Court Opinion

ID: 4636234
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-24 22:33:50.643253+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:30.560981
License: Public Domain

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                                 Appellate Court                           Date: 2020.09.07
                                                                           16:32:12 -05'00'

             Bennett v. GlaxoSmithKline LLC, 2020 IL App (5th) 180281

Appellate Court       EDGAR BENNETT; TROY BLANKENSHIP; ALMA BROMLOW;
Caption               DIANNE CAMERON; ROBERT CLEGGETT; JENNIE GABEL;
                      MARIBEL GANDY; REGINA HART; BRUCE HOWARD,
                      Individually and on Behalf of Shirley Howard, Deceased; BARBARA
                      HUFF; FRANCES HUGHES; MAGGIE JOHNSON; HAROLD
                      KELLEM; SIMON KRIZAN; EUDOSIA LOPEZ; ROBERT
                      McDOUGALD; DORIS PARSONS; ALBERT PHILLIPS; KATHY
                      COOPER, Individually and on Behalf of Janet Price, Deceased;
                      PHILLIP RAWLS; HOWELL RENEAU; DONALD RUTLEDGE;
                      ROBERT SEARCIE; JAMES SPEARS, Individually and on Behalf
                      of Eulace Spears, Deceased; CLAYTON TAYLOR; PETER
                      VALDEZ; JOANN WALKER-BEY; DELORIS WILLIAMS; NINA
                      WILSON; WILLIE WILSON; ALVIN L. WRIGHT; and GEORGE
                      ZAEHRINGER, Plaintiffs, v. GLAXOSMITHKLINE LLC,
                      SMITHKLINE BEECHAM CORPORATION, McKESSON
                      CORPORATION, and DOES 1 THROUGH 5, Inclusive, Defendants
                      (Steven M. Johnson, P.C., d/b/a The Johnson Law Firm, and Johnson
                      Law Firm Avandia Clients, Appellants; Michael L. Baum, Estate of
                      David Troupe, Plaintiffs’ Steering Committee in the Avandia
                      Multidistrict Litigation, and GlaxoSmithKline LLC, Appellees).

District & No.        Fifth District
                      No. 5-18-0281

Filed                 April 21, 2020

Decision Under        Appeal from the Circuit Court of St. Clair County, No. 09-L-621; the
Review                Hon. Andrew A. Gleeson, Judge, presiding.
     Judgment                   Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
                                Cause remanded.

     Counsel on                 Edward X. Clinton Jr., of the Clinton Law Firm, LLC, of Chicago, for
     Appeal                     appellant Steven M. Johnson, P.C.

                                Michael L. Baum (pro hac vice) and Bijan Esfandiari (pro hac vice),
                                of Baum, Hedlund, Aristei & Goldman, P.C., of Los Angeles,
                                California, for appellees Michael Baum, G. Erick Rosemond, and
                                Estate of David Troupe.

                                W. Jason Rankin, of HeplerBroom, LLC, of Edwardsville, for appellee
                                GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.

     Panel                      JUSTICE CATES delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                                Justices Moore and Wharton * concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                                 OPINION

¶1        Attorney Steven M. Johnson, his law firm, and his clients, the Johnson Law Firm Avandia
      clients (JLF plaintiffs), appeal from the circuit court’s orders directing that payment of a
      “common benefit fund” expense and payment of cocounsel’s attorney fees be made from the
      plaintiffs’ settlement fund. For the following reasons, we affirm in part and reverse in part.

¶2                                          I. BACKGROUND
¶3        The history of this case is reflected in a lengthy record of more than 7000 pages, including
      1334 pages filed “under seal.” We have not attempted to summarize all the proceedings. The
      facts and the procedural history necessary to our resolution of the issues on appeal are set forth
      in this disposition.

¶4                                A. The Actions in St. Clair County
¶5        On November 16, 2009, a “bundled” complaint (Gabel v. GlaxoSmithKline, No. 09-L-621
      (Cir. Ct. St. Clair County)) was filed against defendant, GlaxoSmithKline LLC (GSK), on
      behalf of 32 individual plaintiffs who alleged they suffered cardiovascular injuries after taking
      Avandia. Avandia is a medication that is made and marketed by GSK. It is prescribed to help

          ∗
           Justice Chapman was originally assigned to participate in this case. Justice Wharton was
      substituted on the panel subsequent to Justice Chapman’s retirement and has read the briefs and listened
      to the recording of oral argument.

                                                     -2-
     control blood sugar levels in individuals living with type 2 diabetes. Steven M. Johnson, an
     attorney based in Houston, Texas, affiliated with two local attorneys, David Jones and Robert
     Jones, for the purpose of filing these cases in the circuit court of St. Clair County. On April 15,
     2010, the circuit court approved Johnson’s application to appear pro hac vice in the cases but
     designated David Jones as lead counsel.
¶6        On August 30, 2010, the trial court granted plaintiffs’ motion to amend their complaint to
     add 62 new plaintiffs to the lawsuit. Subsequently, Johnson filed two other “bundled”
     complaints against GSK in St. Clair County, alleging cardiovascular injuries resulting from the
     ingestion of Avandia (Reagan v. GlaxoSmithKline, No. 11-L-228 (Cir. Ct. St. Clair County),
     and Meier v. GlaxoSmithKline, No. 11-L-318 (Cir. Ct. St. Clair County)). 1 In all, cases were
     filed on behalf of 205 plaintiffs and representatives of deceased plaintiffs.
¶7        The parties agreed to a “bellwether” approach to manage the cases. In this approach,
     plaintiffs’ trial counsel and GSK’s counsel each selected two plaintiffs whose cases would be
     used to assess the viability and monetary value of the Avandia cases. Under the case
     management order, plaintiffs’ top bellwether pick would be tried first, followed in order by
     defendant’s top bellwether pick, plaintiffs’ second bellwether pick, and finally defendant’s
     second bellwether pick. The first bellwether case was initially scheduled for trial in September
     2012.
¶8        During the spring of 2012, attorney Johnson traveled to California to attend an Avandia
     litigation conference led by the coordinating counsel for the Avandia Multidistrict litigation
     (MDL). 2 The conference was held after the bulk of the Avandia MDL cases had been resolved.
     The purpose of the conference was to make an array of work product information and materials
     developed during the Avandia MDL cases available to attorneys who had Avandia cases
     remaining in state courts. The information and materials, dubbed “trial in a box,” included
     model pleadings and pretrial motions, a database of indexed documents and expert reports on
     causation and liability, and access to relevant experts. In exchange for receipt of a flash drive
     containing the “trial in a box” information and materials, participating attorneys agreed to
     abide by protective orders relative to the work product and to pay an assessment of 7% of the
     gross settlement of their Avandia claims to the Avandia common benefit fund (CBF). The 7%
     comprises contributions of 3% from each plaintiff’s gross settlement or verdict and 4% of the
     attorney fees. The CBF was established in 2009, pursuant to a pretrial order of the MDL court. 3

         1
            The records in the Reagan and Meier cases are not included in the record on appeal.
         2
            On October 16, 2007, the United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation created MDL
     No. 1897 (Avandia MDL) and centered the litigation in the federal district court for the Eastern District
     of Pennsylvania. The Avandia MDL consolidated all product liability cases arising from the
     development and marketing of Avandia that were pending in the federal district courts throughout the
     United States. As a result of the consolidation, pretrial proceedings were coordinated in a single federal
     district in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. See In re Avandia Marketing Sales Practices, 658 F.
     App’x 29, 30-31 (3d Cir. 2016).
          3
            In 2009, the MDL court entered pretrial order 70, establishing the Avandia CBF. It allowed
     attorneys who voluntarily signed a participation agreement to receive MDL common benefit work
     product in exchange for payment of a 7% assessment of the gross monetary recovery for all claims in
     which the participating attorney had an interest. In re Avandia Marketing Sales Practices, 658 F. App’x
     at 30-31.

                                                     -3-
¶9          During the Avandia litigation conference, Johnson met with attorney Michael Baum and
       attorney Erick Rosemond. Baum and Rosemond had both handled Avandia cases in the MDL
       litigation. Baum and Rosemond had signed the participation agreement and agreed to pay the
       CBF assessment for all cases in which they had an interest. Both had also performed common
       benefit work for the MDL. After meeting with Johnson, Baum and Rosemond agreed to
       prepare and act as trial counsel in the St. Clair County bellwether cases.
¶ 10        In a series of e-mail exchanges, with subject line “fee split,” that occurred on June 20,
       2012, and June 21, 2012, Baum and Johnson discussed a fee arrangement whereby Baum
       would receive 75% of the attorney fees from any settlement or verdict in the bellwether trials
       and 10% of the attorney fees from recoveries in the non-trial-pick cases, after deduction of the
       CBF assessment. During the e-mail exchange, Johnson learned that Baum intended to use the
       “trial in a box” work product materials because the first bellwether trial was only months away.
       Baum informed Johnson that all verdicts and settlements in all Avandia cases would be subject
       to the CBF assessment. When Johnson asked why he should pay the CBF assessment, Baum
       explained that the assessment could not be avoided because he and his trial team would be
       using the Avandia work product materials in pretrial preparations and during the trial. The e-
       mail exchange regarding the sharing of fees and expenses was not formalized into a written
       fee-sharing agreement. Neither Johnson nor Baum contacted any of the JLF plaintiffs to obtain
       the written consent of each plaintiff for Baum’s representation and for the fee-sharing
       arrangement.
¶ 11        In June 2012, the trial court approved Baum’s application to appear pro hac vice on behalf
       of the plaintiffs in the cases bundled under Gabel v. GlaxoSmithKline, No. 09-L-621 (Cir. Ct.
       St. Clair County). Baum and his team selected David Troupe and Labranche Valerius as
       plaintiffs’ bellwether picks. GSK selected Alan Sargent and Harold Kellem as its bellwether
       picks. Troupe’s case was slated as the initial bellwether case. His case was rescheduled for trial
       in January 2013.

¶ 12                                    B. The Settlement Agreement
¶ 13       While Baum was completing the trial preparations for Troupe’s case, Johnson agreed to
       participate in a mediation with GSK attorneys, facilitated by retired circuit judge Lloyd Cueto.
       Johnson did not consult with Baum before agreeing to mediation. During a mediation session
       on December 10, 2012, Johnson and GSK attorneys reached an “agreement in principle” to
       settle the claims of all 205 plaintiffs in the Gabel, Meier, and Reagan cases. Under the proposed
       settlement, GSK agreed to pay up to $10.5 million. Johnson agreed to secure executed releases
       from a threshold number of 156 plaintiffs. If Johnson was unable to secure releases from the
       threshold number of participating plaintiffs, then GSK had the option to withdraw from the
       entire settlement. If Johnson provided executed releases from at least 156 plaintiffs, but less
       than 195 plaintiffs, GSK would receive a reimbursement of a specific per-case average for
       each plaintiff who did not agree to settle. If counsel provided executed releases from at least
       195 of the 205 plaintiffs, GSK would pay the full settlement amount, without any
       reimbursement. Under the proposed agreement, Johnson was responsible for determining a
       method for allocating the settlement funds among the plaintiffs and recommending a proposed
       allocation to each plaintiff. Johnson agreed to allocate the settlement funds to participating
       plaintiffs and participating law firms in a manner “consistent with ethical and professional
       obligations.”

                                                   -4-
¶ 14       On December 12, 2012, GSK notified the circuit court that a settlement had been reached
       in the Gabel, Meier, and Reagan cases. On that date, the court ordered a stay of the proceedings
       and set a status conference for March 4, 2013.

¶ 15                  C. The Rise of Disputes Over Allocations, Fees, and Expenses
¶ 16        On December 20, 2012, bellwether plaintiff David Troupe terminated Johnson as his
       attorney. Troupe indicated that he had not been informed about the settlement negotiations and
       thought his case would be resolved through a trial. Troupe further indicated that he made
       several attempts to contact Johnson about the settlement but Johnson did not reply to Troupe’s
       calls and e-mail messages. Troupe did not terminate Baum. Troupe asked Baum to remain on
       Troupe’s case.
¶ 17        On December 27, 2012, attorney Patricia Murphy and her firm entered an appearance on
       behalf of Troupe, joining Baum as one of Troupe’s attorneys of record. On that same day,
       Troupe filed an emergency motion to reinstate his trial date. Troupe requested an expedited
       trial date due to his age and declining physical health.
¶ 18        On January 7, 2013, GSK filed a motion to enforce the settlement agreement and to stay
       litigation pending completion of the settlement process. In its motion, GSK argued that during
       the mediation on December 10, 2012, Johnson represented that he had the authority to settle
       all the pending Avandia cases, including Troupe’s case, and that the settlement process should
       be allowed to continue as envisioned by the mediation. GSK also opposed Troupe’s request
       for any trial because he was a part of the settlement group.
¶ 19        On January 11, 2013, Troupe filed a response in opposition to GSK’s motion to enforce
       the settlement. Therein, Troupe set forth a detailed statement of his reasons for declining to
       settle his case and terminating Johnson. According to the pleadings and affidavits, on
       December 11, 2012, Linda Lowry, a member of Johnson’s staff, phoned David Troupe to
       notify him that a settlement had been reached. Lowry talked with Troupe about the
       approximate amount of his settlement. Lowry indicated that Johnson believed Troupe’s case
       could be settled for approximately $200,000. Troupe and his family were concerned because
       they believed the case would be resolved through a trial. Following this conversation, Troupe
       made several attempts to contact Johnson directly, and Johnson did not return the calls or
       respond to the e-mail messages. After getting no response from Johnson, Troupe contacted
       Baum to consult with him about the amount of the proposed settlement. Baum called and e-
       mailed Johnson, but Johnson did not return those calls or e-mail. Johnson did not join in the
       conference calls scheduled by Baum’s office. In a supplemental pleading, Troupe noted that,
       according to the settlement terms, a certain number of plaintiffs could opt out without
       disrupting the settlement and that his participation was not a required term of the agreement.
       Troupe attached copies of the e-mail exchanges and declarations from Baum and Rosemond
       to support his pleadings.
¶ 20        On January 15, 2013, the trial court ordered Baum and Johnson to attend a mediation
       conference with Judge Cueto. On January 22, 2013, Johnson, David Jones, and Robert Jones
       filed a joint motion to withdraw as counsel for David Troupe. There is no indication that a
       ruling was ever made on the motion to withdraw.

                                                  -5-
¶ 21       On January 23, 2013, the court issued an order directing the parties to mediate before
       February 5, 2013. The court also scheduled an evidentiary hearing on GSK’s motion to enforce
       the settlement.
¶ 22       On February 12, 2013, GSK filed a notice to withdraw its motion to enforce the settlement
       agreement. The notice offered no explanation of the reasons that the motion was withdrawn.
¶ 23       On February 20, 2013, Johnson filed a motion to compel arbitration relative to the
       settlement agreement. Johnson asserted that the settlement agreement provided for binding
       arbitration of any controversy among the parties regarding the terms, conditions, and
       enforcement of the agreement. Johnson argued that there was evidence GSK was attempting
       to “abandon, ignore and/or scuttle” the settlement agreement entered on December 20, 2012.
       Johnson attached an e-mail from GSK’s counsel, dated February 11, 2013, indicating that
       Johnson had represented that Troupe would participate in the settlement and that Johnson was
       not able to meet this term of the settlement.
¶ 24       Meanwhile, Baum reached a separate settlement with GSK on behalf of David Troupe. On
       February 22, 2013, Johnson filed a petition to intervene in the settlement that Baum obtained
       for David Troupe. Johnson asserted that Baum had settled Troupe’s Avandia claims with GSK
       for $900,000 and that Troupe had not satisfied his attorney lien obligation to Johnson. Johnson
       sought to have the full settlement amount deposited in the registry of the court until the lien
       obligations could be sorted out in arbitration. Johnson also sought damages from Troupe for
       fraud.
¶ 25       On February 27, 2013, Johnson filed an emergency motion to disqualify Baum as counsel
       in the Gabel cases. Initially, Johnson asserted that there was no written agreement between
       Johnson and Baum regarding the representation of the JLF plaintiffs or the sharing of fees or
       costs. Johnson further asserted that Baum had violated the rules of professional conduct in that
       he proceeded to settle the claims of David Troupe to the detriment of the remaining plaintiffs
       and that the Troupe settlement jeopardized the settlement agreement obtained for the JLF
       plaintiffs. There is no indication that Johnson ever sought a hearing or ruling on his emergency
       motion.
¶ 26       On March 1, 2013, GSK filed a motion opposing arbitration. GSK argued that the
       settlement agreement was not a valid contract and that, as a result, there was no agreement to
       arbitrate. GSK restated its assertion that Johnson had misrepresented his authority to enter into
       a settlement agreement on behalf of David Troupe and the other JLF plaintiffs.
¶ 27       On March 4, 2013, the trial court conducted a brief hearing regarding Johnson’s motion to
       compel arbitration. Following the hearing, the court ordered the parties to attend another
       mediation session with Judge Cueto. The record is silent as to what occurred during the next
       11 months.
¶ 28       On February 6, 2014, Johnson filed a notice to withdraw his petition to intervene in the
       Troupe settlement. The notice offered no explanation for the withdrawal of the petition.
¶ 29       On February 14, 2014, Johnson and the JLF plaintiffs filed a motion to enforce the
       settlement agreement. Johnson claimed that the parties had reached an agreement “as to all
       material and essential terms” of the settlement during the mediation on December 10, 2012,
       and that the plaintiffs had fully performed their obligations under the settlement agreement.
       Johnson asserted that he had secured releases from 165 participating plaintiffs as of July 2013
       and that he had reached the threshold of 195 participating plaintiffs within the 18-month period

                                                   -6-
       set forth in the settlement agreement. Johnson argued that GSK was therefore obligated to
       tender the sum of $10.5 million as set forth in the settlement agreement. Johnson claimed that
       GSK failed to deposit the agreed amount into an escrow fund, and he asked the court to order
       GSK to pay the full amount of the settlement directly to the Johnson Law Firm for
       disbursement.
¶ 30       On May 7, 2014, GSK filed its motion in opposition to the JLF plaintiffs’ motion to enforce
       the settlement. GSK again argued that the motion should be denied because there was no valid
       agreement to settle. GSK stated that, a few weeks after the December 10, 2012, mediation, it
       learned that Johnson lacked authority to enter into a settlement agreement on behalf of all
       plaintiffs, including David Troupe.
¶ 31       On June 13, 2014, the circuit court heard arguments on the JLF plaintiffs’ motion to enforce
       the settlement agreement. During the hearing, Joseph Bartholomew appeared on behalf of the
       JLF plaintiffs. Bartholomew argued that an enforceable settlement had been reached and that
       the JLF plaintiffs ought to receive their settlement allocations. Bartholomew noted that David
       Troupe had settled his case with GSK and that there was a dispute regarding whether Troupe’s
       settlement ought to be paid out of the $10.5 million settlement fund. Bartholomew claimed that
       this issue should be arbitrated. GSK voiced its objection to the arbitration, arguing that there
       was no enforceable settlement and thus no agreement to arbitrate. The circuit court found that
       the parties had agreed to begin a process to settle the cases and that the issues regarding the
       settlement allocations should be arbitrated. The court entered the following written order:
                “The Court finds that a binding and enforceable agreement to settle was made on
                December 10, 2012. Any disputes as to the terms of this agreement are to be resolved
                by arbitration pursuant to said agreement. Transcript of hearing on June 13, 2014[,] to
                be kept under seal.”
¶ 32       On July 11, 2014, GSK filed a motion to reconsider the order of June 13, 2014. GSK argued
       that the court’s written finding that there was a binding and enforceable settlement was
       inconsistent with the court’s oral finding that there was an agreement to begin a process to
       settle. GSK also argued that, if the court found that an agreement to settle existed, the court
       should hold an evidentiary hearing to determine whether Johnson breached the purported
       agreement by failing, among other things, to make allocations for bellwether plaintiffs, Troupe
       and Valerius, and for failing to provide GSK with a list of the plaintiffs who had agreed to
       participate in the settlement. On August 25, 2014, the circuit court issued an order directing
       the parties to make another attempt to mediate the disputed issues prior to scheduling a hearing
       on GSK’s motion to reconsider.

¶ 33                       D. The Orders Approving the Settlement Allocations
¶ 34       On January 27, 2015, the trial court conducted a hearing. At the outset, the circuit court
       noted that the parties had participated in court-ordered mediation and arbitration with respect
       to the issues in the case. The court also noted that the parties met with the court in chambers
       prior to this hearing. The court indicated an order resolving all issues was pending before the
       court. The court stated as follows:
               “I have before me an order that I believe resolves these issues that are pending before
               the Court. It does it in a way that’s fair and impartial to all parties and appears to be in
               the best interests of the plaintiffs and the defendant in this matter. *** I believe I have
               an enforceable order in front of me, although I understand that this order when I enter

                                                    -7-
                it this morning is over the objection of the plaintiffs but I do find the order that’s before
                me to be appropriate. As I said, I believe it’s in the best interest of all the parties and
                so I am going to enter it this morning.”
       Attorney Bartholomew, appearing for the JLF plaintiffs, asked the court to show that the order
       was entered over the objection of Johnson and the JLF plaintiffs. Bartholomew did not identify
       or explain the objection on the record. The court noted that counsel and the court talked “about
       a number of things off the record in chambers” but did not elaborate on the conversations. The
       in-chambers proceedings were not memorialized in a transcript or a bystander’s report.
¶ 35        On that same day, the court entered a written order resolving all claims in the Gabel, Meier,
       and Reagan cases. Therein, the court noted that, following the resolution of Troupe’s claim,
       the sum of $10,076,418.68 remained undistributed. The court indicated that Johnson had
       provided GSK with confidential releases executed by each plaintiff and that each plaintiff had
       agreed to accept a specified allocation. According to the order, the sum of $100,000, less
       attorney fees, costs, and liens, had been allocated for each plaintiff who had experienced a
       heart attack, and the sum of $25,000, less attorney fees, costs, and liens, had been allocated to
       each plaintiff who had not suffered a heart attack. According to the order, the claims of three
       additional plaintiffs, Labranche Valerius, Jack Dinges, and Albert Merlino, were included in
       the settlement. Dinges and Merlino were clients of the Jones law firm and accepted non-heart-
       attack shares of $25,000. Valerius, the other bellwether plaintiff, was a client of Baum and
       settled his case for $200,000. GSK was directed to hold 7% of the total settlement funds,
       $735,000, in reserve, pending resolution of the issue regarding the CBF allocation. For the next
       several months, a lien resolution administrator negotiated outstanding medical liens that had
       been filed by Medicare, Medicaid, and other health insurance providers against the individual
       plaintiffs.
¶ 36        On March 24, 2015, the circuit court issued an order amending its order of January 27,
       2015. The court noted that three additional JLF plaintiffs agreed to settle their claims and
       accept the non-heart-attack shares of $25,000. The court further noted that the shares of three
       other JLF plaintiffs had been reclassified from heart attack shares to non-heart-attack shares.
¶ 37        Three additional orders were entered on April 15, 2015. The court approved the joint
       stipulation filed by GSK and Labranche Valerius and dismissed Valerius’s claims against GSK
       with prejudice. Pursuant to a stipulation filed jointly by GSK and attorneys Bartholomew and
       Johnson, the court entered an order dismissing with prejudice the claims of 53 plaintiffs, among
       them David Troupe. The court also entered an order directing that $348,795.68 be held in the
       court’s registry pending further orders regarding unresolved issues. These issues included
       whether Baum was entitled to an award of $242,140, as his share of attorney fees in the non-
       trial-pick cases, and who was responsible for paying more than $35,000 owed for expert
       witness fees and court reporting services.
¶ 38        During a status hearing on June 3, 2015, the court was advised that all releases had been
       delivered, but that the JLF plaintiffs had not yet received their payments. Baum’s counsel
       reminded the court that $348,795 was being held in the court’s registry pending a resolution
       of the dispute over Baum’s fees for the non-trial-pick cases and the dispute over who was
       responsible to pay costs totaling $35,079 for court reporting services and an expert’s fee. After
       hearing the arguments of counsel, the court entered an order directing Johnson to make the
       initial distribution of settlement funds to all plaintiffs within 14 days of the order. The court
       also directed counsel to agree to a hearing date for resolution of the remaining dispute

                                                     -8-
       involving attorney fees. In a subsequent order entered July 15, 2015, the court, over Johnson’s
       objection, referred the fee dispute for binding arbitration. Johnson filed an interlocutory appeal
       of the order, and all matters were stayed pending a disposition of the appeal. On March 1, 2016,
       this court entered an order finding that the attorneys had not agreed to arbitrate the fee issue
       and vacating the circuit court’s order to arbitrate. Gabel v. GlaxoSmithKline, LLC, No. 5-15-
       0322 (2016) (unpublished summary order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23(c)).
¶ 39       Meanwhile, on July 23, 2015, Johnson filed a motion for summary judgment, requesting
       that the funds being held in the court’s registry be released to him as attorney fees. In his
       motion, Johnson claimed that he was contractually entitled to 40% of the gross settlement of
       the claims of 198 JLF clients, for a total of $4.17 million in attorney fees. Johnson asserted that
       pursuant to the orders entered January 27, 2015, and March 24, 2015, the court awarded him
       $2,329,200 in attorney fees, instead of the $4.1 million to which he was contractually entitled.
       Johnson also claimed that Baum was not entitled to any portion of the funds held in the court’s
       registry because Baum disrupted the settlement process when he requested a trial for plaintiff
       Troupe, instead of simply opting out of the settlement agreement. Johnson further claimed that
       Baum had placed the interests of Troupe above the other plaintiffs by negotiating a separate
       settlement for Troupe that was to be allocated from the $10.5 million settlement fund. Johnson
       also asserted that Baum had several conflicts of interest because of Baum’s alleged support of
       the position of the Avandia plaintiffs’ steering committee (PSC), who argued that the JLF
       plaintiffs were required to contribute to the Avandia CBF. Johnson asked the court to disallow
       Baum’s asserted claim to any fees from the JLF plaintiffs’ settlements and to order the
       remaining funds in the court’s registry to be paid to Johnson as attorney fees.
¶ 40       On August 6, 2015, Baum filed an objection to Johnson’s motion for summary judgment.
       Baum noted that Johnson had demanded mandatory arbitration and that Johnson participated
       in the arbitration process and was awarded legal fees and reimbursement of expenses. Baum
       asserted that Johnson claimed and received 25% of the attorney fees in the trial pick cases of
       Troupe and Valerius. Baum further asserted that the remaining issue was whether he was
       entitled to 10% of the attorney fees from the settlement of the non-trial-pick cases. Baum
       argued that Johnson had been paid his share of attorney fees under the fee-sharing arrangement
       that he was now disavowing. Baum claimed that Johnson should be estopped from denying the
       existence of the fee-sharing arrangement.

¶ 41                                      E. The CBF Assessment
¶ 42       While disagreements over the allocation of the global settlement funds were heating up in
       the St. Clair County litigation, Johnson’s objection to paying the CBF assessment had gotten
       the attention of the Avandia PSC and the United States District Court for the Eastern District
       of Pennsylvania. In February 2015, the PSC asked the federal court to issue an order to show
       cause why the claims settled in the Gabel v. GlaxoSmithKline state court litigation should not
       be considered “covered claims” subject to the Avandia CBF assessment. In response to the
       PSC’s motion, Johnson, through counsel, entered a limited appearance to contest the federal
       district court’s jurisdiction over him and the St. Clair County litigation. Attorney Baum was
       called as a witness in a hearing before the federal court. Baum testified that he explained to
       Johnson that the Gabel cases would be subject to the CBF assessment because the trial team
       would need the MDL work product to prepare for and try the case. Baum further testified that
       he used the MDL work product to prepare for the bellwether cases in St. Clair County.

                                                    -9-
¶ 43       On July 21, 2015, Judge Cynthia M. Rufe issued an order requiring GSK to withhold 7%
       of the settlement funds for the CBF. In re Avandia Marketing, Sales Practices, & Product
       Liability Litigation, MDL No. 1871 (E.D. Pa., July 21, 2015). Judge Rufe found that Johnson
       implicitly agreed to pay the assessment by his conduct, including retaining Baum and
       Rosemond as trial counsel and extensively using MDL work product to advance the Gabel
       cases. Based upon the express agreement of Baum and Rosemond to abide by the Avandia
       CBF assessment and the implicit agreement by Johnson, Judge Rufe found that all settled
       claims in the Gabel litigation in which Baum, Rosemond, or the Johnson firm held an interest
       were “covered claims” and subject to the CBF assessment. See In re Avandia Marketing, MDL
       No. 1871 (E.D. Pa., July 21, 2015). Johnson appealed the ruling, and the Third Circuit Court
       of Appeals affirmed. In re Avandia Marketing Sales Practices, 658 F. App’x 29 (3d Cir. 2016).
       The PSC then requested an injunction to prevent the circuit court in St. Clair County from
       taking any action to block the payment of the CBF assessment. Judge Rufe deferred ruling on
       the request for injunctive relief and directed the parties to provide a copy of the court’s decision
       to the Illinois circuit court. In re Avandia Marketing, Sales Practices, MDL No. 1871 (E.D.
       Pa., Jan. 2, 2018).

¶ 44                                         F. Final Approval
¶ 45       Meanwhile, on August 9, 2017, pursuant to Judge Rufe’s order, GSK filed a motion to
       disburse the funds that were being held to pay the CBF assessment. On October 24, 2017,
       Johnson filed a motion in opposition to GSK’s motion. Johnson argued that the reserved funds
       could not be disbursed pursuant to an order of the MDL court because the MDL court lacked
       personal and subject-matter jurisdiction over Johnson and the JLF plaintiffs. Johnson claimed
       that the circuit court was required to make an independent determination of whether Johnson
       and the Johnson plaintiffs owed anything to the CBF. Johnson also argued that the Avandia
       PSC and Baum should be prohibited from collecting any attorney fees from the JLF plaintiffs
       because the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct prohibited the division of fees without
       written confirmation of a fee-sharing agreement by the JLF plaintiffs. Johnson further asserted
       that Baum’s ongoing receipt of funds from the Avandia CBF amounted to improper self-
       dealing against the direct interests of the JLF plaintiffs.
¶ 46       On April 17, 2018, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing for purposes of resolving the
       issues regarding the attorney fees and the CBF assessment. After hearing testimony from Baum
       and Johnson, the court found that all plaintiffs had benefitted from the Avandia “trial in a box”
       materials, and it directed GSK to pay $735,000 into the Avandia CBF. The court further
       ordered that the unpaid litigation expenses, including $27,479.10 in court reporting fees and
       $7600 in expert fees, be paid from the funds held in the court’s registry. The court awarded
       Baum $242,130 in attorney fees, to be paid from funds in the court’s registry, and ordered that
       the remaining funds in the registry be paid to Johnson as attorney fees. Johnson appealed.

¶ 47                                         II. ANALYSIS
¶ 48                               A. The Fee-Sharing Arrangement
¶ 49       On appeal, Johnson initially contends that the circuit court erred in awarding Baum any
       attorney fees from the JLF plaintiffs’ settlements. Johnson argues that Baum may not receive
       attorney fees because none of the JLF plaintiffs gave written approval to representation by

                                                    - 10 -
       Baum or written approval to a fee-sharing arrangement between Baum and Johnson as required
       under Rule 1.5 of the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct of 2010 (eff. Jan. 1, 2010).
¶ 50       Baum agrees that, under Rule 1.5 of the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct of 2010,
       contingency fee agreements must be made in writing and the client must consent, in writing,
       to the division of fees between attorneys of different firms. Ill. R. Prof’l Conduct (2010) R. 1.5
       (eff. Jan. 1, 2010). Baum contends that it was Johnson who failed to notify the JLF plaintiffs
       that Baum had been engaged as cocounsel in their cases and that it was Johnson who failed to
       obtain the plaintiffs’ written consent to the fee-sharing arrangement with Baum. Baum asserts
       that under these types of circumstances, where there has not been strict compliance with the
       rules concerning disclosure of fee-sharing, the appropriate remedy is not to give a windfall to
       Johnson at the expense of less culpable cocounsel but rather to permit the fee split under joint
       venture and fiduciary duty principles.
¶ 51       The Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct of 2010 provide a comprehensive set of rules
       governing the professional conduct of Illinois attorneys. The Rules of Professional Conduct of
       2010 are part of the Illinois Supreme Court rules, and so they operate with the force and effect
       of law. In re Vrdolyak, 137 Ill. 2d 407, 422 (1990). The supreme court rules are not aspirational
       or mere suggestions; they have the force and effect of law. Bright v. Dicke, 166 Ill. 2d 204,
       210 (1995). Additionally, the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct of 2010 are interpreted in
       accordance with the principles of statutory construction. Ferris, Thompson & Zweig, Ltd. v.
       Esposito, 2017 IL 121297, ¶¶ 21-22.
¶ 52       Prior to 1980, Illinois prohibited the sharing of fees by lawyers who were not in the same
       firm where the only service provided by a lawyer was the referral of a client to the receiving
       lawyer. Esposito, 2017 IL 121297, ¶ 26. With the adoption of the Illinois Code of Professional
       Responsibility (Ill. S. Ct. Code of Prof’l Res. R. 1-101 et seq. (eff. July 1, 1980)) in 1980, fee-
       sharing agreements that were based upon client referrals were permitted, provided they
       satisfied significant safeguards designed to protect the client. Esposito, 2017 IL 121297, ¶ 26.
¶ 53       Rule 1.5 of the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct of 2010 4 currently governs attorney-
       fee agreements. Ill. R. Prof’l Conduct (2010) R. 1.5 (eff. Jan. 1, 2010). The provisions of Rule
       1.5 embody Illinois’s public policy of placing the rights of clients above any remedies of
       lawyers seeking to enforce fee-sharing arrangements. Romanek v. Connelly, 324 Ill. App. 3d
       393, 399 (2001). Accordingly, a fee-sharing agreement that violates the provisions of Rule 1.5
       is against public policy and unenforceable. See Thompson v. Hiter, 356 Ill. App. 3d 574, 589-
       90 (2005).
¶ 54       Rule 1.5(e) provides that a “division of a fee between lawyers who are not in the same firm
       may be made only if:
                    (1) the division is in proportion to the services performed by each lawyer, or if the
               primary service performed by one lawyer is the referral of the client to another lawyer
               and each lawyer assumes joint financial responsibility for the representation;

           4
            On February 8, 1990, the Illinois Supreme Court repealed the Illinois Code of Professional
       Responsibility and adopted the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct (eff. Aug. 1, 1990).
       Subsequently, the supreme court adopted the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct of 2010 (eff. Jan.
       1, 2010) and repealed the prior Rules of Professional Conduct. See Ill. S. Ct., M.R. 3140 (eff. July 1,
       2009).

                                                     - 11 -
                     (2) the client agrees to the arrangement, including the share each lawyer will
                receive, and the agreement is confirmed in writing; and
                     (3) the total fee is reasonable.” Ill. R. Prof’l Conduct (2010) R. 1.5(e) (eff. Jan. 1,
                2010).
¶ 55        Rule 1.5(e) sets out specific conditions that must be satisfied for a fee-sharing agreement
       to be enforced. Esposito, 2017 IL 121297, ¶ 35. Our supreme court has described these
       conditions as being “in the nature of a checklist” in which “each *** item[ ] must be crossed
       off before moving to the next” and “all must be checked off before the fees may be divided.”
       Esposito, 2017 IL 121297, ¶ 35. Initially, the division of fees must be in proportion to the
       services performed by each lawyer, or where the primary service performed by one lawyer is
       the referral of the client to another lawyer, both lawyers must assume joint financial
       responsibility for the representation. Ill. R. Prof’l Conduct (2010) R. 1.5(e)(1) (eff. Jan. 1,
       2010); Esposito, 2017 IL 121297, ¶ 35. Next, the client must agree, in writing, to the referral
       of the case and the fee-sharing arrangement between the referring lawyer and the receiving
       lawyer, including how much each lawyer will receive. Ill. R. Prof’l Conduct (2010) R. 1.5(e)(2)
       (eff. Jan. 1, 2010); Esposito, 2017 IL 121297, ¶¶ 34-35. Finally, the total fees charged to the
       client must be reasonable, as assessed pursuant to the factors set forth in Rule 1.5(a) of the
       Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct of 2010. Ill. R. Prof’l Conduct (2010) R. 1.5(e)(3) (eff.
       Jan. 1, 2010); Esposito, 2017 IL 121297, ¶¶ 32, 35.
¶ 56        In this case, there was evidence that Baum and Johnson agreed to a fee-sharing arrangement
       with regard to Johnson’s Avandia cases. According to the e-mail exchange between Baum and
       Johnson in June 2012, Baum and Johnson agreed that Baum and his team would prepare the
       bellwether cases for trial, while Johnson’s team would make court appearances and work on
       the non-trial-pick cases. According to the e-mail exchange, Baum was to receive 75%, and
       Johnson was to receive 25% of the amounts obtained by settlement or verdict in the bellwether
       cases. Baum was to receive 10%, and Johnson was to receive 90% of any award obtained on
       behalf of JLF plaintiffs in the nontrial cases. However, as Baum and Johnson have conceded,
       none of the JLF plaintiffs, other than perhaps bellwether plaintiffs Troupe and Valerius, were
       informed of and consented in writing to the representation by Baum and to the fee-sharing
       arrangement between Baum and Johnson. Thus, pursuant to Rule 1.5 of the Illinois Rules of
       Professional Conduct of 2010, the fee-sharing agreement between Baum and Johnson is
       unenforceable as against public policy.
¶ 57        Baum argues on appeal that he and Johnson undertook a joint venture 5 giving rise to
       fiduciary duties on the part of Johnson and that Johnson breached his fiduciary duties. Baum
       asserts that under the circumstances presented here, where there has not been strict compliance
       with the rules concerning disclosure of fee sharing, the appropriate remedy is not to give a
       windfall to Johnson but rather to permit a sharing of fees based on a joint venture.
¶ 58        Upon reviewing of the record, we find no indication that Baum raised the theory of a joint
       venture before the trial court. Baum’s claim for attorney fees was premised on the existence of
       a fee-sharing agreement. However, even if we presume Baum and Johnson were carrying on
       as coventurers, both attorneys remained subject to the requirements of Rule 1.5(e) of the
       Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct of 2010. The provision of Rule 1.5(e) requiring a client’s

           5
            A joint venture is an association of two or more persons to carry out a single enterprise for profit.
       In re Johnson, 133 Ill. 2d 516, 526 (1989).

                                                      - 12 -
       written consent to fee sharing between counsel of different firms applies regardless of the
       theory of recovery asserted. See Hiter, 356 Ill. App. 3d at 589-90; Hofreiter v. Leigh, 124 Ill.
       App. 3d 1052, 1055 (1984). A fee-sharing agreement cannot be enforced absent client consent
       whether the referring attorney seeks to recover his share of fees under a contract theory or a
       breach of fiduciary duty theory arising from a joint venture. Naughton v. Pfaff, 2016 IL App
       (2d) 150360, ¶ 64.
¶ 59       Finally, we need not consider Baum’s argument that, under the circumstances of this case,
       the appropriate remedy is to uphold the fee-sharing arrangement based on substantial
       compliance with the fee-sharing rule. In this case, the record demonstrates there was no attempt
       to comply with the requirements of Rule 1.5 of the Rules of Professional Conduct of 2010.
       Baum and Johnson have acknowledged that neither attempted to notify the JLF plaintiffs of
       their fee-sharing arrangement as required by Rule 1.5(e). Rule 1.5 is a supreme court rule. As
       noted earlier, supreme court rules are orders of the court. See Bright, 166 Ill. 2d at 210. They
       are neither aspirational nor mere suggestions; they have the force of law, and there is a
       presumption that they will be obeyed and enforced as written. Bright, 166 Ill. 2d at 210; In re
       Vrdolyak, 137 Ill. 2d at 422. The fee-sharing arrangement between Johnson and Baum was not
       disclosed to, and approved in writing by, the JLF plaintiffs. The failure to comply with Rule
       1.5(e) precludes enforcement of the fee-sharing arrangement. Hiter, 356 Ill. App. 3d at 590;
       Schniederjon v. Krupa, 162 Ill. App. 3d 192, 195 (1987) (courts will not enforce an agreement
       that is against public policy, no matter “whose ox is gored”).
¶ 60       Baum and Johnson are seasoned attorneys. Each had an obligation to ensure that the JLF
       plaintiffs were fully informed of Baum’s representation and the fee-sharing arrangements
       between Baum and Johnson. Each had an obligation to ensure the JLF plaintiffs consented, in
       writing, to the shared representation and the shared fee arrangement. Neither attorney provided
       this information to the JLF plaintiffs. Therefore, we find that the fee-sharing arrangement
       between Baum and Johnson violated the public policy of Illinois and is unenforceable.
       Accordingly, the order awarding Baum $242,130 as attorney fees in the nontrial cases is hereby
       vacated, and those fees revert to Johnson. In entering this order, we are not excusing Johnson’s
       inaction. We are simply upholding the public policy to protect the interests of the clients above
       the remedies of the attorneys.

¶ 61                                 B. The Avandia Common Benefit Fund
¶ 62        Next, we consider whether the trial court erred in requiring Johnson and the JLF plaintiffs
       to pay $735,000 to the Avandia CBF as an expense of litigation. Johnson readily acknowledges
       that his representation agreement with each of the JLF plaintiffs provides that the client shall
       pay out of the client’s share of the recovery all court costs and expenses in connection with the
       litigation. Johnson asserts that his basic representation agreement refers to any potential costs
       that may arise in a mass action case. Johnson contends that he never signed an agreement to
       pay the Avandia CBF assessment and that therefore the Avandia MDL court had no jurisdiction
       over him or his clients’ settlement. Johnson argues that the MDL order is not binding on a state
       court in Illinois and cannot serve as a basis for requiring an allocation of the settlement to the
       CBF.
¶ 63        In this case, the trial court directed GSK to hold $735,000 in trust pending a hearing on the
       issue of whether that sum would be paid to the Avandia CBF. During a hearing on April 18,
       2018, the court heard sworn testimony from Baum and Johnson. Baum testified that he notified

                                                   - 13 -
       Johnson of the obligation to pay the CBF assessment. He produced two e-mail exchanges,
       which were marked as exhibits and read into the record. The first e-mail, dated March 11,
       2012, was sent from Johnson to Bob Jones and Dave Jones, and Michael Baum and others
       were “cc’d” on the e-mail. Johnson wrote that “the defendants are not willing to settle our
       Avandia cases and therefore we are going to trial.” Johnson noted that we have “three
       additional lawyers who are going to work on these cases with us. *** We have available a
       complete trial package, including pre-marked exhibits and video, deposition cuts, et cetera.”
       Baum further testified that the e-mail was significant because it showed there was not enough
       time between March and the first bellwether trial setting to prepare the case without using the
       “trial in a box” materials and resources. Baum indicated that he and his team used the “trial in
       box” to prepare the bellwether cases for trial. Baum produced a second e-mail from Johnson
       to GSK attorneys dated July 11, 2012. In this e-mail, Johnson advised GSK counsel that it
       would take substantially more in settlement money due to the increase in expenses, additional
       counsel, “CBF,” and trial preparation.
¶ 64       Johnson’s representation agreement was also offered into evidence. The agreement is titled
       “Attorney Representation Agreement—Avandia.” Paragraph 4 of the agreement states, in
       pertinent part:
                    “4. After the above fees are deducted, client shall pay to attorneys, ONLY OUT OF
                THE CLIENT’S SHARE OF THE RECOVERY AND NOT OUT OF CLIENT’S
                POCKET, all court costs and expenses, advanced by the attorneys or in connection with
                said matter. Costs shall include any ‘MDL Assessment or Fee,’ ‘common benefit fee’
                or any other fee or cost imposed by any court or withheld from any settlement or
                judgment. The attorneys are authorized to incur those expenses they deem reasonable
                and necessary to accomplish a satisfactory resolution of the claim and shall advance
                those expenses as incurred. The costs of these services not to exceed the customary and
                reasonable charges for such services in the geographic location they are provided.”
¶ 65       During the hearing, Johnson conceded that his representation agreements included a clause
       providing that litigation costs included any “MDL assessment or Fees” and “common benefit
       fees.” Johnson testified that the client representation agreements were written prior to any
       pretrial orders by the Avandia MDL court and that his firm’s representation agreements all
       contain a general clause identifying the types of expenses that a client may be obligated to pay,
       should those expenses be incurred. Johnson further testified that he did not sign an agreement
       or otherwise consent to be taxed for using the Avandia “trial in a box” materials. Johnson
       acknowledged that Baum used the “trial in a box” materials and resources to prepare the
       bellwether cases for trial.
¶ 66       After hearing from Baum and Johnson, the trial court concluded that the issue was
       straightforward. The trial court respectfully acknowledged Judge Rufe’s orders in the Avandia
       MDL litigation. The trial court also determined it had jurisdiction over the settlement fund and
       that the issue under consideration was whether the information in the “trial in a box” benefitted
       the plaintiffs.
                “I’m looking at that as costs assessed. It’s pretty straightforward to the Court. At this
                point, I’m wondering what we’ve been doing all this time because it’s pretty ultimately
                my only decision is whether they utilized the trial in a box that was provided by the
                plaintiff’s steering committee. If they did, the money gets released to the common
                benefit fund and if they didn’t then I guess the $400,000 gets resolved in whatever way

                                                   - 14 -
                the attorneys fees are to be assessed and that other 3 gets distributed amongst the
                plaintiffs, right?
                                                       ***
                     So really the only issue I have before me right now is whether these plaintiffs
                benefitted in such that they need to kick into the you know, into the kitty for the
                common benefit that they derived, right?”
¶ 67        After considering the evidence, the court found that the “trial in a box” materials and
       resources were used and contributed to benefit all plaintiffs. The court’s finding is supported
       by substantial evidence in the record. The evidence demonstrated that Johnson’s representation
       agreement apprised the JLF plaintiffs of the potential Avandia CBF expenses. In signing the
       agreements, the JLF plaintiffs gave Johnson authority to bind them to pay reasonable expenses
       of litigation. Baum testified that the “trial in a box” materials were required in order to prepare
       for the trial of the bellwether cases. The “trial in a box” materials included indexed depositions,
       documents, and expert materials ordinarily used during a trial. There was no challenge to the
       value of these materials and resources to the JLF plaintiffs’ cases, and there was no claim that
       the cost of the “trial in a box” was unreasonable or unnecessary to the litigation.
¶ 68        Johnson also argued that the trial court erred in ordering payment of the CBF assessment
       because Baum’s involvement with the Avandia MDL presented a conflict of interest with the
       JLF clients. Johnson claimed that, while Baum was representing the JLF plaintiffs, he was
       simultaneously supporting the Avandia PSC’s attempts to require the JLF plaintiffs to pay the
       Avandia CBF assessment and receiving undisclosed fees or compensation from the Avandia
       CBF. Johnson claimed that Baum’s activities constituted improper self-dealing in violation of
       Rule 1.7 and Rule 1.8 of the Illinois Rules of Professional Responsibility of 2010, arguing that
       the sums paid into the CBF would inure to the direct benefit Baum.
¶ 69        At the outset we note that, in this litigation, Johnson filed more than a few motions alleging
       that Baum has violated our rules of professional conduct. Those types of allegations are
       serious, yet Johnson never pressed the trial court for a hearing to present the allegations for a
       ruling. At one point in the litigation, Johnson filed an emergency motion to disqualify Baum
       but then failed to call it up for a hearing, thereby abandoning the motion. We remind advocates
       that allegations of professional misconduct are not to be invoked as “procedural weapons.” Ill.
       R. Prof’l Conduct (2010), Preamble (eff. Jan. 1, 2010). Further, although often overlooked by
       attorneys in the midst of contentious litigation, Rule 8.4(g) of the Illinois Rules of Professional
       Conduct of 2010 clearly states that it is professional misconduct for a lawyer to use or threaten
       to use professional disciplinary claims “to obtain an advantage in a civil matter.” Ill. R. Prof’l
       Conduct (2010) R. 8.4(g) (eff. Jan. 1, 2010). Moreover, there is a long line of precedent in
       Illinois that requires an attorney who is aware of a violation of the rules of professional
       responsibility has an affirmative obligation to report the misconduct to the proper disciplinary
       authority. See In re Himmel, 125 Ill. 2d 531, 539 (1988).
¶ 70        In the proceedings below, Johnson presented little factual support for his allegations of
       improper self-dealing. Baum’s interests were aligned with the JLF plaintiffs. Baum also
       testified in the federal court action as a witness in the show-cause proceeding. During the
       hearing before the St. Clair County circuit court, Baum acknowledged that he received some
       compensation from the work he had done in the past for the Avandia MDL. Baum indicated
       that his work on the St. Clair County cases would not be considered part of the work for the
       “common benefit fund” because the majority of the MDL cases had been settled by the time

                                                   - 15 -
       Baum represented the JLF plaintiffs. Baum testified that he received no payment from the
       MDL for any of the work on the St. Clair County cases, nor did he anticipate a payment. As
       noted above, Johnson’s clients had consented to “MDL” and “common benefit fund” fees or
       assessments. Presumably, Johnson explained the purpose of such fees and assessments when
       he had his clients execute the contingency fee agreements. The trial court considered the
       evidence and found that Baum’s testimony was credible. The trial court further found that the
       CBF assessment was for the payment of work product materials and was a reasonable expense
       of the state court litigation. After reviewing the record, we do not find that the trial court erred
       in requiring Johnson and the JLF plaintiffs to pay $735,000 to the Avandia CBF as an expense
       of litigation.

¶ 71                             C. Reduction in Johnson’s Attorney Fees
¶ 72        Johnson next claims that the trial court erred when it included the settlements of bellwether
       plaintiffs, David Troupe and Labranche Valerius, and non-trial-pick plaintiffs, Dinges and
       Merlino, as part of the $10.5 million settlement fund. Johnson characterized the court’s order
       as a “cram-down” order in which the court reduced Johnson’s 40% contingent fee to fund the
       settlements of plaintiffs whom he did not represent. Johnson argues that the court essentially
       rewrote his attorney fee contract, reducing his contingent fee, thereby requiring him to fund
       the settlements of Troupe, Valerius, Dinges, and Merlino from his share of attorney fees.
       Johnson asks this court to set aside the order deducting these settlements from his attorney fees
       and order GSK to reimburse Johnson $1,065,000 for his lost attorney fees.
¶ 73        It has long been held that contingency contracts are always subject to the supervision and
       scrutiny of the court as to reasonableness. Pocius v. Halvorsen, 30 Ill. 2d 73, 83 (1963). The
       trial court has broad discretion when it comes to assessing the reasonableness of contingency
       fees. See generally Ill. R. Prof’l Conduct (2010) R. 1.5 (eff. Jan. 1, 2010); In re Doyle, 144 Ill.
       2d 451, 463 (1991). The trial court exercises its supervisory authority over contingency fee
       agreements by considering all the circumstances of the case to determine whether the
       contingency fee amount is just and reasonable. Doyle, 144 Ill. 2d at 463. The burden is on the
       attorney to prove the reasonableness of the fees. In re Estate of Sass, 246 Ill. App. 3d 610, 615-
       16 (1993).
¶ 74        This case involved an aggregated settlement of 202 individual cases. The parties, including
       Johnson, invoked the jurisdiction of the court to ensure the fairness and enforceability of the
       settlement agreement. During the hearing on January 27, 2015, following an in-chambers
       conference, the trial court entered an order setting out the allocations of the $10.5 million
       settlement fund. The court found that the allocations were in the best interests of all plaintiffs
       and that the settlement agreement was fair to all parties and to counsel. Prior to the proceedings
       in open court, the court and the attorneys had discussions about the allocations in the order.
       Apparently, there were discussions regarding the reduction of attorney fees for all of plaintiffs’
       attorneys, including Johnson, David Jones, Robert Jones, and Joseph Bartholomew. There is
       no transcript of these discussions, and no bystanders’ report has been submitted. Attorney
       Bartholomew noted that Johnson had some objection to the order before the court, but the
       objection was not disclosed. None of plaintiffs’ attorneys, nor any of the other attorneys of
       record, requested that the trial court set forth on the record the court’s findings and reasoning
       regarding the allocation of the attorney fees. In the absence of a sufficiently complete record
       to support Johnson’s claim of error on appeal, this court will presume that there was an

                                                    - 16 -
       adequate factual basis for the trial court’s decision and that the decision was in conformity with
       the law. Foutch v. O’Bryant, 99 Ill. 2d 389, 391-92 (1984). Accordingly, we cannot say that
       the trial court’s allocation of attorney fees was an abuse of discretion.
¶ 75       In addition, it is clear that, pursuant to the settlement agreement between GSK and Johnson,
       GSK tendered $10.5 million into the settlement fund and GSK had no responsibilities
       regarding the allocation of those funds once they were tendered. Johnson and the JLF plaintiffs
       accepted the settlement funds. The record indicates that each of the settling JLF plaintiffs
       agreed to accept an allocation of the settlement fund and that each JLF plaintiff was paid
       pursuant to the assigned allocation. Pursuant to a joint stipulation by GSK and Johnson and the
       JLF plaintiffs, the trial court dismissed, with prejudice, all claims against GSK. Neither
       Johnson nor the JLF plaintiffs filed any motion to set aside the order of dismissal. Any further
       claims against GSK are barred by the terms of the release and the order of dismissal. Given
       these facts and circumstances, there is frankly no effectual relief that can be granted.

¶ 76                                         III. CONCLUSION
¶ 77       In summary, we find that the fee-sharing arrangement between Baum and Johnson did not
       comply with the requirements of Rule 1.5 of the Rules of Professional Conduct of 2010.
       Therefore, the fee-sharing arrangement violated the public policy of Illinois and is
       unenforceable. Accordingly, that portion of the order awarding $242,130 to Baum as his share
       of the attorney fees in the non-trial-pick cases is hereby vacated, and those fees revert to
       Johnson. Additionally, the order directing payment of $35,079.10 in litigation expenses is
       affirmed, and those expenses shall be paid as per the order of the trial court. The order requiring
       the payment of $735,000 to the Avandia common benefit fund as an expense of ligation was
       not an abuse of discretion where Johnson and the JLF plaintiffs benefitted from the use of the
       MDL work product materials, and that shall be paid as per the order of the trial court. Johnson
       failed to show that the trial court’s decision to reduce his contingency fee was an abuse of
       discretion. In all other respects, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed. Accordingly, the
       judgment of the circuit court is affirmed in part and reversed in part.

¶ 78      Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
¶ 79      Cause remanded.

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