Court Opinion

ID: 3210795
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-06-08 23:00:56.21725+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:39:30.191429
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 15-2774
                                       ___________

                                  JOSEPH E. CARLIN,
                                                 Appellant
                                         v.

                        JEFFREY BEZOS; AMAZON.COM, INC.
                       ____________________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                         (D.C. Civil Action No. 2-14-cv-02406)
                      District Judge: Honorable Legrome D. Davis
                      ____________________________________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                    May 18, 2016

               Before: FISHER, SHWARTZ and COWEN, Circuit Judges

                              (Opinion filed: May 23, 2016)
                                     ___________

                                        OPINION*
                                       ___________

PER CURIAM

       Pro se appellant Joseph Carlin appeals the District Court’s order granting

summary judgment to the defendants and denying his cross-motion for summary

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
judgment. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and exercise a plenary standard

of review. See State Auto Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Pro Design, P.C., 566 F.3d 86, 89 (3d

Cir. 2009). For the reasons detailed below, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment.

       Carlin is the author of four self-published books, Muraldelphia: Black and White

Edition; Muraldelphia: Full Color Edition; Repeal Roe . . . I tried; and Real Estate Sales

and Listing Training Manual. In 2011, Carlin signed up to use CreateSpace, a subsidiary

of Amazon.com, and agreed to the terms of CreateSpace’s service agreement. Through

this agreement, Carlin granted CreateSpace a nonexclusive license to publish, distribute,

and sell his books through Amazon.com and “other sales channels,” D.C. dkt. #34-5 at ¶

6.1, and CreateSpace agreed to pay Carlin royalties for the sales. Carlin also enrolled his

books in Amazon.com’s “expanded distribution” program, which allowed retailers

outside Amazon.com’s umbrella to sell the books.

       In 2014, Carlin filed the complaint at issue here, naming as defendants

Amazon.com and its founder and CEO, Jeffrey Bezos (collectively, “Amazon”). Carlin

raised a single count of copyright infringement. Carlin alleged that, while Amazon had

paid some royalties to him, it had not paid him nearly the amount he was due. He

requested damages of $100 million. After conducting discovery, the parties filed cross-

motions for summary judgment. The District Court granted Amazon’s motion and

denied Carlin’s, concluding that any rational trier of fact would reject Carlin’s claim that

Amazon had withheld royalties. Carlin filed a timely notice of appeal to this Court.

Amazon has filed a motion to file a supplemental appendix.
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       We agree in full with the District Court’s analysis of this case. To make out a

valid claim of copyright infringement, a plaintiff must establish “(1) ownership of a valid

copyright; and (2) unauthorized copying of original elements of the plaintiff’s work.”

Dun & Bradstreet Software Servs., Inc. v. Grace Consulting, Inc., 307 F.3d 197, 206 (3d

Cir. 2002). In this case, it is undisputed that Carlin granted Amazon a nonexclusive

license to his books. A copyright owner who grants a license to use his copyrighted

material typically can maintain a claim of copyright infringement only by showing that

the “licensee’s use goes beyond the scope of the nonexclusive license.” MacLean

Assocs., Inc. v. Wm. M. Mercer-Meidinger-Hansen, Inc., 952 F.2d 769, 779 (3d Cir.

1991); see also I.A.E., Inc. v. Shaver, 74 F.3d 768, 775 (7th Cir. 1996). As noted above,

Carlin contends that Amazon exceeded its license by selling his books — either directly

or through third-party distributors — without paying royalties. We will assume that a

licensee’s failure to make required payments constitutes copyright infringement. See

MDY Indus., LLC v. Blizzard Entm’t, Inc., 629 F.3d 928, 941 n.4 (9th Cir. 2010).1

       We agree with the District Court that a reasonable jury could not find that Amazon

exceeded the scope of its license. In support of his contention that Amazon sold copies

1
  Carlin objects to the fact that the District Court “turn[ed] this case into an ‘unpaid
royalty squabble,’” Br. at 5, but in his briefs on appeal, he has not identified any other
way in which Amazon has (purportedly) acted beyond the scope of its license. We will
address only arguments that Carlin has raised in his briefs. See United States v. Pelullo,
399 F.3d 197, 222 (3d Cir. 2005); see also Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th
Cir. 2008) (per curiam) (“While we read briefs filed by pro se litigants liberally, issues
not briefed on appeal by a pro se litigant are deemed abandoned[.]” (internal citation
omitted)). Likewise, because Carlin has not challenged the District Court’s various
interlocutory orders, we will not review those orders.
                                                3
of his books without paying him royalties, Carlin presented screenshots listing a number

of copies of his books that were “offer[ed].” For instance, one Amazon.com listing for

Muradelphia states: “Paperback. $62.88 used & new (8 offers).” D.C. dkt. #23 at 5.

Carlin argued that each copy offered represented a copy sold, and thus demanded

royalties commensurate to the number of copies that Amazon and its distributors offered.

       However, Amazon presented evidence that Carlin’s screenshots illustrated only

offers to sell the books, not consummated sales; to complete a sale, Amazon explained, a

consumer would have to accept that offer.2 This interpretation of the word “offer” is

consistent with both Washington state law (the law that governs the services agreement),

see Yakima Cty. (W. Valley) Fire Prot. Dist. No. 12 v. City of Yakima, 858 P.2d 245,

255 (Wash. Ct. App. 1993); Pac. Cascade Corp. v. Nimmer, 608 P.2d 266, 268 (Wash.

Ct. App. 1980), and the way in which that word is widely used, see, e.g., Fletcher-Harlee

Corp. v. Pote Concrete Contractors, Inc., 482 F.3d 247, 250-51 (3d Cir. 2007); United

States v. Vizcarrondo-Casanova, 763 F.3d 89, 103 (1st Cir. 2014). In these

circumstances, Carlin’s screenshots listing “offers” for his books do not provide a

sufficient evidentiary basis for a trier of fact to find that Amazon and third-party

distributors have sold additional copies of his books without paying him. See generally

Kaucher v. Cty. of Bucks, 455 F.3d 418, 423 (3d Cir. 2006).

2
 Amazon also provided evidence that it had sold 16 copies of Carlin’s various books and
had paid him the appropriate royalties for those sales.
                                             4
       Beyond his screenshots, Carlin has presented only speculation that Amazon has

acted improperly. As the District Court concluded, this does not suffice to survive

summary judgment. See Halsey v. Pfeiffer, 750 F.3d 273, 287 (3d Cir. 2014) (“an

inference based upon a speculation or conjecture does not create a material factual

dispute sufficient to defeat summary judgment.” (quoting Robertson v. Allied Signal,

Inc., 914 F.2d 360, 382 n.12 (3d Cir. 1990)); see also Berckeley Inv. Grp., Ltd. v. Colkitt,

455 F.3d 195, 201 (3d Cir. 2006) (“In this respect, summary judgment is essentially ‘put

up or shut up’ time for the non-moving party: the non-moving party must rebut the

motion with facts in the record and cannot rest solely on assertions made in the pleadings,

legal memoranda, or oral argument.”).

       Accordingly, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment. Amazon’s motion to

file a supplemental appendix is granted and the supplemental appendix is deemed filed on

March 16, 2016. To the extent that Carlin’s response in opposition to Amazon’s motion

to file a supplemental appendix requests affirmative relief, the motion is denied.

                                             5