Court Opinion

ID: 4311468
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-09-12 09:08:04.411469+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:49:01.211849
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   September 11, 2018
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 338656
                                                                   Wayne Circuit Court
NICKOLAS JONATHAN FREDERICK,                                       LC No. 16-007099-01-FC

              Defendant-Appellant.

Before: SWARTZLE, P.J., and JANSEN and O’BRIEN, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendant appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of three counts of armed robbery,
MCL 750.529, 17 counts of assault with a dangerous weapon (felonious assault), MCL 750.82,
and one count of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm),
MCL 750.227b. The trial court sentenced defendant to 25 to 50 years’ imprisonment for each of
the armed robbery convictions, two to four years’ imprisonment for each of the felonious assault
convictions, and two years’ imprisonment for the felony-firearm conviction. We affirm.

                                    I. BACKGROUND FACTS

        This case arises from the robbery of MoMo’s Poker Room during the early morning
hours of April 1, 2016. On March 31, 2016, Michael Pennington invited his friend, defendant, to
attend a charity poker tournament at MoMo’s Poker Room on that evening. Pennington testified
that he won $1,000 with a lottery ticket earlier that day, and thus, he had offered to pay for
defendant. At some point during that day, defendant suggested to Pennington that they rob
MoMo’s Poker Room. Defendant once again suggested that they rob MoMo’s Poker Room
during the first break of the poker tournament, as defendant believed that it would be easy
because the poker tournament’s cash drawer was located close to the door for MoMo’s Poker
Room.

        Later that evening, defendant’s brother, Daniel Frederick, arrived at MoMo’s Poker
Room as well. Eventually, Pennington, defendant, and Frederick had a conversation outside of
MoMo’s Poker Room wherein Frederick asked Pennington if he “knew about what [defendant]
was talking about with the Poker Room.” Pennington replied that he had told defendant that he
“didn’t want nothing [sic] to do with it.” Defendant then began “talking about how much money
was in there, and that he would call one of his friends if [Pennington] didn’t want to do it.”

                                               -1-
Defendant eventually left MoMo’s Poker Room in Pennington’s car, with the agreement that he
would pick up Pennington later that evening.

        Approximately one hour after the conversation outside of MoMo’s Poker Room,
Pennington asked defendant to pick him up. During the drive back to defendant’s home,
defendant once again raised the possibility of robbing MoMo’s Poker Room. Eventually, they
met up with Frederick outside of defendant’s home, and Pennington was ultimately convinced to
participate in the robbery as defendant and Frederick’s driver.

        Pennington drove defendant and Frederick to an area near MoMo’s Poker Room, and
defendant and Frederick exited his automobile and headed towards the building. Defendant and
Frederick returned to Frederick’s automobile approximately 10 to 15 minutes after they had left
it. After they returned, Frederick “said somebody was in the alley and that they were pretty close
to them, that they seen [sic] their face [sic], they looked right into his face.” During trial, the
man who operated, but did not own, MoMo’s Poker Room, George Smith, also known as
“MoMo,” testified that he had seen two “gentlemen” in an alley near MoMo’s Poker Room, and
he identified defendant and Frederick as the two “gentlemen” that he saw.

         Frederick suggested that they return to MoMo’s Poker Room at a different time in order
to rob it; however, defendant insisted that he would complete the robbery with or without
Frederick, and they ultimately left Pennington’s automobile. During trial, multiple witnesses
described how two armed men entered MoMo’s Poker Room with their faces concealed. One of
the two armed men waved his gun at the crowd of poker players, and the two men procured the
money held in the tournament’s cashier drawer, as well as the prize money that had been set
aside for the tournament’s winners. Defendant and Pennington returned a short time later to
Pennington’s automobile. Pennington drove them back to defendant’s home, and they proceeded
to distribute the proceeds of the robbery amongst themselves.

                             II. LAY WITNESS IDENTIFICATION

        Defendant first asserts that the trial court erred when it permitted Smith to identify
defendant in a video recording of surveillance footage from MoMo’s Poker Room on the night of
the incident. We disagree.

         Generally, an issue is preserved for appellate review when it is raised before and
addressed and decided by a trial court. People v Metamora Water Serv Inc, 276 Mich. App. 376,
382; 741 NW2d 61 (2007), citing Hines v Volkswagen of America, Inc, 265 Mich. App. 432, 443;
695 NW2d 84 (2005). However, “[t]o preserve an evidentiary issue for review, a party opposing
the admission of evidence must object at trial and specify the same ground for objection that it
asserts on appeal.” People v Aldrich, 246 Mich. App. 101, 113; 631 NW2d 67 (2001) (citations
omitted). Defense counsel did not object to the identification testimony during trial. Therefore,
this issue is not preserved for appellate review.

        “The decision whether to admit evidence falls within a trial court’s discretion and will be
reversed only when there is an abuse of that discretion.” People v Duncan, 494 Mich. 713, 722;
835 NW2d 399 (2013), citing People v Gursky, 486 Mich. 596, 606; 786 NW2d 579 (2010). “A
trial court abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law in the interpretation of a rule of

                                                -2-
evidence.” People v Jackson, 498 Mich. 246, 257; 869 NW2d 253 (2015), citing Duncan, 494
Mich. at 723. Further, “[a] trial court abuses its discretion when its decision falls outside the
range of reasonable and principled outcomes[.]” People v Swain, 288 Mich. App. 609, 628-629;
794 NW2d 92 (2010), citing People v Unger, 278 Mich. App. 210, 217; 749 NW2d 272 (2008).
“We review such questions of law de novo.” Jackson, 498 Mich. at 257, citing Duncan, 494
Mich. at 723.

        However, “[t]his Court reviews unpreserved claims of error for plain error affecting the
defendant’s substantial rights.” People v Kissner, 292 Mich. App. 526, 541; 808 NW2d 522
(2011), citing People v Carines, 460 Mich. 750, 763-764; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). To avoid
forfeiture under the plain error rule, the defendant must demonstrate that an error occurred, the
error was plain, and the plain error affected substantial rights. People v Buie, 285 Mich. App.
401, 407; 775 NW2d 817 (2009), citing Carines, 460 Mich. at 763. “The third prong requires a
showing of prejudice, which occurs when the error affected the outcome of the lower court
proceedings.” People v Putman, 309 Mich. App. 240, 243; 870 NW2d 593 (2015), citing Carines,
460 Mich. at 763. “Reversal is warranted only when the plain, forfeited error resulted in the
conviction of an actually innocent defendant or when an error ‘seriously affect[ed] the fairness,
integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings’ independent of the defendant’s innocence.”
Carines, 460 Mich. at 763-764, quoting United States v Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 736-737; 113 S. Ct.
1770; 123 L. Ed. 2d 508 (1993) (quotation marks omitted; alteration in original).

        “Generally, all relevant evidence is admissible except as otherwise provided by either the
state or the federal constitution or by court rule.” People v Fomby, 300 Mich. App. 46, 48; 831
NW2d 887 (2013), citing MRE 402, and People v Yost, 278 Mich. App. 341, 355; 749 NW2d 753
(2008). “Evidence is relevant if it has ‘any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of
consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be
without the evidence.’ ” Fomby, 300 Mich. App. at 48, citing MRE 401. “Even if evidence is
relevant, it ‘may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of
unfair prejudice . . . .’ ” Fomby, 300 Mich. App. at 48, citing MRE 403, and Yost, 278 Mich. App.
at 407.

        MRE 701 provides that “[i]f the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness’
testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which
are (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness and (b) helpful to a clear understanding
of the witness’ testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.” However, “ ‘a witness cannot
express an opinion on the defendant’s guilt or innocence of the charged offense[.]’ ” Fomby, 300
Mich. App. at 53, quoting People v Bragdon, 142 Mich. App. 197, 199; 369 NW2d 208 (1985). “
‘[W]here a jury is as capable as anyone else of reaching a conclusion on certain facts, it is error
to permit a witness to give his own opinion or interpretation of the facts because it invades the
province of the jury.’ ” People v Drossart, 99 Mich. App. 66, 80; 297 NW2d 863 (1980)
(citations omitted); see also People v Perkins, 314 Mich. App. 140, 162; 885 NW2d 900 (2016)
(citing Drossart for the same proposition), vacated in part by People v Perkins, unpublished
order of the Court of Appeals, entered February 12, 2016 (Docket Nos. 323454, 323876,
325741), superseded in part on other grounds sub nom People v Hyatt, 316 Mich. App. 368
(2016), and aff’d in part, rev’d in part sub nom People v Skinner, ___ Mich ___ (2018) (Docket
Nos. 152448, 153081, 153345).

                                                -3-
         During trial, Smith identified defendant as a man who participated in the poker
tournament at approximately 7:00 p.m. or 7:30 p.m. on March 31, 2016. Smith also explained
that he saw defendant with “[a]nother guy” during the VFW poker tournament. A few hours
later, at some time after midnight on April 1, 2016, Smith received a call from his employee,
Anna Lincoln. According to Smith, Lincoln told him that there were “two guys in the alley in
the back parking lot, [and] they looked kind of shady.” Lincoln also told Smith that when the
men saw “her come by, they went down and hid their faces.” In response to Lincoln’s call,
Smith went to the alley. He “stood at the end of the building, and two gentlemen walked past
[him].” During trial, Smith identified one of the two “gentlemen” as defendant. Smith testified
that the other man was Frederick.

        Smith also testified during trial that there were “maybe” seven or eight cameras around
MoMo’s Poker Room, and that the building also had one exterior camera which was pointed
towards Telegraph Road. A video recording of surveillance footage from MoMo’s Poker Room
was played for the jury during trial. While the video recording was played, the prosecutor asked
Smith various questions about the video recording. Smith identified defendant and Pennington
as two men who entered MoMo’s Poker Room in the video recording, and he also identified
defendant, Frederick, and Pennington as three men who were depicted as leaving MoMo’s Poker
Room together. Smith described how the video recording showed Pennington, Frederick, and
defendant leaving, entering, and moving about MoMo’s Poker Room at various times. Notably,
when the video recording reached the period of time when the robbery occurred, Smith described
how the video recording depicted “[t]wo guys coming in with guns.” Smith did not identify
either of the “two guys” who were depicted in the portion of the video recording that showed the
incident in MoMo’s Poker Room.

       Defendant contends on appeal that Smith’s identification testimony as it pertained to the
video recording of the surveillance footage impermissibly invaded the province of the jury.
Defendant’s contention is without merit.

       Defendant only challenges particular portions of Smith’s video recording identification
testimony. Part of the testimony that defendant has challenged pertains to Smith’s cross-
examination testimony pertaining to the video recordings, testimony that defense counsel elicited
during trial. That portion of Smith’s testimony consisted of defense counsel questioning Smith
regarding the appearance of Pennington, Smith, and “the two guys” depicted in the video
recording and still photographs taken from the video recording. Regardless, defendant has
waived the portion of his claim which was based on testimony specifically elicited by defense
counsel. “[A] party may not harbor error at trial and then use that error as an appellate
parachute[.]” People v Szalma, 487 Mich. 708, 726; 790 NW2d 662 (2010).

        The remaining portion of challenged testimony pertained to Smith’s identification of
defendant entering, exiting, and moving around MoMo’s Poker Room before the robbery
occurred. Defendant contends that Smith’s testimony was not helpful to the jury, and that Smith
and the jury were “equally positioned” to determine what the video recording showed. However,
unlike the jury, Smith was actually present at MoMo’s Poker Room on the evening March 31,
2016, through the early morning hours of April 1, 2016. Smith identified defendant as a man
who was participating in the poker tournament, and as one of the two men that Smith later saw in
alley outside of MoMo’s Poker Room during the early morning hours of April 1, 2016.

                                               -4-
Therefore, Smith was better situated than the jury to identify defendant on the video recordings
based on his personal interactions with defendant just before the robbery of MoMo’s Poker
Room occurred.

        Defendant also contends that Smith “did not know [defendant] but without hesitation
stated that [defendant] was in fact one of the masked men in the poker room surveillance video.”
However, Smith did not actually identify either of the “two masked men” in the video recording
of the robbery. Thus, the question of the identity of the two masked men was left solely for the
jury to resolve during its deliberations. Therefore, defendant has failed to show how any error in
connection with Smith’s identification of defendant on the video recording of the surveillance
footage from MoMo’s Poker Room.

       Even when assuming arguendo that it was error to permit Smith to identify defendant in
the video recording, there was overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt. In order to
demonstrate plain error, a defendant must show prejudice, i.e., the error at issue affected the
outcome of the proceedings. Putman, 309 Mich. App. at 243. Defendant argues that the video
recording “was the most important piece of evidence purporting to link [defendant] to the
crime.” Defendant entirely overlooks Pennington’s testimony, wherein Pennington provided an
account of the entire sequence of events leading to the robbery, defendant’s insistence on
robbing MoMo’s Poker Room, his own participation in the robbery as the “driver” for defendant
and Frederick, and how he and defendant subsequently went to Greektown Casino to gamble
with the proceeds from the robbery. Pennington’s testimony was independently corroborated in
part by a report generated from a GPS tracking device, which had been placed on Pennington’s
automobile due to a separate police investigation. Further, Smith testified that he saw defendant
and Frederick standing in an alley outside of MoMo’s Poker Room shortly before the robbery
took place. Therefore, defendant’s argument is entirely without merit.

                       III. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

        Second, defendant argues that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel when
trial counsel failed to object to Smith’s identification testimony as it pertained to the video
recording of the surveillance footage. We disagree.

        To preserve a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must file a motion
for a new trial or a Ginther1 hearing to develop a record to support the claim. People v Sabin
(On Second Remand), 242 Mich. App. 656, 658-659; 620 NW2d 19 (2000). Defendant did not
file a motion for a new trial or a Ginther hearing. Therefore, “because the trial court did not hold
an evidentiary hearing, our review is limited to the facts on the record.” People v Wilson, 242
Mich. App. 350, 352; 619 NW2d 413 (2000), citing People v Hedelsky, 162 Mich. App. 382, 387;
412 NW2d 746 (1987). The record on appeal “consists of ‘the original papers filed in that court
or a certified copy, the transcript of any testimony or other proceedings in the case appealed, and

1
    People v Ginther, 390 Mich. 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).

                                                -5-
the exhibits introduced.’ ” People v Gingrich, 307 Mich. App. 656, 659 n 1; 862 NW2d 432
(2014), quoting MCR 7.210(A)(1).

        “Whether a person has been denied effective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of
fact and constitutional law. Findings on questions of fact are reviewed for clear error, while
rulings on questions of constitutional law are reviewed de novo.” People v Jordan, 275 Mich
App 659, 667; 739 NW2d 706 (2007), citing People v LeBlanc, 465 Mich. 575, 579; 640 NW2d
246 (2002) (quotation marks omitted). Generally, when “an evidentiary hearing on defendant’s
claims of ineffective assistance has not been held, this Court’s review is limited to mistakes
apparent on the record.” People v Scott, 275 Mich. App. 521, 526; 739 NW2d 702 (2007).

        “Both the Michigan and the United States Constitutions require that a criminal defendant
enjoy the assistance of counsel for his or her defense.” People v Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich. 38, 51;
826 NW2d 136 (2012), citing Const 1963, art 1, § 20, and US Const, Am VI. Generally, “in
order to obtain a new trial, a defendant must show that (1) counsel’s performance fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness and (2) but for counsel’s deficient performance, there is a
reasonable probability that the outcome would have been different.” Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich. at
51, citing People v Armstrong, 490 Mich. 281, 290; 806 NW2d 676 (2011), see also Strickland v
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694-696; 104 S. Ct. 2052; 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984) (providing the rule
stated in Trakhtenberg).

        “Defense counsel is given wide discretion in matters of trial strategy because many
calculated risks may be necessary in order to win difficult cases. There is accordingly a strong
presumption of effective assistance of counsel.” Unger, 278 Mich. App. at 242 (citations
omitted). The fact that a particular strategy ultimately failed does not demonstrate that a
defendant was denied the effective assistance of counsel. People v Kevorkian, 248 Mich. App.
373, 414-415; 639 NW2d 291 (2001). “Failing to advance a meritless argument or raise a futile
objection does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v Ericksen, 288 Mich
App 192, 201; 793 NW2d 120 (2010), citing People v Snider, 239 Mich. App. 393, 425; 608
NW2d 502 (2000).

       Defendant contends he was denied the effective assistance of counsel during trial because
defense counsel failed to object to Smith’s identification of defendant in the video recordings
from MoMo’s Poker Room. We disagree.

        Defendant argues that his trial defense “was that he was not the person in the video,” and
that “[n]o valid defense strategy could involve admitting testimony that that the video showed
otherwise.” However, as discussed above, Smith never identified defendant as either of the two
armed men depicted in the video recording. Defense counsel cross-examined Smith regarding
the video recording, and through her questions, she had Smith describe differences between the
appearance and clothing of defendant and the appearance and clothing of the two armed men,
and she also attempted to call into question the credibility of Smith’s identification of defendant
in the alley outside of MoMo’s Poker Room. During her closing argument, defense counsel
argued that the evidence suggested that Pennington and Frederick, not defendant, committed the
armed robbery, and she relied in part on the discrepancy between defendant’s clothing and the
clothing worn by the two armed men.

                                                -6-
        Contrary to defendant’s argument, defense counsel employed a valid trial strategy of
attempting to use the video recording to support her argument to the jury that defendant had not
actually committed the charged offenses. The fact that her strategy ultimately failed does not
mean she rendered ineffective assistance. See Kevorkian, 248 Mich. App. at 414-415. Defendant
has failed to demonstrate that defense counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness. Further, this Court has held that a defense counsel’s decision to present
evidence or question witnesses is presumed to be a matter of trial strategy. People v Rockey, 237
Mich. App. 74, 77; 601 NW2d 887 (1999). Therefore, defendant has failed to demonstrate that he
was denied the effective assistance of counsel.

        Moreover, to the extent that defendant contends that his trial counsel was otherwise
ineffective for failing to object Smith’s identification of defendant on the video recording on the
ground that such an identification improperly invaded the province of the jury, defendant’s
contention is meritless. As discussed above, Smith’s identification of defendant in the video
recording did not improperly intrude into the province of the jury. “Failing to advance a
meritless argument or raise a futile objection does not constitute ineffective assistance of
counsel.” Ericksen, 288 Mich. App. at 201, citing Snider, 239 Mich. App. at 425. Therefore,
defendant has failed to demonstrate how defense counsel’s performance fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness as it pertained to Smith’s identification of defendant in the video
recording.

                                  IV. OTHER ACTS EVIDENCE

       Third, defendant contends that he should be granted a new trial because during trial,
Taylor Police Detective Gerald Cole provided an unresponsive answer to a question posed to him
by the jury, and in that answer, defendant was referred to as having been part of a separate
criminal investigation. We disagree.

       Defendant concedes in his brief on appeal that defense counsel did not object to Detective
Cole’s unresponsive testimony, and nor is there any evidence of a preserved objection present in
the lower court record. Therefore, this issue is unpreserved. Metamora Water Serv Inc, 276
Mich. App. at 382, citing Hines, 265 Mich. App. at 443.

         The trial court’s grant or denial of a mistrial will not be reversed on appeal in the absence
of an abuse of discretion.” People v Haywood, 209 Mich. App. 217, 228; 530 NW2d 497 (1995)
(citations omitted). “A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision falls outside the range
of reasonable and principled outcomes.” People v Strickland, 293 Mich. App. 393, 397; 810
NW2d 660 (2011) (quotation marks and citations omitted). “A mistrial should be granted only
for an irregularity that is prejudicial to the rights of the defendant, and impairs his ability to get a
fair trial.” Haywood, 209 Mich. App. at 228 (citations omitted). However, “[t]his Court reviews
unpreserved claims of error for plain error affecting the defendant’s substantial rights.” Kissner,
292 Mich. App. at 541, citing Carines, 460 Mich. at 763-764.

       At the outset, defendant contends that he is entitled to another trial based on testimony
which seemingly implicated defendant in other criminal acts. It is notable that the legal
framework provided by defendant in support of his argument is entirely amorphous. Defendant
argues that “improper reference to a defendant’s prior acts . . . violates Federal law.” In support

                                                  -7-
of that proposition, defendants relies upon United States v Ailstock, 546 F2d 1285, 1290-1292
(CA 6, 1976), where the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit held that evidence
pertaining to one of the defendant’s previous criminal acts was inadmissible under FRE 404(b)
and the admission of that evidence resulted in prejudice to that defendant which necessitated a
new trial.

        Generally, “While the decisions of lower federal courts and other state courts are not
binding on this Court, they may be considered as persuasive authority.” People v Woodard, 321
Mich. App. 377, 385 n 2; 909 NW2d 299 (2017), citing People v Jackson, 292 Mich. App. 583, 595
n 3; 808 NW2d 541 (2011). Beyond citing to Ailstock generally, defendant provides no further
explanation as to how the holding in Ailstock pertains to his case other than presenting a facially
similar claim.

        Adding to the confusion, while Ailstock pertains to a violation of FRE 404(b), defendant
then proceeds to rely upon a string of decisions from this Court that were decided on various
grounds, including whether the trial court erred in denying a defendant’s motion for a mistrial,
and all of which were decided before November 1, 1990.2 See People v Holly, 129 Mich. App.
405, 415-416; 341 NW2d 823 (1983) (holding that the trial court did not err when it denied the
defendant’s motion for a mistrial based on an unresponsive remark made by a police officer
during trial which implicated defendant in other criminal acts, and while that remark was
prejudicial, reversal of the defendant’s conviction was not necessary based on the overwhelming
evidence of the defendant’s guilt); People v McCarver (On Remand), 87 Mich. App. 12, 15; 273
NW2d 570 (1978) (reversing the defendant’s conviction based on the admission of testimony
during trial that referred to the defendant as a convicted felon where the trial court had granted
the defendant’s motion to suppress any references to the defendant’s previous conviction);
People v Wallen, 47 Mich. App. 612, 614; 209 NW2d 608 (1973) (reversing the defendant’s
convictions based on the admission of testimony during trial pertaining to the defendant’s
previous criminal activities); People v McCartney, 46 Mich. App. 691, 693-694; 208 NW2d 547
(1973) (reversing the defendant’s convictions based on a witness’s testimony that he had
previously taken the palm print of the defendant and where the witness indicated that palm prints
were only taken during felony cases); People v Page, 41 Mich. App. 99, 101-102; 199 NW2d 669
(1972) (holding that a law enforcement officer’s unresponsive testimony that the defendant was
associated with the trafficking of narcotics was a sufficient basis to grant the defendant’s motion
for a mistrial).

        Defendant’s brief on appeal also offers little help in this regard, as defendant simply
asserts that “Detective Cole’s testimony error clearly affected [defendant’s] substantial rights and
seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings,” and
that defendant “is entitled to another trial.” The only other point defendant emphasizes in his
brief on appeal is that law enforcement witnesses are generally held to a higher standard with

2
  “Published cases issued before November 1, 1990, are not precedentially binding on this Court,
although they may be persuasive authority.” People v Barbarich, 291 Mich. App. 468, 476 n 2;
807 NW2d 56 (2011), citing MCR 7.215(J)(1).

                                                -8-
regard to unresponsive testimony pertaining to impermissible evidence. See Holly, 129 Mich
App at 416; Page, 41 Mich. App. at 101. However, both Holly and Page pertained to reviewing a
defendant’s motion for mistrial based on the admission of unresponsive testimony by a law
enforcement witness. Therefore, it appears that defendant’s claim, unlabeled and nebulous as it
is, is rooted in a contention that Detective Cole’s testimony should have resulted in a mistrial.
Thus, we will analyze defendant’s claim accordingly.

        “A trial court should only grant a mistrial when the prejudicial effect of the error cannot
be removed in any other way.” People v Horn, 279 Mich. App. 31, 36; 755 NW2d 212 (2008)
(citation omitted). Further, “an unresponsive, volunteered answer to a proper question is not
grounds for the granting of a mistrial.” Haywood, 209 Mich. App. at 228. During trial, Taylor
Police Officer Ryan Hayne testified that he had been investigating Pennington, and that a GPS
tracking device had been placed on Pennington’s automobile. Pennington confirmed that he had
been “offered a deal,” and that he pleaded guilty to two counts of armed robbery, two counts of
felonious assault, and three counts of “breaking and entering.” He confirmed that he “just
actually graduated from breaking and enterings [sic] into armed robbery[.]”

       During Detective Cole’s testimony, the trial court presented Detective Cole with a
question posed by the jury: “ ‘What triggered the initial investigation into the defendant? What
caused him to be a suspect?’ ” Detective Cole’s response, in relevant part, was as follows:

              Okay. So there’s a robbery, and we go there and we look at the video;
       right? And when we go there, Mr. Smith is excited about something. He knows
       he saw these people. He’s like, ‘I saw them, I saw them, I saw them.’ And he’s
       going over it, and he says, ‘They were playing in the Poker Room.’

              So we look at the robbery video, right, and then we review, or I review,
       the other video that shows the people coming and playing poker. And obviously,
       Daniel Frederick’s wardrobe is easily identifiable with those shoes with the bright
       shoelaces, it’s easy to pick.

               Well, because they’re together, [defendant] is together and we can see
       these three people interact, so we start focusing on them.

               Then lucky for me and lucky for them, they’re the target of a police
       investigation out of a different jurisdiction, which physically puts that car there
       and gives us names to these people, who we then compare to the sign-in sheet of
       the people that came in and played poker.

Subsequently, during cross-examination, defense counsel asked Detective Cole if defendant “was
not part of that previous investigation,” and she then specified that the investigation she was
referencing was “[t]he previous investigation that involved putting the tracker on Michael
Pennington’s car.” Detective Cole replied, “I don’t know the answer to that question.”

        Defendant asserts that Detective Cole’s unresponsive remark that indicated defendant
was the target of a separate police investigation entitles him to a new trial. Defendant’s assertion
is without merit.

                                                -9-
        Generally, “an unresponsive, volunteered answer to a proper question is not grounds for
the granting of a mistrial.” Haywood, 209 Mich. App. at 228. Defendant’s assertion rests solely
upon Detective Cole’s unresponsive remark. Detective Cole’s remark was ambiguous, as it was
unclear who the “they’re” he was referencing was constituted of. Regardless, even when
Detective Cole’s remark is construed to mean that defendant was the “target” of a separate police
investigation, Detective Cole’s stray remark in of itself would not have been grounds for a
mistrial.

        Defendant observes that in Holly this Court held that “[p]olice witnesses have a special
obligation not to venture into such forbidden areas.” Holly, 129 Mich. App. at 415-416.
However, as noted above: “Published cases issued before November 1, 1990, are not
precedentially binding on this Court, although they may be persuasive authority.” People v
Barbarich, 291 Mich. App. 468, 476 n 2; 807 NW2d 56 (2011), citing MCR 7.215(J)(1).
Regardless, even if Holly was found to be persuasive, this Court ultimately held that the
defendant’s conviction should be affirmed based on the overwhelming evidence against
defendant which was presented during trial. Holly, 129 Mich. App. at 416. And as discussed
above, the evidence presented against defendant was overwhelming. Therefore, the same result
would issue even if the higher standard provided by Holly were to apply.

                                     V. SCORING ERRORS

        Finally, defendant argues that the trial court erred when it assessed various offense
variables (“OVs”) during sentencing. We disagree.

        “Under the sentencing guidelines, the circuit court’s factual determinations are reviewed
for clear error and must be supported by a preponderance of the evidence.” People v Hardy, 494
Mich. 430, 438; 835 NW2d 340 (2013), citing People v Osantowski, 481 Mich. 103, 111; 748
NW2d 799 (2008). “A finding is clearly erroneous if this Court is left with the definite and firm
conviction that a mistake has been made.” People v Allen, 295 Mich. App. 277, 281; 813 NW2d
806 (2011), citing People v Akins, 259 Mich. App. 545, 564; 675 NW2d 863 (2003). “Whether
the facts, as found, are adequate to satisfy the scoring conditions prescribed by statute, i.e., the
application of the facts to the law, is a question of statutory interpretation, which an appellate
court reviews de novo.” Hardy, 494 Mich. at 438, citing People v Babcock, 469 Mich. 247, 253;
666 NW2d 231 (2003).

        “When calculating the sentencing guidelines, a court may consider all record evidence,
including the contents of a PSIR [presentence investigation report], plea admissions, and
testimony presented at a preliminary examination.” People v McChester, 310 Mich. App. 354,
358; 873 NW2d 646 (2015), citing People v Johnson, 298 Mich. App. 128, 131; 826 NW2d 170
(2012). When reviewing the record evidence, a trial court may make “reasonable inferences
arising from the record evidence to sustain the scoring of an offense variable.” People v Earl,
297 Mich. App. 104, 109; 822 NW2d 271 (2012), aff’d 495 Mich. 33 (2014), citing People v
Haacke, 217 Mich. App. 434, 436; 553 NW2d 15 (1996). A trial court can find that a defendant
committed a dismissed charge by a preponderance of the evidence. People v Nix, 301 Mich. App.
195, 205; 836 NW2d 224 (2013), citing People v Drohan, 475 Mich. 140, 142-143; 715 NW2d
778 (2006), overruled in part on other grounds by People v Lockridge, 498 Mich. 358, 377-378;
870 NW2d 502 (2015).

                                               -10-
       “Offense variables must be scored giving consideration to the sentencing offense alone,
unless otherwise provided in the particular variable.” People v McGraw, 484 Mich. 120, 133;
771 NW2d 655 (2009). As explained by the Michigan Supreme Court:

       “The sentencing offense determines which offense variables are to be scored in
       the first place, and then the appropriate offense variables are generally to be
       scored on the basis of the sentencing offense. The primary focus of the offense
       variables is the nature of the offense; the characteristics of the offender are
       primarily considered under the prior record variables.” [People v Sargent, 481
Mich. 346, 348; 750 NW2d 161 (2008).]

While the trial court is “limited to considering the sentencing offense alone” when it assess an
offense-specific OV, the trial court “may properly consider all of defendant’s conduct during that
offense.” People v Chelmicki, 305 Mich. App. 58, 72; 850 NW2d 612 (2014) (quotation marks
and citation omitted).

        Defendant argues that he was improperly assessed 10 points under OV 4, MCL 777.34
(psychological injury to victim), because there was no evidence in the record that indicated any
of the victims of the armed robbery suffered a serious psychological injury, and that any
evidence that the victims of the felonious assaults may have suffered serious psychological
injuries was irrelevant because defendant’s “sentencing offense” was armed robbery.
Defendant’s argument fails.

        According to MCL 777.34(1), OV 4 pertains to “psychological injury to a victim.” A
defendant should be assessed 10 points under OV 4 if “[s]erious psychological injury requiring
professional treatment occurred to a victim.” MCL 777.34(1)(a). Similarly, MCL 777.34(2)
provides that a trial court should assess 10 points “if the serious psychological injury may require
professional treatment,” and that when making that determination, “the fact that treatment has
not been sought is not conclusive.”

         During sentencing, the trial court noted that “one of the [felonious assault] victims
testified that she had recurring psychological effects from this [i.e., the incident at MoMo’s
Poker Room], sleepless nights, and fear of going out and issues related to this.” The trial court
did not remember the name of that witness. However, it appears that the trial court was referring
to the testimony of Holly Hamilton, who testified that following the incident she had only
returned to MoMo’s Poker Room once, and she referenced “images that don’t leave your mind.”

       The trial court also referenced Gary Evans’s testimony, as he testified that the incident at
MoMo’s Poker Room resulted in a “recurrence and aggravation of his PTSD that he suffered
from when he was active duty in the war . . . .” Therefore, the trial court concluded that an
assessment of 10 points under OV 4 was proper.

        Defendant does not dispute the accuracy of the trial court’s findings in support of its
assessment of OV 4. Rather, defendant argues that the trial court should only considered
whether any of the three victims identified with regard to each count of armed robbery suffered a
serious psychological injury. Defendant properly notes that OV 4 is an offense-specific variable
because it does not contain language that provides otherwise. Defendant then improperly

                                               -11-
concludes that the trial court was required to only assess OV 4 with regard to his “sentencing
offense” of armed robbery. However, while the trial court is “limited to considering the
sentencing offense alone” when it scores an offense-specific OV, the trial court “may properly
consider all of defendant’s conduct during that offense.” Chelmicki, 305 Mich. App. at 72.
Therefore, the trial court did not err when it considered Hamilton’s and Evans’s severe
psychological injuries that arose during the incident.

       Defendant asserts that the trial court improperly assessed 15 points under OV 10, MCL
777.40 (exploitation of vulnerable victim), because there was no evidence that he engaged in
predatory conduct. Defendant’s assertion fails.

        “OV 10 should have 15 points assessed when the defendant has engaged in ‘predatory
conduct’ to ‘exploit [ ] . . . a vulnerable victim.’ MCL 777.40(1)(a).” People v Huston, 489
Mich. 451, 454; 802 NW2d 261 (2011), quoting MCL 777.40(1)(a) (alteration in original). As
explained by this Court, “ ‘predatory conduct under [MCL 777.40] is behavior that is predatory
in nature, precedes the offense, [and is] directed at a person for the primary purpose of causing
that person to suffer from an injurious action . . . .’ ” People v Kosik, 303 Mich. App. 146, 159-
160; 841 NW2d 906 (2013), quoting Huston, 489 Mich. at 463 (second alteration in original).
“However, predatory conduct does not encompass ‘any preoffense conduct, but rather only those
forms of preoffense conduct that are commonly understood as being predatory in nature . . . as
opposed to purely opportunistic criminal conduct or preoffense conduct involving nothing more
than run-of-the-mill planning to effect a crime or subsequent escape without detection.’ ” Kosik,
303 Mich. App. at 160, quoting Huston, 489 Mich. at 463.

       Further, “a defendant’s ‘predatory conduct,’ by that conduct alone (eo ipso), can create or
enhance a victim’s ‘vulnerability.’ ” Huston, 498 Mich. at 454. A defendant’s preoffense
predatory conduct need not be directed at a specific victim, if the defendant’s preoffense
predatory conduct was directed at “a victim.” Id. at 463.

        During sentencing, the trial court found that assessing defendant 15 points under OV 10
was proper based on Pennington’s testimony that defendant repeatedly remarked about the
amount of money that was present inside of MoMo’s Poker Room, and that defendant was
planning the robbery while he was inside MoMo’s Poker Room. Moreover, the trial court relied
in part on the video recording of the surveillance footage taken from MoMo’s Poker Room,
wherein defendant could be seen “looking around” the area.

         Defendant argues that the trial court erred because defendant’s conduct was “purely
opportunistic,” and that his victims “were not inherently vulnerable, and were not rendered more
vulnerable by the manner in which the robbery was committed.” During trial, Pennington
testified that he and defendant participated in the charity poker tournament held at MoMo’s
Poker Room. According to Pennington, defendant repeatedly mentioned robbing MoMo’s Poker
Room, and that defendant explained during a break in the charity poker tournament how the
robbery would be easy because the cash drawer was close to the door. After defendant
mentioned the vulnerability of the cash drawer inside of MoMo’s Poker Room, both Pennington
and defendant reentered the building and continued to play poker for some time.

                                              -12-
        Later, after defendant had run out of money while playing poker, Frederick arrived, and
defendant, Frederick, and Pennington had a conversation outside of MoMo’s Poker Room
wherein defendant once again talked “about how much money was in there, and that he would
call one of his friends if [Pennington] didn’t want to do it.” Defendant left MoMo’s Poker Room
shortly thereafter, and when picked up by Pennington approximately one hour later, he disclosed
to Pennington that he had retrieved a revolver from one his friends, and that Frederick was
heading over to participate in the robbery.

       Contrary to defendant’s assertion, defendant’s robbery of MoMo’s Poker Room was not
the product of mere opportunistic criminal conduct. Rather, defendant used his participation in
the charity poker tournament at MoMo’s Poker Room to identify vulnerabilities and how
susceptible it would be to a robbery. Moreover, defendant and Frederick were lying in wait
before the robbery in order to strike at the opportune time, according to Smith’s testimony that
he saw defendant and Frederick in a nearby alley before the robbery. While defendant’s
preoffense predatory conduct was not directed at a specific victim, his exploitation of the trust
afforded to him during the charity poker tournament permitted defendant to ensure that his
eventual victims would be susceptible to an easy robbery. Therefore, there was ample evidence
to permit a finding that defendant engaged in predatory conduct, and that defendant’s predatory
conduct rendered defendant’s victims more vulnerable.

       Defendant contends that the trial court erred when it assessed 25 points under OV 12,
MCL 777.42 (contemporaneous felonious acts), because defendant’s sole act of waving a gun at
a crowd of 25 poker players does not show that defendant committed other contemporaneous
felonious acts. Defendant’s contention fails.

        “Under MCL 777.42, OV 12 establishes the scoring guidelines for the trial court to use
‘to determine whether [a] defendant engaged in any contemporaneous felonious criminal acts.’ ”
People v Light, 290 Mich. App. 717, 721; 803 NW2d 720 (2010), quoting People v Bemer, 286
Mich. App. 26, 32; 777 NW2d 464 (2009) (quotation marks omitted; alteration in original). As
explained by this Court, “ ‘if [the] defendant did engage in contemporaneous felonious criminal
acts, the trial court [must] evaluate the number of acts and whether the acts constituted crimes
against a person or other crimes, see MCL 777.42(1)(a) to (f), and then assign the number of
points attributable to the [corresponding subdivision of the statute] that has the highest number of
points,’ MCL 777.42(1).’ ” Light, 290 Mich. App. at 721, quoting Bemer, 286 Mich. App. at 32
(quotation marks omitted; alteration in original).

       If the trial court finds that a defendant committed three contemporaneous felonious
criminal acts involving crimes against a person, then the trial court should assess 25 points under
OV 12. MCL 777.42(1)(a). However, “when scoring OV 12, a court must look beyond the
sentencing offense and consider only those separate acts or behavior that did not establish the
sentencing offense.” Light, 290 Mich. App. at 723.

        During sentencing, the trial court found that defendant had committed five
contemporaneous felonious criminal acts involving crimes against a person because it found that
the five counts of felonious assault that were dismissed due to defendant’s motion for a directed
verdict were supported by testimony that was taken during defendant’s preliminary examination.
Specifically, the trial court explained that the five witnesses associated with those dismissed

                                               -13-
charges failed to appear during trial, but that “they did testify during at the preliminary
exam[ination].”

        Defendant does not dispute the accuracy of the trial court’s findings, but rather, he argues
that the trial court erred when it considered the five dismissed counts of felonious assault
because each count of felonious assault that defendant was charged with arose “from the same
act of waiving [sic] a gun at a crowd of poker players.” Essentially, defendant contends that the
dismissed counts of felonious assault should not have been considered because each felonious
assault count arose from a single action, i.e., defendant’s waving of his arm with a pistol in hand
at a large group of people. Defendant does not explain why each felonious assault, dismissed or
otherwise, should not be considered a separate act, nor does defendant provide any legal
authority in support of this proposition. A party “ ‘may not merely announce his position and
leave it to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis for his claims, nor may he give only
cursory treatment with little or no citation of supporting authority.’ ” People v Henry, 315 Mich
App 130, 148; 889 NW2d 1 (2016), quoting People v Kelly, 231 Mich. App. 627, 640-641; 588
NW2d 480 (1998). Therefore, defendant has abandoned this contention on appeal.

        And finally, defendant asserts that the trial court erred when it assessed 10 points under
OV 14, MCL 777.22 (leader in a multiple offender situation), because there was insufficient
evidence demonstrating that defendant was a leader in a multiple offender situation. Defendant’s
assertion has no merit.

       “Under MCL 777.22, OV 14 must be scored for all felony offenses.”                      People v
Dickinson, 321 Mich. App. 1, 21; 909 NW2d 24 (2017). MCL 777.44 provides:

       (1) Offense variable 14 is the offender’s role. Score offense variable 14 by
       determining which of the following apply and by assigning the number of points
       attributable to the one that has the highest number of points:

       (a) The offender was a leader in a multiple offender situation…………...10 points

       (b) The offender was not a leader in a multiple offender situation...............0 points

       (2) All of the following apply to scoring offense variable 14:

       (a) The entire criminal transaction should be considered when scoring this
       variable.

       (b) If 3 or more offenders were involved, more than 1 offender may be
       determined to have been a leader.

       As explained by this Court, when determining whether a defendant was a leader “for
purposes of an OV 14 analysis, a trial court should consider whether the defendant acted first or
gave directions or was otherwise a primary causal or coordinating agent.” Dickinson, 321 Mich
App at 22 (quotation marks and citation omitted). Further, “the plain meaning of ‘multiple
offender situation’ as used in OV 14 is a situation consisting of more than one person violating
the law while part of a group.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).

                                                 -14-
         During sentencing, the trial court found that defendant was a leader in a multiple offender
situation because defendant “was encouraging the robbery from the beginning,” and that
according to Pennington, defendant “was the one that finally got Mr. Pennington to agree to do
it.” The trial court also observed that defendant insisted on proceeding with the robbery after
Frederick stated he did not want to perform the robbery. Indeed, during trial, Pennington
testified that defendant repeatedly brought up the idea of robbing MoMo’s Poker Room, that
defendant and Frederick convinced him to participate in the robbery despite his initial
reservations, and that defendant insisted on performing the robbery “with or without” Frederick
after Frederick expressed hesitation in carrying out the robbery after “somebody” saw defendant
and Frederick in an alley near MoMo’s Poker Room.

        Contrary to defendant’s assertion that there was no evidence that defendant acted as a
leader, defendant’s persistent encouragement of the robbery rendered him a primary causal agent
of that event. Defendant, with Frederick, convinced Pennington to act as their driver for the
robbery. And defendant insisted on performing the robbery after Frederick developed
reservations about proceeding with that act. Defendant in no small part caused the robbery to
occur, and he exerted his leadership over Frederick and Pennington. And finally, defendant does
not challenge the trial court’s finding that the robbery was in fact a multiple offender situation.
Therefore, defendant’s assertion is wholly without merit, as there was ample evidence that
defendant was the leader in a multiple offender situation.

       Affirmed.

                                                             /s/ Brock A. Swartzle
                                                             /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                             /s/ Colleen A. O’Brien

                                               -15-