Court Opinion

ID: 6112421
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-25 18:02:40.024711+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:54:23.902511
License: Public Domain

Filed 1/25/22 Marriage of Lane and Crouch CA1/2

             NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
      California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not
      certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not
      been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

      IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                 FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                               DIVISION TWO

       In re the Marriage of
       KATHERINE LANE and
       DAVID CROUCH.
                                                                   A154434
       KATHERINE LANE,
                 Appellant,                                         (San Mateo County
       v.                                                            Super. Ct. No. F0122077)
       DAVID CROUCH,
                                                                ORDER MODIFYING
                 Appellant.                                     OPINION AND DENYING
                                                                PETITION FOR REHEARING

      BY THE COURT:

      The opinion filed herein on December 27, 2021, is modified as follows:
      1.        The paragraph beginning on page 36 and concluding on
page 37 is deleted. The first full paragraph on page 37 is deleted. The
first sentence of the second full paragraph on page 37 is deleted and
replaced with the following:

                                                            1
      Crouch is in plain effect challenging the sufficiency of the
      evidence to support the family court’s determination that he had
      committed a breach of fiduciary duty that warranted an award
      under subdivision (g). As already noted, he is required to set out
      all of the pertinent evidence in his brief. (Fink, supra, 25 Cal.3d.
      877, 887.) As he does with several other of his arguments,
      Crouch makes no attempt to satisfy this requirement.
      2.    The paragraph commencing on page 40 and concluding on
page 41 is deleted and replaced with the following:
      This evidence was more than ample to support the family court’s
      determinations that Crouch had breached his fiduciary duties
      with respect to the Cunitz and Tang-Greenbaum transactions,
      and that his conduct warranted sanction according to
      subdivision (g) of section 1100. (Schleich, supra, 8 Cal.App.5th
      267, 276.) We now turn to Lane’s appeal that the court erred in
      not imposing the sanction authorized by subdivision (h).
      This modification does not effect a change in the judgment. The
petition for rehearing is denied.

      Date: ____________       ___________________Richman, Acting P.J.

                                       2
      Filed 12/27/21 Marriage of Lane and Crouch CA1/2 (unmodified opinion)

             NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
      California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not
      certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not
      been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

      IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                 FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                               DIVISION TWO

       In re the Marriage of
       KATHERINE LANE and
       DAVID CROUCH.

       KATHERINE LANE,
       Petitioner and Appellant,                                    A154434
       v.
                                                                    (San Mateo County
       DAVID CROUCH,
                                                                    Super. Ct. No. F0122077)
       Respondent and Appellant.

                This marital dissolution action is sadly typical for its
protracted bitterness. It is notably untypical in that the case took five
years to get to trial; the matter was submitted for decision only after,
the family court’s words, “32 days of trial and three days of closing
argument”; the trial generated 30 volumes of reporter’s transcripts; and
the register of action requires 243 pages. Issues of spousal and child
support were determined, but are not challenged on appeal. The same
is true with respect to many other financial issues.
      The most contentious issue concerns a construction company that
was the main source of income and support for the family throughout

                                                            1
the marriage. The family court found that David Crouch
“singlehandedly impaired” Katherine Lane’s “interest [in the business]
by trying to destroy and/or dissipate it.” The court further found that
Crouch “stopped working the . . . business,” and went to work for Zega
Builders, a construction company owned by a man who had been
Crouch’s partner before separating from Lane. According to the court,
Crouch “went to work for Zega, gave Zega his name, designs and
reputation, all of which were critical to the business. He . . . gave Zega
his employees, trucks and other assets.” In short, in violation of his
fiduciary duties to Lane, Crouch essentially handed the business to
Zega on a silver plate. Then, as the trial was nearing its end, Zega paid
Crouch $2.2 million, which Crouch called as a “bonus,” a
characterization the family court rejected.
      Nevertheless, the family court concluded that Crouch’s “breach of
fiduciary duty . . . [did] not rise to the level of Family Code [1]
[section] 1101[, subdivision] (h) which would have mandated [sic] an
award” to Lane of “100% of the value” of the business.
      Both parties have appealed the judgment. 2

      1 Statutory references are to this code unless otherwise
indicated.
      2 After the family court filed its Final Orders And Statement Of
Decision, Crouch moved for reconsideration. The court granted
reconsideration to the extent that it issued Findings and Order After
Hearing augmenting its reasoning in the Final Orders And Statement
Of Decision. Both parties treat the Final Orders as the functional
equivalent of a final, appealable, judgment in their respective notices of
appeal. We think it takes both orders to make a final judgment, and
construe both notices of appeal as reaching the two orders that together
constitute an appealable judgment.

                                          2
      Crouch contends the family court erred in five ways: (1) in
concluding he violated his fiduciary duties to Lane; (2) in valuing the
business using the amount of the “bonus” paid him; (3) in “failing to
credit [him] for the tax liability on the $2,200,000 payment received
pre-judgment”; (4) in treating a parcel of real property as a community
asset; and (5) in ordering him to make certain reimbursements. We
conclude all of these claims are without merit.
      On her appeal, Lane presents the most far-reaching contention.
She argues that, having found that Crouch had violated his fiduciary
duties, the family court erred in awarding her only half of the value of
the business, not the 100% allowed by Family Code section 1101
(section 1101). There is authority for Lane’s argument that in some
situations it is “mandatory” for the family court to award one party the
full value of the community asset. But “mandatory” is subject to a
critical condition: the family court, as the trier of fact, has concluded
that one or more of the criteria specified in the section’s subdivision (h)
has been proven. That was not the case here, where the trier of fact
expressly found that the evidence of Crouch’s manifold breaches of his
fiduciary duties did not satisfy one of those criteria, namely, that
Crouch was “guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice,” the standard for
punitive damages in civil actions that is incorporated by reference into
section 1101.
      Lane asks this court to conclude that the family court erred in
not making that determination, and that correcting such error requires
this court to decide that, because both fraud and malice are shown, as a
matter of law, the criteria for a mandatory award are established by
the record. In effect, Lane is proposing that this court should award

                                        3
her punitive damages in the face of an express determination by the
trier of fact not to award those damages. So far as we can discover, no
California reviewing court has ever overruled such a decision by a trier
of fact. This court will not be the first.
      We will affirm the judgment.
      BACKGROUND
      The extensive record, viewed most favorably in support of the
judgment (Roby v. McKesson Corp. (2009) 47 Cal.4th 686, 693−694),
supports the following recitals:
      Crouch, who is Australian, met Lane in the United States in
1999. The following year, they moved to Australia and married. They
moved back to California in 2002. They separated for good in July
2013, when Lane filed for dissolution of their marriage.
      Crouch and Lane lived at 16 Anderson Way in Menlo Park. They
lived on earnings from David Crouch Customs Homes (sometimes
DCCH), whose primary business was designing and building single-
family residences. It appears accepted by both parties that DCCH
came into existence after the parties married. Crouch ran the business
and oversaw its finances. Lane’s involvement was minimal. She had
no access to the firm’s accounts, or Crouch’s Australian bank accounts.
Her involvement in the couple’s personal finances was limited to use of
one checking account for household expenses. Crouch made all deposits
into this account. Lane was unaware that in 2007 Crouch bought land
in Australia with community funds. Title was in his name alone.
      It was soon after making this purchase that Crouch began
pressing for the couple to return to Australia. This period also saw
DCCH’s operations severely and adversely impacted by the 2008

                                         4
economic downturn. About 2011-2012, when the business returned to
profitability, Crouch resumed pressuring Lane to move to Australia.
With no great enthusiasm, she agreed, because Crouch had given her
an ultimatum: “either I move to Australia with him, or he was going to
leave the family. Divorce me—I don’t have my name on anything—and
he was going to take the kids.” Lane agreed, but only “[b]ecause our
marriage was in terrible shape, and I felt like he was trying to get me
to Australia, file for divorce, and I wouldn’t be able to bring the kids
home.”
      In anticipation of the move, Crouch “stopped looking for work.” “I
was pretty much looking at walking away from the company, shutting
it down. And then, at the eleventh hour, that’s when I got contacted by
Ken Friedman in late February, early March of 2013, [who was]
interested about getting into the business.” Crouch and Friedman
discussed Friedman buying an interest in DCCH and making it a
partnership. Crouch told Lane that Friedman was going to buy DCCH
for $400,000. Friedman testified he thought that sum would only buy a
half interest. Crouch did not tell Friedman of any intent to shut down
DCCH when Crouch and Lane moved to Australia. Friedman started
working—without pay—for several days a week at DCCH to gain “on-
the-job training” in the construction business.
      More concretely, in May 2013, Friedman and his wife entered
into a joint venture with Crouch and Lane for the purchase, remodel,
and resale of 5 Carolina Lane in Atherton. The Friedmans loaned
Crouch and Lane $2 million (half of the purchase price). Title to the
property was transferred to an LLC. Shortly thereafter, Crouch—who
had previously claimed not to be “liquid”—paid back $1 million.

                                        5
      In May 2013, Crouch, Lane, and their two children moved from
their Anderson Way home into the unrenovated Carolina Lane
property. Two months later, Lane and the children moved back to
Anderson Way, and she filed for dissolution.
      According to Friedman, he created Zega Builders in August of
2013 “but there was nothing in it until June of 2014 . . . , when I
started to make payroll.” In June and July 2014, Crouch joined a
number of former DCCH workers—whom Crouch had fired from
DCCH—as employees of Zega. As of that time DCCH “was running out
of money and . . . pretty much all [its] projects were finished up for
Carolina, and by that point, I [Friedman] owned Carolina.” Zega paid
Crouch $12,000 per month for 32 hours work, later increasing to
$180,000 annually for full-time work. Prior to joining, Zega, the DCCH
workers had been “supervised” by Friedman on DCCH work. Zega
completed a number of projects that had been started by DCCH.
Friedman testified that he expected Crouch to bring to Zega any new
projects that might come his (Crouch’s) way.
      In February 2014, Crouch and Lane sold their interest in the
Carolina Lane property to the Friedmans in exchange for return of the
$1 million already paid, and discharge of all other obligations and debts
relating to the property.
      In addition to whatever salary he drew from Zega, between July
and September of 2016, Crouch was twice “loaned” $100,000 by Zega.
Neither was memorialized in writing. Neither produced discussion of
repayment by Crouch.
      On March 16, 2017, Crouch testified that he received only one
“bonus” from Zega, for $100,00, at the end of 2016. Two months later,

                                        6
on May 15, 2017, as the trial was nearing its end, Crouch testified that
within the prior 30 days, he received “additional compensation” of $2.2
million that was deposited in the DCCH account. Crouch did not object
when his counsel termed this payment a “bonus.”
      Additional information will be provided as needed in connection
with discussion of the parties’ contentions on these appeals.
      DISCUSSION
      I.     The Business
      A.     The Governing Law
      “[A]ccountability for the management of community assets is a
fundamental aspect of the fiduciary duties owed between spouses.”
(In re Marriage of Prentis-Margulis & Margulis (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th
1252, 1269.)
      Section 721, subdivision (b), provides in relevant part that
“spouses are subject to the general rules governing fiduciary
relationships that control the actions of persons occupying confidential
relations with each other. This confidential relationship imposes a
duty of the highest good faith and fair dealing on each spouse, and
neither shall take any unfair advantage of the other.”
      “From the date of separation to the date of the distribution of the
community . . . , each party is subject to the standards provided in
section 721, as to all activities that affect the assets and liabilities of
the other party, including . . . [¶] . . . [¶] . . . [¶] (3) The operation or
management of a business . . . in which the community may have an
interest.” (§ 2102, subd. (a).) “[E]ach party has a continuing duty to
immediately, fully, and accurately update and augment that disclosure
to the extent there have been any material changes so that . . . each

                                          7
party will have a full and complete knowledge of the relevant
underlying facts.” (§ 2100, subd. (c).)
      Section 1100 provides further that “[e]ach spouse shall act with
respect to the other spouse in the management and control of the
community assets and liabilities in accordance with the general rules
governing fiduciary relationships which control the actions of persons
having relationships of personal confidence as specified in [s]ection 721,
until such time as the assets and liabilities have been divided by the
parties or by a court. This duty includes the obligation to make full
disclosure to the other spouse of all material facts and information
regarding the existence, characterization, and valuation of all assets in
which the community has or may have an interest and debts for which
the community is or may be liable . . . .” (§ 1100, subd. (e).)
      To enforce these fiduciary duties, a petition for dissolution
includes a restraining order prohibiting both parties the transfer or
disposition of any property without consent or order of the family court,
except those made in the usual course of business or for the necessities
of life. (§ 2400, subd. (a)(2).) Violating the restraining order may result
in statutory sanctions. (In re Marriage of McTiernan & Dubrow (2005)
133 Cal.App.4th 1090, 1102−1103.)
      Section 1101, subdivision (a), establishes a claim for damages for
breach of a spouse’s fiduciary duty: “A spouse has a claim against the
other spouse for any breach of the fiduciary duty that results in
impairment to the claimant spouse's present undivided one-half
interest in the community estate, including, but not limited to, a single
transaction or a pattern or series of transactions, which transaction or

                                          8
transactions have caused or will cause a detrimental impact to the
claimant spouse’s undivided one-half interest in the community estate.”
      Section 1101, subdivision (g) provides that “[r]emedies for breach
of the fiduciary duty by one spouse, including those set out in sections
721 and 1100, shall include, but not be limited to, an award to the other
spouse of 50 percent, or an amount equal to 50 percent, of any asset
undisclosed or transferred in breach of the fiduciary duty plus
attorney’s fees and costs.”
      Subdivision (h) of section 1101 states: “Remedies for the breach
of the fiduciary duty by one spouse, as set forth in sections 721 and
1100, when the breach falls within the ambit of section 3294 of the
Civil Code shall include, but not be limited to, an award to the other
spouse of 100 percent, or an amount equal to 100 percent, or an amount
equal to 1000 percent, any asset undisclosed or transferred in breach of
the fiduciary duty.”
      Section 3294 of the Civil Code, of course, is the statutory
authorization for punitive damages, specifically “for the breach of an
obligation not arising from contract, where it is proven by clear and
convincing evidence that the defendant has been guilty of oppression,
fraud, or malice . . . .”
      As should be obvious from the statutory language, fiduciary
duties apply to assets that are, or might be, community assets. It does
not apply to separate property. (In re Marriage of Schleich (2017)
8 Cal.App.5th 267, 278−279 (Schleich).)
      B.      The Relevant Family Court Determinations
      The family court made numerous factual findings pertinent here
that, with minor editorial changes, begin with the following three:

                                       9
      “(14) [DCCH] is a community asset and is awarded to [Lane] at a
value of $2,089,748, the value nearest to the time of trial. The court
finds that $2,200,000 paid to DCCH on April 14, 2017 is a DCCH asset,
not a bonus, from which the court deducted appropriate business
expenses.
      “(15) [Crouch] breached his fiduciary duty under . . . 1101 as it
relates to DCCH. [Crouch] singlehandedly impaired [Lane’s] [one-half]
interest by trying to destroy and/or dissipate it. Evidence was clear
that DCCH was the main source of income and support for the family
throughout the marriage. The court finds [Crouch] stopped working the
DCCH business. He went to work for Zega; gave Zega his name,
designs, and reputation, all of which were critical to the business. He
essentially gave Zega his employees, trucks, and other assets. Zega
used [Crouch] for his contractor’s license and contacts. Zega got the
benefit of [Crouch’s] contacts. Zega essentially had the entire DCCH
business.
      “(16) [Crouch’s] breach of fiduciary duty in regard to DCCH does
not rise to the level of Family Code [section] 1101[, subdivision] (h)
which would have mandated an award to [Lane] of 100 percent of the
value of DCCH.”
      The family court subsequently augmented the following:
Crouch’s breach of fiduciary duty “as it related to DCCH is supported
by sufficient evidence as (i) the value of DCCH had dissipated due to
[Crouch’s] breach given [Crouch’s] expert testimony that the value
dipped to a negative $78,805, (ii) the parties did not agree to ‘wind
down’ DCCH as evidence by [Crouch’s] own testimony at trial,
(iii) [Crouch] gave everything of value at DCCH to Zega Builders, Inc.”

                                       10
      “The court’s finding as to the value of DCCH at the time nearest
trial is supported by sufficient evidence in that
      “(i) Family Code [section] 1101 allows the court to award the
asset at a value according to the date the asset is awarded by the court.
      “(ii) The court is not mandated to consider only the experts’
opinion as to value and was able to value the business without
additional expert testimony.
      “(iii) The court had evidence which could have resulted in an
even higher value of DCCH including considering the $2,200,000 as
income in 2017 for work done in 2016 could have resulted in an even
higher value of DCCH under the excess earnings approach used by
Lucy Chung, or adding into the DCCH earnings the profits made by
real estate sales not captured in the company’s tax returns.
      “(iv) [Crouch’s] post-separation efforts were compensated by Zega
Builder’s Inc. through [Crouch’s] receipt of W-2 income, including a
$100,000 bonus in 2016 leaving the $2,200,000 as DCCH’s, not
[Crouch’s].
      “(v) [Crouch] had ample opportunity to present evidence
regarding any tax liability at trial in regard to the $2,200,000 check
and presented none.
      “(vi) The tax consequences, if any, to DCCH are awarded to
[Crouch] and need not be contemplated by the court in assessing its
value; ‘the trial court need not speculate on such possibilities, however,
or consider tax consequences that may or may not arise after the
division of the community property.’ Weinberg v. Weinberg [(1967)]
67 Cal.2d 557 at [p.] 566, and

                                       11
      “(vii) The court’s finding as to the value of DCCH is equitable as
the court did not order reimbursement to the community for any funds
[Crouch] withdrew from DCCH; nor personal expenses of [Crouch’s]
paid by DCCH from the date of separation to the date of the award of
DCCH to [Crouch].”
      C.     Standards of Review
      “The existence and scope of a fiduciary duty is a question of law
that we review de novo. [Citation.] However, ‘the factual background
against which we [answer that question] is a function of a particular
case’s procedural posture.’ [Citation.] Thus, to the extent the court’s
decision below ‘turned on the resolution of conflicts in the evidence or
on factual inferences to be drawn from the evidence, we consider the
evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling and
review the trial court’s factual determinations under the substantial
evidence standard. [Citation.]’ [Citation.] Where there is a fiduciary
duty, breach of the duty is a question of fact. [Citation.] We review the
trier of fact’s finding a breach occurred for substantial evidence,
resolving all conflicts and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of
the decision.” (In re Marriage of Kamgar (2017) 18 Cal.App.5th 136,
144 (Kamgar).) “We review for abuse of discretion the trial court’s
decision concerning the appropriate remedy for breach of fiduciary
duty.” (Id. at p. 150.)
      “ ‘When a trial court’s factual determination is attacked on the
ground that there is no substantial evidence to sustain it, the power of
an appellate court begins and ends with the determination as to
whether, on the entire record, there is substantial evidence,
contradicted or uncontradicted, which will support the determination,

                                       12
and when two or more inferences can reasonably be deduced from the
facts, a reviewing court is without power to substitute its deductions for
those of the trial court. If such substantial evidence be found, it is of no
consequence that the trial court believing other evidence, or drawing
other reasonable inferences, might have reached a contrary
conclusion.’ ” (In re Marriage of Goodwin-Mitchell & Mitchell (2019)
40 Cal.App.5th 232, 238–239.) “ ‘[I]t is well established that the trial
court weighs the evidence and determines issues of credibility and
these determinations and assessments are binding and conclusive on
the appellate court.’ ” (In re Marriage of Berman (2017) 15 Cal.App.5th
914, 920.)
      We recently reiterated that “ ‘ “as with any challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence, it is the appellant’s burden to set forth not
just the facts in its favor, but all material evidence on the point.
‘ “Unless this is done the error is deemed to be waived.” ’ ” [Citation.]’
[Citation.]” (Pilliod v. Monsanto Co. (2021) 67 Cal.App.5th 591, 641–
642.) This principle applies in family law appeals. (E.g., In re
Marriage of Fink (1979) 25 Cal.3d 877, 887 (Fink); In re Marriage of
Davenport (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 1507, 1530−1532.)
      The family court “has broad discretion to determine the manner
in which community property is divided and the responsibility to fix the
value of assets and liabilities in order to accomplish an equal division.
[Citations.] The trial court’s determination of the value of a particular
asset is a factual one and as long as that determination is within the
range of the evidence presented, we will uphold it on appeal.” (In re
Marriage of Duncan (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 617, 631−632 (Duncan).)
And “A family court’s discretion in dividing marital property includes

                                        13
the authority to award a marital business to one spouse as a means to
achieve equity in the division of property.” (In re Marriage of Gréaux &
Mermin (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 1242, 1251.)
        We review rulings on division of property and imposition of
sanctions for abuse of discretion. (Schleich, supra, 8 Cal.App.5th 267,
276.)
        D. The Finding That Crouch Breached His Fiduciary
           Duty
        Under the caption “David did not breach his fiduciary duty with
respect to DCCH,” Crouch puts forth several arguments. There are
related issues that will be considered here for analytical coherence and
convenience.
        (1) Crouch acknowledges that under the plain language of
section 721, subdivision (b), he owed Lane “a duty of the highest good
faith and fair dealing,” but he then appears to dilute that command by
importing the less punctilious duties of a partner as defined in the
Corporations Code, specifically section 16404 of the Uniform
Partnership Act of 1994. Whatever impact Crouch may have intended
is lost when he concedes that “Sections of the Corporations Code not
specified in section 721 are not incorporated into the Family Code
fiduciary duty.”
        Crouch then reasons: “DCCH was undisputedly community
property. Thus, [Crouch] and [Lane] had equal interests in it.
[Citations.] Both parties therefore had parallel fiduciary duties to each
other with respect to DCCH until it was divided by the court.
[¶] [Lane] stopped working at DCCH in or around June 2013. [Crouch]
stopped over a year later, in July 2014. [Crouch’s] fiduciary duties do
not extend to the duty implicitly found by the court for him (but,

                                       14
inconsistently, not for [Lane]) to carry on working at their community
business, or to be responsible . . . for its loss of value, in the absence of
gross negligence or intentional misconduct not present here.”
      This reasoning is completely at odds with the family court’s
findings. The court did not require either party to continue working for
the business, but it implicitly did assume that if either did it would not
be with the intent of actually harming the business. Crouch did not
wind up the business or attempt a bona fide sale. Crouch and Lane
might, in the abstract, have had reciprocal “fiduciary duties,” but they
could hardly be called “parallel,” if for no other reason than Crouch had
greater knowledge of the business as well as actual possession and
control of its physical assets. Because Crouch was in charge of DCCH,
it was he who “singlehandedly” tried to “dissipate or destroy” Lane’s
interest in the business. That amounts to “gross negligence or
intentional misconduct” in anybody’s book.
      (2) Crouch next argues that he “did not breach his fiduciary duty
by going to work for Zega,” “by taking steps to wind down DCCH’s
activities in 2012 based on his desire to change his work.” He believes
that the family court “did not find that [he] stopped working at DCCH
and went to work for Zega for any bad-faith reason such as in order to
deprive [Lane] of funds, or that his conduct was grossly negligent,
reckless, intentional misconduct, or in violation of law.”
      This is not only hair-splitting, it is simply wrong. The family
court did expressly find that Crouch’s conduct was “in violation of law,”
namely, the Family Code statutes codifying the obligations of spousal
fiduciary duty. A finding of breached fiduciary duty would certainly

                                         15
cover much of the same ground as a finding of bad faith. 3 The word
“destroy” imparts a mental intent that excludes the possibility of
negligent, or even reckless, conduct. There can be no dispute that
attempting or actually destroying a community asset is contrary to the
statutory duties discussed above, particularly section 1101,
subdivision (e) and section 2100, subdivision (c).
      As for Crouch being motivated by a simple “desire to change his
work,” the record is clearly otherwise: Crouch stayed in the
construction business, in the same area, and continued on an almost
full-time basis, but with the new intent. Recalling that Zega did not
even have a contractor’s license, one is tempted to conclude that Zega
was just as much an alter ego of Crouch as was DCCH.
      As for “winding down” DCCH, the family court found that “the
parties did not agree to ‘wind down’ DCCH,” which is the equivalent of
finding that Crouch unilaterally tried to “wind down” the business in a
way that would be maximally disadvantageous to Lane.
      There follows six pages in Crouch’s brief narrating events—from
Crouch’s perspective—culminating with the following: “The evidence
falls far short of establishing gross negligence or intentional
misconduct. The lower court’s conclusion that [Crouch] breached his
fiduciary duty by going to work for Zega radically expands the scope of
a party’s fiduciary duty with respect to operating a business. Finding a

      3 Breach of fiduciary duty has commonly been equated with
fraud. (E.g., Flores v. Arroyo (1961) 56 Cal.2d 492, 494−495; In re
Marriage of Coffin (1976) 63 Cal.App.3d 139, 154−155; Baker v. Baker
(1968) 260 Cal.App.2d 583, 586.)

                                       16
breach on these facts was a misunderstanding of law and therefore an
abuse of the court’s discretion.”
      Crouch does not expressly mount a direct attack on the
sufficiency of the evidence to support the family court’s crucial finding
that he breached his fiduciary duty to Lane “by trying to destroy” the
business. However, such an attack is unquestionably the predicate for
Crouch’s argument. Only by accepting his exculpatory version of
events can Crouch launch his legal arguments: “Finding a breach on
these facts was a misunderstanding of law and therefore an abuse of the
court’s discretion.”
      Yet accepting this alternative narrative would entail
disregarding a number of fundamental principles of appellate review,
namely: (1) that the judgment is presumed correct until the appellant
proves otherwise (Jameson v. Desta (2018) 5 Cal.5th 594, 608−609);
(2) that the reviewing court will presume that all factual findings made
by the trier of fact are supported by the evidence (Fink, supra,
25 Cal.3d 877, 887); (3) that “ ‘an appellant who contends this some
particular finding is not supported is required to set forth in his brief a
summary of the material evidence upon that issue. Unless this is done,
the error . . . is deemed to be waived’ ” (ibid.); and, as already
mentioned, (4) that the reviewing court will credit all inferences and
deductions that favor the trier of fact’s finding or conclusion. (In re
Marriage of Goodwin-Mitchell & Mitchell, supra, 40 Cal.App.5th 232,
239.) Clearly, these principles will not permit an appellant to present a
highly selective recitation of the record that ignores contrary evidence
and deductions that are supportive of the finding and the judgment.
And, we reiterate, the existence of a breach of fiduciary duty is a

                                        17
question of fact. (Kamgar, supra, 18 Cal.App.5th 136, 144; Marzec v.
Public Employees’ Retirement System (2015) 236 Cal.App.4th 889, 915.)
      Accordingly, we must reject Crouch’s conclusory assessment that
“The evidence falls far short of establishing gross negligence or
intentional misconduct.” 4 This means we also must reject Crouch’s
argument that the family court’s “conclusion . . . radically expands the
scope of a party’s fiduciary duty with respect to operating a business”
because it ignores the evidence that Crouch was not merely trying to
“operate a business,” but intended to “destroy” Lane’s community
property interest in the business. It also follows that Crouch has no
basis for asserting that the family court “misunderstood” the law and
abused its discretion.
      (3) Crouch next moves to the matter of taxes. He contends that
“the fiduciary breach found by the court with respect to [his]
management of DCCH does not permit the court to assign the entire
tax burden to him without offset.” Crouch reasons that “If a spouse’s
conduct benefits the community, related liability is community as well,
and cannot be characterized as solely one party’s separate debt.
[Citation.] The community manifestly gained by [Crouch’s] conduct
which gave rise to the tax liability, in that the community received 100
percent of the benefit of the bonus earned by [Crouch] while working
for Zega, constituting a huge increase in the value of DCCH.” This
reasoning is unavailing.

      4  By contrast, Lane spends more than 30 pages in her brief
detailing the evidence establishing Crouch’s “Breaches of Fiduciary
Duty with Respect to DCCH.”

                                       18
      First, the family court expressly rejected the characterization of
the $2.2 million payment Crouch received from Zega was a “bonus.”
      Second, what Crouch characteries as “gain” to the community
was called attempted destruction of a community asset by the family
court. As for “gain,” the word seems inappropriate in the context of
Crouch’s foiled plan to transmute community property into his separate
property.
      Third, and most decisive, was the family court’s conclusion that
Crouch “had ample opportunity to present evidence regarding any tax
liability at trial in regard to the $2,200,000 check and presented none.”
Crouch points to nothing in his brief to impeach the court’s conclusion. 5
He does not even claim that he made an offer of proof.
      In these circumstances, the word “speculative” is more than
apposite to describe the subject of tax liability.

      5  Indeed, in her brief Lane drives the point even deeper: “Nor
did [Crouch] make any attempt to demonstrate any specific tax liability
during the six months between the court’s July 28, 2017 oral ruling
assigning the DCCH business to [Crouch] . . . and its January 19, 2018
written tentative decision. [¶] . . . [¶] The first time [Crouch]
presented any figure depicting purported tax liability was on February
15, 2018, in his objections to the tentative decision. Without further
explanation or any evidentiary support, he simply stated he ‘estimates
that the corresponding total 2017 tax liability for the DCCH revenue
awarded to [him] in the amount of $2,172,940 is $1,054,547.’ . . . Using
identical language, [Crouch] repeated his $1,054,547 ‘estimate’ in his
points and authorities accompanying his motion for new trial. These
two unsworn documents are the only places in the record that the
$1,054,547 figure is mentioned. [¶] Indeed, nowhere in the record is
there any explanation for how the $1,054,547 figure was derived, who
calculated it, or whether they were competent to make tax
calculations.”

                                        19
      Instead, Crouch argues “the issue was not forfeited” because he
“appropriately preserved this issue for review by raising it at the first
available opportunity.” But “the issue” is not whether the issue of the
“tax burden” was preserved for review, but whether Crouch can
demonstrate from the record that he did present evidence on the issue,
and that that evidence was, as Lane notes, sufficient to discharge his
“burden to prove that the division of community property would result
in his claimed $1,054,547 tax liability.” He does not.
      (4) The family court found that Crouch’s breach of fiduciary duty
“as it related to DCCH is supported by sufficient evidence as (i) the
value of DCCH had dissipated due to [Crouch’s] breach given [Crouch’s]
expert testimony that the value dipped to a negative $78,805, (ii) the
parties did not agree to ‘wind down’ DCCH as evidenced by [Crouch’s]
own testimony at trial, (iii) [Crouch] gave everything of value at DCCH
to Zega Builders, Inc.” Crouch contends “the negative fluctuation in
DCCH’s value” does not demonstrate a breach of his fiduciary duties.
“Fluctuation” is hardly the right description—“attempted destruction”
is better. 6 For the clear import of the family court’s findings is that
Crouch did his best to destroy the value of DCCH, a seemingly
profitable enterprise, and the primary community asset. The
“fluctuation” to a negative value for the business showed how close he
came to achieving that goal. The nosedive of DCCH’s worth was
attributable to Crouch’s breach of fiduciary duty not to harm the
“operation or management of a business . . . in which the community
[has] an interest.” (§ 2102, subd. (a)(3).)

      6   The word used by Lane’s counsel was “sabotage.”

                                        20
      (5) Crouch then gives the “fluctuation” argument a unique spin:
“The court abused its discretion by failing to apportion the value of
DCCH between the community and [Crouch] given his post-separation
efforts.” He reasons that DCCH was worth no more than $638,000
when he and Lane separated. And he goes on, measured by the “bonus”
Zega gave him, DCCH’s value increased to $2.2 million, an increase
that was due to his efforts and for which he should be compensated.
      The illogic of this reasoning is stunning. Crouch is in effect
admitting that he kept control of the DCCH assets he supposedly sold
to Zega. This is not only contrary to his position at trial, it is itself an
independent violation of his fiduciary duties, specifically, each and
every one of the obligations enumerated in subdivision (a) of section
2102.7 It is no surprise that Crouch does not point to any evidence in
the record showing that he even attempted to comply with those

      7  “(a) From the date of separation to the date of distribution . . . ,
each party is subject to the standards provided in Section 721, as to all
activities that affect the assets . . . of the other party, including, but not
limited to, the following activities:
          “(1) The accurate and complete disclosure of all assets . . . .
         “(2) The accurate and complete written disclosure of any
investment opportunity, business opportunity, or other income-
producing opportunity that presents itself after the date of
separation . . . .
          “(3) The operation or management of a business or an
interest in a business in which the community may have an interest.”
          Moreover, section 721 provides that among a spouse’s pre-
distribution duties is the responsibility for “[a]ccounting to the spouse,
and holding as a trustee, any benefit or profit derived from any
transaction by one spouse without the consent of the other spouse that
concerns the community property.” (§ 721, subd. (b)(3).)

                                         21
obligations. Even more fundamentally, Crouch is arguing that he
should be allowed to profit from breaching his fiduciary duties.
      Crouch cites In re Marriage of Dekker (1993) 17 Cal.App.4th 842,
for the proposition that “Apportionment is required when ‘more than
minimal’ effort is devoted to the business.” Dekker is clearly
distinguishable because Crouch’s post-separation efforts were patently
less than minimal. Indeed, the family court found that Crouch did
more than try to put DCCH into hibernation, he tried to “dissipate” if
not “destroy” it.
      (6) Citing the principle that “[p]icking one year’s net income,
where income rises or falls from year to year, is not a reasonable basis
for determining value” (In re Marriage of Rosen (2002) 105 Cal.App.4th
808, 821), Crouch tells us the family court “erred in in valuing DCCH
at $2,089,748 based on a one-time bonus paid for [Crouch’s] post-
separation efforts.” We do not agree.
      As previously shown, the family court refused to accept Crouch’s
characterization of the $2.2 million payment he received from Zega was
a “bonus.” The court did not specially explain the reasoning behind
that refusal, but the logic is easy to discern.
      “The Court finds the $2,200,000 paid to DCCH . . . is a DCCH
asset, not a bonus . . . . [¶] The Court finds [Crouch] stopped working
the DCCH business. He went to work for Zega, gave Zega his name,
designs, and reputation[,] all of which were critical to the business
[DCCH]. He essentially gave Zega his employees, trucks, and other
assets. Zega used [Crouch] for his contractor’s license and contacts.
Zega got the benefit of [Crouch’s] contacts. Zega essentially had the
entire DCCH business.”

                                        22
      The relevant point of the Rosen decision is that a family court is
better advised to find an annual average for a community asset’s value
instead of picking a single, atypical, year, which risks producing an
inflated figure. (In re Marriage of Rosen, supra, 105 Cal.App.4th 808,
818−821.) As a general rule, for most situations, it is sound. But the
family court was looking at an unusual situation, one where averaging
was not feasible.
      The clear import of the family court’s findings is that Crouch
caused DCCH to de facto go out of business. It may have retained a
legal identity, but as a functioning business, DCCH had ceased to exist.
There is no indication that it was generating income during the years it
was effectively merged with Zega. As such, there was nothing to
average. The family court had only the opposing experts’ opinions of
the value of DCCH about the time of the parties’ separation in July
2013 (Crouch’s expert—$92,699; Lane’s expert—$638,000). So, when it
came time for the family court to decide the issue in 2018, it was
entirely reasonable for the court to conclude that in these
circumstances averaging was not feasible. Averaging might have been
possible had the experts been able to factor in the $2.2 million “bonus,”
but the peculiar timing of its disclosure made that impractical.
      It should also be remembered that, having found that Crouch had
breached his fiduciary duties to Lane, the family court was operating in
the context of section 1101, which obliged the court to select “the
highest value at the date of the breach of the fiduciary duty, the date of
the sale or disposition of the asset, or the date of the award by the
court.” (§ 1101, subd. (g).)

                                       23
      As already shown, whether there is a fiduciary duty is an issue of
law, whether it has been breached is an issue of fact. (Kamgar, supra,
18 Cal.App.5th 136, 144.) The Family Code statutes already quoted
leave no possibility for dispute that spouses have myriad fiduciary
duties with respect to each other, and to property, up to the moment
the marital estate is divided. These duties are established by law.
Crouch has failed to demonstrate that the family court’s findings as to
Crouch’s manifold breaches of those duties are factually inadequate.
Insofar as the findings affect divisions of property, or constitute the
imposition of sanctions, Crouch has also failed to establish the abuse of
discretion needed for reversal. (Schleich, supra, 8 Cal.App.5th 267,
276; Duncan, supra, 90 Cal.App.4th 617, 631−632.)
      E. The Value Of The Business
      As previously shown, fixing the value of an asset in the marital
estate is a factual issue entrusted to the family court’s discretion.
(Duncan, supra, 90 Cal.App.4th 617, 631−632.) The family court set
the assets of DCCH at the trial at $2.2 million, the amount of payment
made by Zega. After deducting “appropriate business expenses” the
court fixed the value of DCCH at $2,089,748. Crouch desires that we
overturn this determination. We will not do so.
      (1) The major thrust of Crouch’s contention is that the $2.2
million was simply a “bonus” compensating him for his work and efforts
for Zega. The family court having concluded that the payment was in
truth “a DCCH asset, not a bonus,” Crouch is challenging a finding of
fact, which means in plain effect that he is arguing it is not supported
by substantial evidence. (See, e.g., In re Marriage of Nichols (1994) 27
Cal.App.4th 661, 670 [“The valuation of a particular asset is a factual

                                       24
question for the trial court, and its determination will be upheld on
appeal if supported by substantial evidence”].)
      We reject Crouch’s contention for two reasons, First, it is deemed
waived because he failed to set out all the relevant evidence in his brief.
(Fink, supra, 25 Cal.3d 877, 887.) Second, Crouch examines this issue
in isolation, refusing to recognize that it cannot be removed from its
context, which is, as found by the family court, the persuasive evidence
of Crouch’s pervasive scheme to violate his numerous fiduciary duties
to Lane.
      (2) Turning to the family’s court augmentation (see fn. 2, ante),
Crouch asserts that “the court’s explanation of the evidence supporting
its valuation of DCCH does not cure its abuse of discretion.” Crouch
does not identify precisely what the court did that involved the exercise
of discretion. Insofar as he may think the discretion involved was
deciding whether to treat the Zega payment as his separate property or
the property of DCCH, abuse of that discretion would require Crouch to
demonstrate there is no substantial evidence to support the court’s
decision to reject his claim that the $2.2 million payment was a bonus.
(Duncan, supra, 90 Cal.App.4th 617, 631−632.) Again, this assumes we
pay no attention to his widespread breaches of his fiduciary duties.
      (3) Crouch next focuses on parts of the family court’s
augmentation of finding 15, reasoning as follows: First, “(ii) The Court
is not mandated to consider only the experts’ opinion as to value and
was able to value the business without additional expert testimony.”
Crouch makes this excerpt his caption for the following: “[Crouch] does
not dispute that in appropriate circumstances the court may consider
more than experts’ opinions; however, in this case the court erred in its

                                       25
approach, for all the reasons set forth above.” If those reasons are
Crouch’s prior efforts to examine items without regard for the fiduciary
issue, they have already been rejected, and cannot be reanimated with
such cursory explanation.
      (4) Next for Crouch is “(iii) The court had evidence which could
have resulted in an even higher value of DCCH including considering
the $2,200,000 as income in 2017 for work done in 2016 could have
resulted in an even higher value of DCCH under the excess earnings
approach[] used by Lucy Chung, or adding into the DCCH earnings the
profits made by real estate sales not captured in the company’s tax
returns.” To which Crouch reasons: “The court’s speculation that it
could have considered or even adopted other evidence which arguably
could have resulted in a higher valuation by another expert does not
establish that the court’s actual approach was reasonable or within the
range of evidence presented on valuation. Further, even if the
$2,200,000 income were considered in 2017 under a different
methodology, that would not remove the necessity of considering the
accompanying tax burden.”
      Initially, we do not view the family court in indulging in
speculation. Quite the contrary: the court was clearly signaling that it
had concluded there was “evidence which could have resulted in an
even higher value of DCCH.” (Emphasis added.) Beyond that, the
valuation accepted by the court was eminently reasonable because the
court could conclude this was the valuation on the entirety of Crouch’s
post-separation transaction with Friedman/Zega that was fixed by
Friedman and Crouch. In effect, the family court simply accepted
Crouch’s own valuation of DCCH. He will not be heard now to call that

                                      26
decision unreasonable. (Cf. Evid. Code, § 813, subd. (a)(2) [“The value
of property may be shown only by the opinion of . . . [¶] . . . [¶] The
owner . . . of the property or property interest being valued”].)
      (5) Crouch then looks to this part of the family court’s reasoning:
“[Crouch’s] post-separation efforts were compensated by Zega Builder’s
Inc. through [Crouch’s] receipt of W-2 income, including a $100,000
bonus in 2016 leaving the $2,200,000 as DCCH’s, not [Crouch’s].”
      Crouch argues that even his “receipt of earned income from Zega
does not relieve the court’s obligation to allocate the value of DCCH
between separate and community interests, given [Crouch’s]
substantial post-separation efforts. The court failed to meet its duty ‘to
quantify the contributions of the separate capital and community effort
to the increase’ [citation.] Instead, the court awarded 100 percent of
the value of DCCH, including all of the post-separation increase, to the
community, on the theory that [Crouch] was adequately compensated
by his income from a third party, Zega.” “[T]he court here was
obligated to determine to what extent the increased value of DCCH was
attributable to [Crouch’s] post-separation effort versus the capital value
of DCCH as of the date of separation, and then allocate the increase
accordingly. [¶] Given that DCCH was propelled by the efforts of
[Crouch] alone, the court should have determined the value of DCCH as
of the date of separation and attributed to the community that amount
plus a fair return, allocating the rest to [Crouch].”
      This is revisionist reasoning. The idea of allocating value to
DCCH as of the time of separation was considered by the parties’
experts, but rejected by the family court—which Crouch has already
conceded was within the court’s discretion to do so. Given Crouch’s

                                        27
pervasive breach of his fiduciary duties, the court found that “the value
of DCCH had dissipated due to [Crouch’s] breach.” It is therefore more
than surprising to see Crouch as treating DCCH as having a value and
viability that Crouch did his best to, again as the court found,
“dissipate” if not “destroy.” As for Crouch’s own interest in DCCH, he
virtually handed it to Friedman/Zega. Crouch went from being the
owner of DCCH to a salaried employee of Zega. There was no evidence
that the assets and goodwill Crouch brought with him to Zega produced
a single dollar of income to DCCH. It has already been shown that the
figure of $2.2 million was presumably fixed by Friedman and Crouch as
the value of DCCH at the time it was returned to Crouch in the form of
a “bonus.”
      Finally, as previously noted, the family court was making its
decision in the context of section 1101, subdivision (g), which statute
obligated the court to value the asset at the highest of three possible
dates—“the date of the breach of the fiduciary duty, the date of the sale
or disposition of the asset, or the date of the award by the court.” The
$2.2 million payment was the event closest in time to “the date of the
award,” so it was natural that it was selected for fixing the value of
DCCH. In these circumstances, and given the family court’s discretion
on this matter (Duncan, supra, 90 Cal.App.4th 617, 631−632), it cannot
be said that the court’s decision exceeded the bounds of reason.
      (6) Crouch’s next target is the finding that “[Crouch] had ample
opportunity to present evidence regarding any tax liability at trial in
regard to the $2,200,000 check and presented none.” Concerning this,
he states only “This point is rebutted in section IV(B)(1)(c) above.” No,
it isn’t. (See section D. (3), ante.)

                                        28
      (7) The family court concluded: “The tax consequences, if any, to
DCCH are awarded to [Crouch] and need not be contemplated by the
court in assessing its value; ‘the trial court need not speculate on such
possibilities, however, or consider tax consequences that may or may
not arise after the division of the community property.’
Weinberg v. Weinberg (1967) 67 Cal.2d [557] at [p.] 566.” Crouch
asserts that “This point is rebutted in section IV(B)(1)(a) and (b)
above.” No, it isn’t. (See section D. (3), ante.)
      (8) The family court stated that the “finding as to the value of
DCCH is equitable as the court did not order reimbursement to the
community for any funds [Crouch] withdrew from DCCH; nor personal
expenses of [Crouch’s] paid by DCCH from the date of separation to the
date of the award of DCCH to [Crouch].” This is just another way for
Crouch to argue that he was denied “the fruit of his years of post-
separation labor,” a subject already addressed. Moreover, it is hard to
understand why Crouch sees himself harmed by language which
declines to order him to make “reimbursement to the community.”
      It should be kept in mind that this was just one of six reasons
cited by the Family Court as supporting its decision how to fix a value
for DCCH, and those six reasons were augmentation to what the court
had already said in paragraph 15 of its original Final Orders. Thus,
even if this particular argument had merit, it would lack the potency to
require overturning the valuation fixed by the family court—a
valuation, not incidentally, that is but a single aspect of Crouch’s
breaching his fiduciary duties.
      (9) Lastly, under the heading of the timing of the bonus, “The
court noted that he bonus was ‘very delayed’ and stated that ‘DCCH

                                        29
clearly could and should have earned [it] earlier,’ but did not explicitly
premise its order on that basis. Regardless, no evidence supports the
court’s finding that DCCH ‘could and should have earned earlier’ the
bonus [Crouch] was paid for his work on 5 Carolina.” Indeed, the
suspiciousness of the timing of $2.2 million payment to Crouch is close
to res ipsa loquitur.8
      With Crouch conceding that the family court “did not explicitly
premise its order on that basis,” he is tacitly admitting he is attacking
dictum. Moreover, the court’s words were in the form of remarks made
at a hearing, not actual language from the judgment. (See fn. 2, ante.)
It is well-settled that oral remarks or comments made by a trial court
may not be used to attack subsequently-entered findings, order, or
judgment. (Farwell v. Sunset Mesa Property Owners Assn., Inc. (2008)
163 Cal.App.4th 1545, 1552−1553; Jie v. Liang Tai Knitwear Co. (2001)
89 Cal.App.4th 654, 667, fn. 9.)
      In sum, Crouch’s fundamental argument on appeal, that directed
toward the business, has no merit. Likewise his arguments directed to
the two other rulings, those involving (1) 1425 Bay Laurel and
(2) Cunitz and Tang-Greenbaum.

      8  The circumstances bring to mind the stratagem used in In re
Marriage of Rossi (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 34, which involved to failure to
disclose a winning lottery ticket. The ticket was purchased by a
workplace group that included the wife. The husband did not learn of
the windfall until after the marriage was dissolved. The Court of
Appeal affirmed the trial court rejecting the former wife’s claim that
“the lottery winnings [were] her separate property because the share
she received was a gift” from the other members of the pool. (Id at
pp. 39, 41.)

                                       30
      F. Crouch’s Other Two Arguments Have No Merit
         Introduction
      As indicated above, throughout his brief, Crouch places
considerable stress on the repeated references to the statutory directive
that the family court “shall . . . divide the community estate of the
parties equally.” (§ 2550.) This is the ordinary approach and goal, but
it is not an inflexible command. The Family Code has several
provisions that allow deviation, including these two:
      “As an additional award or offset . . . the court may award from a
party’s share the amount the court determines to have been
deliberately misappropriated by the party to the exclusion of the
interest of the other party in the community estate.” (§ 2602.)
      “If a party fails to comply with any provision of this chapter
[(Fam. Code, § 2100 et seq.)], the court shall, in addition to any other
remedy provided by law, impose money sanctions against the
noncomplying party. Sanctions shall be in an amount sufficient to
deter repetition of the conduct or comparable conduct, and shall include
reasonable attorney’s fees, costs incurred, or both, unless the court
finds that the noncomplying party acted with substantial justification
or that other circumstances make the imposition of the sanction
unjust.” (§ 2107, subd. (c).)
      As also indicated above—and indeed, addressed in detail in
connection with Lane’s appeal—section 1101 sets out remedies for
breaches of spousal fiduciary duties, particularly subdivisions (g) and
(h) quoted above. And the family court expressly found that Crouch
“breached his fiduciary duty under Family Code 1101 as it relates to
DCCH,” which led to two other issues Couch raises on appeal—issues
to which we now turn.

                                       31
        1425 Bay Laurel
        Prior to the time Lane and Crouch separated, DCCH entered into
a joint venture with a Mr. Triant to demolish and rebuild the residence
at 1425 Bay Laurel, which Triant owned. DCCH agreed to provide a
nominal sum ($1,960) and “certain services” to the project. When the
project was “completed,” DCCH’s 49 percent ownership interest would
vest.
        In September 2013, after Lane and Crouch separated, and before
the project was completed, the joint venture agreed to sell it for $5.5
million. Contemporaneously, and before the sale was complete, DCCH
and Triant made a supplemental agreement that DCCH would finish
the project for $500,000. Crouch did not advise Lane of any of these
agreements.
        Shortly before the escrow on the sale closed, DCCH and Triant
executed yet another side agreement, which in essence changed the
procedure for DCCH’s 49 percent ownership percentage to vest.
Approximately a week later, DCCH received a check for $377,287.39,
which was deposited into Lane’s and Crouch joint account. 9 Thereafter,
in accordance with an agreement between DCCH and the buyer to
complete the Bay Laurel property, DCCH received two post-separation
payments, totaling $500,000.
        The family court found as follows:

        According to Lane: “In the fall of 2014, by stipulation,
        9

$300,000 of the $377,287 was divided equally between [Lane] and
[Crouch], leaving an undistributed balance of $77,287.”

                                       32
      “The community shall be reimbursed $304,107[10] from [Crouch]
for the sale of 1425 Bay Laurel, Menlo Park, CA. The court finds this
property sold three months after separation, and accepts [Lane’s]
rendition of the undistributed funds. The court denies [Crouch’s]
separate property claim for reimbursement with regard to 1425 Bay
Laurel.”
      “The community [interest] of the portion of the post-sale
construction contract to DCCH for 1425 Bay Laurel was supported by
sufficient evidence as (a) [Crouch] was 49 percent vested in the 1425
Bay Laurel partnership, (b) [Crouch] unilaterally controlled the
$500,000 payment to DCCH as payment for construction as opposed to
a portion of the purchase price of the home, (c) DCCH invoicing lagged
behind actual work done, and (d) [Crouch] was compensated for post-
separation work on 1425 Bay Laurel by his draws from DCCH and
payment of his personal expenses by DCCH.”
      Crouch argues that the family court erred in treating all profit
from the project as a community asset, “without allocating to [him] any
portion at all for his post-separation efforts from July 2013 until
sometime after December 2014 in creating that profit.” His position is
straightforward: “From and after separation in July 2013, [he] was
entitled to receive his separate property interest from working on that
property.” Crouch fails to establish error.

      10 Again, according to Lane: “This figure represented the
$77,287 of earlier proceeds from the sale of the project that had not yet
been distributed to the parties, plus the $500,000 that DCCH received
from the owners post-sale, minus $273,180 for [Crouch’s] construction
costs.”

                                       33
         Although the family court did not make an express finding that
Crouch breached his fiduciary duties with respect to this project, the
finding (¶ 15) quoted above is broad enough to cover 1425 Bay Laurel.
The language used by the court about how Crouch “unilaterally
controlled the $500,000 payment,” and the tenor of the other
“substantial evidence” cited, is compatible with the implicit conclusion
that Crouch was acting in his own interest, not the community’s. The
matter of DCCH’s vested percentage could, and apparently was, treated
by the family court as a ploy to reduce the amount that might be
treated as a community asset. In other words, 1425 Bay Laurel was
another instance where Crouch breached his fiduciary duties by
manipulating the timing, classification, and destination of cash monies.
         What Crouch terms “his separate property interest from working
on that property” overlooks the undisputed fact that DCCH’s
involvement with 1425 Bay Laurel began prior to Crouch and Lane
separating. It was therefore, at least presumptively, a community
asset.
         There is a natural appeal to Crouch’s claim that his post-
separation work bring the project to completion should not go
uncompensated. But it does not address the family court’s finding that
Crouch “was compensated for post-separation work on 1425 Bay Laurel
by his draws from DCCH and payment of his personal expenses by
DCCH” (emphasis added). Crouch does not make an effective reply to
the following sentences in Lane’s brief that devastate the foundation of
Crouch’s argument: “[Crouch’s] own QuickBooks records, as analyzed
by [Lane’s] forensic accountant . . . showed that during the entirety of
the $500,000 construction project, DCCH incurred only a minimal

                                         34
amount—$173.61—in job-related costs. This would seem to belie
[Crouch’s] testimony that DCCH had three to four months of work left
to perform under the $500,000 contract. The QuickBooks report would
have shown labor or subcontractor expenses if there had been any, and
there were none. [¶] . . . The evidence suggested that the construction
was substantially complete prior to sale, and that the $500,000
component of the transaction was only there to provide tax benefits to
the buyers. . . . [Who] moved into the home shortly after the sale, so it
certainly was in livable condition.” (Emphasis added.) In short, there
was a substantial basis for the family court to conclude that the
$500,000 figure was not a genuine reflection of the amount of
remaining work DCCH was expected to provide.
      Were all this not enough, Crouch makes no genuine effort to
demonstrate that the 30 volumes of reporter’s transcripts are
completely bereft of evidence upon which the family court could rely to
make this finding by setting out all the relevant evidence on the
challenged point. (See Fink, supra, 25 Cal.3d 877, 887; In re Marriage
of Davenport, supra, 194 Cal.App.4th 1507, 1530−1532.)
      Cunitz and Tang-Greenbaum
      The family court directed that “[Crouch] shall reimburse the
community $134,097 for the funds diverted to Australia in the Cunitz
and Tang-Greenbaum transactions.” The court had already found that
“the real property at 98 Longbrush, Kiama, Australia”—which had
been purchased with those funds—“is characterized as community
property and is awarded to [Lane] at a value of $1,492,000 (US)
reduced by any debt thereon.”

                                       35
      Crouch charges this was error because “when [the] payments
were made from a community source (the funds two clients named
Cunitz and Tang-Greenbaum owed to DCCH, a community business) to
acquire a community asset, the Longbrush property, that created no
characterization or allocation issue. The court double-dipped by
charging [Crouch] for them because the community has already
received the benefit of the payments.”
      The family court did not exactly disagree with this argument, but
trumped it with an overriding legal decision: “There is no double
dipping by the community in the award of the reimbursement of the
Tang-Greenbaum transaction as the funds were unilaterally diverted
by [Crouch] to the purchase of Longbrush such that the remedy of
reimbursing the community is appropriate under Family Code
[section] 1101[, subdivision] (g).”11
      As has already been discussed, invocation of subdivision (h) of
section 1101 is the nuclear option of family law. In cases where the
breach of fiduciary duty is sufficiently egregious as to come “within the
ambit of section 3294 of the Civil Code”—that is, the threshold for
punitive damages because of clear and convincing evidence of
oppression, fraud, or malice—the court is authorized to award the
victim spouse “an amount equal to 100 percent[] of any asset . . .
transferred in breach of the fiduciary duty.” Thus, the family court
considered that Crouch’s conduct went so far beyond run-of-the-mill

      11 Although the family court mentioned only the Tang-
Greenbaum payments, the parties appear to assume that the Cunitz
payments are also included in the court’s conclusion and covered by its
reasoning. We, too, proceed on that assumption.

                                        36
breach of fiduciary duty as to warrant what amounts for forfeiting the
entirety of his interest in the Longbrush property.
      We recently stated: “ ‘ “Whether to award punitive damages and
how much to award were issues for the jury and for the trial court on
the new trial motion. All presumptions favor the correctness of the
verdict and judgment.” [Citation.] We review the evidence supporting
awards of punitive damages for substantial evidence. “As in other
cases involving the issue of substantial evidence, we are bound to
‘consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing
party, giving him the benefit of every reasonable inference, and
resolving conflicts in support of the judgment.’ ” [Citation.] We are
mindful that in light of the heightened burden of proof under Civil Code
section 3294, subdivision (a) “we must review the record in support of
these findings in light of that burden. In other words, we must inquire
whether the record contains ‘substantial evidence to support a
determination by clear and convincing evidence.’ ” [Citations.]
“However, as with any challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, it is
the appellant’s burden to set forth not just the facts in its favor, but all
material evidence on the point. ‘ “Unless this is done the error is
deemed to be waived.” ’ ” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Pilliod v. Monsanto
Co., supra, 67 Cal.App.5th 591, 641–642.)
      As he does with several other of his arguments, Crouch makes no
attempt to satisfy these requirements. The briefest comparison of
Crouch’s brief with that filed by Lane makes this obvious beyond any
doubt. In fairness to the family court, and to keep the historical record
clear, we set forth—with nonsubstantive modifications we have
added—the precis of evidence in Lane’s brief:

                                        37
      “[Crouch] wanted the family to move to Australia, but [Lane] did
not. In March 2007, without [Lane’s] consent, [Crouch] used
community funds to purchase . . . Longbrush . . . in [his] hometown in
Australia, taking title in his name only. The purchase price for
Longbrush was $2 million Australian (approximately $1,580,000 U.S.
dollars), funded with a $400,000 Australian down payment and a
$1.6 million Australian mortgage from Commonwealth Bank. [Crouch]
also spent community funds on the maintenance of Longbrush.”
      “On February 26, 2007, at [Crouch’s] instruction, DCCH client
Herb Cunitz transferred $22,819.66 Australian ($18,055 U.S.) that he
owed to DCCH to an escrow account in Australia. On March 1, 2007,
also at [Crouch’s] instruction, Cunitz transferred $85,240 Australian
($67,144 U.S.) that Cunitz owed to DCCH to [Crouch’s] IMB bank
account in Australia. [Crouch] testified that he applied the Cunitz
funds towards the down payment for Longbrush, the home in Australia
that he purchased in March 2007.
      “On February 15, 2011, four years after Longbrush was acquired,
the Tang-Greenbaum family, a DCCH client, transferred $48,951.80
Australian ($48,895 U.S.) that they owed to DCCH to [Crouch’s]
mother’s bank account in Australia. [Crouch] did not tell [Lane] about
this transfer. [¶] At trial, [Crouch] claimed that his mother had loaned
the community a total of $270,614.66 Australian from February 26,
2007 to April 28, 2011 towards the purchase and upkeep of Longbrush,
including approximately $122,000 Australian towards the down
payment. According to [Crouch], the Tang-Greenbaum transfer came
about because his mother had supposedly pushed him to repay the
money she had lent the community for the Longbrush mortgage, so he

                                      38
had the Tang-Greenbaum family send funds to his mother’s account in
partial repayment of the loan.
      “Just two days after the Tang-Greenbaum transfer, however,
[Crouch’s] mother transferred $48,951.80 Australian to [Crouch’s]
Commonwealth Bank account in Australia. According to [Crouch], his
mother (who did not testify at trial) had purportedly reconsidered
asking for repayment.
      “Years later, in 2009 or 2010, [Crouch] and his mother created
and signed what purported to be a February 26, 2007 balloon note to
document a $122,819.66 Australian loan to [Crouch] from his mother.
At the same time that [Crouch] created the February 2007 balloon note,
he and his mother signed blank balloon notes to be filled in later by
[Crouch]. During discovery, [Crouch] produced a document purporting
to be a balloon note for a February 17, 2011 loan from his mother to
[Crouch] in the amount of $48,951.80 Australian.”
      “[Thus], [Crouch’s] representation that he ‘directed certain
payments from . . . Tang-Greenbaum towards the acquisition of
Longbrush’ is plainly wrong. The Tang-Greenbaum transfer took place
four years after Longbrush was purchased. . . . Years later, [Crouch]
tried to create loan “documentation,” including purported loan
agreements signed in blank by his mother. The court rejected
[Crouch’s]claims regarding his mother’s Longbrush ‘loans,’ holding it
was not a community debt and that the supposed loans ‘were not what
they were purported to be.’ ” 12

      12  Lane also adds this about Crouch’s “double dipping” claim:
“[A]s to both Cunitz and Tang-Greenbaum, the ‘asset . . . transferred in
breach of the fiduciary duty’ was not Longbrush at all (which was
divided 50/50 as community property), but rather was entirely different

                                      39
      As already shown, it was for the trier of fact—in this case the
family court itself—to decide whether the evidence made out
oppression, fraud, or malice.13 At a minimum, the evidence was more
than sufficient for the family court to conclude that Crouch committed
fraud and/or acted with malice. As for then concluding that a sanction

property—client payments owed to DCCH, to which [Lane] was
statutorily entitled to ‘an award . . . of 50 percent, or an amount equal
to 50 percent, of . . . ,’ independent of her community property interest
in Longbrush. (Fam. Code, § 1101, subd. (g).) No ‘double dip’ occurred
here. . . . [¶] . . .[¶] Here, the [judgment] comported with the
mandatory language of subdivision (g) and penalized [Crouch] for
having ‘unilaterally diverted’ funds owed by DCCH clients (and having
done so in a manner difficult to detect).”
      13If a jury had been empaneled, it would have been instructed
with CACI No. 3948 as follows:
      “You may award punitive damages against [name of individual
defendant] only if [name of plaintiff] proves by clear and convincing
evidence that [name of individual defendant] engaged in that conduct
with malice, oppression, or fraud.
       “ ‘Malice’ ” means that a defendant acted with intent to cause
injury or that a defendant’s conduct was despicable and was done with
a willful and knowing disregard of the rights or safety of another. A
defendant acts with knowing disregard when the defendant is aware of
the probable dangerous consequences of the defendant’s conduct and
deliberately fails to avoid those consequences.
     “ ‘Oppression’ means that a defendant’s conduct was despicable
and subjected [name of plaintiff] to cruel and unjust hardship in
knowing disregard of [his/her/nonbinary pronoun] rights.
     “ ‘Despicable conduct’ is conduct that is so vile, base, or
contemptible that it would be looked down on and despised by
reasonable people.
      “ ‘Fraud’ means that a defendant intentionally misrepresented or
concealed a material fact and did so intending to harm [name of
plaintiff].”

                                       40
was appropriate under section 1101 (and/or section 2602), we conclude
there was no abuse of the discretion vested in the family to compensate
Lane for Crouch’s breach of his fiduciary duties. (Schleich, supra,
8 Cal.App.5th 267, 276.) For each, and all, of the reasons set forth
above, we conclude that Crouch’s attacks on the rulings made by the
family court have no merit. And we turn to Lane’s appeal, to conclude
that it also has no merit.
      Lane’s Appeal Has No Merit
      We have discussed above Crouch’s violations of section 1101, and
their effect on him. Lane believes the family court was required to go
farther. The sole contention in her brief is captioned “The Trial Court’s
Findings Mandate Family Code Section 1101, subdivision (h),
Remedies.” She reasons that by reason of Crouch’s fiduciary breaches
both expressly and implicitly found by the family court, “these findings
bring [Crouch’s] breaches squarely ‘within the ambit of Section 3294 of
the Civil Code’ and require Family Code section 1101, subdivision (h),
remedies,” and “the 100 percent remedy is mandatory when conduct
meets subdivision (h) standards.” And, she adds, unlike “an ordinary
civil case” where a party is never entitled to punitive damages,
“subdivision (h) borrows Civil Code section 3294’s definitions of
whether an award is permissible and makes the minimum 100 percent
remedy mandatory and nondiscretionary if that threshold is met.”
      “[Lane] is entitled to the subdivision (h) remedy as a matter of
right if [Crouch’s] actions found by the court meet Civil Code section
3294’s ‘oppression, fraud, or malice’ definitions. . . . [¶] Here, the
court’s own findings establish that [Crouch] committed both malice and
fraud, within the meaning of Civil Code section 3294, and the court’s

                                        41
finding that [Crouch’s] DCCH breach ‘does not rise to the level’ of
Family Code section 1101, subdivision (h) must be reversed.” And, at
the conclusion of her brief, “Lane hereby requests that [this] court
modify the judgment to provide that [she] is entitled to ‘an amount
equal to 100 percent’ of the value of the DCCH business as of the date
of trial, $2,089,749, rather than her community property 50 percent
share of that amount currently provided in the judgment.” The request
is denied.
      According to the leading practice guide: “The § 1101(h) threshold
evidentiary burden is difficult to meet.” (Hogoboom & King, Cal.
Practice Guide: Family Law (The Rutter Group 2021) ¶ 8:625.5.) That
burden requires a party to present clear and convincing evidence that
the other party has committed malice or oppression or fraud, as those
terms are defined in Civil Code section 3294, in the course of breaching
a fiduciary duty.14 But implicit in this formulation is a critical
addition—the trier of fact has to agree that the case for what is

      14   “As used in this section, the following definitions shall apply:
          “(1) ‘Malice’ means conduct which is intended by the defendant
to cause injury to the plaintiff or despicable conduct which is carried on
by the defendant with a willful and conscious disregard of the rights or
safety of others.
         “(2) ‘Oppression’ means despicable conduct that subjects a
person to cruel and unjust hardship in conscious disregard of that
person’s rights.
         “(3) ‘Fraud’ means an intentional misrepresentation, deceit, or
concealment of a material fact known to the defendant with the
intention on the part of the defendant of thereby depriving a person of
property or legal rights or otherwise causing injury.” (Civ. Code,
§ 3294, subd. (c).)

                                        42
equivalent to punitive damages was made. This is the rock on which
Lane’s argument founders.
      In the days before federal due process imposed restrictions on the
amount of punitive damages that can be assessed, the classic statement
on punitive damages came from our Supreme Court in 1911:
      “A plaintiff, upon establishing his case, is always entitled of right
to compensatory damages. But even after establishing a case where
punitive damages are permissible, he is never entitled to them. The
granting or withholding of the award of punitive damages is wholly
within the control of the jury, and may not legally be influenced by any
direction of the court that in any case a plaintiff is entitled to them.
Upon the clearest proof of malice in fact, it is still the exclusive
province of the jury to say whether or not punitive damages shall be
awarded. A plaintiff is entitled to such damages only after the jury, in
the exercise of its untrammeled discretion, has made the award.”
(Davis v. Hearst (1911) 160 Cal. 143, 173.)
      This language was repeated in 1948 and is still good. (Brewer v.
Second Baptist Church (1948) 32 Cal.2d 791, 801; 6 Witkin, Summary
of Cal. Law (11th ed. 2021) Torts, § 1784, pp. 1208-1209; 23 Cal.Jur.3d
(2021) Damages, § 159, p. 299, Crosskey et al, Cal. Practice Guide:
Insurance Litigation (The Rutter Group 2021) ¶ 13:196, p. 13-59.)
      Punitive damages are fact-specific “since the degree of
punishment depends on the peculiar circumstances of each case.”
(Hannon Engineers, Inc. v. Reim (1981) 126 Cal.App.3d 415, 431;
accord, Johnson & Johnson v. Superior Court (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th
757, 762; Spinks v. Equity Residential Briarwood Apartments (2009)
171 Cal.App.4th 1004, 1053.)

                                        43
      Lane points to authority such as In re Marriage of Rossi, surpa,
90 Cal.App.4th 34,15 where the word “mandatory” is used in connection
with a subdivision (h) penalty. And here the family court expressly
found that “[Crouch’s] breach of fiduciary duty in regard to DCCH does
not rise to the level of Family Code 1101(h) which would have
mandated an award to [Lane] of 100 percent of the value of DCCH.”
Lane would have this court set aside this determination, contending
that a breach of spousal fiduciary duty ipso facto entitles the injured
spouse to the extreme remedy of subdivision (h). That cannot be.
      Lane’s argument obliterates the distinction between
subdivision (g) and subdivision (h). Both are predicated on a breach of
fiduciary duty, as determined by the family court. Lane’s proposed
construction would make subdivision (g)—which allows for 50 percent
as opposed to subdivision (h)’s 100 percent—superfluous, a result
courts strive to avoid. (E.g., Arntz v. Superior Court (2010)
187 Cal.App.4th 1082, 1097; Donnellan v. City of Novato (2001)
86 Cal.App.4th 1097, 1103.) Lane would have any breach subject to the
maximum penalty, leaving no scope for the more moderate corrective
action enacted by the Legislature with subdivision (g). “[T]he canon
against surplusage is strongest when an interpretation would render

      15  Rossi presented a paradigmatic instance of fraud: wife wins
the lottery, files for divorce, and never tells husband about the winning
ticket. Upon learning, the ex-husband persuaded the family court to
set aside the judgment for the former wife’s fraud and breach of
fiduciary duty, and award him the entirety of the lottery proceeds
under subdivision (h). The Court of Appeal stated: “This case presents
precisely the circumstances . . . that . . . subdivision (h) is intended to
address.” (In re Marriage of Rossi, supra, 90 Cal.App.4th 34, 42.)

                                       44
superfluous another part of the same statutory scheme.” (Marx v.
General Revenue Corp. (2013) 568 U.S. 371, 386.)
      An even more fundamental objection is that Lane’s construction
of subdivision (h) is illogical. The family court, as the trier of fact,
would have the power to find, as an issue of fact, that the actions or
omissions of a party amount to a breach of fiduciary duty. But
subdivision (h) has a requirement not found in subdivision (g)—that
“the breach falls within the ambit of section 3294 of the Civil Code.”
Such a determination can only be made by the family court as the trier
of fact. Lane’s proposed construction would allow the court to make the
initial finding of breach, but would deny it the power to decide whether
“the breach falls within the ambit of section 3294 of the Civil Code.”
Such a schizoid view of the judicial function makes no sense, and we
cannot accept that the Legislature codified it in section 1101.
      It is a bedrock principle of civil law that the trier of fact can
award compensatory damages, but decline to award exemplary or
punitive damages. This principle was included in the Supreme Court
excerpt quoted above. The essence of Lane’s argument is to have this
court overturn our Supreme Court’s flat statements that (1) “even after
establishing a case where punitive damages are permissible, [a party]
is never entitled to them,” as well as (2) “A plaintiff is entitled to such
damages only after the jury, in the exercise of its untrammeled
discretion, has made the award.” (Davis v. Hearst, supra, 160 Cal. 143,
173.) Substitute “the family court” for “the jury,” and we have the
precise situation before. Lane would have this court decide that a trier
of fact no longer has “the untrammeled discretion” or “the exclusive

                                         45
province . . . to say whether or not punitive damages shall be awarded.”
(Ibid.)
      That would be without precedent. The only California decision
near to being on point is emphatically contrary to Lane. That case is
Sumpter v. Matteson (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 928, 930, 936, which,
citing Brewer, rejected plaintiff’s claim that the Court of Appeal should
assess punitive damages as a matter of law despite jury’s refusal to
award them.
      Our research has not discovered, in the entire nation, a single
reported decision where a reviewing court overruled a trier of fact and
awarded punitive damages. (See 22 Am.Jur.3d (2013) Damages, § 566,
p. 528.) The point is accurately, if perhaps a bit too brutally, made by a
Maryland court: “No matter how compelling a punitive damages award
might seem to be under the facts of a given case, should the fact-finder
for any reason opt against making such an award, the plaintiff has no
redress.” (Darcars Motors of Silver Spring, Inc. v. Borzym (Md. Ct.
Spec. App. 2001) 818 A.2d 1159, 1186, emphasis added.)
      The point is not hard to understand in operation. For example, a
family court judge could decide that the fiduciary breach was minor or
unintentional or quickly corrected. The leading treatise concedes that
“innocent” breaches can be easily committed. (Hogoboom & King, Cal.
Practice Guide: Family Law, supra, ¶ 8:618, p. 8-236.) Or the court
could decide that the breach would be sufficiently redressed with an
award of sanctions under sections 721 and 2107. (See In re Marriage of
Prentis-Margulis & Margulis, supra, 198 Cal.App.4th 1252, 1270 citing
In re Marriage of Feldman (2007) 153 Cal.App.4th 1470, 1477.)

                                       46
Finally, the court could conclude that proof of the breach was not clear
and convincing.
      Lane’s argument would also have this court turn its back on the
established principle that a reviewing court will not reweigh the trial
evidence to overturn the decision of the trier of fact on punitive
damages.16 (E.g., Hasson v. Ford Motor Co. (1982) 32 Cal.3d 388, 398;
Johnson v. Monsanto Co. (2020) 52 Cal.App.5th 434, 460 [“it is not our
role to reweigh the evidence in support of punitive damages”];
Colombo v. BRP US Inc. (2014) 230 Cal.App.4th 1442, 1462.)
      Acceding to Lane’s construction would also punch a hole in the
line of decisions that while a breach of fiduciary duty can support an
award of punitive damages (Maglica v. Maglica (1998) 66 Cal.App.4th
442, 448; Heller v. Pillsbury, Madison & Sutro (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th
1367, 1390; Devers v. Greenwood (1956) 139 Cal.App.2d 345, 351),
breach by itself will not support an award of punitive damages unless
malice, fraud or oppression is also found by the trier of fact. (Scott v.
Phoenix Schools, Inc. (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 702, 715; Lackner v.
North (2006) 135 Cal.App.4th 1188, 1210, Tomaselli v. Transamerica

      16  Lane argues that the decision to award the subdivision (h)
sanction is a conclusion of law that we should review de novo. We
disagree. It is clear that a civil jury confronting the issue of awarding
punitive damages has a two-part inquiry. First, it decides the
historical facts of what the defendant did or failed to do. Second, it
then considers whether the defendant’s acts or omissions meet the
definitions of malice, fraud, or oppression. (See fns. 8, ante, & 15, post.)
The first is unquestionably an issue of fact. Under the authorities cited
in the text, the second is treated as equivalent to an issue of fact. If the
two parts are not so treated, it would be nonsensical to speak of the
“untrammeled discretion” of the jury or trier of fact as to whether the
plaintiff will be awarded punitive damages.

                                        47
Ins. Co. (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 1269, 1287, Flyer’s Body Shop Profit
Sharing Plan v. Ticor Title Ins. Co. (1986) 185 Cal.App.3d 1149, 1154;
Delos v. Farmers Group, Inc. (1979) 93 Cal.App.3d 642, 656−657.)
      For each and all of these reasons, we cannot agree with Lane that
this court should decide that the family court erred as a matter of law
in concluding when it decided that Crouch’s breaches of his spousal
fiduciary duties did not, in the language of subdivision (h), “fall[] within
the ambit of section 3294 of the Civil Code.”
                                DISPOSITION
      The judgment is affirmed. The parties shall bear their respective
costs of appeal.

                                       48
                                 _________________________
                                 Richman, Acting P.J.

We concur:

_________________________
Stewart, J.

_________________________
Miller, J.

Lane v. Crouch (A154434)

                            49