Court Opinion

ID: 4695727
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-15 17:00:53.308829+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:36.843818
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                   ________________

                 Nos. 19-2075 & 20-1288
                   ________________

           ABDALLAH MOHAMED KHAMIS,
                a/k/a SHOCK LNU,
                a/k/a SHAKA LNU,
                               Petitioner

                            v.

               ATTORNEY GENERAL
            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                     ______________

         On Petition for Review of an Order of the
              Board of Immigration Appeals
                  BIA No. A087-098-847
       (U.S. Immigration Judge: Alice Song Hartye)
                     ______________

      Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                     February 9, 2021

Before: CHAGARES, SCIRICA, and COWEN, Circuit Judges.

              (Opinion Filed: June 14, 2021)

                   ________________
                                        OPINION*
                                    ________________

SCIRICA, Circuit Judge

       Abdallah Mohamed Khamis seeks review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’s

dismissal of his appeal seeking deferral of removal under the Convention Against

Torture, as well as its denial of his motion to reopen. We will deny the petitions.

                                              I

       Abdallah Mohamed Khamis, a citizen of Tanzania, entered the United States in

1999 as a non-immigrant visitor and later became a lawful permanent resident. He was

then indicted in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York on two

counts for a yearlong conspiracy to import and distribute one kilogram or more of heroin.

He pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to distribute heroin in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(C), and 846, admitting that he distributed heroin with his

coconspirators. And he was sentenced in 2016 to eighteen months’ imprisonment. The

Department of Homeland Security commenced removal proceedings against Khamis

based on this conviction.

       In the removal proceedings, Khamis, through prior counsel, conceded that he was

not eligible for asylum or withholding of removal, for which he had initially applied, and

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.

                                             2
sought only deferral of removal under the Convention Against Torture1 (CAT). Despite

having narrowed the case solely to CAT relief, prior counsel referenced persecution, as

opposed to torture, twice at the merits hearing, and he did not present certain torture-

related evidence, including Khamis’s testimony about why he was not tortured during

prior travel to Tanzania. Further, prior counsel’s memorandum of law in support of

Khamis’s application contained several errors, including references to the Congo and

ethnic persecution, neither of which were at issue in this case.

       Nonetheless, prior counsel’s written and oral advocacy asserted that Khamis is

more likely than not to be tortured in Tanzania because he is human immunodeficiency

virus (HIV) positive. Prior counsel explained that Khamis will have to seek treatment at

government-run HIV clinics in Tanzania and argued that, due to the Tanzanian

government’s association of HIV with homosexuality, Khamis, despite being

heterosexual, will be accused of being homosexual. As a result of this, prior counsel

argued, Khamis will be tortured through imprisonment, compulsory anal examinations, or

deprivation of life-saving medication. He submitted evidence indicating that in Tanzania,

where homosexual acts are criminal offenses, the government launched a campaign

against homosexuality by shuttering non-governmental HIV clinics and arresting and

conducting compulsory anal examinations of individuals accused of being homosexual.

1
      See Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment art. 3, opened for signature Dec. 10, 1984, S. Treaty Doc. No.
100–20 (1988), 1465 U.N.T.S. 85 (entered into force June 26, 1987).

                                              3
And Khamis testified at the merits hearing that he fears returning to Tanzania because he

will be accused of being homosexual at government-run HIV clinics.

       The Immigration Judge denied CAT relief after concluding the evidence showed

Khamis was not more likely than not to be tortured. Khamis’s fear of torture was

speculative, the Immigration Judge found, because the Tanzanian government will not

perceive him to be homosexual or deprive him of HIV medication—instead, the

government prohibits discrimination against HIV positive persons and has implemented a

nationwide plan to provide better access to HIV treatment.

       Khamis, again through prior counsel, appealed to the Board of Immigration

Appeals, arguing that the Immigration Judge’s denial of CAT relief was not supported by

the record. Prior counsel’s memorandum of law to the Board mislabeled Khamis’s claim

as a particular social group persecution claim but argued that the denial of CAT relief

was error because the evidence showed the government crackdown on homosexuality

was leading to flagrant human rights violations, including against HIV positive persons.

The Board concluded that the Immigration Judge’s CAT finding was not clearly

erroneous because the evidence showed governmental efforts to treat HIV positive

persons and the country conditions report did not indicate that heterosexual persons with

HIV were perceived to be homosexual. Accordingly, the Board dismissed the appeal.

Khamis filed a petition for review of the Board’s decision that he did not meet his burden

for CAT relief.

       Khamis then filed a pro se motion to reopen with the Board based on ineffective

assistance of counsel and new evidence. He argued that prior counsel provided

                                             4
ineffective assistance by arguing for unavailable relief, submitting filings containing

errors, and failing to present additional evidence supporting his CAT claim. The Board

concluded prior counsel was not ineffective because his arguments for unavailable relief

and filings containing errors did not constitute deficient performance and his not

submitting additional evidence did not result in prejudice. It further concluded that the

new evidence—consisting of a U.S. Embassy communication and news articles about

Tanzania’s crackdown on homosexuality—was insufficient to warrant reopening the case

because it did not show that the Tanzanian government will perceive Khamis to be

homosexual. Accordingly, the Board denied the motion to reopen.

       Khamis then filed a second petition for review, challenging the Board’s denial of

his motion to reopen. We consolidated this petition with Khamis’s prior petition.

                                             II2

       Khamis contends prior counsel provided ineffective assistance by submitting

filings with errors, arguing for unavailable relief, and not submitting certain evidence. He

2
        The Board had jurisdiction under 8 C.F.R. §§ 1003.1(b)(3) & 1003.2(a), and we
have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a). Although our jurisdiction to review an order
of removal based on the commission of an aggravated felony is limited, Pierre v. Att’y
Gen., 528 F.3d 180, 184 (3d Cir. 2008) (en banc), those limits do not apply to our review
of the denial of a CAT application and a motion to reopen to reconsider a CAT
determination. See Grijalva Martinez v. Att’y Gen., 978 F.3d 860, 871 n.11 (3d Cir. 2020)
(citing Nasrallah v. Barr, 140 S. Ct. 1683, 1694 (2020)).
        “We review constitutional issues and questions of law under a de novo standard
and regard the Board’s factual determinations as conclusive unless any reasonable
adjudicator would be compelled to conclude the contrary.” Radiowala v. Att’y Gen., 930
F.3d 577, 581 (3d Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “We review
the denial of a motion to reopen for abuse of discretion and may reverse only if the denial
is arbitrary, irrational, or contrary to law.” Bamaca-Cifuentes v. Att’y Gen., 870 F.3d 108,
110 (3d Cir. 2017) (citation omitted).

                                             5
also contends the Board abused its discretion in denying his motion to reopen based on

the new evidence supporting his CAT claim. We conclude prior counsel did not provide

ineffective assistance of counsel. We further conclude the Board did not abuse its

discretion in denying Khamis’s motion to reopen based on the new evidence.

                                             A

       We begin with Khamis’s contention that prior counsel’s ineffective assistance

warrants a reopening of his case. To reopen an immigration case on this basis, the

noncitizen “must demonstrate that competent counsel would have acted otherwise and

that he was prejudiced by counsel’s poor performance.”3 Calderon-Rosas v. Att’y Gen.,

957 F.3d 378, 388 (3d Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

Showing the requisite prejudice means establishing that “there is a reasonable probability

that the [Immigration Judge] would not have entered an order of removal absent

counsel’s errors,” and “reasonable probability means merely a significant possibility.” Id.

at 387 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

       To determine whether there is a significant possibility of a different outcome to

establish prejudice, we look to the relationship between the alleged deficient performance

and the basis for the denial of relief. For example, in Calderon-Rosas, prior counsel did

not submit medical records of the petitioner’s children’s serious health issues, and the

petitioner’s application for cancellation of removal was denied because the Immigration

3
      An ineffective assistance claim in an immigration case also has a procedural
component, Rranci v. Att’y Gen., 540 F.3d 165, 172 (3d Cir. 2008), which the
Government does not dispute Khamis met here.

                                             6
Judge found the petitioner’s children were in good health. 957 F.3d at 382. We held there

was a significant possibility of a different outcome had counsel submitted the medical

record evidence because a strong case exists for a noncitizen with “a qualifying child

with very serious health issues” and the denial of relief “focus[ed] on hardship to

Calderon-Rosas’s children and on their good health.” Id. at 388 (internal quotation marks

and citation omitted).

       Khamis does not establish the requisite prejudice because there is not a significant

possibility of CAT relief being granted in the absence of the errors he alleges. Khamis

contends prior counsel’s performance was deficient in that he submitted flawed filings

and arguments and did not submit additional evidence. But the Immigration Judge and

the Board denied CAT relief due to a lack of evidence that Khamis was likely to be

tortured in Tanzania based on his HIV positive status. Thus, only a failure to submit

evidence of this kind could have resulted in prejudice because, even if prior counsel’s

filings and arguments had been flawless, it was this lack of evidence that was fatal to

Khamis’s CAT application.4 And unlike in Calderon-Rosas, where the omitted evidence

established a strong case for relief, the evidence Khamis contends was erroneously

omitted here, as explained below, does not establish that HIV positive persons are likely

4
       To the extent Khamis contends prior counsel’s imperfect filings and arguments
prejudiced him by preventing him from reasonably presenting his argument, that
contention is belied by the Immigration Judge’s and the Board’s accurate recitations of
his argument.

                                             7
to be tortured in Tanzania. Submitting this evidence would therefore not have resulted in

a significant possibility of a different outcome.5

       Accordingly, prior counsel did not provide ineffective assistance because Khamis

was not prejudiced by the alleged errors.

                                              B

       We next turn to Khamis’s contention that new evidence warrants reopening his

case. To prevail on a motion to reopen removal proceedings for a reassessment of a CAT

application, the applicant must “produce objective evidence showing a ‘reasonable

likelihood’ that he can establish that he is more likely than not to be tortured.” Sevoian v.

Ashcroft, 290 F.3d 166, 175 (3d Cir. 2002) (citation omitted). A reasonable likelihood is

a realistic chance. Fadiga v. Att’y Gen., 488 F.3d 142, 160 (3d Cir. 2007) (citation

omitted).

       Khamis’s new evidence does not show a reasonable likelihood that he can

establish he is more likely than not to be tortured on account of his HIV positive status.

He contends he will be tortured because the Tanzanian government perceives HIV

positive persons to be homosexual. To establish this governmental perception, Khamis

points to news article reports of the government’s shuttering nongovernmental HIV

organizations during its crackdown on homosexuality. But the reports indicate the

government shuttered those organizations because they actively supported homosexual

5
        To the extent Khamis contends he was prejudiced by prior counsel not eliciting his
testimony explaining the lack of torture during his prior travel to Tanzania, this argument
fails, as Khamis’s testimony about his travel was elicited by the Immigration Judge and
became part of the record.

                                              8
activity, not because of a perceived connection between HIV and homosexuality. The

government’s shuttering of nongovernmental HIV organizations that supported

homosexual activity while operating HIV clinics that do not support homosexual activity

does not indicate a conflation of homosexuality and HIV positive status.

      Accordingly, the Board did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion to

reopen because the new evidence does not show that HIV positive persons are likely to

be tortured in Tanzania.

                                           III

      For the reasons stated above, we will deny Khamis’s petitions for review.

                                            9