affairs

Manual 503.2-4(A)(c)(1) (“A spouse or child acquired prior to the admission of the principal

alien may be considered to be ‘following-to-join,’ regardless of the time which may have elapsed

since the principal alien’s admission to the United States.”).

                                            Page 5 of 23
       Under the statute, a child must be unmarried and under twenty-one years old. 8 U.S.C. §

1101(b)(1). If an EB-5 principal investor’s child turns twenty-one before a visa number becomes

available to the principal, the child “ages out” and can no longer be considered a derivative.

However, under the Child Status Protection Act, Pub. L. No. 107-208, 116 Stat. 927 (2002)

(“CSPA”), a child’s age “freezes” while the investor’s I-526 petition is pending. If by the time

the I-526 petition is approved a visa number is not available, the child’s age “unfreezes” and

resumes accruing until a visa becomes available to the investor. 8 U.S.C. § 1153(h)(1)(A)-(B).

In order to qualify for CSPA protection, the child must seek permanent residence within one year

of the time a visa number becomes available to his or her parent. Id.

       Immigrant investors, instead of investing directly in U.S. businesses, can invest through

regional centers, and INA § 203(b)(5)(B) requires that 3,000 of the annual EB-5 visas be set

aside for immigrants investing in commercial enterprises associated with regional centers.

       State has always interpreted INA § 203(d) to mean that “[f]or all numerically limited visa

categories, which includes all employment-based” categories, “visas issued to derivatives are

counted toward the annual immigrant visa caps.” Defs. Opp. at 5. The parties agree that the

demand for EB-5 visas from Chinese applicants currently exceeds the supply. Id. at 12 (citing

Oppenheim Decl. ¶¶ 11–12); Pls. Mot. at 8, and Defendants concede that “applicants from China

have a longer wait.” Defs. Opp. at 22 (quoting Oppenheim Decl. ¶ 12). In Plaintiffs’ view, this

“backlog” has been caused by the government’s counting policy. Pls. Mot. at 17. Citing a

government report, Plaintiffs allege that “Chinese investors who filed an I-526 petition in 2017

will need to wait over a decade before the Department of State allows them to immigrate to the

U.S. based on their investments.” Pls. Mot. at 9. Moreover, “Chinese investors who file I-526

                                           Page 6 of 23
Petitions in Fiscal Year 2018 will likely be forced to wait approximately 16 years before they

qualify to obtain permanent residency based on their investments.” Id.

   B. Plaintiffs’ Request for Injunctive Relief

       Plaintiffs’ motion for injunctive relief argues that State must allocate available EB-5 visas

numbers only to investors themselves and may not count derivative EB-5 beneficiaries against

the annual caps. Plaintiffs further contend that State’s counting policy violates the INA and that

State’s cut-off dates constitute final agency action that is arbitrary and capricious under the

Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”). Pls. Mot. at 11. Plaintiffs ask the court to issue an

injunction “barring Defendants from counting visas issued to spouses and children of investors

against the annual EB-5 visa allotment” and “to order the Department to make immediately

available all visa numbers which should have been assigned to EB-5 investors but were not

because of the Department’s unlawful Counting Policy.” Id. at 2. Plaintiffs assert that this

injunctive relief is necessary to prevent irreparable harm, particularly with respect to Plaintiffs

Feng Wang, Hongmei Xiao, and Jianhong Yang, “whose children will ‘age out’ of eligibility”

imminently “absent relief from this [c]ourt.” Id.

                                    II.     LEGAL STANDARD

       A preliminary injunction is an “extraordinary and drastic remedy” that is “never awarded

as of right.” Munaf v. Geren, 553 U.S. 674, 689–90 (2008) (internal citations and quotation

marks omitted). A preliminary injunction “should not be granted unless the movant, by a clear

showing, carries the burden of persuasion.” Mazurek v. Armstrong, 520 U.S. 968, 972 (1997)

(internal citations and quotation marks omitted) (emphasis in original).

                                            Page 7 of 23
        To prevail on a motion for a preliminary injunction, the movant must show that: “he is

likely to succeed on the merits, . . . he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of

preliminary relief, . . . the balance of equities tips in his favor, and . . . an injunction is in the

public interest.” Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). Typically,

these factors have “been evaluated on a ‘sliding scale.’” Davis v. Pension Ben. Guar. Corp., 571
F.3d 1288, 1291 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting Davenport v. Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters, 166 F.3d 356,

361 (D.C. Cir. 1999)). “If the movant makes an unusually strong showing on one of the factors,

then it does not necessarily have to make as strong a showing on another factor.” Id. at 1291-92.

“However, the continued viability of the sliding scale approach is uncertain ‘as the Supreme

Court and the D.C. Circuit have strongly suggested, without holding, that a likelihood of success

on the merits is an independent, free-standing requirement for a preliminary injunction.’” In re

Navy Chaplaincy, 928 F. Supp. 2d 26, 32 (D.D.C. 2013) (quoting Stand Up for California! v.

U.S. Dep't of the Interior, 919 F. Supp. 2d 51, 61 (D.D.C. 2013)); see also Sherley v. Sebelius,

644 F.3d 388, 393 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (“[W]e read Winter at least to suggest if not to hold ‘that a

likelihood of success is an independent, free-standing requirement for a preliminary

injunction.’”) (quoting Davis, 571 F.3d at 1296) (concurring opinion)); Aracely R. v. Nielsen,

319 F. Supp. 3d 110, 125 (D.D.C. 2018) (“Of these factors, likelihood of success on the merits

and irreparable harm are particularly crucial.”) (citation omitted). 2

2
  This court need not resolve this ambiguity, because Plaintiffs fail under the sliding-scale
framework and, therefore, “a fortiori they cannot satisfy the more stringent standard alluded to
by the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals.” Stand Up for California!, 919 F. Supp. 2d at
62.

                                              Page 8 of 23
       Moreover, “the standard for obtaining an injunction is significantly heightened when a

plaintiff requests affirmative injunctive relief.” Tex. Children's Hosp. v. Burwell, 76 F. Supp. 3d
224, 247 (D.D.C. 2014) (citing Bradshaw v. Veneman, 338 F. Supp. 2d 139, 144 (D.D.C. 2004)).

In such cases, the court must “exercise extreme caution.” Aracely R., 319 F. Supp. 3d at 126

(D.D.C. 2018). “The power to issue a preliminary injunction, especially a mandatory one,

should be sparingly exercised.” Dorfmann v. Boozer, 414 F.2d 1168, 1173 (D.C. Cir.

1969) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

                                         III.    ANALYSIS

       A. Likelihood Of Success On The Merits

               1. Plaintiffs Are Not Likely To Succeed On The Merits Of Their Argument That
                  State Has Incorrectly Interpreted The INA

       The D.C. Circuit “read[s] Winter at least to suggest if not to hold ‘that a likelihood of

success is an independent, free-standing requirement for a preliminary injunction.” Sherley, 644
F.3d at 393 (quoting Davis, 571 F.3d at 1296 (concurring opinion)). Therefore, it is “particularly

important for the movant to demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits.” Konarski v.

Donovan, 763 F. Supp. 2d 128, 132 (D.D.C. 2011). “In ruling on a preliminary injunction a key

issue—often the dispositive one—is whether the movant has shown a substantial likelihood of

success on the merits.” Greater New Orleans Fair Hous. Action Ctr. v. U.S. Dep't of Hous. &

Urban Dev., 639 F.3d 1078, 1083 (D.C. Cir. 2011).

                              a. The INA Language Supports State’s Counting Policy

       In 1965 Congress passed the Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965,

Pub. L. No. 89-236, 79 Stat. 911, 912 (“the 1965 Act”). The 1965 Act amended Section 203 of

                                           Page 9 of 23
the INA by establishing seven preference categories of available immigrant visas. These seven

categories added up to 100 percent of the total number of immigrant visas available each year.

The eighth category was a catch-all category. The ninth category applied to spouses and

children:

       Section 203(a): Aliens who are subject to the numerical limitations specified in section
       201(a) shall be allotted visas . . . as follows: . . .

       (9) A spouse or child . . . shall, if not otherwise entitled to an immigrant status and the
       immediate issuance of a visa or to conditional entry under paragraphs (1) through (8), be
       entitled to the same status, and the same order of consideration provided in subsection
       (b), if accompanying, or following to join, his spouse or parent.

Section 203(b) stated: “In considering applications for immigrant visas under subsection (a),

consideration shall be given to applicants in the order in which the classes of which they are

members are listed in subsection (a).”

       The parties agree that the 1965 Act counted principals’ spouses and children against the

worldwide cap. Compl. ¶¶ 43-44; Defs. Opp. at 21. The use of the phrase “entitled to the same

status, and the same order of consideration” in § 203(a)(9) accorded derivative spouses and

children of immigrants the ability to immigrate at the same time and in the same category as their

principals and use the same visa number available to the principal investor. For the next twenty-

five years, in accordance with the 1965 Act, State counted derivative spouses and children

towards the cap.

       In 1990, Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1990, which changed the organization

of the INA by grouping the preference categories in three subsections: 1) family-based

preferences, subsection 203(a); 2) employment-based preferences, subsection 203(b); and 3) a

new category of “diversity” immigrants, subsection 203(c). Id. The 1990 Act added separate

                                          Page 10 of 23
caps for family-based, employment-based, and diversity immigrants, but the three subsections

continued to be subject to the cap in INA § 201. Id.

       In addition, the 1990 Act addressed the issue of principal immigrants’ spouses and

children:

       Treatment of family members. A spouse or child . . . shall, if not otherwise
       entitled to an immigrant status and the immediate issuance of a visa under
       subsection (a), (b), or (c), be entitled to the same status, and the same order of
       consideration provided in the respective subsection, if accompanying or following
       to join, the spouse or parent.

INA § 203. This section allows a derivative to obtain a visa through his or her principal and to

be entitled to the same status and order of consideration accorded to the principal. Section

203(d) of the INA, as amended by the 1990 Act, is virtually identical to § 203(a)(9) as it existed

after the 1965 Act.

       Congress did not adopt this virtually identical language in a vacuum. When it replicated

this language in the 1990 Act, Congress was aware that for twenty-five years State had

interpreted § 203(a)(9) as amended by the 1965 Act to count derivatives against the caps.

“Congress is presumed to be aware of an administrative or judicial interpretation of a statute and

to adopt that interpretation when it re-enacts a statute without change.” Lorillard v. Pons, 434
U.S. 575, 580 (1978).

       Plaintiffs nonetheless argue that this canon of construction does not apply because the

language in former § 203(a)(9) was not re-enacted “without change.” Rather, “the provision

according status to spouses and children [was moved] outside of any provision specifying the

immigrants subject to the worldwide limits.” Pls. Rep. in Supp. of Mot. for Prelim. Inj. (“Pls.

                                          Page 11 of 23
Rep.”), ECF No. 20 at 10 (emphasis in original). This, Plaintiffs argue, “significantly,” changed

the statute. Id.

        While Plaintiffs are correct that the 1990 Act did modify the INA’s structure, Plaintiffs

have failed to proffer any “evidence of any intent to repudiate the longstanding administrative

construction.” Haig v. Agee, 453 U.S. 280, 297 (1981). In the absence of such evidence, the

court concludes that when Congress amended the INA in 1990, using the same language as it

used in 1965, it was adopting the “longstanding administrative construction,” id. at 298, of the

provision for derivatives.

        If Congress had intended to repudiate State’s interpretation of the statute—with

substantial immigration consequences—it would have done so clearly. By retaining the

language pertaining to derivatives from the 1965 Act, Congress signaled that it was not making a

monumental shift in immigration law with regard to derivatives. As the Supreme Court stated in

Lorillard, “where, as here, Congress adopts a new law incorporating sections of a prior law,

Congress normally can be presumed to have had knowledge of the interpretation given to the

incorporated law, at least insofar as it affects the new statute.” 434 U.S. at 581.

                               b. Legislative History Supports Defendants’ Argument

        The legislative history of the 1990 Act further supports the conclusion that Congress

intended to continue State’s twenty-five-year interpretation of the 1965 Act by counting

derivatives towards the caps. Each chamber passed its own bill. The Senate’s version of INA §

203 included a subsection 203(c), which repeated the language on derivatives in the 1965 Act

and applied it to each of the preference categories. Immigration Act of 1989, S. 358, 101st

Cong. § 203(c) (as passed by Senate, July 13, 1989), 135 Cong. Rec. S8639-04, 1989 WL

                                           Page 12 of 23
181548. The House bill, however, took a different approach. Importantly, it explicitly exempted

derivatives from the cap for employment-based immigrants. Section 101 of the House bill

provided:

       (b) ALIENS NOT SUBJECT TO NUMERICAL LIMITATIONS.- The
       following aliens are not subject to the worldwide levels or numerical limitations of
       subsection (a): . . .

       (3) An alien who is provided immigrant status under section 203(d) as the
       spouse or child of an immigrant under section 203(b).

Defs. Opp. at 28. Thus, the Senate version continued to count derivatives towards the cap while

the House version explicitly excluded derivatives from the cap.

       These conflicting approaches are also reflected in the different numerical cap proposals in

the House and Senate bills. The Senate proposed 150,000 annual visas. Immigration Act of

1989, S. 358, 101st Cong. § 201(d) (as passed by Senate, July 13, 1989), 135 Cong. Rec. S8639-

04, 1989 WL 181548. The House proposed 65,000 principals. If, as Defendants suggest, each

principal brings one or two derivatives, Defs. Opp. at 29-30, it appears that the two chambers

were considering similar yearly total numbers of employment-based immigrants; the difference

was in whether or not to count derivatives.

       The Conference Committee incorporated the Senate’s approach and rejected the House’s

language that specifically exempted employment-based principals’ spouses and children from the

cap. The Conference Committee also set the employment-based cap at 140,000—just 10,000

fewer than the 150,000 initially proposed by the Senate. The Conference Report explained that

the House’s proposed cap was based solely on principals and did not include derivative spouses

and children. H. Rep. 101-955, 136 Cong. Rec. H13203-01, H13236, 1990 WL 290409 (Oct. 26,

                                          Page 13 of 23
1990) (“The comparable House number for employment-based immigrants was 187,500, based

on 75,000 principals. The House amendment allocated 65,000 employment-based visas during

FY1991-96 and 75,000 thereafter (not including numerically exempt derivative spouses and

children) . . .”). These references to the House’s methodology, based on principals but not

derivatives, show that the Committee intended to adopt a methodology for counting based on

principals and derivatives. Thus, the court concludes that Congress was aware of, grappled with

and ultimately rejected the House’s proposal to not count derivatives towards the yearly cap.

Although Plaintiffs point the court to various statements made by members of Congress

suggesting that derivatives were excluded from the yearly cap, these isolated floor statements

carry little weight relative to the decisive language in the Conference Committee Report.

                              c. Because EB-5 Derivatives Are Counted Towards The Country
                                 Caps, They Must Also Be Counted Towards The Worldwide
                                 Cap

       As noted above, the INA imposes a country cap as well as a worldwide cap. INA §

202(b) determines which country derivative spouses and children should be assigned to, for

purposes of the § 202(a)(2) country cap, if they are “accompanying or following to join,” their

investors. Id. Section 202(b) states:

       (b) Rules for chargeability

       Each independent country . . . shall be treated as a separate foreign state for the
       purposes of a numerical level established under subsection (a)(2) . . . . For the
       purposes of this chapter the foreign state to which an immigrant is chargeable shall
       be determined by birth within such foreign state except that (1) an alien child,
       when accompanied by or following to join his alien parent or parents, may be
       charged to the foreign state of either parent if such parent has received or
       would be qualified for an immigrant visa, if necessary to prevent the
       separation of the child from the parent or parents, and if immigration charged
       to the foreign state to which such parent has been or would be chargeable has

                                          Page 14 of 23
       not reached a numerical level established under subsection (a)(2) for that fiscal
       year; (2) if an alien is chargeable to a different foreign state from that of his
       spouse, the foreign state to which such alien is chargeable may, if necessary to
       prevent the separation of husband and wife, be determined by the foreign state
       of the spouse he is accompanying or following to join, if such spouse has received
       or would be qualified for an immigrant visa and if immigration charged to the
       foreign state to which such spouse has been or would be chargeable has not reached
       a numerical level established under subsection (a)(2) for that fiscal year . . . .

       This rule necessarily presumes that derivatives are counted toward the per county cap;

otherwise, the question of chargeability would be irrelevant. Because the country cap is a subset

of the worldwide caps, the worldwide caps also apply to derivatives.

       While Plaintiffs agree that EB-5 derivative spouses and children are counted toward the

country cap, they dispute that they are also counted toward the worldwide levels. “[T]here is no

statutory reason to suppose that just because spouses and children count against the per country

limits of Section 202, they also count against the worldwide limits specified by Section 203.”

Pls. Rep. at 16. However, the court is not persuaded by Plaintiffs’ argument that derivatives

should be counted in the country caps, which are a subset of the worldwide cap, but not in the

worldwide caps themselves.

       Perhaps recognizing the weakness of this argument, Amicus Curiae Invest in the USA

argues that not all derivatives are counted even towards the per country caps because the country

caps apply only to derivatives who receive status under INA §§ 203(a) and 203(b), and not those

who receive status under INA § 203(d). Amici Curiae in Supp. of Pls. (“Amicus Brief”) at 4-5,

ECF No. 27. This argument fails because § 203(d) does not provide an independent status for

derivatives; it accords derivatives the “same status” as their principals.

       In an attempt to show that the country cap applies to some derivatives other than those

identified in § 203(d), Amicus points to minor children and spouses of Legal Permanent

                                           Page 15 of 23
Residents (“LPRs”) in INA § 203(a)(2)(A). But the family members described in § 203(a)(2)(A)

are not derivatives, and the provision does not contain the language “accompanying or following

to join,” which is the language § 202(b) and § 203(d) use to describe derivatives. Section

203(a)(2)(A) describes children as family-sponsored principal beneficiaries, not as derivatives.

       Amicus also points to spouses and children of special immigrants described in INA §

101(a)(27). A special immigrant is an employment-based category under § 203(b)(4). Because

§ 101(a)(27) includes the derivative-type language of “accompanying or following to join” the

principal, Amicus argues that this derivative language would be redundant if § 203(d) derivatives

counted toward the caps. However, this argument fails because the derivative-type language in

the special immigrant provision has an independent purpose: It gives certain relatives a greater

eligibility to immigrate than they would have if their eligibility depended solely on § 203(d).

               2. Plaintiffs Are Not Likely To Succeed On The Merits Of Their Argument That
                  State Did Not Comply With The APA’s Notice And Comment Requirements

       Plaintiffs argue that “Defendants’ Counting Policy is also invalid because it does not

comply with the APA’s procedural notice-and-comment requirements.” Pls. Mot. at 22.

“Section 553 of the Administrative Procedure Act requires agencies to afford notice of a

proposed rulemaking and an opportunity for public comment prior to a rule's promulgation,

amendment, modification, or repeal.” Am. Hosp. Ass'n v. Bowen, 834 F.2d 1037, 1044 (D.C.

Cir. 1987). “An agency seeking to [promulgate, amend, modify or repeal a rule] must

publish ‘[g]eneral notice of proposed rule making ... in the Federal Register’ and ‘give interested

persons an opportunity to participate in the rule making through submission of written data,

views, or arguments with or without opportunity for oral presentation.’” United Steel, Paper &

                                          Page 16 of 23
Forestry, Rubber, Mfg., Energy, Allied Indus. & Serv. Workers Int'l Union v. Fed. Highway

Admin., 151 F. Supp. 3d 76, 85 (D.D.C. 2015) (quoting 5 U.S.C. §§ 553(b)-(c)).

       Defendants point out, however, that after passage of the 1965 Act, State amended its

regulations in Part 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Defs. Opp. at 36 (citing 30 Fed. Reg.

14,783 (Nov. 23, 1965)). Defendants also note that after passage of the 1990 Act, State again

“revised its regulations to incorporate the new provision of law.” Id. at 36-37 (citing Interim

Rule, Visas: Documentation of Immigrants Under the Immigration and Nationality Act, as

Amended; Immigrants Not Subject to Numerical Limitations of INA 201 and 202; Immigrants

Subject to Numerical Limitation, 56 Fed. Reg. 49,675 (Oct. 1, 1991)). This interim rule, 56 Fed.

Reg. 49,675, issued on October 1, 1991, provided a 30-day public comment period. (“Written

comments must be received on or before October 31, 1991.”) State finalized its rule in 1993 and

noted that “Interim Rule 1491, published in the Federal Register at 56 FR 49675, October 1,

1991, invited interested person to submit comments concerning the amendments therein. No

comments were received.” Final Rule, Visas: Documentation of Immigrants Under the

Immigration and Nationality Act, as Amended; Numerical Limitations, 58 Fed. Reg. 48,446

(Sept. 16 1993). The “Interim Rule’s regulations” from 1991 were “adopted without changes,”

id., in September 1993. In light of this background, the court finds that State complied with

notice and comment requirements.

                                                 ***

       Because the D.C. Circuit has not clearly held that a failure to demonstrate a likelihood of

success on the merits is necessarily fatal to a request for a preliminary injunction, the court

analyzes the remaining preliminary injunction factors.

                                           Page 17 of 23
       B. Irreparable Harm

       While “[t]he concept of irreparable harm does not readily lend itself to

definition,” Judicial Watch, Inc. v. DHS, 514 F. Supp. 2d 7, 10 (D.D.C. 2007), the D.C. Circuit

has declared that Plaintiffs carry a “considerable burden,” Power Mobility Coal. v. Leavitt, 404
F. Supp. 2d 190, 204 (D.D.C. 2005), of proving irreparable harm. The party seeking injunctive

relief must prove that the purported injuries are “both certain and great,” and they “must be

actual and not theoretical.” Wisconsin Gas Co. v. F.E.R.C., 758 F.2d 669, 674 (D.C. Cir. 1985).

The movant must also “substantiate the claim” of irreparable harm and “show that the alleged

harm will directly result from the action which the movant seeks to enjoin.” Id. The mere

possibility of irreparable harm is insufficient. Winter, 555 U.S. at 22. “[T]he party seeking

injunctive relief must show that “[t]he injury complained of [is] of such imminence that there is a

‘clear and present’ need for equitable relief to prevent irreparable harm.” Wisconsin Gas Co.,
758 F.2d at 674 (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis and alterations in original).

Finally, the harm claimed must be “beyond remediation.” Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches

v. England, 454 F.3d 290, 297 (D.C. Cir. 2006).

               1. Plaintiffs Have Failed to Show Irreparable Harm
       Plaintiffs advance two theories of irreparable harm. First and primarily, they allege that

without an injunction their families will be separated because their derivative children will age

out and become ineligible for derivative status by the time visas are available and will be unable

to join their parents in the United States. Pls. Mot. at 27. Second, Plaintiffs allege irreparable

harm to their families’ finances, career prospects, and their investments unless the court issues a

preliminary injunction.

                                           Page 18 of 23
       Plaintiffs have not carried their considerable burden of demonstrating irreparable harm.

Most importantly, they provide no support for their argument that the prospect of family

separation constitutes an irreparable harm. Plaintiffs argue that once investors’ children age out,

the investors are faced with the choice of either immigrating to the United States without their

children or staying in China and forgoing the benefit of the EB-5 visa. Pls. Mot. at 26 (“The

parent investor must then face the prospect of immigrating to the United States without her entire

family or give up the prospect of immigrating to the United States altogether.”).

       Plaintiffs cite one case in support of their family separation argument, Washington v.

Trump, 847 F.3d 1151, 1169 (9th Cir. 2017), and their reliance on that case is misplaced. In

Washington v. Trump, some visa holders were detained and not allowed back in the United

States. The Ninth Circuit found that “[t]he impact of the Executive Order was immediate and

widespread. It was reported that thousands of visas were immediately canceled, hundreds of

travelers with such visas were prevented from boarding airplanes bound for the United States or

denied entry on arrival, and some travelers were detained.” Washington v. Trump, 847 F.3d at

1157. Those extreme circumstances are far different from the facts of this case.

       Plaintiffs proffer three examples of potential family separation in this case. See Pls. Mot.

at 26. First, Plaintiff Fang Wang alleges that after visiting the United States in 2012, his

daughter wanted to study, live, and work there. ECF No. 2-2, Ex. 2 to Pls. Mot. (“Wang Decl.”)

at ¶ 3. In 2014 Wang made an investment through the EB-5 program because he “wished to

provide [his] daughter with a path to U.S. residency and citizenship as a derivative EB-5

applicant, so that she could realize her dreams of living in the U.S.” Id. at ¶ 4-5. Wang states

that when he filed an I-526 petition, he believed that his family would be living in the United

                                           Page 19 of 23
States before his daughter aged out. Id. at ¶ 6. Wang and his child are currently living in China.

Id. at ¶¶ 1-2. But Wang’s Declaration does not demonstrate that he will imminently face family

separation. The possibility that Wang’s daughter might age out does not show that the family

will be imminently and irrevocably separated. The other two examples, plaintiffs Jiahong Yang

and Hongmei Xiao, both have children who are currently studying in the United States. ECF No.

2-3, Ex. 3 to Pls. Mot. (“Xiao Decl.”); ECF No. 2-4, Ex. 4 to Pls. Mot. (“Yang Decl.”). While it

does appear that Yang’s and Hongmei’s children will age out, this harm is not “beyond

remediation,” Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches, 454 F.3d at 297, because the families can

reunite in China if they choose, a solution that is neither unfeasible nor unsafe.

       State’s counting policy does not, in and of itself, cause family separation. Rather, the

causal connection is between the counting policy and the choice investors face if their children

age out by the time EB-5 visas become available. Plaintiffs cite no law for the proposition that

choosing between immigrating to the United States without their entire families or not

immigrating and staying with their entire families constitutes irreparable harm.

       Plaintiffs also argue that children’s aging out irreparably harms family finances and

career prospects, that the backlog harms investors’ career prospects, and that the counting policy

harms the investments themselves. Pls. Mot. at 27-28. These claims are insufficient to establish

irreparable harm. It is “well settled that economic loss does not, in and of itself, constitute

irreparable harm.” Wisconsin Gas Co., 758 F.2d at 674. “‘The key word in this consideration

is irreparable. Mere injuries, however substantial, in terms of money, time and energy

necessarily expended in the absence of a stay are not enough.’ . . . Recoverable monetary loss

may constitute irreparable harm only where the loss threatens the very existence of the movant’s

                                           Page 20 of 23
business.” Id. (quoting Virginia Petroleum Jobbers Ass'n v. Fed. Power Comm'n, 259 F.2d 921,

925 (D.C. Cir. 1958) (emphasis in original) (citation omitted)).

               2. There Is No Irreparable Harm To American Lending Center
       Plaintiff ALC has also failed to carry its burden of proving irreparable harm. ALC claims

that State’s counting policy threatens to put it out of business because it relies on Chinese

investors to stay in business. Pls. Mot. at 29-30 (“Without demand for ALC’s services from

Chinese nationals, the company will be unable to stay in business.”). Furthermore, ALC argues

that the demand among Chinese nationals for EB-5 visas has decreased and attributes this decline

in interest to the visa backlog caused by State’s counting policy. Id.

       This argument is unconvincing. While it may be true that ALC has historically relied on

Chinese investors, ECF No. 2-5, Ex. 5 to Pls. Mot. (“Aff. of John Shen”) at ¶ 6, ALC fails to

explain why its business can operate only with Chinese investors. In fact, statements from

Plaintiffs indicate that ALC realized the advantage of seeking EB-5 investors in other countries

over a year ago. Id. at ¶ 12 (“In fact, as a result of the drastic fall off of investment from China,

we have spent over one million dollars to recruit investors from other countries between July 1,

2017 and June 30, 2018.”). Moreover, as Defendants point out, “ALC announced earlier this

year it was opening a new office in Taipei, Taiwan, which ALC says ‘will be a key asset in the

company’s ongoing growth into new markets.’” Defs. Opp. at 50 (quoting Yahoo! Finance,

American Lending Center Announces Taiwan Expansion (Apr. 16, 2018),

https://finance.yahoo.com/news/american-lending-center-announces-taiwan-050000533.html).

While ALC asserts that its efforts to diversify its customer base may be futile, such speculation is

insufficient to establish irreparable harm.

                                              Page 21 of 23
       C. Balancing Of The Equities And Public Interest

       In addition to analyzing substantial likelihood on the merits and irreparable harm, “courts

must balance the competing claims of injury and must consider the effect on each party of the

granting or withholding of the requested relief.” Winter, 555 U.S. at 24 (internal quotation

marks omitted) (quoting Amoco Prod. Co. v. Gambell, 480 U.S. 531, 542 (1987)). “[C]ourts ...

should [also] pay particular regard for the public consequences in employing the extraordinary

remedy of injunction.” Weinberger v. Romero–Barcelo, 456 U.S. 305, 312 (1982) (citation

omitted). When the government is the non-movant, as it is in this case, these factor merge. See

Nken v. Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 435 (2009); see also Doe v. Mattis, 889 F.3d 745, 766 (D.C. Cir.

2018) (“When a private party seeks injunctive relief against the government, the final two

injunction factors—the balance of equities and the public interest—generally call for weighing

the benefits to the private party from obtaining an injunction against the harms to the government

and the public from being enjoined.”).

       Plaintiffs argue first that the public benefits from the increase in jobs that flow from

increased foreign investment. Second, Plaintiffs contend that “stifling [] foreign investment in

the United States is directly at odds with Congress’ clearly stated purpose for the EB-5

program.” Pls. Mot. at 33.

       By limiting the number of available EB-5 visas in any given year, Congress made clear

that whether or not derivatives were to be counted, foreign investment through the EB-5 program

could not be unbounded. The public has an interest in maintaining diversity of immigrants, as

INA § 202’s country cap demonstrates. The public benefits not just from diversity among

countries, but also from the types of visas that are allocated. The benefits of investor visas must

                                           Page 22 of 23
be balanced against State’s interest in setting limits on immigration. Therefore, Plaintiffs’

argument that reducing the number of investors “frustrates the clear statutory purpose of the EB-

5 program,” id., is unavailing.

       Finally, Plaintiffs argue that the government will not suffer any injury if the injunction is

issued. This argument is without merit. The government has the responsibility to set

immigration policy, including numerical limits. The government and public benefit from a

stable and diverse immigration system. Granting an injunction would disrupt and frustrate these

substantial benefits.

       Therefore, the court finds that the benefits to the Plaintiffs are outweighed by the harms

to the public and government caused by an injunction.

                                       IV.      CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiffs’ Motion for a Preliminary Injunction is hereby

DENIED.

       A corresponding order will issue separately.

Date: December 6, 2018

                                               Tanya S. Chutkan
                                               TANYA S. CHUTKAN
                                               United States District Judge

                                             Page 23 of 23