Court Opinion

ID: 5185787
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-06 04:48:16.632819+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:26:44.344948
License: Public Domain

McLennan, J.:
Two questions are presented by this appeal:
First. Did the rights of the plaintiff and of the insured, under the policy in question, cease and terminate because of the failure of '-the insured to pay the bi-monthly premium at the home office of the • defendant before twelve o’clock, noon, of the 1st day of August, 1895, and because the defendant immediately thereafter notified the ' insured that for that reason said policy was forfeited, and had been •declared void by it ?
Second. If the policy was not forfeited by reason of such failure ■to pay, and the declaration of forfeiture by the defendant was illegal ¡and void, is the plaintiff precluded from recovering in mis action because the insured did not protest against such illegal action, or commence an action to enforce her rights under said policy during her lifetime or for a period of fifteen months, or because of the fact that she did not pay or offer to pay any of the bi-monthly premiums which became due after such declaration of forfeiture by the defendant ?
'The facts are not in dispute. The defendant is a foreign corporation, engaged in the life insurance business (so called) having its ’home office or principal place of business at the city of Hartford, Connecticut. On the 23d day of January, 1891, the defendant issued the policy of insurance in question, which purported to insure the life of one Frances A. Kenyon, who resided at the village of Medina, in the State of New York, a distance from the home office •of the defendant of more than 500 miles.
The policy issued by the defendant is voluminous, covering several pages of printed matter, if put in ordinary type,, and attached to it are several other pages denominated conditions, which by the terms of the policy are made a part of it. So far as it is important to note, the policy provided in substance that in consideration of the advance payment by the insured, “ and of the further payment at the home office at Hartford, Connecticut, on or before twelve o’clock, noon, on the first week day of the months of February, April, June, August, October and December of each year during the continuance of this contract, of a premium for such an amount as the association may deem requisite for the prompt payment of all losses in the department in which this policy is issued, and for the proper *279maintenance of the contracts in said department, including an amount for expenses as hereinafter provided. Such premiums to be levied upon all policies in the department, * * * according,” etc., the National Life Association of Hartford, Connecticut, issues this policy to Frances A. Kenyon, of Medina, New York, and agrees: “ That within ninety days after proofs satisfactory to the association shall have been received at its office in Hartford, Connecticut, of the death of said insured while this policy is in force, all the conditions hereof having been complied with, there shall be due and payable solely from the funds accumulated from the_ payments of its insured in this department, the sum of two thousand dollars,” less, etc., to herself or legal representatives.
It is further provided as follows : “ Forfeitures. It is understood and agreed that a failure to make any payment specified in said policy on or before the day due (except as hereinafter specified) shall work a forfeiture of this policy, and all moneys paid on the same shall be forfeited to the association for the benefit of the persisting members.”
One of the conditions (so called) which is made a part of the policy by its terms, is as follows : “ Notice that a premium is payable to the association at Hartford, Conn., on or before twelve o’clock at noon on the first week day of each of said months of each and every year is given in the policy and accepted, and any further or other notice is expressly waived. And in the event that the holder of this policy does not receive a notice of the amount of premium which will be due on the days specified herein, an amount equal to the last premium shall be paid to the association on or before the day due, as a condition precedent to the continuance of the policy in force.”
If only the letter of the contract is considered, it will be seen that, for all practical purposes, the insured agreed to pay such sum every two months during her life as the defendant might' demand, and that her representatives, upon her death, would accept such sum as it might see fit to pay.
Assuming, however, that it was intended by the contract to express some measure of honesty and equity, the insured was only required to pay, bi-monthly, such sum as was “requisite for the prompt payment of all losses in the department in which this policy *280is issued, and for the proper maintenance of the contracts in said department, including an amount for expenses, as hereinafter provided ; ” and, upon making such payment of said amounts, her heirs or representatives, at her death, were entitled to receive $2,000, if the association had sufficient funds on hand accumulated for that purpose, solely from the payments of its insured.
The policy had its inception on the 23d day of January, 1894, when it was delivered to the insured by the defendant by mail, addressed to her at Medina, N. Y. It was accompanied by a notice signed by the defendant, which stated, among other things, .that the amount of the first premium on the policy was nine dollars and twenty-four cents, and then follows: “ Make all checks and post office orders payable to the National Life Association. Please enclose this notice with your remittance, and it will be stamped paid and returned to you. This payment will carry your policy until the first day of April, 1894, and the insurance will be in force as soon as the payment is received. We enclose an envelojDe directed to the company, which please use in sending remittances.”
The insured sent the amount of such first premium — nine dollars and twenty-four cents—to the defendant by mail, in the envelope furnished by it, by depositing the same in the post office at Medina, N. Y. Such payment was accepted by the defendant, and the notice was marked paid and returned to the insured.
The premiums which became due upon said policy in April, June, August, October and December, 1894, and in February, April and June, 1895, were paid by the insured in substantially7- the same way, either by check, post office order or registered letter, but always by mail, the letters being deposited in the post office at Medina, N. Y., and directed to the defendant at Hartford, Conn., and always in pursuance of a notice which stated the amount of such premium.
On the 29th day of June, 1895, the defendant sent a notice by mail' to the insured, which stated, among other things, “The bi-monthly premium of $11.76 on your policy No. 30,496, will be due and payable at this office on or before 12 o’clock at noon of the 1st day of August, 1895. This is your pro rata share of the exjienses and of the funds necessary to meet the death claims accrued, and to provide the necessary reserve under the policy, and to carry your insurance to 12 o’clock noon of October 1, 1895.”
*281In a postscript to the notice was added the following: “ Important. We call special attention to the conditions of your policy,, which require that the payments must be made at Hartford on or before the day due, in default of which your policy will lapse according to its terms, and all payments heretofore made thereon will be forfeited. "x* * * We enclose you an envelope directed to the company for your convenience, in case you remit by mail. But it must be distinctly understood that the association is not and can not be responsible for any loss or delays of the mails. Mailing of the amount of premium is not payment. It must reach the home office on or before the day due, in order to prevent the policy from lapsing.”
On the 30th day of July, 1895, the insured sent a registered letter to the defendant, addressed to it at Hartford, Conn., inclosing the amount of the premium in question, to wit, eleven dollars and seventy-six cents, which by the terms of the policy and of said notice became due. and payable on said 1st day of August, 1895, before twelve o’clock noon, of that day, at the home office of the defendant. The letter was deposited in the post office at Medina, N. Y., in the ordinary way, and the learned trial justice found, which finding is supported by evidence, that such letter was received at the post office at Hartford, Conn., on the morning of the 1st day of August, 1895. The evidence was uncontradicted that in the ordinary conduct of the mails such letter would have arrived at its destination at that time. The defendant did not call for the letter, or at least did not receive it, as was conceded upon the trial, until the 2d day of August, 1895, when it receipted for the letter at the post office, and took it and the money which it contained to its home office. The defendant kept the money and still retains it, and has never offered to return the same to the insured or to any one on her behalf.
As appears by the allegations of the complaint and answer, the defendant, immediately after said 2d day of August, 1895, and after receiving such registered letter and the money which it contained, assumed to declare that the policy in question had lapsed, and assumed to cancel the same for the reason and upon the sole ground that the premium in question had not been paid to it at its *282home office in Hartford, Conn., on or before twelve o’clock, noon, of the 1st day of August, 1895 ; and it so notified the insured, and in substance stated to her that all her rights under said policy, by reason of such non-payment of premium by her, had become forfeited. Thereafter the defendant failed and neglected to mail to the insured ■any further notice of premiums subsequently falling due, and did not have any further or other communication with her in regard to the policy in question, or her rights thereunder.
The learned trial justice found that the payment of premium, made by the insured in the ^manner above stated, was in compliance with the contract as it existed between the parties at the time such payment was made, and as it had been interpreted by them by the course of dealing between them from the inception of the contract. Such conclusion was amply supported by the evidence.
By the terms of the policy the insured agreed to pay the bi-monthly premiums which should become due and payable thereon, at the home office of the defendant; but if only the residence of the parties and the amount of the premiums required to be paid each two months are considered, the conclusion is irresistible that it was the intention of the parties to the contract that such payment of premiums should be made by mail. When the policy was issued the insured resided more than 500 miles distant from the home office of the defendant. The amount of the premium which was to become ■due each two months was but a few dollars, and it would be unreasonable to suppose or hold that either party to the contract understood or intended that such payment should be made otherwise than by mail.
In addition, the evidence discloses that when the policy was delivered to the insured there was a statement accompanying it, signed by the defendant, which practically informed the insured that the payment of the first premium, and those payments which should thereafter become due, were expected to be made by mail; an envelope •directed to the company was delivered to the insured with the policy, which she was asked to “ please use in sending remittance,” and for more than a year after such first payment the insured invariably sent the bi-monthly premiums upon the policy to the defendant by mail, in ■envelopes furnished by and directed to it, which payments were ■accepted by the defendant, and without complaint that the same *283were not made in accordance with the terms of the contract as it was understood by the parties.
Under those circumstances, the insured had a right to believe that the amount of the premium deposited by her on the 30th day of July, 1895, in the post office at Medina, N. Y., would be received by the ■defendant. She certainly had a right to believe that, when the letter containing such premium was mailed in such time that it actually reached its destination in time to have been received by the defendant in the ordinary course of business, before the expiration of the time in which such payment could be made under the terms of the policy, it would be accepted.
In view of the course of dealing which had existed between the insured and the defendant for more than a year in respect to the payment of premiums, the defendant had no right, either through neglect or carelessness or for any other reason, to omit to take the letter from the post office at Hartford, which was there before the expiration of the time in which such payment might be made, waiting for it, and then assume to declare the policy of the insured forfeited because such payment had not been made at its office.
Under the most favorable view of this part of the transaction on the part of the defendant, it is evident that it was not actuated by a desire to deal honestly and fairly by the insured, but, on the contrary, that it was seeking for a pretext by which it could avoid all liability under the policy issued by it, and retain the premiums which for more than a year had been paid each two months by the insured.
The defendant admits that it received the money sent to it by the insured, and put it into its drawer in its home office (where it has since remained if not used for other purposes); but claims that it ■did so a few hours after the fatal hour of twelve o’clock, noon, and that, therefore, the insured ceased from that moment to have any rights under such policy, and that it, the defendant, had a right to retain for its own use all sums which the insured had paid to it under the supposition that her life was really insured.
We think that the scheme of the defendant, as outlined by its claim upon the trial, should not be permitted to succeed, unless under the law of this State it is impossible to prevent it.
In the case of People v. Commercial Alliance Life Insurance *284Company (21 App. Div. 533) the facts are stated in the head note as follows: “ One of the provisions of a policy of life insurance required the payment of the premiums bi-monthly upon the ‘ first days ’ of certain months, and another provision declared that the premiums were payable ‘ during ’ those months, and the company from August, 1890 (the time when the first premium jiayable after the issuing of the policy fell due), until and including June, 1893, sent notices stating that the premium was due on the first day of the month specified, and that unless the premium was paid before the-first of the next month the policy would be forfeited. The receipts, for the premiums, including that of June, 1893, stated that the premiums must be paid upon the day when due 1 or within the thirty days grace allowed,’ but after that date the provision as to grace was omitted from the receipt, although it was identical in every other respect, and the notices thereafter issued required payment on the first day of the month.
“ The October and December, 1893, premiums were each paid before the first of those months, but the February, 1894, premium was not mailed by the insured until January 29, 1894, and was not received by the company until February 5, 1894.”
At page 536 the court say: “ It is apparent from the foregoing-statement of facts that in all of its dealings with Platt, the assured,, prior to September, 1893, the insurance company placed its own construction upon the requirements of the policy respecting the-payment of premiums, not only by its course of business in accepting premiums during the month, upon the first day of which they were technically due and payable, but by its express notices to the assured informed him that he had thirty days after the first day of the month in which to pay each of the premiums necessary to keep the policy alive. To this so-called grace the assured was entitled by the terms of his policy under the construction given to it by the company itself. That such construction given by the couqoany to-this contract will be that adopted by the court has been held. (Dodge v. Zimmer, 110 N. Y. 48; Dutcher v. Brooklyn Life Ins. Co., 3 Dill. 97; Reynolds v. Commerce Fire Ins. Co., 47 N. Y. 597; McMullen v. Hopper, 15 App. Div. 369.)
“ The terms of the contract cannot be changed by the simple act of the company itself. It had no right to do so in the manner in *285which it sought to accomplish that end. The omission of the thirty days’ margin of time from the printed indorsement on the receipts and from the notices cannot operate to make a new contract with the assured, nor can it be claimed that he acquiesced in a change of the contract simply because he paid some of the later premiums before the first day of the month on which they became due. That was a right he had under the original policy, and the mere fact that he availed himself of it in later instances is not to be construed as an assent on his part to a modification of the contract.”
In the case of Kenyon v. Knights Templar & Masonic Mutual Aid Association (122 N. Y. 247), the head note is as follows: “ Any agreement, declaration or course of action on the part of the company, which leads a party insured honestly to believe that, by conforming thereto, a forfeiture of his policy will not be incurred, followed by due conformity on his part, will estop the company from insisting upon the forfeiture, though it might be claimed under the express letter of the contract.”
In that case the certificate provided that if any assessment was not paid within ten days after proper notice, the certificate should cease and determine. There was indorsed upon it a by-law which provided that any member failing to pay his assessment within ten days after notice shall forfeit his certificate of membership and all benefits therefrom. On March 27, 1885, there was mailed to the insured a notice that an assessment was due and payable on or before April sixth. It also stated that assessments were payable at its office in cash, by a sight draft or money order payable to its secretary. On April 4, 1885, the insured sent by mail from Watertown, where he resided, in time to reach its destination within the ten days, a check for the amount due, payable to the order of its secretary, this having been the manner in winch he had uniformly and without objection made his previous payments, and although many of the previous checks had not been received until after the expiration of the ten days, no question had been raised by the defendant. It was held that the payment made by the assured on the fourth day of April, by depositing in the post office at Watertown, was a good payment, notwithstanding it did not reach its destination until after the tenth day of April.
The court says (p. 263): “ The parties apparently had acquiesced *286in that method of representing the amount, as well as in the means of transmission. And the conclusion was warranted that, by the course of dealing by the defendant in that respect, the assured may fairly and in good faith have been led to suppose that the requirement of the defendant upon him "was satisfied by mailing, as he did, in his customary manner of doing it, the check for the amount of the last assessment.”
In the case of Primeau v. National Life Association (77 Hun, 418) it was held that where an insurance company authorizes payment of premiums by mail, the payment is made when the letter containing the remittance is deposited in the post office. That case was affirmed in 144 New York, 116.
In the case of Insurance Co. v. Eggleston (96 U. S. 512) the court says: “We have recently, in the case of Insurance Company v. Norton, * * "x" shown that forfeitures are not favored in the law, and that courts are always prompt to seize hold of any circumstances that indicate an election to waive a forfeiture, or an agreement to do so, on which the party has relied and acted. Any agreement, declaration or course of action on the part of an insurance company, which leads a party insured honestly to believe that, by conforming thereto, a forfeiture of his policy will not be incurred, followed by due conformity on his part, will and ought to estop the company from insisting upon a forfeiture, though it might be claimed under the express letter of the contract. The company is thereby estopped from enforcing the forfeiture.”
And the court further says (p. 518): “Although, as we held in the case of Insurance Company v. Davis (95 U. S. 425), the legal effect of a policy, when nothing appeal’s to the contrary, may be that the premium is payable at the domicile of the company, yet it cannot be expected or understood by the parties that the policy is, in ordinary circumstances, to be forfeited for a failure to tender the premium at such domicile when the insured resides in a distant State, and has been in the habit, under the company’s own direction, to pay to an agent there, and has received no notice that the contrary will be required of him. He would have a just right to say that he had been misled.”
Bacon, in his wTork on Insurance (§ 362), says : “Forfeitures are odious, and will only be enforced when there is the clearest evidence *287that that was the intention of the parties. If, therefore, the company so deals with the assured as to induce a belief that the forfeiture will not be exacted in case of dereliction of payment at the day, and so puts him off his guard, it will not be permitted to take advantage of a default which it has itself encouraged. 1 In transactions of this nature,’ says the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania (Helme v. Philadelphia Life Ins. Co., 61 Pa. St. 107), ‘ it is easy to mislead by a pretense of liberality, if followed by entire strictness in practice, and the only cure for this is the inquiry by the jury whether the party has been misled by the former. If so it is a fraud upon the party’s rights which ought to be condemned and redressed.’ ”
It is concluded that the payment of the premium which became due and payable on the 1st day of August, 1895, before twelve o’clock, noon, of that day, was properly made by the insured and in all respects in accordance with the terms of the contract as it had been construed and was understood by the parties; and that the declaration on the part of the defendant that said policy had lapsed and its pretended cancellation of the same were void and had no binding force or effect as against the insured, and did not in any manner affect her rights, and that her rights were and remained precisely the same after such illegal action on the part of the defendant as they were before.
But it is urged that the illegal and unjust scheme on the part of the defendant, by which it attempted to deprive the insured of her rights under the policy issued to her, has become effectual for that purpose:
Fio’st. Because the insured did not, upon receiving notice of the illegal action of the defendant, promptly protest against such action, although there is no evidence in the case showing or tending to show that such protest on her part would have been effectual or would have in any way modified or changed the plan and determination of the defendant; or
Second. Because the insured did no't tender to the defendant the bi-monthly payment which fell due on the 1st day of October, 1895, after the defendant had informed her that her rights under the policy had terminated, and the subsequent premiums falling due while she lived, although there is nothing in the evidence, or any suggestion in the record, that if such payments had been tendered *288they .would have been received by the defendant, and, although it is clear that the insured was justified in concluding that the determination of the defendant, notwithstanding it was illegal, would be persisted in, and that it would be an idle ceremony on her part to tender the premiums subsequently falling due; or
Third. Because the insured did not commence an action to have her policy reinstated and to have the illegal declaration and action of the defendant so declared by a court of competent jurisdiction during her lifetime or within a period of fifteen months. We know of no rule of law which requires that such action should be commenced within three, six or eighteen months, or within any other time, except as specified in the Statute of Limitations.
The notice sent to the insured by the defendant was absolute and unequivocal, and, as before said, stated in substance that her policy had been canceled and that all her rights thereunder had terminated for the sole reason that the payment of the premium, which became due on the 1st day of August, 1895, had not been made in accordance with the letter of the policy. There was no possible misunderstanding between the parties as to the facts. The defendant knew when it received such premium; knew when it was mailed, as was disclosed by tlie registered letter which it received; knew when such letter should have reached its destination in the ordinary conduct of the mails. The insured knew when she mailed said letter, and also knew at what time it would, in the ordinary course of the mails, reach its destination. Both parties knew the course of dealing which had existed for more than a year, between them in regard to the payment of premiums. Under those circumstances the insured had a right to assume that the declaration of the defendant was final, and that no action on her part would change or modify such declaration on its part except by bringing an action to determine her rights.
The defendant is not in a position to urge as a defense the fact that the insured did not bring an action within fifteen months for the purpose of having it judicially determined that its action was void, illegal and unjust.
The insured had no means of knowing the exact amount of the premiums which she could fairly be required to pay by the terms of the policy after August 1, 1895, because of the failure of the *289defendant to send her notice of such amounts. The defendant had such knowledge. The insured was not required, notwithstanding the strict letter of the policy, to tender to the defendant the amount •of the last premium of which she had notice when such sum might be in excess of the amount which she could legally be required to pay. The condition attached to the policy, which provided in substance that in case a notice stating the amount of the premium failed to reach the insured she should pay the amount of the last premium, when fairly considered, must be found to have reference to a case of accident or mistake by which such notice failed to reach "the insured, and not to a case where, by the willful and illegal act of the defendant, such notice was not attempted to be given by the defendant to the insured. If this is not so, then, in case any assessment becoming due on the first day of any month is unusually large, an insurance company such as the defendant may, without reason or excuse, fail to send notice of the amount of subsequent premiums to its insured and thus compel the continued payment of premiums equal to the last premium paid, although largely in excess of the requirements of the association under the contract with its members.
In this case, as before said, there is no pretense or claim on the part of the defendant that it would have received any of the subsequent payments of premiums falling due, even if the insured had tendered payment of the same.
In the case of People v. Commercial Alliance Life Insurance Company (supra) it was held that where an insurance company has returned to an insured a check for the amount of a premium, with a notification that the remittance was too late, “ although not in terms a declaration that the company elected to forfeit the policy, its act in returning the premium was tantamount to such a notification.”
In that case, so far as is disclosed by the record, after the return of such check no action was taken by the insured during his lifetime, or for a period of six months, at the end of which time he died; his representatives commenced an action to recover the amount of the policy, and it was held that the payment of the premium having been legally tendered, the plaintiff was entitled to recover, notwithstanding the illegal action on the part of the defend*290ant in returning such check and in effect declaring said policy forfeited.
May, in his work on Insurance (§ 358), says : “ Payment, or tender of payment, of premiums is not necessary where the insurers have already declared the policy forfeited, or done any other act which is tantamount to a declaration on their part that they will not receive it if tendered.”
In the case of Whitehead v. New York Life Ins. Co. (102 N. Y. 143), which was a case in which a forfeiture of life insurance was claimed, the court say: “ The company cannot depend upon a default to which its own wrongful act contributed, and hut for "which a lapse might not have, occurred. (Meyer v. Knickerbocker 'Life Ins. Co., 73 N. Y. 516.) The company kept the secret on its part, and now cannot set up as a defense the non-payment of premiums which it did not intend or expect to receive, and which it may justly be said to have occasioned by its own unauthorized act.”
In the head note of that dase it is said : “ But where a policy in full force was surrendered by the husband without the .assent of the "assured, and no notices were thereafter sent by the company, either to the insured or the assured, held, that the subsequent failure to "pay the"accruing premiums did not alone work a forfeiture; that by the agreement of surrender the insurance company did an act, the tendency and purpose of which was to prevent future payments by the parties interested, and the company cannot defend upon a default to which its own wrongful act contributed, and but for which a lapse might not have occurred, and that the company was liable.”
In the case of Meyer v. Knickerbocker Life Ins. Co. (73 N. Y. 516) the head note is as follows: “ Where, by the terms of a contract, if a payment is not made by a certain day, a harm will come to one party, and a benefit to another, and the amount of the payment required is, from the course of business of the parties, known only to the latter, who refuses to make known the amount, or keeps silence as to it when asked, and in consequence the day goes by without payment being made, he cannot take a benefit from the lapse.” (Hayner v. American Popular Life Ins. Co., 69 N. Y. 435.)
In the case of Manhattan Life Ins. Co. v. Smith (44 Ohio St. 156) *291it was held, “ Where, by the terms of a contract of life insurance, the beneficiary named in the policy is entitled to participate in the profits, a portion of which, in the form of dividends, is to be applied each year in reduction of premiums, and it has been the uniform practice of the company to give timely notice of the amount of premium, amount of dividends, and of the balance to be paid in cash, and the company neglects to give such notice, having knowledge of the residence of the beneficiary, and by reason thereof a premium is not paid at the time specified in the policy, the company cannot set up such failure to pay as a defense to a recovery upon the policy, although by its terms the same is to be forfeited in case of failure to pay a premium upon any of the dates stipulated therein.”
The defendant in this case, having willfully and illegally neglected and"refused to inform the insured as to the amount of the premiums which she could be required to pay under the terms of the policy, it having been its uniform custom to give such notice, and it alone having the means of knowing the amount of such premiums, should not be permitted to defeat a recovery because of the failure of the insured to make such payments, or to tender the amount thereof, at the time when they became due respectively. It cannot be said that the premiums which became due subsequent to August 1, 1895, would not have been paid by the insured, if the illegal declaration of the defendant that the policy had lapsed and had become forfeited had not been made, and except for its failure to give notice to the insured of the amount of such premiums.
In the case of Shaw v. Republic Life Insurance Co. (69 N. Y. 286) the effect of a tender by the insured of the premium which became due upon an insurance policy, the refusal of the defendant to accept the same upon the ground that it had not been tendered or paid within the time required by the terms of the policy, and the declaration of the defendant that the policy by reason of such failure, had lapsed ■ and become forfeited, were considered. At page 292 the court says, per Folger, J.: “ Where one party to a contract declares to the other party to it that he will not make the performance on the future day fixed by it therefor, and does not, before the time arrives for an act to be done by the other party, withdraw his declaration, the other party is excused from performance on his part, *292or offer to perform, and may maintain his action for a breach of the contract when the day has passed.”
After quoting a number of cases in support of that proposition, the learned judge further says : “ There is no doubt that the defendant repudiated all obligation to the plaintiff, and so declared to her. It would have been a useless act for her after that to have sought the defendant and made offer to pay the annual premium. Nor need she, though the defendant had refused future performance, act with effect until the death of her husband, the event which was contemplated by the contract as giving immediate right of action. It was then she sustained the injury which was the cause of damage to her, by the non-performance by the defendant of their contract. (See, in this particular, the remarks and illustration per Grover, J., in 42 N. Y. supra.) We do not perceive that it alters the rule we have stated, that this contract is one of life insurance, and that there might occur several or many occasions when, by its stipulations, the plaintiff might have precedent conditions to fulfill. It is no more incumbent upon a party to such a contract to offer performance of the conditions precedent, because they are many and of periodical recurrence, than upon the promisee who has but one act to perform, The declaration of the promisor that he will not perform is an excuse for not offering to perform many and successive conditions, as well as one. For the same reason exists at the occurrence of each period for performance—that it would be useless and unavailing to make tender while the declaration was not withdrawn. (See Crist v. Armour, 34 Barb. 378.) ”
Bacon, in his work on Life Insurance (§ 364), says: “ After one refusal to accept the premium the insured is not bound to make prompt tenders of subsequent premiums on each pay day.”
In the case of Hayner v. American Popular Life Ins. Co. (supra) it is held that where an insurance company declares in substance by its acts that no premiums if tendered will be accepted, the law does not require a tender, as it would be useless and of no avail. (See, also, Hartley v. James, 50 N. Y. 38; Delavan v. Duncan, 49 id. 485.)
There is no evidence in this case tending to show that the insured in any manner acquiesced in the illegal action of the defendant in declaring that her policy had lapsed and had become forfeited, unless *293snch acquiescence can be inferred from her failure to act during her lifetime, a period of fifteen months after such declaration. Assuming that the insured properly paid the premium which became due on the 1st day of August, 1895, and that the action of the defendant in assuming to cancel the same, and its declaration of forfeiture, were illegal, the insured was entitled to have pursued any one of three remedies:
First. She might have brought a suit in equity to have the policy continued in force. (Meyer v. Knickerbocker Life Ins. Co., supra.) Or,
Second. She might elect to consider the policy at an end and bring an action to recover the just value of the policy. (Fischer v. Hope Mutual Life Ins. Co., 69 N. Y. 161.) Or,
Third. Plaving paid, the premium, she might wait until the policy became payable by its terms, and then try the question of forfeiture. (Day v. Connecticut General Life Ins. Co., 45 Conn. 480; True v. Bankers’ Life Association, 78 Wis. 287; Bacon Ins. § 376.)
The policy in this case became payable by its terms to the representatives of the insured upon her death, and, therefore, they or any other party interested had a right to wait until such time, and then bring an action to recover the amount of the policy, and then try the question of forfeiture.
As was said in the case of Shaw v. Republic Life Ins. Co. (supra): “Nor need she (the beneficiary), though the defendant had refused future performance, act with effect until the death of her husband (the insured), the event which was contemplated by the contract as giving immediate right of action. It was then she sustained the injury which was the cause of damage to her, by the non-performance by the defendant of their contract.”
As before suggested, it was not the right of the defendant in this case, under the contract in question, to determine when such action should be brought, or to determine when any of the other remedies should be commenced, made necessary by its illegal action.
The contention on the part of the appellant, that the insured was guilty of laches by reason of her non-action, after it had illegally declared her policy forfeited, is not supported by the evidence or the circumstances of this case.
*294In the case of Cox v. Stokes (156 N. Y. 511) the court says: “ Whether the equitable doctrine of laches, as distinguished from the Statute of Limitations, now exists in this State, is open to serious doubt.” (Galway v. Met. Elevated Ry. Co., 128 N. Y. 132, 143; Derby v. Yale, 13 Hun, 273; 2 Perry Trusts, § 869.)
Wood, in his work on Limitations (§ 62), says: “ While the words 6 laches ’ and ‘ acquiescence ’ are often used as similar in meaning, the distinction in their import is both great and important. Laches imports a merely passive, while ‘acquiescence’ implies active assent; and while, where there is no statutory limitation applicable to the case, courts of equity would discourage laches and refuse relief after great and unexplained delay, yet, where there is such a statutory limitation, they will not anticipate it, as they may where acquiescence has existed.”
“Laches amount, in fact, only to that inferior species of acquiescence described in the following terms by Kindersley, V. O.: ‘ Mere acquiescence (if by acquiescence is to be understood only abstaining from legal proceedings) is unimportant; where one party invades the rights of another, that other does not, in general, deprive himself of the right of seeking redress merely because he remains passive, unless, indeed, he continues inactive so long as to bring the case within the purview of the Statute of Limitations.’ ”
The insured having properly paid to the defendant the premium which became due upon the policy in question on the 1st day of August, 1895, and the defendant, notwithstanding such proper payment, having illegally and unlawfully canceled said policy, and declared that it had lapsed and had become forfeited, and that all the rights of the insured thereunder had ceased and terminated, thé insured was not called upon to immediately enter upon or commence proceedings for the enforcement or protection of her rights, and the rights of the beneficiary under the policy were in no way impaired because such proceedings were not instituted during the lifetime of the insured, and for a period of fifteen months after the illegal action of the defendant.
It follows that the judgment appealed from should be affirmed,with costs.
Follett and Adams, JJ., concurred; Hardin, P. J., dissented; Ward, J., not voting.