Court Opinion

ID: 9901630
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-22 06:06:16.281624+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:35.942911
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                  revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                             COURT OF APPEALS

DARNELL HAIRSTON,                                                    FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                     November 21, 2023
               Plaintiff/Garnishee Plaintiff-                        9:25 a.m.
               Appellant,

v                                                                    No. 363030
                                                                     Ottawa Circuit Court
JOSH LKU, ZEELAND FARM SERVICES, INC.,                               LC No. 17-004993-NO
ZEELAND FARM SOYA, INC., and ZFS
LICENSING, INC.,

               Defendants,
and

SPECIALTY INDUSTRIES, INC.,

               Defendant-Appellant,
and

BURLINGTON INSURANCE CO.,

               Garnishee Defendant-Appellee,
and

EVANSTON INSURANCE CO.,

               Garnishee Defendant.

Before: RICK, P.J., and SHAPIRO and YATES, JJ.

RICK, P.J.

       Plaintiff Darnell Hairston was seriously injured in a work accident that left him
permanently disfigured. This appeal arises from his attempts to collect on a judgment in his favor
of approximately $13.5 million against defendant, Specialty Industries, Inc. (Specialty Industries).

                                                -1-
Specialty Industries is insured by garnishee defendants Burlington Insurance Company
(Burlington) and Evanston Insurance Company (Evanston). Burlington and Evanston paid
approximately $9.7 million of the judgment under the terms of their respective insurance
agreements with Specialty Industries. Hairston sought to collect the remaining balance on the
judgment from Burlington and Evanston after Specialty Industries assigned its right to pursue legal
action against them to Hairston. Hairston and Specialty Industries now appeal as of right a trial
court order dismissing their writs of garnishment against the insurers. We affirm in part and
reverse in part.

                                I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

        In October 2016, plaintiff suffered horrendous injuries at his workplace, a soybean
processing facility in Ottawa County, Michigan. In June 2017, Hairston sued defendants Zeeland
Farm Services, Inc., and Zeeland Farm Soya, Inc. (collectively Zeeland Farms), as well as an
employee of Zeeland Farms, Josh LKU. We note that when the lawsuit was filed, Hairston did
not know the last name of the employee referred to as “Josh LKU,” and used LKU as a shorthand
reference to “last name unknown.” It was later disclosed that the employee’s name is Josh
Woldring. More than a year later, in October 2018, Hairston amended his complaint to add
Specialty Industries as a defendant, alleging that Specialty Industries negligently designed and
built the soybean processing facility.

       The trial court summarized the events leading to Hairston’s injury as follows:

       [D]efendant [Zeeland Farms] is in the business of processing soybeans from a raw
       state in to various products . . . . [Zeeland Farms] and defendant Specialty
       Industries, Inc. designed and constructed [Zeeland Farms]’s original soybean
       processing plant in the late 1990’s [sic] in which raw soybeans are processed by
       first being pulverized by a hammermill, then moved through a rotating airlock
       (similar to a revolving supermarket door), and dropped down through a rectangular
       transfer area into a chute where a conveyer transports the soybean meal to storage
       bins. Due to the difficulty of restarting the processes, the machinery operates
       continuously, 24 hours a day and 365 days a year with the exception of two
       maintenance periods per year, and there is no emergency shut off in the area in
       which Hairston’s injury occurred.

                                             * * *

               Plaintiff Hairston, 45 years old, stated in his deposition that he began work
       as a plant operator at [Zeeland Farms] on September 12, 2016. He stated he had a
       half-day orientation, then 15 minutes of training each day for the next two days.
       He met team leader Woldring on the third day of employment, and Woldring
       showed him how to obtain a hull sample by inserting a cup through the Knappco
       viewing door and catching hulls as they flowed down through the transfer area.
       Woldring told Hairston he took samples with his bare hand, but that Hairston could
       use a cup if that would make him more comfortable, and Hairston took a sample
       with the cup, saying “that’s easy,” and they moved on to other things. Hairston
       avers that Woldring did not tell him about the presence of the airlock or auger, or

                                               -2-
       warn him not to raise or lower his hand. Hairston did not know what an airlock or
       auger was and had no knowledge of the existence of either, or any moving parts,
       near the area where he inserted his hand and the cup, but thought the soy hulls were
       moved through the machine by air pressure because he had observed air pressure
       used in other areas of the plant in which he was told to insert his hand into
       machinery.

               Woldring stated in his deposition that the noise near the hammermill made
       conversation very difficult. He believed, but did not distinctly remember, telling
       Hairston that there was an auger below his hand. He believed, but was not
       100 percent sure that at the time he demonstrated taking a hull sample for Hairston
       he told Hairston there was a rotating airlock above his hand. Woldring thought
       Hairston understood there was an auger below his hand, but stated he “obviously
       never made it clear enough . . . .” Woldring stated he told Hairston to put the cup
       in and pull it straight out. Hairston seemed to Woldring to have a very good grasp
       of how everything worked. Woldring stated in his deposition that he was not even
       aware of the sampling port, and that when he was trained to take a hull sample
       through the viewing port he was not specifically informed of the auger, but had
       thought its presence was obvious. He stated he incorrectly assumed Hairston had
       the same understanding.

               Hairston described in his deposition that on October 6, 2016 he took a hull
       sample using a cup, and it slipped from his hand. When he instinctively reached
       down his fingers caught in the auger and it pinched them, held them fast, and slowly
       began dragging his hand and forearm into the machine. He was able to tear out his
       mangled appendage by climbing onto the machine with two feet and pulling hard.
       His injuries necessitated amputating what remained of his right hand and forearm.
       He received and continues to receive worker’s disability compensation benefits.
       [Footnotes omitted.]

         In December 2019, Zeeland Farms and Hairston both accepted a case evaluation award,
and the trial court entered a stipulated order dismissing the claims against all the Zeeland Farms
defendants. Specialty Industries rejected the case evaluation and refused an offer from Hairston
to settle for $1.5 million. The trial court held a jury trial over seven days in October 2021. The
jury returned a verdict in Hairston’s favor. It found that Specialty Industries had been grossly
negligent in its design of the processing machinery and that its gross negligence was the proximate
cause of Hairston’s injuries. The jury assigned 20% fault to nonparty Zeeland Farms and 80%
liability to Specialty Industries. The trial court adjusted the total damages found by the jury to its
present value and entered a judgment against Specialty Industries for $13,489,447.04. It also
entered an order compelling Specialty Industries to pay $240,451.02 in costs and reasonable
attorney fees as a case evaluation sanction under MCR 2.403(O). These sums substantially
exceeded the available insurance coverage.

       The trial court entered a stipulated partial satisfaction of judgment in January 2022.
Hairston stipulated that Burlington had insured Specialty Industries on a policy with a $1-million
limit. He agreed that Evanston insured Specialty Industries under an umbrella policy with a $8-

                                                 -3-
million limit. After making certain adjustments required under their contracts, Burlington and
Evanston paid $1,108,416.47 and $8,640,736.94 to Hairston, respectively.

        In February 2022, Hairston and Specialty Industries moved for permission to conduct
proceedings supplemental to judgment under MCR 2.621 and MCL 600.6101. Hairston and
Specialty Industries stated that they entered into an agreement under which Specialty Industries
agreed to pay $1 million to Hairston and assign him its claims against its insurers or choses in
action1 that it might have against Burlington and Evanston to Hairston. In exchange, Hairston
agreed that he would not attempt to collect the remaining balance directly from Specialty, but
instead would seek to collect the balance from Burlington and Evanston based on Specialty’s
assignment of its rights. Specifically, Hairston, acting as assignee of Specialty Industries asserted
that Burlington and Evanston had in bad faith refused to settle the lawsuit and were, for that reason,
liable for the balance of the judgment. They further argued that that liability amounted to an asset
assigned to Hairston, which could be the subject of supplemental proceedings. Evidence was
presented indicating that Burlington and Evanston rejected an earlier offer from Hairston to settle
for $1.5 million, which was well within the available limits.

        On March 3, 2022, Burlington and Evanston filed an action in federal court asking for
declaratory relief. Evanston and Burlington specifically sought a declaration that they fulfilled
their duties in good faith and asked the federal court to absolve them of any further obligations
with regard to the judgment. On March 4, 2022, Burlington and Evanston filed a brief in
opposition to Hairston’s motion for supplemental proceedings. They argued that Hairston could
not use supplemental proceedings to litigate a claim alleging a bad-faith refusal to settle. Rather,
they argued, Hairston needed to file writs of garnishment because the writs would serve as a
complaint and, after that, Hairston could be entitled to discovery. They also noted that the federal
suit precluded the trial court from exercising jurisdiction over the supplemental proceedings.

        Hairston and Specialty Industries responded that Burlington and Evanston did hold an asset
that—at least equitably—belonged to Specialty Industries: namely, the obligation to pay the excess
judgment because Burlington and Evanston refused to settle the case within the policy limits in
bad faith. They maintained that because Burlington and Evanston held an asset that belonged to
Specialty Industries, they could be required to provide discovery in supplemental proceedings.
They also did not agree that the federal case precluded the trial court from exercising jurisdiction
over supplemental proceedings. Instead, they asserted that Evanston and Burlington were
continuing to act in bad faith by filing the claim for a declaratory judgment in federal court rather

1
  Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) defines the term “chose in action” as “1. A proprietary
right in personam, such as a debt owed by another person, a share in a joint-stock company, or a
claim for damages in tort. 2. The right to bring an action to recover a debt, money, or thing. 3.
Personal property that one person owns but another person possesses, the owner being able to
regain possession through a lawsuit.”

                                                 -4-
than in the state court that had tried the underlying tort case and was well-familiar with the relevant
evidence.

        The trial court heard argument on the matter of supplemental proceedings that same month.
It determined that the request for supplemental proceedings was improper. The court explained
that there were questions of fact as to whether Burlington and Evanston acted in bad faith and
whether Specialty Industries had the authority to assign its claims against Burlington and
Evanston. The court further noted that supplemental proceedings were intended to get at the assets
of the judgment debtor, not at third parties. The court averred that the federal court was the proper
forum or, in the alternative, Hairston and Specialty Industries could sue for a breach of contract or
ask for declaratory relief in a different court of competent jurisdiction. The court therefore denied
the request for supplemental proceedings to conduct discovery against Burlington and Evanston
and ordered that all postjudgment subpoenas were void and unenforceable.

        After the hearing, Hairston served writs of garnishment on Burlington and Evanston for
the unpaid balance of the judgment, which was at that point over $4 million, including accrued
interest. Burlington and Evanston each moved to quash and dismiss the writs of garnishment under
MCR 2.116(C)(6) (another action involving the same parties and claim) and (C)(8) (failure to state
a claim). They argued that Specialty Industries’ bad faith claim against its insurers did not provide
a basis for garnishment because it had not yet been litigated and reduced to judgment. They also
argued that Hairston and Specialty Industries ignored the trial court’s earlier order denying
supplemental proceedings. Additionally, they asked the trial court to dismiss the writs of
garnishment under MCR 2.116(C)(6), arguing that Hairston and Specialty Industries were
obligated to pursue their claims in federal court.

        Hairston and Specialty Industries opposed the motion. They maintained that in Michigan,
an insurer is liable for a judgment in excess of policy limits if the insurer refused to settle the claim
within the policy limits and did so in bad faith. The only dispute, they submitted, was whether
Burlington and Evanston acted in bad faith. They contended that such questions could be litigated
in an action on a writ of garnishment as stated by this Court in Rutter v King, 57 Mich App 152;
226 NW2d 79 (1974). They further argued that they had a right to pursue the action in state court
regardless of the fact that Burlington and Evanston had pursued a declaratory judgment in federal
court.

        The trial court ultimately entered an order granting the motions to quash and dismiss the
writs of garnishment. The court reasoned that, under MCR 3.101(G)(1)(g), a writ is not proper
unless there is a judgment in force when the writ issued. It concluded that the writs were improper
because Hairston had not reduced its bad faith claim to settle to judgment before it issued the writs.
The court rejected the contention that Rutter applied because that case had been decided before the
promulgation of the current court rules regarding garnishment. The trial court acknowledged that
Burlington and Evanston had asked for the writs to be dismissed under MCR 2.116(C)(6), but
elected not to address that claim because it dismissed the writs under MCR 2.116(C)(8) instead.
The court also determined that sanctions were appropriate under MCR 1.109(E) because Hairston
and Specialty Industries had not followed the court’s previous order denying supplemental
proceedings and so had filed the writs to harass or needlessly increase the litigation.

                                                  -5-
       Hairston and Specialty Industries moved for reconsideration, which was denied by the trial
court. This appeal followed.

                                           II. ANALYSIS

                                       A. GARNISHMENT

       Hairston and Specialty Industries argue that the trial court abused its discretion when it
granted the motions to quash the writs on the ground that a dispute over a bad-faith refusal to settle
could not be litigated in a writ of garnishment. We agree.

        This Court reviews a trial court’s decision to quash a writ of garnishment for an abuse of
discretion. Sys Soft Technologies, LLC v Artemis Technologies, Inc, 301 Mich App 642, 650; 837
NW2d 449 (2013). A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision falls outside the range of
reasonable and principled outcomes. Slis v Michigan, 332 Mich App 312, 335; 956 NW2d 569
(2020). Additionally, a trial court necessarily abuses its discretion when it premises its decision
on an error of law. See Gay v Select Specialty Hosp, 295 Mich App 284, 292; 813 NW2d 354
(2012). This Court reviews de novo whether the trial court properly interpreted and applied the
relevant statutes and court rules. See Brecht v Hendry, 297 Mich App 732, 736; 825 NW2d 110
(2012). To the extent that the trial court dismissed the writs for failure to state a claim, this Court
reviews de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition. Adams v Parole Bd,
340 Mich App 251, 258; 985 NW2d 881 (2022).

        On appeal, Hairston and Specialty Industries argue that the trial court erred when it
distinguished this Court’s decision in Rutter and determined that they could not litigate the claim
of bad-faith refusal to settle in a garnishment proceeding. More specifically, they argue that the
trial court was bound by the decision in Rutter because it was published and there had not been
any intervening change in the law that warranted disregarding the decision.

         We hold that Rutter is controlling. In Rutter, 57 Mich App 152, the garnishee plaintiffs
filed a writ of garnishment against the insurer of the judgment debtor against whom they held a
partially paid judgment. The insurer had paid its policy limits to the garnishee plaintiffs, but the
garnishee plaintiffs argued that the insurer was liable for the excess judgment because it refused
to settle in bad faith. Id. at 155-156. The insurer moved for accelerated judgment in the action on
the writ and the trial court dismissed the action because it determined that a claim of bad-faith
refusal to settle had to be reduced to judgment before it could be subject to garnishment. Id. at 156,
156 n 1. Eventually, a bankruptcy court assigned the judgment debtor’s claim against her insurer
to the garnishee plaintiff. Id. at 156-157. The Court ultimately held that “[a] plaintiff judgment
creditor possessing a valid assignment of the insured’s cause of action against the insurer has a
right of a direct action against the insurer for alleged wrongful refusal to settle the claim.” Id.
at 162. It further concluded that whether a garnishee defendant acted in bad faith may be “litigated
to conclusion in the garnishment proceedings.” Id. at 172.

       In this case, the trial court explained that it did not believe Rutter controlled the matter at
hand because Rutter was issued before the enactment of MCR 3.101, which governs garnishment
proceedings. Quoting Westland Park Apartments v Ricco, Inc, 77 Mich App 101, 104 n 1; 258
NW2d 62 (1977), the court also noted that “[g]arnishment proceedings are entirely creatures of

                                                 -6-
statute and are to be strictly construed.” It reasoned that Michigan’s courts had not relied on Rutter
since the enactment of MCR 3.101. While understandable, this was erroneous. A published
opinion of this Court, even one decided before November 1, 1990, binds lower courts and tribunals
under the rule of stare decisis. MCR 7.215(C)(2); Catalina Mktg Sales Corp v Dep’t of Treasury,
470 Mich 13, 23; 678 NW2d 619 (2004).2 For that reason alone, the trial court should not have
disregarded this Court’s decision in Rutter. See, e.g., People v Mitchell, 428 Mich 364, 369-370;
408 NW2d 798 (1987). This Court in Rutter decided as a point of law that a garnishee plaintiff
who had been assigned a claim of bad-faith refusal to settle could litigate whether an insurer was
liable for an excess judgment in a garnishment proceeding. Accordingly, that point of law was a
matter of stare decisis. See Dana Corp v Dep’t of Treasury, 267 Mich App 690, 698; 706 NW2d
204 (2005).

         The trial court relied heavily on the fact that this Court decided Rutter before the
promulgation of the current court rules. However, the court overlooked that the General Court
Rules of 1963 were in effect when this Court decided Rutter, and contained provisions for handling
garnishment proceedings that were materially the same as the modern provisions set forth in the
Michigan Court Rules, including MCR 3.101. Garnishment proceedings were previously
governed by GCR 1963, 738. Under that rule, a judgment creditor could request a writ of
garnishment by filing an affidavit asserting that the garnishee defendant held property belonging
to the judgment debtor or was indebted to the judgment debtor. See GCR 1963, 738.2. The same
is true under the current rule, except that the party requesting the writ must submit a verified
statement rather than an affidavit. See MCR 3.101(D)(3). Like the current rules, the former rules
listed the types of property and debts that could be the subject of a writ of garnishment. Compare
MCR 3.101(G)(1)(d) (stating that a garnishee is liable for “all debts, whether or not due, owing by
the garnishee [defendant] to the [judgment debtor] when the writ is served on the garnishee
[defendant]”) with GCR 1963, 738.5(5) (stating that the garnishee defendant “may be held liable
to the [judgment creditor] in the amount of . . . all debts owing by the garnishee [defendant] to the
principal defendant [i.e. the judgment debtor] at the time of the service of the writ upon the
garnishee [defendant] whether or not they are due.”). If the garnishee defendant denies liability or
denies that he or she holds property belonging to the judgment debtor, the former court rules—like
the present court rules—provided that the dispute could be litigated in the garnishment proceedings
like any other civil action. Compare GCR 1963, 738.11 with MCR 3.101(M).

        The trial court appears to have relied on the fact that the current court rules provide that a
judgment is not a proper subject of a writ of garnishment unless the judgment was “in force when
the writ is served on the garnishee [defendant].” MCR 3.101(G)(1)(g). An identical provision
was part of the General Court Rules when this Court decided Rutter. See GCR 1963, 738.5(6)
(stating that “judgments in favor of the principal defendant against the garnishee” could be

2
  Indeed, even though the decision in Rutter was published before November 1, 1990, and so is
not binding on this Court, see MCR 7.215(J)(1), this Court must still give significant deference to
the decision. See Woodring v Phoenix Ins Co, 325 Mich App 108, 114-115; 923 NW2d 607
(2018).

                                                 -7-
subjected to a writ of garnishment if “in force at the time of the service of the writ upon the
garnishee”).

         Additionally, although the Court in Rutter did not directly cite GCR 1963, 738.5(6) when
analyzing the propriety of the use of a writ of garnishment to litigate a claim for bad-faith refusal
to settle, it impliedly rejected the contention that that rule precluded application of the writ to such
a claim. This Court noted that the garnishee defendant in Rutter argued that garnishment should
not apply because the case sounded in tort and was unliquidated. See Rutter, 57 Mich App at 166.
This Court disagreed, and explained that a claim for bad-faith refusal to settle sounded in both tort
and contract. Id. at 168. For that reason, the Court held, it constituted an obligation owing within
the meaning of MCL 600.4011(1)(b). See id. at 167-169. This Court then addressed whether the
claim was unliquidated, and agreed that a tort claim must ordinarily be reduced to judgment before
it could be the subject of a writ of garnishment. Id. at 169. Despite that, this Court held that a
claim for bad-faith refusal was sufficiently liquidated once the underlying judgment entered
against the insured to permit the obligation to be the subject of a writ of garnishment. Id. at 169-
171. By recognizing that a judgment must ordinarily have been entered before it can be the subject
of a writ of garnishment, and then proceeding to hold that the debt at issue was sufficiently
liquidated to be the subject of a writ of garnishment, this Court in effect held that a claim for bad-
faith refusal to settle does not constitute an unliquidated tort claim subject to GCR 1963, 738.5(6).
Instead, it constituted a debt owing subject to GCR 1963, 738.5(4).

         The trial court also concluded that this Court’s more recent decisions undermined the
holding in Rutter. We disagree. None of the authorities cited by the trial court involved whether
a judgment creditor who had been assigned the judgment debtor’s claim for bad-faith refusal to
settle in the underlying case could litigate the insurer’s bad faith in a garnishment proceeding. By
way of example, the trial court cited this Court’s decision in Nationsbanc Mtg Corp of Georgia v
Luptak, 243 Mich App 560; 625 NW2d 385 (2000), for the proposition that a claim of bad-faith
refusal to settle had to be judicially determined before it could be subject to a writ of garnishment.
However, this Court held that the Supreme Court’s reference to “void” conveyances, as stated in
MCR 3.101(G)(1)(h), demonstrated that the real property at issue could only be the subject of a
garnishment if there had already been a judicial determination voiding the conveyance. Because
this Court’s holding was limited to the proper interpretation of MCR 3.101(G)(1)(h), which is the
successor to GCR 1963, 738.5(7), it cannot be understood to reject this Court’s holding in Rutter,
which involved different provisions of the court rules.

         We likewise find it unavailing to distinguish the facts in Rutter from the facts of this case.
The trial court explained that, “unlike Rutter, there are multiple issues to be decided in addition to
the bad-faith claim including if the matter was properly assigned to plaintiff and which, if any, of
the garnishees are liable and for how much.” We are not convinced that the distinction matters.
In Rutter, this Court determined that a garnishee plaintiff could litigate an assigned claim for bad-
faith refusal to settle in a garnishment proceeding because such a claim was sufficiently liquidated
to constitute a debt owed rather than a tort claim that must be reduced to judgment. That was the
same issue before the trial court in this case. The additional issues identified do not implicate that
holding.

       Whether Specialty Industries validly assigned its cause of action to Hairston did not alter
this Court’s holding that a validly assigned claim could be litigated in a garnishment proceeding.

                                                  -8-
Indeed, it is not clear that Burlington and Evanston could assert an anti-assignment provision in
their contracts as a defense to a claim for bad-faith refusal to settle. See Jawad A Shah, MD, PC
v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 324 Mich App 182, 198-201; 920 NW2d 148 (2018). Even
assuming that they could assert that defense, a claim that an assignment was invalid constitutes an
affirmative defense that may be litigated in a garnishment proceeding. See MCR 3.101(M)(1);
Moorhouse v Ambassador Ins Co, Inc, 147 Mich App 412, 419; 383 NW2d 219 (1985); see also
Meirthew v Last, 376 Mich 33; 135 NW2d 353 (1965) (holding that the trial court did not err when
it entered judgment against the garnishee defendant insurer even though the insurer disclaimed
liability because the insurer failed timely to assert its defense). Specialty Industries also sued in
its own name to recover the amount of its own loss caused by the bad-faith refusal to settle. Finally,
the court rules applicable to garnishment proceedings further contemplate interpleading parties to
resolve disputes over which of two parties was responsible for the debt, see MCR 3.101(L), and
contemplate trial to resolve a dispute over the extent of the garnishee’s liability to the judgment
debtor, see MCR 3.101(M)(1) and (3).

         The trial court also noted that Burlington and Evanston claimed that the amount of the
excess judgment was subject to questions of fact concerning Specialty Industries’ collectability.
After the decision in Rutter, our Supreme Court adopted a rule that limits an insurer’s liability for
a bad-faith refusal to settle to contract damages; in the context of a claim that the insured was
harmed by a bad-faith refusal to settle, the Court explained that the damages would not normally
exceed an amount equal to the insured’s net assets that were not exempt from legal process.
Accordingly, the Court limited the damages available for a claim of bad-faith refusal to settle to
those amounts. The Court stated that the rule provided protection to the insurer by precluding
collection on the judgment beyond what is or would actually be collectible from the insured. See
Frankenmuth Mut Ins Co v Keeley, 433 Mich 525, 562-565; 447 NW2d 691 (1989) (LEVIN, J.,
dissenting), adopted on reh in Frankenmuth Mut Ins Co v Keely, 436 Mich 372; 461 NW2d 666
(1990). The Supreme Court’s decision in Frankenmuth supports the continued viability of the
decision in Rutter because the Court there clearly identified the damages from a bad-faith refusal
to settle as contract damages, which had traditionally been the subject of garnishment.

        Moreover, that Burlington and Evanston might have to pay less than the full amount of the
excess judgment does not render the damages unliquidated. The maximum liability can be readily
determined by comparing the policy limits to the actual judgment, and the parties can present
evidence about the amount that Specialty Industries could have been compelled to pay had
Hairston executed his judgment against Specialty Industries. Indeed, it is undisputed that Specialty
Industries already agreed to pay $1 million in exchange for a promise not to execute. In the context
of a claim for bad-faith refusal to settle, the limits on the maximum recovery are akin to offsets,
which can be litigated in a garnishment proceeding. See, e.g., Ladd, 303 Mich App at 99-100; see
also MCR 3.101(M)(1).

        Burlington argues on appeal that this Court should affirm the trial court’s decision because
the decision in Rutter relied on GCR 1963, 110.3, which abolished the technical forms of pleading,
but was not continued into the current rules. As our Supreme Court has recognized, it abolished
the technical forms of pleading under GCR 1963, 110.3, in favor of one form of action called a
civil action, which is recognized in the current court rules under MCR 2.101(A). Fisher Sand and
Gravel Co v Neal A Sweebe, Inc, 494 Mich 543, 564 n 59; 837 NW2d 244 (2013). Moreover, the
Court in Rutter cited GCR 1963, 110.3 for the general proposition that the court rules should be

                                                 -9-
construed to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of all controversies. See
Rutter, 57 Mich App at 171-172. That consideration continues to govern the proper interpretation
of the current court rules: “These rules are to be construed, administered, and employed by the
parties and the court to secure the just, speedy, and economical [i.e., inexpensive] determination
of every action and to avoid the consequences of error that does not affect the substantial rights of
the parties.” MCR 1.105. Accordingly, this Court’s reliance on those principles in Rutter did not
undermine the continued applicability of its holding.

         Based on the foregoing, we conclude that Rutter is binding precedent in the case at bar. It
was erroneous for the trial court to have dismissed the writs on the mistaken belief that the decision
in Rutter did not apply. This Court’s decision in Rutter was carefully crafted, and directly
considered the competing ways for litigating claims of bad-faith refusal to settle. This Court
established a workable format that provided parties with flexibility and afforded them adequate
and efficient processes for resolving the dispute. Burlington and Evanston have not convinced us
that we should discard this long-settled precedent beyond a preference for compelling an assignee
to litigate the claim in a separate and drawn-out proceeding. Accordingly, we reverse the trial
court’s order granting the motions to quash and dismissing the writs of garnishment.

                                         B. JURISDICTION

        Hairston and Specialty Industries next argue that their suit was first in time notwithstanding
that they filed their writs of garnishment after Burlington and Evanston filed their federal suit. In
their view, a writ of garnishment does not initiate a new lawsuit. Instead, a writ of garnishment is
an ancillary proceeding to the original suit that resulted in entry of a judgment. Generally, “[a]
circuit court’s ruling under MCR 2.116(C)(6) is reviewed de novo on the basis of the record as it
existed at the time the ruling was made.” Planet Bingo, LLC v VKGS, LLC, 319 Mich App 308,
325-326; 900 Mich 680 (2017). However, we note that the trial court did not grant Burlington’s
and Evanston’s motions to dismiss under MCR 2.116(C)(6), and instead granted the motions under
MCR 2.116(C)(8), because it concluded that a writ of garnishment was not a proper way to litigate
an assigned claim of bad-faith refusal to settle and dismissed the writs on that basis. The trial court
also did not determine whether the claims at issue in the federal case or the parties were identical,
even though there was evidence concerning the federal litigation in the record. On this record, we
are unable to conduct a de novo review of whether the claims at issue in this case should have been
dismissed under MCR 2.116(C)(6), particularly in light of the fact that there may have been
developments in the federal action while this case has been pending on appeal in this Court. On
remand, we direct the trial court to address whether the case should have been be dismissed under
MCR 2.116(C)(6). See Planet Bingo, LLC, 319 Mich App at 326-327.

                                          C. SANCTIONS

        Finally, Hairston argues that the trial court abused its discretion by imposing sanctions
against him. While we conclude that Hairston’s legal position was correct and therefore not
frivolous, we conclude that the court did not clearly err to the extent that it determined that Hairston
interposed the writs for an improper purpose.

         This Court reviews a trial court’s decision to award sanctions for submitting a frivolous
filing for an abuse of discretion. See Sprenger v Bickle, 307 Mich App 411, 422-423; 861 NW2d

                                                 -10-
52 (2014). A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision falls outside the range of reasonable
and principled outcomes. Slis, 332 Mich App at 335. This Court reviews for clear error a trial
court’s findings underlying its decision to award sanctions. Sprenger, 307 Mich App at 423. A
finding is clearly erroneous when this Court is left with the definite and firm conviction that the
trial court has made a mistake. See Guerrero v Smith, 280 Mich App 647, 677; 761 NW2d 723
(2008). This Court reviews de novo whether the trial court properly interpreted and applied the
statutes and court rules. Brecht, 297 Mich App at 736.

        The trial court premised its decision to sanction Hairston on the conclusion that he filed
the writ of garnishment without a valid basis in fact or law for doing so, or because he filed the
writ for an improper purpose. Both the statute and court rule authorize a trial court to order
sanctions when a filing or claim is frivolous. A filing or claim is frivolous when the party filing
the claim or initiating the action has no reasonable basis to believe that the facts underlying its
position are true or the party’s legal position is devoid of arguable legal merit. See
MCL 600.2591(3)(a)(ii) and (iii); MCR 1.109(E)(5)(b). Such a filing is also frivolous when it was
interposed for an improper purpose, even if the action is otherwise supported by facts and law.
See MCL 600.2591(3)(a)(i); MCR 1.109(E)(5)(c); see also New Covert Generating Co, LLC v
Covert Twp, 334 Mich App 24, 96-97; 964 NW2d 378 (2020) (noting that the trial court can
sanction a party for a filing that was not supported by the law or that was imposed for an improper
purpose).

        As previously discussed, this Court’s decision in Rutter was good law and binding on the
trial court. Under that precedent, Hairston has both a factual and legal right to litigate his claim
for bad-faith refusal to settle in a garnishment proceeding.3 Accordingly, to the extent that the trial
court found that Hairston’s filing of the writ of garnishment was frivolous because it was
unsupported in fact or law, the trial court erred. See Guerrero, 280 Mich App at 677.

        However, whether the trial court clearly erred by finding that Hairston interposed the writs
for an improper purpose, such as to harass Burlington and Evanston, is less clear. Hairston’s first
motion involved a request to conduct supplemental proceedings. In that motion, Hairston indicated
that Specialty Industries had assigned any claims that it might have had against Burlington and
Evanston to Hairston, but Hairston did not at that time assert the right to litigate any claim in a
garnishment proceeding. In response, Burlington and Evanston argued that supplementary
proceedings were improper because such proceedings involved discovery and Hairston had not
filed a proper garnishment action or action for declaratory judgment that would have satisfied the
prerequisite for a supplemental proceeding.

        At the hearing, the court identified the issue as one involving discovery. It then informed
Hairston that it thought that the appropriate venue for his discovery was “in the federal court or in
another court of competent jurisdiction in a declaratory action or some sort of breach of contract
action.” Notably, in its order denying the motion for supplemental proceedings, the trial court

3
 In making this pronouncement, we draw no conclusion as to whether the case should be dismissed
under MCR 2.116(C)(6), as discussed in Section II-B, supra.

                                                 -11-
denied the motion for the reasons stated on the record without further elaboration or additional
limitations, but it characterized the order as a final order that closed the case.

        It was clear from the context that the trial court was unaware of any authority that would
allow Hairston to litigate his assigned claim without filing a separate lawsuit. The discussion on
the record supports an inference that Hairston understood that the trial court had foreclosed any
further proceedings on his assigned claim in the underlying litigation, and advised him to either
seek relief in another court of competent jurisdiction or seek review by this Court. Despite that,
Hairston filed his writ of garnishment in the present action. Although the filing of the writ was
plainly supported by the law, that does not preclude a finding that the decision was done to harass
or cause a needless increase in litigation, which would also support an award of sanctions. See
MCL 600.2591(3)(a)(i); MCR 1.109(E)(5)(c). Given the trial court’s familiarity with the parties
and the case before it, we defer to its finding that Hairston’s purpose was to harass. See New
Covert Generating, 334 Mich App at 96-97. Moreover, because Hairston has not identified any
other basis for reversing the trial court’s order awarding sanctions, we affirm. See id. at 97.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

        Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                            /s/ Michelle M. Rick
                                                            /s/ Christopher P. Yates

                                               -12-