Court Opinion

ID: 2977078
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 18:02:19.016023+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:16:24.088319
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                 Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                        File Name: 08a0354p.06

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                    FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                      _________________

                                                   X
                             Plaintiff-Appellant, -
 MARJORIE NIXON,
                                                    -
                                                    -
                                                    -
                                                         No. 07-4140
         v.
                                                    ,
                                                     >
 WILMINGTON TRUST COMPANY, et al.,                  -
                          Defendants-Appellees. -
                                                   N
                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of Ohio at Toledo.
                    No. 06-03046—David A. Katz, District Judge.
                                  Submitted: September 22, 2008
                             Decided and Filed: September 29, 2008
                   Before: MARTIN, ROGERS, and SUTTON, Circuit Judges.
                                        _________________
                                             COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: Michael D. Portnoy, Rossford, Ohio, for Appellants. Thomas L. Feher, Jennifer M.
Burke, THOMPSON HINE, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee.
                                        _________________
                                            OPINION
                                        _________________
       BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Circuit Judge. Marjorie Nixon appeals the district court’s
dismissal pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of her claims for breach of fiduciary duty, breach of contract,
and respondeat superior liability against Wilmington Trust. We AFFIRM.
                                                   I.
        In July 2003, Wilmington Trust Company, as trustee, and Symphonix, as settlor, established
the Symphonix Devices, Inc., Liquidating Trust Agreement. The Trust Agreement specifically
describes “Beneficiaries” as persons that fall into one of two categories: 1) “creditors listed pursuant
to Section 5 of the [Plan of Dissolution and Liquidation]” and 2) “former shareholders listed on
Exhibit B” of the Trust Agreement.
        In March 2006, Nixon obtained a default judgment in a civil suit against Symphonix in
which she had alleged personal injuries caused by defective Symphonix cochlear implants. She has
been unable to collect her judgment and argues that Wilmington Trust should pay her personal injury
default judgment from the Trust.

                                                   1
No. 07-4140                      Nixon v. Wilmington Trust Company, et al.                                    Page 2

        According to Nixon, Symphonix’s former chief financial officer informed Nixon’s counsel
that the Trust was set up to pay for claims for defective cochlear implants. Nixon says that
Symphonix’s counsel, Isaac Vaughn, also confirmed that the Trust was intended to compensate
individuals who made claims within three years of June 2003. When Nixon’s counsel attempted to
contact the Trustee in June 2006, Wilmington Trust employees allegedly stated that the Trust had
been closed in July 2005 or “years ago.”
        The district court granted Wilmington Trust’s motion to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(6). Nixon now appeals asking this Court to reverse the district court and remand this case for
further proceedings.
                                                         II.
        We review de novo the district court’s dismissal of Nixon’s complaint pursuant to Fed. R.
Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Hill v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Mich., 409 F.3d 710, 716 (6th Cir. 2005). We
will affirm the district court only if it appears beyond doubt that Nixon “can prove no set of facts
in support of [her] claims that would entitle [her] to relief.” Marks v. Newcourt Credit Group, Inc.,
342 F.3d 444, 452-53 (6th Cir. 2003).
                                                         III.
        The district court correctly dismissed Nixon’s breach of fiduciary duty claim because
Wilmington Trust owed her no legal duty. Under Delaware law,1 to state a claim for breach of
fiduciary duty, a plaintiff must show: 1) that a fiduciary duty exists; and 2) that a fiduciary breached
that duty. Legatski v. Bethany Forests Assoc., Inc., 2006 WL 1229689, at *3 (Del. Super. Ct. Apr.
28, 2006). A non-beneficiary to a trust cannot state a claim for breach of fiduciary duty. Sergeson
v. Del. Trust Co., 413 A.2d 880, 882 (Del. 1980).
        In trust construction cases, the settlor’s intent controls the interpretation of the instrument.
In re Couch Trust, 723 A.2d 376, 382 (Del. Ch. 1998) (citations omitted). A court determines intent
by “considering the language of the Trust instrument, read as an entirety, in light of the
circumstances surrounding its creation.” Id. (quotation omitted). Courts will not consider extrinsic
evidence to vary or contradict express provisions of a trust instrument that are clear, unambiguous
and susceptible of only one interpretation. Id. (citations omitted).
        Here, the clear and unambiguous language of the Trust Agreement defines two categories
of beneficiaries, and Nixon does not fit into either. First, she is not among the “creditors” listed
pursuant to Section 5 of the Plan. Section 5 does not describe general creditors – rather it
specifically defines “creditors” as stockholders to whom distributions cannot be made, including
those who cannot be found.2 Nixon does not claim to be a stockholder. And Nixon does not fit into
the second category because she does not claim to be a “shareholder.” The district court correctly
concluded that the specific and unambiguous language of the Trust Agreement precluded
consideration of extrinsic evidence regarding Symphonix’s subjective intent in establishing the trust,
including statements purportedly made by Symphonix’s officers or counsel. Because Nixon is not

         1
          Delaware law is applicable pursuant to Section 23 of the Trust Agreement, and Nixon does not challenge its
applicability.
         2
          Nixon attached a copy of the Trust Agreement, but not a copy of Section 5 or Exhibit B to the Trust Agreement
to her complaint. Nevertheless, a court may consider a document not formally incorporated by reference in a complaint
when the complaint refers to the document and the document is central to the claims. Greenberg v. Life Ins. Co. of Va.,
177 F.3d 507, 514 (6th Cir. 1999).
No. 07-4140                 Nixon v. Wilmington Trust Company, et al.                           Page 3

a beneficiary of the Trust Agreement, the district court did not err in dismissing her claim for breach
of fiduciary duty against Wilmington.
       Nixon’s breach of contract claim fails as a matter of law for the same reason – she is not a
beneficiary of the Trust. The unambiguous purpose of the Trust is “to collect and distribute to the
Beneficiaries the income and proceeds of the sale of the Trust Estate.” Nixon did not plead the
existence of a third-party contract apart from the Trust Agreement, and the Agreement’s express
terms do not indicate an intent to confer any benefit to non-beneficiaries. The district court therefore
properly dismissed Nixon’s breach of contract claim without considering extrinsic evidence.
         Finally, although Nixon included Wilmington employee James Hanley in her appeal, she had
earlier stipulated that she would dismiss all claims against him pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a), and
the district court subsequently dismissed him from this action with prejudice. This case does not
fit within the narrow circumstances where a party may appeal a stipulated dismissal with prejudice.
See Laczay v. Ross Adhesives, 855 F.2d 351, 354-55 (6th Cir. 1988).
                                                  IV.
        In sum, Nixon’s breach of fiduciary duty and breach of contract claims against Wilmington
Trust are simply not proper causes of action to collect a personal injury judgment entered subsequent
to the creation of a liquidating trust, which by its terms clearly and unambiguously defined its
purpose and beneficiaries.
       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.