Court Opinion

ID: 4396716
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-05-15 08:42:11.949634+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:52:11.532618
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued May 14, 2019

                                   In The

                              Court of Appeals
                                  For The

                       First District of Texas
                        ————————————
                          NO. 01-17-00364-CV
                        ———————————
   STAR ELECTRICITY, INC. D/B/A STARTEX POWER F/K/A STAR
      ELECTRICITY, L.L.C. D/B/A STARTEX POWER, Appellant

                                     V.

NORTHPARK OFFICE TOWER, LP, NORTHPARK OFFICE TOWER GP,
  LLC, JETALL COMPANIES INC., 1415 NLW, LLC, MOHAMMED A.
 CHOUDHRI A/K/A ALI CHOUDHRI A/K/A ALI JETALL, THE ESTATE
  OF NAEEM CHOUDHRI, SHAHNAZ CHOUDHRI A/K/A SHAHNAZ
 AKHTER, A.I.G.W.T., INC., 5700 THOUSAND OAKS, LLC, 411 NORTH
     BELT, LLC, AND INNER BELT HOLDINGS, LLC, Appellees

                 On Appeal from the 129th District Court
                          Harris County, Texas
                    Trial Court Case No. 2010-71330
                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

      This is a suit by an electric company against its customer for breach of contract

and against the customer and its associated entities for fraudulent transfer, tortious

interference with a contract, dishonor of a check, fraud, and conspiracy. Appellant,

Star Electricity, Inc., doing business as StarTex Power, formerly known as Star

Electricity, L.L.C. (“Star”), challenges the trial court’s summary judgments in favor

of appellees, Northpark Office Tower, LP, Northpark Office Tower GP, LLC

(collectively, “Northpark”); Jetall Companies Inc. (“Jetall”); 1415 NLW, LLC

(“NLW”); Mohammed A. Choudhri, also known as Ali Choudhri and Ali Jetall

(“Choudhri”); The Estate of Naeem Choudhri (“Naeem”); Shahnaz Choudhri, also

known as Shahnaz Akhter (“Shahnaz”); A.I.G.W.T., Inc. (“A.I.G.W.T.”); 5700

Thousand Oaks, LLC (“Thousand Oaks”); 411 North Belt, LLC (“North Belt”); and

Inner Belt Holdings, LLC (“Inner Belt”).

      Star presents four issues. In its first and second issues, Star contends that the

trial court erred by imposing a death-penalty sanction, i.e., striking the testimony of

its sole expert on damages, and granting appellees’ motion for no-evidence summary

judgment on the damages element of Star’s breach-of-contract claim. In its fourth

issue, Star contends that the trial court erred in granting appellees’ motion, and

denying Star’s motion, for summary judgment on Star’s claims brought under the

                                           2
Texas Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (“TUFTA”).1                In its third issue, Star

contends that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment dismissing its

remaining claims as barred by the doctrine of res judicata.

       We affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.

                                      Background

       Star provides retail electricity services to commercial and residential users

throughout Texas.      As a service provider, Star does not generate or transmit

electricity itself, rather, it purchases electricity from a supplier and sells it to the end

user. When a customer executes a contract for electricity services, Star purchases

sufficient power from its supplier to service the life of the customer’s contract. Star

then delivers the electricity to the customer through distribution lines operated by

transmission and distribution service providers.

       Star asserts that, in September 2008, it entered into an Electric Service

Agreement (“ESA”) with Northpark. Pursuant to the ESA, Star agreed to provide

Northpark with electricity services at its office building located at 1415 North Loop

West, Houston, (the “Property”) for a term of 60 months, beginning on October 15,

2008. Northpark agreed to purchase electricity at a rate of 8.97 cents per kilowatt

hour and to pay Star monthly. Northpark also agreed that, should it terminate or

1
       See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE §§ 24.001–.013.
                                             3
default on the ESA prior to the end of the agreed term, it would pay Star an Early

Termination Fee (“ETF”), as follows:

      In the event that Customer terminates this ESA or Customer
      defaults . . . then an [ETF] will be assessed. The [ETF] shall be equal
      to any mark to market costs. For purposes of this Agreement, the mark
      to market costs shall be calculated as the higher of: a) the difference
      between the cost of Energy procured by [Star] in order to satisfy the
      Customer’s requirements under this ESA for the Customer’s Service
      Location(s) . . . and the final net liquidated value of said Energy at the
      time of termination by Customer multiplied by the total amount of
      Energy procured for the Customer’s Service Location(s) . . . for the
      remainder of the original Term of the ESA, as reasonably determined
      by [Star] and b) zero dollars and no cents ($0.00).

      Subsequently, to fulfill its commitment under the ESA to provide electricity

to Northpark, Star executed a Power Purchase and Sale Agreement (“Supplier

Agreement”) with its supplier, Luminant Energy Company LLC (“Luminant”).

Under the Supplier Agreement, Star purchased the volume of electricity required to

service the Property for the life of the 60-month ESA. Thereafter, Star began

providing electricity to the Property and submitting monthly invoices to Northpark.

      Two years later, in July 2010, Northpark began falling behind on its monthly

payments to Star for electricity services at the Property. By October 14, 2010,

Northpark’s outstanding balance for electricity services totaled $82,548.39. On

October 18, 2010, Choudhri, as the principal of Northpark and an officer of Jetall,2

sent an email to Star, in which he repudiated the ESA on the ground that Star had

2
      Jetall’s role in the ESA, if any, is unclear.
                                              4
“never signed” it. Choudri asserted that the parties had been “operating on a month

to month” basis and that he was “[t]hereby revok[ing] the agreement.”             Star

responded that if Northpark did not retract its repudiation, it would sue to recover

Northpark’s outstanding balance for electricity services and for an early termination

fee of $410,986.00, based on the remaining 11,265 megawatts of electricity that Star

had contractually agreed to purchase from Luminant. Choudhri, on behalf of

Northpark, then sent Star a letter terminating the ESA.

      On October 27, 2010, Star sued Northpark for breach of the ESA, alleging

that Northpark had defaulted on its terms by failing to pay for electricity services as

agreed. Star sought damages in the amount of $493,534.39, consisting of $82,548.39

in unpaid services and an ETF in the amount of $410,986.00. Star also asserted

liability against Choudhri and Jetall under veil-piercing theories. Star sought to

enjoin Northpark from taking any action that would impair its ability to pay the

judgment sought.

      Star asserts that, on the same day that it filed its suit, Choudhri executed a

deed transferring the Property, which was Northpark’s sole asset, to NLW, another

entity that Choudhri created. The transfer left Northpark depleted of assets adequate

to satisfy the judgment Star sought. The following day, NLW, through Choudhri,

encumbered the Property by obtaining a $6,500,000 loan against it. NLW then paid

a portion of the proceeds to AIGWT, an entity owned by Choudhri and his parents,

                                          5
Shahnaz and Naeem. Star asserts that proceeds further flowed to other entities that

Choudhri had created, Thousand Oaks and North Belt. Accordingly, Star brought

fraudulent transfer claims against all appellees. Star alleged that, in violation of

TUFTA, each had fraudulently transferred assets without receiving reasonably

equivalent value in exchange and with the actual intent to hinder, defraud, and delay

Star, as a creditor, from recovering on its claims.

      Star also brought claims against Northpark and Choudhri for dishonor of a

check3; against Choudhri, Jetall, Shahnaz, and Naeem for tortious interference with

a contract; and against all appellees for fraud and conspiracy. Star asserted that the

corporate forms of Northpark, Jetall, NLW, AIGWT, Thousand Oaks, North Belt,

and Inner Belt should be disregarded because Choudhri, Shahnaz, and Naeem had

organized and operated them as conduits to perpetrate fraud.

Mediation

      On May 24, 2011, the parties attended mediation before mediator, Alan Levin,

and entered into a “Confidential Binding Settlement Agreement” (“Settlement

Agreement”). The parties agreed that, to guarantee that Star, were it to prevail on

its breach-of-contract claim against Northpark, could recover on its judgment,

appellees would pledge collateral having an aggregate value in excess of $1,050,000.

In partial satisfaction, Choudhri presented an 8.733-acre tract of land located on

3
      See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE § 3.502.
                                           6
West Fuqua Street, Houston, (“Fuqua Tract”), which he asserted had a value of

$800,000. In exchange, Star agreed to non-suit its other claims without prejudice

against all appellees. The Settlement Agreement states, in relevant part, as follows:

      1.     Land in Exhibit 1 [Fuqua Tract] placed as collateral to a[n]
             $800,000 payment by [illegible] party to indemnify the payment
             if [Star] get[s] to final judgment after appeals are exhausted.
             [Star] may at its expense get another appraisal and A. Levin will
             be non-appealable mediator to decide that this tract and any
             additional tracts are more than [$1,050,000].
      ....
      3.   [Star] dismisses all parties but [Northpark] . . . without
           prejudice.
      ....
      6.   If one or more disputes should arise with regard to the
           interpretation and/or performance of this agreement or any of its
           provisions, or the drafting or execution of further settlement
           documents, the parties agree to attempt to resolve any such
           dispute first by telephone conference with Alan F. Levin,
           mediator herein, who facilitated this settlement. If the parties
           cannot resolve their differences by telephone conference, then
           each agrees to schedule one day of mediation with Alan F. Levin,
           mediator herein, within thirty (30) days after the unsuccessful
           telephone conference to attempt to resolve the disputes. The
           parties shall equally share the costs of such mediation. If any
           party refuses to mediate, then that party hereby forfeits all right
           to recover attorney’s fees and/or costs in any subsequent
           litigation brought to construe or enforce this agreement.
           Conversely, if the subsequent mediation is unsuccessful, then the
           prevailing party or parties in the subsequent litigation shall be
           entitled to recover, as allowed by law or contract, reasonable
           attorneys’ fees and expenses, including the cost of the
           unsuccessful mediation. Alan F. Levin has the final decision on
           any ambiguity in the settlement agreement.

Star noted that all appellees, except Inner Belt, executed the Settlement Agreement

by and through Choudhri.
                                         7
      After Star’s independent appraiser concluded that the value of the Fuqua Tract

was lower than appellees had represented, Levin “ordered,” in Arbitrator’s Order

No. 2 (“Order No. 2”), that appellees pledge additional collateral, as follows:

      I.     [Appellees] are to produce, on or before December 31, 2011, one
             of the following additional collateral options:
             a.    Real property having a current “As-Is” appraisal value of
                   not less than [$464,176.00]; or
             b.    Cash or a bond in an amount not less than [$214,176.00].
      II.    [Counsel for Star] is to promptly contact the Arbitrator,
             following the November 14, 2011 hearing before the Court on
             this matter, to provide an update of [Star’s] positions regarding
             the following issues:
             a.    Return to mediation;
             b.    Whether the Settlement Agreement has been breached
                   with regard to the alleged tardy provision of additional
                   collateral and whether [Star] chooses to waive or pursue
                   same; and
             c.    Dismissal by [Star] of [all appellees except Northpark]
                   without prejudice.
      It is so Ordered.

      On November 14, 2011, the trial court ordered that the parties return to

“mediation with Alan F. Levin.” After mediation, Levin issued a third order, in

which he concluded, as pertinent here, that whether appellees had breached the

Settlement Agreement by not timely pledging additional collateral as agreed was not

within the scope of his authority. Star then non-suited without prejudice its claims

against appellees, except its claim against Northpark for breach of the ESA.

                                          8
      On January 5, 2012, after appellees still had not presented additional collateral

as agreed, however, Star reasserted its claims against appellees. Star also added a

claim for breach of the Settlement Agreement, alleging that appellees had not timely

complied as agreed, had not actually pledged any property, and that Choudhri had,

since execution of the Settlement Agreement, transferred the Fuqua Tract to Inner

Belt without placing equivalent value in escrow.

      Eight months later, Levin concluded, in Arbitrator’s Confidential, Non-

Appealable Order No. 6 (“Order No 6”), that appellees had complied with both Order

No. 2 and the Settlement Agreement, as follows:

      On the afternoon of Monday, August 6, 2012, . . . [appellees] hand
      delivered a check in the amount of [$43,796.00] to the Arbitrator in his
      law offices. . . . Based upon the foregoing, the Arbitrator FINDS that
      [appellees] have now fully complied with the collateral portion of
      [Order No. 2]. The tardy completion of such compliance is excused.
      The Arbitrator also FINDS that [appellees] have now fully complied
      with the portion of the [Settlement Agreement] requiring
      that . . . ($800,000.00) [sic] be placed as collateral “to indemnify the
      payment if the Plaintiffs get to final judgment after appeals are
      exhausted.
      It is, therefore, ORDERED that [appellees] have complied with both
      [Order No. 2] and the [Settlement Agreement] to the extent set forth
      above. . . .
      Based upon the foregoing, the Arbitrator, sitting also as the Mediator,
      sees no reason to declare an impasse in the mediation portion of the
      pending case and therefore, in light of the collateral requirement now
      having been fulfilled, invites the parties to consider the efficacy of
      further mediation toward amicable resolution of the entire pending
      dispute.

                                          9
Summary Judgments

      Appellees moved for a traditional summary judgment on Star’s fraudulent

transfer claims, asserting that Star’s claims were extinguished by the statute of

repose. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of appellees, dismissing

Star’s claims for fraudulent transfer. Star moved for summary judgment on the

merits of its fraudulent transfer claims against NLW and Choudhri. The trial court

did not rule on these claims.

      Appellees then moved for a traditional summary judgment on Star’s claim for

breach of the Settlement Agreement, asserting that such claim was barred by res

judicata. Appellees asserted that Levin was acting as an arbitrator, not a mediator,

and had adjudicated Star’s claim for breach of the Settlement Agreement in Order

No. 6, which constituted a binding arbitration order. Star argued, in its response,

that the parties did not enter into an arbitration agreement, that Levin was authorized

to act as a mediator, not as an arbitrator, and that his authority under the terms of the

Settlement Agreement was limited to resolving ambiguities in the agreement and

determining the value of the properties that appellees were to pledge as collateral.

The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of appellees, “confirm[ed] the

Arbitrator’s Orders No. 1-6,” and “dismiss[ed]” Star’s remaining “causes of action”

                                           10
against appellees,4 “except for the claims of breach of the [ESA] against

[Northpark].”

      Star moved for a summary judgment on the liability portion of its claim

against Northpark for breach of the ESA. Star asserted that the evidence established

that there existed a valid contract between Star and Northpark, that Star performed

by providing electricity to the Property, and that Northpark breached the ESA by

failing to pay for electricity as agreed and by terminating the ESA before the

expiration of the agreed term. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of

Star on the liability portion of its claim, leaving only the damages portion at issue.

      On May 1, 2015, Star designated Madden as its expert on damages and filed

his expert report. Northpark moved to compel the depositions of Madden and of

Robert Verhage, Star’s Director of Credit and Collections at the time of the breach.

Star moved to compel the depositions of representatives of NLW and Inner Belt,

with respect to its other claims.

      On July 5, 2016, the trial court issued an order compelling Verhage, Madden,

NLW, and Inner Belt5 to appear for deposition within 21 days. The parties conferred

and determined that the depositions could not be completed within 21 days because

of scheduling conflicts. On July 20, 2016, the parties entered into a Rule 11

4
      Naeem and NLW are not included in the order.
5
      At the time, Star’s other claims were still pending.
                                            11
Agreement, in which they agreed that Star would produce Verhage for deposition on

July 29, 2016; that NLW would produce its representative for deposition on August

1; that Star would produce Madden for deposition on August 16, 2016; and that Inner

Belt would produce its representative for deposition on August 17, 2016.

      On July 29, 2016, appellees deposed Verhage. On August 1, 2016, NLW

presented Bradley Parker as its corporate representative for deposition.             Star

complained that Parker was not a competent representative of NLW because, during

his deposition, he admitted that he was not an employee, owner, or contractor of

NLW, and he demonstrated a lack of knowledge of any relevant information.

Further, after NLW asserted frivolous objections to entire categories of questions,

Star terminated the deposition. On August 12, 2016, Star filed a motion to compel

a proper corporate representative of NLW and set the motion for a hearing. Star also

filed a motion for protection, requesting that the trial court prohibit any further

depositions until NLW complied. On September 12, 2016, the trial court denied

Star’s motions. Thereafter, however, the parties never completed the depositions.

      On October 10, 2016, Northpark filed a motion for no-evidence and traditional

summary judgments on damages, which the other appellees joined.6 With respect to

Star’s claim for damages based on outstanding charges for electricity services,

6
      Although all appellees joined this motion, the record reflects that Star’s claim for
      breach of the ESA was solely against Northpark, Choudhri, and Jetall.
                                           12
appellees asserted that there was no evidence of the amount due under the ESA

because Star’s “records continually produced inconsistent numbers” and Verhage’s

deposition testimony was inconsistent. Appellees further asserted that because

Madden had failed to appear for his deposition, his expert report should be excluded,

and thus there was no evidence to support Star’s claim for liquidated damages, i.e.,

the ETF. Appellees also moved for a traditional summary judgment on their

affirmative defense of accord and satisfaction, asserting that they had tendered two

checks, in the amounts of $22,247.02 and $84,423.04, to Star for payment of the

outstanding amount owed on Northpark’s account for electricity services, which Star

had not returned.

      Star, in its response, requested a continuance to complete the depositions and

asserted that genuine issues of material fact precluded summary judgment. Star

argued that its monthly invoices constituted evidence of its damages for unpaid

electricity services, and Verhage’s testimony, even if inconsistent, constituted some

evidence of damages. In addition, Madden’s expert report constituted evidence of

its liquidated damages. With respect to appellees’ motion for summary judgment on

their affirmative defense of accord and satisfaction, Star asserted that it had rejected

appellees’ checks because they had failed to tender payment for the full amount due

under the ESA, including the ETF. Star attached to its response a copy of the ESA,

its “Supplier Agreement” with Luminant, its monthly invoices to Northpark for

                                          13
electricity services, its Amended Responses to Appellees’ Requests for Disclosure,

Verhage’s affidavit and an excerpt of his deposition testimony, and Madden’s expert

report on damages. As discussed below, appellees objected, on various grounds, to

the ESA, Supplier Agreement, Star’s invoices, Verhage’s affidavit, and Madden’s

expert report.

      At the summary-judgment hearing on October 31, 2016, appellees argued that

Madden’s expert testimony should be excluded because he did not appear for his

deposition and that, without his testimony, Star lacked any evidence of liquidated

damages. Star argued that Madden had not yet appeared because appellees had acted

in bad faith by producing a corporate representative for NLW with no relevant

knowledge and who had refused to answer questions. The trial court did not rule on

these matters at the hearing.

      On November 7, 2016, with trial set for February 13, 2017, Star emailed

appellees about completing the depositions of Madden, NLW, and Inner Belt. In a

January 2, 2017 letter to the trial court, Star stated that, at a December 1, 2016 status

conference, the trial court had ordered Star to produce Madden for deposition if the

mediation that the parties were scheduled to attend on January 7, 2017 were

unsuccessful. Star explained that the mediator had canceled due to illness and that

the mediation had been tentatively rescheduled for January 9. Star asked the trial

court to advise regarding its order to produce Madden for deposition. Throughout

                                           14
the rest of January 2017, as discussed below, Star wrote letters to the trial court

regarding the status of mediation, noted that Star had attempted unsuccessfully to

confer with appellees regarding scheduling mediation sooner with another mediator,

asked the trial court to advise regarding its order to produce Madden for deposition,

and requested an emergency hearing. Star noted that it had offered to produce

Madden for deposition on January 11 and 25, but appellees had declined.

      On February 21, 2017, the trial court issued an order sustaining appellees’

objections to Star’s summary judgment evidence and excluding Madden’s testimony

“for failing to appear for his deposition without good cause consistent with [the] July

5, 2016 order of the court compelling his appearance and the Rule 11 agreement,

dated July 20, 2016.” In its order, the trial court also granted appellees’ motion for

traditional and no-evidence summary judgment on the damages issue and held that

Star take nothing on its remaining claim against Northpark for breach of the ESA.

On April 13, 2017, appellees non-suited their remaining claims, making the trial

court’s judgment final.

                           Exclusion of Damages Expert

      In its first issue, with respect to the damages element of its claim against

Northpark for breach of the ESA, Star argues that the trial court erred by excluding

the testimony of its sole expert on damages, Madden, after he did not appear for his

deposition. Star asserts that the trial court’s order constitutes a death penalty

                                          15
sanction because it precluded Star from presenting evidence of its liquidated

damages and resulted in the trial court granting appellees’ motion for no-evidence

summary judgment on damages. Star asserts that the trial court erred by not first

considering lesser sanctions, noting that neither Star nor its counsel “had ever been

sanctioned by the trial court in the seven-year history of the case.”

Standard of Review and Principles of Law

      We review a trial court’s imposition of sanctions for an abuse of discretion.

Cire v. Cummings, 134 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tex. 2004). A trial court abuses its

discretion if it acts without reference to any guiding rules and principles or if, under

all the circumstances of the particular case, the trial court’s action was arbitrary or

unreasonable. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241–42

(Tex. 1985).

      A trial court may impose sanctions against a party for failing to comply with

proper discovery requests, failing to obey discovery orders, or otherwise abusing the

discovery process. TEX. R. CIV. P. 215.3; In re Ford Motor Co., 988 S.W.2d 714,

718 (Tex. 1998); TransAmerican Nat. Gas Corp. v. Powell, 811 S.W.2d 913, 917

(Tex. 1991); In re Carnival Corp., 193 S.W.3d 229, 234 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2006, orig. proceeding). Sanctions may include, as here, prohibiting a party

from introducing evidence to support certain claims or defenses. TEX. R. CIV. P.

215.2(b)(4). Courts have described such sanctions as “death penalty” or “case

                                          16
determinative” sanctions because they have the effect of adjudicating claims, not on

their merits, but based on the failure of a party or his attorney to comply with

discovery requirements or court orders. See Braden v. Downey, 811 S.W.2d 922,

929 (Tex. 1991) (citing TEX. R. CIV. P. 215.2(b)); TransAmerican, 811 S.W.2d at

917–18. Sanctions that are so severe as to preclude presentation of the merits of a

case should not be assessed absent a party’s flagrant bad faith or counsel’s callous

disregard for the responsibilities of discovery under the rules. TransAmerican, 811
S.W.2d at 917–18. Discovery sanctions cannot be used to adjudicate the merits of a

party’s claims or defenses unless the party’s hindrance of the discovery process

justifies a presumption that its claims or defenses lack merit. Id. at 918. If a party

refuses to produce material evidence, despite the imposition of lesser sanctions, the

court may presume that an asserted claim or defense lacks merit and dispose of it.

Id.; see Braden, 811 S.W.2d at 929 (holding severe sanctions may be necessary to

prevent abusive party from thwarting administration of justice by concealing merits

of case). However, because such sanctions inhibit or terminate the presentation of

the merits of a party’s claim, they are further limited by constitutional due process.

TransAmerican, 811 S.W.2d at 918.

      A trial court may not impose sanctions that are more severe than necessary to

satisfy legitimate purposes, which include assuring compliance with discovery and

deterring “those who might be tempted to abuse discovery.” Cire, 134 S.W.3d at

                                         17
839. Any sanction imposed must be “just.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 215.2(b). In evaluating

whether sanctions are just, we consider (1) whether a direct relationship exists

between the offensive conduct and the sanction imposed and (2) whether the

sanction ordered is excessive to punish the improper conduct. TransAmerican, 811
S.W.2d at 917; see also Spohn Hosp. v. Mayer, 104 S.W.3d 878, 882 (Tex. 2003).

      Under the first TransAmerican prong, there is a direct relationship between

the offensive conduct and the sanction imposed if the sanction is directed against the

abuse and toward remedying the prejudice caused to the party harmed by the

conduct. 811 S.W.2d at 917; see also Spohn Hosp., 104 S.W.3d at 882. The sanction

“should be visited upon the offender,” that is, “[t]he trial court must at least attempt

to determine whether the offensive conduct is attributable to counsel only, to the

party only, or to both.” TransAmerican, 811 S.W.2d at 917. The Texas Supreme

Court has explained this requirement as follows:

      This we recognize will not be an easy matter in many instances. On the
      one hand, a lawyer cannot shield his client from sanctions; a party must
      bear some responsibility for its counsel’s discovery abuses when it is
      or should be aware of counsel’s conduct and the violation of discovery
      rules. On the other hand, a party should not be punished for counsel’s
      conduct in which it is not implicated apart from having entrusted to
      counsel its legal representation. The point is, the sanctions the trial
      court imposes must relate directly to the abuse found.

Id.

      Under the second TransAmerican prong, the sanction imposed must not be

excessive and should be no more severe than necessary to satisfy its legitimate
                                          18
purposes. Id.; see also Spohn, 104 S.W.3d at 882. The record must reflect that the

trial court considered the availability of appropriate lesser sanctions and must

contain an explanation of the appropriateness of the sanctions imposed. In re

Carnival Corp., 193 S.W.3d at 237; see Spohn Hosp., 104 S.W.3d at 882 (stating

that trial court “must consider the availability of less stringent sanctions and whether

such lesser sanctions would fully promote compliance”). In all but the most

exceptional cases, the trial court must actually test the lesser sanction. Cire, 134
S.W.3d at 841. Only the most egregious circumstances, such as the destruction of

evidence, justifies the conclusion that no lesser sanctions would fully promote

compliance with the discovery rules. Id. at 841–42.

      A.     Direct Relationship

      Thus, under the first TransAmerican prong, the record must establish a nexus

between the misconduct, the offender, and the sanction. 811 S.W.2d at 917. It must

demonstrate that the sanction was directed against the abuse, imposed on the

offender, and aimed at remedying the harm caused the innocent party. Id.

      Here, the trial court states, in its order granting appellees’ motion for summary

judgment on damages, that it “exclude[d] the testimony of [Madden] for failing to

appear for his deposition without good cause consistent with [the] July 5, 2016 order

of the court compelling his appearance and the Rule 11 agreement, dated July 20,

2016.” The trial court does not, in its order, discuss whether Star or its counsel was

                                          19
responsible for not producing Madden for deposition. See Spohn Hosp., 104 S.W.3d

at 882–83.

      The record reflects that appellees first sought to depose Madden in 2011. In

2011 or 2012, after Madden went on medical leave or disability, Star de-designated

him as its expert on damages. In 2015, Star re-designated Madden as its expert on

damages and filed his expert report.

      On July 5, 2016, the trial court issued an order compelling Verhage, Madden,

NLW, and Inner Belt to appear for depositions within 21 days. The parties conferred

and determined that the depositions could not be completed within 21 days because

of scheduling conflicts. On July 20, 2016, the parties entered into a Rule 11

Agreement, in which they agreed that Star would produce Verhage for deposition on

July 29, 2016; that NLW would produce its representative for deposition on August

1; that Star would produce Madden for deposition on August 16, 2016; and that Inner

Belt would produce its representative for deposition on August 17, 2016.

      At the hearing on appellees’ motion to exclude Madden’s testimony and for

summary judgment on the damages issue, Star argued that, after it produced Verhage

for deposition, as agreed, appellees breached the Rule 11 Agreement by presenting

Parker, who was not a competent corporate representative of NLW because he

admitted that he was not an employee, owner, or contractor of NLW and he

demonstrated a lack of knowledge of any relevant information. Star also complained

                                        20
that, during Parker’s deposition, NLW asserted frivolous objections to entire

categories of questions. Thus, Star terminated the deposition and refused to produce

Madden until appellees honored the agreement. Star filed a motion to compel NLW

to present a proper corporate representative and filed a motion for protection,

requesting that the trial court prohibit any further depositions until NLW complied.

However, the trial court denied Star’s motions. When the trial court noted that Star

had not made its production of Madden contingent on appellees honoring the Rule

11 Agreement, Star responded that the remedy for such was a breach-of-contract

claim by appellees, not a death penalty sanction by the trial court.

      After the trial court denied Star’s motion for protection on September 12,

2016, Star did not immediately produce Madden for deposition. On November 7,

2016, with trial set for February 13, 2017, Star emailed appellees about completing

the depositions of Madden, NLW, and Inner Belt.

      In a January 2, 2017 letter to the trial court, Star stated that, at a December 1,

2016 status conference, the trial court had ordered Star to produce Madden for

deposition if the parties’ mediation on January 7, 2017 was unsuccessful. Star

explained that the mediator had canceled due to illness and that the mediation had

been rescheduled for January 9. Star again asked the trial court to advise regarding

its order to produce Madden for deposition. On January 6, 2017, Star notified the

trial court that the mediator was still ill, that the mediation had been rescheduled for

                                          21
January 23, and that Star had attempted unsuccessfully to confer with appellees

regarding scheduling mediation sooner with another mediator. Star asked the trial

court to advise regarding its order to produce Madden for deposition by January 7.

On January 12, 2017, Star requested an emergency hearing in the trial court

regarding its order to produce Madden for deposition. Star asserted that it had

offered to produce Madden for deposition on January 11, however, appellees had

declined to proceed with deposing Madden. On January 24, 2017, Star notified the

trial court that mediation had been completed but was unsuccessful. Star noted that

it had again offered Madden for deposition on January 25 and that appellees had

declined. Appellees, in a letter to the trial court, re-urged their motion for summary

judgment and asserted that Madden’s expert report should be excluded.

      On February 21, 2017, the trial court excluded Madden’s testimony for failing

to appear for deposition and granted appellees’ motion for no-evidence summary

judgment on the damages element of Star’s breach-of-contract claim, based on the

ESA. Thus, the sanction imposed terminated the presentation of the merits of Star’s

claim. As in TransAmerican, however, it is not clear whether Star or its counsel

was, or should have been, faulted for Madden’s failure to appear for his deposition.
811 S.W.2d at 917–18 (holding that record must contain evidence that sanctions

were “visited on the offender”); see, e.g., Gunn v. Fuqua, 397 S.W.3d 358, 374 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2013, pet. denied) (noting that trial court made no finding that party

                                         22
was personally responsible for failure of counsel to fully comply with discovery

rules or orders in case). The record does not show that the trial court attempted to

determine whether the offensive conduct was attributable to counsel only, to Star

only, or to both. See Spohn Hosp., 104 S.W.3d at 882–83; TransAmerican, 811
S.W.2d at 917–18.

      We conclude that, although striking the testimony of Star’s sole expert witness

on damages is related to his failure to appear for his deposition, generally directed

at the abuse, and aimed at remedying the harm, the record does not establish that it

was imposed on the offender. See id.

      B.     Excessive Sanctions

      Again, the second prong of the TransAmerican analysis “mandates that the

trial court consider less stringent measures before settling on severe sanctions.”

Spohn Hosp., 104 S.W.3d at 883. Thus, “the record should contain some explanation

of the appropriateness of the sanctions imposed.” Id. In all but the most exceptional

cases, the trial court must actually test the lesser sanction. Cire, 134 S.W.3d at 841.

      In TransAmerican, the trial court imposed merits-preclusive sanctions against

the plaintiff after its president failed to present himself for his deposition. 811
S.W.2d at 915–16. The supreme court concluded that “[n]othing in the record before

[it] even approache[d] justification for so severe a sanction.” Id. at 918–19. There,

with 30 days remaining in the discovery period, the parties were repeatedly unable

                                          23
to agree upon a date for the president’s deposition. See id. at 915. The plaintiff

ascribed its failure to produce its president to miscommunications concerning

schedule changes.     Id.   The defendant alleged that his failure to appear was

purposeful and part of the plaintiff’s intentional obstruction of the discovery process.

Id. After each sought sanctions against the other, the trial court signed an order

striking the plaintiff’s pleadings. See id. at 915–16.

      The supreme court concluded in TransAmerican that nothing in the record

indicated that the trial court had considered the imposition of lesser sanctions or that

such sanctions would not have been effective. Id. at 918. If anything, the court

concluded, the record “strongly suggest[ed] that lesser sanctions should have been

utilized and probably would have been effective.” Id. The court noted that the trial

court could have ordered the president’s deposition for a specific date and punished

any failure to comply with that order by contempt or another sanction. Id. Further,

the trial court could have taxed the costs of the deposition and assessed attorney’s

fees against the plaintiff. Id. (“The range of sanctions available to the district court

under Rule 215 is quite broad.”).

      Here, the trial court’s order excluded the testimony of Star’s sole expert

witness on damages “for failing to appear for his deposition without good cause

consistent with [the] July 5, 2016 order of the court compelling his appearance and

the Rule 11 agreement, dated July 20, 2016.” However, the July 5, 2016 order

                                          24
requires both parties to produce witnesses for deposition and does not expressly

address or impose any sanctions. Although the parties had a Rule 11 Agreement,

each was required to produce witnesses for deposition, neither complied, and Star

explained that appellees breached the agreement prior to the agreed date of

Madden’s deposition. Generally, the remedy for a breach of a Rule 11 agreement is

a breach-of-contract claim filed by a party. See In re Build by Owner, LLC, No. 01-

11-00513-CV, 2011 WL 4612790, at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 6,

2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding Rule 11 agreement enforced by breach-of-

contract claim); see also Padilla v. LaFrance, 907 S.W.2d 454, 460 (Tex. 1995)

(holding courts construe Rule 11 agreements as any other contract).

      The record before us does not reflect that the trial court attempted lesser

sanctions and does not contain an explanation of the appropriateness of the sanction

imposed or the effectiveness of less stringent sanctions. See Cire, 134 S.W.3d at

841; Spohn Hosp., 104 S.W.3d at 883 (holding that record should contain some

explanation of appropriateness of sanctions imposed and that record was silent

regarding consideration and effectiveness of less stringent sanctions); Occidental

Chem. Corp. v. Banales, 907 S.W.2d 488, 490 (Tex. 1995) (vacating trial court’s

order compelling production of attorney’s notes from witness interviews as remedy

for discovery abuse because there was no showing why less severe sanctions would

not have cured abuse). The trial court could have ordered Madden’s deposition for

                                        25
a specific date and punished any failure to comply with that order by contempt or

another sanction, or the trial court could have taxed the costs of the deposition and

assessed attorney’s fees against Star. See TransAmerican, 811 S.W.2d at 918 (“The

range of sanctions available to the district court under Rule 215 is quite broad.”); see

also TEX. R. CIV. P. 215.2(a).      Based on Star’s attempts to present Madden for

deposition, the record suggests, as in TransAmerican, that lesser sanctions “probably

would have been effective.” See id.

      In particularly egregious cases, a trial court may order death penalty sanctions

without first testing lesser sanctions, but no evidence demonstrates that this is such

a case. See Gunn, 397 S.W.3d at 375 (holding that, although record contained

evidence of dilatoriness on counsel’s part, sanctions imposed were excessive); cf.

Cire, 134 S.W.3d at 838, 842–43 (demonstrating exceptional case in which death

penalty sanctions were upheld after single lesser sanction directed only at counsel

after party disregarded four discovery orders to produce certain evidence and then

deliberately destroyed evidence).

      Discovery sanctions may not “adjudicate the merits of a party’s claims or

defenses unless a party’s hindrance of the discovery process justifies a presumption

that the party’s claims or defenses lack merit” or “absent a party’s flagrant bad faith

or counsel’s callous disregard for the responsibilities of discovery under the rules.”

TransAmerican, 811 S.W.2d at 918; Daniel v. Kelley Oil Corp., 981 S.W.2d 230,

                                          26
234–35 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. denied). We conclude that the

record here does not warrant such a presumption. See TransAmerican, 811 S.W.2d

at 917–18.

      Because the trial court’s order does not comply with the procedural and

substantive requirements for imposing such sanctions, we hold that the trial court

erred in ordering that the testimony of Madden, Star’s sole expert on liquidated

damages, be excluded.

      We further conclude that the trial court’s error was harmful. See TEX. R. APP.

P. 44.1; Spohn Hosp., 104 S.W.3d at 883. The trial court, although having previously

granted summary judgment in favor of Star on the liability portion of its claim

against Northpark for breach of the ESA, precluded Star’s ability to present the

merits of the damages element of its claim by excluding the testimony of its sole

expert on damages. Appellees moved for a summary judgment, arguing that they

were entitled to judgment as a matter of law on Star’s breach-of-contract claim

because, without Madden’s testimony, Star had no evidence of the damages element.

The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of appellees, noting in its order

that Madden’s testimony was excluded. Thus, the exclusion of Madden’s testimony

was outcome determinative and harmful.

      Accordingly, we sustain Star’s first issue.

                                         27
                                Summary Judgment

      In its second, third, and fourth issues, Star challenges the trial court’s

summary judgments in favor of appellees. In its second issue, Star argues that the

trial court erred in granting appellees’ motion for no-evidence summary judgment

on the damages element of Star’s breach-of-contract claim. See TEX. R. CIV. P.

166a(i). Also under its second issue, Star argues that the trial court erred in granting

appellees’ motion for traditional summary judgment on their affirmative defense of

accord and satisfaction. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). In its fourth issue, Star argues

that the trial court erred in granting appellees’ motion, and erred in denying Star’s

motion, for traditional summary judgment on Star’s fraudulent transfer claims. See

id. In its third issue, Star argues that the trial court erred in granting appellees’

motion for traditional summary judgment and dismissing all of Star’s remaining

claims based on the doctrine of res judicata. See id.

Standard of Review and Principles of Law

      We review a trial court’s summary judgment de novo. Valence Operating Co.

v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005); Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co. v.

Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2003). In conducting our review, we take as true

all evidence favorable to the non-movant, and we indulge every reasonable inference

and resolve any doubts in the non-movant’s favor. Valence Operating, 164 S.W.3d

at 661; Provident Life & Accident Ins., 128 S.W.3d at 215. If a trial court grants

                                          28
summary judgment without specifying the grounds for granting the motion, we must

uphold the trial court’s judgment if any of the asserted grounds are meritorious.

Beverick v. Koch Power, Inc., 186 S.W.3d 145, 148 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2005, pet. denied).

      A party seeking summary judgment may combine in a single motion a request

for summary judgment under the traditional and no-evidence standards. Binur v.

Jacobo, 135 S.W.3d 646, 650–51 (Tex. 2004); see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c), (i).

When a party has sought summary judgment on both grounds and the trial court’s

order does not specify its reasons for granting summary judgment, we first review

the propriety of the summary judgment under the no-evidence standard. See Ford

Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 600 (Tex. 2004); see also TEX. R. CIV. P.

166a(i). If we conclude that the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment

under the no-evidence standard, we need not reach the issue of whether the trial court

erred in granting summary judgment under the traditional standard. See Ford Motor

Co., 135 S.W.3d at 600; see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c).

      To prevail on a motion for no-evidence summary judgment, the movant must

establish that there is no evidence to support an essential element of the non-

movant’s claim on which the non-movant would have the burden of proof at trial.

See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Hahn v. Love, 321 S.W.3d 517, 523–24 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied). The burden then shifts to the non-movant to

                                         29
present evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact as to each of the elements

challenged in the motion. Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 582 (Tex.

2006); Hahn, 321 S.W.3d at 524. A no-evidence summary-judgment may not be

granted if the non-movant brings forth more than a scintilla of evidence to raise a

genuine issue of material fact on the challenged elements. See Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d

at 600. More than a scintilla of evidence exists when the evidence “rises to a level

that would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions.”

Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997).

      In a traditional summary-judgment motion, the movant has the burden to show

that no genuine issue of material fact exists and the trial court should grant judgment

as a matter of law. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); KPMG Peat Marwick v. Harrison

Cty. Hous. Fin. Corp., 988 S.W.2d 746, 748 (Tex. 1999). When a plaintiff moves

for summary judgment on its own claim, the plaintiff must conclusively prove all

essential elements of its cause of action. Rhône–Poulenc, Inc. v. Steel, 997 S.W.2d
217, 223 (Tex. 1999). When a defendant moves for a traditional summary judgment,

it must either: (1) disprove at least one essential element of the plaintiff’s cause of

action or (2) plead and conclusively establish each essential element of an

affirmative defense, thereby defeating the plaintiff’s cause of action. See Cathey v.

Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1995); Centeq Realty, Inc. v. Siegler, 899 S.W.2d
195, 197 (Tex. 1995); Lujan v. Navistar Fin. Corp., 433 S.W.3d 699, 704 (Tex.

                                          30
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.). Once the movant meets its burden, the

burden shifts to the non-movant to raise a genuine issue of material fact precluding

summary judgment. See Siegler, 899 S.W.2d at 197. The evidence raises a genuine

issue of fact if reasonable and fair-minded jurors could differ in their conclusions in

light of all of the summary-judgment evidence. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v.

Mayes, 236 S.W.3d 754, 755 (Tex. 2007).

I.    Breach-of-Contract Damages

      The trial court previously granted summary judgment for Star on the liability

portion of its claim against Northpark for breach of the ESA. In its second issue,

Star argues that the trial court erred in granting appellees’ motion for no-evidence

summary judgment on the damages element of its claim because Star presented more

than a scintilla of evidence to support its claim. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). Star

also argues that the trial court erred in granting appellees’ motion for traditional

summary judgment on the damages issue because appellees did not conclusively

establish their right to judgment on their affirmative defense of accord and

satisfaction. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c).

      A.     No-evidence Summary Judgment

      In its petition, Star sought damages for (1) Northpark’s failure to pay for the

electricity services it received under the ESA and (2) Northpark’s failure to pay the

                                          31
agreed liquidated damages, or ETF, for terminating the ESA prior to the end of its

term.

        In their joint motion for no-evidence summary judgment, appellees argued

that Star could show “no evidence” of the amount due for electricity services under

the ESA because “its records continually produced inconsistent numbers.”

Appellees further argued that Star “had no evidence supporting its liquidated

damages claim” and that “inconsistent testimony concerning the amount of the

liquidated damages demonstrate[d] that such amount cannot be accurately

calculated.”7 See id. Appellees’ assertion that Star could show no evidence of

damages, an essential part of its breach-of-contract claim, shifted the burden to Star

to produce more than a scintilla of probative evidence to raise a fact issue. See id.;

Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d at 600.

7
        In their motion for summary judgment on Star’s breach-of-contract claim, appellees
        also asserted that they were entitled to judgment as a matter of law because there
        was no evidence that any person or entity other than Northpark was a party to the
        ESA. Star’s petition reflects, however, that its claim for breach of the ESA was
        against Northpark. Star’s claims against Choudhri and Jetall were under corporate
        veil piercing theories, and Star did not assert a claim for breach of the ESA against
        another person or entity. Appellees further asserted that they were entitled to
        judgment because Star could not recover damages under any theory asserted in its
        petition, except as expressly provided in the ESA. Appellees asserted that, pursuant
        to the terms of the ESA, the contract remedies therein are exclusive and all others
        are waived. The record reflects, however, that, with respect to the breach-of-
        contract claim at issue, Star sought the types of damages expressly set forth in the
        ESA. Even were we to conclude that appellees, as non-signatories to the ESA, could
        collectively benefit from any waiver provision contained therein, waiver constitutes
        an affirmative defense that appellees would have borne the burden to establish. See
        TEX. R. CIV. P. 94.
                                             32
      Star, in its response, argued that Verhage’s testimony, even if inconsistent,

constituted some evidence of its damages for unpaid electricity services. In addition,

Madden’s expert report constituted some evidence of its liquidated damages. As its

summary-judgment evidence, Star attached the ESA, its “Supplier Agreement” with

Luminant, its monthly invoices to Northpark for electricity services, its Amended

Responses to Appellees’ Requests for Disclosure, Verhage’s affidavit and

deposition testimony, and Madden’s expert report on damages. Appellees objected,

on various grounds, to the ESA, Supplier Agreement, Star’s invoices, Verhage’s

affidavit, and Madden’s expert report. And, the trial court sustained their objections.

             1.     Summary Judgment Evidence

      In a sub-point under this issue, Star argues that, “[a]s a threshold matter, the

trial court erred in sustaining appellees’ objections to [Star’s] evidence.” However,

it specifically challenges only Verhage’s affidavit and Madden’s expert report.

      Appellees objected to the ESA and Supplier Agreement on the basis of

hearsay and objected to Star’s monthly invoices on the ground that they lacked

authentication.   The trial court sustained these objections, and Star does not

specifically challenge them on appeal. Thus, we do not consider this evidence.

Further, Star’s own responses to Appellees’ Requests for Disclosure do not

constitute competent summary judgment evidence. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 197.3 (stating

answers to interrogatories may only be used against responding party); Yates v.

                                          33
Fisher, 988 S.W.2d 730, 731 (Tex. 1998); Stauder v. Nichols, No. 01-08-00773-CV,

2010 WL 2306385, at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] June 10, 2010, no pet.)

(mem. op.).

      Appellees objected to Verhage’s affidavit on the ground that it constituted a

“sham affidavit” because it conflicts with Verhage’s deposition testimony, in which

he claimed a lack of knowledge of how Star’s damages were to be calculated, and

he could not explain why he testified previously to different amounts. On appeal,

Star argues that the trial court erred by sustaining appellees’ objection to Verhage’s

affidavit because “nowhere in the affidavit does Verhage state that he is

knowledgeable about how amounts are calculated under the Contract.” Thus, there

is no conflict and the affidavit is not a “sham.”

      This Court has held that a party cannot file an affidavit to contradict his own

deposition testimony, without any explanation for the change in the testimony, for

the purpose of creating a fact issue to avoid summary judgment. Farroux v. Denny’s

Restaurants, Inc., 962 S.W.2d 108, 111 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no

pet.). If a party’s own affidavit contradicts his earlier testimony, the affidavit must

explain the reason for the change. Id. (noting that affiant could explain that he was

confused during deposition or had discovered additional, relevant materials

afterwards). Without an explanation for the change in the testimony, the court

                                          34
assumes that the sole purpose of the affidavit is to avoid summary judgment. Id. As

such, it presents merely a “sham” fact issue. Id.

      Here, in his affidavit, Verhage testified that he was the Director of Credit and

Collections of Star during the time of the events and circumstances at issue, and that

the facts stated in the affidavit were within his personal knowledge and were true

and correct. Our review reflects that, with respect to damages, Verhage, in his

affidavit, which is presented in detail below, does not attempt to calculate damages,

explain how damages were calculated, or claim personal knowledge of how damages

were calculated. Thus, the record does not support appellees’ asserted conflict

between Verhage’s affidavit testimony and his deposition testimony, the

complained-of portions of which appellees do not identify. Because the record does

not support appellees’ objection to the admissibility of Verhage’s affidavit, the trial

court erred in sustaining appellees’ objection to the affidavit.

      With respect to Madden’s expert report, appellees objected on the ground that

it was not verified. On appeal, Star argues that the trial court erred by sustaining

appellees’ objection because Madden’s report was verified. In order to constitute

competent summary judgment evidence, an expert report must be verified. Kolb v.

Scarbrough, No. 01-14-00671-CV, 2015 WL 1408780, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that expert report, to which nonmovant

failed to attach affidavit or otherwise authenticate, did not constitute competent

                                          35
summary judgment evidence to defeat no-evidence motion). The record shows that

Madden’s expert report is verified by attached affidavit. Thus, the record does not

support appellees’ objection, and the trial court erred in sustaining it.

             2.     Summary Judgment

      To support its damages claims, Star was required to present more than a

scintilla of evidence of its unpaid invoices and early termination fees. See TEX. R.

CIV. P. 166a(i). Again, more than a scintilla of evidence exists when the evidence

“rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in

their conclusions.” Merrell Dow Pharm., 953 S.W.2d at 711.

      With respect to Star’s claim for damages based on its unpaid invoices, we first

note that, because the trial court sustained appellees’ objection to Star’s invoices, we

must consider whether Star presented other evidence of its unpaid invoices sufficient

to raise a fact issue. By analogy, in MeadWestvaco Corp. v. Way Service, the court

upheld a jury’s finding that a defendant owed $254,196.48 for three unpaid invoices

and a $8,609.88 termination fee based on a manager’s testimony. No. 09-15-00014-

CV, 2016 WL 421303, at *2 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Feb. 4, 2016, no pet.) (mem.

op.). There, the plaintiff’s general manager testified that the defendant did not pay

the plaintiff’s invoices for November 2010, December 2010, or January 2011 in the

amount of $84,732.16 each. Id. And, notably, the defendant admitted that it had

failed to pay the invoices. Id. The court held that a jury could reasonably conclude

                                           36
that the defendant breached the contract by failing to pay the undisputed invoices

and that the plaintiff was entitled to $254,196.48, an amount that represented the

three unpaid invoices. Id.

      Here, Star’s summary-judgment evidence shows that Verhage, in his affidavit,

testified regarding Star’s unpaid invoices as follows:

      6.     On or about September 3, 2008, [Star] entered into an [ESA]
             with Northpark, wherein [Star] agreed to provide electricity to
             the [Property] at a rate of 8.97 cents per kilowatt hour for 60
             months. . . .
      7.     At about the time the [ESA] was executed, [Star] went to its
             supplier to purchase enough power to service the full 60-month
             term. Specifically, [Star] entered into a [Supplier Agreement],
             whereby it committed to purchasing a specific volume of energy
             unique to Northpark’s consumption needs for a period of 60
             months, beginning on or about the same time as the [ESA’s] 60-
             month term . . . .
      8.     Thereafter, [Star] began serving the Property with electricity.
             [Star] also submitted monthly invoices to Northpark detailing the
             amount of electricity used and amounts owed for the same
             pursuant to the contractually agreed rate of 8.97 cents per
             kilowatt hour. A true and correct copy of [Star’s] monthly
             invoices to Northpark are attached as Exhibit “C” to [Star’s]
             Response.
      9.     As reflected in the monthly invoices, Northpark timely paid each
             invoice up until mid-2010 when it began falling behind on its
             payments. . . .
      10.    . . . [Star] subsequently received a letter dated October 18, 2010
             from Choudhri, as an authorized agent of Northpark. This letter
             stated that Northpark wished to terminate the [ESA] as of
             October 31, 2010.
      11.    At the time Choudhri terminated the [ESA], approximately 36
             months remained in the original 60-month contractual term.

                                         37
             Additionally, Northpark owed an outstanding balance for unpaid
             electricity previously provided under the [ESA]. . . .
      12.    . . . . [Star] treated Northpark’s early termination and failure to
             pay as a breach of the [ESA]. As a result of such breach, [Star]
             incurred significant damages.
      13.    To date, Northpark has failed and refuses to pay the amounts
             owed to [Star] under the [ESA]. This claim is within my personal
             knowledge and is just and true and is due and owing to [Star]
             from Northpark and all just and lawful offsets, payments, and
             credits have been allowed.

      On appeal, appellees admit that they “tendered two cashier[’s] checks in the

amounts of $22,247.02 and $84,423.04” to Star for “unpaid electricity billed by

[Star].” As Star argues, Verhage’s affidavit testimony, coupled with such admission,

constitutes more than a scintilla of evidence to raise a fact issue on Star’s damages

with respect to its unpaid invoices. See MeadWestvaco, 2016 WL 421303, at *2

(holding that testimony of plaintiff’s manager coupled with defendant’s admission

of unpaid invoices constituted evidence sufficient to sustain jury finding at trial).

      With respect to Star’s claim for damages based on the termination fees, or

ETFs, under the ESA, Star presented Madden’s expert report. The term “liquidated

damages” generally refers to an acceptable measure of damages that the parties

stipulate in advance will be assessed in the event of a breach of their contract. Flores

v. Millennium Interests, Ltd., 185 S.W.3d 427, 431 (Tex. 2005); Triton 88, L.P. v.

Star Elec., L.L.C., 411 S.W.3d 42, 61–63 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no

pet.) (holding that trial court did not err in granting summary judgment and awarding

                                          38
Star $105,034.18 on its claim that Triton failed to pay for electricity provided under

ESA and $197,323.25 as liquidated damages on its claim for Triton’s early

termination of ESA). Liquidated damages are given in lieu of actual damages and

thus they are not considered future damages, even though aspects of the liquidated

award may compensate the party for what would have otherwise been recovered as

future losses. See Lafarge Corp. v. Wolff, Inc., 977 S.W.2d 181, 188 n.13 (Tex.

App.—Austin 1998, pet. denied). Generally, to enforce a liquidated damages clause,

the court must find that (1) the harm caused by the breach is incapable or difficult of

estimation and (2) the amount of liquidated damages called for is a reasonable

forecast of just compensation. See id.

      Madden, in his “Report of Findings,” states:

      I have been asked to provide observations and opinions relevant to the
      damages incurred by [Star] resulting from [Northpark’s] early
      termination of the retail electricity contract that Northpark entered into
      with [Star] on or about September 3, 2008. . . . I have reviewed various
      documents [listed] from [Star], along with transcripts of certain
      depositions taken in the present suit. I have also consulted SNL
      Financial for historical natural gas and power pricing information
      which further support my findings. Based on my review of this
      evidence, I conclude that [Star] incurred liquidated damages in the
      amount of $477,956.84 as a result of Northpark’s early termination of
      the [ESA]. This amount does not include any amounts owed for unpaid
      usage or late fees. I further conclude that these damages are reasonable
      and comparable to industry standards.

      Madden further explained that Star does not generate or transmit electricity;

rather, it purchases energy from a wholesale supplier and sells it to end users.

                                          39
Northpark agreed to purchase electricity from Star at a rate of 8.97 cents per kilowatt

hour for 60 months. To fulfill this contract, Star contracted with its supplier,

Luminant, to purchase a certain amount of electricity each month, for 60 consecutive

months, according to forecasted 15-minute interval usage for Northpark’s profile.

Specifically, Star committed to purchase 18,775.852 megawatt hours at $83.80 per

megawatt hour.

      He explained that when a customer terminates a contract early, it is impossible

to accurately calculate the total damages actually realized because the price of

electricity may change every 15 minutes. In order to fully mitigate its damages, Star

would have to find a new customer who not only agrees to pay the same fixed rate

for the same term, but who also has the exact same volume requirements as the

customer who terminated early. Thus, to compensate for the damages incurred, the

ESA contains a liquidated damages provision.

      Madden explained that, here, the ESA, paragraph 9, provides that an ETF is

to be assessed as follows:

      The [ETF] shall be equal to any mark to market costs. For
      purposes of this Agreement, mark to market costs shall be
      calculated as . . . the difference between the costs of Energy
      procured by Star in order to satisfy the Customer’s requirements
      under this ESA for the Customer’s Service Location(s) and
      ESID(s) and the final net liquidated value of said Energy at the
      time of termination by Customer multiplied by the total amount
      of Energy procured for the Customer’s Service Location(s) and
      ESID(s) for the remainder of the original Term of the ESA, as
      reasonably determined by Star.
                                          40
      Finally, Madden applied the agreed model in the ESA:

      In my opinion, paragraph 9 provides for a fair and reasonable
      compensation in the event of an early termination, particularly because
      it limits the fee to the “net liquidated value” rather than charging all the
      margin costs actually realized by [Star] when liquidating. In my
      opinion, “net liquidated value” simply refers to how much it would cost
      [Star] to sell back the remaining volume of energy to Luminant at the
      time Northpark terminated.
      Based on the formula in paragraph 9, I conclude that Northpark
      incurred $477,956.84 in ETFs. This represents the amount calculated
      at the time of the termination as [Star] consulted with Luminant to
      determine the amount that would be due and payable from [Star] to
      Luminant in the event that [Star] requested to sell back to Luminant all
      of the remaining volumes under the terms of this agreement. In
      applying the formula from paragraph 9, this amount would be equal to
      the difference between the original cost of the electricity purchased
      from Luminant equal to $83.80/MWH and the then-current value of the
      remaining volumes of electricity purchased from Luminant equal to
      $40.98/MWH multiplied by the remaining volume equal to 11,162
      MWH.

      Thus, the liquidated damages provision in the ESA required evidence of the

cost of the energy that Star obtained from Luminant to satisfy Star’s contract with

Northpark, which Madden testified was 18,775.852 megawatt hours at $83.80 per

megawatt hour. The model also required the liquidated value of the energy at the

time of termination and the total amount of energy for the remainder of the term,

which Madden testified was $40.98 per megawatt hour multiplied by the remaining

volume of 11,162.00 megawatt hours. Madden concluded that plugging these values

into the formula yielded total damages of $477,956.84.

                                          41
       We conclude that Star presented more than a scintilla of probative evidence

to raise a genuine issue of material fact on the liquidated damages element of its

claim. See also Port of Hous. Auth. of Harris Cty. v. Zachry Constr. Corp., 513
S.W.3d 543, 559 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. denied) (concluding

that expert’s damages model was not unreliable based on conflicting evidence,

which was for jury to resolve); Am.’s Favorite Chicken Co. v. Samaras, 929 S.W.2d
617, 629 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, writ denied) (upholding damages for lost

profits in breach of contract case despite varying assumptions in parties’ competing

damages models).

       Accordingly, to the extent that the trial court granted summary judgment on

the damages issue in favor of appellees based on their no-evidence motion, we hold

that the trial court erred.

       B.     Traditional Summary Judgment

       In their motion for traditional summary judgment on damages, appellees

argued that they are entitled to judgment because they established, as a matter of

law, their affirmative defense of accord and satisfaction. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 94,

166a(c). Appellees assert that they tendered cashier’s checks to Star, in the amounts

of $22,247.02 and $84,423.04, that were not returned, and thus they have paid “any

sums that [Star] could establish due and owing.”

                                         42
      As both the party asserting the affirmative defense and the movant for

summary judgment, appellees bore the burden to conclusively establish their defense

as a matter of law. Richardson v. Allstate Tex. Lloyd’s, 235 S.W.3d 863, 865 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.) (citing Jenkins v. Henry C. Beck Co., 449 S.W.2d 454,

455 (Tex. 1969)). Accord and satisfaction exists when parties agree to discharge

“an existing obligation in a manner other than in accordance with the terms of their

original contract.” Avary v. Bank of Am., N.A., 72 S.W.3d 779, 788 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2002, pet. denied). The defense involves a new contract, either express or

implied, in which the existing obligation is released by agreement of the parties

through “means of [a] lesser payment tendered and accepted.” Jenkins, 449 S.W.2d

at 455. Evidence offered in support of the defense must demonstrate that both parties

agreed that the amount the debtor paid “fully satisfied the entire claim.” Avary, 72
S.W.3d at 788 (emphasis added). Because a valid accord and satisfaction depends

upon an agreement, “it only occurs when the parties mutually [assent] to it, and their

intention is a controlling element.”     Richardson, 235 S.W.3d at 865 (internal

quotations omitted).

      Appellees, in their motion for summary judgment, did not argue or present

any evidence of such an agreement with Star. See id. To the contrary, appellees

asserted in their motion and on appeal, and it is undisputed, that Star did not accept

appellees’ payments. Accordingly, to the extent that the trial court granted summary

                                         43
judgment in favor of appellees based on their affirmative defense of accord and

satisfaction, we hold that the trial court erred.

      We sustain Star’s second issue.

II.   Fraudulent Transfer

      In its fourth issue, Star argues that the trial court erred, in part, in granting

appellees’ motion for traditional summary judgment on Star’s fraudulent transfer

claim because appellees did not conclusively establish their affirmative defense, i.e.,

that Star’s claim was extinguished by the statute of repose. See TEX. BUS. & COM.

CODE § 24.010; TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). Also under its fourth issue, Star asserts that

the trial court erred in denying its own motion for summary judgment on its

fraudulent transfer claim. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c).

Legal Principles

      The purpose of TUFTA is to prevent debtors from prejudicing creditors by

improperly moving assets beyond their reach. Janvey v. Golf Channel, Inc., 487
S.W.3d 560, 566 (Tex. 2016); Wohlstein v. Aliezer, 321 S.W.3d 765, 776 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.). TUFTA permits a creditor, under certain

circumstances, to set aside a debtor’s fraudulent transfer of assets. See TEX. BUS. &

COM. CODE § 24.008; Goebel v. Brandley, 174 S.W.3d 359, 362 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. denied). A transfer made or obligation incurred by

a debtor is fraudulent as to a creditor, whether the creditor’s claim arose before or

                                           44
within a reasonable time after the transfer was made or the obligation was incurred,

if the debtor made the transfer or incurred the obligation:

      (1)    with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any creditor of the
             debtor; or
      (2)    without receiving a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for
             the transfer or obligation, and the debtor:
             (A)    was engaged or was about to engage in a business or a
                    transaction for which the remaining assets of the debtor
                    were unreasonably small in relation to the business or
                    transaction; or
             (B)    intended to incur, or believed or reasonably should have
                    believed that the debtor would incur, debts beyond the
                    debtor’s ability to pay as they became due.

TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE § 24.005(a). Under TUFTA, a “debtor” is “a person who

is liable on a claim.” Id. § 24.002(6). A “creditor” is “a person . . . who has a claim.”

Id. § 24.002(4). A “person” includes an “individual, partnership, corporation,

association, organization, government or governmental subdivision or agency,

business trust, estate, trust, or any other legal or commercial entity.” Id. § 24.002(9).

A “claim” is a “right to payment or property, whether or not the right is reduced to

judgment, liquidated, unliquidated, fixed, contingent, matured, unmatured, disputed,

undisputed, legal, equitable, secured, or unsecured.” Id. § 24.002(3). “Reasonably

equivalent value” is defined as including a transfer that is within the range of values

for which the transferor would have sold the asset in an arm’s length transaction. Id.

§ 24.004. A “transfer” includes “every mode . . . of disposing of or parting with an

asset or an interest in an asset, and includes payment of money, release, lease, and
                                           45
creation of a lien or other encumbrance.” Id. § 24.002(12). Facts and circumstances

that may be considered in determining fraudulent intent include a nonexclusive list

of “badges of fraud” prescribed by the legislature.8

      TUFTA provides that “a cause of action with respect to a fraudulent transfer

or obligation under this chapter is extinguished unless [the] action is brought,” as

applicable here, “within four years after the transfer was made or the obligation was

incurred.” Id. § 24.010. Section 24.010 is to be strictly construed and constitutes a

statute of repose, rather than a statute of limitations. Cadle Co. v. Wilson, 136
S.W.3d 345, 350 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, no pet.); see Nathan v. Whittington, 408

8
      Such “badges of fraud” include that:
      (1)    the transfer or obligation was to an insider;
      (2)    the debtor retained possession or control of the property transferred
             after the transfer;
      (3)    the transfer or obligation was concealed;
      (4)    before the transfer was made or obligation was incurred, the debtor
             had been sued or threatened with suit;
      (5)    the transfer was of substantially all the debtor’s assets;
      (6)    the debtor absconded;
      (7)    the debtor removed or concealed assets;
      (8)    the value of the consideration received by the debtor was reasonably
             equivalent to the value of the asset transferred or the amount of the
             obligation incurred;
      (9)    the debtor was insolvent or became insolvent shortly after the transfer
             was made or the obligation was incurred;
      (10)   the transfer occurred shortly before or shortly after a substantial debt
             was incurred; and
      (11)   the debtor transferred the essential assets of the business to a lienor
             who transferred the assets to an insider of the debtor.
TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE § 24.005(b). The presence of several of these factors is sufficient
to support a fact finder’s reasonable inference of fraudulent intent. Qui Phuoc Ho v.
MacArthur Ranch, LLC, 395 S.W.3d 325, 329 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.).
                                             46
S.W.3d 870, 874 (Tex. 2013). “[W]hile statutes of limitations operate procedurally

to bar the enforcement of a right, a statute of repose takes away the right altogether,

creating a substantive right to be free of liability after a specified time.” Nathan,
408 S.W.3d at 873 (quoting Methodist Healthcare Sys. of San Antonio, Ltd. v.

Rankin, 307 S.W.3d 283, 287 (Tex. 2010)) (“Unlike a statute of limitations, a statute

of repose not only ‘procedurally bar[s] an untimely claim, it substantively

extinguishes the cause of action.”). “Statutes of repose are of an absolute nature,

and their key purpose . . . is to eliminate uncertainties under the related statutes of

limitations and to create a final deadline for filing suit that is not subject to any

exceptions, except perhaps those clear exceptions in the statute itself.” Id. (internal

quotations omitted). Section 24.010 “bars the right and not merely the remedy.”

Cadle Co., 136 S.W.3d at 350 (citing UNIF. FRAUDULENT TRANSFER ACT § 9 cmt. 1,

7A pt. II U.L.A. 266, 359 (1999)). “The periods prescribed apply . . . whether the

action is brought against the original transferee or subsequent transferee.” UNIF.

FRAUDULENT TRANSFER ACT § 9 cmt. 2, 7A pt. II U.L.A. 555 (2017).

      A.     Appellees’ Motion for Summary Judgment

      Here, in their motion for traditional summary judgment, appellees asserted

that the “only transfer” that Star “alleged to have been made by [Northpark]” was its

October 27, 2010 transfer of the Property to NLW, that an action on such transfer is

extinguished by the statute of repose, and that “[a]ny other claim of fraudulent

                                          47
transfer either does not involve Northpark, and/or is barred by the statute of repose.”

See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c).

      Appellees asserted that Star’s fraudulent transfer claim against Northpark was

subject to a four-year statute of repose. And, because Star dropped its original claim

from its pleadings, effectively non-suiting it, and did not reassert it until after the

repose period expired, Star’s claim was extinguished. As their summary-judgment

evidence, appellees presented Star’s third, seventh, eighth, and ninth amended

petitions.

      The evidence shows that, in its third amended petition, which it filed on

February 2, 2011, Star alleged that Northpark’s transfer of the Property to NLW

constituted a fraudulent transfer under TUFTA. In its seventh amended petition,

which it filed on June 25, 2012, Star alleged several common-law-fraud claims

against appellees, but did not include a statutory fraudulent transfer claim. By

omitting its fraudulent transfer claim altogether from its seventh petition, Star

nonsuited its claim as if it had filed a notice of nonsuit with the trial court. See FKM

P’ship v. Bd. of Regents of the Univ. of Hous. Sys., 255 S.W.3d 619, 632 (Tex. 2008)

(filing amended petition that does not include cause of action nonsuits or voluntarily

dismisses omitted claim as of time pleading is filed). Star did not include a

fraudulent transfer claim in its eighth amended petition. In its ninth amended

                                          48
petition, which it filed on June 19, 2015, Star re-asserted its fraudulent transfer

claims as follows:

      [Northpark] transferred the Property to NLW on or about October
      27, 2010 in violation of Chapter 24 of the Texas Business &
      Commerce Code. Specifically, the Property was [Northpark’s] sole
      asset. It was transferred to NLW the day [Star] filed the present suit
      with actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud [Star]. Moreover,
      [Northpark] transferred the Property without receiving any reasonably
      equivalent value in exchange, thereby leaving it entirely devoid of its
      ability to satisfy any judgment obtained by [Star] in this matter.
      Further, immediately after the Property was transferred, NLW
      encumbered it with the Deed of Trust to FCCU in exchange for a
      $6.5M loan. Portions of these monies were transferred to AIGWT and
      flowed directly to Choudhri, Naeem and Shahnaz in order to purchase
      additional parcels of property through various other entities, including
      Thousand Oaks and North Belt. Additionally, NLW sold the Property
      to DS 1415 during the prosecution of this suit.
      . . . . Accordingly, [Star] is entitled to attachment of the Property and/or
      all subsequent real property, assets or cash purchased with any monies
      received as a result of the transfer. [Star] is further entitled to
      attachment of all proceeds realized or subsequent assets obtained by
      NLW following its sale of the Property to DS 1415.

(Emphasis added.)

      Thus, in its ninth amended petition, Star first complains about Northpark’s

transfer of the Property to NLW on October 27, 2010. The four-year statute of

repose applicable to that claim expired on October 27, 2014. See TEX. BUS. & COM.

CODE § 24.010. Because Star did not reassert its claim until it filed its ninth amended

petition over seven months later, on June 9, 2015, the evidence establishes that Star’s

fraudulent transfer claim against Northpark was extinguished by the statute of

                                          49
repose. See id.; Nathan, 408 S.W.3d at 873–74. Because appellees established their

initial burden on their affirmative defense, the burden shifted to Star to present

evidence creating a fact issue on at least one element of the defense. See Siegler,
899 S.W.2d at 197.

      On appeal, Star “concede[s] that Northpark’[s] transfer of the [Property] to

NLW on October 27, 2010 was subject to the Statute of Repose” and does not argue

that a fact issue exists. Thus, we conclude that appellees conclusively established

their affirmative defense with respect to Star’s fraudulent transfer claim against

Northpark. We hold that the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment

dismissing Star’s fraudulent transfer claim against Northpark.

      Star argues that the trial court erred by dismissing its fraudulent transfer claim

against NLW because its claim was filed within the statute of repose. See TEX. BUS.

& COM. CODE § 24.010. Star alleged that NLW fraudulently transferred the Property

to DS 1415 Houston, LLC (“DS 1415”)9 “on or about January 10, 2012” and

fraudulently transferred sales proceeds to Choudhri and Naeem on February 2, 2012.

      Again, in their motion for summary judgment, appellees asserted only that, as

Star’s claim against Northpark is barred by the statute of repose, “[a]ny other claim

of fraudulent transfer” is likewise barred.

9
      DS 1415 is not a party to this case.

                                             50
      At the summary judgment hearing, Star argued that even if its claim against

Northpark was extinguished, it had “asserted [claims of] fraudulent transfer as to

multiple transfers that ha[d] occurred even since the inception of this lawsuit; and

some of those [fell] within the requisite time period.”

      Appellees argued:

      There are some transfers that if they were transfers from Northpark
      would be within the time period, but they aren’t transfers by Northpark.
      And they’re alleged transfers by these other people who are alleged to
      be alter egos. Since the Court has granted summary judgment on alter
      ego, these parties are not debtors or transfer—or going to be responsible
      for the debt.10
      The only party that could be responsible is [Northpark]. Those are the
      only so-called debtors. So, these later transfers by Choudhri to
      somebody else have no bearing, and that was one of the grounds in our
      summary judgment [motion] is that there was no showing of a
      debt . . . . If the first—but the first theory of fraudulent transfer—the
      first transfer is definitely barred by the statute of repose. All the later
      supposed transfers are not by the debtor.

      Star argued that “all of these parties were parties to this lawsuit,” that Star had

claims against them, apart from its claims against Northpark, and that whether Star

had reduced its claims to final judgment had no bearing. Rather, Star simply had to

have claims, as defined under TUFTA, and a debtor-creditor relationship.

      The trial court concluded that once the initial transfer, i.e., from Northpark to

NLW, was barred by repose, then any subsequent transfer was likewise barred:

10
      Whether, under Star’s alter ego theories, the corporate forms of Northpark, Jetall,
      NLW, AIGWT, Thousand Oaks, North Belt, and Inner Belt should be disregarded
      and Choudhri, Naeem, and Shahnaz held personally liable is a different question
                                          51
      [A]s to the original fraudulent transfer, if that’s been extinguished, then
      you don’t have the links in the chain—you don’t have a fraudulent
      transfer claim against these subsequent entities unless you have a
      creditor/debtor relationship with those later entities, right?
      So, you know, ABC, Inc., transfers a property to DEF, Inc. It doesn’t
      really matter unless ABC has a—unless they have a—they owe you
      something, right? There’s some liability there, and they shouldn’t be
      transferring the assets to another subsequent entity. So, you can’t just
      jump to those entities. You have to build those links in the chain from
      the original transfer. If that original transfer is extinguished, then—
      then we’re done . . . [.]

      In its order granting appellees’ motion for summary judgment, the trial court

dismissed Star’s “claims of Fraudulent Transfer related to the electric services

agreement [ESA].” At a subsequent hearing on a motion to clarify its written order,

the trial court explained that its order applied to claims arising from the ESA and to

“every other transfer down the line.”

      Section 24.009, “Defenses, Liability, and Protection of Transferee,” provides

that, “to the extent a transfer is voidable in an action by a creditor,” under section

24.008(a)(1),11 “the creditor may recover judgment for the value of the asset

11
      Section 24.008, “Remedies of Creditors,” provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
      (a)    In an action for relief against a transfer or obligation under this
             chapter, a creditor, subject to the limitations in Section 24.009 of this
             code, may obtain:
             (1)    avoidance of the transfer or obligation to the extent necessary
                    to satisfy the creditor’s claim;
             ....

                                            52
transferred . . . or the amount necessary to satisfy the creditor’s claim. . . .” TEX.

BUS. & COM. CODE § 24.009(b). The judgment may be rendered against:

      (1)    the first transferee of the asset or the person for whose benefit the
             transfer was made; or
      (2)    any subsequent transferee other than a good faith transferee who
             took for value or from any subsequent transferee.

Id. Thus, to the extent that a creditor demonstrates that a debtor has violated

TUFTA, its remedies are against the debtor, the first transferee, or any subsequent

transferee. See Osadon v. C & N Renovation, Inc., No. 05-17-00453-CV, 2018 WL
2126821, at *4 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 9, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (“If C&N

proves a violation, it may recover from ANR (the person for whose benefit the

transfer was made), KLT (the first transferee), and from any subsequent

transferee . . . other than a ‘good faith transferee who took for value.’”); Cohen v.

Tour Partners, Ltd., No. 01-15-00705-CV, 2017 WL 1528776, at *7 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 27, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“A creditor may obtain a

judgment directly against the debtor or, instead, against a TUFTA transferee.”);

Trigeant Holdings, Ltd. v. Jones, 183 S.W.3d 717, 726 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2005, pet. denied) (“The expansive language of the UFTA’s ‘remedy’ section

       (b)   If a creditor has obtained a judgment on a claim against the debtor,
             the creditor, if the court so orders, may levy execution on the asset
             transferred or its proceeds.
      TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE § 24.008.

                                          53
provides . . . a broad range of remedies that can be sought from subsequent

transferees, . . . if they are found to have participated in the fraudulent transfer of

assets.”).

       Accordingly, if a creditor’s cause of action for a violation of TUFTA has been

extinguished by repose, there can be no remedy against a transferee. See Cadle Co.,
136 S.W.3d at 350 (stating section 24.010 bars right and remedy); see also UNIF.

FRAUDULENT TRANSFER ACT § 9 cmt. 2 (“The periods prescribed apply . . . whether

the action is brought against the original transferee or subsequent transferee.”).

Here, once Star’s cause of action against Northpark for a violation of TUFTA was

extinguished by repose, there could be no remedy against NLW, as a transferee, as

any such claim is likewise extinguished.

       To the extent that Star’s claim is against NLW as a transferee based on

Northpark’s violation of TUFTA, appellees established their affirmative defense.

Thus, the burden shifted to Star to present evidence creating a fact issue on at least

one element of the defense. See Siegler, 899 S.W.2d at 197.

       Star asserts on appeal, as it did in its response in the trial court, that it is not

seeking a remedy against NLW as a transferee based on Northpark’s violation of

TUFTA. Rather, Star asserts, its claim against NLW involves its wholly separate

violations of TUFTA.

                                            54
      The summary-judgment evidence shows that Star, in its ninth amended

petition, stated claims against NLW for fraudulent transfer, common-law fraud, and

conspiracy, seeking actual and exemplary damages against it. Star’s suit against

NLW for fraud and conspiracy constitutes a claim, as defined under TUFTA. See

TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE § 24.002(3) (defining “claim” as “a right to payment or

property, whether or not the right is reduced to judgment, liquidated, unliquidated,

fixed, contingent, matured, unmatured, disputed, undisputed, legal, equitable,

secured, or unsecured”). And, based on such claim, there existed a debtor-creditor

relationship between Star and NLW. See id. §§ 24.002(4) (defining “creditor” as “a

person . . . who has a claim”), 24.002(6) (defining “debtor” as “a person who is

liable on a claim”), 24.002(9) (defining “person” to include “individual, partnership,

corporation . . . or any other legal or commercial entity”).

      Star complains of NLW’s transfer of the Property to DS 1415 and NLW’s

transfer of sales proceeds to Choudhri and Naeem. See id. § 24.002(12) (defining

“transfer” to include “every mode . . . of disposing of or parting with an asset or an

interest in an asset, and includes payment of money, release, lease, and creation of a

lien or other encumbrance”).       Star asserts that NLW’s transfers constituted

fraudulent transfers because they were made while Star’s claims were pending

against NLW and were done “with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud” Star.

See id. § 24.005(a)(1), (b); see also Qui Phuoc Ho v. MacArthur Ranch, LLC, 395

                                          55
S.W.3d 325, 329 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.) (discussing reasonable

inferences of fraudulent intent).

      As its summary-judgment evidence to raise a fact issue on appellees’

affirmative defense, Star presented the October 27, 2010 deed, in which Northpark

transferred the Property to NLW, and a January 10, 2012 deed of trust, which DS

1415, as grantor, executed in favor of Arbor Realty SR, Inc. to secure a $9,000,000

loan against the Property.12 Star complains of NLW’s interim transfer of the

Property to DS 1415 and subsequent transfer of proceeds.

      As discussed above, Star re-asserted its fraudulent transfer claim against NLW

in its ninth amended petition filed on June 19, 2015. Thus, to the extent that NLW’s

transfers took place after June 19, 2011, they are not extinguished. See TEX. BUS. &

COM. CODE § 24.010 (providing that cause of action is extinguished unless brought

“within four years after the transfer was made or the obligation was incurred”).

      We conclude that Star presented evidence raising a fact issue as to whether its

claims against NLW are extinguished by the statute of repose.          See Siegler, 899
S.W.2d at 197; Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 236 S.W.3d at 755 (holding evidence

raises genuine issue of fact if reasonable and fair-minded jurors could differ in their

12
      Star explains that it relies on this evidence because NLW’s transfer of the Property
      to DS 1415 was concealed and that no instrument evidencing the transfer was
      recorded. See TEX. PROP. CODE § 13.001 (governing unrecorded conveyances of
      interests in real property); Fletcher v. Minton, 217 S.W.3d 755, 758 (Tex. App.—
      Dallas 2007, no pet.).
                                           56
conclusions).   Because appellees did not conclusively establish their right to

judgment on their affirmative defense with respect to NLW, we hold that the trial

court erred in granting summary judgment dismissing Star’s fraudulent transfer

claims against NLW. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); KPMG Peat Marwick, 988
S.W.2d at 748. We sustain this portion of Star’s fourth issue.

      B.     Star’s Motion for Summary Judgment

      In the remainder of its fourth issue, Star asserts that the trial court erred in

denying its motion for summary judgment on its fraudulent transfer claim with

respect to NLW’s transfer of the Property to DS 1415 and with respect to its claim

that Choudhri, after executing the Settlement Agreement, fraudulently transferred

the Fuqua Tract to Inner Belt. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). Appellees argue that this

issue is waived because Star did not obtain a ruling on its motion.

      Generally, if a trial court’s ruling granting one summary judgment motion

necessarily denies another pending motion for summary judgment on the same issue,

we will imply the ruling of denial, even if the trial court does not expressly rule on

the latter motion. See Frank’s Int’l, Inc. v. Smith Int’l, Inc., 249 S.W.3d 557, 559

n.2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, no pet.). Here, however, the parties did

not seek summary judgment on the same issues. See Coreslab Structures (Tex.), Inc.

v. Scottsdale Ins. Co., 496 S.W.3d 884, 891 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016,

no pet.); Frontier Logistics, L.P. v. Nat’l Prop. Holdings, L.P., 417 S.W.3d 656, 664

                                         57
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied) (concluding that appellate court

may render judgment on cross-motion to extent that cross-movant sought summary

judgment on same issue addressed in summary-judgment motion granted). With

respect to Star’s fraudulent transfer claim against NLW, appellees moved for

summary judgment on their affirmative defense. The issue appellees presented, and

upon which the trial court ruled, was whether Star’s claim was extinguished by the

statute of repose. Star seeks summary judgment on the merits of its fraudulent

transfer claims. The trial court did not reach the merits of this issue. Further, the

trial court, at the summary-judgment hearing, expressly did not reach Star’s claim

regarding the Fuqua Tract.

       To preserve error for appeal, a party must obtain a ruling from the trial court.

See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); Ford Motor Co. v. Ledesma, 242 S.W.3d 32, 43 (Tex.

2007) (“Preservation of error generally depends on whether the party made the trial

court aware of the complaint, timely and plainly, and obtained a ruling.”) (internal

quotations omitted). Because Star did not obtain a ruling from the trial court on its

motion for summary judgment, this issue is waived.

       Accordingly, we overrule the remainder of Star’s fourth issue.

III.   Res Judicata

       In its third issue, Star argues that the trial court erred in granting appellees’

motion for traditional summary judgment on Star’s claim against appellees for

                                          58
breach of the Settlement Agreement because appellees did not conclusively establish

their affirmative defense of res judicata. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). Star further

asserts that the trial court erred by granting appellees more relief than they requested

in their summary-judgment motion by dismissing all of Star’s remaining claims

against all appellees.

Standard of Review and Principles of Law

      Res judicata is an affirmative defense that may support a summary judgment

if the movant conclusively proves all of the elements necessary to support the

defense. Fernandez v. Memorial Healthcare Sys., Inc., 896 S.W.2d 227, 230 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, writ denied); see TEX. R. CIV. P. 94 (identifying res

judicata as affirmative defense). Res judicata precludes relitigation of claims that

have been finally adjudicated, or that arise out of the same subject matter and that

could have been litigated in the prior action. Amstadt v. U.S. Brass Corp., 919
S.W.2d 644, 652 (Tex. 1996). A party relying on res judicata must prove (1) a prior

final determination on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction, (2) identity of

parties or those in privity with them, and (3) a second action based on the same

claims as were or could have been raised in the first action. Travelers Ins. Co. v.

Joachim, 315 S.W.3d 860, 862 (Tex. 2010).

                                          59
Discussion

      Appellees, in their motion for summary judgment, argued that they were

entitled to judgment against Star on its claim for breach of the parties’ Settlement

Agreement because Star’s claim was barred by the doctrine of res judicata. To

prevail on their motion for summary judgment on their affirmative defense,

appellees were first required to conclusively establish “a prior final determination

on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction.” See id.

      Appellees asserted that Star’s claim constituted a second action based on the

same claim on which an arbitrator had previously made a final determination.

Appellees attached, as their summary-judgment evidence, the Settlement

Agreement; Levin’s September 16, 2011 Final Non-Appealable Arbitrator’s Order

(“Order No. 1”); Levin’s November 11, 2011 Arbitrator’s Order No. 2 (“Order No.

2”); and Levin’s August 7, 2012 Arbitrator’s Confidential, Non-Appealable Order

No. 6 (“Order No. 6”).

      Order No. 1 states that “on [May] 24, 2011, the parties . . . appeared before

[Levin], Mediator, to mediate the above styled and numbered cause; and . . . the

parties concluded the mediation with an executed [Settlement Agreement] (attached

hereto . . .) by which, inter alia, the parties requested that the undersigned, [Levin],

serve as Arbitrator herein.” (Emphasis added.) Attached to the order was the

Settlement Agreement.

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      The Settlement Agreement states, in relevant part, as follows:

      1.    Land in Exhibit 1 [8.733 acres vacant land located on West
            Fuqua Street, Houston (“Fuqua Tract”)] placed as collateral to
            a[n] $800,000 payment by [illegible] party to indemnify the
            payment [sic] if [Star] get[s] to final judgment after appeals are
            exhausted. [Star] may at its expense get another appraisal and A.
            Levin will be non-appealable mediator to decide that this tract
            and any additional tracts are more than 1 million dollars and fifty
            thousand.
      ....
      6.   If one or more disputes should arise with regard to the
           interpretation and/or performance of this agreement or any of its
           provisions, or the drafting or execution of further settlement
           documents, the parties agree to attempt to resolve any such
           dispute first by telephone conference with Alan. F. Levin,
           mediator herein, who facilitated this settlement. If the parties
           cannot resolve their differences by telephone conference, then
           each agrees to schedule one day of mediation with Alan F.
           Levin, mediator herein, within thirty (30) days after the
           unsuccessful telephone conference to attempt to resolve the
           disputes. The parties shall equally share the costs of such
           mediation. If any party refuses to mediate, then that party
           hereby forfeits all right to recover attorney’s fees and/or costs in
           any subsequent litigation brought to construe or enforce this
           agreement.      Conversely, if the subsequent mediation is
           unsuccessful, then the prevailing party or parties in the
           subsequent litigation shall be entitled to recover, as allowed by
           law or contract, reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses,
           including the cost of the unsuccessful mediation. Alan F. Levin
           has the final decision on any ambiguity in the settlement
           agreement.

(Emphasis added.)

      Appellees asserted that, after Star complained that appellees had breached the

Settlement Agreement because the Fuqua Tract did not appraise as represented, the

parties then asked Levin, “acting as arbitrator under the provisions of the
                                         61
[Settlement Agreement],” to determine the value of the collateral and whether

appellees had complied with the Settlement Agreement. (Emphasis added.)

      In Order No. 2, Levin concluded that appellees were to pledge additional

collateral, as follows:

      I.     [Appellees] are to produce, on or before December 31, 2011, one
             of the following additional collateral options:
             a.     Real property having a current “As-Is” appraisal value of
                    not less than [$464,176.00]; or
             b.     Cash or a bond in an amount not less than [$214,176.00].
      II.    [Counsel for Star] is to promptly contact the Arbitrator,
             following the November 14, 2011 hearing before the Court on
             this matter, to provide an update of [Star’s] positions regarding
             the following issues:
             a.     Return to mediation;
             b.     Whether the Settlement Agreement has been breached
                    with regard to the alleged tardy provision of additional
                    collateral and whether [Star] chooses to waive or pursue
                    same; and
             c.     Dismissal by [Star] of [all appellees except Northpark]
                    without prejudice.
      It is so Ordered.

      Appellees asserted that, on December 31, 2011, Star reasserted its claims

against appellees and added a claim for breach of the Settlement Agreement, alleging

that appellees had failed to timely pledge sufficient collateral as agreed and that

Choudhri had transferred the Fuqua Tract to Inner Belt without placing equivalent

value in escrow.

                                           62
      Eight months later, Levin, in Order No. 6, concluded that “the [Northpark]

Defendants ha[d] complied” with both Order No. 2 and the Settlement Agreement,

as follows:

      On the afternoon of Monday, August 6, 2012, . . . the Northpark
      Defendants hand delivered a check in the amount of [$43,796.00] to the
      Arbitrator in his law offices. . . . Based upon the foregoing, the
      Arbitrator FINDS that the Northpark Defendants have now fully
      complied with the collateral portion of Arbitrator’s Order No. 2. The
      tardy completion of such compliance is excused.
      The Arbitrator also FINDS that the Northpark Defendants have now
      fully complied with the portion of the [Settlement Agreement]
      requiring that [$800,000.00] be placed as collateral “to indemnify the
      payment if the Plaintiffs get to final judgment after appeals are
      exhausted.”
      It is, therefore, ORDERED that the Northpark Defendants have
      complied with both the Arbitrator’s Order No. 2 and the Confidential
      Binding Settlement Agreement to the extent set forth above. . . .
      Based upon the foregoing, the Arbitrator, sitting also as the Mediator,
      sees no reason to declare an impasse in the mediation portion of the
      pending case and therefore, in light of the collateral requirement now
      having been fulfilled, invites the parties to consider the efficacy of
      further mediation toward amicable resolution of the entire pending
      dispute.

Appellees argued that Star’s claim that they breached the Settlement Agreement was

thus barred by res judicata because Order No. 6 constitutes “a final, non-appealable

order from the arbitrator that directly refutes [Star’s] claims of breach of the

[Settlement Agreement].”

      “[A]n award of arbitrators upon matters submitted to them is given the same

effect as the judgment of a court of last resort.” CVN Grp., Inc. v. Delgado, 95

                                        63
S.W.3d 234, 238 (Tex. 2002); see Universal Computer Sys., Inc. v. Dealer Sols.,

L.L.C., 183 S.W.3d 741, 752 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied).

Thus, “[a]n arbitration award has preclusive effect for purposes of res judicata.”

Premium Plastics Supply, Inc. v. Howell, 537 S.W.3d 201, 204 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, no pet.).

      Here, however, as Star complains on appeal, appellees’ summary-judgment

evidence does not reflect any agreement to arbitrate claims. “Whether a valid

arbitration agreement exists is a legal question subject to de novo review.” In re D.

Wilson Constr. Co., 196 S.W.3d 774, 781 (Tex. 2006). Arbitration cannot be

ordered in the absence of an agreement to arbitrate, and thus, despite strong

presumptions that favor arbitration, a valid agreement to arbitrate is a settled,

threshold requirement. Morgan v. Bronze Queen Mgt. Co., LLC, 474 S.W.3d 701,

705 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.).

      In interpreting the Settlement Agreement, we give common words their plain

meaning. Lesikar v. Moon, 237 S.W.3d 361, 367 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2007, pet. denied). We consider the entire writing and attempt to harmonize and

give effect to all the provisions by analyzing them with reference to the whole

agreement. Frost Nat’l Bank v. L&F Distribs., Ltd., 165 S.W.3d 310, 312 (Tex.

2005). No single provision is given controlling effect. J.M. Davidson, Inc. v.

Webster, 128 S.W.3d 223, 229 (Tex. 2003). When, after the pertinent rules of

                                         64
construction are applied, the contract can be given a definite or certain legal

meaning, it is unambiguous, and we construe it as a matter of law. Frost Nat’l Bank,
165 S.W.3d at 312. A disagreement between parties does not render a term

ambiguous. See DeWitt Cty. Elec. Coop., Inc. v. Parks, 1 S.W.3d 96, 100 (Tex.

1999).

      The text of the Settlement Agreement clearly states, as emphasized above, that

Levin was authorized to act as a “mediator”; that the parties appeared before him, as

“Mediator, to mediate the above styled and numbered cause”; and that the parties

“concluded the mediation” by entering into the agreement.               The Settlement

Agreement further contemplates that, should “mediation” be unsuccessful,

“subsequent litigation” might ensue. And, Levin “invite[d] the parties to consider

the efficacy of further mediation toward amicable resolution of the entire pending

dispute.” Nothing in the Settlement Agreement suggests that the parties agreed to

arbitrate their dispute or that Levin was to act as an arbitrator. Although the

agreement reflects that the parties gave Levin “the final decision on any ambiguity

in the . . . agreement,” neither party identifies any ambiguity. That Levin identifies

himself as an “arbitrator” in the “orders” subsequent to the Settlement Agreement is

not controlling.

      Further, although this Court has held that a mediator may also serve as an

arbitrator in the same or a related dispute, it is only with the parties’ express consent.

                                           65
See In re Provine, 312 S.W.3d 824, 829 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, orig.

proceeding); In re Cartwright, 104 S.W.3d 706, 714 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2003, orig. proceeding) (noting mediator should not act as arbitrator in same

or related dispute without express consent of parties). The summary-judgment

evidence does not include any such express consent.

      Moreover, section 154.021(a) of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code

authorizes a trial court to refer a pending dispute for resolution by an alternative

dispute resolution procedure such as mediation. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

§§ 154.021(a), 154.023. When a matter is referred to mediation, the trial court does

not lose jurisdiction over the case because a mediator does not have the power to

render judgment; only the trial court has the authority to render a final judgment. Id.

§§ 154.023(b) (providing that mediator may not impose own judgment on issues),

154.071(b) (providing that trial court may, at its discretion, incorporate terms of

settlement agreement into court’s final decree disposing of case). And, a mediated

settlement agreement is enforceable as a contract. Id. § 154.071(a); Hardman v.

Dault, 2 S.W.3d 378, 380 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, no pet.).

      In Texas State Board of Dental Examiners v. Brown, the court concluded that

a mediated settlement conference that resulted in an agreed settlement order was “in

the nature of a mediation [and] not a final adjudication.” 281 S.W.3d 692, 708 (Tex.

App.—Corpus Christi 2009, pet. denied). The court noted that the parties “arrived

                                          66
at a settlement; the merits of the claim were not reached.” Id. Thus, there was not

a final judgment on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction. Id. Because the

defendant did not establish the element of a final adjudication, res judicata did not

apply. Id.

      We conclude that appellees did not conclusively establish “a prior final

determination on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction.” See Travelers Ins.

Co., 315 S.W.3d at 862. Thus, the trial court erred by granting appellees summary

judgment on their res judicata defense.

      We sustain Star’s third issue.

                                          67
                                   Conclusion

      We reverse the trial court’s summary judgment granted in favor of appellees

on the damages element of Star’s breach-of-contract claim based on the ESA. We

reverse the portion of the trial court’s summary judgment dismissing Star’s

fraudulent transfer claim against NLW.      Further, we reverse the trial court’s

summary judgment dismissing Star’s remaining claims on the ground of res judicata.

We remand these claims for further proceedings. We affirm the trial court’s

judgment in all other respects.

                                            Sherry Radack
                                            Chief Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Goodman and Countiss.

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