Court Opinion

ID: 8013033
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 02:00:32.085622+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:36:10.418907
License: Public Domain

SHERWOOD, J.
(dissenting). — Not concurring either in the result reached, nor as to several statements of fact and also of law contained in the opinion heretofore filed in this cause, I have thought it best to give brief expression to my reasons for declining to concur in that opinion.
1. In the first place, the verdict, or more properly the report of the commissioners, is contained in the transcript. It is amply full and sufficient for the purposes of this appeal on the part of Bacon. It was wholly unnecessary to incor*284porate in that report several hundred pages of matter relating to other tracts of land in the North Park District, made out in all respects in a similar way to those included in the report; and this is especially true here, 'because, in this instance the bill of exceptions recites that: “It is agreed that the clerk in making his transcript of the record in this ease may at the request of either party, omit therefrom the description of the several lots and tracts of land taken and assessed with benefits and the names of the owners thereof and the amounts of the value of the land taken and the amount assessed against the several tracts or parcels of land in the benefit district.”
So that it is not correct to say that the “verdict itself” is not before this court.
2. In the second place, it is incorrect to say that the evidence in this cause was not preserved. Much of it was preserved in the bill of exceptions, and in addition it is stated in the bill that: “In addition to the foregoing, Kansas City also introduced evidence tending to show the value of the property sought to be taken, specifically, piece by piece, and the damages that would accrue to the owners from such taking, and tending to show that the value of each tract taken was less than the amount awarded by the jury. And the defendants introduced testimony tending to show the value of each piece and parcel of property sought to be taken, and the damages that would accrue to the owners and claimants thereof for such taking, and tending to show that the value of said property taken and the damages that would accrue to the owners thereof was more than the amount aw'arded by the jury as stated in the verdict filed herein.” (The defendants here mentioned, it will be noted, are those whose property was actually taken.)
The bill of exceptions also states that, “Evidence was introduced tending to prove all the facts upon which each instruction given is founded.”
*285Under onr rule 6, it is wholly unnecessary in a law case “to set out the evidence in the bill of exceptions, but it shall be sufficient to state that there was evidence tending to prove the particular fact or facts.” If this rule has not been abrogated, then the statement just quoted would be all that need be desired for the purposes of this appeal; but there is much more evidence, as already stated, contained in the bill.
3. And on this point we have rule 8 prescribing that: “It shall be presumed as a matter of fact in all bills of exceptions, for the future, that they contain all the evidence applicable to any particular ruling to 'which exception is saved.”
4. The instructions given are preserved in the bill, so that if the premises aforesaid are correctly laid down, I am at liberty to discuss them, and also the evidence, which as yet has not been done.
The motion for a new trial contains among others these grounds:
“7th. The court erred on the trial of said cause in giving illegal instructions on behalf of the defendants whose property was to be taken in this proceeding.
“8th. The court erred in refusing the legal instructions on helialf of petitioner.”
On behalf of Bacon several instructions asked by him were given. The forty-sixth was, however, refused as asked; it told the jury that: “46th. The jury are instructed that the owner whose land is taken is entitled to recover such sum as the property is worth in the market, that is to persons generally who are willing to pay its just and full value. And in arriving at such value you may consider the purpose or purposes for which it is adapted and for which it may be used.”
The court, over defendant’s objection and exception, modified and then gave that instruction as changed, which reads in this way: “47th. The jury are instructed that *286the owner whose land is taken is entitled to recover such sum as the property is worth in the market, that is to persons generally who are willing and able to pay its just and full value to one who is willing and wishes to sell it. And in arriving at such value, you may consider any purpose or purposes for which it is adapted and for which it may be used.” i
Some of the separate instructions given on behalf of defendants whose property was taken, are as follow:
“20th. The court further instructs the jury that by the term “value” is meant not the price the said lots would bring at public auction or by forced sale, but such price as-could be obtained therefor on the usual and ordinary terms of a private sale between an owner willing or who wishes-to sell and a buyer ready and able who wishes to buy.”
“24th. The court instructs the jury that by Value’ is-meant not the price the property would bring at public auction or by forced sale, but such price as could be obtained therefor on the usual and ordinary terms of a private sale between an owner willing and who wishes to sell and a buyer-ready and able and who wishes to buy.”
It will be noted that the instruction as originally asked by Bacon or as modified by the court, does not announce the same doctrine as that announced in the two instructions which immediately precede these remarks. Those instructions required as the measure of value, “such price as could' be obtained therefor on the usual and ordinary terms of a private sale between an owner willing or who wishes' to sell and a buyer ready and able who wishes to buy,” while the instruction asked by Bacon but modified by the court, announces the doctrine that the measure of value is “such sum as the property is worth in the market, that is to persons generally who are willing and able to pay its just and full value to one who is willing and wishes to sell it.” From this instruction all idea of a private sale is eliminated. *287These instructions can not stand together, and it is impossible to tell which the jury took for their guide. [Frederick v. Allgaier, 88 Mo. 598; Stone v. Hunt, 94 Mo. 475; State v. McNally, 87 Mo. 644; State v. Simms, 68 Mo. 305; State v. Mitchell, 64 Mo. 191; Stevenson v. Hancock, 72 Mo. 614; Spillane v. Railroad, 111 Mo. 555.]
5. Besides, as has been suggested by one of my associates, the two instructions already set forth as given for defendants whose lands were taken, constitute no criterion ■of value, as it is not seenhow the jury could tell howmuchany given tract of land would have brought at private sale in the circumstances mentioned in the instructions. Sometimes, ■evidence of what amounts adjacent lands have brought at a completed private sale, has been admitted in order to afford some estimate of the value of land in the same neighborhood yet unsold; but there conjecture and speculation had been SAvalloAved up in consummation. [Markowitz v. Kansas City, 125 Mo. 485; Gardner v. Brookline, 127 Mass. 358.]
Hnder the title “value” a recent lexicon of recognized merit thus defines that word: “The amount of other commodities (commonly represented by money) for which a thing can be exchanged in open market.” Century Diet. 6691. This definition certainly excludes and is opposed to, the idea of ■determining the value of a piece of property by what it would bring if sold in a corner and at a private bargain between two individuals, bereft of all the benefits of publicity and consequent competition. Touching this subject, the learned author of a recent text-book says: “The land- • owner is entitled to have his land estimated at its fair market value, and is not restricted to the amount it Avould probably bring at a forced sale. The public compels him to part with his property, and the public must pay for it what it would bring in the market Avith fair and reasonable time and opportunity for offering it for sale.” Elliott on Roads and •Streets, 197.
*288These quoted remarks do not coincide with the instructions given on behalf of the defendants whose lands were taken. In neither of them is there mention made of the market value of the land, nor about “fair and reasonable time and opportunity for offering it for sale.” Under the instructions referred to, a hurried private sale, if the seller were willing to sell, and the buyer ready, able and willing to buy, would fill the requirements of the law. For one of the defendants, however, who had land taken, an instruction was given about “market value,” and in this it differs from the other instructions for the other defendants which have received comment. Now which instruction did the jury take for their guide? Who knows?
6. I now pass to the consideration of the evidence offered in support of the motion for a new trial and of the incidents connected therewith. When the motion for a new trial filed by Bacon, came on to be heard, an offer was made by him to show on what theory the jury made up their verdict, stating that some of the witnesses were city officials and it was impossible to procure their affidavits. Thereupon the court informed defendant that he might get at the same point by an offer to prove. Whereupon defendant offered to prove in substance, these things: That the jury did not and did not attempt to personally inspect, view or value the real estate to be assessed with benefits; and that the jury did not as a jury, find that the property in the assessment district was benefited according to its assessed value-for the year 1896 or for any other year. That.the jury gave its attention to fixing the amount of damage to be allowed for property taken, and then gave Kessler, engineer of the Park Board, these instructions, namely; that he obtain a list of the taxable land, without the improvements, in the North Park District; that he ascertain the value-thereof for general city taxes for 1896; that he then distribute the amount of the damages awarded against the *289property not taken, in tlie park district according to tbe assessed valuation for general city taxes for 1896, witb this exception, tbat be increase tbe assessments on tbe lots immediately fronting on tbe park one per cent, tbat is to say, one per centnm on tbe general taxable value of sucb lots; and tbat sucb additional one per centum on the lots fronting immediately on tbe park amounts to about $1,000.
That in pursuance of said instructions said Kessler made a copy of the assessment book, so far as it related to property in the North Park District, for the year 1896; that be placed in pencil, the valuations of tbe various parcels for general taxes of 1896; tbat be then computed tbe total sum of such valuations in the district so shown by tbe assessor’s books; tbat be then computed tbe per centum tbat tbe total damages bore to tbe total assessed valuation; and tbat be then erased tbe valuations in pencil and carried out in writing tlie amount of tbe per centum so obtained as tbe benefits assessed.
That tbe jury did not inspect sucb book; tbat they did not go over said figures so extended; and after giving tbe aforesaid instructions gave tbe matter no further attention, but signed tbe book so made out by Kessler and returned tbe same into court as their verdict.
That said Kessler did not include in tbe property assessed witb benefits any property owned by church societies; nor any property of tbe Woman’s Christian Association. And tbat tbe jury did not at any time examine tbe assessor’s books showing tbe assessed value of property within tbe North Park District for 1896.
Upon this, objection was made by tbe city counselor, first, it is not tbe proper method of introducing evidence on a motion for a new trial; second, Because it does not tend to prove any of tbe allegations set forth, in tbe motion for a neAV trial; and, third, tbat it is incompetent, irrelevant and *290immaterial for any purpose in the case. The evidence was then excluded.
Affidavits of W. D. Godkin, J. T. Blake, James Hew-son and S. C. Rancher were read in evidence. These affidavits show that their lots, though remote from the proposed park, were assessed with benefits according to the assessed value of the lots, the same as lands within a block of the park; that the only benefit which their properties can receive is the benefit common to the entire city; and the affidavit of Mr. Rancher is to the further effect that the price allowed by the jury for the land taken is exorbitant and unequal, if it does not exceed, prices prevailing in 1886 and 1887, when real estate was at its highest value in Kansas City.
There was also introduced in evidence some ten or more pages of the City Land Tax Book, for the year 1896, showing the assessed value of lands and lots without the improvements and the assessed value of the improvements. By comparing these pages with the corresponding pages of the record book showing assessment benefits, it will be seen that benefits were assessed throughout on the basis of the assessed value of the property for general city taxation.
The appellants also read in evidence the affidavit of Mr. Tuttle, which is in the following words omitting caption and jurat: “Now comes R. W. Tuttle, and on oath states that he is a member of the firm of Tuttle & Pike, civil engineers and surveyors, doing business in Kansas City, Mo. That the map accompanying this affidavit is a correct map of Kansas City, Missouri; that said map shows the proposed system of parks and boulevards for said city, as established; also map shows certain property lying in the North Park District, not assessed by the jury' in their verdict to pay 'benefits for the land taken for the North Terrace Park, in the above cause, said omitted lands being designated and marked by being colored red on said map. And upon care*291ful investigation I do not find that the right of way of the Missouri Pacific Eailway, the Chicago & Alton E. E. Co., and the K. O. Suburban Belt E’y Co. have been charged with the payment of benefits in said cause, but have not designated the same on said map. That the typewritten list accompanying said map shows opposite the numbers as the same appears thereon the description and owners of the property represented and colored red on said map and designated by the numbers respectively.
“E. W. TUTTLE.”
This map and list of lands prepared by Mr. Tuttle shows lands not assessed with benefits, scattered all over the assessment district, and he aggregates them as follows:
'Eailroad lands outside of right-of way........ 8.51 acres
Church lands............................ 10.05 acres
School lands, etc........................ 13.36 acres
31.92 acres
Eights of way of Eailroads................ 90.00
121.92 acres
This map also shows that the east end of the park coincides with the eastern limits of the city and with the eastern side of the North Park District, that the business portion of the city lies west of the west end of the park, and that the business portion of that part of the city which lies in the North Park District is from one to one and three fourth miles from the west end of the park. The map and the assessment benefit roll discloses the further fact, that property from one to one and three fourths miles from the nearest portion of the park is made to bear by far the greater portion of the benefits assessed.
The affidavit of E. M. Wright sets out in detail the circumstances under which he heard a conversation between Arthur C. Coates, one of the jurors, and another person, *292which conversation occurred in the court room. The affidavit then says: “That a person whose name affiant does not now remember, after greeting said Coates, asked said Coates if said jury was ready to report. That said Coates replied that said jury was not ready to report, 'but had agreed upon the value of the property condemned and taken in said cause. Said person then asked Coates on what basis said jury laid damages and fixed the value of said property taken, and as to whether said values were fixed on the basis of present prices. Said Coates immediately replied no, and that the jury thought it was no more than fair in fixing said values to give the owners of the property condemned the benefit of the probable raise of value of real estate for the next year or two.”
The evidence of Hans Lund, City Comptroller, shows that the bonded debt of Kansas City was on August 13, 1896, $3,762,000.
This indebtedness had been reduced $321,000 at the time these motions were heard.
The county assessor’s books shows that the assessed value of property in Kansas City for county purposes was as follows:
Eor 1891..............................$78,000,000
Eor 1895 .............................. 60,000,000
Eor 1896 .............................. 60,000,000
The following is a statement of the assessed value of property in Kansas City for city purposes for 1896:
Land ................................$29,576,590
Improvements thereon................... 11,1,28,780
Total.............................$11,005,370
Personal property ...................... 8,158,610
Merchants............................. 3,932,130
Bank and trust companies.................. 2,169,500
Total $58,865,910
*293The assessed value of real estate in the North Park District for 1896 was shown to be:
Land.................................$12,609,930
Improvements thereon ................... 6,867,590
Total.............................$19,477,520
By ordinance number 7300, approved April 23, 1896, taxes were levied for city purposes as follows: Eor general
purposes 10 mills on $1. Eor bonded debt 3 mills on $1. Ordinance number 7307 levies a tax for North Park maintenance for 1896 of 2 mills on $1.
The affidavit of Mr. Eord shows that lands had been condemned, at the time these motions were heard, for parks and other public grounds and special assessments to pay the damages levied as follows:
Holmes Square Park....................$ 84,458.48
South Paseo......................... 69,100.73
North Terrace Park.................. 603,113.04
Independence Plaza .................... 133.922.00
North Paseo.......................... 319.671.00
West Terrace......................... 866,237.32
Total..............'.............$2,076,502.57
To be condemned.
Penn Yallev, estimated.................$ 837,500.00
Parade Ground, estimated............... 210,000.00
Grove Park, estimated.................. 129,000.00
Total cost of parks..................$3,246,002.57
The fact that some of the proffered witnesses were city officials and therefore could not be induced to make the necessary affidavits should have been regarded a sufficient excuse for failing to file such unprocurable affidavits, and to allow the substitution of oral evidence in their stead, since the law does not require an impossibility. Thus in a cause which came to this court some years ago, in which class of *294cases the law provided that an order of publication should be published in some newspaper if one were published in the county, and if not by hand-bills, but in that case the defendant being the proprietor of the only newspaper published in the county, refused to publish the order, and the order was then published by hand-bills, and because of the facts aforesaid, it was held a valid publication. So here, the impossibility of obtaining the affidavits should have authorized the admission of the testimony offered to be introduced.
But it is said that there was no allegation in the motion for a new trial which imputed misconduct on the part of the jury. This position reckons without the statute which provides: “The court may, at any time before final judgment, in furtherance of justice, and on such terms as may be proper, amend any record, pleading, process, entry, return or other proceedings, by adding or striking out the name of any party, or by correcting a mistake in the name of a party, or a mistake in any other respect, or by inserting other allegations material to the case, or when the amendment does not change substantially the claim or defense, by conforming the pleading or proceeding to the facts proved.” Sec. 2098, R. S. 1889.
It is to be observed that this section is very broad; so broad that it is the duty - of the court in furtherance of justice to amend any “pleading, process, entry, return or other proceedings .......by inserting other. allegations material to the case, or when the amendment does not change the claim or defense, by conforming the pleading or proceeding to the facts proved.” These amendments the court makes of its own motion without the necessity of an application to that effect. [Carr v. Moss, 87 Mo. 450, where it is said that “the statute in relation to amendments is liberal, and the courts should be, at least, as lenient and liberal as the statute.]”
*295Under the provisions of a cognate section, 2099, it is provided that: “where a complete determination of the controversy can not be had without the presence of other parties, the court may order them to be brought in by an amendment of the petition, or by a supplemental petition and a new summons.” And upon this section it was ruled that if the proper parties were not before the court, it was the duty of the court, not to dismiss the petition, but to order the necessary parties to be brought in. Hayden v. Marmaduke, 19 Mo. 403. This case was approvingly followed in Butler v. Lawson, 72 Mo. loc. cit. 246 et seq., and in O’Fallon v. Clopton, 89 Mo. loc. cit. 291.
By parity of reasoning I conclude that it was the duty of the trial court to order the motion for a new trial to be so amended as to admit the evidence which the defendant offered to produce.
The charges made in refereice to the conduct of the jury were of a serious nature, and should have been investigated, especially as the affidavit of Wright tended to substantiate the offers to prove improper conduct on the part of the jury.
7. And the jury not being a common law jury, it was competent to impeach or support their finding by evidence or affidavits of their own number. [Bank v. Albany, 9 Wend. 244; Railroad v. Prob. Judge, 53 Mich. 217; Railroad v. Suydam, 17 N. J. L. 25.]
In Railroad v. Campbell & Co., 62 Mo. 585, the testimony of two of the commissioners was received to overthrow their report, where they had acted on an erroneous theory in the assessment of damages. And evidence is receivable even to show that the commissioners merely proceeded upon a wrong principle in the ascertainment of damages. Railroad v. Prob. Judge, supra. If so, then the motion for a new trial was sufficiently full in its allegations without amendment, because it charged that the damages awarded by the *296jury were, first, excessive and against the law and the evidence; second, the value fixed by the jury on the property taken was excessive and not warranted by the evidence; third, that the jury failed to make a just distribution of the benefits in the park district.
Section 12 of the charter amendment makes provision for the filing of a motion for a new trial within four- days after the rendition of a verdict of the jury. These provisions of the charter do not conform to the provisions- of the general law in regard to practice in the circuit court concerning the appropriation of private property by cities of the first class. See secs. 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1131, R. S. 1889.
I deny that the charter of any city can dictate or alter the general practice act in our courts. If it can not, then the motion for anew trial filed in this cause, and the affidavits introduced and the testimony offered to be introduced, should be regarded as exceptions filed; and treating them in this way they certainly made out a prima facie case, for a review. Such reports are not conclusive, they are intended to be reviewed, whenever exceptions are filed and so this court has determined on several occasions (Bridge Co. v. Schaubacker, 49 Mo. 555; Railroad v. Almeroth, 62 Mo. 343), and if the court refuses to hear evidence based on such exceptions, this alone was ground for a reversal.
And in Bridge Co. v. Ring, 58 Mo. 491, Wagner, J., said: “the court should review by evidence the action of the commissioners, and supervise their finding so as to do substantial justice.”
8. Section 15 of the charter amendment is the following:
“If the land to be purchased, taken or damaged as aforesaid is to be paid for by the assessment of benefits upon real estate, whether the land acquired is to be condemned or purchased, the jury of freeholders, to pay com*297pensation for the land purchased, taken or damaged, shall estimate the amount of benefit to the city at large, inclusive of any benefit to the property of the city, and shall estimate the value of the benefit of the proposed improvement to each and every lot, piece and parcel of private property, exclusive of the buildings and improvements thereon, within the benefit district, if any benefit is found to accrue thereto; and in case the total of such benefits, including the benefits assessed to the city at large, equals or exceeds the compensation assessed, or to be paid for the property purchased, taken or damaged, then said jurors shall assess against the city the amount of benefits to the city as aforesaid, and shall assess the balance of the cost of such improvements against the several lots and parcels of private property found benefited, each lot or parcel of ground to be assessed with an amount bearing the same ratio to such balance as the benefit to each lot or parcel bears to the whole benefit to.all the private property assessed.”
Under the prescriptions of this section it is made the duty of the jury, first, to estimate the benefits of the city at large, including all benefits to the property of the city.
Second, the jury must then estimate the value of the benefits to each parcel of private property (exclusive of building and improvements) if any benefits are found to accrue. Thereupon, having made the estimates aforesaid, then the duty of the jury requires them to assess against the city the amount of benefits to the city as aforesaid. Having done this, it is only “the balance” of the cost of the improvements that can be assessed against private property and the assessment against that must be in the ratio that the actual benefit to the particular lot bears to the aggregate benefits to all private property.
These benefits must be actual benefits, not fanciful, chimerical, or speculative. It is not to be supposed for a moment that the law intended that the jury should go *298through the “roaring farce” of making a careful estimate of the amount of benefits to the city at large, inclusive of any benefit of the property of the city, and then allow compensation for the two hundred acres of land taken to the amount of over $600,000, and yet assess against the city but the paltry sum of $1.
In the present instance the law contemplates uniformity in the principle of the assessment; even-handed justice requires that the property of the city at large, -as well as any property of the city itself, should bear its just proportion of burdens and benefits.
It is apparent, too, that the words “benefit to the city at large” refer to the general bulk of individual property in the city of whatsoever kind or character.
As is pertinently remarked by the learned author heretofore cited: “Special benefits to the property assessed, that is, benefits received by it in addition to those received by the community at large, is the true and only just foundation upon which local assessments can rest.” 2 Dillon, Mun. Corp., sec. 761. In the same section Judge Dillon after commenting on the harsh and arbitrary rule theretofore adopted in such matters, observes: “But since the period when express provisions have been made in many of the State Constitutions, requiring uniformity and equality of taxation, several courts of great respectability, either by force of this requirement or in the spirit of it, and perceiving that special benefits actually received by each parcel of contributing property, was the only principle upon which such assessments can justly rest, and that any other rule is unequal, oppressive, and arbitrary, have denied the unlimited scope of legislative discretion and power, and asserted what must upon principle be regarded as the just and reasonable doctrine, that the cost of a local improvement can be assessed upon particular property only to the extent that it is specially and peculiarly benefited; and since the excess *299beyond tbat is a benefit to tbe municipality at large, it must be borne by the general treasury.”
The words in the charter “to the city at large” are employed in the same sense, that the author quoted uses the words “to the municipality at large.” In short, the central and predominant idea of the charter was to make the benefits to tbe community at large arising from the public park, fall upon the city, and therefore payable out of tbe general revenues, and on tbe other band to make tbe specific property in tbe assessment district bear a portion of tbe burden to an extent not exceeding tbe enhanced value brought about by tbe improvement. In other words, section 15 places, in juxtaposition and in marked contrast, tbe two associate ideas of general taxes to pay benefits “to tbe city at large,” and special taxes to pay benefits to lots and parcels of land in tbe assessment district. And tbe jury, if obedient to their duty, under tbe charter, can not overlook or disregard one species of benefits any more than another.
It is impossible in tbe very nature of things tbat a park of two hundred acres in extent should be regarded as a mere local affair; it is a public improvement and a benefit to tbe entire public, and tbat public should not be exempted from the operation of tbe plain terms of tbe law; all tbe burdens should not be cast on those who own mere naked lands. In a grading case, this court said: “If tbe property of the community generally, outside tbe district, is enhanced in value by reason of tbe work or improvement, and tbe owners thereby receive advantages in common with those whose property is damaged, common justice requires tbat they should contribute their just proportion of tbe cost of securing such advantages. This cost tbe charter justly requires to be borne by tbe city at large.” Kansas City v. Morton, 117 Mo. loc. cit. 457.
In Hayes v. Douglas Co., 92 Wis. 441, it is said: “It is fundamental tbat tbe assessment, of benefits shall be made *300by the rule of apportionment prescribed by the charter; and where the rule of actual benefits is the rule prescribed, as in these charters, such benefits can be assessed only upon an actual view of all the property in the assessment district, and an impartial comparison and estimation of the benefits actually accruing to each parcel from the improvement; and it must be made to appear affirmatively that the assessment has been made in substantial compliance with the authority given by the charter.” See, also, to same effect: Liebermann v. Milwaukee, 89 Wis. 336; State ex rel. v. Mayor, etc., 88 Wis. 599; State v. City of Hudson, 29 N. J. L. 104; State v. Mayor, etc., 38 N. J. L. 410; 2 Dillon, Mun. Corp. [4 Ed.], sec. 769.
The rule prescribed by the charter was disregarded by the jury in their verdict; this is too obvious for discussion and for that reason the verdict should have been set aside.
9. The law was also disregarded by the jury as well as the instructions of the court, in this, first, they did not in assessing benefits to the city take into consideration property owned by the city; and secondly, they did not take into consideration the property owned by the church societies, the schools and the railroads. It is in evidence that the city owned what is called the “Public Square,” on which is located the public market house and a public city hall, and the city owns “Shelly Park.”
All the property around both these blocks was assessed with benefits, and assessed heavily. It is quite evident that the jury either did not consider these tracts, or else arbitrarily determined to charge the city with but one dollar benefits. But the other answer and the real one is this, that the jury did not take these parcels into consideration at all. They did not inspect the property to be assessed with benefits, but simply told Kessler to use the general city assessment book in making out the verdict of special assessments. These *301parcels of course did not appear on that book and hence they were not considered. Now the charter says all such property shall be considered and the benefits thereto included in the charge made against the city. The following cases show that these parcels should have been charged with benefits even had- there been no such specific provision: In re Extension of Church St., 49 Barb. 455; Scammon v. City of Chicago, 42 Ill. 192.
And as to the second point, it is thoroughly settled in this State and elsewhere that railroad property, church property and school property, though exempt from general taxation, is subject to local assessments. [Sheehan v. Hospital, 50 Mo. 155; Farrar v. St. Louis, 80 Mo. 379; State ex rel. Railroad v. City of Kansas, 89 Mo. 34; Nevada to use v. Eddy, 123 Mo. 546; Elliott on Roads and Streets, 403; Railroad v. Decatur, 147 U. S. 190.]
And the fact that the jury omitted to take these parcels of property into consideration, should work a reversal of the judgment; because,-by how much the jury failed to assess benefits against this property by so much they increased the assessment of benefits against the other property assessed. [Scammon v. City, 42 Ill. 192; City of Chicago v. Baer, 41 Ill. 306; Parmlee v. Chicago, 60 Ill. 267; Dyer v. Harrison, 63 Cal. 447.]
10. In the foregoing remarks I have assumed the substantial validity of Article X, known as the “Park Amendment Law.” Having had some reason to doubt the correctness of that assumption, I will now proceed to examine the question of such validity, and I feel free to do this as such law is a public law of which the courts take judicial notice. In doing so, I must go to the source whence the power is derived to create the charter under review. That source is, of course, the organic law of this State. Section 17 of Article IX declares: “It shall be a feature of all such charters that they shall provide^ among other things, for a *302mayor or chief magistrate, and two houses of legislation, one of which at least shall be elected by general ticket.”
Section 1 of the “Park Law” establishes within the city an executive department to be known as the “Board of Park Commissioners” “who shall be appointed by the mayor without confirmationP
Section 5 of the new charter provides that:
“Said board of park commissioners shall have power, and it shall be its duty, to devise and adopt a system of public parks, parkways and boulevards, for the use of the city and its inhabitants, and to select and designate lands to be used and appropriated for such purposes, within or without the city limits, and to select routes and streets for boulevards, and to cause the same to be opened and widened as hereinafter set forth, and, by and with the approval and authority, by ordinance, of the common council, to lease, purchase, condemn or otherwise acquire, in the name of the city, land for parks, parkways, boulevards, or public squares,” etc.
Section 8 of that instrument announces:
“And whenever said board shall select and recommend to the common council any acquisition of any land for parks, public squares, parkways or boulevards, it shall be the duty of the common council upon such recommendation to proceed forthwith, by ordinance,' to provide for the establishment and acquisition, by purchase, condemnation or otherwise, as it may deem best, of such lands for parks, parkways or boulevards as may be selected by said board of park commissioners,” etc.
These powers, thus conferred by the Constitution on the “two houses of legislation,” which a municipality by adopting a new charter under that Constitution is required to create, are distinctly and exclusively legislative in their character.
And the power to levy taxes or to determine upon the *303necessity and character of local improvements, is neither more nor less than & legislative power. 2 Dillon, Mun. Corp. [4 Ed.], secs. 618, 619.
This point has been thus precisely ruled by this court, on at least three occasions. [Ruggles v. Collier, 43 Mo. 353; St. Louis to use v. Clemens, Ib. 395; McCormack v. Patchin, 53 Mo. 33. See, also, Hydes v. Joyes, 4 Bush. 464, to the same effect.] And in this case the Constitution by designation of those who should exercise the power of legislation, necessarily excludes any one and every one other than those mentioned. Such exclusion occurs through inevitable implication as expressed in the maxim, expressio unius, etc. Touching this topic, Dentó, C. L, says: “But the affirmative prescriptions and the general arrangements of the Constitution are far more fruitful of restraints upon the legislature. Every positive direction contains an implication against anything contrary to it, or which would frustrate or disappoint the purpose of that provision. The frame of the government ; the grant of legislative power itself; the organization of the executive authority; the erection of the principal courts of justice, create implied limitations upon the lawmaking authority as strong as though a negative was expressed in each instance.” [People ex rel. v. Draper, 15 N. Y. 544. Also, State ex rel. v. Seibert, 123 Mo. loc. cit. 435, and cases cited; Bank v. Graham, ante, page 250.]
Proceeding upon the theory thus announced, where a constitutional provision provided that the electors of the several towns shall.......elect justices of the peace and subsequently, the legislature, • suspecting that some of those officers were abusing their power, so as to increase their fees in criminal cases, enacted a law providing for the election of a police justice in the town of Et. Edward, and that such police justice “shall have the same jurisdiction in all criminal cases and proceedings as that now possessed by justices of the peace in such town,” and that henceforth no constable *304should be compelled to execute any process issued by a justice of the peace in a criminal proceeding and that he should not be entitled to any compensation if he did; and also, that if a justice of the peace should issue any such criminal process he should not be entitled to any fees in the premises. This statute was held void, because the office of a justice of the peace being a constitutional one the legislature had no more power to deprive the incumbent of his jurisdiction nor of his fees than it had to abolish the office entirely; and that by depriving the justice of the peace of his power to compel his process to be enforced, he was in effect denied one of the functions incidental to the exercise of his jurisdiction under the Constitution. People ex rel. v. Howland, 45 N. Y. Sup. 347. In that case these principles were asserted, that:
1. Under the guise of regulation, the legislature has no power, either directly or indirectly, to take away any part of the power or authority created or recognized by the Constitution.
2. Powers conferred by the Constitution are intended for the public good and to be exercised at the untrammelled will of the grantee. That discretion can not be controlled or impaired by legislation.
3. To take away any portion of a power, or to withdraw the right to exercise a function connected with, or incident to that power, is in effect to destroy the power itself.
And this is accomplished when the same jurisdiction is conferred upon another officer or tribunal.
Substantial reiteration of these views occurs by the Court of Appeals in People ex rel. v. Howland, 49 N. E. Rep. 775, where it is laid down:
1. As the powers of a justice of the peace were well known when the Constitution was framed, the effect of that instrument was to limit the power of the General Assembly as to all matters thus embodied within his previously recognized jurisdiction.
*3052. Every grant of power made by tbe Constitution, contains an implication against anything contrary to it.
3. Tbe object of conferring governmental power by means of a constitutional provision was to make the grantee of the power free from interference on tbe part of any other governmental agency.
4. Any legislation which hampers action (in tbe premises) or interferes with tbe free discharge of functions granted is in conflict with tbe principles of tbe Constitution.
To tbe same effect are State ex rel. v. Cummins, 42. S. W. Rep. (Tenn.) 880; Rhyne v. Lipscombe, 29 S. E. Rep. (N. C.) 57.
And it has been determined that where a state constitution provides for tbe election of sheriffs, and fixes tbe term of office, etc., but does not define what powers, rights, and duties shall attach or belong to tbe office, tbe legislature has no power to take from tbe sheriff a part of tbe duties and functions usually appertaining to tbe office, and transfer them to another. [People ex rel. v. Keeler, 29 Hun. 175; State ex rel. v. Brunst, 26 Wis. 412; King v. Hunter, 65 N. C. 603.]
In Ruggles v. Collier, supra, an ordinance provided that:
“Sec. 19. In that portion of tbe city bounded on tbe north by tbe north side of Carr street, on tbe west by tbe east side of Ninth street, on the south by tbe south side of Poplar street, and on tbe east by the Levee, tbe mayor is hereby authorized to cause tbe carriage ways of tbe streets thereof to be repaved with wooden pavement wherever and whenever be shall deem it necessary; and be may instruct the city engineer to cause any street or portion of street within the above described limits to be so repaved under tbe contract which shall be let out in tbe usual manner.”
Suit was brought on a tax bill based on tbe performance *306of the work done under the ordinance and the petition was successfully demurred to on the grounds that the ordinance was invalid and the work done without authority of any valid ordinance.
Plaintiffs brought error, and Wagner, J., in disposing of the case, after quoting approvingly the following language used by Judge Stort (in Ex parte Winsor, 3 Story, 411) : “When the corporation itself is pointed out as the proper functionary to execute a discretionary power, the true conclusion is, in the absence of all other provisions, that it must be solely exercised by the corporation at its legal meeting held for that purpose,” remarks: “There is a clear distinction to be observed between legislative and ministerial powers. The former can not be delegated; the latter may. Legislative power implies judgment and discretion uqton the part of those who exercise it, and a special confidence and trust upon the part of those who confer it. The charter designates and prescribes two conditions upon which streets may be repaved: First, where the city council shall deem it necessary; and, secondly, where the owners or a major part of them owning lands or lots fronting on any paved street shall petition for the same. The natural and inevitable conclusion is, that it was the intention of the Legislature, in conferring the power, that the council should act, in determining this subject, in its legislative capacity. Indeed, the language will bear no other construction. I can perceive no authority whatever in the charter that would justify the council in referring to another person or body the right to determine when the work of repaving should be done. The Legislature intended clearly to place the responsibility of determining the matter upon the city council, acting officially, when the initiatory steps were not taken by the property owners themselves. The trust is one of great and peculiar importance, as the expenses of the improvements are by the law to be paid by the owners of the property. It is, in *307effect, a power of taxation, which is the exercise of sovereign authority.......The charter not only contains no language from which the authority can be deduced, but to my mind it clearly expresses the intention of confining the exercise of the power to the city council, the members of which are elected by and responsible to those upon whose property they are thus allowed to impose a tax. It was no doubt with this in view that the statute was passed, the legislature deeming that the responsibility of each member to his constituents who were immediately interested in the work, and who had to bear the burdens, would be a check upon the improvident exercise of the power, and an inducement to the wise and discreet exercise of the legislative judgment of the council. But the nineteenth section of the ordinance is not only violative of the express and positive language of the statute, but it defeats the whole policy which was a primary consideration in its passage. ' That exercise of judgment, discretion and care, which the persons most deeply interested had a right to expect on the part of those to whom they committed their important trust, perhaps on account of their peculiar fitness, is absolved and shifted, and placed in the mere discretion of a city officer.”
And the quoted section of the ordinance was held to be ultra vires and void. These observations of Judge Wagner in that case, seem prophetically apropos this one. Guided by these authorities, and all legitimate deductions from them, I am persuaded that if section 17 of article IX is to be obeyed, then the sole recipients of legislative power under that section are what is there aptly and designatively termed, “two houses of legislation
The legislative power thus created by that section, when a municipality acts thereunder and adopts a charter is an indivisible integer of legislative authority; it can not be halved, quartered, nor in any other manner subdivided, impaired or shared with any human .being outside of the members of the “two houses of legislation."
*308If these charter provisions I have quoted can stand the test of constitutional validity, I am unable to see why the provisions might not be slightly enlarged so as to prohibit any legislation at all on the part o'f the two houses, until and unless the justices of the peace and the constables of the city should formulate and tender such legislative measures as they might concur in formulating, and in case of a tie occurring in such advisory board that then the gordian knot might be cut by invoking the services of the chief of police!
In this connection it is to be constantly borne in mind, and the thought is never to be lost sight of for a moment, that the primary duty under the charter devolves upon the Park Board to purchase and acquire parks. Under the provisions of section 8 of the amended charter, the common council is powerless to act; or to exercise its legislative functions until the Park Board has acted; for that section says: “Provided, that the acquisition of such land for such public park...... and the establishment of the same be first recommended by the Board of Park Commissioners,” and when they shall select and recommend “it shall be the duty of such common council to proceed forthwith, by ordinance, to provide for tho establishment.......of such lands for parks.......as may be selected by said Board of Park Commissioners.”
Nor will it do to say that as the common council has acted, and having acted, and having the power under the Constitution to act, that therefore, they exercised their legislative power, and if so, it is wholly immaterial upon whose recommendation this is done. It seems to me that this is a clear begging of the question, because acting as they did and as they must have done, if they obeyed the charier, upofi the recommendation of the Park Board, and not otherwise, they did not exercise their legislative power at all, but only yielded what the charter required them to yield, a blind obedience to the Park Board’s recommendation; and an obedience which, if the amended charter holds good, was simply the *309exercise of a mere ministerial power; the exercise of which, had these “two houses of legislation” free'and unfettered as they are, proved recalcitrant, could have been compelled by mandamusj for upon the recommendation of the Park Board, it is imperatively enjoined upon the common council by the charter, to “proceed forthioith by ordinance” etc.; not a shred or patch of discretion, legislative or otherwise, is left in them, and when this is the case, as before stated, mandamus is the efficient and speedy remedy. 2 Dillon, Mun. Corp. [4 Ed.], sec. 832, and cases cited.
In such compulsory circumstances as these, to say that as the common council has acted, has exercised their legislative power and discretion, that therefore, the very mainspring of their action has become entirely immaterial, would be like saying that the owner of the fee having the indubitable power and discretion to convey the same, it matters not, provided he duly exercises that power and discretion, and executes and delivers a deed, that such execution and delivery have been the result c" pistol at breast or knife at throat! There is precisely the same amount of discretion in the real as in the hypothetical case!
11. But should it be granted that the section I have quoted will stand the constitutional test, I do not see how as much can be said for section 19 of the “Park Law.”
That section is the following:
“The common council shall have the power, with the concurrence of the Board of Park Commissioners, at any time before any of the parties assessed with benefits shall have paid the amount so assessed, to repeal the ordinance ordering the proposed improvement, if such repeal be deemed for the best interests of' the city; and in such event the judgment for compensation and benefits shall be void.”
Under the provisions of this section, the “two houses of legislation” are powerless to repeal an ordinance under which property has been taken by recommendation of the *310“Board of Park Commissioners” and judgment rendered in the canse, unless such repeal be made “with the concurrence of the Board of Parle Commissioners.” If this section does not ipso facto delegate a portion of the legislative power and jurisdiction which belongs alone of constitutional right to the “two houses of legislation,” and a controlling portion at that, upon the board, then I freely confess myself unable to perform that simple process of reasoning which traces a plain effect from an obvious cause, or to comprehend the authorities heretofore cited and quoted.
And it must be apparent that this section and sections 5 and 8 are so mutually related to each other, so blended together, as to constitute an entirety, making it evident that the Park Amendment would not have carried at the polls but for the presence of section 19. And when this is the case the unobjectionable and the objectionable must both petish together. Besides, if section 19 is to be stricken out, then no provision is left whereby an ordinance passed on the recommendation, of the board, and which has been consummated by a judgment rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction, may be held void. And right here it may not be improper to call attention to the fact that although section 2273 of our code of civil procedure declares that “writs of error......'. in all cases are writs of right and shall issue of course” etc., yet that section 18 of the Park Law boldly announces that in this class of cases “no writ of error shall be allowed,” and further contains a command to the clerk of the appellate court to “put such case on the docket for hearing at the next term of that court after the, appeal is allowed.”
This provision which assumes the task of nullifying and setting at naught a general law relating to practice in the higher courts of this State seems to be a trifle, just a trifle, presumptions, when you look at the constitutional command requiring harmony with and subjection to, “the Constitution and laws of the State.”
*311Besides, not only is a party entitled to a writ of errólas a matter of statutory right, but also as a matter of constitutional right. [Blunt v. Sheppard, 1 Mo. 219; Calloway v. State, 1 Mo. 211; English v. Mullanphy, 1 Mo. 780; Jim v. State, 3 Mo. 147.]
If so, then the charter of Kansas City rises above the Constitution of this State, but that is nothing uncommon these days.
12. Again, ordinance 4 in the present case, even if otherwise valid, is invalid because inconsistent with and repugnant to, section 15 of the amended charter, in that such ordinance provides “that said land to be acquired as aforesaid shall he paid for hy special assessments upon real estate, said assessments shall be made payable in twenty equal annual instalments as provided in section two of this ordinance.” It is only necessary to refer to section 15, supra, in order to note and acknowledge the absolute incompatibility of charter and ordinance.
But, I suppose, it will be urged at this juncture, as it was in another instance already cited, that inasmuch as the jury of freeholders has acted, and acted too in accordance with section 15 oí the charter, that it makes no difference whether section 4 of the ordinance is valid or not. Why grumble about little discrepancies like these ?
13. In concluding this opinion I desire to remark that section 16, article IX of our Constitution, when providing that any city possessed of a population of more than one hundred thousand inhabitants may frame its own charter, declares that such charter shall be “consistent with and subject to the Constitution and laws of this State.” Not content with this, that section after providing for an amendment to such charter and as if fearful that it might be asserted by some quibbling hair-splitter that the restrictive words aforesaid did not apply to the amended charter, reiterates the precautionary injunction: “but such charter shall always *312be in harmony with and subject to the Constitution and laws of the State.”
If the law of 1893 is to be regarded as merely an enabling act, as has been suggested, I am unable to comprehend how the amended charter of Kansas City could be “in harmony with and subject to the Constitution and laws of this State,” and still at the same time differ so widely, as it does, from the general law of 1893. (Laws of that year, p. 13).
The meaning of the adjective “subject” is “being under the dominion of; as states subject to a foreign power.” Standard Diet. One of the chief synonyms of “.subject” is “subordinate” and the definition of the latter is “subject or subservient to another.” Ib.
And among the chief antonyms of “subject” are “supreme,” “uncontrolled,” “unrestrained.” Ib.
So that if we take the lexicons as our guide, we find that the amended charter of Kansas City is not supreme, but is restrained by, controlled by, i. e., “subject to the Constitution and laws of this State;” and if so, then of consequence in harmony with such Constitution and laws.
And if the citizens of a city of the class designated in section 16 of article IX of the Constitution are competent to frame a charter for that city, I am also quite unable to understand what office an "enabling act” would have to perform in such premises.
Article IX in addition to the conditions and prohibitions contained in section 16, supra, proceeds under separate and distinct sections, 20 and 23, to prescribe what shall be done about framing a charter for the city of St. Louis, calling that city by name; thus showing that section 16 had nothing to do with that city. But the same care is exhibited to compel that city to frame her charter (when framed) in subjection to the Constitution and laws of this State, since that topic is referred to with particularity in sections 20 and 23, *313and then, as the cap-sheaf of the whole matter, and article, and as if desirous to foreclose any controversy on the subject in the future by some half-baked constitution expounder, the framers of the organic law proclaimed in section 25 that: “Notwithstanding the provisions of this article, the General Assembly shall have the same power over the city and county of St. Louis that it has over other cities and counties of this State.” These words constitute an affirmative declaration of the absolute retention of the sovereignty of this State over the city of St. Louis, as well as over every other city and county of this State.
When Humane’s case, 123 Mo. 479, came on to be determined, although great and special prominence was therein given to section 53 of article 4 of the Constitution which, among other prohibitions, declares: “The General Assembly shall not pass any local or special law.......regulating the affairs of counties, cities,” etc. (or) “incorporating cities, towns or villages or changing their charters.” Yet section 25 and its cognate sections 20 and 23 aforesaid, were not mentioned; they were shunned as if they had been the yellow flag of a pest house.
Not only that, but any allusion to the term “general laws” as contained in section 7 of the same article, was industriously omitted from the following quotation made from that very section: “Municipal corporations of the same class shall possess the same powers and be subject to the same restrictions.” 123 Mo. loe. cit. 489.
TJpon the argument of that ease, it was openly stated in court by counsel, that abolishing the twenty-five per cent limitation would have no injurious effect upon the owners of platted and improved property, owned by persons of limited means, who had built their own homes thereon, for twenty-five per cent of the assessed value of their property was more than sufficient to pay the cost of street improvement, but that on the contrary it would be beneficial to them, because they must have access to their homes, which *314they could not get unless the street was improved. That the only persons who would be affected by that law, then under consideration, were the owners of large tracts of land, held as acreage property for speculative purposes, and who wanted to derive profit by the increase in value of all lands in the neighborhood by the building up of the surroundings ánd the improvement of the streets by other persons. That the small owners now paid the assessments against their own property and also had to make up the deficit as to the large tracts in order to obtain access to their property, because the city was not able to pay this deficit out of its general revenue. That in this way persons of small means paid tribute to persons of large means, who were more speculatve in their instincts than they were public spirited in their practices.
Afterwards, when the decision in the Murnane case came under review in the Dorr case, 145.Mo. 466, counsel, speaking of the baneful effects and consequences of the Murnane case, stated in open court, that the decision had done more damage to the material interests and to the property of .St Louis, than was done to that city by the recent cyclone, or than was done to Chicago or Boston by their great fires, or to Johnstown by its floods. That it nullified over six hundred improvement ordinances and threw thousands of laboring men out of employment. That there had been no street improvements in St. Louis since that decision was rendered, and would be none for years to come, except where the property owners waived the twenty-five per cent or paid the deficit themselves. And this some of them were compelled to do, in order to have a completed street pass in front of their small properties. The Murnane case was, indubitably,
“The direful spring
Of woes unnumbered”
to the municipalities of this State. It in effect proclaimed that the city of St. Louis was an imperium in imperio; a *315doctrine that had vainly contended for recognition in the Ewing-Hoblitzelle case, 85 Mo. 64, and in subsequent cases down to Murnane’s case.
Erom the preceding remarks it may readily be gathered that the latter case furnished the severest object lesson to the city of St. Louis that any municipality ever had. But that calamity dire though it was, was not without its compensations, since it afforded opportunity for the perpetration of that priceless little joke about “the slight "blemish in the veneering .” That case paved the way for the Scarritt case, 127 Mo. 642. That case made the charter of Kansas City supreme over the general laws of this State, those then existing or thereafter t.o be enacted, and placed such general laws on the same plane as local or special laws, which the Constitution expressly prohibits the legislature to pass for the purpose of regulating the affairs of counties, cities, etc., or incorporating cities, towns or villages, or changing their charters (sec. 58, art. IV), notwithstanding the provisions of section 25, supra, and the provisions of section 16, supra. I acquiesced in that case, and having done so, have long since repented therefor in sackcloth and ashes.
But there were some slight excusatory circumstances connected with my offense, because the views of Judge Burg-ess and myself were contemned in that case, and sometimes one grows very weary in continuing a hopeless struggle against the inert force of numbersj and so I let that case slip by without dissent.
Besides, the result would have been precisely the same, no matter what had beSn my action. This was subsequently proved, when bringing forth fruits meet for repentance, I wrote the opinion in Dorr’s case, 145 Mo. 466, in which opinion Burgess., J., alone concurred. In that opinion I undertook to show that: •
Under the constitutional provisions heretofore noted, that in addition to the sweeping language of section 25, and *316that of sections 20 and 23, the legislature had full powers expressly conferred, to pass general laws in regard to counties, etc., and that the only prohibition laid on the legislature by the Constitution in relation to “regulating the affairs of counties, cities, etc., or incorporating cities, tows or villages, or changing their charters” was the passage of local or special laws for that purpose. One of the authorities which I there cited says:
“The requirement of _ general laws.......is an implied prohibition of special or local laws. So the express prohibition of local or special laws is an implied requirement that legislation shall be general. Individual cases of the enumerated class can not be provided for. These are converse forms of similar constitutional regulation.” Suth. St. Const., sec. 126.
Touching the topic now under discussion Mr. Justice Brewer, speaking for the Supreme Court of the United States, said:
“The city of St. Louis occupies a unique position. It does not, like most cities, derive its powers by grant from the legislature, but it framed its own charter under express authority from the people of the State, given in the Constitution. Sections 20 and 21 of article IN of the Constitution of 1875 of the State of Missouri authorized the election of thirteen freeholders to prepare a charter to be submitted to the qualified voters of the city, which, when ratified by them, was to ‘become the organic law of the city.5 Section 22 provided for amendments, to be made at intervals of not less than two years and upon the approval of three-fifths of the voters. Sections 23 and 25 required the charter and amendments to always be in harmony with and subject to the Constitution and laws of Missouri, and gave to the General Assembly the same power over this city, notwithstanding the provisions of this article, as was had over other cities. In *317pursuance of these provisions of the Constitution a charter 'was prepared and adopted, and is, therefore, the “organic law” of the city of St. Louis, and the powers granted by it, so far as they are in harmony with the Constitution and laws of the State, and have not been set aside by any act of the General Assembly, are the powers vested in the city.” [St. Louis v. Telegraph Co., 149 U. S. loc. cit. 467.] So, also, in California, under a constitution very much like our own, similar vieAvs have been expressed, as to the power of the legislature of that State to repeal or supersede by general and subsequent laws the previously adopted charters of cities. [Davies v. City, 86 Cal. 37. See, also, 1 Dillon, Mun. Corp. (4 Ed.), and cases cited.]
The poAver thus conferred by the Constitution on cities to frame their charters, is of course and of necessity a continuing poAver. Such power having been once exerted to create a charter, may be subsequently exercised to amend that charter or to create a new one. Such charter when adopted under the proAÚsions of section 16, could be amended by “three-fifths of the qualified voters of the city, voting at a general or special election, and not otherwise.” The words I have italicized, only mean that the charter when amended by the voters, should be amended as specified in that section and not otherwise.
But I here reiterate the observations heretofore made, that I do not believe that the charter can displace and override the provisions of our general practice act, and this for several reasons:
First, the constitutional provisions heretofore noted do not expressly grant a city of the class named the authority to frame a charter containing the poAver referred to.
Second, nor can such poAver be fairly inferred by necessary implication from those granted.
Third, nor is such power to override our general practice act and ordain a substitute therefor, essential to the *318exercise of the necessary and indispensable municipal functions.
Fourth, such power if conceded to a charter would not be in harmony with and subject to the laws of this State.
The subject of the powers of cities acting under constitution-conferred charters, has been so fully discussed in St. Louis v. Telephone Co., 96 Mo. 623, and that ease is so much in point as to obviate further discussion; that case is decisive of the topic under consideration.
And further, on the subject of such charter; it may be amended by a general law, and such general law so far as concerns strictly municipal matters, may be superseded by an amended or new charter.
In consequence of these views, whatever effect the act of 1893 had in regard to the charter of 1889 or subsequent amendments thereto, it was superseded to the extent of the charter amendment adopted in 1895, in so far as that is to be regarded as a valid amendment.
Moved by the considerations heretofore expressed, I think the motion for rehearing should be granted.
Burgess, J., concurs except to what is said in respect to amending the motion for new trial; Marshall, J., concurs in respect to what is said herein as to the Murnane and Scarritt cases, and as to many other features of this opinion, but thinks that the rehearing in this case should be denied.