Court Opinion

ID: 9563959
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-21 18:51:10.389372+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:18:09.602150
License: Public Domain

TYSON, Judge.
Andrew Egelhof (“plaintiff’) and his out-of-state counsel, Jeffrey P. Fink, Brian J. Robbins, Steven R. Wedeking, and the law firm of Robbins Umeda & Fink, LLP (collectively, “plaintiff’s counsel”) appeal from order entered, which: (1) imposed sanctions on plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel and (2) failed to award Matthew J. Szulik, Kevin B. Thompson, Paul J. Cormier, Timothy J: Buckley, Mark H. Webbink, Alex Pinchev, Robert F. Young, Eugene J. McDonald, F. Selby Wellman, Marye A. Fox, William S. Kaiser, Dr. Steve Albrecht, and H. Hugh Shelton (collectively, “defendants”) attorneys’ fees and expenses. Defendants cross-appeal the denial of attorneys’ fees as sanctions. We affirm in part and reverse in part.
*614I. Background
On 18 August 2004, plaintiff filed a Verified Shareholder Derivative Complaint against defendants on behalf of Red Hat, Inc. (“Red Hat”). Plaintiff alleged defendants: (1) engaged in insider trading; (2) breached their fiduciary duty; (3) abused their control of Red Hat; (4) grossly mismanaged Red Hat; (5) wasted valuable corporate assets; and (6) were unjustly enriched. On 29 December 2004, the case was designated as a complex business case and transferred to the special superior court for complex business cases. Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint on 27 June 2005 and alleged: (1) the complaint failed to adequately plead demand futility under Delaware law and (2) all counts should be dismissed pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 12(b)(6).
Plaintiff amended his complaint on 21 July 2005. Defendants moved to dismiss the amended complaint on 29 September 2005. In its order filed 13 March 2006, the trial court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss with prejudice “on the grounds that the Amended Complaint does not establish demand futility under Delaware law and because [plaintiff] is no longer a shareholder and thus lacks standing to pursue this action.” Plaintiff failed to appeal the trial court’s grant of defendants’ motion to dismiss.
On 25 April 2006, defendants filed a motion for attorneys’ fees pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 11 and N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-21.5. Defendants alleged: (1) “[pjlaintiff filed his claim when it was neither well grounded in fact nor warranted by existing law[]” and (2) “there was a complete absence of a justiciable issue of either law or fact raised by [p]laintiff in his pleadings.” After a hearing on 9 June 2006, the trial court ordered defendants to depose plaintiff. Plaintiff was deposed on 13 July 2006. Counsel for both plaintiff and defendants were present and participated in the deposition.
The trial court entered its final order on defendants’ motion for attorneys’ fees on 4 February 2008. The trial court’s order: (1) prohibited plaintiff from acting as a shareholder derivative plaintiff or a class action representative in the state courts of North Carolina for a period of five years; (2) required Mr. Fink to pay pro hac vice fees; (3) prohibited plaintiff’s counsel from appearing pro hac vice in the state courts of North Carolina for a period of five years; and (4) denied defendants’ motion for attorney fees and expenses. Plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel appeal. Defendants cross-appeal.
*615II. Issues
Plaintiff and plaintiffs counsel argue the trial court erred when it imposed non-monetary sanctions. On cross-appeal, defendants argue the trial court erred when it failed to award attorneys’ fees.
III. Plaintiff’s and Plaintiff’s Counsel’s Anneal
Plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel argue the trial court erred when it imposed non-monetary sanctions: (1) without notice or hearing; (2) when plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel did not sign the amended complaint; and (3) were based upon unsupported findings of fact.
A. Due Process
“Notice and an opportunity to be heard prior to depriving a person of his property are essential elements of due process of law which is guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article 1, section 17, of the North Carolina Constitution.” McDonald’s Corp. v. Dwyer, 338 N.C. 445, 448, 450 S.E.2d 888, 891 (1994). “It is not adequate for the notice to say only that sanctions are proposed. The bases for the sanctions must be alleged.” Griffin v. Griffin, 348 N.C. 278, 280, 500 S.E.2d 437, 439 (1998) (citing Taylor v. Taylor Prods. Inc., 105 N.C. App. 620, 629, 414 S.E.2d 568, 575 (1992), overruled on other grounds by Brooks v. Giesey, 334 N.C. 303, 317, 432 S.E.2d 339, 347 (1993)). “In order to pass constitutional muster, the person against whom sanctions are to be imposed must be advised in advance of the charges against him.” Id.
Plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel cite Gagliardi v. McWilliams for the proposition that due process requires a party to be put on notice of the type of sanctions that could possibly be ordered by the trial court. 834 F.2d 81 (3rd Cir. 1987). In Gagliardi, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit vacated the district court’s order and stated:
The general'request for “other appropriate relief’ was insufficient notice to Gagliardi, who was proceeding pro se, of the possibility that his resort to the courts would be precluded without initial scrutiny by the district court. Even an experienced attorney would not have expected this type of injunctive sanction without some more specific notice.
834 F.2d at 83.
*616Neither our Supreme Court nor this Court have required a party, against whom statutory sanctions have been sought, to be put on notice of the specific type of sanctions, which may be ordered. North Carolina has consistently required only: (1) notice of the bases of the sanctions and (2) an opportunity to be heard. See Griffin, 348 N.C. at 280, 500 S.E.2d at 439; see also Wilson v. Wilson, 183 N.C. App. 267, 271, 644 S.E.2d 379, 382, disc. rev. denied, 362 N.C. 92, 657 S.E.2d 32 (2007); Dunn v. Ganoy, 180 N.C. App. 30, 40, 636 S.E.2d 243, 250 (2006), disc. rev. denied, 361 N.C. 351, 645 S.E.2d 766 (2007); Megremis v. Megremis, 179 N.C. App. 174, 178-79, 633 S.E.2d 117, 121 (2006); Zaliagiris v. Zaliagiris, 164 N.C. App. 602, 609, 596 S.E.2d 285, 290 (2004), disc. rev. denied, 359 N.C. 643, 617 S.E.2d 662 (2005).
Here, defendants’ 25 April 2006 motion for attorney fees stated:
Defendants . . . respectfully move for the entry of an order awarding to Defendants their reasonable attorneys’ fees for services rendered by their attorneys in defense of this action pursuant to the following statutory authority:
a. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1 (Rule 11 of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure) on the grounds that Plaintiff filed his claim when it was neither well grounded in fact nor warranted by existing law; and
b. N.C.G.S. § 6-21.5 on the grounds that there was a complete absence of a justiciable issue of either law or fact raised by Plaintiff in his pleadings.
(Emphasis supplied). Plaintiff subsequently submitted a memorandum of law in opposition to defendants’- motion for attorneys’ fees. On 9 June 2006, the trial court conducted a hearing on defendants’ motion for attorneys’ fees. The trial court’s order filed on or about 12 June 2006 ordered defendants to depose plaintiff and stated:
The scope of the deposition may include, but is not limited to: (1) [plaintiff]’s ownership of stock in Red Hat. . . and any other connection or involvement he may had had with Red Hat. . ., (2) his involvement with this litigation, including how he came to be involved and the extent of his knowledge of the proceedings in this litigation, (3) his involvement as plaintiff in any other shareholder derivative or class action litigation, (4) the general nature of any litigation in which he has been represented by Robbins, Umeda & Fink, (5) his connection with any lawyers, employees or agents of Robbins, Umeda & Fink, (6) any fee agreement or *617expectation of compensation he had with Robbins, Umeda & Fink in connection with this litigation, (7) his general work experience and educational background, (8) any criminal record which would impact his suitability to represent the corporation in this shareholder derivative action, and (9) the reasons for and timing of his selling his stock and abandoning his position in this litigation. Except as provided above he shall not be subject to examination about his personal life or finances. Nor shall he be required to disclose any substantive advice on legal issues provided in connection with his status as a shareholder derivative plaintiff by Robbins, Umeda & Fink. Any such communications that would be subject to the attorney client privilege shall not be the subject of examination.
Plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel were given notice of the “bases” of the alleged sanctions against them and were given an opportunity to present arguments and testimony on their behalf. Plaintiff’s and plaintiff’s counsel’s due process rights were fully protected. Griffin, 348 N.C. at 280, 500 S.E.2d at 439; see also Dunn, 180 N.C. App. at 40, 636 S.E.2d at 250 (where the trial court “specifically informed [the appellant] that [it] was considering imposing Rule 11 sanctions [;]” “accepted an affidavit” from the appellant; and questioned the appellant and the other lawyers involved, this Court held the appellant “was thus given notice of the ‘charges’ against him in advancef,] . . . was given an opportunity to be heard[,] [and the appellant’s] . . . due process rights were fully protected”). This assignment of error is overruled.
B. Signature on Amended Complaint
The only signature on plaintiff’s original complaint is that of F. Lane Williamson, plaintiff’s North Carolina attorney. Plaintiff’s amended complaint is again signed by F. Lane Williamson and contains a verification signed by out-of-state counsel, Jeffery P. Fink, which says, “I make this Verification because plaintiff is absent from the County of San Diego where I maintain my office.” Plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel contend that the trial court could not enter non-monetary sanctions pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 11 without their signatures on the amended complaint. We disagree.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 11(a) (2005) allows the trial court to impose on the signer of the pleading, “a represented party, or both, an appropriate sanction, which may include an order to pay to the other party or parties the amount of the reasonable expenses in*618curred . . . .” In Higgins v. Patton, this Court held “the defendants were entitled to request sanctions against the attorney, as signer of the complaint, and against both plaintiffs as represented parties, regardless of whether the plaintiffs signed the complaint.” 102 N.C. App. 301, 305, 401 S.E.2d 854, 856 (1991), rev’d in part by Bryson v. Sullivan, 330 N.C. 644, 656-57, 412 S.E.2d 327, 333 (1992). In Higgins, this Court also held that “the complaint meets the legal certification requirement of Rule 11. When considered in conjunction with the answer, the complaint facially presents a plausible claim for trespass.” 102 N.C. App. at 306, 401 S.E.2d at 857 (citation omitted). As noted above and contrary to the dissenting opinion’s assertion, defendant never asserted in their motion, or argued in any of the hearings, that plaintiff filed his complaint “for any improper purpose” under either N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 11 or N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-21.5. Bryson, 330 N.C. at 655, 412 S.E.2d at 332.
Our Supreme Court in Bryson held that:
in determining whether a pleading was warranted by existing law at the time it was signed the court must look at the face of the pleading and must not read it in conjunction with responsive pleadings as the Court of Appeals erroneously held in the case and in other Rule 11 opinions. E.g., Higgins v. Patton, 102 N.C. App. 301, 306, 401 S.E.2d 854, 857....
330 N.C. at 656-57, 412 S.E.2d at 333 (emphasis supplied). Our Supreme Court further stated:
The legal question of whether a client whose counsel signs a pleading that violates Rule 11 but who does not himself sign the challenged pleading may be subject to sanctions under Rule 11 is not an issue arising on this appeal. The record shows that both of the plaintiffs signed the complaint. The authorities are divided on this question. ... We thus leave this question to another day.
Id. at 659, 412 S.E.2d at 334-35 (footnote omitted).
Only that portion of Higgins which held the complaint should be “considered in conjunction with the answer” was overturned by our Supreme Court in Bryson. Higgins, 102 N.C. App. at 306, 401 S.E.2d at 857; Bryson, 330 N.C. at 656-57, 412 S.E.2d at 333. This Court remains bound by that portion of Higgins which held that “the defendants were entitled to request sanctions against. . . both plaintiffs as represented parties, regardless of whether the plaintiffs signed the complaint.” 102 N.C. App. at 305, 401 S.E.2d at 856; see also *619In the Matter of Appeal from Civil Penalty, 324 N.C. 373, 384, 379 S.E.2d 30, 37 (1989) (“Where a panel of the Court of Appeals has decided the same issue, albeit in a different case, a subsequent panel of the same court is bound by that precedent, unless it has been overturned by a higher court.” (Citations omitted)). We hold that both plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel, as represented parties, were subject to sanctions pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 11. Higgins, 102 N.C. App. at 305, 401 S.E.2d at 856. This assignment of error is overruled.
C. Findings of Fact
Plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel argue the trial court erred when it entered N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 11 non-monetary sanctions based upon unsupported findings of fact.
1. Standard of Review
The trial court’s decision to impose or not to impose mandatory sanctions under N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 11(a) is reviewable de novo as a legal issue. In the de novo review, the appellate court will determine (1) whether the trial court’s conclusions of law support its judgment or determination, (2) whether the trial court’s conclusions of law are supported by its findings of fact, and (3) whether the findings of fact are supported by a sufficiency of the evidence. If the appellate court makes these three determinations in the affirmative, it must uphold the trial court’s decision to impose or deny the imposition of mandatory sanctions under N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 11(a).
Finally, in reviewing the appropriateness of the particular sanction imposed, an abuse of discretion standard is proper because the rule’s provision that the court shall impose sanctions for motions abuses concentrates the court’s discretion on the selection of an appropriate sanction rather than on the decision to impose sanctions.
Turner v. Duke University, 325 N.C. 152, 165, 381 S.E.2d 706, 714 (1989) (internal citation and quotation omitted) (emphasis original).
2. Analysis
According to Rule 11, the signer certifies that three distinct things are true: the pleading is (1) well grounded in fact; (2) warranted by existing law, “or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law” (legal sufficiency); *620and (3) not interposed for any improper purpose. A breach of the certification as to any one of these three prongs is a violation of the Rule.
Bryson, 330 N.C. at 655, 412 S.E.2d at 332.
As noted above, defendants’ motion for attorneys’ fees alleged only that “Plaintiff filed his claim when it was neither well grounded in fact nor warranted by existing law . . . .” Defendants did not allege that plaintiff had filed his claim “for any improper purpose.” Id. In Bryson, our Supreme Court held, as stated above, that “in determining whether a pleading was warranted by existing law at the time it was signed the court must look at the face of the pleading and must not read it in conjunction with responsive pleadings . . . .” 330 N.C. at 656-57, 412 S.E.2d at 333.
Here, the trial court stated in its order that “[it] does not believe that the initial pleadings in this case would, standing alone, support Rule 11 sanctions.” The trial court further found that “when the combination of all the factors is considered, sanctions are warranted.” Based on our Supreme Court’s holding in Bryson and defendants failure to seek sanctions “for any improper purpose[,]” the trial court erred when it ordered sanctions to be imposed based on matters other than a review of the face of plaintiff’s amended complaint. 330 N.C. at 655-57, 412 S.E.2d at 332-33. The trial court’s entry of sanctions against plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel is reversed.
IV. Defendants’ Cross-Appeal
Defendants argue the trial court erred when it: (1) failed to rule on their motion for attorneys’ fees pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-21.5 and (2) denied their motion for attorneys’ fees pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 11.
A. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-21.5
Defendants argue the trial court failed to address their motion for attorneys’ fees pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-21.5 and that failure constituted reversible error. We disagree.
1. Standard of Review
The decision whether to award attorney’s fees is within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be overturned absent an abuse of discretion. Martin Architectural Prods., Inc. v. Meridian Constr. Co., 155 N.C. App. 176, 182, 574 S.E.2d 189, 193 (2002). An *621abuse of discretion occurs when a decision is “either manifestly unsupported by reason or so arbitrary, that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.” Country Club of Johnston Cty., Inc. v. U.S. Fidelity & Guar. Co., 150 N.C. App. 231, 248, 563 S.E.2d 269, 280 (2002) (quotation omitted).
2. Analysis
The trial court’s order states:
This matter is before the Court on Defendants’ Motion for Attorneys’ Fees filed after the Court granted Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss. The Court has concluded that it will not award attorney fees on the basis asserted by Defendants. However, the Motion has brought to the Court’s attention certain actions on the part of [plaintiff], the shareholder representative, and his out-of-state counsel which are of sufficient concern to the Court that the Court will enter non-monetary sanctions.
(Emphasis supplied).
Based upon the trial court’s statement that “it will not award attorney fees on the basis asserted by Defendants!,]” it is clear that the trial court exercised its discretion and chose to deny defendants’ motion for attorneys’ fees pursuant to both N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 11 and N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-21.5. The trial court did not “fail[] to exercise its discretion under the statute . . . .” Defendant’s assertions to the contrary are overruled.
Defendants have also failed to show that the trial court manifestly abused its discretion when it denied defendants’ motion for attorneys’ fees pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-21.5. Under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-21.5 (2005), a trial court “may award a reasonable attorney’s fees to the prevailing party if the court finds there was a complete absence of a justiciable issue of either law or fact raised by the losing party in any pleading.” When reviewing a motion brought under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-21.5, the trial court is “required to evaluate whether the losing party persisted in litigating the case after a point where he should reasonably have become aware that the pleading he filed no longer contained a justiciable issue.” Sunamerica Financial Corp. v. Bonham, 328 N.C. 254, 258, 400 S.E.2d 435, 438 (1991).
The trial court, in its Order on Motion for Attorney Fees, found: (1) “[d]emand futility under Delaware law .... is an area fraught with difficulty and not susceptible to bright-line tests[;]” (2) “[t]he test for *622demand futility under Delaware law is always fact specific and contextual[;]” (3) “[t]he application of the law is done on a case-by-case basis[;]” and (4) “it will not award attorney fees on the basis asserted by Defendants.”
Defendants have failed to show that the trial court’s decision to deny their motion for attorneys’ fees pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-21.5 was “either manifestly unsupported by reason or so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.” Country Club of Johnston Cty., Inc., 150 N.C. App. at 248, 563 S.E.2d at 280 (quotation omitted). Under the applicable standard of review of the trial court’s discretionary ruling, this assignment of error is overruled.
B. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1. Rule 11
Because the trial court initially found “that [it] d[id] not believe that the initial pleadings in this case would, standing alone, support Rule 11 sanctions [,]” it is unnecessary to remand this matter to the trial court for a determination of whether Rule 11 sanctions would be appropriate based solely on the face of the amended complaint. Bryson, 330 N.C. at 656-57, 412 S.E.2d at 333. We will treat the trial court’s finding as a decision not to impose sanctions pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 11 and review it according to the framework established by our Supreme Court in Turner. 325 N.C. at 165, 381 S.E.2d at 714.
The trial court’s conclusion of law “that the initial pleadings in this case would [not], standing alone, support Rule. 11 sanctions[]” is supported by its findings of fact. The trial court found: (1) “[d]emand futility under Delaware law .... is an area fraught with difficulty and not susceptible to bright-line tests[;]” (2) “the test for demand futility under Delaware law is always fact specific and contextual[;]” and (3) “[t]he [trial] [c]ourt’s decision and order in Pozen was not entered until after the original Egelhof Complaint and Amended Complaint were filed; therefore [p]laintiff’s counsel did not have the benefit of that decision when drafting the pleadings.”
After a thorough review of the record on appeal, we hold that these findings of fact are supported by sufficient evidence. Id. The trial court properly found the imposition of Rule 11 sanctions was not appropriate based solely on review of the face of the complaint. The trial court’s denial of defendants’ motion for attorney fees pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 11 is affirmed.
*623V. Conclusion
Plaintiff and plaintiffs counsel received notice that Rule 11 sanctions were being sought against them and the statutory basis of those sanctions. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 11(a). Plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel were provided an opportunity to be heard by and present evidence to the trial court on defendants’ motion for attorneys’ fees. Plaintiff’s and plaintiff’s counsel’s due process rights were fully protected. Griffin, 348 N.C. at 280, 500 S.E.2d at 439. Both plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel, as represented parties, were subject to sanctions pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 11(a). Higgins, 102 N.C. App. at 305, 401 S.E.2d at 856.
In determining whether plaintiff’s amended complaint was well grounded in fact and warranted by existing law, the trial court failed to solely review the face of the amended complaint. Bryson, 330 N.C. at 656-57, 412 S.E.2d at 333. That portion of the trial court’s order, which imposed sanctions against plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel under Rule 11 is reversed.
Contrary to defendants’ assertion, the trial court exercised its discretion pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-21.5. Defendants failed to show the trial court manifestly abused its discretion when it denied defendants’ motion for attorneys’ fees pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-21.5. The trial court properly determined that Rule 11 sanctions were not appropriate based solely on review of the face of the amended complaint. The trial court’s denial of defendants’ motion for attorneys’ fees pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 1A-1, Rule 11 and 6-21.5 is affirmed.
Those portions of the trial court’s order, which ordered: (1) Jeffrey P. Fink to pay “the North Carolina State Bar and the Clerk of Court of Wake County an amount equal to the amount he would have been required to pay had he properly filed a pro hac vice motion and been admitted to appear in this action[]” and (2) “Mr. Williamson will insure that [plaintiff] receives a copy of this order[,]” are not before us and are left undisturbed.
Affirmed in Part and Reversed in Part.
Judge McCULLOUGH concurs.
Judge CALABRIA,dissents by separate opinion.