Court Opinion

ID: 9408811
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-13 20:00:47.48171+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:47.075286
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 23a0319n.06

                                          No. 22-3714

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                                  FILED
                                                                                 Jul 13, 2023
                                                )                           DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                )
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                     )
                                                        ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                )
 v.                                                     STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                )
                                                        THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
                                                )
 AARON MICHAEL JAMES,                                   OHIO
                                                )
        Defendant-Appellant.                    )
                                                                                      OPINION
                                                )

Before: STRANCH, BUSH, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

       JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. During a multi-year investigation into a large-scale

marijuana and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) enterprise in Michigan, law enforcement learned that

Defendant Aaron James was distributing marijuana and THC products in Northern Ohio. Law

enforcement executed a warrant to search James’s Cleveland Heights, Ohio residence and seized

a significant amount of marijuana and substances containing THC. James moved to suppress that

evidence, but the district court denied the motion. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM.

                                    I.   BACKGROUND

       On November 20, 2020, Special Agent Jared Prill of the Ohio Bureau of Criminal

Investigation applied for a warrant to search the residence of Defendant Aaron James for evidence

of drug trafficking. The affidavit sought authorization to search two distinct addresses—1696 and

1698 Coventry Road—within one residential house in Cleveland Heights, Ohio. James lived on

one story of the house at 1698 Coventry, and an associate, Zoli Saunt, lived on another story at
No. 22-3714, United States v. James

1696 Coventry. In his affidavit, Agent Prill set out the following information in support of a

finding of probable cause.

       Through a multi-year investigation, law enforcement confirmed James’s involvement in a

large-scale marijuana and THC enterprise in Michigan that routinely served as a “source of supply

for drug dealers in Northeast Ohio.” The enterprise consisted of 20 homes within a gated

community in Michigan, which were used to cultivate marijuana and “extract THC distillate” for

distribution in Ohio. Prill averred that he had executed thirteen warrants related to the operation,

resulting in the seizure of “hundreds of thousands of dollars of narcotics and . . . drug proceeds.”

Nine of the warrants were executed in Cuyahoga County, which encompasses the city of Cleveland

Heights, Ohio.

       Investigators tied James to the Michigan operation through physical surveillance, utility

records, and “multiple registered confidential informants.” According to the informants, James

worked at several of the Michigan houses, including one that operated a THC extraction lab, and

electronic surveillance and informants revealed that James traveled back and forth from Cuyahoga

County, Ohio, to Michigan on “almost a weekly basis.” James had recently purchased THC

extraction equipment from one informant, who also provided “detailed information” regarding

James’s cultivation and distribution efforts, including a recent “large harvest of marijuana plants.”

Another informant told law enforcement that James regularly distributed THC products—as

pictured on an Instagram account he operated—in Northern Ohio. Relatedly, Agent Prill noted

that James purchased a new truck and paid rent and utilities in Michigan and Ohio despite having

no legitimate occupation.

       James was tracked to 1698 Coventry Road through surveillance, and Agent Prill confirmed

that James lived at the address with tenant information filed in Cleveland Heights.             The

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No. 22-3714, United States v. James

investigation also implicated Saunt, who lived in the same multifamily home, with his address at

1696 Coventry Road. A “reliable and credible” informant advised law enforcement that Saunt

distributed bulk amounts of marijuana and THC products, and further investigation revealed that

James and Saunt were associates. During one surveillance period, the pair were observed

interacting with each other “throughout the day” and using a common side door of the multifamily

home.

         The affidavit described three instances of suspicious behavior around the Coventry Road

residence. First, an associate of James was observed traveling from the Michigan drug operation

to James’s residence on Coventry Road on October 31, 2020. A week later, law enforcement

seized a large haul of marijuana and THC products, along with $47,000, transported by the

associate from Michigan to Ohio. Second, on November 16, a man in a hooded sweatshirt entered

the common side door of the Coventry Road residence and exited approximately twenty minutes

later with a “large bulging item in the pocket of his sweatshirt.” Finally, on November 18, a man

carrying an empty backpack entered the side door and exited with the backpack approximately ten

minutes later. Agent Prill averred that “[t]his in and out behavior is consistent with . . . narcotics

trafficking.”1

         On November 20, a judge of the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas issued the

warrant, and five days later, law enforcement executed it, seizing a significant amount of marijuana

and other substances containing THC from James’s residence at 1698 Coventry. A federal grand

jury indictment followed. James moved to suppress any evidence obtained pursuant to the warrant,

1
  In addition to these three instances, the affidavit detailed three trash pulls from the residence that uncovered evidence
connecting Saunt (but not James) to drug trafficking. Law enforcement found packaging for marijuana and THC
products and “cut vacuum sealed bags” that Agent Prill believed previously contained marijuana and THC related
items.

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No. 22-3714, United States v. James

arguing that the affidavit in support failed to establish probable cause, but the district court denied

the motion, finding that the affidavit did establish probable cause, and, nonetheless, the good faith

exception established in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984), applied. Ultimately, James

pled guilty to a superseding information charging him with one count of possession with intent to

distribute marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(D), while reserving the right

to appeal the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress. The district court imposed a sentence

of 12 months and one day and a three-year term of supervised release.

                                        II.   ANALYSIS

       James appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress the evidence discovered

during the November 25 search of his residence at 1698 Coventry Road. He argues that the

affidavit in support of the search warrant failed to establish probable cause that evidence of drug

trafficking would be found at 1698 Coventry Road and that the good faith exception does not

otherwise save the evidence from suppression. We review the district court’s factual findings for

clear error and its legal conclusions de novo, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the

Government. United States v. Lott, 954 F.3d 919, 922 (6th Cir. 2020).

       The Fourth Amendment states that “no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,

supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the

persons or things to be seized.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. To establish probable cause, there must

be a link or “nexus” between the specific place to be searched and the specific things to be seized;

there must be a fair probability that “incriminating evidence [will] be found there, rather than in

some other place.” United States v. Carpenter, 360 F.3d 591, 594 (6th Cir. 2004) (en banc). To

determine whether a warrant was supported by probable cause, “we look only to the four corners

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No. 22-3714, United States v. James

of the affidavit.” United States v. Waide, 60 F.4th 327, 337 (6th Cir. 2023) (quoting United States

v. Abernathy, 843 F.3d 243, 249 (6th Cir. 2016)).

         James does not dispute that the affidavit in support of the warrant provided probable cause

to believe that (1) he distributed drugs and (2) he resided at 1698 Coventry Road in Cleveland

Heights. Nor could he. The affidavit provided a lengthy list of supporting facts tying James to the

drug enterprise in Michigan and drug distribution in Northern Ohio, and it tied him directly to

1698 Coventry through public filings in the city and surveillance. James instead argues that the

affidavit did not satisfy the nexus requirement because it did not set out a fair probability that

evidence of his drug trafficking would be found at 1698 Coventry.2

         James’s challenge hits on a common pressure point of our nexus requirement jurisprudence

as it applies to drug distribution cases. Our caselaw has rejected the proposition that a defendant’s

“status as a drug dealer, standing alone, gives rise to a fair probability that drugs will be found in

his home,” United States v. Brown, 828 F.3d 375, 383 (6th Cir. 2016) (quoting United States v.

Frazier, 423 F.3d 526, 533 (6th Cir. 2005)), while also recognizing that “[i]n the case of drug

dealers, evidence is likely to be found where the dealers live,” United States v. Sumlin, 956 F.3d

879, 886 (6th Cir. 2020) (quoting United States v. Jones, 159 F.3d 969, 975 (6th Cir. 1998)). We

have balanced the tension between these two propositions “in fact-specific ways,” considering the

recency, frequency, and quantity of the drug dealing and its proximity to the residence as a few of

the dividing lines. See United States v. Reed, 993 F.3d 441, 448-49 (6th Cir. 2021). For example,

affidavits describing low-volume drug activity or drug activity in the distant past have been

2
  Before the district court, James made several arguments attacking the accuracy and reliability of statements in the
affidavit and requested a hearing pursuant to Franks v. Delaware, 348 U.S. 154 (1978), alleging that the affidavit
contained false or reckless statements and included material omissions. Before this court, however, James raises only
a challenge that there were insufficient facts to establish a nexus between his criminal activity and his residence and
that the good faith exception does not apply.

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No. 22-3714, United States v. James

deemed insufficient, see, e.g., Brown, 828 F.3d at 378-80, 382-84, while affidavits describing large

quantities of drugs routinely distributed as part of an “ongoing” drug operation have been

approved, see, e.g., United States v. Gunter, 551 F.3d 472, 482 (6th Cir. 2009). But we need not

decide on which side of the line the affidavit in this case falls because it clearly lands within the

purview of the good faith exception.

         The exclusionary rule requires suppression of evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth

Amendment. Illinois v. Krull, 480 U.S. 340, 347 (1987). But because the exclusionary rule seeks

to deter police misconduct rather than punish the legal errors of judges, the Supreme Court has

identified an exception when an officer executes a warrant in reasonable reliance on a neutral

magistrate’s finding of probable cause. See Leon, 468 U.S. at 916, 922-23. There are, however,

exceptions to the exception—circumstances in which officers are “sufficiently blameworthy to

trigger the exclusionary rule despite a judge’s warrant.” Reed, 993 F.3d at 450. James raises one

such exception: He argues that Agent Prill’s affidavit was so “bare bones” that it was unreasonable

for him to rely on the warrant issued by the state judge.3 “Bare bones” affidavits are those “so

lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely

unreasonable.” Id. (quoting Leon, 468 U.S. at 923). Relevant in the residential nexus context, the

good faith exception requires a minimally sufficient nexus—one that provides “some plausible

connection” between the criminal activity and the place to be searched. Brown, 828 F.3d at 385-

86.

3
  The Government argues that we should review James’s claim that the good faith exception does not apply under the
plain error standard because he argues for the first time on appeal that the affidavit was “bare bones.” But “we
typically find no forfeiture on appeal when ‘a particular authority or strain of the argument was not raised below, as
long as the issue itself was properly raised.’” Reed, 993 F.3d at 453 (quoting Mills v. Barnard, 869 F.3d 473, 483 (6th
Cir. 2017)). We therefore review James’s good faith claim de novo. Id. at 446.

                                                         -6-
No. 22-3714, United States v. James

         The affidavit in this case contained a minimally sufficient nexus between James’s drug

dealing and his residence at 1698 Coventry. It explained his back-and-forth travel to a large-scale

marijuana and THC enterprise in Michigan and his ongoing role in manufacturing marijuana and

THC products and regularly distributing them in Northern Ohio in the months leading up to the

search. Additionally, the affidavit noted several instances of suspected drug trafficking behavior

at or near James’s residence.4 The recency, frequency, scale, and continuous nature of these

activities and the proximity of suspected drug dealing activity to 1698 Coventry may satisfy the

nexus requirement for probable cause. See United States v. McCoy, 905 F.3d 409, 418 (6th Cir.

2018); Gunter, 551 F.3d at 481-82; United States v. Kenny, 505 F.3d 458, 461-62 (6th Cir. 2007).

But we have cautioned that “our precedent leaves unclear the amount of drug activity required” to

satisfy the nexus requirement in the cases involving ongoing drug trafficking. Reed, 993 F.3d at

451. Regardless, the facts in the affidavit here provided “some modicum of evidence” to establish

a minimally sufficient nexus between James’s drug dealing and 1698 Coventry in order to invoke

the good faith exception. McCoy, 905 F.3d at 416 (quoting United States v. White, 874 F.3d 490,

497 (6th Cir. 2017)). Under the totality of the circumstances, the affidavit was not “bare bones,”

and Agent Prill reasonably relied on the legal judgment of the state judge that probable cause

existed to search 1698 Coventry for evidence of drug trafficking. Reed, 993 F.3d at 452.

                                          III.    CONCLUSION

         For these reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s order denying James’s motion to

suppress the evidence.

4
  James makes much of the fact that the officers did not observe any drug dealing activity inside his home at 1698
Coventry (as opposed to the Coventry Road residence generally). But our caselaw shows that such a showing is not
always necessary. Reed, 993 F.3d at 448-49 (collecting cases). Even so, Agent Prill undoubtedly had probable cause
to believe that both James and Saunt were drug dealers, that they were associates, and that they shared a common door
at the Coventry Road residence through which activity consistent with drug dealing occurred.

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