Court Opinion

ID: 9893802
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-30 17:09:18.727984+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:05:49.720456
License: Public Domain

J-S36016-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  JOSEFA S. TANKERSLY                          :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  NICHOLAS O. LOMAX                            :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 954 EDA 2023

               Appeal from the Order Entered March 15, 2023
  In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Domestic Relations
                           at No(s): 0C2208520

BEFORE: BOWES, J., NICHOLS, J., and KING, J.

MEMORANDUM PER CURIAM:                               FILED OCTOBER 30, 2023

       Appellant Nicholas O. Lomax (Father) appeals pro se from the order

granting Josefa S. Tankersly (Mother) sole legal and physical custody of their

minor child N.J.L. (Child). Father argues that the trial court erred by declining

to hear evidence and failing to consider the statutory custody factors and the

best interest of Child.       Father also claims that the trial court erred by

considering Father’s refusal to take an oath in making its custody

determination. We vacate and remand for further proceedings.

       By way of background, Mother filed a pro se complaint for custody on

October 19, 2022.          Father filed a counseled complaint for custody on

November 3, 2022. Following a hearing on November 10, 2022,1 the trial

court entered a temporary custody order granting the parents shared legal

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1 At the November 10, 2022 hearing, Father was represented by counsel and

Mother represented herself.
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custody and shared physical custody, with Father having physical custody

from Sunday evenings to Wednesday evenings and Mother having physical

custody from Wednesday evenings to Sunday evenings.

      The trial court held a custody hearing on March 15, 2023. Mother and

Father were both present and represented themselves. At the outset of the

hearing, the trial court asked the parties to swear to testify truthfully. N.T.,

3/15/23, at 3. Father refused to take an oath. Id. Father then stated, “I am

the beneficiary of the all caps name, Nicholas Lomax.” Id. at 4; see also id.

at 5 (Father stated that “I go by, ‘Nick.’ And, yes, . . . I am known by that

name. It’s just that the all caps fiction is not -- is not I. Who we have on the

record today, the all capital letters fiction, that’s not me. I’m here as the

beneficiary on as a special appearance for the name”).        Mother identified

Father as the father of Child. Id. at 4.

      Mother requested that the trial court amend the custody order to change

the times and locations of the custody exchanges. Id. at 5-7. The trial court

asked Father if he agreed to the proposed change, and Father replied “[t]his

whole [c]ourt thing, I do not consent to this.” Id. at 7. Father then orally

moved to “have this court debacle dismissed.” Id. at 8. The trial court denied

Father’s motion. Id. Father requested an explanation for the denial of his

motion and addressed the trial court judge by his first name. Id. The trial

court directed Father to leave the courtroom and requested a sheriff’s deputy.

Id. Father did not exit the courtroom and stated that he did not recognize

the trial court’s authority. Id. at 12-13.

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       The trial court observed that it could not proceed to a custody factor

analysis under the circumstances. Id. at 13. Father attempted to interject,

but the trial court responded that because Father did not recognize the

authority of the court, the trial court could not hear from Father. Id. at 14.

Mother asked the trial court for sole legal and sole physical custody, which the

trial court granted.     Id. at 15; see also Trial Ct. Order, 3/15/23.   Father

repeatedly stated that he did not consent and asked the trial court judge for

his oath. N.T., 3/15/23, at 15-16. The trial court then concluded the hearing.

Id. at 16.

       Father filed a timely motion for reconsideration, which the trial court

denied on March 30, 2023. Father subsequently filed a timely notice of appeal.

On May 2, 2023, this Court ordered Father to file a statement of errors

complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i), (b).        Father

complied and filed his Rule 1925(b) statement on May 11, 2023.2

       The trial court sent a letter to this Court on May 22, 2023 requesting

that this Court relinquish jurisdiction and remand the matter to the trial court

for further proceedings to address the issue raised in Father’s Rule 1925(b)

statement and Father’s recently filed petition to modify. Pursuant to a show
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2 In a Children’s Fast Track appeal, “[t]he concise statement of errors
complained of on appeal shall be filed and served with the notice of appeal.”
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i). Although Father did not simultaneously file his Rule
1925(b) statement with his notice of appeal, he complied with this Court’s
order to file a concise statement. Therefore, we decline to find waiver because
the late filing of the Rule 1925(b) statement does not run contrary to an order
of this Court or of the trial court, and no party has raised any allegation of
prejudice. See In re K.T.E.L., 983 A.2d 745, 747-48 (Pa. Super. 2009).

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cause order of this Court, Father filed a response opposing the trial court’s

request for remand. See Father’s Resp. to Order, 5/31/23. This Court then

discharged its show cause order. See Order, 954 EDA 2023, 6/1/23. The

trial court then issued a memorandum in lieu of a Rule 1925(a) opinion again

requesting that this Court relinquish jurisdiction and remand the matter for

the trial court to conduct a complete analysis of the 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a)

factors and resolve the parties’ complaints for custody. See Trial Ct. Op.,

6/16/23, at 2.3

       On appeal, Father raises the following issues for our review:

       1. Did the [trial court] commit an err[or] of law and did not review
          evidence to support its findings of facts in the best interest of
          the child (23 Pa. C.S § 5328)[?]

       2. Did the [trial court] commit an err[or] of law and its record lack
          weight of evidence to support its findings of fact/conclusions of
          law to award sole legal and sole physical custody of minor child
          [N.J.M.4] to [M]other . . . [?]

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3 The trial court notes that it never scheduled a hearing for or resolved Father’s

November 3, 2022 complaint for custody. See Trial Ct. Op., 6/16/23, at 2
n.1; see also Trial Ct. Order, 3/15/23 (stating that “the complaint for custody
filed 10/19/22 by Mother is resolved by final order” (formatting altered).
Although the trial court’s March 15, 2023 order did not expressly address
Father’s complaint for custody, the trial court clearly intended it to be a final
order that disposed of all claims, therefore this Court has jurisdiction over the
instant appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 341.

4 Father uses the Child’s full name instead of her initials throughout his brief.

See Case Records Public Access Policy of the Unified Judicial System of
Pennsylvania (“Public Access Policy”) § 7.0(A)(5), (D). Because the record of
this Children’s Fast Track matter has already been sealed, this Court does not
have to order Father’s brief be sealed. See id. at § 7.0(F) (providing that a
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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       3. Did the [trial court] abuse its discretion and commit an err[or]
          of law in determining that [Father’s] refusal to take an oath
          and question jurisdiction is evidential/substantial cause to
          adjudicate father of his parental skills and/or revoke his
          parental rights as a father; sufficient evidence to support its
          findings of facts in the best interest of the child[?]

Father’s Brief at 6-7.

       Father’s first two issues are related; therefore, we discuss them

together.    Father argues that the trial court failed to consider the custody

factors set forth in 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a).       Id. at 14-15, 19.   Father also

contends that the trial court did not make a determination regarding the best

interests of Child. Id. at 15. Additionally, Father asserts that the trial court

did not hear any evidence before making its decision. Id. at 19.

       In custody cases under the Child Custody Act (the Act), 23 Pa.C.S. §§

5321-5340, our standard of review is as follows:

       In reviewing a custody order, our scope is of the broadest type
       and our standard is abuse of discretion. We must accept findings
       of the trial court that are supported by competent evidence of
       record, as our role does not include making independent factual
       determinations. In addition, with regard to issues of credibility
       and weight of the evidence, we must defer to the presiding trial
       judge who viewed and assessed the witnesses first-hand.

____________________________________________

court may sua sponte order a document that violates the Public Access Policy
be sealed).

Further, Father’s brief does not contain a certification of compliance with the
Public Access Policy. See Pa.R.A.P. 127(a); 2111(a)(12). This Court has held
that “pro se status confers no special benefit upon the appellant.” S.S. v.
T.J., 212 A.3d 1026, 1032 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citations omitted). “A pro se
litigant is not absolved from complying with procedural rules.” Hoover v.
Davila, 862 A.2d 591, 595 (Pa. Super. 2004) (citations omitted). We caution
Father to comply with the Public Access Policy in the future.

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      However, we are not bound by the trial court’s deductions or
      inferences from its factual findings. Ultimately, the test is whether
      the trial court’s conclusions are unreasonable as shown by the
      evidence of record. We may reject the conclusions of the trial
      court only if they involve an error of law, or are unreasonable in
      light of the sustainable findings of the trial court.

E.R. v. J.N.B., 129 A.3d 521, 527 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation omitted); see

also M.A.T. v. G.S.T., 989 A.2d 11, 19 (Pa. Super. 2010) (en banc)

(explaining that “[a]n abuse of discretion is also made out where it appears

from a review of the record that there is no evidence to support the court’s

findings or that there is a capricious disbelief of evidence” (citations omitted)).

      “When a trial court orders a form of custody, the best interest of the

child is paramount.”     E.R., 129 A.3d at 527 (citation omitted).         Section

5328(a) sets forth the best interest factors that the trial court must consider

in awarding custody. See id.; see also 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a) (stating that

“[i]n ordering any form of custody, the court shall determine the best interest

of the child by considering all relevant factors, giving weighted consideration

to those factors which affect the safety of the child, including the following”

(emphasis added)); A.V. v. S.T., 87 A.3d 818, 822-23 (Pa. Super. 2014)

(stating that “[a]ll of the factors listed in [S]ection 5328(a) are required to be

considered by the trial court when entering a custody order. . . . The record

must be clear on appeal that the trial court considered all the factors”

(citations omitted and emphasis in original)).

      Further, the Rules of Civil Procedure provide that “[n]o judgment [in a

custody matter] may be entered by default or on the pleadings.” Pa.R.C.P.

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1915.9; see also D.N. v. D.W., Nos. 1103 WDA 2021, 1104 WDA 2021, 2022

WL 1511705, at *3 (Pa. Super. filed May 13, 2022) (unpublished mem.)

(vacating the custody orders that the trial court entered by default after the

father failed to appear for the custody hearing pursuant to Rule 1915.9 and

remanding for the trial court to determine the best interests of the children).5

       Here, our review of the record indicates that the trial court did not make

any determination regarding the best interests of Child or make any findings

regarding the Section 5328(a) factors. See N.T., 3/15/23, at 1-16; Trial Ct.

Order, 3/15/23. Furthermore, the trial court determined that it could not hear

from Father after Father explained that he did not recognize the trial court’s

jurisdiction and disrupted the proceedings with obstreperous behavior.6 See

N.T., 3/15/23, at 13-16. We appreciate the trial court’s exasperation with

Father’s behavior, such that it is not certain to what extent the trial court could

have moved forward with the hearing. Further, we note the trial court’s May

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5 See Pa.R.A.P. 126(b) (stating that an unpublished, non-precedential
memorandum decision filed after May 1, 2019, may be cited for its persuasive
value).

6 We note that it is well-established that a judge has broad discretion to
maintain control of the courtroom. See, e.g., Behr v. Behr, 695 A.2d 776,
778-79 (Pa. 1997) (discussing a court’s discretion to use its contempt power
to maintain courtroom authority); In re Arrington, 214 A.3d 703, 707 (Pa.
Super. 2019) (affirming conviction for contempt of court where the defendant
used his cellphone in the courtroom in violation of the Allegheny County
Courthouse’s prohibition against using cellphones and defied the judge’s
directive to put his cellphone away).          However, notwithstanding the
disruptions that Father caused, the trial court did not hold Father in contempt.

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22, 2023 letter and its memorandum in lieu of a Rule 1925(a) opinion

requesting that this Court remand this matter for further proceedings to

conduct a complete analysis of the 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a) factors and to resolve

the parties’ complaints for custody, and further, to address Father’s issues

raised in his Rule 1925(b) statement. For these reasons, we vacate the trial

court’s March 15, 2023 custody order and remand for the trial court to

consider the Section 5328(a) factors and to address Father’s Rule 1925(b)

claims.7 See generally E.R., 129 A.3d at 527; D.N., 2022 WL 1511705, at

*3; Pa.R.C.P. 1915.9.8         We emphasize that this remand order does not

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7 In light of our disposition and the well-established principle that “courts
should avoid constitutional issues when the issue at hand may be decided
upon other grounds[,]” we decline to address Father’s constitutional claims
regarding the custody order. See Interest of D.R., 232 A.3d 547, 559 n.14
(Pa. 2020) (citation omitted).

8 In light of our disposition, we decline to address Father’s remaining claim

that the trial court erred by considering his refusal to swear an oath. In any
event, we note that a person who appears before the courts of this
Commonwealth may affirm to tell the truth instead of swearing an oath. See
Pa.R.E. 603; 42 Pa.C.S. § 5901.

However, the record belies Father’s characterization of the trial court’s
response to Father’s refusal to swear an oath. Compare Father’s Brief at 19-
20 with N.T., 3/15/23, at 3-16. Our review of the record indicates that
Father’s refusal to swear an oath was part of his repeated attempts to disrupt
the proceedings and refusal to acknowledge the trial court’s jurisdiction.
Specifically, Father refused to “consent” to the proceedings, asserted that the
court documents which spelled his name using only capital letters did not refer
to him, but rather to a separate, fictious entity and that Father was making a
“special appearance” on behalf of that entity, and Father demanded to see the
trial court judge’s oath. See N.T., 3/15/23, at 3-5, 7-8, 12-16. Father’s
arguments to the trial court are consistent with those of so-called “sovereign
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prevent the trial court from exercising its broad discretion to maintain order

in its courtroom during further proceedings in this matter.

       Order vacated.        Remanded for further proceedings.    Jurisdiction

relinquished.

Date: 10/30/2023

____________________________________________

citizens.” See, e.g., United States v. Benabe, 654 F.3d 753, 761-64 (7th
Cir. 2011); Commonwealth v. Haltiwanger, 169 N.E.3d 1198, 1202-06
(Mass. App. Ct. 2021); Anderson v. Commonwealth, 707 WDA 2021, 2022
WL 909613, at *1 n.2 (Pa. Super. filed Mar. 29, 2022) (unpublished mem.);
Brown v. State, 593 S.W.3d 404, 409-13 (Tex. App. 2020). Both federal
and state courts have repeatedly rejected these “sovereign citizens’”
arguments about jurisdiction as frivolous. See, e.g., Benabe, 654 F.3d at
767; Anderson, 2022 WL 909613, at *1 n.2; Commonwealth v. McGarry,
172 A.3d 60, 66 (Pa. Super. 2017); Brown, 593 S.W.3d at 410-13.

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