Court Opinion

ID: 817109
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-02-01 01:48:04.440757+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:18:26.508636
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 13a0115n.06

                                             No. 11-4076
                                                                                         FILED
                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                            Jan 31, 2013
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                          DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk

THE SCRAP YARD, LLC, ALLEN YOUNGMAN, )
AND JACOB YOUNGMAN,                   )
                                      )
     Plaintiffs-Appellants,           )
                                      )
v.                                    )                       On Appeal from the United States
                                      )                       District Court for the Northern
CITY OF CLEVELAND, FRANK JACKSON, THE )                       District of Ohio
MAYOR OF CLEVELAND, AND DAVID COOPER, )
THE CHIEF BUILDING OFFICIAL FOR )
CLEVELAND,                            )
                                      )
     Defendants-Appellees.

Before:        BOGGS and WHITE, Circuit Judges; BLACK, District Judge.*

               BOGGS, Circuit Judge. This appeal arises from a long-standing dispute between

plaintiffs and the City of Cleveland over whether The Scrap Yard, LLC conforms with the zoning

code. After lengthy litigation in state court, plaintiffs filed a complaint in federal district court

alleging that, through seeking “code compliance,” defendants violated their constitutional rights and

committed torts under state law. The district court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss. We

affirm the judgment of the district court.

          *
         The Honorable Timothy S. Black, United States District Judge for the Southern District of
Ohio, sitting by designation.
No. 11-4076
The Scrap Yard, LLC, et al. v. City of Cleveland, et al.

                                                  I

       We adopt the thorough statements of fact as provided in the Report and Recommendation

(R&R) of United States Magistrate Judge Nancy A. Vecchiarelli.

       On April 25, 2006 City of Cleveland filed a complaint for injunctive and other relief
       in Cleveland Municipal Housing Court against Cleveland Scrap and against Ian J.
       Abrams (“Abrams”), then-owner of the Scrap Yard and owner of the land at 3018
       East 55th Street, Cleveland, Ohio upon which the Scrap Yard operated as a tenant
       (“the site”). The complaint alleged various zoning code violations against Cleveland
       Scrap and Abrams, including failing to acquire a certificate of occupancy, expanding
       scrap metal processing unlawfully, failing to obtain a license, storing materials on the
       site without necessary authorization, piling materials in excess of the legal height,
       erecting structures on the property without a permit, and fencing portions of the site
       in violation of ordinance. The city sought a preliminary and permanent injunction
       against operations at the site.

       In June 2008, the parties submitted an agreed judgment entry to the Housing Court,
       one which provided that Abrams would seek certain variances at the site, would
       continue to operate his scrap business pending the hearing with the board of zoning
       appeals, and would keep portions of the site and the nearby road clear of trash and
       debris while the case was pending at the Housing Court. After a hearing, the board
       of zoning appeals rejected Abrams’[s] request for variances on July 17, 2006.

       On September 11, 2006, the Cleveland Housing Court held a hearing on the city’s
       motion for a preliminary injunction. On September 14, 2006, the magistrate judge
       issued his recommendations, and the Housing Court adopted them the same day.
       Cleveland Scrap alleges that it was not given an opportunity to file objections to the
       magistrate judge’s report before the court adopted it. The Housing Court entered a
       judgment and order finding that Cleveland Scrap was illegally conducting operations
       on the premises and preliminarily enjoined Cleveland Scrap from conducting those
       operations.

       On September 19, 2006, Abrams and Cleveland Scrap appealed the Housing Court’s
       preliminary injunction. The state appellate court eventually dismissed sua sponte
       Cleveland Scrap’s appeal of the preliminary injunction as not being a final appealable
       order. On March 21, 2007, Cleveland filed in the Housing Court a motion for
       Cleveland Scrap to show cause why it should not be held in contempt for violating
       the court’s September 14, 2006 order. The Housing Court held a hearing on this
       motion on April 23, 2007. On April 30, 2007, the court found Cleveland Scrap in

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No. 11-4076
The Scrap Yard, LLC, et al. v. City of Cleveland, et al.

       contempt of the court’s order, but the court also set forth certain conditions that, if
       met, would allow Cleveland Scrap to “purge” itself of the contempt citation. Despite
       attempts by Cleveland Scrap to meet those conditions, the Housing Court found
       Cleveland Scrap in contempt on May 17, 2007 and imposed sanctions against the
       company. The sanctions included a fine of $10,000 for each delivery of scrap
       received. As Cleveland Scrap received about 100 scrap deliveries a day, the
       sanctions potentially subjected Cleveland Scrap to a fine of about $1,000,000 per
       day.

       Cleveland Scrap filed a timely notice of appeal of the contempt citation on May 23,
       2007. That same day, it also filed in the Housing Court a motion to stay the
       proceedings and set bond pending the stay. The Housing Court imposed bond of
       $8,100,000. When Cleveland Scrap failed to post bond, the court ordered the bailiffs
       to secure the gates of the site, thus prohibiting deliveries to Cleveland Scrap and
       preventing it from conducting further operations.

       On September 11, 2008, the state appellate court, in an opinion issued upon
       reconsideration, reversed the Housing Court. Cleveland v. Abrams (“Cleveland
       Scrap II”), 2008 WL 4174974 (Ohio App. Sept. 11, 2008). It found that the Housing
       Court’s preliminary injunction was vague and unclear, thus rendering the contempt
       citation invalid; that the site was exempt from city ordinances regulating aesthetics
       and the height of junk; that Cleveland Scrap could not be held in contempt for
       conducting unauthorized operations on any portion of the property because its permit
       authorized operations on all portions of the property; and that Cleveland Scrap was
       not required to obtain a certificate of occupancy. The state appellate court (1)
       invalidated the injunction and the contempt order and (2) remanded the case to the
       Housing Court (a) to conduct a hearing to act in compliance with the appellate court's
       decision and (b) to further review the legal merits underlying the first preliminary
       injunction order.

       While Cleveland Scrap’s appeal was pending in the state appellate court, the Housing
       Court held a trial on the merits of the request for a permanent injunction on August
       12-14, 2008. After hearing the evidence produced at that trial, the Housing Court
       issued a permanent injunction against Cleveland Scrap’s doing business at the site.

       Cleveland Scrap timely appealed issuance of the permanent injunction. On February
       25, 2010, the state appellate court reversed the Housing Court and vacated the
       injunction. The appellate court found that the Housing Court had jurisdiction over
       the merits of the case while Cleveland Scrap’s appeal of the preliminary injunction
       was pending in the appellate court. The state appellate court found, nevertheless, that
       the Housing Court’s permanent injunction conflicted with the law of the case as

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No. 11-4076
The Scrap Yard, LLC, et al. v. City of Cleveland, et al.

       established by the state appellate court’s ruling in Cleveland Scrap II, filed a month
       after the Housing Court issued its permanent injunction. See Cleveland v. Abrams
       (“Cleveland Scrap III”), 2010 WL 664144 (Ohio App. Feb. 25, 2010). The state
       appellate court also entered judgment in favor of Cleveland Scrap and Abrams on the
       complaint. On May 31, 2007, while the state actions were proceedings, Cleveland
       Scrap filed in this court a complaint for injunctive and other relief. Scrap Yard, LLC
       v. City of Cleveland, et al., Case No. 1:07-cv-1608 (N.D. Ohio 2007).

       The complaint asserted seven causes of action: (1) a claim pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §
       1983 (“§ 1983") alleging deprivation of due process for the City of Cleveland's
       failure to follow its own ordinance; (2) a § 1983 claim alleging deprivation of
       substantive due process; (3) a § 1983 claim alleging that Cleveland Codified
       Ordinance § 347.06(d) regulating the “Height of Junk” is unconstitutionally vague;
       (4) a § 1983 claim alleging that the Cleveland Codified Ordinance § 676.13(a)
       regulating “Screening of Junk Yards” is unconstitutionally vague; (5) a federal
       takings claim alleging the City of Cleveland’s enforcement of its ordinances failed
       to advance a legitimate government interest and therefore amounted to an unlawful
       taking of private property; (6) a state law claim alleging tortious interference with
       property rights; and (7) a state law claim alleging the City of Cleveland’s negligence
       to adequately train, supervise, and discipline the behavior of its employees.
       Cleveland Scrap also moved for a temporary restraining order to (1) enjoin the city
       from enforcing, or attempting to enforce or mandate the ordinances of the City of
       Cleveland which require the plaintiff to cease its operation; and (2) allow the plaintiff
       to continue its normal and usual business operations. On October 28, 2010, the court
       dismissed the complaint without prejudice pursuant to Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S.
       37 (1991). In issuing its decision, the court observed, “[T]here is a two-year statute
       of limitations on each of the plaintiff’s claims. As the statute of limitations start to
       toll from the date of the alleged injury, in this case 17 May 2007, the Court concludes
       that a dismissal will not give rise to statute of limitations issues.” Order and Opinion,
       June 1, 2007, Doc. No. 9, p. 6.

       Cleveland Scrap, A. Youngman, and J. Youngman filed the present case on
       December 30, 2010. Plaintiffs assert six claims in their complaint: (1) a § 1983 claim
       alleging a violation of due process; (2) a § 1983 claim alleging deprivations of liberty
       health, safety, privacy, and welfare; (3) an unlawful taking of property;4 (4) a state
       law claim for tortious interference with property rights; (5) a state law claim for
       negligence; and (6) a state law claim for frivolous conduct.

       The district court referred the case to Magistrate Judge Vecchiarelli. The magistrate judge’s

R&R recommended that the entire case be dismissed. Judge Wells adopted the R&R and entered

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No. 11-4076
The Scrap Yard, LLC, et al. v. City of Cleveland, et al.

an order dismissing plaintiffs’ complaint with prejudice as to counts one, two, four, five, and six, and

dismissing the takings claim (count three) without prejudice, finding that it was not yet ripe.

        On appeal, plaintiffs raise seven arguments. First, that the district court erred by applying a

heightened pleading standard. Second, that the district court erred in dismissing plaintiffs’

complaint. Third, that the City of Cleveland violated plaintiffs’ § 1983 rights when defendants

Cooper and Jackson sought to enforce “code compliance” against plaintiffs. Fourth, that Allen and

Jacob Youngman have standing to bring suit in their individual capacities. Fifth, that plaintiffs were

not required to file a separate state mandamus action for the unlawful taking of their private property.

Sixth, that the district court erred in finding that the City of Cleveland was immune from plaintiffs’

state-law claims. Seventh, that plaintiffs should have been given an opportunity to amend their

complaint.

                                                   II

        The complaint makes absolutely no allegation as to what Frank Jackson, the Mayor of the

City of Cleveland, or David Cooper, the Chief Building Official, may have done to deprive plaintiffs

of any rights. Rather, the complaint merely identifies who these people are, states that they acted

under color of state law, and that their actions “violated clearly established federal law and recovery

based upon the facts set forth in this complaint is not defeated by absolute or qualified immunity.”

        Plaintiffs claim that it is unreasonable for the district court to have expected them to set forth

specific statements, actions, and orders of Cooper and Jackson. But plaintiffs did not set forth any

actions that Cooper or Jackson took. “[D]amage claims against government officials arising from

alleged violations of constitutional rights must allege, with particularity, facts that demonstrate what

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No. 11-4076
The Scrap Yard, LLC, et al. v. City of Cleveland, et al.

each defendant did to violate the asserted constitutional right.” Lanman v. Hinson, 529 F.3d 673,

684 (6th Cir. 2008). In this case, there are no details of what either did beyond general allegations

that both acted in their roles as the Mayor of Cleveland and the Chief Building Official, respectively.

There is nothing more. The district court properly dismissed Jackson and Cooper from this suit.

                                                  III

        The district court did not apply a heightened pleading standard and did not err in dismissing

the complaint. The district court properly set out the framework under Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S.

662, 680–81 (2009), and Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). Following Twombly

and Iqbal, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to

relief that is plausible on its face.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570).

Plaintiffs’ complaint is threadbare, conclusory, and not plausible on its face.

        Count one alleged a violation of civil rights pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and an unspecified

deprivation of rights to due process of law. This count asserted vague claims that the City of

Cleveland “sought ‘code compliance’” notwithstanding the fact that plaintiffs’ property was “exempt

from certain other restrictions.” Plaintiffs allege that this “seeking [of] ‘code compliance,’ was the

proximate cause of the violation of Plaintiffs’ federally protected rights.” It is unclear how a city

seeking to ensure that a property complied with a zoning code, without any more details, violates

civil rights.

        Count two alleged a violation of civil rights pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and a “deprivation

of right to liberty, health, safety, privacy and welfare.” This count makes no specific claims. Rather,

it only states:

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No. 11-4076
The Scrap Yard, LLC, et al. v. City of Cleveland, et al.

        The Defendants, acted under color of law to deprive the Plaintiffs of their civil rights,
        namely, their right to life, health, safety, privacy and welfare, which rights are
        guaranteed to them and secured under the United States and Ohio Constitutions. Such
        conduct was the proximate cause of the violation of Plaintiffs’ federally protected
        rights.

Plaintiffs do not specify what the improper conduct was or precisely what rights were violated.

        Count three alleged an unlawful taking of property. Plaintiffs assert: “As a direct and

proximate result of the actions of the Defendants, the Defendants have, in fact, unlawfully taken the

Plaintiffs’ property interests, causing irreparable harm for which compensation must be paid, and

the Plaintiffs have sustained the damages and losses set forth hereafter.” This claim, which was

dismissed without prejudice, is not yet ripe for federal review. See infra Part V.

        Count four alleged tortious interference with property rights. Plaintiffs assert that the

“aforementioned tortious acts of Defendants has [sic] resulted in significant compensatory and

financial damage including but not limited to the loss of their business operations located on the

property.” The complaint does not specify which acts are tortious or how the actions of defendants

entitle them to any relief.

        Count five alleges negligence:

        The failure of the Defendants to adequately train, supervise, discipline or in any other
        way control the behavior of their employees in the exercise of their functions, and
        their failure to correctly enforce the law of the land, is evidence of the reckless lack
        of cautious regard for the public, including the Plaintiffs, and exhibited a lack of that
        degree of due care which prudent and reasonable individuals would show in
        executing the duties of the Defendants.

Plaintiffs do not specify in what way training was lacking, or how the failure to train may have

resulted in damage to plaintiffs.

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No. 11-4076
The Scrap Yard, LLC, et al. v. City of Cleveland, et al.

        Finally, count six alleges the tort of “frivolous conduct” as defined by Ohio Rev. Code

§ 2323.51(A)(2). Citing the fact that their non-conforming property use was allegedly grandfathered,

plaintiffs state that “it is clear that the City actions were frivolous.” This conclusory statement

merely parrots the relevant statute and provides this court with no inkling as to how entitlement to

relief could be demonstrated.1

        Contrary to plaintiffs’ representations, the district court did not require them to set forth every

relevant factual detail. In fact, plaintiffs failed to set forth any relevant factual details. With respect

to counts one, two, four, five, and six, this court cannot infer that plaintiffs have “show[n]”

entitlement to relief. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). The district court did not err in dismissing counts one,

two, four, five, and six with prejudice. Count three was not ripe, see infra Part V, and the district

court properly dismissed it without prejudice.

                                                   IV

        The district court held that Allen and Jacob Youngman lacked standing to bring this action.

The complaint only mentions the Youngmans twice. First, it states: “Plaintiff Allen Youngman is

the majority owner and President of Cleveland Scrap and has personally been damaged to an

undetermined extent by the illegal actions of the Defendants.” Second, it alleges: “Jacob Youngman

        1
          In addition, Ohio Rev. Code § 2323.51(A)(2) “does not create a separate cause of action for
frivolous conduct.” Shaver v. Wolske & Blue, 742 N.E.2d 164, 178 (Ohio Ct. App. 2000). Instead,
the statute provides that to recover fees and costs, a party must make a motion in the civil action or
appeal “not more than thirty days after the entry of final judgment.” Ohio Rev. Code
§ 2323.51(B)(1). Thus, if Plaintiffs wished to recover under this statute for conduct that occurred
in the state court zoning proceedings, they should have sought relief in those proceedings via motion
within 30 days after the entry of final judgment, not as a separate cause of action in a subsequent
lawsuit.

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No. 11-4076
The Scrap Yard, LLC, et al. v. City of Cleveland, et al.

is the minority shareholder and Vice-President of Cleveland Scrap, in charge of day to day

operations, and has been damaged to an undetermined extent by the illegal actions of Defendants.”

However, shareholders, individually named, cannot maintain an action to redress injuries to their

corporation. Canderm Pharmacal, Ltd. v. Elder Pharm., Inc., 862 F.2d 597, 602–03 (6th Cir. 1988).

        On appeal, Allen and Jacob Youngman assert that they “suffered a separate and distinct

injury based upon their personally guaranteeing the debts of the business.” Appellant Br. at 24. This

assertion is not found in the complaint and is not properly before this court. Accordingly, the district

court correctly found that Allen and Jacob Youngman lack standing.

                                                    V

        Plaintiffs concede that they never filed an action in state court seeking just compensation for

their takings claim before filing their complaint in district court. The district court held that this

action was not ripe for federal review. See Williamson Cnty. Reg’l Planning Comm’n v. Hamilton

Bank, 473 U.S. 172, 195 (1985). It seems that after filing their notice of appeal in this case, plaintiffs

filed a mandamus action, Appellant Br. at 25–26, the proper procedure under Ohio law for seeking

just compensation for a taking, see Silver v. Franklin Twp., 966 F.2d 1031, 1035 (6th Cir. 1992).

This information was not before the district court when it determined that the takings claim was not

ripe. Because the district court dismissed the takings claim without prejudice, plaintiffs may, subject

to the limitations of Williamson County, file the takings claim in district court once all state remedies

are exhausted.

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No. 11-4076
The Scrap Yard, LLC, et al. v. City of Cleveland, et al.

                                                  VI

        The district court held that the City of Cleveland was immune from plaintiffs’ state-law tort

claims pursuant to Ohio Rev. Code § 2744. On appeal, plaintiffs counter that the City’s efforts to

seek “code compliance” were really an attempt to “put Appellants out of business.” Plaintiffs argue

that these actions, taken “with a malicious purpose, in bad faith, and in a wanton and reckless

manner,” constituted a “proprietary function” that would not be entitled to the immunity afforded

to a “governmental function.” This assertion about the City’s intentionally aiming to put plaintiffs

out of business is not found in the complaint and will not be considered for the first time on appeal.

        In Ohio, “[t]he provision or nonprovision of inspection services of all types, including . . .

zoning . . . and the taking of actions in connection with those types of codes” is a “governmental

function.” Ohio Rev. Code § 2744.01(C)(2)(p) (emphasis added). Statutory immunity to certain

state-law claims extends to these actions. Id. § 2744.02. Thus, seeking compliance with the zoning

code is a governmental function under Ohio law. Plaintiffs point to no applicable exception to this

statute, and their argument that the city engaged in a “proprietary function” is incorrect under state

law.

        The district court did not err in holding that Cleveland is immune from suits brought under

state tort law.

                                                 VII

        In plaintiffs’ objections to the magistrate judge’s R&R, they requested for the first time that

if the court granted the motion to dismiss, they “be given leave to amend their Complaint.” This

request did not mention any particular grounds on which leave to amend should be granted, aside

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No. 11-4076
The Scrap Yard, LLC, et al. v. City of Cleveland, et al.

from plaintiffs’ representation that “[p]laintiffs have valid claims which are entitled to redress.” The

district court declined to give them leave to amend, both because plaintiffs submitted a “bare

request . . . without any indication of the particular grounds on which amendment is sought,” and

because “further amendment would be futile, as the Complaint’s legal deficiencies could not be

repaired through amendment.” Plaintiffs provided no specific grounds on which the deficiencies in

their complaint could be remedied. On appeal, plaintiffs still have not explained what they would

claim in an amended complaint beyond additional vague allegations of wrongdoing. Plaintiffs only

requested to amend their complaint, in a single sentence, as an alternative argument after the

magistrate judge recommended that their complaint be dismissed. This occurred nearly nine months

after the initial complaint was filed. Under these circumstances, the district court did not abuse its

discretion in denying this request to amend the complaint.

                                                 VIII

        The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

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