Court Opinion

ID: 9958461
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-09 14:13:48.523151+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:18:23.093126
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Judges Malveaux, Raphael and Senior Judge Petty
UNPUBLISHED

              Argued at Richmond, Virginia

              BENJAMIN J. BROWN
                                                                              MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.      Record No. 0041-23-2                                     JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY
                                                                                    APRIL 9, 2024
              STEPHANIE N. BROWN

                                 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF KING GEORGE COUNTY
                                              Herbert M. Hewitt, Judge

                               Lauren K. Grant (Stiles Ewing Powers, on briefs), for appellant.

                               Benjamin R. Rand (Blackburn, Conte, Schilling & Click, P.C., on
                               brief), for appellee.

                      Benjamin J. Brown (husband) appeals a final order of divorce, challenging several aspects

              of the equitable distribution award. Husband argues that the circuit court erred by finding the

              parties’ premarital agreement requires him to reimburse Stephanie N. Brown (wife) for one-half of

              the reduction of his student loan balance and holding that the premarital agreement “overrode”

              Texas law. Husband further asserts that the circuit court erred by finding that the premarital

              agreement required him to reimburse wife $20,527 for an “underpaid tax liability.” Finally,

              husband contends that the circuit court erred by ruling that he was “not entitled to any portion” of

              wife’s Chesterfield Oral Surgery 401(k) account. For the reasons stated below, we affirm the circuit

              court’s judgment in part, reverse in part, and remand this case to the circuit court for further

              proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                      *
                          This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).
                                          BACKGROUND1

        Before the parties married, they lived in Texas and entered into a premarital agreement on

July 30, 2016. Wife disclosed certain assets she owned, while husband did not attach a list of his

property to the premarital agreement. The premarital agreement defined and provided for the

disposition of the parties’ separate and community property and obligations. On October 15, 2016,

the parties married. Following their marriage, the parties endorsed an agreement ratifying the

premarital agreement.

        Husband and wife subsequently moved to Virginia and separated on November 9, 2020.

Wife filed a complaint for divorce, asking the circuit court to divide their marital property according

to the terms of the premarital agreement. Husband filed an answer and counterclaim, to which wife

filed an answer.

        Before the equitable distribution hearing, the parties agreed to retain a neutral forensic

account evaluator, who prepared an asset list, a summary of husband’s student loans, a retirement

and investment accounts list, and a tax analysis; the parties submitted the documents as joint

exhibits at trial. The parties agreed that their premarital agreement governed the division of their

property but disagreed over how the agreement applied to husband’s student loans, his income and

tax liability, and wife’s Chesterfield Oral Surgery 401(k) account.

        After hearing testimony and reviewing the parties’ written closing arguments, the circuit

court issued a letter opinion. As pertinent herein, the circuit court found that wife was entitled to

reimbursement for one-half of the reduction of husband’s student loan balance and $20,527 for

funds she paid toward husband’s tax liability. The circuit court also found that husband was not

entitled to any portion of wife’s Chesterfield Oral Surgery 401(k) account. On December 13, 2022,

        1
         Portions of the record in this case were sealed. We unseal only those facts expressly
mentioned in this opinion; the remainder of the sealed record remains under seal. Mintbrook
Devs., LLC v. Groundscapes, LLC, 76 Va. App. 279, 283 n.1 (2022).
                                                -2-
the circuit court entered a final decree of divorce, which incorporated the premarital agreement.

Husband appeals.

                                             ANALYSIS

       “[T]his Court reviews the circuit court’s ‘interpretation of the parties’ agreement de novo.’”

Price v. Peek, 72 Va. App. 640, 646 (2020) (quoting Jones v. Gates, 68 Va. App. 100, 105 (2017)).

An appellate court is “not bound by the trial court’s conclusions as to the construction of the

disputed provisions.” Jones, 68 Va. App. at 105 (quoting Smith v. Smith, 3 Va. App. 510, 513

(1986)). In interpreting an agreement, “the court must determine ‘the intent of the parties and the

meaning of the language’” by examining “‘the entire instrument, giving full effect to the words the

parties actually used.’” Price, 72 Va. App. at 646 (quoting Jones, 68 Va. App. at 106).

                                            Student loans

       Husband is an emergency room physician. There is no dispute that husband incurred

student loans before the parties’ marriage. Husband paid his loans with his income earned during

the marriage. Husband argues that the circuit court erred by finding that the premarital agreement

required him to reimburse wife for one-half of the reduction of his student loan balance and that

their agreement “overrode” Texas law.

       The parties had agreed that Texas substantive law applied to their agreement. Texas law

provides that a court “may not recognize a marital estate’s claim for reimbursement for . . . a student

loan owed by a spouse.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 3.409(5). Relying on § 3.409(5), husband argues

that the circuit court erred in ordering him to reimburse the marital estate for moneys used to pay his

medical school debt. Wife, however, argues that husband should reimburse the marital estate

because he used community property to pay his separate debt, which the parties had agreed would

be paid with their separate property. The circuit court found that the parties had agreed that husband

was responsible for repaying his student loans from his separate property.

                                                 -3-
        In determining the parties’ intent and meaning, the circuit court had to examine “the entire

instrument.” Price, 72 Va. App. at 646 (quoting Jones, 68 Va. App. at 106); see also Worsham v.

Worsham, 74 Va. App. 151, 167 (2022) (The “contract must be construed as a whole and the

intention of the parties is to be collected from the entire instrument and not from detached portions.”

(quoting Sweely Holdings, LLC v. SunTrust Bank, 296 Va. 367, 376-77 (2018))). The question

presented here is whether the parties’ premarital agreement contracted around the prohibition in

§ 3.409(5). Texas law allows the parties to contract around the prohibition in § 3.409(5). See Tex.

Fam Code § 3.410 (“A premarital or marital property agreement . . . that satisfies the requirements

of Chapter 4 is effective to waive, release, assign, or partition a claim for economic contribution,

reimbursement, or both . . . .”).

        Paragraph 4.02 of the premarital agreement provided that “[a]ll other liabilities and

obligations presently owned by [husband], of every kind and character, are the sole liabilities and

obligations of [husband], which may be satisfied and paid from [husband’s] separate property.”

Paragraph 4.02 further provided that the “parties acknowledge that a marital property

reimbursement claim may arise if community property or [wife’s] separate property is used to pay

[husband’s] existing liabilities.” (Emphasis added). Under husband’s theory of the case, a marital

reimbursement claim can’t arise in the context of paying down student debt. But can’t arise would

be inconsistent with may arise as used in paragraph 4.02. Thus, the circuit court did not err in

finding that the parties “overrode” Texas law by contracting around the prohibition expressed in

Texas Family Code § 3.409(5).

        Furthermore, Texas Family Code § 4.003(8) allows the parties to contract with respect to

“any other matter, including their personal rights and obligations, not in violation of public policy or

                                                 -4-
a statute imposing a criminal penalty.”2 “The legislature and the people of Texas have made the

public policy determination that premarital agreements should be enforced.” Beck v. Beck, 814

S.W.2d 745, 749 (Tex. 1991); see also Matter of Marriage of I.C. & Q.C., 551 S.W.3d 119, 124

(Tex. 2018) (same). Similarly, in Virginia, “the general rule is that agreements between husband

and wife relating to the adjustment of property rights, even though in contemplation of divorce, are

not violative of established public policy unless collusive or made to facilitate a separation or to aid

in procuring a divorce.” Capps v. Capps, 216 Va. 378, 380 (1975); see also Lehman v. Lehman, 38

Va. App. 598, 604 (2002) (“The presumption is against finding contracts void on public policy

grounds.”). Here, the parties’ premarital agreement, including paragraph 4.02, does not violate

public policy. Considering the parties’ agreement as a whole, the circuit court did not err in

determining that the parties intended for husband to be solely responsible for his student loans and

ordering him to reimburse wife for one-half of his student loan balance.

                                              Tax liability

        Husband argues that the circuit court erred by ruling that the premarital agreement required

him to reimburse wife $20,527 for an underpaid tax liability. The parties filed joint tax returns in

2016 and 2017. The neutral forensic account evaluator reported that husband had not withheld

enough from his earnings during those years and owed $10,688 in 2016 and $30,366 in 2017.3

Wife paid the taxes owed from her account ending in 6653, which she owned before the marriage.

        2
        The language in Texas Family Code § 4.003(8) mirrors the language in Code
§ 20-150(8).
        3
          Wife argues that the tax liability arose when husband rolled money from a traditional
IRA to a Roth IRA. Husband testified that the rollover occurred in 2018, when the parties did
not file joint tax returns, and he paid the taxes due because of the rollover. The neutral forensic
accountant indicated that husband failed to withhold sufficient funds from his W-2 income. The
circuit court found that the tax liability arose from income taxes, not taxes from an IRA rollover.
Wife does not challenge that finding on appeal; therefore, we do not consider wife’s argument
that the tax liability arose from an IRA rollover.
                                                   -5-
Husband contends that the account ending in 6653 contained community property funds; therefore,

he was not required to reimburse wife for her payments toward the tax liability.

       As noted above, the parties had agreed in paragraph 2.02 of the premarital agreement that

their wages and salary were community property. In paragraph 5.01(D) of the premarital

agreement, the parties agreed that “[t]ax liability on community property income shall be paid using

community property funds.” Husband concedes that if wife had used her separate property to pay

the tax liability, he would be responsible for reimbursing her half of the payments under the

premarital agreement. According to husband, however, wife used community funds to pay the tax

liability; consequently, the circuit court erred in ordering him to reimburse her. We agree.

       The evidence established, and the circuit court found, that wife deposited “much of her

employment earnings, which [were] community property,” into the bank account ending in 6653.

Because wife’s earnings were community property, the bank account included community funds,

which were then used to pay the tax liability. The circuit court found that “[e]ven though the

parties’ income earned through employment [was] not equal[,] they have agreed that each will be

obligated for the taxes on the total employment income half and half.” That finding was erroneous.

The premarital agreement did not specify that the parties would divide the tax liability equally;

rather paragraph 5.01(A) stated that the “parties shall each be liable for tax on community property

income as provided by Federal law and Texas law, including innocent spouse provisions of Federal

law.” As discussed above, a court cannot add language to an agreement. Id. Here, the premarital

agreement stated only that community funds were to be used to pay the tax liability on community

property income. The evidence proved that funds in the account ending in 6653 included

community property and were used to pay the joint tax liability arising from husband not

withholding enough taxes from his income. Therefore, we reverse the circuit court’s ruling that

                                                 -6-
required husband to reimburse wife $20,527, and we remand the matter for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

                                Chesterfield Oral Surgery 401(k) account

       Husband argues that the circuit court erred by finding that he was not entitled to any portion

of wife’s Chesterfield Oral Surgery 401(k) account. He asserts that wife worked at the practice and

received income from it during the marriage. Husband further contends that deposits were added to

the account during the marriage, and those deposits were community property. Husband claims that

he was entitled to one-half of the deposits to the account based on the language of paragraph 2.02,

which defined “[d]eferred compensation attributable to employment during marriage” as

community property.

       In 1990, wife’s parents opened Chesterfield Oral Surgery and a “Family Limited Partnership

and some other entities under advisement from a financial person.” Based on the recommendations

of professionals, wife’s parents started a 401(k) for wife when she was a child.4 Since then,

Chesterfield Oral Surgery regularly contributed to the 401(k) account in wife’s name.

       When the parties entered their premarital agreement, wife disclosed her interest in the

Chesterfield Oral Surgery 401(k) account, which was defined as her separate property under the

parties’ agreement. Paragraphs 3.01 and 3.03 further clarified that the separate properties wife

owned would “remain” her separate property, and any “mutations, changes, and increases in, and

income or other property arising from” said properties would remain wife’s “sole and separate

property.” Paragraph 7.01 provided that in the event of a divorce, wife would be awarded “all

property described in this agreement as being her separate property.” Husband further agreed to

“release all interests or claims he may have in such property.” After the parties married, they

       4
         The Court accepts the 401(k) account as it was addressed by the parties and offers no
opinion as to whether its creation or funding conforms with the requirements of the Internal
Revenue Code.
                                               -7-
executed another agreement confirming that “all income and property arising during marriage” from

separate property remains that person’s separate property.

       The circuit court found that husband was not entitled to any portion of wife’s Chesterfield

Oral Surgery 401(k) account because “no community property was deposited in that account” and

wife “did not receive employment income from Chesterfield Oral Surgery.” The evidence supports

the circuit court’s findings. Wife’s parents testified that wife did not work for Chesterfield Oral

Surgery. Wife also confirmed that she was not employed by Chesterfield Oral Surgery and did not

receive income from the company. Although she knew that her parents funded the 401(k) account

for her, she testified that she had not seen “anything” regarding her 401(k) and referred all questions

about the account to her father. Wife’s father acknowledged that wife had received “passive

income” from Chesterfield Oral Surgery, with “[m]ost” of it going toward taxes.

       Husband countered that wife “helped out” at Chesterfield Oral Surgery during the

COVID-19 pandemic by purchasing protective equipment for her father and sanitizing the office.

The record includes an exhibit listing wife’s adjusted gross income for tax years 2018, 2019, and

2020, with the first two pages of wife’s tax return for those years. There is no supporting

documentation to verify wife’s income and no accompanying W-2 from Chesterfield Oral Surgery.

Husband also offered into evidence a document from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) regarding

the parties’ 2017 tax return.5 The IRS record indicates that in 2017, Chesterfield Oral Surgery had

withheld $4,309 in social security for wife.6 The record offers no further information about the IRS

document or wife’s income. For the first time on appeal, husband asserts that the IRS document

       5
        Husband offered the exhibit into evidence to corroborate his testimony about “a
mistake” that the accountant made in filing their 2017 joint tax return and that he paid the taxes
due with his earnings.
       6
         The document also reflects that Fredericksburg Regional Oral Surgery, which has the
same address as Chesterfield Oral Surgery, withheld social security in 2017. Husband does not
suggest that wife worked at Fredericksburg Regional Oral Surgery.
                                              -8-
supports his argument that wife was employed by Chesterfield Oral Surgery. “The Court of

Appeals will not consider an argument on appeal which was not presented to the trial court.”

Tackett v. Arlington Cnty. Dep’t of Hum. Servs., 62 Va. App. 296, 315 (2013) (quoting Ohree v.

Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 299, 308 (1998)).

        The circuit court had the opportunity to see and hear the witnesses. Wife’s father confirmed

that wife received “passive income” from Chesterfield Oral Surgery for tax purposes, but he, wife’s

mother, and wife all testified that wife did not work there. The circuit court credited their

testimony. “It is well established that the trier of fact ascertains a witness’ credibility, determines

the weight to be given to their testimony, and has the discretion to accept or reject any of the

witness’ testimony.” Sobol v. Sobol, 74 Va. App. 252, 272 (2022) (quoting Anderson v.

Anderson, 29 Va. App. 673, 686 (1999)). “This Court is bound by the credibility findings of the

circuit court.” Tackett, 62 Va. App. at 339.

        The premarital agreement listed the 401(k) account as wife’s separate property and

provided that it would remain her separate property. Paragraph 2.02 defining deferred

compensation as community property did not apply because the 401(k) account was not

“attributable to employment” during the marriage. Considering the totality of the record and the

provisions of the premarital agreement, the circuit court correctly found that husband was not

entitled to any part of wife’s 401(k) from Chesterfield Oral Surgery.

                                   Appellate attorney fees and costs

        Wife requested an award of her attorney fees and costs incurred on appeal. “Whether a

contract entitles the prevailing party to attorney fees is a question of law that we review ‘de

novo.’” Worsham, 74 Va. App. at 178 (quoting Online Res. Corp. v. Lawlor, 285 Va. 40, 61

(2013)). Rule 5A:30(b)(2)(B) requires us to look to the “terms of a contract or stipulation”

between the parties to determine whether to award fees. See Allen v. Allen, 66 Va. App. 586, 603

                                                 -9-
(2016) (considering the parties’ post-nuptial agreement to determine whether to award appellate

attorney fees). If an agreement “contains a provision awarding attorney’s fees, the court must

follow the terms of that agreement, to the extent allowable by law.” Jones, 68 Va. App. at 106.

       Paragraph 11.07 of the premarital agreement provided that a “party seeking enforcement,

if successful, shall be entitled to recover reasonable attorney’s fees and other necessary costs

from the other party” and a party who “successfully defend[s] his or her rights” under the

premarital agreement was entitled to an award for “reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees and

litigation expenses.” Because both parties successfully enforced and defended portions of the

premarital agreement, we decline to award any attorney fees and costs incurred on appeal.

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the reasons discussed above, we affirm the circuit court’s rulings regarding husband’s

student loans and wife’s interest in her Chesterfield Oral Surgery 401(k) account. We reverse

the circuit court’s ruling regarding the tax liability and remand for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion.

                                                 Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.

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