Court Opinion

ID: 6737625
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 23:19:45.563438+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:01:51.119694
License: Public Domain

Goss, J.
This is an action brought against the former county commissioners and state’s attorney of Stark county and their bondsmen. A demurrer for misjoinder of defendants and causes of action was overruled, and from which this appeal is taken. The complaint sets forth the official capacity of the defendants, their qualification as such officials, and that certain defendants are sureties on the official bonds of said other defendants. That there existed in favor of the county a cause of action against one White, formerly county auditor, and the Northern Trust Company as surety on White’s bond, and upon which cause of action suit had been brought and “in which said action judgment was then about to be entered in favor of the plaintiff and against said White and Northern Trust Company for $9,239.13, all of which said defendant officials (county commissioners and state’s attorney) then and there well knew.” “That on the 18th day of February, 1913, the defendant commissioners in violation of their several duties and trusts as public officers of the plaintiff unlawfully engaged defendant Murtha (state’s attorney) to collect said claim, and for his commission and services in that behalf unlawfully agreed to pay him one half of all such moneys so collected,” and “acting as the board of county commissioners of Stark county adopted a resolution embodying the terms of said unlawful agreement therein;” “that it was then and there the duty of said defendant Murtha, as the state’s attorney of the plaintiff, to perform the work aforesaid without receiving therefor any additional compensation, all of which said defendants *437then and there well knew.” That the next day “February 19, 1913, upon trial of the action so instituted by the plaintiff herein as plaintiff against the said White and Northern Trust Company as defendants, the plaintiff recovered judgment against the said White and Northern Trust Company as defendants in the sum of $9,239.13, which judgment was duly entered and docketed.” That the Northern Trust Company paid plaintiff $9,589.42, in satisfaction of said judgment. That before said payment and on September 8, 1913, “in furtherance of the alleged pretended agreement hereinbefore set forth, and without any other or further consideration, and in violation of their duty and trust as officials of the plaintiff, the defendant county commissioners, then acting as and being the board of county commissioners of Stark county, ordered and directed that a warrant upon the county treasurer of said county for the sum of $4,794.71 be made in favor of defendant Murtha by the chairman of said board, and by the auditor of said county delivered to defendant Murtha. That thereupon a pretended warrant for said sum was accordingly drawn, executed, and delivered to said Murtha.” That “on September 9, 1913, said warrant was by said Murtha presented to said county treasurer of plaintiff, indorsed by said defendant on the back thereof, and the said county treasurer refused payment thereof for want of funds, and indorsed the fact thereon; and on September 11, 1913, the said warrant was paid by said county treasurer of plaintiff; and the sum named .therein, $4,794.71 of the money of the plaintiff, was paid by said county treasurer to the said defendant; that the defendants have not repaid the same nor any part thereof to plaintiff.” Seventeen different paragraphs of the complaint are taken up in charging the foregoing matters. A cause of action against such officials is under Fox v. Walley, 13 N. D. 610, 102 N. W. 161, beyond question set forth in the foregoing-allegations. The commissioners were devoid of power individually or as a board to legally make or bind the county by such a purported contract, and the state’s attorney illegally obtained the money of the county. All said officials were jointly and severally responsible for the.money so misappropriated. The complaint then alleges in the closing paragraph: “That by reason of the foregoing allegations said several bonds herein set forth, copies of which are hereto attached and marked exhibits ‘A,’ 7B,’ and ‘C,’ have been and are breached *438in the conditions thereof, and there is due and owing to the plaintiff the sum of $4,794.71,” and judgment is aslced against the defendants for said amount, with interest. The complaint also contains a recitation that, upon proceedings had, the judge of the district court for Stark county' appointed the attorneys appearing as respondent’s counsel attorneys to prosecute this action. The bonds referred to are those of defendant Mischel, with defendants Wetzstein, Braun, Forster, and Kilzer as sureties, and that -of commissioner Hughes with the National Surety Company as surety, and the bond of state’s attorney Mnrtha with B. F. and J. P. Berringer, as sureties thereon. Attached to the complaint and made a part of it is the following resolution of the board of February 18, 1913: “Resolved, that T. F. Murtha, an attorney at law of Dickinson, North Dakota, be retained to attend to the defense of this county in the three cases now pending in the United States district court for the district of North Dakota, and he is to save this county harmless from all expense on account of said litigation, and is to receive for said services and such disbursements a sum equal to one half of the sum recovered actually paid into the county treasury of this county from the Northern Trust Company on the bonds of former auditor White. If there is no recovery on said bonds, said attorney is to receive no compensation either for services or disbursements.” The official bonds are in the usual form and amounts, and the sureties therein have been joined with principals as defendants.
While many matters are briefed, counsel on argument of the appeal stated that he abandoned all questions raised by the demurrer, except that of improper joinder of causes of action. At the outset it should be observed that while the liabilities of the several defendants differ, and those of the sureties are upon contract insuring against breach of official duty of their principals, .yet all relate to a breach of statutory duty prescribed and exacted by law, and that any and all liabilities of any of said defendants to the plaintiff accrue because of, and were occasioned by, the joint wrongful misappropriation by the principals acting as officials of county money. As to the principals in the transaction, there can be no question of the right to join them in one action as defendants, any more than the right to join co-conspirators in an action to recover damages resulting from a conspiracy. To this point there is practical unanimity of authority. “The act of each tort *439feasor is tbe act of all, and each one is held for the acts of all.” Phillips, Code Pl. § 455. “Where several acts are done in pursuance of a single fraudulent scheme, all persons may be joined who in any manner have participated in such scheme or received anything through it.” 23 Cyc. 431. “The common-law causes of action which are of the same nature and require the same judgment may ordinarily be united in the same action.” 1 R. C. L. 362. To this point the right of joinder of these four defendants in one action is elementary. Nor is it really seriously questioned in appellant’s brief.
But can the sureties be joined in this action against the principals is the main question. True it is the joinder of causes of action ex contractu and ex delicto, actions arising from contract with one sounding in tort. While often the line of demarcation may be drawn between joinder of such actions, such general rule can have no application here, because the right of recovery springs from the same transaction, the joint act of the principals for whom the other codefendants are sureties against such very misconduct. “By virtue of statute in many, if not all, of the so-called code states, there may be a joinder in one complaint of two or more causes of action where they arise out of the same transaction. The word 'transaction’ as used in such statutes meaning something which has taken place whereby a cause of action has arisen and embracing not only contractual relations, but occurrences in the nature of tort as well. It is no objection to the joinder of causes of action that they concern separate primary rights; for however numerous may be minor transactions each constituting a primary right enforceable by the proper remedy, so long as they all reach back to the point of union as the parent cause thereof they all arise out of one 'transaction’ and may be vindicated together, regardless of the form of remedy requisite as to each, provided they affect all the parties and do not require different places of trial. Causes of ’ action arising out of the same transaction which may be joined under the rules above stated include legal and equitable causes; also causes ex contractu and ex delicto 1 R. C. L. 363, under joinder of causes of action, citing, among others, the following cases: Mayberry v. Northern P. R. Co. 100 Minn. 79, 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 675, 110 N. W. 356, 10 Ann. Cas. 754; Aylesbury Mercantile Co. v. Fitch, 22 Okla. 475, 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 573, 99 Pac. 1089; Emerson v. Nash, 124 Wis. 369, *44070 L.R.A. 326, 109 Am. St. Rep. 944, 102 N. W. 921; McArthur v. Moffett, 143 Wis. 564, 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 264, 128 N. W. 445; Craft Refrigerating Mach. Co. v. Quinnipiac Brewing Co. 63 Conn. 551, 25 L.R.A. 856, 29 Atl. 76; Butler v. Barnes, 60 Conn. 170, 12 L.R.A. 273, 21 Atl. 419; Bradley v. Aldrich, 40 N. Y. 504, 100 Am. Dec. 528; Volker-Scowcroft Lumber Co. v. Vance, 36 Utah, 348, 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 321, 103 Pac. 970, Ann. Cas. 1912A, 124; Solomon v. Bates, 118 N. C. 311, 54 Am. St. Rep. 725, 24 S. E. 478. “Causes of action arising out of the same transaction or transactions connected with the same subject of action as the phrase is used in the Codes may be taken to mean as in substance declaring that when a right or certain connected rights between the same parties are brought into legal controversy, all transactions between the parties bearing on the state of these rights may be included within the scope of the action, although such transactions considered as independent transactions would in their nature call for different forms of legal procedure for the purpose of investigation, according to the practice that prevailed prior to the adoption of the Code. Barrett v. Watts, 13 S. C. 441; Suber v. Allen, 13 S. C. 317,” quoting from 23 Cyc. 430. “It has been held in many cases that actions may be brought on distinct indemnity bonds joining different sets of sureties where the bonds relate to the same matters and the rights and liabilities of each set of sureties depend upon those of the others. A cause of action against the officer on a breach of his official bond may be joined with a cause of action against the sureties thereon for the same breach.” 23 Cyc. 432. “Contrary to the common-law rule, causes arising ex delicto may be joined with those arising ex contractu, if they have a common origin in one transaction or in transactions connected with the same subject of action.” Phillips, Code Pl. § 199. An examination of the authorities will convince that the modern trend is favoring convenience in litigation and toward obviating multiplicity of suits; and that the code provisions as to joinder of causes of action and parties must be construed and applied, where possible, without substantial prejudice to the rights of litigants, in the light of said principles of convenience and finality of decision. 30 Cyc. 1228; Fairfield v. Southport Nat. Bank, 77 Conn. 423, 428, 59 Atl. 513. As to what is meant by the word “transaction” must be determined upon principle in each case. But one trans*441action, gave origin to all primary rights involved in the case at bar. The liability of the principals to the county accrued because of their joint acts diverting the money. By that same wrongful diversion, transaction, they breached their official bonds as well, and brought into existence a liability of their sureties to respond for the result of such acts indemnified against. And the conditions of all bonds sued upon are identical in such respect. Every bond is a statutory bond with breach of liability defined by statute, and all are breached by the same wrongful joint transaction. As the liability against all the principals arises from the one series of transactions participated in by all of them, all of them may be joined, and all of the bondsmen may be held to respond with the principals in the same action. And why should it be otherwise? Why should this case proceed to judgment against the principals, and then it be necessary to separately sue the bondsmen when the bondsmen cannot then deny the liability of their principals to the county as against the judgment against the principals receivable in evidence as at least prima facie proof against the sureties, even where the sureties were not parties to the action against the principals in the first instance? Beauchaine v. McKinnon, 55 Minn. 318, 43 Am. St. Rep. 506, 56 N. W. 1065; Barker v. Wheeler, 60 Neb. 470, 83 Am. St. Rep. 541, 83 N. W. 678; Stevens v. Carroll, 131 Iowa, 170, 105 N. W. 653. Cases to the contrary may be found in California and possibly one or two other states. But, by the great weight of authority, the judgment against a public officer as principal upon an official bond is at least prima facie conclusive against his surety, even where the surety was not a party to the original action against the officer. Authorities are evenly divided on whether such a judgment is prima facie conclusive, or conclusive against the surety in the absence of fraud. If it be established, then, that as charged in the complaint that county funds have been misappropriated by the defendant commissioners and state’s attorney, the only further question to establish liability against the sureties is proof that they are sureties upon the official bond of such defaulting officials. On the contrary, should the defendants default in answer or defense to the sureties’ prejudice, the latter may defend as parties in interest to prevent a collusive judgment against their principal and directly binding them. Hence there can be no complications to detract from main issues of liability accruing *442from the common source, the one transaction which constitutes the breach of both official duty and official bonds.
There is some comment in appellants’ brief about causes of action not being separately stated. This ruling is upon a demurrer to the complaint, and a demurrer “does not raise this defect in the complaint,” assuming that there is such a defect. That is a matter of substance, not of pleading, which a demurrer because of misjoinder does not raise. Morgan v. State, 9 S. D. 230, 68 N. W. 538. “It is no longer a ground of demurrer under our procedure that the plaintiff has set forth two causes of action in his complaint when his purpose is to recover only a single claim. It is not a case of failure to set forth a cause of action. Instead of that, the complaint states two* causes of action. Such a case would not fall within any ground of demurrer.” Purcell v. St. Paul F. & M. Ins. Co. 5 N. D. 100—105, 64 N. W. 943.
The order appealed from overruling the demurrer is affirmed, with costs.