Court Opinion

ID: 6597820
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 20:04:45.503183+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:57:54.493700
License: Public Domain

By the Oourt,

Dixon, C. J.
From the view we have taken of this case, it will only become necessary to discuss, at much length, two of the questions involved in it.
1. Whether, after having appealed to this court from the order of the court below, made on the 23d day of January, 1858, refusing to confirm the sale, and this court having reversed that order, 'and remitted its decision to the circuit court, it was necessary for the plaintiff to give notice to the *30defendants of his application for a confirmation of the sale, pursuant to the decision made here, and ;
2. Whether the decision of this court, upon the order of the court below reversing the same, was final and conclusive upon the parties, upon all questions touching the sale and the confirmation thereof.
Upon the first question we feel no doubt in saying that it was not necessary for the plaintiff to give to the defendants any other or further notice of his application for a confirmation than he had already done. He had once given them a fair and legal notice of the motion, and they had been heard upon it both in the court below and in this court, where it had been finally determined. Nothing remained to be done except for the circuit court to confirm the sale in accordance with the decision made here, and, as it was one continuous proceeding, for that purpose, the original notice must be deemed sufficient. A further notice could be of no possible utility to the defendants. We know of no rule, and can imagine no reason for requiring it.
We should not attempt a discussion of the second proposition so soon after our decision of the case of Hill vs. Hoover (a case so nearly allied in principle and fact to the one under consideration, that it is difficult to note a distinguishing characteristic or feature) argued and- determined at this term; the opinion in which was announced, but a day or two before this case was argued, were it not that on the argument the correctness of that decision was somewhat called in question, and had it not been claimed that a substantial difference existed between the two cases.
We presume that no one will be found to dispute the proposition, that when a question of law or fact has once been determined by a court of competent jurisdiction, it cannot, except in some of the modes of review provided by law, be again contested between the same parties, whether in the *31same or any other court. This rule has found a place in every well regulated system of laws for the government of mankind. The necessity for it exists in the very nature of things; without it no laws could be enforced, litigation would be fruitless as well as endless, and rights, whether public or private, could never be protected, and wrongs never redressed.
It follows, as a consequence of this rule, that a party, when called upon in legal form to establish a cause of action or defense, must do so by proving all the facts within his power, and that if he purposely or negligently fail in doing this, he will not afterward be permitted to deny the correctness of the determination, or renew the controversy.
The question is, whether these familiar principles are applicable to a motion or proceeding like the present. In the case of Hill vs. Hoover, we held that they were so applicable. In that case a motion was made by the defendant in the circuit court to vacate the order of confirmation, and set aside the sale, which that court refused to do, and the defendant appealed to this court, where the decision of the circuit court was affirmed, except that the order of confirmation was set aside for want of formal proof by the printer of the publication of the notice of sale. This defect being supplied, the sale was again confirmed by the circuit court; subsequently the defendant, upon the same and other grounds in addition to those embraced in the former motion, made another motion in the circuit court to vacate the order of confirmation, and set aside the sale. It appeared that the additional reasons set forth on the second application, were known to the defendant at the time of his making the first. And, upon appeal, we held that the proceedings bad upon the first motion, were a bar to those attempted on the second.
It is claimed that there is a broad difference between that case and the present; that there the defendant was the moving party, and in each instance asked to have both the order *32of confirmation and sale set aside, whilst here the defendant, in the first instance, only resisted the plaintiff’s motion for confirmation, and subsequently himself moved to have both the order confirming the sale, and the sale itself set aside. In the first place, the order of confirmation is so intimately connected with, and so entirely dependent upon the regularity and sufficiency of the sale, that in general, it may be said, that whatever would be regarded as a good cause for refusing to confirm, would likewise be deemed a sufficient reason for setting aside the sale.
It is true, that sometimes, as in the case of the defective proof of publication as in Hill vs. Hoover, an objection to the confirmation may exist which does not reach back to or affect the sale. Yet even there, prima facie, the sale was irregular, and had not the publication, in fact, been regularly made, and proper proof thereof obtained, it would have been sufficient cause for setting it aside, so that, generally, whatever is fatal to one will also be fatal to the other. Objections to the confirmation must necessarily be some matters or things arising or growing out of the sale itself, or the manner in which it was conducted, and in general, where the court would refuse to confirm, it would, if a motion were made upon the same state of facts, set the sale aside, and vice versa.
It is impossible for us to conceive a case where a court, after having decided upon and granted a motion to confirm a sale, which was contested upon its merits, would feel itself at liberty to allow a motion to vacate the order of confirmation and open the sale, except it should be in a case which would take it out of the general rule, such as newly discovered facts or evidence. It is equally impossible for us to see any substantial difference between resisting a motion for confirmation on the merits, and moving on the merits to vacate the order of confirmation, or open the sale; or to see how an order of confirmation can be deemed final and permitted to *33stand, and yet the sale itself be set aside. We think the decision of this court upon the appeal from the order of the court below,refusing to confirm the sale, reversing that order; and the subsequent confirmation in that court pursuant to the decision made here, was conclusive upon the parties, as to all matters touching, the sale. The estoppels created by the decisions of courts are mutual, and equally binding on all the parties thereto.
In the case of Simpson vs. Hart, 1 John. Ch, Rep. 91, Simpson having recovered in the mayor’s court of the city of New York, a large judgment against Hart, and Hart, at the same time, having recovered a smaller judgment against him, applied to the mayor’s court by motion to have the latter judgment deducted from the former, which motion the recorder, with full knowledge of the facts, denied. Subsequently Simpson filed his bill in chancery, stating the facts, and praying an injunction to stay the proceedings on the judgment in favor of Hart, and to have so much of his judgment set off against the judgment in favor of Hart as would satisfy the same. The chancellor dissolved the injunction for the reason that the decision of the recorder upon the motion, was res adjudicata and conclusive. In commenting upon the case, he says: “ This case is one of the strongest against the interference of this court that could well be presented, for the party is not seeking relief against his own laches, or mistake, or fraud; but he is seeking for a review of his case, after failing, in a voluntary application to the equitable powers of the mayor’s court, on the very point now submitted; and after the application had been received, heard, and denied. If this fresh attempt could be sustained, there would be no equality between the parties. The remedy would not be reciprocal, for if the set off had been allowed in the mayor’s court, it will not be contended that the defendant could have been relieved here against it.”
*34So, too, in this case, there must be an equality of rights and remedies between the parties, and if this court had affirmed the order of the circuit court refusing to ratify the sale, would any one contend that it would have been competent for the plaintiff again to move there for a confirmation; and for that court, upon his so doing, to have reversed its own and the decision of this court, and confirmed the sale ? If this could be done once, might it not be done the second, or third, or more times; and if so, how many decisions of this court, in a single cause, would it take to constitute a final judgment? We hold the decision made here upon the former appeal to be as binding and conclusive upon us, unless reviewed in the mode prescribed by law, as it was upon the circuit, or any other court. The motion here is distinct from, and independent of the former one, and by it the defendants seek to review the' very question which was then finally determined by this court, which was, whether the sale should be ratified and permitted to stand or not
But it is said that on the present application further facts are shown. Grant it. It likewise clearly appears that the- additional facts now relied upon were within the knowledge and reach of the defendants at the time they first appeared and resisted the plaintiff’s motion to confirm; and we hold it as an incontestible rule in such cases, that a party who seeks to take advantage of irregularities or defects, must bring forward all his objections at once, and that he will not be permitted to parcel them out, and produce them piecemeal. Any other rule would be absurd, and would lead to endless and crushing, litigation. If it were otherwise, a defendant conceiving himself to have several objections to a confirmation, could bring them forward, one after the other, and try them separately in the court below, and then in this court upon appeal. Nay more, if the theory of the defendants be true, after his several objections had been tried in this manner, heard *35and determined against him, he could, because he had theretofore been resisting motions instead of making them, commence making cross-motions to set aside the order of confirmation, which the plaintifl had thus obtained, and one by one review the same objections, as well as others, and again go through with the same process of trial and appeal. Thus it would happen that years of most vexatious and oppressive litigation would be required to determine whether a sheriff’s report of sale should be confirmed or not.
Before dismissing this subject, we propose briefly to notice some of the authorities which we think have a bearing upon it. In the case of Greatheard vs. Bromley, 7 Term R., 455, where a summary application to set aside an annuity for noncompliance with the requisites of 17 Geo., 3, c. 26, had been discharged upon discussion upon the merits, the court refused to entertain a similar application between the same parties, on the same state of facts, though grounded upon a new objection to the annuity, not before urged or considered.
In the subsequent case of Schumann vs. Weatherhead, 1 East., 527, which arose under the same statute, the defendant, upon an affidavit made by him in which he stated that upon the indenture, dated November 30th, 1793, by which he had granted an annuity to the plaintiff for his own life, there was indorsed a memorandum signed by the parties, bearing date December 5th, 1793, in which it was agreed between them that he should be at liberty at any time to redeem the annuity on giving six months’ notice in writing to the plaintiff, and paying owners, &c., had at a former term of the court obtained a rule calling upon the plaintiff to show cause why the judgment entered in the cause should not be vacated, and the warrant of attorney to confess judgment, and the deed given to secure the annuity be declared void and delivered up to be cancelled. That rule was discharged because the indorsement which appeared to have been executed at a *36different time from the indenture, was not stamped, without which, considered as a separate instrument, though written on the same parchment, it could not be received in evidence. At a subsequent term a similar rule was obtained upon further affidavit, showing that the annuity was originally granted upon terms of being redeemable, but that, by mistake or neglect, the indenture had been drawn without such a clause, and therefore, when it was tendered for execution on the 30th of November, the day on which it was dated, and when it was intended to have been executed, the defendant on dis j covering the omission, objected to executing it, in consequence of which the indorsement was made before the execution of the instrument, and both were executed together on the 5th of December, the day the indorsement was dated. Although the court held that for the purpose of giving effect to the indorsement, it was competent for the defendant to show by affidavit, that it was in fact executed at the same time with the indenture, and that thus they were but one instrument; yet they decided, contrary to the substantial rights of the parties, that the former proceeding, was a bar, and that it could not be opened again. In passing upon the case Lord Kenyon, C. J., referred to his opinion in the former case of Greatheard vs. Bromley, and said: “ That opinion was grounded upon the maxim, “ interest reipublicse ut sit finis litium.” Now, unless we are willing to rescind our opinions then expressed, that case must govern the present; for it stands directly on the same ground in every word and circumstance. All the facts existed within the knowledge of the parties at the time of the former rule pending, as are now brought forward. And though, if we had then been as fully apprised of all the circumstances as now, it might have altered our opinion ; yet it is better for the general administration of justice, that an inconvenience should sometimes fall upon an individual, than that the whole system of law should be *37overturned and endless uncertainty introduced. I should be sorry to see one decision in 1798, and a different decision on the same facts in 1801. I think the rule was wisely and not arbitrarily laid down in the case referred to, founded upon analogy to proceedings in other cases.”
These remarks bear with peculiar force upon the present case, which, it must be admitted, is one of singular and extreme hardship upon the defendants; yet we cannot forbear remarking, that they are by a long and expensive course of litigation, asking that at the hands of the court, which the plaintiff, at the outset, offered them as a gift. We might narrow the time and say we should be sorry to see one decision one day, and a different decision upon the same facts the next.
In the case of Willett vs. Fayerweather, 1 Barb. S. C. R., 74, where the defendant had once applied to the Vice Chancellor, for leave to withdraw his plea and file an answer, and that application had been denied without reserving the right to him to renew it; it was held that he could not renew it, except upon some matter which had happened, or for the first time came to his knowledge since the decision of the former motion. The court there says : “ Every ground on which this application is founded existed at the time of the former motion, and was then as well known to the defendant as it is now. This motion cannot therefore be allowed to be made without disturbing all settled and salutary rules.”
In the case of Dodd et al. vs. Astor, 2 Barb. Ch. R., 395, it was decided that after an order of a vice chancellor, denying an application upon the merits, had been affirmed by the appellate court, it was erroneous for him to permit the former motion to be renewed and to grant the application.
And in the Utica Insurance Co. vs. Lynch, id., 574, it was held that after an order of the chancellor confirming a master’s report, and directing the payment of money, had been *38affirmed by the appellate court, he was not authorized to set aside or alter the order as erroneous.
The same principle will be found to have been discussed and sustained in the following cases: Downer vs. Cross, 2 Wis., 371; Cole vs. Clark, 3 id., 323; Cock vs. Brockhurst, 13 East, 590; Craig vs. Bagley, 1 Monroe, 148; Fribble vs. Frome, 3 id., 51; Simpson vs. Hart, 1 John. C. R. 91; Perine vs. Dunn, 4 id., 140 ; Groff vs. Groff, 14 Serg. & R., 181; Graty vs. Lum. Bk., 17 id., 278; Hopkins vs. Lee, 6 Wheat, 109; Adams vs. Pearson, 7 Pick., 341; Goodrich vs. Thompson, 4 Day, 215; Campbell vs. Price, 3 Mumf., 227; and White vs. Atkinson, 2 Call., 376.
It follows from the views we have taken, that the order of the court below vacating the order of confirmation and setting aside the sale in this case; must be reversed and the sale confirmed.