Court Opinion

ID: 2849196
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-03 22:04:12.612972+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:33:23.830122
License: Public Domain

Filed 9/3/15 Shaw v. Nations Title Co. of Cal. CA2/5
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION FIVE

ASLAM SHAW,                                                          B255799

         Plaintiff and Appellant,                                    (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. VC062975)
         v.

NATIONS TITLE COMPANY OF
CALIFORNIA et al.,

         Defendants and Respondents.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of the County of Los Angeles,
Margaret Bernal, Judge. Affirmed and dismissed.
         Aslam Shaw, in propria persona, for Plaintiff and Appellant.
         Cunningham & Treadwell, Francis J. Cunningham III, David S. Bartelstone for
Defendant and Respondent Nations Financial Holdings Group.
         The Law Office of Richard M. Moss III, Richard M. Moss III for Defendants and
Respondents Scanasar and LaPalma Family Urgent Care.
                                    INTRODUCTION

       Plaintiff and appellant Aslam Shaw (plaintiff) appeals from the trial court’s
judgment of dismissal following the sustaining of a demurrer filed by defendant and
respondent Nations Financial Holdings Group (Nations). In his opening brief, plaintiff
also purports to appeal from the trial court’s order granting Nations’ motions to quash
service and set aside its default, as well as the court’s order granting the motions to set
aside the defaults of defendants Scanasar and LaPalma Family Urgent Care (LaPalma).
       We hold that the trial court did not err in sustaining Nations’ demurrer to the
second amended complaint and that plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that the trial court
abused its discretion by denying him leave to amend his complaint. We therefore affirm
the judgment of dismissal in favor of Nations. We also dismiss plaintiff’s purported
appeals from the orders granting Nations’ motions to quash and set aside its default and
the court’s order granting the motions to set aside the defaults of Scanasar and LaPalma.

                            PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       A.     Nations’ Default
       Plaintiff filed a proof of service stating that Nations had been served with the first
amended complaint. In May 2013, when Nations did not timely respond to the first
amended complaint, plaintiff filed a request to enter Nations’ default and a request for
entry of judgment. The clerk entered Nations’ default the same day.

       B.     Scanasar’s and LaPalma’s Default
       Plaintiff filed a proof of service stating that Scanasar1 had been served with the
summons and the first amended complaint. In July 2013, when Scanasar and LaPalma,

1
      The record does not contain a proof of service of summons on LaPalma, but
LaPalma admitted in its motion to set aside its default that it did not file a timely response

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which were both named in the action, did not timely respond to the first amended
complaint, plaintiff filed a request to enter their defaults. The clerk entered their defaults
the same day.

        C.      Nations’ Motions to Quash and Set Aside Default
        In September 2013, Nations filed a motion to quash service of summons and a
motion to set aside its default. On October 29, 2013, the trial court granted both motions.
Notice of entry of the order granting the motions was filed on November 1, 2013.

        D.      Scanasar’s and LaPalma’s Motions to Set Aside Defaults
        In December 2013, Scanasar and LaPalma filed motions to set aside their defaults.
On January 9, 2014, the trial court granted the motions.

        E.      Nations’ Demurrer to Second Amended Complaint
        In January 2014, Nations’ filed a demurrer to the second amended complaint. On
February 4, 2014, the trial court sustained Nations’ demurrer without leave to amend.
The trial court thereafter entered a dismissal order in favor of Nations on February 20,
2014.

        F.      Notice of Appeal
        On April 17, 2014, plaintiff filed a notice of appeal from the judgment of dismissal
in favor of Nations. The notice specifically referenced the February 20, 2014, dismissal
order in favor of Nations,2 but did not mention the trial court’s interim orders granting
Nations’ motions to quash and set aside or motions of Scanasar and LaPalma to set aside.

to the first amended complaint because it mistakenly believed it was not required to
respond.
2
      The notice of appeal also specifically referenced the trial court’s February 25,
2014, minute order sustaining the demurrers of Scanasar and LaPalma to the second
amended complaint without leave to amend. Plaintiff, however, does not raise any

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                                      DISCUSSION

       As a preliminary matter, we note that plaintiff is representing himself on appeal, as
he did in the trial court. But such in propria persona status does not entitle him to special
treatment. “While we are mindful that [the appellant] is representing himself on appeal,
his status as a party appearing in propria persona does not provide a basis for preferential
consideration. A party proceeding in propria persona ‘is to be treated like any other party
and is entitled to the same, but no greater consideration than other litigants and
attorneys.’ (Barton v. New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. (1996) 43 Cal. App. 4th
1200, 1210 [51 Cal. Rptr. 2d 328].) Indeed, ‘“the in propria persona litigant is held to the
same restrictive rules of procedure as an attorney.”’ (Bianco v. California Highway
Patrol (1994) 24 Cal. App. 4th 1113, 1125-1126 [29 Cal. Rptr. 2d 711].)” (First American
Title Co. v. Mirzaian (2003) 108 Cal. App. 4th 956, 958, fn. 1.)

       A.     Order Granting Nations’ Motion to Quash Service
       Plaintiff purports to appeal from the trial court’s October 29, 2013, order granting
Nations’ motion to quash service of summons, but as noted, the notice of appeal did not
specify that plaintiff was appealing from that order. Thus, we have no jurisdiction over
an order not mentioned in the notice of appeal and must dismiss the purported appeal
from it. (Faunce v. Cate (2013) 222 Cal. App. 4th 166, 169-170 [“‘Our jurisdiction on
appeal is limited in scope to the notice of appeal and the judgment or order appealed
from.’ [Citation.] We have no jurisdiction over any order not mentioned in the notice of
appeal. [Citation.]”].)
       Moreover, because an order granting a motion to quash is a directly appealable
order under Code of Civil Procedure section 904.1, subdivision (a)(3), any appeal from
that order should have been filed within 60 days of the November 1, 2013, service of

challenge to that order in his opening brief, and any such challenge would fail because
that order is not appealable. (Lopez v. Brown (2013) 217 Cal. App. 4th 1114, 1133 [“[I]t
‘is settled that an order sustaining a demurrer is not appealable’”].)

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notice of entry of that order. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.104(a)(1)(B).) Because plaintiff
did not file a notice of appeal from the order within that time, any subsequent attempt to
appeal from the order granting the motion to quash would be untimely and require
dismissal in any event. (Faunce v. Cate, supra, 222 Cal.App.4th at p. 170 [“We have no
jurisdiction to act on an untimely appeal and must dismiss the appeal without reaching
the merits”].)

       B.        Order Granting Nations’ Motion to Set Aside Default
       Plaintiff also purports to appeal form the trial court’s October 29, 2013, order
granting Nations’ motion to set aside its default, but as noted, his notice of appeal did not
specify that he was appealing from that order. Because he failed to perfect an appeal
from that order, we must dismiss his challenge to it on appeal. (Faunce v. Cate, supra,
222 Cal.App.4th at pp. 169-170.)

       C.        Order Granting Motions to Set Aside Defaults
                 of Scanasar and LaPalma
       Plaintiff purports to appeal from the trial court’s January 9, 2014, order granting
Scanasar’s and LaPalma’s motions to set aside their default, but his notice of appeal did
not specify that he was appealing from that order, and as to the two orders he did specify
in his notice—the dismissal order in favor of Nations and the order sustaining the
demurrers of Scanasar and LaPalma—one does not involve Scanasar or LaPalma and the
other is nonappealable. Because he has failed to perfect his appeal from the order setting
aside the defaults, we must dismiss his challenge to it on appeal. (Faunce v. Cate, supra,
222 Cal.App.4th at pp. 169-170.)

       D.        Demurrers to First Amended Complaint
       Demurrers to the first amended complaint were sustained without leave to amend
as against various parties, including Nations Title Company of California, and those

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claims were dismissed. We affirmed the trial court’s dismissals as to those parties (case
number B251553.)

       E.     Order Dismissing Second Amended Complaint Against Nations
       Plaintiff appeals from the trial court’s order dismissing the second amended
complaint against Nations. According to plaintiff, the trial court erred in sustaining
Nations’ demurrer because each of his seven causes of action set forth facts sufficient to
state valid causes of action. In addition, plaintiff asserts that the trial court abused its
discretion by denying him leave to amend his pleading.

              1.      Standard of Review
       A ruling on a demurrer is reviewed under a de novo standard. “For purposes of
analyzing the ruling on demurrer, we give the pleading a reasonable interpretation,
reading it as a whole, its parts in their context, to determine whether sufficient facts are
stated to constitute a cause of action or a right to the relief requested. (Blank v. Kirwan
(1985) 39 Cal. 3d 311, 318 [216 Cal. Rptr. 718, 703 P.2d 58].) If a demurrer was
sustained without leave to amend, but the defect was curable by amendment, we would
find an abuse of discretion in that ruling. However, if the order is correct as a matter of
law, we would not reverse it. (Ibid.) We examine the legal sufficiency of the judgment,
not necessarily the reasoning of the trial court. (D’Amico v. Board of Medical Examiners
(1974) 11 Cal. 3d 1, 19 [112 Cal. Rptr. 786, 520 P.2d 10].)” Otay Land Co. v. Royal
Indemnity Co. (2008) 169 Cal. App. 4th 556, 561-562.)

              2.      Order Sustaining Demurrer

                      a.     Fraud
       “The elements of fraud, which give rise to the tort action for deceit, are (1) a
misrepresentation, (2) with knowledge of its falsity, (3) with the intent to induce
another’s reliance on the misrepresentation, (4) justifiable reliance, and (5) resulting

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damage. (Small v. Fritz Companies, Inc. (2003) 30 Cal. 4th 167, 173 [132 Cal. Rptr. 2d
490, 65 P.3d 1255].)” (Conroy v. Regents of University of California (2009) 45 Cal. 4th
1244, 1255.) “In Committee on Children’s Television, Inc. v. General Foods Corp.
(1983) 35 Cal. 3d 197, 216 [197 Cal. Rptr. 783, 673 P.2d 660], we applied the requirement
of particularity in pleading a fraud cause of action. Under that rule, which is specific to
fraud: ‘“(a) General pleading of the legal conclusion of ‘fraud’ is insufficient; the facts
constituting the fraud must be alleged. (b) Every element of the cause of action for fraud
must be alleged in the proper manner (i.e., factually and specifically), and the policy of
liberal construction of the pleadings . . . will not ordinarily be invoked to sustain a
pleading defective in any material respect.”’ (Ibid.)” (Quelimane Co. v. Stewart Title
Gauranty Co. (1998) 19 Cal. 4th 26, 47.)
       Plaintiff’s fraud cause of action, as each of his other causes of action, was
predicated on the allegations that Nations agreed at a family law court hearing to provide
escrow and title insurance services pursuant to a court order. According to plaintiff,
Nations opened an escrow as ordered by the family law court and plaintiff deposited
certain title documents in the escrow. Thereafter, however, Nations “abstracted
[plaintiff’s] documents out of escrow in violation of the family court’s orders, in violation
of the escrow contract and instructions, without [the] knowledge and consent of plaintiff
and gave them away to defendants Afshar/Roach who recorded them in the Orange
County Recorder’s Office . . . .”
       In addition to being fatally vague and uncertain, those allegations are directly
contradicted by plaintiffs’ first amended complaint, which alleged, inter alia, “The parties
to the escrow were: a) plaintiff, b) defendant Afshar and the escrow holder was Nations
Title [Company of California, an allegedly related entity to Nations]. There were no
other parties.” In addition, plaintiff attached documents to his second amended complaint
that clearly identified the escrow holder as Nations Title Company of California, not
Nations. Because plaintiff judicially admitted that Nations was not a party to the escrow
and was not the escrow holder, his fraud claim based on allegations to the contrary was
fatally defective. (Valerio v. Andrew Youngquist Construction (2002) 103 Cal. App. 4th
7
1264, 1272, italics added [“An admission in a pleading is conclusive on the pleader.
[Citation.] ‘He cannot offer contrary evidence unless permitted to amend, and a
judgment may rest in whole or in part upon the admission . . .”]; see also State of
California Ex Rel. Metz v. CCC Information Services, Inc. (2007) 149 Cal. App. 4th 402,
412 [“‘“[T]he complaint should be read as containing the judicially noticeable facts,
‘even when the pleading contains an express allegation to the contrary.’ [Citation.] A
plaintiff may not avoid a demurrer by pleading facts or positions in an amended
complaint that contradict the facts pleaded in the original complaint or by suppressing
facts which prove the pleaded facts false”’”].)
       Moreover, to the extent plaintiff was alleging that Nations was vicariously liable
for the actions of the escrow holder, Nations Title Company of California, his fraud claim
nevertheless failed to state a viable cause of action. As the trial court correctly noted in
its ruling on the demurrer, because Nations Title Company of California had been
dismissed with prejudice from the action prior to the filing of the second amended
complaint, Nations, as an alleged principal, could not be held vicariously liable for the
conduct of its alleged agent, Nations Title Company of California, because that alleged
agent had been exonerated of liability by the dismissal with prejudice. (See Campbell v.
Security Pacific National Bank (1976) 62 Cal. App. 3d 379, 385-386.)

                     b.      Breach of Contract
       “[T]he elements of a cause of action for breach of contract are (1) the existence of
the contract, (2) plaintiff’s performance or excuse for nonperformance, (3) defendant’s
breach, and (4) the resulting damages to the plaintiff. (Reichert v. General Ins. Co.
(1968) 68 Cal. 2d 822, 830 [69 Cal. Rptr. 321, 442 P.2d 377].)” (Oasis West Realty, LLC
v. Goldman (2011) 51 Cal. 4th 811, 821.)
       Plaintiff’s breach of contract cause of action is based on allegations that Nations
was a party to the escrow agreement and breached that agreement by taking plaintiff’s
title documents out of escrow and giving them to defendants Afshar and Roach. But, as
explained above, plaintiff admitted in the first amended complaint that Nations was not a

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party to the escrow agreement. Because the allegations in the second amended complaint
concerning the existence of an escrow agreement between Nations and plaintiff directly
contradicted plaintiff’s prior judicial admissions, the trial court correctly concluded that
plaintiff could not allege a viable breach of contract cause of action.

                     c.      Breach of Fiduciary Duty
       “The elements of a cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty are the existence of
a fiduciary relationship, breach of fiduciary duty, and damages. (Shopoff & Cavallo LLP
v. Hyon (2008) 167 Cal. App. 4th 1489, 1509 [85 Cal. Rptr. 3d 268].)” (Oasis West Realty
v. Goldman, LLC, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 821.)
       Plaintiff’s breach of fiduciary duty cause of action is based on an alleged fiduciary
relationship that arose from the escrow agreement. Because plaintiff judicially admitted
that Nations was not a party to the escrow agreement, the trial court correctly concluded
that plaintiff could not allege a necessary element of the breach of fiduciary duty claim—
the existence of a fiduciary relationship.

                     d.      Negligence
       “[T]he ‘well-known elements of any negligence cause of action [are] duty, breach
of duty, proximate cause and damages.’ (Artiglio v. Corning Inc. (1998) 18 Cal. 4th 604,
614 [76 Cal. Rptr. 2d 479, 957 P.2d 1313].)” (Lockheed Martin Corp. v. Superior Court
(2003) 29 Cal. 4th 1096, 1106.)
       Plaintiff’s cause of action for negligence alleged that he discovered Nations’
alleged negligence on March 17, 2010. The statute of limitations for professional
negligence is two years. (Code Civ. Proc., § 339(1).) Because plaintiff’s original
complaint was not filed until March 2013, the trial court correctly concluded that the
negligence claim was time-barred.

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                      e.     Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
       “A cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress exists when there
is ‘“‘“(1) extreme and outrageous conduct by the defendant with the intention of causing,
or reckless disregard of the probability of causing, emotional distress; (2) the plaintiff’s
suffering severe or extreme emotional distress; and (3) actual and proximate causation of
the emotional distress by the defendant’s outrageous conduct.”’”’ (Potter v. Firestone
Tire & Rubber Co. (1993) 6 Cal. 4th 965, 1001 (Potter) [25 Cal. Rptr. 2d 550, 863 P.2d
795]; see Christensen v. Superior Court (1991) 54 Cal. 3d 868, 903 [2 Cal. Rptr. 2d 79, 820
P.2d 181].) A defendant’s conduct is ‘outrageous’ when it is so ‘“‘extreme as to exceed
all bounds of that usually tolerated in a civilized community.’”’ (Potter, at p. 1001.)
And the defendant’s conduct must be ‘“‘intended to inflict injury or engaged in with the
realization that injury will result.’”’ (Ibid.)” (Hughes v. Pair (2009) 46 Cal. 4th 1035,
1050-1051.)
       Plaintiff’s intentional infliction of emotional distress claim against Nations is
based upon the allegations concerning Nations’ direct involvement in the escrow.
Because those allegations were contradicted by plaintiff’s previous judicial admissions,
the trial court correctly concluded that plaintiff had failed to plead sufficient facts to
demonstrate that Nations had engaged in the requisite outrageous conduct against
plaintiff.

                      f.     Abuse of Process
       “To establish a cause of action for abuse of process, a plaintiff must plead two
essential elements: that the defendant (1) entertained an ulterior motive in using the
process and (2) committed a wilful act in a wrongful manner. (See Templeton Feed &
Grain v. Ralston Purina Co. (1968) 69 Cal. 2d 461, 466 [72 Cal. Rptr. 344, 446 P.2d 152];
5 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (3d ed. 1985) Pleading, § 709, p. 158.)” (Coleman v. Gulf Ins.
Group (1986) 41 Cal. 3d 782, 792.)
       Plaintiff’s abuse of process claim is predicated on the allegation that because the
escrow was court-ordered, Nations alleged conduct in relation to that escrow amounted to

                                              10
an abuse of process. Because plaintiff provided no legal authority for his novel theory
that a court-ordered escrow constitutes the requisite judicial process, the trial court
correctly concluded that even if Nations was involved in the escrow as alleged, plaintiff
had nevertheless failed as a matter of law to state an abuse of process claim.

                      g.     Vicarious Liability
       Plaintiff’s cause of action for vicarious liability was presumably based on the
allegations that Nations was liable for the escrow holder’s torts under either an agency or
civil conspiracy theory. Because the escrow holder, Nations Title Company of
California, was dismissed with prejudice and thereby exonerated of any tort liability to
plaintiff, the trial court correctly concluded that plaintiff could not allege the requisite
underlying tort or other civil wrong necessary to state viable claim based on an agency or
civil conspiracy vicarious liability theory. (See, e.g., Okun v. Superior Court (1981) 29
Cal. 3d 442, 454 [civil conspiracy itself is not actionable without an underlying wrong].)

              3.      Leave to Amend
       Plaintiff contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied him
further leave to amend his complaint against Nations. But plaintiff failed to provide a
reporter’s transcript of the hearing on the demurrer (Foust v. San Jose Construction Co.,
Inc. (2011) 198 Cal. App. 4th 181, 186.) Without a reporter’s transcript, the record is
inadequate to allow us to review the trial court’s reasoning in denying leave to amend.
We therefore presume that the trial court’s ruling denying leave to amend was correct and
affirm the ruling on that basis. (Id. at p. 187 [“a judgment or order of the trial court is
presumed correct and prejudicial error must be affirmatively shown. [Citation.] ‘In the
absence of a contrary showing in the record, all presumptions in favor of the trial court’s
action will be made by the appellate court’”].)

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                                     DISPOSITION

       The judgment of dismissal in favor of Nations is affirmed. The purported appeals
from the trial court’s orders granting Nations’ motions to quash and set aside are
dismissed, as is plaintiff’s purported appeal from the court’s order granting the motions to
set aside the defaults of Scanasar and LaPalma. Nations, Scanasar, and LaPalma are
awarded costs on appeal.
       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                                 MOSK, J.

We concur:

              TURNER, P. J.

              KRIEGLER, J.

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