Court Opinion

ID: 6347078
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-03 21:02:15.537355+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:18:01.119171
License: Public Domain

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                                                         Electronically Filed
                                                         Supreme Court
                                                         SCWC-XX-XXXXXXX
                                                         03-JUN-2022
                                                         10:22 AM
                                                         Dkt. 19 OP

           IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAI‘I

                                ---o0o---

                         STATE OF HAWAI‘I,
          Petitioner and Respondent/Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                   vs.

                          LEAH SKAPINOK,
          Respondent and Petitioner/Defendant-Appellee.

                           SCWC-XX-XXXXXXX

         CERTIORARI TO THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS
            (CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX; CASE NO. 1DTA-19-01048)

                               JUNE 3, 2022

        RECKTENWALD, C.J., NAKAYAMA, AND McKENNA, JJ., AND
        CIRCUIT JUDGE WONG, ASSIGNED BY REASON OF VACANCY,
                    WITH WILSON, J., DISSENTING

             OPINION OF THE COURT BY RECKTENWALD, C.J.

                          I.     INTRODUCTION

          This case requires us to examine the practice of

asking so-called medical rule-out questions in the course of an

Operating a Vehicle Under the Influence of an Intoxicant (OVUII)
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investigation.    An officer administering a standardized field

sobriety test (SFST) to an OVUII suspect asks the medical rule-

out questions, which “rule out” other reasons, besides

intoxication, for poor performance on the SFST.         Leah Skapinok

was asked seven medical rule-out questions while in police

custody, before she was advised of her Miranda 1 rights.       If the

questions were interrogation, article I, section 10 of the

Hawai‘i Constitution requires that her answers to them be

suppressed.

           We hold that these questions are interrogation under

the Hawai‘i Constitution.     There is no per se exception under the

Hawai‘i Constitution for questions “necessarily ‘attendant to’

[a] legitimate police procedure.”        Pennsylvania v. Muniz, 496

U.S. 582, 605 (1990) (citation omitted).         To avoid suppression

for want of Miranda warnings, such questions must pass muster

under our well-established interrogation test: “whether the

officer should have known that his words and actions were

reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the

defendant.”   State v. Paahana, 66 Haw. 499, 503, 666 P.2d 592,

595–96 (1983) (citing Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 301

(1980)).   The medical rule-out questions asked to Skapinok in

this case were “reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating

     1     Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

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response” because her answers to them aided in interpreting the

SFSTs’ results – that is, her answers supported the inference

that she was intoxicated because no medical cause could explain

any aberrations in her test performance.          Skapinok’s answers to

the medical rule-out questions must be suppressed.

            But we cannot say the same for any of the other

challenged evidence.      Neither asking whether Skapinok would

participate in the SFST nor asking whether she understood the

instructions to the test would be reasonably likely to elicit an

incriminating response.       And the evidence gathered thereafter,

including her performance on the SFST, was not an exploitation

of, or benefit derived from, the medical rule-out questions;

accordingly, subsequent evidence was not the fruit of the

poisonous tree.

                              II.   BACKGROUND

A.    Skapinok’s Arrest

            On August 18, 2019, around 11:00 p.m., Honolulu Police

Department (HPD) Officer William Meredith observed a white

Toyota Tacoma speeding down King Street in Honolulu. 2           He

followed the vehicle onto Ward Avenue, where he observed it

“weaving through traffic”; the truck then turned right onto the

H-1 freeway onramp, merged onto the freeway, “cross[ed] over a

      2     This account of Skapinok’s arrest comes from the District Court
of the First Circuit’s findings of fact in the order granting Skapinok’s
motion to suppress, which are not contested on appeal.

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solid white line,” and “crossed three lanes of the freeway to

the left without a turn signal.”          After following the truck on

the freeway, which appeared to be speeding, Officer Meredith

pulled the vehicle over.       “Based on his observations, Officer

Meredith characterized Defendant’s driving as Reckless Driving,”

which is a petty misdemeanor under Hawai‘i Revised Statutes (HRS)

§ 291-2 (2007). 3

            When Officer Meredith approached the driver’s side and

spoke with Skapinok, he “noticed a strong odor of alcohol coming

from Defendant and observed Defendant’s eyes to be red, glassy

and bloodshot.”     Officer Meredith asked if she would participate

in an SFST; she “became argumentative” at first, but ultimately

consented after Officer Meredith informed her that “if she did

not participate in an SFST, that he would arrest her.”

            Officer Meredith waited for another officer, Corporal

Ernest Chang, to arrive; 4 when Corporal Chang was informed by

Officer Meredith, outside of Skapinok’s presence, of the reason

for the traffic stop, he agreed that Skapinok could be arrested

for reckless driving.      Corporal Chang then “approached

Defendant’s vehicle and began conversing with her.            Corporal
      3     HRS § 291-2 provides: “Whoever operates any vehicle . . .
recklessly in disregard of the safety of persons or property is guilty of
reckless driving of [a] vehicle . . . and shall be fined not more than $1,000
or imprisoned not more than thirty days, or both.”

      4     The record does not indicate how long Skapinok and Officer
Meredith waited for Corporal Chang, but testimony indicated that the traffic
stop took about thirty minutes in total.

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Chang asked Defendant if she would be willing to participate in

an SFST.”    Skapinok asked whether she would be arrested if she

did not participate, and “Corporal Chang told Defendant that she

could already be arrested for reckless driving.”             Skapinok again

consented to the SFST.

            Corporal Chang asked a series of questions known as

the medical rule-out questions prior to administering the SFST:

            i.     Do you have any physical defects or speech
                   impediments?
            ii.    Are you taking any medications?
            iii.   Are you under the care of a doctor or dentist for
                   anything?
            iv.    Are you under the care of an eye doctor?
            iv.    Do you have an artificial or glass eye?
            v.     Are you epileptic or diabetic?
            vi.    Are you blind in either eye?

            According to Corporal Chang’s testimony, the

medical rule-out questions “must be asked to administer the

SFST safely” and when answered in the negative, it “tells

the officer that the results he sees on the SFST are likely

caused by an intoxicant.”        Corporal Chang “never

administers an SFST without first asking the [medical rule-

out] questions.”

            Skapinok responded “no” to all questions except

that she told Corporal Chang that she was taking the

medication Wellbutrin and that she was seeing a doctor for

depression.       Corporal Chang knew “that ingesting Wellbutrin

in conjunction with alcohol can cause side effects that are

similar to that of intoxication.”

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           After performing the SFST, Skapinok was arrested

for OVUII and reckless driving.       Neither Corporal Chang nor

Officer Meredith administered Miranda warnings prior to her

arrest.

B.   District Court Proceedings

           Skapinok was charged in the District Court of the

First Circuit (district court) 5 with OVUII in violation of HRS

§§ 291E-61(a)(1) and/or (a)(3) (2018). 6

     1.    Motion to Suppress

           Skapinok moved to suppress “[a]ny statements made by

Defendant to [HPD] Officers or other governmental personnel” and

“[a]ny and all evidence seized or information gained by the

[HPD] after Defendant was placed under arrest, [and] was not

read [their] Miranda rights.”       The motion argued that Skapinok

was both in custody and subjected to interrogation during the

traffic stop.    Skapinok contended she was subjected to

interrogation when the officer asked if she would like to

5    The Honorable Summer M. M. Kupau-Odo presided.

6    HRS § 291E-61 provides in relevant part:

           (a) A person commits the offense of operating a vehicle
           under the influence of an intoxicant if the person operates
           or assumes actual physical control of a vehicle:
                 (1) While under the influence of alcohol in an amount
                 sufficient to impair the person’s normal mental
                 faculties or ability to care for the person and guard
                 against casualty; [or]
                 . . . .
                 (3) With .08 or more grams of alcohol per two hundred
                 ten liters of breath[.]

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participate in the SFST; during the communications that occurred

during the test itself (e.g., counting aloud during one

component of the SFST); when she was asked the medical rule-out

questions; and when asked if she understood the field sobriety

test instructions or had any questions about them.

          Officer Meredith and Corporal Chang testified at the

hearing on the Motion to Suppress.     Officer Meredith first

testified that after pulling Skapinok over, he “observed that

the defendant had red, glassy, bloodshot eyes and a strong odor

of alcoholic beverage as [he] was talking to her.”       Skapinok

stipulated to the admission of edited body-camera footage.         In

the footage, Officer Meredith explained to Skapinok why she was

pulled over – for speeding and swerving – and informed her that

he could “smell a lot of alcohol coming from [her].”       Officer

Meredith asked Skapinok if she would like to do a field sobriety

test, to which she responded, “No. I’m – I just got off work.

I’m in my work uniform,” and added, “I swear I haven’t been

drinking.”

          Officer Meredith then told Skapinok that participating

in the test was voluntary, but that if she did not, she would be

arrested under suspicion of driving under the influence.       A

lengthy exchange followed in which Skapinok repeated several

times that she had not had any alcohol.     In its findings of

fact, the district court characterized Skapinok as

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“argumentative with Officer Meredith” during this exchange.

Officer Meredith replied that he was not asking her if she was

drinking, he was only conveying his observations and asking if

she would participate in the test.

            On cross-examination, Officer Meredith testified that

he would characterize Skapinok’s driving as reckless and that he

had probable cause to arrest her for either OVUII or reckless

driving even without the SFST.        Additionally, he testified that

“very early on in [the] conversation she was not free to leave

the scene” and that he told Skapinok three times that if she

declined to do the SFST, she would be arrested.           Thirty minutes

passed from the time that he stopped the vehicle to her arrest.

            Corporal Chang testified thereafter. 7        Skapinok

stipulated to the admission of Corporal Chang’s body-camera

footage, which showed, as relevant here, the following

interaction:

                  [CORPORAL] CHANG: (Inaudible.) Hello, ma’am. So I’m
            Officer Chang. I’m just here to offer you the standardized
            field sobriety test. Do you want to take the test, ma’am?

                  THE DEFENDANT: (Inaudible.)

                  [CORPORAL] CHANG: No, it’s up to you.

                  THE DEFENDANT: (Inaudible.)

                  [CORPORAL] CHANG: Okay. Possibly. Yeah. Possibly.
            I mean just to be honest with you, there’s already enough
            to arrest you just for the reckless driving alone.

      7     Skapinok stipulated for purposes of the hearing that Chang was
qualified to administer and evaluate the SFST.

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                 THE DEFENDANT: Just because I was speeding?

                 [CORPORAL] CHANG: Yeah. ‘Cause you -- well, you
           committed multiple traffic violations.

                 THE DEFENDANT: How?

                 [CORPORAL] CHANG: So anyway I’m not here to -- I’m
           not here to talk about that in detail because I didn’t stop
           you. I’m just letting you know the officer apprised me of
           why he stopped you, and there’s multiple traffic
           violations. All -- I mean it’s not only the speeding.
           There’s, you know, cutting off cars. And, like I said, I’m
           just letting you know it’s reckless driving. You may be
           arrested for that as well. Just letting you know. So if
           you want to try the field test, you gotta get out of your
           car, please.

           Corporal Chang then testified that, consistent with

his training, he asked Skapinok the seven medical rule-out

questions before administering the SFST.         Corporal Chang

testified that he asked the questions because “they are things

that may affect [a suspect’s] ability to perform the test,” and

it is “necessary to ask these questions to perform the test

safely.”   He further testified that based on his training and

experience, he was not permitted to administer the SFST without

first asking the medical rule-out questions, nor had he ever

done so.   In response, Skapinok said “no to everything” except

that she was taking medication – Wellbutrin, which she said was

for depression – and was under the care of a doctor for

depression.   He then gave the instructions for each component of

the SFST in turn, asking if Skapinok understood after each set

of directions.

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          On cross-examination, Corporal Chang confirmed that he

implied to Skapinok she would be arrested for reckless driving

if she declined the test.    He further testified that he needed

consent to do the SFST.    In addition, Corporal Chang testified

that the medical rule-out questions help “determine if there’s

going to be any type of medical or physical condition that might

affect the results of the [SFST.]”     If a person answers all

“nos” to the medical rule-out questions, “that tells [Corporal

Chang] that a person is medically and physically fit to perform

the test,” and “focuses [his] attention away from medical and

physical problems and it focuses it more on a cause by an

intoxicant.”   If a person indicates that they understand the

instructions, but fails to follow them, that might indicate

“that they are possibly mentally impaired by an intoxicant.”        If

a person responds that they don’t understand the instructions to

the SFST, that, too, might “possibly” indicate that person is

“mentally confused or impaired by an intoxicant.”

          Corporal Chang also testified on cross-examination

that he knew Wellbutrin “can have an effect” when it

“interact[s] with alcohol . . . lead[ing] to certain symptoms

that may look like impairment.”     On redirect, he testified that

taking Wellbutrin is not a crime.

          Skapinok argued that she was in custody during the

traffic stop and that the question of whether she would consent

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to the SFST was interrogation because if she refused, it could

be used against her to support consciousness of guilt per State

v. Ferm, 94 Hawaiʻi 17, 7 P.3d 193 (App. 2000).      Likewise, she

argued the medical rule-out questions were “reasonably likely to

elicit incriminating responses” and in fact did elicit an

incriminating response, because Wellbutrin “can interact with

alcohol to show symptoms of . . . impair[ment]”; Skapinok argued

that alcohol need only be a contributing cause of impairment

under the OVUII statute pursuant to State v. Vliet, 91 Hawaiʻi

288, 983 P.2d 189 (1999).    Asking whether she understood the

questions would likewise be reasonably likely to elicit an

incriminating response because a negative answer would indicate

impairment, and a positive answer would also indicate impairment

if she failed to follow the instructions.      Skapinok emphasized

that Corporal Chang “is not even permitted to administer the

[SFST] without asking” the medical rule-out questions and

whether the suspect understands the instructions; she argued

that the results of the SFST must therefore be suppressed as

fruit of the poisonous tree as well.

          The State conceded that there was probable cause to

arrest for reckless driving but argued that “no interrogation

occurred and so therefore there was no custodial interrogation

although the defendant was in custody.”     The State contended

that none of the medical rule-out questions “are explicitly

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exculpatory or inculpatory”; even Skapinok’s answer regarding

Wellbutrin was not incriminating because “taking Wellbutrin by

itself is not a crime.”      The State pointed to Muniz, which it

argued held “questions . . . which were just part of the [SFST]

were fine” but may become interrogation “when the officers

exceeded that scope.”     The State argued that Officer Meredith’s

repeated statements in the body-camera footage that he did not

ask about her drinking suggested that the officers were “taking

special precautions not to interrogate the defendant.             They’re

just administering the standardized field sobriety test.”

     2.   District Court’s FOFs and COLs

          The court ruled in favor of Skapinok, finding that

there was custodial interrogation.        The district court’s written

findings of fact (FOFs) and conclusions of law (COLs) state in

relevant part as follows:

                                 FINDINGS OF FACT

          . . . .

          12.   Defendant was the focus of an OVUII investigation.

          13.   Corporal Chang cannot conduct the SFST unless a
                person consents to the test.

          . . . .

          17.   Prior to administering the SFST, Corporal Chang asked
                Defendant the following questions:

                i.     Do you have any physical defects or speech
                       impediments?
                ii.    Are you taking any medications?
                iii.   Are you under the care of a doctor or dentist
                       for anything?
                iv.    Are you under the care of an eye doctor?
                v.     Do you have an artificial or glass eye?

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                  vi.    Are you epileptic or diabetic?
                  vii.   Are you blind in either eye?

            . . . .

           21.   The [medical rule-out] questions are to “rule-out”
                 medical causes that might cause a person to perform
                 poorly on the SFST. If a person answers “no” to all
                 the [medical rule-out] questions, it tells the
                 officer that the results he sees on the SFST are
                 likely caused by an intoxicant[,] [a]s opposed to
                 medical or physical conditions.

           22.   The [medical rule-out] questions must be asked to
                 administer the SFST safely.

           23.   Based on his training, Corporal Chang never
                 administers an SFST without first asking the [medical
                 rule-out] questions. Corporal Chang testified that
                 he is not permitted to administer an SFST without
                 first asking the [medical rule-out] questions.[ 8]

            . . . .

           27.    Defendant was arrested for OVUII and Reckless
                  Driving.

           28.   Defendant was never advised of her Miranda rights or
                 her right to remain silent. At no point in time did
                 either officer tell Defendant anything she said could
                 be used against her.

                                  CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

            . . . .

           9.     The Hawai[ʻ]i Supreme Court has defined
                  “interrogation” as “express questioning or its
                  functional equivalent.” The Court has also stated
                  that “to the extent that, under article I, section
                  10, the ultimate question regarding “interrogation”
                  is whether the questioning officer knew or reasonably
                  should have known that [their] question was likely to
                  elicit an incriminating response” and that
                  “interrogation consists of any express question – or,
                  absent an express question, any words or conduct –
                  that the officer knows or reasonably should know is
                  likely to elicit an incriminating response.” State

      8     We note that this sentence is   a recitation of the testimony of a
witness, which is not a finding of fact.    See Dep’t of Env’t Servs., City &
Cnty. of Honolulu v. Land Use Comm’n, 127   Hawai‘i 5, 15 n.12, 275 P.3d 809,
819 n.12 (2012) (“We encourage courts and   factfinding tribunals to properly
state their findings . . . and not merely   recite testimony.”).

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                v. Kazanas, 138 Haw[aiʻi] 23, [38, 375 P.3d 1261,
                1276] (2016).

          10.   Asking Defendant if she was willing to participate in
                the SFST constituted custodial interrogation because
                she was not free to leave, she was the focus of an
                OVUII investigation and officers had probable cause
                to arrest her. Asking a person if they would be
                willing to participate in a SFST is reasonably likely
                to elicit an incriminating response. For example,
                refusing to participate in the SFST can be used at
                trial to show consciousness of guilt pursuant to
                State v. Ferm, 94 Haw[aiʻi] 17, 7 P.3d 193 (2000).

          . . . .

          12.   The results of the SFST and the responses to the
                [medical rule-out] questions will likely be used
                against Defendant at trial.

          13.   The [medical rule-out] questions in this case
                constituted custodial interrogation and were
                reasonably likely to elicit incriminating responses.
                In this particular case, the [medical rule-out]
                questions did elicit incriminating responses.
                Defendant stated that she was taking the medication
                Wellbutrin. Alcohol ingested in conjunction with
                medication which causes intoxication is a basis for
                OVUII . . . as alcohol only has to be a contributing
                factor in impairment.

          . . . .

          15.   Corporal Chang’s questioning during the SFST as to
                whether Defendant understood the instructions was
                reasonabl[y] likely to elicit an incriminating
                response. If Defendant answered “no,” it would be
                commentary on her mental faculties and ability to
                understand the instructions. If Defendant answered
                “yes,” and did not perform the test as instructed,
                her “yes” response could be used against her at trial
                to show her mental faculties were impaired.

          16.   Defendant’s consent to the SFST is suppressed and all
                evidence obtained after the consent i[s] fruit of the
                poisonous tree.

          17.   The [medical rule-out] questions are suppressed and
                all evidence obtained by HPD after the [medical rule-
                out] questions are suppressed as fruit of the
                poisonous tree.

          18.   Defendant’s answer that she understood the
                instructions during the SFST is suppressed and the
                SFST is suppressed as fruit of the poisonous tree.

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          19.    Defendant’s statements while she was still in the
                 vehicle in response to Officer Meredith’s statement
                 that he was not asking whether she was drinking is
                 suppressed.

C.   Intermediate Court of Appeals (ICA) Proceedings

          The State appealed, and the ICA affirmed in part and

vacated in part the district court in a memorandum opinion,

relying primarily on the ICA’s published opinion in State v.

Sagapolutele-Silva, 147 Hawai‘i 92, 464 P.3d 880 (App. 2020).

          As set forth in Sagapolutele-Silva, as applied in this
          case, the defendant’s physical performance on a field
          sobriety test was not testimonial, and the defendant’s
          responses to whether she would participate in the test and
          whether she understood the instructions were attendant to
          legitimate police procedures, and should not have been
          suppressed. We further hold, however, that the medical
          rule-out questions posed by the officer were reasonably
          likely to elicit an incriminating response, and that the
          District Court did not err in suppressing those statements.
          Finally, for the reasons stated below, we conclude that a
          statement made by the defendant in response to being asked
          whether she would participate in the test and being told
          that she was not being asked whether she was drinking, was
          not the result of custodial interrogation and should not
          have been suppressed.

State v. Skapinok, No. CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX, 2020 WL 2991783, at *1

(App. June 4, 2020) (mem.)

          The ICA reasoned that “the touchstone in analyzing

whether ‘interrogation’ has taken place is whether the police

officer ‘should have known that [their] words and actions were

reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the

defendant.’”    Id. at *5 (quoting Kazanas, 138 Hawai‘i at 38, 375

P.3d at 1276).    Skapinok was under investigation for OVUII at

the time the relevant questions were asked, and Officer

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Meredith’s observations of her driving, her eyes, and the smell

of alcohol furnished reasonable suspicion (but not probable

cause) for OVUII.    Id.   Because “the right against self-

incrimination is not necessarily implicated whenever a person

suspected of criminal activity is compelled in some way to

cooperate in developing evidence which may be used against her,

such as when a driver is asked to participate in a SFST,” and in

light of Muniz’s holding that questions “necessarily ‘attendant

to’ the police procedure” are permissible, the ICA held the

district court “erred by suppressing Skapinok’s response to

whether she would participate in the SFST, whether she

understood the instructions to the SFST, and the officer's

observations of her performance on the SFST.”      Id. at *6 (first

citing State v. Wyatt, 67 Haw. 293, 302, 687 P.2d 544, 551

(1984); then citing Muniz, 496 U.S. at 603-04).

            However, the ICA concluded that the medical rule-out

questions were “reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating

response.”    Id. (quoting Kazanas, 138 Hawai‘i at 38, 375 P.3d at

1276).    “An incriminating response is any response, either

inculpatory or exculpatory.”     Id. (citing Innis, 446 U.S. at 301

n.5).    But the ICA noted that a physical response – like the

“inability to articulate words in a clear manner” – is not a

testimonial response requiring Miranda warnings.      Id. (citing

Muniz, 496 U.S. at 590-91).     The ICA held: “Based on, inter

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alia, our analysis in Sagapolutele-Silva, we conclude that the

medical rule-out questions posed to Skapinok were reasonably

likely to elicit an incriminating response and, therefore,

constituted interrogation.”     Id.

           The ICA finally addressed the district court’s

suppression of Skapinok’s statements in response to Officer

Meredith’s statements that he wasn’t asking her if she was

drinking, concluding that this was error.      Id. at *8.   The ICA

reasoned that “informing a defendant of the reason for being

stopped or arrested does not constitute custodial interrogation

likely to elicit an incriminating response,” and that Officer

Meredith’s statements were otherwise “attendant to a permissible

OVUII investigation.”    Id.   “We cannot conclude that Officer

Meredith informing Skapinok that he was not asking her if she

was drinking was reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating

response and therefore, it did not constitute interrogation.”

Id.

D.    Supreme Court Proceedings

           Both the State and Skapinok sought review in this

court.   The State’s application for writ of certiorari presents

two questions: (1) “[w]hether the ICA gravely erred in holding

that the medical rule-out questions asked as part of the [SFST]

are interrogation” and (2) “[w]hether the ICA gravely erred in

affirming the suppression of [Skapinok’s] answers to the medical

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rule-out questions.”

            In Skapinok’s application for writ of certiorari, she

first contends that the ICA correctly held that the medical

rule-out questions were interrogation, but failed to address the

district court’s conclusion of law that “all evidence obtained

by HPD after the [medical rule-out] questions are suppressed as

fruit of the poisonous tree.”        Skapinok next challenges the

ICA’s conclusion that the district court’s COL 7 9 was erroneous,

arguing that “[t]he ICA gravely erred in holding that Skapinok

was not in ‘custody’ for the ‘separate and distinct[]

investigation’ for OVUII.” 10     Finally, Skapinok asks us to

correct the ICA’s “gravely erroneous holding” that “Skapinok’s

      9     The district court’s COL 7 held that the officers had probable
cause prior to the administration of the SFST, and that custody had attached:

            At the time that Defendant was sitting in her vehicle,
            prior to the administration of the SFST, she was not free
            to leave, she was the focus of an OVUII investigation and
            officers had probable cause to arrest her for OVUII and/or
            Reckless Driving. Officer Meredith and Corporal Chang did
            not need the results of the SFST to arrest Defendant for
            OVUII and/or Reckless Driving. Legal custody had attached.

      10    Skapinok contends the ICA erred because she “was in ‘custody’ as
the district court correctly concluded[.]” But the ICA affirmed the custody
determination, holding only that the district court erred insofar as “red and
glassy eyes alone and imperfect driving are insufficient to establish
probable cause to arrest a person for OVUII,” a correct statement of Hawai‘i
law. State v. Skapinok, No. CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX, 2020 WL 2991783, at *5
(emphasis added) (citing to State v. Kaleohano, 99 Hawai‘i 370, 377–78, 56
P.3d 138, 145–46 (2002) (“We conclude that red and glassy eyes, a criminal
record, and imperfect driving, standing alone, are insufficient to establish
probable cause to arrest a person for driving under the influence of
drugs.”)).
            Since the ICA affirmed that Skapinok was in custody, an issue we
do not address, see infra note 11, and nothing else about this conclusion of
law is germane to the question of what evidence should have been suppressed,
we do not further address Skapinok’s argument as to this conclusion of law.

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right against self-incrimination was not implicated when she was

asked to participate in the SFST,” as well as when she was asked

whether she understood the instructions.

                         III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

            “We review the [trial] court’s ruling on a motion to

suppress de novo and must look to the entire record on appeal to

determine whether the ruling was right or wrong.”            State v.

Joseph, 109 Hawai‘i 482, 493, 128 P.3d 795, 806 (2006) (citation

omitted).

                              IV.   DISCUSSION

A.   The Medical Rule-Out Questions Were Interrogation

            Article I, section 10 of the Hawai‘i Constitution provides
            that “[n]o person shall . . . be compelled in any criminal
            case to be a witness against himself.” State v. Pau‘u, 72
            Haw. 505, 509, 824 P.2d 833, 835 (1992) (quoting article
            [I], section 10). It is established that “[w]hen a
            confession or other evidence is obtained in violation of
            [this right], the prosecution will not be permitted to use
            it to secure a defendant’s criminal conviction.” Id.
            (citing State v. Russo, 67 Haw. 126, 681 P.2d 553 (1984)).

State v. Eli, 126 Hawai‘i 510, 519–20, 273 P.3d 1196, 1205–06

(2012) (alterations in original).

            Miranda warnings safeguard the right against self-

incrimination contained in article I, section 10 of the Hawai‘i

Constitution, and a defendant’s statements adduced in violation

of Miranda cannot be used against them at trial.            Kazanas, 138

Hawai‘i at 34, 375 P.3d at 1272.          But not all police questioning

must be preceded by Miranda warnings.          “A defendant seeking to

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suppress [their] statement [for want of Miranda warnings] ‘must

establish that [their] statement was the result of (1)

“interrogation” that occurred while [they were] (2) “in

custody.”’”    Id. at 35, 375 P.3d at 1273 (quoting State v.

Ketchum, 97 Hawai‘i 107, 118, 34 P.3d 1006, 1017 (2001)).            The

ICA held, and the State does not now challenge, that Skapinok

was in custody at all relevant times. 11       Therefore, the State’s

application presents only the question of whether the medical

rule-out questions were interrogation.

     1.    The ICA misapplied Pennsylvania v. Muniz

           This court adopted under the Hawai‘i Constitution the

definition of interrogation set forth in Innis: “In determining

whether an officer’s questions constitute interrogation, the

test is whether the officer should have known that [their] words

and actions were reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating

response from the defendant.”       State v. Paahana, 66 Haw. at 503,

666 P.2d at 595–96 (citing Innis, 446 U.S. at 301); State v.

Trinque, 140 Hawaiʻi 269, 277, 400 P.3d 470, 478 (2017) (“There

are several important considerations in this court’s definition:

‘interrogation’ under Miranda refers to (1) any words, actions,

or practice on the part of the police, not only express

       11   The State’s application admits that it “conceded at the hearing
in this case that Skapinok was in custody.” This opinion therefore does not
address custody and assumes that Skapinok was in custody at all relevant
times.

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questioning, (2) other than those normally attendant to arrest

and custody, and (3) that the police should know is reasonably

likely to invoke an incriminating response.”); Kazanas, 138

Hawaiʻi at 38, 375 P.3d at 1276 (“We agree and reaffirm that the

touchstone in analyzing whether ‘interrogation’ has taken place

is whether the police officer ‘should have known that [their]

words and actions were reasonably likely to elicit an

incriminating response from the defendant.’” (citation

omitted)).     “‘[I]ncriminating response’ . . . refer[s] to any

response – whether inculpatory or exculpatory – that the

prosecution may seek to introduce at trial.”           Innis, 446 U.S. at

301 n.5.

             In Sagapolutele-Silva, upon which the ICA relied in

the instant case, the ICA concluded that “the medical rule-out

questions posed to [the defendant]” – which were largely

identical to those administered to Skapinok 12 – “were reasonably

likely to elicit an incriminating response and, therefore,

constituted interrogation.”       147 Hawaiʻi at 102, 464 P.3d at

890. 13    There, the ICA based this conclusion on Muniz:

      12    In addition to the seven questions asked to Skapinok in this
case, the officer in Sagapolutele-Silva also asked the defendant if she wore
corrective lenses. 147 Hawaiʻi at 102, 464 P.3d at 890.

      13    The ICA’s memorandum opinion in the instant case relied on this
reasoning and did not opine any further:

                                                             (continued . . .)

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            In Muniz, an officer asked a defendant if he knew the date
            of his sixth birthday to which the defendant responded:
            “No, I don't.” [Muniz, 496 U.S. at 586.] The Muniz court
            held the question constituted interrogation because it
            required a testimonial response. Id. at 600[.]

            . . . .

                  Here, although [the officer] stated that the purpose
            of the medical rule-out questions was to assist him in
            evaluating [the defendant]’s physical performance on the
            SFST, which is non-testimonial evidence, his subjective
            intent is not relevant. Kazanas, 138 Hawaiʻi at 40, 375
            P.3d at 1278 . . . . The medical rule-out questions
            required a testimonial response that disclosed facts
            relating to the offense of OVUII and that was reasonably
            likely to assist the police in determining whether [the
            defendant] was under the influence of an intoxicant by
            either admitting or denying there were other causes that
            could explain her actions. A negative response to all of
            the questions is testimonial, and combined with physical
            characteristics of impairment, supports an incriminating
            inference of impairment. Similarly, a positive response to
            whether a defendant is taking any medicines, in some
            instances, may constitute an incriminating statement.

Sagapolutele-Silva, 147 Hawaiʻi at 102, 464 P.3d at 890.

            Respectfully, the ICA incorrectly analyzed Muniz in

Sagapolutele-Silva.      Muniz addressed a number of questions asked

in connection with a drunk-driving arrest, one of which was the

sixth birthday question described above.          But the Supreme Court

(continued . . .)

                  Based on, inter alia, our analysis in Sagapolutele-
            Silva, we conclude that the medical rule-out questions
            posed to Skapinok were reasonably likely to elicit an
            incriminating response and, therefore, constituted
            interrogation. See Sagapolutele-Silva, No. CAAP-19-
            0000491, 2020 WL 1699907, slip op. at 17-20 (Haw. App.
            April 8, 2020).
                  Skapinok was in custody. She had not been given
            Miranda warnings. The medical rule-out questions
            constituted interrogation. Thus, we conclude that her
            responses to those questions should have been suppressed
            and the District Court did not err in so concluding in COLs
            13 and 17.

Skapinok, mem. op. at *6-7.

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held as it did because it determined the response to that

question was testimonial – in other words, the “communication

. . . itself, explicitly or implicitly, relate[d] a factual

assertion or disclose[d] information.”       Muniz, 496 U.S. at 594

(quoting Doe v. United States, 487 U.S. 201, 210 (1988)).

Pennsylvania had argued that the question did not require a

testimonial response because “the inference [from the answer]

concerns ‘the physiological functioning of Muniz’s brain,’” not

any particular fact related to the crime.       Id. at 593 (brackets

omitted).    The Court disagreed because the content of the answer

would have supported the conclusion he was impaired – “the

incriminating inference of impaired mental faculties stemmed,

not just from the fact that Muniz slurred his response, but also

from a testimonial aspect of that response.”         Id. at 599.   In

this way, the sixth birthday question differed from non-

testimonial observations that can be compelled, such as a voice

sample or blood alcohol content.       Id. at 593.

            In this case and in Sagapolutele-Silva, there is no

dispute that the responses to the medical rule-out questions are

testimonial.    The contents of the answer, as opposed to the

manner in which the answer is given, communicate the information

that may or may not be used to support the incriminating

inference of impairment.    Indeed, Muniz took as given that the

question was incriminating.    496 U.S. at 592.       The “birthday

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question” analysis in Muniz therefore provides little assistance

to answering the determinative question: whether the medical

rule-out questions would be “reasonably likely to elicit an

incriminating response.”     Id. at 601.

     2.   Under article I, section 10 of the Hawai‘i
          Constitution, evaluating whether questions are
          “attendant to” a police procedure still requires an
          inquiry into whether the officer knew or should have
          known the questions were reasonably likely to elicit
          an incriminating response

          The Muniz court did, however, consider whether certain

questions asked in advance of an SFST when defendant Muniz was

in custody were interrogation.      The Court held that the “limited

and carefully worded inquiries as to whether Muniz understood

th[e] instructions” to each component of the SFST were not

interrogation.   Muniz, 496 U.S. at 603.       Rather, “these focused

inquiries were necessarily ‘attendant to’ the police procedure,”

and therefore Muniz’s answers “were not elicited in response to

custodial interrogation.”     Id. at 603–04.     The Court cited to

South Dakota v. Neville, 459 U.S. 553 (1983), which “h[eld] that

police inquiry [into] whether [the] suspect would submit to

blood-alcohol test was not ‘interrogation within the meaning of

Miranda.’”   Muniz, 496 U.S. at 604 (quoting Neville, 459 U.S. at

564 n.15).   Neville explained:

          [P]olice words or actions “normally attendant to arrest and
          custody” do not constitute interrogation. The police
          inquiry here is highly regulated by state law, and is
          presented in virtually the same words to all suspects. It
          is similar to a police request to submit to fingerprinting

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          or photography. Respondent’s choice of refusal thus enjoys
          no prophylactic Miranda protection outside the basic Fifth
          Amendment protection.

459 U.S. at 564 n.15 (quoting Innis, 446 U.S. at 301).

          In Gibson v. Commonwealth, 706 S.E.2d 541 (Va. Ct.

App. 2011) – a decision that the ICA in Sagapolutele-Silva

explicitly rejected, 147 Hawaiʻi at 101, 464 P.3d at 889, but

that the State now urges us to adopt – the Court of Appeals of

Virginia relied on Muniz when it held that asking “whether [an

OVUII suspect] had any physical problems” prior to administering

the SFST was not interrogation.      706 S.E.2d at 545.     The

Virginia court opined that Muniz “recognized two exceptions to

this definition of interrogation”: (1) the “‘routine booking

question’ exception which exempts from Miranda’s coverage

questions to secure the ‘biographical data necessary to complete

booking or pretrial services,’” and (2) the exception for

“inquiries ‘necessarily “attendant to” [a legitimate] police

procedure.’”   Id. (brackets in original) (quoting Muniz, 496

U.S. at 601, 603-04).    Applied to the question at issue, “[t]he

‘physical problems’ question is sufficiently analogous to asking

whether [the suspect] understood [the officer’s] instructions as

to how each test is to be performed.       Both questions are clearly

meant to assure the validity of the test and not to elicit an

incriminatory response.”    Id.

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           In turn, Gibson relied on the analysis of the Supreme

Court of Vermont, which had also “recognized that inquiries

intended to assure the validity of a legitimate police procedure

fall under the ‘necessarily attendant to a legitimate police

procedure’ exception.”    Id.   In State v. Blouin, 716 A.2d 826

(Vt. 1998), the Supreme Court of Vermont held that asking an

OVUII suspect prior to administering a breath test whether he

“burped, belched or vomited within the last fifteen minutes” –

the purpose of which “is to ensure that trace amounts of alcohol

are not in the mouth which could render an inaccurate test

result,” id. at 827 – did not require Miranda warnings.           Id. at

830.   The Blouin court determined that the “burp question” was

not likely to elicit an incriminating response because:

          The burp question is designed to help assure the accuracy
          of the test – an objective as significant to the suspect as
          to the State. In and of itself, there is nothing
          incriminating about defendant’s response: if defendant had
          answered yes to the question, the officer would have merely
          waited another fifteen minutes to obtain accurate test
          results. In short, the burp question is not interrogation.

Id.

           We decline to adopt an exception to the interrogation

test that obviates the need to inquire into whether the question

would elicit an incriminating response when the question is

attendant to the SFST or otherwise “necessarily ‘attendant to’

the legitimate police procedure.”       Muniz, 496 U.S. at 605

(citing Neville, 459 U.S. at 564 n.15).        While we have

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explicitly recognized the “attendant to arrest and custody”

carve-out to the definition of “interrogation,” Trinque, 140

Hawaiʻi at 277, 400 P.3d at 478, Hawaiʻi law points against

eliminating the “incriminating response” inquiry even when the

police ask questions “attendant to” a routine, legitimate

procedure.

             Application of the “routine booking question

exception” is instructive: Muniz recognized that “questions to

secure the biographical data necessary to complete booking or

pretrial services” that are “requested for record-keeping

purposes only” and “reasonably related to the police’s

administrative concerns” do not require Miranda warnings despite

being direct questioning of an in-custody suspect.          496 U.S. at

601-02 (quotation marks omitted).       Nonetheless, “the police may

not ask questions, even during booking, that are designed to

elicit incriminatory admissions.”       Id. at 602 n.14.     The same is

true under the Hawai‘i Constitution:

          [I]f the “booking” officer knows or reasonably should know
          that a “routine booking question” is likely to elicit an
          incriminating response, [they] must administer the
          requisite warnings and obtain a valid waiver of the
          arrestee’s relevant constitutional rights before posing the
          question if the prosecution, in a subsequent criminal
          prosecution of the arrestee, is to be permitted to adduce
          evidence of the arrestee’s response without running afoul
          of article I, section 10 of the Hawai‘i Constitution.

Ketchum, 97 Hawai‘i at 128, 34 P.3d at 1027.

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          Ketchum rejected the existence of a so-called “booking

exception” under Hawaiʻi law, but our analysis in that case

comports with that of many other courts, which permit booking

questions without Miranda warnings, but not if the officer knew

or should have known that the question would be reasonably

likely to elicit incriminating information.      Compare id. at 119,

120–21, 34 P.3d at 1018, 1019–20 (“[T]he ‘exception’ is, when

scrutinized, no real exception at all. . . .      In other words,

the ‘routine booking question exception’ does no more than

recognize that not every ‘express question’ constitutes

‘interrogation.’”) with United States v. Zapien, 861 F.3d 971,

975 (9th Cir. 2017) (“Once the import of the booking exception

is properly understood as part and parcel of the question

whether there has been ‘interrogation,’ it becomes clear that

the determinative issue is whether the officer ‘should have

known that his questions were reasonably likely to elicit an

incriminating response.’” (citation omitted)); see also United

States v. Williams, 842 F.3d 1143, 1147 (9th Cir. 2016) (“The

booking questions exception, however, is subject to an important

qualification: ‘When a police officer has reason to know that a

suspect’s answer may incriminate him, however, even routine

questioning may amount to interrogation.’” (quoting United

States v. Henley, 984 F.2d 1040, 1042 (9th Cir. 1993)).

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           In Ketchum, we held that asking the suspect his

address – to be sure, information that is usually not

incriminating – constituted interrogation when asked after a

drug raid of a residence; the officer knew or should have known

that the information was relevant to establishing constructive

possession of the contraband recovered from the home.       97 Hawai‘i

at 126-27, 34 P.3d at 1025-26.     Thus, even usually mundane

biographical information can constitute interrogation if the

officer should know that the question is reasonably likely to

elicit an incriminating response.      Other jurisdictions have

similarly held that, for example, asking where a suspect was

born may require Miranda warnings when asked by a federal

immigration agent and where the suspect faces charges related to

illegal entry.   United States v. Gonzalez-Sandoval, 894 F.2d

1043, 1046-47 (9th Cir. 1990).     Likewise, asking a suspect

during booking whether they are a gang member may be reasonably

likely to elicit an incriminating response depending on the

circumstances and thus require Miranda warnings, despite the

question’s legitimate relationship to “police’s administrative

concerns” of prison security and inmate placement.       People v.

Elizalde, 351 P.3d 1010, 1017 (Cal. 2015); Williams, 842 F.3d at

1148-49.

           The so-called booking exception is analogous to the

“‘attendant to’ the legitimate police procedure” carve-out that

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the State urges us to adopt.    Muniz, 496 U.S. at 605.     While the

booking exception independently developed in the federal courts

before Innis and Muniz, it provides a useful touchpoint to

understanding the validity of a purported “attendant to a

legitimate police procedure” exception because they both relate

to the definitional exclusion from interrogation for express

questioning “normally attendant to arrest and custody.”

Trinque, 140 Hawai‘i at 277, 400 P.3d at 478; United States v.

Gotchis, 803 F.2d 74, 79 (2d Cir. 1986) (“Routine questions

about a suspect’s identity and marital status, ordinarily

innocent of any investigative purpose, do not pose the dangers

Miranda was designed to check; they are rather the sort of

questions ‘normally attendant to arrest and custody[.]’”

(quoting Innis, 446 U.S. at 301)).     The pragmatic basis for

booking questions and procedural questions is the same: both are

“highly regulated . . . and . . . presented in virtually the

same words to all suspects,” Neville, 459 U.S. at 564 n.15,

posing less risk that the questioning would “subjugate the

individual to the will of [their] examiner and thereby undermine

the privilege against compulsory self-incrimination.”       Paahana,

66 Haw. at 502, 666 P.2d at 595 (quotation marks omitted)

(quoting Innis, 446 U.S. at 299).      But that is not to say there

is no risk, and we see no reason to treat questions “attendant

to” police procedures differently than “booking questions” under

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the Hawai‘i Constitution – the inquiry in both circumstances is

whether the question is reasonably likely to elicit an

incriminating response.

           We therefore hold that under the self-incrimination

clause of the Hawai‘i Constitution, police questioning that is

“‘attendant to’ [a] legitimate police procedure,” Muniz, 496

U.S. at 605, is interrogation if the officer “knows or

reasonably should know that [the question] is likely to elicit

an incriminating response,” Ketchum, 97 Hawai‘i at 128, 34 P.3d

at 1027.   In other words, being attendant to a police procedure,

standing alone, does not obviate the need to examine whether the

officer knew or should have known that the questions were

reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response.                If such

questions are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating

response, they must be preceded by Miranda warnings in order to

be admissible.

     3.    The medical rule-out questions were reasonably likely
           to elicit an incriminating response

           We must then apply this principle to the seven medical

rule-out questions asked to Skapinok in this case:

           i.     Do you have any physical defects or speech
                  impediments?
           ii.    Are you taking any medications?
           ii.    Are you under the care of a doctor or dentist for
                  anything?
           iv.    Are you under the care of an eye doctor?
           v.     Do you have an artificial or glass eye?
           vi.    Are you epileptic or diabetic?
           vii.   Are you blind in either eye?

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           Corporal Chang knew or should have known that “are you

taking any medications” is reasonably likely to elicit an

incriminating response.    A person may be guilty of OVUII if they

“operate[] or assume[] actual physical control of a vehicle

. . . [w]hile under the influence of any drug that impairs the

person’s ability to operate the vehicle in a careful and prudent

manner.”   HRS § 291E-61(a)(2).    “Drug” is defined as “any

controlled substance, as defined and enumerated in schedules I

through IV of chapter 329, or its metabolites.”      HRS § 291E-1

(2007).    In turn, Chapter 329, the Uniform Controlled Substances

Act, classifies numerous legal prescription medications as

controlled substances in schedules I through IV, including, for

example: Marijuana (HRS § 329-14(d)(20) (2010)), Xanax (HRS

§ 329-20(b)(1) (2010)) (identified by its generic name

Alprazolam), and Ambien (HRS § 329-20(b)(54) (2015)) (identified

by its generic name Zolpidem).     Someone who is lawfully

prescribed and taking a medication that is a controlled

substance confronts the “cruel trilemma of self-accusation,

perjury or contempt,” Muniz, 496 U.S. at 596 (quoting Doe, 487

U.S. at 212), when faced with this question: lie, incriminate

themselves with the truth, or say nothing and face arrest.

           Even answering the question with a medication that is

not a controlled substance may be incriminating, as Skapinok’s

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answer demonstrates.    Corporal Chang testified that he knew

Wellbutrin can interact with alcohol to create side effects that

look like impairment.    Even if Skapinok did not consume enough

alcohol to exceed the breath or blood alcohol content

thresholds, she may still be guilty of OVUII if she “operate[d]

or assume[d] actual physical control of a vehicle . . . [w]hile

under the influence of alcohol in an amount sufficient to impair

the person’s normal mental faculties or ability to care for the

person and guard against casualty.”     HRS § 291E-61(a)(1).    As

Skapinok has pointed out, “[n]othing in the statute requires

that alcohol be the sole or exclusive cause of a defendant’s

impairment.   Rather, what is required is proof beyond a

reasonable doubt that liquor contributed to the diminishment of

the defendant’s capacity to drive safely.”      Vliet, 91 Hawaiʻi at

293, 983 P.2d at 194; see also id. at 294, 983 P.2d at 195

(citing favorably to, inter alia, State v. Daniels, 379 N.W.2d

97, 99 (Minn. Ct. App. 1986), in which a defendant was convicted

for consuming alcohol and an anti-depressant).      Skapinok, too,

faced the “cruel trilemma”: admit to the incriminating fact that

she was taking Wellbutrin, lie, or face certain arrest by

remaining silent.   Thus, given that many answers to “[a]re you

taking any medications” would incriminate an OVUII suspect, the

officers knew or should have known that asking a person under

investigation for OVUII if they are taking any medication is

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reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response.            Even

though the question relates to the administration of the SFST,

if the suspect is in custody, this question must be preceded by

Miranda warnings for the answer to be admissible.

           The remaining medical rule-out questions at issue here

do not present the same direct link to the crime being

investigated.    “Do you have any physical defects or speech

impediments?”; “[a]re you under the care of a doctor or dentist

for anything?”; “[a]re you under the care of an eye doctor?”;

“[d]o you have an artificial or glass eye?”; “[a]re you

epileptic or diabetic?”; and “[a]re you blind in either eye?”;

elicit information that, standing alone, neither inculpates nor

exculpates the defendant of OVUII. 14       But Skapinok argues these

questions, as a battery, are incriminating because they serve to

rule out other possibilities for poor performance on the SFST.

In other words, the incriminating inference to be drawn from all

“no” responses is that only drugs or alcohol could have caused

the defendant to exhibit signs of intoxication on the test.              The

lone dissenter in Blouin agreed with this argument as to the

      14    Both Gibson and Blouin reasoned that “assuring the accuracy of
the [test] is just as significant to [the defendant] as it is to the
[government].” Gibson, 706 S.E.2d at 546; Blouin, 716 A.2d at 830. Whether
or not the question is “significant” to the defendant is of no matter.
Indeed, an incriminating response is “any response – whether inculpatory or
exculpatory – that the prosecution may seek to introduce at trial.” Innis,
446 U.S. at 301 n.5 (1980) (first emphasis added); Miranda v. Arizona, 384
U.S. at 477 (“[N]o distinction may be drawn between inculpatory statements
and statements alleged to be merely ‘exculpatory.’”).

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“burp” question: “the interrogatory is designed to bolster the

quality of evidence against the suspect and, thus, calls for an

incriminating response.”    716 A.2d at 831 (Skoglund, J.,

dissenting).   Likewise, in State v. Forsyth, 859 A.2d 163 (Me.

2004), the Supreme Judicial Court of Maine rejected the State’s

argument that asking whether the defendant “had any physical

impairments” in advance of a component of the SFST was “a mere

preliminary question for the officer to determine whether or not

a test would be fair” akin to “general health and other similar

booking questions”: “[w]e do not agree that such a question does

not seek to elicit incriminating statements.      The question asks

a suspect to provide information to assist the officer in ruling

out anything other than intoxication as an explanation for

[their] performance on a field sobriety test.”      Id. at 165.

           We conclude that all of the medical rule-out questions

are interrogation.   Although the “incriminating inference” may

be indirect, the questions nevertheless adduce evidence to

establish that intoxication caused any poor performance on the

SFST.   Sagapolutele-Silva, 147 Hawaiʻi at 102, 464 P.3d at 890.

Indeed, Corporal Chang testified that the medical rule-out

questions “focuse[d] [his] attention away from medical and

physical problems and . . . more on a cause by an intoxicant[.]”

And the State, in its application, admitted that the questions

do not just “ensure the accuracy” of the SFST, but “assist the

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trier-of-fact in evaluating the OVUII suspect’s physical

performance on the SFST.”    That they are used to assist the

trier-of-fact shows that the medical rule-out questions elicit a

“response — whether inculpatory or exculpatory — that the

prosecution may seek to introduce at trial.”      Ketchum, 97 Hawai‘i

at 130, 34 P.3d at 1029 (quoting Innis, 446 U.S. at 301 n.5).

          Here, the questions do not merely ensure that the SFST

can be safely performed, they affect the officer’s

interpretation of the test’s output – in other words, the

questions gather evidence against the defendant rather than

simply determining whether evidence can viably be gathered.       The

questions’ breadth demonstrates that their scope exceeds what is

needed to assess whether the test can in fact be administered

and crosses into investigatory: it is difficult to understand

how being under the care of a dentist or having a speech

impediment, for instance, would affect whether not the defendant

could safely perform the test.     Compared to Muniz, these are not

the “limited and carefully worded inquiries” that case

sanctioned, nor do they reflect that the officers “carefully

limit[] [their] role to providing [the suspect] with relevant

information.”   496 U.S. at 603, 605.    Rather, the sweep of the

seven medical rule-out questions asked to Skapinok ensured not

only that the officer could administer the test, but that all

other possible explanations were systemically ruled-out as

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causes of the test’s results.        They were interrogation under

article I, section 10 of the Hawai‘i Constitution.           Because

Skapinok was in custody at the time the officer asked them,

Miranda warnings were required, and her answers to them must be

suppressed.

B.    Neither Asking if Skapinok Would Participate in the SFST
      nor Asking if She Understood the Instructions Constituted
      Interrogation

            Although not squarely raised as a point of error, 15 the

ICA did not err by holding that neither asking Skapinok if she

would participate in an SFST nor asking if she understood the

instructions were interrogation.          We recently considered the

same questions in State v. Uchima, 147 Hawai‘i 64, 464 P.3d 852

(2020):

            Here, [the officer administering the SFST] asked [the
            defendant] whether he would participate in an [S]FST,
            whether he understood the instructions of the individual
            tests, and whether he had any questions. These preliminary
            questions were not reasonably likely to lead to
            incriminating responses because neither an affirmative or
            negative response to these questions is incriminating.
            Rather, the questions allow the officer to determine
            whether [the defendant] was willing to undergo the [S]FST
            and whether he understood the officer’s instructions prior
            to performing the three tests comprising the [S]FST. Thus,
            these questions were not of such nature that [the officer]
            should have known that they were likely to elicit an
            incriminating response.

Id. at 84, 464 P.3d at 872.

      15    The only point of error in Skapinok’s application relates to
fruit of the poisonous tree, but the application nonetheless discusses the
ICA’s treatment of these other questions.

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            We reach the same conclusion here.         Asking whether

Skapinok would participate in and understood the tests

constituted “limited and focused inquiries” that were not

reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response.             Muniz,

496 U.S. at 605.     The ICA did not err by concluding that these

questions are not interrogation.

C.    The Evidence Gathered After the Miranda Violation Was Not
      “Fruit of the Poisonous Tree”

            We must next consider whether the evidence obtained

after the illegality – including questions asked subsequent to

the medical rule-out questions as part of the SFST and

Skapinok’s performance on the SFST (to which we will refer

collectively as “the SFST”) – was tainted by the Miranda

violation as fruit of the poisonous tree. 16        “[T]he ‘fruit of the

poisonous tree’ doctrine ‘prohibits the use of evidence at trial

which comes to light as a result of the exploitation of a

previous illegal act of the police.’”         Trinque, 140 Hawaiʻi at

281, 400 P.3d at 482 (quoting State v. Fukusaku, 85 Hawai‘i 462,

      16    The record suggests that Skapinok was asked whether she
understood the instructions to the SFST after being asked the medical rule-
out questions. As explained above, this question is not itself
interrogation. The fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine would furnish an
independent ground to suppress this question, but as we explain in this
section, this argument is also unavailing.
            We also note that Skapinok squarely raised the fruits doctrine in
her answering brief to the ICA, but the ICA’s memorandum opinion did not
address it. We ultimately agree with the result the ICA reached. But
because fruit of the poisonous tree, if applicable, would require suppression
of evidence acquired after the Miranda violation irrespective of whether that
evidence was the product of interrogation, the ICA erred by failing to
evaluate whether the fruits doctrine applied.

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475, 946 P.2d 32, 45 (1997)).     We hold that the SFST was not an

exploitation of the illegality in this case.

           We addressed the fruits doctrine under virtually

identical circumstances in State v. Manion, SCWC-XX-XXXXXXX

(Haw. 2022).   In that case, during an OVUII investigation, the

defendant was asked the medical rule-out questions while in

custody, in violation of Miranda; Manion argued that his

performance on the SFST must therefore be suppressed as fruit of

the poisonous tree.    Id. at *10.     But we explained, “Although

they immediately preceded the SFST in time, the medical rule-out

questions did not give the officers information that ‘le[d]

[them] to search for’ evidence of intoxication, nor did the

medical rule-out questions pique their suspicions such that

their investigation was ‘direct[ed]’ towards discovering

evidence of intoxication.”    Id. at *12 (brackets in original)

(quoting State v. Lee, 149 Hawai‘i 45, 50, 481 P.3d 52, 57

(2020)).

           The same is true here.      The officers had already set

out to administer the SFST before asking the medical rule-out

questions – indeed, they had already asked for, and received,

Skapinok’s consent for the tests.       “The officers did not exploit

the illegality by continuing to gather evidence that they had

already set out to gather.”    Id.     And “that the illegally-

obtained evidence is relevant to interpreting subsequently-

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obtained evidence does not mean that discovery of the latter

‘exploit[s]’ the former.” 17       Id. at *14 (quoting State v.

Poaipuni, 98 Hawai‘i 387, 392, 49 P.3d 353, 358 (2002)).

Accordingly, the SFST was not the fruit of the poisonous tree in

this case.

                              V.    CONCLUSION

            For the foregoing reasons, although we disagree in

part with its reasoning, the ICA was correct to conclude that

Skapinok’s answers to the medical rule-out questions must be

suppressed but that the other challenged evidence is admissible.

The ICA’s June 30, 2020 judgment on appeal is accordingly

affirmed.

Brian R. Vincent                           /s/ Mark E. Recktenwald
for Petitioner and Respondent
State of Hawai‘i                           /s/ Paula A. Nakayama

Alen M. Kaneshiro                          /s/ Sabrina S. McKenna
for Respondent and Petitioner
Leah Skapinok                              /s/ Paul B.K. Wong

      17    For this reason, respectfully, the dissent incorrectly frames the
inquiry when it considers only whether the questions “[had] an effect on” the
administration of the SFST or “allow[ed] officers to interpret” its results.
Dissent at 14, 16. That the medical rule-out questions are incriminating
because they assist in the interpretation of the test’s results is distinct
from whether the questions lead the officers’ investigation towards the
tests.

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