Court Opinion

ID: 3501828
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-05 22:08:43.202956+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:06:05.840356
License: Public Domain

[EDITORS' NOTE:  THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 701 
This is a petition for declaratory judgment upon construction of the constitutional amendment, article 10, § 21. Some of the questions were decided in School District of the City ofPontiac v. City of Pontiac, ante, 338. This case is concerned with the exception as to prior obligations and increase of the limitation by vote of the electors.
"SEC. 21. The total amount of taxes assessed against property for all purposes in any one year shall not exceed one and one-half per cent. of the assessed valuation of said property, except taxes levied for the payment of interest and principal on obligations heretofore incurred, which sums shall be separately assessed in all cases: Provided, that this limitation may be increased for a period of not *Page 702 
to exceed five years at any one time, to not more than a total of five per cent. of the assessed valuation, by a two-thirds vote of the electors of any assessing district, or when provided for by the charter of a municipal corporation:Provided further, that this limitation shall not apply to taxes levied in the year 1932."
The amendment unmistakably demonstrates a purpose to avoid impairment of contracts and to preserve all existing legislative power to levy taxes on property to pay existing debts. This continues in force, until changed by law, present authority in public bodies to spread taxes for such purpose.
Except for the requirement of separate assessment, the amendment does not repeal or modify any statutes governing the method of liquidation of "obligations heretofore incurred" nor restrict the legislature in the future enactment of laws for their orderly payment. Refunding or refinancing is not prohibited, expressly or by implication. Consequently, the important question in all instances is whether a claim was a legal obligation of the public body when the amendment became effective. If it was, it is within the exception and may be paid by tax on property in such manner as may be permitted by law.
Direct refunding bonds issued in lieu of and exchanged for prior bonds in the same principal amount are a continuance of the obligation and within the exception.
Of the same effect are new bonds sold to pay existing bonds, the proceeds of which are actually used for that purpose, to the principal amount so paid.
Also within the exception are the renewal of notes or evidences of indebtedness before issued upon the *Page 703 
faith of delinquent taxes, if and so far as, by law, they were also general obligations of the public body.
The power of the legislature, including present laws, to permit the levy of taxes on property to pay prior obligations, extends to the amount of the principal sum outstanding when the amendment took effect. Such principal sum cannot be increased by the sale of new bonds or exchange of refunding bonds at less than par. If the exigency of refinancing requires the issue of obligations at a discount, the difference must be absorbed by the municipality under its other powers, if any.
The exception also covers interest on outstanding obligations, but it does not confine such interest to the existing rate. If, then, issue of new evidences of indebtedness to continue existing obligations requires a different rate of interest, the amendment does not prohibit the levy of such rate on property.
It will be noted that the exception in the amendment permitting separate levy for payment of prior obligations applies only when the basic rate of one and one-half per cent. is exclusively operative. Where a municipality or district has increased or shall increase the basic rate of one and one-half per cent. by charter or vote under the proviso, the exception will not apply, and such municipality or district could not levy taxes on property to pay prior obligations in addition to the charter or voted rate, unless the charter or voted increase so provides.
Several other questions have been presented, which, however, are dependent upon special circumstances, and are purely local. For example, it appears that bonds had been voted before the amendment took effect but their sale and delivery had not been completed. The instances range from the mere voting of bonds to a binding contract of sale awaiting *Page 704 
only the printing of bonds for consummation. The Public Schools of the City of Muskegon, intervener, claims to be a chartered municipal corporation within the meaning of the amendment and entitled to the same powers declared in such corporations in the Pontiac Case because it was organized under a special statute. The people of the respective municipalities are interested in these questions. They are not parties to this proceeding. The questions are not within the purview of the case before us and must be left to a direct proceeding in which interested persons have an opportunity to be heard.
In the clause, "this limitation may be increased * * * by a two-thirds vote of the electors of any assessing district," does "electors" mean all the electors of the district, the registered electors, or the electors voting on the proposition to increase the rate?
In all other instances in which questions are submitted to the people under the Constitution the result is determined by the qualified electors voting on the proposition. For example, the adoption of a law by initiative or referendum (article 5, § 1); adoption of local or special acts (article 5, § 30); organization of new counties (article 8, 2); franchises to public utilities (article 8, § 25); adoption of county road system (article 8, § 26); organization of metropolitan districts (article 8, § 31); adoption of amendments to the Constitution (article 17, § 1); calling constitutional convention and adoption of Constitution (article 17, § 4). Uniformity of construction would impel a like rule on this amendment.
Ordinarily, the fact that different language is here used than elsewhere in the Constitution would prompt a different construction, because it would indicate a different intention. But this amendment is so generally confusing and careless of language *Page 705 
that difference in words has no force of indication that a different rule was intended.
The provision is purely a local-option law, and it is contrary to our system of government to count electors on a question who are not sufficiently interested to vote.
There are practical difficulties to another construction. There is no public record of all the electors of any taxing district, nor means of ascertaining them except by census, which would be costly, subject to interested manipulation, and certainly inaccurate. Registration of electors could not have been intended as test of the vote, because in some assessing districts, as school districts, there is no registration of electors. We hold that "electors" means those voting on the question.
To avoid misunderstanding, it is noted that we do not pass upon the effect of the amendment to article 3, § 4, contemporaneously adopted, in determining "electors" in the amendment at bar, because the question has not been presented.
Declaratory judgment may be entered in accordance with this opinion.
McDONALD, C.J., and CLARK, POTTER, SHARPE, NORTH, WIEST, and BUTZEL, JJ., concurred.