Court Opinion

ID: 4349172
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-12-11 15:00:28.523589+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:49:07.982340
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 _____________

                                     No. 18-1274
                                    _____________

                                BRUCE FRYMOYER,

                                                 Appellant

                                           v.

                 EAST PENN MANUFACTURING COMPANY, INC.

                                    _____________

                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                               (D.C. No. 5-16-cv-05035)
                      District Judge: Hon. Joseph F. Leeson, Jr.
                                  _______________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                 November 2, 2018

           Before: CHAGARES, JORDAN and VANASKIE, Circuit Judges

                              (Filed: December 11, 2018)
                                   _______________

                                      OPINION
                                   _______________

      
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7,
does not constitute binding precedent.
JORDAN, Circuit Judge.

          Bruce Frymoyer appeals the District Court’s grant of summary judgment for East

Penn Manufacturing Company, Inc. (“East Penn”) on his claim for wrongful termination

under Pennsylvania law and his claim for discrimination under the federal Rehabilitation

Act, 29 U.S.C. § 701 et seq. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm.

I.        BACKGROUND

          Frymoyer worked at East Penn as a maintenance mechanic. In May 2012, he

injured his left knee at work. He had surgery that month to address the injury and took a

leave of approximately six to eight weeks.        When he made a claim for workers’

compensation, East Penn approved and assisted him in the process.

          More than a year passed without issue. Then, in November 2013, Frymoyer

started experiencing pain again in his left knee. He again sought workers’ compensation,

but this time East Penn denied his claim. As a result, Frymoyer hired counsel to pursue

it.

          In May 2014, he had a second surgery on the same knee and, due to the recovery

period, did not return to work until the following August. East Penn says that Frymoyer

was restored to his original position with the same pay and benefits upon his return.

Frymoyer argues that, “[a]lthough [he] was restored to his position with no pay reduction,

he was disciplined for the time off due to the on-the-job injury and second surgery.”

(App. at 86.)      Frymoyer’s counsel and East Penn’s workers’ compensation counsel

eventually agreed that they could not settle the case, as East Penn wanted Frymoyer to

resign.

                                             2
          Two weeks after he returned to work, Tony DiBenedetto, a personnel director at

East Penn, disciplined Frymoyer for his absences.             At the disciplinary meeting,

DiBenedetto “tr[ied] to explain” to Frymoyer the company’s policy on absences and

illness days. (App. at 209.)

          More than four months later, in January 2015, Alison Snyder, another personnel

director, heard that Frymoyer had thrown an object that hit and damaged a company

laptop.     When she asked Frymoyer about the incident, he denied it. Snyder suspended

Frymoyer pending an investigation. Frymoyer’s lawyer immediately sent Snyder an

email, warning her against terminating Frymoyer in retaliation for his workers’

compensation claim.

          In the course of the investigation concerning the damaged laptop, one of

Frymoyer’s co-workers submitted a signed statement that he had witnessed Frymoyer

throw an object at the laptop. Although two other nearby co-workers did not see what

happened, Snyder found credible the statement of the one who did, and, on the basis of

that statement, fired Frymoyer. Both Snyder and DiBenedetto signed the Termination

Notice.

          Frymoyer then brought this suit against East Penn, alleging that his firing violated

both Pennsylvania law on wrongful termination and the federal Rehabilitation Act. East

Penn moved for summary judgment. The District Court concluded that no reasonable

jury could find the required causal link between Frymoyer’s termination and either his

injury or his claims for workers’ compensation, and, consequently, it granted summary

                                               3
judgment for East Penn. After failing to persuade the District Court to reconsider its

summary judgment decision, Frymoyer filed this appeal.

II.   DISCUSSION1

      A.     The District Court Did Not Base Its Decision on an Issue Raised Sua
             Sponte.

      Frymoyer argues that the District Court improperly based its grant of summary

judgment on a ground not raised by either party. Specifically, he says that East Penn did

not argue there was no causal link between his firing and either his disability or his

workers’ compensation claim. According to Frymoyer, East Penn only argued that its

purported decisionmaker, Snyder, was unaware of both Frymoyer’s impairment and his

workers’ compensation case.

      It is true that East Penn’s argument in the District Court was not captured in a

standalone section of a brief labeled “causal link.” The briefing does, however, plainly

state that the “Plaintiff cannot establish a causal connection … which is a required

element … of wrongful termination[.]” (App. at 274.) Further, “East Penn … dispute[d]

that any evidence exist[ed] for a trier of fact to reasonably conclude [there was] a causal

      1
          As to the claim under the Rehabilitation Act, the District Court had jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. The District Court had jurisdiction over the wrongful
termination claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291.
        “Our review of the District Court’s grant of summary judgment is plenary.”
Capps v. Mondelez Glob., LLC, 847 F.3d 144, 151 (3d Cir. 2017). A moving party is
entitled to summary judgment if “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and
the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). There is a
genuine dispute of material fact “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could
return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.
242, 248 (1986). All inferences must be drawn in favor of the nonmoving party. Prowel
v. Wise Bus. Forms, Inc., 579 F.3d 285, 286 (3d Cir. 2009).
                                            4
connection between the adverse action and the protected activity.” (App. at 278.) East

Penn thus raised the lack of a causal link with respect to both the federal and state law

claims.

       Moreover, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(f) permits a court to grant summary

judgment on grounds not raised, as long as the parties are given notice and a reasonable

opportunity to respond. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(f); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.
317, 326 (1986) (In certain limited circumstances granting summary judgment based on

grounds not raised is permissible “so long as the losing party was on notice that [it] had

to come forward with all of [its] evidence.”). We agree with the District Court that it is

“hard to believe that Frymoyer could not have realized that the key issue underlying East

Penn’s motion was the existence of the causal link[,]” (App. at 20,) as a causal link is a

required element for both wrongful discharge under Pennsylvania law and discrimination

under the Rehabilitation Act.2 Frymoyer was already on notice that he must establish a

causal link as part of his prima facie case to survive summary judgment and that

       2
         The prima facie case for wrongful termination under Pennsylvania law requires
“a causal connection between the employee’s protected activity and the employer’s
adverse action.” Shellenberger v. Summit Bancorp, Inc., 318 F.3d 183, 187 (3d Cir.
2003); see Christman v. Cigas Machine Shop, Inc., 293 F. Supp. 2d 538, 543 (E.D. Pa.
2003) (“The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has not yet set forth the elements of a prima
facie case of retaliatory discharge, so courts in this district borrow the analytical structure
used in Title VII retaliation claims.”).
        The Rehabilitation Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C.
§ 12101 et seq., are “interpreted consistently” and share “the same standard for
determination of liability.” McNelis v. Penn. Power & Light Co., 867 F.3d 411, 414 (3d
Cir. 2017). The prima facie case for discrimination under the Rehabilitation Act thus
requires the plaintiff to establish that he “suffered an adverse employment action because
of that disability.” Id.
                                              5
causation was disputed. Accordingly, he was not denied the opportunity to argue or

proffer evidence on the issue.

       In sum, the issue of causation was raised in East Penn’s motion for summary

judgment, and Frymoyer was on notice and had ample opportunity to argue and present

evidence pertaining to any supposed causal link. Therefore, the District Court did not err

in considering whether Frymoyer had provided the requisite evidence of causation.

       B.     Frymoyer Failed to Raise a Fact Question About Causation.

       Turning to the merits, we begin by noting that the Rehabilitation Act “forbids

employers from discriminating against persons with disabilities in matters of hiring,

placement, or advancement.” Wishkin v. Potter, 476 F.3d 180, 184 (3d Cir. 2007). And

Pennsylvania law prohibits employers from terminating an employee “for filing a

workers’ compensation claim.” Shick v. Shirey, 716 A.2d 1231, 1237 (Pa. 1998).

       The familiar McDonnell Douglas framework applies to Frymoyer’s claims under

both the Rehabilitation Act and Pennsylvania law.        See Wishkin, 476 F.3d at 185

(recognizing that the “framework established in McDonnell Douglas … for Title VII

cases is equally applicable to discrimination claims under the Rehabilitation Act.”);

Christman v. Cigas Machine Shop, Inc., 293 F. Supp. 2d 538, 543 (E.D. Pa. 2003)

(applying the analytical structure used in Title VII retaliation claims to wrongful

termination under Pennsylvania state law). Under that framework, Frymoyer must make

a prima facie showing of discrimination or wrongful termination.           The burden of

production then shifts to East Penn to proffer a legitimate reason for the termination. The

burden then shifts back to Frymoyer to show that East Penn’s explanation is pre-textual.

                                            6
Specifically, he must offer sufficient evidence for a juror to find East Penn’s proffered

“reason was a fabrication ... or ... to infer that discrimination [or retaliation for filing a

workers’ compensation claim] was more likely than not a motivating or determinative

cause of the adverse employment action.” Wishkin, 476 F.3d at 185 (citation omitted).

       Frymoyer argues that the District Court erred because he established a causal link

between his termination and both his disability (under the Rehabilitation Act) and his

workers’ compensation claims (under Pennsylvania law).            First, he argues that the

District Court applied too high a standard and disregarded the “low bar for establishing a

prima facie case of employment discrimination” because he offered sufficient evidence of

temporal proximity to trigger an inference of causation. (Opening Br. at 17.) Second, he

contends that he has proffered sufficient evidence for a jury to find East Penn’s

explanation for his termination to be pre-textual. Third, he argues that there are facts in

dispute that are particularly material and prevent summary judgment. His arguments,

however, are ineffectual.

       First, assuming arguendo that Frymoyer is correct that he established a prima facie

case of both discrimination under the Rehabilitation Act and wrongful termination under

Pennsylvania law, he has not proffered sufficient evidence to rebut East Penn’s legitimate

reason for his termination. To do so, he had to bring forth evidence that East Penn did

not have an honest belief that he engaged in misconduct justifying termination. Capps v.

Mondelez Glob., LLC, 847 F.3d 144, 152 (3d Cir. 2017).              Specifically, he had to

demonstrate that East Penn’s explanation was dishonest due to “weaknesses,

implausibilities, inconsistencies, incoherencies, or contradictions from which a

                                              7
reasonable juror could conclude that the Defendants’ explanation is unworthy of

credence, and hence infer that the employer did not act for the asserted [legitimate]

reasons.” Carvalho-Grevious v. Del. State Univ., 851 F.3d 249, 262 (3d Cir. 2017)

(citation and quotation marks omitted). Frymoyer argues that “there is a genuine factual

dispute as to whether [he] committed the offense for which he was allegedly fired[]”

(Opening Br. at 20), but that is not the issue. The issue is whether East Penn believed he

committed the offense, not whether he in fact did so.

       There is no evidence in the record showing that East Penn did not believe that

Frymoyer committed the alleged misconduct. East Penn justified Frymoyer’s termination

based on the written statement of his co-worker identifying him as the employee who

wantonly damaged the laptop. Frymoyer points to statements by two other co-workers

that he claims “cause doubt as to the sincerity of East Penn’s posited reason for the

firing.” (Opening Br. at 21.) Those witnesses state that they were in the area when the

vandalism occurred but “did not see anything happen.”3 (App. at 238, 200.) But the one

co-worker’s positive identification of Frymoyer as the wrongdoer is not refuted by two

others in the area who say they saw nothing. Importantly, the latter two do not say that

they were aware of what Frymoyer was doing or that they could say he did not throw

anything at the laptop. They simply deny having seen what happened. Given the signed

statement by the co-worker who did see what happened and the lack of any contrary

       3
           The two witness statements were given at different times. East Penn obtained
the first declaration in the midst of its investigation. The other witness’s statement came
in Frymoyer’s unemployment compensation hearing.

                                            8
evidence, Frymoyer has failed to raise an adequate rebuttal to East Penn’s legitimate

reason for termination. 4

       Frymoyer’s final argument is that two disputed questions of material fact prevent

summary judgment. The first question is whether Snyder was aware of Frymoyer’s

workers’ compensation claims. The second is whether there was an additional decision-

maker, DiBenedetto, who was aware of Frymoyer’s injury and his workers’

compensation claims. Both questions relate directly to a decision-maker’s awareness of

his disability and his workers’ compensation claims, which, even if true, is not itself a

legally sufficient basis for liability. See Kelly v. Drexel Univ., 94 F.3d 102, 109 (3d Cir.

1996) (“The mere fact that an employer is aware of an employee’s impairment [or claim

for workers’ compensation] is insufficient to demonstrate … that that [knowledge]

caused the adverse employment action.”). More to the point, though, those questions are

irrelevant. Even if both decision-makers were aware of his disability and his workers’

compensation claims, that does not speak to, or otherwise undermine, East Penn’s

legitimate reason for firing Frymoyer.

       In short, East Penn offered a legitimate explanation for the termination and

Frymoyer has failed to produce sufficient evidence to raise a factual question regarding

       4
           Moreover, the timing of his termination is not suspicious. For example,
Frymoyer’s brief focuses on the email his lawyer sent to East Penn warning against
retaliatory termination, but that email was sent after his suspension, evidencing an
attempt to save his job, not discrimination.
                                             9
whether the reason was pre-textual. Summary judgment based on the lack of a causal

link was thus appropriate.5

III.   CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s grant of summary

judgment.

       5
         Because we affirm on other grounds, we need not address East Penn’s argument
as to whether Frymoyer was a qualified individual with a disability under the
Rehabilitation Act.
                                          10