Court Opinion

ID: 4647915
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-30 17:02:32.415968+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:09.414964
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                       File Name: 20a0391p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                             ┐
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ex rel. PAUL DORSA,
                                                             │
                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,       │
                                                              >        No. 20-5007
                                                             │
        v.                                                   │
                                                             │
 MIRACA LIFE SCIENCES, INC.,                                 │
                                 Defendant-Appellant.        │
                                                             ┘

                          Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Middle District of Tennessee at Nashville.
                   No. 3:13-cv-01025—Bernard A. Friedman, District Judge.

                                   Argued: October 22, 2020

                            Decided and Filed: December 30, 2020

               Before: BATCHELDER, MOORE, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges

                                      _________________

                                            COUNSEL

ARGUED: David Barmak, MINTZ, LEVIN, COHN, FERRIS, GLOVSKY, AND POPEO,
P.C., Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Nathan C. Sanders, NEAL & HARWELL, PLC,
Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: David Barmak, Jennifer R. Budoff, MINTZ,
LEVIN, COHN, FERRIS, GLOVSKY, AND POPEO, P.C., Washington, D.C., for Appellant.
Nathan C. Sanders, James F. Sanders, William T. Ramsey, NEAL & HARWELL, PLC,
Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellee.

    ROGERS, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which MOORE, J., joined.
BATCHELDER, J. (pp. 7–10), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.
 No. 20-5007               U.S. ex rel. Dorsa v. Miraca Life Sciences, Inc.                Page 2

                                       _________________

                                             OPINION
                                       _________________

        ROGERS, Circuit Judge. Paul Dorsa filed suit under the False Claims Act against
Miraca Life Sciences, Inc., alleging unlawful retaliation. Miraca sought to dismiss the retaliation
claim because Dorsa—a former Miraca executive—had agreed to binding arbitration as a
provision of his employment agreement with the company. The district court denied Miraca’s
motion to dismiss because it found that the arbitration clause did not cover Dorsa’s retaliation
claim. Miraca appeals the district court’s order and Dorsa seeks to dismiss the appeal. Because
the district court’s order was not a final order, and because the narrow provision of the Federal
Arbitration Act that authorizes immediate appeals of certain interlocutory orders does not apply
here, the court lacks jurisdiction.

        Dorsa was working as an executive of Miraca when he learned of a purported scheme to
defraud the government. On September 20, 2013, Dorsa filed a qui tam action under seal against
Miraca, alleging two counts of violations of the False Claims Act (“FCA”), payment by mistake
of fact, and unjust enrichment. Dorsa was fired on September 24, 2013, and his first amended
complaint, filed under seal in November 2013, alleged an additional claim for retaliation under
the FCA pursuant to 31 U.S.C. § 3730(h); so did his second amended complaint, which was filed
under seal in March 2017. The United States intervened as a party in November 2018; the
district court partially unsealed the case in January 2019; and Dorsa and the government
dismissed the qui tam claims in May 2019.

        Miraca then moved to dismiss the remaining retaliation claim “under Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), (3), and (6), and the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq.”
Miraca argued that Dorsa had failed to state a cause of action through the retaliation claim
because Dorsa had “agreed to resolve all claims . . . arising out of his employment through
binding arbitration.”    Miraca also argued in the alternative that, because of the arbitration
agreement, the district court did not have subject matter jurisdiction over the claim, and the suit
had been brought in an improper venue.
 No. 20-5007               U.S. ex rel. Dorsa v. Miraca Life Sciences, Inc.                   Page 3

       The district court denied the motion to dismiss. The employment agreement’s arbitration
clause requires that,

       in the event of any dispute, claim or disagreement arising out of or in connection
       with this Agreement . . . the parties shall first submit the dispute, claim or
       disagreement to non-binding mediation [and if that is unsuccessful,] . . . then
       either party may submit the dispute, claim or disagreement to binding arbitration.

The district court held that the arbitration clause did not cover the FCA retaliation claim because
“an FCA retaliation claim does not arise from, or have any connection with, an employment
agreement, or any provision thereof, even if it may, as in the present case, have a connection
with plaintiff’s employment relationship.” Miraca subsequently filed a notice of appeal stating
that it was appealing “as a matter of right pursuant to 9 U.S.C. § 16 . . . the Opinion and Order
denying [its] Motion to Dismiss[,] . . . which declined to require Plaintiff to pursue his retaliation
claim in arbitration.”

       Dorsa filed a motion to dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction, arguing that neither
28 U.S.C. § 1291 nor 9 U.S.C. § 16, a provision of the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”),
“suppl[ies] jurisdiction here because Miraca filed a Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss and never
asked the District Court for a stay or an order compelling arbitration.” A three-judge panel of
this court issued an order noting that “[t]he denial of Miraca’s motion to dismiss is not a final
order,” but otherwise referring the motion to dismiss the appeal to the merits panel.

       We lack jurisdiction over this appeal. The only possible source of appellate jurisdiction
here is 9 U.S.C. § 16, which provides in subsections (a)(1)(A) and (B), respectively, that “[a]n
appeal may be taken from an order” either “refusing a stay of any action under section 3 of this
title,” or “denying a petition under section 4 of this title to order arbitration to proceed.”
The former refers to orders refusing a party’s request to stay proceedings “upon any issue
referable to arbitration . . . until such arbitration has been had.” Id. § 3. The latter refers to
orders denying a petition “for an order directing that . . . arbitration proceed.” Id. § 4.

       The district court’s order denied Miraca’s motion to dismiss; it did not refuse a request to
stay the action to allow for arbitration, nor deny a petition for an order directing the parties to
arbitrate. Miraca argues that the district court’s order had “the exact impact” as one “refusing to
 No. 20-5007                   U.S. ex rel. Dorsa v. Miraca Life Sciences, Inc.                               Page 4

stay an action” or “denying a petition to order arbitration,” but that is not enough to establish
appellate jurisdiction. Even if we were to accept the premise that the order had the same impact
as one refusing to stay the action or denying a petition to order arbitration, we have “not adopted
a test for appealability that hinges on the practical effect of a district court’s order.” ATAC Corp.
v. Arthur Treacher’s, Inc., 280 F.3d 1091, 1099 (6th Cir. 2002). In general, “statutes authorizing
appeals are to be strictly construed.” Perry Educ. Ass’n v. Perry Local Educators’ Ass’n,
460 U.S. 37, 43 (1983). In particular, appellate “[r]eview under § 16 is limited to those types of
orders specified in [the] plain text of that section.” Van Dusen v. Swift Transp. Co., 830 F.3d
893, 898–99 (9th Cir. 2016) (relying on Green Tree Fin. Corp.-Alabama v. Randolph, 531 U.S.
79, 84 (2000)). If an appellant did not ask the district court, even implicitly, for a stay or for an
order compelling arbitration, a district court’s order can hardly be a denial or refusal of such
relief.

          This conclusion is consistent with our prior opinions in Simon v. Pfizer, Inc. and Turi v.
Main Street Adoption Services, LLP. We held in Simon that there was appellate jurisdiction
under § 16. 398 F.3d 765, 771–72 (6th Cir. 2005). Although the defendant’s briefing to the
district court in Simon sought dismissal of the action, the defendant asked that court to “dismiss
the Complaint in its entirety and compel plaintiff to proceed to arbitration,” or to, “[a]t a
minimum, . . . stay the action pending arbitration of all or any part of these claims.” Mot. by
Def. to Dismiss, Simon v. Pfizer, Inc., No. 5:02-CV-60199-MOB (E.D. Mich. Nov. 12, 2002)
(emphasis added). The court noted in Simon that the defendant was appealing “the District
Court’s refusal to enforce, through dismissal or stay, an agreement to arbitrate.”                             Simon,
398 F.3d at 772 (emphasis added). Indeed, our decision in Taylor v. Pilot Corp., 955 F.3d 572,
578 (6th Cir. 2020), focused on that language. Turi is similar: we determined that we had
appellate jurisdiction, noting in our opinion that the defendant had argued to the district court
“that all of the claims should be referred to an arbitrator.” 633 F.3d 496, 500 (6th Cir. 2011)
(emphasis added),1 abrogated on other grounds by Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales,
Inc., 139 S. Ct. 524 (2019). In an earlier, albeit unpublished, Taylor opinion, we observed, at

          1To the extent that this statement may in fact misstate the actual record in Turi, as the dissent suggests, we
nonetheless decline to interpret the appellate holding of Turi as applying to facts that are, even if true, materially
different from those relied upon by the court of appeals in that case.
 No. 20-5007              U.S. ex rel. Dorsa v. Miraca Life Sciences, Inc.                  Page 5

least in passing, that in both Simon and Turi we had “recognized that the movant sought to
compel arbitration.” Taylor v. Pilot Corp., 697 F. App’x 854, 861 (6th Cir. 2017). In short,
Miraca cites no precedent in our court holding that there is appellate jurisdiction under the FAA
where a defendant never sought a stay or an order compelling arbitration.

       Other courts of appeals have applied a similarly strict view of § 16(a). Under Tenth
Circuit law, if the defendant did not “caption the motion in the district court as one brought under
the FAA §§ 3 or 4,” “or [if] the court suspects that the motion has been mis-captioned in an
attempt to take advantage of § 16(a),” then

       the court must look beyond the caption to the essential attributes of the motion
       itself . . . to determine whether it is plainly apparent from the four corners of the
       motion that the movant seeks only the relief provided for in the FAA, rather than
       any other judicially-provided remedy.

Conrad v. Phone Directories Co., 585 F.3d 1376, 1385 (10th Cir. 2009); accord Wheeling Hosp.,
Inc. v. The Health Plan of the Upper Ohio Valley, Inc., 683 F.3d 577, 585–86 (4th Cir. 2012)
(applying the Conrad test). Adopting this approach, the Fourth Circuit noted that the standard
from Conrad “strikes a balance between form and substance, and is in harmony with the other
circuits to have considered the issue.” Wheeling, 683 F.3d at 585 & n.2 (discussing Bombardier
Corp. v. National R.R. Passenger Corp., 333 F.3d 250, 253-54 (D.C. Cir. 2003); Wabtec Corp. v.
Faiveley Transp. Malmo AB, 525 F.3d 135, 139–40 (2d Cir. 2008); and Fit Tech, Inc. v. Bally
Total Fitness Holding Corp., 374 F.3d 1, 5–6 (1st Cir. 2004)). Since Conrad was decided, the
courts of appeals in the Third and Ninth Circuits have also explicitly followed its approach. See
Devon Robotics, LLC v. DeViedma, 798 F.3d 136, 145–47 (3d Cir. 2015); W. Sec. Bank v.
Schneider Ltd. P’ship, 816 F.3d 587, 589–90 (9th Cir. 2016).

       As the discussion of Simon and Turi above illustrates, this court’s precedent has not
required that the party seeking to enforce an arbitration clause and establish appellate jurisdiction
have sought in the lower court “only the relief provided for in the FAA.” Conrad, 585 F.3d at
1385 (emphasis added). As the Third Circuit held in Devon Robotics, “we do not read § 16 as
barring jurisdiction where both a motion to compel arbitration and a motion to dismiss (or a
motion for summary judgment) are made in the alternative.” 798 F.3d at 147. “Other courts
 No. 20-5007               U.S. ex rel. Dorsa v. Miraca Life Sciences, Inc.                 Page 6

have also exercised jurisdiction over appeals where defendants filed motions to compel
arbitration or, in the alternative, to dismiss.” Id. (collecting cases).

        This somewhat less strict approach still requires dismissal in this case. Nowhere in its
motion to the district court or briefing in support thereof did Miraca seek the relief provided for
in the FAA. Miraca’s motion requested dismissal; its concluding sentence asked that the district
court “dismiss Count V of the Second Amended Complaint with prejudice.” Miraca’s brief in
support of the motion discussed Rules 12(b)(1), (3), and (6), and its concluding sentence asserts
that Dorsa’s “retaliation claim therefore must be dismissed.” The motion was, in the words of
the Tenth Circuit in Conrad, 585 F.3d at 1386, “a request for judicial relief in the form of
dismissal, rather than a request that the court refer the case to an arbitrator” or stay the case to
allow for arbitration proceedings. Accordingly, Miraca’s many references to the FAA are
unavailing to establish appellate jurisdiction because simply citing the statute is not enough to
satisfy § 16(a)’s requirements for immediate appealability. “Mere ‘offhand references’ to the
FAA or to arbitration are not sufficient.” Devon Robotics, 798 F.3d at 147 (citing Conrad,
585 F.3d at 1386). When “the essence of [a party’s] motion was not for relief under the FAA,
. . . no § 16(a) appellate jurisdiction exists over the denial of that motion.” Conrad, 585 F.3d at
1386. The essence of Miraca’s motion to the district court was a request that the court dismiss
the action, not that the court stay the proceedings or issue an order compelling arbitration.
Therefore, no appellate jurisdiction exists over the denial of that motion.

        The appeal is dismissed.
 No. 20-5007              U.S. ex rel. Dorsa v. Miraca Life Sciences, Inc.                   Page 7

                                       _________________

                                             DISSENT
                                       _________________

       ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge, dissenting. Because I believe that we have
jurisdiction to hear Miraca’s appeal, I respectfully dissent.

       The Sixth Circuit, like all federal appellate courts, has “jurisdiction of appeals from all
final decisions of the district courts of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1291. “Ordinarily,
appellate jurisdiction is lacking to hear an appeal from an order denying a Rule 12(b)(6) motion
to dismiss since such an order is interlocutory in nature.” Turi v. Main St. Adoption Servs., LLP,
633 F.3d 496, 500-01 (6th Cir. 2011). But a “district court’s denial of [a] motion to dismiss,
which was based on the parties’ arbitration clause, is independently reviewable under the Federal
Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 U.S.C. § 16, and Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure.”
Id. at 501.    “Such interlocutory appellate jurisdiction comports with the principle that we
generally have jurisdiction only over final orders because the FAA’s provision for interlocutory
appeals from refusals to stay an action or compel arbitration was intended precisely to support a
party’s contractual right to resolve [certain] questions through arbitration and avoid [court]
proceeding[s] altogether.” Id. (quotation marks and citations omitted)).

       The key question, then, is whether Miraca’s motion to dismiss “was based on the parties’
arbitration clause.” See Turi, 633 F.3d at 501. Or, put differently, whether we can construe
Miraca’s motion to dismiss as a request to compel arbitration, insofar as that grants us
jurisdiction. As I read it, our precedent holds that we can.

                                                  I

       In Simon v. Pfizer, Inc., 398 F.3d 765 (6th Cir. 2005), we held that, with respect to a
district court’s “refusal to enforce, through dismissal or stay, an agreement to arbitrate, this Court
has independent jurisdiction over that question under the [FAA], 9 U.S.C. § 16, and Rule 4 of the
Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure.” Simon, 398 F.3d at 772. There, the defendant, Pfizer,
moved to dismiss, arguing that the claims against it were arbitrable. Pfizer never invoked
Section 4 of the FAA or formally moved to compel arbitration. Their motion sought dismissal,
 No. 20-5007                   U.S. ex rel. Dorsa v. Miraca Life Sciences, Inc.                               Page 8

not a stay pending arbitration. Nevertheless, we held that we had jurisdiction under the FAA to
hear Pfizer’s appeal because the district court refused “to enforce, through dismissal or stay, an
agreement to arbitrate.” Id.

         The majority distinguishes Simon because Pfizer’s motion alternatively suggested a stay
pending arbitration. Fair point—Miraca’s motion did not alternatively move the district court to
compel arbitration.

         Nor did that occur in Turi.1 There, the defendant, Main Street, moved to dismiss on the
grounds that, among other things, Turi’s claims were subject to a binding arbitration agreement.
Main Street’s motion to dismiss noted that “arbitration is compulsory” under the parties’
arbitration agreement, but it never specifically requested that the district court compel arbitration
under Section 4 of the FAA. It only sought dismissal. We held that the district court’s denial of
the motion to dismiss was immediately appealable under the FAA because the motion “was
based on the parties’ arbitration clause.” Turi, 633 F.3d at 501.

         The majority distinguishes Turi by using language from that decision to frame Main
Street’s motion as arguing “that all of the claims should be referred to an arbitrator.” Id. at 500.
But, in its motion, Main Street sought dismissal because the case was subject to the parties’
binding arbitration agreement. At no point did Main Street seek referral to an arbitrator. Nor
did Main Street seek to compel arbitration, nor seek a stay pending arbitration. Main Street’s
motion to dismiss, like Miraca’s, sought only dismissal. As I read it, Turi gives us jurisdiction to
decide this appeal.

         1The   Supreme Court abrogated Turi’s “wholly-groundless exception” in Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer
& White Sales, Inc., 139 S. Ct. 524, 528-29, 529-30 (2019). See McGee v. Armstrong, 941 F.3d 859, 866-67 (6th
Cir. 2019) (finding that the Supreme Court “disapproved” and “rejected” our approach under Turi, which prohibited
an arbitrator from having the authority to decide the arbitrability of claims that are “clearly outside the scope of the
arbitration clause” (quoting Turi, 633 F.3d at 507)); see also infra Part IV. But Schein’s abrogating Turi’s
groundless-exception holding does not affect Turi’s holding that it had appellate jurisdiction to review the district
court’s denial of the defendant’s motion to dismiss or its holding that the motion to dismiss could be construed as a
motion to compel arbitration. In fact, those two holdings have since been affirmed post-Henry Schein. See Taylor v.
Pilot Corp., 955 F.3d 572, 578 (6th Cir. 2020) (“This Court also possesses jurisdiction, pursuant to the [FAA], over
orders ‘denying a petition under section 4 of [the FAA] to order arbitration to proceed.’ [which] includes a ‘District
Court’s refusal to enforce, through dismissal or stay, an agreement to arbitrate.’” (quoting Simon, 398 F.3d at 772)).
 No. 20-5007                  U.S. ex rel. Dorsa v. Miraca Life Sciences, Inc.              Page 9

                                                    II.

        Turi is binding precedent. See, e.g., Taylor v. Pilot Corp., 697 F. App’x 854, 861 (6th
Cir. 2017) (“We found jurisdiction in Turi and Simon despite those orders’ failure to fit facially
into an appealable ‘category’ under the FAA—such as an order denying a petition under section
4 or an order refusing to grant a stay under section 3[,] because in both Turi and Simon, the
defendants’ motions to dismiss functioned as requests to compel arbitration.” (quotation and
citations omitted)); Hammond v. Floor & Décor Outlets of Am., Inc., No. 3:19-cv-01099, 2020
WL 4700829, at *4 n.3 (M.D. Tenn. Aug. 12, 2020) (“The Motions to Dismiss are effectively
motions to compel arbitration, as the relief they seek is, in part, an order compelling the opt-in
plaintiffs to arbitrate.”).     Indeed, other circuits have understood Sixth Circuit precedent as
adopting “a broad approach” that interprets 9 U.S.C. § 16 as granting appellate jurisdiction over
a district court’s denial of a motion to dismiss. See Devon Robotics, LLC v. DeViedma, 798 F.3d
136, 145 (3d Cir. 2015) (“And the Sixth Circuit has held simply that § 16 grants appellate
jurisdiction over ‘refusal[s] to enforce, through dismissal or stay, an agreement to arbitrate.’”
(quoting Simon, 398 F.3d at 772; citing Turi, 633 F.3d at 501)). Nor does the Sixth Circuit’s
reading of the Federal Arbitration Act go against the Act’s intent: “the FAA’s provision for
interlocutory appeals . . . was intended precisely to support a party’s contractual right to resolve
certain questions through arbitration and avoid court proceedings altogether.” Turi, 633 F.3d at
501 (cleaned up) (quoting Stein v. KPMG, LLP, 486 F.3d 753, 762 (2d. Cir. 2007)); see also
Albert M. Higley Co. v. N/S Corp., 445 F.3d 861, 863 (6th Cir. 2006) (noting “the large number
of cases from the Supreme Court . . . emphasizing the federal policy in favor of arbitration.”).

        Here, Miraca filed its motion to dismiss under the FAA, arguing that Dorsa’s “claim
cannot be pursued in this court . . . because Dorsa explicitly agreed to resolve all claims [arising]
out of his employment through binding arbitration with the American Arbitration Association in
Dallas, Texas.” Miraca made two arguments supporting dismissal:

        Because Dorsa has failed to pursue arbitration in spite of a compulsory arbitration
        clause, he has failed to state a cause of action and the claim should be dismissed
        under Rule 12(b)(6). Alternatively, because Dorsa agreed to arbitrate his claim
        before the AAA, this court does not have subject matter jurisdiction over the
        claim, and the court is not a proper venue and Count V may also be dismissed
        under Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(3).
 No. 20-5007              U.S. ex rel. Dorsa v. Miraca Life Sciences, Inc.                 Page 10

Likewise, in its memorandum in support of its motion to dismiss, Miraca argued:

        Defendant Miraca Life Sciences, Inc. has moved to dismiss Plaintiff Paul Dorsa’s
        False Claims Act retaliation claim with prejudice because that claim does not
        belong in this court; it should have been filed with the American Arbitration
        Association (AAA) as mandated by Dorsa’s Employment Agreement with
        Miraca. Specifically, the dispute resolution provision in Dorsa’s Employment
        Agreement required him to mediate and then arbitrate all disputes arising out of or
        in connection with his employment. His retaliation claim is such a dispute, and it
        is well settled that the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) requires the enforcement of
        Dorsa’s agreement to arbitrate that claim. This court therefore does not have
        jurisdiction and is an improper forum for resolution of Dorsa’s retaliation claim.

While Miraca never specifically asked that the district court compel arbitration under Section 4
of the FAA and did not formally file a Motion to Compel Arbitration, neither did Main Street in
Turi.

        Miraca’s motion to dismiss closely mirrors Main Street’s. Miraca sought dismissal under
Rules 12(b)(1), (3), and (6) “because Dorsa explicitly agreed to resolve all claims . . . arising out
of his employment through binding arbitration.” Main Street sought dismissal under Rules
12(b)(1), (2), (3), and (6) because “this case [was] subject to the parties’ binding arbitration
agreement.” Both Main Street and Miraca sought dismissal because the plaintiffs in their cases
agreed to binding arbitration, giving up jurisdiction in federal court. If the defendants’ motion to
dismiss in Turi was the functional equivalent to a motion to compel arbitration, then I would find
the same to be true here for Miraca’s motion to dismiss.

                                                III.

        Based on the foregoing, I believe that we have appellate jurisdiction and would deny
Dorsa’s motion to dismiss the appeal. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.