Court Opinion

ID: 8913676
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-27 04:05:50.554942+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:08:46.315038
License: Public Domain

CHOY, Circuit Judge:
Air California, one of two air carriers operating jet service .from Orange County Airport (airport) prior to the actions here in issue, and Clarence Turner, who lives in the vicinity of the airport, petition this court to review actions of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), primarily a letter sent by its Chief Counsel to the Orange County Board of Supervisors (Board). They also appeal from a dismissal of a parallel attack on the letter in district court. They contend that the FAA erroneously interpreted applicable law in determining that the Board must permit new carriers to use the airport and improperly coerced the Board’s compliance.1
Because we find that the letter did not constitute an “order” under 49 U.S.C. § 1486(a), we deny the petition for lack of jurisdiction. We also affirm the district *618court’s dismissal of the case as unripe for review.
1. Facts
Soon after Orange County Airport2 was first equipped to accommodate jet aircraft in 1967, two airlines, Bonanza and Air California, applied for and were granted permission to operate turbojet service from the airport. With the growth of jet service, noise became a significant problem in the communities surrounding the airport, and in 1970 the Board adopted a formal policy designed to freeze the level of airport operations. Accordingly, the Board decided to: oppose new applications for interstate service from the airport; deny terminal leases to new air carriers; prohibit operations by aircraft over a certain weight; and disapprove applications for facility improvements, despite the fact that airport use had already reached the designed capacity of the existing facilities. The Board subsequently restricted the hours during which jet aircraft could operate and limited the number of daily jet 'flights to 40. These policies resulted in the exclusion of new carriers, which had sought authorization to operate turbojet service from the airport since 1969. As a result, Air California and Hughes Airwest, a corporate successor to Bonanza, continued to provide the only turbojet service from the airport.3
Between 1970 and 1978, the Board entered into five contracts with the FAA in order to obtain federal airport funds, thereby subjecting itself to the requirements of federal statutes administered by the FAA. These statutes prohibit recipients of federal funds from granting an “exclusive right” of airport use, 49 U.S.C § 1349(a), or from engaging in “unjust discrimination” among airport users, 49 U.S.C. § 1718(1). In 1979, the FAA issued notice of a hearing to investigate claims by unsuccessful airline applicants that the Board was violating federal law. The FAA at that time advised the Board not to enter into any long-term leases pending the completion of the investigation. Air California, which had been negotiating a new long-term lease with the Board, petitioned the FAA to conduct the hearing in accordance with the formal requirements of the Administrative Procedures Act (APA). This petition was denied.
The FAA’s Western Regional Counsel, DeWitte Lawson, presided over a four-day investigatory hearing in which Air California, the Board, and various community groups participated. Following the hearing, Lawson issued a report reviewing the history of the noise-related restrictions at the airport and concluding that a continued denial of access to new carriers would constitute a violation of the governing statutes. He expressed sympathy with the airport’s noise problem and suggested alternative actions which the Board might take in order to achieve compliance.4 He recommended, however, that the FAA pursue administrative and legal sanctions against the Board if it refused to authorize new carriers.
On April 3, 1980, the FAA’s Chief Counsel, Clark Onstad, sent a letter to the chairman of the Board announcing Onstad’s concurrence in the conclusions reached in Lawson’s report. Onstad warned that a failure to undertake negotiations to accommodate new carriers “will warrant our pursuance of contractual, injunctive, and civil penalty remedies.” He further stated that the FAA would take no formal action for a period of 30 days in order to permit the *619Board an opportunity to comply.5 He commented briefly upon Lawson’s suggestions for reconciling the Board’s noise concerns with the entry of new carriers and offered FAA aid in resolving the problem. He did not, however, specify a particular course of action beyond the initiation of negotiations with the applicants.
The FAA has never taken the formal action mentioned in the April 3 letter. During the summer of 1980, FAA correspondence with the Board urged speedier action and suggested that future federal funding would be jeopardized by Board recalcitrance. In response to an inquiry by Congressmen Norman Mineta and Glenn Anderson, Onstad suggested a general course of Board actions which would constitute compliance, including adoption of an interim plan which would allocate a certain number of flights to new carriers within 60 days. He did not specify whether those flights necessarily would be taken from the incumbents, but noted that the FAA would not require that the Board take actions which would increase the cumulative noise level.
On September 10, 1980, the Board met and agreed to prepare an interim plan which would reduce the number of authorized flights for Air California and Hughes Airwest and reallocate them to other carriers. Representatives of Air California attended and argued that the FAA’s position misconstrued the relevant statutes. Comments by members of the Board, however, revealed no willingness to challenge the FAA.
Prior to the meeting, Air California sought judicial review of the April 3 letter, contending that it would suffer substantial economic loss if the Board submitted to the FAA’s demands by reallocating flights from Air California to new carriers. It brought suit both in the district court and in this court, raising identical arguments: (1) that the FAA action violated the National Environmental Policy Act in that no Environmental Impact Statement was prepared; (2) that the FAA action flowed from an erroneous interpretation of the applicable federal law regarding exclusive rights and unjust discrimination; and (3) that the FAA action violated the procedures set forth in the Administrative Procedures Act (APA). The district court dismissed the action on the ground that the issues were not ripe for review and that no case or controversy existed. The appeal from the district court was consolidated with a petition for review of the FAA action by this court.
II. Appellate Jurisdiction
Because this court is a court of limited jurisdiction, we are empowered to hear only those cases which fall within the scope of a statutory grant of jurisdiction. California ex rel. Younger v. Andrus, 608 F.2d 1247, 1249 (9th Cir.1979); C. Wright, Law of Federal Courts § 7 (3d ed.1976). Air California argues that the FAA’s actions are reviewable under 49 U.S.C. § 1486(a), which provides that “[a]ny order, affirmative or negative, issued by the ... Administrator under this chapter . .. shall *620be subject to review” in the courts of appeals upon petition filed “by any person disclosing a substantial interest in such order.” The reviewability of the FAA's actions in this case thus turns upon whether or not the FAA General Counsel’s April 3, 1980 letter is properly characterized as an “order.” Although the APA defines “order” expansively as “the whole or a part of a final disposition ... of an agency in a matter other than rule making,” 5 U.S.C. § 551(6), the power to review FAA orders has been judicially restricted to review of final agency orders. Rombough v. FAA, 594 F.2d 893, 895-96 n.4 (2d Cir.1979); Puget Sound Traffic Ass’n v. CAB, 536 F.2d 437, 438-39 (D.C. Cir.1976). Because the FAA’s actions here lacked the requisites of finality, we find that they did not constitute a reviewable order.
The Supreme Court recently addressed the issue of “final agency action” in holding that the Federal Trade Commission’s issuance of a complaint based upon its “reason to believe” that a violation had occurred was unreviewable because it was not final. Federal Trade Commission v. Standard Oil of California, 449 U.S. 232, 101 S.Ct. 488, 66 L.Ed.2d 416 (1980). The decision reversed a ruling by this court that the question whether the FTC had properly made a “reason to believe” determination or had merely succumbed to political pressure was reviewable. Standard Oil of California v. Federal Trade Commission, 596 F.2d 1381, 1384 (9th Cir.1979). The Court distinguished the issuance of the FTC complaint from the situation involved in the earlier case of Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 87 S.Ct. 1507, 18 L.Ed.2d 681 (1967), which held that Food and Drug Administration regulations were final and ripe for review before the FDA sought enforcement. The Court noted several characteristics of the FDA regulations which distinguished them from the FTC’s complaint, including that: they were “definitive” statements of the FDA’s position; they had a “direct and immediate” effect on the day-to-day business of the complaining parties; they had the “status of law”; and “immediate compliance with their terms was expected.” Standard Oil, 449 U.S. at 239, 101 S.Ct. at 493, quoting Abbott Laboratories, 387 U.S. at 151-53, 87 S.Ct. at 1516-18. In contrast, the FTC’s averment of “reason to believe” a violation existed was not a definitive statement of position, but a “threshold determination that further inquiry is warranted and that a complaint should initiate proceedings.” Standard Oil, 449 U.S. at 241, 101 S.Ct. at 493. Nor did the issuance of the FTC complaint have a legal force comparable to that of the FDA regulation, as it burdened the complaining party only to the extent of requiring a response to the charges against it. Standard Oil, id. at 494. Furthermore, where the challenge to the FDA regulations was “calculated to speed enforcement” of the regulatory scheme, Abbott Laboratories, 387 U.S. at 154; 87 S.Ct. at 1518, judicial review of the FTC’s complaint was likely to produce interference in the proper functioning of the agency and a burden for the courts. Standard Oil, 449 U.S. at 241, 101 S.Ct. at 494. These factors led the Court to conclude that the complaint was not “final agency action.” Id. at 495.
Two salient characteristics of the agency action here in issue persuade us that Standard Oil, and not Abbott Laboratories, should control: 1) its informal nature, and 2) its indirect effect upon the complaining party.
The April 3 letter was neither a definitive statement of the agency’s position nor a document with the status of law. The letter indicated the FAA General Counsel’s concurrence in the Presiding Officer’s opinion that the Board was in violation of statutes governing the use of federal funds administered by the FAA. It also indicated the agency’s intention to pursue sanctions if the Board did not take steps to comply with that interpretation by “accommodating” other airline applicants. The letter did not specify the exact form that compliance would take, but rather commented, briefly and tentatively, upon alternatives suggested in the investigative report and offered aid in the Board’s attempt to comply. Thus, as an indication of the agency’s inter*621pretation of the law, the letter resembles the “reason to believe” determination at issue in Standard Oil. Indeed, the letter’s legal status is even less determinate, as it did not initiate an agency process. Administrative orders are not final and reviewable “unless and until they impose an obligation, deny a right, or fix some legal relationship as a consummation of the administrative process.” Chicago & Southern Air Lines, Inc. v. Waterman Steamship Corp., 333 U.S. 103, 112-113, 68 S.Ct. 431, 436-437, 92 L.Ed. 568 (1948); Nevada Airlines, Inc. v. Bond, 622 F.2d 1017, 1020 n.5 (9th Cir.1980). The April 3 letter did none of these.6
Unlike the situation in Abbott Laboratories, the effect of the FAA’s actions on Air California was not direct and immediate. The actions taken by the Orange County Board of Supervisors at its September 10, 1980 meeting formed the necessary intervening link between the pressure applied by the FAA and the effect felt by Air California. When the petition for review was filed, the Board had not yet responded to the April 3 letter. It ultimately decided to acquiesce in the FAA’s interpretations rather than challenge them in a subsequent enforcement action. It also determined, within a framework suggested by the FAA, the form that compliance would take. Thus the Board controlled the availability of judicial review of the challenged interpretations, as well as the consequences which flowed from them. We are loath to recognize a test of final agency action which would turn upon a regulated party’s will to resist.
Air California adduces statements made by members of the Board indicating that their action in reallocating Air California’s allotted flights was coerced by FAA pressure. While the desire to avoid litigation and the danger of losing federal funding no doubt exerted strong pressure on the Board, it did not relieve the Board of responsibility for its decision.7 This court previously has indicated that concepts of coercion and duress are inappropriate in characterizing dealings between federal and state governments. Shell Oil Co. v. Train, 585 F.2d 408, 413-14 (9th Cir.1978).8 That is necessarily *622true, as well, of the interaction between the federal government and the Board, a creature of state government.
Flexibility is essential to the administrative process. Where the regulator and the regulated can achieve accommodation without resort to litigation, as here, we are reluctant to intervene at the behest of a third party. Intrusion into the administrative process by characterizing intermediate agency actions as final and reviewable can only burden the agency and the courts. Because there was no “final agency action” here, and hence no “order,” we have no jurisdiction to review the FAA’s actions.
III. District Court Jurisdiction
On July 28, 1980, the district court entered judgment dismissing this action for lack of jurisdiction on the grounds that the issues were not ripe for review and that no case or controversy had been presented. We affirm.
At the time the court made its ruling, the Board had not yet met and decided to reallocate flights from Air California. The district court was asked to review FAA actions consisting of the findings of an investigatory hearing and advisory letters that did not require specific action. Thus the harm complained of was at that time speculative and the issues unripe for determination. See Boating Industry Associations v. Marshall, 601 F.2d 1376, 1384 (9th Cir.1979). The decision of the district court dismissing this action is AFFIRMED; the Petition for Review is DENIED.

. Clarence Turner, who joined Air California in the suit and petition for review, argues that the FAA’s actions ultimately will cause an increase in the noise levels at his residence near the airport. For convenience, and because Air California presents the more immediate claim of harm, we will use “Air California” to denote both petitioners.

. Orange County Airport is now known as John Wayne Airport.

. As of 1979, an average of 26 flights of the 40-flight daily limit were allocated to Air California and an average of 14 daily flights to Hughes Airwest. In addition, Golden West Airlines operated small non-turbojet commuter flights from the airport.

. Among Lawson’s suggestions were that the Board: (1) increase the number of daily departures so as to accommodate new carriers; (2) reduce the number of daily departures allotted to incumbent carriers in a manner which would assure fair and equal treatment to all carriers; and (3) reallocate the terminal facilities so as to allow access to new carriers in a fair and equitable manner.

. The full text of the crucial paragraph of the April 3 letter read as follows:
Based on the Report of Investigation, I concur in the Presiding Officer’s conclusion that, if the County of Orange fails to accommodate qualified air carriers applying for entry to John Wayne Airport, the County will have (1) granted exclusive rights to incumbent carriers in violation of Section 308(a) of the Federal Aviation Act and (2) unjustly discriminated against such applicants in violation of the County’s contractual obligations under the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970. In short, the County’s failure to accord essentially equal treatment to all qualified air carriers cannot be countenanced. Certain air carrier applications have been pending before the County for some time and negotiations to accommodate these and other qualified applicants should be undertaken without further delay. Failure to do so will warrant our pursuance of contractual, injunctive and civil penalty remedies. In order to afford the County an opportunity to take action on the requests of qualified air carriers and the commuter carrier, we will take no formal action for a period of thirty (30) days following your receipt of this letter. In this effort, the FAA recognizes the impact of total change on the incumbents; therefore, the FAA believes that a reasonably phased method of entry for all new entrants is in order.

. These characteristics distinguish other FAA administrative actions elsewhere found final and reviewable. FAA letters indicating that proposed structures constitute “no hazard” to, air traffic represent a definitive statement of the FAA’s position on proposed construction and have been found reviewable. See Rochester v. Bond, 603 F.2d 927 (D.C. Cir.1979); Air Line Pilots Assoc. Int’l v. U.S. Department of Transportation, 446 F.2d 236 (5th Cir.1971). An FAA emergency revocation order, which had the determinate legal consequence of immediately suspending the air carrier’s ability to conduct its business, was found reviewable despite the availability of administrative appeals. Nevada Airlines v. Bond, 622 F.2d 1017, 1019-20 (9th Cir.1980) (per curiam).
Other cases have held that agency charges of statutory violations are not final agency action subject to review. The Third Circuit held in West Penn Power Co. v. Train, 522 F.2d 302 (3rd Cir.1975), that an Environmental Protection Agency notice of violation is not final agency action as “the only effect of a notice of violation is to make the recipient aware that the ‘definitive’ regulations are not being met and to trigger the statutory mechanism for informal accommodation which precedes any formal enforcement measures.” Id. at 311. See also Georator Corp. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 592 F.2d 765 (4th Cir. 1979) (EEOC determination of “reasonable cause” not final agency action); cf. International Tel. & Tel. Corp. v. Local 134, IBEW, 419 U.S. 428, 443, 95 S.Ct. 600, 609, 42 L.Ed.2d 558 (1975) (intermediate hearing under § 10(k) of the National Labor Relations Act not an adjudication; “we think that when Congress defined ‘order’ in terms of a ‘final disposition’ it required that ‘final disposition’ to have some determinate consequences for the party to the proceeding.” Id. at 443, 95 S.Ct. at 610).

. Cf. International Tel. & Tel. Corp. v. Local 134, IBEW, 419 U.S. 428, 444-45, 95 S.Ct. 600, 610-11, 42 L.Ed.2d 558 (1975) (intense practical pressure to conform to NLRB decision insufficient to convert intermediate NLRB proceeding into an “adjudication”).

. Shell Oil claimed that the Environmental Protection Agency had so coerced a state agency that the state agency’s denial of a variance from water quality regulations was properly reviewable as federal action. This court affirmed a district court’s dismissal of the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, noting the problems which would be created by such review:
Federal programs “with strings attached” are characteristic of federal-state dealings today .... If state and federal governments may be treated like individuals for the pur*622pose of deciding the existence of undue influence and the “overbearing” of the will of these sovereigns, these programs would be in serious constitutional jeopardy. The express conditioning of federal aid and the delegation of operational authority to states in compliance with federal guidelines are replete with “coercion.” The unquestioned constitutional validity of these programs and other forms of cooperative federalism ... means that the concept of undue influence and duress are inappropriate in this context. Shell Oil, 585 F.2d at 413-14 (citations omitted).