Court Opinion

ID: 6696475
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 21:53:00.440806+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:01:15.844602
License: Public Domain

Wauker, J.,
dissenting: It is not possible for me to assent to the last proposition stated in the opinion of the Court, 'that where the execution of a will is caused by undue influence it does not invalidate it, unless also it extends to the provisions of the instrument, and I do not think that the authorities cited by the Court sustain the principle now distinctly asserted, for the first time. Although the undue influence may be confined to the mere making of the will, it must be seen at once that the provisions in it would not have been made had its execution not have been induced wrongfully. The prejudice is to those heirs, who, by the destruction of the course of descent, are disinherited by the will. If the testator had made the will by reason of fraud or duress, the principle must be the same as if it had been by undue influence. Any difference must be in kind, and not in degree, the result being the same. ‘ A man may make a will under duress, or the fear of physical injury threatened by another if he does not, and may provide therein only for particular persons, not being induced to favor them by any special undue influence exercised for the purpose of having the particular devise, or bequest, made, when the testator did not want to make a will at all, but wanted his heirs to have-his property. In such a case, his act is not voluntary. He chose to make it as he did because he was compelled to make a will, and yet if he had been allowed to follow his own inclination there would have been no will, and consequently no devise. The heirs are just as surely deprived of their inheritance wrongfully as if the wrongdoer had coerced him to make a particular disposition of his property. Any other doctrine would be an extremely dangerous one. A man should be perfectly free in the entire process of disposition. This case is a striking illustration of the correctness of my position. The testator here was not satisfied with the will, and so stated himself, and expressed his sorrow *144at Having made a will at all. He was acting 'throughout under the effect upon his will power which was caused by the undue‘influence, and this was as effectual to subject it to that influence as if the undue influence has been exerted only to cause a special disposition of his property.
In the New 7orle case, cited by the Court (37 N. Y. Suppl., 496), there was no undue influence exerted to have the testator make the will; he merely requested the making of the will by the testator, but not unduly. The head-note is thus: “A will is not open to the objection of having been executed under undue influence because, at the request of beneficiaries named therein, a person asked testator to make a will, nothing-being said by them tb such person, or by him to testator, as to what the will should contain.” And the same was the ruling in the Maryland case (100 Md., 368), as the influence employed to induce the making of the will was'not undue, because undue influence is a coercion produced by importunity, or by a silent, resistless power, which the strong will often exercise over the weak and infirm, and which could not be resisted, so that the motive was tantamount to force or fear; whatever destroys free agency, and constrains the person whose act is brought in judgment to do what is against his will, and what he would not have done if left to himself; that which overpowers the will without convincing the judgment ; an influence which acts to the injury of the person who is swayed by it, or of those whom he would, if left to himself, have benefited. 39 Cyc., 681-682. We said of this undue influence, that to constitute such influence it is not necessarily required that there should exist moral terpitude, or even an improper motive; but if a person, from the best of motives, having obtained a dominant influence over the mind of the grantor, thereby induces him to execute a deed or other instrument materially affecting his rights, which he would not have made otherwise, exercising the influence obtained to such an extent that the mind and will of the grantor is effaced or supplanted in the transaction so that the instrument, while professing to be the act and deed of the grantor, in fact and truth only expresses the mind and will of the third person, the actor .who procured the result. Myatt v. Myatt, 149 N. C., 137, 141; 62 S. E., 887. Undue influence exists wherever, through weakness and dependence, or implicit reliance by one on the good faith of another, the latter obtains an ascendancy which prevents the former from exercising an unbiased judgment. Caven v. Agnew, 186 Pa. St., 134, 328; In re Douglass, 162 Pa. St., 567, 569. There can be no fatally undue influence without a person incapable of protecting himself as well as a wrongdoer to be resisted. Latham v. Udell, 38 Mich., 238, 242. Undue influence means wrongful influence. But influence secured through affection or persuasion is not wrongful. Sears v. Vaughan, 230 Ill., 572, 589; Dowie v. Sutton, 227 Ill., 183, 197; Burt v. Quisenberry, 132 Ill., 385, 399.
*145But in tbe New York and Maryland cases, there was no undue influence practiced to induce tbe making of tbe will, so that tbe question did not arise, but tbe context of those decisions indicate that, if there bad been undue influence, tbe Courts would have held tbe wills to be void. I have searched most carefully and exhaustively to find a case in tbe reports, or an intimation in tbe text-books, to tbe effect that undue influence employed to force tbe making of a will, without any being exerted to shape its provisions, will not invalidate tbe instrument, but my search has been in vain, and I can safely affirm that no such case or authority can be found at all, and, at least, no such well considered precedent.
Tbe effect of tbe ruling here will be to say that if a man makes bis will while under tbe control of undue influence, it will not be set aside, if tbe influence did not govern him in tbe disposition of bis property, when, if be bad not made tbe will at all, tbe heirs would not be deprived of their inheritance, because no disposition of bis property would have occurred. It follows that tbe undue influence indirectly caused tbe particular disposition of bis property to be made, and this being both logically and practically true, bow can it make any difference whether tbe disposition of it was caused directly or indirectly by' tbe wrongful influence.
Tbe judge charged tbe jury against tbe view I have taken of tbe matter, when there was evidence to show undue influence in procuring tbe execution of tbe will alone, and in this there was error prejudicial to the caveators. I do not mean to imply that there was no evidence of undue influence exerted to control tbe provisions of tbe will in favor of certain persons, for I think there was, and strong evidence of such wrongful and illegal conduct, but I have sought to confine myself to tbe instructions as to tbe making of tbe will itself without regard to its contents or tbe special disposition of testator’s property, for tbe court charged plainly and emphatically that such influence would not be undue and would not vitiate tbe will. This, in my opinion, was palpable error, because tbe result was tbe same even if tbe physician did not go beyond this and unduly induce tbe testator to will bis estate in a particular way. I am so sure in my mind of this being tbe law, that I might well stop here and rest my dissent solely upon this ground. There is evidence that tbe testator bad persistently pleaded to have tbe will returned to him that be might destroy it, as be regretted that be bad made it, showing that be was unwilling that bis property should go as tbe will directed, and even if be wished only to change it, as propounders contend, bow, and in what way, did be wish to change it. He could, not even change it very-well unless be gave a different direction in bis will, that is, to bis last desire as to tbe disposition of bis property. Morphine was ad*146ministered to him for tbe ostensible purpose, as caveators contend, tbat bis nerves and sensibilities might be deadened, so tbat be might painlessly pass through what would otherwise have been to him the terrible agony of death. All the circumstances attending the execution of this will cast a grave suspicion upon the transaction, and there was more than ample evidence that it was not the will of the testator. When he had passed from under the baneful influence and regained possession, as well as he could, of his normal faculties, and of his self-control, his first appeal 'was for the document which wrongly expressed his last and true desire, that being for a just and fair distribution of his property among those of his blood according to the provisions of the law, which he thought was sometimes wiser than testator’s, as it often is in many instances. Such a disposition of his property was, at least, more in consonance with his wishes, and his sense of justice and right.
It will better illustrate my view if I make reference here to some of the outstanding facts in this very important case:
Milton E. Lowe, the testator, died on 31 October, 1918. At the time of his death he was a bachelor, 62 years of age. Practically all of his life he had lived alone, having hardly had any association with others. During the last five or six years of his life he had been in extremely feeble health; suffering from Bright’s disease, a dilated heart, and fainting spells, and lapses of memory, and being in a generally debilitated condition. On 29 September he was stricken down with pneumonia, which shortly afterwards was complicated with gangrene of the lungs, and he was “from the first as sick a man as ever died.” During the whole period of his sickness he was very weak, and grew progressively worse, being unable to raise himself in bed, and speaking to those about him only occasionally when aroused temporarily for some purpose, or' to make some request. On 17 October he was informed by the doctor, who had been his confidential physician for years, and who attended him during his last illness, that he was bound to die. This greatly excited the testator, and his whole soul and mind seemed to be concentrated with fear and anxiety upon the hereafter, without further thought of earthly things. On the same day the doctor, having administered professionally to the needs of the testator, came out of the sick room on to the porch, and inquired of testator’s nurse and male attendance if he ever made a will. Being informed that he had not, the doctor then inquired who were his nearest relatives, and" having been misinformed that the Jordans, the propounders, were his nearest relatives, requested the attendants to remain away from the sick room as he wished to have some talk with the old man. The doctor then returned to the sick room, and, contrary to his usual custom, closed the door, presumably so that they on.the porch could not hear. He remained in the sick room on *147this ’occasion about thirty minutes. During this time be was beard to repeatedly and insistently urge upon tbe testator tbat be 'make a will. Tbe testator was repeatedly beard to protest against making a will, stating tbat be would wait until be was better, and tbat if be tben decided to make a will, it would be all rig’bt.' Parts only of this conversation were beard by tbe witnesses. On tbe next day tbe doctor returned, bringing an attorney with bim. On this occasion be again, after administering professionally to tbe testator, requested tbe attendants to remain outside of tbe room, and again closed tbe door. On this occasion be remained with tbe testator about forty minutes, and was beard again urgently and repeatedly insisting tbat tbe testator make a will. Testator was again beard protesting, as on tbe first occasion. After about forty minutes of this colloquy, tbe doctor emerged from tbe sick room, and in response to an inquiry from tbe attorney, stated tbat the testator bad decided to make a will. Tbe attorney tben, very properly, went into tbe sick room, and wrote tbe paper-writing propounded as tbe testator’s will; tbe testator naming as bis chief beneficiaries those who tbe doctor bad been misinformed were bis nearest kin, and- naming tbe doctor as executor. During tbe writing of tbe will, tbe doctor was constantly present, and after it was signed and witnessed, tbe testator, who bad been raised bodily in bed for tbe purpose of signing it, folded it and banded it to tbe doctor, who immediately bade tbe testator farewell. On tbe night before tbe will was written tbe testator seemed to be unusually nervous and upset, and was beard praying, muttering, and moaning to himself all night. During tbe ten days wbieb elapsed between making tbe will and tbe death of tbe testator, be repeatedly told witnesses tbat tbe doctor bad caused bim to make a will, wbieb he didn’t intend to make; tbat be wished to get bold of it to destroy it, and furthermore made statements repeatedly tbat be bad always liked tbe doctor before, but didn’t like bim now. He further told one of tbe witnesses tbat tbe doctor had told bim during tbe two conversations aforesaid tbat if be didn’t make a will bis heirs would be litigating' over tbe property, and tbe lawyers would get half of it. All the property owned by tbe testator at bis death be got from bis father, with tbe exception of one farm, which be purchased with tbe accumulations from bis father’s property. His heirs at law and next of kin were two first cousins on bis mother’s side, a child of another first cousin on bis mother’s side, and tbe children of six first cousins on bis father’s side. All of bis kindred on bis father’s side were disinherited, and all upon bis mother’s side except Mrs. Louisa Jordan, one of bis first cousins on bis mother’s side, and her four grown children. Of those disinherited upon bis father’s side, there were several sets of minor children; some nearly, and some absolutely dependent; while tbe Jordans *148were not only possessed of some little property, but three of them were earning good salaries. At the" time of the testator’s death, the Jordans had been living in Norfolk, Ya., about a year, during which time the testator had not seen them.
This recital of only some of the facts, there being others which reinforce them, shows how necessary 'it was that the charge of the judge should have been given with careful and clear discrimination, and how fatal to the caveators was the instruction as to undue influence, which was merely exerted in securing the making of the will.
Lastly, let me say, that testimony of the doctor as to the mental capacity of the testator, and relevant to that issue, was permitted, by inadvertence, of course, to be used on the issue as to undue influence, and evidence as to undue influence was permitted to be given by him, when he was an incompetent witness, all against the objection of the caveators. It is difficult sometimes to separate the testimony and assign each part of it to its proper place and function, but it must be done, else the jury will be free to decide the issues upon incompetent evidence. What the. person, whose mental condition is in question, says may be considered by the jury as evidence of such condition, although it is not competent as evidence of the truth of what he says, and the court should carefully discriminate between the two, but the evidence should be admitted, as to the state of his mind and his capacity to make a will, deed, or contract, or to commit a crime (capax doli), even though his statements may be self-serving, or otherwise incompetent as evidence of their truth. Sometimes, and very generally, the falsity of them is the very thing that indicates aberration of the mind or impaired mental faculties. If it is expert testimony that is resorted to for the purpose of showing mental condition, the witness must be allowed freely to state not only what the subject stated to him, but what he did, so that the value of his opinion may the more clearly appear. This is elementary learning, and hardly calls for the citation of authority. Rogers on Expert Testimony (2 ed.), pp. 479, 480; especially the opinion of Justice Washington in Lessees of Hoge v. Fisher, 1 Peters’ C. C. (U. S.), 163. The value of the expert’s opinion depends very largely upon his opportunities for seeing and conversing with the person whose mental condition is the subject of inquiry, as appears in the authorities cited, and as common sense suggests, but while this is true, the judge should most carefully instruct and caution the jury not to consider the testimony in the light of evidence as to facts detailed by the witnesses, but only as bearing upon the question of mental condition. These principles are strongly supported by the clear and emphatic language of Chief Justice Smith in McLeary v. Norment, 84 N. C., 235, a case which has been much cited and approved by this Court. He said: “The conversation offered was *149not to prove any fact stated or implied, but tbe mental condition of tbe plaintiff, as declarations are received to sbow tbe presence of disease in tbe physical system. How, except tbrongb observation of tbe acts and utterances of a person, can you arrive at a knowledge of bis bealtb of body and mind? As sanity is ascertained from sensible and sane acts and expressions, so may and must conclusions of unsoundness be reached by tbe same means and tbe same evidence. Tbe declarations are not received to show tbe truth of tbe things declared, but as evidence of a disordered intellect, of which these are tbe outward manifestations. Tbe admissibility of tbe witness’s opinion, resting, as it necessarily must, upon past opportunities of observing one’s conduct, requires, in order to a correct estimate of tbe value of tbe opinion, an inquiry into tbe facts and circumstances from which it has been formed. There seems to be no sufficient reason for receiving tbe opinion and excluding proof of tbe facts upon which it is founded.” One of tbe last cases affirming it is Bissett v. Bailey, 176 N. C., 43, where tbe point here considered is stated and fully explained with reference to McLeary v. Norment. Tbe case .of Bissett v. Bailey, supra, is also authority to tbe effect that such testimony is not competent in cases when tbe issue is as to undue influence and tbe witness is interested in tbe event of tbe action, testifying to transactions or communications with tbe deceased, citing Hathaway v. Hathaway, 91 N. C., 139; Linebarger v. Linebarger, 143 N. C., 229; Bunn v. Todd, 107 N. C., 266; and especially In re Chrisman’s Will, 175 N. C., 420, where tbe point was directly raised and decided, Justice Brown writing tbe opinion.
, There are other exceptions to evidence and to tbe charge deserving attention, but to consider them in detail would extend this opinion far beyond its proper limits. Tbe principal error is tbe instruction we have already fully considered as to undue influence merely in tbe making of tbe will.
Tbe testator at tbe time be signed tbe instrument bad been greatly wasted by disease, which bad well nigh sapped bis vitality. He was entirely too weak even to resist persuasion or importunity, and certainly not strong enough to overcome tbe dominating influence of one who bad all bis faculties unimpaired, both mental and physical, and who bad been bis attending physician. He was verily fast approaching tbe shadow of death, almost in its immediate presence, as be bad been advised, and was much agitated and unnerved by bis sudden knowledge of it. He was in no condition to act with a proper sense of bis duty to those who were entitled to favorable consideration in tbe disposition of bis estate. His declaration that be did not want to make a will, and bis call for tbe will that be might destroy it, or even change it, showed plainly that undue influence bad done its work, and that bis free agency *150bad been subdued by a superior power operating upon him, when be was as clay in tbe bands of tbe potter, ready to yield without any attempt at opposition to any request as to wbat be should do. I do not say that those were tbe facts, but that there was strong evidence of them, which was rendered of little or no force by tbe errors committed. There is evidence, which if believed, shows that the instrument was not his voluntary and untrammelled act, as a will should be, but the product of another’s will, to whose every suggestion he had readily submitted.
I am greatly perplexed to understand how it can be successfully asserted, or maintained, that there is no evidence of undue influence to make the will, when the record is replete with such evidence. , It cannot be said that the making of the will was not unduly influenced and procured. His Honor assumed that there was evidence of it when he gave the instruction. There is not only ample, but abundant evidence of it, and the cries of the testator that the paper be restored to him, so that it might be canceled or destroyed, is not the least of it. It was not by any means a mere suggestion to the testator to make the will, but far more -than that. Many wills have been set aside upon far less evidence. Of course, the testator could will his estate to his heirs, but he did not do so, and if he had done so, they would still take as heirs, as if by descent. He willed it to some of his heirs, but not, in a natural way, to those in the paternal links, who would have taken it, had he not made a will, as it would have gone to those who were of the blood of the first purchaser, his father, and they have been prejudiced. By undue in-' fluence in procuring the making of the will, that line of descent has been ignored.
Suggestion, or fair persuasion, which does not subject the testator’s will to thdt of a third person, making it the will of the latter and not that of the testator, will not, of course, do. That is not this case, but a very different one. The declarations of the testator show what influence had been exerted upon him. Nothing could manifest it more surely.
The effect of the instruction is that, if the execution of the will was “unduly influenced” by the physician, and he was appointed executor by reason of it, his appointment would be void, but the will would still be valid, if the disposition of the testator’s property was not unduly influenced, which was exactly the same as saying that, if the making of the will was obtained by undue influence, the will would nevertheless be valid unless the particular disposition of his property came under the same influence and was induced by it, except as to the executor’s appointment.
My conclusion is that there should be another trial of the case for the errors pointed out.
Allen, I., concurs in the dissenting opinion of "Walker, J.