Court Opinion

ID: 9403180
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-20 17:07:56.134376+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:05.289315
License: Public Domain

[Cite as McOmber v. Liebrecht, 2023-Ohio-2019.]

                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                         THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                             VAN WERT COUNTY

MICHAEL K. MCOMBER, ET AL.,

        PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS,                         CASE NO. 15-22-05

        v.

WESLEY M. LIEBRECHT, ET AL.,
                                                       OPINION
        DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES.

               Appeal from Van Wert County Common Pleas Court
                         Trial Court No. CV-20-08-068

                      Judgment Reversed and Cause Remanded

                            Date of Decision: June 20, 2023

APPEARANCES:

        Steven L. Diller for Appellants

        Matthew M. Mitchell for Appellees
Case No. 15-22-05

MILLER, P.J.

       {¶1} Plaintiffs-appellants, Michael McOmber and McOmber Land, LLC

(collectively the “McOmber Parties”), appeal the August 23, 2022 judgment of the

Van Wert County Court of Common Pleas granting the motion for summary

judgment of defendants-appellees, Wesley and Brooke Liebrecht. For the reasons

that follow, we reverse.

                                 I. Background

A. Factual History

       {¶2} Michael McOmber and Wesley Liebrecht first became acquainted

while the two worked together at the Eaton Corporation. In time, Wesley began

assisting McOmber with his grain farming operation, which McOmber conducted

under McOmber Land, LLC.

       {¶3} In 2009, Wesley approached McOmber with a written proposal to

jointly enter into a cattle production farm. McOmber and Wesley went back and

forth about the specifics of the proposed operation, but they eventually agreed to

move forward. Defendant-appellee, L & M Ag, LLC (“L & M”), was incorporated

as the business entity for the cattle farm. McOmber was the sole member of L &

M.

       {¶4} Beginning in 2009, numerous loans were taken out to finance

operations at the cattle farm. McOmber was the sole signatory on these loans. The

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Case No. 15-22-05

loans were used to purchase cattle, buy equipment for the farm, and build a livestock

barn, among other things. The barn itself was owned by McOmber personally but

was located on property owned by Wesley and his wife, Brooke Liebrecht.

        {¶5} In the years that followed, Wesley actively managed the cattle farm

while McOmber assumed a passive role. During this time, Wesley also engaged in

several other side ventures under various business entities, including defendants-

appellees, Slinger Trucking Services, LLC (“Slinger Trucking”) and Prairie Creek

Farms, LLC (“Prairie Creek”). Furthermore, Wesley organized another entity,

Cover Crop Seeders LLC, that utilized a sprayer that was purchased with a loan

taken out by McOmber. L & M held a 50 percent interest in Cover Crop Seeders

LLC.

        {¶6} By the end of 2015, following a particularly low-yield group of cattle,

L & M found itself in dire financial straits and the cattle farm ceased operations.

This left McOmber, the only signatory on all L & M’s debts, with significant

liabilities.

        {¶7} For reasons disputed by the parties, on July 7, 2017, Wesley and Brooke

signed a promissory note for $499,822.21 in favor of McOmber Land, LLC. In

connection with the promissory note, McOmber, Wesley, and Brooke executed a

“Memorandum of Understanding” that provided:

        Whereas Michael McOmber and Wesley Liebrecht have had various
        business ventures over the past several years, without the express

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Case No. 15-22-05

      benefit of written terms and conditions. This memorandum of
      understanding is prepared to identify the business ventures, status of
      any liability and refinance of the debt obligation.

      1. A note from Wesley and Brooke Liebrecht in the face amount of
      $499,822.21 payable to McOmber Land LLC entered into to establish
      a repayment plan for various debt owed by Liebrecht’s [sic] to
      McOmber Land LLC as identified on exhibit “A” attached hereto and
      incorporated by reference herein.

      2. A sprayer operated by Cover Crop Seeded [sic] LLC was
      purchased with financing in the sole name of Michael McOmber and
      his LLC with an approximate balance of $150,000.00. Wesley is in
      the process of refinancing this debt out of Michael’s name. Refinance
      is to be completed by July 31, 2017.

      3. A barn was constructed on land owned by Liebrecht’s [sic] with
      financing at Ag Credit. The approximate loan balance is $310,000.00.
      The loan is in the sole name of Michael McOmber and his LLC.
      Wesley is in the process of refinancing the debt out of Michael’s
      name. Refinance to be completed by July 31, 2017.

      4. If financing cannot be obtained or a bank commitment letter for
      financing, by the end of July 2017, the barn, equipment and sprayer
      will be sold and the difference between the note amount and the
      selling price will be added to the note referenced in number 1 above.

Wesley was not successful in refinancing any of the loans listed in the Memorandum

of Understanding.

      {¶8} On July 4, 2018, McOmber entered into a “Purchase Agreement” with

Bradley Liebrecht and Michael Liebrecht, Wesley’s brother and father. McOmber

agreed to sell the livestock barn and all associated equipment to Bradley Liebrecht

and Michael Liebrecht for $244,229.45. McOmber also agreed to sell them a New

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Holland tractor and associated attachments for $22,526.38.                                The Purchase

Agreement concluded with the following provision (the “Release Provision”):

         By signing this purchase agreement the seller [McOmber] agrees to
         release with the purchase of the items described above any and all
         claim [sic] associated with Wes and Brooke Liebrecht. Along with
         this agreement to [sic] seller agrees to sign a Release of Liability
         Agreement at or before the closing of this sale.

Wesley and Brooke were not parties to the Purchase Agreement.

    B. Procedural History

         {¶9} The McOmber Parties first filed a complaint against Wesley, Brooke,

and the defendant LLCs (i.e., L & M, Slinger Trucking, and Prairie Creek) on

August 7, 2020. An amended complaint was filed with leave of court on November

9, 2020. The McOmber Parties’ amended complaint set forth six causes of action:

(1) breach of fiduciary duty; (2) fraudulent inducement; (3) fraud; (4) judgment on

the promissory note; (5) conversion and theft; and (6) constructive trust.1 An answer

to the amended complaint was filed on December 14, 2020, on behalf of Wesley,

Brooke, Slinger Trucking, and Prairie Creek.2

         {¶10} On May 2, 2022, competing motions for summary judgment were

filed. McOmber Land, LLC filed a motion for partial summary judgment against

1
  We note that although denominated as a cause of action in the McOmber Parties’ amended complaint, “[a]
claim for a constructive trust is a remedy, not an independent cause of action.” Benkovits v. Bandi, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 109533, 2021-Ohio-1877, ¶ 24.
2
  Although Wesley, Brooke, and the defendant LLCs were all initially represented by the same counsel,
counsel withdrew from his representation of L & M the day after the amended complaint was filed. No
attorney entered an appearance as substitute counsel for L & M, and L & M never answered the amended
complaint.

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Case No. 15-22-05

Wesley and Brooke seeking judgment against Wesley and Brooke on the promissory

note. The motion was not filed on behalf of McOmber in his personal capacity.

       {¶11} Wesley and Brooke also filed a motion for summary judgment. Their

motion did not indicate that it was being filed on behalf of Slinger Trucking or

Prairie Creek. In their motion, Wesley and Brooke argued they were entitled to

summary judgment on all of the McOmber Parties’ claims. They asserted the

Release Provision was a global release and they were therefore totally relieved from

liability on each of the McOmber Parties’ claims. In the alternative, Wesley and

Brooke requested partial summary judgment on McOmber’s fraud, fraudulent

inducement, and breach of fiduciary duty claims, arguing there was no evidence to

support these claims.

       {¶12} In the following weeks, the parties exchanged responses to each

other’s motions for summary judgment. Notably, in response to Wesley and

Brooke’s argument that the Release Provision was a global release of all claims the

McOmber Parties might have against them, the McOmber Parties submitted an

affidavit from McOmber wherein he claimed:

       I understood the language of the Purchase Agreement * * * [as]
       releasing any and all claims associated with Wes and Brooke
       Liebrecht with respect to [the barn, tractor, and associated
       equipment], only. It had nothing to do with the Note balance and I
       informed Bradley Liebrecht of my position prior to the signing of the
       Purchase Agreement that I was refusing to release Wes and Brooke
       Liebrecht from the Note.

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Case No. 15-22-05

(Underlining sic.).

       {¶13} As support for McOmber’s understanding of the Release Provision,

McOmber’s affidavit incorporated a copy of an email Bradley sent to McOmber on

November 15, 2018.      In the email, Bradley indicated that he had drafted an

agreement for McOmber’s review (the “Proposed Agreement”). The Proposed

Agreement, an unexecuted copy of which was attached to Bradley’s email, provided

in relevant part:

       Consideration

       Michael McOmber and his heirs, executors, administrators, legal
       representatives or other associations releases [sic] and forever
       discharges [sic] Wesley and Brooke Liebrecht, their heirs, executors,
       administrators, legal representatives and assigns from all manner of
       actions, causes of action, accounts, claims and demands for or by
       reason of any damage, loss or injury to person and property which has
       been or may be sustained as a consequence of the claim details below.

       Details

       Any claims which occurred as a result of the participation in the
       operation of L & M Ag, LLC, Prairie Creek Farms and all other
       operations prior to this agreement.

       Full and Final Settlement

       For the above noted description and consideration, the parties to this
       Agreement further agree not to make claim or take proceedings
       against any other person which might claim contribution or indemnity
       under the provisions of any statute or otherwise.

       Terms

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Case No. 15-22-05

      It is declared that the terms of this settlement (Exhibit A) are fully
      understood; that Wesley and Brooke Liebrecht will make the
      scheduled payments described in Exhibit A in full by December 31 of
      each year to Michael McOmber or his trust. The initial down payment
      is to be made prior to January 1, 2019 and the repayment plan is to
      become effective January 1, 2019. The annual payments are to be
      determined to be the minimum and no penalties will be incurred for
      early payoff.

      This Agreement contains the entire agreement between the parties to
      this release and the terms of this release are contractual and not a mere
      recital.

(Boldface and underlining sic.). The Proposed Agreement featured signature lines

for McOmber and for Wesley. The “Exhibit A” attached to the Proposed Agreement

set forth a “Repayment Schedule” whereby Wesley and Brooke would pay

McOmber a total of $515,100, including interest, over a 22-year period.

      {¶14} In his affidavit, McOmber averred that he rejected the Proposed

Agreement because it did not allow for repayment of the entire balance of the

promissory note. McOmber stated that “no further negotiations continued and [he

has] never released Wesley Liebrecht and Brooke Liebrecht from the terms of the

Note nor * * * waived or release [sic] any other claims other than as to the sale of

the cattle barn and related equipment.”

      {¶15} For their part, Wesley and Brooke submitted an affidavit from Bradley

wherein he maintained that he “purchased the building and some equipment to settle

any debts Wesley or Brooke Liebrecht would have to Michael McComber [sic]” and

that he “would not have purchased the building if Michael McComber [sic] would

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Case No. 15-22-05

not have agreed to release * * * any and all claims arising from L & M Ag.” He

stated it was his “expectation Wesley and Brooke Liebrecht would be released from

liability” with the purchase of the livestock building.

       {¶16} Oral arguments on the motions for summary judgment were held on

August 11, 2022. On August 23, 2022, the trial court granted Wesley and Brooke’s

motion for summary judgment in its entirety and entered judgment in their favor on

all of the McOmber Parties’ claims. The trial court concluded that “[r]eading the

purchase agreement, it is a clear release of any and all claims with the Defendants

from the Plaintiff.” The trial court explained that “[t]he assertion of [McOmber’s]

affidavit that the release was not understood to be a complete release is an assertion

that cannot withstand a plain reading of the document.” The trial court did not

address Wesley and Brooke’s alternative arguments or consider McOmber Land,

LLC’s motion for partial summary judgment, finding these matters to have been

mooted.

                             II. Assignments of Error

       {¶17} On September 20, 2022, the McOmber Parties timely filed a notice of

appeal. They raise the following seven assignments of error for our review:

                            First Assignment of Error

       The trial court erred in granting summary judgment to the
       appellees as there were material facts in dispute and summary
       judgment should not have been entered as a matter of law.

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                        Second Assignment of Error

      The trial court erred by allowance of the appellees to submit the
      alleged global release that was not provided nor disclosed during
      discovery.

                         Third Assignment of Error

      The trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of
      the defendants L & M Ag, LLC, Slinger Trucking Services, LLC
      and Prairie Creek Farms, LLC as there was no motion for
      summary judgment filed by such defendants.

                        Fourth Assignment of Error

      The trial court erred in granting summary judgment against
      McOmber Land, LLC in favor of the appellees Wesley and
      Brooke Liebrecht based on the alleged global release as it was not
      a signatory to that document.

                         Fifth Assignment of Error

      The trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of
      defendants L & M, Ag, LLC, Slinger Trucking Services, LLC and
      Prairie Creek Farms, LLC as such entities were not named in the
      alleged global release.

                         Sixth Assignment of Error

      The trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of
      the appellees, Brooke and Wesley Liebrecht against the appellant,
      McOmber Land, LLC as there was no motion for summary
      judgment filed by the appellees against McOmber Land, LLC.

                        Seventh Assignment of Error

      The trial court erred as a matter of fact and law by denying
      plaintiff-appellant, McOmber Land, LLC’s partial motion for
      summary judgment upon the promissory note against Wesley
      Liebrecht and Brooke Liebrecht.

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To the extent that we consider the McOmber Parties’ assignments of error, we do

so out of order, beginning with their second assignment of error.

                                  III. Discussion

A. Second Assignment of Error: Did the court err by letting Wesley and
Brooke use the Purchase Agreement to support their summary judgment
motion?

      {¶18} In their second assignment of error, the McOmber Parties argue that

the trial court should not have relied on the Purchase Agreement to grant Wesley

and Brooke’s motion for summary judgment because it was not timely provided

during discovery. The McOmber Parties maintain that the Purchase Agreement

“was never raised by [Wesley and Brooke] from the inception of this case,

throughout the course of discovery and never raised by [Wesley and Brooke] as a

defense in their depositions.” They argue that Wesley and Brooke’s use of the

Purchase Agreement was prejudicial because, due to the tardy disclosure of the

document, they were unable to depose Bradley Liebrecht or Michael Liebrecht

about the Purchase Agreement and they were denied an opportunity to reopen

Wesley and Brooke’s depositions.

      {¶19} However, the record and the McOmber Parties’ own admissions

undermine the McOmber Parties’ claims. In January 2022, the trial court set a

discovery cut-off date of April 19, 2022, and a summary-judgment cut-off date of

May 2, 2022. The McOmber Parties concede that Wesley and Brooke provided

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them with a copy of the Purchase Agreement on April 11, 2022, eight days before

discovery closed. The McOmber Parties did not then issue notices of deposition to

Bradley Liebrecht or Michael Liebrecht. Nor did they move to reopen Wesley and

Brooke’s depositions or petition the trial court to extend the discovery or summary-

judgment cut-off dates.     Instead, the McOmber Parties operated within the

timeframes set by the trial court, with McOmber Land, LLC’s motion for partial

summary judgment being filed on the May 2, 2022 deadline. Finally, it is hard to

paint the McOmber Parties as the victims of an unfair surprise given that McOmber

was, indisputably, a signatory to the Purchase Agreement. Accordingly, because

the McOmber Parties knew, or should have known, about the existence of the

Purchase Agreement and considering they did nothing to mitigate the prejudice

supposedly caused by the late disclosure, we conclude the trial court did not err by

allowing Wesley and Brooke to support their motion for summary judgment with

the Purchase Agreement.

       {¶20} The McOmber Parties’ second assignment of error is overruled.

B. First Assignment of Error: Did the trial court err by awarding summary
judgment to Wesley and Brooke based on the purported global release?

       {¶21} In their first assignment of error, the McOmber Parties argue that the

trial court erred by granting Wesley and Brooke’s motion for summary judgment.

They contend that the trial court erred by disregarding extrinsic evidence of the

parties’ understanding of the Release Provision and that when such evidence is

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properly considered, there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the

Release Provision was a global release.

i. Summary-Judgment Standard of Review

       {¶22} We review a decision to grant summary judgment de novo. Doe v.

Shaffer, 90 Ohio St.3d 388, 390 (2000). “De novo review is independent and

without deference to the trial court’s determination.” ISHA, Inc. v. Risser, 3d Dist.

Allen No. 1-12-47, 2013-Ohio-2149, ¶ 25.

       {¶23} Summary judgment is proper where there is no genuine issue of

material fact, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and

reasonable minds can reach but one conclusion when viewing the evidence in favor

of the non-moving party, and the conclusion is adverse to the non-moving party.

Civ.R. 56(C); State ex rel. Cassels v. Dayton City School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 69 Ohio

St.3d 217, 219 (1994). Material facts are those facts “‘that might affect the outcome

of the suit under the governing law.’” Turner v. Turner, 67 Ohio St.3d 337, 340

(1993), quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505

(1986). “Whether a genuine issue exists is answered by the following inquiry: Does

the evidence present ‘a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury’ or

is it ‘so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law[?]’” Id., quoting

Anderson at 251-252.

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        {¶24} “The party moving for summary judgment has the initial burden of

producing some evidence which demonstrates the lack of a genuine issue of material

fact.” Carnes v. Siferd, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-10-88, 2011-Ohio-4467, ¶ 13, citing

Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 292 (1996). “In doing so, the moving party is

not required to produce any affirmative evidence, but must identify those portions

of the record which affirmatively support his argument.” Id., citing Dresher at 292.

“The nonmoving party must then rebut with specific facts showing the existence of

a genuine triable issue; he may not rest on the mere allegations or denials of his

pleadings.” Id., citing Dresher at 292 and Civ.R. 56(E).

ii. General Principles of Contract Interpretation

        {¶25} “[T]he construction and interpretation of contracts are matters of law

subject to a de novo standard of review.” Thiel’s Wheels, Inc. v. State Route 30,

Ltd., 3d Dist. Wyandot No. 16-21-06, 2022-Ohio-2093, ¶ 11.

        {¶26} As the Supreme Court of Ohio has explained:

        When confronted with an issue of contract interpretation, our role is
        to give effect to the intent of the parties. We will examine the contract
        as a whole and presume that the intent of the parties is reflected in the
        language of the contract. In addition, we will look to the plain and
        ordinary meaning of the language used in the contract unless another
        meaning is clearly apparent from the contents of the agreement. When
        the language of a written contract is clear, a court may look no further
        than the writing itself to find the intent of the parties.

Sunoco, Inc. (R & M) v. Toledo Edison Co., 129 Ohio St.3d 397, 2011-Ohio-2720,

¶ 37.

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       {¶27} “Contract language is ambiguous only where its meaning cannot be

determined from the four corners of the contract or where the language is susceptible

to two or more conflicting, but reasonable, interpretations.” McGonagle v. Somerset

Gas Transm. Co., L.L.C., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-156, 2011-Ohio-5768, ¶ 12.

“As a matter of law, a contract is unambiguous if it can be given a definite legal

meaning.” Westfield Ins. Co. v. Galatis, 100 Ohio St.3d 216, 2003-Ohio-5849, ¶

11. “The determination whether a contract is ambiguous is a question of law.”

Bryan Publishing Co. v. Kuser, 3d Dist. Henry No. 7-07-17, 2008-Ohio-2610, ¶ 17.

       {¶28} “A court will only consider extrinsic evidence in an effort to give

effect to the parties’ intentions if the language of a contract is ambiguous.”

McGonagle at ¶ 12. Where a contract is determined to be ambiguous, the ambiguity

may be resolved by resort to extrinsic evidence such as “‘(1) the circumstances

surrounding the parties at the time the contract was made, (2) the objectives the

parties intended to accomplish by entering into the contract, and (3) any acts by the

parties that demonstrate the construction they gave to their agreement.’” Lutz v.

Chesapeake Appalachia, L.L.C., 148 Ohio St.3d 524, 2016-Ohio-7549, ¶ 9, quoting

United States Fid. & Guar. Co. v. St. Elizabeth Med. Ctr., 129 Ohio App.3d 45, 56

(2d Dist.1998).

       {¶29} Although the question of contractual ambiguity is a matter of law for

the court, “‘[t]he meaning of the words in an ambiguous contract [is] a question of

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fact.’” Campbell v. 1 Spring, L.L.C., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 19AP-368, 2020-Ohio-

3190, ¶ 9, quoting Atelier Dist., L.L.C. v. Parking Co. of Am., Inc., 10th Dist.

Franklin No. 07AP-87, 2007-Ohio-7138, ¶ 17. Consequently, courts ordinarily

should not grant summary judgment when contractual language is ambiguous

because it is the role of the trier of fact to resolve the ambiguity. Ma v. Cincinnati

Children’s Hosp. Med. Ctr., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-180610, 2020-Ohio-1471, ¶

18; Wolf v. Miller Diversified Consulting, L.L.C., 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-07-049,

2008-Ohio-1233, ¶ 24.

iii. The Parol Evidence Rule

       {¶30} In addition to the well-established principle that extrinsic evidence has

no relevance to the interpretation of an unambiguous contract, another equally

venerable rule of law—the parol evidence rule—also generally bars the introduction

of such evidence. “The parol evidence rule states that ‘absent fraud, mistake or

other invalidating cause, the parties’ final written integration of their agreement may

not be varied, contradicted or supplemented by evidence of prior or

contemporaneous oral agreements, or prior written agreements.’”            Galmish v.

Cicchini, 90 Ohio St.3d 22, 27 (2000), quoting 11 Williston on Contracts, Section

33:4, at 569-570 (4th Ed.1999). “The parol evidence rule is a rule of substantive

law that excludes extrinsic evidence to prove the content of an agreement.”

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Cronkelton v. Guaranteed Constr. Servs., 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-12-01, 2013-Ohio-

328, ¶ 9. It serves to “protect[] the integrity of final, written agreements.” Id.

       {¶31} The parol evidence rule “‘comes into operation when there is a single

and final memorial of the understanding of the parties.’” Galmish at 27, quoting In

re Gaines’ Estate, 15 Cal.2d 255, 264-265 (Cal.1940). That is, “[t]he parol evidence

rule applies, in the first instance, only to integrated writings * * *.” Id. at 28. “An

‘integration’ for purposes of the parol evidence rule ‘is “[t]he full expression of the

parties’ agreement, so that all earlier agreements are superseded * * *.”’” PNC

Bank, N.A. v. Springboro Med. Arts, Inc., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26408, 2015-

Ohio-3386, ¶ 19, quoting Williams v. Spitzer Autoworld Canton, L.L.C., 122 Ohio

St.3d 546, 2009-Ohio-3554, ¶ 28 (Cupp, J., concurring), quoting Black’s Law

Dictionary 880 (9th Ed.2009).        On the other hand, “[a] contract is partially

integrated if the parties adopt it as a final expression of only one portion of a larger

agreement, making the contract incomplete.” McGonagle, 2011-Ohio-5768, at ¶

19.   Where an integration is only partial, “‘“[p]arol (extrinsic) evidence is

admissible to clear up ambiguities with respect to the terms that are not

integrated.”’” PNC Bank at ¶ 19, quoting Williams at ¶ 28 (Cupp, J., concurring),

quoting Black’s at 880. Extrinsic evidence may only be introduced to “supplement,

but not vary or contradict, the written terms of a partially integrated contract.”

McGonagle at ¶ 19.

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iv. Because there is an issue of material fact whether the Release Provision was
a global release, the trial court erred by granting summary judgment.

       {¶32} In awarding summary judgment to Wesley and Brooke, the trial court

determined that the language of the Release Provision was unambiguous and that it

evinced an intention on the part of McOmber to completely release Wesley and

Brooke from liability for any claim the McOmber Parties might have against them.

To be sure, the first sentence of the Release Provision used sweeping language (i.e.,

“any and all claim [sic] associated with Wes and Brooke Liebrecht”), and in other

cases, courts have read similar language as unequivocally relieving the released

party from liability for any claim held by the releasing party. See, e.g., Richland

Auto Group, Inc. v. Fifth Third Bank, 5th Dist. Richland No. 11CA77, 2012-Ohio-

3060, ¶ 6 and 21; Dennewitz v. AIU Ins. Co., 4th Dist. Ross No. 03CA2748, 2004-

Ohio-2567, ¶ 9-10. However, the first sentence of the Release Provision must be

read in conjunction with all the other language contained in the Purchase

Agreement, particularly the second sentence of the Release Provision, wherein the

parties stated, “Along with this agreement to [sic] seller agrees to sign a Release of

Liability Agreement at or before the closing of this sale.” When read together, the

first sentence of the Release Provision can hardly be described as an unambiguous

release of any and all claims the McOmber Parties might have against Wesley and

Brooke.

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       {¶33} While the first sentence of the Release Provision might, in isolation,

be understood as effectuating a complete global release, the second sentence of the

Release Provision makes this reading doubtful. The second sentence of the Release

Provision indicated that McOmber was to sign an additional release of liability

agreement—the terms of which were not specified or summarized anywhere in the

Purchase Agreement. It begs the question why a separate release agreement was

necessary if, through the first sentence of the Release Provision, McOmber released

all the claims he and his business might have against Wesley and Brooke. Although

the first sentence of the Release Provision establishes that McOmber released

something by signing the Purchase Agreement, the second sentence obscures, rather

than clarifies, the scope of that release. Thus, it is impossible to give the Release

Provision definite legal meaning from the language of the Purchase Agreement

alone, and accordingly, the Release Provision is ambiguous.

       {¶34} Additionally, the second sentence of the Release Provision indicates

that the Release Provision was not the final expression of the parties’ (i.e.,

McOmber, Bradley Liebrecht, and Michael Liebrecht) agreement with regard to

McOmber’s release of liability. In the second sentence, the parties contemplated

that a separate agreement would need to be executed in order to fully achieve their

intentions with respect to McOmber’s release of liability. Thus, at least as to this

issue, it cannot be said that the Purchase Agreement contains the entirety of the

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parties’ agreement. Accordingly, the Purchase Agreement is facially incomplete,

meaning that the Purchase Agreement is only partially integrated. For this reason,

and because the Release Provision is otherwise ambiguous, it is necessary to turn to

extrinsic evidence to determine what the parties intended when they assented to the

language contained in the Release Provision.

       {¶35} Turning to the extrinsic evidence submitted in support of and in

opposition to Wesley and Brooke’s motion for summary judgment, and viewing this

evidence in a light most favorable to the McOmber Parties, we conclude that a

genuine issue of material fact exists concerning the scope of the release embodied

in the Release Provision. In his affidavit, Bradley maintained that he understood

the Release Provision to be a global release and that he would not have purchased

the livestock barn from McOmber if he did not believe that McOmber was

completely releasing all claims he had against Wesley and Brooke. By contrast, in

his affidavit, McOmber averred that he understood the Release Provision as

releasing only those claims against Wesley and Brooke connected to the livestock

barn, tractor, and associated equipment and that he specifically told Bradley that he

was not forgoing his rights under the promissory note. This latter averment is

particularly important as it indicates Bradley might have had actual notice that

McOmber executed the Purchase Agreement understanding the Release Provision

to be something other than a global release. See Ma, 2020-Ohio-1471, at ¶ 18

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(“Normally, a party * * * need[s] to convey [his] gloss on an ambiguous term to the

counterparty for that to be probative * * *.”).

       {¶36} Furthermore, McOmber insisted in his affidavit that he never agreed

to release Wesley and Brooke from claims other than those related to the livestock

barn, tractor, and related equipment. The Proposed Agreement—the very existence

of which is inconsistent with the assertion that the Release Provision was intended

to be a global release and with Bradley’s claim that he understood the Release

Provision to operate as a global release—lends some additional support to

McOmber’s claim. Insofar as the Proposed Agreement was not executed, it cannot

modify or add to the contractual rights or obligations created under the Purchase

Agreement. However, the Proposed Agreement—both by the fact of its existence

and the content of its provisions—is probative of the parties’ intentions and

understandings concerning the scope of the Release Provision and might supply

needed clarification in this regard.

       {¶37} Therefore, construing the available extrinsic evidence in a light most

favorable to the McOmber Parties, there is a genuine issue of material fact whether

the Release Provision was intended to operate as a complete release or whether a

more limited release was intended. Ascertaining the parties’ intent under these

circumstances is a matter for the trier of fact in this case, and accordingly, we

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conclude that the trial court erred by granting Wesley and Brooke’s motion for

summary judgment.

       {¶38} The McOmber Parties’ first assignment of error is sustained.

C. The Remaining Assignments of Error

       {¶39} In light of our conclusion that the trial court erred by granting Wesley

and Brooke’s motion for summary judgment in its entirety, it is no longer of

consequence whether the trial court might have erred by granting summary

judgment in favor of parties who did not formally file a motion for summary

judgment (i.e., L & M, Slinger Trucking, and Prairie Creek). Nor does it matter

whether the trial court might have erred by entering judgment against McOmber

Land, LLC and in favor of L & M, Slinger Trucking, and Prairie Creek even though

those parties were not mentioned in the Purchase Agreement and did not sign it.

Therefore, the issues presented in the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth assignments of

error are no longer live, and these assignments of error are moot. See App.R.

12(A)(1)(c).

       {¶40} In the seventh assignment of error, McOmber Land, LLC argues that

the trial court erred by failing to grant its motion for partial summary judgment and

that this court ought to enter judgment against Wesley and Brooke on the promissory

note. Irrespective of our opinion of the merits of McOmber Land, LLC’s motion

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for partial summary judgment, we decline to consider its arguments further or to

afford the relief requested.

       {¶41} When the trial court granted Wesley and Brooke’s motion for

summary judgment, it found that all remaining matters in the case were moot. This

included Wesley and Brooke’s alternative argument for partial summary judgment

(i.e., that there was no evidence to support McOmber’s fraud, fraudulent

inducement, and breach of fiduciary duty claims) as well as McOmber Land, LLC’s

motion for partial summary judgment. Consequently, these went unaddressed by

the trial court in the first instance.

       {¶42} “[I]ssues raised in summary judgment motions, but not considered by

the trial court[,] will not be decided by [the appellate court] in the first instance.”

McFarland v. Niekamp, Weisensell, Mutersbaugh & Mastrantonio, LLP, 9th Dist.

Summit No. 28462, 2017-Ohio-8394, ¶ 31; see Alcus v. Bainbridge Twp., 11th Dist.

Geauga No. 2019-G-0206, 2020-Ohio-626, ¶ 30 (“Where the trial court does not

rule on a summary judgment argument because it finds it moot, it is not proper for

the appellate court in the first instance to address the argument.”). “To consider

summary judgment arguments in the first instance on appeal ‘effectively depriv[es]

the non-prevailing party of appellate review.’”        McFarland at ¶ 38, quoting

Guappone v. Enviro-Cote, Inc., 9th Dist. Summit No. 24718, 2009-Ohio-5540, ¶

13. Although we review a trial court’s summary-judgment decision de novo, we are

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ultimately “a court of review, not of first view.” Cutter v. Wilkinson, 544 U.S. 709,

718, 125 S.Ct. 2113 (2005), fn. 7. Therefore, all the issues the trial court found to

be moot in light of its summary-judgment decision must first be assessed and

decided by the trial court.

                                  IV. Conclusion

       {¶43} For the foregoing reasons, the McOmber Parties’ first assignment of

error is sustained. Having found error prejudicial to the appellants herein in the

particulars assigned and argued, we reverse the judgment of the Van Wert County

Court of Common Pleas and remand for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

                                                           Judgment Reversed and
                                                                Cause Remanded

WALDICK and ZIMMERMAN, J.J., concur.

/jlr

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