Court Opinion

ID: 2725009
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 20:44:11.095567+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:27:03.385835
License: Public Domain

Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
 this Memorandum Decision shall not be
 regarded as precedent or cited before any
 court except for the purpose of                           May 23 2014, 6:46 am
 establishing the defense of res judicata,
 collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                              ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

SCOTT L. BARNHART                                    GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Keffer Barnhart, LLP                                 Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
                                                     ERIC P. BABBS
                                                     Deputy Attorney General
                                                     Indianapolis, Indiana

                               IN THE
                     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

CHRISTOPHER BELL,                                    )
                                                     )
       Appellant-Defendant,                          )
                                                     )
               vs.                                   )      No. 82A04-1309-CR-478
                                                     )
STATE OF INDIANA,                                    )
                                                     )
       Appellee-Plaintiff.                           )

                 APPEAL FROM THE VANDERBURGH SUPERIOR COURT
                         The Honorable Robert J. Pigman, Judge
                           Cause No. 82D02-1209-MR-1149

                                            May 23, 2014

                 MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

VAIDIK, Chief Judge
                                       Case Summary

       Christopher Bell appeals his convictions for murder and Class C felony conspiracy

to commit robbery for his role in the shooting death of Cedric Watt. He argues that the

trial court erred in instructing the jury on accomplice liability and that his convictions

violate Indiana’s constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy. Finding that the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in instructing the jury and that there is no double-jeopardy

violation, we affirm.

                                 Facts and Procedural History

        In September 2012 twenty-two-year-old Bell and his pregnant girlfriend Angie

Mueller (“Angie”) lived with their two young children in Evansville, Indiana. Other people

lived with them, too: Angela Moore, Dylan Knott, and occasionally Angie’s brother Ted

Mueller, Jr. (“T.J.”).

       Also in September 2012 Watt was a marijuana dealer who lived across the Ohio

River in Henderson, Kentucky. On September 16, Watt “re-upped,” which means to

purchase more marijuana. Tr. p. 196. Specifically, Watt purchased fourteen grams of

“dro,” which “is the best marijuana you can get.” Id. at 195. Watt carried thirteen of these

grams on his person. Watt contacted his friend Shawn Kohlmeyer to see if Shawn could

find him a ride to Evansville.

       Shawn called T.J. around midnight to see if T.J. would give Watt a ride from

Henderson to Evansville. Bell answered T.J.’s phone and asked Shawn if he knew where

to get a gun. Id. at 155. Shawn said he did not know and told Bell he needed to speak with

T.J. When T.J. got on the phone, Shawn said his friend would give him a gram of marijuana

                                              2
and some gas money for a ride from Henderson to Evansville. T.J. instructed Bell to find

out more about Shawn’s friend. Id. at 128. Bell called T.J.’s younger brother to learn

more. After Bell’s phone conversation with T.J.’s younger brother, Bell reported that Watt

was a “bit** a** ni**er.” Id. at 129. Dylan, one of the roommates, was present during the

conversations and assumed they were talking about a robbery. Id. Angie and T.J.’s aunt’s

boyfriend was also present, and he overheard Bell tell T.J.’s younger brother on the phone

that he could “get [Watt] easy” because “he ain’t got no weapon” and “he’s basically a

bit** [who’s] easy to take.” Id. at 204.

       About thirty minutes later, T.J., Bell, and Angie picked up Shawn in Angie’s

minivan, and T.J. drove the group to Henderson to get Watt. After picking up Watt, they

went to a gas station, and Watt gave T.J. $20 to get gas. The group then headed to

Evansville, and everyone except Angie smoked some of the “dro” that Watt brought with

him.

       Back in Evansville, the group made some stops. The first stop was at a house on

Walnut Street, where T.J. and Bell unsuccessfully tried to sell some of Watt’s marijuana.

After a stop on New York Street, T.J. drove the group to Delaware Street, which was near

Shawn’s girlfriend’s house, and parked the van. Everyone except Angie got out of the van.

T.J., Bell, Shawn, and Watt approached a house and sat on the porch. At some point, Bell

started walking back to the van. Then, the rest of the group got up, with Shawn stating that

he was going to walk to his girlfriend’s house. As T.J. was walking behind Watt, he pulled

a gun from his waistband and pointed it at Watt’s neck; Watt ran. When Bell yelled

“shoot,” T.J. shot Watt as he ran. Id. at 39, 169. Watt fell to the sidewalk. T.J. ran up to

                                             3
Watt’s fallen body and hit him in the head with the gun. T.J., Bell, and Angie drove away

in the minivan. Shawn ran to his girlfriend’s house and called 911.

       The Evansville Police Department received a report of shots fired around 3:00 a.m.

on September 17. Officer Cara Mattingly was the first to respond and found Watt’s lifeless

body face-down on the sidewalk. Watt was shirtless, and his pants were pulled down below

his waist. According to the pathologist who performed Watt’s autopsy, Watt died from a

bullet that entered the right side of his chest, pierced his heart and aorta, and exited the left

side of his back. Id. at 110-12. Watt also sustained blunt force injuries to his left forehead,

above his left ear, and to his right hand. A crime-scene detective recovered a small bag of

marijuana from inside Watt’s right hand. Watt’s clothes were removed during the autopsy,

and the detective recovered a pill bottle containing marijuana, electronic scales, and $10 in

cash from his clothes.

       After T.J. shot Watt, T.J., Bell, and Angie returned home. T.J. and Bell destroyed

the cell phones that they had been using. T.J. and Bell then shaved their faces and took a

shower in bleach. Id. at 45-46. They also bleached the clothes that they had been wearing

and put them, along with the broken cell-phone pieces, in plastic grocery bags. They then

drove around and threw the bags into various alleys. Bell instructed Angie not to say

anything or he would kill her. Id. at 46.

       The State charged Bell with murder and Class A felony conspiracy to commit

robbery, which was elevated to a Class A felony because of serious bodily injury.1 The

       1
           The charging information alleged the following overt acts for the conspiracy charge: (1) T.J.
possessed a gun and used the gun during the commission of the robbery of Watt and (2) T.J. fired the gun
in the direction of Watt during the commission of the robbery of Watt. Appellant’s App. p. 28-29.
                                                   4
State also alleged that Bell was a habitual offender. In addition, the State charged T.J. with

murder and conspiracy to commit robbery, and a jury found T.J. guilty of both charges in

March 2013.2

       Bell’s jury trial was held two months later in May 2013. The State’s theory was

that “there was some argument about the marijuana that . . . Watt had and [T.J.] pulled a

gun and . . . Watt ran from him, [Bell] said shoot and [T.J.] shot him.” Id. at 7. The trial

court instructed the jury on murder and accomplice liability. The accomplice-liability

instruction, Final Instruction No. 15, provided:

       A person who knowingly or intentionally aids another in committing a crime
       is guilty of that crime. In order to commit the crime of murder by aiding
       another person, the defendant must have knowledge that he is aiding the
       commission of the crime of murder. To be guilty, he does not have to
       personally participate in the crime nor does he have to be present when the
       crime is committed. Mere presence alone is not sufficient to prove the
       Defendant aided the crime. Failure to oppose the commission of the crime
       alone is also insufficient to prove that the Defendant aided the crime.
       However presence at the scene of the crime and failure to oppose the crime’s
       commission are factors which may be considered in determining whether
       there was aiding another to commit the crime. Before you can convict the
       Defendant as an accessory the State must prove the elements of the crime
       and that the Defendant knowingly or intentionally aided another to commit
       the crime.

Appellant’s App. p. 174. Bell objected to the accomplice-liability instruction on two

grounds. First, Bell argued that he “was not charged with the offense aiding or inducing[,]

he was charged with the offense of murder”; therefore, “the Court is instructing the jury on

a crime with which Mr. Bell was never charged.” Tr. p. 359. But see Specht v. State, 838

N.E.2d 1081, 1092 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (“It is well established that a person can be charged

       2
           T.J.’s appeal is currently pending in this Court. See Mueller v. State, No. 82A05-1305-CR-240.
                                                    5
as a principal and convicted as an accomplice. The accomplice liability statute does not

set forth a separate crime, but merely provides a separate basis of liability for the crime

that is charged.” (quotations omitted)), trans. denied.        Second, Bell argued that the

evidence did not support giving the instruction. Tr. p. 359.

       The jury found Bell guilty as charged. Bell then stipulated to having two prior

unrelated felonies and was adjudicated a habitual offender without the jury reconvening.

Id. at 362-63. At Bell’s sentencing hearing, the trial court found that double-jeopardy

concerns prevented it from entering judgment on the conviction for conspiracy to commit

robbery as a Class A felony because the serious bodily injury was the shooting death of

Watt; therefore, the court reduced the conviction to a Class C felony. Id. at 370-71. The

court then sentenced Bell to sixty years for murder, enhanced by thirty years for being a

habitual offender. The court also sentenced Bell to a concurrent term of six years for Class

C felony conspiracy to commit robbery, for an aggregate sentence of ninety years.

       Bell now appeals.

                                 Discussion and Decision

       Bell raises two issues on appeal. First, he challenges the trial court’s accomplice-

liability instruction. Second, he contends that his convictions for murder and conspiracy

to commit robbery violate Indiana’s constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy

because both convictions were based on the shooting.

                           I. Accomplice-liability Instruction

       Bell challenges the trial court’s accomplice-liability instruction. The manner of

instructing a jury lies largely within the sound discretion of the trial court, and we review

                                             6
the trial court’s decision only for an abuse of that discretion. Boney v. State, 880 N.E.2d

279, 293 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied. In reviewing a challenge to a jury instruction,

we consider: (1) whether the instruction is a correct statement of the law; (2) whether there

was evidence in the record to support giving the instruction; and (3) whether the substance

of the instruction is covered by other instructions given by the court. Id.

        The trial court gave the following instruction, Final Instruction No. 15, on

accomplice liability:

        A person who knowingly or intentionally aids another in committing a crime
        is guilty of that crime. In order to commit the crime of murder by aiding
        another person, the defendant must have knowledge that he is aiding the
        commission of the crime of murder. To be guilty, he does not have to
        personally participate in the crime nor does he have to be present when the
        crime is committed. Mere presence alone is not sufficient to prove the
        Defendant aided the crime. Failure to oppose the commission of the crime
        alone is also insufficient to prove that the Defendant aided the crime.
        However presence at the scene of the crime and failure to oppose the crime’s
        commission are factors which may be considered in determining whether
        there was aiding another to commit the crime. Before you can convict the
        Defendant as an accessory the State must prove the elements of the crime
        and that the Defendant knowingly or intentionally aided another to commit
        the crime.

Appellant’s App. p. 174.3 Bell objected to this instruction because (1) he was not charged

as an accomplice and (2) the instruction was not supported by the evidence. Tr. p. 359.

However, Bell now claims for the first time on appeal that this instruction is an incorrect

statement of the law. A defendant who objects to an instruction on one ground at trial may

not argue a different ground on appeal. Morgan v. State, 755 N.E.2d 1070, 1077 (Ind.

        3
          This was the only jury instruction that addressed accomplice liability. Because Bell objected that
an accomplice-liability instruction should not be given at all in this case, he presumably did not tender an
alternate instruction. But because there is evidence in the record that Bell yelled for T.J. to “shoot” Watt,
there is evidence in the record to support giving an accomplice instruction.
                                                     7
2001). The rationale behind the rule requiring a party to identify the specific grounds for

objection at the time of trial is so that the trial court has every opportunity to avoid error

that might otherwise require reversal and result in a miscarriage of justice and a waste of

time and resources. Kane v. State, 976 N.E.2d 1228, 1231 (Ind. 2012). Bell’s argument is

therefore waived.4 See Morgan, 755 N.E.2d at 1077.

       Waiver notwithstanding, we address Bell’s appellate arguments. He first argues that

the instruction is an inaccurate statement of the law because it omits the terms “induces”

and “causes.” Indiana’s accomplice-liability statute, Indiana Code section 35-41-2-4,

provides:

       A person who knowingly or intentionally aids, induces, or causes another
       person to commit an offense commits that offense, even if the other person:
             (1) has not been prosecuted for the offense;
             (2) has not been convicted of the offense; or
             (3) has been acquitted of the offense.

(Emphasis added). According to Section 35-41-2-4, a person must aid, induce, or cause

another person to commit the offense. All three acts are not required. The pattern jury

instruction on accomplice liability tracks the language of the statute and provides, in part:

       A person[] who knowingly or intentionally [aids] [induces] [causes] another
       person to commit an offense commits that offense. (A person may be
       convicted of [aiding] [inducing] [causing] [name offense] even if the other
       person has not been prosecuted for the [name offense], has not been convicted
       of the [name offense], or has been acquitted of the [name offense].)

1 Ind. Pattern Jury Instructions (Criminal) No. 2.11 (1/2014).                     As the pattern jury

instruction illustrates by the brackets, it is not necessary that the trial court use all three

words in its instruction. Rather, the trial court can select one, two, or all three words. Here,

       4
           Bell appears to acknowledge that this issue is waived. See Appellant’s Reply Br. p. 1 n.1.
                                                     8
the trial court chose to use the single word “aids.” Including only the word “aids” in the

jury instruction is not “an incomplete recitation of what it means to be an accomplice,” as

Bell argues on appeal. See Appellant’s Br. p. 7.

        Bell also appears to argue that the instruction is deficient because he did not “aid”

T.J. in shooting Watt—rather, he “induced” T.J. to shoot Watt—but the trial court did not

include “induces” in Final Instruction No. 15. In fact, Bell goes so far as to concede that

he induced T.J. to shoot Watt. See id. at 7-8 (“If anything, the testimony and allegations

made [by] Angie and [Shawn] indicate that Bell induced [T.J.].”); Appellant’s Reply Br.

p. 1 (“If anything, Bell’s alleged statement enticed or persuaded [T.J.] to shoot.”). Even

assuming that Bell’s actions in yelling “shoot” to T.J. do not meet the definition of “aid,”

Bell does not explain how a new trial, which would presumably include “induces” in the

accomplice-liability instruction, would help his cause given his concession that he induced

T.J. to shoot Watt.5

        Finally, Bell argues that Final Instruction No. 15 erroneously used “accessory”

instead of “accomplice” in the final sentence. The final sentence provided:

        Before you can convict the Defendant as an accessory the State must prove
        the elements of the crime and that the Defendant knowingly or intentionally
        aided another to commit the crime.

Appellant’s App. p. 174. Our Supreme Court explained in Sanquenetti v. State that “there

is no separate crime of being an accessory to a crime or aiding and abetting the perpetrator

of a crime; rather, a defendant may be convicted as a principal upon evidence that he aided

or abetted in the perpetration of the charged crime.” 727 N.E.2d 437, 441 (Ind. 2000).

        5
        Bell makes no independent argument that the evidence is insufficient to convict him of aiding in
Watt’s murder.
                                                   9
Under the accomplice-liability statute, “an actor who would have been considered an

accessory under the common law now vicariously commits the actual offense . . . .” Id.

(quotation omitted).

       Although it would have been better for the trial court to have used “accomplice”

instead of “accessory” in the final sentence, this single word did not play a large role in

Final Instruction No. 15 as a whole, did not change the substance of the instruction, and

therefore did not mislead the jury. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in instructing the jury in Final Instruction No. 15.

                                    II. Double Jeopardy

       Bell contends that his convictions for murder and conspiracy to commit robbery

violate Indiana’s constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy because both

convictions were based on the shooting. See Appellant’s Br. p. 11 (“[T]here is a reasonable

possibility that the jury used the same evidence, specifically the shooting, to convict Bell

of both offenses.”). He claims that this violates Indiana’s actual-evidence test. To show

that two challenged offenses constitute the same offense under the actual-evidence test, a

defendant must demonstrate a reasonable possibility that the evidentiary facts used by the

fact-finder to establish the essential elements of one offense may also have been used to

establish the essential elements of a second challenged offense. Spivey v. State, 761 N.E.2d

831, 832 (Ind. 2002). Application of the actual-evidence test requires the reviewing court

to identify the essential elements of each of the challenged crimes and to evaluate the

evidence from the jury’s perspective, considering, where relevant, the jury instructions,

argument of counsel, and other factors that may have guided the jury’s determination. Id.

                                              10
Under the actual-evidence test, the Indiana Double Jeopardy Clause is not violated when

the evidentiary facts establishing the essential elements of one offense also establish only

one or even several, but not all, of the essential elements of a second offense. Id. at 833.

       To convict Bell of murder, the State had to prove that he knowingly killed Watt.

Appellant’s App. p. 28, 162. The State did so using the accomplice-liability theory. Id. at

174. To convict Bell of conspiracy to commit robbery, the State had to prove that Bell,

with the intent to rob Watt, agreed with T.J. to commit robbery and that either Bell or T.J.

performed an overt act in furtherance of the agreement. Ind. Code § 35-41-5-2; Appellant’s

App. p. 28. The charging information alleged an agreement by Bell and T.J. to rob Watt

of marijuana and listed the following overt acts: (1) T.J. possessed a gun and used the gun

during the commission of the robbery against Watt and (2) T.J. fired the gun in the direction

of Watt during the commission of the robbery against Watt. Appellant’s App. p. 28-29.

Both overt acts were reflected in the trial court’s preliminary and final instructions to the

jury. Bell argues on appeal that it “was not until final instructions that the Court informed

the jury that the overt act in furtherance of the agreement could have been the possession

of the weapon or firing of that weapon in the direction of Watt.” Appellant’s Br. p. 10-11.

However, Preliminary Instruction No. 4 reviewed the charging informations and alleged

that Bell or T.J. performed one of the following overt acts in furtherance of the agreement:

       (1) Ted Mueller, Jr., possessed a revolver and used the revolver during the
       commission of the Robbery against the victim, Cedric Watt.

       (2) Ted Mu[e]ller, Jr., fired the revolver in the direction of the victim, Cedric
       Watt, during the commission of the [R]obbery of Cedric Watt.

Appellant’s App. p. at 85 (numbering altered). Final Instruction No. 4 then provided:

                                              11
               Before you may convict the Defendant, the State must have proved
        each of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt:

                 The Defendant

                 1. with the intent to commit the crime

                 2. agreed with another person, Ted Mueller. Jr., to commit the crime
                 of robbery

                 3. Ted Mueller, Jr., or Christopher Bell knowingly performed an overt
                 act in furtherance of the agreement by possessing a revolver or firing
                 the revolver in the direction of Cedric Watt during the commission of
                 a robbery.

                                                  *****

Id. at 163 (emphasis added).6

        Considering the charging informations and jury instructions, the crimes were proved

by at least one fact not essential to the other. Only the murder was proved by Watt’s death,

and Watt’s death did not prove any element of conspiracy. Although the conspiracy to

commit robbery was charged as a Class A felony because of serious bodily injury to Watt,

the trial court’s decision to reduce the conviction to a Class C felony removed any element

of serious bodily injury. The overt acts alleged in the charging information to prove the

conspiracy were T.J.’s possession and firing of the gun, not Watt’s death. And the overt

acts were not proved by the same evidence that proved Bell’s accomplice liability for

murder. The evidence that Bell aided T.J. to murder Watt was Angie’s and Shawn’s

testimony that Bell yelled “shoot” just before T.J. shot Watt. Bell’s directing T.J. to shoot

        6
           Bell alleges that the final instruction “varies” from the previous instructions, but he does not
illustrate how. We note that the conspiracy charging information and Preliminary Instruction No. 4 allege,
for the first overt act, that T.J. “possessed” and “used” the gun while Final Instruction No. 4 alleges, for the
first overt act, that T.J. just “possessed” the gun. This is to be contrasted with the second overt act, which
has consistently alleged that T.J. “fired” the gun.
                                                      12
was not the same evidence as T.J.’s possession and firing of the gun. The offenses of

murder and conspiracy to commit robbery were each established by proof of a fact not used

to establish the other offense. Bell has thus failed to demonstrate a violation of the Indiana

Double Jeopardy Clause under the actual-evidence test.7 See Spivey, 761 N.E.2d at 833-

34.

        Affirmed.

NAJAM, J., and BROWN, J., concur.

        7
          To the extent that Bell suggests that jury unanimity is required when more than one overt act is
alleged, he is incorrect. See Cliver v. State, 666 N.E.2d 59, 67 (Ind. 1996), reh’g denied.
                                                   13