Court Opinion

ID: 870282
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-05-24 20:44:38.777401+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:52:53.509213
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                          No. 11-223C
                                      Filed: May 24, 2013

****************************
                                                    *      Patent Infringement; 28 U.S.C.
AMERICAN INNOTEK, INC.,                             *
                                                           § 1498; 35 U.S.C. § 112; Claim
                                                    *
                      Plaintiff,                    *      Construction; Prior Art;
                                                    *      Prosecution History; Prosecution
               v.                                   *      Disclaimer; Means-Plus-Function
                                                    *      Limitation; Doctrine of
THE UNITED STATES,                                  *      Equivalents; Indefiniteness.
                                                    *
                      Defendant.                    *
                                                    *
****************************

       Daniel W. Ernsberger, Behrend & Ernsberger, P.C., 355 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA
15222, for Plaintiff.

      Stuart F. Delery and John J. Fargo, U.S. Department of Justice, Commercial Litigation
Branch, Civil Division, Washington, D.C. 20530, for Defendant. Corey R. Anthony, U.S.
Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. 20530, Of Counsel.

______________________________________________________________________________
                CLAIM CONSTRUCTION OPINION AND ORDER
______________________________________________________________________________
WILLIAMS, Judge.

        This patent infringement case involves bags for the containment and disposal of bodily
fluids. Plaintiff, American Innotek, Inc., the owner of U.S. Patent No. 5,116,139 (“the ’139
Patent”) entitled “Fluid Containment Bag,” manufactures a product called The Flight Extender™
according to the ’139 Patent and sold this product to the United States military from 1991 to
2001. Plaintiff claims that the United States infringed its patent by purchasing a containment bag
called the “Piddle Pak” from the New York City Industries for the Blind (“NYCIB”), a non-
profit entity that provides products to the Government on a noncompetitive basis pursuant to the
Javits Wagner O’Day Act, 41 U.S.C. §§ 46-48c (2006). According to Plaintiff, the Piddle Pak
has infringed at least some of the claims of the ’139 Patent. This matter comes before the Court
following a claim construction hearing held on March 7, 2013.

                                                1
                                            Background
AbilityOne Procurements from Qualified Nonprofit Agencies Such As NYCIB

       The Javits Wagner O’Day (“JWOD”) Act, now known as the “AbilityOne Program,”
provides employment opportunities for people who are blind or have other significant disabilities
by promoting their access to and participation in federal contracts for goods and services. See
Pub. L. No. 92-28, 85 Stat. 77 (1971) (codified as amended at 41 U.S.C. §§ 46-48c (2006)).1
Under JWOD, acquisitions for specified supplies or services can be carried out on a
noncompetitive basis. See 48 C.F.R. § 6.302-5(b)(2) (2011). JWOD established the Committee
for Purchase from People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled (“the Committee”), an
independent federal agency, to facilitate the Government’s “purchase of commodities and
services from qualified nonprofit agencies.” 41 C.F.R. § 51-1.1(a) (2011); see 41 U.S.C. § 46(a)
(2006). The Committee determines which supplies and services government entities will
purchase from participating nonprofit agencies. 41 U.S.C. § 47(a)(1) (2006); see FAR 8.702.
The Committee maintains a procurement list of supplies and services that must be purchased
from “any qualified nonprofit agency for the blind or by any qualified nonprofit agency for other
severely handicapped.” 41 U.S.C. §§ 47(a), 48 (2006); see FAR 8.703. A “qualified nonprofit
agency” is an agency -- such as NYCIB -- that “employs blind or other severely handicapped
individuals for not less than 75 per centum of the man-hours of direct labor required for the
production or provision of the commodities or services.” 41 U.S.C. § 48b(4)(C) (2006). Once
an item has been placed on the procurement list, contracting agencies are required to procure the
item directly from a qualified nonprofit agency, unless the item is unavailable at the time. 41
U.S.C. § 48 (2006). The Government has purchased the Piddle Pak from NYCIB using this
procurement list.

Overview of the Invention

        The fluid containment bags at issue are mainly used by pilots during long-distance flights
to hold urine. The military is one of the largest purchasers of these containment bags. The bags
generally consist of a plastic bag fitted with a funnel to direct the bodily fluid into the bag, and a
hydrophilic powder to absorb bodily fluid and turn it into a gel to prevent spillage.

       The military specification for the bag required the following test:

       4.4.2 Inverted leakage test.
       The bag shall be filled with a minimum of 550 cm3 of water and, without closing,
       quickly inverted. There shall be no more than 30 cm3 of liquid spilled from the
       opening during a one-minute period.
Pl.’s Claim Construction Br. (“Pl.’s Br.”) 1.

       1
         In 2011, the United States Code was renumbered pursuant to Pub. L. No. 111-350, 124
Stat. 3835 (2011) such that JWOD is now codified at Chapter 85 of Title 41. The Court uses the
2006 version of the Code, the version in effect when Plaintiff filed its complaint.

                                                  2
Patent Prosecution History

        The application for the ’139 Patent was filed on February 15, 1991, as a continuation-in-
part of application No. 07/404,734, filed on September 8, 1989. Application No. 07/404,734 was
itself a continuation-in-part of application No. 07/003,848, filed on January 14, 1987. Def.’s
Claim Construction Br. (“Def.’s Br.”), Ex. 1 at A2. The January 1987 application disclosed:

       A waste disposal bag for human waste, particularly for body fluids such as urine,
       comprises an impermeable flexible bag having an enlarged inlet at the top and a
       funnel extending from the top into the interior of the bag with an elongated slit
       tube clamp that slideably engages the top of the bag around the opening to clamp
       the bag in the closed position. A quantity of hydrophilic material for absorbing
       and bonding the liquid waste deposited in the bag is contained in the bag.

Def.’s Br., Ex. 5 at A160. The application listed Ruth E. Young as the inventor, and asserted 20
claims. Id. at A168-75. The patent examiner determined that all 20 claims were unpatenable
over prior art because of obviousness. Id. at A178-79. The patent examiner noted that it was
obvious to use a container with a funnel, that a tear-drop configuration with a tube was an
obvious extension of a previous invention, and that binder powders were “well-known in the
art.” Id.2

       Application No. 07/404,734 was filed on September 8, 1989. Def.’s Br., Ex. 4 at A32-60.
The application listed Ruth E. Young, Daniel L. Young, Richard E. Warrick, and Clarence A.
Cassidy as the inventors. Id. at A32. The application contained 13 drawings and asserted 36
claims. Id. at A32-60. On March 5, 1990, the patent examiner rejected claims 1-33, and
objected to claims 34-36. Id. at A61-64. The patent examiner found that use of hydrophilic
material, the use of a cooperating rib closure, the use of a tube, and providing a closure to allow
one-handed use were obvious based on prior art. Id. at A62-64. An amendment to application
No. 07/404,734 was filed on June 5, 1990, in response to the patent examiner’s decision. Id. at
A65-72. The amendment stated that the funnel was spaced apart from the sides of the bag, and
was adapted to prevent backflow of fluid through the funnel. Id. at A66.

        In distinguishing the invention covered by the ’139 Patent from another earlier urine
collection bag invention, U.S. Patent No. 3,403,715 (filed October 1, 1968) referred to as
“Trudel,” the amendment stated:

               It will be seen that Trudel has a bag structure in which the passages 38 for
       the fluid into the container portion 10 of Trudel’s bag are formed as an integral
       part of the sides of the container itself. Thus, if the bag is inverted, liquid can
       2
          Plaintiff filed an amendment to application No. 07/003,848 on July 17, 1987. Def.’s
Br., Ex. 5 at A180-92. The patent examiner rejected the revised claims for obviousness. Id. at
A194-97. Plaintiff appealed the patent examiner’s decision, id. at A202-03, but later abandoned
application No. 07/003,848 in favor of continuation-in-part application No. 07/404,734. Id. at
A236.

                                                3
       return back through the passages 38 since there is no physical separation between
       the passages and the container 10 of the bag. This deficiency is recognized by
       Trudel, and he tries to compensate by provision of flaps 17 to catch the return
       liquid which flows back through passages 38 rather than being trapped by pockets
       39 or 40.

       ...

               In Applicants’ bag, however (as is made clear and emphasized by the
       amendments to the claims), the internal funnel means is a completely separate
       structure which is spaced apart from the container and the bag sides . . . . Thus,
       liquid which may not be absorbed by the internal absorbent and which may flow
       back toward the top of the bag is diverted away from the funnel and passes along
       the sides of the bag to be entrapped between the funnel and the bag.

               Thus, where Applicants’ funnel opening 30 is spaced apart from the bag
       itself and therefore not reachable by any back flowing liquid, Trudel’s passages
       38 are integral with the sides of the bag and offer no barrier to reverse flow of the
       liquid.

               Applicants’ claimed bag with its separate funnel structure, therefore, is
       clearly a different and far superior structure to Trudel’s one piece bag.

       ...

               In summary, therefore, Applicants respectfully submit that while the
       intended end use of the two bags is similar, it is evident that the specific bag
       structure claimed in Applicants’ amended claims is substantially different from
       and far superior to the structure shown in the Trudel reference. . . .

Def.’s Br., Ex. 4 at A69-71 (emphasis in original). A distinction from Trudel is that Trudel is
constructed from two pieces of plastic, not four, such that the walls of the funnel are also the
walls of the fluid containment bag. Therefore, the funnel in Trudel is not a separate structure as
it is in the ’139 Patent. In Trudel, closure of the funnel is achieved through tension created by
filling pockets alongside the funnel with fluid. By comparison, the funnel in the ’139 Patent is
closed by pressure applied from the fluid coming between the side of the bag and the funnel.

         The patent examiner once again denied the September 1989 patent application for
obviousness. Def.’s Br., Ex. 4 at A73-77. The patent examiner determined that this version of
the invention was not distinguishable from both Trudel and another prior invention “Corella et
al.,” stating:

               The claims are considered to be met by Trudel except that Trudel does not
       disclose placing a hydrophilic material within the bag to sequester bodily fluids.
       Trudel also does not disclose making the funnel means [a] completely separate
       structure.

       ...

                                                4
               Corella et al. teaches a funnel structure where the open bottom is spaced
       apart from the side of an analogous bag in order to alleviate the leaking problems
       associated with bags whose funnel structures rely on side tensioning of a filled
       bag to close it. It would have been obvious to one having ordinary skill in the art
       to replace the funnel structure of Trudel with the non-integral funnel structure of
       Corella et al. in order to prevent the backflow of fluid entering the bag through the
       funnel structure, taught to be desirable by Corella et al.

Def.’s Br., Ex. 4 at A74-75.

        The examiner also rejected some claims as obvious in view of another invention referred
to as “Benzel et al.,” where the only difference between the ’139 Patent and Benzel et al. was
that the ’139 Patent used a hydrophilic powder, and Benzel used a sponge. The structure of the
fluid containment bag, including the funnel, was substantially the same. Id. at A121.

        On July 25, 1991, Plaintiff had an interview with the Patent and Trademark Office
(“PTO”) to try to reach an agreement on allowable claims. Id. at A122. During the meeting with
the assigned Patent Examiner and the Supervisory Patent Examiner, Plaintiff demonstrated the
technology, and Plaintiff discussed ways to reword the claims with the PTO. Id. The patent
examiners advised Plaintiff that claim 39, which disclosed the funnel, would be allowed if it was
rewritten “to recite that liquid can get behind at least a portion of the walls of the funnel to close
funnel.” Id. Further, the patent examiners advised that a claim reciting specific particle size
appeared to be allowable because it achieved a faster gel time than another prior invention,
referred to as “Barthell et al.” Id.

        On September 11, 1991, Plaintiff submitted an amendment and a response to the pending
rejection. Plaintiff added claim 62, which provided:

               62. A containment bag for bodily fluids which comprises:

               a bag having a hollow interior defined by two sides meeting at opposite
       edges, a bottom and a top, with said edges and bottom sealed and said top at least
       partially open to receive said bodily fluids;

               a gellable hydrophilic material within said bag, said material becoming
       fully gelled within thirty seconds of said contact with said bodily fluids when said
       bodily fluids are deposited in said bag, said gellation serving to essentially
       completely sequester said bodily fluids and prevent said bodily fluids from
       thereafter being expelled from said bag;

               funnel means within said interior and having an open top, said funnel
       means being secured to said bag at said top of said bag, and extending
       downwardly within said interior to a narrower open bottom for conduction of
       fluid entering said open top through said funnel means and into said bag, with the
       open bottom of said funnel being disposed intermediate between said top and
       bottom of said bag, said open bottom being free from attachment to said sides of
       said bag such that flow of any unsequestered fluid within said bag back toward

                                                  5
       said funnel means acts to close said funnel means to prevent escape of said
       unsequestered fluid from said bag; and

               closure means for closing the top of said bag after introduction of said
       bodily fluids into said bag.

Def.’s Br., Ex. 4 at A124. In the application to amend, Plaintiff wrote:

       1.      Amendments to the Claims:

               As part of the amendments herein, Applicants have replaced Claim 39
       with new Claim 62, which incorporates the limitations of Claim 39 plus a
       clarification of the structure of the bag relating to its ability to prevent escape of
       non-sequestered fluid by means of such fluid itself acting to close the funnel
       means. . . .

               Applicants have also herein amended Claims 28 and 57, the two other
       independent claims previously in the application, to characterize and distinguish
       the novel structure of the bag itself. Applicants have incorporated language
       which defines the funnel as being closed by the back flow of fluid, which
       effectively seals the funnel and prevents escape of the fluid from the interior of
       the bag, regardless of the orientation of the bag. . . .

       2.      Distinctions over Prior Art:

              Claims 62 and 65 and their dependent claims define a structure which is
       not made obvious by the combination of Trudell in view of Barthell et al. and
       Corella et al. . . . Clearly this combination of references does not teach or suggest
       Applicants’ self-closing bag with its rapid-gelling material and ability to prevent
       escape of liquid either by sequestration or by entrapment.

       ...

                Applicants also respectfully submit that the other aspects of the invention
       involving the bag structure itself as claimed in amended Claims 38 and 57, new
       independent Claims 72 and 82, and their dependent claims are also patentable
       over the prior art. None of the cited references or the prior art products shows a
       one-way valve bag structure which prevents release of fluid by having the fluid
       itself serve to prevent its own leakage by closing the channel or funnel into the
       bag. . . .

Def.’s Br., Ex. 4 at A131-34; Pl.’s Br., Ex. 1 at 316-19.

       The PTO issued a Notice of Allowability on December 19, 1991, finding that claim 62,
and dependent claims 41-56 were allowable with an examiner’s amendment. Def.’s Br., Ex. 4 at
A137-40. The examiner’s amendment deleted the words “bodily fluids” from claims 38-41,
replaced “human bodily fluids” with “a fluid comprising water or water-based liquids such as
human bodily fluids” in the first line of claim 62, and replaced “bodily fluids” with “fluid”

                                                 6
throughout the rest of claim 62. Id. at A138-39. Claim 62, as amended by the examiner’s
amendment, became claim 1 of the ’139 Patent.

                                            Discussion

Jurisdiction

       The Court has subject-matter jurisdiction over this action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
1498(a), which provides in relevant part:

       Whenever an invention described in and covered by a patent of the United States
       is used or manufactured by or for the United States without license of the owner
       thereof or lawful right to use or manufacture the same, the owner’s remedy shall
       be by action against the United States in the United States Court of Federal
       Claims for the recovery of his reasonable and entire compensation for such use
       and manufacture.
28 U.S.C. § 1498(a) (2006). Because the Government purchased the accused device, the Piddle
Pak, from NYCIB, the Court has jurisdiction over this action.

Legal Standards for Claim Construction
        The Court’s determination of patent infringement follows a two-step process. “[T]he
court first interprets the claims to determine their scope and meaning.” Presidio Components,
Inc. v. Am. Technical Ceramics Corp., 702 F.3d 1351, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (citing Cybor Corp.
v. FAS Techs., Inc., 138 F.3d 1448, 1454 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (en banc)). Next, the court in a §
1498(a) action compares the properly construed claims to the allegedly infringing device. 3
Cybor Corp., 138 F.3d at 1454.

        A “bedrock principle” of patent law is that “the claims of a patent define the invention to
which the patentee is entitled the right to exclude.” Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1312
(Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc) (quoting Innova/Pure Water, Inc. v. Safari Water Filtration Sys. Inc.,
381 F.3d 1111, 1115 (Fed. Cir. 2004)). The language of these claims is often apparent on its
face, but can be complicated by the human failings of the written word and the inclusion of
highly technical terminology. As the Federal Circuit ruled, it is up to the Court to construe such
claims as a matter of law. See Cybor Corp., 138 F.3d at 1454. “Claim construction is a matter
of resolution of disputed meanings and technical scope, to clarify and when necessary to explain
what the patentee covered by the claims, for use in the determination of infringement.” U.S.
Surgical Corp. v. Ethicon, Inc., 103 F.3d 1554, 1568 (Fed. Cir. 1997). When construing claims,
this Court must furnish “‘sufficient findings and reasoning to permit meaningful appellate
scrutiny.’” OSRAM Sylvania, Inc. v. Am. Induction Techs., Inc., 701 F.3d 698, 707 (Fed. Cir.
2012) (quoting Nazomi Commc’ns, Inc. v. Arm Holdings, PLC, 403 F.3d 1364, 1371 (Fed. Cir.
2005)).

       3
         Unlike in patent infringement litigation between private parties, there are no juries in §
1498(a) actions where the federal government is the defendant.
                                                 7
        The first step in construing a claim is to “look to the words of the claims themselves . . .
to define the scope of the patented invention.” Vitronics Corp. v. Conceptronic, Inc., 90 F.3d
1576, 1582 (Fed. Cir. 1996). The words are not read from the perspective of the average,
uninformed person, but from the perspective of “a person of ordinary skill in the art.” Phillips,
415 F.3d at 1313. Here, the Court endeavors to construe these claims as a hypothetical person
who is presumed to have ordinary skill in the designing and making of disposable fluid
containment devices.

        The legal formulation of a claim’s construction is not performed in a vacuum. It requires
examining evidence of the claim’s meaning. Intrinsic evidence consists of the patent and its file
history, including any reexaminations and reissues, as well as any related patents and their
prosecution histories. See IMS Tech., Inc. v. Haas Automation Inc., 206 F.3d 1422, 1433 (Fed.
Cir. 2000); see generally, Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1314-1317. A patent is comprised of several
components. Two key components of a patent are the claims and the specification. The claims
“define the invention to which the patentee is entitled the right to exclude.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at
1312 (quoting Innova, 381 F.3d at 1115). The specification “contain[s] a written description of
the invention, and of the manner and process of making and using it.” 35 U.S.C. § 112, ¶ 1.4
The “specification ‘is always highly relevant to the claim construction analysis. Usually, it is
dispositive; it is the single best guide to the meaning of a disputed term.’” Phillips, 415 F.3d at
1315 (quoting Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1582). In addition, the specification provides insight into
how the inventor and patent examiner understood the patent. Id. at 1315-16.

        Another important source of intrinsic evidence for purposes of claim construction is the
prosecution history, which consists of “the complete record of the proceedings before the PTO
and includes the prior art cited during the examination of the patent.” Id. at 1317. At the same
time, the Federal Circuit has acknowledged that a patent’s prosecution history can be ambiguous,
and thus less useful in claim construction. See id.; Inverness Med. Switz. GmbH v. Warner
Lambert Co., 309 F.3d 1373, 1380-82 (Fed. Cir. 2002).

         Extrinsic evidence refers to all other types of evidence, and includes inventor testimony,
expert testimony, dictionaries and learned treatises. Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1317. “[W]hile
extrinsic evidence can shed useful light on the relevant art,” the Federal Circuit has established
“that it is less significant than the intrinsic record in determining the legally operative meaning of
claim language.” Id. (internal quotations omitted).

       4
           Section 112 of Title 35 of the United States Code was revised as of September 16,
2011, to designate each of the previously undesignated paragraphs, and to conform terminology
with changes made in other parts of Title 35. Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, Pub. L. No.
112-29, § 4(c), 125 Stat. 284, 296 (2011). These changes do not otherwise alter 35 U.S.C. § 112
with respect to the issues addressed in this case. Nevertheless, the pre-September 16, 2012
version of § 112 applies here because the ’139 Patent issued prior to that date and the Leahy-
Smith Act provides that the amendments apply only to new patent applications. See § 4(e), 125
Stat. at 297 (“The amendments made by this section shall take effect upon the expiration of the
1-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act and shall apply to any patent
application that is filed on or after the effective date.”).
                                                  8
Independent Claim 1
        There are four claims in the ’139 patent requiring construction by the Court, with the
principal claim at issue being independent claim 1. Within independent claim 1, there are three
specific phrases the parties have requested the Court interpret, “free from attachment to said
sides of said bag,” “unsequestered fluid,” and “closure means for closing the top of said bag.”
The complete independent claim 1, with the language at issue highlighted, reads:
       A containment bag for a fluid comprising water or water-based liquid such as
       bodily fluids which comprises:
           a bag having a hollow interior defined by two sides meeting at opposite edges,
           a bottom and a top, with said edges and bottom sealed and said top at least
           partially open to receiving said;
           a gellable hydrophilic material within said bag, said material becoming fully
           gelled within thirty seconds of said contact with said fluid when said is
           deposited in said bag, said gellation serving to essentially completely
           sequester said and prevent said fluid from thereafter being expelled from said
           bag;
           funnel means within said interior and having an open top, said funnel means
           being secured to said bag at said top of said bag, and extending downwardly
           within said interior to a narrower open bottom for conduction of fluid entering
           said open top through said funnel means and into said bag, with the open
           bottom of said funnel being disposed intermediate between said top and
           bottom of said bag, said open bottom being free from attachment to said
           sides of said bag such that flow of any unsequestered fluid within said bag
           back toward said funnel means acts to close said funnel means to prevent
           escape of said unsequestered fluid from said bag; and
           closure means for closing the top of said bag after introduction of said fluid
           into said bag.
’139 Patent, Def.’s Br., Ex. 1 at A9, col. 8, ll. 39-66 (emphasis added).

                                                 9
“Free From Attachment to Said Sides of Said Bag”
       The parties request the following constructions:

        Patent Language      Plaintiff’s Proposed           Defendant’s Proposed
                             Construction                   Construction
        Independent claim 1: “‘Being free from              “The open bottom of the
        “said open bottom    attachment to said sides’      funnel means is not attached
        being free from      means free from                to the sides of the bag at
        attachment to said   attachment to the ‘sides’      any point, including the
        sides of said bag”   not ‘edges.’”                  edges, so that the internal
                                                            funnel means is a
        ’139 Patent, Def. Ex. Pl.’s Reply to Def.’s         completely separate
        1 at A9, col. 8, ll.  Claim Construction            structure, which is spaced
        59-61.                Chart, Ex. 1 at 1.            apart from the bag sides,
                                                            except where it is attached
                                                            at the top of the bag[.]”
                                                            Def.’s Br. 22.

Prosecution History

        Defendant relies on the prosecution history for the ’139 Patent for its position that the
funnel is a completely separate structure and not attached to the bag at any point except the top.
Defendant contends that Plaintiff emphasized that the funnel was separate from the bag during
the prosecution of the ’139 Patent, and that such emphasis establishes that “free from attachment
to said side” means not attached to the side of the bag at all.

        Defendant points to the amendment of precursor Claim 19 to argue that the prosecution
history demonstrates that the funnel must be free from attachment to the edges because the
amended Claim 19 had used the words “spaced apart from said sides of said bag.” Claim 19
originally described the funnel as:

       having an open top integrated and substantially coextensive with said top of said
       bag, and extending downwardly within said interior, with the open bottom of said
       funnel being disposed intermediate between said top and bottom of said bag . . . .

Def.’s Br., Ex. 4 at A50. Defendant concludes:

       The examiner rejected claim 19 as obvious in light of the Trudel and Barthell
       references. [Id.] at A62, Def. Bates No. 000071. To overcome this rejection,
       defendant amended claim 19. Id. at A66, Def. Bates No. 000138, (“with the open
       bottom of said funnel being . . . spaced apart from said sides of said bag and
       adapted to prevent backflow of fluid . . .” (emphasis in original)).

Def.’s Br. 19.

                                                 10
        Plaintiff counters by citing an examiner’s note suggesting that the funnel could be
partially attached to the edges. As Plaintiff points out, “[t]he examiner found it was [only]
necessary for the liquid to get behind a portion of the walls to close the funnel. (see Exhibit 1 at
Bates No. 307).” Pl.’s Br. 6. Thus, in Plaintiff’s view, by not requiring that fluid get behind all
walls of the funnel to close the funnel, the examiner’s note suggests that the language regarding
“free from attachment” was not an absolute freedom, but that freedom from attachment to the
sides of the bag would be sufficient. Pl.’s Br. 7. In the cited note, the examiner stated:
       Claim 39, re-written, with modification to recite that liquid can get behind at least
       a portion of the walls of the funnel to close funnel would be allowed upon
       commercial success showing.

Pl.’s Br., Ex. 1 at Bates No. 307; Def.’s Br., Ex. 4 at A122. Thus, as Plaintiff suggests, the
funnel structure could have been partially attached to the edges such that the liquid only needed
to get behind a portion of the walls to close the funnel. Otherwise, if it had been necessary for
the fluid to get behind the entirety of the walls of the funnel to close the funnel, the funnel could
not have been attached to the edges of the bag at all. The examiner’s acknowledgment that fluid
only had to “get behind at least a portion of the walls of the funnel” negates Defendant’s
proposed construction.
        In sum, the prosecution history does not support Defendant’s claim construction. In
arguing that free from attachment to the sides means free from attachment to the entire span of
both edges, Defendant ignores the language in the earlier iteration of the claim that “spaced
apart” applied to the “open bottom” of the funnel, not the entire funnel. Def.’s Br., Ex. 4 at A66.
Further, the prosecution history indicates the patent examiner’s understanding that the liquid
could “get behind at least a portion of the walls,” not the entirety of the walls, meaning the
funnel could be partially attached to the edges.

Prosecution Disclaimer

        Again citing prosecution history, Defendant further asserts that “plaintiff disclaimed any
interpretation that free from attachment to the sides means free from attachment to the sides but
not the edges.” Def.’s Br. 21 (emphasis in original). The legal standard for finding a
prosecution history disclaimer requires “a clear and unmistakable disavowal of scope during
prosecution.” Purdue Pharma L.P. v. Endo Pharms. Inc., 438 F.3d 1123, 1136 (Fed. Cir. 2006).
Such a finding of disclaimer is based on “whether a competitor would reasonably believe that the
applicant had surrendered the relevant subject matter.” PODS, Inc. v. Porta Stor, Inc., 484 F.3d
1359, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (quoting Cybor Corp., 138 F.3d at 1457); see also Omega Eng’g,
Inc, v. Raytek Corp., 334 F.3d 1314, 1325 (Fed. Cir. 2003).

       Defendant cites Omega Engineering and PODS, Inc. in support of its position, arguing:

       The prosecution history of the ’139 Patent clearly indicates that plaintiff
       disavowed that the funnel can be attached at any point other than the top of the
       bag. Similar to the patentee in PODS, plaintiff amended the funnel structure
       multiple times in an attempt to overcome the examiner’s rejections. In one
       amendment plaintiff described the funnel as integrated with the top of the bag and

                                                 11
       “spaced apart” from the sides. Def. Ex. 4 at A66, Def. Bates No. 000138. In the
       accompanying remarks plaintiff stated that the funnel in the Trudel bag is “an
       integral part of the sides of the container” while plaintiff’s funnel “is a completely
       separate structure.” Id. at A69-70, Def. Bates No. 000141-42. . . . Plaintiff
       subsequently amended the funnel limitation replacing “spaced apart” with “free
       from attachment.” The above remarks and amendments by the plaintiff
       demonstrate a clear intent to disavow any claim to a structure where the funnel is
       attached to the bag at any point except the top. Because a competitor could
       reasonably believe that plaintiff had surrendered any claim to attachment of the
       funnel at the side edges, plaintiff’s construction is barred by prosecution
       disclaimer.

Def.’s Br. 23.
        Defendant has failed to prove a clear and unmistakable disavowal that the funnel could be
attached at any point other than the top of the bag. Indeed, Plaintiff points to a statement made
by the applicant in the prosecution history relating to the funnel:
       In Applicants’ bag, however (as is made clear and emphasized by the
       amendments to the claims), the internal funnel means is a completely separate
       structure which is spaced apart from the container and the bag sides (as illustrated
       best in figures 3 and 5) . Thus, liquid which may not be absorbed by the internal
       absorbent and which may flow back toward the top of the bag is diverted away
       from the funnel and passes along the sides of the bag to be entrapped between the
       funnel and the bag.

Pl.’s Br., Ex. 1 at Bates No. 142; Def.’s Br., Ex. 4 at A70 (emphasis in original).             The
illustrations referenced in this passage (figures 3 and 5) are reproduced below:

                                                12
Def.’s Br., Ex. 1 at A3. Plaintiff elaborates:
       In Figure 3, sides of the funnel are identified by numbers 22, and 24. The sides of
       the bag are identified by numbers 12 and 14. There is a space visible between the
       sides of the funnel and the sides of the bag. This is what is meant by “being free
       from attachment from said sides”. Similarly, in Figure 5, the sides of the funnel
       are identified by numbers 22’ and 24’. The sides of the bag are identified by
       numbers 12’, and 14’. There is a space visible between the sides of the funnel and
       the sides of the bag. This is what is meant by “being free from attachment from
       said sides”.

Pl.’s Br. 8-9. Both the applicant’s prosecution statement and the referenced figures depict the
“freedom from attachment” as applying to the sides; no mention is made of “freedom of
attachment” with respect to the edges. As such, there is no basis to find Defendant’s suggested
prosecution history disclaimer here.

                                                 13
       The Court’s Construction
         The parties’ only disagreement in the construction of the language is whether the word
“sides” includes the edges. Tr. 80.5 The language of the patent as a whole supports Plaintiff’s
position that the “sides” are to be considered distinct from the edges. The language in the patent
differentiates between “sides” and “edges,” particularly in the claims themselves. See CAE
Screenplates, Inc. v. Heinrich Fiedler GmbH & Co. KG, 224 F.3d 1308, 1317 (Fed. Cir. 2000)
(holding that “[i]n the absence of any evidence to the contrary, we must presume that the use of .
. . different terms in the claims connotes different meanings”). Independent claim 1 states that
the bag is “defined by two sides meeting at opposite edges, a bottom and a top, with said edges
and bottom sealed.” ’139 Patent, Def.’s Br., Ex. 1 at A9, col. 8, ll. 42-44. Thus, in describing
the containment bag at issue, the claim defines the landmarks by which the claim is to be
understood distinctly, with the “sides” being the front and back of the containment bag, the
“edges” being the junctions at the left and right of the containment bag, and the “top” and
“bottom” being the junctions at the head and foot of the bag.

       Further, the ’139 Patent states that “[t]he invention herein will be best understood by
reference to the drawings . . . .” ’139 Patent, Def.’s Br., Ex. 1 at A7, col. 3, ll. 51-52. Figure 8
provides an example of a funnel with the entire length of its structure being attached along one of
the edges, marked as 18, with the opening, marked as 30, positioned alongside the same edge.

Def.’s Br., Ex. 1 at A4.

       5
          All references to the transcript in this opinion are to the claim construction hearing held
on March 7, 2013. The parties did not put on any evidence at that hearing, but counsel argued
their proposed claim constructions for each term at issue.

                                                 14
       Figure 13 also shows a funnel structure attached to the edges (designated by the black
arrow), while still being free from attachment to the sides.

Def.’s Br., Ex. 1 at A5.

       In light of these considerations, the Court agrees with Plaintiff’s proposed construction,
and construes the claim language as follows:

       The language in Independent claim 1 that reads “said open bottom being free
       from attachment to said sides of said bag,” should be interpreted to cover any
       containment bag where the open bottom of the funnel is free from attachment to
       said sides, but is not necessarily free from attachment to the edges.

                                               15
“Unsequestered Fluid”

       The parties request the following constructions:

      Patent Language             Plaintiff’s Proposed        Defendant’s Proposed
                                  Construction                Construction
      Independent claim 1:        “[A]n ‘unsequestered        “‘[U]nsequestered fluid’ is
      “unsequestered fluid”       fluid’ is a ‘fluid’ that    ‘water based liquids,
                                  contains some               including bodily fluids that
      ’139 Patent, Def. Ex. 1     ‘hydrophilic material’      have not yet gelled.’”
      at A9, col. 8, ll. 61 and   which has not yet
      64.                         gelled.”                    Def.’s Response to Pl.’s Br.
                                                              15.
                                  Pl.’s Claim Construction
                                  Reply Br. 5.

       To support its construction, Plaintiff argues:

       [T]he unsequestered fluid is no longer just a pure liquid, it is mixed with the
       powder and that does not flow out. And so the functional aspect of the patent is
       that the fluid has been altered in its composition so it doesn’t flow out anymore.
       And so an unsequestered fluid is not simply a fluid. An unsequestered fluid is a
       mixture of the fluid that was poured into the bag and the powder which is in the
       process of gelling.

Tr. 45. Defendant states that “[t]he plain and ordinary meaning of the term unsequestered fluid
is fluid that has not yet been gelled.” Def.’s Br. 29. In response to Plaintiff’s construction,
Defendant argues that “the term ‘fluid’ cannot include the ‘hydrophilic powder’ because both
terms are used in the claims.” Def.’s Br. 30 (citing CAE Screenplates, 224 F.3d at 1317).

       The Court’s Construction

        The parties disagree over whether “unsequestered fluid” can contain hydrophilic material.
Plaintiff submits that it can. In contrast, Defendant contends that the term “fluid” cannot include
“hydrophilic material” because both terms are used in the claims. However, Defendant attempts
to read a key term of the patent -- hydrophilic material -- out of the construction of
“unsequestered fluid.” It is clear from the claim as a whole and the parties’ proposed
constructions that hydrophilic material is an important element of the bag, and a critical
component of the combination of fluid with hydrophilic material which in 30 seconds causes
gellation and sequestration. The claim itself expressly states that it is hydrophilic material that
causes gelling due to its “contact” with “said fluid.”

        It is well established that “the claims themselves provide substantial guidance as to the
meaning of particular claim terms.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1314; see also ACTV, Inc. v. Walt
Disney Co., 346 F.3d 1082, 1088 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (“[T]he context of the surrounding words of
the claim also must be considered in determining the ordinary and customary meaning of those

                                                16
terms.”); Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1582. So too, “the context in which a term is used in the asserted
claim can be highly instructive.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1314. “While certain terms may be at the
center of the claim construction debate, the context of the surrounding words of the claim also
must be considered in determining the ordinary and customary meaning of those terms.” ACTV,
346 F.3d at 1088; see Brookhill-Wilk 1, LLC v. Intuitive Surgical, Inc., 334 F.3d 1294, 1299
(Fed. Cir. 2003); Hockerson-Halberstadt, Inc. v. Converse Inc., 183 F.3d 1369, 1374 (Fed. Cir.
1999). Given this precedent and the language of claim 1, it is inappropriate to ignore the words
“hydrophilic material” in construing the term “unsequestered fluid.”

        The claim itself states:

        A containment bag for a fluid comprising water or water-based liquid such as
        bodily fluids which comprises:
            a bag having a hollow interior defined by two sides meeting at opposite edges,
            a bottom and a top, with said edges and bottom sealed and said top at least
            partially open to receiving said;
            a gellable hydrophilic material within said bag, said material becoming fully
            gelled within thirty seconds of said contact with said fluid when said is
            deposited in said bag, said gellation serving to essentially completely
            sequester said and prevent said fluid from thereafter being expelled from said
            bag;
            funnel means within said interior and having an open top, said funnel means
            being secured to said bag at said top of said bag, and extending downwardly
            within said interior to a narrower open bottom for conduction of fluid entering
            said open top through said funnel means and into said bag, with the open
            bottom of said funnel being disposed intermediate between said top and
            bottom of said bag, said open bottom being free from attachment to said sides
            of said bag such that flow of any unsequestered fluid within said bag back
            toward said funnel means acts to close said funnel means to prevent escape of
            said unsequestered fluid from said bag; and
            closure means for closing the top of said bag after introduction of said fluid
            into said bag.
’139 Patent, Def.’s Br., Ex. 1 at A9, col. 8, ll. 39-66.
         The “unsequestered fluid” term at issue refers back to “fluid” which has not yet gelled
until after its “contact” with hydrophilic material. As the second subparagraph of the claim
makes clear, it is the hydrophilic material’s contact with the fluid that causes the gellation, and
the gellation which in turn sequesters the fluid. According to the second subparagraph,
hydrophilic material could mix with the fluid but not form a gel prior to the 30-second time
frame. Defendant agreed that unsequestered fluid would contain hydrophilic powder particles,
“because it would be kind of hard for it not to.” Tr. 91. As such, a reference to the presence of
hydrophilic material is critical for an understanding of the term “unsequestered fluid” according
to the language of the claim itself.

                                                  17
        Further, although there are separate terms in the claim for “fluid” and “hydrophilic
material,” it would be an oversimplification of the claim language to ignore how these terms
interrelate. The ’139 Patent describes how the hydrophilic material is “gellable,” and specifies a
timeframe (30 seconds) by which the hydrophilic material and the fluid join in a state of
“gellation.” Id. at ll. 46-51. The fluid mixed with the hydrophilic material prior to gelling would
necessarily entail the fluid having some hydrophilic particles in the state of not yet being fully
gelled. Indeed, the patent itself clearly contemplates a time frame during which precisely this
state occurs, the referenced 30-second period.

       For the above reasons, the Court construes the claim language as follows:

       The language in Independent claim 1 that reads “unsequestered fluid,” should be
       interpreted to mean water or water-based liquids such as bodily fluids containing
       some hydrophilic material that have not yet gelled.

“Closure Means for Closing the Top of Said Bag”

        This is a method for permanently sealing the bag after use for long term storage. The
parties request the following constructions:

       Patent Language             Plaintiff’s Proposed         Defendant’s Proposed
                                   Construction                 Construction
       Independent claim 1:        “[A]ll ‘closure means for    “Clamp 34 or zipper closure
       “closure means for          closing the top of said      43, and equivalents thereof
       closing the top of said     bag after introduction of    for closing the opening
       bag”                        said fluid into said bag’    extending from one side
                                   known in the art, and        edge to the opposite side
       ’139 Patent, Def. Ex. 1     certainly no less than all   edge.”
       at A9, col. 8, l. 65.       closure means that use
                                   any clamp or snap and        Def.’s Br. 32.
                                   seal zipper known in the
                                   art.”

                                   Pl.’s Br. 15 (emphasis
                                   in original).

        The parties agree that the language used in the claim “closure means for closing the top
of said bag” is in the form of a “means-plus-function” claim. ’139 Patent, Def. Ex. 1 at A9, col.
8, line 65. As the Federal Circuit has recognized, “if the word ‘means’ appears in a claim
element in association with a function, [the presumption is that] § 112, ¶ 6 applies. This
presumption collapses, however, if the claim itself recites sufficient structure, material, or acts to
perform the claimed function.” Micro Chem., Inc. v. Great Plains Chem. Co., Inc., 194 F.3d
1250, 1257 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (internal citations omitted). Construction of means-plus-function
claims are governed by 35 U.S.C. § 112, ¶ 6 (2006):

                                                 18
       An element in a claim for a combination may be expressed as a means or step for
       performing a specified function without the recital of structure, material, or acts in
       support thereof, and such claim shall be construed to cover the corresponding
       structure, material, or acts described in the specification and equivalents thereof.
35 U.S.C. § 112, ¶ 6. Therefore, construing a means-plus-function claim requires identifying
“the claimed function [in the specification] and identif[ying] the structure in the written
description necessary to perform that function.” Micro Chem, 194 F.3d at 1258.
        The parties also recognize “that, ‘[p]ursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 112[, ¶ 6], a means-plus-
function limitation is not restricted to the structures disclosed in the specification but includes
structures that are the equivalents thereof.’” Pl.’s Claim Construction Reply Br. 5 (quoting
Def.’s Br. 32). Plaintiff, however, argues for a broad reading of what structures are encompassed
by the “closure means,” stating:

       The court can receive a broad interpretation of “equivalence” or a narrow
       interpretation of “equivalence” depending on the “context of the invention.” The
       broad or narrow scope depends on whether the claim limitation is critical to the
       claim. IMS Technology Inc., v. Haas Automation Inc., 206 F3d 1422,1436, 54
       USPQ 2d 1129 (Fed. Cir. 2000). In this case, the “closure means” was not critical
       to claim one. What was critical to the claim was discussed by the Patent
       Examiner. The critical feature of claim one was the way in which the funnel
       works to channel the bodily fluids from the open top down into the interior of the
       bag, and the way in which the funnel restricts the expulsion of the bodily fluids
       from the interior prior to the sequestration of the bodily fluids. . . . The “closure
       means” is a separate and distinct clause in claim one.

Pl.’s Claim Construction Reply Br. 6-7.

        Defendant argues for a narrow construction that the claim limitation should be construed
as “clamp 34 or zipper closure 43, and equivalents thereof.” Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Br. 12
(emphasis in original). Defendant states that “the elongated clamp designated as clamp 34 and
the zipper closure 43—provide the yardstick by which an ‘equivalent thereof’ is to be
determined. That is the import of the Federal Circuit’s cases, as well as the plain language of
section 112[, ¶ 6].” Id.

      In response to Plaintiff’s argument that the closure means should be construed broadly,
Defendant states:

       In the hope of meeting the requirements set forth in IMS Tech., plaintiff
       minimizes the role that the closure means had in the claims ultimately being
       allowed. . . .
       Plaintiff offers no evidence that the product’s commercial success would have
       been unchanged if a means for securely closing the bag after use was not included
       in the design. To the contrary this claim limitation is a critical feature to the
       commercial success of plaintiff’s bodily fluids containment product. If not for the
       “closure means,” unsequestered fluid and the gel containing bodily fluids would

                                                19
       leak out of the bag during long term storage and transportation. The spill would
       result in unsanitary conditions and likely lead to the product having no
       commercial success.

Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Br. 9-10.

       The Court’s Construction

       The question under § 112, ¶ 6 “is not what structures a person of ordinary skill in the art
would know are capable of performing a given function, but what structures are specifically
disclosed and tied to that function in the specification.” Saffran v. Johnson & Johnson, 712 F.3d
549, 563 (Fed. Cir. 2013); accord Blackboard, Inc. v. Desire2Learn Inc., 574 F.3d 1371, 1385
(Fed. Cir. 2009). Plaintiff contends that the closure means is unimportant to the ’139 Patent, and
urges the Court to broadly construe the described closure mechanism to include “all closure
means known in the art.” Pl.’s Br. 13-14. However, Defendant is correct that the only closure
methods referenced in the specification of the ’139 Patent are “a clamp 34,” and “a snap-and-seal
zipper closure structure 43.” ’139 Patent, Def.’s Br., Ex. 1 at A7, col. 4, l. 65, to A8, col. 5, ll.
26-27.

        Defendant is also correct that the statute limits means-plus-function claims to
“equivalents” of “the corresponding structure, material, or acts described in the specification.”
35 U.S.C. § 112, ¶ 6. What constitutes “equivalents thereof” varies depending upon the context.
“[W]hen . . . the disclosed physical structure is of little or no importance to the claimed
invention, there may be a broader range of equivalent structures than if the physical
characteristics of the structure are critical in performing the claimed function in the context of
the claimed invention.” IMS Tech., 206 F.3d at 1436.

       Ultimately, the issue of whether a structure is an equivalent is a question of fact which
should be resolved in later proceedings. Odetics, Inc. v. Storage Tech. Corp., 185 F.3d 1259,
1268-69 (Fed. Cir. 1999); Hartness Int’l, Inc. v. Simplimatic Eng’g Co., 819 F.2d 1100, 1110
(Fed. Cir. 1987); Trinity Indus. v. Road Sys., Inc., 121 F. Supp. 2d 1028, 1047 (E.D. Tex. 2000)
(“Evaluation of the equivalency of the accused limitations is outside the scope of claim
construction because it determines infringement and is therefore a question of fact.”).

       For the above reasons, the Court construes the claim language as follows:

       The language in Independent claim 1 that reads “closure means for closing the top
       of said bag” should be interpreted to mean a clamp 34 or zipper closure 43, and
       equivalents thereof.

Dependent Claims 5, 6, and 7
        The parties have requested that this Court construe language in dependent claims 5, 6 and
7 referring to mesh sizes in the U.S. Sieve Series. The specific phrases at issue are “particle
sizes in the range of -40+120 mesh U.S. Sieve Series,” and “particle sizes in the range of -40+80
mesh U.S. Sieve Series.” Given the similarities, these phrases are addressed together:

                                                 20
“Particle Sizes in the Range of -40+120 Mesh U.S. Sieve Series”

       The complete dependent claims 5 and 6, with the language at issue highlighted, read:

       5. A containment bag as in claim 4 wherein said hydrophilic material is in a
       powdered or granular form and has at least about 80% with particle sizes in the
       range of -40+120 mesh U.S. Sieve Series.
       6. A containment bag as in claim 5 wherein said hydrophilic material has about
       80%-90% with particle sizes in the range of -40+120 mesh U.S. Sieve Series.
’139 Patent, Def.’s Br., Ex. 1 at A10, col. 9, ll. 10-16.
“Particle Sizes in the Range of -40+80 Mesh U.S. Sieve Series”

       The complete dependent claim 7, with the language at issue highlighted, reads:

       7. A containment bag as in claim 6 wherein said hydrophilic material also has at
       least about 50% with particle sizes in the range of -40+80 mesh U.S. Sieve
       Series.
’139 Patent, Def.’s Br., Ex. 1 at A10, col. 9, ll. 17-20.
       The parties request the following constructions:

       Patent Language              Plaintiff’s Proposed       Defendant’s Proposed
                                    Construction               Construction
       Dependent claims 5 and       “Defendant submits that    “Indefinite under 35 U.S.C.
       6:                           ‘particle sizes in the     § 112[, ¶ 2]. In the
       “particle sizes in the       range of -40+120 mesh      alternative: Particles ranging
       range of -40+120 mesh        U.S. Sieve Series’ found   in size from 125 microns to
       U.S. Sieve Series”           in Claims 5 and 6,         425 microns.”
                                    means 125 to 420
       ’139 Patent, Def. Ex. 1      microns. Plaintiff will    Def.’s Br. 35.
       at A10, col. 9, ll. 12-13    agree with this
       and 15-16.                   interpretation.”

                                    Pl.’s Br. 15.

                                                    21
       Patent Language                Plaintiff’s Proposed        Defendant’s Proposed
                                      Construction                Construction
       Dependent claim 7:             “Defendant submits that     “Indefinite under 35 U.S.C.
       “particle sizes in the         ‘particle sizes in the      § 112[, ¶ 2]. In the
       range of -40+80 mesh           range of -40+80 mesh        alternative: Particles ranging
       U.S. Sieve Series”             U.S. Sieve Series found     in size from 180 microns to
                                      in Claim 7 should be        425 microns.”
       ’139 Patent, Def. Ex. 1        interpreted to mean:
       at A10, col. 9, ll. 19-20.     Particles ranging in size   Def.’s Br. 35.
                                      from 177 microns to 420
                                      microns. Plaintiff will
                                      agree with this
                                      interpretation.”

                                      Pl.’s Br. 15-16.

           Defendant argues that dependent claims 5, 6 and 7 are indefinite and cannot be construed,
stating:

           One of ordinary skill reading this patent would be torn between interpreting the
           claim limitations in terms of the U.S. Sieve Series values without any resort to the
           specification, or reading the parenthetical values in the specification as
           controlling. This, as noted below, is an ambiguity that is not resolvable.

           Claims 5, 6 and 7 are indefinite and cannot be construed. “A determination that a
           patent claim is invalid for failure to meet the definiteness requirement of 35
           U.S.C. § 112, ¶ 2 is a conclusion that is drawn from the court's performance of its
           duty as the construer of patent claims . . .” Bancorp Services, L.L.C. v. Hartford
           Life Ins. Co., 359 F.3d 1367, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (citation and quotation
           omitted); Atmel Corp. v. Info. Storage Devices, Inc., 198 F.3d 1374, 1378 (Fed.
           Cir. 1999).

Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Br. 16.

           Alternatively, based on the ASTM standard, Defendant notes:

           “A technical term in a patent document has the meaning that it would be
           understood to have by persons knowledgeable in the field of the invention and the
           prior art.” Norian Corp. v. Stryker Corp., 363 F.3d 1321, 1326 (Fed. Cir. 2004). A
           person of ordinary skill would understand that U.S. Sieve Series is a unit of
           measurement and would have the knowledge to use the American Society for
           Testing and Materials (ASTM) standardization when converting from U.S. Sieve
           Series to microns.

Id. at 17.

                                                   22
       On the subject of indefiniteness, Plaintiff states only:

       It is not apparent from defendant’s brief how the claims are now “indefinite.” If
       there is any significant difference between sieve measurements and micron
       measurements, the finding of a significant difference would be an issue of fact to
       be resolved at trial.

Pl.’s Claim Construction Reply Br. 7.

       The Court’s Construction

       The parties were nearly in agreement on a construction for the U.S. Sieve Series
references, separated by “rather minute differences.” Def.’s Br. 36-37. Muddling this potential
agreement, however, Defendant now claims the language is indefinite and cannot be construed.

        A maxim of patent law is that claims should be construed to preserve their validity.
Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1327‐28. Patents have a presumption of validity under 35 U.S.C. § 282, and
the Supreme Court, citing Federal Circuit law, has decreed that “a defendant seeking to
overcome this presumption must persuade the fact finder of its invalidity defense by clear and
convincing evidence.” Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. P’ship, 131 S. Ct. 2238, 2242-43 (2011)
(citing Am. Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1359-60 (Fed. Cir.
1984)), abrogated on other grounds by Therasense, Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson & Co., 649 F.3d
1276 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (en banc). “The primary purpose of the definiteness requirement is to
ensure that the claims are written in such a way that they give notice to the public of the extent of
the legal protection afforded by the patent, so that interested members of the public, e.g.,
competitors of the patent owner, can determine whether or not they infringe.” All Dental Prodx,
LLC v. Advantage Dental Prods., Inc., 309 F.3d 774, 779-80 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (citing Werner-
Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chem. Co., 520 U.S. 17, 28-29 (1997)).

        The question of validity and definiteness are inexorably linked under 35 U.S.C. § 112, ¶
2. In order to be valid, a patent claim must “particularly point[] out and distinctly claim[] the
subject matter which the applicant regards as his invention.” 35 U.S.C. § 112, ¶ 2. The purpose
of the definiteness requirement under 35 U.S.C. § 112, ¶ 2 is “to ensure that the claims delineate
the scope of the invention using language that adequately notifies the public of the patentee’s
right to exclude.” Datamize, LLC v. Plumtree Software, Inc., 417 F.3d 1342, 1347 (Fed. Cir.
2005). Patent claims are indefinite when they are not “amenable to construction,” or are
“insolubly ambiguous.” Exxon Research & Eng’g Co. v. United States, 265 F.3d 1371, 1375
(Fed. Cir. 2001).

        The intrinsic evidence does not support a finding that these claims are indefinite. The
language of the ’139 Patent clearly identifies particle sizes in terms of -40+120 mesh and -40+80
mesh U.S. Sieve Series in both the claims and the specification. The U.S. Sieve Series is a
sufficiently definite standard, a reference that gives notice to the public of the extent of the legal
protection afforded by the patent. All Dental Prodx, 309 F.3d at 779. Here, it is well established
that “a defendant raising an invalidity defense [bears] ‘a heavy burden of persuasion,’ requiring
proof of the defense by clear and convincing evidence.” Microsoft Corp., 131 St. Ct. at 2246

                                                 23
(quoting Radio Corp. of Am. v. Radio Eng’g Labs, 293 U.S 1, 8 (1934)). Defendant has failed to
marshal clear and convincing proof to establish indefiniteness, a point which Defendant appears
to concede stating “there really isn’t a clear answer as to whether . . . this is, you know, bad
enough to be insolubly ambiguous or not.” Tr. 113.

        In light of the claims’ clear references and the parties’ positions, the claim language in
dependent claims 5, 6 and 7 needs no construction and shall remain as written in the claims, i.e.,
“particle sizes in the range of -40+120 mesh U.S. Sieve Series,” and “particle sizes in the range
of -40+80 mesh U.S. Sieve Series.” A person of ordinary skill in the art would have the
knowledge to convert the U.S. Sieve Series to microns.

                                           Conclusion

       For the above reasons, the Court construes the claims as follows:

           1. The language in Independent claim 1 that reads “said open bottom being free from
attachment to said sides of said bag,” should be interpreted to cover any containment bag where
the open bottom of the funnel is free from attachment to said sides, but is not necessarily free
from attachment to the edges.
        2. The language in Independent claim 1 that reads “unsequestered fluid,” should be
interpreted to mean water or water-based liquids such as bodily fluids, containing some
hydrophilic material, that have not yet gelled.
       3. The language in Independent claim 1 that reads “closure means for closing the top of
said bag” should be interpreted to mean a clamp 34 or zipper closure 43, and equivalents thereof.
       4. Dependent claims 5, 6 and 7 are not indefinite, and they require no construction.
       Counsel for the parties shall file a joint status report on or before June 7, 2013, proposing
a schedule for further proceedings.

                                                     /s/ Mary Ellen Coster Williams
                                                     MARY ELLEN COSTER WILLIAMS
                                                     Judge

                                                24