Court Opinion

ID: 9915262
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-04 22:02:27.340305+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:09:21.289171
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

ASHISH CHORDIA, LAMPROS                )
KALAMPOUKAS, RAGHU KODIGE,             )
RAVI SARMA, RICHARD ANDRADES,          )
ASHISH BALDUA, JOHN GEE, KAJAL         )
VIBHAKAR, THE SHAOIE CHAN              )
CHORDIA GST TRUST, THE SAMAY           )
KODIGE GST TRUST, and THE VEVAAN       )
KODIGE GST TRUST,                      )
                                       )
      Plaintiffs,                      )
                                       )
         v.                            )     C.A. No. 2023-0382-NAC
                                       )
EDWARD LEE, MATTHEW DURGIN,            )
JAEWOO HWANG, RONALD                   )
WASINGER, ADAM SEXTON, CHRIS JO, )
and ZENITH ELECTRONICS LLC,            )
                                       )
      Defendants,                      )
                                       )
      and                              )
                                       )
ALPHONSO INC., a Delaware corporation, )
                                       )
      Nominal Defendant.               )

                       MEMORANDUM OPINION

                     Date Submitted: December 5, 2023
                      Date Decided: January 4, 2024
Bradley R. Aronstam, R. Garrett Rice, Holly E. Newell, ROSS ARONSTAM & MORITZ
LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Brian M. Burnovski, Andrew Ditchfield, Pascale Bibi,
Nikolaus J. Williams, Marie Killmond, Danielle Mullery, DAVIS POLK & WARDWELL
LLP, New York, New York; Counsel for Plaintiffs Ashish Chordia, Lampros
Kalampoukas, Raghu Kodige, Ravi Sarma, Richard Andrades, Ashish Baldua, John Gee,
Kajal Vibhakar, The Shaoie Chan Chordia GST Trust, The Samay Kodige GST Trust, and
The Vevaan Kodige GST Trust.

William M. Lafferty, Ryan D. Stottmann, Lauren K. Neal, Alec Hoeschel, Grant E. Michl,
MORRIS, NICHOLS, ARSHT & TUNNEL LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Hallie B. Levin,
WILMER CUTLER PICKERING HALE AND DORR LLP, New York, New York;
Timothy Perla, WILMER CUTLER PICKERING HALE AND DORR LLP, Boston,
Massachusetts; Counsel for Defendants Edward Lee, Mathew Durgin, Jaewoo Hwang,
Ronald Wasinger, Adam Sexton, and Chris Jo.

William M. Lafferty, Ryan D. Stottmann, Lauren K. Neal, Alec Hoeschel, Grant E. Michl,
MORRIS, NICHOLS, ARSHT & TUNNEL LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; William Savitt,
Jonathan M. Moses, Elaine Golin, Graham W. Meli, Ryan A. McLeod, WACHTELL,
LIPTON, ROSEN & KATZ, New York, New York; Eric Seiler, Lance J. Gotko, Jason
Rubinstein, David J. Ranzenhofer, Sofie Syed, FRIEDMAN KAPLAN SEILER,
ADELMAN & ROBBINS LLP, New York, New York; Counsel for Defendant Zenith
Electronics LLC.

Kurt M. Heyman, Elizabeth A. DeFelice, HEYMAN ENERIO GATTUSO & HIRZEL
LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Counsel for Nominal Defendant Alphonso Inc.

COOK, V.C.
       Silicon Valley tech startup founders sold a majority interest in their company to LG

Electronics. In exchange, the founders received cash and liquidity rights embodied in a

stockholders’ agreement. The liquidity rights were protected by the founders’ contractual

right to designate up to three of the company’s seven-person board of directors. But the

parties conditioned the designation right on at least one founder remaining at the company

as an officer or employee (the “Designation Condition”).

       The stockholders’ agreement also granted the LG-controlled board the right to hire

and fire the company’s executive officers. But this right did not allow the board to

terminate non-executive-officer employees. Only the company could terminate the latter.

Unlike the board, the stockholders’ agreement obligated the company to use its “reasonable

efforts” to ensure that the rights conferred in the stockholders’ agreement remained

effective for the founders’ benefit.

       After the sale, LG sought to remove the founders’ designation right by terminating

them to cause the non-occurrence of the Designation Condition. The LG-controlled board

effectuated this plan by terminating the executive-officer founders. But the board could

not terminate all the founders since two were non-executive-officer employees. Thus, the

board appointed an interim CEO to carry out the remaining terminations. LG then executed

the requisite consent to remove the founders from the board. The plaintiffs bring this action

under 8 Del. C. § 225 seeking a determination of the board’s proper composition.

       I conclude that the interim CEO acted for the company in carrying out the

terminations. He was thus bound by and breached the “reasonable efforts” clause in the

stockholders’ agreement. The company’s acts, as a party to the stockholders’ agreement

                                             1
and having materially contributed to the non-occurrence of the Designation Condition,

render the condition excused. Accordingly, the non-executive-officer employee founders

are entitled to designate directors under the terms of the stockholders’ agreement.

                              FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       The evidence presented at trial supports the following findings of fact.1

   A. The Parties And Relevant Non-Parties

       In 2012, plaintiff Ashish Chordia co-founded nominal defendant Alphonso Inc.

(“Alphonso”),2 a Delaware corporation, along with plaintiffs Lampros Kalampoukas,

Raghu Kodige, Ravi Sarma, and Richard Andrades (collectively, the “Founders”).3 The

Founders, together with Ashish Baldua, The Shaoie Chan Chordia GST Trust, The Samay

Kodige GST Trust, The Vevaan Kodige GST Trust, and non-party Sandeep Beotra, are

referred to as the “Key Holders” (collectively, with John Gee and Kajal Vibhakar, and

excluding Beotra, “Plaintiffs”).

       Alphonso is a Silicon Valley tech startup that developed automatic content

recognition (“ACR”) technology. ACR enhances advertising efforts by collecting data on

       Joint trial exhibits are cited as “JX___” and trial testimony is cited as “TT ___
       1

(Name).”
       2
           See TT 60:10–24 (Chordia).
       3
         Chordia v. Lee, C.A. No. 2023-0382-NAC, Docket (“Dkt.”) 170, Pre-Trial
Stipulation and [Proposed] Order (“Pre-Trial Stipulation”) ¶ 3; see also TT 7:1–6
(Chordia).

                                             2
what smart TV users view in order to efficiently target advertisements.4 In the years that

followed its formation, Alphonso received roughly $6.2 million in funding from investors.5

It used these funds, in conjunction with stock options, to expand its workforce to over 130

employees.6 Between 2017 and 2019, a trend emerged of smart TV brands entering into

large acquisitions or strategic partnership deals with companies like Alphonso. Although

Alphonso participated in several discussions with potential smart TV brands, it remained

unsuccessful in closing any such deal of its own.7

       Defendant Zenith Electronics LLC (“Zenith”) is a Delaware limited liability

company and a wholly owned subsidiary of non-party LG Electronics U.S.A. Inc. (“LG

US”).8 In turn, LG US is a wholly owned subsidiary of non-party LG Electronics, Inc.

(“LGE”), which is based in Seoul, South Korea.9 Among other things, LGE is a global

manufacturer of smart TVs. Like the many other smart TV brands at the time, LGE also

became interested in making a strategic investment in an ACR technology company.10

       4
           JX0653 62:13–63:7 (Chordia); TT 494:2–20 (Edward Lee).
       5
           TT 10:21–11:1 (Chordia).
       6
           JX0407 at 13; see also TT 212:22–213:10, 247:3–12 (Kodige).
       7
           TT 71:15–72:17 (Chordia).
       8
           Pre-Trial Stipulation ¶ 13.
       9
           Id.; see also TT 593:13–22 (Wasinger).
       10
            TT 494:2–20 (Edward Lee).

                                             3
       Defendants Ronald Wasinger, Edward Lee, Mathew Durgin, and Jaewoo Hwang

were members of Alphonso’s board (the “Board”) on December 16, 2022.11 These Board

members approved a resolution to terminate certain executive officers.12 After the Board

terminated the executives, it appointed defendant Adam Sexton as Alphonso’s Interim

CEO to carry out additional terminations.13 Defendant Chris Jo served on Alphonso’s

Board from March 2022 until June 2022 and “[c]hampion[ed]” the purported

reorganization.14

   B. The Deal

       In January 2020, Alphonso began discussions with LGE over the prospect of a deal

between the two.15 The almost year-long negotiation process culminated in LGE acquiring

a majority stake in Alphonso through Zenith. CEO Chordia, Chief Product Officer Kodige,

CFO Beotra, and General Counsel Tom Cushing negotiated on behalf of Alphonso and the

Key Holders.16 Tom Hahm served as LGE’s principal negotiator.17

       11
            Pre-Trial Stipulation ¶¶ 14–17.
       12
            See JX0515 (recording of Alphonso’s Board meeting on December 16, 2022).
       13
            JX0518 at 2; see also JX0515.
       14
            See Pre-Trial Stipulation ¶ 18; JX0435 at 18; TT 685:24–687:20 (Jo).
       15
            TT 494:21–495:4 (Edward Lee).
       16
            TT 12:18–13:15 (Chordia); see also TT 202:19–203:1 (Kodige).
       17
            See TT 13:9–15 (Chordia).

                                              4
             1. Negotiations

       In March 2020, LGE sent Alphonso a letter of intent.18 The letter communicated

LGE’s “desire” to “take a 51% equity position in” Alphonso.19 In exchange, LGE “will

work together with [the equity holders] to come up with a scheme that makes sense for all

parties” and provide the equity holders with a “trigger-based method to allow for a slow

exit.”20 Throughout the negotiations, LGE maintained its interest in acquiring control over

Alphonso. And this issue took center stage during subsequent communications. For

example, in May 2020, Chordia, Kodige, and Beotra visited LGE in Seoul to meet with

Hahm, Edward Lee, and Hyoung-Saeyi Park.21 During that visit, Beotra “insiste[d]” that

the Key Holders would not sell more than 49% of Alphonso.22 But this approach proved

unsuccessful and led to the Alphonso team leaving “empty-handed.”23 Although talks

eventually picked back up, LGE’s message was clear. LGE was only interested in a

majority stake.24

       18
            JX0008 at 2.
       19
            Id.
       20
            Id.
       21
            TT 15:12–18 (Chordia).
       22
            TT 15:18–16:1 (Chordia).
       23
            TT 15:18–16:1 (Chordia).
       24
            TT 16:1–10 (Chordia).

                                            5
       The Key Holders’ hesitance to give up control was justified, as they understood the

gravity of the decision they were making.25 Indeed, LGE made no attempts to hide the ball

on this issue. LGE specifically stated that in these types of transactions, things “might not

work out well for the founders.”26 But this was not news to the Key Holders. In one of the

Key Holders’ June 2020 term sheet markups, they stated that their plans for business

development, external funding, and “IPO and M&A decisions will rest with LG.”27 The

markup also acknowledged that “[s]omething that makes sense for Alphonso may not make

sense for LG but we won’t have the right to decide.”28

       As with any negotiation, the parties proposed and rejected numerous terms. Among

those LGE rejected lies a June 2020 term for employment contracts.29 If accepted, this

term contemplated providing “Key Employees” with three-year employment contracts.30

       25
            See JX0014 at 4; JX0022 at 1; JX0023 at 1; TT 15:1–4 (Chordia).
       26
            TT 84:13–21 (Chordia).
       27
            JX0014 at 4; see also JX0022 at 1; TT 75:14–79:18 (Chordia).
       28
            JX0014 at 4–5; see also JX0022 at 1.
       29
            Compare JX0012 at 2, and JX0014 at 6–7, with JX0050.
       30
          TT 98:2–99:13 (Chordia); see also JX0014 at 6–7; JX0012 at 2 (“Key Employees
(TBD list): [] Agree to 3-year employment contracts, inclusive of base salary and incentive
compensation [] If Key Employee leaves without Cause or Good Reason (each to be further
defined), they will continue to own existing illiquid stock, but will no longer be able to
participate in Employee Liquidity Option; unvested equity to be canceled. [] If Key
Employee is terminated without Cause or Good Reason, their equity stake will be cashed
out pursuant to the equity valuation at the time of termination (see Employee Liquidity
Option for details on valuation); all unvested equity of such Key Employee to be fully
accelerated[.]”).

                                              6
Likewise, LGE also rejected an October 2020 term that would have made “hiring,

termination, or change of the compensation of the chief executive officer” subject to the

veto of certain Key Holders sitting on Alphonso’s Board.31

       In the weeks following LGE’s rejection of this latter term, Beotra exchanged emails

with Hahm. These emails expressed concern over LGE’s ability to terminate Alphonso’s

CEO. In one of these emails, Beotra explained his understanding that LGE would have the

ability to “control[] the board and hence all the decisions that need simple board majority

- CEO hire/fire/comp, operating plan, LG funding, additional debt etc.”32 In response to

these concerns, Hahm did not deny LGE’s ability to terminate the CEO. But he explained

that firing “C-level officers and replac[ing] them with LGE staff . . . is only a nuclear

option that we have no incentive to do, unless you are running the company into the ground

and destroying value, which you also have no incentive to do.”33

       The Key Holders’ hesitance to sell control was valid. Yet, giving up control came

with considerable upside. The Key Holders leveraged the significance of this control to

negotiate over a control premium and to bargain for favorable terms and protections.34

       31
            Compare JX0020 at 41, and JX0021 at 99, with JX0050 § 10.5(d).
       32
            JX0022 at 1; JX0023 at 2.
       33
            JX0023 at 4 (emphasis added).
       34
          See TT 98:2–99:13 (Chordia); JX0014 at 3 (June 2020 term sheet from Beotra to
LGE stating that “there is a critical difference between whether LGE acquires <=49.9% or
>=50.1% - it is the issue of control and hence controlling Alphonso’s destiny which entails
a control premium”).

                                            7
Notwithstanding the protections LGE rejected, LGE and Alphonso agreed on a variety of

terms designed to afford certain rights to certain of Alphonso’s stockholders (i.e., the Key

Holders).35 The Key Holders, Zenith, and Alphonso gave effect to these terms by executing

a stockholders’ agreement (the “Stockholders’ Agreement”) on December 23, 2020.36

             2. The Stockholders’ Agreement

       The protections and rights bargained for in the Stockholders’ Agreement included

certain liquidity rights (the “Liquidity Rights”), a director-designation right (the “Director-

Designation Right”), and corresponding veto rights (the “Veto Rights”).37

       The Liquidity Rights provide Key Holders the right to demand an IPO and the right

to scheduled tender offers. Section 9.1(a) sets forth the IPO demand right, which provides

that if, after December 30, 2023, Alphonso receives a request from Key Holders owning

fifty percent of the registerable securities held by the Key Holders in aggregate, then

Alphonso shall file a Form S-1 registration statement.

       35
            See JX0050.
       36
            Id.
       37
            Id.

                                              8
       Section 11.1 sets forth the scheduled tender offer right.38 This right provides that

Zenith shall commence scheduled tender offers at the greater of fair market value or $11.09

(i.e., the floor price) on (1) March 31, 2024, (2) March 31, 2025, and (3) March 31, 2026.39

       Section 10 of the Stockholders’ Agreement sets forth the Director-Designation

Right. This right provides that the Board shall be comprised of seven directors.40 Of these

seven, LGE will designate four (the “LG-Affiliated Directors”).41 If certain conditions are

met, the “Employee Key Holder Majority” can designate, at most, the remaining three

directors (the “Common Directors”).42 There are two requirements the Key Holders must

satisfy to exercise this right.43 First, they must collectively hold a requisite percentage of

Alphonso’s outstanding Capital Stock. The percentage of ownership held corresponds to

the number of directors the Employee Key Holder Majority can designate.44 The Employee

       38
            Id.
       39
         See id. §§ 11, 1.42, 1.43, 1.29; JX0040 §§ 1.5(b), 1.5(j), 1.5(s), 1.5(kk) (December
18, 2020, Common Stock Purchase Agreement).
       40
            JX0050 § 10.1.
       41
          Id. § 10.2(a). The Stockholders’ Agreement defines “LGE” as “Zenith
Electronics LLC . . . and its affiliates.” Id. § 1.27.
       42
         Id. § 10.2(b). The Stockholders’ Agreement defines the “Employee Key Holder
Majority” as “the Key Holders who are directors, officers or employees of [Alphonso] at
such time (the ‘Employee Key Holders’) holding a majority of the shares of Capital Stock
then held by all Employee Key Holders.” Id. § 6.2.
       43
            See id. §§ 10.2(b), 6.2.
       44
            See id. § 10.2(b).

                                              9
Key Holder Majority could designate three directors “during such time as Key Holders

hold at least twenty percent (20%) of the outstanding shares of Capital Stock.”45 But if the

Key Holders’ cumulative holdings fall between 10% and 15%, the Employee Key Holder

Majority could only designate one director.46

       Second, to exercise the Director-Designation Right, at least one of the Key Holders

must be an Alphonso officer or employee (i.e., the Designation Condition).47 Section

10.2(b) concludes with the following: “For the avoidance of doubt, this director designation

right by the Employee Key Holder Majority under this Subsection 10.2(b) shall be null and

void if no Key Holder serves as an officer or employee of the Corporation at such time[.]”48

       Under Section 10.3(a), no director may be removed unless “(i) such removal is

directed or approved by the affirmative vote of the Person(s), or of the holders entitled

under Subsection 10.2(a) or (b) to designate that director” or “(ii) the Person(s) originally

entitled to designate or approve such director or occupy such Board seat pursuant to

       45
            Id. § 10.2(b)(i).
       46
            Id. § 10.2(b)(iii).
       47
            Id. § 10.2(b).
       48
         Id. The bargaining history over this term is relevant. The parties designed the
Designation Condition to align the Key Holders’ interests with LGE’s. Hahm’s deposition
testimony explained that the purpose of the Designation Condition was to make sure the
Key Holders had “skin in the game.” JX0648 94:25–95:13 (Hahm); see also id. 79:21–
80:4 (Hahm). By which, he meant that he structured the Stockholders’ Agreement “for
employees to want to work at the company, to build value because by building value they’re
also benefiting from the value increase in their own pocket through stock options and other
programs and owning equity. So that was the intent.” Id. 94:25–95:13 (Hahm). And build
value they did. See infra Section I.D.

                                             10
Subsection 10.2(a) or (b) is no longer so entitled to designate or approve such director.”49

This brings Section 10.2(c) into play. Where there is no Director-Designation Right, such

removals under Section 10.3(a)(ii) create vacancies that can be filled pursuant to Section

10.2(c). Section 10.2(c) provides that the vacant seats of the Common Directors shall be

filled through appointment “by the holders of Capital Stock entitled to vote in accordance

with applicable law and the Restated Certificate.”50

       Additionally, Section 13.1(b)(iii) provides that the Stockholders’ Agreement “shall

terminate” upon:

       The execution of a written instrument by (x) the Corporation, (y) LGE and (z) the
       Employee Key Holder Majority. For the avoidance of doubt, such execution by the
       Employee Key Holder Majority shall not be required if no Key Holder serves as an
       officer or employee of the Corporation at such time.51

       Given these mechanics, it might seem that the Director-Designation Right requires

protection of its own. Plaintiffs identify Section 12.1 as the express contractual safeguard

of this right. Section 12.1 provides the following:

       [Alphonso] agrees to use its reasonable efforts, within the requirements of
       applicable law, to ensure that the rights granted under this Agreement are
       effective and that the Parties enjoy the benefits of this Agreement. Such
       actions include, without limitation, the use of the Corporation’s reasonable
       efforts to cause the nomination and election of the directors as provided in
       this Agreement.52

       49
            JX0050.
       50
            See id.
       51
            Id.
       52
            Id. (emphasis added).

                                            11
       This protection aside, the Director-Designation Right does not, by itself, seem to

provide any meaningful degree of influence. But when considered in connection with the

Veto Right, its significance materializes. Specifically, Section 10.5(d) conditions the

Board’s ability to engage in certain actions on the “affirmative consent or vote of at least

one Common Director[.]”53 The actions subject to this Veto Right include (1) postponing

an IPO beyond December 2025, (2) postponing or modifying the tender offers, (3) entering

into related-party transactions between Alphonso and LGE, subject to certain exceptions,

and (4) determining fair market value for the scheduled tender offers.54

       The Veto Right does not restrict the Board’s “exclusive right” to “hire or employ,

terminate employment, appoint position and determine the compensation and benefits of

executive officers of [Alphonso] and any employee” who receives annual compensation

equal to or exceeding $500,000.55

       As these terms demonstrate, LGE got control, and, in exchange, the Key Holders

got cash upfront and the “slow exit”56 embodied in the Liquidity Rights. Until the exit, the

Key Holders would appoint directors to watch over and preserve the Liquidity Rights. At

the Board level, the Common Directors could not do anything on their own other than block

       53
         Id. § 10.5(d). Section 11.2(a) uses this same language to condition the Board’s
approval of the fair market value per share at the time of each scheduled tender offer.
       54
            See id. §§ 10.5(d), 11.2(a).
       55
            See id. § 10.5(c).
       56
            See JX0008 at 2.

                                            12
certain attempts to interfere with the Key Holders’ Liquidity Rights. This was the bargain.

And indeed, this bargain mirrored LGE’s earlier promise that it would “work together with

[the Founders] to come up with a scheme that makes sense for all parties involved to allow

some trigger-based method to allow for a slow exit.”57

             3. Closing

       The deal closed in December 2020.58 LGE, through Zenith, invested roughly $78

million in total in exchange for over 55% of Alphonso’s stock at $11.09 per share based

on a $110 million valuation.59 Following the sale, Zenith contributed to the creation of

Alphonso’s stock option pool, which reduced its holdings to 50.1% on a fully diluted

basis.60 In conjunction with these transactions and in addition to the protections provided

in the Stockholders’ Agreement, the Key Holders received considerable upfront payments

from Zenith.61 As Defendants point out, Kalampoukas received over $5.5 million, Chordia

received over $3.5 million, Kodige received over $2.4 million, and both Andrades and

Sarma received over $1 million each in these upfront payments.62

       57
            Id.
       58
            See JX0050; JX0040; TT 68:1–4 (Chordia).
       59
            See JX0250 at 12; JX0040 § 1.5(j); JX0407 at 286.
       60
            See JX0407 at 286; TT 163:8–14 (Chordia); Pre-Trial Stipulation ¶¶ 13, 32.
       61
            See JX0041 at 56–57.
       62
            Id.

                                             13
       After the deal closed, the Employee Key Holder Majority exercised the Director-

Designation Right and appointed Chordia, Kodige, and Kalampoukas to the Board as the

Common Directors.63 Pursuant to Zenith’s right to appoint LG-Affiliated Directors, it also

named four members to the Board.64

   C. Post-Closing Conflict

       The parties’ relationship started off well. But friction soon developed. Chordia and

Kodige did not get along well with the LG-Affiliated Directors and the other LGE

employees with whom they interacted.

       Chordia and Kodige’s unwillingness to abide by the established chain of command

proved a consistent point of tension. This is perhaps one of the clearest illustrations of the

overarching clash between LGE’s relatively buttoned-down, hierarchical culture and

Alphonso’s horizontal startup culture. LGE had an established team that managed its

relationship with Alphonso: this included primary contacts, Edward Lee and Jo.

       The record is littered with emails from Chordia and Kodige to LGE’s higher-ups,

including Sangwoo Lee and Hyoung-Saeyi Park (Edward Lee and Jo’s bosses), William

Cho (LGE’s CEO), and Doo-Yong Bae (LGE’s CFO). These emails were seldom pleasant

and often denigrating toward Jo and Edward Lee. In a frustrated email to Chordia, Edward

       63
            Pre-Trial Stipulation ¶ 34.
       64
            Pre-Trial Stipulation ¶ 35.

                                             14
Lee explained that “your counter partner of LGE is not Sangwoo but me. So [s]top

contact[ing] him directly with my business matter.”65

       This was not the only area of tension between Alphonso and LGE. Among other

things, disputes arose over Alphonso’s use of LG’s brand name, executive officer hiring

without Board approval, refusal to comply with LGE’s data-privacy audit requests,

depletion of Alphonso’s stock option pool, and transfer pricing for ad inventory, as well as

a variety of other professional and interpersonal conflicts.

       In addition to the companies’ cultural differences, some of this friction derived from

differences in Chordia’s and LGE’s objectives. LGE had long-term goals that required

cautious integration of Alphonso’s ACR technology into its smart TVs.66 By contrast,

Chordia and many of the Key Holders were focused on getting to an IPO.67 Although LGE

was on board with the idea at the beginning, it soon became less accommodating and sought

strategic flexibility in that area.68

       65
            JX0128 at 1.
       66
            TT 493:8–19 (Edward Lee).
       67
           JX0067 (forwarded Slack message from Chordia to Edward Lee on March 3,
2021, explaining that “[f]rom now to March 2024 is about 1000 days. That’s all we have!”
to get to IPO, and outlining items for Alphonso to do to achieve that goal).

        See JX0105 at 2 (May 17, 2021 email to Chordia: “LGE would fully support
       68

Alphonso going public with revenue goal stated above and valuation above $1B . . . .”);
JX0148 at 2 (August 21, 2021 email from Hyoung-Saeyi Park), 3 (August 19, 2021 email
from Chordia providing notes from August 17, 2021 WebEx meeting with Sangwoo Lee,
Edward Lee, and Hyoung-Saeyi Park); JX0182 at 2 (December 7, 2021 email from Edward
Lee).

                                             15
               1.    LG Ads

      In March 2021, Chordia decided to “rebrand” Alphonso as “LG Ads” without

receiving authorization to do so from LGE.69 Chordia explained that this move was

inspired by the need to be recognized in the market as being affiliated with LGE and

Chordia’s belief that the market was already beginning to call Alphonso “LG Ads.”70 In

an email to Edward Lee, Chordia revealed that the rebranding was one part of his

overarching plan to get to an IPO by March 2024.71 As part of this rebranding, Chordia

went so far as to launch an LG Ads website, which, after domain issues arose, redirected

viewers to an online gambling website.72

      69
           TT 110:18–112:17 (Chordia); see also JX0653 255:9–14 (Chordia).
      70
          See TT 196:6–197:13 (Chordia). As a practical matter, Chordia’s use of the name
“LG Ads” was not wholly unfounded since similarly situated companies had rebranded
themselves as “Roku Ads,” “Samsung Ads,” and “Vizio Ads.” TT 196:6–197:13
(Chordia); see also JX0096 at 1; TT 211:2–19 (Kodige). Chordia’s correspondence on this
subject, however, illustrates his unfortunate penchant for being provocative and offensive
with LGE team members and senior executives. Chordia asserted in an email to Sangwoo
Lee that Alphonso might as well be “rebranding to dominate the ballsy advertising
business” and “calling itself Large Gonads Advertising” with “LG Ads” being simply a
“short form” version of that title. JX0096 at 3.
      71
           JX0067.
      72
           TT 111:4–10, 113:14–115:1 (Chordia); JX0067 at 1.

                                           16
      After learning of this, LGE asked Chordia to take the website down.73 While

Chordia agreed and did take the website down, he put it back up shortly thereafter—again

without LGE’s permission.74

      In what would be just one of many communications sent to Edward Lee’s boss,

Chordia explained in a May 2, 2021 email to Sangwoo Lee that “[a]sking our team to take

down our website — a request we entertained for over two weeks at the cost of business

and hiring — or change to some other branding instead of LG Ads just does not work.”75

      This issue continued as an ongoing fight between Alphonso and LGE until well after

Kodige replaced Chordia as Alphonso’s CEO in July 2021.76 But it was not the last time

Chordia would cause conflict.

      73
           JX0653 255:5–257:13 (Chordia).
      74
         Id. 256:8–17 (Chordia); TT 116:4–10 (Chordia). In an email to Sangwoo Lee,
Chordia acknowledged the cultural disconnect between LGE and Alphonso. JX0096 at 1–
2. Chordia wrote that in contrast to what he saw as LGE’s rigid hierarchical structure, “we
work [based] on reason. We solve problems. No real reason has been presented, nor a
problem that cannot be solved, for us to be called LG Ads. I had gifted our team ‘No rules
rules’ which describes the Netflix culture and ours is similar.” Id. at 1–2.
      75
           JX0096 at 2.
      76
           See TT 202:21–24, 211:2–212:10 (Kodige).

                                            17
                2.     Serge Matta

       Chordia hired a new President, Serge Matta in April 2021.77 And he did so without

the Board’s required approval.78 Matta had been an advisor to Alphonso since 2017, during

which time he was also the CEO of Comscore Inc.79 Chordia had disclosed to Edward Lee,

who at this time was an LG-Affiliated Director, that Matta had some run-ins with the

SEC.80 But Chordia did not disclose the full extent of those issues, which included Matta

settling accounting and disclosure fraud charges and Comscore paying over $5 million in

penalties.81 Additionally, the settlement terms prohibited Matta from serving as an officer

or director of a public company for ten years.82

       After these issues came to light, controversy ensued. Although based partially on

Chordia’s choice of hire, the controversy also centered around Chordia’s ability to hire a

President for Alphonso. Section 10.5(c) of the Stockholders’ Agreement gave the Board

the “exclusive right” to hire executives and those compensated $500,000 or greater—of

which Matta was both.83 Responsive to these issues, Chordia prepared a timeline of the

       77
            TT 138:2–7 (Chordia); JX0082.
       78
            TT 138:2–7 (Chordia); see also JX0082 (Matta Offer Letter); JX0050 § 10.5(c).
       79
            See JX0007 (Matta Press Release).
       80
            JX0007; TT 138:2–147:2 (Chordia).
       81
            JX0007; TT 138:2–147:2 (Chordia).
       82
            JX0007.
       83
          TT 150:24–151:5 (Chordia); see also JX0082. Section 10.5(c) permits the Board
to hire executive officers with a simple majority. With the Common Directors occupying

                                             18
events leading to Matta’s hire, which purports to involve discussions of the Comscore SEC

issues with Alphonso’s General Counsel Cushing, who was also previously employed by

Comscore and worked in its legal department at the time of the events giving rise to the

SEC’s fraud investigation.84

       At trial, Chordia testified that he understood that Board approval was required to

hire Matta.85 But the evidence at trial demonstrated that notwithstanding this belief,

Chordia also asked Steve Wheeler, Chordia’s “long-term” personal lawyer, for an opinion

that the role of president is not an executive office—an opinion which Wheeler declined to

provide.86

       Although the Board later removed Matta from his role as President, he stayed on in

a senior management role where he remains.87

three of the Board’s seven seats, I acknowledge that LG-Affiliated Director Edward Lee’s
favorable response to Chordia’s proposal to hire Matta might have led Chordia to believe—
as he testified at trial—that he had the necessary Board majority to hire Matta under Section
10.5(c), assuming approval by the other Common Directors. See TT 151:17–22 (Chordia).
       84
            See JX0157 at 10; TT 150:6–9, 148:8–16 (Chordia).
       85
            TT 150:14–16 (Chordia).
       86
            TT 151:3–10 (Chordia).
       87
         TT 151:23–152:4 (Chordia). Matta is now Alphonso’s head of advertising and
sales. See TT 414:3–6 (Durgin).

                                             19
                  3.   Data Privacy

       Disputes also arose from data privacy and compliance concerns. A 2017 New York

Times article lent weight to these concerns.88 The article specifically named Alphonso and

quoted Chordia while purporting to detail “questionable [data privacy] practices” by

companies like Alphonso.89 Before joining Alphonso’s Board and acting as Vice President

and General Counsel of LG US, Wasinger requested that Alphonso undergo a privacy audit

by a law firm.90 Wasinger was clear that LGE wanted the audit to be conducted by a law

firm and went so far as to invite Alphonso to propose the law firm that should conduct the

audit.91

       In response, Chordia insisted that, instead of a law firm audit, Alphonso would only

be willing to conduct a standards-based review.92 Amidst the numerous emails sent on this

       88
            See JX0630.
       89
            Id.
       90
            JX0101 at 2.
       91
          Id. at 1–2 (May 6, 2021 email from Wasinger to Cushing: “It is very important
that the audit report and related audit communications be privileged, so it should be a law
firm that manages.”); see also JX0128 at 4 (email from Edward Lee to Chordia on June 8,
2021, stating that “we need LG Ads to proactively participate in the privacy audit le[]d by
LGEUS[’s] legal team. This action item is not optional but mandate[d] for all LGE
subsidiaries.”); JX0168 at 1–2 (October 21, 2021 email from Wasinger to Cushing: “As I
have repeatedly stated since May, this review is merely reasonable due diligence on privacy
and security standards before Alphonso ACR technology is integrated in LG televisions
and other LG Pll is shared with Alphonso for its business.” “I am concerned that Alphonso
management has been delaying and throwing up roadblocks for months. The review should
have been completed this summer, and now the timeline is extremely compressed.”).
       92
            See, e.g., JX0128 at 4.

                                            20
topic is a May 9, 2021 email that Chordia sent to Sangwoo Lee. 93 Therein, he referred to

Wasinger’s attempts to move forward with a law firm-based audit as “overreaching and

totally unnecessary” as LG US had “no authority over Alphonso and they can go fish.”94

Despite recognizing the obligations, procedures, and even abundance of caution with which

large corporations like LGE operate,95 Chordia premised his resistance to a law firm audit

on his belief that there was limited up-side for Alphonso.96

       Like with the LG Ads issue, this was a repeated point of tension that the parties did

not resolve until the end of 2021, several months after Kodige replaced Chordia as

Alphonso’s CEO.97

                  4.   Depletion Of The Stock Option Pool

       The depletion of the stock option pool generated more conflict. The pool was

created after LGE’s investment and had the effect of diluting LGE’s holdings from over

55% to 50.1%. But in March 2022, Alphonso ran out of available stock options.98 Chordia

       93
            See JX0101 at 1.
       94
            Id.
       95
            See TT 121:13–17 (Chordia).
       96
          JX0128 at 2–3 (June 2021 emails from Chordia and Cushing to Edward Lee and
Wasinger, explaining that “[t]he problem with an outside audit being performed by a law
firm is that while it may provide LGE with some degree of comfort, it otherwise provides
no benefit upon Alphonso or LG”).
       97
            See TT 213:21–216:13 (Kodige).
       98
            TT 163:15–17 (Chordia).

                                             21
explained that “[g]rowth led to hiring and hiring led to a depletion of the stock option

pool.”99 After running out of stock options, Chordia asked LGE to replenish the pool.100

This was an option that Chordia understood would likely require LGE to dilute its

ownership and leave LGE with less than 50% of Alphonso.101

       Despite several exchanges and attempts to formulate a solution, Alphonso and LGE

were unable to resolve this issue.102 In response to these unsuccessful attempts, Kodige,

who by this time had taken over as CEO, sought to escalate the issue to LGE executives.

In December 2022, Kodige emailed LGE’s CEO and CFO (Cho and Bae, respectively) to

describe the pool depletion issue and what he viewed as LGE’s “egregious” approach to

“expanding the Options pool” and Jo’s inability to resolve the challenges Alphonso

faced.103

                5.     The Inventory Agreement

       In April 2021, Alphonso and LGE entered into an agreement related to LGE’s sale

of ad inventory to Alphonso.104 The price term for the inventory was left open and the ad

       99
            TT 164:1–2 (Chordia).
       100
             TT 164:24–166:1 (Chordia); see also JX0246.
       101
             TT 164:24–166:1 (Chordia).
       102
             See, e.g., TT 174:7–176:22 (Chordia).
       103
             JX0510 at 1–2.
       104
             Pre-Trial Stipulation ¶¶ 38–39; JX0196 at 7–14 (original agreement).

                                              22
inventory LGE provided to Alphonso during 2021 was considered a “free trial.” 105 After

negotiating pricing terms for 2022, the parties amended the agreement in January 2022 (the

“Inventory Agreement”).106 This amendment included the insertion of transfer price

terms.107 The parties set pricing terms that were favorable to Alphonso and lower than the

price Alphonso paid for inventory from third parties.108 But shortly after the amendment,

LGE tried to change the “mutually agreed upon” transfer price.109 It also tried to apply the

change retroactively.110 Durgin believed this to be a “terrible” and “dumb idea” since, as

he confirmed, “no leader of Alphonso should agree to amend the transfer price in the

inventory agreement to raise the transfer price to benefit LG at the expense of

       105
          See JX0212 at 26 (“All LG Ad Inventory provided by LG to Alphonso prior to
January 1, 2022 shall be provided as a free trial; no fees shall be payable by Alphonso for
any LG Ad Inventory provided prior to January 1, 2022.”).
       106
           Pre-Trial Stipulation ¶¶ 38–39; JX0212 at 25–30; JX0347 at 1–8. The Inventory
Agreement was structured so that Alphonso agreed to buy LGE’s global ad inventory at
fixed prices. Accordingly, the Inventory Agreement itself stated that, “[f]or the avoidance
of doubt, Alphonso bears all economic benefits and burdens associated with any LG Ad
Inventory purchased by Alphonso, regardless of whether the same is sold or otherwise
monetized.” JX0212 at 25. Either side could unilaterally terminate the Inventory
Agreement “for convenience upon 60 days prior written notice to the other party.” JX0196
at 8; see also TT 177:10–17 (Chordia).
       107
             TT 178:4–10 (Chordia); JX0212 at 25–30; JX0347 at 1–8.
       108
             TT 179:3–15 (Chordia).
       109
             JX0386 at 14.
       110
             TT 486:3–21 (Durgin).

                                            23
Alphonso[.]”111 LGE’s internal documents noted the LG-Affiliated Directors’ fiduciary

obligations in addressing this issue.112 It directed them to “[a]pproach the matter as a

compliance risk issue” specifically “to prevent fiduciary duty issue pertinent to LG

Directors (fiduciary duty, decision-making from Alphonso’s stance), approach the matter

with focus on tax risk.”113 This was indeed the rationale LGE put forth.114

       Alphonso took the tax compliance concerns seriously and conducted its own

investigation into the matter and had PwC conduct its a review of KPMG’s original

study.115 In September 2022, PwC concluded that, “[b]ased on our review, the arm’s length

prices for LG Ads Inventory identified in the KPMG Transfer Pricing Analysis appear

reasonable and consistent with the arm’s length standard outlined in the Section 482

Regulations.”116 PwC further concluded that the Inventory “Agreement is ‘commercial

grade’ in substance and appearance, including the length of its term which is consistent

       111
           TT 486:3–21 (Durgin); see also JX0397 at 1 (October 28, 2022 email from
Durgin to the LGE team, expressing concern over “the idea that LG will put a new leader
who would negotiate from the POV of the other party in the agreement, then take an
existing price and raise it not in the best interests of his/her company, but in the best interest
of LG” since this “is not what I’d expect out of any new business leader”).
       112
             See JX0312 at 20.
       113
             Id.
       114
             See TT 179:15–21 (Chordia).
       115
             JX0386 at 13; see also JX0358 at 1.
       116
             JX0358 at 12.

                                               24
with similar independent contractual agreements.”117 Notwithstanding these conclusions,

LGE was not satisfied and the parties continued to dispute the sufficiency of the transfer

price into late fall 2022 with no meaningful resolution.118

                   6.   The Divided Board Of Alphonso

       Interwoven with the foregoing is an undercurrent of conflict and accusations of

unprofessional behavior. For example, the Board often failed to approve meeting minutes

promptly. This led Chordia, over the objection of his colleagues and against Wheeler’s

advice, to insist that he record Board meetings.119 Kodige, in an October 10, 2022, email

to Hyoung-Saeyi Park and Cho, addressed this issue and used it to illustrate “how

incompetent” the Board purportedly was.120

       On another occasion, in response to an inquiry by Edward Lee over a competing

product that he believed Alphonso was developing, Kodige sought Edward Lee’s removal

from the Board.121 In his December 6, 2021, email to Hyoung-Saeyi Park and Sangwoo

Lee, he asserted that “Edward and team have very badly managed Alphonso investment

and relationship over the past year[]” and describes what he asserted was “Edward’s erratic

       117
             Id.

         See Dkt. 194 Defendants’ Post-Trial Answering Br. (“Defendants’ Post-Trial
       118

Answering Br.”) at 26–27.
       119
             See, e.g., JX0328 at 1–6.
       120
             JX0376 at 1.
       121
             JX0180 at 2.

                                             25
[and] disrespectful behavior.”122 This email concluded with the following: “We need to

urgently address Edward’s behavior. We request that Edward be removed from working

with Alphonso team [sic] right away and also be removed from our board.”123

       In addition to the numerous attempts to escalate issues to LGE’s senior executives,

there is also some evidence that Chordia and Kodige were disruptive during Board

meetings.124 Moreover, the type of language that Chordia and Kodige used also served as

a source of conflict. Chordia was not hesitant to use profane or crass language in his regular

communications with LGE executives and employees and the LG-Affiliated Directors.

Among some of his emails, Chordia used phrases like “[f]**k you sangwoo,”125 “don’t

f**king try to sugar coat the mess,”126 “we don’t know f**king LG English,”127 and

“get[ing] sh*t” done.”128 At another point, Chordia asked the LGE team to “please respect

       122
             JX0180 at 1–2.
       123
             Id. at 2.
       124
         TT 576:17–577:19 (Wasinger); TT 672:8–15, 678:4–18 (Jo); see also JX0278
(Wasinger’s email).
       125
             JX0143 at 3 (profanity edited).
       126
             Id. at 2 (profanity edited).
       127
             Id. (profanity edited).
       128
             JX0128 at 1 (profanity edited).

                                               26
the [LG Ads] team you have here like they are sent from God” because “[t]hat’s your only

hope to make this company work.”129

       Despite what by all accounts was a divided board, there remained no meaningful

gridlock because the LG-Affiliated Directors controlled a majority of the Board seats.130

As time would show, the LG-Affiliated Directors even terminated the executive-officer

Key Holders without gridlock because, with four seats on the Board, they controlled

Alphonso’s trajectory.131 The LG-Affiliated Directors only needed a Common Director’s

approval to interfere with the Key Holders’ Liquidity Rights, or to enter related-party

transactions between Alphonso and LGE.132 At bottom, this is what the parties had

bargained for.

       129
             JX0143 at 2.
       130
           At trial, Wasinger testified to the contrary. TT 586:18–587:1 (Wasinger) (“It
was just a litany of problems” and “gridlock had developed.”). Although I agree that
Chordia and Kodige’s conduct was decidedly unpleasant, I also like to think (or at least
hope) that I am not naïve. As I discuss later in this decision, Chordia and Kodige seemed
to turn invariably to the least diplomatic of approaches when given a choice. But they are
by no means the first entrepreneurs who have sought to “move fast and break things” and
to be quite successful in doing so. In summary, I found Defendants’ drumbeat evidentiary
presentation on Chordia and Kodige’s rough manner, and Wasinger’s testimony in
particular, overreaching and intended more to “poison the well” than anything else.
Although it is not disputed that the Board was divided, the record belies the notion that the
Board was gridlocked in any meaningful way.
       131
             See JX0536 at 3.
       132
             See JX0050 §§ 10.5(d), 11.2(a).

                                               27
   D. Alphonso’s Continued Success

       Notwithstanding the division and disputes, Alphonso thrived. Alphonso exceeded

the high revenue targets that LGE set and grew to a 300-person work-force.133 In the two

years that followed closing, Alphonso produced $78 million and $270 million in

revenue.134 This greatly exceeded LGE’s initial targets for Alphonso.135 By December

2022, Alphonso was valued at over a $1 billion—nearly ten times its valuation at closing.136

And around that time, LGE’s own internal correspondence confirms that Alphonso’s value

had risen to upwards of $1.4 billion.137

       On the technical side, Alphonso also out-performed LGE’s expectations. In this

regard, Alphonso brought the ACR technology to the point that it could be integrated into

LGE’s smart TVs far ahead of schedule.138 Both sides contributed meaningfully to this

success, but LGE wanted a better deal than the one it had bargained for.

       133
             TT 247:3–12 (Kodige).
       134
             TT 247:13–248:20 (Kodige); TT 42:16–44:7 (Chordia).
       135
             TT 247:13–248:20 (Kodige); TT 42:16–44:7 (Chordia).
       136
             TT 247:13–248:20 (Kodige).
       137
             JX0463 at 5.
       138
          TT 247:13–248:20 (Kodige); see also JX0183 at 5 (“The teams have taken what
was a 2 year roadmap and shrunk it down to 2 months.”).

                                            28
   E. Project Wall-E: War

       Project Wall-E was developed for the purpose of taking control from the Key

Holders. While Project Wall-E was developed more explicitly in late-2022, the lead-up to

its execution began several months earlier.

             1. Genesis

       In March 2022, Jo began working for LGE.139 That same month, Jo took a seat on

Alphonso’s Board as an LG-Affiliated Director.140 In April 2022, Jo met with Kodige and

communicated to Kodige that LGE was wavering on the idea of an IPO. 141 This was

opposite the commitment to an IPO that LGE had communicated to the Key Holders the

year prior.142 Shortly after joining the Board, Jo tried to have Kodige hire Sexton, whom

Jo believed was a “market industry veteran, that . . . could help the Alphonso business.”143

In conjunction with his request, Jo set up a call with Sexton in early May 2022.144

       Sexton took contemporaneous notes during the meeting, which he then emailed to

himself after the meeting ended.145 Among other things, Sexton’s email draws attention to

       139
             TT 685:10–12 (Jo).
       140
             TT 685:24–686:5 (Jo).
       141
             See JX0247 at 1.
       142
             See JX0105 at 2; JX0148 at 2; JX0182 at 2.
       143
             TT 690:2–691:7 (Jo); see, e.g., JX0267 at 8.
       144
             JX0640 26:15–18 (Sexton).
       145
           See JX0253; TT 693:17–694:12 (Jo) (affirming in relevant part that “these notes
reflect the substance of a call that [Jo] had with Mr. Sexton on or about May 6[,]” 2022).

                                              29
the details surrounding the deal LGE had struck with the Key Holders and LGE’s desire to

get “a return on their investment.”146 Although noting that LGE initially “wanted to see if

they can IPO,” the email states that things may have changed and LGE “may have bigger

plans.”147 Sexton’s email also draws attention to Alphonso’s culture, which the email

described as a “[m]ixture between Indian Culture [and] SV culture” and repeatedly

explained that “LG has a lot of difficulty managing this organization[.]”148

       Sexton’s email also describes a version of the blueprints for what would later

become “Project Wall-E,”—the project that Jo would go on to “[c]hampion.”149 The email,

while recognizing that the Board “made [Chordia] step down [from CEO] to Board

Member [and] Chief HR Officer,” further describes a “[g]oal to remove him from whatever

role” and “[b]ring in new upper management.”150 Sexton’s email also includes a clear

motivation for carrying out this strategy—Jo viewed Alphonso as “1 of 3 pillars” in Jo’s

overarching goal to bring together “Adv, content, WebOS.”151 Kodige, however, rejected

       146
             JX0253 at 1–2.
       147
             Id. at 1.
       148
             Id. at 1–2.
       149
             See JX0435 at 18; TT 687:14–688:10 (Jo).
       150
             JX0253 at 1–2; see TT 692:8–698:6 (Jo).
       151
           JX0253 at 1. Jo’s trial testimony confirmed this general sentiment. TT 687:4–
13 (Jo) (affirming that he “want[ed] Alphonso to stay, to play the same role that it does
today in the business”).

                                            30
Jo’s recommendation to hire Sexton, so nothing came of this initial attempt to seize full

control.152

       On May 16, 2022, after Jo’s call with Sexton, Jo and Hyoung-Saeyi Park attended

a meeting with Chordia and Kodige during which disagreement arose over Alphonso’s

strategic future.153 At this meeting, Kodige and Chordia proposed two options for moving

forward. The first option would make Alphonso a combined entity that included LGE’s

“Content + Advertising”154 and “[i]inventory ownership.”155 Beotra explained a similar

idea at his deposition. There, he noted that “[y]ou cannot take an entity public where it has

one contract, which, if the contract is snapped, kills the investor story.”156 Thus, he had

previously proposed a similar idea—that “instead of having an inventory agreement and

transfer pricing, that LG transfer the inventory to [Alphonso] outright[.]”157

       The second option, should LGE refuse the first, asked LGE to buy out the Key

Holders.158 While at trial, Defendants made much of the May 16 meeting, it proved little

more than the Key Holders’ request that LGE back them in their pursuit of an IPO or buy

       152
             TT 691:16–18 (Jo); JX0267 at 7.
       153
             TT 688:18–689:15 (Jo).
       154
             JX0261 at 21.
       155
             JX0259 at 2.
       156
             JX0647 179:2–22 (Beotra).
       157
             Id.
       158
             See JX0259 at 2; JX0261 at 21.

                                               31
them out. But, as Sexton’s email showed, Jo and LGE had already begun to develop an

alternative plan for Alphonso’s strategic future.

       In June 2022, Jo stepped down as an Alphonso Board member. He asserted that this

was “to avoid a potential conflict” given his continuing role as an LGE employee.159

Wasinger replaced Jo as an LG-Affiliated Director on Alphonso’s Board.160 But at all

relevant times Wasinger also served as Vice President and General Counsel of LG US.161

       Even before officially starting his additional role as a Board member, Wasinger

began to paper the record. For example, after Wasinger attended a Board meeting on June

20, 2022, as an observer, he sent an email to LGE executives and the LG-Affiliated

Directors recounting Chordia and Kodige’s “incredibly disrespectful, outrageous, and

       159
             See TT 686:6–12 (Jo).
       160
             See TT 574:7–9, 594:15–17 (Wasinger); TT 351:2–17 (Kalampoukas).
       161
             TT 593:10–15 (Wasinger).

                                             32
unproductive” behavior.162 Wasinger explained Chordia and Kodige’s “abusive tactics” in

which they would “gang up”163 on other Board members and launch “personal attacks.”164

       Around the same time, LGE began looking for ways to terminate the Stockholders’

Agreement to create strategic flexibility and avoid their obligations to the Key Holders.

Specifically, LGE began looking for the “Nuclear Bomb option” in the Stockholders’

Agreement.165 In response to this inquiry, Hahm explained:

       In the Shareholders Agreement, clause 6.2, it defines Employee Key Holder
       as a person who is listed as a Key Holder AND who is also employed by the
       Company. In clause l0.2(b), only Employee Key Holders can place a person
       on the Board. Therefore, if we fire all the Key Holders, they have no ability
       to place a person on the Board. And, remember that we can fire anyone at
       anytime. After we fire the Key Holders, the new Board (filled with LGE
       people) can alter or change . . . and terminate the Shareholders Agreement.

       162
           JX0278 at 1. But see TT 656:17–657:8 (Kalampoukas) (“I never experienced
any behavior like that. They never ganged up, they never abused, they never used foul
language. They never personally attacked any of the other board members. In fact, I don’t
recall even ever raising their voice in the meeting. As I testified, there were disagreements,
there were discussions, but that was the extent of it.”). I acknowledge Chordia and
Kodige’s impatience, lack of decorum, written profanity, and “in your face” interpersonal
style. Certainly, Chordia and Kodige did not adhere to the adage that you catch more flies
with honey than vinegar. Having observed his testimony, however, I also found
Kalampoukas to be a credible witness at trial. Ultimately, I conclude that Chordia and
Kodige were extremely confident in their opinions and uninhibited in sharing them, often
coming across as discourteous and direct to a fault in doing so. This was all likely
unpleasant and annoying for LGE, but, frankly, little more than that in terms of impeding
the work of the Board. See also JX0515 (video recording of December 16, 2022 Board
meeting).
       163
             JX0278 at 1.
       164
             TT 576:10–577:1 (Wasinger).
       165
             See JX0275 at 3 (“What is the Nuclear Bomb option in the provisions?”).

                                             33
       Termination of the Shareholders Agreement removes all obligation in the
       Shareholders Agreement, which includes IPO, tender offer, etc.166

       Hahm recounted this same idea in a September 9, 2022 email.167 This time, he drew

attention to the corresponding relationship between the Key Holders’ ownership of certain

percentages of Alphonso’s stock and the number of Common Directors the Key Holders

can designate under Section 10.2(b).168 Hahm connects this to the fact that the “Board

protections stay in place with just one Board seat.”169 Hahm concludes this idea with the

following:

       Remember our nuclear option: if you want to alter or remove the Stockholder
       Agreement, you need to fire them all. But if you do this, it will shock all the
       employees and cause havoc . . . . Please also note, that once you fire Ashish,
       and they read the agreement and realize the careful wording of section 10.2b
       of the Stockholders Agreement, they will understand the nuclear option, and
       they will have more fear and freak out more than now.170

       166
             Id. at 6.
       167
             JX0336 at 3.
       168
          Id. at 3. In the email, Hahm asserted that “[o]nce you fire Ashish, his shares will
not be counted to calculate the threshold as to how many board seats the Key Holders can
fill.” Id. As I explain below, Hahm’s interpretation of the provision in this manner is
incorrect. See infra Section II.B.
       169
             JX0336 at 3.
       170
             Id. at 3–4.

                                             34
             2. Preparing For “D-Day”

       By the end of September 2022, LGE’s plans to terminate the Stockholders’

Agreement began to materialize. Justin Kim (a Wall-E team member)171 sent meeting

minutes to LGE executives and LG-Affiliated Directors from a September 29, 2022 LGE

team meeting.172 Even the meeting’s purpose is telling—to “change the management team

of Alphonso” and “secure our company’s ownership ratio (Super Majority).”173 But, LGE

only pursued these objectives “under the assumption that our company’s top management

approved aborting the plan for Alphonso’s IPO.”174 And indeed, expounding on the latter

purpose, the minutes state: “Considering the JV, Alphonso is a key asset of our company.

The IPO should be aborted and control must be maintained.” 175 At trial, Edward Lee

interpreted these minutes to mean that “LG no longer wanted Alphonso to IPO because of

the JV.”176

       171
           TT 547:18–548:2 (Edward Lee); see also JX0365 at 5 (identifying Justin Kim’s
role as a member of LGE’s Business Development Team).
       172
             See JX0365 at 3.
       173
             Id. at 3–4.
       174
             Id.
       175
             Id.
       176
             TT 549:3–13 (Edward Lee).

                                          35
        With Jo at the helm, LGE convened a Project Wall-E “task force” by October

2022.177 Project Wall-E was designed to evaluate the avenues available for replacing

Alphonso’s leadership.178 But the plan did not end there.

        The task force evaluated at least two primary options: terminating three executives

(Chordia, Kodige, and Beotra) and terminating all Key Holders.179             The task force

highlighted certain disadvantages associated with the former, which include that “[t]he rest

of key holders [sic] can still appoint Alphonso-friendly person to a Board members [sic],

and key holders can still exercise their right to request for S-1 filing, and a veto right.”180

The advantages identified for the latter “nuclear option”181 included “[n]o IPO and tender

offer obligation” and would mean that LGE “[c]an terminate the Shareholders Agreement

and the Board can run with only LGE-designated board members[.]”182 Wasinger also

explained that this nuclear option might resolve the outstanding dispute over transfer

        177
              See TT 587:6–20 (Wasinger); JX0400 at 19; JX0435 at 18; TT 687:21–688:14
(Jo).
        178
              See JX0400 at 19.
        179
         See JX0402 at 18 (“[Option 1] Terminating only 3 Executives (CEO, CFO,
CHRO) [Option 2] Terminating all of [sic] Human Key Share Holder (9 in total)”) (first
and second alterations in original).
        180
              JX0402 at 19 (emphasis added).
        181
              JX0336 at 6.
        182
              JX0402 at 19.

                                               36
pricing for the Inventory Agreement since “it will be much easier to negotiate pricing and

an amendment” with “new Alphonso management.”183

       LGE executives and the LG-Affiliated Directors discussed these options in an LGE

team meeting on October 26, 2022.184 After the meeting, Kim sent an email summary to

the group in which he stated: “I believe the key decision we made today was who we will

be terminating, and we need to back up our rationale for such termination.”185 “[W]e must

prepare good rational [sic] (almost, individual level).”186 Kim “[s]et [their] direction

toward termination of all key share holders.”187

       In preparation for the day Wasinger dubbed “D-Day,”188 the task force compiled a

“playbook.”        Among other things, the playbook identified backfilled “business

justification[s]” for Key Holder terminations.189 Additionally, LGE prepared a document

       183
          JX0397 at 4; see also JX0398 at 3–4 (October 31, 2022 email from Edward Lee
in which he explained that so long as they execute “Alphonso’s restructuring as soon as
possible,” it will “resolve the TP issue.”).
       184
             See JX0402 1–3.
       185
             Id. at 2.
       186
             Id.
       187
             Id.
       188
             TT 596:15–19 (Wasinger).
       189
           See JX0487 at “Impacted Employee List” sheet (columns P and Q). Some of the
justifications were compiled with a clear lack of specificity and detail. For example, a
justification provided for terminating Ashish Baldua was that the “CHRO & Executive
Chairman role is no longer needed in the company.” Id. at P8. But Ashish Baldua never
held these roles. Instead, Ashish Chordia did. Indeed, this was not the last time that
Chordia would be mistaken for another Key Holder. A recording of the December 16,

                                            37
the parties identify as “Exhibit A.” Much like the playbook, this document also included

a list of backfilled, and what I find to be largely pretextual, reasons to justify the

terminations.190

       As other internal documents demonstrate, LGE also sought to capitalize on the Key

Holders’ terminations by acquiring a larger stake in Alphonso for the “[p]urpose” of

“[m]itigating the risk of potential litigation from KSH dismissal and SHA

termination[.]”191 LGE planned to acquire this additional ownership by providing the

terminated Key Holders with buyout offers. As of November 29, 2022, LGE’s internal

valuation of Alphonso placed its value between $700 million and $1.4 billion. 192 Using

the $700 million valuation, LGE believed Alphonso’s share price to be “around $50 per

share.”193 Notwithstanding these numbers, Wasinger’s December 1, 2022, email reflects

his intention “to buy them out at the lowest possible price.”194

       LGE faced few challenges during the planning phase. But one problem did surface.

The problem LGE perceived was the Board’s inability to fire two non-executive Key

2022 Board meeting, in which the LG-Affiliated Directors terminated Chordia, reveals that
even while actively firing Chordia, Wasinger repeatedly referred to Chordia as “Raghu”
despite Raghu Kodige’s absence from the meeting. JX0515.
       190
             See JX0518 at 4.
       191
             JX0463 at 7.
       192
             Id. at 5.
       193
             Id.
       194
             JX0461.

                                             38
Holders.195 Section 10.5(c) of the Stockholders’ Agreement provided the Board with the

“exclusive right” to terminate “executive officers,” and employees compensated $500,000

or more per year.196 But not all Key Holders fell within these categories (i.e., employee

Key Holders Andrades and Sarma). Hence, LGE’s “[n]eed” for a “new CEO’s cooperation

to fire non-executive key holders.”197

       LGE thus set out to find an interim CEO to appoint for the purpose of terminating

Andrades and Sarma.         After LGE reviewed several candidates, it settled on Aman

Sareen.198 Sareen agreed to serve as Alphonso’s interim CEO but backed out shortly

thereafter.199 He explained his reason for doing so in an email to the LGE team: “I will not

be able to sleep at night . . . . I just can[’]t move forward.”200 Hyoung-Saeyi Park’s

November 30, 2022 email corroborates this reasoning.201 Therein, he recounted a phone

         JX0487 at 53 (“New CEO terminates the remainder of 2 Key Holders as
       195

employees that Board does not have the power to do itself.”).
       196
             See JX0050.
       197
             JX0402 at 19; see also JX0487 at 53.
       198
         From the time it made the decision to terminate the Key Holders, LGE began
reviewing potential CEO candidates. See JX0402 at 27 (referencing another candidate
LGE identified as being “LG-friendly”).
       199
             See JX0465 at 2–3; JX0456.
       200
             JX0465 at 2.
       201
             Id.

                                             39
conversation with Sareen, in which Sareen “said he won’t sleep well being a person who

stabs their back, and he can’t really do this.”202

       The next day, LGE “shift[ed] to plan B with Adam Sexton.”203 Sexton had one

primary job duty: “Remove two key holders (Ravi Narayan Sarma and Richard

Andrades).”204 Believing itself to have resolved the Board’s inability to terminate all Key

Holders, LGE continued to plan for the terminations and the subsequent termination of the

Stockholders’ Agreement.

       At trial, the parties disputed whether LGE planned to terminate the Stockholders’

Agreement in its entirety. The evidence compels two conclusions. First, LGE planned to

terminate all Key Holders for the specific purpose of causing the failure of the Designation

Condition in Section 10.2(b) to terminate the Director-Designation Right. Indeed, the LG-

       202
             Id.
       203
             See JX0458.
       204
             JX0445 at 8; see also JX0640 175:10–13 (Sexton).

                                              40
Affiliated Directors say as much.205 Jo’s deposition testimony is in accord.206 Second,

after terminating all Key Holders, LGE intended to terminate the Stockholders’

Agreement.207

       205
              TT 443:5–23 (Durgin) (“Q. . . . . The reason that those seven individuals were
fired was so that the common directors on the board could be removed; correct? A. That’s
right. . . . Q. Sure. You believed that if the key holders were fired, their director-designation
right in the stockholders agreement would be null and void; correct? A. That’s correct.”);
JX0657 150:14–20 (Hwang) (“Q. So the answer to my question were the seven key
shareholders terminated in order to remove the common directors is yes? . . . . THE
WITNESS: Yes, I think so.”); TT 602:4–8 (Wasinger) (“Q. The reason that all of the key
holders employed by Alphonso needed to be fired was because that cleared the way for the
common directors to be removed; right? A. From the board, yes.”); TT 520:19–23 (Edward
Lee) (“Q. And why was the termination of the key holders a mission of Project Wall-E?
A. Because we needed new board leadership. So in order to have a new board, we need to
remove all the key shareholder.”).
       206
           JX0656 169:7–12 (Jo) (“Q. Do you understand that some of the individuals
terminated on D-Day were terminated in order to remove the key holders right to appoint
directors to the Alphonso board? A[.] Yes.”).
       207
           See, e.g., JX0402 at 19 (October 26, 2022 meeting slide deck: “Pros” of
terminating all Key Holders include that LGE “[c]an terminate the Shareholders’
Agreement”); JX0435 at 4 (Scope of Work for Project Wall-E: “Dismissal of Alphonso’s
Directors and Termination of the Shareholders Agreement Extinguishment of our
company’s obligations for IPO S-Filing and tender offer, etc.”); JX0418 at 1 (November
10, 2022 email discussing “D-Day procedures” and identifying step 6: “Board approves
termination of SHA”); JX0441 (November 21, 2022 Wall-E Task Governance Review:
“After removing 3 BOD seats held by the Key Holders, the restrictive clauses, such as IPO,
Scheduled Tender Offer, Co-Sales, etc. should be removed through speedy termination of
the SHA.”); JX0466 at 18 (“Based on the pros/cons document, no need to terminate
stockholder’s agreement on D-Day, but need to decide roughly when would be best time
to terminate it.”); JX0499 at 3–4 (December 14, 2022: “[D]etailed agenda for the Wall-E
D-Day and what you are expected to do.” After dismissing three directors, “[o]ur company
and Alphonso can terminate the SHA contract.”); JX0505 at 1 (Online meeting invitation
for December 15, 2022, to discuss “when” to terminate the Stockholders’ Agreement);
JX0558 at 3 (December 20, 2022 (four days after D-Day): “Additional Question: When do

                                               41
       Indeed, just two days before D-Day, Wasinger sent an online meeting invitation to

Edward Lee, Durgin, and Hyoung-Saeyi Park scheduled for December 15, 2022.208 The

invitation included a description of the meeting’s purpose: “[S]etting up this call for final

plans on when to terminate the stockholders’ agreement as part of Project Wall[-]e.”209

       Three days before D-Day, December 13, 2022, LGE’s public affairs team floated

several so-called “dreadlines” (i.e., potential negative headlines) to LGE executives.210

These dreadlines characterized LGE’s efforts to seize greater control from the Key Holders

as an “LG-led coup,” an “LG takeover,” and a “hasty Board takeover.”211

       The next day, Wasinger called a special meeting of the Board to be held on

December 16, 2022—a meeting which Kodige would be unable to attend.212 And, despite

Chordia’s repeated requests for the LG-Affiliated Directors to circulate an agenda, they did

not provide one.213

       These events set the stage for December 16, 2022.

you plan to terminate the [Stockholders’] Agreement? . . . . [T]here will not be any issue
for as long as the SHA Agreement is terminated within 2023.”).
       208
             JX0505 at 1.
       209
             Id. (emphasis added).
       210
             See JX0500 at 16.
       211
             Id.
       212
             JX0546 at 21; see also JX0515.
       213
             See JX0546 at 18, 19, 20; JX0515.

                                              42
            3. Invasion

      On December 16, 2022 (i.e., D-Day), the Board initiated the “nuclear option.”214 It

did so by holding a special meeting in which Wasinger proposed a management

reorganization resolution (the “Resolution”) to terminate the five executive-officer Key

Holders: Kodige, Chordia, Kalampoukas, Beotra, and Baldua.215 Among other things, the

resolution also proposed appointing Sexton as Chief Operating Officer and Interim CEO.216

All four LG-Affiliated Directors217 approved the Resolution.218 During this meeting,

Wasinger assured the now-terminated Key Holders that LGE planned to give them buyout

offers for their Alphonso shares—offers that he “believed” to be “fair.”219 The price LGE

soon thereafter proposed: $16.64 per share.220

      214
          This “nuclear option” was different, and indeed substantially more severe, than
the one the parties had discussed during negotiations. Compare JX0336 at 3, 6, and
JX0275 3, 6, with JX0023 at 4.
      215
            JX0536 at 2–3; see also JX0515; Pre-Trial Stipulation ¶ 42.
      216
            JX0536 at 2–3; see also JX0515; Pre-Trial Stipulation ¶ 43.
      217
        On D-Day, the LG-Affiliated Directors were Wasinger, Durgin, Edward Lee, and
Hwang. Pre-Trial Stipulation ¶ 35; see also JX0515.
      218
           JX0515; see also Pre-Trial Stipulation ¶ 42. Hwang signed the Resolution the
day prior to the Board meeting. See JX0530 at 11.
      219
            JX0515; JX0528 at 4.
      220
            See JX0544 § 2.1.

                                             43
       Immediately following the Board’s meeting, Sexton, as Interim CEO, terminated

non-executive-officer Key Holders Andrades and Sarma.221 But notwithstanding the

contentious manner in which Alphonso, acting through Sexton, terminated Andrades and

Sarma, they both demonstrated a highly cooperative spirit and were clearly valued

members of their respective teams at Alphonso. For example, before Sareen withdrew his

acceptance of the CEO role, he expressed his clear desire to keep Sarma on his team after

D-Day.222      Hyoung-Saeyi Park also sought to bring Sarma back to Alphonso as a

consultant.223

       Even after being terminated, both Andrades and Sarma continued to help their

respective Alphonso teams.224      Credible trial testimony demonstrates that each was

involved extensively in the knowledge transfer process—a knowledge transfer process that

Alphonso only became aware it needed when Andrades (while still in his termination

meeting with Sexton) voluntarily raised the question of how he could pass-off certain

projects that only he had worked on and understood.225

       221
         Pre-Trial Stipulation ¶ 44; TT 523:19–524:2 (Edward Lee); see also TT 380:3–
384:12 (Andrades).
       222
             See JX0455 at 1; TT 638:18–639:19 (Wasinger).
       223
             TT 396:13–398:20 (Sarma).
       224
             See TT 396:13–398:20 (Sarma); TT 381:19–383:11 (Andrades).
       225
             TT 381:19–383:11 (Andrades); TT 396:24–398:3 (Sarma).

                                            44
       Defendants argue that once all Key Holders had been terminated the Director-

Designation Right fell away pursuant to the Designation Condition in Section 10.2(b).

Then, later that same day, Zenith executed a written consent (the “December Consent”)

pursuant to its purported rights under Sections 10.2(c) and 10.3(a)(ii) of the Stockholders’

Agreement to remove the Common Directors from the Board.226 The disputed effect of the

December Consent gave rise to the present litigation. Defendants argue that the December

Consent validly removed Chordia and the other Common Directors from the Board.

Plaintiffs argue the December Consent was not valid.           No party disputes that the

Stockholders’ Agreement is still in effect and no party has argued that, since December 16,

2022, LGE, Zenith, or Alphonso have acted to terminate the Stockholders’ Agreement.227

Accordingly, as things stand, all Liquidity Rights remain in effect.

   F. Procedural History

       These events led Plaintiffs to file the complaint in this action on March 30, 2023.

The complaint set forth two counts.         These claims were bifurcated for separate

resolution.228 This action deals with Count I, in which Plaintiffs seek an order, pursuant to

8 Del. C. § 225, that the December Consent is invalid and that the Common Directors prior

to D-Day remain members of the Board.

       226
             JX0563 2–3.
       227
          On April 21, 2023, I granted a Status Quo Order prohibiting Defendants from
terminating or amending the Stockholders’ Agreement during the pendency of this action.
See Dkt. 29 Status Quo Order.
       228
             Pre-Trial Stipulation ¶ 1.

                                             45
        The parties’ litigated this matter at an arguably leisurely pace, at least relative to

other actions brought pursuant to 8 Del. C. § 225. Trial was held on September 20 and 21,

2023, and, following briefing, post-trial argument was held on December 5, 2023.

                             II.       LEGAL ANALYSIS

        Plaintiffs seek a determination of the Board’s proper composition pursuant to 8 Del.

C. § 225. The primary dispute here is whether the December Consent is valid. I conclude

that it is not.

        Alphonso agreed to be bound by the “reasonable efforts” obligation in Section 12.1.

Alphonso acted through Sexton when, as interim CEO and at LGE’s request, he terminated

Andrades and Sarma. Alphonso failed to comply with its obligation arising under Section

12.1, and thus, Sexton’s acts caused Alphonso to breach the Stockholders’ Agreement.

Generally, when a promisor’s non-performance of a contractual duty materially contributes

to the non-occurrence of a condition, the condition is excused. Although the December

Consent’s validity is predicated on no Key Holder serving as an Alphonso employee or

officer, Alphonso’s non-performance of its duty under Section 12.1 caused the non-

occurrence of the condition. This non-performance compels me to find Alphonso’s breach

to excuse the Designation Condition. Accordingly, the December Consent is invalid.

        I begin by noting that it is proper for the Court to consider this issue in a Section

225 action.

        “The purpose of a Section 225 action ‘is to provide a quick method for review of

the corporate election process to prevent a Delaware corporation from being immobilized

                                              46
by controversies about whether a given officer or director is properly holding office.’”229

But the scope of a Section 225 action is narrow and is “limited to determining those issues

that pertain to the validity of actions to elect or remove a director or officer.”230

       That notwithstanding,

       Delaware courts reject the notion that “rigid, inflexible rules preclude this
       court from hearing anything but the narrowest arguments in Section 225
       cases.” Instead, “the question [of] whether an issue is properly litigable in a
       Section 225 action turns . . . upon a determination of whether it is necessary
       to decide in order to determine the validity of the election or designation by
       which the defendant claims to hold office.”231
Thus, it is appropriate to consider whether the removal of a director was invalid as a result

of some “breach of contract” but only for the “limited purpose of determining the

corporation’s de jure directors and officers.”232

       In a Section 225 action, “[t]he . . . plaintiff, bears the burden of proving by a

preponderance of the evidence that it is entitled to relief.”233 When considering a plaintiff’s

claims, “the relative weight given to any particular piece of evidence, and particularly

       229
             Genger v. TR Inv’rs., LLC, 26 A.3d 180, 199 (Del. 2011).
       230
          Id.; see also Hockessin Cmty. Ctr., Inc. v. Swift, 59 A.3d 437, 453 (Del. Ch.
2012); Donald J. Wolfe, Jr. & Michael A. Pittenger, Corporate and Commercial Practice
in the Delaware Court of Chancery § 909[b], at 9-214 (2022).
       231
         Brown v. Kellar, 2018 WL 6721263, at *6 (Del. Ch. Dec. 21, 2018) (alteration
and omission in original) (footnote omitted).
       232
             Id. at *5 (Del. Ch. Dec. 21, 2018) (quoting Genger, 26 A.3d at 200).
       233
          Swift, 59 A.3d at 453 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Robert S.
Saunders et al., Folk on the Delaware General Corporation Law § 225.03 (7th ed. 2021)
(“[A] party challenging the validity of a vote carries the burden in a section 225 action.”).

                                              47
witness testimony, is a matter for the court to determine as the trier of fact.”234 Thus, I find

it proper to address the arguments Plaintiffs raise to determine the Board’s proper

composition. My analysis begins and ends with the “reasonable efforts” provision in the

Stockholders’ Agreement.

       This case turns on a simple breach of contract. “When parties have ordered their

affairs voluntarily through a binding contract, Delaware law is strongly inclined to respect

their agreement, and will only interfere upon a strong showing that dishonoring the contract

is required to vindicate a public policy interest even stronger than freedom of contract.”235

But “[s]uch public policy interests are not to be lightly found, as the wealth-creating and

peace-inducing effects of civil contracts are undercut if citizens cannot rely on the law to

enforce their voluntarily-undertaken mutual obligations.”236

       “Under Delaware law, the elements of a breach of contract claim are: (1) a

contractual obligation; (2) a breach of that obligation by the defendant; and (3) a resulting

       234
             Swift, 59 A.3d at 453.
       235
          GRT, Inc. v. Marathon GTF Tech., Ltd., 2011 WL 2682898, at *12 n.60 (Del.
Ch. July 11, 2011) (quoting Libeau v. Fox, 880 A.2d 1049, 1056–57 (Del. Ch. 2005), aff’d
in pertinent part, 892 A.2d 1068 (Del. 2006)).
       236
          Id.; see also Snow Phipps Grp., LLC v. Kcake Acq., Inc., 2021 WL 1714202, at
*51 n.566 (Del. Ch. Apr. 30, 2021) (“Delaware courts do not lightly trump the freedom to
contract and, in the absence of some countervailing public policy interest, courts should
respect the parties’ bargain.”) (quoting Gildor v. Optical Sols., Inc., 2006 WL 4782348, at
*11 (Del. Ch. June 5, 2006)).

                                              48
damage to the plaintiff.”237 “When determining the scope of a contractual obligation and

measuring the parties’ conduct against that obligation to determine breach, ‘the role of a

court is to effectuate the parties’ intent.’”238 Thus, “[a]bsent ambiguity, the court ‘will give

priority to the parties’ intentions as reflected in the four corners of the agreement,

construing the agreement as a whole and giving effect to all its provisions.’”239 That is,

“[u]nless there is ambiguity, Delaware courts interpret contract terms according to their

plain, ordinary meaning.”240 This comports with the notion that a “contract’s construction

should be that which would be understood by an objective, reasonable third party.”241

       Here, Plaintiffs argue that Defendants breached Section 12.1 of the Stockholders’

Agreement. Section 12.1 provides:

       The Corporation [(“Alphonso”)] agrees to use its reasonable efforts, within
       the requirements of applicable law, to ensure that the rights granted under
       this Agreement are effective and that the Parties enjoy the benefits of this
       Agreement. Such actions include, without limitation, the use of the

       237
          VH5 Cap., LLC v. Rabe, 2023 WL 4305827, at *13 (Del. Ch. June 30, 2023)
(quoting H–M Wexford, LLC v. Encorp, Inc., 832 A.2d 129, 140 (Del. Ch. 2003)).
       238
          In re Anthem-Cigna Merger Litig., 2020 WL 5106556, at *90 (Del. Ch. Aug. 31,
2020), aff’d sub nom. Cigna Corp. v. Anthem, Inc., 251 A.3d 1015 (Del. 2021); see also
Weinberg v. Waystar, Inc., 294 A.3d 1039, 1044 (Del. 2023).
       239
             In re Anthem-Cigna Merger Litig., 2020 WL 5106556, at *90.
       240
             Id.
       241
          Thermo Fisher Sci. PSG Corp. v. Arranta Bio MA, LLC, 2023 WL 2771509, at
*17 (Del. Ch. Apr. 4, 2023) (quoting Salamone v. Gorman, 106 A.3d 354, 367–68 (Del.
2014)).

                                              49
         Corporation’s reasonable efforts to cause the nomination and election of the
         directors as provided in this Agreement.242
         Plaintiffs argue that Defendants breached the obligation imposed by this “efforts

clause” by “pursu[ing] Wall-E for the express purpose of eliminating [the Key Holders’]

rights.”243 Given this decision’s focus on Defendants’ specific argument in response, I set

it out below (omitting citations for ease of reading) rather than simply summarizing it:

         [Plaintiffs’] argument fails on two grounds. First, Section 12.1 imposes
         obligations only on “the Corporation,” which the contract defines as
         “Alphonso Inc.” It imposes no obligation on the board or LG/Zenith—both
         of which are themselves individually defined under the contract. The
         Stockholders’ Agreement takes care to specify the precise persons or entities
         to whom each of its provisions applies. Some provisions even assign
         different roles to “the Corporation” and “the Board” within the same
         sentence.

         The obligations imposed on the “Corporation” by Section 12.1 therefore do
         not apply to the “Board” or to “LGE,” because where a contract specifically
         imposes duties on one defined entity and does not name another, there is a
         “negative implication” that the exclusion was “intentional.” Plaintiffs,
         however, have sued only the Alphonso board and LG. They cannot have
         breached Section 12.1 because that section does not apply to them, and the
         conduct plaintiffs complain of was undertaken solely by or at the direction
         of the board and LG/Zenith.[244]

         Moreover, to the extent Section 12.1 is implicated here at all, the evidence
         shows that Alphonso complied with it. Plaintiffs omit from their discussion
         the key limiting language at the end of the provision, which confines the
         Corporation’s “reasonable efforts” obligation “to caus[ing] the nomination

         242
               JX0050 (emphases added).
         243
               Dkt. 182 Plaintiffs’ Post-Trial Opening Br. (“Plaintiffs’ Post-Trial Opening Br.”)
at 42.

          Defendants include the following footnote: “Alphonso is named as a nominal
         244

defendant only for purposes of the derivative claim in Count II, which is not being tried
now.” Defendants’ Post-Trial Answering Br. at 38 n.161.

                                                 50
      and election of the directors as provided in this Agreement.” Alphonso’s
      role was to use reasonable efforts to ensure all “the rights granted under [the]
      Agreement.” Those “rights” included the board’s exclusive and unfettered
      right to terminate the Key Holders. They also included Zenith’s right to
      remove the Common Directors if no Key Holder is employed at Alphonso.
      The board and Zenith each exercised their “rights granted under [the]
      Agreement,” resulting (as the contract permitted) in no remaining Key
      Holder employees. Because the Stockholders’ Agreement provided for “the
      nomination and election of the [Common] directors,” only for so long as Key
      Holders remained employed at Alphonso, the reasonable-efforts obligation
      necessarily fell away as to the nomination of directors once the Key Holders
      had been terminated.

      Plaintiffs’ contrary view seems to assume that the “reasonable efforts”
      provision required the parties to refrain from contractually permitted actions
      that altered the parties’ contractual rights—and that the parties remained
      bound to use efforts to maintain contractual rights even after the contract no
      longer required them. Neither proposition makes sense, and neither is
      supported in the cases.245

      Four questions guide my analysis of Plaintiffs’ breach of contract argument arising

from Section 12.1. The Court must determine (1) which parties are required to use

reasonable efforts, (2) toward whom reasonable efforts must be used, (3) the scope of the

obligation imposed by the words “reasonable efforts,” and (4) whether the party that must

use reasonable efforts acted in the manner required by the obligation toward those to whom

reasonable efforts must be used.

      245
            Defendants’ Post-Trial Answering Br. at 37–40.

                                            51
   A. Alphonso Was Obligated By Section 12.1’s “Efforts Clause”

       Defendants’ first argument is that Section 12.1 imposes an obligation only on

Alphonso, but not on Alphonso’s Board.246 In ordinary circumstances, I might have some

reservations about this argument.247        It is a truism that a corporation acts through

individuals, as I discuss further below. In support of their argument, however, Defendants

point out that the Stockholders’ Agreement itself distinguishes in various instances

between Alphonso and the Board.248 In some instances the Stockholders’ Agreement refers

separately to the Board and Alphonso in the same provision.249 For purposes of resolving

this matter, then, I have determined to apply Defendants’ requested approach and,

       246
           In the course of three sentences and a footnote, Defendants attempt to skirt
further examination of Alphonso’s actions by asserting that its breach is beyond the ken of
this summary proceeding. Not so. In the very next paragraph, Defendants go on to argue
that “Alphonso complied with” Section 12.1. Id. Indeed, breach of the efforts clause is
Plaintiffs’ lead argument for the December Consent’s invalidity. And, for purposes of
resolving this dispute, I am accepting Defendants’ argument that I should distinguish
between Alphonso and its board of directors for purposes of analyzing the breach. The
parties briefed the matter, and two of the nine witnesses at trial (Andrades and Sarma)
testified about their terminations by Alphonso. This is a special summary proceeding to
determine the Board’s proper composition, not a proceeding to determine damages or other
remedies. Defendants’ suggestion that I cannot consider defendant Sexton’s actions and
nominal defendant Alphonso’s resulting breach of the efforts clause is perhaps
understandable given the nature of Sexton’s conduct. It is also, however, an unduly
restricted view of this special summary proceeding, particularly in light of the arguments
and evidence presented at trial.
       247
             See Dkt. 200 Plaintiffs’ Post-Trial Reply Br. (“Plaintiffs’ Post-Trial Reply Br.”)
at 10 n.9.
       248
             See Defendants’ Post-Trial Answering Br. at 37–38.
       249
             Id.

                                               52
accordingly, analyze Section 12.1’s efforts clause as imposing a “reasonable efforts”

obligation on Alphonso but not the Board.

      Unbound by the obligation in Section 12.1, the Board was then free to exercise its

express and “exclusive right” to terminate the “executive officers,” and employees

compensated $500,000 or more per year, as provided in Section 10.5(c).250 The Board did

just that. It exercised this bargained-for contract right on December 16, 2022, when it

terminated the five executive-officer Key Holders and when it appointed Sexton as interim

CEO.251

      250
            See JX0050. Section 10.5(c) provides in relevant part:

      Subject to any additional approvals required by law, the Restated Certificate,
      or pursuant to Section 10.5(d), the Stockholders agree that the Board of
      Directors shall have the exclusive right to, upon approval at a meeting of the
      Board of Directors, (i) hire or employ, terminate employment, appoint
      position and determine the compensation and benefits of executive officers
      of the Corporation and any employee of the Corporation who receives an
      annual compensation (inclusive of salary, benefits and other compensation,
      including stock options and stock awards) equal to $500,000 or more[.]

Id.
      251
           The preponderance of the evidence supports the conclusion that the parties
contemplated LGE’s exercise of control as including the unilateral termination of
Alphonso’s C-level officers. But even LGE characterized this exercise as reflecting an
outer limit—a “nuclear option”—that would only be triggered in very specific
circumstances. JX0023 at 4 (November 2020 email from Hahm to Beotra: “You mention
that we could fire the C-level officers and replace them with LGE staff, but we both know
this is only a nuclear option that we have no incentive to do, unless you are running the
company into the ground and destroying value, which you also have no incentive to do.”).

                                             53
       Within this framework, if Plaintiffs are going to demonstrate a breach of the

Stockholders’ Agreement’s express terms, it must arise from Alphonso’s breach of Section

12.1. Plaintiffs demonstrate just such a breach. While Alphonso is subject to the clear

burden provided in Section 12.1, it is also a corporation. As a corporation, “lack[ing] . . .

body and mind,” Alphonso “only can act through human agents.”252 In this case, Alphonso

acted through Sexton. Following his appointment as interim CEO, Sexton could well be

seen as Alphonso’s primary actor on D-Day. At LGE’s and the LG-Affiliated Directors’

behest, Sexton acted for Alphonso and as CEO when he terminated Key Holder employees

Andrades and Sarma.253

       252
            In re Dole Food Co., Inc. S’holder Litig., 110 A.3d 1257, 1261 (Del. Ch. 2015).
Separately, the acts of an agent may be imputed to a corporation. Thus, in the context of
the present dispute, this imputation provides an alternative analytical approach. It leads to
the same conclusion as the notion that Alphonso acted through Sexton. That is, Alphonso
is liable for Sexton’s acts. ChyronHego Corp. v. Wight, 2018 WL 3642132, at *10 n.100
(Del. Ch. July 31, 2018) (“For multitudinous purposes the knowledge and actions of a
corporation’s human decision-makers and agents may be imputed to it.”) (quoting In re
Dole Food Co., Inc. S’holder Litig., 110 A.3d at 1262.); Stewart v. Wilmington Tr. SP
Servs., Inc., 112 A.3d 271, 302–03 (Del. Ch. 2015) (“A basic tenet of corporate law,
derived from principles of agency law, is that the knowledge and actions of the
corporation’s officers and directors, acting within the scope of their authority, are imputed
to the corporation itself.” Delaware courts follow the “general rule of imputation” and
“hold[] a corporation liable for the acts and knowledge of its agents.”), aff’d, 126 A.3d
1115 (Del. 2015).
       253
            Defendants argue that the Board is not bound by Section 12.1 and thus was within
its rights to terminate the executive-officer Key Holders. But they do not argue that Sexton
did not act for Alphonso when he carried out the terminations or that his acts were not
otherwise imputed to Alphonso. See Defendants’ Post-Trial Answering Br. at 37–40.

                                             54
        Unlike the Board, in acting for Alphonso, Sexton’s acts were subject to the

obligation contained in Section 12.1. Sexton exercised a power that he believed to be

within the scope of the authority held by Alphonso’s CEO.254 But he overlooked the

express bargained-for contractual efforts obligation that Alphonso agreed to as a party to

the Stockholders’ Agreement. Alphonso’s contractual undertaking infused Andrades and

Sarma’s employment status with certain protections since it was a precondition to their

rights under the Stockholders’ Agreement.255

        Alphonso acted through Sexton when he terminated Andrades and Samra for LGE’s

purpose of depriving them of their bargained-for and protected contract rights—contract

rights that Alphonso was obligated to use “reasonable efforts” to “ensure” their enjoyment

of.

      B. Alphonso Owed Andrades And Sarma The Use Of Its “Reasonable Efforts”

        The obligation imposed on Alphonso in Section 12.1 required it to use reasonable

efforts “to ensure that the rights granted under this Agreement are effective and that the

Parties enjoy the benefits of this Agreement.”256

        254
              JX0640 123:3–14 (Sexton).
        255
         This was particularly true on D-Day since, at the time Sexton fired Andrades and
Sarma, the Board had already terminated all other Key Holders. This meant that Andrades
and Sarma’s continued employment was all that stood between their Director-Designation
Right and the failure of the Designation Condition.
        256
              JX0050.

                                            55
      As explained above, the express terms of the Stockholders’ Agreement permitted

the Board to terminate the executive-officer Key Holders.257 But that right had limits.

Defendants overlook these limits. Instead, they make the brazen assertion that the Board

has an “exclusive and unfettered right to terminate the Key Holders.”258 Next, Defendants

suggest that by combining the Board’s termination right with Zenith’s director removal

right their respective actions “result[ed] (as the contract permitted) in no remaining Key

Holder employees.”259

      This argument is wrong. The lynchpin of Defendants’ entire argument on this point

is that the Board had a contractual right to terminate “the Key Holders.”            This

mischaracterizes Section 10.5(c). Section 10.5(c) provides the Board with the “exclusive

right” to terminate “executive officers” and employees whose annual compensation is

$500,000 or more.260 This distinction is the difference between the Board being able to

terminate all Key Holders and its ability to terminate only a select group of them. As

LGE’s own internal D-Day documents demonstrate, Andrades and Sarma fit neither

category—they were not subject to termination by the Board under Section 10.5(c). 261 This

is why the Board appointed Sexton as interim CEO. Section 10.5(c) did not provide the

      257
            See id. § 10.5(c).
      258
            Defendants’ Post-Trial Answering Br. at 39.
      259
            Id.
      260
            JX0050.
      261
            See JX0487 at 53; JX0402 at 19.

                                              56
Board with the “power”262 to “fire the non-executive key holders.”263 Hence the “[n]eed”

for the “new CEO’s cooperation.”264

       As Key Holders, the Stockholders’ Agreement granted Andrades and Sarma express

personal rights to designate directors so long as the Key Holders retained a certain

percentage of Alphonso’s outstanding Capital Stock.265 Section 10.2(b) provides in its

entirety:

       (i) Three (3) members of the Board shall be designated by the Employee Key
       Holder Majority (the “Common Directors”) during such time as Key Holders
       hold at least twenty percent (20%) of the outstanding shares of Capital Stock;
       (ii) two (2) members of the Board shall be designated by the Employee Key
       Holder Majority during such time as Key Holders hold at least fifteen percent
       (15%) of the outstanding shares of Capital Stock and (iii) one ( 1) member
       of the Board shall be designated by the Employee Key Holder Majority
       during such time as Key Holders hold at least ten percent (10%) of the
       outstanding shares of Capital Stock. For the avoidance of doubt, this director
       designation right by the Employee Key Holder Majority under this
       Subsection 10.2(b) shall be null and void if no Key Holder serves as an
       officer or employee of the Corporation at such time[.]266

This provision grants a right. Indeed, the Designation Condition itself refers to the

preceding sentence as the “director designation right[.]”267

       262
             JX0487 at 53.
       263
             JX0402 at 19.
       264
             Id.
       265
             See JX0050 § 10.2(b).
       266
             JX0050.
       267
             Id. (emphasis added).

                                            57
       But the first sentence of Section 10.2(b) does not confer some broad or general right.

It grants a personal right—a right that is capable of being held even by a single Key Holder.

By its plain and unambiguous terms, there are two requirements to a Key Holder exercising

the Director-Designation Right. First, all existing Key Holders must together hold the

requisite percentage of Alphonso’s outstanding stock.        At a minimum, this requires

cumulative holdings of 10% of Alphonso’s outstanding Capital Stock.268 Second, at least

one Key Holder must be an Alphonso officer or employee. If only one Key Holder is an

Alphonso officer or employee, then that sole Key Holder would necessarily make up the

“Employee Key Holder Majority.”269 This means the sole Key Holder serving as an

Alphonso employee or officer individually would hold the entire designation right and can

decide whom to designate without any input from the other Key Holders.

       Consider how this played out in the minutes before Sexton terminated Andrades and

Sarma on D-Day. LGE’s internal documents on Project Wall-E demonstrate that D-Day

was a carefully sequenced operation.270 First, the Board, acting pursuant to its express

bargained-for contractual right in Section 10.5(c) and not bound by the obligations arising

from Section 12.1, terminated the executive-officer Key Holders at the Board meeting. At

       268
             Id. § 10.2(b).

         JX0050 § 6.2 (defining the Employee Key Holder Majority as “the Key Holders
       269

who are directors, officers or employees of the Corporation at such time (‘the Employee
Key Holders’) holding a majority of the shares of Capital Stock then held by all Employee
Key Holders”).
       270
             See, e.g., JX0487 at 53 (D-Day Schedule).

                                             58
the same time, the Board also appointed Sexton as interim CEO.271 Immediately following

the terminations, the majority holder of Alphonso’s Capital Stock then held by Andrades

and Sarma constituted the entirety of the Employee Key Holder Majority.272 Andrades and

Sarma—and only Andrades and Sarma—held the right to designate all Common Directors.

At this point—after the Board terminated the executive-officer Key Holders but before

Sexton terminated Andrades and Sarma—Alphonso or Sexton could have asked Andrades

and/or Sarma to designate new Common Directors.273 We can never know what their

answer would have been because Andrades and Sarma were denied even this basic and

reasonable courtesy.274

       Defendants’ arguments further compel the conclusion that the Stockholders’

Agreement granted Andrades and Sarma a right that Alphonso was required to exercise

reasonable efforts to “ensure” their enjoyment of. Defendants’ briefing modifies the text

of the second sentence of Section 12.1 to refer specifically to Common Directors—i.e., the

directors identified in Section 10.2(b)—writing that “the Stockholders’ Agreement

       271
             See id.
       272
          At this time, the Key Holders’ collective holdings still exceeded the thresholds
required by Section 10.2(b), which satisfied the first requirement. See Pre-Trial Stipulation
¶ 33. Andrades and Sarma satisfied the second requirement because they had not yet been
terminated and, were at that time, Alphonso employees.
       273
             See TT 632:7–12 (Wasinger).
       274
             See TT 632:7–12 (Wasinger).

                                             59
provided for ‘the nomination and election of the [Common] directors[.]’”275 Defendants’

omit, however, the first half of Section 12.1’s second sentence, which provides that “[s]uch

actions include, without limitation . . . .”276 Section 12.1’s first sentence thus includes the

obligation identified in the second sentence, which Defendants interpret as unequivocally

referring to the Common Directors.277 But, by its own terms, the second sentence of

Section 12.1 does not limit Alphonso’s obligations under the first sentence to solely the

“nomination and election” of Common Directors. Instead, it expressly imposes a broader

obligation on Alphonso to ensure that the “rights” (plural) granted under the Stockholders’

Agreement are effective.278

       Building off the foregoing and in this context, Section 12.1 obligated Alphonso to

use reasonable efforts to ensure the rights “granted under this Agreement” are effective as

       275
            Defendants’ Post-Trial Answering Br. at 39 (citing JX0050 § 12.1) (first
alteration in original). But see Dkt. 205 Transcript of 12-5-2023 Post-Trial Oral Argument
(“Post-Trial Oral Argument Tr.”) 131:9–15 (“[DEFENDANTS’ COUNSEL]: Well, we
haven’t seen that contention from the other side, as the Court[] just noted. And I think
that’s because [the second sentence of Section 12.1] doesn’t really apply. It goes, we would
argue, to nomination and election. We aren’t dealing with directors who are nominated or
elected. We’re dealing with a designation right.”).
       276
             JX0050.
       277
          See Include, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (11th ed. 2019) [hereinafter BLACK’S
LAW] (defining “include” as “[t]o contain as part of something. . . . [S]ome drafters use
phrases such as including without limitation and including but not limited to—which mean
the same thing [as including]”) (emphases in original); see generally, KENNETH A. ADAMS,
A MANUAL OF STYLE FOR CONTRACT DRAFTING 356 (4th ed. 2017); J. Travis Laster &
Kenneth A. Adams, When Contracts Seek To Preempt Judicial Discretion, 101
JUDICATURE 32, 35 (2017).
       278
             See JX0050 § 12.1.

                                              60
to those Key Holders whose employment it controlled (i.e., Andrades and Sarma’s

employment). Put another way, Andrades and Sarma struck a heartier deal than the other

Key Holders. The executive-officer Key Holders’ rights to designate directors were subject

to a condition the Board could trigger at any time and pursuant to its own express

contractual right to do so.      Accepting Defendants’ argument regarding the proper

construction of Section 12.1, the Board owed no obligation to those Key Holders under

Section 12.1.      By contrast, only Alphonso could terminate Andrades and Sarma’s

employment and thus cause the failure of the Designation Condition on which their right

to designate directors was predicated. And, accepting Defendants’ construction of Section

12.1, Alphonso had an obligation under Section 12.1 to use its “reasonable efforts” to

“ensure” the rights granted in the Stockholders’ Agreement were effective, with the plain

text of the Stockholders’ Agreement and Defendants’ own arguments compelling the

conclusion that such rights included Andrades and Sarma’s Director-Designation Right.

       In one of Defendants’ primary arguments on this issue, they assert that the

reasonable efforts obligation fell away once Alphonso and the Board had terminated all of

the Key Holders.279 But Defendants miss the point entirely—Alphonso had an obligation

to use “reasonable efforts” to “ensure” the “effective[ness]” of Andrades and Sarma’s

rights in the first place, irrespective of whether that right could, after the use of reasonable

efforts, be effectively terminated by firing them as a result of the Designation Condition.

       279
             Defendants’ Post-Trial Answering Br. at 39.

                                              61
Indeed, such an argument would require me to conclude that Alphonso’s “reasonable

efforts” obligation under Section 12.1 only commenced after Alphonso terminated

Andrades and Sarma, which is contrary to the plain text of Section 12.1.

   C. Alphonso’s Reasonable Efforts Obligation

       Although this analysis has already included considerable discussion of efforts

clauses, it is time to give actual meaning to the words “reasonable efforts.”

             1. Definition: Adding Color

       As noted previously, the “reasonable efforts” language in Section 12.1 is “known as

an ‘efforts’ clause.”280 “Efforts clauses generally replace ‘the rule of strict liability for

contractual non-performance that otherwise governs’ with ‘obligations to take all

reasonable steps to solve problems and consummate the’ contractual promise.” 281 There

are a variety of these “clauses.”282 But in Delaware, courts interpret them as having the

same general meaning.283 “[W]here the parties fail[] to contractually set [a meaning for

       280
           Menn v. ConMed Corp., 2022 WL 2387802, at 34 (Del. Ch. June 30, 2022)
(referring to “commercially reasonable efforts”); see also Akorn, Inc. v. Fresenius Kabi
AG, 2018 WL 4719347, at *86–87 (Del. Ch. Oct. 1, 2018) (identifying “reasonable efforts”
as an efforts clause), aff’d, 198 A.3d 724 (Del. 2018).
       281
             ConMed, 2022 WL 2387802 at *34.
       282
         See Akorn, Inc., 2018 WL 4719347, at *86–88 (discussing the meaning of the
various efforts clauses, i.e., “reasonable best efforts,” “reasonable efforts,” and
“commercially reasonable efforts”).
       283
            Id. at *87; see also ConMed, 2022 WL 2387802 at *35 (“Although deal
practitioners have some sense of the hierarchy among efforts clauses, courts applying the
standards have struggled to discern daylight between them.” “This decision, therefore,
interprets ‘commercially best efforts’ as imparting the same meaning as ‘best efforts.’”);
Neurvana Med., LLC v. Balt USA, LLC, 2020 WL 949917, at *15 n.128 (Del. Ch. Feb. 27,

                                             62
the efforts clause,]” Delaware courts ascribe a default meaning.284 Such “provisions place[]

an affirmative obligation on the parties to take all reasonable steps.”285

2020) (“[T]here is no basis for suggesting that reasonable efforts should be given a meaning
different from best efforts or reasonable best efforts. Most courts use the terms best efforts
and reasonable efforts interchangeably.”) (quoting Kenneth A. Adams, Understanding
“Best Efforts” and Its Variants (Including Drafting Recommendations), 50 PRAC. L. 11,
14 (2004)); 2 Lou R. Kling & Eileen T. Nugent, Negotiated Acquisitions of Companies,
Subsidiaries and Divisions § 13.06, at 13-46 n.7 (2023 ed.) (compiling cases that use
“reasonable efforts,” “reasonable best efforts,” and “commercially reasonable efforts” and
explaining that these standards are “often, without comment, used . . . somewhat
interchangeably with ‘best efforts’”); 2 Farnsworth on Contracts § 7.17c, at 405 n.13 (3d
ed. 2004).
       284
          Neurvana Med., 2020 WL 949917, at *15; see also ConMed, 2022 WL 2387802,
at *34 (explaining that Neurvana Med., 2020 WL 949917 and Himawan v. Cephalon, Inc.,
2018 WL 6822708 (Del. Ch. Dec. 28, 2018) both include a contractual definition of the
obligation the efforts clause imposes and “are thus of little help”).
       285
           Williams Companies, Inc. v. Energy Transfer Equity, L.P., 159 A.3d 264, 273
(Del. 2017); see also ConMed, 2022 WL 2387802 at *34 (interpreting efforts clause as
requiring “all reasonable steps”); Williams Field Servs. Grp., LLC v. Caiman Energy II,
LLC, 2019 WL 4668350, at *34 (Del. Ch. Sept. 25, 2019) (“More generally, an obligation
to take reasonable actions or use commercially reasonable efforts obligates a party ‘to take
all reasonable steps to solve problems and consummate the transaction’ on the terms set
forth in the governing agreement.”). Irrespective of whether Delaware courts would treat
the various efforts clauses interchangeably, Delaware case law supports the conclusion that
the “reasonable efforts” provision contained in Section 12.1 of the Stockholders’
Agreement, should be interpreted as requiring “all reasonable steps.” Compare ABA
MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS COMMITTEE, MODEL STOCK PURCHASE AGREEMENT WITH
COMMENTARY 212 (2d ed. 2010) (identifying a deal practitioner ascribed hierarchy of
efforts clauses as placing “reasonable efforts” below “reasonable best efforts” and above
“commercially reasonable efforts”), and Akorn, Inc., 2018 WL 4719347, at *87–88
(quoting same), with Akorn, Inc., 2018 WL 4719347, at *87–88 (interpreting a
“commercially reasonable efforts” clause and a “reasonable best efforts” clause as each
requiring that the obligor “take all reasonable steps” based on the high court’s interpretation
in a similar context: “Referring to [two different efforts clauses], the high court stated that
‘covenants like the ones involved here impose obligations to take all reasonable steps to

                                              63
       As applied here, Section 12.1 requires Alphonso to take “all reasonable steps” “to

ensure that the rights granted under this Agreement are effective and that the Parties enjoy

the benefits of this Agreement.”286 No party has argued that there is ambiguity about what

these words mean. Nonetheless, it is appropriate to take a deeper dive into the meaning of

these words as they are used in this context as “[t]his Court often looks to dictionaries to

ascertain a term’s plain meaning.”287 Here, the terms “ensure,” “effective,” “enjoy,” and

“benefits” are relevant.

“Ensure” means:

   ● Merriam-Webster Dictionary: To “guarantee.”288
   ● American Heritage Dictionary: “To make sure or certain[.]”289

solve problems and consummate the transaction.’”) (quoting Williams Companies, Inc.,
159 A.3d at 272).
       286
           JX0050. Section 12.1 also includes language that limits the “reasonable efforts”
obligation to those actions which fall “within the requirements of applicable law.” I
interpret this unambiguous language to mean that the efforts requirement is specifically
bounded by what is lawful to do. In other words, the efforts clause does not require
Alphonso to carry out any acts that would have the effect of breaking the law. This
language is designed to be a ceiling—used to define the outer limits of the obligation—not
a floor. Compare id. § 12.1, with ADAMS, supra note 277, at 431.
       287
          In re Solera Ins. Coverage Appeals, 240 A.3d 1121, 1132 (Del. 2020); Thermo
Fisher Sci. PSG Corp., 2023 WL 2771509, at *17 (“Under well-settled case law, Delaware
courts look to dictionaries for assistance in determining the plain meaning of terms which
are not defined in a contract.”) (quoting Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Am. Legacy Found., 903
A.2d 728, 738 (Del. 2006)).
       288
        Ensure, The MERRIAM-WEBSTER DICTIONARY (2022) [hereinafter MERRIAM-
WEBSTER].
       289
        Ensure, AM. HERITAGE COLLEGE DICTIONARY (3d ed. 1993) [hereinafter AM.
HERITAGE].

                                            64
   ● Oxford American Dictionary: To “make certain that (something) shall occur or be
     the case[.]”290

“Effective” means:

   ● Black’s Law Dictionary: “[I]n operation at a given time[,]” and “[p]roductive;
     achieving a result[.]”291
   ● Merriam-Webster Dictionary: “[P]roducing a decisive or desired effect[,]” “being
     in effect[,]” and “ready for service or action.”292
   ● American Heritage Dictionary: “Having an intended or expected effect[,]”
     “[o]perative; in effect[,]” “[e]xisting in fact; actual[,]” and “[p]repared for use or
     action[.]”293
   ● Oxford American Dictionary: “[S]uccessful in producing a desired or intended
     result” or “operative[.]”294

“Enjoy” means:

   ● Black’s Law Dictionary: “To have, possess, and use (something) with satisfaction;
     to occupy or have the benefit of (property).”295
   ● Merriam-Webster Dictionary: “[T]o have for one’s benefit or use.”296
   ● American Heritage Dictionary: “To have the use or benefit of[.]”297
   ● Oxford American Dictionary: To “possess and benefit from[.]”298

        290
              Ensure, NEW OXFORD AM. DICTIONARY (3d ed. 2010) [hereinafter OXFORD
AM.].
        291
              Effective, BLACK’S LAW.
        292
              Effective, MERRIAM-WEBSTER.
        293
              Effective, AM. HERITAGE.
        294
              Effective, OXFORD AM.
        295
              Enjoy, BLACK’S LAW.
        296
              Enjoy, MERRIAM-WEBSTER.
        297
              Enjoy, AM. HERITAGE.
        298
              Enjoy, OXFORD AM.

                                            65
“Benefit” means:

   ● Black’s Law Dictionary: “The advantage or privilege something gives; the helpful
     or useful effect something has[,]” and “the profit that moves to the promisee[.]”299
   ● Merriam-Webster Dictionary: “[A]dvantage” or a “useful aid[.]”300
   ● American Heritage Dictionary: “Something that promotes or enhances well-being;
     an advantage[,]” or a “[h]elp; aid[.]”301
   ● Oxford American Dictionary: “[A]n advantage or profit gained from
     something[.]”302

       Together, these definitions add color to the obligation Alphonso undertook when it

entered the Stockholders’ Agreement. Alphonso undertook the obligation to “take all

reasonable steps” to “make certain” Andrades and Sarma’s Director-Designation Right

granted in Section 10.2(b) is “operative; in effect” and “productive,” such that Andrades

and Sarma “possess” or “have for [their] . . . use” a right that is “helpful,” “useful,” and

“advantage[ous].”303    But that is not the end.    The picture gets even clearer when

considering how Delaware courts have applied the “all reasonable steps” obligation when

addressing efforts clauses.

       299
             Benefit, BLACK’S LAW.
       300
             Benefit, MERRIAM-WEBSTER.
       301
             Benefit, AM. HERITAGE.
       302
             Benefit, OXFORD AM.
       303
             Supra nn.288–302.

                                            66
             2. Application: Clarity

       While the requirement to take “all reasonable steps” does not “mean everything

possible under the sun[,]”304 it does include certain basic requirements. Plaintiffs quote

Hexion Specialty Chemicals, Inc. v. Huntsman Corp. for the proposition that, at bottom,

“[a] party breaches a ‘reasonable best efforts’ provision when it ‘pursue[s] another path

designed to avoid’ an outcome.”305 And indeed, this is encompassed by the notion that one

might even breach an efforts clause by his passive acts which fail to satisfy the affirmative

obligation contained in the efforts clause. Prior “decisions of this court have found that a

party breached an efforts provision [by] making no effort to sell or market the product

[which he was obligated to do under an efforts clause].”306

       In recent years, Delaware courts have begun to examine two specific factors. To

determine “whether a party has breached an efforts clause in a transaction agreement, ‘this

court has looked to whether the party subject to the clause (i) had reasonable grounds to

take the action it did and (ii) sought to address problems with its counterparty.’”307

       304
         See Akorn, Inc., 2018 WL 4719347, at *87 (quoting Alliance Data Sys. Corp. v.
Blackstone Cap. P’r V L.P., 963 A.2d 746, 763 n.60 (Del. Ch. 2009), aff’d, 976 A.2d 170
(Del. 2009)).
       305
             Plaintiffs’ Post-Trial Opening Br. at 43 (citing 965 A.2d 715, 749 (Del. Ch.
2008)).
       306
        ConMed, 2022 WL 2387802, at *36 (citing Pegasystems, Inc. v. Carreker Corp.,
2001 WL 1192208, at *9 (Del. Ch. Oct. 3, 2001)).
       307
          Id. at *35; see also Snow Phipps Grp., LLC, 2021 WL 1714202, at *42; Akorn,
Inc., 2018 WL 4719347, at 91.

                                             67
       In Williams Companies, Inc. v. Energy Transfer Equity, L.P., the Delaware Supreme

Court recounted the Hexion court’s observation that when facing solvency concerns, “a

reasonable response to such concerns might have been to approach the [seller’s]

management to discuss the issue and potential resolutions of it.”308 And when the solvency

concern grew, “the court observed that the buyer ‘was then clearly obligated to approach

[the seller’s] management to discuss the appropriate course to take to mitigate’ the solvency

concerns.”309

       This interpretation of Hexion is broader than the trial court read it to be.310 The trial

court in Williams explained that in Hexion, a buyer had undertaken an obligation to use

“reasonable best efforts” to secure financing.311 The trial court in Williams sought to

distinguish Hexion on the grounds that in Hexion the buyer “actively and affirmatively

torpedoed its ability to finance.”312 But in Williams, the trial court found there to be an

“absence of any evidence to show that [the obligor] caused [the non-occurrence of a

       308
             159 A.3d at 272 (alteration in original).
       309
             Id. (alteration in original).
       310
             Id.
       311
          Williams Companies, Inc. v. Energy Transfer Equity, L.P., 2016 WL 3576682,
at *18 (Del. Ch. June 24, 2016), aff’d, 159 A.3d 264 (Del. 2017).
       312
             Williams Companies, Inc., 159 A.3d at 272.

                                                68
condition necessary for closing].”313 The high court found this focus improperly narrow

because the efforts clauses imposed affirmative obligations, not a negative obligation that

can be satisfied merely by not sabotaging a contractual condition. Certainly, “actively

torpedo[ing]” a condition is one way to determine that a party has breached an efforts

clause, but it is not the only way.314 The threshold is not so high. Instead, even the failure

to take actions a party is contractually obligated to use its efforts to take can give rise to a

breach.315

             3. Reasonable Efforts In The Face Of An Express Contract Right

       In Defendants’ Pretrial Brief, they assert in passing in a single sentence that Section

10.5(c) provides the CEO the right to terminate non-executive-officer employees.316

Defendants have also argued that a party need not give up its contract rights in the face of

a competing obligation arising from an efforts clause.317 Although Defendants made this

       313
           See id. at 273; Williams Companies, Inc., 2016 WL 3576682, at *5 (“[T]he
Merger Agreement includes a condition to closing that Latham provide ETC and Williams
a written opinion” referred to as “the 721 Opinion.”).
       314
           Compare Williams Companies, Inc., 159 A.3d at 267, 272–273 (finding the trial
court’s reading of Hexion and efforts clauses was not wrong per se and was erroneous only
because it was “unduly narrow” since the trial court focused on whether the obligor had
acted to cause the non-occurrence of a condition and did not also consider whether it
breached by failing to take steps to cause the condition to occur), with Williams Companies,
Inc., 2016 WL 3576682, at *5.
       315
             Williams Companies, Inc., 159 A.3d at 272–63.
       316
             Dkt. 167 Defendants’ Pretrial Br. at 40.
       317
            The argument Defendants raise suggests the actual harm to such an interpretation
is that it would alter the parties’ contractual rights by requiring the parties to use reasonable
efforts to preserve a right even after the contract no longer required them to. Here, I again

                                               69
argument as to the Board, one might expect such an argument also to apply to a right that

Defendants assert Section 10.5(c) grants the CEO.

       I need not reach this issue as to the Board since this analysis assumes Defendants’

starting point—that Section 12.1 does not apply to the Board. It is questionable as to

whether I even need to address the issue here as to Sexton since Defendants also do not

raise this argument as to any perceived right of the CEO to terminate employees. 318

Nonetheless, I address it briefly.

       In making their argument as to the Board, Defendants cite Akorn, Inc. v. Fresenius

Kabi AG for the proposition that efforts clauses “d[o] not require either side of the deal to

sacrifice its own contractual rights for the benefit of its counterparty.”319 Defendants’ also

quote Vintage Rodeo Parent, LLC v. Rent-a-Center, Inc.:

       A party’s obligation to use commercially reasonable efforts must be cabined
       by its bargained-for contractual rights. If an agreement to use commercially
       reasonable efforts to comply with obligations in a contract means that a party
       cannot exercise its bargained-for right to terminate that contract, that
       bargained-for right would be illusory.320

note that Defendants have the sequence backwards. Alphonso was obligated to use
reasonable efforts in the first instance to maintain the right in an effective and operative
state. It does not alter the contract. It is quite literally a requirement provided in the
contract’s express terms.
       318
             See Defendants’ Post-Trial Answering Br. at 37–40.
       319
             2018 WL 4719347, at *91.
       320
             2019 WL 1223026, at *22 (Del. Ch. Mar. 14, 2019) (footnote omitted).

                                             70
      At first glance, these passages might seem supportive of Defendants’ argument.

Closer examination, however, shows this not to be so. In Akorn and Vintage Rodeo, the

Court’s concern was whether a party’s contract rights are rendered illusory. 321 It is, of

course, the most basic of principles that “Delaware adheres to the ‘objective’ theory of

contracts, i.e. a contract’s construction should be that which would be understood by an

objective, reasonable third party.”322 “Delaware courts read contracts as a whole, and

interpretations that are commercially unreasonable or that produce absurd results must be

rejected.”323 When “read[ing] a contract as a whole . . . we will give each provision and

term effect, so as not to render any part of the contract mere surplusage.” 324 This means

      321
           The Court in the cited cases focuses on the effectiveness of contract
termination rights. Such rights can presumably only be used one time. Thus, by
saying that the right cannot be used, one would in effect be rejecting the only use
the right provides—to terminate. This is why preventing the exercise of the right
would mean to “sacrifice” the right in a manner that would render it, in effect,
illusory.
      322
            Osborn ex rel. Osborn v. Kemp, 991 A.2d 1153, 1159 (Del. 2010).
      323
          Manti Hldgs., LLC v. Authentix Acq. Co., Inc., 261 A.3d 1199, 1211 (Del. 2021);
see also Merck & Co. v. Bayer AG, 2023 WL 2751590, at *6 (Del. Ch. Apr. 3, 2023)
(quoting Manti Hldgs., LLC, 261 A.3d at 1211), aff’d, 2023 WL 7777218 (Del. Nov. 16,
2023); IMO Ronald J. Mount 2012 Irrevocable Dynasty Tr. U/A/D Dec. 5, 2012, 2017 WL
4082886, at *4 (Del. Ch. Sept. 7, 2017) (stating that the Court’s “task is to construe the
contract according to the plain meaning of its terms, remaining mindful that [its]
construction of each term must make sense when considering the contract as a whole”).
      324
            Osborn, 991 A.2d at 1159.

                                           71
that “[w]e will not read a contract to render a provision or term ‘meaningless or

illusory.’”325

       Neither Zenith nor Alphonso, however, hold any express right to terminate the

Director-Designation Right. Indeed, Section 10.2(b) sets forth no right at all for LGE or

Alphonso.          Instead, it references a condition on the Director-Designation Right.326

Elsewhere, I note that Section 10.5(c) of the Stockholders’ Agreement addresses the right

of the CEO to “implement and effect” the “termination of employment” of “non-executive

officer employees of the Corporation in accordance with [a] human resources and labor

policy[.]”327 That is fine as far as it goes, but it is a basic tenet of contract law that I must

give meaning to contracts by interpreting them as a whole. 328 Section 12.1 imposes a

frankly small obligation on Alphonso, and that limited obligation, which Alphonso

voluntarily undertook, can hardly be said to have rendered the right to terminate employees

“illusory.” Indeed, the CEO could terminate any Alphonso employee. Only when seeking

to terminate Andrades and/or Sarma, however, was the CEO required to use reasonable

efforts first under Section 12.1.

       325
             Id.
       326
          Although I need not consider any evidence beyond the plain text of the agreement
here, I nonetheless note that the record suggests the Designation Condition was inserted to
serve an entirely different purpose than the one Defendants now assert. See supra n.48.
       327
             JX0050.
       328
             Osborn, 991 A.2d at 1159.

                                               72
       Although tempering the CEO’s employee termination “right” comes nowhere near

rendering the “right” ineffective or illusory, the same cannot be said for Defendants’

reading of Plaintiffs’ rights under the Stockholders’ Agreement. Defendants seek to read

the Director-Designation Right as, in essence, an illusory right. Or, at least, a right that

LGE and Alphonso could terminate at their election.329 But that is not what the parties

bargained for.330

       The Stockholders’ Agreement’s plain terms also belie Defendants’ reading. In

applying Section 12.1 to temper the CEO’s use of his termination “right,” I must read the

contract as a whole. Perhaps the CEO did hold some express employee termination right

conferred by Section 10.5(c). Even were it so, Alphonso agreed to be bound by a specific

standard of conduct regarding the treatment of Andrades and Sarma’s Director-Designation

Right. Defendants’ own argument reads the second sentence of Section 12.1 as referring

to rights related to the Common Directors, the effectiveness of which necessarily requires

the operational existence of the Director-Designation Right.331 Reading the Stockholders’

         Defendants’ reading also would appear to render the entire Stockholders’
       329

Agreement terminable at LGE’s option. Compare JX0050 § 13.8, and JX0050 § 13.1, with
JX0050 § 10.2(b). See infra nn.361–62.
       330
          It is also appropriate to consider commercial reasonableness and a document’s
logic when interpreting a contract. See Osborn, 991 A.2d at 1159, 1160-61 (addressing
request “to interpret the contract, contrary to both the plain meaning of the document and
logic, and to reach an absurd, unfounded result”); Manti Hldgs., LLC, 261 A.3d at 1211;
Merck & Co., 2023 WL 2751590, at *6; IMO Ronald J. Mount 2012 Irrevocable Dynasty
Tr. U/A/D Dec. 5, 2012, 2017 WL 4082886, at *4.
       331
          Defendants modify the text of that sentence to make this point: “[T]he
Stockholders’ Agreement provided for ‘the nomination and election of the [Common]

                                            73
Agreement so as to render no provision surplusage and no rights to be illusory or

meaningless requires rejecting Defendants’ reading of the Stockholders’ Agreement.

       Here, unlike in Akorn, Inc. and Vintage Rodeo Parent, LLC, the CEO’s employee

termination “right” is not rendered illusory, nor is Alphonso asked to “sacrifice” the

contract “right” to terminate employees. Instead, it is Defendants’ reading that would

render the Director-Designation Right an illusory or meaningless right—a reading which I

must reject.332

   D. Alphonso Breached Its Obligation To Use “Reasonable Efforts” To Ensure
      That Andrades And Sarma’s Director-Designation Right Remained Effective
       As noted above, Sexton acted for Alphonso when he terminated Andrades and

Sarma. In so doing, he caused Alphonso to breach its obligation under Section 12.1. In

the face of Alphonso’s affirmative obligation to take “all reasonable steps,” Sexton failed

to take any steps toward this obligation. Worse, and much like in Hexion, Sexton took

steps in the opposite direction.

       As noted above, Sexton was brought in as an eleventh-hour substitute for Sareen.

Sareen previously agreed to serve as Alphonso’s interim CEO but backed out on November

directors[.]’” Defendants’ Post-Trial Answering Br. at 39 (citing JX0050 § 12.1) (second
alteration in original).
       332
          See Osborn, 991 A.2d at 1159–61; O’Brien v. Progressive N. Ins. Co., 785 A.2d
281, 287 (Del. 2001) (“Contracts are to be interpreted in a way that does not render any
provisions ‘illusory or meaningless.’”); Dermatology Assocs. of San Antonio v. Oliver St.
Dermatology Mgmt. LLC, 2020 WL 4581674, at *29 n.284 (Del. Ch. Aug. 10, 2020) (“The
cardinal rule of contract construction is that, where possible, a court should give effect to
all contract provisions.”) (quoting Sonitrol Hldg. Co. v. Marceau Investissements, 607
A.2d 1177, 1184 (Del. 1992)).

                                             74
30, 2022.333 Sareen explained to Hyoung-Saeyi Park that “he won’t sleep well being a

person who stabs their back, and he can’t really do this.”334

       On December 1, 2022, LGE “shift[ed] to plan B”—offering Sexton the interim CEO

position.335    After a vetting process that consisted of a one-hour conversation with

Wasinger, the job was his.336 Sexton’s role in all of this was simple and, indeed, plainly

set forth in LGE’s draft offer letter.337 Sexton’s job duties required him to “[r]emove two

key holders (Ravi Narayan Sarma and Richard Andrades).”338 Contrary to Jo’s trial

testimony that Sexton was a “market industry veteran[] that . . . could help the Alphonso

business,”339 the preponderance of the evidence compels the unfortunate conclusion that

LGE executives selected, and the LG-Affiliated Directors appointed, Sexton for the interim

CEO role because LGE viewed him as fully tractable.340

       The record demonstrates that Sexton also had significant personal issues that

interfered tremendously with his ability to perform the role of interim CEO. Even on his

       333
             See JX0465 at 2; JX0456.
       334
             JX0465 at 2.
       335
             See JX0458.
       336
             TT 643:4–11, 649:14–23 (Wasinger).
       337
             See JX0445 at 8.
       338
             JX0445 at 8; see also JX0640 175:10–13 (Sexton).
       339
             TT 690:2–691:7 (Jo).
       340
             See, e.g., JX0548 at 9 (“dumb and easy to control”).

                                              75
first day (i.e., D-Day), for reasons I need not get into here, Sexton was “unable to speak in

meetings and dozed off several times. He was a zombie.”341 And after two days, Sexton

was “already a bomb.”342

       The unrefuted contemporaneous evidence demonstrates that the Board appointed

Sexton as a warm body to do the dirty work that it could not. Sexton’s own testimony at

his deposition suggests that he had no basis for terminating Andrades and Sarma other than

blindly following the LG-Affiliated Directors’ instructions.343

       The preponderance of the evidence compels the conclusion that Sexton gave little

or no regard to Alphonso’s obligation to take “all reasonable steps” to ensure that Andrades

and Sarma enjoy the benefit of the rights granted to them in the Stockholders’

Agreement.344 Despite being aware of the Stockholders’ Agreement, Sexton appears never

even to have considered whether Alphonso had obligations to Andrades or Sarma before

terminating them. But that does not mean that the obligation was not owed.

       When Sexton terminated Andrades and Sarma, he acted for Alphonso to deprive

them of their Director-Designation Rights.345 Acting for Alphonso and as CEO, Sexton

       341
             JX0594; JX0548 at 6–7.
       342
             JX0548 at 7.
       343
             JX0640 169:10–16 (Sexton).
       344
             See id.

         It is of no significance that this action was taken based on the Board’s direction
       345

because Sexton acted for Alphonso in breaching a corporate obligation. Defendants’

                                             76
acted at the LGE-controlled Board’s bidding for the benefit of another party under the

Stockholders’ Agreement (i.e., Zenith/LGE) because they “want[ed] a return on their

investment.”346     At a minimum, this thoughtless termination breached Alphonso’s

contractual obligation under Section 12.1 to “take all reasonable steps” to “make certain”

Andrades and Sarma’s Director-Designation Right remained “operative; in effect” and

“productive,” such that Andrades and Sarma “possess” or “have for [their] . . . use” a right

that is “helpful,” “useful,” and “advantage[ous].”347

       But Alphonso not only failed to take “all reasonable steps,” the overwhelming

weight of the evidence, and certainly a preponderance, compels the conclusion that

Alphonso took no steps and made no efforts to maintain Andrades and Sarma’s bargained-

for right.    Worse than taking no steps to ensure the right, Alphonso triggered the

Designation Condition and deprived them of the right entirely.

       In contexts like this, Delaware courts have previously examined two factors to

determine whether an efforts clause has been breached.348 Logic might dictate that where

one undertakes an affirmative contractual duty to protect and give effect to a counterparty’s

arguments make abundantly clear their view that the efforts clause was a separate and
independent obligation binding Alphonso specifically.
       346
             JX0235.
       347
             Supra nn.288–302.
       348
          ConMed, 2022 WL 2387802, at *35 (applying test to efforts clause related to a
buyer’s post-acquisition obligations under a stock purchase agreement).

                                             77
right, the failure to take any steps or use any efforts to do so necessarily requires a finding

of breach. But I need not leave it to logic.

             1. Reasonable Grounds

       The first factor requires courts to consider “whether the party subject to the [efforts]

clause (i) had reasonable grounds to take the action it did.”349 This question is not about

whether the Board had a right or justification to terminate the executive officers. The Board

was not bound by Section 12.1. Instead, this question is about whether Alphonso had

reasonable grounds to terminate Andrades and Sarma. I conclude that it did not. To reach

this conclusion, I must consider the action taken and the context in which it was taken.

       Here, the action is obvious. Alphonso—owing Andrades and Sarma a specific and

affirmative obligation to undertake reasonable efforts to ensure the effectiveness of the

Director-Designation Right—terminated them and caused the failure of the Designation

Condition. The preponderance of the evidence suggests that Sexton was well aware of the

effect the terminations would have on Andrades and Sarma’s contractual rights. Starting

in May 2022, Jo told Sexton of his plan to take control of Alphonso, “remove [Chordia]

from whatever role,” and “[b]ring in new upper management.”350 In addition to credible

trial testimony regarding Sexton’s involvement, Sexton’s own deposition is telling. 351

       349
        Id.; see also Snow Phipps Grp., LLC, 2021 WL 1714202, at *42; Akorn, Inc.,
2018 WL 4719347, at *91.
       350
             JX0253; JX0640 50:3–12 (Sexton).
       351
             See JX0640.

                                               78
After accepting the job offer in December 2022, Sexton was “brought under the cloak . . .

and told that . . . they were going to remove the top management.”352 Even from the express

terms of his offer letter, Sexton understood that he was being brought in to “[m]ake staffing

decisions for the company that are not within the exclusive right of the Board.” 353 Sexton

also understood that he was being asked to terminate Andrades and Sarma—whose

employment “was not within the rights of the board, but were within the rights of the

CEO.”354 And, the week before D-Day, Sexton met in person with the LGE team at LGE’s

office.355 There, the LGE team showed Sexton documents and explained Project Wall-E

and the events that would transpire on D-Day.356

       The preponderance of evidence demonstrates that Sexton understood his role in D-

Day, the plan to oust the founders, and that firing Andrades and Sarma was a part of that

plan.357     Sexton was also aware of the Stockholders’ Agreement and the Board’s

deliberation as to whether it would terminate the agreement.358 But even if Sexton did not

       352
             Id. 82:1–7 (Sexton).
       353
             Id. 119:4–121:14 (Sexton).
       354
             Id. 123:3–14 (Sexton).
       355
             Id. 81:23–84:22 (Sexton).
       356
             Id.
       357
             See, e.g., id. 169:10–21 (Sexton).

         Id. 142:2–4 (Sexton) (Sexton was told about it “[b]ecause [he] was joining as
       358

interim CEO”).

                                                  79
actually know that terminating the two remaining Key Holders would terminate their

Director-Designation Right, Alphonso would be no less responsible for breaching its

corporate obligation. As Defendants argue, Alphonso is the party that owed the obligation

under Section 12.1.359

      By terminating Andrades and Sarma, Alphonso picked winners and losers under the

Stockholders’ Agreement. The terminations triggered the Designation Condition, which

terminated their Director-Designation Right. Opposite its obligation under Section 12.1,

Alphonso joined the invasion—“actively and affirmatively torpedo[ing]”360 the right that

it explicitly promised to “ensure” the operability of for Andrade and Sarma’s benefit. But

the damage to Andrades and Sarma’s rights does not end there. Without the Director-

Designation Right, LGE-controlled actors can unilaterally modify or amend the

Stockholders’ Agreement to postpone the Key Holders’ realization of economic value from

their Liquidity Rights.361 And they can unilaterally terminate the Stockholders’ Agreement

      359
            Defendants’ Post-Trial Answering Br. at 37–38.
      360
        Williams Companies, Inc., 159 A.3d at 272 (quoting Williams Companies, Inc.,
2016 WL 3576682, at *18).
      361
           See JX0050 §§ 13.8 (“This Agreement may be amended, modified or terminated
(other than pursuant to Subsection 13.l above) and the observance of any term hereof may
be waived (either generally or in a particular instance and either retroactively or
prospectively) only by a written instrument executed by (a) [Alphonso], (b) the Investor,
and (c) the Employee Key Holder Majority (for the avoidance of doubt, such execution by
the Employee Key Holder Majority shall not be required if no Key Holder serves as an
officer or employee of [Alphonso] at such time).”) (emphasis added), 1.23 (“‘Investor(s)’
means the Persons named on Exhibit A hereto, each Person to whom the rights of an
Investor are assigned pursuant to Subsection 13.9, each Person who hereafter becomes a

                                            80
at their option.362 Alphonso destroyed the rights Andrades and Sarma bargained for and

gave LGE rights it had not.

       This charts onto the Williams Court’s description of Hexion. On D-Day, Sexton, as

interim CEO, exceeded what the parties had discussed pre-signing as the “nuclear

option”—i.e., terminating C-level officers—and instead pushed the button to detonate an

even more severe “nuclear option”—i.e., terminating the Director-Designation Right.363 In

doing so, Alphonso did not just fail to act to ensure Andrades and Sarma’s continued

enjoyment of rights under the Stockholders’ Agreement.364 Instead, like the Williams

Court’s description of Hexion, Alphonso “actively and affirmatively torpedoed”365 the

Director-Designation Right, in unequivocal breach of its obligations under Section 12.1.

signatory to this Agreement pursuant to Subsection 13.9 and any one of them, as the context
may require.”), Exhibit A (identifying Zenith as the sole “Investor[]”).
       362
          See JX0050 § 13.1 (“Term and Termination. (a) Term. This Agreement shall
continue in force so long as [Alphonso] shall exist, unless terminated earlier pursuant to
Subsection 13.l(b) (the ‘Term’). (b) Termination. This Agreement and all restrictions on
the Transfer of Shares created hereby shall terminate on the occurrence of any of the
following events: (i) The bankruptcy or dissolution of [Alphonso]; (ii) Any one
Stockholder becomes the owner of all of the Shares which are then subject to this
Agreement; or (iii) The execution of a written instrument by (x) [Alphonso], (y) LGE and
(z) the Employee Key Holder Majority. For the avoidance of doubt, such execution by the
Employee Key Holder Majority shall not be required if no Key Holder serves as an officer
or employee of [Alphonso] at such time.”) (emphasis added).
       363
             JX0023 at 4.
       364
          I note that such a failure could be sufficient grounds on its own to constitute a
breach of an affirmative obligation under an efforts clause. Williams Companies, Inc., 159
A.3d at 273.
       365
             Id. at 272.

                                            81
And it did so at the behest of an interested counterparty to the Stockholders’ Agreement—

LGE, acting through Zenith.

       To be clear, the Board had the right to terminate the executive-officer Key

Holders.366 And Chordia and Kodige certainly gave the Board many good reasons to do

so. I have considered their conduct and the effect it should have on the Board’s ability to

terminate the executive-officer Key Holders.        There is an extensive record of their

unprofessional behavior, including a host of denigrating emails to LGE executives, blatant

failure to observe the Board’s exclusive authority to hire executive officers like Matta, use

of the “LG” name, and conflicts involving the data privacy audit and stock option issues.367

I need not recount those events here.

       The Board had reason, and an express bargained-for contract right, to terminate the

executive-officer Key Holders. But the Board also had no obligation to use reasonable

efforts to ensure the Key Holders’ enjoyment of the rights granted under the Stockholders’

Agreement. Alphonso, on the other hand, had this exact obligation. And instead of even

considering its obligations or any alternative paths forward, Sexton pulled the trigger.

       The context surrounding Andrades and Sarma’s employment is also relevant. When

Andrades and Sarma first began working for Alphonso, they were at-will employees.368

       366
             As the argument goes, the Board was not bound by the obligation in Section 12.1.
       367
             See supra Section I.C.
       368
             TT 388:12–389:9 (Andrades); TT 399:18–21 (Sarma).

                                              82
But subsequent to the establishment of the at-will employment relationship, the parties

entered into the Stockholders’ Agreement.369 Andrades and Sarma bargained for certain

rights under that agreement—including the Director-Designation Right and Alphonso’s

promise to use reasonable efforts to ensure their rights are effective and that Andrades and

Sarma are able to enjoy the benefits of the agreement.370 Given that the rights were

conditioned on employment, which was a condition within Alphonso’s control, Alphonso

committed itself to use reasonable efforts in that regard to ensure the rights were effective.

       Part of considering whether an obligor had reasonable grounds to take the action it

did, requires considering the alternative courses of action available to it and whether it

attempted to resolve the issues. This is the second factor that courts look to when

determining whether a party breached an obligation arising from an efforts clause.371

             2. Active Attempts To Resolve
       The second factor requires courts to consider “whether the party subject to the

[efforts] clause . . . (ii) sought to address problems with its counterparty.”372

       Here, there were many less drastic alternatives to terminating the remaining Key

Holders. After the Board had terminated the executive-officer Key Holders, the Employee

       369
             JX0050.
       370
             See id. §§ 10.2(b), 12.1.
       371
       See ConMed, 2022 WL 2387802, at *35; see also Snow Phipps Grp., LLC, 2021
WL 1714202, at *42; Akorn, Inc., 2018 WL 4719347, at *91.
       372
          ConMed, 2022 WL 2387802, at *35; Snow Phipps Grp., LLC, 2021 WL
1714202, at *42 (Del. Ch. Apr. 30, 2021); Akorn, Inc., 2018 WL 4719347, at *91.

                                              83
Key Holder Majority consisted of the holder of the majority of Alphonso shares then held

by Andrades and Sarma.373 They alone held the entire right to designate all Common

Directors.374 This left Sexton and Alphonso with many different options—none of which

were considered. For example, Sexton could have asked Andrades and Sarma to appoint

new Common Directors. Sexton could have even explained LGE’s perceived problems

with Chordia and Kodige. Or, instead of firing them and depriving them of their rights,

Sexton could have waited to see if Andrades and Sarma would designate different Common

Directors once they could wield the right on their own and the prior Common Directors

were no longer Alphonso employees. Sexton also could have negotiated with them or

investigated any other alternative.

       As noted previously, the credible evidence and trial testimony demonstrate that

Andrades and Sarma were open to working with Alphonso and LGE. Both Andrades and

Sarma were highly cooperative as individuals and as valued employees. Indeed, before

Sareen withdrew his acceptance of the CEO role, he was adamant about keeping Sarma on

his team after D-Day.375 Hyoung-Saeyi Park similarly sought to bring Sarma back to

Alphonso and discussed his return as a consultant.376 Even after being terminated, both

       373
             JX0050 §§ 10.2(b), 6.2.
       374
             See id.
       375
             See JX0455 at 1; TT 638:18–639:19 (Wasinger).
       376
             TT 396:13–398:20 (Sarma).

                                            84
Sarma and Andrades continued to help the teams they had worked with during their

employment.377

       Credible trial testimony also demonstrates that each participated extensively in the

knowledge transfer process and were cooperative far in excess of what one might have

anticipated given the circumstances under which they had just been terminated.378 In fact,

Alphonso only became aware of the need for a knowledge transfer process when

Andrades—while still in his termination meeting with Sexton—voluntarily raised the

question of how he should pass-off software modules and code that only he had worked on

and understood.379

       Terminating these remaining Key Holders to remove Chordia and Kodige from the

Board without exploring any less drastic alternatives was a manifestly unreasonable course

of action. In Williams, the high court noted that in Hexion, when concerns began to arise,

“a reasonable response to such concerns might have been to approach [those toward whom

efforts were owed] to discuss the issue and potential resolutions of it.”380 And that is how

reasonable actors tend to do things. But here, there is not a shred of evidence demonstrating

that Alphonso or Sexton gave any consideration to Andrades or Sarma’s rights, much less

interacted with them in any meaningful way prior to their terminations. On the contrary,

       377
             See TT 396:13–398:20 (Sarma); TT 381:19–383:11 (Andrades).
       378
             See TT 396:13–398:20 (Sarma); TT 381:19–383:11 (Andrades).
       379
             TT 381:19–383:11 (Andrades).
       380
             Williams Companies, Inc., 159 A.3d at 272.

                                             85
the record suggests that Sexton hardly knew who Andrades or Sarma were when he fired

them. He only knew about them because LGE had tasked him with their terminations and

only knew their roles at Alphonso because he had reviewed an organization chart in

advance.381 The evidence overwhelmingly supports the conclusion that Sexton terminated

Andrades and Sarma at LGE’s behest to terminate the Director-Designation Right.382

       The Court’s conclusion based on the facts and arguments at issue in Williams also

compels a similar finding. There, the Court highlighted the trial court’s recognition of

evidence that an obligor:

       [D]id not direct [its law firm] to engage earlier or more fully with [the
       counterparty]’s counsel, failed itself to negotiate the issue directly with [the
       counterparty], failed to coordinate a response among the various players,
       went public with the information that [its counsel] had declined to issue the
       721 Opinion, and generally did not act like an enthusiastic partner in pursuit
       of consummation of the [transaction].383

Based on this evidence, the Court found the trial court to have erred in analyzing whether

the obligor had breached the obligations arising from the efforts clauses.384

       Here too, the preponderance of evidence demonstrates numerous alternative and less

drastic measures that Alphonso and/or Sexton could have attempted but gave no

       381
             See, e.g., JX0640 171:1–24, 179:1–23 (Sexton).
       382
             TT 538:17–539:9 (Edward Lee).
       383
             Williams Companies, Inc., 159 A.3d at 273.
       384
             Id.

                                             86
consideration to. By beginning with the most drastic option, Defendants forewent any hope

of addressing the issues in proportional and measured increments.

       Furthermore, when reviewing the second factor, Delaware courts refer to “the party

subject to the clause” as the one that must seek “to address problems with its

counterparty.”385 But here, Defendants do not argue that Alphonso sought to address any

issues with Andrades and/or Sarma. At best, Alphonso’s LGE-controlled Board sought to

address some of the issues with other Key Holders. There are two reasons why these

“efforts” fail to satisfy the efforts clause. First, these actions were only taken with regard

to persons to whom reasonable efforts were not owed (i.e., Chordia and Kodige). Second,

Defendants’ own argument is that for the purpose of interpreting the obligations in the

Stockholders’ Agreement, the Board and Alphonso are distinct actors. But the reciprocal

follows. That is, if Alphonso’s obligations under the Stockholders’ Agreement do not

obligate the Board, then the acts taken by the Board should not be read as satisfying

Alphonso’s obligations under the Stockholders’ Agreement.

       In sum, I conclude that Alphonso did not have reasonable grounds to carry out its

terminations of Andrades and Sarma in the way that it did, and Alphonso undeniably failed

to take any steps or make any attempts to resolve the issues with Andrades and/or Sarma.

Thus, Alphonso breached its obligation to use reasonable efforts and take all reasonable

steps “to ensure that the rights granted under this Agreement are effective” and Andrades

       385
             ConMed, 2022 WL 2387802, at *35; accord Akorn, Inc., 2018 WL 4719347, at
*91.

                                             87
and Sarma “enjoy the benefits” of the rights provided in the Stockholders’ Agreement.

Accordingly, and as explained below, I find the Designation Condition excused and that

Andrades and Sarma step into the shoes of Employee Key Holders under the Stockholders’

Agreement.

                                            ***

       Given the analysis above, I do not need to reach the implied covenant or Schnell. I

acknowledge, however, the significant issues raised under those arguments and facts

relevant thereto. For example, Plaintiffs proved by a preponderance of the evidence that

Project Wall-E was undertaken for the purpose of eviscerating the Key Holders’ liquidity

rights and the limited protections they had negotiated of those rights. Plaintiffs proved that

throughout LGE’s planning for D-Day, its intention was to fire all Key Holders for the

express purpose of terminating the Director-Designation Right and then terminating the

Stockholders’ Agreement altogether. Although the question of termination was disputed

at trial, the evidence overwhelmingly demonstrates that it was only a question of “when”

Zenith and LGE would terminate the Stockholders’ Agreement and not “if” they would.386

Having sat through the trial and assessed the credibility of each witness carefully, I

conclude that at the time the LG-Affiliated Directors initiated D-Day, they had decided to

terminate the Stockholders’ Agreement sometime thereafter.387            And, after having

       386
             JX0505 at 1; see also supra n.207.
       387
             See supra n.207.

                                              88
determined to launch D-Day (i.e., the “nuclear option”), LGE attempted to backfill

justifications for many of its termination decisions.388 The evidence demonstrates that

many of those justifications were pretextual and, indeed, did not apply to several of the

terminated executive-officer Key Holders. None of the reasons provided applied to

Andrades or Sarma.389

       These facts are certainly uncomfortable. But they are also insufficient to find a

breach of the implied covenant, at least as it relates to the executive-officer Key Holders.

       I have already found a breach of the Stockholders’ Agreement’s express terms as to

Andrades and Sarma. Thus, I need not address the implied covenant as to them. For the

sake of completeness, however, I briefly address the implied covenant arguments to the

extent they concern the Board’s terminations of the executive-officer Key Holders.

       When applying the implied covenant, in its “gap filler” capacity, Delaware courts

“first must engage in the process of contract construction to determine whether there is a

gap that needs to be filled.”390 Indeed “the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing

is recognized only where a contract is silent as to the issue in dispute.”391 In making this

       388
           See, e.g., JX0402 at 2 (“I believe the key decision we made today was who we
will be terminating, and we need to back up our rationale for such termination.” “Set our
direction toward termination of all key share holders.”).
       389
             See JX0651 331:20–332:9 (Edward Lee).
       390
          Allen v. El Paso Pipeline GP Co., 113 A.3d 167, 183 (Del. Ch. 2014) (citations
omitted), aff’d, 2015 WL 803053 (Del. Feb. 26, 2015).
       391
          AQSR India Priv., Ltd. v. Bureau Veritas Hldg., Inc., 2009 WL 1707910, at *11
(Del. Ch. June 16, 2009).

                                             89
determination, courts must assess “whether the language of the contract expressly covers a

particular issue, in which case the implied covenant will not apply, or whether the contract

is silent on the subject, revealing a gap that the implied covenant might fill.”392

       Even “[w]here the contract is silent, ‘[a]n interpreting court cannot use an implied

covenant to re-write the agreement between the parties, and should be most chary about

implying a contractual protection when the contract could easily have been drafted to

expressly provide for it.’”393 “[T]he implied covenant will not serve as a means to provide

contractual protections that parties ‘failed to secure for themselves at the bargaining

table.’”394 It “only applies to developments that could not be anticipated, not developments

that the parties simply failed to consider.”395

       In some instances, a contract may indeed be silent as to a term, but only because the

parties negotiated over the matter and determined to reject the relevant term or otherwise

not address the matter in the agreement. “The most obvious reason a term would not appear

in the parties’ express agreement is that the parties simply rejected that term ex ante when

       392
             Allen, 113 A.3d at 183.
       393
          Oxbow Carbon & Mins. Hldg., Inc. v. Crestview-Oxbow Acq., LLC, 202 A.3d
507 (Del. 2019).

         S’holder Representative Serv. LLC v. Albertsons Companies, Inc., 2021 WL
       394

2311455, at *8 (Del. Ch. June 7, 2021).
       395
             Nemec v. Shrader, 991 A.2d 1120, 1126 (Del. 2010).

                                              90
they articulated their contractual rights and obligations.”396 This might arise where “the

parties . . . considered the term, and perhaps [after] some give-and-take dickering, the

parties agreed the term should not be made part of their agreement. They thus rejected the

term by purposefully omitting the term.”397

      This is the case here, at least as to the executive-officer Key Holders. The parties

bargaining history on this point is telling.398 The bargaining history indicates that the

parties considered employment contract terms and sought a CEO termination veto right.399

And, after LGE rejected the CEO termination veto right, Beotra exchanged emails with

Hahm. One such email explained Beotra’s understanding that “LG controls the board and

hence all the decisions that need simple board majority - CEO hire/fire/comp, operating

plan, LG funding, additional debt etc.”400          Beotra reiterated this understanding in a

subsequent email and expressly identified that LGE might seek to terminate the CEO for a

variety of reasons. Beotra stated that LGE may seek to terminate C-level officers if there

      396
          Allen v. El Paso Pipeline GP Co., L.L.C., 2014 WL 2819005, at *11 (Del. Ch.
June 20, 2014).
      397
            Id. (alteration and omission in original).
      398
         Nationwide Emerging Managers, LLC v. Northpointe Hldg., LLC, 112 A.3d 878,
897–98 (Del. 2015) (“By necessity, any argument by a party that another party breached
an implied term invites consideration of evidence of the parties’ bargaining history.”).
      399
            See JX0012 at 2; JX0014 at 6; JX0020 at 41.
      400
            JX0022.

                                               91
is a “[f]alling out on strategy with key employees - In case of any disagreement with

CEO/key employees LG has the right to prevail.”401

       This Court is “most chary” about implying terms in an agreement, and doubly-so

when the concept was raised and discarded in the course of negotiations. It cannot be said

that this is a circumstance in which no party contemplated the potential need for

employment contracts or the possibility that the LG-dominated Board could terminate the

executive-officer Key Holders to further LGE’s interests in the absence of such contracts.

Indeed, the record shows that this concept was specifically raised during the course of

negotiations, including during the course of negotiations over the right of the LG-

dominated Board to effectuate such terminations unilaterally. Having anticipated these

points and having determined not to secure terms at the bargaining table to address them,

the executive-officer Key Holders can find no refuge now in the implied covenant’s gap-

filling function.

       “Beyond its gap filling function, the implied covenant applies ‘when a party to the

contract is given discretion to act as to a certain subject and it is argued that the discretion

has been used in a way that is impliedly proscribed by the contract’s express terms.’” 402

Here, contrary to being impliedly proscribed by the Stockholders’ Agreement’s express

       401
          JX0023 at 1–3. Read in the context of the Beotra’s ongoing conversation with
Hahm, it is evident that the parties were referring to “C-level officers” and Beotra’s
references to the CEO were illustrative. See id. at 4.
       402
          SerVaas v. Ford Smart Mobility LLC, 2021 WL 3779559, at *10 (Del. Ch. Aug.
25, 2021) (quoting Oxbow Carbon, 202 A.3d at 504 n.93).

                                              92
terms, the Board terminated the executive-officer Key Holders pursuant to an express

contract term. “The Supreme Court has maintained that a contractual gap is not necessary

to state a claim for breach of the implied warranty where one party acted arbitrarily or

unreasonably, thereby frustrating the fruits of the bargain[.]”403 But “[w]hen determining

the parties’ reasonable expectations, the court analyzes ‘whether the parties would have

bargained for a contractual term proscribing the conduct that allegedly violated the implied

covenant had they foreseen the circumstances under which the conduct arose.’”404

       Here, again, the analysis is rerouted to the parties’ understanding at the time of

contracting. As the above analysis of the “gap-filling” function demonstrates, the Key

Holders understood that the Board could unilaterally terminate the executive-officer Key

Holders. Given this understanding, Plaintiffs fail to show by a preponderance of the

evidence that the parties would have agreed to meaningful limitations on the Board’s ability

to terminate the executive-officer Key Holders.405

       403
           Haney v. Blackhawk Network Hldg., Inc., 2016 WL 769595, at *8 (Del. Ch. Feb.
26, 2016) (internal quotation marks omitted). Delaware courts interpret the “fruits of the
bargain” language as based on the parties’ reasonable expectations. Baldwin v. New Wood
Res. LLC, 283 A.3d 1099, 1118 (Del. 2022) (“The party asserting the implied covenant has
the burden of proving ‘that the other party has acted arbitrarily or unreasonably, thereby
frustrating the fruits of the bargain that the asserting party reasonably expected.’”).
       404
             Baldwin, 283 A.3d at 1118.
       405
           The parties spilled significant ink on Plaintiffs’ arguments concerning asserted
limitations on termination of at-will employment. The Stockholders’ Agreement, however,
is a separate agreement and subject to implied covenant analysis under its unique terms
and negotiating history. Even setting this aside, I note that Plaintiffs’ arguments here focus
largely on the asserted pretextual nature of Exhibit A (i.e., the purported rationale for the
executive-officer Key Holders’ terminations). Unlike the cases Plaintiffs cite, this is not a

                                             93
       Schnell is also unavailing. Plaintiffs raise this argument “counterfactually” if there

“were no breach of contract.”406 Given this, I note only that “our ‘case law is indicative of

a healthy inclination on the part of the judiciary to employ the Schnell principle of legal

but inequitable’ only sparingly[.]”407       And indeed, “[a]lmost all of the post-Schnell

decisions involved situations where boards of directors deliberately employed various legal

strategies either to frustrate or completely disenfranchise a shareholder vote.”408

Defendants argue that the situations described in the foregoing sentence from Coster are

very different from circumstances presented in this case. Having concluded that Alphonso

breached the Stockholders’ Agreement, I need not delve into this complex area of our law

further in what would likely be dicta, at best, given the counterfactual posture in which

Plaintiffs raise their argument.

circumstance in which an employer is claimed to have denied compensation by pretextually
designating the at-will employee’s termination as “for cause.” See Plaintiffs’ Post-Trial
Opening Br. at 53 (citing Sheehan v. AssuredPartners, Inc., 2020 WL 2838575 (Del. Ch.
May 29, 2020); Smith v. Scott, 2021 WL 1592463 (Del. Ch. Apr. 23, 2021)). Indeed, I
question whether the Board needed to state a reason for terminating the executive Key
Holders at all. The pretextual nature of much of Exhibit A unquestionably impairs my
credibility assessment of the LGE witnesses, but I do not conclude that it triggers any of
the very limited at-will employment termination exceptions identified in Pressman. See
Lord v. Souder, 748 A.2d 393, 400 (Del. 2000) (discussing E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.
v. Pressman, 679 A.2d 436 (Del. 1996)).
       406
             Plaintiffs’ Post-Trial Opening Br. at 54.
       407
             In re WeWork Litig., 250 A.3d 976, 996 (Del. Ch. 2020).
       408
          Coster v. UIP Companies, Inc., 300 A.3d 656, 666–67 (Del. 2023) (quoting
Stroud v. Grace, 606 A.2d 75, 91 (Del. 1992)).

                                               94
   E. Remedy

       Alphonso breached the reasonable efforts obligation in Section 12.1. This breach

by non-performance excuses the Designation Condition. With the Designation Condition

excused, the December Consent is rendered invalid.

             1. The Designation Condition Is Excused

       When considering the appropriate remedy in circumstances of breach like this,

“Delaware has adopted the framework set forth in the Restatement (Second) of

Contracts.”409     The Restatement provides that “[w]here a party’s breach by non-

performance contributes materially to the non-occurrence of a condition of one of his

duties, the non-occurrence is excused.”410 This is sometimes referred to as the Prevention

Doctrine.411 But “the prevention doctrine ‘only applies . . . where the lack of cooperation

constitutes a breach . . . of a duty imposed by the terms of the agreement itself or of a duty

imposed by a term supplied by the court.’”412

       Plaintiffs have demonstrated by a preponderance of the evidence that the obligation

imposed on Alphonso by Section 12.1 is the sort requiring some affirmative action and

       409
         In re Anthem-Cigna Merger Litig., 2020 WL 5106556, at *90; see also Williams
Companies, Inc., 159 A.3d at 273 (citing Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 245 cmt. b
(1981)).
       410
             Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 245 (1981).
       411
             See Snow Phipps Grp., LLC, 2021 WL 1714202, at *52.
       412
          Id. at *53 n.576 (omissions in original) (quoting Restatement (Second) of
Contracts § 245 cmt. a (1981)).

                                             95
cooperation, the failure of which can give rise to a breach of contract. Plaintiffs also

showed that Alphonso breached its contract obligation under Section 12.1. Specifically,

Alphonso breached by failing to use reasonable efforts to ensure the effectiveness, and

Andrades and Sarma’s continued enjoyment of, the benefit of the Director-Designation

Right. This is a breach by non-performance.

       The question turns to whether the breach “materially contributed” to the non-

occurrence of what Defendants serially characterize as a “condition precedent.” 413 “A

breach ‘contributed materially’ to the non-occurrence of a condition if the conduct made

satisfaction of the condition less likely.”414

       Here, the condition required that at least one Key Holder remain an Alphonso officer

or employee.415 It is not disputed that Sexton, acting for Alphonso and thus owing

Andrades and Sarma the obligation to use reasonable efforts, terminated them. In doing

so, Sexton also terminated the Director-Designation Right.416 At the very least, this made

       413
             See, e.g., Post-Trial Oral Argument Tr. 167:16, 169:23–170:5.
       414
         Snow Phipps Grp., LLC, 2021 WL 1714202, at *52 (quoting In re Anthem-Cigna
Merger Litig., 2020 WL 5106556, at *91).
       415
             JX0050 § 10.2(b).
       416
          To the extent it is relevant, I recognize the “one of his duties” language in the
Restatement’s articulation of the Prevention Doctrine. Here, Alphonso has an affirmative
duty under Section 12.1 to use reasonable efforts to ensure that the rights granted in the
Stockholders’ Agreement are effective. This includes Andrades and Sarma’s Director-
Designation Right. And indeed, Defendants have expressly asserted that Section 12.1’s
second sentence relates to the Common Directors and rights related thereto. By
implication, their argument required Alphonso to use its reasonable efforts to “ensure” the
effectiveness of the Director-Designation Right. But the Director-Designation Right is

                                                 96
the satisfaction of the condition “less likely,” but, practically speaking, it eliminated the

right in its entirety. Although Sexton and Alphonso breached their obligations, neither has

argued that Sexton’s acts for Alphonso did not materially contribute to the non-occurrence

of the condition.417 And indeed, Sexton’s acts were the foreseeable and the “but for” cause

of the Designation Condition’s non-occurrence. Deliberate acts to sink a ship, while not

necessary, can be “sufficient to warrant application of the prevention doctrine.”418

       Here, it is probable that Sexton acted with the deliberate intention of “sinking the

ship.” But even if he did not, “the relevant question is limited to whether a party’s breach

‘contribute[d] materially to the non-occurrence of a condition.’”419 Thus, it does not

require “the court to analyze the subjective intent of the breaching party when conducting

conditioned on the non-occurrence of Andrades and Sarma’s employment termination. It
follows that the contractual duty to use reasonable efforts to ensure the Director-
Designation Right is also conditioned on the non-occurrence of the employment
terminations. Thus, by failing to use reasonable efforts, Alphonso materially contributed
to the non-occurrence of the condition on which one of its duties is predicated.
       417
           Once the breach has been shown, the burden shifts to the breaching party to show
that the breach did not “materially contribute” to the failure or non-occurrence of the
condition. Here, this is a burden that neither Alphonso nor Sexton have carried. See
Williams Companies, Inc., 159 A.3d at 273 (“[O]nce a breach of a covenant is established,
the burden is on the breaching party to show that the breach did not materially contribute
to the failure of the transaction.”) (citing Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 245 cmt. b
(1981)); Snow Phipps Grp., LLC, 2021 WL 1714202, at *52 (quoting In re Anthem-Cigna
Merger Litig., 2020 WL 5106556, at *91).
       418
             Snow Phipps Grp., LLC, 2021 WL 1714202, at *54.
       419
             Id. at *53 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 245 (1981)).

                                              97
this inquiry. Nor have cases applying th[e prevention] doctrine required the court to

undertake such an analysis.”420

       Defendants argued this issue at the post-trial hearing.421 Contrary to the relevant

standard, Defendants asserted that by terminating the Key Holders, “[i]t’s not as though

anything that defendants have done make that condition incapable of being satisfied.” 422

Thus, “this isn’t a circumstance which the prevention doctrine contemplates where

satisfaction of a condition has been rendered impossible by the defendants’ contract.”423

But as I have already noted, neither Delaware nor the Restatement look to whether a party’s

acts caused the impossibility of the condition. Instead, they look to whether the party’s

non-performance made the satisfaction of a condition “less likely.”424

       Here, Plaintiffs have satisfied this requirement and Defendants have not shown

otherwise. These findings excuse the Designation Condition. Accordingly, I read the

Director-Designation Right in Section 10.2(b) of the Stockholders’ Agreement as no longer

subject to the Designation Condition. As it would have been had Alphonso performed its

Section 12.1 obligation, Andrades and Sarma step back into the shoes of Employee Key

       420
             Id.
       421
             Post-Trial Oral Argument Tr. 169:23–170:14.
       422
             Id.
       423
             Id.
       424
         Snow Phipps Grp., LLC, 2021 WL 1714202, at *52 (quoting In re Anthem-Cigna
Merger Litig., 2020 WL 5106556, at *91).

                                            98
Holders, and the Employee Key Holder Majority is thus the majority holder of Alphonso’s

Capital Stock held by Andrades and Sarma.

       Although neither party has raised the issue, I acknowledge that there is an exception

to the prevention doctrine where a party assumed the risk of prevention. That is, “‘[t]here

is no prevention claim where the contract, in effect, authorizes prevention’ by allocating

the risk of the condition’s nonoccurrence.”425 This exception “generally applies in two

situations. The first is when a contract ‘uses explicit language to authorize prevention.’

Courts have recognized explicit authorizing language including ‘for any reasons

whatsoever,’ ‘regardless of the circumstances giving rise to such condition,’ or ‘nothing

[therein] requires’ the agreed-upon condition precedent be consummated.”426                This

application is not relevant here. “The second [application arises] ‘when contract terms

condition the consummation of a transaction upon the approval of the other party, or subject

one party to the discretion, satisfaction, or decision of the other party or a third-party.”427

       Although this latter application might seem more apt for the present facts, it is also

unavailing. As noted above,428 the extent to which the Stockholders’ Agreement can be

read as conferring any right on Alphonso’s CEO to terminate employees is tempered by

       425
         Murphy Marine Servs. of Delaware, Inc. v. GT USA Wilmington, LLC, 2022 WL
4296495, at *13 (Del. Ch. Sept. 19, 2022) (footnote omitted).
       426
             Id. (alteration in original) (footnotes omitted) (quotation marks omitted).
       427
             Id.
       428
             Supra Section II.C.3.

                                               99
the requirement to use reasonable efforts to ensure the rights granted therein. In other

words, the Stockholders’ Agreement never gave the CEO unfettered discretion. It included

an express limit on the exercise of the termination discretion to the extent such exercise

could be seen to interfere with the other rights granted to the parties in the Stockholder

Agreement. Accordingly, neither Andrades nor Sarma can be seen to have assumed the

risk of prevention.

             2. The December Consent Is Invalid

       After Zenith believed the Key Holders to be properly terminated on December 16,

2022, it executed the December Consent.429 The December Consent stated the following:

“pursuant to Section 10.2(c) and Section 10.3(a)(ii) of the Stockholders’ Agreement,

Directors Ashish Chordia, Raghu Kodige, and Lampros Kalampoukas are removed from

the Board.”430

       Section 10.2(c) provides: “Any vacant director seats not subject to designation in

accordance with Subsection 10.2(a) or Subsection 10.2(b) above shall be appointed by the

holders of Capital Stock entitled to vote in accordance with applicable law and the Restated

Certificate.”431

       Section 10.3(a)(ii) provides:

       Each director shall serve until his or her successor is elected and qualified or
       until his or her earlier resignation or removal. Each Stockholder also agrees

       429
             See JX0563.
       430
             Id. at 2.
       431
             JX0050.

                                             100
       to vote, or cause to be voted, all Shares owned by such Stockholder, or over
       which such Stockholder has voting control, from time to time and at all times,
       in whatever manner as shall be necessary to ensure that: (a) no director
       elected pursuant to Subsection 10.2(a) or (b) of this Agreement may be
       removed from office unless . . . (ii) the Person(s) originally entitled to
       designate or approve such director or occupy such Board seat pursuant to
       Subsection 10.2(a) or (b) is no longer so entitled to designate or approve
       such director[.]432

       The validity of the December Consent thus depends on those entitled to appoint the

Common Directors under Section 10.2(b), being “no longer so entitled to designate or

approve such director[.]”433 Since I have found that the Designation Condition was

excused and Andrades and Sarma stepped into the shoes of acting Employee Key Holders,

it follows that the requirements of Section 10.3(a)(ii) were not satisfied and the December

Consent must be deemed invalid.

       I recognize the impracticality of returning Chordia, Kodige, and Kalampoukas to

the Board since their terms have already expired.434 But the Director-Designation Right is

a continuing right under the Stockholders’ Agreement. Accordingly, I find it appropriate

for the majority holder of Alphonso’s Capital Stock presently held by Andrades and Sarma

to select the directors to fill the seats properly allocable to the Common Directors.

       Defendants have argued that it would be improper to return certain Key Holders to

the Board since they now work for a competitor. But even if this were true, it is not clear

       432
             Id. (emphasis added).
       433
             JX0050 § 10.3(a)(ii).
       434
           Indeed, the parties debated at significant length the question of appropriate and
practical remedies in the event of a finding of breach.

                                            101
why this requires precluding their membership on the Board, should Andrades and Sarma

so choose. Our high court has explained that there is “‘no dilution’ of the duty of loyalty

when a director ‘holds dual or multiple’ fiduciary obligations.”435 If they were to act

inconsistent with their fiduciary duties, they would expose themselves to fairly obvious

civil liability consequences.

          That being said, I strongly encourage Andrades and Sarma to give consideration to

whom they will select as Common Directors—taking into account the events described

herein.

                                III.      CONCLUSION

          The foregoing compels judgment in Plaintiffs’ favor. Andrades and Sarma step into

the shoes of Employee Key Holders under the Stockholders’ Agreement, the Director-

Designation Right remains operative, and the Designation Condition is excused. The

parties are directed to confer on a form of implementing order that includes a process for

Andrades and Sarma to designate Common Directors and to file such proposed form of

order within three business days.

          435
           See Frederick Hsu Living Tr. v. ODN Holding Corp., 2017 WL 1437308, at *28
(Del. Ch. Apr. 14, 2017), as corrected (Apr. 24, 2017). (“‘If the interests of the
beneficiaries to whom the dual fiduciary owes duties are aligned, then there is no conflict.’
But if the interests of the beneficiaries diverge, the fiduciary faces an inherent conflict of
interest. ‘There is no ‘safe harbor’ for such divided loyalties in Delaware.’”) (citations
omitted).

                                             102