Court Opinion

ID: 2655017
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-02-27 18:58:50.832927+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:18:06.318912
License: Public Domain

Filed 2/27/14 P. v. King CA2/5
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION FIVE

THE PEOPLE,                                                          B245918

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. SA078884)
         v.

JENNA ANNE KING,

         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Kathryn
A. Solorzano, Judge. Affirmed.
         Robert Booher, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Susan Sullivan Pithey, Shawn
McGahey Webb and Taylor Nguyen, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
                                   I. INTRODUCTION

      A jury convicted defendant, Jenna Anne King, of deadly weapon assault. (Pen.
Code,1 § 245, subd. (a)(1).) The jury further found that in committing the offense,
defendant personally used a deadly weapon—a sport utility vehicle. (§ 12022, subd.
(b)(1).) Imposition of sentence was suspended. Defendant was placed on three years’
probation. We affirm the judgment.

                                   II. THE EVIDENCE

      Victor Hugo Perez Reyes was the victim of the assault. Mr. Perez owned a food
cart. He sold food in the neighborhood where he lived for four years. Mr. Perez and
defendant were neighbors. There had been a series of negative interactions between
defendant and Mr. Perez over the course of more than two years. Mr. Perez testified
defendant would come looking for him and she would throw punches at him.
      On September 18, 2011, as Mr. Perez left his home, defendant accosted him.
Defendant accused Mr. Perez of being illegal. Defendant threatened to notify
immigration authorities. Defendant grabbed at Mr. Perez’s horn, which he used to
announce his presence. Defendant hit Mr. Perez in the neck and near the elbow. When
Mr. Perez ignored defendant and kept moving, she ran to her house.
      Mr. Perez reached an intersection. Mr. Perez was waiting on a customer when
defendant drove up in her black truck. Defendant stopped her black truck five to seven
yards away. Defendant got out of her black truck and resumed her assault on Mr. Perez.
Defendant got really close to Mr. Perez and yelled, “Mother fuck you, shit.” Defendant
told Mr. Perez he was illegal and he should go back to Mexico; he had no business being
here. Defendant tried to take Mr. Perez’s horn from him. Defendant yelled at Mr. Perez:

      1   Further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise noted.

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“Don’t you understand? You can’t been doing this because you are illegal.” Defendant
shook Mr. Perez. Silvestre Mendez Lopez pulled up in a truck. Mr. Mendez-Lopez
yelled at defendant: “You leave him alone. That person isn’t doing anything to you.
He’s working.” Defendant went to Mr. Mendez-Lopez’s passenger side window and
yelled at him.
       Defendant got into her black sport utility vehicle. Mr. Perez took two or three
steps to leave. Mr. Perez heard defendant revving her engine. Defendant accelerated
fast. Defendant drove straight at Mr. Perez. Defendant crashed into Mr. Perez so hard
that his cart nearly flipped over. Mr. Perez struggled to keep his cart upright. It would
have flipped over on its side if Mr. Perez, who was standing behind the cart, had not held
on to it. Mr. Perez was knocked off-balance but he did not fall. Defendant put her truck
in reverse and backed up about two yards. Then defendant accelerated quickly toward
Mr. Perez a second time. Mr. Perez heard the engine rev again. Defendant’s truck hit
Mr. Perez’s cart a second time. The second blow was not as hard as the first. Mr. Perez
suffered an injury to his lower back. Some of the food in Mr. Perez’s cart was damaged.
The cart itself was not damaged. The jury viewed a video recording. The recording
showed events after defendant assaulted Mr Perez with her vehicle. Mr. Perez testified
the video recording showed only a portion of the altercation.
       Mr. Mendez-Lopez witnessed the assault. When Mr. Mendez-Lopez first arrived,
defendant was yelling at Mr. Perez. Defendant was telling Mr. Perez to leave. Mr.
Mendez-Lopez saw defendant punching Mr. Perez with a closed fist. Mr. Mendez-Lopez
told defendant to leave Mr. Perez alone. Defendant walked about four steps to the
driver’s side of Mr. Mendez-Lopez’s vehicle and screamed at him. Defendant yelled:
“Fuck. Mother fucker. Son of a bitch.” Mr. Mendez-Lopez thought defendant was
going to hit him. Mr. Mendez-Lopez testified, “She was being very aggressive.” Mr.
Mendez-Lopez said defendant’s tone of voice was “furious, horrible” and he called an
emergency operator.
       Mr. Mendez-Lopez testified that defendant got into her black truck and ran it into
Mr. Perez’s cart. Defendant accelerated towards Mr. Perez from four or five meters

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distance. Mr. Mendez-Lopez saw the cart move. Mr. Mendez-Lopez estimated
defendant’s speed at two to four miles per hour. Defendant immediately put her black
truck in reverse and drove toward Mr. Perez again. Defendant accelerated towards Mr.
Perez from four to five meters distance at two to four miles per hour. After striking Mr.
Perez’s cart a second time, defendant backed her black truck away about 15 feet.
Defendant sat in her black truck talking to herself and laughing. Mr. Mendez-Lopez
could not hear what defendant was saying. Defendant was still inside her black truck
when police officers arrived. Mr. Mendez-Lopez did not recall telling anyone defendant
had accelerated at 15 miles per hour.
       Officers Marco Olivarez and Diego Aguilar arrived on the scene of the altercation
between Mr. Perez and defendant. Defendant was standing with two Latinos. Defendant
was “yelling erratically.” There was a cart in front of a black truck. Mr. Perez told
Officer Olivarez defendant had revved her engine and intentionally accelerated her black
truck toward Mr. Perez. Mr. Perez said defendant’s black truck struck his cart, throwing
him off-balance. Mr. Perez said defendant backed up then accelerated toward him a
second time, striking his cart again. Officer Olivarez described Mr. Perez’s condition:
“He was frightened. . . . [P]hysically] . . . he had redness to his left arm and . . . I believe
his left neck and right side of his face.”
       Mr. Mendez-Lopez spoke with Officer Olivarez. Mr. Mendez-Lopez saw
defendant hitting Mr. Perez five times in the head while yelling obscenities and
profanities. Mr. Mendez-Lopez heard defendant tell Mr. Perez: “You son of a bitch.
You are an illegal alien, and you are illegal vending on my street.” Mr. Mendez-Lopez
told Officer Olivarez defendant got into her black truck, revved the engine and
intentionally accelerated toward Mr. Perez. Mr. Mendez-Lopez described Mr. Perez as
looking afraid. Mr. Perez held onto his cart as a means of protection. Mr. Mendez-Lopez
said he saw defendant reverse her vehicle 15 feet and put it in drive again. Defendant
intentionally accelerated toward Mr. Perez a second time, again striking his cart.

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                                      III. DISCUSSION

                              A. Sufficiency Of The Evidence

       Defendant was charged with deadly weapon assault in violation of section 245,
subdivision (a)(1). Section 240 defines an assault, “An assault is an unlawful attempt,
coupled with a present ability, to commit a violent injury on the person of another.”
(People v. Chance (2008) 44 Cal.4th 1164, 1167; People v. Licas (2007) 41 Cal.4th 362,
366.) At the time defendant committed the present offense, former section 245,
subdivision (a)(1), stated: “Any person who commits an assault upon the person of
another with a deadly weapon or instrument other than a firearm or by any means of force
likely to produce great bodily injury shall be punished . . . .” (Former § 245, subd. (a)(4),
Stats. 2004, ch. 494, § 1; see People v. Milward (2011) 52 Cal.4th 580, 585; People v.
Aguilar (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1023, 1028.) Injury to the victim is not an element of the
offense. (People v. Aguilar, supra, 16 Cal.4th at pp. 1027-1028; People v. Rocha (1971)
3 Cal.3d 893, 900; People v. Brown (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 1, 7.) The jury found
defendant guilty of “assault with a deadly weapon, to wit: a vehicle – SUV,” a violation
of section 245, subdivision (a)(1).
       Defendant argues there was insufficient evidence she used her car in a manner
capable of causing or likely to cause great bodily injury or death. Defendant asserts:
“The evidence established that [defendant] struck [Mr. Perez’s] cart at a speed of two to
four miles per hour, resulting in no damages beyond the crushing of some bags of pork
skins that were hanging off of the cart and that [Mr. Perez] later sold. [Citation to the
record.] Such evidence was insufficient to show that [defendant] used the car in a
manner likely to cause death or great bodily injury . . . .” It was for the jury to decide
whether the sport utility vehicle was a deadly weapon. (People v. McCoy (1944) 25
Cal.2d 177, 188; see People v. Huggins (2006) 38 Cal.4th 175, 249-250; People v.
Brown, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at p. 8.) In doing so, the trier of fact considers the nature
of the object, how it was used, and the circumstances surrounding its use. (People v.

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Aguilar, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 1029; In re R.P. (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 562, 567; People
v. Golde (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 101, 116; People v. Page (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 1466,
1470.) The jury was properly instructed pursuant to CALCRIM No. 875: “A deadly or
dangerous weapon is any object, instrument, or weapon that is inherently deadly or
dangerous or one that is used in such a way that it is capable of causing or likely to cause
death or great bodily injury. [¶] In deciding whether an object is a deadly weapon,
consider all the surrounding circumstances, including when and where the object was
possessed, where the person who possessed the object was going and any other evidence
that indicates whether the object would be used for a dangerous, rather than a harmless,
purpose.” (See People v. Aguilar, supra, 16 Cal.4th at pp. 1028-1029; but see People v.
Brown, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at pp. 8-11.) The jury was further instructed: “Great
bodily injury means significant or substantial physical injury. It is an injury that is
greater than minor or moderate harm.” As noted above, the jury found defendant guilty
of deadly weapon assault. We conclude substantial evidence supported the verdict.
       We apply the following standard of review: “‘[W]e review the whole record to
determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime . . . beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citation.] The record must disclose substantial
evidence to support the verdict—i.e., evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of solid
value—such that a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt. [Citation.] In applying this test, we review the evidence in the light
most favorable to the prosecution and presume in support of the judgment the existence
of every fact the jury could reasonably have deduced from the evidence. [Citation.] “. . .
We resolve neither credibility issues nor evidentiary conflicts; we look for substantial
evidence. [Citation.]” [Citation.] A reversal for insufficient evidence “is unwarranted
unless it appears ‘that upon no hypothesis whatever is there sufficient substantial
evidence to support”’ the jury’s verdict. [Citation.]’ (People v. Zamudio (2008) 43
Cal.4th 327, 357 . . . .)” (People v. Manibusan (2013) 58 Cal.4th 40, 87.)
       Prior to the present incident, defendant had repeatedly physically and verbally
assaulted Mr. Perez over a more than two-year period. She accused him of being an

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illegal alien unlawfully selling food in her neighborhood. She demanded that he stop
doing so. She used profanity in assailing Mr. Perez. On September 18, 2011, defendant
followed Mr. Perez to his usual vending location. Defendant verbally and physically
assaulted Mr. Perez. Defendant then got into her large black truck. Defendant revved her
engine. Defendant intentionally drove directly at Mr. Perez at a speed of two to four
miles per hour. Defendant hit Mr. Perez’s cart as Mr. Perez held on to it. Defendant
rammed Mr. Perez’s cart not just once but twice. Defendant did not strike Mr. Perez
himself only because his cart was in front of him. Mr. Perez struggled to keep the cart
upright. Mr. Perez nearly fell over. Mr. Perez suffered an injury to his lower back.
There was no evidence defendant drove her black truck at Mr. Perez for any reason other
than to assault him. Under all the surrounding circumstances, the jurors could
reasonably find defendant used her black truck in a manner capable of causing and likely
to cause great bodily injury. (See People v. Russell, supra, 129 Cal.App.4th at p. 782 &
fn. 11; People v. Wright (2002) 100 Cal.App.4th 703, 705-706; People v. Finney (1980)
110 Cal.App.3d 705, 709-711, 716; People v. Claborn (1964) 224 Cal.App.2d 38, 42.)

                                  B. Instructional Error

       Some objects are inherently dangerous or deadly. Others are dangerous or deadly
because of the manner in which they are used. Our Supreme Court has explained: “As
used in section 245, subdivision (a)(1), a ‘deadly weapon’ is ‘any object, instrument, or
weapon which is used in such a manner as to be capable of producing and likely to
produce, death or great bodily injury.’ (In re Jose R.[, supra,] 137 Cal.App.4th [at pp.]
275-276.) Some few objects, such as dirks and blackjacks, have been held to be deadly
weapons as a matter of law; the ordinary use for which they are designed establishes their
character as such. (People v. Graham (1969) 71 Cal.2d 303, 327, disapproved on other
grounds in People v. Ray (1975) 14 Cal.3d 20, 32.) Other objects, while not deadly per
se, may be used, under certain circumstances, in a manner likely to produce death or great
bodily injury. In determining whether an object not inherently deadly or dangerous is

                                             7
used as such, the trier of fact may consider the nature of the object, the manner in which
it is used, and all other facts relevant to the issue. (In re Jose R., supra, 137 Cal.App.3d
at p. 276; see People v. Nealis (1991) 232 Cal.App.3d Supp. 1, 4, fn. 2 [citing California
decisions holding various objects, not deadly per se, to be deadly weapons under the
particular circumstances.].)” (People v. Aguilar, supra, 16 Cal.4th at pp. 1028-1029.)
       Defendant asserts the jury was instructed in a manner that allowed it to find the
black truck was an inherently deadly or dangerous weapon regardless of how it was used.
As noted above, the jury was instructed, “A deadly or dangerous weapon is any object,
instrument, or weapon that is [(1)] inherently deadly or [(2)] [inherently] dangerous or
[(3)] one that is used in such a way that it is capable of causing or likely to cause death or
great bodily injury.” (Italics omitted in part and added in part.) Defendant notes that the
jury was at one time split eleven to one on the question whether defendant’s vehicle was
a deadly weapon. The jury’s note read: “Juror # __ believes the car in question is not a
deadly weapon in this case as presented by the prosecution or evidence presented versus a
majority (11) jurors believe it (the car) is a deadly weapon. We are unanimous that an
assault took place but at a standstill on a verdict. Need direction on next step.” In
response, the trial court directed the jury to reread the instructions on assault with a
deadly weapon (CALCRIM No. 875) and personal deadly weapon use (CALCRIM No.
3145). Defendant argues the [trial court] was obligated to clearly define the term so that
the jury could never find that a car was an ‘inherently’ deadly or dangerous weapon.”
       Defendant did not object to CALJIC No. 875 in the trial court. She did not request
the instruction be clarified when the jury sought direction. As a result, she forfeited the
present argument. (Evid. Code, § 353; People v. Lee (2011) 51 Cal.4th 620, 638; People
v. Hillhouse (2002) 27 Cal.4th 469, 503.)
       Even if the issue is properly before us, we find any error was harmless under any
standard. (Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24; People v. Chun (2009) 45
Cal.4th 1172, 1203; People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836.) The focus of the trial
was defendant’s use of her black truck to assault Mr. Perez. The eyewitnesses were
asked questions about the manner in which defendant drove her black truck. They were

                                              8
asked how close defendant’s black truck was to Mr. Perez each time defendant revved
her engine and drove toward him. The eyewitnesses were asked about the speed at which
defendant was traveling and the observable effect of the impact. Mr. Perez was asked
how the impact affected him. Mr. Perez was asked whether his cart was damaged. The
jury was instructed, “In deciding whether an object is a deadly weapon, consider all the
surrounding circumstances, including when and where the object was possessed, where
the person who possessed the object was going and any other evidence that indicates
whether the object would be used for a dangerous, rather than a harmless, purpose.”
(Italics added.) In her closing argument, Deputy District Attorney Karine Fong told the
jury, “[D]efendant did an act with a deadly weapon . . . that by its nature would directly
and probably result in the application of force to a person.” Ms. Fong told the jury the act
in question was defendant’s revving her engine and accelerating her black truck directly
at Mr. Perez. Ms. Fong urged the jury to consider all of the circumstances surrounding
defendant’s use of her sport utility vehicle. At no time was the jury asked to find the
sport utility vehicle was an inherently deadly or inherently dangerous weapon without
regard to the manner in which defendant drove it. The jury was initially unable to agree
whether the sport utility vehicle was a deadly weapon. But the jurors then reheard
evidence of the circumstances of the assault. The jurors reviewed videotape of a portion
of the incident and reheard eyewitness and police officer testimony. The jury asked to
rehear: “The sections/parts of testimony from Mr. Perez’s and Mr. Mendez’s, including
the police officers’ testimony regarding the time of day of the incident as well as the
section that pertain to the impacts (how many contacts have taken place). How many
times the car impacted according to the victim, witness and police officers.” There is no
risk the jury convicted defendant based solely on the nature of the object she used to
assault Mr. Perez—the sport utility vehicle—without regard to the manner in which she
used it. Any error in the instruction was harmless.

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                               C. Prosecutorial Misconduct

       Defendant argues Ms. Fong committed prosecutorial misconduct. The context is
as follows. In his closing argument to the jury, defendant’s counsel, Daniel Ditlof, called
the jury’s attention to inconsistencies in Mr. Perez’s testimony. In her final closing
argument, Ms. Fong responded. Ms. Fong argued that despite the inconsistencies, Mr.
Perez was a credible witness. Ms. Fong stated in part: “You can’t just throw up your
hands and say ‘I don’t know. I don’t know. I don’t know. You as jurors have to decide
what you think happened on that day.” Defendant asserts the foregoing comment
improperly diluted the beyond a reasonable doubt standard of proof. Defendant argues,
“[Ms. Fong’s statement] suggest[ed] to the jurors that the prosecution’s case had been
proved if the jurors simply thought [defendant] had committed the crime.”
       Defendant did not object to Ms. Fong’s argument at trial. Defendant did not
request an admonition. Nor has defendant shown that an objection would have been
futile. As a result, the present argument was forfeited. (People v. Maciel (2013) 57
Cal.4th 482, 541; People v. Fuiava (2012) 53 Cal.4th 622, 679-680.)
       Even if the issue were properly before us, we would not find any misconduct. Our
Supreme Court has held: “‘“A prosecutor’s conduct violates the Fourteenth Amendment
to the federal Constitution when it infects the trial with such unfairness as to make the
conviction a denial of due process.” [Citations.] Under California law, a prosecutor who
uses deceptive or reprehensible methods of persuasion commits misconduct even if such
actions do not render the trial fundamentally unfair. [Citation.]’” (People v. Williams
(2013) 58 Cal.4th 197, 274; accord, People v. Edwards (2013) 57 Cal.4th 658, 734.)
Here, Ms. Fong was responding to Mr. Ditlof’s challenge to Mr. Perez’s credibility. Ms.
Fong told the jury that notwithstanding Mr. Perez’s inconsistencies, Mr. Perez was a
credible witness. Ms. Fong reminded the jury it was their duty to determine the facts.
This was proper argument. (See § 1127 [“The court shall inform the jury in all cases that
the jurors are the exclusive judges of all questions of fact submitted to them and of the
credibility of the witnesses”]; People v. Anderson (2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 919, 929

                                             10
[instruction made it clear that “it is the jury who decides the facts”]; People v. Butterfield
(1940) 40 Cal.App.2d 725, 728 [“it was the province of the jury to determine the weight
and sufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict, and the credibility of witnesses”].)
       Nor was there any prejudice to defendant. Reversal for prosecutorial misconduct
is not required unless defendant can show she was prejudiced. (People v. Arias (1996) 13
Cal.4th 92, 161.) We apply the Watson standard of prejudice. (People v. Arias, supra,
13 Cal.4th at p. 161; People v. Stansbury (1993) 4 Cal.4th 1017, 1057, revd. on other
grounds in Stansbury v. California (1994) 511 U.S. 318, 326-327.) Ms. Fong’s argument
was a proper reference to the jury’s duty to determine the facts. The comment was made
in the context of Mr. Perez’s credibility. The jury was clearly instructed it had to find
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. It is not reasonably probable a result more
favorable to defendant would have been reached absent Ms. Fong’s comments. And
because there was no prosecutorial misconduct resulting in prejudice to defendant, Mr.
Ditlof was not ineffective for failing to object. (People v. Coffman (2004) 34 Cal.4th 1,
120; People v. Boyette (2002) 29 Cal.4th 381, 433.)

                                    D. Restitution Fines

       Defendant asserts the trial court erred in ordering her to pay a $240 restitution fine
(§ 1202.4, subd. (b)) and a $240 parole revocation restitution fine (§ 1202.45).
Defendant reasons: the trial court impliedly intended to impose the minimum fines;
however, at the time defendant committed the present offense, on September 18, 2011,
the minimum fines were $200, not $240; therefore, the $240 fines were unauthorized; and
imposing the greater fines violated the ex post facto clauses of the state and federal
Constitutions.
       Defendant concedes she did not raise this argument in the trial court. However, as
our Supreme Court has held, “A claim that a sentence is unauthorized may be raised for
the first time on appeal, and is subject to correction whenever the error comes to the
attention of the reviewing court.” (People v. Barnwell (2007) 41 Cal.4th 1038, 1048, fn.

                                              11
7; accord, People v. Dotson (1997) 16 Cal.4th 547, 554, fn. 6; People v. Valenzuela
(2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 1246, 1248-1249.)
       Defendant is correct that the law in effect when she committed the present offense
must be applied to her. (People v. Souza (2012) 54 Cal.4th 90, 143; People v. Hanson
(2000) 23 Cal.4th 355, 361-363.) When defendant committed the present assault, on
September 18, 2011, former section 1202.4, subdivision (b)(1), authorized a restitution
fine of not less than $200 or more than $10,000. (Stats. 2011, ch. 45, § 1, eff. July 1,
2011.) Section 1202.4, subdivision (b)(1) was amended effective January 1, 2012, to
provide for a restitution fine of not less than $240 or more than $10,000. (Stats. 2011, ch.
358, § 1.) That amendment, which postdates defendant’s crime, is inapplicable to
defendant. (People v. Souza, supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 143; People v. Hanson, supra, 23
Cal.4th at pp. 361-363.)
       Nevertheless, the trial court had the discretion to set the section 1202.4,
subdivision (b) restitution fine at any level from $200 to $10,000. (Former § 1202.4,
subd. (b)(1), as amended by Stats. 2011, ch. 45, § 1, eff. July 1, 2011; People v. Kramis
(2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 346, 350; People v. Dickerson (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 1374,
1379.) The $240 restitution fine imposed in this case was within that range. We presume
the trial court applied the law in effect at the time defendant committed the present
offense and chose, in its discretion, to impose a $240 fine. (Evid. Code, § 664; In re
Jacob J. (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 429, 437-438, disapproved on another point in In re
Julian R. (2009) 47 Cal.4th 487, 499; People v. Mosley (1997) 53 Cal.App.4th 489, 496.)
Under section 1202.45, the parole revocation restitution fine is in the same amount as the
section 1202.4, subdivision (b) restitution fine. (People v. Soria (2010) 48 Cal.4th 58,
62; People v. Smith (2001) 24 Cal.4th 849, 851.) There was no error.

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                                  IV. DISPOSITION

      The judgment is affirmed.
                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

                           TURNER, P.J.

We concur:

      KRIEGLER, J.

      MINK, J.

       Retired Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

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