Court Opinion

ID: 8846586
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-26 16:59:23.701049+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:05:21.624969
License: Public Domain

PHILIPS, District Judge,
(after stating the facts.) In the case of Vawter v. Railway Co., 84 Mo. 679, the supreme court of this *212state held that an administrator appointed under the laws of this state could not maintain an action in the state against a defendant railroad company for damages resulting from the death of the intestate, occurring in the state of Kansas, through the imputed wrongful act and negligence of the company, although a cause of action therefor was given by the statutes of that state to the administrator of the estate. This ruling was predicated mainly on the proposition that said action was given wholly by the statute of Kansas, and such statute has no extraterritorial force, and because of the fact that under the statutes of this state the administrator cannot maintain an action for personal injury to the intestate. In Oates v. Railway Co., 104 Mo. 514, 16 S. W. Rep. 487, the intestate at the time of his death was a citizen of the state of Missouri, and died in the state of Kansas in consequence of injuries inflicted upon him there through the imputed wrong and negligence of servants of the defendant company. The suit was brought in the state court of Missouri by the surviving widow. The doctrine of the Vawter Case was reaffirmed. Although, by the statute of the state of. Missouri, a right of action for the death, had the injury occurred here, was given to such widow, yet, as the right of action where the injury occurred was given alone by the statute of Kansas to the legal representative, the remedy, it was held, was imported into the forum of adjudication along with the right. Therefore, as the widow could not maintain the suit in Kansas, neither could she sue in Missouri. The decision in the Vawter Case was the occasion of the enactment by the Missouri legislature of the following statute, approved April 20,1891:
“Section 1. Whenever a cause of action has accrued under or by virtue of the laws of any other state or territory, such cause of action may be brought in any of. the courts of this state by the person or persons entitled to the proceeds of such cause of action: provided, such person or persons shall be authorized to bring such action by the laws of the state or territory where the cause of action accrued.
“Sec. 2. Whenever any cause of action has accrued under or by virtue of the laws of any other state or territory, and the person or persons entitled to the benefit of such cause of action are not authorized by the laws of such state or territory to prosecute such action in his, her, or their own names, then in every such case such cause of action may be brought in any of the courts of this state, by a person to be appointed for that purpose by the court in which such cause of action is sought to be instituted, or the clerk thereof in vacation, and such person so appointed may institute such, action, and prosecute the same, for the benefit of the person or persons entitled to the proceeds thereof under the laws of the state or territory wherein the cause of action arose.' ■
“Sec. 3. The proceeds of any action brought under section number two of this act shall be distributed by the person bringing such suit, and paid to the person or persons entitled thereto, according to their respective interests therein, under the laws of the state or territory wherein the cause of action arose.”
We do not see very clearly bow tbis statute can be relied upon to maintain tbis action, for by tbe first section tbe right of action for sucb death occurring without tbe state is given to “tbe person or persons entitled to tbe proceeds of sucb cause of action, provided such person or persons shall be authorized to bring sucb action by *213? in- burs oí the state or territory where the cause of action accrued.” An by the statute of Minnesota the cause of action in question is given to the legal representative of the deceased, and by the statute of Missouri is given to the parent or parents, or wife, or children, iiti Hie cane may be, it is apparent that the person authorized to bring such action by the laws of Minnesota, where the cause of action accrued, is not the party entitled to the proceeds of such cause of action. Exactly why the legislature of the state, while passing a remedial act, should have thus restricted its terms is not apparent. Tt must suffice, however, for the purposes of this case, that such is ihe statute. While section. 2 of the act authorizes ihe eppokiiment of si person in ibis state* by the clinic or the court '.o prosecute the action, where the person or persons entitled to the benefit of such cause oí action are not authorizes! by tin* laws of the stab* where the injury occurred to prosecute sod» action, yet I my umcb question the power of the legislature of Missouri to • authorize any one else to maintain such action than the person named by the enabling act of Minnesota. It is true that the person dedgnaisHl in ibis cruse to prosecute the action is the legal representative of the deceased in Minnesota, and Use plaintiff is entitled -;o any van!age ground, if any, on account of this coincidence. The sight of action given being in contravention of the common law, sum! being1, dependent alone upon Ike statute creating it, tilt; right must be taken with the limitations placed upon the remedy.
If i a.ni correct in this view, we are brought to face the question whether or not ihe administrator appointed in Minnesota can main-lain ihki action without the aid of the foregoing enabling act of the legisla urn* of Missouri. Neither of the Missouri cases above cited preseius ¿he precise question whether the legal representative appointed under the laws of the stole where the injury occurred can maintain such action in this otate. The rule which forbids a nonresident administrator or executor from going info another slate to recover property of the estate is based largely upon the proposition «nía5 letters tesiainenrary or of administration have no force or effect beyond ihe ¿eriiioriaf jichis of the state by whose authority tiny are granted; that the property of Ose deceased is «object to the luleg of devolution, succession, and administration under the statute laws, ■where tilmated; ;?ud that the property of ¡he decedent within the stale, being subject to the claim:’, oí creditors, will not be permitted t© be withdrawn from the local jurisdiction until such cí a inn ore satisfied. This is what a recent author ¡mns “the necessity oí the ruled'' 1 Yfoemer, Achnbi, p. «£58. On principle, I cannot perceive why the tua-xini should not apply here, as elsewhere, that rutea cease with the reason that gave ¿.hem birth. By the statute of Minnesota (1878, p. 825, § 2) the cause of action in such case is given to “the personal representative of the deceased,” and “the amount recovered is to be for the exclusive benefit of the widow and next of kin, to be distributed to them in the same proportions as the personal property of the deceased person.”
Story in his Equity Jurisprudence, (page 581,) defines assets as follows:
*214“In an accurate and legal sense, all the personal property of the deceased Which is of a salable nature, and may be converted into ready money, is deemed ‘assets.’ But the word is not confined to such property, for all other property of the deceased which is chargeable with his debts or legacies, and is applicable to the purpose, is, in a large sense, ‘assets.’ ”
The money recoverable in this action is in no sense of the term an asset. It never was of the property of the intestate. It arose only upon his death. By the express provisions of the statute it it is exempt from the debts of tbe intestate or the usual incidents of administration. No question, therefore, can arise as to its devolution under the succession laws of this state, or of its liability to the claims of local or other creditors. On the contrary, by tbe very terms of tbe statute of Minnesota tbe fund which would arise from the action would be a trust fund, held by the administrator for the sole benefit of tbe widow and next of kin. To all intents and purposes, therefore, the administrator is made by the statute the trustee of an express trust. The legislature of Minnesota could as well have named and empowered any other person to bring such action as the legal representative. Could it be denied, bad the legislature named and empowered John Smith, sheriff of the county, or John Jones, clerk of the county, of the residence of the deceased, to bring such action to the use and benefit of tbe widow and next of kin, that such person would have been the trustee of an express trust, or that such trustee would have been recognized in any court in Missouri to maintain the action? What difference, then, on principle, can it make that the legislature which gave the cause of action designated the legal representative of the deceased as the party to maintain it? Neither the administrator nor John Smith, sheriff, nor John Jones, clerk, would derive his authority merely from his office, as inhering therein, but from tbe statute designating such person as tbe trustee to perform tbe particular office of suitor. His being administrator may be tbe condition on which tbe legislature clothes him with the particular trust, the same as being sheriff or clerk would confer on John Jones or John Smith the authority to sue. Either would be the trustee of an express trust derived from the statute.
In Needham v. Railroad Co., 38 Vt. 294, the court points out a very important distinction between a statute which creates a survival and right of action to the administrator for a personal injury to the intestate where death does not result therefrom, but from some other circumstance, and another provision of the statute, which gives the right of action to the legal representative for the benefit of tbe next of kin, etc., where death ensues from the injury. In the first instance the cause of action arises during the life of the intestate, and the cause of action survives to the administrator, as such, under the statute, and the damage recovered becomes an asset of the estate, subject to general distribution as any other property of the estate; whereas, in the second instance, the cause of action does not arise until after the death of the person injured, and it is given for the purpose, and as a means, of compensating the designated kinsmen for the value to them of the life of him wrongfully taken away. *215It is their loss alone which is to be campentmted. The damage recovered, therefore, does not become an asset, but belongs and goaf, to the designated beneficiary. So the court says:
'•SZoiwlííwiaiKling tlie action in such owe is w> be prosecuted in point off form by tino executor or administrator, lie Is only a trasteo oí tlie sum recovered lor the use of ttso widow or next o£ tin, ana tlio sum so recovered cannot be treated as a resol s in Ms bands for distribution among the «rod! torn. Ho right oí’ action - * >! exists during the' lifetime o£ the injured party. Whan death occurs from Use Injury tlie right oí action given a?.v!os alter, and at the moment of, Ills decease: Tito damages resulting from hits death are ilion prospective. Such damages to Om widow and next of Jrta bagan where the damages oí the intestate ended, viz. wiíh Ida death.”
Im Hulbert v. City of Topeka, 34 Fed. Rep. 511, Judge Brewer noted tJiS:; distinction its Importan t, and that it wsa overlooked by the state court when lie was on that bench. He followed, however, the ruling of the state eoirrs, as it involved the cons traction of the fílate statute. But it must be kept in mind that in the IMbert Case the administrator xrm appointed by the probate court in Missouri, whose statute did not authorize an administrator, as did the Kansas statute, to maintain ¡rack action; and Judge Black, in Oates v. Railway Co., supra, seemed impressed with, this difference, for he observed: “lx, by the laws of that state, she [the widow] could prosecute the suit there, a different question would be presented for our consideration.” On principle, as we have already suggested, whore the statute of the tita te which gives the right of action designates the legal representative to sue in trust for the use of the widow and next of kin, there can be no distinction between an action thus prosecuted and one by the widow or designated beneficiary, had the statute so authorized the action.
If there were anything in the Missouri statute which would indicate that it waa contrary to the policy of the state that such legal representative should maintain such action, this court, in administering law within the state, would observe and enforce such local policy. Ho cause of action is given in Missouri to the administrator for injuries to the person of the intestate, where death does not ensue therefrom. While section 96, Rev. St. 1889, giving the right of action to the administrator in enumera,ted instances, if restrained In the interpretation to the exact language employed, would give little color to the idea that a cause of action was thereby designed and intended to be given for personal injury to the intestate, yet the legislature, out of abundant caution, in the succeeding section declared that anything in the preceding section, should extend “to actions on the case for injuries to the person of the plain iilf, or to the person of the testator or intestate of any executor or administrator.5” This, too, made section 98 harmonious with sections 4426, 4427, of the statute, which gave the right of action where death ensues to the designated next of kin.
The case of Dennick v. Railroad Co., 103 U. S. 11, bears more directly upon the question at issue than any case to which my attention is called. There the deceased was killed in Hew Jersey, and his widow obtained letters of administration in New York, presumably the domicile of the deceased. She sued in the state court, from *216which the cause was removed into the federal court by the nonresident corporation. The statute laws of New Jersey were practically the same as those of Minnesota, respecting the right of action by the legal representative. ' The difference between that and this case is that by the statutes of New York the right of action for injuries inflicted there was also given to the legal representative. While it is to be conceded that Justice Miller, in Ms opinion, lays some stress upon the fact that the plaintiff was a domestic administrator as well as being authorized to sue in a foreign state, the strength of his opinion, sustaining the action, centers upon the following proposition of law: That, while the right of action depends upon the New Jersey statute, it is yet transitory, and follows the defendant into whatever state he may go. He said:
“Wherever, by either the common law or the statute law of the state, a right of action has become fixed, and a legal liability incurred, that liability may be enforced, and the right of action pursued, in any court which has jurisdiction of such matters, ánd can obtain jurisdiction of the parties. The action in'the present case is in the nature of trespass to the person, always held to be transitory, and the venue immaterial. The local court in New York and the circuit court of the United States for the northern district were competent to try such a case when the parties were properly before it.”
He further argued that the language of the New Jersey statute, just as the Minnesota statute, does not bear the construction that the representative must reside in the state where suit is brought. He added:
“The statute says the amount recovered shall be for the exclusive benefit of the widow and next of kin. Why not add here, also, by construction,' ‘if they reside in the state of New Jersey,’ ” as to say the representative must reside there? (See, also, Railway Co. v. Cox, 145 U. S. 604, 605, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 905; Huntington v. Attrill, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 230.)
There is strong analogy, too, between this case and that line of authorities which hold that wherever the right of the administrator or executor is not derived from the deceased through grant of letters, but is in a certain sense supervenient, the legal representative is recognized to sue in any other jurisdiction. For instance, he may sue in another jurisdiction on a judgment recovered in the state of his domicile, and he may sue in another .state on a promissory note given him as administrator. 1 Woerner, Adm’n, p. 366, § 162; Hall v. Harrison, 21 Mo. 227. So, it has been held that an adminstrator to whom the patent is issued on an invention of his intestate may maintain in a foreign state an action for infringement, “because the legal title is in the administrator as trustee.” Goodyear v. Hullihen, 3 Fish. Pat. Cas. 251, and loc. cit. It is on this idea that the supreme court of Missouri held in Abbott v. Miller, 10 Mo. 141, that, where an Illinois administrator insured the real estate of the intestate in Illinois in a St. Louis insurance company, he could recover thereon in this state; that the administrator acquired title in the state of Illinois. The court said:
“A valid title to property acquired in one country according to the local law will be deemed valid, and respected as a perfect title, in every civilized country. That Miller [the administrator] was a trustee for others can make no difference.”
*217In, Lewis v. McFarland, 9 Cranch, 151, where it was held that the eveeuior, invested with title to the land by the will, may main-lain ejectment in a foreign state. Chief Justice Marshall, after alluding to the general rote mibiciáng the Tight of action to the yorisdietioja from which the administrator derives his letters, said:
"ISiU U;!s neoialon funs no,nr been understood io extend to a suit for lands devised io ;i»i executor. la redi case ¡he executor rues sir, devisee. His right i; deriven from the will, end Ote letters testameji-i airy do net give the title. The executors fire Irutstees for ihe purposes oC the MIL This will may be conyído’-eá as inquiring’ that ¡be executors rbidl act to enable themselves to tafeo «neve the deviso ,o Uteri; but, when The condition is performed, those who ■uno ¡)ei-Lt.,,j!iK'd it take under the vt 111."'
Be DkoMmneaoia. aiuivie, while requiring that tho person invested with ilie of siegon símil have been appointed admipisKratov 5i3 m, co,i’i.!iiion proceden;; io his ‘fight oí action for the death, oí Ms iiKef-víale, when Hist eoiidilkm is fulfilled he derives his right to sue ii’oTcs, the síMnLc, >kh1 not. nndcf the appoints acuí. He is, It does seem to me, dlnüktd with an express tarei; and, a,a such trustee, why he may not come luto this jurisdiction and one in execution of hi-' MM 5 ¡un irisiMa to cue; espcdaii»A inaaa'ych as hr section. ,j9Ü« «f ¿he stare Code of Civil .Procedure the truui.ee o£ “an express ti’iiut, or si person expressly íiMltoiMed by statute, muy sue in Ms ovvri name withour joining will Mm the person for where 'benefit -'to- sole la prosecuted.*'” While the question raised by this de Turk fi’ is not fret? from. doubt, Ike demurrer Is overruled.