Court Opinion

ID: 9804782
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-31 17:11:30.311678+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:37:04.598127
License: Public Domain

Baltimore Police Department, et al. v. Open Justice Baltimore, No. 20, September Term,
2022. Opinion by Biran, J.

STATUTORY INTERPRETATION – MARYLAND PUBLIC INFORMATION
ACT – WAIVER OF FEES – The Maryland Public Information Act (the “MPIA”)
permits an agency records custodian to charge a reasonable fee for compliance with a
request to disclose public records. The MPIA also permits the custodian to waive fees, in
whole or in part, if the custodian determines that a waiver would be in the public interest.
Md. Code Ann., General Provisions (“GP”) § 4-206(e)(2)(ii). The Supreme Court of
Maryland held that the MPIA vests custodians with discretion to determine which factors
(in addition to an applicant’s ability to pay the fee and whether the public would benefit
from disclosure of the requested records) are relevant to the determination of whether a fee
waiver would be in the public interest. Custodians also have discretion to determine
whether the waiver would be in the public interest after considering all relevant factors,
which may include the monetary cost of compliance to the agency as well as the burden on
agency personnel. If a custodian concludes that a waiver in whole or in part of a fee would
be in the public interest, the custodian does not have discretion to deny such a waiver.

APPELLATE REVIEW – DENIAL OF FEE WAIVER UNDER THE MPIA – The
Supreme Court held that an agency custodian’s denial of a request for a fee waiver is
reviewed under the arbitrary and capricious standard.

MPIA – DENIAL OF FEE WAIVER – ARBITRARY AND CAPRICIOUS REVIEW
– The Supreme Court held that Petitioner, Baltimore Police Department (“BPD”),
arbitrarily and capriciously denied the request for a fee waiver made by Respondent, Open
Justice Baltimore (“OJB”). BPD’s custodian misapplied certain factors in its analysis and
failed to consider other factors: whether disclosure of the records in question would shed
light on a public controversy; and whether a complete denial of a fee waiver would
exacerbate the controversy.

APPELLATE REVIEW – ARBITRARY AND CAPRICIOUS AGENCY ACTION –
REMEDY – The Supreme Court held that the proper remedy in light of the custodian’s
errors in making the public interest determination under GP § 4-206(e)(2)(ii) was a remand
to BPD for reconsideration of that determination, properly applying all relevant factors.
Circuit Court for Baltimore City
Case No. 24-C-20-001269
Argued: January 6, 2023
                                                                         IN THE SUPREME COURT

                                                                              OF MARYLAND*

                                                                                     No. 20

                                                                             September Term, 2022

                                                                BALTIMORE POLICE DEPARTMENT, ET AL.

                                                                                       v.

                                                                        OPEN JUSTICE BALTIMORE

                                                                     Fader, C.J.
                                                                     Watts
                                                                     Hotten
                                                                     Booth
                                                                     Biran
                                                                     Gould
                                                                     Eaves,

                                                                               JJ.

                                                                              Opinion by Biran, J.

                                                                             Filed: August 31, 2023

                                                                * At the November 8, 2022 general election, the
                                                                voters of Maryland ratified a constitutional
Pursuant to the Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal Materials     amendment changing the name of the Court of
Act (§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this   Appeals of Maryland to the Supreme Court of
document is authentic.
                                                                Maryland. The name change took effect on
                 2023-08-31 12:53-04:00
                                                                December 14, 2022.

Gregory Hilton, Clerk
       For more than 40 years, the Maryland Public Information Act (the “MPIA” or the

“Act”) has allowed records custodians, in certain circumstances, to grant requests for

waivers of fees to search for, prepare, and produce records sought under the Act. The

current version of the MPIA’s fee waiver provision states, in part, that an official custodian

may grant a requested fee waiver if, “after consideration of the ability of the applicant to

pay the fee and other relevant factors, the official custodian determines that the waiver

would be in the public interest.” Md. Code Ann., General Provisions (“GP”) § 4-206(e)

(2019 Repl. Vol.). This is the first case in which this Court has considered a challenge to a

custodian’s denial of a request for such a fee waiver.

       Respondent, Open Justice Baltimore (“OJB”), is an organization interested in

investigating and publicizing reports of police misconduct. In late 2019 and early 2020,

OJB filed several requests under the MPIA with the Baltimore Police Department (“BPD”),

seeking records relating to citizen and administrative complaints of police misconduct, as

well as department-initiated investigations of police misconduct by BPD’s Special

Investigation Response Team (“SIRT”) and of other incidents involving uses of force. This

appeal concerns OJB’s requests for production of certain closed files relating to SIRT

investigations and other use of force investigations. BPD provided an estimate to OJB that

quoted a cost of more than $245,000 to produce 2,337 such files. OJB asked BPD to waive

the fees to produce them. OJB asserted that a fee waiver would be in the public interest

because the disclosure of the records would promote transparency and increase trust

between Baltimore citizens and BPD. OJB also told BPD that it was “a program of a non-
profit organization” and had been “deemed a public interest organization, classified tax-

exempt, not generating any beneficiary income.”

       OJB refused to narrow its request to lessen the costs of compliance and insisted that

BPD waive the entire fee. BPD had questions about how OJB intended to disseminate the

requested records to the public and whether the public would be able to understand the

records with the redactions that would be necessary. These and other concerns led BPD to

conclude that a fee waiver would not be in the public interest. BPD denied the fee waiver

request in its entirety. However, before doing so, BPD did not share its specific concerns

with OJB and give OJB the opportunity to attempt to address them.

       OJB sought judicial review of BPD’s denial of the requested fee waiver in the

Circuit Court for Baltimore City. Seeking summary judgment, BPD and then-BPD Police

Commissioner Michael Harrison (collectively, “BPD”)1 submitted an affidavit from the

official who decided to deny the fee waiver. That official attested that, after careful

consideration of OJB’s request, he had determined that disclosure of the investigation

records would not aid the public in understanding what BPD was doing to address its

problems concerning police misconduct. Among other things, he concluded that, given the

resources already publicly available that explain BPD’s efforts to improve its practices

under a federally monitored consent decree, requiring Baltimore City taxpayers to pay the

       1
         OJB initially named BPD, the City of Baltimore, and Commissioner Harrison (in
his official capacity) as defendants in the Complaint. The parties subsequently filed a
stipulation dismissing the City of Baltimore as a party in the case. BPD and Commissioner
Harrison jointly filed the petition for certiorari that we granted in this case. Commissioner
Harrison resigned his position as Commissioner of BPD in June 2023.

                                             2
costs associated with providing the closed investigation files to OJB would not be in the

public interest.

       The circuit court upheld the denial of the fee waiver, determining that BPD’s

decision was not arbitrary or capricious. OJB appealed to the Appellate Court of Maryland

(at the time, called the Court of Special Appeals of Maryland),2 which reversed the circuit

court’s ruling. The Appellate Court concluded that BPD failed to meaningfully consider

whether disclosure of the closed investigation files would aid the public’s understanding

of how BPD was addressing allegations of police misconduct. Thus, the Appellate Court

determined, BPD’s denial of the requested fee waiver was arbitrary and capricious. BPD

sought further review of the Appellate Court’s judgment in this Court.

       The MPIA vests official custodians with broad discretion in determining whether a

requested fee waiver is in the public interest. Custodians have discretion to decide which

factors in a particular case are relevant to the public interest determination (in addition to

the applicant’s ability to pay the fee). Custodians also have discretion to decide whether

the application of all relevant factors demonstrates that a fee waiver would be in the public

interest in a particular case. However, while an official custodian’s discretion in these

matters is broad, it is not boundless. As we explain below, in this case BPD’s fee waiver

denial was arbitrary and capricious because BPD failed to meaningfully consider all

relevant factors in deciding whether to grant OJB’s requested fee waiver. In particular,

       2
         At the November 8, 2022 general election, the voters of Maryland ratified a
constitutional amendment changing the name of the Court of Special Appeals of Maryland
to the Appellate Court of Maryland. The name change took effect on December 14, 2022.

                                              3
BPD failed to meaningfully consider: (1) whether the fee waiver would further the public

interest by shedding light on the public controversy concerning BPD’s failure to properly

investigate officer misconduct; and (2) whether completely denying the fee waiver would

exacerbate that public controversy by contributing to the appearance of a lack of

transparency. We will order a remand to BPD to reconsider OJB’s requested fee waiver in

light of these and all other relevant factors, which include OJB’s ability to pay the quoted

fees and the cost to, and burden on, BPD to comply with OJB’s requests.

                                             I

                                       Background

       We first provide a brief background of the MPIA and its fee waiver provision, and

then summarize the facts and procedural history of this case.

   A. The MPIA Permits Official Custodians to Charge and Waive Fees.

       The MPIA states that “[a]ll persons are entitled to have access to information about

the affairs of government and the official acts of public officials and employees.”

GP § 4-103(a). Consistent with this broad remedial purpose, the General Assembly

requires that we construe the MPIA “in favor of allowing inspection of a public record,

with the least cost and least delay to the person or governmental unit that requests the

inspection.” Id. § 4-103(b).

       The General Assembly had to balance the statute’s broad remedial purpose against

the practical and logistical constraints on official custodians3 to comply with MPIA

       3
        “‘Official custodian’ means an officer or employee of the State or of a political
subdivision who is responsible for keeping a public record, whether or not the officer or

                                             4
requests from multiple applicants,4 some of which might call for production of voluminous

records. Producing a record responsive to an applicant’s MPIA request can require: a

search for the record; scanning and/or photocopying it; reviewing it for items that must be

redacted, or may be redacted, in light of statutory provisions;5 making any such necessary

redactions; and delivering the record to the applicant. Thus, if the number of pages of

responsive records is in the thousands (or tens or hundreds of thousands), and if the records

sought require significant redactions before disclosure, it likely will take many hours of

work – sometimes adding up to weeks or months of work – to complete the production.

       The General Assembly chose to balance these competing interests by permitting

official custodians to charge applicants reasonable fees connected to the time and labor of

compiling and producing the requested records. GP § 4-206(b). A “[r]easonable fee” is

defined as “a fee bearing a reasonable relationship to the recovery of actual costs incurred

by a governmental unit.” Id. § 4-206(a)(3). The governmental unit may not charge an

employee has physical custody and control of the public record.” Md. Code Ann., General
Provisions (“GP”) § 4-101(f) (2019 Repl. Vol., 2022 Supp.). All further references to the
General Provisions Article in the text and footnotes of this opinion, with the exception of
citations to § 4-206, will be to the version contained in the 2022 Supplement to the 2019
Replacement Volume, unless otherwise indicated.
       4
        An “[a]pplicant” is “a person or governmental unit that asks to inspect a public
record.” GP § 4-101(b).
       5
         See, e.g., GP § 4-351(d)(1) (with respect to records relating to an administrative or
criminal investigation of misconduct by a police officer, requiring redaction of medical
information of a “person of interest” (i.e., a person “that is the subject of a public record,”
id. § 4-101(g)(1)), personal contact information of the person of interest or a witness, and
information relating to the family of the person of interest).

                                              5
applicant for the first two hours “that are needed to search for a public record and prepare

it for inspection.” Id. § 4-206(c).

       1. The Fee Waiver Provision

       When the General Assembly first enacted the MPIA in 1970, it prescribed the

following for fees associated with record requests:

       (a) In all cases in which a person has the right to inspect any public records
           he may request that he be furnished copies, printouts or photographs for
           a reasonable fee to be set by the official custodian. Where fees for
           certified copies or other copies, printouts or photographs of such record
           are specifically prescribed by law, such specific fees shall apply.

       (b) If the custodian does not have the facilities for making copies, printouts
           or photographs of records which the applicant has the right to inspect,
           then the applicant shall be granted access to the records for the purpose
           of making copies, printouts or photographs. The copies, printouts or
           photographs shall be made while the records are in the possession,
           custody and control of the custodian thereof and shall be subject to the
           supervision of such custodian. When practical, they shall be made in the
           place where the records are kept, but if it is impractical to do so, the
           custodian may allow arrangements to be made for this purpose. If other
           facilities are necessary the cost of providing them shall be paid by the
           person desiring a copy, printout or photograph of the records. The official
           custodian may establish a reasonable schedule of times for making
           copies, printouts or photographs and may charge a reasonable fee for the
           services rendered by him or his deputy in supervising the copying,
           printing out or photographing as he may charge for furnishing copies
           under this section.

1970 Md. Laws 1974 (ch. 698) (codified as Article 76A, § 4, of the Annotated Code of

Maryland). Thus, the MPIA originally only permitted a custodian to charge reasonable fees

for providing copies of requested records and for supervising an applicant in their copying

of the requested records.

                                             6
       In 1982, the General Assembly added three new provisions to the MPIA related to

fees. 1982 Md. Laws 2958 (ch. 431). Section 4(c) of Article 76A expressly broadened the

types of fees a record custodian could charge for fulfilling an MPIA request: “Except as

provided in subsection (d) of this section, the official custodian may charge reasonable fees

for the search and preparation of records for inspection and copying.” Md. Code Ann., Art.

76A, § 4(c) (1957, 1980 Repl. Vol., 1983 Supp.).

       New section 4(d) stated that an “official custodian may not charge any search or

preparation fee for the first 2 hours of official or employee time that is needed to respond

to a request for information.” Id. § 4(d).

       Finally, the General Assembly added a fee waiver provision to the MPIA as new

section 4(e): “The official custodian may waive any cost or fee charged under this subtitle

if a waiver is requested and the official custodian determines that a waiver would be in the

public interest. The official custodian shall consider, among other relevant factors, the

ability of the requester to pay the cost or fee.” Id. § 4(e).

       Two years after this amendment, the MPIA was recodified as part of Subtitle 6, Title

10, of the new State Government Article. See 1984 Md. Laws 1366-67 (ch. 284). The fee

waiver provision included new language derived (according to the Revisor’s Note) without

substantive change from section 4(e) of Article 76A. It provided:

       Waiver. – The official custodian may waive a fee under this section if:
             (1) The applicant asks for a waiver; and
             (2) After consideration of the ability of the applicant to pay the fee
                 and other relevant factors, the official custodian determines that
                 the waiver would be in the public interest.

Id.; Md. Code Ann., State Gov’t § 10-621(d) (1984).

                                                7
       In 2014, the MPIA was recodified as Title 4 of the General Provisions Article. See

2014 Md. Laws 407-09 (ch. 94). The fee waiver provision was recodified as § 4-206(e)

without any change in language. See id. at 493-94. In 2015, the General Assembly amended

§ 4-206(e), adding a provision that allows an official custodian to grant a request for a fee

waiver where an applicant who asks for a waiver “is indigent and files an affidavit of

indigency.” GP § 4-206(e)(2)(i); see 2015 Md. Laws 619 (ch. 135) & 647 (ch. 136). Since

2015, there have been no changes to the language of § 4-206(e).

       2. Dispute Resolution Opportunities Regarding Fees Under the MPIA

       As part of the 2015 amendments to the MPIA, the General Assembly created a State

Public Information Act Compliance Board (the “Board”). See GP § 4-1A-01 (2019 Repl.

Vol.); 2015 Md. Laws 604 (ch. 135) & 632 (ch. 136). At the same time, the General

Assembly created an Office of the Public Access Ombudsman (the “Ombudsman”).

GP § 4-1B-02 (2019 Repl. Vol.); 2015 Md. Laws 613 (ch. 135) & 640 (ch. 136).

       One of the Ombudsman’s duties is to make “reasonable attempts to resolve disputes

between applicants and custodians relating to,” among other things, “a request for or denial

of a fee waiver under § 4-206(e)[.]” GP § 4-1B-04(a)(6). The MPIA does not provide the

Board with authority to consider complaints about fee waiver denials. See generally

GP § 4-1A-4. However, one of the Board’s duties is to “receive, review, and … resolve

complaints filed … from any applicant or the applicant’s designated representative alleging

that a custodian … charged an unreasonable fee under § 4-206 of this title of more than

$350[.]” Id. § 4-1A-04(a)(1)(ii).

                                             8
       3. The MPIA Depends Upon Collaboration.

       For the MPIA to work as the General Assembly intends, applicants and custodians

must engage in collaborative efforts when the path to fulfillment of a records request

presents obstacles. As we have previously observed, “[i]t is often true that a requestor is at

a disadvantage in formulating [an MPIA] request because the requestor does not know

what records the agency keeps or how it keeps them.” Glass v. Anne Arundel Cnty., 453

Md. 201, 232 (2017). As such, we have advised that, when possible, “an agency should in

good faith provide some reasonable assistance to the requestor in refining the request for

the records the requestor seeks.” Id. However, an applicant needs to recognize that their

submission of a “broadly-worded request” often will present challenges for custodians. Id.

“Literal compliance with such a request … would often require such a diversion of

resources and agency time as to amount to a huge expense.” Id. at 232-33. For these

reasons:

       In practice, a productive response to a PIA request is often an iterative
       process in which the agency reports on the type and scope of the files it holds
       that may include responsive records, and the requestor refines the request to
       reduce the labor (and expense) of searching those records. When the
       requestor and agency work together, the process approximates the purpose
       and policy of the PIA. When they do not, what results is the requestor
       insisting on what, to the agency, is an unbounded and unreasonable search
       and the agency insisting on what, to the requestor, is an unbounded and
       unreasonable fee.

Id. at 233. As noted above, in 2015, the General Assembly established the Ombudsman’s

Office. Thus, if initial collaborative efforts between an applicant and a custodian

concerning a requested fee waiver are not successful, the parties may attempt to resolve

their dispute with the assistance of the Ombudsman. See GP § 4-1B-04(a)(6).

                                              9
       As we shall see, a breakdown in collaboration occurred in this case.

   B. Facts and Procedural History of This Case

       The record in this case is a tangled web. OJB submitted several broadly and

similarly worded MPIA requests to BPD in a short period of time. BPD did not respond

timely and fully to all of OJB’s requests. Indeed, BPD initially misplaced one of the

requests. Once the parties began communicating in earnest, additional errors and

misunderstandings plagued the process. Neither party ultimately displayed much

willingness to engage in the kind of collaborative process that the MPIA contemplates will

occur in challenging situations like this one.

       We begin by providing some background about the types of records OJB sought in

its MPIA requests to BPD. We then summarize OJB’s requests. Next, we recount OJB’s

filing of this case and the parties’ communications concerning a fee waiver. Finally, we

discuss BPD’s motion to dismiss or, alternatively, for summary judgment, the circuit

court’s ruling, and OJB’s appeal to the Appellate Court.

       1. Use of Force Records Generated by the Baltimore Police Department

       This appeal concerns records generated by BPD when it conducts an internal

investigation into a police officer’s use of force. A brief summary of the types of records

BPD generates is a helpful foundation to understand the substance of OJB’s requests. We

note, however, that the policies and procedures discussed below are in flux as the Baltimore

Consent Decree Monitoring Team continues its efforts under a consent decree (the

“Consent Decree”) to remedy constitutional defects in BPD’s policing. See generally City

of Baltimore Consent Decree, City of Balt., available at https://perma.cc/8ZCQ-EY8W

                                             10
(describing the Consent Decree as a “court enforceable agreement to resolve [the

Department of Justice’s] findings that it believed [BPD] had engaged in a pattern and

practice of conduct that violates the First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the

United States Constitution, and certain provisions of federal statutory law”).6

       BPD has established a classification system for degrees of seriousness of an

officer’s use of force. Level 1 includes the least serious uses of force, such as “techniques

that cause Temporary Pain or disorientation as a means of gaining compliance, hand

control or escort techniques (e.g., elbow grip, wrist grip, or shoulder grip), and pressure

point compliance techniques.” BALT. POLICE DEP’T, POLICY 1115, USE OF FORCE 5 (Nov.

24, 2019) (“Policy 1115”), available at https://perma.cc/S2DJ-XVYP. Level 1 uses of force

are “not reasonably expected to cause injury[.]” Id.

       Level 2 includes “[f]orce that causes or could reasonably be expected to cause an

injury greater than Temporary Pain” (provided that it does not rise to a Level 3 use of

force). Id. Level 3 includes, among other things, use of deadly force and uses of force

resulting in loss of consciousness or requiring hospitalization. Id. at 6; BALT. POLICE

DEP’T, POLICY 710, LEVEL 3 USE OF FORCE INVESTIGATIONS/SPECIAL INVESTIGATION

RESPONSE TEAM (“SIRT”) 2 (Nov. 24, 2019) (“Policy 710”), available at

https://perma.cc/Y7TZ-LU2X.

       The SIRT is described in Policy 710 as a “multidisciplinary BPD unit tasked with

conducting investigations of Level 3 Use of Force, in-custody deaths, any fatal motor

       6
           For the full text of the Consent Decree, see https://perma.cc/K4UX-VBAT.

                                             11
vehicle crash in which the actions of a BPD member were a contributing cause, and

investigations specially assigned to SIRT by the Police Commissioner or designee.” Id.

The initial SIRT investigation is considered a criminal investigation, but SIRT also is

mandated to “proceed with an administrative investigation of the member’s actions.” Id.

According to Policy 710, an appropriate resolution of a use of force incident by SIRT

“entails arriving at a suitable recommendation for action to the Public Integrity Bureau

(PIB), Office of the State’s Attorney (SAO), and Performance Review Board (PRB) based

on the information discovered through a thorough, complete, and informed investigation.”

Id. According to BPD, a closed SIRT file could contain between 400 and 600 pages of

documents, as well as audio and/or video recordings. Such a file typically would contain a

“Force Report,” or Form 96, completed by the officer who used the Level 3 form of force.

See Policy 710. In addition, SIRT investigators are required to generate three specific

reports: (1) a 24-Hour Report containing basic facts known within the first 24 hours of

investigation; (2) a PRB Presentation that SIRT provides to the PRB after the SAO issues

its findings on criminal charges; and (3) a Final Report, after receipt of the PRB’s findings,

as approved by the Police Commissioner, through which SIRT closes its file. Id. at 5.

       Level 1 and Level 2 uses of force are also investigated, but not by SIRT. See

generally Policy 1115. For both Level 1 and Level 2 uses of force, the incident is reviewed

by several officials according to a defined procedure. See BALT. POLICE DEP’T, POLICY

725, USE OF FORCE REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT (Nov. 24, 2019), available at

https://perma.cc/2WVW-P2NG.

                                             12
       According to BPD, each Level 1 and Level 2 use of force incident generates

approximately 25 pages of documents.7

       2. OJB’s MPIA Requests to BPD Between December 2019 and February 2020

       OJB submitted several requests for records to BPD between December 2019 and

February 2020. They can be summarized as follows:

           1. Request sent on December 20, 2019: OJB sought all SIRT
              investigation files that were closed between July 1, 2018 and
              December 19, 2019.

           2. Request sent on December 20, 2019: OJB sought all records of all
              citizen and administrative complaints about BPD that were closed
              between January 1, 2019 and December 19, 2019.

           3. Request sent on January 10, 2020: OJB sought all currently open
              SIRT investigation files that had been open for more than 12 months.

           4. Request sent on January 10, 2020: OJB sought all currently open
              citizen and administrative complaint files about BPD that had been
              open for over 12 months.

           5. Request sent on January 28, 2020: OJB sought all files for
              investigations of incidents involving Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3
              uses of force that were closed between January 1, 2019 and December
              31, 2019.8

       7
         In this section of the opinion, we have cited current versions of several BPD
policies. BPD is currently in the process of updating its policies regarding use of force. See,
e.g., BALT. POLICE DEP’T, DRAFT POLICY 1115, USE OF FORCE 4-5 (July 26, 2023),
available at https://perma.cc/5G75-YKJM (receiving public comments from July 27, 2023
– August 28, 2023). Prior iterations of these policies were in effect for much of the period
of time relevant to OJB’s MPIA requests, but any differences in the policies are immaterial
to our analysis.
       8
          The record does not include a copy of the January 28, 2020 request, but counsel
for BPD and OJB both referred to this request in their communications with each other
between March and May of 2020, and BPD described the scope of this request in papers it
filed in the circuit court.

                                              13
           6. Request sent on February 3, 2020: OJB sought files for investigations
              relating to a particular officer.9

       Copies of the first four of the above-listed requests are contained in the record. The

signer of each request was “Matt Zernhelt, Esq.,” writing on the letterhead of Baltimore

Action Legal Team (“BALT”). Mr. Zernhelt wrote in each request that the request was

being made on behalf of OJB, and described OJB as “a Baltimore-based organization

interested in government policy and conduct” or a “Baltimore-based organization

interested in policy and handling of police misconduct.” In each request, Mr. Zernhelt

asked that BPD waive all fees for production of the records. For example, at the end of the

December 20, 2019 request seeking closed SIRT files, Mr. Zernhelt wrote:

               We are prepared to pay reasonable copying costs for reproducing the
       requested materials but request that you waive any such fees under the
       GP § 4-206(e), which authorizes you to waive copying fees when doing so
       would be “in the public interest.” Being a program of a non-profit
       organization the requestor has been deemed a public interest organization,
       classified tax-exempt, not generating any beneficiary income. Additionally,
       the requestor seeks the information for a public purpose and concern, as it
       regards official actions and the agency’s performance of its public duty. As
       it regards the public safety, welfare, and legal rights of the general public,
       and because it bears implications on the interests of Maryland taxpayers, the
       request further aligns with the public interest. Furthermore, this request is not
       for commercial benefit as it is not made by for-profit news media.

             In the event that there are fees, please inform BALT of the total
       charges in advance of fulfilling this request.

       9
          The record does not include a copy of the February 3, 2020 request, but counsel
for BPD and OJB also both referred to this request in their communications with each other
between March and May of 2020, and BPD described the scope of this request in papers it
filed in the circuit court. According to BPD, the official custodian located 67 files that were
responsive to this request.

                                              14
       On January 11, 2020, BPD’s Document Compliance Unit (“DCU”) sent an email to

Mr. Zernhelt acknowledging receipt of the December 20, 2019 request for closed SIRT

files. DCU assigned the tracking number 20-0063 to that request. DCU did not provide a

similar acknowledgment with respect to the December 20, 2019 request for closed citizen

and administrative complaints. DCU did not timely respond to the January 10, 2020

requests for open SIRT and citizen/administrative complaint files. After Mr. Zernhelt sent

separate emails to DCU on February 10, 2020, noting the lack of responses with respect to

the January 10, 2020 requests for open SIRT and complaint files, DCU replied only to Mr.

Zernhelt’s email concerning the request for open complaint files, but failed to acknowledge

receipt of that request and instead acknowledged receipt of the February 3, 2020 request

for files relating to a specific officer.

       3. OJB Files a Complaint in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City.

       Having not received timely notification of grant or denial of any of the first four

MPIA requests listed above, see GP § 4-203(a)(1) (“Except as provided in paragraph (2) of

this subsection, the custodian shall grant or deny the application promptly, but not more

than 30 days after receiving the application.”), OJB filed a Complaint on March 2, 2020,

in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City under GP § 4-362 seeking declaratory, injunctive,

and other relief in connection with those four requests.

       4. The Parties’ Communications Between March 17 and May 27, 2020

       Wayne Brooks, a Claims Investigator for BPD, sent a letter to Mr. Zernhelt, dated

March 17, 2020, in which he responded to four of the above-listed six MPIA requests that

OJB had submitted between December 2019 and February 2020. With respect to the

                                            15
request for SIRT investigation files closed between July 1, 2018 and December 19, 2019

(tracking number MPIA-20-0063), Mr. Brooks’s letter stated that two Excel spreadsheets

were enclosed: a spreadsheet titled “SIRT Investigation 07012018 – 12192019” and a

spreadsheet titled “UOF 07012018 – 12192019.”10 It appears that Mr. Brooks and/or DCU

interpreted OJB’s December 20, 2019 request for closed SIRT investigation files to be

seeking files relating to all investigations of uses of force (Levels 1, 2, and 3) that were

closed between July 1, 2018 and December 19, 2019.11

       Mr. Brooks indicated that the closed investigation files requested by OJB were

disclosable. However, he stated that OJB’s requests for closed citizen and administrative

complaint files, open SIRT files, and files relating to the specific officer were denied. Mr.

Brooks did not mention OJB’s January 10, 2020 request for open citizen and administrative

complaint files. Nor did he reference OJB’s January 28, 2020 request for investigation files

of incidents involving Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 uses of force that were closed between

January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019.

       10
            The spreadsheets are not included in the record.
       11
          The December 20, 2019 request for closed investigation files specifically
requested “[a]ll [SIRT] investigations, including reports and related documents, conducted
in response to any and all officer actions, particularly the use of force” for files that BPD
closed between July 1, 2018 and December 19, 2019. The request then defined “Use of
force” to include Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 uses of force. It appears that, despite the
request’s specific reference to investigations conducted by SIRT (which, as we understand
it, would involve only Level 3 uses of force), BPD read OJB’s definition of “Use of force”
to mean that OJB was seeking files for investigations of all levels of use of force that were
closed during the July 1, 2018 through December 19, 2019 period, including, but not
limited to, investigations conducted by SIRT.

                                              16
       Mr. Brooks stated: “If you would like complete copies of any closed SIRT files,

please refer to the attached Excel spreadsheet and provide that list in the order of priority….

Once your list is received, DCU will obtain the selected files and determine with the

appropriate unit what files can be segregated and released.” Additionally, Mr. Brooks

agreed that DCU would inform OJB of the total estimated cost before fulfilling OJB’s

request for closed investigation files, as OJB had requested. Mr. Brooks stated that “waiver

and/or reduction of fees are granted on a case by case basis.”

       Mr. Zernhelt responded by email on March 18, 2020, informing BPD that OJB had

filed a complaint in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City. As such, he requested that, going

forward, an attorney communicate with him about OJB’s MPIA requests. Kay Harding,

then an Assistant Solicitor in the Baltimore City Department of Law, Office of Legal

Affairs, contacted Mr. Zernhelt on March 20, 2020, and informed him that she had been

assigned to the case. In a letter to Ms. Harding dated March 20, 2020, Mr. Zernhelt took

issue with Mr. Brooks’s application of several MPIA exemptions to OJB’s records

requests. He also noted that the “records requested are now past due” and reiterated OJB’s

requests for fee waivers.

       Ms. Harding discovered that DCU had misplaced OJB’s January 28, 2020 request.

On March 23, 2020, Mr. Zernhelt sent Ms. Harding a copy of the January 28, 2020 request.

After reviewing the January 28 request, Ms. Harding emailed Mr. Zernhelt: “The January

28, 2020, request looks identical to the December 20th request. Let me know if I am

missing something.” Mr. Zernhelt replied that the December 20 and January 10 requests

for investigation files “were directed more specifically at SIRT investigations. The January

                                              17
28th request was for all incidents of force, which may include more Level 1 and Level 2

reporting and follow up.”

       Ms. Harding replied to Mr. Zernhelt on March 24, 2020, acknowledging that BPD

“has not fully responded to your request” and stating that, “due to the voluminous nature

of the request, BPD would be requesting an extension to work through your request.” See

GP § 4-203(d)(1) (“[W]ith the consent of the applicant, [any time limit under this

subsection] may be extended for not more than 30 days[.]”). Ms. Harding continued: “It

appears that there are differing interpretations of the law; however, in the interest of justice

and efficiency, let’s try to resolve as many outstanding items, as possible and reach an

agreement regarding those matters that are not in dispute.”

       With respect to OJB’s request number MPIA 20-0063, Ms. Harding stated that there

were 19 responsive SIRT files closed between July 19, 2018 and December 19, 2019, and

that “[t]he criminal investigative portions of the file[s] may be provided.” Referencing the

“SIRT Investigation 07012018 - 12192019” spreadsheet that Mr. Brooks had previously

provided to Mr. Zernhelt, Ms. Harding continued:

       From reviewing the spreadsheet, are there any particular files that you desire?
       Each file will generally contain[] 400-600 pages of documents. Is your client
       willing to accept only the “summary of the investigation? If not, all files
       would have to be pulled, copied, scanned, and reviewed. It is estimated that
       the vast majority of the files that you’ve requested are not in digital format.

       Further, is your client requesting the audio/video interviewed [sic] from the
       SIRT investigations? If so, the audio/video interviews would have to be
       copied, as well. Is your client willing to not receive the audio/video files?

       If your request is not narrowed or reduced, it is estimated that it would take
       the Public Integrity Bureau (“PIB”) at least 45 days to retrieve the files and
       provide them to the Document Compliance Unit (“DCU”). Then, DCU

                                              18
       would have to process the production of the release for each file. It is
       estimated that it would take DCU at least 30 days to process all 19 files for
       release, which would practically mean that this request could not be fulfilled
       until late-June/July 2020. The estimated associated cost would be thousands
       of dollars and overtime hours would have to be approved.

       Is your client open to narrowing its request?

Notwithstanding Mr. Zernhelt’s prior clarification that the December 20 request for closed

investigation files specifically related to SIRT files, Ms. Harding also provided information

about 13,439 use of force files that were closed between July 1, 2018 and December 19,

2019, including Level 1 and Level 2 use of force files. Ms. Harding asked Mr. Zernhelt to

“confirm that you are requesting all of the portions of the 13,439 files that may be disclosed

to be provided. If you are requesting all of the files, please consider narrowing your request

as your request is voluminous.”12

       Ms. Harding confirmed that closed citizen and administrative complaints, as well as

open SIRT files, would not be produced for the reasons stated in Mr. Brooks’s letter. Ms.

Harding stated that DCU had logged in OJB’s January 28, 2020 request on March 23, 2020

and was currently reviewing that request. Ms. Harding also wrote that, based on the nature

of the January 28 request, BPD would be requesting an extension of time to respond to it.

       On March 26, 2020, Mr. Zernhelt responded by email to Ms. Harding’s email of

March 24. In a section of his email under a heading of “MPIA 20-0063 (December 20,

2019),” Mr. Zernhelt confirmed that OJB was seeking all 19 SIRT files that were closed

between July 1, 2018 and December 19, 2019. Mr. Zernhelt said that OJB would accept

       12
         As discussed below, the 13,439 number was subsequently determined to be
inaccurate.

                                             19
case summaries in the immediate term while it waited “for the reproduction of the entire

files.” OJB could not determine how to prioritize receipt of the 19 files, as the names of

the officers were redacted in the spreadsheet Mr. Brooks had provided. Mr. Zernhelt further

stated that OJB was requesting the audio/video included in the files.

       Mr. Zernhelt also effectively broadened the December 20, 2019 request at that time

to include all closed use of force investigation files: “Yes, we are requesting all 13,439

files, each including a Form 95, Offense Report, and Statement of Probable Cause. Will

you provide the Level I and Level II Use of Force administrative investigations, up to the

point of a disciplinary investigation transition? I understand they can turn into personnel

matters, but the end result should not taint what was not previously a personnel record. The

Use of Force records are collected for other purposes.”

       In light of Mr. Zernhelt’s response, Ms. Harding sent two cost estimates to Mr.

Zernhelt on April 7, 2020, which laid out in detail the costs associated with collecting,

reviewing, scanning, and redacting all responsive documents under MPIA 20-0063 (which

both parties now understood to include Level 1, 2, and 3 use of force investigation files

that were closed between July 1, 2018 and December 19, 2019). Between the two cost

estimates, BPD quoted a total cost of $1,431,475.50.

       At the end of the cost estimates, Ms. Harding included the following (seemingly

boilerplate) statement regarding a fee waiver: “If you believe that you are eligible or

entitled to a total or partial fee waiver, pursuant to § 4-206(e), please provide an affidavit

of indigence and/or the reason for the fee waiver request.”

                                             20
       Mr. Zernhelt replied in an April 7, 2020 email that each of OJB’s MPIA requests

had “included a public interest fee waiver request, which were again repeated in letters and

email communications.” He added:

       Disclosure will benefit community relations, as these records will bolster
       BPD’s accountability to the community. Records will enable transparency
       into the thoroughness of investigations and the reliability of leadership. This
       is foundational for communication and trust. Further, OJB is not requesting
       these records for commercial gain.

Mr. Zernhelt asked whether BPD had denied OJB’s fee waiver requests.

       On April 8, 2020, Ms. Harding replied by email to Mr. Zernhelt that BPD had not

denied OJB’s request for a fee waiver for the closed investigation files:

       The Public Information Act contemplates fee waivers for those who are
       indigent, defined as “an individual’s family household income is less than
       50% of the median family income for the State as reported in the Federal
       Register” or for entities that cannot pay the fee. Md. Code, Gen. Prov.,
       § 4-206(e). While I understand that Open Justice Baltimore is a non-profit
       that desires all fees be waived, could you consider narrowing the scope of
       the request to minimize costs? That would certainly reduce the fee and the
       time it would take to get responsive records. If not, could you please
       articulate any other reasonable factors that can help BPD in considering your
       request to waive all of these fees? That request has not been denied, as BPD
       is committed to transparency and dissemination of information to the public
       that restores trust in the police department.

Mr. Zernhelt replied to Ms. Harding later on April 8, noting that “[f]ee waivers are not

restricted to individuals. We have made a fee waiver request at near every stage, providing

reasons for why the requestor would be entitled and why the transparency that would be

granted would be in BPD’s and the public’s interest…. The transparency would allow trust

to grow. The entirety of the request is necessary for this effect. We continuously request,

but find our question evaded.”

                                             21
       Mr. Zernhelt also raised questions about the accuracy of the information in the April

7 cost estimates, which led BPD to determine that the estimates had included substantial

errors due to duplicates found in the list of responsive documents. Suffice it to say that

there were not actually more than 13,000 closed use of force investigation files for the

period from July 1, 2018 through December 19, 2019 – in fact, there were nowhere near

that many.

       On April 13, 2020, Ms. Harding emailed Mr. Zernhelt that BPD “has denied your

fee waiver request.” Ms. Harding did not provide any explanation for the denial.13

       On April 15, 2020, Ms. Harding sent a revised cost estimate that eliminated the

duplications. In the revised estimate, the files that BPD identified as responsive to OJB’s

request number 20-0063 included 2,318 Level 1 and Level 2 use of force files and 18 Level

3 use of force/SIRT files. BPD estimated that the total cost to produce these 2,336 files

would be $245,123.14 BPD stated that “[t]he total cost is required to commence production

on your request.” At the end of this cost estimate, Ms. Harding again included the following

statement regarding a fee waiver: “If you believe that you are eligible or entitled to a total

       13
           It is somewhat unclear whether the April 13 communication regarding denial of
the requested fee waiver was in relation to the December 20, 2019 request for closed use
of force investigation files or the January 28, 2020 request for closed use of force
investigation files, or both. Because Mr. Zernhelt had effectively broadened the scope of
the December 20, 2019 request to include Level 1 and Level 2 use of force investigation
files, the December 20 and January 28 requests largely overlapped.
       14
          At first, BPD referred to 18 SIRT files, but BPD later corrected this and stated
that there were 19 SIRT files, bringing the total estimated cost of production for 2,337
responsive files to $245,670.

                                             22
or partial fee waiver, pursuant to § 4-206(e), please provide an affidavit of indigence and/or

the reason for the fee waiver request.”

       On May 14, 2020, Mr. Zernhelt sent a final fee waiver request to Ms. Harding.15

Mr. Zernhelt wrote:

               We would again request a fee waiver in the public interest for these
       records. We would prioritize initial disclosure of the SIRT records …. As we
       have stated on numerous occasions, starting with each initial request, it is in
       the public interest that these records be disclosed. Due to the history of
       corruption and violence within and imposed by BPD, documented by the
       2016 Department of Justice Report, operation of the Gun Trace Task Force
       and statements from its prosecution, Sgt. Dohoney’s indictment, recent BPD
       shootings, and other events, there is compromised trust between the
       community and BPD (documented specifically in the DOJ Report at page 47,
       to start). Ongoing secrecy continues suspicion.

              Opening transparency in matters of internal investigations and
       accountability will be a step towards trust, allowing Baltimore to build a
       stronger relationship with its police department. Transparency can conquer
       false narratives that currently circulate. The community will have faith to
       turn to BPD for protection as they will have reason to believe individual
       officers are held to a high standard. The word of BPD will not be looked
       upon with skepticism.

              However, you have locked out this opportunity. The funds you have
       imposed have created a mountain to prevent access. The requestor is a
       program under nonprofit status, with extremely restricted funds. All of Open
       Justice Baltimore’s funds are put into its community programming and no
       excess funds exist. (Moreover, this request is not being made to draw profit).

             Being so, BPD’s denial of our request was improper. Please let me
       know at your earliest convenience if these fees can be waived and if
       reproduction of these records can begin.

Ms. Harding responded on May 27, 2020, stating “BPD stands by its decision.”

       15
         Between April 15 and May 14, the number of closed Level 3/SIRT files increased
from 19 to 40. There is no explanation in the record for this change.

                                             23
       5. The Circuit Court Proceedings

       As discussed above, on March 2, 2020, after BPD initially failed to provide timely

responses to OJB’s December 20, 2019 and January 10, 2020 MPIA requests, OJB filed a

lawsuit in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City. In its Complaint, OJB alleged that BPD

was “in blatant violation of the timing requirements imposed by law” and had “disregarded

its responsibilities under the [MPIA].” OJB asked the court, among other things, to order

BPD to provide the records covered in the four MPIA requests within 10 days. In addition,

OJB asked that the court order BPD to waive all fees associated with the MPIA requests.

After BPD denied a fee waiver for the one MPIA request as to which it granted inspection

(the request for closed use of force investigation files), OJB argued that the denial of the

fee waiver was arbitrary and capricious.

       The parties subsequently filed a series of papers disputing both factual and legal

matters. In its motion to dismiss, or in the alternative, for summary judgment, filed on

August 18, 2020, BPD acknowledged its lack of timeliness and lack of responsiveness, but

represented that the delays were not intentional but rather were the result of understaffing,

BPD’s assigned Public Information Act Representative being out of the office on vacation

for a period of time, the voluminous nature of OJB’s requests, and the large number of

MPIA requests BPD received during this period.16

       16
         BPD provided an affidavit from Dana Abdul Saboor of DCU, who attested that
between December 20, 2019 and January 6, 2020, DCU received 66 MPIA requests and
that between January 1, 2020 and February 28, 2020, DCU received 395 MPIA requests.

                                             24
       With respect to OJB’s challenge to the fee waiver denial, BPD argued that its denial

of the fees quoted in the April 15, 2020 cost estimate for production of 2,318 Level 1 and

Level 2 files, and 19 Level 3/SIRT files, was not arbitrary and capricious. According to

BPD, it was OJB’s burden to establish that the requested information was “in the public

interest because it is likely to contribute significantly to the public understanding of the

operations and activities of the government.” BPD claimed that

       the Custodian reviewed Plaintiff’s statements concerning [its] ability to pay
       and whether the disclosure “is likely to contribute significantly to public
       understanding of the operations and activities of the government” – the
       “other factor,” and exercised his discretionary authority to deny the
       Plaintiff’s fee waiver request.

BPD asserted that OJB’s request “lack[ed] specificity regarding its public interest and

public purpose.” BPD claimed that OJB did not explain how disclosure of the requested

records would help the public understand BPD procedures. Nor had OJB demonstrated its

“expertise in reviewing or analysis [sic] criminal investigations, [SIRT] investigations, or

the mechanics of internal affairs investigations.” According to BPD, OJB’s “broad and

wide-reaching requests appear[ed] to be nothing more than a fishing expedition[.]”

       BPD attached to its motion the Affidavit of Eric Melancon, then the Chief of Staff

to Commissioner Harrison. Mr. Melancon stated in his affidavit that one of his duties was

to review MPIA fee waiver requests and determine if a fee waiver should be granted or

denied. Mr. Melancon stated that BPD posts “extensive information” on its website that is

“intended to provide an understanding of the work the department is doing to underscore

its commitment to professionally serve and protect Baltimore’s residents, workers, and

visitors.” He also wrote that “[s]hould [OJB] wish to better understand BPD’s operations,”

                                            25
OJB could consult BPD’s website for copies of various documents “relating to officer

integrity and accountability,” and OJB also could review the Consent Decree Monitoring

Team’s semi-annual reports and other relevant materials.

       Mr. Melancon then wrote that he “carefully reviewed [OJB’s] fee waiver request,

consulted with counsel, and ultimately denied OJB’s fee waiver request.” He further stated:

       I reached this decision, in part, because OJB did not provide sufficient
       information to establish its need for a fee waiver. OJB’s articulated public
       interest purpose for the records was extremely general and vague. The
       reasons OJB provided for its request did not explain its public interest
       purpose or how the disclosure would achieve its purpose.

       Additionally, I determined that the materials sought would not likely
       “contribute significantly to public understanding of the operations and
       activities of the [BPD]” and therefore the request was not in the public
       interest so as to justify a fee waiver.

       The materials sought by OJB’s requests are protected from disclosure by the
       MPIA … and potentially other law…. The documents sought would likely
       be heavily redacted and thus not understandable to the public.

       Much thought was given to OJB’s request, but it was determined that OJB’s
       fee waiver request did not meet the public interest standard or factors. In
       reaching this conclusion, BPD did consider the overall cost of production,
       budgetary constraints, and manpower shortages in the Public Integrity
       Bureau, but these consideration [sic] did not drive the decision.

(Paragraph numbers omitted). BPD also argued that it appropriately denied OJB’s other

requests for records.

       The circuit court held a hearing on November 18, 2020, and issued its ruling on

February 26, 2021. The court noted that BPD had denied several of OJB’s MPIA requests.

With respect to the “remaining records that BPD was willing to disclose,” the court recited

that “BPD provided [OJB] with an initial estimate of costs necessary for production of the

                                            26
records.” The court referenced the 2,33617 Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 use of force files

that were described in BPD’s April 15, 2020 cost estimate. The circuit court upheld BPD’s

denial of OJB’s request for the waiver of the fees to produce the Level 1, Level 2, and

Level 3 use of force files: “Given the volume of records sought by [OJB] and the time and

cost necessary to produce the records, BPD did not arbitrarily or capriciously deny the fee

waiver.”

       The circuit court agreed with OJB that BPD improperly denied disclosure of closed

citizen and administrative complaints, but stated that such records would need to be

redacted in such a way as to remove them from the category of personnel records

identifiable to an individual. The court ordered BPD to provide a cost estimate to OJB for

production of the closed citizen and administrative complaint files with the necessary

redactions.18 Although the circuit court overturned BPD’s decision to deny disclosure of

the closed citizen and administrative complaints, the circuit court found that “BPD acted

in good faith in attempting to work with [OJB] to reframe its request to get the information

that it sought.”

       17
          As noted above, there was a discrepancy concerning the number of closed SIRT
files. At one point, BPD told OJB there were 18 such closed files, but later said there were
19. It appears that the circuit court referred to 2,336 closed files based on BPD’s incorrect
reference in the April 15 cost estimate to 18 closed SIRT files.
       18
          The record does not indicate whether BPD subsequently denied OJB’s requested
fee waiver for closed citizen and administrative complaint files. In any event, that MPIA
request is not before us.

                                             27
           The circuit court upheld BPD’s denial of disclosure of open SIRT investigation

files.19

           6. The Appellate Court’s Opinion

           OJB appealed the circuit court’s ruling upholding BPD’s denial of disclosure of

open SIRT investigation files and BPD’s denial of the fee waiver for closed use of force

investigation files. BPD did not cross-appeal that portion of the circuit court’s ruling that

held it was required to disclose closed citizen and administrative complaint files to OJB

with redactions.

           In an unreported opinion, the Appellate Court upheld the circuit court’s decision

with respect to BPD’s denial of inspection of open SIRT investigation files. Open Justice

Baltimore v. Baltimore City Police Dep’t, No. 122, Sept. Term, 2021, 2022 WL 354486

(Feb. 7, 2022). However, the intermediate appellate court reversed the circuit court’s ruling

relating to the fee waiver denial and held that BPD’s denial of OJB’s fee waiver request

was arbitrary and capricious. 2022 WL 354486, at *10. The Appellate Court relied on its

recent decision in Baltimore Action Legal Team v. Office of State’s Attorney of Baltimore

City, 253 Md. App. 360 (2021):

                  The instant issue and arguments are virtually identical to those raised
           in Baltimore Action Legal Team. On the record before us, we are unable to
           conclude that the court had sufficient facts from which it could reasonably
           conclude that appellees had meaningfully considered the very same infamous

          The circuit court’s ruling was silent regarding OJB’s MPIA request for open
           19

citizen and administrative complaints.

                                                28
      allegations and publicized controversy as were at issue in Baltimore Action
      Legal Team.

Open Justice Baltimore, 2022 WL 354486, at *10.20

      BPD filed a petition for a writ of certiorari, which we granted on September 23,

2022. Baltimore Police Dep’t v. Open Justice Baltimore, 482 Md. 7 (2022).21 We have

reordered and rephrased the questions for which BPD sought review as follows:22

      1. What are the parameters of the discretion that the MPIA vests in an
         official custodian in reviewing a fee waiver request under GP § 4-206(e)?

      2. Did the Appellate Court properly hold that BPD’s denial of OJB’s request
         to waive fees for the production of closed Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3
         use of force investigation files was arbitrary and capricious?

      20
         We discuss the Appellate Court’s opinion in Baltimore Action Legal Team at
length below.
      21
        OJB did not seek further review of that part of the Appellate Court’s opinion in
which the Appellate Court affirmed the denial of inspection of open SIRT files.
      22
           The questions as BPD presented them in its petition asked:

      1. Does the discretionary language in Maryland Code, General Provisions Article,
         § 4-206(e), stating that, under certain conditions, “[t]he official custodian may
         waive a fee under this section,” require the official custodian to waive a fee when
         police misconduct investigation records are requested?

      2. When an official custodian denies a fee waiver request in good faith, but a
         reviewing court rules that the denial is arbitrary and capricious for failure to
         consider an additional relevant factor, is the proper remedy a remand to the
         agency to consider that additional factor, or summary reversal (i.e., ordering the
         agency to waive the fee)?

      3. Did the Court of Special Appeals err by reversing the circuit court’s affirmation
         of BPD’s fee waiver denial when there was sworn affidavit evidence in the
         record that BPD had considered the relevant factors in determining that the
         requested waiver was not in the public interest?

                                             29
       3. If BPD erroneously denied OJB’s fee waiver request, what is the proper
          remedy?

                                                  II

                                       Standard of Review

       The proper interpretation of the MPIA’s fee waiver provision presents a question of

law that we review de novo. Pabst Brewing Co. v. Frederick P. Winner, Ltd., 478 Md. 61,

74-75 (2022).

       The parties disagree as to the standard that reviewing courts apply to a custodian’s

denial of an MPIA fee waiver request. Identifying the proper standard of review presents a

question of law that we review de novo. See, e.g., Alahad v. State, 362 So. 3d 190, 197

(Fla. 2023); Butler v. Dunlap, 931 P.2d 1036, 1038 (Alaska 1997). For the reasons

discussed below, we conclude that a custodian’s decision to deny a fee waiver request

under the MPIA must be upheld unless it is arbitrary or capricious. That is the standard that

we will apply when reviewing BPD’s denial of OJB’s requested fee waiver.

       Finally, identification of the proper remedy in the event of an arbitrary or capricious

decision to deny a fee waiver presents a question of law. As such, our review of that

question is de novo. See Dickson v. United States, 478 Md. 255, 260 (2022); see also

Washington Suburban Sanitary Comm’n v. LaFarge, 443 Md. 265, 279-88 (2015)

(conducting statutory interpretation analysis in determining whether to remand to the

agency for a complete “do-over” or to remand to the agency for a narrower determination).

                                             30
                                             III

                                         Discussion

       Before we address the merits of the parties’ competing arguments, we first consider

whether the circuit court had jurisdiction to hear OJB’s challenge to BPD’s denial of its

requested fee waiver. At the time OJB filed its complaint in the circuit court, the MPIA

provided for judicial review “whenever a person or governmental unit is denied inspection

of a public record or is not provided with a copy, printout, or photograph of a public record

as requested[.]” GP § 4-362(a) (2019 Repl. Vol.). To the extent OJB sought judicial review

of BPD’s decision to deny inspection of open SIRT files and closed citizen and

administrative complaint files, the circuit court had jurisdiction under GP § 4-362(a) to rule

on OJB’s challenge. However, § 4-362(a) is silent concerning judicial review of an official

custodian’s denial of a fee waiver request under § 4-206(e). The judicial review provisions

contained in Maryland’s Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) also do not apply here,

because BPD is a locally funded governmental unit. See Md. Code Ann., State Gov’t

(“SG”) § 10-203(a)(4) (2021).

       BPD asserts that the circuit court had jurisdiction to review OJB’s challenge to

BPD’s denial of the fee waiver as an administrative mandamus action. We agree with BPD

that the part of OJB’s complaint that challenged the denial of the fee waiver was in the

nature of an administrative mandamus action. That is the case because, as to the denial of

the fee waiver, there was “both a lack of an available procedure for obtaining review and

an allegation that the action complained of is illegal, arbitrary, capricious or unreasonable.”

Mayor and City Council of Balt. v. ProVen Mgmt., Inc., 472 Md. 642, 669 n.9 (emphasis

                                              31
deleted) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Md. Rule 7-401(a)

(explaining that the rules applicable to administrative mandamus “govern actions for

judicial review of [an] … action of an administrative agency where review is not expressly

authorized by law”). Thus, the circuit court had jurisdiction to rule whether BPD’s denial

of the requested fee waiver was arbitrary and capricious. See also Heaps v. Cobb, 185 Md.

372, 379-80 (1945) (explaining that “[w]here the statute or ordinance makes no provision

for judicial review, an implied limitation upon an administrative board’s authority is that

its decisions be supported by facts and that they be not arbitrary, capricious or

unreasonable,” and that “[c]ourts have the inherent power, through the writ of mandamus,

by injunction, or otherwise, to correct abuses of discretion and arbitrary, illegal, capricious

or unreasonable acts; but in exercising that power care must be taken not to interfere with

the legislative prerogative” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

   A. The Parameters of an Official Custodian’s Discretion to Grant or Deny a Fee
      Waiver Under GP § 4-206(e)

       The MPIA’s fee waiver provision states:

       The official custodian may waive a fee under this section if:
             (1) the applicant asks for a waiver; and
             (2) (i) the applicant is indigent and files an affidavit of indigency; or
                 (ii) after consideration of the ability of the applicant to pay the fee
                 and other relevant factors, the official custodian determines that
                 the waiver would be in the public interest.

GP § 4-206(e). The parties dispute the extent of an official custodian’s discretion to waive

a fee under § 4-206(e).

       As we have stated previously, the goal of statutory interpretation is to “ascertain and

effectuate the actual intent of the General Assembly in enacting the law under

                                              32
consideration.” Matter of Collins, 468 Md. 672, 689 (2020). In conducting this inquiry,

“we begin with the plain language of the statute, and ordinary, popular understanding of

the English language dictates interpretation of its terminology.” Blackstone v. Sharma, 461

Md. 87, 113 (2018) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). If the statutory

language is “unambiguous and clearly consistent with the statute’s apparent purpose, [the]

inquiry as to legislative intent ends ordinarily and we apply the statute as written, without

resort to other rules of construction.” Lockshin v. Semsker, 412 Md. 257, 275 (2010). “We

neither add nor delete language so as to reflect an intent not evidenced in the plain and

unambiguous language of the statute, and we do not construe a statute with forced or subtle

interpretations that limit or extend its application.” Id. (internal quotation marks and

citations omitted). Rather, we construe the statute “as a whole so that no word, clause,

sentence, or phrase is rendered surplusage, superfluous, meaningless, or nugatory.” Mayor

& Town Council of Oakland v. Mayor & Town Council of Mountain Lake Park, 392 Md.

301, 316 (2006).

       We do not “read statutory language in a vacuum, nor do we confine strictly our

interpretation of a statute’s plain language to the isolated section alone.” Lockshin, 412 Md.

at 275. “Rather, the plain language must be viewed within the context of the statutory

scheme to which it belongs, considering the purpose, aim, or policy of the Legislature in

enacting the statute.” Id. at 276. We presume “that the Legislature intends its enactments

to operate together as a consistent and harmonious body of law, and, thus, we seek to

reconcile and harmonize the parts of a statute, to the extent possible consistent with the

statute’s object and scope.” Id. To the extent there is ambiguity in statutory language, we

                                             33
strive to resolve it by “searching for legislative intent in other indicia, including the history

of the legislation or other relevant sources intrinsic and extrinsic to the legislative process.”

Id. We also often review legislative history to determine whether it confirms the

interpretation suggested by our analysis of the statutory language. Rowe v. Maryland

Comm’n on C.R., 483 Md. 329, 343 (2023). Further, we “check our interpretation against

the consequences of alternative readings of the text, which grounds the analysis.” Id.

(cleaned up). Doing so helps us “avoid a construction of the statute that is unreasonable,

illogical, or inconsistent with common sense.” Mayor & Town Council of Oakland, 392

Md. at 316.

       OJB believes that the General Assembly intended to leave official custodians with

relatively little discretion to deny fee waivers. According to OJB, “if disclosure of records

is in the public interest, a fee waiver is also in the public interest.” As we understand the

argument, once a custodian determines that the public would benefit from disclosure of

requested records, the official custodian must also find that a waiver of the fees to produce

those records would be in the public interest and, therefore, the custodian in that instance

must grant the fee waiver.

       BPD, for its part, argues that the statute

       does not require a custodian to waive anything, but rather permits a custodian
       to do so when two conditions are met…. Those conditions are (1) if the
       applicant asks for a waiver, and (2) if the applicant files an affidavit of
       indigency or if the custodian determines that the waiver would be in the
       public interest after considering ability to pay and other relevant factors.

BPD believes that the statute also vests custodians with the discretion to determine what

the “other relevant factors” are in a particular case before deciding whether the

                                               34
consideration of those factors and the applicant’s ability to pay show that a fee waiver

would be in the public interest. Thus, according to BPD, the custodian has three levels of

discretion when considering a public interest fee waiver under GP § 4-206(e)(2)(ii):

(1) discretion to decide which other factors besides ability to pay are relevant to the public

interest determination; (2) discretion to decide whether the application of all relevant

factors demonstrate that a waiver would be in the public interest; and (3) if a waiver would

be in the public interest, discretion to grant or deny the fee waiver.

        Both parties’ interpretations miss the mark to some extent. First, OJB’s

interpretation effectively reads out of § 4-206(e)(2)(ii) the requirement that a custodian

consider “the ability of the applicant to pay the fee and other relevant factors” in

determining whether a requested fee waiver would be in the public interest. Under OJB’s

interpretation, once the custodian determines that the public would benefit from the

disclosure of the requested records, the custodian must conclude that a fee waiver would

be in the public interest. This interpretation fails to recognize that in some cases,

notwithstanding the determination that the public would benefit from disclosure of

requested records, the applicant’s ability to pay and/or other factors, beyond the public

benefit from disclosure, could reasonably lead the custodian to conclude that it would not

be in the public interest to waive the fees for production in whole or in part. OJB’s

interpretation conflicts with the plain language of GP § 4-206(e)(2)(ii), and we therefore

reject it.

        BPD’s interpretation also is problematic. We do not think the General Assembly

intended to allow custodians to determine that a fee waiver would be in the public interest

                                              35
and nevertheless deny it. Notably, § 4-206(e)(2) contemplates two different scenarios that

may result in a custodian granting a fee waiver if the applicant requests such a waiver.

First, under subsection (e)(2)(i), the custodian “may waive a fee … if … the applicant is

indigent and files an affidavit of indigency.” Second, under subsection (e)(2)(ii), the

custodian “may waive a fee … if … after consideration of the ability of the applicant to

pay the fee and other relevant factors, the official custodian determines that the waiver

would be in the public interest.”

       The phrase “may waive a fee … if” appears in the top line of subsection (e) and thus

applies to both subsection (e)(2)(i) and subsection (e)(2)(ii). The word “may” signals that

the General Assembly intended to vest an official custodian with discretion in deciding

whether to grant a fee waiver under both subsections. See Office of Att’y Gen. v. Gallagher,

359 Md. 341, 353-54 (2000) (reasoning that former SG § 10-618 (now GP § 4-343), the

provision of the MPIA stating that “if a custodian believes that inspection of a part of a

public record by the applicant would be contrary to the public interest, the custodian may

deny inspection by the applicant of that part,” was “a discretionary provision” because of

the use of the word “may”); see also Uthus v. Valley Mill Camp., Inc., 472 Md. 378, 394

(2021) (noting “this Court’s long history of interpreting the statutory term ‘may’ as

discretionary, as opposed to the mandatory term ‘shall’”).

       However, the General Assembly spelled out much more about how custodians are

to exercise their discretion in subsection (e)(2)(ii) than in subsection (e)(2)(i). In subsection

(e)(2)(i), the custodian “may” grant a waiver if the applicant is indigent and files an

affidavit of indigency. The custodian is not required to grant a waiver in the event an

                                               36
indigent applicant files an affidavit of indigency. But the statute does not specify any other

factors a custodian must consider when deciding whether to exercise its discretion to grant

a fee waiver request submitted by an indigent applicant. In other words, subsection (e)(2)(i)

contemplates that there likely will be instances where custodians will grant fee waiver

requests by indigent applicants as well as instances where custodians will deny fee waiver

requests by indigent applicants, after consideration of unspecified factors.

       In subsection (e)(2)(ii), the General Assembly provided that a custodian may grant

a requested fee waiver if, “after consideration of the ability of the applicant to pay the fee

and other relevant factors, the official custodian determines that the waiver would be in the

public interest.” As we read this subsection, the General Assembly has told custodians, in

some specific and some general terms, everything they must do to determine whether a

requested fee waiver would be in the public interest. A custodian must consider the ability

of the applicant to the pay the fee, and the custodian must also consider other factors that

are relevant to determining whether a waiver would be in the public interest. The General

Assembly has not specified what the “other relevant factors” are. However, in every case

where a custodian is considering a public interest waiver under subsection (e)(2)(ii), the

custodian must at least consider whether there would be any public benefit to disclosure of

the requested records. Beyond that factor and the applicant’s ability to pay, we agree with

BPD that the MPIA vests the custodian with discretion to determine which factors are

relevant to the public interest determination in a particular case.

       We also agree with BPD that, once the custodian has determined what those “other

relevant factors” are, the custodian has discretion to decide whether, on balance, the

                                              37
consideration of those “other relevant factors” along with the applicant’s ability to pay and

the benefit (if any) to the public from disclosure, shows that waiver of the fee would be in

the public interest. However, where we disagree with BPD is at the next step in the process:

if, after balancing all of those factors, the custodian determines that a fee waiver (in whole

or in part) would be in the public interest, the custodian at that point must grant the full or

partial waiver. In other words, the General Assembly limited the custodian’s discretion in

subsection (e)(2)(ii) to deciding which other factors are relevant to the public interest

determination and to making the public interest determination. The General Assembly did

not vest the custodian with discretion to arbitrarily deny a fee waiver after determining that

a waiver would be in the public interest. A contrary interpretation of § 4-206(e)(2)(ii)

would be unreasonable. See Mayor & Town Council of Oakland, 392 Md. at 316

(explaining that we seek to “avoid a construction of the statute that is unreasonable,

illogical, or inconsistent with common sense”).

       These considerations lead us to conclude that, in providing that the official custodian

“may waive a fee” if either of the conditions of subsection (e)(2)(i) or (e)(2)(ii) is met, the

General Assembly meant that the custodian is authorized to grant a fee waiver only if one

of those circumstances exists. If neither of the circumstances set forth in subsection

(e)(2)(i) or (e)(2)(ii) exists – i.e., if (i) the applicant is not indigent or does not file an

affidavit of indigency, or (ii) the custodian, after considering the applicant’s ability to pay

                                              38
the fee and the other relevant factors, does not determine that a waiver of the fee would be

in the public interest – then the custodian may not waive the fee.23

       If the first circumstance is met (the applicant is indigent and files an affidavit of

indigency), the custodian still has a discretionary determination to make in deciding

whether to waive the fee. If the second circumstance is met (i.e., after consideration of the

relevant factors, the custodian determines that either a partial or total waiver would be in

the public interest), there is no more discretionary work left for the custodian to do. A

denial of a fee waiver, after concluding that it would be in the public interest, would

necessarily be an arbitrary and capricious administrative action.24

       Three related observations are in order. First, the statute requires the custodian to

ground its discretionary decision to grant or deny the fee waiver request in its weighing of

all relevant factors. That is, after the custodian decides whether a fee waiver would be in

the public interest, there should be no relevant factor left to consider. Put another way, a

custodian cannot properly determine whether a fee waiver would be in the public interest

       23
         Our interpretation is consistent with the limited legislative history concerning the
enactment of the MPIA’s fee waiver provision in 1982. The Governor’s Information
Practices Commission, which introduced the legislation that added the MPIA’s fee waiver
provision, wrote that the proposed legislation “would grant the custodian discretionary
authority to charge reasonable fees for the search and preparation of records for inspection
and copying, but only after the passage of two hours of official or employee time needed
to respond to a request for information. The custodian also could waive such fees if he
determined that a waiver would serve the public interest.”
       24
         If the custodian had sufficient reason to make the discretionary decision to deny
the request, that reason would have been accounted for in the custodian’s consideration of
the relevant factors in the first instance, which in turn would have culminated in the
custodian’s determination that a fee waiver is not in the public interest, which in turn would
mean that the custodian had no discretion to grant the waiver in the first place.

                                             39
until the custodian has considered all relevant factors. The determination whether the

requested fee waiver would be in the public interest is the end of the custodian’s analytical

process under subsection (e)(2)(ii).

       Second, the custodian should consider, as part of the public interest determination,

whether it would be in the public interest to waive all, part, or none of the fees for producing

the requested records. In other words, depending on the application of all relevant factors

in a particular case, it may be reasonable for a custodian, acting in good faith, to conclude

that it would be in the public interest to grant a partial fee waiver, but not a full fee waiver.

       Third, the “other relevant factors” may vary from case to case. We will not attempt

to provide an exhaustive list of considerations that a custodian could reasonably conclude

are relevant factors in making the public interest determination in a particular case.

However, two related factors that likely will be relevant in many cases are the cost to the

agency and the burden on the agency’s personnel to comply with the request. In Mayor and

City Council of Baltimore v. Burke, the Appellate Court of Maryland held that a fee waiver

denial was arbitrary and capricious where, in addition to the applicant’s ability to pay, the

agency “considered no more than the expense to the City of locating and duplicating the

documents” to determine if a waiver would be in the public interest. 67 Md. App. 147, 157

(1986) (cleaned up). We agree with Burke’s holding. In every case where a custodian

makes a public interest determination under GP § 4-206(e)(2)(ii), the custodian must

consider, as at least one other relevant factor, whether disclosure of the requested records

would provide a benefit to the public. The custodian in Burke did not do that, rendering its

exercise of discretion arbitrary and capricious. However, it would be incorrect to conclude

                                               40
from Burke that an agency may not consider the monetary cost and/or the burden on an

agency’s personnel as “other relevant factors” in making a public interest determination.25

       In sum, we conclude that an official custodian has discretion under

GP § 4-206(e)(2)(ii) to decide which other factors, besides the applicant’s ability to pay the

fee and whether there is a public benefit to disclosure, are relevant to the discretionary

determination of whether granting a fee waiver would be in the public interest in a

particular matter. The custodian also has discretion to decide, after considering all relevant

factors, whether it would be in the public interest to grant a waiver of the fee in whole or

in part. However, if a custodian determines that it would be in the public interest to waive

all or part of the fees to produce the requested records, the custodian does not have

discretion at that point to deny the partial or full waiver.

   B. BPD’s Denial of OJB’s Requested Fee Waiver Was Arbitrary and Capricious.

       1. Standard of Review

       Before we consider the merits of the parties’ arguments concerning whether BPD’s

denial of OJB’s requested fee waiver was erroneous, we must identify the proper standard

of review for that inquiry. As noted above, the parties dispute that question. OJB and Amici

       25
          In addition, we note that the Maryland Attorney General’s Public Information Act
Manual provides commentary and citations to federal Freedom of Information Act
(“FOIA”) cases concerning factors that may be relevant to the determination of whether a
fee waiver would be in the public interest. See MD. OFF. OF THE ATT’Y GEN., MARYLAND
PUBLIC INFORMATION ACT MANUAL, CH. 7, at 6-9 (17th ed. 2022), available at
https://perma.cc/92HZ-8HG6. We discuss FOIA’s fee waiver provision below.

                                              41
Curiae26 argue that courts reviewing a custodian’s fee waiver denial should apply a de novo

standard. BPD responds that OJB waived any argument in favor of a de novo standard of

review by arguing in the circuit court and the Appellate Court that BPD’s fee waiver denial

was arbitrary and capricious. BPD also observes that OJB did not file a cross-petition for

certiorari seeking review of the Appellate Court’s application of the arbitrary and

capricious standard. BPD alternatively argues that the arbitrary and capricious standard is

applicable here.

            a. Waiver

       It is true that OJB argued below that BPD’s denial of the fee waiver was arbitrary

and capricious; that OJB did not cross-petition for certiorari regarding the proper standard

for review of a fee waiver denial; and that the first time OJB argued for a de novo standard

was in its brief in this Court. Normally, this trifecta of forfeiture and waiver concerning an

issue would likely spell doom for a party’s request that we review the issue. See Md. Rule

8-131(b) (“Unless otherwise provided by the order granting the writ of certiorari, in

reviewing a decision rendered by the Appellate Court or by a circuit court acting in an

appellate capacity, the Supreme Court ordinarily will consider only an issue that has been

raised in the petition for certiorari or any cross-petition and that has been preserved for

review by the Supreme Court.”). However, as the Appellate Court of Maryland and several

federal appellate courts have explained, “a party cannot ‘waive’ the proper standard of

       26
          The ACLU of Maryland, Public Justice Center, and the Washington Lawyers’
Committee for Civil Rights and Urban Affairs filed a “Brief of Amici Curiae Public Interest
Organizations in Support of Appellee” advocating for a de novo standard of review with
respect to challenges to the denial of a fee waiver under the MPIA.

                                             42
review by failing to argue it.” State v. Philip Morris, Inc., 225 Md. App. 214, 237 (2015)

(quoting Brown v. Smith, 551 F.3d 424, 428 n.2 (6th Cir. 2008), overruling on other

grounds recognized by Moritz v. Lafler, 525 F. App’x 277, 285 n.5 (6th Cir. 2013), and

collecting federal cases). This is the case because it is “the court, not the parties, [which]

must determine the standard of review.” Worth v. Tyer, 276 F.3d 249, 262 n.4 (7th Cir.

2001). Thus, “[s]uch a determination remains for [a reviewing] court to make for itself.”

Philip Morris, 225 Md. App. at 237 (quoting K & T Enterprises, Inc. v. Zurich Ins. Co., 97

F.3d 171, 175 (6th Cir. 1996)).

       It is debatable whether the identification of the proper standard of review in circuit

court proceedings on judicial review of an agency decision constitutes an “issue … [that

was] raised in or decided by the trial court,” within the meaning of Rule 8-131(a). See Md.

Rule 8-131(a) (providing that, with the exception of subject matter jurisdiction and (unless

waived under Maryland Rule 2-322) personal jurisdiction, “[o]rdinarily, an appellate court

will not decide any other issue unless it plainly appears by the record to have been raised

in or decided by the trial court”). Assuming without deciding that it is, given the centrality

of the standard of review to the appellate process, and because this is the first case in which

this Court is considering a challenge to a custodian’s denial of a fee waiver, we exercise

our discretion under Rule 8-131 to decide the proper standard under which to review such

a challenge.

                                              43
           b. The Arbitrary and Capricious Standard Applies to Judicial Review of
              Denials of Fee Waivers under the MPIA.

       Although this is our first case addressing an MPIA fee waiver denial, the Appellate

Court has issued three reported opinions in such cases. See Burke, 67 Md. App. at 147;

Action Committee for Transit, Inc. v. Town of Chevy Chase, 229 Md. App. 540 (2016);

Baltimore Action Legal Team, 253 Md. at 360. In Action Committee for Transit, the

Appellate Court considered and rejected an applicant’s argument that the court should

apply the de novo standard of review, opting instead to apply the arbitrary and capricious

standard. 229 Md. App. at 558-59. We reach the same conclusion.

       OJB contrasts the MPIA with the APA. While the MPIA does not expressly provide

a standard by which judges should review challenges to agency action, the APA expressly

provides    for   application    of    the   arbitrary    and    capricious    standard.    See

SG § 10-222(h)(3)(vii) (“In a proceeding under this section, the court may … reverse or

modify the decision if any substantial right of the petitioner may have been prejudiced

because a finding, conclusion, or decision … is arbitrary or capricious.”). According to

OJB, an arbitrary and capricious standard makes sense for APA cases, because in those

cases courts “are reviewing matters in the agencies’ particular purviews, where ‘the

expertise of the agency in its own field of endeavor is entitled to judicial respect.’” (quoting

Montgomery v. Eastern Corr. Institution, 377 Md. 615, 626 (2003)). However, OJB

continues, agencies such as BPD generally do not have expertise in determining which

factors are relevant to a public interest determination and in deciding how those factors

should be balanced. Thus, OJB says, there is no reason to defer to an agency’s discretionary

                                              44
determinations of those matters in any particular case. In addition, OJB points to the

MPIA’s federal analog, the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552 (“FOIA”), which

expressly requires courts reviewing denials of fee waivers under FOIA to do so de novo.

See id. § 552(a)(4)(A)(vii).

       BPD responds that the General Assembly’s failure to expressly provide a de novo

standard for challenges to denials of fee waivers, despite Congress having done so in FOIA,

is telling. BPD posits that the difference emanates from the fact that FOIA’s fee waiver

provision leaves much less to the discretion of custodians than does that of the MPIA. The

FOIA provision states: “Documents shall be furnished without any charge or at a charge

reduced below the fees established under clause (ii) if disclosure of the information is in

the public interest because it is likely to contribute significantly to public understanding of

the operations or activities of the government and is not primarily in the commercial

interest of the requester.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(iii). Thus, Congress has told federal

agency custodians what standard to apply in deciding whether disclosure – and therefore,

a fee waiver – would be in the public interest. In contrast, the MPIA provision tells

custodians that they must consider unspecified “other relevant” factors in arriving at their

determination whether waiver of fees would be in the public interest. BPD contends that,

by leaving so much to the discretion of agency custodians, the General Assembly intended

for review of denials of fee waivers to be reviewed under the arbitrary and capricious

standard. As BPD observes, “the understood default standard for judicial review of

discretionary administrative decisions” is the arbitrary and capricious standard. See also

Maryland Small MS4 Coalition v. Maryland Dep’t of the Env’t, 479 Md. 1, 30 (2022)

                                              45
(“With respect to matters committed to agency discretion, a reviewing court applies the

arbitrary and capricious standard of review, which is extremely deferential to the agency.”)

(cleaned up). BPD also asserts that

       when a custodian agency makes a fee waiver determination, the agency
       possesses multiple areas of unique expertise that justify the courts’ deference.
       The agency is intimately familiar with the records themselves, how they are
       kept, what they contain, what types of redactions will be necessary, and the
       difficulty of those redactions. The agency knows what capacity it has for
       conducting such review and production, what other burdens its workforce
       faces, how many other requests it must process, and the budgetary and
       staffing needs that will play into whether and how quickly the request could
       be processed without additional resources. The agency also knows better than
       anyone else what other endeavors have been undertaken to achieve the same
       or similar goals, and therefore whether public expenditures are justified to
       pay for the production.

       We agree with BPD. By vesting substantial discretion in agency custodians to

determine whether a requested fee waiver is in the public interest, the General Assembly

necessarily understood and intended that any judicial review of denials of fee waivers

would be conducted under the arbitrary and capricious standard. In 1986, just five years

after the General Assembly added the fee waiver provision to the MPIA, Congress

amended FOIA to expressly require de novo review of federal agency denials of fee waiver

requests. See The Freedom of Information Reform Act of 1986, § 1803, Pub. L. No. 99-570,

100 Stat. 3207-50. We find it significant that the General Assembly has not made a similar

amendment to the MPIA’s fee waiver provision in the 37 years that have passed since then.

       In addition, as discussed above, the General Assembly has not provided for judicial

review of fee waiver denials in the MPIA itself. It has only provided judicial review for

denials of inspection of records. See GP § 4-362(a). OJB was able to obtain judicial review

                                             46
of BPD’s discretionary denial of its fee waiver request because its complaint concerning

that denial was cognizable as a petition for writ of administrative mandamus. As discussed,

a writ of administrative mandamus only lies where there is “both a lack of an available

procedure for obtaining review and an allegation that the action complained of is illegal,

arbitrary, capricious or unreasonable.” ProVen Mgmt., 472 Md. at 669 n.9 (emphasis

added). Maryland courts have “the inherent power, through the writ of mandamus, by

injunction, or otherwise, to correct abuses of discretion and arbitrary, illegal, capricious or

unreasonable acts[.]” Heaps v. Cobb, 185 Md. at 379. Maryland courts do not have the

inherent power to conduct de novo review of discretionary administrative determinations.

Cf. Washington Suburban Sanitary Comm’n, 443 Md. at 284 (observing that Article 8 of

the Declaration of Rights – Maryland’s separation of powers requirement – “prevents the

courts from making de novo administrative decisions in cases in which some exercise of

agency expertise or discretion may yet remain to be applied”).27

       27
            In arguing for a de novo standard of review, Amici Public Interest Organizations
make a statutory interpretation argument based on GP § 4-362(e), which provides that
“[w]henever the court orders the production of a public record or a copy, printout, or
photograph of a public record that was withheld from the applicant and, in addition, finds
that the custodian acted arbitrarily or capriciously in withholding the public record or the
copy, printout, or photograph of the public record, the court shall send a certified copy of
its finding to the appointing authority of the custodian.” (Emphasis added). Amici’s point
is that, if only arbitrary and capricious denials of inspection result in referrals for potential
discipline, the General Assembly contemplates that a threshold determination whether a
denial of inspection was erroneous will be conducted under a less deferential standard.
From that premise, Amici argue: “If the question of whether records are disclosable under
the PIA is not subject to arbitrary and capricious review, there is no conceivable basis that
a decision to impose fees on public interest organizations should be.” We express no
opinion concerning Amici’s interpretation of GP § 4-362(e). Judicial review of OJB’s
complaint about the fee waiver denial did not proceed under § 4-362. But for the allegation
that BPD’s denial of the fee waiver was arbitrary and capricious, OJB’s complaint would

                                               47
      In sum, in reviewing an agency’s decision to deny a requested fee waiver under the

MPIA, courts determine whether the official custodian’s exercise of discretion under

GP § 4-206(e) was arbitrary and capricious. We now apply that standard to BPD’s denial

of OJB’s requested fee waiver.

      2. BPD’s Denial of OJB’s Fee Waiver Was Arbitrary and Capricious.

      The arbitrary and capricious standard is “highly contextual.” Maryland Small MS4

Coal., 479 Md. at 30. Generally,

      the question is whether the agency exercised its discretion unreasonably or
      without a rational basis. Under this standard, a reviewing court is not to
      substitute its own judgment for that of the agency and should affirm decisions
      of less than ideal clarity so long as the court can reasonably discern the
      agency’s reasoning.

Id. (cleaned up). The reviewing “court may not uphold the agency order unless it is

sustainable on the agency’s findings and for the reasons stated by the agency.” Walker v.

Department of Hous. & Cmty. Dev., 422 Md. 80, 107 (2011) (citation omitted).

      The Appellate Court below relied on Baltimore Action Legal Team, 253 Md. App.

at 360, in concluding that BPD’s denial of the requested fee waiver was arbitrary and

capricious. Given the similarities between Baltimore Action Legal Team and this case, we

begin our analysis of whether BPD’s denial in this case was arbitrary and capricious by

discussing the Appellate Court’s decision in Baltimore Action Legal Team.

not have been cognizable as seeking a writ of administrative mandamus and there would
have been no basis for judicial review of the fee waiver denial at all.

                                           48
          a. Baltimore Action Legal Team

       Between December 2019 and January 2020, BALT and OJB (collectively for

purposes of that case, “BALT”) submitted three MPIA requests to the SAO. BALT

requested fee waivers with respect to two of the three submissions. One of the fee waiver

requests was for costs associated with disclosing full investigatory files relating to “alleged

criminal activity of officers of the Baltimore Police Department,” including conduct

involving the use of force, that were closed in 2019, as well as any such files that had been

open for more than 16 months. In support of its request for a fee waiver, BALT cited its

status as a non-profit organization and stated that the information it was seeking “was a

matter of public concern and public safety.” Baltimore Action Legal Team, 253 Md. App.

at 373. The other MPIA request for which BALT sought a fee waiver was for criminal

investigatory files relating to a specific Baltimore City police officer from 1992 to 2020.

Id. at 373-74. BALT requested a waiver of the fees to produce those records based on its

status as a public interest, tax-exempt organization. Id. at 371. The SAO denied both

requested fee waivers, without providing any explanation to BALT.

       BALT subsequently filed suit in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City. The circuit

court held that the SAO’s denials of BALT’s fee waiver requests were not arbitrary and

capricious. The circuit court based its conclusion on the absence of evidence in the record

regarding BALT’s inability to pay the fees, as well as any indication of how BALT would

disseminate the requested information. Id. at 395. On appeal, the Appellate Court reversed

the circuit court’s determination, holding that the SAO’s fee waiver denial was arbitrary

and capricious.

                                              49
       The reasons the SAO asserted for its denial were: (1) the SAO believed that BALT

could afford to pay for the requested records; (2) the SAO did not believe the records

“would contribute significantly to the public’s understanding of government operations,

namely the operations of the State’s Attorney”; and (3) the SAO did “not know how the

fee waiver will benefit the public as the resources needed to respond to this request (438

hours) reduce the ability of the members of the State’s Attorney to handle their primary job

functions – the pursuit of justice and prosecution of crime in Baltimore City.” Id. at 396.

       Regarding the first waiver request – for production of investigatory files relating to

allegations of criminal conduct – the Appellate Court rejected the SAO’s assertion that

these records were not “meaningfully informative about government operations.” Id. at

398. The Appellate Court “fail[ed] to see how the records of the SAO’s criminal

investigations of City police officers do not impact or concern the SAO’s operations. The

records would surely contain some insight into the activities of City police officers and

would indicate whether a certain officer’s actions were proper.” Id. at 399. Furthermore,

the Appellate Court reasoned that the SAO had overlooked a factor that the Attorney

General previously advised could be useful to justify a fee waiver as being in the public

interest, namely, “whether disclosure of records will shed light on a ‘public controversy

about official actions,’ or on ‘an agency’s performance of its public duties.’” Id. at 400

(quoting Action Committee for Transit, 229 Md. App. at 557 (in turn quoting 81 Opinions

of the Attorney General 154, 3 (1996))). The Appellate Court stated:

       We find this inquiry particularly germane in the context of a request seeking
       criminal investigatory records of City police officers, including those
       concerning use of force. Considering the well-documented public

                                             50
       controversy surrounding use of force by City police officers, which was the
       motivation for BALT’s requests, at least some consideration should have
       been given to whether disclosure of these records would inform the public
       about this subject.

Id. at 400. Because the Appellate Court rejected the SAO’s proffered rationale and the SAO

failed to consider any other relevant factor beyond the cost and burden to the SAO of

fulfilling the request, the Appellate Court held that the SAO arbitrarily and capriciously

denied the fee waiver. Id. at 401.

       Regarding the second fee waiver request, relating to a specific police officer, the

Appellate Court also concluded the SAO denied BALT’s fee waiver arbitrarily and

capriciously. The Appellate Court noted the lack of time and cost estimates associated with

the second request in the record. Additionally, for the same reason articulated above, the

Appellate Court rejected the notion that these records would not significantly contribute to

the public understanding of the operations of the SAO. Id. at 401-02 (“[T]he records BALT

requested would certainly shed light on the SAO’s methods of investigation, how they

focused their investigation and the outcome of the investigation.”). Finally, the Appellate

Court indicated it “might have found” a redundancy argument compelling but that this

argument was not raised in the record. Id. at 402.

          b. BPD’s Application of the Factors It Determined Were Relevant to the Public
             Interest Determination

       Here, BPD put forward four rationales for the denial of OJB’s requests: (1) the

asserted public interest purpose was too vague and general; (2) the records were unlikely

to contribute significantly to public understanding of government operations because they

                                            51
would be either redundant or unclear; (3) OJB either did not prove its inability to pay or

BPD determined OJB could afford to pay; and (4) the cost and burden of the request.

              i. The Public Interest Purpose of OJB’s Request Was Plainly Apparent.

       Initially, we reject BPD’s argument that OJB’s explanation of the public purpose

was too “general” or “vague” for BPD to discern whether the public would benefit from

disclosure of the records. In light of the public controversy concerning misconduct by BPD

officers, the public interest purpose that would be served by disclosure of the closed use of

force investigation files was plainly apparent.

       BPD is aware of the Consent Decree’s Monitoring Team’s reports, given that BPD

is actively working to modify procedures and policies to remedy some of the flaws

identified by the Monitoring Team. BPD is aware that its internal investigations procedures

have been extensively and repeatedly criticized as insufficient. BPD is aware that OJB

sought files that documented how BPD was conducting its internal investigations for Level

1, Level 2, and Level 3 uses of force. It was therefore plainly apparent that disclosure of

the records was intended to assist the public in examining BPD’s compliance with its own

internal investigatory policies. Similar to the Appellate Court in Baltimore Action Legal

Team, we “fail to see how the records of [BPD’s internal] investigations of City Police

officers do not impact or concern [BPD’s] operations. The records would surely contain

insight into the activities of City police officers and would indicate whether a certain

                                             52
officer’s actions were proper[,]” 253 Md. App. at 399, and whether BPD’s subsequent

investigation of the use of force was proper.28

              ii. The Redundancy of OJB’s Request and the Clarity of the Records

       We agree with the Appellate Court in Baltimore Action Legal Team that the

redundancy of an applicant’s request compared with information that is already publicly

available can be relevant to a public interest determination under GP § 4-206(e)(2)(ii). See

id. at 402. However, we are unpersuaded by BPD’s argument that the information OJB

requested actually is redundant.

       None of the sources that BPD has pointed to is equivalent to investigation files that

specifically show how BPD investigated its officers’ uses of force in particular cases. For

example, BPD points to its published policies and procedures, such as Policy 710, which

describes how SIRT investigations are supposed to proceed. Reviewing the actual files of

Level 3 use of force investigations that were closed between July 1, 2018 and December

       28
          Mr. Melancon also took issue with the fact that OJB “did not explain … how the
disclosure would achieve its purpose.” What BPD now describes as a “use analysis” is the
type of “dissemination plan” analysis that, as the Appellate Court noted in Baltimore Action
Legal Team, while arguably required under FOIA, is “not statutorily required under the
MPIA.” 253 Md. App. at 395. We do not doubt that an applicant’s plan for how it will
disseminate requested records can be a relevant factor in a public interest determination
under GP § 4-206(e)(2)(ii). But where, as here, the applicant is making a request for
records that, if disclosed, would plainly provide a public benefit, if the custodian considers
a dissemination plan to be a relevant factor, the custodian should ask the applicant
specifically to explain what its dissemination plan is. As discussed above, the successful
operation of the MPIA depends on collaboration between applicants and custodians in such
situations. The record reflects that OJB maintains a website that effectively disseminates
information relating to allegations of police misconduct to the public. If BPD had asked
OJB how it planned to disseminate the records of closed use of force investigations, we
have no reason to doubt that OJB would have provided a substantive answer.

                                             53
19, 2019, would give the public the opportunity to determine for itself whether BPD

complied with Policy 710 in particular cases. The other sources to which Mr. Melancon

and BPD’s counsel in the circuit court pointed are also not sufficiently similar to specific

investigation files to effectively make OJB’s request redundant.29 BPD’s reliance on those

sources as redundant of OJB’s request was arbitrary and capricious.30

       Similarly, we reject BPD’s reliance on what it calls its “clarity analysis.” BPD

proffered that, in order to comply with statutory requirements, the investigation files would

be so heavily redacted that the public would not be able to glean anything useful from them.

We do not rule out that the possibility that clarity of records can be a relevant factor in a

particular case. However, we are not satisfied that it was reasonable for BPD to rely on the

purported lack of clarity of the use of force investigation files post-redaction. There is

nothing in the record on this point except BPD’s assertion that it would be too difficult for

the public to understand the records with the expected redactions. We will not sustain an

MPIA fee waiver denial based on mere conclusory statements.

       29
          For example, Mr. Melancon also relied on the portion of BPD’s webpage in which
it explains its commitment to transparency. This laudable goal does not make OJB’s
requests for particular investigatory files redundant. Additionally, an explanation of BPD’s
Consent Decree with the Department of Justice states that the Consent Decree is a “federal
court order that requires changes to [BPD] so it can police in a constitutional manner.”
Consent Decree Basics, BALT. POLICE DEP’T, available at https://perma.cc/F2ZM-9T7A.
It does not provide investigatory records from July 1, 2018 to December 19, 2019, as OJB
requested.
       30
         Indeed, BPD’s assertion that OJB’s request was redundant because the
information OJB sought was already available seems in tension with BPD’s posture in the
circuit court, where BPD accused OJB of engaging in a “fishing expedition.” If the
information OJB sought was already disclosed, it is not clear what BPD thought OJB was
“fishing” for.

                                             54
              iii. OJB’s Ability to Pay the Fee

       BPD argues that OJB failed to demonstrate its inability to pay the $245,670 fee

quoted by Ms. Harding and, in the alternative, BPD contends that it determined OJB could

pay. We find these positions to be fundamentally at odds, as the former suggests there is a

lack of information necessary to make a determination and the latter suggests there is

enough information to make an affirmative determination that OJB can afford to pay the

quoted fee. The MPIA imposes no affirmative burden on requestors to demonstrate their

inability to pay unless they are indigent and submit an affidavit of indigency.

GP § 4-206(e)(2)(i).31 We thus review BPD’s alternative claim that OJB affirmatively

could afford to pay the fee.

       BPD notes that OJB stated in its requests that it was willing to pay “reasonable

copying costs.” However, at the same time, OJB said that it was “a program of a non-profit

organization,” and that it had “been deemed a public interest organization, classified

tax-exempt, not generating any beneficiary income.” Further, OJB represented to BPD that

its request “is not for commercial benefit as it is not made by for-profit news media.”

       Notably, Ms. Harding wrote to Mr. Zernhelt on April 8, 2020: “While I understand

that [OJB] is a non-profit that desires all fees be waived, could you consider narrowing the

scope of the request to minimize costs? That would certainly reduce the fee and the time it

would take to get responsive records. If not, could you please articulate any other

       31
          This is not to say that there may be no consequences to an applicant’s failure to
provide information about its ability to pay a fee if a custodian makes a reasonable request
for such information.

                                            55
reasonable factors that can help BPD in considering your request to waive all of these

fees?” OJB reasonably could conclude from this exchange that BPD accepted its

representation that it could not afford to pay more than $245,000 for the requested files.

Nothing in the record prior to Ms. Harding’s May 27 email reiterating that BPD denied the

requested fee waiver provides any basis for BPD to conclude that OJB could afford to pay

the full $245,670 fee.32 OJB’s stated willingness to pay “reasonable copying costs” before

receiving the $245,670 quote is not an admission that it can afford to pay the full fee. In

short, to the extent Mr. Melancon determined that OJB could pay the full quoted fee, that

conclusion was arbitrary and capricious.

              iv. Cost of Compliance and Burden on BPD’s Personnel

       Finally, BPD acknowledged its consideration of the cost of compliance and the

burden on its staff to produce all requested records. As discussed, BPD’s cost estimates for

production of all Level 1, 2, and 3 use of force files was over $245,000 dollars.

Additionally, Mr. Melancon indicated that BPD was understaffed, although BPD is able to

contract certain tasks to third-party vendors that may perform some of the necessary

functions. Mr. Melancon stated that “BPD did consider the overall cost of production,

       32
           On June 19, 2020, Fusion Partnerships (“Fusion”) paid BPD more than $21,000
for the production of Level 3/SIRT files. Fusion is a non-profit organization that serves as
a      fiscal   sponsor     to     smaller      organizations,      including     OJB.      See
https://www.fusiongroup.org/index.php/about-us, available at https://perma.cc/KXX8-
YEAE; see also Baltimore Action Legal Team, 253 Md. App. at 397 (stating that Fusion
“earned over $6 million in revenues in 2018”). On remand, it would be reasonable for BPD
to ask OJB to provide more information about its access to funds from Fusion and any
other sources that bears on its ability to pay the full quoted fee for the closed investigation
files.

                                              56
budgetary constraints, and manpower shortages in the Public Integrity Bureau, but these

consideration [sic] did not drive the decision.”

       It was appropriate for BPD to consider the monetary cost of compliance and the

burden on its personnel to fulfill OJB’s request as factors in the public interest

determination. However, given BPD’s erroneous application of the other factors upon

which it relied – and its failure to consider other relevant factors, as discussed below –

BPD’s consideration of the cost of production and personnel shortages does not render its

determination to deny the fee waiver reasonable. See Burke, 67 Md. App. at 157 (custodian

arbitrarily and capriciously denied a fee waiver request when it considered no more than

the expense to the custodian of locating and duplicating the documents, without attempting

to minimize the expense).

          c. BPD Failed to Consider Whether Disclosure of the Records Would Shed
             Light on Matters of Public Controversy.

       In the circuit court, BPD contended that

       the Custodian reviewed Plaintiff’s statements concerning [its] ability to pay
       and whether the disclosure “is likely to contribute significantly to public
       understanding of the operations and activities of the government” – the
       “other factor,” and exercised his discretionary authority to deny the
       Plaintiff’s fee waiver request.

(Emphasis added). BPD’s reference to “the other factor” reflects that, to the extent BPD

considered anything other than OJB’s ability to pay and the cost to and burden on itself, it

only considered whether disclosure was likely to contribute significantly to the public

understanding of the operations and activities of government. Although, as discussed

above, a custodian has discretion to determine which other factors are relevant to the public

                                             57
interest determination, in this case BPD was required to consider two additional related

factors: whether disclosure would shed light on a matter of public controversy and whether

the complete denial of a waiver would exacerbate the public controversy.

         As discussed above, in Baltimore Action Legal Team, the Appellate Court

concluded that the SAO had erred by not considering “whether disclosure of records will

shed light on a ‘public controversy about official actions,’ or on ‘an agency’s performance

of its public duties.’” Baltimore Action Legal Team, 253 Md. App. at 399 (quoting Action

Committee for Transit, 229 Md. App. at 400 (in turn quoting 81 Opinions of the Attorney

General 154, 3 (1996))). The Appellate Court stated:

         We find this inquiry particularly germane in the context of a request seeking
         criminal investigatory records of City police officers, including those
         concerning use of force. Considering the well-documented public
         controversy surrounding use of force by City police officers, which was the
         motivation for BALT’s requests, at least some consideration should have
         been given to whether disclosure of these records would inform the public
         about this subject.

Id. at 400.

         We reach the same conclusion in this case. BPD’s historic lack of transparency

about police misconduct issues has played a part in generating the public controversy about

officers’ use of force. See Baltimore Sun Editorial, Here’s what transparency for Baltimore

police    discipline   would    mean,   BALT. SUN       (Feb.   21,   2018),   available   at

https://perma.cc/5YWJ-XR62 (“Public trust in the police is already diminished precisely

because the profession has treated itself as unanswerable to the people it serves.”); Justin

Fenton, ‘No heroes here’: Exhaustive report lays out two decades of Baltimore Police and

city failure that led to GTTF scandal, BALT. SUN (Jan. 13, 2022), available at

                                              58
https://perma.cc/J4UL-DWA7 (“Investigators conducted interviews with 145 people,

including with every mayor, police commissioner and top prosecutor from the past 20

years, as well as a range of police officers, city officials and consultants who worked with

the city, and combed through emails and internal records. Their report reaches the

assessment that corruption has been prevalent for decades, allowed by a culture of

dysfunction in the Police Department and City Hall.”). BPD’s assessment of whether it

would be in the public interest to waive the fees for disclosure of the requested closed

investigation files should have included consideration of whether the records would shed

light on that controversy.

       In addition, BPD should have considered whether imposing the full fee on OJB

would exacerbate the public controversy surrounding BPD’s use of force by contributing

to an appearance of a lack of transparency. In Action Committee for Transit, the Appellate

Court observed that the effect of denying a fee can also be considered as a relevant factor.

There, the Appellate Court noted that the agency failed to consider whether imposing a fee

and denying a waiver request would chill free speech by imposing fees on journalists in

retaliation for their past criticisms of the agency. Action Comm. for Transit, 229 Md. App.

at 562-63. Here, too, given that the public controversy stems in part from BPD’s historical

failures in investigating its officers’ uses of force33 and given past allegations that BPD

       33
          See BALTIMORE CONSENT DECREE MONITORING TEAM, FOURTH SEMIANNUAL
REPORT, at 11 (Jan. 21, 2020), available at https://perma.cc/4MDA-BZHK (“BPD has not
yet begun to sustainably improve the quality of its misconduct investigations or its
disciplinary system.”); id. (“As for the Consent Decree’s ultimate objective of improving
the speed and quality of investigations and the integrity of disciplinary outcomes, there are
still too many cases for too few investigators, serious allegations are not investigated

                                             59
minimized and covered up officers’ misconduct,34 BPD should have considered whether a

complete denial of a fee waiver would exacerbate the public controversy by furthering the

perception that BPD has something to hide.

       For all of the above reasons, we agree with the Appellate Court that BPD’s decision

to deny OJB’s requested fee waiver was arbitrary and capricious.

   C. A Remand to BPD for Reconsideration of the Public Interest Determination Is
      the Proper Remedy.

       Having concluded that BPD’s denial of OJB’s requested fee waiver was arbitrary

and capricious, we now must consider the proper remedy. BPD argues that a remand is

appropriate because its errors were procedural. OJB argues that any request for a remand

has been forfeited, and even if it were not forfeited, that BPD’s fee waiver denial was

substantively defective, and a remand therefore would be an inappropriate “second bite at

the apple.” As such, OJB asks this Court to hold that BPD must waive all associated fees

promptly, supervisors do not timely review investigations, and data on outcomes is not yet
properly collected or analyzed.”); id. (“BPD has not yet begun implementing targeted
measures for improving supervisory performance, beginning with revising core
supervisory policies and furnishing supervisory training.”); id. at 12 (“The upshot is that
BPD is undoubtedly moving in the right direction, but all the work that is left to do makes
it impossible at this point to determine when BPD will be able to achieve effective and
substantial compliance….”).
       34
         See, e.g., Rich Shapiro, ‘If you snitch, your career is done’: Former Baltimore
cop says he was harassed, labeled a ‘rat’ after attempt to root out police brutality, N.Y.
DAILY NEWS (Jan. 14, 2015), available at https://perma.cc/7DMX-4J6B (presented as
Exhibit 31 by OJB in the circuit court).

                                             60
with the production of OJB’s request for closed use of force investigation records. We

agree with BPD that a remand is the appropriate remedy.35

       First, we disagree with OJB that the issue of the proper remedy is not before us.

BPD included a question concerning remand in its petition for certiorari, and we granted

review on that question. In any event, we would exercise our discretion under Maryland

Rule 8-131 to decide the proper remedy in this case, because this is the first time this Court

has ruled that a custodian’s denial of a fee waiver was arbitrary and capricious. Guidance

concerning the proper remedy will be useful to litigants and Maryland courts.

       Second, as discussed above, BPD did not consider all relevant factors in the course

of exercising its discretion to determine whether a fee waiver in whole or in part would be

in the public interest. This was a procedural defect in BPD’s analysis. The circuit court

found that BPD acted in good faith in the course of considering OJB’s MPIA requests. In

the absence of bad faith on the part of an agency decision maker or prejudice to OJB, the

proper remedy for BPD’s procedural defect is a remand to BPD for reconsideration of the

public interest determination. See Baltimore City Det. Ctr. v. Foy, 461 Md. 627, 649

(2018). We do not perceive any prejudice to OJB if we remand to BPD for a proper exercise

of its discretion under GP § 4-206(e). OJB was entitled to an exercise of discretion that was

not arbitrary and capricious; it was not entitled ex ante to a particular outcome. We trust

       35
          After concluding that BPD’s denial of the fee waiver was arbitrary and capricious,
the Appellate Court did not state whether it was ordering a remand or ordering BPD to
grant the fee waiver. Accordingly, we shall affirm the Appellate Court’s judgment in part.
Our judgment additionally will direct the lower courts to take the necessary steps to
effectuate a remand to BPD for reconsideration of the public interest determination under
GP § 4-206(e)(2)(ii).

                                             61
that, on remand, BPD will consider in good faith all relevant factors that go into the public

interest determination, consistent with the guidance we have provided above. That is what

OJB was, and is, entitled to under the MPIA. We also trust that both parties will proceed

on remand in the spirit of collaboration upon which the MPIA depends for successful

resolution of complicated requests for records that implicate competing interests.36

                                             IV

                                        Conclusion

       For the purpose of acting on an applicant’s request for a fee waiver under the MPIA,

the Act vests official custodians with discretion to determine which factors are relevant to

a public interest determination (in addition to the applicant’s ability to pay and whether the

public would benefit from disclosure of the requested records). The official custodian also

       36
           If necessary, the parties may choose to seek assistance from the Ombudsman to
facilitate mediative efforts. Within a reasonable time after the mandate is issued in this
case, BPD should identify, and let OJB know of, the official custodian who has the
authority to ascertain and weigh the relevant factors and make a final determination as to
whether a fee waiver would be in the public interest. In addition, BPD should ask OJB for
specific information if necessary to make its public interest determination, and OJB should
provide answers to reasonable requests for specific information.

       We do not suggest that, in response to every request to waive a fee under the MPIA,
an agency custodian must request information from an applicant before making a public
interest determination under GP § 4-206(e)(2)(ii). In many cases, the public interest
determination likely will be relatively straightforward.

        We expect that the parties will engage in collaborative efforts with new verve, given
the importance of the public records at issue. Furthermore, we are sensitive to the MPIA’s
demands for expediency and understand the original request came nearly four years ago.
We encourage the parties to act with all due haste to resolve any remaining disputes. In the
end, if OJB’s fee waiver request is denied or only partially granted, the official custodian
should prepare a written explanation concerning the factors that were considered and how
they were weighed, and the explanation should be provided to OJB.

                                             62
has discretion to balance all relevant factors and determine whether it would be in the

public interest to waive some, all, or none of the fees to comply with a public information

request. After concluding that analysis, if the custodian determines that it would be in the

public interest to grant a full or partial waiver of the fees, the custodian has no additional

discretion to deny such a waiver.

       A challenge to a custodian’s denial of a requested fee waiver is reviewed under the

arbitrary and capricious standard. In this case, BPD’s denial of OJB’s requested waiver

was arbitrary and capricious. We order a remand to BPD for reconsideration of the public

interest determination.

                            JUDGMENT OF THE APPELLATE COURT OF
                            MARYLAND AFFIRMED IN PART; CASE REMANDED
                            TO THE APPELLATE COURT WITH THE
                            INSTRUCTION TO FURTHER REMAND THE CASE TO
                            THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR BALTIMORE CITY FOR
                            PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION.
                            COSTS IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF MARYLAND
                            AND THIS COURT TO BE DIVIDED EQUALLY
                            BETWEEN THE PARTIES.

                                             63