Court Opinion

ID: 2972262
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 16:46:38.950322+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:03:30.377424
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 05a0459n.06
                              Filed: June 2, 2005

                                        Nos. 04-3541/3716

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

1064 OLD RIVER ROAD, INC., d/b/a the             )
Beach Club, and CURTIS KNOWLES,                  )
                                                 )
       Plaintiffs-Appellants (04-3541),          )
                                                 )
v.                                               )
                                                 )
CITY OF CLEVELAND, FRED SZABO,                   )
ROBERT VILKAS, and MICHAEL R.                    )
WHITE,                                           )
                                                 )    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
       Defendants-Appellants,                    )    STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
                                                 )    NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
                                                 )
JELLY ROLLS, INC., d/b/a the Basement,           )
                                                 )
       Plaintiff-Appellant (04-3716),            )
                                                 )
v.                                               )
                                                 )
CITY OF CLEVELAND and ROBERT                     )
VILKAS,                                          )
                                                 )
       Defendants-Appellees.                     )

       Before: COLE and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; BARZILAY, Judge.*

       *
         The Honorable Judith M. Barzilay, Judge for the United States Court of International Trade,
sitting by designation.
Nos. 04-3541/3716
1064 Old River Road v. City of Cleveland

        SUTTON, Circuit Judge. In these cases, which we have consolidated for appeal, two dance

clubs located in “the Flats” of downtown Cleveland, Ohio, challenge the validity of inspections

conducted by the city, claiming that the city (and several city officials) unfairly singled them out for

inspection in violation of the Equal Protection Clause and that the searches violated the Fourth

Amendment. One of the clubs also claims that the inspection violated its procedural and substantive

due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. Because the defendants had rational

explanations for choosing to inspect these dance clubs, because no search occurred under the Fourth

Amendment and because the defendants committed no due process violations, we affirm the district

court’s grant of summary judgment in both cases.

                                                   I.

        In early 2001, the city of Cleveland formed a task force to address safety issues in the Flats,

a section of downtown Cleveland that covers both sides of the Cuyahoga River where it flows into

Lake Erie and that contains restaurants, bars and dance clubs. According to Michael White, the

mayor of Cleveland at the time, the Flats Safety Task Force was created in response to “a number

of incidents in the Flats dealing with safety,” including: “[f]ights, deaths, people falling in the water

and drowning to death, being crushed by boats, allegations of alcohol abuse, [and] issues of safety.”

Beach Club JA 651–52; Basement JA 604–05.

        The task force included representatives from the major departments of the city, several

owners of businesses in the Flats and federal entities with responsibility in the area such as the Coast

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Nos. 04-3541/3716
1064 Old River Road v. City of Cleveland

Guard. The city did not invite either the Beach Club (the business name of 1064 Old River Road,

one of the plaintiffs in this case) or the Basement (the business name of Jelly Rolls, Inc., the other

plaintiff) to participate in the task force. One of the members of the task force, though, was the Flats

Oxbow Association, an organization that represents the interests of all businesses in the Flats. When

questioned why certain businesses were not asked to be on the committee, the mayor responded that

“you can’t have a working committee of 150 people.” Beach Club JA 655; Basement JA 608.

Noting that there were roughly 100 businesses in the Flats, he explained that the “goal was to get

a representative sampling of those [businesses].” Beach Club JA 655; Basement JA 608.

       To determine which businesses to subject to initial inspections, the task force considered

“records of arrest, criminal activity, nuisance activity,” “records of overcrowding issues, fire

violations,” and records of problems identified by building and housing authorities. Beach Club JA

512; Basement JA 465. On March 1, 2001, Fred Szabo, the acting safety director of the city, sent

an e-mail to the task force identifying six “targeted locations,” which included the Beach Club and

the Basement. “These locations,” the e-mail explained, “have a documented history of alcohol sales

to underage patrons and have demonstrated a high incidence of nuisance offenses including assaults,

disorderly conduct, open container and violations of State Drug Law.” Beach Club JA 206;

Basement JA 379. Consistent with this approach, the Beach Club had been the subject of an

underage drinking violation on February 8, 2001. Similarly, the Basement had been the scene of

several fights, at least two underage drinking incidents during the preceding five years, a building-

code and fire-code violation involving a tent covering a rooftop patio that had heaters attached to

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Nos. 04-3541/3716
1064 Old River Road v. City of Cleveland

it, and a fire-code violation dating back to August 11, 1999, for failing to have the sprinkler system

set up so that it would notify someone outside the Basement if it went off.

        On March 10, 2001, at 11:30 p.m., the city brought several police officers, city inspectors,

and city officials to the Beach Club and to the Basement (along with several other establishments)

and inspected them. During the inspections, they turned the lights on and the music off to check

patrons’ identification for underage drinking. No drinking violations were discovered at either club,

but building and fire inspectors found a number of other violations. At the Beach Club, inspectors

found that the club had only one way of ingress and egress. (When the prior occupants of the Beach

Club received a certificate of occupancy in 1986, the building had a second exit through a back

patio, but in 1996, without permission from the city, the Beach Club erected a fence around the patio

that closed off that exit.) At the Basement, the city’s inspectors found serious electrical hazards,

serious plumbing hazards and a continuing fire hazard caused by the tent on the roof patio.

Concluding that the violation uncovered at the Beach Club presented a “life safety problem,” Beach

Club JA 630, and that the hazards found at the Basement “pose[d] imminent physical danger,”

Basement JA 591, the city closed down both clubs and issued orders to vacate them. All told, the

city inspected ten or eleven establishments that evening, closing six and leaving four or five of them

open.

        The Beach Club and Curtis Knowles, the Beach Club’s president, sued the city (and White,

Szabo and Vilkas) in state court under § 1983 and state law, alleging seven counts, and the

Basement, represented by the same lawyers, filed a similar complaint against the city (and Vilkas).

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Nos. 04-3541/3716
1064 Old River Road v. City of Cleveland

In each case, the city (1) counterclaimed for the costs of boarding up the club and for inspection fees

to cover the cost of follow-up inspections and (2) removed the case to federal court. In each case,

the city moved for summary judgment on all claims save the § 1983 claim, and in each case the

district court granted the motion for summary judgment. The city then moved in each case for

summary judgment on the § 1983 claims and the counterclaims, and the district court eventually

granted those motions as well.

       Before turning to the merits of the appeal, it is worth highlighting one procedural difference

between the cases. After the city (and Vilkas) filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings against

the Basement, the Basement amended its complaint. Although the original Basement complaint

addressed an inspection by the city on March 10, 2001, at 1078 Old River Road—the correct address

of the Basement—the first amended complaint alleged claims resulting from an inspection by the

city on March 23, 2001, at 1229 West 6th Street. Jelly Rolls’ president and owner of 80% of its

shares, Gary Bauer, admitted during a deposition that he did not “own, lease, or operate any

business” at 1229 West 6th Street. Basement JA 404. This first amended complaint, which the

Basement asserts states the wrong date and wrong location, was filed on August 18, 2003. On

September 3, 2003, the city answered the first amended complaint by denying each and every

allegation and by asserting as its first affirmative defense that the Basement lacked standing to bring

the action. In the district court’s summary judgment decision on the Basement’s § 1983 claim, the

district court alternatively premised its decision on the ground that the Basement lacked standing

because it had failed to show that it, as opposed to a third party, had been injured.

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Nos. 04-3541/3716
1064 Old River Road v. City of Cleveland

                                                  II.

        The rules for reviewing a district court’s grant of summary judgment are familiar. We give

fresh review to the decision and will affirm the decision when no genuine issue of material fact

exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. LensCrafters, Inc. v.

Robinson, 403 F.3d 798, 802 (6th Cir. 2005); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). In doing each of these things,

we look at the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. LensCrafters, 403 F.3d at

802.

        Standing. Before turning to the merits, we must address the plaintiffs’ standing to raise

several constitutional claims and we must do so even though some of those constitutional claims are

easier to resolve than the standing question attached to them. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better

Environment, 523 U.S. 83, 99 (1998) (rejecting as “precedent-shattering” the proposition that “an

‘easy’ merits question may be decided on the assumption of jurisdiction”); id. at 101 (“Hypothetical

jurisdiction produces nothing more than a hypothetical judgment—which comes to the same thing

as an advisory opinion, disapproved by this Court from the beginning.”). Standing is an “irreducible

constitutional minimum” consisting of three elements: injury in fact, causation (whether the injury

is fairly traceable to the defendant) and redressability. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555,

560 (1992). “[E]ach element [of Article III standing] must be supported in the same way as any

other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof, i.e., with the manner and degree of

evidence required at the successive stages of the litigation.” Id. At the summary judgment stage,

therefore, a “plaintiff can no longer rest on such ‘mere allegations,’ but must ‘set forth’ by affidavit

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Nos. 04-3541/3716
1064 Old River Road v. City of Cleveland

or other evidence ‘specific facts,’ Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 56(e), which for purposes of the summary

judgment motion will be taken to be true.” Id.

       The Basement’s Standing to Bring its Claims. Only the first of these requirements is at

issue with respect to the Basement’s claims, namely whether the plaintiff “suffered an injury in

fact.” Id. at 561. In its first amended complaint, the Basement alleged that on “March 23, 2001,

Plaintiff’s building located at 1229 W. 6th Street, Cleveland, Ohio, was raided.” Basement JA 84

(emphasis added). This statement, it turns out, contains one accurate statement (“Plaintiff’s

building” was inspected) and two inaccurate statements (the task force inspection occurred on a

different date and the Basement has a different address). The mistake occurred because the

Basement inadvertently copied the wrong address and date from a “nearly identical” complaint

against the city that its lawyers had drafted for “another entity” inspected by the city. Basement Br.

at 24 & n.3. Supporting the accurate assertion in the complaint that the Basement had been raided,

Gary Bauer, the president of the Basement, stated in his affidavit that he owns the Basement and that

it was in fact “raided” on March 10, 2001. JA 296. The city does not provide any evidence

attempting to counter the evidence provided by this affidavit or any evidence attempting to counter

the accurate portion of the complaint. And the city’s own motion for summary judgment attached

evidence demonstrating that Gary Bauer owned the building at 1078 Old River Road, see JA 232

(certificate of occupancy), and the city admits both that the Basement is located at 1078 Old River

Road and that the city inspected the Basement on March 10, 2001. City Br. at 2–3.

       All of this shows that the city at best has established an ambiguity in the complaint about

whether the Basement was inspected by the task force, not an absence of standing as to whether the

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Nos. 04-3541/3716
1064 Old River Road v. City of Cleveland

Basement may challenge this inspection. While the first amended complaint alleges that the

challenged raid occurred at 1229 West 6th Street on March 23, 2001, the summary judgment posture

of this case requires us to resolve all factual ambiguities in favor of the Basement, the nonmoving

party here, and thus requires us to conclude for purposes of this motion that the events occurred at

1078 Old River Road on March 10. See Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental

Services (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 181–82 (2000) (looking at affidavits of the plaintiff to determine

whether sufficient injury had been demonstrated to establish standing). On this record, the

Basement has shown that it has standing to bring its due process claims.

       Knowles’ Standing to Bring his Claims. Knowles, the owner of the Beach Club, contends

that the district court erred in holding that he personally lacked standing to bring several claims

identical to those brought by the Beach Club. We need not address his argument because the

presence of one party that has standing to bring a claim suffices to make identical claims brought

by other parties to the same lawsuit justiciable. Department of Commerce v. U.S. House of

Representatives, 525 U.S. 316, 330 (1999); see also Bd. of Educ. of Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 92 of

Pottawatomie County v. Earls, 536 U.S. 822, 827 n.1 (2002) (“Because we are likewise satisfied that

Earls has standing, we need not address whether James also has standing.”); Clinton v. City of New

York, 524 U.S. 417, 431 (1998) (“Because both the City of New York and the health care appellees

have standing, we need not consider whether the appellee unions also have standing to sue.”). No

one (including us) doubts that the Beach Club has standing to bring its Equal Protection and Fourth

Amendment claims. Accordingly, our resolution of those claims effectively resolves the identical

                                                -8-
Nos. 04-3541/3716
1064 Old River Road v. City of Cleveland

claims brought by Knowles, without regard to whether Knowles has standing in his own right to

bring the claims.

       The Equal Protection Claim. In challenging the district court’s disposition of their equal

protection claim, the clubs argue that the city had no rational basis first for excluding them from

participating in the task force and then for inspecting them rather than other establishments during

the Task Force’s initial inspection. Acknowledging that they are not a suspect class specially

protected by the Equal Protection Clause, they instead bring a “class of one” equal protection claim,

which the courts have permitted where the plaintiff “has been intentionally treated differently from

others similarly situated and [ ] there is no rational basis for the difference in treatment.” Village

of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 564 (2000). The clubs bear the burden of showing that there

was no conceivable rational basis for the disparate treatment. Muller v. Lujan, 928 F.2d 207, 210

(6th Cir. 1991).

       The clubs cannot satisfy this daunting standard. As to the decision not to include the clubs

in the Task Force, the city had an eminently rational explanation: The committee would be too large

if every business participated, and both clubs, like other small businesses in the Flats, were

represented on the task force by the Flats Oxbow Association. The clubs’ challenge to the second

decision—to investigate them rather than other establishments—fares no better because the clubs

cannot show that they were “treated differently from others similarly situated.” Id. The Beach Club,

a dance club located in the Flats at which an underage drinking arrest had occurred during the prior

month, fails to identify any similar business in the Flats that also had a recent underage drinking

                                                -9-
Nos. 04-3541/3716
1064 Old River Road v. City of Cleveland

violation but yet was not inspected. The Basement likewise fails to identify any business with a

similar history of fights, underage drinking, building-code violations and fire-code violations that

was not inspected. In the final analysis, the history of violations at each club gave the city an

ample—and certainly rational—explanation for initially choosing them rather than other clubs for

inspection.

       Even though they have failed to establish disparate treatment or the absence of a rational

basis for the city’s conduct, the clubs claim that Bower v. Village of Mount Sterling, 44 Fed. Appx.

670 (6th Cir. 2002), an unpublished equal protection decision, nonetheless supports their claim. In

Bower, a police dispatcher accused of sexual harassment was not discharged from his dispatching

position, was appointed to the police reserve and was subsequently recommended by the chief of

police for promotion as a full-time officer. When the city council refused to promote him to a full-

time officer position, he brought an equal protection claim, contending that the council had

promoted other officers under materially similar circumstances. In concluding that his claim should

go to a jury, this court held that the reasons offered by the city for its decision did not meaningfully

distinguish the plaintiff’s application from those of other applicants. Here, by contrast, the city

relied on a distinction— between establishments where underage drinking or other safety violations

had been discovered and those where they had not been—that was (and is) highly relevant to its

public safety mission. And while the clubs try to characterize the creation of the task force as

focusing solely on preventing additional drownings in the Flats, the record shows that the task force

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Nos. 04-3541/3716
1064 Old River Road v. City of Cleveland

existed to confront a number of problems, including “allegations of alcohol abuse” and “issues of

safety.” Beach Club JA 651–52; Basement JA 604–05.

       The Fourth Amendment Claim. The clubs next argue that the district court erred in

rejecting their illegal-search claim as a matter of law. We disagree.

        “A search occurs when ‘an expectation of privacy that society is prepared to consider

reasonable is infringed.’” Maryland v. Macon, 472 U.S. 463, 469 (1985). A business alleging a

Fourth Amendment violation does “not have any reasonable expectation of privacy in areas of the

store where the public was invited to enter and to transact business.” Id. At the same time, the

Court has explained that heavily regulated industries, including establishments that sell liquor, have

diminished expectations of privacy. See United States v. Biswell, 406 U.S. 311, 314–17 (1972); see

also Vernonia Sch. Dist. 47J v. Acton, 515 U.S. 646, 657 (1995).

       Consistent with Macon and Biswell, the various inspectors entered the Beach Club and the

Basement while the clubs were open for business, and neither club argues that the inspectors went

beyond areas open to the public. Since the clubs were open to the public at the time the inspections

occurred, they had no expectation of privacy, and the inspectors, no less than ordinary patrons, were

free to enter the clubs and observe all that was within plain view. Bolstering this conclusion is the

fact that the clubs, as they readily concede, Beach Club Br. at 28, Basement Br. at 34, are closely

regulated businesses under state law and accordingly have a diminished expectation of privacy in

those businesses.

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Nos. 04-3541/3716
1064 Old River Road v. City of Cleveland

       Attempting to counter the conclusion that a Fourth Amendment search did not occur, the

clubs point to § 3103.04 of the Cleveland Codified Ordinances, which says that building inspections

may occur only at a “reasonable hour” and only after getting permission from the occupant or

obtaining a search warrant. The short answer to this point is that a city ordinance generally cannot

control the meaning of a “search” under the Fourth Amendment. Cf. City of Boerne v. Flores, 521
U.S. 507, 519 (1997). Even if the city violated its own ordinance—which, as we will explain later,

it did not—that does not prove a Fourth Amendment violation occurred.

       Counterclaims for Costs and Inspection Fees. The clubs next claim that they should not

have to pay the city for the board-up costs and inspection fees that resulted from the city’s “illegal”

actions. Neither club cites any case law in support of this argument. And the premise of the

argument—that the city acted illegally—is wrong in any event. As we have shown, the city’s

inspection did not violate federal law.

       And neither did the inspection violate any city law. Section 3103.04 of the Cleveland

Codified Ordinances permits fire inspectors and building inspectors

       at any reasonable hour [to] enter any dwelling, multifamily dwelling, building,
       structure, or premises within the City to perform any duty imposed on them by [the
       Ohio Building Code] or this Building Code, or the City Housing or Fire Prevention
       Codes, provided that permission to enter is obtained from the occupant . . . . If such
       permission is refused or is otherwise unobtainable, a search warrant shall be obtained
       before such entry or inspection is made, except in the case of an existing emergency
       in which case entry may be made at any time and no search warrant is necessary.

A period when a business is open to the public is assuredly not an unreasonable hour to conduct an

inspection, and plaintiffs do not argue otherwise. And a business that is open to all members of the

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Nos. 04-3541/3716
1064 Old River Road v. City of Cleveland

public means just that: It grants “permission to enter” the premises to all members of the public,

whether they are building inspectors or not. See State v. Howell, No. 1679, 1991 WL 87289, at *3

(Ohio Ct. App. 1991) (“[A] law enforcement officer is a member of the public and, just like any

citizen, may accept a general public invitation to enter upon commercial premises which are open

to the public.”); see also State v. Thompson, 971 P.2d 879, 888 n.8 (Or. 1999) (noting that the phrase

“open to the public” means, under a state statute, “premises which by their physical nature, function,

custom, usage, notice or lack thereof or other circumstances at the time would cause a reasonable

person to believe that no permission to enter or remain is required”); Miller v. State, 733 So. 2d 955,

957 (Fla. 1998) (explaining that because “premises are either open to the public or they are not,” a

defendant who can establish that premises were open to the public has a complete defense to a

burglary charge) (citations omitted).

       All of this leaves little left to debate about the clubs’ argument that they should not have to

pay for the costs of the inspection and the shutting down of the clubs. The clubs do not otherwise

contest the district court’s application of the Cleveland ordinances requiring owners to pay for the

expenses of a board-up, see Cleveland, Oh., Charter & Codified Ordinances § 3103.09(j), and

requiring owners to pay a fee for follow-up inspections made after the compliance date in the

violation notice, see id. § 3105.26(a)(4). Because they are mistaken in claiming that the city entered

the premises illegally, the district court correctly granted the city summary judgment on its

counterclaims against each club.

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Nos. 04-3541/3716
1064 Old River Road v. City of Cleveland

       The Basement’s Due Process Claims. In the same section of its brief in which it challenges

the search as a Fourth Amendment violation, the Basement mentions that the district erred in

rejecting its procedural due process claim that the inspection exceeded the scope of the city’s

authority and was executed in bad faith. Basement Br. at 34. Despite this statement, the Basement

does not proceed to make a procedural-due-process argument, see id.—or explain how an alleged

Fourth Amendment violation equates to a procedural-due-process claim—and so it has waived this

argument. See United States v. Demjanjuk, 367 F.3d 623, 638 (6th Cir. 2004) (“[I]ssues adverted

to [on appeal] in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed argumentation,

are deemed waived.”) (quotation marks omitted).

       The Basement’s substantive due process claim, which has been briefed, fares no better. At

bottom, this claim represents a modest variation on the theme of its equal protection claim.

According to the Basement, the city violated its substantive due process rights by intentionally

singling it out for inspection and closure and by doing so on arbitrary grounds.

       Generally speaking, “in order to establish liability for violations of substantive due process

under § 1983, a plaintiff must prove that the governmental actor either intentionally injured the

plaintiff or acted arbitrarily in the constitutional sense.” Upsher v. Grosse Pointe Public Sch. Sys.,

285 F.3d 448, 453 (6th Cir. 2002). As our discussion of the clubs’ equal protection analysis shows,

however, the city had a legitimate and rational explanation for its inspection of the Basement— prior

safety violations. But, the Basement replies, the fact that a board-up contractor was on hand during

the inspection shows there was an intent to cause injury. Not so. The record shows that six

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Nos. 04-3541/3716
1064 Old River Road v. City of Cleveland

inspected businesses were closed, while four or five were not. The city was performing a valid

inspection, and simply being prepared to take action on the findings of its inspection does not

establish a cognizable intent to injure.

                                             III.

       For these reasons, we affirm.

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