Court Opinion

ID: 155319
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-08-14 04:14:33+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:00:47.886171
License: Public Domain

F I L E D
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                                                                              Tenth Circuit
                                       PUBLISH
                                                                              SEP 30 1997
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                  Clerk
                                  TENTH CIRCUIT

 TERRY LYNN NICHOLS,

        Plaintiff-Appellant,
 v.

 JANET RENO, Attorney General of the                        No. 96-1344
 United States; PATRICK M. RYAN,
 United States Attorney for the Western
 District of Oklahoma,

        Defendants-Appellees.

           APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                   FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
                          (D.C. No. 96-M-606)

Michael E. Tigar (Ronald G. Woods, Adam Thurschwell, N. Reid Neureiter, and Jane B.
Tigar with him on the briefs), Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Sean Connelly, Special Attorney to the U.S. Attorney General (Joseph H. Hartzler,
Special Attorney to the U.S. Attorney General; Douglas N. Letter, Appellate Litigation
Counsel; and Jessica A. Lerner, Trial Attorney, with him on the briefs), U.S. Department
of Justice, Denver, Colorado, for Defendants-Appellees.

Before PORFILIO, ANDERSON, and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges.

PORFILIO, Circuit Judge.
           Terry Lynn Nichols appeals the dismissal of his civil action challenging the

   method in which the Attorney General authorized United States Attorney Patrick

   Ryan of the Western District of Oklahoma to seek the death penalty in a separate

   prosecution against Mr. Nichols. Mr. Nichols contends the Attorney General

   failed to follow the procedure she instituted in the United States Attorneys’

   Manual (Manual) and violated the Administrative Procedure Act as well as his

   rights under the due process clause of the United States Constitution. Although

   Mr. Nichols sought civil redress to reopen discovery to examine the decision-

   making process behind the ultimate prosecutorial decision to seek the death

   penalty under the Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994, 18 U.S.C. §§ 3591 - 3598

   (Act), the district court rejected Mr. Nichols’ arguments. The district court

   dismissed the action with prejudice relying on the principle that prosecutorial

   discretion is presumptively unreviewable by the courts and rejecting Mr. Nichols’

   premise the Manual provides him a protectible interest. Nichols v. Reno, 931 F.

   Supp. 748 (D. Colo. 1996).1 We agree with that decision and affirm the judgment.

       1
        The parallel criminal action is also pending in the same court. Therefore, before
dismissing this action, the district court reminded it would rule again on the motion Mr.
Nichols filed in that case also challenging the constitutional validity of the government’s
notice to seek the death penalty. The motion was subsequently denied. United States v.
McVeigh and Nichols, 944 F. Supp. 1478 (D. Colo 1996).

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       At issue is a section of the Act requiring the government to file a notice that

the prosecution intends to seek the death penalty as punishment for the capital

crime charged in a pending case. The notice must:

       (1) stat[e] that the government believes that the circumstances of the
       offense are such that, if the defendant is convicted, a sentence of
       death is justified under [the Act] and that the government will seek
       the sentence of death; and

       (2) set[] forth the aggravating factor or factors that the government,
       if the defendant is convicted, proposes to prove as justifying a
       sentence of death.

18 U.S.C. § 3593(a).

       In the exercise of her supervisory authority over the Department of Justice,

the Attorney General amended the Manual after the adoption of the Act. The

Manual is a publication which, by its own terms, provides “internal Department of

Justice guidance,” and is “not intended to, does not, and may not be relied upon to

create any rights, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law by any party in any

matter civil or criminal.” Manual, at § 1 - 1.00. The newly added section about

which this action revolves “sets forth policy and procedures to be followed in all

federal cases in which a defendant is charged with an offense subject to the death

penalty, regardless of whether the United States Attorney intends to request

authorization to seek the death penalty.” Manual, at § 9 - 10.000. The procedure

requires the United States Attorney to provide defense counsel “a reasonable

opportunity to present [to the prosecution] any facts, including any mitigating

                                         -3-
factors,” after which the prosecutor must submit a Death Penalty Evaluation form

and a prosecution memorandum to the Department of Justice in Washington, D.C.

Id. A committee within the Department of Justice then evaluates the information

and makes a written recommendation to the Attorney General whether to seek the

death penalty. The ultimate determination is made only after the United States

Attorney, the Attorney General’s Committee, and the Attorney General consider

legitimate law enforcement or prosecutorial reasons and make a determination

whether there is “sufficient admissible evidence of the aggravating factors to

obtain a death sentence and to sustain it on appeal.” Id.

       On April 19, 1995, following an explosion which destroyed the Alfred P.

Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, President Clinton, accompanied by

Attorney General Janet Reno, held a news conference at the White House at which,

in response to a question, the Attorney General made the statement seized upon by

Mr. Nichols as the predicate for this action.

       Q.     Ms. Reno, the current crime bill that the President has signed
       includes a death penalty provision. Assuming you catch these
       people, will you go for that?

       A.     18 U.S.C., Section 844, relates to those who maliciously
       damage or destroy a federal building. If there is death – if death
       occurs, the death penalty is available, and we will seek it.

Reno’s Appellee Brief, at p.6.

                                         -4-
       On April 22, 1995, the F.B.I. arrested Terry Nichols as a material witness,

and he was later indicted on the currently pending charges. On July 11, 1995,

United States Attorney Ryan wrote Mr. Nichols’ counsel asking him to “present –

orally, in writing, or both – any facts, including any mitigating factors, that you

would like me to consider in making my recommendation to the Attorney

General.” Defense counsel responded by demanding Mr. Ryan and Attorney

General Reno recuse themselves from the decision, the former for failing to follow

Administrative Procedure Act requirements, the latter for having made prior public

statements the United States would seek the death penalty. Subsequently, defense

counsel wrote Mr. Ryan, arguing against the death penalty, and made oral

presentations to Mr. Ryan and the Department of Justice committee. On

October 20, 1995, the government filed the Notice of Intention to Seek the Death

Penalty against Mr. Nichols, listing five statutory and four nonstatutory

aggravating factors to justify the sentence.

       Mr. Nichols then filed the civil complaint in this action seeking an order

declaring the Notice void and of no effect and prohibiting Mr. Ryan from filing a

new notice without following his interpretations of the Manual and 18 U.S.C.

§§ 3591 - 3593. Mr. Nichols claimed the Notice violated the Administrative

Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 551 et seq., the Due Process clause of the Fifth

Amendment, and the Open Meetings Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552b; and, finally, because

                                         -5-
the Attorney General had publicly announced her decision to seek the death

penalty, she was not an “impartial decider.”

       Achieving no success in the district court, Mr. Nichols advances essentially

the same arguments here. We have considered those arguments and are not

persuaded the district court erred. Moreover, we see no reason to expand upon the

remarkably cogent analysis engaged in by the district court. Indeed, further

elucidation by us would be redundant and simply would not add to the

jurisprudence of this circuit. Accordingly, we adopt the reasoning set forth in

Nichols v. Reno, 931 F. Supp. 748 (D. Colo. 1996), and AFFIRM the judgment.

                                        -6-