Court Opinion

ID: 9898468
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-14 19:30:54.560334+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:15:07.574232
License: Public Domain

Filed
                                                                                       Washington State
                                                                                       Court of Appeals
                                                                                        Division Two

                                                                                         June 21, 2023

       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                             DIVISION II
    KITSAP COUNTY, a political subdivision of                       No. 57628-7-II
    the State of Washington,

                                   Respondent,

           v.

    Kitsap Rifle and Revolver Club, a not-for-                UNPUBLISHED OPINION
    profit corporation registered in the State of
    Washington, and JOHN DOES and JANE
    DOES I-XX, inclusive,

                                   Appellant,

           and

    IN THE MATTER OF NUISANCE AND
    UNPERMITTED CONDITIONS LOCATED
    at One 72-acre parcel identified by Kitsap
    County Tax Parcel ID No. 362501-4-002-1006
    with street address 4900 Seabeck Highway
    NW, Bremerton, Washington.

          LEE, J. — Following several previous appeals and remands regarding an injunction against

its use of cannons, the Kitsap Rifle and Revolver Club (Club) appeals the trial court’s “Second

Order Amending February 5, 2016 Order Supplementing Judgment on Remand” (Second Order).1

The Club argues that the trial court erred on remand by (1) declining to reopen the record and

allow supplemental evidence, (2) adopting a definition of “cannon” that is overbroad and not

tailored to the specific types of cannons that caused a sound expansion, and (3) adopting a

1
     Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 947.
No. 57628-7-II

definition of “cannon” that is vague or ambiguous in violation of CR 65(d). Kitsap County seeks

RAP 18.9(a) sanctions against the Club, arguing that the appeal is frivolous.

        We hold that (1) the trial court did not err on remand by declining to reopen the record to

allow supplemental evidence, (2) the Club has waived any argument that the definition of “cannon”

is overbroad and not properly tailored to the specific types of cannons that caused a sound

expansion, (3) the trial court’s definition of “cannon” does not violate CR 65(d) because the

definition is not vague or ambiguous, and (4) this appeal is not wholly frivolous. Accordingly, we

affirm the trial court’s Second Order but deny the County’s request for RAP 18.9(a) sanctions.

                                             FACTS

A.      BACKGROUND AND BENCH TRIAL

        The Club is a nonprofit corporation that has operated a shooting range in Bremerton since

1926. Kitsap County v. Kitsap Rifle & Revolver Club (Kitsap Rifle III), No. 53898-9-II, slip op.

at 5 (Wash. Ct. App. Dec. 1, 2020) (unpublished), amended (Wash. Ct. App. Feb. 2, 2021).2 In

1993, the Kitsap County Board of Commissioners notified the Club that it considered the use of

the shooting range to be a lawfully established nonconforming use. Id.

        In 2005 or 2006, the Club’s shooting range grew noisier due to frequent practical shooting

practices and competitions and the use of explosive devices and higher caliber weaponry. Id. The

loud, disruptive, and lengthy sounds of shooting became clearly audible in nearby neighborhoods.

Id.

2
    https://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/D2%2053898-9-II%20Unpublished%20Opinion.pdf.

                                                 2
No. 57628-7-II

       In 2011, Kitsap County filed a complaint seeking an injunction, declaratory judgment, and

nuisance abatement. Id. at 6. The complaint alleged that the Club’s changes in the use of the

shooting range were unlawful expansions of the Club’s nonconforming use. Id.

       The case proceeded to a bench trial. Id. At trial, a representative of the Club testified that

the Club used cannons before receiving the 1993 letter from the Kitsap County Board of

Commissioners. The representative testified that, in 1993, cannons were used once or twice per

month during the competitive season, and the larger cannons were used for reenactments one or

twice per year.

       The trial court also considered exhibits 113 and 131, which were photos of cannons posted

online by the Club in a web photo album entitled “‘2009 Independence Day.’” CP at 978.

                                                 3
No. 57628-7-II

Ex. 113.3

3
    [http://perma.cc/LW7E-VMDA].

                                   4
No. 57628-7-II

Ex. 131.4

        In 2012, following a bench trial, the trial court made detailed written findings of fact,

conclusions of law, and orders. Kitsap Rifle III, slip op. at 6. The trial court found in relevant part

that:

                86.    The Club allows use of exploding targets, including Tannerite
        targets, as well as cannons, which cause loud “booming” sounds in residential
        neighborhoods within two miles of the Property, and cause houses to shake.

4
    [https://perma.cc/AZV8-MTS2].

                                                  5
No. 57628-7-II

              87.    Use of cannons or explosives was not common at the Club in
       approximately 1993.

CP at 103.

       The trial court ruled that the Club had significantly changed and enlarged its existing use

by “increasing the noise levels by allowing explosive devises, higher caliber weaponry greater

than 30 caliber and practical shooting,” among other activities. CP at 105. The trial court

concluded that this change was an expansion, not merely an intensification, of the Club’s

nonconforming use. Kitsap Rifle III, slip op. at 6. The trial court entered a declaratory judgment

that this expansion terminated the nonconforming use status of the Club’s property. 5 Id. The trial

court issued a permanent land use injunction prohibiting the Club from operating as a shooting

range unless it received a conditional use permit. Id.

B.     KITSAP RIFLE I

       The Club appealed the trial court’s declaratory judgment and permanent injunction. Kitsap

County v. Kitsap Rifle & Revolver Club (Kitsap Rifle I), 184 Wn. App. 252, 261, 337 P.3d 328

(2014), review denied, 183 Wn.2d 1008 (2015). The Club did not assign error to any of the trial

court’s findings of fact regarding the Club’s expansions of its nonconforming use. Id. at 267.

These unchallenged findings became verities on appeal. Id.

       We held that the termination of the nonconforming use was an improper remedy and

vacated the trial court’s injunction prohibiting the Club from operating as a shooting range. Id. at

5
  The trial court also concluded that the Club’s failure to place reasonable restrictions on the use
of cannons was an unlawful and abatable common law nuisance and issued a permanent nuisance
injunction which, in relevant part, prohibited the use of “exploding targets and cannons.” CP at
114.

                                                 6
No. 57628-7-II

297, 301. We stated that the appropriate remedy “must reflect the fact that some change in use—

‘intensification’—is allowed and only ‘expansion’ is unlawful.” Id. at 301. We remanded for the

trial court to determine an appropriate remedy. Id.

C.      REMAND FROM KITSAP RIFLE I

        On remand, the Club filed a motion to reopen the record, arguing that reopening the record

was necessary for fashioning an appropriate remedy. Kitsap Rifle III, slip op. at 7. The trial court

denied the motion. Id. The trial court reasoned that Kitsap Rifle I did not anticipate reopening the

record and additional evidence was not necessary for determining a proper remedy. Id.

        On February 5, 2016, the trial court issued an order supplementing judgment on remand.

Id. at 8. The order replaced only the declaratory judgment provision and land use injunction from

the 2012 judgment. Id. The order granted declaratory judgment and ruled that several specific

uses of the property constituted unlawful expansions, including “uses increasing noise levels by

allowing explosive devices.” CP at 341. The order included a land use injunction prohibiting the

unlawful expansions listed in the declaratory judgment, including “[u]se of explosive devices

including exploding targets.” CP at 341.

D.      KITSAP RIFLE II

        The Club appealed the trial court’s ruling denying the motion to reopen the record, along

with the trial court’s February 2016 order replacing the 2012 declaratory judgment provision and

land use injunction. Kitsap County v. Kitsap Rifle & Revolver Club (Kitsap Rifle II), No. 48781-

1-II, slip op. at 1 (Wash. Ct. App. Nov. 21, 2017) (unpublished).6

6
    https://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/D2%2048781-1-II%20Unpublished%20Opinion.pdf.

                                                 7
No. 57628-7-II

       We affirmed the trial court’s denial of the Club’s motion to reopen the record because the

issue before the trial court on remand involved only the proper remedy for the Club’s

impermissible expansions of use, and the Kitsap Rifle I court did not say factual questions remained

or that additional evidence was necessary to fashion a proper remedy. Id. at 10-13. However, we

vacated the part of the injunction prohibiting the “‘use of explosive devices including exploding

targets,’” concluding that this part of the injunction was overbroad and vague because it appeared

to prohibit all explosive devices. Id. at 19-21. We noted that the trial court’s original 2012 order

concluded that “exploding targets and cannons” constituted an impermissible expansion of use and

specifically prohibited the use of “‘exploding targets and cannons.’” Id. at 20 (quoting CP at 203).

We stated that the February 2016 order prohibiting all explosive devices prohibited “more than

necessary to remedy the increased noise levels at the shooting range.” Id. We remanded for the

trial court to (1) “clarify which explosive devices were found to create an impermissible expansion

of the Club’s nonconforming use” and (2) “fashion a remedy that implements its original

permanent injunction prohibiting the use of ‘exploding targets and cannons.’” Id. at 28.

E.     REMAND FROM KITSAP RIFLE II

       On remand, the County filed a motion to amend the February 2016 order. Kitsap Rifle III,

slip op. at 10. The Club opposed the County’s motion and filed another motion to reopen the

record. Id. at 10-11. The Club argued that further evidence was necessary for the trial court to

resolve factual questions regarding, among other things, the difference in firearms used at the Club

before and after 2006. Id.

                                                 8
No. 57628-7-II

       The trial court did not rule on the Club’s motion to reopen the record. Id. at 11. Instead,

the trial court ruled on the County’s motion and stated that ruling on the County’s motion made

the Club’s motion moot. Id.

       In June 2019, the trial court entered an order amending the February 2016 supplemental

judgment. Id. at 12. The June 2019 order replaced the declaratory judgment and land use

injunction provisions of the February 2016 order. Id. The new declaratory judgment stated that

“discharging cannons or causing exploding targets to explode” was an unlawful expansion of the

Club’s nonconforming use. CP at 591. The new land use injunction prohibited “discharging

cannons or causing exploding targets to explode.” CP at 591. The trial court did not define any

of the terms in the new land use injunction. Kitsap Rifle III, slip op. at 12.

F.     KITSAP RIFLE III7

       The Club appealed the June 2019 order, arguing that the trial court erred by (1) ruling that

discharging cannons constituted an unlawful expansion of the Club’s nonconforming use and (2)

not defining “cannons.” Id. at 16, 21. We held that the Club had waived any argument regarding

whether the discharge of cannons constituted an unlawful expansion of the Club’s nonconforming

use. Id. at 15-16. Specifically, we stated that

               [t]he June 2019 order found that “discharging cannons or causing exploding
       targets to explode” constituted an unlawful expansion of the Club’s nonconforming
       use. CP at 446. The Club argues that the June 2019 order did not clarify which

7
  Around this same time, the Club filed a separate appeal on other issues related to a contempt
sanction and the Club’s financial ability to apply for a site development activity permit. Kitsap
County v. Kitsap Rifle & Revolver Club, No. 53878-4-II, slip op. at 1, 5-6, 8 (Wash. Ct. App. Dec.
29,     2020)      (unpublished),       https://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/D2%2053878-4-
II%20Unpublished%20Opinion.pdf. The issues in that appeal are not directly relevant to this
appeal.

                                                  9
No. 57628-7-II

       explosive devises and what specific use of the cannons and exploding targets
       created the expansion. We conclude that the Club waived this argument.

               In the trial court, the County’s attorney stated that “at least with respect to
       the order as it pertains to exploding targets. That’s a compromised agreement.” RP
       at 25. The Club’s attorney replied, “Yeah; and, you know, we don’t want to rehash
       things that are common in the two orders.” RP at 25. Later, the County’s attorney
       stated, “1(c) and 6(a)(3), discharge of cannons or causing exploding targets to
       explode. That right there, that phrase, is agreed upon amongst the parties. Now the
       definitions, that’s different, but that particular clause is agreed upon.” RP at 26.
       The Club’s attorney did not object to that statement.

               ....

              The trial court record shows that the Club agreed that the use of cannons
       and exploding targets constituted an expansion of use. We decline to consider the
       Club’s argument that the trial court erred in ruling that discharging cannons or
       causing exploding targets to explode constituted an unlawful expansion of the
       Club’s nonconforming use.

Id.

       However, we held that the trial court erred by not defining “cannons.” Id. at 21-22. In so

holding, we stated that the term “cannons”

       could refer to any number of things; there are many different types of “cannons.”
       It is unclear what type of cannon the trial court was referencing. The County notes
       only that the trial court found in 2012 that the use of cannons and exploding targets
       caused “loud ‘booming’ sounds in residential neighborhoods within two miles of
       the property, and cause houses to shake.” CP at 103.

Id. at 22. Because the meaning of “cannons” was unclear, we remanded “for the trial court to

define the operative term ‘cannons.’” Id.

G.     REMAND FROM KITSAP RIFLE III

       On remand, the Club filed a motion to stay remand proceedings or alternatively reopen the

record. The Club argued that reopening the record was necessary because the original trial

judgment did “not contain the findings of fact necessary or sufficient to . . . define ‘cannons’ so as

                                                 10
No. 57628-7-II

to prohibit only those activities that made loud booming sounds after 2006 that constituted an

expansion of sound from the Club.” CP at 597.

       The trial court denied the Club’s motion. The trial court entered an order regarding

proceedings on remand with a briefing schedule and instructions for the parties to file and provide

the trial record with a statement of their requested relief on remand. The order allowed the parties

to request leave to supplement the record with “specific evidence or types of evidence to address

any inadequacy or incompleteness in the record.” CP at 910.

       Both the County and Club filed requests for the trial court to define the term “cannons.”

The Club specifically asked the trial court to define “cannons” “so as not to prohibit any of the

types of cannons used at the Club before 2005 and to prohibit only the cannons that ‘cause[d]

houses to shake’ with ‘loud booming sounds’ after 2005 or 2006, as found by the trial court in

Findings of Fact 85 and 86 in the Original Trial Judgment.” CP at 917 (internal quotation marks

omitted). The Club argued that this definition could not be fashioned using the existing trial record

and requested that the trial court allow the Club to supplement the record with additional evidence

regarding the different types of cannons.

       In its opening brief on remand, the County asked the trial court to use the following

definition for “cannon”:

       [a]ny non-handheld device from which a projectile may be fired by an explosive.
       A non-handheld device is a device that is too large or heavy to be discharged
       without being mounted on the ground or a carriage, pedestal, tripod, or similar
       apparatus.

CP at 928. The County specified that the definition should not include mounted pistols or rifles.

                                                 11
No. 57628-7-II

          The Club asked the trial court to reject the County’s proposed definition because it was

overbroad, vague, and not supported by the record or existing findings of fact. The Club also

asked the trial court to reopen the record for the Club to submit supplemental evidence supporting

a definition of “cannons” that includes only cannons with bore diameters larger than five inches.

Specifically, the Club wanted “to present testimony from one or more witnesses with personal and

specialized knowledge about certain types of cannons they observed being used at the Club’s

property that could not have caused houses to shake or otherwise cause a sound expansion.” CP

at 943.

          On June 22, 2022, the trial court entered a Second Order. The trial court found that this

court, in Kitsap Rifle III, held that the Club had waived the following arguments: that (1) “the trial

court erred in prohibiting cannons at the Club property because the trial court’s 2019 order did not

clarify which specific use of cannons created the expansion” and (2) “the trial court must re-open

the record for additional fact finding to determine the types of cannons used at the Club prior to

the expansion and that the court can only prohibit those types of cannons that were not used at the

Club prior to the expansion.” CP at 949.

          The trial court ruled that, because the definition of “cannon” must be in terms that any

ordinary person may reasonably understand, the definition would not consist of overly-technical

terms or depend upon metrics or measurements not readily accessible to an ordinary person.

Accordingly, the trial court enjoined the Club from “discharging cannons” and defined “cannon”

as

          any non-handheld device from which a projectile may be fired by an explosive. A
          non-handheld device is a device that is designed and/or intended to be discharged

                                                 12
No. 57628-7-II

       from a mounted position, such as on a carriage, pedestal, tripod, or similar
       apparatus. A non-handheld device does not include a mounted rifle or pistol.

CP at 952, 953.

       The Club appeals.

                                            ANALYSIS

A.     REOPENING THE RECORD

       The Club argues that the trial court erred by denying its motion to reopen the record and

conduct additional fact-finding before defining “cannons.” We disagree.

       We review a trial court’s decision on reopening the record for a manifest abuse of

discretion. Sweeny v. Sweeny, 52 Wn.2d 337, 339, 324 P.2d 1096 (1958). A trial court abuses is

discretion when its decision “is manifestly unreasonable or is exercised on untenable grounds or

for untenable reasons.” Kitsap Rifle I, 184 Wn. App. at 302. A trial court necessarily abuses

its discretion if its decision is based on an erroneous view of the law. Tedford v. Guy, 13 Wn. App.

2d 1, 13, 462 P.3d 869 (2020).

       Here, Kitsap Rifle III’s remand instructions expressly stated, in relevant part, that the trial

court should “define the operative term ‘cannons.’” Kitsap Rifle III, slip op. at 22. The Club

acknowledges that the trial court’s definition of “cannon” constitutes a legal conclusion, not a

finding of fact. The Kitsap Rifle III court did not indicate that defining “cannons” was a factual

issue for which taking evidence or finding additional facts would be necessary. Nor did the Kitsap

Rifle III court state that certain cannons should be excluded from the definition.8 It was well within

8
  In fact, the Kitsap Rifle III court held that the Club waived this argument. Kitsap Rifle III, slip
op. at 15-16.

                                                 13
No. 57628-7-II

the trial court’s discretion to define “cannon” based on the existing evidence in the record,

including the photos of cannons posted online by the Club. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse

its discretion by declining to reopen the record and conduct additional fact-finding before defining

“cannons.”9

B.     OVERBREADTH/TAILORING CHALLENGE

       The Club argues that the trial court erred by defining “cannon” without tailoring the

definition to the specific types of cannons that caused the sound expansion. The County argues

that, based on the law of the case doctrine, the Club waived this argument. We agree with the

County.

       “[T]he law of the case doctrine applies to successive proceedings in the same case.” Lodis

v. Corbis Holdings, Inc., 192 Wn. App. 30, 55, 366 P.3d 1246 (2015), review denied, 185 Wn.2d

1038 (2016). The doctrine “‘stands for the general rule that a question of law decided by the

[appellate] court on a former appeal becomes the law of the case, in all its subsequent stages, and

will not ordinarily be considered or reversed on a second appeal when the facts and the questions

of law presented are substantially the same.’” Id. at 54 (alterations in original) (internal quotation

marks omitted) (quoting In re Pooled Advocate Trust, 2012 SD 24, ¶ 23, 813 N.W.2d 130, 139).

9
  We note that the Club moved to reopen the record so it could present testimony from witnesses
regarding “certain types of cannons they observed being used at the Club’s property that could not
have caused houses to shake or otherwise cause a sound expansion.” CP at 943. The Club sought
to have the trial court exclude these devices from its definition of “cannon” but admitted that the
devices were, indeed, cannons. In light of the Club’s admission and Kitsap Rifle III’s holding that
the Club has waived the argument that the trial court erred by not clarifying which specific use of
the cannons created an impermissible expansion of use, any evidence regarding the aural or
physical impacts of these cannons could not have assisted the trial court in defining “cannons.”

                                                 14
No. 57628-7-II

       The law of the case doctrine provides that (1) a trial court ruling maintains binding force

during later stages of the trial, (2) an appeals court ruling carries conclusive effects at trial on

remand, and (3) an appellate court will ordinarily not reconsider its own rulings of law on a

subsequent appeal. Id. at 56. While appellate courts have discretion in applying the law of the

case doctrine, “[t]he same discretion is not afforded to the trial court on remand from the appellate

court.” Id. at 57.

       The remand rule “‘forbids . . . a lower court from relitigating issues that were decided by a

higher court, whether explicitly or by reasonable implication, at an earlier stage of the same case.’”

Id. at 56 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Municipality of San Juan v. Rullan, 318 F.3d

26, 29 (1st Cir. 2003)). A trial court may not revisit any issues that it previously resolved or re-

evaluate the merits of any issues resolved on appeal. Id. at 58.

       The Club argues that the trial court erred by making no findings regarding which cannons

constituted an expansion of use. But Kitsap Rifle III held that the Club had waived this argument.

Slip op. at 15. Specifically, the Kitsap Rifle III court held:

               The June 2019 order found that “discharging cannons or causing exploding
       targets to explode” constituted an unlawful expansion of the Club’s nonconforming
       use. CP at 446. The Club argues that the June 2019 order did not clarify which
       explosive devises and what specific use of the cannons and exploding targets
       created the expansion. We conclude that the Club waived this argument.

Id.10 Because the Kitsap Rifle III court already determined that the Club has waived this argument

and the Club has agreed that its use of cannons constituted an expansion of use, we apply the law

of the case doctrine and decline to address the Club’s argument.

10
   Throughout its briefing, the Club emphasizes in support of its argument that certain cannons
should be excluded from the definition of “cannon,” that we stated in Kitsap Rifle III that there are

                                                  15
No. 57628-7-II

       Moreover, even if we exercised our discretion to address the Club’s argument in this

appeal, the Club’s argument fails. Because the law of the case doctrine also applied to the trial

court on remand, the trial court was bound by Kitsap Rifle III’s holding that the Club waived this

argument. Lodis, 192 Wn. App. at 56. Therefore, the trial court properly applied the holding in

Kitsap Rifle III and did not err by declining to address the Club’s argument that certain cannons

should be excluded from the definition of “cannon.”

       The Club further argues that the “core holding” of the previous appeals is that “‘the

appropriate remedy involves specifically addressing the impermissible expansion of the Club’s

nonconforming use.’” Br. of Appellant 21-22 (emphasis in brief) (quoting Kitsap Rifle II, slip op.

at 7). But “the Club agreed that the use of cannons . . . constituted an expansion of use.” Kitsap

Rifle III, slip op. at 16. Thus, an appropriate remedy would enjoin “the use of cannons.” Therefore,

the trial court did not err by defining “cannon” without excluding certain cannons from the

definition.

many different types of “cannons,” and that it is unclear what type of cannon the trial court was
referencing. The Club misconstrues the Kitsap Rifle III opinion. And as discussed in this opinion,
the Club specifically admitted “that the use of cannons . . . constituted an expansion of use.” Kitsap
Rifle III, slip op. at 16.

                                                 16
No. 57628-7-II

C.     VAGUENESS/AMBIGUITY CHALLENGE

       The Club argues that the trial court’s definition of “cannon” violates CR 65 because it is

vague and ambiguous. We disagree.

       CR 65(d) provides that

       [e]very order granting an injunction . . . shall set forth the reasons for its issuance;
       shall be specific in terms; shall describe in reasonable detail, and not by reference
       to the complaint or other document, the act or acts sought to be restrained.

       Because CR 65(d) is identical to Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(d), we may use cases interpreting the

federal rule as guidance in interpreting the Washington rule. All Star Gas, Inc., of Washington v.

Bechard, 100 Wn. App. 732, 736-37, 998 P.2d 367 (2000).

       Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(d)’s specificity requirements are designed to prevent uncertainty and

confusion and to avoid contempt citations based on orders too vague to be understood. Axia

NetMedia Corp. v. Mass. Tech. Park Corp., 889 F.3d 1, 12 (1st Cir. 2018). An injunction must be

specific and unambiguous so that “‘an ordinary person reading the court’s order [is] able to

ascertain from the document itself exactly what conduct is proscribed.’” Union Home Mortg.

Corp. v. Cromer, 31 F.4th 356, 362 (6th Cir. 2022) (alterations in original) (quoting Scott v.

Schedler, 826 F.3d 207, 211 (5th Cir. 2016)). Injunctions do not violate Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(d)

“‘unless they are so vague that they have no reasonably specific meaning.’” Portland Feminist

Women’s Health Ctr. v. Advocs. for Life, Inc., 859 F.2d 681, 685 (9th Cir. 1988) (quoting U.S. v.

Holtzman, 762 F.2d 720, 726 (9th Cir. 1985)).

       Here, the trial court defined “cannon” as

       any non-handheld device from which a projectile may be fired by an explosive. A
       non-handheld device is a device that is designed and/or intended to be discharged

                                                 17
No. 57628-7-II

        from a mounted position, such as on a carriage, pedestal, tripod, or similar
        apparatus. A non-handheld device does not include a mounted rifle or pistol.

CP at 953.

        The Club argues that an ordinary person cannot determine whether the device is a

“mounted rifle or pistol.” But ordinary people understand that both rifles and pistols are firearms

designed to be fired as handheld devices and that mounting a rifle or pistol does not transform the

rifle or pistol into a cannon.

        The Club also takes issue with the part of the definition regarding the design and/or intent

for the device to be discharged from a mounted position. The Club argues that an ordinary person

is unable to ascertain the intentions of the designer and potential users. But a cannon’s physical

features make the intentions of the designer self-evident. Exhibits 113 and 131 show that a

cannon’s design may include features that make discharging the device while holding it infeasible,

like an unwieldy size, shape, or heavy weight.11 Or the design may plainly include a mount or

other features for attaching a mount, such as the examples listed in the definition (“carriage,

pedestal, tripod”). Further, the design may lack the physical features of handheld devices, such as

handles, hand grips, or triggers that can be pulled with one’s fingers. These physical features make

apparent to ordinary persons that the device is meant to be discharged from a mounted position.

Thus, an ordinary person seeking to use such a device will know from the injunction’s language

11
    The Club argues that, because a person’s ability to discharge a device by hand and absorb recoil
depends on the person’s size, strength, and skill, users are unable to discern whether a device is
intended to be discharged from a mounted position. But the trial court’s definition does not hinge
upon the ability to fire the device by hand, but instead upon the device’s design or intent to be
discharged from a mounted position. Even if some cannons could conceivably be discharged by
hand by certain individuals, other physical features of the cannon will demonstrate that the device
is designed or intended to be discharged from a mounted position.

                                                18
No. 57628-7-II

that the device falls within the definition of “cannon” and that use of the device is proscribed.

Accordingly, the trial court’s definition of “cannon” does not violate CR 65(d).

D.     SANCTIONS

       The County argues that the Club should be sanctioned and attorney fees awarded to the

County under RAP 18.9(a). We disagree.

       RAP 18.9(a) allows this court to order sanctions against a party who brings a frivolous

appeal. We consider the following factors when determining whether an appeal is frivolous:

       “(1) A civil appellant has a right to appeal under RAP 2.2; (2) all doubts as to
       whether the appeal is frivolous should be resolved in favor of the appellant; (3) the
       record should be considered as a whole; (4) an appeal that is affirmed simply
       because the arguments are rejected is not frivolous; (5) an appeal is frivolous if
       there are no debatable issues upon which reasonable minds might differ, and it is
       so totally devoid of merit that there was no reasonable possibility of reversal.”

Espinoza v. Am. Com. Ins. Co., 184 Wn. App. 176, 202, 336 P.3d 115 (2014) (internal quotation

marks omitted) (quoting Griffin v. Draper, 32 Wn. App. 611, 616, 649 P.2d 123, review denied,

98 Wn.2d 1004 (1982)). “RAP 18.9(a) does not speak in terms of filing one or more frivolous

issues or assignments of error—only a frivolous appeal as a whole.” Lee v. Kennard, 176 Wn.

App. 678, 693, 310 P.3d 845 (2013).

       While the Club attempts to reargue some previously determined issues as part of this

appeal, the Club also raises new arguments related to the vagueness and ambiguity of the trial

court’s definition of “cannons.” These arguments fall within the Club’s right to an appeal and,

when viewed in the context of the record and in favor of the appellant, do not make the Club’s

appeal wholly frivolous. Therefore, we deny the County’s request for sanctions.

                                                19
No. 57628-7-II

                                        CONCLUSION

        We affirm the trial court’s Second Order but deny the County’s request for RAP 18.9(a)

sanctions.

        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,

it is so ordered.

                                                    Lee, J.
 We concur:

 Cruser, A.C.J.

 Veljacic, J.

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