Court Opinion

ID: 2995838
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-24 19:22:49.414432+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:03:11.263527
License: Public Domain

In the
 United States Court of Appeals
                  For the Seventh Circuit
                          ____________

No. 01-3480
ROBERT ST. PIERRE,
                                             Petitioner-Appellant,
                                 v.

JONATHAN R. WALLS, WARDEN,
Menard Correctional Center,
                                             Respondent-Appellee.
                          ____________
            Appeal from the United States District Court
       for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
        No. 95 C 5040—Charles P. Kocoras, Chief Judge.
                          ____________
     ARGUED MARCH 27, 2002—DECIDED JULY 23, 2002
                   ____________

  Before FLAUM, Chief Judge, BAUER and DIANE P. WOOD,
Circuit Judges.
  BAUER, Circuit Judge. Robert St. Pierre committed two
brutal murders for hire in 1982. St. Pierre was tried and
convicted of the murders in Illinois state court in 1983. On
direct appeal, the Illinois Supreme Court reversed the
conviction and ordered a new trial based on the admission
of an improperly obtained confession. People v. St. Pierre,
522 N.E.2d 61 (Ill. 1988). On remand, St. Pierre accepted
responsibility and pled guilty to the two murders in 1989,
rather than face another trial. St. Pierre then exhausted
his state post-conviction remedies, People v. St. Pierre, 588
N.E.2d 1159 (Ill. 1992), and sought federal habeas relief.
2                                                No. 01-3480

The district court dismissed the petition for writ of ha-
beas corpus finding five of the seven claims had been pro-
cedurally defaulted and the other two lacked merit. St.
Pierre appealed, and we reversed the dismissal of six of the
seven claims, concluding they were not procedurally de-
faulted. St. Pierre v. Cowan, 217 F.3d 939 (7th Cir. 2000).
On remand, the district court granted the petition in part,
as to the sentencing phase, but denied it in all other re-
spects. United States ex rel. St. Pierre v. Cowan, 2001 WL
1001164 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 27, 2001). St. Pierre now appeals
the partial denial of the petition, arguing that his coun-
sel was ineffective at the pleading stage and that his guilty
plea was not made knowingly and voluntarily. The State
of Illinois decided not to cross-appeal the partial grant
of the petition for the sentencing phase; thus, regardless of
the outcome of this appeal, St. Pierre will receive a new
sentencing hearing.1 For the following reasons, we affirm
the denial of the remainder of the petition for writ of ha-
beas corpus.

                      BACKGROUND
  At age 19, Robert St. Pierre was involved in a brutal mur-
der for hire scheme in 1982, just three weeks after he was
paroled from prison. Subsequently, St. Pierre developed a
friendship with a man named Barry Wilson. At the time,
Barry Wilson was dating one Jackie Gibons. Wilson be-
came angry with Jackie’s parents, Benjamin and Sybil
Gibons, because they had taken away Jackie’s credit cards
and no longer supplied her with cash. This caused Jackie
to be unable to supply Wilson with money, and so he de-
vised a scheme to kill her parents.

1
  Although, the state could again seek the death penalty in the
new sentencing hearing, this is no longer a death penalty case
because there is currently no such penalty awaiting the defen-
dant.
No. 01-3480                                                3

  Originally, Wilson planned on doing the job himself, and
had even bought a gun. However, Wilson’s attempt at mur-
der was thwarted when he fell through a window at the
Gibons’ home and abruptly fled. Wilson told Jackie about
the attempt and told her to clean up the mess he had made.
Instead, Jackie told her parents about Wilson’s attempt,
and they contacted the police.
  A short time later, Jackie and Wilson met with St. Pierre
in downtown Chicago to discuss hiring St. Pierre to com-
mit the murders. They discussed the method, timing, and
payment in detail. St. Pierre agreed that he would kill Ben-
jamin and Sybil Gibons for $500 up-front for each murder
and $2,000 later (although as much as $10,000 was dis-
cussed). The plan called for St. Pierre to kill the Gibons at
around 6 p.m. that evening.
  St. Pierre later met with Jackie Gibons in an alley be-
hind her workplace to verify that she still wanted the mur-
ders to take place. Reassured of Jackie’s intent, St. Pierre
went to the Gibons’ home in Skokie, Illinois, at 6:30 p.m.
Jackie introduced St. Pierre to her father (Sybil Gibons
was not at home), and St. Pierre spoke with Benjamin
Gibons for a while. Benjamin Gibons then proceeded into
the kitchen and St. Pierre picked up a hammer, followed
Benjamin into the kitchen and bludgeoned him to death.
After Benjamin was dead, St. Pierre robbed him, taking all
the money in his wallet. As planned, Jackie then called
Wilson, who came over, and the three cleaned up the bloody
kitchen, wrapped Benjamin Gibons’s body in a plastic bag,
and placed it in the master bedroom.
  At 7 p.m., Detective McLaughlin called the home look-
ing for Benjamin Gibons to follow up on investigation of
the murder attempt by Wilson. Jackie told the detective
that her father was out and that she would have him return
the call when he came home. At approximately 7:10 p.m.,
Sybil Gibons called and asked Jackie to pick her up at the
4                                               No. 01-3480

Skokie Swift train station. First, Jackie drove Wilson to
a hardware store to buy some plastic bags, sheets, and
tape, and to a liquor store. Jackie drove Wilson back to
her home, and then went to the station to pick up her
mother. Upon arriving back at the home, Jackie let her
mother enter the home first. As planned, St. Pierre was
waiting in the hallway and he bludgeoned Sybil Gibons
to death, hitting her on the head with a hammer as she
walked through the front door of her own home. The killers
cleaned up the blood and wrapped Sybil Gibons’s body
in plastic. St. Pierre and Wilson punched a hole in the
wall leading to the driveway, so they could load the bodies
into the trunk without being seen. St. Pierre was to accom-
pany Wilson to dispose of the bodies in Arkansas (or Cal-
ifornia, accounts differ) and receive the rest of his money.
St. Pierre then went home and waited to take the trip and
collect his payment. Instead of picking up St. Pierre, Wilson
drove the bodies to New Mexico where he buried them in
a shallow grave.
   A few days later Sybil Gibons’s sister contacted the po-
lice because Sybil had not been to work for several days.
A detective was dispatched to the Gibons’ home and there
he discovered evidence of the carnage that was not com-
pletely cleaned up by the killers. The detective also found
a belt belonging to St. Pierre, bearing his name and pris-
on identification number. The next day the police ques-
tioned Jackie Gibons and she gave the police a statement
about the murders. The police then apprehended St. Pierre;
Wilson was later arrested in Arizona.
  St. Pierre was interviewed at the police station and given
his Miranda warnings multiple times. Initially he wished
to make a statement to the police, however, an assist-
ant state’s attorney arrived to question St. Pierre before
the police could obtain a statement. A court reporter was
present, and from the colloquy reprinted in the Illinois Su-
preme Court opinion it appears that St. Pierre wished to
No. 01-3480                                               5

make a statement, but was confused by the assistant state’s
attorney rehashing the Miranda issue. After confusing him-
self and St. Pierre, the state’s attorney attempted to re-
affirm his understanding that St. Pierre wished to give a
statement without a lawyer. St. Pierre responded: “No, no.
I don’t want a lawyer.” Thereafter, St. Pierre gave a state-
ment where he admitted his role in the murders described
above.

A. The First Trial & Appeal
  A full and complete trial, including a mitigation hearing,
was held in 1983. Initially, the defense counsel moved to
suppress St. Pierre’s statement on the grounds that it was
taken in violation of his Fifth Amendment rights. The mo-
tion was denied. After hearing all the evidence described
above, the jury convicted St. Pierre on all counts and sen-
tenced him to death.
  Although it appears that St. Pierre actually intended
to waive his right to counsel, the Illinois Supreme Court
found that the confession was improperly obtained. De-
spite the overwhelming evidence of guilt, including the
testimony of co-defendant Jackie Gibons, the court focused
on the effect confessions have on juries and trial strategy,
and reversed, concluding that it was not harmless error
to admit the confession. The case was then remanded for a
new trial.

B. The Second Trial
  The new trial began in 1988, before Cook County Circuit
Judge Richard Neville. Judge Neville appointed Robert
Barasa, a seasoned trial attorney and former Cook County
6                                                      No. 01-3480

Public Defender,2 as counsel for St. Pierre.3 In the initial
proceedings, a very short time after Barasa was appointed
counsel,4 St. Pierre announced his intention to plead guilty
to the charges.5
  St. Pierre’s decision to plead guilty after winning on ap-
peal struck Judge Neville as odd and he ordered a compe-
tency hearing. St. Pierre’s counsel also told the judge his
concern that St. Pierre might be pleading improvidently
in order to avoid any further incarceration in the unpleas-
ant conditions at Cook County Jail. Counsel for St. Pierre
also suggested the examination. Judge Neville’s decision
was principally motivated by the intent not to create re-
versible error for failing to explore a potential issue.6

2
  According to his deposition Barasa had murder trial experience
and had prepared an insanity defense before. These qualifications
are relevant because the only issue remaining in this case is coun-
sel’s pre-trial (pleading stage) conduct.
3
   Outside counsel was appointed in lieu of a public defender due
to the conflict created by the representation of St. Pierre’s original
co-defendants.
4
  According to his deposition, after being appointed counsel,
Barasa discussed numerous issues with St. Pierre, including two
possible defenses. “By the way, I did explain to him at length—the
other interesting part—legal angle I had, which was the insanity
defense . . . .”
5
  In his deposition Barasa stated: “I did talk to him numerous
times about it [pleading guilty] because I was trying to talk him
out of it.” In addition, Barasa noted that he wanted to file motions
to suppress and motions in limine, but “I couldn’t file one because
he wouldn’t—he wouldn’t—the defendant would—persisted in a
plea of guilty.”
6
  The dissent makes Judge Neville’s decision to hold a compe-
tency hearing a lynchpin of its argument that St. Pierre’s men-
tal health problems manifested themselves clearly and Barasa
                                                  (continued...)
No. 01-3480                                                       7

  After the examination, Judge Neville methodically went
through the consequences of pleading guilty with St. Pierre.
Judge Neville emphasized to St. Pierre that he was “again
cloaked with the presumption of innocence” and he had a
right to a trial in which the government has the burden to
prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The judge
then heard testimony from an impartial psychiatrist, Dr.
Albert Stipes, of the Cook County Psychiatric Institute.7
Dr. Albert Stipes had examined St. Pierre and opined
that St. Pierre was competent to stand trial.8 Dr. Stipes
stated that St. Pierre’s “knowledge of the charges against
him, as well as the proceedings and the duties of court
personnel, are quite sophisticated.”9 Counsel for St. Pierre
cross-examined Dr. Stipes on the issue of St. Pierre’s prob-
lems with the living conditions at the Cook County Jail.

6
  (...continued)
was on notice. However, Judge Neville specifically noted that “it
should be made clear in the record that there was no general
indication of any specific abnormality on the part of Mr. St. Pierre
that required me to ask for an examination.” (emphasis added).
7
  Dr. Stipes, as Barasa noted in his deposition, was an independ-
ent “qualified health professional.” (emphasis added).
8
   Dr. Stipes had examined St. Pierre three other times before,
dating back to 1981. Dr. Stipes stated that he interviewed St.
Pierre for one hour and reviewed the “previous material.” In his
1981 report Dr. Stipes noted reviewing the defendant’s previous
history “available from the old reports.” Among the “old reports”
were undoubtably the reports of Dr. Stephen R. Cann, Judy A.
Condis and the Associated Mental Health Services, all of which
discuss St. Pierre’s childhood psychology reports and examina-
tions. See infra note 11.
9
  In his deposition, Barasa noted that, at the time, St. Pierre
“knew—seemed to know exactly what was going on, knew all
about guilty pleas, looked like he had his whole case set up in his
mind before I even met the guy” and “he didn’t appear to be
insane.”
8                                              No. 01-3480

Before Dr. Stipes stepped down from the witness stand, the
judge asked St. Pierre if he had any questions for Dr.
Stipes. St. Pierre responded in the negative.
  Following the expert testimony, Judge Neville made it
clear that he ordered the examination based on the unusual
circumstances of the case, and “there was no general in-
dication of any specific abnormality on the part of Mr. St.
Pierre that required me to ask for an examination.” Judge
Neville observed that St. Pierre had meaningfully partici-
pated in the proceedings and his defense. The judge ques-
tioned St. Pierre on the issue of whether he was plead-
ing guilty simply to return to Menard and avoid any
further stay at the Cook County Jail. (St. Pierre was more
than merely displeased with the conditions at Cook County;
he apparently had a boyfriend at Cook County who was
moved to Menard, so St. Pierre also sought to be moved
back to Menard for the duration of proceedings.) St. Pierre
stated, “I am pleading voluntarily.” When pressed on the
issue again, St. Pierre replied: “[T]o enter a plea of not
guilty, okay, when in fact I did commit the crime would
be tantamount to trying to get away with murder, and
that’s not my intention.” During the discussion St. Pierre’s
counsel stated that he did not recommend the plea, and
that he was still uncomfortable with his client’s decision,
but conceded that it was St. Pierre’s “wish to proceed as he
stated.”

    1. Acceptance of the Guilty Plea
  Following this lengthy investigation and hearing, Judge
Neville unequivocally concluded that St. Pierre under-
stood his rights, options, and made the decision to plead
guilty knowingly and voluntarily. Counsel for St. Pierre
also stated that he explained the possible repercussions of
a guilty plea to the defendant, and that death was a pos-
sible sentence. With counsel’s assistance St. Pierre signed
No. 01-3480                                                      9

a written jury waiver. Thereafter, St. Pierre was allowed
to plead guilty to two counts each of murder, armed robbery
and concealment of a homicide.10
  The next day, St. Pierre’s counsel filed a motion to with-
draw the plea based on the theory that St. Pierre only pled
guilty to escape further confinement at the Cook County
Jail. Before the motion was argued, St. Pierre interrupted
and emphatically stated that the motion was being made
by his attorney and against his wishes. St. Pierre’s coun-
sel argued that he was obligated to file the motion be-
cause, in his opinion, a defendant should not be allowed to
plead guilty in a capital case without an agreement and
the recommendation of his attorney. Once again, Judge
Neville covered the issue of whether St. Pierre was pleading
guilty to escape the conditions of confinement at the Cook
County Jail. St. Pierre made it clear that he was pleading
guilty voluntarily and stated: “I am not pleading guilty
merely to leave the facility. That, however, is one of the
reasons. But the main reason is that I am in fact guilty of
the crime.” The motion to withdraw the plea was denied.

     2. Sentencing
  St. Pierre waived his right to sentencing by a jury and the
right to a presentence report, but the judge noted that there
was a report prepared from the prior trial which could be

10
  However, during the plea St. Pierre refused to plead guilty to
one of the counts of armed robbery, pertaining to Sybil Gibons.
The judge read the indictment for armed robbery as being pred-
icated on the theft of Sybil Gibons’ wedding ring. St. Pierre hotly
contested this fact, stating he “did not take the ring.” The judge
corrected himself, finding the ring was not listed in the indict-
ment, and St. Pierre then pled guilty to the robbery count.
10                                                     No. 01-3480

used.11 St. Pierre stated that he did not want a mitigation
hearing. The judge proceeded with the aggravation phase,
and strongly encouraged St. Pierre to ask for a mitigation
hearing. The judge even gave St. Pierre time to think about
it overnight.
  The next day Judge Neville again admonished him to
request a mitigation hearing, and allowed St. Pierre to
consider the option while the state put on evidence of ag-
gravating factors. St. Pierre finally told his counsel that
he would agree to a mitigation hearing, if it could pro-
ceed “expeditiously”. The judge asked counsel if he needed
any time to prepare witnesses, and counsel noted that
Monte Williams, an unlicenced psychologist working for the
DOC at Menard, could be a potential mitigation witness.12

11
   The Presentence Investigation Report (PSR), conducted in
1983 for the first trial, noted St. Pierre’s two prior convictions for
theft, his mental health and substance abuse history, and has
several psychiatric summaries attached. This included the 1980
psychiatric summary prepared by Dr. Stephen R. Cann, conclud-
ing St. Pierre had no formal psychological disorders and was fit
to stand trial for theft. Another summary by psychologist Judy
A. Condis was also attached. This summary noted that St. Pierre
was manipulative. Lastly, Dr. Stipes’ 1981 evaluation was ap-
pended to the PSR. In this report Dr. Stipes also noted that St.
Pierre learned to manipulate the jail system by feigning psychiat-
ric illness. St. Pierre had cut his wrists while in the “bull pen”
(holding cell) because he knew that he would be transferred out
of a particular area. St. Pierre then stated he was suicidal and
was put in “RTU”, which Dr. Stipes noted is “safer because there
are not gangs there.” St. Pierre stated that he learned these
tactics from other prisoners. Dr. Stipes conducted an array of tests
and concluded St. Pierre was antisocial, but fit for trial and sane
at the time of the theft.
12
  The dissent claims Monte Williams was unqualified and that his
testimony was not beneficial. While we do not quibble with the
                                                  (continued...)
No. 01-3480                                                     11

St. Pierre still wished to proceed with haste, but relented
and allowed counsel time to call Williams.
  At the next court appearance, counsel for St. Pierre filed
a motion to have St. Pierre’s sanity at the time of the
crime determined. St. Pierre clearly stated that he wished
to proceed with the mitigation hearing and not with coun-
sel’s motion. The rejection of this issue by St. Pierre was
nothing new, counsel had previously suggested using
insanity as a defense at trial, but it was squarely rejected
by St. Pierre. Over St. Pierre’s objections, Judge Neville al-
lowed Williams to testify as an expert in support of the
motion and in mitigation.
  During the hearing Williams testified that he spoke with
St. Pierre several times over the course of four years. They
usually spoke about things other than the murder, which
they spoke about only once, three years before Williams
testified. Williams discussed his shared intellectual inter-
ests with St. Pierre, including Egyptology and writing.
Williams did not bring St. Pierre’s file to court because
he believed confidentiality rules prohibited its disclosure,
which made his testimony disjointed.13 Williams diagnosed

12
   (...continued)
latter point, the record is clear that Monte Williams had signifi-
cant experience in the field of psychology. Despite his unusual
specialization—forensic psychology—Williams had a masters de-
gree in counseling psychology, post-graduate training, and over
fifteen years of experience in the mental health profession. More-
over, Williams had testified as an expert witness between ten and
twenty times, and “used to do it on a routine basis for the De-
partment of Mental Health in fitness for involuntary commitment
hearings, chiefly, but also hearings in competency to stand trial”.
13
  Williams’ excuse is inconsistent with Barasa’s deposition tes-
timony. Barasa stated that he convinced St. Pierre to sign all the
necessary waivers to allow the disclosure of the files. Barasa’s
version of events is supported by a court order.
12                                                  No. 01-3480

St. Pierre as having adjustment disorder with mixed emo-
tional features and substance abuse disorder. On cross-
examination Williams conceded that such problems are
surely not uncommon among prisoners. Williams also
acknowledged that two licensed psychiatrists at Menard
(Dr. Gupta and Dr. Vallabhaneni) examined St. Pierre
and filed reports, neither concluded that St. Pierre was
psychotic. Additionally, Williams did not properly state the
legal standard for insanity and the state objected to his
testimony on foundation grounds, so the judge found Wil-
liams could not provide an expert opinion concerning St.
Pierre’s sanity.
  In support of the motion and as part of the mitiga-
tion evidence, defense counsel introduced another fitness
report on St. Pierre, prepared for the first trial by Associ-
ated Mental Health Services. The report, composed by
Dr. Braun, found St. Pierre had an antisocial personality
disorder with feelings of inadequacy. The report also stated
that St. Pierre’s “mental status . . . [was] basically with-
in normal limits.” The report concluded: “Mr. Robert St.
Pierre competent to stand trial . . . [and] [h]e understands
the nature of his offense and can participate in his defense.”
This report was based on records and reports from Illinois
Masonic Hospital, Cermack Hospital, the Department
of Children and Family Services (DCFS), River Trails
School, the Institute for Applied Behavioral and Psychiatric
Research, J.F. Steffens and Associates, and the Illinois
Department of Corrections.14 After hearing all the evidence,
Judge Neville denied counsel’s motion to determine sanity
at the time of the crime.

14
  Substantively, these are the same records St. Pierre’s counsel
and the dissent claim no one ever looked at prior to private coun-
sel issuing “garden-variety subpoenas”. See supra note 11 and
infra notes 22-24, 26.
No. 01-3480                                                   13

   St. Pierre’s counsel also called Father John P. Smyth, of
Maryville Academy, to testify in mitigation.15 Father
Smyth testified about St. Pierre’s parents, school and fam-
ily experiences. The testimony of Raymond Chodorowski,
St. Pierre’s half-brother, from the first trial was read into
the record. Chodorowski had testified about St. Pierre’s
early childhood and family life. Finally, St. Pierre tes-
tified describing his childhood, family life, parents, and
living in a group home. St. Pierre noted his current inter-
ests in grammar, poetry, and ancient Egypt, and stated that
life in prison would allow him time to accomplish certain
goals. In his plea for a sentence of life in prison, St. Pierre
particularly emphasized his acceptance of responsibility.
  Judge Neville went through each of the statutory mitigat-
ing factors, and while he noted that St. Pierre suffered
from childhood neglect and the lack of a good upbringing,
these misfortunes were no excuse for the crimes. The judge
noted that the crime was brutally committed in cold blood,
for profit, and after the crime St. Pierre told several peo-
ple he might be able to get some of the Gibons’ property
for them. The judge took into consideration the plan-
ning involved in the crime, the fact it was done without
warning, for no defensible reason, and that there was
significant waiting time between the murders of Benjamin
and Sybil Gibons. The judge found that St. Pierre was
not remorseful, and, in fact, he was emboldened by the
enhanced status he gained in the criminal community by
committing the murders. Judge Neville concluded that
death was the appropriate sentence.

15
 Barasa also stated in his deposition that he “nose[d] around” at
Maryville, attempting to find any other potential witnesses or
mitigating evidence.
14                                                   No. 01-3480

     3. Post-Sentencing Motions
  In 1989, St. Pierre’s counsel filed a number of post-
sentencing motions, and the issue of St. Pierre’s mental
state at the time of the murders was again raised. Judge
Neville ordered St. Pierre examined again. Dr. Stipes,
examining St. Pierre for the fifth time, concluded that
St. Pierre was sane at the time of the murders and able
to appreciate the criminality of his conduct. The motions
were denied.

C. State Post-Conviction Proceedings
  In 1995, counsel for St. Pierre filed for post-convic-
tion relief. At the same time, St. Pierre filed several
motions pro se attempting to waive any further appeals.
The Illinois Supreme Court appointed a guardian ad litem
for St. Pierre, appellate counsel, and ordered a competency
hearing to determine if St. Pierre was competent to waive
further appeals.16 The matter was sent to Judge Neville,
and a series of hearings were conducted. St. Pierre main-
tained that he wished to waive any further appeals.
  The guardian called a psychiatrist, Dr. Henry W.
Lahemyer, to testify. Dr. Lahemyer interviewed St. Pierre
for a total of two hours. Dr. Lahemyer opined that St. Pierre
had an antisocial personality, suffered from bipolar disor-
der, and was not fit to make decisions. St. Pierre’s other
post-conviction counsel, five private attorneys providing
services pro bono, called psychiatrist Dr. Henry J. Conroe

16
  The dissent claims the issues of mental health and bipolar
disorder were “never considered by the state trial court”. However,
St. Pierre’s mental health was the sole focus of the post-conviction
proceeding outlined above. A guardian was appointed, more
experts were called, and still the judge concluded that St. Pierre
was fit to waive any further appeals.
No. 01-3480                                                 15

to testify. Dr. Conroe interviewed St. Pierre for one and a
half hours and reviewed prior medical records. Dr. Conroe
opined that St. Pierre has a bipolar disorder as well as
an antisocial personality with schizotypal features that
substantially impairs his ability to make decisions and
cooperate with counsel. The Cook County State’s Attorney
called Dr. Albert Stipes. Dr. Stipes examined St. Pierre
for the sixth time, spoke with St. Pierre for nearly two
hours, and reviewed all prior medical reports and rele-
vant testimony. Dr. Stipes found St. Pierre has an antiso-
cial personality with borderline features, and concluded St.
Pierre was capable of waiving his rights. St. Pierre’s ap-
pointed counsel called Dr. Jonathan Kelly. Dr. Kelly also
examined St. Pierre and the prior records, and Dr. Kelly
opined that while St. Pierre has a bipolar disorder and
antisocial personality, he is capable of making rational
decisions and cooperating with counsel. Based on all of the
expert testimony Judge Neville concluded that although
St. Pierre may suffer from a psychiatric disorder, it did not
interfere with his ability to rationally decide to waive his
appeals.
  After the proceedings were concluded, St. Pierre, pro se,
again sought to waive his appeals, and several days later to
retract that waiver. In the time between the request for
waiver and the retraction, the Illinois Supreme Court
granted the motion to waive the appeals and set an execu-
tion date.

D. Habeas Proceedings
  In late 1995, the private attorneys working pro bono filed
for habeas relief in federal district court. The attorneys sub-
poenaed a number of documents relating to St. Pierre’s
childhood, which, according to them, show a troubled child-
hood and psychological problems. In early 1996, St. Pierre,
pro se, filed a motion to dismiss the habeas petition and
16                                              No. 01-3480

waive further federal review. According to his attorneys,
St. Pierre asked them to withdraw the motion two days
later. The district court issued a decision dismissing the
petition on the merits, finding that St. Pierre had proce-
durally defaulted on five of the seven claims for habeas
relief. This court reversed the finding of procedural default
and remanded the case. St. Pierre v. Cowan, 217 F.3d 939
(7th Cir. 2000).
  On remand, St. Pierre asserted claims of ineffective as-
sistance of counsel, both in the pleading stage and the
penalty phase. He also challenged his own fitness to stand
trial and the validity of the guilty plea. The district court
granted the petition in part, as to the penalty phase, and
denied the remainder of the claims.
  The district court found that based on the evidence St.
Pierre was fit at the time of trial and that the guilty plea
was properly taken. The court concluded that counsel’s ser-
vices were not deficient in the pleading stage. “[N]ot open
to question was St. Pierre’s knowing and voluntary desire
to plead guilty.” United States ex rel. St. Pierre, 2001 WL
1001164 at *11. When it came to the penalty phase, the
district court indicated that counsel had a “greater obliga-
tion to discover and evaluate potential evidence of mitiga-
tion.” Id. *12-13. The court found that because counsel
did not subpoena St. Pierre’s childhood records, counsel’s
performance was constitutionally deficient in the penalty
phase of the proceedings. “[W]e cannot say with any con-
fidence that St. Pierre’s possible bipolar [disorder] would
not have changed the Judge’s decision to impose capital
punishment.” Id. at *14.

                        ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
  St. Pierre petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus, and our
review is a narrow deferential review for constitutional
No. 01-3480                                                     17

error, not an archaeological digging expedition to be con-
ducted twenty years after the crime occurred and after
numerous courts have reviewed the issues and facts first-
hand. See, e.g., Foster v. Schomig, 223 F.3d 626, 634 &
n.4 (7th Cir. 2000) (“Given the context of the actual hear-
ing, and not based on what the witnesses could or could not
recall thirteen years later, not calling Dr. Rossiter was en-
tirely reasonable.”) (emphasis added); Jones v. Page, 76
F.3d 831, 839 (7th Cir. 1996); Milone v. Camp, 22 F.3d
693, 698-99 (7th Cir. 1994) (“Federal courts can grant ha-
beas relief only when there is a violation of federal stat-
utory or constitutional law”). The factual findings of both
the state court and district courts are reviewed deferen-
tially, including the numerous findings relating to compe-
tency. We review the district court’s factual findings under
the clearly erroneous standard and legal conclusions de
novo.17 E.g., Kavanagh v. Berge, 73 F.3d 733, 735 (7th Cir.
1996). We presume the factual conclusions of the state
courts correct if they were “made after a hearing on the
merits and are fairly supported by the record,” unless sub-
stantially demonstrated otherwise. Id.; Rodriguez v. Peters,
63 F.3d 546, 554 (7th Cir. 1995); Montgomery v. Greer,
956 F.2d 677, 680 (7th Cir. 1992).

17
  As we noted in the prior appeal, St. Pierre v. Cowan, 217 F.3d
939, 940 (7th Cir. 2000), St. Pierre’s habeas petition was filed
before the effective date of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death
Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214.
Hence, the pre-AEDPA standards (which are still deferential)
apply to this case. See Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 335-36
(1997); Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 402-03 (2000) (plurality
opinion) (majority for Part II by O’Connor, J.). If, after receiving
a new sentencing hearing, St. Pierre again files a habeas petition,
AEDPA’s substantially more strict standards will apply. See
Lindh, 521 U.S. at 335-36.
18                                               No. 01-3480

B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
  1. Strickland Standard
  The Sixth Amendment challenge to the effectiveness
of St. Pierre’s counsel is governed by the deferential stan-
dard announced in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
684-98 (1984). St. Pierre has the burden of proving that:
“counsel’s performance was deficient”; and “the deficient
performance prejudiced the defense”. Id. at 687. In consid-
ering the first element, the Supreme Court has instructed
courts not to engage in “the distorting effects of hindsight,”
and to “evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective
at the time.” Id. at 688-91. In addition, courts must “in-
dulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls
within the wide range of reasonable professional assis-
tance.” Id.; Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 382
(1986). In order to demonstrate the prejudice element, the
defendant must “show that there is a reasonable probabil-
ity that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result
of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland,
466 U.S. at 694.
  Although St. Pierre was not tried, the Strickland test
still applies to counsel’s conduct during the pleading stage.
See Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 57 (1985); Jones, 76 F.3d
at 840. In the context of guilty pleas, challenged on the
grounds of ineffective assistance of counsel, the first part
of the Strickland analysis is the same; however, the prej-
udice requirement is altered, requiring the defendant to
establish: “but for counsel’s errors, he would not have
pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.”
Hill, 474 U.S. at 58-59 (emphasis added). Yet, a lawyer
need not advise his client of “every defense or argument
or tactic that while theoretically possible is hopeless as
a practical matter.” Evans v. Meyer, 742 F.2d 371, 374
(7th Cir. 1984) (emphasis added). Just because there is no
“bona fide defense to the charge” does not mean that coun-
No. 01-3480                                                    19

sel need manufacture one. United States v. Chronic, 466
U.S. 648, 656-57 n.19 (1984).

     2. St. Pierre’s Challenge to Counsel’s Performance at the
        Pleading Phase
  St. Pierre advances three arguments supporting his inef-
fective assistance of counsel claim: (1) counsel failed to
investigate and obtain eight reports from St. Pierre’s child-
hood, some of which pertain to his mental health; (2) coun-
sel failed to have St. Pierre examined by a mental health
expert; and (3) counsel failed to advise St. Pierre about the
possibility of an insanity defense. St. Pierre attempts to
bolster these arguments using the district court’s conclusion
that counsel’s performance was deficient in the sentenc-
ing hearing. We discuss each of St. Pierre’s argument in
turn, starting with the last.
  According to Robert Barasa’ s deposition, he did discuss
the possibility of an insanity defense with St. Pierre. St.
Pierre dismissed the idea, just as he openly stated he
did not want an evaluation or testimony about whether he
was sane at the time of the crime during the post-trial
motions and sentencing hearing.
  Even if Barasa had not discussed an insanity defense
with St. Pierre, that does not mean his performance was
deficient. Counsel is not required to discuss every pos-
sible defense with the defendant, especially one not sug-
gested by any evidence.18 See Evans, 742 F.2d at 374. St.
Pierre decided to plead guilty, against the advice of
his attorney, and after a finding of competency. At the time
St. Pierre pled guilty, there were multiple psychiatric re-
ports available regarding his competency. Dr. Stipes tes-

18
  This portion of the discussion also applies to the second of St.
Pierre’s arguments.
20                                                   No. 01-3480

tified pursuant to court order, the Associated Mental Health
Services report prepared by Dr. Braun, from the first tri-
al, was available and later used in the mitigation hear-
ing, and the reports of Dr. Stephen R. Cann and psycholo-
gist Judy A. Condis were appended to the PSR. All of
these reports, in addition to the personal observations by
Barasa and Judge Neville, gave no indication of any
psychological problems with St. Pierre at the time of the
plea. Also, Barasa spoke with the attorneys from the first
trial, who gave no indication that St. Pierre was mentally
unfit at the time of the crime or first trial. Avoiding “the
distorting effects of hindsight” and viewing this situation
“from counsel’s perspective at the time,” we conclude coun-
sel’s conduct was proper under the circumstances because
there were no indications of mental instability at the time
St. Pierre pled guilty. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689.
  St. Pierre attempts to buttress the second and third argu-
ments with the testimony of prison psychologist Monte
Williams, and the two new psychological reports declar-
ing him presently incompetent and diagnosing him with
bipolar disorder. However, Monte Williams’ opinion was
contradicted by the report of two licensed psychiatrists
at Menard. Thus, after the plea was accepted there were
four qualified expert reports declaring St. Pierre in accept-
able mental health, and the testimony of an unlicenced
prison psychologist with no records to support his opinion,
concluding St. Pierre possibly insane at the time of the
crime. To include Williams’ testimony—or the new reports
for that matter19—in the calculus would be to engage in

19
   The dissent has clearly engaged in using the “distorting effects
of hindsight”, beginning with the very first paragraph where the
dissent assumes the existence of “St. Pierre’s mental illness”. The
dissent claims St. Pierre’s behavior was erratic. The claimed in-
stances of erratic behavior began well after St. Pierre pled guilty,
                                                      (continued...)
No. 01-3480                                                       21

“the distorting effects of hindsight” because Williams did
not testify until the penalty phase, and there is no testi-
mony demonstrating that counsel was aware, or should
have been aware, of Williams’ opinion during the pleading
phase. Id.
  Moreover, St. Pierre cannot demonstrate prejudice
based on his second and third arguments. In affidavits sup-
porting his habeas petition, St. Pierre now claims that had
he known about the possibility of an insanity defense he
would not have pled guilty. However, the question is not
what St. Pierre would do now, but what he would have done
at the time had he known. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694-96;
Hill, 474 U.S. at 58-59. St. Pierre insisted on pleading
guilty, despite Barasa’s repeated and numerous attempts
to dissuade him. Even more telling is the motion filed
by Barasa to withdraw St. Pierre’s guilty plea. St. Pierre
interrupted the proceedings immediately after Barasa
stated his intent, unequivocally stating that the motion to
withdraw the plea was being filed against his wishes.20

19
   (...continued)
in the post-conviction proceedings where he attempted to waive
his appeals. As noted, it appears that St. Pierre always wished to
waive his appeals, while his attorneys attempted to convince him
otherwise (or simply acted in a manner inconsistent with his
wishes), creating the appearance of erratic behavior. However, St.
Pierre’s conduct at the time he pled guilty, his conduct in the prior
trial, and every psychological report prepared up to the time he
pled guilty, indicated he was participating fully in his own defense
and could make rational, reasoned decisions.
20
  The dissent suggests that a guardian should have been ap-
pointed for St. Pierre. Once again, we point out there was no evi-
dence at the time St. Pierre pled guilty and still there exists little
evidence—demonstrating St. Pierre could not make rational and
voluntary decisions. The dissent selectively cites a few isolated
facts claiming Barasa should have declared St. Pierre incompe-
                                                      (continued...)
22                                                   No. 01-3480

No matter what Barasa said or did St. Pierre intended to
take responsibility for his crimes and plead guilty. Thus,
St. Pierre cannot show “but for counsel’s errors, he would
not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going
to trial.” Hill, 474 U.S. at 58-59 (emphasis added).
  Next we discuss whether counsel’s failure to investi-
gate and obtain eight reports from St. Pierre’s childhood
constitutes ineffective assistance. We begin by noting
that counsel only “has a duty to make reasonable investiga-
tions.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690-91 (emphasis added);
Earl v. Israel, 765 F.2d 91, 93 (7th Cir. 1985) (holding
that “if it is reasonable in the circumstances not to con-
duct a particular investigation, the lawyer’s failure to do
so will not establish ineffective representation.”). Figur-
ing importantly in this assessment is the influence of the
defendant’s words and demeanor, and information sup-
plied by the defendant. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690-92.
  By all accounts, St. Pierre understood and actively par-
ticipated in the court proceedings and his defense. Coun-
sel spoke with St. Pierre numerous times and learned
about St. Pierre’s troubled childhood and background, but
St. Pierre mentioned nothing about a history of mental
problems. In addition, all the available medical expert eval-

20
  (...continued)
tent. St. Pierre’s desire to leave Cook County Jail is explained by
his realization that the evidence clearly showed he committed a
brutal crime—which St. Pierre does not dispute—and was going
to prison, the only real questions were how soon and where. The
dissent’s suggestion that any defendant who acts in an erratic
manner must have a guardian appointed and a multiple expert
competency hearing held would put our criminal justice system at
the mercy of defendants who could feign mental illness—some-
thing St. Pierre is no stranger to doing—and require justice not be
based on law, but on the ever evolving and changing practice of
psychiatry, where experts infinitely disagree. See supra note 11
and infra note 26.
No. 01-3480                                                     23

uations concluded St. Pierre was competent to stand trial
and plead guilty.21 Under the circumstances it was certain-
ly reasonable for counsel not to conduct any further inves-
tigation into St. Pierre’s childhood regarding mental
competence at this stage in the proceedings. See Jones, 76
F.3d at 841-45; United States ex rel. Rivera v. Franzen,
794 F.2d 314, 316-17 (7th Cir. 1986) (noting defense attor-
neys have no general Sixth Amendment duty “to explore
their clients’ mental capacity in every case”); Earl, 765
F.2d at 93; Wright v. Walls, 288 F.3d 937, 947 (7th Cir.
2002) (“An attorney’s investigation need not be unlimited
in scope or unerring in execution, but merely reasonable.”).
  More importantly, it was St. Pierre himself who pre-
cluded counsel from even putting on a defense. Counsel can-
not be considered ineffective when a competent defendant
makes the informed choice not to put on a defense and
instead plead guilty to the charges. Strickland, 466 U.S. at
690-92 (“Counsel’s actions are usually based, quite prop-
erly, on informed strategic choices made by the defendant
and on information supplied by the defendant.”) (emphasis
added); Burger v. Kemp, 483 U.S. 776, 794-95 (1987) (“ ‘And
when a defendant has given counsel reason to believe that
pursuing certain investigations would be fruitless or even
harmful, counsel’s failure to pursue those investigations
may not later be challenged as unreasonable.’ ”) (quot-
ing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691); Davis v. Greer, 13 F.3d

21
   The dissent focuses on a few favorable facts, failing to mention
not only St. Pierre’s own conduct—which the dissent claims we
overemphasize—but that more than four psychological reports all
concluded St. Pierre was competent before he pled guilty. With
this mountain of evidence against a finding of incompetency,
Barasa cannot be faulted for failing to launch a full-scale expedi-
tion into the exploration of St. Pierre’s mental workings in
the short time between his appointment and St. Pierre’s guilty
plea.
24                                                   No. 01-3480

1134, 1139 (7th Cir. 1994) (holding that a defendant’s in-
formed choice of strategy, precluding counsel from putting
on a particular defense, cannot later constitute the basis
of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim); United States
v. Weaver, 882 F.2d 1128, 1140 (7th Cir. 1989). St. Pierre’s
decision also precluded Barasa from having the time to
develop facts favorable to St. Pierre. Barasa first appeared
on behalf of St. Pierre May 19, 1988, and less than two
months later St. Pierre voluntarily pled guilty on August 8,
1988. Counsel’s performance was not ineffective by fail-
ing to obtain the additional reports because St. Pierre’s
strategic decision to plead guilty prevented further investi-
gation by counsel.
  St. Pierre cannot demonstrate prejudice. St. Pierre’s argu-
ment regarding the failure to obtain these documents is
built on a number of assumptions, not the least of which is
that these documents would have been admissible,22 shown
a mental disorder23 and provided St. Pierre with an insanity

22
  In order for the documents to be used by the expert they
must first be admissible or the expert’s testimony will lack found-
ation. See Pecoraro v. Walls, 286 F.3d 439, 446 (7th Cir. 2002)
(“But the facts must somehow be gotten into the record for expert
testimony premised on them to be admissible.”). Many of the
documents are appended to St. Pierre’s motion have been copied
so many times that they are unreadable.
23
  The defense and the dissent claim St. Pierre suffers from bipo-
lar disorder. Bipolar disorder cannot be diagnosed with physiolog-
ical tests, instead the diagnosis is made by a psychologist or psy-
chiatrist on the basis of observation of a number of possible symp-
toms and family history. See NAT’L INST. OF MENTAL HEALTH,
DEP’T OF HEALTH & HUM. SERVICES, PUBLICATION NO. 01-3679,
BIPOLAR DISORDER 6-7 (2002). Though the disorder can develop
during childhood, many people do not develop the disorder until
late adulthood. Id. at 2. Sometimes the disorder is misdiagnosed
as schizophrenia. Id. at 5. Hence, reasonable experts could dis-
                                                      (continued...)
No. 01-3480                                                       25

defense,24 and St. Pierre would not have still pled guilty.
The argument fails because many of the documents St.
Pierre now claims would have changed the outcome were
previously examined and noted in the Associated Men-

23
   (...continued)
agree as to a particular diagnosis, its overall effect on a particular
person, and when it began. See infra note 15. Moreover, because
it is so judgment and observationally based, it would be extremely
difficult for a psychiatrist examining a person today to positively
conclude that a person suffered from the disorder twenty years
prior. Part of St. Pierre’s argument is predicated on the assump-
tion that the past diagnoses were incorrect. However, that sim-
plistic assertion does not account for the passage of time; assum-
ing St. Pierre is right doesn’t mean that the diagnosis based on
the medical science twenty years ago was wrong. Since the find-
ings of fact were made twenty years ago and are entitled to
deference, we should judge the medical findings based on a
twenty-year-old standard, not one of today. Cf. Eddmonds v.
Peters, 93 F.3d 1307, 1321 n.3 (7th Cir. 1996). Of course, all of
this argumentation is an attempt to induce this court to disregard
the Strickland standards and launch our own fact-finding ex-
pedition into mental health issues which the defense experts
disagree on today.
24
  Bipolar disorder (a.k.a. manic-depressive illness) is a brain
disorder which affects a person’s mood. See NIMH, PUB. NO. 01-
3679, BIPOLAR DISORDER at 2-3. A person suffering from bipolar
disorder will typically have feelings of extreme highs and lows
(extreme in relation to normal highs and lows of life experienced
every day by people). Id. Applicable here, would be the symptoms
of restlessness, extreme irritability, distractability, poor judge-
ment, aggressive behavior and drug abuse. Id. at 4. 20-21. Over
time the symptoms tend to worsen, unless treated. Id. at 9. Thus,
St. Pierre should be even more manic today than he was twenty
years ago. However, based on his pro se filings in federal court, St.
Pierre comes off as articulate and rational when describing his
current situation. As acknowledged by defense expert Dr. Kelly,
a person with bipolar disorder can still be capable of rational
decision making. Id. at 5-6, 20-21.
26                                              No. 01-3480

tal Health Services report by Dr. Braun. Even with those
documents Dr. Braun concluded that St. Pierre’s “mental
status . . . [was] basically within normal limits.” As noted
before, counsel did suggest an insanity defense, which was
struck down by St. Pierre, deciding to plead guilty instead.
Regardless of the introduction of these documents the pro-
ceedings would not have been different.
  St. Pierre attempts to parlay the district court’s determi-
nation that counsel’s performance was ineffective at the
penalty phase into a finding that counsel’s performance
during the pleading phase was likewise incompetent. The
two findings do create an apparent inconsistency. Cf. Bracy
v. Schomig, 286 F.3d 406, 419-26 (7th Cir. 2002) (en banc)
(Posner, J., concurring and dissenting). The inconsistency
is primarily explained by the differing performance stan-
dards between trial and death penalty mitigation hearings.
See id. at 412, 415 (majority opinion) (stating “death is
different”). See also Jonathan P. Tomes, Damned If You Do,
Damned If You Don’t: The Use of Mitigation Experts in
Death Penalty Litigation, 24 AM. J. CRIM. L. 359 (1997) (ap-
propriately titled). In Strickland, the Supreme Court ap-
plied the same standard to a trial and a separate penalty
hearing. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 684-87 (“The same princi-
ple applies to a capital sentencing proceeding”). In later
cases, the Court has continued to apply the same standard
to determine ineffectiveness of counsel at both trial and
sentencing proceedings. See, e.g., Darden v. Wainwright,
477 U.S. 168, 184-87 (1986); Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S.
362, 390-98 (2000) (reaffirming the Court’s adherence to,
and continued application of, the Strickland standard).
  Nevertheless, this circuit has held defense counsel to a
higher standard at the sentencing phase where death is a
possible sentence. See, e.g., Kubat v. Thieret, 867 F.2d 351,
369 (7th Cir. 1989) ( “[W]e hold that defense counsel must
make a significant effort, based on reasonable investiga-
tion and logical argument, to ably present the defendant’s
No. 01-3480                                               27

fate to the jury and to focus the attention of the jury on
any mitigating factors.”). Even this inconsistency is poten-
tially explained by the fact that nearly anything is admissi-
ble in mitigation, regardless of whether it would be admissi-
ble at trial. See 720 ILCS § 5/9-1(e) (West 2000) (“Any
information relevant to any additional aggravating factors
or any mitigating factors indicated in subsection (c) may be
presented by the State or defendant regardless of its ad-
missibility under the rules governing the admission of
evidence at criminal trials.”); People v. Jones, 447 N.E.2d
161, 165-67 (Ill. 1982) (quoting the 1979 version, which
would have applied at St. Pierre’s hearing, which is ex-
actly the same standard as the current statutory version).
While a defendant’s mental state at the time of the crime
might not rise to the level of a defense to the crime, it can
be relevant in a mitigation hearing. See 720 ILCS § 5/9-
1(c)(1) (West 2000) (“[T]he murder was committed while
the defendant was under the influence of extreme mental
or emotional disturbance, although not such as to consti-
tute a defense to prosecution”). Hence, the availability of
additional evidence increases counsel’s duty to investigate,
within reasonable limits. See Stewart v. Gramley, 74 F.3d
132, 135-37 (7th Cir. 1996) (“Presumably the lawyer is
not required to investigate the defendant’s past with the
thoroughness of a biographer.”).
  Of course, the availability and admissibility of practi-
cally any evidence is a double-edged sword. If counsel in-
troduces mitigating evidence the prosecution can rebut
with other evidence, which may turn out to be substan-
tially more damaging. See Darden, 477 U.S. at 185-86;
Foster, 223 F.3d at 631-39 (“As we have noted before in
cases like this one, there is a strong possibility that the
defendant’s mitigation evidence might turn out to be ag-
gravating.”); Emerson v. Gramley, 91 F.3d 898, 906-07 (7th
Cir. 1996) (“The narratives that defense counsel and their
‘mitigation specialists’ present often contain material that
28                                                    No. 01-3480

the jury is likely to consider aggravating rather than mit-
igating.”). Because of the increased investigative burden,
St. Pierre’s counsel could be found to have been deficient
for not uncovering mitigating evidence of childhood men-
tal illness at the penalty phase, but not be deficient for
failing to present the same evidence during the pleading
phase.25
  Just about all of the cases relied upon by the district
court found counsel’s performance deficient in the pen-
alty phase because counsel failed to present any evidence
in mitigation. See Kubat, 867 F.2d at 368 (finding defense
counsel’s performance deficient by contacting only two of
the known fifteen character witnesses before trial and
calling none to testify in mitigation, relying instead on a
plea for mercy); Emerson, 91 F.3d at 907 (affirming the
grant of habeas as to the sentencing phase because “no
evidence whatsoever in mitigation, or even argument, was
presented.”); Brewer v. Aiken, 935 F.2d 850, 856-58 (7th
Cir. 1991) (finding that counsel’s failure to investigate
and present any mitigating evidence at the sentencing

25
   The dissent makes a second assumption that seems fatal to
its own argument, that St. Pierre’s claimed mental illness was so
severe as to prevent rational decision making. And the dissent,
throughout its opinion, seems to confuse the evidence of a mental
illness and the evidence of a mental illness which impairs rational
decision making. The two are clearly distinguishable. St. Pierre’s
supposed mental illness might have an effect on a judge or jury
during a mitigation hearing, but only a severe, debilitating mental
illness could make St. Pierre incompetent if proved to a judge or
jury. Moreover, only two of the new expert reports prepared by
defense counsel support the dissent’s assumption, while yet
another defense expert found St. Pierre’s mental illness did not
interfere with his ability to make rational decisions. See infra note
26. (Not to mention the nine other reports or examinations, all of
which concluded that St. Pierre was able to make rational and
voluntary decisions. See supra notes 11, 22-24 and infra note 26.)
No. 01-3480                                               29

phase prejudiced the defense); Antwine v. Delo, 54 F.3d
1357, 1365-68 (8th Cir. 1995) (upholding the conviction but
finding counsel ineffective at the sentencing phase for
failing to present evidence of defendant’s mental illness and
presenting only a plea for mercy); see also Patrasso v.
Nelson, 121 F.3d 297, 303-05 (7th Cir. 1997). In contrast,
St. Pierre’s counsel presented significant evidence in mit-
igation, including three live witnesses (Monte Williams,
Fr. Smyth, and St. Pierre), testimony by stipulation (Ray-
mond Chodorowski), and the Associated Mental Health
Services report. These witnesses provided substantially
all of the same evidence regarding St. Pierre’s childhood
experiences that St. Pierre now asserts is in the reports
and would have made the difference if it was investi-
gated and introduced. See Darden, 477 U.S. at 185-87 (find-
ing counsel’s decision not to introduce a psychiatric report
and instead rely on a plea of mercy was reasonable); Foster,
223 F.3d at 631-39 (holding that counsel’s performance
was not ineffective for deciding not to call an expert to
testify about defendant’s mental state because it might
do more harm than good); Stewart, 74 F.3d at 135-37 (find-
ing attorney’s failure to fully investigate defendant’s his-
tory of drug use or potential brain damage was not ineffec-
tive assistance of counsel because the additional evidence
would not have made a difference).
   Simply because there is additional evidence of a rough
life, deprived childhood, or mental instability does not nec-
essarily make it less likely the death sentence will be
imposed. Historical facts that show a defendant has a con-
dition or proclivity toward violence are often aggravat-
ing, not redeeming or mitigating factors. See Stewart, 74
F.3d at 139 (“And since it obviously is not the theory of
capital punishment that murderers are compelled to mur-
der by their past and therefore should not be punished, it
cannot be right that anything brought out at a death-
penalty hearing is certain or even likely to help the defen-
30                                              No. 01-3480

dant to save his life.”); Brewer, 935 F.2d at 860-61 (Easter-
brook, J., concurring) (noting that “[t]rying to persuade
the jury that the accused is mentally ill is worse than
no defense at all.”). Judge Neville, after considering mit-
igating evidence similar to that which St. Pierre now
proffers and the brutality and nature of the crimes, con-
cluded the death penalty was the appropriate sentence.
  Counsel for St. Pierre wanted to put on a defense at trial,
and even sought to withdraw the guilty plea. It was St.
Pierre who made the decision to plead guilty to the charges.
Several psychologists, the judge, and counsel all agreed
that he was competent to do so. Based on all the available
evidence at the time of the plea and the Strickland stan-
dard, it is impossible to say that counsel’s performance
was deficient. In fact, counsel’s overall performance at the
pleading stage, considering his client’s attitude and intent,
was commendable. See Balfour v. Haws, 892 F.2d 556, 562-
63 (7th Cir. 1989) (noting that for specific allegations
of ineffective assistance courts must “weigh the over-
all quality of representation provided to the defendant”
and not individual shortcomings). The district court’s con-
clusion, finding counsel’s performance did not fall below
objective standards of reasonableness, was correct.

C. Knowing and Voluntary Guilty Plea
  St. Pierre’s argument that his plea was not knowing
or voluntary directly relates to the prior discussion of
counsel’s performance because St. Pierre argues that
counsel failed to advise and provide him with information
making his plea involuntary. See Hill, 474 U.S. at 56-59
(applying the Strickland analysis when a defendant chal-
lenges the voluntariness of a plea based on inadequate ad-
vice of counsel); McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 770-
72 (1970) (holding counsel’s advice regarding evidence
and potential success at trial versus a guilty plea is judged
No. 01-3480                                                31

“not on whether a court would retrospectively consider
counsel’s advice to be right or wrong, but on whether that
advice was within the range of competence demanded of
attorneys in criminal cases.”). However, St. Pierre’s bur-
den is even more onerous in this analysis for four reasons.
First, counsel advised St. Pierre not to plead guilty and
urged St. Pierre to go to trial. Second, counsel told St.
Pierre about two possible defenses, one being insanity and
the other being the admissibility of St. Pierre’s statements.
Third, St. Pierre was found competent to plead and clearly
actively participated in the proceedings. Finally, we deal
with a guilty plea by a defendant who is, without a doubt,
guilty of the crime; and “the concern that unfair procedures
may have resulted in the conviction of an innocent defen-
dant is only rarely raised by a petition to set aside a guilty
plea.” Hill, 474 U.S. at 58 (internal quotations and cita-
tions omitted).
  A guilty plea is properly accepted if it is made voluntarily
and intelligently. E.g., Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238,
242-44 (1969). Voluntariness is determined by “considering
all of the relevant circumstances surrounding” the guilty
plea. Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 749 (1970). Dur-
ing the process of accepting the plea the defendant must
be made aware of the consequences of a guilty plea, how-
ever, he need not be made aware of every possible conse-
quence. See Boykin, 395 U.S. at 242-44; Brady, 397 U.S. at
748; United States v. Jordan, 870 F.2d 1310, 1316 (7th Cir.
1989); United States v. Lumpkins, 845 F.2d 1444, 1450
(7th Cir. 1988); United States ex rel. Salisbury v. Blackburn,
792 F.2d 498, 499-501 (5th Cir. 1986).
  St. Pierre does not argue that the judge improperly ad-
vised him of all the consequences of his guilty plea. St.
Pierre cannot and does not challenge his competency
to enter the plea because Judge Neville held a hearing
on the issue of competence before accepting the guilty plea
and the state judge’s finding of competency is entitled to
32                                                     No. 01-3480

deference.26 See Montgomery, 956 F.2d at 680 (holding
the state court’s finding of competency is a factual one
which we presume correct); Balfour, 892 F.2d at 560; cf. 725
ILCS 5/104-10 (providing the statutory presumption of
fitness of a defendant to stand trial, plead, or be sentenced).
See also Gosier v. Welborn, 175 F.3d 504, 507 (7th Cir. 1999)
(noting involuntariness of a plea is often a derivative argu-
ment of competency).
  Rather, St. Pierre asserts that his plea was neither know-
ing nor voluntary because he did not have the eight rec-
ords from his childhood—later uncovered by private ha-
beas counsel—and he did not know of the availability of an
insanity plea. However, lawyers need not inform their
clients of every possible defense, argument, or tactic, es-
pecially one not suggested by any evidence at the time.
Evans, 742 F.2d at 374-75. Moreover, “ ‘[i]t is well settled
that a voluntary and intelligent plea of guilty made by an

26
   The fact remains that more than twenty years ago in 1980,
1981, 1982, and 1983, St. Pierre was found competent after ex-
amination by numerous licensed psychiatrists. There are three
reports appended to the PSR, two others from the first trial, and
four more submitted or discussed in the second trial. Out of all
those reports only one, that of the unlicenced prison psychologist
Monte Williams, concluded St. Pierre had any serious psychiatric
disorders. Thirteen years later, in 1995, four more reports were
submitted. Two defense psychiatrists found a serious psychiatric
disorder which would impair St. Pierre’s ability to cooperate with
counsel, but one of the defense psychiatrists disagreed with that
assessment, and another psychiatrist found him competent. There
is little doubt that after St. Pierre has spent all this time in pris-
on, his mental state could have significantly deteriorated. How-
ever, it is temporally and logically difficult to argue with the mul-
tiple psychiatric reports which found St. Pierre competent nearly
twenty years ago. In addition, if evidence of St. Pierre’s current
abilities is important we should note that St. Pierre has submit-
ted, pro se, remarkably well written and reasoned documents
during the federal proceedings.
No. 01-3480                                               33

accused person, who has been advised by competent coun-
sel, may not be collaterally attacked.’ ” Bousley v. United
States, 523 U.S. 614, 621 (1998) (quoting Mabry v. Johnson,
467 U.S. 504, 508 (1984)).
  The facts most indicative of a knowing and voluntary
plea are directly drawn from St. Pierre’s own participation
in the proceedings. Both Judge Neville and counsel stated
that St. Pierre knew what he was doing and had meaning-
fully participated in the proceedings and his defense. St.
Pierre staunchly contested a minor issue of fact, related
to the robbery count and Sybil Gibons’s ring, until it was
resolved to his satisfaction. Following a comprehensive
hearing, Judge Neville concluded that St. Pierre knew his
rights and made the voluntary decision to plead guilty.
And when counsel filed a motion to withdraw the plea, St.
Pierre interrupted to make it clear that the motion was
being made by counsel and against his wishes.
  St. Pierre was advised not to plead guilty, and about
the possibility of using insanity as a defense. He flatly
rejected the option of going to trial, and according to Judge
Neville he did so knowingly and voluntarily. St. Pierre was
found competent, and as the judge noted, appeared to
meaningfully participate in his defense. Additionally, coun-
sel noted that St. Pierre understood the charges and clear-
ly wanted to plead guilty. Today St. Pierre says he
wouldn’t have pled guilty. However, hindsight is express-
ly prohibited in our analysis. See Hill, 474 U.S. at 56-59;
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688-91. All the facts show that
he understood the decision he was making and volun-
tarily made it because he wanted to accept responsibility
for his crimes. There is no evidence indicating that the
plea was not knowing and voluntary.

                     CONCLUSION
  After previously being found guilty of two murders by
a jury, Robert St. Pierre decided to forgo another trial
34                                                 No. 01-3480

and accepted responsibility and willingly pled guilty, know-
ing that death was a possible sentence. The facts are re-
plete with examples where St. Pierre wished to do some-
thing (plead guilty or waive an appeal) and judges and
attorneys, using all the persuasive ability they could
muster, attempted to change St. Pierre’s mind, creating
the appearance of inconsistency. Despite this advice and
pressure, St. Pierre consistently wanted to plead guilty,
accept responsibility, and accept his sentence, knowing
the consequences. The fact that he chose to accept respon-
sibility might seem to some to be unusual, but it does not
automatically make him incompetent, unable to cooper-
ate with counsel, or his counsel ineffective for failing to
persuade him to go to trial. The denial of the petition for
writ of habeas corpus is therefore, AFFIRMED.

   DIANE P. WOOD, Circuit Judge, dissenting. The major-
ity’s opinion affirming the district court’s Solomonic deci-
sion to deny Robert St. Pierre’s petition for a writ of ha-
beas corpus, insofar as it related to his conviction (and to
grant the petition insofar as it related to his death sen-
tence) does the best that can be done with the facts sur-
rounding the quality of the legal assistance St. Pierre
received from his attorney throughout the proceedings. Un-
fortunately, in my opinion it is not enough to warrant the
affirmance of the denial of the petition with respect to
St. Pierre’s guilty plea. As has been the case throughout
the legal proceedings in St. Pierre’s case, see, e.g., St. Pierre
v. Cowan, 217 F.3d 939 (7th Cir. 2000), St. Pierre’s mental
illness—its nature, its severity, its effect on his crime, its
No. 01-3480                                                35

effect on his ability to assist in his own defense, and its
impact on his sentence—is a central problem. In a case
where mental illness is or may be present, we must set
aside our normal assumptions about human behavior
and rationality of decisionmaking, and instead consider
what occurred in light of the effects of any illness on the
defendant’s actions. When one does so in St. Pierre’s case,
I believe we are left with no choice but to grant the petition
in its entirety.

                              I
  Although the majority has given a full account of the
facts of St. Pierre’s crime, it has omitted certain informa-
tion about the course of proceedings in the state courts
that I find highly pertinent. We begin, however, on common
ground: shortly after the two murders were committed, the
police arrested St. Pierre, and he was charged with two
counts of conspiracy to commit murder, two counts of armed
robbery, and two counts of concealing a homicidal death. He
went to trial before a jury on these charges, upon the con-
clusion of which the jury found him guilty and sentenced
him to death. The Illinois Supreme Court reversed that
conviction and remanded the case for a new trial, on the
ground that inculpatory statements St. Pierre made at
the Skokie (Illinois) police station following his arrest
were improperly admitted into evidence after St. Pierre had
invoked his right to counsel.
   The majority has also recounted most of the pertinent
details about St. Pierre’s retrial, which took place in
1988 before Circuit Judge Richard Neville, but it is here
that I believe additional information helps to throw
light on the problem before us. Judge Neville appointed
Robert Barasa to represent St. Pierre. The majority char-
acterizes Barasa as a “seasoned” trial attorney and former
Cook County Public Defender, but neglects to mention
36                                                    No. 01-3480

that, no matter how seasoned an attorney Barasa was for
ordinary criminal cases, he had never before had pri-
mary responsibility for a capital case. It is telling in that
regard that the Report of the Governor’s Commission on
Capital Punishment, April 2002,1 includes among its
recommendations several pertaining to the qualifications
for counsel in capital cases, including an endorsement of
new rules from the Illinois Supreme Court that creates
a specialized Capital Litigation Trial Bar (membership
in which requires prior experience as lead or co-counsel
in at least two murder prosecutions) and further re-
quires that lead counsel in all capital cases be a member
of that bar. See Ill. S.Ct. Rules 416(d), 714(b). My point
here is certainly not that these rules are retroactive; it
is only that thoughtful people throughout the State of
Illinois, including the members of the state Supreme Court
and the members of the Governor’s Commission, have rec-
ognized the importance of prior experience for defense
counsel in capital cases. Someone like Barasa who lacks
such experience is thus a novice to the capital area, no
matter how much he has done elsewhere.
  Very shortly after these new proceedings began, to every-
one’s astonishment, St. Pierre announced that he in-
tended to enter a blind plea of guilty to all charges. With
commendable caution, Judge Neville decided that this
rather bizarre decision (especially considering the fact
that St. Pierre’s inculpatory statements could no longer
be used) warranted a competency hearing. Judge Neville
found further reason for a hearing when he learned from
Barasa that St. Pierre’s motivation for his planned guilty
plea lay in his abhorrence of the conditions at Cook County

1
  This report has received wide national attention and has
been disseminated throughout the country. It is available electroni-
cally at http://www.idoc.state.il.us/ccp/ccp/reports/commission_
reports.html.
No. 01-3480                                                37

jail and his desire to return to the state prison. In connec-
tion with the competency proceedings, the court ordered
that St. Pierre be examined by Dr. Albert Stipes, a staff
psychiatrist at the Cook County Psychiatric Institute;
Dr. Stipes was to look into St. Pierre’s fitness to plead
guilty, to be tried, and to be sentenced. As the court put it,
he wanted to be sure that “Mr. St. Pierre [was] hitting on
all eight” when he entered his blind plea. That same day,
August 8, 1988, Dr. Stipes conducted a one-hour inter-
view of St. Pierre and reviewed the records of a psychi-
atric examination from March 1981, in which St. Pierre’s
mental fitness had been assessed for purposes of a theft
charge. Nothing else was brought to Dr. Stipes’s atten-
tion, although records documenting St. Pierre’s mental
health existed dating back as far as St. Pierre’s childhood.
(The majority speculates that Dr. Stipes may have seen
these particular “old” records, ante at 7 n.8, but there
is nothing at all in the record to support this conjecture.)
Dr. Stipes concluded that St. Pierre was fit for plead-
ing, trial, and sentencing, yet at the same time he acknowl-
edged that St. Pierre was pleading guilty to escape the
intolerable conditions at Cook County jail.
  Upon hearing Dr. Stipes’s opinion, Barasa did nothing
to discredit the ultimate finding of fitness. He did not
mention to the court, for example, that he knew that St.
Pierre had attempted suicide in the Cook County jail, nor
did he otherwise alert the court to the fact that there
were serious questions about St. Pierre’s mental and
emotional health. Furthermore, even though Dr. Stipes’s
opinion was unfavorable to his client, Barasa did not seek
permission to have another mental health professional
evaluate St. Pierre. All he did was highlight St. Pierre’s
desire to leave the Cook County jail, but he failed to link
this desire to any mental illness. After hearing all this,
Judge Neville pointed out that his only reason for ordering
the examination was the oddness of St. Pierre’s sudden
38                                            No. 01-3480

desire to plead guilty. The judge ruled that St. Pierre
was indeed competent to proceed.
  Even then, however, Judge Neville’s concern is appar-
ent in the record. He decided to engage in a colloquy with
St. Pierre himself, to ensure that the plea was not moti-
vated solely by the jail problem. The judge reminded St.
Pierre of his right to a trial before a jury or the court
and stated that he would not accept a guilty plea if St.
Pierre had not in fact committed the crimes with which
he was charged. St. Pierre then acknowledged that he
was pleading guilty against the advice of his lawyer, but
he said that as long as he was at Cook County jail it was
not worth fighting the case. At that point, the following
statements were made:
     Barasa: [I]t is the defendant’s wish to plead guilty
             because of his inability to deal with his in-
             carceration at County Jail where he is right
             now, and that if he could be transferred to a
             location within County Jail, anywhere where
             he could be away from some of the, appar-
             ently he’s told me that there’s gangs, there’s
             homosexuality, there’s drugs, there’s weap-
             ons, and that these factors upset him so much
             that he cannot, to him it is not worth it to
             fight this case . . . .
 St. Pierre: [I]f it were possible that I could spend my
             time, okay, during the proceedings of this
             case in the penitentiary, maximum security
             penitentiary, and I would be more than will-
             ing, okay, to assist my attorney, okay?
The trial court rejected these requests and told St. Pierre
that his only option was Cook County jail; at the same
time, the judge again reiterated that he would not accept a
plea of guilty unless St. Pierre was really admitting he
was guilty of the crimes.
No. 01-3480                                               39

  During these discussions, it is at best disputed wheth-
er anyone told St. Pierre that one of the rights he would
be giving up if he pleaded guilty was the right to raise
an insanity defense, and that if he raised that defense, the
state would have the burden of proving his sanity beyond
a reasonable doubt. In his deposition, Barasa claims that
he did so, but nothing on the record reveals this. In the
end, however, this is not an important dispute. If St.
Pierre is really mentally ill, it is hard to say how valuable
such advice would have been in any event—how reliable
are the decisions of someone who is operating within a
delusional system? If St. Pierre is not really mentally ill,
then the analysis suggested by the majority might be
applicable. But the key question is the way Barasa was
handling the issue of mental illness, not the way St. Pierre
might have been responding to questions posed to him.
As the majority notes, in the end the court accepted the
blind plea, and St. Pierre waived his right to a sentencing
jury.
  The very next day, August 9, 1988, Barasa filed a mo-
tion on St. Pierre’s behalf seeking to withdraw the guilty
plea. The stated grounds related, not surprisingly, to St.
Pierre’s motivation for the plea: it argued that his only
reason for pleading was to obtain release from Cook Coun-
ty jail. St. Pierre himself indicated to the court that he
did not agree with Barasa’s motion and that he did not
want to withdraw the plea, because withdrawal would
mean more time in Cook County jail. The court denied
Barasa’s motion because of St. Pierre’s opposition to it. The
state then presented evidence in aggravation without any
objection from Barasa. That evidence included his prior
theft convictions, an attempt to escape confinement in
1983, and the grisly manner in which the Gibons murders
were carried out. The court was then prepared to sched-
ule a date for St. Pierre to present mitigating evidence.
Initially, St. Pierre objected, but he ultimately agreed upon
40                                              No. 01-3480

a hearing date within three weeks (later extended slightly
to September 12).
  At the September 12 mitigation hearing, Barasa filed
a motion to have St. Pierre examined to determine his
sanity at the time of the crime; he explained to the court
that his motion was based in part on a discussion he
had with Monte Williams, an employee of the Illinois
Department of Corrections who held a master’s degree in
psychology but was not a licensed psychologist. Barasa had
Williams with him to serve as a witness on the question of
St. Pierre’s sanity. Despite the majority’s effort to portray
Williams as a credible witness, it is clear that he was not.
Judge Neville, on the record, branded Williams’s testimony
as “ridiculous,” noting that Williams did not seem to un-
derstand the legal standard for insanity:
     [W]hen he was asked what the issues of insanity
     were . . . he said that it had to do with whether the
     defendant was a danger to himself and whether he
     was a danger to society. That, of course, is a self-com-
     mitment issue, which is what [Williams] says he’s been
     doing for years, and what he’s most familiar with, and
     has nothing to do with the issues before me in this
     courtroom.
This was no surprise to anyone who had been listening
to Williams’s description of his own credentials. When
asked what he did, Williams claimed that he specialized
in “forensic psychology and the area where psychology
comes together with anthropology and archaeology.” (One
wonders how he managed to combine these three rather
different disciplines; perhaps he assessed sanity by using
ancient Native American artifacts in some kind of trib-
al ceremony, while he observed the patient’s affective re-
sponse.) Before the St. Pierre proceeding, Williams had
never before testified on the issue of sanity at the time of
a criminal offense. Moreover, he did not try to compen-
No. 01-3480                                                    41

sate for his lack of background by unusual preparation
for the hearing.2 To the contrary, he did not bring St.
Pierre’s file to the court and he had never formally exam-
ined St. Pierre. Instead, according to him, he had chatted
with St. Pierre from time to time while St. Pierre was in-
carcerated at Illinois’s Menard prison, discussing common
interests such as Egyptology! Tellingly, Barasa had also
made no effort to procure the file.
  As already noted, Judge Neville was unimpressed
with Williams’s contribution. The judge told Barasa that it
was the obligation of the defense to raise the issue of in-
sanity with enough evidence to convince the court that
there was something substantial to address. Even so, the
judge was willing to listen to Williams insofar as his tes-
timony might bear on mitigation. Williams opined that
St. Pierre was not responsible for his actions based on
vague psychological problems and an unhappy background.
Finally, and rather remarkably, Williams concluded his
testimony by analogizing St. Pierre’s mental condition to
the mental condition of the “entire nation of Germany”
prior to the rise of Adolph Hitler, who was a person (ac-
cording to Williams) “who most people think was in-
sane, and whom we know wasn’t.” At one point in this
unsatisfactory proceeding, Barasa openly admitted to the
court that he was not prepared for the hearing and that
he had not realized how severe the burden was for some-

2
   The majority has made a Herculean effort to rehabilitate Wil-
liams and to paint him in a credible light, ante at 10-11 n.12, but
the facts speak for themselves. Specifically, it remains true that
Williams was not a licensed psychologist, that he had never
conducted a professional examination of St. Pierre, and that he
had never before testified on the issue of a defendant’s sanity, as
opposed to the question whether a person should be committed.
It is hard in light of all that to question Judge Neville’s evalua-
tion of Williams’s contribution.
42                                               No. 01-3480

one introducing a defense based upon sanity. Judge
Neville appropriately chastised Barasa for being woeful-
ly unprepared. In the end, as the majority has noted, the
court denied Barasa’s motion to determine St. Pierre’s san-
ity at the time of the offense.
   That left very little in the way of mitigation evidence.
Barasa introduced a transcript from St. Pierre’s half
brother, and testimony from Father John Smyth of the
Maryville Academy, where St. Pierre had spent a signifi-
cant part of his childhood. Father Smyth testified about
some of St. Pierre’s school and family experiences. The
court also admitted by stipulation a report filed in 1983
by the Associated Mental Health group on St. Pierre’s
fitness to stand trial. Last, St. Pierre took the stand to
describe his background, including his father’s alcohol-
ism, his mother’s inability to set boundaries, and his ulti-
mate shipment to a group home. The court found that none
of the mitigating factors sufficed to lessen St. Pierre’s
culpability; it also explicitly found that “there has been
no testimony that St. Pierre ever suffered from mental
disease or defect”; and it sentenced him to death.
  In February 1989, in post-trial proceedings, the court
agreed to revisit the issue of St. Pierre’s sanity. St. Pierre
agreed to be re-examined by Dr. Stipes, who once again
reviewed the same records he had looked at earlier, to
which he added the Williams testimony. Once again, even
after the passage of this much time, Barasa had never
conducted a background investigation, he never subpoenaed
records from institutions like Maryville, nor had he tried
to have St. Pierre examined by another qualified expert.
  On direct review, the Illinois Supreme Court affirmed St.
Pierre’s conviction and death sentence, and the U.S. Su-
preme Court denied certiorari. Now represented by new
counsel, St. Pierre began state post-conviction proceed-
ings. These proceedings were disrupted, as we explained
No. 01-3480                                                       43

in detail in St. Pierre v. Cowan, supra, by St. Pierre’s
inability to decide whether or not he wished to pursue
them or to waive all further review. Eventually, the Illi-
nois Supreme Court ordered the circuit court of Cook
County to conduct a hearing on St. Pierre’s competence
to waive further appeals. Only then did his psychological
record begin to come into focus. New counsel introduced
school records that identified St. Pierre as hyperactive,
noted his destructive behavior, and described his “negative”
home environment. In this context, “negative” was if any-
thing a euphemism: one of the records stated that St.
Pierre’s father encouraged St. Pierre to kill his mother.
Early psychological testing at Maryville indicated that St.
Pierre had uncontrolled destructive behavior, that he
suffered from depression, anxiety, and that he had a “phobic
nature.” Most importantly, counsel introduced testimony
of several psychologists who all diagnosed him as af-
flicted with bipolar disorder.3 Dr. Louis Hemmerich, Ph.D.,
a licensed clinical psychologist affiliated with Great
Lakes Psychological Services, was of this opinion; Dr. Hem-

3
  The National Institute of Mental Health gives the following
definition of bipolar disorder: “Bipolar disorder, also known as
manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual
shifts in a person’s mood, energy, and ability to function. Different
from the normal ups and downs that everyone goes through, the
symptoms of bipolar disorder are severe. They can result in
damaged relationships, poor job or school performance, and even
suicide. . . . Bipolar disorder typically develops in late adolescence
or early adulthood. However, some people have their first symp-
toms during childhood, and some develop them late in life. It is
often not recognized as an illness, and people may suffer for years
before it is properly diagnosed and treated. Like diabetes or
heart disease, bipolar disorder is a long-term illness that must be
carefully managed throughout a person’s life.” National Institute
of Health Publication No. 01-3679 (updated Mar. 7, 2002), at
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/bipolar.cfm.
44                                                  No. 01-3480

merich also determined that St. Pierre “may not have
been fully able to conform his conduct to the requirement
of the law at the time of the commission of the crimes
with which he had been charged.” Dr. Henry Lahmeyer
(professor of psychiatry at Northwestern University), Dr.
Henry Conroe (board-certified forensic psychiatrist), and
Dr. Jonathan Kelly, also all concluded that St. Pierre
had bipolar disorder. Unlike Dr. Stipes, or even the “rid-
iculous” Williams, these doctors all had access to the full
record of St. Pierre’s history, including the documents from
his time at Maryville. Dr. Stipes testified again that he
thought St. Pierre was capable of waiving his right to
further legal proceedings, but on cross-examination he ad-
mitted that he had never, at any time over the years, looked
into the question whether St. Pierre had bipolar disorder.
  St. Pierre’s new counsel, who continue to represent him
before this court, made it clear that they had been able
to obtain the important background information about
St. Pierre from “garden-variety” subpoenas issued to the
schools and institutions at which St. Pierre had spent time.
  Because of the confusion over the question whether
St. Pierre was waiving post-conviction remedies, Judge
Neville never ruled on the post-conviction petition.4 After
our remand, however, the district court reviewed the claims
that St. Pierre had not procedurally defaulted. It granted
his petition only with respect to Claim VI, which was the
one in which St. Pierre claimed that he was denied his
Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel
during his capital sentencing proceeding. Claim VII had
dropped out of the case after we affirmed the district court’s

4
  That means, despite the fact that St. Pierre’s mental health
had received consideration in the earlier state court proceedings,
that it was never evaluated in the light of the full record we now
have before us.
No. 01-3480                                               45

earlier dismissal of that claim. The other claim on which I
wish to focus at this point is Claim IV, which argued that
St. Pierre was also denied his right to effective assistance
of counsel at the guilty plea stage.

                             II
  St. Pierre’s original petition for a writ of habeas corpus
was filed prior to the passage of the Antiterrorism and
Effective Death Penalty Act (‘AEDPA’), and thus this appeal
is governed by the standards applied prior to AEDPA’s
enactment. St. Pierre v. Cowan, 217 F.3d at 940. Although,
as the majority emphasizes, our review of facts found by
the state courts is deferential, we review issues of law
de novo, including the critical questions whether he re-
ceived ineffective assistance of counsel during his guilty
plea proceedings and the adequacy of that plea. Cabello
v. United States, 188 F.3d 871 (7th Cir. 1999). Here, of
course, the state court never had the chance to make any
findings of fact on the underlying issue of St. Pierre’s men-
tal illness because of the way Barasa was handling the
proceedings. In any event, it is the Sixth Amendment issue
(as applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amend-
ment) that is properly before us. That question, as the
majority notes, is governed by the Supreme Court’s decision
in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).
  Under Strickland, St. Pierre has the burden of show-
ing both that his counsel’s performance fell below the
minimum level that the Constitution tolerates and that he
was prejudiced by the inadequate performance. In the
context of a guilty plea, this means that he must prove
that the assistance he received leading up to the plea fell
below the constitutional minimum and that he would not
have entered the plea had he been adequately represented.
See Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 56 (1985). The major-
ity finds St. Pierre’s case insufficient, largely because it
46                                               No. 01-3480

has assumed that St. Pierre was in fact competent to
participate actively in the court proceedings that led to his
guilty plea. It finds significant the fact that St. Pierre
himself never mentioned his mental health problems. But
there is a troubling circularity to this logic: a mentally ill
person may not have the capacity to self-diagnose a problem
of mental illness; he may be operating within a delusional
system; he may believe himself to be some kind of super-
man; and so on. No one would expect a blind person to give
a vivid description of a painting she is near, nor would one
expect a person with a severe hearing impairment to dis-
cuss knowledgeably the performance on a particular even-
ing of the cello section of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.
Everything St. Pierre did and said in the trial proceed-
ings leading up to, and following, his guilty plea, is suspect
because of the compelling evidence of mental illness that
post-conviction counsel have uncovered. What we must
consider is whether Barasa’s failure to find the same
information amounted to inadequate performance, and
then, if so, whether that inadequate performance prejudiced
St. Pierre.
  St. Pierre’s current lawyers point to Barasa’s failure
to conduct even a rudimentary background investigation
of his client as one of his primary errors. As the Fifth
Circuit put it in a case decided under the pre-AEDPA
standards, “[w]here counsel (1) makes some exploration
of the insanity defense but fails to take an obvious and
readily available investigatory step which would have made
the defense viable, (2) does not produce reasonable tactical
reasons for not pursuing further investigation, and (3)
raises no other plausible defense, courts may find ineffec-
tive assistance of counsel.” Profitt v. Waldron, 831 F.2d
1245, 1248 (5th Cir. 1987). (This court later observed that
Profitt’s conclusion, as something developed under pre-
AEDPA standards, did not apply in the post-AEDPA con-
text, because the Supreme Court has never had occasion to
No. 01-3480                                              47

consider this issue. See Long v. Krenke, 138 F.3d 1160, 1164
(7th Cir. 1998). As St. Pierre’s case is governed by pre-
AEDPA law, however, the constraint that the Long court
found does not apply here.)
  In my opinion, the record overwhelmingly shows that
Barasa’s performance was constitutionally insufficient dur-
ing the course of the proceedings that led to St. Pierre’s
guilty plea, as well as in the proceedings before the trial
court after the guilty plea. He admitted at the first sanity
hearing that he was unprepared and unaware of what it
took to put into play a serious sanity defense. By the time
of the second hearing, which Judge Neville conscientiously
offered, Barasa was still grossly unprepared. He had not
issued so much as a single subpoena to find out what St.
Pierre’s mental health history really was. He chose to rely
on the “ridiculous” Williams as his only witness—and
we have no reason to second-guess Judge Neville’s impres-
sion of Williams’s testimony. The utter failure to look into
pertinent information cannot be accepted as a strategic
choice. The Supreme Court noted in Strickland itself
that “strategic choices made after less than complete in-
vestigation are reasonable precisely to the extent that
reasonable professional judgments support the limitations
on investigation.” 466 U.S. at 691. Here, the issue of St.
Pierre’s mental functioning had been called into question
by the trial court judge himself; it is hard to imagine a
better clue to defense counsel that this is a topic he too
ought to exert at least some effort to explore.
  The state argues that Barasa’s actions fell within the
range of acceptable professional competence because St.
Pierre was so eager to plead guilty. But, once again, that
argument suffers from the fallacy of assuming the answer
to the very question presented: could St. Pierre make
such an important decision? Just because a child is eager to
cross the street when a traffic light is still red does not
mean that a parent relents and gives her permission for
48                                                   No. 01-3480

the child to step out into on-coming traffic. If a mentally
ill person persistently asked for a rope in his cell, the cus-
todian obviously would not furnish one. It was up to
Barasa, St. Pierre’s representative, to make some in-
quiry into his mental health and the potential for either
defenses or mitigation arguments based on that health,
without uncritical deference to St. Pierre’s demands. Al-
though the majority insists there was no evidence that
St. Pierre had a mental disorder,5 as our earlier opinion
made clear, St. Pierre was displaying precisely the kind of
erratic, irrational behavior that accompanies bipolar dis-
order.6 If what the state really means to argue is that there

5
  It is unclear to me why the majority believes that it has the
expertise to make a definitive conclusion (a) about St. Pierre’s
mental health, and (b) about the effect it may have had on his
proceedings (two issues that I certainly recognize to be distin-
guishable). We are not expert psychiatrists or psychologists; all
we can do is to ensure that the proceedings that led to a result
are worthy of confidence. Here, I cannot say that they were, be-
cause of the ineffective assistance of counsel St. Pierre received.
As this dissent explains, I believe that the case should be retried
with proper assistance of counsel, through which the trier of fact
would have full information from qualified experts about St.
Pierre’s mental condition and its consequences for the crime and
the proceedings. Once the experts have made such a judgment,
I would be happy to abide by whatever conclusion they reached.
6
  The NIMH pamphlet on bipolar disorder lists the following
signs or symptoms of mania, or a manic episode:
     •   Increased energy, activity, and restlessness
     •   Excessively “high,” overly good, euphoric mood
     •   Extreme irritability
     •   Racing thoughts and talking very fast, jumping from one
         idea to another
                                                   (continued...)
No. 01-3480                                                     49

was nothing about St. Pierre to tip Barasa off to the fact
that there might be a problem, the record convincingly
refutes such a position.
  Barasa knew that St. Pierre had won his first appeal and
had succeeded in obtaining an order from the Illinois Su-
preme Court requiring suppression of his jailhouse confes-
sion; he knew that St. Pierre was willing to be sentenced
to death rather than to await trial in the Cook County
jail; he knew that St. Pierre had attempted suicide; and he
knew that the trial judge felt that St. Pierre’s decisions
were troubling enough that someone needed to make sure
he was “hitting on all eight.” If one wanted to take Williams
into account (which I think is unnecessary), Barasa also
knew that Williams thought St. Pierre was mentally ill.
This is ample knowledge on his part to take routine investi-

6
    (...continued)
       • Distractibility, can’t concentrate well
      •   Little sleep needed
      •   Unrealistic beliefs in one’s abilities and powers
      •   Poor judgment
      •   Spending sprees
      •   A lasting period of behavior that is different from usual
      •   Increased sexual drive
      •   Abuse of drugs, particularly cocaine, alcohol, and sleep-
          ing medications
      •   Provocative, intrusive, or aggressive behavior
      •   Denial that anything is wrong
NIMH report, supra note 2, page 2. The report goes on to note
that delusions can accompany severe episodes of mania or depres-
sion. Id.
50                                               No. 01-3480

gatory steps such as gathering together readily available
records and seeking permission to have his own expert
psychiatrist, with full access to St. Pierre’s mental health
history, conduct a thorough examination of St. Pierre.
Barasa’s failure to do so constituted ineffective perfor-
mance, in my opinion.
   Before a writ can be granted on the basis of a Sixth
Amendment violation, it is of course also necessary to
consider the question of prejudice. In my opinion, St. Pierre
has also demonstrated this. First, had his bipolar dis-
order come to light before Judge Neville (whose own deci-
sions were certainly hampered by Barasa’s failure to
develop the record properly), it is possible Judge Neville
might have appointed a guardian to act for St. Pierre,
rather than permitting him to make his own decisions. Such
a guardian might have thought St. Pierre ought to have
a full trial, rather than pleading guilty. Even if St. Pierre
had remained in charge and had pleaded guilty, it is also
quite likely that the evidence of the bipolar disorder that
was eventually developed (and never considered by the
state trial court because of the procedural mix-ups that
have plagued this case) would have influenced the court’s
decision on the penalty phase. These cases are fact-spec-
ific, and for that reason I am not persuaded that the Eighth
Circuit’s decision in Antwine v. Delo, 54 F.3d 1357 (8th Cir.
1995), based on a situation with many similarities to St.
Pierre’s, is dispositive on the prejudice question. The (prob-
able) severity of each man’s disorder, the knowledge coun-
sel had of the probable existence of mental abnormalities,
the effect the disorder may have had on the commission of
the offense, the effect it was having on the defendant’s
ability to assist in his own defense, and many other fac-
tors are different in the two cases. In any event, Antwine
had insisted that he was interested only in the kind of
defense that would produce an acquittal, whereas St. Pierre
might also have benefitted at the penalty phase.
No. 01-3480                                                51

   To the extent that we should listen to St. Pierre, it is
also notable that St. Pierre never rejected Barasa’s efforts
to argue that he was insane at the time of the offense.
Twice Barasa tried to make this argument, and St. Pierre
raised no objection at either point. He even permitted a
second evaluation by Dr. Stipes after Barasa filed the post-
trial motion. This too suggests that it was not St. Pierre
who was preventing the competent exploration of this topic;
it was Barasa.
   The district court in St. Pierre’s federal habeas corpus
proceedings also concluded that Barasa’s failures were
irrelevant because “under Illinois law, St. Pierre’s sanity
at the time of the crime was not an essential element of
the crime.” While correct as far as it goes—sanity at the
time was an affirmative defense, as codified by Section 6-
2(a) of the Criminal Code of 1961—the ultimate conclusion
of no prejudice is mistaken. In 1982, when St. Pierre com-
mitted this crime, the law pertaining to insanity defenses
was as follows: the defendant had the initial burden of
introducing evidence on the question of sanity; if he did so,
the defendant was no longer presumed to be sane, and
the state had the burden of proving sanity beyond a reason-
able doubt. See People v. Hollins, 482 N.E.2d 1053, 1055
(Ill. 1985). Although by 1988 Illinois had changed that
rule, and now imposes the burden on the defendant to
prove by a preponderance of the evidence that she was
not guilty by reason of insanity, see Pub. Act 83-288,
Ill.Rev.Stat. 1983, ch. 38, par. 6-2(e); People v. Hickman,
492 N.E.2d 1041 (Ill. 1986), St. Pierre was plainly entitled
to have the 1982 version of the law applied to his case.
As the Illinois courts themselves have recognized, to do
otherwise would amount to an ex post facto application
of the new statute. People v. Ramsey, 735 N.E.2d 533, 535
(Ill. 2000). In the end, therefore, it does not matter whether
St. Pierre’s sanity was formally an “essential element” of
the case or an affirmative defense. What does matter is
52                                               No. 01-3480

the fact that the state would have borne the burden of
proving his sanity beyond a reasonable doubt, had Barasa
properly raised the defense. This in turn shows once again
that Barasa’s shortcomings were prejudicial to St. Pierre
at the guilt phase of his case.
  Last, there is a problem in the state’s argument that
St. Pierre cannot show prejudice because (it predicts)
the insanity defense would not have prevailed at trial. If all
the jury had heard was the testimony of Dr. Stipes, who
never even looked to see whether St. Pierre had bi-
polar disorder, or worse yet, the testimony of both Dr.
Stipes and Williams, that may be correct. But that really
is another way of providing prejudice from Barasa’s fail-
ure to create a proper record, not a way of showing lack
of prejudice. If the trier of fact had seen everything
that post-conviction counsel have uncovered, there is a
reasonable probability that the result at trial would have
been different.
  For all these reasons, I would reverse the district court’s
decision denying St. Pierre’s petition for a writ of ha-
beas corpus with respect to the guilt phase of his case, and
I would find that St. Pierre is entitled to a full new trial.
As the state has not contested the district court’s grant
of the writ with respect to the sentencing phase of the
proceedings, like the majority I make no separate comment
on that aside from the observation that all the shortcomings
I have documented provide firm support for the district
court’s ruling.
  I respectfully dissent.
No. 01-3480                                        53

A true Copy:
      Teste:

                   ________________________________
                   Clerk of the United States Court of
                     Appeals for the Seventh Circuit

               USCA-97-C-006—7-23-02