Court Opinion

ID: 9543000
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-07 16:41:04.242861+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:09:26.067524
License: Public Domain

POWELL, J.
(dissenting.) I cannot agree with the majority opinion. I feel that there is confusion, and due heretofore in large measure to my inability to clearly derive a proposed exception to a well recognized rule of law. The opinion goes to great length in explaining the recognized rule, with which I find no fault as a general proposition, but does not adequately give consideration to the exception, but summarily condemns it.
This thought is supported by the fact that it was not deemed necessary to set out the facts in the case, and several readings of the opinion fail to reveal the mentioning one time by quotation or otherwise of the real problem involved, and presented to the lower court during the course of the trial, to wit: that of determination of who was the probable aggressor. The statement of the problem is omitted, no steps are detailed to support the conclusion, though the answer is furnished at length. I shall later try to demonstrate what I mean.
*240This court has had for consideration whether or not this case should be affirmed under the provisions of the harmless error doctrine, Tit. 22 O.S.A. §§ 1068, 1273, and if so, whether or not the record justified the further treatment of the question of approving an exception to the rule generally prevailing in the United States and most English speaking countries which forbids the introduction of any evidence as to the bad character of the accused until he first introduces evidence as to his good character. The majority opinion details the reasons for the rule, which we heartily agree with and over which there is no difference of opinion, though under the Continental procedure in France no such rule prevails and hearsay evidence even is freely admitted, and I certainly do not advocate that. See opinion by Peckham, J., in People v. Shea, 147 N.Y. 78, 41 N.E. 508, in which is discussed the French method for the judicial investigation of crime and the conduct of criminal trials.
The record herein assuredly justifies the affirmance of the judgment entered because of the harmless error doctrine. For while admittedly the cross-examination of the defendant detailed in the majority opinion went too far, yet the attorneys for the defendant were not blameless in this regard, though their errors were not pointed out, and it is my thought that the errors about balanced. But a demonstration requires a summary of the entire evidence.
It isi also contended in the majority opinion that this is not a proper case for a consideration of the exception to the character rule, which exception is in the majority opinion designed the “Missouri rule”, (though the exception was adopted in two other states many years before), the implication being that treatment would constitute dicta, but the greater part of the opinion nevertheless is *241devoted to a condemnation of the exception sought. And while this case could be disposed of by application of the harmless error rule, as stated, nevertheless the lower court and counsel treat the question as being involved, and if dictum, the treatment would be judicial dictum as distinguished from obiter dictum. 21 C.J.S., Courts, § 190.
I feel that the so-called “Missouri rule” should be by this court adopted. Of the many Oklahoma cases cited, not one discusses the reasons for or against the proposed exception to the rule, only the rule is gone into, and in view of the apparent misconception of the purpose as well as the probable effect of such an exception, I feel impelled in the public interest to treat the issues raised by the appellant in his brief in detail rather than treating too much the expressions in the majority opinion of apprehensions of unfairness that might result as against an accused, should the same rule apply to him as to the state. I feel that these fallacies will be revealed more clearly, if my solution of the problem is correct, by stating the problem, the exception contended for, and the recognized reasons why the adoption is desirable. I would refrain from speculative philosophy: a route of many roads leading from nowhere to nothing, so far as solving the problem, but would treat the matter step by step.
I do not believe that anyone can study the testimony of the witnesses in this case, yes, even the evidence of the defendant’s witnesses alone, and not be beset with doubt as to whether Jake Roberson acted in self-defense under a well-grounded apprehension of immediate danger when he shot Ben or “Doc” Wilson to death, killing even an innocent bystander behind him whom he sought refuge. I feel that the majority of the court now have this doubt. It can be appreciated, then, the importance of the applica*242tion of correct rules of evidence in this type of case in aiding the jury to get to the truth of the matter, which in many instances it has been aptly said “is stranger than fiction”, and determine who was the probable aggressor. Fairness and impartiality should at all times control the actions of courts, and any rule that would permit one litigant the right to present one type of evidence, but at the same time deny the other litigant the benefit of the rule, is not in accordance with good conscience, and in a democracy cannot stand, and no doubt would have been corrected long ago except that the citizens at large represented by the state are the ones being discriminated against, and under such circumstance much time is required for the general public to become conscious of such discrimination,- — and in the absence of relief by the courts, through courageous interpretations, wipe out such discrimination by legislation. It seems that everybody’s business is nobody’s business. On the other hand, the criminal lawyer, ever alert for liberal rules favorable to those charged with crime, would no doubt long ago have become most articulate for the modification of this rule should it have favored the state rather than the defendant..
I would point out in support of this that although it is well known that the average criminal lawyer, more experienced and more competent by reason thereof than the average county attorney (who too often is a young man just out of school and who serves from two to four years, or an old attorney about ready to retire), as a rule does not hesitate to attempt matters that if attempted by the county attorney would constitute reversible error. If there is doubt, it might be enlightening in this connection to read “Moman Pruiett, Criminal Lawyer” published by Harlow Publishing Company, Oklahoma City. *243Furthermore, I would point out that under provisions of Tit. 22 O.S.A. § 1053, it is provided:
“Appeals to the Criminal Court of Appeals may he taken by the State in the following cases and no other:
“1. Upon judgment for the defendant on quashing or setting aside an indictment or information.
“2. Upon an order of the court arresting the judgment.
“3. Upon a question reserved by the State.”
But. in spite of this, and in spite of the fact that of all the cases tried in the 77 counties of the state and appealed to the Criminal Court of Appeals, out of the latest 1,500 such eases, only 16 of them were appealed by the state. The reasons and remedy for this cannot be considered here. But by the fact of the inroads of organized crime throughout the country, we feel justified in examining any rule that would deprive the state of the same fairness accorded the accused.
The adoption of the so-called “Missouri rule” would mean that the person charged with a homicide would be tried, rather than the dead man, as is now possible by the unfair and impartial rule of evidence the majority of the court would adhere to, and apparently just because we have adhered to it for so long and that it is the majority rule. This is an excellent opportunity to apply the progressive principles announced in vigorous and fine language in the excellent opinion by Judge Brett and concurred in by the other judges in Ex parte Lewis, 85 Okla. Cr. 322, 188 P. 2d 367, at pages 377, 378, but which is brushed aside as far as this case is concerned.
I am impressed, in connection herewith, after casual study, of the provocative lecture, being The Eighth Annual Benjamin N. Cardozo Lecture Delivered Before the *244Association of the Bar of the City of New York by Associate Justice William O. Douglas of the Supreme Court of the United States, on “Stare Decisis”, as reported in Yol. 21, Journal 7 of the Journal of the Oklahoma Bar Association dated February 25, 1950. At one point Justice Douglas said:
“It is, I think, a healthy practice (too infrequently followed) for a court to re-examine its own doctrine. Legislative correction of judicial errors is often difficult to effect. Moreover, responsible government should entail the undoing of wrongs committed by the department in question. That course is faithful to democratic traditions. Respect for any tribunal is increased if it stands ready (save where injustice to intervening rights would encur) not only to correct the errors of others but also to confess its own. This was the philosophy expressed by a judge of the New York Court of Appeals almost a century ago when he proclaimed it The duty of every judge and every court to examine its own decisions, * * * without fear, and to revise them without reluctance.’ ”
Cited were: Great Northern Ry. Co. v. Sunburst Co., 287 U.S. 358, 53 S. Ct. 145, 77 L. Ed. 360, 85 A.L.R. 254; Aero Spark Plug Co. v. B. G. Corporation, 2 Cir., 130 F. 2d 290, 296-299; Baker v. Lorillard, 4 N.Y. 257, 261.
It is felt that in a proper case and with a proper record made out of the presence of the jury by an alert county attorney, that this court, at a future time, may see fit to re-examine the exception herein involved.
But enough for generalities. We get to the problem.
For a reversal of this case defendant in petition in error sets out 24 specifications of error alleged to have been made, but in the brief filed herein argues his case under four main propositions or assignments of error. The record herein contains over 400 pages, the state using 12 witnesses in chief and seven in rebuttal, the de*245fendant using 18 witnesses. The defendant has filed a very able brief, and, likewise the Attorney General has demonstrated thorough consideration. But this case has particularly required re-reading and re-study of the evidence and entire record.
I shall first consider defendant’s assignment of error Three that:
“The Court erred in forcing defendant to trial over his objection when a list of the State’s witnesses with the post office address of each had not been served on defendant.”
The return of the sheriff on notice of presentation of witnesses, sets out that on the 17th day of May, 1947, notice was served on the defendant Jake Roberson, in the jail in Ottawa county. When the case came on for trial on May 21, 1947, the county attorney requested permission for endorsement of additional witnesses on the information, which the court permitted. The following objection was interposed:
“Mr. Nesbitt: The defendant wishes to object to the endorsement of additional witnesses on the information for the reason that the list of witnesses presented to the defendant was not served within the time or in the manner provided by law. The Court: When were they served? Mr. Beauchamp (Assistant County Attorney) : They were served Saturday by the sheriff. Mr. Nesbitt: They procured his acknowledgment on Monday. The Court: Better offer proof on that. Mr. Beauchamp: Your Honor, it was served in that manner because Mr. Nesbitt was out of town, called out of town. The Court: Does the return show it was served Monday or Saturday? Mr. Nesbitt: Shows Saturday, that is when it was served. Mr. R. W. Smith (County Attorney) : What happened, Mr. Allemann didn’t know he was to have him sign it. He served him on Saturday, gave him the list and took it down to him. Found that was to be on it and couldn’t *246locate him and went back Monday morning and had him sign he received it on Saturday. The Court: All right, endorsement of the names will be permitted. Mr. Nesbitt: Exceptions.”
Conclusively, the list of witnesses, excluding the new witnesses permitted to be endorsed, was served on both the defendant and his attorney four days prior to trial, and the constitutional provision, art. II, sec. 20, Okla. Const, requiring that the notice be served two days prior .to trial, was complied with.
Thus we see that defendant’s real objection was to the endorsement of the additional witnesses just prior to trial. This feature presents a serious question. I shall next consider the failure to include the respective addresses of the state’s witnesses on either the information or the notice. If the defendant had objected on that account, on proper showing by defendant, it would have constituted reversible error for the court to have refused a two-days continuance, or, under proper facts, even additional time, to give the attorneys for the defendant opportunity to investigate the character, bias, and antecedents of the witnesses against him, and to learn something of their testimony and thereby better enable him to prepare for trial. See: Goben v. State, 20 Okla. Cr. 220, 201 P. 812, and cases cited.
No doubt at the time of trial the reason counsel for defendant failed to raise any question as to the addresses of the witnesses and to allege that the omission of such addresses had prevented counsel for defendant from contacting witnesses, was because, in fact, this omission had caused no hardship or inconvenience, the record of the trial disclosing that all of the witnesses that the state used lived in or near Fairland, were neighbors and well acquainted with both the defendant and with the deceased *247during his lifetime. And most, if not all, had testified at the preliminary hearing and had been further questioned by defendant or his counsel. The reason for the rule under the constitutional provision clearly did not exist. Further, under the decisions of this court, as applied to the facts developed in this case, the omission of the addresses of the state’s witnesses was waived by the defendant, no objection or motion for continuance setting out such omission as grounds for objection or for continuance having been interposed. See: Sweet v. State, 70 Okla. Cr. 443, 107 P. 2d 817; Smith v. State, 69 Okla. Cr. 17, 99 P. 2d 527; Galbert v. State, 12 Okla. Cr. 571, 160 P. 2d 332; State v. Frisbee, 8 Okla. Cr. 406, 127 P. 1091.
In Little v. State, 25 Okla. Cr. 190, 219 P. 424, this court said:
“The omission of post office addresses of certain witnesses for the state, on the list of witnesses for the state served on the defendant, is not vital, where the post office addresses are known to the defendant, and where each of the witnesses had testified; and been cross-examined at the preliminary trial.”
While the court did permit additional witnesses to be endorsed on the information and notice just prior to trial, which ordinarily, in a felony case where capital punishment might be assessed, would constitute reversible error, herein the error was harmless. The record discloses that of the witnesses endorsed, only two were actually used in chief, the others not being used, or used in rebuttal. And it was not necessary, of course, for the rebuttal witnesses to be endorsed on the information or be included in the notice. See: Sweet v. State, supra.
The two witnesses endorsed on the information just prior to trial, after notice had been given, were C. D. Wil*248son and John Jones. The evidence of the witness C. D. Wilson was strictly cumulative, as was the evidence of the witness. John Jones, and this court has held that it is harmless error for the trial court to permit the endorsement of an additional witness or witnesses on information or notice furnished defendant less than two days prior to trial, where the evidence of such witness or witnesses is cumulative. Manning v. State, 7 Okla. Cr. 367, 123 P. 1029; Havill v. United States. 5 Okla. Cr. 334, 115 P. 119; Ferguson v. State, 53 Okla. Cr. 317, 11 P. 2d 211; Whitworth v. State, 32 Okla. Cr. 200, 239 P. 930.
Wilson testified to seeing a pistol underneath the deceased when he was lifted from the Blue Goose floor. And John Jones testified to the location of a bullet hole on the north wall of the room about twelve feet from the front end. Other witnesses for both the state and defendant testified to this, and such evidence could not have prejudiced the defendant, as it was his contention that the deceased was armed, and defendant, as stated, sought by witnesses to show that a pistol was found under deceased when he was raised from the floor, and defendant admitted shooting at the deceased from the southwest portion of the building, which was the rear, toward the front. Objections to the testimony of these two witnesses were not interposed at the time they were called upon to testify, and the court was not requested to strike the same, and nothing was pointed out to show the same to be prejudicial. This court has held that it will not reverse a conviction for a mere technical error when it can see that it could not have affected the result. As Judge Doyle once said, in Havill v. United States, supra [5 Okla. Cr. 334, 115 P. 124] :
*249“Absolute correctness of proceedings cannot be attained, even in our very best courts; and the establishment of any other rule would render the enforcement of the criminal laws practically inoperative.”
See, also, comments of Judge Furman, in Edwards v. State, 9 Okla. Cr. 306, 131 P. 956, 963, 44 L.R.A., N.S., 701.
This court in many cases has held that when an error has been committed in the trial court it is the duty of this court, on an inspection of the entire record, to determine if defendant suffered any material injury from such error. Unless such injury appears, the error will not be ground for reversal. Mitchell v. State, 7 Okla. Cr. 563, 124 P. 1112; Needham et al. v. State, 55 Okla. Cr. 430, 32 P. 2d 92; Andrews v. State, 84 Okla. Cr. 104, 179 P. 2d 491.
It is next urged that the court erred in overruling defendant’s motion for continuance.
The record discloses that on May 2, 1947, the court entered an order setting this case for trial for May 21, and on May 12 counsel filed a motion for continuance, based on the absence from the state of Franklin McGin-nis, whose evidence was alleged to be very material as to matters that could be proved by no one else. McGin-nis had testified at the preliminary hearing, his testimony had been taken down, and he had been cross-examined at length by counsel for defendant. Defendant also sought the testimony of one Walter Wilmouth, for rebuttal evidence. He had not testified at the preliminary hearing. It is alleged that McGinnis was in the town of Moses Lake, in the State of Washington, and Wilmouth somewhere in California, and that they were to return at some indefinite time in the fall of that year. *250No continuance was sought for the purpose of taking depositions, but a continuance for the term was desired. The record reflects that these two witnesses departed following the preliminary hearing in March. The trial court was faced with the possibility that the witnesses might never come back, and if so that by that time some of the other of the more than 30 witnesses might be dead or out of the jurisdiction of the court. The affidavit for continuance did not set out sufficient facts as to their whereabouts, communications with them, or effort so to do. The affidavit was too indefinite in this regard. However, if the evidence of the two proposed witnesses was vital to the defense of the defendant, and not cumulative, it would be the duty of the court, in furtherance of justice, to have granted a continuance, not necessarily for the term, but to reset for a later time. Compton v. State, 48 Okla. Cr. 120, 289 P. 794.
The county attorney agreed that the testimony of Franklin (or “Blabber”) McGinnis, given at the preliminary hearing might be read in evidence as a deposition, and stated that it was his intention to have such testimony read. McGinnis was also listed as a witness for the state. The county attorney failed to use McGinnis’ testimony, and the defendant likewise failed to introduce such evidence. Counsel wanted the state to agree that in addition to the evidence given on preliminary that Mc-Ginnis would further testify that after the new owner of the cafe, Kenneth Langston, had advised Doc Wilson to leave the cafe to avoid trouble with the defendant, that Doc Wilson did leave for a little while and that Doc’s wife, Elaine Wilson, told McGinnis that her husband had gone for a gun and asked him to go and watch the back door and keep her husband from returning, and that he did so, but that Wilson returned by the front door.
*251The county attorney would not agree that McGinnis would so testify. Such proposed additional evidence was strictly rebuttal in nature, and was proven, except as to the gun feature, by Roy Martin, another witness for defendant. If the testimony actually given at the preliminary hearing by McGinnis was deemed by counsel for defendant to be material, he should have introduced the same. He cannot now complain on account of its omission. Though not exactly in point, this principle is involved in Fields v. State, 85 Okla. Or. 439, 188 P. 2d 231. But was the evidence of McGinnis material to the defendant’s theory of the case? The defendant did not deny the shooting of Doc Wilson, but he contended that he shot at Doc five times in self-defense. The county attorney in his opening statement proposed to prove that Doc Wilson did not have a gun (recognizing that there would be a conflict in the evidence), but that if he did have one, that he did not produce the gun until after the defendant had fired at least three shots and perhaps five.
At the preliminary hearing McGinnis testified that he talked to Doc Wilson just prior to the shooting and while Wilson was sitting in booth two at the Blue Goose drinking beer with his wife and Yearl Hopkins and Ben Grigsby, and advised Wilson to leave, as he thought there might be trouble, and that Doc took a gun out of his right-hand coat pocket and laid it on his knee and said that he would see whether he had to get out or not. While there was a conflict in the evidence, this, of course, would have been proof that the deceased did in fact have a gun prior to the difficulty. The material point was whether he ever attempted to use the gun, if he in fact had one. McGinnis could give no evidence as to that.
On the trial defendant, referring to Franklin (or “Blabber”) McGinnis, testified:
*252“He asked me if I knew Wilson was np there, and I told him I thought maybe he was, didn’t know for sure and I said, ‘why don’t you go up there and tell Wilson to leave, I don’t want no trouble’
Defendant further admitted that he had been armed with a pistol under his belt since about dark and standing near the cigar case in the southwest portion of the cafe, and that he observed Wilson and his party in booth number two drinking beer. The evidence further showed that Jake Roberson and his son had recently sold the Blue Goose Cafe, which was no longer used as a cafe but as a beer parlor, to one Kenneth Langston, and that Roberson’s son, Gene, was actually assisting Langston in waiting on customers, but that the defendant was not working but just standing around, though he testified that he had agreed to assist Langston for a couple of weeks after the purchase. Langston was not called upon to affirm this. The evidence of Gene Roberson was to the effect that when Wilson first came in that he and his father shortly thereafter left for home to get supper, and that the son tried to get the father not to return to the cafe that night, but that he insisted. Thus' the record indicates that the defendant armed himself and.was looking for trouble, by reason of sending messages to Wilson, whom the uncontradicted evidence shows to have been conducting himself as a peaceable customer at least up to the time of the demand by Roberson that he leave.
If McGinnis’s testimony had shown that Doc Wilson had the gun in his hand when he arose in his booth, or that hé shot first, such evidence, though it would have been cumulative to that of the defendant and his son Gene and Jack Blalock (the latter’s testimony being on rebuttal impeached), would have been of importance. But McGinnis denied seeing a gun in Doc Wilson’s hand after he arose in the booth, and though in answer to leading *253questions McGinnis would not state who fired any shot or the first shot, his evidence was that he moved away from the booths when the first shot was fired, and he identified that first shot as hitting the booth. He was asked:
“Q. How come you to move away from the booth? A. Because I saw the bullet hit the booth. Q. Where did the bullet come from? A. I don’t know, I couldn’t say. Q. Where did the bullet hit the booth and what booth was it? A. It hit on the corner there somewhere. * * * Q. Did the bullet hit the booth before Doc got up or after? A. It was after he got up. * * * Q. Didn’t see any gun in Doc’s hand? A. Not after he got up I didn’t. * * * Q. Did you look around while the shooting was going on? A. Not after the first shot was fired. Q. You didn’t look after the first shot was fired? A. Not after that shot hit the booth.”
The booths were in the northeast portion of the building, and defendant was standing in the southwest portion of the room from the booths, so that from the evidence of McGinnis, the deceased, if he fired, could not have fired the first shot, because the first shot, McGin-nis stated, hit one of the booths, and that caused him to move away fast. The defendant admitted shooting toward Doc Wilson and the booths. From this record we cannot see where the evidence of McGinnis could have been of any benefit to the defendant. It tended to show that the defendant was trying to stir up trouble by sending messages to the deceased while he was in a public place where he had a right to be, and that even if deceased might have been armed that defendant fired the first shot, and McGinnis testified that he did not see a gun in Wilson’s hand after he got up. In the place of helping defendant, it would appear that such evidence would have hurt him, and it must be assumed that such was the reason counsel for defendant saw fit not to use *254it. The jury could have concluded from such evidence that defendant was attempting to get the deceased to make some move towards attacking him so that he could shoot him. This evidence might have caused the jury to have found the defendant guilty of murder and have assessed the death or life penalty. By finding the defendant guilty of first degree manslaughter, rather than murder, the jury apparently gave defendant the benefit of every doubt the most favorable view of the evidence justified. And the trial court was most lenient in assessing the punishment at 15 years in the penitentiary.
The case of Madison v. State, 6 Okla. Cr. 356, 118 P. 617, Ann. Cas. 1913C, 484, cited by defendant as supporting his motion for continuance, has long since been by this court overruled. See Andrews v. State, supra.
- The proposed evidence of Walter Wilmouth was rebuttal in character, as indicated, and if he had been present his testimony would have, been inadmissible for the reason that the witness Elaine Wilson did not at the trial testify that Wilmouth had told her and her husband and one Jack Stafford that Jake Roberson was gunning for Doc Wilson.
It has long been the rule of this court that the granting of continuance is largely in the discretion of the trial court, and the overruling of an application for continuance will not constitute reversible error unless there has been such an abuse of discretion as results in a denial of a substantial right. See Frazier v. State, 81 Okla. Cr. 120, 161 P. 2d 84; Scott v. State, 72 Okla. Cr. 305, 115 P. 2d 763; and see Litchfield v. State, 8 Okla. Cr. 164, 126 P. 707, 45 L.R.A., N.S., 153, where it is said:
“Although an application for a continuance may appear to be good upon its face, yet if upon the trial the *255record discloses the fact that the testimony asked for would be cumulative, or that such testimony would probably not influence the action of the jury in finding a verdict, a conviction will not be reversed upon appeal.”
See, also, Owen v. State, 18 Okla. Cr. 195, 163 P. 548; Graham v. State, 28 Okla. Cr. 266, 230 P. 763.
This court held in Petty v. State, 11 Okla. Cr. 438, 147 P. 782, that:
“An affidavit for continuance on the ground of the absence of material witnesses, who are out of the state, which states that the defendant expects to procure their attendance at the next term of court, to be sufficient should state the grounds of such expectation, so that the court may determine whether or not it is reasonable.”
And further:
“In reviewing the refusal of a continuance on account of absent witnesses, the record will be examined, and the evidence adduced at the trial will be considered by this court for the purpose of determining whether the showing made was such as made it the duty of the court to grant the continuance.”
See Presley v. State, 76 Okla. Cr. 120, 134 P. 2d 595, approving the rule announced in Petty v. State, supra.
Because of the facts above recited, I find no error on the part of the court in refusing to grant a continuance in this case.
For a consideration of the remaining specification of error, necessarily and for a clear understanding of the issues, I must now review the evidence. And, as heretofore stated, over 80 witnesses were used. To quote freely would unduly lengthen this opinion, so I shall attempt to summarize the evidence as a whole, keeping direct quotations to the minimum. I would summarize relevant undisputed evidence and then disputed evidence, *256and refer finally to the line of testimony claimed to be incompetent by the parties.
The record discloses that at the time of the killing the defendant was a man about 60 years of age; ruptured and had asthma, and physically was no match for a personal encounter with the deceased Doc Wilson. That he had lived in Ottawa county since 1904 except for seven or eight years, and had been a farmer until 1941 when he purchased the Blue Goose Cafe in Fairland, except he sold out a couple of times for about three months each, then re-purchased. Roberson and his son Gene operated the cafe up until about three weeks prior to the killing, when they sold to one Kenneth Langston. That they promised Langston that they would stay around and help him with the business for a couple of weeks. There is no evidence that the deceased knew of this agreement.
Elaine Wilson, wife of the deceased Doc Wilson, had worked in the Blue Goose Cafe for Jake Roberson and his son until about fiv.e or six months prior to the killing; her husband- Ben, commonly called “Doc”, had some words with Jake Roberson, the defendant,' over s->me gambling with a skeeball machine. He accused Jake of cheating, but they were friendly enough that Elaine Wilson kept working for Jake, and in September prior to the shooting February 22, 1947, Jake Roberson, Elaine Wilson, Doc Wilson, Bud Botts and Walter Wilmouth left the Blue Goose Cafe in Botts’ car about 7:30 one evening and drove to Afton, riding around and to spend a social evening together, visited a cafe by the “Y”, and all had been drinking. At midnight when they started to return home in Botts’ car, Doc Wilson and Jake Roberson had a fight, and Roberson got beat up about the face by Wilson using his fists; that Wilson was about 34 years of age and weighed 145 or 150 pounds and was *257husky and that he got Roberson down and Roberson cut Wilson in a number of places with his knife, and Bud Botts pulled or helped pull Doc off of Jake.
At this point there is a dispute as to the circumstances of the fight. Jake claims that Wilson and his wife were out back of the car and that Wilson was beating up his wife and that he got out and “told Wilson and his wife to stop fighting and let’s go home”; that Doc knocked him down and got a-straddle of him and beat him about the face with his fists; that he managed to get a heavy farm knife open and commenced cutting Doc and Doc said: “I will kill you if it’s the last thing I do.”
Botts testified that he, Botts, was drunk, that Wilson and his wife had some trouble back of the car and later he saw Wilson on top of Roberson beating him, but he did not know who started the fight. Elaine Wilson denied that Doc was beating her, but testified that they had left the cafe and entered Bud Botts’ car to go home, but Botts kept sitting there and would not get his key and that Doc got out and tried to get another party to take them home, but could not and that he was standing by the car talking to Botts who had his feet hanging out the door and that Jake Roberson got out of the car and went around and struck Doe, knocking him down, and that Doc fought Jake, getting on top of him and that she and Bud Botts pulled Doc back and off of Jake and that she got cut on her hand by Jake in helping pull Doc off of Jake.
The undisputed evidence after this is that Doc Wilson and his wife kept away from the Blue Goose for about five months, but that after Jalee Roberson and Gene Roberson sold the cafe to Kenneth Langston around February 12, 1947, and the new purchaser had made arrangements *258with her to return to the Blue Goose and work for him, to begin on Tuesday. Doc Wilson was then working at Spavinaw, bnt he returned to Fairland the evening of Saturday, February 22, and about 7 o’clock she met him at the Cozy Cafe and they each drank a cup of coffee and then went to the Blue Goose to talk to Kenneth Lang-ston about the job. When they entered they found Gene Roberson attending bar, and Jake Roberson was also in the cafe. The Wilsons ordered a bottle of beer and a few minutes later the Robersons left, and then Langston came over and conversed with Doc Wilson, and Wilson left the cafe by the back door.
Jake Roberson testified that he and his son went for supper and then returned in 20 or 25 minutes and that Gene went to work tending bar, and that he just visited around near the cigar case near the center of the room. That he was armed with his gun before he first saw Wilson, and had been carrying a gun for a long time. He saw Doc Wilson’s wife in a booth and Vearl Hopkins, was sitting with her. Later he saw Doc Wilson in the booth, and also another man that he did not recognize at. the time; that they were in the second booth from the east or front end of the building; that Doc Wilson and his wife were facing west, Doc on the outside; that defendant stayed in the back end of the building about an hour or hour and a half before the shooting occurred; that “Shine” Hopkins, Henry Schubert, Henry’s little boy and Jess Goins were there talking with him near the cigar case.
There were four booths along the north side of the building, commencing from the east, or front, and the building was about 60 feet long, with the front door on the east end, with a coke box and beer box and bar counter along the south side in order from the east. The cigar *259case was west of the bar. There was a partition about 15 feet in from the west end of the building and a counter and stools in the center west end, but no food was served there. To the west of the booths was a juke box, marble machine and stove.
As heretofore stated, defendant testified that when one Franklin McGinnis called his attention to the fact that Doc Wilson was in booth two that he suggested to McGinnis: “Why don’t you go up there and tell Wilson to leave, I don’t Avant no trouble.” The evidence shows that as McGinnis moved away from booth two towards the ice boxes a shot was fired. Of all the witnesses present, only the defendant, his son Gene, and Jack Blalock Avould testify that Doc Wilson had a gun and shot at Jake Roberson, and Blalock was impeached by the testimony of John Jones, Wanda Jones, Bessie Black and Betty Cox, who testified that right after the shooting Jack Blalock came to John Jones’ home and in the presence of said persons, Avhen asked by Jones: “Did Jake kill Doc in cold blooded murder?” Blalock answered: I guess he did, Doc did not have a gun.” Jones also stated that he returned to town with Blalock and he repeated the statement. It appears that Blalock was related to some of these witnesses and also that Jones’ brother, Paul Jones, died from gunshot wounds that he received during the trouble between the defendant and Doc Wilson in the Blue Goose beer parlor.
The defendant testified that just as he was getting ready to go home and had taken a step or so from the cigar counter that he saw Doc Wilson stand up in the booth with a pistol in his hand and levelled at him, that Doc fired and the bullet hit defendant in the back of the neck, the defendant ducked and moved a couple of steps over, grabbed his gun from his belt and shot at Wilson *260two or three times, and that Wilson ran over to the bar and got behind somebody, later found to be Paul Jones, held Jones with one hand and kept the pistol pointed at defendant and defendant walked over to a booth, stopped and stood there, that Wilson came from behind Jones and shot at defendant the second time some six feet away, and defendant shot back twice; that Wilson’s gun fell to the floor, Wilson lunged at defendant, knocking defendant down and fell on defendant’s lap; that Gene Roberson and Langston came over and defendant gave his gun to Langston, and then went with his brother and son to get his neck wound dressed, could not locate a doctor and went to the home of Minnie Roberson and got a Dr Stacy to come and dress two wounds in the back of his neck. Dr. Stacy did not testify, but Dr. Letcher of Miami at the trial testified that he had examined the two wounds the day after the shooting, which were about an inch apart and that in his opinion they were bullet wounds, or fragments thereof.
The officers and others failed to find any signs of bullets in the walls or furniture back of where defendant was standing, but did find bullet marks at points east of where the defendant stood; Sheriff Allemann testified that he searched all walls, ceilings, floors, fixtures, and found where a bullet had struck the first booth in front and knocked a sliver of wood off about eight inches from the floor; that he found a bullet on the floor between the booths and the bar, found one on the edge of the ceiling over the second booth, that he pried the bullet out, and found a bullet mark in the wall at the third booth. Every bullet from defendant’s gun was accounted for.
Dr. W. G. Chesnut testified that he examined the body of Ben or “Doc” Wilson on the night of February *26122, 1947, after the shooting and that he had a wound on the right ring-finger, that the same bullet entered the body through the third rib of the right part of the chest three inches from the nipple toward the shoulder, that it ranged downward and that Wilson died from this wound.
■ Jess Goins testified that he was looking at Doc Wilson when he arose in the booth; Jess was standing near Jake Roberson and a little behind; Goins stated that Wilson did not have his arms raised and that he did not see any gun in his hands, that Doc took a step or so toward the bar which was across the aisle south, and he did not see Jake until the shooting started, and he saw Jake with his gun shooting toward the front of the building and at Wilson, that Wilson got behind a man but Jake shot and hit that man; that Wilson came out and grabbed Jake and they went to the floor and Goins came around from between the bar and cigar case and Wilson was lying on his face and that he saw no gun in his hands or on the floor; that he laid Wilson oxi his back; that so far as he knew Jake was the only man that did any shooting. Defendant’s counsel introduced the statement that Goins signed in which it was stated that he could not tell who was doing the shooting.
Jack Stoffer swore that he saw Doc Wilson on the floor after the shooting and saw somebody slip something under him. On cross-examination he could not say who slipped the soxnethixig under Wilson, and his testimony was very indefinite. He was in the third booth and a bullet went through his sack of eggs that was on the table of the booth.
The shooting happened about 9:30 or 10:30 at night and the evidence is undisputed that when Wilson’s body was raised for removal a .38 calibre nickel-plated black-handled pistol was found under him, about two-thirds *262of the way from his hip to his knee; that the assistant county attorney, Beauchamp, picked up the gun. A piece from the handle was found five or six feet away. The gun. was later given to Sheriff Allemann.
The evidence showed that the gun belonged to Yearl Hopkins, a friend of the Wilsons, and Hopkins claimed that someone stole the gun out of his car about a month prior to the shooting .and that he reported this to Dewey Hallam, town marshal; that prior to that Gene Roberson had borrowed the gun from him and kept it in the cafe for about a month. Gene Roberson denied borrowing the gun, but testified that Hopkins asked him to keep it for him three or three and a half weeks prior to the shooting and he kept it for only four or five days; that Hopkins got the pistol and borrowed six blunt-nose shells from him about nine or 10 days before the shooting; that the next time he saw the gun was when Doc Wilson was lifted from the floor, and that it had two empty shells and three loaded snub-nose shells in it. When Dewey Hallam testified for defendant, it was not sought to impeach Hopkins’ testimony on this point.
Sheriff Allemann identified five shells that were, taken from the gun found under Wilson; two were exploded and one unexploded shell was a snub-nose and two were standard shells.
Charley B. Earls testified that he talked to deceased just prior to the shooting and while he was sitting in the second booth, and that if he was intoxicated he could not tell it; that he had just stepped out of the cafe when the shooting started, but came back in; that he never saw a gun in Doc Wilson’s hand, but did see one in Jake Roberson’s hand and saw Doc Wilson grip Jake’s arm, but did not actually see the shooting.
*263Ben Grigsby testified that Wilson was sober, though the undisputed evidence showed that Wilson had consumed a number of beers. Grigsby further testified that he saw Wilson arise from the booth and take a step or so toward the bar, that he could see his hands and that he never had a gun; that he did not see the shooting, just heard it; he did not know who did the shooting.
Henry Schubert did not see any guns, just heard the shots, thought the first shot came from the front toward Roberson; that he left quickly.
There were a number of witnesses who testified to fist fights in which Doc Wilson had been involved, and his readiness to fight when drinking. Jess Pennington, former city marshal of Fairland, had a couple of fights with Doc Wilson when arresting him for disturbances, and one time at a dance he was jerked into a dimly lighted room and beaten up with brass knucks, and he learned afterwards that Doc Wilson used them.
The defendant argues that the verdict of the jury was the result of passion and prejudice created through the introduction of prejudicial, improper and incompetent evidence, and under this contention argues under four subdivisions, as follows: [That]
(1) “It was error to permit an attack on defendant’s reputation and character for turbulence and violence when defendant had not offered a word of evidence as to his reputation and character, nor put it in issue in any way.”
(2) “It was reversible error to permit the introduction of evidence as to other crimes which defendant was supposed to have committed.”
(3) “It was error to permit inquiry on cross-examination as to specific acts of violence and turbulence.”
(I) “It was error to permit the County Attorney to make repeated inquiry of defendant as to specific acts *264of violence and threats to kill deceased, and then offer no proof whatever that such acts of violence were committed and such threats made.”
This brings us to a consideration of a line of questioning by counsel for both the defendant and the state, and not summarized above.
I have read the entire record several times, and do not find material error until the defendant took the witness stand and was allowed to be questioned by his counsel, not only as, to his having heard of other difficulties in which deceased had been engaged, which was competent, but entered into details of such difficulties, which was error. Also, defendant produced a number of witnesses who testified as to personal fights with the deceased, or having heard of deceased having fights with other persons. And a number of witnesses for defendant, contrary to law, were permitted to testify to the details of difficulties which they had with the deceased as far back as 1943. Many of these were incidents not definitely shown to have come to the knowledge of the defendant prior to the homicide, being difficulties involving the deceased and other persons.
Defendant testified that he had heard of Doc Wilson and Jess Pennington having one fight, but Jess Pennington testified about two fights with the deceased, and he went into details, setting out in the first fight that Wilson was resisting arrest and that he hit Wilson over the head with his pistol and it went off and Pennington got shot in the leg, and then had a fist fight with Wilson, subduing him. That later at a birthday dance at Jim May’s, Doc Wilson beat witness Pennington with brass knucks. Pennington went into details of this fight. The record is silent as to which of these fights the defendant *265had heard of, and whether or not before or after the homicide.
Sam Laswell, once county jailer, testified to Doc Wilson, three or four years prior to the trial, coming, to the sheriff’s office one night and that he was drunk, loud and boisterous. There was no evidence that this ever came to defendant’s notice. It was further attempted to show by the witness that the deceased made threats to whip someone, but the witness did not so testify. The tactics of the prosecution in cross-examination, detailed in the majority opinion were no worse than the tactics of the attorneys for the defense in their examination. They were all trying to “win.” It is well settled that specific .uncommunicated acts of violence of deceased are inadmissible, and that while defendant may be permitted to testify that he had heard of difficulties in which deceased was involved, the fact that those difficulties actually occurred or the details thereof may not be established. See Brock v. State, 55 Okla. Cr. 410, 32 P. 2d 88; and in Short v. State, 74 Okla. Cr. 272, 125 P. 2d 227, citing Elliott v. State, 18 Okla. Cr. 230, 194 P. 267, the court said:
“Where, in a homicide case, self-defense is pleaded, and there is evidence to support same, specific acts of violence on the part of the deceased may, if known to the defendant prior to the homicide, be shown in evidence.”
I would here stress the proper method of proving general reputation. When a witness is put on the stand to attack or defend character, he can only be asked, on the examination in chief, as to the general reputation of the person whose character is in question, and he will not be permitted to testify to particular facts either favorable or unfavorable to such person, but when the witness is subject to cross-examination, he may be then ashed, with *266a view to test the value of his testimony, as to particular facts.
So, then, there was serious error here brought about by the defendant and in his favor. So that on cross-examination the county attorney under the situation, questioned defendant concerning his carrying a gun, which he admitted he had done for. years, while he operated the cafe, and had continued to do since, questioned him concerning shooting near deceased’s home and yelling for deceased to come out, and questioned defendant concerning other alleged acts of violence, — such examination following the pattern introduced by counsel for defendant in his examination of defendant and defendant’s witnesses who sought to show the character of the deceased for violence and turbulence. We do not deem this prejudicial error on the part of the state.for reasons hereinafter detailed.
The state did not qualify and offer witnesses for the purpose of showing the character of the defendant in the community in which he lived for being a quarrelsome and turbulent person, nor to show specific acts of violence on the part of the defendant of which the deceased had knowledge. The propensity of the defendant for violence and turbulence was only inferentially brought to the attention of the jury and strictly by cross-examination, except the testimony of Elaine Wilson as to difficulties between deceased and defendant, and her testimony, unobjected to, that when she worked for defendant, that she had seen him lots of times when he was drinking get his gun; and the testimony of Tobe Wilson, a rebuttal witness, concerning the defendant shooting near deceased’s home, which was competent by reason of the rule affirmed in Tallon v. State, 22 Okla. Cr. 89, 210 P. 309, and Jackson v. State, 84 Okla. Cr. 138, 179 P. 2d 924, and being:
*267“Evidence of the actions, conduct, and general demeanor of defendant a short time prior to the commission of the homicide is competent as tending to show the state of mind of defendant at the time of the killing.”
The questions asked on cross-examination of the accused by counsel for the state were permitted by the court for the reason, as stated by the court:
“The defendant has opened up the question by testimony showing the general reputation of deceased for violence and turbulence, and had further testified concerning specific acts of violence committed by the deceased which were within the knowledge of the defendant.”
In Porter v. State, 1912, 8 Okla. Cr. 64, 126 P. 699, this court, in syllabus prepared by the court, adhered to the general rule that we have heretofore mentioned, stating:
“Where the character or reputation of the accused is not an element of the crime charged, the prosecution cannot put it in issue by offering evidence of his bad character, unless the defendant first offers evidence of his good character. The prosecution may then rebut it by evidence of bad character.”
However, Judge Furman in the body of the opinion did make the statement:
“The fact that appellant placed in issue the general reputation of the deceased as to his being a dangerous man did not place the character of appellant for peace in issue.”
It seems that the nature of the cross-examination tended to show that defendant was an all-around bad man and a horse thief. I have no fault to find with this case. The exception that the state contends for would not sanction all of the questions asked on cross-examination in the Porter case, and might not sanction any. There are not enough facts set forth to say. The expression *268might have been dicta. It would depend on whether or not self-defense had been pleaded and there was doubt as to who was the probable aggressor. So, Porter v. State, supra, can only be said to support the general rule that until the accused introduces evidence of his good character, the state may not introduce evidence of his bad character. And, as stated, I find no fault with this rule. I do not find, however, where the question at issue herein has ever been squarely before this court and the reasons for the exception sought considered.
Therefore, by reason of the treatment of the question on trial by the court and the attorneys for both the defendant and the state, and then on appeal by the attorneys, the writer of this dissent deems it necessary to determine not only the correctness of the cross-examination allowed, but also the admissibility as substantive evidence of the factual situation thus attempted inferentially.
If evidence of the character of the defendant for turbulence and violence would be competent on behalf of the state, then the error in permitting the question on cross-examination of defendant’s witnesses as to specific acts of violence of defendant not shown to have been within the knowledge of the deceased was overcome by failure to show that the violent acts of deceased of which he had heard, came to his knowledge prior to the homicide, and heretofore pointed out.
This court in Radney v. State, 36 Okla. Cr. 240, 253 P. 913, 917, held:
“The rule is well settled that, ordinarily, a party may not complain of an error which he himself has invited, or which he has waived, either expressly or impliedly. This rule clearly applies to a case where one party resorts to incompetent evidence without objections, and where the opposite party replies with evidence of the *269same character. In such case, both [parties] are at fault and neither can complain in this court of the admission of exclusion of the evidence by the court below.” (1 Wig. Ev. 2nd Ed. par. 15 is cited.)
See, also, Creek v. State, 16 Okla. Cr. 492, 184 P. 917, holding:
“The cross-examination of a witness is not to be confined to the particular questions asked, nor the precise subjects called to his attention, on direct examination. The correct rule is to allow the cross-examination to extend to any matter not foreign to the subject-matter of the examination in chief, which tends to limit, explain, or modify the same.”
If the deceased arose in booth two of the Blue Goose beer parlor and fired at defendant, then defendant, not being able to avoid the conflict or protect himself otherwise, had a right to fire back at the deceased in his necessary self-defense. But even if deceased was armed or not in fact armed, unless he made some overt act toward using his gun, or caused defendant to think that he was attempting to fire on him, the defendant would not be justified in firing on the deceased, and to do so and kill his opponent would constitute murder. See: Jenkins v. State, 80 Okla. Cr. 328, 161 P. 2d 90, 162 P. 2d 336; Young v. State, 11 Okla. Cr. 22, 141 P. 285.
At trial, the vital question for the determination by the jury was whether the deceased was the aggressor or whether the defendant was the aggressor.
For a clear understanding of the question and implications, let us first consider the settled rules of law in this jurisdiction as such rules apply to the defendant.
It was important for the defense to know something of the character of the deceased for being a quiet and peaceable citizen, or for being a quarrelsome, violent and *270turbulent person, as one’s persuasion will be more or less' affected by such traits of character, and such evidence might throw light on the probabilities of the deceased’s action. The general rule is that character and reputation may not be. proven by specific acts, but must be proven by one’s general reputation in the community where he resides for the traits of character in question. The general reputation, then, of the deceased for violence and turbulence, was admissible in this case, whether known by the defendant or not, but is received for the sole purpose of showing what the deceased probably did, and not what the defendant probably thought the deceased ivas going to do. The inquiry is one of objective occurrence, not of subjective belief. See: Wigmore on Evidence, 3rd Ed., par. 83, which is cited with approval by this court in Mulkey v. State, 1911, 5 Okla. Cr. 75, 113 P. 532.
It is also important, in order for defendant to show the reasonableness of his apprehension of violence for deceased to show violent acts of the deceased, if any, of which he may have had knowledge prior to the difficulty. See: Sweet v. State, supra; Mathews v. State, 16 Okla. Cr. 466, 184 P. 468; Elliott v. State, supra.
In the first above case, this court, by Jones, J., said [70 Okla. Cr. 443, 107 P. 2d 823] :
“The knowledge of the defendant derived from such personal observation, as well as otherwise, of the violent temper of the deceased and his liability to attack persons without- cause, is a most important circumstance in determining from the standpoint "of the accused the reasonableness of the danger apprehended by him, and from which the défendant might estimate the conduct of the deceased, the character of the attack made upon him, and what he might expect from his assailant as well as that which he might at the moment deem necessary to guard *271himself against.” Sneed v. Territory of Oklahoma, 16 Okla. 641, 86 P. 70, 8 Ann. Cas. 354 was cited.
The court also quoted from Mulkey v. State, supra, as follows:
“As a general rule, the evidence of the character of the deceased must be confined to his general reputation, and evidence of particular acts of violence is inadmissible unless they were directly connected with that involved in the homicide. * * * But, under the facts which the evidence here tends to prove, these prior assaults and acts of violence, being known to the defendant, were important circumstances in determining from the standpoint of the defendant the reasonableness of the danger apprehended by him * *
Mulkey v. State, supra, has also been quoted with approval in the case of Edwards v. State, 58 Okla. Cr. 15, 48 P. 2d 1087.
A late case from another jurisdiction approving the above principle of law, with clear discussion, and citing Sneed v. Territory, supra, is Jones v. State, 182 Md. 653, 35 A. 2d 916.
In the within case there was evidence of threats made by deceased against defendant and of threats made by defendant against deceased. This court in Saunders v. State, 4 Okla. Cr. 264, 111 P. 965, 966, Ann Cas. 1912B, 766, said:
“On a trial for murder, where the plea is self-defense, and where there is some evidence other than threats tending to support the plea, proof of threats, communicated and uncommunicated, is admissible; the latter as a circumstance to be considered in connection with all oth,er evidence in the case in determining the state of deceased’s feeling toward the defendant and who was the probable aggressor in the fatal difficulty, and for no other purpose; the former, not only for that purpose, but *272also as a circumstance in determining what the defendant might reasonably have apprehended from the overt acts and demonstrations of the deceased, if he made any, at the time of the fatal difficulty.”
See, also, 1 Wigmore on Evidence, 3rd Ed., pars. 110, 111, and Jenkins v. State, supra.
The distinction between communicated and uncom-municated threats rests on the same principle as that between character used to show the probability of the deceased’s act, and communicated reputation to show defendant’s apprehension. 1 Wigmore on Evidence, par. Ill, Mulkey v. State, supra.
But the good character of the deceased may not be made subject of proof by the state until attacked by the defendant. Miller v. State, 63 Okla. Cr. 64, 72 P. 2d 520. Thus it is found that the defendant and not the state has the election of opening up this field of inquiry. Many jurisdictions hold otherwise, but this is the rule in Oklahoma.
Likewise, it is a fundamental principle of criminal law that the character of the defendant cannot be impeached or attacked by the state, unless he puts his character in issue by introducing, evidence of good character. See Miller v. State, supra; and Pressley v. State, 71 Okla. Cr. 436, 112 P. 2d 809. The majority opinion cites thirty-one authorities so holding.
There can be no doubt that such i.s the law in Oklahoma ; but see also Kirk v. State, 11 Okla. Cr. 203, 145 P. 307, where the court says:
“A defendant, by availing himself of the statutory privilege of becoming a witness in his own behalf, has voluntarily changed his status from defendant to witness, and consequently may be cross-examined within the *273usual boundaries, and thus be discredited and impeached.”
So, after the defense attacks the character of the deceased, this may be rebutted in introduction of evidence showing the deceased’s reputation as a peaceable citizen.
But that is only half the matter, and in my opinion courts and members of juries cannot help but feel so, as any mind in search of truth, and finding itself in doubt, would want to know something of the propensity of the accused for being quarrelsome and turbulent. A trite but expressive phrase is applicable: “What is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander.” Such evidence as against the deceased is, as we have seen, admitted purely to aid the jury in determining the question as to who was the probable aggressor. Then in the interest of fairness and justice, having at the election of defendant gone half way, why should we not go the whole way and admit evidence, not of the moral character of the defendant, nor his reputation for truth and veracity, nor his past record for crime in general, to be sure, but permit inquiry into the same limited traits of character defendant seeks to probe into concerning the deceased? The fairness of such a rule is apparent. And while a search of the authorities surprisingly discloses few cases where this question has been clearly and fully treated, and fewer where adopted, it is as “the voice of one crying in the wilderness,” and the justice and wisdom of the principle is most appealing and persuasive.
The majority opinion quotes from the six-volume and remarkable work and recognized authority, Wigmore on Evidence, Yol. 1, Sections 57 and 194, and quotes also from page 650, all involving reasons for the general rule. However, a careful perusal of this work reveals that the author had something to say concerning the ex*274ception to the rule that the majority opinion has labeled the “Missouri rule.” Said he at page 472, under Sec. 63 of Yol. 1 of Wigmore on Evidence:
“Moreover, if the deceased’s character for peaceableness has thus been introduced by the defendant, the same principle would then justify the prosecution (plaintiff) in introducing the defendant’s character for violence, by way of exception to the rule of Sec. 57, ante.” [That defendant’s bad character may not be offered .against him until he introduces evidence of his good character.]
Thus Wigmore advocates an exception to the rule that he establishes in the quotations from his work and set out in the majority opinion.
One of the most interesting discussions of the problem now before this court is contained in an opinion by Chief Justice Thomas, in Strong v. Commonwealth, 1926, 216 Ky. 98, 287 S.W. 235, 237, and though the court did not see fit to overrule its former decisions, necessary for the adoption of the rule, nevertheless the case presents a strong argument for the rule that is being considered. Said the court:
“In the absence of a statutory rule to the contrary, three traits of character, provable by general reputation, may be investigated .as affecting the main issue in litigation; but such testimony is more frequently introduced in rebuttal to affect the credibility of a witness or a party if he has testified as a witness than as substantive testimony. Those three traits which may be proved by general reputation are: (1) For truth and veracity; (2) for morality; and (3) for peace and quietude. And it is the failure of text-writers and courts, in their formation of the correct rule of practice, to distinguish between the three that has produced some confusion and also produced what clearly appears to be an illogical position in denying the introduction of substantive testimony on the third trait by .the prosecution to prove the *275bad reputation for peace and quietude of tbe defendant when the nature of the issue being investigated involves it. It is the universal law that testimony to prove traits Nos. (1) and (2) may never be introduced by the commonwealth as substantive testimony. It is equally well settled that the character involved in the third classification may not be introduced to impeach the credibility of a witness, including a defendant testifying for himself in a criminal prosecution, since those traits of character have no bearing on the truthfulness or the veracity of the witness. * * *
“If, therefore, such character evidence [as to peace and quietude] as to the deceased is thus made competent as substantive testimony on behalf of defendant for the purpose of showing (in the character of cases to which it applies) who was the aggressor in the difficulty, it would seem to follow that the same character of testimony as to the general reputation of the defendant would likewise throw light on the same issue, and the courts of Alabama and Arkansas so held in the cases of Cook v. State, 5 Ala. App. 11, 59 So. 519, and Carr v. State, 147 Ark. 524, 227 S.W. 776. We, however, have been unable to find any text-writer on criminal law adopting the rule as so announced by the courts of those states; nor has this court done so in any opinion that we have been able to find. [Since this opinion, Wigmore, Yol. 1, § 63, 3rd Ed. has come out for the rule, and Missouri has adopted the rule.] The reason for rejecting it seems to be that the deceased is not on trial and the jury cannot be led astray so as to do him harm by the introduction of the testimony as to his character; but to admit its introduction as against the defendant on trial would possibly result in miscarriages of justice by inducing the jury to convict him because .of his general bad reputation for peace and quietude rather than because of his guilt of the offense on trial. * * *”
In Connecticut, different from Oklahoma and many of the states, the defendant may not, where, the issue of self-defense is made in the trial for homicide, and thus a controversy arises whether the deceased was the ag*276gressor, show the character of the deceased to throw light on the probabilities of the deceased’s action, because the Supreme Court of that state in State v. Padula, 106 Conn. 454, 138 A. 456, 458, holds such evidence inadmissible chiefly on the ground that “logically [the use of such evidence is], as applicable to the accused as to the deceased.” But this court is under no such inhibition for such particular reason, because of the rule in Miller v. State, supra. Prof. Wigmore’s further comment at page 468, Yol. 7, Wigmore on Evidence, is:
“* * * but why not let it be offered, on the principle that the accused has invoked the issue? Certainly, in lay experience, these two terms of evidence are always looked for.”
Also in Tingley v. State, 16 Okla. Cr. 639, 184 P. 599, this court in a measure recognized the principle here involved when it upheld the right of the state, after the defendant introduced evidence to show improper relationships between the deceased and defendant’s wife, to prove that the defendant had been involved with a woman of bad character.
Also in the case of O’Neal v. State, 55 Okla. Cr. 388, 31 P. 2d 886, 887, a case where defendant was charged with murder, and being a case where the defendant did not place his general reputation in issue by attempting to show his good character, the court said:
“Defendant next contends the prosecution persistently attempted to introduce evidence of bad reputation of defendant when he had not put his reputation in issue. This assignment is directed to various questions touching defendant’s conduct on the evening of the homicide as tending to show ill will toward the negro porters at the hotel and that he was in a bellicose state of mind. Certainly the state cannot attack the reputation of a defendant in the first instance, and evidence of reputation *277is admissible on the part of the state only after a defendant has introduced evidence on this point. Whitlow v. State, 24 Okla. Cr. 307, 218 P. 162. The questions propounded and the evidence introduced and sought to be introduced here complained of do not constitute an attack on defendant’s reputation. They are directed rather to matters connected with the homicide and tending to throw light upon the motives and intent of defendant and to refute the plea of self-defense. There is no material error on this point.”
The court then cites with approval the case of Williams v. State, 4 Okla. Cr. 523, 114 P. 1114.
In New York upon a trial for murder, the accused, after giving evidence tending to show that he acted in self-defense, may prove that the general reputation of the deceased was that of a quarrelsome, vindictive, or violent person, and that such reputation had come to defendant’s knowledge prior to the homicide, but such evidence is not received to show that the deceased was the aggressor, for, said the court:
“If competent for that purpose, similar evidence could be given as to the reputation of the defendant, as bearing on the probability that he was the aggressor.”
People v. Rodawald, 177 N.Y. 408, 70 N.E. 1, 5. But in Oklahoma it is received to shoAv that deceased was the aggressor.
See: People’s Loan & Inv. Co. v. Travellers Ins. Co., 8 Cir., 151 F. 2d 437, citing Carr v. State, 147 Ark. 524, 227 S.W. 776, announcing the Arkansas rule to be:
“The Arkansas rule is that where a question of self-defense is involved, the reputation of each party to the encounter for peace and quietude is admissible as tending to shoAv which one was the probable aggressor, but the party offering such evidence is restricted to proof of general reputation and cannot introduce specific in*278stances of conduct, and such rule applies to a civil action arising out of the encounter as well as to a criminal prosecution.”
The Attorney General has called attention to the case of State v. Robinson, 1939, 344 Mo. 1094, 130 S.W.2d 530, where the question involved has been well treated. It is well to keep in mind that in Missouri the proof of deceased’s reputation for being a dangerous, quarrelsome and turbulent person is restricted to establishing general reputation for such traits in the community in which he was known, and such character may not be proven by evidence of specific acts of violence having no connection with or relation to defendant. State v. Naylor, 1931, 328 Mo, 335, 40 S.W. 2d 1085. In other words, in Missouri the inquiry is made to show what the deceased probably did, and not what the defendant thought he would do, and is admissible without reference to whether it came to the knowledge of defendant or not. But, in addition, in Oklahoma, as has been set out, in proper case, specific acts of violence on the part of the deceased may, if known to the defendant prior to the homicide, be shown in evidence, but is received to show the probable state of mind of the accused produced by the knowledge of deceased’s violent and dangerous character, rather than for the purpose of showing what deceased probably did.
Nevertheless, in State v. Robinson, supra, the court said:
“We need not discuss the historical development of the law or in what circumstances testimony with respect to traits of character is admissible. The character of the accused may become involved in two aspects. If he testifies, he may be impeached for truth and veracity the same as other witnesses. * * * His reputation with respect to the essential traits of character involved in the offense for which he is on trial is always relevant as *279an aid in demonstrating Ms innocence; otherwise testimony establishing his good (as well as his bad) reputation with respect thereto would be inadmissible. But to preclude a possibility of unjust condemnation, the bad character of an accused, generally speaking, may not be made the subject matter of inquiry upon the trial -until he tenders an issue involving his character. Of course, appellant’s attack upon the character of deceased did not go to discredit deceased as a witness. Its purpose was to evidence the probability as to who ivas the aggressor and to substantiate appellant’s plea of self-defense. * * * The same reasoning which allows an accused to show his victim’s bad reputation underlies the admissibility of the accused’s bad reputation. An accused is entitled to a fair trial. So, too, is the State, representing the victim and all citizens, that crime may be curbed. It will not do to say that only a part of the evidence bearing upon an issue admissible. Impartial justice cannot be dispensed by allowing one litigant to present a given type of evidence bearing upon an ultimate factual issue wJvile at the same time denying to his adversary the right to present his version of said issue by evidence of equal inherent quality. State v. Jones, 14 Mo. App. 588, 589, states: ‘(4.) The character of the accused for violence may be inquired into where the homicide occurs under circumstances which render it doubtful whether the act was committed in self-defense under a well grounded apprehension of immediate danger, but his character generally may not be investigated.’ Upon appeal, this court en banc (79 Mo. 441) affirmed the judgment of the Court of Appeals, stating 79 Mo. loc. cit. 446: * * we find no reversible error in the record * * *’; although point ‘(4)’ was not specifically discussed. We do not place the instant ruling upon the broad ground stated in State v. Jones, supra. We here hold that where an accused tenders the factual issue of the bad character of the victim of his assault to substantiate his plea of self-defense he thereby extends the scope of the inquiry beyond the res gestae aud opens up for inquiry all evidence of like quality having probative value on the merits of said *280ultimate factual issue. * * [Italics mine.] [344 Mo. 1094, 130 S.W. 2d 531].
The reasons for the rule announced by the Missouri court above, and as elsewhere stated herein, are most compelling, and especially so in this jurisdiction in view of the rules we have adopted in favor of the defendant as set out in Mulkey v. State, Brock v. State, Saunders v. State, and Sweet v. State, hereinbefore quoted.
I therefore feel that it was not error for the county attorney to attempt to show inferentially by his cross-examination complained of, the defendant’s propensity for turbulence and violence. And, in addition to the reasons heretofore given supporting the admissibility of the evidence of Elaine Wilson and Tobe' Wilson concerning acts of turbulence on the part of defendant towards the deceased and near deceased’s home, which the record indicates was within the knowledge of the deceased, I feel such evidence competent for the. reasons immediately here-inabove given. I feel that in a homicide case where the plea of self-defense has been interposed, and there is; doubt as-to who was the aggressor, and predicated on defendant first offering evidence of the deceased’s reputation as to having been a violent, quarrelsome and turbulent person, the state may show the reputation of the accused for the same traits, of character by showing his general reputation in the community in which he lives for such traits, or in view of tlie rule in favor of defendant set out in Sweet v. State, supra, by showing specific incidents if it can be shown that the deceased had knowledge of such incidents, and providing that defendant sought to show specific incidents of which he had knowledge prior to the homicide.
I would emphasize that only the defendant has the key to the door. He may, if he chooses, keep it closed. *281Only -when he elects to open np the subject of the reputation of the deceased for violence and turbulence may like inquiry be made as to himself. Should the defendant be a person with a reputation in the community where he lives for being a quiet and peaceable citizen, and the deceased be noted for his violence and turbulence, no doubt the door would be opened. But should the facts be reversed, one might expect the defendant to carefully avoid this field of inquiry. The initiative is with the defendant, which is an asset in any contest, and still clothes him with advantages over the state; that is, if he had a past so fraught with violence as to create the possibility that he would be seriously prejudiced in the eyes of the jury and not receive a fair trial, he can by-pass the subject.
There were instances where the county attorney failed to offer further proof of the violent acts about which defendant was cross-examined. And counsel for defendant was cross-examined. And counsel for defendant complain about this, indicating that the state, to show good faith, should have offered further proof. This contention, of course, presupposed the admissibility of such evidence in the first instance. And if such evidence had been offered it would have been necessary to have known that deceased had knowledge of the specific instances of violence sought to be shown — probably an impossible burden in most instances. Due to the already great length of this opinion, I shall not detail the cross-examination complained of, and that has been done in the majority opinion. Suffice to say, there appeared to be doubt as to the correct rule of law to follow in the admission of this line of evidence. This was a hotly contested case, where over 30 witnesses testified. The attorneys on both sides argued the question of the admissibility of the evi*282dence out of the presence of the jury, awaiting rulings of the court, and all their actions appear to have been in the best of faith, though each was vigorously representing his side.
This court held in the case of Jackson v. State, 67 Okla. Cr. 422, 94 P. 2d 851:
“When a defendant takes the witness stand he is subject to cross-examination by the same rules that govern other witnesses. If asked if he did not make some specific statement to a certain individual and he denies it, the state should, if available produce the party to whom the statement was made. In the absence of bad faith this is not necessarily reversible error.”
This case is cited with approval in Allen v. State, 72 Okla. Cr. 102, 113 P. 2d 835:
From the state of the record there is another reason why the effort of the state to show by cross-examination the bad character of the defendant for turbulence and violence, as heretofore detailed, does not constitute prejudicial error, and that is: concerning the specific acts of violence allegedly committed by defendant, in each instance over objection of counsel for defendant as to the competency of the testimony, the defendant’s answer was, “No, sir.” There was no attempt on'the part of the state to show that the specific acts of alleged violence on the part of the defendant with other persons, inferred from the nature of the cross-examination, were within the knowledge of the deceased, and the state did not attempt to show the general reputation of the defendant for turbulence and violence in the community in which he lived. There is no proof in the record that such acts were committed by the accused. In determining whether or not the admission of any evidence constitutes reversible error, the whole record must be considered, and in viewing this *283entire record together with the verdict of the jury, it is apparent that the erroneous admission of the questions asked on cross-examination did not constitute reversible error.
See Tit. 22 O.S.A. § 1068; also Kennamer v. State, 59 Okla. Cr. 146, 57 P. 2d 646, and Tingley v. State, supra, holding:
“This court will not reverse a judgment of conviction on the ground of the improper admission of evidence unless it appears, after an examination of the entire record, that in the opinion of the court the error complained of has resulted in a miscarriage of justice, or constitutes a substantial violation of a constitutional or statutory right.”
I do not feel that the testimony of Sheriff Allemann and Kenneth Langston concerning the alleged changes in location of articles or things in the cafe following the shooting, ? 1 any bearing on the issues in the case, and was a waste of time so far as shedding any light on the crime. I cannot see where this helped the state, or hurt the defendant.
The final complaint by defendant is that the trial court erred in overruling his motion for new trial, because the evidence is insufficient to support the judgment of conviction.
To my summary of the evidence heretofore recited, I might add that whether defendant feared the deceased, and was justified in believing that the deceased might attack him with firearms, the jury had an opportunity of judging from the defendant’s own testimony. Defendant was asked on direct examination, and answered, as follows:
“Q. Do you know whether Doc Wilson had fights and difficulties with other persons? A. Yes, sir. Q. Do you *284know what his general reputation was in that community around Fairland with respect to being a quarrelsome, fighting, turbulent person? A. Yes, sir, I knowed something about it. Q. What was that reputation, good or bad? A. Well, it was pretty rough.”
On cross-examination he was asked, and answered as follows:
“Q. Did you ever know of Doc Wilson having a knife or gun in a fight? A. Yes, sir. Q. When was that? A. I know he had that gun the 22nd of February. Q. I mean any other time than that time you claim he had it at Fairland; did you ever hear of him using a knife, gun, club or weapon in a fight? A. No, sir, I don’t think so. * * * Q. Any of these fights Doc Wilson had, you don’t know who started them? A. I know who started it with me. Q. I am talking about these other fights you claim you hear about him having, you don’t know who started those fights, do you? A. No, I don’t really know, no.”
There were a number of remarkable matters the jury had to meditate on: The absence of bullet marks on the south or back end of the Blue Goose beer parlor; how Wilson could shoot Roberson so as to graze the back of his neck when they apparently faced each other, shooting one bullet from the booth a distance of around fifteen feet, and the second time, according to Roberson, on stepping out from behind Paul Jones, at a range of six or seven feet, and the bullet again grazing the back of defendant’s neck only one inch from the other wound; why the physician who dressed the wound the night of the difficulty did not testify to throw further light on this wound; and why no more people than the defendant, his son, and Jack Blalock who was impeached, were able to see a gun in Wilson’s hand; and, finally, why neither the prosecution nor the defense inquired of Kenneth Langston, owner of the Blue Goose, about the facts of the shooting when he, from the evidence, had every opportunity to *285view every move of the defendant and the deceased. These matters were mysteries.
Though there was conflict and contradictions, and much left to conjecture concerning some points, nevertheless there is ample evidence in the record to support the verdict of the jury and judgment of the court based thereon. See the recent case of Osborn v. State, 86 Okla. Cr. 259, 194 P. 2d 176, 177, Jones, J., holding:
“Conviction in a murder case will not be reversed on appeal as not sustained by the evidence unless there is no substantial evidence tending to show that guilt of the defendant, or unless it fails so far to support the verdict that the necessary inference is that the jury acted from partiality or prejudice, or was controlled by undue influence.”
No substantial error appearing, I respectfully dissent.