Court Opinion

ID: 4409066
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-06-21 14:48:45.805772+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:52:49.954113
License: Public Domain

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

                                      NO. 03-19-00002-CV

                                   Max Grossman, Appellant

                                                v.

          Mark Wolfe, Executive Director, Texas Historical Commission, Appellee

               FROM THE 261ST DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY
      NO. D-1-GN-18-006433, THE HONORABLE KARIN CRUMP, JUDGE PRESIDING

                                          OPINION

               Appellant Max Grossman, a resident of El Paso, sued Wolfe—in his capacity as

Executive Director of the Texas Historical Commission—for declaratory and injunctive relief

related to the allegedly unlawful issuance of an archeological permit for an area of downtown El

Paso designated as the site for a proposed construction project. Grossman appeals from the

district court’s order sustaining appellee Mark Wolfe’s plea to the jurisdiction. We will affirm.

                                          Background

               In November 2012, El Paso voters approved a proposition authorizing the City of

El Paso to issue bonds for various “quality of life” projects, including the construction of a
“multipurpose performing arts and entertainment facility.”1 The City has decided to build this

facility in a mixed-use area of downtown El Paso known as the Duranguito or the Union Plaza

district, and it has purchased the property needed for the project. The plans for the project

require demolition of existing buildings located within the footprint of the proposed facility.

               In May 2018, the City notified the Texas Historical Commission about its

construction project, as required by the Texas Antiquities Code. See Tex. Nat. Res. Code

§ 191.0525(a) (requiring responsible party to notify Commission “[b]efore breaking ground at a

project location on state or local public land”).2 The Commission instructed the City to submit a

permit application and research design under Commission Rule 26.13, and the City complied.

See 13 Tex. Admin. Code § 26.13 (Texas Historical Comm’n, Application for Archeological

Permits).3 In its permit application, the City proposed that it be allowed to demolish the existing

buildings at the project site so that it could investigate the project site using ground-penetrating

radar. The Commission granted the City’s permit.

               Grossman filed the underlying suit against Wolfe, in his capacity as executive

director of the Commission, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief in connection with the

issuance of the archeological permit. Grossman alleged that Wolfe acted ultra vires in issuing

       1
          We previously addressed the validity of these bonds and other related issues, including
Grossman’s claim that the City’s construction plans violated the Texas Antiquities Code, in Ex
parte City of El Paso, 563 S.W.3d 517 (Tex. App.—Austin 2018, pet. filed).
       2
           According to Grossman, the City began demolishing buildings in the Duranguito before
it notified the Commission. Grossman sued the City in a separate lawsuit for this failure. See id.
at 521–22, 526 (holding that trial court erred by not enjoining Grossman’s suit because the suit
fell within the ambit of the bond-validation statute). Grossman and the City settled the matter
and the City then notified the Commission as required.
       3
          All citations to Title 13 of the Texas Administrative Code are to the current version of
rules promulgated by the Commission.
                                                 2
the permit because (1) the Commission had not approved it or issued the permit as required by

Commission rules, see id. § 26.14(a)(1) (Issuance and Restrictions of Archeological Permits)

(specifying requirements for permit applications); and (2) the permit unlawfully allows the City

to “commence” its construction project—specifically, demolish the existing buildings—before

completion of an archeological survey, see Tex. Nat. Res. Code § 191.0525(c) (“If the committee

determines that an archeological survey is necessary at the project location, the project may not

commence until the archeological survey is completed.”). As relief, Grossman asked the district

court to declare the permit void and to enjoin the City from conducting the archeological survey

authorized by the permit.

               Regarding jurisdiction, Grossman asserted in his pleadings that the district court

had jurisdiction over his suit under the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act, Chapter 442 of the

Texas Government Code, and Chapter 191 of the Texas Natural Resources Code. See Tex. Civ.

Prac. & Rem. Code § 37.004 (“A person . . . whose rights, status, or other legal relations are

affected by a statute . . . may have determined any question of construction or validity arising

under the . . . statute . . . and obtain a declaration of rights, status, or other legal relations

thereunder.”); Tex. Gov’t Code § 442.012(a) (“[A]ny resident of this state may file suit in district

court to restrain and enjoin a violation or threatened violation of this chapter or Chapter 191,

Natural Resources Code, . . . for . . . injunctive relief . . . .”); Tex. Nat. Res. Code § 191.173(a)

(“A citizen of the State of Texas may bring an action . . . for restraining orders and injunctive

relief to restrain and enjoin violations or threatened violations of this chapter . . . .”); see also

Tex. Gov’t Code §§ 442.001–.207 (titled “Texas Historical Commission”); Tex. Nat. Res. Code

§§ 191.001–.174 (Antiquities Code). Grossman argued that sovereign immunity was not a bar to

jurisdiction because he was suing Wolfe in his official capacity for allegedly ultra vires acts.

                                                  3
               The City intervened in Grossman’s suit against Wolfe, asserting a general denial

and arguing that sovereign immunity barred Grossman’s claims against Wolfe. In a plea to the

jurisdiction, Wolfe challenged Grossman’s standing to sue and argued that sovereign immunity

barred Grossman’s claims because neither the Government Code nor the Antiquities Code

contains a waiver of immunity. Ultimately, the district court sustained Wolfe’s plea to the

jurisdiction and dismissed Grossman’s case. Grossman perfected this appeal.

                                       Standard of Review

               Procedurally, the assertion of sovereign immunity or lack of standing implicates

the trial court’s jurisdiction and may therefore be asserted in a plea to the jurisdiction. Houston

Belt & Terminal Ry. v. City of Houston, 487 S.W.3d 154, 160 (Tex. 2016); Rusk State Hosp. v.

Black, 392 S.W.3d 88, 91 (Tex. 2012).          Parties may submit evidence at the plea-to-the-

jurisdiction stage, and the trial court’s review generally mirrors the summary-judgment standard.

Sampson v. University of Tex., 500 S.W.3d 380, 384 (Tex. 2018). “If the evidence creates a fact

question regarding the jurisdictional issue, then the trial court cannot grant the plea to the

jurisdiction, and the fact issue will be resolved by the fact finder. However, if the relevant

evidence is undisputed or fails to raise a fact question on the jurisdictional issue, the trial court

rules on the plea to the jurisdiction as a matter of law.” Texas Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v.

Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 227–28 (Tex. 2004); see also Klumb v. Houston Mun. Emps. Pension

Sys., 458 S.W.3d 1, 8 (Tex. 2015). The jurisdictional inquiry may unavoidably implicate the

underlying substantive merits of the case when, as often happens in ultra vires claims, the

jurisdictional inquiry and the merits inquiry are intertwined. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228. The

                                                 4
trial court’s ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction is reviewed de novo on appeal. Klumb, 458
S.W.3d at 8.

               To the extent our analysis here includes questions of statutory construction, we

review these questions de novo. Molinet v. Kimbrell, 356 S.W.3d 407, 411 (Tex. 2011).

                                          Discussion

               To invoke the subject-matter jurisdiction of the district court over his claims

challenging government action, Grossman must have standing to bring his claims, and he must

overcome the sovereign immunity that generally bars such claims. Bacon v. Texas Historical

Comm’n, 411 S.W.3d 161, 172 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, no pet.) (noting that party challenging

government action must overcome or avoid fundamental limitations on subject-matter

jurisdiction of standing and sovereign immunity). On appeal, Grossman asserts that the district

court erred in concluding that it lacked subject-matter jurisdiction because (1) sovereign

immunity does not bar his ultra vires claims against Wolfe; (2) the Antiquities Code waives

sovereign immunity for claims that a government body or government official has violated or

threatens to violate the Antiquities Code; (3) the Antiquities Code confers standing to sue on

Grossman because he is a citizen of the State and he has alleged that Wolfe violated the

Antiquities Code; and (4) our decision in Ex Parte City of El Paso, 563 S.W.3d 517 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2018, pet. filed), does not bar Grossman’s suit against Wolfe.

Standing

               In his third issue, Grossman asserts that he has standing to bring his suit under

section 191.173 of the Antiquities Code. Tex. Nat. Res. Code § 191.173(a). We agree.

                                               5
               As a general rule, an individual does not have a right to bring suit—i.e., does not

have standing—to contest government decision-making because “[g]overnments cannot operate

if every citizen who concludes that a public official has abused his discretion is granted the right

to come into court and bring such official’s public acts under judicial review.” Bland Indep. Sch.

Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 555–56 (Tex. 2000) (quoting Osborne v. Keith, 177 S.W.2d 198,

200 (Tex. 1944)). To have standing to assert a public right or to challenge government action, as

Grossman seeks to do here, an individual must show that he has suffered a particularized injury

distinct from that suffered by the general public. Id. at 556–57.

               The Texas Supreme Court, however, has long recognized an exception to this

general rule: “Within constitutional grounds, the Legislature may grant a right to a citizen or to a

taxpayer to bring an action against a public body or a right of review on behalf of the public

without proof of particular or pecuniary damage peculiar to the person bringing the suit.” Scott

v. Board of Adjustment, 405 S.W.2d 55, 56 (citing Spence v. Fenchler, 180 S.W. 597, 609 (Tex.

1915)). In recognizing this exception in Spence, the supreme court held that the plaintiff there

did not have to show a particular interest or damage to establish standing because the statute at

issue authorized “any citizen” to bring an action to enjoin the operation of a “bawdy or

disorderly house.” See Spence, 180 S.W. at 609. Later, the supreme court relied on Spence to

hold in Scott that a taxpayer who had no injury distinct from that of the general public

nevertheless had standing to sue a governmental entity because the relevant statute provided that

“any taxpayer” could challenge in court the legality of the governmental entity’s decision. See

Scott, 405 S.W.2d at 56–57; see also Davis v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 865 S.W.2d 941, 942

(Tex. 1993) (relying on Scott to hold that plaintiffs were entitled to sue zoning board). And the

supreme court has since recognized in dicta Scott’s holding regarding the Legislature’s authority

                                                 6
to grant standing. See, e.g., Jefferson County v. Jefferson Cty. Constables Ass’n, 546 S.W.3d
661, 666 (Tex. 2018) (noting general rule that unless standing is conferred by statute, plaintiff

must demonstrate an interest in conflict distinct from that of general public); Andrade v. Venable,

372 S.W.3d 134, 137 (Tex. 2012) (addressing applicability of judicially created exception to

standing for certain taxpayers, but recognizing that standing can be conferred by statute);

Williams v. Lara, 52 S.W.3d 171, 178 (Tex. 2001) (same); Bland, 34 S.W.3d at 556 & n. 52

(“Unless standing is conferred by statute, taxpayers must show as a rule that they have suffered a

particularized injury distinct from that suffered by the general public in order to have standing to

challenge a government action or assert a public right.”) (citing Scott, 405 S.W.2d at 55); Hunt v.

Bass, 664 S.W.2d 323, 324 (Tex. 1984) (holding that plaintiff had shown particular personal

interest different from general public that is required by general standing rule, but relying on

Scott, 405 S.W.2d at 55, to note that “general rule of standing is applied in all cases absent

statutory exception to the contrary”); see also Sneed v. Webre, 465 S.W.3d 169, 181 (Tex. 2015)

(“Generally unless standing is conferred by statute, a plaintiff must demonstrate that he or she

possesses an interest in a conflict distinct from that of the general public, such that the

defendant’s actions have caused the plaintiff some particular injury.”) (cleaned up); Texas

Assoc’n of Bus. v. Texas Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 472 (Tex. 1993) (Doggett, J.,

dissenting) (citing Scott, 405 S.W.2d at 56, for the proposition that “On several occasions, we

have recognized the power of the Legislature to exempt litigants from proof of ‘special

injury.’”).

               Relevant here and relied upon by Grossman, the Legislature has included in the

Antiquities Code a standing provision that is similar to the standing statutes upheld in both Scott

and Spence: “A citizen of the State of Texas may bring an action . . . for restraining orders and

                                                 7
injunctive relief to restrain and enjoin violations or threatened violations of” the Antiquities

Code. Tex. Nat. Res. Code § 191.173(a); see Scott, 405 S.W.2d. at 56 (quoting relevant statute);

Spence, 180 S.W. at 602 (same).          And there is no dispute that Grossman is a citizen.

Accordingly, we hold that, based on Scott and Spence, Grossman has standing under subsection

191.173(a) of the Antiquities Code to sue to restrain and enjoin violations of the Antiquities

Code even though he has not suffered a particularized injury distinct from the general public.4

4
    In 1992, the United States Supreme Court rejected statutorily created standing, holding:

         To permit Congress to convert the undifferentiated public interest in executive
         officers’ compliance with the law into an “individual right” vindicable in the
         courts is to permit Congress to transfer from the President to the courts the Chief
         Executive’s most important constitutional duty, to “take Care that the Laws be
         faithfully executed.” It would enable the courts, with the permission of Congress,
         “to assume a position of authority over the governmental acts of another and co-
         equal department,” and to become “virtually continuing monitors of the wisdom
         and soundness of Executive action.” We have always rejected that vision of our
         role.

Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 571–78 (1992) (internal citations omitted). The
statutory-standing provision rejected by the Supreme Court in Lujan provided that “any person
may commence a civil suit on his own behalf . . . to enjoin any person, including the United
States and any other governmental instrumentality or agency who is alleged to be in violation of
any provision of” the Endangered Species Act. See id. at 571–72 (quoting 16 U.S.C. § 1540(g)).
Thus, under Lujan, a citizen raising “only a generally available grievance about government—
claiming only harm to his and every citizen’s interest in proper application of the Constitution
and laws, and seeking relief that no more directly and tangibly benefits him than it does the
public at large—does not state an Article III case or controversy,” regardless of an express
statutory-standing provision. Id. at 573–74
                The Texas Supreme Court frequently cites to Lujan for standing principles and
has recognized that Lujan “clarified that the ‘generalized grievance’ bar to standing is
constitutional,” but it has done so in cases that did not involve statutorily created standing. See
Andrade v. NAACP of Austin, 345 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex. 2011) (holding that voters had standing to
bring equal-protection claims against state because they had asserted a legally cognizable injury).
And although Lujan supports a holding that Grossman lacks standing here, it neither controls nor
overrules authority from the Texas Supreme Court on state-law principles of standing. See
DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Inman, 252 S.W.3d 299, 307 (Tex. 2008) (noting that Texas law
governs standing issues). As noted above, the Texas Supreme Court explicitly held in Scott and
                                                  8
               Relying on our holding in Bacon, Wolfe contends that Grossman lacks standing

because the Antiquities Code does not waive sovereign immunity. See 411 S.W.3d at 172

(holding that virtually identical statute did not waive Commission’s sovereign immunity). But

standing and sovereign immunity, while both components of subject-matter jurisdiction, are

entirely distinct jurisdictional concepts. See id.; Texas Dep’t of State Health Servs. v. Balquinta,

429 S.W.3d 726, 744 (Tex. App.—Austin 2014, pet. denied). A plaintiff seeking to challenge

governmental action must establish (1) that he has standing to sue—either under a statutory grant

of standing or because he has suffered a particularized injury from that governmental action that

is distinct from the general public—and (2) that sovereign immunity does not bar his

challenge—either because the Legislature has waived sovereign immunity or because his claims

do not implicate sovereign immunity. See Bacon, 411 S.W.3d at 172. Further, although the

underlying disputes and legal issues in Bacon and this case are similar, Bacon did not address a

plaintiff’s standing to assert an ultra vires claim under the “private attorney general” provision

because Bacon sued only the Commission and did not allege any ultra vires acts. See id. at 180

(noting that Bacon “has not complained of any [Commission] conduct that would exceed its

statutory authority”).

               Because the Legislature has statutorily conferred standing on Grossman under the

Antiquities Code, we sustain Grossman’s third issue.

Spence that the Legislature may create standing, and it has since recognized those holdings in
dicta. See Scott, 405 S.W.2d at 56–57; Spence, 180 S.W. at 609; see also, e.g., Venable, 372
S.W.3d at 137 (recognizing statutorily created standing). We therefore must follow these
controlling precedents until the Texas Supreme Court has spoken otherwise. See Attorney
General v. Farmers Exchange, 411 S.W.3d 139, 147 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, no pet.) (noting
that intermediate appellate courts must follow the instruction of the Texas Supreme Court on
state-law issues).

                                                 9
Sovereign immunity

               Sovereign immunity protects the State of Texas and its agencies from suit and

liability. See, e.g., Texas Dep’t of Transp. v. Sefzik, 355 S.W.3d 618, 620–21 (Tex. 2011) (per

curiam).   The Legislature may waive immunity by statute.           Texas Nat. Res. Conservation

Comm’n v. IT-Davy, 74 S.W.3d 849, 853–54 (Tex. 2002). If the Legislature elects to waive

immunity by statute, it must do so by clear and unambiguous language. Tex. Gov’t Code

§ 311.034; Tooke v. City of Mexia, 197 S.W.3d 325, 332 (Tex. 2006).

               Even if a governmental entity’s immunity has not been waived by the Legislature,

a claim may proceed against a government officer in his official capacity if the plaintiff

successfully alleges that the official is engaging in ultra vires conduct. Hall v. McRaven, 508
S.W.3d 232, 238 (Tex. 2017). Such claims are commonly known as ultra vires claims. See

Texas Lottery Comm’n v. First State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628, 633 (Tex. 2010). To

fall within the ultra vires exception, a suit must not complain of a government officer’s exercise

of discretion, but rather must allege, and ultimately prove, that the officer acted without legal

authority or failed to perform a purely ministerial act. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d at 372. An official

acts without legal authority when he “exceeds the bounds of his granted authority or if his acts

conflict with the law itself.” Houston Belt, 487 S.W.3d at 158. Sovereign immunity “protects

exercises of discretion, but when an officer acts beyond his granted discretion—in other words,

when he acts without legal authority—his acts are not protected.” Id. at 163. He acts without

legal authority—“beyond his granted discretion”—if he exercises judgment or limited discretion

“without reference to or in conflict with the constraints of the law authorizing the official to act,”

because “a public officer has no discretion or authority to misinterpret the law.” Id. (quoting In

                                                 10
re Smith, 333 S.W.3d 582, 585 (Tex. 2011) (orig. proceeding)). Hence, sovereign immunity

“only extends to those government officers who are acting consistently with the law.” Id. at 164.

               On appeal, Grossman contends that sovereign immunity does not bar his claims

because the claims constitute valid ultra vires claims against Wolfe. See Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d

at 372 (holding that sovereign immunity does not bar valid ultra vires claims). We disagree.

               Grossman’s pleadings allege that Wolfe acted without authority or illegally in

granting the permit to the City because Commission staff, rather than the Commission itself,

approved the permit. See Tex. Nat. Res. Code § 191.054(a) (“[The Commission] may issue a

permit to . . . .”); 13 Tex. Admin. Code § 26.14(a)(1) (“The Commission shall review the permit

application . . . and may issue the permit . . . .”). Specifically, Grossman relies on evidence that

the fifteen members of the Commission did not consider and approve the permit at issue here,

but instead it was considered and approved only by Commission staff, including Wolfe and the

state archeologist who signed the permit. According to Grossman, Commission staff members

have no authority to issue permits without the approval of the Commission.

               But the permit on its face belies Grossman’s argument: “This permit is issued by

the Texas Historical Commission . . . by and through its duly authorized and empowered

representatives . . . . The Commission, under authority of the Texas Natural Resources Code,

. . . grants this permit for . . . . [an] Intensive Survey” in downtown El Paso. Further, Wolfe and

the state archeologist signed the permit as the “duly authorized and empowered representatives”

of the Commission. In other words, the Commission, which plainly has the authority to issue

these type permits, has authorized its executive director and the state archeologist to issue the

permit. We also note that the Government Code specifically delegates to the state archeologist

the authority to act on the Commission’s behalf with regard to the state archeological program:

                                                11
“The Commission, through the state archeologist, shall direct the state archeological program.”

Tex. Gov’t Code § 442.007(a). And the state archeologist’s duties under that provision include

“conducting surveys and excavations” and “preserving the archeological or historic interest.” Id.

§ 442.007(e). Accordingly, on the record presented in this interlocutory appeal, Grossman has

not adequately alleged that Wolfe exceeded his statutory authority by granting a permit without

the Commission’s approval. As a result, sovereign immunity bars this ultra vires claim.

                Grossman also pleads that Wolfe acted without authority or illegally in granting a

permit that improperly allows the City to “commence” its construction project—specifically, that

it illegally allows the City to begin demolishing the buildings where the project will be built—

before “the archeological survey is completed.” Tex. Nat. Res. Code § 191.0525(c) (“If the

committee determines that an archeological survey is necessary at the project location, the

project may not commence until the archeological survey is completed.”). This is not a viable

ultra vires claim.

                The Antiquities Code’s purpose is to “locate, protect, and preserve all sites,

objects, buildings, . . . and locations of historical, archeological, educational, or scientific

interest.” Id. § 191.002 (declaration of public policy). One way in which it does so is to require

that “Before breaking ground at a project location on state or local public land,” a political

subdivision, like the City of El Paso, must notify the Commission about the project.              Id.

§ 191.0525(a). The Commission must then determine whether: (1) a historically significant

archeological site is likely to be present at the project location; (2) additional action, if any, is

needed to protect the site; and (3) an archeological survey is necessary.” Id. If the Commission

determines “that an archeological survey is necessary at the project location,” the Antiquities

                                                 12
Code provides that “the project may not commence until the archeological survey is completed.”

Id. §191.0525(b).

              Here, the City, in a letter from its archeological consulting company, notified the

Commission about the proposed project:

       The scale of the proposed center exceeds the ground disturbance threshold
       requiring [Commission] notification as stipulated by the regulations of the Texas
       Antiquities Code. This letter constitutes formal notification for the proposed
       project from the City of El Paso to the Archeology Division of the Texas
       Historical Commission.

See id. § 191.0525(a), (d) (requiring pre-groundbreaking notice to Commission for, relevant

here, projects that disturb more than 5,000 cubic yards). In that same letter, the City asked the

Commission to “specify the City’s obligations for cultural resource investigations under the

terms of the Antiquities Code.” The letter also stated that the City planned to conduct a

“subsurface” archeological examination given the “demonstrated potential for historic and even

prehistoric cultural resources within the [project] tract wherever prior deep impacts have not

already disturbed or destroyed them.”

              The Commission responded to the City’s request for “specification of [its]

obligations for cultural resource investigations.” The Commission stated that the City’s project

was subject to the Antiquities Code and, after emphasizing the potential for archeological

materials in locations “where prior deep impacts have not already” destroyed the materials, the

Commission directed the City to apply for an archeological permit under Commission rule 26.13.

See 13 Tex. Admin. Code § 26.13 (Application for Archeological Permits).

              The City filed an application for an archeological permit that included a scope of

work for the project, research design, and maps. The proposed scope of work contemplated, as

                                               13
the first phase of the archeological survey, demolition of the existing buildings on the project site

to allow for investigation using ground-penetrating radar (GPR): “As buildings currently extant

within the project area are demolished down to the current ground surface, the footprints of these

spaces, too, will be surveyed by GPR until 100% of the [project] footprint has been examined.”

Ultimately, the Commission granted a permit that allows the City, as outlined in the scope of

work, to demolish the existing buildings on the site as part of the archeological survey.

Grossman asserts that this permit violates the Antiquities Code—and, thus, Wolfe acted ultra

vires in granting it—because the demolition of existing buildings on a project site constitutes

commencement of the project before an archeological survey is completed. See id. (stating “the

project may not commence until the archeological survey is completed”). We disagree.

               The Antiquities Code directs the Commission to determine whether an

“archeological survey” is necessary, but it does not establish any parameters for the Commission

to use in making the determination. The only statutory constraint related to this determination is

the requirement that certain archeological permits be in the best interest of the State. See Tex.

Nat. Res. Code § 191.054(a).      And the Commission’s rules contemplate that archeological

surveys “can be performed in many ways.” 13 Tex. Admin. Code § 26.15(6) (Archeological

Permit Categories); see also id. § 26.3 (defining “archeological survey standards for Texas” with

reference to the standards established by the Commission in consultation with the Council of

Texas Archeologists and by federal authorities). In sum, the Antiquities Code and Commission

rules appear to give the Commission broad discretion regarding archeological surveys and

permits.

               Here, the City’s letter indicates that the only archeological materials likely to be

located at the site will be in the ground under the existing buildings. There is no indication that

                                                 14
the buildings have historical or archeological value.       More importantly, the Commission’s

response to the City’s notification acknowledges that any archeological materials at the site will

be found below ground. In other words, based on the City’s notification and the Commission’s

response, the Commission determined that an archeological survey was necessary, but more

specifically that a subsurface archeological survey was necessary. And the record before us

indicates that demolition of existing buildings is required to perform a subsurface survey, and

that is what the permit at issue here allows. As such, Wolfe did not act ultra vires in issuing the

permit. See Houston Belt, 487 S.W.3d at 158 (noting that official acts without legal authority

when he “exceeds the bounds of his granted authority or if his acts conflict with the law itself”).

               On the record presented in this interlocutory appeal, Grossman has not adequately

alleged that Wolfe exceeded his statutory authority. As a result, sovereign immunity bars

Grossman’s ultra vires claim against Wolfe and, accordingly, the district court did not err in

granting Wolfe’s plea to the jurisdiction on this claim.

               We overrule Grossman’s first issue.

Grossman’s claims seeking to enforce the Antiquities Code—i.e., the non ultra vires claims

               Although Grossman declares in his briefs to this Court that he asserts only ultra

vires claims against Wolfe—which is consistent with his naming only Wolfe in his official

capacity and not the Commission, see, e.g., Bacon, 411 S.W.3d at 176 (ultra vires requires

naming agency officer in official capacity as defendant)—his second issue, offered in the

alternative to his first, suggests that he has or could assert a general challenge to the

Commission’s decision to issue the permit. Specifically, Grossman argues in his second issue

that even if this Court determines that he has not asserted valid ultra vires claims against Wolfe,

                                                 15
Grossman’s claims are still not barred by sovereign immunity because section 191.173 of the

Antiquities Code waives sovereign immunity for claims seeking to enforce the provisions of the

Antiquities Code. Because Grossman did not name the Commission as a party, we construe this

argument as a request to replead these claims against the Commission. See, e.g., Sefzik, 355
S.W.3d at 623 (“When this Court upholds a plea to jurisdiction on sovereign immunity grounds,

we allow the plaintiff opportunity to replead if the defect can be cured.”); Balquinta, 429 S.W.3d

at 736 n.34 (citing id. in noting that any jurisdictional defect flowing from plaintiff’s choice to

assert claims against the state officer rather than the agency would be readily curable by

repleading to name agency). But even assuming Grossman is entitled to replead to assert claims

against the Commission, the jurisdictional defect would remain because the Antiquities Code

does not waive the Commission’s sovereign immunity. See Bacon, 411 S.W.3d at 177 (holding

that virtually identical statute in Texas Natural Resources Code did not waive the Commission’s

sovereign immunity).

               We overrule Grossman’s second issue on appeal.

Ex parte City of El Paso

               In his final issue, Grossman argues that our decision in Ex parte City of El Paso,

563 S.W.3d 517, does not bar his suit here.          Because we have determined that sovereign

immunity bars Grossman’s claims, we need not address this issue

                                           Conclusion

               We affirm the district court’s judgment.

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                                           __________________________________________
                                           Jeff Rose, Chief Justice

Before Chief Justice Rose and Justices Kelly and Smith

Affirmed

Filed: June 21, 2019

                                              17