Court Opinion

ID: 9950861
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-14 21:10:25.042777+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:00.897213
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Hicks, 2024-Ohio-974.]

                               COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                              EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

STATE OF OHIO,                                   :

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,             :
                                                             No. 112419
                 v.                              :

RONALD HICKS, JR.,                               :

                 Defendant-Appellant.            :

                                JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                 JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART;
                           AND REMANDED IN PART
                 RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: March 14, 2024

          Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                             Case No. CR-21-660448-A

                                           Appearances:

                 Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
                 Attorney, and Gregory J. Ochocki, Assistant Prosecuting
                 Attorney, for appellee.

                 The Law Office of Jaye M. Schlachet, Jaye M. Schlachet,
                 and Eric M. Levy, for appellant.

MARY J. BOYLE, J.:

                   Defendant-appellant, Ronald Hicks, Jr. (“Hicks”), appeals his guilty

plea and sentence, raising the following five assignments of error for review:
      Assignment of Error I: [Hicks’s] plea must be vacated in violation
      of Crim.R. 11 as not being entered knowingly, intelligently, and
      voluntarily.

      Assignment of Error II: The trial court erred when it denied
      [Hicks’s] presentence motion to withdraw guilty plea.

      Assignment of Error III: The trial court erred when it imposed a
      prison sentence which was contrary to law.

      Assignment of Error IV: [Hicks’s] indefinite sentence imposed
      under the Reagan Tokes sentencing scheme violates [Hicks’s] rights
      under the United States Constitution applied to the state of Ohio
      through the Fourteenth Amendment and the Ohio Constitution as it
      denies [Hicks] due process of law; violates the right to equal protection;
      violates the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial; violates the
      separation[-]of[-]powers doctrine; does not provide fair warning of the
      dictates of the statute to ordinary citizens; and the statute conferred too
      much authority to the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and
      Correction ([“DRC”]).

      Assignment of Error V: [Hicks’s] sentence is contrary to law where
      the trial court failed to comply with the required notices contained in
      R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c) when imposing [the] sentence.

For the reasons set forth below, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for

the purposes of (1) issuing of a nunc pro tunc entry to correct the trial court’s

sentencing journal entry and (2) providing Hicks with the required notifications set

forth in R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c).

        I.   Facts and Procedural History

               In June 2021, following the death of three-year-old, R.M. (d.o.b.

04/20/18), Hicks was criminally indicted on six counts: Counts 1, 2, and 3, murder;

Count 4, endangering children; Count 5, felonious assault; Count 6, endangering

children. All six counts carried repeat violent offender and notice of prior conviction
specifications. The child-endangering charges also included furthermore clauses for

the serious physical harm that resulted.

               At his June 2021 arraignment, Hicks pled not guilty and on the next

day, the trial court granted Hicks’s request for a referral to the court’s psychiatric

clinic for evaluations concerning his competency to stand trial and eligibility for his

case to be transferred to the mental-health docket. Hicks’s case progressed with

pretrials and discovery being obtained and exchanged.

               Months later in September 2021, a hearing was held regarding a

number of issues, including Hicks’s competency to stand trial. The trial court

indicated that it was provided with a July 2021 competency-evaluation report

completed by Dr. Michael Aronoff (“Dr. Aronoff”), the chief of psychology of the

court’s psychiatric clinic. The trial court, on the record, reviewed Dr. Aronoff’s

diagnostic impression of Hicks, including his diagnoses of unspecified bipolar-

related disorder with possible psychotic feature and unspecified trauma and stress-

related disorder based on the manic and depressive cyclical symptoms, nightmares,

and flashbacks reported by Hicks and the possibility that Hicks experienced

psychotic symptoms, such as auditory hallucinations, paranoia, and ideas of

reference, concurrent with his mood symptoms. Further existing, for Hicks is

alcohol dependent with sustained remission, cannabis dependent, and history of

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder provisionally. According to the trial court’s

reading of the report, Hicks also reported to Dr. Aronoff that he was the only one

present when the deceased child was found and that he called 911 to report it. The
trial court further noted Dr. Aronoff’s findings and opinions that Hicks understood

the nature and objective of the legal proceedings against him and could assist in his

defense based on the following:

      He’s aware of his charges, the acts constituting such, the relative
      seriousness[,] and the possible sentence he may receive if convicted of
      them. He’s able to name various court personnel and describe their
      roles. He’s aware of his available plea options as well as the concept of
      plea bargaining. He manifests an appreciation of the adversarial
      nature of the legal proceedings against him.

      Any mild deficits [Hicks] demonstrates with respect to his
      understanding [of] the nature and objective of the legal proceedings
      against him are easily rectified with explanation using basic
      rudimentary terms. If this is exercised, [Hicks] demonstrates the
      capacity to comprehend as well as retain this information.

      ***

      [Hicks] reported he trusts his attorney. He’s able to confer with him,
      consider any legal advice he may offer, and will work collaboratively
      with him in order to obtain the most favorable outcome of his court
      case.

      [Hicks’s] speech and thought processes are coherent and relevant.
      Thus, he would be capable of providing his attorney with pertinent
      information as well as testifying and challenging prosecution
      witnesses. Although [Hicks] demonstrates some mild deficits in
      attention and concentration, these do not appear to rise at the level
      where they would adversely affect his ability to follow the court
      proceedings.

      [Hicks] is motivated to receive a disposition most favorable to him.
      [Hicks] has demonstrated by his behavior during this evaluation that
      he would be capable of acting in an appropriate manner and tolerating
      the stress of trial. Although he became tearful at several points during
      the interview, he was quickly able to regain his composure.

(Tr. 5-7.) The parties stipulated to the findings and conclusions of the competency

evaluation. The trial court found Hicks competent to stand trial. During the
hearing, the state mentioned that Hicks indicated in a supplemental report that he

hears voices in his head and those voices takeover when he is angry and when he

feels like he is backed into a corner. Hicks also told the trial court that he was not

on mental-health medication at the time of the alleged offense.

               With parties and counsel present, the record reveals that at the May

2022 final pretrial hearing, the state advised of a potential plea deal being reached.

The state explained that Count 2 murder would be amended to involuntary

manslaughter, a first-degree felony, including the specifications of notice of prior

conviction and repeat violent offender; Counts 4 and 5 would be amended by

deleting those specifications included with the second-degree felonies of child

endangering and felonious assault; Counts 1, 3, and 6 would be dismissed. Finally,

the state indicated that it agreed with the defense to a recommended sentence of 15

to 18 years “with no early release” and of “no merger of offenses.” (Tr. 24.) Hicks’s

trial counsel advised the court that Hicks understood the agreement to be a global

resolution of this case as well as a probation-violation case and stated:

      I think my client is prepared to enter a guilty plea today. I have
      discussed with him his constitutional rights, his trial rights, and the
      relative penalties as well as the defenses he may have at trial and I
      believe that he is ready, willing, and able to enter a knowing, intelligent,
      and voluntary guilty plea today, your Honor.

(Tr. 25.) The trial court advised Hicks as follows:

      Before we proceed, the Court just wants to make sure that it goes over
      a couple things with you because it wants to make sure that if you want
      to enter a plea that that plea is, in fact, knowingly, intelligently, and
      voluntarily made. What has been presented to this Court is that the
      parties have reached an agreement and the agreement is that you would
      serve 15 to 18 years and that’s what the Court would consider. I want
      to make sure you understand that this Court looks at everything. This
      Court doesn’t know anything with regards to what transpired and the
      Court needs to hear what happened. That agreement between the
      parties does not bind the Court on that. The Court considers that along
      with everything that it will hear.

(Tr. 26.) The trial court indicated that it would review the judgment entry from

Hicks’s other case and give him an opportunity to speak with his attorney.

               Following an off-the-record discussion, Hicks’s trial counsel

informed the court that Hicks would accept the plea offer. The trial court then

personally addressed Hicks asking the following questions: if he had an opportunity

to have the charges read to him by his attorney and reviewed them adequately so he

knows what was going on; if he is satisfied with the representations that his attorney

made with regards to keeping him advised of what was presently before the court; if

he understood there was no promise of a specific sentence; and if he was satisfied by

the representation he received from trial counsel. Hicks responded, “yes.”

               The trial court also asked Hicks’s if his medications affected his ability

to understand what was happening or his ability to enter the plea; whether anyone

threatened or forced him to enter a plea of guilty; and whether anyone made any

promises to him other than the state’s terms of the offer. Hicks responded, “no.”

The trial court asked, “Do you understand by entering a plea today that is a violation

of your community control, and you could receive a separate sentence for that case

as well as the case you’re about to enter a plea for?” (Tr. 34.) Hicks answered, “yes.”

The trial court proceeded to go over Hicks’s constitutional rights that he was
presumed innocent until proven guilty; that by entering a plea of guilty, he admitted

to the truth of the facts and his full guilt; that he had a right to a jury or bench trial;

that the state must prove his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt as to each element of

the crimes charged; that he had rights to subpoena witnesses to testify on his behalf

and the right to cross-examine witnesses, which his trial counsel would be available

to assist him with; that he could not be forced to testify against himself and that his

silence could not be used against him to prove his guilt; and that the trial court could

proceed with judgment and sentence him immediately after his plea.                  Hicks

acknowledged his understanding of these rights and that he would be waiving them

in order to plead guilty to the charges as outlined by the state.

               The trial court proceeded to go over the amended charges with Hicks

and explained to him the maximum penalty he could receive for each count and the

parties’ agreement regarding a recommended sentence of 15 to 18 years in prison; it

also explained nonmerging offenses and that there would be no early release. Hicks

said that he understood the offenses to which he was pleading guilty and the possible

penalties he faced.

               The trial court then stated:

       With regards to these matters and that the Court has already indicated
       that this is prison time and that you will be going to prison, upon your
       release — with regards to prison in these particular matters and that we
       do have felony of the first degree, upon your release that would be a
       mandatory minimum of two years and up to a maximum of five years
       with regards to supervision with regards to the Parole Board. The
       Court must also advise you that because this is a felony of the first
       degree committed after March 22, 2019, Reagan Tokes does apply to
       this as well.
      Reagan Tokes was a statute that this Court has indicated [be]came
      applicable on March 22, 2019, whereas whatever sentence the Court
      imposes the — it is a — the Court sentence is a definite sentence, but
      there is a tail that is attached and it is one-half of the time imposed on
      that felony of the first degree. So[,] if the Court were to impose eight
      years on that felony of the first degree, then an additional four years
      could be added as a tail as it relates to that. And then the determination
      as to whether that additional four years is served is based on the Ohio
      Department of Rehabilitation’s assessment of you, whatever criterion
      they may have while you’re in prison whether they can extend that time.

      ***

      With regards to the [postrelease control (“PRC”)] once you’re released
      if you’re convicted of a new felony on [PRC] in addition to being
      punished for the new offense, the judge could add an additional
      consecutive prison term of one year or what time remains on the [PRC]
      term, whichever is greater as a maximum. While you’re on [PRC] if you
      fail to report to your parole officer, you could be charged with escape,
      which is a felony.

(Tr. 39-41.) Hicks indicated his understanding and that he did not have questions

about his rights, the charges and penalties, or anything else being done. Hicks

retracted his former plea of not guilty and entered a plea of guilty to Counts 2, 4, and

5, as amended. The trial stated: “Let the record reflect that the Court finds Mr. Hicks

has knowingly, voluntarily and with a full understanding of his rights entered his

change of plea. I accept it and make a finding of guilt.” (Tr. 43). Counsel expressed

that they were each satisfied with the court’s compliance with Crim.R. 11.

               The trial court’s journal entry entered following Hicks’s plea indicates

that the parties “agreed to a recommended prison sentence range of 15 to 18 years

with no early release” and that Hicks’s trial counsel stipulated that felonious assault

and endangering children were non-merging offenses to involuntary manslaughter.
(Journal entry, 05/16/22.) Hicks’s sentencing hearing was set for two weeks later.

The parties agreed to review a presentence-investigation and mitigation report from

Hicks’s 2020 sentencing.

               At Hicks’s scheduled sentencing hearing, defense counsel addressed

the court and requested a continuance, advising that Hicks wanted to withdraw his

plea. Defense counsel asked that he be permitted time to file a written motion to

which the state could respond. Hicks’s counsel explained, “I believe it’s his intention

to — he’s saying he’s innocent of this charge and that it wasn’t a good idea to enter a

guilty plea to something he didn’t do.” (Tr. 47.) The trial court granted defense

counsel’s request and set a briefing schedule, and a new hearing date.

               In his June 2022 presentence motion to withdraw his guilty plea,

Hicks explained that R.M. died while under Hicks’s care and that the state alleged

that Hicks murdered the child by either beating or shaking him.                 Hicks

acknowledged that he pled guilty, that the parties jointly recommended a sentence

15 to 18 years in prison, and that this would mean the avoidance of the “life tail”

associated with his original murder charges and the inherent risk of going to trial.

Hicks further acknowledged that he was the only adult present at the time of the

child’s death and that this fact alone may sway a jury to find him guilty, setting him

up for a potential life sentence.     However, Hicks argued that throughout the

proceedings, he claimed actual innocence, that he did not know how the child died,

and that he did not inflict any injury on the child, and that he had witnesses who
were willing to testify that they observed other people violently shaking R.M. Hicks

believed he had evidence that would tend show that the child died by other means.

               The state, in its brief in opposition, countered by emphasizing that

Hicks entered a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary guilty plea per Crim.R. 11 and

that his claim of actual innocence, based on bold assertions without evidentiary

support, was not a sufficient reason to withdraw his guilty plea. The state argued

that some of the phone calls Hicks made from jail following his guilty plea indicated

that “he had a change of heart and suffered from buyer’s remorse.” The state

provided a disk with the recorded jail calls between Hicks and his mother, father,

and wife, as well as a summary of the relevant comments.1

               During those calls, Hicks explained to his family members that he

accepted a plea deal that involved a mandatory prison term of 15 to 18 years without

early release. When Hicks informed his wife of the negotiated plea agreement, she

expressed dissatisfaction with the agreed-upon recommended sentence of 15 to 18

years and told Hicks that if he served more than 5 years in prison, he would

relinquish custody of their daughter and she would move to Florida with another

man, where he would be unable to contact her directly. Throughout the recordings,

Hicks and his wife discussed the difficulties she would face raising their daughter

while Hicks was imprisoned. Hicks also expressed concern about his sentence being

       1 Hicks stipulated to the jail calls on July 18, 2022, at a hearing on his presentence

motion to withdraw his guilty plea. While the disk and summary were not included in the
record originally received by this court, the parties supplemented the record with true and
accurate copies of those items following a sua sponte order.
extended under the Reagan Tokes Law because he believed he would have to fight

in prison.

               At the July 2022 hearing on Hicks’s motion to withdraw his guilty

plea, Hicks’s counsel advised:

      Hicks is claiming innocence here. I think he was in this house with
      these other people and this horrible thing happened, but he does not
      recall what happened. He doesn’t know. He has claimed to me on
      numerous occasions that he doesn’t know what happened.

      He also claims he may have witnesses. I have spoken to some of the
      people who have made comments to me that they would tend to give
      testimony that might support an allegation that there were people in
      this child’s life, not including Hicks, who may have been shaking the
      child. Before I don’t want to make any allegations that I can’t support,
      but I have had people in his orbit tell me this. I think those people
      would be subpoenaed at trial and asked to offer that testimony at trial
      as to whether or not there is another possible explanation for the death
      of this child.

      Nobody witnessed this. There [are] no witnesses that I am aware of in
      this case who will come in and say I saw Ronald Hicks kill that child.
      Nobody is going to say that.

      We’re left with medical records and autopsy reports that we’ll have to
      resolve.

(Tr. 53-54.)   The state repeated its arguments made in its filed brief again

highlighting that the trial court complied with Crim.R. 11 at the change-of-plea

hearing and that Hicks’s motion was premised on a change of heart and buyer’s

remorse established by Hicks’s jail calls. Finally, the trial court addressed Hicks

directly, going over with him the conversations and events that occurred during his

plea hearing, the court informed Hicks that it had reviewed his motion, the parties’

briefs in their entirety, and listened to the arguments presented. Ultimately, the trial
court denied Hicks’s presentence motion to withdraw his guilty plea stating, “Mr.

Hicks, this Court believes that you had an opportunity to look at some things after

the fact, that you may have been influenced by some individuals after the fact, you

may have had buyer’s remorse, but that is not significant for this Court to vacate the

plea.” (Tr. 59.)

               At the August 2022 sentencing hearing, the trial court reviewed

Hicks’s guilty plea and the maximum prison term that could result from each count.

The trial court stated: “The Court was advised that there was a recommended

sentence, 15 to 18 years, with no early release. And that the mandatory time — there

were no merger issues as agreed by the parties as well.” (Tr. 62.)

               The trial court then heard from the state, R.M.’s mother, defense

counsel, and Hicks. The state explained the facts and circumstances surrounding

R.M.’s death: “He was [two] years old at the time, blue eyes, blond hair, 41 pounds;

R.M.’s mother was at work and Hicks was watching R.M. along with some other

children all under the age of four; that at some point Hicks went upstairs and found

R.M. laying on the bed unconscious with a plastic bag pulled over his head Hicks

upon discovering R.M., who also had blood on his lip and the lip was turning blue,

called the police to tell about R.M.; Hicks was the only adult home when this

happened and he told EMS it was probably only three to five minutes that the child

was by himself in this condition.” The state explained that, following an autopsy,

the medical examiner determined R.M.’s cause of death was homicide and that the

child’s injuries were consistent with blunt force impacts, shaking, and child abuse.
Next, R.M.’s mother showing pictures of her son, told the trial court that R.M. was

very happy, loved Hicks, and called him dad. The trial court then heard from

defense counsel, who noted that Hicks is a 26 year old, and discussed his struggles

throughout childhood and school; his I.Q. of 59, diagnoses of mild retardation as

well as bipolar disorder and anxiety disorder, which he had not been taking

medication for; and concerns regarding his possible development of post-traumatic

stress disorder. Hicks’s counsel also mentioned that Hicks often experienced

nightmares and flashbacks about R.M. Finally, Hicks addressed the court, stating

that he did not know what happened, he wished he did, he loved R.M. as if he were

his own child, and he has “tried to kill himself five times over this kid.” (Tr. 73.)

               Before imposing Hicks’s sentence, the trial court advised that it

considered the record, the oral statements made during the sentencing hearing, the

prior presentence-investigation, mitigation, and penalty reports, plea negotiations,

the victim-impact statement, and the fact that Hicks was on the mental-health

docket. The trial court said that it came to its decision based upon the overriding

principles and purposes of felony sentencing namely to protect the public from

future crime by the defendant and others and to punish the offender using the

minimum sanctions that the court determines and accomplishes those purposes

without imposing unnecessary burden on the state and local government resources.

The trial court said it considered the seriousness and recidivism factors relevant to

the offenses and the offender pursuant to R.C. 2929.12. The trial court found that
prison was consistent with the purposes of R.C. 2929.11 and imposed the following

sentence:

       As to Count 2, involuntary manslaughter, the Court imposes a
       sentence of eight years. As to Count 4, endangering children, four
       years. As to Count 5, felonious assault, five years. Count 2, the Court
       is going to impose a prison sentence consecutively * * *.

       So the four years in Count 2 will be served consecutive to Count 1
       giving us a total of 12 years.

       With Regan Tokes, which is half of the eight years, that’s four, which
       is going to give us a total of 16 years because Count 5 is going to be
       served concurrent with regards to Count 1. So the total with Reagan
       Tokes is going to be 16 years. That’s 12 plus four.

       As indicated, there is no early release. That’s mandatory time. The
       defendant is not eligible for early release. And the Court considered
       all the things that was presented in determining that sentence.

       ***

       PRC is going to be five years mandatory on the felony of the first degree
       upon your release. It’s a mandatory minimum of two years up to a
       maximum of five years. That would apply to all of the offenses except
       for Count 4, the endangering children. And the felonious assault
       would be different also. That would be a mandatory minimum of 18
       months up to a maximum of three years; however, the Court is going
       to merge PRC so that it is five years mandatory under Count 2.

(Tr. 77-79.)

               The trial court’s original August 3, 2022 sentencing entry was

corrected by a nunc pro tunc entry on August 8, 2022, wherein consecutive-

sentencing language was added. Hicks was ordered to serve the following prison

sentence:

      The court imposes a prison sentence at the Lorain Correctional
      Institution of 12 year(s). [Hicks] is sentenced to a prison term of 8
      years in Count 2. [Hicks] is sentenced to a prison term of 4 years in
      Count 4. Sentence to run consecutive to prison term imposed in Count
      2. [Hicks] is sentenced to a prison term of 5 years in Count 5. Sentence
      to run concurrent to prison term imposed in Count 2. Court advised
      [Hicks] of the Re[a]gan Tokes Law as it applies to Count 2. [Hicks] is
      advised that the sentence is now considered an indefinite sentence with
      the minimum possible sentence of 8 years and maximum possible
      sentence up to 16 years for a total aggregate sentence of 12 to 16 years
      in Count 2.

(Journal entry, August 3, 2022, and Nunc Pro Tunc entry, August 8, 2022.)

               In February 2023, Hicks was granted leave to file this delayed appeal

and appellate counsel was assigned for him.

       II.   Law and Analysis

                A. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying
                   Hicks’s motion to withdraw his guilty pleas

               In his first two assignments of error, Hicks challenges his negotiated

plea agreement. For ease of discussion, we will address Hicks’s second assignment

of error first since procedurally it was raised before the trial court before sentencing

and then we will address his first assignment of error disputing his guilty pleas on

appeal.

               In Hicks’s second assignment of error, he contends that the trial court

erred when it denied his presentence motion to withdraw his guilty plea.

               Under Crim.R. 32.1, “[a] motion to withdraw a plea of guilty or no

contest may be made only before sentence is imposed, but to correct manifest

injustice the court after sentence may set aside the judgment of conviction and

permit the defendant to withdraw his or her plea.”
              In general, “a presentence motion to withdraw a guilty plea should be

freely and liberally granted.” State v. Xie, 62 Ohio St.3d 521, 527, 584 N.E. 2d 715

(1992). It is well established, however, that “[a] defendant does not have an absolute

right to withdraw a guilty plea prior to sentencing. A trial court must conduct a

hearing to determine whether there is a reasonable legitimate basis for the

withdrawal of the plea.” Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus.

              The decision to grant or deny a presentence motion to withdraw is

within the trial court’s discretion. Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus. Absent an

abuse of discretion, the trial court’s decision must be affirmed. Id. at 527. An abuse

of the discretion occurs when a court exercises “its judgment, in an unwarranted way

* * *.” Johnson v. Abdullah, 166 Ohio St.3d 427, 2021-Ohio-3304, 187 N.E. 3d 463,

¶ 35.

              Courts have traditionally considered nine factors when reviewing a

trial court’s decision denying a defendant’s presentence motion to withdraw a guilty

plea. Those factors include whether a defendant was (1) represented by competent

counsel, (2) given a full Crim.R. 11 hearing before he entered the plea, (3) given a

complete hearing on the motion to withdraw, and (4) the record reflects that the

court gave full and fair consideration to the plea withdrawal request. State v.

Peterseim, 68 Ohio App.2d 211, 428 N.E. 2d 863 (8th Dist.1980), paragraph three

of the syllabus. Additionally, consideration is given to whether (5) the motion was

made in a reasonable time, (6) the motion stated specific reasons for withdrawal, (7)

the defendant understood the nature of the charges and the possible penalties, and
(8) the defendant had evidence of a plausible defense. State v. Fish, 104 Ohio App.3d

236, 661 N.E.2d 788 (1st Dist.1995), see also State v. Heisa, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 101877, 2015-Ohio-2269. Finally, courts have considered (9) “whether the state

would be prejudiced if the defendant were permitted to withdraw his guilty plea.”

State v. Barnes, 172 Ohio St.3d 63, 2022-Ohio-4486, 222 N.E.2d 537, ¶ 32 (Brunner,

J., concurring). Citing State v. Richter, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 46122 and 46123,

1983 Ohio App.LEXIS 15476, 2 (Sept. 29, 1983); State v. Dawson, 2d Dist. Green

No. 97-CA-105, 1998 Ohio App. LEXIS 1160, 3 (Mar. 27, 1998). These factors

include whether: (5) the state will be prejudiced by the withdrawal; (6) the motion

was made timely; (7) the motion states specific reasons for withdrawal; (8) the

defendant understood the nature of the charges and the possible penalties; and (9)

whether the defendant was perhaps not guilty or had a complete defense. Id., citing

Fish; State v. Moore, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98132, 2012-Ohio-5734.

              Moreover, “[a] mere change of heart regarding the guilty plea and the

possible sentence is not a legitimate basis for the withdrawal of a plea.” State v.

Westley, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97650, 2012-Ohio-3571, ¶ 7, citing State v. Drake,

73 Ohio App.3d 640, 645, 598 N.E.2d 115 (8th Dist.1991); State v. Lambros, 44 Ohio

App.3d 102, 103, 541 N.E.2d 632 (8th Dist.1988). When faced with a claim of

innocence in a presentence motion to vacate a guilty plea, the trial judge must

determine whether the claim amounts to more than the defendant’s change of heart

about the plea agreement. State v. Maddox, 2017-Ohio-8061, 98 N.E.3d 1158, ¶ 18

(8th Dist.), citing State v. Minifee, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99202, 2013-Ohio-3146,
¶ 27, and State v. Kramer, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 01-CA-107, 2002-Ohio-4176,

¶ 58. However, when a guilty plea is voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently

entered, a defendant’s protestations of innocence are insufficient grounds for

vacating the plea. Id., citing Minifee, citing State v. Bloom, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

97535, 2012-Ohio-3805, ¶ 13.

               At the July 2022 hearing held on Hicks’s presentence motion to

withdraw his guilty pleas, the state relying upon it’s arguments from its written brief

in opposition to Hicks’s motion, reminded the court of its compliance with

Crim.R. 11 and of the disk of jail calls with summaries it prepared as to what it felt

were pertinent parts to support its position that Hicks’s was seeking a withdrawal of

his plea because he had a change of heart after speaking with his family. The state

maintains that these jail calls support that Hicks wife threatened to move to Florida

with another man if he were to serve more than five years in prison as a reason for

Hicks wanting to withdraw his plea since these calls occurred right after his change-

of-plea hearing.

               Hicks’s counsel pointed out to the trial court that Hicks’s motion was

timely raised before sentencing and that case law instructs that “it ought to be freely

and liberally granted. Make no mistake about it here, Mr. Hicks is claiming

innocence.” Hicks’s counsel explained that Hicks does not recall what happened

and told his counsel on numerous occasions he does not know. Hicks’s counsel

further expressed that he spoke with people that “might support” that others in the

child’s life may have shaken R.M. He told the court nobody witnessed this and that
no one will come into court to say that “I saw Ronald Hicks kill that child.” And that

“we’re left with medical records that we’ll have to resolve,” stating that Hicks’s desire

is to have the state meet its burden of proof under the constitution.

               After reviewing the record in the instant case, we find that the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in denying Hicks’s presentence motion to

withdraw his guilty pleas. The record reveals that Hicks was afforded a full hearing

before entering his guilty plea where Hicks indicated he was satisfied with the

representation he received from trial counsel and understood the nature of the

charges and the possible penalties. While Hicks’s presentence motion to withdraw

his guilty plea was made timely, the motion did not offer specific details about the

identity of potential witnesses or provide a basis for a plausible defense or claim of

innocence. Rather, Hicks’s motion conceded that he did not know what happened

and was the only adult present and in charge of R.M. at the time of the child’s death.

               While a claim of innocence is a factor to be weighed in considering a

motion to withdraw a plea, it alone does not mandate the granting of such a motion.

Westley, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97650, 2012-Ohio-3571, at ¶ 7. Indeed, “when

faced with this claim, ‘the trial judge must determine whether the claim of innocence

is anything more than the defendant’s change of heart about the plea agreement.’”

Id., quoting Kramer, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 01-C.A.-107, 2002-Ohio-4176, at ¶ 58.

               Therefore based on the foregoing, we cannot say that the trial court

exercised its discretion in an unwarranted way; we cannot conclude that it abused
its discretion when it denied Hicks’s presentence motion to withdraw his plea based

upon “being influenced by others” amounting to a change of heart.

                B. Hicks’s plea was knowingly, intelligently, and
                   voluntarily made and it will not be set aside to correct a
                   manifest injustice

               In Hicks’s first assignment of error, he argues that his guilty plea was

not entered knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily pursuant to Crim.R. 11(C) and

must be vacated. Specifically, he argues that the trial court failed to (1) explain the

maximum penalties; (2) that he was not made aware of his possible defenses

available to him; and (3) that his counsel was ineffective for not informing him of

available pleas and defenses to him.

               A defendant’s plea must be entered knowingly, intelligently, and

voluntarily for the plea to be constitutional under the United States and Ohio

Constitutions. State v. Engle, 74 Ohio St.3d 525, 527, 660 N.E.2d 450 (1996). “Ohio

Crim.R. 11(C) was adopted in order to facilitate a more accurate determination of

the voluntariness of a defendant’s plea by ensuring an adequate record for review.”

State v. Nero, 56 Ohio St.3d 106, 107, 564 N.E.2d 474 (1990). The purpose of

Crim.R. 11(C) is to require the trial court to convey certain information to a

defendant so that he or she can make a voluntary and intelligent decision regarding

whether to plead guilty or no contest. State v. Poage, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110577,

2022-Ohio-467, ¶ 9, citing State v. Ballard, 66 Ohio St.2d 473, 479-480, 423 N.E.2d

115 (1981). On appeal, we review the trial court’s adherence to Crim.R. 11(C) de novo

and consider the totality of the circumstances to determine whether the plea hearing
was following the rule. State v. Cardwell, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92796, 2009-

Ohio-6827, ¶ 26.

               First, Hicks claims that the trial court failed to comply with a Crim.R.

11(C)(2)(a), a nonconstitutional provision, when it failed to advise him that a

violation of the terms and restrictions of PRC could result in the administration

imposition of an additional prison sanction.          Hicks contends that the PRC

advisement provided to him at the time of his guilty plea did not inform him of the

maximum potential penalty that could be imposed, making a showing of prejudice

unnecessary.

               Under Crim.R. 11(C)(2), a trial court shall not accept a guilty plea in a

felony case without first addressing the defendant personally and doing all the

following:

      (a) Determining that the defendant is making the plea voluntarily, with
      understanding of the nature of the charges and of the maximum
      penalty involved, and, if applicable, that the defendant is not eligible
      for probation or for the imposition of community control sanctions at
      the sentencing hearing.

      (b) Informing the defendant of and determining that the defendant
      understands the effect of the plea of guilty * * *, and that the court, upon
      acceptance of the plea, may proceed with judgment and sentence.

      (c) Informing the defendant and determining that the defendant
      understands that by the plea the defendant is waiving the rights to jury
      trial, to confront witnesses against him or her, to have compulsory
      process for obtaining witnesses in the defendant's favor, and to require
      the state to prove the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt at a
      trial at which the defendant cannot be compelled to testify against
      himself or herself.
              Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a) requires that the trial court determine that the

defendant is “making the plea voluntarily, with the understanding * * * of the

maximum penalty involved * * *.” In instances where the trial court imposes a

prison term, PRC is part of the “maximum penalty involved” and compliance with

Crim.R. 11(A)(2) requires that a trial court advise the defendant of any mandatory

PRC at the time of the plea. State v. Sullivan, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 111621,

111917, 2023-Ohio-1036, ¶ 14, citing State v. Austin, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105981,

2019-Ohio-1983, ¶ 16, citing State v. Griffin, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 83724, 2004-

Ohio-4344, ¶ 13, and State v. Bell, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96446, 2011-Ohio-5667,

¶ 10.

              For a plea to be entered knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently, the

court is only required to advise the defendant of the period of postrelease control

that would be imposed as part of the “maximum penalty involved” in the plea. Id.

at ¶ 20. This court will not invalidate a guilty plea regarding a nonconstitutional

right, like PRC, unless (1) the trial court completely failed to comply with a portion

of Crim.R. 11(C) or (2) without a complete failure proven, the defendant shows

prejudice, i.e., that he or she would not have otherwise entered the plea.

              “When a criminal defendant seeks to have his conviction reversed on

appeal, the traditional rule is that he must establish that an error occurred in the

trial-court proceedings and that he was prejudiced by that error.” State v. Dangler,

162 Ohio St.3d 1, 2020-Ohio-2765, 164 N.E.3d 286, ¶ 13, citing State v. Perry, 101

Ohio St.3d 118, 2004-Ohio-297, 802 N.E.2d 643, ¶ 14-15, and State v. Stewart, 51
Ohio St.2d 86, 93, 364 N.E.2d 1163 (1977); Crim.R. 52. A limited exception exists

when the trial court fails to explain the constitutional rights waived by the defendant

when pleading guilty as outlined in Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c). Id. at ¶ 14, citing State v.

Clark, 119 Ohio St. 3d 239, 2008-Ohio-3748, 893 N.E.2d 462, ¶ 31, and State v.

Veney, 120 Ohio St.3d 176, 2008-Ohio-5200, 897 N.E.2d 62, syllabus. A trial court’s

complete failure to comply with a portion of Crim.R. 11(C) also eliminates the

defendant’s burden to show prejudice. (Emphasis sic.) Id. at ¶ 15, citing State v.

Sarkozy, 117 Ohio St.3d 86, 2008-Ohio-509, 881 N.E.2d 1224, ¶ 22.

               “Aside from these two exceptions, the traditional rule continues to

apply: a defendant is not entitled to have his plea vacated unless he demonstrates

he was prejudiced by a failure of the trial court to comply with the provisions of

Crim.R. 11(C).” Id. at ¶ 16, citing Nero, 56 Ohio St. at 108, 564 N.E.2d 474. This

includes instances where the trial court fails to fully cover the “nonconstitutional”

aspects of the plea colloquy. Id. at 14, citing Veney at ¶ 17 (distinguishing the

nonconstitutional notifications required by Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a) and (b) from the

constitutional rights notifications required by Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c)). “The test for

prejudice is ‘whether the plea would have otherwise been made.’” Id. at ¶ 16, quoting

Nero at 108. “[T]he questions to be answered are simply: (1) has the trial court

complied with the relevant provision of the rule? (2) if the court has not complied

fully with the rule, is the purported failure of a type that excuses a defendant from

the burden of demonstrating prejudice? and (3) if a showing of prejudice is required,

has the defendant met that burden?” Id. at ¶ 17.
               Hicks concedes that the trial court complied with Crim.R. 11 as it

relates to his constitutional rights because he knowingly, voluntarily and

intelligently waived his rights. Regarding his nonconstitutional rights, he also

acknowledges that (1) he was going to be sentenced to prison and, upon his release,

there was a mandatory period of PRC with a minimum of two years and a maximum

of five years; (2) that while on PRC, if he failed to report he could be charged with a

new felony, escape; and (3) if he was convicted of a new felony, an additional prison

term of one year or the time remaining on PRC could be consecutively imposed by

the sentencing judge.       However, Hicks claims that these advisements never

addressed that there could be consequences imposed by the parole board for a

violation while on PRC and that those consequences include a prison sanction.

Hicks claims that while a trial judge is not required to advise a defendant of all

potential sanctions for a violation of PRC to comply with Crim.R. 11, the trial court

must, at minimum, advise that a violation of the conditions of PRC may result in the

imposition of a prison sentence and that the maximum sentence that could be

imposed is one-half of the original sentence. Hicks argues that the trial court’s

failure to advise him of the potential administrative imposition of prison for a

violation of PRC amounted to a complete failure to comply with Crim.R. 11, excusing

his showing of prejudice.

               The state counters that the trial court advised Hicks of the mandatory

portion of his PRC period and, thus, did not completely fail in its duty to advise Hicks

of the maximum possible penalty that could be imposed. The state further claims
there is nothing in the record that demonstrates Hicks suffered any prejudice based

on the PRC advisement he received and indicates that Hicks did not raise this issue

in his presentence motion to withdraw his plea. See discussion above.

               Our review of the transcript shows that the trial court advised Hicks

that he would be supervised by the parole board for “a mandatory minimum of two

years and up to a maximum of five years” upon his release from prison, explained to

Hicks that if he was convicted of a felony while on PRC, he could receive an

additional consecutive prison term on top of the punishment for the new offense in

the greater amount of either one year or the remaining time on his PRC. He was

also informed that if he failed to report to his parole officer while on PRC, he could

be charged with the felony of escape. Hicks indicated his understanding and did not

have questions about his rights, the charges, the penalties, or anything else being

done. Both the state and Hicks’s defense counsel told the trial court that they were

satisfied that the trial court complied with the requirements of Crim.R. 11. Based on

the foregoing, the trial court did not completely fail to comply with Crim.R.

11(C)(2)(a) in its PRC colloquy, and we decline to find otherwise. Compare Sarkozy,

117 Ohio St.3d 86, 2008-Ohio-509, 881 N.E.2d 1224, at ¶ 22 (holding the trial court

completely failed to comply with Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a)’s requirement that it explain

the maximum penalty when the court did not mention PRC in the plea colloquy,

even though the defendant was subject to mandatory PRC).

               Thus, Hicks must demonstrate he was prejudiced by the trial court’s

failure to comply with Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a) for his guilty plea to be vacated. See, e.g.,
State v. Soltis, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92574, 2009-Ohio-6636 (noting that when

addressing challenges of guilty pleas on the basis of a trial court’s failure to

adequately explain the ramifications of PRC, Ohio courts have concluded that a

defendant must demonstrate a prejudicial effect to warrant a vacation of the guilty

plea); State v. Allen, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93488, 2010-Ohio-3718, ¶ 10-11

(finding Allen did not meet his burden of showing prejudice that would necessitate

vacating his plea absent evidence that “the plea would not otherwise have been

made”).    We note that Hicks did not argue that but for the parole violation

advisement, he would not have pleaded guilty in his presentence motion to withdraw

his guilty plea. On appeal, Hicks claims that had he been aware that the parole board

could administratively impose additional prison sanctions upon him for an alleged

violation of its PRC requirements he would not have entered his guilty plea. Hicks

provides no basis for this claim. Nor does our review of the record support Hicks’s

assertion. The record reflects that amongst other serious charges, Hicks was facing

multiple murder counts that could result in the potential penalty of life in prison.

Hicks accepted a plea deal with an agreed sentencing range of 15 to 18 years,

avoiding the inherent risk of going to trial and a potential conviction with a “life tail.”

Therefore, we decline to find that Hicks’s guilty plea was not entered knowingly,

intelligently, and voluntarily based on the trial court’s PRC colloquy.

               Hicks also argues that his plea was not entered knowingly,

intelligently, and voluntarily because the trial court and trial counsel failed to

consider defenses that Hicks may have available to him. Specifically, Hicks argues
that he was not aware of the defenses of not guilty by reason of insanity and/or of

the defenses of blackout or voluntariness of the act. He maintains that the trial court

should not have accepted his guilty plea without further evaluations of his sanity at

the time of the offense(s). Hicks contends that despite being in Mental Health

Developmental Disabilities court, no coordinated efforts were made by the trial

court, jail, trial counsel, providers, or others to ensure that he was provided with the

services and evaluations necessary to guide him through this legal matter.

               Our review of the record shows otherwise. One day after Hicks was

arraigned, the trial court granted his request to be evaluated by the court’s

psychiatric department for competency to stand trial and that his case be transferred

to the court’s mental-health court docket. After Hicks was evaluated by the court’s

psychiatric department and a report was issued, the parties agreed to the findings

and conclusions of Dr. Aronoff’s evaluation of Hicks’s competency wherein the trial

court determined that Hicks was competent to stand trial in that he was aware of

“the nature and objective of the legal proceedings against him and could assist in his

own defense.” Notably, Dr. Aronoff’s report opined that

      [h]e’s aware of his charges, the acts of constituting such, the relative
      seriousness[,] and the possible sentence he may receive if convicted of
      them. He’s able to name various court personnel and describe their
      roles. He’s aware of his available plea options as well as the concept of
      plea bargaining. He manifests an appreciation of the adversarial
      nature of the legal proceedings against him.

      Any mild deficits [Hicks] demonstrates with respect to his
      understanding [of] the nature and objective of the legal proceedings
      against him are easily rectified with explanation using basic
       rudimentary terms. If this is exercised, [Hicks] demonstrates the
       capacity to comprehend as well as retain this information.

       ***

       [Hicks] reported he trusts his attorney. He’s able to confer with him,
       consider any legal advice he may offer, and will work collaboratively
       with him in order to obtain the most favorable outcome of his court
       case.

       [Hicks’s] speech and thought process are coherent and relevant. Thus,
       he would be capable of providing his attorney with pertinent
       information as well as testifying and challenging prosecution
       witnesses. Although [Hicks] demonstrates some mild deficits in
       attention and concentration, these do not appear to rise at the level
       where they would adversely affect his ability to follow the court
       proceedings.

       [Hicks] is motivated to receive a disposition most favorable to him.
       [Hicks] has demonstrated by his behavior during this evaluation that
       he would be capable of acting in an appropriate manner and tolerating
       the stress of trial. Although he became tearful at several points during
       the interview, he was quickly able to regain his composure.

(Tr. 5-7.)

               The transcript also shows that Hicks’s trial counsel informed the

court that he discussed all possible defenses available to Hicks and that Hicks

understood them. Nothing in the record supports that Hicks did not understand the

defenses available to him, including the defenses of not guilty by reason of insanity

or a blackout or voluntariness defense. While Hicks also raises within this assigned

error that his counsel was ineffective for failing to go over these available defenses,

he provides no evidence of this.

               To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, Hicks must

demonstrate that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) the deficient
performance prejudiced the defendant so as to deprive him of a fair trial. State v.

Trimble, 122 Ohio St.3d 297, 2009-Ohio-2961, 911 N.E.2d 242, ¶ 98, citing

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674

(1984). The failure to prove either prong of this two-part test makes it unnecessary

for a court to consider the other prong. State v. Madrigal, 87 Ohio St.3d 378, 389,

721 N.E.2d 52 (2000), citing Strickland at 697. “A licensed attorney is presumed to

be competent, and a defendant claiming ineffective assistance bears the burden of

proof.” Ohio v. Redmond, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 111138, 2022-Ohio-3734, citing

State v. Black, 2019-Ohio-4977, 149 N.E.3d 1132, ¶ 35 (8th Dist.), citing State v.

Smith, 17 Ohio St.3d 98, 100, 477 N.E.2d 1128 (1985). “[W]hen a defendant enters

a guilty plea as part of a plea bargain, he waives all appealable errors that may have

occurred at trial, unless such errors are shown to have precluded the defendant from

entering a knowing and voluntary plea.” State v. Milczewski, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 97138, 2012-Ohio-1743, ¶ 5, citing State v. Kelley, 57 Ohio St.3d 127, 566 N.E.2d

658 (1991).

               The discussions Hicks had with his attorney are not a part of our

record, and there is no evidence that trial counsel failed to inform Hicks of his

potential insanity, blackout, or voluntariness defenses. Rather, the record reveals

evidence to the contrary: Hicks’s trial counsel informed the court that he “discussed

with [Hicks] his constitutional rights, his trial rights, and the relative penalties as

well as the defenses he may have at trial” and “believe[d] that [Hicks] [wa]s ready,

willing, and able to enter a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary guilty plea.”
Therefore, we cannot say trial counsel’s performance was deficient under the first

Strickland prong.

              Moreover, Hicks fails to demonstrate that he was deprived assistance

of counsel. Speculation is insufficient to satisfy Hicks’s burden of demonstrating

prejudice, the second Strickland prong.        State v. Reed, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 110217, 2022-Ohio-1058, ¶ 19; State v. Ziga, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108336,

2020-Ohio-911, ¶ 36 (“To the extent that appellant is suggesting that had counsel

requested an evaluation some exculpatory or mitigating information would have

been uncovered, this argument is purely speculative and insufficient to satisfy his

burden of demonstrating prejudice.”). Thus, we find no support in the record for

Hicks’s contention that his counsel’s deficiencies.

              Accordingly, we decline to find that the trial court erred when it

denied Hicks’s presentence motion to withdraw his plea, and Hicks’s guilty plea

must be vacated to correct a manifest injustice. Hicks’s first assignment of error is

overruled.

                C. Hicks’s Sentence

              Hicks disputes his sentence in his third, fourth and fifth assignments

of error arguing that it is contrary to law and/or unconstitutional.

              He claims that the trial court erred when it imposed a prison sentence

that was contrary to law because the full term of the sentence was ordered as

mandatory time. Hicks concedes that the parties agreed that the offenses would not
merge and there would be no early release. Hicks further concedes that he agreed

to a recommended term of imprisonment.

               This court has recognized that a plea agreement is a contract between

the state and a criminal defendant with explicit terms subject to contract-law

principles. State v. Sykes, 2018-Ohio-4774, 124 N.E.3d 406, ¶ 23 (8th Dist.), citing

State v. Butts, 112 Ohio App.3d 683, 686, 679 N.E.2d 1170 (8th Dist.1996), and

State v. Padilla, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98187, 2012-Ohio-5892, ¶ 11. We explained

that “when a sentence is agreed to by the parties as part of the negotiated plea, there

is an implicit ‘understanding that in exchange for the plea, the defendant and the

state have agreed to be mutually bound to a specific sentence or a sentence

authorized by law within a prescribed range.’” Id., citing State v. Huffman, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 105805, 2018-Ohio-1192, ¶ 17. Therefore, we held that “‘inherent in

an agreed sentence is a quid pro quo arrangement where the defendant and

prosecutor have either given up something or attained something in exchange for

being bound by an appealable sentence.’” Id., citing Id.

               Here, Hicks acknowledges that he agreed to plead guilty to

involuntary manslaughter as amended in Count 2 with notice of prior conviction

and repeat violent offender specifications. Hicks claims that while the prison time

imposed in Count 2 was mandatory under the notice of prior conviction

specification, neither Count 4, child endangering, or Count 5, felonious assault,

required mandatory time because the notice of prior conviction and repeat violent

offender specifications were deleted from those counts. Hicks maintains that four-
year consecutive prison sentence in Count 4 should not have been deemed to be

mandatory and, therefore, was contrary to law. Despite agreeing to a recommended

sentencing range without early or judicial release, he claims the mandatory sentence

imposed is contrary to law.

              The state asserts that the terms of Hicks’s plea agreement expressly

stated that he was ineligible for early release, making his entire sentence mandatory.

The state claims that when the mandatory nature of the agreed-upon sentence is an

express condition of the plea agreement, it becomes a binding contractual term.

              We agree with the state and find this case analogous to Sykes, 2018-

Ohio-4774, 124 N.E.3d 406, wherein the defendant pled guilty to offenses that did

not carry mandatory time but agreed to a sentence of 15 years in prison “to be served

in totality.” We find the plea agreement, which included an agreed-upon sentencing

range of 15 to 18 years “with no early release,” constituted a valid and enforceable

contract that mutually bound the parties to its terms. Additionally, we agree with

Hicks’s concession that the use of the word “mandatory” as opposed to “no early

release” is a “distinction without consequence.” Therefore, regardless of the trial

court’s use of the word “mandatory” any error in terminology is harmless.

              Hicks also argues that the imposed prison sentence was contrary to

law because the trial court’s sentencing journal entry ordered a prison term of 12-16

years on Count 2.

              Crim.R. 36 provides, “Clerical mistakes in judgments, orders, or other

parts of the record, and errors in the record arising from oversight or omission, may
be corrected by the court at any time.” “A trial court may use a nunc pro tunc entry

to correct mistakes in judgments, orders, and other parts of the record so the record

speaks the truth.” State v. Sandidge, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109277, 2020-Ohio-

1629, ¶ 7.

              Hicks claims that the trial court’s journal entry improperly ordered a

minimum sentence of eight years and a maximum sentence of 16 years for a total

aggregate of 12-16 years on Count 2. Hicks claims that Count 2, involuntary

manslaughter, a felony of the first degree, has a maximum sentence of 11 years

according to R.C. 2929.14(A). Hicks maintains that the trial court did not err in

calculating the total number of years in his sentence but made a clerical error by

imposing them entirely on Count 2, which is contrary to law. Hicks indicates that

this clerical error may be remedied through a nunc pro tunc entry. The state agrees

with Hicks and asserts that the matter should be remanded to the trial court.

              We agree with Hicks and the state. At Hicks’s sentencing hearing, the

trial court imposed an eight-year sentence on Count 2, with an additional four years

under the Reagan Tokes Law. Thus, the sentence imposed on Count 2 was 8 to 12

years, which was to run consecutively to the four-year sentence imposed on Count

4.   Our review of the record reveals that the trial court’s sentencing entries

incorrectly ordered “the minimum possible sentence of 8 years and a maximum

possible sentence up to 16 years for a total aggregate of 12 to 16 years entirely on

Count 2.” (Journal entry, August 3, 2022, and Nunc Pro Tunc entry, August 8,

2022.) Because the entries do not reflect the sentence imposed at the sentencing
hearing, we find that correcting this clerical error through a nunc pro tunc entry is

an appropriate remedy that will modify the record so that it speaks the truth.

               Accordingly, we sustain in part Hicks’s third assignment of error on

this basis and remand the matter to the trial court so that it may issue a nunc pro

tunc entry indicating an indefinite prison sentence was imposed on Count 2, with a

minimum possible sentence of eight years and a maximum possible sentence up to

12 years, for a total aggregate prison sentence on all counts of 12-16 years.

               In the fourth      assignment of error, Hicks challenges            the

constitutionality of the Reagan Tokes Law arguing it violates his rights to due

process and equal protection, the separation-of-powers-doctrine, and his Sixth

Amendment right to a jury trial. Hicks further argues that the Reagan Tokes Law is

void for vagueness and confers too much authority to the Department of

Rehabilitation and Corrections (“DRC”). Hicks acknowledges that “[t]he ultimate

consideration of the constitutionality of the Reagan Tokes sentencing scheme will

be determined by the Ohio Supreme Court[, which is] currently considering the

matter in State v. Hacker * * * and State v. Simmons * * *.”

               Since the filing of Hicks’s brief, the Ohio Supreme Court affirmed the

judgment of this court in State v. Simmons, 2021-Ohio-939, 169 N.E.3d 728 (8th

Dist.), and upheld the constitutionality of the Reagan Tokes Law on numerous

grounds. State v. Hacker, Slip Opinion No. 2023-Ohio-2535, ¶ 1. In Hacker, the

Ohio Supreme Court held that the Reagan Tokes Law does not violate a defendant’s

right to due process because it is not void for vagueness or facially unconstitutional.
Id. at ¶ 40. The Hacker Court further held that Reagan Tokes Law does not violate

the separation-of-powers doctrine because “allowing the DRC to rebut the

presumption of release for disciplinary reasons does not exceed the power given to

the executive branch and does not interfere with the trial court’s discretion when

sentencing an offender.” Id. at ¶ 25. Finally, the Ohio Supreme Court held that the

Reagan Tokes Law does not implicate a defendant’s right to a jury trial because the

range of penalties prescribed by the legislature and imposed by the trial court will

not be changed by any determination made by the DRC regarding the defendant’s

behavior while in prison. Id. at ¶ 28.

                 Because the constitutionality of the Reagan Tokes Law has been

upheld on the grounds challenged by Hicks, we overrule his fourth assignment of

error.

                 In his fifth assignment of error, Hicks argues that his sentence is

contrary to law because the trial court failed to provide required notices when it

imposed his sentence. Hicks maintains that because the trial court failed to comply

with R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c), his indefinite sentence in Count 2, which was imposed

pursuant to the Reagan Tokes Law, must be vacated.

                 When a trial court imposes a nonlife felony-indefinite sentence

pursuant to the Reagan Tokes Law, R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c) requires that the trial

court notify the offender of the following:

         (i) That it is rebuttably presumed that the offender will be released from
         service of the sentence on the expiration of the minimum prison term
         imposed as part of the sentence or on the offender’s presumptive
      earned early release date, as defined in section 2967.271 of the Revised
      Code, whichever is earlier;

      (ii) That the department of rehabilitation and correction may rebut the
      presumption described in division (B)(2)(c)(i) of this section if, at a
      hearing held under section 2967.271 of the Revised Code, the
      department makes specified determinations regarding the offender’s
      conduct while confined, the offender’s rehabilitation, the offender’s
      threat to society, the offender’s restrictive housing, if any, while
      confined, and the offender’s security classification;

      (iii) That if, as described in division (B)(2)(c)(ii) of this section, the
      department at the hearing makes the specified determinations and
      rebuts the presumption, the department may maintain the offender’s
      incarceration after the expiration of that minimum term or after that
      presumptive earned early release date for the length of time the
      department determines to be reasonable, subject to the limitation
      specified in section 2967.271 of the Revised Code;

      (iv) That the department may make the specified determinations and
      maintain the offender’s incarceration under the provisions described in
      divisions (B)(2)(c)(i) and (ii) of this section more than one time, subject
      to the limitation specified in section 2967.271 of the Revised Code;

      (v) That if the offender has not been released prior to the expiration of
      the offender’s maximum prison term imposed as part of the sentence,
      the offender must be released upon the expiration of that term.

While the court must give these notices at the time of sentencing, no specific

language is required. State v. Gates, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110616, 2022-Ohio-

1666, ¶ 25.

              On appeal, Hicks claims that he was not given any advisements

required under R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c). Specifically, Hicks states that he was not

given requisite notice regarding the following matters: (1) the presumption that he

would be released upon the completion of the minimum sanction; (2) the DRC’s

ability to rebut that presumption; 3) the conduct or other considerations taken into
account by the DRC that may cause the presumption to be rebutted; (4) the hearing

conducted by the DRC, the details about how that hearing is held, and the findings

and implications that may result; and (5) the possibility that his prison sentence

could be extended more than once until he served the entire maximum prison term

imposed under the Reagan Tokes sentence. The state agrees that the trial court did

not provide the required R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c) notifications when it imposed

Hicks’s sentence on Count 2.

               Our review of the sentencing transcript reveals that the trial court

imposed a nonlife, indefinite prison sentence of 8 to 12 years on Count 2, involuntary

manslaughter, a first-degree felony. However, the trial court did not impart the

information contained in R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c) at the time of sentencing. Thus, we

agree that the trial court did not provide all of the required notices pursuant to R.C.

2929.19(B)(2)(c) and now consider the appropriate remedy.

               Hicks argues that because his Reagan Tokes sentence was contrary to

law, it must be vacated. Hicks claims that this court’s remedy in Gates was

erroneous because an improperly imposed sentence against statutory authority is

voidable and a voidable sentence must be vacated in a successful challenge on direct

appeal. Hicks cites State v. Harper, 160 Ohio St.3d 480, 2020-Ohio-2913, 159

N.E.3d 248, in support of his argument. The state relies on Gates, as well as

authority from other appellate districts, and claims that Hicks’s sentence should be

reversed and remanded for the sole purpose of providing the required notifications

set forth in R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c).
                We agree with the state and find Harper, a case involving sentencing

errors in the imposition of PRC sanctions, inapplicable. In instances where the trial

court has failed to fully notify the defendant of the R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c)

advisements, this court has consistently remanded for resentencing. See Sullivan,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 111621 and 111917, 2023-Ohio-1036, at ¶ 26; State v.

Bradley, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110882, 2022-Ohio-2954, ¶ 13; Gates, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 110616, 2022-Ohio-1666, at ¶ 27; State v. Whitehead, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 109599, 2021-Ohio-847, ¶ 46 (where the trial court failed to inform

the defendant of any of the required notifications set forth in R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c)).

Accordingly, we sustain Hicks’s fifth assignment of error and remand the matter for

resentencing.

                Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.

      It is ordered that appellant and appellee split the costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

_______________________
MARY J. BOYLE, JUDGE

LISA B. FORBES, P.J., and
EMANUELLA D. GROVES, J., CONCUR