Court Opinion

ID: 9487390
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 12:15:12.721697+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:52:14.298144
License: Public Domain

McKAY, Circuit Judge.
The parties have agreed that this case may be submitted for decision on the briefs. See Fed.R.App.P. 34(f); 10th Cir.R. 34.1.2. The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
This is an appeal from two federal district court rulings denying Defendant’s motion to suppress evidence and sentencing him as an armed career criminal. On December 16, 1992, police officers executed a search warrant for narcotics at a residence in Tulsa, Oklahoma. While the officers were performing their investigation at the residence, the telephone rang five to ten times. The various callers on the phone asked to speak to Wanda or Tony, the persons who resided at that address. One phone call was answered by Officer Carloek, and the caller identified herself as Katrina. Katrina asked for Wanda, and Officer Carloek told her that Wanda was not in. Katrina stated that she had purchased drugs from Wanda earlier in the day but had failed to sell them so she wanted to return the drugs and get her money back. Officer Carloek, who told Katrina that his name was “Bill,” indicated that Wanda would not be home for a while, but that if she would stop by the house he would take care of her problem. Katrina stated that she would arrive at the house in about thirty minutes.
Approximately thirty-five minutes later, Defendant arrived at the scene. After two officers dressed in street clothes answered his knock on the door and greeted him, Defendant asked to see “Bill.” Over the next several minutes, while the officers and Defendant apparently chatted on the couch, Defendant continually asked to see Bill. After not getting a suitable answer, Defendant eventually got up to leave and announced that he would return later. One of the officers then walked in front of the door to block Defendant’s exit, stuck his hand out, and identified himself as a police officer. According to the testimony of the officer, Defendant proceeded to walk directly into the officer’s hand, at which time the officer’s hand came to rest on a gun that was tucked under Defendant’s waistband. Then, according to the officer, Defendant reached for his jacket pocket, so the officer grabbed Defendant’s hand to intercept him from retrieving any weapons. The officer then searched Defendant and recovered a loaded weapon tucked into his pants and another gun in Defendant’s jacket pocket.
Defendant was subsequently indicted in federal district court for one count of felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Before trial, Defendant filed a motion to suppress, arguing that the guns that formed the basis for his prosecution were illegally seized under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). The district court held a pretrial evidentiary hearing on the motion and denied it. Defendant then pled guilty to the charge alleged in the indictment, reserving his right to appeal the denial of his suppression motion under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(a)(2). The government subsequently filed a notice that it was seeking to have Defendant sentenced as an armed career criminal pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). The notice cited three prior convictions as the basis for the enhancement: (1) a June, 1980 Kansas conviction for aggravated robbery, (2) a February 2, 1973 Kansas conviction for aggravated robbery, and (3) an October 19, 1966 Oklahoma conviction for second degree burglary.
We first address the district court’s denial of Defendant’s suppression motion. The district court found that the officer had reasonable suspicion to subject Defendant to a Terry pat-down, because the officer felt the gun hidden in Defendant’s pants when Defendant conveniently walked into his outstretched hand. After feeling the gun, the officer witnessed Defendant attempt to reach into his jacket pocket, and the officer feared that he might be reaching for a gun. At that point, the officer “seized” Defendant and subjected him to a Terry pat-down search which *980produced the two guns at issue in this case. While Defendant makes a persuasive argument that the circumstances prior to that incident did not give rise to a reasonable suspicion of illegal activity, there is no doubt that, if the officer’s testimony is credited concerning the events that transpired in front of the door, the officer’s actions were reasonable and justified. At the suppression hearing, the district court adopted the officer’s version of the facts, and Defendant has not provided this court with a basis to rule that the district court’s factual findings were clearly erroneous. The denial of Defendant’s suppression motion is therefore affirmed.
Next,.Defendant argues that the district court erred in enhancing his sentence as an armed career criminal. The Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1), provides a fifteen-year mandatory minimum for anyone who is convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) and has three prior convictions for violent felonies or serious drug offenses. The district court enhanced Defendant’s sentence under § 924(e)(1) based on the evidence of Defendant’s three prior convictions supplied by the prosecution. Defendant claims that the district court erred in this respect, because the government did not submit sufficient evidence that the 1966 second degree burglary conviction was a “violent felony” for purposes of enhancement.
Because of the wide variances in state law burglary statutes, the Supreme Court in Taylor v. United States, 496 U.S. 575, 110 S.Ct. 2143, 109 L.Ed.2d 607 (1990), created a narrow definition of burglary for purposes of implementing § 924(e). The Court stated:
We conclude that a person has been convicted of burglary for purposes of a § 924(e) enhancement if he is convicted of any crime, regardless of its exact definition or label, having the basic elements of unlawful or unprivileged entry into, or remaining in, a building or structure, with intent to commit a crime.
Id. at 599, 110 S.Ct. at 2158. In determining whether a conviction properly counts toward enhancement, Taylor provides that the sentencing court is to use a “categorical approach” rather than inquire into the underlying facts. Id. at 600, 110 S.Ct. at 2159. This approach requires a comparison of the elements of the relevant state statute with the basic elements of burglary adopted in Taylor. Id.
The Oklahoma law under which Defendant was convicted defines second degree burglary as follows:
Every person who breaks and enters any building or any part of any building, room, booth, tent, railroad car, automobile, truck, trader, vessel or other structure or erection, in which any property is kept, or breaks into or forcibly opens, any coin-operated or vending machine or device with intent to steal any property therein or to commit any felony, is guilty of burglary in the second degree.
Okl.Stat. title 21 § 1435.
Because this Oklahoma statute defines burglary to include the breaking and entering of automobiles, tents, coin-operated machines, railroad cars, trucks, trailers, vessels, and booths, it is clearly overbroad for purposes of the Taylor definition.1 Therefore, convictions under it cannot, as a categorical matter, provide a basis for enhancement. See United States v. Barney, 955 F.2d 635, 638 (10th Cir.1992) (burglary statute that includes automobiles and vending machines overbroad for purposes of Taylor and cannot provide basis for enhancement under Armed Career Criminal Act). Taylor further provides, however, that where the state statute is broader than the generic Taylor definition, the sentencing court may review the charging document and the jury instructions to see' if the jury necessarily found the elements of a Taylor generic burglary. Taylor, 495 U.S. at 602, 110 S.Ct. at 2160. If, from these documents, it is clear to the sentencing court that the earlier conviction actually satisfied the Taylor definition of *981burglary, then it may be used for enhancement purposes. Id.
In the 1966 burglary case, however, Defendant did not face a jury because he pled guilty, so no jury instructions existed for the district court to review. In the context of a guilty plea, the Tenth Circuit has held:
We join other circuits which have considered this question in holding that where enhancement is sought on the basis of a conviction obtained through a guilty plea, the sentencing court may look to the text of the underlying indictment or information and the text of the guilty plea to determine whether the defendant was charged with and admitted conduct which falls without question within the ambit of Taylor’s generic definition.
Barney, 955 F.2d at 639 (emphasis added).
The policy behind the requirement that the government supply the text of the guilty plea is clear: The crime that a defendant is charged with and the crime that he ultimately pleads guilty to in a plea bargain can be, and often are, quite different. In the context of an overbroad burglary statute, for example, a person could break into a building, steal money from vending machines inside the building, and then break into a car in the parking lot as he is leaving the scene. Although he may originally be charged with three counts of second degree burglary under a statute similar to Oklahoma’s, he may end up pleading guilty to burglarizing vending machines in exchange for- having the other two charges dropped. In such a ease, the conviction would not meet the generic definition of Taylor, and, therefore, could not be used for enhancement.
In this ease, the government did introduce a copy of the Information that originally charged Defendant with second degree burglary of a building. However, the government did not introduce the text of the guilty plea, so the sentencing court had no way of knowing precisely what acts Defendant admitted to committing under Barney. Instead, the government offered police reports reflecting the Tulsa police department’s investigation of the underlying facts of the crime. Clearly, these documents did not satisfy the Barney standard, and they represent the kind of “inquiry into the underlying facts” that Taylor specifically rejected. Taylor, 495 U.S. at 600, 110 S.Ct. at 2159.
The 'government also introduced the Judgment from the 1966 conviction, which indicated that Defendant pled guilty to second degree burglary. In some circumstances, a Judgment could compensate for the lack of the text of the guilty plea if its specificity cured any doubt that the conviction met the Taylor definition. For example, if the Judgment stated that a defendant pled guilty to “second degree burglary of a building,” it would be clear that the defendant’s plea met the generic' Taylor definition. In this case, however, the Judgment failed to provide specificity as to the underlying facts to which Defendant admitted, but simply stated that Defendant pled guilty to “second degree burglary.” Therefore, the Judgment offered by the prosecution fails to salvage the 1966 Oklahoma conviction as one that may be used for enhancement purposes under Taylor and Barney.2
For all of the above reasons, we hold that the government failed to prove that the 1966 Oklahoma conviction for second degree burglary was for a “violent felony” under Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 110 S.Ct. 2143, 109 L.Ed.2d 607 (1990), and United States v. Barney, 955 F.2d 635, 638 (10th Cir.1992). Accordingly, the district court erred in sentencing Defendant as an armed career criminal, and we REVERSE and REMAND for resentencing. The district court’s denial of Defendant’s suppression motion is AFFIRMED.

. The government asserts that in United States v. Amos, 984 F.2d 1067, 1071 (10th Cir.1993), this court held that the Oklahoma second degree burglary statute at issue in this case is not overbroad for purposes of Taylor. However, Amos simply does not stand for the government’s asserted proposition. Because it includes places and objects beyond mere buildings, the Oklahoma statute is a classic example of an overbroad burglary statute.

. The government also asserts that this case is indistinguishable from United States v. Amos, 984 F.2d 1067, 1070-71 (10th Cir.1993). In Amos, this court held that the defendant’s Oklahoma conviction for second degree burglary was properly considered for enhancement, despite the government's failure to submit the text of his guilty plea. In that case, however, the defendant admitted at his federal sentencing hearing that his earlier conviction fell within the Taylor definition of burglary, so the defendant's own admission cured any lack of specificity in the government’s evidence. Id. at 1071 n. 3.