Court Opinion

ID: 9946157
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-29 15:18:12.791219+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:25:28.266843
License: Public Domain

Vermont Superior Court
Filed 01/03/22
Caledonia Unit

STATE OF VERMONT
SUPERIOR COURT CIVIL DIVISION
Caledonia Unit Docket No. 8-1-21 Cacv
ANDREA KENNEY,
Plaintiff
Vv.

TROOPER TYLER DAVIDSON and
TROOPER SEAN PECUCH,
Defendants

DECISION
Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss

On January 25, 2021, Plaintiff Andrea Kenney (“Plaintiff”) filed a complaint against
Trooper Tyler Davidson and former Trooper Sean Pecuch of the Vermont State Police
(“Defendants”) for:

Count 1: Excessive force in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983
Count 2: Battery

Count 3: Assault

Count 4: Intentional infliction of emotional distress
Count 5: Negligent infliction of emotional distress

Count 6: Negligence .

The claims stem from an incident that occurred on September 25, 2018. Taking the facts
alleged in the complaint as true, Plaintiff was arrested by Trooper Davidson and transported to
the St. Johnsbury barracks. Trooper Pecuch participated in the investigation that led to
Plaintiff's arrest and he was present at all relevant times. Plaintiff had been drinking that day
and Defendants knew that she was impaired by alcohol. Upon entering the barracks, Trooper
Davidson alleged that Plaintiff kicked his left thigh. Trooper Davidson commanded Plaintiff to
stop and she complied. Trooper Davidson also alleged that Plaintiff had spat in the direction of
Trooper Pecuch. Defendants then violently and wantonly shoved Plaintiff, face first, some
distance into a wall while her hands remained handcuffed behind her back. Plaintiff has suffered
severe injuries as a result of Defendants’ actions that included broken bones in her neck, nose
and eye socket, as well as three broken bones in her wrist.

Defendants move to dismiss the complaint under V.R.C.P. 12(b)(1) and V.R.C.P. 12(b)6
on grounds of immunity and insufficiency of alleged facts for each cause of action.

Standard of Review

Rule 12(b)(6) motions to dismiss test the legal, not the factual viability of a claim. See
e.g., Levinsky v. Diamond, 140 Vt. 595, 600 (1982) (“The court’s attention . . . is to be directed
toward determining whether the bare allegations of the complaint constitute a statement of a

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claim under V.R.C.P. 8(a).”) (overruled on other grounds); see also 5B Wright & Miller, Federal
Practice & Procedure: Civil § 1356 (3d ed.) (“[T]he motion is not a procedure for resolving a
contest between the parties about the facts or the substantive merits of the plaintiffs case.”). In
reviewing a motion to dismiss, the trial court “must take the factual allegations in the complaint
as true.” Colby v. Umbrella, Inc., 2008 VT 20, | 5, 184 Vt. 1, 5-6. “Dismissal under Rule
12(b)(6) is proper only when it is beyond doubt that there exist no facts or circumstances,
consistent with the complaint that would entitle the plaintiff to relief.” Bock v. Gold, 2008 VT
81, 94, 184 Vt. 575, 576. “Motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim are disfavored and
should be rarely granted.” Jd.

In deciding a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule
12(b)(1), the trial court applies the standard of Rule 12(b)(6). See Rheaume v. Pallito, 2011 VT
72, 2, 190 Vt. 245, 247 (“Dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Civil Rule
12(b)(1) is reviewed de novo, with all uncontroverted factual allegations of the complaint
accepted as true and construed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.”).An assertion
of immunity calls into question whether the trial court has jurisdiction over the case. Burgess v.
Lamoille Housing Partnership Inc., No. 249-12-13, 2014 WL 12829911, at *8 (Vt. Super. Apr.
24, 2014) (citing Williams v. State, 156 Vt. 42, 56 (1990)).

Analysis

Defendants argue that dismissal should be granted because they are entitled to immunity.
In the alternative, Defendants assert that Plaintiff has failed to allege the elements of her claims.
Plaintiff opposes Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss arguing that she has alleged facts sufficient to
prove her claims and to defeat Defendants’ alleged claim of immunity.

Qualified Immunity

Defendants seek dismissal on the grounds that they are protected by qualified immunity.
‘Usually, the defense of qualified immunity cannot support the grant of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion
for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted,” Green v. Maraio, 722 F.2d 1013,
1018 (2d Cir.1983), unless “the defense is based on facts appearing on the face of the
complaint.” McKenna v. Wright, 386 F.3d, 432, 435-436 (2d Cir. 2004); see also Murray v.
White, 155 Vt. 621, 626 (1991) (‘Reliance on the objective reasonableness of an official’s
conduct ... [should] permit the resolution of many insubstantial claims on summary
judgment.”)(quotation omitted).

Moreover, the defendants presenting qualified immunity defenses on a Rule 12(b)(6)
motion instead of a motion for summary judgment “must accept the more stringent standard
applicable to this procedural route.” McKenna, 386 F.3d at 436. Thus, the plaintiff is entitled to
“all reasonable inferences from the facts alleged, not only those that support his claim, but also
those that defeat the immunity defense.” Jd.

The test for qualified immunity under state law is functionally similar to the federal test.
See Murray v. White, 155 Vt. at 630. To succeed on this affirmative defense, the defendants
must establish that their actions “did not violate clearly established rights of which an objectively
reasonable official would have known.” See e.g., Bettis v. Bean, No. 5:14-CV-113, 2015 WL
5725625, at *8 (D. Vt. Sept. 29, 2015) (unpublished mem.). It is undisputed that the right to be

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free from excessive force is clearly established. See Green v. Montgomery, 219 F.3d 52, 59 (2d
Cir.2000). Further, the Second Circuit courts have held that “it is impermissible to use
significant force against a restrained arrestee who is not actively resisting.” See e.g., Lennox v.
Miller, 968 F.3d 150, 157 (2d Cir. 2020) (citing Jones v. Treubig, 963 F. 3d 214, 225 (2d Cir.
2020) (“Before the incident at issue here in April 2015, it was clearly established in this Circuit
that it is a Fourth Amendment violation for a police officer to use significant force against an
arrestee who is no longer resisting and poses no threat to the safety of officers or others.”).

Taking the allegations in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, she complied with Trooper
Davidson’s command to stop kicking his left thigh. Nevertheless, Defendants violently and
wantonly shoved her, face first, into a wall while her arms remained handcuffed behind her back.
Plaintiff is about five feet tall and weighs about one hundred fifteen pounds and Defendants are
much larger and stronger than her. Defendants have received specialized training and knowledge
about the use of force. Additionally, Plaintiff alleges that she has suffered immediate and
permanent injuries because of Defendants’ actions. On the face of the complaint, the court
cannot conclude that Defendants did not violate clearly established rights known to law
enforcement officers. Thus they are not entitled to qualified immunity on a motion to dismiss.

The Vermont Tort Claims Act

Defendants also argue that Plaintiff’s tort claims in Counts 2-6 are barred because they
were acting withing the scope of their employment as law enforcement officers, and Plaintiff has
not alleged that Defendants engaged in gross negligence or willful misconduct. Generally,
claims based on the acts of state employees acting within the scope of employment lie against the
State, not against the individual employees who allegedly committed the harm. 12 V.S.A. §
5602(a). An exception exists, however, allowing individual-capacity suits against state
employees for “gross negligence or willful misconduct.” Jd. § 5602(b).

To maintain a claim of gross negligence, “a plaintiff must present facts that show an
individual defendant heedlessly and palpably violated a legal duty owed to plaintiff”
Amy’s Enters. v. Sorrell, 174 Vt. 623, 624 (2002) (internal quotation omitted). “Willful
misconduct” is defined as “misconduct committed voluntarily and intentionally.” Black’s Law
Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). “While gross negligence and willful misconduct can be separately
pled, they can also be reached by adding aggravating elements to other tort claims.” Winfield v.
Trottier, No. 2:08-CV-278, 2009 WL 2160588, at *3 (D. Vt. July 15, 2009) (unpublished mem.)
(citing Powers v. Lackey, 109 Vt. 505, 505 (1938)) (“There is no concrete rule by which the
existence of gross negligence can be determined, for each case must be judged according to its
own facts.”).

Reading the complaint in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, it alleges both gross
negligence and willful misconduct against Defendants. Plaintiff alleges that Defendants
“violently” and “wantonly” shoved her, face first, some distance into a wall. Plaintiff alleges
that Defendants acted “intentionally” and “with malice” when they threw her into a wall while
her arms remained handcuffed behind her back. Plaintiff explains that she was so severely
injured that Defendants called for an ambulance, and that she was hospitalized. Plaintiff
indicates that she is about five feet tall and weighs about one hundred and fifteen pounds
whereas Defendants are stronger and larger. Plaintiff alleges that Defendants breached their
legal duty of care when she was in their custody. Plaintiff claims that Defendants have received

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specialized training and knowledge about the use of force in the arrest of individuals, including
when subjects are impaired by alcohol. Plaintiff claims that Defendants acted with “reckless
disregard” to the likelihood of causing emotional distress. Plaintiff alleges that as a result of
Defendants’ actions, she has suffered immediate and permanent severe injuries. Because the
Complaint sufficiently alleges gross negligence and willful misconduct, Plaintiff's state law
claims are not barred.

Excessive Force in Violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983

Plaintiff claims that Defendants violated her Fourth Amendment rights by
using excessive force against her while she was in custody. Defendants argue that dismissal is
warranted because section 1983 claims are not maintainable against state employees in their
official capacities. In any event, Defendants claim that Plaintiff has failed to proffer cognizable
facts to support her claim. Section 1983 provides as follow:

Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or
usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to
be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the
jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities
secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an
action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress ....

42 U.S.C. § 1983. Although sovereign immunity bars an action against the defendants in their
official capacity, the defendants remain amenable to suit in their personal capacities. See Bock v.
Gold, 2008 VT 81, 4 9, 184 Vt. 575, 577 (citing Hafer v. Melo, 502 U.S. 21, 25 (1991) (“Thus,
‘[o]n the merits, to establish personal liability in a § 1983 action, it is enough to show that the
official, acting under color of state law, caused the deprivation of a federal right.’”).

Here, Plaintiff did not specify in her complaint if she brought her claims against
Defendants in their official or individual capacities. However, the court understands that
Plaintiff brough her claims against Defendants individually.! Thus, Plaintiff may assert
individual-capacity claims against them.

Defendants next argue that Plaintiff has failed to state a claim for relief under the Fourth
Amendment because the force used was reasonable. “Where a plaintiff charges that the police
have used excessive force in effecting an arrest, ‘the question is whether the officers’ actions are
objectively reasonable in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them, without regard to
their underlying intent or motivation.” Coll v. Johnson, 161 Vt. 163, 164-65 (1993)

(quoting Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 397 (1989)).

The reasonableness of the use of force should be viewed from the perspective of a
reasonable officer at the scene. See Graham v. Connor, 490 USS. at 396. “[I]ts proper
application requires careful attention to the facts and circumstances of each particular
case, including the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat
to the safety of the officers or others, and whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to
evade arrest by flight.” Jd; see Sullivan v. Gagnier, 225 F.3d 161, 166 (2d Cir. 2000) (“The force

! The summons were addressed to Defendants individually; Defendant Pecuch was served personally on
03/11/2021; and Plaintiff indicates in her Response to Defendants’ motion that Defendants challenge “non-existent
official capacity claims that have not been alleged ... .” (Pl.’s Resp. Mot. Dismiss, n.1).

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used by the officer must be reasonably related to the nature of the resistance and the force used,
threatened, or reasonably perceived to be threatened, against the officer.”); see also Brunette v.
City of Burlington, Vermont, No. 2:15-CV-00061, 2018 WL 4146598, at *23 (D. Vt. Aug. 30,
2018) (“[Florce justified at the beginning of an encounter is not justified even seconds later if the
justification for the initial force has been eliminated[.]”) (unpublished mem.) (quoting Waterman
v. Batton, 393 F.3d 471, 481 (4th Cir. 2005)).

Plaintiff alleges that Defendants violently and wantonly shoved her into a wall while her
arms remained handcuffed behind her back. Plaintiff indicates that she is five feet tall and
weighs about one hundred and fifteen pounds and that Defendants are larger and stronger.
Plaintiff alleges that she has suffered immediate and permanent physical injuries and pain
because of Defendants’ actions. She further indicates that the use of force was such that
Defendants called an ambulance and she was hospitalized.

Defendants argue that the force used was reasonable because Plaintiff had allegedly spat
at the direction of Trooper Pecuch and allegedly kicked Trooper Davidson’s left thigh.
However, there is no established fact that Plaintiff was actively resisting when Defendants
shoved her into a wall. In fact, Plaintiff alleges that she complied with Trooper Davidson’s
command to stop kicking his left thigh. Viewing the facts alleged in the complaint as true,
Plaintiff was not actively resisting when Defendants shoved her into the wall, breaking bones in
her neck and wrist and requesting hospitalization. The case should proceed so that the facts may
be more fully explored through discovery. At this stage of the proceedings, the court cannot
determine that Defendants’ use of force was reasonable. Under the Rule 12(b)(6) standard, the
court concludes that Plaintiff has made a plausible claim of excessive force against Defendants.

Battery and Assault

Defendants argue that their use of force was reasonable and therefore privileged. Under
Vermont law, battery “is an intentional act that results in harmful contact with
another.” Christman v. Davis, 2005 VT 119, 7 6, 179 Vt. 99, 101 (citing Restatement (Second)
of Torts § 13 (1965)). “At common law, the civil tort of assault is defined as ‘any gesture or
threat of violence exhibiting an [intention] to assault, with the means of carrying that threat into
effect ... unless immediate contact is impossible.’” Billado v. Parry, 937 F. Supp. 337, 343 (D.
Vt. 1996) (quoting Bishop v. Ranney, 59 Vt. 316, 318 (1887)).

“When assault and battery [sic] is alleged against police officers, the inquiry is whether
the officer’s conduct was reasonably necessary and thereby privileged.” Crowell v. Kirkpatrick,
667 F. Supp. 2d 391, 417 (D.Vt.2009) (internal quotation omitted). “Police officers are
privileged to use force in arresting a suspect, but the privilege ends when the force used is
excessive, which is determined using the same standards used to analyze a Fourth Amendment
excessive force claim.” Brayshaw v. City of Burlington, No. 5:13-CV-253, 2015 WL 1523019,
at *13 (D. Vt. Apr. 3, 2015) (unpublished mem.) (internal quotation omitted).

Plaintiff alleges that Defendants’ actions were intentional and that they acted without
legal grounds to use the force they did when they shoved her face first, into a wall. Defendants
argue that the force used was reasonable because Plaintiff was non-compliant, unruly, and
violent. Plaintiff alleges that as a direct result of Defendants’ actions, she suffered great fear, as
well as immediate, severe, and permanent physical injuries and pain. Plaintiff indicates that her
injuries included broken bones in her neck, nose and eye socket, as well as three broken bones in
her wrist. Further, Plaintiff asserts that Defendants’ actions caused her to be sick, sore, lame,
injured, and disabled. Plaintiff’s allegations are thus sufficient to survive a Rule 12(b)(6)
motion.

Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress

Defendants argue that Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that Defendants’ conduct was
outrageous. To sustain a legal claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress, Plaintiff
must show “outrageous conduct, done intentionally or with reckless disregard of the probability
of causing emotional distress, resulting in the suffering of extreme emotional distress, actually or
proximately caused by the outrageous conduct.” Boulton v. CLD Consulting Eng’rs, Inc., 2003
VT 72, { 31, 175 Vt. 413, 427. To satisfy the outrageousness element, the defendant’s behavior
must “go beyond all possible bounds of decent and tolerable conduct in a civilized community . .
..” Fromson v. State, 2004 VT 29, J 14, 176 Vt. 395, 399 (quoting Dulude v. Fletcher Allen
Health Care, Inc., 174 Vt. 74, 83 (2002)). Plaintiff must also allege that the defendant’s actions
caused him to suffer “distress so severe that no reasonable person could be expected to endure
it.” Baldwin v. Upper Valley Services. Inc., 162 Vt. 51, 57 (1994) (citation omitted).

Even under this heavy standard, Plaintiff's allegations are sufficient to survive a motion
to dismiss. Plaintiff alleges that Defendants used excessive force when they shoved her, face
first, into a wall while her arms remained handcuffed behind her back. Plaintiffs indicates that
her injuries included broken bones in her neck, nose and eye socket, and three broken bones in
her wrists. Plaintiff has also alleged that Defendants acted intentionally and with malice and that
Defendants’ actions caused severe emotional distress. Defendants’ actions could constitute the
outrageous conduct necessary for an intentional infliction of emotional distress claim. The claim
is therefore not subject to dismissal at this stage.

Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress and Negligence

Defendants have not argued that Plaintiff failed to allege facts sufficient to prove the
elements of her NITED and negligence claims. Plaintiff alleges that Defendants owed her a duty
of care because she was in their custody and because Defendants placed her in handcuffs which
prevented her from bracing herself for impact with the wall. Plaintiff further alleges that
Defendants breached their duty of care through their conduct toward her, and that as a direct,
proximate, and foreseeable result of this breach, she has suffered severe physical and mental
injuries.

Based on the allegations contained in the complaint, the court concludes that Plaintiff has
met her burden under Rule 12(b)(6). See Endres v. Endres, 2008 VT 124, 9 11, 185 Vt. 63, 68
(To prove negligence, plaintiff must show that defendant owed her a legal duty, that a breach of
that duty was a proximate cause of harm, and that she suffered actual damages); Brueckner v.
Norwich University, 169 Vt. 118, 125 (1999) (“To establish a claim of negligent infliction of
emotional distress, a plaintiff must make a threshold showing that he or someone close to him
faced physical peril . . . . If there has been [a physical impact], plaintiff may recover for
emotional distress stemming from the incident during which the impact occurred.”)
Order
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is denied as to all counts.
Defendants’ Answer is due in 14 days pursuant to V.R.C.P. Rule 12 (a)(3).
Electronically signed Puruane to V.REF. 9(d) on January 3, 2022 at 8:16 AM.

Mary fes Teachout
Superi@f Court Judge