Court Opinion

ID: 9943543
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-23 19:03:39.178255+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:47:14.718162
License: Public Domain

Filed 2/23/24 Radovic v. Milosevic CA4/1
                 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION ONE

                                         STATE OF CALIFORNIA

MILICA RADOVIC,                                                      D081145

         Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.                                                         (Super. Ct. No. 37-2020-
                                                                   00020833-CU-BC-NC)
SLAVISA MILOSEVIC,

         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
Cynthia A. Freeland, Judge. Affirmed.
         Haight Brown & Bonesteel, Arezoo Jamshidi, and Kaitlyn Jensen for
Defendant and Appellant.
         Law Offices of Jennifer B. Cottis and Jennifer B. Cottis for Plaintiff and
Respondent.

         Slavisa Milosevic appeals an order granting Milica Radovic’s requests
for (1) issue and evidentiary sanctions, and (2) $6,010 in monetary sanctions.
         Although an order granting non-monetary sanctions is not immediately
appealable, our review of the appealable monetary sanctions necessarily
requires us to address whether it was proper for the trial court to grant the
underlying issue and evidentiary sanctions. We conclude that because the
court did not abuse its discretion in ordering non-monetary sanctions,
awarding monetary sanctions—which were only to compensate Radovic’s
counsel for the fees and costs associated with requesting the non-monetary
sanctions—was also appropriate. Accordingly, we affirm.
              FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      A. Complaint and Cross-Complaint
      Radovic and Milosevic went into business together running group living
facilities. After their relationship soured, Radovic sued Milosevic in June
2020 alleging fraud, breach of contract, and an equitable lien on property.
Radovic later amended her complaint to add causes of action for breach of
fiduciary duty and breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.
The operative complaint alleges that Radovic loaned Milosevic at least
$180,000 which he failed to repay as agreed, and that he wrongfully ousted
Radovic from businesses to which she contributed significant resources.
      Milosevic cross-complained, alleging that Radovic willfully
mischaracterized him as an independent contractor when he was in fact her
employee. According to Milosevic, Radovic owes him unpaid wages, damages,
and penalties for her failure to provide rest and meal periods, among other
things.
      B. Radovic’s Motion to Compel
      Discovery ensued, and in October 2021, Radovic served a second set of
requests for production of documents (RFPs) on Milosevic. The RFPs
included requests for financial and operating records for the group living
facilities, as well as communications relating to the businesses. After
Milosevic did not timely respond or present himself for a noticed deposition,

                                       2
in December 2021, Radovic applied for an ex parte order continuing the
existing trial and motion cut-off dates. Milosevic opposed the application,
asserting that his responses “were timely prepared and proper objections
asserted[.]” After a hearing on December 9, 2021, the trial court denied
Radovic’s application without prejudice and directed Milosevic to furnish
proof of service. Milosevic served objections to the RFPs on December 16, but
provided no proof that he ever served responses to the RFPs before the
hearing. On December 20, Radovic applied for an ex parte order shortening
time for a motion to compel, alleging that Milosevic’s objections to the RFPs
were untimely, that he had misrepresented to the court that he had timely
served responses to the RFPs, and that he had unduly delayed his deposition.
      The trial court continued the trial and related motion cut-off dates and
set a hearing date for February 4, 2022, for Milosevic to seek relief from the
waiver of his objections, and also to hear Radovic’s motion to compel.
      In Milosevic’s motion for relief from waiver of objections filed in
January 2022, he asserted that his objections and responses to the RFPs
were untimely because of holiday staffing issues, illness, and other personal
reasons. Milosevic also attached amended responses and objections to the
RFPs as an exhibit to his motion. In those responses, he asserted various
objections based on irrelevance, “privacy grounds,” “third-party privacy
rights,” harassment, “previously propounded” requests, and undue burden,
among other grounds. He also claimed inability to comply, asserting that
many of the requested documents were actually in Radovic’s possession. He
produced no documents, but represented that he would produce non-
privileged documents in response to one request seeking supporting
documentation for the damages he was alleging in his cross-complaint.

                                        3
      Milosevic did not appear at the February 4, 2022 motion hearing. The
trial court nonetheless granted Milosevic’s motion for relief from waiver of
objections and found that his objections and responses were “procedurally
and substantively Code-compliant.” The court denied Radovic’s motion to
compel as to 52 of her document requests; however, the court found that
Milosevic’s objections to 39 of the requests were unjustified. The court noted
that to the extent Milosevic contended the requests were burdensome, were
previously propounded, implicated third-party privacy rights, or were
overbroad, he provided no evidence to support those contentions. The court
further found that his objections based on relevance were invalid and without
merit.
      The court ordered Milosevic to serve code-compliant responses and
responsive documents to those 39 requests within 14 days, along with the one
request for which he had already agreed to provide responsive documents.
The court also awarded Radovic $3,000 in monetary sanctions after finding
that although Radovic was only partially successful in her motion to compel,
Milosevic failed to demonstrate his RFP objections were substantially
justified, and evidence showed he did not sufficiently meet and confer.
      C. Radovic’s First Motion for Terminating Sanctions
      Milosevic served none of the ordered responses by the court’s deadline.
In March 2022, Radovic applied for another ex parte order to continue the
approaching trial and discovery cut-off dates, and to set a hearing for a
forthcoming request for terminating sanctions. At the hearing on Radovic’s
application, the court continued the trial and related dates. The court also
gave Milosevic leave to file a motion for reconsideration of the court’s
February 2022 order, and for a protective order. Milosevic argued in his
motion, among other things, that the February 2022 order would cause

                                        4
“imminent . . . and irreparable harm arising from disclosure of financially
sensitive information and proprietary data[.]”
      In her motion for terminating sanctions, Radovic contended there was
no basis for reconsideration, detailed the history of Milosevic’s non-
compliance with the February 2022 order, and described other obstructionist
behavior by his counsel. Radovic requested that the court strike Milosevic’s
answer and amended cross-complaint, or in the alternative, impose issue and
evidentiary sanctions, along with additional monetary sanctions. Milosevic
did not file an opposition brief, but rather submitted an untimely declaration
stating that the February 2022 order was obtained “in a procedurally unfair
manner[.]”
      On May 27, 2022, the court heard the parties’ arguments on their
respective motions and denied Milosevic’s motion for reconsideration. After
recounting Milosevic’s various procedural missteps and the substantive
deficiencies in his motion, the court noted it was “troubled by the
representations” of Milosevic’s counsel relating to why he was absent from
the February 2022 hearing. The court further observed that Milosevic did
not promptly seek a protective order to address the privacy concerns he
alleged in his RFP responses, nor did his counsel reference any meet-and-
confer efforts preceding his motion—rather, it appeared he ignored Radovic’s
efforts to resolve the issue. Lastly, the court found that Milosevic did not
meet his burden of showing good cause for a protective order. The court
awarded Radovic $4,357.50 in monetary sanctions in connection with
Milosevic’s denied motion for reconsideration and again ordered Milosevic to
provide code-compliant responses pursuant to the February 2022 order.
      The court denied Radovic’s request for non-monetary sanctions due to
procedural deficiencies in her motion, but the court also noted that even

                                       5
though Milosevic failed to comply with the February 2022 order, he “did
attempt” to have the court reconsider the order. The court also denied
Radovic’s request for monetary sanctions in light of its sanctions award
related to Milosevic’s failed motion for reconsideration. But the court put
Milosevic “on notice that failure to comply with court orders and/or future
misuses/abuses of the discovery process could expose him to the very
sanctions [Radovic] sought” in her motion.
      D. Radovic’s Second Motion for Terminating Sanctions
      Milosevic eventually paid the monetary sanctions, but still furnished no
responses to the RFPs identified in the February 2022 order. Instead, on
June 3, 2022, he produced documents that were attached to earlier pleadings
in the case, and which were largely non-responsive to the RFPs at issue.
Milosevic’s counsel also asserted, for the first time via email, that many of
the ordered documents either did not exist or were not in Milosevic’s
possession. Radovic requested, and was granted, an ex parte order on
June 21, 2022, continuing trial and related dates.
      On July 19, 2022, Radovic filed her second motion for terminating
sanctions, or in the alternative, evidence and issue sanctions, and requested
monetary sanctions of $6,010. Milosevic did not file an opposition brief, but
again filed untimely declarations within two days of the upcoming hearing,
stating that he had “complied with all of the Court’s Orders” and that
“[r]esponsive documents have been produced in compliance with the Court
orders[.]”
      At the hearing on Radovic’s motion on August 12, 2022, Milosevic’s
counsel asserted that he already produced some documents, and to the extent
other documents had not been produced, “they are either nonexistent” or not
in Milosevic’s possession. He suggested that the court issue monetary

                                       6
sanctions to compensate Radovic’s counsel for her time and to allow Milosevic
to provide formal responses. Radovic’s counsel argued that Milosevic still
had not produced most of the documents included in the February 2022
order, including communications regarding facility operational expenses, tax
documents, and wage statements to support Milosevic’s counter-claims. She
also noted that several witnesses submitted sworn statements that Milosevic
was in possession of responsive records.
      When the court inquired about why he and Milosevic had not provided
code-compliant responses, Milosevic’s counsel said they did not provide
“substantive” responses because they “anticipated discovery would be
ongoing.” He then claimed they had “provided the response” ordered by the
court, but after being pressed, he admitted Milosevic’s responses were both
untimely and not code-compliant.
      The court granted in part and denied in part Radovic’s motion for
sanctions. It found that Milosevic’s declarations were untimely, and that
although he produced a “small number of documents” in June 2022, they
were “largely repeats of previously produced documents,” “[m]ost of the
documents ordered were not and have not been produced, and [Milosevic]
failed to furnish Code-compliant supplemental responses” despite promising
to do so. While the court found that Milosevic “unquestionably misused” the
discovery process, “repeatedly failed to fulfill promises . . . in the meet and
confer process[,]” and acted in a “willful” manner which constituted “an
affront to the court and the judicial process[,]” it ruled that terminating
sanctions were not yet appropriate because the court had to “take an
incremental approach to sanctions.”
      At the same time, the court noted that “monetary sanctions were
plainly insufficient to compel” Milosevic’s compliance with the February and

                                        7
May 2022 orders. Accordingly, the court imposed issue and evidentiary
sanctions “precluding [Milosevic] from introducing evidence or arguments to
refute [Radovic’s] causes of action for breach of contract and breach of
fiduciary duty, and to support [Milosevic’s] causes of action for unpaid wages
and missed meal and rest breaks.” The court also awarded Radovic $6,010 in
additional monetary sanctions.
      Milosevic timely appealed.
                                 DISCUSSION
      Milosevic argues that the trial court erred in ordering sanctions
because he “substantially complied” with the February and May 2022 orders,
and because the sanctions were “disproportionate” and “tantamount to a
default judgment[.]” We disagree.
      As an initial matter, we begin by addressing appealability. An order
imposing monetary discovery sanctions is immediately appealable if the

amount exceeds $5,000, as is the case here. (Code Civ. Proc.,1 § 904.1, subd.
(a)(12).) The portion of the order awarding issue and evidentiary sanctions,
however, is not directly appealable, but may be reviewed in conjunction with
the monetary sanctions if that portion “necessarily affects the judgment or
order appealed from . . . .” (See § 906; see Mileikowsky v. Tenet Healthsystem
(2005) 128 Cal.App.4th 262, 264 (Mileikowsky).) Here, Radovic sought
monetary sanctions specifically in connection with her motion for terminating
and other sanctions. She also requested (and the court awarded) an amount
that corresponded directly with the hours of work and fees expended
preparing and filing the motion. Accordingly, as was the case in Mileikowsky,
our analysis of the monetary sanctions necessarily encompasses the propriety
of granting the issue and evidentiary sanctions because Milosevic’s “principal

1     Undesignated statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.
                                       8
argument on appeal is that the monetary award, based as it was on the fees
and costs incurred in prosecuting the motion for [non-monetary] sanctions,
should be reversed because the motion for [non-monetary] sanctions was not
appropriate and should have been denied[.]” (Mileikowsky, at p. 276.) We
therefore address whether the court erred in awarding issue and evidentiary
sanctions.
      A. Governing Law
      “We review the propriety of a discovery sanctions award for an abuse of
discretion. [Citation.]” (Pollock v. Superior Court (2023) 93 Cal.App.5th
1348, 1358.) We will reverse “only if [the trial court] was arbitrary,
capricious, or whimsical in the exercise of that discretion.” (Department of
Forestry & Fire Protection v. Howell (2017) 18 Cal.App.5th 154, 191.) “[I]n
reviewing the trial court’s determination, ‘[w]e defer to the court’s credibility
decisions and draw all reasonable inferences in support of the court’s ruling.’
[Citation.] To the extent the trial court’s decision to issue sanctions depends
on factual determinations, we review the record for substantial evidence to
support those determinations. [Citation.] Thus, our review ‘ “begins and
ends with the determination as to whether, on the entire record, there is
substantial evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted, which will support the
determination [of the trial court].” ’ ” (Id. at p. 192.)
      A party to litigation may obtain discovery by inspecting and copying
documents and tangible things in the possession, custody, or control of any
other party to the action. (§ 2031.010, subd. (a).) When a party receives a
document request, they must “respond separately to each item or category of
item by any of the following: [¶] (1) A statement that the party will comply
with the particular demand . . . . [¶] (2) A representation that the party lacks

                                          9
the ability to comply with the demand . . . . [¶] [or] (3) An objection to the
particular demand . . . .” (§ 2031.210, subd. (a).)
      “Misuses of the discovery process include, but are not limited to . . . [¶]
[m]aking, without substantial justification, an unmeritorious objection to
discovery,” and “[m]aking an evasive response to discovery.” (§ 2023.010,
subds. (e), (f).) Section 2023.030, subdivision (a), provides that a trial court
“may impose a monetary sanction ordering that one engaging in the misuse
of the discovery process . . . pay the reasonable expenses, including attorney’s
fees, incurred by anyone as a result of that conduct.” When monetary
sanctions are authorized, the trial court must “impose that sanction unless it
finds that the one subject to the sanction acted with substantial justification
or that other circumstances make the imposition of the sanction unjust.”
(§ 2023.030, subd. (a).)
      Section 2023.030, subdivisions (b) through (d), authorize additional
non-monetary sanctions including issue, evidence, and terminating sanctions.
Subdivision (b) states that a court “may impose an issue sanction ordering
that designated facts shall be taken as established in the action” against the
sanctioned party, or it may also prohibit the sanctioned party from
supporting or opposing designated claims or defenses. (§ 2023.030, subd. (b).)
Subdivision (c) provides that the court “may impose an evidence sanction by
an order prohibiting any party engaging in the misuse of the discovery
process from introducing designated matters in evidence.” (§ 2023.030, subd.
(c).) Lastly, subdivision (d) provides that the court “may impose a
terminating sanction by[,]” among other things, “striking out the pleadings or
parts of the pleadings of any party engaging in the misuse of the discovery
process.” (§ 2023.030, subd. (d).)

                                        10
      “The discovery statutes evince an incremental approach to discovery
sanctions, starting with monetary sanctions and ending with the ultimate
sanction of termination. ‘Discovery sanctions “should be appropriate to the
dereliction, and should not exceed that which is required to protect the
interests of the party entitled to but denied discovery.” ’ [Citation.] If a
lesser sanction fails to curb misuse, a greater sanction is warranted. . . . ‘A
decision to order terminating sanctions should not be made lightly. But
where a violation is willful, preceded by a history of abuse, and the evidence
shows that less severe sanctions would not produce compliance with the
discovery rules, the trial court is justified in imposing the ultimate
sanction.’ ” (Doppes v. Bentley Motors, Inc. (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 967, 992.)
      “The party subject to sanctions bears the burden to establish it acted
with substantial justification or other circumstances make the imposition of
the sanction unjust. [Citation.] Substantial justification means clearly
reasonable justification that is well grounded in both law and fact.
[Citations.] The losing party has the burden of proving substantial
justification on appeal. [Citations.]” (Padron v. Watchtower Bible & Tract
Society of New York, Inc. (2017) 16 Cal.App.5th 1246, 1269 (Padron).)
      B. Analysis
      The record shows that Radovic properly served RFPs on Milosevic in
October 2019, and that the trial court ordered Milosevic to serve code-
compliant responses to a subset of those RFPs in February 2022 and again in
May 2022. But after the court gave Milosevic numerous opportunities to
comply with its orders over several months, Milosevic failed to satisfy meet-
and-confer obligations, delayed the progress of proceedings, and never filed
proper responses to the RFPs, forcing Radovic to seek various forms of relief
from the court. In many instances, Milosevic failed to follow proper

                                        11
procedures in timely objecting to, or opposing, Radovic’s requests and
motions. Furthermore, on multiple occasions Milosevic and his attorney were
evasive and misinformed both the court and Radovic about the status of
discovery. Under these circumstances, we conclude that the trial court did
not abuse its discretion in imposing issue and evidentiary sanctions against
Milosevic. (See Steven M. Garber & Associates v. Eskandarian (2007) 150
Cal.App.4th 813, 820 [terminating sanctions were justified where appellants
failed to comply with court’s orders to respond to discovery requests three
months after those orders issued].)
      Milosevic argues he substantially complied with the court’s orders
because he produced documents in June 2022, and because he submitted
sworn declarations stating there were no additional documents to be

produced.2 “ ‘ “Substantial compliance, as the phrase is used in the decisions,
means actual compliance in respect to the substance essential to every
reasonable objective of the statute.” [Citation.] Where there is compliance as
to all matters of substance technical deviations are not to be given the stature
of noncompliance. [Citation.] Substance prevails over form.’ [Citations.]”
(St. Mary v. Superior Court (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 762, 779 (St. Mary).)

2      Milosevic also argues for the first time on appeal that Radovic’s second
motion for terminating sanctions was procedurally defective because it did
not include a “separate statement” in accordance with rules of the court. (See
Cal. Rules of Court, rule 3.1345(a)(7).) A separate statement “provides all the
information necessary to understand each discovery request and all the
responses to it that are at issue.” (Id., rule 3.1345(c).) Milosevic, however,
failed to raise the issue below, and we decline to exercise our discretion to
decide it on appeal because there is no evidence Milosevic was prejudiced by
the lack of a separate statement. (See, e.g., Bialo v. Western Mutual Ins. Co.
(2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 68, 73 [“Generally, issues raised for the first time on
appeal which were not litigated in the trial court are waived.”].)
                                      12
      Here, the trial court acted within its discretion by impliedly finding
that Milosevic did not comply in all matters of substance with only technical
deviations. The record supports, and Milosevic does not effectively dispute,
that the “additional documents” he produced in June 2022 were largely
duplicates of previously produced documents that did not correspond to the
RFPs at issue. The sworn declarations, which were untimely filed within two
days of the hearing on Radovic’s motion, stated without evidentiary support
that Milosevic had “complied with all of the Court’s Orders[.]” Milosevic’s
counsel then said at the hearing that he did not provide “substantive”
responses because they “anticipated discovery would be ongoing[,]” and he
proceeded to admit that the responses he did provide were both untimely and
not code-compliant.
      This is not a situation where the non-compliant responses achieved
“each objective or purpose” of the applicable discovery statute (Costa v.
Superior Court (2006) 37 Cal.4th 986, 1017, fn. 24), nor were the responses
here “meaningful, substantive responses” which constituted a “facially . . .
good-faith effort to respond” to the RFPs. (St. Mary, supra, 223 Cal.App.4th
at p. 782.) And as the trial court noted at the February 2022 hearing,
Milosevic’s objections to the specific RFPs at issue were unsupported and
without merit at the outset. The record thus contains sufficient evidence to
support the court’s determination that Milosevic did not substantially comply
with the court’s orders.
      Milosevic further contends that the trial court failed to take an
incremental approach to issuing sanctions, and that the sanctions here are
disproportionate and tantamount to terminating sanctions. The court,
however, did take an incremental approach by twice awarding only monetary
sanctions—over the course of several months—before resorting to issue and

                                      13
evidentiary sanctions. The court gave detailed instructions in both its
February and May 2022 orders regarding what was required of Milosevic.
Milosevic’s attorney even acknowledged at the August 2022 hearing that the
court “was very, very clear in terms of what [Milosevic] had to do[]” after it
denied his motion for reconsideration. In its May 2022 order, the court
expressly put Milosevic “on notice that failure to comply with court orders
and/or future misuses/abuses of the discovery process could expose him to the
very sanctions [Radovic] sought” in her first motion for terminating
sanctions. Moreover, the court found, and substantial evidence supports,
that less severe sanctions would not produce compliance because mere
monetary sanctions had already failed to produce compliance twice.
      Even if the issue and evidentiary sanctions have the effect of
terminating sanctions, as Milosevic contends, “[b]ecause the persistent
refusal to comply with discovery requests is equated with an admission that
the disobedient party has no meritorious claim in regard to that issue, the
appropriate sanction for such conduct is preclusion of that evidence from
trial, even if that proves determinative in terminating the offending party’s
case. [Citations.]” (Karlsson v. Ford Motor Co. (2006) 140 Cal.App.4th 1202,
1219; see Mileikowsky, supra, 128 Cal.App.4th at pp. 279–280 [“where a
violation is willful, preceded by a history of abuse, and the evidence shows
that less severe sanctions would not produce compliance with the discovery
rules, the trial court is justified in imposing the ultimate sanction”].)
      In sum, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that
Milosevic “unquestionably misused the discovery process” and “repeatedly
failed to fulfill promises” to produce responsive documents. The record
further supports the court’s finding that Milosevic’s conduct was willful and
“has been an affront to the court and the judicial process.” And importantly,

                                        14
Milosevic has not demonstrated that he had any substantial justification for
his failures to comply with the court’s orders. (Padron, supra, 16 Cal.App.5th
at p. 1269.) Milosevic also presents no reason for reversing the order
imposing monetary sanctions other than arguing that imposing non-
monetary sanctions was unwarranted. Because we conclude that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in awarding issue and evidentiary
sanctions, we affirm the monetary sanctions.
                               DISPOSITION
      The order for sanctions is affirmed. Respondent is awarded her costs
on appeal.

                                                              BUCHANAN, J.

WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

DO, J.

                                      15