Court Opinion

ID: 816090
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-01-26 01:01:20.554298+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:54:45.896293
License: Public Domain

Slip Op. 13- 2

               UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

 GPX INTERNATIONAL TIRE
 CORPORATION and HEBEI STARBRIGHT
 TIRE CO., LTD.,

                       Plaintiffs,                  Before: Jane A. Restani, Judge

 TIANJIN UNITED TIRE & RUBBER
 INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD.,                           Court No. 08-00285

                       Consolidated Plaintiff,      Public Version

               v.

 UNITED STATES,

                       Defendant,

               and

 BRIDGESTONE AMERICAS, INC.,
 BRIDGESTONE AMERICAS TIRE
 OPERATIONS, LLC, TITAN TIRE
 CORPORATION, and UNITED STEEL,
 PAPER AND FORESTRY, RUBBER,
 MANUFACTURING, ENERGY, ALLIED
 INDUSTRIAL AND SERVICE WORKERS
 INTERNATIONAL UNION, AFL-CIO-CLC,

                       Intervenor Defendants.

[Plaintiffs’ and Consolidated Plaintiff’s motions for judgment on the agency record challenging
the constitutionality of Public Law 112-99 are denied. Plaintiffs’ and Consolidated Plaintiff’s
motions for judgment on the agency record as to certain CVD issues are granted in part and
denied in part. Intervenor Defendants’ motions for judgment on the agency record are granted in
part and denied in part.]

                                     OPINION AND ORDER

                                                                  Dated: January 7, 2013
Court No. 08-00285                                                                        Page 2

       On Constitutional Issues:

        James P. Durling and Matthew P. McCullough, Curtis Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle
LLP, of Washington, DC, argued for the Plaintiffs GPX International Tire Corporation and Hebei
Starbright Tire Co., Ltd. With them on the brief were William H. Barringer, Daniel L. Porter,
and Ross E. Bidlingmaier,

        Mark B. Lehnardt, Lehnardt & Lehnardt, LLC, of Liberty, MO, argued for Consolidated
Plaintiff Tianjin United Tire & Rubber International Co., Ltd.

       Alexander V. Sverdlov, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division,
U.S. Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, argued for the Defendant. With him on the brief
were Stuart F. Delery, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, Franklin
E. White, Jr., Assistant Director, and L. Misha Preheim, Trial Attorney. Of counsel on the brief
were John D. McInerney, Chief Counsel for Import Administration, Daniel J. Calhoun, Attorney,
and Devin S. Sikes, Attorney, U.S. Department of Commerce, of Washington, DC.

        Wesley K. Caine, Stewart and Stewart, of Washington, DC, argued for the Intervenor
Defendants Titan Tire Corporation and United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing,
Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union, AFL-CIO-CLC. With him
on the brief were Terence P. Stewart and Elizabeth J. Drake

       Joseph W. Dorn and J. Michael Taylor, King & Spalding, LLP, of Washington, DC, for
Intervenor Defendants Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations, LLC and Bridgestone Americas,
Inc.

       On CVD Issues:

        William H. Barringer, Daniel L. Porter, James P. Durling, Matthew P. McCullough, and
Ross Bidlingmaier, Winston & Strawn LLP, of Washington, DC, for the Plaintiffs GPX
International Tire Corporation and Hebei Starbright Tire Co., Ltd.

       Philippe M. Bruno and Rosa S. Jeong, Greenberg Traurig, LLP, of Washington, DC, for
Consolidated Plaintiff Tianjin United Tire & Rubber International Co., Ltd. on the motion for
judgment on the agency record. Francis J. Sailer and Andrew T. Schutz, Grunfeld, Desiderio,
Lebowitz, Silverman & Klestadt LLP, of Washington, DC, for Consolidated Plaintiff Tianjin
United Tire & Rubber International Co., Ltd. on the remand comments.

       John J. Todor, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S.
Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, for the Defendant. With him on the brief were Tony
West, Assistant Attorney General Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, Franklin E. White, Jr., Assistant
Director. Of counsel on the brief were Ahran K. McCloskey and Matthew D. Walden Attorneys,
Office of the Chief Counsel for Import Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, of
Court No. 08-00285                                                                          Page 3

Washington, DC.

       Terence P. Stewart, Wesley K. Caine, Geert M. De Prest, and Elizabeth J. Drake, Stewart
and Stewart, of Washington, DC, for the Intervenor Defendants Titan Tire Corporation and
United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service
Workers International Union, AFL-CIO-CLC.

       Joseph W. Dorn, J. Michael Taylor, and Christopher T. Cloutier, King & Spalding, LLP,
of Washington, DC, for Intervenor Defendants Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations, LLC and
Bridgestone Americas, Inc.

RESTANI, Judge:

               This action challenges the Department of Commerce’s (“Commerce”) final

determination in a countervailing duty (“CVD”) investigation of certain pneumatic off-the-road

(“OTR”) tires from the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”). See Certain Pneumatic Off-the-

Road Tires from the People’s Republic of China, 72 Fed. Reg. 44,122 (Dep’t Commerce Aug. 7,

2007) (initiation of CVD investigation); Certain New Pneumatic Off-the-Road Tires from the

People’s Republic of China, 73 Fed. Reg. 40,480 (Dep’t Commerce July 15, 2008) (“Final

Determination”); see also Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Affirmative

Countervailing Duty Determination: Certain New Pneumatic Off-the-Road Tires (OTR Tires)

from the People’s Republic of China, C-570-913, POI: 1/01/06–12/30/06 (July 7, 2008),

available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/prc/E8-16154-1.pdf (last visited Dec. 21, 2012) (“I

& D Memo”).1 GPX International Tire Corporation (“GPX”), Hebei Starbright Tire Co., Ltd.

1
  This challenge was consolidated with a related challenge to a concurrent anti-dumping (“AD”)
investigation of the same products from the PRC. Order of January 20, 2009, Docket No. 161;
see Certain Pneumatic Off-the-Road Tires from the People’s Republic of China, 72 Fed. Reg.
43,591 (Dep’t Commerce Aug. 6, 2007) (initiation of AD investigation). Because all of the
issues regarding the AD case were previously decided by the court, this decision will address
                                                                                    (continued...)
Court No. 08-00285                                                                           Page 4

(“Starbright”)2 and Tianjin United Tire & Rubber International Co. Ltd. (“TUTRIC”)

(collectively “Plaintiffs”) challenge various aspects of the Final Determination and the Final

Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Remand (Apr. 26, 2010), available at

http://ia.ita.doc.gov/remands/09-103.pdf (last visited Dec. 21, 2012) (“First Remand”). They

also challenge the constitutionality of a new law passed during the course of this litigation. See

Pub. L. No. 112-99, 126 Stat. 265–66 (2012) (the “New Law”) (The New Law is attached as an

appendix to this opinion.). Defendant as well as Titan Tire Corporation and United Steel, Paper

and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers

International Union, AFL-CIO-CLC (collectively “Titan”) and Bridgestone Americas, Inc. and

Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations, LLC (collectively “Bridgestone”) oppose the Plaintiffs’

claims, and Titan and Bridgestone have filed their own challenges to the Final Determination.3

For the reasons set forth below, the court finds that the New Law is constitutional but remands to

Commerce to re-analyze whether countervailable subsidies were extinguished and, if not, to

explain or reconsider its calculation of the resulting CVD rates.

                                        BACKGROUND

               The court assumes general familiarity with the long procedural history of this case

1
 (...continued)
only the constitutional issues remanded by the Federal Circuit and the outstanding challenges in
the CVD case. See GPX Int’l Tire Corp. v. United States, 715 F. Supp. 2d 1337 (CIT 2010).
2
  Starbright is a fully-owned subsidiary of GPX. Resp’t Pl.’s App. – Confidential (“GPX App.”)
Tab 12, Ex. B at 2. At times throughout this opinion, the names of the two companies are used
interchangeably where a distinction is unimportant.
3
 Bridgestone filed a memorandum in support of its motion for judgment on the agency record
which adopted the arguments put forward by Titan. See Bridgestone’s Br. in Supp. of Mot. for J.
on the Agency R. on Countervailing Issues.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                          Page 5

that was first filed in 2008. For ease of understanding, however, a summary is provided below.

               Plaintiffs first filed this case in 2008, challenging Commerce’s Final

Determination. The investigation into Plaintiffs’ product was one of the first cases in which

Commerce imposed CVDs on products from the PRC after determining that it was possible to

identify and measure subsidies in China. Commerce altered its previous practice, in which it did

not apply CVD in non-market economies (“NME”), relying instead in those cases on its NME

AD methodology to remedy unfair trade practices.4 Commerce based its change in policy on the

evolution of China’s economy from a centrally-controlled monolithic economy towards a market

economy. This court initially determined that Commerce’s imposition of CVDs was based on an

unreasonable interpretation of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, unless Commerce developed a

methodology to ensure that goods covered by concurrent AD and CVD orders would not be

subject to overlapping remedies. GPX Int’l Tire Corp. v. United States, 645 F. Supp. 2d 1231,

1251 (CIT 2009) (“GPX II”).5 Upon remand, Commerce informed the court that it did not have a

method for identifying any overlapping remedies, and therefore, it decided under protest to offset

AD rates by the calculated CVD rates. GPX Int’l Tire Corp v. United States, 715 F. Supp. 2d

1337, 1345 (CIT 2010) (“GPX III”). Because this was contrary to law and rendered the CVD

investigation and resulting duties meaningless, the court ordered Commerce to forgo the

4
  Prior to November 2006, Commerce had taken the position that subsidies were not sufficiently
identifiable in a centrally-controlled economy to permit the imposition of CVDs. See generally
Georgetown Steel Corp. v. United States, 801 F.2d 1308 (Fed. Cir. 1986). This position with
respect to NME’s was upheld, at a minimum, as a reasonable interpretation of the CVD statute
by the Federal Circuit. Id.
5
 The court follows the naming conventions used by the parties in identifying the previous
decisions in this case.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                            Page 6

imposition of CVDs in this case. Id. at 1354. Under protest again, Commerce complied, and this

court issued final judgment sustaining that determination. GPX Int’l Tire Corp. v. United States,

Slip Op. 10-112, 2010 WL 3835022 (CIT Oct. 1, 2010) (“GPX IV”).

                 On appeal, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“CAFC”) initially

affirmed the decision of this court, although upon different grounds. GPX Int’l Tire Corp. v.

United States, 666 F.3d 732, 745 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (“GPX V”). In its opinion, the CAFC

determined that the CVD statute unambiguously prohibited Commerce from imposing CVDs on

goods from China, finding that Congress had ratified Commerce’s prior practice when amending

the Tariff Act. Id.

                 After the panel opinion was filed in the CAFC but before the court’s mandate was

issued, the Secretary of Commerce and U.S. Trade Representative sent urgent letters to Congress

seeking an amendment of the law to reverse the decision of the CAFC. See Letter from Secretary

of Commerce John Bryson and U.S. Trade Representative Ron Kirk, Jan. 18, 2012, attached to

Resp. of Titan Tire Corp. and the United Steelworkers Union, Qua Def-Intvnrs., to the Rule 56.2

Mots. of GPX, Starbright, and TUTRIC, Qua Pls. Asserting Constitutional Claims in Accord.

with this Hon. Ct.’s Order of July 3, 2012 (“Titan Br.”). While a petition for rehearing en banc

was pending, Congress enacted the New Law. The law was adopted after limited debate on the

House floor and without any comment in the Senate. See 158 Cong. Rec. H1166–73 (daily ed.

Mar. 6, 2012).

                 The New Law contains two sections. Section 1 amends the Tariff Act of 1930 to

require Commerce to impose CVDs on identified subsidies from NMEs. New Law, 126 Stat.

265–66. The section does provide an exception to this requirement when “the administering
Court No. 08-00285                                                                               Page 7

authority is unable to identify and measure subsidies provided by the government of the

nonmarket economy country or a public entity within the territory of the nonmarket economy

country because the economy of that country is essentially comprised of a single entity.” Id.

Section 2 “requires” Commerce to account for potential overlapping remedies by reducing the

AD rate to the extent that Commerce is able to reasonably estimate the amount that the

countervailable subsidy has increased the “normal value” used in the NME AD methodology.6

Id. Although the Section 2 of the statute applied only prospectively as of March 13, 2012,

Congress made Section 1 effective beginning November 20, 2006.7 Id.

               The CAFC requested additional briefing on the impact of the new law. GPX Int’l

Tire Corp. v. United States, 678 F.3d 1308, 1311 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (“GPX VI”). In opposing

rehearing, Plaintiffs raised issues regarding the constitutionality of the New Law, focusing

primarily on the different effective dates of the two sections of the statute. Id. at 1312–13.

Because the constitutional issues were raised for the first time in the petition for rehearing, the

CAFC agreed with the government that it should remand the case to this court to evaluate the

claims in the first instance. Id. Accordingly, the CAFC vacated the previous judgment of this

court and remanded. CAFC Mandate of June 4, 2012, Docket No. 353.

6
 The normal value used in NME countries as the home market price compared to the price in the
United States is derived from prices in a surrogate market country. 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c).
7
  Although the legislative history does not explain why this particular date was chosen, the
government contends that it was chosen because it is the initiation date of the first investigation
that sought to impose CVDs on goods from China. Def.’s Resp. to Pls’. Supp. Brs. Regarding
the Constitutionality of the New Legislation 2 n.1 (“Def.’s Br.”) (citing Coated Free Sheet Paper
from the People’s Republic of China, Indonesia, and the Republic of Korea, 71 Fed. Reg. 68,546
(Dep’t Commerce Nov. 27, 2006) (initiation notice)). Of course, decisions resolved at the
highest court possible may not be upset. See Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc., 514 U.S. 211, 227
(1995). That would seem to cover most cases resolved before the effective date for Section 1.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                               Page 8

               On remand from the CAFC, GPX claims that the New Law is unconstitutional for

three reasons. See Resp’t Pls.’ Supplemental Mem. of Points and Auths. in Supp. of their Mot.

for J. on the Agency R. 2 (“GPX Br.”).8 GPX argues that the law violates the Ex Post Facto

Clause of the Constitution, as well as due process and equal protection rights of the Fifth

Amendment. Id. TUTRIC argues only that the law violates equal protection. See Br. on

Constitutional Issues of Co-Pl. Tianjin United Tire & Rubber Int’l Co., Ltd. 1 (“TUTRIC Br.”).

The government contends first that the law is not retrospective because it merely clarified

existing law that both this court and the CAFC misinterpreted. See Def.’s Br. 3–4. Additionally,

Defendant argues that even if the law is retrospective, it does not violate any of Plaintiffs’

constitutional rights. Id. at 12. Intervenor Defendant Titan largely reiterates the arguments of the

government in support of the constitutionality of the legislation, while Bridgestone did not file

additional briefs on the constitutional issues. See Titan Br. 8–29. The parties further disagree on

the issue of severability should Section 1 of the law be found unconstitutional.

               Because the court upholds the constitutionality of the New Law, it will also return

to the remaining CVD issues raised by the parties in the initial rounds of briefing in this matter.

The parties certified that because those issues have already been fully briefed, no additional

briefing was needed during this remand. GPX’s Resp. to Ct. Order dated June 21, 2012 (June 29,

2012), Docket No. 360; Def.’s Resp. to Ct. Order Regarding Scheduling of Remand Proceedings,

Letter of June 29, 2012, Docket No. 361. Following oral argument, however, the court offered

parties an opportunity to submit letters identifying relevant cases decided after the CVD issues

8
 The government argues that all three arguments were not the subject of the remand to the court.
The remand direction is unclear on this point; thus, for reasons of judicial economy, the court
will construe the CAFC remand broadly to encompass all three arguments.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                                Page 9

were briefed. None were submitted.

                                     STANDARD OF REVIEW

                The court has continuing jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c). This court

reviews constitutional challenges de novo, with a presumption that Congress has constitutionally

enacted the challenged statute in accordance with substantive due process. See Concrete Pipe &

Prods. v. Constr. Laborers Pension Trust for S. Cal., 508 U.S. 602, 637 (1993); NationsBank of

Tex., N.A. v. United States, 269 F.3d 1332, 1335 (Fed. Cir. 2001). The court will uphold a

statute as constitutional unless the plaintiff shows that the statute lacks any rational basis for

serving a legitimate government interest, and therefore, Congress has acted “in an arbitrary and

irrational way.” Concrete Pipe, 508 U.S. at 637. With respect to equal protection claims, though

at times a heightened standard of review may apply, Plaintiffs do not claim that a fundamental

right is abridged or that they are part of any suspect class. GPX Br. 28; TUTRIC Br. 6.

Therefore, the statute will also be upheld as constitutional on this claim unless it is not supported

by any rational basis. See Armour v. City of Indianapolis, 132 S. Ct. 2073, 2080 (2012). A

rational basis may be found if: 1) “there is a plausible policy reason for the classification;” 2)

“the legislative facts on which the classification is apparently based rationally may have been

considered to be true by the governmental decisionmaker;” and 3) “the relationship of the

classification to its goal is not so attenuated as to render the distinction arbitrary or irrational.”

Id.

                In reviewing Commerce’s Final Determination and First Remand imposing

CVDs, this court shall hold unlawful any determination by Commerce that is “unsupported by

substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                           Page 10

§ 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).

                                          DISCUSSION

I.     Constitutional Issues

       A. Retroactivity of the New Law

               A fundamental disagreement between the Plaintiffs and the

government/Intervenor Defendants exists over the operative effects of the New Law. The

government dismisses virtually all of the Plaintiffs’ challenges to the New Law by arguing that it

was merely a clarification rather than a modification of existing law. Def.’s Br. 3–8. In doing so,

the government claims that both the CAFC and this court erred in deciding that Commerce was

not permitted to impose CVDs in NMEs without any form of adjustment to account for

concurrent NME AD determinations. Id. It argues, therefore, that the court need not consider

arguments based on the retroactivity of Section 1. Id. Plaintiffs contend that the decisions of this

court and of the CAFC make clear that Section 1 of the law is a modification to existing law,

retroactively effective nearly six years prior to its enactment. Resp’t Pls.’ Reply to Resp. Brs. of

Def. & Def-Intvnrs. Concerning Constitutional Issues (“GPX Reply Br.”) 2–6.

               A law is retrospective in nature when “the new provision attaches new legal

consequences to events completed before its enactment.” Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S.

244, 269–70 (1994) (noting that the sound instincts of judges in deciding such cases are guided

by “familiar considerations of fair notice, reasonable reliance, and settled expectations”). In

evaluating the substance of prior law, courts must balance their independent interpretations with

those expressed by the amending Congress. In Marbury v. Madison, Chief Justice John Marshall

explained, “It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the
Court No. 08-00285                                                                          Page 11

law is.” 5 U.S. 137, 177 (1803). Based on this principle, the Supreme Court has repeatedly held

that although Congress’ contemporary interpretation of a previously enacted statute is entitled to

great weight, it is not conclusive or binding upon the courts. FHA v. Darlington, Inc., 358 U.S.

84, 89–90 (1958) (“Subsequent legislation which declares the intent of an earlier law is not, of

course, conclusive in determining what the previous Congress meant. But the later law is

entitled to weight when it comes to the problem of construction.”); United States v. Stafoff, 260

U.S. 477, 480 (1923) (“Of course a statute purporting to declare the intent of an earlier one might

be of great weight in assisting a Court when in doubt, although not entitled to control judicial

action.”).

               To support its argument that the New Law was merely a clarification, the

government points to several statements by members of Congress indicating that the law was

intended to reverse an erroneous decision of the CAFC.9 Def.’s Br. 6–7. The government also

cites statements by members who explain that the law seeks to “clarify” existing law and that the

new law “should not have been necessary.” Id. at 7. Courts, however, have been wary to rely

upon limited statements of a few members of Congress. See, e.g., Corley v. United States, 556

U.S. 303, 329–30 (2009) (recognizing that floor statements by a few members do not necessarily

reflect the understanding of the entire Congress). Such hesitation is particularly warranted in a

case like this where there was no Senate debate at all and only very limited statements in the

9
  For example, Representative Camp stated: “This legislation reaffirms that our antisubsidy laws,
or countervailing duty laws, apply to subsidies from China and other nonmarket countries, and it
overturns an erroneous decision by the [CAFC] that the Department of Commerce does not have
the authority to apply these countervailing duty rules to nonmarket economies.” 158 Cong. Rec.
H1166, 1167 (Mar. 6, 2012).
Court No. 08-00285                                                                             Page 12

House.10

               Further, the use by Congress of an effective date for Section 1 that predates the

statute’s enactment by nearly six years is an indication that Congress felt the need to confirm that

the law was a modification. Such a provision was needed to overcome the general presumption

against retroactivity that typically applies to economic legislation, absent express congressional

intent to the contrary. See Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 269–70.

               The government’s argument is also difficult to square with the remand from the

CAFC to consider the constitutionality of the New Law. If the New Law made no change to the

law applicable to cases arising between the two effective dates of the New Law, there were no

valid expectations at the time of importation to be upset and no significant constitutional issues

to be addressed. In such a case, one would expect the appellate court to quickly dispose of the

issue, as it did with respect to another constitutional issue, see supra note 7, rather than

remanding the issue to this court for elaboration. Further, the government’s view of a simple

clarification is not easily extracted from the tangled history of this case.

               First, the CAFC did not vacate GPX V, even though requested to do so. See GPX

VI, 678 F.3d at 1313. Second, it did say in GPX VI that GPX V was undoubtedly overruled by

Congress, but it did not say its view of the prior law was wrong. Id. at 1311–12. Third, unlike

its GPX V opinion, in a footnote in GPX VI, it did declare the more flexible approach this court

derived from Georgetown Steel wrong, but it provided no analysis on that point in either GPX V

10
  In this case, Congress was modifying a law last amended in 1994, nearly two decades earlier.
The definition of a subsidy under the CVD law, however, has remained substantially unchanged
for many years longer, and the NME AD methodology is also considerably older, see
Georgetown Steel, 801 F.2d at 1314, making the present Congress’ interpretation of the prior
Congress’ intent particularly tenuous.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                           Page 13

or GPX VI, so it is difficult to say what exactly, in the appellate court’s view, was incorrect in

this court’s opinions interpreting prior law. See id. at 1312 n.3.

               The CAFC did appear to view Section 2 of the New Law, which is expressly

prospective, as a change from prior law. Id. at 1311–12. At the same time, it seems to have

equated the Section 2 adjustment as encompassing all possible remedies for a potential overlap

between CVD and NME AD law, such that Congress has permitted no adjustments to cure the

possible overlap in this case and similarly situated cases.11 Id. This broad view of the scope of

Section 2 and of the implied limitation on the pending cases is somewhat supported by the

limited legislative history of the New Law indicating that the Congress did not wish to upset

Commerce’s decision to apply CVD law here without the Section 2 adjustment (or any other

adjustment). See 158 Cong. Rec. H1166, 1170, 1173 (daily ed. Mar. 6, 2012) (statements of

Rep. Critz and Rep. Turner). Because of the effect on this pending case, one should consider if

Section 2 is only a clarification of prior law and not a change, but as indicated, the appellate court

said, even if cryptically, that Section 2 was a prospective change, with no Section 2 adjustments

possible under prior law. Putting that together with the CAFC’s seemingly broad view of what

Section 2 does, one comes to the conclusion that no adjustment was permitted under prior law,

11
  One could argue that the CAFC will eventually find that it was in error in GPX V and CVD
remedies of some sort in NME cases were always permitted by the statute and a narrower
interpretation of Georgetown Steel, as this court found. That would make only Section 2
potentially retroactive in effect if it is interpreted, as GPX VI did, to prohibit an overlapping
remedy adjustment before the effective date. One could also argue that this is finding a statute to
be retroactive by implication, but any such implication would seem to be what Congress
intended.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                             Page 14

for whatever reason, and an adjustment is now required or permitted for future cases.12

               Thus, only the basic question remains as to whether Section 1, which because of

its clear retrospective effective date, is a change in prior law or a clarification of it. As indicated,

this is simply not clearly decided by the CAFC and the best approach for reason of judicial

economy, and to make sure that the court obeys the direction of the CAFC to consider

constitutional issues, is to view Section 1 of the New Law as a retrospective change in the law,

and not a clarification. That is, the court will assume that at the time of importation, the law was

as stated in GPX V, i.e., CVD remedies were not permitted.

               In sum, given the difficulties in concluding that Section 1 and the implied

retrospective effects of Section 2 are together a simple clarification of prior law, the court will

proceed to analyze the constitutionality of the New Law assuming, at least arguendo, that the

New Law effected a retroactive change in the law. This enables the court to directly address the

issues it concludes were remanded to it by its court of appeals. Failure of Plaintiffs on such

issues would render the question of a retroactive change versus mere clarification in the law

irrelevant.

        B. Ex Post Facto

               GPX contends that Section 1 of the New Law violates the Ex Post Facto Clause of

the Constitution because it effectively penalizes certain importers for past conduct. GPX Br.

9–19. The government and Titan argue that the New Law is remedial in nature and therefore not

subject to the proscriptions of the Ex Post Facto Clause. Def.’s Br. 12–16; Titan Br. 20–24.

12
   Under Section 2, Commerce is required to make an adjustment to normal value only to the
extent it can “reasonably estimate” the subsidy’s effect on the dumping calculation. 126 Stat.
265-66.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                            Page 15

GPX has failed to demonstrate that the law falls within the scope of the Ex Post Facto Clause.

               Article I Section 9 of the Constitution provides that “No Bill of Attainder or ex

post facto Law shall be passed.” This clause, however, does not prohibit the imposition of all

retrospective laws. Instead, the clause only prohibits the imposition of retrospective penal

legislation, which often, though not always, takes the form of criminal law. See NationsBank of

Tex., 269 F.3d at 1336 (citing Calder v. Bull, 3 U.S. 386, 390–91 (1798)). By contrast,

retroactive remedial laws are not prohibited by the clause.

               When a law is not facially penal, the plaintiff must show by the “clearest proof”

that the law is “so punitive either in purpose or effect as to negate the State’s intention to deem it

‘civil.’” Smith v. Doe, 538 U.S. 84, 92 (2003) (internal brackets omitted). The CAFC has

outlined a three-part test for evaluating whether a law is effectively penal. Huaiyin Foreign

Trade Corp. v. United States, 322 F.3d 1369, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2003). An otherwise remedial law

becomes subject to the ex post facto clause if: “(1) the costs imposed are unrelated to the amount

of actual harm suffered and are related more to the penalized party’s conduct, (2) the proceeds

from infractions are collected by the state, rather than paid to the individual harmed, and (3) the

statute is meant to address a harm to the public, as opposed to remedying a harm to an

individual.” Id. In this case, all parties agree that the trade remedy laws are generally remedial in

nature. GPX Reply Br. 6. Furthermore, GPX asserts that all parties agree that under the Huaiyin

test, the duties meet the latter two prongs.13 Id. This latter point has not been conceded entirely

by the government because, although the government collects the funds, the trade remedy laws

13
   Unfair trade duties subject to the New Law are collected for the benefit of the government
treasury. See 19 U.S.C. § 1671e.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                           Page 16

are intended to primarily protect individual domestic industries rather than the public at large.14

Therefore, GPX must show that the New Law satisfies both prong one and prong three of the

Huaiyin test. It has failed to do so.

               Both this court and the CAFC have consistently upheld the trade remedy laws as

remedial and not punitive in nature. See Chaparral Steel Co. v. United States, 901 F.2d 1097,

1103–04 (Fed. Cir. 1990); Peer Bearing Co. v. United States, 182 F. Supp. 2d 1285, 1310 (CIT

2001); Badger-Powhatan v. United States, 608 F. Supp. 653, 656 (CIT 1985). This conclusion

stems, in part, from the detailed calculations required of Commerce to establish a duty rate that

reasonably offsets the effects of foreign subsidies or dumping. See Chaparral, 901 F.2d at

1103–04 (citing S. Rep. No. 1221, 92d Cong., 2d Sess. 8 (1972)). Accordingly, it is clear from

the case law that regular AD/CVD duties would certainly meet this standard. Id. Additionally, it

is clear that the amount of duties need not be a perfect match to the harm caused in order to

remain classified as remedial. Huaiyin, 322 F.3d at 1380 (establishing as penal only penalties

that are “unrelated” to the actual harm).

               Within virtually all trade remedy investigations, perfect information is rarely

available and reasonable estimates must be made. Certain aspects of the trade remedy laws also

permit Commerce to look to surrogate data sources or allow the use of adverse inferences, which

may increase the level of the duty assessed. See, e.g., 19 U.S.C. §§ 1677b, 1677e. These

adjustments, however, do not transform the duty into a punitive measure provided the duty

remains reasonably related to the actual harm caused. See KYD, Inc. v. United States, 607 F.3d

14
  At least in the short term, trade remedy laws may keep consumer prices for products higher
than they would otherwise be.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                             Page 17

760, 762 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Lifestyle Enter., Inc. v. United States, 865 F. Supp. 2d 1284, 1289

(CIT 2012) (explaining that an AD rate based on adverse facts available may not be punitive but

must bear a rational relationship to an importer’s commercial reality). The duties imposed by the

New Law will be upheld so long as they are not “unrelated to” the harm caused. This standard

does not require precise equivalency of the duties to the harm caused to the domestic industry.

Even if the duties imposed by the CVD investigations of goods from NMEs that were initiated

between 2006–2012 are presumed to be somewhat higher due to allegedly overlapping remedies,

they remain mathematically linked to the measured harm.15

               Similarly, the trade remedy laws are designed to buffer domestic industries from

the harm caused by competing with the allegedly subsidized or dumped foreign products. For

this reason, domestic industries typically petition Commerce to initiate an investigation. In

examining duties subject to an amendment to the unfair trade law that does not apply here, the

court in Huaiyin found that the trade remedy duties failed to satisfy the third prong of its penal

law test because the duties were designed to benefit individual industries. 322 F.3d at 1380–81.

Though in that case the collected duties were distributed to the petitioning domestic industries,

even if they are not allocated likewise in this case, they are still collected to primarily counter the

individual harm to particular domestic industries in an attempt to provide relief from the imports

which are causing or threatening material injury. See id. This purpose is supported by the floor

15
  GPX also claims that because Section 2 does not require offsets for overlapping remedies in
this case, a higher dumping margin is calculated that may have influenced the ITC in its injury
determination. GPX Br. 14 (citing 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(iii)(V)). The court notes that the
dumping margin is only one of several factors that the ITC considers in evaluating injury, and the
ITC has not developed a standard methodology for weighing the impact of the Commerce-
calculated dumping margin, making this argument largely speculative.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                           Page 18

statements that focused on leveling the competitive playing field to protect domestic industries,

rather than the general public. See 158 Cong. Rec. H1166–73 (daily ed. Mar. 6, 2012). Even if

the laws have some broader societal purpose and can be considered to address a public harm in

part, they remain remedial, not punitive. Therefore, GPX has failed to show by the clearest proof

that the New Law rises to the level of retroactive penal legislation falling within the scope of the

Ex Post Facto Clause.

       C. Due Process

               GPX also argues that the New Law violates the Fifth Amendment’s due process

guarantees by retrospectively altering legitimate expectations of the level of duties that would be

imposed on their imports. GPX Br. 19. GPX analogizes the New Law to the retrospective

imposition of a tax, arguing that the case law in this area prohibits Congress from imposing laws

which reach back beyond a few months. Id. The government responds that Congress sought to

correct an unexpected judicial decision with the New Law, and GPX did not have a settled

expectation that trade remedy duties would not have to be paid on the covered imports. Def.’s

Br. 21. Although the government contends that import duties are part of general economic

legislation and not the same as taxes, rendering the precedent cited by GPX inapplicable, it

argues, nonetheless, that the New Law should be upheld even under the tax law standard because

it is rationally based on legitimate governmental interests of finality and administrative

efficiency. Def.’s Br. 17. GPX has failed to demonstrate that the government did not have a

rational basis in enacting the New Law or that the New Law upended a vested right.

               General economic legislation is subject to a rational basis review. Pension Ben.

Guar. Corp. v. R. A. Gray & Co., 467 U.S. 717, 729 (1984). The Supreme Court has affirmed
Court No. 08-00285                                                                            Page 19

that “the strong deference accorded legislation in the field of national economic policy is no less

applicable when the legislation is applied retroactively.” Id. This deference applies even if the

legislation adjusts the rights and burdens of individuals or imposes new duties or liabilities for

past acts. Id.; Usery v. Turner Elkhorn Mining Co., 428 U.S. 1, 15 (1976). To succeed, a

challenger must demonstrate that the law is “particularly ‘harsh and oppressive’” or “arbitrary

and irrational.” R. A. Gray, 467 U.S. at 733. In the tax context, courts look to “the nature of the

tax and the circumstances in which it is laid before it” to determine whether it meets this

threshold. Welch v. Henry, 305 U.S. 134, 147 (1938). Although the government’s possible

justifications for retroactivity are varied, they may not be as broad as those for prospective

legislation. Turner Elkhorn, 428 U.S. at 17. To determine whether a retroactive law is rational,

the Seventh Circuit articulated a four-factor test in Nachman Corp. v. Pension Ben. Guar. Corp.,

592 F.2d 947, 960 (7th Cir. 1979), aff’d 446 U.S. 359 (1980). Under Nachman, courts examine:

the reliance interests of affected parties, the extent to which impaired private interests were

previously subject to regulatory control, the equities of imposing the burdens, and the statutory

provisions that moderate the impact of the burdens. Id.

               A line of cases from the early twentieth century adopted broad deference towards

retrospective legislation under an agency theory of law. See, e.g., Graham & Foster v. Goodcell,

282 U.S. 409, 427–430 (1931) (collecting cases); United States v. Heinszen & Co., 206 U.S. 370,

385–86 (1907). Under this theory, the Court recognized that “defects in the administration of the

law may be cured by subsequent legislation without encroaching upon constitutional right,
Court No. 08-00285                                                                              Page 20

although existing causes of action may thus be defeated.” Graham, 282 U.S. at 427.16 The Court

has considered a series of cases alleging the unconstitutional retroactive imposition of duties on

goods from the Philippines. See, e.g., Heinszen, 206 U.S. at 378. In those case, the Court had

already decided that following a peace treaty with Spain, the President lacked the power to

continue his practice of imposing duties on goods from the islands. Id. Following the ruling,

Congress passed retroactive legislation, ratifying the past collection of duties during the period

between the signing of the treaty and the passage of the new law. Id. at 381–82. The Court

upheld this law as consistent with the Fifth Amendment’s due process clause, even though refund

cases were pending in the courts at the time. Id. at 385–86. The Court based its decision on the

theory that Congress could previously have imposed the duties and merely ratified the actions of

the president retroactively. Id.

                In a different context, the Court in R. A. Gray upheld federal retroactive

legislation over constitutional challenges when it corrected defects in past legislation. 467 U.S.

at 720, 729. The Court dismissed the challenge citing the “short and limited periods [of

retroactivity] required by the practicalities of producing national legislation . . . .” Id. at 731.

The Court found constitutional a law that modified ERISA to avoid voluntary employer

withdrawals from multi-employer plans. Id. at 722. The law ultimately was passed with a

retroactive effective date that reached back five months, in part to discourage employers from

withdrawing from the plan during the laws’ consideration. Id. at 724–25. During the legislative

16
  An analogy may be drawn between this line of cases and the tax cases relied upon by GPX and
discussed below in that the agency’s challenged actions in each, at a minimum, provided notice
to the parties that the law was unsettled. In much the same way, the courts have explained that
pending legislation puts parties on notice that the law may alter rights and liabilities even if it has
not yet been passed. See R. A. Gray, 467 U.S. at 732.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                             Page 21

process, the effective date was advanced several times so that it always lagged the legislative

process by a few months, discouraging employers from trying to game the system by exiting

plans prior to the law’s enactment and rendering the true retroactivity period much longer. Id. at

731.

               Similarly, the Court in General Motors Corp. v. Romein, 503 U.S. 181, 191

(1992), upheld a retroactive Michigan statute that required employers to reimburse their

employees’ withheld disability benefits. The statute had been passed in 1987 to overrule a

disfavored statutory construction by the Michigan Supreme Court of a 1981 law. Id. at 184–85.

The U.S. Supreme Court found that the retroactive law, though imposing substantial liability on

employers who relied on the Michigan Supreme Court decision, did not violate due process

because the legislation was a rational means to restore the legislative intent of the original law to

maintain benefits to certain workers. Id. at 191.

               The Second Circuit took a similar approach in evaluating retroactive tax

legislation. Canisius College v. United States, 799 F.2d 18 (2d Cir. 1986). In Canisius, the court

upheld legislation effectively validating a Treasury Department revenue rule that courts

previously had found to expand impermissibly the definition of “wages” subject to FICA taxation

beyond the scope of the statute. Id. at 21. After looking to the period of retroactivity (four

years), the reliance interests of the parties, and whether the parties’ rights had vested, the court

concluded that Congress had acted constitutionally with a curative intent to ratify the invalidated

Treasury Department revenue rule, despite the longer than normal period of retroactivity. Id. at

25–27.

               GPX relies upon different tax cases, such as United States v. Carlton, which
Court No. 08-00285                                                                             Page 22

upheld retrospective tax legislation based on “only a modest period of retroactivity.” 512 U.S.

26, 32 (1994) (recognizing that Congress “almost without exception” enacts revenue statutes

with retroactive effective dates). Finding that the government has wide latitude to change its tax

assessments, which are not considered penalties, the Court held that due process is generally not

offended by modifications to that policy prospectively or retrospectively. Id. at 34 (upholding a

retroactive modification of a tax deduction provision that prevented the challenging companies

from claiming it). The Court further limited seemingly contrary precedent, including Nichols, to

apply to only “wholly new taxes” with extended periods of retroactivity. Id. (citing Nichols v.

Coolidge, 274 U.S. 531 (1927)). It also noted that those cases stem from a time of greater

scrutiny of economic legislation that is no longer undertaken by the courts. Id.

                In this case, the New Law is retrospective in its application back to November 20,

2006, approximately five and one half years before its enactment. 126 Stat. 265–66. This time

period is longer than those upheld in the tax case law cited by GPX and in many of the general

economic legislation cases relied upon by the government. In both sets of cases, the retrospective

period normally was limited to the current fiscal year or legislative session, rarely reaching back

more than a year. Though the time period of retroactivity is particularly long here, such a

concern is in part offset by the failure of the Plaintiffs to articulate a vested right with which the

New Law interferes, as well as by the specific context of trade duties.

                In examining the nature and circumstances of the New Law, the court notes that

customs duties are to an extent unique from other government assessments in that there is no

right to import, and where unfair trade remedies apply, those with goods that may be imported

rarely can predict with accuracy what the duty will be. See Norwegian Nitrogen Prods. Co. v.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                              Page 23

United States, 288 U.S. 294, 318 (1933) (recognizing that as with tax rates “[n]o one has a legal

right to the maintenance of an existing rate or duty.”). For example, when goods become the

subject of an AD/CVD investigation, liquidation is suspended while the initial investigation is

undertaken, and generally while a review is conducted, prior to a final rate determination and

duty assessment. See Parkdale Int’l v. United States, 475 F.3d 1375, 1376–77 (Fed. Cir. 2007)

(“While liability to pay dumping duties accrues upon entry of subject merchandise, . . . the actual

duty is not formally determined until after entry, and not paid until the [entries] are liquidated by

[Customs].” (citing 19 C.F.R. § 141.1(a))); 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(1) (Upon completion of a

review, Commerce “shall publish in the Federal Register the results of such review, together with

notice of any duty to be assessed [and] estimated duty to be deposited.”). That is, it is a

retrospective assessment scheme. The duty deposits, of course, occur before the jurisdiction of

this court may be invoked to challenge the determination, and litigation, if it occurs, further

delays liquidation.17 Because, as to trade remedies, neither exporters18 nor importers have any

real certainty as to the final rate on the imported product at the time of entry, they cannot

demonstrate that a property right in a particular duty rate has vested, with which Congress may

not interfere.

                 In examining the additional factors laid out in Nachman, the court notes that the

area of trade is a highly regulated field in which duties are calculated, as indicated, based on

imprecise and retrospective trade remedy laws. Although Plaintiffs understandably may have

17
 For example, covered imports in this cases have had liquidation suspended and enjoined since
December 17, 2007. Final Determination, 73 Fed. Reg. at 40,483.
18
 Exporters and producers do not pay the duties. Importers pay the duties. 19 U.S.C. § 1671h.
Of course, the competitiveness of the products of the exporter and producer is affected.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                              Page 24

assumed that the CVD law would not be applied to their imports from China while Commerce

continued to treat the country as an NME, they also knew at the time of entry into the United

States of the goods at issue here that China’s status was in a state of flux, and they should have

known that their imports might be subject to increased remedial duties. See generally

Antidumping Duty Investigation of Certain Lined Paper Products from the People’s Republic of

China (“China”) - China’s Status as a Non-Market Economy (“NME”), A-570-901 (Aug. 30,

2006), available at

http://ia.ita.doc.gov/download/prc-nme-status/prc-lined-paper-memo-08302006.pdf (last visited

Dec. 21, 2012). Though GPX claims that the statute unambiguously prohibited the imposition of

CVDs on goods from China as a NME as a legal matter, citing GPX V, they cannot claim that

they lacked notice that China’s status as a traditional NME was at least unsettled by the time

Commerce issued its preliminary determination in this investigation and their entries were

subjected to trade remedies. If China had graduated to market economy stature, CVD remedies

would have been imposed and there would be no claim related to the imposition of CVD or the

lack of an adjustment because of the potential overlap with NME AD remedies.

               Further, the ability of the parties to predict duty rates is particularly difficult

because prior to an NME unfair trade investigation, the parties may not even be able to tell whose

pricing behavior will be used to calculate AD margins, as often few respondents are chosen for

examination. Many exporters are covered by an all others AD rate or a China-entity rate. See

Final Determination, 73 Fed. Reg. at 40,483. Equally unpredictable are the programs that are

found to provide identifiable and measurable subsidies and how the subsidies will be valued for

CVD purposes. Finally, if the importers had assumed that some offset applied for the potential
Court No. 08-00285                                                                         Page 25

overlap caused by imposing AD and CVD on the same goods from an NME, it could not have

been clear at the time of importation what type of adjustment was required, when it would be

done, and what data would be used. The lack of reliance on an adjustment is underscored by

TUTRIC’s failure even to raise the coordination issue in its initial complaint and briefing before

this court. Even GPX did not raise the adjustment issue directly. The court considered the claim

as part of GPX’s basic claim of incompatibility between CVD and NME AD methodologies.

               At a minimum, the parties here had notice at the time of an affirmative

preliminary determination that Commerce would subject their imports entered thereafter to full

trade remedy duties, because that is exactly what Commerce did. It is subsequent to that time

that their imports were subject to the cash deposits and ultimately remedial duties.19 See Certain

New Pneumatic Off-the-Road Tires From the People's Republic of China, 73 Fed. Reg. 21,588

(Dep’t Commerce Apr. 22, 2008) (preliminary negative determination of critical circumstances).

As Plaintiffs continued to enter merchandise, the only certainty was that there would be

litigation.

               Turning to the balance of burdens, the court notes that the government asserts that

Congress acted based on the legitimate state interest of protecting U.S. industry from unfair trade

practices while also ensuring the finality of existing CVD orders. Def.’s Br. 20–21. At least

twenty-four orders were entered based on what later proved to be a contentious and perhaps

faulty interpretation of the statute by Commerce. The government’s assertions appear to be

19
  Trade remedy duties are only imposed on goods imported after the date of a preliminary
determination unless Commerce also finds that critical circumstances exist, in which case the
duties may cover unliquidated entries or goods withdrawn from warehouse on or after the later of
90 days prior to the order to suspend liquidation or the publication date for the initiation of the
investigation. 19 U.S.C. § 1671b(e)(2).
Court No. 08-00285                                                                          Page 26

supported by the minimal legislative history and the letter from the administration that spurred

Congress into action. See 158 Cong. Rec. H1166–73 (daily ed. Mar. 6, 2012). The effective date

itself for Section 1 likely amounts to a deferral to Commerce’s expertise in determining when

Commerce first might have been able to identify and measure subsidies in the PRC. See also

supra note 7. As in Canisius and R. A. Gray, these legislative bases are legitimate and provide

the minimal rationale needed to prevent GPX from overcoming the presumption of

constitutionality afforded to laws in this field. Because of the unique contours of trade law,

arguments that due process was violated solely by the extended period of retrospectivity are

unavailing.

               Additionally, GPX’s reliance on Carlton and Nichols is unpersuasive. The

Carlton court limited the holding of the Nichols line of cases to a different jurisprudential regime

that likely is no longer extant. Furthermore, GPX’s arguments that Section 1 is a “wholly new

tax” is not consistent with Carlton, as Section 1 of the New Law merely extends or expressly

recognizes the ability of Commerce to impose CVDs in the NME context without first graduating

the country to full market economy status. This modification, if it indeed is one, to “tax” policy

is more akin to the adjustment upheld in Carlton rather than to the taxes in Nichols and the other

cases cited in Carlton, which involved taxing a type of activity thought to be wholly exempt from

the scope of taxation when undertaken. GPX and the other importers were aware that their

importation of goods from China could give rise to duty liability in the form of traditional

customs duties as well as trade remedy duties, and therefore, a modification to the boundaries of

those laws does not constitute a “wholly new tax.”

               GPX finally argues that Congress lacks a rational purpose for enacting Section 1
Court No. 08-00285                                                                            Page 27

of the New Law in this case because cash deposits under the CVD order have already been paid

as of 2007. GPX Br. 27–28. Therefore, GPX takes the interesting position that a refund of those

deposits at this point would not injure the domestic industry because it has already been protected

for the last five years by both the AD and CVD cash deposits. Id. The court cannot agree with

GPX, however, as Congress did not act arbitrarily or irrationally in deciding not to create a trade

remedy system whereby deposits are automatically returned to the importer. GPX essentially

argues that the trade remedy system must be replaced by a practice of importers temporarily

providing deposits that they are guaranteed to receive back after a period of time, effectively

reducing the duties to the cost of borrowing funds to deposit. This is not the statutory scheme

enacted under the Tariff Act, and GPX has failed to cite any authority to indicate that the policy

goals of the statutory scheme are somehow unconstitutional. Accordingly, GPX has failed to

demonstrate that the law offends due process.

       D. Equal Protection

               Lastly, Plaintiffs assert that the New Law violates the right to equal protection

under the law by applying a different law to respondents whose products were covered by CVD

investigations between November 20, 2006, and March 13, 2012, as compared to other firms

whose products will be investigated for unfair trade practices after the New Law was enacted.

GPX Br. 28; TUTRIC Br. 8–14. In its reply brief, GPX clarifies that the classification it

challenges “is not differential treatment between different classes of persons.” GPX Reply Br.

13. Instead, it seeks to challenge the treatment of a “single class of persons” who are treated

differently based on the timing of their imports, prior to or after the enactment of the New Law.

Id. Importantly, and as indicated, none of the Plaintiffs asserts that the classification is based on
Court No. 08-00285                                                                           Page 28

any suspect class. The government argues that the type of classification created by the New Law

occurs upon the imposition of any law that applies prospectively, such that only future conduct

will enjoy any benefits of the new law. Def.’s Br. 12. As with the challenge based on due

process, the government proffers the rational bases of administrative finality and efficiency.

Def.’s Br. 17. GPX’s and TUTRIC’s arguments based on the date-based classification created by

the New Law are without merit.

               Economic legislation or an administrative classification that neither targets a

suspect class nor implicates a fundamental right will be upheld “so long as it bears a rational

relation to some legitimate end.” Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620, 631 (1996); Hodel v. Indiana,

452 U.S. 314, 331 (1981). A court will uphold such legislation in favor of the presumption of

constitutionality if there is “any reasonably conceivable state of facts that could provide a rational

basis for the classification.” FCC v. Beach Commc’ns, Inc., 508 U.S. 307, 313 (1993); see also

Heller v. Doe, 509 U.S. 312, 320 (1993) (explaining that the legislature need not articulate a

rational basis). In Armour, the Supreme Court explained that administrative considerations

regarding the burden of retroactively providing relief from a law can be legitimate state interests,

upholding in that case a law that only prospectively forgave future installment payments by

homeowners. 132 S. Ct. at 2081.

               The classification that GPX points to is based on the gap between the New Law’s

effective dates for Section 1, November 20, 2006, and Section 2, March 13, 2012. 126 Stat.

265–66. During this interim period, goods from NMEs may be subject to the concurrent

imposition of duties under the CVD and AD laws without any possible offset for overlapping
Court No. 08-00285                                                                           Page 29

remedies.20 Id. The government has proffered a rational reason for Congress’ decision to make

only Section 1 expressly retroactive. Because approximately twenty-four CVD investigations

were conducted on goods from NMEs during the interim period, Congress feared that without

retroactive application of Section 1, the results of these investigations could be overturned.

Def.’s Br. 20–21. Similarly, retroactive application of Section 2 of the law would have subjected

those investigations to reopening based on the New Law, requiring Commerce to recalculate the

AD or CVD rates in those investigations. Id. To preserve the finality of the investigations and to

avoid additional recalculations by Commerce, the government argues this interim period was

needed. Id.

                 The government also indicates that Section 2 was the result of an attempt to

conform with an adverse WTO dispute settlement decision. Def.’s Br. 27; see Appellate Body

Report, US-Antidumping and Countervailing Duties (China), WT/DS379/AB/R (Mar. 11, 2011),

available at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds379_e.htm (last visited Dec.

21, 2012).21 Such action is normally taken under section 129 of the Uruguay Round Agreement

Act, with prospective application only, much like Section 2 of the New Law. See 19 U.S.C.

20
     As indicated earlier, this construction of the statute was adopted in GPX VI, 676 F.3d at 1312.
21
   Because of this adverse WTO decision, the government engaged in a section 129 proceeding in
which it prospectively reduced TUTRIC’s AD rate by 0.05% and kept GPX’s rate the same.
Certain New Pneumatic Off-the-Road Tires, 77 Fed. Reg. 52,683, 52,686 (Dep’t Commerce Aug.
30, 2102) (section 129 proceeding). At oral arguments, Plaintiffs argue that this rate reduction
has not been subject to judicial review, did not involve participation of all parties, and was based
on a very limited offset regime. Though these adjustments are not before the court for
substantive review, they may indicate that the actual “injury” suffered by Plaintiffs because of the
lack of offsets may be relatively limited in percentage terms, even if the nominal amount of
duties may seem significant. Further, this degree of percentage slippage is to be expected in any
trade case given the estimations and substitutions used in the NME context. Nevertheless, even
without considering this information, Plaintiffs constitutional claims fail.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                          Page 30

§ 3538. These concerns appear to be rationally related to the government’s interests in

conserving limited resources and also consistent with the general statutory approach of

prospective implementation of changes based on an adverse ruling in a WTO dispute.

               TUTRIC argues that Congress may not rely upon administrative efficiency and

finality as rational bases for the classification created by the New Law. Reply Br. on

Constitutional Issues of Co-Pl. Tianjin United Tire & Rubber Int’l Co., Ltd. 7–14 (“TUTRIC

Reply Br.”). It asserts that administrative finality is only a legitimate governmental interest when

the government has shown that forgoing the classification would result in substantial additional

expense or would be particularly burdensome. Id. at 7–11. TUTRIC claims that the expense

involved in treating the present case like those covered by Section 2 of the New Law would be

minimal as TUTRIC would have Commerce simply forgo the imposition of CVDs or apply the

new methodology developed to address overlapping remedies. Id. TUTRIC’s finality arguments

are based largely on the claim that few of the covered cases are “final” because challenges to

them remain pending before either this court or the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body.22 Id.

               The court, however, declines to evaluate the merits of Congress’ legislative

decision regarding the relative expense and administrative burden of reopening the twenty-four

investigations permitted by Section 1 but not covered by Section 2 of the New Law. As

explained above, retroactive imposition of Section 1 does not invoke any constitutional

prohibitions. Therefore, the burden to be considered is that associated with Commerce’s

undertaking an analysis of possible overlapping remedies for cases prior to March 2012.

22
  Administrative responses to WTO challenges are prospective and would not resolve pending
cases. 19 U.S.C. § 3538(c).
Court No. 08-00285                                                                          Page 31

Although TUTRIC asserts that this burden is not substantial, as Commerce will be required to

develop a methodology for other cases, the court recognizes that at least some significant effort

would be required to apply that methodology to this case and other completed investigations,

including the collection of additional data, verification, and analysis.23

                Similarly, the court must reject TUTRIC’s finality claims. Although, TUTRIC is

correct that Congress may have chosen to enact Section 2 retroactively just as it did for Section 1,

TUTRIC has not cited any authority for its argument that finality cannot be a legitimate

governmental interest. The court does not find persuasive TUTRIC’s argument that many of the

CVD investigations remain subject to some form of review, as Congress reasonably could

believe that many of these proceedings will not result in redeterminations, especially following

the enactment of Section 1 of the New Law. Accordingly, Plaintiffs have failed to overcome the

New Law’s presumption of constitutionality.

        E. Severability

                As this court finds that the New Law is constitutional, it need not reach the issue

of severability raised by the parties.

23
  As a matter of fact, there may be no significant difference in the results of these twenty-four
cases and future cases. The second section of the new law requires adjustment for overlapping
remedies only to the extent Commerce can make a reasonable estimate of the amount by which
the countervailed subsidy is reflected in normal value. No one has yet demonstrated that
Commerce can make such a reasonable estimate which will be significant and also survive
review. See also supra n.21. Of course, the effective date of Section 2 makes the overlap
adjustment applicable to new reviews, including reviews of the unfair trade remedy orders at
issue here. See New Law, 126 Stat. 265–66. Thus, the impact on these litigants is further
mitigated.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                          Page 32

II.       CVD ISSUES

                 Because the court has determined that the New Law is constitutional, it now turns

to the claims raised several years ago challenging the methodology employed by Commerce in

calculating CVD rates. These issues were initially briefed under the label of “all other CVD

issues” or raised in comments to Commerce’s First Remand.24 Because the court finds that at

least some of these claims have merit, it will remand to Commerce.

          A. Cut-off date

                 The original remand in this matter required that Commerce reject the arbitrary

date that Commerce had chosen for the existence of a subsidy, which it had set as the date of

China’s WTO accession, on the basis that such an arbitrary date had no relation to the actual

identification and measurement of subsidies.25 GPX II, 645 F. Supp. 2d at 1249. In response,

Commerce determined, based on changes in Chinese law, when it could identify four subsidy

types: grants, credit-oriented subsidies, tax-related subsidies, and land. First Remand at 27–35.

24
   The court does not readdress the claims related to Commerce’s refusal to investigate Titan’s
allegations of a managed exchange rate export subsidy. In a prior decision, this court found that
Titan failed to exhaust this issue, and the court continues to find so for the same reasons. GPX
II, 645 F. Supp. 2d at 1250. The court similarly reaffirms its earlier holdings relating to other
claims specific to the AD investigation.
25
     In GPX II, the court specifically instructed Commerce on remand:

          to determine the existence of countervailable subsidies based on the specific facts
          for each subsidy, rather than by examining those subsidies found after an arbitrary
          cut-off date. The court cannot determine whether the applicable dates at which
          these subsidies are found are earlier or later than December 11, 2001, based on the
          record evidence, but Commerce must engage in this case-by-case analysis if it
          chooses to apply CVD and AD remedies while China is still designated as an
          NME country.

645 F. Supp. 2d at 1250.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                          Page 33

This resulted in moving to an earlier date most of the dates from when Commerce could first

identify a particular type of subsidy. Id. The court did not review these results previously as it

ultimately decided no CVDs could be imposed in this case. GPX III, 715 F. Supp. 2d at 1344

n.4.

                Because of the effective date of Section 1 of the New Law, the court now

addresses this issue. In fact, the New Law may say something new about it.26 No party,

however, has chosen to brief this point.

                For the parties before the court, the rates calculated under the First Remand did

not change.27 There is no difference in the rates of the Plaintiffs, whether they are based on the

First Remand’s commencement dates or whether the rates should be based on some date between

those dates and the date utilized in the original determination. Domestic parties have not argued

that the dates should have been even earlier, so they are satisfied with the First Remand on this

point and raise no controversy. Plaintiffs’ only remaining complaint would be that dates later

than the original date are required, but Plaintiffs’ comments on remand were based primarily on

the prior law as explained in Georgetown Steel and GPX II. Further, GPX originally argued not

26
     Section 1 of the New Law provides an exception to the application of CVDs in an NME:

         A countervailing duty is not required to be imposed under subsection (a) on a
         class or kind of merchandise imported, or sold (or likely to be sold) for
         importation, into the United States from a nonmarket economy country if the
         administering authority is unable to identify and measure subsidies provided by
         the government of the nonmarket economy country or a public entity within the
         territory of the nonmarket economy country because the economy of that country
         is essentially comprised of a single entity.
27
   While the rate for one company increased from 2.45% to 3.35%, and the all-others rate was
adjusted accordingly, those rates do not affect either GPX or TUTRIC, the only respondents from
the investigation who are parties to this case. First Remand at 59.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                            Page 34

for a fact-based cut-off date for particular subsidies but for an equally arbitrary cut-off date based

on publication of a Commerce analysis memorandum. Plaintiffs’ comments on the First Remand

offered no later specific dates for measurement. The claim now is a general one that Commerce

could not rely on Chinese law but must make its identification decision on the basis of the

“recipients’ economic environment.” Resp’t Pls.’ Comments on Commerce’s Final

Redetermination Pursuant to Remand at 18. As Plaintiffs have provided no briefing addressing

now-applicable law, the court will not take up this point. It is waived.

               To the extent the government wishes to rely on the New Law to support an

arbitrary cut-off date, that issue is also waived for this litigation. As the court has been provided

no currently viable basis to reject the First Remand on this point, or to find dates later than the

original starting dates appropriate, the First Remand is sustained as to the dates for measurement.

       B. Remaining GPX-specific claims

               1. Background

               Hebei Tire Co. Ltd. (“Hebei Tire”) began as a state-owned enterprise overseen by a

state-owned holding company. Analysis of Change in Ownership (May 28, 2008), GPX App.

Tab. 15 at 4 (“Preliminary CIO Memo”); see also Analysis of Change in Ownership, Final

Determination (July 7, 2008), GPX App. Tab. 17 at 1 (“Final CIO Memo”) (adopting preliminary

determination). In 2000, Hebei Tire was selected to be privatized as part of an economic

liberalization effort by the PRC. Preliminary CIO Memo at 4. During the 2000 privatization,

Hebei Tire’s employees and management purchased the company’s shares from the holding

company, in part using a fictional financing arrangement and in part through an agreement to

assume certain existing liabilities. Id. Additionally, the local village obtained a minority interest
Court No. 08-00285                                                                             Page 35

in the company by granting land rental rights to Hebei Tire.28 Id. Despite these changes,

management, employees, and the board of directors remained largely unchanged. Id. The record

is unclear as to whether Hebei Tire’s privatization complied with all applicable laws, as it

appears the law required employees to be compensated for losing their state-employee status. Id.

This compensation, however, was not provided until the later sale of assets to Starbright. Id. at 5.

In 2005, Hebei underwent “further privatization” to ensure that it was in compliance with

applicable regulations, in anticipation of the sale to Starbright.29 Id. Starbright ultimately

purchased virtually all of the assets of Hebei Tire, as the only bidder in a foreclosure auction

based on a pre-negotiated asset purchase agreement. Id. at 6.

                 2. Change in Ownership Methodology

                 GPX first challenges Commerce’s findings that Starbright received

countervailable subsidies when it acquired Hebei Tire in 2006. Resp’t Pls.’ Mem. of Points and

Auths. in Supp. of Their Mot. for J. on the Agency R. 15–40 (“GPX CVD Br.”). In particular,

GPX alleges that Commerce failed to comply with the law because it did not make specific

findings of a financial contribution and benefit in evaluating the asset purchase. Id. The

government responds that Commerce did not need to make a finding of a new financial

28
  The village received a [[     ]] equity stake in exchange for the land granted to the company.
Instead of paying the village the fee associated with converting Hebei Tire’s land rights from
allocated to granted, Hebei Tire made a payment to its employees to cover outstanding
obligations that its former parent company owed the employees for losing their state-employee
status. I & D Memo at 127; Preliminary CIO Memo at 4.
29
     Even Starbright’s counsel was [[
                                                      ]] Preliminary CIO Memo at 5.

                                                                   Confidential Information Deleted
Court No. 08-00285                                                                                  Page 36

contribution, and GPX failed to exhaust administrative remedies by not raising this claim below.

Def.’s Mem. in Opp. to Pls.’ and Def.-Intvnrs.’ Mem. Regarding CVD Issues in Supp. of Their

Mots. for J. Upon the Agency Rs. 37–48 (“Def.’s CVD Br.”). As a preliminary matter, the court

finds that GPX did articulate its objections to Commerce’s methodology in its case brief before

Commerce, and therefore the court will turn to the merits of the challenge. Starbright Case Brief

(June 4, 2008), GPX App. Tab 16 at 39.

                  In order for Commerce to find a countervailable subsidy, the statute requires that

Commerce identify a financial contribution,30 given by an authority,31 that conferred a benefit32

30
     19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(D) defines “financial contribution” as:

                (i) the direct transfer of funds, such as grants, loans, and equity infusions, or
          the potential direct transfer of funds or liabilities, such as loan guarantees,
                (ii) foregoing or not collecting revenue that is otherwise due, such as
          granting tax credits or deductions from taxable income,
                (iii) providing goods or services, other than general infrastructure, or
                (iv) purchasing goods.
31
  19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(B)(iii) defines “authority” as a “government of a country or any public
entity within the territory of the country.”
32
     19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(E) defines “benefit” as:

                (i) in the case of an equity infusion, if the investment decision is inconsistent
          with the usual investment practice of private investors, including the practice
          regarding the provision of risk capital, in the country in which the equity infusion
          is made,
                (ii) in the case of a loan, if there is a difference between the amount the
          recipient of the loan pays on the loan and the amount the recipient would pay on a
          comparable commercial loan that the recipient could actually obtain on the
          market,
                (iii) in the case of a loan guarantee, if there is a difference, after adjusting for
          any difference in guarantee fees, between the amount the recipient of the
          guarantee pays on the guaranteed loan and the amount the recipient would pay for
          a comparable commercial loan if there were no guarantee by the authority, and
                                                                                              (continued...)
Court No. 08-00285                                                                               Page 37

on a person. 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(B). The financial contribution may be given either directly, or

indirectly through a private entity in a case where the authority “entrusts or directs a private

entity to make a financial contribution, if providing the contribution would normally be vested in

the government and the practice does not differ in substance from practices normally followed by

governments.” Id. § 1677(5)(B)(iii). The statute also clarifies that when a subsidized company

changes ownership, either through an equity or asset sale, the original subsidy is not necessarily

extinguished.33 Id. § 1677(5)(F).

                  Commerce’s current methodology for determining whether a purchasing company

has received a countervailable subsidy by virtue of taking over a subsidized company has not yet

been subjected to judicial scrutiny.34 In evaluating Commerce’s previous methodologies,

32
     (...continued)
                  (iv) in the case where goods or services are provided, if such goods or
            services are provided for less than adequate remuneration, and in the case where
            goods are purchased, if such goods are purchased for more than adequate
            remuneration.
                For purposes of clause (iv), the adequacy of remuneration shall be determined
            in relation to prevailing market conditions for the good or service being provided
            or the goods being purchased in the country which is subject to the investigation
            or review. Prevailing market conditions include price, quality, availability,
            marketability, transportation, and other conditions of purchase or sale.
33
     19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(F) provides:

           Change in ownership. A change in ownership of all or part of a foreign enterprise
           or the productive assets of a foreign enterprise does not by itself require a
           determination by the administering authority that a past countervailable subsidy
           received by the enterprise no longer continues to be countervailable, even if the
           change in ownership is accomplished through an arm’s length transaction.
34
  This court has reviewed the application of Commerce’s current methodology in one case.
Allegheny Ludlum Corp. v. United States, 358 F. Supp. 2d 1334 (CIT 2005). At that point in the
convoluted litigation, neither party, however, challenged the methodology itself, but rather
                                                                                     (continued...)
Court No. 08-00285                                                                            Page 38

however, the courts have consistently refused to allow Commerce to “presume conclusively that

the subsidies granted to the former owner [of corporate assets] automatically ‘passed through’ to

[the purchaser].” Delverde, SrL v. United States, 202 F.3d 1360, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (finding

that the statute’s preclusion of a per se rule of extinguishment did not imply a converse per se

rule of non-extinguishment). Instead, Commerce must find facts to demonstrate that the

purchaser directly or indirectly “received both a financial contribution and benefit from a

government.” Id. at 1367 (emphasis added).

               After Delverde, Commerce attempted to modify its methodology to comply with

the ruling. It replaced the previous methodology with a “same-person” methodology wherein

Commerce looked to four factors to determine whether the purchasing company was essentially

the same corporate person as the purchased company. See Allegheny Ludlum Corp. v. United

States, 367 F.3d 1339, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (“Allegheny I”). Again, the CAFC found that this

methodology conflicted with the statutory definition of a subsidy because it did not undertake the

required “fact-intensive inquiry into the circumstances surrounding the transfer of ownership,

beyond the simple inquiry into whether the transaction occurred at arm’s length.” Id. at 1344.

The court reaffirmed that Commerce must show that the purchaser “received both a financial

contribution and benefit from a government, albeit indirectly through the seller.” Id. (emphasis

added). Additionally, the court rejected Commerce’s renewed arguments that whether the

34
  (...continued)
Commerce’s compliance with its own regulations. Id. at 1338. This court also reviewed another
case involving a change in ownership methodology after the Federal Circuit’s decision in
Allegheny. Acciai Speciali Terni S.p.A. v. United States, 350 F. Supp. 2d 1254 (CIT 2004).
There, however, Commerce employed a methodology uniquely created for that case on remand.
Id. at 1257–58.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                            Page 39

purchase was at fair market value (“FMV”) is irrelevant, finding instead that the terms of the

transaction are important, relevant considerations. Id. at 1345–47 (finding that the new

methodology essentially operated as a per se rule, failing to consider whether the purchaser

adequately compensated the seller/government for the purchase, thereby repaying the subsidies).

On remand, the court clarified that “the payment of fair market value means that the purchasing

firm did not receive more than it paid for . . . .” Allegheny Ludlum Corp. v. United States, 358 F.

Supp. 2d 1334, 1339 (CIT 2005) (“Allegheny II”).

               Based on the successful challenges to Commerce’s methodologies in both

Delverde and Allegheny I, it is clear that a tension exists in the statute between the definition of a

subsidy in 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(B) and the later added clause clarifying the effects of a change in

ownership in 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(F). Although the defining clause requires Commerce to

identify both a financial contribution “to a person” and a resulting benefit, the change in

ownership clause discusses a subsidy that does not flow through to a purchaser because it “no

longer continues to be countervailable.” This language implies the possibility of the existence of

a subsidy prior to the sale which continues to exist following the purchase. Accordingly,

Allegheny I refers to a subsidy that no longer exists as one that is “extinguished.” 367 F.3d at

1344.

               The CAFC decisions and legislative history do not resolve the tension in the

statute. In the committee report considering the addition of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(F), the House

explained the purpose of the new provision:

        The issue of the privatization of a state-owned firm can be extremely complex and
        multifaceted. While it is the Committees’ intent that Commerce retain the
        discretion to determine whether, and to what extent, the privatization of a
Court No. 08-00285                                                                          Page 40

       government-owned firm eliminates any previously conferred countervailable
       subsidies, Commerce must exercise this discretion carefully through its
       consideration of the facts of each case and its determination of the appropriate
       methodology to be applied.

H.R. Rep. No. 130–826, at 110 (1994). The Senate used similar, but different, language in

explaining the adoption of the change in ownership clarification:

       The Commerce Department should continue to have the discretion to determine
       whether, and to what extent (if any), actions such as the “privatization” of a
       government-owned company actually serve to eliminate such subsidies. It is the
       Committees’ expectation that Commerce will exercise this discretion carefully
       and make its determination based on the facts of each case, developing a
       methodology consistent with the principles of the countervailing duty statute.

S. Rep. No. 103-412, at 92 (1994) (emphasis added). The Delverde court read these statements

to express the same intent, even though the Senate report seems more expansive in applying the

change in ownership provision to sales of companies without government ownership or clear

involvement. See 202 F.3d at 1367 (“The Senate Report is nearly identical.”). It seems

indisputable now that in the government-seller context, Commerce is required to look behind a

sale to ensure that competitive bidding in fact occurred such that the sales price reflected FMV.

See Allegheny II, 358 F. Supp. 2d at 1340. Both the CAFC and this court have recognized that

when the government is the seller of a subsidized company, traditional market forces which

would typically drive the purchase price toward FMV are not always present. Id.; see Allegheny

I, 367 F.3d at 1347 (identifying concerns besides price including employment, national defense,

and politics). Importantly, however, the statute itself does not limit the context in which the

change in ownership rule applies to government sellers only.

               Contrary to GPX’s arguments, what the court does not see in Delverde and

Allegheny I is a conclusion that 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(F) requires that the purchaser receive a
Court No. 08-00285                                                                             Page 41

financial contribution directly from a governmental authority or from a private entity entrusted to

perform governmental acts. The discussion in those cases of indirect receipt of a subsidy through

a sale of assets or stock of a previously subsidized entity does not reference 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677(5)(B). Obviously, if the seller is entrusted by a governmental authority to provide a

subsidy, the issue of a financial contribution goes away. Commerce here never made a finding

that Hebei Tire was entrusted by a governmental entity to provide a subsidy to Starbright, so it

relied on the construct that seems to be endorsed by the change in ownership provision in 19

U.S.C. § 1677(5)(F). The concern addressed there seems to be that purely market forces may not

be operating, even if the evidence of action by the governmental authority is not clear.

               As indicated, this particular tension in the statute is not resolved by court

precedent or clear legislative history. The ambiguity, however, may be resolved by the agency

charged with carrying out the statute—Commerce. Its interpretation of the statute as a whole,

which appears to attempt to harmonize the two provisions at issue, need only be one reasonable

way of interpreting the statute and will be upheld to the extent it is properly applied in a

particular case. See Chevron, U.S.A. v. NRDC, 467 U.S. 837, 844 (1984).

               As described above, Commerce has promulgated a series of regulations

attempting to establish a reasonable methodology to determine whether a purchasing company

has obtained a countervailable subsidy under the statute. The methodology attempts to carry out

Commerce’s statutory interpretation. See Notice of Final Modification of Agency Practice Under

Section 123 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, 68 Fed. Reg. 37,125 (Dep’t Commerce June

23, 2003) (“Final Modification”); Certain Steel Products From Austria, 58 Fed. Reg. 37,217,

37,268–69 (Dep’t Commerce July 9, 1993) (final determination).
Court No. 08-00285                                                                             Page 42

                 Under the current regulations, Commerce continues its baseline presumption that

non-recurring subsidies continue to benefit the recipient for the average useful life of the

recipient’s assets.35 Final Modification, 68 Fed. Reg. at 37,127. The methodology also employs

a rebuttable presumption that private-to-private arm’s-length sales are typically for FMV,

extinguishing any existing subsidies. See id. at 37,130; Preliminary CIO Memo at 3. When a

government is a party to the transaction or there are other indications that the transaction is not at

arm’s length, however, Commerce looks to the details and circumstances of the transaction to

determine whether the subsidies were extinguished. Commerce will first examine whether the

transaction was at arm’s length by determining whether the seller acted in the company’s best

interest, typically profit maximization. To do this, Commerce will look for a relationship

between the parties and/or whether the seller sought to pursue public interests. Final

Modification, 68 Fed. Reg. at 37,130, 37,132. In examining whether the purchaser paid FMV,

the methodology does not focus on comparing an appraised value for the company with the price

paid. Id. at 37,131. Instead, Commerce looks to the circumstances of the sale, including whether

the parties relied upon independent evaluations before or during negotiations to help establish a

price, whether the sale was sufficiently open to allow for competitive bidding, whether the sale

was awarded to the highest bidder, and whether there were requirements for future investment.36

35
  In this case, Commerce determined the average useful life for the subsidies to be fourteen
years. None of the parties to the litigation have challenged that determination. I & D Memo at 5.
36
     According to the methodology:

          A primary consideration in this regard normally will be whether the government
          failed to maximize its return on what it sold, indicating that the purchaser paid
          less for the company or assets than it otherwise would have had the government
                                                                                         (continued...)
Court No. 08-00285                                                                               Page 43

Id. at 37,127.

                  In this case, GPX challenges Commerce’s determination that non-recurring

subsidies to Hebei Tire were not extinguished through the 2006 asset sale to Starbright. GPX

faults Commerce’s methodology as unreasonable and contrary to law for four reasons: 1)

Commerce failed to find explicitly that Starbright received a financial contribution from an

authority; 2) Commerce assumed that Hebei Tire was still a state owned enterprise (“SOE”) at

the time of sale; 3) Commerce refused to compare the external valuation studies with the

36
     (...continued)
            acted in a manner consistent with the normal sales practices of private,
            commercial sellers in that country.

To determine whether this consideration is satisfied, Commerce has identified a non-exhaustive
list of four considerations:

           (1) Objective analysis: Did the government perform or obtain an objective
           analysis in determining the appropriate sales price? Did it implement the
           recommendations of such objective analysis for maximizing its return on the sale,
           including in regard to the sales price recommended in the analysis?

           (2) Artificial barriers to entry: For example, did the government impose
           restrictions on foreign purchasers or purchasers from other industries, or overly
           burdensome or unreasonable bidder qualification requirements, or any other
           restrictions that artificially suppressed the demand for, or the purchase price of,
           the company?

           (3) Highest bid: For example, was the highest bid accepted and was the price paid
           in cash or close equivalent? Why or why not?

           (4) Committed investment: For example, were there price discounts or other
           inducements in exchange for promises of additional future investment that private,
           commercial sellers would not normally seek (e.g., retaining redundant workers or
           unwanted capacity)? Did the committed investment requirements serve as a
           barrier to entry, or in any way distort the value that bidders were willing to pay for
           what was being sold?

Final Modification, 68 Fed. Reg. at 37,127.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                            Page 44

purchase price in deciding whether FMV had been paid; and 4) Commerce’s process-based

methodology incorrectly characterized the circumstances of an other-wise arm’s-length sale.

GPX CVD Br. 15–36.

               i. Hebei Tire’s Status

               Commerce decided in its Final Determination that Hebei Tire was not fully

privatized at the time of its asset sale to Starbright. I & D Memo at 127–28; Preliminary CIO

Memo at 7–8. Commerce based its conclusion on several factors: 1) the village possessed a

minority ownership interest in Hebei Tire, 2) state officials retained influence over Hebei through

its board of directors, and 3) employees were never fully compensated for their loss of status.

Preliminary CIO Memo at 4. As indicated, however, Commerce did not conclusively determine

that Hebei Tire was an authority under the CVD law because it decided that it was not required to

find that Starbright received a new “financial contribution” from Hebei Tire, and the court does

not fault that basic approach here.

               But Commerce must recognize that in back of everything is the concern that a

government is pulling the strings and that this is not a straight-out private market-driven

transaction. Putting aside cases of a fictitious corporate change, the change in ownership

methodology is basically a substitute for a finding that Hebei Tire itself is the governmental arm

providing the subsidy. Accordingly, the analysis must not be perfunctory, and presumptions

cannot substitute for facts. These seem to be the real teachings of Delverde and Allegheny I. Of

course, if Commerce has evidence to demonstrate that Hebei Tire itself qualifies as an entity

entrusted with governmental authority to make a financial contribution much as the government

itself would, the calculus changes. As Commerce avoided this finding previously, the court does
Court No. 08-00285                                                                         Page 45

not expect it now.

               ii. Arm’s-Length Transaction

               As indicated, Commerce found that Hebei Tire was not a fully private company

and applied its change of ownership methodology to determine if the sale was at arm’s length and

for FMV. The record regarding some village ownership (although the village may be a passive

minority equity-holder), the continued control by shared directors of the SOE, and the incomplete

privatization under Chinese law provide substantial evidence to support Commerce’s conclusion

that Hebei Tire was not fully privatized as of 2005. This requires a closer examination of the

circumstances of sale to determine whether a subsidy was passed on to Starbright by virtue of

Starbright’s paying less than FMV for Hebei Tire.

               In applying the methodology, Commerce characterized the sale as the final step in

a privatization. I & D Memo at 126. Commerce determined that the transaction was not at arm’s

length because Hebei Tire failed to act at all times as a profit-maximizer, through the

negotiations by its chairman. Preliminary CIO Memo at 8–9. Commerce found particularly

suspicious Hebei Tire’s chairman’s interactions with the auction house, which officially oversaw

the sale and accepted bids. Id. Hebei Tire’s chairman contacted the auction house, consistent

with auction house’s rules, to discuss the reserve price for the company and to alert it that GPX

would be submitting a bid. Id. Additionally, Commerce pointed to the inclusion of a

supplemental employment agreement, whereby Starbright agreed to retain a certain number of

existing employees and provide direct compensation to them as part of the sale. Id. Commerce

found that this put Hebei Tire on both sides of the transaction because the employee-shareholders

developed an overriding interest in the success of Starbright, encouraging acceptance of an
Court No. 08-00285                                                                             Page 46

unfavorable, low bid. Id.

                  In its change in ownership analysis, Commerce narrowly defined appropriate

commercial interest as traditional profit maximization through a high sales price. Id. at 9. It

distinguished this interest from those typically associated with the state, such as those identified

in Allegheny II. Although generally it would be unreasonable for Commerce to disregard

completely a company’s interest in its shareholders, in this case the company’s employees,

Commerce reasonably considered whether such an interest upset the arm’s-length nature of the

transaction because of guarantees by Starbright related to continued employment following the

sale. Although this situation did not create an identity of interests between Starbright and Hebei

Tire’s shareholders, it did create some conflict between profit maximization and job security

such that Hebei Tire may not have been as likely to negotiate for the highest price possible.37

                  Although Commerce’s arm’s-length analysis regarding the employee-shareholders

may fall into the category of what the courts have considered reasonable, its analysis focusing on

the actions of Hebei Tire’s chairman does not. Commerce adopted a distorted view in evaluating

the actions of Hebei Tire’s chairman, in particular in analyzing the actions of the chairman in

negotiating a reserve price for the foreclosure auction. Consistent with auction house rules, the

chairman discussed an appropriate reserve price with the auction house, mirroring the offer

submitted by GPX. Auction Rules (Nov. 27, 2007), GPX App. Tab. 19 at art. 6.38 Based on a

37
  One might argue that this all works itself into the price paid and Starbright got less because of
this consideration, but the court in Allegheny I seems to approve this inquiry. See 367 F.3d at
1347. What Allegheny I does not do is require any such potential conflict to automatically result
in a finding of no arm’s-length sale.
38
     The rules require a seller to submit a written proposed reserve price, which is ultimately set
                                                                                          (continued...)
Court No. 08-00285                                                                            Page 47

review of the record, such actions appear to be consistent with Hebei Tire ensuring that a bid

would be made, as well as be accepted, during the auction, as a previous auction had failed to

solicit any winning bids. Commerce has failed to point to evidence that in setting the reserve

price, according to the mandatory auction house rules, the chairman somehow acted contrary to

Hebei Tire’s interest in securing a winning bid, from any buyer, in light of its ongoing

foreclosure proceedings. Importantly, setting the reserve price did not guarantee that GPX would

win the auction if higher bids had been received. Because at least one of the bases for its

conclusion appears flawed, on remand, Commerce must re-weigh the evidence related to the

arm’s-length nature of the sale. At this point, as a whole, Commerce’s analysis of the transaction

is very shaky.

                 iii. Fair Market Value

                 After concluding that the sale was not at arm’s-length, Commerce considered

whether the factual circumstances of the asset sale appeared consistent with a final price

reflective of FMV. Preliminary CIO Memo at 9–11. Commerce looked to the existence of

external valuations of Hebei Tire, barriers to entry in the bidding process, external commitments,

and the selection of the winning bid. Id.

                 Commerce focused heavily on the fact that neither party specifically relied on

external valuation studies during the drawn-out negotiations, instead commissioning the studies

only at the end of the process to comply with relevant regulatory approval processes or internal

due diligence. Id. at 10. Commerce also relied on the minimal advertisement of the sale, which

38
  (...continued)
through consultations between the seller and the auction house. Auction Rules (Nov. 27, 2007),
GPX App. Tab 19 at art. 6.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                            Page 48

it claim contributed to an auction in which only GPX placed a bid. Id. at 10–11.

               Commerce’s current methodology focusing on the circumstances of the

negotiations of the parties appears to generally follow the instructions of the CAFC in Delverde

and Allegheny I that Commerce must look to the particular factual circumstances of the sale. It

appears, however, to have ignored record evidence proffered by GPX that it in fact paid FMV for

the purchase of Hebei Tire.39 In adopting its current methodology, Commerce has explained that

it will rarely look to external valuations as clear indicators of whether the transaction reflected

FMV, thereby extinguishing the previously conferred subsidy. See Final Modification, 68 Fed.

Reg. at 37,131. Although Commerce is entitled to deference in determining what weight to

assign to valuations based on the thoroughness and objectivity of the valuations, it may not

completely disregard them in analyzing the transaction, as both this court and the CAFC held in

Allegheny I and Allegheny II that transaction value is an important, relevant factor.

               In the I & D Memo, Commerce dismissed consideration of the appraisals because

they were not “timely”, as they were completed just one week before the asset purchase

agreement was signed and as part of a regulatory package to obtain state approval of the

39
   Two sets of appraisals were commissioned covering Hebei Tire’s assets. Hebei ordered one
appraisal from [[                                                                   ]] GPX
independently contracted with [[
       ]] Starbright’s Fifth Supplemental Questionnaire Response (Apr. 9, 2008), C.R. Doc. 103
at 31–32. Although the values in these appraisals do not exactly reflect the amount paid GPX,
they do appear to indicate that GPX paid an amount within at least [[        ]] of FMV, thereby
repaying at least some, if not all, of the subsidies.

                                                                   Confidential Information Deleted
Court No. 08-00285                                                                         Page 49

transaction. I & D Memo at 134–35.40 Though the timing of the appraisals could be a factor for

Commerce to consider in weighing the probity of the appraisals and the impact of the appraisals

on the negotiated price, Commerce may not unreasonably disregard important, relevant evidence

of FMV, such as the outside valuations, solely because it is unclear what the role was of the

particular valuations. See Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463

U.S. 29, 43 (1983) (recognizing that an agency may not ignore relevant factors or

considerations); SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 630 F.3d 1365, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (same).

Commerce must examine the veracity of these appraisals, and it does not appear that any party

has directly challenged their independence or validity.

                 As the court has emphasized, this methodology, although it carries out

Commerce’s acceptable interpretation of the statute, is an expediency because Commerce cannot

identify direct governmental interference easily. Thus, it is very important that Commerce be

exacting in its determination that FMV was not paid, which would otherwise extinguish the

subsidy previously provided. Accordingly, Commerce’s change in ownership analysis here is not

sustainable under its adopted general methodology and is remanded for reconsideration of all of

the relevant evidence on both the arm’s-length nature of the sale and FMV.

40
     In its brief, the government quotes from GPX’s co-chairman’s statement, [[

                ]] Def.’s CVD Br. 55. If [[                            ]], then it would appear
that Starbright would not have received any benefit from the transaction for which it did not fully
pay.

                                                                 Confidential Information Deleted
Court No. 08-00285                                                                            Page 50

               3. Offset

               GPX finally argues that even if Starbright received a subsidy through its purchase

of Hebei Tire, the level of subsidy must be offset by any amount of the purchase price that

reflected payment for the subsidy. GPX CVD Br. 34. The government insists that under its

current methodology, Commerce assumes that the entire value of the subsidy passes through to

the purchaser. Def.’s CVD Br. 60–61; I & D Memo at 137–40.41 It bases this decision on the

difficulty of calculating FMV in an NME, making a comparison of purchase price and a

hypothetical FMV difficult or impossible. See Final Modification, 68 Fed. Reg. at 37,138.

Intervenor Defendants attempt to support Commerce’s argument by pointing to case law

indicating that the value of a subsidy can change over time, and therefore, valuing the subsidy

and comparing it to the purchase price is impossible. Br. of Titan Tire Corp. and the United

Steelworkers in Opp. to GPX and TUTRIC’s Mots. for J. on the Agency R. 28–29 (“Titan Resp.

Br.”). GPX’s argument has merit.

               Though the court acknowledges that calculating the exact FMV of the company

may be difficult, it appears unreasonable for Commerce to argue that it is able to create a

surrogate benchmark to calculate the level of benefit for all other types of subsidies in China and

yet does not even need to attempt to do so here. Commerce must provide a credible explanation

for, or abandon, the apparent disconnect between its limited ability to undertake this analysis for

the benefit calculation in the change in ownership context and the requirement of the same

analysis for other subsidies under 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(E). See also Acciai, 350 F. Supp. 2d at

41
 Commerce refers to this assumption of complete pass-through as the butterfly principle. I & D
Memo at 139.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                           Page 51

2026–27. Titan’s arguments to the contrary are unavailing, as it confuses a recognition that the

value of a subsidy may change over time with an inability to ever quantify it.

               4. Debt forgiveness for Starbright

               Titan challenges Commerce’s calculation of debt forgiveness provided to

Starbright when an outstanding judgment on loan guarantees went uncollected. Titan Tire Corp.

& the United Steelworkers’ Mem. in Supp. of Their Rule 56.2 Mot. for J. on the Agency R.

36–37 (“Titan CVD Br.”). Titan has failed to show, however, that Commerce’s benefit

calculation method was unreasonable.

               Within the PRC, the Government of China (“GOC”) implemented a loan

guarantee system whereby companies in related industries were grouped in order to mutually

guarantee each other’s loans. Loan Benchmark Memo (July 7, 2008), P.R. Doc. 440, attach. 1 at

6, 51. Due to frequent under-performance, loan defaults became very common during the period

of attempted economic liberalization. Id. Hebei Tire was paired with another SOE as part of the

loan guarantee system. Preliminary CIO Memo at 13–14; I & D Memo at 148–50. Ultimately,

the other company defaulted on several loans, and the lenders sought judgment against Hebei

Tire and the other guarantors. I & D Memo at 148–50. The court awarded judgment in favor of

the creditors, finding the guarantors, including Hebei Tire, jointly and severally liable for the

outstanding debt. Id. Despite pursuing judgment against the guarantors, the banks never sought

enforcement, allowing the statute of limitations to run. Id.

               Commerce found this failure to collect by state-owned banks to be a subsidy

within the definition of the statute. I & D Memo at 150. To calculate the amount of the subsidy,

Commerce allocated to Starbright its pro rata share of the judgment. Id. at 148–50. Commerce
Court No. 08-00285                                                                             Page 52

supported its calculation by explaining that Chinese law provides a system similar to contribution

in the United States, whereby the bank could seek the full judgment amount from Hebei Tire, but

Hebei Tire could then seek reimbursement from the other liable parties based on their respective

pro rata shares. Id.; Pub. App. in Supp. or Def.’s Resp. to Mots. for J. Upon the Agency Rs.

(“Def.’s App.”), Tab 57, Ex. GOC-SUPP4-8 at art. 32. Titan argues that the full amount of the

judgment should be charged as a subsidy against Hebei Tire because it could have been forced to

pay the full amount of the judgment even if its contribution efforts were unsuccessful. Titan

CVD Br. 37–39.

               The statute does not provide a particular methodology that Commerce must use in

calculating the benefit received by Hebei Tire in this situation. The calculation is particularly

difficult here, where Commerce must guess what would have happened had the banks collected

under the judgment. Though Bridgestone has proposed one reasonable method for determining

the amount of the subsidy, nothing indicates that Commerce’s methodology for evaluating this

counterfactual event was not also reasonable. Because this court defers to a reasonable

methodology adopted by Commerce, the Department’s calculations here must be upheld.

               5. Loan inflation adjustment

               Intervenor Defendants further challenge the benchmark calculation used by

Commerce to calculate the subsidies received by Hebei Tire in the form of subsidized loans.

Titan CVD Br. 29–35.42 In calculating a loan interest benchmark, Commerce determined that it

42
  Titan provides an example of the theory behind their challenge. Titan CVD Br. 35 n.12.
Assuming the investigated firm pays 6 percent interest while the benchmark rate is 12 percent. If
non-distorted inflation rates in both countries are 4 percent, then the real interest rates would be 2
percent and 8 percent respectively. If China’s distorted inflation rate is only 1 percent, however,
                                                                                          (continued...)
Court No. 08-00285                                                                            Page 53

could not look to the Chinese market, as rates were pervasively distorted.43 I & D Memo at 104,

109–10. Instead, it calculated a benchmark based on a basket of interest rates from a variety of

similar countries. Id. Typically, Commerce applies a currency expectation adjustment to interest

rates to account for the portion of the rate attributable to expected exchange rate fluctuations. Id.

Because Commerce’s benchmark rate, however, was calculated based on a basket of currencies,

it instead used an inflation rate adjustment as a proxy for the exchange rate adjustment.44 Id.;

Loan Benchmark Memo (July 7, 2008), Def.’s App. Tab 53, attach. 3. Intervenor Defendants

argue that this final step in the methodology reintroduced the distortions of the Chinese market,

because the Chinese inflation rate is unnaturally low, thereby decreasing the margin between the

benchmark rate and the subsidized Chinese rates. Titan CVD Br. 29–35. Because Commerce

failed to fully explain its methodology, the court will remand this issue to the agency.

               The statute provides that a benefit received from a subsidized loan is equal to the

“difference between the amount the recipient of the loan pays on the loan and the amount the

recipient would pay on a comparable commercial loan that the recipient could actually obtain on

the market.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(E)(ii). In calculating this difference, Commerce looks to

comparable loans based on similar structural features including interest calculation, currency, and

42
  (...continued)
then its real interest rate is calculated at 5 percent, while the benchmark rate drops to 8 percent.
This changes the amount of subsidy from a 6 percent subsidy to a 3 percent subsidy.
43
  Most of the discussion on the loan benchmarks in the I & D Memo focuses on the selection of
surrogate countries to use in the creation of a benchmark rate, an issue not raised before this
court. See I & D Memo at 106–11.
44
  Commerce did not fully explain why it uses a currency expectation adjustment when
evaluating domestic, single-currency loans or why an inflation adjustment is a suitable proxy.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                           Page 54

maturity. 19 C.F.R. § 351.505(a)(2). Where the examined firm does not have any comparable

past loans, Commerce normally will examine the national average interest rate for comparable

commercial loans. Id. § 351.505(a)(3)(ii).

               In this case, Commerce found that the investigated companies had not received

any comparable past loans and that no comparable commercial benchmark rates existed within

the PRC due to market distortions. I & D Memo at 104–05. Accordingly, Commerce employed

the basket methodology described above to calculate a comparable commercial loan benchmark

rate, consistent with agency practice. Id. After calculating a benchmark, Commerce adjusts both

the domestic rate and the benchmark rate to adjust for “market factors in the country under

investigation that could affect a market price.” Id. at 29. Intervenor Defendants rely on prior

agency practice to argue that adjustments for inflation reintroduce the distortions of the PRC’s

economy back into the benchmark. Commerce, however cites to its practice in CFS from the

PRC to explain its use of an inflation adjustment to create a set of comparable real interest rates.

Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Determination in the Countervailing Duty

Investigation of Coated Free Sheet from the People’s Republic of China (Dep’t Commerce Oct.

17, 2007) at 71–72, available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/prc/E7-21046-1.pdf (last

visited Dec. 21, 2012). Though Commerce acknowledges that this is “a rough proxy” for the

exchange-rate adjusted nominal rates, it does not explain the connection between the two within

the context of bank interest rate policies in China.

               Intervenor Defendants placed substantial evidence on the record that the inflation

rate in China is distorted. Petitioner’s Pre-Preliminary Comments (Nov. 29, 2007), Non-

Confidential App. to the Brs. Filed by Titan Tire Corp. and the United Steelworkers in Consol.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                            Page 55

Ct. No. 08-00285 (“Titan App.”), Tab CVD PR Doc 180 at 30–34. Commerce, although not

discrediting the accuracy of this information, decided to use an inflation adjustment to create

comparable real interest rates between the subsidized loans and the “comparable commercial

loan” benchmark required by statute. If Commerce is assuming that nominal interest rates in the

PRC are set in part with a consideration of the actual distorted inflation rate in the country, then

the adjustment that the Intervenor Defendants seek is essentially an attempt to countervail against

the PRC’s distorted inflation rate, which is not a specific subsidy at issue in the investigation.

Commerce, however, failed to adequately explain its methodology either in terms of how

inflation is an appropriate proxy or is not a distortive independent adjustment. Accordingly, the

court remands for further explanation by Commerce of its methodology. Commerce must

explain why it uses a currency expectation adjustment for comparing domestic interest rates, why

an inflation adjustment is a suitable proxy for a currency expectation adjustment, and whether the

proposed adjustment by the Intervenor Defendants is essentially an attempt to countervail against

China’s distorted inflation rate or a legitimate attempt to avoid a distorted benefit calculation.

               C. TUTRIC-specific claims

               1. TUTRIC AFA

               In Commerce’s CVD investigation, it applied adverse facts available (“AFA”)

against the GOC and indirectly against TUTRIC in relation to certain debt forgiveness. TUTRIC

claims that it fully cooperated throughout the investigation and provided all information within

its control. Br. in Supp. of Pl. Tianjin United Tire & Rubber Int’l Co., Ltd.’s Rule 56.2 Mot. for

J. Upon the Agency R. 9–13 (“TUTRIC CVD Br.”). Therefore, it argues that it should not be

penalized by adverse inferences. Commerce failed to consider relevant information submitted
Court No. 08-00285                                                                          Page 56

pursuant to its remand questionnaire and inappropriately applied adverse facts, which collaterally

impacted TUTRIC, despite the availability of other record evidence.

               When Commerce determines that necessary information is not available on the

record, it may use facts otherwise available to reach its determination. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a). If

an interested party has failed to cooperate in not providing valid data upon which Commerce can

calculate trade remedy duty rates, Commerce may calculate a rate using inferences which are

“adverse to the interests of that party in selecting from among the facts otherwise available.” 19

U.S.C. § 1677e(b). In doing so, Commerce may rely on information derived from the petition, a

final determination in the investigation, any previous review, or any other information placed on

the record. Id. “An AFA rate[, however,] must be ‘a reasonably accurate estimate of the

respondent’s actual rate, albeit with some built-in increase intended as a deterrent to

noncompliance.’” Gallant Ocean (Thai.) Co. v. United States, 602 F.3d 1319, 1323 (Fed. Cir.

2010) (quoting F.lli de Cecco Di Filippo Fara S. Martino S.p.A. v. United States, 216 F.3d 1027,

1032 (Fed. Cir. 2000)). In the AD context for example, “Commerce may not select unreasonably

high rates having no relationship to the respondent’s actual dumping margin.” Id.

               Moreover, Commerce cannot rely on an unaffiliated party’s failure to cooperate to

justify the application of the AFA rate, unless the exporter is also found responsible for the

behavior in some way. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b) (noting that Commerce must determine that a

party did not act “to the best of its ability”) (emphasis added); see also SKF USA, Inc. v. United

States, 675 F. Supp. 2d 1264, 1275–77 (CIT 2009) (finding unlawful the application of an AFA

rate to a cooperative respondent in order to encourage the compliance of an unaffiliated supplier);

see also Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 337 F.3d 1373, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (requiring
Court No. 08-00285                                                                         Page 57

Commerce to examine respondent’s actions and assess the extent of respondent’s abilities,

efforts, and cooperation before applying adverse inferences); Tianjin Magnesium Int’l Co. v.

United States, Slip Op. 11-17, 2011 Ct. Int’l Trade LEXIS 16, at *5–10 (Feb. 11, 2011) (rejecting

the application of an AFA rate based on the actions of another party).45

                This court has recognized in the CVD context, unlike the typical AD case, that

often the government rather than the respondent in the investigation possesses the information

needed by Commerce to accurately evaluate and calculate the alleged subsidies. See, e.g., Fine

Furniture (Shanghai) Ltd. v. United States, 865 F. Supp. 2d 1254, 1260–62 (CIT 2012). When

the government refuses to cooperate in a CVD case, Commerce may be permitted to draw an

adverse inference with regard to government-held information, with possible collateral effects on

a respondent. Id. at 1262 n.10. Rather than a direct application of the adverse facts available

statute, this may be a simple evidentiary expediency. That is, a party with a motive to provide

information favorable to it may be presumed to possess information adverse to it when it fails to

produce the information in various contexts. When Commerce has access to information on the

record to fill in the gaps created by the lack of cooperation by the government, as opposed to the

exporter/producer, however, it is expected to consider such evidence. Id. at 1262. If an

alternative benchmark meets the regulatory criteria and is neutral with respect to a cooperative

party, that benchmark would be superior to one that adversely affects the cooperating party. Id.

at 1262 n.10.

                In this case, Commerce sought information from the GOC on the terms of the sale

45
  To the extent Mueller Comercial de Mexico v. United States, Slip Op. 12-156, 2012 Ct. Int’l
Trade LEXIS 156 (Dec. 21, 2102), can be read to allow a cooperator’s rate in an AD case to be
based on the non-cooperation of another party, the court rejects it.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                            Page 58

of TUTRIC’s debt from government-owned banks to a government-owned asset management

company (Cinda) and eventually to a U.S.-based investment firm (Avenue Asia). I & D Memo

115–16. Commerce explained that this information was material to its investigation because it

believed that the agreements transferring the debt could have contained provisions forgiving

portions of it or in some way limiting the ability of the purchaser to collect on the debt. The

GOC originally refused to release any information regarding the transactions because it claimed

that the information was proprietary and that the companies involved in the transaction did not

consent to release of the information. I & D Memo at 16–17. Though the GOC acknowledged it

had controlling interests in the banks and debt servicer, it argued that it had a policy of not

intervening in the operations of the companies. Id. No party has argued that TUTRIC had access

to these third-party agreements during the investigation.46 Additionally, it is undisputed that

TUTRIC partially settled its outstanding debt with Avenue Asia and produced documents

confirming this agreement, as requested. TUTRIC CVD Br. 16.

               TUTRIC eventually was able to obtain the transfer agreements requested by

Commerce and attempted to submit them during remand. TUTRIC claims that Commerce failed

to consider this new evidence that it put on the record in response to Commerce’s request.

TUTRIC Remand Br. 10–22. On remand, Commerce sent all parties a questionnaire requesting

that these companies: (1) confirm “if debt was explicitly or effectively forgiven during the period

46
  Commerce decided in the parallel AD determination that TUTRIC was entitled to a separate
rate because the GOC lacked de jure and de facto control over the company, despite its SOE
status. Certain New Pneumatic Off-The-Road Tires From the People's Republic of China, 73
Fed. Reg. 9278, 9284 (Dep’t Commerce Feb. 20, 2008) (preliminary determination of sales at
less than fair value). It is unclear how TUTRIC, which was not a party to any of these
agreements, would have had access to them as a matter of right, or how TUTRIC can be charged
with the GOC’s failure to cooperate.
Court No. 08-00285                                                                          Page 59

1993 through 2006,” and (2) “please provide complete information, if not already on the record.”

Remand Questionnaire (Dec. 10, 2009), Remand Record (“R.R.”) Doc. 666 at 3. TUTRIC

understood this request to be an open-ended request for additional information related to any of

the alleged debt-forgiveness subsidies. Accordingly, TUTRIC attempted to submit the debt

transfer agreements in its response, but Commerce ordered TUTRIC to remove this additional

information. Commerce Remand Letter to TUTRIC (Jan. 21, 2010), R.R. Doc. 694 at 1–2.

               Commerce asserts in its remand decision that TUTRIC attempted to exploit an

open-ended request for information intended to assist Commerce in calculating an appropriate

cut-off date for subsidies by putting previously delinquent information on the record. First

Remand at 56–57. Although the court normally defers to Commerce’s reasonable deadlines,

when Commerce decided to solicit information that had already been requested, it could not

arbitrarily reject relevant information that is then provided. Commerce opened the door by

requesting additional information already requested on subsidies and cannot shut that door

simply because it does not like the relevant information submitted.

               To the extent that the documents now provided do not resolve this issue, the court

notes that Commerce’s seeking of transaction information in the investigation appears to be part

of a reasonable effort to ascertain if and when TUTRIC’s debt was forgiven. Additionally,

because the GOC refused to provide this information, which was conceded to be within its

control, Commerce was permitted to look to facts otherwise available and to apply an adverse

inference against the GOC. As made clear in Fine Furniture, however, Commerce was also

required to consider the record evidence put forward by TUTRIC, as the party directly affected

by duties, if the information appeared reliable and its consideration would mitigate the collateral
Court No. 08-00285                                                                           Page 60

affects of the adverse inference taken against the GOC. Therefore, at a minimum, Commerce

was required to take into account the settlement agreement between Avenue Asia and TUTRIC in

analyzing the maximum amount of debt forgiveness possibly received. Commerce may

reasonably conclude that the portion of the debt that was not repaid by TUTRIC could have been

forgiven as part of the debt transfer agreements if the evidence of these agreements submitted on

remand still does not resolve this issue.47 Without adequate reasons, however, Commerce may

not conclude that all debt was forgiven in light of the uncontradicted evidence of at least a partial

settlement with Avenue Asia.

                 2. Subsidy offset and allocation

                 TUTRIC argues that even if Commerce correctly identified debt forgiveness that

was countervailable, it incorrectly calculated the benefit of that subsidy and improperly

calculated the resulting CVD rate in allocating the benefit. TUTRIC CVD Br. 16. TUTRIC first

claims that Commerce erred in not considering the partial payment that TUTRIC and its parent

company made on the loans that Commerce found to be forgiven.48 Id. This claim ultimately

may be mooted by the determination above that Commerce improperly employed AFA in a

manner that unnecessarily collaterally affected TUTRIC. The statute requires Commerce to

calculate the benefit of the subsidy based on the difference between the amount actually paid and

47
  TUTRIC argues that because the debt was last held by Avenue Asia, a private company, any
forgiveness cannot constitute a countervailable subsidy. TUTRIC, however, misrepresents
Commerce’s finding in which it inferred that the GOC may have forgiven the debt as it was
being transferred between GOC-controlled entities.
48
     Dolphin Group paid [[            ]] to Avenue Asia to satisfy the original debt of [[
               ]]. TUTRIC CVD Br. 16.

                                                                  Confidential Information Deleted
Court No. 08-00285                                                                           Page 61

the amount that would have been paid on a comparable commercial loan. 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677(5)(E)(ii). To the extent that this claim is not resolved on remand by modifying the

application of AFA, the court agrees with TUTRIC that Commerce must measure any alleged

benefit based on the amount of debt actually forgiven, i.e. the outstanding debt minus any

payment by or on behalf of TUTRIC.

                  In response to TUTRIC’s second challenge, the court concludes that Commerce’s

decision to allocate the amount across only TUTRIC’s sales was reasonable and supported by

substantial evidence. TUTRIC initially incurred the debt that was originally forgiven and only

“transferred” that debt later to cross-owned Dolphin Group for an unrelated business advantage.49

TUTRIC continued to carry the debt on its books, and therefore Commerce’s determination that

economic reality pointed to TUTRIC’s remaining the underlying debtor was reasonable,

especially in light of TUTRIC’s concession that Dolphin Group lacked any operations of its

own.50 I & D Memo at 66; TUTRIC Response to Initial CVD Questionnaire (Oct. 15, 2007),

C.R. Doc. 15 at 7. Accordingly, Commerce complied with its regulations in allocating the

subsidy to TUTRIC’s annual sales only. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b).

                  As for TUTRIC’s final claim regarding the discount rate employed by Commerce,

the court finds that TUTRIC failed to raise this argument during the investigation and therefore

49
     [[
          ]] TUTRIC Response to Initial CVD Questionnaire (Oct. 15, 2007), C.R. Doc. 15 at 7.
50
  Commerce also relied on TUTRIC’s admission that Dophin Group [[
                                ]] TUTRIC Response to Initial CVD Questionnaire (Oct. 15,
2007), C.R. Doc. 15 at 7.

                                                                 Confidential Information Deleted
Court No. 08-00285                                                                           Page 62

has failed to exhaust the required administrative remedies. See 28 U.S.C. § 2637(d). TUTRIC’s

reliance on cases recognizing the ability of Commerce to obtain a voluntary remand to apply a

new methodology is not on point as TUTRIC, not Commerce, is seeking the remand in this case.

                                         CONCLUSION

               The court finds that the challenged law is rationally related to legitimate

government interests and therefore does not violate the due process or equal protection

requirements of the Constitution. Additionally, if the law is a retrospective change, it does not

run afoul of the Ex Post Facto Clause because it is remedial and not penal in nature.

               This court, however, finds that Commerce’s Final Determination and First

Remand are not fully consistent with applicable law and at times are unsupported by substantial

evidence. Therefore, this court remands to Commerce for a redetermination consistent with this

opinion. Commerce shall file its results within 60 days of the date of this order. GPX, TUTRIC,

Titan, and Bridgestone will have 30 days thereafter to file responses. The government will then

have 15 days to reply.

                                                             /s/ Jane A. Restani
                                                              Jane A. Restani
                                                                  Judge

Dated: January 7, 2013
       New York, New York
126 STAT. 266                PUBLIC LAW 112–99—MAR. 13, 2012

                    ‘‘(f) ADJUSTMENT OF ANTIDUMPING DUTY IN CERTAIN PRO-
                 CEEDINGS RELATING TO IMPORTS FROM NONMARKET ECONOMY
                 COUNTRIES.—
                          ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—If the administering authority deter-
                     mines, with respect to a class or kind of merchandise from
                     a nonmarket economy country for which an antidumping duty
                     is determined using normal value pursuant to section 773(c),
                     that—
                               ‘‘(A) pursuant to section 701(a)(1), a countervailable
                          subsidy (other than an export subsidy referred to in section
                          772(c)(1)(C)) has been provided with respect to the class
                          or kind of merchandise,
                               ‘‘(B) such countervailable subsidy has been dem-
                          onstrated to have reduced the average price of imports
                          of the class or kind of merchandise during the relevant
                          period, and
                               ‘‘(C) the administering authority can reasonably esti-
                          mate the extent to which the countervailable subsidy
                          referred to in subparagraph (B), in combination with the
                          use of normal value determined pursuant to section 773(c),
                          has increased the weighted average dumping margin for
                          the class or kind of merchandise,
                     the administering authority shall, except as provided in para-
                     graph (2), reduce the antidumping duty by the amount of
                     the increase in the weighted average dumping margin esti-
                     mated by the administering authority under subparagraph (C).
                          ‘‘(2) MAXIMUM REDUCTION IN ANTIDUMPING DUTY.—The
                     administering authority may not reduce the antidumping duty
                     applicable to a class or kind of merchandise from a nonmarket
                     economy country under this subsection by more than the portion
                     of the countervailing duty rate attributable to a countervailable
                     subsidy that is provided with respect to the class or kind
                     of merchandise and that meets the conditions described in
                     subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) of paragraph (1).’’.
Applicability.       (b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—Subsection (f) of section 777A of the
19 USC 1677f–1   Tariff Act of 1930, as added by subsection (a) of this section,
note.            applies to—
                          (1) all investigations and reviews initiated pursuant to
                     title VII of that Act (19 U.S.C. 1671 et seq.) on or after the
                     date of the enactment of this Act; and
                          (2) subject to subsection (c) of section 129 of the Uruguay
                     Round Agreements Act (19 U.S.C. 3538), all determinations
             PUBLIC LAW 112–99—MAR. 13, 2012                     126 STAT. 267

    issued under subsection (b)(2) of that section on or after the
    date of the enactment of this Act.

  Approved March 13, 2012.

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY—H.R. 4105 (S. 2153):
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Vol. 158 (2012):
     Mar. 6, considered and passed House.
     Mar. 7, considered and passed Senate.

                                   Æ