Court Opinion

ID: 4697826
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-23 15:00:37.670241+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:49.328613
License: Public Domain

20-2156
United States v. Kee

                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                     SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED
BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE
NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY
OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

       At a stated Term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York on the
23rd day of June two thousand twenty-one.

Present:    ROSEMARY S. POOLER,
            RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.,
                        Circuit Judges.
            LEWIS A. KAPLAN, 1
                        District Judge.
_____________________________________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                              Appellee,

                       v.
                                                                             20-2156-cr
DANETTE VAUGHAN, AKA SQUEEKY,

                              Defendant,

CHARLES MICHAEL KEE, AKA O.G. MIKE,

                        Defendant-Appellant.
_____________________________________________________

Appearing for Appellant:      Charles Michael Kee, pro se, Edgefield, S.C.

Appearing for Appellee:       Micah F. Fergenson, Assistant United States Attorney (Won S.
                              Shin, Assistant United States Attorney, on the brief), for Audrey
                              Strauss, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New
                              York, New York, N.Y.

1 Judge Lewis A. Kaplan, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York,
sitting by designation.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Cote, J.).

     ON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,
AND DECREED that the order of said District Court be and it hereby is AFFIRMED.

         Charles Michael Kee, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court=s order denying his
motion for a sentence reduction pursuant to the First Step Act of 2018. Kee was convicted of a
racketeering offense pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c) (“Count One”), and argued that one of the
racketeering acts, distribution of crack cocaine under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C), qualified as a
covered offense under the First Step Act. The district court denied the motion, having concluded
that his sentence did not involve a covered offense under the First Step Act. We assume the
parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and specification of issues for
review.

        We review the district court’s order de novo. See United States v. Holloway, 956 F.3d
660, 664 (2d Cir. 2020). The First Step Act provides that a court may reduce a sentence for a
“covered offense” and defines a covered offense as “a violation of a Federal criminal statute, the
statutory penalties for which were modified by section 2 or 3 of the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010
that was committed before August 3, 2010.” Pub. L. No. 115-391 § 404(a), (b). To determine if
an offense is a “covered offense” requires courts to look to “the statute under which a defendant
was convicted, not the defendant’s actual conduct.” United States v. Davis, 961 F.3d 181, 187,
191 (2d Cir. 2020). A panel of this Court very recently held that convictions under Section
841(b)(1)(C) are not “covered offenses,” United States v. Young, --- F.3d ---, 2021 WL 1997203
at *2, 7–9 (2d Cir. May 19, 2021), even though that issue was (and remains) pending before the
Supreme Court in Terry v. United States, No. 20-5904. Regardless, we need not rely on Young
to resolve this appeal because Kee was convicted and sentenced under Sections 1962(c) and
1963(a), not Section 841(b)(1)(C). The statutory penalties for this conviction were not modified
by the Fair Sentencing Act.

        “[T]he First Step Act provides courts with authority to reduce sentences only if they were
imposed for violations of a covered offense.” United States v. Fletcher, --- F.3d ---, 2021 WL
1823277 at *2 (2d Cir. May 7, 2021) (internal quotation marks omitted). Kee was not convicted
under any statute modified by the Fair Sentencing Act. Nor was Kee sentenced based upon the
statutory range for Section 841(b); although distribution of crack cocaine formed one of the
racketeering acts, Section 1963 “independently establishes” his penalty range. Id. Accordingly,
his racketeering conviction was not a covered offense.

      We have considered the remainder of Kee’s arguments and find them to be without merit.
Accordingly, the order of the district court hereby is AFFIRMED.

                                                     FOR THE COURT:
                                                     Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk

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