Court Opinion

ID: 4200396
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-08-31 15:09:49.8734+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:41:34.360020
License: Public Domain

Supreme Court of Florida
                                   ____________

                                   No. SC17-653
                                   ____________

                        ARAMIS DONELL AYALA, etc.,
                                Petitioner,

                                         vs.

                          RICK SCOTT, GOVERNOR,
                                 Respondent.

                                 [August 31, 2017]

LAWSON, J.

      Aramis Donell Ayala, State Attorney for Florida’s Ninth Judicial Circuit,

petitions this Court for a writ of quo warranto, challenging Governor Rick Scott’s

authority under section 27.14(1), Florida Statutes (2016), to reassign the

prosecution of death-penalty eligible cases in the Ninth Circuit to Brad King, State

Attorney for Florida’s Fifth Judicial Circuit. We have jurisdiction. See article V, §

3(b)(8), Fla. Const. For the reasons below, we deny Ayala’s petition.
                                   BACKGROUND

      At a March 15, 2017, press conference, Ayala announced that she “will not

be seeking [the] death penalty in the cases handled in [her] office.” Several times

during the same press conference, Ayala reiterated her intent to implement a

blanket “policy” of not seeking the death penalty in any eligible case because, in

her view, pursuing death sentences “is not in the best interest of th[e] community

or in the best interest of justice,” even where an individual case “absolutely

deserve[s] [the] death penalty.”

      In response to Ayala’s announcement, Governor Rick Scott issued a series

of executive orders reassigning the prosecution of death-penalty eligible cases

pending in the Ninth Circuit to King. In support of these orders, the Governor

cited his duty as Florida’s chief executive officer under article IV, section 1(a), of

the Florida Constitution to “take care that the laws be faithfully executed” and his

authority under section 27.14(1), Florida Statutes, to assign state attorneys to other

circuits “if, for any . . . good and sufficient reason, the Governor determines that

the ends of justice would be best served.” The reassignment orders do not direct

King to pursue the death penalty in any particular case, and in a statement filed in

this Court, King has sworn that the Governor made no attempt to influence his

decision as to whether the circumstances of any of the reassigned cases warrant

pursuing the death penalty.

                                         -2-
      After unsuccessfully seeking a stay of the reassignment orders in the Ninth

Circuit, Ayala filed this petition for a writ of quo warranto challenging the

Governor’s authority to reassign the cases at issue to King. The record reflects that

Ayala and her office have abided by the lower courts’ denial of her motion and

fully cooperated with King.

                                      ANALYSIS

      Ayala argues that the Governor exceeded his authority under section 27.14

by reassigning death-penalty eligible cases in the Ninth Circuit to King over her

objection because article V, section 17, of the Florida Constitution makes Ayala

“the prosecuting officer of all trial courts in [the Ninth] [C]ircuit.” While quo

warranto is the proper vehicle to challenge the Governor’s authority to reassign

these cases to King, see Fla. House of Representatives v. Crist, 999 So. 2d 601,

607 (Fla. 2008), Ayala is not entitled to relief because the Governor did not exceed

his authority on the facts of this case.

      As Florida’s chief executive officer, the Governor is vested with the

“supreme executive power” and is charged with the duty to “take care that the laws

be faithfully executed.” Art. IV, §1(a), Fla. Const. Florida law facilitates the

Governor’s discharge of this duty, among other ways, through state attorney

assignments. Specifically, section 27.14(1), the constitutionality of which Ayala

concedes, provides:

                                           -3-
              If any state attorney is disqualified to represent the state in any
      investigation, case, or matter pending in the courts of his or her circuit
      or if, for any other good and sufficient reason, the Governor
      determines that the ends of justice would be best served, the Governor
      may, by executive order filed with the Department of State, either
      order an exchange of circuits or of courts between such state attorney
      and any other state attorney or order an assignment of any state
      attorney to discharge the duties of the state attorney with respect to
      one or more specified investigations, cases, or matters, specified in
      general in the executive order of the Governor. Any exchange or
      assignment of any state attorney to a particular circuit shall expire 12
      months after the date of issuance, unless an extension is approved by
      order of the Supreme Court upon application of the Governor showing
      good and sufficient cause to extend such exchange or assignment.

§ 27.14(1), Fla. Stat. (2016) (emphasis added).

      This Court has previously recognized that the Governor has broad authority

to assign state attorneys to other circuits pursuant to section 27.14:

             It is the duty of the Governor under Fla. Const. F.S.A., art. IV,
      § 1(a) in the exercise of his executive power to “take care that the
      laws be faithfully executed.” The exercise of this power and the
      performance of this duty are clearly essential to the orderly conduct of
      government and the execution of the laws of this State. An executive
      order assigning a state attorney is exclusively within the orbit of
      authority of the Chief Executive when exercised within the bounds of
      the statute. See Kirk v. Baker, 224 So. 2d 311 (Fla. 1969). The
      Governor is given broad authority to fulfill his duty in taking “care
      that the laws be faithfully executed,” and he should be required to do
      no more than make a general recitation as to his reasons for assigning
      a state attorney to another circuit.

Finch v. Fitzpatrick, 254 So. 2d 203, 204-05 (Fla. 1971); see also Austin v. State

ex rel. Christian, 310 So. 2d 289, 293 (Fla. 1975) (“The statutes authorizing

assignments of state attorneys should be broadly and liberally construed so as to

                                         -4-
complement and implement the duty of the Governor under the Constitution of the

State of Florida to ‘take care that the laws be faithfully executed.’ ” (quoting art.

IV, § 1(a), Fla. Const.)).

      Accordingly, this Court reviews challenges to the Governor’s exercise of his

“broad discretion in determining ‘good and sufficient reason’ for assigning a state

attorney to another circuit,” Finch, 254 So. 2d at 205, similar to the way in which it

reviews exercises of discretion by the lower courts. Compare Johns v. State, 197

So. 791, 796 (Fla. 1940) (“If the Governor should abuse [the assignment] power,

by arbitrarily and without any reason whatsoever [for] making such an assignment,

it might be that his action could be inquired into by writ of quo warranto . . . .”);

with McFadden v. State, 177 So. 3d 562, 567 (Fla. 2015) (“Discretion is abused

only when the trial court’s decision is ‘arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable.’ ”

(quoting Gonzalez v. State, 990 So. 2d 1017, 1033 (Fla. 2008))).

      Applying this well-established standard of review to the facts of this case,

the executive orders reassigning the death-penalty eligible cases in the Ninth

Circuit to King fall well “within the bounds” of the Governor’s “broad authority.”

Finch, 254 So. 2d at 204-05. Far from being unreasoned or arbitrary, as required

by section 27.14(1), the reassignments are predicated upon “good and sufficient

reason,” namely Ayala’s blanket refusal to pursue the death penalty in any case

                                          -5-
despite Florida law establishing the death penalty as an appropriate sentence under

certain circumstances. See generally § 921.141, Fla. Stat. (2017).

      Notwithstanding the Governor’s compliance with all of the requirements of

section 27.14(1), however, Ayala and her amici urge this Court to invalidate the

reassignment orders by viewing this case as a power struggle over prosecutorial

discretion. We decline the invitation because by effectively banning the death

penalty in the Ninth Circuit—as opposed to making case-specific determinations as

to whether the facts of each death-penalty eligible case justify seeking the death

penalty—Ayala has exercised no discretion at all. As New York’s high court

cogently explained, “adopting a ‘blanket policy’ ” against the imposition of the

death penalty is “in effect refusing to exercise discretion” and tantamount to a

“functional[] veto” of state law authorizing prosecutors to pursue the death penalty

in appropriate cases. Johnson v. Pataki, 691 N.E.2d 1002, 1007 (N.Y. 1997).

      Although Johnson applied New York law, the standards to which this Court

holds its own judicial officers establish that Ayala’s actions have the same impact

under Florida law. For example, our trial judges may not “refuse to exercise

discretion” or “rely on an inflexible rule for a decision that the law places in the

judge’s discretion.” Barrow v. State, 27 So. 3d 211, 218 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010),

approved, 91 So. 3d 826 (Fla. 2012). Instead, exercising discretion demands an

individualized determination “exercised according to the exigency of the case,

                                         -6-
upon a consideration of the attending circumstances.” Barber v. State, 5 Fla. 199,

206 (Fla. 1853) (Thompson, J., concurring).

      Thus, under Florida law, Ayala’s blanket refusal to seek the death penalty in

any eligible case, including a case that “absolutely deserve[s] [the] death penalty”

does not reflect an exercise of prosecutorial discretion; it embodies, at best, a

misunderstanding of Florida law. Cf. Doe v. State, 499 So. 2d 13, 14 (Fla. 3d

DCA 1986) (holding “the trial court failed to exercise its independent sentencing

discretion” in light of its erroneous view of the law); see also Taylor v. State, 38

So. 380, 383 (Fla. 1905) (recognizing that “a failure of the state’s interests” occurs

where “the regular state attorney is unwilling or refuses to act”).1

      Moreover, while Ayala’s blanket prohibition against the death penalty

provided the Governor with “good and sufficient reason” to reassign the cases at

issue to King, also important to our holding is that the Governor did not attempt to

decide which cases are deserving of the death penalty. The Governor’s orders do

       1. Similarly untenable is Ayala’s position that she has the authority to pick
and choose (by consenting to reassignment in some cases but objecting in others)
when she is the prosecuting officer for the Ninth Circuit. While the Ninth Circuit
voters elected Ayala as their state attorney, she holds that position subject to
Florida law, including section 27.14, by which the Governor effectuates his
constitutional duty to ensure the faithful execution of the law through time-limited
state attorney assignments. See Finch, 254 So. 2d at 205 (“The purpose of the time
limitation in the [assignment] statute is to prevent the Chief Executive from
frustrating the will of the voters of a judicial circuit by replacing an elected state
attorney with one chosen by the Governor from another circuit.”).

                                         -7-
not direct King to seek the death penalty in any of the reassigned cases, and King

has sworn that the Governor has not attempted to interfere with his determination

as to whether to pursue the death penalty in any case. Rather, consistent with the

Governor’s constitutional duty, effectuated pursuant to his statutory assignment

authority, the executive orders ensure the faithful execution of Florida law by

guaranteeing that the death penalty—while never mandatory—remains an option in

the death-penalty eligible cases in the Ninth Circuit, but leaving it up to King, as

the assigned state attorney, to determine whether to seek the death penalty on a

case-by-case basis.

      On these facts, the Governor has not abused his broad discretion in

reassigning the cases at issue to King.2

       2. Because the power to prosecute, including whether to seek the death
penalty, is a purely executive function, see State v. Bloom, 497 So. 2d 2, 3 (Fla.
1986), we also reject Ayala’s argument that the executive orders violate the
separation of powers doctrine of article II, section 3, of the Florida Constitution by
impermissibly encroaching upon the judiciary. See Fulk v. State, 417 So. 2d 1121,
1126 (Fla. 5th DCA 1982) (“Although state attorneys, like all attorneys, are
officers of the court, the execution of criminal statutes by enforcement, including
prosecution, is an executive function of government. The state attorney, when
acting as a prosecuting officer under Article V, section 17, of the Florida
Constitution and under chapter 27 of the Florida Statutes, is performing an
executive function and not a judicial function.”) (Cowart, J., concurring specially)
(footnote omitted).

                                           -8-
                                  CONCLUSION

      The executive orders reassigning death-penalty eligible cases in the Ninth

Circuit to King do not exceed the Governor’s authority on the facts of this case.

Therefore, we deny Ayala’s petition.

      It is so ordered.

LABARGA, C.J., and CANADY, and POLSTON, JJ., concur.
LEWIS, J., concurs in result.
PARIENTE, J., dissents with an opinion, in which QUINCE, J., concurs.

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND
IF FILED, DETERMINED.

PARIENTE, J., dissenting.

      This case is about the independence of duly elected State Attorneys to make

lawful decisions within their respective jurisdictions as to sentencing and

allocation of their offices’ resources, free from interference by a Governor who

disagrees with their decisions. The issue before this Court is whether a duly

elected State Attorney’s choice to forgo seeking one potential penalty in a class of

criminal cases, in favor of seeking another penalty authorized by statute,

constitutes “good and sufficient reason” for the Governor to exercise his removal

power under section 27.14(1), Florida Statutes (2017). I dissent because the State

Attorney’s decision to prosecute first-degree murder cases but not seek the death

penalty at this time does not provide a basis for the Governor to remove State

Attorney Aramis Ayala.

                                        -9-
       Article V, section 17, of the Florida Constitution, which was adopted in

1972, provides for an elected state attorney “[i]n each judicial circuit,” who “shall

be the prosecuting officer of all trial courts in that circuit and shall perform other

duties prescribed by general law.” Art. V, § 17, Fla. Const. As to the role of

elected State Attorneys, this Court made clear in Austin v. State ex rel. Christian,

310 So. 2d 289 (Fla. 1975), that “the office of State Attorney is a constitutional

office,” stating:

             State Attorneys are constitutional officers, charged with the
       responsibility of prosecutions in the circuit in which he [or she] is
       elected and with the performance of such other duties as are
       prescribed by general law. . . . Being an elected official he [or she] is
       responsible to the electorate of [the] circuit, this being the traditional
       method in a democracy by which the citizenry may be assured that
       vast power will not be abused. . . . The Legislature, in its wisdom, has
       empowered the Governor to exchange and assign State Attorneys
       between judicial circuits within the confines of its enactments.

Id. at 293-94 (emphasis added). The Court also established that “[a] statute

enacted by the Legislature may not constrict a right granted under the ultimate

authority of the Constitution.” Id. at 293.

       Specifically at issue in this case is the decision of Aramis Ayala, the duly

elected State Attorney for the Ninth Judicial Circuit, to exercise her prosecutorial

discretion not to seek the death penalty in cases in which she sought and obtained

indictments for first-degree murder. It is well established in our case law that “the

decision to seek the death penalty,” as allowed by statute, “is within the

                                         - 10 -
prosecutor’s discretion.” Freeman v. State, 858 So. 2d 319, 322 (Fla. 2003).

Nowhere in the Florida Statutes does the Legislature mandate that a prosecutor

seek the death penalty in capital prosecutions. See § 921.141(1), Fla. Stat. (2017);

§ 775.082(1)(a), Fla. Stat. (2017). Florida’s capital sentencing scheme affords a

duly elected State Attorney the discretion to pursue either of two possible

sentences “[u]pon conviction or adjudication of guilt . . . of a capital felony”:

“death or life imprisonment” without the possibility of parole. § 921.141(1).

Section 775.082 states that “a person who has been convicted of a capital felony

shall be punished by death if the proceeding held to determine sentence according

to the procedure set forth in [section] 921.141 results in a determination that such

person shall be punished by death, otherwise such person shall be punished by life

imprisonment” and shall be ineligible for parole. § 775.082(1)(a). Either way,

upon a conviction of first-degree murder, Florida law requires a minimum sentence

of life imprisonment without parole.

      Likewise, Florida’s most recently amended capital sentencing scheme

further affirms that it is the prosecutor’s decision whether to seek death in each

capital prosecution, stating: “If the prosecutor intends to seek the death penalty, the

prosecutor must give notice to the defendant and file the notice with the court

within 45 days after arraignment. . . . The court may allow the prosecutor to

amend the notice upon a showing of good cause.” Ch. 2017-1, Laws of Fla., § 4.

                                         - 11 -
Although the amicus brief of the House of Representatives asserts that the State

Attorney is obligated to seek the death penalty in each prosecution where the State

can prove at least one aggravating factor, the Governor disagrees with that

position, acknowledging that the decision to seek death is a matter of prosecutorial

discretion.

      In his executive order removing State Attorney Ayala, Governor Scott

referenced article IV, section 1(a), of the Florida Constitution, and section 27.14,

Florida Statutes (2017). See, e.g., Exec. Order No. 17-66 (Fla. Mar. 16, 2017).

Article IV, section 1(a), of the Florida Constitution, states in pertinent part: “The

governor shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, commission all

officers of the state and counties, and transact all necessary business with the

officers of government.” Art. IV, § 1(a), Fla. Const. (emphasis added). However,

as Amici Curiae Former Judges argue,3 the fact that the Governor is charged to

faithfully execute the laws does not supplant the constitutional authority of the

independently elected State Attorney to prosecute crimes and to exercise his or her

discretion in deciding what punishment to seek within the confines of the

applicable laws. See Amici Curiae Former Judges Br. at 13 (The Governor’s

       3. Amici Curiae Former Judges, along with Current and Former
Prosecutors, and Legal Community Leaders, filed a Brief in support of Ayala’s
petition. For ease of reference, they are referred to cumulatively here as “Amici
Curiae Former Judges.”

                                         - 12 -
constitutional duty to “ ‘take care that the laws be faithfully executed’ . . . cannot

empower the governor, contrary to the Florida Constitution’s express provision

that state attorneys ‘shall’ be ‘the’ prosecutor within their circuits, to usurp

prosecutorial duties.” (quoting art. IV, § 1(a), Fla. Const.)). Indeed, every day

State Attorneys are tasked with making tough choices as to which crimes to

prosecute and which penalties to pursue in consideration of their offices’ limited

resources. Such decisions include whether to accept a plea to a lesser degree of the

charged offense, whether to prosecute certain classes of crimes, and, of course,

whether to seek the death penalty in capital prosecutions.

       The Governor’s only constitutional authority to remove State Attorneys

comes from article IV, section 7, of the Florida Constitution. That provision

provides that “the governor may suspend from office any state officer not subject

to impeachment . . . for malfeasance, misfeasance, neglect of duty, drunkenness,

incompetence, permanent inability to perform official duties, or commission of a

felony.” Governor Scott has not claimed that any of these grounds for exercising

his constitutional removal authority applies in this case. Therefore, because

Governor Scott does not have the constitutional authority to remove Ayala from

her position under article IV, section 7, the Governor relies on section 27.14,

                                         - 13 -
Florida Statutes.4

      When State Attorney Ayala announced that her office would not seek the

death penalty in capital prosecutions, she acted well within the bounds of Florida

law regarding the death penalty. She did not announce a refusal to prosecute the

guilt of defendants charged with first-degree murder. Rather, State Attorney Ayala

announced that she would not seek a sentence that produces years of appeals and

endless constitutional challenges and implicates decades of significant

jurisprudential developments, many of which have emanated over the years from

the United States Supreme Court.5 Despite assertions to the contrary, State

      4. Section 27.14 traces its origin back to chapter 5399, Laws of Florida, § 2
(1905), in which the Legislature authorized the Governor to exchange or reassign a
State Attorney in the event of the disqualification of a State Attorney, “or if for any
reason the Governor of the State thinks that the ends of justice would be best
subserved.” In 1969, the Legislature amended the law to require this Court’s
approval for exchanges or assignments lasting longer than sixty days, and inserted
the phrase “good and sufficient” to qualify the reason for acting. Ch. 69-1736,
Laws of Fla.
       5. In fiscal year 2015-2016, Florida courts sent 498 people to prison for
homicide offenses ranging from manslaughter to first-degree murder, but only
seven to death row. Fla. Dep’t of Corrections, Annual Report 2015-2016, at 37,
49, http://www.dc.state.fl.us/pub/annual/1516/FDC_AR2015-16.pdf. As to the
delay that State Attorney Ayala cited in finality for the victims of violent crimes,
the unfortunate statistic is that the average time between offense and execution is
17.4 years. Id. at 36; see Interview of Aramis Ayala, WFTV Channel 9 (Mar. 15,
2017), at 6.
       According to DOC, there are currently 365 defendants on death row. Fla.
Dep’t of Corrections, Offender Information Search,
http://www.dc.state.fl.us/OffenderSearch/deathrowroster.aspx (July 17, 2017).
Amici Curiae state that since the United States “Supreme Court approved the

                                        - 14 -
Attorney Ayala did not make her decision based on personal opposition to the

death penalty or “emotion.”

      State Attorney Ayala’s decision was well within the scheme created by the

Legislature and within the scope of decisions State Attorneys make every day on

how to allocate their offices’ limited resources. Because State Attorney Ayala’s

decision was within the bounds of the law and her discretion, Governor Scott did

not have “good and sufficient reason” to remove her from these cases.

      For these reasons, I would grant the petition for a writ of quo warranto and

allow State Attorney Ayala to proceed in her constitutional role as the elected State

Attorney for the Ninth Judicial Circuit. The Governor’s decision in this case

fundamentally undermines the constitutional role of duly elected State Attorneys.

Accordingly, I dissent.

QUINCE, J., concurs.

reinstatement of Florida’s death penalty in 1976 . . . less than half (only 33 of 67)
of the counties [in Florida] have had executions, and 20 of Florida’s 67 counties
currently have no representation among Florida’s death row.” Amici Curiae Br. of
the Am. Civil Liberties Union Found., Am. Civil Liberties Union of Fla.,
Florid[i]ans for Alts. to the Death Penalty, The Sentencing Project, & the NAACP
Legal Def. & Educ. Fund, Inc. in Support of Pet’r Aramis Ayala, at 5. Further,
“well over 40%” of the individuals currently on death row in Florida “were
sentenced to death over twenty years ago,” and “ over 60 %—were sentenced to
death over 15 years ago.” Id. at 13 (citing Fla. Dep’t of Corrections, Death Row
Roster, http://www.dc.state.fl.us/activeinmates/deathrowroster.asp.) “Fifteen of
the 23 death-row prisoners prosecuted in Ayala’s circuit (comprising of Orange
and Osceola Counties) were sentenced 15 years ago, or more.” Id.

                                        - 15 -
Original Proceeding – Quo Warranto

Marcos E. Hasbun and Mamie V. Wise of Zuckerman Spaeder, LLP, Tampa,
Florida; and Roy L. Austin, Jr., and Amy E. Richardson of Harris, Wiltshire &
Grannis, LLP, Washington, District of Columbia,

      for Petitioner

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Amit Agarwal, Solicitor General, Jordan E.
Pratt, and Jonathan L. Williams, Deputy Solicitors General, Office of the Attorney
General, Tallahassee, Florida; and Daniel E. Nordby, General Counsel, and John P.
Heekin, Assistant General Counsel, Executive Office of the Governor, Tallahassee,
Florida,

      for Respondent

Shayan Elahi of Shayan Elahi, P.A., Winter Park, Florida,

      for Amici Curiae The Dream Defenders, Florida Immigrant Coalition, Let
      Your Voice Be Heard, Inc., Florida State Conference of the National
      Association for the Advancement of Colored People, The New Florida
      Majority, SEIU Florida State Council, Color of Change, and Advancement
      Project

Adam S. Tanenbaum, General Counsel and J. Michael Maida, Deputy General
Counsel, Florida House of Representatives, Tallahassee, Florida,

      for Amicus Curiae The Florida House of Representatives

Arthur I. Jacobs, Richard J. Scholz, and Douglas A. Wyler of Jacobs, Scholz &
Associates, LLC, Fernandina Beach, Florida,

      for Amicus Curiae Florida Prosecuting Attorneys Association

Mark Herron and Robert J. Telfer III of Messer Caparello, P.A., Tallahassee,
Florida,

      for Amici Curiae Senator Oscar Braynon, Senator Jeff Clemens, Senator
      Perry Thurston, Senator Gary Farmer, Representative Janet Cruz and
      Representative Sean Shaw

                                      - 16 -
Daniel J. Gerber of Rumberger, Kirk & Caldwell, Orlando, Florida,

      for Amici Curiae Family Members of Victims

Sharon L. Kegerreis of Berger Singerman, Miami, Florida; Donald B. Verrilli, Jr.,
Chad I. Golder, and Sarah G. Boyce of Munger, Tolles & Olson, LLP,
Washington, District of Columbia; and Mark B. Helm, and John F. Muller of
Munger, Tolles & Olson, LLP, Los Angeles, California,

      for Amici Curiae Former Judges, Current and Former Prosecutors, and Legal
      Community Leaders

Nancy G. Abudu and Jacqueline Nicole Azis of ACLU Foundation of Florida, Inc.,
Miami, Florida; and Brian W. Stull, Senior Staff Attorney of American Civil
Liberties Union Foundation, Durham, North Carolina,

      for Amici Curiae American Civil Liberties Union Capital Punishment
      Project, the American Civil Liberties Union of Florida, Floridians for
      Alternatives to the Death Penalty, the Sentencing Project, and the NAACP
      Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Inc.

Seth Miller, President of Innocence Network, Innocence Project of Florida,
Tallahassee, Florida; Norman Adam Tebrugge of Tebrugge Legal, Sarasota,
Florida, and James C. Dugan of Willkie, Farr & Gallagher, LLP, New York, New
York,

      for Amici Curiae The Innocent Network and Witness to Innocence

Ashley M. Litwin of Seitles & Litwin, P.A., Miami, Florida,

      for Amicus Curiae National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers

Sonya Rudenstine, Gainesville, Florida,

      for Amici Curiae Victims’ Service Providers and Homicide Victims’ Family
      Members

                                      - 17 -