Court Opinion

ID: 7822871
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-07 18:00:21.133615+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:30:46.795127
License: Public Domain

Case: 21-10483     Document: 00516462233         Page: 1     Date Filed: 09/07/2022

              United States Court of Appeals
                   for the Fifth Circuit                              United States Court of Appeals
                                                                               Fifth Circuit

                                                                             FILED
                                                                      September 7, 2022
                                No. 21-10483
                            consolidated with                           Lyle W. Cayce
                                No. 21-10882                                 Clerk
                          ____________________

   Ralph S. Janvey, in his Capacity as Court-Appointed Receiver for the
   Stanford International Bank Limited; et al.,

                                                             Plaintiff—Appellee,

                                       versus

   GMAG, L.L.C.; Magness Securities, L.L.C.; Gary D.
   Magness; Mango Five Family Incorporated, in its Capacity as
   Trustee for the Gary D. Magness Irrevocable Trust,

                                                        Defendants—Appellants.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Northern District of Texas
                            USDC No. 3:15-CV-401

   Before Stewart, Clement, and Elrod, Circuit Judges.
   Per Curiam:*

          *
            Pursuant to 5th Circuit Rule 47.5, the court has determined that this
   opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited
   circumstances set forth in 5th Circuit Rule 47.5.4.
Case: 21-10483        Document: 00516462233             Page: 2      Date Filed: 09/07/2022

                                        No. 21-10483

             Defendants appeal the district court’s award of prejudgment interest,
   costs, and attorneys’ fees after our mandate issued following a prior appeal.
   We AFFIRM.
                                              I.
             This case arises out of a court-appointed receiver’s efforts to gather
   up fraudulently transferred funds to help compensate defrauded investors in
   a massive Ponzi scheme. In the wake of the scheme’s collapse in 2009,
   receiver Ralph Janvey sued Gary Magness and three affiliates, large investors
   in (and victims of) the Stanford International Bank (SIB), to recover nearly
   $80 million in fraudulent transfers under the Texas Uniform Fraudulent
   Transfer Act (TUFTA). The parties stipulated to the existence and amount
   of the fraudulent transfers. The case went to trial only on the issue of
   Magness’s good-faith defense. 1 By special verdict, the jury found that: (1)
   Magness did not have actual notice of the fraud upon receipt of the transfers;
   (2) Magness did have inquiry notice; but (3) an investigation would have been
   futile.
             The district court entered judgment for Magness on his good-faith
   defense because an investigation would have been futile, even though he had
   “knowledge of facts . . . that would have excited the suspicions of a reasonable
   person and led that person to investigate.” The district court therefore
   ordered that Janvey “take[] nothing” and that costs be taxed against him.
   Because the judgment was for Magness, the district court had no occasion to
   address prejudgment interest.

   1
    See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 24.009(a) (TUFTA good-faith defense); Janvey v. GMAG,
   L.L.C., 977 F.3d 422, 426 (5th Cir. 2020), cert. denied sub nom. GMAG, LLC v. Janvey, 142
   S. Ct. 708 (2021).

                                              2
Case: 21-10483          Document: 00516462233            Page: 3      Date Filed: 09/07/2022

                                          No. 21-10483

             Janvey appealed. He argued that, as a matter of Texas law, futility of
   a hypothetical investigation does not excuse a transferee’s failure to
   investigate diligently when on inquiry notice of potential fraud. This court
   certified the issue to the Supreme Court of Texas. 2 That court held that
   TUFTA provided no futility exception: transferees have a duty to conduct a
   diligent inquiry “irrespective of whether a hypothetical investigation would
   reveal fraudulent conduct.” Janvey v. GMAG, L.L.C., 592 S.W.3d 125, 133
   (Tex. 2019). We then applied that answer to the case. Because the jury had
   found that Magness had been on inquiry notice and because the record did
   not disclose that Magness had conducted any diligent investigation into SIB’s
   suspected fraud, we reversed the district court’s judgment and rendered
   judgment for Janvey. Janvey v. GMAG, L.L.C., 977 F.3d 442, 427–31 (5th
   Cir. 2020).
             Magness’s subsequent petitions for rehearing en banc to this court and
   for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court were both denied. 3 This
   court’s mandate issued. In full, it stated:
                   IT IS ORDERED and ADJUDGED that the
             judgment of the District Court is REVERSED, and we
             RENDER judgment in favor of the Reciever [sic].
                     IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that each party to
             [sic] bear own costs on appeal to be taxed by the Clerk of this
             Court.
             Janvey immediately moved for entry of judgment in the district court.
   He requested the following: (1) the agreed-upon amount of the fraudulent
   transfers (almost $80 million); (2) prejudgment interest as allowed under

   2
    See Janvey v. GMAG, L.L.C., 925 F.3d 229, 235 (5th Cir. 2019), certified question accepted
   (May 31, 2019), certified question answered, 592 S.W.3d 125 (Tex. 2019).
   3
       Janvey v. GMAG, L.L.C., No. 17-11526, dkt. 180; GMAG, 142 S. Ct. at 708.

                                                3
Case: 21-10483         Document: 00516462233              Page: 4       Date Filed: 09/07/2022

                                          No. 21-10483

   Texas law (almost $45 million); (3) federal postjudgment interest; and (4)
   costs and expenses (less than $100K). Magness objected to the $45 million
   request for prejudgment interest and the much smaller request for costs.4
   Later that same day, the district court granted Janvey’s motion and entered
   judgment for Janvey in the amount of nearly $125 million, plus costs. It then
   invited Janvey to move for attorneys’ fees. Janvey accordingly requested
   over $9 million—or, in the alternative, nearly $6 million—in fees already
   accrued, plus conditional appellate fees. 5 The district court granted in part
   Janvey’s motion as to the alternative $6 million request. Magness timely
   appealed.
                                                II.
           Magness argues on appeal that the district court erred in awarding
   prejudgment interest, costs, and attorneys’ fees. In his view, this case is
   controlled by Briggs v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 334 U.S. 304 (1948) and our cases
   applying it. E.g., Leroy v. City of Houston, 906 F.2d 1068 (5th Cir. 1990).
   Briggs held that when an appellate court’s decision reinstates predetermined

   4
     While Janvey’s motion and Magness’s subsequent objection were pending in the district
   court, Janvey moved this court to recall and modify its mandate “to clarify its scope” by
   explicitly authorizing the district court to grant the interest and fees challenged here.
   Magness opposed the motion as a belated attempt “to correct [Janvey’s] own oversight and
   lack of diligence in pursuing his purported rights.” We summarily denied the motion. Our
   summary denial, however, carries no probative weight in discerning the scope of our prior
   mandate.
   5
     Because Janvey prevails here on Magness’s present appeal, Janvey is entitled to all
   attorneys’ fees that were contingent upon his success. As to the district court’s grant of
   attorneys’ fees in the event that the Supreme Court granted Magness’s petition as to this
   court’s prior judgment, Magness’s argument is moot. See GMAG, 142 S. Ct. at 708
   (denying cert). And as to the roughly $1 million the district court awarded in the event that
   Magness seeks and the Supreme Court grants cert following an adverse ruling from this
   court, that amount is to be conditioned upon Magness’s success on appeal. See D’Onofrio
   v. Vacation Pub’ns, Inc., 888 F.3d 197, 219 (5th Cir. 2018).

                                                4
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                                            No. 21-10483

   damages that would have been awarded but for a legal error, silence in that
   court’s mandate as to postjudgment interest implies disallowance. 334 U.S.
   at 305–07.         In such a case, a district court’s subsequent award of
   postjudgment interest would exceed the mandate. Id. Our cases have applied
   Briggs and the Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure that codified the Briggs
   rule—Rule 37(b)—to prejudgment interest. 6 Because the mandate in the prior
   appeal of the present case made no provision for prejudgment interest (or
   attorneys’ fees), Magness contends that the district court was not authorized
   to award such, and therefore it exceeded this court’s mandate in doing so.
             We disagree. Neither Briggs nor Rule 37(b) applies here given the
   posture of this case. Rule 37(b) only applies when our prior mandate
   “direct[s] that a money judgment be entered in the district court.” Because
   our prior mandate in this case only “render[ed] judgment” for Janvey on the
   issue of liability—not damages—the Rule (which encapsulates Briggs) does
   not apply, so the district court was free to consider and award prejudgment
   interest (and attorneys’ fees) as indeed it did in its ultimate resolution of the
   case. For this reason, we affirm. 7

   6
       Rule 37, entitled “Interest on Judgment,” provides in full:
   (a) When the Court Affirms. Unless the law provides otherwise, if a money judgment in
   a civil case is affirmed, whatever interest is allowed by law is payable from the date when
   the district court’s judgment was entered.
   (b) When the Court Reverses. If the court modifies or reverses a judgment with a
   direction that a money judgment be entered in the district court, the mandate must contain
   instructions about the allowance of interest.
   7
    Were we writing on a blank slate, we might be persuaded to affirm for another reason: As
   Janvey points out, it is not clear why Briggs or Rule 37(b) would apply to prejudgment as well
   as postjudgment interest. Our cases do not explain why we have applied Rule 37(b) and
   Briggs to prejudgment interest in the past. See, e.g., Leroy, 906 F.2d at 1074–75; see also New
   Eng. Ins. Co. v. Healthcare Underwriters Mut. Ins. Co., 352 F.3d 599, 605–06 & n.4 (2d Cir.
   2003) (explaining the reasoning behind Rule 37(b)’s application to postjudgment interest

                                                  5
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                                         No. 21-10483

           It is of no moment that our prior decision resolved the key legal issue
   in this case by applying the answer from the Supreme Court of Texas to our
   certified question. When we issued our mandate, we did not direct the entry
   of a money judgment. Unlike in Briggs, the sum to be awarded below was not
   a fait accompli. In Briggs, the jury had returned a verdict of $42,500 before
   the district court granted a motion, which it had reserved during trial,
   dismissing the case for lack of jurisdiction. 334 U.S. at 305. The Second
   Circuit reversed and directed the entry of judgment on the $42,500 jury
   verdict. Id. Having removed the legal impediment to entry of the jury’s
   award, the Second Circuit directed the district court to enter judgment on
   that award, no more and no less. Id. at 306–07. The circumstances here are
   different.    We rendered judgment for Janvey as to Magness’s liability
   because, given the Texas Supreme Court’s answer to our certified question,
   Magness did not have a valid good-faith defense under Texas law. GMAG,
   977 F.3d at 427–31. We did not direct the district court to award damages or
   any particular amount; we said nothing of the matter.
           The district court in this case never had the opportunity to determine
   the appropriate sum to award following the jury’s special-verdict findings.
   The district court was never in a position to consider prejudgment interest
   and attorneys’ fees. This was for the simple reason that the jury’s findings
   led the district court to rule in Magness’s favor and award Janvey “nothing.”
           A district court has inherent latitude to act on matters necessary to the
   ultimate disposition of a case following its appeal.                  Its discretion is
   constrained, however, by our mandate, which the district court must—of
   course—obey to a tee. But as we have noted before, when our mandate does

   and noting that “the Fifth Circuit has, without explanation, applied Rule 37 to prejudgment
   interest as well as postjudgment interest” (emphases added)).

                                               6
Case: 21-10483      Document: 00516462233            Page: 7    Date Filed: 09/07/2022

                                      No. 21-10483

   not extend to a matter still at issue in a case, the district court remains free to
   act. See, e.g., Barrett v. Thomas, 809 F.2d 1151, 1154 (5th Cir. 1987) (“A
   district court is not precluded from acting on a matter neither before nor
   acted upon by the appeals court.”); Newball v. Offshore Logistics Int’l, 803
   F.2d 821, 826 (5th Cir. 1986) (“A mandate controls on all matters within its
   scope, but a district court on remand is free to pass upon any issue which was
   not expressly or impliedly disposed of on appeal.”).
          When we reversed and rendered as to Magness’s liability, the case
   returned to the district court for entry of judgment. “At that point, the
   district court [was] not limited to taking only those actions explicitly directed
   in our judgment and no others.” Engel v. Teleprompter Corp., 732 F.2d 1238,
   1241 (5th Cir. 1984). Instead, after accounting for the plain terms of our
   mandate—which expressly rendered Magness liable for lack of a viable good-
   faith defense, but which did not direct the entry of a money judgment—the
   district court “should then be presumed to be free to take any other
   consistent actions.” Id. at 1241. This includes ruling on damages and
   awarding prejudgment interest and attorneys’ fees. Cf. id. at 1240–41
   (holding that “[a]warding attorneys’ fees to [a party] is not inconsistent with
   our instruction to enter judgment for [that party]” even when, on appeal, that
   party “could have requested [that we] . . . remand for the purpose of
   awarding attorneys’ fees and costs” but did not). For this reason, the district
   court was free to act as it did here to resolve this case.
                                          III.
          Accordingly, the district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED.

                                           7