Court Opinion

ID: 9596770
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-22 00:52:50.588837+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:41:00.719246
License: Public Domain

COLEMAN, Judge,
dissenting.
The majority holds that grand larceny from the person under Code § 18.2—95(i) is not a lesser-included offense of robbery. I respectfully disagree with that holding and, therefore, I dissent.
Although this issue has not been previously decided in Virginia, we have intimated in obiter dictum that larceny from the person is a lesser-included offense of robbery. In Broody v. Commonwealth, 16 Va.App. 281, 291, 429 S.E.2d 468, 474 (1993), a panel of this Court said, “[w]e hold that the court did not commit reversible error in refusing to give appellant’s proposed robbery instruction or an instruction embodying the lesser-included offense of larceny from the person.” Id. (emphasis added); see also Saunders v. Commonwealth, 18 Va.App. 825, 827, 447 S.E.2d 526, 528 (1994) (upholding a trial court’s conviction of larceny from the person and noting that the trial court had reduced a robbery charge to “the lesser included offense of larceny from the person”). Furthermore, other jurisdictions have held that larceny from the person is a lesser-included offense of robbery. I find the holdings of those jurisdictions to be persuasive. See, e.g., State v. White, 322 N.C. 506, 369 S.E.2d 813, 816-17 (1988); State v. Henry, *16857 N.C.App. 168, 290 S.E.2d 775, 776 (1982); Commonwealth v. Ahart, 37 Mass.App.Ct. 565, 641 N.E.2d 127, 131 (1994); Commonwealth v. Jones, 362 Mass. 83, 283 N.E.2d 840, 843-44 (1972); Moorman v. State, 577 S.W.2d 473, 475 (Tenn.Cr.App.1978); Johnson v. State, 531 S.W.2d 558, 558-59 (Tenn.1975); State v. Knaff, 204 Neb. 712, 285 N.W.2d 115, 117 (1979); State v. Harrison, 149 N.J.Super. 220, 373 A.2d 680, 683 (App.Div.1977); People v. McDonald, 116 Mich.App. 135, 321 N.W.2d 868, 869 (1982).
The majority bases its holding upon the ground that grand larceny from the person requires the proof of two elements which are separate and distinct from the elements of robbery. First, grand larceny from the person requires proof that the value of the item stolen was $5 or more, Code § 18.2-95(i), which is not required to prove robbery. Second, the majority holds that larceny “from the person” is an element different from the element of robbery, “in his presence.” The majority relies primarily upon Jones v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 757, 240 S.E.2d 658 (1978), to support its holding that grand larceny from the person is not a lesser-included offense of robbery. I believe the majority’s reliance on Jones is misplaced. Jones involved a double jeopardy claim and whether a person who had been separately indicted for robbery and grand larceny was barred by the double jeopardy protection from being convicted of both offenses. Recognizing that a robbery and larceny could occur during the same series of events, Jones held that when considering the “lesser-included” inquiry for double jeopardy purposes, the indictments control and “grand larceny is a lesser-included offense of robbery only when it is the theft expressly charged in the robbery indictment.” Id. at 759, 240 S.E.2d at 660 (emphasis added). But this holding is significant only in the context of double jeopardy because it is there that courts must be able to identify through the indictment which criminal event is being prosecuted. Significantly, Jones went on to recognize that [djefinitionally, theft is an essential component of robbery and charged as such in every robbery indictment. Manifestly, a robbery indictment includes all elements of whatev*169er larceny offense it charges, whether grand or petit, and the larceny offense charged is, therefore, lesser-included in robbery.
Id. at 759-60, 240 S.E.2d at 660. Thus, the considerations involved in determining whether offenses are the same or lesser included “as charged in an indictment” for double jeopardy purposes are quite different from those involved in determining whether the elements of offenses are the same for purposes of convicting an accused of a lesser-included offense.
To determine whether larceny from the person is a lesser-included offense of robbery under Virginia law, we must consider whether, definitionally, all the elements of the former are included within the elements of robbery. In my opinion, all of the elements that constitute the crime of larceny from the person are included within the elemental definition of robbery. Robbery, which is a common-law crime, is defined as “taking, with intent to steal, of the personal property of another, from his person or in his presence, against his will, by violence or intimidation.” Johnson v. Commonwealth, 209 Va. 291, 293, 163 S.E.2d 570, 572-73 (1968). Larceny, also a common-law crime in Virginia, is defined “as ‘the wrongful or fraudulent taking of personal goods of some intrinsic value, belonging to another, without his assent, and with the intention to deprive the owner thereof permanently/ ” Bryant v. Commonwealth, 248 Va. 179, 183, 445 S.E.2d 667, 670 (1994). Code §§ 18.2-95® and 18.2-96(1), which codify larceny from the person, do not separately define the offense, but provide only that larceny from the person of $5 or more shall be punishable as grand larceny and that larceny from the person of less than $5 shall be punishable as petit larceny. Thus, we look to the common law to define larceny from the person: “Larciny [sic] from the person is either by privately stealing; or by open and violent assault, which is usually called robbery.” ... At common law, larceny from the person differs from robbery in that larceny from the person lacks the requirement that the victim be put in fear — Larceny from the person forms a middle ground in the common law between the “private” stealing most commonly associated *170with larceny, and the taking by force and violence commonly associated with robbery.
Garland v. Commonwealth, 18 Va.App. 706, 710, 446 S.E.2d 628, 630 (1994) (quoting State v. Buckom, 328 N.C. 313, 401 S.E.2d 362, 364-65 (1991) (citation omitted)).
The Supreme Court has “pointed out that one offense is not lesser-included within another unless all its elements are included in the other.” Martin v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 720, 723, 273 S.E.2d 778, 780-81 (1981). Furthermore, “theft [or larceny] is an essential component of robbery, charged as such in every robbery indictment, and a robbery indictment includes, therefore, all elements of whatever larceny offense is charged, whether grand or petit.” Id.; see also Jones, 218 Va. at 759-60, 240 S.E.2d at 660 (stating that “a robbery indictment includes all elements of whatever larceny offense it charges”).
Similarly, because larceny from the person may be categorized as either grand or petit for purposes of punishment, like robbery, it involves the taking of personal property from the possession or presence of another. The only difference between robbery and larceny from the person is that robbery must involve a taking accompanied by or accomplished through the use of force, violence, or intimidation. Accordingly, larceny from the person, whether the offense be punishable as grand larceny under Code § 18.2—95(i) or petit larceny under Code § 18.2-96(1), includes all of the elements of robbery. In my opinion, the majority incorrectly holds that the amount of theft is a distinguishing element that excludes grand larceny from the person as a lesser-included offense of robbery.
The majority further bases its holding that grand larceny from the person is not a lesser-included offense of robbery upon the conclusion that larceny from the person requires a taking from the victim’s actual physical possession, whereas robbery requires a taking either “from his person or in his presence.” Therefore, a taking sufficient to prove a robbery, which may be from the victim’s actual possession or “in his *171presence,” involves a different element than a taking “from the person” required to prove a larceny from the person. Thus, according to the majority, larceny from the person is not a lesser-included offense of robbery because every robbery, which may be a taking from “in his presence,” does not necessarily include a taking “from the person.”
In Garland, however, Judge Willis, speaking for the majority, stated “that larceny from the person embraces not only theft of property from physical contact with the victim, but also theft of property that is in the victim’s possession and within his immediate custody and control.” 18 Va.App. at 710, 446 S.E.2d at 630 (emphasis added). The Garland panel, in upholding a conviction for larceny from the person where Garland, standing “within two feet” of the victim, “reached over the countertop and took money out of the open cash drawer,” id. at 707, 446 S.E.2d at 629, clearly based its decision upon the principle that
[a]t common law property was stolen “from the person” of another even if it was only “in the presence” of the person at the time it was stolen____ “Property is stolen ‘from the person’ if it was under the protection of the person ... although not actually ‘attached’ to him.... As said by Coke in the 1600’s: ‘for that which is taken in his presence, is in law taken from his person.’ ”
Id. at 709, 446 S.E.2d at 630 (citation omitted).
In my view, Garland holds that “from the person” as an element of larceny from the person includes from the person’s presence or possession or immediate control and custody. Similarly, the requirement that robbery be from the person or “in his presence” includes from the victim’s actual or constructive possession, which is from the person’s possession or immediate control and custody. Beard v. Commonwealth, 19 Va.App. 359, 362, 451 S.E.2d 698, 700 (1994). I perceive no difference in the element “from the person” as construed in Garland for larceny from the person, and “from the person or in his presence,” as an element of robbery. Moreover, this approach is consistent with the common-law development of *172the law of robbery and larceny from the person, both of which I believe have now been codified in Virginia. Larceny from the person was developed to provide for that lesser offense of robbery, both of which prohibit theft from a person’s immediate presence and the resulting breach of the peace, but the lesser not including an act of violence. The only elemental difference, in my opinion, is that robbery involves a taking accomplished by force, violence, or intimidation. Accordingly, I believe that larceny from the person, whether it be grand or petit, is a lesser-included offense of robbery, and I would affirm the appellant’s conviction.