Court Opinion

ID: 2508028
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-30 10:01:29.23367+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:10:08.625016
License: Public Domain

101 P.3d 123 (2004)
2004 WY 128
Kenneth MARTIN, Appellant (Plaintiff),
v.
The COMMITTEE FOR HONESTY AND JUSTICE AT STAR VALLEY RANCH; and Dick Black, Jim A. Ross, Duane Johnston, Steve Crittenden, and Tom Baker, Appellees (Defendants).
No. 03-196.
Supreme Court of Wyoming.
November 1, 2004.
*125 Representing Appellant: Kenneth Cohen, Jackson, Wyoming.
Representing Appellees: Laurence W. Stinson of Bonner Stinson, P.C., Powell, Wyoming, for appellees Duane Johnston and Tom Baker; and James E. Phillips of James E. Phillips, P.C., Evanston, Wyoming, for appellee Jim A. Ross.
Before HILL, C.J., and GOLDEN, LEHMAN, KITE, and VOIGT, JJ.
HILL, Chief Justice.
[¶ 1] This dispute arose out of a controversy in the Star Valley Ranch subdivision that resulted in the termination of the employment of the subdivision's general manager. Jim Ross, Dick Black, Duane Johnston, and Tom Baker (collectively the Defendants) published and distributed throughout the subdivision several bulletins critical of Kenneth Martin's alleged role in that controversy and advocating for his recall from his position as a director on the board of the Star Valley Ranch Association (SVRA). Martin filed suit against the Defendants alleging that various statements in the bulletins were defamatory. The district court granted motions for summary judgment filed by the Defendants concluding that Martin was a public figure for the limited purpose of the controversy, and that he could not establish that the Defendants had acted with actual malice in publishing the bulletins. Martin appeals both findings. We will affirm.

ISSUES
[¶ 2] In his brief, Martin sets out two issues:
Did the district court err in finding that Ken Martin was a limited purpose public figure?
Did the district court err in deciding on summary judgment that none of the Defendants acted with "actual malice" in publishing defamatory statements about Plaintiff?
Defendant Ross responds by setting forth three issues:
Issue No. 1: Did the District Court err in finding that Kenneth Martin ... was a public figure for a limited purpose?
Issue No. 2: Did the District Court err in finding that Martin could not establish by convincing clarity that Jim A. Ross... acted with malice, even if Martin could show that Ross' statements were false or inaccurate?

*126 Issue No. 3: Did the District Court err in granting summary judgment to Ross?
Defendants Johnston and Baker set out five issues for consideration:
1. Whether the District Court properly held that the Appellant [Martin] was a limited-purpose public figure.
2. Whether the District Court properly held that the facts were insufficient to establish that the subject publications were published with actual malice.
3. Whether the factual allegations of the complained-of publications are substantially true.
4. Whether the Committee for Honesty and Justice in Star Valley Ranch is a Wyoming Unincorporated Nonprofit Association and, therefore, a distinct entity with which its members are not co-principals.
5. Whether the undisputed facts are sufficient to support libel claims against Appellees Duane Johnston and Tom Baker.

FACTS
[¶ 3] Star Valley Ranch is a residential development located in Lincoln County, Wyoming, consisting of about two thousand lot owners. Martin is a resident and lot owner in Star Valley Ranch, as are all of the Defendants. The subdivision is managed by the SVRA, a non-profit homeowners association. A seven-member board of directors, elected by the lot owners, governs the SVRA. The day-to-day operations of the SVRA are run by a general manager, who is hired by and serves at the pleasure of the board of directors.
[¶ 4] Kenneth Martin and Steve Crittenden were acquaintances who had played in a local band together. In June of 1999, they were elected to the SVRA board of directors. The general manager of the SVRA resigned in December of 1999. At Martin's suggestion, Crittenden was appointed to an interim position  business agent  to run the day-to-day operations until the board could complete a search for a new general manager. In March of 2000, the board decided to permanently hire Crittenden as the general manager.
[¶ 5] Martin did not concur with the decision because he believed that Crittenden was not qualified for the job. Several allegations of impropriety were made against Crittenden, including an accusation of sexual harassment against him by an SVRA employee. Martin and another board member were disturbed by the allegations against Crittenden. They hired an attorney who composed a letter to the board outlining their concerns about Crittenden and requested an opportunity to address the board. The board subsequently allowed Crittenden, the attorney who was retained by Martin and the other board member, and the employee who had made the allegations, to address the board in a series of open public meetings. A week after the last meeting, a new board election was held and three new directors were elected. In their first meeting, the new board passed a resolution recommending termination of Crittenden from the general manager's position. Crittenden was removed from the position shortly thereafter.
[¶ 6] In the aftermath of the controversy surrounding Crittenden's dismissal, the Defendants formed an informal committee to counter what they perceived as "dirty politics" on behalf of certain board members, particularly Martin. They called themselves "The Committee for Truth and Justice at Star Valley Ranch." The Defendants prepared six bulletins critical of Martin and distributed them to Ranch residents through the mail and by posting them in public areas. In the bulletins, the Defendants criticized Martin's role in Crittenden's firing and questioned his motivations.[1] They also advocated a recall of Martin and reinstatement of Crittenden as general manager.
[¶ 7] On February 19, 2002, Martin filed a complaint against the Defendants asserting that the bulletins contained defamatory statements and seeking actual and punitive damages. The Defendants moved for summary judgment, which was granted. The district court concluded that Martin was *127 a limited purpose public figure because he had voluntarily injected himself into a public controversy. The court also found that "based on the affidavits and materials provided, that [Martin] could not establish by clear and convincing evidence that the Defendant acted with malice even if [Martin could] show that the Defendant's statements were false or inaccurate." Martin has appealed these rulings.[2]

STANDARD OF REVIEW
[¶ 8] When we review a summary judgment, we have before us the same materials as did the district court, and we follow the same standards which applied to the proceedings below. The propriety of granting a motion for summary judgment depends upon the correctness of the dual findings that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the prevailing party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Reed v. Miles Land and Livestock Company, 2001 WY 16, ¶ 9, 18 P.3d 1161, ¶ 9 (Wyo.2001). A genuine issue of material fact exists when a disputed fact, if proven, would have the effect of establishing or refuting an essential element of an asserted cause of action or defense. We, of course, examine the record from a vantage point most favorable to that party who opposed the motion, affording to that party the benefit of all favorable inferences that fairly may be drawn from the record. Scherer Construction, LLC v. Hedquist Construction, Inc., 2001 WY 23, ¶ 15, 18 P.3d 645, ¶ 15 (Wyo.2001); Central Wyoming Medical Laboratory, LLC v. Medical Testing Lab, Inc., 2002 WY 47, ¶ 15, 43 P.3d 121, ¶ 15 (Wyo.2002).
Burnham v. Coffinberry, 2003 WY 109, ¶ 9, 76 P.3d 296, ¶ 9 (Wyo.2003). Questions of law are reviewed de novo.

DISCUSSION

Public Figure
[¶ 9] The United States Supreme Court has held that the constitutional guarantees of free speech and press prohibit a public official from recovering damages for defamatory statements unless it can be shown that the statements were made with actual malice. New York Times Company v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 279, 84 S. Ct. 710, 11 L. Ed. 2d 686 (1964). Three years later, the Court extended that protection to public figures. Curtis Publishing Company v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130, 87 S. Ct. 1975, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1094, rehearing denied, 389 U.S. 889, 88 S. Ct. 11, 19 L. Ed. 2d 197 (1967). Public figures are those who "have assumed roles of special prominence in the affairs of society." Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 345, 94 S. Ct. 2997, 41 L. Ed. 2d 789 (1974). There are two types of public figures: (1) individuals who have achieved such pervasive fame or notoriety that they are a public figure for all purposes and in all contexts;[3] and, more commonly, (2) individuals who have voluntarily injected themselves or been drawn into a particular public controversy and thereby becoming a public figure for a limited range of issues for which they are prominent. Gertz, 418 U.S. at 345, 351-52, 94 S. Ct. 2997; Adams v. Frontier Broadcasting Company, 555 P.2d 556, 560 (Wyo.1976). Pursuant to the limited public figure concept, only those statements relating to the controversy that give rise to an individual's public figure status receive the protection of the actual malice standard. Arnold v. Taco Properties, Inc., 427 So. 2d 216, 218 n. 7 (Fla.App. 1 Dist.1983). The defamatory statement itself cannot, of course, create a public controversy. Hutchinson v. Proxmire, 443 U.S. 111, 134-35, 99 S. Ct. 2675, 61 L. Ed. 2d 411 (1979).
[¶ 10] The district court held that Martin was a public figure for the limited purpose of the controversy that was the subject of the *128 alleged defamatory statements  Crittenden's termination from his job as general manager of the SVRA by the board of directors. Martin argues that the court's conclusion was in error for two reasons. First, he insists that there was no public controversy. He contends that the firing of Crittenden was simply an internal dispute within the confines of a private subdivision. He points out that there was no media coverage of the dispute over Crittenden's termination through local or regional newspapers. Martin concludes that absent such coverage in the media there can be no public controversy. Even if one could be said to exist, Martin claims it was created by the Defendants' publication of the bulletins. Second, if a public controversy does exist, Martin declares that his actions did not make him a public figure. Specifically, he argues that he was involuntarily drawn into the controversy surrounding Crittenden's employment by virtue of his position on the board of directors, and that he was simply carrying out his duties. Martin also notes that he did not seek any publicity during the controversy. For these reasons, Martin urges us to reverse the district court's finding that he was a limited purpose public figure.
[¶ 11] The first step in determining if a plaintiff is a public figure is to discern whether or not there is a public controversy.
A public controversy is not simply a matter of interest to the public; it must be a real dispute, the outcome of which affects the general public or some segment of it in an appreciable way. The Supreme Court has made clear that essentially private concerns or disagreements do not become public controversies simply because they attract attention. Time, Inc. v. Firestone, 424 U.S. 448, 454-55, 96 S. Ct. 958, 965-66, 47 L. Ed. 2d 154 (1976). [Footnote omitted] Rather, a public controversy is a dispute that in fact has received public attention because its ramifications will be felt by persons who are not direct participants.
Waldbaum v. Fairchild Publications, Inc., 627 F.2d 1287, 1296 (D.C.Cir.1980); Trotter v. Jack Anderson Enterprises, Inc., 818 F.2d 431, 433-34 (5th Cir.1987); Silvester v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc., 839 F.2d 1491, 1494 (11th Cir.1988); Barry v. Time, Inc., 584 F. Supp. 1110, 1115-16 (N. Dist.Cal.1984). A public controversy "is a legal term of art; the term only encompasses a dispute `that in fact has received public attention because its ramifications will be felt by persons who are not direct participants.'" Carr v. Forbes, Inc., 259 F.3d 273, 279 (4th Cir.2001) (citing Foretich v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 37 F.3d 1541, 1554 (4th Cir.1994)); see also Denny v. Mertz, 100 Wis. 2d 332, 302 N.W.2d 503, 507 (App.1981) ("A public controversy is a dispute having foreseeable and substantial ramifications for nonparticipants.").
[¶ 12] There is no question that the dispute at issue here had ramifications for persons who were not direct participants in it. There are about two thousand lot owners in Star Valley Ranch. The SVRA, a non-profit homeowners association, manages Star Valley Ranch. The lot owners elect the board of directors of the SVRA, who, in turn, hire a general manager to run the day-to-day operations of the SVRA. Typically, the duties associated with the position of manager in a homeowner's association have a direct impact on the members of the association:

Community association managers manage the common property and services of condominiums, cooperatives, and planned communities through their homeowners' or community associations.
....
In community associations, although homeowners pay no rent and pay their own real estate taxes and mortgages, community association managers must collect association dues.
....
In many respects, the work of community association managers parallels that of property managers. They collect monthly assessments, prepare financial statements and budgets, negotiate with contractors, and help to resolve complaints. In other respects, however, the work of these managers differs from that of other residential property and real estate managers. Community association managers interact on a daily basis with homeowners and other *129 residents, rather than with renters. Hired by the volunteer board of directors of the association, they administer the daily affairs, and oversee the maintenance of property and facilities that the homeowners own and use jointly through the association. They also assist the board and owners in complying with association and government rules and regulations.
Some associations encompass thousands of homes and employ their own onsite staff and managers. In addition to administering the associations' financial records and budget, managers may be responsible for the operation of community pools, golf courses, and community centers, and for the maintenance of landscaping and parking areas. Community association managers also may meet with the elected boards of directors to discuss and resolve legal issues or disputes that may affect the owners, as well as to review any proposed changes or improvements by homeowners to their properties, to make sure that they comply with community guidelines.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2004-05 Edition, Property, Real Estate, and on the Internet at (http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos022.htm). The record does not describe the specific duties of the general manager of the SVRA. Nevertheless, whether or not those duties paralleled those set out in the Bureau of Labor Statistics handbook exactly, it is obvious that the general manager has a significant affect upon the lives of all of the lot owners in the subdivision: His duties require decisions on issues that not only affect the financial interests of the lot owners, but their very quality of life. For that reason, the outcome of the dispute over Crittenden's employment as general manager affected the lot owners in an appreciable way.
[¶ 13] The dispute at issue here was, at its essence, a political one. The members of the board of directors, including Martin, were elected by the lot owners to administer the entity created to maintain and manage their community. The directors are analogous to a city council, and the general manager is comparable to a city manager. Entities that possess the characteristics of a governing body or are effectively the equivalent of such because they exercise traditional governmental functions ought to be regarded as the proper subjects of public controversies. Note, Defining a Public Controversy in the Constitutional Law of Defamation, 69 Va. L.Rev. 931, 964 (1983). The lot owners of Star Valley Ranch should have the same rights as the citizens of a municipality to criticize or comment upon the actions of their elected representatives. The entire purpose behind the adoption of the actual malice standard, along with the concepts of public officials and figures, is that there is a "profound national commitment to the principle that debate on public issues should be uninhibited, robust and wide-open, and that it may well include vehement, caustic, and sometimes unpleasantly sharp attacks on government and public officials," and despite the occurrence of the inevitable erroneous statements in a free debate, such statements "must be protected if the freedoms of expression are to have the `breathing space' that they `need * * * to survive.'" New York Times Company, 376 U.S. at 270-72, 84 S. Ct. 710 (omission in original).
[¶ 14] On a final note, we address two cases that Martin and the Defendants have cited in support of their positions. In Smith v. A Pocono Country Place Property Owners Association, Inc., 686 F. Supp. 1053 (M.D.Pa.1987), the plaintiff was the general manager of the defendant Association, a residential property development containing approximately 2,500 property owners. The day after plaintiff was terminated from his position, the Association circulated a publication entitled "Pocono Country Place Special Issue Newsletter and Bulletin" to all of the property owners in the Association. Plaintiff sued alleging that the publication contained defamatory statements. One question facing the court was whether or not a public controversy existed. The dispute between the parties concerned the membership of the board of directors of the Association. In support of its position that the dispute was a public controversy, the Association cited coverage of the dispute by two local newspapers. The court concluded:

*130 Concededly, while the controversy in question may not be of national or even state-wide importance, it is a public dispute of concern to residents of the local community, especially members of the Association. See Lorain Journal Co. v. Milkovich, 474 U.S. 953, 963, 106 S. Ct. 322, 88 L. Ed. 2d 305 (1985) (Brennan, J., dissenting). In Milkovich, Justice Brennan with whom Justice Marshall joined in dissenting from the denial of certiorari, stated that a controversy involving a local high school wrestling coach was a public controversy of concern to residents of the local community, as important to them as larger events are to the nation. Id. 106 S.Ct. at 329, 106 S. Ct. 322. Justice Brennan found significant the fact that it was only in this community that the challenged article was circulated. Id. Similarly, in this case, the alleged defamatory material was published in newsletters specifically distributed to members of the Association. It is these Association members to whom the controversy involving the directorship is most prominent. Thus, as to the Association and the local community, the conflict over the proper directorship of the Association is a public controversy in that it affects a segment of the general public in an appreciable way.
Smith, 686 F.Supp. at 1058. Martin latches onto the fact that the dispute in Smith was covered in two local newspapers and argues that since there was no local news coverage of the dispute in this case, then there could be no public controversy. The problem with Martin's argument is that the court in Smith completely ignored the fact that newspapers had covered the quarrel when making its determination that the dispute was a public controversy. Instead, the court focused on the fact that the defamatory material was specifically prepared for and circulated to the segment of the population  the members of the Association  affected by the dispute. That is precisely the situation that is present here  the Defendants circulated their bulletins criticizing Martin's role in Crittenden's termination as general manager to the segment of the population  the lot owners in the SVRA  that were directly affected by the dispute. While media coverage may be a relevant factor in determining that a particular dispute is a public controversy, it is not determinative. Denny, 302 N.W.2d at 507 n. 17 (citing Waldbaum, 627 F.2d at 1297). The decision in Smith supports our conclusion that the dispute in this case is a public controversy.
[¶ 15] The second case is Sewell v. Eubanks, 181 Ga.App. 545, 352 S.E.2d 802 (1987). Sewell distributed an allegedly libelous mailer to property owners in a resort community opposing Eubank's candidacy for re-election to the board of directors of the property owners association. The Georgia Court of Appeals concluded that the dispute was not a public controversy:
It is uncontroverted that Bent Tree is a private residential development, access to which is controlled by lot ownership and payment of assessments. The record further reveals that the Association election did not involve the entire Bent Tree community, but only those Bent Tree property owners who were also members of the Association  some 600 of the 3,500 lot owners. We have found no case, and appellant has cited us to none, in which activity in such a limited, private organization constituted a "public controversy" in order to confer upon the individual the status of "public figure."
Sewell, 352 S.E.2d at 803. Martin again cites this case as support for the contention that the dispute in this case was not a public controversy. We do not find the Georgia decision persuasive. There is no analysis of what constitutes a public controversy largely because it appears that the appellant in that case did not present a sufficient argument to the court. The Georgia court also did not have the benefit of the Smith decision, which was decided eleven months later. We stand by our analysis and hold that the dispute at issue here was a public controversy.
[¶ 16] Martin claims that no public controversy over Crittenden's termination existed at the time the board of directors made its decision to fire him. Instead, he insists that the controversy arose only after the Defendants had published their bulletins. Martin points out that the defamatory statements cannot themselves create the public controversy. *131 Hutchinson, 443 U.S. at 134-35, 99 S. Ct. 2675. The record does not support Martin's argument. The question of Crittenden's employment was the subject of at least two public meetings of the board. Martin retained an attorney, who prepared a report for the board detailing allegations of sexual harassment against Crittenden. The attorney, Crittenden, and the alleged victim of the sexual harassment, all addressed the board during a public meeting. The board debated the matter, and a resolution was passed recommending Crittenden's termination. Clearly, there was a public debate over this issue in which various parties expressed opposing views. All of these events predate the publication of the bulletins. The publication of the bulletins did not create a public controversy, they only commented upon an existing one.
[¶ 17] The final question in the determination of Martin's status as a public or private figure is whether he voluntarily injected himself into the public controversy. Martin argues that he was involuntarily drawn into the controversy. He claims that his participation in the controversy was simply an unavoidable consequence of his position as a director. Martin's contention is without merit.
In general, public figures voluntarily put themselves into a position to influence the outcome of the controversy. Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. at 345, 94 S. Ct. at 3009. However, "occasionally, someone is caught up in the controversy involuntarily and, against his will, assumes a prominent position in its outcome. Unless he rejects any role in the debate, he too has `invited comment' relating to the issue at hand." Waldbaum, 627 F.2d at 1298. As the Former Fifth Circuit noted in Rosanova v. Playboy Enterprises, Inc., 580 F.2d at 861, "it is no answer to the assertion that one is a public figure to say, truthfully, that one doesn't choose to be. It is sufficient, ... that ' * * *[plaintiff][4] voluntarily engaged in a course that was bound to invite attention and comment.'"
Silvester, 839 F.2d at 1496. There is no question that Martin voluntarily engaged in conduct intended to influence the course of the public controversy. Martin made the decision to be a candidate for the board of directors, presumably with full knowledge of the duties attendant to the position. There is nothing to indicate that Martin's decision to pursue election to the board of directors was anything but a voluntary one. Once elected, Martin chose to involve himself in the dispute over Crittenden's employment: Martin hired an attorney to investigate the claims against Crittenden and to present the case for his termination to the full board. By his own admission, Martin was actively involved in the debate concerning Crittenden and his employment as general manager. Martin should have expected attention and comment by the people affected by this issue. "When an individual undertakes a course of conduct that invites attention, even though such attention is neither sought nor desired, he may be deemed a public figure." McDowell v. Paiewonsky, 769 F.2d 942, 949 (3rd Cir.1985). Martin made a voluntary choice to assume a position that, because of its very nature, there was a high degree of probability that he would be required to participate in issues of concern to the lot owners of the subdivision. Martin must accept the consequences of that decision. The district court's ruling that Martin voluntarily injected himself into a public controversy is affirmed.

Actual Malice
[¶ 18] When a public figure is involved, the actual malice standard for liability is invoked:
A public figure who has been libeled by the publication of a false statement of fact on a matter of public concern will not prevail in proving defamation under the actual malice standard unless he proves with convincing clarity that the statement was made with actual malice, that is, with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not.
Davis v. Big Horn Basin Newspapers, Inc., 884 P.2d 979, 984 (Wyo.1994) (citing Dworkin v. L.F.P., Inc., 839 P.2d 903, 912 (Wyo.1992)). The actual malice standard established by the United States Supreme Court in the New *132 York Times case is a subjective one that focuses on the defendant's state of mind:
"`knowledge of falsity' involves a subjective awareness of the falsity of the statements, and `reckless disregard' involves sufficient evidence to permit an inference that the defendant must have, in fact, subjectively entertained serious doubts as to the truth of the statements." (emphasis in original).
Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union v. Sinclair Oil Corporation, 748 P.2d 283, 287 (Wyo.1987) (quoting McMurry v. Howard Publications, Inc., 612 P.2d 14, 18 (Wyo.1980) (Rooney, J., specially concurring)).
With respect to the standard of convincing clarity, it may be helpful to recognize in this case that that standard is a stringent one. It is greater than a mere preponderance of the evidence. It requires proof that is clear, precise and indubitable or unmistakable and free from serious and substantial doubt. It is that kind of proof which would persuade a trier of fact that the truth of the contention is highly probable.
MacGuire v. Harriscope Broadcasting Company, 612 P.2d 830, 839 (Wyo.1980). When applying these standards in the summary judgment context, we follow the same approach we use in any other summary judgment setting. Davis, 884 P.2d at 984.
[¶ 19] Even if we accept Martin's characterization of the statements in the bulletins, he fails to present any argument as to the Defendants' knowledge of their falsity. Our independent review of the record fails to disclose any evidence that the Defendants "entertained serious doubts as to the truth of the statements." Our conclusion in the MacGuire case is equally applicable to this one:
We have examined the evidentiary material in the record before us, and like the trial court, we find the record to be devoid of evidence of knowledge by these appellees of the falsity of the information published even giving to that material the interpretation urged by the appellants. Indeed we do not find the appellants seriously arguing actual knowledge of falsity. Similarly even relying upon favorable inference we have been unable to discern in this record evidentiary material which could lead to a finding with the requisite convincing clarity that the appellees were aware of the probable falsity of any information which was published.
MacGuire, 612 P.2d at 839-40. The convincing clarity standard is high, indeed. Martin has failed to meet it.

CONCLUSION
[¶ 20] The dispute at issue here was a public controversy because its resolution directly affected non-participants in an appreciable manner. Martin voluntarily and vigorously inserted himself into the controversy making him a public figure. Since Martin has failed to present any evidence of actual malice on the part of the Defendants, we affirm the district court's summary judgment orders.

APPENDIX
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NOTES
[1]  The bulletins are reproduced in the appendix at the end of this opinion.
[2]  The district court denied a motion by Martin to amend his complaint to add a claim of civil conspiracy. In addition to the district court's orders granting the Defendants' motions for summary judgment, Martin's notice of appeal states that he was appealing the denial of his motion to amend. However, Martin did not address this claim in his appellate brief. Accordingly, we consider his appeal on the claim to be waived. Ultra Resources, Inc. v. McMurry Energy Electric Company, 2004 WY 121, 99 P.3d 959 (Wyo.2004).
[3]  There is no question that Martin is not an all-purpose public figure.
[4]  Silvester incorrectly states [defendant].