Court Opinion

ID: 4666370
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-10 07:15:02.243384+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:48.732665
License: Public Domain

AFFIRMED and Opinion Filed March 2, 2021

                                    S  In The
                            Court of Appeals
                     Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                               No. 05-20-00182-CR

                    DANNY HOWARD SILVERS, Appellant
                                  V.
                      THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

               On Appeal from the Criminal District Court No. 1
                            Dallas County, Texas
                    Trial Court Cause No. F-1714132-H

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION
                    Before Justices Schenck, Smith, and Garcia
                             Opinion by Justice Smith
      A jury convicted appellant Danny Howard Silvers of murder, and the trial

court sentenced him to thirty-five years’ imprisonment.          On appeal, Silvers

challenges the sufficiency of the evidence rejecting his self-defense claim. He also

argues the trial court abused its discretion by excluding text messages supporting his

self-defense claim. Having reviewed the record, we conclude a rational jury could

have found his actions were not justified. We likewise conclude the trial court acted

within its sound discretion by excluding the text messages. We affirm the trial

court’s judgment.
                                    Background

      In September 2017, Jeri, David, and Nick, Jeri’s adult son, moved next door

to Silvers. A four-foot tall chain-link fence separated the homes. Silvers regularly

parked his truck in his driveway, which was next to the fence.

      On October 23, 2017, around 6 p.m., Silvers returned home from fishing,

parked in his driveway, and left the windows down on his truck. He noticed Jeri’s

water sprinkler hitting his truck so he confronted her the next time she came out to

move it. The two neighbors began a verbal altercation.

      David went outside when he heard Jeri and Silvers yelling profanities at each

other. David said Silvers threatened to “shoot all three of us and my f- - -ng dog that

day.” Jeri yelled, “F- - - you” back to Silvers, and then David and Jeri went back

inside. Nick returned home from work shortly thereafter, and Jeri expressed her

concern about the incident.

      Silvers called 911 around 6:13 p.m. Although Silvers told the dispatcher Jeri

and David threatened him, he did not indicate any physical altercation or violence

occurred. Instead, he reported the profanities. The dispatcher coded the call as a

“verbal disturbance” because of foul language.

      Four officers responded to the neighbors’ dispute. Jeri met Officer Chapa in

the street and told him, “I got water on his driveway, so he threatened to shoot me.”

Silvers denied cussing at Jeri, but instead said it was “all her.” Officer Chapa

described Silvers as “very, very upset” because Jeri sprayed water on and inside his

                                         –2–
truck. Officers told both sides to stay in their homes and away from each other for

the rest of the evening.

      After this incident, Silvers approached another neighbor who was playing

football in the street. Silvers told him that “[T]he lady said something early that day

. . . that she shouldn’t never said, and it was gone [sic] be deadly. . . and on the

news.” Silvers told him the situation was going to “escalate” and something bad

was going to happen to them.

      Silver testified to a different version of the first encounter. Silvers claimed

David and Nick came out and started yelling with Jeri. Silvers called the police after

Nick threatened to “cut my F’ing head off and stuff it down my neck.” Although he

thought he told officers about Nick’s threat, officers testified to the contrary. Body

cam footage likewise confirmed that Silvers never told officers of any physical

threat. Moreover, a neighbor’s security camera captured Nick arriving home after

Jeri and Silvers argued. Silvers admitted talking to another neighbor after the

incident, but denied saying things were going to escalate or turn deadly.

      Nick later went outside to check on his car because he heard some noise.

Silvers walked from the shadows of his house, gun at his side, and told Nick he was

not going to “f- - - with” his car. Nick called Silvers a coward for threatening them

and told Silvers to go inside and leave them alone.

                                         –3–
      Jeri and David came outside, and they all started name-calling again. Nick

told Silvers that “if he wanted to be a man and put his gun down, that we could

handle it like men and not have any issues.” Silvers refused to fight.

      David testified Silvers then walked up to the fence and shot Nick three times,

Jeri six times, and him three times. Before Silvers fired, Nick heard him say, “The

hell with this.” After Nick got hit, he turned to run but bullets severed his vertebra

and spinal cord causing him to collapse. He heard Silvers say, “I told y’all, I warned

you.” Jeri fell within four feet of her side of the fence. Nick managed to call 911

and said, “We’ve all just been shot.” David and Nick were transported to the

hospital, and Jeri died at the scene.

      Like the first incident, Silvers described the second encounter differently. He

said later that night, he went to his backyard to feed his dogs. He grabbed his 9 mm

from his nightstand on the way outside because he “wanted to make sure they didn’t

do something over the fence at me.” He then went to the front looking for his cat.

He looked under his truck and when he stood up, his three neighbors were standing

by the fence. Silvers did not say anything, but they started cussing at him again.

Nick repeated his threat to cut off his head and shove it down his throat.

      The neighbors started coming around his fence, and he warned them not to.

He did not, however, tell them he had a gun.

       Once they got within six to eight feet of Silvers, he started shooting. He said

then they “turned around real quick and started running.” Even after they turned to

                                         –4–
run back to their yard, he kept shooting. He wanted to make sure they stopped and

would not come back. He said Nick and David dragged Jeri back to their yard before

they all collapsed to the ground.

      He never saw them with any weapons but assumed they had “like a gun, knife,

or bat” because they knew he had guns, and “Why would you be so brave to come

at a guy that you know got a gun?”

      Silvers called the police and his wife. Officers arrived and saw Silvers in his

driveway near the bed of his truck. He told officers, “I told you they came back over

there and they come over to the fence threatening to f- - - me up.” He said, “I knew

one day this was gonna happen.” “I can’t believe I did it, but I guess damn I did it

this time. . . . I told the mother- - - -ers, man. They all three came around the God

damn fence, man.”

      Silvers was taken into custody without incident, and officers tended to the

victims and the crime scene. During his ride to the police station, Silvers made

unprompted statements like, “I done it. I’m an idiot.” He claimed he was threatened,

but also said, “I guess I f- - -ing snapped like an idiot.”

      During his station interview, Silvers said the neighbors came around the fence

and threatened to beat him and kill him. He told them for twenty minutes to leave

him alone, but they would not do it. He said, “I just can’t be threatened like that in

my own yard.” He told officers he “just snapped” and he did not know “what made

                                          –5–
me do it. They just kept on, and on, and on.” Silvers said, “that’s when they went

back on their side of the fence and that’s when they went down.”

      Officer Chapa located shell casings, most of which were on Silvers’ property

near the fence. Detectives specifically recovered six shell casings from Silvers’ side

of the fence and two on the other side. Detective Whaley testified he observed blood

in the grass next to Jeri’s body, but did not observe any near the fence on her side or

on Silvers’ side of the fence.

      Detective Hutson testified there were no blood droplets or smears of any blood

evidence that indicated someone was shot on Silvers’ property. If a physical struggle

had occurred on Silvers’ property, Detective Hutson would have expected to find

blood on, or leading from, the property.

      Officers recovered the 9 mm Smith & Wesson that Silvers used and found a

pocket knife in Nick’s pants’ pocket. Nick testified he used the knife to open boxes

at work. He denied ever threatening Silvers with it.

      After hearing both sides of the events on the night in question, the jury rejected

Silvers’ self-defense claim and found him guilty of murder. The trial court sentenced

him to thirty-five years in prison.

                            Sufficiency of the Evidence

      In his first issue, Silvers contends the evidence is legally insufficient to

support the jury’s rejection of his self-defense claim. The State responds the

                                           –6–
evidence is legally sufficient to support the jury’s rejection of self-defense because

a rational jury could find that Silvers’ actions were not justified.

       A person is justified in using force against another when and to the degree

the actor reasonably believes the force is immediately necessary to protect the actor

against the other’s use or attempted use of unlawful force. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§ 9.31(a). A “reasonable belief” is one that an ordinary and prudent man would hold

in the same circumstances as the actor. Id. § 1.07(a)(42).

      A defendant has the burden of producing some evidence to support a claim of

self-defense. London v. State, 325 S.W.3d 197, 202 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, pet.

ref’d); see also McAlister v. State, No. 05-19-00704-CR, 2020 WL 7767936, at *3

(Tex. App.—Dallas Dec. 30, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for

publication). The State has the burden of persuasion in disproving self-defense.

London, 325 S.W.3d at 202. Self-defense is an issue of fact to be determined by the

jury. Id. A jury’s guilty verdict is an implicit finding rejecting the defendant’s self-

defense theory. Id.

      Because the State bears the burden of persuasion to disprove self-defense by

establishing its case beyond a reasonable doubt, we review legal sufficiency

challenges to the jury’s rejection of such a defense under the Jackson v. Virginia

standard. McAlister, 2020 WL 7767936, at *3. In resolving the sufficiency of the

evidence issue, we look not to whether the State presented evidence which refuted

appellant’s self-defense testimony, but rather we determine whether after viewing

                                          –7–
all the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of

fact would have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable

doubt and also would have found against appellant on the self-defense issue beyond

a reasonable doubt. Braughton v. State, 569 S.W.3d 592, 609 (Tex. Crim. App.

2018).

      Further, the reviewing court must defer to the jury’s determinations of the

witnesses’ credibility and the weight to be given their testimony, as the jury is the

sole judge of such matters. Mitchell v. State, 590 S.W.3d 597, 604 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2019, no pet.). We must likewise be mindful that self-defense is

a fact issue to be determined by the jury, and it is free to accept or reject any

defensive evidence on the issue.

      Silvers has not challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to support the

elements of his murder conviction. Rather, he argues no rational juror could have

found beyond a reasonable doubt that he did not reasonably believe the use of deadly

force was immediately necessary to protect himself from his neighbors’ use or

attempted use of unlawful force. He points to the following evidence in the record:

       Nick threatened to cut of his head and shove it down his throat. Because
        of this threat, Silvers took his gun with him outside when he went to feed
        his animals.

       David threatened him with a knife months earlier.

       The neighbors kept walking towards him despite him telling them to stop.
        Because David had threatened him months earlier with a knife and Nick
        threatened him earlier that day, Silvers had good reason to believe the
        neighbors might be armed.
                                      –8–
       When the neighbors walked around the fence and entered Silvers’
        property, he felt threatened and started shooting.

Silvers contends he had “no choice but to regard the three as a threat” and from his

perspective, the threat was “palpable” as they advanced onto his property.

      We conclude there is sufficient evidence to support the jury’s rejection of

Silvers’ version of the events that evening. David and Nick testified that they never

threatened Silvers in the past or on the day of the incident. Video footage from a

neighbor’s home showed that Nick was not present during the first altercation when

Silvers claimed that Nick threatened to cut off his head and shove it down his throat.

While Nick admitted to having a knife in his pants’ pocket that night, he testified he

used it for opening boxes at work and not for threatening Silvers. In fact, Silvers

never told officers Nick made any such threat.

      David and Nick testified they never crossed over the fence into Silvers’ yard.

Physical evidence at the scene supported their testimony. Most of the shell casings

were recovered close to Silvers’ side of the fence and a couple were close to Jeri’s

side of the fence, which indicated the shooter stood near the fence and shot into the

victims’ yard. There was no blood on Silvers’ side of the fence to support his

testimony that he shot them on his side, and they ran from his yard or they dragged

Jeri back to their yard. Rather, most of Jeri’s gunshot wounds were in her back

indicating she was shot when she turned away from the fence. Nick’s vertebra and

spinal cord were severed from his gunshot wounds making it unlikely that he ran

                                         –9–
from Silvers’ yard back to his side of the fence before falling. The evidence

indicated Silvers shot them on their property, not his.

      In fact, Silvers admitted during his police interview “when they went back on

their side of the fence . . . that’s when they went down.” Silvers also said in his

interview he “just snapped,” and he did not know “what made me do it. They just

kept on, and on, and on.” The jury could have credited these statements made to

the police shortly after the shooting as an admission that self-defense was not

justified and discredited his self-serving testimony at trial. Moreover, while Silvers’

testimony suggests the neighbors’ verbally threatened him, verbal provocation does

not justify self-defense. See Braughton, 569 S.W.3d at 606; see also Hernandez v.

State, No. 05-15-00198-CV, 2016 WL 1446269, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 12,

2016, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

      The jury essentially heard two versions of events leading up to the deadly

shooting. They considered all the evidence, including but not limited to, the verbal

threats, the weapons found at the scene, the physical evidence, and testimony from

neighbors indicating that Silvers had problems with several of the neighbors on the

street. The jury, as the judge of witness credibility, was free to believe or disbelieve

any witness, including Silvers. See Mitchell, 590 S.W.3d at 604. Accordingly, we

conclude the jury rationally could have rejected Silvers’ claim of self-defense.

      In reaching this conclusion, we reject Silvers’ argument that because he

believed he had to use deadly force, the jury had to acquit him. He contends only

                                         –10–
he “could speak with any authority as to what the circumstances were from his

standpoint.” While this may be true, the jury was still free to disbelieve his

testimony.     We acknowledge that affording deference to the jury’s credibility

determinations is not without limits. Rather, “[a] jury’s decision to reject witness

testimony must be rational in light of the totality of the record, and any underlying

inferences used to reject that testimony must be reasonable based upon the

cumulative force of all the evidence.” Braughton, 569 S.W.3d at 611. But here,

after reviewing the record, we do not see any aspect that would render the jury’s

credibility determinations irrational in light of these principles. We overrule Silvers’

first issue.

                                Exclusion of Evidence

       In his second issue, Silvers argues the trial court abused its discretion by

excluding text messages in which David threatened him after the offense. The State

responds the trial court acted within its discretion by excluding the text messages

because they were irrelevant.

       We review the trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an abuse

of discretion. Duntsch v. State, 568 S.W.3d 193, 215 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2018, pet.

ref’d). The trial court abuses its discretion when the decision falls outside the zone

of reasonable disagreement. Id.

       During Detective Hutson’s cross-examination, defense counsel asked if he

had exchanged text messages with David since the incident. Detective Hutson said

                                         –11–
yes, but he eventually stopped responding to them. Counsel began asking, “In some

of these text messages, has David Bailey threatened - -,” but the State objected as

irrelevant.

      Outside the jury’s presence, defense counsel argued the evidence was relevant

as to whether David threatened Silvers’ life on the night of the shooting. The State

argued the texts were irrelevant because David sent them after the offense, and they

were improper character evidence. The trial court sustained the State’s objection.

      On appeal, Silvers argues he was prevented, in violation of article 38.36 of

the code of criminal procedure, from exploring David’s continual threats to kill him,

which went to his state of mind on the night of the offense. He also argues he was

denied his constitutional right of confrontation.

      Silvers did not preserve his constitutional right to confrontation argument for

review because he failed to raise this objection to the trial court. TEX. R. APP. P.

33.1. He argued the evidence was relevant; however, his evidentiary objection did

not put the trial judge on notice that he was making a Confrontation Clause objection.

See Reyna v. State, 168 S.W.3d 173, 178 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Because Silvers

did not “clearly articulate” that the Confrontation Clause demanded admission of the

evidence, the trial court never had the opportunity to rule upon it. Id. As such, we

do not address it on appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.

      We now consider whether the excluded evidence was relevant. Evidence is

relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of

                                        –12–
consequence to the determination of an action more probable or less probable than

it would be without the evidence.” TEX. R. EVID. 401. If no issue in the case could

be influenced by the proffered evidence, then the evidence is irrelevant and therefore

inadmissible. See Henley v. State, 493 S.W.3d 77, 84 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016).

      Silvers’ stated purpose for offering the text messages would not have helped

decide a fact of consequence in this case, specifically, whether he believed David

was a threat on the night in question, which justified his use of deadly force to protect

himself. To be justified in using deadly force in self-defense, a person must

reasonably believe the force is immediately necessary to defend himself. See TEX.

PENAL CODE ANN. § 9.32(a). The threatening texts messages were sent after the

murder, and there is no evidence when or if Silvers learned about them; therefore,

the text messages could not have influenced or justified his actions on the night of

the murder. Because the text messages were not logically connected to any issue in

the case, the trial court acted within its discretion by excluding them.

      In reaching this conclusion, we likewise reject Silvers’ reliance on article

38.36(a). Article 38.36(a) provides that:

      In all prosecutions for murder, the state or the defendant shall be
      permitted to offer testimony as to all relevant facts and circumstances
      surrounding the killing and the previous relationship between the
      accused and the deceased, together with all relevant facts and
      circumstances going to show the condition of the mind of the accused
      at the time of the offense.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.36(a). The text messages are not evidence of

a “previous relationship between the accused and the deceased.” Neither Detective
                                       –13–
Hutson nor David are “the accused” or “the deceased.” Moreover, text messages

between Detective Hutson and David would not “show the condition of the mind of

[Silvers] at the time of the offense.” We overrule Silvers’ second issue.

                                    Conclusion

      After reviewing the record and overruling Silvers’ sufficiency and evidentiary

challenges, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                           /Craig Smith/
                                           CRAIG SMITH
                                           JUSTICE

Do Not Publish
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b)
200182F.U05

                                       –14–
                                   S
                            Court of Appeals
                     Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                 JUDGMENT

DANNY HOWARD SILVERS,                         On Appeal from the Criminal District
Appellant                                     Court No. 1, Dallas County, Texas
                                              Trial Court Cause No. F-1714132-H.
No. 05-20-00182-CR          V.                Opinion delivered by Justice Smith.
                                              Justices Schenck and Garcia
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee                  participating.

    Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED.

Judgment entered March 2, 2021

                                       –15–