Court Opinion

ID: 6335516
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-27 19:07:22.336343+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:57.269353
License: Public Domain

Jacqueline Cador v. YES Organic Market Hyattsville Inc., No. 0898, September Term
2020, Opinion by Moylan, J.

HEADNOTES:

THE ROLE OF INFERENCE; THE RISK OF NON-PERSUASION – THE CASE

AT HAND – WHAT IS A “DISPUTE”? – STANDARD OF REVIEW – TWO

OSTENSIBLE BEACONS OF ALARM – THE FATE OF CONTRIBUTORY

NEGLIGENCE       SEALED     THE    FATE    OF    ASSUMPTION       OF    RISK   –

CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE – THE UNAMBIGUOUS “CAUTION: WET

FLOOR” SIGN – THE SITE OF THE ACTUAL FALL – A YELLOW MOP BUCKET

– A TWO-STAGE INFERENTIAL ROCKET – A. STAGE ONE: THE VISIBILITY

OF THE YELLOW MOP BUCKET – 1. THE ALLURE OF EYE-CATCHING

MERCHANDISE – 2. THE INFERENCE THAT WHAT COULD HAVE BEEN

SEEN MUST HAVE BEEN SEEN IS NOT COMPELLING – B. STAGE TWO:

WHAT STORIES DID THE MOP BUCKET HAVE TO TELL? – 1. THE ABSENCE

OF REINFORCING WARNINGS – 2. THE TWILIGHT ZONE – 3. CONFLICTING

INFERENTIAL MESSAGES – THAT VERSION OF THE EVIDENCE MOST

FAVORABLE TO THE PLAINTIFF
Circuit Court for Prince George’s County
Case No. CAL19-05154

                                                                                                 REPORTED

                                                                                   IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

                                                                                              OF MARYLAND

                                                                                                  No. 0898

                                                                                            September Term, 2020

                                                                                           JACQUELINE CADOR

                                                                                                      V.

                                                                                   YES ORGANIC MARKET HYATTSVILLE
                                                                                                INC.

                                                                                      Graeff,
                                                                                      Shaw,
                                                                                      Moylan, Charles E., Jr.
                                                                                       (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),

                                                                                                      JJ.

                                                                                            Opinion by Moylan, J.

 Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
Materials Act
                                                                                      Filed: February 1, 2022
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic.

                       2022-04-27
                       15:02-04:00

Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk
       The subject is contributory negligence. The specific focus is on the difference,

qualitative rather than quantitative, between the evidentiary predicate that requires a

judicial ruling of contributory negligence, as a matter of law, and the evidentiary predicate

that permits a jury finding of contributory negligence, as a matter of fact. This difference

is not simply one between more or less of the same thing. Quantity is not the issue. Nor is

the difference one between an adequate case of contributory negligence and a stronger,

perhaps much stronger, case. The difference is rather between a case of contributory

negligence built on disputed evidence and one built on undisputed evidence. Quantity is

not the differentiating factor. Even a mountain of evidence may be disputed; a molehill of

evidence may be undisputed. The difference is that the resolution of the dispute, large or

small, requires factfinding. Undisputed evidence, by contrast, requires no factfinding.

                               The Role Of Inference;
                             The Risk Of Non-Persuasion

       A judge, as legal referee, does not engage in factfinding. In cases of undisputed

evidence, the judge need not do so, for there are no disputes to be resolved. For some

rulings as a matter of law, moreover, even apparent disputes may sometimes be finessed,

as the judge accepts as fact that version of the evidence most favorable to the non-moving

party. Such a version of the evidence is something not in dispute. The evidence, as it

indisputably exists or is presumed to exist, either is or is not contributory negligence, as a

matter of law. The judge, therefore, may make a legal decision as to it by way of Summary

Judgment or a judgment in the course of the trial or a judgment N.O.V. without engaging
in factfinding. Appellate review, moreover, is not deferential. Where things are determined

as a matter of law, the appellate court will make its own legal determination, de novo.

       In the case of disputed evidence, on the other hand, factfinders play a very different

role. Factfinders exist for the very purpose of resolving disputes. Unlike the judge-as-legal-

referee, the factfinders have wider discretionary options. Appellate review, moreover, will

be very deferential to almost anything that the factfinders decide, just as it will be

deferential to the trial judge’s legal decision to let issues go to the factfinders. The

factfinders may be persuaded to find in one direction or in the other by the parties to the

case. That burden of persuasion, to whomever it belongs, incurs the risk of non-persuasion.

       Figuring prominently in the exercise of persuasion, along with such factors as the

credibility of witnesses and the logical cogency of the competing propositions, is the

phenomenon of drawing inferences. The factfinder may be persuaded that from the

existence of Fact A, one may infer the existence of Fact B, the ultimate fact itself. It is here,

however, that the risk of non-persuasion looms large. Inferences may be drawn, but they

may also be declined. Inferences may be contradicted by counter-inferences. This

inferential swirl and counter-swirl is a world wherein the judge-as-legal-referee does not

operate. The judge’s rulings are existential; the jury’s findings, on the other hand, may be

inferential. For the judge, it is not a case of “may be;” it is a case of “is” or “is not.” The

jury is not so limited.

       In the case before us, the sole question is, “Was the existence of contributory

negligence, yea or nay, a question of law for the judge or a question of fact for the jury?”

                                               2
The question might also be phrased, “Was there a genuine dispute as to a material fact?”

Was it a case for the judge? Or was it a case for the jury?

                                    The Case At Hand

       At approximately 9:00 P.M. on September 21, 2016, the plaintiff-appellant, Mrs.

Jacqueline Cador (the plaintiff), along with her husband and her daughter, went shopping

in a grocery store owned and operated by the defendant-appellee, Yes Organic Market

Hyattsville Inc. (the Market). The Market was still open, but it was approaching closing

time. While shopping, the plaintiff slipped and fell on a portion of the floor that had recently

been mopped by an employee of the Market. The plaintiff required partial knee

replacement surgery.

       In the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County, the plaintiff sued the Market for

negligence. The Market filed a motion for Summary Judgment based on the affirmative

defenses of both 1) contributory negligence and 2) the assumption of risk. On October 6,

2020, the trial judge granted the motion for Summary Judgment in favor of the Market on

both grounds. The plaintiff has filed the present appeal.

       The motion for Summary Judgment was filed pursuant to Maryland Rule of

Procedure 2-501(f), which provides in pertinent part:

       The court shall enter judgment in favor of or against the moving party if the motion
       and response show that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and that
       the party in whose favor judgment is entered is entitled to judgment as a matter of
       law.
(Emphasis supplied.)

                                  What Is A “Dispute”?

                                               3
       A brief word is in order about the “genuine dispute” as to a “material fact” that will

defeat Summary Judgment. The notion of a “dispute” is not limited to a testimonial dispute

about the very physical existence of a predicate fact in order to launch a possible inference.

It may also be a “dispute” about the inferential process itself. Even from an undisputed

predicate fact, shall a permissible inference be drawn or shall it be declined? Which of

several possibly contradictory inferences shall be drawn? There are obviously critically

important “disputes” about which inferences to draw or to decline. Such “disputes”, as Rule

2-501(f) clearly states, are not matters to be resolved by Summary Judgment.

                                  Standard Of Review

       In Matthews v. Cassidy Turley Maryland, Inc., 435 Md. 584, 598, 80 A.3d 269

(2013), Judge McDonald laid out for the Court of Appeals the standard of review when the

appellate court examines such a grant of Summary Judgment:

       Under the Maryland Rules, a circuit court may grant summary judgment if there is
       no dispute as to material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
       of law. Maryland Rule 2-501(f). The court is to consider the record in the light most
       favorable to the non-moving party and consider any reasonable inferences that may
       be drawn from the undisputed facts against the moving party. Because the circuit
       court’s decision turns on a question of law, not a dispute of fact, an appellate court
       is to review whether the circuit court was legally correct in awarding summary
       judgment without according any special deference to the circuit court’s conclusions.

(Emphasis supplied.) See also Ross v. Housing Authority of Baltimore City, 430 Md. 648,

666-67, 63 A.3d 1 (2013); Six Flags America, L.P. v. Gonzalez-Perdomo, 248 Md. App.

569, 580, 242 A.3d 1143 (2020).

                         Two Ostensible Beacons Of Alarm

                                              4
       The contributory negligence issue before us is a limited one. The Market points to

no direct conduct on the part of the plaintiff that would, in and of itself, have constituted

either contributory negligence or the assumption of risk. The Market points rather to two

physical objects in the grocery that were at one time or another within the range of vision

of the plaintiff before she fell. The Market argues that the plaintiff must be deemed to have

seen one or both of those admonitory beacons and that she was thereby put on notice that

the flooring in the Market was dangerous. The Market’s argument is that the inference was

compelling that the plaintiff had been put on notice and that heightened caution on her part

was, therefore, necessary and that she negligently failed to exercise that heightened caution.

       In granting Summary Judgment in favor of the Market, the trial judge made the

assumption that, in exposing its customers to floors that were wet from recent mopping,

the Market had, indeed, been negligent. The trial judge nevertheless bought the further

argument made by the Market:

       I think that the unrefuted, undisputed evidence – and admitted that your client said
       that there was a bucket afterwards. She said she didn’t notice it at the time, but you
       can see her walking directly past it; I think that this is a quintessential example of
       both assumption of the risk and contributory negligence.

       So I think I have to – I don’t have any choice but to grant the motion for summary
       judgment on those grounds, not on the other ones…but on the grounds of
       assumption of the risk and contributory negligence.

(Emphasis supplied.)

                        The Fate Of Contributory Negligence
                       Sealed The Fate Of Assumption Of Risk

       This argument before us can be further limited in one important respect. It will be

convenient to confine our analysis to contributory negligence alone and not to burden the

                                              5
analysis with a further consideration of the assumption of risk. Both affirmative defenses,

to prevail, would require us to conclude that the plaintiff must have seen the warning signs

and must, therefore, have been consciously aware of the danger of walking incautiously in

the store. Assumption of risk, however, would require us to go one step further and to

conclude that the plaintiff, aware of the risk, made the conscious and deliberate decision to

ignore that risk. That goes one additional step beyond mere negligence. If our decision

should be in favor of the plaintiff on the subject of contributory negligence, however, as

indeed it will be in this case, that decision necessarily would produce a similar result with

respect to assumption of risk.

       If the permitted inference that the plaintiff was aware of the danger cannot be drawn

as a matter of law, then the further inference built upon that inference – that the plaintiff

deliberately opted to ignore that known danger – could also not be drawn. That inferential

launching pad for assumption of risk would have been held to be infirm. Ergo, our analysis

forthwith need only be with respect to contributory negligence. See generally, Schroyer v.

McNeal, 323 Md. 275, 280-83, 592 A.2d 1119 (1991).

                                 Contributory Negligence

       “An important element of contributory negligence is the foreseeability of harm.”

Santoni v. Schaerf, 48 Md. App. 498, 506, 428 A.2d 94 (1981). As the Court of Appeals

explained in Sanders v. Williams, 209 Md. 149, 152, 120 A.2d 397 (1956):

       As is true of primary negligence, one measure of contributory negligence is the
       need, in a given situation, to anticipate danger. Presence or absence of reasonable
       foresight is an essential part of the concept. One is charged with notice of what a
       reasonably and ordinarily prudent person would have foreseen and so must foresee

                                             6
       what common experience tells may, in all likelihood, occur, and to anticipate and
       guard against what usually happens.

(Emphasis supplied.)

       The leading Maryland authority on contributory negligence is the opinion of Judge

O’Donnell for the Court of Appeals in Menish v. Polinger Company, 277 Md. 553, 356

A.2d 233 (1976). The plaintiff in that case slipped and fell on a patch of ice on a walkway

beneath the marque of an apartment building owned by the defendant. The jury found in

favor of the plaintiff. The trial judge, however, entered a judgment N.O.V. in favor of the

defendant on the ground that the plaintiff had been contributorily negligent as a matter of

law in not being aware of the ice and not being especially careful as a result. The Court of

Appeals reversed. With respect to contributory negligence, the Court of Appeals explained:

       Before the doctrine of contributory negligence can be successfully invoked, it must
       be demonstrated that the injured party acted, or failed to act, with knowledge and
       appreciation, either actual or imputed of the danger of injury which his conduct
       involves. When one who knows and appreciates, or in the exercise of ordinary care
       should know and appreciate, the existence of danger from which injury might
       reasonably be anticipated, he must exercise ordinary care to avoid such injury; when
       by his voluntary acts or omissions he exposes himself to danger of which he had
       actual or imputed knowledge, he may be guilty of contributory negligence.

277 Md. at 560-61. (Emphasis supplied.)

       The Menish v. Polinger opinion also shed significant light on how an appellate court

reviews the question of what a plaintiff knew or should have known of a dangerous

condition. Such admonitory knowledge, even if not actually perceived, may sometimes be

imputed to a plaintiff when the supporting factual predicate is so “distinct, prominent and

decisive” that reasonable minds could not differ with respect to it and with respect to its

mandatory message:

                                             7
       The rule to be applied, in determining whether the facts justify a holding that the
       plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law, is that the act (or
       omission) so relied on must be distinct, prominent and decisive, and one about
       which reasonable minds would not differ in declaring it to be negligence.

277 Md. at 562. (Emphasis supplied.)

       When, on the other hand, the factual predicate is not unequivocal but emits

permitted inferences in different and random directions, the legal conclusion is quite

otherwise. A case of possible contributory negligence that satisfies the burden of

production is not necessarily a case of absolute contributory negligence, as a matter of law.

It may be, but it need not be:

       The question of contributory negligence must be considered in the light of all the
       inferences favorable to the plaintiff’s case that may be fairly deduced from the
       evidence. Where there is a conflict of evidence as to material facts relied on to
       establish contributory negligence, or more than one inference may be reasonably
       drawn therefrom, the question should be submitted to the jury. In order that a case
       may be withdrawn from the jury on the ground of contributory negligence, the
       evidence must show some prominent and decisive act which directly contributed to
       the accident and which was of such a character as to leave no room for difference
       of opinion thereon by reasonable minds.

277 Md. at 563. (Emphasis supplied.) See also Six Flags America v. Gonzalez-Perdomo,

248 Md. App. 569, 580, 242 A.3d 1143 (2020).

       In calibrating that degree of care for one’s own safety employed by the plaintiff,

Menish v. Polinger, 277 Md. at 559, also made it clear that the criterion is that of an

“ordinarily prudent person” and not that of “a very cautious person.”

       In measuring contributory negligence, the standard of care to be used as the criterion
       is that of an ordinarily prudent person under the same or similar circumstances, not
       that of a very cautious person.

(Emphasis supplied.)

                                              8
       In holding that the equivocal evidence in the case before it should have gone to the

jury rather than have been decided by the Court, the Court of Appeals, 277 Md. at 569,

quoted with approval from W. Prosser, Torts, (4th ed. 1971), Sect. 65, p. 420:

       In the ordinary case, where enough uncertainty can be conjured up to make an issue
       as to what the reasonable man would have done, that issue goes to the jury.

(Emphasis supplied.)

                   The Unambiguous “Caution: Wet Floor” Sign

       In the case now before us, the plaintiff slipped on an area of the floor that had

recently been mopped. There was no direct evidence that the plaintiff was actually aware

that the floor was wet. After falling, to be sure, she felt that the floor around her was,

indeed, wet. The Market’s theory of contributory negligence is based upon its argument

that there were two warning signs from which knowledge might be imputed to the plaintiff

that the floor was, indeed, wet. The actual deposition testimony by witnesses submitted to

the court was very inconclusive and unenlightening. There were, however, two brief video

clips from two separate store security cameras (identified in this case as “Video One” and

“Video Two”) that show the plaintiff 1) in the Market before the fall and 2) actually falling.

The respective videos show the two ostensible warning signs that, the Market argues,

should have put the plaintiff on imputed notice that the floor was wet and dangerous.

       Video One shows the plaintiff when she, along with her husband and daughter, first

entered the Market. She was standing and talking to one of the employees. This was in a

large and relatively open common area where cashiers and check-out counters are located.

In this area there was located (and visible on Video One) a formal warning sign alerting

                                              9
customers to the possible presence of a wet floor. It read, “Caution: Wet Floor” in large

and prominent lettering. The Market acknowledged the importance of warning customers

that mopping is in progress. The Market acknowledged that the “Wet Floor” signs should

be placed where they are visible by customers.

       As far as the evidence established, there was only one such “Wet Floor” sign that

figured in this case and it was placed in this larger common area where the check-out

counters were located. The Market, however, had four or five other “Wet Floor” signs, if

they were needed. No other “Wet Floor” signs, however, were shown to have been

deployed. Although the plaintiff never acknowledged having seen this “Wet Floor” sign,

she was standing very close to it when talking to the employee. The inference was arguably

permitted that the plaintiff should have seen it and, therefore, would have been alerted to

its warning. Who, however, is entitled to draw such an inference? We will get to that. What,

moreover, was that exact warning that may have been given?

                              The Site Of The Actual Fall

       The fall, however, did not occur in that area of the Market where the check-out

counters were located. A number of aisles (8 or 10 or more) radiated off that larger (almost

lobby-like) epicenter of a check-out area. The actual fall occurred down one of those aisles,

almost immediately after the plaintiff finished her conversation with the employee and

proceeded down that aisle. Significantly, there was no “Wet Floor” sign present in that

aisle, although the Market acknowledged that it had more than one such “Wet Floor” sign.

       We agree with the plaintiff that a single “Wet Floor” sign in the check-out area did

not adequately warn all customers that the entire Market was a “danger zone” from wet

                                             10
floors. The Market’s argument that the plaintiff had been put on notice that the aisle in

which she fell (and presumably all other aisles) were potentially wet and dangerous from

the single warning in the check-out area will not prevail. The Market had other signs, but

no other signs were shown to have been deployed and no area other than the check-out area

was apparently formally designated as a “danger zone.” What matters is that the aisle in

which the plaintiff fell was not so designated. Something more would be required calling

for heightened caution on the part of the plaintiff.

                                  A Yellow Mop Bucket

       That “something more” turned out to be a mop bucket, a yellow mop bucket. Video

Two, available to the court and viewed by it, showed the plaintiff walking down one of the

aisles and falling almost immediately as she started down the aisle. Very near the spot

where the plaintiff fell, Video Two showed something on the floor at the side of the aisle.

This Court has viewed Video Two more than once and it is virtually impossible (for us, at

any rate) to determine just what that ambiguous object was. It was only the deposition

given by the plaintiff’s husband that rescued that ambiguous object on the floor from

remaining forever nothing more than a shadowy blob. His deposition recited:

       Q.     And did you observe anything in the vicinity of her fall such as chairs or
              displays from the floor, wet floor signs, any other kind of signs, anything in
              the vicinity where Jackie fell?

       A.     I can’t recall anything of that degree. There was a, I believe there was a mop
              bucket in the vicinity, but other than that, I can’t recall anything else.

       Q.     So you remember a yellow – what color was it?

       A.     I would say yellow because your recollection would be better than mine.

                                             11
       Q.      Don’t do it based on mine.

       A.      Okay. No. It was just a mop bucket. I remember a mop bucket.

       Q.      You remember seeing a mop bucket?

       A.      Yes. And the handle.

       Q.      Do you remember where the mop bucket was located?

       A.      I believe it was near or even in the aisle nearest to where she was.

(Emphasis supplied.)

       A yellow mop bucket? What inferences, like the evils erupting from Pandora’s Box,

came flying out of that yellow mop bucket? Did they establish contributory negligence as

a “distinct, prominent and decisive” predicate for an unchallengeable rule of law or did

they fly out chaotically and in infinitely contradictory directions? Was the medley of

possible inferences proper material for a declaratory judgment, as a matter of law? Or was

it rather grist for the infinite variety of a jury’s factfinding mill? This, of course, is the nub

of the case. Did the facts congeal into a compelled and monolithic conclusion as an

irrefutable rule of law? In such a case, Summary Judgment would, of course, have been

permissible. Or did they splinter into a congeries of inferential possibilities? In such a case,

only a factfinding jury, not the judge, may weigh the respective likelihoods.

                            A Two-Stage Inferential Rocket

       To accept the Market’s theory of contributory negligence, we must posit a two-stage

inferential rocket lifting off from the launching pad of the yellow mop bucket. Before the

first stage burns out, it must generate the permissive inference that the plaintiff actually

saw the yellow mop bucket. The plaintiff testified that she did not see it. Nonetheless, the

                                               12
Market argues that from its very positioning in her range of vision, we may draw an

inference that she must have seen what was there to be seen. Arguably, such a permitted

inference might be drawn. Or, at least, it might be drawn by one permitted at such a stage

to draw inferences. But might not such a permitted inference also be declined? If so, of

course, Summary Judgment would not be appropriate as a matter of definition. There would

be a “dispute” as to the drawing of the inference.

       Even if the inferential first stage were successfully completed, however, what then

is required in the second stage? From the permitted inference that the plaintiff saw the

yellow mop bucket, we will, arguendo at least, impute to her the knowledge that the mop

bucket was there at her lower right side as she walked by it. We must then, as the inferential

second stage takes flight, further impute to her the message which, the Market insists, was

being communicated by the mop bucket. That more subtle message, the Market further

insists, was indistinguishable from the direct warning issuing from the “Caution: Wet

Floor” sign. It, in effect, seconded the motion. Quite aside from the question of whether

that inference could be declined, was it possible that other and perhaps contradictory

inferences were also emanating from the mop bucket? If so, once again, Summary

Judgment would not have been appropriate. The question of which of two contradictory

inferences to draw is, ipso facto, a “dispute.”

A. Stage One: The Visibility Of The Yellow Mop Bucket

       Let us examine first the inferential first stage, the inference that the plaintiff must

have seen the mop bucket, notwithstanding her denial of having seen it. It was a non-

                                             13
descript bucket on the floor at her right hand side as she walked by it. It was hardly the

second coming of the Ancient World’s Lighthouse at Alexandria.

       Even in instances where the plaintiff actually walks into or trips over an item in the

aisle of a grocery store, including objects squarely in the middle of the aisle, the cases

generally do not hold that, as a matter of law, the plaintiff must be held to have seen the

obstructing object. To be sure, the plaintiff may have seen it and a jury might so decide. It

is, however, a question of fact for the jury, not a question of law for Summary Judgment.

                    1. The Allure Of Eye-Catching Merchandise

       There is a respectable line of cases that absolve a customer in certain retail stores

from the obligation of looking down at the floor, lest he or she be deemed guilty of

contributory negligence. The Court of Appeals described this circumstance of visionary

absolution in Chalmers v. Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Co., 172 Md. 552, 559, 192 A.

419 (1937):

       There is a substantial difference between the kind and degree of vigilance which a
       traveler on a street must exercise to avoid danger and that which is required of a
       customer in a store. The storekeeper expects and intends that his customers shall
       look not at the floor but at the goods displayed which he displays to attract their
       attention and which he hopes they will buy. He at least ought not to complain, if
       they look at the good displayed instead of at the floor to discover possible pitfalls,
       obstructions, or other dangers, or if their purchases so encumber them as to prevent
       them from seeing dangers which might otherwise be apparent.

(Emphasis supplied.)

       This Court has also recognized the phenomenon of the distracting charms of

attractive merchandise displays as a contraindication of contributory negligence. In

Diffendal v. Kash and Karry Service Corp., 74 Md. App. 170, 536 A.2d 1175 (1988), Judge

                                             14
Rosalyn Bell reviewed a number of out-of-state cases that have recognized the same

phenomenon. She then announced for this Court, 74 Md. App. at 176:

       A reasonable inference is that an ordinarily prudent person, while shopping in a
       supermarket, with her attention drawn to the selection of merchandise displayed in
       an open food freezer, could make the same error of judgment, and trip over a cart
       placed in an aisle near the displays of merchandise.

(Emphasis supplied.)

       Neither the Court of Appeals in Chalmers nor this Court in Diffendal held that the

failure of a shopper to look down notwithstanding the distraction could not give rise to a

permitted inference of contributory negligence. They simply held that the presence of the

distraction was enough to deny the failure to look down any compelling force as a matter

of law. In Diffendal, the permitted inference of contributory negligence was present, but

so too was the permitted inference of non-contributory negligence:

       More than one inference is permitted under the circumstances of this case. It could
       be inferred that, under these circumstances, Mrs. Diffendal was not negligent in
       failing to have noticed the cart over which she fell.

Id. (Emphasis supplied.)

       Kasten Construction Co. v. Evans, 260 Md. 536, 542, 273 A.2d 90 (1971) spoke to

the same effect:

       If more than one inference can be drawn from facts in respect of the issue of
       contributory negligence, it must be submitted to the jury.

               2. The Inference That What Could Have Been Seen
                    Must Have Been Seen Is Not Compelling

       As the plaintiff started to walk down the aisle in which she fell, the yellow mop

bucket was sitting, approximately hip high, on the side of the aisle to her right. She walked

                                             15
by it and testified that she never saw it. The Market protests that, as a matter of law, she

must have seen it. In granting Summary Judgment in favor of the defendant Market, the

court ruled that the knowledge of having seen it would be imputed to her.

       This Court, however, held quite to the contrary in G.C. Murphy Co. v. Greer, 75

Md. App. 399, 541 A.2d 996 (1988). In that case, a shopper in a department store fell over

an empty plastic carton left in an aisle by one of the store’s employees. The customer

suffered a fractured hip. In the negligence action that followed, the store claimed that the

customer had been contributorily negligent, but the jury found in favor of the customer.

The store moved for a judgment N.O.V., claiming that, in his “failure to observe and avoid

the empty plastic carton,” the customer had been contributorily negligent, as a matter of

law. The trial judge denied the N.O.V. motion and the store appealed to this Court. As

Judge Karwacki framed the issue before us, 75 Md. App. at 400-01, it was precisely the

issue now before us in the present case:

       This appeal followed the court’s denial of appellant’s motion for judgment N.O.V.
       and is concerned solely with the issue of whether Coy Greer was contributorily
       negligent as a matter of law.

(Emphasis supplied.)

       In the G.C. Murphy case, the empty plastic carton was sitting right in the middle of

the aisle. The department store’s argument there is indistinguishable from the Market’s

argument in the present case:

       Appellant asserts that Coy Greer was contributorily negligent as a matter of law
       because he tripped over an empty carton that was in plain view. Appellant argues
       that Mr. Greer was required at all times to observe the floor of the department store
       aisle upon which he walked and to avoid objects obstructing his safe passage. It

                                            16
       concludes that Greer’s failure to do so constituted negligence which contributed to
       his fall as a matter of law.

75 Md. App. at 402. (Emphasis supplied.)

       This Court first set out the stern test that must be satisfied before a court will be

permitted to take the issue of contributory negligence away from the jury:

       Before a case may be taken from a jury on the ground of contributory negligence,
       the evidence must demonstrate a prominent and decisive act or omission of the
       plaintiff about which reasonable minds would not differ. The prominent and
       decisive act or omission must reveal that the injured party was or should have been
       aware of a dangerous situation and failed to exercise ordinary care to protect
       himself.

75 Md. App. at 402. (Emphasis supplied.)

       We then explained how the failure in that case to observe the obstacle remained an

issue of fact for the jury:

       Mr. Greer’s failure to observe the plastic carton was not such a prominent and
       decisive omission which reasonable minds would uniformly declare to be
       negligence. The question of whether a plaintiff, in the exercise of reasonable care
       for his or her own safety, should have been looking at the ground instead of keeping
       a general eye toward where he or she is going is ordinarily a question for the jury.

75 Md. App. at 403. (Emphasis supplied.)

       We then explained how such failures to observe and to avoid are generally deemed

to be questions of fact left to the jury:

       Maryland appellate Courts have therefore refused to hold a plaintiff contributorily
       negligent as a matter of law where the plaintiff fails to observe and trips over or
       slips on some substance obstructing the clear passage of a store aisle.

75 Md. App. at 403. (Emphasis supplied.) See also Chalmers v. Great Atlantic & Pacific

Tea Co., 172 Md 552, 558-59, 192 A. 419 (1937) (a carton containing canned goods);

Grzboski v. Bernheimer-Leader Stores, 156 Md. 146, 149, 143 A. 706 (1928) (rubbish

                                            17
pile); Diffendal v. Kash and Karry Service, 74 Md. App. 170, 174, 536 A.2d 1175 (1988)

(a loading cart).

       In the last analysis, we affirmed the trial judge’s decision not to take the issue of

contributory negligence away from the jury:

       Whether Mr. Greer, by looking to see where his wife and grandson were going
       instead of looking at the floor, failed to exercise ordinary care to protect himself
       against dangers he should have anticipated was a question for the jury to resolve.

75 Md. App. at 403. (Emphasis supplied.)

       Any inquiry into the performance of this necessary first stage of the two-stage

inferential rocket – the stage that permits the very threshold inference that the plaintiff even

saw the yellow mop bucket – would inevitably produce the dubious response, “Houston,

we have a problem!”

B. Stage Two: What Stories Did The Mop Bucket Have To Tell?

       Even having seen the yellow mop bucket, however, in and of itself establishes

nothing. A distinct and necessary link in the same inferential chain required the further

inquiry, “If so, what did seeing the mop bucket tell you? And why do you think that?” Was

it some sort of warning or was it simply an uninspiring Still Life? What riddle did that

tight-lipped sphinx of a mop bucket propound?

                      1. The Absence Of Reinforcing Warnings

       Whatever message emanated from the yellow mop bucket was a self-contained

message all of its own. It was not synergistically reinforced by the “Wet Floor” sign in

another part of the Market. The Market acknowledged that it knew how to send a cautionary

message when it deemed one to be necessary. It had more “Wet Floor” signs available, had

                                              18
it needed them. There was no reason, therefore, for anyone to infer that an abandoned mop

bucket was a further resounding or reechoing of the formal and deliberate message which

the Market knew full well how to communicate. That, however, is what the Market

suggests.

       The Market’s modest cautionary notice that there was a “Wet Floor” in the area

where the check-out counters were located was not a general alarum bell that there were

wet floors present everywhere throughout that large retail market. It was hardly a tocsin

designed to “spread the alarm through every Middlesex village and farm.”1 Even if it could

have been so interpreted as a possible matter of fact, it was certainly not that as a matter of

law. If it radiated a message, what was the message’s radius? The plaintiff and the Market

obviously had different versions of that communicative radius. The plaintiff’s version of

the admonitory radius is that it was cramped and tightly localized. The Market’s version is

that it was sprawling and open-ended. Is that not in and of itself a “dispute” within the

contemplation of Rule 2-501(f)?

       The abandoned mop bucket, moreover, could actually be seen to have been the very

antithesis of the “Wet Floor” sign, not a replication of it. The anti-contributory negligence

inference, if any, could have been that the Market did not consider it necessary to post a

“Wet Floor” sign in the aisle in question, because the floor was not wet and slippery in that

aisle. To establish a genuine “dispute,” the two inferences do not have to be equal in

strength. They may be the “heavy favorite” and the “long shot.” They simply have to exist

1
       Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Paul Revere’s Ride (1861).
                                              19
within the same universe. If the same abandoned mop bucket was thus capable of sending

out two contradictory inferences, is not a choice between those inferences necessary to

resolve a “dispute” within the contemplation of Rule 2-501(f)?

                                  2. The Twilight Zone

       How does one best decide in that indeterminate realm wherein unusual and

unexpected circumstances make questions of contributory negligence almost surrealistic?

Such a surrealistic circumstance was before the Court of Appeals in Burkert v. Smith, 201

Md. 452, 94 A.2d 460 (1953), a case wherein a woman in the crowded entranceway of a

busy tavern inadvertently stepped backward into an open stairwell leading down into a

basement. In such a circumstance, when the question of contributory negligence “admitted

of more than one reasonable answer,” Chief Judge Sobeloff entitled such a quandary “the

twilight zone:”

       At all events the question admitted of more than one reasonable answer. It falls into
       what has been termed THE TWILIGHT ZONE, neither entirely dark nor entirely
       light. It is not a case of contributory negligence as a matter of law.

201 Md. at 458. (Emphasis supplied.) In that “twilight zone,” judges do not decide. Only

juries do.

       The Court reversed a directed verdict of contributory negligence against the woman

and in favor of the tavern and left the issue for a jury. See also Long v. Joestlein, 193 Md.

211, 66 A.2d 407 (1949); Recreation Center Corp. v. Zimmerman, 172 Md. 309, 191 A.

233 (1937); Morgenstern v. Sheer, 145 Md. 208, 125 A. 790 (1924) (where it was held

proper to have refused a directed verdict against a plaintiff who fell down an unguarded

                                             20
elevator shaft despite his admission that there had been sufficient light in the adjacent

hallway to enable him to see twelve feet ahead.)

       It is clear that in that twilight zone, juries may properly make findings of

contributory negligence as a matter of fact but judges should be reluctant to make rulings

with respect to contributory negligence as a matter of law. This Court has consistently been

in full agreement with that adjudicative assignment. In G.C. Murphy Co. v. Greer, 75 Md.

App. 399, 402, 541 A.2d 996 (1988), we squarely held:

       The question of whether a plaintiff was contributorily negligent or assumed the risk
       is ordinarily one that should be answered by the finder of fact, rather than the court.

(Emphasis supplied.) See also Kasten Construction Co. v. Evans, 260 Md. 536, 541, 273

A.2d 90 (1971) (“Contributory negligence, like assumption of risk, is ordinarily a question

for the jury.”); Driver v. Potomac Electric Power Co., 247 Md. 75, 79, 230 A.2d 321 (1967)

(“[U]sually it is neither advisable or practicable to enter a Summary Judgment in a tort

action.”); Robertson v. Shell Oil Company, 34 Md. App. 399, 403, 367 A.2d 962 (1977)

(“As a general proposition, questions of primary and contributory negligence are for the

jury.”); Diffendal v. Kash and Karry Service Corp., 74 Md. App. 170, 173, 536 A.2d 1175

(1988) (“Ordinarily, contributory negligence is a question for the jury.”).

                         3. Conflicting Inferential Messages

       Assume for the moment, again arguendo, that the plaintiff had, indeed, taken notice

of the yellow mop bucket sitting off to her lower right as she started down the aisle. What

message, if any, did the mop bucket communicate to her? Or, more importantly, what

conflicting messages might the mop bucket have communicated to her?

                                             21
       The mop bucket sat there sadly alone. Of what significance was it that no employee,

charged with making use of that mop bucket, was in attendance? Had the mop bucket been

placed there in advance, pending the arrival of the employee who had not yet arrived to

begin his mopping chore? Or had the employee already finished his mopping assignment

and gone off to other duties, leaving the empty bucket to be collected by others? In the first

case, the floor would not yet have been mopped and would, therefore, not yet be wet. In

the second case, the floor would already have been mopped and might still be wet. Are

these not disputed inferences, disqualified from being used to support Summary Judgment

or any other ruling, as a matter of law? This is a quintessential jury question.

       Might not similarly conflicting inferences have arisen from the very placement of

the yellow mop bucket? Within the scheme of the planned mopping operation, was that

spot of placement the beginning of the aisle, where the mopping had not yet been done, or

the end of the aisle, where the mopping operation had been completed? From an operation

not yet begun, one might permissibly infer a still dry floor. From an operation recently

completed, one might permissibly infer a floor that might still be wet. With respect to being

a message of possible danger, do not those inferences contradict each other? If they do, this

would have been, by definition, a jury question.

       Just as the court did not know whether the yellow mop bucket was poised to go to

work at the top of the aisle or was resting after a task well done at the bottom of the aisle,

another element in that equation of uncertainty is whether there was water in the mop

bucket. No one apparently knew, but the inferences fly forth in both directions. If the bucket

was still full of water, the water was presumably not yet on the floor. If the water was no

                                             22
longer in the bucket, it might already have been on a now slippery floor. As Menish v.

Polinger, 277 Md. at 563, advised us:

       Where…more than one inference may be reasonably drawn therefrom, the question
       should be submitted to the jury.

(Emphasis supplied.)

       From all that we do not know about the yellow mop bucket – why it was unattended,

whether it was at the top of the mopping aisle or at the bottom of the aisle, whether it was

or was not full of water – it is clear that the yellow mop bucket did not speak in this case

with an undisputed and dispositive voice but with sphinxlike inscrutability. As it issued

forth its multiplicity of messages for someone – judge or jury – to decipher, the yellow

mop bucket was Hydra-headed, not monolithic. Summary Judgment was thus foreclosed.

                           That Version Of The Evidence
                           Most Favorable To The Plaintiff

       In this case, the very existence of the yellow mop bucket was a very material fact.

Whether the plaintiff ever saw the mop bucket was a very material fact. What message the

mop bucket, if seen by the plaintiff, communicated to the plaintiff was a very material fact.

As we have catalogued, there were numerous disputes with respect to those material facts.

       What then does the caselaw tell us must be done? Faced with such disputes, the

judge is enjoined, before making any decision as a matter of law, to take that version of the

evidence most favorable to the non-moving party, in this case most favorable to the

plaintiff. This is not a mere formulaic platitude, designed to be ritualistically intoned but

then ignored. It is a blueprint to be applied and followed on a case-by-case basis. In detail

after detail, what was that most favorable version?

                                             23
       With respect first to the ambiguous “Wet Floor” sign in the general check-out area,

that version most favorable to the plaintiff is that she did not see that sign. That version of

the evidence could, of course, be rejected by a factfinder who could infer that she must

have seen what was there to be seen. To draw such an inference, imputing knowledge to

the plaintiff that she disclaims having, would contradict her sworn testimony to the

contrary. That conclusion, moreover, would not be available to the judge because it self-

evidently was not that version of the evidence most favorable to the plaintiff. That version

of the evidence most favorable to the plaintiff was her sworn testimony. Even if the warning

sign had been seen, arguendo, how sweeping was its message? That version of the evidence

most favorable to the plaintiff is that it was a very localized message and did not apply to

the more far-flung areas of the Market.

       With respect to the yellow mop bucket itself, a factfinder might conclude that its

message should be read in conjunction with the more express message from the check-out

area. That, however, would not be a permitted conclusion as a matter of law because it

would not be that version of the evidence most favorable to the plaintiff. The most

favorable version of the evidence is that the two signs had nothing to do with each other.

       The most favorable version of the evidence to the plaintiff is that she never saw the

mop bucket. As a part of that most favorable version, the plaintiff was completely absolved

of any responsibility to look down at the floor because she was distracted by the allure of

the attractive merchandizing up on the shelves.

       Even if, arguendo, the yellow mop bucket had been seen by the plaintiff, what

version of its messages would have been that version most favorable to the plaintiff’s case?

                                              24
That most favorable version would have been that the mop bucket was unattended because

the employee had not yet arrived who was scheduled to do the mopping operation. That

most favorable version, moreover, would have been that the mop bucket sat at the top of

the aisle waiting for the mopping to begin and not at the bottom of the aisle after the

mopping had been concluded.

       All of this might seem to be a terribly slanted narrative in favor of the plaintiff,

perhaps outrageously so from the point of view of ultimate factfinders. This case, however,

does not present a factfinding problem. It called for, by definition, a version of the evidence

so slanted because that was the version of the evidence MOST FAVORABLE to the non-

moving party. If this is not that version of the evidence most favorable to the plaintiff, what

then, pray tell, would be a more favorable version? The answer is that in Summary

Judgment cases, the deck is deliberately tilted against taking genuinely disputed issues

away from the factfinding jury.

       We are not suggesting for a moment that this case, at trial, would be a “slam dunk”

for the plaintiff. We have no idea what factfinders may do with many of the possible

disputes. We only know that the plaintiff did not deserve to lose by default before the

burden of persuasion and the risk of non-persuasion had even begun.

                                                      ORDER GRANTING SUMMARY
                                                      JUDGMENT REVERSED AND
                                                      CASE REMANDED FOR TRIAL.
                                                      COSTS TO BE PAID BY
                                                      APPELLEE.

                                              25
The correction notice(s) for this opinion(s) can be found here:

https://mdcourts.gov/sites/default/files/import/appellate/correctionnotices/cosa/0898s20cn.pdf