Court Opinion

ID: 4331666
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-14 00:16:48.538921+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:20:18.745427
License: Public Domain

110 T.C. No. 16

                        UNITED STATES TAX COURT

    ESTATE OF JAMES T. CAMPION, DECEASED, LEONA CAMPION, EXECUTRIX,
                         ET AL.,1 Petitioners v.
              COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

        Docket Nos.   12235-86,   22346-86,   Filed March 5, 1998.
                      31310-86,   32931-86,
                       4142-87,   12476-87,
                      18986-87,   21147-87,
                      24227-87,   24013-88,
                       4646-89,    7300-89,
                       8272-89,   18502-89.

1
     Cases of the following petitioners are consolidated
herewith: Ladd T. Tucek and Philamena Tucek, docket No. 22346-
86; Tony W. and Candace P. Dial, docket No. 31310-86; George M.
and Grace E. Collins, docket Nos. 32931-86 and 12476-87; James
and Lynne M. Lotta, docket Nos. 4142-87 and 7300-89; Alden B. and
Earlene Chase, docket No. 18986-87; Edward R. and Sandra Chase,
docket No. 21147-87; Thomas L. and Betty R. Saliba, docket No.
24227-87; Estate of James T. Campion, Deceased, Leona C. Campion,
Executrix, and Leona C. Campion, docket No. 24013-88; Scott K.
and Barbara F. Monroe and Charles R. and Iva M. Reif, docket No.
4646-89; Dwight V. and Christine G. Call, docket No. 8272-89; and
Michael and Mary Lee Rafferty, Jr., Thomas L. and Betty R.
Saliba, and Theodore L. and Rosemary L. Shebs, docket No. 18502-
89.
                               - 2 -

          Petitioners (investors in the so-called Elektra
     Hemisphere tax shelters) move for leave to file motions
     under Rule 162 to vacate final decisions that have been
     entered herein and to require respondent now to enter
     into revised settlement agreements with petitioners
     (that reflect settlement terms available from
     respondent to investors in 1986, 1987, and 1988).
     Held: Petitioners’ motions are denied.

     Declan J. O'Donnell, for petitioners.

     Michael W. Bitner, for respondent.

                              OPINION

     SWIFT, Judge:   This matter is before the Court in these

consolidated cases on petitioners’ motions for leave to file

motions to vacate decisions with attached motions to vacate under

Rule 162.

     Unless otherwise indicated, all Rule references are to the

Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure, and all section

references are to the Internal Revenue Code for the years in

issue.

     In each of these cases, petitioners and respondent settled

all issues, and final decisions have been entered.   The 90-day

appeal period has expired, and petitioners now seek orders from

the Court vacating the decisions and requiring respondent to

enter into new settlement agreements with petitioners that would
                              - 3 -

reflect settlement terms that were available to investors in the

so-called Elektra Hemisphere tax shelters in 1986, 1987, and

1988.

     The particular years before us in these consolidated cases

are 1979, 1980, 1981, and 1982 -- years prior to the effective

date of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982

(TEFRA), Pub. L. 97-248, 96 Stat. 324, partnership provisions.

In Vulcan Oil Tech. Partners v. Commissioner, 110 T.C.       (1998),

with regard to 1983 and later years that are subject to the TEFRA

partnership provisions, other investors in the Elektra Hemisphere

tax shelters have filed motions similar to the instant motions.

Our opinion in Vulcan is also filed this date.

     The underlying tax shelter investments that are involved in

these consolidated cases are referred to as investments in

certain Denver-based limited partnerships and were related to the

Elektra Hemisphere tax shelters that were the subject of

litigation in this Court in Krause v. Commissioner, 99 T.C. 132

(1992), affd. sub nom. Hildebrand v. Commissioner, 28 F.3d 1024

(10th Cir. 1994); Acierno v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1997-441,

Karlsson v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1997-432; and Vanderschraaf

v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1997-306.

     In Acierno v. Commissioner, supra, we found that the Denver-

based partnerships that are involved in the instant cases were

similar to the Manhattan and Wichita partnerships that were
                               - 4 -

involved in the test cases of Krause v. Commissioner, supra, and

accordingly that the limited partners of the Denver-based

partnerships who had not settled their cases with respondent were

to be bound by the opinion in Krause.    The settlements that

petitioners herein entered into and that they now seek to set

aside are consistent with our decisions in Krause and the above-

cited related cases (namely, no deductions are to be allowed to

the taxpayers relating to their investments in the Elektra

Hemisphere tax shelters, and the taxpayers are not to be held

liable for additions to tax or penalties other than increased

interest under section 6621(c) or its predecessor section

6621(d)) (hereinafter referred to as the no-cash settlements).

     Beginning in 1986, respondent made a number of offers to the

investors-taxpayers to settle tax adjustments that respondent had

determined involving the Elektra Hemisphere tax shelters,

including those in the Denver-based partnerships.   Over the

years, respondent’s settlement position with regard to the issues

involved in the Elektra Hemisphere tax shelters has changed, and

terms of the settlement offers that respondent has made available

to investors have changed accordingly.   As time progressed and as

the test cases approached trial, respondent’s settlement position

generally became more favorable to respondent and less favorable

to the investor-taxpayers.   Each of respondent’s various

settlement positions contained time deadlines or termination
                               - 5 -

dates beyond which a particular settlement position would no

longer be available.

     Under respondent’s settlement position as of 1986, investors

generally were allowed tax deductions reflecting the full amount

of their cash out-of-pocket invested in the respective Elektra

Hemisphere tax shelter, and no penalties or additions to tax were

imposed other than increased interest under section 6621(c) or

its predecessor section 6621(d) (hereinafter referred to as the

cash settlement).   Petitioners herein did not agree to settle the

tax deficiencies and additions to tax that respondent had

determined against them relating to their investments in the

Elektra Hemisphere tax shelters on that basis.   Rather,

petitioners waited until after the opinion in Krause v.

Commissioner, supra, was rendered in 1992 and agreed to settle at

that time, or in later years, on the basis of respondent’s then

pending no-cash settlement position.   Not only did petitioners

agree to settle, but petitioners signed stipulated decision

documents reflecting the no-cash settlement position, and such

decision documents were entered by the Court and are now final.

     Petitioners allege that a structural defect or a fraud on

the Court occurred in settling these cases and that respondent,

under the TEFRA partnership statutory provisions, had a duty of

consistency to treat all taxpayers consistently and to make
                               - 6 -

available to all taxpayers at all points in time the most

favorable settlement terms that were offered to any taxpayer.

     More specifically, petitioners allege --

     (1) that the settlements that were agreed to in the
     instant cases were premised on the erroneous fact that
     no better settlements were available to the taxpayers;

     (2) that because of the express language of section
     6224(c)(2), the TEFRA partnership settlement procedures
     apply to partnerships for all years, once partnerships
     are subject to the general TEFRA partnership provisions
     for any year;

     (3) that, during 1994 and later years, when petitioners
     entered into their settlements for the pre-TEFRA years
     (1979-1982), petitioners and their counsel allegedly
     were not notified by respondent of the prior, more
     favorable cash settlements that other taxpayers during
     1986, 1987, and 1988 had agreed to; and

     (4) that (because of (2) above) the Elektra/Hemisphere
     tax shelter partnerships’ pre-TEFRA years effectively
     became, or should be treated as becoming, subject to
     the TEFRA partnership settlement procedures. Thus,
     petitioners herein allege that during 1994 and later
     years they should have been allowed to settle their
     cases consistent with the most favorable settlement
     terms offered to any other taxpayers at any time.

     Petitioners allege the existence of "a pervasive and

manufactured conspiracy" among respondent’s counsel to deprive

them and other taxpayers of the TEFRA settlement procedures for

pre-TEFRA years.   Petitioners allege that the defective

settlement procedures that were utilized to settle the instant

cases also affected some 2,000 other settlement agreements and a

total of 12,000 case dispositions.
                                - 7 -

     Petitioners’ overriding argument based on the TEFRA

statutory provisions is that this Court's jurisdiction over TEFRA

settlement procedures is broader than this Court's jurisdiction

over cases in general.   Petitioners point to the "Except as

otherwise provided" language of section 6221 and to the language

of section 6224(c)(2).   Petitioners interpret the language of the

latter section as providing that once a partnership becomes

subject to the TEFRA provisions for any year and for any purpose,

the partnership and each of its partners should be treated, for

settlement purposes, as becoming subject to the TEFRA partnership

provisions for all years.   Petitioners then argue that under such

TEFRA settlement provisions they were entitled in 1994 and later

years, when they settled with respondent their particular Elektra

Hemisphere tax shelter cases, to be specifically informed of and

to take advantage of the most favorable settlement terms that

respondent ever offered any of the partners in the Elektra

Hemisphere tax shelters (namely, the cash settlements available

during 1986, 1987, and 1989).

     Respondent emphasizes that the no-cash settlements that

petitioners now seek to disavow are based on and are consistent

with the results of the test cases that were decided with respect

to the Elektra Hemisphere tax shelters.   Krause v. Commissioner,

99 T.C. 132 (1992); see also Acierno v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

1997-441.   Respondent argues that petitioners (having refused to
                                - 8 -

settle in 1986, 1987, or 1988, having “waited out” the litigation

of the Krause test cases until our opinion therein was rendered

in 1992 and until the appeal thereof became final in 1994, and

now not liking the results) are simply the victims of their own

procrastination or litigation strategy, not of any structural

defect or fraud on the Court.

     Petitioners acknowledge that under the TEFRA partnership

provisions the redetermination jurisdiction of this Court is

generally limited (with an exception not applicable here) to

taxable years beginning after September 3, 1982.   Petitioners,

however, cite the language of section 6224(c)(2) and argue that

the TEFRA partnership settlement procedures apply to every

partnership year once the partnership is subject to the general

TEFRA partnership provisions for any year.

     Section 6224(c)(2) provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

          SEC. 6224(c)(2). Other partners have right to enter
     into consistent agreements.--If the Secretary enters into a
     settlement agreement with any partner with respect to
     partnership items for any partnership taxable year, the
     Secretary shall offer to any other partner who so requests
     settlement terms for the partnership taxable year which are
     consistent with those contained in such settlement
     agreement. * * *

     We disagree with petitioners' interpretation of section

6224(c)(2).   Section 407 of TEFRA, 96 Stat. 610-671, expressly

and specifically provides that its provisions, including the
                               - 9 -

settlement procedures of section 6224, apply only to partnership

taxable years beginning after September 3, 1982, with an

exception not here relevant.   Section 407(a)(1) of TEFRA, 96

Stat. 670, provides as follows:

          Except as provided in paragraph (2), the
     amendments made by sections 402, 403, and 404 shall
     apply to partnership taxable years beginning after the
     date of the enactment of this Act. [Sept. 3, 1982.]

Further, petitioners' interpretation is belied by the plain

language of the statute, which refers to a "partnership taxable

year".   The statute by its terms does not require that a

settlement made with a partner in respect of a partnership's

taxable year be extended to another partner for an earlier

taxable year.   A fortiori, no such requirement would seem to

exist if the later year is covered by the TEFRA procedures and

the earlier year is not.

     In Consolidated Cable, Ltd. v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

1990-657, affd. without published opinion 995 F.2d 222 (5th Cir.

1993), we implicitly recognized that the TEFRA partnership

provisions did not apply to partnership taxable years that began

before September 4, 1982.

     In Ackerman v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1996-315, the

taxpayers entered into settlement agreements for 1982, 1983, and

1984 (that were subject to the TEFRA provisions), and we held
                                - 10 -

that respondent was not precluded from making different

adjustments for 1981, a year not covered by the prior settlement

for the later TEFRA years and not covered by the TEFRA settlement

procedures.   See also Gridley v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1997-

210, in which we noted that the TEFRA settlement procedures did

not apply to pre-TEFRA years.

     In Fisher v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1994-434, a duty on

respondent to extend similar settlements was found to exist as to

all taxpayers, but such duty was based not on any statutory

requirements of TEFRA but on express contractual agreements that

had been entered into by the taxpayers to be bound by results of

subsequent test cases, and we concluded that a corresponding duty

of disclosure was imposed on respondent to inform all taxpayers

as to the outcome of the test cases.     In Fisher, when some of the

test cases were settled, other taxpayers in the group of related

cases had a contractual right to be informed of the settlement

and to settle their cases on the same basis.     Fisher is

distinguishable from the facts of the instant cases.

     Absent proof that a taxpayer has been singled out for

disparate treatment based on impermissible considerations such as

race or religion, and absent contractual agreements to the

contrary, respondent is not required to offer the same settlement

terms to similarly situated taxpayers.     Norfolk S. Corp. v.
                              - 11 -

Commissioner, 104 T.C. 13, 58-59, supplemented by 104 T.C. 417

(1995); Davis v. Commissioner, 65 T.C. 1014, 1022 (1976).

     Petitioners argue that if all open years of a partnership

(including pre- and post-TEFRA years) are not treated as governed

by the TEFRA settlement procedures, certain accounting and

financial statement difficulties arise.   Even if true,

petitioners have offered no authority to the effect that such

accounting and financial statement difficulties would override

the TEFRA statutory provisions that expressly provide that only

partnership years beginning after September 3, 1982, are subject

to the TEFRA partnership provisions.

     Petitioners' allegations that a fraud has been committed on

the Court are vague, confusing, and misdirected.   Authority

exists for setting aside a final decision of this Court based

upon a fraud on the Court.   See Kenner v. Commissioner, 387 F.2d

689, 691 (7th Cir. 1968); Abatti v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. 1319,

1323 (1986), affd. 859 F.2d 115 (9th Cir. 1988).   But cf. Harbold

v. Commissioner, 51 F.3d 618 (6th Cir. 1995).   The cases,

however, make it clear that such relief is very limited, as

explained below:

     A finding of fraud on the court is justified only by
     the most egregious misconduct directed to the court
     itself, such as bribery of a judge or jury or
     fabrication of evidence by counsel, and must be
     supported by clear, unequivocal and convincing
     evidence. [Landscape Properties, Inc. v. Vogel, 46
     F.3d 1416, 1422 (8th Cir. 1995) (quoting In re
                               - 12 -

     Coordinated Pretrial Proceedings in Antibiotic
     Antitrust Actions, 538 F.2d 180, 195 (8th Cir. 1974);
     citations omitted).]

See also Browning v. Navarro, 826 F.2d 335, 345 (5th Cir. 1987).

     As suggested, the evidence and allegations that petitioners

offer in support of their allegations of a fraud upon the Court

are extremely vague and unsupported, and they call for little

further discussion.    We note that petitioners’ counsel herein and

petitioners’ prior counsel represented many taxpayers who were

involved in the Elektra Hemisphere tax shelters, and petitioners'

former and/or present counsel likely have been aware, for many

years, of all settlement positions that were made available by

respondent.

     Assuming, arguendo, that respondent’s counsel -- in 1994 and

later years after the Krause v. Commissioner, 99 T.C. 132 (1992),

test case opinion was rendered -- did not specifically inform

petitioners’ counsel of all prior settlement positions that were

available to investors in the Elektra Hemisphere tax shelters,

there would be no basis for finding that a fraud has occurred on

the Court.    As explained above, TEFRA settlement procedures do

not apply to these cases involving pre-TEFRA years, and there

existed no obligation on respondent’s counsel in these cases to

inform all petitioners of each and every settlement position

available to investors.
                              - 13 -

     Lastly, we emphasize that the credible factual evidence

submitted in connection with petitioners’ motions establishes

that petitioners and all other investors in the Elektra

Hemisphere tax shelters were treated consistently by respondent

and were given the same opportunity to settle their tax disputes

with respondent on the same terms and with the same time

deadlines.   The disposition of cases involved in the Elektra

Hemisphere tax shelters followed specific time frames, and each

different settlement position of respondent, which appears to

have been adequately communicated to all investors in the Elektra

Hemisphere tax shelters, was based on the "hazards of litigation"

as perceived by respondent at a particular point in time.

     In years after the Krause v. Commissioner, supra, test case

opinion was filed, petitioners herein finally chose to agree to

respondent’s pending settlement offer, at which time the only

available settlement position available to investors in the

Elektra Hemisphere tax shelters was that which was accepted by

petitioners and which was reflected in the decisions that were

entered (namely, the no-cash settlements).

     Petitioners’ arguments and evidence fail to establish any

"scheme of secrecy" regarding the availability of respondent’s

various settlement positions that were available to taxpayers who

had invested in the Elektra Hemisphere tax shelters.
                             - 14 -

     For the reasons stated, petitioners’ motions for leave to

file motions to vacate will be denied.

                                         Appropriate orders will

                                   be issued.