Court Opinion

ID: 9544
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 05:46:52+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:33:22.667023
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals,

                               Fifth Circuit.

                               No. 95-60203.

            ASARCO, INC., Petitioner-Cross-Respondent,

                                     v.

  NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD, Respondent-Cross-Petitioner.

                               July 10, 1996.

Petition for Review & Cross-Petition for Enforcement of an Order of
the National Labor Relations Board.

Before REYNALDO G. GARZA, WIENER and STEWART Circuit Judges.

     STEWART, Circuit Judge:

     This   case    involves     a   petition   for    review   of   and   a

cross-application for enforcement of an order of the National Labor

Relations Board regarding the dismissal and subsequent treatment of

a labor union president.       Asarco Incorporated seeks review of the

ruling of the National Labor Relations Board, which found that

Asarco violated sections 8(a)(1) and 8(a)(3) of the National Labor

Relations Act by discharging Jerry Halford.           The Board also found

that Asarco violated sections 8(a)(1) and 8(a)(5) of the Act by

refusing to provide witnesses' names and telephone numbers as

requested by the Union to process Halford's grievance and by

refusing to deal with Halford as the Union's representative after

his discharge.     We grant review of the Board's rulings.      Our review

of the record has revealed insufficient evidence to support all of

the Board's decisions.      Accordingly, enforcement of the Board's

order is denied in part, modified, and as modified is granted in

part.

                                      1
                                    FACTS

     Asarco operates a copper refinery in Amarillo, Texas. Most of

the 590 employees belong to a collective bargaining unit, which has

been the predominant certified bargaining representative since May

1976.    Unions are active at several other Asarco plants in the

country.     The company has shared a peaceful relationship with the

various unions and has no history of violating the National Labor

Relations Act ("NLRA").

     Jerry    Halford,     the   president    of   United   Steelworkers      of

America, Local 5613 since 1985 ("the Union"), was employed as a

chargeman1 in the refined casting area at the Amarillo refinery.

Halford's    duties   as   president       established   him   as   the    chief

representative of the Union in dealing with management.                   Before

serving as president, Halford was the grievance representative of

the Material Handling Department for 1977 and 1978. He also served

as the chairman of the grievance committee from 1980 to 1984.                 As

chair of the union's grievance committee, Halford processed 1500

grievances and 300 workers' compensation claims. Halford continued

participating in the grievance process after he became president.

About 130 grievances awaited arbitration in 1993.

     On May 11, 1993, Halford met with Dave Woodbury, Asarco's vice

president of human resources, to complain about the backlog of

grievances.     Halford blamed the backlog on Mike Owsley, a new

     1
      Halford's primary responsibility in the refinery was to
ensure that the shaft furnace (which melts down copper cathodes,
bars and coils for processing into cast rods) was properly
charged or fueled at all times.

                                       2
Asarco supervisor.      Halford arranged to send Woodbury information

regarding    the   problem;      however,      Woodbury    did   not   guarantee

changes.    Though Stu Bryant, an Asarco manager, was present during

the conversation      and    possibly      overheard   Halford's   complaints,

Owsley was not aware of Halford's complaint to Woodbury.

     The very next day, during a down time in the refinery, Halford

threw a clear plastic sandwich bag filled with about four ounces of

water from his charge floor.         The bag hit Mike Sanchez on the head,

knocking off his hard hat and face mask.            Supervisor Gene Thompson,

who witnessed Sanchez walking in a "dazed" manner, sent Sanchez to

the nurse's office where he was treated for minor head and neck

pain.

     For at least twenty years, horseplay was commonplace in the

plant,    and   employees     were   not    disciplined    for   incidents    of

horseplay.      Some of these pranks involved throwing objects down on

other employees; others even involved throwing water bags from the

charge floor, as Halford had done.             Horseplay went undisciplined

even though a previous union grievance representative, Lowell

Farmer,    asked   several    supervisors      to   take   corrective    action

regarding the horseplay before someone got hurt.2

     When questioned about the horseplay at issue in this case,

Halford admitted that he threw the object which struck Sanchez.

However, he described the incident as an "accident."                     Halford

     2
      Halford testified that the company has a rule regarding
horseplay; however, the record does not reflect the specifics of
the rule or when Asarco issued it. Halford did testify, however,
that two written warnings recently have been issued regarding
horseplay incidents involving knives.

                                        3
claimed he was attempting to toss the bag into the trash dumpster

below the charge floor but missed and mistakenly hit Sanchez.               Stu

Bryant suspended Halford for a safety violation and suspected

horseplay pending further investigation.

     The investigation, conducted by supervisors Bill McLean and

Stu Bryant, revealed other objects that Halford had thrown from the

charge floor.       Don Warren explained that he had seen Halford hit

Frank Leal with a water bag a month before the Sanchez incident.

Rachel San Miguel said that Halford had hit her with a one inch

stone that left a mark on            her neck and shoulder.            Further,

employees Wayland, Huddleston, and Leal, indicated that Halford had

thrown objects in the past.

     The investigation findings were reported to unit manager Mike

Owsley.      Halford       asked    Owsley     to   conduct   an    independent

investigation before making a decision because Halford believed

that Owsley could be more objective than the other managers.                 On

May 18, Owsley interviewed the employees again.                 Their stories

corroborated    the    information     given    previously.        Additionally,

Owsley    visited    the   charge    floor    and   casting   floor.     Owsley

concluded that Halford's story was not possible.

     Owsley also reviewed a summary of Halford's disciplinary

record, which revealed that several previous disciplinary actions

had been taken against Halford.             In fact, just two months before

the water bag incident Halford was suspended for two days for

dereliction of duty and unsatisfactory work performance because he

was not keeping the furnace full.            Though charges were filed with

                                        4
the NLRB for some of the disciplinary actions, Owsley was unaware

of this fact when making his decision regarding the water bag

incident.

     After    reviewing        the     water       bag      incident     and   Halford's

disciplinary record, he decided to discharge Halford and instructed

McLean to draft a discharge letter.                    Despite his decision, Owsley

allowed Halford to relate to him Halford's side of the story.                          On

May 20, Halford described to Owsley the same "accident" story.

Owsley asked      had    Halford     done        anything     similar    in    the   past;

Halford replied that he had not.                        After the meeting, Owsley

notified Halford        by    letter    of       his    decision    to   discharge    him

effective May 13.        The letter based Halford's discharge on several

violations of Asarco's rules:

     The bases for your termination include violation of both Plant
     Safety Rules and General Rules of Conduct related to unsafe
     acts, dishonesty and unsatisfactory work performance. Each of
     these offenses is a separate and distinct basis for your
     termination.

     After the May 20 termination, Asarco officials altered their

treatment of Halford because he was no longer an employee of the

company.     For example, Asarco informed Halford that he was not

permitted    in    the       plant   because           he   was    not   an    employee.

Consequently, a previously scheduled meeting took place without

Halford on May 27.            Halford also was barred from attending an

Occupational Safety and Health Act ("OSHA") inspection on June 14.

     The Union immediately reacted to Halford's suspension.                            On

June 2, 1993, the Union filed an unfair labor practice charge with

the NLRB, alleging violations of sections 8(a)(1), (3), and (4) of

                                             5
the NLRA.   On June 18, 1993, the Union amended its charge to allege

a violation of section 8(a)(5).

     On July 9, 1993, the Regional Director for the 16th Region

filed a complaint with the NLRB based on the Union's charge and

amended charge.     Additionally, the complaint alleged that on May

25, 1993, the Union requested by letter that the Company furnish

the names and telephone numbers of all witnesses who would be

involved in the grievance filed on behalf of Halford and that

Asarco has failed and refused to furnish the information. Further,

the complaint alleged that Asarco has failed and refused to bargain

with Jerry Halford, the Union's agent.     Asarco answered the charge

admitting in part and denying in part the allegations.

     After a three day hearing, the administrative law judge

("ALJ") issued his decision and recommended order.      The ALJ found

that Asarco violated sections 8(a)(1) and (3) by discharging

Halford, that it had violated section 8(a)(5) by refusing to

bargain with the Union's agent, Halford, and that Asarco violated

section 8(a)(5) by failing and refusing to provide the Union with

the requested information.     The ALJ further found that Asarco did

not violate section 8(a)(4).

     Asarco filed an exception to the ALJ's findings.       However, a

divided three member panel of the NLRB filed a Decision and Order

(reported   at     316   N.L.R.B.   No.   111)   adopting   the   ALJ's

recommendations.    The dissenting panel member noted that he would

not have found that it was proven by a preponderance of the

evidence that Halford was discharged for unlawful reasons.         The

                                    6
NLRB   ordered     Asarco   to    offer      Halford   immediate   and      full

reinstatement to his former job or an equivalent one and to provide

Halford with back pay.      Asarco now petitions the Fifth Circuit for

review of this order, and the Board cross-petitions for enforcement

of its order.

                                  DISCUSSION

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW.

       This Court's review of the NLRB's decision is more than a

mere rubber stamp of the decision;            however, a certain degree of

deference is accorded.      See Huck Mfg. Co. v. NLRB, 693 F.2d 1176,

1181 (5th Cir.1982).        The NLRB's factual findings are reviewed

under a substantial evidence standard.          Id. The court will sustain

the NLRB's decision if it is supported by substantial evidence in

the record.      Under the substantial evidence standard, "the ALJ's

decision must be upheld if a reasonable person could have found

what the ALJ found, even if the appellate court might have reached

a different conclusion."         Id.   Substantial evidence is determined

by evaluating the entire record.           See NLRB v. Brookshire Grocery,

837 F.2d 1336, 1340 (5th Cir.1988).           Reviewing the whole record we

are obligated to consider evidence that detracts from the Board's

finding.    Id.     When credibility issues arise, however, we are

"bound by the credibility choices of [the] ALJ," unless one of the

following     factors   exists:        (1)    the   credibility    choice     is

unreasonable, (2) the choice contradicts other findings, (3) the

choice is based upon inadequate reasons or no reason, or (4) the

ALJ failed to justify his choice.          NLRB v. Motorola, Inc., 991 F.2d
7
278, 282 (5th Cir.1993).

         As to questions of law, we review the decision de novo;

however,    if   the   NLRB    has   given    a    "reasonably    defensible"

construction of a statute, we will affirm the decision.                     See

Standard Fittings Co. v. NLRB, 845 F.2d 1311, 1314 (5th Cir.1988).

It is within this framework that we review the present record and

determine whether Halford has proven by a preponderance of the

evidence that Asarco discharged him for unlawful reasons and

whether    Asarco   violated   the   Act     by   refusing   to   provide   the

requested documents and to bargain with Halford.

B. SECTIONS 8(a)(1) AND (3) VIOLATION.3

         Asarco contends that the Board failed to meet its burden.

First, Asarco argues that the NLRB had to prove that union animus

was a motivating factor in its decision to discharge Halford.

Asarco has a long record of peaceful union relations and no history

of having violated the Act. Further, the record is completely void

of evidence of disparate treatment or union animus.

     Second, even if union animus was proven, Asarco argues that

     3
      The United States Code delineates unfair labor practices by
an employer as follows:

            It shall be an unfair labor practice for an employer—

            (1) to interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees in
            the exercise of the rights guaranteed in section 7 [29
            USCS § 157];

            (3) by discrimination in regard to hire or tenure of
            employment or any term or condition of employment to
            encourage or discourage membership in any labor
            organization ...

     29 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1), (3).

                                      8
the burden still is not satisfied because the Board has not proven

causation.       Halford was not similarly situated in "all respects"

with employees who were treated more leniently than he:               (1) his

conduct constituted aggravated horseplay because it caused injury

and threatened a lethal explosion, (2) he had been dishonest, and

(3) his work performance was unsatisfactory.                 Further, Asarco

contends that the "but for" causation test fails because Asarco

consistently discharged employees for safety rules violations, for

giving false information to management, and for unsatisfactory work

performance.      Moreover, there is no proof that Asarco intended the

alleged disparate treatment.

     Third, Asarco maintains that it produced enough evidence to

prove    that     it   had   sufficient     cause   to    discharge   Halford

notwithstanding his protected union activities.             Asarco has had in

place    rules     proscribing   violations      for     safety   regulations,

falsification of information, and unsatisfactory work performance.

     On the other hand, the NLRB argues that the Board's findings

are supported by substantial evidence.           The findings are supported

by the aggregate of Halford's union activity, the timing of the

suspension, Asarco's departure from past practice in discharging

Halford, and Asarco's treatment of Halford after the discharge.

The NLRB claims that the labor relations atmosphere was less than

cordial because of the large number of grievances Halford had

filed.     To     further    irritate     the   relationship,     Halford   had

complained the day before the water bag incident about Owsley's

failure to work with the Union.           Moreover, the NLRB stressed that

                                        9
Asarco's    tolerance    of    horseplay        in    the   refinery    was    common

knowledge.

     Further, the NLRB discredits the reasons advanced by Asarco as

justification for its discharge of Halford for this particular

prank.     First, the contention that previous horseplay did not

involve    dangerous    conduct      is    meritless.          The   NLRB   presented

examples of more dangerous pranks, one of which was executed by a

supervisor.    Second, the contention that discharge was necessary

because the prank injured Sanchez also fails. Sanchez was slightly

dazed;     however,     he    went    to    the      nurse's   office   only    after

Supervisor Thompson ordered him to go.                  Sanchez walked a quarter

mile to and from the nurse's office and then completed his shift

after visiting the nurse.            Third, there is no evidence that the

company relied on the apparent discrepancies in Halford's story

when making its discharge decision.                  Fourth, the contention that

Halford's discharge is comparable to previous discharges is false.

Asarco has discharged employees for safety violations that led to

property damage, for failing to comply with OSHA standards, and for

coming to work drunk.        Asarco has never discharged an employee for

mere horseplay. Additionally, the contention that Owsley was a new

manager with no knowledge of the history of horseplay is equally

meritless because Owsley relied on reports from other, experienced

management personnel when making his decision.

     The ALJ found that Halford engaged in conduct that justified

discipline and even discharge.             In assessing credibility, the ALJ

expressly found that Halford's story was physically impossible and,

                                           10
accordingly, was untrue. "Falsification of information, horseplay,

dereliction of duty, ... unauthorized absence from duty area, and

disobeying safety regulations, or creating or contributing to any

unsafe condition are all among the list of reasons stated in the

[Asarco] rules as warranting discharge."     Nonetheless, the ALJ

found that the general counsel established a disparate treatment

case. Although he produced no direct evidence of union animus, the

ALJ inferred the motive from the totality of the circumstances.

Further, the ALJ found that Owsley did not make the discharge

decision alone;   he acted upon the input of others.

      We must determine whether the record contains sufficient

evidence permitting an inference of disparate treatment.     As in

employment discrimination cases, labor discrimination cases employ

a burden shifting paradigm.   The NLRB must establish a prima facie

case by proving that union animus was a motivating factor in the

employer's decision to discharge the employee.   NLRB v. Mini-Togs,

980 F.2d 1027, 1032-33 (5th Cir.1993).   If the Board establishes a

prima facie case, the burden shifts to the employer to prove that

it would have discharged the employee even if the employee had not

engaged in union activity.    Id.

     "Motive is a factual matter ... and the Board reasonably may

infer motive from the circumstances surrounding the employer's

actions, as well as from direct evidence."       Id.   However, an

anti-union attitude cannot lightly be inferred onto an employer

with a history of good union relations, and "mere suspicions of

unlawful motivation" are insufficient to establish violations of

                                    11
the NLRA.    See Delco-Remy Div., General Motors Corp. v. NLRB, 596
F.2d 1295, 1305 (5th Cir.1979).                  Nevertheless, an inference of

union animus based upon disparate treatment can be made if the only

difference      between    two    differently       treated     employees      is   the

illegitimate criteria at issue (i.e., union activity).                     See Green

v. Armstrong Rubber Co., 612 F.2d 967, 968 (5th Cir.1980), cert.

denied,   449 U.S. 879,    101 S. Ct. 227,   66 L. Ed. 2d 102   (1980)

(discussing disparity in the context of a race discrimination

case). When there is unjustified disparate treatment between union

and non-union employees designed to induce union employees to

abandon their union, section 8(a)(3) of the NLRB Act is violated.

Russell-Newman      Mfg.    Co.    v.     NLRB,    406 F.2d 1280,    1282      (5th

Cir.1969).

      Though the NLRB may make inferences to establish anti-union

motive or disparate treatment, the inferences must be reasonable

and must be supported by substantial evidence.                    "If the Board's

ultimate factual conclusions rest on inferences from the evidence,

we cannot uphold the findings if these inferences are implausible."

Mini-Togs, 980 F.2d at 1035.                In the present case, the ALJ's

inferences      stem      directly       from     Asarco's      long     history     of

undisciplined horseplay.                The ALJ notes that supervisors had

engaged in horseplay more serious than Halford's water bag prank.

The ALJ inferred union animus from Asarco's drastic departure from

its horseplay policy coupled with the level of Halford's union

activities and the timing of his discharge.

     We find that the record presents insufficient direct evidence

                                           12
of disparate treatment and presents inadequate evidence from which

disparate treatment reasonably may be inferred.                     Accordingly, we

can only conclude that the ALJ has made impermissible inferences

from the evidence presented.               An anti-union attitude cannot be

lightly inferred onto an employer which has enjoyed a history of

good       union   relations,     unless    there    is    substantial     evidence

supporting the inference.          We find that Halford is guilty of more

than executing a harmless prank.                Halford violated safety rules,

blatantly lied to management, and neglected his charge floor duties

for the second time in two months.

       Nothing in the record supports the ALJ's assumptions that

Asarco      disciplined     Halford   differently         because    of   his   union

activity.          First,   the   ALJ's     credibility      determinations       are

inconsistent with the inference of union animus which he finds.4

The ALJ expressly found that Owsley was an almost perfect witness;

however, he apparently rejected Owsley's testimony regarding the

reasons he discharged Halford. Further, the incidents of horseplay

described by Farmer did not involve dangerous pranks, dishonesty,

or neglect of duty.         Considering the credibility determinations,

which we must accept, the ALJ should have concluded that union

       4
      The ALJ discredited all of Halford's testimony that was not
corroborated or that was in dispute. He similarly limited the
weight given to the testimony of Halford's co-workers, Huddleston
and Muehling, because they appeared biased for Halford. He found
Thompson less than perfect but more credible than Halford,
Huddleston, and Muehling. The ALJ found McLean to be "absolutely
truthful," but limited the weight given to McLean's testimony
because McLean could see things only in one dimension. The ALJ
credited Farmer's testimony as having "the very ring of truth to
it," and found that Owsley made a "good, if not perfect,
impression for veracity and credibility."

                                           13
activity did not factor into the discharge decision and that the

previous horseplay incidents could not properly be compared to

Halford's water bag prank because Halford's prank involved other

rule violations.

     Second, the parties conceded during oral argument that Owsley,

who ultimately decided to terminate Halford, was completely unaware

of Halford's complaints to Dave Woodbury regarding the company's

slow handling of the Union's grievances.      Consequently, the ALJ's

inference that the timing of the discharge demonstrated union

animus is completely meritless.

     Third, the record demonstrates that Halford actively filed

grievances throughout his tenure as union president.          Asarco had

tolerated Halford's performance of his duties as chair of the

grievance   committee   and   then    president    since   1980   and   had

cooperated with the amicable resolution of the grievances during

Halford's reign.    At the time of discharge, Halford was doing

exactly what he had done all along.         Further, the company had

previous opportunities to discharge Halford because on several

occasions he had committed infractions of the company's rules that

would have justified summary discharge.           There is absolutely no

evidence establishing a reason or motive for Asarco to retaliate

against Halford by discharging him.          Accordingly, we are not

persuaded that an inference of anti-union animus arises because

Halford was an aggressive union president.

     Finally, the record does not supply, and the parties could not

present during argument, any other horseplay incidents involving

                                     14
the additional factors (injury, dishonesty, and unsatisfactory job

performance) justifying Halford's termination.                  The testimony of

Farmer, to which the ALJ gave great weight, presented several

incidents    of   horseplay,   but    the    pranks      did    not    involve    the

aggravating   factors   present      in    Halford's      case.        During    oral

argument, Asarco confirmed that the company did not have in place

a procedure for investigating horseplay incidents in the past.

Without documentation     of   past       pranks,   no    one    can    verify    the

severity of injuries that prior pranks may have caused.                         If no

investigation occurred, there would have been no opportunity for an

employee to lie to investigating managers or for the employee's

potential neglect of duty to be assessed.              It is clear to us that

because previous incidents of horseplay had not been investigated,

there is no evidence to prove that Asarco departed from its usual

practice in handling a horseplay incident that also involved other

violations. This was the first documented, investigated prank that

violated safety regulations, involved dishonesty, and established

neglect of duties.      Accordingly, no comparison logically can be

made and no disparity can be proven.

      The Act does not prevent an employer from disciplining an

employee for violating established company rules and policies,

especially when the discipline is provided in a manner consistent

with discipline given for similar conduct in the past.                  See Delco-

Remy, 596 F.2d at 1305 (the court reversed the ALJ's findings that

the company, which had a peaceful history with the union, violated

the   NLRA    because   the    active       union     employee        committed     a

                                      15
dischargeable offense by arriving to work late and then falsifying

his time card on more than one occasion);      and Mini-Togs, 980 F.2d

at 1033 (the court reversed the NLRB's finding of a violation;       the

conclusions were not supported by substantial evidence because the

union employee was not the first employee disciplined for directing

profanity at a co-worker and because the record amply demonstrated

that the company's discipline was consistent with similar profanity

incidents in the past).     We find that the ALJ's inferences of

disparate   treatment   constitute    "mere   suspicions    of   unlawful

motivation," which are insufficient to establish violations of the

NLRA.

     Having rejected the ALJ's inferences, we still must determine

whether Asarco discharged Halford pursuant to established company

policy.     It is not disputed that Asarco had long-established

policies regarding safety, honesty, and neglect of duties.        McLean

testified that employees had been terminated for these violations.

First, a switchman who directed an engineer to couple into cars

that were chalked and flagged with a dock plate was discharged

because people were working in and around the cars.           Similarly,

Asarco discharged another employee who neglected to turn on the

cooling water and caused a molten explosion.      Further, the company

discharged two employees who refused to shave, which was necessary

to obtain the proper fit and seal from the respirator.           Second,

dishonesty has resulted in discharge at Asarco's Amarillo plant.

An employee who falsified her employment application was discharged

when the company discovered the falsification.             Likewise, two

                                 16
employees were terminated for supplying false doctor bills and

slips to explain their absences from work.          Employees have also

been discharged for engaging in theft.           Third, dereliction of

duties has resulted in several employee dismissals.

       The NLRB attempts to distinguish Asarco's previous discharges

because they did not involve horseplay.           We cannot accept the

Board's reasoning.    Halford violated three existing policies, any

one of which would have justified his termination.                 Further,

Halford had been suspended two months before for the same offense:

dereliction of duty and unsatisfactory work performance.           Asarco's

rules authorized dismissal for the three violations individually

and for Halford's repeat violation.

        We conclude that Halford is not insulated from discharge

simply because he is the first employee to violate three policies

simultaneously.    A violation of the Act is not established simply

because an employee is first to be disciplined under existing

policy.    See Central Freight Lines, Inc. v. NLRB, 653 F.2d 1023,

1026 (5th Cir.1981) (the court found no evidence of disparate

treatment where the company established a strict three-accident

policy in 1977, the policy was announced to employees at a meeting

in 1978 before the Union organized, and the discharged union

employee happened to be the first and only driver to violate the

three-accident rule after the policy was announced). The NLRA does

not provide immunity to an employee because of his status as union

president.    See Florida Steel Corp. v. NLRB, 529 F.2d 1225, 1234

(5th   Cir.1976)   (holding   that   union   membership   cannot    protect

                                     17
flagrant insubordination where the employer's discipline was not

motivated by anti-union animus);            and NLRB v. Mueller Brass Co.,

509 F.2d 704, 711, 713 (5th Cir.1975) (noting that the NLRA was not

intended "to insulate every union activist from investigation and

discipline for violation of company rules").              To hold otherwise

would give to the union president a license to disregard his

employer's     rules   and   would   leave   the   employer   with   no    legal

recourse to correct an inexcusable wrong.

     Moreover, the presence of the horseplay does not excuse

Halford's underlying violations.            Asarco has never expressly nor

impliedly departed from its policy to discipline employees for

violating rules regarding safety, honesty, and job performance. We

find that nothing in the Act prevents Asarco from adjusting its

liberal policy regarding horseplay to authorize discipline when a

particular prank violates another existing policy.              See NLRB v.

O.A. Fuller Super Mkts., Inc., 374 F.2d 197, 200 (5th Cir.1967)

(noting that when no anti-union animus exists, an employer is free

to discharge a union employee "for a good reason, a bad reason, or

no reason at all");      see also Omni Int'l Hotels, Inc. v. NLRB, 606
F.2d 570, 574 (5th Cir.1979) (same);          and Southwest Latex Corp. v.

NLRB, 426 F.2d 50, 57 (5th Cir.1970) (same).               Halford was well

aware   that     discharge     could    result     from   violating       safety

regulations, lying to his supervisor, or neglecting his duties. He

testified that he received an Asarco Employee Handbook, which

expressly lists dishonesty, unsatisfactory work performance, and

safety violations as grounds for summary termination.                     Though

                                       18
Halford    did   not   read   the   handbook     when    received,   the     labor

agreement between the Union and Asarco clearly obligated Halford to

familiarize himself with the company's rules.               Thus, it is of no

moment that      Halford   did   not   receive    a     specific   warning    that

horseplay would not excuse these violations.                We agree with the

ALJ's finding that Halford's actions warranted discharge under the

circumstances.     Therefore, we hold that Halford has not proven by

a preponderance of the evidence that Asarco unlawfully discharged

him.

C. SECTIONS 8(a)(1) AND (5) VIOLATIONS.5

       Though the heart of this appeal pertains to the discharge of

Halford, two issues remain which are an integral part of the

labor/management relationship at stake in cases such as this one.

The duty to comply with discovery requests during the grievance

process is an ongoing concern which warrants comment in the context

of this case.      Moreover, because Halford continues to work in the

Union office even after discharge, we deem it appropriate to

address the issue concerning Asarco's continued relationship with

       5
      The United States Code provides in pertinent part as
follows:

            It shall be an unfair labor practice for an employer—

            (1) to interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees in
            the exercise of the rights guaranteed in section 7 [29
            USCS § 157];

            (5) to refuse to bargain collectively with the
            representatives of his employees.

            ....

       29 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1), (5).

                                       19
him.    We, therefore, proceed to address these issues below.

1. Refusal To Provide Discovery Information.

        Asarco argues that the witness list requested from it was

equally accessible to the Union.            Asarco contends that it did not

have a duty to provide the list in the present case because the

Union already had access to the information it needed to process

the grievance through arbitration.               Halford already knew the

identities of the people who witnessed the water bag incident and

the identities of the employees interviewed by Thompson, Bryant,

McLean, and Owsley.     As the Union's president, he had access to the

telephone numbers and addresses of those individuals.

       The ALJ found that Asarco had a duty to provide information to

the Union which would help it handle Halford's grievance.                 Asarco

has a duty to provide discovery-type data that is relevant and will

be used by the Union in fulfilling its statutory obligations.                   The

ALJ rejected      Asarco's    excuse   for    not   producing     the   lists    of

information readily available to the Union. The ALJ concluded that

the identities of the witnesses the Union intended to use in

handling    the   grievance    were    only    in   the   minds    of   Asarco's

officials.

       We agree that Asarco has violated the Act by failing to comply

with the request for information. The law clearly establishes that

Asarco had a duty to produce to the Union requested information

which was relevant and needed to handle grievances.                See NLRB v.

Acme Indus. Co., 385 U.S. 432, 435-36, 87 S. Ct. 565, 567-68, 17
L. Ed. 2d 495 (1967);     NLRB v. Leonard B. Hebert, Jr. & Co., 696 F.2d
20
1120, 1124 (5th Cir.1983);         and NLRB v. J.P. Stevens & Co., 538
F.2d 1152,   1164-65    (5th     Cir.1976).      Asarco's   excuse    that   it

withheld the documents because Halford knew who had witnessed the

incident and who had been interviewed is unpersuasive.               The Union

wanted to know the identities of the witnesses Asarco would use in

handling the grievance.       Halford could not assume that the company

would use all of the people who witnessed the incident.              Further,

he did not necessarily know all of the people whom the company

interviewed regarding the grievance.             We find that the Board's

request was relevant to the discharge of its duties.          Therefore, we

hold that the Board correctly found that Asarco violated the Act by

ignoring the discovery request.

2. Refusal To Deal With Halford After his Discharge.

     Asarco argues that after Halford's discharge, it continued to

recognize him as the Union president.             Asarco met with Halford

several   times   to   discuss     collective    bargaining   issues    after

Halford's discharge. Halford continued to participate in grievance

meetings.    Further, Asarco noted that the two events to which

Halford was denied access had nothing to do with Halford's duties

as the Union president.        Asarco maintains that its treatment of

Halford was consistent with his status as a discharged employee.

     On the other hand, the NLRB argues that only upon proof of

extraordinary     circumstances     demonstrating    that   the   designated

representative     presents    a   clear   and    present   danger     to    the

collective bargaining process, can the employer refuse to deal with

the employees' designated agent.           Further, the NLRB argues that

                                      21
Halford's "discharge" status did not justify the exclusion.

         The ALJ found that because Asarco refused to deal with

Halford as it had done for years, Asarco violated section 8(a)(5)

of the NLRB Act.        We disagree.      Though the NLRA guarantees

employees the right to choose their own representative, see 29

U.S.C. §§ 157, 159, it does not require the union representative's

presence at non-union functions.

         If Asarco feared that Halford would disrupt the plant's

production or would jeopardize the bargaining process, it had to

prove "special circumstances" justifying Halford's exclusion from

any collective bargaining events at issue.          See General Elec. Co.

v. NLRB, 388 F.2d 213, 214 (6th Cir.1968).6            We agree with our

sister circuits that an employer may only exclude the Union's

chosen    representative   from   union   activities,     even   where   the

representative    has   been   discharged,   when    it   proves   "special

circumstances," demonstrating that the representative's presence

     6
      In General Electric, although the employer denied the
former union president admission to the plant's production areas
after discharge, the court found no violation of section 8(a)(5)
because "special circumstances" absolved the employer from
dealing with the union's designated representative. 388 F.2d at
214. The court found the employer's reservations reasonable
because the former president's past actions, which resulted in a
planned employee work slowdown, made him untrustworthy. The past
actions led the employer to believe that the former president's
admission to the production areas might cause employees to cease
work and interfere with production. See also, NLRB v. Indiana &
Michigan Elec. Co., 599 F.2d 185, 190 (7th Cir.1979), cert.
denied, 444 U.S. 1014, 100 S. Ct. 663, 62 L. Ed. 2d 643 (1980)
(absent extraordinary circumstances, an employer violates section
8(a)(5) by refusing to deal with the union's selected
representatives); and General Elec., 412 F.2d at 517 (requiring
that the employer prove that the chosen representative's presence
creates a "clear and present danger to the collective bargaining
process").

                                    22
will jeopardize the company's business enterprise or the bargaining

process.      However, in the present case, we do not reach the

"special circumstances" inquiry as the Board suggests. The special

circumstances inquiry only arises when the union's rights are

violated, that is when the union's representative is excluded from

an activity expressly covered by the NLRA or the union agreement.

We find that the events of which Halford complains are not union

activities.

     Halford first complains that Asarco violated the NLRA by

excluding him from an OSHA inspection.            Nothing in the OSHA

regulations or collective bargaining agreement requires Halford to

accompany the OSHA representative on an inspection.          Further, we

find that Halford's own testimony proves that the inspection did

not require his presence as the Union's representative.            During

Halford's cross-examination, he testified that the Union had a

joint safety committee that is appointed by him as the Union

president.      The joint safety committee conducts tours with the

company in three designated areas of the plant.      Only if the safety

committee representatives find a problem that cannot be resolved by

them do they bring it to Halford's attention to remedy.            Halford

conceded that, as president, he had delegated the duty of making

plant inspections to the designated safety representatives.            The

record   does   not   contain   testimony   demonstrating   that   Halford

deviated from this policy of delegating the responsibility of

attending OSHA inspections.

     Halford also complains that Asarco violated the NLRA by

                                    23
excluding      him    from    a    meeting    scheduled         to   welcome    an    Asarco

official to the company.             We find that the meeting was primarily

social    in    nature       and   did    not      include      collective     bargaining

discussions.          The ALJ concluded that Asarco violated the Act

because it had reneged on a previously arranged agreement to allow

Halford's attendance. The record does not support this conclusion.

The record does not demonstrate any long-standing practice, that

might be called a custom, in which the Union's president routinely

was   invited    to    socialize         or   otherwise        visit   informally       with

Asarco's out-of-town officials.

      Our conclusion that Halford's complaints do not involve union

activities precludes a finding that Asarco violated the Union's

rights.     Because union activities are not implicated, Halford's

complaints      are    purely      personal        and   not    protected      by    section

8(a)(5).        Asarco       had    no    obligation       to    permit     Halford,      an

individual, to participate in the kinds of non-union events at

issue here after he has been validly terminated, regardless of his

elected union office.              Moreover, once validly discharged as an

Asarco employee, Halford could not raise his individual complaints.

We conclude that the ALJ's finding that Asarco violated the Act by

refusing to bargain with Halford is not supported by substantial

evidence in the record.              We therefore hold that Asarco did not

violate sections 8(a)(1) and 8(a)(5) by excluding Halford, the

Union president, from non-union functions after a valid discharge.

                                         CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the Board's findings

                                              24
of unlawful discharge are not supported by substantial evidence.

Accordingly, we DENY ENFORCEMENT of the Board's ruling that Asarco

unlawfully discharged Halford in violation of sections 8(a)(1) and

8(a)(3)   of   the    National   Labor     Relations       Act.    We     also   DENY

ENFORCEMENT of the Board's order granting Halford back pay and full

reinstatement to his former job or an equivalent one.                     Upholding

the   validity   of    Halford's       discharge,   we      find   that    Asarco's

exclusion of Halford from two non-union events did not violate the

Union's rights and, consequently, did not violate sections 8(a)(1)

and 8(a)(5).     Notwithstanding our determinations regarding the

discharge and the exclusions, we hold that the Board correctly

found that Asarco violated sections 8(a)(1) and 8(a)(5) by refusing

and failing to provide the requested discovery documents.                        We,

therefore, REMAND this case to the NLRB for issuance of a MODIFIED

order directing that Asarco refrain from further violating sections

8(a)(1) and 8(a)(5) of the Act.          As modified, we GRANT ENFORCEMENT

of the Board's cease and desist order.

                           .       .      .    .       .

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