Court Opinion

ID: 4709881
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-09 07:26:28.569048+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:59.948789
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued August 3, 2021

                                     In The

                              Court of Appeals
                                     For The

                          First District of Texas
                            ————————————
                              NO. 01-20-00031-CV
                           ———————————
                          SAMUEL ABDO, Appellant
                                        V.
   RICHMOND STOP FOOD MART, HUSAM ENT. INC., AND MOHID
                  ALMOHAMAD, Appellees

                   On Appeal from the 269th District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                      Trial Court Case No. 2017-81085

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Appellant Samuel Abdo (“Abdo”) appeals the no-evidence summary

judgment granted by the trial court in favor of appellees Husam Ent. Inc. (“Husam”)
and Mohid Almohamad (“Almohamad”) (collectively, “appellees”).1 In three issues

on appeal, Abdo contends (1) genuine issues of material fact precluded the summary

judgment, (2) appellees improperly asserted pleading defects as a basis for summary

judgment, and (3) the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to reconsider the

summary judgment.

      We affirm.

                                     Background

      Abdo alleges that while visiting a business owned by appellees in May 2016,

he was physically assaulted by an employee and sustained injuries.2 Six months later,

Abdo filed a personal-injury lawsuit and asserted claims for premises liability,

negligence, and gross negligence against appellees. Specifically, Abdo asserted that

appellees failed to warn of or make safe an unreasonably dangerous condition of

their premises and were negligent in the hiring, training, and supervision of their

employee.

1
      Although Richmond Stop Food Mart is included as an appellee in the style of this
      appeal, the record reflects that Richmond Stop Food Mart is an assumed name for
      appellee Husam Ent. Inc. and, thus, is not a separate entity. See CA Partners v.
      Spears, 274 S.W.3d 51, 69 n.11 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet.
      denied) (“An ‘assumed name’ is a word or phrase by which a person may be made
      known to the public, and is not a legal entity.”).
2
      Neither the circumstances of the alleged assault nor the identity of the perpetrator
      are alleged in Abdo’s petition.

                                           2
      More than a year and a half after Abdo filed his petition, appellees moved for

a no-evidence summary judgment. Appellees contended that although the discovery

period had ended and they put Abdo on notice his claims were not viable by filing

special exceptions, Abdo did not propound “any discovery to discern the existence

of any evidence to support his allegations” against appellees. Appellees asserted in

their motion that there was no evidence of the essential duty, breach, and causation

elements of the premises liability, negligence, and gross negligence claims. In

addition, appellees specifically asserted there was no evidence:

      •      Husam or Almohamad had any connection to the alleged assault;

      •      Husam or Almohamad owned any business visited by Abdo on the date
             of the alleged assault; or

      •      Husam had any employees on the date of the alleged assault.

      Abdo did not respond to the no-evidence motion before the date it was initially

set for a hearing. Instead, he moved for a continuance on the ground that he had not

received adequate notice of the setting. The trial court granted Abdo’s motion for

continuance and reset the no-evidence motion for a hearing on a later date.

      The day after the trial court granted the continuance, Abdo filed a “Motion for

Leave to File Response to Defendants’ No Evidence Motion for Final Summary

Judgment.” In the motion, Abdo requested that the summary-judgment hearing be

continued for a second time to allow additional discovery. He also addressed the

no-evidence summary-judgment standard, purported to present summary-judgment
                                         3
evidence, and requested that, “upon consideration,” the trial court deny appellees’

no-evidence motion for summary judgment. The record does not indicate whether

the trial court ruled on this motion, and Abdo did not file any other document in

connection with appellees’ no-evidence motion.

      One month later, the trial court granted the no-evidence motion in favor of

appellees. The order dismissed “all of [Abdo’s] claims,” and noted below the trial

court’s signature that “despite the court granting a motion for continuance for [Abdo]

on the previously scheduled hearing date[,] [Abdo] failed to provide an evidentiary

response to the no-evidence motion for summary judgment.”

      Abdo timely moved for reconsideration and a new trial, arguing, among other

things, that the trial court’s statement in the summary-judgment order that he failed

to file an evidentiary response to the no-evidence motion was incorrect because his

motion for leave was responsive to the no-evidence motion. The trial court denied

the motion for reconsideration and request for a new trial. This appeal followed.

                        No-Evidence Summary Judgment

      Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 166a(i) provides that “[a]fter adequate time for

discovery, a party without presenting summary judgment evidence may move for

summary judgment on the ground that there is no evidence of one or more essential

elements of a claim . . . on which the adverse party would have the burden of proof

at trial.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). In his first and second issues, respectively, Abdo

                                          4
argues that the trial court erred by granting a no-evidence summary judgment under

Rule 166a(i) because (1) he presented evidence raising a genuine issue of material

fact as to the challenged elements of his claims and (2) appellees improperly asserted

pleading defects as a basis for the no-evidence summary judgment.

A.    Standard of review

      We review a trial court’s decision to grant a motion for summary judgment de

novo. Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005).

A no-evidence motion for summary judgment is essentially a directed verdict

granted before trial, to which we apply a legal-sufficiency standard of review. King

Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 750–51 (Tex. 2003). In general, a party

seeking a no-evidence summary judgment must assert that no evidence exists as to

one or more of the essential elements of a claim on which the nonmovant would

have the burden of proof at trial. Flameout Design & Fabrication, Inc. v. Pennzoil

Caspian Corp., 994 S.W.2d 830, 834 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no

pet.). Once the movant specifies the elements on which there is no evidence, the

burden shifts to the nonmovant to raise a fact issue on the challenged elements. TEX.

R. CIV. P. 166a(i). A no-evidence summary judgment will be sustained on appeal

when (1) there is a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact, (2) the court is

barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered

by the nonmovant to prove a vital fact, (3) the nonmovant offers no more than a

                                          5
scintilla of evidence to prove a vital fact, or (4) the nonmovant’s evidence

conclusively establishes the opposite of a vital fact. King Ranch, 118 S.W.3d at 751.

B.    No fact issues precluded summary judgment

      In his first issue, Abdo argues that the trial court erred in granting summary

judgment for appellees because “there are genuine issues of material fact for every

element of [his] negligence claim.” Construing Abdo’s brief liberally, as we must,

we understand this first issue to concern the trial court’s summary judgment on both

his negligence and premises liability claims.3 See Tello v. Bank One, N.A., 218

S.W.3d 109, 122–23 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (courts of

appeals must construe appellant briefs reasonably and liberally); see also W. Invs.,

Inc. v. Urena, 162 S.W.3d 547, 550 (Tex. 2005) (negligence and premises liability

claims are closely related but distinct).

      Abdo does not dispute that appellees challenged both his negligence and

premises liability claims in the no-evidence motion for summary judgment. The

record reflects that the no-evidence motion specifically identified the duty, breach,

and causation elements as to which appellees contended there was no evidence.

Concluding that Abdo failed to respond by presenting evidence of these elements,

the trial court granted the no-evidence motion. See Patidar v. Bank of Am., N.A., 442

3
      Abdo’s brief cannot be reasonably read as including any challenge to the dismissal
      of his gross negligence claim on summary judgment.
                                            6
S.W.3d 789, 793 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (“Generally, a

failure to respond to a no-evidence motion is fatal to the nonmovant’s ability to assert

on appeal that the trial court erred in granting the motion.”); Landers v. State Farm

Lloyds, 257 S.W.3d 740, 746 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, no pet.)

(“Absent a timely response, a trial court must grant a no-evidence motion for

summary judgment that meets the requirements of Rule 166a(i).”).

      According to Abdo, the trial court should have treated his motion for leave—

to which he attached some evidence—as a response to the no-evidence motion. We

agree that parts of Abdo’s motion for leave can be considered responsive to the

no-evidence motion. The motion for leave set out the standard for a no-evidence

summary judgment, purported to present “summary judgment evidence,” and

requested that the no-evidence motion be denied “upon consideration.” E.g., State

Bar of Tex. v. Heard, 603 S.W.2d 829, 833 (Tex. 1980) (to determine nature of

pleading, courts should look to its substance rather than its form). But nothing

presented in Abdo’s motion for leave raised a fact issue that would have precluded

summary judgment. See Joe v. Two Thirty Nine Joint Venture, 145 S.W.3d 150, 157

(Tex. 2004) (courts should affirm summary judgment if any of the theories presented

to court and preserved for appellate review are meritorious); Cincinnati Life Ins. Co.

v. Cates, 927 S.W.2d 623, 626 (Tex. 1996) (appellant courts may affirm summary

                                           7
judgment on ground different from that relied on by trial court, in interest of judicial

economy, as long as alternative ground was included in motion).

      Abdo, as the nonmovant, was required to present evidence that qualified as

“summary judgment evidence,” which is evidence that meets the technical

requirements for summary-judgment proof. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); In re

Guardianship of Virgil, 508 S.W.3d 591, 595 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2016, no pet.).

He submitted four documents with his motion for leave: (1) his petition; (2) his

responses to appellees’ request for disclosures; (3) an assumed name certificate

indicating Husam was conducting business in 2010 under the name Richmond Stop

Food Mart; and (4) a “Houston Police Department [HPD] – Officer Incident Notice.”

Abdo contends these four documents raised fact issues as to the duty, breach, and

causation elements of his negligence and premises liability claims.

      Two of the documents Abdo submitted—his pleading and his own discovery

responses—fail the measure of competent summary-judgment evidence. Pleadings

generally do not constitute competent summary-judgment evidence and should not

be considered in determining whether the summary-judgment evidence raises a

genuine issue of material fact. Cardenas v. Bilfinger TEPSCO, Inc., 527 S.W.3d 391,

401 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, no pet.); see also Laidlaw Waste Sys.

(Dall.), Inc. v. City of Wilmer, 904 S.W.2d 656, 660 (Tex. 1995) (party’s pleadings

are not substitute for competent evidence, even if pleadings are sworn or verified);

                                           8
Derbigny v. Bank One, 809 S.W.2d 292, 295 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

1991, no writ) (“Pleadings simply outline the issues; they are not evidence, even for

purposes of summary judgment, let alone a trial on the merits.”). In addition, Abdo

has cited, and we have found, no case allowing a party to use its own responses to a

request for disclosure to defeat a motion for summary judgment. See, e.g., Affiliated

Capital Corp. v. Commercial Fed. Bank, 834 S.W.2d 521, 529 (Tex. App.—Austin

1992, no writ) (nonmovant’s own interrogatory answers not summary-judgment

proof).

      Even construing the remaining documents in the light most favorable to Abdo,

we do not find any genuine issue of material fact as to the challenged elements of

the negligence and premises liability claims. The assumed name certificate is dated

March 5, 2010. At most, it supports that Almohamad was the registered agent of

Husam on that date and that Husam then operated a business under the assumed

name of Richmond Stop Food Mart at the address where Abdo alleges the assault

occurred more than six years later. Although the certificate includes language to the

effect that Husam intended to use the assumed name for a period of ten years, there

is no evidence in the record that either appellee still owned or operated a business at

that address at the time of the alleged assault.

                                           9
      The HPD Incident Notice does not fill any gaps in Abdo’s proof. It reads:

This notice indicates that an incident number was assigned to an assault at the same

address included in the assumed name certificate in May 2016. But this notice does

not name the business, if any, operating at that location at the time of the assault.

Nor does it identify any person involved in the incident as either the complainant or

the assailant. Thus, although Abdo alleges that appellees are liable to him because

he was assaulted by their employee on their premises, there is a complete absence of

summary-judgment evidence to support that allegation.4

4
      Abdo further asserts that a fact issue was raised by a police report on the assault that
      he presented at the hearing on his motion for reconsideration. We do not consider
      the police report for two reasons. First, our review is limited to what the appellate
      record shows was before the trial court at the time of its ruling. See E.B. Smith Co.
      v. U.S. Fidelity & Guar. Co., 850 S.W.2d 621, 624 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–
      Edinburg 1993, writ denied). Second, the police report is attached to Abdo’s
      appellate brief as an appendix but is not included in the appellate record. See Garcia
      v. Sasson, 516 S.W.3d 585, 589 n.2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, no pet.)
      (documents attached as appendices are not part of appellate record and cannot be
      considered by appellate court); Hogg v. Lynch, Chappell & Alsup, P.C., 480 S.W.3d
      767, 773–74 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2015, no pet.) (“Even when a party asserts that
      the attached documents were filed with the trial court, if the documents were not
                                             10
      Absent such evidence, there is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether

appellees owed Abdo a legal duty at all, let alone whether any breach of duty

proximately caused his injuries. See Doe v. Boys Clubs of Greater Dall., Inc., 907

S.W.2d 472, 477 (Tex. 1995) (negligence cause of action, requires evidence of

existence of duty, breach of duty, and damages proximately caused by breach); see

also W. Invs., 162 S.W.3d at 550 (noting same elements for negligence cause of

action and observing premises liability is special form of negligence where duty

owed to plaintiff derives from plaintiff’s status at time incident occurred). Because

the motion for leave did not raise any genuine issue of material fact as to the

challenged elements of Abdo’s negligence and premises liability claims, we

conclude the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment on no-evidence

grounds.

      We overrule Abdo’s first issue.5

      properly included in the appellate record, [courts] are unable to consider them in
      [their] review.”); see also TEX. R. APP. P. 34.5 (placing burden on appellant to
      request and provide a complete record).
5
      Because we have concluded that the trial court did not err in granting the
      no-evidence summary judgment based on the complete absence of evidence of the
      challenged elements of Abdo’s negligence and premises liability claims, we do not
      reach Abdo’s second issue complaining that the trial court improperly based its
      summary-judgment ruling on alleged pleading defects. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

                                          11
            Motion to Reconsider No-Evidence Summary Judgment

      In his third issue, Abdo contends the trial court should have reconsidered the

summary judgment and ordered a new trial because its conclusion that he failed to

file an evidentiary summary-judgment response was erroneous.

      The abuse-of-discretion standard applies to our review of both a motion to

reconsider a prior summary judgment and the denial of a motion for new trial. See

In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 114 (Tex. 2006) (motion for new trial); Macy v. Waste

Mgmt., Inc., 294 S.W.3d 638, 651 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.)

(motion to reconsider). A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts without

reference to any guiding rules or principles. Garcia v. Martinez, 988 S.W.2d 219,

222 (Tex. 1999). Further, we may not reverse a trial court’s judgment unless we

conclude the complained-of error probably caused the rendition of an improper

judgment or probably prevented the appellant from properly presenting the case on

appeal. TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a); Mullins v. Martinez R.O.W., LLC, 498 S.W.3d 700,

705 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, no pet.).

      The arguments made in Abdo’s motion for reconsideration and for a new trial

do not raise any issues beyond those we have already considered in determining the

merit of the trial court’s summary judgment. Accordingly, we hold that Abdo has

not shown that the trial court reversibly erred in refusing to reconsider its summary

                                         12
judgment or order a new trial on his negligence and premises liability claims against

appellees.

      We overrule Abdo’s third issue.

                                   Rule 45 Sanctions

      In their appellate brief, appellees ask this Court to sanction Abdo under Texas

Rule of Appellate Procedure 45 for filing a frivolous appeal.6 See TEX. R. APP. P. 45.

(“If the court of appeals determines that an appeal is frivolous, it may—on motion

of any party or on its own initiative, after notice and a reasonable opportunity for

response—award each prevailing party just damages.”). If, after considering the

record, we make an objective determination that an appeal is frivolous, we are

authorized to award damages under Rule 45. Mailhot v. Mailhot, 124 S.W.3d 775,

778 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.). To determine whether an appeal

6
      Appellees also request sanctions under Chapter 10 of the Texas Civil Practice and
      Remedies Code. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 10.001–.006. Chapter 10 of
      the Civil Practice and Remedies Code “allow[s] a trial court to sanction an attorney
      or a party for filing motions or pleadings that lack a reasonable basis in fact or law.”
      Low v. Henry, 221 S.W.3d 609, 614 (Tex. 2007). We do not consider this request.
      The trial court did not assess sanctions against Abdo under Chapter 10. Even
      presuming the trial court denied requests by appellees for Chapter 10 sanctions,
      appellees have not filed a notice of appeal from the trial court’s final judgment.
      Thus, they may not seek to alter the trial court’s judgment to award them more relief
      than the trial court granted in its final judgment dismissing Abdo’s claims. See TEX.
      R. APP. P. 25.1(c) (“Any party who seeks to alter the trial court’s judgment . . . must
      file a notice of appeal.”); see also Feldman v. Watts, 586 S.W.3d 591, 597–98 (Tex.
      App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019, no pet.) (parties not entitled to seek award of
      sanctions under Chapter 10 on appeal when they failed to file notice of appeal from
      trial court’s judgment).
                                             13
is objectively frivolous, we review the record from the advocate’s viewpoint and

decide whether the advocate had reasonable grounds to believe the case could be

reversed. Id. But Rule 45 does not mandate that this Court award damages in every

case in which an appeal is frivolous. Glassman v. Goodfriend, 347 S.W.3d 772, 782

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet. denied). The decision to award such

damages falls within the Court’s discretion, which we exercise with prudence and

caution after careful deliberation. Mailhot, 124 S.W.3d at 778. With these principles

in mind, we conclude that Rule 45 damages are not warranted in this case.

      We deny appellees’ request.

                                    Conclusion

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                              Amparo Guerra
                                              Justice

Panel consists of Justices Countiss, Rivas-Molloy, and Guerra.

                                         14