Court Opinion

ID: 9833031
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-01 22:22:52.468652+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:43:57.965117
License: Public Domain

CONNEB, Chief Justice.
This suit as finally resolved is one in trespass to try title in which appellee, as plaintiff below, claims some 2952 acres of San Augustine County school lands by virtue of, (1) a conveyance executed by the county judge and three members of the commissioners’ court of said county on February 13, 1884, to Mrs. Ella C. Bollins, and, (2) deed from Ella C. Bollins, joinéd by her husband, to M. B. McDonough, executed October 11, 1901, and (3) deed from said M. B. McDonough to appellee Madden, also made October 11, 1901. The appellant county specially alleged and sought to show that said Ella C. Bollins claimed by virtue of mesne conveyances from E. A. Blount to whom the land had been conveyed, or attempted to be conveyed, by San Augustine County on August 16, 1878, in payment of services, etc., of said Blount in locating the four leagues of land to which said county was entitled under the Constitution and laws of this' State for public free school purposes. It was alleged, as must be admitted to be true, that said deed of August 16, 1878, to Blount, the source of Mrs. Bollins’s original claim of title, was unauthorized for the reasons given by our Supreme Court in the cases of Tomlinson v. Hopkins County, 57 Texas, 572, and Pulliam v. Runnels County, 79 Texas, 363. Appellant further alleged that appellee and all those under *262whom he claimed had notice of the invalidity of the title emanating from B. A. Blount, and that the said deed of February 13, 1884, to Ella C. Rollins was but an effort on the part of the parties thereto to cure the want of title mentioned.
The recitations in conveyances under which Mrs. Ella C. Rollins claimed prior to February 13, 1884, undoubtedly effect her with notice of the defective title, and there was evidence tending to show that the conveyance made to her on that day by the Commissioners’ Court of the appellant county was, in part at least, to cure the defect in her title. The agent of Mrs. Rollins, however, who induced this action testified that “the consideration paid to the county of San Augustine at the time, acting through and by its Commissioners’ Court, was $500, and this $500 was all the consideration paid, it being stated distinctly at the time in open court by myself, acting for Mrs. Rollins, that the said $500 was all the consideration to be paid, and was so accepted by the court, and no other inducement was offered to the court to obtain deed to Mrs. Rollins. If there was any other motive in the minds of the members of said court in making said deeds, I am unable to state. There was a conversation between the members of said Commissioners’ Court and myself at the time concerning a claim which Mrs. Rollins had to said land, which claim it was agreed was invalid and ineffective as against San Augustine County. I stated to the court at the time that Mrs. Rollins had no legal or effective title against said county as to the land; that she did not make the offer to purchase said land from the county by way of a compromise, but as a straight purchase. My reason for making such clear statement was to obtain for Mrs. Rollins an unquestionable title to the land. Mrs. Rollins had previous to this made claim to the land in question, but when the matter was placed in my hands as the legal agent and representative of Mrs. Rollins, I fully understood and agreed with the Commissioners’ Court of San Augustine County that Mrs. Rollins’ previous claim was a nullity. The Commissioners’ Court knew that Mrs. Rollins had such a claim to the land, and further knew that her prior title to the land was a nullity, or at least, it was my understanding that they did. I know this because of my conversation with members of the court in session at the time. There was no other inducement offered the court by me for the purchase of the land except the $500 paid them. I know this as a fact, as I conducted the negotiations for and completed the transactions of the purchase personally with said court for Mrs. Rollins. So far as I know the proposition of purchase and acceptance was openly and fairly made. There was absolutely no fraud or deceit used or practiced to procure said order of the court.” Several of the county commissioners of San Augustine County gave testimony of substantially like effect, in which condition of the evidence the court gave the following charge: “If the County Commissioners’ Court of defendant county, without being induced so to do by any deceit or false and fraudulent representations made by Ella C. Rollins, -or her attorney, S. W. Blount, Jr., accepted the sum of $500 as a full and complete consideration, and only consideration, and payment for the land in controversy, and such sum was in fact paid to the treasurer of said county for the benefit of the public school fund of said county, then said order and conveyance *263on February 13, 1884, was and constitutes a valid conveyance and transfer of the land in controversy, and if you so find from the evidence, you will find for plaintiff the land in controversy.”
We think this charge misleading and prejudicial, as alleged by appellant under its seventeenth assignment of error. There was no allegation on appellant’s part of any deceit or false representations made by Mrs. Rollins or by her attorney to induce the execution of the deed of February 13, 1884, and, as we have seen from the testimony quoted, no proof of deceit or false representations. It is evident that in event of such a finding the jury were authorized by this charge to find for appellee on the sole ground that the conveyance was valid and sufficient to convey out of San Augustine County her undoubted title, 'regardless of the issue tendered by appellee of an innocent purchase, both by himself and by his vendor McDonough. The Commissioners’ Court of San Augustine County undoubtedly had the power to convey all or any part of her school lands in such manner as that court might have provided. See Rev. Stats., art. 4271; Logan v. Stephens County, 37 Texas Civ. App., —, 83 S. W. Rep., 366. But in the case of Cassin v. LaSalle County, 1 Texas Civ. App., 127, 21 S. W. Rep., 122, it was held, upon the authority of Tomlinson v. Hopkins County, 57 Texas, 572, hereinbefore cited, that a sale of such lands by the Commissioners’ Court upon a consideration in part other than money, was invalid. If, therefore, the equities of Mrs. Rollins, as there was testimony tending to show, entered into and constituted a part of the consideration for the conveyance of February 13, 1884, and if Mrs. Rollins, or her agent who procured the conveyance, knew the fact, or had knowledge of such facts as to put them upon inquiry, then the conveyance was unauthorized, even though there may have been no fraud or deceit practiced on the part of either Mrs. Rollins of her agent. In such case the vital question is one of power vel non in the Commissioners’ Court. If the power be nonexistent a purchaser who knew, or by the exercise of ordinary prudence could have known, of a want of such power, can not take the title, however innocent in intention he may have been, and however frank all the parties to the conveyance were. For the error in the charge therefore the judgment must be reversed.
In view of another trial, and of what we have said above, we will add that we think that the order of the Commissioners’ Court, and the deed to Mrs. Ella C. Rollins made by the county judge and three of the members of the Commissioners’ Court on the 13th day of February, 1884, sufficient in form, and conveyed at least an apparent title to the land in controversy. In our opinion it was not inoperative merely because the signatures were not attested by a seal. It was properly acknowledged by the makers named, with the seal of the county and district clerk of that county to the certificate of acknowledgment, and purported, as we think, to be for and on behalf of San Augustine County, and therefore the act of the county. The statute already cited authorizes county Commissioners’ Courts to sell the county school lands, but does not provide the particular manner in which such sale shall be made, the method being left to the discretion of the Commissioners’ Court. The deed on its face purported to be upon a cash consideration alone, and hence such a sale as was authorized by law. It is undisputed *264that such cash consideration was paid in behalf of Mrs. Rollins at the time of the execution of the deed; that the members of the Commissioners’ Court received it and subsequently placed the same- as part of the public free school fund of the county, where it is yet retained. The order of the Commissioners’ Court was an authorized one and bore no evidence of fraud or of secret act, so that the want of power in the Commissioners’ Court, if any, to execute the conveyance, because of the fact that a consideration other than money entered into the sale, if so it was, is not apparent upon the face of the instrument nor upon the order. The county judge and the county commissioners who made the order and executed the deed under consideration constituted, by the terms of our statutory law, the Commissioners’ Court of the county. As such they were the officially designated and authorized persons to' act for it. Their act, which was at least apparently well within the limits of the power and discretion vested in them, was, as before stated, the act of the county itself. The testimony of both appellee and his vendor McDonough tends to show that at the time of their several purchases they were without actual notice of any defect in Mrs. Rollins’s title, and that they purchased in good faith paying an adequate consideration, and the issue thus presented, we think, available to appellee. ITnder such circumstances we think it well settled that a county, like an individual, is subject to the principles of law underlying the doctrine of innocent purchasers. (4 Thompson on Corporations, secs. 5247, 5262; Adams Co. v. Railway Co., 39 Iowa, 407; Nolan County v. State, 83 Texas, 194; Mitchell County v. Bank, 91 Texas, 362; Presidio County v. Bank, 20 Texas Civ. App., 511; Commissioners of Knox County v. Aspinwall, 21 How., 539.)
There was evidence that in August, 1900, prior to either appellee’s or McDonough’s purchases, one J. R. Kerlin leased from San Augustine County all of its public free school lands, including that in controversy. At the time of this lease, however, Kerlin was already in possession of the land in controversy under and by virtue of a lease for five years from Mrs. Rollins that did not expire until about the first of November, 1901, which was subsequent to the conveyances under which appellee claims. It is insisted in behalf of appellant, in effect, that the fact of the acceptance of the lease from San Augustine County, and of Kerlin’s subsequent possession of the premises thereunder, affected both appellee and McDonough with notice of appellant’s title, and the case of Collum v. Sanger Brothers, 98 Texas, 162, 11 Texas Ct. Rep., 78, seems to support this contention. But we are not inclined to extend the doctrine of the Collum case, and the majority think it distinguishable from the one before us. In the Collum case the person in possession was permitted to hold an undivided interest in land acquired by an unrecorded deed, as against an execution purchaser without notice thereof, in addition to an undivided interest of which the execution purchaser had notice. The contest there was directly between the purchaser and the possessor, and the possessor’s title was not only hostile to the claimant, but her possession was distinct, exclusive and openly asserted by virtue of such hostile title. In the case before us it is undisputed that Kerlin, the alleged tenant of San Augustine County, had gone into ¡md long held possession by virtue of a lease from Mrs, *265Rollins which was of record; that the lease from San Augustine County merely included the land in controversy with other lands not herein involved, and was kept with Kerlin’s private papers and not recorded until after the purchases under which appellee claims; that the rental provided for by the Rollins lease was regularly paid until after appellee’s purchase, and there was evidence tending to show that neither appellee nor his vendor, McDonough, had any actual notice of the apparently concealed fact that San Augustine County had executed a lease to Kerlin. 'It seems difficult to say that Kerlin’s possession under the circumstances was the possession of San Augustine County. It was certainly not exclusively so. It was at best concurrent with the possession devolved by the lease of Mrs. Rollins. There was no real or apparent repudiation of the Rollins asserted right of possession, though the county’s lease was distinctly hostile in nature. Two hostile possessions could not well coexist, and the majority at least feel unwilling to say that as a matter of law appellee was required under the circumstances to take notice that Kerlin was claiming, if he did so, some right under San Augustine County, and from this fact required to further .take notice of the character and extent of the county’s claim. Kerlin could not thus surreptitiously gain possession as against his landlord, Mrs. Rollins, nor do we think San Augustine County should be allowed through him to assert a right which by limitation might confer title, or any other right of a lawful possessor. Under the common law a delivery of seizin, or possession, was necessary to the creation of a leasehold interest in lands. (Tiedeman on Real Property, sec. 772.) San Augustine County made no delivery, and in no legal sense did Kerlin become its tenant. That a tenant can not dispute his landlord’s title, and that limitation will not begin to run in his favor until he has distinctly repudiated his landlord’s title and notice of that fact brought home to his landlord by notorious adverse possession or otherwise, are rules so familiar that no citation of authority is required, and Mr. Wade, in his work on the Law of Notice, in speaking of the character of the possession sufficient to give notice of the claimant’s title, not only says (2d Edition, sec. 288) that it must .be “actual, open and notorious,” but also “exclusive” (sec. 290), “unequivocal” • (sec. 291). This author in section 297 announces the rule applied in this State, that if the possession be consistent with the recorded title, it is referable thereto, and in sections 302 and 303, further says: “It has also been decided, where possession by one’s lessees or tenants was regarded as sufficient, that their tenancy must commence after the acquisition of the title evidenced by such possession. In other words, where, at the time of the sale, the grantor was in possession by his tenants, who afterwards attorned to the grantee, the grantor’s deed being unrecorded, this was held insufficient to charge even an attaching creditor of the grantor with notice of such unregistered conveyance.” “So where one who held possession as lessee, and after the' expiration of the term remained a tenant at sufferance for a short time and then purchased the fee, it was decided that such possession would be referred to the original tenancy under which it commenced, and would not stand • for notice of title under which she held at the date of the subsequent purchase.” See, also, Devlin on Deeds, secs. 776, 769, 770, and authorities cited.
*266We conclude this subject by saying that we think the question is one of fact for the jury’s determination, whether the circumstances of Kerlin’s possession or claim, if any, under the county lease was of such notoriety or character as to put purchasers upon inquiry or notice. To hold otherwise, it seems to us, is to violate the spirit of our registration statutes, and to enable hostile claimants to mislead and perpetrate frauds upon innocent purchasers.
Nor do we think the recitations in the several conveyances constituting Mrs. Rollins’s previous title, prove as matter of law notice to appellee or McDonough of the vice alleged to exist in the deed from San Augustine County of February 13, 1884. Those recitals, as matter of law, constitute notice to appellee and to McDonough of all things to be reasonably inferred therefrom, and nothing more. (Sayles’ Civ. Stats., art. 4652; White v. McGregor, 92 Texas, 556, 50 S. W. Rep., 564; Dalton v. Rainey, 75 Texas, 516.) They at most prove merely that the land had been originally conveyed to Mrs. Rollins’s remote vendor for a consideration other than money, and therefore that her title emanating from that source was invalid. The purchase, however, by Mrs. Rollins in 1884 direct from San Augustine County was not inconsistent with the facts shown by the recitals, but was entirely consistent with the thought that the fact proven by the recitals was acknowledged, and that a new and different, a perfect title was sought and obtained. The recitals referred to did not necessarily convey knowledge of the further fact that the Commissioners’ Court of San Augustine County in making the conveyance of February 13, 1884, secretly accepted, in contradiction of the import of the recitals of the conveyance, something other than money in part consideration for the new transfer. If appellee and McDonough in fact knew of these recitals, it would of course be proper for-the consideration of the jury, together with all other evidence upon the issue of notice or knowledge in fact.
In answer to all assignments of error presented in behalf of appellant appellee insists that under the law and the undisputed facts, no other verdict and judgment than for appellee could have been rendered. The contention is that the order and conveyance of February 13, 1884, is at most but voidable on the ground of fraud; that the right asserted by appellant in effect is one to cancel and set aside said order and conveyance upon this ground, the right to do which has been barred by the law of limitation and laches. While it is true that nearly twenty years elapsed after the conveyance to Mrs. Rollins in February, 1884, before San Augustine County asserted any right whatever in hostility thereto, we nevertheless feel unable to agree with the contention that appellant’s right, if any, has been barred. By the express terms of our Constitution the defense of limitation is not available. It provides; “all lands heretofore or hereafter granted to the several counties of this State for educational purposes are of right the property of said counties respectively to which they were granted and title thereto is vested in said counties and no adverse possession or limitation shall ever be available against the title of any county.” (Art. 7, sec. 6.) The county then can be precluded from a recovery only by an application of the doctrine of innocent purchaser, as to which we have we think sufficiently indicated our views.
*267Because of the error in the charge discussed, it is ordered that the judgment be reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial in accordance with the views herein expressed.