Court Opinion

ID: 5116947
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-10-07 20:03:18.372708+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:21:59.090715
License: Public Domain

Filed 10/7/21 P. v. Martinez CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                    (San Joaquin)
                                                            ----

    THE PEOPLE,                                                                                C092940

                    Plaintiff and Respondent,                                          (Super. Ct. No.
                                                                                    STKCRFE19980005787)
           v.

    LUIS ALBERTO MARTINEZ,

                    Defendant and Appellant.

         Defendant Luis Alberto Martinez appeals from the trial court’s order denying his
petition for resentencing under Penal Code section 1170.95.1 Defendant contends the
trial court erred by summarily denying his petition after determining he failed to establish
a prima facie case under the provisions of the statute. He argues the trial court should
have issued an order to show cause and allowed the petition to proceed for full

1        Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.

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consideration on its merits. We agree the trial court erred in denying defendant’s petition
and will remand the case for further proceedings.
                                          BACKGROUND
       A. Trial
       In March 1999, defendant was charged with the murder of Vincent Lefebre
(§ 187—count 1), the attempted willful, deliberate, premeditated murder of Armando
Posada (§§ 664, 187, subd. (a)—count 2), and street terrorism (§ 186.22, subd. (a)—
count 3). For count 1, it was alleged that defendant discharged a firearm from a motor
vehicle causing great bodily injury and death (§ 12022.55); for counts 1 and 2, it was
alleged that he personally used a firearm (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)), and that the offenses
were committed for the benefit of a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)).
       A jury found defendant guilty of all counts, with count 1 being first degree
murder; it also found the gang enhancements true but found the firearm discharge and
personal use allegations not true. He was sentenced to state prison for an determinate
term of three years plus consecutive indeterminate terms of 25 years to life, and life with
possibility of parole. Defendant appealed, and we affirmed the judgment in an
unpublished decision. (People v. Martinez (Oct. 16, 2000, C033598) [nonpub. opn.]
(Martinez).)
       The facts underlying defendant’s offenses, as recounted in Martinez, were as
follows:
       Murder victim Lefebre and attempted murder victim Posada were members of a
northern California street gang. (Martinez, supra, C033598.) On October 8, 1995, they
were riding their bicycles in Stockton when a stolen pickup truck with five or six
Hispanic men began following them; one of the truck’s windows had been removed to
facilitate the firing of a gun. (Ibid.)
       As the truck pulled alongside the cyclists, Posada realized that he and Lefebre
were going to be shot at, and he yelled at Lefebre to shoot at the truck. (Martinez, supra,

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C033598.) The men in the truck fired one or two shotgun blasts, followed by pistol
shots. (Ibid.) One of the shotgun blasts killed Lefebre; Posada was not injured. (Ibid.)
       Defendant had been a member of a southern California street gang for two or three
years before December 1997. (Martinez, supra, C033598.) In 1997, while in jail on an
unrelated matter, police intercepted a letter defendant had written describing his
participation in the October 1995 shootings. (Ibid.) When questioned, defendant initially
denied any involvement but later admitted that he was in the truck at the time of the
shootings. (Ibid.) According to defendant, the driver had picked him and several others
up to go cruising; the driver and a passenger were members of a southern California
gang. (Ibid.) As they passed Waterloo Road, a bicyclist saw them and yelled out “ESS,”
referring to a northern gang. (Id. [at p. 3].) The driver responded, “puro sur,” which
means “pure south, all south, all about south.” (Ibid.) The driver turned around, and a
passenger pulled out a shotgun from under the seat. (Ibid.) The truck pulled alongside
Lefebre, and the passenger fired the shotgun at him. (Ibid.) When Posada fled, the driver
fired a pistol at him. (Ibid.) The group later abandoned the truck. (Ibid.) Defendant
admitted that the truck had ventured into northern-gang territory. (Ibid.)
       B. Petition for Resentencing
       In February 2019, defendant filed a pro per petition for resentencing under section
1170.95. The form petition declared that a complaint, information, or indictment had
been filed against him that allowed the prosecution to proceed under a theory of felony
murder or murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine; that he was
convicted of first or second degree murder under the felony murder rule or the natural
and probable consequences doctrine; and that he could not now be convicted of first or
second degree murder based on the recent changes to sections 188 and 189. He further
declared that he was convicted of first degree felony murder and could not now be
convicted because of changes to section 189, effective January 1, 2019, because: (1) he
was not the actual killer, (2) he did not, with the intent to kill, aid, abet, counsel,

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command, induce, solicit, request, or assist the actual killer in committing first degree
murder; (3) he was not a major participant in the felony or did not act with reckless
indifference to human life during the course of the crime or felony, and (4) the murder
victim was not a peace officer performing his duties or he was not aware that the victim
was a peace officer performing his duties. Defendant requested that the court appoint
him counsel.
       The People filed a response opposing the petition, arguing defendant was facially
ineligible for resentencing under section 1170.95 because he was not convicted of felony
murder or murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine, but instead was
convicted of first degree premeditated murder and willful, deliberate, and premeditated
attempted murder. Appointed counsel for defendant filed a reply, arguing that because
the jury was instructed on the natural and probable consequences doctrine, and the
prosecutor argued the theory in closing, the jury could have based its murder verdict on
that theory.
       At a hearing on the parties’ briefs, defense counsel reiterated his position that the
case was tried on a natural and probable consequence theory as well as the standard first
degree murder theory, and that the prosecutor had argued the natural and probable
consequences theory to the jury. Because it was not clear which theory the jury relied
upon in convicting defendant, defense counsel argued defendant had met his prima facie
burden under section 1170.95 and was entitled to an evidentiary hearing. The People
argued that because the jury convicted him of first degree murder, he could not have been
convicted on a natural and probable consequences theory. On October 26, 2020, without
issuing an order to show cause, the court denied the petition without prejudice after
finding that “the evidence in the case would support the argument that [defendant] got
convicted as an aider and abettor . . . .” Defendant timely appealed.

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                                       DISCUSSION
       Defendant contends the trial court erred by summarily denying his petition, even
though he properly alleged a prima facie basis for relief, because there was a possibility
his conviction was premised on a natural and probable consequences theory. Defendant
argues the court prematurely attempted to resolve disputed factual issues without an
evidentiary hearing. The People agree the trial court weighed the evidence too soon in
the process and should have issued an order to show cause. We agree with the parties.
       Senate Bill No. 1437 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.), which became effective on
January 1, 2019, was enacted “to amend the felony murder rule and the natural and
probable consequences doctrine, as it relates to murder, to ensure that murder liability is
not imposed on a person who is not the actual killer, did not act with the intent to kill, or
was not a major participant in the underlying felony who acted with reckless indifference
to human life.” (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 1, subd. (f).) Senate Bill No. 1437 also added
section 1170.95, which allows those “convicted of felony murder or murder under a
natural and probable consequences theory [to] file a petition with the court that sentenced
the petitioner to have the petitioner’s murder conviction vacated and to be resentenced on
any remaining counts when all of the following conditions apply: [¶] (1) A complaint,
information, or indictment was filed against the petitioner that allowed the prosecution to
proceed under a theory of felony murder or murder under the natural and probable
consequences doctrine. [¶] (2) The petitioner was convicted of first degree or second
degree murder following a trial . . . . [¶] (3) The petitioner could not be convicted of first
or second degree murder because of changes to Section 188 or 189 made effective
January 1, 2019.” (§ 1170.95, subd. (a).)
       The process contemplated in section 1170.95 includes a single prima facie
determination. (People v. Lewis (2021) 11 Cal.5th 952, 970 (Lewis).)
       “[W]hen assessing the prima facie showing, the trial court should assume all facts
stated in the section 1170.95 petition are true. [Citation.] The trial court should not

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evaluate the credibility of the petition’s assertions, but it need not credit factual assertions
that are untrue as a matter of law—for example, a petitioner’s assertion that a particular
conviction is eligible for relief where the crime is not listed in subdivision (a) of section
1170.95 as eligible for resentencing.” (People v. Drayton (2020) 47 Cal.App.5th 965,
980; see also Lewis, supra, Cal.5th at p. 972.) The “authority to make determinations
without conducting an evidentiary hearing pursuant to section 1170.95, subd[ivision] (d)
is limited to readily ascertainable facts from the record (such as the crime of conviction),
rather than factfinding involving the weighing of evidence or the exercise of discretion
(such as determining whether the petitioner showed reckless indifference to human life in
the commission of the crime).” (Ibid.; Lewis, at p. 967.)
       “If, accepting the facts asserted in the petition as true, the petitioner would be
entitled to relief because he or she has met the requirements of section 1170.95,
[subdivision] (a), then the trial court should issue an order to show cause. (§ 1170.95,
[subd.] (c).) Once the trial court issues the order to show cause under section 1170.95,
[subdivision] (c), it must then conduct a hearing pursuant to the procedures and burden of
proof set out in section 1170.95, subd[ivision] (d) unless the parties waive the hearing or
the petitioner’s entitlement to relief is established as a matter of law by the record.
(§ 1170.95, subd. (d)(2).)” (Drayton, supra, 47 Cal.App.5th at pp. 980-981.)
       Here, defendant stated in his declaration that he was convicted of murder under the
natural and probable consequences doctrine, which would not have supported a murder
conviction after the changes to sections 188 and 189. The record of conviction does not
disprove this statement as a matter of law. Rather, as defendant notes, the jury was
instructed on the natural and probable consequences doctrine, and the prosecutor argued
during closing that the jury could convict defendant of murder on that basis. While it is
certainly possible that defendant was convicted on a theory of liability that is still
permissible under sections 188 and 189, the mere existence of that possibility does not
make defendant ineligible for relief as a matter of law. The fact that evidence supports

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defendant’s conviction on a valid theory does not mean the record conclusively
establishes the jury actually relied on that theory, nor does it establish that the jury did
not rely on a now invalid theory. (People v. Duchine (2021) 60 Cal.App.5th 798, 814-
815.) It was thus erroneous for the trial court to weigh the evidence to conclusively
determine which theory of liability the jury had used to find defendant guilty. (Drayton,
supra, 47 Cal.App.5th at p. 980.)
       Construing the facts in favor of defendant, the petition fulfilled the requirements
for relief in section 1170.95, subdivision (a), and the trial court should have issued an
order to show cause for an evidentiary hearing. (Drayton, supra, 47 Cal.App.5th at
pp. 982-983.) We will reverse the trial court’s order denying the petition and remand
with directions to issue an order to show cause under section 1170.95, subdivision (c),
and hold a hearing under section 1170.95, subdivision (d). We express no opinion about
whether defendant is entitled to relief following the hearing.
                                       DISPOSITION
       The trial court’s order denying the petition for resentencing is reversed. The case
is remanded for the trial court to issue an order to show cause and hold a hearing to
determine whether defendant is entitled to relief under section 1170.95.

                                                       /s/
                                                   BLEASE, Acting P. J.

We concur:

   /s/
MAURO, J.

    /s/
KRAUSE, J.

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