Court Opinion

ID: 2724340
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 20:33:37.275132+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:03:04.373441
License: Public Domain

FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                               Sep 05 2014, 9:02 am

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                          ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
JERRY T. DROOK                                   GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Grant County Public Defender’s Office            Attorney General of Indiana
Marion, Indiana
                                                 ROBERT J. HENKE
                                                 Deputy Attorney General
                                                 Indianapolis, Indiana
                                                 DAVID E. COREY
                                                 Deputy Attorney General
                                                 Indianapolis, Indiana

                             IN THE
                   COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

IN THE MATTER OF B.W. and A.K.,       )
Alleged to be Children in Need of Services,
                                      )
                                      )
A.C. (Mother),                        )
                                      )
       Appellant-Respondent,          )
                                      )
               vs.                    )                    No. 27A05-1401-JC-29
                                      )
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CHILD SERVICES, )
                                      )
       Appellee-Petitioner.           )

                     APPEAL FROM THE GRANT SUPERIOR COURT
                    The Honorable Dana J. Kenworthy, Judge Pro Tempore
                   Cause Nos. 27D02-1110-JC-705 and 27D02-1110-JC-706

                                      September 5, 2014

                             OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION

NAJAM, Judge
                                 STATEMENT OF THE CASE

      A.C. (“Mother”) appeals the trial court’s orders appointing guardians over her

children, A.K. and B.W., following a permanency hearing. Mother presents a single

issue for our review, namely, whether the trial court abused its discretion when it

appointed guardians over the children. We reverse and remand with instructions.

                          FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      Mother has two children: A.K., born January 19, 2009, and B.W., born January

25, 2011.1 On approximately September 29, 2011, Mother observed that B.W.’s right

arm was swollen. On October 4, Mother took B.W. to her pediatrician, who ordered x-

rays, which revealed a fracture.           B.W. was referred to Peyton Manning Children’s

Hospital, and one of her health care providers there concluded that B.W.’s injury was not

accidental. B.W. was also diagnosed with four other fractures that “were in different

stages of healing, indicating that they may have occurred on more than one occasion.”

Appellant’s App. at 273. Dr. Cortney Demetris concluded that the injuries had been

caused by child abuse.

      Dr. Demetris found it “exceptionally difficult to get a medical history from

Mother” and observed that Mother “did not appear remorseful or upset that [B.W.] was

injured.” Id. Mother and her boyfriend, D.B., were the sole caretakers of B.W. and A.K.

When asked about how the injuries occurred, Mother “was inconsistent with her

explanation of details.” Exs. Vol. at 30. Mother stated that she had “left the children in

the care” of D.B. while she attended night school, and D.B. denied having hurt B.W. Id.

      1
          The children have two different fathers, neither of whom participates in this appeal.
                                                     2
The Department of Child Services (“DCS”) removed both children from Mother’s care

and placed them in foster care.

       On October 24, DCS filed petitions alleging that the children were children in

need of services (“CHINS”) and the trial court appointed a Guardian ad Litem; on

November 14, Mother married D.B.; and on December 16, the trial court found the

children to be CHINS and ordered that the children be placed with their maternal great

uncle and great aunt. On April 26, 2012, during a fact-finding hearing, Mother and D.B.,

who DCS named as a custodian of the children in an amended petition, stipulated that

B.W. received injuries that would not have occurred but for the act or omission of a

parent or custodian and that “there is no adequate explanation for such injuries.”

Appellant’s App. at 91. Thus, Mother and D.B. stipulated that the children were CHINS.

       Following another hearing, on May 24, the trial court entered a dispositional order,

which prohibited D.B. from having any contact with the children and which set out a

parental participation plan for Mother consisting of twenty-two requirements, including a

parenting assessment, a psychological evaluation, and individual therapy. The purpose of

the parental participation plan was to reunify Mother with the children.

       On June 6, D.B. moved the trial court to dismiss him from the CHINS proceedings

because he had filed for dissolution of his marriage to Mother. The trial court granted

that motion. And at the end of June 2012, the children were separated from each other

and placed with different relatives. B.W. was placed with her paternal aunt and uncle,

S.L. and B.L. And A.K. was placed with his father, E.K., and E.K.’s mother, H.K., who

live in Ohio.

                                             3
       In October 2012, Laurel Tinsley, a Family Behavioral Specialist with Grant-

Blackford Mental Health who was acting as Mother’s home-based case manager, wrote a

progress report and stated that Mother had been “attending therapy with Tonya Scalf on a

weekly basis” and Scalf had reported to Tinsley that Mother “is very insightful in therapy

and is making significant progress.” Appellant’s App. at 179. Tinsley also reported that

Mother was doing “a wonderful job of applying the skills she is learning in home-based

services to her interactions with her children during supervised visits.” Id.

       In a progress report also dated October 2012, DCS family case manager Michelle

Lane stated that Mother

       has been actively participating in weekly visitation, counseling and Home-
       Based services. Both service providers report [Mother] seems to be
       progressing and actively participating during her appointments. DCS
       believes she is getting the right tools during these appointments, but is
       unsure if she is using these skills.

              [Mother] has made poor choices in the past that ha[ve] put her
       children’s safety in jeopardy and allowed them to be neglected. DCS is
       concerned these type of decisions may continue. [Mother] has not been
       open with DCS and has been very upset when she is asked to explain what
       is going on in her life. She has also expressed being upset with service
       providers and CASA at times when they have asked her questions. DCS is
       concerned she is still making bad decisions and this is why she [is] not
       being up front with everyone.

Id. at 177.

       In December 2012, Tinsley submitted a progress report stating that Mother was

continuing to make good progress in therapy with Scalf and in learning home-based

services. And in January 2013, case manager Lane submitted a progress report stating

that Mother had obtained a new apartment that was “very clean and appropriate” and

Mother continued regular supervised visits with the children. Id. at 208. Lane also noted
                                             4
that Mother was in full compliance with the parental participation plan. But Lane stated

that Mother had

       changed her story [regarding B.W.’s injuries] from what she reported to
       DCS, law enforcement, and medical personnel during interviews. Medical
       personnel reported [Mother’s] story did not match with [B.W.’s] injuries.
       [Mother] is now reporting [B.W.’s] father was caring for her, but did not
       initially report this to anyone. The time frame of when she is reporting
       [B.W.’s father] cared for [B.W.] does not seem to match when medical
       professionals believe the injuries occurred. DCS is still unaware of who
       hurt [B.W.] and if [Mother] can or will keep her children safe.

Id. at 210. Finally, Lane stated that “DCS would ask the court to allow a change in the

permanency plan [from reunification with Mother] to termination of parental rights

because the children will be out of the home for 15 out of 22 months.” Id. at 209.

       Despite DCS’s request to change the permanency plan to termination of parental

rights, in February 2013, following a hearing, the trial court entered an order approving a

permanency plan that states in relevant part as follows:

       The Court believes that Mother has lied about the injuries to [B.W.]
       Mother has given multiple versions. The Court was concerned during
       today’s hearing about Tonya Scalf, Mother’s therapist, becoming emotional
       during her testimony which leads to concern regarding Ms. Scalf’s
       objectivity.

              The Court is further concerned about Mother’s reasons given for not
       taking a polygraph regarding the injuries to [B.W.] Mother’s reasons were
       all regarding Mother’s own issues, for example, Mother’s emotional stress.
       The Court believes Mother is still protecting a man by not disclosing what
       she knows about [B.W.’s] injuries.

              After hearing all the evidence, recommendations and argument, the
       Court accepts DCS’ recommendation to continue services and efforts to
       reunify children with Mother. However, [A.K.] shall remain placed with
       his grandmother, [H.K.]

              The Court, reluctantly, authorizes DCS to increase Mother’s
       parenting time with the children, as appropriate.
                                             5
Id. at 229 (emphasis added).

      In April 2013, Lane submitted a progress report to the trial court and stated that

Mother was in full compliance with the parental participation plan. But Lane noted that

      DCS is concerned with [Mother’s] decisions and lack of honesty during the
      life of this case. She has told at least four different stories of whom [sic]
      and how she believed her daughter, [B.W.], was harmed. Initially, she
      reported that she believed [B.W.] had to have been hurt in her boyfriend
      [D.B.’s] care. She quickly changed this story and began stating her two
      year old son had pulled a toy away from her daughter. [Mother] then
      began telling DCS and service providers that [B.W.] was hurt by her father,
      [J.W.] She continued to tell this story for a year despite telling DCS and
      medical professionals [B.W.] had not been in [J.W.’s] care during the time-
      frame of her injuries. [Mother] has recently began saying she does not
      know who harmed her child. DCS is concerned about [Mother’s] change in
      story despite the timeline she originally gave to DCS, law enforcement, and
      medical personnel. We still have no idea who has harmed [B.W.] [Mother]
      is refusing to take a recommended therapeutic polygraph to determine
      history, if she harmed [B.W.] or if she has any knowledge of what
      happened to [B.W.]

             [Mother] married her boyfriend, [D.B.], approximately a month after
      becoming involved with DCS. She married him after agreeing with DCS
      that [D.B.] would not have any contact with her children. After [Mother’s]
      husband divorced her she began thinking about returning to school and
      moving out of the area. She began considering moving in with a man and
      attending Huntington College. [Mother] later decided this would not be a
      good option after discussing it with service providers. DCS has no
      knowledge if [Mother] has continued any further relationship with [D.B.] or
      any other male.

                                          ***

             DCS continues to express concerns to [Mother] about the safety of
      her children. [Mother] continues to focus on the trauma in her life and
      herself as a victim. She does not seem to express the same concern for her
      children and their safety. DCS does recognize that [Mother] has strengths
      and has made progress with her own health, but she does not seem to
      understand any of the concern that no one has any knowledge of who
      harmed [B.W.]

                                           6
Id. at 241, 243. And Lane stated that DCS recommended changing the permanency plan

for both children from reunification to appointment of a legal guardian for each child.

       Also in April 2013, Scalf wrote a letter to Lane and stated in relevant part as

follows:

       [Mother] has continued to come prepared to address issues related to her
       past relationship choices, addressing her depression and her anxiety,
       working on coping with past mistakes and planning for the future.
       Although [Mother] still denies knowledge of how the injuries occurred to
       her daughter, she has talked more about the possibilities of [D.B.] being
       responsible for the injuries. She has wondered and questioned some of the
       events that happened during that time period. Her unanswered questions
       combined with the stress of the last court hearing, addressing issues from
       her past and being worried about the welfare of her children, have increased
       her anxiety during the past few months. Which has led to a medication
       change by Donna (Rene) Spears, APN; Trazodone was added to the
       Wellbutrin. [Mother] appears to be tolerating the medications well with no
       side effects and is continuing to follow up with Donna (Rene) Spears, APN
       as recommended.

              [Mother] has continued to maintain her employment, her apartment
       and a functional vehicle. She is still coping with issues of grief and loss
       over the passing of her mother and grandmother and has also been worried
       about her sister who recently had her engagement broken off. During the
       past month, she also had several visitations canceled with her son, which
       led to increased worries and anxiety. With the increased family stress,
       [Mother] has had increased insomnia during the past few months. She was
       struggling with feelings of loneliness at nighttime and would go to her
       father’s home some evenings to avoid being alone. With the adding of the
       Trazodone and working on relaxation skills, [Mother] is resting more
       peacefully and reporting that she is getting a more sound sleep at night.

               Her anxiety still tends to be high; [Mother] constantly talks of her
       children and their welfare. She has been addressing parenting issues in
       therapy, discussing how to be protective and provide safety for her
       children, not only as children but also talking about as they get older into
       their teens. She addresses questions about how to maintain age appropriate
       and positive conversation with her children. She will ask questions about
       trusting others to be around her children, including their friends as they get
       older and whether or not to let them go to friends’ homes.

                                             7
              [Mother] continues to be active in the therapeutic process; she has
       insight and take[s] ownership of her past mistakes. She continues to be
       consistent in therapy and has shown maturity in the course of her treatment.
       She is also continuing to meet with her mother mentor. The impression of
       this therapist remains that [Mother] has taken ownership for past poor
       judgment and has grown from this experience of working with [DCS],
       home-based services and therapy.

Id. at 245-46. Tinsley also wrote a letter stating in relevant part that Mother continued to

do a “wonderful job of applying the skills she is learning in home-based services to her

interactions with her children during the supervised visits.” Id. at 247. Tinsley observed

that

       [Mother] is very playful and creative with her children during the visits.
       [Mother] plans out activities to do with her children and provides a meal
       during the visit. [Mother] is nurturing and affectionate with her children.
       [Mother] has a strong bond with both of her children [as] evidenced by the
       children’s desire to constantly be held by her. Since the last court hearing
       on February 14, 2013, I have begun partial unsupervised visits with
       [Mother] and her children. [Mother] has had three partial unsupervised
       visits with her children so far. There have been no concerns observed
       during the visits. [Mother] provides a safe environment for her children.

Id. at 248.

       On October 29, 2013, the trial court held a permanency hearing.             And on

December 20, the trial court entered an order appointing guardians for the children. The

trial court found and concluded in relevant part as follows:

       8.     Mother has given several contradictory statements related to
       [B.W.’s] injuries during the life of the CHINS case. Mother delayed
       seeking medical care for [B.W.] She has blamed [B.W.’s] father, her
       boyfriend [D.B.], and [B.W.’s] two-year-old brother, [A.K.], for the
       injuries. Mother married [D.B.] after the CHINS case was filed, and has
       since divorced him. Mother has been unwilling to take a therapeutic
       polygraph, stating that she does not believe in polygraphs (the Court notes
       that Mother was not ordered by the Court to take the polygraph). To date,
       the specific cause of [B.W.’s] injuries remains unexplained. This is of
       great concern to the Court.
                                             8
                                                   ***

      12.    Although Mother has completed a number of court-ordered services,
      the Court notes that her body language, attitude and demeanor in Court, as
      well as the substance of her most recent testimony evidences a continued
      self-centered way of thinking, and inability or unwillingness to put her
      children’s interests and needs before her own. Mother continues to appear
      before the Court with the mien of a victim of “the system,” and this
      position has been reinforced by some of her family members and support
      system. This, in conjunction with the as-yet unexplained cause of [B.W.’s]
      injuries, gives the Court great concern about [B.W.’s] safety if she were
      returned to Mother’s care.

      13.     The CASA for [B.W.] has served on this case since May 22, 2012,
      and has conducted a thorough investigation regarding the well-being of
      [B.W.], including among other things, visiting with [B.W.], observing
      visits, observing and participating in hearings, reviewing DCS’ records,
      medical records, and other evidence. CASA testified that she continues to
      have concerns that [B.W.] would not be safe in Mother’s care. The Court
      finds CASA’s testimony to be credible and her conclusions to be rationally
      based upon the evidence in this case.

Id. at 273-74.2 This appeal ensued.

                                 DISCUSSION AND DECISION

      Indiana Code Section 31-34-21-7 provides in relevant part that when the trial court

holds a permanency hearing in a CHINS proceeding it shall make the determination and

findings required by Indiana Code Section 31-34-21-5, which provides:

      (a) The court shall determine:

                (1) whether the child’s case plan, services, and placement
                meet the special needs and best interests of the child;

                (2) whether the department has made reasonable efforts to
                provide family services; and

                (3) a projected date for the child’s return home, the child’s
                adoption placement, the child’s emancipation, or the

      2
          The trial court entered substantively similar orders pertaining to each child.
                                                     9
      appointment of a legal guardian for the child under section
      7.5(c)(1)(E) of this chapter.

(b) The determination of the court under subsection (a) must be based on
findings written after consideration of the following:

      (1) Whether the department, the child, or the child’s parent,
      guardian, or custodian has complied with the child’s case
      plan.

      (2) Written documentation containing descriptions of:

             (A) the family services that have been offered
             or provided to the child or the child’s parent,
             guardian, or custodian;

             (B) the dates during which the family services
             were offered or provided; and

             (C) the outcome arising from offering or
             providing the family services.

      (3) The extent of the efforts made by the department to offer
      and provide family services.

      (4) The extent to which the parent, guardian, or custodian has
      enhanced the ability to fulfill parental obligations.

      (5) The extent to which the parent, guardian, or custodian has
      visited the child, including the reasons for infrequent
      visitation.

      (6) The extent to which the parent, guardian, or custodian has
      cooperated with the department.

      (7) The child’s recovery from any injuries suffered before
      removal.

      (8) Whether any additional services are required for the child
      or the child’s parent, guardian, or custodian and, if so, the
      nature of those services.

      (9) The extent to which the child has been rehabilitated.

                                    10
              (10) If the child is placed out-of-home, whether the child is in
              the least restrictive, most family-like setting, and whether the
              child is placed close to the home of the child’s parent,
              guardian, or custodian.

              (11) The extent to which the causes for the child’s out-of-
              home placement or supervision have been alleviated.

              (12) Whether current placement or supervision by the
              department should be continued.

              (13) The extent to which the child’s parent, guardian, or
              custodian has participated or has been given the opportunity
              to participate in case planning, periodic case reviews,
              dispositional reviews, placement of the child, and visitation.

              (14) Whether the department has made reasonable efforts to
              reunify or preserve a child’s family unless reasonable efforts
              are not required under section 5.6 of this chapter.

              (15) Whether it is an appropriate time to prepare or
              implement a permanency plan for the child under section 7.5
              of this chapter.

       In In re Guardianship of B.H., 770 N.E.2d 283, 287-88 (Ind. 2002), our supreme

court set out the applicable standard of review:

       Despite the differences among Indiana’s appellate court decisions
       confronting child placement disputes between natural parents and other
       persons, most of the cases generally recognize the important and strong
       presumption that the child’s best interests are ordinarily served by
       placement in the custody of the natural parent. This presumption does
       provide a measure of protection for the rights of the natural parent, but,
       more importantly, it embodies innumerable social, psychological, cultural,
       and biological considerations that significantly benefit the child and serve
       the child’s best interests. To resolve the dispute in the case law regarding
       the nature and quantum of evidence required to overcome this presumption,
       we hold that, before placing a child in the custody of a person other than the
       natural parent, a trial court must be satisfied by clear and convincing
       evidence that the best interests of the child require such a placement. The
       trial court must be convinced that placement with a person other than the
       natural parent represents a substantial and significant advantage to the
       child. The presumption will not be overcome merely because “a third party
                                            11
could provide the better things in life for the child.” Hendrickson[ v.
Binkley, 161 Ind. App. 388, 396, 316 N.E.2d 376 (1974)]. In a proceeding
to determine whether to place a child with a person other than the natural
parent, evidence establishing the natural parent’s unfitness or acquiescence,
or demonstrating that a strong emotional bond has formed between the
child and the third person, would of course be important, but the trial court
is not limited to these criteria. The issue is not merely the “fault” of the
natural parent. Rather, it is whether the important and strong presumption
that a child’s interests are best served by placement with the natural parent
is clearly and convincingly overcome by evidence proving that the child’s
best interests are substantially and significantly served by placement with
another person. This determination falls within the sound discretion of our
trial courts, and their judgments must be afforded deferential review. A
generalized finding that a placement other than with the natural parent is in
a child’s best interests, however, will not be adequate to support such
determination, and detailed and specific findings are required. [In re
Marriage of Huber, 723 N.E.2d 973, 976 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000)].

       “In deference to the trial court’s proximity to the issues, ‘we disturb
the judgment only where there is no evidence supporting the findings or the
findings fail to support the judgment.’” Oil Supply Co., Inc. v. Hires Parts
Serv., Inc., 726 N.E.2d 246, 248 (Ind. 2000) (quoting Chidester v. City of
Hobart, 631 N.E.2d 908, 910 (Ind. 1994) (citing Indianapolis Convention &
Visitors Ass’n v. Indianapolis Newspapers, Inc., 577 N.E.2d 208 (Ind.
1991))). We do not reweigh the evidence, but consider only the evidence
favorable to the trial court’s judgment. Id. A challenger thus labors under
a heavy burden, and must show that the trial court’s findings are clearly
erroneous. Ind. Trial Rule 52(A); Chidester, 631 N.E.2d at 909-10. Child
custody determinations fall squarely within the discretion of the trial court
and will not be disturbed except for an abuse of discretion. Clark v. Clark,
726 N.E.2d 854, 856 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000). Reversal is appropriate only if
we find the trial court’s decision is against the logic and effect of the facts
and circumstances before the Court or the reasonable inferences drawn
therefrom. Id. We also note that, in reviewing a judgment requiring proof
by clear and convincing evidence, an appellate court may not impose its
own view as to whether the evidence is clear and convincing but must
determine, by considering only the probative evidence and reasonable
inferences supporting the judgment and without weighing evidence or
assessing witness credibility, whether a reasonable trier of fact could
conclude that the judgment was established by clear and convincing
evidence. See Bud Wolf Chevrolet, Inc. v. Robertson, 519 N.E.2d 135, 137
(Ind. 1988).

                                      12
       Mother contends that the trial court’s conclusion that the appointment of guardians

over the children is in the children’s best interests is clearly erroneous. In particular,

Mother asserts that the trial court’s findings do not support its conclusion that guardians

should be appointed over the children

       simply because [Mother] has not agreed to take a polygraph examination as
       to how her daughter was injured, and has not convinced the trial court nor
       CASA that she doesn’t know what happened to her daughter. Throughout
       the CHINS proceedings, there was an undercurrent of suspicion that
       [Mother] knows more than she is telling about the injuries to B.W.
       However, not one person has posited or alleged that [Mother] herself had
       injured the child.

Appellant’s Br. at 17-18 (emphasis original).

       Indeed, the evidence is undisputed that Mother has successfully completed every

requirement of the twenty-two part parental participation plan ordered by the trial court in

May 2012. Mother’s home-based case manager, Tinsley, and Mother’s therapist, Scalf,

have consistently reported Mother’s progress throughout the proceedings and both

recommended that Mother be reunited with the children. At the guardianship hearing, the

only evidence presented by DCS in favor of the guardianship was Mother’s unwillingness

to take a polygraph examination or otherwise divulge information she may know about

how B.W. was injured in 2011. Lane and the CASA both testified that Mother was

unable to provide a safe home for the children, but when asked to explain what that

meant, they each stated only that Mother needed to take a polygraph examination and to

explain how B.W. was injured. In particular, Lane testified as follows:

       Q:     Ma’am, you indicated that reunification efforts with mother failed.
              Is that correct?

       A:     Correct.
                                            13
Q:   What services did [Mother] fail to complete?

A:   She worked—she did not fail to complete any services.

Q:   She successfully completed every service put before her, correct?

A:   Correct.

                                   ***

Q:   Okay. What additional steps does [Mother] need to take in order to
     have the children back in her care?

A:   I would say that she would have to provide that she can show a safe
     home.

Q:   Uh-huh.

A:   It took several months for her to come up with a safety plan for her
     children. After she told our department that there were people who
     weren’t appropriate to watch her children, her first safety plan she
     put those people in the plan and then she also refuses to take a
     therapeutic polygraph because we have question to whether [sic]
     who harmed the children.

Q:   Do you have any question that [Mother] harmed the children?

A:   I don’t know.

Q:   You don’t know?

A:   I don’t know if she harmed the children. I don’t. I wasn’t there.

Q:   Has there ever been a suggestion throughout the history of this case
     that [Mother] was the one that harmed the children?

A:   No, but I do not know that.

Q:   You indicated that [Mother] needs to show that she can provide a
     safe home. Is that correct?

A:   Correct.

Q:   What about [Mother’s] home currently is not safe?
                                   14
       A:       Because she has not been able to prove that she can provide a safe
                home to, for her children.

       Q:       What does she need to do other than what she’s doing to prove that
                she has a safe home?

       A:       I would recommend that she take the therapeutic polygraph and
                come up with a safe plan for her children.

       Q:       So the polygraph will show that she has a safe home?

       A:       The polygraph will help to determine if there’s any indicators of
                violence, if she had any knowledge of what happened to her
                children, if she has ever harmed her children.

       Q:       Uh-huh. She took a parenting assessment. Is that correct?

       A:       Correct.

       Q:       She also took a psych[ological] eval[uation]. Is that correct?

       A:       Correct.

       Q:       Did either of those indicate violence in [Mother]?

       A:       No.

       Q:       Did either of those raise any concerns of risk for the children’s
                safety in her care?

       A:       No.

Tr. at 15-17.

       And the CASA testified in relevant part as follows:

       A:       . . . I have watched [Mother] as a mother. She knows how to care
                for both her children, but at the time they were living with her, she
                did not provide a safe environment.

                                             ***

       Q:       In regards to [Mother], what changes would you need her to make in
                order to recommend that [the children] be back with her?
                                              15
A:   I’ll go back to the polygraph. I want to know how [B.W.] got five
     fractures and was only seen one time by a doctor and that was the
     last time with the broken arm. When they, when [B.W.] was taken
     to Peyton Manning Hospital, they, that was a suspicion right away
     that that was not an accidental breakage.

Q:   Uh-huh.

A:   And so they took further x-rays and evaluated and there were five,
     four additional breaks and she was never seen by a doctor for the
     other breaks, so I question, you know, what was happening? Where
     was the mother at that time?

Q:   Uh-huh.

A:   So that, you know, [B.W.] was not in a safe place and neither was
     [A.K.] and [D.B.] was just not the proper person to be there
     babysitting for her, but she had no one else to babysit evidently. I
     mean, I don’t know where her family was at that time.

Q:   Agreed. Fast forward 16 months. Is [Mother] with . . . [D.B.]?

A:   No.

Q:   Is [Mother] in any interpersonal relationship with a man?

A:   Not at the moment.

Q:   Does [Mother] work?

A:   Yes.

Q:   Does [Mother], has [Mother] provided a plan for who would care for
     the children if she’s at work and she has the children with her?

A:   She has. Yes.

Q:   And does that plan involve individuals that have already been
     approved by DCS to be safe caregivers for these children?

A:   Yes.

Q:   Have there been any concerns raised to you about [Mother’s] ability
     on a daily basis to care for [the children]?
                                  16
        A:      I just wonder how she—it would be if she was working especially if
                she went into two jobs and was going to school, who was going to be
                caring for the children, how was she going to be able to handle all
                that? That is a lot with two children, you know, in school, games,
                whatever, you know. I mean, and then having to be part of, you
                know, visits with [A.K.] and his family. That, you know, I question
                whether she could handle all that.

        Q:      And that’s different from the life of any single mother of two how?[3]

        A:      No, that’s, that’s, that’s what it’s like with a family with children and
                a mother working. Yes, it is difficult.

        Q:      Any indication from any of the service providers since the beginning
                of this case that [Mother] is incapable of doing exactly those things
                that you just talked about?

        A:      Not from the providers. No.

Id. at 65, 68-69.

        We agree with Mother that the trial court’s conclusion, that the appointment of

guardians over the children is in the children’s best interests, is clearly erroneous. First, it

is well settled that polygraph examinations are notoriously unreliable. See, e.g., Hubbard

v. State, 742 N.E.2d 919, 923 (Ind. 2001) (“‘Although the degree of reliability of

polygraph evidence may depend upon a variety of identifiable factors, there is simply no

way to know in a particular case whether a polygraph examiner’s conclusion is accurate,

because certain doubts and uncertainties plague even the best polygraph exams.’”)

(quoting United States v. Scheffer, 523 U.S. 303, 312 (1998)). Mother’s refusal to take a

polygraph examination is, therefore, justified. Further, as the trial court noted in its

        3
            The CASA’s remarks that she doubted that Mother would be able to juggle school, work, and
motherhood are not persuasive. Indeed, the CASA ultimately conceded that, while “it is difficult” for any
working mother, the evidence shows that Mother is capable of caring for the children while attending to
school and work. Tr. at 69. As Mother’s counsel’s question suggests, if the CASA’s opinion were
credited, it would implicate any single, working parent in Indiana.
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findings, the court did not require Mother to take a polygraph examination as part of her

parental participation plan.   Thus, DCS’s assertion that Mother’s refusal to take a

polygraph demonstrates that she is incapable of providing a safe home for the children is

unfounded.

       Second, while Mother challenges the trial court’s order on permanency and not the

underlying CHINS determination, we find the following appropriate to the issue on

appeal: It is well established that “a CHINS adjudication may not be based solely on

conditions that no longer exist. The trial court should also consider the parents’ situation

at the time the case is heard.” In re R.S., 987 N.E.2d 155, 159 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013).

Here, as the CASA’s testimony illustrates clearly, DCS has been focused solely on

understanding how B.W. was injured and the conditions that existed at the time of the

children’s removal from Mother’s custody. DCS presented no evidence to demonstrate

any conditions existing at the time of the final permanency hearing to justify the

permanent removal of the children.

       Moreover, this is not a case where a parent has made an eleventh-hour effort to

show compliance with a parental participation plan. The undisputed evidence shows that

Mother has consistently demonstrated her eagerness to learn how to be a better parent and

to gain insight into her past mistakes. And there is no dispute that Mother complied with

and satisfied every condition of the permanency plan, the purpose of which was to

reunify Mother with the children. DCS, and, by extension, the trial court, wholly ignore

this undisputed evidence and instead suggest that Mother’s past mistakes dictate her

future. We hold that DCS has not presented clear and convincing evidence to show that

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Mother’s failure to explain how B.W. was injured, absent evidence that Mother can do

anything more than speculate on the cause, trumps Mother’s successes in all ordered

aspects of these CHINS proceedings.

       Mother’s present ability to provide a safe home for her children is shown by her

full compliance with the parental participation plan, which was designed with the goal of

reunification, and positive recommendations by Tinsley and Scalf. Even the CASA

reported that Mother is a good parent to the children. And, as Lane acknowledged,

Mother’s parenting assessment and psychological evaluation showed no indication of

violent tendencies. D.B., whom DCS and the trial court suspect caused B.W.’s injuries,

had been out of Mother’s life for well over a year by the time of the guardianship hearing.

And, again, the undisputed evidence shows that Mother has gained insight into her past

bad choices in relationships with men.

       In sum, there is simply no clear and convincing evidence that the children would

be in any danger if they are reunited with Mother. Mother’s failure to explain the cause

of B.W.’s injuries is not evidence of a present inability to provide a safe home for the

children. While the undisputed evidence shows that the children are bonded and thriving

with their guardians, and while they have been placed outside of Mother’s home since

2012, Mother has consistently visited with the children, and DCS has presented no

evidence to show anything other than a strong family bond between Mother and the

children. Again, there is a presumption that a child’s best interests are ordinarily served

by placement in the custody of the natural parent. B.H., 770 N.E.2d at 287. And “[t]he

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presumption will not be overcome merely because ‘a third party could provide the better

things in life for the child.’” Id. (quoting Hendrickson, 161 Ind. App. at 396).

       DCS has not presented clear and convincing evidence that Mother is currently

unable to provide a safe home for the children or that the guardianships are in the

children’s best interests. We hold that the trial court abused its discretion when it

appointed guardians for the children. We reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand

with instructions that the court reunite the children with Mother.

       Reversed and remanded with instructions.

BAILEY, J., and PYLE, J., concur.

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