Court Opinion

ID: 2827091
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-08-13 16:27:50.691346+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:31:24.269182
License: Public Domain

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Catherine M. Dusman                    :
                                       :
           v.                          :       No. 924 C.D. 2014
                                       :       No. 974 C.D. 2014
The Board of Directors of the          :       Argued: June 15, 2015
Chambersburg Area School District and :
The Chambersburg Area School District, :
                         Appellants    :

BEFORE: HONORABLE ROBERT SIMPSON, Judge
        HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
        HONORABLE JAMES GARDNER COLINS, Senior Judge

OPINION BY JUDGE BROBSON                           FILED: July 31, 2015

            This consolidated matter involves the appeals of the Chambersburg
Area School District (District) and the District’s Board of Directors (Board) from
two orders of the Court of Common Pleas of the 39 th Judicial District (Franklin
County Branch) (trial court).    The first order, dated May 29, 2014, granted a
motion for a preliminary injunction filed by Catherine M. Dusman (Dusman)
without notice of hearing (Temporary Injunction Order). The second order, dated
June 2, 2014, followed notice and a hearing and continued the preliminary
injunction the trial court entered on May 29, 2014 (Preliminary Injunction Order).
For the reasons set forth below, we reverse.
                                I. BACKGROUND
            Aspects of these consolidated appeals involve an employment dispute
between the District and Dusman. After the District terminated Dusman’s position
as an Assistant Superintendent, Dusman sued the District, seeking an order in
mandamus directing the District to restore her to her position. By Order dated
April 28, 2014, the trial court granted Dusman’s motion for peremptory judgment
and directed the District to reinstate Dusman to her previous position as Assistant
Superintendent. The District appealed,1 and in Dusman v. Board of Directors of
the Chambersburg Area School District, 113 A.3d 362 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015)
(Dusman I), petition for allowance of appeal, (Pa., No. 90 MAL 2015, filed
February 4, 2015), we affirmed.
              On May 29, 2014, a couple of weeks after the District appealed the
trial court’s reinstatement order that is the subject of Dusman I, Dusman again
filed suit against the District. In that action, Dusman averred that the Board
violated the Sunshine Act, 65 Pa. C.S. §§ 701-716, when, during an executive
(nonpublic) session on May 7, 2014, the Board discussed, deliberated, and decided
to appeal the trial court’s reinstatement order. Dusman sought declaratory and
permanent injunctive relief with respect to those executive session actions.
              Dusman also challenged other executive session actions by the Board.
Specifically, Dusman averred that the Board violated the Sunshine Act by
discussing legal services during an executive session on May 14, 2014. Dusman
averred that the Board again violated the Sunshine Act during its
May 28, 2014 meeting by discussing and deliberating in an executive session,
rather than a public session, the subject of rates to be paid for legal services.
Dusman sought an order enjoining the Board from engaging in discussion and
deliberation in executive sessions on the subject of legal services and the rates it
would pay for legal services and requested an order directing the Board to provide

       1
        Though interlocutory, the trial court’s order granting peremptory judgment in the nature
of mandamus was appealable as of right under Pa. R.A.P. 311(a)(5).

                                               2
her with copies of the audio tapes of those executive sessions for release to the
public.
             On the same day that she filed her complaint, Dusman filed a motion
for preliminary injunctive relief, citing Section 713 of the Sunshine Act, 65 Pa.
C.S. § 713, which provides, in relevant part:
             The court may enjoin any challenged action until a
             judicial determination of the legality of the meeting at
             which the action was adopted is reached. Should the
             court determine that the meeting did not meet the
             requirements of this chapter, it may in its discretion find
             that any or all official action taken at the meeting shall be
             invalid.
Specifically, Dusman sought an order preliminarily enjoining the District “from
(1) prosecuting its appeal [of the trial court’s order granting peremptory judgment
in favor of Dusman] and (2) holding executive sessions to deliberate matters
regarding legal services or the approval of 2014-2015 rates for legal services” until
the trial court resolved her underlying claims involving the Sunshine Act.
(Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 22a.)        Within hours of the filing of Dusman’s
Sunshine Act complaint, the trial court issued the Temporary Injunction Order:
                    NOW, this 29th day of May, 2014, upon
             consideration of the Motion for Preliminary Injunction in
             this matter and after considering the Complaint filed in
             this matter, and pursuant to Pa. R.[C.]P. [No.] 1531(a),
             Chambersburg Area School District is hereby
             temporarily enjoined from (1) taking further formal
             action to prosecute its appeal filed on May 8, 2014 in
             Franklin County Docket No. 2013-2085 and
             (2) deliberating matters pertaining to legal services and
             legal rates for legal services during executive sessions.
The Temporary Injunction Order also scheduled a hearing on the preliminary
injunction motion for June 2, 2014.

                                          3
             On June 2, 2014, after conducting a hearing on the motion for
preliminary injunction, the trial court entered the Preliminary Injunction Order:
                    June 2, 2014, the Court having convened a
             preliminary hearing on the plaintiff’s petition for
             injunctive relief under the provisions of the Sunshine
             [Act], and the Court upon taking evidence and hearing
             the oral arguments of counsel hereby orders that the
             [Temporary Injunction Order] shall remain in effect until
             the Court has an opportunity to review the written
             arguments of counsel and determine whether or not the
             order should be rescinded or continued pending further
             proceedings in the matter or entered as a final order upon
             conclusion of the . . . complaint under the . . . Sunshine
             Act.
                    The Court notes that the order does not invalidate
             the appeal of the school district but prohibits [it] from
             taking further action or further steps to prosecute the
             appeal.

             On June 11, 2014, the District filed separate notices of appeal with
respect to the trial court’s Temporary and Preliminary Injunction Orders.2 On
June 16, 2014, the trial court directed the District to file a concise statement of
errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa. R.A.P. 1925(b) within 21 days.
The next day, the trial court issued a Memorandum of Decision in support of its
Preliminary Injunction Order. The District filed separate concise statements with
respect to the Temporary and Preliminary Injunction Orders. The trial court issued
an opinion in accordance with Pa. R.A.P. 1925(a) (Rule 1925(a) Opinion),
rejecting each of the District’s claims of error.

      2
          The trial court’s orders, though interlocutory, were appealable as of right.
Pa. R.A.P. 311(a)(4). We consolidated the separate appeals by Order dated August 29, 2014.

                                            4
                                     II. ISSUES
             The District raises several issues on appeal. First, with respect to the
Temporary Injunction Order, the District argues that the trial court acted in
contravention of Pa. R.C.P. No. 1531(a). Second, with respect to both orders on
appeal, the District argues that the trial court erred in failing to make required
findings of fact to support the grant of preliminary injunctive relief. In support of
its argument on this issue, the District cites Lee Publications, Inc. v. Dickinson
School of Law, 848 A.2d 178 (Pa. Cmwlth.) (en banc), appeal denied, 857 A.2d
675 (Pa. 2004). Under Lee Publications, the District contends that before granting
preliminary injunctive relief, the trial court was required to find that Dusman had a
clear right to relief and was likely to succeed on the merits of her Sunshine Act
claims, that she would suffer irreparable harm if the injunction was refused, that
greater injury would result from refusing the injunction than granting it, that the
injunction would preserve the status quo pending a final decision on the merits,
that the injunctive relief is narrowly tailored to abate the alleged harm, and that the
public interest would not be adversely affected by the preliminary injunction.
              As its third issue on appeal, the District argues that the trial court’s
injunction orders in Dusman’s Sunshine Act lawsuit, precluding the District from
taking further action to prosecute its appeal in Dusman I, exceeded the trial court’s
limited authority under Pa. R.A.P. 1701(b) to further affect the outcome of
Dusman’s reinstatement lawsuit while the District’s appeal was pending in this
Court.   The District’s next three issues go to the merits of the trial court’s
determination that the District violated the Sunshine Act during the executive
sessions on May 7, May 14, and May 28, 2014. In its seventh issue, the District
questions whether the trial court’s injunction orders are overbroad. In its eighth

                                          5
and final issue, the District asks whether the trial court erred by not requiring
Dusman to post a bond or legal tender pursuant to Pa. R.C.P. No. 1531(b).3
                                IV. DISCUSSION
                         A. The Temporary Injunction Order
               The District’s first issue on appeal requires us to consider whether the
trial court erred in entering the Temporary Injunction Order without notice or
hearing. As noted above, the trial court entered the Temporary Injunction Order
the same day that Dusman filed her Sunshine Act complaint (indeed, within hours
of the filing). Pa. R.C.P. No. 1531 provides, in relevant part:
                      (a) A court shall issue a preliminary or special
               injunction only after written notice and hearing unless it
               appears to the satisfaction of the court that immediate
               and irreparable injury will be sustained before notice
               can be given or a hearing held, in which case the court
               may issue a preliminary or special injunction without a
               hearing or without notice. In determining whether a
               preliminary or special injunction should be granted and
               whether notice or a hearing should be required, the court
               may act on the basis of the averments of the pleadings or
               petition and may consider affidavits of parties or third
               persons or any other proof which the court may require.
                      ....
                      (d) An injunction granted without notice to the
               defendant shall be deemed dissolved unless a hearing on
               the continuance of the injunction is held within five days
               after the granting of the injunction or within such other
       3
          After engaging in a preliminary review of the briefs and record, we entered an order on
February 25, 2015, directing the parties to file supplemental briefs addressing the following
questions: (1) whether, in light of our opinion in Dusman I, there remained any need for the
Court to address any (or all) of the issues raised in this appeal; and (2) whether the failure of the
parties to apprise the Court during our consideration of the appeal in Dusman I, and before we
issued our opinion in that case, of the orders that are the subject of this appeal (which pertinently
relate to the “prosecution” of the Dusman I appeal) has any implications for our resolution of
these appeals. After having reviewed the briefs the parties submitted, we agree with their
suggestion that we should proceed to address the primary issues raised in the appeal.

                                                 6
             time as the parties may agree or as the court upon cause
             shown shall direct.
(Emphasis added.) The District contends that the trial court erred in issuing the
Temporary Injunction Order without any averment by Dusman in her papers that
injunctive relief must be entered without notice or hearing to prevent immediate
and irreparable injury or such a finding by the trial court. In its Rule 1925(a)
Opinion, the trial court claims that it issued the Temporary Injunction Order
pursuant to Section 713 of the Sunshine Act, which does not impose the same
conditions for injunctive relief without notice or a hearing as Pa. R.C.P. No. 1531.
Dusman makes the same argument in her brief.
             We, however, reject the trial court’s position that it issued the
Temporary Injunction Order pursuant to Section 713 of the Sunshine Act. To the
contrary, the Temporary Injunction Order expressly provides that the trial court
issued the order “pursuant to” Pa. R.C.P. No. 1531(a). We, therefore, will analyze
the propriety of the Temporary Injunction Order under that authority. Nowhere in
her Motion for Preliminary Injunction or in her Complaint does Dusman allege a
basis for the trial court to grant preliminary injunctive relief without affording the
District notice or a hearing. The trial court’s Temporary Injunction Order is
likewise void of any reason for dispensing with the notice and hearing requirement
in Pa. R.C.P. No. 1531(a). Accordingly, we agree with the District’s contention
that the trial court erred in issuing the Temporary Injunction Order without written
notice and a hearing. We, therefore, will reverse that order.
                      B. The Preliminary Injunction Order
                              1. Lee Publications
             Turning to the next issue on appeal, we consider whether the trial
court erred in failing to follow this Court’s en banc decision in Lee Publications
when it considered and granted Dusman preliminary injunctive relief. Specifically,
                                          7
the District complains that under Lee Publications, the trial court “must
specifically address or discuss that the party seeking the injunction has met the six
(6) elements required to obtain the injunction. In this case, the trial court failed to
address any of the reasons that Dusman was entitled to an injunction, and instead
just granted the injunction.” (District Br. at 19.)
             Like this case, Lee Publications involved an appeal of an order that
granted preliminary injunctive relief under the Sunshine Act. The only issue
before us in Lee Publications was whether one of the named defendants—The
Dickinson School of Law Board of Governors (“Board of Governors”)—was
subject to the Sunshine Act. The common pleas court ruled that it was and entered
a preliminary injunction, directing the Board of Governors to comply with the
Sunshine Act meeting requirements. Lee Publications, 848 A.2d at 180.
             This Court held on appeal that the Board of Governors was not an
“agency,” as defined in the Sunshine Act. Id. at 188-89. In light of this legal
conclusion, the Court considered whether the trial court erred in granting
preliminary injunctive relief:
                    A trial court has “reasonable grounds” for granting
             injunctive relief where it properly finds that the
             prerequisites for a preliminary injunction have been
             satisfied. “For a preliminary injunction to issue, every
             one of these prerequisites must be established; if the
             petitioner fails to establish any one of them, there is no
             need to address the others.”
Id. at 189 (quoting Cnty. of Allegheny v. Cmwlth., 544 A.2d 1305, 1307 (Pa. 1988))
(emphasis in original) (citation omitted). The Court in Lee Publications also held
that in order to obtain preliminary injunctive relief, the requester must prove that:
             (1) an injunction is necessary to prevent immediate
             and irreparable harm that cannot be adequately
             compensated by damages;

                                           8
            (2) greater injury would result from refusing an
            injunction than from granting it, and, the issuance of the
            injunction will not substantially harm other interested
            parties;
            (3) an injunction will properly restore the parties to
            their status as it existed prior to the alleged wrongful
            conduct;
            (4) the activity the petitioner seeks to restrain is
            actionable, the right to relief is clear, and success on the
            merits is likely;
            (5) the injunction is reasonably suited to abate the
            offending activity; and
            (6) an injunction will not adversely affect the public
            interest.
Id. (quoting Summit Towne Centre, Inc. v. Shoe Show of Rocky Mount, Inc.,
828 A.2d 995, 1001 (Pa. 2003)). In light of the Court’s conclusion that the Board
of Governors was not subject to the Sunshine Act, we held that the plaintiffs failed
to establish one of the prerequisites for preliminary injunction relief—that being a
likelihood of success on the merits. Accordingly, we reversed. Id.
            Lee Publications was not the first case in which this Court looked to
some derivation of the above-quoted factors to determine whether a trial court
erred in granting preliminary injunctive relief under the Sunshine Act.          In
Patriot-News Company v. Empowerment Team of the Harrisburg School District
Members, 763 A.2d 539 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2000) (en banc), empowerment teams from
two school districts appealed preliminary injunction orders from the common pleas
court, compelling the teams to hold meetings in compliance with the Sunshine Act.
The empowerment teams raised several issues on appeal. Among the issues that
this Court considered was whether the trial court had “apparently reasonable
grounds” to grant preliminary injunctive relief. Patriot-News, 763 A.2d at 546.
Applying this standard of review, the Court opined:

                                         9
             The law is well settled that a court is able to grant a
             preliminary injunction only where the movants establish
             all of the elements required to satisfy their burden of
             proof. As we explained many years ago . . . :
                    Three criteria have been established for the
                    granting of a preliminary injunction, which,
                    as a harsh and extraordinary remedy, is to be
                    granted only when and if each criteria has
                    been fully and completely established. . . .
                    They are: (1) the preliminary injunction
                    must be necessary to prevent immediate and
                    irreparable harm which could not be
                    compensated for by damages; (2) greater
                    injury would result from the denial of the
                    preliminary injunction than from the
                    granting of it; and (3) it would operate to
                    restore the parties to the status quo as it
                    existed prior to the alleged wrongful
                    conduct. In addition to meeting all three
                    criteria, the court must be convinced that
                    plaintiffs’ right to a preliminary injunction is
                    clear . . . and general equity jurisdiction
                    must be warranted.
             Of course, the movants do not have to prove an absolute
             right to relief in order to obtain a preliminary injunction;
             instead, if the other elements necessary for a preliminary
             injunction exist, and substantial legal questions are raised
             by the underlying legal claim, their “right to relief is
             clear.”
Id. at 546-47 (quoting Comm. of Seventy v. Albert, 381 A.2d 188, 190 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 1977)) (citations omitted). Upon review of the record and the parties’
arguments, this Court, analyzing the above factors, concluded that the newspapers
who sought the preliminary injunctive relief met their burden of proof. Id. at 547.
             On this issue, the District’s claim of error is that the trial court did not
specifically address or discuss the above-quoted elements for preliminary
injunctive relief. We disagree. Although both the District and the trial court
contend that these pre-requisites do not apply where preliminary injunctive relief is
                                          10
sought under Section 713 of the Sunshine Act, the trial court, in its Memorandum
Decision, expressly stated that it reviewed and considered each of these
pre-requisites for preliminary injunctive relief:              “In reviewing the evidence
presented at the hearing, the Court specifically determined that the plaintiff met all
the elements of proof necessary pursuant to Section 1531 to acquire Preliminary
Injunctive Relief including irreparable and immediate harm. Clearly, Section 713
of the Sunshine Act would support the Court’s Order of Preliminary Injunctive
Relief without the necessity of proving the elements required by Rule 1531.”
(Mem. Decision at 5.)4 Accordingly, although the trial court did not reference Lee
Publications in its Memorandum Decision, the record shows that the trial court
specifically considered the factors that this Court discussed in Lee Publications and
found, based on the record, that Dusman met her burden of proving entitlement to
preliminary injunctive relief.
                        2. Preliminary Injunction on Prosecution
                                of Reinstatement Appeal
               We next consider whether the trial court exceeded its authority by
preliminarily enjoining the District from prosecuting its pending appeal before the
Court in Dusman I. The District relies on Pa. R.A.P. 1701(a), which provides,
inter alia, that “after an appeal is taken . . . the trial court or other government unit
may no longer proceed further in the matter.” The District contends that by
preliminarily enjoining the District from prosecuting its appeal from the trial
court’s reinstatement order in Dusman I, the trial court violated this rule.
In response, Dusman contends that this rule only barred the trial court from taking

       4
          We interpret the trial court’s reference to “Section 1531” as referring to Pa. R.C.P.
No. 1531. We further interpret the phrase “elements of proof,” particularly in light of the trial
court’s reference to “irreparable and immediate harm,” as referring to the so-called pre-requisites
to preliminary injunctive relief.

                                               11
action in the reinstatement lawsuit. Because the Sunshine Act matter is a separate
proceeding, or a separate “matter,” the rule does not apply. The trial court takes
the same position in its Rule 1925(a) Opinion.
              Dusman is essentially taking the position that although the trial court
could not bar the District directly from pursuing its appeal by issuing an order to
that effect in the reinstatement action, it could do so indirectly by issuing an order
in the separate, but related, Sunshine Act lawsuit. We disagree. The matter on
appeal to this Court in Dusman I was the trial court’s order granting peremptory
mandamus. By issuing an order in the Sunshine Act lawsuit that barred the District
from “prosecuting” its appeal from that order, the trial court affected that matter.
The trial court lacked any jurisdiction, under the Rules of Appellate Procedure or
the Sunshine Act, to influence this Court’s docket and to control whether and to
what extent an appellant may “prosecute” an appeal before this Court.                   We,
therefore, reverse the trial court’s order granting preliminary injunctive relief to the
extent that it enjoined the District from “prosecuting” its appeal of the peremptory
judgment order.5
              3. Preliminary Injunction Prohibiting Executive Session
                       Deliberations on Legal Services/Rates
              This challenged portion of the trial court’s Preliminary Injunction
Order stems from the Board’s May 14 and 28, 2014 executive sessions. The
District maintains that the trial court erred in concluding that Dusman made a

       5
           Because we conclude that the trial court exceeded its authority in preliminarily
enjoining the District from prosecuting its appeal in Dusman I, we will not consider in this
appeal from the Preliminary Injunction Order the merits of whether the Board violated the
Sunshine Act during the May 7, 2014 executive session and the related question of whether the
District is required, under the Sunshine Act, to authorize appeals by Board vote at a public
meeting.

                                             12
prima facie showing that the Board took official action with respect to legal
services and rates during these executive sessions in violation of the Sunshine Act.
To the contrary, the District argues that the record shows only that the purpose of
these executive sessions was to receive information, not to take any formal action.
The District also argues that, to the extent the Board discussed the subject of its
then-solicitor during these executive sessions, those executive session discussions
were authorized under Section 708(a)(1) of the Sunshine Act, 65 Pa. C.S.
§ 708(a)(1), relating to personnel matters.
             As a general rule, the Sunshine Act requires agencies to engage in
“deliberations” and to take “official action” in meetings open to the public. 65 Pa.
C.S. § 704. Section 703 of the Sunshine Act, 65 Pa. C.S. § 703, defines the term
“deliberation” as “[t]he discussion of agency business held for the purpose of
making a decision.” The term “official action” includes: (1) “[r]ecommendations
made by an agency pursuant to statute, ordinance or executive order;” (2) “[t]he
establishment of policy by an agency;” (3) “[t]he decisions on agency business
made by an agency;” and (4) “[t]he vote taken by any agency on any motion,
proposal, resolution, rule, regulation, ordinance, report or order.” Id. § 703.
             An “executive session” is “[a] meeting from which the public is
excluded.” Id. As an exception to the general rule requiring public meetings, the
Sunshine Act allows an agency to conduct executive sessions in certain
circumstances. Id. §§ 707(a), 708. One of those circumstances relates to personnel
matters:
                   An agency may hold an executive session for one
             or more of the following reasons:
                          (1) To discuss any matter involving the
                   employment,      appointment,  termination   of
                   employment, terms and conditions of employment,
                   evaluation of performance, promotion or
                                          13
                   disciplining of any specific prospective public
                   officer or employee or current public officer or
                   employee employed or appointed by the agency, or
                   former public officer or employee, provided,
                   however, that the individual employees or
                   appointees whose rights could be adversely
                   affected may request, in writing, that the matter or
                   matters be discussed at an open meeting. The
                   agency’s decision to discuss such matters in
                   executive session shall not serve to adversely
                   affect the due process rights granted by law,
                   including those granted by Title 2 (relating to
                   administrative law and procedure). The provisions
                   of this paragraph shall not apply to any meeting
                   involving the appointment or selection of any
                   person to fill a vacancy in any elected office.
Id. § 708(a)(1). Although Section 708(a) of the Sunshine Act authorizes executive
sessions to discuss certain matters, “official action” on those discussions must be
taken at an open meeting. Id. §708(c).
            We turn now to the District’s contention that the trial court did not
have reasonable grounds to conclude that the Board engaged in “deliberations”
during the May 14 and 28, 2014 executive sessions. In support of its contentions
that it did not deliberate at those meetings, the District cites the Pennsylvania
Supreme Court’s decision in Smith v. Township of Richmond, 82 A.3d 407 (Pa.
2013). In Smith, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court considered the question of
whether the term “deliberations” in the Sunshine Act was broad enough to
encompass meetings with various parties, including adverse parties in litigation, to
obtain information that may be helpful to the agency in deciding whether to settle
ongoing litigation.   Smith, 82 A.3d at 412-13.       Based on the definition of
“deliberation” in the Sunshine Act, the Supreme Court focused its inquiry on
whether the discussions at issue were held “for the purpose of making a decision”

                                         14
on that particular topic.   Id. at 415.    The Supreme Court elaborated on this
question:
                   Making a decision implies the exercise of
            judgment to determine which of multiple options is
            preferred. Thus, a discussion of agency business may be
            said to have taken place “for the purpose of making a
            decision”—and        therefore,   to     have     comprised
            “deliberations”—where the discussion consisted of
            debate or discourse directed toward the exercise of such
            judgment. This would occur, for example, where agency
            members weigh the “pros and cons” of the various
            options involved, or otherwise engage in comparisons of
            the different choices available to them as an aid in
            reaching a decision on the topic, even if the decision is
            ultimately reached at a later point.
                   Gatherings held solely for the purpose of
            collecting information or educating agency members
            about an issue do not fit this description, notwithstanding
            that the information may later assist the members in
            taking official action on the issue. To conclude that such
            information-gathering discussions are held for the
            purpose of making a decision would amount to a strained
            interpretation not reflective of legislative intent. In this
            regard, it bears noting that, although the [Sunshine] Act
            is designed to enhance the proper functioning of the
            democratic process by curtailing secrecy in public affairs,
            the legislative body has expressly cabined the openness
            directive by reference to a specific discussional purpose
            (“making a decision”), thereby leaving room for
            closed-door discussions held for other purposes.
Id. at 415-16 (citations omitted). Upon review of the record, the Supreme Court
noted that all of the witnesses to the executive sessions described the meetings as
fact-finding in nature. Accordingly, the Supreme Court held that the gatherings
did not include “deliberations” and thus did not violate the Sunshine Act. Id. at
416.

                                          15
             Although the legal standard that the Supreme Court developed in
Smith is helpful, the appeal in that case was from an order granting summary
judgment. Here, by contrast, we are reviewing not a final decision on the merits,
but a decision granting preliminary injunctive relief pending a final decision.
Generally, we review trial court orders granting preliminary injunctive relief for an
abuse of discretion. Lee Publications, 848 A.2d at 184. Where we are called upon
to consider a trial court’s decision to grant preliminary injunctive relief, our review
is generally limited to considering whether no grounds exist to support the trial
court’s decision or whether the rule of law the trial court relied upon was clearly
erroneous or misapplied. Free Speech, LLC. v. City of Philadelphia, 884 A.2d
966, 970 n.1 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2005). The District contends that the evidence adduced
at the hearing below establishes that the executive sessions on May 14 and 28,
2014, were for information gathering only and for discussions regarding that
information. It contends, therefore, that, like in Smith, there were no deliberations.
             In response, Dusman points to a hearing exhibit marked for
identification purposes as “Plaintiff’s Exhibit 8.” The exhibit relates only to the
May 28th meeting. The exhibit details a recommendation by school administration
to the Board to approve proposed 2014-2015 legal counsel and rates for legal
services. According to the testimony of School Superintendent Joseph Padasak,
when this agenda item came up at the Board meeting on May 28th, a Board
member asked that the Board adjourn to executive session to discuss the matter.
The Board solicitor advised that an executive session would be lawful under the
circumstances. The Board went into executive session. When they returned to
public session, the Board voted against the administration’s recommendation
regarding legal counsel and rates. (R.R. 185a-86a.) Other than this piece of

                                          16
evidence, Dusman focuses not on the issue of whether “deliberations” actually
occurred during the May 14 and 28, 2014 meetings. Instead, as the trial court does
in its Rule 1925(a) Opinion, Dusman focuses on the question of whether those
executive sessions fell within the personnel exception under Section 708(a)(1) of
the Sunshine Act. Indeed, the trial court seems to acknowledge in its Rule 1925(a)
Opinion that it is at least uncertain whether “deliberations” actually occurred at
those meetings:        “We note that whether deliberations took place at the
May 14, 2014 and May 28, 2014 executive sessions does not affect the legitimacy
of our preliminary injunction Order enjoining future deliberations on the matters.”
(Rule 1925(a) Opinion.)6
              Respectfully, we do not agree with the trial court’s approach. The
trial court’s very authority to act here is premised on an alleged violation of the
Sunshine Act by the Board when it “deliberated” the subject of outside legal
services, including rates, in executive sessions held on May 14 and May 28, 2014.
(Compl. ¶¶ 23, 24; R.R. 29a.) The trial court’s authority to issue preliminary
injunctive relief under Section 713 of the Sunshine Act is confined to enjoining
“any challenged action until a judicial determination of the legality of the meeting
at which the action was adopted is reached.” (Emphasis added.) Here, the trial
court did not enjoin any action taken during the May 14 th and May 28th executive
sessions. It also did not examine the record to determine whether there was prima
facie evidence of any “deliberations” during those executive sessions, such that
those meetings should have been public (unless excepted under Section 708(a)(1)

       6
         In its Memorandum Decision, the trial court only discusses record evidence on the
question of whether the Board violated the Sunshine Act during the May 7, 2014 meeting.
(Mem. Decision at 2-3.) Like it does in its Rule 1925(a) Opinion, the trial court focuses on the
issue of whether discussions during the May 14 and 28, 2014 executive sessions fell within the
personnel matter exception in Section 708(a)(1) of the Sunshine Act. (Id. at 4.)

                                              17
of the Sunshine Act).         We do not read Section 713 of the Sunshine Act as
empowering the courts to issue prospective injunctive relief based on a legal
argument that an agency may not engage in certain conduct during executive
session, but without evidence that the agency defendant has actually engaged in
that allegedly unlawful conduct.
              Because the trial court did not review the evidence adduced during the
preliminary injunction hearing and make a determination on whether there was
prima facie evidence to support Dusman’s claim that the Board deliberated in
executive session “matters pertaining to legal services and legal rates for legal
services,” the trial court lacked apparently reasonable grounds to enter a
preliminary injunction under Section 713 of the Sunshine Act barring the Board
from engaging in deliberations on such matters in future executive sessions.7 We,
therefore, reverse the trial court’s order granting preliminary injunctive relief to the
extent that it enjoined the District from “deliberating matters pertaining to legal
services and legal rates for legal services during executive sessions.”

                                     P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge

       7
         Because the trial court did not consider and decide this threshold question, we will not
consider the question of whether such deliberations are excepted from the public meeting
requirement under Section 708(a)(1) of the Sunshine Act.

                                               18
          IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Catherine M. Dusman                    :
                                       :
           v.                          :    No. 924 C.D. 2014
                                       :    No. 974 C.D. 2014
The Board of Directors of the          :
Chambersburg Area School District and :
The Chambersburg Area School District, :
                         Appellants    :

                                  ORDER

            AND NOW, this 31st day of July, 2015, the May 29, 2014, and
June 2, 2014, orders of the Court of Common Pleas of the 39th Judicial District
(Franklin County Branch) are REVERSED.

                              P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge