Court Opinion

ID: 4300870
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-08-03 14:53:33.878722+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:42:24.956955
License: Public Domain

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

                                       NO. 03-16-00854-CV

           Francis Campone and Sai Temple of Spiritual Healing, Inc., Appellants

                                                  v.

                  Steven Kline and Fay Kline a/k/a Phaedra Kline, Appellees

     FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 98TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
     NO. D-1-GN-15-004361, HONORABLE CHARLES R. RAMSAY, JUDGE PRESIDING

                             MEMORANDUM OPINION

               Appellants Francis Campone and Sai Temple of Spiritual Healing, Inc. sued appellees

Steven and Fay Kline for defamation.1 The Klines filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to the Texas

Citizens Participation Act (“TCPA”). See generally Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code §§ 27.001-.011.

Following a hearing, the trial court signed an order granting the motion and ordering appellants to

pay the Klines $10,000 in trial-level attorney’s fees, as well as approximately $3,000 in costs and

expenses and additional attorney’s fees in the event of an unsuccessful appeal. Appellants argue that

Steven’s motion to dismiss was untimely, that the TCPA does not apply to their claims, that they

presented prima facie evidence of each element of their claims, that the Klines did not prove each

element of their affirmative defenses, and that the trial court erred in awarding the Klines attorney’s

       1
          Because some of the parties and witnesses share surnames, we will refer to those
individuals by their first names when necessary for clarity.
fees. As explained below, we will reverse the trial court’s order dismissing appellants’ defamation

claim against Steven related to statements he allegedly made to Charlotte Michelson and awarding

attorney’s fees. We will otherwise affirm the trial court’s order of dismissal.

                              Standard of Review and Applicable Law

                The TCPA is intended to “encourage and safeguard the constitutional rights of

persons to petition, speak freely, associate freely, and otherwise participate in government to the

maximum extent permitted by law and, at the same time, protect the rights of a person to file

meritorious lawsuits for demonstrable injury.” Id. § 27.002; see ExxonMobil Pipeline Co.

v. Coleman, 512 S.W.3d 895, 898 (Tex. 2017) (per curiam). The TCPA must be “construed

liberally” to fully effectuate its intent and provides for the expedited dismissal of claims brought “to

intimidate or to silence” a defendant’s exercise of his First Amendment rights.                  Coleman,
512 S.W.3d at 898 (quoting Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 27.011(b)). Thus, a motion to dismiss

under the TCPA must be filed within sixty days after a defendant is served with a “legal action”

“based on, relating to, or in response to a party’s exercise of the right of free speech, right to petition,

or right of association.” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 27.003(a), (b). A trial court “may extend

the time to file a motion [to dismiss] on a showing of good cause.” Id. § 27.003(b).

                The trial court must dismiss the legal action if the movant shows by a preponderance

of the evidence that the claim against him is based on, relates to, or is in response to his exercise of

those rights. Id. § 27.005(b); see Coleman, 512 S.W.3d at 898; In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d 579, 586

(Tex. 2015) (orig. proceeding). The “exercise of the right of free speech” is defined as “a

communication made in connection with a matter of public concern,” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code

                                                     2
§ 27.001(3); a “communication” is defined to “include[] the making or submitting of a statement or

document in any form or medium, including oral, visual, written, audiovisual, or electronic,”

id. § 27.001(1); and a “matter of public concern” is defined to “include[] an issue related to:

(A) health or safety; (B) environmental, economic, or community well-being; (C) the government;

(D) a public official or public figure; or (E) a good, product, or service in the marketplace,” id.

§ 27.001(7). The “exercise of the right of association” is defined as “a communication between

individuals who join together to collectively express, promote, pursue, or defend common interests.”

Id. § 27.001(2). If the defendant shows that the TCPA applies, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to

establish “by clear and specific evidence a prima facie case for each essential element of the claim

in question.” Id. § 27.005(c). If the nonmovant makes such a showing, the trial court will still

dismiss the action if the movant “establishes by a preponderance of the evidence each essential

element of a valid defense” to the nonmovant’s claim. Id. § 27.005(d).

                We begin by asking whether the defendant showed that the plaintiff’s claims were

based on, related to, or in response to the movant’s exercise of its right to free speech, without regard

to the truth of the alleged statements. In re Lipsky, 411 S.W.3d 530, 543 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2013, orig. proceeding); Kinney v. BCG Att’y Search, Inc., No. 03-12-00579-CV, 2014 WL 1432012,

at *5 (Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 11, 2014, pet. denied) (mem. op.). Questions related to whether the

alleged statements were defamatory, including an inquiry into their truth, are reserved for the second

part of our review, when we ask whether the plaintiff presented a prima facie case as to his claims.

See Lipsky, 411 S.W.3d at 543; Kinney, 2014 WL 1432012, at *5. We apply a de novo standard to

                                                   3
both steps. See Sloat v. Rathbun, 513 S.W.3d 500, 503 (Tex. App.—Austin 2015, pet. dism’d);

Serafine v. Blunt, 466 S.W.3d 352, 357 (Tex. App.—Austin 2015, no pet.).

                                        Factual Summary

               Francis is a spiritualist minister and healer. He founded and led the Temple, and his

wife, Rupal Campone, was the treasurer. Membership in the Temple community was open to

anyone, and members were not required to pay dues, to make donations, or to pay for healing

sessions, although Francis periodically sent emails to his followers soliciting donations in exchange

for “intensives,” also called intensive healing sessions, and other healing sessions. The Klines

became followers and attended healing sessions starting in 2008. Steven became very involved as

a volunteer and eventually donated $25,000 to help Francis purchase some land intended to be used

as a farm and for meetings and healing sessions.

               Fay testified in her deposition that she began doubting Francis’s healing abilities and

eventually expressed her doubts to Steven in early 2013. Despite Fay’s misgivings, Steven continued

to have confidence in Francis “well into 2013.” However, in December 2013, Karen Robison, a

therapist who is a close friend of the Klines, told them “that three women had confided to her that

Francis had behaving inappropriately with them.” Karen said that the women had spoken to her

independent of one another and “that Francis had either spoken to them inappropriately or possibly

had an affair with one or more of these women.” In his deposition, Steven testified similarly, saying

that Karen Robison told him that several women had told her “that Francis made inappropriate

comments to some women that made them so uncomfortable that they discontinued going to see

them” or “had made comments implying they had had a sexual relationship with him.” He did not

                                                   4
have any direct or personal knowledge of the truth of the rumors, and he said he did not know the

names of any of the women involved.

               Steven testified that shortly after hearing those reports from Karen, he discussed the

rumors with about nine or ten people, including Fay, making it “very clear” that it was hearsay when

he shared the allegations.2 The people he told were all current or former members of the Temple

community who were also having misgivings about Francis, his abilities, and his behavior; some of

them had recently terminated their association with appellants, most of the others terminated their

association shortly after discussing their misgivings with Steven. Fay admitted that the rumors

“came up in the conversation” with other people involved with the community, but she could not

remember who she had told. She said that she was with Steven during those conversations and that

they said that a “very reliable source revealed to Steve and me that Francis had been inappropriate

in some regard with three women,” always explaining “that this was secondhand information.” On

December 18, 2013, Steven severed his connections with appellants via email.

               In early 2014, Francis decided to sell the farm, and on February 4, 2014, Steven

emailed him about that sale, asking whether Francis planned to “reimburse those of us who put

money in specifically for the land purchase and/or improvements” and saying that Steven “strongly

believe[d] the moral and ethical thing for you to do is to reimburse” those individuals. On

       2
         Steven said another woman told him that she was having a sexual relationship with Francis,
but he did not believe her and “put no credibility in her comments.” He said he discussed her
comments with two other members of the community, and those people “both concurred, yeah, don’t
believe this—don’t believe this person. A very mentally confused individual.”

                                                 5
February 18, 2014, Rupal sent Steven a letter regarding “False and defamatory statements made by

you to others regarding Reverend Francis Campone.” Rupal said:

       It has come to the Board’s attention that false statements were made by you to others
       regarding Reverend Francis Campone of Sai Temple of Spiritual Healing,
       Incorporated (SAI TEMPLE).

       You are hereby warned and notified to CEASE AND DESIST making false and
       defamatory statements regarding Reverend Francis Campone.

       The statements made by you regarding Reverend Campone are false and defamatory.
       If you fail to discontinue this defamation, we will have to take legal action.

She also asked Steven to stop using the Temple’s email and contact list and to return the Temple’s

keys and credit card. Steven responded by email on March 1, 2014, stating, “The statement that I

made false and defamatory statements against Francis is incorrect. Apparently the content of

discussions I had with a very few people was not precisely, accurately and completely

communicated.” He stated that he would return the keys and credit card and that he would not use

the Temple’s email list in the future. However, he said, “Obviously I have established personal

relationships with some of these people and will continue to communicate with them as I see fit.”

               Francis and his wife moved out of state in October 2014, but he traveled back to

Texas to conduct healing sessions “as often as I was able.” In February 2015, he returned to Texas

for a healing session with Charlotte Michelson, at which time, he testified, Michelson told him:

       she had stopped coming to the Sai Temple and stopped asking me for healing
       because she had been told by Steven Kline in April of 2014 that I was having an
       affair with at least one married woman who attended the Sai Temple and that my
       wife was a devil worshiper. She said that she was afraid to come to the Sai Temple

                                                6
       or to my healing sessions anymore because of these statements by Mr. Kline. I had
       never heard of these statements by Mr. Kline to Ms. Michelson before.

Michelson testified in her deposition that in late April 2014, she ran into Steven, who told her:

       that Francis was a fake, he never healed anyone. He said that he had given Francis
       a lot of money and he wanted it back. He said that Francis . . . had an affair with
       Teresa who lived up at the farm in a trailer with her husband. He said that Rupal,
       Francis’s wife, was a devil worshiper and she—and if I went to Francis, he would
       drain all the energy away from me and somehow give it to Rupal or something.

Michelson was shocked by Steven’s allegations, and she called two other people associated with the

Temple. One of them “basically told me the same things,” and the other “said he didn’t know

anything, all he knew was that nobody believed in Francis anymore.” A third person who had been

associated with the group called Michelson and “said the same things that Steve Kline had told me

and that she believed the stuff, and [Michelson] was shocked again, shocked because she was one

of Francis’s real big fans.” Michelson said she did not see Francis for healing between April and

October 2014 because “I was afraid to go back after what Mr. Kline told me.”

               Francis sued Steven for defamation on September 30, 2015. The Temple was added

as a plaintiff in March 2016, and appellants added Fay as a defendant in August 2016. Appellants

alleged that Steven had defamed Francis in his conversation with Michelson and that Fay made

defamatory statements about Francis to Theresa Chai “and probably others.” Appellants alleged that

the statements were defamatory per se and had caused the Temple to lose followers, volunteers, and

donations. The Klines filed a motion to dismiss under the TCPA on September 23, 2016, which the

                                                 7
trial court granted on November 22, awarding the Klines $10,000 in attorney’s fees, costs and

expenses amounting to slightly more than $3,000, and conditional appellate attorney’s fees.

               Appellants complain that Steven’s motion was untimely under the TCPA and that he

did not show good cause for extending the deadline to file; that the TCPA does not apply to

appellants’ claim against the Klines; that appellants put forth prima facie evidence for each element

of their claim; that the Klines did not establish their affirmative defenses; and that the court erred

in its award of attorney’s fees. We will consider the timeliness of Steven’s motion first.

                            Timeliness of Steven’s Motion to Dismiss

               On September 30, 2015, Francis filed an original petition naming Steven as the sole

defendant and asserting a claim for defamation.3 The full allegations related to the facts and asserted

cause of action read as follows:

       Kline made a series of defamatory statements concerning Campone, a private
       Plaintiff. Campone wrote to Kline asking him to stop making such statements.
       Nevertheless, Kline continued making defamatory statements about Campone.
       Specifically, Kline ran into Charlotte Michelson at a Sprint store in the Austin area
       in January 2015. Kline asked Michelson to step outside so he could tell her what was
       going on. He then proceeded to make defamatory statements about Campone that
       were false.

       The statements complained of purported to be statements of fact. The statements
       were unambiguous. With regard to the falsity of the statements, Kline was either
       acting with actual malice, was negligent, or is liable without regard to fault.

Steven was served with the original petition on October 2015 and filed an answer in November 2015.

       3
        The original petition named only Francis as a plaintiff, but in March 2016, he filed an
amended petition, adding the Temple as a plaintiff and making the same allegations of fact.

                                                  8
               On August 9, 2016, appellants filed a second amended petition, adding Fay as a

defendant. The full recitation of “Facts and Cause of Action” reads as follows:

       Steven Kline made a series of defamatory statements concerning Campone, a private
       Plaintiff. Campone wrote to Steven Kline asking him to stop making such
       statements. Nevertheless, Steven Kline continued making defamatory statements
       about Campone. Specifically, Steven Kline ran into Charlotte Michelson at a Sprint
       store in the Austin area in January 2015. Steven Kline asked Michelson to step
       outside so he could tell her what was going on. He then proceeded to make
       defamatory statements about Campone that were false. Steven Kline also made
       defamatory statements to others concerning Campone, as more particularly described
       in his deposition.

       Phaedra Kline made defamatory statements to Theresa Chai and probably others.
       Those statements are described in Ms. Chai’s deposition.

       The statements complained of purported to be statements of fact. The statements
       were unambiguous. With regard to the falsity of the statements, Steven Kline and
       Phaedra Kline were either acting with actual malice, were negligent, or are liable
       without regard to fault.

       The statements were defamatory per se. Therefore, damages are presumed.

       Plaintiff Sai Temple has been harmed by the defamatory statements made by Steven
       Kline and Phaedra Kline about its leader, Plaintiff Campone.

               On September 23, 2016, the Klines filed a joint motion to dismiss. The Klines

acknowledged that the motion was filed more than sixty days after Steven was served with the

original petition and asked the trial court to grant an extension of time, asserting:

       the only allegation contained in Plaintiff’s Original Petition was allegedly made in
       January 2015, but has now been shown by the witness’s own testimony to have been
       made in April 2014, if made at all. As such, that claim would have been barred by
       the one-year statute of limitations. It was not until the filing of Plaintiffs’ Second
       Amended Original Petition that additional claims were made against Mr. Kline. As
       set forth above, this Motion is brought within 60 days of the service of Plaintiffs’

                                                  9
       Second Amended Original Petition and these additional claims. Considering that
       Plaintiff’s [sic] original allegation was, and still is, falsely dated to avoid limitations,
       that the new claims against Mr. Kline were added less than 60 days ago, that these
       new claims still fail to contain any specificity, and that Mrs. Kline has just been
       added to the lawsuit and has timely filed this Motion, good cause exists to extend Mr.
       Kline’s time to file this Motion. Accordingly, Mr. Kline respectfully requests the
       Court grant him an extension and accept this Motion as timely.

The motion went on to state that the alleged statements by Steven were made in connection with a

matter of public concern and to assert limitations, truth, and qualified privilege as defenses.

               Appellants filed a third amended petition on October 11, 2016, adding allegations

explaining how Campone learned of the Klines’ remarks in February 2015 and in August 2016 and

asserting that the discovery rule should apply to toll the running of limitations. They also provided

more detail about the allegedly defamatory statements made by Fay. Appellants responded to the

Klines’ motion, filing an amended response the day before the hearing. In the amended response,

appellants argued that the second amended petition did not assert any new claims against Steven and

thus did not restart the sixty-day period. They contended that dismissal after the suit had been

pending for a year would not serve the intent of the TCPA—to provide for dismissal early in the

litigation—noting discovery had gotten well underway. Appellants also asserted that Steven had not

shown good cause for an extension of the TCPA deadline. As for Steven’s assertion that he recently

learned that he could assert limitations as a defense, appellants argued that Steven had at the same

time learned that the discovery rule would toll limitations and, therefore, that he should not be

granted additional time on that basis, stating, “A limitations defense that is defeated by application

of the discovery rule does not provide good cause [for] missing the 60-day deadline.”

                                                   10
               At the hearing, the parties touched on the timeliness of Steven’s motion, but most of

the discussion and argument was related to the timeliness of additional affidavits filed by the Klines

a week before the hearing, appellants’ objections to those affidavits, and the time frame in which the

trial court was required to rule on the motion to dismiss. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial

court stated that it was taking the matter under advisement. About two weeks after the hearing, the

trial court signed its order granting the Klines’ motion to dismiss. It did not make findings, rulings,

or other statements related to Steven’s request for additional time to file his motion. See Tex. Civ.

Prac. & Rem. Code § 27.003(b) (trial court may extend time for filing TCPA motion).

               In their first issue, appellants contend that the motion to dismiss, filed on

September 23, 2016, was untimely as to Steven. However, in their second and third amended

petitions, appellants added new factual allegations about instances of alleged defamation, aside from

his statements to Charlotte Michelson. The deadline for filing a TCPA motion may be reset if an

amended petition asserts claims “based upon new factual allegations,” see Jordan v. Hall,

510 S.W.3d 194, 198 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, no pet.). The second, and then third,

amended petitions alleged new and distinct injuries, including adding Fay as a defendant, and thus

the motion was timely as to all of appellants’ defamation claims other than those grounded in the

alleged statements made to Michelson. See Stephan v. Baylor Med. Ctr., 20 S.W.3d 880, 888 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2000, pet. denied) (each republication of defamatory statement generally inflicts “new

and distinct injury” and thus can be basis of new and separate claim).

               As for the appellants’ allegations related to Steven’s statements to

Michelson—specifically, the new assertion that the conversation between Steven and Michelson

                                                  11
occurred in 2014, not 2015— we conclude that changing the date does not amount to asserting a new

claim. Appellants merely clarified the date of the alleged conversation, but all of the other relevant

details, including the very specific allegations of where and how the conversation took place,

remained essentially the same. Steven claims that the conversation never took place at all; he does

not argue that he was somehow misled or confused because he had not spoken to Michelson in 2015

but had in 2014. We therefore conclude that Steven’s motion was untimely as to appellants’

defamation claim related to the Michelson conversation.

               Steven also asserts that he showed good cause for extending the time to file his

motion as to the Michelson allegations. The granting of an extension of time under section

27.003(b) is left to the trial court’s discretion. See Morin v. Law Office of Kleinhans Gruber, PLLC,

No. 03-15-00174-CV, 2015 WL 4999045, at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 21, 2015, no pet.) (mem.

op.). However, the trial court did not make statements related to Steven’s request for an extension

of time for good cause and the Klines did not obtain any explicit ruling on that request. See In re

Estate of Check, 438 S.W.3d 829, 836 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2014, no pet.). Even if we assume

that by granting the TCPA motion, the trial court impliedly granted Steven’s request, see Schimmel

v. McGregor, 438 S.W.3d 847, 855 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet. denied) (trial court’s

statement that TCPA motion was timely filed “impliedly ruled that there was good cause for

defendant’s failure to file his motion on time as required under the TCPA”), we cannot hold that

Steven showed good cause as to why he did not seek dismissal under the TCPA when he was

originally sued.

                                                 12
                As noted above, appellants’ allegations about the circumstances surrounding the

conversation remained unchanged other than their clarifying that the conversation occurred in 2014,

not 2015. Steven denied that he had ever had such a conversation with Michelson as alleged in

either petition. There was no explanation of why Steven could not have sought dismissal within

sixty days of originally being sued. Under these particular facts, we agree with appellants that

Steven did not show good cause for extending the TCPA deadline—from sixty days to one full

year—as to the defamation claim grounded on the Michelson conversation. See Jordan, 510 S.W.3d

at 198-99 (TCPA deadline is not reset when amended petition does not add new claims or factual

allegations); Morin, 2015 WL 4999045, at *3 (“In assessing ‘good cause’ in other contexts, the

supreme court held that ‘[g]ood cause is established by showing that the failure involved was an

accident or mistake, not intentional or the result of conscious indifference.’” (quoting Wheeler

v. Green, 157 S.W.3d 439, 442 (Tex. 2005))); Check, 438 S.W.3d at 836-37 (reiterating TCPA’s

purpose of expedited dismissal of unmeritorious suits related to exercise of free speech). We

overrule their first issue as to appellants’ claims against Fay and their claims against Steven not

arising out of the alleged conversation with Michelson. We sustain appellants’ first issue as it relates

to their claim for defamation grounded in the Michelson conversation. Thus, the following analysis

only concerns appellants’ claims that do not relate to the Michelson conversation.

                                      Does the TCPA Apply?

                In their second issue, appellants urge first that the TCPA does not apply to their

defamation claims; second, that they presented prima facie evidence of each element of their claims;

and third, that the Klines did not establish each element of their affirmative defenses. We begin by

                                                  13
asking whether the Klines showed that appellants’ claims were based on, related to, or were in

response to the Klines’ exercise of their right to free speech, without regard to whether appellants’

allegations are true. See Lipsky, 411 S.W.3d at 543; Kinney, 2014 WL 1432012, at *5.

               Appellants first argue that because the Klines denied the allegations, they cannot seek

dismissal under the TCPA. However, the supreme court has held that whether the TCPA applies is

evaluated based on the claims made in the plaintiff’s pleadings and is not affected by a defendant’s

denial of those allegations. Hersh v. Tatum, 526 S.W.3d 462, 466-67 (Tex. 2017).

               Further, the fact that the Klines were ending their affiliation with appellants at

approximately the same time they allegedly made their statements does not mean, as argued by

appellants, that the statements cannot be considered related to or based on the Klines’ exercise of

their right of association. The Klines were members of the spiritual community for a number of

years, as were the people with whom they allegedly shared their statement, and the statements

involved discussing the behavior of the leader of the community. The Klines showed that appellants’

claim was based on their exercise of the right of association. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code

§ 27.001(2) (defining “right of association” as communication between individuals “who join

together to collectively express, promote, pursue, or defend common interests”); see, e.g., Fawcett

v. Rogers, 492 S.W.3d 18, 23-24 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, no pet.) (parties to lawsuit

were all members of same Masonic lodge); Combined Law Enf’t Ass’ns of Tex. v. Sheffield,

No. 03-13-00105-CV, 2014 WL 411672, at *5 (Tex. App.—Austin Jan. 31, 2014, pet. denied) (mem.

op.) (defamation claim based on allegations of misconduct during and immediately following

plaintiff’s employment with association of members who sought “to collectively express, promote,

                                                 14
or defend the common interests of police officers”; claim related to members’ exercise of right

of association).

               Appellants also contend that the Klines did not show that the alleged statements were

exercises of their right of free speech because the statements were not about matters of public

concern. However, courts have noted the expansive scope of the TCPA, with the supreme court

stating that “[t]he TCPA casts a wide net” and that “[a]lmost every imaginable form of

communication, in any medium, is covered.”            Adams v. Starside Custom Builders, LLC,

547 S.W.3d 890, 894 (Tex. 2018); see Cavin v. Abbott, 545 S.W.3d 47, 60-65 (Tex. App.—Austin

2017, no pet.) (discussing cases showing breadth of TCPA); see also Craig v. Tejas Promotions,

LLC, __ S.W.3d __, No. 03-16-00611-CV, 2018 WL 2050213, at *5 (Tex. App.—Austin

May 3, 2018, no pet. h.) (noting TCPA’s “broad terms”). The TCPA has been held to apply to

defamation cases arising out of: an email and a blog post alleging that a developer had not paid

creditors, commingled funds, engaged in contract fraud, and failed to disclose a felony conviction,

Adams, 547 S.W.3d at 894-96; allegations that an employee had not properly gauged a storage tank,

Coleman, 512 S.W.3d at 897-98; allegations that a certified registered nurse anesthetist held himself

out as a doctor, endangered patients, and sexually harassed employees, Lippencott v. Whisenhunt,

462 S.W.3d 507, 508-09 (Tex. 2015) (per curiam); allegations of mental illness and spousal abuse,

Cavin, 545 S.W.3d at 53, 63-64; allegations that a parent was abusive toward a little league umpire,

Bilbrey v. Williams, No. 02-13-00332-CV, 2015 WL 1120921, at *8-9 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar.

12, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.); and a former employee’s online review of his former employer,

Kinney, 2014 WL 1432012, at *1, 5. Appellants alleged that the Klines had said that Francis was

                                                 15
conducting himself improperly in his role as a religious leader, had made multiple women feel

uncomfortable, was taking financial advantage of members of the spiritual community, and was

falsely holding himself out as a healer when he had no such abilities. Those allegations can be

viewed as touching on issues of public health (whether Francis was improperly claiming he could

heal physical ailments) and public safety (whether he made women feel unsafe), economic

well-being (whether he was improperly retaining donated funds), community well-being (whether

the Temple and Francis as its leader were behaving properly), and potentially even a service in the

marketplace (the validity of Francis’s claims of being able to heal ailments). See Tex. Civ. Prac. &

Rem. Code § 27.001(7). The trial court would not have erred in concluding that the Klines’ alleged

statements about Francis’s behavior were made in connection with matters of public concern.

               We overrule appellants’ argument that the TCPA does not apply to their claims.

                            Was Dismissal Proper Under the TCPA?

               Because the TCPA applies, we now consider the other issues raised by appellants.

As we will explain below, Steven established the affirmative defense of limitations, and both he and

Fay established the defense of qualified privilege. Therefore, assuming without deciding that

appellants carried their burden of establishing by clear and specific evidence a prima facie case for

each essential element of their defamation claims, we will affirm the trial court’s order of dismissal.

See id. § 27.005(d) (court shall dismiss legal action if movant establishes each essential element of

valid defense by preponderance of evidence).

               In their answer, the Klines asserted that appellants’ claims against them were barred

by limitations, and in their TCPA motion, they asserted specifically that the claims against Steven

                                                  16
were barred by limitations. Appellants do not contest that Steven’s alleged defamatory statements

were made more than a year before they filed suit. See id. § 16.002(a) (one-year limitations period

for defamation suit); Deaver v. Desai, 483 S.W.3d 668, 674 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015,

no pet.) (“For defamation claims, there is a one-year statute of limitations, which begins to run from

the day the cause of action accrues.”). Instead, they assert that the running of limitations was tolled

under the discovery rule.

               The discovery rule applies to a defamation claim when the defamatory statement is

“inherently undiscoverable or not a matter of public knowledge.” Velocity Databank, Inc. v. Shell

Offshore, Inc., 456 S.W.3d 605, 609 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet. denied); Deaver,
483 S.W.3d at 674-75. “To be ‘inherently undiscoverable,’ an injury need not be impossible to

discover, but it must be, by nature, unlikely to be discovered within the prescribed limitations period

despite due diligence.” Velocity Databank, 456 S.W.3d at 609 (citing S.V. v. R.V., 933 S.W.2d 1,

7 (Tex. 1996)). If the discovery rule is deemed to apply, limitations begin to run when the plaintiff

learns or should have learned of the defamatory statement. Id. (citing Childs v. Haussecker,

974 S.W.2d 31, 37 (Tex. 1998)). “The discovery rule is a limited exception to strict compliance with

the statute of limitations.” Computer Assocs. Int’l, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 918 S.W.2d 453, 457 (Tex.

1996); see Velocity Databank, 456 S.W.3d at 609 (“The statute of limitations is applied strictly and

the discovery rule is a very limited exception.”). “The inherently undiscoverable requirement is

strictly construed.” Roberts v. Davis, No. 06-07-00024-CV, 2007 WL 3194813, at *2 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana Nov. 1, 2007, pet. denied) (mem. op.).

                                                  17
                The Klines both admitted to passing along Robison’s hearsay allegations to several

people in late 2013. Rupal wrote Steven a cease-and-desist letter in early February 2014, instructing

him to stop defaming Francis and threatening to take legal action if he persisted. Steven testified in

his deposition that Rupal’s cease-and-desist letter referred to his discussing the rumors with other

members or former members of the community. He also testified that he was referring to those

rumors in his December 2013 email terminating his association with appellants, in which he said,

“I have seen and heard instances of less than unconditionally loving and truthful words and actions.

I have heard other instances of this from others, including descriptions of sexual indiscretions. This

is hearsay, but I trust the sources of the most serious matters.” Chai testified in her deposition, taken

August 8, 2016, that Fay told her Francis had had “inappropriate relationships with some of the

people he was healing.” Chai did not remember when Fay told her about the rumors but testified that

it was not within the last year; appellants immediately added Fay as a defendant.

                For his part, Francis’s affidavit set out a chronology of the Temple and the Klines’

involvement with it, including Steven’s February 2014 letter asking to be reimbursed for his

donation. In the paragraph immediately following, Francis averred:

        I began to hear that Steven Kline was telling people that I had been having affairs
        with women who had attended the Sai Temple. Such statements were false and
        Steven Kline could have confirmed that they were false by asking the women he
        claimed were involved. I also became aware that persons who had been involved in
        the Temple’s work and in healing sessions were disappearing.

        On February 18, 2014, my wife, who was Treasurer of the Sai Temple, sent a “cease
        and desist” letter, return receipt requested, to Steven Kline demanding that he stop
        making false statements about me, that he stop using the Sai Temple email list, and
        that he return keys to the Temple property and a Sai Temple credit card that he still
        had. A copy of that February 18, 2014, letter is attached as Exhibit D to this

                                                   18
        Affidavit. My wife and I did not take any further action regarding the reports that we
        had heard.

                As stated earlier, the discovery rule only operates to toll limitations when the

defamation is “inherently undiscoverable or not a matter of public knowledge.” Velocity Databank,
456 S.W.3d at 609. The injury need not be impossible to discover, but by nature it must be unlikely

to be discovered within the limitations period despite the plaintiff’s due diligence. Id. Further, if

the discovery rule does apply, limitations will begin to run when the plaintiff learns or should have

learned of the defamation. Id. We will strictly construe the discovery rule and its “inherently

undiscoverable” requirement. See Altai, 918 S.W.2d at 457; Velocity Databank, 456 S.W.3d at 609;

Roberts, 2007 WL 3194813, at *2.

                “Once a claimant learns of a wrongful injury, the statute of limitations begins to run

even if the claimant does not yet know the specific cause of the injury; the party responsible for it;

the full extent of it; or the chances of avoiding it.” Exxon Corp. v. Emerald Oil & Gas Co.,

348 S.W.3d 194, 207 (Tex. 2011) (cleaned up). “After being put on notice of the alleged harm or

injury-causing actions, the claimant must exercise reasonable diligence to investigate the suspected

harm and file suit, if at all, within the limitations period.” Id.

                The evidence presented by the parties, including Francis’s own affidavit, establishes

that Francis knew that Steven had made statements about alleged sexual misconduct on Francis’s

part before Rupal sent Steven the cease-and-desist letter on February 18, 2014. Francis specifically

averred that he and Rupal “did not take any further action” regarding that knowledge. He did not

file suit until late September 2015, seven months after he learned of Steven’s alleged conversation

                                                   19
with Michelson and more than eighteen months after he learned of Steven’s alleged defamation in

the Temple community. The fact that Francis learned in early 2015 that Steven had also defamed

him to Michelson does not mean that limitations was tolled until that discovery. Instead, limitations

began to run sometime between December 2013 and February 18, 2014, which was the latest date

on which appellants knew or suspected that Steven was defaming them to some degree. Because

Campone’s affidavit establishes that appellants had actual notice of the potential harm as of that date,

appellants had one year to investigate the extent of the defamation and file suit. They failed to do

so and therefore cannot rely on the discovery rule to toll the running of limitations. See id.

Therefore, Steven showed by a preponderance of the evidence that appellants’ claims against him

(other than the claim related to Michelson) are time-barred.

               Further, the Klines both contended that they had established the defense of qualified

privilege because their statements were made without malice, concerned Francis’s actions as leader

of the Temple community, and were communicated only to other members of the community.

               A “qualified privilege exists under the common law when a statement is made in good

faith and the author, recipient, a third person, or one of their family members has an interest that is

sufficiently affected by the statement.” Neely v. Wilson, 418 S.W.3d 52, 62 (Tex. 2013). Such a

privilege “remains intact as long as communications pass only to persons having an interest or duty

in the matter to which the communications relate.” Randall’s Food Mkts., Inc. v. Johnson,

891 S.W.2d 640, 646 (Tex. 1995). The privilege does not apply “if the person claiming it does not

act for the purpose of protecting the common interest.” Grant v. Stop-N-Go Mkt. of Tex., Inc.,

994 S.W.2d 867, 874 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.).

                                                  20
                A qualified privilege justifies a communication made without actual malice, Dun

& Bradstreet, Inc. v. O’Neil, 456 S.W.2d 896, 899 (Tex. 1970), which is not presumed, Dixon

v. Southwestern Bell Tel. Co., 607 S.W.2d 240, 242 (Tex. 1980). Instead, the party seeking to defeat

the assertion of a qualified privilege must prove that the speaker knew the statement was false

or acted with reckless disregard for its truth.        Forbes Inc. v. Granada Biosciences, Inc.,

124 S.W.3d 167, 171 (Tex. 2003). “Reckless disregard is a subjective standard, focusing on the

defendant’s state of mind,” and mere negligence does not satisfy that standard. Id. Instead, “there

must be sufficient evidence to find that the speaker entertained ‘serious doubts’ as to the truth of his

statements.” Gillum v. Republic Health Corp., 778 S.W.2d 558, 572 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1989, no

writ) (citing St. Amant v. Thompson, 390 U.S. 727, 731 (1968)). Malice “cannot be inferred from

the character of the allegedly defamatory statement without other evidence to prove it.” Id. at 572-73

(citing Fitzjarrald v. Panhandle Publ’g Co., 228 S.W.2d 499, 505 (Tex. 1950)).

                Appellants argue that the Klines cannot invoke qualified privilege because they had

already left the Temple community. However, the Temple does not have any particular membership

requirements. Further, the record reflects that the Klines passed Robison’s allegations along to other

members who had been having doubts about appellants, some of whom had already decided to leave

and others who decided to leave soon after the Klines did. They passed along the allegations at the

time they themselves were leaving or had just left the Temple. The fact that the Klines and those

other individuals were leaving or wavering about their allegiance to appellants does not mean that

they cannot be considered to have a common interest in Francis’s behavior toward members

of the community. See Honeycutt v. Forest Cove Prop. Owners’ Ass’n, No. 14-98-01255-CV,

                                                  21
2001 WL 520959, at *4-6 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 17, 2001, no pet.) (mem. op.)

(group of neighbors wrote letter to homeowners’ association, copying school board, asking for action

to curb parties thrown by Honeycutt, which they alleged resulted in fighting, profanity, public

lewdness, and driving while intoxicated; defendants were entitled to claim qualified privilege

because defendants did not entertain serious doubts as to truth of statements and school board “had

an interest in the information as it related to the safety and health of their students”);

Weisberg v. London, No. 13-02-00659-CV, 2004 WL 1932748, at *8 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi

Aug. 31, 2004, no pet.) (mem. op.) (statements by one temple to another about whether plaintiffs

were in good standing were protected by qualified interest because new temple “had an interest in

the information”); Hanssen v. Our Redeemer Lutheran Church, 938 S.W.2d. 85, 92-93 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 1996, writ denied) (church’s allegations of misappropriation were protected by

qualified immunity because members had common interest in use of donations); cf. Levine v. Steve

Scharn Custom Homes, Inc., 448 S.W.3d 637, 648-49 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet.

denied) (because there was “no proof that these statements were necessary to protect the interest of

Hettig or anyone else in the neighborhood,” court properly denied instruction on qualified privilege).

               The record does not establish that the Klines and the recipients of their

communications cannot be considered at the time to have a common interest. Instead, the Klines

established that they, the people to whom they spoke, a third person, or one of their family members

had an interest that was sufficiently affected by the statement.4 See Neely, 418 S.W.3d at 62. Thus,

       4
        Appellants assert that at the time Fay spoke to Chai, Chai was no longer a member of the
Temple community and had moved to a different state. However, they have not pointed to evidence
showing that. Instead, Fay indicated that she spoke of the rumors in late 2013, and an exhibit

                                                 22
unless appellants presented evidence raising a fact issue as to whether the Klines acted with actual

malice, the record supports a conclusion that the Klines were protected by qualified immunity.

               In his deposition, Steven testified that before hearing the allegations from Robison,

he had begun talking to other members of the Temple who “already had a lot of misgivings about

Francis that had built up over time like me.” He said that hearing the allegations from Robison, “a

source that I trusted,” “was a precipitating event for me. You know, it’s—that I sat there and

considered it for a couple of days and said, This is worse than I thought it was. I must get away from

this immediately.” Asked why he passed Robison’s allegations along to other members of the

Temple community, Steven said:

       I said, you know, it’s hearsay, but you—you need to know this because I trust the
       source. I didn’t feel there was any way she would make up—make this stuff up. . . .
       And I knew those that were still going to see Francis already had a lot of
       misgivings. . . . I—and it’s partly out of coming to a realization that things were
       worse than I—I knew there were a lot of things wrong, but it was coming to a
       realization that, Oh, my gosh, it’s—I think it’s worse than what I thought it was.

In her deposition, Fay said:

       Any statement that I have made about Francis or Sai Temple have been truthful. I
       never intended to hurt Francis or Sai Temple, but I did feel an obligation to let people
       know about my experiences with Francis and the Sai Temple community. Karen
       Robison is a good friend of mine. She told me she had encountered several women

consisting of minutes from a September 25, 2013 Temple board meeting states that “Theresa and Jon
informed us that they were relocating to Iowa . . . within the next couple of weeks.” It also noted
Chai’s “constant negativity” and “paranoid and constant criticism of everything we were doing.”
Minutes from a January 8, 2014 meeting indicate that Chai was still in contact with other members
of the Temple community. The evidence thus indicates that Chai was still involved with members
to some degree through the end of 2013 and possibly into early 2014.

                                                 23
       who alleged that Francis Campone had acted inappropriately towards them. I
       consider Karen Robison a trustworthy and reliable person, so I had no reason not to
       believe her.

               Former Temple member Elizabeth Chang testified in her deposition that shortly after

the Klines left the Temple, Francis and his wife told her that Steven “was fooling around with

Theresa.” Chang said that when she heard those allegations, “I’m thinking, if you say you are

representing holy spirit why you bad mouth people. And that is not true. I don’t believe in that. . . .

There’s no way Steve would fool around with Theresa.” Chang asked Chai about the Campones’

allegations, and Chai denied them, saying that she had thought Francis was trustworthy but instead

“his word and his action are totally reversed.” Chang testified that the Klines never told her anything

about bad behavior by Francis but that another person told her that Francis had behaved

inappropriately toward her personally and toward a few other women. Chang initially did not believe

those allegations because she believed Francis to be a good person but started to second-guess that

after Francis badmouthed Steven and Theresa. She also said that Francis at one point told her, “I’ll

sue anybody who is not on my side.” The Klines also presented affidavits by:

•      Karen Robison, who averred that in her practice as a “licensed Religious Science
       practitioner,” she had counseled three women who alleged that Francis “had acted
       inappropriately, in a sexual way, towards them”; that she shared general information about
       those allegations with Steven but did not disclose the names of the women; and that Theresa
       Chai was not one of the three women.

•      Karen Robison’s husband, who averred that he and his wife left the Temple in 2011, that
       their decision to leave was unrelated to anything Steven had said, that he knew Steven to be
       honest, that he did not believe Steven would lie, and that Steven never alleged that Francis
       had had an affair with Chai; and

                                                  24
•       Nineteen people who initially believed in Francis’s healing abilities but became disenchanted
        with him. Those people all averred that they had never heard either of the Klines make
        disparaging, defamatory, or untrue comments about appellants. Several stated that they
        believed Francis was a fraud or that they believed he took advantage of his followers.

                Appellants note that the Klines testified that they heard similar rumors from other

women but disregarded them because they believed those women to be unreliable sources and argue

that their failure to ask Robison about the sources of her allegations or to investigate her allegations

more deeply should be viewed as evidence of malice. However, on this record, we believe that

evidence cuts against a finding of actual malice. The Klines put credence in Robison and her

evaluation whereas they were unwilling to believe or disseminate similar rumors from other sources

they believed were not credible. That supports a conclusion that the Klines did not subjectively

doubt the reliability of Robison and her sources of information. The Klines presented evidence

showing that they did not entertain serious doubts about the veracity of Robison’s information.5

Appellants have not presented evidence to the contrary. See Forbes, 124 S.W.3d at 171; Gillum,
778 S.W.2d at 572.

                Because the Klines established the defenses of limitations as to the claims against

Steven and qualified immunity as to the claims against both Steven and Fay, the trial court did not

       5
          Appellants attempt to undermine the Klines’ assertions that they believed Robison to be
credible by noting that Robison claims to use “angel reading” in her practice as a spiritual therapist
and characterizing Robison’s allegations as “double hearsay inferences from a seance.” However,
both Robison and Francis claim to consult with angels in their profession, and the record does not
support a conclusion that Robison gleaned her information from an angel or a “seance.” Robison
clearly explained that she was told by multiple women that Francis had behaved improperly toward
them and that at least one other woman “implied” that she and Francis had a sexual relationship.

                                                  25
err in dismissing appellants’ defamation claim, regardless of whether appellants presented a prima

facie case as to each element of defamation. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 27.005(d).

                                           Attorney’s Fees

                In their third issue, appellants argue that the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees was

improper because the Klines did not segregate the fees incurred by each of them. They further

complain that the affidavit supporting the Klines’ request for attorney’s fees did not sufficiently

show that the fees were segregated between this case and a separate case brought by Steven against

appellants related to the sale of the farm. Finally, they complain that the affidavit said only that the

fees were reasonable, not that they were necessary. Because we reverse the dismissal of appellants’

claim against Steven related to the Michelson conversation, we reverse the trial court’s award of

attorney’s fees and remand that issue for reconsideration in light of this opinion. See id. § 27.009

(attorney’s fees award is mandatory when TCPA motion is granted).6

                                              Conclusion

                Steven’s motion to dismiss under the TCPA was not timely as to the claim against

him arising from the Michelson conversation. However, as to the other claims, the motion was

timely, the Klines established by a preponderance of the evidence the essential elements of two valid

defenses, and appellants have not shown error in the trial court’s dismissal under the TCPA. We

       6
           Although the Klines ask in their appellee’s brief to have the attorney’s fee award modified
to the full requested amount of $23,250, they did not file a notice of appeal and thus may not request
from this Court more favorable relief than was granted by the trial court. See Tex. R. App. P. 25.1
(party who seeks to alter trial court’s judgment must file notice of appeal, and appellate court
generally may not grant more favorable relief than did trial court to party who does not file notice
of appeal); Lubbock Cty. v. Trammel’s Lubbock Bail Bonds, 80 S.W.3d 580, 584 (Tex. 2002).

                                                   26
therefore affirm the trial court’s dismissal of the claims against Fay and the claims against Steven

other than the one arising out of the Michelson conversation. See id. § 27.005(d). We reverse the

dismissal of the claim grounded in the Michelson conversation and the trial court’s award of

attorney’s fees and remand those issues for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                              __________________________________________
                                              Cindy Olson Bourland, Justice

Before Chief Justice Rose, Justices Field and Bourland

Affirmed in Part; Reversed and Remanded in Part

Filed: August 2, 2018

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