Court Opinion

ID: 2643107
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-11-20 01:04:26.917334+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:52:24.781241
License: Public Domain

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                                                                                                  BY
                                                                                                                    UTY

    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                                DIVISION II

SOUND SUPPORT, INC., A Washington
Corporation,

                                   Appellant,                             No. 43678 -7 -II

       V.

STATE OF WASHINGTON, DEPARTMENT                                     UNPUBLISHED OPINION

OF SOCIAL AND HEALTH SERVICES and
its subdivision, DIVISION OF
DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES,

                                   Respondents.

       MAXA, J. — Sound        Support Inc. and its owners, James and Mary Anna Sibbett, appeal the

trial court' s summary judgment dismissal of their breach of contract and tort claims against the

Washington State Department of Social and Health Services ( DSHS) for terminating Sound

Support' s contract to provide services to DSHS' s developmentally disabled clients. We hold that

summary judgment dismissal of Sound Support and the Sibbetts' claims was proper because ( 1)
reasonable minds could not disagree that DSHS had a reasonable basis for its belief that Sound

Support failed to protect the health and safety of clients, which allowed DSHS to terminate the

contract    for default; ( 2) the facts did   not support a cause of action   for   negligent   investigation; ( 3)

DSHS' s refusal to consent to the assignment of Sound Support' s contract did not constitute

tortious interference    with a   business expectancy because it had    no    duty   to   consent; ( 4)   the
No. 43678 -7 -II

Sibbetts could not recover for negligent infliction of emotional distress based on the termination

of Sound Support' s contract; and ( 5) the Sibbetts could not recover for intentional infliction of

emotional distress because DSHS' s conduct was not outrageous as a matter of law. Accordingly,

we affirm the trial court' s grant of summary judgment.

                                                   FACTS

        DSHS contracts with private individuals and entities to provide community residential

services and support to eligible persons with developmental disabilities. RCW 71A. 10. 015;

RCW 71A. 12. 110; WAC 388 -101 - 3010. Three DSHS divisions are involved in the process: the

Division of Developmental Disabilities (DDD) enters into contracts with providers, monitors

performance, and provides training and technical assistance; the Central Contract Services

division administers the service contracts; and Residential Care Services certifies service

providers, decertifies providers, and investigates allegations of abuse and neglect of clients.

Sound Support Contract with DSHS

        In 2001, Sound Support contracted with DSHS to provide residential support services to

 DDD' s clients. DSHS renewed this contract periodically for several years. The Sibbetts were

 the directors and shareholders of Sound Support. James Sibbett also was Sound Support' s

 designated   administrator.'    General Term 26 of the Sound Support contract provided that DSHS

 could terminate the contract for " default" under certain circumstances:

         Termination      for    Default.     The Contracts Administrator may immediately
         terminate this Contract for default, in whole or in part, by written notice to [ Sound
         Support] if DSHS has a reasonable basis to believe that [ Sound Support] has:
         a.  Failed to meet or maintain any requirement for contracting with DSHS;

  The administrator is responsible for overseeing all aspects of staffing, developing, and
 maintaining policies and procedures for service and maintaining and securely storing client,
 personnel, and    financial   records.   WAC 388 -101- 3190( 2)(   a), -   3220.
                                                       2
No. 43678 -7 -II

           b.    Failed to protect the health or safety of any DSHS client pursuant to
                                                                            2]
                 Additional Terms       and    Conditions, Section 3;[
            c.   Failed to perform under, or otherwise breached, any term or condition of
                 this Contract; and /or
            d.   Violated any applicable law or regulation.
            If it is later determined that [ Sound Support] was not in default, the termination
            shall be considered a termination for convenience.

Clerk' s Papers ( CP)        at   58. General Term 25 provided for termination for " convenience ":

            Termination for Convenience.                 DSHS may terminate this Contract in whole or
            in part when it is in the best interest of DSHS by giving [ Sound Support] at least
            thirty ( 30)   calendar    days'    written    notice. [   Sound Support] may terminate this
            Contract for      convenience
                                                by    giving DSHS      at    least thirty ( 30) calendar days'
            written notice.

CP    at   57 -58. The     contract also provided       that Sound Support "         shall not assign   this Contract ...   to

a   third party    without   the   prior written consent of      DSHS."          CP at 53.

Deficiencies and Termination of Contract

            According to DDD administrator Nancy Pesci, DDD began to notice a decline in the

quality of services from Sound Support beginning in 2007, about the time that James Sibbett

transitioned away from direct management of Sound Support. The problems escalated in 2008
and 2009. Pesci explained that Sound Support repeatedly failed to correct deficiencies in a

timely manner to protect DDD clients' health and safety.

      DDD identified various deficiencies in Sound Support' s services over a several month period

in late 2008 and 2009, including the following:

            In September 2008, Residential Care Services evaluators in reviewing a sample of
            medication records found that Sound Support " did not ensure medications were given as
            ordered and      in   a manner    that   safeguarded client     health   and   safety."   CP at 189.

2 The third section of Additional Terms and Conditions states:
        Health and Safety. [ Sound Support] shall perform any and all of its obligations
        under this Contract in a manner that does not compromise the health and safety of
             any DSHS client with whom [ Sound Support] has contact.
 CPat56.
                                                                 3
No. 43678 -7 -II

          In November 2008, a client wrote a suicide note and gave it to Sound Support staff.
          Based on her supervisor' s instruction, the staff member did not report it or take action
          other than to leave the client' s door ajar. DDD became aware of the incident weeks later
          when the client repeated his suicidal thoughts to his therapist, who expressed concern
          with the lack of reporting and intervention.
          In January 2009, a client' s guardian discovered that the client had not received
          immunizations that the guardian had requested over a year before and that no medical
          records were   kept   at   his home. She also discovered a broken Plexiglas shard in the
          client' s bedroom window and no privacy coverings on his bedroom windows, and that he
          was dressed in heavily stained and ill-fitting clothes.
          DDD became aware of a rodent infestation in a client' s home on March 1, 2009. DDD
          sent a reminder e -mail to Sound Support on May 1 because the rodent infestation still had
          not been addressed.
          In April 2009, a DDD case manager refused to approve Sound Support medication
          procedures and psychoactive medications policies because they were not in compliance
          with DDD policies. In March and April 2009, three medication errors were reported by
          Sound Support staff. And in May 2009, Sound Support staff failed (twice in three days)
          to give a client medication for her urinary tract infection.
          DDD case managers noticed unrepaired ceiling water leakage and uncovered electrical
          outlets on June 29, 2009, during an annual assessment for a client. DDD informed Sound
          Support that the issues needed to be corrected immediately. But a month later, the repairs
          still had not begun.
          On July 17 and July 22, 2009, DDD staff visited the home of a client served by Sound
          Support. They found garbage strewn around the property and piled in the garage,
          including soiled adult briefs and used latex gloves, which had spilled out among the
          client' s belongings. They also observed unapproved padlocks on the client' s refrigerator,
          freezer, and food cabinets, which left the client without access to food except when
          provided by staff. DDD personnel instructed Sound Support to correct the conditions and
          reported them to Residential Care Services.
                  DSHS' s Residential Care Services investigator arrived two hours later and also
          observed six or seven unsecured bags of trash including used adult briefs, latex gloves,
          broken furniture, and discarded food, as well as trash on the roof, side of the house, and
          in the driveway. She also observed that the client' s refrigerator, freezer, and cabinets
          were padlocked and no food was accessible to the client. The investigator concluded that
           Sound Support failed to maintain a safe and healthy environment for the client and used
          unapproved restrictive procedures.

                   Four days later, Pesci and other DDD personnel conducted a follow up visit. The
           conditions remained except that Sound Support had removed the lock from the
          refrigerator. Pesci observed that the client was dirty, her hair unwashed, and she was
           wearing clothes in which she had been incontinent. She also witnessed the client use the
           bathroom without wiping because her toilet paper was restricted from her and kept
                   3
           secure.   Pesci also observed dangerous electrical wiring hanging down above the client' s
           back porch.

 3
     In late July 2009, the client' s guardian chose to move her to a different provider.
                                                         4
No. 43678 -7 -II

           On July 24, 2009, DDD staff discovered a client living in an outside garage area in an
           unapproved restrictive setting resembling a cage.

           Sound Support disputed or attempted to explain these reported deficiencies. James

Sibbett acknowledged that Sound Support did not handle the suicide note incident appropriately,

but he pointed out that the employees involved were disciplined for not following procedure.

Sound Support also conceded the medication errors but argued that those errors should be

compared to the records of other providers. Sound Support further argued that DSHS' s evidence

of a client' s   missing immunization   records came   from   an   untrustworthy   source —the   client' s

voluntary guardian, who is not a DSHS employee and is a co -owner of a competing provider.

           Sound Support also challenged the gravity of the cleanliness and restrictive issues

pertaining to another client. Sound Support pointed to a Residential Care Services report that

found the client did not go without food and that the investigation did not reveal sufficient reason

to believe James Sibbett or Todd Dubble ( Sound Support' s second in command) neglected the

client.4

           Sound Support denied that it had not dealt with the mice infestation in a timely fashion.

Sound Support further disputed DSHS' s evidence of the allegedly ignored water leakage, water

damage, and uncovered outlets. Finally, Sound Support disagreed that a client was in a cage -like

enclosure. James Sibbett contended that the client was not restricted by the fenced garage

because it had an unlocked gate leading to the house.

           DDD repeatedly discussed with Sound Support its concerns about the service

deficiencies. According to DDD supervisor of case management services Lonnie Keesee, he

4 On the other hand, the Residential Care Services report also noted that Sound Support received
a citation for having used diapers, rubber gloves, and broken furniture in the client' s garage and
for not having an exception to the rules or physician' s note for restricting her access to food.
                                                       5
No. 43678 -7 -II

attended or helped coordinate some 9 to 14 meetings between Sound Support staff and DDD

personnel from March to July 2009. At one point James Sibbett wrote to DDD acknowledging

its   concerns and   admitting that there   were " cracks    in   services."   CP at 482. Despite these issues,

DSHS' s contract with Sound Support was renewed automatically on July 2, 2009.

          In early August, Pesci and other DDD personnel had a meeting with James Sibbett, in

which they discussed DDD' s escalating concerns. According to Pesci, James Sibbett decided to

voluntarily terminate Sound Support' s contract and discussed a plan for smoothly transferring all

of Sound Support' s clients to a different provider. According to James Sibbett, however, he did

not agree to transfer clients to other providers or to terminate Sound Support' s contract. On

August 11, James Sibbett      requested a    few days to     explore " alternate options."    CP at 508.

          One of the options James Sibbett considered was a sale of Sound Support assets and

assignment of its client service contract with DSHS to another provider. On August 14, James

Sibbett received a confidential term sheet from a certified provider, which contemplated an asset

purchase and assignment of Sound Support' s client service contract. The term sheet was non-

binding and conditioned on " approval by the appropriate parties of the assignment of the

Company'     s government contracts."       CP at 479 -80. DDD denied James Sibbett' s request for

consent to the assignment. The sale was not finalized.

          On September 1, DDD requested that Central Contract Services terminate Sound

Support' s contract. Central Contract Services sent a letter terminating the contract for default

effective September 2, 2009. The letter to Sound Support stated that DSHS had a reasonable

good faith belief that Sound Support was unable to protect the health and safety of its clients.

                                                        on
No. 43678 -7 -II

Lawsuit Against DSHS

       Sound Support     and   the Sibbetts   sued   DSHS. Sound South asserted claims for breach of

contract, negligent investigation, and interference with a business expectancy. The Sibbetts

personally asserted claims for negligent infliction of emotional distress and intentional infliction

of emotional distress.

       DSHS moved for summary judgment dismissal of all claims. In support of its motion,

DSHS   submitted   declarations   of   DDD    personnel —   including Pesci, Keesee, and Beth Fee-

Krehbiel —to document Sound Support' s deficiencies set out above. The trial court granted

Sound Support a 60 -day CR 56( f) continuance to conduct additional discovery. Sound Support

opposed the summary judgment motion with declarations and evidence explaining or challenging

the reported deficiencies and providing mitigating circumstances. After a hearing, the trial court

issued a letter opinion dismissing all claims.

        Sound Support moved for reconsideration and to strike Fee -Krehbiel' s declaration and

portions of other declarations submitted by DSHS in support of summary judgment. The trial

court issued a revised letter clarifying its ruling and denying Sound Support' s motions. The trial

court entered a final order granting summary judgment dismissal of all claims and denying

Sound Support' s motions. Sound Support appeals the summary judgment dismissal and the

denial of its motion to strike.

                                                     MIXIAM

A.      EVIDENTIARY RULINGS

        Initially, Sound Support contends that the trial court erred in denying its motion to strike

portions of the Fee- Krehbiel and Keesee declarations DSHS submitted in support of its summary

judgment motion. These declarations described Sound Support' s various deficiencies. Citing

                                                        7
No. 43678 -7 -II

CR 56( e), Sound Support argues that the declarations should have been stricken because of

alleged discovery violations and because they were based on hearsay and unauthenticated

photographs. We hold that the trial court did not err in denying the motion to strike and in
                                                              I

considering the declarations.

        Ordinarily, we review a trial court' s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion, but we

review such rulings made in conjunction with a summary judgment motion de novo. Momah v.

Bharti, 144 Wn.    App.   731; 749, 182 P.3d 455 ( 2008) ( citing            Folsom v. Burger King, 135 Wash. 2d
658,. 662 -64, 958 P.2d 301 ( 1998) ( holding         that an appellate court reviews all evidence presented

to the trial court, conducts the same inquiry, and reaches its own conclusion about admissibility

of evidence)).

        First, Sound Support argues that the trial court erred by denying its motion to strike the

declarations because they relied on documents that DSHS did not specifically identify as

foundational to the   contract     termination    in   a   discovery    letter dated September 28, 2011.    DSHS

asserts, and Sound Support does not state otherwise, that DSHS eventually produced these

documents in discovery. Further, Sound Support received the declarations on January 13, 2012,

and was granted a 60 -day continuance under CR 56( f) to allow time for additional discovery.

The summary judgment hearing did not occur until after this discovery period, on April 27. As a

result, for more than three months before the summary judgment hearing, Sound Support was

aware of these DSHS declarations and the documents DSHS relied on. Therefore, Sound

Support was not disadvantaged by DSHS' s failure to identify the documents as foundational to

the termination during discovery. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in denying

Sound Support'     s motion   to   strike   the declarations      for   alleged   discovery   violations.
No. 43678 -7 -II

         Second, Sound Support argues that DSHS' s summary judgment declarations were based

on hearsay statements of a DDD employee and unauthenticated photographs taken by the same

DDD employee, who did not submit a declaration. Generally, hearsay is inadmissible and

cannot   be    considered   by   a court   ruling   on a   summary judgment        motion.   CR 56( e); ER 802;

Warner    v.    Regent Assisted Living, 132 Wn.            App.   126, 135 -36, 130 P.3d 865 ( 2006). But a

statement is not hearsay unless it is admitted for the truth of the matter asserted. ER 801( c).

Here, DSHS offered the two challenged declarations to show that the information DDD obtained

provided a reasonable basis for a beliefthat Sound Support failed to protect the health and safety

of any client, not for the truth of that information. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in

considering the declarations in evaluating the summary judgment motion.

B.        SUMMARY JUDGMENT

          Sound Support and the Sibbetts challenge the trial court' s grant of summary judgment

dismissal on the breach of contract claim and the various tort claims. We hold that summary

judgment was appropriate on all claims.

          1.      Standard of Review

          We review a trial court' s order granting summary judgment de novo. Loeffelholz v. Univ.

of Wash., 175 Wash. 2d 264, 271, 285 P.3d 854 ( 2012).                    Summary judgment is appropriate where,

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, there is no genuine

issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

Loeffelholz, 175 Wash. 2d           at   271. " A genuine issue of material fact exists where reasonable minds

could    differ   on   the facts controlling the     outcome of       the   litigation." Ranger Ins. Co. v. Pierce

County,        164 Wash. 2d 545, 552, 192 P.3d 886 ( 2008). If reasonable minds can reach only one

                                                                  9
No. 43678 -7 -II

conclusion on an issue of fact, that issue may be determined on summary judgment. M.
                                                                                   A.

Mortenson Co.      v.   Timberline Software        Corp., 140 Wash. 2d 568, 579, 998 P.2d 305 ( 2000).

         2.   Breach of Contract Claim

         Sound Support argues that DSHS' s termination constituted a breach of contract because

DSHS had no reasonable basis to believe that Sound Support was in default and that summary

judgment was inappropriate because questions of fact existed regarding DSHS' s reasonable

belief. DSHS argues that summary judgment was proper because reasonable minds could reach

only   one conclusion —     that it did have a reasonable basis for believing Sound Support was in

default. In the alternative, DSHS argues that even if there was no basis for termination for

default, the contract was properly terminated for convenience. We agree with DSHS that its

belief that Sound Support was in default was reasonable as a matter of law.

         DSHS terminated the Sound Support contract on the grounds that it had a reasonable

basis to believe that Sound Support had failed to protect the health and safety of DSHS clients, as

allowed   in General Term 26( b).        Reasonableness typically is a question of fact. See Guijosa v.

    Mart Stores, Inc., 101 Wn.
Wal -                                    App.   777, 793, 6 P.3d 583 ( 2000) ( whether        shopkeeper had

reasonable grounds        to detain   shoplifter   is   a question of   fact),   aff'd on other grounds, 144 Wash. 2d
907, 32 P.3d 250 ( 2001).      However, if reasonable minds can reach only one conclusion on an

issue, it can be determined on summary judgment. M. Mortenson, 140 Wash. 2d at 579.
                                                  A.

         The evidence established that DSHS' s belief was based DDD personnel' s numerous

eyewitness accounts of repeated, unresolved health and safety issues for various Sound Support

clients. For example, DDD identified the following deficiencies: failure to ensure that

medication was given as ordered, failure to report or take intervening action in response to a

client suicide note, failure to provide requested immunizations, unaddressed rodent infestation,

                                                              10
No. 43678 -7 -II

medication errors, unrepaired water leakage, uncovered electrical outlets, unsanitary conditions

and unapproved restrictive measures.

       Sound Support challenged the probative value of DSHS' s evidence and offered

mitigating circumstances for many deficiencies cited by DDD. Sound Support also contended

that Residential Care Services' s investigations did not reveal any significant problems. And

Sound Support pointed out that DSHS renewed its contract after the alleged deficiencies were

reported and discussed. Sound Support argues that this evidence created questions of fact and

precluded summary judgment. However, DSHS submitted undisputed evidence of at least some

health and safety issues, and Sound Support concedes that its services were deficient in some

respects.

       The contract expressly authorized termination if DSHS had a reasonable basis for

believing that Sound Support had failed to protect the health and safety of any DSHS client.

More significantly, under the contract language, the question is not whether Sound Support

actually failed to protect the health and safety of DSHS' s clients, but whether the information

DDD obtained provided a reasonable basis for DSHS to believe that Sound Support failed in

these duties. DSHS submitted substantial evidence of Sound Support' s deficiencies and

problems, some of which Sound Support admitted. As a matter of law, this evidence provided a

reasonable basis for DSHS' s belief that Sound Support had failed to protect the health and safety

of not just one, but multiple clients.

        Sound Support seems to argue that considering the totality of the circumstances, DSHS

should not have terminated the contract. However, whether it was " reasonable" for DSHS to

terminate the contact or whether another entity would have acted differently under these facts is

                                                 11
No. 43678 -7 -II

immaterial. The issue is whether DSHS had a right under the contract terms to terminate. The

evidence clearly establishes that contractual right.

       Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Sound Support, we hold that

reasonable minds could reach            only   one conclusion —that        DSHS had a reasonable basis to believe

that Sound Support      failed to   protect    the health   and   safety   of " any client."   Because DSHS had

this reasonable belief, DSHS' s exercise of the termination for default clause was not a breach of

contract. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment
                                                                      5
dismissal   of   Sound Support'     s   breach   of contract claim.

       3.    Tort Claims

        Sound Support and the Sibbetts also contend that the trial court erred in granting

summary judgment on various tort claims: negligent investigation, interference with a business

expectancy, negligent infliction of emotional distress, and intentional infliction of emotional

distress. We disagree.

                 a.   Negligent Investigation

        Sound Support contends that DDD proceeded against the authority of DSHS' s directives

in conducting its own investigation despite findings favorable to Sound Support from Residential

Care Services and that DDD performed this investigation negligently because it ignored

mitigating factors considered by Residential Care Services. But Sound Support fails to cite

5DSHS argues in the alternative that even if termination for default was not proper, the
termination was permitted without " cause" under the contract' s termination for convenience
term. Because we hold that termination for default was appropriate, we need not address this
issue. We also need not address Sound Support' s responsive arguments that termination for
convenience would breach the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, that the
termination for convenience clause created an illusory contract, and that termination for
convenience would allow Sound Support to recover resulting lost profits and windup costs.

                                                             12
No. 43678 -7 -II

authority to support a cause of action for negligent investigation under the circumstances

presented or to identify a statute creating a duty to investigate from which we could recognize an

implied      cause of action. "       State agencies are creatures of statute, and their legal duties are

determined      by the    legislature."     Murphy v. State, 115 Wash. App. 297, 317, 62 P.3d 533 ( 2003).

Under certain circumstances, a legislative enactment may be the foundation of a right of action.

Tyner   v.   Dep' t   of Soc. & Health Servs., 141 Wash. 2d 68, 77 -78, 1 P.3d 1148 ( 2000); see M.W. v.

Dep' t of Soc. &       Health Servs., 149 Wash. 2d 589, 596, 70 P.3d 954 ( 2003) (            recognizing that when

the legislature creates a duty, courts may provide a remedy for its breach).

          Generally, claims for negligent investigation against state agencies do not exist under

Washington common law because of the potential chilling effect such claims would have on

investigations. Ducote           v.   Dep' t of Soc. &   Health Servs., 167 Wash. 2d 697, 702, 222 P.3d 785

 2009); Janaszak         v.   State, 173 Wn.    App.     703, 725, 297 P.3d 723 ( 2013).   Courts have recognized

a cause of action for negligent investigation of child abuse allegations under chapter 26. 44 RCW.

Roberson       v.   Perez; 156 Wash. 2d 33, 44 -47, 123 P.3d 844 ( 2005); M.W., 149 Wash. 2d at 595; Tyner,

141 Wash. 2d 77 -78, 82. However, that cause of action is limited to claims by parents, guardians,

and children against DSHS for conducting biased or faulty investigations that lead to harmful

placement decisions. Roberson, 156 Wash. 2d at 44 -47; M.W., 149 Wash. 2d at 602. No Washington

case has held that an agency investigating a service provider owes a duty to that provider to

conduct a reasonable           investigation.     And certainly no case has held that an agency has a duty not

to investigate potential health and safety issues for disabled clients.

          We hold that Sound Support did not, state a claim for negligent investigation and,

therefore, that summary judgment on this issue was proper.

          b.        Tortious Interference with Business Expectancy

                                                                13
No. 43678 -7 -II

       Sound Support contends that DSHS is liable for interfering with a business expectancy

because DSHS refused to consent to assignment of Sound Support' s DSHS contract to a third -

parry provider. DSHS argues that it had no obligation under the contract to consent to the

assignment, and therefore any such alleged " interference" was not improper and cannot give rise

to a tortious interference claim. We agree with DSHS.

       A plaintiff claiming tortious interference with a business expectancy must prove

         1)   the   existence        of a valid contractual           relationship    or   business expectancy; ( 2)
       that defendants had knowledge                      of   that relationship; ( 3) an intentional interference
                                            breach        termination           the relationship or expectancy; ( 4)
        inducing     or    causing      a            or                    of

       that defendants interfered for an improper purpose or used improper means; and
        5) resultant damage.

Leingang v.    Pierce     County Med. Bureau, Inc.,                 131 Wash. 2d 133, 157, 930 P.2d 288 ( 1997).

However, exercising one' s legal interests in good faith is not improper interference with a

business expectancy. Leingang, 131 Wash. 2d at 157.

        In Tacoma Auto Mall, Inc. v. Nissan N. Am., Inc., a manufacturer was sued for tortious

interference for withholding its               consent    to the   sale of a    dealership. 169 Wash. App. 111, 116 -17,

132 -34, 279 P.3d 487,        review       denied, 175 Wash. 2d 1024 ( 2012). We held that the claim failed as a

matter of law because the manufacturer /dealer contract provided that any transfer of the

automobile dealership was subject to approval from the manufacturer and because the asset

purchase agreement also acknowledged the approval contingency. Tacoma Auto Mall, 169 Wn.

App. at 134. Similarly, in Johnson v. Yousoofian, a lessee sued a lessor for tortious interference
for refusing to     consent     to    assignment of        the lease.     84 Wash. App. 755, 757 -59, 930 P.2d 921

 1996). The lease         provided      that the "[ 1]    essee shall not ...      assign   this lease ...   without the

written consent of        the [ 1]   essor."    Johnson, 84 Wash. App. 757 ( second alteration in original).

Division One of this court held that the lease did not impose an obligation on the lessor to

                                                                     14
No. 43678 -7 -II

consent to assignment and that the lease gave the lessor an absolute privilege to refuse consent to

an assignment. Johnson, 84 Wash. App. at 762 -63.

       As in Johnson, the contract here expressly prohibited the assignment of the contract

without DSHS' s consent, and it imposed no explicit standard of conduct. Moreover, the

agreement contemplating the third - arty provider' s purchase of Sound Support' s assets expressly
                                  p

acknowledged that the asset purchase agreement was conditioned on DSHS' s approval of

assignment of Sound Support' s DSHS contract. Nothing in the terms of the contract obligated

DSHS to consent to the assignment.

       Sound Support argues that DSHS' s " nonapproval" of the assignment /sale was an

improper ultra vires act because DSHS failed to follow administrative guidelines for evaluating

applications to sell provider entities. But the rules governing DSHS' s evaluation of a provider' s

application for change in ownership do not control here because Sound Support did not apply for

a change   in ownership. See WAC 388 - 101 -3060, - 3090. Rather, Sound Support requested

DSHS' s consent to assign its ( Sound Support' s) provider contract to a third party in conjunction

with an asset purchase agreement.

       DSHS' s exercise of its right under the contract to refuse to consent to assignment of

Sound Support' s provider contract was not improper. See Tacoma Auto Mall, 169 Wash. App. at

132 -34; Johnson, 84 Wn.   App.   at   762 -63.   Accordingly, we hold that summary judgment was

appropriate on the tortious interference with a business expectancy claim.

              c.   Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress

        The Sibbetts assert that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment dismissal of

their claims against DSHS for negligent infliction of emotional distress. We hold that the

                                                      15
No. 43678 -7 -II

Sibbetts cannot recover for emotional distress caused by DSHS' s alleged breach of Sound
                            6
Support'     s contract.

            In the absence of physical injury, claims for emotional distress are permitted in

negligence cases          only   where   the   emotional        distress is "( 1) within the scope of foreseeable harm

of   the   negligent conduct, (      2) a reasonable reaction given the circumstances, and ( 3) manifest[ ed]

by   objective       symptomatology."          Bylsma      v.   Burger    King Corp.,   176 Wash. 2d 555, 560, 293 P.3d
1168 ( 2013).         As with any tort, the threshold question for negligent infliction of emotional

distress is whether the defendant owes a duty to the plaintiff. Strong v. Terrell, 147 Wash. App.
376, 387, 195 P.3d 977 ( 2008).

            Here, the Sibbetts contend that they suffered emotional distress as a result of "the

termination         of [their]   business"   and   the "   abrupt   termination   of [their] service contract."   Br. of

Appellant      at   23.   But DSHS terminated Sound Support' s contract, not a contract with the

Sibbetts. Although the Sibbetts owned Sound Support, they were not parties to the DSHS

contract with Sound Support. The Sibbetts fail to show that DSHS owed them a duty personally

to refrain from lawfully terminating the contract of a corporation they owned. And the Sibbetts

do not claim that DSHS engaged in any other allegedly wrongful conduct to support their

negligent infliction of emotional distress claim. Accordingly, we hold that DSHS owed no tort

duty to the Sibbetts personally with regard to termination of the Sound Support contract and,

therefore, summary judgment dismissal of their negligent infliction of emotional distress claim

was proper.

6
    The Sibbetts' attempt to recover in tort for DSHS' s alleged breach of contract with Sound
Support potentially implicates the independent duty doctrine. See, e. g., Eastwood v. Horse
Harbor Found, Inc., 170. Wn.2d 380, 389, 241 P.3d 1256 ( 2010). However, because DSHS did
not raise this issue, we need not analyze whether the doctrine bars the Sibbetts' negligent
infliction of emotional distress claims.
                                                                    Wet
No. 43678 -7 -II

               d.   Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress

          The Sibbetts argue that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment dismissal of

their claim against DSHS for intentional infliction of emotional distress. We hold that summary

judgment dismissal of this claim was proper because DSHS' s conduct was not outrageous as a

matter of law.

          To prevail on a claim for the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress, also

known as outrage, a plaintiff must prove that ( 1) the defendant engaged in extreme and

outrageous conduct, (   2) the defendant intentionally or recklessly inflicted emotional distress on

the plaintiff, and ( 3) the conduct actually resulted in severe emotional distress to the plaintiff.

Strong,   147 Wn.   App.   at_385.   "   Although these elements are generally factual questions for the

jury, a trial court faced with a summary judgment motion must first determine whether

reasonable minds could differ on whether the conduct was sufficiently extreme to result in

liability." Strong,   147 Wn.     App.    at   385. "   Any claim of outrage must be predicated on behavior

 so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of

decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.' "

Strong,   147 Wn.   App.   at   385 -86 ( internal      quotation marks omitted) (         quoting Kloepfel v. Bokor,

149 Wash. 2d 192, 196, 66 P.3d 630 ( 2003)).

          Here, the record does not support the Sibbetts' assertion that a reasonable jury could find

DSHS' s actions outrageous. The alleged outrageous conduct was DSHS' s decision to terminate

Sound Support' s contract without giving Sound Support meaningful notice or opportunity to

cure, DSHS' s transfer of clients from Sound Support to other providers, DSHS' s alleged

reneging on a promise to slow down the transfer of those clients, a flippant comment from a

DSHS   employee     that " ` the horse is      out of   the barn   on   this   one,   buddy,' "   and DSHS' s refusal to

                                                             17
No. 43678 -7 -II

consent to assignment of Sound Support' s contract to another provider. Br. of Appellant at 25-

26. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Sibbetts, we conclude that no

reasonable person could conclude      that DSHS'        s conduct was " `   so outrageous in character, and so

extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as

atrocious, and   utterly intolerable in   a civilized   community.' "       Strong, 147 Wash. App. at 385

 internal   quotation marks omitted) ( quoting     Kloepfel, 149 Wash. 2d         at   196).   Accordingly, we hold

that the Sibbetts' claims for intentional infliction of emotional distress fail as a matter of law and

that summary judgment dismissal of these claims also was proper.

        We affirm.

        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports but will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW 2. 06. 040, it is

so ordered.

                                                            MAXA, J. )
                                                                                                   JI
We concur:

HTJNT, J.

 WORSWICK, C. J.

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