Court Opinion

ID: 4640462
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-08 16:01:59.999183+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:14.627560
License: Public Domain

NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
  UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                  AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.

                                     IN THE
              ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
                                 DIVISION ONE

                    MARK E. STUART, Plaintiff/Appellant,

                                         v.

            CITY OF SCOTTSDALE, et al., Defendants/Appellees.

                              No. 1 CA-CV 18-0154
                                 FILED 12-8-2020

            Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
                           No. CV2013-014458
                   The Honorable Daniel J. Kiley, Judge

                                   AFFIRMED

                                    COUNSEL

Witthoft Derksen PC, Phoenix
By Scott H. Zwillinger
Counsel for Plaintiff/Appellant

Scottsdale City Attorney’s Office, Scottsdale
By Eric C. Anderson
Counsel for Defendants/Appellees
                     STUART v. SCOTTSDALE, et al.
                         Decision of the Court

                        MEMORANDUM DECISION

Presiding Judge Jennifer M. Perkins delivered the decision of the Court, in
which Judge David B. Gass and Judge Michael J. Brown joined.

P E R K I N S, Judge:

¶1           Mark Stuart appeals from the superior court’s findings and
conclusions against him after a bench trial. He also appeals several of the
superior court’s post-trial rulings. We affirm.

           FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶2             This appeal concerns the Tournament Players Club golf
course facility (the “Facility”) in Scottsdale. The City of Scottsdale (the
“City”) leased the Facility to TPC Scottsdale, Inc. (“TPC”) pursuant to a
Lease and Management Agreement (“LMA”) in 1984. The term of the LMA
is 50 years, from June 10, 1985, to June 9, 2035, and TPC has the right to
renew the lease under the same terms and conditions for an additional 25
years.

¶3            The LMA required the City to construct two eighteen-hole
public golf courses (and related amenities) and lease them to TPC, which
was required to “operate and oversee” the property “as a golf facility open
to the general public,” and to “maintain” the Facility “in first-class
operating condition.” The LMA referred to the two courses as the “Stadium
Course” and the “Scottsdale Course.” TPC was required to pay the City
annual rent equal to 10% of “Golf Course Income” — defined as, among
other items, green fees, cart fees, and driving range fees — and 2% of “Sales
Income” — defined as income derived from the sale of food and beverages
and pro shop sales. The LMA also required TPC to pay the operating
expenses for the Facility.

¶4             Further, the LMA required the PGA Tour, Inc. (the “Tour) “to
sanction and co-sponsor” a Tour event, the Phoenix Open, at the Facility
each year for ten years, commencing in 1987. It authorized TPC to “suspend
play by the general public at the Stadium Course for a period . . . not longer
than fourteen (14) days per annum” to host the tournament. The City and
TPC have since amended the LMA several times; one such amendment
again required TPC to “sanction and co-sponsor the Phoenix Open or

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another regular tour event” at the Facility for a period of 10 years, which
expired in 2006.

¶5           On December 3, 2012, the City, TPC, and the Tour entered its
most recent amendment to the LMA (the “Sixth Amendment”), which is the
primary subject of this litigation. The recitals provided in part that the
purposes of the Sixth Amendment were to:

      1.     Extend the period during which the Regular TOUR
             Event will be held at the [] Facility.

      2.     Require [TPC] and Tour to provide television coverage
             as set forth herein in connection with the Regular
             TOUR event.

      3.     Provide for City construction and funding of certain
             capital repairs and replacements at the [] Facility.

      4.     Provide for City’s verification and auditing of the Net
             Operating Revenue under the [LMA].

¶6             The Sixth Amendment required the City to make renovations
to the Facility at a cost of up to $15 million. The Sixth Amendment also
increased the amount of Golf Course Income that TPC was obligated to pay
the City each year from 10% to 12.5% for a period of 20 years.

¶7            As previously noted, TPC’s contractual obligation to hold the
Phoenix Open at the Facility (the “Event Commitment”) had expired in
2006. But the Sixth Amendment provided:

      Tour is not obligated to conduct the Regular TOUR event at
      the [] Facility each year. However:

      [] If Tour fails to conduct the Regular TOUR Event at the Golf
      Facility during any year prior to 2016 because Tour did not
      have a sponsor of the Regular TOUR Event or the sponsor did
      not substantially perform (collectively a “Sponsor Failure”),
      then City shall have the right to terminate this Agreement
      unless Tour pays to City a certain payment (the “Sponsor
      Failure Payment”) for each such year in which a Sponsor
      Failure occurs.

      [] If more than one Sponsor Failure occurs during the years
      2016 through 2022, then City shall have the right to terminate

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       this Agreement unless Tour pays to City a Sponsor Failure
       Payment for each such year in which a second or subsequent
       Sponsor Failure occurs.

       ....

       [] If Tour fails to conduct the Regular TOUR Event because of
       Tour Event Force Majeure, then City shall not have the right
       to terminate this Agreement or collect a Sponsor Failure
       Payment.

               The amount of the Sponsor Failure Payment was fixed at 80%
of the annual debt service on bonds issued by the City to fund capital
projects, up to $960,000 per year.

¶8            The Sixth Amendment also set forth a Television Coverage
Commitment, providing “[TPC] and Tour shall cause national coverage of
the annual Regular TOUR Event to occur as described in their existing
contracts with the Golf Channel and CBS for broadcast of the Regular Tour
Event through at least 2021.”

¶9           A Scottsdale City Council staff report submitted to the
Council when it considered approving the Sixth Amendment estimated the
increase in Golf Course revenues from 10% to 12.5% to result in
approximately $173,000 of additional annual revenue for the 20-year
period. The report also valued the Event Commitment at $1.4 million per
year and the Television Coverage Commitment as $15.9 million per year.

¶10             Stuart filed his original complaint in this matter against the
Scottsdale City Council and various individuals in their capacity as City
officials in October, 2013, alleging the Sixth Amendment violated Article 9,
Section 7 of the Arizona Constitution (the “Gift Clause”) (Count 1) and
Article 1, Section 3(O) of the Scottsdale City Charter (the “Anti-Subsidy
Clause”) (Count 2). He later amended his complaint to add seven more
counts, five of which alleged additional Gift Clause violations by the City.
Specifically, Count 3 alleged the City violated the Gift Clause in 2006 by
expending $10 million to improve the Facility, and Counts 4-7 alleged Gift
Clause violations arising from the original LMA executed in 1984. Stuart
also added allegations that the City violated Arizona public records law
(Count 8) and Scottsdale City public records law (Count 9) by failing to
disclose certain documents.

¶11          The City filed a motion for summary judgment on all counts
of Stuart’s amended complaint. After the matter was fully briefed and

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                          Decision of the Court

argued, the superior court granted summary judgment on Counts 3-9 and
denied summary judgment as to Counts 1 and 2. The court reasoned that
Counts 3-7 were barred by the statute of limitations in A.R.S. § 12-821. On
Counts 8 and 9, the court found that the information Stuart sought was not
a public record and not in the City’s possession and control, and that the
City had no duty to collect and release it. Finally, on Counts 1 and 2, the
court held that a question of material fact existed as to the valuation of the
Sixth Amendment to the LMA, and that the weighing of various expert
opinions on the subject was a trial issue.

¶12           Stuart then filed a motion for summary judgment on Counts
1 and 2, alleging there was “not a scintilla of evidence” that the Sixth
Amendment complied with the Gift Clause or the Anti-Subsidy Clause. The
motion was again fully briefed and argued, and the superior court denied
Stuart’s motion, affirming its earlier determination that “a question of
material fact exists as to the valuation of the Sixth Amendment to the
Contract.”

¶13            The superior court held a five-day bench trial on Counts 1 and
2, ultimately finding in favor of the City in a 24-page ruling. The City filed
a motion for Arizona Rule of Civil Procedure 68 sanctions against Stuart for
rejecting the City’s offer of judgment earlier in the litigation. The City also
filed a verified statement of costs. After full briefing and argument, the
superior court granted the City’s motion for Rule 68 sanctions by doubling
the costs incurred after the City served its offer of judgment, and granted
the City’s other taxable costs incurred prior to the offer of judgment without
doubling; the total award was $21,652.80.

¶14            After the superior court entered judgment for the City, Stuart
filed a Rule 59 motion for new trial on Counts 3-9. Several days later, Stuart
also filed a Rule 59 motion for new trial on Counts 1 and 2, along with
another motion to exceed the page limit for the filing (the second new trial
motion was 29 pages long, vastly exceeding the page limits for such a
motion prescribed in Rule 7.1(a)). The superior court denied the request to
exceed the page limit and summarily denied the motion for new trial on
Counts 1 and 2 because it did not comply with Rule 7.1.

¶15           Stuart then filed a motion to extend the deadline to file a
motion for new trial on Counts 1 and 2, which the superior court also
denied. Nevertheless, Stuart filed an “amended” motion for new trial which
simply added new trial arguments on Counts 1 and 2. The City moved to
strike this filing, and Stuart responded. After holding argument, the
superior court granted the City’s motion to strike Stuart’s amended motion

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                          Decision of the Court

for new trial. The superior court also denied, after full briefing and
argument, Stuart’s motion for new trial on Counts 3-9. Stuart timely
appealed.

                                DISCUSSION

¶16           Stuart makes numerous claims of error on appeal, several of
which we cannot adequately address because Stuart did not file transcripts
pursuant to Arizona Rule of Civil Appellate Procedure (“ARCAP”) 11.
Instead, Stuart filed voluminous record documents — including portions of
the relevant transcripts — in the appendices attached to his opening brief.
But transcripts do not become part of the record on appeal through the
appendices; certified transcripts must be filed pursuant to ARCAP 11. See
In re Property Located at 6757 S. Burcham Ave., 204 Ariz. 401, 404–05, ¶ 11
(App. 2003). Appendices may only include “those portions of the record and
legal authorities that are cited in the brief and that are essential to decide an
issue on appeal.” ARCAP 13.1(b) (emphasis added). “We may only
consider the matters in the record before us. As to matters not in our record,
we presume that the record before the superior court supported its
decision.” Burcham Ave, 204 Ariz. at 405, ¶ 11 (quoting Ashton-Blair v.
Merrill, 187 Ariz. 315, 317 (App. 1996)).

¶17             We therefore need not address Stuart’s various contentions of
trial error in the admission of testimony and portions of the superior court’s
rulings on his motions for new trial, some of which center around testimony
and documents not properly in the record before us. See Baker v. Baker, 183
Ariz. 70, 73 (App. 1995) (“When a party fails to include necessary items, we
assume they would support the court’s findings and conclusions.”). We
will, however, address Stuart’s legal claims, which do not require review of
the relevant transcripts and other record documents not properly before us.

I.     Gift Clause

¶18           Stuart raises several challenges to the superior court’s finding
that the Sixth Amendment did not violate the Gift Clause. He argues the
Sixth Amendment lacks a public purpose; the Sixth Amendment lacked the
requisite consideration; judicial estoppel should preclude the City from
asserting a public purpose for its expenditures under the Sixth
Amendment; the City’s use of taxpayer guaranteed debt to assist a private
business violates the Gift Clause; and the City Council breached its
fiduciary obligation to the public by agreeing to the Sixth Amendment. We
review the interpretation and application of constitutional provisions de
novo. Cheatham v. DiCiccio, 240 Ariz. 314, 318, ¶ 8 (2016).

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                       STUART v. SCOTTSDALE, et al.
                           Decision of the Court

¶19             The Gift Clause states that a municipality may not “give or
loan its credit in the aid of, or make any donation or grant, by subsidy or
otherwise, to any individual, association, or corporation.” Ariz. Const. art.
9, § 7. It prevents “depletion of the public treasury or inflation of public debt
by engagement in non-public enterprise[,]” ensuring that public funds are
not “used to foster or promote the purely private or personal interests of
any individual.” Town of Gila Bend v. Walled Lake Door Co., 107 Ariz. 545, 549
(1971). We will uphold an expenditure challenged under the Gift Clause if
“(1) it has a public purpose, and (2) the consideration received by the
government is not ‘grossly disproportionate’ to the amounts paid to the
private entity.” Cheatham, 240 Ariz. at 318, ¶ 10. We take a “panoptic view
of the facts . . . giv[ing] appropriate deference to the findings of the
governmental body.” Wistuber v. Paradise Valley Unified Sch. Dist., 141 Ariz.
346, 349 (1984).

   A. Public Purpose

¶20          Our Supreme Court has adopted a “broad view” of the public
purpose requirement in the Gift Clause context, and has “repeatedly
emphasized that the primary determination of whether a specific purpose
constitutes a ‘public purpose’ is assigned to the political branches of
government, which are directly accountable to the public.” Turken v.
Gordon, 223 Ariz. 342, 349, ¶ 28 (2010).

¶21           As the superior court correctly noted, “[a] governmental
entity generally does not violate the Gift Clause when it makes
improvements to its own property.” See Town of Gila Bend, 107 Ariz. at 549–
50. And that is exactly what the City did here — it expended $15 million to
improve the Facility, which the City leases to TPC under the LMA.

¶22           Moreover, as indicated in the recitals to the Sixth
Amendment, the City intended to secure a commitment from the Tour to
hold a tournament at the Facility for several years to come. The superior
court found that this tournament generates substantial economic benefits
to the City and is an important part of the City’s tourism and marketing
strategy. As noted above, we lack the requisite transcripts in our record to
review this factual finding, Baker, 183 Ariz. at 73, and Stuart offers no
contrary evidence to dispute it. Applying the deferential standard
prescribed by our Supreme Court, we find the Sixth Amendment meets the
public purpose requirement of the Gift Clause. See Turken, 223 Ariz. at 349,
¶ 28.

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   B. Consideration

¶23           The second prong in a Gift Clause analysis is the
consideration the public entity receives from the private entity. Cheatham,
240 Ariz. at 318, ¶ 10. “The Gift Clause is violated when that consideration,
compared to the expenditure, is ‘so inequitable and unreasonable that it
amounts to an abuse of discretion, thus providing a subsidy to the private
entity.” Turken, 223 Ariz. at 349, ¶ 30 (quoting Wistuber, 141 Ariz. at 349).

¶24            “[C]onsideration is what one party to a contract obligates
itself to do (or to forbear from doing) in return for the promise of the other
contracting party.” Id. ¶ 31. “[A]nalysis of adequacy of consideration for
Gift Clause purposes focuses . . . on the objective fair market value of what
the private party has promised to provide in return for the public entity’s
payment.” Id. at 350, ¶ 33. Anticipated indirect benefits may be relevant in
this analysis, so long as they are bargained for as part of the contracting
party’s promised performance. See id.

¶25          First, Stuart seems to overlook the fact that the City’s
expenditure of $15 million on improvements to the Facility was simply an
expenditure to improve property the City leases to TPC. As noted above, a
public entity generally does not violate the Gift Clause when it makes
improvements to its own property. See Town of Gila Bend, 107 Ariz. at 549–
50. The superior court, relying on substantial expert testimony, found that
the City received $15 million worth of improvements to the Facility in
exchange for its $15 million expenditure. And because we lack transcripts,
we must assume the evidence supported this finding. Baker, 183 Ariz. at 73.

¶26            But assuming further analysis is necessary, Stuart also ignores
the fact that the City bargained for and received a 2.5% increase in annual
Golf Course revenue to be received from TPC, an Event Commitment, and
a Television Coverage Commitment. Again relying on substantial expert
testimony, which we must assume supported the superior court’s decision,
Baker, 183 Ariz. at 73, the superior court found that the value of the Event
Commitment and Television Coverage Commitment “far exceeds the $15
million that the City agreed to expend pursuant to the Sixth Amendment.”
Thus, we cannot find on this record that the consideration received for the
City’s expenditure was “so inequitable and unreasonable” as to violate the
Gift Clause. See Turken, 223 Ariz. at 349, ¶ 30 (quoting Wistuber, 141 Ariz. at
349).

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                     STUART v. SCOTTSDALE, et al.
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   C. Additional Arguments

¶27           Stuart raises three additional challenges to the superior
court’s Gift Clause ruling, which are easily addressed. He contends (1)
judicial estoppel should preclude the City from asserting a public purpose
for its $15 million expenditure; (2) the use of taxpayer guaranteed debt to
fund the expenditure violates the Gift Clause; and (3) the City Council
breached a fiduciary obligation to the public in agreeing to the Sixth
Amendment.

¶28            First, Stuart’s judicial estoppel argument arises from his view
that because the City takes the position TPC is not a public entity for public
records purposes, then the City cannot appropriately contend TPC is a
public golf facility for purpose of satisfying the Gift Clause. Stuart,
however, confuses TPC Scottsdale, the Facility, with TPC, the private entity
to which the City leases the Facility. Stuart does not identify any instance
in which the City has taken the position that TPC, the private entity, is in
fact a public entity, nor have we found such an instance in our own review
of the record. This argument lacks merit.

¶29           Second, Stuart’s argument regarding the City’s use of
taxpayer guaranteed debt to finance its $15 million expenditure is
completely devoid of citations to the record. But all relevant evidence as to
how the City chose to finance its expenditure presumably exists in the trial
testimony, which we cannot review for lack of transcripts. Nevertheless,
the Sixth Amendment did not specify how the City should fund its $15
million expenditure, and the only case Stuart cites held that the use of
revenue bonds to finance air and water pollution control facilities was
permissible under the Gift Clause because they served a public purpose. See
Indus. Dev. Auth. of Pinal Cnty. v. Nelson, 109 Ariz. 368, 373–74 (1973).
Because we have already affirmed the superior court’s finding that the
City’s $15 million expenditure served a public purpose, we find no error.

¶30          Finally, Stuart cites no authority — and we have found none
— for the proposition that the City Council owes a fiduciary duty in this
context. Nor does Stuart state with any clarity how the City Council
breached such a duty here. But the essence of Stuart’s argument is that the
City did not do its “due diligence” in assessing the terms of the Sixth
Amendment (though Stuart cites no record evidence to support this claim).
As the superior court correctly noted, the City Council’s diligence in
assessing the terms of the Sixth Amendment is not relevant to the Gift
Clause analysis, which focuses on the terms of the transaction. See Cheatham,

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240 Ariz. at 318, ¶ 10 (2016). We therefore reject this claim and hold that the
Sixth Amendment did not violate the Gift Clause.

II.    Anti-Subsidy Clause

¶31            Stuart next argues that the Sixth Amendment violated the
Anti-Subsidy Clause in the Scottsdale City Charter. First, he contends that
the superior court failed to “interpret [the Anti-Subsidy Clause] to give
effect to voter intent.” He also argues that the Sixth Amendment lacked a
public purpose and the requisite consideration under the Anti-Subsidy
Clause. We review issues of statutory interpretation de novo. City of
Scottsdale v. State, 237 Ariz. 467, 469, ¶ 9 (App. 2015).

¶32            The Anti-Subsidy Clause provides:

       The City Shall not give or loan its credit in aid of, nor make
       any donation, grant or payment of any public funds by
       subsidy or otherwise, to any individual, association, or
       corporation, except where there is a clearly identified public
       purpose and the city either receives direct consideration
       substantially equal to its expenditure or provides direct
       assistance to those in need.

Scottsdale City Charter art. I, § 3(O).

¶33            Stuart first argues the superior court failed to adequately
interpret this provision to give effect to voter intent. But he fails to explain
why such an interpretation was necessary. While Stuart takes issue with the
City’s proposed interpretation before the trial, he does not state how the
superior court’s analysis of the Anti-Subsidy Clause relied on the City’s
interpretation. Indeed, the very same quotation from Jett v. City of Tucson
that Stuart cites in his brief illustrates the point: “If the language is clear and
unambiguous, we generally must follow the text as written. No extrinsic
matter may be shown to support a construction that would vary its
apparent meaning. In short, judicial construction is neither necessary nor
proper.” 180 Ariz. 115, 119 (1994). Because Stuart does not state how the
superior court’s Anti-Subsidy Clause analysis was contrary to the plain
language of the provision, we reject this argument.

¶34          We then turn to Stuart’s arguments that the Sixth
Amendment did not have a “clearly identified public purpose” and that the
City did not receive “direct consideration substantially equal to its
expenditure.” Scottsdale City Charter art. I, § 3(O).

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                       STUART v. SCOTTSDALE, et al.
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¶35            As noted, the City did not simply pay TPC $15 million.
Rather, the City invested $15 million on improvements to its Facility which
it leases to TPC. In our view, this fact is sufficient to satisfy both the public
purpose requirement and the consideration requirement under the Anti-
Subsidy Clause. The superior court found that the “improvements made to
City-owned golf facilities that are available for public use fifty weeks each
year” constituted a clearly identified public purpose, and that the
improvements were worth the $15 million that the City invested. We must
assume the record supports these findings. Baker, 183 Ariz. at 73.

¶36            Assuming further analysis is necessary, the superior court
also found a clearly identified public purpose in the fact that “the City was
able to secure a continuing commitment to hold and televise an annual PGA
Tour event at TPC Scottsdale that provides millions of dollars of
promotional value and economic impact to the City.” Regarding
consideration, the City also bargained for and received a 2.5% increase in
annual Golf Course revenue to be received from TPC, an Event
Commitment, and Television Coverage Commitment. The superior court
found that the value received from the Event Commitment and Television
Coverage Commitment “far exceeds the $15 million that the City agreed to
expend pursuant to the Sixth Amendment.” We also must assume the
record supports these findings, id., and therefore hold that the Sixth
Amendment satisfied the plain language of the Anti-Subsidy Clause.

III.   Rule 59 Motions for New Trial

¶37            Stuart contends the superior court erred in refusing to
consider his new trial motions related to Counts 1 and 2, and again
advances many of the substantive arguments from those motions on
appeal. He also argues the superior court erred in denying his motion for
new trial on Counts 3-9. We review the denial of a motion for new trial for
an abuse of discretion. Jaynes v. McConnell, 238 Ariz. 211, 215–16, ¶ 13 (App.
2015). We review the interpretation and application of court rules de novo.
Maher v. Urman, 211 Ariz. 543, 546, ¶ 6 (App. 2005). We also review a
document’s status as a public record de novo. Lake v. City of Phoenix, 222 Ariz.
547, 549, ¶ 7 (2009).

   A. Counts 1 and 2

¶38           Several days after filing his motion for new trial on Counts 3-
9, Stuart timely filed another 29-page motion for new trial on Counts 1 and
2. He also simultaneously filed a motion to exceed the 17-page limit for new
trial motions in Rule 7.1(a). Finding “no justification for [Stuart’s] inability

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to comply with the page limits[,]” the superior court denied his request to
exceed the page limit, and also summarily denied his new trial motion on
Counts 1 and 2 for lack of compliance with Rule 7.1.

¶39            Stuart argues the superior court’s strict adherence to the page
requirements in Rule 7.1 “defeats the purpose of Rule 59.” We disagree. The
Rule plainly states that, “[u]nless the court orders otherwise, a motion and
supporting memorandum may not exceed 17 pages, exclusive of
attachments and any required statement of facts.” Ariz. R. Civ. P. 7.1(a)(2)
(emphasis added). The superior court found no justification for Stuart’s
deviation from this requirement, and Stuart states no such justification on
appeal. Instead, Stuart simply asserts the City would not have been
prejudiced by the length of the motion. Our review of the record suggests
Stuart himself would not have been prejudiced by adhering to the 17-page
limit; as the City points out, Stuart later managed to file an amended motion
for new trial on all Counts that was within the 17-page limit. We find no
error in the superior court’s denial of Stuart’s motion for new trial on
Counts 1 and 2 and accompanying request to exceed the page limit.

¶40            Stuart also argues the superior court erred in failing to
consider his amended motion for new trial on Counts 1 and 2. Undeterred
by the superior court’s denial of his motion for new trial on Counts 1 and 2,
Stuart simply filed an amended motion for new trial which added Counts
1 and 2 to his arguments on Counts 3-9. The City moved to strike this filing,
which the superior court granted.

¶41           A party may amend a motion for new trial “at any time before
the court rules on it.” Ariz. R. Civ. P. 59(b)(1). But the superior court found
that this was not simply an amendment; it was an “attempt to resurrect”
Stuart’s arguments under Counts 1 and 2, which had already been denied.

¶42            The superior court cited Butler Products Co., Inc. v. Roush,
which held that “the substance of [a new trial] motion” must be filed
“within 15 days after the judgment.” 145 Ariz. 32, 33 (App. 1984). In Butler
Products, a party filed a timely Rule 59 motion for new trial requesting a
new trial but citing no specific basis for relief. Id. The party later attempted
to amend the motion by “fil[ing] a memorandum stating the grounds” for
new trial. Id. The court denied the first motion because it did not specify
grounds for relief and refused to address the merits of the second filing
because it was substantively an untimely motion for new trial. See id. at 33–
34.

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¶43           The superior court’s reliance on Butler Products was correct.
Just as the party in Butler Products attempted to add substantive arguments
on its new trial motion after the deadline for Rule 59 motions had expired,
Stuart here attempted — perhaps more boldly — to untimely add his Rule
59 arguments on Counts 1 and 2 to his earlier, timely motion on Counts 3-
9, even after the superior court had already denied them. Stuart further
argues the superior court violated his due process rights by granting the
City’s motion to strike his amended motion “based upon its own extensive
legal research and arguments, not because of arguments and research
offered by [the City].” Rather than find fault, we commend the superior
court judge for his thorough legal research and thoughtful ruling. And we
note Stuart advances arguments on appeal without citation to legal
authority, inviting us to engage, as we must, in our own legal research and
analysis.

¶44            We find no error in the superior court’s denial of Stuart’s
motion for new trial on Counts 1 and 2 and his attempt to amend them into
his original motion on Counts 3-9. To the extent we can review his
substantive new trial arguments regarding Counts 1 and 2 given the lack of
transcripts, we decline to do so because Stuart waived them by failing to
timely file a motion for new trial on Counts 1 and 2. See Sobol v. Marsh, 212
Ariz. 301, 303, ¶ 7 (App. 2006) (“[A] Party cannot argue on appeal legal
issues and arguments that have not been specifically presented to the trial
court.”).

   B. Counts 3-9

¶45          Stuart argues the superior court erred in denying his Rule 59
motion for new trial on Counts 3-9. He contends the superior court erred
by holding the statute of limitations barred Counts 3-7, and that the
superior court further erred in denying his public records claims in Counts
8 and 9.

¶46            In its ruling on Stuart’s statute of limitations arguments as
applied to Counts 3-7, the superior court correctly noted that Stuart failed
to raise these arguments in his original response to the City’s motion for
summary judgment on Counts 3-9. The court therefore held that Stuart
waived these arguments, though it nonetheless went on to address the
substance of the arguments. We agree that Stuart waived these arguments
by failing to raise them in his original response to the City’s motion for
summary judgment and we decline to address them on appeal. See Medlin
v. Medlin, 194 Ariz. 306, 308, ¶ 6 (App. 1999) (“An issue raised for the first
time after trial is deemed to have been waived.”).

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¶47          Turning to Stuart’s public records arguments on Counts 8 and
9, we agree with the superior court’s ruling.

¶48            In Stuart’s amended complaint, he argued the City violated
Arizona public records law by failing to provide financial records listed in
Section 6.1.12 of the LMA (Count 8), and that the City violated Scottsdale
City public records law by failing to provide financial records listed in
sections 1.1.2 and 6.1.12 of the LMA.

¶49            A.R.S. § 39-121 provides that “[P]ublic records and other
matters in the custody of any officer shall be open to inspection by any
person at all times during office hours.” Article 13, Section 1 of the
Scottsdale City Charter provides that “[a]ll records and accounts of every
office, department or agency of the city shall be open for inspection by any
citizen, any representative of a citizen’s organization or any representative
of the press at all reasonable times pursuant to all applicable laws.”

¶50          Section 1.1.2 of the LMA defined “Annual Financial
Statements” as

      [T]he annual financial statements prepared by [TPC] in
      accordance with generally accepted accounting principles
      consistently applied and certified by an independent certified
      accountant, and annual financial statements prepared on a
      cash receipts and disbursements basis showing the Golf
      Course Income, Sales Income and Operating Expenses of the
      Golf Facility, for the preceding Fiscal Year.

   Section 6.1.12 of the LMA required TPC:

      To prepare Annual Financial Statements and submit same to
      City within ninety (90) days after the end of each Fiscal Year
      and, throughout the Term hereof, to keep and maintain
      adequate and detailed books of account and financial records
      . . . with respect to the operation, maintenance and
      management of the [] Facility. All such books and records
      shall be available for inspection by City or its authorized
      representative during regular business hours upon at least
      three (3) days’ prior written notice to [TPC.]

¶51          To qualify as a “public record,” a document must be in the
possession and control of a public official. Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian
Cmty. V. Rogers, 168 Ariz. 531, 541–42 (1991). In its ruling on the City’s
motion for summary judgment, the superior court found that the

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                       STUART v. SCOTTSDALE, et al.
                           Decision of the Court

documents Stuart requested were “not in the possession and control” of the
City, and that the City “ha[d] no duty to collect and then release” the
documents. In its later new trial ruling, the superior court found no error in
its earlier ruling that the requested documents were not in the City’s
possession and noted that Stuart himself did not dispute this finding.
Stuart also does not dispute this finding on appeal.

¶52           Instead, Stuart argues on appeal, as he did in the new trial
proceedings, that the City had an “obligation” to obtain and keep these
documents. But section 6.1.12 of the LMA only establishes the City’s right
to receive the records from TPC; it does not create an obligation for the City
to keep and hold such records. In sum, we find no error in the superior
court’s ruling that the records were not in the City’s possession and that the
City had no obligation to keep and release the documents.

IV.    Rule 68 Sanctions

¶53           Stuart argues the superior court erred in imposing Rule 68
sanctions against him. We review the imposition of Rule 68 sanctions for an
abuse of discretion but review the court’s interpretation of Rule 68 de novo.
Berry v. 352 E. Virginia, L.L.C., 228 Ariz. 9, 15, ¶ 31 (App. 2011).

¶54            Rule 68(a) allows any party to make to any other party “an
offer to allow judgment to be entered.” The purpose of the rule is “to
encourage settlement and eliminate needless litigation[.]” Warner v. Sw.
Desert Images, LLC, 218 Ariz. 121, 138, ¶ 57 (App. 2008). If the offeree rejects
the offer and fails to obtain a more favorable judgment after doing so, that
party must pay the offeror’s reasonable expert witness fees and double
taxable costs incurred after the offer. Ariz. R. Civ. P. 68(g)(1). The offeree
must serve written notice of any objections to the validity of the offer within
10 days of receiving the offer. Ariz. R. Civ. P. 68(d)(2). If the offeree fails to
file a timely objection, that party waives the right to object to the validity of
the offer in a subsequent proceeding to determine sanctions. Id.

¶55            Here, the City served its offer of judgment on Stuart in
September 2014, well before the summary judgment proceedings and
subsequent bench trial. Stuart did not accept the offer, file written notice of
objections to its validity, or obtain a more favorable judgment after rejecting
the offer. Ariz. R. Civ. P. 68(d)(2), (g)(1). He therefore waived any objections
to the validity of the offer, and we need not address them here. See Ariz. R.
Civ. P. 68(d)(2). The superior court properly granted the City’s motion for
Rule 68 sanctions.

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                      STUART v. SCOTTSDALE, et al.
                          Decision of the Court

V.     Attorneys’ Fees on Appeal

¶56              The City, as the prevailing party, requests attorneys’ fees as a
sanction against Stuart for filing a frivolous appeal under ARCAP 25. We
apply an objective test to determine whether an appeal is “frivolous” under
ARCAP 25, analyzing whether “the issues raised are supportable by any
reasonable legal theory, or if a colorable legal argument is presented about
which reasonable attorneys could differ[.]” Matter of Levine, 174 Ariz. 146,
153 (1993). We do note our discontent with Stuart’s appellate briefing. He
routinely failed to include adequate citations to relevant legal authority and
record documents and failed altogether to properly include the relevant
transcripts in the record on appeal pursuant to ARCAP 11. This was true
even though Stuart requested and received multiple time extensions to file
his opening brief. But Stuart did present issues that were supportable by
reasonable legal theory, and we decline to sanction him. See Price v. Price,
134 Ariz. 112, 114 (App. 1982) (quoting In re Marriage of Flaherty, 646 P.2d
179, 188 (Cal. 1982)) (“Because the line between a frivolous appeal and one
which simply has no merit is fine . . . the power to punish attorneys or
litigants for prosecuting frivolous appeals ‘should be used most sparingly .
. . .’”). As the prevailing party, the City may recover costs upon compliance
with ARCAP 21.

                               CONCLUSION

¶57           We affirm.

                         AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
                         FILED: AA

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