Court Opinion

ID: 4279165
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-05-29 19:06:36.754827+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:34:29.630080
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

                                 NO. 2015-CA-01759-COA

GRAHAM READ IRBY, A MINOR, BY AND                                               APPELLANT
THROUGH KAREN COLLINS, MOTHER AND
NEXT FRIEND

v.

SUDHAKAR MADAKASIRA, M.D. AND                                                   APPELLEES
PSYCAMORE, LLC

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                               08/24/2015
TRIAL JUDGE:                                    HON. JOHN HUEY EMFINGER
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                      RANKIN COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                        JOHN W. CHRISTOPHER
                                                WILLIAM P. FEATHERSTON JR.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:                        CLIFFORD B. AMMONS
                                                CLIFFORD BARNES AMMONS JR.
NATURE OF THE CASE:                             CIVIL - MEDICAL MALPRACTICE
DISPOSITION:                                    AFFIRMED - 03/28/2017
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:                     04/11/2017 - GRANTED; AFFIRMED IN
                                                PART; REVERSED AND REMANDED IN
                                                PART - 05/29/2018
MANDATE ISSUED:

       EN BANC.

       BARNES, J., FOR THE COURT:

               MODIFIED OPINION ON MOTION FOR REHEARING

¶1.    The motion for rehearing is granted. The previous opinion of this Court is withdrawn,

and this opinion is substituted in its place.

¶2.    Graham Read Irby, by and through his mother, Karen Collins, filed a wrongful-death

suit against the psychiatrist who treated his father, Stuart M. Irby (Irby), prior to Irby’s death

by suicide. The suit alleged the psychiatrist’s intentional and negligent acts created an
irresistible impulse in Irby to commit suicide. The circuit court dismissed the action, finding

that the claims of intentional acts were barred by the one-year statute of limitations for

intentional torts and that Irby’s suicide was a superseding event that barred any negligence

claims. On appeal, Collins originally argued that despite allegations of intentional acts, the

complaint was based in negligence, for which a two-year statute of limitations applied, and

the negligence action was not barred.

¶3.    Five days prior to this Court’s original decision, the Mississippi Supreme Court

decided Pioneer Community Hospital of Newton v. Roberts, 214 So. 3d 259 (Miss. 2017),

in which it held that the minor’s saving statute, Mississippi Code Annotated section 15-1-59

(Rev. 2012), applies to wrongful-death actions where a qualified person is available to file

suit during the limitations period, but does not do so. On rehearing, Collins argues that under

Pioneer, the minor’s savings statute applied and prevented the dismissal of the complaint,

as Graham is a minor, and no qualified person brought suit during the limitations period. We

agree with Collins’s argument on rehearing that the savings statute applies. Thus, we reverse

and remand this matter to the trial court for further proceedings. However, the remand

proceedings shall be limited to Collins’s intentional-tort claim. We find, as we did in our

original decision, that the trial court correctly dismissed Collins’s negligence cause of action,

as there is no basis for a negligence action for wrongful death by suicide. Thus, it is

unnecessary for the trial court to revisit the negligence issue on remand. Therefore, we

affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.

                                            FACTS

                                               2
¶4.    Prior to his death, Irby sought psychiatric treatment from Dr. Sudhakar Madakasira,

a physician specializing in psychiatry. Dr. Madakasira treated Irby for various conditions,

including bipolar disorder, anger management, and alcohol abuse. On February 11, 2009,

Irby and his wife, Karen Irby, now Karen Collins, were involved in a car accident. Irby

suffered a severe, traumatic frontal-lobe brain injury. He continued to see Dr. Madakasira

for the brain injury.

¶5.    Due to that injury, Irby was deemed incapable of conducting his own business affairs,

and coconservators were appointed by the Hinds County Chancery Court, First Judicial

District. The conservators petitioned the chancery court for authority to file a divorce

complaint on Irby’s behalf against Collins. The petition was granted. In support of the

divorce complaint, the conservators attached an affidavit executed by Dr. Madakasira on

October 28, 2011, while Irby was under his care. The affidavit stated that Irby had told Dr.

Madakasira that he was unsure if he wanted a divorce from Collins. However, Dr.

Madakasira swore in his affidavit that due to the brain injury, Irby was not capable of making

a decision in his or Graham’s best interest regarding the divorce. Dr. Madakasira opined that

a divorce was in Irby’s best interest and that it would be detrimental to Irby’s health to

remain married to Collins. Dr. Madakasira testified consistently at the divorce hearing.

Although Irby testified he did not want a divorce, the divorce was granted.

¶6.    On January 17, 2012, Irby told Collins over the phone that he was forced into the

divorce and had no reason to live. Irby committed suicide at his home later that day.

¶7.    On December 16, 2013, Collins sent Dr. Madakasira and his employer, Psycamore

                                              3
LLC, a notice of intent to commence a medical-malpractice action based on wrongful death.

See Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-36(15) (Rev. 2012) (requiring at least sixty days’ prior written

notice of intent to begin a professional-negligence claim against healthcare providers). On

March 17, 2014, Collins filed her complaint in Hinds County Circuit Court, First Judicial

District. The complaint alleged that Dr. Madakasira and Psycamore, through the doctrine of

respondeat superior, negligently caused Irby’s death by suicide. It was later determined that

the proper venue was Rankin County, and an agreed order was entered transferring the case

to Rankin County Circuit Court.

¶8.    After the case was transferred, Collins was granted leave to file an amended

complaint. The amended complaint alleged negligence and added a claim for “intentional

acts.” The amended portion of the complaint alleged that “[a]s a direct and proximate result

of the intentional acts of Dr. Madakasira in assisting the conservators in the prosecution of

the divorce action and the granting of a divorce by the Chancery Court[,] Stuart M. Irby

developed an irresistible impulse to commit suicide[.]”

¶9.    Dr. Madakasira moved to dismiss the case on the grounds that the one-year statute of

limitations for intentional torts barred the action and that any negligence claims were barred

for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. After a hearing, the circuit court

granted the motion to dismiss. Collins’s motion for reconsideration was denied. On appeal,

Collins argued that the two-year statute of limitations for professional negligence applies and

that the case should be reversed and remanded for discovery and further proceedings.1 On

       1
         Collins sent a notice-of-claim letter on December 16, 2013, which tolled the statute
of limitations for sixty days. See Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-36(15) (“If the notice is served

                                               4
rehearing, Collins further argues that the statute of limitations was tolled by the minor’s

savings clause.

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶10.   We review de novo a trial court’s decision to grant a motion to dismiss under

Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim for which relief can

be granted. Stockstill v. State, 854 So. 2d 1017, 1019-20 (¶4) (Miss. 2003). When

considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, “the allegations in the complaint must be

taken as true, and the motion should not be granted unless it appears beyond doubt that the

plaintiff will be unable to prove any set of facts in support of her claim.” Stockstill, 854 So.

2d at 1020 (¶4).

                                        DISCUSSION

       I.     Whether the minor’s savings clause tolled the statute of limitations.

¶11.   The circuit court found that the one-year statute of limitations for intentional torts

applied, barring the claim. It further dismissed Collins’s negligence claim, finding that while

within the two-year statute of limitations for negligence, a negligence cause of action cannot

be sustained for a claim for wrongful death by suicide.

¶12.   On rehearing, Collins asserts for the first time that the statute of limitations was tolled

by the minor’s saving statute, thus making the complaint timely under both the one- and two-

year statutes of limitations. Collins’s argument is based on the Mississippi Supreme Court’s

within sixty (60) days prior to the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations, the time
for the commencement of the action shall be extended sixty (60) days from the service of the
notice for said health care providers and others.”). Thus, the two-year statute of limitations
would have run on March 18, 2014.

                                               5
decision in Pioneer, 214 So. 3d at 259, which handed down on March 23, 2017, five days

prior to our original decision affirming the circuit court’s dismissal.2

¶13.   Pioneer changed the law regarding the application of the minor’s savings statute,

section 15-1-59, to wrongful-death actions. Prior to Pioneer, the binding case on this issue

was Curry v. Turner, 832 So. 2d 508 (Miss. 2008). Curry held that the minor’s savings

statute did not toll the period to file a wrongful-death action when a qualified person existed

to bring suit during the limitations period. Id.; see TRK LLC v. Myles, 214 So. 3d 191, 197

(¶21) (Miss. 2017) (citing Miss. Code Ann. § 11-7-13 (Supp. 2016)) (Qualified persons

include: (1) the deceased’s personal representative; (2) the deceased’s widow, husband, child,

father, mother, sister or brother or unborn quick child; and (3) “all interested parties.”). The

supreme court in Pioneer held that Curry went too far in finding “that the mere existence of

someone qualified to bring a wrongful-death suit . . . precluded the application of the

[minor’s savings] statute[.]” Pioneer, 214 So. 3d at 261 (¶3) (emphasis in original). The

supreme court found instead that “only when someone who is qualified to bring a

wrongful-death suit actually files a wrongful-death suit on the minor beneficiaries’ behalf

       2
          Generally, this Court will not consider issues that were not first presented to the trial
court. Mid-S. Retina LLC v. Conner, 72 So. 3d 1048, 1051 (¶11) (Miss. 2011). However,
an exception to this rule is made for changes in law that occur during the pendency of an
appeal. Id. at 1052 (¶13). As our supreme court has held, unless designated as prospective,
“newly enunciated rules of law are applied retroactively to cases that are pending trial or that
are on appeal, and not final at the time of the enunciation.” Id. When Pioneer was decided,
this appeal was pending before this Court. As Pioneer is an intervening change in
law—decided after trial but before the completion of this appeal—and is not designated as
prospective, Collins “is entitled to have [this] case decided in accordance with it.” James
v. State, 829 So. 2d 728, 729 (¶7) (Miss. Ct. App. 2002). Thus, this issue may be raised for
the first time on appeal. Mid-S. Retina, 72 So. 3d at 1052 (¶14).

                                                6
will the minors savings clause not apply, because, once the suit is filed, the running of the

statute of limitations is immaterial.” Id. (emphasis added). Importantly, the wrongful-death

statute states that “there shall be but one (1) suit for the same death[,] which shall ensue for

the benefit of all parties concerned, but the determination of such suit shall not bar another

action unless it be decided on its merits.” Miss. Code Ann. § 11-7-13.

¶14.   Collins asserts on rehearing that she did not argue tolling before the trial court or in

her initial brief on appeal because, at that time, Curry was still in effect, and qualified

persons existed who could have brought suit during the statute of limitations. Collins is not

qualified to recover under the wrongful-death statute, since she and Irby were divorced at the

time of his death. See id. (Wrongful-death beneficiaries—a more limited class than one

qualified to bring suit under the wrongful-death statute—include: “the widow, husband,

child, father, mother, sister or brother of the deceased or unborn quick child[.]”). Collins

states that Irby was survived by two adult children, who were qualified under the statute to

bring suit. Thus, under Curry, the limitations period in the wrongful-death statute was not

tolled by the minor’s saving statute because qualified persons existed. Collins now argues

that since the supreme court’s decision in Pioneer overruled Curry’s holding, the statute of

limitations under the minor’s savings clause as to Graham was tolled, making the suit timely.

¶15.   In Pioneer, the minor beneficiaries (the decedent’s children) had an aunt who was

qualified under the wrongful-death statute as the decedent’s sister to file a wrongful-death

suit, but she did not file one. Pioneer, 214 So. 3d at 261 (¶3).3 The aunt petitioned for

       3
        While she had standing to file suit, the aunt in Pioneer was “statutorily precluded
from recovering any damages . . . , [as] any wrongful-death damages belong[ed] exclusively

                                               7
guardianship of the children, specifically requesting authorization to file a wrongful-death

claim or make a settlement for damages on their behalf. Id. at 262 (¶7). The chancellor

granted the petition and entered an order of guardianship as to the older child. Id. at (¶8).

A notice-of-claim letter was sent to the treating hospital and physician, but a suit was not

pursued. Id. at 261 (¶6). Later, the guardianship action was dismissed as to the older child

because the aunt never filed an oath or letters of guardianship. Id. at 262 (¶8). An order of

guardianship was never entered for the younger child, and this action was dismissed as well.

Id.

¶16.   Shortly after turning twenty-one, the older child filed a wrongful-death suit on behalf

of all wrongful-death beneficiaries against the hospital and physician. Id. at (¶9). The

hospital and physician argued the statute of limitations had run because the aunt could have

filed suit during the limitations period. Id. at 264 (¶22). The supreme court found that the

minor’s saving statute tolled the statute of limitations because the aunt “had been neither

appointed guardian nor authorized by the chancery court to bring an action on [the children’s]

behalf.” Id. at 266 (¶¶29-31). It further found that the aunt’s existence as a person with

standing did not preclude application of the minor’s saving statute. Id.

¶17.   The supreme court in Pioneer cited U.S. Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Conservatorship

of Melson, 809 So. 2d 647, 653 (¶25) (Miss. 2002), which found the minor’s saving clause

inapplicable where the minor had a conservator with full authority to bring suit during the

statute of limitations. Pioneer, 214 So. 3d at 266 (¶28). Because the legal right to file suit

to [the decedent’s] two daughters.” Pioneer, 214 So. 3d at 265-65 (¶23) (“[W]ho has
statutory standing to bring suit is broader than who may recover damages.”).

                                              8
lay with the conservator, Mississippi Code Annotated section 15-1-53 (Rev. 2012) precluded

tolling. Section 15-1-53 states:

       When the legal title to property or a right in action is in an executor,
       administrator, guardian, or other trustee, the time during which any statute of
       limitations runs against such trustee shall be computed against the person
       beneficially interested in such property or right in action, although such person
       may be under disability and within the saving of any statute of limitations; and
       may be availed of in any suit or actions by such person.

¶18.   “[U]nder [section] 15-1-53, if a person who is subject to infancy or unsoundness of

mind does in fact have a guardian or conservator appointed for them, then the action may

be brought in the name of that guardian or conservator, without the consideration of any

savings clause.” Melson, 809 So. 2d at 653-54 (¶27) (emphasis added). In holding the

savings statute inapplicable in Melson, the supreme court reasoned that “[w]here a guardian

or conservator has been court[-]appointed for a ward, there is no logical or equitable reason

to prevent the running of the statute of limitations inasmuch as that guardian or conservator

is fully authorized to employ attorneys and bring actions on their behalf.” Id. at 654 (¶27)

(emphasis added) (citing McCain v. Memphis Hardwood Flooring Co., 725 So. 2d 788

(Miss. 1998) (finding that the statute of limitations is not tolled when a person of unsound

mind has a guardian)).

¶19.   Applying this holding in Pioneer, the supreme court held that because “no oath had

been filed” by the aunt “and no letters of guardianship had been entered” on behalf of the

oldest of the minor children, the child “did not ‘in fact have a guardian appointed for her’

who had the legal authority to bring a suit on her behalf.” Pioneer, 214 So. 3d at 266 (¶30)

(quoting Melson, 809 So. 2d at 653-54 (¶27)). Thus, because there was no one with a legal

                                              9
duty to bring suit on the minors’ behalf, the savings statute tolled the statute of limitations.

Id.

¶20.   There is no indication here that Collins had a legal duty to file suit on Graham’s

behalf. Collins did not appear as Graham’s court-appointed guardian. Rather, she appeared

as his mother and next friend. As Graham’s mother, Collins had standing to file suit on his

behalf. However, our decision hinges on whether Collins’s status as his mother and next

friend bestowed on her the duty to file suit within the statute of limitations. Black’s Law

Dictionary (10th ed. 2014) defines “next friend” as “[s]omeone who appears in a lawsuit to

act for the benefit of an incompetent or minor plaintiff, but who is not a party to the lawsuit

and is not appointed as a guardian.”

¶21.   While not in the context of a wrongful-death claim, the supreme court discussed this

issue in Vice v. Department of Human Services, 702 So. 2d 397 (Miss. 1997). In Vice,

Pamela Smith sued Ronald Vice for a child-support arrearage he had been ordered to pay

seven years prior. Id. at 398 (¶2). Smith argued the minor’s savings statute tolled the three-

year statute of limitations. Id. at 399 (¶10). Vice countered that the minor’s savings statute

was inapplicable because Smith could have brought suit on the children’s behalf during the

statute of limitations. Id. at 400 (¶15). The supreme court found no merit to Vice’s

argument. Id. The supreme held that because Smith, the custodial parent, was “not a real

party in interest sufficient to bar the child’s recovery of past-due support payments[,] . . . it

would ‘defy reason’ to allow the statute of limitations to run during the disability of the

child.” Id. at (¶17). Instead, “where a minor holds the legal right, . . . the statute of

                                               10
limitations does not begin to run until the disability of minority is removed.” Id. at (¶14).

¶22.   Further, in Thiroux ex rel. Cruz v. Austin ex rel. Arceneaux, 749 So. 2d 1040, 1041

(¶1) (Miss. 1999), William Albert Thiroux Jr. was murdered, leaving his two minor children

as his sole heirs at law. Almost three and a half years later, the children’s legal guardian

brought a wrongful-death suit on their behalf against the murderer. Id. While the supreme

court’s opinion in Thiroux does not discuss the guardian’s relationship to the children, the

supreme court in Curry noted that “[t]he children’s guardian in Thiroux did not meet the

qualification of being a person in esse because, under the wrongful[-]death statute, the

guardian was not entitled to bring the suit.” Curry, 832 So. 2d at 516 n.5. The supreme court

in Thiroux found that the minor’s savings statute tolled the one-year statute of limitations as

to the minor children. Thiroux, 749 So. 2d at 1042 (¶4).

¶23.   Collins was not a qualified beneficiary under the wrongful-death statute, nor is there

any evidence she had been court appointed to bring suit on Graham’s behalf. Rather, she

brought suit as Graham’s mother and next friend. Applying Pioneer, we find that the minor’s

saving statute tolled the statute of limitations, making the suit timely under either the one-

or two-year statute of limitations. Thus, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.

However, as explained below, the proceedings shall be limited to Collins’s intentional-tort

claim, as the trial court correctly dismissed Collins’s negligence cause of action.

       II.    Whether Collins can sustain a negligence cause of action for Irby’s
              suicide.

¶24.   To the extent that Collins’s complaint alleges negligence, we find these claims were

correctly dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.

                                              11
¶25.   Collins’s original complaint alleged only medical negligence. In November 2014,

after Collins’s complaint was filed, the Mississippi Supreme Court handed down its decision

in Truddle v. Baptist Memorial Hospital-DeSoto Inc., 150 So. 3d 692 (Miss. 2014). The

parties agree that Truddle is the controlling case for actions for wrongful death by suicide.

Truddle states that “to sustain a cause of action for a suicide . . . , the plaintiff must show that

the defendant committed an intentional act that [proximately caused] an irresistible impulse

[in the decedent] to commit suicide[.]” Id. at 697 (¶19) (emphasis added) (citing State ex rel.

Richardson v. Edgeworth, 214 So. 2d 579, 586-88 (Miss. 1968)). This is an exception to

common law, which prohibited recovery for wrongful death by suicide, as “suicide is an

‘unforeseeable, intervening cause[,] which breaks the causal connection between the

wrongful act and the death.’” Truddle, 150 So. 3d at 695 (¶11) (quoting Edgeworth, 214 So.

2d at 586).

¶26.   After Truddle handed down, the circuit court granted Collins leave to amend the

complaint to comply with Truddle’s intentional-act pleading requirement. However, the

amended complaint still contained negligence allegations.

¶27.   Collins’s amended complaint alleges the following negligent acts: (1) Dr. Madakasira

“[f]ail[ed] to properly monitor [Irby’s] mental health”; and (2) Dr. Madakasira “[f]ail[ed] to

prescribe an appropriate treatment for . . . Irby to prevent his suicide in spite of the fact that

Dr. Madakasira was well aware of Irby’s history and his suicidal ideations.” These

negligence allegations do not state a cause of action under Truddle, since a wrongful-death

action for suicide cannot be sustained solely based on allegations of “medical malpractice,

                                                12
i.e., negligence.” Truddle, 150 So. 3d at 697 (¶15).4

¶28.   “A medical-malpractice cause of action in Mississippi tracks the typical negligence

action[.]” Id. at (¶16). The plaintiff must prove: “(1) the existence of a duty by the defendant

to conform to a specific standard of conduct for the protection of others against an

unreasonable risk of injury; (2) a failure to conform to the required standard; and (3) an

injury to the plaintiff proximately caused by the breach of such a duty by the defendant.” Id.

(quoting Johnson v. Pace, 122 So. 3d 66, 68 (¶8) (Miss. 2013)). In proving these elements,

the plaintiff must show “a causal connection between the breach and the [injury], such that

the breach is the proximate cause of the [injury].” Double Quick Inc. v. Lymas, 50 So. 3d

292, 298 (¶30) (Miss. 2010) (emphasis added).

¶29.   However, “suicide constitutes ‘an independent, intervening[,] and superseding event

that severs the causal nexus between any wrongful action on the part of the defendant.’”

Truddle, 150 So. 3d at 697 (¶17) (quoting Shamburger v. Grand Casino of Miss. Inc./Biloxi,

84 F. Supp. 2d 794, 798 (S.D. Miss. 1998)). “[A] rebuttable presumption exists ‘that a

person will not destroy himself by suicide.’” Id. at 695 (¶11) (quoting Edgeworth, 214 So.

2d at 585). Recovery for a wrongful suicide death is permissible only when the defendant

committed an intentional act that created “an irresistible impulse in the decedent to take his

or her own life.” Id. (citing Edgeworth, 214 So. 2d at 586-88). “[W]here the suicide is

committed in response to an uncontrollable impulse, recovery may be had if the mental state

       4
         The supreme court discussed an exception to its finding in Truddle for cases where
the decedent was under the defendant’s custody and control, such as in a mental facility.
Truddle, 150 So. 3d at 697-98 (¶¶20-22). The exception does not apply here, as there is no
allegation that Irby was under Dr. Madakasira’s or Psycamore’s custody or control.

                                              13
of [the] deceased was substantially caused by the defendants’ intentional wrongful acts.”

Edgeworth, 214 So. 2d at 587. In recognizing this exception to the common-law rule barring

recovery for suicide, “[t]he Edgeworth [c]ourt reasoned that intentional acts which cause an

irresistible impulse to commit suicide should be compensable because ‘a higher degree of

responsibility is imposed upon a wrongdoer whose conduct was intended to cause harm than

upon one whose conduct was negligent.’” Truddle, 150 So. 3d at 696 (¶11) (quoting

Edgeworth, 214 So. 2d at 587).

¶30.   “Nothing in Mississippi caselaw, save the irresistible-impulse doctrine, . . . abrogates

the general rule that suicide constitutes ‘an independent, intervening[,] and superseding event

that severs the causal nexus between any wrongful action on the part of the defendant.’” Id.

at (¶17). As stated by the United States District Court for the Northern District of

Mississippi, “[a]pplying the substantive law of the State of Mississippi, a claim for wrongful

suicide death can be maintained only where it can be shown that as a result of defendant’s

intentional torts, decedent acted under an irresistible impulse in committing suicide.” Hare

v. City of Corinth, 814 F. Supp. 1312, 1326 (N.D. Miss. 1993) (vacated and remanded on

other grounds, 74 F.3d 633 (5th Cir. 1996)). The holding in Truddle specifically extended

this principle to medical-malpractice claims. Truddle, 150 So. 3d at 697 (¶18).

¶31.   Therefore, under Truddle, while a claim for wrongful suicide death under the

irresistible-impulse doctrine set out in Edgeworth may be sustained based on a doctor’s

actions, the claim cannot lie in medical negligence. Id. at (¶17).5 While Truddle discusses

       5
         In finding that the irresistible-impulse doctrine extends to medical-negligence
claims, the supreme court cited Haney v. River Oaks Hospital, 2006-CA-00219-SCT (Order,

                                              14
a possible exception for circumstances where the decedent was under the custody and control

of a physician or facility, such as a mental institution, that exception does not apply here. Id.

at 697-98 (¶¶20-22). Therefore, the claim must stem from an intentional tort. Id. Because

the suicide action must be based on an intentional tort, Collins’s negligence claims do not

state a cause of action for which relief can be granted and were correctly dismissed.

¶32.   We disagree with the dissent’s finding that Truddle permits a medical-negligence

cause of action for Irby’s suicide death. First, Truddle clearly states that an intentional act

must be pled to support a cause of action for suicide, and our caselaw is well established that

an intentional act cannot form the basis of a negligence claim. Id. at 697 (¶19); Jordan v.

Wilson, 5 So. 3d 442, 447 (¶18) (Miss. Ct. App. 2008) (“[A]n intentional tort cannot be

committed negligently.”). Second, a medical-negligence claim cannot be sustained based on

Irby’s suicide because “suicide constitutes ‘an independent, intervening[,] and superseding

event that severs the causal nexus between any wrongful action’” of Dr. Madakasira and

Irby’s death. Truddle, 150 So. 3d at 697 (¶17) (quoting Shamburger, 84 F. Supp. 2d at 798).

If Irby’s death had not been the result of suicide, we would agree with the dissent that the

medical-negligence action could be sustained. However, in wrongful-suicide-death cases,

“a higher degree of responsibility” than negligence must be demonstrated to recover

damages. Truddle, 150 So. 3d at 696 (¶11). Thus, based on the facts presented, there is no

negligence cause of action for which relief can be granted.

May 17, 2007), which involved “a medical-negligence action against a doctor and hospital
where a patient committed suicide after being released from the hospital over her family’s
objections.” Truddle, 150 So. 3d at 697 (¶18). The supreme court noted that it affirmed per
curiam the finding of summary judgment in favor of the doctor and hospital. Id.

                                               15
¶33.   The dissent argues that the supreme court’s recent decision in Singing River Health

System v. Vermilyea, 2016-IA-01096-SCT, 2018 WL 1323581 (Miss. Mar. 15, 2018),

provides an exception allowing Collins to pursue her negligence claim based on Dr.

Madakasira’s assumption of a duty of care as Irby’s psychiatrist. We disagree. In Singing

River, Randy Vermilyea threatened to commit suicide by jumping off a bridge. Id. at *1 (¶2).

Law-enforcement officers spent ninety minutes talking him off the edge of the bridge and

then took him to the Singing River Hospital emergency room. Id. He was admitted,

evaluated, and released a few hours later—alone, without shoes, and without any attempt by

hospital staff to contact his family to inform them of the suicide attempt. Id. Vermilyea

called his daughter to pick him up, and, within minutes of his discharge, he jumped to his

death from a bridge. Id. Vermilyea’s wife and daughter sued Singing River, claiming in an

amended complaint that it had failed to exercise reasonable care and attention to his mental

and emotional condition—specifically, that it:

       failed to assess and treat . . . Vermilyea’s psychiatric condition, failed to
       hospitalize him, negligently and prematurely released him from the hospital,
       failed to take reasonable steps to prevent him from harming himself, failed to
       follow the standard of care applicable to a depressed and suicidal patient, and
       failed to inform [his wife or daughter] of his attempted suicide and need for
       follow-up care.

Id. at (¶3). His daughter also alleged negligent infliction of emotional distress, as she had

witnessed the suicide. Id.6

       6
         The amended complaint actually alleged intentional infliction of emotional distress.
Singing River, 2018 WL 1323581, at *1 (¶3). However, the supreme court found the claim
was mislabeled and was actually one for negligent infliction of emotional distress. Id. at *7
(¶28) (citing Sanderson Farms Inc. v. McCullough, 212 So. 3d 69, 74-75 (¶13) (Miss. 2017)
(holding that a complaint’s “substance prevails over form”)).

                                             16
¶34.   Singing River moved to dismiss the amended complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) for

failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted because all the claims were

negligence based. Id. at *2 (¶4). Citing Truddle, Singing River argued that the plaintiffs

were required to plead intentional conduct, leading to an irresistible impulse in Vermilyea

to commit suicide. Id. Without an allegation of intentional conduct, Singing River argued,

the claim failed as a matter of law. Id. The trial court denied the motion, and the supreme

court affirmed the decision upon interlocutory review. Id. at *7 (¶29). The supreme court,

also citing Truddle, found that while suicide generally breaks the causal nexus between the

defendant’s actions and the suicide death in a medical-negligence case, this rule does not

apply when the facility had the duty to safeguard a decedent/patient who was in its “custody

and control” and the facility had “the ability to control the patient’s conduct.” Id. at *5 (¶19).

¶35.   When the facility assumes a duty of care for a patient who is under its custody and

control, and it is foreseeable that a breach of that duty could result in immediate suicide,

liability exists “for the [facility’s] negligent failure to prevent . . . [the] act of self-harm.” Id.

The supreme court held that this exception includes the negligent discharge of a suicidal

patient, because “[n]egligently discharging a suicidal patient and leaving him to his own

devices is not materially different from failing to provide a safe environment inside the

facility.” Id. at *7 (¶26).

¶36.   While the amended complaint here alleged that Dr. Madakasira knew that Irby had

threatened suicide in the past and that his suicide was foreseeable, there was no allegation

that Irby was under Dr. Madakasira’s custody or control or that he had recently been under

                                                 17
any doctor’s or facility’s custody or control and negligently discharged, as Singing River

requires. Id. at *5 (¶19) (citing Truddle, 150 So. 3d at 695 (¶6) (holding that no medical-

negligence cause of action existed for the decedent’s suicide death where the decedent was

discharged from the hospital six days prior to his death)). Rather, Irby was simply receiving

treatment from Dr. Madakasira as his psychiatrist. Thus, the dissent’s reliance on Singing

River is misplaced. We do note, however, that the supreme court in Singing River reaffirmed

that “the general rule that suicide is ‘an independent, intervening and superseding event’ that

breaks the causal nexus between the defendant’s wrongful act and the death” and that this

principle “extends to medical-malpractice claims.” Id. at *3 (¶13). That is, in a medical-

negligence action for a suicide death, unless an exception to the general rule is found, the

third element of negligence—causation—cannot be sustained. Id. The dissent cites no

exception to the general rule. On remand, Collins can assert the allegations in the amended

complaint that raise an intentional-tort cause of action; but there is no basis in our law for a

negligence cause of action, since no exception to the intentional-act pleading requirement has

been alleged.

¶37.   We also disagree with the dissent’s statement that our decision effectively holds “that

intentional conduct cannot serve as the basis for a medical-malpractice action.” The dissent

asserts that this decision departs from our holding in Chitty v. Terracina, 16 So. 3d 774

(Miss. Ct. App. 2009). In Chitty, we held that whether a doctor’s “alleged actions were

intentional, or merely negligent, is not determinative” of whether a claim falls under the

medical-malpractice statute; rather, “the main issue” is “whether the tort arises out of the

                                              18
course of medical, surgical or other professional services.” Id. at 779 (¶12). We do not stray

from that decision. We acknowledge that the plain language of our medical-malpractice

statute encompasses all applicable torts against physicians; it is not limited to the tort of

negligence. The statute specifically states that “no claim in tort may be brought against a

licensed physician . . . [for] wrongful death arising out of the course of medical, surgical or

other professional services[.]”      Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-36(2) (emphasis added).7

Regardless, the issue before us on rehearing is not whether an intentional tort can form the

basis of a medical-malpractice claim, but whether a medical professional’s negligence can

be the proximate cause of Irby’s suicide.

¶38.   Taking the allegations in the complaint as true, Collins’s medical-negligence

allegations do not state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Suicide is an independent,

intervening, and superseding event that breaks the nexus between any alleged wrongful act

of Dr. Madakasira and Irby’s death. Without this nexus, a causal connection for a medical-

negligence action cannot be formed, and the claims cannot be sustained. The trial court

correctly dismissed the negligence allegations in the complaint.

       III.   Whether Collins’s complaint alleges an intentional tort sufficient
              to sustain a cause of action for wrongful death by suicide.

¶39.   To comply with Truddle’s intentional-act pleading requirement, Collins moved for,

       7
         We note that the medical-malpractice statute also states that “[n]o action based upon
the health care provider’s professional negligence may be begun unless the defendant has
been given at least sixty (60) days’ prior written notice of the intention to begin the action.”
Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-36(15) (emphasis added). Either this means that notice is only
required for negligence claims, or that only negligence actions can be brought under the
medical-malpractice statute. However, this issue has not been decided by our supreme court,
and it is unnecessary to address it here.

                                              19
and was granted, leave to amend the complaint. The pertinent section of the amended

complaint reads:

                         INTENTIONAL ACTS OF DEFENDANT
              ....

       15.    Dr. Madakasira knowingly engaged in a course of conduct with the
       conservators of Stuart M. Irby to have a divorce granted to Irby by the action
       prosecuted by the conservators even though Stuart Irby expressed his
       opposition to the divorce. By advising with the conservators in the divorce
       action, which resulted in a divorce being granted, Dr. Madakasira stepped
       outside of the psychiatrist-patient relationship and created a conflict of interest
       with his patient, Stuart Irby. As Irby’s attending psychiatrist for several years,
       Dr. Madakasira knew that Stuart Irby was mentally and emotionally fragile and
       that he had threat[en]ed to commit suicide in the past. However,
       notwithstanding his personal knowledge of lrby’s mental condition[,] Dr.
       Madakasira intentionally participated with the conservators to secure a divorce
       for Stuart Irby from his wife, [Collins,] and took an active part in the chancery
       court proceedings which resulted in the divorce being granted against Stuart
       Irby’s will.

       16.    As a direct and proximate result of the intentional acts of Dr.
       Madakasira in assisting the conservators in the prosecution of the divorce
       action and the granting of a divorce by the Chancery Court[,] Stuart M. Irby
       developed an irresistible impulse to commit suicide and on January 17, 2012[,]
       he committed suicide.

       17.     The intentional conduct of Dr. Madakasira, as aforesaid, created an
       irresistible impulse in Stuart Irby to commit suicide so that he took his own
       life. Based upon the negligence and intentional acts of the defendants it was
       foreseeable that Stuart M. Irby would commit suicide.

       18.     Madakasira’s intentional conduct, as aforesaid, was the proximate cause
       or a proximate contributing cause of the irresistible impulse suffered by Stuart
       M. Irby to commit suicide and rendered him unable to discern the nature or
       consequences of suicide which was the proximate cause or was a proximate
       contributing cause of Stuart Irby’s wrongful death.

¶40.   The trial court found the allegations in the amended complaint sounded in intentional

tort, and thus were barred by the one-year statute of limitations. In her original brief on

                                               20
appeal, Collins vehemently argued that all claims in the complaint were negligence-based,

as any intentional-tort claims were barred by the one-year statute of limitations. On the

contrary, on rehearing, we are only looking at the intentional-act allegations, which were

required to be pled under Truddle, to determine if the amended complaint states a claim upon

which relief can be granted.

¶41.     While we have found the statute of limitations was tolled as to either claim, the

distinction between the claims is important, as we must determine whether Collins’s

complaint states a claim for which relief can be granted on remand. Although Collins

originally argued that the complaint alleged only negligence, “[s]ubstance prevails over

form.” Sanderson Farms Inc. v. McCullough, 212 So. 3d 69, 74 (¶13) (Miss. 2017). We are

“not bound by the claims set forth in [the complaint].” Id. Rather, “[t]he question . . . is

whether the substance of [the] claim . . . sounds in intentional tort or negligence.” Id. at 75

(¶13).

¶42.     Despite Collins’s original assertion that the claims sound in negligence, an intentional

act cannot form the basis of a negligence claim. “Negligence is a failure to do what [a]

reasonable person would do under the same or similar circumstances,” resulting in a breach

of the applicable standard of care and injury to the plaintiff. Estate of St. Martin v. Hixson,

145 So. 3d 1124, 1128 (¶9) (Miss. 2014). Intent “denotes that the actor desires to cause the

consequences of his act.” S. Farm Bureau Cas. Ins. v. Allard, 611 So. 2d 966, 968 (Miss.

1992) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 8A(a) (1965)). Intentional behavior

designed to bring about the plaintiff’s injury forms the basis of an intentional tort, id., and

                                               21
“an intentional tort cannot be committed negligently.” Jordan, 5 So. 3d at 447 (¶18).

¶43.   “[A] claim alleging an intentional tort and a claim alleging negligence are mutually

exclusive, in that, one who is found to have acted negligently cannot at the same time be

found to have acted intentionally.” Id. While our law permits a party to allege inconsistent

claims based on negligence and intentional tort, id. at 448 (¶19) (citing M.R.C.P. 8), this is

not what Collins alleges. Rather, Collins alleges that Dr. Madakasira’s intentional acts serve

as the basis for the negligence claim. There is no basis in our law to support this argument.

See id. at 447-48 (¶¶18-19).

¶44.   Thus, we look to the amended complaint’s substance to determine whether its claims

lie in negligence or intentional tort. See Howard v. Wilson, 62 So. 3d 955, 956 (¶6) (Miss.

2011). Collins’s amended complaint alleges the following intentional acts: “Dr. Madakasira

intentionally participated with the conservators to secure a divorce for . . . Irby from his wife,

[Collins,] and took an active part in the chancery court proceedings which resulted in the

divorce being granted against . . . Irby’s will,” and this “intentional conduct . . . created an

irresistible impulse in . . . Irby to commit suicide.” The first sentence of the punitive-

damages section of the complaint states, “Dr. Madakasira[] willfully, deliberately[,] and

intentionally participated in the divorce proceedings against the will and wishes of . . . Irby[,]

which resulted in a divorce which Mr. Irby did not want and resulted in Mr. Irby being forced

to divorce his wife against his will.”

¶45.   We find these allegations—that Dr. Madakasira acted “knowingly,” “intentionally,”

“active[ly],” “willfully,” and “deliberately”—sound in intentional tort, regardless of the title

                                               22
Collins gives them.8 We further find that Collins’s intentional-tort claims do not state a claim

for medical malpractice. A medical-malpractice claim must “aris[e] out of the course of

medical, surgical[,] or other professional services[.]” Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-36(2). The

amended complaint, under the section titled “INTENTIONAL ACTS OF DEFENDANT,”

states that “[b]y advising with the conservators in the divorce action, which resulted in a

divorce being granted, Dr. Madakasira stepped outside of the psychiatrist-patient relationship

and created a conflict of interest with his patient, Stuart Irby.” (Emphasis added). As Collins

alleges Dr. Madakasira’s intentional acts were committed “outside of the psychiatrist-patient

relationship,” not arising out of the course of it, the intentional-act allegations do not fall

within the medical-malpractice statute.

¶46.   Looking at the substance of the amended complaint, we find the alleged intentional

acts lie in intentional tort. While we make no finding as to the merits of the complaint, we

find that the complaint alleges sufficient intentional acts to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion

to dismiss. As the statute of limitations is no longer at issue due to the minor’s saving

statute, we find the intentional act allegations in the complaint may be viable, even though

those acts arise in a medical context. Therefore, we remand this matter to the circuit court

for further proceedings on Collins’s intentional-tort claims.

                                        CONCLUSION

¶47.   Under the supreme court’s holding in Pioneer, we find the minor’s savings statute

       8
         While not titled as such, the claims sound akin to intentional infliction of emotional
distress, which “is of like kind or classification as the torts enumerated in . . . [s]ection 15-1-
35[.]” Jones v. Fluor Daniel Servs. Corp., 32 So. 3d 417, 425 (¶36) (Miss. 2010).

                                                23
tolled the statute of limitations. While making no comment as to the merits of the complaint,

we further find that Collins’s amended complaint alleged sufficient intentional acts to survive

a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. Thus, we reverse this matter for further proceedings.

However, as the wrongful-death claim for Irby’s suicide must lie in intentional tort, the

remand proceedings shall be limited to the claims raised for intentional tort. See Truddle,

150 So. 3d at 697 (¶17). Collins’s negligence claims were correctly dismissed for failure to

state a claim upon which relief can be granted, as a negligence cause of action for suicide

cannot be sustained on the facts of this case.

¶48.   AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART.

       GRIFFIS, P.J., WILSON, GREENLEE AND TINDELL, JJ., CONCUR. LEE,
C.J., CONCURS IN PART AND DISSENTS IN PART WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN
OPINION, JOINED BY IRVING, P.J., CARLTON AND WESTBROOKS, JJ. FAIR,
J., NOT PARTICIPATING.

       LEE, C.J., CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART:

¶49.   I agree with the majority that pursuant to the supreme court’s decision in Pioneer

Community Hospital of Newton v. Roberts, 214 So. 3d 259 (Miss. 2017), the minor’s saving

statute applies to Irby’s claim through Collins and tolled the statutory limitations period.

Therefore, Collins’s claim was timely.

¶50.   However, I disagree with the majority that the application of the minor’s saving statute

is necessary to preserve Collins’s intentional-act claim and that the trial court was correct in

dismissing Collins’s negligence claim. Additionally, I still disagree––as I did with the

previous, now-withdrawn opinion—with the majority decision that Collins’s claim on

remand is limited to simply an intentional tort. Collins’s amended complaint asserted two

                                              24
medical-malpractice claims for Irby’s wrongful death by suicide—one for negligence and

one for an intentional act. Both are medical-malpractice claims to which the two-year statute

of limitations applies—therefore, both of Collins’s claims were already timely filed.

¶51.   The majority states that “the trial court correctly dismissed Collins’s negligence cause

of action as there is no basis for a negligence action for wrongful death by suicide. Thus, it

is unnecessary for the trial court to revisit the negligence issue on remand.” However, I find

that supreme court’s recent decision in Singing River Health Systems v. Vermilyea,

2016-IA-01096-SCT, 2018 WL 1323581 (Miss. Mar. 15, 2018), clearly demonstrates that

both the claims asserted in this case are recoverable theories under medical malpractice, and

further, that it was error for the trial court to dismiss the negligence count for failure to state

a claim. I also find that the majority misconstrues Truddle v. Baptist Mem’l Hosp.-DeSoto

Inc., 150 So. 3d 692 (Miss. 2014), in which our supreme court unequivocally categorized the

intentional-act claim at issue as one for medical malpractice.              Accordingly, I find

that—notwithstanding the application of the minor’s saving statute—Collins’s claims were

already timely filed under the two-year statute which applies to medical-malpractice claims.

As such, I also find that, on remand, both of Collins’s claims are for medical-malpractice and

the suit on remand is not limited to, nor characterized as simply an intentional-tort claim.

Thus, I respectfully dissent.

¶52.   Mississippi’s medical-malpractice statute, Mississippi Code Annotated section 15-1-

36 (Rev. 2012), “makes no such distinction between intentional and unintentional torts . . . .”

Chitty v. Terracina, 16 So. 3d 774, 778 (¶10) (Miss. Ct. App. 2009). Rather, “the main issue

                                                25
[is] whether the tort ‘arises out of the course of medical, surgical or other professional

services.’” Id. at 779 (¶12) (citing Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-36)). Thus, whether Dr.

Madakasira’s “alleged actions were intentional, or merely negligent, is not determinative.”

Id. Here, both of Collins’s claims asserted against Dr. Madakasira complain of tortious

conduct arising out of the course of his medical-professional services as Irby’s psychiatrist.

Therefore, Collins’s claims are medical-malpractice claims. The supreme court’s decisions

in both Truddle and Singing River demonstrate as much.

¶53.   In the instant case, Collins’s amended complaint for Irby’s wrongful death by suicide

stated two counts for recovery: (1) negligence—“that Dr. Madakasira breached the minimum

standards of care which he owed to [Irby] . . . [and] [a]s a direct and proximate cause, or a

contributing cause . . . Irby committed suicide[,]” and (2) irresistible-impulse/intentional

act—that “[a]s a direct and proximate result of the intentional acts of Dr. Madakasira . . . Irby

developed an irresistible impulse to commit suicide and on January 17, 2012[,] he committed

suicide.” The supreme court has held both theories viable in the context of medical-

malpractice claims for wrongful death by suicide.

¶54.   In Truddle, the supreme court discussed the irresistible-impulse doctrine as it applies

to medical-malpractice claims. Truddle, 150 So. 3d at 697 (¶18) (Miss. 2014). Most

recently, in Singing River Health Systems, the supreme court explained that Truddle actually

“discussed two lines of cases concerning a third party’s liability for another’s suicide” and

“first reviewed the line of cases concerning the irresistible-impulse doctrine[,]” but then “also

recognized precedent holding that liability exists if the plaintiff shows that the defendant

                                               26
owed the decedent a certain duty of care and breached that duty,”—i.e. negligence. Singing

River, 2018 WL 1323581, at *6-7 (¶8), *17 (¶24). Thus, Collins’s suit against Dr.

Madakasira for the wrongful death of Irby by suicide is one for medical-

malpractice—whether it is pursued under the irresistible-impulse doctrine or under a

negligence theory.

       I.      Negligence

¶55.   The majority finds that the trial court correctly dismissed Collins’s negligence cause

of action for failure to state a claim because it finds, per its interpretation of Truddle, there

is no basis for a negligence action for wrongful death by suicide. But Singing River

explicitly rejects the majority’s finding.

¶56.   In Singing River, the plaintiffs filed a wrongful-death suit based in medical negligence

against the hospital and medical providers for the decedent’s suicide following his hospital

discharge. Id. at *2 (¶1). The defendants moved to dismiss the claim, arguing Truddle

operated as “an absolute bar to [the plaintiff’s] ability to recover for the suicide of [the

decedent].” Id. at *4 (¶4), *6 (¶7). The trial court denied the motion to dismiss finding that

Truddle did not apply to bar the plaintiffs’ medical-negligence claim. Id. at *5 (¶5). The

defendants filed an interlocutory appeal and the supreme court affirmed the trial court’s

decision, rejecting the defendant/appellant’s argument. Id. at *1 (¶1). “We reject this

argument[,]”

       that, because [the plaintiff’s] amended complaint is grounded in medical
       negligence and does not allege that [the decedent] committed suicide either (1)
       while in the defendants’ custody, or (2) under an irresistible impulse,
       proximately caused by the defendant’s intentional conduct, that rendered him

                                               27
         unable to discern the nature and consequences of suicide, the complaint fails
         to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.

Id. at *17 (¶23). Thus, in Singing River, the supreme court explained that in medical-

malpractice cases a cause of action for wrongful death by suicide, may be maintained under

the irresistible-impulse doctrine or negligence given certain factual circumstances.

         While Truddle held that the principle that suicide is an intervening,
         superseding cause that breaks the causal connection between the wrongful act
         and the death applies in medical negligence cases, the case also recognized
         precedent holding that liability exists if the plaintiff shows that the defendant
         owed the decedent a certain duty of care and breached that duty.

Id. at *17 (¶24) (emphasis added).

¶57.     The supreme court in Truddle noted a particular instance where, in a medical-

malpractice case, the plaintiff’s claim for wrongful death by suicide could be maintained

under a theory of negligence—when suicide is committed while the person is in the

defendant’s custody. Id. But, in Singing River, the supreme court negated the assumption

that this example given in Truddle was the only instance where a negligence claim could

apply.

         The defendants argue that the fact that [the decedent’s] suicide occurred when
         he was outside the hospital’s custody is fatal to [the] claim. They contend that
         Truddle stands for the proposition that the decedent must have been under the
         custody and control of the facility at the time of the death or there can be no
         liability for a suicide allegedly caused by medical negligence. The dissent
         takes this position as well. Considering the specific facts alleged in the
         amended complaint, we disagree.

Id. at 18-19 (¶26) (emphasis added).

¶58.     The Singing River Court noted the defendants were “on notice that the decedent was

suicidal,” and that “they specifically accepted him for treatment for being suicidal and

                                                28
depressed.” Id. at *17-18 (¶25). As such, the supreme court stated the defendants had

“assumed a duty toward [the decedent] to exercise reasonable care to safeguard him from the

known danger he presented to himself, and to exercise such reasonable care for his safety as

his mental condition required.” Id. The supreme court went on to find that under the facts

of the case “plaintiffs did present a claim of medical negligence regarding the death of [the

decedent]” and that “the medical negligence claim was not subject to dismissal under Rule

12(b)(6).” Id. at *20 (¶28).

¶59.   Similarly, here, Collins’s amended complaint asserted a negligence claim that Dr.

Madakasira, as Irby’s treating psychiatrist, knew of Irby’s mental condition including suicidal

ideations, and also knew that Irby did not desire the divorce from Collins. The complaint

further alleges that in light of this knowledge, Dr. Madakasira breached the minimum

standards of care by failing to properly monitor Irby’s mental health; executing an affidavit

in the divorce proceeding while serving as Irby’s treating physician and psychiatrist that it

would be in Irby’s best interest to have a divorce granted—which was in direct conflict with

Irby’s desire and testimony; and by failing to prescribe an appropriate treatment for Irby to

prevent his suicide. Finally, the negligence claim concludes that as a “direct and proximate

cause, or a contributing cause, of the breach of the minimum standard of care by [Dr.

Madakasira] . . . Irby committed suicide.” The facts alleged in the amended complaint state

that Irby told his wife Collins in a telephone conversation that he was forced into the divorce

which he did not want and that he had no reason to live. A short time later Irby was found

dead in his residence, having committed suicide. I do not consider the merits of the

                                              29
complaint and also recognize that negligence is an issue for the fact finder. However, taking

the allegations of the amended complaint as true, Collins’s amended complaint stated a

negligence claim for Irby’s death by suicide which, in accordance with Singing River, was

not subject to dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6). Accordingly, I would reverse the trial court’s

dismissal of Collins’s negligence claim and remand for further proceedings. Therefore, with

respect to this issue, I dissent.

       II.     Irresistible-Impulse Doctrine

¶60.   In addition to Collins’s negligence claim, which the trial court erroneously dismissed

for failure to state a claim, Collins’s amended complaint asserted an intentional-act claim via

the irresistible-impulse doctrine.    The majority finds that Collins’s claim under the

irresistible-impulse doctrine, which was otherwise precluded by the statute of limitations

governing torts, is saved by the minor’s savings statute. Additionally, the majority states that

on remand, Collins’s wrongful-death claim under the irresistible-impulse doctrine is simply

an intentional tort and not one for medical malpractice. However, in Truddle, the supreme

court addressed the irresistible-impulse doctrine as it applies to medical-malpractice claims

arising from an individual’s suicide. Truddle, 150 So. 3d at 697 (¶17). The claim does not

cease to be one for medical malpractice simply because the irresistible-impulse doctrine

requires the claimant to plead and prove an intentional act.

¶61.   Again, a medical malpractice claim is one for “injuries or wrongful death arising out

of the course of medical, surgical or other professional services . . . [,]” notwithstanding

whether the act is negligent or intentional. Miss. Code Ann. §15-1-36. This is exactly the

                                              30
claim Collins’s makes—that Irby’s wrongful death arose out of the course of medical,

professional services, rendered by Dr. Madakasira—under the irresistible-impulse doctrine.

Thus, because this claim is a medical-malpractice claim, the minor’s savings statute is not

necessary to preserve it, as it was already timely filed under the applicable statute of

limitations governing medical-malpractice cases.

¶62.   Under Mississippi law, the irresistible-impulse doctrine is the exception to the general

rule that a third party cannot be held liable for a decedent’s suicide. Id. According to the

irresistible-impulse doctrine, a decedent’s suicide is actionable against a third-party

defendant as a wrongful-death claim “only if the suicide was proximately caused by the

intentional act of the defendant, creating an irresistible impulse in the decedent to take his

or her own life.” Id. at 695 (¶11) (citing State ex rel. Richardson v. Edgeworth, 214 So. 2d

579, 585 (Miss. 1968)). Again, Truddle specifically discusses how this doctrine applies to

medical-malpractice actions.

¶63.   In Truddle, the supreme court specifically stated that the issue was “whether . . .

Mississippi law bars medical-negligence actions arising from an individual’s suicide.” Id.

at 695 (¶¶9-10). The supreme court noted that a third party cannot be held liable for a

decedent’s suicide except under the irresistible-impulse doctrine, and that “this principle

extends to medical-malpractice claims.” Id. at (¶18). The majority opinion acknowledges

that the Truddle case is one of medical malpractice. Yet the majority goes on to find that the

medical-malpractice claim in the instant case is an intentional-tort claim and thus subject to

a one-year statute of limitations. Mississippi law is clear that a two-year statute of limitations

                                               31
applies to medical-malpractice claims. Estate of Johnson ex rel. Shaw v. Graceland Care

Ctr. of Oxford LLC, 41 So. 3d 692, 695 (¶10) (Miss. 2010).

¶64.   After explicitly stating the issue was “whether . . . Mississippi law bars medical-

negligence actions arising from an individual’s suicide,” the Truddle court went on to discuss

the irresistible-impulse doctrine’s application to medical-malpractice cases. The Truddle

court noted that the “crux of [the plaintiff’s] argument . . . is that [the decedent’s] suicide was

the result of medical malpractice, i.e., negligence.” Truddle, 150 So. 3d. at 696-97 (¶15).

The court stated that in medical-malpractice claims, the burden is upon the plaintiff to

       prove (1) the existence of a duty by the defendant to conform to a specific
       standard of conduct for the protection of others against an unreasonable risk
       of injury; (2) a failure to conform to the required standard; and (3) an injury to
       the plaintiff proximately caused by the breach of such a duty by the defendant.

Id. at 697 (¶16). The court explained that nothing in our caselaw has abolished the rule that

suicide constitutes an “independent, intervening and superseding event that severs the causal

nexus between any wrongful action on the part of the defendant,” except for the irresistible-

impulse doctrine. Id. at (¶17) (“Nothing . . . save the irresistible-impulse doctrine . . . .”

(emphasis added)). The court reasoned that the irresistible-impulse doctrine imposes a higher

degree of responsibility because of the nature of the act, and stated: “this principle extends

to medical-malpractice claims.” Id. at (¶¶17-18) (emphasis added). Accordingly, the

supreme court held that “[i]n such a case,”—being one for medical malpractice—“the

plaintiff must show that the defendant committed an intentional act that led to an irresistible

impulse to commit suicide in order to prevail.” Id. at (¶19). The majority, however,

conflates Truddle’s requirement that the claimant plead an intentional act or intentional

                                                32
conduct with a claim for merely an intentional tort and removes it from the scope of the

medical-malpractice statute.

¶65.   In the instant case, Collins amended the complaint in order to comply with the legal

standard set forth in Truddle—specifically, the pleading requirements. Again,

       to recover against a third party for a decedent’s suicide, . . . a plaintiff must
       plead and prove: (1) the decedent was under an irresistible impulse rendering
       him or her unable to discern the nature or consequences of suicide, and (2) the
       irresistible impulse was proximately caused by the defendant’s intentional
       conduct.

Id. at 696 (¶12) (emphasis added). As such, Collins’s amended complaint alleged that Dr.

Madakasira’s intentional conduct of engaging with Irby’s conservators, executing an

affidavit, and testifying in court proceedings to obtain a divorce against Irby’s wishes created

an irresistible impulse in Irby to commit suicide and thus constituted medical malpractice.

Truddle does not require the claimant to plead and prove that the defendant intended the

decedent to commit suicide. Rather, Truddle requires that the claimant plead and prove the

intentional conduct the defendant engaged in that created the irresistible impulse in the

decedent to commit suicide—thereby committing medical-malpractice.

¶66.   The supreme court in Truddle unequivocally stated that the irresistible-impulse

doctrine’s heightened pleading requirements apply to medical-malpractice claims. Id. at 697

(¶¶17-18). Truddle did not bar medical-malpractice actions arising from an individual’s

suicide, nor did it characterize the action as simply an intentional tort. Rather, the court

repeatedly discussed the irresistible-impulse doctrine in the context of medical-malpractice

claims and found that it did in fact apply in medical-malpractice claims: “[T]his principle

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extends to medical-malpractice claims.” Id. at (¶18). As such, Collins’s intentional-act claim

is a medical-malpractice claim—to which the statute of limitations that governs medical-

malpractice claims applies: two years.

¶67.   In Truddle, the trial court granted summary judgment for the defendants due to the

plaintiff’s failure to “plead[] . . . [or] create a genuine issue of material fact as to any

wrongful act committed by the defendant that caused [the decedent] to commit suicide.” Id.

at 695 (¶8). That is not the case here. Collins’s amended complaint pled with specificity the

alleged intentional acts of Dr. Madakasira that allegedly created an irresistible impulse in

Irby to commit suicide—a claim that Truddle characterizes as one of medical malpractice.

Whether there is truth or merit to Collins’s claim is not before this Court. Rather, the issue

is whether the claim falls under a one-year statute of limitations or a two-year statute of

limitations. Because the supreme court has very clearly categorized the claim as one for

medical malpractice, it is equally clear that the statute of limitations governing medical-

malpractice claims applies.

¶68.   Again, our law is clear that a two-year statute of limitations applies to medical-

malpractice claims. Section 15-1-36(2) provides:

       For any claim accruing on or after July 1, 1998, and except as otherwise
       provided in this section, no claim in tort may be brought against a licensed
       physician, osteopath, dentist, hospital, institution for the aged or infirm, nurse,
       pharmacist, podiatrist, optometrist[,] or chiropractor for injuries or wrongful
       death arising out of the course of medical, surgical[,] or other professional
       services unless it is filed within two (2) years from the date the alleged act,
       omission or neglect shall or with reasonable diligence might have been first
       known or discovered, and . . . in no event more than seven (7) years after the
       alleged act, omission or neglect occurred.

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¶69.   In determining whether the two-year medical-malpractice statute of limitations

applies, this Court has previously stated: “the main issue [is] whether the tort arises out of

the course of medical, surgical[,] or other professional services.” Chitty v. Terracina, 16 So.

3d 774, 779 (¶12) (Miss. Ct. App. 2009). Here, it is clear that the conduct of Dr.

Madakasira—which Collins alleged created the irresistible impulse in Irby to commit suicide

and served as the basis for the tort claim—arose out of the course of professional psychiatric

care rendered by Dr. Madakasira. Dr. Madakasira, in the course and scope of care as Irby’s

psychiatrist, met with Irby’s conservators, executed an affidavit, and testified in court

proceedings regarding Irby’s best interests in terms of his mental health. In Chitty, this Court

further stated that where the tort claim arises out of the course of medical, surgical, or other

professional services, “whether [the medical provider’s] alleged actions were intentional, or

merely negligent, is not determinative.” Id. The majority now departs from that reasoning,

finding that intentional conduct cannot serve as the basis for a medical-malpractice action.

Moreover, in doing so, the majority departs from the supreme court’s explicit and repetitive

characterization of the action in the instant case as one for medical malpractice.

¶70.   Nothing in Truddle characterizes the cause of action as simply an intentional tort or

removes the action from the medical-malpractice statute and its governing statute of

limitations. The majority erroneously interprets Truddle as characterizing a claim against a

physician for a patient’s suicide as nothing more than an intentional tort. Rather, Truddle

consistently characterizes the action as one for medical malpractice—to which a two-year

statute of limitations applies.

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¶71.   The majority states that, “If Irby’s death had not been the result of suicide, we would

agree with the dissent that the medical-negligence action could be sustained.” Citing

Truddle, the majority reasons this is because “suicide constitutes ‘an independent,

intervening[,] and superseding event that severs the causal nexus between any wrongful

action’” of Dr. Madakasira and Irby’s death. This reasoning, however, conveniently omits

the supreme court’s qualifier to the foregoing statement, and thus patently ignores the

supreme court’s exception to this rule: the irresistible-impulse doctrine. “Nothing in

Mississippi caselaw, save the irresistible-impulse doctrine, abrogates the general rule that

suicide constitutes ‘an independent, intervening and superseding event that severs the causal

nexus between any wrongful action on the part of the defendant.’ ” Id. (emphasis added).

“[T]he irresistible-impulse doctrine applie[s] as an exception to the general rule regarding

suicide . . . .” Id. (emphasis added). It is an exception that applies to the instant medical-

malpractice case.

¶72.   The majority states that Collins’s “suicide action must be based on an intentional tort”

and thus, her “negligence claims do not state a cause of action for which relief can be granted

and were correctly dismissed.” Again, as discussed, the supreme court rejected this argument

in Singing River.      Both Collins’s negligence claim and intentional-act claim are

medical-malpractice claims. As such, it is unnecessary to apply the savings statute in the

instant case, as both claims were already timely under the medical-malpractice statute of

limitations.

¶73.   While I do not consider the merits of Collins’s complaint, I do find that both Collins’s

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claims—in accordance with Truddle and Singing River—were for medical malpractice. As

such, I believe Collins’s medical-malpractice claims were subject to a two-year statute of

limitations. Therefore, I would also reverse and remand for this reason, notwithstanding the

majority’s application of the minor’s saving statute. For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully

dissent.

       IRVING, P.J., CARLTON AND WESTBROOKS, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION.

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