Court Opinion

ID: 5141472
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-29 21:00:33.723803+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:29.273961
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       DEC 29 2021
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

CURTIS ULLESEIT; LISA WEHLMANN,                 No.    19-15778

                Plaintiffs-Appellees,           D.C. No. 3:17-cv-07026-JD

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
BAYER HEALTHCARE
PHARMACEUTICALS INC.; et al.,

                Defendants-Appellants,

and

BAYER PHARMA AG, FKA Bayer
Schering Pharma AG; et al.,

                Defendants.

BETH WINKLER,                                   No.    19-15782

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No. 3:18-cv-03077-JD

 v.

BAYER HEALTHCARE
PHARMACEUTICALS INC.; et al.,

                Defendants-Appellants,

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
                                                                           Page 2 of 5

and

MCKESSON CORPORATION;
MCKESSON MEDICAL-SURGICAL INC.,

                Defendants.

                On Remand From the United States Supreme Court

                     Argued and Submitted December 8, 2021
                            San Francisco, California

Before: WATFORD, FRIEDLAND, and MILLER, Circuit Judges.
Dissent by Judge MILLER

      Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc., Bayer Corporation, and Bayer

Healthcare LLC (collectively, Bayer) appeal from the district court’s order

remanding five cases to California state court. We previously affirmed the district

court’s holding that Bayer did not meet the requirements for federal officer

removal. Ulleseit v. Bayer HealthCare Pharms. Inc., 826 F. App’x 627, 629 (9th

Cir. 2020). Following then-controlling circuit precedent, we declined to review

Bayer’s other asserted ground for removal. Id. at 628. The Supreme Court

subsequently overturned our prior precedent, holding in a different case that a court

of appeals has jurisdiction to review any asserted basis for federal jurisdiction

when a defendant properly appeals under 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d) from a remand

order. BP p.l.c. v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore, 141 S. Ct. 1532 (2021).

The Court granted Bayer’s petition for certiorari, vacated our judgment, and
                                                                          Page 3 of 5

remanded for further proceedings. Bayer HealthCare Pharms. Inc. v. Ulleseit, 142

S. Ct. 57 (2021). We now address Bayer’s remaining ground for removal—

namely, that diversity jurisdiction exists because the only non-diverse defendants

(the distributors of the drug at issue) were fraudulently joined.

      1. The district court correctly held that Bayer has not carried its “heavy

burden” of showing that plaintiffs’ state law claims against the distributor

defendants are obviously foreclosed by federal preemption principles. GranCare,

LLC v. Thrower ex rel. Mills, 889 F.3d 543, 548 (9th Cir. 2018). Our decision in

Hunter v. Philip Morris USA, 582 F.3d 1039 (9th Cir. 2009), does not categorically

bar a defendant from relying on preemption to establish that claims against a non-

diverse defendant are wholly insubstantial.1 But fraudulent joinder can be found

only when a summary review of the complaint reveals that the plaintiff has no

possibility of prevailing on any claim against the non-diverse defendant. Id. at

1046; GranCare, 889 F.3d at 548–49.

      1
         Hunter stands for the proposition that, in the “unique situation” when the
preemption analysis is identical as to both the non-diverse and diverse defendants,
a court may not decide that the non-diverse defendants were fraudulently joined on
the basis of preemption, because such a determination would “effectively decide[]
the entire case.” Id. at 1044–45 (quotation marks omitted). In this case, the
preemption analysis differs as to the diverse and non-diverse defendants, so Hunter
does not preclude the possibility that, if the claims against the distributors were
obviously preempted, the distributors would have been fraudulently joined.
                                                                           Page 4 of 5

      Bayer contends that this standard is met, citing PLIVA, Inc. v. Mensing, 564

U.S. 604 (2011), as principal support for its preemption argument. That case

involved failure-to-warn claims against the manufacturers of generic drugs, not

drug distributors. Although there are strong arguments for extending the reasoning

of Mensing to claims against drug distributors, doing so would require additional

analytical work.

      In holding that claims against generic drug manufacturers were preempted,

the Court in Mensing relied in part on a federal regulation stating that only brand-

name drug manufacturers are permitted to alter their drugs’ approved labeling. See

id. at 614 (citing 21 C.F.R. § 314.70(c)(6)(iii)). But that regulation did not give

rise to the federal law duty that the Court concluded generic drug manufacturers

would be forced to violate if they attempted to comply with state law. In

concluding that the generic drug manufacturers would necessarily violate federal

law, the Court pointed to regulations requiring them to keep their labels “the same”

as the labels of the corresponding brand-name drug. See id. at 613–14 (citing 21

C.F.R. § 314.94(a)(8)(iv)). Bayer has not identified any equivalent regulation

governing drug distributors, and it is likely that an analysis of federal law

prohibitions on “misbranding” would be necessary to establish that plaintiffs’ state

law failure-to-warn claims are subject to impossibility preemption. See 21 U.S.C.

§§ 331(a), 352. The need for that additional layer of analysis exceeds what is
                                                                              Page 5 of 5

permissible in this procedural posture. See Hunter, 582 F.3d at 1044 (“[T]he

inability to make the requisite decision in a summary manner itself points to an

inability of the removing party to carry its burden.”) (quotation marks omitted).

      2. The district court correctly rejected Bayer’s second argument for finding

fraudulent joinder. Our case law provides just two ways to establish fraudulent

joinder: (1) actual fraud in the pleading of jurisdictional facts, or (2) the inability of

the plaintiff to establish a cause of action against the non-diverse party. GranCare,

889 F.3d at 548; Hunter, 582 F.3d at 1044. Bayer asks us to consider a third

possibility. It contends that objective evidence shows that plaintiffs do not intend

to pursue a judgment against the distributor defendants. Bayer has not identified

any case in this circuit permitting a finding of fraudulent joinder on that basis, and

the limited authority we do have suggests that Bayer’s asserted third basis for

finding fraudulent joinder is not valid. See Smith v. S. Pac. Co., 187 F.2d 397, 400

(9th Cir. 1951) (noting that, if the complaint’s allegations establish a potentially

meritorious claim, the plaintiff’s “motive in joining the individual defendant is not

fraudulent even if the sole reason for joinder is to prevent removal”).

      AFFIRMED.
                                                                            FILED
Ulleseit v. Bayer Corp., No. 19-15778+                                      DEC 29 2021
                                                                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
MILLER, Circuit Judge, dissenting:                                        U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

      Bayer is entitled to remove this case to federal court because complete

diversity exists among all parties who have been properly joined. Although

Bayer’s co-defendant, McKesson, is not diverse from the plaintiffs, “courts may

disregard the citizenship of a non-diverse defendant who has been fraudulently

joined,” and McKesson was fraudulently joined because it “‘cannot be liable on

any theory.’” GranCare, LLC v. Thrower ex rel. Mills, 889 F.3d 543, 548 (9th Cir.

2018) (quoting Ritchey v. Upjohn Drug Co., 139 F.3d 1313, 1318 (9th Cir. 1998)).

      Plaintiffs allege that they were injured by using a drug that was

manufactured by Bayer and distributed by McKesson. They claim, in particular,

that Bayer and McKesson failed to warn them of the drug’s dangers. But any

warning that either Bayer or McKesson might have provided would have been part

of what federal law considers to be the drug’s “labeling.” 21 C.F.R. § 202.1(l)(2)

(defining “labeling” to include any “printed, audio, or visual matter descriptive of a

drug . . . supplied by the manufacturer, packer, or distributor of the drug”). FDA

regulations make clear that only the drug’s manufacturer—the “applicant” for FDA

approval—may change the labeling. See id. § 314.70 (permitting post-approval

changes to a drug’s labeling only by the drug’s “applicant”); id. § 314.3 (defining

“applicant”); PLIVA, Inc. v. Mensing, 564 U.S. 604, 614–15 (2011). McKesson is

                                          1
not the drug’s applicant—Bayer is. Because federal law prohibits distributors like

McKesson from changing the drug’s labeling, a state tort law that imposes a duty

on McKesson to modify the labeling is preempted. See PLIVA, 564 U.S. at 618

(holding that failure-to-warn claims against generic drug manufacturers are

preempted because generic drug manufacturers, unlike brand-name manufacturers,

cannot alter a drug’s labeling). It follows that McKesson “cannot be liable” to

plaintiffs. GranCare, 889 F.3d at 548 (quoting Ritchey, 139 F.3d at 1318).

      To be sure, fraudulent joinder is a demanding standard, one that we have

described as “similar to the ‘wholly insubstantial and frivolous’ standard for

dismissing claims under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of federal question jurisdiction.”

GranCare, 889 F.3d at 549 (quoting Bell v. Hood, 327 U.S. 678, 682–83 (1946)).

If plaintiffs had articulated any colorable theory of McKesson’s liability, that

would have been enough to defeat Bayer’s claim of fraudulent joinder. But

confronted with an argument that their claims against McKesson are preempted,

plaintiffs have responded with . . . nothing. They have not suggested that their

claims against McKesson rest on anything other than McKesson’s failure to change

the drug’s labeling. They have not argued that federal law would have allowed

McKesson to change the drug’s labeling. And when asked at oral argument what

McKesson could have done to avoid liability without violating federal law,

plaintiffs’ only answer was that it should simply have stopped distributing the

                                          2
drug—a theory that is squarely foreclosed by Supreme Court precedent. Mutual

Pharm. Co. v. Bartlett, 570 U.S. 472, 488–90 (2013).

      Whatever analytical work may be necessary to conclude that plaintiffs’

claims are preempted, it is not work that anyone should find unduly taxing.

Because plaintiffs can offer no explanation of how their claims against McKesson

might avoid preemption, I would reverse the district court’s remand order and

allow this case to proceed in federal court.

                                          3