Court Opinion

ID: 167645
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-08-14 10:00:22+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:24:53.613647
License: Public Domain

F I L E D
                                                               United States Court of Appeals
                                                                       Tenth Circuit
                      UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS
                                                                      June 15, 2006
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT                  Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                      Clerk of Court

 U N ITED STA TES O F A M ER ICA,

          Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                        No. 05-2201
 v.                                              (District of New M exico)
                                                (D.C. No. CR-04-1651-BB)
 COSM E D ELG A D O -LU CIO ,

          Defendant-Appellant.

                                OR D ER AND JUDGM ENT *

Before M U RPH Y, SE YM OU R, and M cCO NNELL, Circuit Judges.

I.    Introduction

      Appellant, Cosme Delgado-Lucio, pleaded guilty to a charge of illegally

reentering the United States. The Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”)

recommended the application of the sixteen-level enhancement set forth in §

2L1.2(b)(1)(A) of the United States Sentencing Guidelines (“USSG ”) based on

Delgado-Lucio’s prior U tah conviction for attempted sexual abuse of a child.

      *
       This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
Delgado-Lucio argued a sentence within the resulting guidelines range would be

unreasonable based on the circumstances of his case. The district court, however,

sentenced Delgado-Lucio to thirty-seven months’ imprisonment, the low end of

the guidelines range. Delgado-Lucio then filed this appeal, arguing the sentence

imposed by the district court is unreasonable and violates his Fifth and Sixth

A mendm ent rights. Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we

affirm Delgado-Lucio’s sentence.

II.   Background

      Delgado-Lucio was charged in a one-count indictment with illegally

reentering the United States following deportation subsequent to being convicted

of an aggravated felony, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b). Delgado-

Lucio pleaded guilty and a PSR was prepared. The PSR indicated Delgado-Lucio

had a 1993 Utah conviction for attempted sexual abuse of a child. The PSR

recommended a sixteen-level increase to Delgado-Lucio’s offense level, pursuant

to USSG § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A), based on the conclusion the Utah conviction qualified

as a crime of violence. The PSR calculated a final offense level of twenty-one

which, when coupled with a criminal history category of I, resulted in a

guidelines range of thirty-seven to forty-six months’ imprisonment.

      Delgado-Lucio filed written objections to the PSR and also filed a

sentencing memorandum, arguing the district court should exercise its discretion

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to sentence him below the advisory guidelines range. To support his position,

Delgado-Lucio asserted the application of the sixteen-level increase pursuant to §

2L1.2(b)(1)(A) would be inequitable given the facts of his case. He alleged the

Utah conviction was the result of an Alford plea which he entered on the advice of

his attorney. See North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 37 (1970) (“An

individual accused of [a] crime may voluntarily, knowingly, and understandingly

consent to the imposition of a prison sentence even if he is unwilling or unable to

admit his participation in the acts constituting the crime.”). D elgado-Lucio

asserted he has always maintained his innocence of the Utah charges. Delgado-

Lucio also argued his motivation in illegally reentering the United States w as to

see his American-citizen children and find work so he could provide support for

them. Accordingly, he argued the application of the sixteen-level enhancement

significantly over-represented his likelihood of recidivism and dangerousness to

the community. He maintained a sentence of fifteen months’ incarceration would

promote respect for the law, provide adequate deterrence, and protect the

community.

      The district court considered but rejected Delgado-Lucio’s objections and

sentenced him to thirty-seven months’ imprisonment, the low end of the

guidelines range. This appeal followed.

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III.   Discussion

       Delgado-Lucio asserts the district court erred by treating the Sentencing

Guidelines as mandatory, not discretionary. See United States v. Booker, 543

U.S. 220, 267 (2005); United States v. Gonzales-Huerta, 403 F.3d 727, 731-32

(10th Cir. 2005) (en banc). W e can easily dispose of Delgado-Lucio’s argument.

It is clear from the record that the district court did not apply the Sentencing

Guidelines in a mandatory fashion. The court specifically stated,

       I think there is a good chance . . . there may be occasion when you’ll
       be able to persuade me that I should exercise the new found authority
       vested in me by Booker, but I don’t think this is one of those
       occasions.
              And I say that because, as you well know from reading Booker,
       the Court instructs me to look first to the guidelines to see if I can
       fashion a sentence that is a fair and reasonable sentence taking into
       account all of the provisions of 18 United States Code 3553(a), and I
       am making a conscious effort to do that . . . .

       Booker directs a sentencing court to consider, inter alia, the factors set out

in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) when determining a sentence. 543 U.S. at 245-46. W e

have repeatedly held that a sentencing court is not required to individually

address each factor listed in § 3553(a) before issuing a sentence. See Contreras-

M artinez, 409 F.3d 1236, 1242 (10th Cir. 2005) (“[W]e do not demand that the

district court recite any magic w ords to show that it fulfilled its responsibility to

be mindful of the factors that Congress has instructed it to consider.” (quotations

omitted)). Our review of the district court’s statements at Delgado-Lucio’s

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sentencing hearing convinces us the court was well aware of Booker and the

Court’s holding that the Sentencing Guidelines should not be applied mandatorily.

It is equally clear the court specifically considered both the sentencing factors

listed in § 3553(a) and Delgado-Lucio’s specific objections to the application of

the advisory guidelines range but concluded a sentence at the low end of the

guidelines range was reasonable. The fact that Delgado-Lucio received a

sentence within the advisory guidelines range is not, as Delgado-Lucio would

appear to argue, conclusive proof the district court applied the Guidelines in a

mandatory fashion.

      Delgado-Lucio also argues his Fifth and Sixth A mendment rights were

violated because the district court imposed a sentence based on facts found by the

court by a preponderance of the evidence. See Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 243-44

(2005). The Government asserts Delgado-Lucio did not raise this argument

before the district court and thus we should review it for plain error. W e agree

with the Government. The argument Delgado-Lucio raises on appeal is not the

same as the argument he presented to the district court. Before the district court,

Delgado-Lucio relied on the circumstances surrounding the entry of his Alford

plea to argue that a reasonable sentence was one below the low end of the

advisory guidelines range. The district court considered that argument and

rejected it. On appeal, Delgado-Lucio argues the district court violated his Fifth

and Sixth Amendment rights by relying on the Alford plea to find he had

                                          -5-
committed the Utah offense and using that finding to determine his sentence.

This argument was not raised before the district court.

      To establish plain error, Delgado-Lucio must show “(1) error, (2) that is

plain, which (3) affects substantial rights, and which (4) seriously affects the

fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Gonzales-

Huerta, 403 F.3d at 732 (quotation omitted). Delgado-Lucio cannot satisfy this

burden because the district court did not commit error. Delgado-Lucio’s

argument that his Fifth and Sixth A mendment rights were violated w hen the court

found he had previously been convicted of a violent felony necessarily fails

because the district court did not apply the Guidelines in a mandatory fashion. 1 A

district court commits constitutional Booker error only when it mandatorily

increases a sentence on the basis of judge-found facts, other than the fact of a

prior conviction. Gonzales-Huerta, 403 F.3d at 731.

      To the extent Delgado-Lucio’s appellate argument could be construed as an

assertion the district court misapplied the Guidelines w hen it calculated his

sentence, that argument also fails. See United States v. Doe, 398 F.3d 1254, 1257

n.5 (10th Cir. 2005) (“Although the Guidelines are now advisory, . . . appellate

      1
        Even if we had not already concluded, supra, that the district court did not
apply the Guidelines in a mandatory fashion, we would still deny Delgado-Lucio
relief on this w holly meritless claim. This court has held that Booker does not
“require the government to charge in an indictment or prove to the jury [] the
existence of prior convictions.” United States v. M oore, 401 F.3d 1220, 1221
(10th Cir. 2005).

                                          -6-
review continues to encompass review of the district court’s interpretation and

application of the Guidelines.” (citation omitted)). Delgado-Lucio’s argument is

necessarily premised on his position, albeit vaguely worded and without any

supporting authority, that his Utah conviction cannot be considered a prior

conviction for purposes of the Guidelines because he has never admitted his guilt.

Under Alford, a defendant is permitted to enter a plea of guilty without admitting

he committed the charged offense. 400 U.S. at 37-39. Thus, an Alford plea is a

guilty plea and properly considered as a prior criminal conviction for purposes of

the Sentencing Guidelines. Cf. United States v. M ackins, 218 F.3d 263, 268 & n.3

(3d Cir. 2000) (“That the defendant asserts his or her innocence, however, does

not change the fact that he or she ultimately enters a guilty plea.”). Accordingly,

the district court did not err when it found Delgado-Lucio had been previously

convicted of a violent felony. Further, in the sentencing memorandum Delgado-

Lucio filed with the district court, he admitted he had been convicted in Utah

state court of attempted sexual abuse of a minor and he has never argued the Utah

conviction is not a crime of violence pursuant to § 2L1.2. These admissions

provide yet another basis upon which to reject Delgado-Lucio’s assertion that the

district court erred when it found he had previously been convicted of a crime of

violence.

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IV.   Conclusion

      W e affirm the sentence imposed by the district court.

                                      ENTERED FOR THE COURT

                                      M ichael R. M urphy
                                      Circuit Judge

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