Court Opinion

ID: 4180682
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-06-26 13:13:30.743146+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:38:55.831750
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Bentz, 2017-Ohio-5483.]

                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                           THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                ALLEN COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,

        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,                                CASE NO. 1-16-17

        v.

JUSTIN A. BENTZ,                                           OPINION

        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

                   Appeal from Allen County Common Pleas Court
                            Trial Court No. CR 2015 0243

      Judgment Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part and Cause Remanded

                              Date of Decision:   June 26, 2017

APPEARANCES:

        Eric E. Willison for Appellant

        Todd C. Schroeder for Appellee
Case No. 1-16-17

PRESTON, P.J.

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant, Justin A. Bentz (“Bentz”), appeals the April 14,

2016 judgment entry of sentence of the Allen County Court of Common Pleas. For

the reasons that follow, we affirm in part and reverse in part.

       {¶2} This case stems from allegations that Bentz, who was a police officer

for the city of Lima, engaged in nonconsensual sex with 16-year-old K.A. on June

11, 2015. Bentz met K.A. through Kelli A. (“Kelli”), the girlfriend of Bentz’s

roommate, David Irwin (“Irwin”). K.A., Kelli’s sister, was staying the night at the

residence Irwin and Kelli shared with Bentz. On July 16, 2015, the Allen County

Grand Jury indicted Bentz on:         Count One of rape in violation of R.C.

2907.02(A)(2), a first-degree felony; Count Two of kidnapping in violation of R.C.

2905.01(A)(2), a first-degree felony; Count Three of sexual battery in violation of

R.C. 2907.03(A)(2), a third-degree felony; Count Four of sexual battery in violation

of R.C. 2907.03(A)(13), a third-degree felony; and Count Five of offenses involving

underage persons in violation of R.C. 4301.69(A), a first-degree misdemeanor.

(Doc. No. 3). Bentz pled not guilty to the counts of the indictment on July 23, 2015.

(Doc. No. 221).

       {¶3} On July 20, 2015, Bentz filed a motion for a bill of particulars, which

the State provided on August 11, 2015. (Doc. Nos. 8, 17). The State filed an

amended bill of particulars on November 5, 2015. (Doc. No. 119).

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Case No. 1-16-17

       {¶4} On January 21, 2016, Bentz filed a motion to dismiss Count Four of the

indictment. (Doc. No. 184). In that motion, Bentz argued that (1) he was not a

“peace officer” at the time of the alleged offense or (2) R.C. 2907.03(A)(13) is

unconstitutional. (Id.). On January 21, 2016, Bentz filed a motion in limine to

exclude the testimony of the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (“SANE”), Ronda

Norris (“Norris”). (Doc. No. 185). The State filed memorandums in opposition to

Bentz’s motion to dismiss and motion in limine on February 4, 2016. (Doc. Nos.

187, 188).

       {¶5} On February 8, 2016, the trial court denied Bentz’s motion to dismiss

and motion in limine. (Doc. Nos. 191, 192).

       {¶6} The case proceeded to a bench trial on February 16 and 17, 2016. (Feb.

16-17, 2016 Tr., Vol. I, at 1); (Feb. 16-17, 2016 Tr., Vol. II, at 309). The trial court

found Bentz guilty of all of the counts of the indictment on February 23, 2016. (Doc.

No. 221); (Feb. 23, 2016 Tr. at 5-7). The trial court filed its “judgment entry of

conviction” on February 24, 2016. (Doc. No. 221).

       {¶7} On April 8, 2016, the State filed a motion conceding that the rape and

sexual-battery offenses of which Bentz was found guilty are allied offenses of

similar import and subject to merger. (Doc. No. 225). The State indicated in its

motion that it elected to pursue the offense of rape for purposes of conviction and

sentencing. (Id.). Bentz filed a memorandum in opposition to the State’s motion

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Case No. 1-16-17

arguing that the kidnapping offense of which he was found guilty is an allied offense

of similar import to the rape and sexual-battery offenses of which he was found

guilty. (Doc. No. 226).

         {¶8} The trial court held a sentencing and a sex-offender registration hearing

on April 14, 2016. (Apr. 14, 2016 Tr. at 1, 31). The trial court agreed with the

State’s argument as to merger and merged Counts One, Three, and Four, and denied

Bentz’s motion requesting that Count Two be merged with those counts. (Id. at 24).

The trial court sentenced Bentz to ten years in prison on Count One, four years in

prison on Count Two, and 60 days in jail on Count Five. (Id. at 25-28); (Doc. No.

232). The trial court ordered that Bentz serve the terms for Counts One and Two

consecutively, and ordered that Bentz serve the term for Count Five concurrently to

Counts One and Two, for an aggregate sentence of 14 years. (Id. at 28-29); (Id.).

The trial court also classified Bentz as a Tier III sex offender. (Apr. 14, 2016 Tr. at

31).    The trial court filed its judgment entries of sentence and sex-offender

classification on April 14, 2016. (Doc. Nos. 231, 232).

         {¶9} Bentz filed a notice of appeal on April 20, 2016.1 (Doc. No. 237). He

raises five assignments of error for our review. For ease of our discussion, we will

1
  The parties waived oral argument in this case because neither party requested to present oral argument in
accordance with Loc.R. 13. See Loc.R. 13(A) (“Failure to notify the Court in writing of counsel’s intention
to present oral argument by the date indicated on the notice of oral argument shall constitute a waiver of oral
argument by counsel, or the party, if unrepresented.”).

                                                     -4-
Case No. 1-16-17

first address Bentz’s third and fourth assignments together, followed by his first,

second, and fifth assignments of error.

                          Assignment of Error No. III

       The Trial Court Erred When it Convicted the Defendant of
       Kidnapping When There was no evidence of Force or Threat of
       Force or Flight. [R. R.221 [sic] and 250 Transcript of Verdict
       Hearing Pages [sic] 6 Lines 4-13]

                           Assignment of Error No. IV

       The Trial Court Erred when it Convicted the Defendant of all
       charges except RC 4301.69(A) Against the Manifest Weight of the
       Evidence. [R. R.221 [sic] and 250 Transcript of Verdict Hearing
       Pages 5-8 Lines 10-05]

       {¶10} In his third and fourth assignments of error, Bentz argues that his

kidnapping conviction is based on insufficient evidence and that his rape, sexual

battery, and kidnapping convictions are against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶11} Manifest “weight of the evidence and sufficiency of the evidence are

clearly different legal concepts.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St. 3d 380, 389

(1997). As such, we address each legal concept individually.

       {¶12} “An appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the

evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at

trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average

mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio

St.3d 259 (1981), paragraph two of the syllabus, superseded by state constitutional

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amendment on other grounds, State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St. 3d 89 (1997). Accordingly,

“[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most

favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. “In deciding if the

evidence was sufficient, we neither resolve evidentiary conflicts nor assess the

credibility of witnesses, as both are functions reserved for the trier of fact.” State v.

Jones, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-120570 and C-120571, 2013-Ohio-4775, ¶ 33,

citing State v. Williams, 197 Ohio App. 3d 505, 2011-Ohio-6267, ¶ 25 (1st Dist.).

See also State v. Berry, 3d Dist. Defiance No. 4-12-03, 2013-Ohio-2380, ¶ 19

(“Sufficiency of the evidence is a test of adequacy rather than credibility or weight

of the evidence.”), citing Thompkins at 386.

       {¶13} On the other hand, in determining whether a conviction is against the

manifest weight of the evidence, a reviewing court must examine the entire record,

“‘weigh[ ] the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider[ ] the credibility of

witnesses and determine[ ] whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [trier

of fact] clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that

the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’” Thompkins at 387,

quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App. 3d 172, 175 (1st Dist.1983). A reviewing

court must, however, allow the trier of fact appropriate discretion on matters relating

to the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses. State v. DeHass,

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Case No. 1-16-17

10 Ohio St. 2d 230, 231 (1967). When applying the manifest-weight standard,

“[o]nly in exceptional cases, where the evidence ‘weighs heavily against the

conviction,’ should an appellate court overturn the trial court’s judgment.” State v.

Haller, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-11-34, 2012-Ohio-5233, ¶ 9, quoting State v.

Hunter, 131 Ohio St. 3d 67, 2011-Ohio-6524, ¶ 119.

       {¶14} At trial, the State offered the testimony of 11 witnesses. First, the

Chief of Police for the Lima Police Department, Kevin Martin (“Martin”), testified

that Bentz was employed as a peace officer with the Lima Police Department. (Feb.

16-17, 2016 Tr., Vol. I, at 24-27). Martin testified that Bentz was fired from his

employment on June 11, 2015 based on K.A.’s allegations against Bentz. (Id. at 29-

30).

       {¶15} Next, Norris was qualified as an expert witness in the areas of

registered nursing and sexual-assault exams. (Id. at 56). Norris testified that, as

part of her duties as a registered nurse with St. Rita’s Medical Center Emergency

Department, she handles the responsibilities of a SANE, and is to report to the

hospital when a sexual-assault victim arrives at the hospital. (Id. at 44-45, 59).

       {¶16} She testified that she was called to the hospital on June 11, 2015 to

examine K.A. after she arrived at the hospital and alleged that she had been sexually

assaulted. (Id. at 58-60). First, K.A. described to Norris “what happened.” (Id. at

60-62). According to Norris, K.A. was “confused; appeared kind of confused. I

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Case No. 1-16-17

[sic] didn’t really know * * * how to explain what had happened. She was having

difficulty with naming certain parts of the body and what happened.” (Id. at 62).

Norris prepared a handwritten narrative as K.A. described the alleged assault. (Id.

at 61). Norris identified State’s Exhibit 14 as “a copy of her sexual assault

examination,” which includes her handwritten narrative. (Id. at 62-63). Norris read

her handwritten narrative for the trial court,

            “Was [sic] at my sister’s house.” “Was [sic] on Skype with one

       of my friends.” [“]He, and then in parenthesis, because [Norris] asked

       * * * who he was, and she said * * * Justin Bentz, got home from

       work.” “It was between 1:30 and 3:00 when this happened.” [“]He

       got home around 1:00.”

            [“]We were sitting on two separate couches.” [“]He asked me if

       I wanted to watch a movie.” [“]He asked me if I wanted to take a

       shot.” [“]I’m only 16.” [“]He said, * * * you would have to get up

       and grab it yourself, but it’s already poured.” “It was in the kitchen.”

            [“]We…we were back in the livingroom [sic].” [“]He asked me

       if I wanted to take a second shot.” [“]I laid on the kitchen floor

       because it was kicking in.” [“]He helped me up * * * he picked me

       up and put me on the counter and started messing with me.” [“]Started

       kissing me, and in parenthesis, because I asked where, cheek, neck,

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Case No. 1-16-17

      and mouth.[“] “He carried me into the bedroom.” “He took my pants

      off.” [“]I told him no.” [“]He told me to be quiet.”

           [“]I heard my sister’s door open. I think her boyfriend was

      letting the dog out.” “He told me to be quiet.” [“]He put his boy parts

      in my girl parts.” When patient was asked to clarify, “He put his junk

      in me.” Patient appeared to have difficulty finding the words to use.

      That was in parenthesis.

           “He gave me a towel and told me to clean myself off.” [“]I told

      him no.” [“]He used the towel and cleaned my stomach off.” When

      patient was asked what he cleaned off the stomach, * * * “the stuff

      that comes out of the boy parts.”

           [“]My sister came into the bedroom.” [“]He told me to be quiet.”

      [“]My sister came into the bedroom to look for me and it was pitch

      dark in the room so she didn’t see me.” [“]I should have screamed,

      but he told me to be quiet and he is a cop.”

           [“]He told me to get in the closet while he was going to try to

      distract my sister.” [“]I felt like * * * if I yelled, because he is a cop

      and owns a gun, he could shoot somebody.” “My sister found me in

      the closet and all I had on was my tank top.”

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Case No. 1-16-17

            “When he got home from work he was all dressed up. I asked

       him why he was all dressed up and he said, ‘I was at police...it was

       police stuff.”’ “I don’t know what * * * he is talking about but he said

       that I was small.”

            When patient starts talking about the drinking prior to the assault

       – “I don’t know what took so long for him to pour the first drink. It

       took about five to seven minutes for him to pour it.” “The first shot I

       took was in a frosted shot glass and the second shot * * * was in a tall

       boot shot glass that * * * said something about Texas.”

(Id. at 63-65). (See also State’s Ex. 14).

       {¶17} Norris continued to question K.A. about the assault. (Feb. 16-17, 2016

Tr., Vol. I, at 65). K.A reported to her that neither party was bleeding and that Bentz

ejaculated on her stomach. (Feb. 16-17, 2016 Tr., Vol. I, at 65). (See also State’s

Ex. 14). At that point, Norris conducted her physical examination of K.A. (Feb.

16-17, 2016 Tr., Vol. I, at 66-69). Norris testified that her report reflects that her

visual examination of K.A. revealed that Norris had K.A. “remove her naval ring”

and that she observed “a small cut to the 5th digit of her left hand.” (Id. at 69).

Next, Norris visually examined K.A.’s vaginal area for injuries in which she

observed “some tearing to the posterior fourchette,” “some bruising, some purple

area bruising, to the hymen tissue,” and “some blood tinged discharge coming from

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Case No. 1-16-17

the vagina.” (Id. at 69-70). Norris described those injuries as acute and said they

could be described as “trauma to the vaginal area.” (Id. at 70). Norris identified

State’s Exhibits 15 through 21 as the photographs she took depicting K.A.’s injuries.

(Id. at 70-76). Norris testified that she also collected blood and urine samples from

K.A., which she provided to law enforcement. (Id. at 82).

       {¶18} On cross-examination, Norris testified that her examination of K.A.

was interrupted when law enforcement arrived to interview K.A. (Id. at 86-90).

Norris testified that she could not “form an opinion as to whether or not it was

consensual sex.” (Id. at 91). Norris recalled that K.A. told her that she did not

“know how she lost her pants in the course of all this” and that K.A. did not report

“where she was when her pants were removed or she lost her pants.” (Id. at 91-92).

Norris testified that she did not ask K.A. “how” she became naked. (Id. at 92).

Norris further testified that she did not smell the odor of alcohol on K.A. (Id.).

Norris identified Defendant’s Exhibit C as the “rape kit” that she prepared. (Id. at

97-98). According to Norris, she could not remove hair from K.A.’s pubic area as

she is supposed to do as part of the “rape kit,” “because she didn’t have any.” (Id.

at 93-94). Norris described K.A.’s “emotional state”:

       Confused. Not quite sure what happened, as far she says that she, you

       know, she was having difficulty naming things. She didn’t know how

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Case No. 1-16-17

       to name things to me. Upset because she said that she was a virgin up

       until then.

(Id. at 94). She also described K.A. as “tearful at times.” (Id. at 95).

       {¶19} Norris testified that her report reflects only statements made to her by

K.A. while she was speaking privately with K.A. (Id. at 101). According to Norris,

the crime-victim advocate was also present. (Id.). In other words, law enforcement

was not present in the room while she was interviewing K.A. and generating her

written report.      (Id. at 101-102).   Norris asserted that she does “not take

documentation when the police are in the room.” (Id. at 102). According to Norris,

the statement K.A. provided her is consistent with the statement K.A. provided law

enforcement. (Id. at 105).

       {¶20} As its next witness, the State offered the testimony Tiffany Paugh

(“Paugh”), a criminalist in the toxicology department of the Ohio State Highway

Patrol Crime Laboratory. (Id. at 112-113). Paugh testified that she examined K.A.’s

blood sample to ascertain its alcohol concentration. (Id. at 115). Her examination

revealed that K.A.’s blood-alcohol concentration was “zero point zero six four

(0.064) grams per one hundred (100) milliliters of alcohol, ethanol in whole blood.”

(Id. at 116-117). Paugh identified State’s Exhibit 23 as a copy of her report

reflecting her findings. (Id. at 117).

                                         -12-
Case No. 1-16-17

        {¶21} Eric Fashano-Soltis (“Fashano-Soltis”), a criminalist with the Ohio

State Highway Patrol Crime Laboratory, testified on behalf of the State. (Id. at 119-

120).   Fashano-Soltis testified that he examined K.A.’s urine sample for the

presence of drugs. (Id. at 121). He identified State’s Exhibit 25 as a copy of his

report reflecting his analysis of K.A.’s urine sample. (Id. at 125). Fashano-Soltis

testified that his examination revealed that K.A.’s urine sample “was actually

negative for all twelve (12) drug classifications.”       (Id. at 124).    On cross-

examination, Fashano-Soltis testified that he did not test K.A.’s urine sample for the

presence of alcohol. (Id. at 126).

        {¶22} Next, Wyatt Stahl (“Stahl”), age 18, testified that he is “really good

friends” with K.A. (Id. at 150-151). Stahl testified that he was Skyping with K.A.

from the evening of June 10, 2015 into the morning of June 11, 2015. (Id. at 151-

152). Stahl testified that he stopped Skyping with K.A. “about 1:00 am or 1:30 am.”

(Id. at 152). According to Stahl, it did not appear to him that K.A. was consuming

alcohol while they were Skyping, and the two did not have “any sexually

inappropriate communications” during that Skype. (Id. at 153). However, he

testified that he “probably” would not recall if there was “any sort of sexual

conversation or communication” between him and K.A. (Id.). Stahl recalled that

another male was present during his Skype with K.A. but he “didn’t see him”

because “he was in a different room watching TV.” (Id.).

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Case No. 1-16-17

       {¶23} On cross examination, Stahl testified that K.A. “occasionally” drinks

alcohol because he has “heard stories” or K.A. “told” him about drinking alcohol.

(Id. at 156).

       {¶24} Detective Jack Miller (“Detective Miller”) of the Shawnee Township

Police Department testified that he investigated K.A.’s sexual-assault allegations

against Bentz. (Id. at 162-163). Detective Miller first encountered K.A. at the St.

Rita’s Medical Center Emergency Department where he interviewed K.A. (Id. at

164). After interviewing K.A. at the hospital, Detective Miller interviewed other

individuals identified as potential witnesses. (Id. at 164-165, 167).

       {¶25} On cross-examination, Detective Miller testified that he has

investigated three rape cases, including cases involving “false rape allegations.” (Id.

at 174, 177-178). Detective Miller characterized as a “fair statement” the following

statement regarding false rape allegations:

       The most frequent context and motive for the fabricated rape is

       consensual sex with an acquaintance that led to some sort of problem

       for the accuser or could lead to some sort of problem for the accuser.

       For example, boyfriend, family, parents.

(Id. at 174-175). He testified that people falsely accuse others of rape when those

people want to avoid facing the consequences of their actions. (Id. at 175). When

presented with the following scenario:

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Case No. 1-16-17

            So, as an example in this case we know that [K.A.] was being

      taken home by her sister * * * I mean there’s a question whether she

      was going home or police department [sic]. But we know that

      [Bentz’s] roommate is saying that the sister said, “Come on, I’m

      taking you home.” So let’s assume that she was going home. So if

      she was going home she would have to explain to her parents what

      they were doing there at three-thirty or four o’clock in the morning,

      how come [sic] they came home at that time.

            Well, and then in the meantime her sister is with her so she would

      also be explaining to their parents exactly what happened.           So

      eventually the sister is going to say, well, she came out of [Bentz’s]

      room and she didn’t have any pants on[.] * * * So she would have to

      explain to her parents what she was doing in [Bentz’s] room without

      any pants on. That would be a little awkward to explain, wouldn’t

      you agree?

Detective Miller agreed “that would be certainly an awkward conversation.” (Id. at

175-176).

      {¶26} Detective Miller testified that he and another law enforcement officer

entered the exam room of the hospital in which K.A. was being examined by Norris.

(Id. at 178). He testified that they interviewed K.A. regarding her allegations and

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Case No. 1-16-17

that the interview was recorded.      (Id. at 179).    Detective Miller identified

Defendant’s Exhibit J as a transcript of that recorded interview. (Id. at 183). (See

Defendant’s Exhibit J). Detective Miller testified that he heard Norris’s testimony

and indicated that, despite her testimony that she was not taking notes while law

enforcement was interviewing K.A., he saw Norris taking notes during that time.

(Feb. 16-17, 2016 Tr., Vol. I, at 178-179). According to Detective Miller, Norris

used the same language in her report which was communicated during law

enforcement’s interview of K.A. (Id. at 186-187). Detective Miller admitted that

K.A. was not consistent with her account as to how and when she became “naked.”

(Id. at 187-188).

       {¶27} Next, K.A., who was 16 years old when the incident occurred, is five-

foot-two-inches tall and weighs 98 pounds, testified on behalf of the State. (Id. at

197-198). She testified that she occasionally saw Bentz when she visited her sister

at the residence Kelli and Irwin shared with Bentz. (Id. 200-201). According to

K.A., she had brief contact with Bentz “maybe four (4) times” prior to June 11, 2015

and engaged in conversations with him in which he would have had reason to know

that she was 16 years old. (Id. at 201-202). She testified that she knew Bentz was

a police officer. (Id. at 201).

       {¶28} She testified that she decided to spend the night of June 10-11 at the

residence with Kelli and Irwin. (Id. at 202). Eventually, Kelli and Irwin went to

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Case No. 1-16-17

bed, leaving her alone in the main area of the residence. (Id. at 203). K.A. Skyped

with Stahl on Kelli’s i-Pad from “about 10:30” p.m. until “around 1:00” a.m. (Id.

at 204-205). She did not consume any alcohol that night until that point. (Id. at

205-206). She admitted that she had previously tried alcohol, but asserted that she

had never been intoxicated. (Id. at 206). While K.A. was Skyping with Stahl, Bentz

returned home. (Id. at 207). After she ended her Skype with Stahl, she talked with

Bentz about Kelli and Irwin’s relationship, and Bentz opined to K.A. “that [the

relationship] wasn’t going to last because of country concert.” (Id.). K.A. testified

that Bentz asked her if she wanted to watch a movie to which she responded “that’s

fine.” (Id. at 209).

       {¶29} According to K.A., after the movie started, Bentz asked her if she

wanted to take a shot of alcohol, to which K.A. testified that she “said no at first,

but then [she] ended up saying yeah.” (Id. at 209-210). She testified that Bentz

went to the kitchen, prepared the shot, came back into the living room, and told her

that “he couldn’t bring it into the livingroom [sic], but then he said it was already

poured.” (Id. at 211-212). K.A. testified that she went to the kitchen and drank the

shot of alcohol and returned to the living room to continue watching the movie. (Id.

at 212). K.A. testified that Bentz asked her if she wanted to take a second shot of

alcohol, to which she agreed, and Bentz poured the second shot of alcohol for her.

(Id. at 212-213). She testified that she consumed “four (4) maybe five (5)” shots of

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alcohol. (Id. at 213). According to K.A., Bentz was also drinking shots of alcohol.

(Id. at 213-214).

       {¶30} K.A. testified, “I started feeling it after the second one. That’s when

it like…I ended up laying on the floor because I could not make my way to the

living room.” (Id. at 214). She described her vision as “blurry.” (Id. at 215). She

testified that she tried to get up but she could not. (Id. at 216). Because she could

not get up, Bentz “tried to help [her] up and then [she] started to fall, but then he

caught [her].” (Id. at 216). According to K.A., when Bentz “caught” her, “[h]e

touched [her] butt and then started kissing [her]. And then he picked [her] up and

put [her] on the counter.” (Id. at 216). Bentz continued kissing her while she was

on the counter. (Id.). K.A. testified that she was impaired from the alcohol because

she “wasn’t like fully there. [She] was like in and out.” (Id. at 217).

       {¶31} From there, Bentz “picked [her] up” and “carried” her to his bedroom

and laid her on his bed. (Id. at 217-218). She testified, “I just know that he carried

me. I don’t know exactly how” because she “was in and out.” (Id. at 217). She

remembered that her pants and underwear were off while she was on Bentz’s bed,

but she did not recall when those items were taken off. (Id. at 218). K.A. testified,

       The next thing I remember was he was on top of me and then I…I told

       him no when like he came in, but then after that I remember him being

       on top of me and somebody opening my sister’s door. And then I told

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Case No. 1-16-17

       him he might as well stop because I had a feeling it was [Irwin] and

       that he would tell Kelli anyways. And he goes, “No, he won’t, I know

       [Irwin].”

(Id. at 219).

       {¶32} According to K.A., that Bentz was a police officer “concerned” her

because,

       A time I stayed at their house before that I wanted to lock the front

       door and then he told me no because he wanted somebody to try to

       break in so he can shoot them. So I was thinking about that and the

       fact that he’s a cop and he has a gun and he said he wanted to shoot

       somebody, so I figured if I yelled or anything then something would

       happen to either me or Kelli or [Irwin].

(Id. at 220).

       {¶33} Irwin entered the room while Bentz was on top of K.A. (Id. at 221).

According to K.A., when Irwin “opened the door [Bentz] was still on top of [her]

because that’s when [Bentz] told [her] to be quiet. And then [Irwin] said that he

already seen [sic] [her] and * * * [Irwin] seen [sic] that [Bentz] was on top of me,

but [Irwin didn’t know it was me, so [sic].” (Id.).

       {¶34} K.A. testified that Bentz left the room “to go distract [Kelli] and

[Irwin].” (Id.). According to K.A., Bentz told her to “get into the closet” while

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Case No. 1-16-17

Bentz went to “distract them.” (Id.). She testified that she went into the closet

because Bentz was “a cop and [she did not] want to risk him hurting [her], or Kelli

and [Irwin].” (Id. at 223). She was wearing only her tank top when she went into

the closet. (Id.). K.A. testified that Kelli found her in the closet. (Id. at 224).

According to K.A., she “ended up helping [herself] out of the bedroom because

[Kelli] was yelling.” (Id. at 224).

       {¶35} After Kelli found K.A. in the closet, K.A. and Kelli left the residence

and went to the police station. (Id.). On their way to the police station, they were

stopped for speeding. (Id. at 225). K.A. told the officer who stopped them about

the incident. (Id.). From there, K.A. was transported to the police station, then the

hospital. (Id.).

       {¶36} On cross-examination, K.A. testified that she is homeschooled by her

mother but did not know if she was a junior or senior in high school. (Id. at 228).

Because she was homeschooled, K.A. maintained part-time employment with a

cleaning service for which she was “paid under the table.” (Id. at 231). She testified

that she spent her earnings on “chewing tobacco,” which she had been doing “for a

couple of years.” (Id.). She testified that she has “drank [alcohol] before” but that

she does not “drink all the time.” (Id. at 231-232). She admitted to “sneaking drinks

at family gatherings.” (Id. at 232). K.A. identified Defendant’s Exhibit H as a

“download of a Jack’s Daniel’s bottle from [her] Facebook” from October 10, 2013

                                        -20-
Case No. 1-16-17

in which she wrote under the picture, “‘This sucks. LOL. But it’s better than

nothing.’ Smiley face. And * * * tagged [her] sister in it.” (Id. at 233). However,

K.A. denied that she drank that alcohol; rather, she just took a picture of the bottle

and posted it to her Facebook because she “wanted to seem cool for [her] friends.”

(Id. at 233-234).

       {¶37} K.A. denied telling Kelli that she thought Bentz was “cute” or “hot,”

and denied telling Bentz on two occasions that she was “going to go into his

bedroom * * * to cuddle with him.” (Id. at 227-228). She testified that, on June 11,

2015, when Bentz arrived at the residence after work, K.A. asked him “‘Why are

you all dressed up?’” to which Bentz responded, “‘It’s cop stuff.’” (Id. at 235).

K.A. did not recall whether Bentz was playing a video game or whether she asked

him to watch TV. (Id.). According to K.A., after she stopped Skyping with Stahl,

Bentz asked her if she wanted to watch a movie but she could not recall what movie

he selected. (Id. at 236). K.A. and Bentz were sitting on separate couches. (Id.).

K.A. identified Defendant’s Exhibit K as a drawing depicting the layout of Kelli

Irwin and Bentz’s residence. (Id. at 237).

       {¶38} K.A. testified that Bentz asked her if she wanted a shot of alcohol

about ten minutes into the movie. (Id. at 238-239). According to K.A., she initially

told Bentz that she did not want a shot of alcohol but “then [she] changed her mind

for some reason.” (Id. at 239). She further testified that Bentz went to the kitchen

                                        -21-
Case No. 1-16-17

for about “five (5) to seven (7) minute[s]” and, when he returned, told her that he

poured her a shot but that she would have “to go and get it though because he was

not bringing it out into the livingroom [sic].” (Id. at 241). K.A. went to the kitchen

to drink the shot of alcohol. (Id.). She testified that Bentz did not force her to drink

the shot of alcohol. (Id. at 241-242). According to K.A., Bentz “stayed in the

kitchen with [her] and took one right next to [her].” (Id. at 241). K.A. recalled

“pouring one” shot of alcohol for herself. (Id. at 242). In sum, K.A. testified that

she drank “between four (4) to five (5)” shots of alcohol. (Id.). Notwithstanding

her statement to law enforcement that she drank two shots of alcohol, K.A. testified

that she remembered at trial that she drank “four (4) to five (5)” shots of alcohol.

(Id. at 243).

       {¶39} K.A. testified that, after she drank the shots of alcohol, she “laid down

on the carpet because [she] couldn’t make it into the livingroom [sic].” (Id. at 244).

According to K.A., Bentz then “helped [her] up and then [they] ended up” by the

kitchen counter when she “started falling towards the counter [and] he caught [her].

Then that’s when he started hugging [her], then he touched [her] butt, then he started

kissing [her], picked [her] up, put [her] on the counter, started kissing [her] again,

and then he pushed [her], and then ended up in his bedroom.” (Id. at 244-247).

       {¶40} K.A. testified that she did not know when her pants were removed;

however, she testified that Bentz tried to have sex with her on the kitchen counter.

                                         -22-
Case No. 1-16-17

(Id. at 249, 254). K.A. did not tell law enforcement that Bentz tried to have sex with

her in the kitchen. (Id.). K.A. did not tell Bentz to stop or scream for her sister or

Irwin because she “was thinking about how he was a cop and how he told [her] he

wanted to shoot somebody.” (Id. at 250, 253). K.A. admitted that Bentz never

threatened her with his gun or showed her his gun. (Id. at 250-251). She also

admitted that Bentz did not have his gun with him while she was in the kitchen with

Bentz. (Id. at 252). When asked about inconsistences between her testimony and

the statement she provided to law enforcement, K.A. testified that she did not

“remember anything from that night, even from after leaving the police [station].”

(Id. at 253). K.A. testified that she did not remember Irwin and Kelli’s dogs coming

into the bedroom during the rape. (Id. at 255-256).       However, she testified she

remembered Irwin opening the door to the bedroom while Bentz was on top of her.

(Id. at 256). K.A. testified that she did not say anything when Irwin opened Bentz’s

bedroom door because Bentz told her to be quiet. (Id. at 256-257).

         {¶41} She testified that, when she exited the bedroom, Kelli and Irwin were

in the kitchen with Bentz. (Id. at 259). She testified that she had only a shirt on

when she came out of the bedroom. (Id.). She could not recall whether her sister

called her “a fucking slut,” but remembered telling Kelli that “nothing happened.”

(Id.).

                                         -23-
Case No. 1-16-17

       {¶42} K.A. testified that Kelli tried to call 911 but either Irwin or Bentz

“were yelling at her” and either Irwin or Bentz “made her turn the phone off.” (Id.

at 261). K.A. testified that Kelli told her “‘[c]ome on, we’re going home’” when

they left the residence but, according to K.A., they “were supposed to go to the

police station.” (Id. at 260). K.A. testified that she did not mention the word “rape”

until they were stopped by law enforcement for speeding. (Id. at 262-263). K.A.

clarified that she told Kelli that Bentz raped her just prior to being stopped by law

enforcement. (Id. at 263).

       {¶43} Next, Special Agent Chris Hamberg (“Special Agent Hamberg”) of

the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Investigation (“BCI”) testified that he and Special

Agent Dave Hammond of BCI executed a search warrant at the residence. (Id. at

266-268). Special Agent Hamberg identified State’s Exhibits 27 through 31 as

photographs that he took depicting the residence on June 11, 2015. (Id. at 268-272).

       {¶44} Dr. Robert Forney (“Dr. Forney”), the chief toxicologist of the Lucas

County, Ohio Coroner’s Office testified that he was requested to conduct a

retrograde extrapolation to determine K.A.’s alcohol concentration at approximately

3:00 a.m. on June 11, 2015. (Id. at 297-280, 290-291). A retrograde extrapolation

is a scientific analysis used to retroactively determine a person’s alcohol

concentration at a certain point in time. (Id. at 290). Dr. Forney identified State’s

Exhibit 23 as one of the documents that he relied on in conducting his retrograde-

                                        -24-
Case No. 1-16-17

extrapolation analysis, which reflected K.A.’s alcohol concentration at

approximately 7:14 a.m. on June 11, 2015. (Id. at 292). Dr. Forney testified that he

also relied on the following facts in his analysis: (1) that K.A. was 16 years old; (2)

that K.A. is “five feet two inches, and weighing approximately ninety-two pounds”;

(3) that K.A. “had a history of trying alcohol”; (4) that K.A. was sober at 1:00 a.m.

on June 11, 2015; (5) that K.A. “began to consume shots of eighty proof tequila” at

approximately 1:30 a.m.; (6) that K.A. “was unsure of the number of shots but

estimated it at approximately five (5) shots”; (7) that K.A. “began to feel dizzy, had

blurred vision, and had difficulty standing”; and (8) that “the alcohol consumption

likely ended at or before 3:00 a.m.” (Id. at 293-295).

       {¶45} Dr. Forney identified State’s Exhibit 33 as his retrograde-extrapolation

report. (Id. at 295-296). Dr. Forney testified that he concluded that K.A.’s alcohol

concentration at approximately 3:00 a.m. on June 11, 2015 “would have been

between zero point one two [0.12] and zero point one nine [0.19] grams by weight

of alcohol per one hundred millimeters.” (Id. at 296). Dr. Forney testified that his

report opines that “[b]etween 1:30 and 3:00 a.m. on June 11, 2015 [K.A.] would

have been significantly intoxicated by the alcohol in her system and would have

been obtunded and would not have been able to affectively resist the assault nor

defend herself.” (Id. at 297).

                                         -25-
Case No. 1-16-17

        {¶46} On cross-examination, Dr. Forney admitted that the information that

he relied on to conduct his retrograde-extrapolation analysis could have been

inaccurate, which would impact the results of his analysis. (Id. at 298-306).

        {¶47} The State recalled Detective Miller to the stand. (Feb. 16-17, 2016

Tr., Vol. II, at 315). He testified that Bentz was born on November 4, 1987 and that

K.A. was born on July 21, 1998. (Id. at 316).

        {¶48} As its next witness, the State called Patrolman Zachary Carpenter

(“Patrolman Carpenter”) of the Lima Police Department who testified that he

conducted the traffic stop of the vehicle that Kelli was operating on June 11, 2015.

(Id. at 316-318). Patrolman Carpenter identified State’s Exhibit 34 as a video

recording of the traffic stop, which was subsequently played for the trial court. (Id.

at 319-320). (See State’s Ex. 34).

        {¶49} On cross-examination, Patrolman Carpenter testified that K.A. “was

crying in the front seat” of the vehicle and when he asked her why she was crying

she responded “that she was caught with Mr. Bentz.” 2 (Feb. 16-17, 2016 Tr., Vol.

II, at 323). While Patrolman Carpenter “was trying to reassure her and calm her

down she started screaming that she was raped.” (Id. at 324). Patrolman Carpenter

explained that he turned his microphone off and on during the traffic stop because

he did not think what he was reporting to his supervising officer, whom Patrolman

2
 The State recalled Patrolman Carpenter to the stand and he clarified that K.A. said that she was “found”
with Bentz, not “caught” with Bentz. (Feb. 16-17, 2016 Tr., Vol. II, at 345).

                                                 -26-
Case No. 1-16-17

Carpenter called to the scene, should be recorded. (Id. at 326). According to

Patrolman Carpenter, K.A. appeared to be intoxicated. (Id. at 327). After obtaining

Kelli’s information, Patrolman Carpenter followed Kelli and K.A. to the Lima

Police Department. (Id. at 326).

       {¶50} Lieutenant John W. Bishop (“Lieutenant Bishop”) of the Lima Police

Department testified that he interviewed K.A. after Kelli and K.A. arrived at the

Lima Police Department. (Id. at 329-330). He identified State’s Exhibit 35 as a

video recording of his interview of K.A., which was subsequently played for the

trial court. (Id. at 331). (See State’s Ex. 35).

       {¶51} On cross-examination, Lieutenant Bishop identified Defendant’s

Exhibit G as a transcript of his interview of K.A. (Feb. 16-17, 2016 Tr., Vol. II, at

333). He testified that Kelli was in the interview room while he was taking K.A.’s

statement because K.A. wanted Kelli “to be there with her.” (Id. at 334). Lieutenant

Bishop testified that K.A. mentioned that she only consumed two shots of alcohol.

(Id. at 336). He testified that he did not notice the odor of alcohol coming from

K.A. or think that she was intoxicated. (Id. at 336-337).

       {¶52} Lieutenant Bishop testified that K.A. asserted during the interview that

the rape was her “fault.” (Id. at 337). He agreed that Defendant’s Exhibit G reflects

that K.A. stated, after declaring that the rape was her fault, “(Inaudibles) like me.”

(Id.); (Defendant’s Exhibit G at 13). When asked whether K.A. was asserting that

                                          -27-
Case No. 1-16-17

the rape was her fault because she “just wanted him to like” her, Lieutenant Bishop

agreed only that “she wants someone to like her.” (Emphasis added.) (Feb. 16-17,

2016 Tr., Vol. II, at 337-338). He could not recall who she identified as wanting to

like her. (Id. at 338). Lieutenant Bishop could not recall whether he saw Kelli

respond to K.A.’s statements by putting “her finger to her mouth” as if to “shush”

K.A. (Id. at 338-339). (See also State’s Ex. 35). He agreed that K.A. told him that

“Kelli doesn’t like [K.A.]” (Feb. 16-17, 2016 Tr., Vol. II, at 339).

       {¶53} Thereafter, the State moved to admit its exhibits, State’s Exhibits 1

through 12 and 14 through 35 were admitted without objection, State’s Exhibit 13

was admitted over Bentz’s objection, and the State rested. (Id. at 348-357). Next,

Bentz made a Crim.R. 29(A) motion, which the trial court denied. (Id. at 357-374).

       {¶54} The defense called three witnesses. As its first witness, the defense

called Kelli to testify. (Id. at 376). Kelli testified that she is still living with Irwin,

and that she has been in a relationship with him for almost two years. (Id. at 377-

378). Kelli identified Defendant’s Exhibit D as a transcript of the statement she

provided to Detective Miller. (Id. at 378-379). According to Kelli, Irwin discovered

K.A. in the closet after Kelli instructed Irwin to return to Bentz’s room and look for

K.A. because Kelli “didn’t trust” Bentz. (Id. at 379). After Irwin found K.A., Kelli

went into Bentz’s bedroom and saw K.A. “[i]n a fetal position” in the closet wearing

only a tank top. (Id. at 380). Kelli told K.A. to “get up” and “grabbed her” to “g[et]

                                           -28-
Case No. 1-16-17

her up.” (Id. at 380). K.A. followed Kelli into the kitchen after Kelli instructed

K.A. to exit Bentz’s room. (Id. at 383). According to Kelli, K.A. “stood there as

[Kelli] threw things at [Bentz].” (Id. at 383). However, Kelli testified that K.A.

“kept saying, ‘He didn’t do anything. We didn’t have sex. He didn’t do anything.’”

(Id. at 384).

       {¶55} Kelli testified that she dialed 911 but disconnected the phone

“[b]ecause at that point in time [she] had no proof” that anything happened since

K.A. was denying anything happened. (Id. at 384). Kelli testified that she left the

residence with K.A. to take her to the police station but she told Irwin and Bentz

that she was taking K.A. home. (Id. at 385). Kelli testified that K.A. did not tell

her that Bentz raped her prior to being pulled over by Patrolman Carpenter. (Id.).

K.A. did not mention that Bentz raped her until Patrolman Carpenter approached

the car and began speaking with them. (Id. at 386). Kelli admitted that she “wasn’t

really sure” whether K.A. voluntarily had sex with Bentz. (Id. at 386-388). Indeed,

she told Detective Miller, “‘I kind of thought maybe it was a two-way thing, you

know, they both did it. And then I could smell alcohol on her breath.’” (Id. at 386).

(See also Defendant’s Exhibit D).

       {¶56} Kelli admitted that she did not want Bentz living with her and Irwin.

(Feb. 16-17, 2016 Tr., Vol. II, at 388). She testified that Irwin and Bentz were

                                        -29-
Case No. 1-16-17

childhood friends and that Bentz had been living with Irwin for approximately five

years. (Id.).

       {¶57} Kelli testified that she admitted to Detective Miller that K.A. “sneaks”

alcohol. (Id. at 389). Kelli denied calling K.A. a “slut” when she ordered her out

of Bentz’s bedroom. (Id. at 390). Kelli recalled a conversation she had with K.A.

about two weeks prior to the incident regarding K.A. “cuddling up with [Bentz].”

(Id. at 391). However, she could not recall the context of that conversation. (Id.).

       {¶58} According to Kelli, Irwin got up around 3:00 a.m. to let the dogs

outside. (Id.). Irwin went into Bentz’s room to retrieve the dogs after the dogs ran

into Bentz’s bedroom, but Irwin did not see K.A. (Id. at 391-392). Kelli testified

that K.A. said “[s]omething about they know[, t]hey see us” when Irwin went into

Bentz’s room. (Id. at 392). Kelli went into Bentz’s room right after Irwin but did

not hear K.A. say anything. (Id.).

       {¶59} Kelli testified that Bentz never threatened anyone, including with his

gun. (Id. at 393). Kelli admitted that Irwin also has guns. (Id. at 393-394). Kelli

testified that she does not know why K.A. told Lieutenant Bishop that Kelli “hates

her.” (Id. at 382-383).

       {¶60} On cross-examination, Kelli testified that, when Irwin returned from

letting the dogs out, he expressed concern to Kelli that he could not find K.A. (Id.

at 398). Kelli testified that, after searching the house for K.A., she knocked on

                                        -30-
Case No. 1-16-17

Bentz’s door and asked if K.A. was in his bedroom, to which Bentz responded “no.”

(Id. at 399-400). Bentz then came into the kitchen where Kelli and Irwin were and

Kelli told Irwin to “check [Bentz’s] room.” (Id. at 400). According to Kelli, Irwin

returned and reported finding K.A. in Bentz’s closet, which prompted Kelli to enter

Bentz’s room to see K.A. in Bentz’s closet. (Id.). Kelli testified that K.A. “‘looked

scared,’” was in the fetal position, and started crying when she saw Kelli. (Id.).

Kelli did not know what had happened but could smell alcohol coming from K.A.’s

breath. (Id. at 401). Kelli testified that K.A. told her that Bentz “made her be quiet

and crawl in the closet.” (Id.). However, Kelli testified that K.A. stated that

“nothing happened” as K.A. exited Bentz’s room. (Id.).

       {¶61} Kelli testified that she started to call 911 but disconnected the phone

because Bentz “made her” by yelling at her and telling her to disconnect the phone.

(Id. at 401-402). According to Kelli, Bentz denied “do[ing] anything” with K.A.

and told Kelli that she was “going to get him fired.” (Id. at 402).

       {¶62} Kelli testified that she and K.A. then left the residence to go to the

police station. (Id.). Kelli testified that she was “upset” and “focused on getting to

the police station,” which caused her to speed. (Id. at 402-403). Because Kelli was

upset, she was “unable to comprehend or think about what [K.A.] was saying, but

K.A. was talking during the car ride to the police station. (Id. at 403). Kelli testified

that K.A. told Patrolman Carpenter what happened after he stopped them for

                                          -31-
Case No. 1-16-17

speeding, including that K.A. did not “yell” for help because she was “trying to

protect [Kelli] and [Irwin] because K.A. knew that Bentz had a gun and he was a

cop.” (Id. at 404).

       {¶63} Kelli testified that she told Detective Miller that “‘the last time [K.A.]

was over[, Bentz] had said something to her about cuddling with her[, but Kelli]

didn’t really take it serious[, she] just kind of thought maybe he was joking [a]nd

[Irwin] said he was joking.’” (Id. at 405-406).

       {¶64} On re-direct examination, Kelli testified that K.A. appeared “to be

drunk” when she emerged from Bentz’s closet because “[s]he was stumbling

around.” (Id. at 408). Kelli clarified that Bentz did not make her disconnect the

phone when she started to call 911; rather, she disconnected the phone on her own

because K.A. “was screaming ‘nothing happened, nothing happened, nothing

happened.’” (Id. at 408-409). Indeed, a 911 operator returned Kelli’s call but she

did not answer because she did not have any “proof by that time.” (Id. at 409). Kelli

clarified that K.A. never stated that she was raped until they were stopped by

Patrolman Carpenter when K.A. told Patrolman Carpenter that she was raped. (Id.

at 410).

       {¶65} As its next witness, the defense called Irwin to testify. (Id. at 412).

He testified that, on June 11, 2015, he got up around 3:00 a.m. to let the dogs outside.

(Id. at 414). He testified that K.A. was supposed to be in his living room, but he did

                                         -32-
Case No. 1-16-17

not see her in the living room when he went to take the dogs outside. (Id. at 416).

Irwin searched the house for K.A. but could not find her. (Id.). Irwin, knowing that

Bentz was home, went in Bentz’s room and told Bentz, “‘I can’t find K.A.’” (Id. at

416-417). When Irwin opened the door to Bentz’s room, the dogs entered Bentz’s

room. (Id. at 417). According to Irwin, Bentz did not tell Irwin that K.A. was in

his room and K.A. did not announce that she was in Bentz’s room. (Id. at 417).

Irwin then woke Kelli to inform her that he could not find K.A. (Id.). Irwin testified

that Kelli searched the house and “opened up [Bentz’s] door [but] didn’t see [K.A.]

was in there.” (Id.). At that point, Irwin and Kelli went to the kitchen, then Bentz

joined them in the kitchen. (Id. at 417-418).

       {¶66} According to Irwin, he “heard a noise * * * back where the bedrooms

are,” which caused him to “walk[] back in [Bentz’s] room and [K.A.] was sitting in

the closet.” (Id. at 418). According to Irwin, K.A. was wearing only a shirt and was

kneeling so that her knees pulled the shirt down over her. (Id.). Irwin did not say

anything to K.A. (Id.). Instead, Irwin went back to the kitchen and told Kelli that

K.A. was in Bentz’s closet. (Id.). According to Irwin, when K.A. came out into the

kitchen, she looked “[l]ike, oh, shit, I just got caught,” meaning that she was caught

doing something wrong. (Id. at 419).

       {¶67} Irwin testified that “[n]obody stopped [Kelli] from calling the police.”

(Id.). Rather, Irwin and Bentz told Kelli, “‘Don’t call the police’” because K.A.

                                        -33-
Case No. 1-16-17

“came out of the bedroom saying, ‘Nothing happened, nothing happened, don’t call

the cops.’” (Id. at 420). Irwin testified that Kelli was upset and told K.A. “‘to get

dressed. I’m taking you home.’” (Id.). Irwin testified that he did not smell any

odor of alcohol coming from K.A. (Id. at 420-421).

        {¶68} Irwin testified that Kelli called him when Kelli and K.A. were stopped

by Patrolman Carpenter and Kelli told Irwin that K.A. “said that she was raped and

that’s when they went to the police department.” (Id. at 421). Irwin testified that

Kelli wanted Irwin to make Bentz move out of the house, and “that morning after

[K.A.] came out of the closet [Kelli] told [him] ‘It’s me or him,’” meaning that Irwin

had to choose between Kelli and Bentz. (Id. at 422).

        {¶69} On cross-examination, Irwin confirmed that Kelli called K.A. a “slut”

when K.A. emerged from Bentz’s bedroom. (Id. at 423). Irwin further confirmed

that neither he nor Kelli saw K.A. in Bentz’s bedroom when they initially searched

for her. (Id. at 424-425). Irwin testified that Bentz did not confirm or deny that

K.A. was in his bedroom when Irwin told Bentz that he could not find K.A. (Id. at

426).

        {¶70} Irwin testified that he initially told Detective Miller that K.A. looked

scared when Irwin discovered her in Bentz’s closet. (Id. at 428). However, he

clarified that he did not know what K.A. was scared of. (Id.). Irwin testified that

he told Detective Miller that K.A. is “‘very immature for her age physically and

                                         -34-
Case No. 1-16-17

mentally’” because she “‘doesn’t act like a 16 year old. She’s 16 and looks like

she’s 13’” and acts like she is 13 years old. (Id.). Irwin testified that he saw two

bottles of liquor on the kitchen counter and saw shot glasses in the kitchen. (Id. at

431).

        {¶71} Irwin testified that Bentz remained at the house on June 11, 2015. (Id.

at 433). According to Irwin, Bentz returned to his room after K.A. and Kelli left the

residence. (Id.). Irwin testified that he asked Bentz “why he did what he did” and

Bentz “just kind of shook his head” and did not say anything. (Id. at 432). Irwin

recalled saying to Bentz “‘this will be interesting’” as Bentz was leaving for work

on June 11, 2015, and Bentz responding “‘yeah, it should be.’” (Id. at 433).

        {¶72} On re-cross examination, Irwin testified that he heard that K.A. told

Detective Miller that she was afraid of Bentz because he had guns and was a cop.

(Id. at 438). Irwin testified that he has guns but that K.A. is not afraid of him. (Id.).

Irwin never saw Bentz threaten anyone with his guns. (Id. at 439). Irwin testified

that he did not see “any indication that [K.A.] was in danger because of [Bentz].”

(Id.). According to Irwin, Bentz admitted to him before Bentz left for work on June

11, 2015 that he “had sex” with K.A. (Id.). Bentz also stated to Irwin that he is

“screwed if [K.A. and Kelli] go saying [he] raped [K.A.].’” (Id. at 440). Irwin

assumed that K.A. consented to having sex with Bentz. (Id.).

                                          -35-
Case No. 1-16-17

       {¶73} Bentz testified in his defense. (Id. at 444). Bentz testified that he first

met K.A. when she and Kelli were painting the house that Bentz shared with Irwin

and Kelli. (Id. at 447). After K.A. was introduced to Bentz, he engaged in small

talk with her, including asking K.A. whether he could have some of her “chew”

from her “can of chew,” which he saw “sitting out.” (Id. at 447-448). According

to Bentz, Kelli later told him, “‘My sister has the hots for you.’” (Id. at 448).

       {¶74} On June 11, 2015, Bentz returned home from work and found K.A.

Skyping with Stahl. (Id. at 449). Bentz testified, “While she was Skyping they got

real quiet. I was in the room and I asked her if she wanted me to leave the room *

* * [a]nd she said ‘no, I’m just signing him dirty things.’ And she said that [Stahl]

didn’t know sign language.” (Id. at 450). When K.A. was done Skyping with Stahl,

Bentz was playing a video game and K.A. complained that “she was bored watching

[him] play a video game.” (Id.). Bentz asked K.A. if she wanted to watch a movie

to which she responded that she did, and Bentz turned on “Wonderland.” (Id.).

Bentz testified that he started the movie at 2:00 a.m. (Id. at 452).

       {¶75} During the movie, K.A.

       stated that she hopes that there’s a lot of sex in the movie. She went

       on to say that…it was about a week prior to this she had stayed over

       and [Bentz] and [Irwin] had came [sic] home from the bar and

       [Bentz’s] girlfriend came over that night, and [K.A.] was telling

                                         -36-
Case No. 1-16-17

       [Bentz on June 11, 2015] that ‘[K.A.] was going to come and crawl in

       bed with [Bentz on that previous occasion], but that bitch showed up,’

       referring to [Bentz’s] girlfriend.

(Id. at 453).

       {¶76} Bentz testified that “about ten minutes into the movie, about 2:10, she

said, ‘You should go pour me a shot.’ And I told her she should go pour her own

damn shot.” (Id. at 455). According to Bentz, K.A. responded that “she didn’t know

where the alcohol was” so Bentz went to retrieve the alcohol—tequila—from the

freezer, and K.A. followed him into the kitchen. (Id.). Bentz poured shots of

tequila, and K.A. and Bentz drank a shot of tequila. (Id. at 455-456). Bentz testified

that they then went back to watching the movie, and “[a]bout five minutes later she

said ‘we should take another shot.’” (Id. at 456). Bentz said, “‘Okay, whatever’”

and followed K.A. into the kitchen. (Id. at 456-457). K.A. poured two shots, which

they drank, and then they “went back to watching the movie.” (Id. at 457). Bentz

testified that “about five minutes after that” K.A. suggested that they drink another

shot of alcohol, Bentz followed K.A. into the kitchen, and watched K.A. pour two

more shots of tequila, which they drank. (Id.). They went back to watching the

movie when K.A. suggested that they again drink shots of alcohol. (Id.). K.A.

“poured two (2) more shots. And after that shot [they] lingered in the kitchen * * *

engag[ing] in conversation.” (Id.). According to Bentz, in total, each consumed

                                            -37-
Case No. 1-16-17

four shots of tequila. (Id.). However, he testified that K.A. suggested drinking a

fifth shot of alcohol to which Bentz declined because he had “‘to get up for work in

the morning.’” (Id. at 458).

       {¶77} After Bentz declined drinking a fifth shot, K.A. went and sat on the

carpet. (Id. at 458-459). According to Bentz, K.A. did not appear intoxicated

because she did not have “any problem in motivating,” and she did not “roll over or

fall over” when she sat down. (Id. at 459). After K.A. sat down, Bentz told K.A.

that she “‘probably [does not] need to be taking another shot anyways.’” (Id.).

According to Bentz, K.A. responded, “‘[e]veryone thinks I’m so innocent. I’m not

as innocent as * * * people think I am[,]” and she proceed to share stories with him

as to why she is not innocent. (Id.).

       {¶78} While K.A. was telling Bentz these stories, she got up from the

carpeted area and began “moseying around,” and “approache[d] [him] and says she

needs a hug and * * * she just started hugging [him].” (Id. at 460). According to

Bentz, he hugged her back and the hug lasted about 30 seconds when they “started

kissing.” (Id.). Bentz testified that he “picked her up and sat her on the counter”

while they continued to kiss. (Id.). He continued to testify, “And then she hopped

down from the counter and backed me away from the counter and pulled my athletic

shorts and my boxers down to the floor and got on her knees and started performing

oral sex on me.” (Id.).

                                        -38-
Case No. 1-16-17

         {¶79} He further testified, “She got up, took her pants and her underwear off.

And then she bent over in the kitchen. We * * * were attempting to have sex while

standing up,” which “didn’t work” because “[s]he’s so much shorter and I was

taller.” (Id. at 461). Because “[i]t was apparent that that was not going to work

out,” “she turned around and [Bentz] picked her up. She wrapped her legs around

[him] and [they] started having sex standing up.” (Id.). He testified that “holding

somebody having sex” “in the middle of the room” “was awkward,” so “[s]he said

‘[l]et’s go to your bedroom.’” (Id. at 462). Bentz testified that he “carried her to

the bedroom and laid her on the edge of the bed” and they “continued to have sex.”

(Id.).

         {¶80} While in Bentz’s bedroom, K.A. asked if he had “‘any lube’” because

“she started drying up.” (Id. at 463). Bentz went to the bathroom—about 30 feet

from Bentz’s bedroom—to retrieve some “dial lotion.” (Id.). According to Bentz,

K.A. sent him for “‘lube’” a second time. (Id. at 464). Bentz went to the bathroom

again, and, when he returned, he “didn’t close the door all the way” causing it to

stand “ajar an inch or two.” (Id.). Bentz testified that K.A. “said ‘close the door in

case my sister hears us,’” so Bentz “pushed it a little farther” but he “wasn’t real

concerned about closing it.” (Id.). Bentz testified that he “continued to have sex

with her on the edge of the bed.” (Id. at 465). “A few minutes into that she said ‘let

me get on top.’ So [Bentz] crawled on to the bed and then she crawled on top of

                                          -39-
Case No. 1-16-17

[him] and straddled [him] and took her tank top and her bra off at this point * * *

and then she started performing oral sex on [him] again.” (Id.). According to Bentz,

they continued to engage in sex acts. (Id.). Bentz testified that K.A. told him that

“she had wanted this for awhile [sic].” (Id. at 465-466).

       {¶81} Bentz testified that Irwin “opened the door and the dogs came in.” (Id.

at 466). Irwin asked Bentz how long he had been home and Bentz responded “‘a

little while,’” then Irwin asked Bentz if he knew where K.A. was but neither Bentz

nor K.A. responded to Irwin. (Id.). After Irwin and the dogs left Bentz’s bedroom,

they “continued to have sex. [He] ended up finishing. [He] pulled out and finished

on her stomach.” (Id.).

       {¶82} Bentz testified, “After that she actually pulled me down towards her

and kissed me and asked if I was ready to go again, I told her ‘in a little bit.’ Then

I walked around and got a hand towel out * * *, gave it to her and she cleaned herself

off. I cleaned myself off. Threw it in the hamper.” (Id. at 467). Right after they

“got done cleaning up Kelli knocked and opened the door.” (Id.). Bentz testified

that Kelli asked if K.A. was in his bedroom to which he responded “no”; K.A. did

not respond, and Kelli “closed the door and left.” (Id. at 468).

       {¶83} According to Bentz, K.A. came up with a plan where Bentz was to

distract Kelli while K.A. would sneak into the bathroom so that K.A. could tell Kelli

that she fell asleep in the bathtub. (Id.). Bentz testified that he “wasn’t really

                                        -40-
Case No. 1-16-17

concerned about distracting Kelli” and “walked out of [his] room, went to the

kitchen, [and] got a drink.” (Id.). Bentz testified that he was not concerned about

distracting Kelli because he “didn’t even know that [K.A.] was only 16 so [he] was

not concerned about anything.” (Id.). Bentz testified that K.A. never said “no” or

“stop”; rather, “[s]he was an active participant the entire time.” (Id. at 469).

       {¶84} Bentz testified that he saw Kelli go “towards” his bedroom and heard

Kelli yelling, “You fucking slut.” (Id.). Then, “Kelli came out into the kitchen,

started screaming that she was only 16 years old, ‘How could you do that.’ Then

she said ‘I’m calling the cops.’” (Id.). Bentz testified that K.A. followed Kelli into

the kitchen saying “nothing happened, nothing happened.” (Id. at 470). “Kelli

dialed 911 and [Bentz] and [Irwin] told her ‘Don’t call the police.’ [K.A.’s] still

saying ‘nothing happened.’ Kelli puts the phone up to her ear and as soon as she

puts it up there [K.A.] started reaching for the phone to get it, so [K.A.] or Kelli

takes the phone * * * and ends up hanging up.” (Id.). Then, Kelli started punching

Bentz and throwing things at him. (Id.). According to Bentz, Kelli said to K.A.

“‘Get in the fucking car, I’m taking you home,’” and they left. (Id.).

       {¶85} Bentz testified that he reported to work on June 11, 2015 and was

terminated that day based on K.A.’s allegations. (Id. at 445).

       {¶86} On cross-examination, Bentz testified that K.A. consumed four shots

of alcohol—tequila—within 20 to 30 minutes. (Id. at 486, 488). According to

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Bentz, he did not feel intoxicated from the four shots of tequila that he drank. (Id.

at 489). He testified that he did not think that K.A. was impaired from the shots of

tequila. (Id. at 490).

       {¶87} Bentz disagreed with Dr. Forney’s timeframe regarding K.A.’s

estimated level of intoxication because “of the absorption rate,” meaning that K.A.’s

body did not have enough time to absorb the alcohol between the time she consumed

it and had sex with Bentz. (Id. at 491-492). Bentz testified that one of his Lima

Police Department uniforms was hanging “on the door” to his bedroom because it

“needed sewed.” (Id. at 495-496).

       {¶88} Thereafter, the defense moved to admit its exhibits, Defendant’s

Exhibits A through C, H, and K were admitted without objection, and Defendant’s

Exhibits D, G, and J were admitted over the State’s objection. (Id. at 500-506).

Bentz renewed his Crim.R. 29(A) motion, which the trial court denied. (Id. at 507-

508). The State did not present any witnesses on rebuttal, and the matter was

submitted to the trial court, which found Bentz guilty as to the counts of the

indictment. (Id. at 546); (Feb. 23, 2016 Tr. at 5-7).

       {¶89} Because Bentz does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence

supporting his rape and sexual-battery convictions, we will first review whether

Bentz’s rape and sexual-battery convictions are against the manifest weight of the

                                        -42-
Case No. 1-16-17

evidence, then will review whether Bentz’s kidnapping conviction is based on

sufficient evidence or against the manifest weight of the evidence.3

        {¶90} In his manifest-weight-of-the-evidence argument, Bentz argues that

application of the facts in this case to the factors identified by the Supreme Court of

Ohio in State v. Apanovitch indicate that the trier of fact clearly lost its way in

convicting Bentz of rape and sexual battery. 33 Ohio St. 3d 19, 23-24 (1987). Those

factors “include [1] whether the evidence was uncontradicted, [2] whether a witness

was impeached, [3] what was not proved, [4] that the reviewing court is not required

to accept the incredible as true, [5] the certainty of the evidence, [6] the reliability

of the evidence, [7] whether a witness’ testimony is self-serving, and [8] whether

the evidence is vague, uncertain, conflicting, or fragmentary.” Id.

        {¶91} In particular, Bentz argues that the first and second factors—whether

the evidence is uncontradicted and whether a witness was impeached—undermine

his convictions based on K.A.’s and Kelli’s contradictory and impeaching

testimony. He contends that K.A.’s and Kelli’s testimony regarding the trip to the

police station is undermined by Kelli’s testimony that she disconnected the phone

“on the 911 operator just minutes earlier” because K.A. “was denying it and [Kelli]

had no proof” and “there was no mention of [K.A.] being raped until Kelli was

pulled over for speeding.” (Appellant’s Brief at 22). He further contends that

3
 Bentz does not assert his sexual-battery conviction under R.C. 2907.03(A)(13) is against the manifest
weight of the evidence or based on insufficient evidence.

                                                -43-
Case No. 1-16-17

“K.A.’s testimony contradicted herself, and it contradicted Kelli’s” as it related to

those events. (Id. at 23). Also, he argues that K.A.’s testimony that she could not

“recall Kelli calling her a ‘slut’” was contradicted by Irwin’s and Bentz’s testimony

that Kelli called her that and Kelli’s “refus[al] to deny it.” (Id. at 25). Bentz argues

that K.A.’s testimony was likewise contradicted by Irwin’s testimony that “when he

came across [K.A.] hiding in the closet, she had a look on her face like she had just

been caught.” (Id.).

       {¶92} Second, Bentz argues that the fourth factor—that the reviewing court

is not required to accept the incredible as true—demonstrates that the trial court

clearly lost its way in convicting him because the evidence related to K.A.’s

intoxication is so incredible that we should not accept it as true in our manifest-

weight review. Bentz contends that K.A.’s “strange intoxication” undermines the

State’s theory that “she could not physically resist [Bentz’s] sexual advances and

his threat of force.” (Id. at 20). More specifically, Bentz argues that the time period

in which the alcohol was allegedly consumed belies Bentz’s rape and sexual-battery

convictions—that is, Bentz argues that “the drinking likely started around 1:45 a.m.

if [K.A.] is to be believed” and “[K.A.’s] drinking stopped before 3:00 a.m. at the

latest when Mr. Irwin and Kelli Alger found her hiding in [Bentz’s] closet,” meaning

that “[i]f [K.A.] consumed four to five shots from 1:45 a.m. to 2:45 a.m. [“[a]llowing

15 minutes’ time for the sexual conduct”], then at 3:00 a.m. when she was

                                         -44-
Case No. 1-16-17

discovered in [Bentz’s] closet, she would have been in the absorptive phase Dr.

Forney testified about at trial” and “she would be getting more intoxicated though

she stopped drinking.”’ (Id. at 18-19). Based on that evidence, Bentz argues that

K.A.’s intoxication is incredible because: (1) K.A.’s assertion that she drank four

or five shots in a one-hour time period is contradicted by the fact that she “never

threw up” and “[t]here was not even any testimony that [K.A.] was nauseous”; (2)

K.A.’s “ability to walk” mysteriously ebbed and flowed where “after just two shots

she found herself on the floor of the kitchen, unable to stand or walk” requiring

Bentz “to carry her back to his room,” yet she “was able to get to the kitchen just

fine on her own” after being found in the closet, “did not have to be carried to Kelli

Alger’s car,” and “did not need to be carried up the stairs to the Lima Police

Department when she arrived there”; and (3) K.A. was not so intoxicated that she

was “rendered incapable of resistance to other unwanted advances of a different

sort, such as arguments from one’s older sister that one is a ‘slut’ for having sexual

relations with [Bentz].” (Id. at 18-21).

       {¶93} Bentz also argues that K.A.’s and Kelli’s self-serving testimony under

the seventh factor demonstrates that the trier of fact lost its way in convicting Bentz.

Namely, he argues that K.A.’s testimony was self-serving because blaming Bentz

relieved her from being in trouble with her parents and Kelli. Bentz claims Kelli’s

                                           -45-
Case No. 1-16-17

testimony was self-serving because she did not like Bentz and wanted Bentz to move

out of the home she was sharing with Irwin.

       {¶94} Finally, Bentz argues that the sixth and eighth factors—the reliability

of the evidence and whether the evidence is vague, uncertain, conflicting, or

fragmentary—demonstrate that his convictions are against the manifest weight of

the evidence because (1) K.A. testified “that her memory of the evening was

incomplete”; (2) K.A.’s assertions that “nothing happened” effectively caused Kelli

to abandon “her attempts to reach 911”; (3) K.A. “used vague terms to describe what

went on with [Bentz] while they were in his bedroom”; and (4) Norris “could not

confirm or deny whether [K.A.’s] injuries * * * were consistent with rape.” (Id. at

24-25).

       {¶95} R.C. 2907.02 sets forth the offense of rape and provides, in relevant

part: “No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another when the offender

purposely compels the other person to submit by force or threat of force.” R.C.

2907.02(A)(2). Bentz does not dispute that he engaged in sexual conduct with K.A.;

rather, he argues that the trial court’s conclusion that he purposely compelled K.A.

to engage in that sexual conduct by force or threat of force is against the manifest

weight of the evidence. As such, we need only address those elements of forcible

rape: (1) whether Bentz purposely compelled K.A. to engage in sexual conduct, and

                                       -46-
Case No. 1-16-17

(2) whether Bentz did so by force or threat of force. See State v. Stevens, 3d Dist.

Allen No. 1-14-58, 2016-Ohio-446, ¶ 14.

       A person acts purposely when it is the person’s specific intention to

       cause a certain result, or, when the gist of the offense is a prohibition

       against conduct of a certain nature, regardless of what the offender

       intends to accomplish thereby, it is the offender’s specific intention to

       engage in conduct of that nature.

R.C. 2901.22(A).

       {¶96} In addressing the force-or-threat-of-force language under the rape

statute, the Supreme Court of Ohio clarified that “[a] defendant purposely compels

another to submit to sexual conduct by force or threat of force if the defendant uses

physical force against that person, or creates the belief that physical force will be

used if the victim does not submit.” State v. Schaim, 65 Ohio St. 3d 51 (1992),

paragraph one of the syllabus. “Force” is defined as “any violence, compulsion, or

constraint physically exerted by any means upon or against a person or thing.” R.C.

2901.01(A)(1). A victim “need not prove physical resistance to the offender” in

order to demonstrate force. R.C. 2907.05(D).

       {¶97} “‘[T]he amount of force [necessary to prove forcible rape under R.C.

2907.02(A)(2)] must be examined in light of the circumstances.’” Stevens at ¶ 21,

quoting State v. Runyons, 3d Dist. Union No. 14-91-30, 1992 WL 136196, *2 (June

                                         -47-
Case No. 1-16-17

9, 1992). “The Supreme Court of Ohio ‘case law demonstrates that the type and

amount of force necessary to purposefully compel a victim to submit by “force or

threat of force” depends upon the victim and the offender’s relationship.’” Id.,

quoting State v. Wine, 3d Dist. Auglaize No. 2-12-01, 2012-Ohio-2837, ¶ 41, citing

State v. Pordash, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 04CA008480, 2004-Ohio-6081, ¶ 12. The

amount of force necessary “‘depends upon the age, size and strength of the parties

and their relation to each other.’” In re Forbess, 3d Dist. Auglaize No. 2-09-20,

2010-Ohio-2826, ¶ 40, quoting State v. Eskridge, 38 Ohio St. 3d 56 (1988),

paragraph one of the syllabus. “When the victim is a child over whom the defendant

is in a position of authority, the Ohio Supreme Court held in State v. Eskridge, the

‘“[f]orce need not be overt and physically brutal, but can be subtle and

psychological. As long as it can be shown that the rape victim’s will was overcome

by fear or duress, the forcible element of rape can be established.”’” State v. Jordan,

2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26163, 2016-Ohio-603, ¶ 17, quoting Eskridge at 58-59,

quoting State v. Fowler, 27 Ohio App. 3d 149, 154 (8th Dist.1985). See also State

v. Dye, 82 Ohio St. 3d 323 (1988), syllabus.

       {¶98} Notwithstanding Bentz’s arguments, based on the specific facts and

circumstances of this case, we conclude that the trial court’s conclusion that Bentz

purposefully compelled K.A. to submit to sexual conduct by force or threat of force

is not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Ultimately, this case turned on

                                         -48-
Case No. 1-16-17

whether the trial court believed K.A.’s or Bentz’s version of events. “Although we

consider the credibility of witnesses in a manifest weight challenge, we are mindful

that the determination regarding witness credibility rests primarily with the trier of

fact because the trier of fact is in the best position to view the witnesses and observe

their demeanor, gestures, and voice inflections—observations that are critical to

determining a witness’s credibility.” State v. Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

98210, 2013-Ohio-573, ¶ 31, citing State v. Clark, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94050,

2010-Ohio-4354, ¶ 17, citing State v. Hill, 75 Ohio St. 3d 195, 205 (1996) and State

v. Antill, 176 Ohio St. 61, 66 (1964). The trier of fact was free to accept or reject

any or all of K.A.’s testimony, and decided to accept her testimony that she did not

consent to sexual conduct with Bentz. See id., citing State v. Smith, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 93593, 2010-Ohio-4006, ¶ 16. See also In re Forbess at ¶ 42

(concluding that it was not unreasonable for the trial court to believe the victim’s

testimony over the defendant’s protest that the sexual encounter was consensual).

       {¶99} Under the reduced-force standard of Eskridge, the evidence supporting

that K.A.’s will was overcome by fear or duress is weightier than the evidence that

she consented to the sexual conduct. The Apanovitch factors Bentz contends

demonstrate that his rape conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence

do not undermine the evidence in the record documenting K.A.’s fear of Bentz. That

is, K.A. is a child-victim over whom Bentz was in a position of authority based on

                                         -49-
Case No. 1-16-17

his employment as a police officer. Indeed, K.A. testified that she knew Bentz was

a police officer and, as such, owned firearms. She testified that she was afraid of

Bentz based on a previous encounter with him in which he told her not to lock the

door because he hoped someone would break into the house so that he could shoot

them. K.A. expressed that she was fearful that Bentz would shoot her—or Kelli or

Irwin—if she resisted Bentz. Accordingly, we cannot say that the trier of fact lost

its way in concluding that K.A.’s will was overcome by fear, establishing the

element of force. Compare Pordash at ¶ 12 (concluding that the trier of fact did not

lose its way in concluding that the victims’ wills were overcome by fear based on

the victims’ knowledge that their chiropractor had an extensive background in

martial arts and their testimony that “they feared that any resistance would lead to

serious bodily harm”). See also State v. Dew, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 08 MA 62,

2009-Ohio-6537, ¶ 134; State v. Arias, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 04CA008428, 2004-

Ohio-4443, ¶ 32-33.

       {¶100} Moreover, there is some evidence of actual force in this case.

Although K.A. testified that she told Bentz “no” in Bentz’s bedroom, K.A. testified

that she was mindful of her fear of Bentz as he picked her up and carried her to his

bedroom. See State v. Rodriguez, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82265, 2003-Ohio-7056,

¶ 28, 35-36 (suggesting that forcible rape can be proven by showing that a defendant

                                       -50-
Case No. 1-16-17

picked up and carried a victim). See also State v. Rupp, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 05

MA 166, 2007-Ohio-1561, ¶ 53.

       {¶101} We further conclude that the trier of fact did not lose its way in

concluding that Bentz purposefully compelled K.A. to engage in sexual conduct.

Indeed, Bentz took “certain objective actions” to instill fear, and K.A. “was in fact

instilled with such fear that she could not exercise her will”—that is, Bentz made it

known to K.A. that he was a police officer and that he had hoped to shoot someone.

See Rupp at ¶ 40-41, 52, citing Arias at ¶ 32. Therefore, we conclude that Bentz’s

rape conviction under R.C. 2907.02(A)(2) is not against the manifest weight of the

evidence.

       {¶102} Next, we address whether Bentz’s sexual-battery conviction under

R.C. 2907.03(A)(2) is against the manifest weight of the evidence. The offense of

sexual battery under R.C. 2907.03 provides, in relevant part: “No person shall

engage in sexual conduct with another, not the spouse of the offender, when * * *

[t]he offender knows that the other person’s ability to appraise the nature of or

control the other person’s own conduct is substantially impaired.”              R.C.

2907.03(A)(2). Since Bentz concedes that he engaged in sexual conduct with K.A.,

we need only address whether the trial court’s conclusion that K.A. was

substantially impaired and that Bentz knew or had cause to reasonably believe that

                                        -51-
Case No. 1-16-17

K.A. was substantially impaired is against the manifest weight of the evidence. See

State v. Rivera, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97091, 2012-Ohio-2060, ¶ 20.

      A person acts knowingly, regardless of purpose, when the person is

      aware that the person’s conduct will probably cause a certain result or

      will probably be of a certain nature. A person has knowledge of

      circumstances when the person is aware that such circumstances

      probably exist. When knowledge of the existence of a particular fact

      is an element of an offense, such knowledge is established if a person

      subjectively believes that there is a high probability of its existence

      and fails to make inquiry or acts with a conscious purpose to avoid

      learning the fact.

R.C. 2901.22(B).

      {¶103} “Because ‘substantial impairment’ is not defined in the Ohio

Criminal Code, the Supreme Court of Ohio has found that ‘substantial impairment’

can be established ‘by demonstrating a present reduction, diminution or decrease in

the victim’s ability, either to appraise the nature of his conduct or to control his

conduct.’” In re T.N., 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-15-36, 2016-Ohio-5774, ¶ 56, quoting

State v. Zeh, 31 Ohio St. 3d 99, 103-104 (1987), and citing State v. Brown, 3d Dist.

Marion No. 9-09-15, 2009-Ohio-5428, ¶ 21. Although sexual battery under R.C.

2907.03(A)(2) does not include the same language that the substantially-impaired-

                                       -52-
Case No. 1-16-17

rape and gross-sexual-imposition statutes contain—that the victim be substantially

impaired because of a mental or physical condition—other courts have applied the

line of case law describing voluntary intoxication as a substantial impairment to the

substantially-impaired-sexual-battery statute. See State v. Jenkins, 2d Dist. Greene

No. 2015-CA-6, 2015-Ohio-5167, ¶ 22; Rivera at ¶ 22; State v. Messer, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 23779, 2011-Ohio-129, ¶ 16-18; State v. Doss, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 884433, 2008-Ohio-449, ¶ 13-18.

       {¶104} “The consumption of large amounts of alcohol in a short period of

time is evidence that voluntary intoxication caused substantial impairment.” In re

T.N. at ¶ 57, citing State v. Lasenby, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-13-36, 2014-Ohio-1878,

¶ 28, citing State v. Hatten, 186 Ohio App. 3d 286, 2010-Ohio-499, ¶ 22 (2d Dist.)

and State v. Lindsay, 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-06-24, 2007-Ohio-4490, ¶ 20. “Evidence

of substantial impairment can also come from a victim’s inability to remember the

events of the incident due to alcohol consumption.” Lasenby at ¶ 28, citing State v.

Harmath, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-06-20, 2007-Ohio-2993, ¶ 19. “‘[S]tumbling,

falling, slurred speech, passing out, [and] vomiting,’ are all evidence that an

intoxicated person is substantially impaired.” Id., quoting Hatten at ¶ 24, and citing

State v. Freeman, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95511, 2011-Ohio-2663, ¶ 19 and

Harmath at ¶ 18.

                                        -53-
Case No. 1-16-17

       However, “there can be a fine, fuzzy, and subjective line between

       intoxication   and    [substantial]   impairment.       Every    alcohol

       consumption does not lead to a substantial impairment. Additionally,

       the waters become even murkier when reviewing whether the

       defendant knew, or should have known, that someone was

       [substantially] impaired rather than merely intoxicated.”

In re T.N. at ¶ 57, quoting Doss at ¶ 18.

       {¶105} Bentz maintains that, while the evidence may show that K.A. was

intoxicated, the evidence in the record weighs against the conclusion that K.A. was

substantially impaired and that Bentz knew, or had cause to reasonably believe, that

K.A. was substantially impaired. The crux of Bentz’s argument is predicated on the

timeline of K.A.’s intoxication. In particular, he argues that, if it is to be believed

that K.A. was substantially impaired, the evidence in the record should reflect that

she became more impaired as the events of that night unfolded. Instead, he argues

that the weight of the evidence illustrates that she was not substantially impaired

because she was able to ambulate out of Bentz’s bedroom, to Kelli’s vehicle, and to

the police department without assistance. In addition, he argues that K.A. was able

to ward off the advances of her angry sister after being discovered in the closet by

arguing with Kelli that “nothing happened.” Likewise absent from the record,

according to Bentz, is evidence that K.A. vomited or was nauseous. Bentz also

                                         -54-
Case No. 1-16-17

points to (1) Norris’s, Irwin’s, and Lieutenant Bishop’s testimony that they did not

smell any odor of alcohol coming from K.A, (2) Lieutenant Bishop’s testimony that

he did not think K.A. was intoxicated, and (3) that K.A. does not appear to be

intoxicated, let alone substantially impaired, in the video recording of her interview

with Lieutenant Bishop. (See State’s Ex. 35).

       {¶106} However, the evidence in the record that K.A.’s voluntary

intoxication caused her to be substantially impaired and that Bentz knew, or had

cause to reasonably believe, that K.A. was substantially impaired is weightier than

the evidence that Bentz says indicates that she was not substantially impaired or that

he did not know, or have cause to reasonably believe, that she was substantially

impaired. Bentz was aware that K.A. consumed a large amount of alcohol in a short

period of time—namely, four or five shots of tequila in approximately one hour.

See Jenkins, 2015-Ohio-5167, at ¶ 30. Although there is evidence in the record that

K.A. has consumed alcohol in the past, Bentz was able to observe that K.A. is a

small person—weighing under 100 pounds—and has a very youthful appearance—

facts indicative that the consumption of four or five shots of liquor in a relatively

short period of time would have a significant impact toward rendering K.A.

substantially impaired. Notwithstanding Bentz’s assertion that K.A. did not appear

to be impaired by the shots of alcohol, the record reflects Bentz’s awareness of the

consequences that four or five shots of alcohol would have on K.A. because he

                                        -55-
Case No. 1-16-17

indicated that he told K.A. that she “‘probably [does not] need to be taking another

shot’” when she asked for an additional shot. (Feb. 16-17, 2016 Tr., Vol. II, at 459).

Moreover, K.A. testified that she was unable to stand or ambulate after the second

shot of tequila, requiring her to lay down on the floor, and requiring Bentz to assist

her up. K.A. also testified that she had difficulty remembering details of the events

of June 11, 2015 because she “wasn’t like fully there” and was “in and out” from

the alcohol that she consumed. (Feb. 16-17, 2016 Tr., Vol. I, at 217).

       {¶107} Likewise, Kelli indicated that K.A. appeared “to be drunk” when she

emerged from Bentz’s closet because she was stumbling. (Feb. 16-17, 2016 Tr.,

Vol. II, at 408). The video of Patrolman Carpenter’s traffic stop of Kelli and K.A.

depicts K.A. having trouble maintaining her balance while attempting to ambulate.

(See State’s Ex. 34). That K.A. was substantially impaired is supported by Dr.

Forney’s retrograde extrapolation, which concluded that K.A.’s “alcohol

concentration” at the time the sexual conduct occurred would have been between

0.12 and 0.19 grams by weight of alcohol per 100 millimeters of whole blood.

According to Dr. Forney, K.A. “would have been significantly intoxicated” and

“would have been obtunded and would not have been able to affectively resist the

assault or defend herself.” (Feb. 16-17, 2016 Tr., Vol. II, at 297).

       {¶108} Based on that evidence, we cannot conclude that the trial court lost

its way in concluding that K.A. was substantially impaired or that Bentz knew, or

                                        -56-
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had cause to reasonably believe, that K.A. was substantially impaired. As such,

Bentz’s sexual battery conviction under R.C. 2907.03(A)(2) is not against the

manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶109} Before addressing whether Bentz’s kidnapping conviction is against

the manifest weight of the evidence, we will address whether Bentz’s kidnapping

conviction is based on sufficient evidence. Bentz argues that there is insufficient

evidence that he committed kidnapping because there is insufficient evidence (1)

“to satisfy the force or threat of force element of the kidnapping charge” and (2)

“that [Bentz] did what he did to facilitate commission of any felony or flight

thereafter.” (Appellant’s Brief at 12, 14).

       {¶110} The offense of kidnapping is codified under R.C. 2905.01, which

provides, in relevant part:

       (A) No person, by force, threat, or deception * * * shall remove

       another from the place where the other person is found or restrain the

       liberty of the other person, for any of the following purposes:

       ***

       (2) To facilitate the commission of any felony or flight thereafter.

R.C. 2905.01(A)(2). Under R.C. 2905.01(A), “‘the mens rea of the statute is

purpose,’” which we defined above. State v. Montgomery, 2d Dist. Montgomery

                                        -57-
Case No. 1-16-17

No. 22193, 2009-Ohio-1415, ¶ 12, quoting State v. Carver, 2d Dist. Montgomery

No. 21328, 2008-Ohio-4631, ¶ 145.

       {¶111} Because they are the only elements Bentz challenges on appeal, we

will address only whether the evidence, when viewed in a light most favorable to

the prosecution, is such that a rational trier of fact could have found that: (1) Bentz

purposefully removed K.A. from the place where she was found or restrained K.A.’s

liberty by force, threat, or deception; and (2) Bentz’s purpose was to facilitate the

rape or sexual battery or his flight after committing the rape or sexual battery. See

State v. Totarella, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2002-L-147, 2004-Ohio-1175, ¶ 56.

       {¶112} As an initial matter, we note that there is no “threat of force” element

of kidnapping under R.C. 2905.01(A)(2); rather, the statute requires proof that a

defendant forced, threatened, or deceived a victim. The State argues that Bentz’s

kidnapping conviction is based on sufficient evidence because the reduced-force

standard of Eskridge applies, which satisfies the element of force. See State v.

Weems, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102954, 2016-Ohio-701, ¶ 24-25 (applying the

reduced-force standard to the kidnapping statute). However, we need not, and do

not, express an opinion as to whether the reduced-force standard applicable under

the rape statute similarly applies to the kidnapping statute. Rather, we conclude that

there is insufficient evidence supporting the element of flight.

                                         -58-
Case No. 1-16-17

         {¶113} “To convict a defendant of kidnapping in violation of R.C.

2905.01(A)(2), the kidnapping must either be done to facilitate the felony or to

facilitate the flight after the felony.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Seitz, 3d Dist.

Shelby No. 17-12-11, 2014-Ohio-2463, ¶ 26. Under the State’s theory of the case,

based on the amended bill of particulars and the State’s closing argument, the

kidnapping was not done to facilitate the felony—the rape or sexual battery. (See

Doc. No. 119); (Feb. 16-17, 2016 Tr., Vol. II at 523-525). (See also Apr. 14, 2016

Tr. at 21-23); (Doc. No. 225); (Appellee’s Brief at 4-6).4 Instead, the kidnapping

charge stemmed from Bentz’s direction to K.A. to get into the closet after the rape

and sexual battery was committed.

         {¶114} The element of flight under R.C. 2905.01(A)(2) has not been

addressed in any depth. Compare State v. Agee, 350 S.W.3d 83, 89 (Mo.App.2011)

(looking to the definition of “flight” in Black’s Law Dictionary to apply to the

element of flight under the kidnapping statute because “flight” is not defined in the

criminal statute); State v. Finlayson, 2000 UT 10, 994 P.2d 1243, ¶ 34 (noting that

“the term ‘flight,’ * * * within the meaning of the aggravated kidnaping statute” had

not been defined by the Supreme Court of Utah and looking to “[i]ts use in the

4
  In its merger argument, the State reiterated that the kidnapping charge stemmed from Bentz’s conduct after
“[t]he rape was committed and completed”—that is, “[i]t was after the completion of the crime of rape that
the crime of kidnapping began, during which time [Bentz] ordered [K.A.] into the closet.” (Apr. 14, 2016
Tr. at 22). (See also Doc. No. 225). Indeed, the State asserted that Bentz “was charged, the bill of particulars
spells out, and he was convicted for kidnapping as it relates to facilitating flight after a felony.” (Apr. 14,
2016 Tr. at 21). Likewise, the State reiterated the same theory of the case in its Appellee’s Brief. (See
Appellee’s Brief at 4-6).

                                                     -59-
Case No. 1-16-17

criminal law” and Black’s Law Dictionary for guidance). As such, looking to the

definition of “flight” in Black’s Law Dictionary as well as the definition of “flight”

applied in the jury-instruction arena are informative on the issue.

       {¶115} Black’s Law Dictionary defines “flight” as “[t]he act or an instance

of fleeing, esp. to evade arrest or prosecution.” Black’s Law Dictionary 756 (10th

Ed.2014). Similarly, in the jury-instruction arena, “[f]light means some escape or

affirmative attempt to avoid apprehension.” State v. Robinson, 1st Dist. Hamilton

No. C-060434, 2007-Ohio-2388, ¶ 19, citing State v. Brundage, 1st Dist. Hamilton

No. C030632, 2004-Ohio-6436, ¶ 17. The purpose of a flight instruction is to show

that a defendant had a conscious awareness of his guilt because the defendant

departed the crime scene under circumstances suggesting that his movement was

motivated by a consciousness of guilt. See State v. Taylor, 78 Ohio St. 3d 15, 27

(1997). See also State v. Wilson, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-09-64, 2010-Ohio-2294, ¶ 9.

“[T]he ‘“mere departure from the scene of the crime is not to be confused with

deliberate flight from the area in which the suspect is normally to be found.”’” State

v. Shepherd, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102951, 2016-Ohio-931, ¶ 23, quoting State v.

Santiago, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95516, 2011-Ohio-3058, ¶ 30, quoting State v.

Norwood, 11th Dist. Lake Nos. 96-L-089 and 96-L-090, 1997 WL 663423, *5 (Sept.

30, 1997). To be considered a flight, “it must be clear that the defendant took

affirmative steps to avoid detection and apprehension beyond simply not remaining

                                        -60-
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at the scene of the crime.” Id., citing State v. Dunn, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101648,

2015-Ohio-3138, ¶ 52.

       {¶116} There is no evidence in this case supporting that Bentz made any

attempt to avoid apprehension, or that Bentz left the scene of the crime. See

Finlayson at ¶ 35 (concluding that Finlayson’s kidnapping conviction was based on

insufficient evidence because there was no evidence of flight since he “returned to

his apartment where he was eventually arrested” and “[t]here is no evidence that he

made any attempt to withdraw, conceal himself, or avoid arrest”).          See also

Norwood at *5-6 (concluding that the facts were “insufficient to justify a flight

instruction because [Norwood] did not flee to a situs where he could not have been

easily located” even though Norwood (1) “‘left out of the building and ran into

another building’” (2) “attempt[ed] to hide in [a] kitchen” when law enforcement

arrived; and (3) went to his father’s house instead of his mother’s house where he

normally stayed). Indeed, Bentz’s actions do not exhibit a consciousness of guilt.

When Bentz exited the bedroom to the kitchen, he left the bedroom door open. After

the confrontation with Kelli and K.A. when K.A. was discovered in Bentz’s closet,

Bentz remained at the house. Bentz continued to remain at the house even after

Irwin learned that K.A. accused Bentz of rape to law enforcement and

communicated that to Bentz. Rather, the record reflects that Bentz waited at the

residence for law enforcement to arrest him and even went to the police department

                                        -61-
Case No. 1-16-17

that day to report for work. Stated another way, there is no evidence in the record

that Bentz was attempting to flee to avoid apprehension. For these reasons, we

conclude that reasonable minds could not conclude that “flight” was proven beyond

a reasonable doubt. Therefore, we hold that there is insufficient evidence to support

a conviction for kidnapping under R.C. 2905.01(A)(2). Because we conclude that

Bentz’s kidnapping conviction under R.C. 2905.01(A)(2) is based on insufficient

evidence, we need not address his argument that his kidnapping conviction is against

the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶117} For these reasons, Bentz’s third assignment of error is sustained and

his fourth assignment of error is overruled.

                            Assignment of Error No. I

       The Trial Court Erred when it Convicted the Defendant for
       Violating Ohio Revised Code Section 2907.03(A)(13). [R.221 and
       25 . [sic] Transcript of Verdict Hearing Pages 5-6 Lines 12-03]

       {¶118} In his first assignment of error, Bentz argues that the trial court erred

in finding him guilty of sexual battery in violation of R.C. 2907.03(A)(13) because

that statute is unconstitutional. The State concedes this error. We agree.

       {¶119} The Supreme Court of Ohio concluded that R.C. 2907.03(A)(13) is

unconstitutional. State v. Mole, 149 Ohio St. 3d 215, 2016-Ohio-5124, ¶ 70. Bentz

properly preserved his constitutional argument on appeal. See State v. Rowles, 9th

Dist. Summit No. 24154, 2008-Ohio-6631, ¶ 5. See also State v. Awan, 22 Ohio

                                         -62-
Case No. 1-16-17

St.3d 120 (1986), syllabus. Accordingly, we reverse Bentz’s finding of guilt as to

sexual battery in violation of R.C. 2907.03(A)(13), and order that he be discharged

from that offense. See State v. Cobia, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-140058, 2015-Ohio-

331, ¶ 11 (“We discharge Mr. Cobia on his child-enticement convictions, because

the child-enticement statute, R.C. 2905.05(A), is unconstitutional.”); State v.

Cunningham, 178 Ohio App. 3d 558, 2008-Ohio-5164, ¶ 9 (2d Dist.); State v.

Holycross, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 41210, 41211, and 41217, 1980 WL 354919,

*2 (July 10, 1980); State v. Bunch, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 79AP-645, 1980 WL
353551, *1 (June 26, 1980). See also State v. Stayer, 3d Dist. Defiance No. 4-06-

01, 2006-Ohio-2780, ¶ 8.

       {¶120} Bentz’s first assignment of error is sustained.

                           Assignment of Error No. II

       The Trial Court Erred when it Considered Irrelevant Evidence in
       Determining the Credibility of the Defendant. [R. R.221 [sic] and
       250 Transcript of Verdict Hearing Pages 4-5 Lines 1-09]

       {¶121} In his second assignment of error, Bentz argues that the trial court

erred by considering irrelevant evidence when determining Bentz’s credibility.

Bentz essentially raises two arguments under his second assignment of error: (1)

that the trial court erroneously admitted irrelevant and unfairly prejudicial evidence

at the time of trial and (2) that admission of that evidence became erroneous after

                                        -63-
Case No. 1-16-17

trial based on the Supreme Court of Ohio’s decision in Mole. 149 Ohio St. 3d 215,

2016-Ohio-5124.

       {¶122} We will first address Bentz’s argument that the trial court abused its

discretion by admitting irrelevant and unfairly prejudicial evidence at the time of

trial, followed by Bentz’s argument that the evidence became retroactively

irrelevant tainting the fairness of his trial.

       {¶123} “In a criminal case in which a defendant-appellant alleges that it was

reversible error to allow the trier of fact to hear certain testimony, the reviewing

court must first determine if it was error to allow the trier of fact to hear the

testimony and, if so, whether such error was prejudicial or harmless.” State v.

Walker, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87968, 2007-Ohio-3772, ¶ 19, citing State v.

Benton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82810, 2004-Ohio-3116, ¶ 42, citing State v. Davis,

44 Ohio App. 2d 335 (8th Dist.1975), paragraph three of the syllabus. See State v.

Randolph, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-81-31, 1983 WL 7256, *2 (May 11, 1983),

quoting Davis at paragraph three of the syllabus. See also State v. Morris, 141 Ohio

St.3d 399, 2014-Ohio-5052, syllabus; R.C. 2953.83(C).

       All relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by

       the Constitution of the United States, by the Constitution of the State

       of Ohio, by statute enacted by the General Assembly not in conflict

       with a rule of the Supreme Court of Ohio, by these rules, or by other

                                           -64-
Case No. 1-16-17

       rules prescribed by the Supreme Court of Ohio. Evidence which is

       not relevant is not admissible.

Evid. R. 402. Evidence is relevant when it has “any tendency to make the existence

of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable

or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Evid.R. 401. “Under

Evid.R. 403(A), ‘[a]lthough relevant, evidence is not admissible if its probative

value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, of confusion of

the issues, or of misleading the jury.’” State v. Velez, 3d Dist. Putnam No. 12-13-

10, 2014-Ohio-1788, ¶ 122, quoting State v. Maag, 3d Dist. Hancock Nos. 5-03-32

and 5-03-33, 2005-Ohio-3761, ¶ 71.

       {¶124} “Evid.R. 403(A) does not ‘attempt to bar all prejudicial evidence.’”

State v. Scurlock, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-5-1200, 2017-Ohio-1219, ¶ 32, quoting

State v. Crotts, 104 Ohio St. 3d 432, 2004-Ohio-6550, ¶ 23. “Instead, the rule

provides that only unfairly prejudicial evidence is excludable.” (Emphasis sic.) Id.,

citing Crotts at ¶ 23.

       “‘Unfair prejudice is that quality of evidence which might result in an

       improper basis for a jury decision. Consequently, if the evidence

       arouses the jury’s emotional sympathies, evokes a sense of horror, or

       appeals to an instinct to punish, the evidence may be unfairly

                                         -65-
Case No. 1-16-17

       prejudicial.   Usually, although not always, unfairly prejudicial

       evidence appeals to the jury’s emotions rather than intellect.’”

Crotts at ¶ 24, quoting Oberlin v. Akron Gen. Med. Ctr., 91 Ohio St. 3d 169, 171

(2001), quoting Weissenberger, Ohio Evidence, Section 403.3, at 85-87 (2000). See

also Velez at ¶ 122, quoting State v. Calhoun, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2010-A-

0057, 2012-Ohio-1128, ¶ 82.

       {¶125} Generally, the admission or exclusion of evidence lies within the trial

court’s discretion, and a reviewing court should not reverse absent an abuse of

discretion and material prejudice. State v. Conway, 109 Ohio St. 3d 412, 2006-Ohio-

2815, ¶ 62, citing State v. Issa, 93 Ohio St. 3d 49, 64 (2001). An abuse of discretion

implies that the trial court acted unreasonably, arbitrarily, or unconscionably. State

v. Adams, 62 Ohio St. 2d 151, 157 (1980). However, “if the party wishing to exclude

evidence fails to contemporaneously object at trial when the evidence is presented,

that party waives for appeal all but plain error.” State v. Bagley, 3d Dist. Allen No.

1-13-31, 2014-Ohio-1787, ¶ 53-54, citing State v. Hancock, 108 Ohio St. 3d 57,

2006-Ohio-160, ¶ 59-60, State v. Barrett, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 03CA2889, 2004-

Ohio-2064, ¶ 20, and State v. Lenoir, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22239, 2008-Ohio-

1984, ¶ 19.

       {¶126} “Crim.R. 52(B) governs plain-error review in criminal cases.” Id. at

¶ 55, citing State v. Risner, 73 Ohio App. 3d 19, 24 (3d Dist.1991). “A court

                                        -66-
Case No. 1-16-17

recognizes plain error with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances,

and only to prevent a miscarriage of justice.” State v. Smith, 3d Dist. Hardin No. 6-

1414, 2015-Ohio-2977, ¶ 63, citing State v. Saleh, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 07AP-

431, 2009-Ohio-1542, ¶ 68. Under plain-error review, “[w]e may reverse only when

the record is clear that defendant would not have been convicted in the absence of

the improper conduct.” Id., citing State v. Williams, 79 Ohio St. 3d 1, 12 (1997).

       {¶127} As an initial matter, we must address whether Bentz properly

preserved this issue on appeal. Although, Bentz contemporaneously objected to the

testimony he is challenging on appeal, his objection was on a different basis than

the grounds he raises on appeal—namely, Bentz’s stated reason for his objection

was that the State’s cross-examination of Bentz was “argumentative.” (Feb. 16-17,

2016 Tr., Vol. II, at 479, 481). “‘Error may not be predicated upon a ruling which

admits or excludes evidence unless a substantial right of the party is affected, and’

‘[i]n case the ruling is one admitting evidence, a timely objection appears in the

record stating the specific ground of the objection, if the specific ground was not

apparent from the context.’” Stark v. Stark, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 01CAF6020,

2002 WL 109281, *3 (Jan. 4, 2002), quoting Evid.R. 103(A)(1). Notwithstanding

the prescription of Evid.R. 103(A)(1) requiring a timely objection stating the

specific ground of the objection, even if we assume without deciding that an abuse-

of-discretion standard applies to the evidence Bentz is challenging on appeal, the

                                        -67-
Case No. 1-16-17

result is still the same. See State v. Wendel, 3d Dist. Union No. 14-16-08, 2016-

Ohio-7915, ¶ 10 (“We will assume without deciding that an abuse-of-discretion

standard of review applies as to Rebecca’s testimony, even though Wendel objected

to only one of the statements.”); Stark at *3 (“Although appellant did not

specifically state hearsay as the reason for the objection, the court did not abuse its

discretion in admitting the evidence.”).

       {¶128} Under his contemporaneous-to-trial argument, Bentz argues that,

because sexual battery under R.C. 2907.03(A)(13) essentially imposed strict

liability for peace officers who engaged in sexual conduct with a minor, the evidence

regarding whether Bentz appreciated K.A.’s age is irrelevant. That is, he argues

that once the State proved K.A.’s age, it was irrelevant to introduce evidence

regarding whether Bentz knew or should have known her age. See Mole, 149 Ohio

St.3d 215, 2016-Ohio-5124, at ¶ 8. In support of his argument, Bentz points to the

Supreme Court of Ohio’s discussion regarding the age of consent in Ohio, which is

“16 years under Ohio statutory law.” Id. at ¶ 31. Drawing from that discussion,

Bentz argues that, based on the Supreme Court of Ohio’s conclusion in Mole that

the sexual-battery statute under R.C. 2907.03(A)(13) “does not require the state to

prove that [a defendant] knew [the victim] was a minor or that [the defendant] was

reckless in not knowing [the victim] was a minor,” Bentz’s testimony “that he

thought [K.A.] was an adult, which the Trial Judge found so incredible” was

                                           -68-
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irrelevant and unfairly prejudicial at the time it was admitted. (Appellant’s Brief at

11); Mole at ¶ 58.

       {¶129} While the testimony that Bentz challenges on appeal may have been

irrelevant to prove that he committed sexual battery under R.C. 2907.03(A)(13), that

testimony was relevant to whether Bentz committed the other crimes for which he

was on trial. See State v. Lanci, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 39907 and 39906, 1980
WL 354390, *7 (Sept. 25, 1980) (“Further, the dismissed count of engaging in

organized crime was related to the remaining two counts submitted to the jury, and

much, if not all, of the evidence, admitted as probative of the organized crime count,

was also probative of the aggravated arson and aggravated murder counts.”); State

v. Bethel, 110 Ohio St. 3d 416, 2006-Ohio-4853, ¶ 170 (concluding that “[a]

defendant’s gang affiliation is relevant and admissible” because it “strengthens [a

defendant’s] motive to commit” the underlying crime). See also People v.

McLaughlin, 258 Mich.App. 635, 666-667 (2003) (concluding that “evidence of

defendant’s financial, housing, and employment situation were relevant to the

prosecution’s theory of the case” in a rape trial because that evidence was used “to

explain the change in the relationship between defendant and the victim from a

romantic liaison to a violent assault”); Cleveland v. Petko, 112 Ohio App. 3d 670,

676 (8th Dist.1996) (concluding that, because it was a bench trial, photographs of a

fence were not irrelevant to proving whether Petko committed aggravated menacing

                                        -69-
Case No. 1-16-17

since the aggravating-menacing charge stemmed from a dispute regarding the

fence); State v. Loso, 151 Vt. 262, 264, 559 A.2d 681 (1989) (concluding that

evidence that the defendant was employed as a police officer “was slightly relevant

on the issue of motive” for leaving the scene of an accident because the State’s

theory was that “a police officer would be more likely than others to flee the scene

of an accident for fear of losing his job”). That is, part of the State’s theory of the

case is that Bentz relied on his position of authority as police officer to commit those

crimes against a child-victim, who is susceptible to that influence.             Stated

differently, as we discussed in Bentz’s fourth assignment of error, the State’s theory

of the case regarding the rape charge implicated the reduced-force standard of

Eskridge, and Bentz’s appreciation of K.A.’s age related to the State’s theory of the

case regarding the sexual battery charge under R.C. 2907.03(A)(2)— whether Bentz

knew, or had cause to reasonably believe, K.A. was substantially impaired. As such,

we conclude that the evidence challenged by Bentz is relevant.

       {¶130} Nonetheless, Bentz argues that, even if that evidence is relevant, its

probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice and it

should have been excluded. Bentz points to the trial court’s statement as proof that

the evidence regarding his appreciation of K.A.’s age unfairly prejudiced the

fairness of his trial:

                                         -70-
Case No. 1-16-17

            [T]he court believes that it is important to resort to issues of

      credibility. Credibility, of course, of the witnesses, and particularly

      the credibility of the defendant, was [sic] well as [K.A.].

      ***

            On the other hand, Mr. Bentz’s testimony is not credible. Mr.

      Bentz is a police officer and was at the time or was at the time. His

      testimony is particularly telling as it relates to indicating he did not

      know that she was a minor and indicated further that it never occurred

      to him that she was a minor.

            He was fully aware that [K.A.] was Kelli’s younger sister,

      having lived at the residence, for a month at the same time Kelli had

      lived at the residence. Kelli appears young. And this, of course, from

      all facts and circumstances as it relates from the evidence that this

      young lady, [K.A.] was younger.

            It is one thing for somebody who’s in a position of not making

      judgments with respect to age to come to some conclusions that could

      reasonably be accepted. But as a police officer Mr. Bentz had every

      reason to believe that this child was extremely young. And to say that

      the thought of her age never crossed his mind, frankly borders on a

      destruction of credibility.

                                        -71-
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(Feb. 23, 2016 Tr. at 2-5).

       {¶131} As we addressed in our sufficiency-and-manifest-weight-of-the-

evidence analysis, this case presents the classic “he-said, she-said” scenario because

the victim and the defendant provided very different accounts of the events of June

11, 2015. After weighing the credibility of the testimony, the trial court chose to

believe K.A.’s testimony over Bentz’s and found Bentz guilty of the crimes for

which he was indicted. Clearly, the evidence related to K.A.’s age and Bentz’s

occupation was prejudicial. Compare State v. Scurlock, 2017-Ohio-1219, at ¶ 32

(“One cannot dispute that evidence of Scurlock’s ‘gambling habit’ is prejudicial to

his defense.”).

       {¶132} However, after thoroughly reviewing the record, although the

evidence prejudiced Bentz, we cannot say that it unfairly prejudiced his trial

because, as we discussed above, there is probative value in the evidence. Compare

Carter, 2017-Ohio-123, at ¶ 91 (“Undoubtedly there is some inherent prejudice in

evidence being used against Carter but there is probative value in the altercation as

well.”). See also State v. Skatzes, 104 Ohio St. 3d 195, 2004-Ohio-6391, ¶ 107

(“Moreover, ‘Evid.R. 403 speaks in terms of unfair prejudice. Logically, all

evidence presented by a prosecutor is prejudicial, but not all evidence unfairly

prejudices a defendant. It is only the latter that Evid.R. 403 prohibits.’”), quoting

State v. Wright, 48 Ohio St. 3d 5, 8 (1990). Even in a jury trial, the standard under

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Evid.R. 403 “is a difficult standard to meet, and broad discretion is vested in the

trial judge.” State v. Bays, 87 Ohio St. 3d 15, 28 (1999). “But this was a bench trial,

in which the [trial] court is presumed to have considered only the relevant, material,

and competent evidence.” Id. See also State v. Wilson, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 09-

CA-44, 2010-Ohio-1394, ¶ 19 (concluding that “the danger of unfair prejudice, of

confusion of the issues, or of misleading the [t]rier of fact was minimal” since it was

a bench trial). Indeed, the probative value of the evidence at issue here is not

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, of confusion of the

issues, or of misleading the trier of fact. See State v. Tekip, 5th Dist. Stark No. CA-

8765, 1992 WL 89976, *1 (Apr. 20, 1992); McLaughlin, 258 Mich.App. at 667.

Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by

admitting Bentz’s testimony regarding whether Bentz appreciated K.A.’s age.

       {¶133} Next, we turn to Bentz’s argument that the evidence became

retroactively irrelevant and unfairly prejudicial in the aftermath of the Supreme

Court of Ohio’s decision in Mole. 149 Ohio St. 3d 215, 2016-Ohio-5124. Here, we

are tasked with reviewing the relevancy of evidence properly admitted at the time

of trial—as we decided above—to determine whether that evidence became

irrelevant and unfairly prejudicial after trial as the result of action by the Supreme

Court of Ohio. To properly dispose of Bentz’s argument, based on the unique

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posture of this case, we liken the issue to a review of a motion for a new trial under

Crim.R. 33.

       {¶134} Crim.R. 33 provides a number of grounds under which a new trial

may be granted. The standard of review applied to a motion for a new trial under

Crim.R. 33 depends on the ground raised by a defendant. See State v. Johnson, 1st

Dist. Hamilton No. C-990482, 2000 WL 1714213, *6 (Nov. 17, 2000) (noting that,

depending on which ground is relied on, there are two standards of review

applicable to review motions for a new trial under Crim.R. 33). See also State v.

Oldaker, 4th Dist. Meigs No. 16CA3, 2017-Ohio-1201, ¶19, citing State v.

Campbell, 4th Dist. Adams No. 13CA969, 2014-Ohio-3860, ¶ 10, citing State v.

Ogle, 4th Dist. Hocking Nos. 11CA29, 11CA32, 12CA2, 12CA11, 12CA12, and

12CA19, 2013-Ohio-3420, ¶ 61-63, and Johnson at *6. “If the ruling on the motion

requires the exercise of discretion, e.g., what was done or not done, said or not said,

in the process of discovery, then a trial court will be reversed only upon a showing

of abuse of that discretion.” Johnson at *6. See also Campbell at ¶ 10, citing Ogle

at ¶ 61-63 (“although the abuse-of-discretion standard of review is generally used

in reviewing a trial court’s ruling denying a motion for new trial, it is inapplicable

when material, exculpatory evidence is withheld by the prosecution in a criminal

proceeding”). “Where the resolution of the issues within a motion for a new trial

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does not involve discretion, the trial court’s decision must be shown to be erroneous

as a matter of law.” Johnson at *6.

       {¶135} Under his retroactive argument, Bentz argues that, because the

Supreme Court of Ohio declared sexual battery in violation of R.C. 2907.03(A)(13)

unconstitutional after trial, evidence related to the elements of that crime “was

completely irrelevant in [sic] prejudicial” warranting him a new trial. (Appellant’s

Brief at 12). As such, the issue raised is akin to a violation of a defendant’s due-

process right to a fair trial—a purely legal issue. See State v. Moore, 3d Dist. Union

No. 14-08-43, 2009-Ohio-2106, ¶ 19 (“We review de novo a trial court’s resolution

of a new trial motion based upon an alleged Brady violation, inquiring whether the

defendant’s due process rights were preserved.”), citing State v. Gibson, 12th Dist.

Butler No. CA2007-08-187, 2008-Ohio-5932, ¶ 24 and State v. Carroll, 6th Dist.

Lucas No. L-05-1362, 2007-Ohio-5313, ¶ 57; Ogle at ¶ 61 (noting that the abuse-

of-discretion standard of review is not applicable to reviewing a defendant’s motion

for a new trial, which asserted that his due process right to a fair trial under the

Fourteenth Amendment was violated). That is, the issue raised by Bentz is an issue

that is similar to an issue that if it were raised in a motion for a new trial, its

resolution would not involve discretion. As such, we will review Bentz’s retroactive

argument de novo. See Oldaker at ¶ 21 (reviewing de novo the denial of Oldaker’s

motion for a new trial because it raised a question of law). See also State v. Pausch,

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10th Dist. Franklin No. 98AP-1096, 1999 WL 35352, *1 (Jan. 28, 1999) (reviewing

de novo legal errors intertwined with the appellate court’s review of the denial of

the defendant’s motion for a new trial). De novo review involves an independent

examination of the record. See State v. Fetter, 3d Dist. Auglaize No. 2-13-12, 2013-

Ohio-4640, ¶ 20, citing Twigg v. Trapp, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-05-44, 2006-Ohio-

3236, ¶ 5. See also State v. Hudson, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-12-38, 2013-Ohio-647,

¶ 27, citing Ohio Bell Tel. Co. v. Pub. Util. Comm. of Ohio, 64 Ohio St. 3d 145, 147

(1992).

       {¶136} Although Bentz raises an interesting argument regarding the

prejudicial nature of evidence related to a crime later deemed to be unconstitutional

by the Supreme Court of Ohio, Bentz’s argument necessarily fails based on the

specific facts and circumstances of this case. That is, based on the specific facts and

circumstances of this case, the Supreme Court of Ohio’s decision in Mole does not

automatically render evidence introduced at trial to prove the elements of R.C.

2907.03(A)(13) irrelevant and inadmissible warranting reversal of Bentz’s

convictions and a new trial ordered. See 149 Ohio St. 3d 215, 2016-Ohio-5124, at ¶

70. Based on our conclusion above, because that evidence was probative of whether

Bentz was guilty of the other crimes for which he was on trial, we cannot say that

the admission of evidence regarding Bentz’s appreciation of K.A.’s age prevented

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him from having a fair trial. See Lanci, 1980 WL 354390, at *7. In other words,

we cannot conclude that Bentz is entitled to a new trial.

       {¶137} Bentz’s second assignment of error is overruled.

                            Assignment of Error No. V

       The Trial Court Erred when it Convicted the Defendant of all
       charges except RC 4301.69(A) Despite the Ineffective Assistance
       of Counsel for the Defendant. [R. R.221 [sic] and 250 Transcript
       of Verdict Hearing Pages 5-8 Lines 10-05]

       {¶138} In his fifth assignment of error, Bentz argues that his trial counsel

was ineffective. In particular, he contends his trial counsel was ineffective for

failing to object to the State’s asking leading questions of K.A. during direct

examination.

       {¶139} A defendant asserting a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel

must establish: (1) the counsel’s performance was deficient or unreasonable under

the circumstances; and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced the defendant.

State v. Kole, 92 Ohio St. 3d 303, 306 (2001), citing Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984). In order to show counsel’s conduct was

deficient or unreasonable, the defendant must overcome the presumption that

counsel provided competent representation and must show that counsel’s actions

were not trial strategies prompted by reasonable professional judgment. Strickland

at 687. Counsel is entitled to a strong presumption that all decisions fall within the

wide range of reasonable professional assistance. State v. Sallie, 81 Ohio St. 3d 673,

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675 (1998). Tactical or strategic trial decisions, even if unsuccessful, do not

generally constitute ineffective assistance. State v. Carter, 72 Ohio St. 3d 545, 558

(1995). Rather, the errors complained of must amount to a substantial violation of

counsel’s essential duties to his client. See State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St. 3d 136,

141-42 (1989), quoting State v. Lytle, 48 Ohio St. 2d 391, 396 (1976), vacated in

part on other grounds, 438 U.S. 910, 98 S. Ct. 3135 (1978).

       {¶140} “Prejudice results when ‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for

counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been

different.’” State v. Liles, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-13-04, 2014-Ohio-259, ¶ 48, quoting

Bradley at 142, citing Strickland at 691. “‘A reasonable probability is a probability

sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.’” Id., quoting Bradley at 142

and citing Strickland at 694.

       {¶141} As we explained in Bentz’s second assignment of error, “this was a

bench trial, and in a criminal case, a presumption exists that the trial court considers

only the relevant, material, and competent evidence in arriving at its judgment

unless it affirmatively appears to the contrary.” State v. Alghaben, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 86044, 2005-Ohio-6490, ¶ 29, citing State v. Thomas, 97 Ohio St. 3d
309, 2002-Ohio-6624, ¶ 25. The Supreme Court of Ohio “has held that ‘it is within

the trial court’s discretion to allow leading questions on direct examination’ and that

trial counsel’s failure to object does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.”

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State v. Ocasio, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 15CA010773, 2016-Ohio-4686, ¶ 37, quoting

State v. Jackson, 92 Ohio St. 3d 436, 449 (2001), and citing State v. Kiley, 9th Dist.

Lorain No. 10CA009757, 2011-Ohio-1156, ¶ 4. Likewise, Evidence Rule 611(C),

which “provides that ‘[l]eading questions should not be used on the direct

examination of a witness except as may be necessary to develop his testimony,’”

“does not prohibit the use of leading questions.” (Emphasis added.) State v.

Stairhime, 3d Dist. Defiance No. 4-13-06, 2014-Ohio-1791, ¶ 46; Alghaben at ¶ 29.

“Finally, the Supreme Court of Ohio has recognized that declining to interrupt the

prosecutor’s argument with objections, or failing to object to certain evidence, is not

deficient performance, especially in a bench trial.” Alghaben at ¶ 29, citing State v.

Keene, 81 Ohio St. 3d 646, 668 (1998).

       {¶142} “Clearly, some witnesses testify better than others; in other words,

some will describe what happened with very little prompting by the prosecutor,

while others will require a little more effort.” Alghaben at ¶ 30. Similar to Alghaben,

Bentz’s defense counsel objected to the prosecutor’s use of leading questions, and

the trial court admonished the prosecutor to “watch [his] leading questions.” (Feb.

16-17, 2016 Tr., Vol. I, at 215). Compare Alghaben at ¶ 30. Based on our review

of the record, the leading questions of the prosecutor to which Bentz insists that his

trial counsel should have objected “were mostly eliciting routine or undisputed

facts.” State v. Howard, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23588, 2010-Ohio-5158, ¶ 65.

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As in Howard, “[t]o the extent that the questions reached into the area of disputed

or controversial facts, the information was already before the court.” Id. Similarly,

the “leading nature” of many of the prosecutor’s questions served to streamline the

questioning or to clarify K.A.’s testimony, and Bentz’s trial counsel acknowledged

that when he objected to the prosecutor’s leading questions. Id. (See also Feb. 16-

17, 2016 Tr., Vol. I, at 215). Because “the trial court can distinguish between what

a witness actually testifies to and what the state tries to get the witness to say even

when defense counsel failed to object,” we cannot conclude that Bentz was

prejudiced by the leading questions. Alghaben at ¶ 30. See also Howard at ¶ 65

(“this was a trial to the court, and the judge was certainly able to distinguish between

leading questions and sworn testimony”). In other words, we cannot say that the

result of Bentz’s trial would have been different. Therefore, Bentz’s trial counsel

was not ineffective for failing to object to the State’s asking leading questions of

K.A. during direct examination.

       {¶143} Bentz’s fifth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶144} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the

particulars assigned and argued in assignments of error two, four, and five, we

affirm the judgment of the trial court as to those matters. Having found error

prejudicial to the appellant herein in the particulars assigned and argued in

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assignments of error one and three, we reverse the judgment of the trial court as to

those matters and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                         Judgment Affirmed in Part,
                                                              Reversed in Part and
                                                                  Cause Remanded

ZIMMERMAN, J., concurs.

/jlr

SHAW, J. dissents in part and concurs in part.

       {¶145} I respectfully dissent as to the conclusion of the majority under the

Third Assignment of Error that the evidence of Kidnapping was insufficient because

Bentz did not attempt an immediate “flight” from the residence following the

commission of the rape and sexual battery. I concur in the disposition of all the other

Assignments of Error and in all other aspects of the majority decision.

       {¶146} The evidence establishes that Bentz forcibly placed or compelled the

victim to hide in the closet following his commission of the rape and sexual assault

for the express purpose of preventing her sister and her sister’s boyfriend from

discovering his sexual activity with the victim; thereby permitting every reasonable

inference by the trier of fact that he did so with the purpose to avoid apprehension

for those crimes. The Kidnapping statute requires only the restraining of another for

the purpose to facilitate flight after the sexual assaults. It is thus Bentz’ purpose at

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the time of placing the victim into the closet that is the proper measure for reviewing

the sufficiency of the evidence as to the elements of kidnapping. Whether Bentz

later chose to abandon that purpose or was subsequently compelled by intervening

circumstances to abandon that purpose is irrelevant.

       {¶147} I agree with the majority to the extent that a defendant’s immediate

flight from the scene after the act of restraining the victim could certainly be one of

several legitimate factors to be considered by the trier of fact in evaluating a

defendant’s purpose at the time the restraint was imposed. However, I do not believe

an immediate physical departure from the scene is the sole and conclusive measure

of the defendant’s purpose to flee at the time the restraint of the victim was imposed.

The majority appears to believe that it is.

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