Court Opinion

ID: 4090904
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-10-19 21:07:48.474098+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:36:07.181024
License: Public Domain

Supreme Court of Louisiana
FOR IMMEDIATE NEWS RELEASE                                         NEWS RELEASE #057

FROM: CLERK OF SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

The Opinions handed down on the 19th day of October, 2016, are as follows:

BY KNOLL, J.:

2016-C -0846      BRANDI BILLEAUDEAU, VERONICA BILLEAUDEAU, AND JOSEPH BILLEAUDEAU
                  v. OPELOUSAS GENERAL HOSPITAL AUTHORITY, DR. KONDILO SKIRLIS-
                  ZAVALA, AND THE SHUMACHER GROUP OF LOUISIANA, INC. (Parish of St.
                  Landry)

                  For these reasons, we hereby affirm the judgment of the Court of
                  Appeal.
                  AFFIRMED.

                  JOHNSON, C.J., dissents and assigns reasons.
                  WEIMER, J., concurs and assigns reasons.
                  GUIDRY, J., dissents and assigns reasons.
                  CLARK, J., dissents for the reasons assigned by J. Guidry and
                  assigns additional reasons.
10/19/16

                     SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

                                 NO. 2016-C-0846

 BRANDI BILLEAUDEAU, VERONICA BILLEAUDEAU, AND JOSEPH
                     BILLEAUDEAU

                                     VERSUS

  OPELOUSAS GENERAL HOSPITAL AUTHORITY, DR. KONDILO
 SKIRLIS-ZAVALA, AND THE SHUMACHER GROUP OF LOUISIANA,
                           INC.

        ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,
             THIRD CIRCUIT, PARISH OF ST. LANDRY

KNOLL, JUSTICE

      This civil case presents the singular, res nova issue of whether a claim for

negligent credentialing falls within the purview of the Louisiana Medical

Malpractice Act (LMMA) and is, therefore, subject to its statutory cap on damages.

After completion of the medical review process, plaintiffs, Brandi, Veronica, and

Joseph Billeaudeau (collectively plaintiffs), proceeded in their suit against

Opelousas General Hospital Authority (OGH), among other defendants, for

injuries sustained by Brandi allegedly arising from the medical malpractice of Dr.

Kondilo Skirlis-Zavala, an independent contractor working in the OGH’s

emergency department (ED).        Along with their medical malpractice claims,

plaintiffs specifically alleged OGH was negligent in credentialing Dr. Zavala and

subsequently moved for partial summary judgment, seeking a determination that

their negligent credentialing claim was not subject to the LMMA’s cap on

damages.

      The District Court granted the motion and ultimately certified the judgment

as final. After writ practice, the Court of Appeal, Third Circuit, affirmed on appeal.
We granted writ to determine the correctness vel non of the lower courts’ finding

claims of negligent credentialing are not claims of malpractice under the LMMA.

Billeaudeau v. Opelousas General Hosp. Auth., 16-0846 (La. 6/28/16), 192 So.3d

781. For the following reasons, we find plaintiffs’ negligent credentialing claim

sounds in general negligence and affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeal.

                                         FACTS

       On June 20, 2010, Brandi, a woman thirty-four years of age with Down

syndrome, was taken to OGH by her parents, Veronica and Joseph Billeaudeau,

after she collapsed at home. Upon arrival at the ED, Dr. Zavala diagnosed Brandi

with focal motor seizure. Dr. Zavala ordered the administration of anti-seizure

medication and a CT scan, which was reported as normal.

       The Billeaudeaus disagreed with the doctor’s diagnosis. Thinking their

daughter had suffered a stroke, they asked that Brandi be given tPA (t-plasminogen

activator), a treatment for stroke victims. However, according to plaintiffs’

allegations, Dr. Zavala informed them their daughter was not a candidate for tPA.

The Billeaudeaus then requested Brandi be transferred to Our Lady of Lourdes

(OLOL) in Lafayette. Dr. Zavala arranged for Brandi’s transfer to OLOL, where

she was given tPA over four hours after she suffered what was ultimately

determined to be a stroke.1 Brandi survived the stroke but unfortunately suffered

severe, irreversible brain damage.

       Veronica, individually and as Brandi’s curatrix, along with Joseph pursued a

claim under the LMMA and brought suit against OGH, among other defendants,

specifically alleging:

              Defendant, Opelousas General Hospital, is liable unto
       Petitioners because Ms. Billeaudeau’s injuries and damages, which

1 As noted by the parties in brief, this was outside the three to four hour window of tPA’s
efficacy.

                                            2
       will be specified hereinafter, were proximately and legally caused by
       the fault, including negligence, of Opelousas General Hospital and its
       officers, agents, employees, and those for whom it is legally
       responsible, including the following negligent acts of omission and
       commission, among others, which may be shown during the trial:

               a.          Failure to develop and/or implement adequate
                           policies and procedures to competently address
                           stroke and/or administration of tPA;
               b.          Failure to distribute its written stroke and/or
                           tPA protocol to Dr. Kondilo Skirlis-Zavala, a
                           physician working in the hospital’s emergency
                           department;
               c.          Failure to ensure that Dr. Zavala had reviewed
                           and accepted the hospital’s written stroke
                           and/or tPA protocol;
               d.          Failure to supervise Dr. Zavala, a physician
                           working in Opelousas General’s emergency
                           department; and
               e.          Negligent credentialing of Dr. Zavala.

       Thereafter, plaintiffs filed a motion for partial summary judgment asking the

District Court to declare their claim against OGH for negligent credentialing was

not subject to the terms of the LMMA, including the cap on damages found in La.

Rev. Stat. § 40:1231.2(B)(1). 2          OGH opposed the motion.               At the hearing,

plaintiffs presented their claim under La. Rev. Stat. § 40:2114(E), which mandates

hospitals “establish rules, regulations, and procedures setting forth the nature,

extent, and type of staff membership and clinical privileges, as well as the

limitations placed by the hospital on said staff membership and clinical privileges

for all health care providers practicing therein.” Pursuant thereto, plaintiffs argued

OGH was negligent because Dr. Zavala “should not have been credentialed and …

given full active privileges at [OGH].” Simply put, she should not have been

working in the ED, and thus, they argued this matter is one of “corporate

malfeasance in the hiring process”:

2 La. Rev. Stat. § 40:1231.2(B)(1) provides: “The total amount recoverable for all malpractice
claims for injuries to or death of a patient, exclusive of future medical care and related benefits
as provided in R.S. 40:1231.3, shall not exceed five hundred thousand dollars plus interest and
cost.”

                                                3
              … This is about whether this doctor, this particular doctor,
       based on her particular CV, and her particular CME [continuing
       medical education], and her particular experience and training, was
       qualified to be in the emergency room by that hospital….
              …There’s a statutory obligation that the hospital has to not only
       establish by-laws and rules for the credentialing of its physicians, but
       also to follow them. And that statutory obligation is where the
       hospital’s duty that we’re alleging … was breached … [is] found. It’s
       not in the medical malpractice act. It’s 40:2114.

       In opposition, OGH argued this case is based “upon a simple act of medical

judgment”:

             …The plaintiff wants to make it about ten thousand (10,000)
       other things, but this case is about a doctor, Dr. Zavala, getting a
       patient in with an ongoing stroke and making a medical judgment and
       determination whether or not that patient was eligible for tPA
       administration. That is it! The medical decision and medical
       judgment is at the heart of this case.

       After taking the matter under advisement, the District Court granted

plaintiffs’ motion. In its reasons for judgment, the District Court first examined

the legislative history of the LMMA and its evolving definition of “malpractice,”

particularly focusing on the Legislature’s failure to include “negligent hiring”

within that definition despite four separate amendment attempts to do so:

              In 2001, the Louisiana Legislature amended the definition of
       “malpractice” to include “training and supervision of health care
       providers.” The Legislative history indicates that the original version
       of Senate Bill 713 sought to add negligent hiring and negligent
       retention to the definition of “malpractice” found under La. R.S.
       40:1299.41.[3] However, the bill was amended to change “hiring” to
       “training” and inserted the phrase “or supervision of staff.”
              …
              In 2005, House Bill No. 257 (HB 257) sought to revise the
       definition of “malpractice” under the LMMA to specifically include
       “acts or omissions in a peer review process or the credentialing of a
       health care provider.” HB 257 failed to be passed by the Legislature.
              In 2006, House Bill No. 260 (HB 260) sought to amend the
       definition of malpractice to again specifically include “acts or
       omissions in a peer review process or the credentialing of a health
       care provider.” HB 260 failed to be passed by the Legislature.

3 La. Rev. Stat. § 40:1299.41 was redesignated to La. Rev. Stat. § 40:1231.1 by House
Concurrent Resolution No. 84 of the 2015 Regular Session. For consistency, we will refer to this
provision by its prior designation.

                                               4
                In 2008, Senate Bill No. 509 (SB 509), Senate Bill No. 668 (SB
         668), and House Bill No. 70 (HB 70) each sought to amend the
         definition of malpractice to specifically include “acts or omissions in
         the credentialing or re-credentialing of a health care provider.” None
         of these bills made it through the Legislature.
                …
                At this point, the doctrine of statutory construction Expressio
         Unius est Exclusio Alterius, would seem to apply. This maxim dictates
         that “when the legislature specifically enumerates a series of things,
         the legislature’s omission of other items, which could have easily
         been included in the statute, is deemed intentional.” While it is
         tempting to infer that the legislature intentionally and repeatedly
         omitted negligent hiring/credentialing from the definition of
         malpractice, La. R.S. 24:177[4] prevents the undersigned from making
         such an inference.

4   La. Rev. Stat. § 24:177 provides:

                 A. When the meaning of a law cannot be ascertained by the application of
         the provisions of Chapter 2 of the Preliminary Title of the Louisiana Civil Code
         and Chapter 1 of Title 1 of the Louisiana Revised Statutes of 1950, the court shall
         consider the intent of the legislature.
                 B.(1) The text of a law is the best evidence of legislative intent.
                 (2)(a) The occasion and necessity for the law, the circumstances under
         which it was enacted, concepts of reasonableness, and contemporaneous
         legislative history may also be considered in determining legislative intent.
                 (b) The legislature may express the intended meaning of a law in a duly
         adopted concurrent resolution, by the same vote and, except for gubernatorial veto
         and time limitations for introduction, according to the same procedures and
         formalities required for enactment of that law.
                 C. The legislature is presumed to have enacted an article or statute in light
         of the preceding law involving the same subject matter and court decisions
         construing those articles or statutes, and where the new article or statute is worded
         differently from the preceding law, the legislature is presumed to have intended to
         change the law.
                 D. A bill introduced but which does not become law is not competent
         evidence of legislative intent. Any action by the legislature other than enactment
         of law or adoption of a resolution as provided in Subparagraph (B)(2)(b) of this
         Section shall not constitute a confession as to the meaning of the law extant.
                 E.(1) The keyword, one-liner, summary and adjoining information,
         abstract, digest, and other words and phrases contained outside the sections of a
         bill following the enacting clause are solely to provide the members of the
         legislature with general indicia of the content of the bill and are not subject to
         amendment by the legislature or any committee of the legislature and shall not
         constitute proof or indicia of legislative intent.
                 (2) Fiscal and actuarial notes provide the legislature with an analysis of
         the potential fiscal impact of a bill based on presumptions made by the legislative
         fiscal officer, actuary, economist, or analyst preparing the note and shall not
         constitute proof or indicia of legislative intent.
                 (3) Committee minutes are summary reports of committee proceedings
         and shall not constitute proof or indicia of legislative intent.
                 (4) Words and phrases not constituting the substance of an amendment or
         the recommendations of a conference committee report, and any other legislative
         staff documents which are not subject to amendment by the legislature or any
         committee of the legislature, shall not constitute proof or indicia of legislative
         intent.

                                                  5
              …
              Simply stated, those words and phrases in legislative bills that
       are amended out of legislative bills and those bills that do not make it
       into law are not competent evidence, proof or indicia of legislative
       intent under La. R.S. 24:177. Apparently the Legislature only wants
       courts to consider what it actually passes and not to infer legislative
       intent from those things that fail to become law. (Footnote added)

       The District Court then applied the six factor test set forth by this Court in

Coleman v. Deno, 01-1517 (La. 1/25/02), 813 So.2d 303, to determine whether

negligent credentialing falls within the definition of “malpractice” as enacted under

the LMMA, concluding:

              As stated above, the undersigned considers this case to be a
       “close call.” It is hard for this court to overlook the fact that the
       LMMA’s definition of “malpractice” does not specifically include
       negligent credentialing of a healthcare provider. The statute is clear
       and unambiguous. It is also difficult for this court to overlook the fact
       that the Legislature has tried to amend the definition of malpractice to
       include negligent credentialing or negligent hiring on at least four (4)
       occasions—and all attempts were unsuccessful. “[I]t is not the
       function of the judicial branch in a civilian legal system to legislate by
       inserting … provisions into statutes where the legislature has chosen
       not to do so.”
              On the other hand, this court is apparently bound to apply the
       Coleman v. Deno factors. In this court’s opinion, the Coleman v.
       Deno factors can be convincingly argued to suit either party’s purpose
       in any given case. Further it is not clear whether all of the factors
       need to be met in order to constitute “malpractice.” If it is not
       necessary that all of the factors be met, then how many factors must
       be met before the alleged act or omission constitutes malpractice?
       Therefore, this court finds the Coleman v. Deno factors can be
       ambiguous.
              …
              … [I]n accordance with the Supreme Court’s instructions in
       LaCoste [v. Pendleton Methodist Hosp., L.L.C., 07-0008 (La. 9/5/07),
       966 So.2d 519, 524] and other cases, the ambiguity is resolved in
       favor of the Plaintiff and against finding that the tort of negligent
       credentialing sounds in medical malpractice…. While a hospital’s

With all due deference to our legislative colleagues, we note while the enactment of laws falls
within the sound discretion of the legislative branch, interpretation of those laws fall within the
province of the judicial branch. Unwired Telecom Corp. v. Parish of Calcasieu, 03-0732, p. 16
(La. 1/19/05), 903 So.2d 392, 404 (“The function of statutory interpretation and the construction
given to legislative acts rests with the judicial branch of government…. [I]nterpreting the law is
the designated function of the judiciary, not the Legislature.”). We have also long held: “[i]n
many cases, the legislative history of an act and contemporaneous circumstances may be helpful
guides in ascertaining legislative intent.” Exxon Pipeline Co. v. Louisiana Public Service Com’n,
98-1737, p. 9 (La. 3/2/99), 728 So.2d 855, 860.

                                                6
       decision to hire or grant privileges to a physician is an important
       administrative decision that affects the quality of treatment a patient
       receives, it is simply not the same as other purely medical decisions
       made by physicians during the course of a patient’s treatment, such as
       deciding whether to recommend surgery, whether to order diagnostic
       testing, or which medicine to prescribe.

       OGH sought a writ of supervisory review from the Court of Appeal, Third

Circuit, which was denied. Billeaudeau v. Skirlis-Zavala, 15-821 (La. App. 3 Cir.

9/28/15) (unpublished). 5 This Court likewise denied writ with Justice Guidry

concurring “in the writ denial because the issue is to be considered on the merits in

the pending appeal.” Billeaudeau v. Skirlis-Zavala, 15-1948 (La. 11/30/15), 182

So.3d 43. Meanwhile, the District Court certified its grant of partial summary

judgment as a final judgment.

       On appeal, the appellate court, applying the law of case doctrine, found no

palpable error in its previous denial of supervisory writs and affirmed the judgment

of the District Court. 6 Billeaudeau v. Opelousas General Hosp. Auth., 15-1034

5 The appellate court panel, composed of Judges Peters, Amy, and Savoie with all three signing,
originally issued the following ruling on September 25, 2015: “WRIT DENIED. We find no
error in the trial court’s ruling.” The panel then issued a revised ruling signed by Judge Savoie
on September 28, 2015, stating simply: “WRIT DENIED.” The revised ruling also contained
the following notations reflecting the votes of the two remaining judges:

       Peters, J., concurs, finding no error in the trial court’s ruling.
       Amy, J., dissents and would grant the writ.

6 Interestingly, OGH challenges in this Court the appellate court’s application of the law of the
case doctrine. As learned jurist, Albert A. Tate, Jr., explained when organ for the Court in Day
v. Campbell-Grosjean Roofing & Sheet Metal Corp., 256 So.2d 105 (La. 1971):

               With regard to an appellate court, the ‘law of the case’ refers to a policy
       by which the court will not, on a subsequent appeal, reconsider prior rulings in the
       same case. This policy applies only against those who were parties to the case
       when the former appellate decision was rendered and who thus had their day in
       court. Among reasons assigned for application of the policy are: the avoidance of
       indefinite relitigation of the same issue; the desirability of consistency of the
       result in the same litigation; and the efficiency, and the essential fairness to both
       parties, of affording a single opportunity for the argument and decision of the
       matter at issue.
               Nevertheless, the law-of-the-case principle is applied merely as a
       discretionary guide: Argument is barred where there is merely doubt as to the
       correctness of the former ruling, but not in cases of palpable former error or so
       mechanically as to accomplish manifest injustice. Further, the law-of-the-case

                                                  7
(La. App. 3 Cir. 4/6/16), 189 So.3d 561. 7 While its analysis of the Coleman

factors differed slightly from that of the lower court, the Court of Appeal

nevertheless found the claim for negligent credentialing was not a claim of

malpractice under the LMMA under the Coleman framework. It also took into

consideration the legislative history of the LMMA—particularly the failure of each

bill drafted to include “credentialing” in the definition of “malpractice”—

concluding: “We will not create law by judicial fiat when, as here, the legislature

clearly failed to do so.”

       In his dissent, Judge Gremillion opined “the fact that the damages were

caused by alleged malpractice and not the credentialing of a physician should end

the analysis.” Regardless, Judge Gremillion employed his own analysis of the

Coleman factors, which ultimately rejected the majority’s conclusion and brought

him again to his first proposition:

             Simply allowing a bad doctor access to patients at your
       hospital, without more, gets a plaintiff nowhere. It is only when that
       bad doctor does bad things to a patient, and those bad things result in
       damages, that a patient may recover.

He also rejected the appellate majority’s interpretation of the amendments, or

rather lack thereof, to the LMMA, reasoning one could just as easily conclude the

Legislature felt the inclusion of credentialing was unnecessary because the act of

hiring is an act of supervision, explicitly covered in the LMMA.

       Plaintiffs have now settled their medical malpractice claims against OGH,

solely reserving for review the proper classification of their negligent credentialing

       principle is not applied so as to prevent a higher court from examining the
       correctness of the ruling of the previous court.

Day, 256 So.2d at 107. In its arguably erroneous, but harmless adherence to this doctrine, the
appellate court engaged in a proper de novo review to ascertaining whether the prior panel had
committed palpable error in its writ denial. Therefore, we see no need to further expound upon
Justice Tate’s recitation of this doctrine and pretermit discussion of this assignment of error
accordingly.
7 The panel on appeal was composed of Judges Pickett, Genovese, and Gremillion.

                                              8
claim. 8 Accordingly, the only issue presented to this Court is whether plaintiffs’

credentialing claim sounds in medical malpractice or in general negligence. 9

                                         DISCUSSION

       This matter comes before us on a motion for summary judgment, which was

granted and affirmed. Appellate review of the granting of a motion for summary

judgment is de novo, using the identical criteria that govern the trial court’s

consideration of whether summary judgment is appropriate. Bonin v. Westport Ins.

Corp., 05-0886, p. 4 (La. 5/17/06), 930 So.2d 906, 910. A motion for summary

judgment shall be granted if “the motion, memorandum, and supporting documents

show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the mover is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” La. Code Civ. Proc. art. 966(A)(3). When summary

judgment is granted in the context of statutory interpretation, there are no material

issues of fact in dispute, and the sole issue before the reviewing court is a question

8 In its “Order and Reasons for Certifying a Partial Summary Judgment as a Final Appealable
Judgment,” the District Court explained:

               Since rendering that Partial Summary Judgment, the Plaintiffs’ medical
       malpractice claims against the Defendants, Dr. Kondilo Skirlis-Zavala and
       Opelousas General Hospital, have been resolved, with Plaintiffs reserving their
       rights to seek excess damages against the Louisiana Patient’s Compensation
       Fund. In addition, Plaintiffs have expressly reserved their right to pursue their
       negligent credentialing claim against Opelousas General Hospital.

9 Although OGH asserts there is a split in the circuits on this very issue, we note the circuit cases
to which OGH refers all involved mixed allegations of negligent credentialing and supervision or
strictly negligent supervision claims and, thus, are clearly distinguishable from the present case,
which currently proceeds in this Court strictly on negligent credentialing. See Talbert v. Evans,
11-1096 (La. App. 4 Cir. 3/7/12), 88 So.3d 673; Plaisance v. Our Lady of Lourdes Regional
Med. Ctr., Inc., 10-348 (La. App. 3 Cir. 10/6/10), 47 So.3d 17; Dinnat v. Texada, 09-665 (La.
App. 3 Cir. 10/6/10), 30 So.3d 1139; Bickham v. Inphynet, Inc., 03-1897 (La. 8/24/04), 899
So.2d 15. Moreover, OGH claims Gladney v. Sneed, 32,107, p. 5 (La. App. 2 Cir. 8/18/99), 742
So.2d 642, 647, affirmed without discussion the application of the LMMA to a negligent
credentialing claim in which a jury concluded the defendant hospital “breached its own
credentialing procedures in hiring a physician [a second-year pediatric resident] who lacked the
necessary training, expertise, or demonstrated competence to work the ER.” Id. Significantly,
however, the appellate court actually stated that “[t]he jury could reasonably find that the breach
of credentialing created an environment ripe for malpractice,” not that the negligent credentialing
was malpractice. Id. We further note Gladney likewise involved numerous allegations of
malpractice against the hospital and its staff, not just credentialing.

                                                 9
of law as to the correct interpretation of the statute at issue. Vizzi v. Lafayette City-

Parish Consol. Government, 11-2648, p. 2 (La. 7/2/12); 93 So.3d 1260, 1262.

       In their motion, plaintiffs did not seek summary judgment on the merits of

their claim, but rather on whether negligent credentialing is covered by the

LMMA. Accordingly, as the District Court correctly found, this matter is one of

statutory interpretation. Specifically, we are asked to interpret the LMMA’s

definition of “malpractice” and determine whether negligent credentialing claims

are included in that definition.

       Under the general rules of statutory construction, the interpretation of any

statutory provision begins with the language of the statute itself. McGlothlin v.

Christus St. Patrick Hosp., 10-2775, p. 11 (La. 7/1/11), 65 So.3d 1218, 1227.

When the provision is clear and unambiguous and its application does not lead to

absurd consequences, its language must be given effect, and its provisions must be

construed so as to give effect to the purpose indicated by a fair interpretation of the

language used. La. Civ. Code art. 9; La. Rev. Stat. § 1:4; Milbert v. Answering

Bureau, Inc., 13-0022 (La. 6/28/13), 120 So.3d 678, 684. Unequivocal provisions

are not subject to judicial construction and should be applied by giving words their

generally understood meaning. La. Civ. Code art. 11; La. Rev. Stat. § 1:3; see also

Snowton v. Sewerage and Water Bd., 08-0399, pp. 5-6 (La. 3/17/09), 6 So.3d 164,

168.

       Moreover, this court has, without exception, emphasized that the LMMA

and its limitations on tort liability for a qualified health care provider apply strictly

to claims “arising from medical malpractice.” Coleman v. Deno, 01-1517, pp. 15-

16 (La. 1/25/02), 813 So.2d 303, 315. This is so because the LMMA’s limitations

on the liability of health care providers are special legislation in derogation of the

rights of tort victims, and as such, the coverage of the act should be strictly

                                           10
construed. Sewell v. Doctors Hospital, 600 So.2d 577, 578 (La. 1992). “The

primary limiting provisions available to private health care providers are the

maximum amount of damages and the mandatory pre-suit review by a medical

review panel, along with the special prescriptive and peremptive periods for

malpractice actions.” Spradlin v. Acadia-St. Landry Medical Foundation, 98-1977,

p. 6 (La. 2/29/00), 758 So.2d 116, 120. These limitations apply only in cases of

liability for malpractice as defined in the LMMA, and any other liability of the

health care provider is governed by general tort law. Williamson v. Hospital

Service Dist. No. 1 of Jefferson, 04-0451, p. 5 (La. 12/1/04), 888 So.2d 782, 786.

      The LMMA defines “malpractice” as

      … any unintentional tort or any breach of contract based on health
      care or professional services rendered, or which should have been
      rendered, by a health care provider, to a patient, including failure to
      render services timely and the handling of a patient, including loading
      and unloading of a patient, and also includes all legal responsibility of
      a health care provider arising from acts or omissions during the
      procurement of blood or blood components, in the training or
      supervision of health care providers, or from defects in blood, tissue,
      transplants, drugs, and medicines, or from defects in or failures of
      prosthetic devices implanted in or used on or in the person of a
      patient.

La. Rev. Stat. § 40:1299.41(A)(8).

      Although the statutory provision clearly covers negligent “training and

supervision of health care providers,” it does not directly address negligence in the

credentialing or hiring of said providers. However, while the term “negligent

credentialing” is not explicitly provided for within the LMMA, our inquiry does

not end there.

      Rather, the general definition of “malpractice” recited above focuses on

conduct. Cognizant of this, the Court in Coleman set forth six factors to assist a

court in determining whether certain conduct by a qualified health care provider

constitutes “malpractice” as defined under the LMMA:

                                         11
      (1)        Whether the particular wrong is “treatment related” or
                 caused by a dereliction of professional skill,
      (2)        Whether the wrong requires expert medical evidence to
                 determine whether the appropriate standard of care was
                 breached,
      (3)        whether the pertinent act or omission involved assessment
                 of the patient’s condition,
      (4)        whether an incident occurred in the context of a physician-
                 patient relationship, or was within the scope of activities
                 which a hospital is licensed to perform,
      (5)        whether the injury would have occurred if the patient had
                 not sought treatment, and
      (6)        whether the tort alleged was intentional.

Coleman, 01-1517 at pp. 17-18, 813 So.2d at 315-16.

      Generally this issue would present on an exception of prematurity, and a

court in its trial of the exception would analyze the allegations of the petition under

Coleman to determine whether they sound in medical malpractice and, thus, must

proceed in accordance with the LMMA, or sound in general negligence and, thus,

should proceed under general tort law. Belvin v. Hamilton Medical Center, Inc.,

07-0127, p. 7 (La. 6/29/07), 959 So.2d 440, 445. Although this matter is on

summary judgment, it still logically follows a court must analyze plaintiffs’ claims

under the Coleman factors, as the lower courts did herein, to determine whether

they sound in medical malpractice or general negligence. Accordingly, we must

apply the Coleman factors to the negligent credentialing allegations, to determine

whether this claim falls outside the LMMA and, therefore, would entitle plaintiffs

to summary judgment as a matter of law.

      As recited above, plaintiffs specifically alleged in their petition that OGH

was negligent in credentialing Dr. Zavala. In their motion for summary judgment,

plaintiffs expounded upon that allegation, crouching OGH’s decision to grant

credentials to Dr. Zavala in terms of an administrative decision, not a medical one.

They further argued OGH was negligent in:

                                          12
      (1)        allowing Dr. Zavala to have privileges in its ED because
                 she lacked the experience and training required by OGH’s
                 own by-laws governing the granting of privileges, namely
                 she had not been working full-time in an ED for at least one
                 year prior to receiving privileges;
      (2)        failing to follow up on a “qualified” reference given by an
                 emergency medicine physician at the time Dr. Zavala was
                 granted privileges;
      (3)        failing to investigate two malpractice claims filed against
                 Dr. Zavala before she sought privileges at OGH.
      (4)        failing to investigate Dr. Zavala’s failure to produce
                 evidence she had completed CME in emergency medicine
                 training (also required by OGH’s by-laws).

      With these arguments and allegations in mind, we turn now to an application

of the Coleman factors.

      (1) Whether the particular wrong is “treatment related” or caused
      by a dereliction of professional skill?

      Analyzing this factor, the District Court reasoned the scope of the duty to

select competent physicians is to ensure a hospital’s patients receive proper

medical treatment. While the credentialing of physicians is an independent, non-

medical act that is administrative or managerial in nature, the District Court

nevertheless found “it is inseparable from its ultimate purpose—to ensure that

patients receive quality of medical care and treatment during their hospital visit or

confinement.” Therefore according to the District Court, the breach of a hospital’s

duty to select competent physicians with reasonable care does, at least partially,

involve “treatment of the patient” and “health care,” satisfying this factor.

      All three judges composing the appellate panel disagreed. The majority

along with the dissenting judge all agreed this case does not require the court to

review the treatment of Brandi in determining whether OGH was negligent in

hiring Dr. Zavala.

      In line with the District Court’s reasoning, OGH argues the decision to

extend privileges in the first instance may not be temporally related to the

                                          13
individual treatment the professional may deliver in the future—when the patient

presents herself to the ED for treatment—but it seems obvious both the initial

decision to extend privileges and subsequent decisions to renew or retain such

privileges, in light of known malpractice claims against the physician, necessarily

involve the assessment of that physician’s qualifications and abilities to render

health care and provide medical treatment. For support, OGH looks to this Court’s

recent decision in Dupuy v. NMC Operating Co., LLC, 15-1754 (La. 3/15/16), 187

So.3d 436, where we determined a hospital’s negligence in maintaining and

servicing equipment utilized in the sterilization of surgical instruments fell within

the LMMA. In so concluding, we reasoned “there is no requirement that an action

must be contemporaneous with a patient’s treatment in order to fall under the

MMA.” Dupuy, 15-1754 at p. 10, 187 So.3d at 442. We further extrapolated:

            … The use of the broad term “health care provider,” rather than
      simply “physician” or “medical doctor,” necessarily includes actions
      which are treatment related and undertaken by the Hospital in its
      capacity as a health care provider—even if those actions are not
      performed directly by a medical professional.

Id. at p. 11, 187 So.3d at 443. Relying on this reasoning, OGH now argues

exposing future patients to allegedly unqualified physicians with ED privileges

seems to be even more fundamentally related to medical treatment than exposing

future patients to unsterilized medical equipment. And further it seems apparent to

OGH the decisions made by members of a hospital’s credentialing committee,

whether those members are physicians or not, bear fundamentally on the “health

care” being offered by the hospital through the physicians they employ or

credential.

      Contrarily, plaintiffs argue negligent credentialing is not an activity that is

“treatment related” within the meaning of the LMMA, nor does this activity

involve a dereliction of professional medical skill, like the failure to perform

                                         14
medical care or treatment properly. Plaintiffs distinguish Dupuy, which concerned

the failure to disinfect medical equipment used in that particular patient-plaintiff’s

surgical procedure. By contrast, plaintiffs claim Dr. Zavala’s negligent

credentialing was not specific to Brandi and did not occur during her care,

treatment, or confinement. That is, Dr. Zavala’s credentialing was not a

“preliminary safeguard” rendered before Brandi’s specific treatment in the ED, like

the disinfection process utilized in Dupuy. Rather, plaintiffs rely upon this Court’s

holding in Williamson wherein we decided a hospital’s alleged negligence in

failing to repair a wheelchair and to make sure it was in proper working condition

before returning it to service was neither “treatment related” nor caused by a

dereliction of “professional skill” as the wrongs alleged were “not directly related

to, nor [did] they involve, treatment of this patient.” 04-0451 at p. 12, 888 So.2d at

790. Plaintiffs likewise rely upon LaCoste v. Pendleton Methodist Hospital, LLC,

07-0008 (La. 9/5/07), 966 So.2d 519, 526, and the holding of this Court that a

hospital’s negligent administrative decisions—in failing to (1) design, construct,

and/or maintain its facility to provide emergency power to sustain life support

systems during and in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, (2) implement adequate

evacuation plans, and (3) have facilities available to transfer patients in emergency

or mandatory evacuations—did not relate to medical treatment or a dereliction of

professional skill within the meaning of this factor. 07-0008 at pp. 9-10, 966 So.2d

at 525-26.

      As the District Court noted, this factor can be artfully argued either way.

But while the staffing of a hospital does in some aspects involve the degree and

quality of the health care provided by the hospital, the decision to hire a physician

in and of itself is administrative and does not directly relate to the treatment of any

given patient or involve a dereliction of professional skill. Though credentialing

                                          15
allows a physician access to the hospital, the treatment-related medical decisions

and dereliction of skill with which the LMMA is concerned, and for which a

hospital can be held liable for “malpractice,” fall under the “supervision and

training of the health care providers” once they enter the building and engage in

the practice of medicine therein. Therefore, under this factor, a claim for negligent

credentialing, separate and distinct from a claim for negligent supervision, weighs

in favor of our finding general negligence more so than malpractice.

      (2) Whether the wrong requires expert medical evidence to
      determine whether the appropriate standard of care was breached?

      With respect to this second factor, the District Court reasoned that while

there was a certain level of professional skill associated with credentialing, this

evidence likely deals more with hospital administration, hospital policies and

procedures, and physician credentialing policies and procedures as opposed to

actual medical issues. Nevertheless, the District Court concluded this factor was

satisfied because the jury may need expert testimony to explain the standard of

care, though not necessarily a medical expert. The appellate court agreed with the

lower court that this factor weighs in favor of finding the claim sounds in

malpractice, but it also emphasized the expert evidence or testimony is not medical

because the applicable standard of care is not the proper administration of tPA, but

the hospital’s decision-making process in evaluating qualifications necessary to

work as an ED doctor.

      OGH once again relies on our holding in Dupuy, arguing that while jurors

might be able to conclude physicians should be properly qualified before a hospital

extends them ED privileges, medical expertise will be necessary to establish

whether Dr. Zavala was in fact properly qualified for the job. Plaintiffs, on the

other hand, argue expert medical evidence is clearly not required to explain to

                                         16
laypersons that OGH negligently credentialed Dr. Zavala to work as an emergency

medicine physician at its hospital.    According to plaintiffs, the credentialing

function is administrative in nature and concerns adherence to a hospital’s bylaws;

it does not involve intricate medical issues that laypersons will find difficult to

understand, such as the standard of care for performing a surgical procedure. In

support of their position, plaintiffs direct the Court’s attention to the medical

review panel process required for all malpractice claims under the LMMA and

argue such a panel in a credentialing case could not be composed of healthcare

providers because the individuals with knowledge of the duty of care required in

credentialing are all medical staff employees who are not licensed to practice

medicine. They also rely upon LaCoste, particularly our finding a hospital’s

failure to formulate and execute properly an evacuation plan was not malpractice

even though the duty of care required experts to explain technical, as distinguished

from medical, terms.

      Unlike the lower courts, we do not believe this factor weighs in favor of

malpractice. While the standard of care may very well require expert testimony,

that testimony is not of the medical nature required in Dupuy to determine

“whether [surgical] instruments were in fact properly sterilized” before surgery.

Dupuy, 15-1754 at p. 12, 187 So.3d at 443. Therein, plaintiffs would be required to

present medical experts to explain what the protocol for such maintenance entailed

and the necessity of following that protocol. Id. Herein, plaintiffs are alleging a

breach of this particular hospital’s by-laws and administrative procedures, not

nationally recognized sterility standards. While a combination of fact and expert

witnesses will most likely be necessary to aid the jury in understanding the

hospital’s policies and procedures in credentialing its physicians in order to

determine whether the hospital breached the duties imposed therein—the specific

                                        17
wrong alleged in this case—, expert medical evidence is not necessary to establish

the breach in this case. Therefore, this factor as well falls in favor of finding the

claim sounds in general negligence.

      (3) Whether the pertinent act or omission involved assessment of the
      patient’s condition?

      As to this factor, the District Court found it difficult to say whether this

factor applies to the instant case because while the act of negligent credentialing by

itself does not involve assessment of the patient’s condition, a hospital should

ensure the physician has the ability to assess those conditions he/she is likely to be

presented with in an ED setting before credentialing the physician. The appellate

court, however, succinctly found an analysis of OGH’s credentialing methods as

they relate to Dr. Zavala would not require any assessment of Brandi’s condition.

       Citing again Dupuy’s observation that negligent conduct need not be

contemporaneous with a patient’s treatment to fall under the LMMA, OGH

presents an argument in line with the District Court’s reasoning: “It seems obvious

that entrusting patients to physicians with emergency room privileges necessarily

involves some anticipation of the treatment likely to be needed for patients seeking

emergency care and an assessment of the physician’s training and ability to

‘render’ and ‘render timely’ that ‘health care’ likely to be needed.” In opposition,

plaintiffs assert OGH’s negligent decision to credential Dr. Zavala was not based

on any individual medical assessment but rather, was an administrative decision

made by OGH’s Board of Directors, months before Brandi ever presented for

treatment.

      Our analysis of this factor coincides with that of the appellate court. The

administrative decision to credential Dr. Zavala did not involve the “assessment of

the patient’s [Brandi’s] condition,” or the actual medical assessment of any

                                         18
patient’s condition. Consequently, this factor likewise mitigates against a finding

of malpractice.

       (4) Whether the incident occurred in the context of a
       physician/patient relationship, or was within the scope of activities
       which a hospital is licensed to perform?

       As both lower courts correctly noted, credentialing is within the scope of

activities a hospital is licensed to perform, specifically under La. Rev. Stat. §

40:2114(E), which provides: “A hospital shall establish rules, regulations, and

procedures setting forth the nature, extent, and type of staff membership and

clinical privileges, as well as the limitations placed by the hospital on said staff

membership and clinical privileges for all health care providers practicing therein.”

Accordingly, regardless of the plaintiffs’ arguments that this matter does not occur

in the context of a physician/patient relationship, this factor clearly applies in this

case and weighs in favor of finding this matter falls within the LMMA. 10

       (5) Whether the injury would have occurred if the patient had not
       sought treatment?

       The District Court found this factor was also difficult to apply in this case.

As the court explained, plaintiffs contend Brandi presented to the ED with

symptoms of a stroke.           Brandi needed treatment from a medical professional

regardless of whether it was OGH and Dr. Zavala or someone else. Plaintiffs

10 Notably, amicus curiae, and plaintiffs to an extent, attempt to cast the issue strictly within the
confines of La. Rev. Stat. § 40:2114 and argue any discussion of “malpractice” is misplaced
because this provision (1) numerically falls outside the LMMA, La. Rev. Stat. § 40:1299.41 et
seq., and (2) imposes an “affirmative, statutory duty to hire and allow privileges only to
competent, able physicians.” However, this particular Coleman factor expressly brings
credentialing within the perimeters of our LMMA “malpractice” discussion/analysis as it falls
“within the scope of activities which a hospital is licensed to perform.” Further, the very
definition of “malpractice,” specifically includes “all legal responsibility of the health care
provider.” And “tort” is defined as “any breach of duty.” La. Rev. Stat. § 40:1299.41(A)(7).
Amicus also argues credentialing does not constitute “health care” as defined by the LMMA to
mean “any act or treatment performed or furnished, or which should have been performed or
furnished, by any health care provider for, to, or on behalf of a patient during the patient’s
medical care, treatment, or confinement.” La. Rev. Stat. § 40:1299.41(A)(9). Because our
Coleman analysis is dispositive, we pretermit any discussion of this interpretation of “health
care” or how such an interpretation would affect our holding in Dupuy.

                                                 19
allege Dr. Zavala did not diagnose those symptoms in a timely manner and failed

to treat the stroke properly. Essentially, they are asserting (1) the effects of the

stroke may not have been as severe had Dr. Zavala properly diagnosed and treated

the stroke, and (2) the damages would not have occurred but for OGH

credentialing Dr. Zavala, who they contend was not qualified to be an ED

physician.

       The Court of Appeal found plaintiffs contentions “a peculiarly circular type

of analysis.” While Brandi’s alleged injuries relate to the treatment provided by

Dr. Zavala, the credentialing decisions of OGH were not necessarily tied to the

treatment of Brandi. And though agreeing this factor was difficult to apply, the

appellate court concluded it weighs against treating the claim as malpractice.

       According to OGH, this factor is satisfied because the gravamen of

plaintiffs’ injury claims is that Brandi would not have suffered injury but for Dr.

Zavala’s alleged malpractice in failing to timely diagnose stroke or administer tPA

and that Brandi might very well have received the proper treatment she needed had

OGH not granted or retained Dr. Zavala’s ED privilege.         Plaintiffs concede by

necessity Brandi’s injuries would not have occurred had she not presented to OGH

for treatment, but argue this is why the Coleman factors must be examined in their

totality. In this vein, plaintiffs advance the LaCoste court’s instruction to focus on

whether the injury is related to “medical treatment” as a “but for rationale may be

overly facile when considering this factor.” LaCoste, 07-0008 at p. 15, 966 So.2d

at 529. Styled in such light, OGH’s negligent credentialing of Dr. Zavala cannot

constitute “medical treatment” within the meaning of this factor, and so according

to plaintiffs, it is not helpful to the analysis.

       In analyzing this factor, we take particular guidance from our holding in

LaCoste, where we explained:

                                             20
             This factor is somewhat difficult to evaluate in the context of
      the factual allegations in this particular case. The defendant argues
      that the thrust of the plaintiffs’ petition is that Mrs. LaCoste did not
      receive the treatment she was presumably seeking when she presented
      herself to the hospital. Thus, the defendant asserts, this is a claim for
      an injury unique to Mrs. LaCoste’s status as a patient. The plaintiffs
      rely on this court’s caution in Williamson that a “but for” rationale
      may be overly facile when considering this factor. 04-0451, p. 14, 888
      So.2d at 790. In a general sense, any wrong that a patient suffers in a
      hospital or doctor’s office would not occur if the patient had not first
      entered the facility. Yet, many claims of medical malpractice resulting
      from omissions might not qualify as medical malpractice if this factor
      were applied singly and without relation to the other Coleman factors,
      because an omission, such as a failure to diagnose, ostensibly leaves a
      patient in the same position as she would have been in had she never
      sought treatment in the first place. The defendant’s argument that this
      is a “failure to treat” case is subsumed in the first factor, which
      considers whether the particular wrong is treatment related or the
      result of a dereliction of professional skill[.] Given that we have found
      that the particular wrongs alleged in the petition as amended were
      neither treatment related nor the result of a dereliction of professional
      medical skill, the possibility that, had she not been admitted to the
      hospital, Mrs. LaCoste might have lived or, conversely, that she
      would have nevertheless died as a result of her pneumonia, or even
      that her condition would have remained the same, does not weigh
      greatly in favor of finding that the wrongful conduct alleged in the
      petition as amended was medical malpractice within the confines of
      the LMMA.

LaCoste, 07-0008 at pp. 15-16, 966 So.2d at 528-29. Notably, LaCoste involved

the failure of a life support system that was far more integral to the patient’s care

and treatment than the administrative decision to hire a physician herein, which we

have already found in our first factor analysis is not treatment related. Therefore,

we find this factor likewise does not weigh greatly in favor of finding the negligent

credentialing alleged in the petition was medical malpractice under the LMMA.

      (6) Whether the alleged tort was intentional?

      Both the lower courts and the parties agree this factor is not in issue as

plaintiffs do not allege any intentional torts.

      Repeatedly we have cautioned “[a]n expansive reading of the definition of

medical malpractice contained in the MMA runs counter to our previous holdings

                                           21
that coverage of the Medical Malpractice Act should be strictly construed....”

Williamson, 04-0451 at p. 8, 888 So.2d at 787. Although OGH asserts plaintiffs’

claims sound in medical malpractice or are so intertwined with their settled

medical malpractice claims they cannot be severed from those claims, particularly

the negligent supervision claims, we find the application of the Coleman factors

demonstrate the alleged negligent credentialing was administrative, not medical, in

nature. Consequently, the tortious conduct alleged herein, i.e., OGH’s negligent

administrative decision making, is separate and distinct from the medical decisions

and conduct directly related and integral to the rendering of medical care and

treatment by the health care providers to the patient in this case, i.e., the medical

malpractice covered by and to subject to the LMMA.

       As we explained in Coleman, only plaintiffs’ claims “arising from medical

malpractice” are governed by the LMMA, and all other tort liability on the part of

the qualified health care provider is governed by general tort law. Thus, plaintiffs’

negligent credentialing claim is not entitled to the limitations on liability contained

in the LMMA and should, as the lower courts determined, proceed in accordance

with general tort law.

       Accordingly under the Coleman test, plaintiffs’ negligent credentialing claim

is weighted in favor of our finding the claim sounds in general negligence and falls

outside the purview of the LMMA and its limitations on liability.            We find,

therefore, plaintiffs are entitled to summary judgment on this issue as a matter of

law.

                                  CONCLUSION

       With the assistance of the Coleman factors, we have applied the LMMA’s

definition of medical malpractice to plaintiffs’ negligent credentialing claim, and

                                          22
we conclude this claim does not fall within the provisions of the LMMA.

Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeal.

                                   DECREE

      For these reasons, we hereby affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeal.

AFFIRMED.

                                       23
10/19/2016
                       SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

                                   No. 2016-C-0846

             BRANDI BILLEAUDEAU, VERONICA BILLEAUDEAU,
                       AND JOSEPH BILLEAUDEAU

                                       VERSUS

              OPELOUSAS GENERAL HOSPITAL AUTHORITY,
                  DR. KONDILO SKIRLIS-ZAVALA, AND
              THE SHUMACHER GROUP OF LOUISIANA, INC.

        ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,
             THIRD CIRCUIT, PARISH OF ST. LANDRY

JOHNSON, C.J., dissents and assigns reasons.

      I respectfully dissent, finding plaintiffs’ claim for “negligent credentialing” falls

within the scope of the LMMA.

      The LMMA and its limitations on tort liability for qualified health care

providers apply strictly to claims “arising from medical malpractice.” Dupuy v. NMC

Operating Co., 15-1754 (La. 3/15/16), 187 So. 3d 436, 439. Malpractice is defined as

“any unintentional tort or any breach of contract based on health care or professional

services rendered, or which should have been rendered, by a health care provider, to

a patient, including failure to render services timely and the handling of a patient,

including loading and unloading of a patient, and also includes all legal responsibility

of a health care provider arising from acts or omissions during the procurement of

blood or blood components, in the training or supervision of health care providers, or

from defects in blood, tissue, transplants, drugs, and medicines, or from defects in or

failures of prosthetic devices implanted in or used on or in the person of a patient.” La.

R.S. 40:1231.1(A)(13) (emphasis added). “Health care” is defined in the LMMA as

“any act or treatment performed or furnished, or which should have been performed

or furnished, by any health care provider for, to, or on behalf of a patient during the

                                            1
patient’s medical care, treatment, or confinement....” La. R.S. 40:1231.1(A)(9).

Although “negligent credentialing” is not specifically listed in the definition of

malpractice, it is clear the LMMA was broadly written and intended to cover any act

of negligence by a healthcare provider in connection with the care, treatment, and

confinement of a patient. In my view, OGH’s credentialing activities are an

inseparable part of the medical services Brandi received. One of a hospital’s primary

functions is to provide a place in which doctors dispense health care services, and its

ability to grant, deny or revoke privileges demonstrates a degree of control over the

quality of medical care provided. Thus, a hospital’s decision to grant privileges to

physicians to treat patients in the hospital’s care is fundamentally and inherently

related to the delivery of health care and therefore related to medical treatment.

      An analysis under the Coleman factors reinforces a finding that negligent

credentialing falls under the LMMA. In its examination of the Coleman factors, the

majority finds “the decision to hire a physician in and of itself is administrative and

does not directly relate to the treatment of any given patient or involve a dereliction

of professional skill.” I disagree. The duty to choose competent physicians is

necessarily connected to the duty to ensure patients receive proper medical care. Thus,

although credentialing itself may be administrative in nature, it is inseparable from its

ultimate purpose to ensure that patients receive quality medical care and treatment. I

also disagree with the majority’s analysis of the second Coleman factor because I find

a claim for negligent credentialing requires expert testimony to establish the standard

of care applicable to OGH’s decision to extend privileges to Dr. Zavala and to

establish whether Dr. Zavala was, in fact, properly qualified for the job.

      Furthermore, I find it necessary to consider that negligent credentialing alone

will not result in injury to a patient unless the physician commits a negligent act. Thus,

there can never be a negligent credentialing claim in the abstract, separated from

                                            2
associated negligent treatment or some other negligent act. The harm and damages do

not occur until the doctor actually commits malpractice. Brandi’s negligent

credentialing claim derives from Dr. Zavala’s negligent treatment. Viewed in this

light, it is clear the negligent credentialing claim is intertwined with the substantive

malpractice claim under the LMMA.

       The majority’s holding that negligent credentialing claims fall outside the scope

of the LMMA undermines the purpose and intent of the statute by excluding from

coverage a service which is clearly rendered by the hospital in its role as a health care

provider. OGH is now exposed to uncapped liability for the same acts of malpractice

committed by Dr. Zavala, or by OGH if it failed to adequately supervise or train a

physician employee, both of which would undoubtedly be covered by the LMMA.

OGH’s duty to its patients is the same whether the medical care is provided by

physicians directly employed by the hospital or by a physician granted courtesy

emergency room privileges, such as Dr. Zavala. The majority effectively gives

medical malpractice plaintiffs a back door to avoid the LMMA relative to negligent

acts committed by non-employee physicians who are extended privileges to practice

in a hospital.

       This court has explained that the legislature enacted the Medical Malpractice

Act in 1975 in response to a perceived medical malpractice insurance crisis. See

Williamson v. Hospital Service Dist. No. 1 of Jefferson, 04-0451 (La. 12/1/04), 888

So. 2d 782, 785-86 (citations omitted). The legislature intended the LMMA to reduce

or stabilize medical malpractice insurance rates and to assure the availability of

affordable medical services to the public. Hutchinson v. Patel, 93-2156 (La. 5/23/94),

637 So. 2d 415, 419. This court has further recognized that, to achieve those goals, the

LMMA provides qualified health care providers two advantages in actions against

them for malpractice, namely, a limit on the amount of damages and the requirement

                                           3
that the claim first be reviewed by a medical review panel before commencing suit in

a court of law. Id. Plaintiffs cannot use artful pleading to avoid the LMMA’s

requirements when the essence of the suit is a medical malpractice claim. “In general,

any conduct by a hospital complained of by a patient is properly within the scope of

the [Medical Malpractice Act] if it can reasonably be said that it comes within the

definitions of the Act, even though there are alternative theories of liability.” Richard

v. Louisiana Extended Care Centers, Inc., 02-0978, (La. 1/14/03), 835 So. 2d 460,

467-468.

      For the above reasons, I would hold that credentialing is directly related to the

provision of health care and a claim for negligent credentialing is, therefore, not

excluded from the LMMA.

                                           4
10/19/16

                      SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

                                    NO. 2016-C-0846

             BRANDI BILLEAUDEAU, VERONICA BILLEAUDEAU,
                       AND JOSEPH BILLEAUDEAU

                                         VERSUS

                OPELOUSAS GENERAL HOSPITAL AUTHORITY,
                    DR. KONDILO SKIRLIS-ZAVALA, AND
                THE SHUMACHER GROUP OF LOUISIANA, INC.

          ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT,
                             PARISH OF ST. LANDRY

WEIMER, J., concurring.

          “[J]urisprudence, even when it arises to the level of jurisprudence constante,

is a secondary source of law.” Delta Chemical Corp. v. Lynch, 07-0431, p. 13

(La.App. 4 Cir. 2/27/08), 979 So.2d 579, 588 (citing Alvin B. Rubin, Hazards of a

Civilian Venturer in Federal Court: Travel and Travail on the Erie Railroad, 48 La.

L. Rev. 1369, 1372 (1988)).

     Here, the primary source of law which guides our decision is statutory. This case

    turns on whether the Louisiana Medical Malpractice Act (LMMA) addresses what

         has been described as “credentialing” of a physician to work in a hospital

    emergency room. More specifically, the focus is whether La. R.S. 40:1299.41(A)(8)1

    includes credentialing or its equivalent within the LMMA’s definition of malpractice.

          After observing that credentialing is not explicitly mentioned in La. R.S.

40:1299.41(A)(8), the majority proceeds directly to the six-factor test from Coleman

v. Deno, 01-1517, pp. 17-18 (La. 1/25/02), 813 So.2d 303, 315-16. Those six factors

may be used “to assist a court in determining whether certain conduct by a qualified
1
 La. R.S. 40:1299.41(A)(8) was redesignated as La. R.S. 40:1231.1(A)(13) by La. H.R. Con. Res.
84, § 7(F)(ii) (2015).
health care provider constitutes ‘malpractice’ as defined under the [L]MMA.”

Williamson v. Hospital Service Dist. No. 1 of Jefferson, 04-0451, p. 6 (La.

12/1/04), 888 So.2d 782, 786. However, because of the primary role of statutory law,

any applicable traditional methods of statutory interpretation should be exhausted

before resorting to assistance from the jurisprudential test in Coleman.

         Here, I find the rule of statutory construction expressio unius est exclusio

alterius applicable. The rule has been recognized as an “established legal maxim,”

and dictates “that when a law specifically enumerates certain items but omits other

items, the omission is deemed intentional.” Anderson v. Ochsner Health System,

13-2970, p. 6 (La. 7/1/14), 172 So.3d 579, 583.

         The legislature’s definition of “malpractice” in the LMMA lists various acts

and omissions. The list is lengthy and contains over a dozen concepts:

               “Malpractice” means any unintentional tort or any breach of
         contract based on health care or professional services rendered, or which
         should have been rendered, by a health care provider, to a patient,
         including failure to render services timely and the handling of a patient,
         including loading and unloading of a patient, and also includes all legal
         responsibility of a health care provider arising from acts or omissions
         during the procurement of blood or blood components, in the training or
         supervision of health care providers, or from defects in blood, tissue,
         transplants, drugs, and medicines, or from defects in or failures of
         prosthetic devices implanted in or used on or in the person of a patient.

La. R.S. 40:1299.41(A)(8).2

         The majority accurately notes that the nearest definition within La. R.S.

40:1299.41(A)(8) to credentialing is “training and supervision of health care

providers.” Under a plain language interpretation called for in La. R.S. 1:4,3

credentialing is distinct from “training and supervision.” Credentialing involves

2
    See note 1, supra.
3
   “When the wording of a Section is clear and free of ambiguity, the letter of it shall not be
disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit.” La. R.S. 1:4.

                                              2
granting a physician privileges, in this case to practice in the hospital’s emergency

room. The thrust of plaintiffs’ credentialing claim is that the hospital never should

have granted Dr. Zavala those privileges in the first place. In contrast, the thrust of

a “training and supervision” claim (also made in plaintiffs’ petition, but not directly

at issue here) is that after the hospital granted privileges, it failed to meet its later and

ongoing responsibility to ensure that Dr. Zavala was given appropriate direction to

perform her role as an emergency room physician.                       Finding that plaintiffs’

credentialing claim focuses on different times and on different duties than a “training

and supervision” claim, I find that the legislature’s omission of credentialing in its

detailed list of definitions to be an important indicator of the legislature’s intent not

to subject a credentialing claim to the constraints of the LMMA.4

       The definitional list in La. R.S. 40:1299.41(A)(8) is preceded by the direction

that “any unintentional tort or any breach of contract based on health care or

professional services rendered ... by a health care provider, to a patient” is governed

by the LMMA. The plain language just quoted excludes credentialing from its scope,

because credentialing involves a hospital administrative act, rather than the exercise

of patient care.

       To reiterate, both the plain statutory language and the omission of credentialing

are important indicators of legislative intent for the specific question presented here.

However, because of this court’s earlier observation that the LMMA is intended to

4
   The district court decided not to apply the expressio unius maxim, observing that proposed
legislation would have explicitly mentioned credentialing in La. R.S. 40:1299.41(A)(8), but the
legislature never adopted those proposals. In the district court's view, because La. R.S. 24:177(D)
provides that "[a] bill introduced but which does not become law is not competent evidence of
legislative intent," the court was prohibited from applying the expressio unius maxim. However, and
without expressing any view on the efficacy of La. R.S. 24:177(D), I find no bar to applying the
expressio unius maxim to the list of acts and omissions the legislature has actually enacted in the
LMMA. Stated differently, La. R.S. 24:177(D) purports to prohibit inferring legislative intent from
legislation that has not been enacted; the statute does not purport to prohibit inferring legislative
intent from enacted legislation.

                                                 3
“apply strictly to claims ‘arising from medical malpractice,’” it is therefore

appropriate to delve further by applying the six-factor test from Coleman “to assist”

this court’s inquiry. See Williamson, 04-0451 at 5, 888 So.2d at 786 (quoting La.

R.S. 40:1299.41(I)).5

       I fully agree with the application of the Coleman test. As the majority

concludes, plaintiffs’ credentialing claim is not governed by the LMMA. However,

I believe the Coleman test is secondary to traditional methods of statutory

interpretation. I find that traditional methods, such as reviewing the plain language

of La. R.S. 40:1299.41(A)(8) and applying the expressio unius maxim, strongly point

to allowing plaintiffs’ claim to be litigated–untethered from the strictures of the

LMMA. Without implying that it is always necessary to seek assistance from the

Coleman factors, the novelty of this issue and the repeated presentation of the pivotal

definition of malpractice to the legislature for amendment, weigh in favor of applying

those factors to aid in determining legislative intent. Even after utilizing traditional

methods of statutory interpretation and applying the Coleman factors, I find that this

case presents a close call. Therefore, it would not surprise me to see the legislature

revisit the issue of credentialing. In my view, the Coleman factors have been

correctly applied in the majority opinion, and those factors support the conclusion

reached under traditional principles of statutory interpretation, i.e., the statutory

definition of medical malpractice does not include physician credentialing.

       For these reasons, I respectfully concur.

5
  La. R.S. 40:1299.41(I) was redesignated as La. R.S. 40:1231.1(I) by La. H.R. Con. Res. 84, §
7(F)(ii) (2015).

                                              4
10/19/16

                      SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

                                 No. 2016-C-0846

           BRANDI BILLEAUDEAU, VERONICA BILLEAUDEAU,
                     AND JOSEPH BILLEAUDEAU

                                     VERSUS

            OPELOUSAS GENERAL HOSPITAL AUTHORITY,
                DR. KONDILO SKIRLIS-ZAVALA, AND
            THE SHUMACHER GROUP OF LOUISIANA, INC.

        ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,
             THIRD CIRCUIT, PARISH OF ST. LANDRY

GUIDRY, J., dissents and assigns reasons.

      I respectfully dissent from the majority’s holding that a claim for “negligent

credentialing” of a physician by a health care provider such as a hospital does not

fall within the purview of the Louisiana Medical Malpractice Act (“LMMA”). I

disagree with the majority’s application of the factors set forth by this court in

Coleman v. Denno, 01-1517 (La. 1/25/02), 813 So.2d 303. More importantly, I

believe the majority has incorrectly interpreted the definition of malpractice in the

LMMA to determine that credentialing of a physician by a hospital to work in its

emergency room is not encompassed within the scope of that definition. The

LMMA encompasses “[a]ny unintentional tort or any breach of contract based on

health care or professional services rendered, or which should have been rendered,

by a health care provider, to a patient, including … all legal responsibility of a

health care provider arising from acts or omissions ... in the training or supervision

of health care providers ....” La. R.S. 40:1299.41(A)(8). Thus, the question before

the court is whether credentialing a doctor to practice in a hospital is an act of

rendering professional services by that hospital to its patient or, perhaps more
                                          1
specifically, an act of supervision of a physician by that hospital. In my opinion,

credentialing a doctor to practice in a hospital falls under both.

       The majority is correct that the LMMA is intended to “apply strictly to

claims ‘arising from medical malpractice.’” Williamson v. Hospital Service Dist.

No. 1 of Jefferson, 04-0451, p. 5, 888 So.2d 782, 786. However, the plaintiffs’

claim for damages here can only “arise from medical malpractice.” Notably, the

majority never answers the question of whether negligent credentialing causes any

compensable damages to the patient in the absence of malpractice committed by

the doctor who was granted privileges via the credentialing process. For example,

if a hospital granted privileges to an allegedly unqualified but otherwise licensed

doctor to work in its hospital, and the doctor commits no malpractice and performs

all of her medical duties flawlessly, then there would be no harm from the

negligent credentialing itself, because compensable damages will never occur until

the doctor actually commits malpractice resulting in injury to the patient.1 In my

view, therefore, the injury to the patient does not originate from the hospital’s

decision to grant privileges to the doctor but more logically from its failure to

properly train and supervise her after it grants such privileges and that failure

results in injury to the patient.

       I agree with the dissenting judge below that negligent credentialing is so

intertwined with the substantive malpractice claim underlying the suit against the

health care provider that the legislature could not have intended to separate the two

claims, particularly when it amended the LMMA in 2001 to include within the

definition of malpractice “all legal responsibility from acts and omissions ... in the

training and supervision of health care providers.” La. R.S. 40:1299.41(A)(8).

1
 Surely the majority is not countenancing that a claim for negligent credentialing can lie in the
absence of malpractice by the particular doctor.
                                                 2
Even if one argues the hospital’s breach of its own procedures for granting

physician privileges “creates an environment ripe for malpractice,” any damages to

the patient only occur if the hospital thereafter fails to properly train and supervise

that doctor and that doctor commits malpractice injuring a patient.

      In my view, credentialing of a physician, that is, vetting a physician before

granting her privileges in the emergency room, logically falls within the health care

provider’s duty of “training and supervision of health care providers.” That the

legislature has declined to specifically include “credentialing” within the definition

of malpractice when it has included “training and supervision” is not determinative

of legislative intent, in my view, because it is just as reasonable to conclude the

legislature believed a credentialing claim was already included within the

definition of malpractice in the LMMA as amended in 2001.

      Additionally, the language in the LMMA provides that medical malpractice

includes “any unintentional tort or any breach of contract based on health care or

professional services rendered . . . by a health care provider, to a patient ….” La.

R.S. 40:1299.41(A)(8). Applying that language to the claim here, I find the alleged

failure of a hospital to properly credential a physician before granting her

privileges in the hospital’s emergency room also falls squarely within the context

of “professional services rendered . . . by a health care provider, to a patient….”

La. R.S. 40:1299.41(A)(8). To dismiss the hospital’s process of credentialing its

physicians as merely “administrative” misconstrues and belies the statutory duty

placed on the hospital by the LMMA to render professional services to the patient.

“Professional services” owed by the hospital to its patient would necessarily

encompass providing doctors who are qualified to practice, as well as doctors who

are properly trained and supervised. Thus, under a common sense interpretation of

                                          3
the language of the Act, the process of credentialing a physician to provide medical

treatment to the patient on behalf of the health care provider falls within the

“professional services” owed to that patient by the health care provider.

      I further disagree with the majority’s application of the Coleman factors to

find a claim for negligent credentialing falls outside of the LMMA. I agree with

the district court that the duty to select competent physicians with reasonable care

is inextricably woven into the hospital’s treatment of the patient and the rendering

of professional medical services to that patient. In my view, the defendant is

correct that the decisions of the hospital’s credentialing committee are

fundamentally related to health care being offered by the hospital through the

physicians it employs or credentials. This factor therefore militates in favor of

applying the LMMA.

      Additionally, based on the plaintiffs’ allegations, I would find expert

medical evidence is necessary to determine whether the appropriate standard of

care was breached by the hospital. While the majority concedes a jury would need

expert witness testimony to determine whether the hospital breached its

credentialing procedures, it finds expert medical evidence is unnecessary. But the

plaintiffs’ claims are: that Dr. Zavala lacked the necessary experience and training

required by the hospital’s by-laws, that the hospital should have followed up on a

“qualified” reference given by an emergency room physician, that the hospital

failed to investigate two prior malpractice claims, and that Dr. Zavala failed to

produce evidence she had completed CME in emergency medicine training. Each

of these allegations requires expert medical testimony to determine whether Dr.

Zavala had the proper training, experience, and qualifications to be granted

                                          4
privileges in the emergency room, and whether the prior malpractice complaints

against her precluded her from being granted such privileges.

      As to whether the pertinent act or omission involves assessment of the

patient’s condition, I agree with the reasoning of the district court: a hospital

should ensure that a physician granted privileges possesses the requisite ability to

assess a patient’s condition when she presents in the emergency room. Although it

is not the particular patient’s condition at issue, the hospital in credentialing a

physician must understand and anticipate the treatment to be needed for patients

seeking emergency care and make an assessment of the physician’s training and

ability to render and render timely the health care likely to be needed.

      As to whether the incident occurred in the context of a physican/patient

relationship or was within the scope of activities that a hospital is licensed to

perform, the majority finds this factor weighs in favor of finding the claim of

negligent credentialing falls within the LMMA. I agree.

      Finally, as to whether the injury would have occurred if the patient had not

sought treatment, I disagree with the majority’s rejection of the defendant’s

argument that the gravamen of the plaintiffs’ claim is as follows: that the plaintiff

would not have suffered injury but for the alleged malpractice in failing to timely

diagnose the stroke or to administer tPA and that plaintiff might have received

proper treatment if the hospital had not granted or retained the physician’s

privileges. For the reasons I espoused above, I disagree with the majority’s

determination that the credentialing of the physician in this case was not “treatment

related.” Thus I would find this factor weighs in favor of applying the LMMA.

      In sum, I would conclude the plaintiffs’ claim of negligent credentialing of a

physician by a health care provider such as a hospital falls within the purview of
                                          5
the LMMA, both under the plain language therein and after analysis of the factors

set forth in Coleman.

                                       6
10/19/16

                     SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

                                  No. 2016-C-0846

           BRANDI BILLEAUDEAU, VERONICA BILLEAUDEAU,
                     AND JOSEPH BILLEAUDEAU

                                     VERSUS

            OPELOUSAS GENERAL HOSPITAL AUTHORITY,
                DR. KONDILO SKIRLIS-ZAVALA, AND
            THE SHUMACHER GROUP OF LOUISIANA, INC.

        ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,
             THIRD CIRCUIT, PARISH OF ST. LANDRY

CLARK, J., dissents for the reasons assigned by Justice Guidry and assigns
additional reasons.

      I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion for the reasons assigned by

Justice Guidry. I write separately to point out that the majority’s decision does not

comport with the Court’s recent decision in Dupuy v. NMC Operating Co., L.L.C.,

15-1754 (La. 3/15/16), 187 So. 3d 436, where we held a hospital’s negligence in

maintaining and servicing equipment utilized in the sterilization of surgical

instruments fell within the Louisiana Medical Malpractice Act, despite the fact the

negligence occurred before the patient entered the hospital and the sterilization

procedure was not performed by a physician but by plant operations. In my

opinion, exposing patients to an allegedly unqualified, although licensed, physician

with emergency department privileges, due to the negligent credentialing by the

hospital, is even more fundamentally related to medical treatment and the

rendering of professional services by the provider than exposing the patients to

unsterilized medical equipment.

                                         1
      Furthermore, I believe the majority’s decision to exclude negligent

credentialing claims from the LMMA clearly conflicts with the purpose of the act,

i.e., to ensure the availability of safe and affordable health care services to the

public and simultaneously limit the significant liability exposure of health care

providers. See Hall v. Brookshire Bros., Ltd., 02-2404, pp. 9-10 (La. 6/27/03), 848

So.2d 559,565 (citation omitted). Now, any medical malpractice plaintiff whose

damages are capped under the act can assert a negligent credentialing claim arising

from the same act of malpractice against the health care provider hospital for the

same damages, which will be excluded from the cap. The majority’s holding will

likely lead to more litigation, and undermine the stability and predictability

afforded by the LMMA, further escalating health care costs. Such a result is

clearly contrary to the legislative intent behind the act. See Oliver v. Magnolia

Clinic, 11-2132, p. 8 (La. 3/13/12), 85 So.3d 39, 45.

      Finally, I note that courts in other states with statutes similar to the LMMA

have held negligent credentialing falls within the purview of their respective

medical malpractice acts. See, e.g., Winona Memorial Hospital, Ltd. Partnership

v. Kuester, 737 N.E. 2d 824 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000); Garland Community Hospital v.

Rose, 156 S.W. 3d 541 (Tex. 2004); Bell v. Sharp Cabrillo Hospital, 212 Cal. App.

3d 1034, 260 Cal. Rptr. 886 (Ct. App. 1989).

                                         2