Court Opinion

ID: 5142295
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-31 01:12:48.735083+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:35.532049
License: Public Domain

Ann Currie, as Personal Representative of the Estate of Lance Currie Williams v. State of
Maryland, Nos. 806, 1168 & 2350, Sept. Term 2019. Opinion by Arthur, J.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE—ENFORCEMENT OF PLEA AGREEMENTS

Principles of double jeopardy and due process generally prohibit the State from relying
on a mutual mistake of fact to rescind a plea agreement that has been accepted by the
court.

In this case, the circuit court accepted a plea agreement under which the State agreed that
the defendant was not criminally responsible for two offenses. Two years later, the State
asked the court to set aside the plea agreement based on a psychiatrist’s opinion that the
defendant was, in fact, criminally responsible for his conduct. The court granted the
State’s motion, concluding that the State could rescind the agreement on the ground of a
mutual mistake of fact. In doing so, the court violated the prohibition against double
jeopardy as well as due process principles which require (subject to certain exceptions
not applicable here) the enforcement of plea agreements previously accepted by the court.

Even if the State could rescind a plea agreement on the basis of a mutual mistake of fact,
the doctrine was inapplicable here because the State bore the risk of the purported
mistake when it entered into the plea agreement.
Circuit Court for Montgomery County
Case No. 131527C

                                                     REPORTED

                                        IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

                                                  OF MARYLAND

                                                  CONSOLIDATED

                                                Nos. 806, 1168, & 2350

                                                September Term, 2019
                                      ______________________________________

                                           ANN CURRIE, AS PERSONAL
                                       REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF
                                            LANCE CURRIE WILLIAMS

                                                          v.

                                               STATE OF MARYLAND
                                      ______________________________________

                                           Graeff,
                                           Arthur,
                                           Battaglia, Lynne A.
                                            (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),

                                                        JJ.
                                      ______________________________________

                                                Opinion by Arthur, J.
                                      ______________________________________

                                           Filed: June 30, 2021
       In 2017, Lance Currie Williams and the State entered into a plea agreement

regarding charges of assault and animal abuse. Williams admitted that he committed the

alleged offenses, while the State stipulated that, because of a mental disorder, he was not

criminally responsible for his conduct. The Circuit Court for Montgomery County

accepted the plea, found Williams not criminally responsible, and committed him for

institutional inpatient treatment.

       After Williams was hospitalized for a year, an administrative law judge

recommended his release. The administrative law judge found that Williams did not

suffer from a mental disorder that would make him a danger to himself or others after his

release. Even though no party asserted that Williams required continued hospitalization,

the circuit court remanded the matter for a new hearing.

       Several months later, the State asked the circuit court to “vacate the plea

agreement.” In support of its motion, the State offered a psychiatrist’s opinion that

Williams was criminally responsible for his conduct. The court granted the motion,

rescinded the plea agreement, and permitted the State to reinstate the charges. The court

rejected the contention that the second prosecution violated the prohibition against double

jeopardy.

       Williams entered a conditional guilty plea, reserving his right to challenge the

circuit court’s rulings. For the reasons explained in this opinion, we conclude that the

court lacked any legal justification for setting aside the plea agreement and the

corresponding plea. The convictions and sentences shall be reversed.
                      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       A.      The Underlying Incident

       This appeal comes before this Court after a conditional plea of guilty. The

following summary is largely based on proffers made at the sentencing hearing.

       As of February 14, 2017, Lance Currie Williams, then 58 years old, resided with

his mother, then 86 years old, at her home in Rockville. Williams had moved into the

home a few years earlier, when his father died, so that he could renovate the home and

help care for his mother.

       According to his mother, Williams “started act[ing] erratically” at around

midnight. He began “stripp[ing] off all of his clothing,” “ranting and raving,” “throwing

things around the house,” and “trashing the common areas of the residence.” He became

“verbally abusive” and “started threatening” his mother. He “pushed her to the ground”

and “st[ood] over her naked, with his penis exposed.” He said: “‘I’m going to make you

feel good.’”

       Williams’s mother escaped to her bedroom. When she tried to close the door, he

“forcefully pushed the door open[,]” causing it to strike her in the face. She managed to

close the door and to block it with luggage and other heavy objects. She stayed awake

for the entire night to ensure that he would not enter the room. “[F]or several hours,” she

“could hear him abusing” the family dog. She could “hear[] the dog yelp and whine”

during that time.

       The next day, once she was able to leave the house safely, she sought medical

care. She suffered a “large laceration to her forehead,” “severe bruising on her face,” and

                                             2
“extensive bruising to both of her arms and knees, consistent with being repeatedly struck

[or] grabbed with sustained pressure.” At a follow-up visit two days later, she reported

the assault to her doctors and to the police.

       On February 17, 2017, police officers visited the home to check on the dog’s

welfare. Williams answered the door, but he refused to allow the officers to examine the

dog. The officers ordered him to bring the dog to the door. They observed a “large

laceration” on “the back of the dog’s neck and collar area.” Williams claimed that the

dog had been “given back to him” with the injury “after he had the dog microchipped.”

The officers arrested him and took the dog into custody.

       The dog underwent emergency surgery. It had suffered a “gaping irregular

laceration . . . resulting in muscle exposure” on the back of its head; two “nickel-sized

lesions,” which were apparently caused by “prolonged sustained pressure” to the dog’s

sides; and a “puncture laceration” surrounded by bruises under its right front leg, which

was likely “the result of blunt force trauma[.]” The dog also had “foreign wiring material

in its stomach,” which the treating veterinarian “did not believe was eaten intentionally

by the dog.”

       B.       Criminal Charges and Competency Evaluations

       Upon his arrest, Williams was charged in the District Court of Maryland for

Montgomery County with first-degree assault, attempt to commit a sexual offense,

aggravated animal cruelty, and related offenses. The district court denied bond.1

       1
           On his initial appearance questionnaire, Williams made the following comment:

                                                3
       When Williams arrived at the detention center, a therapist observed that he “was

not oriented to date”: Williams said that “it was 1964 and that he was in WWII.” The

therapist noted that Williams was “responding to internal stimuli” and that he “was

repetitive and incoherent at times.” Two days later, another therapist tried to examine

Williams, but he refused to cooperate. He “made a comment[,] ‘They have been doing

this for centuries’ and rambled incoherently.”

       A psychiatrist was able to examine Williams on the following day. The

psychiatrist described him as “cooperative, oriented to time, coherent and non-bizarre”

during the examination. The psychiatrist noted, however, that he “spoke about some

conspiracy by his family to contest” the will of a family member. Williams “said it was

all a ploy by his machines to take over his property.” He denied any history of mental

illness and disclosed that he regularly used marijuana before his arrest. The psychiatrist

identified three possible diagnoses: “Unspecified Schizophrenia,” “Delirium,” and

“Substance Induced Psychosis.”

       The district court ordered the Department of Health2 to examine Williams to

       DEFENDANT: commissioner is so pretty because she saved sex for when
       she is older because a woman’s promiscuity should be saved for older
       people, these files are corrupted, sex should be saved for older people, these
       files are corrupted, sex should be reserved for people that know what they
       are doing, commissioner’s name should be Miranda, loves the world, all
       women are beautiful, no matter the religion and people that don’t beleive
       [sic] that the Jews dissemnianted [sic] the queen of Sheba who married a
       Scottish guy[.]
       2
       At the time of the initial evaluations, the Department was known as the
Department of Mental Health and Hygiene. See 2017 Md. Laws ch. 214.

                                             4
evaluate his competency to stand trial. A licensed psychologist, Julie L. Smith, Psy.D.,

submitted a report on behalf of the Department on February 25, 2017. Dr. Smith

concluded that Williams was, at that time, unable to understand the nature or object of the

criminal proceedings or to assist in his defense, and therefore was incompetent to stand

trial.

         Dr. Smith reported that, during her evaluation of Williams, “his mood was labile,

vacillating from happy to crying.” He made “grandiose statements” and “expressed

paranoid delusions . . . and other persecutory beliefs.” When asked about his arrest,

Williams said that he was “not concerned about the case” and spoke about “genealogy”

and other “unrelated topics.” He went on to provide “a delusional account of what

happened” before his arrest. Specifically, he said that he tried to remove “transmitters”

that someone had implanted in the dog. Dr. Smith’s initial diagnosis was “Unspecified

Bipolar Disorder.”3

         Despite Dr. Smith’s report, the district court deemed Williams competent and

allowed the case to proceed toward trial. On April 6, 2017, a grand jury issued an

indictment charging Williams with attempted second-degree rape, two counts of animal

cruelty, and three counts of aggravated animal cruelty. Thereafter, his case was

transferred to the Circuit Court for Montgomery County.

         The circuit court directed the Department of Health to undertake another

competency evaluation. Consequently, Dr. Smith submitted an updated report on June 5,

       The diagnosis was limited to “conditions which impinge directly on the
         3

defendant’s competency status.”

                                              5
2017. She reported that, during the second examination, Williams showed “some

paranoia but much less” than she had observed previously. Dr. Smith assessed

Williams’s “insight and judgment” as “improved but still limited.” Although her

diagnosis was unchanged, she opined that, at the time, Williams was competent to stand

trial.

         C.     Evaluation of Criminal Responsibility

         Through counsel, Williams entered a plea of not guilty and not criminally

responsible. Under Maryland law, a “defendant is not criminally responsible for criminal

conduct if, at the time of that conduct, the defendant, because of a mental disorder . . . ,

lacks substantial capacity to: (1) appreciate the criminality of that conduct; or (2)

conform that conduct to the requirements of law.” Md. Code (2001, 2018 Repl. Vol),

§ 3-109(a) of the Criminal Procedure Article.

         The circuit court ordered the Department of Health to examine Williams to

evaluate his criminal responsibility at the time of the alleged offenses. In response, Dr.

Smith reviewed police reports and correctional facility records and examined Williams a

third time. In a report dated September 16, 2017, Dr. Smith opined that Williams was not

criminally responsible for his conduct.4

         In her report, Dr. Smith wrote that Williams “stated that he has limited

recollection” of the incident for which he was charged. He “consistently reported his

belief that someone had been in his house” beforehand, “changing the settings on the

         4
       For the purpose of the evaluation, Dr. Smith assumed that Williams had, in fact,
committed the alleged acts.

                                               6
thermostat[,]” rearranging objects in his bedroom, and “tampering with the television, the

radio and the clock[.]”

       Dr. Smith noted that Williams had used “marijuana on and off for over forty

years[,]” to manage chronic pain and insomnia. Williams said that his marijuana use had

never caused any negative reactions. On the day of the incident, he was smoking

marijuana from a batch that he had been using for the previous month. He believed that

someone may have “tampered with the marijuana, perhaps lacing it” with another

substance.

       When asked about the injuries to the dog, Williams expressed his belief that

someone had “drugged the dog” to “manipulate” him into thinking that the dog “was a

robot.”5 He suspected that one of his mother’s friends might have wanted to retaliate

against him for “spending a lot of money two months before it happened on [his

mother’s] credit cards.”

       Dr. Smith wrote: “At the time of the offense, Mr. Williams was exhibiting

symptoms of psychosis and mania, although what prompted his symptoms is unclear.” In

Dr. Smith’s assessment, Williams exhibited “manic-like symptoms prior to his arrest,

such as spending excessive money,” and he “presented as very manic when first

interviewed” one week later. Although Williams “denied any history of mental health

treatment,” Dr. Smith reasoned that his symptoms may have been manageable before the

       5
         Dr. Smith attributed the following statement to Williams: “‘The dog appeared
drugged. I was being manipulated so I would think he was a robot. They wanted me to
think he was a robot. I think the person that came into the house also drugged the dog,
too. I saw the wound on his neck and tried to clean him up.’”

                                            7
incident.

       Observing that Williams “continued to present with residual symptoms” for “at

least four months (February to June),” Dr. Smith concluded that “his symptoms were not

necessarily a product of a substance induced mood disorder.”6 Dr. Smith deemed it

“[i]nteresting[]” that Williams “ha[d] shown improvement without the need of any

psychiatric medications.” Yet because of “the amount of time that he presented with

symptoms[,]” Dr. Smith thought it “unlikely that his symptoms presentation was solely

substance induced[.]” According to Dr. Smith, he “did not appear to be suffering from

acute intoxication, but rather prolonged use.” Dr. Smith commented that he may have

been suffering from “a settled psychosis due to his prolonged use of marijuana.”

       Dr. Smith identified two possible diagnoses for Williams at the time of the

offense: “Bipolar I Disorder, manic, with psychotic features” and “r/o Other (or

unknown) substance-induced bipolar and related disorder.” Dr. Smith explained that

both disorders may be characterized by a manic episode, while the second disorder is

“directly caused” by the use of a substance. Dr. Smith characterized the second diagnosis

as a “r/o” or “rule-out” diagnosis, meaning that further evaluation was needed before she

could either confirm or reject that possible diagnosis.

       Dr. Smith concluded, “with a reasonable degree of psychological certainty, that

Mr. Williams, at the time of the criminal conduct and because of a mental disorder,

lacked substantial capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct and could not

       6
       A substance-induced mood disorder or acute, voluntary intoxication ordinarily
would not be grounds for a finding that a defendant was not criminally responsible.

                                             8
conform his conduct to the requirements of the law.” The report ended with a disclaimer,

that its conclusions were “based on the information available” at the time. Dr. Smith

added: “I reserve the right to modify my opinions or conclusions if new information

becomes available that substantially conflicts with the presently available data.”

       D.     The Plea Agreement and Resulting Commitment

       One day after the parties received Dr. Smith’s report on criminal responsibility,

the State reached a plea agreement with Williams. The parties agreed to amend the first

count of the indictment to a charge of first-degree abuse of a vulnerable adult. Williams

agreed to plead guilty but not criminally responsible on that count and on one count of

aggravated animal cruelty. The State agreed to enter a nolle prosequi as to the remaining

counts.7

       The parties presented the plea agreement for the circuit court’s approval on

September 19 and 22, 2017. The prosecutor explained that the State was “not

challenging” Dr. Smith’s report on criminal responsibility. The court asked for

clarification on the terms of the agreement:

       THE COURT: So . . . , he’s pleading guilty to these two offenses to admit
       that he did that?

       [PROSECUTOR:] Correct.

       THE COURT: However, because he’s also pleading [not criminally
       responsible], and there’s a finding of [not criminally responsible] by the
       evaluator and the State is not opposing that, there will not actually be a
       sentence imposed but, rather, he would be committed –

       7
       In addition, Williams consented to a judicial finding under section 6-233 of the
Criminal Procedure Article that the offenses were “domestically related.”

                                               9
       [PROSECUTOR:] Correct.

       THE COURT: . . . for treatment until such time as he’s no longer
       determined to be a danger?

       [PROSECUTOR:] That is –

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL:] Correct.

       [PROSECUTOR:] -- correct.

       The court proceeded to examine Williams regarding his understanding of his plea.

Among other things, the court explained that, by entering the plea, Williams was waiving

his right to require the State to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he committed the

alleged offenses. The court confirmed that Williams understood that, because he lacked

criminal responsibility for his conduct, the consequences he faced were different from

what they would be had he been convicted of a crime. Specifically, the court confirmed

that Williams understood that he would be committed to the Department for treatment

until such time as the Department determined that he was no longer a danger to the

community. The court also confirmed that Williams understood that he would be

committed for an indeterminate period of time, and that “[i]t could be a short time,” or “it

could be a long time.”

       The court found that the plea was free and voluntary. Williams admitted that he

committed the alleged offenses, and the State gave a detailed proffer of the facts that it

was prepared to prove. On those bases, the court found Williams guilty of first-degree

abuse of a vulnerable adult and aggravated animal cruelty.

       Three days later, when the hearing resumed, defense counsel asked the court to

                                             10
find that Williams was not criminally responsible for his conduct. The court asked if the

State had any objection. The prosecutor answered, “No.” The court then announced that,

“based upon the report and the opinion of the examiner,” the court would “find that the

defendant was not criminally responsible for the actions which led to these two criminal

events[.]”

       The court ordered that Williams be committed indefinitely to the Department of

Health for institutional inpatient treatment.

       E.     Recommendation for Release

       The Department of Health placed Williams at Springfield Hospital Center, where

he received constant monitoring, underwent extensive testing, and participated in

substance-abuse group therapy. Six months later, Dr. Geneva Osteen, an attending

psychiatrist, recommended that he be released on the condition that he complete a

substance-abuse treatment program.

       In a report dated March 30, 2018, Dr. Osteen stated that Williams had shown “no

signs or symptoms of mood instability or psychosis since admission.” Furthermore, he

had “not been on any psychotropic medications.” “To rule out organic causes,” Dr.

Osteen “ordered labwork[,] which was unrevealing[,] and an MRI[,] which showed no

acute pathology.” A neurologist recommended an EEG “to assess for other causes of

psychosis,” and the results were “within normal limits.” Psychological tests revealed “no

mood or psychotic symptoms” but suggested “a diagnosis of narcissistic personality

disorder.”

       Dr. Osteen gave three diagnoses: “Substance-induced psychosis,” “Rule out

                                                11
narcissistic personality disorder,” and “Marijuana use, severe.” “Given that [Williams]

ha[d] no history of mental illness, that the symptoms were brief and remitted on their own

without medication, and that he was smoking marijuana at the time of the offense,” Dr.

Osteen “suspect[ed] he suffered from a substance-induced psychosis.” In Dr. Osteen’s

“best medical judgment,” Williams did not have “a primary mental illness and would not,

by reason of a mental illness, be dangerous to himself or the person or property of others

if released subject to special conditions of substance abuse treatment[.]”

       Three months later, Dr. Osteen submitted an updated report, in which she

recommended that Williams “be released from the hospital and not subject to a

conditional release[.]” (Emphasis in original.) Dr. Osteen concluded that Williams

“does not suffer from a major mood or psychotic disorder necessitating a conditional

release.”

       An administrative law judge held a release hearing in August 2018. Dr. Osteen

testified at the hearing, subject to cross-examination by the State.8 The administrative

law judge adopted the Department’s recommendation for an unconditional release.

       The State filed exceptions to the administrative law judge’s report and

recommendation. The State did not dispute Dr. Osteen’s opinion that Williams

experienced a substance-induced psychosis that had resolved months earlier. The State

nevertheless asked the court to order the Department to conduct “further psychosexual

       8
           The hearing transcript is not part of the record in this appeal.

                                                12
evaluation testing and treatment before Mr. Williams is considered for release.”9

       Both Williams and the Department argued that the court should uphold the release

decision. They contended, correctly, that the court’s proper role was to determine

whether substantial evidence supported the administrative law judge’s decision. See, e.g.,

Merchant v. State, 448 Md. 75, 81 (2016); Byers v. State, 184 Md. App. 499, 528 (2009).

In the Department’s view, the “reality” was that Williams had no mental disorder and no

longer met the criteria for continued hospitalization.

       The hearing took place before the same judge who had accepted Williams’s plea

and found that he was not criminally responsible. The judge questioned counsel for the

Department at length. He asked why he should ever “rely upon” a mental health

diagnosis “rather than saying . . . this person is just vicious and mean and dangerous, so,

I’ll send him to jail for 50 years.” The judge remarked: “I feel hoodwinked by what’s

happened now.” In response, counsel for the Department explained that the evaluation of

symptoms is “subjective,” that many conditions have overlapping symptoms, that any

diagnosis is “fluid” and subject to revision “with the benefit of gathering [additional]

information,” and that even highly qualified experts can disagree. In short, counsel

explained, psychiatry is “not a flawless science.”

       Although no party had questioned Dr. Osteen’s diagnosis, the circuit court said

       9
         During the judicial review hearing, the State asserted that Dr. Smith’s report had
“specifically ruled out” a diagnosis of “substance-induced psychosis.” Counsel for
Williams pointed out that, in fact, Dr. Smith had “never ruled out” substance abuse as the
cause of his symptoms. To the contrary, counsel explained, a disorder resulting from
substance abuse was “always a rule-out” diagnosis, i.e., a possible diagnosis for which
further evaluation was needed.

                                             13
that it was “not going to accept” the administrative law judge’s finding that Williams had

no mental disorder. The court announced that it would remand the matter to the

administrative law judge for the purpose of “reopen[ing] the hearing to allow the parties

to call additional witnesses and permit the State to do an [independent medical

examination].”

       Williams moved for reconsideration of the remand order. He argued that the State

had presented “no valid grounds” for its exceptions. He pointed out that the State had not

directly challenged the finding that Williams would not, because of a mental disorder,

pose a danger if released. He noted that the State had not requested an independent

medical examination. He asked the court to order his immediate release.

       During the months that followed the remand order, Williams remained confined at

Springfield Hospital Center. He underwent a comprehensive psychosexual evaluation,

which indicated that he posed a minimal risk of future sexual violence.

       The State selected Dr. Christiane Tellefsen, a forensic psychiatrist, to reevaluate

whether Williams would pose a danger, because of a mental disorder, if released. Dr.

Tellefsen interviewed Williams in December of 2018 and reviewed records related to the

offense and hospitalization.

       In a report dated January 10, 2019, Dr. Tellefsen concurred with Dr. Osteen’s

diagnoses of Narcissistic Personality Disorder and Cannabis Use Disorder. Dr. Tellefsen

opined that Williams experienced “a Substance Induced Psychotic Disorder at the time of

the offense” and that the disorder “ha[d] resolved.” Dr. Tellefsen agreed that Williams

was “ready to be released,” but thought that he “remain[ed] at risk for reoccurrence of

                                             14
this psychotic disorder with any relapse of substance abuse.” Dr. Tellefsen recommended

“substance abuse treatment and urine surveillance” as a condition of Williams’s release.

       F.     The State’s Motion to Vacate the Plea Agreement

       On February 6, 2019, the State moved to vacate the plea agreement. The State

asserted that the plea agreement “was premised upon a mutual mistake of material fact

that the defendant was not criminally responsible by reason of a mental disorder at the

time of his criminal conduct.” In the State’s view, the “only appropriate remedy” was “to

vacate the plea agreement” so that the State could prosecute Williams a second time. At

the State’s request, the court stayed any further administrative proceedings regarding the

release of Williams.

       Opposing the motion, Williams argued that reinstating the criminal case would

“flagrantly violate[]” the constitutional protection against double jeopardy. He contended

that the mistake-of-fact doctrine, a principle of contract law, was inapplicable to the plea

agreement. He further contended that even that doctrine would not permit a party to

rescind an agreement where that party relied on a medical diagnosis that was

subsequently revised.

       On June 5, 2019, the court held an evidentiary hearing on the State’s motion. The

State offered Dr. Tellefsen as its only witness. Defense counsel argued that testimony

and fact-finding were unnecessary. The court disagreed, reasoning that it should

determine whether “there was, in fact, an error” before considering “whether or not there

was some mutual mistake of fact[.]”

       The court accepted Dr. Tellefsen as an expert in general and forensic psychiatry.

                                             15
Based on her examination of Williams in late 2018, Dr. Tellefsen opined that he

experienced a substance-induced psychosis at the time of the offenses as the result of

voluntary use of marijuana. She explained that “psychiatric conditions that are caused

by . . . voluntary intoxication are not, generally, adequate” to support a finding that a

person is not criminally responsible. Accord Md. Criminal Pattern Jury Instruction 5:05

(“[m]ental disorder does not include mere intoxication by drugs or alcohol”). She opined

further that Williams was criminally responsible for his conduct.10

       After considering the parties’ arguments, the court granted the State’s motion to

vacate the plea agreement. The court acknowledged that, for purposes of the Double

Jeopardy Clause, jeopardy had attached at the time when the court accepted Williams’s

guilty plea. The court nevertheless considered the “contractual concept of mutual

mistake.” The court reasoned that, if the plea agreement was founded on a mutual

mistake of fact, then “the agreement that the parties reached [would] fall[] because of a

lack of mutual assent.”

       The court reasoned further that it had authority to rescind the plea agreement at the

State’s request if three elements were present. First, the court looked at whether there

was a “mistake, as to a basic assumption of the contract.” The court said that “clearly”

there was such a mistake “because both parties acted on the assumption that the

       10
          Despite her statement that a substance-induced psychosis generally will not
support a finding that a person is not criminally responsible, Dr. Tellefsen acknowledged
that “a substance-induced psychosis could lead to a finding of not criminally responsible”
in some circumstances. Dr. Tellefsen said that “there are quite a few defendants over the
years found [not criminally responsible] whose condition began as a substance-induced
state” and “morphed into a different condition” such as schizophrenia.

                                             16
defendant was not criminally responsible.” Second, the court looked to whether the

mistake had a “material effect on the contract.” The court said that the mistake

“obviously” had such an effect because “it was the reason why the agreement was

reached to begin with.”11

       The third requirement, the court said, was that “the party requesting relief cannot

bear the risk of mistake in the contract[.]” In this regard, the court said: “it was not the

State who caused this error to occur; the Department of Health and Mental

Hygiene . . . issued a report which both parties relied upon[.]”12

       The court concluded that the parties had made a mutual mistake of fact as to

whether Williams was criminally responsible for his conduct. Had the parties known that

Williams was criminally responsible, the court reasoned, they would not have reached the

plea agreement. Consequently, the court found an absence of “mutual assent” for the

plea agreement. On that basis, the court allowed the State to “rescind” the agreement.

“[B]oth parties will now go back to square one,” the court said.

       Based on a “finding that [Williams] does not suffer from bipolar disorder,” the

court ruled that he did not “need to remain [at Springfield Hospital Center] for

treatment[.]” The court announced, “for the purpose of commitment to the Department,

       11
         In finding a mutual mistake of fact, the court implicitly assumed that Dr.
Tellefsen’s opinion was correct and that Dr. Smith’s was not. The court did not consider
whether both opinions fell within the range of reasonable professional judgments that
experienced practitioners could draw from the data before them.

       The Department of Health is “a principal department of the State government.”
       12

Md. Code (1982, 2019 Repl. Vol.), § 2-101 of the Health-General Article.

                                              17
I’ll find that he’s criminally responsible, so, therefore, he’s no longer in [the

Department’s] custody.” Defense counsel repeatedly objected, arguing that it was

improper for the court to make any findings on the issues of Williams’s criminal

responsibility or his diagnosis at the time of the alleged offenses.

       The court ordered that Williams be transferred immediately to the Montgomery

County Detention Center. The court proceeded to set a new scheduling hearing for the

criminal case. The court granted the State’s request to reinstate the original bond

conditions from 2017, under which the district court had denied bond. The court denied

“as moot” Williams’s pending motion for reconsideration of the order remanding the

matter to the administrative law judge for a new hearing.

       Within 30 days after the court granted the State’s motion, Williams filed his first

notice of appeal.

       G.     Denial of Motion to Dismiss on Double Jeopardy Grounds

       Shortly after the court reinstated the criminal case, Williams moved to dismiss the

indictment, citing the “constitutional and common law protections against double

jeopardy.” Williams argued that subjecting him to a second prosecution, after the court

had accepted his guilty plea, amounted to double jeopardy. Although Williams continued

to assert that the court had misapplied the contract-law concept of mutual mistake of fact,

he argued that “[t]here is no ‘mistake of fact’ exception to the double jeopardy rule.” He

pointed out that the State had identified no authority recognizing such an exception.

       Opposing the motion, the State advanced a new theory that Williams had

“repudiated his plea of not criminally responsible.” The State argued that, even though

                                              18
Williams had not “expressly” asked to “set aside the verdict,” he had “violated” the plea

agreement “by taking the position that he should be eligible for discharge” on the ground

that he “does not suffer from a mental disorder.”

       At a hearing on August 22, 2019, the circuit court denied the motion to dismiss the

indictment on double jeopardy grounds. The court did not endorse the State’s theory that

Williams had breached the plea agreement. Instead, the court gave the following

explanation for its ruling:

       So although double jeopardy does bar subsequent prosecutions of the same
       case, there are exceptions to that double jeopardy provision and I think I’ve
       never seen a case like this in any state that rules one way or the other and I
       just think this is a case that needs to be dealt with.

       And I think that the facts of this case merit a determination that double
       jeopardy does not bar the subsequent prosecution because based upon this
       mistake of fact that the parties, a plea agreement should be set aside and
       therefore the parties should go back to square one.

       One week after the court denied his motion to dismiss, Williams filed a second

notice of appeal.13

       13
           An order denying a motion to dismiss an indictment on the ground of double
jeopardy is immediately appealable under the collateral order doctrine. See, e.g., Scriber
v. State, 437 Md. 399, 406 (2014). Thus, Williams’s second notice of appeal was a
timely notice of appeal from an appealable order. During the proceedings, the parties
expressed concern about whether the prior order reopening the criminal case was
immediately appealable. Because Williams noted timely appeals from the order denying
his motion to dismiss and from the eventual judgments, it is unnecessary to decide
whether the first notice of appeal may have been premature. Nonetheless, in civil cases,
an order that sets aside an enrolled judgment and reopens a case “is treated as final for
purposes of appeal.” Davis v. Attorney General, 187 Md. App. 110, 122 (2009). “The
rationale for that well-established principle is that the person who benefitted from the
now-vacated enrolled judgment has lost an important right, and therefore an appeal is
necessary to vindicate that right, if it was wrongfully lost.” Id. (citing Ventresca v.
Weaver Bros., Inc., 266 Md. 398, 403 (1972)).

                                             19
       H.      Conditional Plea of Guilty

       Four months later, while he was being held without bail pending trial, Williams

and the State reached an agreement on a conditional plea of guilty. Williams agreed to

enter a conditional guilty plea as to one count of first-degree abuse of a vulnerable adult

and one count of aggravated animal cruelty. He reserved the right to appeal the order

granting the State’s motion to vacate the original plea agreement and the order denying

the defense’s motion to dismiss the charges on double jeopardy grounds.

       The State agreed, once again, to enter a nolle prosequi as to the remaining counts.

The parties agreed that the sentences would run concurrently and that Williams would

receive a sentence of six years of imprisonment, with all but 10 months suspended,

followed by five years of supervised probation. Williams waived his credit for time

served, and the State agreed to recommend that he serve the remainder of his sentence at

a pretrial release center.

       On December 19, 2019, the circuit court approved the conditional plea agreement

and sentenced Williams in accordance with that agreement. Within 30 days thereafter,

Williams filed his third notice of appeal. This Court later granted his motion to

consolidate the three appeals.

       Williams died on December 4, 2020. At the time of his death, his appeal had been

fully briefed and argued. Upon receiving notice of his death, this Court stayed further

appellate proceedings under Surland v. State, 392 Md. 17, 36 (2006) (holding that, in

criminal cases, “[u]pon notice of the death of the appellant and in conformance with Md.

Rule 1-203(d), all time requirements applicable to the deceased defendant and the setting

                                             20
of the case for argument (if that has not already occurred) will be automatically

suspended in order to allow a substituted party (1) to be appointed by the defendant’s

estate, and (2) to elect whether to pursue the appeal”). The Register of Wills for

Montgomery County subsequently appointed a personal representative for Williams’s

estate. The personal representative elected to continue to prosecute these appeals and

filed a notice of substitution, and we lifted the stay to allow the appeal to proceed.14

                                        DISCUSSION

       In this appeal, Williams asks this Court to reverse his convictions and sentences

and to direct the circuit court to enforce the plea agreement that it approved more than

three years ago. Alternatively, he asks this Court to vacate his convictions and sentences

and to direct the circuit court to dismiss the indictment. In his brief, he presents two

questions:

       1.     Did the circuit court properly grant the State’s motion to vacate the
              plea agreement?

       2.     Did the circuit court properly deny Williams’s motion to dismiss the
              indictment on double jeopardy grounds?

       Williams contends that the circuit court erred when it granted the State’s motion to

vacate the plea agreement. He argues that a mutual mistake of fact is not a valid basis for

the State to rescind a plea agreement after it has been accepted by the court. He further

argues that the purported “mistake” did not satisfy the elements of that doctrine.

Williams contends that the court erred further when it denied his motion to dismiss the

       14
          Although the personal representative of Williams’s estate is now a substituted
party, this opinion continues to refer to the appellant as “Williams.”

                                              21
indictment on the ground of double jeopardy. Quoting State v. Ferrell, 67 Md. App. 631,

645 (1986), aff’d, 313 Md. 291 (1988), he concludes that the State’s effort to relitigate

the issue of his criminal responsibility “is repugnant to the letter as well as the spirit of

the double jeopardy clause.”

       The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees that “[n]o

person . . . shall be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or

limb[.]” This provision binds the states as well as the federal government. See, e.g.,

Scriber v. State, 437 Md. 399, 407 (2014). Although the Maryland Constitution includes

no analogous clause, the common law of this State forbids double jeopardy. See, e.g.,

State v. Fennell, 431 Md. 500, 514 (2013).

       Double jeopardy violations typically fall into three main categories: (1) a second

prosecution after an acquittal, (2) a second prosecution after a conviction, and (3) the

imposition of multiple punishments for a single offense. See, e.g., State v. Frazier, 469

Md. 627, 640-41 (2020). In addition, double jeopardy principles may preclude the State

from relitigating an issue that was determined in the defendant’s favor in a prior

proceeding. See, e.g., Butler v. State, 335 Md. 238, 253 (1994).

       A primary purpose of prohibiting double jeopardy is to preserve “‘the integrity of

a final judgment’” in a criminal case. State v. Taylor, 371 Md. 617, 630 (2002) (quoting

United States v. Scott, 437 U.S. 82, 92 (1978)). Forbidding a second prosecution “serves

‘a constitutional policy of finality for the defendant’s benefit.’” Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S.

161, 165 (1977) (quoting United States v. Jorn, 400 U.S. 470, 479 (1971)); accord Mason

v. State, 302 Md. 434, 439 (1985). “‘Once the trier of fact in a criminal case, whether it

                                              22
be the jury or the judge, intentionally renders a verdict . . . , the defendant cannot later be

retried on or found guilty of the same charge.’” Kendall v. State, 429 Md. 476, 485

(2012) (quoting Pugh v. State, 271 Md. 701, 706 (1974)).

       Accordingly, “‘as a general rule, [a] prosecutor is entitled to one, and only one,

opportunity to require an accused to stand trial’” for an alleged offense. Mansfield v.

State, 422 Md. 269, 287 (2011) (quoting Arizona v. Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 505

(1978)). “[T]he ‘Double Jeopardy Clause forbids a second trial for the purpose of

affording the prosecution another opportunity to supply evidence which it failed to

muster in the first proceeding.’” Turner v. State, 192 Md. App. 45, 80 (2010) (quoting

Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 11 (1978)). The State “is not ‘allowed to make

repeated attempts to convict’” defendants, “thereby subjecting [them] to embarrassment,

expense and ordeal and compelling [them] to live in a continuing state of anxiety and

insecurity, as well as enhancing the possibility that even though innocent [they] may be

found guilty.’” State v. Taylor, 371 Md. at 630 (quoting Green v. United States, 355 U.S.

184, 187-88 (1957)).

       In many criminal cases, the parties disagree about when jeopardy “attaches,” i.e.,

at what point if any during the proceeding a defendant is actually placed in jeopardy.

Here, however, the State acknowledges that jeopardy attached when the court accepted

the plea of guilty but not criminally responsible during the hearing of September 19 and

22, 2017. See Sweetwine v. State, 288 Md. 199, 203 (1980); Banks v. State, 56 Md. App.

38, 47 (1983). Moreover, it is undeniable that the second prosecution involved the same

offenses as the first prosecution. In fact, the State used a single indictment to secure all

                                              23
of the judgments in this case.

       In sum, the State appears to concede that it placed Williams in jeopardy twice for

the same offenses. The remaining issue is whether some exception might authorize the

second prosecution even though jeopardy already attached in the case. In search of such

an exception, the State has invoked various aspects of contract law.

       The Court of Appeals has explained that contract principles have “limited

applicability” to plea agreements. Cuffley v. State, 416 Md. 568, 580 (2010). Contract

principles may “guide the determination of the proper remedy of a broken plea

agreement[,]” but those principles alone “are not enough to resolve disputes over the

proper interpretation of a plea bargain.” Solorzano v. State, 397 Md. 661, 668 (2007)

(quotation marks omitted). Rather, “[d]ue process concerns for fairness and the adequacy

of procedural safeguards guide any interpretation of a court approved plea agreement.”

Id. (citing Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 261-62 (1971)).

       Due process demands that, “‘when a plea rests in any significant degree on a

promise or agreement of the prosecutor, so that it can be said to be part of the inducement

or consideration, such promise must be fulfilled.’” Cuffley v. State, 416 Md. at 580

(quoting State v. Brockman, 277 Md. 687, 694 (1976)). Trial judges are “held to the

same standard of fairness” with respect to plea agreements. State v. Poole, 321 Md. 482,

496 (1991). Thus, once a guilty plea “is accepted by the court, due process requires” that

the court honor the plea agreement. Solorzano v. State, 397 Md. at 673. When a “guilty

plea rests in part on a promise concerning disposition, and the State or the court violates

that promise, ‘the accused may obtain redress by electing either to have [the] guilty plea

                                             24
vacated or to leave it standing and have the agreement enforced[.]’” Cuffley v. State, 416

Md. at 580-81 (quoting State v. Brockman, 277 Md. at 694).

       In determining whether a plea agreement has been violated, the court must

“construe the terms of a plea agreement according to the reasonable understanding of the

defendant” at the time of the plea. Solarzano v. State, 397 Md. at 668 (citing Tweedy v.

State, 380 Md. 475, 482 (2004)). Maryland Rule 4-243(c) requires that all terms of the

plea agreement be stated on the record at the plea hearing. This procedure “enables all

parties to understand precisely what the agreement is, and it prevents the uncertainty

produced by changes of mind based on unstated premises or subjective considerations

unknown to some of the parties and unreviewable by the appellate courts.” Banks v.

State, 56 Md. App. at 53.

       Williams contends that the State and the circuit court violated their respective

obligations. The State induced the guilty plea through its promise not to challenge the

Department’s report on criminal responsibility. By electing to forego a trial, the State

“stipulate[d] to a finding” (Md. Rule 4-314(a)(4)) that Williams was not criminally

responsible. The court approved the plea agreement, found a sufficient factual basis to

support the plea, and “embod[ied] in the judgment” (Md. Rule 4-243(c)(3)) the

disposition under which Williams would be committed for treatment. Two years later,

however, the court permitted the State to challenge the stipulated finding and the agreed

disposition.

       As both parties recognize, there are certain exceptions to the general rule that a

court is bound by its acceptance of a plea agreement. Plea agreements are “conditional,

                                             25
the condition being ‘the continuing good health of the guilty plea.’” Banks v. State, 56

Md. App. at 48 (quoting Sweetwine v. State, 42 Md. App. 1, 4 (1979), aff’d, 288 Md. 199

(1980)). Generally, “[w]hether a defendant is entitled to the benefit of the bargain is

determined by whether the defendant has fulfilled his or her obligation under the

agreement.” Tweedy v. State, 380 Md. at 487.

       Thus, if a defendant repudiates a guilty plea and succeeds in having the resulting

conviction set aside, the State may prosecute the defendant on the charges that were

resolved by the plea agreement. See Sweetwine v. State, 288 Md. 199, 202-12 (1980). In

those circumstances, “‘the original conviction has, at the defendant’s behest, been wholly

nullified and the slate wiped clean.’” Id. at 205 (quoting North Carolina v. Pearce, 395

U.S. 711, 721 (1969)). “‘[T]he Double Jeopardy Clause, which guards against

Government oppression, does not relieve a defendant from the consequences of [the

defendant’s] voluntary choice.’” Sweetwine v. State, 288 Md. at 211 (quoting United

States v. Scott, 437 U.S. 82, 99 (1978)).

       This Court has recognized additional exceptions in cases of unenforceability,

fraud, or material breach. In Rojas v. State, 52 Md. App. 440 (1982), the defendant

violated a material term of his plea agreement by opposing deportation, and the State

could not require him to abide by that term because it was unenforceable under federal

law. Id. at 442-43. This Court held that the proper remedy for the defendant’s breach of

the unenforceable term was “to vacate the entire sentence and the corresponding plea

agreement.” Id. at 443. Our predecessors considered it “unfair to allow [the defendant]

to avoid his responsibilities under the plea agreement, yet demand the benefit of the

                                             26
bargain.” Id. at 445.

          Similarly, this Court has held that a trial court may void a plea agreement and

vacate the corresponding plea where the defendant “obtained acceptance of a plea

agreement by fraud or materially breached any of its terms[.]” Falero v. State, 212 Md.

App. 572, 585 (2013). We explained: “We cannot justly force the court to give [the

defendant] the benefit of his bargain when he purposefully did not live up to his end.” Id.

at 593.

          Absent such an exception, however, a defendant is entitled to have the plea

agreement enforced after it has been accepted by the court. For instance, in Banks v.

State, 56 Md. App. 38 (1983), the trial judge accepted a plea agreement calling for a

maximum prison sentence of 10 years for second-degree murder. Id. at 44-45. Later, the

judge refused to abide by the sentencing term because he learned that the defendant had

two prior convictions for serious offenses. Id. at 45-46. The judge required the

defendant to withdraw his plea or else subject himself to a sentence exceeding the agreed-

upon maximum. Id. at 46.

          In the ensuing appeal, this Court explained that there was no basis “which, on the

facts of th[e] case, could justify the trial court’s action in repudiating [its] commitment to

the plea agreement[.]” Banks v. State, 56 Md. App. at 51. Neither the defendant nor his

counsel made misrepresentations or deliberately withheld the information about his prior

convictions. Id. at 50. When the terms of the plea agreement were stated on the record,

those statements “contained [no] hint that any particular state of [the defendant’s] prior

criminal record was a term or condition of the agreement.” Id. at 53. This Court

                                               27
concluded that the trial court violated the defendant’s right not to be placed twice in

jeopardy. Id. at 54. Consequently, our predecessors directed the trial court to reinstate

the guilty plea and to enforce the plea agreement that the court had previously accepted.

Id.

       In this appeal, the State contends that Williams “unintentionally . . . breached”

what the State calls “his obligation to abide by the [not-criminally-responsible] finding in

the plea agreement[.]” The State’s argument has things backwards. In the plea

agreement, the State obligated itself to abide by the finding that Williams was not

criminally responsible. The State also bound itself to accept the disposition under which

Williams would be committed indefinitely to a mental health facility instead of receiving

a sentence of incarceration. Despite its obligations, the State returned to court two years

later, offering new evidence that Williams was criminally responsible and seeking to

incarcerate him for those offenses. It is difficult to imagine a more direct violation of the

State’s obligations.

       Williams, by contrast, fulfilled his obligations to the State. Under the plea

agreement, he promised to plead guilty but not criminally responsible to two counts. He

did so. He has never retracted that plea.

       Moreover, Williams did not contradict his representation that he was not

criminally responsible by seeking his release on the ground that he would or “would not

be a danger, as a result of mental disorder . . . , to self or to the person or property of

others if discharged.” Md. Code (2001, 2018 Repl. Vol.), § 3-114(b) of the Criminal

Procedure Article. The inquiry into whether a defendant is responsible for criminal

                                               28
conduct depends on the defendant’s capacity “at the time of that conduct[.]” Id. § 3-

109(a). When Williams adopted the Department’s recommendation for discharge, neither

he nor the Department took any position regarding his criminal responsibility at the time

of the offenses, because that issue was no longer of consequence. Williams had no

obligation to oppose his attending psychiatrist’s recommendation that he be

unconditionally released.

       Even a factual finding that Williams experienced a substance-induced psychosis

during the offenses does not necessarily contradict the legal conclusion that he lacked

criminal responsibility. Defendants may be found not criminally responsible based on

evidence that their drug use resulted in a “settled” disorder. See State v. Johnson, 143

Md. App. 173, 179-81 (2002). A “settled” disorder “results from ‘continued or persistent

use [of intoxicants],’ and exists ‘even after the chemical agent was no longer present in

the individual’s blood stream.’” Id. at 180-81 (quoting Porreca v. State, 49 Md. App.

522, 528 (1981)). “It is not necessary” that the settled condition be “permanent or

incurable” for the defendant to be found not criminally responsible. Porreca v. State, 49

Md. App. at 527. Here, Dr. Smith’s report on criminal responsibility noted that

Williams’s symptoms persisted for months and stated that he may have experienced “a

settled psychosis from prolonged use of marijuana.”15

       15
          “Substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder may at times persist when
the offending agent is removed, such that it may be difficult initially to distinguish from
an independent psychotic disorder.” American Psychiatric Ass’n, Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 114 (5th ed. 2013). “Cannabis-induced psychotic
disorder . . . usually remits within a day but in some cases may persist for a few days.”
Id.

                                            29
         In addition to fulfilling his plea obligations, Williams also fulfilled any obligations

regarding the disposition. He agreed to be committed to the Department of Health for

institutional inpatient treatment. He was, in fact, placed in the custody of the Department

for two years and treated by psychiatrists at Springfield Hospital Center. The State,

however, insists that Williams “agreed” to “receive mental health treatment” for “the

diagnosis that rendered him [not criminally responsible],” which, according to the State,

was “bipolar disorder.” The State asserts that Williams can no longer fulfill that promise

because his physicians have determined that he does not have that disorder.

         Contrary to the State’s assertions, the agreement did not require Williams to

maintain any particular diagnosis or to undergo any particular treatment. Even if a plea

agreement could impose those types of conditions, this one did not. The plea agreement

appropriately entrusted Williams’s post-commitment diagnosis and treatment to the

Department of Health. “Absent a specific term of the agreement” imposing additional

conditions on a defendant, the “sanction” for failing to meet the State’s unstated

expectations “may not be repudiation of the plea bargain.” Tweedy v. State, 380 Md. at

487.16

         When the circuit court ruled in the State’s favor, the court declined to adopt the

         16
           Echoing its “breach” argument, the State argues that a “critical part of the plea
agreement” became “unenforceable” when the Department’s physicians ruled out the
diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Quite simply, treatment for bipolar disorder was not a term
or condition of the agreement. The entire agreement is not only enforceable, but it was
duly enforced until the moment that the court rescinded it. The State’s gripe is that
specific enforcement would inevitably lead to an outcome that the State dislikes:
eligibility for release under the standards that govern the release of committed persons.

                                               30
theory that Williams had breached the plea agreement. Rather, the court relied on the

doctrine of mutual mistake of fact. The State argues that the court was correct in doing

so.

       The State quotes the following proposition: “Where a mistake of both parties at

the time a contract was made as to a basic assumption on which the contract was made

has a material effect on the agreed exchange of performances, the contract is voidable by

the adversely affected party unless he bears the risk of the mistake[.]” Restatement

(Second) of Contracts § 152 (1981). To invoke this remedy, “[i]t is not enough for [the

adversely affected party] to prove that he would not have made the contract had it not

been for the mistake.” Id. § 152 cmt. c. The party “must show that the resulting

imbalance in the agreed exchange is so severe that he can not fairly be required to carry it

out.” Id. In this context, a “mistake” is defined as “a belief that is not in accord with the

facts.” Id. § 151.

       In moving to vacate the plea agreement, the State asserted that the agreement “was

premised upon a mutual mistake of material fact that the defendant was not criminally

responsible[.]” The circuit court found a “mutual mistake” regarding the “fact” of

whether “at the time [of the offenses], the defendant was criminally responsible[.]” On

appeal, the State asserts, somewhat differently, that the “mistake that warrants rescission

of the plea agreement . . . was the parties’ mutual belief that Williams had a mental

disorder that rendered him [not criminally responsible].”

       Williams contends that the doctrine of mutual mistake of fact is broadly

inapplicable to plea agreements. He cites statements from Banks v. State, 56 Md. App.

                                             31
38 (1983), expressing doubt about whether certain grounds for rescinding an ordinary

contract could justify rescinding a plea agreement. As recounted earlier, the State in that

case bound itself to a lenient sentence before learning that the defendant had additional

prior convictions. Id. at 45-46. In dicta, this Court remarked: “In a contract setting, some

argument might be made on the basis of either innocent material misrepresentation of fact

or unilateral mistake of fact, but . . . the rigid application of contract law principles is not

appropriate in plea agreement cases.” Id. at 50.

       Although the Banks Court did not reach the issue, Williams cites a number of

cases in which other courts have rejected the prosecution’s attempt to rescind or reform a

plea agreement under the doctrine of mutual mistake of fact. See United States v.

Ritchison, 887 F.3d 365, 369 (8th Cir. 2018); United States v. Transfiguracion, 442 F.3d

1222, 1228-30 (9th Cir. 2006); United States v. Atkinson, 979 F.2d 1219, 1223 (7th Cir.

1992); United States v. Olesen, 920 F.2d 538, 541-42 (8th Cir. 1990); United States v.

Partida-Parra, 859 F.2d 629, 633-34 (9th Cir. 1988); see also United States v. Barron,

172 F.3d 1153, 1158 (9th Cir. 1999) (rejecting government’s attempt to rescind plea

agreement based on mutual mistake of law). The prevailing rationale is that, in light of

the constitutional principles that govern plea agreements, “it would be inappropriate to

extend the application of ordinary contract law principles so far as to permit the

government to claim the defense of mutual mistake.” United States v. Transfiguracion,

442 F.3d at 1229.

       Seeking to evade this line of authority, the State cites United States v. Frownfelter,

626 F.3d 549 (10th Cir. 2010). In that case, the court rejected the government’s attempt

                                               32
to void a plea agreement based on a purported mutual mistake of fact about whether one

of the offenses charged in the indictment was a felony. Id. at 555-57. The court

determined that the government failed to satisfy any of the three elements needed to

apply the doctrine. Id. at 555. The court did “not reach th[e] issue” of the appropriate

remedy for a mutual mistake of fact “because the government ha[d] not shown” that the

doctrine was satisfied. Id. at 556. Frownfelter is unhelpful to the State here.

       The State also cites cases in which the court permitted a defendant to rescind a

plea agreement on the basis of a mistake of fact. See United States v. Williams, 198 F.3d

988, 993-94 (7th Cir. 1999); United States v. Lewis, 138 F.3d 840, 841-43 (10th Cir.

1998). But see United States v. Zweber, 913 F.2d 705, 711 (9th Cir. 1990) (holding that

defendant could not withdraw from a plea agreement based on a mutual mistake of law).

As Williams observes, however, the State cites no case in which the court allowed the

prosecution to rescind a plea agreement based on a mutual mistake of fact. He implores

this Court not to become the first.

       We share our predecessors’ skepticism toward the “rigid application of contract

law principles . . . in plea agreement cases.” Banks v. State, 56 Md. App. at 50.

Although we are not bound by decisions of the federal appellate courts, the State “ha[s]

not provided us with any legally cognizable reason to depart from th[e] approach” taken

by those courts. Amin v. Superior Court, 188 Cal. Rptr. 3d 870, 877 (Cal. App. Ct. 2015)

(discussing federal cases refusing to allow prosecutors to rely on mutual mistake of fact

to excuse performance of a plea agreement). Ordinarily, once a court has accepted a

valid plea agreement, the court may not rescind the agreement at the State’s request on

                                             33
the ground of a mutual mistake of fact. We see no reason why this ordinary rule does not

prevail here.

       In addition to arguing that the doctrine of mutual mistake of fact is broadly

inapplicable to plea agreements, Williams contends that the doctrine is not satisfied here.

He argues that a party’s belief based on an incorrect medical diagnosis “is not a mistake

of fact under Maryland law.”

       In support, Williams cites Bernstein v. Kapneck, 290 Md. 452 (1981). In that case,

the parent of a five-year-old child, relying “primarily on the medical diagnosis by and

prognosis of [the child’s] doctors,” agreed to a monetary settlement of a claim for

personal injuries suffered by the child in an automobile accident. Id. at 454. The parent

executed a contract releasing the defendant from liability for all claims “on account of

bodily injuries, known and unknown, and which have resulted or may in the future

develop, sustained by [the child]” as a result of the accident. Id. at 454-55. After the

enrollment of a consent judgment, the child developed additional symptoms as a result of

injuries sustained in the accident. Id. at 455. The parent petitioned to “set aside both

the . . . release and judgment” on the ground that both resulted from “a mutual mistake of

fact.” Id. The trial court denied the petition, concluding that incomplete knowledge of

the extent of the child’s injuries did not “constitute[] a mutual mistake of the variety” that

would justify rescinding the release. Id. at 456.

       The Court of Appeals concluded that, under those circumstances, the parent made

“no showing that a mutual mistake of fact existed.” Id. at 463. The Court criticized out-

of-state cases in which courts “permit repudiation by a releasor when unanticipated

                                             34
injuries surface” after the execution of a release. Id. at 456. The Court observed that

those courts “attempt to justify the result they reach by an utterly inappropriate

application of the mutual mistake of fact doctrine to factual circumstances which not only

do not present a mutual misconception of basic fact, but often do not appear to involve a

mistake by even one party.” Id. at 461-62. In other words, “the ‘mistake’ found is the

fact that the parties did not know the extent of the injuries suffered, notwithstanding that

the releasor expressly assumed the risk (as parties to all contracts inevitably do) of the

lack of omniscience as to what might develop in the future, by an express release of all

unknown claims.” Id. at 462. The Court rejected this approach as an “unprincipled”

application “of the well-founded principles concerning mutual mistake of fact.” Id.

       The State cites no authority supporting its position that a psychiatric opinion that

is later disputed may give rise to a mutual mistake of fact. The State nevertheless asserts

that Bernstein v. Kapneck “is plainly distinguishable” because “both parties” to the

release in that case “received precisely what they bargained for.” The State tells us that

the plaintiffs in that case “were simply unhappy because they could have received more

damages than they initially sought had they not bargained away that right.” According to

the State, it “bargained for Williams to be committed for treatment under the State’s

supervision, but instead Williams was approved for unconditional release.”

       These purported distinctions are unpersuasive. The State’s assertions ignore the

reality that Williams was, in fact, committed to the Department of Heath for institutional

inpatient treatment. When it entered into a plea agreement with Williams, the State

bargained away its rights to require him to prove that he was not criminally responsible

                                             35
and to seek the imposition of a sentence. The State might feel dissatisfied that the

Department recommended an unconditional release after what the State considers to be a

short time. Nevertheless, that outcome is a distinct possibility whenever a person is

committed. See Md. Code (2001, 2018 Repl. Vol.), § 3-114(b) of the Criminal Procedure

Article. That possibility was simply part of the bargain that the State reached.

       Williams further contends that, even if the allegedly incorrect psychiatric opinion

resulted in what might properly be characterized as a mutual mistake of fact, the State is

not entitled to rescind the plea agreement, because the State “b[ore] the risk of the

mistake[.]” Restatement (Second) of Contracts, supra, § 152. Generally, “a contracting

party takes the risk of most supervening changes in circumstances” and “many mistakes

as to existing circumstances even though they upset basic assumptions and unexpectedly

affect the agreed exchange of performances.” Id. § 154 cmt. a.

       “A party bears the risk of a mistake when

          (a) the risk is allocated to him by agreement of the parties, or

          (b) he is aware, at the time the contract is made, that he has only limited
          knowledge with respect to the facts to which the mistake relates but
          treats his limited knowledge as sufficient, or

          (c) the risk is allocated to him by the court on the ground that it is
          reasonable in the circumstances to do so.”

Cuesport Props., LLC v. Critical Devs., LLC, 209 Md. App. 607, 623 (2013) (quoting

Restatement (Second) of Contracts, supra, § 154).

       Williams contends that, under these formulations, the State bore the risk of a

mistake resulting from its reliance on the Department’s report on criminal responsibility.

                                             36
Williams observes that the State had no obligation to accept Dr. Smith’s diagnosis or the

conclusion that Williams was not criminally responsible. Instead, the State could have

required Williams to “establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, the defense of not

criminally responsible.” Md. Code (2001, 2018 Repl. Vol.), § 3-110(b) of the Criminal

Procedure Article. Thus, the State could have insisted that Williams call Dr. Smith,

cross-examined her about the hedged and equivocal statements in her report, and argued

that Williams had not discharged his burden and that the jury should find that he was

criminally responsible. Moreover, the State might have sought to have a psychiatrist

other than Dr. Smith evaluate whether Williams was criminally responsible. Instead, the

State “stipulate[d] to a finding” that Williams was not criminally responsible. Md. Rule

4-314(a)(4). Contrary to the State’s assertions, a prosecutor is not “at the mercy” of the

Department of Health.

       The circuit court appeared to misapprehend Williams’s argument that the State

bore the risk of a mistake. When it addressed that issue, the court said, “it was not the

State who caused this error to occur; the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene . . .

issued a report which both parties relied upon[.]” The court incorrectly conflated the

concept of risk allocation with the question of fault. Compare Restatement (Second) of

Contracts, supra, § 154 (discussing “When a Party Bears the Risk of a Mistake”), with id.

§ 157 (discussing “Effect of Fault of Party Seeking Relief”).

       Making a similar conceptual error, the State insists that it did not bear the risk of a

mistake because it was “relying on an expert’s reasoned diagnosis.” But the

reasonableness of a mistake by no means precludes a finding that the party voluntarily

                                             37
assumed the risk of a mistake. For example, in Bernstein v. Kapneck, 290 Md. at 455,

doctors had treated the child for “at least a year” and concluded that she had “suffered

only” a few specific injuries. Id. at 453-54. The child first developed symptoms of

another disorder only after the settlement. Id. at 455. The trial court found that the

parent “had exercised reasonable diligence in attempting to ascertain the full nature and

extent of [the child’s] injuries prior to entering into the settlement[.]” Id.

Notwithstanding that the parent had relied on an expert’s reasoned diagnosis, the parent,

by agreeing to a release, “assumed the risk . . . of the lack of omniscience as to what

might develop in the future[.]” Id. at 462.

       Dr. Smith’s report, on which the State relied, forthrightly acknowledged more than

a trace element of uncertainty. In addition to the diagnosis of “Bipolar I Disorder,” Dr.

Smith identified a rule-out diagnosis of “Other (or unknown) substance-induced bipolar

and related disorder.” Dr. Smith acknowledged that “what prompted [Williams’s]

symptoms” at the time of the offense was “unclear.” She noted that Williams had no

reported “history of mental health treatment” and that he “show[ed] improvement without

the need of any psychiatric medications.” She opined that his actions were “not

necessarily” the “product of a substance induced mood disorder.” (Emphasis added.)

She added that it was “unlikely that his symptoms presentation was solely substance

induced.” (Emphasis added.) Although Dr. Smith expressed her ultimate opinion “with a

reasonable degree of psychological certainty” that Williams was not criminally

responsible, the report explained that its conclusions were subject to “modif[ication] . . .

if new information bec[ame] available that substantially conflict[ed]” with the

                                              38
information available at the time.

       Any reasonable reader of the report would recognize that the author had

reasonably accurate, but imperfect, knowledge regarding Williams’s mental condition at

the time of the offenses. The State, when it chose to rely on the conclusions in the report,

chose to treat its limited knowledge as sufficient. Under the doctrine of mutual mistake

of fact, “rescission is not available” where, as here, “the purported mistake ‘relate[s] to

one of the uncertainties of which the parties were conscious and which it was the purpose

of the compromise to resolve and put at rest.’” Amin v. Superior Court, 188 Cal. Rptr. 3d

at 878 (quoting Harbor Ins. Co. v. Stokes, 45 F.3d 499, 502 (D.C. Cir. 1995)) (further

quotation marks omitted).17

       In summary, we perceive no valid justification for the result reached by the circuit

court. Broadly speaking, principles of double jeopardy and due process generally

prohibit the State from relying on a mutual mistake of fact to rescind a plea agreement

that has been accepted by the court. Additionally, even if the State could rely on a

mutual mistake of fact to rescind such an agreement, the State was not entitled to rescind

       17
          In yet another attempt to justify the rescission of the plea agreement, the State
alludes to the doctrine of “frustration of purpose.” The State fails to elaborate on its
proposed application of that doctrine. In any event, for a party to be entitled to relief
under that doctrine, “‘the frustration must be such that the intervening event cannot fairly
be regarded as within the risks the frustrated party assumed under the contract.’” United
States v. Frownfelter, 626 F.3d at 554 (quoting United States v. Bunner, 134 F.3d 1000,
1004 (10th Cir. 1998)). Here, the State assumed that risk that Dr. Smith’s opinion might
be incorrect.

                                             39
the agreement in this case, because it bore the risk of the purported mistake.18

                                       CONCLUSION

       The Circuit Court for Montgomery County erred in purporting to rescind a plea

agreement that it had accepted and placing Williams in jeopardy a second time. The

judgments later entered as a result of Williams’s conditional guilty plea must be reversed.

His original plea of guilty and not criminally responsible must be reinstated. He is

entitled to the disposition to which the State and the court originally bound themselves.

                                          JUDGMENTS OF THE CIRCUIT COURT
                                          FOR     MONTGOMERY      COUNTY,
                                          ENTERED ON DECEMBER 19, 2019,
                                          REVERSED. ORDER OF THE CIRCUIT
                                          COURT, ENTERED ON JUNE 5, 2019
                                          (DOCKET ENTRY #125), REVERSED.
                                          COSTS TO BE PAID BY MONTGOMERY
                                          COUNTY.

       18
          According to Williams, a change in a psychiatric diagnosis can never give rise
to a mutual mistake of fact because “psychiatric opinions and diagnoses are not objective
facts, but always involve clinical judgment.” In the State’s view, the issue of whether
Williams actually had bipolar disorder is one of fact, even though an expert opinion was
“the basis for the . . . erroneous belief” that he had the disorder. In view of our
disposition of the case, we need not decide whether a psychiatric opinion or diagnosis is a
“fact” in the same way that it is, for example, a “fact” that the cow in Sherwood v.
Walker, 66 Mich. 568 (Mich. 1887), was pregnant and not barren.

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