Court Opinion

ID: 4614216
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 21:02:30.73896+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:54:44.814257
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                             Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                    File Name: 20a0365p.06

                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                          ┐
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                          │
                                 Plaintiff-Appellee,      │
                                                           >        No. 20-3701
                                                          │
       v.                                                 │
                                                          │
 MICHAEL JONES,                                           │
                              Defendant-Appellant.        │
                                                          ┘

                       Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Northern District of Ohio at Toledo.
                    No. 3:18-cr-00299-5—Jack Zouhary, District Judge.

                          Decided and Filed: November 20, 2020

                  Before: MOORE, COOK, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

                                   _________________

                                         COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Matthew Ahn, FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER’S OFFICE, Toledo, Ohio, for
Appellant. Alissa M. Sterling, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Toledo, Ohio, for
Appellee.

       MOORE, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which STRANCH, J., joined. COOK
(pp. 23–24), delivered a separate opinion concurring in the judgment.
                                   _________________

                                          OPINION
                                   _________________

      KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. The “compassionate release” provision of
18 U.S.C. § 3582 allows district courts to reduce the sentences of incarcerated persons in
“extraordinary and compelling” circumstances. 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A). For over three
 No. 20-3701                                 United States v. Jones                                         Page 2

decades, § 3582(c)(1)(A) allowed only the Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) to file motions for
compassionate release. Because the BOP rarely did so, few compassionate release cases reached
the federal courts. This drought of compassion concluded in 2020, when the forces of law and
nature collided. The First Step Act of 2018’s provision allowing incarcerated persons to file
their own § 3582(c)(1)(A) motions coupled with COVID-19’s pernicious presence in federal
prisons triggered a massive upswing in imprisoned persons seeking compassionate release;
10,940 persons applied for compassionate release in the first three months of the pandemic
alone.1 Michael Jones is one of these legion petitioners. Jones is serving a ten-year sentence at
Federal Correctional Institution Elkton, where one out of every four imprisoned persons has
tested positive for COVID-19.2 In his § 3582(c)(1)(A) motion, Jones’s medical ailments—which
expose him to COVID-19-related health complications—comprise the crux of his request for a
sentence reduction.

         The First Step Act and COVID-19 have redefined the compassionate release landscape.
Because this court had little opportunity to examine compassionate release before this annus
horribilis, technical questions regarding § 3582(c)(1)(A)’s requirements and standards of review
long went unanswered. Our recent decision in United States v. Ruffin, 978 F.3d 1000, No. 20-
5748, 2020 WL 6268582 (6th Cir. Oct. 26, 2020), unravels some of these mysteries. In lockstep
with Ruffin, we hold that sentence-modification decisions pursuant to § 3582(c)(1)(A) embody a
three-step inquiry: district courts must “find” both that “extraordinary and compelling reasons

         1See  Keri Blakinger & Joseph Neff, Thousands of Sick Federal Prisoners Sought Compassionate Release.
98      Percent    Were      Denied,    THE      MARSHALL       PROJECT    (Oct.    7,    2020,    6:00    AM),
https://www.themarshallproject.org/2020/10/07/thousands-of-sick-federal-prisoners-sought-compassionate-release-
98-percent-were-denied (citing data provided by BOP showing that 10,940 federal prisoners applied for
compassionate release between March and May 2020). The BOP has not provided data on how many persons have
filed for compassionate release since May 2020. See id. But the BOP updates its website every day with a running
total of “Compassionate Releases / Reduction in Sentences” since the First Step Act’s passage in December 2018.
See FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS, FIRST STEP ACT, https://www.bop.gov/inmates/fsa/index.jsp (last visited Nov. 2,
2020). On November 2, 2020, BOP’s website represented that there have been 1,992 grants since December 2018.
Id. Because the Sentencing Commission has reported that there were twenty-four grants of compassionate release in
2018 and 145 grants in 2019, see U.S. SENT’G COMM’N, THE FIRST STEP ACT OF 2018: ONE YEAR OF
IMPLEMENTATION (Aug. 2020) at 47 & n.143, we can safely assume that there has been an unprecedented surge in
both filings and grants of compassionate release motions in 2020.
         2See   Wilson v. Williams, No. 4:20-CV-00794, 2020 WL 2542131, at *3 (N.D. Ohio May 19, 2020)
(discussing conditions at Elkton), preliminary injunction at issue later vacated by Wilson v. Williams, 961 F.3d 829
(6th Cir. 2020). The district judge in the present case referred to FCI Elkton as “one of the least-successful prisons
in the fight against COVID-19.” R. 202 (Dist. Ct. Op. at 1) (Page ID #1539).
 No. 20-3701                                 United States v. Jones                                        Page 3

warrant [a sentence] reduction”3 and that “such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy
statements issued by the Sentencing Commission” before considering all relevant sentencing
factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). We resolve a debate that we first teed up in Ruffin, holding
that U.S. Sentencing Guideline § 1B1.13 is not an “applicable” policy statement in cases where
incarcerated persons file their own motions in district court for compassionate release. We also
hold that the deferential abuse-of-discretion standard requires district courts to supply specific
factual reasons for their compassionate release decisions.

        Here, the district court found for the sake of argument that an extraordinary and
compelling circumstance existed in Jones’s case but that the § 3553(a) factors counseled against
granting compassionate release. The district judge, however, did not refer to U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13
in rendering its extraordinary-and-compelling finding. Because Jones—not the BOP—filed a
motion for compassionate release, the district court did not need to refer to § 1B1.13 in its
decision. Further, the district court satisfied its obligation to explain its consideration of the
§ 3553(a) factors. Thus, we AFFIRM.

                                             I. BACKGROUND

        Last year, Jones pleaded guilty to possession with intent to distribute and distribution of
cocaine base, R. 135 (Superseding Information), and the district court sentenced him to the
mandatory minimum of ten years in prison, R. 189 (Sent’g Hr’g at 12) (Page ID #1391). 4 Jones
is serving his sentence at FCI Elkton. R. 190–1 (Pro Se Mot. at 1) (Page ID #1398). In mid-
2020, Jones filed a pro se emergency motion and a supplemental motion by counsel seeking

        3If  applicable, as an alternative, the court must find at step one that the defendant fulfills the age and
sentence demands of § 3582(c)(1)(A)(ii) instead of finding “extraordinary and compelling reasons” exist per
§ 3582(c)(1)(A)(i). See 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)(ii) (“(ii) the defendant is at least 70 years of age, has served at
least 30 years in prison, pursuant to a sentence imposed under section 3559(c), for the offense or offenses for which
the defendant is currently imprisoned, and a determination has been made by the Director of the [BOP] that the
defendant is not a danger to the safety of any other person or the community, as provided under section 3142(g)”).
This provision is not relevant in Jones’s case and is generally not at issue in the usual compassionate release case
involving “extraordinary and compelling reasons.” See § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i).
        4“Unfortunately, my hands are tied a bit in this case. Congress has told me that I can sentence you, Mr.
Jones, to a minimum of ten years, and so that somewhat cabins our discussion.” R. 189 (Sent’g Hr’g at 4) (Page ID
#1383).
 No. 20-3701                                United States v. Jones                                       Page 4

compassionate release. R. 190 (Pro Se Mot.); R. 193 (Suppl. Mot.).5 Jones asserted that “[t]he
outbreak of COVID-19 at Elkton is an extraordinary and compelling circumstance that justifies a
reduction in [his] custodial sentence.” R. 193 (Suppl. Mot. at 2) (Page ID #1404). Jones
contended that he exhibited symptoms of COVID-19, “including a dry cough, lack of taste and
smell, chills, respiratory trouble, and an intermittent fever,” but was not tested until May 22,
2020, id., “weeks after his symptoms began[,]” id. at 8 (Page ID #1410).6 Three medical factors
may expose Jones to a high risk of complications associated with COVID-19: Jones may have
respiratory issues due his exposure to tuberculosis in 2003, id. at 10 (Page ID #1412), he is over
forty years old, id., and he is obese, R. 202 (Dist. Ct. Op. at 1) (Page ID #1539). According to
Jones, that “inmates at Elkton continue to die[] demonstrat[es] that the medical capabilities of the
BOP are leading to otherwise preventable deaths.” R. 193 (Suppl. Mot. at 2) (Page ID #1404).
Accordingly, Jones requested that the district court “reduce his sentence to time served” and that
he be placed on supervised release so that he could get the “appropriate diagnosis and treatment
that he requires.” Id. at 3 (Page ID #1405).

        The district court denied Jones’s motion. R. 202 (Dist Ct. Op. at 1) (Page ID #1539).
The court explained that it “may reduce a prisoner’s sentence if (1) ‘extraordinary and
compelling reasons warrant such a reduction’ and (2) ‘such a reduction is consistent with
applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission’ [pursuant to] 18 U.S.C.
§ 3582(c)(1)(A)(i).” Id. “[A]lso,” the district court found that it “must consider the factors listed
in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) ‘to the extent that they are applicable.’”                     Id. (quoting 18 U.S.C.
§ 3582(c)(1)(A)). The district court acknowledged Jones’s “several arguments for release[,]”
including that Jones “is confined at FCI Elkton, one of the least-successful prisons in the fight

        5Per   Jones’s supplemental memo, Jones seems to have properly exhausted the BOP’s administrative
procedures before filing his motion with the district court. R. 193 (Suppl. Mot. at 2) (Page ID #1404). The
Government does not contest exhaustion, so we can proceed with the understanding that Jones satisfied exhaustion
here. Cf. United States v. Alam, 960 F.3d 831, 832 (6th Cir. 2020) (explaining § 3582(c)(1)(A)’s exhaustion
requirements).
        6At   the time that Jones filed his motion, he had not received the results of his COVID-19 test. R. 193
(Suppl. Mot. at 9) (Page ID #1411). It later came back negative. R. 198-5 (Jones COVID-19 Test Result); Appellee
Br. at 18. Of course, Jones’s medical ailments could be considered an extraordinary and compelling reason for
compassionate release in the scenario where Jones has COVID-19 (because he may suffer from serious long-term
health problems and potentially may require treatment that he cannot receive at FCI Elkton), or where Jones does
not have COVID-19 (because his medical issues put him at risk of contracting the virus). Given the district judge’s
silence over the parties’ dispute regarding Jones’s medical situation, we do not further contemplate this issue.
 No. 20-3701                                  United States v. Jones                                          Page 5

against COVID-19”; “allegedly faces a high risk of virus-related complications due to obesity
and a 2003 bout with tuberculosis”; and “[h]is crime of conviction was a nonviolent drug
offense, and he has behaved well during his current incarceration[.]” Id. at 1–2 (Page ID #1539–
40). “Nevertheless,” the district court found, “early release is inappropriate in light of the
Section 3553(a) factors.” Id. at 2 (Page ID #1540). At no point did the district court refer to
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13, the Sentencing Commission’s policy statement regarding compassionate
release.

         On appeal, Jones argues that the district court “abused its discretion in denying Mr.
Jones’s release based on an improper weighing of the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors.” Appellant’s
Br. at 2, 6. Further, Jones and the Government take opposing positions on whether “[f]ederal
courts have the ability under [U.S.S.G.] § 1B1.13 to consider any extraordinary and compelling
reasons for release, notwithstanding Application Note 1.”                     Appellant’s Reply Br. at 1; cf.
Appellee’s Br. at 20 (“[T]he relevant policy statement of the Commission is binding on the
Court.”).7

         Jones’s case raises three queries that are relevant to all compassionate release cases:
what are the necessary components of a compassionate release decision; must a district court
defer to U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 in rendering its “extraordinary and compelling circumstance”
decision; and what does it take for a district court to satisfy its obligation to explain the factual
reasons undergirding its compassionate release decision? To answer these three questions, we
start with a short historical review.

         7Jones also argues that the district court’s “incorrectly casting its decision on Mr. Jones’s sentence as a
binary choice” between release and imprisonment constituted an abuse of discretion. Appellant’s Br. at 7. Jones
contends that “the record does not indicate that the district court considered the possibility of extending Mr. Jones’s
term of supervised release.” Id. at 9. Jones is correct that § 3582(c)(1)(A) permits district courts to “reduce the term
of imprisonment (and may impose a term of probation or supervised release with or without conditions that does not
exceed the unserved portion of the original term of imprisonment)[.]” 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A). Jones requested
the court “reduce his sentence to time served” in his motion for compassionate release, R. 193 (Suppl. Mot. at 3)
(Page ID #1405), and the district court does have discretion to decide that supervised release is the appropriate
relief. But we do not read the district court’s use of the phrase “early release” as promoting an impermissible
dichotomy between prison and freedom.
 No. 20-3701                            United States v. Jones                          Page 6

                    II. THE HISTORY OF COMPASSIONATE RELEASE

          We begin with the origin of compassionate release. In the Sentencing Reform Act of
1984, Congress abolished federal parole and forbade the federal courts from “modify[ing] a term
of imprisonment once it has been imposed[.]” Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98–
473, Title II, ch. 2, § 212(a), 98 Stat. 1837, 1998 (enacting 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)). Congress
carved out an exception known as compassionate release: federal courts could reduce a sentence
when “warrant[ed]” by “extraordinary and compelling reasons[.]” 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)
(1984).

          But two entities—the BOP and the Sentencing Commission—circumscribed the courts’
ability to reduce sentences under § 3582(c)(1)(A). See id. For thirty-four years, only the BOP’s
Director could file motions for compassionate release. See 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A) (1984)
and 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A) (2017). Yet the Director seldom wielded this significant power.
The BOP approved only 6% of 5,400 compassionate release applications received between 2013
and 2017. See Christie Thompson, Frail, Old and Dying, but Their Only Way Out of Prison Is a
Coffin,    N.Y.   TIMES    (Mar.   7,    2018),   https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/07/us/prisons-
compassionate-release-.html (citing data provided by the BOP). Between 2013 and 2017, 266
persons died in custody waiting for the Director to review their applications, half of whom were
serving time for nonviolent fraud or drug crimes. Id. In 2018, only twenty-four persons were
released under § 3582(c)(1)(A). See U.S. SENTENCING COMMISSION, THE FIRST STEP ACT           OF

2018: ONE YEAR OF IMPLEMENTATION 47 & n.143 (Aug. 2020).

          The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 also provided that “[t]he [Sentencing] Commission,
in promulgating general policy statements regarding the sentencing modification provisions in
[18 U.S.C. §] 3582(c)(1)(A) . . . shall describe what should be considered extraordinary and
compelling reasons for sentence reduction, including the criteria to be applied and a list of
specific examples.”     Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, § 217(a), 98 Stat. at 2023 (enacting
28 U.S.C. § 994(s)). Ignoring Congress’s edict for twenty-two years, the Commission issued its
first policy statement regarding compassionate release only in 2006. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13
(U.S. Sent’g Comm’n 2006).
 No. 20-3701                          United States v. Jones                               Page 7

       Despite the command of Congress in 1984, the 2006 policy statement did not define
“extraordinary and compelling reasons.”        Rather, the statement was little more than an
unenlightening repetition. Section 1B1.13(1)(A) parroted the “extraordinary and compelling
reasons warrant [a sentence] reduction” language from § 3582(c)(1)(A). § 1B1.13(1)(A) (U.S.
Sent’g Comm’n 2006). An application note titled “Application of Subsection (1)(A)” provided:
“[a] determination made by the Director of the Bureau of Prisons that a particular case warrants a
reduction for extraordinary and compelling reasons shall be considered as such for purposes of
subdivision (1)(A).” § 1B1.13 cmt. n.1(A) (U.S. Sent’g Comm’n 2006). The Commission did
amend the commentary’s application notes in 2007, 2010, 2016, and 2018 to describe an ever-
growing list of “circumstances” where “extraordinary and compelling reasons exist.” § 1B1.13
cmt. n.1 (U.S. Sent’g Comm’n 2018). But § 1B1.13’s main text has never defined—and still
does not define—“extraordinary and compelling reasons.”

       Frustrated with the BOP’s conservative approach, a bipartisan coalition in Congress
sought to boost grants of compassionate release by reforming § 3582(c)(1)(A)’s procedures in
the First Step Act of 2018. See 164 Cong. Rec. S7774 (daily ed. Dec. 18, 2018) (statement of
Sen. Ben Cardin) (“The bill expands compassionate release under the Second Chance Act and
expedites compassionate release applications.”) (emphasis added); 164 Cong. Rec. H10362
(daily ed. Dec. 20, 2018) (statement of Rep. Jerrold Nadler) (“The prison reform provisions of
this bill also include a number of very positive changes, such as . . . improving application of
compassionate release . . . .”) (emphasis added); Letter from Brian Schatz et al., U.S. Senators, to
Thomas R. Kane, Acting Dir. BOP, and Rod Rosenstein, Deputy Att’y General U.S. Dep’t of
Justice, (Aug. 3, 2017) (on file with U.S. Senate) (letter sent by several bipartisan co-sponsors of
First Step Act stating “[the] BOP needs to take a hard look at expanding the use of
compassionate release of certain federal prisoners . . . .” and asking “[w]hat actions can BOP
take to increase the use of compassionate release?”) (emphasis added). Section 603(b) of the
First Step Act—titled “Increasing the Use and Transparency of Compassionate Release”—ousted
the BOP from its preclusive gatekeeper position and amended 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A). See
First Step Act of 2018, Pub. L. 115-391, Title VI, § 603(b), 132 Stat. 5194, 5239. Now, an
imprisoned person may file a motion for compassionate release after (1) exhausting the BOP’s
administrative process; or (2) thirty days after the warden received the compassionate release
 No. 20-3701                         United States v. Jones                              Page 8

request—whichever is earlier. See id.; see also 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A) (2020). Section
603(b) of the First Step Act also added 18 U.S.C. § 3582(d), regarding notification and reporting
requirements imposed on the BOP. See First Step Act of 2018, § 603(b), 132 Stat. at 5239–41.

       Data indicate that the First Step Act’s tearing down the BOP’s levee between imprisoned
persons and the federal courts is already achieving Congress’s desired effect. In 2019, federal
courts granted 145 compassionate release motions; incarcerated individuals filed ninety-six
(67.1%) of the motions, and the BOP filed the other forty-seven (32.9%). See U.S. SENTENCING
COMMISSION, supra note 1, at 47. We are now well into the second year of the First Step Act’s
implementation, a year defined by COVID-19. The BOP denied or ignored more than 98% of
compassionate release requests in the first three months of the pandemic. See Blakinger & Neff,
supra note 1 (citing data provided by the BOP). Now unhindered by the BOP’s procedural bars,
incarcerated persons’ filing and federal courts’ granting § 3582(c)(1)(A) motions have surged
this year. 10,940 federal prisoners applied for compassionate release between March and May
2020, id., and federal courts have compassionately released an estimated 1,700 persons in 2020
so far, compare U.S. SENTENCING COMMISSION, supra note 1, at 47 (twenty-four grants of
compassionate release in 2018; 145 grants in 2019), with FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS, supra
note 1 (1,992 grants since December 2018).

                         III. Section 3582(c)(1)(A)’s Three-Step Test
       With this historical backdrop in mind, we turn to the pertinent statutory text. After the
First Step Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A) now provides:

             (c) Modification of an imposed term of imprisonment.—The court may not
       modify a term of imprisonment once it has been imposed except that—
               (1) in any case—
                               (A) the court, upon motion of the Director of the Bureau of
                      Prisons, or upon motion of the defendant after the defendant has fully
                      exhausted all administrative rights to appeal a failure of the Bureau of
                      Prisons to bring a motion on the defendant’s behalf or the lapse of 30 days
                      from the receipt of such a request by the warden of the defendant’s
                      facility, whichever is earlier, may reduce the term of imprisonment
                      (and may impose a term of probation or supervised release with or without
                      conditions that does not exceed the unserved portion of the original term
 No. 20-3701                                   United States v. Jones                                       Page 9

                             of imprisonment), after considering the factors set forth in section
                             3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable, if it finds that—
                                             (i) extraordinary and compelling reasons warrant such a
                                      reduction; or
                                              (ii) the defendant is at least 70 years of age, has served at
                                      least 30 years in prison, pursuant to a sentence imposed under
                                      section 3559(c), for the offense or offenses for which the defendant
                                      is currently imprisoned, and a determination has been made by the
                                      Director of the Bureau of Prisons that the defendant is not a danger
                                      to the safety of any other person or the community, as provided
                                      under section 3142(g);
                             and that such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements
                             issued by the Sentencing Commission . . . .

(emphasis added).

         From the plain text, we can glean the necessary ingredients for a district court’s
compassionate release analysis. Congress’s use of “may” in § 3582(c)(1)(A) dictates that the
compassionate release decision is discretionary, not mandatory. Cf. United States v. Curry, 606
F.3d 323, 330 (6th Cir. 2010) (concluding that similar use of “may” in § 3582(c)(2) “does not
create a right to a reduced sentence”). Three clauses in § 3582(c)(1)(A) contain “substantive
requirements” for a court’s compassionate release decision: (1) “find[ing]” extraordinary and
compelling reasons merit a sentence reduction;8 (2) “find[ing]” that the reduction is consistent
with “applicable” Sentencing Commission policy statements; and (3) “considering” the
“applicable” § 3553(a) factors. Ruffin, 978 F.3d 1000, 2020 WL 6268582, at *3–4 (quoting
§ 3582(c)(1)(A)).

         But due to § 3582(c)(1)(A)’s confusing phrasing and oddly placed commas, the sequence
in which courts must fulfill these statutory requirements and the relationship between the three
clauses are not readily apparent. In Ruffin, we determined that district courts must engage in
these three inquiries in the sequence listed above, i.e., a district court must make the two
requisite “find[ings]” before weighing the applicable § 3553(a) factors.                       See id. at *3–4.9

         8Or,   again, that the requirements of § 3582(c)(1)(A)(ii) are met.
         9“Before reducing a sentence, the court initially must ‘find[]’ that ‘extraordinary and compelling reasons
warrant such a reduction[.]’ . . . [T]he court next must ‘find[]’ ‘that such a reduction is consistent with applicable
 No. 20-3701                                 United States v. Jones                                       Page 10

Supreme Court precedent confirms that the order of analysis that we identified in Ruffin is
correct.

         In Dillon v. United States, 560 U.S. 817 (2010), the Court considered the constitutional
and practical implications of sentencing decisions pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), the
compassionate release provision’s neighbor. Section 3582(c)(2) states:

         (c) Modification of an imposed term of imprisonment.—The court may not modify a term
         of imprisonment once it has been imposed except that—
                  ...
                  (2) in the case of a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment
                  based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by the
                  Sentencing Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 994(o), upon motion of the
                  defendant or the Director of the Bureau of Prisons, or on its own motion, the court
                  may reduce the term of imprisonment, after considering the factors set forth in
                  section 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable, if such a reduction is
                  consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing
                  Commission.

18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) (emphasis added). The Dillon Court held that proceedings pursuant to
§ 3582(c)(2) were “sentence-modification”—and not resentencing—proceedings.                                 Dillon,
560 U.S. at 830. (“[T]he sentence-modification proceedings authorized by § 3582(c)(2) are
readily distinguishable from other sentencing proceedings.”). The Dillon Court’s holding turned
largely on the text of the provision:

         Section 3582(c)(2) instructs a district court to “conside[r] the factors set forth in
         section 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable,” but it authorizes a
         reduction on that basis only “if such a reduction is consistent with applicable
         policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission”—namely, § 1B1.10.
         The statute thus establishes a two-step inquiry. A court must first determine that a
         reduction is consistent with § 1B1.10 before it may consider whether the
         authorized reduction is warranted, either in whole or in part, according to the
         factors set forth in § 3553(a). . . . Because reference to § 3553(a) is appropriate
         only at the second step of this circumscribed inquiry, it cannot serve to transform
         the proceedings under § 3582(c)(2) into plenary resentencing proceedings.

policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission[.]’ . . . Even if a district court finds that extraordinary and
compelling reasons exist and that a sentence reduction comports with § 1B1.13, the court may not grant the
reduction before ‘considering the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable[.]’”
Ruffin, 978 F.3d 1000, 2020 WL 6268582, at *3–4.
 No. 20-3701                                  United States v. Jones                                      Page 11

Id. at 826–27 (first alteration in original); see also United States v. Thompson, 714 F.3d 946,
948–49 (6th Cir. 2013) (applying two-step inquiry from Dillon); United States v. Webb, 760 F.3d
513, 518 (6th Cir. 2014) (same).

        Sections 3582(c)(1)’s and (c)(2)’s parallel language and structure10 compel us to
conclude that compassionate release hearings are sentence-modification proceedings and that
courts considering motions filed under § 3582(c)(1) must follow a Dillon-style test. See Dillon,
560 U.S. at 829–30 (reasoning that “requir[ing] courts to treat the [Sentencing] Guidelines
differently in similar proceedings[] lead[s] potentially to unfair results and considerable
administrative challenges”).11 The three-step § 3582(c)(1)(A) test is as follows. At step one, a
court must “find[]” whether “extraordinary and compelling reasons warrant” a sentence
reduction. 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i).12 At step two, a court must “find[]” whether “such a
reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.”
Id. § 3582(c)(1)(A) (emphasis added). The Commission’s policy statement on compassionate
release resides in U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 (U.S. Sent’g Comm’n 2018). Thus,
if § 1B1.13 is still “applicable,” courts must “follow the Commission’s instructions in [§ 1B1.13]
to determine the prisoner’s eligibility for a sentence modification and the extent of the reduction
authorized.” Dillon, 560 U.S. at 827.13 At step three, “§ 3582(c)[(1)(A)] instructs a court to
consider any applicable § 3553(a) factors and determine whether, in its discretion, the reduction

        10There    is one substantive difference between § 3582(c)(1)(A) and (c)(2). Compare 18 U.S.C.
§ 3582(c)(1)(A) (requiring district courts to find that extraordinary and compelling reasons warrant a sentence
reduction and that the reduced sentence is consistent with applicable Sentencing Commission policy statements),
with id. § 3582(c)(2) (requiring that courts find that the defendant was sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on
a sentencing range that the Commission subsequently lowered per 28 U.S.C. § 994(o) and that the reduced sentence
is consistent with applicable Sentencing Commission policy statements). But the subsections’ relevant portions are
otherwise indistinguishable.
        11We    have previously held that “sentence modifications under the First Step Act and 18 U.S.C.
§ 3582(c)(1)(B) [are] analogous to sentence modifications based on Sentencing Guideline reductions under
§ 3582(c)(2)[.]” United States v. Smith, 958 F.3d 494, 498 (6th Cir. 2020) (citing Dillon, 560 U.S. at 826). This
bolsters our determination that we should regard reductions under § 3582(c)(1)(A) as sentence modifications per
Dillon.
        12Or,   alternatively, whether the defendant fulfills the requirements of § 3582(c)(1)(A)(ii).
        13We    explain why the current version of U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 is no longer “applicable” after the passage of
the First Step Act in § IV, infra.
 No. 20-3701                                 United States v. Jones                                       Page 12

authorized by [steps one and two] is warranted in whole or in part under the particular
circumstances of the case.” Id.

         Here, the district judge assumed for the sake of argument that extraordinary and
compelling reasons existed in Jones’s case and then proceeded to weigh several § 3553(a)
factors. R. 202 (Dist. Ct. Op. at 1–2) (Page ID #1539–40).14 But the judge did not refer to
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 in his discussion of extraordinary-and-compelling finding; by doing so, the
court skipped the second step. The question thus becomes: did the district court improperly
refuse to consider § 1B1.13 per the second step of § 3582(c)(1)(A)’s test? As we now explain,
§ 1B1.13 does not “appl[y]” to cases where an imprisoned person files a motion for
compassionate release. Thus, the judge’s omission of reference to § 1B1.13 was proper.

                            IV. U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINE § 1B1.13

         To understand our second holding—that U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 is not an “applicable” policy
statement when an imprisoned person files a motion for compassionate release—a brief recap of
the Sentencing Commission’s role in the compassionate release process is merited.                                The
Sentencing Commission helps determine which “extraordinary and compelling reasons” warrant
compassionate release.           In 28 U.S.C. § 994(t),15 Congress delegated to the Sentencing
Commission the responsibility of “describ[ing] what should be considered extraordinary and
compelling reasons for sentence reduction, including the criteria to be applied and a list of
specific examples” by “promulgating general policy statements regarding the sentencing
modification provisions in [§] 3582(c)(1)(A)[.]”16                   And at steps one and two of the

         14We   read the district court’s opinion as an assumption that extraordinary and compelling reasons exist for
the sake of argument: “He is confined at FCI Elkton, one of the least-successful prisons in the fight against COVID-
19. Jones allegedly faces a high risk of virus-related complications due to obesity and a 2003 bout with tuberculosis.
His crime of conviction was a nonviolent drug offense, and he has behaved well during his current incarceration.
Nevertheless, early release is inappropriate in light of the Section 3553(a) factors.”) R. 202 (Dist. Ct. Op. at 1–2)
(Page ID #1539–40) (emphasis added) (citations omitted). The judge could have been more clear that his analysis
pertained to the “extraordinary and compelling circumstance” inquiry and not the weighing of the § 3553(a) factors,
but—as we explain in § V, infra—we generously read the district court’s reasoning under the abuse-of-discretion
standard.
         15This originally appeared as 28 U.S.C. § 994(s) under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984.                See
Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, § 217(a), 98 Stat. at 2023.
         16Congress’sonly other guidance is that “[r]ehabilitation of the defendant alone shall not be considered an
extraordinary and compelling reason.” 28 U.S.C. § 994(t).
 No. 20-3701                               United States v. Jones                                     Page 13

§ 3582(c)(1)(A) inquiry, district courts must find both that “extraordinary and compelling
reasons warrant [a sentence] reduction” and “that such a reduction is consistent with applicable
policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.” § 3582(c)(1)(A) (emphasis added).
The Sentencing Commission’s policy statement on the “[r]eduction in [t]erm of [i]mprisonment
[u]nder 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)” is found at U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13, but the Commission has not
updated § 1B1.13 since the First Step Act’s passage in December 2018. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13
(U.S. Sent’g Comm’n 2018).

        Thus, a question arises: given the First Step Act’s procedural reforms to compassionate
release, is § 1B1.13 still an applicable—“that is, ‘relevant’ or ‘appropriate,’” Ruffin, 978 F.3d
1000, 2020 WL 6268582, at *6 (citation omitted)—policy statement for the purposes of the
second § 3582(c)(1)(A) inquiry? We pondered this question in Ruffin, where we acknowledged
that this conundrum “has sharply divided the courts.” Id. at *5. We opted then not to “pick a
side in th[e] debate” over § 1B1.13’s applicability. Id. at *7. But, unlike the district court in
Ruffin, the judge in Jones’s case did not reference § 1B1.13 at all in deciding whether
“extraordinary and compelling” circumstances existed. Thus, we can abstain no longer. We
now join the majority of district courts and the Second Circuit in holding that the passage of the
First Step Act rendered § 1B1.13 “inapplicable” to cases where an imprisoned person files a
motion for compassionate release. See United States v. Brooker, 976 F.3d 228, 234 (2d Cir.
2020).17 Until the Sentencing Commission updates § 1B1.13 to reflect the First Step Act, district
courts have full discretion in the interim to determine whether an “extraordinary and compelling”
reason justifies compassionate release when an imprisoned person files a § 3582(c)(1)(A)
motion.

        Examining the four corners of § 1B1.13 alone, it becomes immediately apparent that the
policy statement does not wholly survive the First Step Act’s promulgation. The first sentence of
§ 1B.13 predicates the entire policy statement on the Director of the BOP’s filing a motion for
compassionate release. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 (U.S. Sent’g Comm’n 2018) (“Upon motion of

        17Because   Jones, not the BOP, filed a motion for compassionate release, we do not decide whether
§ 1B1.13 is an “applicable” policy statement in cases where the BOP files motions for compassionate release. Like
the Second Circuit, we decide this question only with regard to cases where an imprisoned person files a
§ 3582(c)(1)(A) motion. See Brooker, 976 F.3d at 235–36.
 No. 20-3701                          United States v. Jones                              Page 14

the Director of the Bureau of Prisons under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A), the court may reduce a
term of imprisonment . . . .”) (emphasis added). The commentary’s fourth application note—
titled “Motion by the Director of the Bureau of Prisons”—similarly explicates that “[a] reduction
under this policy statement may be granted only upon motion by the Director of the Bureau of
Prisons pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A).” § 1B1.13 cmt. n.4. Again, the main text of
§ 1B1.13 does not define “extraordinary and compelling.”           § 1B1.13(1)(A).     Instead, the
guideline commentary’s first application note outlines “circumstances” where “extraordinary and
compelling reasons exist[.]” § 1B1.13 cmt. n.1. The last of these circumstances is a catch-all
provision that still refers to the Director of the BOP as the absolute arbiter of “extraordinary and
compelling.” § 1B1.13 cmt. n.1(D) (“As determined by the Director of the Bureau of Prisons,
there exists in the defendant’s case an extraordinary and compelling reason other than, or in
combination with, the reasons described in subdivisions (A) through (C).”) (emphasis added). In
short, the policy statement’s language does not reflect the First Step Act’s procedural reforms to
compassionate release; “though motions by the BOP still remain under the First Step Act, they
are no longer exclusive[.]” Brooker, 976 F.3d at 235. Thus, “we read the Guideline as surviving
[the First Step Act], but now applying only to those motions that the BOP has made.” Id. at 235–
36.

       Congressional intent further dissuades us from enforcing the black letter of Application
Note 1’s catch-all provision as written, which limits district courts to “extraordinary and
compelling” reasons that the BOP has defined. Again, the First Step Act’s main co-sponsors
were displeased that a mere trickle of compassionate releases occurred under the BOP’s
supervision. See 2017 Letter from Senator Brian Schatz et al., supra. In the First Step Act,
Congress sought to “expand[] compassionate release[,]” 164 Cong. Rec. S7774 (daily ed. Dec.
18, 2018), “expedite[] compassionate release applications,” id., “improve[] application of
compassionate release[,]” 164 Cong. Rec. H10362 (daily ed. Dec. 20, 2018), and “increase the
use of compassionate release[,]” 2017 Letter from Senator Brian Schatz et al., supra. Section
603(b)’s title itself speaks volumes about Congress’s intent:           “Increasing the Use and
Transparency of Compassionate Release.” First Step Act of 2018, § 603(b), 132 Stat. at 5239.
“After watching decades of the BOP Director’s failure to bring any significant number of
compassionate release motions before the courts, Congress allowed [persons] seeking
 No. 20-3701                                 United States v. Jones                                        Page 15

compassionate release to avoid BOP” and “made the courts the decision maker as to
compassionate release.” Brooker, 976 F.3d at 236. It would make little sense for the courts to
operate as if the BOP remains the sole gatekeeper of compassionate release, which would reflect
a bygone era that Congress intentionally amended in the First Step Act.

         We are also attentive to the Sentencing Commission’s careful composition of § 1B1.13’s
Application Note 1. Concerned with “two reports issued by the Department of Justice Office of
the Inspector General that are critical of the Bureau of Prisons’ implementation of its
compassionate release program[,]” the Commission “conducted an in-depth review of”
compassionate release. See U.S.S.G. supp. to app. C, amendment 799 (U.S. SENT’G COMM’N
NOV. 1, 2016). This review included “consideration of Bureau of Prisons data” and holding a
public hearing in 2016 on the subject. Id. Recognizing the “need to broaden the criteria for
eligibility, to add guidance to the medical criteria, and to remove other administrative hurdles
that limit the availability of compassionate release for otherwise eligible defendants[,]” the
Sentencing Commission “broaden[ed]” its “guidance on what should be considered
‘extraordinary and compelling reasons’ for compassionate release” in its 2016 amendments to
Application Note 1. Id.18 Thus, enforcing the as-written catch-all provision both contravenes
Congress’s motivation for reforming compassionate release in the First Step Act and ignores the
Sentencing Commission’s grounds for augmenting § 1B1.13’s application notes in 2016.19

         18Reading   Application Note 1 to confine “extraordinary and compelling circumstances” to the three
circumstances listed in § 1B1.13 cmt. n.1(A)–(C) or to situations that the Director of the BOP determines exists (per
§ 1B1.13 cmt. n.1(D)) risks contradicting 28 U.S.C. § 994(t) and raises a whole host of administrative-law concerns.
Ruffin, 978 F.3d 1000, 2020 WL 6268582, at *6 (acknowledging that “courts have read basic administrative-law
principles as cutting both ways” on the question of whether courts must defer to § 3582(c)(1)(A)). Section 994(t)
commands the Sentencing Commission to provide a “list of specific examples” of “what should be considered
extraordinary and compelling circumstances.” We do not read § 994(t)’s text as allowing the Sentencing
Commission to prescribe an exhaustive list of examples of extraordinary and compelling reasons. Because the
Government appears to concede that § 1B1.13 cmt. n.1 does not provide a circumscribed list of “extraordinary and
compelling” reasons, we need not elaborate this point further. Appellee’s Br. at 20 (“In Application Note 1 to the
policy statement, the Commission identifies the ‘extraordinary and compelling reasons’ that may justify
compassionate release.”) (emphasis added).
         19Because the parties do not raise the issue of severability in their briefs and because we merely limit the
contexts in which § 1B1.13 applies without invalidating any part of the policy statement, severability is not at issue.
But even if we were to apply traditional principles of severability, there would be no change in outcome. See
Brooker, 976 F.3d at 236. Severability is a question of Congressional intent. See Alaska Airlines, Inc. v. Brock,
480 U.S. 678, 685 (1987) (“The more relevant inquiry in evaluating severability is whether the statute will function
in a manner consistent with the intent of Congress.”). As we explained, supra, Congress clearly intended to relieve
 No. 20-3701                                 United States v. Jones                                        Page 16

         By following the Second Circuit’s lead, we weave together three compatible aspirations:
preserving as much of § 1B1.13 that can be saved, adhering to Congress’s intent, and respecting
the Sentencing Commission’s thoughtful authorship of § 1B1.13’s commentary.20 In cases
where incarcerated persons file motions for compassionate release, federal judges may skip step
two of the § 3582(c)(1)(A) inquiry and have full discretion to define “extraordinary and
compelling” without consulting the policy statement § 1B1.13.21 Thus, the district judge in
Jones’s case permissibly assumed for the sake of argument that extraordinary and compelling
circumstances existed without reference to the policy statement § 1B1.13.

                      V. DISTRICT COURTS’ OBLIGATION TO EXPLAIN

         We now consider whether the district court properly weighed the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)
factors. Compare Appellant’s Br. at 7–9, with Appellee’s Br. at 12–19. This question implicates
a broader issue that we spoke to in Ruffin—district courts’ obligations to explain their factual
reasons when issuing compassionate release decisions. See Ruffin, 2020 WL 6268582, at *7–8.

         We review a district court’s denial of compassionate release for abuse of discretion. See
id. at *4; United States v. Keefer, — F. App’x —, No. 19-4148, 2020 WL 6112795, at *3 (6th
Cir. Oct. 16, 2020); United States v. Kincaid, 802 F. App’x 187, 188 (6th Cir. 2020) (order).22
The abuse-of-discretion standard is “deferential,” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 41 (2007),

the BOP of its lone gatekeeper status. Thus, like the Second Circuit, we would sever § 1B1.13’s commentary in a
manner that would grant district courts a catch-all provision. This is essentially same result as our holding that
§ 1B1.13 is not “applicable” when incarcerated persons file motions for compassionate release.
         20Itmerits noting that the Sentencing Commission is currently two short of a voting quorum. Brooker,
976 F.3d at 234; compare 28 U.S.C. § 991(a) (establishing that the “Sentencing Commission [] shall consist of
seven voting members and one nonvoting member”), and U.S. SENT’G COMM’N, ABOUT THE COMMISSIONERS,
https://www.ussc.gov/commissioners (last visited Nov. 2, 2020) (listing two commissioners and two ex officio
nonvoting commissioners), with 28 U.S.C. 994(a) (requiring an “affirmative vote of at least four members of the
Commission” to promulgate guidelines and policy statements).
         21Again,  the Commission failed to promulgate any policy statement regarding motions submitted under
§ 3582(c)(1) for twenty-two years, yet district courts were perfectly capable of rendering decisions in compassionate
release cases. The Commission finally issued a policy statement in 2006, but the main text of § 1B1.13 has never
defined “extraordinary and compelling.” The current version of § 1B1.13’s main text merely parrots the statutory
text of § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i) verbatim; further elaboration can be found only in the policy statement’s application notes.
This again raises sundry administrative-law questions about deference that we need not reach here.
         22Our   recent holding in Ruffin that the abuse-of-discretion standard is appropriate for compassionate
release cases aligns with two other circuits’ decisions. See United States v. Pawlowski, 967 F.3d 327, 330 (3d Cir.
2020); United States v. Chambliss, 948 F.3d 691, 693 (5th Cir. 2020).
 No. 20-3701                                 United States v. Jones                                       Page 17

but “‘discretion’ does not mean ‘whim.’” Keefer, — F. App’x —, 2020 WL 6112795, at *4
(quoting Martin v. Franklin Cap. Corp., 546 U.S. 132, 139 (2005)). The standard “does not
preclude an appellate court’s correction of a district court’s legal or factual error[.]” Highmark
Inc. v. Allcare Health Mgmt. Sys., Inc., 572 U.S. 559, 563 n.2 (2014). “A district court would
necessarily abuse its discretion if it based its ruling on an erroneous view of the law or on a
clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence.” Id. (quoting Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp.,
496 U.S. 384, 405 (1990)); see also United States v. Pembrook, 609 F.3d 381, 383 (6th Cir.
2010) (“A district court abuses its discretion when it relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact,
applies the law improperly, or uses an erroneous legal standard.”). “A court might abuse its
discretion, for example, if it misreads the meaning of the extraordinary-reason requirement” or
“if it interprets the law to bar it from granting a reduction when, in fact, it has discretion to do
so.” Keefer, — F. App’x —, 2020 WL 6112795, at *4.

        We must strike the proper balance under the abuse-of-discretion standard, which
demands that we both accord due deference to district judges and correct their factual and legal
errors. We start by requiring “a thorough factual record for our review”: district courts must
supply “specific factual reasons, including but not limited to due consideration of the § 3553(a)
factors, for its [compassionate release] decision.” United States v. Chambliss, 948 F.3d 691, 693
(5th Cir. 2020) (footnote omitted). We look at the “whole” record in sentence-modification
proceedings, including the records from the original sentencing, records on the modification
motion, and the final compassionate release decision. See Ruffin, 2020 WL 6268582, at *7;
Curry, 606 F.3d at 331; United States v. Latham, 809 F. App’x 320, 321 (6th Cir. 2020).

        District judges maintain an “obligation to provide reasons” in both sentencing-
modification decisions, Chavez-Meza v. United States, — U.S. —, 138 S. Ct. 1959, 1963 (2018),
and traditional sentencing decisions, Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 356–58 (2007).23

        23As    explained above, sentencing and sentence-modification decisions are distinct creatures. See Chavez-
Meza, 138 S. Ct. at 1964 (“Indeed, the case before us differs from the Guidelines cases that Rita describes in only
one significant respect. It concerns a limited form of resentencing.”). Chavez-Meza assumes that the Court’s
decisions concerning traditional sentencing proceedings—Rita, 551 U.S. at 338, and Gall, 552 U.S. at 38—apply to
sentence-modifications. See Chavez-Meza, 138 S. Ct. at 1966 (“[W]e find that the District Court’s explanation
satisfies the standard we used in Rita and Gall, assuming it applies to sentence modifications.”); Smith, 958 F.3d at
500 (“[T]he Supreme Court has recently assumed without deciding that the standard set out in Rita[] and Gall[]
applies to a district court’s modification of a sentence pursuant to a Guideline amendment under § 3582(c).”).
 No. 20-3701                                 United States v. Jones                                        Page 18

This duty “reflects sound judicial practice[,]” promotes “the public’s trust in the judicial
institution,” Chavez-Meza, 138 S. Ct. at 1964 (quoting Rita, 551 U.S. at 356), and finds textual
support in § 3553, id. at 1963 (highlighting that § 3553(c) requires a judge to “state in open court
the reasons for [the] imposition of the particular sentence”) (alteration in original); Rita, 551 U.S.
at 356 (same). Thus, in either kind of decision, the judge should “set forth enough to satisfy the
appellate court that he has considered the parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for
exercising his own legal decisionmaking authority.” Chavez-Meza, 138 S. Ct. at 1964 (quoting
Rita, 551 U.S. at 356).

         Of course, we do not “insist[]” that district courts pen a “full opinion” in every sentencing
or sentencing-modification decision. Chavez-Meza, 138 S. Ct. at 1964 (quoting Rita, 551 U.S. at
356). “[W]here ‘a matter is [] conceptually simple . . . and the record makes clear that the
sentencing judge considered the evidence and arguments, we do not believe the law requires the
judge to write more extensively.’” Id. (quoting Rita, 551 U.S. at 359). But our leniency is
highly dependent on “context and the record[,]” id. at 1966 (quoting Rita, 551 U.S. at 359), and
is reserved for the simplest of cases, see id. at 1967–68 (“[G]iven the simplicity of this case, the
judge’s awareness of the arguments, his consideration of the relevant sentencing factors, and the
intuitive reason why he picked a sentence above the very bottom of the new range, the judge’s
explanation (minimal as it was) fell within the scope of the lawful professional judgment that the
law confers upon the sentencing judge.”).                Even when sentence-modification cases appear
straightforward, we nonetheless encourage judges to be explicit and particular with their factual
reasoning. See id. at 1967 (“[T]he courts of appeals are well suited to request a more detailed
explanation when necessary.”).

But the Chavez-Meza Court declined to decide whether district judges’ obligation to explain their decisions is the
same in sentencing and sentence-modification proceedings. See Chavez-Meza, 138 S. Ct. at 1965. Nonetheless, the
Court indicated that some obligation to explain the reasons behind sentence-modification decisions exists. See id.
(“The Government, pointing out that this is a sentence-modification case, argues that this fact alone should secure it
a virtually automatic victory. That is because, unlike an ordinary Guidelines sentencing case, the statute governing
sentence-modification motions does not insist that the judge provide a ‘reason for imposing a sentence at a particular
point within the range.’ . . . [T]he Government asserts . . . that ‘the court has no duty’ to provide an ‘on-the-record
explanation’ of its reasons. We need not go so far.”) (citations omitted)). Our decision here is in line with Chavez-
Meza.
 No. 20-3701                          United States v. Jones                              Page 19

       When compassionate release motions are decided on the papers—as they often are—
appellate courts cannot glean district judges’ factual findings from hearing transcripts or other
record items as is possible in our reviews of traditional sentencing decisions. We require judges
to write more extensively in § 3582(c)(1)(A) decisions where the record bears little indication
that the district judge considered all the defendant’s evidence and arguments before granting or
denying compassionate release. Ruffin, 978 F.3d 1000, 2020 WL 6268582, at *7 (citing Chavez-
Meza, 138 S. Ct. at 1966–67). The obligation to explain is imperative when the original
sentencing judge and the compassionate release decision judge are different persons, as the
original sentencing transcript does not reflect the latter judge’s factual reasons for their
§ 3582(c)(1)(A) decision. Cf. Keefer, — F. App’x —, 2020 WL 6112795, at *4 (describing the
“common scenario” where “the district judge who sentenced the defendant is the same judge
who considers the defendant’s reduction-of-sentence motion” and thus “will already have
considered and balanced the § 3553(a) factors the first time around at the original sentencing”).

       In the mine-run of § 3582(c)(1)(A) cases, we do not tolerate “exceedingly slim” records.
See Latham, 809 F. App’x at 322 (vacating sentence-modification decision under 18 U.S.C.
§ 3582(c)(1)(B) and remanding because “[t]he record as to both [the initial sentencing and the
modified one] is exceedingly slim here[,]” which did not provide “any basis for meaningful
review of the court’s decision”).     Absent thorough record evidence of the judge’s factual
decisions, district courts should not issue single-sentence or otherwise exceedingly slim
compassionate release decisions or cite § 1B1.13 or the § 3553(a) factors without any analysis of
their requirements. In most circumstances, “[a] district court’s use of a barebones form order . . .
would be inadequate.” Chavez-Meza, 138 S. Ct. at 1967.

       We further refine the district court’s obligation to explain at the third § 3582(c)(1)(A)
step: the consideration of the § 3553(a) factors. Section 3553(a) blankets a vast terrain of
sentencing factors, such as the nature of the offense, the characteristics of the defendant, and
numerous penological objectives. “The district court is best situated to balance the § 3553(a)
factors.” Kincaid, 802 F. App’x at 189; see also United States v. Austin, 825 F. App’x 324, 326
(6th Cir. 2020) (order). But an appellate court that deems a district court’s explanation of the
§ 3553(a) factors to be “inadequate in a particular case,” retains “broad discretion” to “send the
 No. 20-3701                               United States v. Jones                             Page 20

case back to the district court for a more complete explanation.” Chavez-Meza, 138 S. Ct. at
1965 (citation omitted); see also Gall, 552 U.S. at 51 (“[When] the appellate court [] review[s]
the sentence under an abuse-of-discretion standard[,] [i]t must first ensure that the district court
committed no significant procedural error, such as . . . failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors
. . . .”).

             Once again, we counterpoise deference and review. District courts should consider all
relevant § 3553(a) factors before rendering a compassionate release decision. See Gall, 552 U.S.
at 49–50 (reasoning, in the context of original sentencing decisions, that “after giving both
parties an opportunity to argue for whatever sentence they deem appropriate, the district judge
should then consider all of the § 3553(a) factors to determine whether they support the sentence
requested by a party”) (emphasis added); Curry, 606 F.3d at 331 (determining that judge “had
considered all the relevant § 3553(a) factors” in sentence modification pursuant to § 3582(c)(2))
(emphasis added). But “as long as the record as a whole demonstrates that the pertinent factors
were taken into account by the district court[,]” Curry, 606 F.3d at 330 (quoting United States v.
Williams, 557 F.3d 1254, 1256 (11th Cir. 2009)) (emphasis added), a district judge need not
“specifically articulat[e]” its analysis of every single § 3553(a) factor, id.; see also Ruffin,
978 F.3d 1000, 2020 WL 6268582, at *7. Again, we look at what the judge stated about the
§ 3553(a) factors in both the initial sentencing and the sentencing-modification proceedings
when determining whether the judge satisfied her obligation to explain. See Ruffin, 978 F.3d
1000, 2020 WL 6268582, at *7; Chavez-Meza, 138 S. Ct. at 1967 (“We [] need not turn a blind
eye to what the judge said at petitioner’s initial sentencing.”).

             In the present case, the district judge also initially sentenced Jones. Reading the judge’s
compassionate release decision and the original sentencing hearing transcript together reveals
that the district judge carefully considered all relevant § 3553(a) factors. In his compassionate
release opinion, the district judge acknowledged that Jones is incarcerated at FCI Elkton
(relevant to § 3553(a)(2)(D)), Jones’s health issues (relevant to § 3553(a)(2)(D)), that Jones was
convicted of a nonviolent drug offense (relevant to § 3553(a)(2)(A)), and that Jones behaved
well in prison (relevant to § 3553(a)(1)). R. 202 (Dist. Ct. Op. at 1–2) (Page ID #1539–1540).
But the judge also reasoned that Jones had served only two years of his decade-long sentence and
 No. 20-3701                                  United States v. Jones                                         Page 21

that Jones was a repeat offender (relevant to §§ 3553(a)(1), (a)(2)(A), (a)(2)(B), (a)(6)). Id. at 2
(Page ID #1540).          The district judge was similarly deliberate at Jones’s initial sentencing
hearing. He considered Jones’s positive progress in a program for persons who struggle with
substance abuse (relevant to § 3553(a)(1)), that Jones had no juvenile adjudications (relevant to
§ 3553(a)(1)), and that Jones attained a high school diploma while incarcerated (relevant to
§ 3553(a)(1)). R. 189 (Sen’g Hr’g at 4) (Page ID #1383). The judge listened to Jones take
responsibility for his actions and acknowledged Jones’s long-standing drug addiction (relevant to
§§ 3553(a)(1), (a)(2)(B)). Id. at 5 (Page ID #1384). But the judge was made aware that Jones
had had previously served eighty-seven months for a serious trafficking offense and another
thirty months for violating his supervised release (relevant to §§ 3553(a)(1), (a)(2)(B)). Id. at 4
(Page ID #1383). That this was not Jones’s “first rodeo in Federal Court” perturbed the judge
(relevant to §§ 3553(a)(1), (a)(2)(B)). Id. at 6 (Page ID #1385).

         Notably, the district judge went through every relevant § 3553(a) factor at the sentencing
hearing. Id. at 6–13 (Page ID #1385–92).24 Between the compassionate release decision and the
initial sentencing transcript, the only § 3553(a) factors that the district judge did not address were
§ 3553(a)(5) (“any pertinent policy statement[] issued by the Sentencing Commission pursuant to
[28 U.S.C. §] 994(a)(2)”) and § 3553(a)(7) (“the need to provide restitution to any victims of the
offense”).     But the district court was not required to evaluate these factors because the
Sentencing Commission has not issued a policy statement under § 994(a)(2) that is pertinent to
Jones, and Jones’s crime appears to have been victimless.

         Jones argues that the judge, in his compassionate release decision, should have explicitly
contemplated the judge’s own statements at Jones’s initial sentencing proceeding that his “hands
are tied” in giving Jones the mandatory minimum sentence. Appellant’s Br. at 3, 5. But the very
statements that Jones points to indicate that the district judge did consider Jones’s mandatory

         24“I’m  also guided by the statute we call 3553(a) which is a statute that you and I discussed at the time of
your guilty plea. . . . First the nature of the crime [i.e., § 3553(a)(1)] . . . . I’m also looking at your character and
background [i.e., § 3553(a)(1)]. . . . The statute also requires, Mr. Jones, that my sentence reflect the seriousness of
the crime; promote respect for the law, and provide for a just punishment; deter you and others from crimes like this;
and protect the public [i.e., § 3553(a)(2)(A–D)]. Given that my hands are tied by Congress, my choice really here is,
in my view, limited [i.e., § 3553(a)(3)] . . . . I will also encourage you to take part in programs [i.e.,
§ 3553(a)(2)(D)].” R. 189 (Sent’g Hr’g at 6–13) (Page ID #1385–92).
 No. 20-3701                                 United States v. Jones                                        Page 22

minimum sentence. Again, district judges may be more cursory in their compassionate release
decisions if the whole record supplies the judge’s factual reasons, as is the case here with the
judge’s statements regarding Jones’s mandatory minimum sentence.

         “Judicial decisions are reasoned decisions.” Rita, 551 U.S. at 356 (emphasis added).
A record that is all bones and no meat starves criminal defendants of meaningful appellate
review. But when the whole record denotes that a judge carefully reviewed all the arguments
and evidence when applying § 3582(c)(1)(A)’s three-step test, a shorter opinion may satisfy the
obligation to explain. In this case, our examination of the whole record reveals that the district
judge’s assessment of the § 3553(a) factors did not constitute an abuse of discretion.25

         We affirm.

         25As   we explained, supra, this could have been a different case if the original sentencing judge was not the
same judge issuing the compassionate release decision. In situations with two different judges, the original
sentencing judge’s articulation of every § 3553(a) factor on its own may not satisfy the compassionate release
decision judge’s obligation to explain. In this case, we are satisfied that the district judge thoroughly contemplated
all relevant § 3553(a) factors across his two decisions.
 No. 20-3701                          United States v. Jones                             Page 23

                        ________________________________________

                            CONCURRING IN THE JUDGMENT
                        ________________________________________

       COOK, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment. The scope of “extraordinary and
compelling reasons” for compassionate release under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A) “raises a
difficult legal question” that “has sharply divided the courts.” United States v. Ruffin, 978 F.3d
1000, ----, No. 20-5748, 2020 WL 6268582, at *5 (6th Cir. Oct. 26, 2020). This case does not
require us to answer it. As with Ruffin, I would affirm based on the § 3553(a) factors only. Id. at
*1, *5, *7.

       The majority writes that “we can abstain no longer” from deciding this issue because,
unlike Ruffin, the district court here “did not reference [USSG] § 1B1.13 at all in deciding
whether ‘extraordinary and compelling’ circumstances existed.” Op. at 13. But I maintain that
distinction makes no difference here. Ruffin “merely flag[ged]” the issue because the court could
“affirm the denial of relief based on the third discretionary rationale alone”—the § 3553(a)
factors. 2020 WL 6268582, at *5. The same holds true in this case.

       To the extent the majority finds that its three-step “order of analysis” for compassionate-
release claims requires our intervention, I disagree. Op. at 10. No feature of § 3582(c)(1)(A)
precludes a court from tackling the § 3553(a) factors first. Indeed, we have repeatedly decided
compassionate-release cases based on the § 3553(a) factors while assuming that “extraordinary
and compelling reasons warrant” a sentence reduction “and that such a reduction is consistent
with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.”                18 U.S.C.
§ 3582(c)(1)(A); see Ruffin, 2020 WL 6268582, at *1, *5, *7; United States v. Keefer, --- F.
App’x ----, ----, No. 19-4148, 2020 WL 6112795, at *5 (6th Cir. Oct. 16, 2020); United States v.
Austin, 825 F. App’x 324, 325–26 (6th Cir. 2020) (order). The fact that the district court
“opt[ed] to answer the easier question” here does not compel us to answer the harder. Gradisher
v. City of Akron, 794 F.3d 574, 584 (6th Cir. 2015) (citation omitted).

       I agree with the majority that the district court acted within its discretion in concluding
that the § 3553(a) factors weighed against compassionate release. But I would leave it at that.
 No. 20-3701                         United States v. Jones                          Page 24

See BellSouth Telecomms., Inc. v. Farris, 542 F.3d 499, 505 (6th Cir. 2008) (“If it is not
necessary to decide more, it is necessary not to decide more.” (quoting PDK Labs. Inc. v. DEA,
362 F.3d 786, 799 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (Roberts, J., concurring in part and concurring in the
judgment))).

       I concur in the judgment to affirm.