Court Opinion

ID: 4652887
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-01-20 21:17:52.938961+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:50.558568
License: Public Domain

Filed
                                                                                          Washington State
                                                                                          Court of Appeals
                                                                                           Division Two

                                                                                          January 20, 2021

      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                          DIVISION II
    BRIAN CORTLAND, BRIAN GREEN,                                      No. 53282-4-II
    and CHRISTOPHER HUPY,

                         Appellants,

          v.
                                                               UNPUBLISHED OPINION
    LEWIS COUNTY, a municipal corporation,

                         Respondent.

         SUTTON, A.C.J. — Brian Cortland, Brian Green, and Christopher Hupy (“Cortland”) appeal

the superior court’s order awarding penalties following a Public Records Act (PRA)1 lawsuit

against Lewis County.

         Cortland argues that the superior court erred in applying Yousoufian2 by (1) failing to apply

the fourth aggravating factor and incorrectly applying the fifth mitigating factor, both regarding

reasonableness; and (2) incorrectly applying the fifth aggravating factor regarding bad faith.

Cortland also argues that he is entitled to an award of reasonable appellate attorney fees and costs.

         We hold that the superior court did not abuse its discretion by applying the Yousoufian

mitigating and aggravating factors as it did, and we deny Cortland’s request for attorney fees and

costs on appeal. We affirm the superior court’s order on PRA penalties.

1
    Ch. 42.56 RCW.
2
    Yousoufian v. Office of Ron Sims, 168 Wn.2d 444, 467-68, 229 P.3d 735 (2010).
No. 53282-4-II

                                              FACTS

       Cortland made three PRA requests to Lewis County for three separate transcripts of court

hearings Lewis County had obtained during ongoing litigation to which Lewis County was a party.

Lewis County timely responded and denied each request, claiming that the transcripts were exempt

from disclosure under RCW 42.56.290 because Cortland could not obtain copies of the transcripts

that Lewis County had paid for in civil litigation.

       Cortland sued and claimed that these were public records that Lewis County improperly

withheld. The superior court agreed. “Although custom and fairness may require court reporters

to be paid for copies of transcripts, this custom is not embodied as an exemption to the Public

Records Act. Custom and fairness are not reasons to restrict access to public records under the

Public Records Act.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 39. The court found that RCW 42.56.290 was “not

an appropriate exemption to avoid disclosure of the [three] transcripts requested.” CP at 38.

Therefore, the court found that Lewis County violated the PRA.

       In his brief for penalties, Cortland argued that Lewis County acted unreasonably and in bad

faith, and thus, the superior court should apply the aggravating factors from Yousoufian. CP at 55-

81. Cortland requested a penalty of $10 per page per day, or $349,970 per requester, resulting in

a total penalty award of $1,049,910, noting other cases where Lewis County violated the PRA.

Lewis County argued that it reasonably, but mistakenly, claimed an exemption and otherwise

strictly complied with the PRA in good faith, and the court should apply that as a mitigating factor.

Therefore, it argued the court should award a penalty of $1 per day per record and treat each

requested transcript as one record, for a total penalty award of $1,195 to be split amongst the three

requestors.

                                                  2
No. 53282-4-II

       The court found that Lewis County’s claim of an exemption was “clear and intelligible,

though legally wrong.” CP at 133. The court did not “find evidence of dishonest, bad-faith, or

intentionally illegal behavior by Lewis County, nor of animus against the Plaintiffs.” CP at 133.

The court considered four of the Yousoufian aggravating factors and three of the mitigating factors

to be relevant, although it did not apply all these factors:

       2.10. The [c]ourt considers these aggravating factors relevant:

                2.10.1. Factor (5) . . . The [c]ourt does not find bad faith or intentional
                noncompliance by Lewis County, but this factor encompasses the full range
                of culpability. When deciding to claim an exemption that may not be
                justified, there is an element of recklessness. Lewis County’s claimed
                exemption was intelligible, but cannot be considered reasonable because it
                was legally wrong.

                2.10.2. Factor (7) . . . The availability or unavailability of court transcripts
                from government entities is an issue of foreseeable public importance
                because of the amount of litigation in which the government is involved.

                2.10.3. Factor (8) . . . The requesters suffered no economic loss.

                2.10.4. Factor (9) . . . The [c]ourt wishes to impose a penalty to direct Lewis
                County to think more carefully before claiming uncertain exemptions,
                which is a type of deterrence.

       2.11. The [c]ourt considers these mitigating factors relevant:

                2.11.1. Factor (2) . . . Lewis County promptly and intelligibly responded
                with its claimed, but wrong, exemption.

                2.11.2. Factor (3) . . . The [c]ourt believes that Lewis County honestly
                believed its claim of exemption and otherwise strictly complied with the
                PRA’s procedural requirements in good faith.

                2.11.3. Factor (5) . . . The [c]ourt does not find Lewis County’s
                noncompliance “reasonable.” It cannot be reasonable because it was legally
                wrong.

CP at 134-35.

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No. 53282-4-II

       The superior court treated each transcript as one record, for a total of three records,

referencing its broad discretion to determine the type of “record” to which the penalty applies. CP

at 135. It also noted that “[t]he documents are conceptually unitary and there are not sufficient

aggravating circumstances to justify a per-page penalty.” CP at 135.

       Based on this, the superior court set a $10 per transcript per day penalty, for a total of

$11,950 to be split amongst the three requestors as they choose.

       Cortland appeals.

                                          ANALYSIS3

                                     I. PENALTIES ANALYSIS

       Cortland argues that the superior court erred by (1) failing to apply the fourth aggravating

factor and incorrectly applying the fifth mitigating factor, both regarding reasonableness; and (2)

incorrectly applying the fifth aggravating factor regarding bad faith. We hold that the superior

court has broad discretion in setting a PRA penalty and did not abuse its discretion by applying

the Yousoufian mitigating and aggravating factors as it did.

A. LEGAL PRINCIPLES

       “The PRA is a strongly worded mandate for broad disclosure of public records.”

Neighborhood Alliance of Spokane County v. Spokane County, 172 Wn.2d 702, 714, 261 P.3d 119

(2011). The PRA stands for the proposition that “‘full access to information concerning the

conduct of government on every level must be assured as a fundamental and necessary

precondition to the sound governance of a free society.’” Progressive Animal Welfare Soc’y v.

3
 The findings of fact are uncontested, so they are verities on appeal. Crystal Mountain, Inc. v.
Dep’t of Revenue, 173 Wn. App. 925, 931, 295 P.3d 1216 (2013).

                                                4
No. 53282-4-II

Univ. of Wash., 125 Wn.2d 243, 251, 884 P.2d 592 (1994) (quoting former RCW 42.17.010(11)

(1975)). And when evaluating a claim within the framework of the PRA, a court must “take into

account the policy of this chapter that free and open examination of public records is in the public

interest, even though such examination may cause inconvenience or embarrassment to public

officials or others.” RCW 42.56.550(3).

       In Yousoufian, our Supreme Court laid out a nonexclusive list of mitigating factors and

aggravating factors a superior court may look to for guidance when setting a PRA penalty.

       [M]itigating factors that may serve to decrease the penalty are (1) a lack of clarity
       in the PRA request, (2) the agency’s prompt response or legitimate follow-up for
       clarification, (3) the agency’s good faith, honest, timely, and strict compliance with
       all PRA procedural requirements and exceptions, (4) proper training and
       supervision of the agency’s personnel, (5) the reasonableness of any explanation
       for noncompliance by the agency, (6) the helpfulness of the agency to the requestor,
       and (7) the existence of agency systems to track and retrieve public records.

       Conversely, aggravating factors that may support increasing the penalty are (1) a
       delayed response by the agency, especially in circumstances making time of the
       essence, (2) lack of strict compliance by the agency with all the PRA procedural
       requirements and exceptions, (3) lack of proper training and supervision of the
       agency’s personnel, (4) unreasonableness of any explanation for noncompliance by
       the agency, (5) negligent, reckless, wanton, bad faith, or intentional noncompliance
       with the PRA by the agency, (6) agency dishonesty, (7) the public importance of
       the issue to which the request is related, where the importance was foreseeable to
       the agency, (8) any actual personal economic loss to the requestor resulting from
       the agency’s misconduct, where the loss was foreseeable to the agency, and (9) a
       penalty amount necessary to deter future misconduct by the agency considering the
       size of the agency and the facts of the case.

Yousoufian, 168 Wn.2d at 467-68 (footnotes omitted). The court emphasized that “the factors may

overlap, are offered only as guidance, may not apply equally or at all in every case, and are not an

exclusive list of appropriate considerations.” Yousoufian, 168 Wn.2d at 468. Further, “no one

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No. 53282-4-II

factor should control,” and “[t]hese factors should not infringe upon the considerable discretion of

trial courts to determine PRA penalties.” Yousoufian, 168 Wn.2d at 468.

       Our review of a PRA penalty is extremely deferential. Hoffman v. Kittitas County, 194

Wn.2d 217, 224, 449 P.3d 277 (2019). A superior court’s determination of daily penalties under

the PRA is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Yousoufian, 168 Wn.2d at 458. Discretion is

abused if the superior court’s decision is manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable grounds

or reasons. Yousoufian, 168 Wn.2d at 458.

B. REASONABLENESS

       Cortland argues that the superior court took “irreconcilable stances” because it stated

numerous times that Lewis County’s claimed exemption was unreasonable, but then it did not

make a conclusion of law regarding the fourth aggravating factor. Appellants Opening Br. at 15.

       The fifth mitigating factor is “the reasonableness of any explanation for noncompliance by

the agency,” and the fourth aggravating factor is the “unreasonableness of any explanation for

noncompliance by the agency.” Yousoufian, 168 Wn.2d at 467-68. There is nothing that requires

the superior court to apply any specific aggravating or mitigating factors since the factors are

highly case-specific and consider all the facts and circumstances of the particular case. Yousoufian,

168 Wn.2d at 468.

       Here, the superior court did not make a conclusion regarding the fourth aggravating factor,

the unreasonableness of the agency’s explanation for withholding. Rather, the court made

conclusion of law 2.11.3 regarding the fifth mitigating factor, stating, “[t]he [c]ourt does not find

Lewis County’s noncompliance ‘reasonable.’ It cannot be reasonable because it was legally

wrong.” The superior court found that Lewis County’s claimed exemption was not reasonable

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No. 53282-4-II

because “it was legally wrong,” but that Lewis County “honestly believed its claim of exemption

and otherwise strictly complied with the PRA’s procedural requirements in good faith.” CP at

135.

        Cortland misinterprets the superior court’s application of the law to the undisputed facts.

There is nothing in the court’s order to support Cortland’s argument that the court misapplied the

fifth mitigating factor in order to mitigate the penalty; rather, the court stated that it found the fifth

mitigating factor relevant. The fifth mitigating factor and the fourth aggravating factor are parallel

factors, providing that a court must consider the reasonableness or unreasonableness of the

agency’s explanation for withholding when setting a penalty. Yousoufian, 168 Wn.2d at 467-68.

But Yousoufian does not require the superior court to either aggravate or mitigate based on these

factors. See Yousoufian, 168 Wn.2d at 467-68. A third option within the court’s discretion is to

consider these factors but neither aggravate nor mitigate based on the agency’s stated reason for

withholding. See Yousoufian, 168 Wn.2d at 467-68.

        Because the superior court has “considerable discretion” in setting the PRA penalty, and

because the court is not required to apply all of the factors, we hold that the superior court did not

abuse its discretion by (1) choosing not to apply the fourth aggravating factor, and (2) concluding

that the fifth mitigating factor was relevant but not applicable.

C. BAD FAITH

        The fifth aggravating factor encompasses “negligent, reckless, wanton, bad faith, or

intentional noncompliance with the PRA by the agency.” Yousoufian, 168 Wn.2d at 468.

        There is nothing in the record to establish that Lewis County acted in bad faith. Lewis

County cited to case law and gave detailed reasoning for why it believed that the records were

                                                    7
No. 53282-4-II

exempt. The superior court found that Lewis County’s reasoning was consistent with sound policy

and practices regarding transcripts obtained during civil litigation and paid for by the opposing

party, here Lewis County.

       Because there is nothing in the record to establish that Lewis County acted in bad faith,

and because the superior court had “considerable discretion” to choose whether or not to apply this

aggravating factor, we hold that the superior court did not abuse its discretion by choosing not to

apply the fifth aggravating factor regarding bad faith. Yousoufian, 168 Wn.2d at 468.

D. AWARD

       Finally, Cortland argues that the superior court abused its discretion by setting the award

at $11,950. We disagree.

       As stated above, we review a superior court’s penalty award for an abuse of discretion,

giving deference to the superior court. See Yousoufian, 168 Wn.2d at 458.

       The superior court’s award of $11,950 was not an abuse of discretion because it was not

manifestly unreasonable. The court treated each transcript as a single record and set a penalty of

$10 per day per record. This was well within the superior court’s broad discretion.

       Therefore, we hold that the superior court did not abuse its discretion by setting the award

at $11,950.

                                 II. ATTORNEY FEES AND COSTS

       Cortland argues that he is entitled to an award of reasonable appellate attorney fees and

costs. We deny his request for appellate attorney fees and costs.

                                                8
No. 53282-4-II

       “If applicable law grants to a party the right to recover reasonable attorney fees or expenses

on review . . . the party must request the fees or expenses as provided in this rule.” RAP 18.1(a).

RCW 42.56.550(4) provides that any person who prevails in a PRA suit is entitled to reasonable

attorney fees and costs incurred in connection with such legal action. A party who prevailed on

the merits of a PRA suit is not necessarily entitled to attorney fees and costs on appeal when they

are not the prevailing party on appeal. See Hoffman, 194 Wn.2d at 233 n.12.4

       Although Cortland was the prevailing party on the merits, he has not prevailed on appeal.

He appealed only the penalty award, not the merits, and we affirm the superior court’s order

regarding penalties.

       Therefore, we deny his request for an award of appellate attorney fees and costs.

4
 In that case, the requestor prevailed on the merits but appealed the superior court’s penalty award.
Hoffman, 194 Wn.2d at 222-23. Our Supreme Court affirmed the superior court’s penalty award
and therefore, it held that the requestor was not entitled to appellate attorney fees because he did
not prevail on appeal. See Hoffman, 194 Wn.2d at 233 n.12.

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No. 53282-4-II

                                        CONCLUSION

        We affirm the superior court’s order on PRA penalties and deny Cortland’s request for

appellate attorney fees and costs.

        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,

it is so ordered.

                                                    SUTTON, A.C.J.
 We concur:

 GLASGOW, J.

 CRUSER, J.

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