Court Opinion

ID: 9387331
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-17 17:07:01.455384+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:12.919747
License: Public Domain

J-S40045-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellee                :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
    TED FORNEY III                             :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :      No. 1964 EDA 2022

         Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered July 21, 2022
                In the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County
            Criminal Division at No(s): CP-09-CR-0004293-2021

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., STABILE, J., and KING, J.

MEMORANDUM BY KING, J.:                                 FILED APRIL 17, 2023

       Appellant, Ted Forney III, appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered in the Bucks County Court of Common Pleas, following his bench trial

convictions for possession of a controlled substance, possession of a controlled

substance with intent to deliver (“PWID”), possession of drug paraphernalia,

and criminal use of a communication facility.1 We affirm, albeit on different

grounds.2

       The trial court set forth the relevant facts of this appeal as follows:

          On May 5, 2021 at 1:07 A.M., Detective Stephen Reeves
          (“Detective Reeves”) of the Falls Township Police
____________________________________________

1 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(16), (30), (32) and 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 7512(a),
respectively.

2 “[I]f a trial court’s decision is correct, we may affirm on any ground.”
Commonwealth v. Miller, 787 A.2d 1036, 1038 (Pa.Super. 2001), appeal
denied, 568 Pa. 735, 798 A.2d 1288 (2002).
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       Department responded to a shooting at the Castle Club
       Apartments, located at 254 West Trenton Avenue,
       Morrisville, Falls Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.
       Upon arrival, Detective Reeves observed a large amount of
       blood, consistent with evidence of a shooting, in an
       apartment located within the A Building of Castle Club
       Apartments.      Detective Reeves began his investigation
       alongside Detective Frank Groome (“Detective Groome”) of
       the Bucks County District Attorney’s Office. Together, they
       collected video surveillance from the Castle Club
       Apartments’ security system, which monitored the exteriors
       of each building as well as the surrounding parking lots. The
       footage from May 5, 2021 depicted a gray 2007 Nissan
       Altima (“Altima”) with an inoperable fog light on the front
       passenger side pull into the parking lot near B Building at
       approximately 12:53 A.M. The footage then showed an
       individual exiting the Altima and walking toward the A
       Building of Castle Club Apartments at 12:55 A.M. Finally,
       the footage showed the same individual running from the A
       Building to the Altima at 1:01 A.M.1             The Altima
       subsequently fled the area and was seen on Toll Bridge
       Commission video surveillance crossing the Calhoun Street
       Bridge, which connects Morrisville Borough and Trenton,
       New Jersey, at 1:06 A.M. The Altima crossing the toll bridge
       was identified as the same Altima at Castle Club Apartments
       by its make, model, and its inoperable fog light. Detective
       Reeves and Detective Groome were initially unable to
       distinguish the license plate from the Calhoun Street Bridge
       video footage. However, upon further investigation, they
       determined that the license plate read: KRW-7917. This
       license plate is registered to a Kristen Forney, Appellant’s
       wife. Further, a known confidential informant informed
       Officer Denny Leighton (“Officer Leighton”) of Bristol
       Township Police Department that Appellant was responsible
       for the shooting at the Castle Club Apartments. Officer
       Leighton relayed this information to Detective Reeves.
       Finally, officers learned through Appellant’s Parole Officer,
       Lauren DiMaria (“Officer DiMaria”), that he was known to
       operate a gray 2007 Nissan Altima with license plate KRW-
       7917. Based on all of the aforementioned facts, Detective
       Reeves and Detective Groome determined that the Altima
       could have evidence of the shooting that occurred on May
       5, 2021 and that Appellant was a person of interest in their
       investigation.

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            1   The shooting occurred at approximately 1:00 A.M.

        Officer DiMaria informed Detectives Reeves and Detective
        Groome that Appellant would be at a specific address, 5604
        Truman Street, Bristol, Bristol Township, Bucks County,
        Pennsylvania on June 3, 2021. On that day, the detectives
        went to this address to make contact with Appellant. When
        they arrived, Appellant was standing in the driveway next
        to the Altima. The detectives were able to determine it was
        the Altima seen on Castle Club Apartments’ video
        surveillance footage due to its make, model, and license
        plate. For officer safety, the detectives conducted a pat
        down of Appellant and found a proximity key for the Altima.2
        Appellant agreed to travel with the detectives to the Fall
        Township Police Department so they could speak privately.
        Appellant was not under arrest and the detectives informed
        him that he would be able to return to his residence after
        speaking with them. At this time, Detective Reeves and
        Detective Groome believed that the Altima itself was
        evidence of the shooting and that additional evidence could
        also be found within the vehicle. Due to concerns related to
        Appellant’s newfound knowledge of an investigation, the
        Altima’s inherent mobility, its location in plain view, and the
        belief that the evidence could be destroyed in the interim,
        Detective Reeves and Detective Groome towed the Altima
        to the Falls Township Police Department to secure it while
        they obtained a search warrant. On June 4, 2021, the
        detectives secured and executed a search warrant for the
        Altima. Detective Reeves and Detective Groome discovered
        twenty-eight     (28)   individually     wrapped     bags    of
        methamphetamine and two (2) bags of marijuana.

            2 A proximity key will start the corresponding vehicle
            so long as it is in its proximity, it does not need to be
            placed in the ignition.

(Suppression Court Opinion, filed 8/19/22, at 1-3) (internal record citations

omitted).

     The Commonwealth filed a criminal information charging Appellant with

PWID and related offenses. On June 15, 2022, Appellant filed an omnibus

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pretrial motion seeking to suppress all evidence obtained from the search of

the Altima.   Among other things, Appellant argued that the police did not

possess exigent circumstances to justify the warrantless seizure of the Altima.

(See Pretrial Motion, filed 6/15/22, at ¶9). Regarding the subsequent search

of the Altima, Appellant acknowledged that the police obtained a warrant.

Appellant insisted, however, that the search warrant failed to demonstrate

probable cause. (Id. at ¶10). The court conducted a suppression hearing on

June 16, 2022. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court denied Appellant’s

suppression motion.

      Appellant immediately proceeded to a stipulated waiver trial, and the

court found him guilty of all charges. On July 21, 2022, the court sentenced

Appellant to an aggregate term of five (5) to ten (10) years’ imprisonment.

Appellant did not file post-sentence motions. Instead, Appellant timely filed

a notice of appeal on July 25, 2022. That same day, Appellant filed a voluntary

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on appeal.

      Appellant now raises one issue for this Court’s review:

         Did the trial court err in allowing the seizure of Appellant’s
         vehicle without a warrant and in not declaring the
         subsequent search to be unlawful and to suppress the fruits
         thereof.

(Appellant’s Brief at 4).

      On appeal, Appellant initially disputes the court’s finding that police

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lawfully seized the vehicle pursuant to the “plain view” doctrine.3 Appellant

maintains that police did not actually want to seize his vehicle. Rather, police

“wanted the contents of the vehicle, which they thought might contain DNA,

firearms, ammunition,” or other evidence of the shooting.             (Id. at 8).

Appellant emphasizes that police did not see any evidence of the shooting in

plain view, and police eventually found the contraband at issue inside a

suitcase recovered from the trunk of the vehicle.        As such, Appellant also

asserts that it was not “immediately apparent” that the vehicle amounted to

“incriminating evidence.” (See id. at 10).

       Further, Appellant argues that exigent circumstances did not support

the warrantless seizure of the vehicle. Appellant acknowledges that police

were concerned about the “inherent mobility” of the vehicle and “the likelihood

that evidence could be destroyed.” (Id. at 9). Appellant insists, however,

that these concerns were mitigated by the fact that Appellant could not have

moved the vehicle “while in the company of the investigating detectives.” (Id.

at 10). Under these circumstances, Appellant contends “there was no valid

reason to seize the vehicle without a warrant,” which police could have

obtained while questioning Appellant. (Id.) Appellant concludes that police

____________________________________________

3The trial court opinion sets forth the court’s conclusions that 1) police lawfully
seized the vehicle because it was in plain view; 2) an officer surveilling the
vehicle until a warrant was secured would have had the same effect as a
seizure; and 3) the police ultimately conducted a legal search of the vehicle
pursuant to a valid warrant. (See Suppression Court Opinion at 5-10).

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conducted an illegal seizure, which rendered the ensuing search unlawful. We

disagree.

     The following principles govern our review of an order denying a motion

to suppress:

        An appellate court’s standard of review in addressing a
        challenge to the denial of a suppression motion is limited to
        determining whether the suppression court’s factual
        findings are supported by the record and whether the legal
        conclusions drawn from those facts are correct. Because
        the Commonwealth prevailed before the suppression court,
        we may consider only the evidence of the Commonwealth
        and so much of the evidence for the defense as remains
        uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as a
        whole. Where the suppression court’s factual findings are
        supported by the record, the appellate court is bound by
        [those] findings and may reverse only if the court’s legal
        conclusions are erroneous.       Where the appeal of the
        determination of the suppression court turns on allegations
        of legal error, the suppression court’s legal conclusions are
        not binding on an appellate court, whose duty it is to
        determine if the suppression court properly applied the law
        to the facts. Thus, the conclusions of law of the courts below
        are subject to plenary review.

Commonwealth v. Ford, 175 A.3d 985, 989 (Pa.Super. 2017), appeal

denied, 647 Pa. 522, 190 A.3d 580 (2018) (quoting Commonwealth v.

Jones, 121 A.3d 524, 526-27 (Pa.Super. 2015)).

     “Both the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and

Article I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution guarantee individuals

freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures.”        Commonwealth v.

Heidelberg, 267 A.3d 492, 502 (Pa.Super. 2021) (en banc), appeal denied,

___ Pa. ___, 279 A.3d 38 (2022) (quoting Commonwealth v. Newsome,

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170 A.3d 1151, 1154 (Pa.Super. 2017)). “As a general rule, ‘a warrant stating

probable cause is required before a police officer may search for or seize

evidence.’” Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Anderson, 40 A.3d 1245, 1248

(Pa.Super. 2012)).   “To effectuate the rights guaranteed under the Fourth

Amendment, in the early part of the last century, the United States Supreme

Court adopted the exclusionary rule, which bars the use of evidence obtained

through an illegal search and seizure.” Commonwealth v. Arter, 637 Pa.

541, 547-48, 151 A.3d 149, 153 (2016). “The exclusionary rule also applies

to any evidence discovered as a result of the original illegal police conduct;

such evidence is termed ‘fruit of the poisonous tree.’” Commonwealth v.

Williams, 2 A.3d 611, 619 (Pa.Super. 2010) (en banc), appeal denied, 610

Pa. 585, 19 A.3d 1051 (2011).

      Nevertheless, “the exclusionary rule does not prevent the introduction

of evidence that is ‘gained from an independent source,’ but rather applies

only to ‘knowledge gained by the Government’s own wrong.’” Id. (quoting

Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 485, 83 S.Ct. 407, 416, 9 L.Ed.2d

441, ___ (1963)).

         The Supreme Court in Wong Sun noted that evidence is
         admissible if the “connection between the lawless conduct
         of the police and the discovery of the challenged evidence
         has become so attenuated as to dissipate the taint.” The
         Supreme Court ruled: “We need not hold that all evidence
         is fruit of the poisonous tree simply because it would not
         have come to light but for the illegal actions of the police.
         Rather, the more apt question in such a case is whether,
         granting establishment of the primary illegality, the
         evidence to which instant objection is made has been come

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         at by exploitation of that illegality or instead by means
         sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary
         taint.”    Thus, where evidence was obtained through
         constitutional police action unconnected with the illegal
         police conduct, it is “purged” of “taint” based upon its
         derivation from an independent source.

Id. (internal citations omitted).

      In Williams, supra, this Court applied the independent source doctrine

and concluded that the warrantless seizure of a vehicle did not require the

suppression of contraband recovered from inside the vehicle.      Specifically,

Williams involved a scenario where a veteran police officer received

information from a reliable confidential informant.   The informant told the

officer that the defendant was dealing drugs out of a black Ford Expedition on

the 300 block of Myrtle Street in Erie. The officer 1) knew the defendant from

prior contacts; 2) was aware that the defendant drove a black Expedition; and

3) had received other complaints about the defendant’s drug-related activities

on the block at issue.

      Immediately after hearing from the informant, the officer drove to the

300 block of Myrtle Street in an unmarked police cruiser. The officer saw the

defendant inside the black Expedition, drove past the defendant’s vehicle, and

parked one and one-half blocks away. The officer conducted surveillance for

twenty minutes.     During that time, the officer watched three individuals

approach the Expedition and place their hands inside the vehicle. The officer

knew that this type of behavior was consistent with drug transactions.

      After the transactions, the defendant drove away. The officer followed

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the defendant. As the defendant pulled into his driveway, the officer pulled

up behind him. The officer approached the defendant, conducted a pat down,

and discovered $600.00 in cash in the defendant’s pocket.           The officer

handcuffed the defendant and transported him to the police station.

Thereafter, another officer drove the Expedition to a police garage for a dog

to conduct a drug sniff of the vehicle. While the Expedition was driven to the

garage, no search was conducted, and no evidence was recovered. During

the drug sniff, the dog made a positive indication on the driver’s side of the

Expedition. The officer shined a flashlight into the vehicle and saw a plastic

baggie protruding from the roof liner. At that point, the officer decided to

obtain a search warrant for the vehicle. The subsequent search yielded drugs

and additional paraphernalia.

      The defendant filed a suppression motion, which the court denied.

Following trial, the defendant was convicted of various drug offenses.      On

appeal, the defendant claimed that “the warrantless seizure of the Expedition

requires suppression of the evidence seized therefrom during execution of the

warrant.” Id. at 617. In affirming the suppression court’s ruling, this Court

relied upon the independent source doctrine:

         [P]olice had probable cause to believe that [the defendant]
         was dealing drugs from the Expedition, and, therefore, that
         it contained contraband. They drove the vehicle from the
         driveway to the police station to conduct the canine sniff and
         wait for the warrant. Police did not search the Expedition
         while driving to the police station, and no information
         gleaned during that ride was utilized to support the warrant.
         Thus, the warrantless seizure of the vehicle did not result in

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         the discovery of a scintilla of evidence used by the
         government in any aspect of this prosecution.

         The information supporting the canine sniff and the warrant
         was not derived to any extent from the singular act of taking
         the Expedition from the driveway to the police station to
         secure it. Rather, those two searches were based upon facts
         learned prior to the act of transporting the vehicle. Thus,
         the independent source doctrine … is directly applicable.

Id. at 620-21.

      Instantly, the suppression court opinion includes factual findings and

conclusions of law. Among other things, the court determined that the police

possessed probable cause to believe that Appellant’s vehicle was involved in

the May 5, 2021 shooting:

         Castle Club Apartments’ video surveillance showed the
         Altima arriving at the scene of the shooting moments before
         it occurred. An individual exited the vehicle and walked
         toward the building where shots were fired, returned to the
         Altima, and subsequently fled the scene.        Further, a
         confidential informant reported that Appellant was thought
         to be the shooter. Finally, the Altima seen on video
         surveillance was the same Altima that Appellant was known
         to drive, which was registered to his wife….

(Suppression Court Opinion at 6). Our review leads us to conclude that the

suppression court’s factual findings are supported by the record, and its legal

conclusion is correct.   See Ford, supra.     See also Commonwealth v.

Goldsborough, 31 A.3d 299, 306 (Pa.Super. 2011), appeal denied, 616 Pa.

651, 49 A.3d 442 (2012) (reiterating that probable cause “is made out when

the facts and circumstances which are within the knowledge of the officer at

the time of the arrest, and of which he has reasonably trustworthy

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information, are sufficient to warrant a [person] of reasonable caution in the

belief that the suspect has committed … a crime”).

      Although the police effectuated a warrantless seizure of Appellant’s

vehicle by towing it to the Falls Township Police Department, the police did

not conduct a search of the vehicle until they obtained the search warrant.

(See N.T. Suppression Hearing, 6/16/22, at 33). Additionally, the affidavit of

probable cause submitted with the application for the search warrant was

based upon facts that the police learned prior to the seizure of the Altima.

(See Commonwealth’s Suppression Exhibit CS-2, Affidavit of Probable Cause,

dated 6/4/21, at 1-4). Under these circumstances, the independent source

doctrine applies to the instant case. See Williams, supra. Thus, we cannot

say that the court erred in denying Appellant’s suppression motion, and we

affirm.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 4/17/2023

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