Court Opinion

ID: 1056419
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-08 21:08:47.841204+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:46:14.285208
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT KNOXVILLE
                                    Assigned on Briefs January 25, 2005

                         STATE OF TENNESSEE v. RONALD ALLEN

                         Appeal from the Criminal Court for Washington County
                                  No. 27518   Lynn W. Brown, Judge

                           No. E2004-01308-CCA-R3-CD - Filed March 17, 2005

The defendant, Ronald Allen, was convicted of rape of a child. The trial court imposed a sentence
of twenty-five years. In this appeal, he asserts (1) that the evidence is insufficient; (2) that the trial
court erred by permitting the state to ask leading questions of the minor victim; (3) that the sentence
is excessive under the terms of the 1989 Sentencing Act; and (4) that the sentence must be modified
under the terms of Blakely v. Washington, 524 U.S. ___, 124 S. Ct. 2351 (2004). The sentence is
modified to twenty-three years. Otherwise, the judgment is affirmed.

               Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgment of the Trial Court Affirmed as Modified

GARY R. WADE, P.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JAMES CURWOOD WITT , JR., and
NORMA MCGEE OGLE, JJ., joined.

Richard A. Spivey, Kingsport, Tennessee (on appeal), and Ivan Lilly, Assistant Public Defender (at
trial), for the appellant, Ronald Allen.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General & Reporter; Renee W. Turner, Assistant Attorney General; Joe
Crumley, District Attorney General; and Janet Hardin, Assistant District Attorney General, for the
appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                                        OPINION

        In March of 2001, Investigator Brian Rice of the Johnson City Police Department responded
to a report by the Department of Children's Services regarding allegations of sexual abuse of the
four-year-old victim, D.R.1 When Officer Rice attempted to interview the victim at the Johnson City
Pediatric Clinic, however, she was very timid and did not want to talk. Because there was no
corroboration of the allegations, no charges were filed at that time. In early 2002, an investigation
was opened when Officer Rice learned that the victim was suffering "medical problems" as a result
of the alleged abuse. After receiving a letter from the victim's physician, Dr. Martin Olsen, and

        1
            It is the policy of this court to identify minor victims of sexual crimes only by their initials.
taking a statement from the victim's aunt, Michelle Reed, Officer Rice interviewed the defendant.
The defendant provided the following signed statement:

                 "I lived at 2207 Indian Ridge Road #8 with my girlfriend, Michelle Reed.
         Michelle's niece, [D.R.], would come over and stay with us at least once a week.
         [D.R.] was staying with us one night, and I woke up the next morning and made a pot
         of coffee. I drank one cup of coffee and went back to sleep. About nine o'clock that
         morning I woke up and had an erection. When I woke, [D.R.] was on top of me
         squirming. I had on underwear but my erect penis was coming out the top about an
         inch or two. [D.R.] had on a sleep shirt that was pulled up above her waist. I was
         laying on my back and [D.R.] was on top of me. I could tell that my penis was
         rubbing her vagina and may have went inside her barely, but no way it went far.
         When I was asleep my finger could have went inside her vagina because when I sleep
         I rub around on my girlfriend a lot. When I realized that she was on top of me, I slid
         her off to my left side. I know I did something with [D.R.] because she has genital
         warts just like me."
Prior to making the statement, the defendant signed a waiver of rights form. The interview, which
lasted approximately forty-five minutes, was not videotaped. Afterward, the defendant was charged
with rape of a child.
         Michelle Reed, who had been living with the defendant for approximately five years at the
time of the offense, testified that the victim spent nearly every weekend at her house during the
spring of 2001. She recalled that in March of 2001, the victim was taken to the pediatrician by her
mother, Roberta Reed, because she complained that she was "sore." According to Michelle Reed,
the victim had spent the night with her and the defendant a couple of days before the doctor visit.
She stated that during that time period, she observed genital warts on the defendant's penis. Michelle
Reed testified that as a result of the victim's diagnosis, she confronted the defendant, who, after
having denied the allegations for almost a year, finally acknowledged, "I can no longer fight these
allegations [be]cause my test results came back and I'm positive for genital warts." She stated that
the defendant admitted penetrating the victim's vagina with his penis, claiming that he had done so
by accident. Michelle Reed described the defendant's demeanor as "humble [and] apologetic" but
testified that he "was acting like [D.R.] did it to him."

        Roberta Reed, the victim's mother, testified that she first took the victim to her pediatrician,
Dr. Charles Fish, in March of 2001 and returned several months later when she noticed blood in the
victim's panties. She recalled that the victim was referred to Dr. Martin Olsen, a gynecologist who
eventually performed surgery. Roberta Reed stated that the victim, who had previously been very
friendly, became "standoffish towards people," refused to leave her side, had nightmares, and did
not want to be left alone in her room.

       The victim, who was six years old at the time of trial, testified that the defendant hurt her
when she spent the night at the residence he shared with her aunt and told her not to tell anyone. The
victim said that she did not remember what the defendant had done to hurt her but could recall
having to visit several doctors. She identified the defendant by his nickname, "Twin."

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        Dr. Charles Fish, who examined the victim in March of 2001, testified that the victim was
"very defensive" about being examined in the genital area. He found that the victim's hymen was
intact but observed that she had some "minimal irritation from the clitoris to the anterior edge of the
hymen." In an examination eight months later, Dr. Fish discovered "a lesion on the left inner aspect
of the vulva" which was "five . . . to six . . . millimeters in diameter elevated from the surface of the
skin and slightly friable." Because that was uncommon in children, he referred the victim to Dr.
Martin Olsen for a biopsy.

        Dr. Martin Olsen, who examined the victim in November of 2001, observed a genital wart
near her hymenal ring. At trial, he explained that genital warts are caused by a virus which is
common in sexually active people, uncommon in children, and which can live in the skin without
causing warts. It was his opinion that the wart discovered on the victim's genitalia was a "severe
squamous dysplasia" which will require "constant medical care to make sure it doesn't turn into
cancer." According to Dr. Olsen, the victim must have complete genital examinations every three
months and, because she has an aversion to the examinations, general anesthesia will be required.
It was Dr. Olsen's opinion that the victim contracted the disease through sexual contact. He testified
that "something had to touch [the victim] at the location of the hymenal ring, so something passed
the labia majora, passed the labia minora. . . . I guess [there is] a very small percent chance it could
have been a finger, but much more likely an adult male penis."

        The defendant testified that when Investigator Rice asked him to come to the police station
he "basically . . . just cooperated with him" and signed the statement without having read it. While
he claimed that the statement was not his, he acknowledged having told the officer that "something
must have happened" because both he and the victim had genital warts. The defendant also denied
admitting the abuse to the victim's aunt. When asked if he had ever penetrated the victim with his
finger or his penis, the defendant responded, "To my knowledge, no. I would not do that
intentionally to [D.R.]." He claimed that the victim's aunt lied about his having visually obvious
genital warts and insisted that he was unaware of his infection until both he and the victim's aunt
tested positive. The defendant maintained that his signing the statement written by Investigator Rice
was "the biggest mistake of [his] life."

                                                     I
         The defendant first asserts that the evidence is insufficient. On appeal, of course, the state
is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences which might
be drawn therefrom. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). The credibility of the
witnesses, the weight to be given their testimony, and the reconciliation of conflicts in the proof are
matters entrusted to the jury as the trier of fact. Byrge v. State, 575 S.W.2d 292, 295 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1978). When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged, the relevant question is whether,
after reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the state, any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e);
State v. Williams, 657 S.W.2d 405, 410 (Tenn. 1983). Because a verdict of guilt against a defendant
removes the presumption of innocence and raises a presumption of guilt, the convicted criminal

                                                  -3-
defendant bears the burden of showing that the evidence was legally insufficient to sustain a guilty
verdict. State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn. 1992).

        Rape of a child, a Class A felony, is defined as follows:

               Rape of a child is the unlawful sexual penetration of a victim by the defendant
       or the defendant by a victim, if such victim is less than thirteen (13) years of age.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-522(a). Sexual penetration is defined as:

       sexual intercourse, cunnilingus, fellatio, anal intercourse, or any other intrusion,
       however slight, of any part of a person's body or of any object into the genital or anal
       openings of the victim's, the defendant's, or any other person's body, but emission of
       semen is not required.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-501(7).

         Here, the victim testified that the defendant hurt her and that, as a result, she had to see a lot
of doctors. The victim's aunt testified that the victim spent the night at the residence she shared with
the defendant nearly every weekend. The victim's mother testified that the victim complained of
pain in her genital area and had to be taken to the doctor. Dr. Olsen testified that the victim had
contracted genital warts and explained that she could only have contracted the disease through sexual
contact. It was his opinion that the infection was caused by contact with an "adult penis." The
defendant admitted to Investigator Rice that he penetrated the victim's vagina with his penis, but
claimed that the contact was initiated by the four-year-old victim. At trial, the defendant denied
admitting the penetration to Investigator Rice, claiming that he signed the statement without reading
the content. There was no evidence that the victim had contracted the virus from any other source.
The jury, as fact-finder, was free to accredit or reject any portion of each witness' testimony in
reaching its conclusion. See Tenn. Const. art. I, § 19; Byrge, 575 S.W.2d at 295. Because a rational
trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt, the
evidence was legally sufficient to support the conviction. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307
(1979).

                                                  II
        The defendant next contends that the trial court erred by permitting the state to use leading
questions during the direct examination of the victim. He also claims that the victim, because of her
age, was incompetent to testify. In addition, he asserts that the trial court erred by asking the victim
if she knew "where God is" when determining her competency to testify. Finally, he complains that
the victim's testimony was irrelevant and that her mere presence as a witness was prejudicial.

        The propriety, scope, manner and control of the examination of witnesses are within the
sound discretion of the trial court. State v. Humphreys, 70 S.W.3d 752, 766-67 (Tenn. Crim. App.
2001). The ruling of the trial court in this regard will not be overturned absent an abuse of that
discretion. State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 75 (Tenn. 1992). "An abuse of discretion exists when
the reviewing court is firmly convinced that the lower court has made a mistake in that it

                                                   -4-
affirmatively appears that the lower court's decision has no basis in law or in fact and is therefore
arbitrary, illogical, or unconscionable." State v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 18 S.W.3d
186, 191 (Tenn. 2000).

        Rule 611 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence vests the trial court with the discretionary
authority to supervise the presentation of evidence. The rule specifically addresses leading
questions:

       Leading questions should not be used on the direct examination of a witness except
       as may be necessary to develop testimony. Leading questions should be permitted
       on cross-examination. When a party calls a witness determined by the court to be a
       hostile witness, interrogation may be by leading questions.
Tenn. R. Evid. 611(c).

        This court has long recognized that it is within the trial court's discretion to permit leading
questions of child sex offense victims. See Swafford v. State, 529 S.W.2d 748, 749 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1975). Here, defense counsel objected to two of the state's questions as leading. The trial court
overruled on each occasion. In our view, the record establishes that the questions were intended to
develop the testimony of the child victim. While these questions may qualify as leading, they were
not overly suggestive of the desired responses. See, e.g., State v. William Dearry, No.
03C01-9612-CC-00462 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville, Feb. 6, 1998) (permitting prosecutor to ask
the child victim whether she had "touched [the defendant] with [her] mouth"). In consequence, this
issue would not serve as a basis for relief.

         The defendant also claims that the trial court erred by finding that the victim, age six at the
time of trial, was competent to testify. Competency of a witness is controlled generally by Tennessee
Rule of Evidence 601, which provides that "every person is presumed competent to be a witness
except as otherwise provided in these rules or by statute." "Virtually all witnesses may be permitted
to testify: children, mentally incompetent persons, convicted felons." Tenn. R. Evid. 601, Advisory
Commission Comment. Tennessee Rule of Evidence 603 provides as follows:

                 Before testifying, every witness shall be required to declare that the witness
        will testify truthfully by oath or affirmation, administered in a form calculated to
        awaken the witness's conscience and impress the witness's mind with the duty to do
        so.
Tenn. R. Evid. 603. The common law rule is that if the child "understands the nature and meaning
of an oath, has the intelligence to understand the subject matter of the testimony, and is capable of
relating the facts accurately," he or she is deemed competent to testify. State v. Ballard, 855 S.W.2d
557, 560 (Tenn. 1993); see also State v. Howard, 926 S.W.2d 579, 584 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996),
overruled on other grounds by State v. Williams, 977 S.W.2d 101 (Tenn. 1998); State v. Fears, 659
S.W.2d 370, 375 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1983).

                                                  -5-
         Although the defense in this instance did not question the victim's competence to testify, the
trial court inquired about her ability to understand the oath and appreciate its importance. The victim
responded affirmatively when asked if she understood that she was "promising God that [she] was
going to tell the truth in this proceeding." She also answered in the affirmative when the trial court
asked if she "understood that [she] ha[d] promised to tell the truth." Upon reflection, the trial court
ruled that the victim "under[stood] the nature and significance of the oath."

        The determination of the competency of a minor witness is a matter properly within the
discretion of the trial judge, who has the opportunity to observe the witness first-hand. The decision
of a trial judge will not be overturned absent a showing of an abuse of that authority. State v.
Caughron, 855 S.W.2d 526, 538 (Tenn. 1993); State v. Braggs, 604 S.W.2d 883, 885-86 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1980). In our view, the record demonstrates that the victim understood the nature of her
oath. See Howard, 926 S.W.2d at 584; State v. Mack A. Atkins, No. 03C01- 9208-CR-00285 (Tenn.
Crim. App., at Knoxville, June 17, 1993) (holding that trial court properly found six-year-old witness
competent to testify at trial). While the trial court should have conducted a jury-out hearing to
determine the victim's competency to testify, see Tenn. R. Evid. 104(c), the victim established her
competency as a witness, see Ballard, 855 S.W.2d at 560 (stating that the "purpose of determining
competency of the witness in child sexual abuse cases is to allow a victim to testify if it can be
determined that the child understands the necessity of telling the truth while on the stand"). The
defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

        In a related issue, the defendant contends that the trial court "may have" erred by asking the
victim, "[W]here is God?" He claims that the question violated Rule 610 of the Tennessee Rules
of Evidence. That rule provides as follows:

                 Evidence of the beliefs or opinions of a witness on matters of religion is not
         admissible for the purpose of showing that by reason of their nature the witness's
         credibility is impaired or enhanced.
Tenn. R. Evid. 610. The Advisory Commission Comments note that the rule "prohibits any use of
religious beliefs either to impeach or enhance a witness's credibility." Id., Advisory Commission
Comment. In this case, the record establishes that the question was not intended to enhance or
impugn the credibility of the victim but instead was designed to establish the victim's competence
to testify. In our view, this issue is not a basis for relief.

       The defendant also complains that the victim's testimony was irrelevant and that he was
prejudiced by her mere presence as a witness. Relevant evidence is that "having any tendency to
make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more
probable or less probable" than it otherwise would be. Tenn. R. Evid. 401. Generally, all relevant
evidence is admissible. Tenn. R. Evid. 402. At the discretion of the trial court, however, relevant
evidence may be excluded if it presents a danger of unfair prejudice:

              Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is
       substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues,

                                                 -6-
        or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or
        needless presentation of cumulative evidence.
Tenn. R. Evid. 403. This court will not reverse the trial court absent an abuse of discretion. See
State v. Stout, 46 S.W.3d 689, 700 (Tenn. 2001).

        Here, the victim's testimony established that the defendant hurt her and that, in consequence,
she had to get medical treatment. This testimony was relevant, as it made more probable the fact that
the defendant was the source of the injuries. In our view, the trial court did not err by permitting the
victim to testify.

                                                 III
        The defendant next asserts that, under the terms of the 1989 Sentencing Act, the sentence is
excessive. When there is a challenge to the length, range, or manner of service of a sentence, it is
the duty of this court to conduct a de novo review with a presumption that the determinations made
by the trial court are correct. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d). This presumption is “conditioned
upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial court considered the sentencing principles
and all relevant facts and circumstances.” State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991); see
State v. Jones, 883 S.W.2d 597, 600 (Tenn. 1994). “If the trial court applies inappropriate factors
or otherwise fails to follow the 1989 Sentencing Act, the presumption of correctness falls.” State
v. Shelton, 854 S.W.2d 116, 123 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). The Sentencing Commission Comments
provide that the burden is on the defendant to show the impropriety of the sentence. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-401, Sentencing Commission Comments.

        Our review requires an analysis of (1) the evidence, if any, received at the trial and sentencing
hearing; (2) the presentence report; (3) the principles of sentencing and the arguments of counsel
relative to sentencing alternatives; (4) the nature and characteristics of the offense; (5) any mitigating
or enhancing factors; (6) any statements made by the defendant in his own behalf; and (7) the
defendant's potential for rehabilitation or treatment. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-102, -103, -210;
State v. Smith, 735 S.W.2d 859, 863 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987).

        The presumptive sentence for rape of a child, a Class A felony, is the midpoint within the
range if there are no enhancement or mitigating factors. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(c). If there
are enhancement factors but no mitigating factors, the trial court shall set the sentence at or above
the presumptive term. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(d). If there are mitigating factors but no
enhancement factors, the trial court shall set the sentence at or below the presumptive term. Id. A
sentence involving both enhancement and mitigating factors requires an assignment of relative
weight for the enhancement factors as a means of increasing the sentence. Tenn. Code Ann. §
40-35-210(e). The sentence should then be reduced within the range by any weight assigned to the
mitigating factors present. Id.

       At the sentencing hearing, Dr. Janet Drake, a gynecologist oncologist, testified that the victim
was diagnosed with "a pre-invasive condition of the vulva which is associated with transmission of
human papilloma virus or the virus that causes genital warts." Dr. Drake stated that because this is

                                                   -7-
a precancerous condition, the victim will require examinations every three months for the rest of her
life. According to Dr. Drake, the victim is too frightened to permit a thorough examination; thus,
she must, at least for the time being, be placed under general anesthesia, which has associated risks.
Dr. Drake noted that during her last examination, the victim suffered a "bronchial spasm," which
required the use of a ventilator until her lungs were able to "open up." According to Dr. Drake, the
victim's disease is "a lifelong condition because there's no way to eradicate the virus." She stated
that the disease places the victim at risk for both cervical and vaginal cancer. It was her opinion that
the victim "could very well go on to develop" either cervical or vulvar cancer. Dr. Drake described
both types as "life-threatening."

        Jerry Owens, Jr., the victim's step-father, testified that the victim was "fun-loving" and
"energetic" until the time of the offense. He stated that since then, the victim had become reclusive
and was unable to interact well with men. According to Owens, the victim suffered from nightmares
one or two nights a week.

         In arriving at a sentence of twenty-five years, the trial court applied two enhancement factors:
(1) that the defendant has a previous history of criminal convictions or criminal behavior in addition
to those necessary to establish the appropriate range and (2) that the personal injuries inflicted upon
the victim were particularly great. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(2), (7) (2003).

        The defendant does not contest the application of the enhancement factors but claims that the
trial court erred by failing to consider as a mitigating factor that he cooperated in his statement to
Investigator Rice. The record establishes that when asked about the application of the enhancement
and mitigating factors, defense counsel replied, "Both the state and the defense knows the mitigating
circumstances." The defendant never asserted that the trial court should consider as mitigation his
cooperation with the police. Moreover, the record establishes that at trial the defendant denied
making the statement to Investigator Rice. Under these circumstances, it is our view that the trial
court did not err by failing to cite the statement as a mitigating factor.

                                                   IV
        Finally, the defendant has asked this court to review the sentence under the reasoning of
Blakely. Initially, the state contends that the defendant’s Blakely claim is waived because it was not
raised in the trial court. Recently, however, in State v. Chester Wayne Walters, No. M2003-03019-
CCA-R3-CD, slip op. at 21 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Oct. 4, 2004, as corrected Dec. 10,
2004), this court rejected the state’s position:

               We acknowledge that Blakely extended Apprendi’s holding that, under the
        Sixth Amendment, a jury must find all facts used to increase a defendant’s sentence
        beyond the statutory maximum. However, nothing in Apprendi suggested that the
        phrase “statutory maximum” equated to anything other than the maximum in the
        range. To the contrary, the United States Supreme Court stated the issue in Apprendi
        as “whether the 12-year sentence imposed . . . was permissible, given that it was
        above the 10-year maximum for the offense charged in that count.” 530 U.S. at 474,

                                                  -8-
120 S. Ct. at 2354. We also note that the Supreme Court has considered the
       retroactive effect of the holding in Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584, 592-93, 122 S. Ct.
2428, 2435 n.1, 153 L. Ed. 2d 556 (2002), as a new rule for capital cases even though
       it was based on Apprendi. See Schriro, ___ U.S. at ___, 124 S. Ct. at 2526-27.
       Perhaps this resulted from the fact that Ring overruled a case that had held the
       opposite. See Walton v. Arizona, 497 U.S. 639, 110 S. Ct. 3047, 111 L. Ed. 2d 511
       (1990). In this regard, with our own supreme court expressly approving our
       sentencing procedure under Apprendi, we have a difficult time faulting a defendant
       in Tennessee for not raising the issue before Blakely. We conclude that Blakely
       alters Tennessee courts’ interpretation of the phrase “statutory maximum” and
       establishes a new rule in this state. The defendant’s raising the issue while his direct
       appeal was still pending is proper.

                In any event, even if Blakely did not establish a new rule, the United States
       Supreme Court in Apprendi stated that the defendant’s right to have a jury find facts
       that increase his sentence above the prescribed statutory maximum is rooted in his
       Fourteenth Amendment right to due process and his Sixth Amendment right to a jury
       trial. 30 U.S. at 476, 120 S. Ct. at 2355. In State v. Ellis, 953 S.W.2d 216, 220
       (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997), this court held that although there was no common law
       right to waive a jury trial, Rule 23, Tenn. R. Crim. P., allowed a defendant to “waive
       a jury trial if the waiver is in writing and is knowingly executed.” Absent a written
       waiver, “it must appear from the record that the defendant personally gave express
       consent [to waive a jury trial] in open court.” Ellis, 953 S.W.2d at 221. Blakely, as
       an extension of Apprendi, also requires proof in the record that the defendant
       personally waived that right.

This reasoning is persuasive. The defendant’s Blakely claim in this case has not been waived.

        The United States Supreme Court’s opinion in Blakely calls into question the continuing
validity of our current sentencing scheme. In that case, the Court, applying the rule in Apprendi v.
New Jersey, 566 U.S. 466, 490 (2000), struck down a provision of the Washington sentencing
guidelines that permitted a trial judge to impose an “exceptional sentence” upon the finding of
certain statutorily enumerated enhancement factors. The Court observed that “the ‘statutory
maximum’ for Apprendi purposes is the maximum sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis
of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant.” Blakely, 124 S. Ct. at 2537.
Finally, the Court concluded that “every defendant has a right to insist that the prosecutor prove to
a jury [beyond a reasonable doubt] all facts legally essential to the punishment.” Id. at 2543.

        Under the rule established in Blakely, any prior convictions may be used to enhance a
sentence. The defendant has three prior convictions for possession of cocaine, one of which was a
felony offense. He also has convictions for possession of drug paraphernalia, petty larceny,
trespassing, and possession of marijuana. The other enhancement factor applied by the trial court,
factor (7), is not based upon prior convictions and was not admitted by the defendant. In

                                                 -9-
consequence, the holding in Blakely would preclude its application. Under the rationale of Blakely,
which controls, the sentence must be modified to twenty-three years, at 100% service. See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-13-523.

       Accordingly, the sentence is modified to twenty-three years. The judgment is otherwise
affirmed.

                                                      ___________________________________
                                                      GARY R. WADE, PRESIDING JUDGE

                                               -10-