Court Opinion

ID: 6328973
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-31 21:02:14.187827+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:24.210896
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
CONNIE L. RICHARD and                     )
MICHAEL J. RICHARD,                       )
                                          )    C.A. No. K18C-08-009 NEP
                   Plaintiffs,            )
                                          )
      v.                                  )
                                          )
FAW, CASSON & CO., LLP, a                 )
Maryland limited liability partnership,   )
JBA GREENTREE PROPERTIES, LLC, )
a Delaware limited liability company, and )
CRISSMAN CUTTERS, INC., a Delaware )
corporation,                              )
                                          )
                   Defendants.            )

                         Submitted: January 20, 2022
                          Decided: March 31, 2022

                 MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
  Upon Defendant Faw, Casson & Co., LLP’s Motion for Summary Judgment
            and/or Preclusion of Testimony of David Littlewood
                  DENIED in part and GRANTED in part
Scott E. Chambers, Esquire, Schmittinger & Rodriguez, P.A., Dover, Delaware,
Attorney for Plaintiffs.

David L. Baumberger, Esquire, and Nancy Chrissinger Cobb, Esquire (argued),
Chrissinger & Baumberger, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for Defendant Faw,
Casson & Co., LLP.

Kenneth M. Doss, Esquire, Casarino, Christman, Shalk, Ransom & Doss, P.A.,
Wilmington, Delaware, Attorney for Defendant JBA Greentree Properties, LLC.

Stephen F. Dryden, Esquire, Weber Gallagher Simpson Stapleton Fires & Newby,
LLP, New Castle, Delaware, Attorney for Defendant Crissman Cutters, Inc.

Primos, J.
       Before this Court is Defendant Faw, Casson & Co., LLP’s Motion for
Summary Judgment and/or Preclusion of Testimony of David Littlewood. This
personal injury action arises out of the slip and fall of Connie L. Richard (hereinafter
“Mrs. Richard”) on an icy sidewalk at approximately 7:30 a.m. on January 9, 2018,
as she arrived for a morning seminar for clients of Faw, Casson & Co., LLP
(hereinafter “Faw Casson”). The incident occurred at the Greentree Shopping
Center (hereinafter “Greentree”) in Dover, Delaware. Faw Casson leases office
space at Greentree from JBA Greentree Properties, LLC (hereinafter “JBA”), also a
defendant. Named as a defendant as well is Crissman Cutters, Inc. (hereinafter
“Crissman”), which had a contractual relationship with JBA to remove snow and ice
from Greentree. For the reasons that follow, Faw Casson’s Motion is DENIED in
part and GRANTED in part.

                             I.     FACTUAL HISTORY
       Mrs. Richard is an accounting client of Faw Casson.                She received an
invitation from Faw Casson stating, “YOU BRING THE QUESTIONS. WE’LL
BRING THE COFFEE. Get all of your questions about how the tax reform bill will
impact your business answered. . . . JANUARY 9, 2018 8-9AM [sic], DOORS
OPEN AT 7:30.”1
       During the days and hours leading up to the incident, a number of significant
weather events occurred. On January 3 and 4, 2018, snow fell at Greentree. During
the 24 hours before the incident, temperatures fluctuated from well below freezing
to several degrees above freezing, and back to just below freezing, and precipitation
fell, first in the form of rain and later of mist. Mrs. Richard testified that on the date
of her fall, it was cold, damp, and dreary, and the walkway was icy.

1
  Pls.’ Opp’n to Def. Faw Casson’s Mt. Summ. J. and/or Preclusion of Test. of David Littlewood
(hereinafter “Pls.’ Opp’n”), Ex. A (emphasis in original).
                                              2
       As a result of Mrs. Richard’s fall, she filed a complaint alleging negligence
by the previously mentioned parties and seeking damages for her injuries. Her
husband, Michael J. Richard (“Mr. Richard,” and together with Mrs. Richard,
“Plaintiffs”), filed a claim for loss of consortium as part of the same complaint.
       The undisputed facts relevant to this case are the following: 1) JBA is
responsible for snow and ice removal for the walkways or sidewalks; 2) Faw
Casson’s “[n]ormal business hours,” according to the lease agreement, are 8:00 a.m.
to 6:00 p.m. on weekdays and 8:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. on Saturdays, except holidays;2
3) Faw Casson did not alert JBA or Crissman of its January 9 event, which had an
earlier start time (i.e., outside normal business hours); and 4) Mrs. Richard was
aware of the weather conditions prior to arriving at Faw Casson’s business.

                            II.    STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Generally, when reviewing a motion for summary judgment pursuant to
Delaware Superior Court Civil Rule 56, the Court must determine whether any
genuine issues of material fact exist.3 If there is no genuine issue of material fact
and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, summary judgment is
appropriate.4 The moving party bears the initial burden of showing that there are no
genuine issues of material fact; when such a showing is supported in the motion, the
burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to show that there are material issues of
fact in dispute.5 Further, the Court must draw all factual inferences in a light most
favorable to the non-moving party.6 Therefore, summary judgment will not be

2
  Def. Faw Casson’s Mt. Summ. J. and/or Preclusion of Test. of David Littlewood (hereinafter
“Faw Casson’s Mt. Summ. J.”), Ex. A, Office Space Lease (hereinafter “Lease”) at 19 ¶7.
3
  Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(c); Wilmington Trust Co. v. Aetna, 690 A.2d 914, 916 (Del. 1996).
4
  Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(c); Moore v. Sizemore, 405 A.2d 679, 680 (Del. 1979).
5
  Sizemore, 405 A.2d at 681.
6
  Alabi v. DHL Airways, Inc., 583 A.2d 1358, 1361 (Del. 1990); Merrill v. Crothall-Am., Inc., 606
A.2d 96, 100 (Del. 1992).
                                               3
granted if it appears that there are material facts in dispute or that further inquiry into
the facts would be appropriate “in order to clarify the application of the law to the
circumstances.”7

                         III.    PARTIES’ CONTENTIONS
       Faw Casson argues that summary judgment should be granted because
Plaintiffs, who bear the burden of proof, have not established an essential element
of the case.8 In support of this argument, Faw Casson contends that JBA had sole
responsibility for “exterior and common maintenance” and for snow and ice removal
for the sidewalks and parking lots according to the lease agreement and JBA’s
admissions.9 Hence, the only potential duty of Faw Casson, independent of JBA’s
duty to maintain, would be a duty to alert JBA that it intended to open prior to its
normal business hours.10 However, Faw Casson contends that “expert testimony
[would be required] to establish a standard of care for a tenant’s duties under a lease
or statute. . . .”11 During oral argument, however, Faw Casson conceded that the
lease ultimately controls the standard of care issue. In addition, Faw Casson
conceded at oral argument that, pursuant to applicable case law, a lessee may be
required to provide warnings to invitees regardless of JBA’s duty to maintain the
sidewalks. However, Faw Casson contends that because Mrs. Richard was aware of
the icy conditions that day, any danger was open and obvious, and Faw Casson was
not required to provide Mrs. Richard a warning.
       As to the motion to preclude the testimony of Plaintiffs’ liability expert, David
Littlewood (hereinafter “Littlewood”), Faw Casson argues that Littlewood has no
“expertise in property management, landlord tenant matter, lease interpretation or

7
  Ebersole v. Lowengrub, 180 A.2d 467, 470 (Del. 1962).
8
  Faw Casson’s Mt. Summ. J. at ¶¶5, 9.
9
  Id. at ¶7.
10
   Id.
11
   Id. at ¶9.
                                              4
legal expertise on the standard of care or duties of a tenant in commercial building
or a property manager or owner [sic].”12 Faw Casson has made no argument as to
Littlewood’s opinions or expertise regarding snow and ice removal.
       Plaintiffs argue that although the icy conditions were predicted prior to the
event, Faw Casson chose neither to cancel or delay the seminar, nor to alert its
business invitees of “the weather-related risks.”13 In addition, Faw Casson never
inspected the sidewalks prior to the arrival of its invitees and failed to inform JBA
or Crissman that it was holding the seminar or that its clients would be arriving
starting at 7:30 a.m.14 Plaintiffs agree with Faw Casson that “Faw Casson had a
commercial lease with [JBA] and that JBA had a contractual relationship with
[Crissman] for snow and ice removal.”15               Plaintiffs also agree that JBA was
responsible for maintaining the common areas, including the sidewalks.16 However,
Plaintiffs disagree with Faw Casson that this undertaking by JBA, i.e., carrying out
snow and ice removal for the sidewalks, fully absolves Faw Casson of its duties
under tort law. Plaintiffs contend that there are independent duties at play. As to
the preclusion of Littlewood, Plaintiffs state that Littlewood is not being offered as
a property management expert. Instead, he is being called to testify about the
standards for snow and ice removal and related safety issues.
       JBA argues that it did not have “exclusive control” of the sidewalk in front of
Faw Casson because the listed “Common Elements” in the lease agreement do not

12
   Id. at ¶5.
13
   Pls.’ Opp’n at 3. At oral argument Plaintiffs conceded that Mrs. Richard was aware of the
weather conditions prior to attending the seminar, and that she performed snow and ice removal
in front of her own business prior to driving to the seminar. Plaintiffs contended that Faw Casson
should have provided Mrs. Richard with a warning to alert her that no de-icing or snow removal
had occurred.
14
   Id.
15
   Id. at 2–3.
16
   Id. at 3.
                                                5
include “sidewalks.”17 JBA also asserts that Faw Casson had a duty as a business to
exercise due care to keep the property in a reasonably safe condition,18 and part of
that duty would extend to alerting JBA that the start time for the seminar was before
normal business hours. In so arguing, JBA points to an indemnity clause in its lease,
which according to JBA provides that “JBA would not be liable to Faw Casson for
any injury resulting from an accident or other occurrence, including without
limitation snow or ice on the parking lot or walkways, unless caused solely by JBA’s
negligence or willful misconduct.”19 Thus, JBA asserts it “would be entitled to
contractual indemnification if it is shown that Faw Casson was aware of the potential
danger posed by the early start time of its seminar under the weather conditions then
existing.”20 JBA makes no argument pertaining to Littlewood’s expert testimony.
       Finally, Crissman takes no position on Faw Casson’s Motion.
                                      IV. DISCUSSION
       A. Motion for Summary Judgment
       There are two primary legal issues that must be resolved to determine whether
Faw Casson is entitled to summary judgment: first, whether Faw Casson owed a
duty to its business invitees regardless of JBA’s responsibility for snow and ice

17
   JBA’s Resp. in Opp’n to Def. Faw. Casson Mot. Summ. J. (hereinafter “JBA’s Resp.”) at ¶3.
18
   Id. at ¶4.
19
   Id. at ¶3 (emphasis in original). The indemnity clause itself reads in relevant part as follows:
       Unless caused solely by our negligence or willful misconduct, we and our
       employees and agents will not be liable to you or anyone claiming through you for
       any injuries or damages resulting from fire, accident or other occurrence or
       condition upon the Real Estate, including without limitation . . . snow or ice on the
       parking or walkways . . . . You agree to indemnify and hold us harmless against all
       claims for injuries sustained by you, your employees, guests, or anyone else
       claiming through you except for conditions or occurrences directly attributable to
       our negligence or willful misconduct. We will indemnify and hold you harmless
       against claims for injuries and damages which arise from conditions or occurrences
       directly attributable to our negligence or willful misconduct.
Faw Casson’s Mt. Summ. J, Ex. A, Lease at 9–10.
20
   Id. at ¶5.
                                                  6
removal, and second, whether expert testimony is required regarding the standard
duties of a tenant pursuant to a commercial lease.
       1. Faw Casson owed a duty to its business invitees, but not to JBA, to
          warn of potential dangers, and genuine issues of material fact preclude
          summary judgment with regard to that duty.

       In general, a business has a duty to its invitees to keep reasonable safe the
portions of its premises that would “naturally and ordinarily” be used by its
invitees.21   In addition, the Delaware Supreme Court has adopted a standard
regarding snow and ice accumulation that “a landlord owes to his tenants the duty
of reasonable care as to the natural accumulations of ice and snow in common
approaches and passageways, over which he has retained control to the exclusion of
the tenants, so as to make such areas reasonably safe.”22 Specific to this case,
Delaware law provides that a business has a duty to provide “safe ingress and egress”
to its invitees.23
       In Monroe Park Apartments Corp. v. Bennett, the Delaware Supreme Court
held that a business owner need not legally own the land that it is responsible for
making safe for its invitees.24 In that case, the business owner did not make safe a
patch of sidewalk that led into his building because it was owned by the State
Highway Department.25 The Supreme Court held that “[t]he fact that a small
segment of the walkway lay within the dedicated area did not, in our judgment,
absolve the defendant from the duty it otherwise had of exercising reasonable care
in maintaining the entire walkway in a reasonably safe condition for the use of its

21
   Ward v. Shoney's, Inc., 817 A.2d 799, 801–02 (Del. 2003) (quoting Robelen Piano Co. v.
DiFonzo, 169 A.2d 240, 244 (Del. 1961)).
22
   Monroe Park Apartments Corp. v. Bennett, 232 A.2d 105, 108 (Del. 1967).
23
   Kendzierski v. Delaware Fed. Credit Union, 2009 WL 342895, at *1 (Del. Super. Feb. 4, 2009).
24
   Monroe Park, 232 A.2d at 108.
25
   Id.
                                              7
tenants.”26 The test is whether the landowner had “actual control” of the premises.27
Actual control, which can be shared,28 means the “‘authority to manage, direct,
superintend, restrict or regulate.’”29
        Faw Casson, as noted supra, asserts that it is absolved of liability because
JBA had actual and exclusive control of the premises that Faw Casson’s invitees
would traverse to enter its business, at least with respect to snow and ice removal,
and therefore that Faw Casson owes no duty to Mrs. Richard. In support of this
argument, Faw Casson points to the decision of the United States District Court for
the District of Delaware in Hoffman v. J.M.B. Retail Properties, Co. [sic].30
        In Hoffman, Defendant J.M.B. Retail Properties Company (hereinafter
“JMB”) was the owner of a mall at which the plaintiff was injured. JMB argued that
its lessee, Strawbridge & Clothier Department Store (hereinafter “S&C”), controlled
the area where the plaintiff’s injuries occurred, and therefore that JMB owed no duty
to the plaintiff and was entitled to summary judgment. The plaintiff argued that
summary judgment should be denied because there was a genuine issue of material
fact as to whether JMB or S&C controlled the area in question.31 The court granted
summary judgment in favor of JMB because the defendant offered “unrefuted
evidence that the property which comprised the S&C leasehold was not in the control
of JMB, and unrefuted evidence that the area in which plaintiff fell was within the

26
   Id.
27
   Craig v. A.A.R. Realty Corp., 576 A.2d 688, 695 (Del. Super. May 2, 1989), aff'd, 571 A.2d 786
(Del. 1989).
28
   See Monroe Park, 232 A.2d at 108 (“Unquestionably, control may be actual though joint.”);
Koutoufaris v. Dick, 604 A.2d 390, 402 (Del. 1992) (finding that a landowner’s “actual control of
the premises is a sufficient basis for positing a claim by a business invitee even if that control were
shared jointly, with another party . . . .”).
29
   Craig, 576 A.2d at 695 (quoting Kirby v. Zlotnick, , 278 A.2d 822, 824 (Conn. 1971)).
30
   817 F. Supp. 448 (D. Del. 1993). Hoffman was a diversity action in which the court applied
Delaware law. Id. at 449 n.1, 450.
31
   Id. at 451.
                                                  8
leasehold parcel of S&C.”32 In that case there was no dispute about the issue of
control “since [the] plaintiff ha[d] offered neither argument nor evidence to the
contrary.”33
       There are two material distinctions between this case and Hoffman. First, in
Hoffman control of the area where the injury occurred was not disputed, and thus the
court did not undertake any legal analysis on that issue, while in this case, by
contrast, an examination of relevant lease provisions is necessary to determine
whether JBA had exclusive control over the premises where the injury occurred or
whether JBA and Faw Casson exercised joint control. Second, in Hoffman, the only
evidence in the record clearly established that the plaintiff’s injury did not occur
within the common area—an issue that is disputed here. Therefore, the Court must
take these distinctions into consideration in determining Hoffman’s applicability to
this case.

       Here, the following facts point toward JBA’s exclusive control:

       (1) The lease agreement between JBA and Faw Casson (hereinafter the
       “Lease”) states that JBA “retains exclusive control over the Common
       Elements . . . .”34
       (2) The Lease defines “Common Elements” as “the areas, equipment,
       and facilities which are not intended to be leased to and used
       exclusively by individual office tenants . . . .”35

32
   Id. at 453.
33
   Id. at 451.
34
   Faw Casson’s Mt. Summ. J, Ex. A, Lease at 9 (“We retain exclusive control over the Common
Elements, including not only the maintenance and care of the Common Elements but also the right
to make changes in the Common Elements and to issue and enforce reasonable rules and
regulations governing housekeeping, security, safety, and operations.”).
35
   Id. at 6.
                                              9
       (3) The list of common elements in the Lease is not exhaustive and is
       “without limitation.”36
       (4) The Lease defines “Common Elements expenses” to include “snow
       and ice removal,”37 which JBA concedes includes the “sidewalks” or
       “walkways.”38
       (5) The parcel that Faw Casson leased did not include the sidewalks but
       rather included only a portion of the building.39
The following facts point toward Faw Casson’s shared control:
        (1) JBA argues, and is correct, that the “Common Elements” do not
       explicitly include “sidewalks” or “walkways.”40
       (2) The Rules and Regulations, which are “incorporated into and made
       part of every lease” include, inter alia, that the “sidewalks. . . are not to
       be obstructed by trash, debris, materials, equipment or other property
       of tenants. Those areas are to be kept clear for their intended purposes
       and for passage to and from the offices.”41

36
   Id. (“The Common Elements . . . include (without limitation) the hallways, restrooms, elevator,
stairways, janitor’s closet, mechanical and electrical room and equipment, landscaped areas and
the parking lot.”)
37
   Id. (“Examples of Common Elements expenses are the costs of maintaining the paved and
landscaped areas . . . snow and ice removal . . . .”).
38
   JBA’s representative, when asked who is responsible for “situations like snow and ice works”
at Greentree, stated “We are. The owner is.” Faw Casson’s Mt. Summ. J, Ex. B. at 5.
39
   Lease at 2 (“We hereby lease you that space in the Building which is identified as your office
on the attached Exhibit ‘A’ (the ‘Office’), and you lease the Office from us on the terms and
conditions in this Lease.”).
40
   Id. at 6.
41
   Id. at 18 ¶1.
                                               10
       (3) There is some evidence that Faw Casson knew how to notify JBA
       if there were issues, which may infer some sort of ability to manage or
       direct the area.42
       On summary judgment, even when viewing the facts and evidence in the light
most favorable to the non-moving parties, this Court finds that JBA did retain
exclusive control over the sidewalks and walkways pursuant to the terms of the
Lease. The Lease does not seek to identify every common element by name but
rather defines the common elements as those areas not used exclusively by
individual tenants. It is clear, then, from the unambiguous language of the lease that
the sidewalks are part of the “Common Elements” over which JBA retained
exclusive control.43 This is similar to this Court’s finding in Slicer v. Hill,44 in which
the Court found that the lessor had exclusive control when the Court examined
substantially similar lease provisions (albeit in that case the common elements
explicitly included the area in which the plaintiff was injured).45
       The Court next turns to Plaintiffs’ argument that there is an independent duty,
regardless of actual control, that a business owes to invitees. The Court finds that the
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 360 (1965) (hereinafter “Restatement § 360”) and
Delaware case law do not absolve Faw Casson of all its duties.

42
   Faw Casson’s Mt. Summ. J, Ex. C. at 12–13, 16 (indicating that Faw Casson’s employee knew
to call JBA’s representative, Jonathan Anstine, to alert him that someone had fallen and that the
sidewalks appeared icy).
43
   Even if the provisions of the Lease were ambiguous as to exclusive control, such “ambiguity in
the terms of the lease [would] be strictly construed against the lessor.” Lexington Ins. Co. v.
Raboin, 712 A.2d 1011, 1014 (Del. Super. Feb. 9, 1998), aff'd, 723 A.2d 397 (Del. 1998) (citing
Paul v. Paul's Liquor Store Co., 217 A.2d 197, 199 (Del. 1966)); see also Twin City Fire Ins. Co.
v. Delaware Racing Ass'n, 840 A.2d 624, 630 (Del. 2003) (explaining that under the contra
proferentem principle of construction, “ambiguities in a contract should be construed against the
drafter.”).
44
   2012 WL 1435023 (Del. Super. Apr. 20, 2012).
45
   Id. at *6.
                                               11
       The Restatement § 360 addresses a situation in which premises are retained in
the lessor’s control while the lessee is still entitled to use such land:
       A possessor of land who leases a part thereof and retains in his own
       control any other part which the lessee is entitled to use as appurtenant
       to the part leased to him, is subject to liability to his lessee and others
       lawfully upon the land with the consent of the lessee . . . for physical
       harm caused by a dangerous condition upon that part of the land
       retained in the lessor's control, if the lessor by the exercise of reasonable
       care could have discovered the condition and the unreasonable risk
       involved therein and could have made the condition safe.46
Restatement 360’s Comment a illustrates the liability of the lessor when the lessee
has knowledge of a dangerous condition and alludes to the lessee’s potential liability
“if he fails to warn” his own invitees.
       Effect of lessee's knowledge of dangerous condition. The rule stated in
       this Section applies to subject the lessor to liability to third persons
       entering the land, irrespective of whether the lessee knows or does not
       know of the dangerous condition. The lessee may, for example, know
       that the common entrance to the apartment or office which he has
       leased has become dangerous for use because of the lessor's failure
       to maintain it in safe condition. His knowledge may subject him to
       liability even to his own licensees, if he fails to warn them of the
       danger. It will not, however, relieve the lessor of liability for his
       negligence in permitting the entrance to become dangerous.47
This Court has noted that this “commentary to § 360 of the Restatement leaves open
the possibility that a lessee may be liable to its invitees for failure to warn of
dangerous conditions existing in portions of the premises over which the lessor
retains control.”48 Thus, a duty of a business lessee, irrespective of a lessor’s control,

46
   Restatement § 360.
47
   Id. at Cmt. a (emphasis supplied).
48
   Kendzierski, 2009 WL 342895, at *5.
                                            12
is to provide an invitee “with safe ingress and egress from its business premises by
warning” an invitee of “latent dangerous conditions.”49
       Liability of the business lessee for failure to warn requires, at a minimum, that
the lessee either had actual knowledge of the dangerous condition or should have
known about it given the circumstances.50 Here, this duty of the lessee, when the
lessor maintains control of the premises, has been explored in four previous
decisions of this Court: 1) Rentz v. Rehoboth Mall Ltd. Partnership;51 2) Kendzierski
v. Delaware Federal Credit Union;52 3) Russum v. IPM Development Partnership
LLC;53 and 4) Dominica v. Greenery at Rodney Square, Inc.54 In Rentz the Court
assumed, without deciding the issue, that lessees have a duty to warn of known
structural and design defects, irrespective of control, given Comment a of § 360 of
the Restatement, but did not rule that Comment a is the law in Delaware.55 In
Kendzierski the Court explicitly declined to hold that Comment a reflected Delaware
law “as to all premise areas retained in control of the lessor,” but found that under
the facts of that case, which indicated a genuine issue as to whether the lessee knew
or should have known of the dangerous condition, the lessee had a duty to warn of
the condition even though the lessor retained control over the areas of ingress and
egress.56 In Russum the Court, without determining that Comment a was the law in
Delaware, found that the lessee’s lack of knowledge, either actual or constructive,
of the dangerous condition was dispositive.57 Finally, in Dominica the Court held

49
   Id. at *6.
50
   Russum v. IPM Dev. P'ship LLC, 2015 WL 2438748, at *4 (Del. Super. May 21, 2015) (“Hence,
whether the defendant-lessee knows, or should have known, of its existence is critical.”).
51
   1997 WL 716893 (Del. Super. Aug. 22, 1997).
52
   2009 WL 342895.
53
   2015 WL 2438748.
54
   2020 WL 5536696 (Del. Super. Sept. 14, 2020).
55
   1997 WL 716893, at *3.
56
   2009 WL 342895, at *5, *6.
57
   2015 WL 2438748, at *4.
                                            13
that “the reasons for adopting [Comment a] are sound” and that it “should be part of
Delaware’s jurisprudence.”58 This Court finds that these four cases are instructive
and that Faw Casson owed a duty to Mrs. Richard to warn her of unsafe conditions
of which it knew or should have known that could have put her in harm’s way in
entering or exiting the business. However, as for Plaintiffs’ and JBA’s argument
that there is an ancillary duty that Faw Casson owed to JBA, as its lessor, to alert
JBA that it was effectively changing its business hours for the day, the Court holds
that there is no such duty found in the controlling document—the Lease—or
supported by relevant authority.
        In addition, it appears that Plaintiffs and JBA are arguing that Faw Casson
breached a separate duty to Mrs. Richard by not alerting JBA of the earlier start time
because it could be deemed a “reasonable step” for Faw Casson to take to ensure
that the walkway or sidewalk into its building was safe for its invitees.59 However,
Faw Casson was not subject to the general duties of a business owner, given that
JBA had retained control over the area in which Mrs. Richard was injured. Hence,
the only duty supported by Delaware jurisprudence is Faw Casson’s duty to warn
Mrs. Richard.
       There are material questions of fact as to whether Faw Casson was aware or
should have been aware of the dangerous conditions of ice and snow outside its
building that Mrs. Richard had to negotiate to attend the invited event.60 In addition,

58
   2020 WL 5536696, at *3.
59
   See Woods v. Prices Corner Shopping Ctr. Merchants Ass'n, 541 A.2d 574, 578 (Del. Super.
1988) (explaining that a landowner or occupier, specific to the “hazards of natural accumulation
of snow and ice removal . . . . must take reasonable steps to make the premises safe for the invitees
[and] may relieve himself from liability even though an invitee may be injured on his premises, by
taking such steps to make the area reasonably safe, applying the ‘reasonable man’ standard.”).
60
   E.g., Faw Casson’s employee testified that the ground had been salted when she arrived at the
business prior to Mrs. Richard’s fall, but other evidence in the record indicates that it had not been
salted, and the same employee admitted that the parking lot (though not the sidewalk) was “slick”
when she arrived. Faw Casson’s Mt. Summ. J., Ex. C at 7, 8, 28.
                                                 14
there are material questions and disputes of fact pertaining to whether a warning
would have changed the outcome for Mrs. Richard, i.e., whether it would have
prevented or reduced the seriousness of her fall. These are issues for the jury, as the
trier of fact, to decide.
       Finally, the Court will allow a jury to consider the facts regarding Faw
Casson’s earlier start time, its failure to notify JBA of that information, and
testimony pertaining to other lessees’ customary practice to alert JBA of potentially
unsafe conditions on JBA’s property,61 for the limited purpose of showing that Faw
Casson “should have known” that the danger would exist and not be extinguished
by JBA’s performance of snow and ice removal, and the Court will entertain a
request for an appropriate limiting instruction in this regard. However, the Court
does not consider the failure to alert JBA to be a separate duty Faw Casson owed to
its invitees (or to JBA).
       Thus, to the extent that Plaintiffs allege that Faw Casson breached its duty to
warn Mrs. Richard of the dangerous conditions, summary judgment will be denied
because this Court finds that a duty to warn does exist, and further that the jury
should determine whether a breach of that duty occurred. To the extent that Plaintiffs
(and JBA) allege that Faw Casson had a separate duty to alert JBA of the change to
its operating hours, summary judgment is granted to Faw Casson.62

61
   JBA’s representative stated that an assistant manager of Rite Aid called him on the day of the
incident to let him “know that there was [sic] some slick spots in front of their store.” Faw Casson’s
Mt. Summ. J, Ex. B at 6–7. In addition, JBA’s representative stated that he would be the person
to call when tenants had concerns or noticed something. Id. at 17–18.
62
   Given the Court’s rulings, the Court need not address JBA’s arguments regarding the
indemnity clause.
                                                 15
       2. The question of the necessity for expert testimony regarding a
          commercial tenant’s duties to its landlord is moot.

       Faw Casson argues that an expert is needed to explain the standard of care or
duties of a commercial tenant vis-à-vis its landlord because there are no provisions
of the Lease that refer to what is required from Faw Casson in the event that it
decides to change its operating hours for a day. The Court deems that issue moot
given this Court’s finding, explained supra, that such a duty did not exist as a matter
of law.63
       3. Faw Casson was not absolved of liability for any breach of the duty to
          warn because Mrs. Richard was aware of the dangerous conditions.

       Along with the two issues discussed supra, which the Court finds not to be
dispositive, there are both factual and legal disputes concerning Mrs. Richard’s
awareness of the conditions of the sidewalk or walkway. Plaintiffs contend that
although Mrs. Richard was aware of the weather conditions and did not expect to be
warned of those, she should have been warned that the sidewalk had not been de-
iced and salted appropriately. Faw Casson responds that it cannot be held liable for
any breach of the duty to warn, given Mrs. Richard’s admission that she knew, and
that the weather reports clearly articulated, that snow and ice were present that day.
Therefore, according to Faw Casson, any failure to warn was not a proximate cause
of Mrs. Richard’s injuries.
       However, the evidence in the record indicates that Mrs. Richard carefully
maneuvered through the visually snowy and icy portions of the sidewalk but slipped
on black ice that did not appear to be a threat.64 There is an argument, and inference,
viable with respect to summary judgment, that if Faw Casson had warned Mrs.

63
   See Buford v. Ligon, 2021 WL 5630048, at *6 (Del. Super. Nov. 30, 2021) (“Questions of duty
are for the Court to decide.” (citing Naidu v. Laird, 539 A.2d 1064, 1070 (Del. 1988))).
64
   Faw Casson’s Mt. Summ. J, Ex. E at 79–82.
                                             16
Richard that no de-icing or salting measures had been taken, she would have
undertaken extreme caution as to both the visually icy portions of the sidewalk and
the areas that seemed to be clear of ice (i.e., “black ice” areas)— or she might even
have decided not to attend the seminar. Accordingly, the proximate cause argument
is not dispositive regarding Faw Casson’s duty to warn Mrs. Richard.
       B. Motion to Preclude Testimony
       The Court will next turn to Faw Casson’s alternative motion to preclude the
testimony of Plaintiffs’ liability expert. The only basis for precluding Littlewood’s
testimony raised by Faw Casson is its assertion that he does not have qualifications
regarding commercial landlord-tenant law. Because this Court has found that Faw
Casson owed no duty to alert JBA of the changed start time, there remains no direct
argument against the inclusion of Littlewood’s testimony at this time. However, the
Court did note during oral argument that some of the statements found within his
expert report encroached on the province of the jury. Thus, to give guidance to the
parties, the Court will address this issue.65
       In slip-and-fall cases an expert is not always required but can be helpful.66
Specific to slip-and-fall cases involving ice and snow accumulation, expert
testimony may assist the trier of fact in understanding both the conditions that caused

65
   The Court is employing judicial dictum, i.e., “statement[s] made deliberately after careful
consideration and for future guidance in the conduct of litigation.” Autobahn Imports, L.P. v.
Jaguar Land Rover N. Am., L.L.C., 896 F.3d 340, 346 (5th Cir. 2018) (quoting Lund v. Giauque,
416 S.W.3d 122, 129 (Tex. App. 2013)). This is in contrast to obiter dictum, “a statement not
necessary to the determination of the case and that is neither binding nor precedential.” Id.
(quoting Lund, 416 S.W.3d at 129); see also Cates v. Cates, 619 N.E.2d 715, 717 (Ill. 1993)
(stating that judicial dictum is “entitled to much weight, and should be followed unless found to
be erroneous”); accord Wild Meadows MHC, LLC v. Weidman, 2020 WL 3889057, at *7 (Del.
Super. July 10, 2020), aff'd, 250 A.3d 751 (Del. 2021). Any such judicial dictum should provide
the parties direction on interests the Court deems significant for potential future Daubert motions
related to Littlewood’s testimony and report.
66
   See Small v. Super Fresh Food Markets, Inc., 2010 WL 530071, at *4 (Del. Super. Feb. 12,
2010) (“Although an expert may indeed be ‘helpful,’ expert testimony is not required in a grocery
store slip-and-fall case.”).
                                                17
the surface to be slippery67 and the standard safety measures an entity may employ
to avoid such danger.68 Here, Littlewood’s testimony helps the jury understand what
a general snow and ice removal and safety plan should consist of, as it is not within
the common knowledge of jurors either to understand how a commercial entity
should respond to snow and ice hazards or to be aware of the existence and
applicability of industry standards in this area.
       However, in ice accumulation cases an expert should not encroach on the
province of the jury by using the particular facts of the case to state direct findings
relating to liability. To illustrate, in Robelen Piano Co. v. Di Fonzo, the plaintiff’s
counsel questioned the expert witness, who testified as to hypothetical facts
regarding ice accumulation, and then asked, “‘Making all of these assumptions, do
you have an opinion as to the cause of this healthy female customer's fall?’” 69 On
appeal, the Delaware Supreme Court found that such a question was improper
because it

       called for an opinion as to the very issue before the jury. Indeed, it was
       the fundamental issue to be resolved by the jury. Since the
       determination of this issue did not require expert technical knowledge,
       it was highly improper to ask an expert witness as to his opinion.
       Opinions of witnesses are not admissible in evidence with respect to
       dangerous situations as the cause of injury when all the facts can be
       ascertained and the necessary inferences drawn from them by the jury.70
       Accordingly, Littlewood’s testimony should neither suggest determinations
regarding liability nor apply the fact pattern of this case, or a hypothetical facsimile

67
    See Robelen Piano Co. v. DiFonzo, 169 A.2d 240, 246 (Del. 1961) (refusing to overturn a trial
judge’s admission of expert testimony as to effect of water, slush and rock salt on tile paving).
68
   See Spencer v. Wal-Mart Stores E., LP, 2006 WL 1520203, at *1 (Del. Super. June 5, 2006)
(evaluating the credentials of an expert to speak about a snow and ice removal plan in a slip-and-
fall case).
69
    169 A.2d at 246.
70
    Id. (citing S. Atl. S. S. Co. of Del. v. Munkacsy, 187 A. 600, 604 (Del. 1936)).
                                               18
to it, in making conclusory statements regarding proximate cause. Littlewood’s
conclusory pronouncements on these issues are improper, and such statements are
determinations that do not require an expert’s technical knowledge. Examples of
these statements are as follows:
       (1) “The actions and/or inactions of Connie Richard were not the cause
       of her fall.” 71
       (2) “Had the subject walkway been reasonably inspected and properly
       cleared of snow and ice, and had ice melt or a de-icing treatment been
       reasonably applied on the subject walkway at a reasonable amount of
       time prior to the beginning of the seminar at Faw, Casson & Co., this
       incident would have been prevented.”72
       (3) “Had warning signs or cones been placed warning guests, such as
       Connie Richard, of the hazardous slippery conditions on the incident
       walkway, the risk of this incident would have been reduced or
       eliminated.”73
       (4) “Had the incident walkway been properly maintained free of ice
       hazards, in compliance with the International Property Maintenance
       Code/2009 and the International Fire Code/2009, Connie Richard’s
       incident would have been avoided.”74
These statements, along with others found in the report, intrude upon the province
of the jury and go to the heart of Mrs. Richard’s claims. Hence, because of the nature
of the case, Littlewood’s testimony should avoid conclusory statements regarding
the ultimate issues to be decided by the jury.

71
   Pls.’ Opp’n, Ex. E at 13.
72
   Id. at 14.
73
   Id.
74
   Id. at 15.
                                          19
                            V. CONCLUSION
     For the foregoing reasons, Faw Casson’s Motion is DENIED in part and
GRANTED in part.

                                         Very truly yours,

NEP:tls
Via File & ServeXpress
oc: Prothonotary
      Counsel of Record

                                    20