Court Opinion

ID: 4406128
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-06-12 20:00:51.221501+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:27:45.948477
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         JUN 12 2019
                                                                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                        U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No.   18-10233

                Plaintiff-Appellee,              D.C. No.
                                                 4:17-cr-00605-JAS-JR-2
 v.

ARELVY MARIA CERECERES,                          MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellant.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of Arizona
                     James Alan Soto, District Judge, Presiding

                             Submitted June 10, 2019**
                             San Francisco, California

Before: GOULD, IKUTA, and R. NELSON, Circuit Judges.

      Arelvy María Cereceres was indicted on one count of smuggling goods from

the United States, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 554(a), as a result of her conduct in

acquiring and delivering 15,265 rounds of ammunition to individuals in Mexico.

The indictment also sought forfeiture of the ammunition or substitute property

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
under 21 U.S.C. § 853(p) and 28 U.S.C. § 2461(c). Cereceres pleaded guilty. The

district court sentenced Cereceres to 33 months imprisonment followed by three

years supervised release and a special assessment of $100 dollars. The district

court also entered a forfeiture order permitting the United States to seek $3,939.99

of Cereceres’s property as a substitute asset for the ammunition. On appeal,

Cereceres challenges the validity of the forfeiture order and process, as well as the

substantive and procedural reasonability of her sentence. We affirm.

      1. Cereceres argues that the district court’s statement at sentencing that “I’m

going to order the forfeiture of any interest that this defendant may have had in the

ammunition that was seized as part of this case” supplants the subsequent written

order of forfeiture. However, soon after it made that statement, during the same

hearing, the district court revised its statement and requested that the government

file a written order of forfeiture that would be subject to objection from Cereceres

and final approval by the court. As we interpret the district court’s actions, the

district court never actually made an oral forfeiture order. As we have held before,

early statements in a sentencing hearing are not set “in stone,” and judges may

revise their orders “in light of new developments during the hearing.” United

States v. Ochoa, 809 F.3d 453, 458 (9th Cir. 2015). It is true as a general matter

that an oral ruling on forfeiture at the sentencing hearing would control over a later

written forfeiture order. See United States v. Allen, 157 F.3d 661, 668 (9th Cir.

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1998). But we conclude that the district court’s statement during the sentencing

hearing did not constitute a final order of forfeiture at sentencing and did not

control over the final written order entered by the court.

      2. Cereceres argues that the district court did not comply with Federal Rule

of Criminal Procedure 32.2 in issuing its forfeiture order. Because these

procedural objections were not raised to the district court, they are reviewed for

plain error. United States v. Wilkes, 662 F.3d 524, 550 (9th Cir. 2011). Cereceres

argues that the district court failed to determine the amount of forfeiture under

Rule 32.2(b)(1)(A). However, the court’s order of forfeiture clearly reflects the

district court’s determination of the relevant property and its value. Cereceres

argues that there was insufficient evidence in the record to determine the value of

the ammunition for the purpose of calculating the value of substitute assets under

Rule 32.2(b)(1)(B). However, this amount was properly shown, by a

preponderance of the evidence, United States v. Christensen, 828 F.3d 763, 822

(9th Cir. 2015), using receipts from the purchase of the ammunition. Although 18

U.S.C. § 924(d)(2)(C) requires clear and convincing evidence to demonstrate that

certain firearms or ammunition were intended to be used in certain offenses in

order to be subject to forfeiture, there was never any dispute that 15,265 rounds of

ammunition were subject to forfeiture in this case. Finally, while the district court

did not formally enter a preliminary order of forfeiture in this case, that error was

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completely harmless, as Cereceres was on notice that the government was seeking

forfeiture and was given the opportunity to brief any objections to the forfeiture

order before it was entered.

      3. Cereceres argues that 18 U.S.C. § 924(d) does not permit the government

to seek forfeiture of substitute assets under 21 U.S.C. § 853(p) and 28 U.S.C.

§ 2461(c). This objection was raised below, and we review a district court’s

interpretation of federal forfeiture law de novo. United States v. $493,850.00 in

U.S. Currency, 518 F.3d 1159, 1164 (9th Cir. 2008). We resolved this argument

decisively in United States v. Valdez. 911 F.3d 960 (9th Cir. 2018). Where

property is subject to forfeiture under 18 U.S.C. § 924(d) and the government

seeks criminal forfeiture under 28 U.S.C. § 2461(c), the substitute property

procedures of 21 U.S.C. § 853(p) apply because § 853(p) is “incorporated by

reference in § 2641(c). Id. at 963–65.

      4. Cereceres argues that her sentence is procedurally erroneous and

substantively unreasonable. We review sentencing decisions for abuse of

discretion. United States v. Torlai, 728 F.3d 932, 936–37 (9th Cir. 2013).

Cereceres argues that the district court committed procedural error for failing to

consider mitigation based on “the defendant’s mental and physical health and the

aberrancy of the conduct.” However, the transcript reflects that the district court

considered the relevant factors and arguments, including the defendant’s mental

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health and the aberrancy of the conduct, ultimately applying a three-level

downward variance. It is not procedural error for the court to decline to explicitly

explain its consideration of each mitigation argument. Rita v. United States, 551

U.S. 338, 358 (2007). Cereceres argues that her sentence is substantively

unreasonable in light of these mitigating factors. However, Cereceres’s below-

guidelines sentence was not substantively unreasonable considering the totality of

the circumstances. United States v. Carty, 520 F.3d 984, 993 (9th Cir. 2008) (en

banc).

         AFFIRMED.

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