Court Opinion

ID: 9371346
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-15 21:10:42.577437+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:27.266470
License: Public Domain

[J-26-2022]
                    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                                MIDDLE DISTRICT

    BAER, C.J., TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, BROBSON, JJ.

    ERIE INSURANCE EXCHANGE,                     :   No. 89 MAP 2021
                                                 :
                      Appellee                   :   Appeal from the Order of the
                                                 :   Superior Court at No. 1450 EDA
                                                 :   2020 dated May 10, 2021 Affirming
               v.                                :   the Order of the Lehigh County
                                                 :   Court of Common Pleas, Civil
                                                 :   Division, at No. 2019-C-2395 dated
    ALBERT MIONE AND LISA MIONE,                 :   June 26, 2020.
                                                 :
                      Appellants                 :   ARGUED: September 14, 2022

                                         OPINION

JUSTICE WECHT                                           DECIDED: February 15, 2023
        This case concerns the enforceability of two household vehicle exclusions in a pair

of automobile insurance policies. The courts below held that the exclusions were valid

and enforceable, citing this Court’s 1998 decision in Eichelman v. Nationwide Insurance

Co., 711 A.2d 1006 (Pa. 1998). Appellants here, husband and wife Albert and Lisa Mione,

contend that the lower courts erred in applying Eichelman, arguing that this Court sub

silentio overruled that decision in Gallagher v. GEICO Indemnity Co., 201 A.3d 131 (Pa.

2019). We reject the Miones’ argument, and we affirm.

        In 2018, Albert Mione (“Mione”) was in a collision while operating his motorcycle.

Mione’s motorcycle was insured by Progressive Insurance, under a policy that did not

include UM/UIM coverage (“the motorcycle policy”).1        Albert and his wife Lisa (“the

1      Under the Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law (“MVFRL”), insurers are
required to offer their customers uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage
Miones”) jointly owned a car, which was insured by Erie Insurance on a single-vehicle

policy that included UM/UIM coverage with stacking2 (“the automobile policy”). Mione’s

adult daughter Angela also lived in the couple’s home, and she too owned a car, which

Erie insured on a single-vehicle policy (“Angela’s policy”).3 Both of the Erie policies

contained household vehicle exclusions barring UM/UIM coverage for injuries sustained

while operating a household vehicle not listed on the policy under which benefits are

sought.4

       After Mione’s motorcycle collision, the Miones sought benefits from the at-fault

driver’s insurance company, which paid out the policy’s maximum benefit. The Miones

then tried to recover UIM benefits from Erie under both the automobile policy and Angela’s

(“UM/UIM”), but the coverage is nevertheless optional. An insured who does not want to
purchase UM/UIM coverage can waive it by signing a written rejection form, which is
exactly what Mione did when he purchased the motorcycle policy from Progressive. See
75 Pa.C.S. §§ 1731(a)-(b).
2      “The concept of stacking relates to the ability to add coverages from other vehicles
and/or different policies to provide a greater amount of coverage available under any one
vehicle or policy.” Everhart v. PMA Ins. Grp., 938 A.2d 301, 302 (Pa. 2007).
3       The Miones concede that Angela’s policy, on its face, provides unstacked UM/UIM
coverage. Nevertheless, they argue that “a [r]ejection of [s]tacking was never signed for
that [a]uto [p]olicy,” meaning that Erie “is required to provide stacked coverage.” Brief for
Miones at 5, n. 1. Erie disputes this, noting that discovery has not yet been exchanged
in this case and Erie has expressly denied throughout the pleadings the allegation that
Angela did not sign a Section 1738 stacking waiver. Brief for Erie at 7, n. 2 (citing the
pleadings). Ultimately, whether Angela’s policy includes stacking is irrelevant to our legal
analysis.
4      The policies contained identical exclusions stating that coverage does not apply to
“damages sustained by anyone we protect while occupying or being struck by a motor
vehicle owned or leased by you or a relative, but not insured for Uninsured or
Underinsured Motorists Coverage under this policy.” R.R. 137a (cleaned up); R.R. 116a;
see Prudential Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Colbert, 813 A.2d 747, 751-52 (Pa. 2002)
(explaining that household exclusions “exclud[e] coverage for an otherwise insured
individual when that person is occupying a separately owned vehicle that is not insured
under the subject policy”).

                                      [J-26-2022] - 2
policy. Erie denied coverage for both claims, citing the household vehicle exclusions in

the policies. The company then filed suit in the Lehigh County Court of Common Pleas

seeking a declaratory judgment that it was not required to pay the Miones UIM benefits

under either of the policies.

       Erie eventually filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings, which the trial court

granted. The court noted that “the facts in this case are nearly identical to the facts in”

Eichelman, where this Court rejected the argument that household vehicle exclusions are

per se unenforceable on public policy grounds.5

       The appellant in Eichelman was struck by an underinsured motorist while operating

his motorcycle. The motorcycle was covered on its own policy, issued by Aegis Security

Insurance Company (“Aegis”).       Though the Aegis policy lacked UM/UIM coverage

altogether, Eichelman lived with his mother and her husband. The couple owned two

cars, each of which was covered on a Nationwide Insurance policy that included UIM

coverage.

       When Eichelman tried to collect UIM benefits under his family’s Nationwide policies

as a resident relative of the named insured, Nationwide denied the claims, citing an

exclusion in each policy stating that coverage does not apply to “[b]odily injury suffered

while occupying a motor vehicle owned by you or a relative not insured for [UIM] coverage

under this policy; nor to bodily injury from being hit by any such motor vehicle.”6 Because

Eichelman was injured while occupying his motorcycle—a vehicle “not insured for [UIM]

coverage under this policy”—it was Nationwide’s position that the exclusion

unambiguously barred the claim.

5      Trial Court Order, 6/26/2020, at 3 n. 2.
6      Eichelman, 711 A.2d at 1007 (emphasis added).

                                      [J-26-2022] - 3
       On appeal, our Court unanimously upheld the denial of coverage and rejected

Eichelman’s argument that the household vehicle exclusion violated public policy. We

explained that the exclusion, by its terms, was unambiguous, and we discerned no clear

public policy that would require judicial invalidation of the exclusion. We also stated that

the cost-containment rationale underlying the MVFRL weighed in favor of enforcing the

household vehicle exclusion.

       [U]nderinsured motorist coverage serves the purpose of protecting innocent
       victims from underinsured motorists who cannot adequately compensate
       the victims for their injuries. That purpose, however, does not rise to the
       level of public policy overriding every other consideration of contract
       construction. As this Court has stated, “there is a correlation between
       premiums paid by the insured and the coverage the claimant should
       reasonably expect to receive.” Hall v. Amica Mut. Ins. Co., 648 A.2d 755,
       761 (Pa. 1994). Here, appellant voluntarily chose not to purchase
       underinsured motorist coverage. In return for this choice, appellant
       received reduced insurance premiums.
                                           ****
       Allowing the “household exclusion” language to stand in this case is further
       bolstered by the intent behind the MVFRL, to stop the spiraling costs of
       automobile insurance in the Commonwealth. If appellant’s position were
       accepted, it would allow an entire family living in a single household with
       numerous automobiles to obtain underinsured motorist coverage for each
       family member through a single insurance policy on one of the automobiles
       in the household. If this result were allowed, it would most likely result in
       higher insurance premiums on all insureds (even those without family
       members living at their residence) since insurers would be required to factor
       expanded coverage cost into rates charged for underinsured motorist
       coverage. Thus, allowing the “household exclusion” language of the two
       insurance policies at issue to bar recovery by appellant of underinsured
       motorist benefits is consistent with the intent behind the enactment of the
       MVFRL.7

7      Eichelman, 711 A.2d at 1010. This Court has noted many times that one of the
General Assembly’s goals in enacting the MVFRL was to keep auto insurance premiums
low. See, e.g., Heller v. Pa. League of Cities & Muns., 32 A.3d 1213, 1221 (Pa. 2011)
(stating that the “dominant and overarching public policy” of the MVFRL is cost
containment). Nevertheless, we have also warned courts against reflexively resorting to
the MVRFL’s cost containment rationale when interpreting ambiguous provisions of the
law. Id. at 1222 (“Despite our repeated affirmance of the cost containment policy

                                      [J-26-2022] - 4
      Returning to the case before us, the trial court below reasoned that the household

vehicle exclusion in the Miones’ automobile policy was unambiguous and enforceable.

Like the Eichelman court, the trial court emphasized that Mione had waived UIM coverage

for his motorcycle, meaning that the public policy of cost containment would be furthered

by enforcing the household vehicle exclusion.8

      The trial court also rejected the Miones’ argument that this Court’s 2019 decision

in Gallagher compelled a different result. Gallagher involved a motorcyclist who was hit

by an underinsured driver. At the time of the collision, GEICO insured the motorcycle

under a policy that included $50,000 of UM/UIM coverage. Gallagher also owned two

automobiles, which GEICO insured under a separate policy that included UM/UIM

coverage of $100,000 per vehicle. Both of these GEICO policies included stacking.

      After Gallagher’s collision, he filed claims under both policies. GEICO paid the

$50,000 motorcycle-policy claim, but then rejected Gallagher’s claim for stacked benefits

under the automobile policy, citing a household vehicle exclusion that barred coverage

for injuries sustained while operating a household vehicle “that is not insured for [UIM]

Coverage under this policy.”9 The lower courts enforced this exclusion and sided with

GEICO, citing this Court’s 2008 decision in Erie Insurance Exchange v. Baker,10 where

underlying the MVFRL, we have cautioned that it has limits.”); Safe Auto Ins. Co. v.
Oriental-Guillermo, 214 A.3d 1257, 1266 (Pa. 2019) (“While we have repeatedly
recognized the goal of cost containment, we have consistently observed that there is a
balance to be struck between that goal and the remedial purpose of the MVFRL.”).
8      Trial Court Order, 6/26/2020, at 3-4 n. 2 (“[G]ivng effect to the ‘household
exclusion’ further[s] the legislative policy behind the MVFRL because it holds [Mione] to
his voluntary choice of not purchasing UlM coverage under his Progressive Motorcycle
Policy[.]”).
9     Gallagher, 201 A.3d at 133 (emphasis added).
10    972 A.2d 507 (Pa. 2008) (OAJC), overruled by Gallagher v. GEICO Indem. Co.,
201 A.3d 131 (Pa. 2019).

                                     [J-26-2022] - 5
we held that household vehicle exclusions are not “disguised waiver[s]” of stacking that

skirt the MVFRL’s express waiver requirements.

      On appeal, this Court held (in a departure from Baker) that GEICO’s household

vehicle exclusion “is inconsistent with the unambiguous requirements [of] Section 1738

of the MVFRL” because “it acts as a de facto waiver of stacked UIM coverage provided

for in the MVFRL.”11 Thus, the Court stated, insurers must “comply with the Legislature’s

explicit directive to offer stacked UM/UIM coverage on multiple insurance policies absent

a knowing Section 1738 waiver.”12

      The trial court below distinguished Gallagher, noting that Mione lacked UM/UIM

coverage on his motorcycle, whereas the insured in Gallagher had purchased UM/UIM

coverage for his motorcycle. In the trial court’s view, because there was no UM/UIM

coverage on Mione’s motorcycle policy, the Miones’ claim under the automobile policy

does not implicate stacking (or Gallagher) at all, since there is no underlying coverage

upon which to “stack” the automobile policy.13

      Mione appealed to the Superior Court, arguing that Gallagher invalidated all

household exclusions in Pennsylvania, and that the decision’s rationale applies equally

in this case.14 The Superior Court affirmed the trial court, concluding that “stacking and

Section 1738 are not implicated in this case” because Mione did not have UM/UIM

coverage under his “host-vehicle” policy and therefore “did not have the requisite UM/UIM

11    Gallagher, 201 A.3d at 138.
12    Id.
13    Trial Court Order, 6/26/2020, at 4 n. 2 (“Had [Mione] purchased UIM coverage
under his Progressive Motorcycle Policy, this case would fall squarely within the factual
scenario addressed in Gallagher but, that is not the situation before the [c]ourt.”).
14    Erie Ins. Exch. v. Mione, 253 A.3d 754 (Pa. Super. 2021).

                                     [J-26-2022] - 6
coverage on which to stack other household policies with UM/UIM benefits.”15 Thus, like

the insured in Eichelman, the Superior Court concluded that the Miones were “using the

Erie Auto Policies to procure UIM coverage in the first place. Therefore, this is not a

stacking case, and the rationale of Gallagher does not apply.”16 The Superior Court also

rejected the argument that Gallagher implicitly overruled Eichelman, explaining that

“Gallagher only invalidated household exclusions in cases where they are used to

circumvent Section 1738’s specific requirements for waiving stacking.”17

       The Miones then petitioned for allowance of appeal, which we granted in order to

consider whether the lower courts erred in distinguishing Gallagher and applying

Eichelman. The gist of the Miones’ argument before this Court is that Gallagher overruled

Eichelman sub silentio.18 The Miones also take issue with the Superior Court’s basis for

distinguishing Gallagher. In the Miones’ view, it is irrelevant that, unlike in Gallagher, the

motorcycle policy here did not include UM/UIM coverage in the first instance. According

to the Miones, the decisive fact in Gallagher was that “the policy under which [the] claim

[was] made provided stacked underinsured motorist benefits,” which is also true in this

case.19 Thus, the Miones argue that Gallagher’s “de facto waiver” rationale applies

equally here, and that Eichelman is no longer good law in a post-Gallagher world.

       The Miones also claim that the lower courts erred in even considering the terms of

the motorcycle policy at all. The couple cites our decision in Craley v. State Farm Fire &

15     Id. at 768.
16     Id.
17     Id.
18     Brief for the Miones at 33 (“Eichelman retains no vitality in the post-Gallagher
world.”).
19     Id. at 53.

                                       [J-26-2022] - 7
Casualty Co., 895 A.2d 530 (Pa. 2006), which they contend stands for the proposition

that the only relevant coverage elections are those of the policy under which coverage is

being sought.20 Thus, in the Miones’ view, the Superior Court disregarded Craley when

it relied upon the fact that Mione’s “host-vehicle policy” (i.e., the motorcycle policy) lacked

UM/UIM coverage.21

       Erie, on the other hand, agrees with the lower courts that Eichelman is binding

precedent, and that Gallagher is factually distinguishable because Mione waived UM/UIM

coverage on his motorcycle policy, whereas the insured in Gallagher did not.              Erie

therefore phrases the issue before us as “whether a claimant that failed to insure a

household vehicle for UM/UIM benefits should nevertheless be allowed to recover

UM/UIM benefits from household policies despite the presence [of] an unambiguous

‘household exclusion’ contained therein.”22

       Our analysis here turns upon Section 1738 of the MVFRL, which states that, when

multiple vehicles are insured under one or more policies, any UM/UIM coverage is

stacked by default. This means that the amount of coverage “shall be the sum of the

limits for each motor vehicle as to which the injured person is an insured.”23 While stacked

20     Brief for the Miones at 23 (“[I]n evaluating a contractual UIM claim, it is the contract
under which benefits are sought which is relevant; the terms and elections made under
other policies, i.e. the Motorcycle Policy, are of no significance.”); Craley v. State Farm
Fire & Cas. Co., 895 A.2d 530, 533 (Pa. 2006) (“[T]he Craleys sought uninsured motorist
benefits under Randall Craley’s motor vehicle insurance policy. . . . It is Randall’s policy
and its exclusions that are relevant to the legal issues presented in this case.”) (footnote
omitted).
21     Mione, 253 A.3d at 768.
22     Brief for Erie at 6.
23     75 Pa.C.S. § 1738(a).

                                       [J-26-2022] - 8
coverage is the default, an insured nevertheless may waived stacked coverage limits by

signing a written waiver form, the text of which is dictated by Subsection 1738(d).24

       In Gallagher, this Court concluded that enforcing a household vehicle exclusion

under the circumstances of that case would conflict with Section 1738’s explicit waiver

regime, where stacking is assumed to be included in a policy unless the named insured

explicitly waives it in accordance with the statute. In so ruling, the Court underscored that

“Gallagher decided to purchase stacked UM/UIM coverage under both of his policies, and

he paid GEICO premiums commensurate with that decision.”25 Thus, the holding turned

on the fact that “Gallagher did not sign the statutorily-prescribed UIM stacking waiver form

for either of his GEICO policies” and the fact that “he would have received the UIM

coverage that he bought and paid for under both of his GEICO policies pursuant to

Subsection 1738(a) of the MVFRL, save for the ‘household vehicle exclusion[.]’”26

       Here, unlike in Gallagher, the Miones are not attempting to stack anything at all.

They have not yet received any UIM benefits, but their theory is that one or both of the

household policies can provide UIM coverage in the first instance. The problem with that

argument is that the policies explicitly exclude UM/UIM coverage for damages sustained

while operating an unlisted household vehicle. Those exclusions do not conflict with

Section 1738 of the MVFRL. Unlike in Gallagher, the exclusions here do not act as de

24      75 Pa.C.S. § 1738(d)(1) (“The named insured shall be informed that he may
exercise the waiver of the stacked limits of uninsured motorist coverage by signing the
following written rejection form . . . .); id. § 1738(b) (“Notwithstanding the provisions of
subsection (a), a named insured may waive coverage providing stacking of uninsured or
underinsured coverages in which case the limits of coverage available under the policy
for an insured shall be the stated limits for the motor vehicle as to which the injured person
is an insured.”).
25     Gallagher, 201 A.3d at 138 (emphasis added).
26     Id. at 137.

                                       [J-26-2022] - 9
facto waivers of stacking. In other words, because the Miones are not attempting to stack

UIM benefits from the household policies on top of UIM benefits from the motorcycle

policy, Section 1738’s rules for waiving stacking—which were the basis for this Court’s

decision in Gallagher—are simply not implicated.

      We reiterate today that the holding in Gallagher was based upon the unique facts

before us in that case, and that the decision there should be construed narrowly.27 The

insured in Gallagher was attempting to stack (inter-policy) the coverage limits from his

automobile policy on top of the coverage limits for his motorcycle policy. He was also

attempting to stack (intra-policy) the coverage limits for each of the two vehicles on his

household automobile policy. It was only when confronted with those unique facts that

this Court concluded that enforcing the exclusion would be “inconsistent with the

unambiguous requirements [of] Section 1738 of the MVFRL[.]”28

      In contrast, when an insured seeks UM/UIM benefits under a household policy but

does not have UM/UIM coverage on the vehicle that he or she was occupying at the time

of the collision, it cannot be said that a household vehicle exclusion in the UM/UIM-

containing policy is operating as the sort of disguised waiver of stacking that was

disapproved in Gallagher.     Rather, in such circumstances, the household vehicle

exclusion serves as an unambiguous preclusion of all UM/UIM coverage (even unstacked

coverage) for damages sustained while operating an unlisted household vehicle.

      We disagree with the Miones that this approach conflicts with the general contract-

law principle that the only relevant coverage selections in a UM/UIM case are those of

27     See Gallagher, 201 A.3d at 139 n. 8 (“As in every case, we are deciding the
discrete issue before the Court and holding that the household vehicle exclusion is
unenforceable because it violates the MVFRL.”); id. (“Our focus here is narrow[.]”).
28    Id. at 138.

                                    [J-26-2022] - 10
the policy under which benefits are being sought.29 It is of course true that the terms of

the Miones’ automobile policy govern whether benefits are payable under that policy, just

as the terms of Angela’s policy dictate the scope of coverage for that policy. But those

policies contain household vehicle exclusions. And to know whether or not the exclusions

can be enforced per Gallagher, we must first determine whether they are impermissibly

acting as de facto waivers of stacking. It is only for this limited purpose—to determine

whether the insured is actually attempting to stack coverage at all—that we look to what

the Superior Court called the “host-vehicle policy.”30 This methodology in no way conflicts

with Craley. Our approach merely recognizes that, for a household vehicle exclusion to

be acting as an impermissible de facto waiver of stacking, the insured must have received

UM/UIM coverage under some other policy first, or else Section 1738 is not implicated at

all.

       As interpreted in Gallagher, the MVFRL precludes any clause that acts as a

disguised waiver of stacking by skirting Section 1738’s express waiver requirements.31

Because that holding was based on the unambiguous text of the MVFRL, we need not

weigh other interpretive factors, like the law’s remedial purpose or its underlying cost-

containment rationale.32 Nevertheless, we highlight that the Miones’ argument, if we

29     Craley, 895 A.2d at 533; see Stockdale v. Allstate Fire & Cas. Ins. Co., 441 F.
Supp. 3d 99, 105 (E.D. Pa. 2020) (“Per the Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s decision in
Craley, it is the coverage elections for the policy under which coverage is being sought
that are controlling, not the coverage elections of the person seeking coverage.”).
30     Mione, 253 A.3d at 768.
31     Gallagher, 201 A.3d at 138 (concluding that the exclusion in Gallagher’s
automobile policy was “inconsistent with the unambiguous requirements [of] Section 1738
of the MVFRL under the facts of this case insomuch as it acts as a de facto waiver of
stacked UIM coverage provided for in the MVFRL”).
32     See supra note 7.

                                     [J-26-2022] - 11
accepted it, would create a system prone to abuse. One could waive the (expensive)

UM/UIM coverage on one’s motorcycle policy with one insurer, knowing full well that one

has ample UM/UIM coverage on another (less expensive) household automobile policy

with another insurer. As we have said in the past, interpretations of the MVFRL that open

the door to such abuses are strongly disfavored, unless the plain language of the statute

clearly states otherwise.33

       In sum, we continue to reject the view that household vehicle exclusions are ipso

facto unenforceable.34 Gallagher did not undermine Eichelman’s central holding in that

regard; it simply held that a household vehicle exclusion cannot conflict with Section 1738

by purporting to take away coverage that the law says is mandatory unless waived using

a specific form. In cases where the exclusion does not interfere with the insured’s ability

to stack UM/UIM coverage, Gallagher’s de facto waiver rationale is not applicable. Thus,

we conclude that the lower courts correctly distinguished Gallagher and correctly

enforced the exclusions in the Miones’ household policies.

       We affirm.

33      Heller, 32 A.3d at 1222 (“[T]his Court has declined to invalidate policy exclusions
that would provide a disincentive to purchase insurance by allowing an insured to expand
coverage at the expense of the insurer.”); Eichelman, 711 A.2d at 1010 (“If appellant’s
position were accepted, it would allow an entire family living in a single household with
numerous automobiles to obtain underinsured motorist coverage for each family member
through a single insurance policy on one of the automobiles in the household.”); Windrim
v. Nationwide Ins. Co., 641 A.2d 1154, 1158 (Pa. 1994) (noting that, under the insured’s
proposed interpretation, “many individuals owning several vehicles will purchase
coverage for only one of them,” which “[c]learly, the General Assembly did not envision
nor intend”); accord 1 Pa.C.S. § 1922(1) (“[T]he General Assembly does not intend a
result that is absurd, impossible of execution or unreasonable.”).
34     Eichelman, 711 A.2d at 1010 (“[I]t is beyond judicial authority to declare the clear
and unambiguous “household exclusion” language in the policies issued by appellee to
be void as against public policy.”).

                                     [J-26-2022] - 12
      Chief Justice Todd and Justices Donohue, Dougherty, Mundy and Brobson join

the opinion.

      The Late Chief Justice Baer did not participate in the decision of this matter.

                                    [J-26-2022] - 13