Court Opinion

ID: 3187212
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-03-21 15:05:41.027826+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:28:41.462475
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

_________________________________________
                                          )
STEVEN MENSAH-YAWSON,                     )
                                          )
                        Plaintiff,        )
                                          )
            v.                            )                   Civil Action No. 14-1948 (RMC)
                                          )
MICHAEL RADEN, et al.,                    )
                                          )
                                    1
                        Defendants.       )
_________________________________________ )

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

               This matter is before the Court on the Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s “Revised”

Amended Complaint Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2) and (6) filed on behalf of the Borough of Donora

and its police department [ECF No. 23] and the Federal Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss [ECF

No. 25]. For the reasons discussed below, the Court will grant both motions.

                                        I. BACKGROUND

               In order to put Plaintiff’s claims in the proper context, the Court refers to the

allegations of Plaintiff’s Complaint for Violation of Civil Rights (“Compl.”) [ECF No. 1], his

Revised Amended Complaint [ECF No. 22] (“Am. Compl.”), exhibits submitted with the

Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Federal Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss

[ECF No. 25] (“Fed. Mem.”), and reported cases.

1
 It appears that “Radens” is the correct spelling of defendant Michael Radens’s last name. See
Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Federal Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss,
Ex. (Radens Decl.) [ECF No. 25-3]. For administrative convenience, the docket and case
caption remain unchanged.
                                                 1
               Plaintiff, a native and citizen of Ghana, was admitted to the United States in May

2005 as a nonimmigrant F1 student “for a temporary period not to exceed the duration of [his]

status,” yet he remained in the United States after completion in December 2007 of his

nonimmigrant F1 student program without having obtained authorization from Citizenship and

Immigration Services. See Fed. Mem., Ex. R (Notice to Appear) at 3. Plaintiff and three

codefendants “were charged on September 15, 2009 by a grand jury sitting in the Western

District of Pennsylvania with conspiring to commit an offense against the United States, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. Specifically, the individuals were charged with conspiring to

make, utter, and possess counterfeit securities in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 513(a).” United States

v. Mensah-Yawson, 489 F. App’x 606, 607 (3d Cir. 2012). 2 A jury found Plaintiff guilty, Fed.

Mem., Ex. A (Verdict, United States v. Mensah-Yawson, Crim. No. 09-276 (W.D. Pa. Dec. 15,

2010)), and the court sentenced him to time served and ordered him to pay restitution totaling

$43,645.98. Id., Ex. A (Judgment in a Criminal Case, United States v. Mensah-Yawson, Crim.

No. 09-276 (W.D. Pa. Jan. 7, 2011)) at 2, 5-6.

               On January 1, 2011, the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) issued

Plaintiff a Notice to Appear and charged him with removability for having remained in the

United States longer than permitted. See id., Ex. D (Memorandum and Order) at 1. On

conclusion of the criminal proceedings, Plaintiff was turned over to U.S. Immigration and

Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) pending his removal from the United States. See id., Ex. L

2
  Generally, Plaintiff obtained legitimate payroll checks from individuals employed by three
corporate entities, used these legitimate checks to create counterfeit checks with software
purchased and installed on Plaintiff’s laptop computer, engaged co-conspirators to negotiate the
counterfeit checks at businesses and banks, and received the bulk of the proceeds. See generally
Fed. Mem., Ex. A (Indictment, United States v. Mensah-Yawson, Crim. No. 09-276 (W.D. Pa.
filed Sept. 15, 2009)) ¶¶ 2-6.

                                                 2
(Record of Deportable/Inadmissible Alien) at 3. While conceding to the charge of removability,

see id., Ex. D at 1, Plaintiff sought release from custody pending the appeal of his criminal

conviction, see generally id., Ex. B (Motion for Bond Redetermination). On April 28, 2011, an

Immigration Judge released Plaintiff on bond. Id., Ex. C (Order of the Immigration Judge with

Respect to Custody); see also Am. Compl. ¶ 17.

               Plaintiff filed an Application for Cancellation of Removal for Certain

Nonpermanent Residents on August 10, 2011, Fed. Mem., Ex. D at 1, and a hearing on the

application was set for September 27, 2013. Id., Ex. F at 1. Meanwhile, the United States Court

of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed Plaintiff’s convictions. See Mensah-Yawson, 489 F.

App’x at 612; see also Fed. Mem., Ex. K (Judgment, United States v. Mensah-Yawson, No. 11-

1103 (3d Cir. July 12, 2012)).

               “On November 15, 2012 . . . between the hours of 11:00 and 14:00,” unidentified

officers of the Donora Police Department “conducted a traffic stop of [a] Sport Utility Vehicle

[on its way] from Coral Township to Donora, [Pennsylvania].” Am. Compl. ¶ 18. Plaintiff’s

then-fiancée drove the vehicle, “[P]laintiff was seated in the front passenger seat, [and] one other

adult [was seated] in the rear . . . with a [child].” Id. The officers demanded that Plaintiff show

identification, id. ¶ 19, and “[a]pproximately three [to] five minutes [after he] provid[ed] . . . two

forms of identification[],” the officers informed Plaintiff that “federal officers [were] looking for

[him.]” Id. ¶ 20. Shortly thereafter, Michael Radens, “who[] identified himself as an attache to

the Homeland Security Investigation,” and David Anderchak, a United States Postal Inspector,

Compl. at 8 (page numbers designated by ECF), arrived on the scene and arrested Plaintiff, see

id.; see also Am. Compl. ¶¶ 18, 20. Plaintiff “was booked into the Allegheny County Jail and

                                                  3
was placed into the custody of ICE[.]” Fed. Mem., Ex. L at 2. Since then, Plaintiff apparently

has remained in custody pending removal to Ghana. See id., Ex. R at 4.

               According to Plaintiff, the federal agents and the Donora police officers conspired

to conduct an “unlawful frisk search [and] seizure” of his person and to cause his unlawful

detention, Am. Compl. ¶ 21, in violation of his Fourth, Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment rights,

see id. ¶¶ 21, 25. In addition, Plaintiff has alleged that Mr. Radens involved himself in or

interfered with ongoing removal proceedings in ways both contrary to federal law and in

violation of rights protected under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States

Constitution. See id. ¶¶ 24, 26-29. As a result, Plaintiff has been injured, in that he has sustained

“severe mental, psychological and emotional pain, severe . . . emotional distress and continual

suffering to date.” Id. ¶ 32. He brought this action under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985 and 1986,

the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”), see 28 U.S.C. §§ 2671-80, and the Alien Tort Claims

Act (“ATCA”), see 28 U.S.C. § 1350. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 8-11. Among other relief, Plaintiff

demands an award of $5 million. See id. ¶¶ 35, 36(i).

                                         II. DISCUSSION

                       A. Plaintiff’s Claims Against the Donora Defendants

               Plaintiff brings assorted civil rights claims against unidentified Donora Police

Department officers, the Donora Police Department, and the Borough of Donora, Pennsylvania

(“Donora Defendants”) under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985 and 1986. 3 See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 6, 8.

The Donora Defendants construe the Amended Complaint as raising “both respondeat superior

3
 Plaintiff sues “John Doe’s [sic] of Donora Police Department 1-10 . . . in their individual and
official capacities.” Am. Compl. ¶ 1. The identities of these police officers are unknown, and
Plaintiff provided no information that could have enabled the Clerk of Court and the United
States Marshals Service to issue summonses and serve process on them.
                                                 4
and conspiracy-based federal civil rights claims” against them. Mem. of Law in Support of Rule

12(b)(2) and (6) Mot. to Dismiss Pl.’s Revised Am. Compl. [ECF No. 24] (“Donora Defs.’

Mem.”) at 2. They move to dismiss on the grounds that the Court lacks personal jurisdiction

over them, see generally id. at 4-7, and that they cannot be liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 on a

respondeat superior theory, see generally id. at 8-9.

                                     1. Personal Jurisdiction

               Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the Donora

Defendants move to dismiss because, based on “the meager facts contained in [the] Amended

Complaint,” Plaintiff fails to demonstrate that this Court has personal jurisdiction over them.

Donora Defs.’ Mem. at 5. Plaintiff maintains that this Court has personal jurisdiction over these

defendants for two reasons. First, he relies on the District’s long-arm statute. See Am. Compl. ¶

12. Second, by characterizing this action as “a Conspiracy suit,” Pl.’s Mot. in Opp’n to Defs.’

“Borough of Donora and Police Department” “Motioin [sic] to Dismiss” [ECF No. 29] (“Pl.’s

Opp’n”) at 2, Plaintiff asserts that this Court may exercise personal jurisdiction over the Donora

Defendants because they conspired with the federal defendants, counsel for whom is located in

the District of Columbia, to violate his constitutional rights. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 7, 13, 15.

               Plaintiff bears the burden of establishing a factual basis for the Court’s exercise of

personal jurisdiction over each Defendant. Crane v. N.Y. Zoological Soc’y, 894 F.2d 454, 456

(D.C. Cir. 1990). If Plaintiff is to survive the Donora Defendants’ motion, he “must make a

prima facie showing of the pertinent jurisdictional facts.” First Chicago Int’l v. United Exch.

Co, 836 F.2d 1375, 1378 (D.C. Cir. 1988). In other words, he must allege specific facts

connecting these defendants to this forum. Second Amendment Found. v. U.S. Conference of

Mayors, 274 F.3d 521, 524 (D.C. Cir. 2001). The Court is mindful of its obligation to construe

                                                 5
a pro se complaint liberally, see, e.g., Howerton v. Ogletree, 466 F. Supp. 2d 182, 183 (D.D.C.

2006), but a pro se plaintiff is not “freed from the requirement to plead an adequate jurisdictional

basis for [his] claims,” Gomez v. Aragon, 705 F. Supp. 2d 21, 23 (D.D.C. 2010).

               The Court determines whether personal jurisdiction may be exercised “by

reference to District of Columbia law.” United States v. Ferrara, 54 F.3d 825, 828 (D.C. Cir.

1995). “A District of Columbia court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a person domiciled

in, organized under the laws of, or maintaining his or its principal place of business in, the

District of Columbia as to any claim for relief.” D.C. Code § 13-422. “Exercise of this so-called

‘general jurisdiction’ requires that [Defendants’] contacts within the forum be ‘continuous and

systematic’ in order for [them] to be forced to defend a suit arising out of any subject matter

unrelated to [Defendants’] activities within the forum.” Segelstrom v. Citibank, N.A., 76 F.

Supp. 3d 1, 11 (D.D.C. 2014) (citing Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466

U.S. 408, 415-16 (1984)), aff’d, 617 F. App’x 4 (D.C. Cir. 2015). Nowhere in the complaint

does Plaintiff allege that the Donora Defendants are domiciled or maintain a principal place of

business in the District of Columbia. In this circumstance, the Court engages in a two-part

inquiry to determine whether it may exercise personal jurisdiction over non-resident

defendants. See GTE New Media Servs., Inc. v. BellSouth Corp., 199 F.3d 1343, 1347 (D.C.

Cir. 2000).

       The Court first must determine whether jurisdiction may be exercised under the District

of Columbia’s long-arm statute, which in relevant part provides:

               A District of Columbia court may exercise personal jurisdiction over
               a person . . . as to a claim for relief arising from the person’s –

               (1) transacting any business in the District of Columbia;

                                                  6
               (2) contracting to supply services in the District of Columbia;

               (3) causing tortious injury in the District of Columbia by an act or
               omission in the District of Columbia; [or]

               (4) causing tortious injury in the District of Columbia by an act or
               omission outside the District of Columbia if he regularly does or
               solicits business, engages in any other persistent course of conduct,
               or derives substantial revenue from goods used or consumed, or
               services rendered, in the District of Columbia . . . .
D.C. Code § 13-423(a). Then the Court must determine whether its exercise of jurisdiction

comports with due process. See id.; First Chicago Int’l, 836 F.2d at 1377. This second

component of the analysis turns on whether a defendant’s “minimum contacts” with the District

of Columbia establish that “the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair

play and substantial justice.” Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) (internal

quotation marks and citations omitted). Minimum contacts must arise from “some act by which

the [Defendants] purposefully avail[ themselves] of the privilege of conducting activities within

the [District of Columbia], thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws.” Asahi Metal

Indus. Co. v. Super. Ct. of Cal., Solano Cnty., 480 U.S. 102, 109 (1987) (quoting Burger King

Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475 (1985)). In other words, Plaintiff must demonstrate that

the Donora Defendants’ “conduct and connection with the [District of Columbia] are such that

[they] should reasonably anticipate being haled into court” in this forum. World-Wide

Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297 (1980).

               On review of Plaintiff’s submissions, the Court concurs with the Donora

Defendants’ assessment that the “amended pleading is without any fact or reasonable inference

therefrom indicating that the Borough [of Donora], its police department or any agent of either

ever transacted business in the District of Columbia.” Donora Defs.’ Mem. at 5. Nor does the

Court identify a single factual allegation to show that the Donora Defendants contracted to

                                                 7
supply services or caused tortious injury in the District of Columbia by any act committed here.

And the final basis for application of the long-arm statute is equally unsupported. Plaintiff not

only fails to allege that the Donora Defendants caused tortious injury in the District of Columbia

by an act committed outside of the District, but also fails to allege that these Defendants have

engaged in any conduct connected to this forum.

               “Courts consider conspiracy jurisdiction a form of long-arm jurisdiction in which

the defendant’s ‘contact’ with the forum consists of the acts of the defendant’s co-conspirators

within the forum.” Youming Jin v. Ministry of State Sec., 335 F. Supp. 2d 72, 79 (D.D.C. 2004)

(citing Second Amendment Found., 274 F.3d at 523). Plaintiff’s success on this conspiracy

jurisdiction approach depends on his ability to show “(1) a conspiracy (2) in which the defendant

participated and (3) a co-conspirator’s overt act within the forum, subject to the long-arm statute

and in furtherance of the conspiracy.” Id. at 79-80 (citing Jung v. Ass’n of Am. Med. Colleges,

300 F. Supp. 2d 119, 141 (D.D.C. 2004)) (footnote omitted). He fails to meet his burden,

principally because the alleged overt acts giving rise to his claims – the traffic stop and arrest in

Pennsylvania – did not occur within the District of Columbia.

               Furthermore, the allegations of conspiracy in the Amended Complaint, see, e.g.,

Am. Compl. ¶¶ 7, 21, are entirely conclusory. The elements of a civil conspiracy are: “(1) an

agreement between two or more persons; (2) to participate in an unlawful act, or a lawful act in

an unlawful manner; (3) an injury caused by an unlawful overt act performed by one of the

parties to the agreement; (4) which overt act was done pursuant to and in furtherance of the

common scheme.” Halberstam v. Welch, 705 F.2d 472, 477 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (citation omitted).

Plaintiff’s bare assertions of the existence of an agreement among the conspirators cannot sustain

a conspiracy claim. See, e.g., McCreary v. Heath, No. 04-0623, 2005 WL 3276257, at *5

                                                  8
(D.D.C. Sept. 26, 2005) (dismissing conspiracy claim where the “complaint fails to allege the

existence of any events, conversations, or documents indicating that there was ever an agreement

or ‘meeting of the minds’ between any of the defendants”). 4

                Whether or not Defendants conspired with one another to harm Plaintiff, it is

apparent that Plaintiff fails to allege facts to justify exercise of personal jurisdiction over the non-

resident Donora Defendants. The Court concludes that it lacks personal jurisdiction over these

Defendants, and their motion to dismiss on this ground will be granted.

                                       2. Respondeat Superior

                It appears that Plaintiff deems the Borough of Donora responsible for the

unconstitutional actions of the unidentified police officers, see Am. Compl. ¶ 33, and brings a

claim against it under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, which in relevant part provides:

                Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation,
                custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of
                Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the
                United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the
                deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the
                Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action
                at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.

4
  Plaintiff’s failure to allege adequately the existence of a conspiracy impacts his conspiracy-
based civil rights claims. Generally, 42 U.S.C. § 1985(1) “prohibits conspiracies to interfere
with the performance of duties by federal officers,” United Bhd. of Carpenters & Joiners of Am.,
Local 610, AFL-CIO v. Scott, 463 U.S. 825, 839 n.1 (1983), and “[§]1985(3) provides a cause of
action against two or more persons who participate in a conspiracy motivated by class-based
discriminatory animus,” Atherton v. District of Columbia Office of the Mayor, 567 F.3d 672, 688
(D.C. Cir. 2009) (citations omitted). Plaintiff’s conclusory allegations of conspiracy do not
suffice, and his § 1985 claims fail. Because “[t]he language of [42 U.S.C. § 1986] establishes
unambiguously that a colorable claim under § 1985 is a prerequisite to stating an adequate claim
for neglect to prevent under § 1986,” Thomas v. News World Comm’cns, 681 F. Supp. 55, 62
(D.D.C. 1988), his § 1986 claim also fails, see, e.g., Strunk v. U.S. Dep’t of Commerce, No. 09-
1295, 2010 WL 960428, at *4 (D.D.C. Mar. 15, 2010).
                                                   9
Id. The Borough of Donora presumably is municipality and is considered a “person” for

purposes of § 1983. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of the City of New York, 436 U.S. 658,

690 (1978) (defining “person” to include municipalities and local government entities). “[I]n

considering whether a plaintiff has stated a claim for municipal liability, the district court must

conduct a two-step inquiry.” Baker v. District of Columbia, 326 F.3d 1302, 1306 (D.C. Cir.

2003). The Court “must determine whether the complaint states a claim for a predicate

constitutional violation,” and it “must determine whether the complaint states a claim that a

custom or policy of the municipality caused the violation.” Id. 1306. For purposes of this

discussion, the Court presumes without deciding that Plaintiff adequately alleges violations of

rights protected under the Fourth, Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States

Constitution. Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim fails nevertheless.

               “[I]t is when execution of a government’s policy or custom . . . inflicts the injury

that the government as an entity is responsible under § 1983.” Brown v. District of Columbia,

514 F.3d 1279, 1283 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (citing Monell, 436 U.S. at 694). A plaintiff must

“allege[] an affirmative link . . . such that a municipal policy was the moving force behind the

constitutional violation,” Baker, 326 F.3d at 1206 (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted), but the pleading here fails to set forth any allegations of the existence or execution of a

Donora policy, custom or practice resulting in the injuries he claims to have suffered. This

pleading defect is fatal. See, e.g., Yancey v. District of Columbia, 991 F. Supp. 2d 171, 179-80

(D.D.C. 2013) (dismissing § 1983 claim where plaintiff “has not provided any indication that her

situation was the result of any custom, practice or policy of the District”).

               Furthermore, as the Donora Defendants note, neither “the Borough [nor] its police

department [can] be held liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 merely for employing police officers

                                                 10
who allegedly violated municipal, state or federal policy or law[.]” Donora Defs.’ Mem. at 8.

As the Supreme Court instructs, “[r]espondeat superior or vicarious liability will not attach

under § 1983.” City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 385 (1989).

               The Court concludes that Plaintiff fails to state a viable § 1983 claim against the

Donora Defendants, and their motion to dismiss will be granted.

                      B. Plaintiff’s Claims Against the Federal Defendants

             1. Claims Against Radens and Anderchak in their Individual Capacities

               Radens and Anderchak move to dismiss on the ground that, absent proper service

of process and long-arm jurisdiction, this Court is without personal jurisdiction over them. See

generally Fed. Mem. at 10-15. For purposes of this Memorandum Opinion, the Court presumes

without deciding that service of process has been effected properly on these defendants. Their

motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction will be granted for substantially the same

reasons as set forth above with respect to the Donora Defendants.

               Radens and Anderchak are Pennsylvania residents whose principal place of

employment at all times relevant to the complaint was Pennsylvania. Fed. Mem., Ex. (Decl. of

David Anderchak ¶¶ 2-3 and Decl. of Michael Radens ¶¶ 2-3). The mere assertion that Radens

and Anderchak are the employees of federal government agencies with headquarter offices in the

District of Columbia, see Pl.’s Opp’n at 24-25, does not establish contacts with this district to

justify the exercise of this Court’s jurisdiction over them, see, e.g., Hampton v. Comey, No. 14-

CV-1607, 2016 WL 471277, at *6 (D.D.C. Feb. 8, 2016) (finding that employment with agency

having Washington, D.C. headquarters does not establish minimum contacts). Absent factual

allegations showing that these defendants reside or conduct business in the District of Columbia,

or that any of the conduct giving rise to Plaintiff’s claims occurred in the District of Columbia,

                                                 11
Plaintiff fails to demonstrate that this Court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over Radens and

Anderchak in their individual capacities is proper.

              2. Claims Against Radens and Anderchak in their Official Capacities

               Insofar as Plaintiff brings tort claims against Radens and Anderchak in their

official capacities and invokes the Federal Tort Claims Act, see Am. Compl. ¶¶ 9, 15, the federal

defendants argue that any such claims must fail, see Fed. Mem. at 34-39.

               “Federal district courts are courts of limited jurisdiction,” and “it is to be

presumed that a cause lies outside this limited jurisdiction.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co.

of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994) (citations omitted). The plaintiff therefore bears the initial

burden of establishing that the Court has subject matter jurisdiction over his negligence claim.

See id.; Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Wash. v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 527 F.

Supp. 2d 101, 104 (D.D.C. 2007). “If the court determines at any time that it lacks subject-

matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3).

               The FTCA allows a plaintiff to file suit for claims of “personal injury . . . caused

by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee of the Government while acting

within the scope of his office or employment, under circumstances where the United States, if a

private person, would be liable to the claimant in accordance with the law of the place where the

act or omission occurred.” 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1); see id. § 2679(b)(1). There are limitations

and exceptions to the FTCA, however, which require dismissal of Plaintiff’s tort claims.

                            1. Naming the United States as Defendant

       “Under the FTCA, [a] plaintiff[] may sue the United States in federal court for state-law

torts committed by government employees within the scope of their employment.” Harbury v.

Hayden, 522 F.3d 413, 416 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (citing 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b), 2671-80).

                                                 12
Here, the government certifies that Radens and Anderchak “were acting within the scope of their

employment as employees of the United States at the time of the . . . incidents” alleged in the

complaint. Defs.’ Mem., Ex. (Certification). Based on the certification, this “tort suit

automatically converts to an FTCA action against the United States in federal court; the

Government becomes the sole party defendant; and the FTCA’s requirements, exceptions, and

defenses apply to the suit.” Harbury, 522 F.3d at 416 (internal quotation marks, citation and

footnote omitted).

                            2. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies

       The FTCA requires that a plaintiff exhaust his administrative remedies prior to initiating

a lawsuit against the United States:

               An action shall not be instituted upon a claim against the United
               States for money damages for injury or loss of property or personal
               injury or death caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission
               of any employee of the Government while acting within the scope
               of his office or employment, unless the claimant shall have first
               presented the claim to the appropriate Federal agency and his claim
               shall have been finally denied by the agency in writing and sent by
               certified or registered mail.
28 U.S.C. § 2675(a). Exhaustion is a jurisdictional requirement, see GAF Corp. v. United States,

818 F.2d 901, 917-20 (D.C. Cir. 1987), and a plaintiff’s “fail[ure] to heed that clear statutory

command” warrants dismissal of his claim, McNeil v. United States, 508 U.S. 106, 113 (1993);

see Henderson v. Ratner, No. 10-5035, 2010 WL 2574175, at *1 (D.C. Cir. June 7, 2010) (per

curiam) (affirming dismissal of FTCA claim where “[a]ppellant failed to demonstrate that he

exhausted his administrative remedies before filing suit in the district court”); Hammond v. Fed.

Bureau of Prisons, 740 F. Supp. 2d 105, 111 (D.D.C. 2010) (dismissing FTCA claim for lack of

subject matter jurisdiction where plaintiff had not “established by a preponderance of the

                                                 13
evidence that he administratively exhausted his FTCA claim with the BOP before commencing

this action”).

                 ICE’s declarant avers that she searched the “database of administrative FTCA

claims submitted to ICE . . . [and] found no records of any . . . claim by Steven Mensah-

Yawson.” Fed. Mem., Ex. (Tanke Decl.) ¶ 2. The United States Postal Service’s declarant

explains she searched the relevant “databases containing information relating to administrative

tort claims submitted to the Postal Service and [United States Postal] Inspection Service

nationwide,” id., Ex. (Beatty Decl.) ¶ 3, “using . . . Mensa-Tawson, Mensah-Tawson, Mensa,

Mensah, Tawson, Yawson, Mensa-Tawson and Mensa-Yawson” as search terms, yet the

searches did “not reflect that an administrative tort claim was received . . . on behalf of anyone

using these names,” id., Ex. (Beatty Decl.) ¶ 4.

                 Plaintiff argues that “he followed all proper procedure[s] pertaining to

administrative tort remedy,” Pl.’s Mem. in Support [of] his Opp’n to Def.’s “Fed. Def[s.’]”

“Mot. to Dismiss” [ECF No. 29] at 2, and produces an “attachment/exhibit and record (certified

registered mail record),” id. Exs. A-C. The exhibit appears to be a copy of three “green cards”

bearing Plaintiff’s name and address only. At most, the exhibit indicates that three unidentified

items had been sent by certified or registered mail on or about May 27, 2014 to unknown

recipients. See id., Exs. A-C. The exhibit does not establish that Plaintiff submitted an

administrative tort claim to ICE. Thus, it appears that Plaintiff has not exhausted his

administrative remedies prior to filing this lawsuit; for this reason, the Court lacks subject matter

jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s FTCA claim. See Davis v. United States, 944 F. Supp. 2d 36, 38-39

(D.D.C. 2013) (dismissing FTCA claim for lack of subject matter jurisdiction where prisoner

                                                   14
plaintiff could show that he prepared a written FTCA claim to the BOP but could not show that

BOP actually received it).

                  3. No Recovery of Monetary Damages for Constitutional Torts

               Even if Plaintiff had exhausted his administrative remedies, his FTCA claim still

would be dismissed. Under the doctrine of sovereign immunity, the United States is immune

from suit unless Congress expressly has waived the defense of sovereign immunity by

statute. See United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 212 (1983) (“It is axiomatic that the United

States may not be sued without its consent and that the existence of consent is a prerequisite for

jurisdiction.”). The FTCA operates as a limited waiver of sovereign immunity rendering the

United States subject to suit for certain – but not all – tort claims. See, e.g., Richards v. United

States, 369 U.S. 1, 6 (1962). The United States is not “liable . . . for constitutional tort claims.”

FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 478 (1994); see Thomas v. United States, 779 F. Supp. 2d 154,

157 (D.D.C. 2011) (dismissing Eighth Amendment claim for damages brought against the

United States, BOP and a BOP official sued in his official capacity); Nelson v. Williams, 750 F.

Supp. 2d 46, 53 (D.D.C. 2010) (“To the extent that plaintiff demands relief for defendants'

violations of his rights under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States

Constitution, these claims must be dismissed.”), aff’d, No. 10-5429, 2011 WL 2618078 (D.C.

Cir. June 23, 2011) (per curiam), cert. denied, 132 S. Ct. 1035 (2012). Thus, insofar as Plaintiff

demands damages from the United States for alleged violations of constitutionally protected

rights, see, e.g., Am. Compl. ¶¶ 33, 35, the there is no remedy under the FTCA. 5

5
 In addition, as the Federal Defendants note, see Fed. Mem. at 19-20, venue in this district is
improper under 28 U.S.C. § 1402(b), which provides that an FTCA claim “may be prosecuted
only in the judicial district where the plaintiff resides or wherein the act or omission complained
of occurred.” 28 U.S.C. § 1402(b).
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                                     C. Plaintiff’s ATCA Claim

                “The elements of a claim under the ATCA are that (1) the plaintiff is an alien;

(2) the claim is for a tort; and (3) the tort is committed in violation of the law of nations or a

treaty of the United States.” Burnett v. Al Baraka Inv. & Dev. Corp., 274 F. Supp. 2d 86, 99-100

(D.D.C. 2003) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Nowhere does Plaintiff identify

a violation of the law of nations or a treaty to which the United States is a party. Therefore,

Plaintiff fails to state a claim under the ATCA. In addition, it does not appear that venue in this

district is proper. The ATCA contains no venue provision. See Shaoulian-Tehrani v. Khatami,

No. 06 CIV. 6868, 2008 WL 1790386, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 21, 2008). If the Court were to look

to the place where the underlying actions occurred and where a plaintiff’s harms were felt, see

Abecassis v. Wyatt, 669 F. Supp. 2d 130, 133 (D.D.C. 2009), it appears that a district in

Pennsylvania, not the District of Columbia, would be a proper forum for adjudication of

Plaintiff’s claim.

                                         III. CONCLUSION

                The Court concludes that it lacks personal jurisdiction over the Donora

Defendants and Radens and Anderchak in their individual capacities. Further, the Court

concludes that Plaintiff fails to state claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985 and 1986, and under

the ATCA. Lastly, the Court concludes that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s

claims against Radens and Anderchak in their official capacities. For these reasons, Defendants’

motions to dismiss will be granted. An Order is issued separately.

DATE: March 21, 2016                           ___________/s/_______________
                                               ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
                                               United States District Judge

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