Court Opinion

ID: 8206181
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-13 22:05:40.915155+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:13.653097
License: Public Domain

09/13/2022

                                     DA 21-0629
                                                                                    Case Number: DA 21-0629

            IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

                                     2022 MT 176

STATE OF MONTANA,

          Plaintiff and Appellee,

     v.

JOSHUA AARON BROWN,

          Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM:       District Court of the Thirteenth Judicial District,
                   In and For the County of Yellowstone, Cause No. DC 18-1522
                   Honorable Ashley Harada, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

           For Appellant:

                   D. Michael Eakin, Daniel L. Minnis, Eakin & Berry, PLLC, Billings,
                   Montana

           For Appellee:

                   Austin Knudsen, Montana Attorney General, Bree Gee, Assistant
                   Attorney General, Helena, Montana

                   Scott D. Twito, Yellowstone County Attorney, Billings, Montana

                                              Submitted on Briefs: July 20, 2022

                                                         Decided: September 13, 2022

Filed:

                   __________________________________________
                                    Clerk
Justice Beth Baker delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1      A Yellowstone County jury convicted Joshua Brown of Sexual Abuse of Children

for sending text messages to his stepdaughter that encouraged her to engage in sexual

conduct if he agreed to pay her cellular phone bill. Brown appeals his conviction, raising

the following restated issues:

     1. Whether the District Court should have instructed the jury that a violation of
        Privacy in Communications is a lesser-included offense of Sexual Abuse of
        Children.

     2. Whether the State demonstrated probable cause for the charges and presented
        sufficient evidence to convict Brown as charged.

     3. Whether the District Court should have found the Sexual Abuse of Children statute
        unconstitutional for vagueness or its mandatory minimum sentence to be cruel and
        unusual.

     4. Whether the District Court failed to follow the statutory procedures for determining
        whether an exception to the mandatory minimum sentence applied under
        §§ 46-18-222(3) and -223(3), MCA.

We affirm.

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶2      On August 22, 2018, Brown engaged his twelve-year-old stepdaughter L.H. in a text

message conversation. Brown and L.H.’s mother Carly, who were separated but not

divorced at the time, had previously discussed Brown paying for L.H.’s cell phone bill for

one year, and L.H. was aware of this possibility. Brown’s initial text messages to L.H.

appeared to pertain to L.H.’s cell phone bill; his messages, however, became increasingly

predatory:

                                              2
          [Brown:] If you are my really good girl I will give you just about anything
          you want …

          [L.H.:] I just want money[]

          [Brown:] You are amazing .. I want to give you like 1000$

          [L.H.:] I wish lol1

          [Brown:] No for real … What will you do for me?

          [L.H.:] Idk2

                                               .   .    .

          [Brown:] What could you do? Something that would please me a lot, or
          something major ..

          [L.H.:] Idk

                                               .   .    .

          [Brown:] I will say an idea . You promise I can trust you … ?

          [L.H.:] Sure

          [Brown:] yes I can trust you? Don’t say a word to anyone ever . Not one
          friend , no one but me and you right?

          [L.H.:] What

          [L.H.:] Ok

          [Brown:] What we are talking about . No one can ever know … right ?

          [L.H.:] K

          [L.H.:] Ya

1
    L.H. testified that “lol” means “laugh out loud.”
2
    L.H. testified that “Idk” means “I don’t know.”
                                                   3
          [Brown:] You promise

          [L.H.:] Yes

          [Brown:] Nice I like you

          [Brown:] Makes me want to come get you now and give you money … lol

          [L.H.:] No

          [Brown:] Jk3

          [L.H.:] Josh do you like me or something because your acting weird and I’m
          13[]4

                                               .     .   .

          [Brown:] Well I asked you if you could be a little bit naughty and you said
          yes[]

          [Brown:] If it . . .

          [L.H.:] No I said idk

                                               .     .   .

          [Brown:] Is there anything you’re kinda curious about or you would want to
          do for me ?

          [L.H.:] No

                                               .     .   .

          [Brown:] So I’m going to tell you my idea OK if it weirds you out you can
          tell me and I won’t say anything like that again

          [L.H.:] K but I’m not doing anything with you that’s gross and your way
          older than me

3
    L.H. testified that “Jk” means “just kidding.”
4
    L.H. was a week shy of her 13th birthday at the time of the offense.
                                                     4
       [L.H.:] Plus your my moms husband so

                                          .    .   .

       [Brown:] Can I say ..?

       [L.H.:] Yes

       [L.H.:] K talk to you tmrw text me when you get the money

       [Brown:] I was thinking you would look really amazing in a thong or really
       cool panties .. or nude of course .. and I know you’re young BTW. But you
       are still beautiful . but it would be amazing to see you dancing or just laying
       on Your bed on your stomach and you just leave the door open a crack so I
       could see you?

       [Brown:] Or leave the door unlocked and have a bunch of soap in your hair
       and eyes and I peaked [sic] in the shower on you? Never touch you at all …

       [Brown:] Uggh is that really bad ? Prob shouldn’t have said that

       [L.H.:] That’s gross josh

       [Brown:] Was just a thought ... lol I know sorry

       [L.H.:] Don’t talk to me again thanks

In the text messages that followed, Brown attempted to justify his behavior, first by telling

L.H. he was “mostly joking” and just paying her a compliment. He then asked L.H. not to

tell anyone, instructed her to erase the text messages, and said that the entire text message

exchange was Carly’s idea. After L.H. threatened to report him, he changed his story and

said that the voice-text application on his cell phone transcribed the text messages

incorrectly.

¶3     Carly reported the incident to the police, and the State charged Brown with Sexual

Abuse of Children and attempted Sexual Abuse of Children, under §§ 45-5-625(1)(c) and

                                               5
45-4-103, MCA. Brown moved to dismiss the charge on the grounds that the State lacked

probable cause and that the Sexual Abuse of Children statute is unconstitutional, both

facially and as applied to him. The District Court denied his motion. A Yellowstone

County jury found Brown guilty of the offense, and the District Court sentenced him to

100 years with 90 years suspended, in accordance with the mandatory minimum sentence

in § 45-5-625(4)(a)(i), MCA (2017).5

                               STANDARDS OF REVIEW

¶4     Because different standards of review apply to each issue Brown raises, we explain

them in the discussion of his respective claims.

                                       DISCUSSION

¶5     1. Whether the District Court should have instructed the jury that a violation of
       Privacy in Communications is a lesser-included offense of Sexual Abuse of
       Children.

¶6     Brown submitted a proposed jury instruction on the offense of “violation of a

person’s privacy in communications” as a lesser-included offense of “sexual abuse of

children.” He filed a point brief in support of the instruction, which the State opposed.

The District Court heard argument from the parties at trial and denied Brown’s proposed

jury instruction, stating that the elements of the two offenses are “completely different.”

¶7     “We review a district court’s refusal to give a jury instruction on a lesser-included

offense for an abuse of discretion.” State v. Freiburg, 2018 MT 145, ¶ 10, 391 Mont. 502,

5
 In 2019, the Legislature amended § 45-5-625(4)(a)(i), MCA, to raise the length of the minimum
active portion of the sentence from 10 years to 25 years. An Act Revising the Mandatory Minimum
Sentences for Certain Sexual Offenses when the Victim is 12 Years of Age or Younger, S. 155,
Mont. 66th Reg. Sess. § 3 (2019).
                                              6
419 P.3d 1234 (citations omitted). “Reversible error will occur only if the jury instructions

prejudicially affect the defendant’s substantial rights.” Freiburg, ¶ 10 (citations omitted).

¶8     “A lesser included offense instruction must be given when there is a proper request

by one of the parties and the jury, based on the evidence, could be warranted in finding the

defendant guilty of a lesser included offense.” Section 46-16-607(2), MCA. “[A] trial

court must give a proposed lesser-included offense instruction when two factors are met:

(1) as a matter of law, the offense for which the instruction is requested is a lesser-included

offense of the offense charged; and (2) the proposed lesser-included offense instruction is

supported by the evidence in the case.” Freiburg, ¶ 13 (citations omitted); see also State

v. Denny, 2021 MT 104, ¶ 27, 404 Mont. 116, 485 P.3d 1227. An “included offense” is an

offense that:

           (a) is established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required
       to establish the commission of the offense charged;

          (b) consists of an attempt to commit the offense charged or to commit an
       offense otherwise included in the offense charged; or

           (c) differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a less serious
       injury or risk to the same person, property, or public interest or a lesser kind
       of culpability suffices to establish its commission.

Section 46-1-202(9), MCA.

¶9     Under § 46-1-202(9)(a), MCA, “the term ‘facts’ refers to the statutory elements of

the offenses, not the individual facts of the cases.” State v. Fuqua, 2000 MT 273, ¶ 22,

302 Mont. 99, 13 P.3d 34. We use the test announced in Blockburger v. United States,

284 U.S. 299, 52 S. Ct. 180 (1932), to determine whether an offense is a lesser-included

one under subsection (a). State v. Castle, 285 Mont. 363, 368, 948 P.2d 688, 691 (1997).

                                              7
“In other words, a lesser-included offense is one that is established by proof of the same or

less than all the elements required to establish the commission of the offense charged.”

Denny, ¶ 29. If not, neither offense is “included” in the other. See State v. Fehringer,

2013 MT 10, ¶ 34, 368 Mont. 226, 293 P.3d 853 (holding that disorderly conduct is not a

lesser included offense of partner or family member assault); State v. Weatherell,

2010 MT 37, ¶ 13, 355 Mont. 230, 225 P.3d 1256 (holding that sexual assault is not an

included offense of partner or family member assault).

¶10      Brown argues that he was entitled to a jury instruction on the Privacy in

Communications statute, § 45-8-213(1)(a), MCA, as a lesser-included offense of Sexual

Abuse of Children, § 45-5-625(1)(c), MCA. He contends that, under the Blockburger test,

a violation of the Privacy in Communications statute is an “included offense” of Sexual

Abuse of Children pursuant to § 46-1-202(9)(a), MCA. Brown does not argue that either

of the other subsections of § 46-1-202(9), MCA, applies.

¶11      A violation of Privacy in Communications, under § 45-8-213(1)(a), MCA, requires

proof that a person:

         (1) knowingly

         (2) with the purpose to terrify, intimidate, threaten, harass, or injure

         (3) communicates with a person by electronic communication and

         (4) makes repeated lewd or lascivious suggestions.6

6
    The elements of the offense have been simplified and tailored to Brown’s conduct in this case.

                                                  8
¶12    Sexual Abuse of Children, as provided for in § 45-5-625(1)(c), MCA, requires proof

that a person:

       (1) knowingly

       (2) by any means of communication, including electronic

       (3) encourages a child under 16 years of age to engage in sexual conduct, actual or
       simulated.7

The statute defines “sexual conduct” disjunctively, listing a number of alternatives that

meet the definition, including, as pertinent here, the “lewd exhibition of the genitals,

breasts,   pubic   or   rectal   area,   or   other   intimate   parts   of   any   person.”

Section 45-5-625(5)(b)(i)(F), MCA.

¶13    Comparing the offenses, each requires an element of proof the other does not: a

violation of the Privacy in Communications statute requires a “purpose to terrify,

intimidate, harass, or injure,” which need not be shown for a conviction of Sexual Abuse

of Children.     As charged, Sexual Abuse of Children requires proof that a person

“encourage[d] a child under 16 years old to engage in” a “lewd exhibition of the genitals,

breasts, pubic or rectal area, or other intimate parts of any person”; Privacy in

Communications says nothing about minors or exhibition of intimate body parts.

Sections 45-5-625(1)(c), (5)(b)(i)(F), 45-8-213(1)(a), MCA.

¶14    Brown asserts that a jury could have convicted him of violating the Privacy in

Communications statute because his text messages more properly could be characterized

7
 The elements of the offense have been reduced to the specific conduct with which Brown was
charged.
                                              9
as “lascivious suggestions.” He makes a series of unsupported and—considering the nature

of his conviction, inappropriate—assertions, such as, “pictures in Playboy can be

lascivious while pictures in Hustler are lewd.” He ignores, however, the remaining

elements of the offenses and offers no real legal analysis of the Blockburger test. A lewd

or lascivious suggestion made with the “purpose to terrify, intimidate, threaten, harass, or

injure” is not encompassed within the knowing conduct of urging a child to engage in

sexual exhibition.

¶15    Brown argues that a jury “could want to convict” him of some crime “rather than

totally acquit” and may have chosen a lesser offense if given the opportunity. See Castle,

285 Mont. at 367, 948 P.2d at 690 (noting that giving a lesser-included offense instruction

“avoids the situation where the jury, convinced that the defendant is guilty of some crime,

although not necessarily the crime charged, convicts the defendant rather than let his action

go unpunished simply because the only alternative was acquittal.”). “Where the facts of a

case support a possible charge of more than one crime, the crime to be charged is a matter

of prosecutorial discretion.”    State v. Cameron, 2005 MT 32, ¶ 17, 326 Mont. 51,

106 P.3d 1189 (quoting Fuqua, ¶ 13). Even when a defendant’s conduct could meet the

elements of more than one crime, he is not entitled to an instruction on an offense the State

did not charge unless it is a lesser-included offense. Brown cannot establish that a violation

of Privacy in Communications “is established by proof of the same or less than all the facts

required to establish” Sexual Abuse of Children. Section 46-1-202(9)(a), MCA. Because

this is a threshold requirement under § 46-16-607(2), MCA, Brown was not entitled to a

jury instruction on the Privacy in Communications statute.

                                             10
¶16    Brown’s remaining arguments on this issue are more properly characterized as a

challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, which we address fully below. The District

Court did not abuse its discretion when it refused to give Brown’s proposed jury

instruction.

¶17    2. Whether the State demonstrated probable cause for the charges and presented
       sufficient evidence to convict Brown as charged.

¶18    Brown contends that the District Court “[should] have dismissed the action for

failure to allege or prove facts constituting an offense.” In the District Court, he argued

that the State lacked probable cause to file the Information. On appeal, however, the

substance of his argument seems to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence. Because

Brown’s brief mixes these two issues, we address both contentions here.

¶19    “When parties raise the issue of the sufficiency of the evidence to establish probable

cause, the issue is whether the alleged facts satisfy the statutory elements of the crime

charged; that is, whether there is probable cause that the accused had committed the

offense . . . .” State v. Griffin, 2021 MT 190, ¶ 11, 405 Mont. 78, 491 P.3d 1288. An

application for leave to file an information by affidavit against a criminal defendant must be

granted “[i]f it appears that there is probable cause to believe that an offense has been

committed by the defendant.” Section 46-11-201(2), MCA. An affidavit in support of the

application “need not make out a prima facie case that a defendant committed an offense[;

a] mere probability . . . is sufficient.” State v. Elliott, 2002 MT 26, ¶ 26, 308 Mont. 227, 43

P.3d 279. We pay “great deference” to a court’s determination that probable cause exists

                                             11
and draw “every reasonable inference possible . . . to support that determination.” State v.

Kant, 2016 MT 42, ¶ 13, 382 Mont. 239, 367 P.3d 726 (citations omitted).

¶20    The State charged Brown with Sexual Abuse of Children for sending text messages

to L.H., his 12-year-old stepdaughter, encouraging her to engage in sexual conduct. The

State’s motion for leave to file an information against Brown stated that Billings Police

Officer Lausch took photographs of L.H.’s cell phone displaying the text messages Brown

sent to her. The affidavit copied many of the text messages, verbatim, including the text

messages in which Brown offered to give L.H. $1,000 and suggested that L.H. pose nude

with the door cracked open. These facts are sufficient to establish the required showing of

probability that Brown committed the offense of Sexual Abuse of Children. The District

Court did not err in denying Brown’s motion to dismiss for lack of probable cause.

¶21    Brown raises similar arguments to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence. He

argues that, although he sent “inappropriate” text messages, he did not encourage L.H. to

engage in a lewd exhibition of intimate parts of her body.

¶22    “We review claims of insufficient evidence de novo.” State v. Burnett, 2022 MT 10,

¶ 15, 407 Mont. 189, 502 P.3d 703 (citation omitted). “[W]e view the evidence in a light

most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether a rational trier of fact could have

found all the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” Burnett, ¶ 15

(citation omitted). “It is the factfinder’s role to evaluate the credibility of witnesses, weigh

the evidence, and ultimately determine which version of events should prevail.” Burnett,

¶ 15 (citation omitted).

                                              12
¶23    The State needed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Brown “knowingly, by

any means of communication . . . encourage[d] . . . a child under 16 years of age to engage

in sexual conduct.” See § 45-5-625(1)(c), MCA. The jury was provided the following

statutory definition of “sexual conduct”: “lewd exhibition of the genitals, breasts, pubic or

rectal area, or other intimate parts of any person.” See § 45-5-625(5)(b)(i)(F), MCA. The

jury was provided the following definition of “knowingly”: “A person acts knowingly

when the person is aware there exists the high probability that the person’s conduct will

cause a specific result.” Brown does not contest the instructions on appeal.

¶24    The State presented evidence of Brown’s and L.H.’s text messages through L.H.’s

testimony at trial, and the jury witnessed the entire relevant text message exchange. This

exchange showed that Brown offered to give L.H. “anything” she wanted, including

$1,000, if she “please[d]” him “a lot” or “did something major for [him].” Knowledge may

be inferred from the acts of the accused and the circumstances of the offense. State v.

Krum, 238 Mont. 359, 361, 777 P.2d 889, 890-91 (1989). Brown’s text messages plainly

demonstrate that Brown understood the nature of his actions because he repeatedly made

L.H. promise not to tell anyone about his advances. The text messages also show that

Brown persistently led the conversation, despite L.H.’s noncommittal and dismissive

responses, like “Idk” when he asked what she would do for him, “No” when he asked if

she was “curious about anything,” and telling him he was “being weird” and she was “13.”

Finally, L.H. explicitly told Brown that she was “not doing anything with [him]” because

“that’s gross,” because he is “way older than [her],” and because he was her mom’s

husband. Despite those responses, Brown sent L.H. the following text messages:

                                             13
         I was thinking you would look really amazing in a thong or really cool panties
         .. or nude of course .. and I know you’re young BTW. But you are still
         beautiful . but it would be amazing to see you dancing or just laying on Your
         bed on your stomach and you just leave the door open a crack so I could see
         you?

         Or leave the door unlocked and have a bunch of soap in your hair and eyes
         and I peaked in the shower on you? Never touch you at all … [sic]

Brown again demonstrated that he understood he did something wrong when he replied to

his own text message: “Uggh is that really bad ? Prob shouldn’t have said that.”

¶25      L.H.’s and Carly’s testimonies and the text messages established that L.H. was a

child under the age of 16 at the time of the offense. A rational trier of fact reasonably could

have inferred, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Brown was aware of a high probability that

his text messages would encourage L.H. to engage in sexual conduct because it is clear

from the context that Brown was attempting to exchange the payment of L.H.’s cell phone

charges for her performing acts that were sexual in nature. A rational trier of fact similarly

could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Brown encouraged L.H. to engage in the

lewd display of intimate parts of her body because Brown stated that he wanted to see L.H.

“in a thong,” in “really cool panties,” or “nude of course.” Finally, the text messages easily

permitted a rational trier of fact to find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Brown encouraged

a “lewd exhibition” because he explicitly asked L.H. to “leave the door open a crack so

[he] could see [her].”

¶26      Brown argues that he did not encourage L.H. to engage in sexual conduct because

he “did not mention genitals, breasts, pubic or rectal areas or other intimate parts of the

body.”     Though the text messages did not contain those explicit words, Brown’s

                                              14
encouraging L.H. to pose nude or nearly nude is the same as encouraging her to exhibit her

“intimate parts.” A rational trier of fact could have found that what Brown suggested to

L.H.     constituted     “sexual     conduct”      under     the     statutory     definition.

See § 45-5-625(5)(b)(i)(F), MCA.

¶27    Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, a rational trier of

fact could determine, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Brown knowingly, by any means of

communication, encouraged L.H., a child under 16 years of age at the time, to engage in

the lewd exhibition of her “genitals, breasts, pubic or rectal area, or other intimate parts.”

There was sufficient evidence to support Brown’s conviction.

¶28    3. Whether the District Court should have found the Sexual Abuse of Children
       statute void for vagueness or its mandatory minimum sentence to be cruel and
       unusual.

¶29    We review a district court’s denial of a motion to dismiss a criminal case de novo.

State v. Knudsen, 2007 MT 324, ¶ 11, 340 Mont. 167, 174 P.3d 469. “We review a district

court’s conclusions of law for correctness.” Knudsen, ¶ 11 (citation omitted). “A statute

is presumed constitutional unless it conflicts with the constitution, in the judgment of the

court, beyond a reasonable doubt.”           State v. Christensen, 2020 MT 237, ¶ 13,

401 Mont. 247, 472 P.3d 622 (citation omitted). “Our review of constitutional questions

is plenary.” Knudsen, ¶ 12 (citation omitted).

¶30    Before the District Court, Brown alleged that the Sexual Abuse of Children statute,

§ 45-5-625(1)(c), MCA, is unconstitutional, both facially and as applied, because the term

“encourage” is vague and therefore the statute is void for vagueness. On appeal, Brown

raises only an as-applied vagueness challenge. He abandons his initial theory that the term

                                             15
“encourage” is vague and instead contends that two other terms, the definitions of “lewd”

and “exhibition” in § 45-5-625(5)(b)(i)(F), MCA, and the age requirement for the

mandatory minimum sentence in § 45-5-625(4)(a), MCA, are unconstitutionally vague. As

the State correctly points out, this is a complete change in legal theory. We generally will

not review constitutional issues, including void-for-vagueness challenges, raised for the

first time on appeal. See State v. Nelson, 2014 MT 135, ¶ 25 n.3, 375 Mont. 164,

334 P.3d 345; State v. Mainwaring, 2007 MT 14, ¶ 20, 335 Mont. 322, 151 P.3d 53. We

permit parties to bolster their preserved issues “or make further arguments within the scope

of the legal theory articulated to the trial court,” but we will not review “an entirely new

legal theory.” State v. Norman, 2010 MT 253, ¶ 24, 358 Mont. 252, 244 P.3d 737. We

decline to consider Brown’s unpreserved vagueness challenge.

¶31    Brown also argues for the first time on appeal that the 100-year mandatory minimum

sentence in § 45-5-625(4)(a)(i), MCA,8 violates the Eighth Amendment to the United

States Constitution and Article II, Section 22, of the Montana Constitution, both facially

and as applied, because it imposes a cruel and unusual punishment. The State argues that

Brown waived this argument because it represents a change of legal theory. The State is

correct that Brown did not make this argument in the trial court. But “our jurisprudence

has long permitted a defendant to challenge a sentence on the basis of illegality, even when

no objection was made at the time of sentencing.” State v. Ellis, 2007 MT 210, ¶ 7,

8
 Though the District Court sentenced Brown under the 2017 version of the statute, the Legislature
did not alter the 100-year mandatory minimum when it amended the statute in 2019.
See § 45-5-625(4)(a)(i), MCA.
                                               16
339 Mont. 14, 167 P.3d 896 (citation omitted). “A claim that a statute authorizing a

sentence is unconstitutional on its face may be raised for the first time on appeal, but the

exception does not apply to as-applied constitutional challenges.” State v. Coleman,

2018 MT 290, ¶ 8, 393 Mont. 375, 431 P.3d 26 (cleaned up) (quoting State v. Parkhill,

2018 MT 69, ¶ 16, 391 Mont. 114, 414 P.3d 1244).

¶32    Section 45-5-625(4)(a)(i), MCA, provides: “If the victim was 12 years of age or

younger and the offender was 18 years of age or older at the time of the offense, the

offender . . . shall be punished by imprisonment in a state prison for a term of 100 years.”

Brown asserts that a 100-year prison sentence, even with 90 years suspended, is not

proportional to the act of sending “merely an inappropriate text message.” Brown tailors

his Eighth Amendment challenge to the facts of his case, arguing that “[a]n inappropriate

text message about wearing ‘cool panties’ requires the same 100-year sentence as someone

raping a child [or] of making and selling child pornography videos.” Brown was convicted

of Sexual Abuse of Children because the jury found that he knowingly encouraged L.H. to

engage in sexual conduct, not because he sent “merely an inappropriate text message.”

Brown fails to articulate or support an argument that the mandatory sentence facially

violates the constitutional prohibition against cruel and unusual punishments. Because his

argument raises an as-applied challenge, we decline to consider it for the first time on

appeal.

                                            17
¶33    4. Whether the District Court failed to follow the statutory procedures for
       determining whether an exception to the mandatory minimum applied under
       §§ 46-18-222(3) and -223(3), MCA.

¶34    “We review de novo a District Court’s interpretation of statute . . . .” Christensen,

¶ 13 (citation omitted).

¶35    “Mandatory minimum sentences prescribed by the laws of [Montana] . . . do not

apply if . . . the offender, at the time of the commission of the offense for which the offender

is to be sentenced, was acting under unusual and substantial duress, although not such

duress as would constitute a defense to the prosecution.” Section 46-18-222(3), MCA.

“When the application of an exception . . . is an issue, the court shall grant the defendant a

hearing prior to the imposition of sentence to determine the applicability of the exception.”

Section 46-18-223(1), MCA. If it appears by a preponderance of the information submitted

during trial, the sentencing hearing, and the presentence report that an exception does not

apply, “the court shall impose the appropriate mandatory sentence.” Section 46-18-223(3),

MCA. In a statement that must be “included in the judgment,” “[t]he court shall state the

reasons for its decision in writing and shall include an identification of the facts relied upon

in making its determination.” Section 46-18-223(3), MCA.

¶36    Brown alleges that the District Court failed to hold a separate hearing to determine

whether he was under duress at the time of the commission of the offense, even though he

requested a hearing in a presentencing motion. He claims also that the court did not state

the reasons for denying the exception in its Judgment. The record plainly contradicts

Brown’s assertions.

                                              18
¶37    The District Court held a sentencing hearing, at which time it considered at length

whether Brown was entitled to an exception to the mandatory minimum sentence on the

basis of duress. Dr. Donna Veraldi testified at the sentencing hearing that she conducted

an interview with Brown and summarized her findings in a report. She said that, according

to Brown, he was subject to “things that were emotionally abusive to him,” and she opined

that “this set the basis for his experiencing duress at [the time of the offense].” But

Dr. Veraldi did not diagnose Brown with any disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical

Manual of Mental Disorders. The court also heard arguments from the State and from

Brown regarding the “duress” exception. The District Court did not find Dr. Veraldi’s

opinion helpful, as it recognized that she based her opinion on limited information and that

her report was contingent on Brown’s truthfulness with the interview.

¶38    In its Judgment, the court stated that it “was unable to make a finding” that Brown

was “experiencing unusual and substantial duress at the time he committed the crime for

which he was convicted.” The court described in great detail the reasons for imposing the

sentence, including the nature of the crime, the degree of harm, the need to protect the

public, and aggravating factors. It described all the materials and information it reviewed,

including Dr. Veraldi’s report and testimony. The court’s Judgment stated that Dr. Veraldi

“was not made fully aware of all the things happening and the [c]ourt finds it was based

solely on the Defendant’s reported perception.” The court concluded that paragraph by

stating that it “cannot find an exception applies.” The Judgment and the sentencing

transcript reflect that the court was particularly troubled by Brown’s lack of accountability

and his evolving excuses for why he sent those text messages to L.H., including his early

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contentions that he was “joking,” that Carly encouraged him to send the text messages, and

that his phone glitched, as well as other theories he invented during the pendency of the

action—that his co-workers sent the text messages and that L.H.’s promiscuity was the

problem.

¶39    The District Court complied with the requirements of § 46-18-223(1) and (2), MCA.

Brown was not entitled to a separate hearing. Section 46-18-223(1), MCA, requires a

hearing “prior to the imposition of sentence to determine the applicability of the

exception.” The sentencing hearing satisfied this requirement in this case. The court also

“state[d] the reasons for its decision [regarding the duress exception] in writing

and . . . include[d] an identification of the facts relied upon in making its determination” in

the Judgment.     See § 46-18-223(3), MCA.         The District Court’s interpretation and

application of the sentencing statutes were correct.

                                      CONCLUSION

¶40    Having found no reversible error in any of Brown’s claims, we affirm the District

Court’s Judgment.

                                                   /S/ BETH BAKER

We Concur:

/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA
/S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON
/S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR
/S/ JIM RICE

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