Court Opinion

ID: 9372086
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-17 19:01:43.507285+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:32.680641
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 IN RE APPLICATION OF SHERVIN PISHEVAR

 FOR AN ORDER TO TAKE DISCOVERY FOR
                                                          Case No. 21-mc-105
 USE IN FOREIGN PROCEEDINGS PURSUANT

 TO 28 U.S.C. § 1782

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Shervin Pishevar has asked this Court to issue two subpoenas to Bean LLC, also known as

Fusion GPS (“Fusion GPS”), for use in a foreign proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1782. For

the reasons that follow, Mr. Pishevar’s ex parte application is GRANTED.

                                       BACKGROUND

       Mr. Pishevar is an entrepreneur, venture capitalist, and investor who lives in San Francisco

and frequently travels to the United Kingdom. See Decl. of Jenny Campbell Afia ¶¶ 8, 13, ECF

No. 1-15 (“Afia Decl.”). He was arrested in May 2017 by City of London Police in connection

with a rape allegation. See id. ¶¶ 9, 13. Finding insufficient evidence to support the allegation,

police closed the investigation on July 28, 2017. See id. ¶ 11. Mr. Pishevar was never charged

with an offense related to the May 2017 arrest. See id.

       The incident nevertheless attracted media attention. In June 2017, Mr. Pishevar obtained

an injunction preventing UK newspaper the Sun from naming or identifying him in relation to the

arrest, on the basis that speculating about the arrest would have been a gross violation of Mr.

Pishevar’s privacy rights under UK law. See id. ¶ 12. In October 2017, reporter Marcus Baram

of Fast Company magazine contacted London Police to ask about a police report he had obtained
naming Mr. Pishevar. See id. ¶ 15. Mr. Baram obtained the report from an individual in

Washington, D.C., who represented that he had in turn obtained the report from a “male lawyer

based in the UK” (the “UK Source”). Id. ¶ 30. The UK Source also told Mr. Baram’s contact that

Mr. Pishevar had paid the rape complainant a large sum of money to drop the charges, and that

police were “outraged over the situation” and had demanded “a review of police procedures” in

light of the case. Id.; see also Afia Decl. Ex. 9, ECF No. 1-24.

       The police report is a fake. See id. ¶ 17; Decl. of Lord Macdonald of River Glaven Kt QC

¶¶ 14–15, ECF No. 1-29 (“Macdonald Decl.”). The additional “information” shared by the UK

Source is false, as well. See Afia Decl. ¶¶ 20, 30. But Fast Company nonetheless published an

article about Mr. Pishevar based on the fake report and false information. See id. ¶ 20. Other

media outlets, including the NY Post and Forbes, followed suit, releasing articles in November

2017 that referred to the contents of the fake police report. See id. ¶ 21.

       These events have led Mr. Pishevar to contemplate filing civil and criminal 1 charges in

England against the UK Source based on the Source’s dissemination of the fake police report and

false information.   See id. ¶¶ 33–45; Macdonald Decl. ¶¶ 25–39.              So far, Mr. Pishevar’s

investigations have revealed that Mr. Baram received the fake police report and false information

from D.C.-based investigations company Fusion GPS. See Afia Decl. ¶ 32. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 1782, Mr. Pishevar now seeks documentary and testamentary subpoenas requiring Fusion GPS

to identify the UK Source, the client who hired Fusion GPS to investigate Mr. Pishevar, and related

information. See Ex. 2 to Decl. of Lucas Bento, ECF No. 1-3 (“Proposed Subpoenas”).

       1
        Under English and Welsh law, citizens may privately prosecute criminal charges without
involvement by police or the Crown Prosecution Service, the UK’s national prosecuting authority.
See Macdonald Decl. ¶¶ 3, 37.
                                      LEGAL STANDARD

       Section 1782 permits U.S. District Courts to provide evidence-gathering assistance for use

in foreign tribunals. See Intel Corp. v. Adv. Micro Devices, Inc., 542 U.S. 241, 247–49 (2004).

The assistance is available on an ex parte basis, In re Masters, 315 F. Supp. 3d 269, 272 (D.D.C.

2018), so long as the court is “authorized to grant the request” and “exercise[s] its discretion to do

so.” In re DiGiulian, 314 F. Supp. 3d 1, 6 (D.D.C. 2018) (quoting Norex Petroleum Ltd. v. Chubb

Ins. Co. of Canada, 384 F. Supp. 2d 45, 49 (D.D.C. 2005)). Absent a court order to the contrary,

the discovery permitted must be conducted “in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure.” Id. (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1782(a)).

                                          DISCUSSION

I.     The Court’s Authority

       This Court is authorized to grant Mr. Pishevar’s Section 1782 request. Authority to grant

the request turns on three statutory criteria: (1) the person from whom discovery is sought must

“reside in or be found within” the district; (2) the discovery must be “for use in” a “proceeding”

before a foreign or international tribunal; and (3) the application must be “made by a foreign or

international tribunal or any interested person.” DiGiulian, 314 F. Supp. 3d at 6. 2

       The first element is satisfied here because Fusion GPS—the target of Mr. Pishevar’s

requested subpoenas—is headquartered in the District of Columbia. See Decl. of Lucas Bento ¶¶

       2
         This Court has sometimes articulated the mandatory § 1782 criteria as a four-part test.
See In re de Leon, No. 19-mc-197-TSC, 2020 WL 1047742, at *2 (D.D.C. Mar. 4, 2020). The
same showings are required under either construction. In the three-prong test used here, the second
element requires that the discovery be “for use in” a “proceeding” before a foreign or international
tribunal. DiGiulian, 314 F. Supp. 3d at 6. The proceeding need not be pending, but it must be
“reasonably contemplated.” See id. In the four-prong test used in de Leon, the “reasonably
contemplated” rule is separated from the “for use” issue, possibly for added emphasis. See de
Leon, 2020 WL 1047742 at *2 (quoting Intel, 542 U.S. at 259)).
5–6, ECF No. 1-1 (“Bento Decl.”); Bento Decl. Exs. 3, 4, 13, ECF Nos. 1-4, 1-5, and 1-14

(showing Fusion GPS is a trade name for Bean LLC, a Delaware business “based in Washington,

DC”). A corporation is “found within” the district where it is headquartered or incorporated. See

Masters, 315 F. Supp. 3d at 274–75 (collecting cases). Common principles of personal jurisdiction

inform this analysis. See id. (quoting In re Application of Thai-Lao Lignite (Thailand) Co., 821 F.

Supp. 2d 289, 294 n.4, for the principle that personal jurisdiction and § 1782’s “found within”

requirement “overlap considerably”); see also de Leon, 2020 WL 1047742 at *2 (adopting similar

reasoning from the Second Circuit). Fusion GPS’s characterization of its business as “based in

Washington DC” is enough to satisfy this Court that the company is headquartered here. Bento

Decl. Ex. 13, ECF No. 1-14.

       Mr. Pishevar has also satisfied the second mandatory Section 1782 element. He seeks

information and documents from Fusion GPS to use as evidence in an English lawsuit. See Afia

Decl. ¶¶ 33–45; Macdonald Decl. ¶¶ 25–39. He has not yet filed suit, though he has retained UK

and English law firms to advise him on and pursue available claims. See Afia Decl. ¶¶ 22, 34;

Macdonald Decl. ¶ 25. Section 1782 does not require foreign proceedings to be “pending” or

“imminent,” so courts may authorize discovery “provided that the foreign proceedings are ‘within

reasonable contemplation’ when the request for judicial assistance is filed.” DiGiulian, 314 F.

Supp. 3d at 6 (quoting Intel, 542 U.S. at 259). Mr. Pishevar clearly contemplates filing suit in a

foreign tribunal. The affidavits filed in support of his request detail several legal theories that

might permit Mr. Pishevar to recover from the UK Source. See Afia Decl. ¶¶ 33–45; Macdonald

Decl. ¶¶ 25–39. The information and documents sought from Fusion GPS are also “for use” in

these contemplated proceedings because the identity of the UK Source is instrumental to pursuing

Mr. Pishevar’s claims. See Afia Decl. ¶¶ 47–49; Macdonald Decl. ¶¶ 40–41.
       Third, Mr. Pishevar is an “interested person” within the meaning of Section 1782. An

individual who “intends to initiate proceedings” in a foreign tribunal satisfies this third statutory

requirement. Att’y Gen. of Brit. Virgin Islands v. Hyman, No. 19-mc-164-RCL, 2020 WL

2615519, at *6 (D.D.C. May 23, 2020). So does a “complainant” in a potential criminal matter

who has “‘a right to submit information’ and who ‘possess[es] a reasonable interest in obtaining

judicial assistance.’” Lazaridis v. Int’l Ctr. for Missing & Exploited Child., Inc., 760 F. Supp. 2d

109, 113 (D.D.C. 2011), aff’d, 473 F. App’x 2 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (quoting Intel, 542 U.S. at 256)

(modification from quoted source omitted). Mr. Pishevar’s request therefore satisfies all of the

mandatory criteria, giving this Court authority to grant the application.

II.    The Court’s Discretion

       The Court must next decide whether to exercise its discretion to grant Mr. Pishevar’s

request. See DiGiulian, 314 F. Supp. 3d at 5–6 (noting that a court is “not required to grant a

§ 1782(a) discovery application simply because it has the authority to do so”). The decision is

guided by the statute’s “twin aims” of providing “efficient assistance to participants in

international litigation and encouraging foreign countries by example to provide similar assistance

to our courts.” Lazaridis, 760 F. Supp. 2d at 114; DiGiulian, 314 F. Supp. at 7. Four factors “bear

consideration” as part of this analysis:

       (1) whether ‘the person from whom discovery is sought is a participant in the
       foreign proceeding,’ because if so ‘the need for § 1782(a) aid generally is not as
       apparent as it ordinarily is when evidence is sought from a nonparticipant in the
       matter arising abroad;’

       (2) ‘the nature of the foreign tribunal, the character of the proceedings underway
       abroad, and the receptivity of the . . . court . . . abroad to U.S. federal-court judicial
       assistance;’

       (3) ‘whether the § 1782(a) request conceals an attempt to circumvent foreign proof-
       gathering restrictions or other policies of a foreign country or the United States;’
       and
       (4) whether the request is ‘unduly intrusive or burdensome.’

Id. at 7 (quoting Intel, 542 U.S. at 264–65). Weighing these factors is not required, and the

Supreme Court has not articulated “a formula for their consideration.” Id. (internal quotation

omitted). This Court nevertheless routinely relies on the Intel factors to evaluate Section 1782

requests. See id.; Norex Petroleum Ltd., 384 F. Supp. 2d at 49; Lazaridis, 760 F. Supp. 2d at 114.

       The first factor weighs in favor of granting Mr. Pishevar’s request. He seeks subpoenas

addressed to a “nonparticipant in the matter arising abroad,” because the requested subpoenas are

directed at Fusion GPS, but Mr. Pishevar does not plan to sue Fusion GPS in the English courts.

Mr. Pishevar plans to pursue his claims against the UK Source. See Afia Decl. ¶¶ 34, 44–45;

Macdonald Decl. ¶ 27. His request is aimed at Fusion GPS because the investigations company

appears to be the best source of information on the identity of the UK Source—the individual or

individuals who will ultimately become the “participant[s] in the foreign proceeding.” Afia Decl.

¶ 32; Macdonald Decl. ¶ 40.

       The second factor also weighs in favor of granting Mr. Pishevar’s request. This factor

considers the nature of the foreign tribunal, the character of the proceedings, and the receptivity of

the foreign court to U.S. judicial assistance. DiGiulian, 314 F. Supp. 3d at 7. The nature of the

English court system or the civil and criminal proceedings contemplated there raise no concerns

in this U.S. court. Courts in the United States also presume that foreign tribunals will be receptive

to evidence obtained here, and ordinarily consider “only authoritative proof that a foreign tribunal

would reject evidence obtained with the aid of section 1782.” Id. at 8 (citing In re Caratube, 730

F. Supp. 2d 101, 106–06 (D.D.C. 2010); In re Barnwell Enters. Ltd., 265 F. Supp. 3d 1, 10–11

(D.D.C. 2017)). No such proof has been offered in this case. Mr. Pishevar’s UK and English

counsel also believe the English courts will be receptive to the evidence he seeks in this Section

1782 petition. See Afia Decl. ¶¶ 51–54; Macdonald Decl. ¶¶ 42–47.
       The third Intel factor also weighs in Mr. Pishevar’s favor. Nothing in the record indicates

that Mr. Pishevar is seeking discovery here via Section 1782 to circumvent the proof-gathering

rules or policies of either this Court or the courts of England. See DiGiulian, 314 F. Supp. 3d at 9

(evaluating this factor on lack of evidence in the record); In re Veiga, 746 F. Supp. 2d 8, 25 (D.D.C.

2010) (same).

       The last Intel factor does not weigh against Mr. Pishevar. Under the fourth factor, courts

must consider whether the Section 1782 discovery request is “unduly intrusive or burdensome.”

Intel, 542 U.S. at 265. The standard in this context is substantially the same as under the Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure. See, e.g., DiGiulian, 314 F. Supp. 3d at 9 (incorporating relevance

considerations); de Leon, 2020 WL 1047742, at *3 (same); Barnwell Enters., 265 F. Supp. 3d at

13–14 (incorporating burdensomeness balancing considerations, including the effect of temporal

and subject-matter restrictions); Veiga, 746 F. Supp. 2d at 25 (concluding that Section 1782 request

was “reasonably tailored” to the “claims and defenses raised in the proceedings at issue”). Mr.

Pishevar’s proposed subpoenas appear appropriately tailored to the English proceedings he is

contemplating against the UK Source. See Proposed Subpoenas. Additionally, because the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure apply to a subpoena issued under Section 1782, Fusion GPS will

have an opportunity to object to the subpoena on burdensomeness and related grounds under Rule

45(d). See 28 U.S.C. § 1782(a); de Leon, 2020 WL 1047742, at *1. If the subpoenas are unduly

burdensome, then, they may still be quashed on motion from Fusion GPS. See Fed. R. Civ. P.

45(d)(3)(A)(iv).

                                          CONCLUSION

       Accordingly, because this Court has authority to grant Mr. Pishevar’s § 1782 request and

the discretionary Intel factors weigh in favor of doing so, Mr. Pishevar’s Ex Parte Application
and Petition for an Order to Conduct Discovery for Use in Foreign Proceedings Pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 1782, ECF No. 1, is GRANTED. A corresponding order will issue separately.

Dated: February 17, 2023

                                               ROBIN M. MERIWEATHER
                                               UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE