Court Opinion

ID: 9917099
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-11 16:14:38.839018+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:00.031634
License: Public Domain

FILE                                                                        THIS OPINION WAS FILED
                                                                                       FOR RECORD AT 8 A.M. ON
                                                                                           JANUARY 11, 2024
       IN CLERK’S OFFICE
SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WASHINGTON
       JANUARY 11, 2024
                                                                                          ERIN L. LENNON
                                                                                       SUPREME COURT CLERK

                 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

        ROYAL OAKS COUNTRY CLUB, a             )
        Washington nonprofit corporation,      )                No. 101770-7
                                               )
                         Respondent,           )
                                               )
              v.                               )                En Banc
                                               )
        STATE OF WASHINGTON, DEPARTMENT )
        OF REVENUE,                            )
                                               )
                         Petitioner.           )                Filed: January 11, 2024
        ________________________________________)

               MADSEN, J.—RCW 82.04.4282 permits taxpayers to deduct from their business

        and occupation (B&O) tax “bona fide” initiation fees and dues, among other things.

        Dues in exchange for or graduated on receipt of goods and services cannot be deducted.

        RCW 82.04.4282. Royal Oaks Country Club sought to deduct its initiation fees pursuant

        to this provision. New members are admitted to the club based on a one-time initiation

        fee, which varies based on membership level. Prior to using any of Royal Oaks’ dining

        services or golfing, swimming, or fitness facilities, members must pay both their

        initiation fee and first month’s dues. Because the initiation fee alone does not
No. 101770-7

automatically entitle a member to use any service or facility, the fee is paid solely for the

privilege of membership. The Court of Appeals held Royal Oaks’ fee qualifies as a bona

fide initiation fee and is therefore wholly deductible. We affirm.

                                      BACKGROUND 1

       Royal Oaks is a nonprofit corporation that owns and operates a country club in

Vancouver, Washington. Royal Oaks maintains a golf course with accompanying

practice ranges and a retail shop, as well as swimming facilities, a clubhouse with four

primary dining areas, other bars and dining spaces, and a fitness center.

       Royal Oaks offers individual and corporate memberships at different levels. The

most expensive memberships are “proprietary,” “corporate,” and “intermediate.”

Proprietary members may access all services and facilities; they can serve as directors

and officers and vote in elections for these offices; proprietary membership may be

transferred to another person in a member’s immediate family; and resignation of a

proprietary membership may yield a “refund equity.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 46-47.

Similarly, corporate members may access all facilities and services. Intermediate

members may also access all of Royal Oaks’ facilities and services. Intermediate

members pay half dues until reaching a certain age, at which point their membership is

converted to proprietary. These members cannot vote for or serve as directors or officers,

and their memberships are not transferrable.

1
 Unless otherwise noted, Royal Oaks stipulated to the facts contained in this section. The facts
are not disputed here.

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No. 101770-7

       “Social with golf” members have limited access to golfing facilities but have full

access to the fitness center, swimming facilities, dining, and social events. CP at 47.

These members are allowed one round of golf monthly and on that day may access

golfing facilities and services. They may purchase additional rounds of golf from winter

to spring by paying green fees. Like intermediate members, social with golf members

cannot participate in elections or governance of the club. “Social” members cannot use

the golf course or practice facilities but have unlimited access to the other facilities. Id.

Social members cannot participate in club governance.

       Finally, “dining” members cannot access the golf course, golf-related practice

facilities, or the swimming and fitness centers. Dining members have unlimited access to

the dining services. Like social with golf and social members, dining members cannot

participate in club governance.

       New members must pay a one-time initiation fee. The fee is due along with the

application for membership. Members must pay the initiation fee and their first month’s

dues before accessing any facility, service, or social event at Royal Oaks. Nonmember

guests must pay “green fees” to access the golf course and other golfing facilities. CP at

100.

       Initiation fees are tied to membership level, as are monthly dues. Members

received monthly statements of accounts that included their monthly dues and other debts

(e.g., green fees and dining charges). If a member was more than 60 days late in

payment, Royal Oaks suspended all member privileges until payment was made.

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No. 101770-7

       Royal Oaks had not historically sought a deduction for bona fide initiation fees. In

2014, it claimed the deduction. This led to an audit for the 2011-2016 tax period. The

auditor divided Royal Oaks’ income accounts into three categories: dues, retail, and

service. The auditor placed the one-time initiation fees, monthly dues, and other types of

income into the dues category and then calculated the deductible percentage of bona fide

dues at approximately 65 percent. This percentage was derived from former Rule 183’s

“cost of production” method. 2 The parties stipulated that the Washington State

Department of Revenue (DOR) assessed $2,640 in retail B&O tax and $45,245 in retail

sales tax on Royal Oaks’ initiation fee receipts for the tax period.

       Royal Oaks sought administrative review of the assessment, arguing the initiation

fees were “solely capital contributions” and therefore completely deductible under RCW

82.04.4282. CP at 106. Noting that Royal Oaks failed to provide any contractual or

bylaw language “indicating the nature of its initiation fees,” the hearing examiner denied

the initiation fee argument and affirmed the audit. Id. at 109.

       On reconsideration, Royal Oaks provided documentation on its initiation fees.

According to Royal Oaks, this documentation showed the fees were purely for entry and

thus fully deductible. The tax review officer concluded the documentation did not

2
  This calculation method is discussed in the auditor’s ruling. CP at 107, 113. Washington State
Department of Revenue applies this calculation to taxpayers who do not “segregate the portion of
their initiation fees (or dues . . .) attributable to providing the privilege of membership from the
portion attributable to providing taxable goods and services.” Pet. for Rev. at 6; former WAC
458-20-183(4)(c)(ii) (1995) (in effect during the relevant taking period 2011-2016). The cost of
production method was repealed shortly after Royal Oaks’ audit. The repeal did not affect the
outcome of Royal Oaks’ case. Nor is it disputed here.

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No. 101770-7

describe whether the fees were considered solely capital contributions or if the fees

entitled new members to goods and services, and denied reconsideration.

       Royal Oaks paid the tax assessment and filed a refund action in superior court.

Royal Oaks maintained that the initiation fees were statutorily deductible. The parties

filed cross motions for summary judgment. The court granted DOR’s motion and denied

Royal Oaks’ motion, ruling the initiation fees were only partially deductible.

       The Court of Appeals held the initiation fees were wholly deductible based on

RCW 82.04.4282 and reversed the superior court’s grant of summary judgment. Royal

Oaks Country Club v. Dep’t of Revenue, 25 Wn. App. 2d 468, 469, 476-81, 523 P.3d

1198 (2023). DOR petitioned for review here, which we granted.

                                       ANALYSIS

       Summary judgment decisions are reviewed de novo, considering the evidence and

reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Keck v.

Collins, 184 Wn.2d 358, 370, 357 P.3d 1080 (2015) (citing Folsom v. Burger King, 135

Wn.2d 658, 663, 958 P.2d 301 (1998)). Summary judgment is appropriate only when no

genuine issue exists as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law. Id. (citing Scrivener v. Clark Coll., 181 Wn.2d 439, 444, 334 P.3d

541 (2014)). When the issue is how a tax statute applies to the facts of a case, the

reviewing court treats the issue as a question of law and reviews it de novo. Wash.

Imaging Servs., LLC v. Dep’t of Revenue, 171 Wn.2d 548, 555, 252 P.3d 885 (2011).

                                             5
No. 101770-7

       The parties disagree whether Royal Oaks’ initiation fees are wholly deductible

under RCW 82.04.4282. Therefore, this case presents a question of statutory

interpretation, which we review de novo. Dep’t of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC,

146 Wn.2d 1, 9, 43 P.3d 4 (2002). The primary objective is to “ascertain and carry out

the Legislature’s intent.” Id. If the meaning of the statute is plain on its face, we give

effect to that plain meaning as an expression of legislative intent. Id. at 9-10. We discern

plain language from the ordinary meaning of the language in the context of related

statutory provisions, the entire statute, and related statutes. Id. at 9-12. To determine the

ordinary meaning of an undefined term, we may look to dictionaries. Boeing Co. v.

Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 113 Wn.2d 869, 877, 784 P.2d 507 (1990).

       RCW 82.04.4282 concerns certain deductions to the B&O tax. A B&O tax is

assessed “for the act or privilege of engaging in business activities.” RCW 82.04.220(1).

“Business” includes “all activities engaged in with the object of gain, benefit, or

advantage to the taxpayer or to another person.” RCW 82.04.140. Retail sale is one

classification of business activity that can determine the B&O tax rate. RCW 82.04.250.

During Royal Oaks’ 2011-2016 audit, “retail sales” included provision of “amusement

and recreation services including but not limited to golf,” “[p]hysical fitness services,”

and swimming services. Former RCW 82.04.050(3)(a), (g) (2011). The B&O tax applies

broadly, and deductions are construed narrowly. Avnet, Inc. v. Dep’t of Revenue, 187

Wn.2d 44, 49-50, 384 P.3d 571 (2016) (plurality opinion); Budget Rent-A-Car of Wash.-

                                              6
No. 101770-7

Or., Inc. v. Dep’t of Revenue, 81 Wn.2d 171, 175, 500 P.2d 764 (1972) (“the tax is very

broad and the exemptions correspondingly narrow”).

       RCW 82.04.4282 states,

       In computing tax there may be deducted from the measure of tax amounts
       derived from bona fide (1) initiation fees, (2) dues, (3) contributions, (4)
       donations, (5) tuition fees, (6) charges made by a nonprofit trade or
       professional organization for attending or occupying space at a trade show,
       convention, or educational seminar sponsored by the nonprofit trade or
       professional organization, which trade show, convention, or educational
       seminar is not open to the general public, (7) charges made for operation of
       privately operated kindergartens, and (8) endowment funds. . . . If dues are
       in exchange for any significant amount of goods or services rendered by the
       recipient thereof to members without any additional charge to the member,
       or if the dues are graduated upon the amount of goods or services rendered,
       the value of such goods or services shall not be considered as a deduction
       under this section.

(Emphasis added.) In other words, a taxpayer may deduct bona fide initiation fees and

dues from their B&O tax assessment. If, however, dues are paid for a “significant

amount” of goods or services or if the dues are graduated based on the amount of goods

or services rendered, the dues cannot be deducted. “Bona fide” is a descriptive term that

begins .4282’s list of qualifying categories and thus modifies each category.

       Though “bona fide,” “initiation fee,” and “dues” are not defined in RCW

82.04.4282 or elsewhere in Title 82 RCW, the terms are defined in the state

administrative code. The code defines an “initiation fee” as “those amounts paid solely

to initially admit a person as a member to a club or organization.” Former WAC 458-20-

183(2)(i) (2009). “‘Bona fide initiation fees’ within the context of [WAC 458-20-183]

shall include only those one-time amounts paid which genuinely represent the value of

                                            7
No. 101770-7

membership in a club.” Id. Bona fide fees “shall not include any amount paid for or

attributable to the privilege of receiving any goods or services other than mere nominal

membership.” Id. Webster’s provides a similar definition—it defines “bona fide” as “1 :

made in good faith without fraud or deceit,” “2 : SINCERE,” or “3 : not specious or

counterfeit : GENUINE.” WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 250

(2002). The administrative code defines “dues” as “those amounts periodically paid by

members solely for the purpose of entitling those persons to continue membership in the

club or similar organization.” WAC 458-20-183(2)(e). Receipt of goods and services

rendered are not included as “dues.” Id.

       For the first sentence of RCW 82.04.4282, a “bona fide” “initiation fee” therefore

means a genuine fee paid for the act of formal initiation into an organization and does not

include any amount paid for receiving goods or services rendered.

       DOR and Royal Oaks interpret this statute differently. On one hand, DOR does

not argue that Royal Oaks’ initiation fee is not a “bona fide” initiation fee but, instead,

that a portion of the initiation fee was for access to facilities. That portion is not subject

to the exemption, DOR alleges, because it interprets services and access as being the

same pursuant to RCW 82.04.4282. Under DOR’s interpretation, all three sentences in

.4282 demonstrate that only a portion of the challenged initiation fees is deductible. On

the other hand, in Royal Oaks’ view, its initiation fees are distinct from dues and the fees

paid by Royal Oaks’ members constitute bona fide admittance fees paid solely for the

privilege of becoming part of the club. We agree with Royal Oaks.

                                               8
No. 101770-7

       First Sentence

       The first sentence of RCW 82.04.4282 lists bona fide fees that qualify for a B&O

tax deduction. The statute lists initiation fees and dues separately. RCW 82.04.4282(1)-

(2). “When the legislature uses two different terms in the same statute, courts presume

the legislature intends the terms to have different meanings.” Densley v. Dep’t of Ret.

Sys., 162 Wn.2d 210, 219, 173 P.3d 885 (2007). Although “bona fide” modifies all

categories of fees, the categories represent different types of fees. Initiation fees are not

the same as dues. Dues are addressed separately in the final sentence of the statute.

       Here, Royal Oaks’ initiation fees were tied to membership levels. Those levels

allow members to access certain services and facilities, as well as non-goods-and-services

such as the proprietary-only members’ participation in corporate governance. Regardless

of membership type (and consequently, initiation fee), no Royal Oaks member could use

any service or facility until they paid their initiation fee and first month’s dues. Members

received monthly statements of accounts, which included their monthly dues and other

debts. If a member was delinquent in payment over 60 days, Royal Oaks would suspend

all privileges until payment was made. Members pay for the privilege of access to goods

and services, but use of goods and services is paid by monthly dues that are billed

separately—for which Royal Oaks is not seeking a deduction in this case. Royal Oaks’

initiation fees are not tied to the receipt of goods or services.

       DOR has argued that the initiation fees can be explained only by receipt of goods

and services. For example, DOR says the $200 dining initiation fee represents the sole

                                               9
No. 101770-7

level of membership that receives no goods or services and is the only bona fide fee. The

additional thousands of dollars for higher-level membership, according to DOR, are paid

in exchange for retail services: unlimited access to golf, swimming, and fitness facilities.

       As noted, however, even the most expensive membership does not automatically

entitle that member to use the golf, swimming, and fitness facilities. Those members,

like all members, must pay their first month’s dues in order to use (in an unlimited or

limited capacity) any facility and must continue paying dues in order to continue using

these facilities. Proprietary members pay more in fees for the ability to vote and serve in

governance roles for the club, participate in golf tournaments, transfer memberships, and

can receive a refund if they resign. Dining-only members cannot take advantage of those

privileges, which do not fall within the statutory definition of “retail sale.” Former RCW

82.04.050(3) (2011) (charges for providing golf, swimming, and fitness facilities qualify

as “retail sale” and are subject to B&O tax).

       Moreover, if DOR is correct that access determines whether a fee is bona fide,

none of Royal Oaks’ initiation fees would qualify—including the $200 dining member

initiation fee. Even this initiation fee amount, the lowest available option, provides

access to Royal Oak facilities and services, i.e., unlimited access to dining. 3 Indeed,

3
  During the 2011-2016 taxing period, provision of golf, swimming, and fitness facilities
qualified as a “retail sale” and was subject to B&O tax. Former RCW 82.04.050(3)(a), (g)
(2011) (stating that “‘sale at retail’” includes “[a]musement and recreation services including but
not limited to golf . . . personal services: [p]hysical fitness services”). In 2015, lawmakers
amended the provision, clarifying that personal services such as “[o]perating an athletic or fitness
facility” fell under the definition of a retail sale and “includ[es] all charges for the use of such a
facility.” LAWS OF 2015, ch. 169, § 1(3)(g)(i) (emphasis added). This change to the definition of
retail sale was not intended to provide exemptions but to clarify what is and is not subject to

                                                 10
No. 101770-7

DOR “was unable to identify any situation where an initiation fee would be fully

deductible” at oral argument before the Court of Appeals. Royal Oaks, 25 Wn. App. 2d

at 476 n.2 (citing Royal Oaks Country Club v. Dep’t of Revenue, No. 56478-5-II (Oct. 20,

2022), at 24 min., 13 sec. through 25 min., 6 sec., audio recording by TVW, Washington

State’s Public Affairs Network, http://www.tvw.org).

       The record shows that Royal Oaks’ members paid their initiation fees one time.

The fees were assessed “up front as a cost of entry into the membership of the club. They

[were] not based on how long [one] use[d] the club.” Rep. of Proc. at 6. Royal Oaks did

not collect the fees incrementally throughout the year or prorate the fee, nor does it

appear the audit viewed them as such. There is no indication the initiation fees were

treated as anything other than a single admittance fee.

       Royal Oaks’ members must pay their first month’s dues prior to using any club

facility and continue to pay dues to use the facilities. Dues are paid separately from

initiation fees. Royal Oaks does not seek an exemption for dues, which pay for the

services that members receive. We hold that Royal Oaks’ initiation fees constitute “bona

fide” “initiation fees” pursuant to the first sentence in RCW 82.04.4282.

taxation. H.B. REP. ON H.B. 1550, at 3, 64th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2015). While the 2015
amendment did not apply during all of Royal Oaks’ audit, DOR acknowledges that the statute
has been reorganized but “remains largely unchanged.” DOR’s Suppl. Br. at 4 n.1. The 2015
amendment did not change the fact that fitness facilities were subject to B&O taxation as a retail
sale, but it clarified that charges for such services included specifically the “use” of the facility.

                                                  11
No. 101770-7

       Second Sentence

       DOR makes a passing argument that the second sentence of RCW 82.04.4282 also

demonstrates that “bona fide” precludes deducting fees that entitle access. The relevant

portion of .4282 states that “providing facilities or other services for which a special

charge is made to members or others” does not exempt an entity from tax liability. DOR

argues that Royal Oaks’ graduated initiation fees and monthly dues were a form of

“‘special charge’” assessed to members “‘upon providing facilities.’” DOR’s Suppl. Br.

at 23 (quoting RCW 82.04.4282).

       As the Court of Appeals explained, Title 82 RCW does not define the term

“special charge” and the court looked to the dictionary for guidance. Royal Oaks, 25 Wn.

App. 2d at 479. Webster’s defines “special” to mean “‘supplemental to the regular,’”

“‘confined to a definite field of action : designed or selected for a particular purpose,

occasion, or other end,’” or “‘containing particulars : DETAILED, SPECIFIC – opposed to

general.’” Id. (quoting WEBSTER’S, supra, at 2186). According to the Court of Appeals,

a “special charge” is supplemental to regular charges or one specifically designed for a

particular purpose. Id. In the context of the parties’ arguments in this case, “these

charges must be specifically designed or selected for the use of Royal Oaks’ facilities or

services.” Id. The parties do not challenge this definition.

       DOR claims that club members pay a “surcharge on their initiation fees and dues

in exchange for facility access” that would ordinarily be charged to nonmembers, such as

guests paying green fees. DOR’s Suppl. Br. at 23-24 (emphasis added). This argument

                                             12
No. 101770-7

conflates initiation fees and dues in the first sentence of .4282, which treats initiation fees

and dues separately. Further, it assumes access means use, yet the sole illustration of the

department’s point concerns only use—nonmembers pay green fees to use the golf

course. There is a difference, however, between use and access. Certain members with

access must also pay green fees. Social membership with golf privileges allows use of

Royal Oaks’ facilities for all social events, excluding special club tournaments, and

allows for play on one day a month or a maximum of 12 times a year. Additional rounds

can be played during November to April, “if green fees are paid.” CP at 85.

       The Court of Appeals also reasoned that nothing in the record indicates that the

one-time initiation fees were designed for anything other than club membership. Royal

Oaks, 25 Wn. App. 2d at 479. Green fees concern only use and must be paid by certain

members in their monthly dues, in addition to initiation fees. As the court noted, these

green fee charges in a monthly dues statement arguably constitute “special charges”

because they are “supplemental to the regular dues for the use of the club’s facility and

services,” id., but no such charges are built into the initiation fee. Id. at 480. Royal Oaks

does not seek to deduct monthly dues as bona fide exempt fees. We agree with the Court

of Appeals’ reading of the second sentence of RCW 82.04.4282.

       Third Sentence

       Finally, DOR argues that the third sentence of .4282 applies to initiation fees as

well as dues. This argument is contrary to the plain language of the statute.

       The sentence at issue states,

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No. 101770-7

       If dues are in exchange for any significant amount of goods or services
       rendered by the recipient thereof to members without any additional charge
       to the member, or if the dues are graduated upon the amount of goods or
       services rendered, the value of such goods or services shall not be
       considered as a deduction under this section.

RCW 82.04.4282 (emphasis added). The first sentence of .4282 lists separately dues and

initiation fees that must be “bona fide” in order to be deducted. The final sentence

provides additional limitations on dues.

       DOR contends that the final sentence applies equally to initiation fees despite the

plain language identifying only dues. Instead of addressing the language of the statute

itself, the department relies on three cases for support: Red Cedar Shingle Bureau v.

State, 62 Wn.2d 341, 382 P.2d 503 (1963), Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound,

Inc. v. Washington State Tax Commission, 72 Wn.2d 422, 433 P.2d 201 (1967), and

Automobile Club of Washington v. Department of Revenue, 27 Wn. App. 781, 621 P.2d

760 (1980) (Auto Club). These cases are distinguishable.

       In Red Cedar, the Red Cedar Shingle Bureau operated as a nonprofit trade

association that, among other things, worked to prevent antishingle ordinances and

legislation. 62 Wn.2d at 342, 344-46. Pursuant to the bureau’s bylaws, members paid a

certain amount for every bundle of shingles manufactured “‘in consideration of the

services rendered and to be rendered by the corporation.’” Id. at 346.

       The bureau claimed its revenues were dues or contributions and therefore

deductible. Id. Under former RCW 82.04.430(2) (1961) (the substantially similar

predecessor to RCW 82.04.4282), taxpayers could deduct from their B&O tax

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No. 101770-7

“‘[a]mounts derived from bona fide initiation fees, dues, contributions, donations, tuition

fees, and endowment funds. . . . Dues which are for, or graduated upon, the amount of

service rendered by the recipient thereof are not permitted as a deduction hereunder.’”

Id. This court concluded that the “ordinary everyday meaning” of “dues” did not mean

payments such as those made to trade associations for the types of services rendered by

the bureau. Id. at 346-47.

       The court offered an additional holding. Id. at 347 (stating, “[i]f there is any doubt

as to the meaning of the word ‘dues,’ . . . the position taken by the Bureau is untenable

for another reason”). A bureau member’s payments were proportionate to the size and

volume of that member’s business, and the benefits each member derived were roughly

proportionate to their share of the market. Id. Since payments were based on a member’s

business production, they were “‘graduated upon, the amount of service rendered’” and

did not qualify as dues, contributions, donations, or tuition fees and thereby were not

permissible deductions. Id. (quoting former RCW 82.04.430(2)).

       Red Cedar held that because member payments were based on that member’s

production, they fell “clearly within the proviso of RCW 82.04.430(2)” and negated

“consideration of such payments as dues or contributions, donations, tuition fees.” Id.

Simply put, the dues payments did not meet any of the other categories of the deduction.

This statement does not apply the court’s dues logic to contributions, tuition, etc. The

court meant only that the payments were in consideration for services, thus they qualified

                                             15
No. 101770-7

as dues in exchange for services rendered and did not qualify as any other listed category

of permissible deduction.

       Moreover, the court did not include “initiation fees” in the statement above. Id.

(“Falling . . . clearly within the proviso of RCW 82.04.430(2) negatives consideration of

such payments as dues or contributions, donations, tuition fees.”). That is because the

bureau did not seek a deduction for any initiation fees; it argued only that its revenues

constituted bona fide dues or contributions. Reading Red Cedar as applicable to

allegedly bona fide dues comports with the plain language of former RCW 82.04.430(2)

and its current iteration, RCW 82.04.4282. Expanding that reading to initiation fees, as

DOR urges, is problematic considering the plain language of the statute. Former RCW

82.04.430(2), like RCW 82.04.4282, expressly excluded “dues” graduated on services

rendered and said nothing of contributions, let alone initiation fees. Agreeing with

DOR’s interpretation of Red Cedar conflicts with the plain language of both former

.430(2) and .4282.

       In the same vein, DOR relies on Group Health to argue the challenged initiation

fees are akin to dues that are in fact payments made in exchange for services. Group

Health Cooperative operated as a nonprofit corporation providing medical and hospital

care. Group Health, 72 Wn.2d at 423. Individual members paid an entrance fee and

monthly “medical dues,” which supported operational expenses. Id. at 424. B&O taxes

were assessed against Group Health’s gross revenue, derived from its members’ dues that

were attributed to the services furnished by certain clinics. Id. at 425. Group Health

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No. 101770-7

claimed its monthly fees constituted “bona fide dues” that were deductible under former

RCW 82.04.430(2). Id. at 433. This court disagreed, reasoning that the monthly fees

were related to or graduated on the cost of operation, which in turn reflected the services

available and furnished to individual members. Id. at 434. All services were “geared to

the aggregate of the monthly fees received or anticipated for operational expenses over a

given period of time.” Id. Thus, Group Health held that the monthly fees did not qualify

as a permissible deduction because they constituted dues “‘graduated upon, the amount of

service rendered.’” Id. (emphasis added) (quoting former RCW 82.04.430(2)).

       Group Health considered allegedly bona fide dues whereas the present case

involves initiation fees. For this reason alone, Group Health is inapposite. DOR also

argues that Group Health “grounded its holding in the statutory term ‘bona fide’—a term

that modifies ‘initiation fees’ as well as ‘dues.’” Pet. for Rev. at 23. DOR is partially

correct. Bona fide does modify initiation fees and dues in RCW 82.04.4282. However,

to the extent this argument casts Group Health as interpreting “bona fide” and applying

that term to any category it modifies, DOR misreads our decision. At issue in Group

Health was whether monthly fees constituted deductible dues. This court made no

specific holding about the term “bona fide” divorced from dues. Whether a category of

fees is “bona fide” will depend on the nature of the fee. Group Health does not support

DOR here.

       Finally, similar to Group Health, Auto Club involved only membership dues. 27

Wn. App. at 783-84. There, Auto Club members paid a one-time enrollment fee and

                                             17
No. 101770-7

annual dues. Id. at 782. The club had been allowed to deduct its dues, but DOR changed

its policy and precluded the deduction. Id. at 782-83. On appeal, the club challenged

whether the services provided to its members referred to the amount of services each

member received or the aggregate amount provided. Id. at 783-84 (citing former RCW

82.04.430(2)). Group Health had already rejected this argument and decided that the

correlation (if any) between the totality of services and the aggregate of dues received is

the determining factor for whether dues were for “‘the amount of service rendered.’” Id.

at 784 (quoting former RCW 82.04.430(2)). The Auto Club’s dues accounted for 75

percent of total income, and the dues were increased three times based on increased cost

of service. Id. at 785. Consequently, the Court of Appeals concluded that a correlation

existed between the total services provided and aggregate dues received. Id.

       In sum, Red Cedar, Group Health, and Auto Club addressed only the deductibility

of dues. Contrary to DOR’s assertion here, the “logic” of those decisions does not apply

to initiation fees. DOR’s Suppl. Br. at 17. 4

       The Washington State Board of Tax Appeals appears to agree that dues are not

tantamount to initiation fees. See Black Diamond Gun Club v. Dep’t of Revenue, No.

70949, 2010 WL 3944939 (Wash. Bd. of Tax Appeals Sept. 14, 2010); Innis Arden

4
 The Court of Appeals held that these cases were also inapposite because they analyzed the
predecessor to the current statute, former RCW 82.04.430(2). Royal Oaks, 25 Wn. App. 2d at
481. The predecessor provision was revised and recodified in RCW 82.04.4282. DOR appears
concerned that the Court of Appeals has called Red Cedar, Group Health, and Auto Club into
question. It has not. As DOR explains, the recodification did not change “‘the meaning of any
of the exemptions or deductions involved.’” DOR’s Suppl. Br. at 17 (quoting LAWS OF 1980, ch.
37, § 1). Additionally, the language in both statutes is substantially similar. Id. While Red
Cedar, Group Health, and Auto Club are distinguishable from this case, they remain good law.

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No. 101770-7

Swimming Club v. Dep’t of Revenue, No. 93156, 2021 WL 5871836 (Wash. Bd. of Tax.

Appeals, Oct. 4, 2021). Decisions from the board are not binding on this court. See

Dep’t of Lab. & Indus. v. Granger, 159 Wn.2d 752, 764, 153 P.3d 839 (2007) (an

agency’s interpretation of its regulations is afforded deference but does not bind

reviewing courts and is inappropriate when the interpretation conflicts with statutory

mandates). Nor are they directly before us in this case. Nevertheless, the Court of

Appeals below and DOR here both cite the decisions as supporting authorities. Royal

Oaks, 25 Wn. App. 2d at 480-81; Pet. for Rev. at 24-25. Therefore, we review the

board’s decisions.

       Most relevant to the current case, Black Diamond explained that “‘[t]he last

sentence of RCW 82.04.4282 indicates that if dues are in exchange for any significant

amount of goods and services, then they shall not be deductible. There is no such proviso

for the category of initiation fees.’” Royal Oaks, 25 Wn. App. 2d at 480-81 (quoting

Black Diamond, 2010 WL 3944939, at *5).

       The Black Diamond Gun Club provided educational and recreational shooting

practice facilities. Black Diamond, 2010 WL 3944939, at *1. New members paid a one-

time initiation fee for joining the club and annual dues thereafter. Id. at *3. The fees and

dues allowed club members unlimited use of the target range and reduced rates for other

ranges. Id. The club paid no retail sales tax on any fees or dues it collected for a certain

number of years. Id. at *1. After an audit, the club was assessed for the taxes on those

fees. On appeal, the board considered whether the dues and initiation fees were

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deductible under RCW 82.04.4282. Id. at *1, *2. The board found that the initiation fee

was distinguishable from monthly or annual dues, which members paid for goods or

services rendered. Id. at *5. The board noted that DOR “erroneously” bundled both

initiation fees and monthly/periodic dues. Id.

      Here, DOR claims a more recent board decision holds the opposite. In Innis

Arden, a taxpayer sought a deduction for initiation fees and dues. 2021 WL 5871836, at

*4. “‘To qualify for the deduction, initiation fees and dues must be “bona fide” and must

pertain solely to the privilege of being a member.’” Id. (quoting record). The board

noted that DOR had issued excise tax advisories “‘to explain how the bona fide dues

deduction works.’” Id. These advisories treated dues and initiation fees as the same. Id.

The board then turned to the record: the club’s bylaws showed that dues were paid for

maintenance and operation of club swimming facilities. Id. at *5. “The dues [were]

therefore not deductible.” Id. Though this fact was dispositive, the board also explained

that membership granted tangible benefits—only members could participate in the swim

team or rent the pool. Thus, the “Swimming Club was not entitled to the deduction under

RCW 82.04.4282 for any of its dues or initiation fee income.” Id.

      Notwithstanding the excise tax advisories, Innis Arden did not explicitly treat dues

as tantamount to initiation fees. The board reasoned that as per the club’s bylaws, dues

were paid for maintenance and operation of club facilities and membership granted

tangible goods. This alone was “dispositive” to the board. Id. Moreover, though the

board did not specify, to the extent the additional holding on “membership” was intended

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No. 101770-7

to mean initiation fees, the board’s reasoning does not conflict with Black Diamond.

Swimming club membership granted tangible benefits beyond the mere privilege of being

a member, therefore the membership/initiation fees were not bona fide pursuant to RCW

82.04.4282. The board’s discussion of dues related to goods and services as outlined in

the final sentence of RCW 82.04.4282; membership/initiation fees went to tangible

benefits and, thus, were not bona fide as provided in the first sentence of RCW

82.04.4282.

       We decline DOR’s invitation to conflate initiation fees and dues. Rather, we hold

that the limitation on the initiation fee exemption is whether the fee is a “bona fide”

initiation fee. In the context of an initiation fee, “bona fide” means the fee is for the

privilege of membership. Royal Oaks’ initiation fee provides membership privileges,

including access but not use, which is covered by dues. Thus, the initiation fee qualifies

for the exemption under RCW 82.04.4282.

                                       CONCLUSION

       Royal Oak members must pay their first month’s dues prior to use of any service

or facility regardless of whether members paid a proprietary or a dining-only initiation

fee. Royal Oaks’ initiation fees allowed nonmembers to become members, assessing a

one-time fee for the privilege of membership in the club. We hold, therefore, that the

initiation fees are “bona fide” under RCW 82.04.4282 and are fully deductible.

Accordingly, we affirm the Court of Appeals and remand to the superior court to enter

summary judgment for Royal Oaks.

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WE CONCUR:

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