Court Opinion

ID: 2715512
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-06 17:24:33.086661+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:13:21.193340
License: Public Domain

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       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON,
                                                      No. 71641-7-1
                       Respondent,
       v.                                             DIVISION ONE

DALE JACKSON PURSER,                                  UNPUBLISHED OPINION

                       Appellant.                     FILED: June 16, 2014

        Leach, J. — Dale Purser appeals his convictions for assault in the first

degree, assault in the second degree, felony harassment, and two counts of

intimidating a witness.            He claims that the aggravating factor in RCW

9.94A.535(3)(h) is unconstitutionally vague as applied to him, that the imposition

of a no-contact order prohibiting contact with his son violated his fundamental

right to parent, that his convictions for both felony harassment and intimidating a

witness violated the prohibition against double jeopardy, and that the court

violated his right to a unanimous jury verdict on the felony harassment count

when it failed to give a unanimity instruction. On cross appeal, the State claims

that   none   of   Purser's    crimes   constituted   the   same   criminal   conduct for

sentencing purposes.          In a statement of additional grounds, Purser alleges

violations of ER 403 and ineffective assistance of counsel.           Finding no merit in

these arguments, we affirm.
No. 71641-7-1/2

                                    Background

        Purser married J.P. in 2009. At the time they married, J.P. had a son,

B.C., who was born in 2005, from a previous relationship. Purser and J.P. had a

son, D.P., who was born in 2010.

        On September 1, 2011, after months of continuous fighting, J.P. told

Purser that she no longer wanted to be married to him. Purser hit her in the face.

J.P. told her sons to run from the house, but Purser would not let them leave.

Purser then began punching J.P. in the face, choking her, and screaming in her

face. She pleaded with Purser to stop because the children were watching the

beating and were crying. She also pleaded with him to allow her to go to the

dentist to fix the damage that he caused to her mouth. Purser told J.P. to take

the children and go into the bathroom because there was a police officer

standing outside.   He told J.P. to "shut up" D.P., who was crying, or "he was

gonna shut him up."

        J.P. took the children into the bathroom and breastfed D.P. so that he

would stop crying. Purser told J.P. that if the police came into the house or if the

police did not leave "that he was gonna kill us." The police did not enter the

home.

        After the police left, Purser took J.P. and the children to the dentist. He

told J.P. a story to tell the dentist about her injury and told her that if she called

the police, called her father, or told the dentist what happened, "that he was

going to kill the kids and he pulled out a knife and showed [J.P.] and told [J.P.]
No. 71641-7-1/3

that he would kill them and he would leave and go to Kingston and that nothing

would stop him."

       On September 23, 2011, after B.C. jumped on Purser, Purser grabbed

him, threw him on the ground, and punched him. Purser then grabbed J.P., hit

her, grabbed her throat, and pulled her away from the children. He climbed on

top of J.P. and, while choking her, told her that "this was all [J.P.'s] fault" and that

he was going to kill her. Purser punched her in the face and threatened to "break

out all [J.P.'s] teeth." He also told J.P. "to say good-bye to [her] children because

he was gonna kill [her]." When J.P. refused to do this, Purser told the children "to

say good-bye to [J.P.] and that he was gonna kill [J.P.]." J.P. covered the

children with her body, but Purser grabbed her and punched and choked her.

       After the beating, Purser allowed J.P. to take D.P. to a scheduled doctor's

appointment but would not permit her to take B.C. along. When the doctor asked

J.P. about her injuries, she gave a false story.

       When J.P.      returned   home from       the doctor's appointment,       Purser

screamed at her, grabbed her by the throat, and held her against the wall. J.P.

told Purser that she had to leave. Purser made her promise that she would not

call the police and told her, "I'll kill them and I'll kill your family and no one can

stop me."

       Purser allowed J.P. to leave the home without the children, telling her that

if she sought help, "he would kill [J.P.] and he would kill the kids and he would kill

[J.P.'s] mom and [J.P.'s] dad or [J.P.'s] sister." After J.P. left, Purser called her

                                           -3-
No. 71641-7-1/4

and told her that she "better not call the police or tell anyone what happened or

tell [J.P.'s] dad and if [J.P.] did that he would kill [B.C.]." J.P. called 911.

       The State charged Purser with one count of assault in the first degree, one

count of felony harassment, two counts of intimidating a witness, and one count

of assault in the second degree.1

       At trial, J.P. testified that she never tried to leave Purser "[b]ecause I was

scared of him" and "[b]ecause he always would threaten me and tell me that he

would kill my family and kill my sister or my mom or my dad or he said that he

would kill my children and then kill me."        She also testified that she believed

Purser's threats and that "he also would tell me that he would take [D.P.] from me

and I would never get him back or that he would have [Indian Child Welfare] take

him from me and I would never get him back." J.P. further stated that she never

sought help "[b]ecause I didn't want to be responsible for somebody getting killed

or for him to kill my children or kill me" and that she never escaped with her

children "[bjecause he would most of the time always keep a child from me or he

would be with me."

       A jury convicted Purser as charged.            The jury also returned special

verdicts on each count, finding that the crime was an aggravated domestic

violence offense. At sentencing, the court concluded that the assault in the first

degree count, the felony harassment count, and one count of intimidating a

      1 The State also charged Purser with a second count of assault in the
second degree, malicious mischief, and attempted escape in the second degree.
The court later dismissed these charges.
No. 71641-7-1/5

witness encompassed the same criminal conduct. The court also concluded that

the assault in the second degree count and the remaining count of intimidating a

witness encompassed the same criminal conduct.                  The court imposed

exceptional sentences and also imposed a lifetime no-contact order prohibiting

contact with J.P., B.C., and D.P.

       Purser appeals.

                                        Analysis

       RCW 9.94A.535(3)(h) permits a court to impose a sentence outside the

standard range for an offense if the jury finds beyond a reasonable doubt that the

offense involved domestic violence and one or more of the following was present:

              (i) The offense was part of an ongoing pattern of
       psychological, physical, or sexual abuse of a victim or multiple
       victims manifested by multiple incidents over a prolonged period of
       time;
                 (ii) The offense occurred within sight or sound of the victim's
       or the offender's minor children under the age of eighteen years; or
                 (iii) The offender's conduct during the commission of the
       current offense manifested deliberate cruelty or intimidation of the
       victim.

       Purser claims that the "deliberate cruelty" aggravating factor in RCW

9.94A.535(3)(h)(iii) is unconstitutionally vague as applied to him.2 Because this

vagueness doctrine has no application in the context of sentencing guidelines,

his argument fails.

       "The due process vagueness doctrine under the Fourteenth Amendment

and article I, section 3 of the state constitution requires that citizens have fair

       2 Purser does not allege that the jury did not find the aggravating
circumstance beyond a reasonable doubt.
No. 71641-7-1/6

warning of proscribed conduct.'"3 A valid statute must be clear enough to provide

fair warning of the proscribed conduct and also must have ascertainable

standards of guilt to prevent arbitrary enforcement.4

       In State v. Baldwin,5 our Supreme Court held that the sentencing guideline

statutes at issue "are not subject to a vagueness analysis."      In Baldwin, the

defendant challenged former RCW 9.94A. 120(2) (2000),6 which required the

court to impose a standard range sentence unless it found substantial and

compelling reasons to impose an exceptional sentence, and former RCW

9.94A.390(2)(d) (2000),7 which characterized an offense that was a "major

economic offense" as an aggravating circumstance that could support an

exceptional sentence under former RCW 9.94A.120(2).8

      Our Supreme Court concluded, "[D]ue process considerations that

underlie the void-for-vagueness doctrine have no application in the context of

sentencing guidelines."9    The court explained that the sentencing guideline

statutes did not define conduct, permit arbitrary arrest and criminal prosecution,

inform the public of penalties attached to criminal conduct, vary the statutory

      3 State v. Chanthaboulv, 164 Wash. App. 104, 141, 262 P.3d 144 (2011)
(quoting State v. Bahl, 164 Wash. 2d 739, 752, 193 P.3d 678 (2008)).
       4 Chanthaboulv, 164 Wash. App. at 141 (citing State v. Baldwin, 150 Wash. 2d
448, 458, 78 P.3d 1005 (2003)).
       5 150 Wash. 2d 448, 461, 78 P.3d 1005 (2003).
       6 Former RCW 9.94A. 120, recodified as RCW 9.94A.505 (Laws of 2001,
ch. 10, §6).
       7 Former RCW 9.94A.390, recodified as RCW 9.94A.535 (Laws of 2001,
ch. 10, §6).
      8 Baldwin. 150 Wash. 2d at 458-59.
      9 Baldwin, 150 Wash. 2d at 459.

                                        -6-
No. 71641-7-1/7

maximum or minimum penalties that the legislature assigned to illegal conduct,

or set penalties.10 Thus, because "nothing in these guideline statutes requires a

certain outcome," the guideline statutes did not create a "constitutionally

protectable liberty interest."11

       Purser contends that the United States Supreme Court's decisions in

Apprendi v. New Jersey12 and Blakelv v. Washington13 "clearly establish that

aggravating factors affect a liberty interest protected by the Due Process

Clause."    In these cases, the Court ruled that a judge may not impose a

sentencing enhancement without either findings by the jury or a stipulation by the

defendant.14 Apprendi and Blakelv focused on the right to a jury trial, which is

distinct from the vagueness doctrine that provides public notice and prevents

arbitrary state intrusion.15 Therefore, we remain bound by Baldwin-

       Baldwin precludes Purser from challenging the "deliberate cruelty"

aggravating factor on vagueness grounds. This aggravating circumstance does

not define conduct, authorize arrest, inform the public of criminal penalties, or

vary legislatively defined criminal penalties.

       Purser also claims that a lifetime no-contact order prohibiting contact with

D.P. violates his fundamental right to parent. He asserts, "[Although the State

has a compelling interest in protecting children from harm, the State failed to

       10 Baldwin, 150 Wash. 2d at 459.
       11 Baldwin, 150 Wash. 2d at 461.
       12 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000).
       13 542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004).
       14 Blakelv, 542 U.S. at 303-04; Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490.
       15 Baldwin, 150 Wash. 2d at 458.
No. 71641-7-1/8

demonstrate how prohibiting all contact between Mr. Purser and his son for life

was reasonably necessary to effectuate that interest." We disagree.

       RCW 9.94A.505(8) permits a court to impose and enforce crime-related

prohibitions as part of any sentence. A "crime related prohibition" is a court order

"prohibiting conduct that directly relates to the circumstances of the crime for

which the offender has been convicted."16 A court may impose crime-related

prohibitions "for a term of the maximum sentence to a crime, independent of

conditions of community custody."17

       A parent has a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and

control of his children.18 We generally review sentencing conditions for an abuse

of discretion.19   But a court must "'sensitively impose[ ]'" sentencing conditions

that limit a fundamental constitutional right and the conditions must be

"'reasonably necessary to accomplish the essential needs of the State and public

order.'"20

       A sentencing condition limiting a fundamental right to parent must be

"reasonably necessary to prevent harm to a child" and must be narrowly drawn.21

     16RCW9.94A.030(10).
     17 State v. Warren, 165 Wash. 2d 17, 32, 195 P.3d 940 (2008) (citing State v.
Armendariz, 160Wn.2d 106, 112, 120, 156P.3d201 (2007)).
     18 State v. Cortes Aquilar, 176 Wash. App. 264, 277, 308 P.3d 778 (2013)
(citing Santoskv v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599
(1982)). review denied. 179Wn.2d 1011 (2014).
       19 Warren, 165 Wash. 2d at 32 (citing State v. Riley, 121 Wash. 2d 22, 37, 846
P.2d 1365(1993)).
       20 Cortes Aquilar, 176 Wash. App. at 277 (quoting Warren, 165 Wash. 2d at 32).
       21 Cortes Aguilar, 176 Wash. App. at 277 (citing State v. Ancira, 107 Wn.
App. 650, 654, 27 P.3d 1246 (2001)); Warren, 165 Wash. 2d at 34 (citing Riley, 121
Wash. 2d at 37).

                                         -8-
No. 71641-7-1/9

Because "what is reasonably necessary to protect the State's interests may

change over time," the duration of the no-contact order must also be reasonably

necessary.22 "Prevention of harm to children is a compelling state interest, and

the State does have an obligation to intervene and protect a child when a

parent's actions or decisions seriously conflict with the physical or mental health

of the child."23

       When offering the State's recommended sentence, the prosecutor stated,

       In this particular instance we want, and what is most important to
       the victim is just knowing that her children will reach adulthood in
       safety. She had to undergo a pretty horrific, year long ordeal with
       the defendant in which she was continually abused, beaten,
       degraded and in part held hostage to a degree because of her fears
       for the safety of her children. In this case we think that the
       defendant shows a little bit of insight into his actions. We don't
       have a lot of optimism that he is going to change. He appears to
       have very poor impulse control.

When announcing Purser's sentence, the court stated,

              In twenty years on the bench the court has not seen a more
       sever[e] act of domestic violence, short of a killing that [could have]
       occurred in this case. So, when the court looks at the guidelines,
       the court has a range that the Legislature has given the court. In
       this case the range is 162 to 216 months and when deciding what
       part of the range the court's going to impose, the court looks at the
       circumstances behind the case to determine whether or not this is
       kind of a minor violation or major violation. As far as the court's
       concerned this was a major violation of the assault one because of
       the harm that was done and the way it was inflicted.

       22 In re Pers. Restraint of Rainev. 168 Wash. 2d 367, 381, 229 P.3d 686
(2010).
       23 Cortes Aquilar, 176 Wash. App. at 277 (internal quotation marks omitted)
(quoting Ancira. 107 Wash. App. at 653-54).
No. 71641-7-1/10

The court informed Purser that "it's a lifetime no contact order unless it's changed

by the court."

       Purser relies upon State v. Ancira,24 in which we concluded that the court

could not prohibit the defendant from all contact with his children as a condition

of his sentence for violating a no-contact order prohibiting him from contacting his

wife. We held that the condition was not reasonably necessary to protect the

children from the harm of witnessing domestic violence when they were not direct

victims of physical violence.25

       Purser also relies upon In re Personal Restraint of Rainev.26 In Rainev.

the State proved that the defendant had been convicted of a violent crime against

his child—first degree kidnapping—and had a record of attempting to leverage

the child to inflict emotional distress on the mother.27 These facts were sufficient

to establish that a total contact ban, including indirect or supervised contact, was

reasonably necessary to protect the child and the mother.28           But the court

reversed the no-contact order because the sentencing court provided no

justification for the order's lifetime duration and the State failed to show that the

lifetime prohibition was reasonably necessary.29 Recognizing the "fact-specific

nature of the inquiry," the court remanded to the trial court for resentencing so

       24 107 Wash. App. 650, 654, 27 P.3d 1246 (2001).
       25 Ancira. 107 Wash. App. at 654.
       26 168 Wash. 2d 367, 229 P.3d 686 (2010).
       27 Rainev, 168 Wash. 2d at 380.
       28 Rainev. 168 Wash. 2d at 379-80.
       29 Rainev. 168 Wash. 2d at 381.

                                         -10-
No. 71641-7-1/11

that the court could "address the parameters of the no-contact order under the

'reasonably necessary' standard."30

       Here, although Purser was never convicted of a crime against D.P.,

prohibiting all contact appears reasonably necessary to protect him. Purser does

not dispute that D.P. witnessed Purser's violence against J.P. J.P. testified that

Purser threatened to kill D.P. In contrast to Rainev, the court here explained that

Purser could seek to have a court modify the order in the future.31 Because the

no-contact order prohibiting contact with D.P. was reasonably necessary, the

court did not abuse its discretion.

       Purser also claims that imposing convictions for both intimidating a

witness and felony harassment violated double jeopardy.         We review double

jeopardy challenges de novo.32

       The state and federal constitutions protect against multiple punishments

for the same offense.    The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

provides that no "person [shall] be subject for the same offense to be twice put in

       30 Rainev, 168 Wash. 2d at 382.
       31 In a footnote, the court in Rainev explained,
              It is possible that the sentencing court believed the order
         would be subject to a family court's later ruling on visitation. The
         prosecutor recommended that the no-contact order be
         subordinated to a family court's subsequent ruling. Still, the face
         of the judgment and sentence does not contain any conditional
         language and, when the defendant asked for clarification, the
         judge did not qualify the lifetime imposition of the order.
 Rainev, 168 Wash. 2d at 381 n.5 (citations omitted).
       32 RAP 2.5(a)(3); State v. Kier, 164 Wash. 2d 798, 803-04, 194 P.3d 212
(2008); State v. Zumwalt. 119 Wash. App. 126, 129, 82 P.3d 672 (2003), affd,
State v. Freeman. 153 Wash. 2d 765, 108 P.3d 753 (2005).

                                        •11-
No. 71641-7-1/12

jeopardy of life or limb." Similarly, article I, section 9 of the Washington

Constitution ensures that "[n]o person shall be .. . twice put in jeopardy for the

same offense." Beyond those constraints, the legislature may prescribe multiple

punishments for a single course of conduct under separate criminal statutes.33 If

the legislature authorized multiple punishments for multiple crimes, double

jeopardy is not offended.34 "'Where a defendant's act supports charges under

two criminal statutes, a court weighing a double jeopardy challenge must

determine whether, in light of legislative intent, the charged crimes constitute the

same offense.'"35

       Our Supreme Court has adopted a four-part test to determine if the

legislature intended multiple punishments in a particular situation.36    First, we

consider any express or implicit legislative intent based upon the criminal

statutes involved.37 If this intent is unclear, we use the "same evidence" test to

assess whether the two offenses are the same in law and fact.38          Where the

degree of one offense is elevated by conduct constituting a separate offense, a

third test, the merger doctrine, may help determine legislative intent.39 Under the

merger doctrine, we presume the legislature intended to punish both offenses

      33 State v. Esparza. 135 Wash. App. 54, 59, 143 P.3d 612 (2006) (citing
State v. Calle. 125 Wash. 2d 769, 776, 888 P.2d 155 (1995)).
      34 Freeman, 153 Wash. 2d at 771.
      35 Kier. 164 Wash. 2d at 803-04 (internal quotations marks omitted) (quoting
Freeman, 153 Wash. 2d at 771).
      36 See Freeman, 153 Wash. 2d at 771-73.
      37 Freeman. 153 Wash. 2d at 771-72.
      38 Freeman. 153 Wash. 2d at 772.
      39 Kier. 164 Wash. 2d at 805.

                                       -12-
No. 71641-7-1/13

through a greater sentence for the greater crime.40           Finally, even if two

convictions appear to merge on an abstract level under this test, they may be

punished separately if an independent purpose or effect for each exists.41

       To convict Purser of harassment, the State had to prove that he knowingly

threatened to kill J.P. immediately or in the future and that his words or conduct

placed J.P. in reasonable fear that he would carry out this threat. To convict

Purser of intimidating a witness, the State had to prove that Purser, by using a

threat against a current or prospective witness, attempted to induce that person

not to report the information relevant to a criminal investigation or the abuse or

neglect of a minor child.

       The parties agree that the legislative intent is not explicit in the statutory

language. And the merger doctrine does not apply here.42

       Our analysis begins with the "same evidence" test. We examine each

crime to determine if it includes any element not included in the other and if proof

of one offense would necessarily prove the other.43

       Purser contends that "the precise same acts by Mr. Purser were the basis

for felony harassment and intimidating a witness." He asserts that the State's

evidence that he told J.P. on September 23, 2011, if she called police he would

       40
          Freeman, 153 Wash. 2d at 772-73.
       41 Kier. 164 Wash. 2d at 804.
       42 See State v. Fuentes. 150 Wash. App. 444, 454 n.30, 208 P.3d 1196
(2009).
       43 Fuentes, 150 Wash. App. at 451 (citing Calle. 125 Wash. 2d at 777).

                                        -13-
No. 71641-7-1/14

kill her and her family "had both the threat to kill and the threat of harm if [J.P.]

called the police, thus constituting the evidence supporting Counts II and III."

       Although the same threats made on September 23, 2011, support both

convictions, they are not the same offense as charged and tried. We addressed

this issue in State v. Fuentes.44 In Fuentes, we determined that convictions for

both intimidating a witness and harassment that were based on the same events

did not violate double jeopardy because each required proving one or more

elements not required to establish the other crime.45 We concluded, "Intimidating

a witness requires proof of the additional element that the victim be a witness,

and felony harassment requires proof of the additional elements of a threat to kill

and the victim's reasonable fear the threat would be carried out."46 Accordingly,

we held that "although the charged offenses may be identical in fact because

they were both based on a threat to kill a witness, they are not the same under

the 'same evidence' test because each crime required proof of additional facts

not necessary to prove the other crime."47 The mere fact that a single threat

supports an offense under two statutes is not sufficient to demonstrate a double

jeopardy violation.48

       Purser's challenge also fails the final step of the double jeopardy

analysis—if an independent purpose or effect exists for each offense.              In

       44   150 Wash. App. 444, 208 P.3d 1196 (2009).
       45   Fuentes, 150 Wash. App. at 452.
       46   Fuentes. 150 Wash. App. at 452.
       47   Fuentes. 150 Wash. App. at 452.
       48   Fuentes. 150 Wash. App. at 453 (quoting In re Pers. Restraint of Orange,
152 Wash. 2d 795, 817, 100 P.3d 291 (2004)).

                                        -14-
No. 71641-7-1/15

Fuentes, we found a legislative intent to punish these crimes separately.49

Because the legislature intended to punish felony harassment and intimidating a

witness separately, the trial court did not violate his right against double jeopardy

by entering convictions on both offenses.

       Purser next alleges, "The trial court failed to ensure the jury verdict was

unanimous." Purser did not propose a unanimity instruction at trial. But "the right

to a unanimous verdict is derived from the fundamental constitutional right to a

trial by jury and thus may be raised for the first time on appeal."50 The adequacy

of jury instructions is a question of law that we review de novo.51

       When the State alleges multiple criminal acts but charges the defendant

with only one crime, either the State must choose the act it relies upon as the

basis for the charge or the court must instruct the jury that it must agree

unanimously that a single act has been proved beyond a reasonable doubt.52 If

neither of these alternatives occurs, a constitutional error arises because of the

possibility that some jurors may have relied on one of the criminal acts while

other jurors relied on another, resulting in a lack of unanimity on all of the

       49 Fuentes, 150 Wash. App. at 454.
      50 State v. Handvside. 42 Wash. App. 412, 415, 711 P.2d 379 (1985) (citing
State v. Fitzgerald, 39 Wash. App. 652, 655, 694 P.2d 1117 (1985); State v.
Russell, 101 Wash. 2d 349, 678 P.2d 332 (1984)).
       51 State v. Bovd. 137 Wash. App. 910, 922, 155 P.3d 188 (2007) (citing State
v. Pirtle. 127 Wash. 2d 628, 656, 904 P.2d 245 (1995)).
       52 State v. Greathouse. 113 Wash. App. 889, 916, 56 P.3d 569 (2002) (citing
State v. Petrich, 101 Wash. 2d 566, 572, 683 P.2d 173 (1984)).

                                         -15-
No. 71641-7-1/16

elements necessary for a conviction.53 If this error occurs, we will not uphold a

conviction unless the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.54

       But this unanimity instruction is not required if the evidence shows a

continual course of conduct as opposed to several distinct acts.55      Evidence

tends to show several distinct acts if it involves conduct at different times and

places or different victims.56 A continuing course of conduct involves "an ongoing

enterprise with a single objective."57 We use common sense to determine if

multiple acts constitute one continuing offense.58

       Purser claims that each of the threats to kill J.P. he made on September

23, 2011, "was a separate offense, and each act alone was sufficient to

independently constitute a count of harassment, thus requiring a unanimity

instruction."   But a commonsense evaluation of these threats indicates that

Purser committed these acts with a single purpose against a single victim in a

short period of time.59 The evidence shows that Purser made at least two threats

on September 23, 2011, to kill J.P.—one before she went to the doctor's office

       53 Greathouse. 113 Wash. App. at 916 (citing State v. Kitchen, 110 Wash. 2d
403, 411,756P.2d 105(1988)).
      54 State v. Coleman. 159 Wash. 2d 509, 512, 150 P.3d 1126 (2007) (citing
Kitchen, 110 Wash. 2d at 411-12).
       55 Boyd, 137 Wash. App. at 923 (citing Petrich, 101 Wash. 2d at 571).
       56 State v. Love. 80 Wash. App. 357, 361, 908 P.2d 395 (1996) (citing State
v. Handran, 113Wn.2d 11, 17, 775 P.2d 453 (1989); Petrich, 101 Wn.2dat571).
       57 Love, 80 Wash. App. at 361 (citing State v. Gooden, 51 Wash. App. 615,
619-20, 754 P.2d 1000 (1998)).
       58 Boyd, 137 Wash. App. at 923 (citing State v. Elliott, 114 Wash. 2d 6, 14, 785
P.2d 440 (1990); Petrich, 101 Wash. 2d at 571).
      59 See State v. Locke, 175 Wash. App. 779, 803, 307 P.3d 771 (2013),
review denied, 179Wn.2d 1021 (2014).

                                        -16-
No. 71641-7-1/17

and one after she returned. These occurred on the same date over the course of

a few hours in an attempt to maintain control over J.P. and to cause her to fear

him.60 Because the facts here demonstrate a continuous course of conduct, the

court was not required to give a multiple acts unanimity instruction. Purser fails

to demonstrate a manifest error allowing him to raise this claim for the first time

on appeal.61

       On cross appeal, the State argues, "None of the charges are the same

criminal conduct for sentencing purposes." The State conceded at sentencing

that the harassment count was the same criminal conduct as the intimidation

charge for the purposes of sentencing. But an erroneous concession does not

bind this court.62

       We review a court's determination of same criminal conduct for abuse of

discretion or misapplication of the law.63        If the record supports a single

conclusion about whether the crimes constitute the same criminal conduct, the

sentencing court abuses its discretion if it arrives at a contrary result.64 But if the
record supports different conclusions, the issue lies in the court's discretion.65

       60 J.P. testified that during the first beating on September 23, 2011, Purser
told her "he didn't do anything wrong and that everything was my fault and I
should just shut up and do what he says." When she returned, he "was yelling at
me for trying to leave." J.P. testified at trial that she feared Purser would kill B.C.
while she was at the doctor's office.
       61 See RAP 2.5(a).
       62 See State v. Kniqhten, 109 Wash. 2d 896, 902, 748 P.2d 1118 (1988)
(erroneous concession on a point of law does not bind the court).
       es State v. Aldana Graciano, 176 Wash. 2d 531, 535, 295 P.3d 219 (2013).
       64 Aldana Graciano, 176 Wash. 2d at 537-38.
       65 Aldana Graciano. 176 Wash. 2d at 538.

                                         -17-
No. 71641-7-1/18

We construe RCW 9.94A.589(1)(a) narrowly to disallow most assertions of same

criminal conduct.66 A defendant bears the burden of establishing that multiple

crimes constitute the same criminal conduct.67

       A determination of same criminal conduct affects the defendant's offender

score, which affects the standard range sentence.68 If the court finds that some

or all of the current offenses encompass the same criminal conduct, the court

counts those current offenses as one crime.69

       Crimes constitute the same criminal conduct if they involve the same

victim and time and place and require the same criminal intent.70 Simultaneity is

not required; crimes may be part of a "continuous, uninterrupted sequence of

conduct over a very short period of time."71 When the defendant has time to

"pause, reflect, and either cease his criminal activity or proceed to commit a

further criminal act," he forms "a new intent to commit the second act."72 In

making this factual determination about whether crimes constitute the same

criminal conduct, we consider how intimately the crimes are related, if the

criminal objective changed substantially between the crimes, and if one crime

furthered the other.73

       66 Aldana Graciano, 176 Wash. 2d at 540 (quoting State v. Porter. 133 Wash. 2d
177, 181, 942 P.2d 974 (1997)).
       67 Aldana Graciano. 176 Wash. 2d at 539.
       68 Aldana Graciano. 176 Wash. 2d at 535-36.
       69 Aldana Graciano. 176 Wash. 2d at 536 (quoting RCW 9.94A.589(1)(a)).
       70 Aldana Graciano, 176 Wash. 2d at 536 (quoting RCW 9.94A.589(1)(a)).
       71 Porter, 133Wn.2dat183.
      72 State v. Grantham, 84 Wash. App. 854, 859, 932 P.2d 657 (1997).
      73 State v. Burns, 114 Wash. 2d 314, 318, 788 P.2d 531 (1990) (citing State
v. Edwards, 45 Wash. App. 378, 382, 725 P.2d 442 (1986)).

                                      -18-
No. 71641-7-1/19

      At sentencing, defense counsel argued,

      The Intimidation of Witness charges are also part of the same
      course of conduct with their respective Assault charges. The
      phrase that the state has used relative, I think they said; well, that
      those acts that the jury found understood Mr. Purser denies that,
      were not necessary. I'm not sure what acts they are contending
      were necessary of the conduct that was charged. It's just an
      interesting use of phrasing, but they were not separated by
      significant amounts of time. There was continuous conduct and
      contact between them. The state has urged and the jury found
      certain enhancing components that effectively combine these
      crimes as being part of the overall... or circumstances of the
      relationship between Ms. Purser and Mr. Purser. Given that, we
      believe the proper analysis would be to find that those are in fact
      the same course of conduct.

The court determined,

             The assault two and intimidating a witness that occurred on
      September 1st, I believe are part of the same criminal conduct. I
      believe they're part and partial [sic] to the same incident, so I would
      put those together. Then the assault one and the intimidating a
      witness of 9/23/11, again are a part of that same criminal conduct
      that surrounded that whole affair on that date. So, but I don't think
      the assault one and the assault two are the same criminal conduct.

      The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it determined that Purser's

crimes encompassed the same criminal conduct. The parties do not dispute that

the crimes Purser committed on September 1 were not the same criminal

conduct as the crimes he committed on September 23.

      On September 1, Purser threatened J.P. in their home within a short

period of time to prevent her from reporting the assault. The State asserts that

two intervening events occurred: "[t]he time she spent breast feeding [D.P.] and

the time she spent in the bathroom." But these events occurred after the beating

when Purser ordered J.P. into the bathroom to prevent her from contacting the

                                       -19-
No. 71641-7-1/20

police who were outside the house. Again, Purser intended to use the beating

and the threat to control J.P. and to cause her to fear him.

       On September 23, Purser beat J.P. and threatened her and then beat her

and threatened her again after she returned from the doctor's office.         Again,

these crimes occurred within a few hours of each other in an attempt to exert

control over J.P.    Contrary to the State's contention, the trial court could

reasonably conclude that J.P.'s trip to the doctor's office provided insufficient

time for Purser to pause, reflect, and form a new intent to commit his later acts.

       In a statement of additional grounds, Purser alleges violations of ER 403

and ineffective assistance of counsel.      He claims that ER 403 should have

precluded Dr. Grace Yelland's testimony about B.C.'s injuries and J.P.'s

testimony about "alleged events that took place during the course of our

marriage."   He also challenges under ER 403 the admission of photographs

depicting damage to the front door of his house.

       ER 403 states, "Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its

probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,

confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue

delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence." We

review for abuse of discretion a trial court's determination in balancing the

probative value of evidence against its prejudicial impact.74 "'A trial court abuses

       74 Greathouse. 113 Wash. App. at 918 (citing State v. Norlin. 134 Wash. 2d
570, 584, 951 P.2d 1131 (1998)).

                                        -20-
No. 71641-7-1/21

its discretion when its order is manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable

grounds' and it 'necessarily abuses its discretion if it applies the incorrect legal

standard.'"75

       Yelland, a pediatrician, testified about injuries she observed when

examining B.C. at a clinic on September 26, 2011. Purser asserts, "There was

evidence that he was bruised, but no evidence as to how it happened or who

caused them."    In challenging J.P.'s testimony, Purser argues, "Not only are

these crimes alledged [sic] they were never reported."            Purser had the

opportunity to challenge the credibility of these witnesses on cross-examination.

He also testified on his own behalf. He stated that he did not inflict the injuries

that Yelland observed. But he also testified about his marriage to J.P. and had a

chance to respond to events about which J.P. testified.

       Purser's attorney did not object timely to the admission of the photographs

at issue.   Even if Purser objected properly, the court concluded that the

admission of these photographs would not prejudice him because Purser was not

"tied into" the damage to the door. Purser also testified at trial that he had no

knowledge about the damage to the door. Purser demonstrates no violations of

ER 403.

       Purser also claims that his trial attorney provided ineffective assistance

because he failed to call certain witnesses.   We review ineffective assistance of

       75 Kreidler v. Cascade Nat'l Ins. Co.,  Wn. App.     , 321 P.3d 281,
290 (2014) (quoting Gillett v. Conner. 132 Wash. App. 818, 822, 133 P.3d 960
(2006)).

                                       -21-
No. 71641-7-1/22

counsel claims de novo.76 To prevail, a defendant must show both deficient

performance and resulting prejudice.77 Failure on either prong of the test defeats

an ineffective assistance of counsel claim.78

       Counsel's performance is deficient if it fell below an objective standard of

reasonableness.79      Our scrutiny of defense counsel's performance is highly

deferential, and we employ a strong presumption of reasonableness.80               The

presumption of competence can be overcome by showing counsel failed to

subpoena necessary witnesses.81

       "The decision whether to call a witness is ordinarily a matter of legitimate

trial tactics and will not support a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.'"82

       Purser claims that he identified a witness who would have testified that

J.P. filed a false police report. Before trial, Purser's attorney told the court that

he advised Purser that calling this witness would be "counterproductive." Purser

claims that the second witness he identified "would have testified that [J.P.] was

a well known drug dealer of pain pills." He argues that he wanted to call this

witness because the State had a witness who "was investigating her for indeed

selling pain pills."   But the trial court granted the State's motion in limine to

      76 In re Pers. Restraint of Brett. 142 Wash. 2d 868, 873, 16 P.3d 601 (2001).
      77 Strickland v. Washington. 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed.
2d 674 (1984).
       78 Strickland. 466 U.S. at 697.
      79 State v. Stenson. 132 Wash. 2d 668, 705, 940 P.2d 1239 (1997).
      80 Strickland. 466 U.S. at 689; State v. McFarland. 127 Wash. 2d 322, 335-
36, 899P.2d 1251 (1995).
      81 In re Pers. Restraint of Davis. 152 Wash. 2d 647, 742, 101 P.3d 1 (2004).
       82 State v. Statler. 160 Wash. App. 622, 636, 248 P.3d 165 (2011) (quoting
State v. Kolesnik, 146 Wash. App. 790, 812, 192 P.3d 937 (2008)).

                                          -22-
No. 71641-7-1/23

exclude any evidence that J.P. "was involved in selling prescription narcotic
medication." Because Purser fails to establish that the witnesses he identified

were necessary for his case, his ineffective assistance ofcounsel claim fails.

                                    Conclusion

       Purser may not challenge the "deliberate cruelty" aggravating factor on

vagueness grounds. The court's imposition of a no-contact order as a condition
of Purser's sentence did not violate his fundamental right to parent, and its

imposition of convictions for both felony harassment and intimidating a witness
did not violate double jeopardy. Purser fails to show a manifest error allowing

him to challenge the trial court's failure to give a unanimity instruction. The State
fails to show that the trial court abused its discretion when it found that Purser's

crimes constituted the same criminal conduct.          No evidence in the record

supports the claims that Purser asserts in his statement of additional grounds.
For these reasons, we affirm Purser's conviction.

                                                       J~^< /
WE CONCUR:

         Xv d/x^i            ^J
                                                           &57(t3

                                         -23-