Court Opinion

ID: 6345004
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-27 17:01:51.701778+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:06:55.071579
License: Public Domain

Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the PACIFIC REPORTER.
      Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
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               THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

LARAMIE RAINER,                                 )
                                                )   Supreme Court No. S-18027
                      Appellant,                )
                                                )   Superior Court No. 3AN-13-10957 CI
      v.                                        )
                                                )   OPINION
RYAN POOLE,                                     )
                                                )   No. 7597 – May 27, 2022
                      Appellee.                 )
                                                )

              Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third
              Judicial District, Anchorage, Gregory Miller, Judge.

              Appearances: John J. Sherman, Sherman Law Office, LLC,
              Anchorage, for Appellant. No appearance by Appellee.

              Before:    Winfree, Chief Justice, Maassen, Carney,
              Borghesan, and Henderson, Justices.

              BORGHESAN, Justice.

I.    INTRODUCTION
              A superior court may not grant a motion to modify child custody unless it
determines there has been a substantial change in circumstances affecting the child’s best
interests. In this case the superior court found a substantial change due to poor
communication and one parent interfering with the other’s visits. Because we lack
sufficient factual findings to determine whether there was a substantial change in
circumstances or whether a lesser sanction would have ensured compliance with the
court’s custody order, we reverse and remand for additional findings.
II.    FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
              Ryan Poole and Laramie Rainer had a child in June 2013. Poole and
Rainer’s relationship ended in late 2013. Poole was incarcerated from March 2013 to
October 2014.1
       A.     Custody Trial And 2015 Custody Order
              In December 2013, when the child was six months old and Poole was still
incarcerated, Rainer filed a complaint seeking sole legal and primary physical custody.
Poole filed an answer and counterclaim the following month requesting joint legal and
physical custody and visitation every weekend until he was out of prison. While no
custody order was in place, Poole asserted on several occasions that Rainer did not
facilitate sufficient visitation with the child following the end of their relationship.
              A custody trial took place in February 2015. The court found both parties
on equal footing with regard to most of the statutory best interests factors.2 On the
willingness of each parent to allow a close and continuing relationship between the child
and the other parent, the court found that Poole was “doing pretty well and trying to
make things work” and that Rainer “could do a better job.”
              The court ruled that Rainer should have primary physical custody but that
Poole’s time with the child should be increased. It issued a custody order in March 2015
awarding joint legal custody and primary physical custody to Rainer while Poole lived

       1
            Rainer testified that Poole had been incarcerated from March 2012 to
October 2014, but testimony was otherwise consistent that Poole was incarcerated for
19 months.
       2
              See AS 25.24.150(c) (providing factors court is to consider in determining
a child’s best interests in custody proceedings).

                                            -2-                                        7597
outside of Anchorage. Poole was given unsupervised visitation that gradually increased
from six hours per week to one week per month. In September 2016, when the child was
likely to begin preschool, Poole’s visits were to decrease to two consecutive overnights
every other week.
      B.     2018 Custody Order
             In November 2017 Poole moved to enforce the court’s March 2015 order.
He claimed that despite attempting to contact Rainer to set up visitation, Rainer had
ignored his messages and calls since March 2015 and, as a result, he had seen his child
only twice since the March 2015 court order. In addition to enforcement, Poole
requested “full custody, due to proof that Laramie Rainer is using drugs,” and wanted
Rainer to be drug tested and required to have supervised visitation. The court denied
Poole’s motion without prejudice, noting Poole had not explained what “proof” he had
of Rainer using drugs.
             In September 2018 Poole again moved to enforce the March 2015 order.
He claimed that “multiple phone calls and text messages were sent to Laramie Rainer
regarding visitation of our son” but that “only two visitation[]s were successful” since
the order. He again requested full custody “due to the mother not possessing physical
custody of their child due to drug addiction.” He stated that the child was living with
Rainer’s parents full time and that Rainer’s parents were also unwilling to adhere to the
custody order.
             In November Rainer and Poole reached a settlement agreement stating that
they had “agreed to an updated progressive physical custody plan, similar to the one laid
out in the 2015 order.” Poole’s custody would increase from one day a week to
alternating weekend custody. He also had the option to exercise a weekly dinner with
the child on Tuesday evenings. The parties submitted a proposed child custody
modification order reflecting the agreement, which the court signed in December 2018.

                                           -3-                                     7597
      C.     2020 Motion To Modify
             In June 2020 Poole moved to modify physical custody. He requested
primary custody, alleging that he could “provide a more stable environment” than
Rainer. Poole alleged that he had his own house, vehicle, and driver’s license, whereas
Rainer did not have a vehicle or driver’s license, had not been employed for the last two
years, and had recently moved in with her parents. He further alleged that Rainer’s
“poor communication” had caused him to miss the opportunity to speak with the child
on the phone and to miss a designated visitation day.
             Rainer opposed, arguing that Poole had failed to show a substantial change
of circumstances and that the requested custody modification was not in the child’s best
interest. She also claimed that she did have a car and driver’s license, that Poole had
failed to exercise his full visitation under the 2018 custody order, and that she had been
working odd jobs for the past year but had difficulty finding regular employment due to
the COVID-19 pandemic. Poole filed a two-sentence reply claiming that Rainer’s
opposition contained “false” contentions and requesting a hearing.
             In August the court issued a notice of intent to rule on Poole’s motion,
informing the parties it would likely deny the motion, prompting Poole to file a longer
reply. In this reply, Poole discussed events from throughout the parties’ relationship and
again claimed that Rainer had been unemployed for two years and “continued to make
excuses regarding not being able to answer phone calls or text messages.” Rainer filed
a sur-reply arguing that Poole had still failed to allege a change in circumstance.
      D.     Custody Modification Hearing
             Instead of ruling directly on Poole’s motion, the court held a hearing on
Poole’s motion over three days in late 2020 and early 2021. The parties testified about
a number of incidents that Poole asserted were violations of the terms of the existing
custody order.

                                           -4-                                        7597
              First, they testified about a dispute on Christmas Eve 2019. Under the
custody agreement in effect, the child was to spend Christmas (which fell on a
Wednesday in 2019) with Rainer and otherwise follow the normal alternating weekend
schedule, which gave Poole custody on the weekend before Christmas. Poole testified
that he asked Rainer to allow him to keep their child until Christmas Eve — more time
than provided under the custody order — and that she initially agreed but showed up at
Poole’s house with her mother and boyfriend on Monday, December 23 seeking custody.
Poole called the authorities, who determined the child should leave with Rainer. Rainer
testified, meanwhile, that she had agreed to their child staying with Poole a bit longer but
that she later realized that she and Poole were not on the same page about how long they
had agreed to extend the visit.
              Next the parties testified about an annual out-of-state trip taken by Rainer’s
family. The custody agreement permits the parents to travel out of Alaska with the child
during their custodial time and states that “[i]n November, [Rainer]’s family traditionally
takes [the child] on a vacation. [Poole] understands and respects this tradition and shall
make a good faith effort to accommodate that trip.” The order instructs that the parents
“shall make good faith efforts to cooperate and accommodate trips and events with the
other parent” in the event that trips fall outside their custodial time, but that absent such
cooperation the custody agreement strictly controls. At least a month before the trip in
2020, Poole told Rainer that he did not want the child to be taken out of state, but Rainer
sent him on the trip with his grandparents. Rainer testified that she had given Poole over
30 days’ prior notice, that the trip did not occur during Poole’s custodial time, and that
Poole never explained why he did not want the child to go.
              Finally, the parties testified briefly about a dispute stemming from school
holidays. Under the custody order, if the child has a three-day weekend off from school
that falls on Poole’s visitation weekend, Poole may have custody for all three days.

                                            -5-                                        7597
Poole testified that on occasion he asked Rainer if their child had a day off but Rainer did
not respond, and consequently Poole missed the opportunity to have a long weekend
with their child. Poole admits he did not look online to see if he had the day off, but
maintained that he had asked Rainer a couple of days in advance. Poole therefore
contended that Rainer had denied him visitation. He testified that this had happened
“more than two or three times.”
       E.     Superior Court Decision
              After the close of testimony, the superior court made its decision on the
record. First the court considered whether Poole had shown a substantial change in
circumstances. The court stated that the current custody agreement “is simply not
working, [] there’s no meaningful communication. That seems to be undisputed. . . .
There’s alleged frustrated visits, frustrated as in didn’t happen.” It concluded that there
was “clearly a substantial change that ha[d] been shown in order to have this hearing and
to make this decision.”
              The court then considered the child’s best interests, focusing on what it
believed to be the two most relevant factors. First, the court examined the fifth factor,
“the length of time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment and the
desirability of maintaining continuity.”3 The court explained that it was required to
conduct a “symmetrical analysis as to this fifth factor,” under which it “consider[ed] the
effect that not living in one household or the other would have on the continuity and
stability in the child’s life.” The court said that it was hard to tell if the child would “do
worse under one roof versus the other.” However, “the continuity factor right now is not
good. The desirability of maintaining this situation is not appropriate. It’s not justified,
is not in [the child]’s best interest. Something needs to change.” The court stated that

       3
              See AS 25.24.150(c)(5).

                                             -6-                                        7597
regarding the fifth factor, Poole “comes out just slightly ahead on this because of what
I’ve said. The situation now isn’t working well and won’t work well in the future from
the evidence.”
              The court then turned to the sixth factor — communication between the
parents,4 which the court reasoned was the most important factor — and summarized the
parents’ conflicting testimony about whether Rainer had refused to allow Poole to
exercise his visitation or whether Poole had failed to do so. The court stated that the
evidence “does not permit this court to figure out exactly who had what visits when and
why they didn’t happen. This court absolutely can conclude and does conclude that the
visits, for whatever reason, have not been occurring with the frequency and the ease that
all would be in [the child]’s best interest.”
              Noting on multiple occasions that it found Poole “very credible,” the court
explained there were ten instances when it found Rainer “not to be credible” due to
inconsistent testimony. The court agreed with Rainer’s assessment that 50/50 custody
would not be appropriate because of the stressful effects of the transitions. The court
stated that the “communication, the fostering [of] the relationship, all of which is factor
number six, wasn’t happening. And I am finding that it’s . . . more a one-sided affair
than not,” implying that Rainer was primarily to blame.
              The court laid out three options: (1) maintaining the status quo, which it
called “untenable” because the parents were “not communicating”; (2) decreasing
Poole’s visitation time, which it concluded would not work because “[t]he
communication is going the wrong direction” and was similar to the status quo; and
(3) switching primary custody to Poole. The court ordered the third option, finding it to
be “in [the child]’s best interest for all the reasons I’ve said. A lot of it does come down

       4
              See AS 25.24.150(c)(6).

                                            -7-                                       7597
to credibility.” It instructed Poole to facilitate their child’s relationship with Rainer,
noting that “one of the reasons that I’m making this decision in this direction is that I
think you do understand that. I do not think that Ms. Rainer will get that message. I do
think you will.”
              The court opted not to determine the details of the visitation schedule,
telling the parties “to try to figure that out and file something.” The parties submitted
competing custody plans, and the court signed the final order in March 2021.
              Rainer appeals, arguing that there was no substantial change in
circumstances justifying custody modification and that the superior court erred in its best
interests analysis. Poole elected not to participate in the appeal.
III.   STANDARDS OF REVIEW
              “We review a trial court’s child custody modification decision deferentially,
reversing the decision only when the lower court abused its discretion or when its
controlling findings of fact were clearly erroneous.”5 “The court’s broad discretion
extends to its determination whether, following an evidentiary hearing, the moving party
has proven a substantial change in circumstances, meaning one that affects the child’s
welfare.”6 “Whether there are sufficient findings for informed appellate review is a
question of law.”7

       5
            Collier v. Harris, 377 P.3d 15, 20 (Alaska 2016) (quoting McLane v. Paul,
189 P.3d 1039, 1042 (Alaska 2008)).
       6
              Id.
       7
            Horne v. Touhakis, 356 P.3d 280, 282 (Alaska 2015) (quoting Hooper v.
Hooper, 188 P.3d 681, 685 (Alaska 2008)).

                                            -8-                                      7597
IV.    DISCUSSION
       A.     The Superior Court May Not Modify A Custody Order Absent A
              Substantial Change In Circumstances.
              The superior court found a substantial change in circumstances due to poor
communication and its effect on visitation. Although these problems can be the basis for
a finding of substantial change in circumstances, we reverse because the superior court
did not make sufficient factual findings to permit appellate review. The superior court
did not make findings about whether poor communication between the parents was
actually a change, how serious the problem of missed visitation was, or whether the
problem of poor communication leading to missed visits could be addressed with a less
disruptive remedy than modifying custody. We therefore remand for additional findings
applying the principles outlined in this opinion.
              1.     Whether there is a substantial change must generally be
                     determined by comparing present circumstances against those
                     that existed at the time of the most recent custody order.
              The superior court may not grant a motion to modify a child custody order
unless it finds a substantial change of circumstances.8 This requirement “ ‘is intended
to discourage continual relitigation of custody decisions,’ a policy motivated by ‘the
judicial assumption that finality and certainty in custody matters are critical to the child’s
emotional welfare.’ ”9 “A change in circumstances is unlikely to be substantial enough
to ‘overcome our deep reluctance to shuttle children back and forth between parents’

       8
              AS 25.20.110(a); see also, e.g., Geldermann v. Geldermann, 428 P.3d 477,
482-83 (Alaska 2018); Collier, 377 P.3d at 20-23; Kelly v. Joseph, 46 P.3d 1014, 1017­
18 (Alaska 2002) (“We have previously held that “[a]ctions by a custodial parent which
substantially interfere with the noncustodial parent’s visitation rights ‘[are] sufficient to
constitute a change [in circumstances].’ ” (alterations in original) (quotation omitted)).
       9
             Peterson v. Swarthout, 214 P.3d 332, 340-41 (Alaska 2009) (quoting
Gratrix v. Gratrix, 652 P.2d 76, 82-83 (Alaska 1982)).

                                             -9-                                        7597
unless the change affects the children’s welfare and ‘reflect[s] more than mere passage
of time.’ ”10
                The applicable statute “does not specify what must be shown to
demonstrate a change in circumstances.”11 Generally, superior courts must compare
current circumstances to a “baseline” at the time of the most recent custody order — i.e.
“the facts and circumstances that existed at the time of the prior custody order that the
party seeks to modify”12 — to determine if modification is warranted. If current
circumstances are similar to those at the time of the most recent custody order, no
substantial change has occurred and the court must decline the modification request.13
                The need to show a change of circumstances from the previous baseline
generally applies to the issue of communication between the parents. For example, in
Moore v. McGillis a mother moved to modify a court order granting primary custody of
a child to the father, alleging among other things problems communicating with the
father.14 The superior court rejected this allegation as the basis for a change in

       10
            Collier, 377 P.3d at 22 (alteration in original) (quoting Hope P. v. Flynn G.,
355 P.3d 559, 565 (Alaska 2015)).
       11
                Kelly, 46 P.3d at 1017.
       12
                Jenkins v. Handel, 10 P.3d 586, 589 (Alaska 2000).
       13
              See, e.g., Peterson, 214 P.3d at 341 (holding that parents’ inability to
cooperate did not amount to a change in circumstances because such issues were the
impetus for previous custody order); John B. v. Alisa B., S-17633, 2021 WL 487121, at
*4 (Alaska Feb. 10, 2021) (unpublished) (holding that mother’s interference with
children’s therapy did not amount to a change of circumstances because superior court
addressed the interference at modification hearing leading to its previous order).
       14
                408 P.3d 1196, 1199 (Alaska 2018).

                                          -10-                                      7597
circumstances, finding the communication issues were “nothing new.”15 We agreed: the
parties “had testified at the original custody trial to similar communication problems”
and the mother “had not shown sufficient negative impact on her daughter to warrant
modification of the existing custody arrangement.”16 Similarly, in Peterson v. Swarthout
a mother alleged that a father’s “fail[ure] to communicate with her” constituted a change
in circumstances.17 But the “inability to engage in cooperative communication and
decision-making” she cited had already been factored into the superior court’s previous
custody order, so continued communication problems did not amount to a substantial
change in circumstances that warranted modifying custody.18
             2.     Conduct that interferes with a parent’s rights under the custody
                    order may establish a substantial change in circumstances even
                    if there was similar conduct in the past.
             “[A]ctions by a custodial parent which substantially interfere with the
noncustodial parent’s visitation rights ‘[are] sufficient to constitute a change [in
circumstances].’ ”19 Although “alleged violations of court custody orders do not

      15
             Id.
      16
             Id. at 1202.
      17
             214 P.3d at 341.
      18
              Id.; see also Jennifer L. v. Geoffrey G., S-17698, 2021 WL 1997665, at *5
(Alaska May 19, 2021) (unpublished) (declining to find poor communication was a
change in circumstances because it “d[id] not appear to be new,” as previous custody
order stated that parents were “[unable] or unwilling[] to communicate on a responsible
level about their children”).
      19
               Kelly v. Joseph, 46 P.3d 1014, 1017 (Alaska 2002) (second and third
alterations in original) (quoting Hermosillo v. Hermosillo, 797 P.2d 1206, 1209 (Alaska
1990)).

                                          -11-                                     7597
necessarily constitute grounds for modification, . . . they certainly can if the violations
are continuous, repetitious, or egregious.”20
              Sufficiently persistent or severe violations can justify modification even if
the parent’s conduct does not differ substantially from his conduct prior to adoption of
the most recent custody order — in other words, even if the offending parent has
previously interfered with the other’s custody rights. If a parent ignores a previous
custody order and then continues to ignore a new custody order, the parent’s actions may
justify modification — despite the fact that the parent’s actions are nothing new.
              We applied this principle in Georgette S.B. v. Scott B. when the superior
court’s custody order required the parents to enroll their children in therapy.21 Eight
months later the father moved to modify the custody order because, among other issues,
the mother had failed to allow the children to participate in therapy.22 The court declined
to modify custody, noting its “displeasure” with the mother’s “failure to support the
children’s therapy” and giving the parties “one more chance to cooperate.”23 Over a year
after his first motion, the father again sought modification due to the mother’s continued
interference with the children’s therapy; this time, the court granted his motion.24 The
mother appealed, arguing there was no change in circumstances “because her
dissatisfaction with the children’s therapy preexisted the immediately preceding custody

       20
              Collier v. Harris, 261 P.3d 397, 406 (Alaska 2011).
       21
              433 P.3d 1165, 1167 (Alaska 2018).
       22
              Id.
       23
              Id.
       24
              Id. at 1167-68.

                                           -12-                                      7597
order.”25 We rejected that argument, explaining that “alleged violations of court custody
orders” can constitute grounds for modifications “if the violations are continuous,
repetitious, or egregious.”26 We therefore affirmed the superior court’s decision to
modify custody.27
              This approach to custody order violations is, perhaps counterintuitively,
consistent with the “change in circumstances” requirement. When a court issues a
custody order, it is presumed that the parties will follow it. A relevant baseline for the
change in circumstances analysis is the assumption that each parent will receive the
custody and visitation provided for in the order, because that is what the court has
decided is best for the child. If one parent acts in a way that hinders the other’s rights
under the custody order, that represents a change from the baseline that affects the child’s
well-being. That is so even if the offending parent interfered with the other’s rights
under the previous custody order; the court, in fashioning a new order, may reasonably
assume that it will be followed. Therefore, failure to follow the order is a change in
circumstances that can justify modification, even if the conduct itself is nothing new. It
would be poor policy indeed to lock parents into a custody arrangement when one parent
interferes with the other’s custody rights, just because the offending parent has always
done so.
              This principle applies to all conduct that interferes with parents’ rights
under the custody order, including parents’ communication difficulties. As noted above,
poor communication alone does not justify modification if the parents have always
communicated poorly with one another. But when a parent is denied their visitation or

       25
              Id. at 1170.
       26
              Id. (quoting Collier v. Harris, 261 P.3d 397, 406 (Alaska 2011)).
       27
              Id. at 1170-71.

                                           -13-                                       7597
custody rights due to poor communication between the parties, then poor communication
can be the basis for modifying custody even if it is nothing new.28
              3.     Courts must consider lesser sanctions for noncompliance with
                     the custody order before modifying custody.
              However, one parent’s interference with the other’s rights under the
custody order (whether the result of poor communication or other conduct) justifies
modification only if a lesser sanction will not be enough to ensure compliance with the
order. In cases of noncompliance, “the appropriate use of judicial intervention is to seek
an order directing the noncompliant party to comply,” although noncompliance can
justify modification if it is significant enough.29 Due to “deep reluctance to shuttle
children back and forth between parents,”30 we have expressed a “preference for motions
seeking compliance” — which “ha[ve] the advantage of providing a remedy without

       28
              See Riggs v. Coonradt, 335 P.3d 1103, 1106-07 (Alaska 2014) (holding
“evidence that the parents could not effectively communicate” including “a complete
breakdown in communication . . . making joint legal custody impracticable and injurious
to the children’s overall well-being” sufficient to modify custody); T.M.C. v. S.A.C., 858
P.2d 315, 319 (Alaska 1993) (“Sustained noncooperation between the spouses is grounds
for denying joint custody [in a modification proceeding], because lack of cooperation
hinders good communication in the best interests of the child.”).
       29
              Peterson v. Swarthout, 214 P.3d 332, 341 n.28 (Alaska 2009) (citing
Vachon v. Pugliese, 931 P.2d 371, 378-79 (Alaska 1996)); see also Collier, 261 P.3d at
406 (“[A]lleged violations of court custody orders do not necessarily constitute grounds
for modification, although they certainly can if the violations are continuous, repetitious,
or egregious.”).
       30
            Harrington v. Jordan, 984 P.2d 1, 4 (Alaska 1999) (quoting C.R.B. v. C.C.,
959 P.2d 375, 381 (Alaska 1998), overruled on other grounds by Evans v. McTaggart,
88 P.3d 1078, 1085 (Alaska 2004)).

                                           -14-                                       7597
risking disruption to the child” — over motions to modify custody.31 Therefore, before
granting a motion to modify a custody order based on allegations of noncompliance with
its terms, the superior court must expressly determine whether a lesser sanction will
suffice to ensure compliance with the arrangement that the court has already determined
is in the child’s best interests. In doing so, the court must consider whether the offending
parent’s conduct is “continuous, repetitious, or egregious.”32
       B.     We Lack Sufficient Findings To Review The Determination Of A
              Substantial Change In Circumstances.
              Applying these principles to Rainer’s appeal, we conclude that the superior
court did not make sufficient factual findings for us to review its ruling that a substantial
change in circumstances occurred. Although the superior court made some findings
about poor communication and missed visits, its findings do not indicate whether these
facts represent a change in circumstances, whether the communication issues resulting
in missed visits are continuous or egregious enough to warrant modification, and whether
a lesser sanction would suffice to ensure compliance with the existing custody order.
              In its brief findings regarding the change in circumstances, the superior
court noted that it is “undisputed” that there is “no meaningful communication” between
Rainer and Poole and that there were missed visits.33 To be sure, the record reveals the
parties have substantial communication problems — and have had similar problems

       31
              Collier, 261 P.3d at 406.
       32
              Id.
       33
              We note that in response to questions from the superior court, Poole agreed
that communications to facilitate custody exchanges had “been working out okay” and
that he and Rainer were starting to “communicate fairly well.” But given other testimony
in the record, we cannot say the court’s finding that there was “no meaningful
communication” between the parties is clearly erroneous.

                                            -15-                                       7597
throughout the life of this case. The court cited communication and visitation issues
“going back to 2015 and 2016” in its decision, raising the question of whether it
considered this conduct — which predated the existing custody order — in its decision.
And the court made no specific factual findings to support the conclusion that poor
communication and missed visits were a change in circumstances from those that existed
prior to adoption of the existing custody order.
             Although the superior court indicated in its best interests analysis that the
communication problems led to Poole missing some visitation, the court did not make
findings on whether the interference with Poole’s visitation rights was “continuous,
repetitious, or egregious.” Nor did the court expressly consider whether a lesser sanction
than modifying the custody arrangement would have sufficed to ensure compliance. The
court explained its decision largely by stating that “[a] lot of it does come down to
credibility” and repeatedly found Poole to be more credible than Rainer. But a
credibility finding is not a substitute for clear findings of fact on the conduct or
circumstances that amount to a substantial change in circumstances. Lacking clear
findings, we must remand.34
             Although we remand due to legal error, we also make some observations
about the superior court’s factual findings to the extent they pertain to the change in
circumstances analysis. Our observations relate to three incidents: (1) Christmas Eve
2019; (2) the out-of-state trip on which Rainer’s parents took the child; and (3) missed
visitation on school holidays.

      34
              See Horne v. Touhakis, 356 P.3d 280, 282 (Alaska 2015) (“Whether there
are sufficient findings for informed appellate review is a question of law.”) (quoting
Hooper v. Hooper, 188 P.3d 681, 685 (Alaska 2008)).

                                          -16-                                      7597
             1.     Christmas Eve 2019
             Under the custody agreement, the child was to stay with Poole from Friday
evening on December 20 until 6 p.m. on Sunday, December 22. Poole testified that he
asked Rainer to extend his custody of their child until Christmas Eve and that she
“originally said yes.” Poole then testified that Rainer, Rainer’s mother, and Rainer’s
boyfriend came to the house on Monday, December 23 and “started yelling” before
Poole called troopers to the house. The superior court found Poole “very sincere, very
credible” in recounting this story and appears to have factored the incident into its
decision.
             But Poole’s testimony was inconsistent. While he testified that Rainer
initially agreed to extend his custody until Christmas Eve, the superior court noted that
Poole “testified that he asked one week before for a change in the time, that Ms. Rainer
ignored him several times, ignored his several requests.” The court did not address this
contradiction, but noted that “there was a mistake by the Rainers in interpreting [the
custody] agreement and going on the property.” If Rainer had ignored Poole’s requests
to change the pickup time as he testified, Rainer did not make any mistake, as she was
entitled to custody at that time under the agreement. The court’s own findings are
unclear about what, precisely, it believed happened during the Christmas Eve incident.
             2.     The out-of-state trip
             In discussing the out-of-state trip, the superior court found that Rainer “just
sent [the child] with her parents, even though Mr. Poole had said no.” Although “[t]here
was much testimony” questioning whether Poole’s denial was in good faith, the court
noted there was little testimony about why Poole denied it. The court suggested the issue
was “a lack of communication between the parents,” and concluded that Rainer, by
sending their child on the trip over Poole’s objection, was engaging in unlawful “self­
help.”

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             The custody order provides that “[b]oth parties shall be able to travel
outside Alaska with [the child] during their custodial time.” Should the parents be
unable to communicate about trips that fall outside of their custodial time, the custody
agreement must be “strictly followed.” The agreement expressly contemplates the
annual out-of-state trip in a separate provision, noting that Poole “understands and
respects this tradition and shall make a good faith effort to accommodate” it. While
Poole told Rainer he did not want the child to go on the trip, Rainer testified that she
gave Poole more than 30 days’ notice — more than the 14 days required by the custody
order — and Poole’s visitation was not affected by the trip.
             A potential issue is that Rainer did not join her parents for the trip due to
court dates in this case that were scheduled after the trip was already planned. Because
the custody order may be read to permit the child’s out-of-state travel only if he is
accompanied by a parent,35 the court’s finding that Rainer engaged in self-help when she
sent the child on the trip with his grandparents without seeking court permission first is
not unfounded. Even so, the trip did not interfere with Poole’s visitation, and Poole’s
unexplained refusal to allow their child to go on a trip with his grandparents that is
expressly contemplated in the custody agreement raises questions about his own
compliance with the agreement. These facts must be considered in deciding whether
poor communication justifies modification of custody.
             3.     School holidays
             Finally, the court found that “[f]or school pick-up and holidays [Poole]
testified that Ms. Rainer wouldn’t respond to his various inquiries regarding school
holidays and she would often just keep [the child].” Poole testified that this had

      35
              We express no opinion about whether this is in fact the correct
interpretation of this term in the custody agreement.

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happened “more than two or three times.” As one example, Poole testified that he asked
Rainer in advance if the child had the day off and Rainer did not respond, even though
the child did not have school that day. Under the custody order, Poole was entitled to
custody of their child that day. Notably, Poole acknowledged he could access the
publicly available school district calendar online but admitted he did not do so in this
case to determine whether the child had the day off. The relevant question for the
superior court is whether Rainer’s failure to inform Poole when school holidays were is
a substantial enough interference with Poole’s visitation rights that it cannot be cured by
a lesser sanction than modification.
V.     CONCLUSION
              We VACATE the superior court’s order modifying custody and REMAND
this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

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