Court Opinion

ID: 9651963
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-23 17:04:44.253889+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:08:39.121214
License: Public Domain

Filed 8/23/23 P. v. Viramontes CA4/2

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

             IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION TWO

 THE PEOPLE,

             Plaintiff and Respondent,                                    E079992

 v.                                                                       (Super.Ct.No. RIF2202333)

 JASON VIRAMONTES,                                                        OPINION

             Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Timothy J. Hollenhorst,

Charles Rogers, and Dwight W. Moore, Judges.* Reversed and remanded with

directions.

         Charles Thomas Anderson, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for

Defendant and Appellant.

         *   Judge Hollenhorst denied the motion to suppress at the preliminary hearing.
Judge Rogers denied the renewed motion to suppress at the special hearing. Judge Moore
pronounced sentence.

                                                             1
       Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney

General, Charles C. Ragland, Senior Assistant Attorney General, and Eric A. Swenson

and James H. Flaherty III, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

       A police officer stopped the car that defendant Jason Viramontes was driving

because it had illegally tinted windows. The officer then conducted a pat-down search of

defendant. He found over 43 grams of methamphetamine. Next, assertedly with

defendant’s consent, the officer and his partner searched the car. They found 3.5 grams

of methamphetamine and two handguns.

       At the preliminary hearing, the magistrate upheld both searches. The trial court,

however, ruled that the pat-down search was unconstitutional, because there were no

specific and articulable facts suggesting that defendant was armed and dangerous.

Nevertheless, it upheld the search of the car, because defendant had claimed that he was

“Eric Viramontes,” and the police had learned that Eric Viramontes was on probation.

       In this appeal, the People do not argue that either of the searches was valid.

Instead, they argue that all of the contraband was admissible under the inevitable

discovery doctrine. As the police learned after the searches, there was a warrant for

defendant’s arrest. In the People’s view, it was inevitable that the police would demand

defendant’s driver’s license, would learn that he was Jason Viramontes, would arrest him

on the warrant, and would search both him and the car.

       The People cannot show the requisite likelihood that the police would have

obtained defendant’s driver’s license. The police did not, in fact, demand it (except

                                             2
belatedly, when he was being transported). Instead, they asked for his name; he gave the

name of Eric, his brother; they did a records check, which produced a photo of Eric; and

defendant looked so much like Eric that they did not notice that it was not a photo of him.

Thus, it appears that, but for the unconstitutional searches, defendant could have passed

as Eric and thus could have evaded arrest.

       Defendant also contends that the trial court erred by imposing fines and fees

without an ability-to-pay hearing. As we are reversing on other grounds, we do not reach

this issue.

                                              I

                                STATEMENT OF FACTS

       The evidence at the preliminary hearing included the testimony of the arresting

officer, a video from his bodycam, and a video from his dashcam. No additional

evidence was introduced at the special hearing in the trial court.

       On the night of January 5, 2020, a police officer, who was on patrol with his

partner, turned on his overhead lights to conduct a traffic stop of the car that defendant

was driving. The officer testified that he did so because defendant’s front side windows

were tinted, which is illegal. (Veh. Code, § 26708, subd. (a).)1

       Defendant’s car moved over slowly toward the curb but did not stop. It made a

right turn from Tyler onto Hemet, another right turn into the parking lot of a Burger King,

       1       However, when defendant asked why the officer had pulled him over, the
officer said, “You don’t have license plates.” Actually, the car had paper plates.

                                              3
and a third right turn, as if “loop[ing]” back to Tyler. However, it stopped just short of

Tyler, under a light. The partner, using a PA system, ordered defendant to turn off his

car.

           Tyler was a no-parking zone. However, there were parking spaces on Hemet.

           As the officers walked toward his car, defendant opened his door, leaned out, held

out both hands — one empty, and one holding the key2 — and looked back at them.

According to the officer, this made him “uncomfortable,” because “it’s unusual for

someone to open their door . . . and have their body be outside the vehicle already.” In

his experience (including over 500 traffic stops), this usually meant the driver was going

to flee.

           Defendant said the car belonged to a friend. He denied being on parole or

probation.

           The officer ordered defendant out of the car and immediately conducted a pat-

down search, which he testified was for officers’ safety purposes. In defendant’s right

front pocket, he felt a bulge. He said, “What’s in your pocket right here?” “Mind if I

check?” Defendant said, “No problem.” He removed the object. It was a baggie with

over 43 grams of methamphetamine.

           2  The officer testified that he was “uncomfortable” because he could not see
the hand that was not holding the key. In his report, however, he had said that defendant
“was showing me both of his hands.” The video confirms that both of defendant’s hands
were visible.

                                                4
       The officer then handcuffed defendant and had him sit on a curb. There was this

exchange:

       “[Officer]: It’s not your vehicle?

       “[Defendant]: It’s — no, it’s not.

       “[Partner]: Mind if we check, right?

       “[Defendant]: . . . Well, I — I mean, I’m not giving you permission, but if you

guys wanna go you guys can check, yeah.

       “[Officer]: All right, well, we gotta look for more stuff.

       “[Defendant]: No problem.”

       The officers then searched the car. They found a baggie with 3.5 grams of

methamphetamine somewhere in the back. They found one handgun under the passenger

seat and a second handgun in a black backpack in the back seat.

       Defendant gave his name as Eric Viramontes and gave a date of birth. The officer

rifled through defendant’s wallet, as if looking for a driver’s license; the video shows

various cards, but no driver’s license.

       A records check showed that Eric Viramontes, with that date of birth, was on

probation and sometimes went by the name Bryan Viramontes. It also produced a photo

of Eric Viramontes. The officer did not appear to notice that the photo was not a photo of

defendant. Defendant said that Bryan was his twin brother and sometimes used his name.

       While being transported, however, defendant spontaneously admitted his true

name and true date of birth. He said Eric and Bryan were twins, and he was their

                                              5
younger brother. The officer remarked that defendant “look[ed] just like” Eric.

Defendant pointed out that his brother had “colored eyes,” but he did not; the officer said,

“You don’t?” (implying that he had not noticed the discrepancy).

       At the officer’s request, defendant provided his driver’s license number. A new

records check turned up the fact that he was on postrelease community supervision

(PRCS) and had a felony arrest warrant.

                                             II

                              STATEMENT OF THE CASE

       Defendant was charged by complaint with:

       Count 1: Possession of a controlled substance while armed with a loaded and

operable firearm. (Health & Saf. Code, § 11370.1, subd. (a).)

       Counts 2 & 3: Unlawful possession of a firearm. (Pen. Code, § 29800, subd.

(a)(1).)

       Count 4: Possession of methamphetamine for sale (Health & Saf. Code, § 11378),

with an enhancement for being personally armed with a firearm (Pen. Code, § 12022,

subd. (c)).

       Count 5: Transportation of methamphetamine (Health & Saf. Code, § 11379,

subd. (a)), with an enhancement for being personally armed with a firearm (Pen. Code,

§ 12022, subd. (c)).

       Count 6: Carrying a loaded firearm in a vehicle, after a prior felony conviction.

(Pen. Code, § 25850, subds. (a), (c)(1).)

                                             6
        The complaint also alleged two strike priors (Pen. Code, §§ 667, subds. (b)-(i),

1170.12) and one prior serious felony conviction enhancement (Pen. Code, § 667, subd.

(a)).

        Defendant filed a motion to suppress. (Pen. Code, § 1538.5.) At the end of the

preliminary hearing, the magistrate denied the motion and held defendant to answer on all

charges.

        The prosecution filed an information with the same charges. Defendant renewed

his motion to suppress as part of a motion to set aside the information. (§ 995.) The trial

court granted the motion with respect to the drugs found on defendant’s person and set

aside all counts based on those drugs; otherwise, it denied the motion.

        The prosecution filed an amended information, eliminating counts 4 and 5 and

renumbering count 6 as count 4; it also eliminated the prior serious felony allegation.

Defendant pleaded no contest and admitted the strike priors. He was sentenced to a total

of two years in prison.

                                             III

                                 THE RULINGS BELOW

        A.     The Magistrate’s Ruling.

        The magistrate ruled that the traffic stop was valid because defendant had illegally

tinted windows.

        The pat-down was valid because “on the totality of the circumstances, an officer

could believe his safety was in danger.” “[I]t is quite unusual for suspects to get out of a

                                              7
vehicle during a traffic stop. . . . [T]he [car] did not stop immediately. A PA system . . .

had to be used to direct the [car] to stop. [3] Once the vehicle did stop, the car door

opened, an individual was seen with keys in a hand, and [the officer] believed, again

based on his experience, that the suspect would run.”

       Defendant consented to the search of the car. “He initially said he did not give

permission and then he gave permission.” The magistrate also noted that defendant was

subject to search terms: “Had officers known [defendant’s] true identity . . . , they would

have a full right to search that entire vehicle.” “Additionally, [defendant] said that the

vehicle was not his. So . . . there was no right to privacy in that vehicle.”

       B.     The Trial Court’s Ruling.

       The trial court ruled that the traffic stop was valid because defendant had illegally

tinted windows.

       However, the pat-down search was invalid because there were no specific and

articulable facts suggesting that defendant was armed and dangerous. Although he could

have stopped sooner, he was not evasive or uncooperative. There were “two officers and

one suspect.” “[I]mmediately upon approaching the officers tell the defendant to get out

of the car. He gets out of the car and within three seconds he’s up against the car being

patted down. . . . Total time for the officer approaching and having him up against the

       3      Actually, the evidence showed that the car had already stopped before the
police used the PA system to order defendant to turn the car off.

                                              8
car is . . . less than five seconds.” “I get the very clear sense that this officer was going to

search him come hell or high water.”

       Defendant did not consent to the search of the car. “He was in fact saying ‘no, but

if you’re going to do it any way [sic], I can’t stop you. Go ahead.’ That’s how this Court

understands his statement.” The search of the car, however, was valid because the police

believed defendant was Eric Viramontes, who was on probation.

                                              IV

                                        DISCUSSION

       A.      General Legal Background.

       “A search without a warrant is unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment, unless

it fits in one of a few narrow exceptions allowing for warrantless searches. [Citation.]”

(People v. Vargas (2020) 9 Cal.5th 793, 814.)

       “Under section 1538.5, subdivision (i), where a defendant unsuccessfully moves to

suppress at the preliminary hearing, the motion may be renewed at a special hearing in

the superior court. At such a special hearing, and where, as here, the evidence is limited

to the preliminary hearing transcript, the superior court is ‘bound by the factual findings

of the magistrate and, in effect, becomes a reviewing court drawing all inferences in favor

of the magistrate’s findings, where they are supported by substantial evidence.’

[Citations.]

       “On appeal, we do not review the findings of the superior court since it acts as a

reviewing, and not a fact-finding court. Rather, ‘the appellate court disregards the

                                               9
findings of the trial court and reviews the determination of the magistrate who ruled on

the motion to suppress.’ [Citation.] In doing so, ‘all presumptions are drawn in favor of

the factual determinations of the [magistrate] and the appellate court must uphold the

[magistrate’s] expressed or implied findings if they are supported by substantial

evidence.’ [Citations.]” (People v. Snead (1991) 1 Cal.App.4th 380, 383–384, fn.

omitted.)

       “‘We exercise our independent judgment in determining whether, on the facts

presented, the search or seizure was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.’

[Citation.]” (People v. Silveria and Travis (2020) 10 Cal.5th 195, 232.)

       B.     The Traffic Stop.

       Defendant no longer contends that the traffic stop was invalid.

       C.     The Pat-Down Search.

       Defendant does contend that the pat-down search was unconstitutional. We agree

(meaning we agree with the trial court and disagree with the magistrate). A pat-down

search is authorized only if there are “specific and articulable facts” indicating that the

subject is “armed and dangerous.” (Terry v. Ohio (1968) 392 U.S. 1, 20–27.) The facts

here showed, at most, that defendant might flee. They did not show that he was armed or

that he might attack the officers. Accordingly, the trial court properly suppressed the 43

grams of methamphetamine found on defendant’s person.

       D.     The Search of the Car.

       We turn to the validity of the search of the car.

                                              10
              1.      Reasonable expectation of privacy.

       The magistrate erred by ruling that defendant could not object to the search

because he had admitted that he did not own the car. “A person . . . who has the owner’s

permission to use a vehicle and is exercising control over it has a legitimate expectation

of privacy in it.” (People v. Leonard (1987) 197 Cal.App.3d 235, 239.) To defeat this

expectation, there must be evidence that the defendant is not in legitimate possession; a

mere denial of ownership is not enough. (People v. Casares (2016) 62 Cal.4th 808, 835–

836, disapproved on unrelated grounds in People v. Dalton (2019) 7 Cal.5th 166, 214.)

              2.      Consent.

       We need not decide whether defendant consented to the search of the car. Even if

he did, his consent was the product of the illegal pat-down search and the resulting arrest.

       “‘“When the People seek to justify a search on the ground that consent was given,

they have the burden of proving . . . that the consent was lawful, was not a mere

submission to authority, and was not inextricably bound up with unlawful conduct.”

[Citation.]’ [Citation.] As a general matter, ‘consent to search given “immediately

following an illegal entry or search” is invalid because it “is inseparable from the

unlawful conduct.”’ [Citation.] And it is likewise generally true that consent given

following an illegal detention is inadmissible. [Citations.] ‘Where an illegal detention

occurs, unless “subsequent events adequately dispel the coercive taint of the initial

illegality, i.e., where there is no longer causality, the subsequent consent is” ineffective.

[Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (People v. Werner (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 1195, 1211–1212.)

                                              11
Here, the pat-down search was followed immediately by the arrest, which was followed

immediately by the asserted consent. There were no intervening events that could

disprove causality.

              3.      Probation or PRCS search.

       The search of the car cannot be justified as a probation or PRCS search.

Defendant gave his name and birth date as those of Eric Viramontes, but the police did

not learn that Eric Viramontes was on probation until after they had searched the car.

“[A]n otherwise unlawful search . . . may not be justified by the circumstance that the

suspect was subject to a search condition of which the law enforcement officers were

unaware when the search was conducted.” (People v. Sanders (2003) 31 Cal.4th 318,

335.) Moreover, the police did not specifically know that Eric Viramontes had a search

condition. They knew only that he was on probation, which does not necessarily carry a

search condition; therefore, it is insufficient to support a warrantless search. (People v.

Rosas (2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 17, 24–25.) Finally, while defendant himself was on

PRCS, which automatically carries a search condition (Pen. Code, § 3465; People v.

Douglas (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 855, 864), the police did not learn that, either, until after

the search.

              4.      Estoppel by wrongdoing.

       The fact that defendant gave a false name does not estop him from claiming the

search was invalid. When a suspect gives a false name, and when that prevents the police

from discovering the suspect’s search condition, the defendant’s wrongdoing raises an

                                             12
estoppel. (People v. Watkins (2009) 170 Cal.App.4th 1403, 1408–1410.) However, “that

estoppel is triggered when an officer receives the results from a record check based on a

false name.” (People v. Mathews (2018) 21 Cal.App.5th 130, 140.) The search here

happened before the officers received the results of the record check. In fact, it happened

before defendant even gave a false name.

       E.     Inevitable Discovery.

       So far, the People do not dispute any of this. Instead, they put all their chips on

inevitable discovery.

       “‘Under the inevitable discovery doctrine, illegally seized evidence may be used

where it would have been discovered by the police through lawful means . . . . The

purpose of the inevitable discovery rule is to prevent the setting aside of convictions that

would have been obtained without police misconduct.’ [Citations.]” (People v. Fayed

(2020) 9 Cal.5th 147, 183–184.) “The inevitable discovery exception requires the court

“‘to determine, viewing affairs as they existed at the instant before the unlawful search,

what would have happened had the unlawful search never occurred.’” [Citation.]”

(People v. Hughston (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 1062, 1072.) The prosecution “must

demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that, due to a separate line of

investigation, application of routine police procedures, or some other circumstance, the

[evidence] would have been discovered by lawful means.” (Ibid.)

       “‘The phrase “inevitable discovery” is somewhat of a misnomer’ inasmuch as the

‘doctrine does not require certainty. [Citation.] Rather, the People must show a

                                             13
“reasonable probability that [the challenged evidence] would have been procured in any

event by lawful means.”’ [Citation.]” (People v. Cervantes (2017) 11 Cal.App.5th 860,

872, fn. 11.) “‘The showing must be based not on speculation but on “demonstrated

historical facts capable of ready verification or impeachment.”’ [Citation.]” (Id. at

p. 872.)

       The prosecution did not raise inevitable discovery below. Nevertheless, the

People may raise inevitable discovery for the first time on appeal, if “[t]he factual basis

for the theory is fully set forth in the record, and it does not appear that any further

evidence could have been introduced.” (Green v. Superior Court (1985) 40 Cal.3d 126,

138.) Defendant contends that, because the prosecution did not raise inevitable discovery

below, the factual record is inadequate. We need not consider this contention, because

the record, even as it stands, falls short of proving inevitable discovery.

       The People’s position is that, in any traffic stop, the police can and do ask for the

driver’s license. Once defendant produced his license, it would have shown that he was

Jason Viramontes. Once the police ran a records check on Jason Viramontes, they would

have learned that he had an arrest warrant. And once they learned he had an arrest

warrant, they would have arrested him and conducted a search incident to arrest.

       Defendant argues that, even if he had been arrested, the police would not have

been authorized to conduct a search incident to arrest. (See Arizona v. Gant (2009) 556

U.S. 332, 343.) Even though he raised this argument in his opening brief, the People

have not responded to it.

                                              14
       Even if defendant is correct, it could also be argued that, once he was arrested, the

police would inevitably have impounded the car and conducted an inventory search. The

video shows the car being towed away.

       And it could also be argued that, once he was arrested, the police would have

learned that he was on PRCS. As mentioned, PRCS automatically carries a search

condition. And, as the trial court noted, the officer was determined to conduct a pat-

down search “come hell or high water.” Presumably, then, once he knew defendant was

on PRCS, he would have searched the car.

       We need not decide whether defendant’s arrest would inevitably have led to a

search of the car, because we agree with defendant that his arrest was not inevitable.

       Ordinarily, in a traffic stop, the first thing the officer does is ask the driver to

produce a license and registration. Here, however, we know for a fact that this was not

the first thing the officer did. Instead, he conducted the pat-down search. He looked

through defendant’s wallet but did not find a license. Thus, he asked defendant his name

and date of birth. Defendant identified himself as his brother, Eric. Then, the officer

conducted a records check on Eric. It produced a photo of Eric that “look[ed] just like”

defendant. The officer did not notice any discrepancy.

       Thus, the record does not show a reasonable probability that, in the absence of a

search, the officer would have asked for a driver’s license. Moreover, it indicates that

defendant did not have his license with him. Presumably, then, the officer would still

have asked defendant his name; defendant would still have said Eric; the officer would

                                               15
still have conducted a records check on Eric; and the officer would still have gotten a

photo that looked just like defendant. To his mind, the records check would have proven

that defendant was Eric and that Eric had a driver’s license. He would have written

defendant a citation for not having the license in his possession (Veh. Code, § 12951) —

and for having tinted windows — and would have let him go.

                                             V

                                      DISPOSITION

       The judgment is reversed. On remand, the trial court must allow defendant to

withdraw his nolo contendere plea and must grant his motion to suppress. (See People v.

Ovieda (2019) 7 Cal.5th 1034, 1053.)

       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                                               RAMIREZ
                                                                                          P. J.

We concur:

FIELDS
                          J.

MENETREZ
                          J.

                                            16