Court Opinion

ID: 2137952
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-30 08:26:02.651705+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:05:08.301198
License: Public Domain

593 F.Supp.2d 1088 (2009)
FUNAI ELECTRIC COMPANY, LTD., Plaintiff,
v.
DAEWOO ELECTRONICS CORP., et al., Defendants.
No. C-04-01830 JCS.
United States District Court, N.D. California.
January 5, 2009.
*1091 Archana Ojha, Gregg Paris Yates, Thomas Kohler, Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, San Francisco, CA, Bernard Hon-Wei Chao, Chao Hadidi Stark & Barker LLP, Menlo Park, CA, David C. Bohrer, Harry Frederick Doscher, Lorraine M. Casto, Michael John Lyons, Morgan Lewis & Bockius, LLP, Victoria Q. Smith, Palo Alto, CA, Stacey E. Stillman, Attorney at Law, Redwood City, CA, for Plaintiff.
Perry Clark, Kirkland & Ellis, LLP, Palo Alto, CA, Jenny N. Lee, Sarah Louise Forney, Kirkland & Ellis LLP, San Francisco, CA, Juan Chardiet, Daniel Mark Press, Chung & Press P.C., McLean, VA, Tai Cho, New York, NY, for Defendants.

ORDER RE POST-TRIAL MOTIONS [Docket Nos. 699, 710, 712, 714, 716]
JOSEPH C. SPERO, United States Magistrate Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION
In its complaint, Plaintiff Funai Electric Company, Ltd. ("Funai") alleged that various Daewoo entities infringed the following six patents: 1) United States Patent No. 6,021,018 ("'018 patent"); 2) United States Patent No. 6,064,538 ("'538 patent"); 3) United States Patent No. RE37,332 ("'332 patent"); 4) United States Patent No. 6,421,210 ("'210 patent"); 5) United States Patent No. 5,815,218 ("'218 patent"), and 6) United States Patent No. 5,987,209 ("'209 patent"). Two Daewoo entities, Daewoo Electronics Corp., Ltd. and Daewoo Electronics Corp. of America, defaulted and default judgment was entered against them. The remaining defendants, Daewoo Electronics Corporation ("DEC") and Daewoo Electronics America, Inc. ("DEAM"), continued to defend the action.[1]
*1092 On summary judgment, the Court held that the '332, '218 and '209 patents were not infringed, either literally or under the doctrine of equivalents. Questions relating to infringement and invalidity of the remaining patents, as well as the questions of willfulness and damages, were presented to a jury in a 15-day jury trial. The jury found that Daewoo willfully infringed the '018, '210 and '538 patents and that the '210 and '538 patents were not invalid. Based on the infringement, the jury awarded $7,216,698.00 in damages against DEC and $2,298,590.00 against DEAM.
Daewoo now brings a Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law or, in the Alternative, A New Trial (the "JMOL Motion"). Funai, in turn, brings post-trial motions seeking: 1) entry of a permanent injunction; 2) enhanced damages; 3) attorneys' fees; and 4) costs and prejudgment interest. The Court's rulings on the Motions are set forth below.[2]

II. THE JMOL MOTION
In the JMOL Motion, Daewoo seeks judgment as a matter of law, or in the alternative, a new trial, on the following grounds: 1) the Court erred in finding, on summary judgment, that Daewoo's products literally infringed the '018 patent; 2) no reasonable jury could find, based on the evidence presented at trial, that the accused products infringed the '210 patent under the doctrine of equivalents; 3) claims 1, 3, and 4 of the '538 patent are indefinite under 35 U.S.C. § 112 and claim 5 is either indefinite or not infringed or both; 4) the jury's damages award is speculative and unsupported by the evidence; 5) there was insufficient evidence from which a jury could have concluded that Daewoo willfully infringed the patents at issue.

A. Legal Standard on Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law
Pursuant to Rule 50 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a court may grant a motion for judgment as a matter of law ("JMOL") against a party on a claim or issue where the party has been "fully heard on [that] issue during a jury trial" and the court finds that a "reasonable jury would not have a legally sufficient evidentiary basis" to find for that party. Fed.R. Civ. P. 50(a) & (b). Where a party moves for JMOL in a case that has been tried to a jury, the court must determine whether "there exists evidence of record upon which a jury might properly have returned a verdict in [the non-movant's] favor when the correct legal standard is applied." Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 52 F.3d 967, 975 (Fed.Cir.1995) (quoting Jamesbury Corp. v. Litton Indus. Prods., Inc., 756 F.2d 1556, 1560 (Fed.Cir.1985) (emphasis added in Markman)); see also White v. Ford Motor Co., 312 F.3d 998, 1010 (9th Cir.2002) (holding that on a Rule 50 motion, "[t]he test is whether the evidence, construed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, permits only one reasonable conclusion, and that conclusion is contrary to that of the jury"). Thus, the court must conduct two inquiries. Markman, 52 F.3d at 975. First, the court must determine the correct law. Id. Next, the Court must review the jury's factual findings to determine whether they are supported by substantial evidence. Id. While the jury's factual findings are given "substantial deference," the legal standards the jury applies are considered de *1093 novo to determine, as a matter of law, whether the correct standards have been used. Id.

B. Legal Standard on Motion for New Trial
Even where the court finds that JMOL is not appropriate, it may order a new trial under Rule 59 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 59 provides that a court may, following a jury trial, order a new trial "for any reason for which a new trial has heretofore been granted in an action at law in federal court." Fed. R.Civ.P. 59(a)(1)(A). "Historically recognized grounds include but are not limited to `claims that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence, that the damages are excessive, or that, for other reasons, the trial was not fair to the party moving.'" Molski v. M.J. Cable, Inc., 481 F.3d 724, 729 (9th Cir.2007) (quoting Montgomery Ward & Co. v. Duncan, 311 U.S. 243, 251, 61 S.Ct. 189, 85 L.Ed. 147 (1940)).
The Ninth Circuit has held that a new trial may be granted "`only if the verdict is contrary to the clear weight of the evidence, is based upon false or perjurious evidence, or to prevent a miscarriage of justice.'" Id. (quoting Passantino v. Johnson & Johnson Consumer Prods., 212 F.3d 493, 510 n. 15 (9th Cir.2000)). In contrast to JMOL motions, in determining whether a verdict is contrary to the clear weight of the evidence, the court "has `the duty ... to weigh the evidence as [the court] saw it'" and may set aside the verdict even if it is supported by substantial evidence. Id. at 729 (quoting Murphy v. City of Long Beach, 914 F.2d 183, 187 (9th Cir.1990)).
An award of damages may be set aside where it is "`grossly excessive or monstrous, clearly not supported by the evidence or based only on speculation or guesswork.'" DSU Medical Corp. v. JMS Co., Ltd., 471 F.3d 1293, 1309 (Fed.Cir. 2006). Where the court determines that a damage award is excessive, the court may either grant the motion for a new trial or deny the motion conditional on the plaintiff accepting a remittitur, that is, agreeing to pay a lesser amount of damages that the court considers justified. Fenner v. Dependable Trucking, Co., Inc., 716 F.2d 598, 603 (9th Cir.1983). "The proper amount of a remittitur is the maximum amount sustainable by the evidence." Prendeville v. Singer, 155 Fed.Appx. 303, 304-305 (9th Cir.2005).

C. The '018 Patent

1. Background
The '018 patent is entitled, "Loading Mechanism for a Video Cassette" and "discloses a mechanical subsystem for a VCR that performs loading and eject operationsthat is, the subsystem opens and closes the door of a VCR, and moves the unit's cassette holder to and from the operating position." Memorandum and Order, filed December 20, 2006 ("2006 Summary Judgment Order") at 1-2, 2006 WL 3780715. Daewoo's challenge to the jury's verdict of infringement on the '018 patent turns on the Court's construction of the claim term "opened," as that term is used in claims 1 and 2 of the patent. In particular, Daewoo argues that the Court erred in finding, on summary judgment, that the "opened" claim limitation was met by Daewoo's T-Mecha loading mechanism because its reasoning was inconsistent with its own construction of that claim term. As a result, Daewoo argues, the question of whether this claim limitation was infringedeither literally or under the doctrine of equivalentswas never presented to the jury. Nor was evidence introduced establishing infringement of that claim term, Daewoo asserts. Consequently, *1094 Daewoo argues, the jury's verdict of infringement of the '018 patent is not supported by substantial evidence or alternatively, that it is against the weight of the evidence.
Claim 1 of the '018 patent requires the elements of (1) a door, (2) a cassette holder, (3) a slide arm, (4) a holder gear drive, and (5) a door arm. Claim 1 provides, in part, "said door is opened before said cassette holder is moved when said cassette holder is moved to said initial position." '018 patent col. 8:28-56. Claim 2 is dependent on claim 1 and adds a cam mechanism on the slide arm for driving the door arm. In its claim construction order, the Court construed the term "opened" in claims 1 and 2 of the '018 patent to mean, "moved from a closed position such that the door has cleared the cassette so that ejecting the cassette will not interfere with the door." Claim Construction Order at 10.
In adopting this construction, the Court rejected as overly narrow Daewoo's proposed construction of "opened" as meaning "fully opened." Id. at 7. The Court reasoned that Daewoo confused "opened" with "moved" and that nothing in the claims precluded the door from additional movement after the door was "opened." Id. at 8. The Court acknowledged that in the preferred embodiment, there appeared to be no further movement of the door after it was "opened" but concluded that this was not a sufficient basis for finding that the claim term meant "fully opened." Id.
On the other hand, the Court rejected as overly broad Funai's assertion that "opened" meant "to move from a closed position." Id. at 8. Noting that one object of the patent was to prevent the problem of the cassette interfering with the door during the ejection sequence, the Court concluded that there would have to be at least enough movement of the door to ensure that it did not interfere with the cassette during ejection. Id.
In its 2006 Summary Judgment Order, the Court concluded that Daewoo's T-Mecha loading mechanism literally infringed the "opened limitation" of the '018 patent, rejecting Daewoo's assertion that in the Mecha, this requirement was not met because it works by moving the holder from an initial position to an intermediate position and then to the play position. In rejecting Daewoo's position, the Court reasoned as follows:
Funai correctly argues that the T-Mecha device meets the second disputed limitation. Daewoo's reasoning that "the door is not `opened' before the cassette holder is moved" misreads the claim. The limitation simply requires that the door be "opened"that is, that it begins to openbefore the holder moves towards the initial position.... The accused products, in which the motion occurs in two steps, fulfills this limitation. It does not matter that the door does not move before the holder shifts from the play position to the intermediate position. The critical point, not disputed by the parties, is that when the holder is moved towards the initial position from the intermediate position, the door has already begun its opening motion. It bears repeating that the door does not need to have completely opened by this point, it only needs to have started to open.
Id. at 13.
In the JMOL Motion, Daewoo argues that the Court erred on summary judgment in finding that the "opened" limitation was infringed even though the door of the T-Mecha does not move before the holder shifts from the play position to the intermediate position. Daewoo states, "the `opening' limitation, with its sequence of operations, is the `essence' of the patent *1095 claim [and][t]here can be no literal infringement of the claim element if the door remains closedor at best, only begins to openbefore the cassette holder moves from the play position to the initial position (approximately one to two millimeters)." JMOL Motion at 5. In addition, Daewoo asserts that "[t]he Court's statement that `the door does not need to have completely opened by this point, it only needs to have started to open' is further legal error because it directly contradicts the Court's own construction of `opened'namely, `moved from a closed position such that the door has cleared the cassette so that ejecting the cassette will not interfere with the door.'" JMOL Motion at 6. Finally, Daewoo argues that it is entitled to JMOL on this issue because prosecution history estoppel bars a finding of infringement under the doctrine of equivalents.
Funai asserts that Daewoo's challenge is procedurally improper, that the Court was correct in finding that the "opened" limitation was literally met by the T-Mecha mechanism and that even if the it were not met, the doctrine of prosecution history estoppel does not bar a finding of infringement under the doctrine of equivalents.

2. Whether the JMOL Motion is Procedurally Proper
Funai asserts that Daewoo's motion is procedurally improper because it is not a challenge to any finding made by the jury and therefore, it is outside the purview of Rule 50. Funai points to subsection (a)(1) of Rule 50, which allows courts to enter JMOL on issues that have been "fully heard" by the jury. Funai also cites the 2006 Advisory Committee Note, which explains that a JMOL motion is "only a renewal of the preverdict motion," the purpose of which is to "inform[ ] the opposing party of a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence and afford[] a clear opportunity to provide additional evidence that may be available."
Daewoo, on the other hand, cites to Finisar Corp. v. DirecTV Group, Inc., 523 F.3d 1323 (Fed.Cir.2008) in support of its assertion that its request for JMOL on the basis of the Court's legal error in the claim construction and summary judgment orders is proper. In Finisar, the Federal Circuit held that it could reverse the district court's denial of a JMOL motion where the jury's verdict was based on jury instructions regarding the construction of particular claim terms that the Federal Circuit found to be incorrect. 523 F.3d at 1333. The Federal Circuit reiterated the holding of Finisar in 800 Adept, Inc. v. Murex Securities, Ltd., 539 F.3d 1354, 1366 (Fed.Cir.2008), stating:
When a patent infringement verdict is based on an incorrect claim construction, we reverse the trial court's denial of a motion for judgment as a matter of law if no reasonable jury could have found infringement under the proper claim construction.
In 800 Adept, as in Finisar, the court found that the jury's verdict of infringement was a result, in part, of its reliance on an incorrect construction of a claim term.
Here, in contrast to Finisar and 800 Adept, Daewoo's challenge to the jury's verdict of infringement of the '018 patent is not based on the jury's application of an improper claim construction to the evidence presented. Rather, Daewoo challenges the court's legal conclusion that a claim element was met, the result of which was that that issue was not presented to the jury at all. The question before the Court, then, is whether a jury verdict based on an improper claim construction may be challenged in a JMOL motion even though the jury did not actually apply the incorrect construction to the evidence in *1096 finding infringement. While neither Daewoo nor Funai has cited a case that is directly on pointand the Court has found nonethe Court concludes that Rule 50 permits such a motion. As discussed above, it is established that a JMOL motion may be granted either to set aside a verdict based on insufficient evidence or to set aside a verdict based on an incorrect claim construction. The situation here falls within the latter scenario. Although it is true that the specific question of whether the "opened" limitation was met by the accused products was not "fully heard" by the jury, the jury was presented with the broader issue of whether Daewoo infringed the '018 patent. Accordingly, the Court concludes that Daewoo's JMOL Motion is proper as to the '018 patent.

3. Whether the Court Erred on Summary Judgment in Finding Literal Infringement of the "Opened" Claim Limitation
Daewoo challenges the Court's conclusion on summary judgment that the Mecha literally meets the "opened" limitation of claims 1 and 2, asserting that the sequence of operations that is achieved through this limitation is the "essence" of the patent and cannot be met "if the door remains closedor at best, only begins to openbefore the cassette holder moves from the play position to the initial position (approximately one to two millimeters)." JMOL Motion at 5. Daewoo also suggests the Court applied a construction that was inconsistent with its earlier claim construction when it stated in its 2006 Summary Judgment Order that "the door does not need to have completely opened by this point, it only needs to have started to open." The Court is not persuaded by Daewoo's arguments.
First, the Court rejects Daewoo's argument that the T-Mecha cannot infringe the "opened" limitation because its loading mechanism moves the tape from the play position before the door is opened. Daewoo's position is based on the use of the words "from said play position" in claim 1, which it argues should be construed to require that the door must be "opened" before the cassette is moved at all, that is, before it is moved from the play position to the intermediate position in the T-Mecha. When read as a whole, however, claim 1 does not impose such a requirement. Rather, it only requires that the holder drive gear start to drive the cassette holder from the play position "so that said door is opened befor[e] said cassette casset[t]e holder is moved when said cassette holder is moved to said initial position." Therefore, the Court concludes that the finding of literal infringement on summary judgment was correct.
Nor is the Court persuaded by Daewoo's assertion that the Court applied an inconsistent construction of the term "opened" in its 2006 Summary Judgment Order. This assertion appears to be based on the fact that the Court stated in its order that the door needed only to have started to open when the holder in the T-Mecha is moved toward the initial position from the intermediate position. Yet this statement is not inconsistent with the Court's construction of the claim term, which construes "opened" as meaning "moved from a closed position such that the door has cleared the cassette so that ejecting the cassette will not interfere with the door." Further, while the parties appear to disagree as to whether, as a factual matter, the door is "fully opened" in the T-Mecha, they do not dispute that when the holder is moved from the intermediate to the initial position, the door is opened sufficiently to ensure that the cassette does not interfere with the door.
Therefore, the Court rejects Daewoo's challenge to the jury's verdict finding infringement *1097 of the '018 patent.[3]

D. The '210 Patent

1. Background
The '210 patent is entitled "Mechanism for Preventing Propagation of Driving Motor Noise and Vibration on a Tape Deck and Tape Deck Having the Same." The '210 patent describes a structure used in VCRs to reduce the noise originating in the capstan motor. The capstan motor draws the tape past the video head so that the VCR can convert the information stored on the tape into an image displayed on television. The electrical noise produced by this motor, however, can degrade the video quality. To address this problem, the '210 patent describes a structure that uses a bearing holder made of "insulating material." '210 patent, claims 1, 2, 5, 7 and 9.
In its Claim Construction Order, the Court construed the term "insulating material" as "a material with poor electrical conduction that acts to suppress switching noise generated by pulse width modulation control of the direct driving motor, thereby suppressing the video screen and audio noise caused by electrical noise produced by the capstan motor." Claim Construction Order at 23. In adopting this construction, the court rejected Daewoo's argument that an "insulating material" must have specific resistance (resistivity) of 107 Ohm-cm or greater. Id. at 21-23. The court also declined to adopt Funai's proposed construction, which defined "insulating material" as "a material that exhibits sufficiently poor conduction of electricity to suppress switching noise generated by pulse width modulation control of the direct driving motor." Id.
Subsequently, the parties brought crossmotions for summary judgment on the question of infringement of the '210 patent. In particular, Daewoo requested summary judgment of non-infringement on the basis that the accused products did not infringe literally or under the doctrine of equivalents. Funai requested summary judgment only as to literal infringement. The Court held that the Lexan bearing holders that were used in Daewoo's accused products did not literally infringe. In reaching this conclusion, the Court rejected Funai's assertion that the Court's construction of the term "insulating material" was purely functional, that is, so long as the bearing holders suppressed switching noise, they must be made of an "insulating material." Rather, the Court found that the claim construction required both that the bearing holders be made from material with poor electrical conduction and that they act to suppress switching noise. Because Funai had not cited to any evidence that Daewoo's bearing holders had "poor electrical conduction" whereas Daewoo had pointed to testimony by its own expert that its bearing holders were made of conductive material, the Court concluded that this limitation was not literally met. On the other hand, the Court found that the question of infringement of the '210 patent under the doctrine of equivalents turned on disputed facts and therefore denied summary judgment on that question.
The question of whether the '210 patent was infringed under the doctrine of equivalents was presented to the jury and the jury found that it was. Daewoo now challenges that finding, asserting that the jury's finding is not supported by substantial evidence or alternatively, is against the *1098 weight of the evidence. According to Daewoo, the bulk of Funai's evidence went to whether the Lexan bearing holders suppress switching noise rather than whether they have poor electrical conduction. Daewoo further asserts that the evidence showed that the Lexan bearing holders had "slight electrical conductivity" and that a person of ordinary skill in the art would not have found such bearing holders to be equivalent to bearing holders with "poor electrical conductivity."

2. Whether the Jury's Verdict Was Supported by Substantial Evidence or Was Against the Weight of the Evidence

a. Legal Standard Under Doctrine of Equivalents
A device may infringe under the doctrine of equivalents "if every limitation of the asserted claim, or its `equivalent,' is found in the accused subject matter, where an `equivalent' differs from the claimed limitation only insubstantially." Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. v. United States Surgical Corp., 149 F.3d 1309, 1315 (Fed.Cir. 1998). In determining equivalence, Courts often consider "[w]hether a component in the accused subject matter performs substantially the same function as the claimed limitation in substantially the same way to achieve substantially the same result." Id. However, "`[e]quivalence ... is not the prisoner of a formula and is not an absolute to be considered in a vacuum.'" Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chem. Co., 520 U.S. 17, 24-25, 117 S.Ct. 1040, 137 L.Ed.2d 146 (1997) (quoting Graver Tank & Mfg. Co. v. Linde Air Prods. Co., 339 U.S. 605, 609, 70 S.Ct. 854, 94 L.Ed. 1097 (1950)). In Graver Tank, the Court described the equivalence inquiry as follows:
What constitutes equivalency must be determined against the context of the patent, the prior art, and the particular circumstances of the case.... In determining equivalents, things equal to the same thing may not be equal to each other and, by the same token, things for most purposes different may sometimes be equivalents. Consideration must be given to the purpose for which an ingredient is used in a patent, the qualities it has when combined with the other ingredients, and the function which it is intended to perform. An important factor is whether persons reasonably skilled in the art would have known of the interchangeability of an ingredient not contained in the patent with one that was.
Id. (quoting Graver Tank, 339 U.S. at 609, 70 S.Ct. 854).
The doctrine of equivalents may not be applied where it would "erase `meaningful structural and functional limitations of the claim on which the public is entitled to rely in avoiding infringement.'" Conopco, Inc. v. May Dep't Stores Co., 46 F.3d 1556, 1562 (Fed.Cir.1994) (quoting Pennwalt Corp. v. Durand-Wayland, Inc., 833 F.2d 931, 935 (Fed.Cir.1987)). Failure to meet a claim limitation, by itself, is not necessarily enough to "erase" or "vitiate" that claim element. Ethicon, 149 F.3d at 1317. As the Ethicon court noted, "any analysis of infringement under the doctrine of equivalents necessarily deals with subject matter that is `beyond,' `ignored' by, and not included in the literal scope of a claim." Id. (emphasis in original). Thus, the relevant inquiry is whether the subject matter is "specifically excluded" from coverage such that its inclusion under the doctrine of equivalents is "somehow inconsistent with the language of the claim." Id.

b. Evidence of Equivalence
In order to find that the accused products infringed the '210 patent, the *1099 jury had to find that the Lexan bearings used in those products were equivalent to bearings that used insulating materials. Daewoo argues that this finding was not supported by substantial evidence or alternatively, was against the weight of the evidence. It points to testimony by Funai's expert, Dr. Kazerooni, that the Lexan bearings were "slightly conductive." See Trial Transcript at 699: 24-25. It also cites testimony by the inventor, Dr. Higuchi, that "it would be a problem" if there were electrical conduction between the printed circuit board and the deck chassis, asserting that this means there cannot be any conduction between the two components. See Trial Transcript at 467: 1-5. The Court rejects Daewoo's arguments and finds that the jury's finding is supported by substantial evidence and is not against the weight of the evidence.
First, the Court notes that Daewoo mischaracterizes Funai's burden, suggesting that Funai was required to show that the Lexan bearing holders in the accused products have no conductivity whatsoever or, at a minimum, that Funai was required to show that the Lexan bearing holders had a resistivity of at least 108 Ohm-cm the level of resistivity that is undisputedly considered "insulating." See JMOL Motion at 12; JMOL Reply at 5. As to the former, there is no support for such a standard. The Court's construction of "insulating" did not require that there be no conduction but rather, that there be poor conduction. Nor does Dr. Higuchi's testimony indicate that there could be no conduction. Contrary to Daewoo's assertion, Dr. Higuchi did not state that it would be a problem "if there was any conduction between the metal printed circuit board and the metal deck chassis." JMOL Reply at 5 (emphasis in original). Rather, he simply testified that it would be a problem if there were conduction between the two components. This testimony is not inconsistent with the Court's claim construction requiring an "insulating material" to have poor conduction.
Further, Daewoo's argument that Lexan does not meet the "insulating material" limitation because its resistivity is 1 to 100 Ohm-cm rather than 108 Ohm-cm is incorrect because Funai was not required to demonstrate that Daewoo's devices literally infringed. Rather, Funai was required only to demonstrate that the accused bearings were made of a material that is equivalent to an insulating material. Applying this standard, the jury's finding was supported by substantial evidence and was not against the weight of the evidence.
Dr. Kazerooni testified at length regarding his conclusion that the T-Mecha's bearings infringed the '210 patent and explained why he concluded that the Lexan bearings were equivalent to bearings with poor electrical conduction. Dr. Kazerooni testified that the '210 inventor solved the problem of noise associated with PWM control by replacing bearings that were usually made from metal with bearings made from a resin. Trial Transcript at 656-659, 672. He then explained what it means to have "poor electrical conduction," testifying as follows:
Dr. Kazerooni: Poorelectrical conductivity is usually being presented by a word called resistivity, so it's [the] inverse ofresistivity of a material is really high [if] it resists to electrical conduct, that means poor electrical conductivity. If you have materials [in which] resistivity [is] really low, that means they are good conductive.
Counsel: Now, in terms of resistivity, is this a black and white quality, either you've got a very high resistivity or very low resistivity? Could you just describe the possible values a material could have?

*1100 Dr. Kazerooni: Materials show different behaviors, and they have a whole spectrum of numbers in terms of resistivity. Some materials have very, very small resistivity.... These are good conductors. Like metallic stuff, they have very low resistivity ... So resistivity of the materials is a range, is a spectrum. You can't come up to say conductive, not conductive. It's a range of numbers. It is [a] pretty large range.
Trial Transcript at 695-696.
Dr. Kazerooni illustrated his point with a chart reflecting the continuum of resistivity levels, from lowest (on the left side) to highest (on right side). Id. at 121 & Trial Exhibit 447. Dr. Kazerooni testified that metal, which is a "great" conductor of electricity, has a very low resistivity of 106 Ohm-cm. Trial Transcript at 698. Moving to the right side of the chart, the resistivity levels increase, first to materials with "good electrical conduction," then to materials that "have a slight electrical conductivity" and then to materials with no conductivity at all. Id. Dr. Kazerooni explained that materials with "slight electrical conductivity" "show a very large resistivity." Id.
Turning to the specific properties of Lexan, Dr. Kazerooni testified that it has a resistivity of 1 to 100 Ohm-cm and thus fell on the right-hand side of the chart, in the category of materials with "slight electrical conductivity." Id. at 699-700. He testified further that "that means the resistivity of a Lexan is about a million or a hundred million times more than metal. So that's what ... puts Lexan materials way on the right-hand side." Id. at 700.
Dr. Kazerooni also cited to a National Science Foundation reportintroduced into evidence as Trial Exhibit 86in which it is stated that "conductive resins with [electrical resistivity] ranging from approximately 10 to the second power Ohmcm to 10 the minus one power Ohm-cm are used for slightly electrically conducting applications." Id. at 703. Dr. Kazerooni testified that the National Science Foundation report was important to him because Lexan was a resin that fell within the range set forth in the report, further supporting his conclusion that Lexan is equivalent to a material with low electrical conduction. Id. at 704-705.
In addition to his testimony regarding Lexan's electrical resistivity, Dr. Kazerooni also testified about the tests he conducted to determine whether the Lexan bearings achieved a reduction in PWM noise. See Trial Transcript at 705-718. According to Dr. Kazerooni, he replaced the Lexan bearings with metallic bearings and compared the level of PWM noise. Id. He reported that the metallic bearings were noisy whereas the PWM noise went away when the Lexan bearings were used. Id. at 715-716.
Daewoo does not point to evidence that rebuts Dr. Kazerooni's testimony, either as to the relative resistivity of Lexan as compared to metal or as to the noise suppression achieved by replacing metal bearings with Lexan bearings. The only evidence it cites is testimony by its own expert, Dr. Rice, that it is generally agreed that insulating materials have a resistivity of 108 Ohm-cm and that Dr. Rice did not believe a material with resistivity of 10° to 102 Ohm-cm resistivity would be substantially similar in terms of its insulating properties. See Trial Transcript at 1664-1665.
The Court concludes that the testimony of Dr. Kazerooni regarding the Lexan bearings used in the accused products provides substantial evidence to support the jury's verdict and, in particular, its finding that the Lexan bearings met the "insulating material" limitation under the doctrine of equivalents. Accordingly, the Court rejects *1101 Daewoo's request for JMOL that the '210 patent was not infringed. On the same basis, the Court concludes that the jury's finding is not against the weight of the evidence.

E. The '538 Patent

1. Background
The '538 patent is entitled "Biasing/Erasing Oscillation Circuit for Magnetic Tape Recording Apparatus." The invention described in the '538 patent relates to the magnetic heads that are used in VCRs to record, play, and erase the video information stored on the magnetic tape in the video cassette. The '538 patent contains six claims. Claims 1 and 5 are independent claims, while the remaining claims are dependent claims. Funai asserted that the accused products infringe, both literally and under the doctrine of equivalents, all the claims of the '538 patent except claim 2. The jury agreed, finding that Daewoo infringed claims 1, 3, 4 and 5 of the '538 patent.
In the JMOL Motion, Daewoo argues that JMOL should be entered in its favor on the basis that claims 1, 3 and 4 of the '538 patent are indefinite under 35 U.S.C. § 112 and that claim 5 is either indefinite or not infringed. Daewoo's position is based on the Court's construction of the "series junction point" language found in claims 1 and 5 of the '538 patent, which Daewoo asserts is incorrect. Claim 1 calls for a "series junction point at least between said linear record erasing head and one of the entire-width erasing head and an inductive element." Claim 5 calls for a "series circuit connecting in series through a series junction point said entire-width erasing head and said linear record erasing head." The Court construed the language in claim 1 as follows:
a point on said series circuit between (1) the linear record erasing head and the entire-width erasing head, (2) the linear record erasing head and an inductance element, or (3) the linear record erasing head and both the entire-width erasing head and an inductance element.
Claim Construction Order at 18. In its summary judgment order, the Court held that the "series junction point" language in claim 5 "does not require that the series junction point must be between the two heads, but only that all three must be in series." November 26, 2007 Summary Judgment Order at 68.
Funai argues that the Court already rejected Daewoo's invalidity attack on claim 1 (and thus dependent claims 3 and 4 as well) at the claim construction stage of the case and should do so again. Further, to the extent Daewoo challenges the validity of claims 1, 3 and 4 based on theories it did not raise before, Funai argues, these arguments have been waived. With respect to claim 5, Funai argues that Daewoo waived its right to bring an invalidity challenge when it expressly agreed prior to trial that it would not assert such a challenge. According to Funai, it relied on this representation when it agreed to withdraw claim 6 from the trial. Even if the Court were to consider Daewoo's challenge on the merits, Funai argues, claim 5 is not invalid and is infringed.

2. Legal Standard on Indefiniteness
The requirement that claims be sufficiently "definite" is set forth in 35 U.S.C. § 112, ¶ 2, which provides that, "[t]he specification shall conclude with one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the applicant regards as his invention." "The definiteness inquiry focuses on whether those skilled in the art would understand the scope of the claim when the claim is read in light of the rest of the specification." Union Pacific Resources Co. v. Chesapeake Energy Corp., 236 F.3d *1102 684, 692 (Fed.Cir.2001). In order to "accord respect to the statutory presumption of patent validity," a claim should be found indefinite "only if reasonable efforts at claim construction prove futile." Exxon Research and Engineering Co. v. United States, 265 F.3d 1371, 1375 (Fed.Cir.2001). Thus, a claim is not indefinite simply because its meaning is not ascertainable from the face of the claim. Amgen Inc. v. Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc., 314 F.3d 1313, 1342 (Fed.Cir.2003). A claim is indefinite, however, if it is "insolubly ambiguous, and no narrowing construction can properly be adopted." Id. (citations omitted); see also Omega Engineering, Inc. v. Cole-Parmer Instrument Co., 198 F.Supp.2d 152 (D.C.Conn.2002) (holding that where dependent claims required a center dot but independent claims from which they were derived precluded a center dot, former claims were invalid for failure to satisfy the definiteness requirement because claims were logically contradictory).

3. Claims 1, 3 and 4
Daewoo's argument that claims 1, 3 and 4 are indefinite rests on two grounds. First, Daewoo asserts that the Court's construction of the "series junction point" language is incorrect because it does not make sense grammatically. Second, it challenges the Court's construction of the term based on the doctrine of claim differentiation, asserting that under the Court's construction the scope of claim 2 is the same as claim 1. The Court finds both arguments to be unpersuasive.
In construing "series junction point' in claim 1, the Court looked beyond the claim language to the prosecution history as well as the specification to determine that the words "at least" modify the words "one of" in claim 1. On this basis, the Court concluded that the claim language, though awkward, would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art and was not insolubly ambiguous. The Court finds the reasoning offered in the claim construction order to be sound. Further, to the extent that Daewoo now presents an entirely new ground for arguing that claims 1, 3 and 4 are indefinite, based on the doctrine of claim differentiation, that argument is waived by Daewoo's failure to include this theory in its invalidity contentions, as required under the Patent Local Rules. Daewoo's theory turns on construction not only of claim 1 but also claim 2 of the '538 patenta claim that has not been construed and was not addressed at trial. Therefore, the Court rejects Daewoo's request for JMOL on the grounds of indefiniteness as to claims 1, 3 and 4.

4. Claim 5
Daewoo asks the Court to find that claim 5 of the '538 patent is invalid as indefinite and therefore, that that claim is not infringed. Daewoo does not dispute, however, that at the pre-trial conference meet-and-confer it agreed that it was not asserting invalidity based on indefiniteness as to claim 5. This agreement is evidenced by emails by both parties dated December 10, 2007. See Declaration of Michael J. Lyons in Support of Funai's Opposition to Daewoo's Post-Trial Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law or a New Trial ("Lyons Decl."), Exs. D & E. Given that Funai relied on this agreement in asserting only claims 1, 3 and 4 at trial, it would be improper for this Court to consider Daewoo's challenge to claim 5. Accordingly, the Court rejects Daewoo's argument as to claim 5.

F. The Damages Award

1. Background
At trial, Funai's damages expert presented two possible methods of determining Funai's damages. The first was a *1103 "mixed" framework that included a lost profit component and a reasonable royalty component, giving rise to total alleged damages in the amount of 11.3 million dollars. See Lyons Decl., Ex. Q. The lost profit component of the mixed framework was based on evidence Daewoo sold 1.14 million accused units to Target and .24 million accused units to other customers, sales that Funai asserts it would have been able to make but for Daewoo's infringement of its patents. Trial Transcript at 1284-85, XXXX-XXXX. The statistic for sales to other customers was derived by Funai's expert, who used a market share approach under which he estimated that Funai's sales of VCRs in the United States account for 30% of all VCR sales. Id. at 1329. The alternative framework offered to the jury was based on reasonable royalties only, giving rise to total alleged damages in the amount of 2.5 million dollars. See Lyons Decl., Ex. S. Funai's damage calculation used October 25, 2002 as the starting point for the calculation and spanned through 2006. The jury awarded $7,216,698.00 dollars in damages against DEC and $2,298,590.00 against DEAM.
Daewoo challenges the jury's damages award on the following grounds: 1) to the extent the jury's award was based on alleged lost profits, it is not supported by the evidence in the record; 2) to the extent the jury's award was based on a reasonable royalty theory, it is not supported by the evidence in the record; 3) the award must be reduced in light of evidence showing that Funai failed to comply with the marking requirement under 35 U.S.C. § 287(a) and actual notice of infringement was not given, as to some accused products, until the complaint was filed in this action.

2. Lost Profits

a. Legal Standard
To recover lost profits, a patent holder must demonstrate that "there was a reasonable probability that, but for the infringement, it would have made the infringer's sales." Minnesota Mining and Mfg. Co. v. Johnson & Johnson Orthopaedics, Inc., 976 F.2d 1559, 1577 (Fed.Cir. 1992). In Grain Processing Corp. v. American Maize-Products Co., the Federal Circuit explained that this causation inquiry requires a "reconstruction of the market, as it would have developed absent the infringing product to determine what the patentee would have made." 185 F.3d 1341, 1350 (Fed.Cir.1999) (citation omitted). The court continued:
Reconstructing the market, by definition a hypothetical enterprise, requires the patentee to project economic results that did not occur. To prevent the hypothetical from lapsing into pure speculation, this court requires sound economic proof of the nature of the market and likely outcomes with infringement factored out of the economic picture.... Within this framework, trial courts, with this court's approval, consistently permit patentees to present market reconstruction theories showing all of the ways in which they would have been better off in the "but for world," and accordingly to recover lost profits in a wide variety of forms.
Id.
A patent holder may demonstrate lost profits by proving the following: (1) demand for the patented product, (2) absence of acceptable noninfringing substitutes, (3) its manufacturing and marketing capability to exploit the demand, and (4) the amount of profit it would have made. Minnesota Mining, 976 F.2d at 1577.
Daewoo argues that Funai failed to prove the first, second and fourth factors, that is, demand for the patented product, *1104 absence of acceptable noninfringing alternatives and the amount of profits.

b. Demand for Patented Product
At trial, Funai sought lost profits on the accused products on the basis that consumer demand in the VCR market was attributable to the advantages that were offered by the patented inventions, invoking the "entire market value rule" in support of this approach. Under the "entire market value rule," where an apparatus contains several features, a patent holder may recover damages based on the value of the entire apparatus where it can show that the basis for customer demand is the patented feature. Imonex Services, Inc. v. W.H. Munzprufer Dietmar Trenner GMBH, 408 F.3d 1374, 1379 (Fed.Cir.2005); see also Rite-Hite Corp. v. Kelley Co., Inc., 56 F.3d 1538 (Fed.Cir. 1995). Daewoo challenges Funai's lost profit analysis on the basis of Funai's "complete failure to tie specific customer demand for the features actually claimed in the asserted patents," that is, the sequential VCR load system claimed in the '018 patent, the use of PWM motor claimed in the '210 patent and the use of the biasing/erasing oscillation circuit claimed in the '538 patent. The Court finds Daewoo's argument unpersuasive.
As a preliminary matter, Daewoo applies the entire market value rule too narrowly. The cases on which Daewoo reliesImonex and Rite-Hiterequire that the patent holder demonstrate that demand is based on the "patented feature." They do not hold that demand must be based on the specific device set forth in the claims. In other words, if customer demand is based on the advantages that arise from the claimed device, that is sufficient. Here, the jury's verdict is supported by substantial evidence of such demand and is not inconsistent with the weight of the evidence.
First, with respect to the '018 patent, Funai presented substantial evidence that demand for the accused products was based on the reduction in depth of the video cassette deck, which is one of the objects of the invention. See '018 patent, cols. 1:66-2:3. In particular, Funai offered testimony that use of the sequential loading mechanism in the accused products allowed Daewoo to reduce the size of both its combination and stand-alone VCRs. See, e.g., Trial Transcript at 1696-97 (testimony of Dr. Kazerooni that practicing the '018 invention allows for a smaller housing and that if Daewoo were not allowed to use the '018 invention in the T-Mecha, the housing would have to be bigger); 1134-38 (testimony of Funai IP Chief, Mr. Hida, that use of '018 patented invention allows for smaller printed circuit board and chassis in both stand-alone and combination VCRs). Funai also offered testimony that this reduction in size was the basis for customer demand. See, e.g., Trial Transcript at 1182, 1184 (testimony of Funai VP of Sales and Marketing, Mr. Padalino, that the small size of its VCRs was important to customers like Target, in part because of the limited space available in stores for electronics, and that if you didn't have this feature, you would be disqualified); 317-18 (testimony of Funai's VP of Marketing, Mr. Hashimoto, that size of VCR is a very important consideration for buyers because more VCRs could be fit in a crate if they were smaller).
Second, Funai presented substantial evidence as to the '210 patent that customer demand was based on the high-speed rewind capability that is an object of the patent. See '210 patent, col. 1: 16-22 (referring to "speed-up" as an object of the patent). The inventor, Mr. Higuchi, testified that by using insulated bearing holders with a PWM motor, he was able to cut the time required to rewind from four *1105 minutes to two minutes. Trial Transcript at 454. He also testified that he had received requests for a high-speed rewind feature from customers such as Sharp, Mitsubishi, Hitachi and Philips. Id. at 452-453. Mr. Padalino also testified that the quick rewind feature was important to Funai's customers. Id. at 1182. Similarly, Daewoo's research engineer, Mr. Choi, testified that at the time the T-Mecha was being sold, "high speed rewind was required in the market." Id. at 1430. Finally, Funai presented testimony by a retired general manager of Funai's IP department, Mr. Mizoo, that Funai stopped using the '210 invention only because it developed a cheaper high speed linear motor that could rewind as quickly as the PWM motor. Id. at 1090.
With respect to the '538 patent, Funai presented substantial evidence that customer demand was based on the cost reduction achieved by eliminating the need for an oscillating coil, an object of the '538 patent. See '538 patent, col. 2: 34-36. In particular, Funai's expert, Mr. Bristow, testified that one of the primary benefits of the '210 invention was the cost savings it allowed, Trial Transcript at 921, while Mr. Hashimoto testified as to the extreme price sensitivity of the VCR market. Id. at 384. The Court finds that evidence is sufficient to support a finding that the cost reduction achieved by using the invention was a basis for demand.
In sum, the Court concludes that there is substantial evidence in the record from which a jury could conclude that the patented features of the '018, '210 and '538 patents were the basis for customer demand and that such a finding is not against the weight of the evidence.

c. Availability of Non-Infringing Alternatives
Daewoo argues that Funai did not prove that there were no non-infringing alternatives as to the three patents the jury found were infringed and therefore did not prove that it was entitled to lost profits. The Court disagrees. For the reasons stated below, a reasonable jury could conclude that there were no available non-infringing alternatives. Such a conclusion is supported by substantial evidence and is not contrary to the weight of the evidence.
In Grain Processing, the Federal Circuit explained that, in reconstructing a hypothetical "but-for" market, "alternative actions the infringer foreseeably would have undertaken had he not infringed" should be considered. 185 F.3d at 1350-51. The reason for this inquiry is as follows:
Without the infringing product, a rational would-be infringer is likely to offer an acceptable noninfringing alternative, if available, to compete with the patent owner rather than leave the market altogether. The competitor in the "but for" marketplace is hardly likely to surrender its complete market share when faced with a patent, if it can compete in some other lawful manner. Moreover, only by comparing the patented invention to its next-best available alternative(s)regardless of whether the alternative(s) were actually produced and sold during the infringementcan the court discern the market value of the patent owner's exclusive right, and therefore his expected profit or reward, had the infringer's activities not prevented him from taking full economic advantage of this right.
Id. at 1351 (citations omitted). The relevant period for determining whether there was a non-infringing alternative is the period of infringement for which the patent owner claims damages, that is, the "accounting period." Id. at 1353.
*1106 Here, Funai presented evidence that there were no non-infringing alternatives as to all three of the patented inventions. As to the '018 patent, Funai pointed to the following evidence: 1) Dr. Hamahata's testimony that in conventional VCRs, the movement of the door and the cassette housing was simultaneous and that as a result, VCRs that did not use the '018 invention (using a sequential mechanism) could not be made more compact because the door would collide with the cassette (see Trial Transcript at 400-403); 2) a side-by-side comparison of the accused products (using the sequential loading mechanism of the invention) with the FMecha, which uses the sequential mechanism (see Trial Exhibits 26 and 1087); and 3) deposition testimony by Mr. Kang that while Daewoo created a design around that did not use the '018 invention, it did not use it because it was not economical to do so (see Trial Transcript at 573). Based on this evidence, the Court concludes that a jury could reasonably find an absence of non-infringing alternatives as to the '018 patent.
With respect to the '210 patent, Funai points to testimony by the inventor, Mr. Higuchi, that the PWM motor was twice as fast with respect to rewind speed as the motors that were being used in conventional VCRs. See Trial Transcript at 452-454. Funai also points to Mr. Higuchi's testimony that a linear motor with an equally fast rewind speed was not available at the time of the '210 invention and that although he subsequently invented one himself, he did so with difficulty. Trial Transcript at 453-454. Also, according to Mr. Higuchi, at the time of the '210 invention, no other company had been able to use PWM motors in their VCRs because they had been unable to solve the noise problems associated with such motors. Id. at 461. Finally, Funai points to the testimony of Mr. Kang that during the time that Funai was accusing Daewoo of infringing the '210 patent, Daewoo never replaced its Lexan bearing holders with metal bearing holders. See id. at 1631. Based on this evidence, the Court concludes that a jury could reasonably find an absence of noninfringing alternatives as to the '210 patent.
As to the '538 patent, Funai points to Mr. Hashimoto's testimony that the VCR market was very cost sensitive in support of its assertion that there were no acceptable non-infringing alternatives. See Trial Transcript at 384. Based on this evidence, the Court concludes that a jury could reasonably find an absence of non-infringing alternatives as to the '538 patent.

d. Amount of Lost Profits
Daewoo argues that Funai has not established the amount of lost profits by substantial evidence. In particular, Daewoo asserts that the evidence shows that Target chose Daewoo over Funai to supply its VCRs not because Daewoo infringed Funai's patents but because Daewoo offered the most attractive package of products (many of which are not alleged to have infringed Funai's patents) at the best price. In addition, Daewoo asserts, the evidence showed that Target consistently chose Daewoo over Funai for several years and that relations between Funai and Target were strained. Daewoo also challenges the market-share approach that Funai's expert, Mr. Meyer, used in calculating damages. According to Daewoo, Mr. Meyer assumed that Funai's market share for all of its VCR productsboth stand-alone and combination VCRswas 30% but the evidence in the record showing a 30% market share related only to stand-alone VCRs. The Court finds that Funai has pointed to substantial evidence with respect to the amount of lost profits, and that the jury's determination of lost *1107 profits is not contrary to the weight of the evidence.
First, Funai presented substantial evidence of the products it would have sold to Target but for the infringement. In particular, it offered extensive testimony by its Vice President of Sales and Marketing, Ernest Padalino, regarding the loss of the Target account to Daewoo. See Trial Transcript at 1170-1210. Second, with respect to Daewoo's sales to other customers, Daewoo has not demonstrated that Funai's market share approach is not supported by substantial evidence. At trial, Meyer testified that Funai's market share "generally" is about 30%, citing to Funai's sale of stand-alone VCRs as an example. See Trial Transcript at 1329. The fact that Mr. Meyer used standalone VCRs as an example to illustrate the 30% figure does not persuade the Court that the unrebutted opinion of Funai's expert as to Funai's general market share should be rejected as having no basis in fact.

3. Reasonable Royalty
Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 284, a patent holder is entitled to no less than a reasonable royalty on an infringer's sales for which the patentee has not established lost profits. Rite-Hite Corp. v. Kelley Co., Inc., 56 F.3d 1538, 1554 (Fed.Cir.1995). If there is no established royalty, the amount of a reasonable royalty may be determined with reference to a hypothetical negotiation. Id. "The hypothetical negotiation requires the court to envision the terms of a licensing agreement reached as the result of a supposed meeting between the patentee and the infringer at the time infringement began." Id.
Daewoo argues that Funai's reasonable royalty analysis is not supported by the record for three reasons: 1) Funai did not present sufficient evidence in support of its expert's use of the Fall of 2002 as a point of reference for the hypothetical negotiation; 2) Funai did not present sufficient evidence that use of the '210 patent offered any cost savings and therefore, the royalty rate of ten cents per unit that was used by Funai's expert should be ignored; and 3) the evidence presented by Funai supports only a reasonable royalty of six cents per unit as to the '538 patent rather than the ten cents per unit used by Funai's damages expert. The Court finds Daewoo's arguments to be unpersuasive.
First, Funai points to evidence that DEC took over the sale of infringing products in October 2002, which supports the use of the Fall of 2002 as a point of reference for a hypothetical negotiation. Second, while Funai did not offer evidence of cost savings as to the '210 patent, it did offer testimony by its expert that cost savings are just one component of determining a reasonable royalty. Trial Transcript at 1340. Mr. Meyer testified that another factor that influences the amount a licensee is willing to pay is greater ability to obtain national accounts on products on the basis that they incorporate the patented technology. Id. This testimony supports Mr. Meyer's determination that a reasonable royalty for the '210 patent was ten cents per unit. Finally, as to the '538 patent, although Daewoo presented evidence at trial that it was paying six cents per oscillator coil, see Trial Transcript at 1153, Funai's witness, Mr. Hida, testified that he had determined through his own investigation that the average cost was ten cents. Id. at 1151. When asked why Daewoo was paying only six cents for the same part, Mr. Hida responded that the cost varies depending on the supplier, the quantity ordered, the delivery schedule and the qualities of the coil itself. Id. at 1154. Based on this evidence, the Court finds that there is substantial evidence to support a reasonable royalty rate for the '538 patent of ten cents per unit and that *1108 such a finding is not against the weight of the evidence.

4. Notice
Under 35 U.S.C. § 287(a), a patentee is required to give constructive notice of its invention to the public by marking products that use the patented invention. In particular, Section 287(a) provides, in part, as follows:
Patentees, and persons making, offering for sale, or selling within the United States any patented article for or under them, or importing any patented article into the United States, may give notice to the public that the same is patented, either by fixing thereon the word "patent" or the abbreviation "pat.", together with the number of the patent, or when, from the character of the article, this can not be done, by fixing to it, or to the package wherein one or more of them is contained, a label containing a like notice...
35 U.S.C. § 287(a). Section 287(a) further provides that where a patentee fails to mark its products that practice an invention, damages for infringement may be awarded only for infringement after the infringer has been given actual notice of the infringement. Id. The Federal Circuit has construed section 287(a) as requiring that where a patentee uses the patented invention, marking must be "substantially consistent and continuous." Maxwell v. J. Baker, Inc., 86 F.3d 1098, 1111 (Fed.Cir. 1996) (holding that marking requirement was satisfied even though 5% of product that was sold by licensees was not marked). This requirement applies also to licensees. Id. Where a third party that does not have a relationship with the patentee is practicing the invention, a "rule of reason" approach is applied. Id. Under that approach, the third party's failure to comply is not conclusive of whether a patentee's marking is "substantially consistent and continuous." Id. Rather, the question is whether reasonable efforts were made to ensure compliance. Id. Compliance with section 287(a) is a question of fact. Id.
Here, Daewoo argues that Funai did not comply with the marking requirement as to any of the three patents at issue. Daewoo further asserts that Funai's damages must be limited because it did not give actual notice of infringement until April 3, 2003 and then, only listed two products as infringing in its letter to Daewoo.

a. '018 patent
Funai presented evidence that 100% of its own products that used the '018 invention were marked. Trial Transcript at 1051 (Mizoo testimony). Its Original Equipment Manufacture ("OEM") customers, however, did not mark their products, even though they contained the patented technologies at issue in this case. Id. at 1051. According to Funai's witness, Mr. Mizoo, this was because OEM customers controlled their packaging and OEMs are "very nervous about the differentiation between the products." Id. Mr. Mizoo further testified that after 2001, OEMs accounted for only 9 to 13% of Funai's yearly sales. The Court concludes that this evidence constitutes substantial evidence from which the jury could find that Funai's marking of products that incorporated the '018 invention was "substantially consistent and continuous." The Court further concludes that the jury's finding was not contrary to the weight of the evidence.

b. '210 Patent
Daewoo asserts that Funai's damages also must be limited because there is no evidence that it marked its products that used the '210 patent. It is undisputed, however, that Funai did not sell products that used the '210 patent after 2000 and as a result, the marking requirement does not *1109 apply as to that patent. Accordingly, the Court rejects Daewoo's argument that Funai was required to give actual notice as to the '210 patent.

c. '538 Patent
Daewoo argues that there is no evidence in the record that Funai complied with the marking requirement as to the '538 patent during the accounting period. Funai does not dispute that it failed to mark its products that practiced the '538 invention during the accounting period. Rather, it asserts that this does not justify granting JMOL as to the jury's damage award or ordering a new trial. The Court agrees.
As discussed above, where a patentee does not mark its products that contain the invention, damages for infringement may be awarded only from the time when the infringer received actual notice. Here, Funai gave actual notice of infringement of the '538 patent in April 2003, when it sent a letter to Daewoo notifying it that its products infringed the '538 patent, among others. See Trial Exhibit 112. On this basis, the jury was instructed that it should calculate damages for the '538 patent as of April 3, 2003. See Final Jury Instructions, No. 39. Funai also offered expert testimony at trial in which its expert divided his damages calculations into the following three periods: (1) the fourth quarter of 2002 through the first quarter of 2003; (2) the second quarter of 2003 through the first quarter of 2004; and (3) the second quarter of 2004 through the fourth quarter of 2006. See Trial Exhibit 700-12. This evidence provided a sufficient basis for the jury to calculate damages for infringement of the '538 patent beginning in April 2003. Therefore, the Court rejects Daewoo's argument that Funai's failure to mark as to the '538 patent justifies entry of JMOL or a new trial on damages.

G. Evidence of Willfulness
Daewoo asserts that Funai failed to establish willful infringement under the standard announced in In re Seagate Technology, LLC, 497 F.3d 1360 (Fed.Cir.2007). In that case, the Federal Circuit held that to show willful infringement, a patent holder must show by clear and convincing evidence that "the infringer acted despite an objectively high likelihood that its actions constituted infringement of a valid patent." Id. at 1371. Daewoo points in particular to its reliance on opinion letters provided to it by the AJU Patent Law Firm opining that Daewoo was not infringing Funai's patents. It also points out that no letters were sent to DEAM giving actual notice of possible infringement. Finally, Daewoo complains that questions relating to whether Daewoo obtained a patent opinion from a U.S. law firm were so prejudicial that a new trial on willfulness is required. The Court rejects Daewoo's arguments. Having reviewed the entire record, the Court concludes that Funai presented substantial evidence for the jury to conclude, by clear and convincing evidence, that Daewoo acted willfully when it infringed the '018, '210 and '538 patents. Similarly, the jury's finding of willfulness is not against the weight of the evidence.

H. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the JMOL Motion is DENIED.

III. MOTION FOR PERMANENT INJUNCTION

A. Background
Although Funai requested injunctive relief in its original complaint, it dropped its request for injunctive relief at trial, requesting only damages, based on the belief that Daewoo had discontinued its infringing sales in 2006. Subsequently, Funai *1110 found a page on DEAM's website advertising an infringing VCR. See Declaration of Lorraine M. Casto in Support of Funai Electric Company, Ltd.'s Motion for Permanent Injunction ("Casto Decl."), Ex. B (May 9, 2008 letter from Funai's counsel to Daewoo's counsel with print-out of DEAM web page showing infringing item attached). As a consequence, Funai concluded that injunctive relief was necessary as to the three patents that the jury found were willfully infringed, the '018, '210 and '538 patents. The parties met and conferred on the matter and apparently were close to agreement on a stipulation but could not agree whether the injunction should be characterized as permanent or preliminary. Casto Decl., ¶ 6. Therefore, Funai filed a motion seeking a permanent injunction prohibiting Daewoo from making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing into the United States any of the products found to infringe the '018, '210 and '538 patents.
Daewoo does not dispute that an infringing VCR was advertised on DEAM's website in May 2008 but states that it was merely an "obsolete webpage that had inadvertently remained operational" and which remained operational due to "clerical error." See Declaration of Jenny Lee in Support of Daewoo's Opposition to Funai's Motions for Attorneys Fees and Expenses, Enhancement, and Costs and Interest ("Lee Decl."), Ex. 9 (Declaration of Min-Yong Song dated June 17, 2008 ("Song Decl.")). According to Mr. Song, Daewoo has not sold any products accused of infringing the patents asserted in this case since July 8, 2006. Mr. Song further states that DEAM has not sold any products accused of infringing the patents in this case since October 9, 2006. On the basis of Mr. Song's Declaration, Daewoo argues that a permanent injunction is not warranted because its reform is "irrefutably demonstrated and total" and therefore, the motion is moot. Daewoo further asserts that injunctive relief is not warranted because monetary damages will adequately compensate Funai for the harm caused by Daewoo's infringement.
Funai asserts that the Song Declaration is not sufficient to show that Funai's request for injunctive relief is moot, both because it is false on its face and because Mr. Song makes no representations about Daewoo's future conduct. With respect to the former assertion, Funai points to evidence that Daewoo made infringing sales after October 9, 2006, contrary to Mr. Song's statement. See Declaration of Lorraine M. Casto in Support of Funai's Replies to Daewoo's Oppositions to Funai's Post-Trial Motions ("Casto Reply Decl."), Ex. A (invoices showing infringing sales in November and December 2006). Funai also rejects Daewoo's assertion that money damages provide an adequate remedy and therefore, that injunctive relief should not be granted. Rather, Funai argues that Daewoo's infringement has given rise to irreparable injury because it has resulted in loss of market share and forced Funai to assist its competitor.

B. Legal Standard
The decision to grant or deny a permanent injunction is an act of equitable discretion by the district court. eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, LLC, 547 U.S. 388, 391, 126 S.Ct. 1837, 164 L.Ed.2d 641 (2006). A permanent injunction may be entered where the plaintiff has established "(1) that it has suffered an irreparable injury; (2) that remedies available at law, such as monetary damages, are inadequate to compensate for that injury; (3) that, considering the balance of hardships between the plaintiff and defendant, a remedy in equity is warranted; and (4) that the public interest would not be disserved by a permanent injunction." Id. While cessation *1111 of unlawful conduct may render a request for injunctive relief moot, "the reform of the defendant must be irrefutable and total." Polo Fashions, Inc. v. Dick Bruhn, Inc., 793 F.2d 1132, 1135 (9th Cir. 1986) (quoting 2 J. McCarthy, Trademarks and Unfair Competition § 30:6, at 471 (2d ed. 1984)); see also Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 190, 120 S.Ct. 693, 145 L.Ed.2d 610 (2000) ("[A] defendant claiming its voluntary compliance moots a case bears the formidable burden of showing that it is absolutely clear the allegedly wrongful behavior could not reasonably be expected to recur").
In Polo Fashions, the Court of Appeals reversed the district court's denial of a permanent injunction where the district court had based its holding on the plaintiffs failure to present specific evidence that the defendants were likely to violate the plaintiff's trademark rights in the future. Id. The Court of Appeals held that where the district court already had found willful violation of the plaintiff's trademark rights, and where the defendants refused to stop violating those rights until the plaintiff filed a lawsuit in federal district court, the plaintiff was entitled to entry of a permanent injunction against the defendant without making any further showing regarding future violations. Id.

C. Analysis
Following the traditional, fourpart test set forth in eBay, the Court concludes that entry of a permanent injunction against Daewoo is appropriate. First, the evidence in the record establishes that Funai has suffered irreparable harm in the form of loss of market share, particularly with respect to the impact Daewoo's infringement had on Funai's relationship with Target. See Smith & Nephew, Inc. v. Synthes (USA), 466 F.Supp.2d 978, 982 (W.D.Tenn.2006) (holding that plaintiff in patent infringement action had established irreparable injury based on evidence that infringement by direct competitor resulted in loss of market share). Funai also suffered irreparable harm to the extent that Daewoo's infringement put Funai in the position of aiding a direct competitor and denied it the right to exclude that a patent is intended to afford. Id. at 984. For the same reasons, remedies available at law are not adequate to compensate Funai for Daewoo's infringement.
The balance of the hardships also tips in favor of granting Funai's request for a permanent injunction. Entry of a permanent injunction against Daewoo will not give rise to any meaningful hardship, given that Daewoo has already asserted that it does not intend to engage in any further infringement. Further, there is no reason why a permanent injunction would result in a more severe stigma than that associated with the jury's verdict that Daewoo willfully infringed Funai's patents. On the other hand, in the absence of a permanent injunction, Funai will be forced to engage in further litigation if Daewoo infringes its patents again. Nor has Daewoo pointed to any reason why entry of a permanent injunction would not be in the public interest. To the contrary, protection of the rights of patent holders is generally in the public interest and is in the public interest in this case.
The Court rejects Daewoo's assertion that a permanent injunction should be denied because it has "irrefutably and totally" reformed. In addition to the fact that Daewoo was found to have willfully infringed Funai's patents, there is evidence that raises the possibility of future infringement. First, Funai has pointed to evidence that DEC continues to sell VCRs outside of the United States. See Casto *1112 Decl., Ex. B (print-out of DEC web pages showing VCRs sold by DEC outside of United States). In light of evidence presented at trial that the infringing T-Mecha is the only deck produced by DEC, see Trial Transcript at 1442-43, there is a reasonable possibility that Daewoo continues to sell VCRs that fall within the scope of the patent claims that are at issue in this case. As a result, it would not be difficult for Daewoo to resume its infringing conduct. Second, Funai has pointed to evidence that in recent months, Daewoo has offered for sale in the United States a VCR that was found by the jury in this case to infringe. Third, the declaration of Mr. Song does not provide sufficient assurances of future compliance to persuade the Court that it is "absolutely clear" Daewoo will not infringe in the future. In particular, Funai has presented evidence showing that Mr. Song's statement regarding the dates that DEC and DEAM stopped selling infringing VCRs is incorrect, rendering suspect his statement that the web page cited by Funai was the result of a clerical error and that no sales were made from this page after October 9, 2006. In addition, Mr. Song does not make any representations regarding Daewoo's future compliance. In short, Daewoo has not established that it has "irrefutably and totally" reformed.
Funai's Motion for Injunctive Relief is GRANTED.

IV. MOTION FOR ENHANCED DAMAGES

A. Background
In its Motion for Enhanced Damages, Funai seeks treble damages under 35 U.S.C. § 284, which gives courts discretion to award damages up to three times the amount assessed by the jury where there has been a finding of willfulness. Funai argues that treble damages are justified in light of the nine factors articulated in Read Corp. v. Portec, Inc., 970 F.2d 816, 826 (Fed.Cir.1992). In particular, Funai argues that treble damages should be awarded for the following reasons: 1) the evidence shows that Daewoo deliberately copied Funai's inventions; 2) the evidence shows that Daewoo had notice of Funai's patents and continued to sell the accused devices without a good faith basis to believe it did not infringe; 3) Daewoo engaged in bad faith behavior during the litigation; 4) Daewoo is a large multinational conglomerate whose ongoing business far exceeds the amount of the jury verdict; 5) overwhelming evidence supports the jury's verdict; 6) Daewoo continued to infringe for years after it had notice of the infringement; 7) Daewoo did not take any remedial action as to the '018 and '210 patents; 8) Daewoo was motivated to use Funai's patented technology to take Funai's business; and 9) Daewoo attempted to conceal its infringement through discovery misconduct.
Daewoo asserts that the evidence does not support the jury's willfulness finding and further, the Read factors do not support an award of enhanced damages.

B. Legal Standard
Under 35 U.S.C. § 284, in a patent infringement action, a court may "increase the damages up to three times the amount found or assessed" by the jury. While § 284 does not articulate a standard for determining when it is appropriate to award enhanced damages, the Federal Circuit has held that an award of enhanced damages under § 284 requires a showing of willful infringement. In re Seagate Technology, LLC, 497 F.3d 1360, 1368 (Fed.Cir.2007). For infringement to be considered willful, in turn, it must be "objectively reckless," that is, the patentee must "show by clear and convincing evidence *1113 that the infringer acted despite an objectively high likelihood that its actions constituted infringement of a valid patent." Id. A finding of willfulness, however, does not require that damages be enhanced. Read Corp. v. Portec, Inc., 970 F.2d 816, 826 (Fed.Cir.1992), abrogated on other grounds. Rather, to determine whether to exercise its discretion to award enhanced damages, the court must consider the "egregiousness of the defendant's conduct based on all the facts and circumstances." Id. In Read, the Federal Circuit set forth the following nine factors which may be considered in determining whether enhanced damages should be awarded:
1. Whether the infringer deliberately copied the ideas or designs of another;
2. Whether the infringer, when he knew of the other's patent protection investigated the scope of the patent and formed a good-faith belief that it was invalid or that it was not infringed;
3. The infringer's behavior as a party to the litigation;
4. Defendant's size and financial condition;
5. Closeness of the case;
6. Duration of the defendant's misconduct;
7. Remedial action by the defendant;
8. The defendant's motivation for harm; and
9. Whether the defendant attempted to conceal its misconduct.
Id. at 827.

C. Analysis
As stated above, in connection with Daewoo's JMOL Motion, the Court finds that the jury's willfulness finding is supported by substantial evidence. Therefore, the Court turns to a consideration of the Read factors.

1. Whether Daewoo Deliberately Copied Funai's Ideas
Funai points to evidence that Daewoo deliberately copied its inventions, arguing that this factor supports an award of enhanced damages. Daewoo, on the other hand, asserts that Funai has distorted the evidence, which simply shows that Daewoo, like many companies, acquired and analyzed other companies' products. The Court concludes that while there is some evidence of copying, this factor only weakly supports an award of enhanced damages.
At trial, Funai presented evidence that Daewoo had access to Funai's products containing the infringing devices prior to incorporating those technologies in its own VCRs. In particular, Funai sold VCRs containing the '018 technology in 1997, the '210 technology in 1999 and the '538 technology in 1998. Declaration of H.F. Doscher in Support of Funai's Post-Trial Motions for Attorneys' Fees and Expenses, Enhancement, and Costs ("Doscher Decl."), Ex. 45 (Trial Transcript) at 419-420, 467-468; Ex. 48 (Funai Sales Spreadsheet). In 1999, Daewoo began to sell infringing VCRs. Id., Ex. 49. Daewoo also admitted that it routinely acquired and analyzed the products of its competitors. See Doscher Decl., Ex. 32 (Deposition Excerpt of Dong-Han Kang at 53); Ex. 45 (reflecting that Kang deposition testimony was played at trial). Daewoo, on the other hand, cites to no evidence suggesting that it did not copy Funai's inventions, such as evidence regarding its own independent efforts to develop the technologies at issue. See, e.g., State Industries Inc. v. A.O. Smith Corp., 751 F.2d 1226, 1235 (Fed.Cir.1985) (reversing district court's finding of willful infringement *1114 where there was affirmative evidence in the record showing that the defendant did not copy the plaintiffs technology but rather, developed the accused technology on its own).
The Court finds that the evidence of copying was sufficient to support the jury's finding of willful infringement but that it was also largely circumstantial. The Court finds that the evidence of copying favors an award of enhanced damages, but only slightly.

2. Whether the infringer, when he knew of the other's patent protection, investigated the scope of the patent and formed a good-faith belief that it was invalid or that it was not infringed
Funai argues that damages should be enhanced because Daewoo continued to sell the infringing VCRs long after it received actual notice of the infringement and acted in bad faith by failing to obtain a competent opinion of counsel as to the asserted patents. Daewoo counters that it acted diligently to investigate the scope of the claims and therefore, that this factor does not favor an award of enhanced damages. The Court concludes that this factor favors an award of enhanced damages.
Funai points to evidence that it sent a letter to Daewoo in April 2003 alerting Daewoo that its VCRs infringed Funai's patents. See Doscher Decl., Ex. 6 (April 3, 2003 Letter). In June 2003, Funai sent Daewoo a detailed claim chart illustrating how Funai believed Daewoo's VCRs infringed its patents. Id., Ex. 63. Rather than obtain the opinion of competent outside patent counsel, Daewoo had its own employees, Mr. Song and Mr. Kang, investigate whether Daewoo was infringing Funai's patents. Doscher Decl., Ex. 62. It is undisputed that these individuals are not experts in U.S. patent law. In a report provided to Funai in September 2003, Mr. Song and Mr. Kang concluded that Daewoo's VCRs did not infringe the '018 patent and that the '018 patent was invalid as anticipated. Id. They found that Daewoo's VCRs did infringe the '210 patent but that that patent also was invalid on the basis that it was anticipated by prior art. Id. Mr. Song and Mr. Kang stated that they were investigating the possibility that the '538 was invalid but they did not express any opinion as to whether that patent was infringed or invalid. Id. In the meantime, Daewoo continued to sell the accused devices.
At trial, Daewoo's witness, Mr. Song conceded that it did not seek any outside opinion of counsel until Funai insisted it do so. Doscher Decl., Ex. 45 at 1468-1469. However, rather than obtain an opinion from a firm competent to render an opinion on U.S. patent law, as Funai had requested, Daewoo retained a South Korean law firm without training in U.S. patent law. Doscher Decl., Ex. 39 at 194. Daewoo did not obtain any opinions from U.S. counsel until after this action was initiated, and then only obtained opinions as to the '018 and '538 patents. Doscher Decl., Exs. 64, 65. Further, Mr. Song testified that he did not consider any of the opinion letters in deciding to continue selling the infringed VCRs. Doscher Decl., Ex. 39 at 206, 260.
This factor, therefore, supports an award of enhanced damages.

3. The infringer's behavior as a party to the litigation
Funai argues that Daewoo's conduct in this litigation favors an award of enhanced damages. It asserts that Daewoo unnecessarily prolonged licensing negotiations prior to the litigation, engaged in discovery misconduct that resulted in sanctions on several occasions, improperly altered a translation to change a key word in its *1115 favor, acted unprofessionally at depositions, failed to make a key witness reasonably available and capitalized on its corporate reorganization to withhold evidence relating to liability. Daewoo argues that its conduct was reasonable and that it should not be punished a second time for conduct that was already subjected to sanctions. The Court finds that this factor does not support an award of enhanced damages.
First, the Court cannot determine based on the record before it that Daewoo intentionally drew out the licensing negotiations that preceded Funai's lawsuit. Second, while the Court has imposed sanctions on Daewoo in this action, the Court finds that the conduct on which those sanctions were based is not so severe as to justify an award of enhanced damages. This factor, therefore, does not support an enhancement of damages.

4. Defendant's size and financial condition
Funai argues that damages should be enhanced because DEC continues to be a large multinational entity that has sales equivalent to over 2 billion dollars a year. See Doscher Decl., Ex. 47 (Dunn & Bradstreet Report). The same report on which Funai relies, however, also shows that DEC has not shown a profit since 2004, that it has cash reserves of just over $8 million dollars, and that DEAM's net income in 2005 was only $112,813.00. The Court concludes that although Daewoo continues to have substantial net worth, its financial condition is relatively weak. This factor does not favor an award of enhanced damages.

5. Closeness of the case
Funai argues that enhanced damages should be awarded because the evidence supporting its infringement claims was "overwhelming." Daewoo counters that as to the '018 and '210 patents, the jury found infringement under the doctrine of equivalents and that this factor therefore points away from an award of enhanced damages. See WMS Gaming, Inc. v. International Game Technology, 184 F.3d 1339, 1354-55 (Fed.Cir.1999) ("while it is not a rule of law that infringement that is not literal can never be sufficiently culpable to warrant enhanced damages, avoidance of literal infringement is a fact to be considered in determining whether there has been willful infringement"). It also points out that the Court found on summary judgment that three of Funai's patents were not infringed.
Having reviewed the entire record, the Court concludes that the jury's finding of willfulness is amply supported by the evidence. On the other hand, Daewoo prevailed as to three out of the six patents asserted in this action. The Court finds that this factor does not favor awarding enhanced damages.

6. Duration of the defendant's misconduct
Funai argues that this factor favors an award of enhanced damages because Daewoo continued to infringe from 2003, when it received notice of the infringement, until at least 2006, when Daewoo exited the VCR market. Funai also points to the evidence (discussed above) suggesting that Daewoo may still be selling infringing VCRs. Daewoo, on the other hand, argues that this factor only applies where the court has warned a defendant not to infringe pending appeal even while it has stayed an injunction. For the reasons stated below, the Court finds that this factor does not favor an enhancement of damages.
In Read, the Federal Circuit cited only a single case in support of this factor, Bott v. Four Star Corp., 229 U.S.P.Q. 241, 255 (E.D.Mich.1985), 1985 WL 6071, with the *1116 parenthetical: "For sales prior to the appellate court's affirmance of the liability judgment, damages increased by 20%; for sales after the affirmance, damages doubled." 970 F.2d 816, 827 (Fed.Cir.1992). In Bott, the district court entered a judgment against the alleged infringer and an injunction enjoining further infringement of the asserted patents. 1985 WL 6071, *1. The court subsequently agreed to stay the injunction upon the posting by the defendant of a $100,000.00 bond, pending appeal. Id. at *6. The defendant continued to make infringing sales, not only prior to determination of the appeal but also for three months after the appeal was decided in the patentee's favor. Id. at *7. The court reasoned that a 20% multiplier was appropriate for the former period, given that the defendant had already been found to infringe by the district court, and that damages should be doubled as to infringement after the Federal Circuit affirmed the district court's ruling. Id. at *19.
In light of the Read court's reliance on Bott, the Court concludes that the focus of this factor is whether or not the infringer has continued to infringe after there has been a judicial finding that a particular device infringes the asserted patent. Here, the only evidence offered showing that Daewoo has continued to infringe after a judicial determination of infringement is the evidence that Funai submitted in support of entry of a permanent injunction, namely, the web page showing an infringing device in May of 2008. While troubling, this evidence is not sufficient, by itself, to persuade the Court of the need for an enhancement, particularly as Funai has not presented any evidence of actual sales of infringing devices since the jury entered its verdict. Therefore, the Court concludes that this factor does not support an award of enhanced damages.

7. Remedial action by the defendant
The parties dispute whether Daewoo's efforts to design around the patents at issue in this case support an award of enhanced damages. It is undisputed that Daewoo implemented design-arounds for four of the six patents at issue in this case: the '218 patent, the '209 patent, the '332 patent and the '538 patent. The designaround for the '538 patent was implemented in December 2003. It is also undisputed that Daewoo did not implement designarounds for the '018 and '210 patents. As to the '018 patent, Daewoo points to evidence that it investigated possible designarounds but decided that implementing a design-around was not economically feasible in light of the shrinking U.S. market and the possibility that Daewoo might have to discontinue its sales of VCRs in the U.S. See Lee Decl., Ex. 3 (Kang Depo.) at 538-40. As to the '210 patent, Daewoo concedes that it did not attempt to design around the technology but asserts that its decision was justified because the Japanese counterpart had been found invalid and therefore, it was reasonable to believe the '210 patent would be found invalid as well. Funai argues at length that Daewoo's reliance on the decision of the Japanese Patent Office was not reasonable.
The Court concludes that this factor favors an award of enhanced damages. Daewoo has admitted that it did not implement design-arounds or take any other remedial action as to two out of the three patents that the jury found were infringed. The fact that its excuses for failing to do so may (or may not) be reasonable is beside the point.

8. The defendant's motivation for harm
Funai argues that where, as here, the infringer engages in infringing conduct to gain an edge over the patentee in a competitive market, this factor favors an *1117 award of enhanced damages. The Court agrees. See Domestic Fabrics Corp. v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 326 F.Supp.2d 694, 700 (E.D.N.C.2004) ("A company intentionally undertaking the risk of importing infringing products and engaging in an aggressive strategy unsupported by competent advice of counsel is exactly the type of activity the increased damage reference in the patent law seeks to prevent"). The evidence at trial showed that Daewoo's incorporation of Funai's patented technologies into its own VCRs allowed it to directly compete for Target's business, resulting in the loss of a major Target contract to Daewoo. This factor supports an award of enhanced damages.

9. Whether the defendant attempted to conceal its misconduct
Funai argues that Daewoo used its corporate reorganization to withhold and/or destroy relevant evidence in this case, as evidenced by the multiple awards of sanctions against Daewoo on the basis of discovery conduct. While Daewoo has been subject to sanctions on more than one occasion, this does not provide a sufficient basis for concluding that it actually concealed and/or destroyed relevant evidence. The Court finds that this factor does not favor an award of enhanced damages.

10. Conclusion
Although a close call, considering all of the factors discussed above, the Court concludes that an award of enhanced damages is not warranted in this case. The request for enhanced damages is DENIED.

V. MOTION FOR ATTORNEYS' FEES

A. Background
In its Motion for Attorneys' Fees, Funai requests an award of attorneys' fees under 35 U.S.C. § 285 on the basis that this action constitutes an "exceptional case." In support of this assertion, Funai points to the jury's finding that Daewoo wilfully infringed the '018, '210 and '538 patents and to Daewoo's alleged litigation misconduct. Funai further requests an award of its expert witness fees on the basis that Daewoo's misconduct is so extreme that it renders the case "very exceptional" and therefore warrants the exercise of the Court's inherent authority.
Daewoo argues that this case is not exceptional and therefore, that the Court should not award attorneys' fees or witness fees. It points out that only three of the six patents at issue were found to have been infringed and argues that even as to those that were found to have been infringed, Daewoo's defenses were offered in good faith. Daewoo further argues that it did not engage in litigation misconduct that would justify an award of attorneys' fees or expert witness fees. Finally, Daewoo argues that the motion should be denied because Funai did not identify the fees that it is seeking or establish that the fees sought are reasonable.

B. Legal Standard
Under 35 U.S.C. § 285, the district court may award attorneys' fees in "exceptional cases." A finding of willfulness is a sufficient basis for an award of attorneys' fees under § 285. Modine Mfg. Co. v. Allen Group, Inc., 917 F.2d 538, 543 (Fed. Cir.1990). While the district court is not required to award attorneys' fees where such a finding has been made, it is an abuse of discretion to deny attorneys' fees in cases of willful infringement unless the court explains why the case is not exceptional. Id. In addition, the court may find a case to be exceptional on the basis of litigation misconduct. See Imonex Services, Inc. v. W.H. Munzprufer Dietmar Trenner GMBH, 408 F.3d 1374, 1378 (Fed. Cir.2005).
*1118 Expert witness fees are not available under § 285 but may be awarded under the Court's inherent power to sanction fraud or abuse of the judicial process. See Amsted Industries Inc. v. Buckeye Steel Castings Co., 23 F.3d 374, 377-78 (Fed.Cir. 1994).

C. Analysis
There is substantial evidence in the record showing that Daewoo willfully infringed three of Funai's patents. This evidence supports the conclusion that Funai should be awarded attorneys' fees as to the three patents that were found infringed at trial. On the other hand, three of the patents that Funai asserted were found by the Court not to have been infringed. Therefore, Daewoo should not be required to pay attorneys' fees that are attributable to litigation relating to those patents. Because Funai has not yet documented the fees it seeks, the Court is not in a position to determine the specific amount to which Funai is entitled.
The Court declines to award expert witness fees under its inherent power because the conduct that Funai complains of does not rise to the level of fraud or abuse of the judicial process.
The Court, therefore, GRANTS in part the Motion as to attorneys' fees and related expenses available under § 285 and DENIES the Motion as to Funai's request for expert witness fees.

VI. MOTION FOR COSTS AND PREJUDGMENT INTEREST

A. Background
In its Motion for Costs and Prejudgment Interest, Funai seeks an award of prejudgment interest on the jury award, calculated from the date of first infringement through the date of judgment. Funai asserts that it is entitled to prejudgment interest from the date of first infringement, that is, as to DEC, October 25, 2002, and as to DEAM, January 1, 2003. Funai also requests prejudgment interest on its attorneys' fees and expenses on the basis of Daewoo's "outrageous" behavior.
Daewoo argues that Funai's request should be denied because it failed to file a bill of costs, as required under the Local Rules, and its motion fails to include an accounting of the costs it seeks. In addition, Daewoo asserts that Funai has waived any claim it may have had to prejudgment interest because it waited four years to file its infringement suit against Daewoo. Because of the prejudice that resulted from this delay, Daewoo argues, prejudgment interest should be calculated from the date the lawsuit was filed (rather than the date of first infringement), if at all. Finally, Daewoo rejects Funai's assertion that prejudgment interest should be awarded on attorneys' fees and expenses as well as on the jury award. Daewoo argues that such an award would be inconsistent with 35 U.S.C. § 284, which is intended to compensate patentees rather than punish infringers. According to Daewoo, if prejudgment interest is awarded, the Court should calculate the amount using May 7, 2004 as the starting date and the T-bill rate as the applicable interest rate.

B. Legal Standard
Under 35 U.S.C. § 284, a patentee who prevails in an infringement action is entitled to "damages adequate to compensate for the infringement ... together with interest and costs as fixed by the court." The Supreme Court has held that under this provision prejudgment interest "should ordinarily be awarded absent some justification for withholding such an award." General Motors Corp. v. Devex *1119 Corp., 461 U.S. 648, 657, 103 S.Ct. 2058, 76 L.Ed.2d 211 (1983). This rule is based on the principle that the patentee should be put in as good a position as he would have been had the infringer entered into a reasonable royalty agreement. Id. The Court explained that one reason prejudgment interest might be denied is undue delay in prosecuting the lawsuit, and that there might be other reasons as well. Id.

C. Analysis

1. Costs
Having prevailed on its infringement claims, Funai is entitled to an award of costs under § 284. The Court rejects Daewoo's assertion that Funai has waived its right to seek costs by failing to file a bill of costs with the Clerk after trial. Local Rule 54-1(a) requires that a bill of costs be filed within 14 days of entry of judgment. As judgment has not yet been entered in this action, Funai has not violated the Local Rule 54-1(a) and has not waived its right to seek an award of costs. The Court notes, however, that it will not address specific disputes relating to Funai's costs until the parties have complied with the procedures set forth in the Local Rules relating to the determination of costs.

2. Prejudgment Interest
Funai is also entitled to an award of prejudgment interest. The Court rejects Daewoo's assertion that prejudgment interest should be awarded only as of the date this action was filed because Funai unreasonably delayed initiating this action. The record before the Court does not reflect that Funai unreasonably delayed initiating the action. On the other hand, the Court declines to award prejudgment interest on attorneys' fees and expenses. Such an award could be based only on the Court's inherent power and, as noted above, the Court does not find that Daewoo's conduct warrants such a sanction.

VII. CONCLUSION
Daewoo's JMOL Motion is DENIED. The Court rules as follows on Funai's Post-Trial Motions:
(1) Motion for Permanent Injunction: GRANTED.
(2) Motion for Enhanced Damages under 35 U.S.C. § 284: DENIED.
(3) Motion for Attorneys' Fees and Expenses Under 35 U.S.C. § 285: GRANTED at to attorneys' fees, DENIED as to expert witness fees.
(4) Motion for Costs and Prejudgment interest: GRANTED as to costs and prejudgment interest, from date of first infringement, on damage award; DENIED as to prejudgment interest on attorneys' fees and expenses.
The parties are directed to meet and confer, within thirty (30) days of the date of this order, regarding the amount of attorneys' fees, as well as calculation of prejudgment interest. If they are unable to agree on the amounts, Funai shall submit papers supporting its request for attorneys' fees and prejudgment interest no later than February 13, 2009. Daewoo's Opposition shall be filed by March 6, 2009. Funai's Reply shall be filed by March 20, 2009. If the Court determines that a hearing is necessary, a hearing shall be set after the parties have submitted their briefs. In addition, Funai shall submit to the Court, within fourteen (14) days of the date of this order, a proposed form of order with respect to the injunctive relief to be afforded.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
NOTES
[1]  Hereinafter, the Court refers to DEC and DEAM collectively as "Daewoo."
[2]  The parties have consented to the jurisdiction of a United States Magistrate Judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c).
[3]  Because the Court finds that the "opened" limitation was literally met it need not address the question of whether prosecution history estoppel precluded Funai from asserting that the T-Mecha infringed under the doctrine of equivalents.