Court Opinion

ID: 9959525
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-11 21:04:46.629619+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:17:35.782068
License: Public Domain

2024 IL App (1st) 201258-U
                                     Order filed April 11, 2024

                                                                               FIRST DISTRICT
                                                                             FOURTH DIVISION

                                           No. 1-20-1258

 NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the
 limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
 ______________________________________________________________________________
                                     IN THE
                         APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                 FIRST DISTRICT
 ______________________________________________________________________________
 THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                         )   Appeal from the
                                                              )   Circuit Court of
           Plaintiff-Appellee,                                )   Cook County.
                                                              )
     v.                                                       )   No. 99 CR 19701
                                                              )
 JOSEPH TALACH,                                               )   Honorable
                                                              )   Dennis J. Porter,
           Defendant-Appellant.                               )   Judge, presiding.

           PRESIDING JUSTICE ROCHFORD delivered the judgment of the court.
           Justices Hoffman and Martin concurred in the judgment.

                                             ORDER

¶1        Held: The circuit court properly denied defendant’s motion to file a third successive
                postconviction petition where he failed to raise a colorable claim of actual
                innocence based on newly discovered evidence.

¶2        Defendant Joseph Talach appeals from an order of the circuit court denying him leave to

file a third successive pro se postconviction petition pursuant to the Post-Conviction Hearing Act

(Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2020)). On appeal, defendant contends that the circuit court

erred in finding that his claim of actual innocence was barred by the doctrine of res judicata. He
argues that, although his current petition raises the same claim as a prior petition—that his

codefendant was the actual assailant—this time, the claim was supported by the testimony of a

newly discovered witness. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

¶3     Defendant’s conviction arose from the events of July 28, 1999. Shortly before 1 a.m. that

day, Michael Rasor was struck multiple times in the head with a baseball bat. Defendant and a

codefendant, Joseph Koonce, were arrested and charged by indictment with, inter alia, the

attempted first degree murder of Rasor and the attempted first degree murder of Leonard Jagielski,

a police officer who fell from defendant’s and Koonce’s moving car as they fled the scene.

Following a 2001 joint jury trial, Koonce was acquitted and defendant was found guilty of the

attempted first degree murder of Rasor. The trial court sentenced defendant to 30 years in prison.

We set forth the underlying facts of the case in our order on direct appeal, affirming defendant’s

conviction. People v. Talach, No. 1-02-0177 (2004) (unpublished order under Illinois Supreme

Court Rule 23). Due to the nature of defendant’s current claim, we repeat portions of the trial

evidence here.

¶4     The State’s first two witnesses were Rasor, the victim, and Gilardo Arreola, one of his

companions on the night in question. The record on appeal does not include the transcript of

proceedings from the trial date when Rasor and Arreola testified. See Foutch v. O’Bryant, 99 Ill.

2d 389, 391-92 (1984) (the appellant “has the burden to present a sufficiently complete record of

the proceedings at trial to support a claim of error” and “[a]ny doubts which may arise from the

incompleteness of the record will be resolved against the appellant”). While our review of the

instant case is hindered by the absence of this transcript, it is not completely foreclosed, as we did

recount the witnesses’ testimony in our order on direct appeal. We quote that order here:

                                                -2-
       “At trial, Michael Rasor testified that he was riding in a car and drinking beer with

three friends on the southwest side of Chicago when a blue car began to swerve in front of

their car to block its path. Rasor also testified that the occupants of the car flashed gang

signs at his vehicle. Rasor said that when the blue car stopped in front of their car at a

stoplight, two men got out of the car; one of the men approached the passenger side of their

vehicle, where he was seated in the rear, and began to smash the windows of the car with

a baseball bat. Rasor testified that he got out of the car and began to run, and that his next

memory was of waking up in a hospital. Rasor reported that he had suffered serious head

injuries and that he had not fully recovered from their effects.

       Gilardo Arreola testified that he had been riding in a white Pontiac and drinking

beer with Rasor and two other friends when he saw a blue Chevrolet swerving to block

their car from passing; Arreola also reported that the occupants of the blue car were flashing

gang signs. According to Arreola, the blue car stopped in front of their car at a stoplight,

and the blue car’s driver then exited his vehicle and began punching the driver’s side

window of the Rasor-Arreola Pontiac with his hands. Arreola also saw a man exit the

passenger side of the blue car with a baseball bat. Arreola identified the bat-wielding

passenger of the blue car as [defendant] and the driver of the car as his codefendant,

Koonce. Arreola saw [defendant] break the rear passenger window of the Pontiac with the

bat. Arreola got out of his car, saw Rasor out of their car and fighting with Koonce, and

was on his way to help Rasor when he saw [defendant] approach, swinging the bat. Arreola

said that [defendant] grazed him with the bat, that he then ran, that he next saw Rasor in a

sitting position on the sidewalk, and that he saw [defendant] hit Rasor with the bat, twice

                                        -3-
       in the head and once in the back. Arreola then noticed three Cook County sheriff’s police

       officers on the scene and heard them order the combatants to ‘freeze’ and ‘not to move.’

       He saw the officers approach the blue Chevrolet with [defendant] and Koonce inside the

       car, saw one officer reach into the car with the upper half of his body, saw the car drive

       off, and then saw the officer rolling on the street after the blue car drove away.” People v.

       Talach, No. 1-02-0177 (2004) (unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23).

¶5     Cook County sheriff’s police officer Dimas Hernandez testified that he was off duty and

pulling into the parking lot of a fast-food restaurant when he heard shouting and saw two cars, a

blue Chevrolet and a white Pontiac, stopped about 50 feet away at a well-lit intersection. The two

occupants of the blue car got out and approached the white car. The driver of the blue car struck

and broke the driver’s side window of the white car with his hand. The blue car’s passenger, whom

Hernandez identified as defendant in court, struck the white car with a baseball bat “numerous”

times, breaking its sunroof.

¶6     Three men exited the white car. Defendant struck one of them twice in the upper body with

the bat. The victim fell to the ground and lay motionless. Another man from the white car

approached defendant, but backed off when defendant raised the bat again. Defendant then hit the

victim who was motionless on the ground in the head with the bat. Hernandez ran toward the scene,

announcing, “Police, freeze.” At the same time, two marked sheriff’s cars pulled up. Defendant

and the other occupant of the blue car ran back to the blue car, and two sheriff’s police officers

chased them on foot. Later that morning, Hernandez identified defendant in a lineup. On cross-

examination, Hernandez testified that he did not see anyone strike defendant during the incident.

                                               -4-
¶7     Cook County sheriff’s police officer Leonard Jagielski testified that he was riding in a

marked car driven by his partner, Walter Malacina, when he noticed a “disturbance” in a group of

“what appeared to be teenage people” at a well-lit intersection about a half a block away. One man,

whom he identified in court as defendant, stood out because he was a little taller than most of the

others around him. Defendant had a baseball bat raised above his head. Jagielski told Malacina to

pull over, turned on his car’s emergency lights, exited the car, and drew his gun. While about 15

to 20 feet from the group, he saw defendant using the bat to strike another individual who was on

the ground. Specifically, defendant struck the victim in the head two times. A second man, whom

Jagielski identified in court as Koonce, was kicking the victim in the head and shoulders.

¶8     Jagielski identified himself as a police officer and ordered defendant to drop the bat, but

defendant did not comply. Instead, he and Koonce turned and walked into the street. While passing

a white car parked in the center lane, defendant struck it with the bat and broke a window on its

passenger side. Defendant and Koonce then got into a blue car that was in front of the white car.

Jagielski and Malacina followed on foot. Malacina demanded that defendant and Koonce exit the

blue car. Jagielski reached through the open passenger window and tried to remove the car’s keys

from its ignition. As he attempted to do so, he exchanged several punches with defendant, who

was in the car’s passenger seat. Defendant’s face was only inches from Jagielski’s during the

struggle. Koonce looked directly at Jagielski, started the car, and began to drive off. Jagielski’s

feet were on the ground, but his upper body was inside the blue car. Defendant pushed Jagielski

back until Jagielski lost his grip and fell out of the car. He rolled on the street eight to ten times,

and then signaled to a second sheriff’s police car, driven by Ernest Solideo, to pursue the escaping

                                                 -5-
blue car. After receiving treatment for minor injuries, Jagielski identified defendant and Koonce

in a lineup later that morning.

¶9     Jagielski’s partner, Walter Malacina, testified and gave a narrative account of the incident

which corroborated Jagielski’s description of their attempts to detain the two suspects, the

suspects’ fleeing to the blue car, the suspects’ struggle with Jagielski, and Jagielski’s fall from the

moving car. Malacina did not identify either suspect. Though Malacina saw Rasor on the ground,

he did not see the attack which caused his injuries.

¶ 10   Ernest Solideo, another county police officer, testified that when Malacina’s patrol car

turned on its emergency lights and stopped in front of him, he activated his own car’s lights and

stopped as well. He saw Jagielski and Malacina exit their car, and he saw a man with a baseball

bat smash the window of a white car that was parked in front of Malacina’s car. The bat-wielder

and another man got into a blue car that was in front of the white car. As Jagielski and Malacina

tried to pull the passenger from the car, Solideo ran back to his own car to pursue the blue car and

radio headquarters. He saw Jagielski fall from the moving blue car and roll several times. After

stopping to check on Jagielski’s condition, he pursued the blue car for a few blocks. When it

parked, he was able to see the face of the driver, whom he identified in court as Koonce. Koonce

and his passenger fled on foot. Later that morning, Solideo identified Koonce in a lineup.

¶ 11   Two Chicago police department officers testified to the circumstances of the separate

apprehensions of defendant and Koonce shortly after they abandoned the blue car. The jury also

heard testimony of the Chicago police department evidence technician who examined the scene

and both cars, the city police detective who conducted the lineups, and Rasor’s treating physician,

who recounted the severity of his skull fracture and other injuries.

                                                 -6-
¶ 12    Defendant called Karen Kooi, an Illinois State Police forensic scientist whom the court

declared an expert witness in DNA testing. Kooi testified that she tested 10 “exhibits” connected

with defendant’s and Koonce’s case. Relevant here, the DNA profile she generated from her testing

of three separate blood stains found on a baseball bat recovered from the blue car matched

defendant’s DNA, but not Koonce’s or Rasor’s DNA. On cross-examination, Kooi specified that

two of the blood stains were “near the handle of the bat” and the third was “from about the middle

of the bat.”

¶ 13    Defendant testified that on the night of the incident, he was driving his own car, with

Koonce as his passenger. Around 12:40 a.m., he noticed he was being followed by a white car.

When he stopped at a red light, the white car struck the back of his car. Defendant got out of his

car, walked to its rear to check for damage, and asked the driver of the white car for an explanation

of the accident. The driver got out and yelled a gang identification at him. Another man exited the

white car with a baseball bat and approached him, swinging the bat. Two more men got out of the

back seat with beer bottles. All of the men were yelling gang identifications.

¶ 14    The driver punched defendant in the face. The other men threw their beer bottles at him.

Defendant tried to get back to his own car, but the man with the baseball bat came at him, swinging

it and threatening to kill him. The bat hit defendant’s shoulder and “slipped up” to hit him in the

head. According to defendant, all of the men from the white car were drunk and one of the two

men who had approached him with beer bottles was disoriented, tripping and falling, and “kind of

staggering.” Defendant later learned this man was Rasor.

¶ 15    The man with the bat swung it at defendant and missed. Defendant heard a thud and then

saw Rasor on the ground. The man with the bat froze. Defendant grabbed the bat from him and

                                                -7-
started toward his own car. However, three men were coming at him with beer bottles, so he hit

the white car with the bat twice, as a show of force to “keep them away.”

¶ 16   At this point, defendant saw Koonce on the ground. Still holding the bat, he picked Koonce

up and told him they had to go. They entered the blue car from the passenger side. Koonce slid

over and began to drive while more beer bottles were being thrown at them. As they were driving

away, a man ran alongside the car and “jumped in *** from the waist up.” The man was yelling

and then fell out of the car. Defendant did not know the man was a police officer.

¶ 17   On cross-examination, defendant stated that he did not see any police cars or officers at the

scene and did not see any police cars following him and Koonce as they drove away. He denied

that the man who jumped in his car had identified himself as an officer. He also denied punching

the man or being punched by him.

¶ 18   At the close of the evidence, the trial court directed verdicts in favor of both defendants on

the charges of attempted murder of Jagielski. The charges of attempted murder of Rasor were

submitted to the jury, which returned a not guilty verdict for Koonce, and a guilty verdict for

defendant. However, when the clerk read this verdict aloud, he mistakenly read it as “guilty of first

degree murder.” The trial court polled the jurors and they all acknowledged that this was their

verdict. After the trial court discharged the jury, defense counsel moved to set aside the verdict on

the grounds that the jury was polled on an offense that was not charged. The trial court recalled

the jurors into the courtroom, explained the clerk’s error, informed them they were still under oath,

and re-polled them as to the verdict of attempted first degree murder. Every juror confirmed that

they had found defendant guilty of attempted first degree murder.

                                                -8-
¶ 19   The trial court subsequently denied defendant’s motion for a new trial, which included an

argument as to the polling of the jury, and sentenced defendant to 30 years in prison.

¶ 20   On direct appeal, defendant argued that (1) the trial court erred by failing to conduct a

hearing on the State’s reasons for its preemptory challenges and by limiting cross-examination of

the State’s witnesses; (2) the State made inflammatory remarks during closing arguments; (3) the

State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt; and (4) his sentence was excessive.

We affirmed defendant’s conviction and sentence. People v. Talach, No. 1-02-0177 (2004)

(unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23).

¶ 21   On January 26, 2005, defendant filed a pro se petition for postconviction relief under the

Act. In the petition, he argued that (1) his right to due process was violated when the court re-

polled the jury after the clerk mistakenly read the verdict; (2) he received ineffective assistance of

trial counsel; and (3) he received ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. The circuit court

dismissed the petition as frivolous and patently without merit. We affirmed. People v. Talach, No.

1-05-1667 (2006) (unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23).

¶ 22   On May 19, 2009, defendant filed a pro se motion for leave to file a successive

postconviction petition, arguing that newly discovered evidence established he was actually

innocent of attempted first-degree murder. Defendant principally relied on affidavits from Carlos

Nunez and Jacqueline Talach. Nunez was a fellow inmate who attested he witnessed the incident

and saw Koonce, not defendant, strike Rasor with the bat. Jacqueline, defendant’s sister and

Koonce’s fiancée, attested that Koonce confessed to her in 2002, shortly before his death, that it

was he and not defendant who hit Rasor with the bat. Defendant also provided his own affidavit

                                                -9-
attesting that Koonce hit Rasor with the bat to defend defendant from being hit with a beer bottle.

The circuit court denied defendant leave to file the successive petition.

¶ 23    We affirmed, finding that Nunez’s and Jacqueline’s affidavits did not constitute newly

discovered evidence because defendant was aware of the asserted facts prior to and during his trial.

We also found that the facts contained in the affidavits were not of such a conclusive character

that they would change the result if defendant were retried. Rather, a retrial would merely require

the fact finder to determine which competing version of events and which witnesses were most

credible. People v. Talach, No. 1-09-1949 (2011) (unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court

Rule 23).

¶ 24    On December 14, 2015, defendant, through counsel, filed a motion for leave to file a second

successive petition. In the petition, he argued that his conviction was void because the circuit court

had no jurisdiction to reconvene the jury after it had been discharged following the clerk’s incorrect

reading of the verdict. The circuit court denied leave to file, finding that defendant’s argument was

barred by the doctrine of res judicata because he had already raised this issue in his initial

postconviction petition. We affirmed. People v. Talach, 2018 IL App (1st) 161209-U.

¶ 25    On January 27, 2020, defendant, through counsel, filed a motion for leave to file the

successive petition at issue in this appeal, his third. In the motion, he made a claim of actual

innocence based on an affidavit from Kimberly Johns, the sister of defendant’s deceased

codefendant, Koonce.1 In relevant part, Johns stated as follows:

        1
          The affidavit is not included in the record on appeal, but is quoted at length in defendant’s motion
and in part in the circuit court’s order denying leave to file. Again, we note that it is defendant’s burden, as
the appellant, to present a sufficiently complete record on appeal, and that any doubts arising from the
incompleteness of the record will be resolved against him. Foutch, 99 Ill. 2d at 391-92. We quote the
affidavit as it was set forth in defendant’s motion.

                                                    - 10 -
       “After the verdict was in my brother was found not guilty and was able to come home.

       [Defendant] was convicted.

               My brother Joseph Koonce came to stay with me after he got out he told me what

       happened that night. *** My brother said that there were four guys that got out of the other

       car with bottles and bat. They were throwing bottles at [defendant’s] car and running

       towards them to try to hit them with the bat. My brother said that’s [sic] the one guy ran

       up to him with the bat and hit him with the bat and that he took the bat away and started

       hitting the guy back with the bat as the other guys were fighting with [defendant] and

       throwing bottles at the car, hitting [defendant’s] car. They jumped back in the car and my

       brother was yelling ‘go Joey go, they’re coming they’re coming.’ And the next thing he

       knew cops were everywhere and they went to jail.”

Johns further stated that a “couple” of years later, Koonce died. She concluded, “I was unwilling

to tell anyone what my brother told me before he died until now.”

¶ 26   Defendant asserted that Johns’s testimony as to what Koonce said to her constituted

evidence which was unavailable at trial and could not have been discovered by the exercise of due

diligence. He argued that Koonce was unavailable as a witness at trial since, as a codefendant, he

had a fifth-amendment right against self-incrimination. Defendant maintained that he had no way

of knowing of Koonce’s statements to Johns because Johns was not willing to come forward until

she executed her affidavit. He further argued that Johns’s affidavit exculpated him and supported

his defense, as it established that he acted in self-defense and that it was Koonce, not himself, who

wielded the bat. Finally, he asserted that Koonce’s statements were admissible as statements

against penal interest.

                                               - 11 -
¶ 27   On October 2, 2020, the circuit court denied leave to file. The court concluded that

defendant’s claim was barred by the doctrine of res judicata, as the allegations contained in Johns’s

affidavit were not materially different from the allegations in the affidavits defendant filed in

support of his 2009 petition. Specifically, the circuit court found that “the import of Johns’

allegations is exactly the same as those of Carlos Nunez and Jacqueline Talach—that Koonce, not

[defendant], struck Rasor with the bat and Koonce admitted as such after the trial.” Noting that the

appellate court had already decided those allegations did not qualify as newly discovered or as

being of such conclusive character to change the result on retrial, the court concluded that

defendant’s claim amounted “to no more than rephrasing (if not merely repeating) a claim the

circuit and appellate courts already rejected” and that “[t]he Act simply does not allow petitioners

to make an end run around res judicata in this manner.” Further, the circuit court found that,

because defendant would have been aware of the facts alleged in Johns’s affidavit before and

during his trial, her affidavit did not qualify as newly discovered evidence.

¶ 28   Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.

¶ 29   On appeal, defendant contends that leave to file his successive postconviction petition

should have been granted.

¶ 30   The Act provides a statutory remedy to criminal defendants who assert that substantial

violations of their constitutional rights occurred at trial. People v. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶

42. A postconviction proceeding is not a substitute for a direct appeal; rather, it affords a

mechanism for collateral attack on a final judgment. Id. Accordingly, issues that were actually

decided on direct appeal are barred by the doctrine of res judicata and issues that could have been

                                               - 12 -
raised, but were not, are barred by the doctrine of forfeiture. People v. Beard, 2023 IL App (1st)

200106, ¶ 36 (citing People v. Blair, 215 Ill. 2d 427, 442 (2005)).

¶ 31   The Act contemplates the filing of only one postconviction petition. Robinson, 2020 IL

123849, ¶ 42. However, our supreme court has provided two bases upon which the bar against

successive proceedings may be relaxed. Id. The first basis is when a defendant establishes “cause

and prejudice” for failing to raise the claim earlier. Id. The second is the “fundamental miscarriage

of justice” exception, under which the defendant must show actual innocence. Id. When a

defendant claims actual innocence, the question is whether his petition and supporting

documentation set forth a colorable claim; that is, whether they raise the probability that it is more

likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted him in light of the new evidence.

People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶¶ 24, 31, 33. The evidence supporting the claim of actual

innocence must be (1) newly discovered; (2) material and not merely cumulative; and (3) of such

conclusive character that it would probably change the result on retrial. Id. ¶ 32. The

conclusiveness of the evidence is the most important element of an actual innocence claim.

Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 47. We review the denial of leave to file a successive postconviction

petition de novo. Id. ¶¶ 39, 40.

¶ 32   Defendant argues that the circuit court erred in finding his claim of actual innocence was

barred by the doctrine of res judicata. He maintains that, although his current petition raises the

same claim as a prior petition—that his codefendant was the actual assailant—the claim is not

barred by res judicata because, this time, it is supported by the testimony of a newly discovered

witness. Relying on People v. Ortiz, 235 Ill. 2d 319 (2009), defendant asserts that “claims of actual

innocence may not [be] denied on the basis of res judicata where new evidence is produced that

                                                - 13 -
was not available at the time of the filing even where the underlying claim of innocence is

materially identical” to a prior claim.

¶ 33   As noted above, the doctrine of res judicata bars consideration in postconviction

proceedings of issues that were decided on direct appeal. Beard, 2023 IL App (1st) 200106, ¶ 36.

However, our supreme court held in Ortiz that preclusion doctrines such as res judicata do not bar

“multiple claims of actual innocence where each claim is supported by newly discovered

evidence.” Id. at 333. Thus, our supreme court found that the successive petition at issue in Ortiz

was not precluded where, “although [the] defendant’s first two petitions also alleged actual

innocence, [the] defendant’s third petition presented a new ‘claim’ of actual innocence because it

offered two additional eyewitnesses who were previously unknown to [the] defendant.” Id.

¶ 34   Accordingly, the applicability of res judicata in this case turns on whether Johns’s affidavit

was “newly discovered evidence.” People v. Wideman, 2016 IL App (1st) 123092, ¶ 51. In Ortiz,

our supreme court stated that newly discovered evidence is “defined as evidence that has been

discovered since the trial and that the defendant could not have discovered sooner through due

diligence.” Ortiz, 235 Ill. 2d at 334; Beard, 2023 IL App (1st) 200106, ¶¶ 43, 49. Statements of

codefendants are considered newly discovered because no amount of diligence could have forced

them to testify. Beard, 2023 IL App (1st) 200106, ¶ 50.

¶ 35   Here, taking Johns’s averments as true, which we must at this stage (Wideman, 2016 IL

App (1st) 123092, ¶ 59), the information contained in her affidavit was unknown to her until after

defendant’s and Koonce’s joint jury trial, when Koonce came to stay with her. This court has found

that, for purposes of res judicata, an affidavit attached to a successive petition in which the affiant

reports what a codefendant conveyed to her after trial constitutes newly discovered evidence.

                                                - 14 -
Beard, 2023 IL App (1st) 200106, ¶ 50. This is the situation in the instant case. As such, we find

that consideration of defendant’s successive postconviction claim based on Johns’s affidavit is not

barred by res judicata. See id.

¶ 36   Defendant next argues that the circuit court erred in rejecting his claim of actual innocence

based on a finding that Johns’s affidavit did not qualify as “newly discovered” where defendant

already knew Koonce was the assailant and only the source of that information—Koonce’s

statements to his sister and his sister herself—was unknown or unavailable. Relying on People v.

Molstad, 101 Ill. 2d 128 (1984), defendant asserts that courts may entertain claims of actual

innocence where it is the source of the claim, rather than the claim itself, which is newly

discovered.

¶ 37   However, because our review of the denial of leave to file a successive postconviction

petition is de novo (Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶¶ 39, 40), we are not constrained to the reasoning

given by the circuit court for its decision. We affirm the circuit court’s rejection of the actual

innocence claim on a different basis.

¶ 38   As explained above, evidence supporting a postconviction claim of actual innocence must

be (1) newly discovered; (2) material and not merely cumulative; and (3) of such conclusive

character that it would probably change the result on retrial. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 32. Of

these elements, the conclusiveness of the evidence is the most important. Robinson, 2020 IL

123849, ¶ 47. In fact, a reviewing court “need not address whether [a] petitioner’s new evidence

could have been discovered earlier in the exercise of due diligence” or “whether it is material and

not merely cumulative” if the court concludes “that, even assuming these conditions have been

satisfied, the evidence is not of such conclusive character that it would probably change the result

                                               - 15 -
on retrial.” People v. Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶ 47. Accordingly, we turn our attention to the

question of the conclusiveness of Johns’s affidavit.

¶ 39    In Robinson, our supreme court explained that, when contemplating conclusiveness, “the

question is whether the evidence supporting the postconviction petition places the trial evidence

in a different light and undermines the court’s confidence in the judgment of guilt.” Robinson,

2020 IL 123849, ¶ 48. The new evidence is not required to be entirely dispositive or exonerating

in order to be likely to alter the result on retrial. Id. ¶¶ 48, 55, 56. Moreover, at the leave-to-file

stage of postconviction proceedings, it is presumed that the new evidence will contradict the

evidence of the defendant’s guilt at trial. Id. ¶ 57. As such, the question is not whether the new

evidence is inconsistent or in conflict with the trial evidence, but whether it is “positively rebutted”

by the trial record. See id. ¶ 60.

¶ 40    Evidence is “positively rebutted” when it is “clear from the trial record that no fact finder

could ever accept the truth of that evidence, such as where it is affirmatively and incontestably

demonstrated to be false or impossible.” Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 60. As an example of false

or impossible, the Robinson court pointed to a case where an assertion that the victim had been

shot only once was positively rebutted by autopsy evidence at trial establishing that the victim had

been shot twice and died of multiple gunshot wounds. Id. ¶ 59 (discussing Sanders, 2016 IL

118123, ¶ 48).

¶ 41    Here, we find that Johns’s affidavit was not so conclusive as to change the result at a retrial

because it is positively rebutted by the record. According to Johns, Koonce told her “one guy ran

up to him with the bat and hit him with the bat and that he took the bat away and started hitting the

guy back with the bat as the other guys were fighting with [defendant] and throwing bottles at the

                                                 - 16 -
car, hitting [defendant’s] car.” Koonce further related that he and defendant then “jumped back in

the car ***[a]nd the next thing he knew cops were everywhere and they went to jail.”

¶ 42   However, the evidence at trial established that the DNA profile obtained from blood on the

handle and the middle of the bat matched defendant’s DNA and did not match Koonce’s DNA.

Given this forensic evidence, the new version of events being offered in Johns’s affidavit is

affirmatively and incontestably demonstrated to be false or impossible. See Robinson, 2020 IL

123849, ¶ 60. Where defendant’s DNA was found on the bat, no fact finder could ever accept the

truth of Johns’s assertion that it was Koonce, and only Koonce, who took the bat from an attacker

and then beat Rasor with it. Therefore, we find that the DNA evidence affirmatively rebuts the

statements in Johns’s affidavit, similar to the way autopsy evidence would. See id. ¶¶ 59, 60;

People v. Massey, 2023 IL App (1st) 220123, ¶ 30 (surveillance videos affirmatively rebutted

newly discovered statements); People v. Garcia, 2022 IL App (1st) 210040, ¶ 36 (forensic

evidence, including the victim’s blood on the defendant’s shoe and the defendant’s shoe

impressions on the victim’s shirt, explicitly contradicted newly discovered affidavit).

¶ 43   Moreover, we note that the Robinson court, in concluding that the defendant presented an

arguable claim of actual innocence, relied not only on the fact that “no physical or forensic

evidence linked [him] to the crimes,” but also on the circumstances that no eyewitnesses identified

him “as being involved or even present at the time of the relevant events,” and that the only

evidence supporting his guilt was his own confession and testimony that he had confessed to

others. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 82.

¶ 44   Here, in contrast to Robinson, not only did forensic evidence implicate defendant, but, in

addition, three eyewitnesses identified him as the person who hit Rasor with the bat: Arreola,

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Hernandez, and Jagielski. Thus, the evidence at trial was not tenuous, as it had been in Robinson.

See Garcia, 2022 IL App (1st) 210040, ¶ 36 (distinguishing Robinson where the physical evidence

corroborated the trial testimony of two eyewitnesses who saw the defendant attack the victim);

People v. Sibley, 2022 IL App (4th) 190915-U, ¶ 54 (distinguishing Robinson where spent casings

and a live round recovered at the scene corroborated the defendant’s confession and where the

defendant identified himself as the man in a photograph that an eyewitness took of the shooter);

People v. Thompson, 2021 IL App (4th) 200237-U, ¶ 27 (distinguishing Robinson where the State

presented multiple eyewitnesses who observed the defendant shoot the victim and where a gun

was recovered next to the defendant); People v. Rudolph, 2021 IL App (1st) 191146-U, ¶ 30

(distinguishing Robinson where three eyewitnesses identified the defendant as a shooter); People

v. Fenton, 2021 IL App (1st) 171483-U, ¶¶ 44-45 (distinguishing Robinson where three

eyewitnesses testified at trial that the defendant had a gun on the night of the shooting); see also

Ill. S. Ct. R. 23(e)(1) (eff. Feb. 1, 2023) (nonprecedential orders entered on or after January 1,

2021, may be cited for persuasive purposes).

¶ 45    In this case, the version of events set forth in Johns’s affidavit is positively rebutted by the

record. As such, the affidavit does not significantly advance defendant’s claim of actual innocence

by placing the trial evidence in a different light and undermining the court’s confidence in the

judgment of guilt. See Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 48. That is, the newly discovered evidence is

not of such conclusive character that it would probably change the result on retrial. See Edwards,

2012 IL 111711, ¶ 32. Accordingly, we find that defendant failed to state a colorable claim of

actual innocence and the circuit court properly denied leave to file his successive postconviction

petition.

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¶ 46   For the reasons explained above, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

¶ 47   Affirmed.

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