Court Opinion

ID: 5142242
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-31 01:11:56.180525+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:34.736375
License: Public Domain

Norino Properties, LLC, et al. v. Joseph J. Balsamo, No. 1343, September Term, 2020,
Opinion by Graeff, J.

MARYLAND CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — IN BANC REVIEW — SCOPE OF
REVIEW

Pursuant to Article IV, § 22 of the Maryland Constitution, in banc review by a circuit court
panel is permitted “[w]here any trial is conducted by less than three Circuit Judges.” The
plain language of Article IV, § 22 provides that in banc review is available only after a
trial.

A “trial” for purposes of Article IV, § 22 is “‘that step in an action by which issues or
questions of fact are decided.’” Berg v. Berg, 228 Md. App. 266, 281 (2016) (quoting
Miller v. Tobin, 18 F. 609, 616 (C.C.D. Or. 1883), overruled on other grounds by Alley v.
Nott, 111 U.S. 472 (1884)). The term “trial” in the context of in banc review should be
read broadly to include an action that determines issues (of law or fact) or questions of fact,
as long as the action results in a final judgment. The ruling of the circuit court granting a
motion to dismiss with prejudice, thereby resolving the action between the parties, was a
“trial” pursuant to Article IV, § 22.

Accordingly, the in banc panel had jurisdiction to review the decision of the circuit court
dismissing Mr. Balsamo’s complaint. The in banc panel properly found that the circuit
court abused its discretion in denying Mr. Balsamo leave to amend the complaint.
Circuit Court for Baltimore County
Case No. C-03-CV-19-002722

                                                                                                   REPORTED

                                                                                     IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

                                                                                                  OF MARYLAND

                                                                                                    No. 1343

                                                                                             September Term, 2020

                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                      NORINO PROPERTIES, LLC, ET AL.

                                                                                                       v.

                                                                                            JOSEPH J. BALSAMO

                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                        Graeff,
                                                                                        Reed,
                                                                                        Ripken,

                                                                                                     JJ.
                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                              Opinion by Graeff, J.
                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                        Filed: December 15, 2021

 Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
Materials Act
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic.

                      2021-12-15 10:30-05:00

Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk
       This appeal involves an ongoing business dispute between appellants, John Zorzit

and Norino Properties, LLC (“Norino Properties”),1 and appellee, Joseph Balsamo. Mr.

Zorzit and Mr. Balsamo are co-owners of Balsamo and Norino Properties, LLC (“BNP”),

a real estate investment company created in 1998. In 2012, Mr. Balsamo filed suit in the

Circuit Court for Baltimore County seeking, among other things, to dissolve BNP. The

court did not dissolve BNP, but it granted some relief to Mr. Balsamo. Mr. Balsamo

appealed, and we affirmed the circuit court’s judgment. See Balsamo v. Zorzit, No. 761,

Sept. Term, 2017 (filed July 9, 2018), cert. denied, 461 Md. 487 (2018) (“Balsamo I”).

       In 2019, Mr. Balsamo, individually and derivatively on behalf of BNP, filed in the

Circuit Court for Baltimore County a Complaint, and a First Amended Complaint, against

appellants seeking, among other things, a judicial dissolution of BNP. Appellants filed a

Joint Motion to Dismiss, arguing that the claims were barred by the doctrine of res judicata,

and the Amended Complaint failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted.

The court granted the motion to dismiss. It subsequently denied Mr. Balsamo’s Motion to

Alter or Amend Judgment and his accompanying request for leave to amend the complaint.

       Mr. Balsamo requested in banc review, and the circuit administrative judge

designated three judges to review the court’s decision as a panel in banc. The in banc panel

reversed the court’s denial of the request for leave to amend and granted Mr. Balsamo 30

days to file another complaint.

       1
           Mr. Zorzit is the majority owner of Norino Properties, LLC.
      On appeal, appellants present the following questions for this Court’s review, which

we have rephrased slightly, as follows:

      1.     Did the in banc panel lack jurisdiction to consider the appeal pursuant
             to Article IV, § 22 of the Maryland Constitution because the circuit
             court’s dismissal of the Amended Complaint for failure to state a
             claim was not a “trial”?

      2.     Did the in banc panel err in concluding that it was an abuse of
             discretion for the circuit court to refuse to grant Mr. Balsamo leave to
             amend his complaint?

      For the reasons set forth below, we shall affirm the judgment of the in banc panel.

                FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND2

                                            I.

                   Events Prior to the Litigation Subject to Appeal

      BNP, a limited liability company, was formed on November 18, 1998. Mr. Balsamo

and Mr. Zorzit each have a 50% membership interest in BNP. Although they did not have

a “comprehensive written operating agreement” for BNP, they established BNP “for the

purpose of buying, selling, leasing, improving and otherwise investing in real estate to

create and preserve assets to fund each member’s retirement.” Mr. Zorzit is BNP’s

managing member.

      Norino Properties is a limited liability company that was formed on September 15,

1997. Mr. Zorzit is the majority owner and “manager or managing member” of Norino

      2
        Because the present case was resolved on a motion to dismiss, the facts are taken
from the Amended Complaint and undisputed documents attached to the Complaint. See
Sprenger v. Pub. Serv. Comm’n of Md., 400 Md. 1, 21 (2007).
                                            2
Properties. James Parks, a certified public accountant, is Norino Properties’ minority

member. Mr. Balsamo does not have a membership interest in Norino Properties.

      On November 18, 1998, Norino Properties and BNP entered into an Agreement for

Management Services (“Management Agreement”), which provided that Norino Properties

would “provide construction, maintenance and supporting services to BNP in exchange for

largely unspecified compensation paid by BNP to Norino Properties.” The Management

Agreement “does not include any specific rates for compensation and is of indefinite

duration.” On November 1, 2010, Mr. Balsamo and Mr. Zorzit affirmed the Management

Agreement through an Affirmation.3

      In 2012, Mr. Balsamo, individually and derivatively on behalf of BNP, filed suit

against appellants, asserting multiple claims, including negligence and breach of fiduciary

duties, breach of contract, unjust enrichment, and indemnification. Mr. Balsamo alleged

that Mr. Zorzit wasted his and BNP’s assets, stating that Mr. Zorzit “caused BNP to loan

him or companies he controlled over $900,000 to purchase property in Canada,” which Mr.

Zorzit subsequently mismanaged, “without a promissory note in place to evidence the loan

or any writing memorializing his obligations to BNP.” Mr. Balsamo alleged that Mr. Zorzit

harmed BNP “by using its funds to satisfy a tax lien imposed upon Nick’s Amusement,

another company of which Mr. Zorzit is the sole owner.”

      3
        Copies of the Management Agreement and the Affirmation are attached to the
Amended Complaint, collectively, as Exhibit 2, and incorporated into the complaint by
reference.
                                            3
       Mr. Balsamo also alleged that, although BNP owned commercial real property in

Baltimore County (the “Baltimore County Property”), Mr. Zorzit “wrongfully held that

property in the name of Norino Properties.” Chick-fil-A leased the Baltimore County

Property, which was valued at $3.5 million. Mr. Balsamo further alleged that Mr. Zorzit

assisted Mr. Parks in, among other things, falsely claiming a membership interest in BNP.

Mr. Balsamo sought damages, a judicial dissolution and winding up of BNP, and a

declaratory judgment “that the Baltimore County Property was owned by and for the

benefit of BNP; that Mr. Parks had no interest in BNP; and that BNP’s agreements with

Mr. Zorzit’s companies,” including the Management Agreement with Norino Properties,

“were not binding or enforceable upon BNP.”

       In June 2014, a fifteen-day bench trial ensued. On March 4, 2015, the court issued

an Order, with Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law.4 The court did not dissolve BNP,

noting that the parties had agreed in the beginning that Mr. Zorzit was the sole authorized

representative to conduct business for BNP. Although there had been disputes between the

parties in recent years, the court found that it was “reasonably practicable to carry on the

business in conformity with the articles of organization.”5 The court did, however, grant

       4
        A copy of the court’s Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law from Balsamo I is
attached to the Amended Complaint as Exhibit 3, and incorporated into the Complaint by
reference.
       5
          Md. Code Ann., Corps. & Ass’ns Article § 4A-903 (2014 Repl. Vol.), provides
that, on application of a member, a circuit court “may decree the dissolution of the limited
liability company whenever it is not reasonably practicable to carry on the business in
conformity with the articles of organization or the operating agreement.”
                                             4
some relief to Mr. Balsamo, including ordering an independent accounting of BNP member

capital accounts.

                                             II.

                    Amended Complaint at Issue in the Present Case

        In August 2019, Mr. Balsamo filed a new Complaint, and in September 2019, he

filed an Amended Complaint, against Norino Properties and Mr. Zorzit. In Count One,

Mr. Balsamo, in his individual capacity, requested dissolution of BNP because it was “not

reasonably practicable to carry on the business in conformity with the articles of

organization or the operating agreement.” In Counts Two and Three, he alleged breach of

contract and constructive fraud. In Counts Four through Seven, Mr. Balsamo alleged, “for

the use and benefit of BNP,” negligence and breach of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment,

constructive fraud, and corporate waste. In Count Eight, for the use and benefit of BNP,

he sought a declaratory judgment that the Management Agreement was terminable at any

time.

        The Amended Complaint alleged that, since October, 2017, Mr. Zorzit had operated

BNP “for the primary benefit of himself” and “his other companies,” including Norino

Properties.   It alleged that Mr. Zorzit had “breached his fiduciary duties and other

obligations, and since October 1, 2017, had engaged in, and caused BNP to engage in, a

course of fraudulent, deceptive, oppressive, illegal and inequitable conduct,” including: (1)

illegitimate loans; (2) obfuscation of business records; (3) self-dealing; and (4) fraudulent

or otherwise unlawful acts.

                                             5
       Regarding illegitimate loans, Mr. Balsamo alleged that Mr. Zorzit “frequently

caused BNP to make loans unrelated to BNP’s business purpose,” without Mr. Balsamo’s

consent, and thereby treated BNP as his personal lender. Four loans, in particular, had

“provided BNP no legitimate business advantage and apparently were instead intended to

benefit Mr. Zorzit and his other businesses.”

       First, the Amended Complaint alleged that BNP, through Mr. Zorzit, made an

“undocumented, unsecured, interest-free loan” to an administrative law judge (“ALJ”) for

“tens of thousands of dollars” to “curry favor” with the ALJ. The loan served no business

purposes of BNP, and ultimately, it caused a loss to BNP because the ALJ did not repay

the loan after it was discharged in bankruptcy.

       Second, BNP, through Mr. Zorzit, made a loan of $61,567.77 to an unspecified

borrower, who secured the loan with a mortgage on real property located in Catonsville,

Maryland. The loan documents and mortgage were in BNP’s name. After the borrower

refinanced the secured loan and repaid the principal amount, plus interest, in the total

amount of $77,309.29, “Mr. Zorzit contended that the loan repayment actually belonged to

Norino Properties, and he transferred the repayment funds, including accrued interest, from

BNP to Norino Properties.”

       Third, BNP, through Mr. Zorzit, made a loan to Amer. Inc. (“Amer”), which

“operates a bar on real estate owned by one of Mr. Zorzit’s other companies.” After Mr.

Zorzit disbursed the loan funds from BNP, Amer “used the funds to pay Mr. Zorzit’s other

businesses.” Amer has not repaid the loan from BNP, and “Mr. Zorzit has not collected

any late fees on BNP’s behalf.”

                                             6
      Fourth, BNP, through Mr. Zorzit, made a “substantial loan” to a Canadian

corporation that Mr. Zorzit owned pursuant to a Non-Negotiable Promissory Note that

provided “for no interest or periodic payments but only a single balloon payment upon

maturity in 2024.” Mr. Zorzit’s corporation used the loan proceeds to purchase real

property in Ontario, Canada in its name, but BNP paid the property taxes. Consequently,

rather than BNP’s “loan balance being paid down over time, it currently continues to

increase as Mr. Zorzit causes BNP to make additional disbursements for taxes and other

expenses.”

      Regarding obfuscation of business records, the Amended Complaint alleged that,

since October 1, 2017, Mr. Zorzit had precluded Mr. Balsamo “from having any

meaningful access to the books, records, and finances of BNP.” Despite Mr. Balsamo’s

“repeated demands” after October 2017, Mr. Zorzit refused Mr. Balsamo access to BNP’s

bank records. In July 2019, Mr. Balsamo requested that Mr. Zorzit produce documents in

electronic format related to BNP’s properties. Mr. Zorzit responded that Mr. Balsamo

could continue to obtain hardcopies of the documents from him.

      Mr. Zorzit also refused Mr. Balsamo access to documents concerning Chick-fil-A’s

lease of the Baltimore County Property. In accordance with the ground lease between

Chick-fil-A and BNP, Chick-fil-A sublet parts of the Baltimore County Property to third-

parties. Mr. Balsamo had “requested to review the documents related to those subleases,

but Mr. Zorzit has refused.” The Amended Complaint alleged that Norino Properties was

receiving the rent paid by Chick-fil-A, despite the ruling in Balsamo I that BNP was the

                                           7
owner. Because Mr. Balsamo did not have access to the subleases, he could not determine

whether the monies owed to BNP were being paid.

       Mr. Zorzit also refused Mr. Balsamo access to documents regarding BNP’s legal

expenses and attorneys’ fees. BNP, through Mr. Zorzit, paid over $2.1 million in expenses

and fees in connection with Balsamo I that BNP should not have paid because Mr.

Balsamo, not Mr. Zorzit, was granted indemnification in Balsamo I.

       Regarding self-dealing, the Amended Complaint alleged that “Mr. Zorzit frequently

operates BNP for the sole benefit of his other companies,” including Norino Properties.

Since 2017, Mr. Parks had performed accounting services for Mr. Zorzit and his

companies, but only BNP paid Mr. Parks’ compensation. Additionally, BNP, through Mr.

Zorzit, contracted with Mr. Zorzit’s companies whenever possible. Mr. Zorzit’s Maryland-

based companies provided construction and maintenance services to BNP’s non-Maryland

properties, even though “it likely would be cheaper and more efficient to employ local

companies for such work.” For example, BNP, through Mr. Zorzit, used one of Mr.

Zorzit’s companies, Norino Construction, for construction services at one of BNP’s

properties in North Port, Florida, “even though Norino Construction is based in Maryland,

not Florida.”

       The Amended Complaint alleged that BNP, through Mr. Zorzit, also obtained

property management services from Mr. Zorzit’s other business “at above market rates.”

Although BNP paid Mr. Zorzit, his companies, and Mr. Parks, collectively, $364,000 per

year for management and bookkeeping services, Mr. Balsamo received a solicited bid from

WPM Management Co. (“WPM”), a professional property management company, to

                                           8
provide the same management and bookkeeping services for $95,000 per year. WPM also

would provide monthly documentation related to BNP’s properties.

       Mr. Zorzit also failed to inform Chick-fil-A that, in accordance with the circuit

court’s judgment in Balsamo I, the lease for the Baltimore County Property was assigned

from Norino Properties to BNP. Chick-fil-A was unaware of the assignment until Mr.

Balsamo contacted the restaurant in July 2019. As of September 30, 2019, Chick-fil-A had

tendered all rent payments due under the ground lease to Norino Properties. Mr. Zorzit

had not instructed Chick-fil-A to make future rent payments to BNP. Such omissions

placed BNP at “unnecessary risk” and “personally enriched” Mr. Zorzit.

       Regarding fraudulent or otherwise unlawful acts, Mr. Zorzit opened bank accounts

in the name of BNP with Wells Fargo, SunTrust, M&T Bank, and Bank of America “by

fraudulently holding himself out as the sole owner of BNP.” He did so to freeze Mr.

Balsamo out of BNP and to preclude Mr. Balsamo from accessing BNP’s business records.

       Mr. Balsamo “made demand of Mr. Zorzit on most, if not all, of the offending

conduct but nothing has happened as a result.” Thus, Mr. Balsamo alleged that further

demand was futile. Mr. Balsamo sought, among other things, damages and dissolution of

BNP.

                                          III.

                       Joint Motion to Dismiss and Opposition

       On October 11, 2019, appellants filed a Joint Motion to Dismiss the Amended

Complaint with prejudice. They argued, among other things, that Mr. Balsamo’s claims

                                           9
against Mr. Zorzit were barred by res judicata, and all counts of the Amended Complaint

failed to state claims for relief.

       With respect to res judicata, appellants argued that the Amended Complaint

involved the same claims that were at issue in Balsamo I, the same parties were involved,

and the claims were the subject of a final judgment rendered on the merits. Accordingly,

appellants argued that Mr. Balsamo was barred from relitigating his claims.

       Regarding the legal sufficiency of the Amended Complaint, appellants argued that,

in Count One, Mr. Balsamo failed to state a claim for a judicial dissolution of BNP,

asserting that BNP continued to operate in accordance with its Articles of Organization,

and therefore, the statutory remedy of judicial dissolution was unavailable to Mr. Balsamo

as a matter of law. With respect to Count Two, appellants argued that Mr. Balsamo failed

to state a claim for breach of contract because, under the November 1998 agreement, Mr.

Zorzit had broad authority to act as BNP’s managing member, and Mr. Balsamo was unable

to identify any provision of the agreement or the Articles of Organization that Mr. Zorzit

allegedly breached. They argued that Counts Three and Six failed to state claims for

constructive fraud because the allegations contained in those counts lacked the requisite

degree of factual particularity. Appellants further argued that Mr. Balsamo was barred as

a matter of law from pursuing relief for unjust enrichment, as alleged in Count Five,

because such a claim was inapplicable where there was a contract, and Mr. Balsamo failed

to allege how, and to what extent, Mr. Zorzit was unjustly enriched.

       With respect to Count Seven, which alleged corporate waste by Mr. Zorzit based on

BNP’s advancement of attorneys’ fees to defend the litigation against him, appellants

                                           10
argued that the count failed to state a claim because, by maintaining the present action, Mr.

Balsamo was the source of the alleged waste at issue. Finally, appellants argued that Mr.

Balsamo was not entitled to the declaratory relief sought in Count Eight because a

justiciable controversy between BNP and Norino Properties did not exist. Accordingly,

appellants asserted that the court should dismiss the Amended Complaint with prejudice.

       On November 5, 2019, Mr. Balsamo filed an Opposition, arguing that the claims

were not barred by res judicata. He asserted that the Amended Complaint was “based on

new groups of facts” that occurred after October 2017, and this case did not “sufficiently

overlap” with the operative facts of Balsamo I.

       Mr. Balsamo also argued that the Amended Complaint sufficiently alleged claims

for relief. With respect to Count One, he argued that it sufficiently alleged a judicial-

dissolution claim because it was not reasonably practicable for BNP to operate as intended

as a result of Mr. Zorzit’s “pervasive fraudulent and oppressive conduct.” He argued that

Count Two sufficiently alleged a breach-of-contract claim because, “through his diversion

of assets, self-dealing, obfuscation of records, fraudulent identity of himself as the sole

owner, and myriad other examples of oppressive and illegal conduct that acts to the

detriment of BNP, Mr. Zorzit breached his obligations as stated under the Articles of

Organization.”

       Mr. Balsamo also argued that he sufficiently alleged claims for constructive fraud

in Counts Three and Six. Initially, he argued that the heightened pleading standard for

fraud claims under federal law “exceed[s] that which is required under the Maryland

                                             11
Rules.” In any event, he asserted that he sufficiently alleged claims for constructive fraud

because the Amended Complaint was “replete with allegations of concealment and deceit.”

       With respect to the claim for unjust enrichment in Count Five, Mr. Balsamo asserted

that this claim was legally sufficient because he had “alleged that Mr. Zorzit, outside the

scope of authority granted to him as an employee of Norino Properties and under the

Management Agreement, has repeatedly conferred benefits upon himself to the detriment

of BNP.” With respect to his claim for corporate waste, Mr. Balsamo argued that there

was no document providing Mr. Zorzit with authority to advance the payment of legal fees

and costs, through BNP, to finance appellants’ defense in the present case. Finally, Mr.

Balsamo argued that he sufficiently alleged a declaratory judgment claim, asserting that

one of the primary issues in the case, whether the Management Agreement was terminable

for lack of a durational limit, was “precisely the type of question to be answered by a

declaratory judgment claim.”

                                            IV.

                                     Motion Hearing

       On January 9, 2020, the circuit court held a hearing on the Joint Motion to Dismiss.6

At the hearing, appellants reiterated their argument that the Amended Complaint “should

be dismissed because all of the claims were or could have been” litigated in Balsamo I, and

       6
         The circuit court also intended to hear argument on Mr. Balsamo’s motion for a
preliminary injunction. After argument on the Joint Motion to Dismiss, however, the
parties entered into a consent order that obviated the need to argue the injunction motion.
Under the consent order, appellants agreed that they would provide Mr. Balsamo with ten
days’ written notice of an intention to sell any of BNP’s properties. The court continued
the hearing on the injunction motion to a future date.
                                            12
therefore, they were barred by res judicata. They disputed that the claims in the Amended

Complaint were based on conduct that occurred after October 2017.

       Mr. Balsamo initially argued that a claim that suit is barred by res judicata “is really

not a motion to dismiss, it is a motion for summary judgment.” In any event, he conceded

that two of the three elements of res judicata were satisfied, i.e., the parties were the same

and there had been a final judgment rendered on the merits in Balsamo I. Mr. Balsamo

argued, however, that the claims were not the same because the alleged conduct that formed

the basis of the claims in the Amended Complaint occurred from 2017 to 2019, after the

judgment in Balsamo I.7

       Mr. Balsamo further argued that the Amended Complaint stated legally sufficient

claims for relief, reiterating arguments he made in the Opposition to the Joint Motion to

Dismiss. Regarding the legal sufficiency of the constructive fraud claims, the following

colloquy occurred between the court and Mr. Balsamo’s counsel:

       [COUNSEL FOR MR. BALSAMO]: [W]e have obtained documents from
       the bank, Your Honor, that we think demonstrate -- so we haven’t had a
       chance -- here is this in a nutshell, Your Honor. I could have filed another
       amended complaint on December 21st but I didn’t think I needed to do so
       because I think that this complaint suffices.

       7
         Res judicata bars “the same parties from litigating a second lawsuit on the same
claim, or any other claim arising from the same transaction or series of transactions and
that could have been—but was not—raised in the first suit.” Anne Arundel Cnty. Bd. of
Educ. v. Norville, 390 Md. 93, 106 (2005) (quoting Lizzi v. Washington Metro. Area Transit
Auth., 384 Md. 199, 206 (2004)). The elements of res judicata are: (1) that the same
parties, or those in privity, are involved in each suit; (2) the claims are identical; and (3)
there was a final judgment in the first action. Colandrea v. Wilde Lake Cmty. Ass’n, Inc.,
361 Md. 371, 392 (2000).
                                              13
             We have gotten documents that if we get to the preliminary injunction
      hearing, would be some of the first things we cross Mr. Zorzit on that I think
      show fraud. I’m not going to give away the house right now.

      THE COURT: You didn’t sue for fraud.

      [COUNSEL FOR MR. BALSAMO]: I agree, Your Honor. The point I’m
      making, Your Honor, is that I don't think I need to -- I think that we can
      dismiss the constructive fraud and I can now plead an actual fraud claim
      based on the documents I received.

      THE COURT: So you want to dismiss Counts 3 and 6?

      [COUNSEL FOR MR. BALSAMO]: I don’t want to dismiss anything. What
      I’m suggesting, if you have a concern about dismissing anything –

      THE COURT: I don’t want to stand in your way?

      [COUNSEL FOR MR. BALSAMO]: Give me the opportunity to plead the
      fraud that I have now found in the documents that we received. That is what
      I’m asking for.

      THE COURT: Well, are you conceding that you haven’t alleged sufficient
      facts for constructive fraud?

      [COUNSEL FOR MR. BALSAMO]: I’m not.

      THE COURT: Okay. I guess we will be seeing another amended complaint.

      [COUNSEL FOR MR. BALSAMO]: Happy to do whatever the Court would
      like.

      THE COURT: No. I’m not telling you to do that, believe me.

      [COUNSEL FOR MR. BALSAMO]: Fair enough, Your Honor. The point,
      Your Honor, I guess, is this: If you are not going to see another amended
      complaint, you might see a whole new complaint.

      THE COURT: All right. Okay. Go ahead.

      In rebuttal, counsel for appellants addressed the failure to state a claim for

constructive fraud. Counsel stated that he could not stop Mr. Balsamo from filing a new

                                           14
complaint based on new facts, but he reiterated his position that the Amended Complaint

“fails to state claims upon which relief can be granted and ought to be dismissed,” and he

stated that “there shouldn’t be an ability to amend this complaint because they already had

two chances.”

                                             V.

                           Memorandum Opinion and Order

       On January 29, 2020, the circuit court filed a Memorandum Opinion and Order

granting the Joint Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint with prejudice. The court

dismissed Count One (judicial dissolution) as barred by res judicata, noting that the claim

for dissolution of BNP in the present case was identical to the dissolution claim in Balsamo

I. The court stated that the claim in both suits was that it was not reasonably practicable to

operate under the current conditions, and although the Amended Complaint alleged acts of

bad faith by Mr. Zorzit, it failed to allege, other than a conclusory allegation, that BNP was

operating in a different manner than it was in Balsamo I.

       The court next discussed the general categories of misconduct alleged in Counts

Two (breach of contract), Four (breach of fiduciary duties), Five (unjust enrichment), and

Seven (corporate waste). It dismissed those counts based on res judicata or for failure to

state a claim upon which relief could be granted.

       With respect to the allegations relating to obfuscation of business records, the court

found that they did not support any of the counts because they failed to state a claim for

relief. Based on the findings of fact made in Balsamo I, Mr. Balsamo was a passive

member of BNP, and as such, his right to inspect BNP’s records was defined in Md. Code

                                             15
Ann., Corps. and Ass’ns Article § 4A-406(e) (2014 Repl. Vol.), but the Amended

Complaint did not allege that Mr. Balsamo made a demand pursuant to the statute or that

any such demands were denied. The court also concluded that the allegations pertaining

to self-dealing were barred by res judicata because the claims had already been litigated,

or could have been litigated, in Balsamo I.

       With respect to the claims of fraud, the court found that the claims did not allege

false statements or plead the claims with particularity. Accordingly, it concluded that the

fraud claims in Counts Two, Four, Five, and Seven, as well as Counts Three and Six, should

be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted.

       Finally, the court dismissed Count Eight, seeking declaratory judgment. Although

the court recognized that Mr. Balsamo “understandably wants to extricate himself from the

Management Agreement,” he previously had sought this relief, and this was “nothing but

a second attempt to accomplish the identical goal.” Therefore, this count was barred by

res judicata.    Accordingly, the court granted the motion to dismiss the Amended

Complaint.

                                              VI.

                                Motion to Alter or Amend

       On February 10, 2020, Mr. Balsamo filed a Motion to Alter or Amend, arguing that

the court erred in granting the motion to dismiss “on the basis of evidence offered outside

of the pleadings without giving [Mr. Balsamo] the opportunity to rebut it.” He asserted

that, if the court based its decision on the ground that res judicata barred the litigation, it

effectively treated the motion as one for summary judgment, and the court should re-open

                                              16
the case to allow him the opportunity to introduce evidence on that issue. If the court

treated the motion as one to dismiss, it should analyze whether he properly stated a claim

upon which relief could be granted. Mr. Balsamo further argued that his counsel had

requested leave to amend the Complaint at the motion hearing, and the court erred in not

addressing that request in its Memorandum Opinion and Order.

      Mr. Balsamo submitted an affidavit of Abigail E. Ticse, an attorney and colleague

of Mr. Balsamo’s counsel. In the affidavit, Ms. Ticse stated that, had Mr. Balsamo’s

counsel “proceeded with the preliminary injunction hearing” on January 9, 2020, counsel

expected to present documentary and testimonial evidence of the following:

      a.      In support of its allegation at paragraph 35 of the Amended
      Complaint, that [BNP] is paying, and has been paying, the taxes on the
      Lauzon Road property in Canada through the present, causing the loan
      balance to increase, rather than decrease as one would expect over time,
      because Mr. Zorzit causes BNP to make additional disbursements for taxes
      and other expenses. By proceeding in such a manner, Mr. Zorzit has
      frustrated the reasonable expectation of Mr. Balsamo that, if in fact BNP has
      the authority to make such loans in the first place, that any such loans would
      be serviced in a manner maximizing benefit to BNP, not to an entity owned
      by Mr. Zorzit that was the recipient of the loan in the first place.

      b.     That Mr. Zorzit failed to notify Chick-fil-A of the change in
      ownership, unnecessarily causing Chick-fil-A to continue to remit payments
      to an entity owned by Mr. Zorzit, Norino Properties, that did not have a
      segregated account for receipt of such payments, in violation of the
      appropriate standard of care, and that Norino Properties has at times,
      including after October 2017, failed to transfer the payment to BNP.

      c.      That in 2018 and 2019, Mr. Zorzit used a company that he owns in
      Maryland, Norino Construction, to perform work at a property owned by
      BNP in Florida, the North Port shopping center, and that in connection
      therewith, Mr. Zorzit falsely stated that the property was owned by another
      of his companies, Norino Properties, and failed to undertake any analysis to
      determine whether BNP should engage in this self-dealing transaction and
      whether that was fair to Mr. Balsamo.

                                           17
      d.     That Mr. Zorzit has allowed the [Amer] loan to go through a 40-month
      period in which no payments were required, with such period of time
      stretching past October 2017, with no good reason to support such loan
      forgiveness.

      e.     That Mr. Zorzit has not enforced BNP’s lease with Eye Candy Lounge
      after October 2017, allowing that entity to forego rent payments for no good
      reason.

      f.     That since October 2017, Mr. Zorzit has taken tenants of his other
      companies to court over the failure to, e.g., pay rent, which creates the
      inference that he is giving preferential treatment to his companies over BNP
      and in violation to the duties he owes Mr. Balsamo.

      g.      That with regard to Cherrydell Road, the parties continued discussion
      of that issue until 2017, long after the trial took place, and from Mr.
      Balsamo’s perspective, no agreement was reached on the issue, meaning it is
      still outstanding.

      h.      That the general ledgers that Mr. Zorzit has provided to Mr. Balsamo
      . . . contain fraudulent misrepresentations that Mr. Balsamo was not able to
      uncover until he finally received the bank statements and records by
      subpoena that [appellants] sought to quash last Fall. . . . [Appellants] knew
      that the bank records would contradict the general ledger, which creates not
      only an action for fraud against Mr. Zorzit of which Mr. Balsamo was
      unaware until the bank records were received in August 2019, but it
      eviscerates any argument [appellants] might offer that they have not
      obfuscated records but to the contrary, have satisfied their duty to keep Mr.
      Balsamo informed as to the BNP’s financial state.

      i.     That BNP’s partnership tax return for 2018, prepared by BNP’s
      managing member, wrongfully includes adjustments beyond just applying
      the court-ordered adjustments for BNP partnership capital accounts
      associated with [Balsamo I], putting BNP at future risk in the event of an IRS
      audit.

      Appellants filed an Opposition, arguing, among other things, that the court’s

consideration of documents attached to the Amended Complaint, i.e., the Management

Agreement and the court’s Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law in Balsamo I, was

                                           18
appropriate and did not convert the motion to one for summary judgment. They also argued

that the court “acted well within its discretion” in dismissing the Amended Complaint with

prejudice.

       In an Order dated April 2, 2020, the court summarily denied Mr. Balsamo’s Motion

to Alter or Amend the judgment of dismissal.

                                              VII.

                                    In Banc Proceedings

       On April 3, 2020, Mr. Balsamo filed a Notice for In Banc Review. Appellants filed

a motion to dismiss, arguing that in banc review, which was authorized by Article IV, § 22

of the Maryland Constitution, was not available in this case “because no trial was

conducted.”

       Mr. Balsamo filed an opposition, arguing that Article IV, § 22 permits in banc

review of a decision dismissing a case for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be

granted. He asserted that in banc review was not intended to be limited to cases in which

there has been a “trial,” and even if it was, a trial occurred in this case.

       On July 6, 2020, the in banc panel issued an Opinion denying appellants’ motion to

dismiss the request for in banc review. The panel acknowledged that Article IV, § 22 of

the Maryland Constitution provides the right to in banc review “where any trial is

conducted by less than three circuit judges.” It rejected appellants’ argument that a trial

means an evidentiary hearing, however, stating that this position was “at odds with

respected commentary,” see Paul V. Niemeyer and Linda M. Schuett, Maryland Rules

Commentary 779 (5th ed. 2019), whose authors opined that in banc review exists

                                               19
“following any final judgment, not simply those rendered after a trial on the merits.” The

in banc panel further noted that this view matched the Court of Appeals’ decision in State

v. Phillips, 457 Md. 481, 512 (2018), in which the Court stated that, “in any case in which

a party has a right to appeal from a final judgment to the Court of Special Appeals,” the

party has the right to request in banc review of an interlocutory ruling after final judgment

is entered.8 Based on these authorities, the panel found that the circuit court’s decision was

a final judgment that was reviewable in banc. It denied appellants’ motion to dismiss and

scheduled a merits hearing on Mr. Balsamo’s request for in banc review.

       The merits hearing occurred on September 15, 2020. Counsel for Mr. Balsamo

explained that Counts One and Eight were dismissed on grounds of res judicata, Counts

Three and Six were dismissed for failure to state a claim, and Counts Two, Four, Five, and

Seven were dismissed on both of these grounds. Counsel stated that he was not challenging

the court’s decision regarding Counts Three and Six. With respect to the other counts,

counsel argued that he thought the claims were sufficiently pleaded, but if they were not,

he requested leave to amend to add specific dates when events occurred.

       Counsel for appellants reiterated his argument that the court properly dismissed the

Amended Complaint. He asserted that the court did not abuse its discretion in not granting

leave to amend, noting that Mr. Balsamo had already filed an amended complaint after

appellants filed their first motion to dismiss, and he failed to fix any of the deficiencies.

       8
         We note that the beginning of this sentence states: “Subject to any law that, in a
particular circumstance, would provide otherwise.” State v. Phillips, 457 Md. 481, 512
(2018).
                                             20
He argued that the panel did not have jurisdiction to engage in in banc review, but if there

was jurisdiction, the panel should affirm.

       On January 22, 2021, the in banc panel filed an Opinion reversing the circuit court’s

denial of leave to amend. In so doing, the panel noted as follows:

       During argument on January 9, 2020, Mr. Balsamo informed the court that it
       had recently received bank records from Wells Fargo on December 20, 2019
       as well as other records from Chick-fil-A which he argued would permit new
       allegations of actual fraud.

              At a point in the argument, Mr. Balsamo recognized the possibility
       that the court might grant the motion and asked the court for “one more
       opportunity to plead [his] best case.” The court went so far as to
       acknowledge this possibility, “I guess we will be seeing another amended
       complaint[.]”

               Following the court’s dismissal of Mr. Balsamo’s Amended
       Complaint on January 29, 2020, Mr. Balsamo filed a Motion to Alter or
       Amend Judgment on February 10, 2020. The motion included a request for
       leave to further amend his complaint. Mr. Balsamo attached an affidavit
       identifying what he described as “new evidence” obtained since the filing
       [of] the Amended Complaint as well as further details of [appellants’] post-
       [Balsamo I] conduct supporting the causes alleged.

               This litigation has had a very long life and the trial judge has plowed
       many hours into its resolution. We nevertheless conclude that, in light of the
       verified allegations submitted in support of [Mr. Balsamo]’s request for leave
       to further amend his complaint, it was an abuse [of] the court’s discretion not
       to grant that request. The potential for prejudice to [appellants] or
       unnecessary delay is outweighed by the right of [Mr. Balsamo] to “plead his
       best case,” perhaps for a final time.

(Internal citations omitted).

       The in banc panel did not address the propriety of the court’s decision to grant the

motion to dismiss based on res judicata, stating: “As we have determined that it was an

abuse of discretion to deny Mr. Balsamo’s request to further amend his complaint, the court

                                             21
does not reach the substantive issue of res judicata.” Accordingly, the panel reversed the

decision of the court denying Mr. Balsamo leave to amend the complaint, and it granted

Mr. Balsamo 30 days to file a Second Amended Complaint.

      This appeal followed.

                                     DISCUSSION

                                             I.

                               Scope of In Banc Review

      Review by an in banc circuit court panel is authorized by Article IV, § 22 of the

Maryland Constitution. This provision, which “originated at the Constitutional Convention

of 1867,” Remson v. Krausen, 206 Md. App. 53, 62 (2012), has been the subject of multiple

appellate opinions. See Phillips, 457 Md. at 496–506 (discussing cases). In this case, we

address the scope of in banc review in the context of the provision providing that such

review is permitted where “any trial is conducted.”

      Article IV, § 22 currently provides:

      Where any trial is conducted by less than three Circuit Judges, upon the
      decision or determination of any point, or question, by the Court, it shall be
      competent to the party, against whom the ruling or decision is made, upon
      motion, to have the point, or question reserved for the consideration of three
      Judges of the Circuit, who shall constitute a court in banc for such purpose;
      and the motion for such reservation shall be entered of record, during the
      sitting at which such decision may be made; and the procedure for appeals to
      the Circuit Court in banc shall be as provided by the Maryland Rules. The
      decision of the said Court in banc shall be the effective decision in the
      premises, and conclusive, as against the party at whose motion said points,
      or questions were reserved; but such decision in banc shall not preclude the
      right of Appeal by an adverse party who did not seek in banc review, in those
      cases, civil or criminal, in which appeal to the Court of Special Appeals may
      be allowed by Law. The right of having questions reserved shall not,
      however, apply to trials of Appeals from judgments of the District Court, nor

                                             22
       to criminal cases below the grade of felony, except when the punishment is
       confinement in the Penitentiary; and this Section shall be subject to such
       provisions as may hereafter be made by Law.

Md. Const. art. IV, § 22.

       “The purpose of the constitutional provision authorizing an in banc appeal was to

provide a substitute or alternate for an appeal to the Court of Appeals or, in recent years,

to the Court of Special Appeals.” Bd. of License Comm’rs for Montgomery Cnty. v.

Haberlin, 320 Md. 399, 406 (1990), abrogated on other grounds by Bienkowski v. Brooks,

386 Md. 516 (2005). Accord Costigin v. Bond, 65 Md. 122, 122 (1886) (Article IV, § 22

“gave a new right of appeal” that was “in substitution of an appeal” to the appellate court).

An in banc panel “‘functions as a separate appellate tribunal.’” Guillaume v. Guillaume,

243 Md. App. 6, 11 (2019) (quoting Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. Est. of Sanders, 232 Md.

App. 24, 37 (2017)).

       As indicated, the in banc panel here concluded that Article IV, § 22 allowed in banc

review following any final judgment. Appellants contend that the panel erred in so

concluding. They assert that the court lacked jurisdiction to hear Mr. Balsamo’s request

for in banc review because Article IV, § 22 limits such review to cases where a “trial is

conducted,” and the dismissal of the Amended Complaint did not constitute a “trial.”

       Mr. Balsamo disagrees. He contends that Article IV, § 22 permits in banc review

of a dismissal for failure to state a claim for either of two reasons. Initially, Mr. Balsamo

argues that the right to in banc review is not limited to rulings after there has been a trial.

In any event, even if in banc review is so limited, Mr. Balsamo asserts that “the proceeding

from which the appeal was taken meets the definition of a ‘trial.’”

                                              23
       When this Court reviews an in banc panel’s decision, our role is similar to that of

the Court of Appeals when it reviews a decision from this Court. Guillaume, 243 Md. App.

at 11. Our standard of review depends on the question presented. Id. at 11–12. As we

have explained:

       “When a pure question of law comes before either this Court or the Court of
       Appeals, the standard of review is de novo, that is, neither Court gives any
       deference to the trial court’s interpretation of the law.” [Hartford Fire Ins.
       Co. v. Est. of Sanders, 232 Md. App. 24, 39 (2017)]. When reviewing a trial
       court’s exercise of discretion, however, “our standard is abuse of discretion,
       which is highly deferential to the trial court that is the judicial body that
       exercised its discretion.” Id. at 40.

Id.

       The issue whether the in banc panel had jurisdiction to review Mr. Balsamo’s

petition for in banc review is “a purely legal question.” Guillaume, 243 Md. App. at 12.

Accordingly, we review this issue de novo, giving no deference to the panel’s decision.

       We begin with the question whether the right to in banc review provided by Article

IV, § 22 is limited to cases in which there has been a “trial.” Mr. Balsamo argues that it is

not, stating that the cases have “interpreted the scope of the right to in banc review as being

coextensive with the statutory right of appeal.”

       In addressing this issue, we note that, when interpreting constitutional provisions,

our task is to “discern and then give effect to the intent of the instrument’s drafters and the

public that adopted it.” State Bd. of Elections v. Snyder, 435 Md. 30, 53 (2013). As the

Court of Appeals has cautioned, however, “‘because the Constitution was carefully written

by its drafters, solemnly adopted by the constitutional convention, and approved by the

people of Maryland, courts lack the discretion to freely depart from the plain language of

                                              24
the instrument.’” Phillips, 457 Md. at 487 (quoting Snyder, 435 Md. at 53). “When that

language is clear and unambiguous, we need not review more than the words of the

constitutional provision.” Remson, 206 Md. App. at 62. Occasionally, however, “‘we see

fit to examine extrinsic sources of legislative intent merely as a check of our reading of a

statute’s plain language, including ‘archival legislative history.’” Phillips, 457 Md. at 488

(quoting Reger v. Washington Co. Bd. of Ed., 455 Md. 68, 96 (2017)).

         Thus, we look first to the language of Article IV, § 22. The plain language of the

provision, which limits in banc review to a case “[w]here any trial is conducted,” is clear

and unambiguous. Article IV, § 22 provides that in banc review is available only after a

trial.

         Nothing in the legislative history suggests a contrary result. The Court in Phillips

set forth an exhaustive review of the events leading to the adoption of § 22 and its

legislative history. Id. at 489–94. It stated that, although the reason for the adoption of §

22 was “not altogether clear,”

         “it appears to have been, as its commonly recognized nickname of ‘the poor
         person’s appeal’ suggests, a response to a fear of the framers of the
         Constitution of that year that the distance to Annapolis and the concomitant
         delay and expense incident to prosecuting an appeal in the Court of Appeals
         would discourage or preclude many litigants from seeking justice by means
         of appellate review.”

Id. at 500 (quoting Washabaugh v. Washabaugh, 285 Md. 393, 396 (1979)).

         In construing the intent of Article IV, § 22, we note that it has been amended.

Amendments to a constitutional provision also “bear on the proper construction of the

provision as it currently exists,” and in such a situation, “the intent of the amenders . . .

                                              25
may become paramount.” Phillips, 457 Md. at 489. Article IV, § 22 has been amended

two times since 1867, “the principal one being in 2006.” Id.9

       Prior to 2006, Article IV, § 22 provided for in banc review in cases “[w]here any

Term is held, or trial conducted by less than the whole number of said [c]ircuit [j]udges.”

Berg v. Berg, 228 Md. App. 266, 272 (2016) (emphasis in original). In 2006, Article IV,

§ 22 was amended by, among other things, deleting the phrase “Term is held, or.” Id. at

273. Thus, Article IV, § 22 now provides for in banc review in cases “[w]here any trial is

conducted by less than three Circuit Judges.” Md. Const. art. IV, § 22.

       In Berg, 228 Md. App. at 273–75, we stated that it was uncertain “[w]hat exactly

the framers intended to convey when they used the words ‘[w]here any Term is held,’” and

the legislative history of the 2006 amendment did not indicate why the words were deleted.

We concluded, however, that the “legislative history of House Bill 84 strongly suggests

that the words at issue were considered to be archaic and for that reason were deleted with

no substantive change intended.” Id. at 276.

       Despite the clear language limiting in banc review to cases where a “trial is

conducted,” Mr. Balsamo contends that such review is not so limited, relying on caselaw

that has “interpreted the scope of the right to in banc review as being coextensive with the

statutory right of appeal.” To be sure, courts have said that in banc review provides “a

substitute or alternative” to an appeal to this Court, Bethesda Title & Escrow, LLC v.

       9
         In 1978, “to take account of the creation of the District Court and the abolition of
justices of the peace seven years earlier, § 22 was amended to substitute a reference to the
District Court for the reference to justices of the peace.” Phillips, 457 Md. at 500. That
amendment has no relevance to the issues raised in this appeal.
                                             26
Gochnour, 197 Md. App. 450, 461, cert. dismissed, 421 Md. 192 (2011), and “a

comparable and compatible alternative to an appeal to” this Court, Phillips, 457 Md. at

513. The Court of Appeals, however, has made clear that this alternative method of appeal

“is not to be extended by construction beyond the terms of the constitution.” Costigin v.

Bond, 65 Md. 122, 122 (1886). The terms of Article IV, § 22 provide, contrary to Mr.

Balsamo’s argument, that in banc review is available only in cases where “any trial is

conducted.”

       We turn next to the question whether the proceedings here constituted a “trial” under

Article IV, § 22. As we explained in Hernandez v. State, 108 Md. App. 354, 359 (1996),

aff’d on other grounds, 344 Md. 721 (1997), the word trial “can be read broadly or

narrowly,” and “the scope of the term depends mostly on its context.” We noted that, in

determining the right of a criminal defendant or the public to be present at “trial,” the word

“trial” is construed broadly to include certain motions hearings. Id. (citing Waller v.

Georgia, 467 U.S. 39 (1984); Redman v. State, 26 Md. App. 241 (1975)). In Hernandez,

108 Md. App. at 360–61, by contrast, this Court construed the word “trial” narrowly to

include only the actual trial on the merits.10

       10
          Hernandez v. State, 108 Md. App. 354, 358–61 (1996), aff’d on other grounds,
344 Md. 721 (1997), involved Maryland Rule 4-406(b), which provided that a post-
conviction hearing not be held by “the judge who presided at trial,” absent consent. We
concluded that Rule 4-406(b) did not apply to the judge who rules on a suppression motion,
but rather, it applied only to that “judge who presided at the proceeding at which guilt or
innocence was determined” because the purpose of the rule was to disqualify automatically
only the judge “who is most likely to resist the petitioner's claims of error.” Id. at 360–61.
                                                 27
       Other jurisdictions recognize that the scope of the term trial depends on its context.

See Davis v. Davis, 66 S.E. 401, 403 (Ga. App. Ct. 1909) (“The word ‘trial’ in a limited

sense relates only to the examination and determination of issues of fact, but in the broader

sense includes hearing and determining of issues, whether they are of law or of fact.”);

People v. Redisi, 544 N.E.2d 1136, 1139 (Ill. App. Ct. 1989) (“‘trial’ is not a word of rigid

definition”); see also 88 C.J.S. Trial § 1 (2021) (“The term ‘trial’ has different meanings

in different contexts.”).

       This case addresses the scope of the word “trial” in the context of in banc review

pursuant to Article IV, § 22. We addressed that issue, although not in the context of the

specific question here, in Berg, 228 Md. App. at 280–82.

       In that case, after their divorce proceedings, Ms. Berg filed suit against her former

husband, seeking to garnish his wages due to his failure to fully satisfy a $450,000

monetary judgment rendered against him. Id. at 270–71. Mr. Berg objected to Ms. Berg’s

method of payment allocation, which was to apply the payments that Mr. Berg had made

to interest first and then to principal. Id. at 270. The circuit court held an evidentiary

hearing regarding the amount Mr. Berg owed, at which time exhibits were introduced and

Ms. Berg testified. Id. at 270–71. The court subsequently issued an order concluding that

many of the payments should have been applied exclusively to principal. Id. at 270.

       After Ms. Berg’s motion to alter or amend was denied, she filed a petition for in

banc review. Id. Mr. Berg argued that the in banc panel did not have jurisdiction to hear

the appeal “because the issue the panel was asked to consider did not ‘stem from a merits

trial.’” Id. The in banc panel determined that it had jurisdiction to hear the appeal, and it

                                             28
reversed, ruling that “all payments made on the $450,000 judgment should be credited ‘first

to interest and then to principal.’” Id.

       On appeal, this Court initially rejected Mr. Berg’s argument that in banc appeals

were not available from rulings on a post-trial motion, but rather, they were permitted only

regarding errors made by a judge at a “merits trial.” Id. at 276–79. We noted that the

words in the Constitution did not contain time restrictions to support that argument, and

we concluded that in banc review of post-trial decisions was allowed. Id. at 276, 279.

       In any event, we determined that the issue presented was based on what occurred at

a trial. Id. at 279. We began by looking to the “‘normal, plain meaning’” of the word

“trial.” Id. at 280 (quoting Remson, 206 Md. App. at 61). After surveying many sources,

we rejected Mr. Berg’s narrow interpretation of the term trial to mean a “merits trial,” and

not any subsequent proceeding. Id. at 280–81. We interpreted the word “trial,” in the

context of Article IV, § 22, to mean “‘that step in an action by which issues or questions

of fact are decided.’” Id. at 281 (quoting Miller v. Tobin, 18 F. 609, 616 (C.C.D. Or. 1883),

overruled on other grounds by Alley v. Nott, 111 U.S. 472 (1884)). Applying that

definition, we held that, when the court decided, based on evidence introduced, how Mr.

Berg’s payments should be applied, a “trial” occurred. Id. at 281–82.

       At the end of the Berg opinion, this Court noted an “interesting” issue, i.e., whether

an in banc panel has jurisdiction “to decide whether a motion for summary judgment should

have been granted, or whether a circuit court judge erred in granting a motion to dismiss a

complaint for failure to state a cause of action upon which relief can be granted.” Id. at

282–83. We declined, however, to address that issue, leaving it for another day. Id. at 283.

                                             29
       That day has arrived. In addressing whether dismissal of a complaint for failure to

state a claim upon which relief can be granted constitutes a trial, we begin with the

definition of “trial” adopted in Berg, i.e., “‘that step in an action by which issues or

questions of fact are decided.’” Id. at 281 (quoting Miller, 18 F. at 616). The analysis in

Miller, which was decided in 1883, close to the time when Article IV, § 22 was adopted,

is instructive.

       In Miller, 18 F. at 615, the issue involved whether a petition to remove a complaint

from state court to federal court was timely, based on a statute providing that an application

for removal could be made only before “trial.” The defendant had demurred to Miller’s

complaint on the ground that “it did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action.”

Id. at 610.11 The court overruled the demurrer, with leave to the defendant to file an answer

on the merits. Id. The defendant subsequently filed an application for removal to federal

court. Id. at 611. Miller argued that, because the application was made after the court held

a hearing on, and overruled, the demurrer, the application was not made before “trial,” and

therefore, it was filed too late. Id. at 615. The court held that a “determination of a cause

upon a demurrer to the complaint is a ‘trial’” if it results in a final disposition of the case.

Id. at 615–16.

       In the Miller case, however, the demurrer was denied and there was no final

judgment rendered. Id. at 616. Rather, leave to file an answer was given. Id. In that

       11
        A demurrer is the predecessor to a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim
upon which relief can be granted. See Heery Int’l, Inc. v. Montgomery Cnty., Maryland,
384 Md. 129, 139 n.5 (2004).

                                               30
situation, the court determined that there was no “trial” that resulted in a final disposition

of the case, and therefore, the application to remove the case to federal court was timely.

Id.

       In Alley, 111 U.S. at 475, the United States Supreme Court similarly discussed the

issue of what constitutes a “trial” in the context of the federal statute that required a petition

for removal to be filed “before the trial.”12 That case also involved disposition of a

demurrer to a complaint on the ground that the complaint did not “state facts sufficient to

constitute a cause of action.” Id. The Court stated that such a pleading “raises an issue

which, when tried, will finally dispose of the case as stated in the complaint, on its merits,

unless leave to amend or plead over is granted.” Id. It concluded that “[t]he trial of such

an issue is the trial of the cause as a cause,” and if final judgment is entered, it is a “final

determination of the rights of the parties.” Id. The Court held that “the trial of an issue

raised by a demurrer which involves the merits of the action, is . . . a trial of the action[.]”

Id. at 475–76.13

       Pursuant to the reasoning of these cases, there is support for a finding that a “trial”

occurred here, when the circuit court, after a hearing, granted appellants’ motion to dismiss

the complaint with prejudice. Using the definition of “trial” adopted in Berg, 228 Md.

       12
         The statute subsequently was amended to require that removal petitions be filed
before the time to answer or plead to the complaint, except in certain circumstances.
Rothner v. City of Chicago, 879 F.2d 1402, 1412–13 (7th Cir. 1989). The reasoning of the
Court nevertheless is instructive on the issue of what constitutes a trial.
       13
          The Court went on to hold, contrary to the decision in Miller, that even when a
court denies the demurrer, there has been a “trial” within the meaning of the removal
statute. Alley v. Nott, 111 U.S. 472, 476 (1884).
                                               31
App. at 281, “an action by which issues or questions of fact are decided,” the grant of a

motion to dismiss with prejudice is an action that decides issues in the case, and in this

case, the ruling was dispositive of the claims between the parties.

       Appellants construe this definition differently. They argue that an “action by which

issues or questions of fact are determined” relates only to proceedings resolving factual

dispute. They assert that the terms “issues” and “questions” both modify the word “fact.”

We disagree.

       In making their argument, appellants ignore that the word “issues” is separated from

the words “questions of fact” by the word “or.” The word “or” “generally has a disjunctive

meaning, that is, the word is used to indicate ‘an alternative between unlike things, states

or actions.’” Gilroy v. SVF Riva Annapolis LLC, 234 Md. App. 104, 111 (2017) (quoting

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary Unabridged 1585 (1986)), aff’d, 459 Md.

632 (2018). Accord Plank v. Cherneski, 469 Md. 548, 620 (2020) (“‘Each item in a string

of terms, separated by the disjunctive ‘or,’ is given independent meaning.’”) (quoting

Bainbridge St. Elmo Bethesda Apartments, LLC v. White Flint Express Realty Grp. Ltd.

P’ship, LLLP, 454 Md. 475, 491 (2017)).

       Giving the word “or” its usual interpretation, we conclude that the term “trial” in

the context of in banc review should be read broadly to include an action that determines

issues (of law or fact) or questions of fact, as long as the action results in a final judgment.14

       14
          The Court of Appeals has noted that both an appeal to a circuit court in banc and
an appeal to this Court “ordinarily require that there be a final judgment in the matter.”
Phillips, 457 Md. at 503.
                                               32
The circuit court ruling here, granting the motion to dismiss with prejudice, was a final

judgment resolving the action between the parties, and therefore, it was a “trial” pursuant

to Article IV, § 22. The in banc panel properly found that it had jurisdiction to review the

case, and it properly denied appellants’ motion to dismiss.

                                             II.

                                     Leave to Amend

       Having determined that the in banc panel had jurisdiction to hear the appeal, we

address the panel’s decision on the merits. As indicated, the panel did not address the issue

of res judicata or whether the circuit court’s decision on the motion to dismiss was legally

correct. Instead, the panel concluded that the circuit court abused its discretion in not

granting Mr. Balsamo’s request to further amend his complaint. It reversed the court’s

decision denying Mr. Balsamo leave to amend the complaint, and it gave him 30 days to

file a Second Amended Complaint.

       Appellants contend that the in banc panel erred in determining that the circuit court

abused its discretion in denying Mr. Balsamo leave to amend. They note the high standard

for finding an abuse of discretion and argue that the panel did not apply that standard, but

rather, it “merely substituted its judgment for that of the trial court,” which “simply is not

permitted.”

       Mr. Balsamo contends that the in banc panel properly concluded that the trial court

abused its discretion in not granting him leave to amend. He argues that the policy in

Maryland is to allow amendments of pleadings liberally, and given indications that there

                                             33
were new facts relating to dismissal on grounds of res judicata, and the lack of prejudice

to appellants, the judgment of the in banc panel should be affirmed.

       Maryland Rule 2-322(c) provides that, if a court grants a motion to dismiss, “an

amended complaint may be filed only if the court expressly grants leave to amend.” The

decision whether “to allow amendments to pleadings or to grant leave to amend pleadings

is within the sound discretion of the trial judge,” and the decision in that regard will be

reversed only on a showing of “a clear abuse of discretion.” Schmerling v. Injured

Workers’ Ins. Fund, 368 Md. 434, 443–44 (2002). “Nevertheless, under Maryland Rule 2-

341(c), amendments to pleadings are allowed ‘when justice so permits.’” RRC Ne., LLC

v. BAA Maryland, Inc., 413 Md. 638, 673 (2010) (quoting Md. Rule 2-341(c)). As the

Court of Appeals has explained:

       Although it is well-established that leave to amend complaints should be
       granted freely to serve the ends of justice and that it is the rare situation in
       which a court should not grant leave to amend, see Hall v. Barlow Corp., 255
       Md. 28, 40–41 (1969), an amendment should not be allowed if it would result
       in prejudice to the opposing party or undue delay, such as where amendment
       would be futile because the claim is flawed irreparably. See Robertson v.
       Davis, 271 Md. 708, 710 (1974).

RRC Ne., 413 Md. at 673–74.

       Here, the in banc panel concluded, and we agree, that the circuit court abused its

discretion by denying Mr. Balsamo leave to amend.15 In granting the motion to dismiss,

the court stated on several occasions that there were no facts alleging that claims occurred

after the ruling in Balsamo I, or that circumstances had changed since that ruling. During

       15
         We note that, contrary to appellants’ assertions, the in banc panel recognized the
appropriate standard of review and explicitly found an abuse of discretion.
                                             34
the hearing on the motion to dismiss, and in the affidavit attached to the motion to alter or

amend, however, counsel proffered that there were facts supporting a finding that

appellants engaged in unlawful conduct after the judgment entered in Balsamo I.

       This is not one of those “rare cases” where an amendment was justifiably denied

due to prejudice, given that discovery had not commenced and no trial date was set when

the court dismissed the case. Moreover, as indicated, based on the proffer at the hearing

and in the affidavit, it did not appear that any amendment was futile. Under these

circumstances, we agree with the in banc panel that the court abused its discretion in

denying Mr. Balsamo leave to amend the complaint.

                                          JUDGMENT OF THE IN BANC PANEL
                                          AFFIRMED. COSTS TO BE PAID BY
                                          APPELLANTS.

                                             35