Court Opinion

ID: 862374
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-04-26 23:38:01.502653+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:10:27.633232
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
                                     NO. 97-KA-01239-SCT
EARNEST E. WHITE a/k/a EARNEST EDWARD WHITE
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                     08/05/97
TRIAL JUDGE:                          HON. LAMAR PICKARD
COURT FROM WHICH                      COPIAH COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
APPEALED:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:               CHARLES E. MILLER
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:                OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
                                      BY: JOLENE M. LOWRY
DISTRICT ATTORNEY:                    ALEXANDER MARTIN
NATURE OF THE CASE:                   CRIMINAL - FELONY
DISPOSITION:                          AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND
                                      REMANDED - 6/24/1999
MOTION FOR REHEARING
FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:                       7/15/99

      EN BANC.

      WALLER, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

                                      STATEMENT OF THE CASE

¶1. Earnest E. White was indicted for unlawful sale of cocaine within 1,500 feet of a church, in violation of
Miss. Code Ann. §§ 41-29-139 and -142 (1993) for his sale of $40 worth of crack cocaine to a
confidential informant. The jury returned a verdict of guilty of the sale of cocaine. He waived a jury trial on
the enhancement provision. After hearing testimony, the Honorable Lamar Pickard found the sale occurred
within 1,500 feet of a church and imposed the maximum sentence of sixty years in the custody of the
Mississippi Department of Corrections. White timely appealed, presenting five assignments of error:(1)

      I. THE EVIDENCE IS INSUFFICIENT TO SUPPORT A CONVICTION PURSUANT TO
      THE INDICTMENT AND RELEVANT LAW. THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN NOT
      GRANTING A JUDGMENT NOTWITHSTANDING THE VERDICT PURSUANT TO
      M.R.C.P. 50(B).
     II. THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN NOT GRANTING A NEW TRIAL BASED ON
     JURY MISCONDUCT AND FAILURE TO RELEASE THE JURY AT A REASONABLE
     TIME.

     III. THE LOWER COURT ERRED BY ALLOWING THE AUDIO TAPE AND ILLEGAL
     SUBSTANCE INTO EVIDENCE.

     IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ITS RULING THAT AN OPINION AS TO THE
     TRUTH AND VERACITY OF THE CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANT IS NOT
     ADMISSIBLE.

     V. THE LOWER COURT ACTED IMPROPERLY BY SENTENCING APPELLANT TO
     60 YEARS IN THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS.

                                     STATEMENT OF THE FACTS

¶2. On December 21, 1996, around 6:30 p.m., Levon Turner ("Turner") purchased $40 worth of crack
cocaine from Earnest White ("White") in Hazlehurst, Mississippi. Turner was a confidential informant
working with law enforcement officers Ron Crew ("Crew") and John Whitaker ("Whitaker"). Crew and
Whitaker monitored the transaction from a remote location by way of an audio transmitter worn by Turner.

¶3. Turner waved White over as he drove past and got in the car with White. Crew and Whitaker left their
hidden location behind a church and passed the vehicle with Turner and White inside. Both officers testified,
despite the darkness, they were able to identify both Turner and White as being inside the vehicle. They
also stated they heard the transaction take place over the receiver in their car. Crew and Whitaker picked
up Turner immediately after the buy. A search of Turner revealed crack cocaine.(2) Leah Heath, an analyst
with the Mississippi Crime Lab, testified the substance found on Turner was cocaine.

                                         DISCUSSION OF LAW

     I. THE EVIDENCE IS INSUFFICIENT TO SUPPORT A CONVICTION PURSUANT TO
     THE INDICTMENT AND RELEVANT LAW. THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN NOT
     GRANTING A JUDGMENT NOTWITHSTANDING THE VERDICT PURSUANT TO
     M.R.C.P. 50(B).

¶4. A motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting the jury's verdict of guilty. McClain v. State, 625 So. 2d 774, 778 (Miss. 1993). On review,
this Court views the evidence in a light most favorable to the State and resolves all favorable inferences in
favor of the prosecution. With respect to an element of the crime charged, only where the evidence is such
that reasonable and fair-minded jurors could return only a verdict of not guilty are we authorized to reverse.
Jones v. State, 669 So. 2d 1383, 1388 (Miss. 1995) (citing McClain, 625 So. 2d at 778).

¶5. Under this standard, there is substantial evidence from which reasonable and fairminded jurors could
have found White guilty of the sale of cocaine:

* Crew and Whitaker testified Turner did not have any drugs on his person before the transaction with
White occurred. The officers were able to identify Turner and White, whom they had seen in photographs,
in White's vehicle as it drove past them. The buy was monitored via an audio transmitter worn by Turner. A
substance, which subsequently testified positive as cocaine, was found on Turner immediately after the buy.
Both officers identified White as the person they observed in the vehicle with Turner.

* Turner testified the person who sold him cocaine was White. Turner had seen and met White on previous
occasions. He stated Danny White, White's cousin, was not the person who sold him cocaine on December
21, 1996.

¶6. White also argues the verdict is against the overwhelming weight of the evidence. In his brief, White
points to numerous facts requiring reversal. At trial, White argued it would have been impossible for Crew
and Whitaker to identify White as the two cars passed on the street. Additionally, he presented several alibi
witnesses who stated White was with them when the crime occurred. Also placed before the jury was the
fact that Crew did not include in his report the fact that he left his surveillance position. Crew also did not
record that White was the person he saw in the car with Turner. Presumably, White is asking this Court to
overturn his conviction because the jury chose to believe the State's witnesses rather than those presented
on his behalf.

¶7. It is the sole province of the jury to resolve any conflicts arising from the testimony presented at trial.
Groseclose v. State, 440 So. 2d 297, 300 (Miss. 1983). White is not entitled to a new trial unless to
affirm the verdict of guilty would be to "sanction an unconscionable injustice." Herring v. State, 691 So.
2d 948, 957 (Miss. 1997); Benson v. State, 551 So. 2d 188, 193 (Miss. 1989) (citing McFee v. State,
511 So. 2d 130, 133-34 (Miss. 1987)). The State and White were allowed to present their theories of the
case to the jury. All of White's allegations go to the weight and credibility of the evidence. It is evident the
jury resolved any conflicts in the evidence in favor of the State.

¶8. Finally, White argues Turner's testimony, as the sole eyewitness, was so unreliable as to require reversal
of his conviction. Turner admitted he was a cocaine user and had volunteered to be a confidential informant.
It was shown Turner had been convicted of food stamp fraud. In fact, White was permitted to cross-
examine Turner concerning a variety of unproven allegations,(3) and he was allowed to present additional
witnesses who testified Turner was untrustworthy.

¶9. White cites Pipkins v. State, 592 So. 2d 947 (Miss. 1991), as support for his proposition that the
unreliability of Turner's testimony mandates that his conviction be overturned. However, Pipkins is
distinguishable from the case at bar. There, the Court was confronted with a search warrant which was
based on a confidential informant's statements to police. The Court reversed Pipkins's conviction because
the "reliable information" contained in the warrant had never been relied upon before, thus probable cause
did not exist. Id. at 951. Without probable cause the evidence discovered as a result of the execution of the
warrant was inadmissible. Id.

¶10. Once again, the evidence attacking Turner's credibility and trustworthiness was placed before jury.
Despite Turner's shortcomings, the jury weighed the evidence and found Turner's testimony, coupled with
that of the officer, outweighed the evidence presented by White. This assignment is without merit.

      II. THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN NOT GRANTING A NEW TRIAL BASED ON
      JURY MISCONDUCT AND FAILURE TO RELEASE THE JURY AT A REASONABLE
      TIME.
¶11. There are actually two separate issues raised under issue II. The first concerns comments made by the
jurors before they retired to deliberate. The second amounts to an argument the trial judge abused his
discretion by keeping the jury late. We examine the latter first.

¶12. The record indicates the jurors retired at 9:10 p.m. and returned with their verdict at 9:30 p.m. White
also alleges the jury was "fed late." In essence, he argues all of the above resulted in a guilty verdict only
because the jury was tired and ready to go home.

¶13. Trial judges ordinarily have broad discretion in deciding when to begin and stop trials on any given
day. Hooker v. State, 716 So. 2d 1104, 1113 (Miss. 1998) (quoting Dye v. State, 498 So. 2d 343,
344 (Miss. 1986)). As there is no bright line rule as to when a trial judge should grant a continuance or
recess, the peculiar facts of each case are the proper focal point of an analysis. Id.

¶14. What White fails to mention is that the trial did not begin until at least 1:00 p.m. There is no indication
that either party or the jurors requested a recess or a continuance. Additionally, the record reveals the
jurors were served dinner at some point. Under the circumstances, there was no abuse of discretion by the
trial judge in continuing with the trial.

¶15. The second part of the issue involves White's allegation the jury engaged in premature deliberations.
Alternate juror Ruby Felton(4) executed a sworn affidavit which states in relevant part:

      2. . . . heard male juror said during the break that the State didn't have enough evidence.

      3. Johnny Roberson said during the last break that Earnest White was not guilty.

      4. The [illegible] age white-head woman said didn't have enough evidence.

      5. All the jurors were saying they were tired, they were ready to go home and it was after 9:00 p.m.,
      we didn't get anything to eat until late.

In support of his argument, Whites cites Holland v. State, 587 So. 2d 848, 872-74 (Miss. 1991).

¶16. The Holland jury returned a verdict of guilty of capital murder. Id. at 872. After conclusion of the
guilt phase, but before the beginning of the sentencing phase, the trial judge excused the jury while he and
the attorneys discussed some preliminary matters. Id. While the judge attorneys were engaged in discussion,
the jury sent a note saying, "We the jury, sentence Gerald James Holland to death." Id. The trial judge
issued a corrective instruction and the sentencing phase commenced. Id. at 873. The jury then deliberated
for over two hours before returning a sentence of death. Id.

¶17. This Court reversed, finding the premature deliberations denied the defendant the right to a fair hearing
during the sentencing phase. Id. at 874. Had the trial judge questioned the jurors on their ability to remain
impartial, the majority noted the result may have been different. Id. The implication from Holland is the trial
judge's corrective instruction to "refrain from further deliberation" was inadequate. Id.

¶18. A criminal defendant is guaranteed the right to a trial by an impartial jury. Id. at 873 (citing Dunaway
v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145 (1968)). Jurors must not "discuss a case among themselves until all the
evidence has been presented, counsel have made final arguments, and the case has been submitted to them
after final instructions by the trial court." Holland, 587 So. 2d at 873 (quoting State v. Washington, 438
A.2d 1144, 1147 (Conn. 1980) (citing several treatises)). The jury's discussion of the case before
submission constitutes reversible error in almost every instance. Holland, 587 So. 2d at 873 (citing
Washington, 438 A.2d at 1148).

¶19. Holland is distinguishable from the case at bar. Unlike Holland, the jury here never gave the court
an indication it had considered the guilt or innocence of the defendant before retiring to deliberate. Even
accepting Felton's affidavit as true, there is still insufficient evidence to conclude White was denied a fair
trial by an impartial jury. The statements contained in the affidavit indicate the jury was predetermined to
find White not guilty, rather than convict him. The trial judge, on several occasions, instructed the jury not to
discuss the case with anyone else or among themselves. Moreover, the court instructed the jury to decide
the case based on the evidence presented at trial. White has failed to demonstrate how he was denied a fair
trial. As such, both of his arguments within this issue are without merit.

      III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY ALLOWING THE AUDIO TAPE AND ILLEGAL
      SUBSTANCE INTO EVIDENCE.

¶20. White argues the State failed to meet the requirements of the seven-factor test enunciated in Sparks v.
State, 412 So. 2d 754 (Miss. 1982). This seven-factor test has been supplanted by the Mississippi Rules
of Evidence and is no longer applicable to the admission of tape recordings. See Stromas v. State, 618
So. 2d 116, 118-19 (Miss. 1993). Thus, this Court looks to M.R.E. 401 and 901 to determine if the tape
recording was properly authenticated and identified by the State.

¶21. The State's evidence showed Turner was wearing a body wire during the transaction. Crew and
Whitaker monitored the transaction from a remote location. Crew explained how the tape was made; how
the tape was preserved; and, how he had reviewed the tape and found it to be in the same condition as
when it was made. Crew also identified the voices on the tape and provided an account of the "chain of
custody" concerning the tape. Admissibility of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial judge. See
generally Stromas, 618 So. 2d at 120. The trial judge did not abuse his discretion by admitting the tape
into evidence.

¶22. With respect to the illegal substance, White objected to its admission asserting a chain of custody had
not been established. On appeal, White submits the cocaine should not have been introduced into evidence
because: 1) Turner was an admitted cocaine user; 2) Crew had never before relied upon information
supplied by Turner; 3) neither officer saw the cocaine change hands; and, 4) George Turner, Levon
Turner's brother, testified Turner had a reputation for not telling the truth.(5) White also alleges Turner,
because he was a cocaine user, could have given the officers cocaine not purchased during the controlled
buy.

¶23. Many of White's arguments pertain to the credibility of the witnesses and the evidence. These
arguments were questions properly decided by the jury during trial. Additionally, White's claims surrounding
the sufficiency of the evidence were addressed supra, and found to be without merit. The evidence
presented showed Crew and Whitaker searched Turner before the buy. White picked up Turner at 6:45
p.m. and dropped him off at 6:48 p.m. After the buy, the officers found cocaine on Turner's person. The
evidence was duly tagged, bagged and initialed by Crew, Whitaker and Turner. Crew maintained
possession of the cocaine until he took it to the state crime lab. There it was placed in the vault until it was
tested, and, thereafter it was returned to the vault where it remained until it was returned to the Mississippi
Bureau of Narcotics. Crew and Whitaker testified the evidence bag produced at trial contained their initials
and it was in substantially the same condition. Heath also testified the bag produced at trial contained the
Mississippi Crime Lab case number, the exhibit number, her initials and the date she sealed it.

¶24. "Should a chain of custody objection arise, the trial court should inquire whether there is any indication
or reasonable inference of probable tampering with or substitution of the evidence." Wilson v. State, 574
So. 2d 1324, 1335 (Miss. 1990). Whether a chain of custody has been properly established is left to the
discretion of the trial court. Nalls v. State, 651 So. 2d 1074, 1077 (Miss. 1995); Wells v. State, 604
So. 2d 271, 277 (Miss. 1992). Based upon the facts of this case, this Court finds the cocaine has an
unbroken chain of custody and was therefore admissible.

      IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ITS RULING THAT AN OPINION AS TO THE
      TRUTH AND VERACITY OF THE CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANT IS NOT
      ADMISSIBLE.

¶25. White asserts Carlos Green ("Green") should have been allowed to "testify as to the poor reputation
for truthfulness" of Turner, and, Turner's brother, George Turner ("George"), should have been permitted to
give his opinion as to his "knowledge regarding the veracity in the community of Levon Turner."

¶26. Two things are apparent from the record. First, Green's testimony was never offered by White.
Second, George was permitted to give his opinion concerning Turner's propensity, or lack thereof, for
truthfulness. Thus, White's argument concerning Green's testimony is waived because he failed to raise the
argument at trial. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1259 (Miss. 1995); Foster v. State, 639 So. 2d
1263, 1270 (Miss. 1994); Mitchell v. State, 609 So. 2d 416, 422 (Miss. 1992). Alternatively, White's
arguments are without merit.

¶27. White never offered Green as a witness during trial. Rather, he attempted to cross-examine Turner
about certain events involving Green. From the record, it appears White attempted to cross-examine Turner
about an instance when Turner, working as a confidential informant, allegedly bought cocaine from Green.
The State objected to the relevance of this testimony and stated the decision to drop the charges against
Green was the decision of the district attorney's office and had nothing to do with Turner. The trial judge
sustained the State's objection.

¶28. Later, White made a proffer as to what he would ask Turner concerning the alleged drug buy from
Green. The essence of the proffer was that Turner told police officers that he had purchased drugs from
Green when, in fact, the charges were later dropped. The State responded that the decision to drop the
charges did not involve Turner's credibility and that Turner had never told police he purchased drugs from
Green. The State asserted Turner bought drugs from a Joaquim Miller after being told how to get there by
Green. The trial judge found White's proffered testimony inadmissible.

¶29. Relevancy and admissibility of evidence are largely within the discretion of the trial court, and reversal
may be had only where that discretion has been abused. Furthermore, the trial court's discretion must be
exercised within the scope of the Mississippi Rules of Evidence, and reversal will be appropriate only when
an abuse of discretion resulting in prejudice to the accused occurs. Parker v. State, 606 So. 2d 1132,
1137-38 (Miss. 1992).

¶30. Turner stated he did not know the charges against Green had been dropped. White offered no proof
the charges were dropped as a result of Turner's credibility. The procedural bar aside, this assignment fails
on the merits.

¶31. Likewise, White's complaints surrounding George's testimony are without merit. The record reveals,
and White admits in his motion for j.n.o.v., that George was allowed to offer his opinion as to Turner's
proclivity for truthfulness. Thus, the issue is moot and merits no further discussion.

      V. THE LOWER COURT ACTED IMPROPERLY BY SENTENCING APPELLANT TO
      60 YEARS IN THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS.

¶32. In addition to arguing his sixty-year sentence is excessive and constitutes cruel and unusual punishment,
White asserts the evidence was insufficient to find he sold drugs within 1,500 feet of a church. White
waived a trial by jury on the enhancement provision, and Judge Pickard found the sale occurred within 1,
500 feet of a church. The record supports this conclusion, as Crew and Whitaker both testified the farthest
the car could have been from the church was 1,015 feet. Each officer testified to the various measurements
taken. White's only argument is that because the officers could not see exactly where the transaction took
place, they cannot state conclusively the sale took place within 1,500 feet of the church. Both Crew and
Whitaker saw the point at which White's car turned around. This point, which represents the farthest
possible distance from the church the car could ever have been, was measured at 1,015 feet. This portion
of the assignment is without merit.

¶33. Next, White asserts his sentence of sixty years is extremely disproportionate to the crime committed,
and, in effect, amounts to a life sentence because he was thirty-four at the time of sentencing. He asserts the
twelve-year sentence offered by the State as a plea bargain is an appropriate sentence for this offense.

¶34. Upon conviction for the sale of cocaine, a person may be sentenced to "not more than 30 years . . ."
Miss. Code Ann. § 41-29-139(b)(1) (1993). Mississippi law provides a sentence for sale of cocaine may
be enhanced under one of four enhancement statutes:

      § 41-29-142 (1993) (providing for discretionary sentencing of up to twice that authorized for sale of
      controlled substances within certain distances of schools, churches and other public buildings and
      locations);

      § 41-29-147 ( 1993) (providing for discretionary sentencing to term and/or fine of up to twice that
      authorized for second or subsequent drug conviction);

      § 99-19-81 (1994) (providing for mandatory maximum sentence without parole or probation for
      offenders who have been convicted twice previously of any felony or federal crime and who have
      been sentenced to separate terms of one year or more); and,

      § 99-18-83 (1994) (providing for mandatory life sentence without parole or probation for offenders
      convicted twice previously of any felony or federal crime who have been sentenced to separate terms
      of one year or more where any one of such felonies was a crime of violence).

In the present case, following the terms of § 41-29-142 (sales close to schools, churches, etc.), Judge
Pickard doubled White's thirty-year sentence, given under § 41-29-139(b)(1), to sixty years.

¶35. As a general rule, a sentence that does not exceed the maximum period allowed by statute will not be
disturbed on appeal. Wallace v. State, 607 So. 2d 1184, 1188 (Miss. 1992). However, a sentence that is
"grossly disproportionate" to the crime committed is subject to attack on Eighth Amendment grounds. Id.

¶36. The elements for evaluating proportionality are:

      (1) The gravity of the offense and the harshness of the penalty;

      (2) Comparison of the sentence with sentences imposed on other criminals in the same jurisdiction;
      and

      (3) Comparison of sentences imposed in other jurisdictions for commission of the same crime with the
      sentence imposed in this case.

Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 292 (1983). This Court has adopted the test in numerous instances. See
Stromas, 618 So. 2d at 122-23 (Miss. 1993); Wallace, 607 So. 2d at 1188; Fleming v. State, 604 So.
2d 280, 302-03 (Miss. 1992); Jones v. State, 523 So. 2d 957, 961 (Miss. 1988); Clowers v. State,
522 So. 2d 762, 764 (Miss. 1988); Presley v. State, 474 So. 2d 612, 618-19 (Miss. 1985).

¶37. When a "threshold comparison of the crime committed to the sentence imposed leads to an inference
of 'gross disproportionality'" the proportionality analysis of Solem is used. Hoops v. State, 681 So. 2d
521, 538 (Miss. 1996) (quoting Smallwood v. Johnson, 73 F.3d 1343, 1347 (5th Cir. 1996)). One
seeking to prove a sentence violative of the Eighth Amendment carries a heavy burden. See Stromas, 618
So. 2d at 123. Although White's sentence is severe, the Solem proportionality analysis is not implicated in
this case. See id.

¶38. The State argues Stromas is analogous to the case at bar. Stromas was convicted of a single sale of a
small amount of cocaine and sentenced to the maximum penalty of thirty years for his crime. Stromas, 618
So. 2d at 123. Under the subsequent offender statute, Stromas' penalty was doubled to sixty years. Id.
Like White, Stromas received the maximum number of years to serve, but he received less than the
maximum total penalty since no fine was imposed. Id. Unlike Stromas, who had a prior conviction for
possession of marijuana, id., White has no prior convictions for drug-related offenses.

¶39. In Stromas we noted § 41-29-139(b)(1) was very broad in its application. The statute applies to the
sale of any amount of cocaine, no matter how small. Miss. Code Ann. § 41-29-139(b)(1) (1993). The
Court went on to point out the sentence was severe, but it was not "grossly disproportionate" to the crime
committed. Stromas, 618 So. 2d at 123. The Court recognized the public had expressed grave concern
over the growing drug problems, and, it was the Legislature's prerogative, and not that of this Court, to set
the length of sentences. Id. Solem was not implicated because the sentence was within the statutory
guidelines, and the Legislature had set stiff penalties for convicted drug offenders. Id. Finally, the Court
noted "where a sentence is within the prescribed statutory limits, it will generally be upheld and not regarded
as cruel and unusual." Id. at 124.

¶40. Although not mentioned by the parties, the recent case of Davis v. State, 724 So. 2d 342 (Miss.
1998), is applicable to our analysis. Davis involved an instance where a twenty-five-year-old mother was
sentenced to sixty years in prison for the sale of two-tenths of a gram of cocaine within 1,500 feet of a
church. Davis, 724 So. 2d at 344. This Court remanded for resentencing, finding there was insufficient
evidence in the record to support the maximum sentence allowable under the statute. Id. at 345. The
dissenters in Davis maintained because the sentence was within the limits proscribed by the statute, there
was no abuse of discretion. Id. at 346-49. (Smith, J. and Mills, J. dissenting).
¶41. As noted supra, and recognized by the Davis majority, sentencing is generally within the sound
discretion of the trial judge and the trial judge's decision will not be disturbed on appeal if the sentence is
within the term provided by statute. Id. at 344. The practical effect of the general rule is that a trial judge's
sentencing decision has traditionally been treated as unreviewable so long as the sentence was within the
statutory limits.

¶42. Judicial discretion is defined as a "sound judgment which is not exercised arbitrarily, but with regard to
what is right and equitable in circumstances and law, and which is directed by the reasoning conscience of
the trial judge to just result." Black's Law Dictionary 848 (6th ed. 1990) (citing State v. Grant, 519
P.2d 261, 265 (Wash. 1974)). Rather than implying bad faith or an intentional wrong on the part of the trial
judge, an abuse of discretion is viewed as a strict legal term that is "clearly against logic and effect of such
facts as are presented in support of the application or against the reasonable and probable deductions to be
drawn from the facts disclosed upon the hearing." Black's Law Dictionary 10 (6th ed. 1990).

¶43. Any attempt at more concrete or concise definition of discretion would be futile. Likewise, the phrase
"abuse of discretion" does not lend itself to a definitive or precise meaning. This ambiguity is necessary to
allow judges enough room to exercise their own sound judgment in the cases coming before them. A more
narrow definition of the term would constrict a judge's ability to do what a judge is supposed to do--make
sound judgments on the issues before the court within the boundaries of the laws of this State, the
Mississippi Constitution and the United States Constitution. This is an awesome responsibility and it places
a great deal of power in the hands of our trial judges. This power and responsibility should not be taken
lightly in any case.

¶44. The discharge of judicial duties requires consideration, deliberation and thoughtful use of the broad
discretion given judges under the laws of this State.

      Courts are the mere instruments of the law, and can will nothing. When they are said to exercise a
      discretion, it is a mere legal discretion, a discretion to be exercised in discerning the course prescribed
      by law; and, when that is discerned, it is the duty of the Court to follow it. Judicial power is never
      exercised for the purpose of giving effect to the will of the Judge; always for the purpose of giving
      effect to the will of the Legislature; or, in other words, to the will of the law.

Osborn v. Bank of United States, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 738, 866, 6 L.Ed. 204, 234 (1824).

¶45. The Legislature has not required judges to sentence offenders to a specific term for the sale of cocaine.
Instead, the Legislature has provided a wide range of possible sentences, -- a sentence of from zero to
thirty years upon a conviction for sale of cocaine or, a sentence of from zero years to life imprisonment
without parole or probation when an applicable enhancement statute is involved. Only when a defendant
has been convicted of a felony or federal crime twice previously and sentenced to two separate terms of
one year or more has the Legislature removed any element of judicial discretion and mandated the
defendant be sentenced to the maximum term of imprisonment allowed. Miss. Code Ann. §§ 99-19-81 to -
83 (1994). The Legislature wisely provided such a broad range of sentences to allow trial judges, using their
discretion, to issue appropriate sentences in each individual case. It is incumbent upon those trial judges to
use this power wisely.

¶46. Here, as in Davis, we are faced with a first-time offender who has sold a small amount of cocaine.
Like Davis, White has been sentenced to sixty years in prison. Even though in this case we have the benefit
of a presentencing report to use in our review, as in Davis, there is simply nothing in the record to justify a
sixty-year prison term. What is clear from the record, however, is the trial judge did not exercise any
discretion in sentencing White to sixty years--the maximum term allowed by statute.

¶47. Sixteen appeals of convictions involving sale of cocaine and one of the four enhancement statutes were
affirmed by either the Court of Appeals or the Supreme Court in 1998. See Appendix. In ten of these cases
imposition of the maximum term of imprisonment allowable was mandated by either § 91-19-81
(subsequent offender) or § 91-19-83 (habitual offender). Five of these sixteen cases evidenced proper use
of discretionary sentencing authority based on the charges and facts of the individual cases. The sentences
and fines in these five cases ranged from fifteen years to serve to thirty years to serve plus a $2,000 to $10,
000 fine. In fact, a review of all sale of cocaine related cases affirmed or reversed on appeal in 1998
revealed only three instances in which a first time offender was sentenced to a term of sixty years under one
of the enhancement statutes. All three sentences were issued by the same trial judge. White v. State, No.
97-KA-01239-SCT (Miss. June 24, 1999) (the case sub judice); Davis v. State, 724 So. 2d 342 (Miss.
1998) (remanded for resentencing); and Lewis v. State, No. 97-KA-00460-COA (Miss. Ct. App. Sept.
15, 1998) (a case, nearly factually identical to Davis and White, decided by the Court of Appeals three
months before our decision in Davis.).

¶48. The Legislature has provided a wide range of possible sentences for those convicted of sale of
cocaine. We are duty bound to insure this broad discretionary authority is properly put to use. The failure of
our trial courts to use discretion in sentencing may result in the loss of this freedom through the adoption of
sentencing guidelines as was done in the federal system. See U.S.S.G. §§ 1B1.1 to 8E1.3 (West 1996 &
Supp 1999). For these reasons we vacate White's sentence of sixty years and remand this case for
reconsideration of sentence consistent with this opinion.

                                              CONCLUSION

¶49. For the foregoing reasons, White's conviction of the unlawful sale of cocaine within 1,500 feet of a
church is affirmed. However, White's sentence is vacated, and this case is remanded to the Copiah County
Circuit Court for reconsideration of sentence resentencing consistent with this opinion.

¶50. CONVICTION OF UNLAWFUL SALE OF COCAINE WITHIN 1,500' OF A CHURCH
AFFIRMED; SENTENCE TO SERVE A TERM OF 60 YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE
MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS IS VACATED AND REMANDED FOR
RESENTENCING.

PRATHER, C.J., SULLIVAN AND PITTMAN, P.JJ., AND BANKS, J., CONCUR. SMITH, J.,
DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION, JOINED BY MILLS, J. McRAE, J.,
JOINS IN PART. COBB, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.

      SMITH, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:
¶51. The Majority seems intent on not only invading the province of the trial jury and the trial judge, but also
the Legislature.

¶52. This Court is not a law-making body. Rather, "[o]ur role is to determine the legislative intent and
constitutionality of acts passed by the Legislature, and if we interpret a statute contrary to the intent or will
of the Legislature, that body has the absolute authority to change the statute to suit its will." Board of
Sup'rs of Lamar County v. Hattiesburg Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 448 So.2d 917, 924 (Miss. 1984)
(Hawkins, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).

¶53. This Court in Stromas v. State, 618 So.2d 116, 123 (Miss. 1993), recognized that, "drug offenses
are very serious, and the public has expressed grave concern with the drug problem. The legislature has
responded in kind with stiff penalties for drug offenses. It is the legislative prerogative, and not this
Court's, to set the length of sentences."Id. (emphasis added). Nor has the trial judge abused his
discretion. Apparently, the majority simply does not approve of the severe sentence given to White and
remands for re-sentencing without instruction to the trial judge. Chief Justice John Marshall, in discussing
judicial self-restraint, stated: "Judicial power is never exercised for the purpose of giving effect to the will of
the Judge; always for the purpose of giving effect to the will of the Legislature; or in other words, to the will
of the law." Osborn v. Bank of United States, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 738, 866, 6 L.Ed. 204, 234 (1824).
The majority is without judicial self-restraint and has overstepped the boundaries of the judicial branch of
government.

¶54. As to the specific facts of the case sub judice, there is no justifiable reason to remand for
reconsideration of sentencing. The majority relies upon the recent case of Davis v. State, 724 So.2d 342
(Miss.1998). There, the Court also remanded for re-sentencing in finding that there was insufficient
evidence in the record to support the maximum sentence allowable. Id. at 346. I maintain now, as I did in
dissent in Davis, that the sentence is not an abuse of discretion because it is within the limits proscribed by
the statute. See Id. at 346; Stromas, 618 So.2d at 124. Furthermore, the case here is even stronger than in
Davis.

¶55. Despite the fact that Uniform Rule of Circuit and County Court (URCCC) 11.02(6) states that the call
for a pre-sentenced investigation is discretionary with the trial judge, the Davis Court relied heavily upon
the fact that "the trial court gave no explanation, and neither he nor we have the benefit of a pre-sentencing
investigation." Davis, 724 So.2d at 344. In the case now at bar, the trial transcripts reveal that defense
asked for and received an allocation hearing and a presentence investigation. Despite the trial court here
applying URCCC 11.02, the majority remands for re-sentencing without any additional guidance other than
URCCC 11.02 which the trial judge already has utilized. URCCC 11.02 is specific, yet broad, as to
numerous factors which a trial court can consider prior to imposing a sentence on a criminal defendant. The
rule is sufficient.

¶56. In my view, by reversing the majority is merely second guessing the sound discretion of the learned
trial judge in what the majority considers to be either a rather severe sentence given to White, or just a bad
statutes with which the majority disagrees. (Miss. Code Ann. §§ 41-29-139 and 41-29-142). The majority
is simply now extending the already overreaching Davis precedent. The same result on re-sentencing should
be expected.
¶57. I respectfully dissent.

MILLS, J., JOINS THIS OPINION. McRAE, J., JOINS THIS OPINION IN PART.

                                              Appendix

Trial court decisions affirmed on appeal by the Mississippi Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals in
1998 involving convictions for sale of cocaine and one or more of the four enhancement statutes, Miss.
Code Ann. § 41-29-142 (1993) (discretionary enhancement); § 41-29-147 (1993) (discretionary
enhancement); § 99-19-81 (1994) (mandatory maximum term); § 99-19-83 (1994) (mandatory life term).
"Counts" refers to the number of separate cocaine sale charges. Fine includes fine and any court costs
imposed.

Title Number County Counts Enhanced Under Years to Serve Fine

Mandatory Sentences

Jackson v. State 96-KA-01397-COA Bolivar 1 § 99-19-83 life w/o parole$425

Burrell v. State 97-KP-00402-SCT Marion 1 § 99-19-83 & § 41-29-142 life w/o parole

Brown v. State 96-KA-00974-COA Lauderdale 1 § 99-19-81 & § 41-29-147 60 $1,000

Kimble v. State 96-KA-00539-COA Grenada 2 § 99-19-81 & § 41-29-147 60

Kraft v. State 96-KA-01122-COA Marion 1 § 99-19-81 & § 41-29-147 60

Ashley v. State 95-KA-00956-COA Pike 1 § 99-19-81 & § 41-29-147 60 $2,000,000

Jackson v. State 96-KA-00727-COA Washington 2 § 99-19-81 30 $243

Baker v. State 96-KA-00688-COA Hinds 1 § 99-19-81 30

Groves v. State 96-KA-00615-COA Harrison 1 § 99-19-81 30

Harris v. State 95-KA-01162-COA Harrison 1 § 99-19-81 30

Discretionary Sentences

Triplett v. State 95-KA-00754-COA Neshoba 2 § 41-29-147 30

Lewis v. State 97-KA-00460-COA Copiah 1 § 41-29-142 60

Bridges v. State 97-KA-00471-SCT Walthall 1 § 41-29-142 & § 41-29-147 18 $5,000

Robinson v. State 97-KA-00983-COA Clay 1 § 41-29-142 18 $10,000
Stafford v. State 97-KA-00733-COA Prentiss 2 § 41-29-142 15 $2,000

Ragin v. State 97-KA-00734-SCT Prentiss 2 § 41-29-142 15 $2,000

1. White actually submitted 2 issues with the first having four sub-parts. We find the 4 sub-issues found in
issue I are more appropriately discussed as separate assignments of error.

2. Both officers testified Turner was searched prior to the buy.

3. These include domestic abuse, stealing and petty larceny. None of the instances resulted in felony
convictions.

4. The trial court was not made aware of Felton's statements until over a week after trial when White filed
his motion for a new trial.

5. The State's brief does not address the portions of White's argument that concern the admissibility of the
cocaine.

6. URCCC 11.02 states as follows:

     Upon acceptance of a plea of guilty, or upon a finding of guilt, and where the court has discretion as
     to the sentence to be imposed, the court may direct that a presentence investigation and report be
     made.

     The report of the presentence investigation may contain, but is not limited to, the following information:

     1. A description of the offense and the circumstances surrounding it, not limited to aspects developed
     for the record as part of the determination of guilt;

     2. Any prior criminal convictions of the defendant, or juvenile adjudications of delinquency;

     3. The defendant's financial condition;

     4. The defendant's educational background;

     5. A description of the employment background of the offender, including any military record and
     including present employment status and capabilities;

     6. The social history of the defendant, including family relationships, marital status and residence
     history;

     7. Information about environments to which the offender might return or to which the offender could
     be sent should probation be granted;

     8. Information about special resources which might be available to assist the defendant such as
     treatment centers, rehabilitative programs or vocational training centers; and
9. A physical and mental examination of the defendant if it is ordered by the court.