Court Opinion

ID: 1044578
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-08 02:14:09.566734+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:26:36.517760
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                            Assigned on Briefs June 4, 2013

                   MARIO GREEN v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

                  Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                         No. 04-03180 Paula Skahan, Judge

                 No. W2012-01099-CCA-R3-PC - Filed June 26, 2013

Mario Green (“the Petitioner”) was convicted by a Shelby County jury of two counts of
second degree murder. The trial court merged the convictions and sentenced the Petitioner
to twenty years’ incarceration. The Petitioner subsequently filed for post-conviction relief,
which the post-conviction court denied following an evidentiary hearing. The Petitioner now
appeals, arguing that he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. After reviewing
the record and the applicable law, we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.

                    Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment
                             of the Criminal Court Affirmed

J EFFREY S. B IVINS, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which T HOMAS T. W OODALL and
J AMES C URWOOD W ITT, J R., JJ., joined.

Sean Hord, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Mario Green.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Sophia S. Lee, Senior Counsel; Amy
Weirich, District Attorney General; and Doug Carriker, Assistant District Attorney General,
for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                         OPINION

                          Factual and Procedural Background

       The Petitioner and Dimecos Jones were involved in a shooting that occurred in
December 2003. As a result, both were indicted for first degree premeditated murder, first
degree felony murder, and especially aggravated robbery. They were tried separately.
Following a jury trial, a jury convicted the Petitioner of two counts of second degree murder.
The trial court merged the two convictions and sentenced the Petitioner to twenty years’
incarceration. This Court affirmed the judgments of the trial court on direct appeal. See State
v. Mario Green, No. W2006-01383-CCA-R3-CD, 2008 WL 2331020, at *6 (Tenn. Crim.
App. June 5, 2008), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Dec. 22, 2008). We repeat below the facts
presented in this Court’s opinion resolving the Petitioner’s direct appeal in order to assist in
the resolution of this proceeding:

               [T]he evidence at the [Petitioner]’s trial revealed that the victim
       regularly sold drugs in The Corners apartment complex in Memphis. Christen
       Williams also sold drugs in the apartment complex, and the two often clashed
       over their drug territory. On December 13, 2003, Williams “got into it” with
       the victim and telephoned her friend, the [Petitioner], for help. The
       [Petitioner] told Williams he would speak with the victim. That night,
       Williams drove the [Petitioner] and Jones to the apartment complex in order
       for the [Petitioner] to talk with the victim. The [Petitioner] and Jones saw the
       victim and got out of Williams’ car. Williams said that the [Petitioner] put a
       .9 millimeter gun “on his hip” and that Jones put a .357 “on his hip.” Williams
       drove to the back of the apartments and heard a gunshot. The [Petitioner] and
       Jones returned to Williams’ car, and the three of them returned to the
       [Petitioner]’s home. There, Jones told Williams that he took money and drugs
       out of the victim’s pocket. At the [Petitioner]’s trial, Williams testified that
       the [Petitioner] told her before the shooting that he was going to fight the
       victim, but she acknowledged telling the police that the [Petitioner] told her he
       was going to kill the victim. She also acknowledged that she had been charged
       with facilitation of first degree murder in connection with the victim’s death
       and that her case was still pending. She said she had not been promised
       anything in exchange for her testimony against the [Petitioner].

               Kevin Starks testified that in December 2003, he lived in The Corners
       apartment complex and saw the victim there every day. In the early morning
       hours of December 14, 2003, Starks returned home and saw the victim talking
       with the [Petitioner] and another man in the parking lot. Starks heard the
       [Petitioner] say, “No, fuck that shit, tonight he’s got to die, tonight” and saw
       the [Petitioner] pull out a pistol. The second man also appeared to have a gun,
       and Starks heard him say, “Fuck all this talking, let’s get this shit over with.”
       Starks walked toward his apartment, began telephoning 911, and heard a
       gunshot. He went inside his apartment, looked out a window, and saw the
       victim lying on the ground. He also saw a shadow over the victim “like maybe
       someone might be going in his pocket.” Starks said he never saw the
       [Petitioner] point a gun at the victim.

              Kevin Cochran, the victim’s friend, testified that he called the victim’s
       cellular telephone about midnight on December 14, 2003. Someone other than

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       the victim answered the phone and told Cochran that the victim was busy.
       Cochran stated that the person put the telephone down and that he heard noise
       and arguing in the background. Cochran heard someone say, “Give me the
       stuff, give me the stuff, get out of the car, lay down on the ground” and heard
       someone tell the victim, “Lay down, face down on the ground.” Cochran left
       his job and drove to The Corners apartment complex because he knew the
       victim would be there. When he arrived, he saw the victim lying on the
       ground and an ambulance.

               Marcus Tubbs testified that he was with the victim on the night of
       December 13, 2003, and rode with the victim to the apartment complex. The
       [Petitioner] and Jones flagged down the victim, and the victim drove over to
       them. The victim began talking with the [Petitioner], and Jones pulled out a
       gun and told the [Petitioner] to get out of the way. The victim got out of his
       car, and Jones told the victim to lie on the ground and checked the victim’s
       pockets and shoes for money. The [Petitioner] pulled out a gun and told Tubbs
       to get out of the car. At some point, the victim’s cellular telephone rang, and
       Tubbs answered the phone. Tubbs did not hang up the phone, and the
       [Petitioner] snatched the phone from him. Tubbs heard Jones say, “Should I
       do him, should I do him[?]” but did not hear the [Petitioner]’s response. He
       then saw Jones walk up to the victim and shoot the victim in the back of the
       head. After the shooting, the [Petitioner] and Jones ran from the scene.

               At the crime scene, the police found the victim lying on the ground, a
       blood puddle, two black tennis shoes, and bullet fragments. Later that day,
       officers went to the [Petitioner]’s home and knocked on the door, but no one
       answered. Believing someone was in the house, the officers left the home but
       watched it from a distance. A car arrived, and Jones came out of the house and
       got into the car. Officers stopped the car; arrested Jones; and found a .357
       Magnum revolver, a .9 millimeter pistol, and ammunition on the front seat.
       Ballistics testing on the guns was compared with the bullet fragments
       recovered from the crime scene and revealed that some of the bullet fragments
       were fired from the revolver. None of the fragments were fired from the
       pistol. An autopsy revealed that the victim died from a gunshot wound to the
       top of his head. The victim also had a laceration on his head caused by blunt
       force trauma, and a forensic anthropologist concluded that he received the
       laceration before the shooting. The [Petitioner] turned himself in to police on
       December 16, 2003.

Id. at *1-2.

                                             -3-
       The Petitioner subsequently filed a petition for post-conviction relief, claiming
ineffective assistance of counsel at trial (“trial counsel”). At the post-conviction hearing, the
Petitioner testified that he retained trial counsel after his indictment. The Petitioner
contended that trial counsel was ineffective. The Petitioner felt that his meetings with trial
counsel were not long enough for the Petitioner to understand the charges against him, and
he believed trial counsel did not explain the charges fully due to trial counsel’s time restraints
regarding other clients. Trial counsel explained the charges of felony murder and facilitation
to the Petitioner but did not explain criminal responsibility until after jury selection was
complete. According to the Petitioner, trial counsel was “surprised” when the Petitioner was
charged with criminal responsibility after jury selection. The Petitioner did not discuss
potential witnesses with trial counsel before the trial, even though he gave the names of two
potential witnesses to a private investigator. Those witnesses would have testified that,
although the Petitioner was at the scene of the crime, he did not shoot anyone.

       On cross-examination, the Petitioner acknowledged that he did not have a set number
of expected visits with trial counsel and that trial counsel met with him at least three times
before proceeding to trial. The Petitioner also acknowledged that he was at the scene of the
crime and that his potential witnesses would have confirmed that he was at the scene. The
Petitioner claimed to rely on advice from trial counsel when deciding whether to testify on
his own behalf.

       Trial counsel testified that he had been practicing law for almost thirty years at the
time of the post-conviction hearing and was certified both as a criminal trial specialist by the
State of Tennessee and as a criminal trial advocate by the National Board of Trial Advocacy.
Typically, trial counsel tried to settle cases but prepared for trial in case settling was not an
option. He had tried murder cases in Tennessee, Virginia, and Texas. Trial counsel had no
recollection of the Petitioner’s mentioning potential witnesses to him but elaborated that, if
there were potential witnesses, he typically had a private investigator interview any such
witnesses to determine if their testimony was beneficial to the case.

         Trial counsel stated that it was typical for him to explain his clients’ right to testify
at trial and confirmed that he usually advised clients to wait until hearing the State’s evidence
in a criminal trial before making a decision about whether his clients would testify on their
own behalf. Trial counsel explained the charges and the relevant sentences to the Petitioner.
He could not recall the State’s offering a plea bargain to the Petitioner at any time during the
trial proceedings. According to trial counsel, he did not present evidence of mitigating
factors for sentencing in the Petitioner’s case because an agreement was reached regarding
the sentence, and, thus, there was no sentencing hearing. Trial counsel generally did not file
evidence of mitigating factors before a sentencing hearing because filing prior to the hearing
is not required. On cross-examination, trial counsel admitted that he did not recall
specifically having a conversation with the Petitioner about criminal responsibility, but he

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felt “very comfortable” in stating that such a conversation took place because Jones already
had been convicted of first degree murder at the time of the Petitioner’s trial, meaning that
criminal responsibility was “the only theory that could hold [the Petitioner] responsible, is
that he’s responsible for [Jones’] shooting the [victim].”

       The post-conviction court denied the petition for post-conviction relief. The court’s
order noted “three specific deficiencies that the Petitioner cites as support for his allegations
of ineffective assistance of counsel.” The deficiencies were:

       1. Counsel failed to confer with Petitioner without delay and as often as
       necessary in order to elicit matters of a defense and/or to ascertain whether that
       potential defense was unavailable in relation to the facts and circumstances of
       his case.

       2. Counsel failed to investigate the facts and circumstances of his case in
       relation to the law, both factually and legally.

       3. Counsel failed to present mitigating evidence in the penalty phase of the
       case, constituting a failure of the duty to investigate and make adequate
       preparation for trial in both the guilt and sentencing phases.

       Regarding trial counsel’s alleged deficiency in conferring with the Petitioner, the post-
conviction court held that trial counsel had acted within the range of reasonable professional
assistance, based on trial counsel’s testimony about his experience, certifications, and
teaching experience. The court also held that the Petitioner

       failed to establish that Trial Counsel rendered ineffective assistance of counsel
       in Trial Counsel’s degree of preparation or representation. Trial Counsel met
       with Petitioner and discussed the matters presented by Petitioner’s case in a
       manner within the range of professional assistance, and Trial Counsel’s failure
       to address the criminal responsibility issue prior to trial does not constitute
       ineffective assistance of counsel.

       The post-conviction court also held that the Petitioner “failed to establish that Trial
Counsel failed to properly investigate the case such that his counsel fell below the standards
of acceptable legal representation, [or] that any prejudice to Petitioner’s case resulted from
any such deficiency in investigation of the case.” Trial counsel and the Petitioner’s
statements that an investigator met with the Petitioner, along with trial counsel’s reliance on
the transcripts of Jones’ trial, led the court to conclude that trial counsel sufficiently
investigated the case.

                                               -5-
        Finally, the post-conviction court did not grant the Petitioner relief on the claim that
trial counsel failed to file evidence of mitigating factors at sentencing. The post-conviction
court noted that the Petitioner did not present any specific mitigating factors that could have
been raised. Moreover, the court stated that, even if he had, there was no sentencing hearing
in this case. Thus, there was no opportunity to introduce such evidence. Accordingly, the
post-conviction court held that the Petitioner was not entitled to relief on this ground.
Following the court’s denial of post-conviction relief, the Petitioner timely appealed to this
Court.

                                             Analysis

                                       Standard of Review

        Post-conviction relief is available only when the Petitioner demonstrates that his or
her “conviction or sentence is void or voidable because of the abridgment of any right
guaranteed by the Constitution of Tennessee or the Constitution of the United States.” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-30-103 (2006). To prevail on a post-conviction claim of a constitutional
violation, the Petitioner must prove his or her allegations of fact by “clear and convincing
evidence.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-110(f) (2006). See Momon v. State, 18 S.W.3d 152,
156 (Tenn. 1999). This Court will not overturn a post-conviction court’s findings of fact
unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. Pylant v. State, 263 S.W.3d 854, 867
(Tenn. 2008); Sexton v. State, 151 S.W.3d 525, 531 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2004). We will defer
to the post-conviction court’s findings with respect to the witnesses’ credibility, the weight
and value of their testimony, and the resolution of factual issues presented by the evidence.
Momon, 18 S.W.3d at 156. With respect to issues raising mixed questions of law and fact,
however, including claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, our review is de novo with
no presumption of correctness. See Pylant, 263 S.W.3d at 867-68; Sexton, 151 S.W.3d at
531.

                                Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

         The Petitioner argues on appeal that he was denied effective assistance of counsel.
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 9 of the
Tennessee Constitution guarantee a criminal defendant the right to representation by counsel
at trial.1 Both the United States Supreme Court and the Tennessee Supreme Court have
recognized that this right is to “reasonably effective” assistance, whose advice is “within the
range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.” Strickland v. Washington,

       1
         The Sixth Amendment right to counsel is applicable to the States through the Fourteenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution. See Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 342 (1963); State
v. Howell, 868 S.W.2d 238, 251 (Tenn. 1993).

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466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); see also Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975). The
deprivation of effective assistance of counsel at trial presents a claim cognizable under
Tennessee’s Post-Conviction Procedure Act. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-103; Pylant, 263
S.W.3d at 868.

        In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the Petitioner must
establish two prongs: (1) that counsel’s performance was deficient; and (2) that the deficient
performance prejudiced the defense. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Goad v. State, 938
S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tenn. 1996). The Petitioner’s failure to establish either prong is fatal to
his or her claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 370. Accordingly,
if we determine that either prong is not satisfied, we need not consider the other prong. Id.

        To establish the first prong of deficient performance, the petitioner must demonstrate
that his lawyer’s “acts or omissions were so serious as to fall below an objective standard of
‘reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.’” Vaughn v. State, 202 S.W.3d 106,
116 (Tenn. 2006) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688)). Our supreme court has explained
that:

       [T]he assistance of counsel required under the Sixth Amendment is counsel
       reasonably likely to render and rendering reasonably effective assistance. It
       is a violation of this standard for defense counsel to deprive a criminal
       defendant of a substantial defense by his own ineffectiveness or incompetence.
       Defense counsel must perform at least as well as a lawyer with ordinary
       training and skill in the criminal law and must conscientiously protect his
       client’s interest, undeflected by conflicting considerations.

Baxter, 523 S.W.2d at 934-35 (quoting Beasley v. United States, 491 F.2d 687, 696 (6th Cir.
1974)). When a court reviews a lawyer’s performance, it “must make every effort to
eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s
conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from the perspective of counsel at that time.” Howell
v. State, 185 S.W.3d 319, 326 (Tenn. 2006) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689).
Additionally, a reviewing court “must be highly deferential and ‘must indulge a strong
presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional
assistance.’” State v. Honeycutt, 54 S.W.3d 762, 767 (Tenn. 2001) (quoting Strickland, 466
U.S. at 689). We will not deem counsel to have been ineffective merely because a different
strategy or procedure might have produced a more favorable result. Rhoden v. State, 816
S.W.2d 56, 60 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). We recognize, however, that “deference to tactical
choices only applies if the choices are informed ones based upon adequate preparation.”
Cooper v. State, 847 S.W.2d 521, 528 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992) (citing Hellard v. State, 629
S.W.2d 4, 9 (Tenn. 1982)).

                                              -7-
       As to the prejudice prong, the Petitioner must establish a “reasonable probability that
but for counsel’s errors the result of the proceeding would have been different .” Vaughn,
202 S.W.3d at 116 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). “A reasonable probability is a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.
“That is, the petitioner must establish that his counsel’s deficient performance was of such
a degree that it deprived him of a fair trial and called into question the reliability of the
outcome.” Pylant, 263 S.W.3d at 869 (citing State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 463 (Tenn.
1999)). “A reasonable probability of being found guilty of a lesser charge . . . satisfies the
second prong of Strickland.” Id.

        Although the post-conviction court addressed three separate alleged deficiencies as
the basis for Petitioner’s ineffective assistance claim, the Petitioner has asserted only one
deficiency on appeal. The Petitioner argues that trial counsel’s failure to alert the Petitioner
to the possibility of conviction under a theory of criminal responsibility constituted deficient
performance by trial counsel and prejudiced the proceedings. Further, he contends that, had
he known that the State could convict him on a theory of criminal responsibility, he “might
not have taken his case to trial.”

        Turning first to the prejudice prong, the Petitioner claims that he “might not have
taken his case to trial” had he known about a possibility of conviction under a theory of
criminal responsibility. However, he has not presented any evidence that he would not have
gone to trial given this knowledge. Trial counsel testified that he typically tried to settle
cases. Nothing in the record indicates that trial counsel acted differently in this case, and the
Petitioner did not testify that he sought a plea bargain before trial. Moreover, there is nothing
to indicate that a plea bargain was offered. Trial counsel testified that he did not remember
a plea deal being offered, and the Petitioner did not testify that a plea offer was made.

        Even if we assume that a plea bargain was offered, “[i]n the context of a Petitioner
who seeks to reinstate . . . a plea offer, the Petitioner must show that there is a reasonable
probability that he or she would have accepted the plea had it been properly communicated
to him or her.” State v. Garrison, 40 S.W.3d 426, 431 (Tenn. 2000). The Petitioner’s
contention that he “might not have” gone to trial does not constitute clear and convincing
evidence that he would have pleaded guilty to the charges against him. The Petitioner did
not testify that he would have accepted a plea deal at his evidentiary hearing. Thus, the
Petitioner has not presented any evidence supporting a showing that he was prejudiced by
trial counsel’s failure to discuss criminal responsibility with him before trial.

       We acknowledge that the post-conviction court did find that trial counsel did not
discuss criminal responsibility with the Petitioner before trial began. Despite its finding, the
post-conviction court held that this failure did not rise to the level of deficient performance.
Since we have determined that the Petitioner has failed to establish prejudice, we decline to

                                               -8-
address whether trial counsel’s representation was deficient on this issue. See Goad, 938
S.W.2d at 370. The Petitioner is entitled to no relief on this issue.

                                      CONCLUSION

       Based on the reasoning above, the Petitioner has failed to establish that he is entitled
to post-conviction relief. Therefore, the judgment of the post-conviction court is affirmed.

                                                    ______________________________
                                                    JEFFREY S. BIVINS, JUDGE

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