Court Opinion

ID: 9409456
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-18 14:08:24.468141+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:50.326024
License: Public Domain

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania              :
ex rel. Andy J. Watson, District          :
Attorney                                  :
                                          :
                   v.                     :   No. 605 C.D. 2022
                                          :   Argued: April 3, 2023
Kaitlyn Nicole Crosby,                    :
                          Appellant       :

BEFORE:      HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, President Judge
             HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge
             HONORABLE STACY WALLACE, Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION BY
PRESIDENT JUDGE COHN JUBELIRER                FILED: July 18, 2023

      Kaitlyn Nicole Crosby (Crosby) appeals from the Order of the Court of
Common Pleas of Potter County (common pleas) entered June 3, 2022, granting
judgment on the pleadings on the Complaint in Quo Warranto (Complaint) filed by
the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Commonwealth) by and through Andy J.
Watson, District Attorney. Common pleas found Crosby ineligible to sit as Mayor
of the Borough of Austin, Pennsylvania, due to her felony conviction for aggravated
assault by vehicle. By Order dated August 10, 2022, this Court directed the parties
to address in their principal briefs on the merits whether this Court has appellate
jurisdiction over Crosby’s appeal.     Upon consideration of those jurisdictional
arguments and the fact that the Commonwealth did not timely object to this Court’s
jurisdiction pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 741, Pa.R.A.P.
741 (Rule 741), the Court concludes it has jurisdiction over Crosby’s appeal. This
is not a “prequalification action” challenging Crosby’s eligibility to run for office,
but a removal action, a jurisdictional distinction recognized by our Supreme Court
in Commonwealth v. Spano, 701 A.2d 566, 567-68 (Pa. 1997). Therefore, we will
consider the merits of this appeal and, based on settled precedent, we are constrained
to conclude common pleas committed no error or abuse of discretion in granting
judgment on the pleadings.

I.     BACKGROUND
       A.      The Complaint and Motion
       On July 7, 2021, Crosby pled guilty to: involuntary manslaughter, a first-
degree misdemeanor1 (Count 1); aggravated assault by vehicle, a third-degree
felony2 (Count 2); and careless driving, a summary offense3 (Count 3), in the Court

       1
          Section 2504(a) of the Crimes Code provides: “A person is guilty of involuntary
manslaughter when as a direct result of the doing of an unlawful act in a reckless or grossly
negligent manner, or the doing of a lawful act in a reckless or grossly negligent manner, he causes
the death of another person.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2504(a). “Involuntary manslaughter is a misdemeanor
of the first degree,” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2504(b), for which an individual may be sentenced up to five
years’ confinement, Section 1104 of the Crimes Code, 18 Pa.C.S. § 1104.
        2
          Section 3732.1(a) of the Vehicle Code makes it a third-degree felony offense for a

       person [to] recklessly or with gross negligence cause[] serious bodily injury to
       another person while engaged in the violation of any law of this Commonwealth or
       municipal ordinance applying to the operation or use of a vehicle or to the
       regulation of traffic exception [S]ection 3802[, 75 Pa.C.S. § 3802,] (relating to
       driving under the influence of alcohol or a controlled substance).

75 Pa.C.S. § 3732.1(a). Generally, a third-degree felony may result in a sentence of up to seven
years of confinement. Section 1103 of the Crimes Code, 18 Pa.C.S. § 1103. Section 3732.1(b) of
the Vehicle Code authorizes a sentencing enhancement of an additional two years of confinement
under certain circumstances, making it possible for a sentence for a conviction of this third-degree
felony to be increased to nine years. 75 Pa.C.S. § 3732.1(b).
        3
          Section 3714(a), (b) of the Vehicle Code states that a “person who drives a vehicle in
careless disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of careless driving, a summary
offense” and shall be sentenced to pay a $500 fine if the person “unintentionally causes the death
of another person as a result of the violation.” 75 Pa.C.S. § 3714(a), (b). At most, a person
(Footnote continued on next page…)

                                                 2
of Common Pleas of the 59th Judicial District, Cameron County Branch (Cameron
County court). (Common pleas opinion (op.) at 1.) On the same date, the Cameron
County court sentenced Crosby to 11½ months to 2 years, minus 1 day of
incarceration on Count 1, 36 months’ probation on Count 2 to run concurrently with
the Count 1 sentence, and a fine on Count 3. The convictions arose out of Crosby’s
operation of a motor vehicle that struck and killed a pedestrian.
       On November 2, 2021, Crosby was elected Mayor. Those election results
were certified on November 15, 2021, and Crosby was sworn into office on January
3, 2022. The Commonwealth filed the Complaint on January 25, 2022, seeking
Crosby’s removal from office based on her felony conviction. (Reproduced Record
(R.R) at A-10–A-21.4) The Commonwealth alleged the felony was an infamous
crime making Crosby ineligible for office pursuant to article II, section 7 of the
Pennsylvania Constitution.5
       Crosby filed an Answer and New Matter, admitting she pled guilty to and was
convicted of the crimes on July 7, 2021, as averred in the Complaint, but noting the
underlying events took place several years before the plea, she had completed her
sentence, and the voters were aware of those convictions. (Id. at A-22–A-27.)
Crosby disputed that aggravated assault by vehicle was an infamous crime, as it did
not involve an element of deceit, theft, embezzlement, or any crimen falsi, nor did it

convicted of a summary offense may be sentenced to 90 days of confinement. Section 1105 of the
Crimes Code, 18 Pa.C.S. § 1105.
        4
          The Reproduced Record does not comport with Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate
Procedure 2173, Pa.R.A.P. 2173 (requiring that the pagination of reproduced records be in the
form of an Arabic number followed by a small “a”). For ease, the Court will utilize the method
used in the Reproduced Record.
        5
          Article II, section 7 provides that “No person hereafter convicted of embezzlement of
public moneys, bribery, perjury or other infamous crime, shall be eligible to the General Assembly,
or capable of holding any office of trust or profit in this Commonwealth.” PA. CONST. art. II, § 7.

                                                3
involve misrepresentation or misconduct in office. (Id. at A-23, A-25–A-26.)
Crosby further asserted that, although there were cases holding that felonies are
infamous crimes, those cases involved felonies that were “crimes of deceit, trespass
or misrepresentation for dishonesty [sic].” (Id. at A-23.) The Commonwealth filed
an Answer to the New Matter, denying Crosby’s assertions. (Original Record at
Item 6.)
      The Commonwealth filed a Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings (Motion),
asserting judgment should be entered in its favor because Crosby admitted to being
convicted of a felony, which is an infamous crime under article II, section 7 and
precedent, even if it did not involve crimen falsi. (R.R. at A-32–A-34.) Crosby
responded to the Motion, reiterating that not all felonies are infamous crimes and,
under her reading of article II, section 7, Commonwealth ex rel. Kearney v. Rambler,
32 A.3d 658 (Pa. 2011) (Rambler II), Commonwealth ex rel. Corbett v. Griffin, 946
A.2d 668 (Pa. 2008), and Bracey v. Helfrich (C.C.P. York, No. 2011-SU-5007-47,
filed August 1, 2012), the particular circumstances of each felony must be
considered at a hearing, and, therefore, the Motion should be denied. (Id. at A-36–
A-41, A-56–A-91.)

      B. Proceedings Before Common Pleas
      At oral argument,6 the Commonwealth argued precedent, including
Commonwealth v. Richard, 751 A.2d 647 (Pa. 2000), Griffin, In re Petition of
Hughes, 532 A.2d 298 (Pa. 1987), Commonwealth v. Shaver, 3 Watts & Serg. 338
(Pa. 1842), and Bolus v. Fisher, 785 A.2d 174 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2001) (Bolus I), aff’d
per curiam 798 A.2d 1277 (Pa. 2002), supported the position that all felonies

      6
          The transcript of the oral argument is found at pages A-122–A-132 of the Reproduced
Record.

                                              4
constitute infamous crimes for purposes of article II, section 7, and Rambler II did
not preclude judgment on the pleadings. Crosby asserted Rambler II and changes in
what constitutes a felony since Shaver have created the possibility that not all
felonies constitute infamous crimes and, under Rambler II’s rationale, the totality of
the circumstances related to the specific nature of the felony should be reviewed to
determine if it was disqualifying, which requires a hearing.
      Common pleas granted the Motion and entered judgment in favor of the
Commonwealth, reasoning the Commonwealth had established there were no
disputed issues of fact because Crosby admitted to being convicted of a felony,
which was disqualifying, and the Commonwealth was entitled to judgment as a
matter of law. Citing Richard, 751 A.2d at 653, and Bolus I, 785 A.2d at 178,
common pleas held, respectively, that an infamous crime for purposes of article II,
section 7 is a felony, a crimen falsi crime, or a like offense involving a charge of
falsehood affecting the public administration of justice, and “[a] candidate who has
been convicted of either a felony, or a crimen falsi crime, is ineligible to hold elected
office in the Commonwealth.” (Common pleas op. at 4.) Common pleas rejected
Crosby’s assertion that Rambler II reflected an evolution in the law on which
criminal conviction constituted a disqualifying infamous crime. According to
common pleas, Rambler II involved a felony conviction for “mailing threatening
communication” under federal law, not a felony conviction under the Pennsylvania
law, and the Supreme Court examined whether the extra-jurisdictional felony
conviction would be disqualifying. Common pleas observed the Supreme Court
reversed the Superior Court’s determination that it was not disqualifying (as the
sentence was more akin to a misdemeanor under Pennsylvania law) because when
the character of the extra-jurisdictional felony conviction was reviewed, the offense

                                           5
“was ‘inconsistent with commonly accepted principles of honesty and decency’”
and, therefore, an infamous crime. (Common pleas op. at 5 (quoting Rambler II, 32
A.3d at 667).) The issue in Rambler II, common pleas concluded, was not the issue
in this matter.
      Common pleas disagreed with Crosby that, to be disqualifying, “a felony must
also be a crime of crimen falsi,” finding no support for this position in Rambler II or
any other precedent, and Bolus I supported the opposite conclusion. (Id. at 7.)
Rambler II, common pleas held, likewise supported the opposite conclusion, by
citing Griffin and Richard for the proposition that felony disqualification and crimen
falsi disqualification were distinct categories. (Id. at 7-8 (citing Rambler II, 32 A.3d
at 661-62).)      Last, common pleas found Bracey, a non-precedential opinion,
unpersuasive. Therein, the trial court found that a state felony drug conviction was
not a disqualifying offense based on Rambler II and a review of what offenses were
common law felonies at the time of article II, section 7’s passage. Common pleas
observed that, even if it adopted Bracey’s common law felony approach,
manslaughter was a common law felony, and Crosby admitted to being convicted of
manslaughter. (Id. at 9.)
      Crosby appealed to this Court and filed, as directed, a Concise Statement of
Errors Complained of on Appeal pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate
Procedure 1925(b), Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Common pleas issued an order designating
its prior opinion as its reasoning for granting the Motion and removing Crosby as
Mayor.

                                           6
II.    JURISDICTION
       A.     This Court’s August 10, 2022 Order
       By order dated August 10, 2022, this Court issued a per curiam order
questioning whether we, or the Supreme Court, have jurisdiction to consider
Crosby’s appeal. This order states:

       NOW, August 10, 2022, upon review of this matter, it appears that
       Appellant . . . Crosby seeks review of the June 3, 2022[] Order of . . .
       [common pleas] that granted judgment on the Pleadings on Appellee
       [Commonwealth’s] . . . Complaint . . . . [Common pleas] determined
       [Crosby] was ineligible to sit as Mayor . . . due to a felony conviction
       for aggravated assault.

       Section 722(2) of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § 722(2), provides that
       the Supreme Court has exclusive jurisdiction of appeals from final
       orders in cases involving the right to public office. There appears to
       be, however, circumstances under which an intermediate appellate
       court may exercise jurisdiction over such appeals. See [Spano].

       Accordingly, the parties shall address this Court’s appellate jurisdiction
       over the appeal in their principal briefs on the merits.

Commonwealth ex rel. Andy J. Watson, Dist. Att’y v. Crosby (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 605
C.D. 2022, filed Aug. 11, 2022). The parties have provided their arguments as to
this Court’s jurisdiction over Crosby’s appeal and, as this issue is a threshold one,
we address it first.

       B.     Parties’ Arguments
       Crosby acknowledges she may have made a mistake in filing her appeal with
this Court, rather than with the Supreme Court pursuant to Section 722(2) of the
Judicial Code. Nonetheless, Crosby argues Spano can provide this Court jurisdiction
because common pleas decided this matter on the pleadings, rather than by allowing

                                           7
her an opportunity to flesh out the facts related to the underlying criminal convictions
to meet the requirement set forth in Rambler II. Citing Spano’s discussion of what
“right to public office” means and that “it does not normally include an appraisal of
the sufficiency of the evidence or other irregular aspects of a tribunal which
discharges an office holder,” Crosby argues this matter falls in the category over
which the Supreme Court does not have exclusive jurisdiction. (Crosby’s Br. at 3,
26-27 (quoting Spano, 701 A.2d at 567).) This Court has appellate jurisdiction,
Crosby argues, pursuant to Section 762 of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § 762,
because common pleas’ order is a final order involving local government and civil
or criminal matters related to public officers. If relief under Spano is not available,
Crosby requests the Court to transfer the appeal to the Supreme Court under Section
5103(a) of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § 5103(a), and Pennsylvania Rule of
Appellate Procedure 751(a), Pa.R.A.P. 751(a).7
       The Commonwealth responds this Court does not have jurisdiction over this
matter and the fact that common pleas did not allow irrelevant factual testimony does
not vest this Court with jurisdiction. According to the Commonwealth, jurisdiction
does not lie with the Supreme Court either because this matter does not involve the
right to public office in an election prequalification challenge but is the equivalent
of a general vacancy in an elected office and, therefore, the exclusivity provisions of
Section 722(2) of the Judicial Code do not apply. Instead, the Commonwealth
asserts jurisdiction lies with the Superior Court, consistent with Commonwealth ex

       7
         Section 5103(a) of the Judicial Code provides that a court should not quash or dismiss an
appeal that is filed in a court or magisterial district that does not have jurisdiction over the appeal,
“but shall transfer the record thereof to the proper tribunal of this Commonwealth.” 42 Pa.C.S.
§ 5103(a). Rule 751(a) similarly states that if an appeal is filed in a court or magisterial district
that does not have jurisdiction, that court should not quash or dismiss the appeal, but transfer the
record to the proper court. Pa.R.A.P. 751(a).

                                                   8
rel. Kearney v. Rambler, 991 A.2d 909 (Pa. Super. 2010) (Rambler I), vacated by
Rambler II, and Spano, both of which involved removals of elected officials from
their offices and appeals to the Superior Court.

      C.     Discussion
      This matter raises questions over which Court, the Supreme Court, the
Superior Court, or this Court, has jurisdiction over Crosby’s appeal. The Judicial
Code outlines the jurisdictional boundaries of each appellate court, which ordinarily
set forth which court considers which issues on appeal.            However, there are
exceptions. See Pa.R.A.P. 741(a) (providing that an appellee’s failure to file an
objection to an appellate court’s jurisdiction on or before the last day for filing the
record “shall, unless the appellate court shall otherwise order, operate to perfect the
appellate jurisdiction of such appellate court”). We begin with those jurisdictional
boundaries set forth in the Judicial Code.
      The Superior Court has “exclusive appellate jurisdiction of all appeals from
final orders of the courts of common pleas, regardless of the nature of the
controversy or the amount involved, except” classes of appeals over which
jurisdiction has been exclusively vested in the Supreme Court or the Commonwealth
Court. Section 742 of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § 742. This Court has exclusive
jurisdiction over appeals from final orders of courts of common pleas involving,
relevantly, local government civil matters relating to “the application, interpretation
and enforcement of any statute regulating the affairs of political subdivisions,
municipality . . . and public . . . officers . . . acting in their official capacity,” and
“statute[s] relating to elections, campaign financing or other election procedures.”
42 Pa.C.S. § 762(a)(4)(i)(A), (C). Similar to the Superior Court, our appellate
jurisdiction does not extend to classes of appeals from common pleas subject to the

                                             9
Supreme Court’s exclusive jurisdiction under Section 722 of the Judicial Code. 42
Pa.C.S. § 762(b).       Section 722(2) provides:         “The Supreme Court shall have
exclusive jurisdiction of appeals from final orders of the courts of common pleas in
the following classes of cases: . . . [t]he right to public office.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 722(2)
(emphasis added).8
       In Appeal of Bowers, our Supreme Court defined the term “‘public office’ . . .
to mean an elective or appointive position in which the incumbent is exercising a
governmental function which involves a measure of policy making and which is of
general public importance.” 269 A.2d 712, 716-17 (Pa. 1970). The Court then
defined the phrase “the right to public office:”

       The “right” to office undoubtedly includes questions of qualification,
       eligibility, regularity of the electoral or appointive process and other
       preconditions to the holding of a particular public office. We think
       “right” should not normally include an appraisal of the sufficiency of
       or ruling upon evidence or other allegedly irregular aspects of the
       proceedings before a hearing tribunal resulting in an officeholder’s
       discharge from his position.

Id. at 716. Ultimately, the Court in Appeal of Bowers found the challenges to the
school board’s discharge of a school superintendent involved removal proceedings,
as well as a denial of due process, and, that the superintendent’s position was not a
“public office” governed by Section 722(2). Therefore, exclusive jurisdiction over
the appeal was not in the Supreme Court. Appeal of Bowers, 269 A.2d at 716-17.
       In Spano, the Supreme Court relied on its analysis in Appeal of Bowers to
reverse a Superior Court order transferring to the Supreme Court an appeal by a
borough constable who had been removed from his position after his conviction for

       8
         The Supreme Court has original, but not exclusive, jurisdiction over quo warranto actions
involving an officer of statewide jurisdiction. Section 721(3) of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S.
§ 721(3).

                                               10
indecent assault. In finding the appeal did not involve a “right to public office”
subject to the Supreme Court’s exclusive appellate jurisdiction, but involved
removal proceedings, which are appealable to an intermediate appellate court, the
Supreme Court explained the rationale underlying Appeal of Bowers:

      There are sound public policy reasons for the distinction which was
      drawn in Appeal of Bowers between prequalification actions and
      removal actions. When the results of an election are challenged,
      the occupancy of a key public office is left uncertain until the legal
      contest is decided by the courts. For as long as the contest goes on,
      there is uncertainty over who is the rightful occupant of that office
      and no policy can be made. Similarly, when a challenge is mounted
      to the candidacy of an individual for public office, the election would
      be tainted by uncertainty if the challenge were not definitively resolved
      before the election took place. The cases relied upon by the Superior
      Court, Egan v. Mele, . . . 634 A.2d 1074 ([Pa.] 1993)[,] and
      Commonwealth ex rel. Waltman v. Gracyk, . . . 460 A.2d 1098 ([Pa.]
      1983), both involved prequalification challenges. In such cases, the
      public interest in having a functioning representative government
      demands that the contest be terminated as expeditiously as
      possible. Therefore appeals come directly to this court, not because we
      have more expertise, but because the answer will be final.

      The public interest is not impacted to the same degree when an
      officeholder is removed. The situation then is comparable to when an
      officeholder dies or is incapacitated in office. The public is not faced
      with the same uncertainty resulting from competing claims to
      public office. Instead, someone else will fill the position as provided
      for in the applicable statute or ordinance. If the removal was wrongful,
      the officeholder can eventually be reinstated in place of the deputy pro
      tem, again with no interruption to the operation of the government. We
      do not belittle the importance of [a]ppellant’s right to appeal his
      removal from office, but that right is fully protected by his right to
      appeal to the Superior Court with the possibility of a discretionary
      appeal to this court later.

                                         11
Spano, 701 A.2d at 567-68 (emphasis added).9
        In Rambler I, in which a mayor challenged his removal from office pursuant
to article II, section 7, the Superior Court observed “Spano focus[ed] on whether the
defendant is seeking office or already is in office” to decide whether Section 722(2)
was implicated. The Superior Court explained: “If the former, government becomes
paralyzed – ‘no policy can be made’ until the entitlement to assume office is
resolved” and “[t]he public interest requires an immediate resolution of the issue so
that government can return to normal function.” 991 A.2d at 912. Contrarily, if the
individual “is already in office, Spano finds the need for expedited resolution less
urgent,” and “‘[t]he public interest is not impacted to the same degree when an
officeholder is removed.’” Id. at 912-13 (quoting Spano, 701 A.2d at 567). “Based
on Spano’s distinction between ‘prequalification actions’ and ‘removal actions,’”
the Superior Court held “the Supreme Court [did] not have exclusive jurisdiction
under” Section 722(2) and addressed the substantive issues of the mayor’s appeal of
the grant of judgment on the pleadings of the complaint in quo warranto. Id. at 913.
        Based on the Supreme Court’s distinction between “prequalification
actions”10 and “removal actions” for the purpose of appellate jurisdiction, as

        9
           Both Appeal of Bowers and Spano recognized there may be a day when the Supreme
Court will recognize an exception to this rule if it is necessary to protect the public’s interests, but
a general assertion that there is a loss of services by a particular office holder will not be sufficient.
Spano, 701 A.2d at 568; Appeal of Bowers, 269 A.2d at 716. No such exception is asserted here.
        10
           In reviewing the meaning of the “right to public office” in an elector’s challenge to a
candidate’s ability to seek an office under the Pennsylvania Election Code, Act of June 3, 1937,
P.L. 1333, as amended, 25 P.S. §§ 2600-3591, this Court has delineated between the “right to seek
public office” and the “right to hold public office,” with the former falling within this Court’s
appellate jurisdiction and the latter falling within the ambit of the Supreme Court’s exclusive
jurisdiction. McMenamin v. Tartaglione, 590 A.2d 802, 805-06 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1991) (emphasis in
the original).

                                                   12
discussed in Spano, and the fact that this matter is a removal action, we conclude
that the Supreme Court does not have exclusive jurisdiction under Section 722(2).11
        This leads to the question of whether this Court has jurisdiction pursuant to
Section 762, as Crosby claims, or the Superior Court has jurisdiction pursuant to
Section 742, as the Commonwealth claims. Ultimately, this Court’s jurisdiction was
perfected, at least with regard to the Superior Court, pursuant to Section 704 of
the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § 704, and Rule 741(a). According to Section 704 and
Rule 741(a), an appellee’s objection to an appellate court’s jurisdiction must be
timely raised, and to be timely, the objection must be made before the last day for
the filing of the record12 or it is waived. 42 Pa.C.S. § 704; Pa.R.A.P. 741(a). The
failure to timely object to jurisdiction, “unless the appellate court shall otherwise
order, operate[s] to perfect the appellate jurisdiction of such appellate court,
notwithstanding any provision of law vesting jurisdiction of such appeal in another

        11
             There have been occasions where we have transferred appeals of quo warranto
complaints filed in this Court to the Supreme Court pursuant to Section 722(2), but they involved
the regularity of the appointment process and competing claims to the right to hold a particular
public office, which triggered the need of the immediate finality found in a direct appeal to the
Supreme Court to resolve the accompanying uncertainty. See, e.g., Reed v. Harrisburg City
Council, 995 A.2d 1137, 1139 (Pa. 2010) (describing that this Court transferred the matter to the
Supreme Court via single-judge order pursuant to Section 722(2)); Rastell v. DeBouse, 736 A.2d
756 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1999) (quo warranto action filed to determine which of two individuals was
properly appointed to a redevelopment authority). Thus, we distinguished Rastell from Appeal of
Bowers and Spano because the matter involved competing claims to an appointed seat. Rastell,
736 A.2d at 758-59. However, there are cases where this Court decided appeals in non-
prequalification quo warranto actions, notwithstanding observing that jurisdiction was probably
within the Supreme Court, but because no challenge to this Court’s jurisdiction was filed, our
jurisdiction was perfected. Bolus v. Murphy, 823 A.2d 1075, 1077 n.1 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2003) (Bolus
II), disapproved of in part on other grounds, Reed, 995 A.2d at 1140. These cases did not discuss
Spano or Appeal of Bowers having concluded that the jurisdictional issue was waived and,
therefore, are distinguishable.
         12
            Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1931(a)(1) generally requires that “the record
on appeal . . . shall be transmitted to the appellate court within 60 days after the filing of the notice
of appeal.” Pa.R.A.P. 1931(a)(1).

                                                  13
appellate court.” Pa.R.A.P. 741(a). Although this Court’s August 10, 2022, order
raised a question about this Court’s jurisdiction, that question was limited to whether
the Supreme Court or this Court had jurisdiction. The Commonwealth first asserted
that the Superior Court had jurisdiction in its brief, which was long after the last day
for filing the record in this Court.
      Moreover, even if the Commonwealth had not waived the objection, we would
conclude this Court has jurisdiction to consider Crosby’s appeal. There does not
appear to be a clear delineation between this Court and the Superior Court in
deciding quo warranto removal actions.          For example, there seems to be a
jurisdictional split with regard to constables, whereby the Superior Court hears
appeals based on the removal of constables from their offices and this Court
considers appeals of denials of petitions for appointment. See, e.g., In re Lehigh
County Constables, 172 A.3d 712 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2017) (appeal from denial of petition
seeking appointment of deputy constables); In re Seminerio (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 98
C.D. 2017, filed Nov. 15, 2017) (appeal from denial of petition for appointment of
constable); In re Petition to Remove Constable Visoski, 852 A.2d 345 (Pa. Super.
2004) (removal); In re Page, 205 A.2d 637 (Pa. Super. 1964) (removal of constable).
Notably, this Court transferred the appeal of a removal of a constable to the Superior
Court in In re Truss (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 779 C.D. 2017, filed Apr. 18, 2018), slip op.
at 4, citing Section 742 and noting “the Superior Court has routinely exercised
jurisdiction over appeals involving such removal actions.” The Superior Court has
also decided non-constable removal actions. Rambler I involved, as here, a mayor,
and that matter was decided by the Superior Court. These cases suggest removal
actions fall under Section 742 rather than Section 762.

                                          14
      However, this Court also has decided appeals of non-prequalification, non-
dual appointment quo warranto complaints. See, e.g., Commonwealth ex rel.
Christine v. Lambert (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 2118 C.D. 2008, filed July 2, 2009) (appeal
from order sustaining preliminary objections to quo warranto complaint seeking to
remove municipal authority executive director due to conviction for infamous
crime); Bolus v. Murphy, 823 A.2d 1075 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2003) (Bolus II) (appeal from
order sustaining preliminary objections to quo warranto complaint against two city
council members alleging they were not qualified to hold those positions),
disapproved of in part on other grounds, Reed v. Harrisburg City Council, 995 A.2d
1137, 1140 (Pa. 2010); Commonwealth ex rel. Lafayette v. Black, 620 A.2d 563 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 1993) (appeal of order granting judgment on the pleadings on quo warranto
complaint to determine if sitting borough council president was valid); Ret. Bd. of
Allegheny Cnty. v. Allegheny Cnty. Retirees Ass’n, 590 A.2d 1338 (Pa. Cmwlth.
1991) (appeal from order granting summary judgment on complaint seeking to
remove two elected officers from county retirement board). In some of those cases,
questions as to this Court’s appellate jurisdiction arose, but in relation to the
Supreme Court, not in relation to the Superior Court. Lambert, slip op. at 5 n.2;
Bolus II, 823 A.2d at 1077 n.1. Arguably, these removal actions are civil matters
that involve local officials and the interpretation of a statute, the Pennsylvania
Constitution, regulating their affairs, including their ability to perform their duties,
which would fall within the ambit of Section 762(a)(4)(i)(A). See In re Silverman,
90 A.3d 771, 775 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014) (declining to quash or re-transfer to the
Superior Court an appeal of a decision by a president judge acting as a court
administrator relating to “payment for services rendered by a court-appointed
attorney” because this Court “arguably ha[d] jurisdiction pursuant to Section

                                          15
762(a)(4) . . . (‘Commonwealth Court shall have exclusive jurisdiction of appeals
from final orders of the courts of common pleas in the following cases: . . . (4) Local
government civil and criminal matters.’)”). Importantly, this Court has addressed
the removal of public officials and is familiar with these proceedings and the law
related thereto. Thus, it cannot be said the issue is one peculiarly in the Superior
Court’s expertise. Therefore, we are not persuaded this Court lacks jurisdiction over
Crosby’s appeal so as to require its transfer to the Superior Court, particularly where
judicial economy would not be served by that transfer.
       We thus conclude we have appellate jurisdiction and will address the merits
of Crosby’s appeal.

III.   MERITS
       A.    Parties’ Arguments
       Crosby argues common pleas erred in granting judgment on the pleadings
because, under Rambler II, she was entitled to an opportunity to demonstrate that,
under the totality of the circumstances, her conviction for aggravated assault by
vehicle, a third-degree felony, did not constitute an infamous crime which would
render her ineligible to hold the office of Mayor. Crosby asserts not all felonies
should be considered infamous crimes, only those involving elements of deceit,
theft, dishonesty, or the public administration of justice, which would be consistent
with the Supreme Court’s seminal 1842 decision in Shaver. Crosby acknowledges
that precedent, including Griffin, Richard, and Bolus I “seem[] to suggest any and
all felonies” are infamous crimes that are distinct from crimen falsi offenses.
(Crosby’s Br. at 34, 44-49.) Crosby argues, however, the Supreme Court in Rambler
II “seemed to back off” this expansive holding by concluding that a federal felony
was not automatically an infamous crime, and the totality of the circumstances

                                          16
should be reviewed in each case to determine if the specific felony was infamous by
“taking into consideration whether public officials who engage[d] in such conduct
may still command public confidence as concerns their honesty, decency and good
moral character.” (Crosby’s Br. at 35-37 (quoting Rambler II, 32 A.3d at 667).)
Crosby argues that, under this standard, common pleas erred in granting judgment
on the pleadings based only on her admission of a felony conviction, without
examining, or allowing Crosby to establish, whether the underlying conduct
involved deceit, dishonesty, or similar behavior, or the public administration of
justice, which raised questions of disputed material fact. This analysis, Crosby
asserts, is supported by the York County Court of Common Pleas’ decision in
Bracey, which applied Rambler II to allow the presentation of evidence to determine
whether a felony drug conviction was an infamous crime rendering a city
councilperson ineligible under article II, section 7. Rambler II’s and Bracey’s
examination of the conduct itself, rather than just the grading of the crime, is
consistent, Crosby argues, with changes in Pennsylvania law regarding felonies,
including the elimination of the prohibition against people convicted of felonies
from voting or sitting as a juror.         (Crosby’s Br. at 45-46 (citing Mixon v.
Commonwealth, 759 A.2d 442 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2000)).)
       The Commonwealth argues common pleas committed no error of law in
granting judgment on the pleadings because precedent establishes a conviction “of
a felony in . . . Pennsylvania or . . . an offense involving crimen falsi, or a like offense
involving a charge of falsehood that affects the public administration of justice shall
be grounds to remove a public official from their office.” (Commonwealth’s Br. at
9.) The Commonwealth asserts Crosby’s arguments to the contrary are not the law
in Pennsylvania, which recognizes “felonies and crimen falsi offenses [as] distinct

                                            17
(albeit overlapping) categories, both of which contribute to the definition of
infamous crime.” (Id. at 10 (quoting Griffin, 946 A.2d at 674).) The Commonwealth
maintains “[o]ver 150 years of precedent should not be overturned based upon the
limited holding in . . . Rambler [II],” and Rambler II is readily distinguishable from
the matter sub judice. (Id. at 11-12.)

       B.      Discussion
       When reviewing a “decision to grant a motion for judgment on the pleadings,
this [C]ourt’s scope of review is plenary.” Piehl v. City of Philadelphia, 930 A.2d
607, 610 n.5 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2007). This review is confined to considering the
pleadings, and we must accept “as true all well[-]pled statements of fact, admissions
and any documents properly attached to the pleadings presented by the party against
whom the motion is filed.” Id. “[T]his [C]ourt will sustain the . . . grant of judgment
on the pleadings only where the movant’s right to succeed is certain and the case is
so free from doubt that a trial would be a fruitless exercise.” Id.
       Article II, section 7 of the Pennsylvania Constitution imposes a prohibition
against certain persons from holding office in Pennsylvania, stating “[n]o person
hereafter convicted of embezzlement of public moneys, bribery, perjury or other
infamous crimes, shall be eligible to the General Assembly or capable of holding
any office of trust or profit in this Commonwealth.” PA. CONST. art. II, § 7 (emphasis
added).13 To successfully establish a quo warranto action, the following must be

       13
            As a general rule, a quo warranto action constitutes the proper method to challenge the
title or right to public office. In re One Hundred or More Qualified Electors, 683 A.2d 283, 286
(Pa. 1996). The rationale for the exclusivity of the quo warranto remedy is:

      [Q]uo warranto is the Gibralter of stability in government tenure. Once a person
      is duly elected or duly appointed to public office, the continuity of [the person’s]
(Footnote continued on next page…)

                                               18
established: “(1) that the person to be ousted has been convicted of a crime; (2) that
the crime committed constitutes an infamous crime; and (3) that the person holds a
public office.” Richard, 751 A.2d at 651 n.11. “The purpose of removing one from
public office under [article II, section 7] is not to punish the officer. Instead, it is to
assure the requisite good character of those individuals whom our citizens look to
for governance.” Id. at 650.
       In Shaver, our Supreme Court described the meaning of “infamous crimes,”
stating: “The offences which disqualify a person to give evidence, when convicted
of the same, are treason, felony, and every species of the crimen falsi . . . , and other
offences of the like description, which involve the charge of falsehood, and affect
the public administration of justice.” 3 Watts & Serg. at 342.14 Since Shaver, both
the Supreme Court and this Court have consistently recognized, in cases involving
convictions under Pennsylvania criminal law, that a felony conviction constitutes an
infamous crime that is separate from a crimen falsi offense.
       In Richard, the Supreme Court explained that Shaver classified as infamous
crimes “felonies and crimen falsi offenses . . . , which has been followed for over
[150] years in this Commonwealth” and reaffirmed “that a crime is infamous for
purposes of [a]rticle II, [s]ection 7, if its underlying facts establish a felony, a crimen

       services may not be interrupted and the uniform working of the governmental
       machinery disorganized or disturbed by any proceeding less than a formal challenge
       to the office by that action which is now venerable with age, reinforced by countless
       precedent, and proved to be protective of all parties involved in a given controversy,
       namely quo warranto.

Id. (citing In re Bd. of Sch. Dirs., 180 A.2d 16, 17 (Pa. 1962)).
         14
            Our Supreme Court has explained that Shaver’s reliance on whether a particular crime
would disqualify an individual from being a juror or giving evidence was “unworkable,” and that
the Supreme Court had reviewed crimes without regard to whether they affected the individual’s
ability to serve on a jury or give evidence. Richard, 751 A.2d at 652 & n.12.

                                                19
falsi offense, or a like offense involving the charge of falsehood that affects the
public administration of justice.” Richard, 751 A.2d. at 652-53 (emphasis added).
The Court further explained that the scope of infamous crimes “espoused in Shaver
was ‘not sufficiently inclusive for the modern era,’” and that crimes that “may not
have existed at the time the Constitution was framed, may qualify as ‘infamous
crimes’ today.” Id. at 653 (quoting Petition of Hughes, 532 A.2d at 302). Applying
these longstanding principles, the Supreme Court examined the convictions of the
removed borough councilperson for terroristic threats, unlawful restraint, possession
of an instrument of crime, firearms not to be carried without a license, and reckless
endangerment of another person.             The Supreme Court concluded that, while
reprehensible, such crimes were not infamous and a constitutional impediment to
holding office because they did not “involve a felony, . . . a crimen falsi offense, or
a like offense involving the charge of falsehood that affects the public administration
of justice.” Id. at 653.15 This Court, in Bolus I, interpreted Richard as holding “that
all felonies are infamous crimes.” Bolus I, 785 A.2d at 177 (emphasis added). See
also In re Bolus, 251 A.3d 848, 854 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2021) (holding that under Richard,
“a candidate who has been convicted of either a felony or a crimen falsi offense is
constitutionally ineligible to hold elected office in the Commonwealth”) (emphasis
added).
       The Supreme Court subsequently applied Richard in Griffin to reject
arguments similar to those made by Crosby here.16 In Griffin, a municipal judge,

       15
          Justice Castille wrote a concurring and dissenting opinion, joined by Justices Nigro and
Newman, in which Justice Castille noted that what constitutes a felony is subject to alteration by
the Legislature, that the underlying nature of the conduct, rather than the grading of the offense,
should be the focus, and that the appellant’s crimes in Richard should have been considered
infamous notwithstanding they were not felonies or crimen falsi offenses. Richard, 751 A.2d at
654 n.3, 655 (Castille, J., concurring and dissenting).
       16
          Crosby’s counsel represented the respondent in Griffin.

                                               20
who was subject of a quo warranto action based on felony convictions for
fraudulently procuring a credit card, argued that precedent reflecting that “all” or
“any” felonies constituted infamous crimes “appear[ed] to go too far” and urged that
only felonies (and crimen falsi offenses) which undermined the administration of
justice should be considered disqualifying infamous crimes. 946 A.2d at 673. The
Supreme Court rejected those arguments, stating “in the years since Shaver was
decided this Court has consistently adhered to an interpretation in which felonies
and crimen falsi offenses are distinct (albeit overlapping) categories, both of
which contribute to the definition of infamous crimes.” Griffin, 946 A.2d at 674
(emphasis added). An interpretation treating crimes as infamous only if they were
crimen falsi offenses or felonies that undermine the administration of justice “would
render Shaver’s use of the term ‘felony’ superfluous.” Id. The Court was not
troubled that what constitutes a felony may change over time based on legislation,
reasoning: “As recognized by Shaver, the constitutional prohibition is triggered only
by a conviction, and not by the mere fact of dishonest, or even criminal, conduct,”
which “implies that the framers . . . intended that the law in force at the time of the
conviction should determine whether the crime was infamous.” Id. at 675. This is
a public policy determination (within constitutional limitations) to be made by the
Legislature, as the political branch of the government subject to the will of the
electorate. Id. Because the respondent had been convicted of felonies, which also
fell into the other two categories, the Supreme Court concluded the convictions were
for constitutionally infamous crimes. Id. at 676, 681.
      Crosby acknowledges this precedent but relies on Rambler II to argue the
Supreme Court has decided to allow deviation from its longstanding precedent. The
Commonwealth argues Rambler II is distinguishable. We agree that Rambler II is

                                          21
distinguishable, and although Crosby offers sound reasons why Rambler II’s
approach should replace the existing standard, until our Supreme Court does so, we
are bound by existing precedent.
      In Rambler II, the Commonwealth, through the York County District
Attorney, filed a quo warranto complaint seeking the removal of a mayor based on
the mayor pleading guilty to “a federal felony charge of mailing threatening
communications,” which the Commonwealth alleged was an infamous crime. 32
A.3d at 661. The local common pleas court granted judgment on the pleadings in
favor of the Commonwealth. The Superior Court reversed, accepting the mayor’s
argument that because the federal conviction carried a maximum sentence of two
years, it would be comparable to a misdemeanor in Pennsylvania and “was not
constitutionally infamous.” Id. at 662. The Commonwealth appealed. In accepting
the appeal, the Supreme Court described the main question before it as “whether a
federal felony offense constitutes an ‘infamous crime’ that disqualifies an individual
from holding public office under [a]rticle II, [s]ection 7 . . . , notwithstanding that a
similar offense defined under the [] Crimes Code[17] is graded a misdemeanor.” Id.
at 660.
      To answer this question, the Supreme Court reviewed its precedent, including
Shaver, Richard, and Griffin, to determine if all felonies, even those defined by other
jurisdictions, were infamous crimes. Rambler II, 32 A.3d at 662-63. The Supreme
Court explained its statement in Griffin regarding felonies as being a distinct
category of infamous crimes did not mean that “all extra-jurisdictional offenses
graded as felonies are constitutionally infamous.” Id. at 664. Rather, the Court
acknowledged that “as it pertain[ed] to in-state [c]rimes, [it] ha[d] adopted a

      17
           18 Pa.C.S. §§ 101-9546.

                                           22
posture of deferring to [its] own Legislature whereby any crime classified as a
felony is deemed an infamous one by virtue of such classification,” although the
Court noted there could come a time when the Legislature created a felony that so
departed from what was contemplated in Shaver and the minds of the framers that
the label alone would be insufficient. Id. (emphasis added). The salient point for
the Court, however, was that nothing in Shaver or its precedent “require[d]
substantial deference to out-of-state legislative bodies,” particularly where, “at
least at the federal level, the felony-misdemeanor distinction has now ‘solidified at
the one-year line,’” which no longer reflects the assumption that a felony constituted
a “grave moral transgression inherent in the underlying crime.” Id. at 665. The
Supreme Court also noted the proliferation of federal felonies which may be only
malum prohibitum, rather than malum in se.18 Id. at 665-66. Thus, the Supreme
Court concluded the labeling of a crime as a felony by some other jurisdiction or
comparing the extra-jurisdictional crime to a Pennsylvania crime was not sufficient
to render the crime infamous. Id. at 666. Instead, “when analyzing the state
constitutional implications of a federal felony conviction, it is appropriate to
consider the character of the underlying conduct” and “assess constitutional infamy
by taking into consideration whether public officials who engage in such conduct
may still command public confidence as concerns their honesty, decency, and good
moral character.”       Id. at 666-67 (emphasis added).             Examining the conduct
underlying the mayor’s federal felony conviction in Rambler II, which involved the
mayor’s attempt “to reap dishonest gain” by “attempt[ing] to steal from other

       18
          A crime “malum prohibitum” is “[a]n act that is a crime merely because it is prohibited
by statute, although the act is not necessarily immoral.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1045 (9th ed.
2009). In contrast, a “malum in se” crime is “[a] crime or act that is inherently immoral, such as
murder, arson, or rape.” Id.

                                               23
persons by threatening . . . them,” the Supreme Court held such conduct was “quite
obviously[] ‘inconsistent with commonly accepted principles of honesty and
decency,’” and was infamous for the purposes of article II, section 7. Id. at 667.
       Crosby argues Rambler II’s analysis should be applied to in-state felonies.
However, consistent throughout the Supreme Court’s analysis was its recognition
that the issue before it involved an extra-jurisdictional felony conviction and
whether the designation by the federal government of the crime as a felony was
entitled to deference and should control.           The Supreme Court concluded no
deference was due to those out-of-state designations and, in those situations, the
underlying conduct must be reviewed to determine if it met the article II, section 7
standard for constitutional infamy. The Supreme Court clearly distinguished the
treatment of extra-jurisdictional felony convictions from in-state felony convictions.
In the latter situation, the Supreme Court restated its precedent, which gave
deference to the Legislature’s classification of a crime as a felony and held in-state
felonies are a distinct (but perhaps overlapping) classification of infamous crime.
Nothing in Rambler II overrules Richard, Griffin, or Bolus I, and the Supreme Court
cited each for the above legal principles, which are equally applicable in this
matter.19
       The Supreme Court in Rambler II recognized the possibility the Legislature
could create a felony which could deviate “so sharply from” Shaver’s definition of
infamous crimes that it would not qualify as an infamous crime. Guidance can be
found in the Rambler II Court’s stated concerns regarding out-of-state felonies as to
what types of felonies might deviate from Shaver so as to not rise to constitutional

       19
          Because we do not find Crosby’s arguments about Rambler II changing the analysis of
in-state felonies persuasive, we will not address Crosby’s reliance on Bracey, which is not
precedential, as support for reversing.

                                             24
infamy. For example, in Rambler II, two of the Supreme Court’s reasons for not
deferring to the federal law’s classification of a crime as a felony were 1) because
federal law classifies any crime to which a sentence of over one year of
imprisonment is a felony, rather than misdemeanor, and 2) the proliferation of
malum prohibitum felonies, which would include “[u]sing profanity in a ‘ham’ radio
transmission” or “purchasing a field jacket from a member of the Armed forces.” 32
A.3d at 665 & n.7. In the Supreme Court’s view, federal law’s use of a one-year
sentence to define a felony weakened the reasonable assumption, held “in the past
centuries,” “that the invariably severe punishment for a felony reflected the grave
moral transgression inherent in the underlying crime.” Id. at 665. Further, relying
on extra-jurisdictional felonies that may only be malum prohibitum, the Supreme
Court stated, “could result in a disqualification . . . for violating laws ‘which are
wholly unknown here’” and could cause the disqualification of one “‘who is morally
blameless according to our own standards.’” Id. (quoting State ex rel. Barrett v.
Sartorious, 175 S.W.2d 787, 791-92 (Mo. 1943) (Ellison, J., concurring)). Such
concerns are not present in this matter as aggravated assault by vehicle under
Pennsylvania law is not a malum prohibitum offense that is “wholly unknown here,”
(id.), and the maximum sentence for a third-degree felony is seven years under
Section 1103 of the Crimes Code, 18 Pa.C.S. § 1103, with a potential two-year
enhancement for the felony at issue pursuant to Section 3732.1(b) of the Vehicle
Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § 3732.1(b).
      While the Court is sympathetic to Crosby’s position, we are not persuaded
that longstanding precedent, including Griffin, Richard, and Bolus I, which identifies
felonies and crimen falsi offenses as distinct types of infamous crimes that would
support the removal of a public official from office, can be abandoned based on

                                         25
Rambler II. Adopting Crosby’s interpretation that a felony is only an infamous
crime if it involves deceit, theft, dishonesty, or similar conduct in the administration
of public justice, would be contrary to the Supreme Court’s conclusion in Griffin.
      Thus far, as to Pennsylvania felonies, our Supreme Court has “see[n] no
reason to depart from [the] established principle[s],” which have “been followed for
over [150] years,” “that a crime is infamous for purposes of [a]rticle II, [s]ection 7,
if its underlying facts establish a felony, a crimen falsi offense, or a like offense
involving the charge of falsehood that affects the public administration of justice.”
Richard, 751 A.2d at 652-53 (emphasis added). Until the Supreme Court decides to
depart from those principles, this Court must abide by them. Applying those
principles, and reviewing the pleadings and documents attached thereto in the light
most favorable to Crosby as the non-moving party, we are constrained to find no
error in common pleas’ grant of judgment on the pleadings. Crosby admitted to
pleading guilty to and being convicted of aggravated assault by vehicle, which is a
third-degree felony; thus, the fact of Crosby’s conviction of a felony is undisputed.
Under Griffin, Richard, and Bolus I, the conviction of a felony under Pennsylvania
law constitutes an infamous crime under article II, section 7 of the Pennsylvania
Constitution and supported common pleas’ grant of judgment on the pleadings to the
Commonwealth.

   IV.    CONCLUSION
      Because this matter does not involve a prequalification challenge to an
individual’s eligibility to hold office, but rather a removal from office, the Supreme
Court does not have exclusive jurisdiction pursuant to Section 722(2) of the Judicial
Code. This Court’s jurisdiction over Crosby’s appeal was perfected under Rule
741(a) based on the lack of timely objection thereto by the Commonwealth. Finally,

                                          26
pursuant to longstanding precedent of our Supreme Court and this Court, which was
unaffected by Rambler II, an in-state felony conviction constitutes an infamous
crime for the purposes of article II, section 7 of the Pennsylvania Constitution.
Crosby’s admission that she was convicted in Pennsylvania of a felony renders the
fact of this conviction undisputed, and such conviction renders her ineligible to hold
the office of mayor under the Pennsylvania Constitution. Accordingly, we are
constrained to hold that common pleas did not err in granting judgment on the
pleadings on this basis and, therefore, we affirm.

                                       __________________________________________
                                       RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, President Judge

Judge McCullough and Judge Dumas did not participate in the decision in this case.

                                         27
        IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania            :
ex rel. Andy J. Watson, District        :
Attorney                                :
                                        :
                  v.                    :   No. 605 C.D. 2022
                                        :
Kaitlyn Nicole Crosby,                  :
                         Appellant      :

                                     ORDER

      NOW, July 18, 2023, the Order of the Court of Common Pleas of Potter
County, entered in the above-captioned matter, is AFFIRMED.

                                      __________________________________________
                                      RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, President Judge