Court Opinion

ID: 2737825
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-29 16:01:11.085556+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:03:49.970800
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 14a0746n.06

                                         No. 13-1477

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

LINDA D. BERNARD,                                      )                         FILED
                                                       )                   Sep 29, 2014
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                            )               DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                       )
              v.                                       )
                                                       )
FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE                              )
                                                               ON APPEAL FROM THE
ASSOCIATION and WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A.,                )
                                                               UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                       )
                                                               COURT FOR THE EASTERN
       Defendants-Appellees,                           )
                                                               DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                                       )
and                                                    )
                                                       )
FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE AUTHORITY,                     )
                                                       )
      Intervenor-Appellee.                             )
                                                       )

BEFORE: McKEAGUE and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges; and POLSTER, District Judge.*

       GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.

       Defendants Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) and Wells Fargo

Bank foreclosed on plaintiff Linda Bernard’s property located at 17144 Wildemere Street in

Detroit. Plaintiff brought the instant action seeking to set aside the foreclosure. The district

court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss or for summary judgment. Plaintiffs appealed, and

we affirm.

       *
         The Honorable Dan A. Polster, United States District Judge for the Northern District of
Ohio, sitting by designation.
No. 13-1477
Bernard v. Federal National Mortgage Association, et al.

                                                I.

       The district court cogently summarized the facts of this case as follows:

       On April 24, 2006, plaintiff executed a mortgage on the Wildemere Property and
       a promissory note in the amount of $259,500.00. Plaintiff’s 30-year mortgage on
       the Wildemere Property identifies Mortgageit, Inc. as lender, plaintiff as
       borrower, and MERS as mortgagee and nominee for the lender. The mortgage
       was recorded on March 23, 2007.
       On April 21, 2011, MERS, as nominee for Mortgageit, Inc., assigned the
       mortgage to Wells Fargo. This assignment was recorded on April 27, 2011.
       Plaintiff defaulted on her mortgage loan, and attempted to work out a loan
       modification after her receipt of a notice letter from Wells Fargo’s counsel, Trott
       & Trott, and after notice was published informing her of the right to request a
       meeting with the mortgage holder or mortgage servicer. Plaintiff received some
       assistance in obtaining either a loan modification or a short sale from a Housing
       Specialist at City Vision Alliance. However, plaintiff did not obtain either a loan
       modification or a short sale.
       Accordingly, Wells Fargo pursued foreclosure by advertisement under [Mich.
       Comp. Laws] §§ 600.3201, et seq. On August 2, August 9, August 16 and
       August 24, 2011, Wells Fargo’s counsel had notice of an August 31, 2011
       sheriff’s sale of the Wildemere Property published in the Detroit Legal News, and
       a similar notice was posted on the Wildemere Property on August 5, 2011.
       The original Sheriff’s sale date of August 31, 2011 was adjourned to November 9,
       2011. On November 9, 2011, a Sheriff’s sale was held, and Wells Fargo was the
       purchaser of the Wildemere Property for $265,707.69. The Sheriff’s Deed was
       recorded on November 18, 2011.
       On November 11, 2011, Wells Fargo quit claimed the Wildemere Property to
       Fannie Mae. The Quit Claim Deed was recorded on December 12, 2011.
       Under Michigan law, plaintiff had six months to redeem the Wildemere Property.
       See [Mich. Comp. Laws] § 600.3240. The six-month redemption period expired
       on May 9, 2012.
                                          ***
       Fannie Mae subsequently brought an action in Michigan’s 36th District Court in
       Detroit, Michigan against plaintiff and all other occupants of the Wildemere
       Property to recover possession of the property. On June 25, 2012, the 36th
       District Court adjourned the eviction action until September 25, 2012, to allow
       plaintiff time to file an action in the Wayne County Circuit Court.

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No. 13-1477
Bernard v. Federal National Mortgage Association, et al.

       On September 17, 2012, plaintiff filed a complaint in Wayne County Circuit
       Court. In addition to money damages, plaintiff seeks to have the November 9,
       2011 Sheriff’s Sale set aside, the mortgage foreclosure declared void ab initio,
       and title quieted in her name. On October 23, 2012, defendants removed the case
       to federal court and later filed the instant motion to dismiss or for summary
       judgment.
The district court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss or for summary judgment, and plaintiff

now appeals.

                                                II.

       We review de novo a district court’s order dismissing a claim under Rule 12(b)(6).

Glazer v. Chase Home Fin. LLC, 704 F.3d 453, 457 (6th Cir. 2013). In doing so, we accept all

well-pled factual allegations as true and determine whether they plausibly state a claim for relief.

Roberts v. Hamer, 655 F.3d 578, 581 (6th Cir. 2011). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a

cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice[,]” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,

556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)), and

we “need not accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation, or an unwarranted

factual inference[.]” Handy–Clay v. City of Memphis, Tenn., 695 F.3d 531, 539 (6th Cir. 2012)

(quotation marks and citation omitted).

       In addition, the district court’s grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo. Geiger

v. Tower Auto., 579 F.3d 614, 620 (6th Cir. 2009). Summary judgment is proper when, viewing

the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, there is no genuine dispute as to

any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(a); Burley v. Gagacki, 729 F.3d 610, 618 (6th Cir. 2013).

                                                -3-
No. 13-1477
Bernard v. Federal National Mortgage Association, et al.

                                                 III.

       Plaintiff raises two claims under Michigan law. Specifically, plaintiff argues (1) that

Wells Fargo improperly used “robo-signers” when transferring title to the mortgage; and (2) that

defendants violated Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 600.3205a-c,1 which govern circumstances under

which a mortgagor may request a meeting with the lender to attempt to resolve the foreclosure

through mediation or a loan modification. For these reasons, plaintiff argues that the foreclosure

sale should be set aside. We disagree.

       Under Michigan law, once the statutory redemption period expires, “all of [a] plaintiff’s

rights in and title to the property [are] extinguished.” Bryan v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, 848
N.W.2d 482, 485 (Mich. Ct. App. 2014) (citation omitted). Therefore, once the redemption

period lapses, a former property owner may not assert any claims with respect to the property.

See id. Indeed, “Michigan courts have held that once the statutory redemption period lapses,

they can only entertain the setting aside of a foreclosure sale where the mortgagor has made ‘a

clear showing of fraud, or irregularity.’” Conlin v. Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys., Inc., 714 F.3d
355, 359 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting Schulthies v. Baron, 167 N.W.2d 784, 785 (Mich. 1969)).

Moreover, “not just any type of fraud will suffice.” Id. at 160. Rather, “the mortgagor’s claims

of fraud, irregularity, accident, or mistake must relate to the sheriff’s sale itself, not to

‘underlying equities, if any, bearing on the instrument . . . .’” Bank of N. Y. Mellon Trust Co.

Nat’l Ass’n v. Robinson, No. 311724, 2013 WL 6690678 at *2 (Mich. Ct. App. Dec. 19, 2013)

(quoting Reid v. Rylander, 258 N.W. 630, 631 (Mich. 1935)).

       1
         We note that §§ 600.3205a-c were repealed, effective January 5, 2012. However, we
will analyze plaintiff’s claims under this statute, as it was in effect at the time of the foreclosure.
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No. 13-1477
Bernard v. Federal National Mortgage Association, et al.

       A mortgagor’s hurdles do not end there.         Even if a mortgagor can show fraud or

irregularity relating to the sheriff’s sale itself, courts may only set aside the foreclosure if the

mortgagor shows that he or she was prejudiced by the fraud or irregularity. The Michigan

Supreme Court, in Kim v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 825 N.W.2d 329 (Mich. 2012), “made

clear that failure to comply with the conditions set forth in Michigan’s foreclosure-by-

advertisement statute does not render flawed foreclosures void (i.e., void ab initio) but merely

voidable.” Conlin, 714 F.3d at 361 (citing Kim, 825 N.W.2d at 337). Under Kim, “to prove

foreclosure-defect claims, ‘plaintiffs must show that they were prejudiced by defendant’s failure

to comply with [Michigan statutes]. To demonstrate such prejudice, they must show that they

would have been in a better position to preserve their interest in the property absent defendant’s

noncompliance with the statute.’” Id. (quoting Kim, 825 N.W.2d at 337).2

       Regarding plaintiff’s claim that defendants used “robo-signers,” the district court

properly ruled that “plaintiff neither alleges facts nor submits any proof to support her bald

statement that Shelaya Glass and Mark Lee were robo-signers with no personal knowledge of the

transaction.” Accordingly, plaintiff has failed to demonstrate fraud or irregularity sufficient to

set aside the foreclosure sale.

       As for plaintiff’s claim that Wells Fargo violated Michigan’s loan modification statutes,

we agree with the district court that this claim is meritless. Even assuming, arguendo, that

       2
        Plaintiff’s reliance on this court’s decision in Mitan v. Federal Home Loan Mortgage
Corp., 703 F.3d 949 (6th Cir. 2012) is misplaced. Mitan relied on Davenport v. HSBC Bank,
739 N.W.2d 383 (Mich. Ct. App. 2007). Davenport held that the failure of a mortgagee to
comply with the requirements of Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.3201, et seq. rendered the foreclosure
void ab initio. Id. at 384. Kim expressly abrogated Davenport’s rule, holding that a mortgagee’s
failure to comply with the foreclosure statute rendered the foreclosure voidable. Kim,
825 N.W.2d at 336. Mitan, therefore, was abrogated by Kim, a fact which this court has
recognized. See Mourad v. Homeward Residential, Inc., 517 F. App’x 360, 367 (6th Cir. 2013).
Contrary to plaintiff’s claims, Mitan and Kim are not reconcilable.
                                                -5-
No. 13-1477
Bernard v. Federal National Mortgage Association, et al.

plaintiff could show that defendants failed to comply with § 3205c by failing to meet with

plaintiff before beginning the foreclosure, plaintiff cannot show prejudice as a result of that

noncompliance. Plaintiff does not identify any authority for the proposition that if a mortgagor

qualifies for a loan modification, the lender is required to provide one. One statutory provision,

Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.3204(4)(f), prevents the initiation of a foreclosure proceeding where a

modification has already been agreed to by the parties, but, perhaps obviously, nothing in the

statute compels the parties to reach an agreement. In any case, the Michigan courts have already

held that even if a mortgagor meets the eligibility criteria for a modification, the lender is not

required to grant the modification. Brown v. Wachovia Mortg., No. 307344, 2013 WL 6083906,

at *5 (Mich. Ct. App. Nov. 19, 2013). Moreover, Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.3205c(6) provides

that if the modification statutes are complied with, and if the mortgagee is eligible for a

modification, the foreclosure proceeding is not stopped, but merely converted from a foreclosure

by advertisement into a judicial foreclosure. Accordingly, defendants’ compliance with the

modification statutes would not have put plaintiff in a “better position to preserve [her] interest

in the property absent [defendants’] noncompliance with the statute.” Kim, 825 N.W.2d at 337.3

       For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s ruling on plaintiff’s state law claims.

       3
         Plaintiff argues that the post-Kim case Sobh v. Bank of America, NA, No. 308441, 2013
WL 2460022 (Mich. Ct. App. June 6, 2013) controls and requires that we remand here. We
disagree. There, the court determined that the lender had breached Mich. Comp. Laws
§ 600.3204(3), which requires that there be a “record chain of title . . . prior to the date of sale[,]”
because interim assignments in the chain of title had never been recorded. Id. at *3. The court
remanded for a determination whether this defect prejudiced the plaintiff. In other words, the
prejudice determination in Sobh required further factfinding. By contrast, here, no further
factfinding is required. This is because, even assuming that defendants failed to comply with the
modification statutes, plaintiff would have at most received a judicial foreclosure, not an order to
set aside the foreclosure.
                                                  -6-
No. 13-1477
Bernard v. Federal National Mortgage Association, et al.

                                              IV.

       Plaintiff also argues that the foreclosure violated the Due Process Clause of the Fifth

Amendment. Constitutional claims require state action. Northrip v. Fed. Nat’l Mortg. Ass’n,

527 F.2d 23, 25 (6th Cir. 1975). The dispositive issue in the present case is whether Fannie Mae

is a state actor. If so, then the foreclosure was required to comply with constitutional due

process. However, we hold that Fannie Mae is not a state actor. Accordingly, the foreclosure

did not violate the Fifth Amendment.

       Fannie Mae and its companion, Freddie Mac, are Government-Sponsored Enterprises

(“GSEs”) that purchase and securitize residential mortgages. In 2008, Congress passed the

Housing and Economic Recovery Act (“HERA”). Pub. L. No. 110-289, 122 Stat. 2654 (codified

at 12 U.S.C. § 4511).     HERA, among other things, established the FHFA and by statute

empowered it to take conservatorship of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Plaintiff does not argue

that before FHFA’s conservatorship, Fannie Mae was a private actor. Rather, plaintiff argues

that FHFA’s conservatorship converted Fannie Mae from a private actor to a state actor. We

disagree.

       Our existing precedent resolves this issue. In Mik v. Federal Home Loan Mortgage

Corporation, 743 F.3d 149, 168 (6th Cir. 2014) (citing Lebron v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp.,

513 U.S. 374 (1995)), we held as a matter of law that Freddie Mac is not a state actor. In so

doing, we cited with approval and relied upon authority expressly rejecting arguments identical

to plaintiff’s. Id. Plaintiff offers no reason to depart from Mik’s holding. Accordingly, we are

bound by precedent to hold that Fannie Mae is not a state actor. We also note that every district

court that has confronted the question has reached the same conclusion. See, e.g., Dias v. Fed.

Nat’l Mortg. Ass’n, 990 F. Supp. 2d 1042, 1062 (D. Haw. 2013); Lopez v. Bank of America,

                                               -7-
No. 13-1477
Bernard v. Federal National Mortgage Association, et al.

N.A., 920 F. Supp. 2d 798, 801 (W.D. Mich. 2013); Herron v. Fannie Mae, 857 F. Supp. 2d 87,

95 (D.D.C. 2012). Additionally, although we acknowledge that state court decisions regarding

federal constitutional issues are not binding on us, Commodities Exp. Co. v. Detroit Int’l Bridge

Co., 695 F.3d 518, 528 (6th Cir. 2012), we also note that the highest Michigan state court to

consider the issue has also concluded that the GSEs are not state actors. Fed. Home Loan Mortg.

Ass’n v. Kelley, ___ N.W.2d ___, No. 315082 (Mich. Ct. App. Aug. 26, 2014). For these

reasons, plaintiff’s claim that she was entitled to constitutional due process during her

foreclosure proceeding fails as a matter of law.

        Moreover, we would reach this same conclusion even without reliance on Mik. Under

Supreme Court precedent, a necessary condition precedent for a conclusion that a once-private

entity is a state actor is that the government’s control over the entity is permanent. Lebron,
513 U.S. at 399.      Under HERA, Congress, by statute, empowered the FHFA to become

conservator for Fannie Mae for the limited purpose of “reorganizing, rehabilitating, or winding

up [its] affairs.” 12 U.S.C. § 4617(a)(2). This is an inherently temporary purpose. Accordingly,

even if we had not previously decided Mik, we would reach the same conclusion: that following

FHFA’s conservatorship, Fannie Mae is not a state actor.

                                                   V.

        Plaintiff also argues that the foreclosure violated the federal Home Affordable

Modification Program (“HAMP”), and the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (“EESA”),

12 U.S.C. § 5201 et seq. We disagree.

        Defendants urge dismissal of these claims on the basis that neither HAMP nor the EESA

provide for a private right of action. They are correct, but this fact is not dispositive in this case.

Plaintiff correctly notes that she can still use “violations of [these statutes] to establish [her] state

                                                   -8-
No. 13-1477
Bernard v. Federal National Mortgage Association, et al.

law claims.” Mik, 743 F.3d at 167; see also id at 165–67 (holding that a plaintiff may use

violations of federal law “‘offensively’ to establish a state law cause of action” even where the

statute does not provide for a private right of action under federal law, and expressly rejecting an

argument similar to defendants’). In short, plaintiff may raise HAMP and EESA violations as a

defense to her foreclosure under state law.

       However, under Michigan law, plaintiff still must show prejudice arising from those

violations, even assuming that she can show that the foreclosure violated HAMP and EESA.

That is, plaintiff must still show that she “would have been in a better position to preserve [her]

interest in the property absent defendant’s noncompliance with” those statutes.                Kim,
825 N.W.2d at 337. Plaintiff does not do so. Even assuming that defendants did in fact violate

HAMP and EESA, plaintiff does not allege, nor present any evidence, that absent defendants’

noncompliance she would have been able to keep the property and avoid the foreclosure. Rather,

plaintiff simply argues that there were HAMP and EESA violations and leaves the matter at that.

But, as noted, this is insufficient under Michigan law. As this court has recognized, plaintiffs

seeking to invalidate a foreclosure after the expiration of the redemption period must show

“double liability” (i.e., a violation of the law and prejudice from that violation).        Conlin,
714 F.3d at 362. Plaintiff has not done so. Therefore, the district court did not err by dismissing

plaintiff’s claims as to HAMP and EESA violations.

                                                VI.

       Finally, plaintiff challenges the district court’s dismissal of her claim that her failure to

receive a loan modification violated the nondiscrimination requirements of the Fair Housing Act

(“FHA”). Again, we agree with the district court’s dismissal.

                                                -9-
No. 13-1477
Bernard v. Federal National Mortgage Association, et al.

       To state a claim for relief under [the FHA], . . . plaintiff[] must plead that (1) [she
       was] a member of a protected class; (2) [she] attempted to engage in a “real
       estate-related transaction” with [defendants] and met all relevant qualifications for
       doing so; (3) [defendants] refused to transact business with [plaintiff] despite
       [her] qualifications; and (4) [defendants] continued to engage in that type of
       transaction with other parties with similar qualifications.
Mich. Prot. & Advocacy Serv., Inc. v. Babin, 18 F.3d 337, 346 (6th Cir. 1994).

       Here, plaintiff’s FHA claims fail because plaintiff failed to allege facts or submit

evidence that she was qualified for a loan modification. As the district court recognized, this is

an “essential element of her [FHA] claim.” Plaintiff’s argument on appeal is that she has

pleaded facts relating to her race, but this is not the basis on which the district court dismissed

her claim. The fact remains that she has not shown she was qualified for a loan modification.

Nor has plaintiff alleged that defendants offered modifications to those outside of the protected

class while denying them to her, another essential element of her claim.

       Plaintiff opines in a general sense that FHA claims are “not subject to a special or

heightened pleading standard.” However, this court has held that although Rule 12 embodies a

“liberal pleading standard, it requires more than the bare assertion of legal conclusions. Rather,

the complaint must contain either direct or inferential allegations respecting all the material

elements to sustain a recovery under some viable legal theory.” Nat’l Hockey League Players

Ass’n v. Plymouth Whalers Hockey Club, 419 F.3d 462, 468 (6th Cir. 2005). Accordingly,

requiring plaintiff to allege all essential elements of her claim is not akin to subjecting her to a

heightened pleading standard. The district court did not err in dismissing plaintiff’s FHA claim.

                                                VII.

       For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

                                                -10-