Court Opinion

ID: 9379417
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-15 17:01:19.741008+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:00.716808
License: Public Domain

FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                              MAR 15 2023
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                            U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No.   22-10037

              Plaintiff-Appellee,                D.C. No.
                                                 2:19-cr-00304-RFB-VCF-1
 v.

LATONIA SMITH,                                   MEMORANDUM*

              Defendant-Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Nevada
                 Richard F. Boulware II, District Judge, Presiding

                            Submitted March 6, 2023**
                               Las Vegas, Nevada

Before: CLIFTON, BYBEE, and BENNETT, Circuit Judges.

      Latonia Smith appeals her conviction of five counts of mailing threatening

communications pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 876(c). Smith argues that the district

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
court erred in denying a mistrial, admitting evidence that was privileged or unfairly

prejudicial, and instructing the jury.

      We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We find no reversible error in

the district court’s rulings. Accordingly, we affirm.

      1. The parties are familiar with the facts in this case and we repeat them

only as necessary. The district court “is in the best position to determine whether

an incident merits a mistrial.” United States v. Lemus, 847 F.3d 1016, 1025 (9th

Cir. 2016) (quoting United States v. Gardner, 611 F.2d 770, 777(9th Cir. 1980)).

We defer to the district court’s decision regarding a mistrial and will reverse only if

the district court abused that discretion. See United States v. Sanford, 673 F.2d

1070, 1073 (9th Cir. 1982).

      Smith alleges that a mistrial was warranted for two reasons: First, Smith

argues that the jury was prejudiced because one of the victims who received a

threatening letter initially refused to answer questions about her children.

However, this victim did eventually testify about these details in the presence of

the jury. In addition, the district court gave the jury an instruction not to draw any

inferences from the interruption. When a court gives a curative instruction, there is

a “strong presumption” that the jury follows that instruction. Lemus, 847 F.3d at

1025 (quoting United States v. Pavon, 561 F.2d 799, 803 (9th Cir. 1977)). Finally,

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the interrupted victim’s testimony did not prejudice Smith because the evidence

that Smith intended to threaten her victims was overwhelming. See United States

v. Nolan, 700 F.2d 479, 485 (9th Cir. 1983) (concluding that there was “little

question that the jury would have convicted [the defendant] regardless”).

      Second, Smith argues that the district court’s evidentiary ruling caused

defense counsel to make a “broken promise” to the jury. Defense counsel

promised that the jury would hear evidence that one of the victims assaulted Smith,

but after learning from the district court that this evidence could open the door to

damaging rebuttal evidence, defense counsel elected not to introduce it. The

record shows that the district court informed counsel that it would need to revisit

its evidentiary rulings depending on what evidence was introduced and whether

Smith took the stand. The district court also instructed the jury not to draw any

conclusions from Smith’s decision not to testify. See United States v. Padilla, 639

F.3d 892, 897 (9th Cir. 2011) (the appellate court should “presume that juries

follow instructions given to them throughout the course of the trial”).

      The district court acted well within its judgment when it denied Smith’s

motion for a mistrial. Doing so was not an abuse of discretion.

      2. Smith argues on appeal that the district court erred in its instructions to

the jury. Because Smith did not object to this instruction, we review for plain

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error. Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 466–67 (1997). However, we need

not reverse the conviction if “we still find beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury

would have convicted [the defendant] even if it had been properly instructed.”

United States v. Miller, 953 F.3d 1095, 1103 (9th Cir. 2020).

      At trial, the district court instructed the jury that it could find Smith guilty if

it found that she “actually intended for the communication to be understood or

perceived as a threat or believed that the communication would be understood or

perceived as a threat to injure the receiver of the communication or another

person.” After Smith’s conviction, we decided United States v. Bachmeier, 8 F.4th

1059 (9th Cir. 2021). Bachmeier held that conviction under § 876(c) requires that

“the speaker . . . subjectively intend to threaten,” and found that jury instructions

similar to Smith’s were erroneous. Id. at 1064–65 (internal quotation and citation

omitted).

      However, there is overwhelming evidence that Smith intended to threaten

her victims. One of her letters specified that it was a “REAL THREAT.” Another

message told the victim “Congratulations you have just been added to the hit list.”

A third letter told the victim, “Your throat will be slit,” “You will be hunted to the

ends of the earth,” and “When you least expect it you will beg for your lives and

your childrens [sic] lives.” Because Smith clearly intended to threaten, “there is no

                                            4
reasonable possibility” that the district court’s jury instructions “materially affected

the verdict.” Bachmeier, 8 F.4th at 1065 (internal quotations and citations omitted).

      3. For the first time on appeal, Smith argues that an email she sent to

Advanced Psychiatry was privileged. Because this issue was not raised below, we

review only for plain error. Johnson, 520 U.S. at 466–67.

      The party asserting the federal psychiatric-patient privilege bears the burden

of showing that 1) the communication was sent to a licensed psychotherapist, 2)

the communication was confidential, and 3) the communication was made in the

course of diagnosis or treatment. United States v. Romo, 413 F.3d 1044, 1047 (9th

Cir. 2005).

      Here, Smith cannot establish that the communication was privileged because

she failed to show that it was sent in the course of diagnosis or treatment. At trial,

defense counsel explicitly disclaimed the argument that the email was privileged.

Smith maintained that emails sent from her account could have come from other

people. In fact, Smith’s mother testified that “anyone” could have written it.

Accordingly, the district court never determined that Smith was the sender, and

instructed the jury that the district court made no finding as to the identity of the

sender. Without providing information about the purpose of the email, the

expectations of the sender, and the context in which it was sent, Smith cannot

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establish that the email was privileged. Romo, 413 F.3d at 1047. The district court

did not plainly err in admitting the Advanced Psychiatry email.

      For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the judgment below.

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