Court Opinion

ID: 6347268
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-06 17:01:46.11029+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:26:09.190229
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 CHARLES GORMLY,

                        Plaintiff,

                        v.

 JAMES WALKER, et al.,
                                                    Case Nos. 21-cv-2688 (CRC)
                        Defendants.                           21-cv-2693 (CRC)

 HELEN A. KASAY,

                        Plaintiff,

                        v.

 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, et al.,

                        Defendants.

                                     MEMORANDUM OPINION

       These consolidated cases arise out of a fire that tore through an illegally subdivided row

house, killing two residents: nine-year-old Yafet Solomon and 40-year-old Fitsum Kebede.

After their deaths, Solomon and Kebede’s personal representatives each filed suit in District of

Columbia Superior Court against their landlord, the District of Columbia, and several District

employees who allegedly ignored or mishandled complaints about conditions at the row house.

       Each suit raises, among others, a claim against the District under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The

plaintiffs contend that the District violated the victims’ due process rights through unlawful

customs, policies, or practices that diminished any possibility of remediating the hazards that led

to the deadly fire. They rely on allegations, substantiated by an independent consultant’s report,

that a police officer had repeatedly notified the District of hazardous conditions at the house, but
that those responsible for inspecting residential buildings either overlooked or failed to

adequately respond to those reports.

       The District removed both cases to this Court, where they were consolidated for

administrative purposes.1 The District now seeks to dismiss all the claims against it and its

employees, including the § 1983 claim. The property’s landlord also moves to dismiss.

       The facts of this case are both troubling and tragic. The plaintiffs’ complaints catalogue a

series of missed opportunities to address the dangerous conditions at the row house where

Solomon and Kebede lived—opportunities missed apparently due to well-documented

incompetence and misfeasance by District employees. But the question before the Court now is

a narrow one: Do those allegations of fact state a claim for a violation of the victims’ substantive

due process rights? The Court concludes they do not, so the pending § 1983 claim in each case

must be dismissed. And because the remaining claims do not trigger this Court’s original

jurisdiction, the Court will remand them to the Superior Court for consideration in that forum.

 I.    Background

       A. Factual Background

       Before their deaths in the August 2019 fire, Yafet Solomon and Fitsum Kebede lived at

708 Kennedy Street, NW.2 Compls. ¶ 25. The property’s owner, defendant James Walker, had

subdivided the house into several units, using drywall partitions to separate the spaces and a

       1
         The Court refers to the District and the individual District employee defendants,
collectively, as “the District.”
       2
         The Court draws the following facts from the allegations in the plaintiffs’ complaints,
which the Court must accept as true at the motion to dismiss stage. See Sparrow v. United Air
Lines, Inc., 216 F.3d 1111, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 2000). Because many paragraphs in the two
complaints contain nearly identical factual allegations, the Court cites to the two documents
collectively where possible.

                                                 2
series of extension cords to run electricity to each makeshift room. Compls. ¶¶ 24, 28–30. Two

of those units were small, windowless rooms in the basement. Compls. ¶ 31. Nine-year-old

Solomon lived in one basement room with his mother, plaintiff Helen Kasay. Kasay Compl.

¶ 31. Kebede lived in the other. Gormly Compl. ¶ 31. To separate those basement units from

the first floor of the house—which was used as a seamstress shop—Walker installed a metal

security gate on the interior door. Compls. ¶¶ 27, 33. As a result, the only exit from the

basement was through a door to the rear of the property. Compls. ¶ 34. Walker did not have

valid occupancy certificates to use 708 Kennedy as either a residential rental property or a

seamstress shop. Compls. ¶ 38.

       At the time of the fire, the District had been notified of problems at 708 Kennedy, but it

had done little to respond to repeated complaints about the hazardous conditions the residents

faced. Months earlier, on March 21, 2019, Metropolitan Police Department (“MPD”) Officer

Ernie Davis identified several code violations at 708 Kennedy when investigating a noise

complaint. Compls. ¶¶ 41–44. Among other things, Officer Davis noticed “too many make shift

doors with locks[,] which would make it difficult to exit in an emergency.” Compls. ¶ 47

(quoting Public Incident Report). The next day, Officer Davis emailed a report of the violations

at 708 Kennedy to four employees in the District of Columbia Department of Consumer and

Regulatory Affairs (“DCRA”), and two with Fire and Emergency Services (“FEMS”). Compls.

¶ 50. Officer Davis “strongly recommend[ed]” that both DCRA and Fire Department code

inspectors respond to the listed location. Compls. ¶ 49.

       But District employees did not act on this report or otherwise respond to Officer Davis’s

concerns. Rather, as a District-commissioned independent investigation later documented, the

employees failed to follow standard communications protocols, ultimately leading to a “failure to

                                                 3
properly report, respond to, and address the . . . unsafe conditions reported at 708 Kennedy.”

Kasay Compl. Ex. 1 (“A&M Report”) at 31–34; Compls. ¶¶ 53–68. Officer Davis followed up a

month later. In April, he emailed a Program Analyst at DCRA asking that an investigator check

whether 708 Kennedy was complying with applicable zoning regulations and had a proper

certificate of occupancy. Compls. ¶ 71. Once again, DCRA did not assign an investigator or

open a complaint in response to MPD’s concerns about the property. See Compls. ¶¶ 71–74.

       It was only after Officer Davis followed up another time, on May 21, 2019, that DCRA

assigned an investigator to 708 Kennedy. Compls. ¶¶ 73–77. But the individual assigned,

defendant Steven Allen, was not trained to recognize code violations, and had only been tasked

with checking on the occupancy permits at the property. Compls. ¶ 78. As a result, when Allen

visited 708 Kennedy over the next several days, he simply took photographs of the front of the

building and left his business card at the front door. Compls. ¶¶ 82–86. He never entered the

property to search for hazardous conditions nor sought an administrative search warrant that

would allow him to do so, despite a decade and a half of documented complaints about safety

issues at 708 Kennedy in the Department’s records system. Compls. ¶¶ 88–89, 92. An

independent investigation later found that Allen failed to follow DCRA “best practices,” and that

this failure stemmed at least in part from the department’s understaffing and the lack of training

required of its small team of investigators. See A&M Report at 35, 45–46. In July, DCRA

investigators decided to suspend the investigation into 708 Kennedy, Compls. ¶ 97, and on

August 16, the investigation was officially closed. Compls. ¶ 100.

       Two days later, a fire broke out in the property’s basement. Gormly Compl. ¶ 102;

Kasay Compl. ¶ 104. Earlier that morning, plaintiff Helen Kasay had departed for work, leaving

her son in Kebede’s care. Kasay Compl. ¶¶ 102–03. At some point before 9:36 a.m., a fire

                                                 4
started near the rear of the basement. Gormly Compl. ¶ 102; Kasay Compl. ¶¶ 104–05. It soon

cut off the only unblocked exit and trapped the two inside. Gormly Compl. ¶ 103; Kasay Compl.

¶ 106. When the fire department arrived, firefighters could only access the basement by sawing

through the metal bars blocking the interior door. Gormly Compl. ¶¶ 106–07; Kasay Compl.

¶¶ 109–10. Once downstairs, they found Solomon and Kebede, who had lost consciousness

while attempting to escape the fire. Gormly Compl. ¶ 108; Kasay Compl. ¶¶ 111–12. Although

both were transported to the hospital to receive care, Kebede died that same day. Gormly

Compl. ¶¶ 111–12; Kasay Compl. ¶ 115. Two days later, Solomon was declared brain dead and

removed from life support. Kasay Compl. ¶¶ 133, 139.

        In the aftermath of the fire, the District commissioned an independent report on the

handling of the complaints about 708 Kennedy by MPD, DCRA, and FEMS. See A&M Report

at 2. That report identified several “critical violations” of District policies that, “if handled

differently, could have impacted the likelihood of the 708 Kennedy Fire.” See id. at 30. The

report offered several recommendations for improving MPD, DCRA, and FEMS policies and

procedures going forward. See id. at 50–69.

        B. Procedural History

        In August 2021, the plaintiffs each filed suit in District of Columbia Superior Court—

Charles Gormly as representative of Fitsum Kebede’s estate, and Helen Kasay on behalf of the

estate of her son, Yafet Solomon.3 See Compls. ¶ 2. Their complaints raise five claims. These

        3
          The two complaints are largely similar. Kasay’s offers additional details about her
son’s injuries and attaches the independent investigator’s report as an exhibit. See Kasay Compl.
¶¶ 115–139; A&M Report. Gormly’s includes additional allegations in the negligence claims
against Walker. See Gormly Compl. ¶¶ 192, 206. Because they are identical in all relevant
respects, the Court treats the two complaints together in this opinion.

                                                   5
include two state-law negligence claims against Walker, and two more against the District and

various District employees involved in the alleged mishandling of the hazardous-conditions

reports. See Gormly Compl. ¶¶ 186–247; Kasay Compl. ¶¶ 213–72. Both complaints also bring

a claim against the District under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Gormly Compl. ¶¶ 248–56; Kasay

Compl. ¶¶ 273–81. With their § 1983 claims, the plaintiffs allege that the District maintained

customs, policies, or practices that unconstitutionally “created and/or amplified the risk to

occupants of dangerous . . . rental properties,” ultimately depriving Kebede and Solomon of their

rights to “life, safety, and personal security” protected by the Fifth Amendment.4 Gormly

Compl. ¶ 254; Kasay Compl. ¶ 279.

       The District removed both cases to federal court, invoking this Court’s federal question

jurisdiction based on the two § 1983 claims. See Notice of Removal at 3, Gormly v. Walker, No.

21-cv-2688, Oct. 13, 2021; Notice of Removal at 3, Kasay v. District of Columbia, No. 21-cv-

2693, Oct. 14, 2021. The Court consolidated the two cases for docketing purposes. See Order,

Gormly v. Walker, No. 21-cv-2688, Dec. 14, 2021, ECF No. 11. The District filed a motion to

dismiss the claims against both it and its employees in the consolidated cases.5 The victims’

landlord, Walker, has likewise moved to dismiss. Those motions are now ready for review.

       4
         The complaints also allege that the District violated the fire victims’ due process rights
under the Fourteenth Amendment. But the District is not a state, so due process claims against it
are evaluated only under the Fifth Amendment. See Butera v. District of Columbia, 235 F.3d
637, 645 n.7 (D.C. Cir. 2001).
       5
         Defendant Steven Allen was served after the other District defendants filed their motion
to dismiss. See Aff. of Service, Feb. 10, 2022, ECF No. 27; Proof of Service, Feb. 9, 2022, ECF
No. 25. He later joined in the substance of that motion. See Mem. in Supp. of Def. Allen’s Mot.
Dismiss at 1–2.

                                                 6
 II.   Legal Standards

       Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) requires dismissal of a complaint that fails “to

state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” When evaluating a 12(b)(6) motion, the court

must determine whether the complaint “contain[s] sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to

‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)

(quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A claim is plausible “when the

plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the

defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. A court “must treat the complaint’s factual

allegations as true and must grant plaintiff the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from

the facts alleged.” Sparrow v. United Air Lines, Inc., 216 F.3d 1111, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 2000)

(cleaned up). Although a complaint need not provide “detailed factual allegations” to withstand

a 12(b)(6) motion, it must offer “more than labels and conclusions.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555.

 III. Analysis

       A. Due Process Claims Against the District

       The Court begins with the § 1983 claims against the District of Columbia. Both plaintiffs

seek to hold the District liable under Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658

(1978), for creating a municipal custom, policy, or practice that deprived the victims of their

constitutional right to due process. To state a Monell claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege

(1) “a violation of his rights under the Constitution or federal law”; and (2) “that the

municipality’s custom or policy caused the violation.” Warren v. District of Columbia, 353 F.3d

36, 38 (D.C. Cir. 2004). The District argues both that the complaints do not properly state a

predicate constitutional violation, and that they have not sufficiently alleged that the District was

the “moving force” behind such a violation, if any exists. See Mem. in Supp. of District’s Mot.

                                                  7
Dismiss (“District MTD”) at 5–13. The Court agrees that the plaintiffs have not stated a viable

constitutional claim, so it will dismiss Count V of each complaint on this ground alone.

       In their § 1983 claims, the plaintiffs assert that “the District foreseeably created and/or

amplified the risk to occupants of” hazardous rental properties, “evincing its deliberate

indifference” to Solomon and Kebede’s “rights to life, safety, and personal security.” See

Gormly Compl. ¶ 254; Kasay Compl. ¶ 279. The parties agree that substantive due process is the

relevant constitutional right underlying the plaintiffs’ claims. See District MTD at 5; Gormly

Opp’n to District’s Mot. Dismiss (“Gormly Opp’n”) at 10; Kasay Opp’n to District’s Mot.

Dismiss (“Kasay Opp’n”) at 9.

       The plaintiffs’ substantive due process claims run into an early stumbling block: It is

well established that “the Due Process Clause ‘generally confer[s] no affirmative right to

governmental aid, even where such aid may be necessary to secure life, liberty, or protect

property interests of which the government itself may not deprive the individual.’” Butera v.

District of Columbia, 235 F.3d 637, 647 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (quoting DeShaney v. Winnebago

Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 489 U.S. 189, 196 (1989)). Thus, in DeShaney, the Supreme Court

held that “a State’s failure to protect an individual against private violence simply does not

constitute a violation of the Due Process Clause.” 489 U.S. at 197.

       The plaintiffs’ claims would seem to be classic requests for affirmative state protection

against private harm. They ask the Court to fault the District for, among other things, failing to

train DCRA employees to properly handle code violations, maintaining a reporting system that

made it difficult to respond to urgent safety concerns, and relying only on public reporting to

identify dangerous rental units. See Gormly Compl. ¶ 251; Kasay Compl. ¶ 276. At heart, the

                                                 8
plaintiffs complain that the District did not come to the aid of Solomon and Kebede as they

suffered at the negligent hands of their landlord. DeShaney directly applies.

       The plaintiffs resist this straightforward analysis. They say that DeShaney does not

govern because their claims “are not based on an invasion by a ‘private actor,’” but rather focus

on “the actions and inactions of the District Defendants themselves.” Gormly Opp’n at 12; see

also Kasay Opp’n at 9 (arguing that District “fail[ed] to consider the affirmative actions it took

which caused” a deprivation of “life, liberty or property”). The Court is not convinced by this

reframing of the complaints’ allegations. Crucially, the plaintiffs do not allege that the District

caused the fire or made it more difficult for the victims to escape—by, for instance, installing

faulty wiring, putting up makeshift partitions, or blocking access to the front exit of the

basement. Those were the documented acts of a private individual—Walker—and it was his acts

that seemingly more directly caused Solomon and Kebede’s untimely deaths.6 See A&M Report

at 8; Peter Hermann, Dangerous Conditions Contributed to Deaths of Two Inside Rowhouse That

Burned, Court Documents Say, Wash. Post (Aug. 30, 2019, 7:04 PM),

https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/dangerous-conditions-contributed-to-

deaths-of-two-inside-rowhouse-that-burned-court-documents-say/2019/08/30/9362eda4-cb48-

11e9-a1fe-ca46e8d573c0_story.html. The complained action and inaction on the District’s part

all go to its inability to mitigate the risks Walker apparently created—in other words, its “failure

to protect [Solomon and Kebede] against private violence.” DeShaney, 489 U.S. at 197.

       6
         In connection with the fire, Walker has been criminally charged with involuntary
manslaughter, murder, and violations of various D.C. housing codes. See Docket, District of
Columbia v. Walker, 2020-CDC-679 (D.C. Super. Ct. filed Jan. 15, 2020); Docket, United States
v. Walker, 2020-CF1-603 (D.C. Super. Ct. filed Jan. 13, 2020). He has pled not guilty, and those
cases remain pending in D.C. Superior Court.

                                                  9
       That is not the end of the road, however, as the Supreme Court has recognized that, in

“certain limited circumstances[,] the Constitution imposes upon the State affirmative duties of

care and protection with respect to particular individuals.” Id. at 198. The D.C. Circuit has

recognized two such circumstances. See Pollard v. District of Columbia, 191 F. Supp. 3d 58, 80

(D.D.C. 2016). First is the custody exception, which imposes a higher duty of care when the

state holds an individual in some form of involuntary custody. See DeShaney, 489 U.S. at 199–

200. The plaintiffs do not contend that this exception applies.

       Second is the state-endangerment exception, under which “an individual can assert a

substantive due process right to protection by the District of Columbia from third-party violence

when District of Columbia officials affirmatively act to increase or create the danger that

ultimately results in the individual’s harm.” Butera, 235 F.3d at 651. To trigger the state-

endangerment exception, the District’s conduct must be “so egregious, so outrageous, that it may

fairly be said to shock the contemporary conscience.” Id. (quoting County of Sacramento v.

Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 847 n.8 (1998)). “This stringent requirement exists to differentiate

substantive due process, which is intended only to protect against arbitrary government action,

from local tort law.” Id. “Conscience-shocking conduct that violates due process usually takes

the form of affirmative state action.” Est. of Phillips v. District of Columbia, 455 F.3d 397, 403

(D.C. Cir. 2006). For government inaction to qualify as conscience shocking, a plaintiff must

show (1) that government inaction constituted deliberate indifference; and (2) that the State had

some sort of “‘heightened obligation toward the individual.’” Fraternal Ord. of Police Dep’t of

Corr. Lab. Comm. v. Williams (“FOP”), 375 F.3d 1141, 1146 (D.C. Cir. 2004) ) (quoting Butera,

235 F.3d at 651); see also Harvey v. District of Columbia, 798 F.3d 1042, 1050 (D.C. Cir. 2015).

                                                10
        The plaintiffs’ allegations do not satisfy the requirements of the state-endangerment

doctrine. The parties spend much of their briefing debating whether the complaints here are

understood properly as alleging affirmative state action or deliberately indifferent state inaction.

Compare District MTD at 7 (calling “the District’s alleged failure to act” the “essence of

Plaintiffs’ claim”) with Kasay Opp’n at 9 (contending that District “ignores its active role in

foreclosing on the prospect of the dangerous conditions at 708 Kennedy being addressed”);

Gormly Opp’n at 13 (same). The Court does not find this distinction particularly illuminating, as

at least some of the plaintiffs’ allegations could easily be framed as either action or inaction. For

instance, the plaintiffs each contend that the District violated the victims’ due process rights by

closing the investigation into 708 Kennedy without ever inspecting the interior of the property.

See Gormly Opp’n at 13; Kasay Opp’n at 10. Is this affirmative government action, based on the

District’s decision to close the file? Or is it inaction, based on the District’s failure to keep the

case open or investigate further? The Court need not wade into this debate because the

allegations here cannot support a claim for conscience-shocking conduct, however viewed.

        If, as the plaintiffs insist, their complaints can be read to allege affirmative conduct on the

District’s part, they do not state a due process claim because none of the alleged actions actually

“increase[d] or create[d] the danger that result[ed] in harm.” Butera, 235 F.3d at 650. As

previously noted, the plaintiffs focus most on DCRA’s decision to close the investigation into

708 Kennedy just days before the fire. See Gormly Opp’n at 13; Kasay Opp’n at 10. In

addition, Kasay faults the District for “affirmatively decid[ing] to ignore Officer Davis’ credible

report without ever inspecting the Property.” Kasay Opp’n at 12. According to the plaintiffs,

these actions by the District “effectively foreclosed the possibility of the dangerous conditions at

the Property ever being remediated.” Gormly Opp’n at 13; Kasay Opp’n at 10.

                                                  11
       To begin, the Court doubts this is strictly true. Although closing the file cut off the path

Officer Davis had opened for investigating and addressing the hazardous conditions at 708

Kennedy, it did not necessarily foreclose future remedial action.

       But turning to the core of the issue, the government’s alleged actions here do not satisfy

the law governing conscience-shocking affirmative conduct, in this Circuit or elsewhere. In

Butera, the D.C. Circuit explained that, to meet this standard, the plaintiffs must allege that state

officials have “affirmatively act[ed] to increase or create the danger that ultimately result[ed] in

the individual’s harm.” 235 F.3d at 651. Thus, in that case, the court credited allegations that

the District had recruited and sent an operative into a dangerous undercover drug buy without

adequate measures to ensure his safety. See id. at 652. Other circuits, too, have only found the

exception triggered where state actors had some “hand in creating a danger.” Reed v. Gardner,

986 F.2d 1122, 1125 (7th Cir. 1993). The Seventh Circuit, for example, held that victims of a

car accident stated a substantive due process claim where police arrested a presumably sober

driver and left the car keys behind with a knowingly drunk passenger. Id. at 1127. As that court

reasoned, “[b]y removing a safe driver from the road and not taking steps to prevent a dangerous

driver from taking the wheel, the defendants arguably changed a safe situation into a dangerous

one.” Id. The Third Circuit likewise applied the exception to a firearms instructor who, during a

routine training, shot another state trooper at close range after failing to conduct a standard and

obvious check to ensure the gun was unloaded. Kedra v. Schroeter, 876 F.3d 424, 443–44, 448

(3d Cir. 2017). Once again, “liability under the state-created danger doctrine” existed only

because the plaintiff had alleged “conscience-shocking, affirmative behavior from a state official

that caused foreseeable and fairly direct harm to a person who was a foreseeable victim of that

behavior.” Id. at 448 n.18 (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                                 12
        As the Court has already explained, the plaintiffs’ allegations do not suggest that the

District or its employees had a hand in creating the danger that led to Solomon and Kebede’s

deaths, or turned a safe situation into a dangerous one. Rather, the affirmative acts at issue—

sending in a poorly trained inspector or closing a case file—only concern the District’s failed

efforts to remediate pre-existing hazards. While better DCRA inspection policies “may have

conceivably saved” Solomon and Kebede’s lives, the District’s “actions did not increase or

create the danger” posed by the hazardous conditions at 708 Kennedy. Wright v. District of

Columbia, 799 F. Supp. 2d 1, 8 (D.D.C. 2011); see also id. (rejecting claim that decision to cease

life-giving care to gunshot victim satisfied state-endangerment doctrine because “[w]hoever shot

him[,]” not the government, “create[d] the danger that ultimately resulted in [his] demise”). The

conduct alleged here therefore does not fall within the state-endangerment exception.

        The plaintiffs—particularly Gormly—invite the Court to consider the allegations as

evidence, too, of the District’s deliberate indifference to the victims’ constitutional rights. See

Gormly Opp’n at 13–19. Even when framed as allegedly unconstitutional inaction, the

plaintiffs’ allegations fail. Deliberate indifference—as opposed to intentional conduct—satisfies

the “shock the conscience test . . . only in ‘circumstances where the State has a heightened

obligation toward the individual.’”7 FOP, 375 F.3d at 1145–46 (quoting Butera, 235 F.3d at

651).

        7
         The plaintiffs spend much of their briefing discussing whether some differently framed
lower standard—like gross negligence or recklessness—may also satisfy the shock-the-
conscience test. See Gormly Opp’n at 16; Kasay Opp’n at 11. They draw this standard from the
Supreme Court’s observation that it was a “closer call[]” whether “something more than
negligence but less than intentional conduct, such as recklessness or gross negligence” may reach
“the point of the conscience shocking.” Lewis, 523 U.S. at 849 (internal quotation marks
omitted). But in Lewis, the Supreme Court expressly linked this discussion to its deliberate

                                                 13
       There is no heightened obligation here. Neither plaintiff argues that the District had any

special relationship with the residents of 708 Kennedy. Nor do the circumstances in this case

resemble those where the D.C. Circuit has found one. Under prevailing D.C. Circuit law, such a

“special relationship” exists only where the District has deprived the victims of liberty in some

substantial way. Est. of Phillips, 455 F.3d at 405–06. For instance, the court has found a

heightened obligation where the District had legal custody over those participating in a “program

for delinquent youths,” see Smith v. District of Columbia, 413 F.3d 86, 90, 94 (D.C. Cir. 2005),

or had involuntarily committed a person with disabilities to its care, Harvey, 798 F.3d at 1051.

As the Supreme Court has explained, “[t]he affirmative duty to protect arises not from the State’s

knowledge of the individual’s predicament or from its expressions of intent to help him, but from

the limitation which it has imposed on his freedom to act on his own behalf.” DeShaney, 489

U.S. at 200. Here, the District had not taken Solomon or Kebede into custody, nor restrained

them in any way that would prevent them (or, in Solomon’s case, his mother) from working to

remedy the hazardous conditions on their own—by, for example, separately reporting the

violations to the District, or moving to safer housing. The plaintiffs therefore are not entitled to

state a substantive due process claim through allegations of deliberate indifference alone.

indifference jurisprudence. Id. at 850. The Court did not indicate how those standards would
differ or whether it endorsed one over the other.

        More to the point, the Court in Lewis recognized that it would only be appropriate to
apply any lower standard for conscience-shocking conduct in certain circumstances, such as “the
custodial situation of a prison.” Id. at 851. Indeed, the D.C. Circuit cited this passage in Lewis
as a source of its heightened-obligation requirement. See FOP, 375 F.3d at 1145–46. Thus,
however the government’s inaction is framed—whether recklessness, gross negligence, or
deliberate indifference—the plaintiffs still must identify some heightened obligation to take
advantage of this doctrine.

                                                 14
        In reaching this legal conclusion, the Court does not mean to minimize the many practical

barriers that residents like Kebede, Solomon’s family, and others in their circumstances face in

reporting unsafe conditions, negotiating with landlords, and finding safe and affordable housing

in the District. Those very obstacles are likely why, as the plaintiffs point out, District law

imposes on the city’s government an obligation to investigate and remediate hazardous housing

conditions. See, e.g., D.C. Code § 6-801(a) (mandating that “Mayor shall examine” any

structure that “is reported to the District government as unsafe”); D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. 12A

§ 115.1 (requiring that “[a]ll premises” that become “unsafe,” or “which constitute a fire hazard,

or are otherwise dangerous to human life or the public welfare . . . be deemed an unsafe

condition,” and “be removed or made safe and secure, as the code official deems necessary”).

The plaintiffs have numerous avenues to pursue claims against the District for failing to meet

those obligations. But the District’s failure here simply does not rise to the level of a federal

constitutional violation. Cf. Collins v. City of Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 117 (1992)

(holding that city’s conduct did not violate the Due Process Clause “[e]ven though [it] may be

actionable under state law”). For that reason, the plaintiffs’ § 1983 claims must be dismissed for

failure to state a predicate constitutional violation.

        B. Remaining Claims

        Now that the Court has dismissed the § 1983 claims, only state-law claims remain in each

complaint: two negligence-based claims against the District and its employees, and two

negligence-based claims against Walker. See Gormly Compl. ¶¶ 186–247; Kasay Compl.

¶¶ 213–72. The Court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over these state-law claims.

        The Court has an “obligation to employ its discretion to determine whether to exercise

supplemental jurisdiction over . . . ancillary state-law claims.” Araya v. JPMorgan Chase Bank,

                                                   15
N.A., 775 F.3d 409, 414 (D.C. Cir. 2014). Several factors govern that decision, “including the

circumstances of the particular case, the nature of the state law claims, the character of the

governing state law, and the relationship between the state and federal claims.” Id. In particular,

a district court may decline supplemental jurisdiction when it “has dismissed all claims over

which it has original jurisdiction.” 28 US.C. § 1367(c)(3). As the D.C. Circuit has explained,

where all federal claims “are dismissed before trial,” declining to exercise jurisdiction is

generally “in keeping with the principle that needless decisions of state law should be avoided

both as a matter of comity and to promote justice between the parties.” Araya, 775 F.3d at 417

(cleaned up).

       Those principles counsel in favor of remand here. The Court has now dismissed the only

claims invoking federal jurisdiction at an early juncture—well before trial, and even before

discovery. Nevertheless arguing against remand, the District counters that maintaining

jurisdiction would “promote[] judicial efficiency,” given the legal and factual links between the

plaintiffs’ constitutional and negligence claims. Reply in Supp. of District’s Mot. Dismiss

(“District Reply”) at 9. The Court disagrees. Contrary to the District’s suggestion, the plaintiffs’

state-law claims may “require resolving unsettled issues of District of Columbia law.” Id.

(quoting Sheikh v. District of Columbia, 77 F. Supp. 3d 73, 91 (D.D.C. 2015)). Most notably, in

defending their negligence claims against the District, both plaintiffs ask the Court to “expand”

an exception to the D.C. public-duty doctrine, if that doctrine would otherwise bar their claims.

See Kasay Opp’n at 22–25; Gormly Opp’n at 32–35. Even the District acknowledges that this is

a question most appropriately presented to the District’s courts: In arguing against the expanded

exception, it contends that granting the plaintiffs’ request is “beyond the powers of this federal

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court.” District Reply at 12. That may be true. But that is a reason to remand the issue—not to

reject the plaintiffs’ argument on the merits.

       Because at least some of the plaintiffs’ claims may “present[] unsettled issues of state

law[,]” Araya, 775 F.3d 409 at 417, and because all federal claims have been dismissed, the

Court will decline jurisdiction over the remaining claims. Accordingly, the Court does not reach

the merits of the defendants’ remaining arguments for dismissal, nor Kasay’s pending motion for

sanctions against Walker.

 IV. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant in part the District of Columbia’s Motion

to Dismiss. The Court will dismiss Count V of each complaint—the plaintiffs’ § 1983 claims.

The Court does not weigh in on any other issue in the District’s or Walker’s motions to dismiss,

and instead denies the remainder of the pending motions without prejudice. The remaining

claims will be remanded to the Superior Court of the District of Columbia for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion. A separate Order will accompany this Memorandum

Opinion.

                                                             CHRISTOPHER R. COOPER
                                                             United States District Judge
Date: June 6, 2022

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