Court Opinion

ID: 4127433
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-02-18 00:27:25.600303+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:31:26.632932
License: Public Domain

TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

                             OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

                                       State of California

                                       JOHN K. VAN DE KAMP

                                          Attorney General

                                       ------------------------------
                                                      :

                         OPINION                      :
                                                      :       No. 88-307
                              of                      :
                                                       :      JULY 6, 1988
                 JOHN K. VAN DE KAMP                   :
                     Attorney General                  :
                                                      :
                 RODNEY O. LILYQUIST                  :
                  Deputy Attorney General              :
                                                      :
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               THE HONORABLE MARIAN BERGESON, MEMBER, CALIFORNIA SENATE,
has requested an opinion on the following questions:

               1. When must an airport land use commission adopt an airport land use plan for each
public use airport within its jurisdiction?

               2. What judicial remedies are available to compel an airport land use commission
to adopt an airport land use plan for each public use airport within its jurisdiction?

                                            CONCLUSIONS

                1. An airport land use commission has a reasonable period of time to adopt an airport
land use plan for each public use airport within its jurisdiction; what constitutes a reasonable period
of time would depend upon the relevant circumstances of each case.

                2. The only judicial remedies available to compel an airport land use commission
to adopt an airport land use plan for each public use airport within its jurisdiction are those contained
in Public Utilities Code section 21679.
                                             ANALYSIS

               The Legislature has enacted a comprehensive statutory scheme (Pub. Util. Code, §§
              1
21670-21679) requiring the establishment of an airport land use commission ("commission") in
each county having a public use airport. One of the primary duties of a commission is to adopt an
airport land use plan ("plan") for each such airport. (§ 21675.) The two questions presented for
resolution concern the date by which a plan is to be adopted for an airport and the judicial remedies
available to compel a commission to adopt a plan.

                The legislation requiring the establishment of a commission in each county with a
public use airport was enacted in 1967. (Stats. 1967, ch. 852, § 1.) The duty to adopt a plan for each
such airport was imposed in 1970. (Stats. 1970, ch. 1182, § 5.) No statutory time limit, however,
was or has been set by the Legislature for adoption of a plan. We are informed that of 283 public
use airports in California, only 78 are covered by a plan. Every county in the state, except San
Francisco, has at least one public use airport.

                  Subdivision (a) of section 21670 states the purposes of the legislative scheme:

               "(1) It is in the public interest to provide for the orderly development of each
       public use airport in this state and the area surrounding these airports so as to
       promote the overall goals and objectives of the California airport noise standards
       adopted pursuant to Section 21669 and to prevent the creation of new noise and
       safety problems.

              "(2) It is the purpose of this article to protect public health, safety, and
       welfare by ensuring the orderly expansion of airports and the adoption of land use
       measures that minimize the public's exposure to excessive noise and safety hazards
       within areas around public airports to the extent that these areas are not already
       devoted to incompatible uses."2

Subdivision (b) of section 21670 requires the establishment of a commission under specified
conditions:

               "In order to achieve the purposes of this article, every county in which there
       is located an airport which is served by a scheduled airline shall establish an airport
       land use commission. Every county, in which there is located an airport which is
       not served by a scheduled airline, but is operated for the benefit of the general public,
       shall establish an airport land use commission, except that the board of supervisors

   1
    All references to the Public Utilities Code prior to footnote 7 are by section number only.
   2
   Section 21669 requires the Department of Transportation to adopt noise standards "based
upon the level of noise acceptable to a reasonable person residing in the vicinity of the airport."

                                                   2.                                              88-307

       of the county may, after consultation with the appropriate airport operators and
       affected local entities and after a public hearing, adopt a resolution finding that there
       are no noise, public safety, or land use issues affecting any airport in the county
       which require the creation of a commission and declaring the county exempt from
       that requirement. . . ."3

Section 21674 describes the responsibilities of a commission:

               "The commission has the following powers and duties, subject to the
       limitations upon its jurisdiction set forth in Section 21676:

               "(a) To assist local agencies in ensuring compatible land uses in the vicinity
       of all new airports and in the vicinity of existing airports to the extent that the land
       in the vicinity of those airports is not already devoted to incompatible uses.

               "(b) To coordinate planning at the state, regional, and local levels so as to
       provide for the orderly development of air transportation, while at the same time
       protecting the public health, safety, and welfare.

               "(c) To prepare and adopt an airport land use plan pursuant to Section 21675.

               "(d) To review the plans, regulations, and other actions of local agencies and
       airport operators pursuant to Section 21676.

             "(e) The powers of the commission shall in no way be construed to give the
       commission jurisdiction over the operation of any airport.

              "(f) In order to carry out its responsibilities, the commission may adopt rules
       and regulations consistent with this article." (Emphasis added.)4

Section 21675 contains the requirements for each plan:

               "(a) Each commission shall formulate a comprehensive land use plan that
       will provide for the orderly growth of each public airport and the area surrounding
       the airport within the jurisdiction of the commission, and will safeguard the general
       welfare of the inhabitants within the vicinity of the airport and the public in general.
       The commission plan shall include a long-range master plan that reflects the

   3
   In certain circumstances, "an appropriately designated body" may take the place of a
commission. (§ 21670.1.)
   4
    Section 21676 allows local agencies and airport operators to overrule certain commission
determinations with respect to their plans, regulations and other actions.

                                                  3.                                               88-307

       anticipated growth of the airport during at least the next 20 years. In formulating a
       land use plan, the commission may develop height restrictions on buildings, may
       specify use of land, and may determine building standards, including soundproofing
       adjacent to airports, within the planning area. The comprehensive land use plan shall
       be reviewed as often as necessary in order to accomplish its purposes, but shall not
       be amended more than once in any calendar year.

               "(b) The commission may include, within its plan formulated pursuant to
       subdivision (a), the area within the jurisdiction of the commission surrounding any
       federal military airport for all the purposes specified in subdivision (a). This
       subdivision does not give the commission any jurisdiction or authority over the
       territory or operations of any military airport.

              "(c) The planning boundaries shall be established by the commission after
       hearing and consultation with the involved agencies."

               1. Plan Adoption Deadline

               The first question concerns a county with a public use airport for which a commission
has been established. The only issue is the length of time given to the commission for adoption of
a plan pursuant to section 21675.

                In Resource Defense Fund v. Local Agency Formation Com. (1983) 138 Cal. App. 3d
987, the Court of Appeal examined the same type of question with respect to the adoption of
"spheres of influence" by a local agency formation commission ("LAFCO"). The Legislature had
not provided a statutory deadline for such adoption, and in analyzing the issue (id. at p. 992), the
court quoted from and agreed with our conclusion in 60 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 118, 120 (1977):

              "'Notwithstanding that spheres of influence have been mandatory there is no
       express legislative deadline for their adoption by LAFCO. LAFCO, however, must
       adopt spheres within a reasonable period of time.'"

               The same "reasonable time" standard was adopted by the Supreme Court in Griffin
v. Board of Supervisors (1963) 60 Cal. 2d 318, 322, for reapportioning county supervisorial districts
where no statutory deadline had been given by the Legislature.

                 In accordance with our prior opinion and these cases, we believe that a commission
would have a reasonable period of time in which to adopt a plan for each public use airport within
its jurisdiction. When the period commences would depend upon three factors: (1) existence of the
airport, (2) existence of the commission, and (3) January 1, 1971, the date on which the plan
requirement of section 21675 became effective. For airports and commissions established prior to
January 1, 1971, the time period began on January 1, 1971. For a later created airport or
commission, the time began when both the airport and commission were in existence.

                                                 4.                                            88-307

                The exact amount of time that would be reasonable in adopting a plan would depend
upon the individual circumstances. Time must be allowed for public hearings and consultations with
affected local agencies. (See § 21675, sub. (c).) The plan itself is to be "comprehensive" and reflect
"the anticipated growth of the airport during at least the next 20 years." (§ 21675, sub. (a).)
Understandably, what period of time is reasonable for one commission to meet its duties would not
necessarily be reasonable for another. The potential number and complexities of various land uses
surrounding an airport in a sparsely populated county would not be the same as for a large
international airport in a metropolitan area. (See § 21670, subd. (b).)

                While the length of a reasonable period of time may vary for the adoption of different
airport plans, certain limits may be stated indicating what would be an unreasonable period of time
under any and all circumstances. In our prior opinion concerning the adoption of spheres of
influence by a LAFCO, we concluded that "[i]t is our view that the six years which have elapsed
since addition of the sphere requirement exceed a reasonable time." (60 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 118, 120
(1977).) We based our conclusion in part on the fact that the Legislature seemingly considered 30
months to be a reasonable time period for a newly incorporated city to adopt a comprehensive
general plan:

               "In an analogous situation, the Legislature has required new cities
       incorporated after September 30, 1974, to adopt comprehensive general plans with
       all nine mandatory elements within 30 months (2-1/2 years) after incorporation.
       Such new cities must also ensure that their zoning is consistent with their adopted
       general plans within three years of incorporation. Gov. Code § 65302.5. The
       complexities faced by LAFCOs in preparing spheres of influence plans would seem
       to be no greater than the difficulties faced by new cities in meeting the above 2-1/2
       and 3-year planning deadlines." (Id. at p. 120, fn. 4.)5

             The court in Resource Defense Fund v. Local Agency Formation Com., supra, 138
Cal. App. 3d 987, agreed with our conclusion, pointing out:

               "On the question of reasonableness, we note that an additional five years have
       passed since the Attorney General's opinion quoted above, and therefore it now may
       be said, 'It is our view that the [eleven] years which have elapsed since addition of
       the sphere requirement exceed a reasonable time.'" (Id. at p. 993, fn. 9.)

               As in our prior opinion, we do not believe that the adoption of a plan by a
commission presents complexities greater than the difficulties faced by a newly incorporated city
in adopting a comprehensive general plan. The passing of six years, therefore, without adoption of
a plan would exceed a reasonable period of time for a commission to act.

   5
   Currently a newly incorporated city or a newly formed county is given a 30-month period to
adopt a general plan, and it may obtain two one-year extensions under narrowly drawn
conditions. (Gov. Code, §§ 65360-65362.)

                                                  5.                                            88-307

                The fact that a reasonable time period has expired for the adoption of a particular plan
does not, of course, excuse further commission action or the adoption of the plan. It is a continuing
obligation made all the more immediate in its performance. (See Resource Defense Fund v. Local
Agency Formation Com., supra, 138 Cal. App. 3d 987, 993-994; 60 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 118, 121-122
(1977).) To further such immediate action by a commission pursuant to the mandate of section
21675, the Legislature enacted section 21679 in 1987. (Stats. 1987, ch. 1018, § 15.) The later
statute states:

               "(a) In any county in which there is no airport land use commission or other
       body designated to assume the responsibilities of an airport land use commission, or
       in which the commission or other designated body has not adopted an airport land
       use plan, an interested party may initiate proceedings in a court of competent
       jurisdiction to postpone the effective date of a zoning change, a zoning variance, the
       issuance of a permit, or the adoption of a regulation by a local agency, which directly
       affects the use of land within one mile of the boundary of a public airport within the
       county.

               "(b) The court may issue an injunction which postpones the effective date
       of the zoning change, zoning variance, permit, or regulation until the governing body
       of the local agency which took the action does one of the following:

               "(1) In the case of an action which is a legislative act, adopts a resolution
       declaring that the proposed action is consistent with the purposes of this article stated
       in Section 21670.

               "(2) In the case of an action which is not a legislative act, adopts a resolution
       making findings based on substantial evidence in the record that the proposed action
       is consistent with the purposes of this article stated in Section 21670.

               "(3) Rescinds the action.

               "(4) Amends its action to make it consistent with the purposes of this article
       stated in Section 21670, and complies with either paragraph (1) or (2) of this
       subdivision, whichever is applicable.

              "(c) The court shall not issue an injunction pursuant to subdivision (b) if the
       local agency which took the action demonstrates that the general plan and any
       applicable specific plan of the agency accomplishes the purposes of an airport land
       use plan as provided in Section 21675.

              "(d) An action brought pursuant to subdivision (a) shall be commenced
       within 30 days of the decision or within the appropriate time periods set by Section
       21167 of the Public Resources Code, whichever is longer.

                                                  6.                                               88-307

              "(e) If the governing body of the local agency adopts a resolution pursuant
       to subdivision (b) with respect to a publicly owned airport that the local agency does
       not operate, the operator of the airport shall be immune from liability for damages
       to property or personal injury from the local agency's decision to proceed with the
       zoning change, zoning variance, permit, or regulation.

               "(f) As used in this section, 'interested party' means any owner of land within
       two miles of the boundary of the airport or any organization with a demonstrated
       interest in airport safety and efficiency."6

                Section 21679 allows a court to enjoin any and all development within one mile of
an airport until a plan is adopted or the equivalent decisions are made accomplishing the stated
purposes of a plan. We find nothing in section 21679 that excuses or delays beyond a reasonable
period of time the adoption of a plan. We have searched the legislative history of section 21679 and
have found no such indication. Indeed, the report of the Assembly Committee on Local Government
stated with respect to the proposed legislation:

              "Current law requires each commission to prepare a comprehensive land use
       plan to provide for the orderly growth of airports and surrounding areas and to
       safeguard the welfare of the local inhabitants and the general public. The land use
       plan may not be amended more than once in a calendar year.

              "This bill would require the land use plan to be reviewed as often as
       necessary in order to accomplish its purposes.

              "Current law does not contain a procedure for delaying or negating land use
       decisions in a county which does not have an ALUC or has not adopted an airport
       land use plan.

               "This bill would allow any interested party to file a legal action to postpone
       the effective date of a zoning change, a zoning variance, permit, or local land use
       regulation which directly affects land use within one mile of a public airport. The
       court would be required to issue an injunction postponing the effective date of the
       land use action until the city or county adopts a resolution declaring that the
       proposed action is compatible with the safety of air navigation and the promotion of
       air commerce at the public airport."

                The purpose of enacting section 21679 was thus to provide a legal procedure for
delaying or negating land use decisions in the specified circumstances. The statute was not intended
to change the law regarding the necessity for adopting a plan. Recognizing that a plan does not exist

   6
    Public Resources Code section 21167 provides up to 180 days to contest a public agency's
decision under specified conditions.

                                                 7.                                              88-307

is clearly distinguishable from no longer requiring the adoption of a plan within a reasonable period
of time.

               We also find support for our determination in the language of section 21676,
subdivision (a):

               "Each local agency whose general plan includes areas covered by an airport
        land use commission plan shall, by July 1, 1983, submit a copy of its plan or specific
        plans to the airport land use commission. The commission shall determine by
        August 31, 1983, whether the plan or plans are consistent or inconsistent with the
        commission's plan. . . ."

Obviously the Legislature intended for a commission to have a plan prior to August 31, 1983, in
order to compare it by such date with the general or specific plan of each local agency affected
thereby. It is axiomatic that a statute is to "be construed 'in the context of the entire statutory system
of which it is a part'" (People v. Woodhead (1987) 43 Cal. 3d 1002, 1009) and "that significance
should be attributed to every word and phrase of a statute" (id. at p. 1010). Reading sections 21675
and 21676 together, we find -- at a minimum -- that for a commission and airport existing on January
1, 1971, a reasonable period of time to adopt a plan for the airport expired on August 31, 1983, if
not before.

               In answer to the first question, therefore, we conclude that a commission has a
reasonable period of time in which to adopt a plan for each public use airport within its jurisdiction;
what constitutes a reasonable period of time would be dependent upon the individual circumstances
involved.

                2. Available Remedies

                The second question concerns the judicial remedies available to compel the adoption
of a plan by a commission. We conclude that only section 21679 provides such remedies.

                As noted in response to the first question, section 21679 authorizes the initiation of
judicial proceedings to postpone the effective date of "a zoning change, a zoning variance, the
issuance of a permit, or the adoption of a regulation by the local agency, which directly affects the
use of land within one mile of the boundary of a public airport within the county" where no plan has
been adopted by a commission. We believe the words "issuance of a permit" in section 21679
includes building permits as well as special use permits. In effect, a court is authorized under the
statute to enjoin any and all development near an airport until a plan is adopted or the equivalent
decisions are made that accomplish the specified purposes of a plan. While the statute does not
directly compel adoption of a plan, it does authorize the placement of restrictions upon the
operations of local governments until a plan is adopted. The practical effect of section 21679 is thus
to indirectly compel adoption of a plan.

                                                   8.                                             88-307

               It has been suggested that a writ of mandate (Code Civ. Proc., § 1084)7 would also
provide a remedy to compel adoption of a plan by a commission. Section 1085 describes the
issuance of a writ of mandate as follows:

               "It may be issued by any court, except a municipal or justice court, to any
       inferior tribunal, corporation, board, or person, to compel the performance of an act
       which the law specially enjoins, as a duty resulting from an office, trust, or station;
       or to compel the admission of a party to the use and enjoyment of a right or office
       to which he is entitled, and from which he is unlawfully precluded by such inferior
       tribunal, corporation, board or person."

Section 1086 additionally provides:

               "The writ must be issued, in all cases where there is not a plain, speedy, and
       adequate remedy, in the ordinary course of law. It must be issued upon the verified
       petition of the party beneficially interested."

              In 60 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 118 (1977), we suggested that a writ of mandate was an
available remedy to compel LAFCOs to adopt spheres of influence:

               "As in the case with a deadline for meeting the sphere of influence
       requirement, the Knox-Nisbet Act is silent with regard to judicial enforcement of that
       requirement. However, in our view traditional principles of mandamus would apply,
       giving rise to an action "to compel the performance of an act which the law
       specifically enjoins, as a duty resulting from an office, trust or station." Code Civ.
       Proc. § 1085. It has been judicially determined that such a duty includes the duty to
       exercise discretion where a discretionary duty is involved and the duty not to abuse
       that discretion in the exercise thereof. See California Civil Writs (Cont. Ed. Bar) §
       5.24, pp. 78-79 (1970). Granted, the adoption of a sphere of influence is a legislative
       act involving the use of discretion with respect to its content. However, while the
       legislative body may not be required to exercise such discretion in a certain manner,
       a court can mandate the exercise of discretion or the taking of an action where there
       has been a demonstrated refusal to act or a failure to recognize that discretion must
       be exercised. California Civil Writs (Cont. Ed. Bar) §§ 5.29, 5.30 (1970); 32 Cal.
       Jur. 2d, Mandamus, § 328.

               "With respect to citizen suits, it is well established that where a public right
       is involved and the focus of the mandamus action is to compel the performance or
       to procure the enforcement of a public duty, the citizen-petitioner need only
       demonstrate that he is interested in ensuring that the laws are executed and the duty
       concerned is enforced. He need not show any legal or special interest in the result,

   7
    All references hereafter to the Code of Civil Procedure are by section number only.

                                                 9.                                               88-307

        e.g., Fuller v. San Bernardino Valley Mun. Wat. Dist., 242 Cal. App. 2d 52, 56
        (1966); Diaz v. Quitoriano, 268 Cal. App. 2d 807, 811 (1969). See also Bozung v.
        Local Agency Formation Com., 13 Cal. 3d 263, 272 (1975).

               "The Attorney General also has standing to initiate legal action to compel a
        delinquent LAFCO to adopt spheres of influence. Cal. Const. art. V, § 13; Pierce v.
        Superior Court, 1 Cal. 2d 759, 761-62 (1934)." (Id. at pp. 121-122.)

               After the issuance of our 1977 opinion, a petition for a writ of mandate was filed in
a superior court seeking to compel a LAFCO to adopt spheres of influence; the trial court denied the
petition. (Resource Defense Fund v. Local Agency Formation Com., supra, 138 Cal. App. 3d 987,
989.) On appeal, the Court of Appeal also refused to issue the writ; instead, it directed the trial court
to enter judgment consistent with the following holding:

                "We therefore hold that before a LAFCO may approve a proposal within its
        jurisdiction, it must develop, determine, adopt, and consider the spheres of influence
        of each local governmental agency which may include the subject territory in its
        sphere of influence." (Id. at p. 994.)

This holding is similar to the type of judicial order authorized pursuant to Public Utilities Code
section 21679.8

                As indicated in our prior opinion, courts have often said that a writ of mandate is
available to compel the exercise of discretion, though not the exact manner in which the discretion
is to be exercised. (See Ballard v. Anderson (1971) 4 Cal. 3d 873, 885; Hollman v. Warren (1948)
32 Cal. 2d 351, 355; In re Veterans' Industries, Inc. (1970) 8 Cal. App. 3d 902, 926; Knoff v. City etc.
of San Francisco (1969) 1 Cal. App. 3d 184, 197.) Or, in a variation of this principle, the writ will
issue to correct an abuse of discretion, where the abuse is the failure to exercise discretion. (See
Glendale City Employees' Assn., Inc. v. City of Glendale (1975) 15 Cal. 3d 328, 344; Phyle v. Duffy
(1949) 34 Cal. 2d 144, 153; Hays v. Superior Court (1940) 16 Cal. 2d 260, 265-266; Betancourt v.
Workmen's Comp.App.Bd. (1971) 16 Cal. App. 3d 408, 413.) While these statements appear to be
inconsistent with another line of cases requiring a purely ministerial act to be the subject of a writ
of mandate (see State Bd. of Equalization v. Watson (1968) 68 Cal. 2d 307, 311; Flora Crane Dev.,
Inc. v. Ross (1964) 61 Cal. 2d 199, 203; Frost v. Trustees of Cal. State Univ. & Colleges (1975) 46
Cal. App. 3d 225, 229; Hilton v. Board of Supervisors (1970) 7 Cal. App. 3d 708, 713; Gong v. City
of Fremont (1967) 250 Cal. App. 2d 568, 572) and have been the subject of critical commentary (see
Moskowitz, Spinning Gold Into Straw: The Ordinary Use of the Extraordinary Writ of Mandamus

   8
    It is true that the Court of Appeal also stated that "the trial court . . . erred in denying the
writ," (Id., at p. 990), but this statement was made without explanation or apparent consideration
of the constitutional principles we will discuss below. We believe that the court's actual,
directed "remedy" is consistent with all judicial decisions squarely presented with and deciding
the issue.

                                                  10.                                            88-307

to Review Quasi-Legislative Actions of California Administrative Agencies (1980) 20 Santa Clara
L.Rev. 351, 367-371), even if true, an exception exists where the exercise of discretion is the
adoption of a legislative act. (See, e.g., Inglin v. Hoppin (1909) 156 Cal. 483, 487.) Under
California law, a writ of mandate is unavailable to compel an act that is legislative in nature.
Recently in Sklar v. Franchise Tax Board (1986) 185 Cal. App. 3d 616, 624-625, the Court of Appeal
summarized the applicable constitutional principles:

               "Ten years ago the Supreme Court took note of 'the well-established
       principle, rooted in the doctrine of separation of powers (Cal. Const., art. III, § 3),
       that the courts may not order the Legislature or its members to enact or not to enact,
       or the Governor to sign or not to sign, specific legislation.' (Serrano v. Priest (1976)
       18 Cal. 3d 728, 751 [fns. omitted].) The court has more recently stated 'that by virtue
       of the separation of powers doctrine courts lack the power to order the Legislature
       to pass a prescribed legislative act.' (Mandel v. Myers (1981) 29 Cal. 3d 531, 551,
       fn. 9.) Respect for this fundamental constitutional principle has given rise to the rule
       that '[m]andamus will not lie to compel a legislative body to perform legislative acts
       in a particular manner.' (Board of Supervisors v. California Highway Commission
       (1976) 57 Cal. App. 3d 952, 961, accord, e.g., Eller Outdoor Advertising Co. v. Board
       of Supervisors (1979) 89 Cal. App. 3d 76, 82-83; Hicks v. Board of Supervisors
       (1977) 69 Cal. App. 3d 228, 235; Bowles v. Antonetti (1966) 241 Cal. App. 2d 283,
       286-287; Monarch Cable-vision, Inc. v. City Council (1966) 239 Cal. App. 2d 206,
       211; Johanson v. City Council (1963) 222 Cal. App. 2d 68, 72.) Were it otherwise,
       courts would be involved in 'an attempt to exercise legislative functions, which . . .
       is expressly forbidden . . . .' (French v. Senate (1905) 146 Cal. 604, 607.) 'It is
       elementary that the courts have no such power.' (Tandy v. City of Oakland (1962)
       208 Cal. App. 2d 609, 611; accord Hilton v. Board of Supervisors (1970) 7
Cal. App. 3d 708, 714.)

                "This attitude is especially evident and pronounced in situations where
       mandamus is sought to overcome legislative inaction. In Myers v. English (1858)
       9 Cal. 341, the issue was whether mandamus would issue to compel the State
       Treasurer to make disbursements for judicial salaries in the absence of an
       appropriation by the Legislature. The Supreme Court, concluding that it would not,
       stated: 'It is within the legitimate power of the judiciary, to declare the action of the
       Legislature unconstitutional, where that action exceeds the limits of the supreme law;
       but the Courts have no means, and no power, to avoid the effects of non-action. The
       Legislature being the creative element in the system, its action cannot be quickened
       by the other departments. Therefore, when the Legislature fails to make an
       appropriation, we cannot remedy that evil. It is a discretion specially confided by the
       Constitution to the [Legislature]. . . . We must trust to the good faith and integrity
       of all the departments. Power must be placed somewhere, and confidence reposed
       in some one.' (Id., at p. 349 [italics in original]; see California State Employees'
       Assn. v. State of California (1973) 32 Cal. App. 3d 103, 109.)"

                                                 11.                                               88-307

               In City of Sacramento v. California State Legislature (1986) 187 Cal. App. 3d 393,
396-399, the court examined and agreed with these same authorities, noted that "the broader rule is
that mandamus will not lie to compel the Legislature to enact any legislation" (id. at p. 397), and
concluded:

               "A separation of powers does allow for some incidental overlap of function.
       (E.g., Younger v. Superior Court (1978) 21 Cal. 3d 102, 115.) But a judicially
       compelled enactment of legislation is not an incidental overlap; it is the very exercise
       of legislative power itself. 'One branch of the Government cannot encroach on the
       domain of another without danger. The safety of our institutions depends in no small
       degree on a strict observance of this salutary rule.' (Union Pacific R.R. Co. v. United
       States (1879) 99 U.S. 700, 718.)" (Id., at p. 399.)

               In Hilton v. Board of Supervisors, supra, 7 Cal. App. 3d 708, the court rejected the
argument that it could compel the rescission of a zoning ordinance:

               "Provision for the writ here sought is found in section 1085, Code of Civil
       Procedure, which declares that it 'may be issued . . . to any . . . board, or person, to
       compel the performance of an act which the law specifically enjoins, as a duty
       resulting from an office, trust, or station . . . .' By the statute's very terms it is thus
       limited to the enforcement of purely ministerial duties and 'will not lie to control
       discretion within the area lawfully entrusted to the administrative agency.' (Faulkner
       v. California Toll Bridge Authority, 40 Cal. 2d 317, 326.) There is no allegation by
       petitioners, nor could there be, that it was the ministerial duty of respondents to
       rescind the ordinance here involved, since numerous cases uniformly hold that the
       enactment of a zoning ordinance is purely a legislative act and a governmental
       function. (See Johnston v. City of Claremont, 49 Cal. 2d 826, 834, Tandy v. City of
       Oakland, 208 Cal. App. 2d 609, 611; Ferris v. City of Alhambra, 189 Cal. App. 2d 517,
       522; Banville v. County of Los Angeles, 180 Cal. App. 2d 563, 567.) Too, since the
       passage of a zoning ordinance is a legislative act, it necessarily follows that the
       vacating of such an enactment (the relief here sought) is likewise legislative in
       character. As in Tandy v. City of Oakland, supra, 'the complaint simply asks the
       court to issue the writ to compel the city council of the defendant city to perform a
       legislative act. . . . It is elementary that the courts have no such power.' (Supra, p.
       611.)" (Id. at pp. 713-714.)

              As demonstrated in Hilton, the judicial power of section 1085 is lacking regardless
of whether the proposed legislative act is at the state level or local level of government. (See
Monarch Cablevision, Inc. v. City Council (1966) 239 Cal. App. 2d 206, 210; City Council v.
Superior Court (1960) 179 Cal. App. 2d 389, 394.)

                No reported case has directly held to the contrary. In Glendale City Employees'
Assn., Inc. v. City of Glendale, supra, 15 Cal. 3d 328, the Supreme Court cited "5 Witkin, California
Procedure (2d ed. 1971) page 3851 and cases there cited" for the defendants' argument "that

                                                  12.                                                88-307

mandamus will not issue to compel action lying within the scope of agency or official discretion,
or to compel performance of a legislative act." (Id. at p. 343.) The court, however, described the
particular writ under consideration as being directed to "non-legislative and ministerial acts." (Id.
at p. 344.) In dictum, it did refer to cases in which 'courts . . . have . . . mandated legislative bodies
to enact . . . ordinances" (id. at p. 344, fn. 24), but the cases mentioned (except for one) are readily
distinguishable if correctly cited at all. (See id. at pp. 348-349 (conc. and dis. opn. of Mosk, J.);
Note, Enforceability of Memorandum of Understanding Under the Meyers-Milias-Brown Act (1977)
65 Cal.L.Rev. 472, 480, fn. 42.) In the one exception, Griffin v. Board of Supervisors, supra, 60
Cal. 2d 318, the court mandated the redistricting of supervisorial districts, but it did so without any
discussion of the separation of powers doctrine or of the specific requirements of section 1085;
Griffin has not been cited or followed by the Supreme Court when later presented with similar
situations. (See Legislature v. Reinecke (1973) 10 Cal. 3d 396; Legislature v. Reinecke (1972) 7
Cal. 3d 92; Legislature v. Reinecke (1972) 6 Cal. 3d 595; Silver v. Brown (1965) 63 Cal. 2d 270.)

               The adoption of a plan by a commission is clearly a legislative act involving the
exercise of judgment and discretion, just as is the adoption of a zoning ordinance, specific plan, or
general plan. (See Yost v. Thomas (1984) 36 Cal. 3d 561, 570-571; Wheelright v. County of Marin
(1970) 2 Cal. 3d 448, 457; Mitchell v. County of Orange (1985) 165 Cal. App. 3d 1185, 1191; Hilton
v. Board of Supervisors, supra, 7 Cal. App. 3d 708, 714, 716-717.) Accordingly, we conclude that
a court would not issue a writ of mandate to compel the adoption of a plan by a commission.
Instead, the court would grant remedies available under Public Utilities Code section 21679, such
as enjoining any and all development near the airport until a plan is adopted or the equivalent
decisions are made accomplishing the specified purposes of a plan.

               In answer to the second question, therefore, we conclude that the only judicial
remedies available to compel adoption of a plan by a commission are found in Public Utilities Code
section 21679.

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