Court Opinion

ID: 3041958
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 23:07:29.322451+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:47:22.052465
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 05-4074
                                  ___________

Creative Marketing Associates, Inc.,   *
                                       *
            Appellant,                 *
                                       * Appeal from the United States
      v.                               * District Court for the
                                       * Western District of Missouri.
AT&T,                                  *
                                       *
            Appellee.                  *
                                  ___________

                            Submitted: October 19, 2006
                               Filed: February 2, 2007
                                ___________

Before WOLLMAN, RILEY, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

       Creative Marketing Associates, Inc. (CMA) appeals from the district court’s1
grant of summary judgment to AT&T on CMA’s claims for money owed, breach of
fiduciary duty, and fraud, as well as from the denial of CMA’s claim for the
imposition of a constructive trust. We affirm.2

      1
        The Honorable Howard F. Sachs, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.
      2
       CMA’s late-filed motion for leave to file a supplemental appendix is denied.
                                          I.

       On November 5, 1991, CMA and AT&T entered into a billing services
agreement (BSA), pursuant to which AT&T agreed to provide 900 number billing
services for a telephone spelling game created by CMA. The agreement provided that
AT&T would bill individuals who called CMA’s spelling game and that AT&T would
keep some of these proceeds as part of its fee and remit the balance to CMA. The
BSA also stated that if callers disputed or refused to pay for their calls to the game
(resulting in “uncollectables”), the uncollected charges would be withheld from CMA
(referred to by the parties as “chargebacks”).3 The spelling game was operated from
November 1991 through December 1992, with AT&T providing billing services.
Although the chargebacks assessed against CMA remained low initially, they
eventually grew to exceed 3% percent of total revenue.

        On January 23, 2003, CMA sued AT&T for money owed, breach of fiduciary
duty, and fraud, claiming that AT&T had promised CMA that chargebacks would run
between 2-3% of total revenue. CMA also sought the imposition of a constructive
trust.4 The district court granted summary judgment to AT&T on the claim for money
owed and determined that the breach of fiduciary duty and fraud claims were barred
by the applicable statutes of limitations. The district court also declined to impose a
constructive trust.

        3
       The BSA states in pertinent part that “AT&T may remove from a Caller’s bill
any amounts associated with the offer(s) which the Caller disputes or refuses to pay”
and that “[a]ny amounts which have been removed from callers’ bills as a result of a
dispute or refusal to pay” will be deducted from the monies remitted to CMA.
        4
         CMA suggests that it also sought an accounting. The record does not reflect
this.

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                                            II.

          The crux of CMA’s claim for money owed is its contention that AT&T had
falsely promised CMA that chargebacks would not exceed 2-3% of total revenue.
CMA argues that chargebacks in excess of this amount should not have been assessed
against CMA and that AT&T therefore owes CMA this money. In support of this
claim, CMA cites two statements: an oral promise purportedly made before the
execution of the BSA that chargebacks would run between 2-3% and a written
statement made after the execution of the BSA. The first statement was properly
excluded by the district court under the parol evidence rule. As the district court
noted, the BSA is an integrated agreement with an integration clause stating that
“[t]his is the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the services provided
hereunder and supersedes all prior agreements, proposals, or understandings, whether
written or oral.” We agree with the district court that, under New Jersey law, which
governs the interpretation of the contract, the BSA cannot be modified or
supplemented by any statements or promises made prior to its execution.5 See
Schlossman’s, Inc. v. Radcliffe, 70 A.2d 493, 495 (N.J. 1950) (noting that when a
writing purports to contain the entire agreement between the parties, parol evidence
cannot be used to vary or supplement the agreement). Accordingly, CMA’s reliance
on the first statement is unavailing.

        The second statement upon which CMA relies was contained in a letter written
by an AT&T salesman, Tony Dandridge, in which Dandridge informed CMA that
“AT&T’s industry average on uncollectables run[s] between 2% and 3%.” Although
this letter was written after the execution of the BSA and thus does not fall within the
ambit of the parol evidence rule, Dandridge’s statement about AT&T’s industry
average does not constitute a promise that CMA’s particular chargebacks would be

      5
       We find to be without merit CMA’s contention that the BSA’s ambiguity vis-à-
vis chargebacks and the fraud exception render the parol evidence rule inapplicable.

                                          -3-
less than 3% of total revenue. Accordingly, this second statement does not support
CMA’s contention that chargebacks in excess of 3% were improper.

        CMA also claims on appeal that it was exempt from all chargebacks. We reject
this contention, as it is flatly contradicted by the BSA. We also reject CMA’s
contention that AT&T acted in bad faith. CMA claims that chargebacks were
inappropriate because AT&T did not undertake good faith efforts to collect money
from the callers, contrary to its contractual promise to do so, and that this failure
resulted in additional chargebacks. For example, CMA states that one caller made 341
calls but was not charged because he disclaimed all knowledge of the calls. Another
caller reportedly made more than149 calls, but suggested that he had dialed the wrong
number. AT&T apparently removed the charges from these callers’ bills and assessed
the removed sums in the form of chargebacks against CMA. Although CMA claims
that this constituted bad faith, the BSA explicitly provides that AT&T may remove
charges that a caller disputes or simply refuses to pay. CMA has not given us any
reason to conclude that the removal of disputed charges, a procedure explicitly
established by the contract, constitutes bad faith. In sum, because there is no genuine
issue of material fact in dispute, the district court correctly granted AT&T’s motion
for summary judgment on the money owed claim.

       We also agree with the district court’s determination that the fraud and breach
of fiduciary duty claims are barred by the applicable Missouri statutes of limitations,
which are controlling in this diversity case. Zutz v. Case Corp., 422 F.3d 764, 774
(8th Cir. 2005). Under Missouri law, there is a five-year statute of limitations for
breach of fiduciary duty claims. Mo. Rev. Stat. § 516.120(4). This limitation begins
to run when damage is sustained and capable of being discovered and not when the
plaintiff learns of the injury or wrongful conduct. Klemme v. Best, 941 S.W.2d 493,
497 (Mo. 1997). The statute of limitations for fraud is also five years. Mo. Rev. Stat.
§ 516.120(5). This period begins to run upon discovery of the facts constituting the

                                         -4-
fraud or when the fraud would have been discovered by the exercise of due diligence.
Rademeyer v. Farris, 284 F.3d 833, 836 (8th Cir. 2002) (construing Missouri law).

       The district court concluded that the alleged fraud and breach of fiduciary duty
were discovered or discoverable by 1992, when CMA learned that chargebacks were
exceeding the 2-3% of total revenue allegedly promised by AT&T. Accordingly, the
district court determined that because CMA had until 1997 to file its claims for fraud
and breach of fiduciary duty, its 2003 suit was time-barred.

       CMA claims that it “did not and could not actually know of AT&T’s fraud and
breach of fiduciary duty until 2005 during AT&T’s deposition.” (CMA Brief at 59).
In other words, CMA appears to argue that it could not have discovered the alleged
fraud or breach of fiduciary duty until after it had already sued AT&T on these very
claims. We reject this argument and concur in the district court’s analysis of this
issue. CMA also claims that the limitations periods should have been equitably tolled
because AT&T improperly concealed the causes of action from CMA and because
AT&T pressured or tricked CMA into not filing suit until the limitations periods had
elapsed. We reject these conclusory allegations.

      Finally, after a review of the record, we conclude that the district court properly
declined to impose a constructive trust.

      The judgment is affirmed.
                      ______________________________

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