Court Opinion

ID: 2741884
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-10-13 19:11:49.015999+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:36:55.409129
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

PUBLIC UTILITY DISTRICT NO. 2 OF                      DIVISION ONE
PACIFIC COUNTY, a Washington
Corporation,                                          No. 70625-0-1

                       Respondent,
                                                      PUBLISHED OPINION
                  v.

COMCAST OF WASHINGTON IV,
INC., a Washington corporation;
CENTURYTEL OF WASHINGTON,
INC., a Washington corporation; and
FALCON COMMUNITY VENTURES I,
L.P., a California limited partnership,
d/b/a CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS,                                                    V,0

                       Appellants.                     FILED: October 13, 2014

       Dwyer, J. — Pacific County Public Utility District No. 2 (hereinafter
District) permitted Comcast of Washington IV, Inc., CenturyLink of Washington,
Inc.,1 and Falcon Community Ventures I, L.P., d/b/a Charter Communications
(collectively Companies) to attach their communications equipment to its utility
poles pursuant to agreements with the Companies. However, at the beginning of
2007 the District revised its rates and instituted new nonrate terms and
conditions, which resulted in significant cost increases to the Companies. After
the Companies refused to pay the District at the new rates, declined to sign the
proposed agreement, and refused to remove their equipment from its poles, the
District initiated this lawsuit.

         Previously d/b/a CenturyTel of Washington, Inc.
No. 70625-0-1/2

        In early 2008, the legislature amended the statute governing utility pole

attachment rates, RCW 54.04.045, effective June 12, 2008. Prior to the

amendment, rates calculated by Washington public utility districts (PUDs)

needed only to be "just, reasonable, nondiscriminatory and sufficient." Former

RCW 54.04.045(2) (1996).2 The amendment, however, included a specific

formula, the result of which would yield a "just and reasonable" rate. RCW

54.04.045(3)(a)-(c). Whether the District's revised rate complied with the

amended statute became the central dispute in this case.

        In the trial court—and now on appeal—the District and the Companies

maintained that each provision of the two-part formula written by the legislature

reflected a certain preexisting formula. However, they disputed which were the

apposite formulas. On appeal, we are presented with three principal issues: (1)

whether the nonrate terms and conditions in the proposed agreement complied

with RCW 54.04.045(2); (2) whether the trial court erred by concluding that the

District's revised rates prior to June 12, 2008 complied with RCW 54.04.045(2);

and (3) whether the trial court erred by concluding that the 2008 statutory

amendment, codified at RCW 54.04.045(3)(a)-(c), reflects the preexisting

formulas as proposed by the District's expert witness. We affirm the trial court

with respect to the first two issues, subject only to the severance of a few nonrate

terms. However, with respect to the third issue, we reverse and remand to the

trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

        2 "All rates, terms, and conditions made, demanded or received by a locally regulated
utility for attachments to its poles must be just, reasonable, nondiscriminatory and sufficient."
No. 70625-0-1/3

       The District, which is organized as a municipal corporation pursuant to

RCW 54.04.020, is a consumer-owned utility providing services in Pacific

County, Washington.3 The District owns and maintains poles that allow it to

furnish electricity to customers in Pacific County. In all, it serves approximately

17,000 customers in predominantly rural areas.

       The Companies provide various communication services to customers in

Washington, including in Pacific County. In order to provide these services, the

Companies attach communications equipment to the District's utility poles. The

Companies were initially licensed to attach their equipment to the District's poles

under rental agreements assigned to them by previous communications

providers in Pacific County. These assigned agreements dated back to the

1970s and 1980s with respect to Comcast and Charter, and to the 1950s and

1960s with respect to CenturyLink.

        Prior to 2007, the District's annual pole attachment rates of $8.00 per pole

for telephone companies and $5.75 per pole for cable companies had remained

fixed for 20 years. In February of 2006, the District provided written notice to the

Companies that it intended to terminate the agreements. The District advised the

Companies that it would implement new pole attachment rates effective January

1, 2007, and that the District would provide copies of a new pole attachment

agreement for the Companies to review.

        3 There are 28 PUDs operating in Washington. Washington Public Utility Districts
Association, Frequently Asked questions, http://www.wpuda.org/pud-faqs.cfm (last visited August
28, 2014).
No. 70625-0-1/4

           Several years earlier, the District had retained EES Consulting, Inc. to

perform a rate study. After analyzing the District's rates, EES recommended that

the District increase its rate to no less than $20.65 but closer to $36.39 per pole.

In making this recommendation, EES considered four different methodologies or

formulas: the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Cable formula,4 the

FCC Telecom formula,5 the American Public Power Association (APPA) formula,6

and the Washington PUD Association formula.7 Gary Saleba, the president and

chief executive officer of EES, described the method by which EES arrived at its

recommendation.

                  The study that we performed in 2004/2005 is summarized in
           Exhibit 6, and what we did in Exhibit - in the study, which was

           4 The Cable formula states that
           a rate is just and reasonable ifit assures a utility the recovery of not less than the
           additional costs of providing pole attachments, nor more than an amount
           determined by multiplying the percentage of the total usable space, or the
           percentage of the total duct or conduit capacity, which is occupied by the pole
           attachment by the sum of the operating expenses and actual capital costs of the
           utility attributable to the entire pole, duct, conduit, or right-of-way.
47 U.S.C. § 224(d).
           5 The Telecom formula is calculated as follows:
                   (2) A utility shall apportion the cost of providing space on a pole, duct,
           conduit, or right-of-way other than the usable space among entities so that such
           apportionment equals two-thirds of the costs of providing space other than the
           usable space that would be allocated to such entity under an equal
           apportionment of such costs among all attaching entities.
                    (3) A utility shall apportion the cost of providing usable space among all
           entities according to the percentage of usable space required for each entity.
47 U.S.C. § 224(e).
           6 The parties provided an algebraic representation of the APPA formula, which is as
follows:
           Maximum Rate = Assignable Space Factor + Common Space Factor
           Assignable Space Factor = Space Occupied by Attachment (Assignable Space) x
           Assignable Space (Pole Height) x Average Cost (of Bare Pole) x Carrying Charge
           Common Space Factor = Common Space (Pole Height) x Average Cost of Bare Pole
           (Number of Attachers) x Carrying Charge
           7The parties also provided an algebraic representation of the Washington PUD
Association method, which is as follows:
           Annual rental rate = Accumulated average Pole Value (PV) * Annual Cost Ratio (ACR) x
           Pole Use Ratio (PR)

                                                   -4-
No. 70625-0-1/5

      dated April of 2005, was to take a look at what the expenses were
      for the PUD or the revenue requirement for a test period of 2004,
      and then went through - after determining what the revenue
      requirement for the '04 period was, we went through the four
      different methodologies I talked about earlier and calculated rates,
      pole attachment rates for the PUD, for the FCC cable, FCC
      telecom, APPA method, and the PUD Association method.

While the study performed by EES utilized all four methodologies, in proposing

the range between $20.65 and $36.39, EES relied on the FCC Telecom formula

and the APPA formula, respectively.

      Once the District received the results of the study and the

recommendation from EES, the District's general manager and finance manager,

Douglas Miller and Mark Hatfield—after considering and discussing the results
with the District's supervisors—concluded that an annual rate of $19.70 per pole
was appropriate. However, in light ofthe significant rate increase, Miller
recommended to the District's board of commissioners a transition rate of $13.25

per pole for 2007, with the $19.70 per pole rate to commence on January 1,
2008. Miller described the deliberative process of the District in his testimony.

              Two times a month we have management staff meetings,
       and we talk about things that are happening, things we're working
       on. It's the - it's the supervisors at the PUD that work directly for
       me. And we meet and talk about issues. And we talked about the
       agreement and the rates and - or the study and the rates thatwere
       recommended. And out of that, we kicked around where we
       thought the numbers should be. And that's where we got the 13.25
       and the 19.70.
              We - at that time we were first starting to install fiber, our
       own fiber plant, which would change the number of contacts per
       pole, average number of contacts per pole, which would adjust the
       - those formulas. And we made our best guess of where that might
       go during the five-year period ofwhat we were going to recommend
       these rates to be to the board.
              And based on those assumptions, we came up with the
No. 70625-0-1/6

       19.70. And then as we were debating the 19.70, we thought, you
       know, this is a pretty big jump from 5.75 or $8, you know, to get to
       the 19.70, so let's do a one-year interim rate that kind of steps to
       the 19.70. And if you take the 5.75 and you add that to the $8 and
       divide by two, it's a midpoint between those two rates. And you
       add that to 19.70 and then divide by two and round it off, it comes
       to 13.25. So that's how we got the 13.25.

       Miller made his rate recommendation to the board of commissioners at

hearings held on December 5, 2006 and December 19, 2006, as well as at the

commissioners' meeting held on January 2, 2007. Although the Companies were

aware that the meetings were open to the public, no representatives of the

Companies attended the public hearings or the public meeting. Furthermore, the

Companies never requested agendas or minutes, which would have been

available upon request.

       On January 2, 2007, the board of commissioners adopted Resolution No.

1256, which revised the District's annual pole attachment rate to $13.25 per pole,

effective January 1, 2007 and $19.70 per pole, effective January 1, 2008.

       In addition to revising its rate, the District developed a new form of

agreement for attaching entities, which included nonrate terms and conditions.

The District began with a template agreement developed by the APPA and made

revisions in an effort to make it more applicable to the District. District

management, including operations, engineering, and financial personnel, were

consulted in developing the new agreement.

       The District also communicated with the Companies regarding the

proposed agreement. The District sent a version of the proposed agreement to

the Companies for review and comment in early 2006. Over the next six months,

                                         -6-
No. 70625-0-1/7

the District received feedback from the Companies. It then incorporated some of

the Companies' suggestions and rejected others before mailing out for signature

the proposed agreement in November 2006. This version of the proposed

agreement generated additional feedback, which led the District to further modify

the agreement before sending a revised version to the Companies in August

2007. The transmittal letter attached to the revised version requested that the

Companies return the signed agreement by October 31, 2007. The letter stated

that, in the event that the Companies did not wish to remain on the District's

poles under the terms of the new agreement, the Companies were to notify the

District of their plans for removing their equipment. In early October, the District

contacted the Companies to remind them of the impending October 31, 2007

deadline. However, the Companies refused to sign the agreement, declined to

remove their equipment, and tendered payment only at the historic rates; the

District did not accept the Companies' tender of payment.8

        Two other licensees attached their equipment to the District's poles. One

executed the first draft of the new agreement and both timely began paying at the

revised rate.

        While the existing agreements between the District and the Companies

permitted the District to remove the Companies' equipment from its poles ifthe

        8 The record indicates that Comcast and Charter tendered payment at the historic rates.
Additionally, Charter's tender requested that the Districtaccept the amount offered, "pending the
outcome of the litigation." CenturyLink, on the other hand, tendered payment "in an effort to
completely fulfill" its rental obligation. Although Comcast and Charter, in their joint briefing, cite to
Exhibit 515 in what we perceive to be an attempt to direct our attention to a tender of payment
made by Comcast, we find no evidence of the existence of an exhibit bearing that number,
whether in the trial court record, the verbatim report of proceedings, or elsewhere in the materials
designated by the parties.

                                                  -7-
No. 70625-0-1/8

Companies failed to do so, the District did not exercise its right. Instead, on

December 28, 2007, the District filed complaints against all three of the

Companies, alleging claims of breach of contract, trespass, and unjust

enrichment, and requesting relief in the form of a declaratory judgment, injunctive

relief, and damages. The Companies counterclaimed and sought to enjoin the

District from imposing terms in violation of RCW 54.04.045. The lawsuits were

then consolidated by agreement.

       In March 2008, the legislature amended RCW 54.04.045, with an effective

date of June 12, 2008. Engrossed Second Substitute H.B. 2533, 60th Leg.,

Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2008). Prior to the amendment, pole attachment rates
charged by Washington PUDs were required only to be "just, reasonable,
nondiscriminatory and sufficient." Former RCW 54.04.045(2). In amending the
statute, however, the legislature instituted a specific formula, the result of which
would constitute a "just and reasonable rate." RCW 54.04.045(3).
              (3) Ajust and reasonable rate must be calculated as follows:
              (a) One component ofthe rate shall consist ofthe additional
       costs of procuring and maintaining pole attachments, but may not
       exceed the actual capital and operating expenses of the locally
       regulated utility attributable to that portion of the pole, duct, or
       conduit used for the pole attachment, including a share of the
       required support and clearance space, in proportion to the space
       used for the pole attachment, as compared to all other uses made
       of the subject facilities and uses that remain available to the owner
       or owners of the subject facilities;
               (b) The other component ofthe rate shall consist ofthe
       additional costs of procuring and maintaining pole attachments, but
       may not exceed the actual capital and operating expenses of the
       locally regulated utility attributable to the share, expressed in feet,
       of the required support and clearance space, divided equally
       among the locally regulated utility and all attaching licensees, in

                                          -8
No. 70625-0-1/9

      addition to the space used for the pole attachment, which sum is
      divided by the height of the pole; and
             (c) The just and reasonable rate shall be computed by
      adding one-half of the rate component resulting from (a) of this
      subsection to one-half of the rate component resulting from (b) of
      this subsection.

RCW 54.04.045(3)(a)-(c). With respect to subsection (3)(a), the legislature

included the following provision:

       Forthe purpose of establishing a rate under subsection (3)(a) of
       this section, the locally regulated utility may establish a rate
       according to the calculation set forth in subsection (3)(a) of this
       section or it may establish a rate according to the cable formula set
       forth by the federal communications commission by rule as it
       existed on June 12, 2008, or such subsequent date as may be
       provided by the federal communications commission by rule,
       consistent with the purposes of this section.

RCW 54.04.045(4).

       Included with the amendment was a statement of legislative intent, which

is as follows:

       It is the policy ofthe state to encourage the joint use of utility poles,
       to promote competition for the provision of telecommunications and
       information services, and to recognize the value of the
       infrastructure of locally regulated utilities. To achieve these
       objectives, the legislature intends to establish a consistent cost-
       based formula for calculating pole attachment rates, which will
       ensure greater predictability and consistency in pole attachment
       rates statewide, as well as ensure that locally regulated utility
       customers do not subsidize licensees. The legislature further
       intends to continue working through issues related to pole
       attachments with interested parties in an open and collaborative
       process in orderto minimize the potential for disputes going
       forward.

                                           9
No. 70625-0-1/10

Engrossed Second Substitute H.B. 2533. Whether the revised rate instituted

by the District in Resolution No. 12569 was in compliance with the amended

statute became the central dispute in this case.

       After extensive discovery was conducted, the Companies filed a joint

motion for partial summary judgment in December 2009, in which they requested

that the trial court determine as a matter of law that RCW 54.04.045(3)(a) reflects

the FCC Cable formula and that RCW 54.04.045(3)(b) reflects the FCC Telecom

formula. The trial court denied the Companies' joint motion.10

       Thereafter, in October 2010, this case was tried before the Honorable

Michael J. Sullivan. Ample testimony was presented by the parties, including

testimony from three expert witnesses, two of whom—Gary Saleba on behalf of

the District and Patricia Kravtin on behalf of Comcast and Charter—opined that

subsections (3)(a) and (3)(b) reflected preexisting formulas; however, Saleba and

Kravtin disagreed as to which formulas were reflected by each subsection.11

       On March 15, 2011, the trial court issued a memorandum decision in

which it ruled in favor of the District and against the Companies. In its decision,

the trial court stated that it would entertain proposed findings of fact and

conclusions of law. Thereafter, the District submitted proposed findings of fact

and conclusions of law, as well as a proposed judgment, to which the Companies

filed extensive objections and proposed revisions. The District also submitted a

       9 Specifically, the annual rate of $19.70 per pole, which was the rate in effect at the time
that the amended statute became effective.
       10 This remained the Companies' position at trial and on appeal.
       11 The focus of Mark Simonson's testimony—the third expert witness (called by
CenturyLink)—was on nonrate terms and conditions.

                                              -10-
No. 70625-0-1/11

motion, proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law, and a proposed order,

all of which related to its request for attorney fees and costs; the Companies

objected and provided responses. The trial court heard oral argument on the

proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law on September 16, 2011. On

December 12, the trial court entered the findings of fact, conclusions of law,

order, and judgment proposed by the District—both as to the substantive issues

and as to the request for attorney fees and expenses. The trial court also

awarded damages, as well as fees and costs, in favor of the District, totaling

$1,856,155.02.

       Of particular significance to the marrow of this appeal, the trial court

concluded that "Section 3(a) of RCW 54.04.045 (2008) reflects the FCC Telecom

method and Section 3(b) reflects the APPA method as of the date of trial."

Conclusions of Law 10. Additionally, the trial court concluded that the District

"did not act arbitrarily or capriciously, in interpreting Section 3(a) of RCW

54.04.045 as the FCC Telecom formula and Section 3(b) as the APPA formula

for PUD pole attachment rates as of the date of trial." Conclusions of Law 11.

The trial court further concluded that the District's revised rates "were just,

reasonable, non-discriminatory, and sufficient, those rates being $13.25 prior to

January 1, 2008, and $19.70 after January 1, 2008." Conclusions of Law 12.

       In rejecting the Companies' interpretation of subsections (3)(a) and (3)(b)

of RCW 54.04.045, the trial court found, among other things, that the rate derived

by one of the Companies' expert witnesses—Patricia Kravtin—was

"unreasonable and impractical as it relates to this case." Findings of Fact 34. In

                                        -11 -
No. 70625-0-1/12

addition, the trial court found that "[t]he opinions of Defendants' rate expert,

Patricia Kravtin, were based primarily on theoretical analysis of economics and

public policy, rather than actual local information regarding Pacific County and

Pacific PUD. She had never visited Pacific County prior to trial." Findings of

Fact 35. Moreover, the trial court found that "Defendants' rate expert Patricia

Kravtin's opinion on the PUD's maximum legal rate was lower than what

Defendants had been voluntarily paying for over twenty years." Findings of Fact

36.

        After the Companies filed an untimely notice of appeal, Division Two

entered an order permitting the Companies to appeal. On April 23, 2012, the

Companies filed a separate appeal of the trial court's award of $27,690.14 for

fees and costs the District incurred on the Companies' posttrial motion to vacate

the judgment. That appeal was consolidated with the Companies' other appeal.

        The District then filed in the Supreme Court a motion for discretionary

review of the decision permitting the Companies to appeal. A subsequent motion

to stay proceedings in Division Two, pending the Supreme Court's action, was

granted on March 27, 2012. On June 5, 2012, the Supreme Court denied the

District's motion for discretionary review.12,13 The Companies' appeal was then

transferred to Division One.

        12 Although the parties do not cite to the record in support of this factual assertion, they
are in accord that the District's motion for discretionary review was denied. Compare CenturyLink
Opening Br. at 13 n.9, with District's Br. at 16-17.
         13 In the District's merits brief, it includes a version of the procedural history that took
place between the denial of its motion for discretionary reviewand the transfer of this appeal to
Division One. However, the District fails to cite to the record to support its version of events,
which precludes us from confirming the veracity of its factual statements.

                                                -12-
No. 70625-0-1/13

      The Companies contend that the trial court erred in its treatment of the

nonrate terms and conditions in the District's proposed pole attachment

agreement. Specifically, they aver that the trial court improperly applied a

deferential standard of review, which, in turn, led to an erroneous conclusion that

the terms and conditions were just, reasonable, nondiscriminatory, and sufficient.

We disagree.

                                          A

       The Companies assert first that the trial court erred by limiting its review of

the imposition of the District's nonrate terms and conditions to determining

whether they were arbitrary and capricious. Their assertion is unavailing.

       Where "municipal utility actions come within the purpose and object of the

enabling statute and no express limitations apply," it is proper to leave "the

choice of means used in operating the utility to the discretion of municipal

authorities." City of Tacoma v. Taxpayers of City of Tacoma, 108Wn.2d679,

695, 743 P.2d 793 (1987). Accordingly, "judicial review of municipal utility

choices" is limited "to whether the particular contract or action was arbitrary or

capricious, or unreasonable." City of Tacoma, 108 Wn.2d at 695 (citation

omitted).

       Arbitrary and capricious refers to "willful and unreasoning action,
       taken without regard to or consideration of the facts and
       circumstances surrounding the action. Where there is room for two
       opinions, an action taken after due consideration is not arbitrary
       and capricious even though a reviewing court may believe it to be
       erroneous."

                                          13
No. 70625-0-1/14

Lane v. Port of Seattle. 178 Wn. App. 110, 126, 316 P.3d 1070 (2013) (quoting

Abbenhaus v. City of Yakima. 89 Wn.2d 855, 858-59, 576 P.2d 888 (1978)),

review denied 180 Wn.2d 1004 (2014).

        Consistent with its holding in City of Tacoma, our Supreme Court has

shown deference to an implementing entity where the governing statute

delineated general boundaries for proper rates. See People's Org, for Wash-

Energy Res, v. Utils. & Transp. Comm'n, 104 Wn.2d 798, 808, 823, 711 P.2d 319

(1985) (where the rates to be set were required to be "fair, reasonable, and

sufficient," the Supreme Court concluded that "the WUTC[14] did not exceed its

statutory authority and was not arbitrary or capricious").

        While RCW 54.04.045(3)(a)-(c) sets forth specific instructions regarding

the method of calculating just and reasonable rates, it does not provide similar

guidance with respect to nonrate terms and conditions, requiring only that they

"be just, reasonable, nondiscriminatory,'151 and sufficient." RCW 54.04.045(2).

        Given the similarity between the general boundaries of the statute in

People's Org, for Wash. Energy Res, and the general boundaries in RCW

54.04.045(2),16 we conclude that it was proper for the trial court to limit its review

of the District's nonrate terms and conditions to determining whether they were

arbitrary and capricious.

       14 Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission.
       15 "'Nondiscriminatory' means that pole owners may not arbitrarily differentiate among or
between similar classes of licensees approved for attachments." RCW 54.04.045(1 )(d).
       16 It is of little significance that People's Org, for Wash. Energy Res, involved rates,
whereas nonrate terms and conditions are at issue here. City of Tacoma articulates that
"municipal utility actions," which surely include a PUD setting nonrate terms and conditions, are
entrusted to the discretion of the municipal authorities. 108 Wn.2d at 695.

                                              -14-
No. 70625-0-1/15

                                                B

       The Companies next take issue with the procedure by which the District

considered and decided on the nonrate terms and conditions. More specifically,

the Companies assert that the District's refusal to negotiate the nonrate terms

and conditions of the agreement with the Companies was procedurally

unconscionable. This assertion is unavailing.

       Procedural unconscionability involves "blatant unfairness in the bargaining

process and a lack of meaningful choice." Torgerson v. One Lincoln Tower, LLC,

166 Wn.2d 510, 518, 210 P.3d 318 (2009).

       Procedural unconscionability is determined in light of the totality of
       the circumstances, including (1) the manner in which the parties
       entered into the contract, (2) whether the parties had a reasonable
       opportunity to understand the terms, and (3) whether the terms
       were "hidden in a maze of fine print."

Torgerson, 166 Wn.2d at 518-19 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting

Yakima County (W. Valley) Fire Prot. Dist. No. 12 v. City of Yakima, 122Wn.2d

371, 391, 858 P.2d 245 (1993)).

        While the Companies maintain that the District was obligated to negotiate

the nonrate terms and conditions, they cite no authority to that effect.

Governmental entities such as the District are held to standards of transparency,

including the Open Public Meetings Act of 1971,17 which was complied with by

the District herein;18 however, we are directed to no authority obligating the

        17 Ch. 42.30 RCW.
       18 The trial court concluded that "[t]he District met the requirements of the Open Public
Meetings Act in its consideration of new pole attachment rates, terms, and conditions."
Conclusions of Law 32. CenturyLink concedes that "the District provided the requisite formal

                                              -15-
No. 70625-0-1/16

District to negotiate individually regarding nonrate terms and conditions.

       The record establishes that proper public proceedings were held, that the

Companies were given notice of these proceedings, and that they failed to

participate. To the extent that the District did discuss the terms of the proposed

agreement with the Companies, it did so for reasons that were not tethered to

any legal obligation.

                                                 C

       The Companies finally take issue with the substance of many of the

nonrate terms and conditions, asserting that they violate RCW 54.04.045(2) or,

alternatively, that they are substantively unconscionable. From this, the

Companies assert that the entire proposed agreement is invalid, arguing that

"[sjevering so many unlawful provisions would render the 2007 Agreement

unintelligible and unworkable." While several of the District's nonrate terms are

untenable, they are severable from the proposed agreement. This is so because

they do not materially alter the essence of the agreement, which is the

severability standard set forth in the proposed agreement.19 Ultimately, we

decline to hold that these unsupported nonrate terms render the entire proposed

agreement unenforceable, whether because of RCW 54.04.045(2) or the

common law prohibition of substantively unconscionable terms.

public notice of its Commissioners' consideration of the new rates." Neither Comcast nor Charter
challenges the trial court's conclusion of law on appeal.
        19 The severability clause in the proposed agreement provides for the following:
        Ifany provision or portion thereof of this Agreement is or becomes invalid under
        any applicable statute or rule of law, and such invalidity does not materially alter
        the essence of this Agreement to either party, such provision shall not render
        unenforceable this entire Agreement but rather it is the intent of the parties that
        this Agreement be administered as if not containing the invalid provision.

                                               -16-
No. 70625-0-1/17

       "We review the trial court's decision following a bench trial to determine

whether the findings of fact are supported by substantial evidence and whether

those findings support the conclusions of law." 224 Westlake, LLC v. Engstrom

Props.. LLC, 169 Wn. App. 700, 720, 281 P.3d 693 (2012). "'Substantial

evidence' is a quantum of evidence sufficient to persuade a rational, fair-minded

person that the premise is true." Newport Yacht Basin Ass'n of Condo. Owners

v. Supreme Nw.. Inc.. 168 Wn. App. 56, 63-64, 277 P.3d 18 (2012). "If that

standard is satisfied, we will not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court

even though we might have resolved disputed facts differently." Green v.

Normandy Park, 137 Wn. App. 665, 689, 151 P.3d 1038 (2007); accord 224

Westlake, LLC, 169 Wn. App. at 720 ("Evidence may be substantial even if there

are other reasonable interpretations of the evidence."). Indeed, "[rjeview is

deferential, requiring the appellate court to view the evidence and its reasonable

inferences in the light most favorable to the prevailing party in the highest forum

that exercised fact-finding authority." Johnson v. Dep't of Health, 133 Wn. App.

403, 411, 136 P.3d 760 (2006). On the other hand, "[w]e review questions of law

and conclusions of law de novo." Newport Yacht Basin Ass'n, 168 Wn. App. at

64.

       "Substantive unconscionability involves those cases where a clause or

term in the contract is one-sided or overly harsh." Townsend v. Quadrant Corp.,

153 Wn. App. 870, 882, 224 P.3d 818 (2009), aff'd on other grounds by 173

Wn.2d 451, 268 P.3d 917 (2012). Terms used to define substantive

unconscionability include "'[sjhocking to the conscience,'" "'monstrously harsh,'"

                                         -17-
No. 70625-0-1/18

and "'exceedingly calloused.'" Zuver v. Airtouch Commc'ns, Inc., 153Wn.2d

293, 303, 103 P.3d 753 (2004) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting

Nelson v. McGoldrick, 127Wn.2d124, 131, 896 P.2d 1258 (1995)).

      The trial court made the following findings of fact with regard to the

nonrate terms and conditions:

              30.    There are credible reasons relating to safety,
      reliability, financial stability, cost, and other district considerations
      for the terms and conditions of the proposed Agreement
      Defendants challenged.
              31.   There are credible reasons for provisions in the
      proposed Agreement Defendants challenge, including but not
       limited to, those relating to:
              Tagging of fiber
              Unauthorized attachment fees
              Removal of attachments after agreement termination and
              reimbursement of removal costs if not removed
              Waivable requirement for a bond
              Attacher responsibility for hazardous materials they bring
              onto the District's property
              Requirement of a permit for overlashing, other than in an
              emergency
              Liability and indemnification provisions providing protection
              to the District
              Transfer or relocation of attachments
              Removal of nonfunctional attachments
              Inspections by the District
              Annual reports on attachment locations
               Furnishing copies of required insurance policies on District
               request
              Survivability of certain continuing obligations after
              Agreement termination
              Attorneys' fees and cost provisions
               "Grandfathering" with respect to NESC requirements
               Permitting requirements
               Waivable professional certification requirement, including the
               alternative of a "licensee in good standing"
               Invoicing and payment provisions
               Requirement that any assignee of the Agreement sign the
               Agreement
               Requirement that guy wires be bonded and insulated

                                         -18
No. 70625-0-1/19

           •   Requirement of District consent to placement of facilities
               within four feet of the pole base

The trial court then reached the following conclusions of law:

              30.    The proposed terms and conditions of the District's
       new Pole Attachment Agreement were just, reasonable, non
       discriminatory, and sufficient, and were not arbitrary or capricious.

               33.     The District's proposed Pole Attachment Agreement
       is not unconscionable.

               35.     The non-rate terms and conditions of the District's
       proposed Pole Attachment Agreement meet the requirements of
       RCW 54.04.045, once a few undisputed revisions to the Agreement
       are made for pole attachment application processing timing and
       notification provisions in Sections 5 and 6 of the 2008 amendments.
               36.    The District's pole attachment rates, terms, and
       conditions are not illegal or unlawful.

       The Companies take issue with a great many of the nonrate terms and

conditions. Although we agree that not all terms are valid, we do not hold that

their invalidity renders the entire agreement invalid. Instead, they may be

severed and the agreement may be preserved.

       First, the Companies contend that the proposed agreement is ambiguous

as to whether the District's attachment fees are on a per pole or a per attachment

basis. Even assuming, without deciding, that this ambiguity existed, evidence

was adduced at trial that clarified the District's intent to charge on a per pole

basis.20 This evidence was of a sufficient quantum to persuade a rational, fair-

       20 Contrary to the Companies' position, the parol evidence rule does not bar the
admission of extrinsic evidence to interpret an ambiguous provision. See Berg v. Hudesman, 115
Wn.2d 657, 666-68, 801 P.2d 222 (1990).

                                            -19-
No. 70625-0-1/20

minded person that the District intended to charge on a per pole basis.

Accordingly, the Companies' contention lacks merit.21

       Second, the Companies contend that the proposed agreement is

ambiguous as to whether "grandfathering" is permitted. The practice of

"grandfathering" excuses an attacher from upgrading its existing attachments to

comply with engineering standards. The Companies assert that although section

4.1 of the proposed agreement permits "grandfathering," section 6.1 seems to

foreclose its use by indicating that all preexisting installations must comply with

the agreement, including service standards, within 18 months. However, Miller,
the District's general manager, explained how these two provisions, in fact, work

in tandem.

       What it says under 6.1 is that for attachments that did not meet the
       standard at the time they were installed or don't meet, you know,
       the standard if they've just installed. Essentially, if they don't meet
       the standard when they were installed, then they need to be
       brought up to, you know, the standard. If they did meet the
       standard at the time they were installed ... then they're
       grandfathered, then they're okay, because under 4.1 it indicates
       that they're grandfathered, that they're fine.

Miller's testimony provides a sufficient quantum ofevidence to persuade a
rational, fair-minded person that "grandfathering" is permitted under certain, if not
all, circumstances. Substantial evidence supports the trial court's findings offact
as to "grandfathering."

        21 In addition, CenturyLink argues that the question of appropriate fees is rendered
ambiguous in the agreement. This is so, it asserts, because section 3.1 indicates that the parties
are to look to Appendix Ato the agreement to determine applicable fees, but that Appendix A
refers the parties back to section 3.1. CenturyLink's reading ofthese two sections is willfully
blind. Prominently displayed in Appendix Aare the proper fees to be charged. There is no
ambiguity.

                                              -20-
No. 70625-0-1/21

      Third, Comcast and Charter contend that the requirement that they pay

any "rearrangement or transfer" costs necessary to accommodate the District's

own communications fiber is unreasonable. At trial, the District's general

manager agreed that licensees should not be required to pay to make room for

the District's communications fiber. On appeal, the District does not dispute

Comcast's and Charter's contention, or otherwise direct our attention to evidence

in the record supporting the trial court's finding. However, in the absence of

evidence that severing this term would materially alter the essence of the

agreement, we conclude that this term is severable from the proposed

agreement.

       Fourth, the Companies contend that section 6.3, which requires attacher

employees who are responsible for installing cable attachments to have
experience performing installation work on electric transmission or distribution
systems, is unreasonable. However, the District's chief of engineering and
operations testified that such experience would be necessary if these employees
were working in the safety zone, and the record indicates that the Companies'
equipment is, at times, in the safety area. We are satisfied that this type of
provision, which ensures a safe work environment, is well within the bounds of
reason.22

       Fifth, Comcast and Charter contend that the requirement in section 6.3

       22 Both as to this provision and as to section 6.3 ofthe proposed agreement (which we
address in resolving the sixth argument raised by the Companies), Comcast and Charter
additionally argue that they are unreasonable because cable companies do not employ electrical
workers. We summarily reject this argument.

                                              -21 -
No. 70625-0-1/22

that postconstruction inspections be performed by licensees is inconsistent with

the District's own policies and standard industry practice. The District's chief of

engineering testified that it would, in fact, be reasonable for the District to

continue performing postconstruction inspections itself. The District does not

address Comcast's and Charter's contention in its merits brief. This provision,

however, is severable pursuant to the severability clause. This is so because

there is no evidence that severing it from the agreement materially alters the

essence of the agreement.

       Sixth, Comcast and Charter contend that licensees should not, contrary to

the requirement of section 6.3, have to use a professional engineer when

submitting pole attachment applications. This is so, they aver, because it is not

required to by law. Furthermore, Comcast and Charter argue that the District
currently only requires a professional engineer for complex and large jobs where

there is a concern about weight on the poles. However, Miller testified that, at

the urging of the Companies, the District added a provision that would waive the

requirement of using a professional engineer for "those that we haven't had
issues with and have worked with us." The thrust of Miller's testimony reveals

that this term was included not to burden established licensees such as Comcast

and Charter but, rather, to protect the District against the prospect of

irresponsible future licensees. Adopting this provision was well within the

District's discretion.

                                           22
No. 70625-0-1/23

       Seventh, CenturyLink contends that the unilateral attorney fees provision

(in the District's favor) contained in the proposed agreement is contrary to law.

However, RCW 4.84.330 states, in pertinent part:

       In any action on a contract or lease entered into after September
       21, 1977, where such contract or lease specifically provides that
       attorneys' fees and costs, which are incurred to enforce the
       provisions of such contract or lease, shall be awarded to one of the
       parties, the prevailing party, whether he or she is the party specified
       in the contract or lease or not, shall be entitled to reasonable
       attorneys' fees in addition to costs and necessary disbursements.

Thus, the agreement's unilateral attorney fees provision will not preclude a
prevailing party from recovering attorney fees. Contrary to CenturyLink's
contention, however, RCW 4.84.330 does not declare unilateral attorney fees

provisions to be void or illegal; the statute merely operates to make them
bilateral.

        Eighth, CenturyLink contends that the District's attempt to force it to bear
the cost of"undergrounding" its facilities in section 10.3 ofthe proposed
agreement is unlawful. In support of this contention, it cites to RCW 35.99.060,
which permits "cities and towns" to require service providers to relocate facilities
under certain circumstances. From this, CenturyLink urges that because the

District is not a city or a town, its attempt to have CenturyLink bearthe cost of
"undergrounding" is contrary to law. We disagree. Nowhere in RCW 35.99.060
does the legislature foreclose a PUD from requiring an attacher to bear the cost
of "undergrounding" its facilities.

        Nevertheless, CenturyLink argues that this would run contrary to its
Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission (WUTC) tariff, which
                                         -23-
No. 70625-0-1/24

requires its customers to bear the cost of customer requests for relocation or

rearrangement of facilities. However, CenturyLink's argument assumes that the

WUTC can enforce its tariff against the District, an assumption that is rebutted by

applicable statute. See RCW 54.04.045(7) ("Nothing in this section shall be

construed or is intended to confer upon the utilities and transportation

commission any authority to exercise jurisdiction over locally regulated

utilities.").23 The District's "undergrounding" term does not violate RCW

35.99.060 and cannot violate CenturyLink's tariff.

       Ninth, CenturyLink contends that section 4.4, which purports to immunize

the District from liability to CenturyLink or its customers for actual or

consequential damages—even for the District's own foreseeable negligence—

constitutes "overreaching." However, section 16.1 clarifies that the District is

liable for its own negligence and willful misconduct. Furthermore, a witness for

CenturyLink testified that the District's indemnification provision was "fair."
Accordingly, we are satisfied that the alleged "overreaching" does not run afoul of
RCW 54.04.045(2), the common law prohibition of substantively unconscionable

terms, or on any other basis require invalidation or severability.

       Tenth, CenturyLink contends that the provision of the proposed agreement

that requires, in the absence of the District's permission, a four foot minimum

distance between the attachers' equipment and the base of the District's poles is

unreasonable and illegal. It cites the constitutionally guaranteed right to utilize

       23 It is beyond cavil that tariffs may not repeal or supersede a statute. See People's Org,
for Wash. Energy Res, v. Utils. & Transp. Comm'n. 101 Wn.2d 425, 427-34, 679 P.2d 922 (1984).

                                             -24-
No. 70625-0-1/25

the right-of-way. Wash. Const., art. XII, § 19; RCW 80.36.040. That right,

however, was guaranteed as against railroad corporations—not public utility

districts. Wash. Const., art. XII, § 19. Moreover, the constitutional provision

makes clear that this right is not inviolable: "The legislature shall.. . provide

reasonable regulations to give effect to this section." Wash. Const., art. XII, §

19. Here, the legislature, through RCW 54.04.045, provided public utility districts

the authority to regulate pole attachments. Miller testified that the reasons for

this buffer area are safety-related. These concerns provided an adequate basis

upon which the District could exercise its considerable discretion. There was no

error.

         Eleventh, CenturyLink contends that it was overreaching for the District to

insist upon a "mirror image" agreement, meaning that the agreement purported to

offset each pole owned by CenturyLink to which the District attached its

equipment with each pole owned by the District to which CenturyLink attached its

equipment.24 This is so, it asserts, because whereas CenturyLink occupies only
one foot of any pole owned by the District, the District occupies seven and a half

feet of any pole owned by CenturyLink. The District does not respond to this

argument. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, we hold that the term was

unreasonable. Nevertheless, given that the term does not materially alter the

essence of the agreement, it may be severed from the proposed agreement.

         Twelfth and finally, CenturyLink contends that, when considered in

         24 In a few areas of Pacific County CenturyLink's predecessors erected utility poles to
which the District later attached its facilities.

                                                    -25-
No. 70625-0-1/26

concert, sections 2.10 and 5.12,25 and Article 11 would mandate removal of its

material from the District's poles on unrealistic time frames. However, a

CenturyLink witness confirmed that the agreement's timeframes actually

provided licensees 60 days longer than the six-month notice that CenturyLink

itself requested. We are satisfied that this time frame comports with RCW

54.04.045(2) and is not substantively unconscionable.

       While several terms from the proposed agreement are untenable, they are

severable from the agreement. The Companies have failed to demonstrate that

these scattered, untenable terms—whether considered individually or

collectively—are sufficient to render the entire proposed agreement

unenforceable. Therefore, although the trial court was incorrect insofar as it

concluded that all of the nonrate terms and conditions were valid, we hold that

once the offending terms have been severed from the agreement, it is in

compliance with RCW 54.04.045(2) and it does not violate the common law

prohibition of substantively unconscionable terms.

                                              Ill

       While the Companies did not devote significant space in their merits

briefing to arguing that the District's rates in effect prior to the effective date of

the 2008 amendment failed to comply with RCW 54.04.045(2), they do appear to

have, at the very least, assigned error to the trial court's findings and conclusions

       25 A review of the proposed agreement did not reveal the existence of a section
corresponding to this number.

                                            -26-
No. 70625-0-1/27

to the contrary.26 However, their argument in support of this allegation, which

may charitably be described as cursory, is unpersuasive.

        For the same reason as given in Section II.A. of our decision, the District's

rates that were calculated and charged prior to the effective date of the 2008

amendment were properly subject to the arbitrary and capricious standard of

review by the trial court.

        The trial court concluded that "The District's Commissioners adopted pole

attachment rates that were just, reasonable, non-discriminatory, and sufficient,

those rates being $13.25 prior to January 1, 2008, and $19.70 after January 1,

2008." Conclusions of Law 12. The trial court also concluded that "The District's

pole attachment rates both before and after the adoption of Resolution No. 1256

and before and after the 2008 amendment to RCW 54.04.045 were not arbitrary

or capricious." Conclusions of Law 29.

        Review of the trial court record provides no tenable reason for us to

reverse the trial court's conclusion. The record reveals that the District

considered a range of potential rates, calculated by reference to four different

formulas, before adopting a rate that, in spite of signifying a substantial increase

         26 Asympathetic reading ofthe following assertion indicates that Comcast and Charter, in
addition to challenging the District's rate afterthe 2008 amendment, were challenging the revised
rates since their inception: "The [District's] Agreement's proposed rates, and many of its other
proposed terms were unjust and unreasonable, contrary to RCW 54.04.045." Additionally,
CenturyLink, in its reply brief, argues that by assigning errorto a finding of fact by the trial court
(33)—which dealt with the legality of the District's revised rates before the 2008 amendment—
CenturyLink preserved its right to argue that the rates were not valid prior to the amendment.
Nevertheless, because CenturyLink did not present argument in its opening brief in support of its
assignmentof error, we do not considerCenturyLink's tardy argument first advanced in its reply
brief. See Cowiche Canyon Conservancy v. Boslev, 118 Wn.2d 801, 809, 828 P.2d 549 (1992)
("An issue raised and argued for the first time in a reply brief is too late to warrant
consideration.").

                                                -27-
No. 70625-0-1/28

from previous rates, fell below the recommendation made by EES. Moreover, in

order to ease the transition for licensees, the District decided to phase in the

increased rate incrementally.

       In the absence of evidence to the contrary, we affirm the trial court's

conclusion that the District's rates prior to the effective date of the 2008

amendment satisfied former RCW 54.04.045(2) and that these rates were not the

result of arbitrary and capricious decision making. Because the Companies

refused to pay the District's newly instituted rates and because they refused to

remove their equipment from the District's poles, they became trespassers on the

District's property. In light of the Companies' failure to pay the revised rates and

failure to remove their equipment, we affirm the trial court's award of damages for

unpaid fees prior to June 12, 2008, as well any damages awarded to

compensate the District for the Companies' trespass prior to that date.

                                          IV

       The Companies' primary contention on appeal is that the trial court erred

by concluding that the 2008 amendment to RCW 54.04.045, which established a
procedure for calculating a just and reasonable pole attachment rate, reflected

certain preexisting formulas, as identified by the District's consultant and expert

witness. This error was induced, the Companies aver, by the trial court's

deferential review of the District's post hoc interpretation of the statutory

amendment. Had the trial court construed the language of the statute as

amended, the Companies argue, it would have necessarily concluded that they

reflect different—albeit preexisting—formulas.

                                         -28-
No. 70625-0-1/29

      We agree that the trial court improperly applied a deferential standard of

review to the District's interpretation of the language of the statute. Moreover, we

agree that the formulas advanced by the District and accepted by the trial court

were inapposite. Yet, the trial court's error does not legitimate the Companies'

proposed interpretation. The fact of the matter is that neither the District, nor the

Companies, nor the trial court applied the newly minted statutory language in an

effort to determine whether the District's rates did, in fact, comply with the unique

formula set forth in the 2008 amendment. Instead, both in the trial court and on

appeal, all parties labored—often employing tortured reasoning and contortional
construction—to show how the unique formula hewed more closely to certain

preexisting formulas, while trivializing any distinctive features. Notwithstanding
this pervasive yet misguided approach by the parties, it was incumbent upon the
trial court to apply the unique formula as written. Owing to its failure to do so, we
reverse and remand with instructions to the trial court to apply the unique formula

as written and in a manner not inconsistent with our analysis herein.

                                          A

       We first address the propriety of the trial court's deferential review. The

Companies contend thatthe trial court, in applying an arbitrary and capricious
standard of review, improperly deferred to what the trial courtfound to be the
PUD commission's interpretation of the 2008 amendment to RCW 54.04.045.

We agree.

       The conclusion of law at issue states, in pertinent part:

       The District... did not act arbitrarily or capriciously, in interpreting

                                         -29-
No. 70625-0-1/30

       Section 3(a) of RCW 54.04.045 as the FCC Telecom formula and
       Section 3(b) as the APPA formula for PUD pole attachment rates
       as of the date of trial.

Conclusions of Law 11.

       This conclusion of law is based on a misperception. The trial testimony

was that the PUD commission adopted the $13.25 and $19.70 rates at its

January 2, 2007 meeting. This was 17 months before the effective date of the

statutory amendment. There is no evidence in the record that the PUD

commission (the embodiment of the agency to which any deference, if

appropriate, would be given) took any action to interpret the 2008 amendment.

To the contrary, it was the District's consultant and expert witness, Saleba, who

derived the theory upon which the District based its litigation strategy. Thus, in

actuality, the trial court applied the arbitrary and capricious test to the testimony

of the District's expert witness (not to an action of the PUD commission). In

doing so, the trial court erred.

       In fact, where a statute sets forth that which is required, an agency

possesses no discretion to act in variance to its terms. The legislature passed

the 2008 amendment in order to achieve a degree of uniformity. Thus, any

preexisting discretion a PUD commission possesses is restricted by the language

of the amended statute. A PUD commission has no discretion to set pole

attachment rates at variance with the requirements of sections (3)(a), (b), and (c).

                                           B

       There are 28 PUDs in Washington. Each PUD commission retains its

preexisting discretion with regard to rate-setting except as that discretion is

                                        -30-
No. 70625-0-1/31

restricted by the amended statute. With regard to the methodology set forth in

sections (3)(a), (b), and (c), that methodology must be applied. Uniformity could

not be achieved if the courts deferred to 28 different PUD commission

interpretations of the meaning of the words in a state statute.

       Conversely, with regard to the data applied to the methodology, the PUDs

retain their traditional discretion and the courts should continue to defer to the

PUDs in this regard.27

       Thus, the District must set rates by applying the formula set forth in the

amended statute. The trial court erred by concluding that the District possessed

the discretion to apply two different formulas—even if the District's expert witness

believed them to be suitable stand-ins. On the other hand, with regard to the

data, assumptions, and other information used to calculate the formula, the
District retains the discretion it has long held, given that this discretion was not

divested by the 2008 statutory amendment. See, e^, People's Org, for Wash-
Energy Res., 104 Wn.2d at 808 (deference accorded where the statute "in very

broad terms, basically just directed] them to set those rates which the agencies
determine to be justand reasonable"); Teter v. Clark County. 104 Wn.2d 227,
231, 233, 237-38, 704 P.2d 1171 (1985) (where rates were authorized under the
police power, and thus were subject only to the requirement thatthey
"'reasonably tend to correct some evil or promote some interest ofthe state,'"
rates would be sustained "unless it appears, from all the circumstances, that they

       27 For instance, the useful life of a utility pole may vary from district to district. So may the
average number ofattachers. The districts' calculations of such data, and the means and
methods by which thesecalculations are derived, continue to be entitled to deference.

                                               -31 -
No. 70625-0-1/32

are excessive and disproportionate to the services rendered," so "as to be called

arbitrary" (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Markham Advertising Co. v.

State, 73 Wn.2d 405, 421-22, 439 P.2d 248 (1968))); Prisk v. City of Poulsbo. 46

Wn. App. 793, 804-05, 732 P.2d 1013 (1987) (where rates were required to be

uniform, court declined to rule that they "were determined arbitrarily or unfairly");

US W. Commc'ns . Inc. v. Utils. & Transp. Comm'n, 134 Wn.2d 48, 54, 949 P.2d

1321 (1997) (where agency was required to "set rates which are fair, just,

reasonable and sufficient," the court utilized an arbitrary and capricious standard

of review); Cole v. Wash. Utils. &Transp. Comm'n, 79 Wn.2d 302, 309, 485 P.2d

71 (1971) (where agency was required to set rates which were just, fair,

reasonable, and sufficient, the court was to utilize an arbitrary and capricious

standard of review).

       Given that RCW 54.04.045(3)(a)-(c) sets forth specific instructions for the

District to follow, the trial court should have construed the meaning of those

instructions without affording deference to the implementing entity. Any

deference should have been afforded only to the District's compilation and

calculation of the data to which the formula was applied.

                                          C

       As noted above, the trial court erred by deferring to the testimony of an

expert witness testifying on the District's behalf. Well before the 2008

amendment to RCW 54.04.045, the District hired EES Consulting, Inc., to

conduct a pole attachment rate study, the results of which prompted the District

to revise its rates. Saleba, the president and chief executive officer of EES, later

                                         -32-
No. 70625-0-1/33

testified as an expert witness on behalf of the District. Although the District

offered Saleba's testimony at trial—the substance of which reveals an insistence

that the validity of the District's rates should be settled by determining which

preexisting formula hews most closely to subsection (3)(a) and which preexisting

formula hews most closely to subsection (3)(b)—no evidence was presented to

the trial court that the PUD commission ever applied the unique formula in the

amended statute to determine whether its revised rate was in compliance.

       The trial court credited Saleba's testimony and memorialized his approach

to interpreting the statute in its conclusions of law. In so doing, the trial court—

rather than deferring to an interpretation made by the PUD commission—

deferred to an attempt by an expert witness to establish that the legislature did

not mean everything that it said when it amended RCW 54.04.045.

       This mistake is compounded by the fact that Saleba's approach to

statutory interpretation was misguided. Saleba's testimony evinced a disregard

for the words of the statute as written by the legislature. Instead of applying the

words in subsections (3)(a) and (3)(b), he compared and contrasted each

subsection with certain preexisting formulas. As Saleba explained it,

       As a general premise, when asked to review a statute and
       determine its rate-setting applicability, we take a look at the options
       available for the rate calculation and then compare those rate
       calculations to the language in the statute. And that's - that's what
       I did here.

       Again, going back to how I - I do this, I take a look at the statute
       and then / compare the language and the various options to that
       statute. And the two options I'm looking at in this exhibit and
       comparing to (3)(a) are the FCC cable and the FCC telecom.

                                          33-
No. 70625-0-1/34

(Emphasis added.)

      Accepting that the legislature, in drafting the amendment, was unaware of

these preexisting formulas—despite explicitly referencing one of them in RCW

54.04.045(4)28—would require, on behalf of the trial court, a willing suspension of

disbelief. Yet, by sanctioning Saleba's approach, the trial court, in effect, ruled

that while the legislature was aware of these various preexisting formulas, and

although it intended to make subsections (3)(a) and (3)(b) reflect two of the

established formulas, it instead wrote a unique formula with distinctive features.

The trial court erred by accepting Saleba's "closest to the pin" approach to

statutory interpretation: a desire to apply preexisting formulas that somewhat fit
the language of the statute rather than applying the language of the statute itself.
       A number of excerpts from Saleba's testimony further illustrate his

misguided approach, which was erroneously legitimated by the trial court.
       Saleba testified that RCW 54.04.045(3)(a) reflects the FCC Telecom

formula. His reasoning in support ofthis conclusion contained an unstated, but
nevertheless prominent, assumption: subsection (3)(a) must reflect either the
FCC Cable formula or the FCC Telecom formula. Working from this assumption,

he pointed out that although (3)(a) makes mention of "a share of the required
support and clearance space," the Cable formula—in contrast—refers only to
"usable space." This difference, according to Saleba, ruled out the possibility
that subsection (3)(a) reflects the Cable formula.

        I take a look at the statute and then I compare the language and

       28 The FCC Cable formula.

                                         -34
No. 70625-0-1/35

       the various options to that statute. And the two options I'm looking
       at in this exhibit and comparing to (3)(a) are the FCC cable and the
       FCC telecom. Again, (3)(a) talks about a share of required support
       and clearance. I take a look at - at FCC cable. It refers to usable
       space. It doesn't refer to support and clearance.

The merit of Saleba's observation is immaterial. His error stems from his failure

to apply the language of the statute as written by the legislature.

       Not only did Saleba neglect to apply the language of the unique formula,

he inverted the method of determining a just and reasonable rate as prescribed

by the legislature. Specifically, he postulated that if subsection (3)(a) reflected

the FCC Cable formula, the allocation of bare pole costs between the District and

its attachers would be, in his opinion, unreasonable.

       So anyway, I looked at GSS-5, and it showed that using FCC cable
       would result in a 6 percent allocation of the bare pole cost to the
       pole attacher. So I envisioned this pole out in the country that's got
       the PUD on it, and it's got a third-party attacher. And that's it. And
       I look at that pole and I say, does it seem reasonable to me that the
       cable people would pick up 6 percent of that - that pole cost and
       the PUD's other customers 94 percent? And to me that was an
       unreasonable allocation of cost.
       Q.    Okay. Based on your review of (3)(a), what did-did you-
       what methodology did you conclude the language in Section (3)(a)
       represented?
       A.    I concluded it represented the FCC telecom.

       Although the language of subsections (3)(a) and (3)(b) is somewhat

byzantine, Saleba's transposition defied an uncomplicated directive: "A just and

reasonable rate must be calculated as follows: . . . ." RCW 54.04.045(3).

       Saleba's misguided approach is further illustrated by his discussion of

incremental costs. He testified that because the Cable formula utilizes

incremental costs, which are discriminatory—and would therefore violate the

                                          35
No. 70625-0-1/36

requirement that rates be nondiscriminatory—subsection (3)(a) cannot reflect the

Cable formula.

       In rate setting there's a couple of ways people talk about pricing
       and one is to look at incremental cost and the other is to look at
       rolled in. Incremental costing is where you would charge
       somebody based upon just the incremental variable costs
       associated with providing service.
               And I'll use a real life example of maybe a rental property.
       Let's say that you had a - let's say I had a piece of property that I
       wanted to use six months and my brother wanted to use six
       months. Incremental pricing would be where I would charge my
       brother rental on the other half of the year just predicated on the
       additional, as an example, electricity and water he might use by
       using the property, with no contribution to the annual cost
       associated with the property.

              Our recommendation was that the reasonable range for pole
       attachment rates were between the 20.65 calculated from the FCC
       telecom, with a cap at 36.39 from the APPA method, and we felt
       the range should be higher, weighted more towards the APPA end,
       because the FCC cable, in our view, arbitrarily allocated two-thirds
       of the unusable space to the electric utility, whereas we felt all
       users should pay equally in that.

(Emphasis added.)

       Q.   Okay. So then what - what - we're going to get to what you
       promote in a minute. But what you're really promoting is a - a
       formula that results in the - in the attachers providing PUD more
       money because it's based on a per capita rather than a use
       allocation, right?
       A.      Per capita use is a - my - my - the AP—
       Q.      "Per capita" I mean per user.
       A.      Correct. That's - yes. Yes, equal proportionality.

       Q.     You don't like the cable 'cause it doesn't do that, right?
       A.     Correct.

       Putting aside Saleba's failure to apply the language of subsection (3)(a) as

written, it is important to note that the proscription on instituting discriminatory

rates prevents PUDs from arbitrarily differentiating between licensees; it does

                                         -36-
No. 70625-0-1/37

not, however, require that attachers and PUDs split costs equally. RCW

54.04.045(1 )(d) ("'Nondiscriminatory' means that pole owners may not arbitrarily

differentiate among or between similar classes of licensees approved for

attachments."). Moreover, the nondiscriminatory directive deals with the rate as

a whole—not the component parts of the rate, such as subsections 3(a) and 3(b).

Furthermore, the legislature, by authorizing PUDs to utilize the Cable formula,

has already made a determination that the utilization of the Cable formula does

not violate the nondiscriminatory requirement. See RCW 54.04.045(4).

       In a final effort to corroborate his assessment that subsection (3)(a) does

not reflect the Cable formula, Saleba directed the trial court's attention to section

(4), which authorizes use of the Cable formula.

       For the purpose of establishing a rate under subsection (3)(a) of
       this section, the locally regulated utility may establish a rate
       according to the calculation set forth in subsection (3)(a) of this
       section or it may establish a rate according to the cable formula set
       forth by the federal communications commission by rule as it
       existed on June 12, 2008, or such subsequent date as may be
       provided by the federal communications commission by rule,
       consistent with the purposes of this section.

RCW 54.04.045(4) (emphasis added). The inclusion of the Cable formula in

section (4), according to Saleba, foreclosed the possibility that subsection (3)(a)

could reflect the Cable formula.

       Section (4) of the statute says that three - that in the event that -
       that the local utility has the option of support - of substituting the
       cable formula - which in this case you're talking about the FCC
       cable formula - in - in - for Section (3)(a). Which to me says that if
       Section (3)(a) was meant to be the cable, Section (4) wouldn't be
       needed. Because Section (4) wouldn't say you can substitute the
       cable for the cable.

                                          37
No. 70625-0-1/38

Unsurprisingly, Saleba again neglected to apply the language of subsection

(3)(a). However, he also misconstrued section (4).

       Contrary to Saleba's assessment, section (4) does not conclusively

establish that subsection (3)(a) reflects a formula other than the Cable formula.

Instead, section (4) only discloses the legislature's intent to permit PUDs—in the

event that the FCC Cable formula was altered between the date that RCW

54.04.045 was amended and the date that the amendment became effective (or

subsequently thereafter)—to avail themselves of an updated FCC Cable formula.

In order to understand why the legislature included this provision, it is imperative

to recognize that the cable television industry is no longer a fledgling industry

buttressed by taxpayer subsidies but, rather, a robust industry well-equipped for

fiscal autonomy.29 Given the industry's maturation since the advent of the Cable

formula, it was reasonable for the legislature to surmise that the rate calculated

using the Cable formula might increase in the future. Indeed, at the time that the

legislature amended RCW 54.04.045, the FCC was undertaking a review of its

pole attachment rates.30 Consequently, it is reasonable to conclude that the

legislature intended to permit the District to avail itself of a potentially higher rate

        29 The trial court found that "The FCC Cable formula was developed to support a fledgling
cable TV industry, which is no longer a fledgling industry." Findings of Fact 49.
         30 Implementation of Section 224 of the Act; Amendment of the Commission's Rules and
Policies Governing Pole Attachments, WC Docket No. 07-245, FCC 07-187, 22 FCC Red. 20195
(proposed Nov. 20, 2007) (to be codified at 47 C.F.R. pt. 1),
https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs public/attachmatch/FCC-07-187A1.pdf.

                                                38
No. 70625-0-1/39

yielded by the Cable formula,31 which would further the legislature's explicit intent

in amending the statute to "ensure that locally regulated utility customers do not

subsidize licensees." Engrossed Second Substitute H.B. 2533. Rather than

merely a fortuitous rider to section (4), the option for PUDs to utilize the Cable

formula "consistent with the purposes of this section" is revealing of a keen

understanding by the legislature of the uncertain regulatory milieu in which it

acted.

         Moving now to Saleba's examination of subsection (3)(b), he similarly

neglected to apply the words of the statute as written by the legislature. Instead,

he compared subsection (3)(b) to the Telecom formula and the APPA formula,

determined that subsection (3)(b) was more similar to the APPA formula and,

thus, concluded that subsection (3)(b) reflects the APPA formula.

         Q.      Can you explain your review of Section (3)(b), please.
         A.      Yes. Again, going back to the language of Section (3)(b), it
         calls out that support and clearance, or what other people call
         unusable space, is equally allocated among all locally - among the
         locally regulated utility and all licensees. And "equal" is the -the -
         the phrase I'm - I'm focusing on.
         Q.     Okay.
         A.      FCC telecom talks about putting in usable - support and
         clearance but only two-thirds. I don't see anything in Section (3)(b)
         that refers to two-thirds of the support facilities. It talks about
         equally, which to me is all. So - so, therefore, it told me that FCC
         telecom was not the appropriate formula for Section (3)(b).
         Q.     Did you form an opinion on what methodology the language
         of Section (3)(b) represented?
         A.     Yes. I then went to the APPA methodology where it talks
         about equally proportioning among the utilities. The "equally" in the
         APPA formula and the "equally" in (3)(b) hooked up in my mind,

       31 The Senate Bill Report explains that "The bill allows for use of future rate-setting
methodologies as set by rule by the FCC." S.B. Rep. on Engrossed Second Substitute H.B.
2533, 60th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2008).

                                             -39-
No. 70625-0-1/40

        which told me that (3)(b) had to be the APPA formulation.

Even if Saleba is correct that subsection (3)(b) more closely resembles the APPA

formula, the fact remains that he did not apply the words of subsection (3)(b) as

written by the legislature. Had the legislature intended that subsection (3)(b)

directly reflect the APPA formula, it would have so indicated.32 Because it did

not, however, it was incumbent upon the District and the trial court to apply the

words as written and thereby give meaning to the unique formula conceived by

the legislature.

        Given the trial court's improper display of deference to the District's expert

witness, we conclude not only that the trial court erred by utilizing an arbitrary

and capricious standard of review, but that it erred by adopting Saleba's

testimony. The legislature's amendment of RCW 54.04.045 included a rate

calculating formula that, notwithstanding the legislature's decision to borrow

aspects of various preexisting formulas,33 is unique. Because itwas not applied

as such, we reverse the trial court's ruling.

                                                     D

         Nevertheless, it is by no means certain that the trial court's error will result

        32 As it did with respect to the FCC Cable formula in section (4).
        33 The sponsor of the 2008 amendment to RCW 54.04.045, Representative John McCoy,
made the following comment on the floor of the legislature:
        Thank you, Mr. Speaker. When this bill leftthis house and went to the other side,
         it did leave a little bit of work and the senate helped and the state all helped fix
         that little formula that we had taken a little bit of the FCC formula, a little bit of the
         APPA, and they came up with an excellent formula ....
An audiovisual representation of McCoy's statement was admitted into evidence during
the course of the trial.

                                                  -40-
No. 70625-0-1/41

in the Companies prevailing on remand.34 The Companies, whether of their own

initiative or in response to the District's approach,35 also failed to apply the

unique formula as written by the legislature. Furthermore, to the extent that the

Companies did present evidence in support of their alternative interpretation, the

trial court found the rate derived by one of their expert witnesses—Patricia

Kravtin36—to be "unreasonable and impractical."37 Findings of Fact 34-36.

Therefore, on remand, the trial court need not accept the Companies'

calculations simply because we rejectthat which was employed by the District's
expert witness and deferred to by the trial court. The Companies will only prevail
on remand if the District cannot, after applying the statute as written by the

legislature, establish that its rates are just and reasonable, as well as
nondiscriminatory and sufficient.

        Kravtin adopted a flawed approach similar to that taken by Saleba.
Indeed, rather than applying the words ofthe statute, she instead assumed that
subsection (3)(b) reflects the Telecom formula and—working from that
assumption—concluded that the Telecom formula may be applied, subject only

        34 In this litigation, the Companies have taken an "If he loses, Imust win" approach to the
issues. Aswe will discuss, such is not the case—given that this case wentto trial and the trier of
fact did not choose to credit the testimony of the Companies' expert witnesses.
        35 In the Companies' joint motion for partial summary judgment filed in December 2009,
they requested that the trial court determine as a matter of law that subsection (3)(a) functions as
the FCC Cable formula and that subsection (3)(b) functions as the FCC Telecom formula.
       36 Kravtin testified on behalf of Comcast and Charter, but not CenturyLink. The trial court
found that her opinions "were based primarily on theoretical analysis ofeconomics and public
policy, rather than actual local information regarding Pacific County and Pacific PUD." Findings
of Fact 35.
          37 The otherexpert witness, Mark Simonson, testified on behalf of CenturyLink.
Simonson's testimony, however, was focused on the nonrate terms and conditions ofthe
District's proposed agreement, and only as they related to CenturyLink. Therefore, his testimony
does not provide support for the Companies' position regarding the District's rates.

                                               -41 -
No. 70625-0-1/42

to a mathematical modification. Although Kravtin's divagation from the statutory

text was not so pronounced as Saleba's, it nonetheless betrayed her unsound

methodology.

       Q.      Can you tell us what methodology, in your opinion, applies to
       (3)(b)?
       A.       Yes. In my opinion, the methodology is the telecom formula,
       with a small modification.

        Q.      Okay. . . . [C]an you explain how the telecom formula works?
       A.     Yes. The telecom formula works in exactly analogous
       fashion to the cable formula. In fact, it was based on the cable
       formula. The same three components we discussed earlier, that I
       won't repeat.
              The only difference with regard to the telecom formula is a
        space allocator. It's now broken into two parts. It has the same
        useable space. The same allocator is used for useable space, that
        proportional allocator, but then for unusable space, that space,
        subject to a two-thirds adjustment, is divided equally by the number
        of attachers.

        The legislature, in amending RCW 54.04.045, wrote a singular rate

formula. Even assuming, without deciding, that a substantial overlap exists

between the FCC Telecom formula and subsection (3)(b), it is nevertheless

dear—and, indeed, the parties do not dispute—that the two are not identical.

While Kravtin's switch-and-bait approach to construing the statute may hold

superficial appeal, it is improper.38

         38 Additionally, the trial courtfound that the rate derived by Kravtin was unreasonable and
impractical based, in part, on the local information lacking from her proposed rate. Findings of
Fact 35 ("The opinions of Defendants' rate expert, Patricia Kravtin, were based primarily on
theoretical analysis of economics and public policy, rather than actual local information regarding
Pacific County and Pacific PUD. She had never visited Pacific County prior to trial."); Findings of
Fact 34 ("The pole attachment rate derived by Defendant's expert witness, Patricia Kravtin, is
unreasonable and impractical as it relates to this case.").
        An example of Kravtin's lack of local information is her conclusion that transmission poles
should not be considered by the District in setting a rate, despite the fact that there were
attachments by the Companies to a majority of the District's transmission poles. On the subject

                                               -42-
No. 70625-0-1/43

          While we hold that the trial court, on remand, must interpret the unique

rate formula based on the words of the statute and not based on opinions as to

what formulas it appears to resemble, we must repeat that because the formula

is not designed to ensure mathematical certainty and because the District

enjoyed ample discretion prior to the 2008 amendment, the District retains

considerable discretion in its rate calculation. Although our directive to the trial

court, unadorned, is that the statute must be applied as written, the legislature's

amendment of RCW 54.04.045 did not fully divest the District of the previously

liberal discretion it enjoyed. What follows is a nonexhaustive list of the discretion

retained by the District in calculating a just and reasonable rate.

          Both subsections (3)(a) and (3)(b) contain the phrase "shall consist of the

additional costs of procuring and maintaining pole attachments, but may not

exceed the actual capital and operating expenses of the locally regulated

utility      " RCW 54.04.045(3)(a)-(b) (emphasis added). However, neither

subsection clarifies whether these costs and expenses are treated as gross costs

and expenses or net costs and expenses. Nevertheless, the legislature explicitly

of transmission poles, CenturyLink assigned error to the trial court's finding that "Including District
transmission poles, as well as distribution poles, in the District's rate calculations was
reasonable." Findings of Fact 38. However, its critique is based on the fact that no preexisting
formulas authorize the use of transmission poles in calculating rates. As should be clear by now,
we reject this approach and, in light of the Companies' common practice of attaching to the
District's transmission poles, rule that the trial court's finding was supported by substantial
evidence.
       An example of Kravtin's unreasonable and impractical rate derivation is the deduction
she made for costs that benefit only the District. For example, she addressed the "cross arms" on
a pole, which do not benefit the attachers. According to Kravtin, pursuantto the FCC Cableand
Telecom formulas, it is appropriate to deduct 15 percent from the District's account to offset costs
stemming from features that do not benefit the attachers. However, no such deduction is
authorized by the rate formula authored by the legislature.

                                                -43-
No. 70625-0-1/44

intended the 2008 amendment "to recognize the value of the infrastructure of

locally regulated utilities" and to "ensure that locally regulated utility customers do

not subsidize licensees." Engrossed Second Substitute H.B. 2533. Therefore,

the District retains discretion to determine, after calculating a rate pursuant to

both gross costs and expenses and net costs and expenses, which result best

advances the policy explicated by the legislature.

          The District also retains discretion to determine whether to designate a

portion of the pole as unusable "safety space" and, if it does so, whether to

require the Companies to bear a share of the cost associated with the unusable

space.39 In both subsections (3)(a) and (3)(b), the legislature directs PUDs to

consider a "share" of the "required support and clearance space." In pole

attachment vernacular, another term for "support and clearance space" is

unusable space. However, the legislature did not define that which constitutes a

proper share and it did not define that which constitutes unusable space. Rather

than providing evidence as to which preexisting formula hews most closely to

these subsections, the absence of further definition affords the District discretion

to determine that which constitutes unusable space and, further, what share of

the cost associated with the unusable space should be borne by the attachers.40

          39 The Companies assign error to a finding made by the trial court regarding the safety
space: "Defendants use the safety space on the District's poles, and the safety space is primarily
for their benefit." Findings of Fact 39. However, the District points to numerous instances in the
record of testimony that supports these findings. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court's
finding was supported by substantial evidence. See 224 Westlake, LLC, 169 Wn. App. at 720
("We review the trial court's decision following a bench trial to determine whether the findings of
fact are supported by substantial evidence and whether those findings support the conclusions of
law.").
          40 Again, this discretion is guided by the legislature's statement of intent.

                                                  -44-
No. 70625-0-1/45

Instituting a policy of not using the safety space is a prerogative of the District

both as a rate maker and as a utility operator.

       The District also retains discretion in the manner in which it calculates the

number of licensees that attach per pole. The District calculated that, on

average, there were 2.38 attachers per pole owned by the District. On the other

hand, the Companies offered Kravtin's testimony that, pursuant to the federal

formulas, the number of attachers must be assumed to be three. However,

because the formula created by the legislature is unique, it was not incumbent

upon the District to assume that there were three attachers per pole; instead, it

could avail itself of data derived by surveys conducted by its employees or

agents in order to estimate the actual number of attachers. This approach is in

harmony with the legislature's stated intent that the amendment "ensure that

locally regulated utility customers do not subsidize licensees." Engrossed

Second Substitute H.B. 2533. If the District were to assume the presence of

three attachers per pole, this input would ultimately lower the rate, which would,

in turn, impose a higher financial burden on the District's customers.41
        In sum, we reverse the trial court's determination that subsection (3)(a)

reflects the FCC Telecom formula and that subsection (3)(b) reflects the APPA

formula and remand for further proceedings. On remand, the District must apply

the statute as written to the relevant data, albeit subject to the discretion that was

not withdrawn by the 2008 amendment. Only after receiving evidence and

         41 Indeed, Kravtin's insistence that the FCC "3 attacher per pole" presumption be used,
rather than actual data from the operation of the Pacific PUD, appears to be one basis for the trial
court's finding that her testimony was not worthy of belief.

                                               -45-
No. 70625-0-1/46

testimony based both on a proper application of the amended statute and on

underlying data that, in the trial court's view, is worthy of being credited, may the

trial court determine whether the District's revised rates are, in addition to the

other requirements imposed by RCW 54.04.045, "just and reasonable."

                                           V

       Comcast and Charter both challenge the trial court's award of damages to

the District, alleging that its prejudgment interest award was inaccurate.

Specifically, they argue that, in the event that we affirm the trial court's ruling in

any respect, the amount of the prejudgment interest award should be offset to

account for the District's failure to mitigate its damages, as well as the trial court's

failure to calculate the award at an interest rate of five percent per annum. We

disagree.

       "We review a prejudgment interest award for abuse of discretion."

Uniqard Ins. Co. v. Mut. of Enumclaw Ins. Co., 160 Wn. App. 912, 925, 250 P.3d

121 (2011). "Under this standard, we reverse a trial court's decision only if it 'is

manifestly unreasonable, exercised on untenable grounds, or exercised for

untenable reasons. Untenable reasons include errors of law.'" Humphrey Indus.,

Ltd. v. Clay St. Assocs.. LLC, 176 Wn.2d 662, 672, 295 P.3d 231 (2013) (quoting

Noble v. Safe Harbor Family Pres. Trust, 167Wn.2d 11, 17, 216 P.3d 1007

(2009)).

       "Prejudgment interest compensates a plaintiff for the 'use value' of

damages incurred from the time of the loss until the date of judgment."

Humphrey Indus., 176 Wn.2d at 672; see also Polygon Nw. Co. v. Am. Nat'l Fire

                                         -46-
No. 70625-0-1/47

Ins. Co.. 143 Wn. App. 753, 793, 189 P.3d 777 (2008) ("[A]n award of

prejudgment interest is in the nature of preventing the unjust enrichment of the

defendant who has wrongfully delayed payment."). Prejudgment interest may be

awarded "(1) when an amount claimed is 'liquidated' or (2) when the amount of

an 'unliquidated' claim is for an amount due upon a specific contract for the

payment of money and the amount due is determinable by computation with

reference to a fixed standard contained in the contract, without reliance on

opinion or discretion." Prierv. Refrigeration Enq'q Co., 74 Wn.2d 25, 32, 442

P.2d 621 (1968). A liquidated claim is "one where the evidence furnishes data

which, if believed, makes it possible to compute the amount with exactness,

without reliance on opinion or discretion." Prier, 74 Wn.2d at 32.

       Comcast and Charter first contend that the District failed to mitigate its

damages. In support of their contention, they point out that the District has

refused to accept their annual offer of payment at the historic rate, despite the

inclusion of a reservation of the District's right to collect the difference between

payment tendered at the historic rates and the District's newly instituted rates,

pending the outcome of the litigation between them. Their contention is

unavailing.

       "The doctrine of mitigation of damages," which generally applies in both

contract and tort cases, "prevents recovery for those damages the injured party

could have avoided by reasonable efforts taken after the wrong was committed."

Bernsen v. Big Bend Elec. Coop.. Inc., 68 Wn. App. 427, 433, 842 P.2d 1047

(1993V. cf. Desimone v. Mut. Materials Co., 23 Wn.2d 876, 884, 162 P.2d 808

                                        -47-
No. 70625-0-1/48

(1945) ("[T]he requirement of minimizing damages does not apply to cases ... of

intentional or continuing torts."). When the injured party is presented with a

choice between two reasonable courses, however, '"the person whose wrong

forced the choice cannot complain that one rather than the other is chosen.'"

Hogland v. Klein. 49 Wn.2d 216, 221, 298 P.2d 1099 (1956) (quoting Charles T.

McCormick, Handbook on the Law of Damages § 35, at 133-34 (1935)). Indeed,

"'the plaintiff is not bound at his peril to know the best thing to do.'" Hogland. 49

Wn.2d at 221 (quoting 1 Theodore Sedgwick et al., A Treatise on the Measure

of Damages § 221, at 415 (9th ed. 1912)). Furthermore, "[t]he party whose

wrongful conduct caused the damages ... has the burden of proving the failure

to mitigate." Cobb v. Snohomish County, 86 Wn. App. 223, 230, 935 P.2d 1384

(1997).

       As an initial matter, any prejudgment interest that was calculated based on

damages caused by the Companies' trespass is not susceptible to attack by way

of alleging that the District failed to mitigate its damages. Although damages

must be mitigated in most tort cases, damages resulting from an intentional tort

need not be. Bernsen, 68 Wn. App. at 433. Given that trespass is an intentional

tort, Broughton Lumber Co. v. BNSF Rv. Co., 174 Wn.2d 619, 630 n.9, 278 P.3d

173 (2012), it was not incumbent upon the District to mitigate damages stemming

from the Companies' trespass.

          Turning now to damages awarded for breach of contractual obligations,

Comcast and Charter contend that the District failed to mitigate its damages by

                                          48
No. 70625-0-1/49

refusing to accept their annual offers of payment at the historic rate, which, they

aver, included the reservation of rights noted above.

        Although the jointly filed briefing of Comcast and Charter contains

argument to the effect that both Comcast and Charter tendered payment at the

historic rates—including a reservation of rights—their citations to the record only

reveal an attempt by Charter to include a reservation of rights in its tender.42

        Contrary to Comcast's and Charter's contention, the District's refusal of its

offer does not constitute a failure to mitigate damages. Had the District accepted

Comcast's and Charter's offers of payment at the historic rate, it would have

been receiving annual payment of $19.70 per pole from two attachers,4344 $5.75

per pole from Comcastand Charter, and no money from CenturyLink.45 By
receiving different rates from its licensees, the District would have risked running

afoul of the legislature's directive that rates received by the District be

nondiscriminatory.46

        42 As explained supra at n.8, we found no evidence of Exhibit 515 being admitted at trial
or included in the record. However, even if Comcast and Charter were correct insofar as they
aver that Comcast's tender of payment included a reservation of rights, for the reasons stated
below, we would not hold that the District's refusal of such an offer constituted a failure to mitigate
damages.
          43 "Two other companies besides Defendants which have pole attachments on the
District's poles have been paying at the rates the District adopted in Resolution No. 1256 since it
was put into effect in 2007." Findings of Fact 44. Because the Companies do not offerany
argument as to why this finding is not supported by the evidence, we regard itas a verity on
appeal. See, ag,, Karlberg v. Otten, 167 Wn. App. 522, 525 n.1, 280 P.3d 1123 (2012) ("'It is
incumbent on counsel to present the court with argument as to why specific findings of the trial
court are not supported by the evidence and to cite to the record to support that argument.'"
(quoting In re Estate of Lint. 135 Wn.2d 518, 531-32, 957 P.2d 755 (1998))).
        44 It would have received $13.25 per pole from these two attachers in 2007 and $19.70
per pole from each in 2008.
        45 CenturyLink does not contend that its attemptto secure an accord and satisfaction led
to a failure by the District to mitigate its damages.
        46 By receiving different rates from different licensees, the District would have risked
contravening an additional legislative directive contained in section (2): "A locally regulated utility

                                                 -49-
No. 70625-0-1/50

       "All rates, terms, and conditions made, demanded, or received by a locally

regulated utility for attachments to it poles must be just, reasonable,

nondiscriminatory, and sufficient." RCW 54.04.045(2). "'Nondiscriminatory'

means that pole owners may not arbitrarily differentiate among or between

similar classes of licensees approved for attachments." RCW 54.04.045(1 )(d).

        Had the District accepted a significantly reduced rate from Comcast and

Charter—both of which were trespassing—while concomitantly receiving its

newly instituted rate from two other attachers, the District would have been

receiving different rates from different licensees. In the absence of further

legislative guidance or judicial construction, the fact that the offer from Charter

included a reservation of the District's right to collect the difference between

payment tendered at the historic rate and at the revised rate—in the event that

the District prevailed in this litigation—was no guarantee for the District that, by

accepting, it could maintain compliance with the nondiscriminatory requirement.

        Furthermore, had the District accepted Comcast's and Charter's offers, it

would have sent a message to the two attachers dutifully paying the new rate

that they were being overcharged or, at the very least, that there were economic

incentives to breach their agreements with the District. Moreover, in the absence

of contrary authority, it would have been reasonable for the District to conclude

that acceptance of the offers from Comcast and Charter would result in a

violation of the requirement that rates received be "sufficient." The lack of further

shall levy attachment space rental rates that are uniform for the same class of service within the
locally regulated utility service area." RCW 54.04.045(2).

                                              -50-
No. 70625-0-1/51

definition of this term in the statute would have left the District with no guidance

as to whether it was in compliance with the statute.

       Given the uncertainty as to whether the District could accept the offers of

Comcast and Charter while still complying with RCW 54.04.045(2), coupled with

the prospect of incentivizing other licensees to breach their agreements, we

conclude that the District's refusal constituted a reasonable course of action,

which may not be scrutinized after the fact by the parties which forced the choice.

See Labriola v. Pollard Grp.. Inc., 152 Wn.2d 828, 840, 100 P.3d 791 (2004).

Although we do not here purport to chart the depth and breadth of what action

constitutes "reasonable efforts" to prevent avoidable damages, there can be no

doubt that the definition excludes assuming the risk of contravening a legislative

mandate, while incentivizing other licensees to breach their agreements and

become trespassers. The District did not fail to mitigate its damages.

       If the Companies wished to avoid the risk of having to pay prejudgment

interest, but still desired to withhold from the District the contested sum until their

dispute was resolved, they should have paid that sum into the Pacific County

Superior Court's registry. See Colonial Imports v. Carlton Nw.. Inc., 83 Wn. App.
229, 248, 921 P.2d 575 (1996) (Baker, C.J., dissenting) ("If a defendant wishes

to protect itself against the prejudgment interest rate provided by statute, all the
defendant need do is pay into the registry of the court that amount which the

defendant believes is the proper judgment amount. By doing so, prejudgment

interest is tolled on the amount deposited."). Indeed, given that the policy

undergirding prejudgment interest as a permissible form of damages "'has been

                                         -51 -
No. 70625-0-1/52

based upon the view that one who has had the use of money owing to another

should in justice make compensation for its wrongful detention,'" Prier, 74 Wn.2d

at 32 (quoting McCormick, supra, § 54), had the Companies paid into the

registry of the court the amount they believed to be in dispute, they would not

have had the use of that amount prior to the adverse judgment and, accordingly,

any prejudgment interest on the amount deposited would have been tolled.

       Comcast and Charter next contend that the trial court incorrectly

calculated prejudgment interest at a rate of 12 percent per annum. This is so,

they assert, because (1) the trial court justified the 12 percent interest rate based

on RCW 4.56.110(4), which only addresses the interest rate that accrues from

the entry of a judgment; (2) the proposed agreement from the District could not

be taken into account, given that it was unsigned; and (3) the District's own rate

expert calculated damages based on an interest rate of five percent. Their

contention is unavailing.

       "Prejudgment interest is allowed in civil litigation at the statutory judgment

interest rate." Unioard Ins. Co., 160 Wn. App. at 925. RCW 4.56.110 "sets the

rate for four categories of judgments: (1) breach of contract where an interest

rate is specified, (2) child support, (3) tort claims, and (4) all other claims."

Unigard Ins. Co., 160 Wn. App. at 925 (footnote omitted). "In determining the

appropriate interest rate, a court should examine the component parts of the

judgment, determine what the judgment is primarily based on, and apply the

appropriate category." Unigard Ins. Co., 160 Wn. App. at 925.

       None of Comcast's and Charter's assertions provide a basis upon which

                                          -52-
No. 70625-0-1/53

we could conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in calculating

prejudgment interest at a rate of 12 percent per annum. Their first assertion is

foreclosed by well-established precedent, which makes clear that "[pjrejudgment

interest is allowed in civil litigation at the statutory judgment interest rate."

Unigard Ins. Co., 160 Wn. App. at 925. Thus, it is a proper exercise of discretion

for a trial court to calculate prejudgment interest in a civil dispute at the statutory

judgment interest rate reflected in RCW 4.56.110. Given this, regardless of

whether the trial court improperly made reference to or relied upon an 18 percent

interest rate contained in the unsigned agreement proposed by the District—their

second assertion—and regardless of the five percent interest rate calculated by

the District's own rate expert—the basis for their third assertion—so long as the

trial court utilized a rate that was consistent with RCW 4.56.110, there was no

abuse of discretion. Although this action was predicated, in part, on breach of

contract claims, no interest rate was specified in the contracts. Thus, the trial

court applied RCW 4.56.110(4) and settled on a rate of 12 percent interest per

annum. Twelve percent is within the permissible range of interest rates pursuant

to RCW 4.56.110(4).47 See RCW 19.52.020. Accordingly, the trial court did not

        47 The ceiling for permissible interest rates is set by RCW 19.52.020(1), which is
incorporated by reference in RCW 4.56.110(4) and which states:
        (1) Any rate of interest shall be legal so long as the rate of interest does not
        exceed the higher of: (a) Twelve percent per annum; or (b) four percentage
        points above the equivalent coupon issue yield (as published by the Board of
        Governors of the Federal Reserve System) of the average bill rate for twenty-six
        week treasury bills as determined at the first bill market auction conducted during
        the calendar month immediately preceding the later of (i) the establishment of the
        interest rate by written agreement of the parties to the contract, or (ii) any
        adjustment in the interest rate in the case of a written agreement permitting an
        adjustment in the interest rate.

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No. 70625-0-1/54

abuse its discretion.

                                          VI

       The District seeks affirmance of the award of attorney fees and expenses

granted to it in the trial court and an award of attorney fees and costs on appeal.
First, it argues that, as the prevailing party, the trial court properly awarded it fees
and expenses. Second, it argues that it should be awarded fees and costs on

appeal. Third, it argues that it is entitled to an award ofattorney fees based on
the Companies' untimely appeal. The Companies contest all such claims.
                                           A

       The District first contends that it was properly awarded attorney fees and

expenses in the trial court. With regard to the District's fees and expenses in
connection with the nonrate terms and conditions, as well as the District's rates

prior to June 12, 2008, we agree. However, as the District may not be the
prevailing party on remand with regard to the issue of whether its rate complied
with the 2008 amendment to RCW 54.04.045, it is premature to say that it is

entitled to an award of fees and expenses in the trial court as to that issue.

       Whether there is a legal basis for awarding attorney fees is reviewed de
novo; however, a discretionary decision to award fees and expenses—and the
reasonableness of such an award—is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Gander

v. Yeager, 167 Wn. App. 638, 647, 282 P.3d 1100 (2012).

        "Washington follows the American rule 'that attorney fees are not
 recoverable by the prevailing party as costs of litigation unless the recovery of
 RCW 19.52.020(1).

                                          -54-
No. 70625-0-1/55

such fees is permitted by contract, statute, or some recognized ground in

equity.'" Panorama Vill. Condo. Owners Ass'n Bd. of Directors v. Allstate Ins.

Co., 144 Wn.2d 130, 143, 26 P.3d 910 (2001) (quoting McGreevy v. Or. Mut. Ins.

Co., 128 Wn.2d 26, 35 n.8, 904 P.2d 731 (1995)). "In general, a prevailing party

is one who receives an affirmative judgment in his or her favor." Riss v. Angel.

131 Wn.2d 612, 633, 934 P.2d 669 (1997). "Contractual provisions awarding

attorney fees to the prevailing party also support an award of appellate attorney

fees." City of Puvallup v. Hogan, 168 Wn. App. 406, 430, 277 P.3d 49 (2012).

        In light of our holding with regard to the nonrate terms and conditions and

the validity of the District's rates prior to June 12, 2008, the District is properly

considered the prevailing party as to those issues in the trial court and was,

accordingly, entitled to an award of fees as to those issues. However, whether

an award of fees in conjunction with the rates controlled by the amended statute

is appropriate must abide further proceedings.

        With regard to the trial court's award of expenses, we reach a similar

conclusion. In response to the trial court's award of expenses to the District,

Comcast and Charter48 aver that the portion of the award given to compensate

         48 In its opening brief, CenturyLink did not challenge the trial court's award of expenses
as to the work done by EES. In its reply brief, it states, "CenturyLink continues to join in all
arguments made by co-defendants Comcast and Charteron the issues of damages and the
awards to the District of attorneys' fees and costs." To the extent that this statement could be
interpreted as an attempt by CenturyLink to challenge the trial court's award of expenses, we do
not consider its challenge. See Cowiche Canyon Conservancy, 118 Wn.2d at 809 ("An issue
raised and argued for the first time in a reply brief is too late to warrant consideration.").
         Moreover, CenturyLink did not, in its merits briefing, indicate the number of hours billed
by its expert witness in connection with this litigation or the hourly rate charged by its expert, or
direct us to a place in the record, the verbatim report of proceedings, or elsewhere in the
materials designated by the parties, where we could obtain this information. The effect of this is

                                                -55-
No. 70625-0-1/56

the District for the expenses it incurred through the use of services provided by

EES should be reversed. This is so, they contend, because EES provided both

rate analysis services to the District prior to this litigation and litigation-related

services (including Saleba's expert testimony) after this litigation had

commenced. Comcast and Charter assert that the invoices that were submitted

to the trial court failed to specify the nature of the work that formed the basis for

the amount charged in the bill, which removed any indicia of reliability from the
trial court's subsequent determination that the expenses were, in fact, litigation-

related. We disagree.

        The trial court made the following pertinent finding with respect to its

award of expenses:

              The fees and expenses of EES Consulting totaling
        $251,150.11 billed to and paid by the District are reasonable
        expenses incurred in connection with this lawsuit. They were paid
        directly by the District to EES Consulting for expert witness work,
        and the documentation is sufficient to enable the Court to make this
        determination. The EES Consulting expenses are awarded to the
        District.

        Contrary to Comcast's and Charter's contention, the record supports the
trial court's finding. While the invoices submitted to the District by EES did not
explicitly describe the nature of the work undertaken by EES, every bill was
invoiced on a date that was subsequent to both the date that this litigation was

commenced and the effective date of the 2008 amendment to RCW 54.04.045.

Given that EES had long since completed the rate study for which it had been

 to preclude us, as part of our subsequent consideration of the reasonableness of the expenses
 incurred by the District with regard to EES, from also considering the hourly rate charged by
 CenturyLink's expert witness, as well as the number of hours for which CenturyLink was invoiced.

                                              -56-
No. 70625-0-1/57

retained by the District, itwas reasonable for the trial court to conclude that these

invoices reflected work done by EES in connection with this litigation.

       Alternatively, Comcast and Charter49 argue that the award of expenses

must be reversed because it was unreasonably high. In support of this

argument, they reference the difference between the hours billed by their expert

witness Kravtin and the hours billed by EES. We find their argument

unpersuasive.50

        The record supports the trial court's finding that the expenses incurred

were reasonable. Kravtin devoted approximately 270 hours of work in

connection with this litigation. EES, on the other hand, devoted nearly 1,400
hours of work in connection with this litigation. However, Kravtin's hourly rate of

$375.00 was nearly twice that of Saleba's hourly rate of $200.00, whose hourly
rate was higher than that of any other employee of EES who provided litigation-
related services to the District.51 Furthermore, Saleba's testimony addressed

         49 In its opening brief, CenturyLink, in a footnote, states that it "adheres to the arguments
made below regarding the impropriety of the nature and amount of the District's claimed fees and
costs, particularly the District's exorbitant expert witness fees." However, we decline to consider
this cursory assertion as proper appellate argument, particularly given CenturyLink's attempt to
rely on argument presented to the trial court by incorporating it by reference rather than
presenting a reasoned argument in its merits brief. See Norcon Builders. LLC v. GMP Homes
VG. LLC. 161 Wn. App. 474, 497, 254 P.3d 835 (2011) ("'placing an argument... in a footnote
is, at best, ambiguous orequivocal as to whether the issue istruly intended to be part of the
appeal'" (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting St. Joseph Gen. Hqsp. v. Dep't of Revenue,
158 Wn. App. 450, 473, 242 P.3d 897 (2010), modified on remand. 165 Wn. App. 23, 267 P.3d
1018 (2Q11))V see Diversified Wood Recycling. Inc. v. Johnson, 161 Wn. App. 859, 890, 251
P.3d 293 (2011) ("We do not permit litigants to use incorporation by reference as a means to
argue on appeal orto escape the page limits for briefs setforth in RAP 10.4(b).").
         50 Although a request for an award ofattorney fees must reflect a lodestar method
calculation, there is no such requirement with regard tothe work ofother professionals. The trial
court may consider any competent evidence in reaching its determination.
        51 The invoices reveal that other employees of EES, whose hourly rates were lower than
Saleba's, provided services to the District. These employees include the following: Anne Falcon
(hourly rate of $190.00), Kelly Tarp (hourly rate of $160.00), Seung Kim (hourly rate of $160.00),

                                                -57-
No. 70625-0-1/58

both the validity of the District's rates and the validity of its nonrate terms and

conditions, whereas Kravtin's testimony merely addressed the validity of the

District's rates. An inference arising from the significantly higher rate charged by

Kravtin when compared to that which was charged by Saleba (or any other

employee of EES) is that Kravtin's hourly yield was commensurate with her
increased hourly rate. That inference, considered together with the broader
scope of the testimony that was given by Saleba during the course of the trial,
indicates that the trial court's finding was adequately supported by evidence

contained in the record. Comcast and Charter have offered no basis for us to

conclude that the trial court's award of expenses was unreasonable.

        In view of our foregoing analysis, we conclude that, in the event thatthe
District prevails on remand, the award of expenses should not be disturbed.
Both the basis for and the reasonableness of the trial court's finding were

adequately supported by the record. However, in the event that the Companies
prevail on remand, the award of expenses will need to be reassessed in the
following manner: the trial court will be required to identify and segregate the
amount of expenses to award based on the work done by EES with regard to the
issues on which the District prevailed, while not awarding expenses on the issue
on which the District did not prevail. In any event, given our affirmance ofthe
trial court's ruling with regard to the nonrate terms and conditions and the revised
 rates prior to June 12, 2008, an award of expenses that were related to litigation

Amber Gschwend (hourly rate of $140.00), Lisa Fortney (hourly rate of $140.00), Amber Nyquist
 (hourly rate of $140.00), Janet White (hourly rate of $140.00) Sarah Neubauer (hourly rate of
 $120.00), and Diane Running (hourly rate of $120.00).

                                              -58-
No. 70625-0-1/59

of those issues was proper.

                                           B

       The District next contends that it is entitled to an award of attorney fees

and costs on appeal. Because this case is to be remanded, we delegate to the

trial court, after final resolution of the merits, the question of an award of fees and

costs on appeal. With regard to the nonrate issues, an award of fees is

appropriate. With regard to the rates assessed prior to June 12, 2008, an award

of fees is appropriate. However, with regard to the rates assessed on or after

June 12, 2008, an award of fees will be appropriate only in the event that the

District is the ultimate prevailing party on that issue.

                                           C

       The District next contends that it is entitled to an award of attorney fees

and costs relating to the Companies' untimely appeal. This is so, it avers,

because fees and costs "would not have been incurred by the district but for the

Companies' failure" to appeal within the requisite period.

       Review of this issue is problematic because it was briefed opaquely: the

parties either do not cite to the record, cite to things outside of the record, or cite

to things which may be in the record but with a citation that fails to identify where
in the voluminous record it may be contained. What seems to be clear is this: the

District (1) is requesting that we affirm the trial court's award of attorney fees and

costs for its opposition to the Companies' motion to vacate and reenter final

judgment in the trial court, and (2) is seeking an award of attorney fees and costs

                                           59
No. 70625-0-1/60

with respect to the Companies' motion for extension of time, the District's motion

to stay, and the District's motion for discretionary review.

       With respect to the first request, we affirm the trial court's award. The

District sensibly notes that because the Companies did not appeal the trial

court's denial of their motion to vacate, the District is the prevailing party. The

Companies do not dispute this in their briefing, and because the District prevailed

on a motion that will not be reversed (or even challenged, presumably) on

remand, we affirm the trial court's award of attorney fees and expenses relating

to the Companies' motion to vacate.

       With respect to the second request, the District argues that the "same

principles applicable to the award of fees and costs" relating to the motion to

vacate apply to the Companies' motion for extension of time, the District's motion

to stay, and the District's motion for discretionary review by the Supreme Court.

Not so. Because the District is, at this stage, only a partially prevailing party, we

direct the trial court to consider this request on remand, after the merits of all

substantive claims are resolved.

       The District argues, alternatively, that we should impose terms or

compensatory damages—or both—as provided for by RAP 18.9, which allows a

court to sanction a party for its failure to comply with RAP 5.2(a), which requires

filing of a notice of appeal to be done within 30 days of entry of judgment. In

response, the Companies assert that Division Two already declined to award the

District any fees on this basis. Although the Companies do not cite any Division

Two ruling to this effect, we decline to sanction the Companies pursuant to RAP

                                         -60-
No. 70625-0-1/61

18.9(a).

                                         VII

       In the complaints filed to commence these actions, the District requested

equitable relief in the form of an injunction, which was granted by the trial court

and memorialized in its conclusions of law.

              45.    In addition to the declaratory judgment, damages, and
       interest awarded, the District is entitled to the injunctive relief
       requested.
              46.    Defendants must start paying at the District's rates as
       set forth in Resolution No. 1256 and must enter into the District's
       proposed Pole Attachment Agreement (with revisions per
       Conclusion of Law 35 above), or they must remove their
       attachments from District poles within thirty (30) days, and if not so
       removed, the District may remove Defendants' attachments at
       Defendants' expense.

       We affirm the trial court's ruling with regard to the nonrate terms and

conditions and the District's revised rates prior to June 12, 2008. The trial court's

grant of injunctive relief is supported by these holdings. When the Companies

refused to sign the proposed agreement, refused to remove their equipment from

the District's poles, and refused to pay the revised rates commencing January 1,

2007, they became trespassers on the District's property. Thus, insofar as the

trial court based its grant of equitable relief upon the Companies' refusal to sign

the agreement, remove their equipment, and pay the initial revised rates, the trial

court's ruling was proper. However, because we remand for resolution of the

propriety of the revised rates following the effective date of the amendment, we

direct the trial court on remand to consider whether it should modify its grant of

equitable relief, either on an interim basis or otherwise.

                                         61
No. 70625-0-1/62

                                            VIII

      The Companies contend that they are entitled to an award of attorney fees

on appeal. This is so, they assert, because the reciprocal fee-shifting provision

of RCW 4.84.330 entitles them, as prevailing parties, to attorney fees. However,

because we reverse and remand to the trial court for further proceedings, it is, at

best, premature to determine that any of the Companies are entitled to an award
of attorney fees. Nevertheless, we provide guidance to the trial court with

respect to the Companies' argument.

       The statute upon which the Companies rely is as follows:

       In any action on a contract or lease entered into after September
       21, 1977, where such contract or lease specifically provides that
       attorneys' fees and costs, which are incurred to enforce the
       provisions of such contract or lease, shall be awarded to one of the
       parties, the prevailing party, whether he or she is the party specified
       in the contract or lease or not, shall be entitled to reasonable
       attorneys' fees in addition to costs and necessary disbursements.

RCW 4.84.330.

       As an initial matter, CenturyLink will be precluded from securing attorney

fees pursuant to this statute. This is so because the only contract upon which
CenturyLink could sue is a contract from 1969, which was entered into before the
reciprocal fee shifting provisions became effective.52
       Nevertheless, CenturyLink cites this court's decision in Herzoo Aluminum,
Inc. v. General American Window Corp., 39 Wn. App. 188, 692 P.2d 867 (1984),

for the proposition that RCW 4.84.330 applies to "any action" on a contract, even
when the claimed contract is found to have never been formed. This is an overly

       52 Indeed, CenturyLink seeks fees pursuant to that contract.

                                            -62-
No. 70625-0-1/63

expansive reading of Herzog Aluminum, where we held "that the broad language

'[i]n any action on a contract' found in RCW 4.84.330 encompasses any action in

which it is alleged that a person is liable on a contract." 39 Wn. App. at 197

(alteration in original). Indeed, Division Two rejected a similar argument in

Wallace v. Kuehner, 111 Wn. App. 809, 46 P.3d 823 (2002). In that case,

Division Two declined to apply Herzog Aluminum to an instance in which the

parties seeking attorney fees never intended to form a contract. Wallace, 111

Wn. App. at 820 (distinguishing cases in which the parties intended to form a

contract, but due to lack of a meeting of the minds, mutual mistake, or statute of

limitations, the contract was not enforceable). Similarly, CenturyLink never

intended to form a contract with the District and so it may not avail itself of a

provision from the proposed agreement that it rejected in order to capitalize on
the reciprocal fee shifting provision authorized by RCW 4.84.330.
       However, CenturyLink contends that a new contract was formed in 1987.

This is so, it asserts, because a party to a terminable at will contract can

unilaterally modify an existing contract, and because the 1969 contract was

modified in 1987 when the parties agreed to a new rate, that modification

constitutes a new contract for purposes of RCW 4.84.330. In support of this,

CenturyLink relies on Cascade Auto Glass, Inc. v. Progressive Casualty
Insurance Co., 135 Wn. App. 760, 145 P.3d 1253 (2006). However, that case

involved unilateral modification to an existing contract. See Cascade Auto Glass,

135 Wn. App. at 769. Here, admittedly, "the parties agreed to a new rate."

Therefore, Cascade Auto Glass is inapposite.

                                         -63-
No. 70625-0-1/64

       Finally, CenturyLink contends that it is entitled to fees on equitable

grounds. Specifically, it asks that we apply the equitable principle of mutuality of

remedies. Although Washington courts have applied this principle, Kaintz v.

PLG, Inc.. 147 Wn. App. 782, 197 P.3d 710 (2008), Mt. Hood Bev. Co v.

Constellation Brands, Inc., 149 Wn.2d 98, 63 P.3d 779 (2003), Park v. Ross

Edwards, Inc., 41 Wn. App. 833, 706 P.2d 1097 (1985), those decisions were

reached where bilateral attorney fees provisions precluded RCW 4.84.330 from

applying (Park and Kaintz) and where a different statute applied (Mt. Hood Bev.

Co.). Thus, where other contractual or statutory provisions have rendered RCW

4.84.330 inapposite, courts have sometimes applied the equitable principle of

mutuality of remedies. No such provisions are present here. The statute only

permits reciprocal fee shifting for contracts entered into after September 21,

1977. Applying the equitable remedy requested here would be tantamount to

excising words from the statute and, even more troubling, would risk allowing the

equitable remedy to swallow the statutory rule. We decline to award fees to

CenturyLink on equitable grounds.

       Comcast and Charter also seek attorney fees on appeal pursuant to prior

contracts with the District. Just as CenturyLink does, they assert that the

reciprocal fee-shifting provision of RCW 4.84.330 entitles them, as prevailing

parties, to attorney fees. Unlike CenturyLink's contract, however, both

Comcast's and Charter's contracts were entered into after September 21, 1977.

Accordingly, if, on remand, they are prevailing parties, then they will be able to

                                         64
No. 70625-0-1/65

avail themselves of the reciprocal fee-shifting provision in RCW 4.84.330.53

       Affirmed in part. Reversed and remanded in part.

We concur:

                                                  BtTcW, |

          53 Keeping in mind, of course, that the District is already the prevailing party with regard
to the litigation over the nonrate terms and the rate charged through June 12, 2008.

                                                 -65-