Court Opinion

ID: 2735554
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-22 15:01:12.083255+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:03:33.103516
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                          File Name: 14a0738n.06

                                       Case No. 14-1068                              FILED
                                                                               Sep 22, 2014
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                    DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

AIDAMARK, INC.,                                   )
                                                  )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                       )
                                                  )       ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                )       STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                  )       THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF
ROLL FORMING CORPORATION,                         )       MICHIGAN
                                                  )
       Defendants-Appellees.                      )
                                                  )
                                                  )

       BEFORE: COOK and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges; RICE, District Judge*

       RICE, District Judge.    Plaintiff-Appellant Aidamark, Inc. (“Aidamark”), appeals the

district court’s decision granting summary judgment in favor of Defendant-Appellee Roll

Forming Corporation, Inc. (“RFC”). Believing that it was owed unpaid sales commissions after

RFC terminated a long-standing agreement between the parties, Aidamark filed suit alleging

breach of contract, a violation of the Michigan Sales Representative Act (“MSRA”), Mich.

Comp. Laws § 600.2961, and claims for accounting and declaratory judgment. Because the

district court correctly determined that the undisputed evidence showed that Aidamark received

       *
         The Honorable Walter H. Rice, United States District Judge for the Southern District of
Ohio, sitting by designation.
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all the sales commissions to which it was entitled under the parties’ agreement, we AFFIRM the

judgment of the district court.

I.     FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       Aidamark is a closely-held Michigan corporation with its principal place of business in

Rockford, Michigan. Its sole shareholder is Rick Engvall (“Engvall”). RFC is a Kentucky

corporation that manufactures roll-formed steel parts, and its principal place of business is

Shelbyville, Kentucky.

       Aidamark and RFC entered into an agreement (the “Agreement”) on May 27, 2003,

under which Aidamark was to function as the “exclusive sales representative” of RFC for the

sale of its products in Michigan and several Indiana counties. Under the Agreement, Aidamark

was entitled to “a commission of 5% on net billed sales of all roll[-]formed products” that

Aidamark sold in its sales territory and were “shipped by” RFC. Sales commissions were

“considered as earned on the date of payment by the customer for the products” that Aidamark

sold. Although Aidamark functioned as RFC’s sales representative, the Agreement carefully

defined the scope of the representation by placing restrictions on Aidamark’s activity. For

example, Aidamark could collect orders and submit them for approval to RFC, but could not

“commit, obligate, or bind Roll Forming Corporation in any manner whatsoever, contractually,

or otherwise,” under the Agreement.      Any price quote had to be obtained from RFC and

“formally presented on Roll Forming Corporation standard quotation form for delivery by

[Aidamark] [to] the customer.” The Agreement could be “terminated in its entirety at any time”

by either party with ninety days’ advance written notice.

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       On June 16, 2008, Engvall, on behalf of Aidamark, and Geoff Repp (“Repp”), on behalf

of RFC as its Sales Manager, signed an addendum to the Agreement that identified the specific

accounts assigned to Aidamark. Among the accounts listed were Steelcase, an office furniture

manufacturer, and Interkal, a manufacturer of telescoping spectator bleachers.       Aidamark’s

claims of unpaid sales commissions arose from transactions between RFC and those two

companies.

       In 1998, RFC began manufacturing roll-formed metal products for Steelcase’s “Answer”

line of office furniture and cubicle panel systems. Aidamark was not involved in the sales of the

original “Answer” line of products, but it functioned as RFC’s representative to Steelcase on

sales of other products. Steelcase began a redesign of its “Answer” line, which ultimately

became known as the “Answer JT” line.

       After several years of negotiation, development, and meetings between Steelcase,

Aidamark, and RFC’s engineers, Steelcase decided to award the supplier contract to RFC for the

roll-formed parts in the “Answer JT” line in July of 2010. The parties memorialized the award in

several agreements. They signed a “Master Purchasing Agreement” on July 1, 2010, which set

forth “some of the terms and conditions” that applied when Steelcase purchased RFC’s products

while acknowledging that other agreements would provide the pricing terms and other specifics

for particular orders. The “Schedule of Product,” which took effect on December 8, 2010, was

such an agreement. It provided for a “fixed term” of five years, and its provisions referenced a

schedule that set forth the “initial prices” for RPC’s products and lead times before delivery.

Under Section 5.9, RFC was described as “the sole supplier of all products listed in Schedule A,

unless you are unable to reasonably meet [Steelcase’s] quality and delivery requirements for the

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Products in Schedule A.”      The “Schedule of Product” also incorporated by reference the

provisions of the “Master Purchasing Agreement.”1

       Aidamark also serviced RFC’s account with Interkal, a manufacturer of spectator

bleachers. In 2000, Interkal and RFC entered into an agreement that designated RFC as the sole

supplier of certain parts.   Although the agreement specified an initial five-year term, the

agreement stated that it would be “extended indefinitely,” but could be canceled by either RFC

or Interkal with six months’ advance written notice.

       In early 2010, RFC and Aidamark began to discuss plans to engage Interkal in a new

long-term agreement. Although a draft was submitted to Interkal, the parties were unsuccessful

in getting Interkal to sign it, causing them to suspect that Interkal was shopping around for a new

supplier. The suspicion was confirmed in May of 2011, when Interkal terminated its relationship

with RFC. Engvall reminded Repp that Interkal was required to provide six months’ notice

before terminating the agreement, and Interkal agreed to honor the provision and continue to

order from RFC for six more months.

       Two weeks later, on June 2, 2011, RFC sent a letter to Aidamark stating that it was

terminating the Agreement, thereby ending Aidamark’s role as a sales agent for its products.

RFC provided Aidamark with a sales commission statement on August 31, 2011, stating that

Aidamark would be paid $26,529.90 for payments on invoices that it had received.              The

statement also listed $49,227.38 in commissions that RFC considered not earned under the

1
  Another agreement, the “Statement of Work,” was signed on October 5, 2010, pursuant to the
Master Purchase Agreement. The “Statement of Work” concerned services RFC would provide
in the “Answer JT” design process, rather than the production of roll-formed parts, and was not
the subject of Aidamark’s claims.

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Agreement, as it had not received payment from its clients for those invoices before the effective

termination date of the Agreement. On September 29, 2011, RFC paid Aidamark $26,529.90 in

commissions for payments that RFC had received as of August 31, 2011.

 II.   PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND & SUMMARY JUDGMENT DECISION

       Aidamark filed suit against RFC on February 29, 2012, in the 17th Circuit Court for Kent

County, Michigan. In its complaint, Aidamark alleged that it had not been paid “three categories

of commissions” by RFC. First, Aidamark alleged that RFC owed it for the $49,227.38 of

invoiced sales described in the August 31, 2011, commission statement. Second, Aidamark

alleged that it was owed approximately $50,000 in sales commissions for purchases made by

Interkal. Third, Aidamark alleged that it had not been paid any commissions that it was owed

under RFC’s agreement with Steelcase to supply parts for the “Answer JT” product. According

to Aidamark, it had “procured” the sales to Interkal that had been ordered but not shipped by

August 31, 2011. Aidamark also alleged that it had “procured” RFC’s sales to Steelcase for the

“Answer JT” product, as it had “procured an agreement between RFC and Steelcase with

estimated sales . . . of $5 million to $7 million per year.” Aidamark alleged a claim for breach of

contract and a violation of the MSRA, Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.2961, as well as claims for

accounting and declaratory judgment, and sought relief in the form of actual damages, penalty

damages, and statutorily authorized attorneys’ fees.

       On March 27, 2012, RFC removed the case to the United States District Court for the

Western District of Michigan on the basis of diversity jurisdiction.

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       RFC filed for summary judgment on January 11, 2013, which the district court granted on

December 27, 2013. In its decision, the district court found the language of the Agreement

between Aidamark and RFC to be unambiguous, and read its terms to define Aidamark’s

commissions as “earned” only upon RFC’s receipt of payment from a customer. The court also

held that RFC had demonstrated that the undisputed facts showed that RFC had paid

commissions on all orders for which it received payment prior to the August 31, 2011,

termination date of the Agreement.2

       The district court also held that because the Agreement did not contain a provision that

addressed post-termination commissions, the procuring cause doctrine applied as a matter of law

to its terms. Citing Michigan law, the court noted that the procuring cause doctrine allows an

agent who was “the procuring cause of the sale” to recover a sales commission, even if he or she

did not personally conclude or complete the sale. However, according to the district court, the

undisputed facts showed that Aidamark had not been the procuring cause of any of the sales in

question. Although Aidamark had assisted RFC in procuring the “Answer JT” account and

agreement, the district court reasoned that the Agreement only allowed commissions on the

actual sale of goods, not future sales from a procured account or customer. The district court

also rejected Aidamark’s argument that the Steelcase/RFC agreement was a requirements

contract, and reasoned that even if it were, Aidamark would still have had to prove that it was the

2
  Aidamark also argued that any provision of the Agreement that would have eliminated its post-
termination commission was void under Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.2961(8), a provision of the
MSRA that declares void any contract provision that purports to waive a right set forth by the
statute. The district court rejected this argument, finding that provision of the MSRA
inapplicable because the Agreement did not contain a provision that addressed post-termination
commissions. Since Aidamark did not raise this particular argument on appeal, same is
considered abandoned.

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procuring cause of any order submitted under it to RFC.         Furthermore, although the sole

purchase order made by Steelcase was placed and paid for during the Agreement’s ninety day

post-termination period, both events occurred after the June 2, 2011, date that marked the end of

Aidamark’s representation of RFC to RFC’s clients. Thus, there was no evidence to show that

Aidamark was the procuring cause of that order. The same was true for the Interkal orders

placed after June 2, 2011, because Aidamark pointed to no evidence to show that it procured

those orders. Because Aidamark was not entitled to any post-termination sales commissions, its

accounting and declaratory judgment claims also failed as a matter of law. Accordingly, the

district court granted summary judgment in favor of RFC.

       Aidamark filed a timely appeal of the district court’s judgment.

 III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Hawkins v. Anheuser-

Busch, Inc., 517 F.3d 321, 332 (6th Cir. 2008). A moving party is entitled to summary judgment

“if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). When ruling on a motion for

summary judgment, a court must assume as true the evidence of the nonmoving party and draw

all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,

255 (1986) (citing Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 158-59 (1970)).

 IV. ANALYSIS

       Aidamark presents three main arguments on appeal. First, it argues that RFC’s contracts

with Steelcase and Interkal were requirements contracts that created “sales” when they were

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entered into, and therefore the district court erred in holding that no sales occurred until RFC

actually received payment for orders. Second, Aidmark argues that the district court incorrectly

held that it was not entitled to receive commissions after the date that the Agreement was

terminated, because the provision governing commissions only “governs the timing of when a

commission must be paid,” not whether or not the commission is earned. Third, it argues that the

district court incorrectly applied the procuring cause doctrine by requiring Aidamark to show

that it was the procuring cause of individual sales, rather than the procuring cause of the

contracts between RFC and its customers.

       Where, as here, an action arises under diversity of citizenship jurisdiction, “a court must

apply the same substantive law as would have been applied if the action had been brought in a

state court of the jurisdiction where the federal court is located.” Corrigan v. U.S. Steel Corp.,

478 F.3d 718, 723 (6th Cir. 2007). Michigan law, therefore, applies to Aidamark’s claims.

   A. Regardless of whether the Steelcase and Interkal contracts were
      requirements contracts, Aidamark was not entitled to sales commissions on
      anything but net billed sales for products shipped by RFC.
       Aidamark insists that RFC’s contracts with Steelcase and Interkal were requirements

contracts, which, by its definition, constituted “sales” for which it was owed commissions under

the Agreement. The district court concluded that none of the “Answer JT” agreements with

Steelcase required Steelcase to purchase any products from RFC, and, even if they did,

Aidamark would only be entitled to commissions on purchase orders that it had procured.

       A requirements contract, which measures the quantity of goods sold according to the

buyer’s “good faith” requirements, is a valid contract for the sale of goods under Michigan’s

statutory adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”). Mich. Comp. Laws § 440.2306;

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see also Precision Rubber Prods. Corp. v. George McCarthy, Inc., 872 F.2d 187, 188 (1989)

(recognizing the enforceability of requirements contracts under “elementary contract law

principles of offer and acceptance, which state that a contract may be formed even before the

specific details of the time, place, and quantity of delivery are fixed”). The purpose of the UCC

provision governing requirements contracts is to fill in the gaps of a vague or ambiguous contract

for the sale of goods between a buyer and seller. See Mich. Comp. Laws § 440.2306, cmt. 1

(stating that the statute “applies to such contracts of nonproducing establishments such as dealers

or distributors as well as to manufacturing concerns,” whose “commercial background and

intent” will be read “into the language of any agreement”).

       However, as the district court correctly pointed out, a determination that the contracts

between RFC and its customers were proper requirements contracts would not have helped

Aidamark’s case. Even if the Steelcase and Interkal contracts were indefinite, vague, or failed to

contain terms that allowed those parties to agree that a particular sale of goods occurred without

applying the Michigan statute, any such controversy would be irrelevant to the determination of

whether Aidamark earned a commission on those sales. The Agreement between RFC and

Aidamark allowed only commissions for “net billed sales,” not any conceivable sale of goods

that the UCC might recognize. The agreement placed specific conditions on what constituted

“net billed sales” for purposes of earning a sales commission. First, the products had to be “sold

by you in your territory” and “shipped by” RFC. Second, the products actually had to be paid

for: “All commissions herein provided for shall be considered as earned on the date of payment

by the customer for the products sold by you, and not before” payment. Under the terms of the

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Agreement with RFC, Aidamark was only entitled to commissions on sales that RFC actually

billed to its customers, received payment for, and shipped to them.

       In Precision Rubber, we interpreted a termination clause in a manufacturer’s

representative agreement that allowed the representative to recover commissions “on all orders

from the territory accepted within sixty (60) days following the effective date of termination and

shipped by the Manufacturer within one (1) year subsequent to date of termination.” 872 F.2d at

188. This language required a remand for a factual determination as to whether the orders in

question had been accepted by the manufacturer, creating valid sales. Id. at 188-90. Here, in

contrast, the Agreement contained language that limited, by definition, any sales commission to

“earned” commissions based on payment RFC received for products that it had actually billed

and shipped. Whether or not the contracts between RFC and its clients were “requirements”

contracts is not determinative of whether Aidamark is entitled to sales commissions. Rather, it is

the Agreement between Aidamark and RFC that defines the parties’ rights. The Agreement only

entitled Aidamark to recover commissions on sales that had been billed, shipped, and paid for,

and it received payment for all products that met those criteria.

   B. Aidamark was not entitled to receive commissions on orders for which RFC
      had billed but not yet received payment.
       Aidamark also argues that it was entitled to receive commissions after the termination

date of the Agreement because, under its terms, the commissions had already been “earned.”

This argument is directed at the district court’s interpretation of the Agreement and the ultimate

conclusion that Aidamark had not earned any commissions on sales as defined therein.

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       Under Michigan law, “[a] party asserting a breach of contract must establish by a

preponderance of the evidence that (1) there was a contract (2) which the other party breached

(3) thereby resulting in damages to the party claiming breach.” Miller-Davis Co. v. Ahrens

Constr., Inc., 848 N.W.2d 95, 104 (Mich. 2014) (citing Stevenson v. Brotherhoods Mut. Benefit,

19 N.W.2d 494 (Mich. 1945)). The interpretation of contract language is a matter of law. Wilkie

v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 664 N.W.2d 776, 780 (Mich. 2003). Courts “examine the language in

the contract, giving it its ordinary and plain meaning if such would be apparent to a reader of the

instrument.” Id. “If the language of the contract is unambiguous,” a court will “construe and

enforce the contract as written.” Quality Prods. & Concepts Co. v. Nagel Precision, Inc., 666
N.W.2d 251, 259 (Mich. 2003) (citing Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. of Mich. v. Nikkel, 596
N.W.2d 915, 919 (Mich. 1999)).

       According to Aidamark, the following language from Paragraph 2 of the Agreement

demonstrates that the sale of a product was all that was required to trigger RFC’s obligation to

pay a sales commission: “We agree to pay you a commission of 5% on net billed sales of all

roll[-]formed products sold by you . . . .” Aidamark also argues that the district court incorrectly

interpreted Paragraph 6 of the Agreement to require payment from a customer for Aidamark to

earn its sales commission, contending that its language simply “governs the timing of when of a

commission must be paid.”

       In its entirety, the relevant sentence of Paragraph 2 states:

       We agree to pay you a commission of 5% on net billed sales of all roll[-]formed
       products sold by you in your territory as above defined and shipped by us, except
       cases where the quantities are large and the competitive situation indicates a
       reduction in price, in which cases your commission will be the subject of
       discussion and agreement prior to our accepting the order.

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       The relevant portion of Paragraph 6 states:

       The commissions on net billed sales, as provided for herein, are in full payment
       for all services rendered by you under this agreement. All commissions herein
       provided for shall be considered as earned on the date of payment by the customer
       for the products sold by you, and not before, and all commissions earned shall be
       payable on the 10th of the month following that in which payment is received
       from the customer.
       The district court correctly held that the language of the Agreement was unambiguous,

and it correctly interpreted Paragraph 6 to require payment by a customer before Aidamark

earned its sales commission. Aidamark’s emphasis on the “timing” of its receipt of a sales

commission payment distracts from the contractual substance of Paragraph 6: the creation of a

condition precedent to RFC’s performance of sales commission payment. Although the district

court did not expressly characterize the language of Paragraph 6 as creating a condition

precedent, that is clearly what it considered “payment by the customer” to RFC to be, and rightly

so. “A ‘condition precedent’ is a fact or event that the parties intend must take place before there

is a right to performance.” Yeo v. State Farm Ins. Co., 555 N.W.2d 893, 895 (Mich. Ct. App.

1996) (citing Knox v. Knox, 59 N.W.2d 108, 118 (Mich. Ct. App. 1953)).                 The right to

performance that Aidamark seeks to enforce is RFC’s payment of earned sales commissions.

Paragraph 6, however, requires the event of “payment by the customer” to take place before a

sales commission is earned. Sales commissions are “earned” only on the date that a customer

pays, “and not before.” Once that condition precedent has been satisfied, “all commissions

earned shall be payable,” and Aidamark is then entitled to payment of the earned commissions.

“A condition precedent is distinguished from a promise in that it creates no right or duty in itself,

but is merely a limiting or modifying factor.” Real Estate One v. Heller, 724 N.W.2d 738, 741

(Mich. Ct. App. 2006) (quoting Mikonczyk v. Detroit Newspapers, Inc., 605 N.W.2d 360, 362

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(Mich. Ct. App. 1999)). The event of “payment by the customer” is not a promise or a duty in

itself, but an independent event that triggers Aidamark’s right to payment of the earned

commission.    Although “courts are not inclined to construe stipulations of a contract as

conditions precedent unless compelled by the language in the contract,” the language of

Paragraph 6 is unambiguous and compels this conclusion. Id. (quoting Mikonczyk, 605 N.W.2d

at 362).

       Finally, where a condition precedent “is not satisfied, there is no cause of action for a

failure to perform the contract.” Harbor Park Mkt., Inc. v. Gronda, 743 N.W.2d 585, 588 (Mich.

Ct. App. 2007) (citing Berkel & Co. Contractors v. Christman Co., 533 N.W.2d 838, 840 (Mich.

Ct. App. 1995)). The district court properly granted summary judgment to RFC on Aidamark’s

breach of contract claim where the undisputed evidence showed that RFC paid Aidamark for all

of the sales commissions earned by receipt of customer payment before the August 31, 2011,

termination of the Agreement.

       Aidamark cites Bailey v. Fast Model Techs., LLC, No. 10-15118, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
61383 (E.D. Mich. May 2, 2012), in which the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of

Michigan applied the MSRA to require the defendant to pay the plaintiff sales commissions that

had accrued prior to the termination of the plaintiff’s employment. As the district court in Bailey

noted, the MSRA itself states that it is “[t]he terms of the contract between the principal and

sales representative [that] determine when a commission becomes due.” Mich. Comp. Laws

§ 600.2961(2). The only contract language examined in Bailey was a phrase stating that sales

commissions had to be paid “at the end of each month once our account receivable department

has received payment.” Here, in contrast, the Agreement defines payment by the customer as the

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event which determines whether a commission is actually earned. In Bailey, there was no

discussion of payment as a condition precedent to earning a commission.

   C. The district court correctly applied the procuring cause doctrine.

       Under the procuring cause doctrine, an “agent is entitled to recover his commission

whether or not he has personally concluded and completed [a] sale, it being sufficient if his

efforts were the procuring cause of the sale.” Kuzin v. A & J Precision Tool Co., No. 217895,

2001 WL 694089, at *4 (Mich. Ct. App. Mar. 30, 2001) (per curiam) (footnote omitted). The

district court held that the procuring cause doctrine applied to the Agreement because of the

Agreement’s silence on post-termination commissions.         This was correct, as indeed the

Agreement is silent as to such commissions.

       Application of the procuring cause doctrine does not, however, resuscitate Aidamark’s

claims or entitle it to commissions on sales. At best, the contracts between RFC and Interkal and

RFC and Steelcase demonstrated that Aidamark played some role in procuring those customers

for RFC. However, Aidamark pointed to no evidence in the record of any individual sales, as

defined by the Agreement, for which it had not received a commission. Accordingly, the district

court properly awarded summary judgment to RFC on Aidamark’s claim that it was the

procuring cause of any such sales.

 V.    CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s grant of summary judgment is AFFIRMED.

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