Court Opinion

ID: 4666883
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-11 17:13:02.086803+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:52.120627
License: Public Domain

J-S48024-20

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA             :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                          :        PENNSYLVANIA
                    Appellee              :
                                          :
              v.                          :
                                          :
 JEFFERY SPENCER                          :
                                          :
                    Appellant             :         No. 138 EDA 2020

    Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 15, 2019
          In the Court of Common Pleas of Northampton County
           Criminal Division at No(s): CP-48-CR-0003158-2018

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA             :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                          :        PENNSYLVANIA
                    Appellee              :
                                          :
              v.                          :
                                          :
 JEFFERY SPENCER                          :
                                          :
                    Appellant             :         No. 149 EDA 2020

    Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 15, 2019
          In the Court of Common Pleas of Northampton County
           Criminal Division at No(s): CP-48-CR-0002136-2019

BEFORE: KUNSELMAN, J., KING, J., and McCAFFERY, J.

MEMORANDUM BY KING, J.:                                Filed: March 11, 2021

      Appellant, Jeffery Spencer, appeals from the judgments of sentence

entered in the Northampton County Court of Common Pleas, following his jury

trial convictions for three counts of intimidation of a witness/victim and one

count each of aggravated assault of an unborn child, simple assault, resisting

arrest, disorderly conduct, terroristic threats, criminal solicitation to commit
J-S48024-20

perjury, and obstructing the administration of the law, and bench trial

conviction for the summary offense of harassment.1 We affirm.

       The trial court set forth the relevant facts of this case as follows:

          On August 2, 2018, [Victim’s] child called the City of
          Bethlehem Police for assistance in handling a domestic
          disturbance between Victim and her then-boyfriend,
          [Appellant] at 6:55 AM. Appellant also called the Police for
          assistance at 6:56 AM. The incident took place at the
          couple’s second floor apartment, located at 720 East 4 th
          Street, Bethlehem, Northampton County, Pennsylvania,
          18015.

          …Victim stated that the couple had a verbal altercation,
          which escalated into…Appellant punching her in the
          forehead and attempting to punch her stomach. As a result
          of…Appellant punching…Victim, she suffered from a “knot”
          on her head for two days following the incident. At the time
          of the attempted assault, …Victim was nine months
          pregnant and…Appellant was the father. …Victim stated
          that after…Appellant hit her head, he then “swung at my
          stomach and said, I’m going to make you bleed that baby
          out your ass.” …Victim testified that…Appellant swung
          “hard” at her stomach with a closed fist. …Victim claimed
          to have avoided the punch by falling backwards onto a bed.
          …Victim stated that…Appellant’s punch missed her body,
          and hit the bedroom wall instead. …Victim testified that she
          then called out to her child to call 911, and then…Appellant
          called 911 immediately after.

                                       *       *   *

          Upon police arrival, Appellant was standing on the rear deck
          of the second floor apartment. Appellant told the Police
          that…Victim scratched him on the face and chest, yet
          Bethlehem City Police Officer Daniel Kennedy…and Officer
          Andrew DeFrank…testified that they did not observe any
          marks or injuries on…Appellant. Officer DeFrank observed
____________________________________________

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 4952(a)(2), (3), (5); 2606(a); 2701(a)(1); 5104;
5503(a)(2); 2706(a)(1); 902(a); 5101; and 2709(a)(1), respectively.

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       the “knot” on…Victim’s head, stated that she was “visibly
       upset,” and saw a hole in the wall that…Appellant allegedly
       created.     Officer Kennedy also observed the “knot”
       on…Victim’s head and mark on the wall.         During the
       [o]fficers’ questioning of…Victim, …Appellant walked into
       the residence from the rear deck. The officers informed
       Appellant that he had to wait outside because they needed
       to keep the parties separated. Officer DeFrank stated that
       based on the observations and statements by the parties,
       there was probable cause to arrest…Appellant.

       The Police placed…Appellant in custody in the kitchen of the
       residence,    they   walked   several    feet,   and   then
       when…Appellant was outside on the rear deck he “went
       limp, said he couldn’t walk, and dropped to his knees.”
       Officer Kennedy testified that…Appellant stated “you want
       games, I know all the games, get me an ambulance—and
       then collapsed on the deck.” …Appellant claimed to have a
       preexisting disease, which made him unable to walk and
       requested EMS assistance. The Police called for EMS and as
       they waited, …Appellant began yelling disparaging and
       profane slurs so loudly at the [o]fficers that it caused
       neighbors to leave their houses to see what was happening.

       Andrew Brown…and Shannon Pressley…, City of Bethlehem
       EMS Paramedics, responded to the incident.           Pressley
       testified that when EMS arrived, …Appellant was sitting on
       his couch outside on the porch.           Pressley observed
       [Appellant] was “very agitated, hostile. He was yelling,
       irate.” Brown also described…Appellant as “very agitated”
       and heard…Appellant yelling very loudly, “[d]on’t fucking
       touch me, stay away from me.”                Pressley stated
       that…Appellant was “[y]elling profanities. Don’t f’ing touch
       me, nobody come near me. He was yelling at the police.
       He was screaming. He didn’t want my partner or myself to
       come near him.” EMS tried to assist…Appellant, but he
       resisted. Pressley explained to…Appellant that the safest
       option was for him to walk down the stairs on his own,
       however, he refused. …Appellant said that he would be able
       and willing [to] walk down the stairs if he was given his cell
       phone.

       When EMS and [o]fficers tried to place…Appellant in a “stair
       chair” to carry him down the stairs, …Appellant made

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          himself “rigid” by locking his knees and back to prevent
          them from placing him in the chair. Appellant was “yelling,
          screaming and actively resisting officers.” EMS tried to
          carry [Appellant] down the stairs, but…Appellant was
          “attempting to stick his feet in between the spindles of the
          railing. He was leaning forward attempting to tip the chair.”
          EMS sedated…Appellant with an “intramuscular injection of
          ketamine,” which is a general anesthetic, and strapped him
          into a backboard, carried him downstairs, and transported
          him to Saint Luke’s Fountain Hill Hospital.

(Trial Court Opinion, filed February 10, 2020, at 1-5) (internal citations

omitted). Based on these events, the Commonwealth charged Appellant at

Docket No. 3158-2018 with one count each of aggravated assault of an unborn

child, simple assault, resisting arrest, terroristic threats, disorderly conduct,

false identification to law enforcement authorities, possession of a small

amount of marijuana for personal use, and harassment.2

       Between August 25, 2018 and March 10, 2019, while incarcerated at

Northampton County Prison prior to trial, Appellant called and wrote to Victim

several times. In his calls and letters, Appellant told Victim not to answer the

door if someone tried to serve her with a subpoena, and initially told Victim

not to attend any trial proceedings. Appellant later instructed Victim on how

to act and speak at the preliminary hearing and trial, and told Victim to testify

that the police threatened she would lose custody of her children unless she

testified a certain way. Appellant also called and wrote to third parties, asking

____________________________________________

2The Commonwealth later withdrew the false identification and possession of
marijuana charges.

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them to influence Victim on how to testify as well.      Based on Appellant’s

conduct while incarcerated, the Commonwealth charged Appellant at Docket

No. 2136-2019 with three counts of intimidation of a witness/victim, one count

of criminal solicitation to commit perjury, and one count of obstructing the

administration of the law.

        On July 11, 2019, the Commonwealth filed a motion for joinder of the

two dockets for trial. On July 25, 2019, the Commonwealth also filed a motion

in limine at both docket numbers, seeking to admit: (1) “evidence of prior

domestic abuse involving [Appellant] and…Victim;” and (2) the “prison phone

calls and letters wherein [Appellant] attempts to intimidate and interfere with

the testimony of…Victim.” (Commonwealth’s Motion in Limine, filed 7/25/19,

at 4). The court granted both motions on August 29, 2019.

        Appellant’s trial began on September 3, 2019, and on September 5,

2019, the jury found Appellant guilty of all charges. The court also found

Appellant guilty of the summary offense of harassment. The court sentenced

Appellant on November 15, 2019, to an aggregate term across both dockets

of 14½ to 30 years’ incarceration. Appellant filed timely notices of appeal at

each docket on December 13, 2019.3 On January 23, 2020, this court ordered

Appellant to file a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal

pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b); Appellant complied on January 31, 2020.

____________________________________________

3   This Court subsequently consolidated the appeals.

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      Appellant raises four issues on appeal:

         Whether the trial court erred in granting the
         Commonwealth’s motion for joinder of cases CR-3158-2018
         and CR-2136-2019[?]

         Whether the trial court erred in allowing [Appellant]’s prior
         abuse/bad acts of same victim to be admissible in the
         Commonwealth’s Case-in-Chief[?]

         Whether the trial court erred in denying [Appellant]’s motion
         for judgment of acquittal as to the one (1) count of
         Aggravated Assault of an Unborn Child, as the
         Commonwealth failed to establish all of the elements of said
         offense[?]

         Whether the verdict is not supported by the weight of the
         evidence that was presented by the Commonwealth and was
         inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact
         relating to the crime(s) could be drawn[?]

(Appellant’s Brief at 2-3).

      In his first issue, Appellant argues the trial court erred in granting the

Commonwealth’s motion to join for trial the charges at Docket No. 3158-2018

(assault-related charges) and Docket No. 2136-2019 (witness intimidation-

related charges).    Initially, Appellant alleges the letters and phone calls

relating to Appellant’s crimes at Docket No. 2136-2019 do not demonstrate

Appellant’s intent, absence of mistake or accident, or consciousness of guilt

concerning Docket No. 3158-2018.       Appellant avers he did not claim the

incident was an accident or mistake, but rather that Victim falsified her

statements to the police. Additionally, while Appellant admits his statements

could be interpreted as an attempt to persuade Victim not to testify or to

influence her testimony, Appellant contends “[those statements] have no

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bearing on what he intended to do on the day he was arrested at information

CR-3158-2018.”    (Id. at 10).   Appellant further maintains that he did not

admit his guilt for the assault-related crimes in the phone calls or letters.

Rather, Appellant suggests the letters and phone calls merely show his

concern for the potentially lengthy prison sentence he faced if found guilty.

      As well, Appellant insists the jury was incapable of separating the

evidence at the two dockets.      Appellant avers the joinder of all charges

required the jury to sort through numerous phone calls and letters that “can

be construed as unrelated” to the initial case at Docket No. 3158-2018. (Id.

at 12). Appellant also asserts the testimony from multiple police witnesses

about different events on different dates created confusion and made it

difficult for the jury to separate the evidence for each crime.       Appellant

maintains he suffered prejudice as a result of the joinder, which “served only

to bolster the credibility of each complainant and to prejudice [Appellant], by

permitting the jury to convict based on the number of calls and letters

[Appellant] made and sent [Victim] regarding the case instead of allowing the

jury to evaluate the Aggravated Assault of an Unborn Child on its merits and

the credibility of each complainant, specifically [Victim] alone.” (Id. at 14).

Appellant concludes the trial court erred by joining the two dockets for trial,

and this Court should remand for new, separate trials. We disagree.

      Whether “separate indictments should be consolidated for trial is within

the sole discretion of the trial court and such discretion will be reversed only

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for a manifest abuse of discretion or prejudice and clear injustice to the

defendant.” Commonwealth v. Cousar, 593 Pa. 204, 225, 928 A.2d 1025,

1037 (2007), cert. denied, 553 U.S. 1035, 128 S.Ct. 2429, 171 L.Ed.2d 235

(2008) (quoting Commonwealth v. Robinson, 581 Pa. 154, 190, 864 A.2d

460, 481 (2004), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 983, 126 S.Ct. 559, 163 L.Ed.2d 470

(2005)). The Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure govern the joinder

and severance of offenses as follows:

          Rule 582. Joinder—Trial of Separate Indictments or
                 Informations

             (A)    Standards

             (1) Offenses charged in separate indictments or
          informations may be tried together if:

                  (a) the evidence of each of the offenses would
             be admissible in a separate trial for the other and is
             capable of separation by the jury so that there is no
             danger of confusion; or

                  (b) the offenses charged are based on the
             same act or transaction.

Pa.R.Crim.P. 582(A)(1).

          Rule 583. Severance of Offenses or Defendants

             The court may order separate trials of offenses or
          defendants, or provide other appropriate relief, if it appears
          that any party may be prejudiced by offenses or defendants
          being tried together.

Pa.R.Crim.P. 583. Under Rule 583, the prejudice the defendant suffers due

to the joinder must be greater than the general prejudice any defendant

suffers   when     the   Commonwealth’s   evidence    links   him   to   a   crime.

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Commonwealth v. Lauro, 819 A.2d 100, 107 (Pa.Super. 2003), appeal

denied, 574 Pa. 752, 830 A.2d 975 (2003).

         The prejudice of which Rule [583] speaks is, rather, that
         which would occur if the evidence tended to convict [the]
         appellant only by showing his propensity to commit crimes,
         or because the jury was incapable of separating the
         evidence or could not avoid cumulating the evidence.
         Additionally, the admission of relevant evidence connecting
         a defendant to the crimes charged is a natural consequence
         of a criminal trial, and it is not grounds for severance by
         itself.

Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Collins, 550 Pa. 46, 55, 703 A.2d 418, 422

(1997), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 1015, 119 S.Ct. 538, 142 L.Ed.2d 447 (1998))

(internal citations omitted).

      Reading these rules together, our Supreme Court established the

following test for deciding whether a court should join or sever charges:

         [1] whether the evidence of each of the offenses would be
         admissible in a separate trial for the other; [2] whether such
         evidence is capable of separation by the jury so as to avoid
         danger of confusion; and, if the answers to these questions
         are in the affirmative, [3] whether the defendant will be
         unduly prejudiced by the consolidation of offenses.

Collins, supra (quoting Commonwealth v. Lark, 518 Pa. 290, 302, 543

A.2d 491, 496-97 (1988)). Pursuant to this test, “a court must first determine

if the evidence of each of the offenses would be admissible in a separate trial

for the other.” Collins, supra. Evidence of other crimes is not admissible

solely to show the defendant’s bad character or propensity to commit crimes.

Commonwealth v. Dozzo, 991 A.2d 898 (Pa.Super. 2010), appeal denied,

607 Pa. 709, 5 A.3d 818 (2010).

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      Nevertheless, evidence of other crimes is admissible to demonstrate:

         (1) motive; (2) intent; (3) absence of mistake or accident;
         (4) a common scheme, plan or design embracing the
         commission of two or more crimes so related to each other
         that proof of one tends to prove the others; or (5) to
         establish the identity of the person charged with the
         commission of the crime on trial, in other words, where
         there is such a logical connection between the crimes that
         proof of one will naturally tend to show that the accused is
         the person who committed the other.

Commonwealth v. Janda, 14 A.3d 147, 156 (Pa.Super. 2011) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Morris, 493 Pa. 164, 175, 425 A.2d 715, 720 (1981)).

Evidence of other crimes may also be admitted to exhibit the defendant’s

consciousness of guilt.     Commonwealth v. Selenski, 919 A.2d 229

(Pa.Super. 2007), aff’d, 606 Pa. 51, 994 A.2d 1083 (2010) (stating: “[T]he

offenses were properly consolidated, as evidence of the escape would be

admissible in the homicide trial to show the Defendant’s consciousness of

guilt; evidence of the homicide would be admissible in the escape trial to show

the Defendant’s motive for escaping…”).      “Additionally, evidence of other

crimes may be admitted where such evidence is part of the history of the case

and forms part of the natural development of the facts.” Dozzo, supra at

902 (quoting Collins, supra at 55, 703 A.2d at 423).

      Instantly, the Commonwealth charged Appellant at Docket No. 3158-

2018 for offenses relating to the August 2, 2018 assault of Victim and her

unborn child.   The Commonwealth later charged Appellant at Docket No.

2136-2019 with the witness intimidation-related offenses for his actions while

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in prison between August 25, 2018 and March 10, 2019. Here, the assault-

related charges were admissible to establish motive for the witness

intimidation charges, and the witness intimidation charges were admissible to

show consciousness of guilt for the assault-related charges.        See Janda,

supra; Selenski, supra.        Furthermore, the entire series of events was

admissible in a trial on each docket to tell the complete sequence of events or

chain of actions. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 582; Dozzo, supra. Additionally, the jury

could easily separate the evidence where each case involved separate and

distinct allegations that occurred on different dates, at different locations, and

involved different police witnesses. Thus, Appellant failed to show how he

suffered the requisite prejudice by trying the charges at both dockets

together, and the court did not abuse its discretion in granting the

Commonwealth’s motion for joinder. See Cousar, supra; Dozzo, supra.

      In his second issue, Appellant argues the trial court erred in granting

the Commonwealth’s motion to admit Appellant’s past abuse/prior bad acts

during its case-in-chief. Appellant contends the Commonwealth’s introduction

of evidence that Appellant had punched Victim in the stomach on a prior

occasion goes directly to what Pa.R.E. 404(b)(1) attempts to limit: “that

[Appellant] on a ‘particular occasion acted in accordance with [his] character.’”

(Appellant’s Brief at 15). Appellant further maintains that evidence of prior

bad acts, such as Victim’s testimony that Appellant hit her with his cane and

placed her in a chokehold, was inflammatory and prejudicial.            Appellant

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concludes the court’s ruling on the Commonwealth’s motion in limine was

improper, and this Court should remand for a new trial. We disagree.

      Our standard of review of a trial court’s admission or exclusion of

evidence is well established and very narrow:

         Admission of evidence is a matter within the sound
         discretion of the trial court, and will not be reversed absent
         a showing that the trial court clearly abused its discretion.
         Not merely an error in judgment, an abuse of discretion
         occurs when the law is overridden or misapplied, or the
         judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the
         result of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, as shown by
         the evidence on record.

Commonwealth v. Montalvo, 604 Pa. 386, 403, 986 A.2d 84, 94 (2009),

cert. denied, 562 U.S. 857, 131 S.Ct. 127, 178 L.Ed.2d 77 (2010) (internal

citations and quotation marks omitted). Our scope of review in cases where

the trial court explains the basis for its evidentiary ruling is limited to an

examination of the stated reason. Commonwealth v. Stephens, 74 A.3d

1034, 1037 (Pa.Super. 2013). “We must also be mindful that a discretionary

ruling cannot be overturned simply because a reviewing court disagrees with

the trial court’s conclusion.” Commonwealth v. O’Brien, 836 A.2d 966, 968

(Pa.Super. 2003), appeal denied, 577 Pa. 695, 845 A.2d 817 (2004).

      Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 404(b) provides:

         Rule 404. Character Evidence; Crimes or Other Acts

                                  *     *      *

         (b)   Crimes, Wrongs or Other Acts.

         (1)   Prohibited Uses. Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other

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         act is not admissible to prove a person’s character in order
         to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in
         accordance with the character.

         (2) Permitted Uses. This evidence may be admissible for
         another purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity,
         intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of
         mistake, or lack of accident. In a criminal case this evidence
         is admissible only if the probative value of the evidence
         outweighs its potential for unfair prejudice.

                                  *     *      *

Pa.R.E. 404(b)(1)-(2). “[E]vidence of prior crimes is not admissible for the

sole purpose of demonstrating a criminal defendant’s propensity to commit

crimes.” Commonwealth v. Melendez-Rodriguez, 856 A.2d 1278, 1283

(Pa.Super. 2004) (en banc) (emphasis added).         Nevertheless, “[e]vidence

may be admissible in certain circumstances where it is relevant for some other

legitimate purpose and not utilized solely to blacken the defendant’s

character.” Id. Specifically, evidence of other crimes or bad acts is admissible

if offered for a non-propensity purpose, such as proof of an actor’s knowledge,

plan, motive, identity, or absence of mistake or accident. Commonwealth

v. Chmiel, 585 Pa. 547, 889 A.2d 501 (2005), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 848,

127 S.Ct. 101, 166 L.Ed.2d 82 (2006). When offered for a legitimate purpose,

evidence of prior crimes or bad acts is admissible if its probative value

outweighs its potential for unfair prejudice. Commonwealth v. Hairston,

624 Pa. 143, 84 A.3d 657 (2014), cert. denied, 574 U.S. 863, 135 S.Ct. 164,

190 L.Ed.2d 118 (2014).

      Instantly, in addressing this issue, the trial court reasoned as follows:

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         Here, …Appellant was charged with one count of Aggravated
         Assault of an Unborn Child for swinging at…Victim’s
         pregnant abdominal area. Appellant was charged with
         Terroristic Threats for the statement, “I’m going to make
         you bleed that baby out your ass.” Also, …Appellant was
         charged with Simple Assault for punching…Victim in the
         head. This court allowed…Victim to testify regarding the
         prior abuse she received at the hands of…Appellant because
         the prior abuse was not only relevant, but it went to the
         intent, malice, ill-will, and absence of mistake of…Appellant.
         The prosecutor provided notice of his intent to
         use…Appellant’s prior abuse in the Commonwealth’s case-
         in-chief by means of his Motion in Limine filed prior to the
         start of trial. In addition, the court proffered a limiting
         instruction when charging the jury. In accordance with the
         Pennsylvania Standard Criminal Jury Instruction 3.08, [the
         court] stated:

            You have heard evidence tending to prove that
            [Appellant] was guilty of improper conduct for which
            he is not on trial. We’re talking about…[V]ictim’s
            allegations of past physical abuse. I’m speaking to
            the testimony to the effect that he previously
            physically abused [Victim]. That was her testimony.
            This evidence is before you for a limited purpose.
            Now, I want you to listen carefully. That is for the
            purpose of proving intent, absence of mistake or lack
            of accident. It is not to be considered by you in any
            way other than for that purpose. You must not regard
            this evidence as showing that the defendant is a
            person of bad character or criminal tendencies for
            which you might be inclined to infer guilt.

         Based on the aforementioned, we believe that allowing the
         evidence of Appellant’s prior abuse of…Victim was proper
         and, therefore, this court did not commit an error by
         granting the Commonwealth’s Motion in Limine.

(Trial Court Opinion at 14-15) (internal citation omitted). We agree with the

trial court’s analysis.   Here, the Commonwealth presented evidence of

Appellant’s past abuse/prior bad acts for purposes other than to demonstrate

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Appellant’s propensity to commit such crimes. See Pa.R.E. 404(b)(1)-(2);

Melendez-Rodriguez, supra. Additionally, the trial court issued a limiting

instruction, which minimized the likelihood that the jury convicted Appellant

on an improper basis. See Commonwealth v. Mollett, 5 A.3d 291, 313

(Pa.Super. 2010), appeal denied, 609 Pa. 686, 14 A.3d 826 (2011)

(reiterating that juries are presumed to follow court’s instructions).   Thus,

Appellant’s second issue warrants no relief. See Montalvo, supra.

      In his third issue, Appellant argues the trial court erred in denying his

motion for judgment of acquittal as to aggravated assault of an unborn child,

where the Commonwealth failed to establish all of the elements of the offense.

Appellant   contends    Victim’s   injury   was   minimal   and   required   no

hospitalization.   Appellant maintains Victim did not suffer a serious bodily

injury, but simply sustained a “knot” on her forehead.        Although Victim

testified that Appellant swung at her stomach and she only avoided the punch

by falling back onto a bed, Appellant avers that a single punch that did not

touch Victim was insufficient to prove a serious bodily injury.      Appellant

contends the punch must have been “slow and lack[ing in] intent to cause

harm” as Victim (at nine months pregnant) was able to dodge the punch.

(Appellant’s Brief at 18). Additionally, Appellant emphasizes that the record

provides no testimony concerning any subsequent punches. Appellant further

maintains that his statement, “I’m going to make the baby bleed out your

ass,” was “the kind of verbal threat which expresses transitory anger rather

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than expressing a settled purpose to carry out the threat.” (Id.) Appellant

concludes that he lacked the requisite intent to support a conviction for

aggravated assault of an unborn child, and this Court should remand for a

new trial. We disagree.

      When examining a challenge to the sufficiency of evidence, our standard

of review is as follows:

         The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the
         evidence is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at
         trial in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there
         is sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every
         element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In
         applying the above test, we may not weigh the evidence and
         substitute our judgment for the fact-finder. In addition, we
         note that the facts and circumstances established by the
         Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of
         innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt may
         be resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak
         and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of
         fact may be drawn from the combined circumstances. The
         Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every
         element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means
         of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying the
         above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all
         evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the
         [finder] of fact while passing upon the credibility of
         witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced, is free
         to believe all, part or none of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Hutchinson, 947 A.2d 800, 805-06 (Pa.Super. 2008),

appeal denied, 602 Pa. 663, 980 A.2d 606 (2009) (quoting Commonwealth

v. Andrulewicz, 911 A.2d 162, 165 (Pa.Super. 2006), appeal denied, 592

Pa. 778, 926 A.2d 972 (2007)) (emphasis omitted). “A motion for judgment

of acquittal challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a conviction

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on a particular charge, and is granted only in cases in which the

Commonwealth has failed to carry its burden regarding that charge.”

Hutchinson, supra at 805.

        The Pennsylvania Crimes Code defines aggravated assault of an unborn

child, in relevant part, as follows:

           § 2606. Aggravated assault of unborn child

              (a) Offense.—A person commits aggravated assault
           of an unborn child if he attempts to cause serious bodily
           injury to the unborn child or causes such injury intentionally,
           knowingly, or recklessly under circumstances manifesting
           extreme indifference to the life of the unborn child.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2606(a). “For aggravated assault purposes, an ‘attempt’ is

found where the accused, with the required specific intent, acts in a manner

which constitutes a substantial step toward perpetrating a serious bodily injury

upon another.”      Commonwealth v. Gruff, 822 A.2d 773, 776 (Pa.Super.

2003), appeal denied, 581 Pa. 672, 863 A.2d 1143 (2004). “Serious bodily

injury” is defined as, “Bodily injury which creates a substantial risk of death

or which causes serious, permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or

impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. §

2301.

        Instantly, the trial court explained:

           This court agreed with the Commonwealth’s argument that
           the testimony established that Appellant attempted to swing
           at…Victim’s pregnant abdominal area and it was the intent
           of…Appellant to do so. Appellant voiced his intent when he
           stated “I’m going to make you bleed that baby out your
           ass.”    …Victim stated that prior abuse had occurred,

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         including incidents during her early stages of pregnancy
         where…Appellant said he would “get” her an abortion. In
         one call, …Appellant told…Victim, “I hope your baby dies in
         his fucking sleep.” On August 2, 2018, Appellant’s first
         “swing” was not “a miss of a punch” when…Appellant
         intended to, and successfully, hit…Victim in the head with a
         closed fist.

         Based on these facts, this court found that the
         Commonwealth proffered sufficient facts regarding
         Appellant’s attempt and intent required for establishing the
         charge of Aggravated Assault of an Unborn Child.
         Therefore, we believe that this court did not commit an error
         when we denied [Appellant]’s Motion for Judgment of
         Acquittal.

(Trial Court Opinion at 16-17).    We agree with the trial court’s analysis.

Viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner,

Appellant’s words and actions demonstrated his intent to harm Victim’s unborn

child and were sufficient to sustain Appellant’s conviction for aggravated

assault of an unborn child. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2606(a); Hutchinson, supra.

      In his fourth issue, Appellant argues the Commonwealth relied solely on

Victim’s incredible testimony to convict Appellant. Appellant emphasizes that

Victim omitted Appellant’s alleged statement that, “I’m going to make the

baby bleed out your ass,” when she initially spoke to police and did not

mention it until several hours after the incident. (Appellant’s Brief at 20).

Appellant further highlights Victim’s testimony that Appellant was able to

punch her in the forehead but was unable to make contact with her nine-

month pregnant stomach. Appellant maintains it is implausible that Victim

was “unable to get her face out of the way of [a] punch, but with ease can fall

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back and roll upon a bed to avoid a punch to her protruding belly.” (Id.) Due

to Victim’s unreliable testimony, Appellant concludes the verdict was not

supported by the weight of the evidence, and this Court should remand for a

new trial. We disagree.

      Generally, a challenge to the weight of the evidence must be preserved

by a motion for a new trial. Pa.R.Crim.P. 607. The Rule provides:

         Rule 607. Challenges to the Weight of the Evidence

         (A) A claim that the verdict was against the weight of the
         evidence shall be raised with the trial judge in a motion for
         a new trial:

            (1) orally, on the record, at any time before sentencing;

            (2) by written motion at any time before sentencing; or

            (3) in a post-sentence motion.

Pa.R.Crim.P. 607(A)(1)-(3).    “As noted in the comment to Rule 607, the

purpose of this rule is to make it clear that a challenge to the weight of the

evidence must be raised with the trial judge or it will be waived.”

Commonwealth v. Gillard, 850 A.2d 1273, 1277 (Pa.Super. 2004), appeal

denied, 581 Pa. 672, 863 A.2d 1143 (2004). A claim challenging the weight

of the evidence generally cannot be raised for the first time in a Rule 1925(b)

statement. Commonwealth v. Burkett, 830 A.2d 1034 (Pa.Super. 2003).

An appellant’s failure to avail himself of any of the prescribed methods for

presenting a weight of the evidence issue to the trial court constitutes waiver

of that claim, even if the trial court responds to the claim in its Rule 1925(a)

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opinion. Id.

     Instantly, Appellant raised his weight claim for the first time in his Rule

1925(b) statement.    See id.    Thus, Appellant’s fourth issue on appeal is

waived.    See    Pa.R.Crim.P.   607;   Gillard,   supra;   Burkett,    supra.

Accordingly, we affirm.

     Judgments of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 3/11/21

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