Court Opinion

ID: 3648176
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-06 06:03:41.947857+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:25:36.631890
License: Public Domain

The plaintiff Belvin is the cashier of the National Bank of Raleigh, and the defendant, the Raleigh Paper Company, is a corporation. The defendant corporation, on 14 January, 1890, executed a mortgage to the plaintiff Belvin on its plant at the Great Falls of the Neuse, to secure some $13,000; and on 5 June, 1893, the defendant paper company executed a second mortgage to Belvin, including the same property, and some other property not included in the first mortgage, but subject to the first mortgage, to secure an additional indebtedness of $9,000. The greater portion of this indebtedness still remains due and unpaid.
In April, 1893, the paper company leased this property to the defendant J. N. Holding, and on 9 October, 1893, this lease was surrendered, and the paper company then leased said property to the defendant Holding and N. T. Cobb for the term of six years, and in the month of March, 1894, Cobb sold and assigned all his interest in said lease and property to the defendant Holding. By the terms of this lease (141) said Holding and Cobb were to put certain improvements on said property, including an additional building, a one hundred horsepower engine, and other machinery to be used in manufacturing paper, this being the business in which said company was engaged. But by the terms of the lease, said improvements and machinery, so put on the corporation property by the lessees, were to be and remain their property, and they were to have the right to remove the same unless the paper company paid for said property and improvements.
Before the execution of the second mortgage to the plaintiff Belvin, the lessee Holding had bought a 100-horsepower engine of Ellington, Royster 
Company, and this, it seems, was included in this second mortgage, subject to the payment of the balance due thereon, which was stated to be $1,500. It is stated that this indebtedness to Ellington, Royster  Company was secured by mortgage (though this mortgage is not set out in the record as the other mortgages are), but no exception in the case seems to dispute this lien, except as to the amount which plaintiff says should only be $1,500.
The defendant Holding, on 16 October, 1894, bought of M. P. Pegram other machinery amounting to $6,000 and gave Pegram a mortgage on said machinery to secure the notes given for said property, which was registered in Wake County on 24 December, 1894; that after the registration of this mortgage, this machinery was put up upon the property so leased to the defendant Holding by the "Raleigh Paper Company." Besides the engine bought of Ellington, Royster  Company, and the machinery bought of Pegram, the defendant Holding erected on said property a large brick building adjoining, but not attached (as the referee finds) to the original buildings on said property, when it *Page 123 
was leased to Holding; that on 2 January, 1896, the defendant        (142) Holding sold to the paper company all the machinery and improvements he had put upon said property, during the term of said lease, for $18,500, to which sum there seems to be added $1,500, amount still due on the engine, for which the paper company executed to said Holding ten promissory notes for $2,000 each, amounting to $20,000, and at the same time, and as a part of the same transaction (as found by the referee), the paper company executed to the defendant W. W. Vass a deed of trust on all this property (improvements and machinery) so conveyed to the paper company, to secure the payment of the ten notes given by said paper company for said improvements and machinery. These notes have not been paid, nor has a large part of the Pegram debt been paid. Besides these debts, there is a large amount of debts made by said Holding while operating this plant as lessee, a part of which is also claimed to be a lien on the original plant, or upon the property sold by Holding to the paper company. But we will first consider the rights of Belvin under these two mortgages, the rights of Pegram under his mortgage, and the rights of Vass under his mortgage or deed of trust.
It would seem that Belvin is entitled to everything conveyed, in either of his mortgages, that belonged to the paper company at the time said mortgages were made, and to any improvements placed upon said property since that time by the paper company, or by any one else that the paper company would be entitled to, if the property had not been mortgaged; but that he is not entitled to improvements put upon said property that the paper company would not have been entitled to if the property had not been mortgaged.
The general rule is that whatever improvements a mortgagor        (143) puts upon the mortgaged property inures to the benefit of the mortgagee, or, more correctly speaking, is additional security for the debt. But this is upon the idea that the mortgagor is at least the equitable owner of the fee in the land; that he is entitled to the absolute legal as well as equitable title upon payment of the debt, and that such improvements are his and are made for his benefit, and that they increase the value of his property. Under the law, when the mortgagor puts such improvements upon the land, they become a part of the land, and he cannot remove them, and thereby impair the security for the mortgaged debt, any more than he could dispose of a part of the land itself.Wharton v. Moore, 84 N.C. 479; Moore v. Valentine, 77 N.C. 188;Jones v. Hill, 64 N.C. 198; Foote v. Gooch, 96 N.C. 265; Hornev. Smith, 105 N.C. 322. This is where the improvements — the fixtures — would belong to the mortgagor. The mortgagee is only entitled to this additional security, when the fixtures become a part of the soil, or a part of the land belonging to the mortgagor; and if it is not a part of *Page 124 
the land of the mortgagor, and does not and never did belong to the mortgagor, it cannot belong to, or inure to the benefit of the mortgagee. The law with regard to fixtures is very different under different relations and circumstances. Thus we have seen that where a fee simple owner puts improvements, called fixtures, on his land, the law at once fixes them with the character of land. But where a tenant for life, or lessee, or tenant for a term of years puts such improvements upon the leased property, for the purposes of manufacturing or for trade, while there under the lease, the law does not impress upon such improvements (fixtures) the character of land, and the tenant putting them (144) there is the owner of them, and may remove them from the land. They are considered and treated as personal property. R. R. v.Deal, 106 N.C. 112; Overman v. Sasser, 107 N.C. 432; WoodworkingCo., v. Southwick, 119 N.C. 611. Therefore, as a matter of law, these improvements were never a part of the land — never belonged to the mortgagor, and cannot inure to the benefit of Belvin under his mortgage. But in this case it is not necessary to rely upon this principle of law, so firmly established in our courts, as it is expressly stipulated, as a part of the contract of lease, that this property is to belong to the lessee and that he is to have the right to remove the same.
There were many cases cited to sustain the contention of Belvin and to show that he is entitled to the improvements (the fixtures) put on the property by Holding. But upon examination it is found that they do not conflict with the doctrines stated in this opinion. The cases most relied on for this contention were Wharton v. Moore, and Moore v.Valentine, supra. These cases are not in conflict with this opinion, but in fact sustain the views we have here expressed. In Wharton v. Moore, the improvements were made by a fee simple purchaser, and, when made, the law attached them to, and made them a part of the land. In Moorev. Valentine, the same principle obtains. The improvements (the fixtures) were placed on the land by a fee simple purchaser who sustained the relation of a mortgagor, and the law attached them to the land and made them in law "a part of the land." Indeed it is said in Moore v.Valentine, supra: "If he had taken a lease, say for five years, his right to remove the engines and appurtenances would have been beyond any question." In both of these cases, the nature of the estate proves (145) that the erection of the fixtures was for a temporary purpose, and not for the purpose of making them a part of the freehold. In such cases, the fixtures may be removed, and they do not in contemplation of law become "a part of the land," and as the fixtures erected by the lessee Holding "did not become a part of the land" in contemplation of law, and as they were expressly made Holding's personal property by the terms of the contract — the lease — we see no ground upon which *Page 125 
Belvin is entitled to them under his mortgage. This must be so, unless he is entitled to them by reason of the conveyance, made by Holding to the paper company on 2 January, 1896. We have seen that these fixtures belonged to Holding, and, being his, he has the right to convey them; and having conveyed them to the paper company (the mortgagor) they would have become a part of the realty and inured to the benefit of the mortgagee Belvin, if it had not been that, at the same time and as a part of the same transaction, the paper company conveyed them to Vass, trustee, to secure the purchase money the paper company agreed to pay Holding for the property. Morgan v.Dickerson, 85 N.C. 466; Howell v. Howell, 29 N.C. 491; Bunting v.Jones, 78 N.C. 289.
The conveyance of Holding to the paper company and the assignment of the paper company to Vass, trustee, being parts of the same transaction, the title never "rested" in the paper company, and the improvements did not become a part of the land mortgaged to Belvin, and he can derive no benefit from this transaction.
It now becomes necessary to ascertain the rights of Vass under    (146) his assignment. It has been seen that Holding was the owner of this property and had the right to convey the same (subject to other claims that will be discussed further on) and as it is not disputed but what Holding, through the paper company, conveyed whatever interest he had in said fixtures to Vass, trustee, it follows that Vass holds the same subject to the terms of said trust. But to determine what his rights are, it is necessary to consider the rights of the other claimants.
It seems not to be disputed that Ellington, Royster  Co. are entitled to be paid the balance of their claim out of the sale of the 100 horsepower, engine, etc., sold to Holding by them. But this property only can be applied to the payment of their claim.
The next claim to be considered is that of M. P. Pegram for what is known as the "Oats Machinery." This property was in Lincoln County when Holding bought it. The sale was made, on time, at the price of $6,300, for which Holding executed his promissory notes and secured their payment by a mortgage on the property so bought by him. This mortgage was registered in Wake County on 24 December, 1894, and before the property was moved to, and put up as a part of the machinery of the paper company. Therefore, when Holding conveyed to the trustee Vass (through the paper company) on 2 January, 1896, he only had the reversion after paying the residue of the mortgage debt to Pegram. Therefore, the Pegram mortgage debt must first be paid out of the property so mortgaged to Pegram.
This gives to Vass, trustee, all the fixtures put upon the lands of the "Raleigh Paper Mills Company" by Holding, under the lease, to be paid outpro rata upon the debts therein secured, but subject, first, to the payment *Page 126 
of the debt of Ellington, Royster  Co. out of the sale of the 100-horsepower engine, etc., conveyed to Holding by them; and, (147) secondly, to the payment of the balance of the debt due M. P. Pegram out of the sales of the property sold by the Bank of Charlotte to Holding, and by him mortgaged to said Pegram. The residue he will pay out upon the debts secured in the trust deed to him, as is above stated.
The next claim to be considered is that of Daniel M. Hicks. This claim can only be sustained against the mortgages of Belvin, if it can be sustained at all, under section 1255 of The Code. Coal Co. v. ElectricLight Co., 118 N.C. 232; R. R. v. Burnett, at this term. This statute has been amended by the act of 1897, but the amendment does not affect this case, as it was commenced before the passage of the statute. It appears from the findings of the referee that the material furnished by Hicks was necessary and was used in the manufacture of paper at the mills of the Raleigh Paper Company; that this company is the corporation that executed the two mortgages to Belvin. Thus far the claim seems to fall within the provisions of the statute as construed by this Court. But it is contended that the debt was not made by the corporation; that it is not the debt of the corporation and that the corporation is not liable for it; that Holding had no authority to make this debt for the corporation; that it was his debt, made for his benefit, and not for the corporation. And the referee found that Holding was not authorized to make this debt for the corporation, and that the corporation received no benefit from it. But it appears that Holding had been elected and was secretary and treasurer of the Raleigh Paper Mills Company, and that the company, by a vote of the directors on 9 October, 1893, had authorized Holding to carry on the business in the name of the company. It appears that at the time the drafts were given, upon (148) which the judgments were recovered, the attorney of Hicks knew that Holding was carrying on the business of the concern for himself, and not for the corporation. But it does not appear that Hicks knew this when he sold him the goods.
The statute provides for debts made by a corporation or its agents. And it would seem that the authority Holding had from the corporation, as its secretary and treasurer, to conduct the business in the name of the company, was prima facie sufficient evidence of agency to authorize the plaintiff to sell to him as agent. But the case does not stop here. Hicks brought suit against the company. Holding, as secretary and treasurer of the corporation, accepted service and judgment was rendered from which there was no appeal. Holding was secretary and treasurer of the corporation, and, as such service of process might have been made on him. And as service might have been made on him, he had *Page 127 
the right to accept service for the corporation. These facts appearing, we are unable to see why section 1255 of The Code does not apply, and thereby remove the mortgage lien out of the way of the Hicks judgment, where there was no appeal. This judgment does not create a lien, but it puts the mortgages out of the way of its enforcement, as the mortgages conveyed nothing as against it. R. R. v. Burnett, supra. And as the court has taken charge of the property of the corporation, and thereby prevented the plaintiff Hicks from enforcing his judgments, these judgments must be satisfied before there is any application of the assets to the Belvin mortgages. The other judgments, appealed from, were not allowed, and the judgment of the court below, on these judgments, is not appealed from. These judgments, from which there was an appeal, do not fall under the ruling of the Court upon the    (149) final judgments.
This may seem to be hard measure as to the corporation, and as to Belvin. But they have no right to complain of Hicks. It may be the result of misplaced confidence, but if so, the corporation authorized it by making Holding its secretary and treasurer, and by authorizing him to carry on the business in the name of the corporation. And Belvin allowed it by sitting by and permitting the corporation to do this, instead of foreclosing his mortgages, as he might have done. By doing this, he took the chances and they have turned out to his disadvantage.
We are not disposed to interfere with the rulings of the court as to costs, except as expressly stated in these opinion. The judgment of the court upon the appeal of the plaintiff Belvin will be modified in accordance with this opinion. And as it appears that Holding was to pay the balance due on the 100-horsepower engine, estimated at the time by Holding to be $1,500, this amount, or whatever turns out to be still due on said engine, should be deducted from whatever may be found to be due Holding from the trust fund under the Vass mortgage. That is, this amount should be charged against him in distributing the assets of the trust, if anything shall be found to be due him.
The case will be recommitted to the referee Zollicoffer to reform his report in accordance with this opinion and the opinion filed in this case in the appeal of the North Carolina Car Company, infra.
The plaintiff Belvin will pay the costs of this appeal out of the proceeds of sale under his mortgages and the Vass mortgage — each fund paying its pro rata proportion.
Modified and affirmed.
Cited: Vass v. Brewer, 122 N.C. 229; Williams v. R. R., 126 N.C. 921. *Page 128 
APPEAL OF DEFENDANT — THE NORTH CAROLINA CAR COMPANY.