Court Opinion

ID: 4452215
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-11-01 05:01:07.642022+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:02:36.878318
License: Public Domain

T.C. Memo. 2019-148

                        UNITED STATES TAX COURT

                   MOACIR SANTOS, Petitioner v.
          COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

      Docket No. 11847-15.                        Filed October 31, 2019.

      Moacir Santos, for himself.

      David M. Carl and Trent D. Usitalo, for respondent.

            MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

      GUSTAFSON, Judge: Petitioner Moacir Santos operated an engineering

and paving company through his wholly owned C corporation, Santos Engineering

Santos Pavers, Inc. (“SESP”). Throughout 2010 Mr. Santos used SESP’s bank

account to make cash withdrawals, electronic transfers to his personal bank

account, and payments of his personal expenses. Mr. Santos did not file his 2010
                                        -2-

[*2] Federal income tax return. Pursuant to section 6212(a)1 the Internal Revenue

Service (“IRS”) issued to Mr. Santos a statutory notice of deficiency (“SNOD”) on

January 30, 2015, which determined the following deficiencies in his Federal

income tax and additions to tax for tax years 2010, 2011, and 2012:

                                                Additions to tax
                                      Sec.              Sec.          Sec.
          Year     Deficiency      6651(a)(1)        6651(a)(2)       6654
          2010      $166,635        $37,493           $38,326       $3,574
          2011        70,701          15,908            12,019        1,400
          2012         3,740             842               411          ---

Mr. Santos filed a timely petition under section 6213(a) for redetermination of the

deficiencies and additions to tax. After concessions by the parties,2 the issues for

decision are:

      1
       Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal
Revenue Code (“26 U.S.C.”; “the Code”) in effect for the relevant times, and all
Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. All dollar
amounts are rounded to the nearest dollar.
      2
        In “Respondent’s Seriatim Opening Brief” the Commissioner conceded
“the determinations in the notice of deficiency * * * for the taxable year 2012 and
* * * the additions to tax under [sections] 6651(a)(1), 6651(a)(2), and 6654 for
such year” and the addition to tax under section 6654(a) for the 2010 tax year.
Then in “Respondent’s Supplement to Seriatim Answering Brief” the
Commissioner conceded the deficiency and additions to tax for the 2011 tax year.
                                         -3-

[*3] (1) whether Mr. Santos had constructive dividend income of $156,469 in

2010 as a result of cash withdrawals, electronic transfers to his personal account,

and payments of personal and meal expenses, from SESP’s bank account (we hold

that he did);

      (2) whether Mr. Santos’s filing status was unmarried, married filing

separately, or married filing jointly for the 2010 tax year (we hold that his filing

status was unmarried);

      (3) whether Mr. Santos is liable for the addition to tax under section

6651(a)(1) for failure to timely file for the 2010 tax year (we hold that he is); and

      (4) whether Mr. Santos is liable for the addition to tax under section

6651(a)(2) for failure to timely pay for the 2010 tax year (we hold that he is).

                               FINDINGS OF FACT

      At the time Mr. Santos filed his petition, he resided in California.

Mr. Santos

      Mr. Santos is the owner and operator of SESP, which he started after a

broken shoulder ended his career as a professional bull rider. In October 2010 Mr.

Santos’s son was born, and he married his son’s mother in 2011. Throughout

2010 Mr. Santos maintained a Wells Fargo business checking account in his name
                                        -4-

[*4] and another Wells Fargo business checking account in the name of SESP.

Mr. Santos purchased a house in March 2011.

       Mr. Santos never filed his Federal tax returns for the 2010, 2011, and 2012

tax years.

SESP

       In 2007 Mr. Santos incorporated SESP in the State of California as Santos

Construction, Inc. During the entire 2010 tax year, Mr. Santos was its sole

shareholder. At some point California’s Franchise Tax Board suspended SESP’s

corporate status for failure to meet tax requirements.

       SESP had gross receipts for the taxable year 2010 in the amount of

$443,028. This amount represents the aggregate amount of deposits into Mr.

Santos’s personal and corporate bank accounts. SESP did not keep books and

records, so there was no way to distinguish between Mr. Santos’s personal

finances and the corporation’s.

       In 2010 Mr. Santos expended SESP funds for his own use. He made cash

withdrawals from SESP’s bank account totaling $113,846 for his own use and not

for corporate expenses. Also for Mr. Santos’s personal use, SESP transferred

$560 from its corporate account to his personal bank account. In 2010 Mr. Santos

paid the cost of meals for himself totaling $13,146 by using SESP’s corporate
                                         -5-

[*5] debit card. SESP paid $28,917 worth of Mr. Santos’s other personal expenses

in 2010 (including: rent, travel, and childcare). The amounts SESP expended for

Mr. Santos personally totaled as follows:

                   Cash withdrawals                        $113,846
                   Electronic transfer                          560
                   Meals                                     13,146
                   Other personal expenses                   28,917
                    Total                                   156,469

(The “Meals” amount given above reflects adjustments that correct for meal

expenses that the Commissioner had initially categorized instead as

undifferentiated “personal expenses”.)

      SESP’s earnings and profits were at least $165,445 in 2010.

Notice of deficiency

      The IRS computed Mr. Santos’s income for 2010 by reference to bank

deposits and cash payments, plus personal and other nondeductible expenditures.

On the basis of the results of that analysis, the IRS prepared for Mr. Santos a

substitute for return for the year 2010 (pursuant to section 6020(b)) and issued to

him the SNOD dated January 30, 2015. That SNOD determined, among other

things, that Mr. Santos received unreported business income of $487,344 in 2010,

which resulted in a deficiency of $166,635, and that he was liable for additions to
                                        -6-

[*6] tax under sections 6651(a)(1) and (2) and 6654 for the 2010 tax year.

Mr. Santos timely mailed his petition to this Court on April 30, 2015.

Tax Court proceedings

      Mr. Santos’s timely filed petition does not contest the amount of unreported

gross income stated in the SNOD but argues that he is entitled to additional

deductions therefrom and that his filing status was “married filing jointly”. This

case was first set for trial in April 2016 but was continued generally. The case

was then set for trial in September 2016, but Mr. Santos did not provide to the

Commissioner the documents he intended to offer into evidence until two business

days before his trial date; and on the day of trial, he asked for another continuance,

which the Court granted.

      Trial was recalendared for March 2017, and in the interim Mr. Santos had

an accountant prepare his tax returns. He submitted to the Commissioner copies

of Forms 1040, “U.S. Individual Income Tax Return”, for the 2010, 2011, and

2012 tax years that were dated October 18, 2016, but neither he nor anyone

purporting to be his agent signed them. Each of Mr. Santos’s Forms 1040

included a Schedule C, “Profit or Loss From Business”, reporting SESP’s income.
                                        -7-

[*7] SESP’s gross receipts and constructive distributions

      At the beginning of trial on March 28, 2017, almost two years after first

filing his petition, Mr. Santos moved to amend his petition to treat the gross

receipts as attributable to SESP rather than to himself personally. The Court

granted Mr. Santos’s unopposed motion. The parties stipulated that the amount of

gross receipts SESP received in 2010 was $443,028. Mr. Santos also provided to

the Commissioner a statement titled “SESP Profit and Loss Detail” for 2010,

which provided line item entries for income and expenses and stated that SESP’s

net income was $121,381.

      As for Ms. Santos’s 2010 income, the Commissioner then proceeded under

the theory that in 2010 Mr. Santos had received constructive dividends from

SESP. The Commissioner posits that during 2010 Mr. Santos “drew no distinction

between the funds of his business and his personal funds”. The Commissioner

identified various categories of expenditures in SESP’s bank statements that he

argues were distributions to Mr. Santos--cash withdrawals, electronic transfers,

personal expenses, and meal expenses--and at trial he put on evidence of those

expenditures.
                                         -8-

[*8] Character of the distributions received by Mr. Santos

      To determine the character of the constructive distributions, the

Commissioner calculated SESP’s earnings and profits for 2010. The

Commissioner posits that after adjustments to SESP’s financial statement and Mr.

Santos’s Schedule C for stipulated amounts, disallowed deductions, and statutorily

required adjustments are made, SESP’s earnings and profits were at least $165,445

in 2010. Therefore, he argues that all of the constructive distributions Mr. Santos

received from SESP in 2010 are dividends.

                                      OPINION

I.    Burden of proof

      A.     The taxpayer’s burden under the general rule

      In general the IRS’s SNOD is presumed correct, and (with exceptions we

discuss below) the taxpayer has the burden of proving it to be wrong. Welch v.

Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933); see also Rule 142(a); INDOPCO, Inc. v.

Commissioner, 503 U.S. 79, 84 (1992).

      Section 6001 requires that “[e]very person liable for any tax imposed by this

title, or for the collection thereof, shall keep such records, render such statements,

make such returns, and comply with such rules and regulations as the Secretary

may from time to time prescribe.” Taxpayers are thus required to keep records and
                                        -9-

[*9] maintain them as long as they may become material. See 26 C.F.R. sec.

1.6001-1(a), (e), Income Tax Regs.

      The Court observes that, generally speaking, other than the receipts (which

we do not find credible for the reasons discussed below), Mr. Santos relies entirely

on his uncorroborated testimony and non-contemporaneous documents.

Mr. Santos fails to explain with any detail, or to substantiate with any

contemporaneous documentation or log, the amounts or business character he

alleges for the expenditures at issue. The Court need not accept a taxpayer’s

self-serving testimony when the taxpayer fails to present corroborating evidence.

Beam v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1990-304 (citing Tokarski v. Commissioner,

87 T.C. 74, 77 (1986)), aff’d without published opinion, 956 F.2d 1166 (9th Cir.

1992). Accordingly, to the extent Mr. Santos has the burden, we do not accept

most of his self-serving testimony.

      B.     The Commissioner’s burdens

      The foregoing general rules are subject to three qualifications that are

material here:

      First, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (to which an appeal in

this case would evidently be taken pursuant to section 7482(b)(1)(A)) has held

that, in cases involving unreported income, “before the Commissioner can rely on
                                        - 10 -

[*10] this presumption of correctness, the Commissioner must offer some

substantive evidence showing that the taxpayer received income from the charged

activity.” Weimerskirch v. Commissioner, 596 F.2d 358, 360 (9th Cir. 1979),

rev’g 67 T.C. 672 (1977). The “substantive evidence” here consists of stipulated

or undisputed facts showing that the payments remaining at issue came from

Mr. Santos’s corporation, SESP, and were spent for Mr. Santos’s benefit, so the

unreported constructive distributions satisfy this standard.

      Second, with respect to a taxpayer’s liability for additions to tax,

section 7491(c) places the burden of production on the Commissioner. This issue

is discussed below in part IV.

      Third, Rule 142(a) places the burden of proof on the Commissioner “in

respect of any new matter”--i.e., “new” in the Commissioner’s answer, as opposed

to the SNOD. Section 7522(a) requires that the SNOD “describe the basis

for * * * the tax due”. “A new theory that is presented to sustain a deficiency is

treated as a new matter when it either alters the original deficiency or requires the

presentation of different evidence.” Wayne Bolt & Nut Co. v. Commissioner, 93
T.C. 500, 507 (1989). “A new theory which merely clarifies or develops the

original determination is not a new matter in respect of which * * * [the

Commissioner] bears the burden of proof.” Id. The Commissioner may raise a
                                       - 11 -

[*11] new theory as long as the taxpayer receives fair warning of the intention to

base an argument upon the new theory and the taxpayer is not unfairly surprised or

prejudiced by it. See Pagel, Inc. v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. 200, 211-212 (1988),

aff’d, 905 F.2d 1190 (8th Cir. 1990); Estate of Gore v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

2007-169, 93 T.C.M. 1436, 1446-1447 (2007), supplemented by T.C.

Memo. 2007-370.

      The Commissioner initially determined that Mr. Santos’s deficiency arose

from unreported Schedule C income; and Mr. Santos’s petition appeared to claim

that he was entitled to additional deductions. However, at trial Mr. Santos moved

to amend his petition (and the Commissioner did not oppose) to contend that the

unreported amounts were gross receipts of SESP and were therefore taxable as

SESP’s income, not his. The Commissioner conceded the point, but this

significant change prompted him to proceed under a new theory--i.e., that Mr.

Santos had received constructive dividends from SESP. Even though Mr. Santos’s

asserted tax liability was smaller under this new theory than the amount stated in

the SNOD, the Commissioner concedes that his constructive dividends argument

constitutes “new matter” since it required Mr. Santos to present different evidence.

See Wayne Bolt & Nut Co. v. Commissioner, 93 T.C. 507.
                                         - 12 -

[*12] The Commissioner’s constructive dividend argument was tried by the

implied consent of the parties. See Rule 41(b)(1). However, on brief, Mr. Santos

argues that he will be deprived of “due process if * * * [the Commissioner] is

allowed to proceed on a new theory first presented at the hearing”. We interpret

Mr. Santos’s argument to mean that he alleges that he was prejudiced because he

was unfairly surprised by the Commissioner’s constructive dividend argument.

We disagree. In the first place, he explicitly consented to the Commissioner’s

raising that contention. More important, Mr. Santos was the party who moved, on

the day of trial, to amend his pleading in a manner that required the Commissioner

to revise his position. Mr. Santos was neither surprised nor prejudiced by the

Commissioner’s constructive dividend argument. Consequently, the

Commissioner is permitted to advance his contention of constructive dividends;

but as to that contention he bears the burden of proof. He successfully sustained

that burden, as we now show in part II.

II.   Constructive dividends

      Under section 61(a), “gross income means all income from whatever source

derived”. Section 301(a) provides that distributions from a corporation to its

shareholders are treated in the manner provided in section 301(c). Section

301(c)(1) explains that to the extent that a distribution is a dividend (i.e., paid out
                                          - 13 -

[*13] of that corporation’s earnings and profits), that dividend is included in gross

income. See sec. 316. “A constructive dividend arises ‘[w]here a corporation

confers an economic benefit on a shareholder without the expectation of

repayment, * * * even though neither the corporation nor the shareholder intended

a dividend.’” Hood v. Commissioner, 115 T.C. 172, 179 (2000) (quoting Magnon

v. Commissioner, 73 T.C. 980, 993-994 (1980)).

      A.     Constructive distributions

      “Corporate expenditures constitute constructive dividends only if (1) the

expenditures do not give rise to a deduction on behalf of the corporation, and

(2) the expenditures create ‘economic gain, benefit, or income to the

owner-taxpayer.’” P.R. Farms, Inc. v. Commissioner, 820 F.2d 1084, 1088 (9th

Cir. 1987) (quoting Meridian Wood Prods. Co. v. United States, 725 F.2d 1183,

1191 (9th Cir. 1984)), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1984-549. “An expenditure generally

does not have independent and substantial importance to the distributing

corporation if it is not deductible under section 162.” Gow v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 2000-93, slip op. at 38 (citing P.R. Farms, Inc. v. Commissioner, 820 F.2d

at 1089), aff’d, 19 F. App’x 90 (4th Cir. 2001). “‘[N]ot every corporate

expenditure which incidentally confers economic benefit on a shareholder is a

constructive dividend.’ The crucial test of the existence of a constructive dividend
                                        - 14 -

[*14] is whether ‘the distribution was primarily for the benefit of the

shareholder.’” Magnon v. Commissioner, 73 T.C. 994 (citing Loftin &

Woodard, Inc. v. United States, 577 F.2d 1206, 1214 (5th Cir. 1978), Crosby v.

United States, 496 F.2d 1384, 1388 (5th Cir. 1974), and Sammons v.

Commissioner, 472 F.2d 449 (5th Cir. 1972), aff’g in part, rev’g in part T.C.

Memo. 1971-145).

             1.    Cash withdrawals

      The term “property”, as it is used in section 301(a) to describe distributions

from corporations, is defined as “money, securities, and any other property”. Sec.

317(a). The bank records show--and at trial Mr. Santos acknowledged--that he

withdrew $113,846 from SESP’s corporate account in 2010. We are persuaded

that these withdrawals were made not for business expenditures but for

Mr. Santos’s personal use.

                   a.     Amounts deposited into Mr. Santos’s personal account

      The Commissioner identified deposits to Mr. Santos’s personal account that

corresponded with certain withdrawals from SESP’s bank account, which totaled

$33,825. At trial Mr. Santos admitted that he deposited into his personal account

approximately $34,000 of the cash withdrawn from SESP’s account, and in his

post-trial brief he conceded that these withdrawals “were personal”, “were not
                                        - 15 -

[*15] proven to be for business expenses and therefore * * * [are] constructive

income for him.”

                    b.    Amounts corresponding to receipts

      The balance of the cash withdrawals (totaling $113,846) after the amounts

Mr. Santos deposited into his personal account ($33,825) are subtracted was

$80,021; and this difference corresponds closely to the $79,928 that (he says) he

used to pay for business-related expenses. At trial he provided receipts purporting

to prove this fact; however, these receipts are very problematic, and they indirectly

but convincingly underscore the personal character of the withdrawals:

      First, the total value of the receipts Mr. Santos provided is $107,476, not the

$79,928 he alleges constituted business expenses. He does not specify which

receipts compose the $79,928 of supposed business expenses, and he does not

explain how he has a greater amount of receipts that are among his supposed

business expenses but do not constitute business expenses. It appears that he

fabricated the receipts before he settled on his final story and did not notice the

discrepancy.

      Second, receipts that are ostensibly from different vendors appear to be

from the same receipt book. He did not explain this fact.
                                       - 16 -

[*16] Third, the chronology of the dates written on the receipts does not follow

the sequential order of the preprinted receipt numbers. For example, a receipt

numbered 238777 was dated July 2, 2010, for “New Fence our Richmond yard

labor”, but the subsequent receipt, numbered 238778, was dated December 28,

2010 (more than 6 months later), for a $7,200 payment on an “Excavator CAT-

308”. And the next receipt, numbered 238779, jumps back 10 months and is dated

February 28, 2010, allegedly for a payment on the same machinery.

      Fourth, at trial another issue concerning the authenticity of Mr. Santos’s

receipts was pointed out to him:

      [T]here are the indications on some of the documents that, because of
      carbon paper use, that some of them are filled out while the others
      were on top or were underneath them, so that we see impressions
      from one another showing us, apparently, that they might have been
      created simultaneously, rather than months apart from each other. In
      some respects, it seems inevitable that they were prepared at least
      almost simultaneously because the numbering of the receipts is
      sequential and the numbers follow one right after another.

Mr. Santos had no explanation.

      Mr. Santos’s testimony about the authenticity of the receipts was vague and

inconsistent, and the receipts raised many more questions than they answered.

Rather than substantiating a deductible business purpose for the cash withdrawals,

these manifestly bogus receipts revealed a deceptive intention and showed that the
                                         - 17 -

[*17] actual purpose of the cash withdrawals was other than the false proffered

business purpose. This is made even clearer by the fact that during 2010

Mr. Santos made only two cash withdrawals, in the amounts of $6,702 and $216,

from his personal account, indicating that for his expenditures in 2010 he was

principally using cash not from his own account but from the SESP account.

      Therefore, we find that the entire amount withdrawn from SESP’s bank

account in 2010--both the conceded portion that was deposited into his personal

account and the portion for which he produced false receipts--created gain for

Mr. Santos, did not give rise to deductions by SESP, and was therefore a

constructive distribution.

             2.    Electronic transfer

      Mr. Santos conceded at trial that he transferred $560 from SESP’s bank

account into his personal bank account. He made no argument that this electronic

transfer served a corporate purpose; and in his post-trial brief he conceded (in

explicit response to paragraph 2(B) of the Commissioner’s “Ultimate Findings of

Fact”) that this payment constituted “constructive dividends”.

             3.    Personal expenditures from SESP’s account

      At trial the Commissioner entered schedules into evidence showing that

during the 2010 tax year SESP paid $28,917 worth of Mr. Santos’s personal
                                       - 18 -

[*18] expenses. Mr. Santos admitted that he used SESP’s bank account to pay for

all of his groceries in 2010, a gym membership, and other various personal

expenses, so the issue is not whether he used the SESP account for personal

expenses (he admits he did) but in what amounts.3 Mr. Santos concedes the

personal character of all of those amounts except for $5,867, which is attributable

to the following:

                    a.   Rental payments for his personal residence

      The Commissioner provided evidence that in 2010 SESP made two

payments of $935 for monthly rental of his personal residence. Generally, under

section 262(a) “no deduction shall be allowed for personal, living, or family

expenses.” Payments by the corporation of the expense for Mr. Santos’s personal

residence is plainly a personal expenditure on his behalf. Mr. Santos admits the

payments, so the Commissioner carried his burden for these amounts.

      3
       After concessions by the parties (including Mr. Santos’s concession of the
groceries, the gym membership, and the various other personal expenses), the
Commissioner argues that SESP paid $28,917 worth of Mr. Santos’s other
personal expenses in 2010. Mr. Santos concedes most of that and alleges that only
$5,867 was attributable to deductible business expenses. Certain meal expenses of
$1,064 were originally allocated to “personal expenses”, rather than “meal
expenses”, in the Commissioner’s computations. We have included that $1,064
with the other meal expenses discussed below in part II.A.4.
                                       - 19 -

[*19] However, Mr. Santos contended at trial that these two residential rent

payments were business expenses of SESP because he used “[p]robably 30-35

percent” of the house as a home office. In his post-trial brief he stated: “The

payments of expenses for Petitioner’s expenses for his business office at home are

corporate and not personal expenses, including utilities, and pro rata taxes and

mortgage expenses. * * * The payments by the corporate [sic] for Petitioner’s

home office expenses[4] are a business expense[] and not petitioner’s individual

expense”. This contention is unavailing to overcome the Commissioner’s showing

that these payments were income to Mr. Santos.

      4
        Despite the references to a “home office”, we do not perceive that Mr.
Santos is arguing that he should be entitled to a home office expense deduction
under section 280A(c)(1)(A)--which allows a taxpayer to deduct certain expenses
“to the extent such item is allocable to a portion of the dwelling unit which is
exclusively used on a regular basis * * * as the principal place of business for any
trade or business of the taxpayer”--to offset this income from SESP’s payment of
his rent. On his untimely and unsigned return, Mr. Santos reported income and
expenses of SESP on a Schedule C, but he did not report on line 30 thereof any
deduction for “Expenses for business use of your home”, nor did he attach the
required Form 8829, “Expenses for Business Use of Your Home”. At trial he did
not persuade us that any portion of his residence was used exclusively for business
purposes. Since he argued only that payment for the office (and not for residential
space per se) was a business expense, we perceive that Mr. Santos is not invoking
section 119(a)(2), which provides a limited circumstance in which an employer’s
provision of housing for an employee is excluded from the employee’s
income--i.e., where the lodging is furnished “for the convenience of the employer”
and “the employee is required to accept such lodging on the business premises of
the employer as a condition of his employment.” Mr. Santos did not allege facts
that would have warranted the section 119 exclusion.
                                        - 20 -

[*20] Mr. Santos did not substantiate the “utilities, and pro rata taxes and

mortgage expenses”, if any, that he bore. He did not even allege (much less make

any showing) that the amount of SESP’s two rent payments bore any relation to

costs allocable to any particular portion of the house. He seemed uncertain when

he testified about his home office, and his answers were vague. He did not offer

into evidence a floor plan of his house, any pictures of the office, or any

documents that would substantiate the percentage of the space used for a home

office or would otherwise permit a calculation of the supposed business portion of

the housing expense.

      In sum, the Commissioner met his burden on this issue. Mr. Santos

effectively admitted that he received a personal benefit from these payments (i.e.,

the provision of rent for the place in which he resided), and his “home office”

contentions were not credible.

                   b.     Payments to Ms. Pardin

      Mr. Santos’s “personal, living, or family expenses” are not deductible by

SESP. The Commissioner showed that SESP made two payments to a

Ms. Shirlene Pardin, totaling $3,750; and Mr. Santos admitted that Ms. Pardin

worked as a nanny and cared for his newborn son. These undisputed facts carry
                                       - 21 -

[*21] the Commissioner’s burden of proving that SESP’s payments to Ms. Pardin

were constructive distributions to Mr. Santos.

      To contend that these payments covered a business expense of SESP rather

than a personal expense of Mr. Santos, he testified that Ms. Pardin also cleaned his

supposed home office. That contention fails, however, for the same reason as his

contention regarding SESP’s payment of his residential rent: He established no

business-related use of a home office, and he showed no basis for allocating any

portion of Ms. Pardin’s compensation to any home office. He testified that she

also worked for SESP, but he did not substantiate or quantify this contention with

any evidence, other than his testimony; and he showed no SESP accounting entry

or other document indicating that SESP employed Ms. Pardin. He did not make

any serious challenge to the Commissioner’s showing that the payments to

Ms. Pardin were for personal expenses.

                   c.    Payments for Mr. Santos’s lodging

      Through bank records and the testimony that the Commissioner elicited

from Mr. Santos at trial, the Commissioner met his burden on this issue to show

that Mr. Santos received a personal economic benefit from SESP’s payment of

$247 for his lodging at the Matterhorn Motel and that it was not a deductible

expense. Section 274(d) provides that no deduction or credit under sections 162
                                        - 22 -

[*22] or 212 shall be allowed for travel expenses (including meals and lodging)

unless the taxpayer substantiates these expenses by adequate records or sufficient

evidence corroborating his own statements.5

      Mr. Santos argues that he “stayed at the motel, which is in either Arizona or

Texas”, when he purchased a truck in Canada and drove the truck back home. His

argument contradicts SESP’s bank statement, which states that the charge for this

motel originated from California. Additionally, Mr. Santos failed to enter a

receipt, a log, or any other evidence of this trip into the record. The lodging

expense is not a business expense.

             4.    Payments of meal expenses

      SESP’s bank records show that SESP paid $13,146 worth of meal expenses

in 2010. Generally, meals are non-deductible personal expenses. Sec. 262; 26

C.F.R. sec. 1.262-1(a), (b)(5), Income Tax Regs. Mr. Santos admitted at trial that

      5
        If section 274(d) does not apply, then “the Cohan rule”, derived from
Cohan v. Commissioner, 39 F.2d 540, 543-544 (2d Cir. 1930), may apply. Under
that rule, if a taxpayer adequately establishes that he paid or incurred a deductible
expense but does not establish the precise amount, then the Court may in some
instances estimate the allowable deduction, bearing heavily against the taxpayer
whose inexactitude is of his own making. However, section 274(d) sets stricter
substantiation rules that, when they apply, supersede the Cohan doctrine. See
Sanford v. Commissioner, 50 T.C. 823, 827-828 (1968), aff’d, 412 F.2d 201 (2d
Cir. 1969); sec. 1.274-5T(a), Temporary Income Tax Regs., 50 Fed. Reg. 46014
(Nov. 6, 1985).
                                           - 23 -

[*23] some of the meal expenses were personal, and in his post-trial brief he

conceded (in explicit response to paragraph 2(D) of the Commissioner’s “Ultimate

Findings of Fact”) that SESP’s payments for these meals constituted “constructive

dividends”.

      In summary, we conclude that the Commissioner met his burden and

proved, through bank records and Mr. Santos’s own admissions, that Mr. Santos

received $156,469 worth of distributions from SESP that were primarily for his

personal benefit and not for deductible expenses of SESP. See Meridian Wood

Prods. Co., 725 F.2d at 1191; Hood v. Commissioner, 115 T.C. 179-180.

      B.      Character of distributions

      The Commissioner contends (and has the burden to prove, for the reason

discussed above) that SESP had sufficient earnings and profits to characterize the

constructive distributions Mr. Santos received as dividends. See Lerch v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1987-295, 1987 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 295, at

*59-*62, aff’d, 877 F.2d 624 (7th Cir. 1989). We find that the Commissioner met

that burden and that in 2010 SESP’s earnings and profits available for distribution

were in excess of the amount of constructive distributions Mr. Santos received.

      Section 301 explains when a distribution from a corporation is included in

gross income, applied against basis, or treated as a gain from the sale or exchange
                                        - 24 -

[*24] of property. See sec. 301(c). A distribution of property made by a

corporation to a stockholder is included in the stockholder’s income as a dividend

to the extent of the corporation’s earnings and profits. See secs. 301(a), (c)(1),

316. A dividend is first paid from earnings and profits of the current taxable year,

and if the current earnings and profits are insufficient, the dividend is paid from

accumulated earnings and profits. Sec. 316(a). Therefore, the $156,469

distribution Mr. Santos received is a dividend only to the extent that the

Commissioner can prove that the amount of SESP’s earnings and profits available

for distribution was equal to or in excess of that amount. See sec. 301(c)(1).

      The Code does not define the term “earnings and profits”. See sec. 316(a);

Henry C. Beck Co. v. Commissioner, 52 T.C. 1, 6 (1969), aff’d per curiam,

433 F.2d 309 (5th Cir. 1970). “[E]arnings and profits is a broad concept ‘which

the tax law has utilized “to approximate a corporation’s power to make

distributions which are more than just a return of investment.”’” Welle v.

Commissioner, 140 T.C. 420, 424 (2013) (quoting Henry C. Beck Co. v.

Commissioner, 52 T.C. 6).

      The Commissioner submitted two calculations of SESP’s 2010 earnings and

profits, which were derived from SESP’s 2010 profit and loss statement and

Mr. Santos’s Schedule C. The Commissioner adjusted both to reflect stipulations
                                       - 25 -

[*25] by the parties, disallowed deductions, and statutorily prescribed methods for

calculating earnings and profits. The Commissioner demonstrated that in 2010

SESP’s earnings and profits were at least $165,445 (the lesser of its two

calculations).

       On brief, the only argument that Mr. Santos advanced on the issue of

earnings and profits was that the Commissioner “has not proven that the alleged

constructive dividends were from earnings and profits, and failed [to] overcome

* * * [Mr. Santos’s] testimony concerning his use of cash to pay for the

corporation’s labor and materials.” We disagree. The Commissioner

demonstrated through two different calculations based on documents Mr. Santos

provided that in 2010, SESP’s earnings and profits were greater than the amount

of constructive distributions Mr. Santos received. Therefore, we conclude that the

entire amount of the $156,469 constructive distributions that Mr. Santos received

in 2010 from SESP was a constructive dividend. See sec. 301(c)(1).

III.   Filing status

       Section 7703(a)(1) provides that the determination of an individual’s filing

status shall be made as of the close of his taxable year. Mr. Santos admitted that

he was unmarried on December 31, 2010, and testified at trial that he did not
                                         - 26 -

[*26] marry until 2011. Accordingly, under section 1(c) his filing status for the

2010 tax year is unmarried.

IV.   Additions to tax

      A.     Failure to file timely under section 6651(a)(1)

      Section 6651(a)(1) authorizes the imposition of an addition to tax for failure

to file a timely return, unless the taxpayer proves that such failure is due to

reasonable cause and is not due to willful neglect. See also United States v. Boyle,

469 U.S. 241, 245 (1985). The addition consists of “5 percent of the amount of

such tax” for each month of delinquency, “not exceeding 25 percent in the

aggregate”; that is, the addition stops accruing after five months. Sec. 6651(a)(1).

The Commissioner determined Mr. Santos was liable for the addition to tax

imposed by section 6651(a)(1) for his failure to timely file his tax return for the

2010 tax year.

      Mr. Santos does not dispute that he failed to file a timely return, and this

admission satisfies the Commissioner’s burden of production under section

7491(c). After Mr. Santos filed his petition in April 2015, he provided to the

Commissioner a copy of a 2010 tax return. That document was not signed by Mr.
                                        - 27 -

[*27] Santos,6 but even if it had been, it would not have affected the addition to

tax under section 6651(a)(1), since the addition reached its maximum of 25% in

2011 and stopped accruing. See Weaver v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2004-108,

87 T.C.M. 1259, 1266 (2004).

      The addition to tax applies “unless it is shown that such failure is due to

reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect”. Sec. 6651(a)(1). At trial

Mr. Santos admitted that he knew that he should have filed his return; but he made

several arguments for why he did not file his tax return and failed to pay his tax

liability--e.g., that he was in the process of purchasing his house, that the revenue

from his business declined, that he was unable to collect on debts owed to him by

other contractors, that he was defending several lawsuits, and other personal

reasons. However, the evidence shows that Mr. Santos did indeed purchase a

      6
        Generally, any return required to be made under any provision of the
internal revenue laws or regulations shall be signed in accordance with forms or
regulations prescribed by the Secretary. Sec. 6061(a). The regulations
promulgated under section 6061 require that “[e]ach individual * * * sign the
income tax return required to be made by him, except that the return may be
signed for the taxpayer by an agent who is duly authorized in accordance with
paragraph (a)(5) or (b) of section 1.6012-1 to make such return.” Sec. 1.6061-
1(a), Income Tax Regs. This Court has held that an unsigned return is “no return
at all.” Vaira v. Commissioner, 52 T.C. 986, 1005 (1969), aff’d on this issue,
rev’d and remanded on other grounds, 444 F.2d 770 (3d Cir. 1971); see also Elliott
v. Commissioner, 113 T.C. 125, 128 (1999). Accordingly, we find that Mr. Santos
never filed a return with the IRS for the 2010 tax year.
                                         - 28 -

[*28] house in March 2011 (the month before his 2010 return was due). His

accomplishment of this substantial transaction demonstrates that, contrary to his

testimony on this issue, he did have the time, resources, and ability to take care of

his business--including filing his 2010 return. On brief Mr. Santos simply states

that he is not liable for the addition to tax under section 6651(a)(1) but that, if he

is liable, the addition to tax should be based on a liability of only $62,740. We

disagree and find Mr. Santos liable for the failure-to-file addition to tax on the

basis of the entire amount required to be shown as tax on his return (which amount

shall be recomputed in accordance with this opinion).

      B.     Failure to pay under section 6651(a)(2)

      Section 6651(a)(2) imposes an addition to tax for failure to timely pay the

amount of tax shown on a return. The liability was due to be paid on the

unextended due date of Mr. Santos’s 2010 return (i.e., in April 2011). See

sec. 6151. The addition to tax under section 6651(a)(2) applies only when an

amount of tax is shown on a return. Cabirac v. Commissioner, 120 T.C. 163, 170

(2003), aff’d without published opinion, 94 A.F.T.R.2d (RIA) 2004-5490 (3d Cir.

2004). The Commissioner’s burden of production with respect to the section

6651(a)(2) addition to tax required him to introduce evidence that a return
                                        - 29 -

[*29] showing Mr. Santos’s tax liability was filed for 2010. See Wheeler v.

Commissioner, 127 T.C. 200, 210 (2006), aff’d, 521 F.3d 1289 (10th Cir. 2008).

      In cases such as this, where the taxpayer did not timely file a return or fails

to ever file a return for the year at issue, the Commissioner must introduce

evidence that a valid substitute for return was made pursuant to section 6020(b).

Sec. 6651(g)(2). He did so by means of the parties’ stipulating that he prepared

Form 13496, “IRC Section 6020(b) Certification”, to which was attached

Form 4549-A, “Income Tax Examination Changes”, and Form 886-A,

“Explanation of Items”, showing that the IRS prepared a substitute for return for

the 2010 tax year. To constitute a valid substitute for return under section

6020(b), “the return must be subscribed, it must contain sufficient information

from which to compute the taxpayer’s tax liability, and the return form and any

attachments must purport to be a ‘return’.” Spurlock v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 2003-124, slip op. at 27. The 2010 substitute for return contains sufficient

information, purports to be a return, and is subscribed as required by section

6020(b).

      As with the section 6651(a)(1) failure-to-file addition to tax, section

6651(a)(2) provides that the taxpayer is liable for the failure-to-pay addition to tax

“unless it is shown that such failure is due to reasonable cause and not due to
                                       - 30 -

[*30] willful neglect”. For the same reasons stated above, we reject Mr. Santos’s

“reasonable cause” arguments and find him liable for the section 6651(a)(2)

addition to tax.

      To reflect the foregoing and the parties’ concessions,

                                                Decision will be entered under

                                      Rule 155.