Court Opinion

ID: 2798732
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-05-05 19:10:33.175456+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:26:21.396081
License: Public Domain

Supreme Court of Louisiana
FOR IMMEDIATE NEWS RELEASE                                         NEWS RELEASE #023

FROM: CLERK OF SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

The Opinions handed down on the 5th day of May, 2015, are as follows:

BY GUIDRY, J.:

2013-C -2878      JAMES CLIFFORD ARRANT, ET AL. v. GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL,
    C/W           INC., ET AL.    C/W   MARVIN JACK BARNETT, JR., ET AL. v. GRAPHIC
2013-C -2981      PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL. C/W KENNETH NOEL BAIN, SR.,
                  ET AL. v. GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL. C/W
                  GEORGE EMORY BUTLER, ET AL. v. GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL,
                  INC., ET AL. C/W W.H. AUTTONBERRT, ET AL. v. GRAPHIC PACKAGING
                  INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL. C/W JIMMIE DEWAYNE BAUGH, ET AL. v.
                  GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL. C/W MELVIN ELLIS
                  BORDELON, ET AL. v. GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.
                  (Parish of Ouachita)

                  Accordingly, the court of appeal properly reversed the judgment
                  of the district court and dismissed the plaintiffs’ claims. The
                  judgment of the court of appeal dismissing the plaintiffs’ tort
                  claims with prejudice is affirmed.

                  JOHNSON, C.J., dissents for reasons assigned by Knoll, J.
                  KNOLL, J., dissents and assigns reasons.
05/05/15

               SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

                     NO. 2013-C-2878
                   CONSOLIDATED WITH
                     NO. 2013-C-2981

              JAMES CLIFFORD ARRANT, ET AL.
                         VERSUS
       GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

                   CONSOLIDATED WITH

             MARVIN JACK BARNETT, JR., ET AL.
                        VERSUS
       GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

                   CONSOLIDATED WITH

              KENNETH NOEL BAIN, SR., ET AL.
                        VERSUS
       GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

                   CONSOLIDATED WITH

              GEORGE EMORY BUTLER, ET AL.
                        VERSUS
       GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

                   CONSOLIDATED WITH

                 W. H. AUTTONBERRY, ET AL.
                          VERSUS
       GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

                   CONSOLIDATED WITH

              JIMMIE DEWAYNE BAUGH, ET AL.
                        VERSUS
       GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

                   CONSOLIDATED WITH

              MELVIN ELLIS BORDELON, ET AL.
                         VERSUS
       GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

      ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,
           SECOND CIRCUIT, PARISH OF OUACHITA

                             1
GUIDRY, Justice 

       The instant case presents a res nova issue in this court of whether gradual

noise induced hearing loss caused by occupational exposure to hazardous noise

levels is a personal injury by accident or an occupational disease, or both, under

the Louisiana Workers‟ Compensation Act (hereinafter, “LWCA”), thereby

entitling the defendant employer to immunity from suits in tort under the

exclusivity provisions of the LWCA. Interpreting the Act and mindful of the clear

legislative purpose behind the workers‟ compensation scheme -- a principle that

has been well-explained in our jurisprudence, we find occupational noise-induced

hearing loss (hereinafter, “NIHL”) falls squarely within the parameters of the

LWCA, either the pre-1990 definition of “accident” or the post-1975 definition of

“occupational disease.” As explained below, we conclude the defendants were

entitled to immunity from suits in tort under the LWCA. Accordingly, the court of

appeal properly reversed the judgment of the district court and dismissed the

plaintiffs‟ claims. For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the court of appeal

dismissing the plaintiffs‟ tort suits against the defendants.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       Plaintiffs in these consolidated actions are current and former employees of

the West Monroe facility, which includes a paper mill, box plant, and carton plant.

The facility was owned by defendant Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation from

1955 until 1967, when defendant Graphic Packaging International, Inc. assumed

control of the facility and continues to exercise that control to this day.                  The

plaintiffs, who are now elderly and many of whom are retired from working at the


  While Justice Scott J. Crichton was not on the Court at the time this case was argued, he now
sits as an elected Justice and is participating in the rendering of this opinion.

                                                2
facility, claim they have suffered hearing losses, primarily high frequency hearing

losses, which they attribute to being exposed to hazardous levels of industrial noise

during their employment with the defendant.1

1
  Hugh Malcolm Calhoun began working at the facility in 1956 until he retired in 1999. His first
audiogram in 1975 showed normal hearing, but according to his own expert progressively
worsened from 1975 until 1995. Twelve audiograms were conducted over the course of his
employment. His hearing loss was asymmetrical, meaning it was measurable more so in only
one ear. There was testimony that there were other possible causes of his hearing loss: age
(presbycusis), recreational hunting, the use of a chainsaw, and driving a tractor. However, the
trial court concluded that the daily, constant exposure for decades to hazardous levels of
industrial noise was a substantial and significant cause in fact of his hearing loss.

         Tommie Wayne Ford, born in 1945, began working at the facility in 1969, and except for
two years, 1995-1997, he remains working at the facility. His first audiogram showed relatively
good hearing, and he was tested numerous times over the years. There was testimony that he,
too, had suffered asymmetrical hearing loss, with a notch in the left ear that could be explained
by right-handed shooting, and that there were other risk factors for causing the loss: age, hunting
without hearing protection and using a chainsaw. However, the trial court concluded that the
daily, constant exposure for decades to hazardous levels of industrial noise was a substantial and
significant cause in fact of his hearing loss.

        Jerry Lewis Hall, born in 1946, began working at the facility in 1964, and continued
working there until 2004, except for two years of military service. His first audiogram revealed
hearing within normal limits in all frequencies, and numerous tests were conducted over the
years. There was a significant shift in his hearing between 1975 and 2007, according to his own
expert. Although there was testimony as to other risk factors (hunting without ear protection,
using a chainsaw, presbycusis), the trial court concluded that the daily, constant exposure for
decades to hazardous levels of industrial noise was a substantial and significant cause in fact of
his hearing loss.

        Ronald Edward Levy, born in 1945, worked at the facility from 1972 until he retired in
2007. His first audiogram, performed pre-employment in 1972, showed some asymmetry
hearing loss in both ears. He was tested again in 1974 and more frequently in the 1990s. He was
diagnosed with some high frequency hearing loss and tinnitus (ringing in the ears). Although
there was testimony as to other risk factors (hunting and using a chain saw and Skil saw, all
without ear protection, and age), the trial court concluded that the daily, constant exposure for
decades to hazardous levels of industrial noise was a substantial and significant cause in fact of
his hearing loss.

         Vernice Joseph Pleasant, Jr., born in 1942, worked at the facility from 1967 until he
retired in 2004. His first audiogram was performed in 1974 and revealed some high frequency
hearing loss; he was tested a number of times over the years. He was diagnosed with
asymmetrical hearing loss for high frequencies. Although there was testimony that he hunted,
used power tools and a leaf blower, all without ear protection, the trial court concluded that the
daily, constant exposure for decades to hazardous levels of industrial noise was a substantial and
significant cause in fact of his hearing loss.

        Roy Glenn Robert, born in 1941, worked at the Adams Paper mill from 1962 until 1968,
when he began working at the Graphic Packaging facility until he retired in 2004. His first
audiogram in 1982 showed some shift in hearing, but he was not retested; later tests did not
reveal this shift. At any rate, a 1991 test revealed high frequency hearing loss, with some
asymmetry. Like the other plaintiffs, there was testimony that he hunted and used various saws,
all without ear protection; however, the trial court concluded that the daily, constant exposure for
                                                 3
       In 2005, 2007, and 2008, the plaintiffs filed various suits against the

defendants for hearing losses allegedly sustained as a result of being

“occupationally exposed to hazardous levels of industrial noise.” Specifically,

plaintiffs asserted negligence on the part of the defendants for failing to provide a

safe place to work, which in turn caused plaintiffs to suffer hearing loss by gradual,

but persistent, noise exposure occurring over a substantial period of time while

employed by defendants.              The defendants filed, inter alia, exceptions of

prescription and a motion for summary judgment asserting immunity from tort

under the LWCA.           The exceptions and motion were denied, and the matter

proceeded to trial as a tort suit.

       After a lengthy bench trial, the district court found in favor of the plaintiffs

and awarded damages. The district court in detailed written reasons found that

plaintiffs had established by a preponderance of the evidence that the constant

exposure to hazardous levels of industrial noise while employed by the defendants

was a substantial and significant cause-in-fact of their hearing losses and any other

potential cause paled in comparison. The district court further concluded the

plaintiffs had suffered permanent and irreversible loss of hearing in varying

degrees affecting every aspect of their lives. The court further stated that, although

various devices, including hearing aids, may help in a given situation, they would

not replace the loss of natural hearing. Although the district court was aware that

each individual plaintiff must be awarded damages according to his particular facts

and circumstances, the district court found uniformity of the damage awards was

mandated by the evidence. Accordingly, and given the plaintiffs‟ stipulation to the

recovery of no more than $50,000 per claim, the district court awarded $50,000 in

decades to hazardous levels of industrial noise was a substantial and significant cause in fact of
his hearing loss.

                                                 4
damages to each plaintiff, together with legal interest from the date of judicial

demand until paid.

      The court of appeal reversed the judgment of the district court, having found

that noise-induced hearing loss is an “occupational disease” under the LWCA,

namely La. Rev. Stat. 23:1031.1, and that defendants were entitled to the tort

immunity provided to employers under the Act. Arrant v. Graphic Packaging

Intern., Inc., 48,197 (La. App. 2 Cir. 9/25/13), 127 So. 3d 924. The court of appeal

noted that an occupational disease has been defined as the result of a series of

events, often imperceptible in nature, which are eventually evidenced in the

manifestation of a disability, citing Vargas v. Daniell Battery Mfg. Co., 93-1249

(La. App. 1 Cir. 5/20/94), 636 So. 2d 1194. The court then found that plaintiffs

suffered NIHL which, as shown by the evidence, resulted from the cumulative

damage or stress process upon the ear caused by constant exposure to excessively

loud noises. Thus, the court found the record evidence sufficient to meet the

requirements for finding that gradual hearing loss caused by excessive noise is an

“occupational disease” under La. Rev. Stat. 23:1031.1(B). The court reasoned that

a causal link between the plaintiffs' hearing loss and their work-related duties had

been established by a reasonable probability by the plaintiffs‟ own testimony and

that of their experts. The court further found that NIHL was compensable under

the LWCA, rejecting the plaintiffs‟ contention the LWCA provided no remedy and

therefore they were entitled to pursue a remedy in tort. The court reasoned that the

compensation to be provided is dependent upon the proof of disability or

impairment of function and its relation to the occupational disease. The court

explained, “Upon proof of impairment of function, Plaintiffs are entitled to

compensation under the LWCA, even if only under La. R.S. 23:1203, which

obligates the employer to furnish medical and vocational rehabilitation expenses ,
                                         5
prosthetic devices and other expenses.” Arrant, p. 15, 127 So. 3d at 933. The court

of appeal ultimately reversed the judgment of the district court in favor of

plaintiffs, finding that plaintiffs‟ sole remedy was in workers‟ compensation.

      The plaintiffs sought writs, asserting the court of appeal erred in finding that

NIHL was a compensable “occupational disease” within the meaning of the

LWCA. The defendants also sought writs, asserting inter alia that the court of

appeal erred in not finding that NIHL also qualifies as an “accident by personal

injury” within the meaning of the LWCA and that the district court erred in

overruling the defendants‟ exceptions of prescription. Because these issues appear

to be res nova in this court, and a split amongst the circuit courts arguably exists as

to whether NIHL is a covered “accident” and/or “occupational disease” within the

meaning of the LWCA, we granted both writ applications. Arrant v. Graphic

Packaging Intern., Inc., 13-2878, 13-2981 (La. 4/17/14), 138 So. 3d 613, 614.

LAW and DISCUSSION

      These consolidated cases require us to determine whether the NIHL is a

covered “personal injury by accident” and/or an “occupational disease” within the

meaning of the LWCA in its various configurations over the years. Thus, we are

called upon to interpret the applicable versions of the Act itself. The guidelines for

doing so have been well-established.

      The starting point for interpretation of any statute is the language of the

statute itself. Rando v. Anco Insulations, Inc., 08-1163 (La. 5/22/09), 16 So. 3d
1065; Touchard v. Williams, 617 So. 2d 885 (La. 1993). When a law is clear and

unambiguous and its application does not lead to absurd consequences, the law is

applied as written, and no further interpretation may be made in search of

legislative intent. La. Civ. Code art. 9. However, when the language of a law is
                                          6
susceptible to different meanings, it must be interpreted as having the meaning that

best conforms to the purpose of the law, and the meaning of ambiguous words

must be sought by examining the context in which they occur and the text of the

law as a whole. La. Civ. Code art. 10. The latter principle was explained in Fruge

v. Muffoletto, 242 La. 569, 137 So. 2d 336 (1962):

             In construing a statute, the primary object is to ascertain and, if
      possible, give effect to the intention and purpose of the legislature as
      expressed in the statute. Since the meaning is to be determined from a
      general consideration of the act as a whole, all parts, provisions or
      sections must be read together; each must be considered with respect
      to, or in the light of, all the other provisions, and construed in
      harmony with the whole. The intent as deduced from the whole will
      prevail over that of a particular part considered separately. Meaning
      should be given, if possible, to each and every section, and the
      construction placed on one portion should not be such as to obliterate
      another; so, in determining the meaning of a word, phrase or clause,
      the entire statute is to be considered.
Fruge, 137 So. 2d at 339; see also Rando, supra, pp. 8-9, 16 So. 3d 1075; O'Regan

v. Preferred Enterprises, Inc., 98-1602 (La. 3/17/00), 758 So. 2d 124. Ultimately,

the words of a law must be given their generally prevailing meaning and words of

art and technical terms must be given their technical meaning when the law

involves a technical matter. La. Civ. Code art. 11.

      When courts interpret provisions of the Workers' Compensation Act, the

basic history and policy of the compensation movement must be taken into

account. Rando, supra, pp. 8-9, 16 So. 3d 1075 (citing Stelly v. Overhead Door

Company of Baton Rouge, 94-0569 (La. 12/8/94), 646 So. 2d 905; Roberts v.

Sewerage & Water Bd. of New Orleans, 92-2048 (La. 3/21/94), 634 So. 2d 341,

345). Although we must liberally construe the coverage provisions of the workers'

compensation act, we must be mindful to narrowly construe the LWCA‟s

immunity provisions. Id.

                                          7
          Given that we must interpret the provisions of the LWCA in light of the

history and policy behind the workers‟ compensation scheme, we commence our

review with a brief overview of the history of workers‟ compensation law in

Louisiana and the purpose behind such legislation. The history of the LWCA was

set forth in detail in Rando, pp. 9-14, 16 So. 3d at 1076-79. Recognizing that the

judicial system for remedying personal injuries for workers via a tort suit posed

significant hurdles for the injured employee, the legislature passed the Burke-

Roberts Employers‟ Liability Act in 1914. La. Acts 1914, No. 20; see generally H.

Alston Johnson, Louisiana Workers’ Compensation Law and Practice, 13 La. Civ.

Law Treatise, pp. 6-35 (5th ed. 2010) (hereinafter, “Malone & Johnson”). Since

1914, Louisiana has provided workers‟ compensation coverage for “personal

injury by accident arising out of and in the course and scope of [the worker‟s]

employment….” La. Acts 1914, No. 20; see La. Rev. Stat. 23:1031(A). 2 This

compensation scheme, which continues to this day, represents the legislature‟s

attempt to achieve a compromise regarding the rights and responsibilities of

injured workers and their employers. The 1914 Act provided that employees

injured in the course and scope of their employment could pursue legislatively-

defined compensation benefits without having to prove fault on the part of the

employer, and necessarily forego their right to full redress for personal injuries

under Article 2315 of the Civil Code. The employer, in exchange for accepting the

responsibility to pay such benefits regardless of fault, was guaranteed immunity

from suits for tort damages arising out of the employment relationship, save for

2
    La. Rev. Stat. 23:1031(A), setting forth the employee‟s right of action, provides as follows:

                  A. If an employee not otherwise eliminated from the benefits of this
          Chapter receives personal injury by accident arising out of and in the course of his
          employment, his employer shall pay compensation in the amounts, on the
          conditions, and to the person or persons hereinafter designated.

                                                   8
intentional torts. Sometimes referred to as a “quid pro quo,” this initial core

compromise has evolved over the years and has been modified by the legislature,

which has the prerogative to define the conditions and limitations under which

workers can recover compensation benefits. O’Regan v. Preferred Enterprises,

Inc., 98-1602 (La. 6/29/99), 737 So. 2d 31, 34.

      In 1918, La. Rev. Stat. 23:1021 was amended to define the terms “accident”

and “personal injury”:

       (1) “Accident” means an unexpected or unforeseen event happening
      suddenly or violently, with or without human fault and producing at
      the time objective symptoms of an injury. …
      (7) “Injury” and “Personal Injuries” includes only injuries by violence
      to the physical structure of the body and such disease or infections as
      naturally result therefrom. These terms shall in no case be construed
      to include any other form of disease or derangement, howsoever
      caused or contracted.

      Recognizing the realities of the modern workplace, a liberal interpretation

evolved regarding what constitutes an “accident” under the LWCA. For example,

the jurisprudence has established that physical breakdowns caused by repeated

exposures to conditions at work are “accidents” within the purview of the LWCA.

This court addressed these cases and the proper interpretation of the LWCA's

accident provisions in Rando v. Anco Insulations Inc., p. 11, 16 So. 3d at 1077:

      While the purpose of the 1914 statute may have initially been to cover
      only work-related “accidents,” with the advancement of the industrial
      revolution and growing number and types of diseases arising from
      work-related activities, a liberal interpretation was given to the statute
      which “effectuated its beneficent purpose of relieving workmen of the
      economic burden of work-connected injuries by diffusing the costs in
      channels of commerce.” Parks v. Insurance Co. of North America,
      340 So. 2d 276, 281 (La. 1976). Accordingly, this Court recognized
      judicial interpretation of that statute often resulted in occupational
      illnesses and diseases being classified as “accidents” under the Act.
      Id.

                                          9
       In 1952, the legislature established express statutory authority for the

coverage of occupational diseases under Louisiana's workers' compensation law.

1952 La. Acts No. 532. Rejecting blanket coverage for all occupational diseases,

the legislature chose a schedule approach, providing compensation for “contraction

of an occupational disease,” as defined, as the exclusive remedy of the employee or

his dependent. The statute explicitly provided coverage for two categories of

“occupational disease.” La. Rev. Stat. 21:1031.1 (1952). One category included

specifically listed diseases, namely diseased conditions caused by exposure to X

rays   or   radioactive   substances,   asbestosis,   silicosis,   dermatosis,   and

pneumoconiosis, while the other category identified diseases by causative agents.

Rando, p. 12, 16 So. 3d at 1078. The defendants do not argue that NIHL is an

occupational disease within the meaning of the 1952 version of La. Rev. Stat.

21:1031.1 (1952).

       In 1975, it became apparent that a considerable number of employment-

related diseases did not comfortably fit into the categories set forth in the 1952

amendment. Rando, pp. 13-14, 16 So. 3d at 1078-79. The legislature revised La.

Rev. Stat. § 23:1031.1(A) (1976) to amend the definition of occupational disease

by removing the list of specific diseases for which there was coverage under

workers‟ compensation and substituting the following: “[a]n occupational disease

shall mean only that disease or illness which is due to causes and conditions

characteristic of and peculiar to the particular trade, occupation, process, or

employment in which the employee is exposed to such disease.” 1975 La. Acts

No. 583. We have recognized that the legislature, by amending the LWCA in

1975, intended to abandon the limited schedule approach to occupational diseases

set forth in 1952, and to embrace a broader and more expansive definition of

“occupational disease.” See Rando, p. 16, 16 So. 3d 1080; see also O’Regan v.
                                        10
Preferred Enterprises, Inc., 98-1602 (La. 3/17/00), 758 So. 2d 124. Originally, La.

Rev. Stat. 23:1031.1 provided as follows:

      A. Every employee who is disabled because of the contraction of an
      occupational disease as herein defined, or the dependent of an
      employee whose death is caused by an occupational disease, as herein
      defined, shall be entitled to the compensation provided in this Chapter
      the same as if said employee received personal injury by accident
      arising out of and in the course of his employment.
             B. An occupational disease shall mean only that disease or
      illness which is due to causes and conditions characteristic of and
      peculiar to the particular trade, occupation, process, or employment in
      which the employee is exposed to such disease.
      In 1989, the legislature again amended the definition of “occupational

disease” to exclude certain conditions:

      B. An occupational disease means only that disease or illness which is
      due to causes and conditions characteristic of and peculiar to the
      particular trade, occupation, process, or employment in which the
      employee is exposed to such disease. Degenerative disc disease,
      spinal stenosis, arthritis of any type, mental illness, and heart-related
      or perivascular disease are specifically excluded from the
      classification of an occupational disease for the purposes of this
      Section.
Acts 1989, No. 454, § 2, eff. Jan. 1, 1990 (emphasis supplied).

      But in 1990, the legislature clarified that “carpal tunnel syndrome” is an

occupational disease. La. Acts 1990, No. 943, § 2. Such that the definition of

occupational disease currently reads as follows:

      A. Every employee who is disabled because of the contraction of an
      occupational disease as herein defined, or the dependent of an
      employee whose death is caused by an occupational disease, as herein
      defined, shall be entitled to the compensation provided in this Chapter
      the same as if said employee received personal injury by accident
      arising out of and in the course of his employment.
      B. An occupational disease means only that disease or illness which is
      due to causes and conditions characteristic of and peculiar to the
      particular trade, occupation, process, or employment in which the
      employee is exposed to such disease. Occupational disease shall
      include injuries due to work-related carpal tunnel syndrome.
      Degenerative disc disease, spinal stenosis, arthritis of any type, mental
      illness, and heart-related or perivascular disease are specifically
                                          11
      excluded from the classification of an occupational disease for the
      purpose of this Section.
La. Rev. Stat. 23:1031.1 (emphasis supplied).

      After recognizing that an “occupational disease” includes repetitive injuries

that result in a gradual deterioration or progressive degeneration, such as carpal

tunnel syndrome, the legislature has also revised the definition of “accident.” Acts

1989, No. 454, § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1990. Since 1990 then, “accident” has been defined

as follows:

      (1) “Accident” means an unexpected or unforeseen actual,
      identifiable, precipitous event happening suddenly or violently, with
      or without human fault, and directly producing at the time objective
      findings of an injury which is more than simply a gradual
      deterioration or progressive degeneration.
La. Rev. Stat. 23:1021(1) (2014). The defendants do not specifically argue that

NIHL falls within this definition of “accident.”

      Looking at the history and purposes behind the Act, it is evident that central

to the effectuation of the economic principle that underpins Louisiana‟s

compensation system is the existence of a causal link between an injury and the

employment enterprise. The Act‟s “beneficent purpose of relieving workmen of the

economic burden of work-connected injuries by diffusing the costs in the channels

of commerce,” Parks v. Insurance Co. of North America, 340 So. 2d 276, 281 (La.

1976), is furthered only when the particular risks that materialize are indeed

attributable to the enterprise. Causality is thus the lynchpin for distinguishing

between acts that fall within the ambit of the Act and those that do not.

      The centrality of this causal link is recognized and underscored in the

language of the Act itself. Thus, La. Rev. Stat. 23:1031(A) provides the employer

is responsible for compensation benefits to “an employee not otherwise eliminated

from the benefits of this Chapter [who] receives personal injury by accident arising
                                          12
out of and in the course of his employment.” (Emphasis added.) In O’Regan v.

Preferred Enterprises, Inc., 98-1602 (La. 3/17/00), 758 So. 2d 124, we recognized

that the highlighted words “were carefully chosen by the Legislature” to aid the

courts in deciding “the threshold issue of whether the particular risk involved falls

within the protection of the compensation act,” and “that these phrases are the

lynchpin to an injured employee‟s entitlement to compensation under the Workers‟

Compensation Act.” O’Regan, 98-1602 at 9-10; 758 So. 2d at 131. Thus, we

added, “[i]t is no surprise that when the Legislature broadened the concept of

„accident‟ by providing for occupational diseases in the workers‟ compensation

system, it engrafted the same phrases in its treatment of occupational diseases” in

La. Rev. Stat. 23:1031.1(A) and (B).       Id., 98-1602 at 11; 758 So. 2d at 132.

“Generally,” we noted, “an employee who becomes disabled because of an

occupational disease will be entitled to workers‟ compensation benefits [as] „if said

employee received personal injury by accident arising out of and in the course of

his employment,‟” (La. Rev. Stat. 23:1031.1(A); emphasis removed), if “the

employee has performed work for a particular employer in which he has been

engaged for more than twelve months,” (La. Rev. Stat. 23:1031.1(D)), “and he can

show by a preponderance of the evidence that the „disease or illness ... is due to

causes and conditions characteristic of and peculiar to the particular trade,

occupation, process, or employment in which the employee is exposed to such

disease,‟” (La. Rev. Stat. 23:1031.1(B)). Id. We reasoned: “Seen in this light, the

occupation[al] disease section is essentially concerned with the claimant‟s proof

that there is a relationship between the employment and his disease, to the extent

that we think it is fair that the employment enterprise should bear the cost of his

disability.” Id., 98-1602 at 13; 758 So. 2d at 133. In other words, in O’Regan we

recognized that the language the legislature adopted in expanding the statutory

                                         13
definition of occupational disease points to causation as the central determinant in

assessing which risks are properly institutionalized as risks of employment and

which risks properly remain in the tort system.

       As we reiterated in Breaux v. Hoffpauir, 95-2933 (La. 5/21/96), 674 So. 2d
234, the provisions of the Act must be liberally construed to effectuate the

overarching policies behind the LWCA, that is, to keep the injured employee from

destitution and to effectuate the remedial policy of the Act. With this history and

purpose in mind, we turn to the specific issues presented.

“PERSONAL INJURY BY ACCIDENT”

       For the reasons set forth below, we find that noise-induced hearing loss

qualifies as a “personal injury by accident” within the meaning of La. Rev. Stat.

23:1021(1), at least until the definition of “accident” was revised in 1990. 3 At the

time of the plaintiffs‟ alleged exposure to hazardous levels of noise, “accident” was

defined as “an unexpected or unforeseen event happening suddenly or violently,

with or without human fault and producing at the time objective symptoms of an

injury,” while a personal injury was defined as “only injuries by violence to the

physical structure of the body and such disease or infections as naturally result

therefrom.” La. Rev. Stat. 23:1021(1) (1952).

       In support of their argument that NIHL does not constitute a “personal injury

by accident” under the LWCA, the plaintiffs point to several cases that seemingly

so hold. In Becker v. Murphy Oil Co., 10-1519 (La. App. 4 Cir. 6/2/11), 70 So. 3d
3
  We need not decide whether NIHL falls within the definition of “accident” since the 1990
revision of La. Rev. Stat. 23:1021(1), because, as discussed below, we also find that, since 1975
at least, NIHL is a covered “occupational disease.” Accordingly, the distinction between injury
and disease may no longer be relevant for purposes of providing compensation for hearing loss
indisputably arising out of industrial employment. Employment-related gradual hearing loss
may be compensable under a repeated and cumulative impact theory of accidental injury or as an
occupational disease. See Marie v. Standard Steel Works, 319 S.W.2d 871, 878 (Mo. 1959).
                                               14
885, writ denied, 11-1750 (La. 11/23/11), 76 So. 3d 1154, the court held that

gradual hearing loss resulting from occupational noise over a period of many years

does not meet the definition of an “accident” under any version of the LWCA. The

court reasoned that no prior case had granted an employee workers‟ compensation

benefits for gradual hearing loss due to occupational noise exposure, nor had any

case specifically held that gradual hearing loss is a compensable “accident” under

the LWCA. Id. Thus, the Becker court merely distinguished cases cited by the

defendants therein, and did not conduct its own analysis of whether NIHL could

qualify as a compensable “accident” under our jurisprudence and the facts of that

case. Two subsequent courts have cited Becker‟s holding approvingly, but with no

further analysis. Barbe v. American Sugar Refining, Inc., 11-0544 (La. App. 4 Cir.

12/14/11), 83 So. 3d 75; McCarthy v. Entergy Gulf States, Inc., 11-600 (La. App. 3

Cir. 12/7/11), 82 So. 3d 336.

      On the other hand, the defendants point to this court‟s jurisprudence,

summarized in Rando, supra, in which the court noted that numerous courts have

held that physical breakdowns caused by repeated exposures to conditions of

employment were accidents under the LWCA. The defendants point to several

cases which seemingly hold that gradual noise-induced hearing loss could be

deemed an “accident” compensable under the LWCA.            In Chatelain v. American

Can Co., 344 So. 2d 1180 (La. App. 4th Cir.1977), the court ultimately found the

plaintiff had failed to prove that his gradual hearing loss was causally related to his

employment, but the court nevertheless had reasoned that “extraordinary stress and

strain is not essential to the definition of a disabling accident.” The Chatelain court

went on to note that “[i]t is well established in Louisiana that when the

performance of the usual and customary duties of a workman cause or contribute to

a physical breakdown, the statutory requirements for an accidental injury are
                                          15
present.” 344 So. 2d at 1181. Likewise, the defendants point to Quine v. Ideal

Cement Co., 351 So. 2d 1303 (La. App. 1st Cir. 1977), writ denied, 353 So. 2d 1035

(La. 1978), in which the court, although it found the plaintiff had failed to prove

causation with regard to her hearing loss, nonetheless recognized that “[i]t is only

necessary that the accidental injury be caused or precipitated by the usual or

customary actions, exertion, or other factors directly connected with employment.”

      Our jurisprudence interpreting what constitutes a compensable “accident”

under the LWCA has been well settled, and as we have pointed out, causation is

the lynchpin in determining whether an act is covered. As we explained in Parks,

supra, 340 So.2d at 281:

      [T]he courts of this state have consistently accorded the terms of the
      Workmen's Compensation Act a liberal construction in order to
      effectuate its beneficent purpose of relieving workmen of the
      economic burden of work-connected injuries by diffusing the costs in
      channels of commerce. Danielsen v. Security Van Lines, Inc., 245 La.
450, 158 So. 2d 609 (1963); Geist v. Martin, Decker Corp., 313 So. 2d
1 (La.App.1st Cir. 1975). Louisiana is among the many jurisdictions
      that look to the employee to determine whether there was an
      unexpected and catastrophic effect upon him in deciding that an injury
      is accidental. Ferguson v. HDE, Inc., 270 So. 2d 867 (La. 1972). We
      have held that extraordinary physical stress and strain is not essential
      to the definition of disabling accident: when the performance of the
      usual and customary duties of a workman cause or contribute to a
      physical breakdown, the statutory requirements for an accidental
      injury are present. Ferguson v. HDE, Inc., 270 So. 2d 867 (La. 1972);
      Bertrand v. Coal Operators Casualty Co., 253 La. 1115, 221 So. 2d
816 (1968). More particularly, we have recognized that the fact that a
      condition may commonly be referred to as an illness or disease does
      not thereby preclude its classification as an accident. Jennings v.
      Louisiana Southern Life Insurance Co., 290 So. 2d 811 (La. 1974). In
      Jennings, we noted that among other conditions frequently termed as
      diseases, heart disease, stroke, heat stroke, herpes zoster (shingles),
      cancer and 'bends' have all been treated as compensable accidents
      within the contemplation of the Workmen's Compensation Act.

      In Parks, the court had to determine whether plaintiff‟s bronchitis episode

constituted an “accident” as that term is defined in the compensation act and

                                         16
interpreted in the jurisprudence.     The court reasoned the medical testimony

established that the plaintiff‟s bronchitis episode resulted in an injury, that is,

“violence to the physical structure of her body.” The court found the injury to be

accidental because it was unexpected and unforeseen and occurred suddenly

producing at the time objective symptoms. The Parks court relied on Geist v.

Martin Decker Corp., 313 So. 2d 1 (La.App.1st Cir. 1975), and Gotte v. Cities

Service Oil Co., 298 So. 2d 920 (La.App.3d Cir. 1974), wherein hepatitis and

pneumonia were both held, respectively, to be within the statutory definition of

accident when the contraction of these conditions was causally related to plaintiffs'

employment.

      Finally, the Parks court found that the bronchitis contracted by plaintiff was

caused, aggravated or precipitated by the working conditions of her employment.

The Parks observed that it is not necessary that an accident be caused by

extraordinary activities of an employee or that said activities be the exclusive cause

of an accidental injury, it is only necessary that the accidental injury be caused or

precipitated by the usual and customary actions, exertion, or other factors directly

connected with the employment. 340 So. 2d at 281 (citing Roussel v. Colonial

Sugars Co., 318 So. 2d 37 (La.1975)). The Parks court went on to reason that it

was “immaterial that the disability could have been brought on by causes other

than a work-related trauma, if, in fact, trauma on the job which meets the standards

of accidental injury is a disabling factor.” Id. (citing Bertrand v. Coal Operators

Casualty Co., 253 La. 1115, 221 So. 2d 816 (1969)). The Parks court further noted

a prior case in which the court held “that an accident which aggravates or

accelerates a pre-existing condition is compensable even where disability is not

caused by a single or specific incident.” Id. (citing Chism v. Kaiser Aluminum &

Chemical Corp., 332 So. 2d 784 (La.1976)).
                                          17
      Turning to the instant case with these analytical principles in mind, it is

evident none of the courts cited by plaintiffs has necessarily examined whether

NIHL as alleged in this case, falls within the definition of a “personal injury by

accident” as it has been expansively interpreted under this court‟s jurisprudential

understanding of the history and purposes of the LWCA. The record evidence

establishes that NIHL results from years of exposure to excessive noise. Plaintiffs‟

expert in audiology, Dr. Ross Roeser, explained the anatomical structure of the ear,

as well as a discussion of the nerves that carry sound to the brain. He testified that

the snail-shaped structure is the auditory portion of the inner ear called the cochlea.

He explained the cochlea has two and a half turns, which, if unrolled

longitudinally, could be said to be “tonotopically” organized. He explained that

“tonotopically” means each distinct anatomical part is responsible for a different

frequency, and high frequencies of sound are heard close to where the mechanical

force enters the cochlea. This is consistent with Dr. Roeser‟s testimony in a

previous NIHL case, in which he explained that, when a high level of energy enters

the cochlea “it literally destroys, it damages and destroys that row of hair cells in

that particular part of the ear.” See Becker v. Murphy Oil Corp., pp. 27-28, 10-

1519 (La. App. 4 Cir. 6/2/11), 70 So. 3d 885, 903. Thus, there is an immediate

injury to the inner ear, even though the effect of the damage thereto only gradually

becomes perceptible over time and only with repeated or continuous exposures to

the hazardous levels of noise. In this regard, the excessive noise is a traumatic

injury to the ear. This is not a long-latency occupational disease case. Compare

Austin v. Abney Mills, 01-1598 (La. 9/4/02), 824 So. 2d 1137. The damage to the

inner ear is immediate, though imperceptible until the damage cumulates into a

measurable hearing shift or loss.

                                          18
      Such traumatic damage to the inner ear certainly qualifies as an “injury”

within the meaning of the LWCA, because the high levels of energy noise entering

the ear cause damage to the inner ear “by violence to the physical structure of the

body, ” i.e., the hairs and cells in the inner ear. Furthermore, the exposure to

hazardous levels of industrial noise, as alleged by the plaintiffs, qualifies as an

accident because the hazardous level of industrial noise, a large quantity of energy

that did violence and damage to the inner ear, was an “unexpected or unforeseen

event happening suddenly or violently, with or without human fault and producing

at the time objective symptoms of an injury.” As to the element of causation,

which we have explained is the lynchpin of the workers‟ compensation scheme, the

trial court found, based on the evidence, that the hazardous levels of noise to which

the plaintiffs were exposed during their employment was a substantial and

significant cause of their hearing loss.      As we have reiterated, “when the

performance of the usual and customary duties of a workman cause or contribute to

a physical breakdown, the statutory requirements for an accidental injury are

present.” Parks, supra. The record, including the testimony of the plaintiffs and

their experts, establishes that the performance of the plaintiffs‟ usual and

customary duties at the defendant‟s facility in fact caused or contributed to the

breakdown and damage to their inner ears, and thus was the cause of their gradual

noise-induced hearing losses. Accordingly, we find the statutory requirements of

an accident have been satisfied.

“OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE”

       We further find, for the reasons set forth below, that the plaintiffs‟ gradual

noise-induced hearing loss as a result of their exposure to hazardous levels of noise

in the course and scope of their employment constitutes an “occupational disease”

                                         19
within the meaning of the LWCA. As noted above, the legislature in 1975 revised

La. Rev. Stat. 1031.1(B) to abandon the schedule approach in favor of more

expansive and comprehensive coverage to include employment-related ailments

that did not fit within the schedule of diseases and were not by the Act‟s definition

an accidental injury under La. Rev. Stat. 23:1021. The question then is whether

NIHL is a “disease or illness which is due to causes and conditions characteristic

of and peculiar to the particular trade, occupation, process, or employment in

which the employee is exposed to such disease.” La. Rev. Stat. 23:1031.1(A).

      Mindful of the “comprehensive” nature of the coverage the statute now

provides, we must give the terms “disease or illness” a common and “generally

prevailing” definition. There can be little doubt that hearing is a vital function of

the body; indeed, it is one of the five senses. While one may be able to live

successfully without being able to hear, the trial court itself concluded the plaintiffs

had suffered permanent and irreversible loss of hearing in varying degrees

“affecting every aspect of their lives.” Hearing loss has been included within the

meaning of the term “occupational disease.”         Black’s Law Dictionary defines

“occupational disease” as follows:

      A disease that is contracted as a result of exposure to debilitating
      conditions or substances or exposure to debilitating conditions or
      substances in the course of employment. Employees who suffer from
      occupational diseases are eligible for workers‟ compensation. Courts
      have construed the term to include a variety of ailments, including
      lung conditions (such as asbestosis or black lung), hearing loss, and
      carpal tunnel syndrome. [Emphasis added.]
Black’s Law’s Dictionary, “Occupational Disease” (10th ed. 2009).

      Hearing loss also is encompassed by other definitions of disease or illness.

See Merriam-Webster.com, “Disease” (9/10/14) (“A condition that prevents the

body or mind from working normally.”); Oxforddicitionaries.com. “Disease”

                                           20
(9/10/14) (“A disorder of structure or function of a human, ... especially one that

produces specific signs or symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not

simply the result of physical injury.”); Black’s Law Dictionary, “Disease” (6th ed.

1990) (“Deviation from the healthy or normal condition of any of the functions of

the body.”).    Unquestionably, hearing loss is a “condition”, “disorder”, and

“deviation” from the normal functioning of the body. Furthermore, MERRIAM-

WEBSTER, defines “illness,” (medically) as “an unhealthy condition of body or

mind.” Merriam-Webster.com. Surely, hearing loss is an unhealthy condition of

the body, which meets the medical definition and, therefore, the “generally

prevailing meaning” of “illness.”

      Furthermore, as the statute directs, we must look to whether plaintiffs‟

disease or illness “is due to causes and conditions characteristic of and peculiar to

the particular trade, occupation, process, or employment in which the employee is

exposed.” La. Rev. Stat. 23:1031.1(B). The legislature deliberately chose very

broad and expansive words to determine whether a disease or illness is a

compensable “occupational disease” under the Act.              By definition, “[a]n

occupational disease means only that disease or illness which is due to causes and

conditions characteristic of and peculiar to the particular trade, occupation,

process, or employment in which the employee is exposed to such disease.” La.

R.S. 23:1031.1(B). In other words, an occupational disease is one in which there is

a demonstrated causal link between the particular disease or illness and the

occupation. See O’Regan, supra.

      Viewed in this light, it is clear that NIHL meets the statutory definition of an

“occupational disease” under the Act. The court of appeal correctly found that a

causal link between plaintiffs‟ hearing losses and their work-related duties was

                                         21
established by a reasonable probability by the plaintiffs‟ own testimony and that of

their experts. As the trial court found, and the record evidence supports, the

“occupational disease” was contracted during the course of employment and was

the result of the nature of the employment. There is no requirement in the statute,

as the plaintiffs suggest, that the nature of the disease or injury be unique to the

particular trade or industry. Here, hazardous levels of industrial noise, which

caused the plaintiffs‟ hearing loss, was a condition very characteristic of and

peculiar to the particular employment of working in a paper mill or box plant,

which the evidence demonstrated involves machinery and processes producing

high levels of industrial noise. Additionally, as the court of appeal noted, expert

testimony in the form of certified reports, depositions or direct examination in open

court supported a finding that the hearing loss was an occupational disease caused

by exposure to high levels of industrial noise at the facility. Thus, the court of

appeal correctly concluded the evidence established the plaintiffs‟ hearing loss “is

due to causes and conditions characteristic of and peculiar to” plaintiffs‟ particular

trade, occupation, process or employment with the defendants. Arrant v. Graphic

Packaging Intern., Inc., 48,197 at pp. 11-12 (La. App. 2 Cir. 9/25/13), 127 So. 3d
924, 931.

      The plaintiffs argue there must be a disability or impairment to the worker so

as to be compensable as a disease or illness under the Act, citing La. Rev. Stat.

23:1031.1(A), which allows benefits to an “employee who is disabled because of

the contraction of an occupational disease as herein defined….” We disagree with

the plaintiffs‟ attempt to define “disability” so narrowly. There can be no doubt

that hearing loss is a disability. Indeed, the legislature recognized as much when it

specifically provided for a partial permanent disability benefit for hearing loss

occasioned by a single traumatic accident. See La. Rev. Stat. 23:1221(4)(p); see
                                          22
also La. Rev. Stat. 33:2581.1 (providing for a disability benefit for firefighters

whose hearing loss is more than 10% greater than that in the comparable civilian

population). That the injured worker may or may not be able to continue his

employment to be entitled to temporary or total disability benefits, or to

supplemental earnings benefits, is a matter of proof at trial. If the Legislature had

intended La. R.S. 23:1031.1(B) to require the element of the impairment to a vital

function, it would have included such in the definition of “occupational disease.”

It did not. Our conclusion is supported by the fact the courts have traditionally

awarded benefits for occupational diseases for impairments to functions not

traditionally considered vital to human existence.        See, e.g.,   Winborne v.

Sanderson Farms, 06-2272 (La. 9/14/07), 971 So. 2d 342 (carpal tunnel syndrome);

Lollis v. Shaw Global Energy Services, 07-0395 (La. App. 3 Cir. 1/3/07), 966
So. 2d 1122 (allergic contact dermatitis); Chaisson v. Singular Wireless, 06-691

(La. App. 3 Cir. 11/2/06), 943 So. 2d 591 (epicondylitis, a/k/a tennis elbow);

Mitchell v. Alliance Compressors, 05-1186 (La. App. 3 Cir. 4/5/06), 926 So. 2d 127

(thoracic outlet syndrome); Rodriguez v. Lafourche Parish School Bd., 04-1136

(La. App. 1 Cir. 2005), 909 So. 2d 627 (chemical sensitivity); Dunn v. Riverview

Medical Center, 01-1521 (La. App. 1 Cir. 6/21/02), 822 So. 2d 736 (lymphedema

of the upper arm); Carmean v. Enterprise Products Partners, L.L.P., 00-1919 (La.

App. 1 Cir. 11/9/01), 804 So. 2d 95 (plantar fasciitis); and LaCour v. Hilti Corp.,

98-2691 (La. 5/18/99), 733 So. 2d 1193 (elbow degeneration).

      Finally, although the legislature has not included gradual hearing loss as an

enumerated occupational disease, as the plaintiffs point out, it has also not been

listed with the enumerated degenerative conditions specifically excluded under La.

Rev. Stat. 23:1031.1(B), namely, degenerative disc disease, spinal stenosis,

arthritis of any type, mental illness, and heart-related or perivascular diseases.
                                         23
Accordingly, we find no error in the court of appeal‟s determination that plaintiffs‟

gradual noise-induced hearing loss was a compensable occupational disease within

the meaning of the LWCA, such that the defendants were entitled to immunity

from suits in tort.

CONCLUSION

       Because the plaintiffs‟ NIHL claims fall within the parameters of the

LWCA, whether the pre-1990 definition of “accident” or the post-1975 definition

of an “occupational disease,” we conclude the defendants were entitled to

immunity from suit in tort under the LWCA. Accordingly, the court of appeal

properly reversed the judgment of the district court and dismissed the plaintiffs‟

claims. The judgment of the court of appeal dismissing the plaintiffs‟ tort claims

with prejudice is affirmed.

                                         24
05/05/15

                     SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

                             NO. 2013-C-2878
                           CONSOLIDATED WITH
                             NO. 2013-C-2981

                  JAMES CLIFFORD ARRANT, ET AL.
                             VERSUS
           GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

                           CONSOLIDATED WITH

                 MARVIN JACK BARNETT, JR., ET AL.
                            VERSUS
           GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

                           CONSOLIDATED WITH

                   KENNETH NOEL BAIN, SR., ET AL.
                            VERSUS
           GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

                           CONSOLIDATED WITH

                   GEORGE EMORY BUTLER, ET AL.
                            VERSUS
           GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

                           CONSOLIDATED WITH

                     W. H. AUTTONBERRY, ET AL.
                              VERSUS
           GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

                           CONSOLIDATED WITH

                  JIMMIE DEWAYNE BAUGH, ET AL.
                            VERSUS
           GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

                           CONSOLIDATED WITH

                  MELVIN ELLIS BORDELON, ET AL.
                             VERSUS
           GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

           ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,
                SECOND CIRCUIT, PARISH OF OUACHITA

JOHNSON, Chief Justice, dissents for reasons assigned by Knoll, J.
05/05/15

                   SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

                         NO. 2013-C-2878
                       CONSOLIDATED WITH
                         NO. 2013-C-2981

                  JAMES CLIFFORD ARRANT, ET AL.
                             VERSUS
           GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

                       CONSOLIDATED WITH

                 MARVIN JACK BARNETT, JR., ET AL.
                            VERSUS
           GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

                       CONSOLIDATED WITH

                  KENNETH NOEL BAIN, SR., ET AL.
                            VERSUS
           GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

                       CONSOLIDATED WITH

                  GEORGE EMORY BUTLER, ET AL.
                            VERSUS
           GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

                       CONSOLIDATED WITH

                     W. H. AUTTONBERRY, ET AL.
                              VERSUS
           GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

                       CONSOLIDATED WITH

                  JIMMIE DEWAYNE BAUGH, ET AL.
                            VERSUS
           GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

                       CONSOLIDATED WITH

                  MELVIN ELLIS BORDELON, ET AL.
                             VERSUS
           GRAPHIC PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

KNOLL, JUSTICE, dissenting.
       Because I find NIHL is neither a covered occupational disease under any

version of La. Rev. Stat. § 23:1031.1, nor a personal injury by accident under any

applicable version of the LWCA, I respectfully dissent from the majority‟s

affirmation of the judgment of the court of appeal and find plaintiffs‟ tort claims

against their employers for NIHL are not barred by the exclusive remedy provision

of the LWCA. Finding no manifest error, I would reinstate the judgment of the

district court.

       As well established, any interpretation of the provisions of the LWCA must

take into account the basic history and policy of the compensation movement.

Stelly v. Overhead Door Company of Baton Rouge, 94-0569 (La. 12/8/94), 646
So. 2d 905; Roberts v. Sewerage & Water Bd. of New Orleans, 92-2048 (La.

3/21/94), 634 So. 2d 341, 345. Likewise, as both Stelly and Roberts establish,

although this Court liberally construes the coverage provisions of the LWCA, it

narrowly construes the LWCA‟s immunity provisions. Stelly, 646 So. 2d at 910;

Roberts, 634 So. 2d at 346. Given the decades of alleged exposure—from 1956 to

the time of trial—the cumulative nature of the hearing loss, and the various

amendments to LWCA over this substantial period of time, my examination of

each version of the applicable LWCA provisions will proceed in a linear fashion.

       History of the LWCA

       The history of workers‟ compensation began when the state of New York

passed the first workers‟ compensation statute in the United States in 1910. Four

years later, following the submission of a lengthy report and recommendation by a

Commission tasked by Governor L.E. Hall to study and draft laws providing for

compensation to injured employees, our Legislature enacted one of the first

workers‟ compensation statutes in the South. In its report to the Legislature, the

                                         2
Commission detailed there was “conservatism required” in enacting such a system

of laws, because of the diverging approaches by the differing states. Furthermore,

it was noted the concept of workers‟ compensation in Louisiana was “all in the

experimental state.” La. Sen. Journal Reg. Sess. 1914, p. 33. The Commission

thus found conservatism was required because “no matter how moderate the act

may be in its provisions, it is a radical departure, being suddenly adopted through

the United States, from the line of thought which prevailed up to 1910.” Id.

Against that backdrop, La. Rev. Stat. § 23:1031 (1914) originally provided an

employee who “receives personal injury by accident arising out of and in the

course of [his] employment” is to receive compensation. 1

       Occupational Disease

       However, it was not until 1952 that the Legislature established express

statutory authority for the coverage of occupational diseases under the LWCA.

1952 La. Acts No. 532. As then enacted, La. Rev. Stat. § 23:1031.1 provided, in

pertinent part:

              Every employee who is disabled because of the contraction of
       an occupational disease as herein defined ... shall be entitled to the
       compensation provided in this Chapter the same as if said employee
       received personal injury by accident arising out of and in the course of
       his employment.
              (A) An occupational disease shall include only those diseases
       hereinafter listed when contracted by an employee in the course of his
       employment as a result of the nature of the work performed….
                  1. Poisoning by or other disease resulting from contact with
                  (a) the halogens, halogen compounds, and halogenated
                  hydrocarbons
                  (b) alkaline materials
                  (c) arsenic, phosphorus, silenium, sulfur, tellurium, and
                  their compounds
                  (d) oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and their compounds
                  (e) cyanides and cyanogen compounds
                  (f) lead and lead compounds
1 Similarly, La. Rev. Stat. § 23:1031 presently provides, in pertinent part: “If an employee …
receives personal injury by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment, his
employer shall pay compensation….”

                                              3
                (g) metals other than lead and their compounds
                (h) aliphatic hydrocarbons and their nitro, diaso and
                amino compounds
                (i) aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons and their nitro,
                amino and other compounds
                (j) alcohols
                (k) organic and inorganic acids and their derivates and
                compounds
                (l) esters of aliphatic, aromatic and inorganic acids
                (m) aldehydes
                (n) ketones
                (o) ethers, glycols, glycol ethers, and their compounds
                (p) phenol and phenolic compounds
                2. Diseased condition caused by exposure to X-rays or
            radio-active substances.
                3. Asbestosis.
                4. Silicosis.
                5. Dermatosis.
                6. Pneumoconiosis.

La. Rev. Stat. § 23:1031.1 (1953).

      While other states enacted compensation statutes providing blanket coverage

for all occupational diseases, our Legislature chose a schedule approach, providing

compensation for “contraction of an occupational disease,” as defined, to be the

exclusive remedy of the employee or his dependent.           The statute explicitly

provided coverage for two categories of “occupational disease.” One category

included specifically listed diseases, namely diseased conditions caused by

exposure to X rays or radioactive substances, asbestosis, silicosis, dermatosis, and

pneumoconiosis. The other category identified diseases by enumerated causative

agents. No one disputes NIHL was not a specifically enumerated occupational

disease, nor was excessive noise a listed hazardous or toxic substance. Therefore,

NIHL was not a compensable occupational disease under the 1952 version of the

LWCA. See, e.g., Rando v. ANCO Insulations, Inc., 08-1163 (La. 5/22/09), 16
So. 3d 1065 (finding no foundation for expansive reading of statute considering

limiting words of statute and adoption of scheduled approach).

                                         4
        Although almost every Louisiana legislative session until 1975 amended the

LWCA one way or another (mostly to change the amount of compensation or the

various listed disabilities, including the addition of tuberculosis in 1958 or to make

minor adjustments dictated by experience in the work place), the amendments did

not alter the conservative nature of the LWCA until the major amendments of

1975.     By that point it had become apparent numerous employment-related

diseases did not fit into the categories of occupational diseases enumerated in the

1952 version of the LWCA, and so the Legislature abandoned the schedule

approach in favor of comprehensive coverage and revised La. Rev. Stat. §

23:1031.1 to amend the definition of occupational disease by removing the list of

specific diseases and substituting the following:

               A. Every employee who is disabled because of the contraction
        of an occupational disease as herein defined, or the dependent of an
        employee whose death is caused by an occupational disease, as herein
        defined, shall be entitled to the compensation provided in this Chapter
        the same as if said employee received personal injury by accident
        arising out of and in the course of his employment.
               B. An occupational disease shall mean only that disease or
        illness which is due to causes and conditions characteristic of and
        peculiar to the particular trade, occupation, process, or employment in
        which the employee is exposed to such disease.

1975 La. Acts No. 583; see also La. Rev. Stat. § 23:1031.1 (1976).

        Unquestionably, the 1975 Act‟s treatment of the definition of occupational

disease encompassed far more diseases than the scheduled categories enumerated

in the 1952 version; however, the question for this Court is whether the revised

definition encompasses NIHL. After careful study and contemplation, I find it

does not.

        As stated above, an interpretation begins with the language of the statute,

giving the words their “generally prevailing” and “technical” meanings. La. Civ.

Code art. 11. And in a technical sense, gradual hearing loss is not a “disease” or

                                          5
“illness” anymore than a sunburn is a disease or illness. E. Berton Spence and

Carey W. Spencer, Accrual of Hearing Loss Actions Under the FELA: The

Objective Standard Pre-Vails, 24 Cumb. L. Rev. 113 (1993).            As the expert

evidence shows, NIHL is hearing loss resulting from exposure to sound of

sufficient duration and intensity to produce a decrease in auditory function. Such

exposure produces instantaneous hearing impairment, and in this regard, it is a

traumatic injury. Yet unless the noise is remarkably intense, the damage occurs in

small increments, a bit more each day the worker is exposed, rendering this loss a

cumulative traumatic injury. Thus, the worker does not lose enough hearing to fall

below the “normal” threshold until several years have passed.         A disease, by

contrast, is usually thought of as something one is exposed to (a bacteria or virus)

that then progresses on its own to a logical conclusion. NIHL does not, however,

progress after exposure ceases, any more than does a sunburn after one comes in

from outside.

      Interestingly, Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines “disease” as “an illness

that affects a person, animal or plant; a condition that prevents the body or mind

from working normally.”      Merriam-Webster.com, “Disease” (9/10/14). Oxford

Dictionary defines it as “a disorder of structure or function in a human, …

especially one that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affects a specific

location and is not simply the result of physical injury.” Oxforddictionaries.com,

“Disease” (9/10/14); see also, Black’s Law Dictionary, “Disease” (6th ed.

1990)(“Deviation from the healthy or normal condition of any of the functions or

tissues of the body.”). Defendants cite to both resources for the proposition that

“[c]learly Plaintiffs‟ hearing loss meets these definitions of disease.” Yet we note,

NIHL is not an illness; rather, it is an injury resulting from physical trauma to the

nerve follicles in the ear caused by excessive noise exposure over a duration of

                                         6
time. Moreover, the spacious definition of “a condition that prevents the body

from working normally” is applicable to almost any traumatic injury—a broken

limb, a punctured lung, crushed trachea, severed artery—all of which would not

under the common and general understanding of the term be considered diseases

any more than hearing loss would.

      Meanwhile, the medical definition provided by Merriam-Webster defines

disease as “an impairment of the normal state of the living animal or plant body or

one of its parts that interrupts or modifies the performance of the vital functions, is

typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms, and is a response to

environmental factors (as malnutrition, industrial hazards, or climate), to specific

infective agents (as worms, bacteria, or viruses), to inherent defects of the

organism (as genetic anomalies), or to combinations of these factors.” Merriam-

webster.com, supra. See also Black’s Law Dictionary, supra (“An alteration in the

state of the body or of some of its organs, interrupting or disturbing the

performance of the vital functions, and causing or threatening pain and

weakness.”).     While admittedly hearing loss has been categorized as an

impairment, see, e.g., La. Rev. Stat. § 23:1221(4)(p) and Malone & Johnson, 13
La. Civ. Law Treatise: Workers’ Compensation Law and Practice § 286 (5th ed.

2010), hearing itself is not a vital function. Note, we are not in any way attempting

to define the term “disease” herein—that is the prerogative of the Legislature.

Rather, we merely find, under its generally prevailing meaning, hearing loss is not

a disease.

      Moreover,     the Legislature has amended the current definition of

occupational disease since 1975 to exclude some diseases, such as degenerative

disc disease, spinal stenosis, arthritis, heart-related or perivascular disease, and

mental illness, see 1989 La. Acts 454 § 2, and to include carpal tunnel syndrome.

                                           7
See 1990 La. Acts 943. Interestingly, the Legislature has never added gradual

hearing loss. Its incorporation of carpal tunnel syndrome with a similar

degenerative effect is indicative of the fact the post-1975 definition of occupational

disease did not sufficiently cover same, thus necessitating its subsequent explicit

incorporation.2

          Significantly, I note, if gradual hearing loss was an occupational disease, the

Legislature would not have had to enact a statute specifically providing coverage

for firefighters‟ development of occupational gradual hearing loss. 2006 La. Acts

649; La. Rev. Stat. § 33:2581.1. 3 Moreover, the firefighters‟ statute itself explicitly

provides the gradual hearing loss compensated therein “shall, for purposes of this

Section only, be classified as a disease or infirmity connected with employment.”

La. Rev. Stat. § 33:2581.1(A)(emphasis added).4

          Simply stated, although the LWCA is broadly interpreted to include

coverage, this Court is still bound by the language of the statute, and given this

2   La. Rev. Stat. § 23:1031.1 currently provides, in pertinent part:

                  A. Every employee who is disabled because of the contraction of an
          occupational disease as herein defined, or the dependent of an employee whose
          death is caused by an occupational disease, as herein defined, shall be entitled to
          the compensation provided in this Chapter the same as if said employee received
          personal injury by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment.

                  B. An occupational disease means only that disease or illness which is
          due to causes and conditions characteristic of and peculiar to the particular trade,
          occupation, process, or employment in which the employee is exposed to such
          disease. Occupational disease shall include injuries due to work-related carpal
          tunnel syndrome. Degenerative disc disease, spinal stenosis, arthritis of any type,
          mental illness, and heart-related or perivascular disease are specifically excluded
          from the classification of an occupational disease for the purpose of this Section.

3 La. Rev. Stat. § 33:2581.1(A) provides, in relevant part: “Any loss of hearing which is ten
percent greater than that of the affected employee‟s comparable age group in the general
population and which develops during employment in the classified fire service in the state of
Louisiana shall, for purposes of this Section only, be classified as a disease or infirmity
connected with employment….”

4  Significantly, as plaintiffs note, during the discussion of Senate Bill 204 (later enacted as Act
649) in the House Municipal Committee Meeting held on June 1, 2006, Representative Katz
noted gradual hearing loss was not otherwise compensable as an occupational disease. See
http://house.louisiana.gov/H_Video/2006/Jun 2006.htm.

                                                    8
restriction, this Court must leave it to the Legislature to expressly provide for

coverage herein, as it did with carpal tunnel syndrome and in the firefighters‟

provision.

      Personal Injury by Accident

      Moreover, I agree with the lower courts gradual hearing loss does not meet

the definition of a personal injury by “accident” under any version of La. Rev. Stat.

23:1021(1). As discussed above although our LWCA has always from its very

inception provided compensation to an employee who “receives personal injury by

accident arising out of and in the course of [his] employment,” La. Rev. Stat. §

23:1031 (1914-2014), the Legislature, in 1918, amended the LWCA to explicitly

define the terms accident and personal injury:

           (1) “Accident” means an unexpected or unforeseen event
      happening suddenly or violently, with or without human fault and
      producing at the time objective symptoms of an injury.

      ….

             (7) “Injury” and “Personal Injuries” includes only injuries by
      violence to the physical structure of the body and such disease or
      infections as naturally result therefrom. These terms shall in no case
      be construed to include any other form of disease or derangement,
      however caused or contracted.

La. Rev. Stat. § 23:1021 (1918).

      As an initial matter, the expert evidence at trial establishes gradual hearing

loss by its very nature does not happen either “suddenly or violently,” nor does it

produce “at the time objective symptoms of an injury.” Rather, like water wearing

on stone, the damage is incrementally minute, sustained gradually over time, and

only apparent after years of constant exposure to pressure. Thus, NIHL would not

constitute a personal injury by accident under the explicit wording of this

provision.   But though the purpose of the 1914 statute may have initially been to

cover only work-related “accidents,” with the advancement of the industrial

                                         9
revolution and the growing number and types of diseases arising from work-related

activities, a liberal interpretation was given to the statute, which “effectuated its

beneficent purpose of relieving workmen of the economic burden of work-

connected injuries by diffusing the costs in channels of commerce.” Rando, 08-

1163 at p. 11, 16 So. 3d at 1077 (quoting Parks v. Insurance Co. of North America,

340 So. 2d 276, 281 (La.1976)). Consequently, judicial interpretation of the statute

often resulted in occupational illnesses and diseases being classified as “accidents”

under the LWCA:

             Louisiana is among the many jurisdictions that look to the
         employee to determine whether there was an unexpected and
         catastrophic effect upon him in deciding that an injury is
         accidental. Ferguson v. HDE, Inc., 270 So. 2d 867 (La. 1972).
         We have held that extraordinary physical stress and strain is not
         essential to the definition of disabling accident: when the
         performance of the usual and customary duties of a workman
         cause or contribute to a physical breakdown, the statutory
         requirements for an accidental injury are present. Ferguson v.
         HDE, Inc., 270 So. 2d 867 (La.1972); Bertrand v. Coal
         Operators Casualty Co., 253 La. 1115, 221 So. 2d 816 (1968).
         More particularly, we have recognized that the fact that a
         condition may commonly be referred to as an illness or disease
         does not thereby preclude its classification as an accident.
         Jennings v. Louisiana Southern Life Insurance Co., 290 So. 2d
811 (La.1974). In Jennings, we noted that among other
         conditions frequently termed as diseases, heart disease, stroke,
         heat stroke, herpes zoster (shingles), cancer and „bends‟ have all
         been treated as compensable accidents within the contemplation
         of the Workmen‟s Compensation Act.

Parks, 340 So. 2d at 281.

      Two lines of interpretation thus developed. One line of cases made it clear

where an injury, such as a heart attack or stroke, occurs and the manifestation of

that injury is sudden or violent, then that sudden manifestation—even if it was the

culmination of a slowly developing malady—would be an “accident” under the

LWCA. This Court‟s decision in Ferguson v. HDE, Inc., 270 So. 2d 867 (La.1972)

is an example of this interpretation.      In Ferguson, an employee received a

                                         10
paycheck that was lower than he expected, after which he became angry and went

to argue about the amount with his employer. During the argument, the employee

felt a flash of pain followed by paralysis. Although an argument with his employer

was not in and of itself “a violent or sudden event,” the Ferguson court found the

employee had suffered an injury from an accident, stating: “Although he received

no blow or trauma .... the injury was accidental because it was unexpected and

unforeseen. It happened suddenly and violently. It produced at the time objective

symptoms of an injury.” Id. at 869.5

       A second line of cases suggested when an employee is exposed to work

conditions, which either aggravate a pre-existing condition or cause a symptomatic

degeneration in the employee‟s health, and a distinct event occurs where the

symptoms become disabling, then this may also be characterized as an “accident.”

In Parks, the employee was a seamstress who was bothered by conditions of the

factory where she worked. After working for four months, plaintiff started to

experience a sore throat, running nose, and nagging cough. Shortly after these

symptoms presented, plaintiff lost weight and contracted a fever. Days later, she

was hospitalized with chronic bronchitis and sought workers‟ compensation

benefits from her employer. The court found, although the seamstress could not

point to one event which had precipitated those acute symptoms requiring

hospitalization, she had in fact suffered an “accident.” Relying on Ferguson, the

Court stated:

               We are satisfied, therefore, that the acute illness suffered by
       plaintiff in the instant case constitutes an „accident‟ as that term is

5  The required “injury by accident” has thus been found to have occurred in instances of heart
attack, see, e.g., Guidry v. Sline Indus. Painters, Inc., 418 So. 2d 626 (La. 1982); cerebral
hemorrhage, see, e.g., Griffin v. Employers’ Liability Ins. Co., 186 So. 2d 349 (La. App. 4th Cir.
1966); hernia, see, e.g., Hill v. J.B. Beaird Corp., 19 So. 2d 295 (La. App. 2d Cir. 1944);
abscessed lung, see, e.g., Stiles v. International Paper Co., 39 So. 2d 635 (La. App. 2d Cir. 1949);
spontaneous pneumothorax, see, e.g., Dortch v. Louisiana Central Lumber Co., 30 So. 2d 792
(La. App. 2d Cir. 1947).

                                               11
       defined in the compensation act and interpreted in our jurisprudence.
       The medical testimony is clear that during her episode of acute
       bronchitis plaintiff suffered an injury, i.e., “violence to the physical
       structure of her body.” The injury was accidental because it was
       unexpected and unforeseen and occurred suddenly producing at the
       time objective symptoms. We are confirmed in our conclusions by the
       well-reasoned opinions in Geist v. Martin Decker Corp., 313 So. 2d 1
       (La.App. 1st Cir.1975) and Gotte v. Cities Service Oil Co., 298 So. 2d
920 (La.App. 3d Cir.1974) wherein hepatitis and pneumonia were
       both held to be within the statutory definition of accident when the
       contraction of these conditions was causally related to plaintiffs‟
       employment.

Parks, 340 So. 2d at 281. Still, to find an accident under these terms, our courts

required at least some identifiable event or incident during employment where the

employee could demonstrate a palpable injury. 6

       My research shows gradual hearing loss has never been classified as an

accidental injury under the statute although two cases have been often cited for that

proposition. While these cases, Chatelain v. American Can Co., 344 So. 2d 1180

6  See also Melder v. Century Telephone Enterprises, Inc., 413 So. 2d 1325, 1328 (La. App. 3d
Cir. 1982)(worker with pre-existing back condition was aggravated by the demands of the job
such that worker‟s ultimate injury—a herniated disc—was deemed an “accident”); Harper v.
Kast Metals Corp., 397 So. 2d 529 (La. App. 2d Cir. 1981)(plaintiff with pre-existing arthritis
whose employment left him with sore wrists testified that on a specific date, he twisted one of his
wrists; found to be an “accident”); Hall v. Georgia-Pacific Corp., 390 So. 2d 948, 949 (La. App.
2d Cir. 1980)(“accident” when plaintiff with pre-existing automobile injury worked in lumber
mill and experienced a “sudden popping” in his shoulder in the course of working with the
plywood); Romero v. Otis Intern., 343 So. 2d 405, 409-10 (La. App. 3d Cir. 1977)(hearing loss
when working with air hammer was an “accident” because “a part of [plaintiff‟s] body, his inner
ear, suddenly gave way while he was discharging his usual and customary duties”); Chism v.
Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp., 332 So. 2d 784 (La. 1976)(plaintiff received a series of
occupational injuries for which he sought medical care; after returning to work and performing
the same strenuous duties, the pain became so severe he was hospitalized with a herniated disc;
characterized as “accident”); Lum v. Employers Mut. Liability Ins. Co. of Wis., 216 So. 2d 889
(La. App. 2d Cir. 1968)(plaintiff‟s job required him to stuff giblets into frozen chickens; plaintiff
suffered from pre-existing arthritis; court found he suffered “accident” because on one occasion
while stuffing chicken plaintiff felt a sudden “popping” of wrist); Comoletti v. Ideal Cement Co,
147 So. 2d 711, 719 (La. App. 1st Cir. 1962)(hearing loss while “shooting kilns” accident
occurring “suddenly and unexpectedly as a result of [plaintiff‟s] exposure to noise of excessive
and unusual intensity on a specific date, namely, July 28, 1960.”). In one instance, a court
suggested the definition of “accident” did not require a final conclusory event; however, this
interpretation was dependent on a work injury caused by the aggravation of a pre-existing
condition. McCoy v. Kroger Co., 431 So. 2d 824, 829 (La. App. 2d Cir. 1983)(“In our view the
current jurisprudential definition is such that an „accident‟ has occurred within the meaning of
the compensation act where the conditions of employment provide continual strain or trauma as
here, or exposure, as in Parks, … and these events cumulatively combine to aggravate a pre-
existing condition so as to disable the employee even though each individual event in itself is
very minor in character.”).

                                                12
(La. App. 4th Cir. 1977), and Quine v. Ideal Cement Co., 351 So. 2d 1303 (La.

App. 1st Cir. 1977), writ denied, 353 So. 2d 1035 (La. 1978), explain physical

strain is not needed for an injury to be considered an “accident” under the LWCA

and regular workplace conditions can cause or contribute to an “accident,” in each

case the plaintiff complained of hearing loss during the period of employment—

that is, there was an acute, identifiable occurrence of injury—and both concerned a

hearing loss injury that created a conclusive and final event: the inability of the

worker to perform his duties. See Quine, 351 So. 2d at 1304 (“On May 22, 1974,

plaintiff was unable to continue his work”);7 Chatelain, 344 So. 2d at 1181

(“requested a change of positions … because of hearing problems May 5, 1975”).8

Moreover, both employees‟ claims were ultimately dismissed for a failure to prove

causation, not on the issue of coverage under the LWCA as an accidental injury.

       In this case, however, the plaintiffs‟ hearing loss did not lead to a sudden

breakdown or force the employees to cease working; instead, the loss was not

discovered for decades. Moreover, given its gradual and insidious nature, gradual

hearing loss is neither palpable nor “sudden,” “acute,” or “identifiable.” As the

experts opined herein, it is a cumulative permanent loss of hearing that develops

7  The employee in Quine had complained of hearing loss for four           years and sought medical
treatment before his hearing loss prevented him from performing his        duties. Although the court
set forth the analysis related to the definition of “accident” under the   LWCA, its focus centered
on the plaintiff‟s failure to show his hearing loss was caused             by the conditions of his
employment and not caused by Meniere‟s disease.

8  In Chatelain, plaintiff alleged the loud noises associated with his employment forced him to
request a change in position with his employer, after which he sought permanent disability. The
district court found the plaintiff did not prove an accident. The court of appeal, however, agreed
“with appellant that extraordinary physical stress and strain is not essential to the definition of
disabling accident .... [though] the real issue before us is whether the plaintiff sustained his
burden of proof of causation of the hearing loss.” Chatelain, 344 So. 2d at 1181-82. Finding
plaintiff failed to prove causation, the appellate court affirmed the district court‟s dismissal of
plaintiff‟s claim.

                                                13
gradually over many years of exposure to hazardous noise.9 Accordingly, we find

the gradual hearing loss at issue would not fall within the expansive jurisprudential

interpretation of “accident” as defined by the 1918 version of the LWCA.

       Against this background of a very broad judicial reading of the term, the

Legislature, in 1989, amended the definition of “accident.” See 1989 La. Acts 454.

La. Rev. Stat. § 23:1021(1) now provides:

               “Accident” means an unexpected or unforeseen actual,
       identifiable, precipitous event happening suddenly or violently, with
       or without human fault, and directly producing at the time objective
       findings of an injury which is more than simply a gradual
       deterioration or progressive degeneration.

La. Rev. Stat. § 23:1021(1)(2014).

       Of particular relevance here is the addition of the requirement that an

accident must be an “actual, identifiable, precipitous” event “directly” producing

objective findings of an injury that is “more than simply a gradual deterioration or

progressive degeneration.”          “This additional language was clearly intended to

reverse the established trend in the jurisprudence to permit coverage for disability

which appears to be clearly work-related but does not fit the statutory definition of

accident.” Malone and Johnson, supra § 216. As gradual hearing loss would not

9Notably, in Chatelain v. Am. Can Co., 387 So. 2d 670, 671 (La. App. 4th Cir.)(Chatelain II),
writ refused, 394 So. 2d 275 (La. 1980), the court held:

                Accepting plaintiff‟s petition‟s allegations as true, his petition would state
       a cause of action for workers‟ compensation and it might therefore be argued that
       the judgment appealed from is not wholly correct. However, the context is that
       plaintiff has already tried and lost a suit for workers‟ compensation, 344 So. 2d
1180, this court finding that he did not prove his hearing problems were caused by
       his work environment. Thus, insofar as the petition is viewed as stating a cause of
       action for workers‟ compensation, defendant‟s exception of res judicata would
       require its dismissal. And, to the extent that plaintiff seeks any recovery other
       than workers‟ compensation, he does not state a cause of action because of the
       exclusivity of workers‟ compensation, R.S. 23:1032.

Any reliance on this case for the proposition a claim for gradual occupational hearing loss
sounds in workers‟ compensation as an accidental injury, however, would be misplaced as the
preceding decision did not dispose of the issue of coverage under the LWCA or decide whether
the injury would fall under accident or occupational disease, and its holding was specific to the
petition therein.

                                                14
fall within the expansive purview of the jurisprudential interpretation of the

preceding definition, it most assuredly will not fall within the current definition.

Therefore, I find, although the injury in question does arise out of and in the course

of employment, neither its cause nor its onset is sudden or violent, and therefore,

NIHL is not a personal injury by accident under any version of La. Rev. Stat. §§

23:1021 or 23:1031.

      Because the injury at issue here is neither a personal injury by accident nor

an occupational disease, it is not covered by the LWCA and, thus, not

compensable therein. Moreover, we note with significance no Louisiana court has

ever awarded compensation for gradual hearing loss under the LWCA. As our

jurisprudence has long held, if a certain type of injury is not compensable under the

LWCA, even though clearly work-related, then it is not subject to the exclusivity

provision, and there is no tort immunity. Boyer v. Crescent Paper Box Factory,

143 La. 368, 380, 78 So. 596, 600 (1917). Therefore, I find the district court did

not legally err in allowing this matter to proceed in tort, and I would reverse the

judgment of the court of appeal which as this opinion has clearly shown constituted

a drastic departure from our jurisprudence and interpretation of the LWCA since

its very inception.

                                         15