Court Opinion

ID: 3500900
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-05 22:07:53.894025+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:16:03.984096
License: Public Domain

[EDITORS' NOTE:  THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 243 
[EDITORS' NOTE:  THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 244 
[EDITORS' NOTE:  THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 245 
The city of Bay City and 17 other cities and villages have joined as plaintiffs in the bill of complaint filed herein. They seek a declaratory decree as to the rights and duties of the parties to this suit in the particulars hereinafter stated. With the exception of two, each of plaintiffs owns and operates within its boundaries an electric light plant. The other two municipalities own and operate *Page 246 
within their respective boundaries artificial gas plants. In addition to its electric light plant the city of Lansing also manufactures and distributes within the city limits steam for heating purposes. The output of these municipal plants is used in part by the respective cities or villages but in the main it is sold to persons residing in such municipalities. The bill alleges and the answer admits "that all of the said municipal utilities * * * are operated to render a service to the public and are not operated for the purpose of gain or profit." The issue presented is whether the State, functioning through the State board of tax administration, has the right under Act No. 167, Pub. Acts 1933, as amended by Act No. 77, Pub. Acts 1935, Act No. 180, Pub. Acts 1939, and Act No. 313, Pub. Acts 1939 (Comp. Laws Supp. 1940, § 3663-1 et seq.), to require each of these plaintiffs to obtain a license and pay a license fee as a condition of operating its municipal utility and to impose a tax on the retail sales of such municipal utility. Plaintiffs allege that the cited statutes, particularly amendatory Act No. 313, Pub. Acts 1939, violate their constitutional rights for the following reasons:
"(1) Municipal utilities are not adequately included in or designated by the title of the act, and the title of the act is not broad enough to cover their operations and functions, which are not business activities.
"(2) The legislature cannot tax the privilege to operate municipal utilities granted to municipal corporations by the State Constitution.
"(3) The legislature cannot require municipalities to take out a license to operate their municipal utilities."
Plaintiffs have appealed from a decree entered in the circuit court by which the statutory enactments here involved were held to be valid. *Page 247 
The constitutional provision (Const. 1908, art. 8, § 23) under which cities and villages are authorized to acquire, own and operate public utilities in part reads:
"Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, any city or village may acquire, own and operate, either within or without its corporate limits, public utilities for supplying water, light, heat, power and transportation to the municipality and inhabitants thereof."
Prior to the 1939 amendments to Act No. 167, Pub. Acts 1933, we held that the general sales tax provided in the act, as then amended by Act No. 77, Pub. Acts 1935, was not applicable to sales of gas and electricity by municipal utilities. City ofWyandotte v. State Board of Tax Administration, 278 Mich. 47. In the main, decision was based on the definition of the term "person" contained in section 1, subdivision (a), of the 1933 act. Under the then existing statutory definition of this term as then used in the act we held that it did not include municipal corporations, and that therefore retail sales of gas or electricity produced by municipally owned and operated plants were not subject to the sales tax. However, in this particular the 1933 act was amended and broadened by Act No. 313, Pub. Acts 1939, hereinafter quoted in part. Except as it refers to amendments, there has been no change in the title to this act as originally passed in 1933; and appellants contend that the title is not broad enough to cover the amended act. The title and pertinent portions of the amendatory act read:
"An Act to amend sections 1, 4, 4a, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18 and 19 of Act No. 167 of the Public Acts of 1933, entitled 'An Act to provide for the raising of additional public revenue by prescribing certain specific *Page 248 
taxes, fees, and charges to be paid to the State for the privilege of engaging in certain business activities; to provide, incident to the enforcement thereof, for the issuance of licenses to engage in such occupations; to provide for the ascertainment, assessment and collection thereof; to appropriate the proceeds thereof; to establish a State board of tax administration; to make an appropriation for carrying out the provisions of this act; and to prescribe penalties for violations of the provisions of this act,' as amended by Act No. 77 of the Public Acts of 1935. * * *
"SECTION 1. Definitions. That when used in this act:
"(a) The term 'person' includes any individual, firm, copartnership, joint adventure, association, municipal or private corporation whether organized for profit or not, company, estate, trust, or any other group or combination acting as a unit, and the plural as well as the singular number, unless the intention to give a more limited meaning is disclosed by the context.
"(b) The term 'sale at retail' means any transaction by which is transferred for consideration the ownership of tangible personal property, when such transfer is made in the ordinary course of the transferor's business and is made to the transferee for consumption or use other than for consumption or use in industrial processing or agricultural producing, or for any other purpose than for resale in the form of tangible personal property: * * *
"(c) The term 'sale at retail' includes sales of electricity, natural and/or artificial gas and steam when made to the consumer or user for consumption or use rather than for resale:Provided, however, That the term 'sale at retail' shall not include the sale of water through water mains."
By its amendment of section 1, subdivision (a), clearly the legislature intended to and did broaden *Page 249 
the body of the act so that it now expressly includes in the term "person" municipal corporations, as well as private corporations. But it does not follow that the title, which remained unchanged, does not cover the act as amended, as is contended by appellants. Gallie v. Detroit Auto Accessory Co.,224 Mich. 703.
In numerous decisions of this court it has held in substance that the title to an act is good if it fairly indicates the general subject matter covered by the act; and that the constitutional provision (Const. 1908, art. 5, § 21) does not require a title sufficient in detail to constitute a table of contents or an index to the various provisions of the act.Mackin v. Detroit Timkin Axle Co., 187 Mich. 8; Seifert v. BuhlOptical Co., 276 Mich. 692; Attorney General, ex rel. Eaves, v.State Bridge Commission, 277 Mich. 373; In re Lewis'Estate, 287 Mich. 179.
The amended act here involved according to its title imposes a specific tax "for the privilege of engaging in certainbusiness activities." Appellants assert that the "operations and functions" of their respective municipal utilities "are not business activities" within the title of the act. Appellants stress the argument that such activities are carried on as a service to the public and not for the purpose of making a profit; and in their brief they have cited many cases in the light of which appellants urge that these activities do not constitute "business activities" since they are not carried on for profit. It is clear that the mere fact an activity is being carried on by a municipality does not of necessity render such activity a purely governmental function, Taber v. City ofBenton Harbor, 280 Mich. 522; and a profit may be a benefit or advantage other than money return in excess of cost of operation. For example, as noted in appellants' brief, the city of Lansing by reason of operating its electric light *Page 250 
plant obtains its street lighting gratis. This only means that the profit on the electric current sold to private customers is taken to pay for the electric current used by the city for street lighting purposes, instead of collecting the cost of this public service from the city taxpayers. Even the making of a livelihood is but a form of benefit or advantage which might well be considered a "profit." We are not prepared to agree that in the sense it is used in this statute, a "business activity" is not being conducted except it is for profit. If for a consideration utilities furnish such commodities as are here involved to the residents of the municipality who desire to buy but do not furnish to those who do not wish to purchase, such utilities are carrying on a "business activity" within the meaning of our statute regardless of whether the utility is municipally owned or privately owned, and also regardless of whether or not the activity contemplates a profit. State TaxCommission v. City of Logan, 88 Utah, 406 (54 Pac. [2d] 1197);City of Phoenix v. State, ex rel. Conway, 53 Ariz. 28 (85 Pac. [2d] 56); City of Tacoma v. State Tax Commission, 177 Wn. 604
(33 Pac. [2d] 899); City of Lakeland v. Amos,106 Fla. 873 (143 So. 744). In the last cited case the court said:
"The furnishing by a municipal corporation of electricity or gas to private parties or for nongovernmental use is not a governmental function, but a corporate business or occupation engaged in by virtue of a statutory privilege right granted for that purpose, for the conduct of which business or occupation a license or excise tax may be imposed upon the municipal corporation."
The test of whether there is a profit has been held to be controlling when the activity is primarily the *Page 251 
carrying on of a governmental function. When incident to performance of a governmental function a profit is derived then the activity is held to be proprietary in nature. InFoss v. City of Lansing, 237 Mich. 633 (52 A.L.R. 185), the syllabus reads:
"Where there is an incidental profit to a municipality in collecting and disposing of garbage, by feeding it to hogs, it is liable for the negligence of its employee in operating a truck while engaged in collecting such garbage, although in so doing the municipality is performing a governmental function."
That appellants are in error in their contention that their "operations and functions" are not within the meaning of the term "business activities" or "business" as used in the title and body of the 1939 amendatory act is clearly indicated by section 1, subdivision (h), of the act which reads:
"The term 'business' includes all activities engaged in by any person or caused to be engaged in by him with the object of gain, benefit or advantage, either direct or indirect."
We are not in accord and cannot sustain appellants' contention that:
"Municipal utilities are not adequately included in or designated by the title of the act, and the title of the act is not broad enough to cover their operations and functions, which [appellants assert] are not business activities."
Other questions presented by this appeal are so clearly disposed of in the opinion filed by the circuit judge that we adopt it and quote it in part:
"It is pointed out [by appellants] that section 23 of article 8 of the present State Constitution grants *Page 252 
to cities and villages the right to acquire and to own and operate public utilities and it is insisted that exemption from taxation in the exercise of such privilege is impliedly granted by the fundamental law. On behalf of the defendants it is denied that any such inference or implication is permissible and that the matter of levying a tax either on the property of the municipality devoted to utility service, or on the privilege of operating, is wholly discretionary with the legislature. * * *
"The provisions of the State Constitution with reference to the taxation of property obviously confer broad powers on the legislative department. Subject to restrictions as to uniformity it is declared in section 3 of article 10 that 'taxes shall be levied on such property as shall be prescribed by law.' * * *
"It would seem that the language used in the Constitution is sufficiently broad to authorize the legislature to provide for the taxation of the property of municipalities, used in the conduct of a public utility business, and also to subject the municipality to the payment of a specific tax on the privilege of so operating. That the sales tax is a privilege tax was expressly held in C. F. Smith Co. v. Fitzgerald, 270 Mich. 659,686.
"The suggestion has been made that the privilege of operating a utility is not subject to taxation, even though the property devoted to the operation may be taxed. It does not seem to me, however, that any satisfactory basis for such argument is afforded by the pertinent provisions of the Constitution. Had it been intended to restrict the powers of the legislature with reference to either form of taxation it would seem that specific provision to that end would have been made. The failure to do so, especially in view of the broad powers as to taxation conferred by Const. 1908, art. 10, must be regarded as significant. *Page 253 
"The rule seems to be generally recognized that it is within the power of the State, in the absence of express constitutional exemption, to tax property owned and used by municipal corporations. While the general rule is that such property used in the performance of governmental functions is ordinarily relieved from taxation by express provision of either Constitution or statute, such is not the case as to property owned and used in connection with the carrying on of so-called proprietary functions. The general situation is summarized in 61 C. J. p. 420, as follows:
" 'Municipally-owned works and utilities are not property used in performing delegated governmental functions and immune from taxation on that ground. Such property being of a taxable nature can only be made exempt by Constitution or statute. In jurisdictions, therefore, where no property is exempt but that expressly enumerated in Constitution or statute, and property owned by municipal corporations is not included in the enumeration, the property of municipally-owned works and utilities is not exempt, nor is such property exempt if not within the terms of the exemption provision.'
"The Supreme Court of Michigan, in the case of City ofTraverse City v. Blair Township, 190 Mich. 313 (Ann. Cas. 1918 E, 81), held that an electric light and power plant owned and operated by a municipality was exempt from taxation by virtue of the statute. The following significant language was used:
" 'The right of the legislature either to tax or exempt such public property is not open to question.' * * *
"In City of Big Rapids v. Mecosta Board of Supervisors,99 Mich. 351, the court took occasion to point out that the then Constitution of the State contained no provision on the matter of exemption from taxation, the implication being that the power of the legislature was not restricted. It occurs to me that the same observation may be made with reference to the present State Constitution. It was further suggested by the court that, aside from express exemptions certain exemptions may be implied by *Page 254 
law as to property 'owned and held by the State, its political subdivisions, and its municipalities for governmental purposes.' Patently, property held by municipalities in connection with a public utility operation of the character involved in the instant case is not within the scope of the implied exemption suggested by the Supreme Court, nor does it appear that the privilege of carrying on such an operation is subject to an implied exemption from the payment of a specific privilege tax.
"The fact that a privilege is granted or recognized by the Constitution may not fairly be construed as relieving the recipients of such privilege * * * from the exercise of the power of taxation as specifically outlined in other provisions of the Constitution. The authorities above referred to, and others of like import, indicate that any such theory is untenable. In view of the specific language of our present Constitution, and the decisions of our Supreme Court, I see no escape from the conclusion that the matter is one concerning which the legislature of the State has discretionary power."
In connection with the foregoing it may be noted that the circuit judge cited City of Phoenix v. State, supra, wherein the municipal utility involved was authorized by the State Constitution, but notwithstanding the authority for owning and operating the utility was in the State Constitution the court held that the legislature had the power to tax. The court said:
"There is nothing in these sections of the Constitution indicating an intention to exempt municipalities that engage in an industrial pursuit, business, or enterprise from paying a tax on their products, or income, or service. It would seem that when municipalities become competitors with private enterprise they should be treated no better than others operating in the same field. The general rule *Page 255 
is that municipalities are subject to the same liabilities as private corporations, or individuals, except when they are exercising purely governmental functions. (Citing cases)"
It is only fair to assume that as a matter of public policy the Michigan legislature in enacting the statutory provisions here involved sought in a measure to protect private industry and private employment by keeping them, so far as taxation is concerned, on a parity with municipally owned utilities which, going outside the performance of purely governmental functions, become competitors of others privately engaged in like activities. When municipal utilities so function, they should be governed by and subject to the same rules as private individuals or business corporations, at least so far as taxation is concerned. As bearing somewhat upon this phase of the instant case, notwithstanding the question of taxation is not involved, see Andrews v. City of South Haven, 187 Mich. 294
(L.R.A. 1916 A, 908, Ann. Cas. 1918 B, 100).
It is rather persuasive to note that the Constitution of 1908, art. 8, § 24, provides that the municipality may issue mortgage bonds on its utility. Surely it would be a strange provision of law, either constitutional or statutory, that would authorize a municipality to mortgage a portion of its power to exercise governmental functions. It would seem to follow that the pertinent constitutional provisions simply empower cities and villages to engage in proprietary activities. And touching the matter of the State's power to tax such activity, the question at once arises, is this activity still exempt from taxation when in event of foreclosure it becomes the private property of the purchaser on foreclosure sale? Its status after foreclosure in this particular should be *Page 256 
held to be the same as prior to foreclosure; but a strange result would follow if, after foreclosure and when the municipal utility becomes the property of the private bondholders or other purchaser, it was exempt from taxation notwithstanding other corporate or privately owned utilities of like character were subject to taxation. There being no express constitutional provision prohibiting the State from taxing such municipal utilities, it would seem to follow that, being wholly proprietary in character, they should be and are subject to the State's power to tax.
Appellants' brief stresses: "It must be borne in mind that the Constitution expressly states that this power and the exercise thereof is 'subject to the provisions of this Constitution,' art. 8, § 23;" and from this appellants conclude that therefore utilities operated by municipalities are not subject to any limitations, conditions or control by legislative enactments. We think this conclusion is erroneous; and that instead the Constitution of 1908, art. 8, § 23, must be read in connection with sections 24 and 25 which contain very pertinent provisions incident to the acquiring, owning and operating of municipal utilities, and that it is to those subsequent sections reference is made by the introductory phrase of section 23, "subject to the provisions of this Constitution." Or, as pointed out by appellees, "subject to the provisions of this Constitution" may well be construed to mean subject to all constitutional provisions which enable the State to function as a government, including article 10 from which we quote the following:
"SEC. 2. The legislature shall provide by law for an annual tax sufficient with other resources to pay the estimated expenses of State government. * * * *Page 257 
"SEC. 3. The legislature shall provide by law a uniform rule of taxation, except on property paying specific taxes, andtaxes shall be levied on such property as shall be prescribedby law."
We are not in accord with the interpretation placed by appellants upon the phrase "subject to the provisions of this Constitution."
The constitutional authorization of municipal utilities is not self-executing. Instead, numerous legislative enactments have been found necessary to provide the means and method of enabling cities and villages to acquire and conduct such utilities. For example, see 1 Comp. Laws 1929, §§ 1684-1692, 2100-2122, 2231-2237, as amended (Stat. Ann. §§ 5.1420-5.1428, 5.1895-5.1917, 5.2074-5.2080). In this connection, see City ofAllegan v. Iosco Land Co., 254 Mich. 560. Except such legislative enactments contravene constitutional provisions, they are valid. Stanhope v. Village of Hart, 233 Mich. 206, upon which appellants rely, is by no means as broad in its decision as appellants infer, and does not sustain their claim that article 8, §§ 23, 24 and 25, of the Constitution are self-executing. In asserting freedom or exemption from legislative regulation in the exercise of their governmental and proprietary functions, these cities and villages seem to overlook the fact that, except as to certain express constitutional grants and limitations of power, they are only creatures of legislation. Our Constitution provides:
"The legislature shall provide by a general law for the incorporation of cities, and by a general law for the incorporation of villages." Art. 8, § 20.
Appellants point out that somewhat similar constitutional provisions in the State of Ohio have been held to be self-executing. And appellants make substantially *Page 258 
the same claim as to the Constitution and decisions of California. The Ohio constitutional provision is clearly broader than ours. We think it is because of this, and only because of this, that the Ohio courts have held the constitutional provisions of that State to be self-executing. The California constitutional provisions are very similar to those of this State; but we fail to find any of the California decisions holding that the provisions of its Constitution are self-executing or that municipal utilities are not subject to taxation in that State. In this connection it may be noted that the California sales tax act expressly exempts municipal utilities furnishing gas, electricity or water from its provisions. Because of the above-noted circumstances we conclude that appellants' position in this case is not materially supported by the decisions of either Ohio or California. None of the decisions from either State go squarely to the point of the right of the State to impose a privilege tax incident to the operation of a municipally-owned utility. Further, we think it may be said that the right of the State to impose a privilege tax on municipal utilities is not necessarily controlled by the question of whether our constitutional provisions as to municipal utilities are or are not self-executing. Instead of being mandatory, the Michigan constitutional provisions leave it entirely optional with a municipality as to whether it will or will not engage in proprietary activities. It would seem to be a sound proposition of law that when a municipality elects to engage in a proprietary activity it thereby subjects itself to the constitutional power of the State to tax, there being no express or implied constitutional provision to the contrary.
While it is obviously of very minor importance in this case, appellants urge the point that: "The *Page 259 
legislature cannot require municipalities to take out a license to operate their municipal utilities." Requiring procurement of a so-called license and the payment of a "registration fee" of $1 per year is merely an incident to the legislative plan for effective administration of the sales tax law. The title of the act states one of its purposes is to provide "for the issuance of licenses to engage in such occupation." Obviously this requirement is germane to the main purpose of the act. The argument against the right of the legislature to require a so-called license is that, since by constitutional provision municipalities are permitted to own and operate public utilities, this right cannot be restricted by legislative enactment requiring a license and payment of a registration fee. It may be conceded, if operating these public utilities were the exercise of a purely governmental function, the argument would be sound; but operating such utilities is proprietary in character, not purely governmental. As soon as municipalities enter the field of proprietary activities, they subject themselves to the same right of regulation as private entities so engaged, insofar as payment of taxes is concerned. The Constitution vests in every citizen the right to engage in business. Such right is a property right and is protected by the Constitution of 1908, art. 2, § 16. Notwithstanding this constitutional right, in carrying on his business activities the individual is subject to the State's power of taxation and to such reasonable regulations of his business as may be incident to the effective enforcement of this power of taxation. The same is true of municipalities when of their own volition they elect to carry on proprietary activities. The constitutional right of municipalities in that particular is no greater than the constitutional right of an individual. *Page 260 
Further, it should be noted that the so-calledlicense required in the sales tax statute is not, strictly speaking, a license. Instead it is rather a provision for a certificate of enrollment or registration to be obtained by one engaged in a business requiring payment of the sales tax. Requiring this registration certificate is a material aid, if not indispensable, to the effective enforcement of the sales tax law. Its requirement is in no sense an exercise of the police power; but instead it is the exercise of a power possessed by the State incident to its right to tax. The fee of $1 is referred to in the act as a "registration fee." Act No. 167, § 3, Pub. Acts 1933, as amended by Act No. 180, Pub. Acts 1939. Its annual payment is but an item which makes up the total of the tax imposed. In City of Wyandotte v. State Boardof Tax Administration, 278 Mich. 47, we said:
"A registration fee of one dollar per year as a privilege tax
is imposed on those conducting such business."
The provision made in the sales tax act for enforcing by injunction the requirement that one subject to the sales tax shall obtain the certificate of registration and annually pay $1 therefor is the same as the provision in the act for enforcing by injunction proceedings the payment of the tax itself. Act No. 167, § 16, Pub. Acts 1933 (Stat. Ann. § 7.537). It therefore seems clear that the requirement for a license, which is no more than a registration certificate, and the annual payment of $1 therefor is a mere incident to and a part of the privilege tax imposed, not a license in the strict sense. The distinction is more particularly pointed out by Justice COOLEY in Youngblood v. Sexton, 32 Mich. 406, 418 (20 Am. Rep. 654). Appellants' contention that *Page 261 
the statutory provision for the so-called license and "registration fee" is in violation of their constitutional rights is not tenable.
Even if the license provision of the act were invalid, which we do not hold, section 3, which contains these provisions, could be stricken under the severance clause section* and the balance of the act sustained. But, holding as we do that municipalities in operating public utilities are subject to a privilege tax, we find no reason why, incident to the administration of the legislative plan for enforcing the law, a so-called license may not be required. Such is the holding inCity of Phoenix v. State, supra, and City of Lakeland v. Amos,supra.
The decree entered in the circuit court is affirmed, with costs to appellees.
BUSHNELL, C.J., and SHARPE, POTTER, CHANDLER, and BUTZEL, JJ., concurred with NORTH, J.
* Act No. 167, § 27, Pub. Acts 1933 (Stat. Ann. § 7.548). — REPORTER.