Court Opinion

ID: 9913174
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-26 22:12:23.202408+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:07:37.413122
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

 STATE OF WASHINGTON,
                                                  No. 83594-7-I
              Respondent,
                                                  DIVISION ONE
              v.
                                                  UNPUBLISHED OPINION
 KEVIN LAURENCE LEWIS,

              Appellant.

      BIRK, J. — Kevin Lewis appeals his conviction for aggravated first degree

murder. The State’s theory was that Lewis hired his cousin Jerradon Phelps to kill

his wife Amanda Canales, and that Phelps, together with his girlfriend Alexis Hale,

mistakenly killed Canales’s sister Alisha Canales-McGuire. Lewis argues the trial

court erred in making certain evidentiary rulings, denying his motion to suppress

statements he contends were admitted in violation of Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S.

436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966), denying his motion to suppress

evidence obtained through search warrants he contends violated the Fourth

Amendment to the United States Constitution, failing to give a limiting instruction

concerning certain evidence under ER 404(b), refusing his proposed lesser

included offense instruction on first degree manslaughter, and denying his motion

to dismiss for governmental misconduct under CrR 8.3(b). Lewis further asserts

cumulative error, ineffective assistance of counsel, and error in a lifetime no-
No. 83594-7-I/2

contact order prohibiting contact with his children. We affirm Lewis’s conviction

and remand for the trial court to consider the impact of the no-contact order on

Lewis’s fundamental right to parent.

                                          I

      The State presented the following evidence at trial.

      Lewis and Canales were married in 2009, and subsequently had three

children together. Canales moved out of Lewis’s home in February 2017 and

moved into a duplex in Everett. Canales’s new residence was about a 10 minute

drive from Lewis’s home. In June 2017, Lewis called Canales and tried to convince

her to come back. Canales testified that during the phone call, she declined to go

back, which made Lewis angry:

             [Canales]     And then he said, “Come back or else.”
             [The State] And when he said, “Come back or else,” what
      did you say?
             [Canales]     I said, “Or else what?” And then he said, “Or else
      I’m going to take you to court and get custody of the kids and alimony
      and child support. And if I don’t get it, I’m going to kill you.”
             [The State] And what did you say when he said that?
             [Canales]     And I said, “What?” And he said, “You heard me.
      I’m going to fucking kill you.”

Concerned Lewis could be serious, Canales reported the call to the police. On

June 20, 2017, Lewis appeared unannounced at Canales’s house, very early in

the morning. Canales called the police.

      Canales obtained a protection order that included the couple’s three

children. The order was served on Lewis on June 29, 2017. The order was

reissued three times. Lewis later appeared at Canales’s residence again, yelling

at a friend of Canales’s who was installing surveillance cameras at Canales’s

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No. 83594-7-I/3

home. On July 25, 2017, Abigail Ruggles, the family’s live in nanny, reported after

having gone to Lewis’s home to retrieve some of her belongings that Lewis asked

her to “[t]ell that bitch [Canales] that none of the stuff in the house was hers.”

During this period, Lewis had contact with his children though supervised

visitations. The family used A Kat’s Eye Supervised Visitation Services.

       On July 28, 2017, Lewis filed a petition for dissolution and requested child

support, spousal support, and custody of the children. On August 23, 2017, the

family court entered temporary orders in which it denied Lewis’s requests and

ordered Lewis to pay Canales child support. The family court ordered that the

children live with Canales.

       Kathleen Westvold-Naekel worked as a supervised visitation provider for A

Kat’s Eye Supervised Visitation Services. Westvold-Naekel first supervised visits

for the family on August 30, 2017. Per visitation protocol, Canales would drop off

the children down the street from Lewis’s home, out of the line of sight from the

home. Canales testified Lewis “had to stay inside the home during this time period

of the drop-off and pickup.”

       On September 19, 2017, Canales was out of town on a business trip.

Canales’s sister, Canales-McGuire, helped Ruggles take care of the children while

Canales was gone. That evening, Ruggles and Canales-McGuire dropped the

children off at Lewis’s for a supervised visitation. The visit was scheduled for 6:15

to 8:15 p.m. Westvold-Naekel was the visitation supervisor. Westvold-Naekel

testified that during the visit, Lewis’s behavior was different than it had been on

August 30. During the September 19 visit, “there was very little interaction. [Lewis]

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No. 83594-7-I/4

was present physically. The verbal communication between him and the children

was for the most part lacking, nonexistent.”        Westvold-Naekel felt “[v]ery

uncomfortable” during the visit and had “a gut feeling there was something”

different about the visit.   Westvold-Naekel observed Lewis on his phone

consistently throughout the evening. She could

      hear a vibration constantly throughout the night. And he would be
      responding. He would be texting or replying to whatever it was that
      was on his phone. I did not see. The phone took precedence that
      visit. That was the—that seemed to be the sole focus of that visit for
      [Lewis].

Westvold-Naekel documented the visit ending at 8:13 p.m.

      After picking up the children, Ruggles and Canales-McGuire drove back to

Canales’ home and got the children ready for bed.         Lewis’s and Canales’s

daughters slept in a bedroom upstairs. Their son slept on a couch in the living

room, down the hall from the front door. Ruggles went to bed around midnight.

Ruggles testified she woke up to “some loud pops and a crash” on the morning of

September 20. Ruggles went downstairs and came around the corner of the

banister and saw Canales-McGuire’s body on the floor and a stream of blood. After

turning on the lights, Ruggles ran upstairs to get her cell phone to call 911.

Ruggles’s 911 call was received at 1:55 a.m. After “[l]ess than 10 minutes,” the

police arrived on scene.

      Based on evidence at the crime scene, law enforcement concluded

Canales-McGuire was shot when the door was partially open, and the shooter fired

at least seven shots, which originated from the exterior of the residence and came

into the interior. Four recovered bullets were consistent with a nine millimeter

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No. 83594-7-I/5

Luger. The seven fired cartridge cases were identified as having been fired from

the same firearm. The evidence at the scene was consistent with someone firing

shots, then moving towards the door of the house and firing again inside the door.

       The medical examiner, Daniel Selove MD, identified the cause of death as

multiple gunshot wounds to the head and trunk. Canales-McGuire was struck by

five shots. Two of the wounds showed gunpowder stippling injury. Dr. Selove

testified he could not determine the sequence of the five shots, but opined the last

two gunshot wounds to the head with stippling were likely the last two injuries

inflicted. The State asked Dr. Selove whether the gunshot wounds could have

been inflicted in a particular sequence:

               [The State] Dr. Selove, with regards to both your findings
       and your observations both at the scene and during autopsy,
       hypothetically if a person that committed the murder said that they
       fired from outside the residence and then moved towards the front
       door, shooting with the gun either just beyond the threshold of the
       doorway or having stepped into the doorway to fire the final shots,
       would that be consistent or inconsistent with your findings based on
       your training and experience as a medical examiner?
               [Dr. Selove] That description of the scenario is consistent
       with my findings.
               [The State] Can you tell us why?
               [Dr. Selove] Because not only would firing inside the
       doorway account for the two casings in the foyer near the body but
       also for two closer-distance range-of-fire gunshots that I observed on
       the head.

Dr. Selove further testified that before the shots to the head and with only the three

shots to the chest, if those three shots occurred first, Canales-McGuire could still

make deliberate conscious movement.

       Snohomish County Sheriff’s Office Detectives Eric Fagan and Brad

Walvatne were assigned to contact Lewis to see if he had information about the

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No. 83594-7-I/6

shooting. They sought to contact Lewis because they learned he was Canales’s

“ex,” he was the father of the children in the house, and there had been previous

incidents involving Canales and Lewis. They contacted Lewis at 5:05 a.m. Lewis

answered the door wearing a white tank top.

       Near Lewis’s home, detectives located two neighboring houses with exterior

cameras. One camera showed that at 1:10 a.m. that morning, a light colored

vehicle approached Lewis’s house, and at 1:12 a.m. a person exited Lewis’s

residence and got in the vehicle, and it left. The person appeared to be wearing a

light-colored top. At that time, the residents of Lewis’s household included Lewis,

his mother, his sister, and a renter, Alexander Dorell. At 1:34 a.m. the same

vehicle returned, and at 1:37 a.m. a person exited the car and entered Lewis’s

residence, and the vehicle left again. The camera from the other neighboring

house showed that the car appeared to be missing the front passenger hubcap.

       Law enforcement received a tip from Jillian Lee. Lee told detectives that a

person she knew as “Angie,” later identified as Alexis Hale, told her at a party that

she had been hired to kill someone. Hale implicated Phelps, a mutual friend of

Lee’s, saying he had an “uncle” who had offered to pay them.

       Public Facebook information revealed that Phelps and Lewis were cousins.

Cell phone records showed that on September 19-20, 2017, Phelps’s cell phone

traveled from “his residence across the mountains to within about 6/10ths of a mile

of the scene of the murder and at the time of the murder, and then traveled back

to his house in Spokane.” Social media records showed Phelps and Hale together

in Spokane at 4:27 p.m. Phelps’s phone’s last data session in Spokane was at

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No. 83594-7-I/7

8:36 p.m. At 11:04 p.m., his phone used a cell site on Interstate 90 that was 157

miles from Spokane. At 12:00 a.m. his phone used cell sites at Snoqualmie Pass.

At 12:49 p.m., Hale created a Snapchat1 video at signs for exit 14 on Interstate

405 in Bellevue. Snohomish County Detective Tedd Betts testified the fastest

estimated Google2 drive time from that location on Interstate 405 to Lewis’s

residence was 22 minutes, which would project arrival at Lewis’s residence at 1:11

a.m.

       Sheriff’s deputies canvassed local businesses for possible video evidence.

They collected video from a business at the intersection of Gibson Road and

Highway 99. This was “directly on the Google recommended route” from Lewis’s

residence to Canales’s residence. This video showed a car appearing to be the

same car shown near Lewis’s residence based on a darker appearing front

passenger wheel. The car passed the intersection at 1:21 a.m. It passed again at

1:44 a.m.

       Phelps’s phone used a cell site near Canales’s residence at 1:53 a.m. and

1:54 a.m. The usage was for data sessions, which would be consistent with using

a mapping program. The same car shown in the earlier described videos passed

at the intersection of Highway 99 and Gibson Road again at 2:04 a.m., coming

from a different direction, but traveling towards the scene of the incident. The

vehicle passed again at 2:08 a.m., returning to Highway 99 from the west on

Gibson Road. Hale’s phone used a cell site at 2:18 a.m. near Interstate 405 just

       1 Snapchat is a cell phone app similar to text messaging.
       2 Google is a search engine with a mapping function that includes drive time

information.

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No. 83594-7-I/8

north of Highway 522. Using Google maps, Betts estimated driving from Highway

99 and Gibson Road to that location on Interstate 405 would typically take 12

minutes. Phelps’s phone used several sites in the Bellevue area at 2:28 a.m. This

was an estimated 10 minutes’ travel time from the location where Hale’s phone

used the cell site earlier. Hale’s Snapchat account contained a video taken at 3:47

a.m. showing Phelps in a car fanning a number of one hundred dollar bills.

      Phelps agreed to testify against Lewis in exchange for a reduction of his

aggravated first degree murder charge to first degree murder with a firearm

enhancement. Phelps testified Lewis reached out to him to see if Phelps knew an

“OG,” or “original gangster,” who could do something for him. Phelps “thought that

[Lewis] was asking me if I knew anybody who would kill somebody for him.” Lewis

offered to pay $1,200.00. Phelps told Lewis he would look around, but he also

offered to do it himself. Phelps testified Lewis did not seem to think that Phelps

“doing it myself” was “sufficient enough,” or that Phelps was “qualified enough.”

After discussing that a second person should be involved, Lewis “put another price

out there, said [$]2,400.” Phelps was dating Hale at the time and told her about

Lewis’s offer. Phelps testified that Hale was more than willing to accompany him

on the trip and that she provided him with a firearm. Hale’s mother testified she

had purchased a nine millimeter gun that had gone missing. She identified trial

exhibit 248 as the gun she had purchased. Phelps testified he told Lewis he found

another individual and a gun for the job.

      Phelps and Hale drove to Lewis’s address. When they arrived, Lewis came

outside and got into the backseat. Lewis directed Phelps to Canales’s home, and

                                            8
No. 83594-7-I/9

pointed out which door was hers. Lewis showed Phelps a photo of the intended

target. On the way back to Lewis’s house, Lewis gave Phelps an envelope of

money amounting to “24” in old and new $100 dollar bills, and some $20 bills.

Dorell, Lewis’s renter, testified Lewis had informed Dorell he had a room available,

and Dorell had started renting from Lewis on August 1, 2017, paying $550.00 per

month in cash. Phelps testified Hale had asked beforehand whether children

would be present in the home, and at Phelps’s inquiry Lewis confirmed children

would be in the home.

       After dropping Lewis back at his residence, Phelps and Hale went back to

the location that Lewis had pointed out. The two exited the vehicle and walked

towards the home. Phelps stopped next to the garage while Hale walked to the

front door. As a woman opened the front door, Hale walked off and Phelps fired

the gun until it was empty. Phelps fired the first few shots from his position near

the garage, and fired the last couple after walking up to the front porch. The muzzle

of the gun crossed the threshold. The last couple of shots were around the neck

and head area. Phelps and Hale left in their car, but then returned. They believed

they might have left a glove at the scene, and went back for it. When they returned,

they saw police cars, so they turned around and left.           They accessed GPS

directions and drove back to Spokane.

       Phelps testified that once he completed the murder, “I wasn’t supposed to

message him afterwards. There was no contact supposed to be made. So, you

know, I was supposed to post something on my Story—Snapchat Story—that

basically was like a symbolling message like ‘I did it’ kind of thing.” Phelps testified

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No. 83594-7-I/10

he could not remember when, but at some point “[m]uch later” after the murder,

Lewis contacted Phelps via Snapchat stating, “ ‘They are watching me.’ ” Phelps

told Lewis not to tell, to which Lewis responded, “ ‘Never in a million years.’ ”

                                          II

       The trial court admitted other evidence, several categories of which Lewis

asserts were error. As to these categories, we conclude either the trial court did

not err, or any error was harmless.

                                          A

       Lewis asserts the trial court should have suppressed statements he made

in the absence of Miranda warnings. When Fagan and Walvatne contacted Lewis

at his residence the morning of the shooting, Walvatne informed Lewis there had

been a shooting at Canales’s house. They had a conversation in which Lewis

stated that he was home all night. When asked if he knew where Canales was,

Lewis answered, “ ‘She should be at home’ ” and expressed surprise when

informed she was not. Fagan testified Lewis did not inquire about his children.

The State offered these statements at trial. Lewis argues the trial court erred by

concluding he was not in custody when he made these statements.

       The trial court held a pretrial CrR 3.5 hearing. The morning of the shooting,

Fagan and Walvatne went to Lewis’s residence along with Snohomish County

Deputies Jeffrey Miner and William Binkley. The detectives asked the deputies to

approach Lewis’s residence with them as detailed security. Fagan testified that

because he and Walvatne were in unmarked clothing, it was necessary to have

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No. 83594-7-I/11

patrol deputies on scene so individuals would know the detectives were law

enforcement.

       Miner went to a neighbor’s porch while the two detectives approached the

front door. Binkley stood in the front yard area, about 20 feet behind the detectives.

All four officers were carrying their duty-issued handguns in their holsters. Miner

also carried a patrol rifle. Miner testified the rifle stayed in a “low ready position.

So it would be pointed, swung on your person, and pointed at the ground. It is

ready to be used, but it is not pointing at anything but the ground.” Walvatne

knocked on the front door multiple times. After a minute or two, Lewis opened the

door. When Lewis answered the door, Dorell appeared behind him. Walvatne

advised Lewis he wanted to talk to him privately and Lewis offered to step outside.

When Lewis was on the front patio, Walvatne advised Lewis that he was not under

arrest. Walvate asked Lewis if he would be willing to walk to his work truck to talk

privately, and Lewis agreed.

       As the detectives and Lewis walked to Walvatne’s truck, Miner followed

behind to continue security detail.       While walking, Lewis made statements

expressing surprise that Canales had not been home that night.

       When the two detectives and Lewis arrived at the truck, Lewis sat in the

front passenger seat, Fagan sat in the seat behind him, and Walvatne sat in the

driver’s seat. Miner and Binkley returned to their patrol vehicles. Inside the

vehicle, Walvatne advised Lewis he was not under arrest and was free to leave.

Walvatne told Lewis that he was potentially identified as a witness in the case

because of previous history between him and Canales. Lewis asked Walvatne if

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No. 83594-7-I/12

he needed a lawyer, to which Walvatne stated he could not give legal advice.

Walvatne asked Lewis whether or not he was home the previous night, and Lewis

confirmed he was home. When asked whether he would be willing to provide a

statement to answer additional questions, Lewis replied, “ ‘That is something I

might need a lawyer for.’ ” Walvatne told Lewis he was free to leave. Lewis

opened the truck door, exited the vehicle, and walked away. Fagan testified that

Lewis sat in the truck for “roughly five minutes.”

       The trial court ruled Lewis was not in custody for purposes of Miranda, nor

was he subjected to a custodial interrogation. We agree.

       The Fifth Amendment states that “No person . . . shall be compelled in any

criminal case to be a witness against himself.” U.S CONST. amend. V. Whether a

person is in custody for purposes of Miranda is reviewed de novo. State v. Lorenz,

152 Wn.2d 22, 36, 93 P.3d 133 (2004). A custody determination is an objective

test that asks whether a reasonable person in the suspect’s position would feel

restrained to the degree associated with formal arrest. State v. Escalante, 195

Wn.2d 526, 533-34, 461 P.3d 1183 (2020). Courts must examine the question

based upon the totality of the circumstances. Id. “Relevant circumstances may

include the nature of the surroundings, the extent of police control over the

surroundings, the degree of physical restraint placed on the suspect, and the

duration and character of the questioning.” Id. at 534. “An investigative encounter

with a suspect based on reasonable suspicion not amounting to probable cause

does not require Miranda warnings.” State v. France, 121 Wn. App. 394, 399, 88

P.3d 1003 (2004).

                                         12
No. 83594-7-I/13

       Detectives first interacted with Lewis on the front porch of his home. After

being asked to speak privately with detectives, Lewis offered to step outside.

Walvatne advised Lewis he was not under arrest and asked if the three could

speak inside Walvatne’s truck. Neither detective told Lewis he was required to go

to the vehicle; instead, Walvatne assured Lewis he was not under arrest and he

did not have to speak with them. Inside the truck, Walvatne told Lewis he was not

under arrest and was free to leave. After approximately five minutes in the vehicle,

Lewis terminated the conversation. Lewis was never physically restrained. Given

the totality of the circumstances, a reasonable person in Lewis’s position would not

feel restrained to the degree associated with formal arrest.

       Lewis additionally asks this court to “interpret article I, section 9 of the

Washington Constitution separate from the Fifth Amendment and hold that article

I, section 9 requires courts to consider the race and ethnicity of the suspect

amongst the totality of the circumstances in determining whether that person was

subject to a custodial interrogation.” Lewis argues the trial court erred in not

incorporating Lewis’s experiences as a Black man into the context of a custodial

interrogation evaluation. All four officers responding to Lewis’s residence were

white. Article I, section 9 of the Washington constitution states in relevant part,

“No person shall be compelled in any criminal case to give evidence against

himself.” Lewis asks the court to engage in an analysis under State v. Gunwall,

106 Wn.2d 54, 720 P.2d 808 (1986) to support this argument.

       Lewis points to State v. Sum, where the court held that in determining

“whether a person has been seized by law enforcement for purposes of article I,

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No. 83594-7-I/14

section 7 of the Washington Constitution[,] ‘all the circumstances’ of the encounter

includes the race and ethnicity of the allegedly seized person.” 199 Wn.2d 627,

630, 511 P.3d 92 (2022). Explaining the seizure inquiry under article I, section 7,

the court said, “[W]hile it is true that there is no uniform life experience or

perspective shared by all people of color, heightened police scrutiny of the BIPOC

[Black, Indigenous, and other People of Color] community is certainly common

enough to establish that race and ethnicity have at least some relevance to the

question of whether a person was seized.” Id. at 647. Taking guidance from GR

37, the court explained that the objective inquiry for whether a seizure has occurred

turns on whether an “objective observer could conclude” the person was not free

to leave, having awareness that “implicit, institutional, and unconscious biases, in

addition to purposeful discrimination, have resulted in disproportionate police

contacts, investigative seizures, and uses of force against BIPOC in Washington.”

Id. at 653.

       The Supreme Court held in State v. Earls, 116 Wn.2d 364, 377-78, 805 P.2d

211 (1991), State v. Franco, 96 Wn.2d 816, 829, 639 P.2d 1320 (1982), abrogated

on other grounds by State v. Sandholm, 184 Wn.2d 726, 364 P.3d 87 (2015), and

State v. Moore, 79 Wn.2d 51, 57, 483 P.2d 630 (1971) that article I, section 9 is

coextensive with the Fifth Amendment. This is binding on this court. Additionally,

if we were to apply the framework of Sum and GR 37, Lewis does not indicate how

this record shows an aware objective observer could conclude under the Sum

framework that Lewis was in custody to the degree associated with formal arrest.

In Sum, a police officer, based on his knowledge of months-earlier events in the

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No. 83594-7-I/15

“area,” indicated he was alerted to Sum’s vehicle “ ‘because it was parked there.’ ”

199 Wn.2d at 632. The officer approached the vehicle because the driver was

“ ‘slumped over,’ ” which called for “ ‘a social contact.’ ” Id. In this case, police

were investigating a homicide to which Lewis’s name was connected through past

domestic response calls. Recognizing the four officers were white and Lewis was

Black, the nature of the police inquiry was much more specific than in Sum. It was

also less coercive.    In Sum, the officer made contact with the driver and

immediately began questioning Sum. Id. at 633. Here, officers knocked and

advised Lewis he was not under arrest and could decline to speak with them. After

speaking with the detectives inside the truck for five minutes, Lewis terminated the

conversation. Lewis showed he subjectively appreciated his option to terminate

the conversation by doing so, and his doing so was respected. The trial court did

not err in denying Lewis’s motion to suppress the statements he made on

September 20, 2017.

                                         B

       Lewis asserts the trial court erred by not excluding under ER 404(b) three

assaults he had committed against Canales, two of which resulted in conviction.

We disagree.

       The first assault occurred in 2009. Lewis hit Canales on the side of her

head, which injured her ear. Canales said hearing was difficult for about two

weeks. The second assault occurred in November 2016, when Lewis punched

Canales in the face. Canales sustained a swollen eye, two broken teeth, and had

vision issues for a few months after. The final assault occurred in June 2017.

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No. 83594-7-I/16

Canales was getting out of her vehicle when she was hit on the head repeatedly,

at least 50 times. Lewis was convicted of the latter two assaults.

       The State made a pretrial motion to admit evidence of these three assaults

against Canales (among other evidence of other acts) to prove motive, intent,

absence of mistake, and common scheme or plan. The trial court found (1) the

events occurred by a preponderance of the evidence, (2) the admissible purposes

were to show motive, opportunity, intent, common scheme, or planning, (3) the

evidence was relevant to prove intent because “Lewis is denying involvement in

what is clearly a crime,” and (4) the probative value outweighed the prejudicial

effect of the evidence.

       Under ER 404(b), evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is inadmissible

to prove character to show action in conformity therewith. However, the rule does

not bar evidence for another purpose, provided that it is relevant and its probative

value outweighs the danger of unfair prejudice. State v. Gresham, 173 Wn.2d 405,

420, 269 P.3d 207 (2012). To admit evidence of a criminal defendant’s prior

misconduct, “the trial court must (1) find by a preponderance of the evidence that

the misconduct occurred, (2) identify the purpose for which the evidence is sought

to be introduced, (3) determine whether the evidence is relevant to prove an

element of the crime charged, and (4) weigh the probative value against the

prejudicial effect.” State v. Vy Thang, 145 Wn.2d 630, 642, 41 P.3d 1159 (2002).

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No. 83594-7-I/17

       We review a trial court’s determination to admit or exclude evidence for an

abuse of discretion. State v. Foxhoven, 161 Wn.2d 168, 174, 163 P.3d 786 (2007).

An abuse of discretion occurs when a trial court’s ruling is based on untenable

grounds or made for untenable reasons. Id.

       The trial court found motive to be one of the admissible purposes for the

evidence. Motive “goes beyond gain and can demonstrate an impulse, desire, or

any other moving power which causes an individual to act.” State v. Powell, 126

Wn.2d 244, 259, 893 P.2d 615 (1995). “Evidence of previous quarrels and ill

feeling is admissible to show motive.” State v. Hoyer, 105 Wash. 160, 163, 177 P.

683 (1919). The evidence must be “of consequence to the action to justify its

admission.”    Powell, 126 Wn.2d at 260.         Prior misconduct evidence that

demonstrates motive is of consequence to the action in a case where establishing

motive is necessary and only circumstantial proof of guilt exists. Id.

       Lewis concedes “it is understandable why the trial court identified motive as

a purpose of admission for the November 2016 and June 2017 assaults.” Motive

is also a proper purpose for admission of the 2009 assault together with the later

assaults. Evidence of the three prior assaults tended to support Lewis’s particular

motive to harm Canales and the history of hostility between them. Cf. Powell, 126

Wn.2d at 260 (holding prior assaults admissible to show motive for murder).

Because motive purpose is “a proper basis” for the evidence to be admitted under

ER 404(b), we need not reach the other purposes identified by the trial court. Cf.

id. at 259.

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No. 83594-7-I/18

       The evidence also was not unfairly prejudicial compared to its probative

value. Unfair prejudice is caused by evidence that tends to arouse an emotional,

irrational, or confused response from the trier of fact. See State v. Rice, 48 Wn.

App. 7, 13, 737 P.2d 726 (1987). However, proper evidence will not be excluded

because it may also tend to show that the defendant committed another crime

unrelated to the one charged. Powell, 126 Wn.2d at 264. The trial court has broad

discretion in making this determination and its ruling is reviewed for an abuse of

discretion. State v. Bell, 60 Wn. App. 561, 565, 805 P.2d 815 (1991).

       The prior assaults were probative.         The State needed to prove Lewis

intended to kill Canales. Evidence of prior assaults explained Lewis and Canales’s

previous relationship. Additionally, the trial court properly weighed the prejudice

of the three prior assaults against their probative value in its decision to admit the

evidence. The assaults were not comparable to the charged aggravated first

degree murder, so any unfair prejudice in suggesting action in conformity with the

earlier assaults was minimal. The trial court heard extensive argument from the

parties and concluded the probative value of the evidence was not outweighed by

its unfairly prejudicial effect. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting

the evidence.

       Lewis relatedly argues the trial court erred in failing to give a limiting

instruction for this and other ER 404(b) evidence. We disagree. If evidence of a

defendant’s other crimes, wrongs, or acts is admissible for a proper purpose, the

defendant is entitled to a limiting instruction on request. State v. Russell, 171

Wn.2d 118, 124, 249 P.3d 604 (2011). An adequate ER 404(b) limiting instruction

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No. 83594-7-I/19

must, at a minimum, inform the jury of the purpose for which the evidence is

admitted and that the evidence may not be used for the purpose of concluding that

the defendant has a particular character and has acted in conformity with that

character. Cf. State v. Lough, 125 Wn.2d 847, 864, 889 P.2d 487 (1995).

       The parties discussed an ER 404(b) limiting instruction at trial, but

disagreed over the form of the instruction. Lewis said, “I don’t like the [Washington

Pattern Jury Instruction] for this particular case for reasons that are likely

understood by the Court and the State that there’s so much, respectfully, that Your

Honor let in. We are drafting something that’s a little bit different.” Lewis proposed

the following instruction:

       Over the course of the trial, you have heard evidence concerning
       alleged prior acts of misconduct by the defendant on dates other than
       that of the charged crime in this case. It is up to you to determine
       whether these alleged prior acts occurred and that the defendant
       committed them. You are not bound to accept the State’s allegations
       in this regard. If you determine the defendant did commit these
       alleged prior acts, the State still must prove that these prior acts are
       evidence of an element of the crime of murder in the first degree.
       Even if you determine the State has proven that the defendant
       committed these prior acts, the State still has the burden of proving
       each and every element of the crime of murder in the first degree.

The State objected to this instruction because it did not “give[] any instructions to

the jury or even tell[] them what evidence has been admitted [for which] a limiting

instruction is needed.” The trial court ruled Lewis’s proposed limiting instruction

was not as thorough as was required, and additional information needed to be

included. Lewis does not argue on appeal that the trial court erred by not giving

this specific instruction.

                                         19
No. 83594-7-I/20

       The State proposed an alternative limiting instruction.3 Lewis objected to

the State’s instruction, and told the trial court “if Your Honor does not wish to give

our limiting instruction, then after discussion with my client several times about this,

we would simply ask the Court not to give a limiting instruction at all.” Because

Lewis did not offer a compliant limiting instruction, and objected to the State’s

limiting instruction, the State removed its request for the instruction. Consistent

with the defense’s request that the court give no instruction, the trial court did not

provide a limiting instruction.

       In Gresham, the court said, “[O]nce a criminal defendant requests a limiting

instruction, the trial court has a duty to correctly instruct the jury, notwithstanding

defense counsel’s failure to propose a correct instruction.” 173 Wn.2d at 424.

Gresham relied on State v. Gobel, which stated, “[T]he court should state to the

jury whatever it determines is the purpose (or purposes) for which the evidence is

admissible; and it should also be the court’s duty to give the cautionary instruction

       3 The State’s proposed limiting instruction read:

              Certain evidence has been admitted in this case for only a
       limited purpose. This evidence consists of testimony or exhibits
       relating to the defendant’s alleged assault of [Canales] in Spokane
       in 2009, his prior conviction for Second Degree Assault Domestic
       Violence from the incident with [Canales] occurring on November 18,
       2016, defendant’s presence at [Canales’] residence on June 20,
       2017, and his prior conviction for Second Degree Assault Domestic
       Violence from the incident with [Canales] occurring on June 21,
       2017. You may consider this evidence for purposes of determining
       the defendant’s motive, intent, preparation, or common scheme or
       plan. You may also consider this evidence for purposes of
       determining whether the offense was an aggravated domestic
       violence offense. You may not consider it for any other purpose.
       Any discussion of this evidence during your deliberations must be
       consistent with this limitation.

                                          20
No. 83594-7-I/21

that such evidence is to be considered for no other purpose or purposes.” Id.

(quoting Gobel, 36 Wn.2d 367, 379, 218 P.3d 300 (1950) (emphasis added)). But

Gresham is distinguishable, because the defendant there maintained his request

for a limiting instruction, albeit one requiring modification to accurately describe the

purpose in that case of showing common scheme or plan. 173 Wn.2d at 424. The

defendant never took the position, as Lewis did, that the court should give no

instruction. Generally, appellate courts do not allow a defendant to ask a trial court

for specific relief and then seek reversal on appeal because the court granted the

requested relief. See State v. Carson, 179 Wn. App. 961, 973, 320 P.3d 185

(2014), aff’d, 184 Wn.2d 207, 357 P.3d 1064 (2015). Lewis asked the court not to

give a limiting instruction, and in that circumstance, it was not error for the court to

decline to give an instruction.

                                           C

       Lewis argues the trial court abused its discretion when, he says, it ruled he

opened the door to evidence that he “psychologically abused” his children. We

disagree.

       Before trial, the State moved to allow Westvold-Naekel to testify about

Lewis’s demeanor during the supervised visit the evening before the murder. The

State argued the evidence should be admitted as res gestae, not under ER 404(b).

Lewis agreed her observations were not subject to ER 404(b). The trial court ruled

that the visit supervisor could testify to what she saw, but not “what was going

through [Lewis’s] mind or not.” In its written order, the trial court ruled that the

parties were in agreement the evidence was res gestae. However, despite the

                                          21
No. 83594-7-I/22

parties’ oral stipulation, the trial court additionally ruled the evidence was

admissible under ER 404(b).

       On direct examination, Westvold-Naekel testified, “There was no initiation

on [Lewis’s] part to converse with the children or talk about things aside from one

particular incident at the beginning. And there was no hugging[,] cuddling, [or]

snuggling of the children.” On cross-examination, Lewis asked the supervisor

whether she forgot about the fact that Lewis “was dancing with his kids, per your

report, to dance videos? And in fact you write, ‘He captures the girls dancing on

video.’ ” Lewis further questioned Westvold-Naekel about whether Lewis was

dancing and playing with his children that night. Outside the presence of the jury,

the State argued that because of the defense cross-examination “the door has

been opened” to further evidence that Lewis made one child cry and “was not this

picture of dancing happiness, as defense has painted him.” The trial court agreed.

       On re-direct, the State elicited testimony that during the visit, Lewis asked

one of his children to pick something up. After repeated requests, the child began

to cry. Later, “Lewis told him that he needed to listen when he’s asked to do

something and asked [the child] if he understood. [The child] responded, ‘Yes.’

And then [Lewis] said, ‘ “Yes, sir.” You need to say, “Yes, sir.” ’ [The child] did not

say anything. And then [Lewis] returned him to the time-out, and [the child] began

crying again.” Then, while two other children were eating, one took a bite of the

other’s mashed potatoes and spit it back on the other’s plate. That child wished

not to eat those mashed potatoes, saying, “[T]hey taste like spit.”             Lewis

                                          22
No. 83594-7-I/23

“responded to her to stop complaining and finish her dinner. ‘I don’t want to hear

it.’ ”

         “[E]vidence of other crimes or bad acts is admissible to complete the story

of a crime or to provide the immediate context for events close in both time and

place to the charged crime.” State v. Lillard, 122 Wn. App. 422, 432, 93 P.3d 969

(2004). Res gestae evidence is not evidence of unrelated prior criminal activity but

is itself a part of the crime charged. State v. Sublett, 156 Wn. App. 160, 196, 231

P.3d 231 (2010), aff’d, 176 Wn.2d 58, 292 P.3d 715 (2012) (plurality opinion).

Under the State’s theory, Lewis was acting unusually towards his children because

he knew Phelps and Hale were preparing to drive from Spokane to Everett to

commit the murder. The evidence was probative of Lewis’s state of mind and

involvement in the murder, and relevant to establishing an essential element of the

State’s case. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting this evidence.

                                           D

         Lewis argues the trial court erred in admitting two photographs, exhibits 200

and 202, which showed Canales-McGuire’s deceased body with trajectory rods

placed in her wounds to illustrate the path of bullets that struck her. The State

argues the photographs were relevant to supporting Phelps’s credibility because

they supported his description of the shooting.          Lewis argues the exhibits

“contributed nothing of additional, substantial probative value,” and “invited jurors

to punish Lewis for degrading the deceased.” We disagree.

         To the extent of the exhibits transmitted to this court, exhibits 200 and 202

were two photographs among at least 25 photographs generally showing Canales-

                                          23
No. 83594-7-I/24

McGuire deceased at the crime scene, the crime scene after her body had been

removed, and her gunshot wounds noted during autopsy. These photographs

depict a bloody shooting scene and Canales-McGuire’s deceased body afflicted

by gunshot wounds. Lewis asserts error based on only exhibits 200 and 202

because of their additionally showing trajectory rods placed in the gunshot wounds

to illustrate bullet paths.

       “Accurate photographic representations are admissible, even if gruesome,

if their probative value outweighs their prejudicial effect.” State v. Crenshaw, 98

Wn.2d 789, 806, 659 P.2d 488 (1983). However, both trial courts and prosecutors

must “exercise their discretion in the use of gruesome photographs,” and

prosecutors may not “introduce every piece of admissible evidence if the

cumulative effect of such evidence is inflammatory and unnecessary.” Id. at 807.

In cases “where proof of the criminal act may be amply proven through testimony

and noninflammatory evidence,” prosecutors should “use restraint in their reliance

on gruesome and repetitive photographs.” Id. “In considering such photographs,”

courts “reversed the customary presumption of admissibility under ER 403” and

the photographs are admissible “if the probative value outweighs the prejudicial

effect.” City of Auburn v. Hedlund, 165 Wn.2d 645, 655, 201 P.3d 315 (2009). We

review the trial court’s ruling admitting such photographs for abuse of discretion.

Crenshaw, 98 Wn.2d at 806.

       In State v. Sargent, the State argued photographic evidence of the wounds

to the back of a murder victim’s head was “relevant to show the force of the fatal

blows,” a fact the State cited as supporting an inference of premeditation. 40 Wn.

                                        24
No. 83594-7-I/25

App. 340, 348-49, 698 P.2d 598 (1985). We expressed skepticism of the State’s

argument and held the prejudicial effect of the evidence outweighed any probative

value. Id. at 349. The State also relied on photographs of the victim at the murder

scene, but the photographs were cumulative of “testimony from the firefighters who

discovered the body that reveals the same information,” and we explained,

“Diagrams could reveal the same information as the photographs in a

nonprejudicial manner.” Id. In State v. Fraser, the defendant admitted shooting

the decedent but argued the shooting was an “unintended result” of actions the

defendant took when the decedent had “lung[ed] at him.” 170 Wn. App. 13, 18,

282 P.3d 152 (2012). The trial court admitted an autopsy photograph with a metal

rod placed to illustrate the path of the bullet, and another photograph showing

damage inside the decedent’s mouth. Id. at 29. The record did not indicate the

photograph was used to inflame the jury.       Id.   We affirmed, explaining the

photograph “helped illustrate the medical examiner’s testimony on the damage

caused by the bullet and the trajectory of the bullet and showed details the other

photograph did not.” Id. at 30.

      Relying on exhibit 200, Dr. Selove testified that one trajectory rod showed

one shot taking “almost a level pathway through the head,” perhaps “slightly

downward.” In contrast, another trajectory was shown to be “sharply downward in

her body, slightly from her front to her back and slightly from her left downward

toward her right.” This indicated Canales-McGuire was looking at the gun, either

from a standing or supine position, when one shot was fired, and bent forward with

respect to the muzzle for the other. An additional rod shown in exhibit 202 showed

                                        25
No. 83594-7-I/26

that, from another shot, a bullet “passed downward from her left to her right, from

her front toward her back.” Dr. Selove described the degree to which each of the

five shots posed life-threatening injuries.

       The analysis of the bullet trajectories was relevant to Dr. Selove’s

assessment of the sequence in which the shots were fired and whether that

sequence was consistent with Phelps’s account.           It was also relevant to

determining the lethality of the shots and whether the events could have occurred

in the manner Phelps reported. In both cases Dr. Selove’s analysis of Canales-

McGuire’s wounds supported that the shooting could have occurred in the manner

Phelps reported—first firing one set of shots from the garage and then firing

another set of shots after Canales-McGuire had fallen and from closer range. The

photographic evidence showing the bullet trajectories illustrated Dr. Selove’s

testimony, provided support for his opinions, and was not used to inspire an

emotional response. This was consistent with Fraser. Because the State relied

on Exhibits 200 and 202 to fairly illustrate Dr. Selove’s opinions and did not seek

to inspire an emotional reaction, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

admitting these exhibits.

                                          E

       Lewis argues the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress the

results of search warrants through which police obtained information from Sprint,

Facebook, Google, Snapchat, Bank of America, NA, and Key Bank.                After

considering the evidence introduced at trial obtained through these warrants in

comparison to the evidence described above, we conclude any error concerning

                                          26
No. 83594-7-I/27

the warrants was harmless because “any reasonable trier of fact would have

reached the same result” based on “the ‘overwhelming untainted evidence.’ ”

State v. Thompson, 151 Wn.2d 793, 808, 92 P.3d 228 (2004) (quoting State v.

Smith, 148 Wn.2d 122, 139, 59 P.3d 74 (2002)).

      From the Sprint records, detectives learned that Lewis owned an Android

phone. They additionally learned that cell site location information did not show

Lewis’s phone near the scene of the murder.

      Facebook messages between Dorell and Lewis showed discussion of rent

payments, Lewis inquiring about a divorce lawyer, and, on the night of September

19, Dorell telling Lewis the garage door was open.

      From Google, the State offered and the court admitted Lewis’s internet

searches from June 19, July 16, and September 20 through 21, 2017. On June

19, Lewis searched for directions to Canales’s home. Records also showed

Lewis’s phone traveling to Canales’s residence the same day, following the Google

recommended route. On July 16, Lewis searched for “Panthers player who killed

his wife.” Between September 20 and 21, Lewis searched for “lynwood shooting

today,” “everett shooting today,” and “everett shooting yesterday.” On September

19, 2017, Google location information showed Lewis at his home between 9:46

p.m. to 11:57 p.m. Google location information subsequently showed Lewis at his

home between 12:00 a.m. and 1:11 a.m. on September 20, 2017.                   At

approximately 1:13 a.m., Google records showed Lewis’s phone moving away

from his residence until 1:15 a.m. Between 1:15 a.m. and 1:35 a.m., there is a gap

in the Google location information, indicating the phone was either turned off or

                                       27
No. 83594-7-I/28

placed in airplane mode.    Google location records later showed Lewis’s phone

between 5:06 a.m. to 5:21 a.m. on September 20 near his home.

       From Snapchat, the State offered and the court admitted two of Lewis’s

conversations.     The first conversation occurred on August 8, 2017 and was

between Lewis and an unnamed individual. Lewis was describing what he wants

in a woman. He concluded by stating, “You have to workout with me. And go on

bike rides. And sporting events. If I need you to hide a body you don’t even have

to ask any questions. I’m being dead ass serious about the last one.” The second

conversation was between Lewis and Phelps; however, the messages did not

relate to the homicide.4

       Last, the State offered and the court admitted Lewis’s Key Bank monthly

credit card statements from May 21, 2017 to January 20, 2018. It also offered Key

Bank account statements showing deposits and withdrawals from May 2017 to

December 2017.       The State offered and the court admitted Lewis’s Bank of

America monthly statements from May 2017 to October 2017, as well as copies of

deposit slips or checks that were cashed during that time period. The Key Bank

and Bank of America records were shown in a presentation used during Betts’s

testimony to illustrate it was possible for Lewis to save $2,400.00 in cash to pay

Phelps for the murder.

       Some of this evidence is incriminating, particularly Lewis’s internet search

for “Panthers player who killed his wife” and the location information suggesting

       4 Our record is not clear on whether the latter Snapchat conversation was

obtained from Lewis’s or Phelps’s records. We assume for purposes of our
decision that it was obtained from Lewis’s.

                                        28
No. 83594-7-I/29

his phone moving together with Phelps and Hale at 1:13 a.m. on September 20,

2017, along with the phone being disabled during the time their vehicle left Lewis’s

residence and then returned to it. However, other than the extent to which he

challenges Lee’s report of hearsay by Hale, Lewis does not challenge the evidence

described in section I above. Similarly, we have concluded the trial court did not

err in admitting the evidence described in sections II A-D above.        Given the

untainted and properly admitted evidence described above, any reasonable trier

of fact would have reached the same result in the absence of evidence from the

challenged warrants.

       The untainted evidence showed Lewis had motivation to injure Canales

based on past and escalating assaults. Lewis threatened to kill her in terms she

perceived as serious at the time. Lewis tied his threat to rulings in anticipated

family court proceedings, which later went against him within a month before the

murder. Lewis made at least two trips to Canales’s residence. Canales was

provably fearful to a degree supporting a protection order. Lewis was noticeably

distracted the evening of the murder. Phelps and Hale drove from Spokane

directly to Lewis’s residence, arriving at 1:10 a.m. when a person from the

residence entered their vehicle without any conversation. The only residents of

the household at the time were Lewis, his mother, his sister, and his renter.

Minutes later, the same vehicle was recorded traveling past a business in the

direction of Canales’s, then the vehicle returned to Lewis’s residence to drop off

the person it had picked up, then it again passed the business in the direction of

Canales’s, and only minutes later the shooting was reported to 911. Phelps’s

                                        29
No. 83594-7-I/30

inquiry about the presence of children, he said at Hale’s request, implied a level of

recognition that a domestic dispute underlay the killing. A nine millimeter gun was

used, corresponding to the one Hale’s mother purchased and later could not find.

The physical evidence of the shooting matched Phelps’s description. The camera

at the local business showed Phelps and Hale returning toward Canales’s

residence to look for the lost glove. Phelps’s phone records showed his phone

accessing data near Canales’s residence so that he could obtain GPS directions

back to Spokane. Phelps posted to Snapchat showing he had received $2,400.00

in cash, and Lewis’s renter gave testimony suggesting Lewis had recent access to

at least $1,100 in cash from two monthly rent payments. The only connection

between Phelps and Canales in the evidence was through Lewis. The only motive

to kill anyone in Canales’s residence was Lewis’s stated one. When confronted

that morning, Lewis did express surprise at learning that Canales was out of town,

but expressed none at the news there had been a shooting at the house his

children were at that night. The defense closing argument conceded it was Lewis

in the video getting into Phelps’s car, explaining when Lewis denied leaving his

house that night, he “lied to the police.” And Phelps confessed to the entirety of

his role, pleading guilty to first degree murder. Based on this evidence, any

reasonable trier of fact would reach the same result. If there was any error in

allowing evidence from the challenged warrants, it was harmless given the

overwhelming untainted evidence.

                                         30
No. 83594-7-I/31

                                          F

       Lewis argues the trial court erred in admitting Hale’s hearsay statements to

Lee about the murder. We agree, but conclude the admission of these statements

was harmless.

       The State elicited testimony from Lee that sometime in August or

September 2018, she was at a pool party with a person she knew as Angie. The

parties do not dispute that the person Lee knew as “Angie” was Hale. The two

were talking when “all of a sudden, [Hale says], ‘Can I tell you something that you

can’t tell anybody?’ ” Lee testified she remembered Hale saying that Phelps’s

uncle wanted Phelps to take out the uncle’s “baby mama,” and Phelps’s uncle

offered to pay him $10,000.00. Hale stated she agreed to help, and she and

Phelps drove

       to Seattle from Spokane, and she said that they went to [Phelps’s]
       uncle first, and then from [Phelps’s] uncle’s house, they went to the
       woman’s house. [Hale] went up and knocked on the door while
       [Phelps] hid around the corner. And when the woman opened the
       door, [Phelps] came around with open fire.

Lee testified Hale admitted to killing the wrong person; the two accidently killed the

sister of the “baby mama.” Lee further testified that Hale told her the murder

happened in Everett, and the two were paid $2,500.00.

       The State contended the statements were not offered to prove the truth of

the matter, but to show the reasons the police resumed investigating after they

received Lee’s tip in September 2018. The trial court denied Lewis’s motion to

exclude Hale’s statements referring to Lewis as “baby daddy” on the ground they

were not offered for the truth of the matter asserted.

                                         31
No. 83594-7-I/32

       Hearsay is statement, other than the one made by the declarant while

testifying at the trial or hearing, offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted.

ER 801(c). “Whether a statement is hearsay depends upon the purpose for which

the statement is offered.” State v. Crowder, 103 Wn. App. 20, 26, 11 P.3d 828

(2000). “A statement is not hearsay if it is used only to show the effect on the

listener, without regard to the truth of the statement.” State v. Edwards, 131 Wn.

App. 611, 614, 128 P.3d 631 (2006). In determining whether the statement was

offered to prove its truth instead of for a benign purpose as the State asserts, we

examine whether the benign purpose was relevant. See State v. Hudlow, 182 Wn.

App. 266, 278-80, 331 P.3d 90 (2014). A hearsay statement not offered to prove

the truth of the matter asserted is inadmissible under ER 801(c) if the purpose for

which it is offered is irrelevant. See State v. Gonzalez-Gonzalez, 193 Wn. App.

683, 690, 370 P.3d 989 (2016); Hudlow, 182 Wn. App. at 278-80.

       Based on State v. Chenoweth, the State argues the statements were

admissible for the nonhearsay purpose of showing their effect on law enforcement,

but this argument is unavailing on the record here. 188 Wn. App 521, 354 P.3d 13

(2015). In Chenoweth, the defendant challenged the admission of testimony that

the victim disclosed the sexual assault to witnesses. Id. at 531. The trial court

ruled the evidence of the disclosures was admissible to explain how the allegations

came to the attention of law enforcement. Id. However, the trial court ruled the

testimony would “ ‘stay absolutely that generic[,] simply to explain to the jury how

we g[o]t here, nothing more.’ ” Id. (alterations in original). The witnesses testified

“without reference to any specifics of the allegations. This testimony was not

                                         32
No. 83594-7-I/33

offered for the truth of the allegations, but to show what the witnesses did next and

provide a basis for their testimony.” Id. at 534 (footnote omitted). This case is

distinguishable, because Lee testified specifically about what Hale told her.

Because the testimony was not generic, it was error to admit Hale’s statements for

the purpose the State offered of explaining the reasons for the police’s actions.5

       We analyze the erroneous admission of evidence in violation of an

evidentiary rule under the nonconstitutional harmless error standard. State v.

Gower, 179 Wn.2d 851, 854, 321 P.3d 1178 (2014). Nonconstitutional error is

harmless if there is a reasonable probability that, without the error, “ ‘the outcome

of the trial would have been materially affected.’ ” Gresham, 173 Wn.2d at 433

(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting State v. Smith 106 Wn.2d 772, 780,

725 P.2d 951 (1986)). Even if Hale’s statements to Lee had been excluded,

Phelps’s testimony still would have placed nearly the same information before the

jury. There is no reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have

been materially affected. Any erroneous admission of Hale’s hearsay statements

was harmless.

                                         G

       Lewis argues the trial court erred in permitting testimony from an

investigating detective as to Lewis’s guilt. We agree the testimony was improper,

but conclude it was harmless.

       5 In concluding the nonhearsay purpose offered by the State did not support

admission of the evidence, we do not consider whether other possible nonhearsay
purposes existed.

                                         33
No. 83594-7-I/34

      Fagan responded to the homicide scene and was later tasked with

attempting to contact Lewis at his residence.             After discussing Fagan’s

conversation with Lewis, the State inquired about Fagan’s continued investigation,

including other witnesses, the camera evidence, and the scene of the crime. The

State asked about Fagan investigating drive times between Lewis’s and Canales’s

residences to compare with the timing of the car in the video evidence and the 911

call. The State asked whether “[a]t this point were you trying to say[] that [Lewis]

was conclusively involved with the homicide? Did you make up your mind that he

was involved?” Fagan gave a narrative answer indicating why the police were

looking at Lewis as “a potential suspect or person of interest,” concluding with a

comment about the possibility of parties to a divorce committing violence:

      [Fagan]       At this point we are in the morning hours of the 20th.
      We don’t know who was involved at this point, so any time you have
      a person that comes up as either a person of interest or a suspect
      perhaps, you have to develop information that would exclude
      someone being involved or include them. And typically through the
      course of an investigation you gather evidence, videos, do
      interviews, send stuff off to the state lab, do a variety of investigation
      that can lead to including or excluding. And giving some of the
      information that we learned from patrol related to [Lewis] and
      [Canales], there were things to be concerned of that obviously we
      needed to work through and see if we could exclude him or include
      him.

      [The State] Specifically why is he a potential suspect or person of
      interest at this point?

      [Fagan]       We knew [Lewis] and [Canales] were in the process of
      going through a divorce. There was court paperwork related to that.
      There was paperwork showing [Lewis] had supervised visits, so for
      lack of a better word, it was a contentious divorce. It was not
      amicable. It was not something easily working out. There were
      police incidents that were connected to [Lewis] and/or [Canales], so
      it became important given that context of what was happening with

                                         34
No. 83594-7-I/35

       him. When there is a homicide, you immediately look at people that
       are most direct to the victim. In this case would be [Canales-
       McGuire]. It is the home of [Canales] to see if they had motive or
       reason to carry this out.

       [The State]     And you said it is common to do that. Why is that?

       [Fagan]        Like in a divorce there is a lot of emotion that is
       wrapped in that one way or another. Sometimes the emotions get
       the better of someone and causes them, in this case multiple times
       to lash those emotions out and have them killed or kill them.

(Emphasis added.)

       At the next break, Lewis’s counsel objected to Fagan’s statements and

asked that there not be further questioning of that nature. The prosecutor indicated

the intent of the questioning had been to elicit why law enforcement had been

investigating Lewis. The trial court appears to have examined an available real-

time transcript to locate the challenged question. The court stated,

       I think I have likely the specific question. The question was you said
       it is common to do that and why it is referring to looking at people
       associated with the individual victim. And then the detective, and just
       generally, in a divorce there is a lot of emotion that happens.
       Sometimes emotions some cause them. So I think I understand the
       nature of the objection. At this point it is clear it is ultimately for the
       trier of fact to determine whatever events, and ultimately he is
       responsible for that. So to the extent the question calls for this type
       of conclusion, if there was contemporaneous [objection], it would be
       sustained. The question that was asked doesn’t seem to call for that
       conclusion though.

Lewis did not make a further objection or seek further relief. On appeal, Lewis

argues Fagan’s statements, emphasized in italics above, expressed an improper

opinion on guilt.

       In a criminal trial, “[o]pinions on guilt are improper whether made directly or

by inference.”      State v. Quaale, 182 Wn.2d 191, 199, 340 P.3d 213 (2014).

                                           35
No. 83594-7-I/36

“Impermissible opinion testimony regarding the defendant’s guilt may be reversible

error because such evidence violates the defendant’s constitutional right to a jury

trial, which includes the independent determination of the facts by the jury.” Id.

“The trial court has wide discretion to determine the admissibility of evidence, and

the trial court’s decision whether to admit or exclude evidence will not be reversed

on appeal unless the appellant can establish that the trial court abused its

discretion.” State v. Demery, 144 Wn.2d 753, 758, 30 P.3d 1278 (2001).

       Testimony by police officers “carries an ‘aura of reliability.’ ”   State v.

Montgomery, 163 Wn.2d 577, 595, 183 P.3d 267 (2008) (quoting Demery, 144

Wn.2d at 765). Courts have in some cases viewed statements by police officers

as “analogous to the prosecutor making statements during trial that [they] thought

that the defendant was guilty or untruthful,” and have noted that “when a law

enforcement officer gives opinion testimony, the jury is especially likely to be

influenced by that testimony.” Demery, 144 Wn.2d at 762. When a prosecutor

asks an appropriate question, nonresponsive testimony offered by a witness that

is an improper comment on a criminal defendant’s credibility or guilt is subject to

being stricken by the court. See State v. Jungers, 125 Wn. App. 895, 902, 106

P.3d 827 (2005).

       “Whether testimony constitutes an impermissible opinion on guilt or a

permissible opinion embracing an ‘ultimate issue’ will generally depend on the

specific circumstances of each case, including the type of witness involved, the

specific nature of the testimony, the nature of the charges, the type of defense,

and the other evidence before the trier of fact.” City of Seattle v. Heatley, 70 Wn.

                                        36
No. 83594-7-I/37

App. 573, 579, 854 P.2d 658 (1993). “[T]estimony that is not a direct comment on

the defendant’s guilt or on the veracity of a witness, is otherwise helpful to the jury,

and is based on inferences from the evidence is not improper opinion testimony.”

Id. at 578. In Quaale, an answer by a state trooper in a driving under the influence

case stating, “Absolutely. There was no doubt [the defendant] was impaired,” was

an improper opinion on guilt because it “went to the core issue and the only

disputed element.” 182 Wn.2d at 195, 200. In Montgomery, an officer testified, “ ‘I

felt very strongly that they were, in fact, buying ingredients to manufacture

methamphetamine based on what they had purchased, the manner in which they

had done it, going from different stores, going to different checkout lanes. I’d seen

those actions several times before.’ ” 163 Wn.2d at 587-88. This, among other

statements, was an improper opinion on guilt because it “went to the core issue

and the only disputed element.” Id. at 594.

       Here, the State asked why Fagan sought to determine drive times between

Lewis’s residence and Canales’s residence when he did, the day after the

homicide. It was relevant to elicit Fagan’s explanation for investigating the drive

times when he did, given the lack of other evidence implicating Lewis at that time.

Fagan’s answer explained a reasonable justification for pursuing that investigation

at that time to the extent he referred to what was then known about the acrimony

of the dissolution proceedings, police incidents, the practice of looking at those

persons “most direct” to the victim, and the fact of emotions running high in family

law disputes.

                                          37
No. 83594-7-I/38

       However, after stating the general proposition that people may act on their

emotions, Fagan made further statements, that “[i]t is the home of [Canales]” and

“in this case multiple times to lash those emotions out and have them killed.”

(Emphasis added.)       Those statements went beyond facts justifying further

investigation known at the time of the homicide and were specific to the State’s

theory against Lewis.      They tied Fagan’s statements concerning the general

potential for criminal acts in the context of family law disputes to the State’s specific

theory against Lewis. To that extent, Fagan’s statements amounted inferentially

to an improper opinion on guilt.

       An improper opinion on guilt may violate the defendant’s constitutional right

to have a fact critical to guilt determined by the jury, but is subject to harmless error

analysis. Quaale, 182 Wn.2d at 201-02. Constitutional error is harmless “only if

the State establishes beyond a reasonable doubt that any reasonable jury would

have reached the same result absent the error.” Id. at 202. In the context of

whether an opinion on guilt was a manifest constitutional error that could be raised

for the first time on review under RAP 2.5(a)(3), the court has said, “Important to

the determination of whether opinion testimony prejudices the defendant is

whether the jury was properly instructed.” Montgomery, 163 Wn.2d at 595. The

court has considered in this determination whether “the jury was properly

instructed . . . jurors ‘are the sole judges of the credibility of witnesses,’ and that

jurors ‘are not bound’ by expert witness opinions.” Id. (internal quotation marks

omitted) (quoting State v. Kirkman, 159 Wn.2d 918, 937, 155 P.3d 125 (2007)).

With a proper instruction, improper opinion testimony is less likely to prejudice the

                                           38
No. 83594-7-I/39

outcome when it is cumulative of other evidence of guilt. See State v. Thompson,

90 Wn. App. 41, 47, 950 P.2d 977 (1998). In Montgomery, the Supreme Court

suggested direct opinions on guilt are more likely to be prejudicial than inferential

opinions, stating, “[I]t is very troubling that the testimony in this case was quite

direct and used explicit expressions of personal belief.” 163 Wn.2d at 594

       In this case, there was no contemporaneous objection. This suggests the

comment was not viewed as significant at the time it was made. Additionally, the

subject matter of the questioning was directed to general reasons to investigate

Lewis, and the majority of Fagan’s answers spoke to those general reasons. Lewis

did not ask for any relief at trial other than that similar questions not be asked in

the future.   This request was honored.        Fagan’s statements were not direct

opinions that Lewis was connected to the homicide.           Furthermore, Fagan’s

testimony apart from these brief comments generally followed the outline of the

State’s case against Lewis. Finally, the jury was instructed they were the sole

judges of credibility and were not required to accept expert opinion. Fagan’s brief

reference to the State’s theory in the context of explaining what the police knew at

successive times did not meaningfully suggest a conclusion of guilt more so than

the circumstances as a whole did.        Any error in the admission of Fagan’s

statements was harmless.

                                         III

       Lewis argues he received ineffective assistance of counsel in several

respects. We disagree.

                                         39
No. 83594-7-I/40

       The federal and state constitutions guarantee an accused person the right

to effective assistance of counsel, subject to a two prong test established in

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674

(1984); State v. Estes, 188 Wn.2d 450, 457, 395 P.3d 1045 (2017); U.S. CONST.

amend. VI; W ASH. CONST. art. I, § 22. To demonstrate ineffective assistance of

counsel, the defendant must show that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient,

defined as falling below an objective standard of reasonableness, and (2)

counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the defendant, determined by whether

there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the

proceedings would have been different. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88, 694.

       We begin with a strong presumption that counsel’s representation was

reasonable.    Estes, 188 Wn.2d at 458.          This court presumes adequate

representation if there is any “ ‘conceivable legitimate tactic’ ” that explains

counsel’s performance. In re Det. of Hatfield, 191 Wn. App. 378, 402, 362 P.3d

997 (2015) (quoting State v. Reichenbach, 153 Wn.2d 126, 130, 101 P.3d 80

(2004)).   The reasonableness of counsel’s performance is evaluated from

“ ‘counsel’s perspective at the time of the alleged error and in light of all the

circumstances.’ ” In re Pers. Restraint of Davis, 152 Wn.2d 647, 673, 101 P.3d 1

(2004) (quoting Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 384, 106 S. Ct. 2574, 91

L. Ed. 2d 305 (1986)). To rebut the presumption of reasonableness, a defendant

must establish an absence of any legitimate trial tactic that would explain counsel’s

performance. In re Pers. Restraint of Lui, 188 Wn.2d 525, 539, 397 P.3d 90 (2017).

                                         40
No. 83594-7-I/41

       Prejudice exists if there is a reasonable probability that “but for counsel’s

deficient performance, the outcome of the proceedings would have been different.”

State v. Kyllo, 166 Wn.2d 856, 862, 215 P.3d 177 (2009). “Reasonable probability”

in this context means a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the

outcome.    Estes, 188 Wn.2d at 458.          A defendant must affirmatively prove

prejudice, not simply show that “ ‘the errors had some conceivable effect on the

outcome.’ ” State v. Crawford, 159 Wn.2d 86, 99, 147 P.3d 1288 (2006) (quoting

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693).

       Lewis first argues his counsel was ineffective in failing to object to the

Google and Snapchat warrants. As discussed above, assuming the evidence from

those warrants should have been suppressed, any error was harmless. For the

same reason, Lewis cannot show that he was prejudiced by any failure by his

counsel to challenge these warrants. An appellate court need not consider both

prongs of Strickland if a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel fails on one. In

re Pers. Restraint of Crace, 174 Wn.2d 835, 847, 280 P.3d 1102 (2012).

       Next, Lewis argues his counsel was ineffective in proposing a flawed ER

404(b) limiting instruction, and then declining an instruction altogether.       We

disagree. Lewis’s counsel explained the defense strategy in seeking an alternative

limiting instruction to that contemplated by the pattern jury instructions.     The

defense felt there was so much ER 404(b) evidence admitted that it would be

counterproductive to have a proper instruction listing the evidence and the

purposes for which it could be considered. Not requesting a limiting instruction for

evidence admitted under ER 404(b) may be a legitimate trial tactic to avoid

                                         41
No. 83594-7-I/42

reemphasizing damaging evidence. State v. Yarbrough, 151 Wn. App. 66, 90, 210

P.3d 1029 (2009); State v. Barragan, 102 Wn. App. 754, 762, 9 P.3d 942 (2000);

State v. Donald, 68 Wn. App. 543, 551, 844 P.2d 447 (1993). Lewis does not rebut

the presumption of reasonable performance.

       Additionally, Lewis does not establish prejudice. The other acts established

through the ER 404(b) evidence were not similar to the charged crime of planning

a contract murder.     Had a limiting instruction been given, and the jury been

prohibited from considering the evidence for the purpose of showing Lewis’s

character and action in conformity with that character, the remaining overwhelming

evidence of Lewis’s guilt shows the outcome would not have been different.

       Next, Lewis claims his defense counsel was ineffective in failing to object to

Westvold-Naekel’s testimony concerning Lewis’s interaction with his children at

the September 19, 2017 supervised visit. The section dedicated to this assignment

of error in Lewis’s opening brief is a conclusory statement that counsel was

deficient. Lewis does not address the issue in his reply brief. It is not possible to

reach the merits of this issue where Lewis fails to cite to the record or provide legal

authority supporting his argument. Westvold-Naekel’s observations of Lewis’s

demeanor in the hours before the murder were admissible, and Lewis does not

show any specific objection would have been sustained if made.               “Passing

treatment of an issue or lack of reasoned argument is insufficient to merit judicial

consideration.” Holland v. City of Tacoma, 90 Wn. App. 533, 538, 954 P.2d 290

(1998).

                                          42
No. 83594-7-I/43

       Next, Lewis argues defense counsel’s failure to request a limiting instruction

for Hale’s hearsay statements was unreasonable because it permitted the jury to

consider Hale’s hearsay statements as substantive evidence. At a pretrial hearing,

the trial court granted the State’s motion to admit Hale’s statements and stated,

“[I]f the defense proposes a limiting instruction, I in all likelihood am inclined to give

that.” However, defense counsel did not propose such an instruction and Lewis

claims this constitutes deficient performance.        Here too, it was a reasonable

tactical decision to not request a limiting instruction and avoid reemphasizing

Hale’s statements.

       Lewis also does not establish prejudice. Even if the jury was instructed to

consider Hale’s statements for a limited purpose, the outcome of the trial would

not have been different. Phelps testified that Lewis hired him to kill Canales. This

and other evidence described above shows the outcome would not have been

different if an instruction had limited the jury’s consideration of Hale’s statements.

       Last, Lewis argues defense counsel provided ineffective assistance in

failing to advance an open door theory for the admission of hearsay evidence that

Lewis was told Canales was out of town. The State moved in limine to exclude

hearsay statements of one of Lewis’s children. It was represented the child told

their nanny that she told Lewis that Canales was out of town and that Canales-

McGuire was staying with them. The State argued that if asked of the nanny, the

statement was inadmissible hearsay. The trial court granted the motion to exclude

the statement.

                                           43
No. 83594-7-I/44

      During Canales’s direct examination, the State elicited the following

testimony:

              [The State] And had you discussed the fact that you were
      going on a business trip with anyone?
              [Canales]    My family.
              [The State] And who, specifically, in your family that you can
      recall?
              [Canales]    Well, definitely [Canales-McGuire]. My parents.
      And I think my other siblings also.
              [The State] Were any of them having contact with [Lewis]
      during that period of time to your knowledge?
              [Canales]    Not to my knowledge.

Canales further testified she did not convey to Lewis that she was going to be

gone, nor was she aware of anyone else who would have told him.

      “A party may open the door to otherwise inadmissible evidence by

introducing evidence that must be rebutted in order to preserve fairness and

determine the truth.” State v. Wafford, 199 Wn. App. 32, 36-37, 397 P.3d 926

(2017). When a party opens the door to a subject, the opposing party may request

admission of previously excluded evidence on that subject during cross or redirect

examination. State v. Gefeller, 76 Wn.2d 449, 455, 458 P.2d 17 (1969), overruled

on other grounds by State v. Hill, 123 Wn.2d 641, 870 P.2d 313 (1994)). The

doctrine “permits a court to admit evidence on a topic that would normally be

excluded for reasons of policy or undue prejudice when raised by the party who

would ordinarily benefit from exclusion.” State v. Rushworth, 12 Wn. App. 2d 466,

473, 458 P.3d 1192 (2020). However, “[e]vidence is still subject to possible

exclusion based on constitutional requirements, pertinent statutes, and the rules

of evidence.” Id. at 474.

                                       44
No. 83594-7-I/45

       The State elicited testimony Canales was unaware of anyone having told

Lewis she was gone. Canales did not testify that no one told Lewis she was gone.

This does not open the door to the child’s statement because Canales had no

knowledge and did not testify that no person told Lewis she would be gone.

       Additionally, the child’s statement was inadmissible because it was

hearsay. Even if the State had broached a subject allowing Lewis to prove a fact

to put the State’s evidence in a fair context, Lewis still would have needed to prove

the fact through admissible evidence. In this case, the child’s statement was

excluded because it was hearsay. If Lewis had had admissible evidence that he

was told Canales would be out of town, he could have sought to present such

evidence regardless of whether the State first put on evidence that he had not been

told. Defense counsel was not deficient in failing to argue that the State opened

the door.   Lewis also does not establish prejudice, because there is not a

reasonable probability that the outcome of the proceedings would have been

different had counsel pursued an open door theory.

                                         IV

       Lewis argues the trial court “erred in failing to give Lewis’s proposed

instruction on first degree manslaughter as a lesser offense of aggravated first

degree murder.” Lewis contends a jury could have concluded Lewis was merely

reckless towards the possibility that Phelps would kill based on Lewis’s request,

as related by Phelps, that Phelps get Canales “ ‘out of the way.’ ” We disagree.

                                         45
No. 83594-7-I/46

       During cross-examination, Phelps agreed he “assumed” he knew what

Lewis meant:

              [Defense Counsel] Okay. And is it fair to say, [Phelps], that
       you assumed that the language “get somebody out of the way” meant
       that that person was to be killed?
              [Phelps]     Yes.
              [Defense Counsel] Did you ever seek clarification from
              [Lewis] and perhaps send him a Snap back and say, “You
              want me to kill somebody?”?
              [Phelps]     I didn’t.

Phelps described this as his understanding of his conversation with Lewis:

               [Defense Counsel] . . . . So this morning when you testified
       that there were a lot of assumptions that were made in this case,
       were there assumptions made about what you were supposed to do?
       Or were you just thinking that you and [Lewis] were speaking the
       same language? Or can you explain that, please?
               [Phelps]     You know, I—I assumed that there was no
       clarification needed. I thought, you know, we pretty much were on
       the same page. That’s why I didn’t ask what he meant when he
       asked to get someone out of the way. I thought it was understood
       what I was going over there to be done. And that’s the assumption,
       I guess, that I made.

Lewis proposed an instruction on first degree manslaughter based on the

possibility of the jury concluding Canales-McGuire’s death was the result of

reckless conduct by Lewis.

       In preliminarily assessing the parties’ arguments on whether the evidence

justified a manslaughter instruction, the trial court focused on Lewis’s participation

in events evolving over time:

       When I’m looking at this case and the evidence that’s been
       presented, it is the totality of what is here in front of the trier of fact.
       So it is the exclusion of the greater that I’m struggling with, and I do
       think it goes back to, at least as I sit here at the moment, it is the
       issue of the car. It is the issue of what happened that evening. It is

                                           46
No. 83594-7-I/47

       not just simply one text message. It is not just simply one
       conversation. It is at least something of a course of conduct.
              Many of these lesser included cases are just a moment in time
       factually. They are not things that evolve over a series of days,
       weeks, or even months.

In reiterating its initial assessment, the trial court again emphasized there being

“much more” than just an “offhand comment” attributed to Lewis. The trial court

ruled it would not give the manslaughter instruction.

       “The statutory right to lesser included offense instructions ‘protect[s]

procedural fairness and substantial justice for the accused.’ ” State v. Avington, 2

Wn.3d 245, 258, 536 P.3d 161 (2023) (alteration in original) (quoting State v.

Coryell, 197 Wn.2d 397, 412, 483 P.3d 98 (2021)).           It ensures that “juries

considering defendants who are ‘plainly guilty of some offense’ do not set aside

reasonable doubts in order to convict them and avoid letting them go free.” State

v. Henderson, 182 Wn.2d 734, 742, 344 P.3d 1207 (2015) (quoting Keeble v.

United States, 412 U.S. 205, 212-13, 93 S. Ct. 1993, 36 L. Ed. 2d 844 (1973)). In

Washington,

       a defendant is entitled to an instruction on a lesser included offense
       if two conditions are met. First, each of the elements of the lesser
       offense must be a necessary element of the offense charged.
       Second, the evidence in the case must support an inference that the
       lesser crime was committed.

State v. Workman, 90 Wn.2d 443, 447-48, 584 P.2d 382 (1978) (citations omitted).

These two conditions are referred to as the “legal prong” and the “factual prong” of

the Workman test. Avington, 536 P.3d at 168. The trial court ruled that first degree

manslaughter is a lesser included offense of first degree murder. Lewis’s appeal

implicates only the factual prong of Workman.

                                        47
No. 83594-7-I/48

       Coryell explained,

       [A] defendant is entitled to a lesser included instruction based on the
       evidence actually admitted. A defendant is not entitled to a lesser
       included instruction merely because a jury could ignore some of the
       evidence. The factual prong of Workman is satisfied only if based
       on some evidence admitted, the jury could reject the greater charge
       and return a guilty verdict on the lesser.

197 Wn.2d at 406-07. The court said, “the factual requirement for giving a lesser

or inferior degree instruction is that some evidence must be presented—from

whatever source, including cross-examination—that affirmatively establishes the

defendant’s theory before an instruction will be given.” Id. at 415. “In cases where

there is relevant ‘conflicting evidence, this evidence presents a question of fact for

the jury,’ which is the sole judge of the weight and credibility of the testimony and

other evidence at trial.” Avington, 536 P.3d at 169 (quoting Coryell, 197 Wn.2d at

414). The evidence does not need to exclude the greater charged crime. Coryell,

197 Wn.2d at 417, 418-19.

       In Coryell, the court described the manner in which a court must view the

evidence when evaluating the factual prong of Workman:

       Defendants are entitled to the benefit of all the evidence presented
       at trial, regardless of whether they were the introducing party. See
       [11 Washington Practice: Washington Pattern Jury Instruction:
       Criminal] 1.02 [4th ed. 2016]. When the appellate court determines
       if the evidence at trial is sufficient to support an instruction, it views
       the “supporting evidence in the light most favorable to the party that
       requested the instruction.” [State v. ]Fernandez-Medina, 141 Wn.2d
       at 455-56, 6 P.3d 1150 [2000]. If the evidence permits a jury to
       rationally find a defendant guilty of the lesser offense, a lesser
       included offense instruction should be given. Beck v. Alabama, 447
       U.S. 625, 635, 100 S. Ct. 2382, 65 L. Ed. 2d 392 (1980). Generally,
       a defendant may argue inconsistent defenses if the defenses are
       supported by evidence. State v. Frost, 160 Wn.2d 765, 772, 161
       P.3d 361 (2007). Although the evidence must affirmatively establish

                                          48
No. 83594-7-I/49

       the defendant’s theory of the case, it is not enough that the jury might
       disbelieve the evidence pointing to guilty. [State v. ]Fowler, 114
       Wn.2d at 67, 785 P.2d 808 [(1990), overruled on other grounds by
       State v. Blair, 117 Wn.2d 479, 486-87, 816 P.2d 718 (1991)]. The
       court typically “err[s] on the side of instructing juries on lesser
       included offenses.” [State v. ]Henderson, 182 Wn.2d at 736, 344
       P.3d 1207 [2015].

197 Wn.2d at 415 (one alteration in original). “[T]he fact-intensive inquiry required

by the factual prong is ‘often complicated’ to apply in practice.” Avington, 536 P.3d

at 169 (quoting Coryell, 197 Wn.2d at 406). A trial court’s decision based on a

factual determination applying Workman is reviewed for abuse of discretion.

Avington, 536 P.3d at 169; Coryell, 197 Wn.2d at 405.

       To establish first degree murder, the State was required to prove that “[w]ith

a premeditated intent to cause the death of another person,” Lewis “cause[d] the

death of such person or of a third person.” RCW 9A.32.030(1)(a). A person acts

with “intent” when the person “acts with the objective or purpose to accomplish a

result which constitutes a crime.” RCW 9A.08.010(1)(a). A person commits first

degree manslaughter when the person “recklessly causes the death of another

person.” RCW 9A.32.060. This requires that the State “show [a defendant] ‘[knew]

of and disregard[ed] a substantial risk that a [homicide] may occur.’ ” State v.

Gamble, 154 Wn.2d 457, 467, 114 P.3d 646 (2005) (most alterations in original)

(quoting RCW 9A.08.010(1)(c)).       The issue is whether there was affirmative

evidence from which a jury could conclude that Lewis disregarded a substantial

risk that a homicide may occur, and did not act with the premeditated objective to

accomplish that result.

                                         49
No. 83594-7-I/50

       In Coryell, the State charged second degree assault, which required that it

prove assault by strangulation, and the defendant sought an instruction on fourth

degree assault, which required only that the State prove assault. 197 Wn.2d at

404, 415-16.    Recognizing the defendant’s prerogative to present alternative

defenses, the court pointed to affirmative evidence establishing fourth degree

assault without strangulation: “Although Coryell stated that he was not with

Hart’Lnenicka in the laundry room, if the jury found that there was an assault in the

laundry room, then he was entitled to the inference that he was guilty only of fourth

degree assault based on the police officer’s testimony that he saw no petechial

hemorrhaging.” Id. at 417. Further, there was evidence supporting one continuous

event, not two separate assaults, which would have supported the jury in

concluding marks on the victim’s neck came from earlier physical contact, not

strangulation. Id. It was error to refuse the instruction, because the evidence

“supported an inference that Coryell assaulted, but did not strangle, his girlfriend,

and thus, he was entitled to a lesser degree instruction.” Id. at 418.

       Here, the trial court distinguished Coryell. It is appropriate for this court to

“consider the trial court’s remarks in the context of the charged offenses and the

undisputed evidence presented at trial.” Avington, 536 P.3d at 171. The trial court

here focused on the intentionality of Lewis’s actions over time, which was not

consistent with recklessness. The evidence included (1) Lewis’s past assaults on

Canales, (2) Lewis’s threat to kill Canales, (3) communication by Phelps

concerning Phelps’s acquiring a gun and a partner, (4) Lewis’s request that an

“O[riginal]G[angster]” and later Phelps “get [Canales] out of the way,” (5) meeting

                                          50
No. 83594-7-I/51

Phelps and Hale to direct them to Canales’s residence, (6) showing them a photo

of Canales, (7) paying $2,400.00, (8) Lewis’s surprise when informed Canales had

been out of town, (9) Lewis’s untruthful claim he had remained home all night, and

(10) his neglect to ask after his children’s or anyone’s safety despite being told

there had been a shooting. There is no affirmative evidence of Lewis having a

reckless mental state. Phelps’s testimony that Lewis requested he “get [Canales]

out of the way,” even if subject to differing interpretations, is not affirmative

evidence that Lewis subjectively disregarded a risk that homicide might occur. “[I]t

is not enough that the jury might disbelieve the evidence pointing to guilty.” Coryell,

197 Wn.2d at 415. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in declining a

manslaughter instruction.

                                          V

       Lewis argues the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the

charges due to governmental misconduct under CrR 8.3(b). Lewis argues,

generally, that government mismanagement in the form of discovery and other

delays forced Lewis to choose between his right to a speedy trial and his right to

effective assistance of counsel. We conclude Lewis did not show governmental

misconduct.

       Following the tip police received from Lee in September 2018, police

obtained search warrants in four sets between January 2, 2019, and July 24, 2019.

Authorities arrested Hale on April 4, 2019. They arrested Phelps on April 5, 2019.

That day, Phelps admitted his role in the murder and stated Lewis had approached

him to kill a person Lewis described as his ex-wife. On April 6, 2019, Lewis, then

                                          51
No. 83594-7-I/52

in the Snohomish County Jail, declined to talk about the homicide investigation.

Lewis was arraigned on April 11, 2019. Over the next several months, the trial

court ordered several continuances as law enforcement continued to gather

evidence and convey the same to defense counsel.

       On May 9, 2019, the trial court set the hearing for the first motion to continue

on May 23, 2019.

       On May 17 & 22, 2019, the State produced to the defense 9 and 38 discs

of discovery production.

       On May 23, 2019, the trial court ordered a Campbell6 continuance over

Lewis’s objection. The prosecutor was in the process of reviewing 1,500 pages on

one disc not yet provided to the defense, and there were “about 28 more discs to

go to be provided.” There was “a significant amount of information still coming in

from law enforcement.” Defense counsel indicated it was a slow process to review

the discovery with the defendant due to the need for redactions, but counsel stated,

“[I]t’s very critical that every piece of discovery is reviewed” with Lewis. Counsel

represented, “[I]f the Court ordered that this matter was to proceed to trial on May

31st, I could not provide effective representation to [Lewis].” The trial court re-set

trial to November 15, 2019.

       6 State v. Campbell, 103 Wn.2d 1, 13-15, 691 P.2d 929 (1984) (allowing

continuance over defendant’s objection where “Campbell’s counsel could neither
effectively represent him nor ensure that he received his constitutional right to a
fair trial within 60 days of arraignment, ‘through no fault of their own but because
of the complexity and length of this case.’ ”).

                                          52
No. 83594-7-I/53

      On November 6, 2019, the trial court ordered a further continuance. The

prosecutor represented,

               We have been working diligently to get discovery to defense.
      There have been a number of records, thousands of pages of
      records, that we have retained from outside sources. Some of them
      we were having difficulty getting opened, and I wanted to make sure
      all of that was functioning and working when we turned it over to
      defense. I have actually given [defense counsel] a whole folder
      worth of discovery today that includes thousands of pages of
      discovery that she’s going to need to go through in order to prepare
      for trial.
               We still have defense interviews to do. We still have a large
      amount of investigation to be done, I think, for both parties to prepare
      for trial. And so we’re asking the Court to continue this matter until
      October 2nd for all of those reasons. [Lewis] is objecting to the
      continuance.
               I have advised [defense counsel] that I am in agreement that
      a continuance is necessary here.

Trial was set for October 2, 2020. This was at defense counsel’s request and over

defendant’s objection.

      Afterwards, there were further continuances Lewis describes on appeal as

being “due to defense counsel’s unavailability and several pre-trial motions were

litigated.” Lewis’s later motion to dismiss provides additional detail concerning

some of these continuances:

      On June 23, 2020, the trial date was continued one week, and the court

scheduled a pretrial hearing to rule on the State’s ER 404(b) evidence.

      On September 4, 2020, according to Lewis’s motion, the “[d]efense

expressed concerns of transporting [Lewis] to court, given a positive COVID-19

defendant” at the court.

      On October 1, 2020, a new trial date was set for March 5, 2021.

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       The trial court held three significant pretrial hearings. On October 15, 2020,

the court held a hearing to determine the admissibility of the State’s disclosed ER

404(b) evidence. On December 21, 2020, the court held a CrR 3.5 hearing. On

January 14, 2021, the court held a CrR 3.6 hearing.

       On January 27, 2021, Lewis moved to dismiss under CrR 8.3(b). The

motion notes Lewis was in custody serving his sentence for the assault

convictions. In discussing prejudice to his right to a fair trial, Lewis focused almost

entirely on the consequences of COVID-19. He argued, “During the delay, the

COVID-19 pandemic hit the United States,” as a result of which he would be

“forced to go to trial as a black man in a mask” and “[w]itnesses will likewise be

masked.” He referred to COVID-19’s consequences on evaluating demeanor, fear

of transmission affecting jury service, jurors’ ability to hear through plexiglass

installations, handling exhibits and evidence, jurors’ worry for their own physical

safety, COVID-19’s allegedly depressing participation of minorities in jury service,

limited and remotely conducting voir dire, and a concern for limited peremptory

challenges.7

       At the same hearing, after the court denied the motion to dismiss, the parties

turned to the issue of a further continuance. The State indicated it did not believe

the case would be ready for trial by the existing trial date of March 5, 2021.

Defense counsel indicated that in discussions with the State she had continually

stated she lacked Lewis’s permission to discuss a continuance, but having

anticipated the trial court’s concerns addressed her own upcoming unavailability,

       7 Later at trial Lewis was afforded his usual six peremptory challenges.

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defense interviews not yet completed, and matters that would require pretrial

litigation including the phone and social media records being gathered by the State

and its anticipated trial exhibits. The trial court set the case to be called for trial on

October 15, 2021, subject to a formal continuance order. The trial court went on

to hear motions in limine starting on October 14, 2021, start jury selection on

October 18, 2021, and empanel the jury on October 25, 2021.

       CrR 8.3(b) provides, “The court, in the furtherance of justice, after notice

and hearing, may dismiss any criminal prosecution due to arbitrary action or

governmental misconduct when there has been prejudice to the rights of the

accused which materially affect the accused’s right to a fair trial.” To support

dismissal under CrR 8.3(b), the defendant must show by a preponderance of the

evidence both (1) arbitrary action or governmental misconduct, and (2) actual

prejudice affecting the defendant’s right to a fair trial. State v. Martinez, 121 Wn.

App. 21, 29, 86 P.3d 1210 (2004). The misconduct need not be of an evil or

dishonest nature, but simple mismanagement is sufficient. State v. Michielli, 132

Wn.2d 229, 239-40, 937 P.2d 587 (1997). Dismissal under CrR 8.3(b) is an

extraordinary remedy that is improper except in truly egregious cases of

mismanagement or misconduct that materially prejudice the rights of the accused.

Martinez, 121 Wn. App. at 30. This court reviews a CrR 8.3(b) ruling for abuse of

discretion, which will be found when a decision is manifestly unreasonable or

based on untenable grounds. Id.

       “In the dismissal context, a defendant is prejudiced when delayed disclosure

interjects ‘new facts’ shortly before litigation, forcing him to choose between his

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right to a speedy trial and to be represented by an adequately prepared attorney.”

State v. Salgado-Mendoza, 189 Wn.2d 420, 432, 403 P.3d 45 (2017) (quoting

State v. Price, 94 Wn.2d 810, 814, 620 P.2d 994 (1980)). The criminal rules

impose a continuing obligation on the prosecutor to reasonably seek the disclosure

of discoverable information not in his or her control, and if the information could

not be obtained the prosecutor should notify the court. Id. at 430 (citing State v.

Blackwell, 120 Wn.2d 822, 832, 845 P.2d 1017 (1993)).

       In Salgado-Mendoza, a driving under the influence case, the State

disclosed nine potential toxicologists five months in advance of trial, without

specifying which would testify. 189 Wn.2d at 425. The day before trial, the State

narrowed the list to three potential toxicologists. Id. The morning of trial, the State

identified the toxicologist it would call, with the prosecutor indicating the information

had been received that morning. Id. The court said the State “did not live up to its

discovery obligations,” and this was “likely” governmental misconduct. Id. at 433.

The court went on to conclude there was no prejudice. Id. at 435.

       In State v. Dailey, 93 Wn.2d 454, 458, 610 P.2d 357 (1980), the trial court

dismissed a prosecution under CrR 8.3(b) based on numerous incidents of

prosecutorial mismanagement. Charging the defendants with negligent homicide

arising out of a traffic fatality, the State initially did not specify whether it believed

Dailey or his codefendant was the driver of the vehicle. Id. at 455. For more than

a month, with no reasonable explanation, the State delayed providing information

and laboratory reports the trial court had ordered disclosed. Id. The Friday before

trial the following Monday, the State added 11 new witnesses in addition to the five

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it had originally disclosed. Id. at 456. The trial court offered the State the option

to try the case with the original five witnesses, and, when the State refused,

dismissed the case. Id. The Supreme Court held dismissal was not an abuse of

discretion given this combination of circumstances. Id. at 459.

       In Martinez, the State’s case turned in part on the identification of a gun

used in the charged robbery. 121 Wn. App. at 24-25. Although it was not disclosed

to the defense at the time, before trial “the State knew . . . that the silver gun

identified by Ms. Reinmuth could not have been the same gun shown to her by Mr.

Martinez.” Id. at 25. For the first time during trial, the evidence disclosed to the

defense that the gun from the robbery was clearly a different one from the one that

Martinez had possessed per witness Reinmuth’s statement. Id. at 27. “Incredibly,

even after the revelation that the gun identified by Ms. Reinmuth could not have

been the same gun used in the robbery, the State again tried to suggest a

connection between them.” Id. at 28. After the jury deadlocked 10-2 to acquit, the

trial court declared a mistrial and, following amended charges filed by the State,

dismissed pursuant to CrR 8.3(b) because of governmental misconduct. Id. at 29.

       We affirmed, explaining the State had strategically withheld exculpatory

evidence until during trial, apparently in the hope that a witness might testify in a

manner diminishing the evidence’s exculpatory character. Id. at 32-33, 36. We

held the State’s failure to reveal exculpatory evidence was a violation of due

process and was “egregious enough” to satisfy the first requirement of CrR 8.3(b).

Id. at 34. We also found prejudice, given that “[t]he State prosecutor’s withholding

of exculpatory evidence until the middle of a criminal jury trial is likewise so

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repugnant to principles of fundamental fairness that it constitutes a violation of due

process.” Id. at 35.

       Lewis further cites State v. Brooks, in which “the State failed: to provide a

60-page victim’s statement until the day before trial; to provide Jason Brooks’s

statement to a deputy from the night of the incident; to provide the lead detective’s

report, which likely would have revealed other witnesses that Natalie and Jason

needed to interview; and to subpoena the victim for trial.” 149 Wn. App. 373, 376,

203 P.3d 397 (2009).         This court affirmed the trial court’s conclusion of

governmental misconduct. Id. at 391. Brooks was marked by serial delays by the

State to provide information in its possession, and, according to the trial court,

“ ‘[d]umping’ ” information on the defense “ ‘on the day of trial when it was not newly

created or discovered and which had been available for weeks.’ ” Id. at 387. The

timing of and omissions from the State’s disclosures undermined defense

counsel’s ability to interview the State’s investigator and prepare for trial in a timely

fashion. Id. at 390.

       In State v. Sherman, the State charged the defendant with one count of theft

in the first degree, alleging that she had stolen money from her employer. 59 Wn.

App. 763, 765, 801 P.2d 274 (1990). On April 14, 1989, the trial court ordered the

State to produce, among other things, all records relating to certain employment

“submitted by the employer to the Internal Revenue Service [IRS].” Id. On July

11, the day after trial was supposed to have commenced, the State sought

reconsideration. Id. By July 20, at trial, the State had never provided the records.

Id. at 766. Based on this and other reasons, the trial court dismissed the case. Id.

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We held the State’s failure to produce the records was a sufficient reason

supporting dismissal, explaining “the State agreed to undertake production of the

IRS records of the complaining witness. In spite of this agreement, the State failed

to produce the records, and then waited until the day after trial was to have begun

to seek reconsideration of the order.” Id. at 768.

       Lewis did not show misconduct as found in these authorities. Lewis did not

show the State failed to comply with an order to produce discovery, similar to the

order to produce information and laboratory reports in Dailey, or the order to

produce IRS documents in Sherman. Lewis did not show the State surprised him

with new information on the eve of trial, as in Salgado-Martinez, Dailey, and

Brooks, or during trial, as in Martinez. And Lewis did not show the State failed to

timely produce information that it had, but inexplicably delayed producing, as the

State did in Dailey, Martinez, and Brooks.

       Rather, focusing on the schedule on which the State turned over

information, Lewis overlays the discussions in Salgado-Mendoza and Blackwell to

the effect the State’s discovery obligation includes the responsibility to make

reasonable efforts to obtain discoverable information not in the prosecutor’s

control. Lewis argues “there is . . . no evidence that the State used its best efforts

to work with Detective Betts and get him to produce his police report in a timely

manner.” The prosecutor’s office’s obligation to obtain information it does not

directly control is to make reasonable efforts, and then notify the court if it cannot

obtain the information. Salgado-Mendoza, 189 Wn.2d at 430. Lewis established

that law enforcement was gathering information in its efforts to locate evidence that

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Lewis was involved in the murder. But Lewis did not establish that the prosecutor’s

office was unreasonable in failing to make those efforts occur more swiftly than

they did. Further, the prosecutor did notify the court that there was additional

information being obtained by law enforcement that his office and defense counsel

would need to review.        The prosecutor stated at the November 6, 2019

continuance hearing: “There have been a number of records, thousands of pages

of records, that we have retained from outside sources.” Finally, in Brooks, the

failure of the deputies to prepare more timely reports was one failure among many

justifying dismissal, and the trial court’s and this court’s concern was not with the

delay alone, but the lack of any reasonable explanation for the delay, and its

occurring on the eve of trial. 149 Wn. App. at 381-82, 386-87. The trial court did

not abuse its discretion in ruling Lewis did not show governmental misconduct

under CrR 8.3(b) and in denying his motion to dismiss.8

                                          VI

       Lewis argues the combined errors of the trial court and defense counsel are

prejudicial in the aggregate. We disagree. Under the cumulative error doctrine,

this court may reverse a defendant’s conviction when the combined effect of errors

during trial effectively denied the defendant their right to a fair trial, even if each

error standing alone would be harmless. State v. Weber, 159 Wn.2d 252, 279,

149 P.3d 646 (2006). The doctrine does not apply where the errors are few and

have little or no effect on the trial’s outcome. Id. Having reviewed the evidence

       8 Additionally, to the extent Lewis seeks to justify dismissal based on delay

in the time to trial, he was required to show a violation of CrR 3.3, a statute, or the
state or federal constitution, none of which was shown. See CrR 3.3(h).

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Lewis does not challenge on appeal, having concluded that several of the

challenged rulings were not error, and assuming without deciding that the trial court

should not have admitted evidence obtained through the challenged warrants,

Hale’s hearsay statements, and Fagan’s testimony amounting to an inferential

opinion on guilt, the cumulative error doctrine does not afford Lewis relief.

Compared to the extensive, unchallenged and untainted evidence, any errors are

few and could have had no effect on the outcome.

                                         VII

       Lewis argues the imposition of a lifetime no-contact order barring contact

with his children should be remanded because the trial court did not sufficiently

weigh his fundamental right to parent. We agree.

       Because the jury found the murder occurred within the sight or sound of

Lewis’s minor children, the State requested that the trial court enter no-contact

orders with regards to the three children. In response to the trial court’s inquiry,

defense counsel replied,

       Your Honor, we understand the State’s position. I haven’t had a
       chance to discuss that in any detail with [Lewis], but we understand
       that the Court will order it. And if [Lewis] wishes to address the Court
       at some future date about having contact with his children, then he
       can file a motion.

The trial court ordered no-contact with the three children based on the jury’s finding

and having heard the evidence.

       Pursuant to RCW 9.94A.505(9), a trial court may impose “crime-related

prohibitions” as a sentencing condition. In re Pers. Restraint of Rainey, 168 Wn.2d

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367, 374, 229 P.3d 686 (2010) (discussing former RCW 9.94A.505(8) (2010)). “A

no contact order is a crime-related prohibition.” State v. Howard, 182 Wn. App.

91, 101, 328 P.3d 969 (2014). A trial court’s imposition of a sentencing condition

is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. State v. Torres, 198 Wn. App. 685, 689,

393 P.3d 894 (2017).

       Parents have a fundamental constitutional right “to the care, custody, and

companionship of their children.” State v. DeLeon, 11 Wn. App. 2d 837, 841, 456

P.3d 405 (2020).       A sentencing condition that infringes this fundamental

constitutional right may be upheld only if the condition is reasonably necessary to

accomplish the essential needs of the State and public order, and it is “sensitively

imposed.” State v. Warren, 165 Wn.2d 17, 32, 195 P.3d 940 (2008). A court can

impose a condition that restricts the fundamental right to parent as long as the

condition is reasonably necessary to prevent harm to the child. State v. Ancira,

107 Wn. App. 650, 654, 27 P.3d 1246 (2001).

       On the record before us, we are unable to review whether the no-contact

order was reasonably necessary to accomplish the State’s essential needs or was

imposed sensitively to the constitutional rights at stake. See State v. Reedy, 26

Wn. App. 2d 379, 394-95, 527 P.3d 156 (2023), review denied, 1 Wn.3d 1029, 534

P.3d 798 (2023). To the extent of our record, the trial court did not acknowledge

Lewis’s fundamental right to parent or address whether the no-contact order was

reasonably necessary to prevent harm to the children. Torres, 198 Wn. App. at

690; Peters, 10 Wn. App. 2d at 584. We do not vacate the no-contact order at this

time, but remand for the trial court to consider the essential needs of the State and

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public order, the impact of the no-contact order on Lewis’s fundamental right to

parent, and whether the no-contact order is necessary to protect the children from

harm.

        In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed.

WE CONCUR:

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