Court Opinion

ID: 4412406
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-06-28 16:03:41.860666+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:51:53.415086
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),                                      FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
                                                                       Jun 28 2019, 10:55 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing                                CLERK
                                                                        Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral                                    Court of Appeals
                                                                             and Tax Court

estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Rory Gallagher                                           Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Indianapolis, Indiana                                    Attorney General of Indiana

                                                         Samuel J. Dayton
                                                         Deputy Attorney General
                                                         Indianapolis, Indiana

                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Timothy J. Etter,                                        June 28, 2019
Appellant-Defendant,                                     Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                         18A-CR-2181
        v.                                               Appeal from the Marion Superior
                                                         Court
State of Indiana,                                        The Honorable Mark D. Stoner,
Appellee-Plaintiff                                       Judge
                                                         Trial Court Cause No.
                                                         49G06-1708-F3-30689

Altice, Judge.

                                         Case Summary

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2181 | June 28, 2019                   Page 1 of 11
[1]   Following a jury trial, Timothy Etter was convicted of Level 3 felony criminal

      confinement, Class B misdemeanor battery, and Level 4 felony burglary. Etter

      challenges only his burglary conviction on appeal, raising the following issues:

              1) Did the trial court commit fundamental error by admitting a
                 statement made by an unidentified individual who offered
                 information to the police at the scene?

              2) Did the State present sufficient evidence to support the
                 burglary conviction?

[2]   We affirm.

                                       Facts & Procedural History

[3]   Around 8:00 on the evening of August 13, 2017, Etter knocked at Catie

      Rogers’s front door, where she lived with her two-year-old daughter M.M.

      Rogers answered the door holding her daughter, greeted Etter with a kiss, and

      let him inside. She had been expecting Etter, with whom she shared an

      intimate relationship. Etter did not have a key to the home, but he knew the

      passcode for the security system and often stayed with Rogers and M.M.

[4]   Etter arrived with an open case of beer, and Rogers “could tell that he had been

      drinking.” Transcript Vol. II at 66. After entering the living room, Etter became

      “very hostile” and belligerent. Id. at 67. Over the course of the next hour or so

      and in the presence of M.M., Etter struck Rogers in the face at least five times,

      choked her, and confined her inside the house. He overturned a table, damaged

      the television, and dumped the contents of Rogers’s purse during his rage. He

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2181 | June 28, 2019   Page 2 of 11
      took Rogers’s keys to keep her from leaving and demanded the passcode for her

      cellphone, which she provided. Rogers thought she “was going to die,” as Etter

      continued to threaten and belittle her. Id. at 73.

[5]   At some point, Etter turned his attention to Rogers’s cellphone, which he used

      to send belligerent text messages to several of her contacts, including coworkers,

      starting around 9:00 p.m. He sent the following message to both Joshua

      Mullinix (M.M.’s father) and Joshua Dost (a man Rogers had been dating)

      around 9:30 p.m.: “F**k you b**ch. This is Tim.” Id. at 113.

[6]   Mullinix immediately called Rogers’s phone, and Etter answered. When

      Mullinix asked Etter why he had the phone, Etter responded, “I hit her a couple

      of times, what are you going to do about it.” Id. at 209. Mullinix told Etter

      that he was on his way. Because he was about thirty-five minutes away,

      Mullinix called Rogers’s family members while driving and finally reached her

      sister, Amanda Rush. Rush also called Rogers’s phone, and Etter answered.

      Etter was angry and “hyped up.” Id. at 220. He told Rush, “yeah, I smacked

      that bitch.” Id. Rush then called the police and other family members who

      lived closer to Rogers.

[7]   Rogers’s mother, Angela, and brother, Jerry, were the first to arrive at her

      house. They knocked on the door but there was no answer, and the lights were

      out. By this time, Etter had forced Rogers and M.M. upstairs and had obtained

      a gun from the top of Rogers’s dresser. After seeing movement from upstairs,

      Angela and Jerry began to try to break the glass on the front door to gain

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2181 | June 28, 2019   Page 3 of 11
       access. They heard several gunshots from inside. Angela was able to reach her

       hand through the glass, but Etter struck her hand.

[8]    Shortly thereafter, Etter pushed the glass panel out of the door. He came

       through the now-open panel and knocked Angela to the ground. Jerry swung

       at Etter and then ran, taunting Etter to draw him away. Etter chased Jerry into

       the street, while Angela went into the house to find Rogers and M.M. and bring

       them to safety outside. Thereafter, Etter stopped arguing with Jerry, picked up

       the gun off the ground, and walked back into the house through the opening in

       the front door. Jerry then went to Etter’s vehicle, a gold Dodge, which was

       parked behind the house, and slashed two of the tires.

[9]    Minutes later, multiple police officers began responding to the scene, including

       IMPD Officer Kristen Hartman who arrived at 10:06 p.m. Etter had escaped

       out the back door and left in his vehicle. Of significant note inside the house,

       Officer Hartman observed blood in the kitchen, bullet holes in the wall, items

       strewn about the living room, a table flipped over, and damage to the television.

       An evidence technician came and took pictures of the scene.

[10]   Officer Hartman escorted Rogers into the house so that she could gather some

       personal items, as Rogers and M.M. needed to stay somewhere else because

       Etter had yet to be located. Family members nailed a piece of carpet over the

       broken door panel, and Rogers changed the passcode for her alarm system and

       locked the front door before she left.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2181 | June 28, 2019   Page 4 of 11
[11]   Thereafter, Officer Hartman drove to a nearby location to start typing her report

       of the incident. She stayed on the call because the situation was so chaotic.

       While typing the report, Officer Hartman heard a residential alarm dispatch at

       11:54 p.m. for Rogers’s house. She arrived, along with two other officers,

       within five minutes and found the front door of the house “left wide open” and

       the alarm blaring. Id. at 187. The officers immediately cleared the house,

       which took less than a minute. As soon as IMPD Officer Derek Etheridge

       came back outside, he was approached by an unidentified person who informed

       him that “a white male came out of the outside of the house, got into a gold

       Dodge, with two flat tires, and drove southbound from the residence.” Id. at

       236. Officer Etheridge then drove southbound for about two minutes and

       found Etter’s vehicle parked at a gas station just after midnight. Etter was

       inside the vehicle.

[12]   After Etter was arrested, Officer Hartman began inventorying the vehicle.

       Rogers’s cellphone was found on the passenger seat, but her gun was never

       located. In the trunk, Officer Hartman found “some electronics”, which were

       later determined to be a DVR from Rogers’s home that stored security footage

       from four cameras on the outside of her property. Id. at 190.

[13]   Rogers returned to her house the next day. As soon as she walked inside, she

       noticed that the drawers under her bay window had been “pulled out and left

       out, like it was obvious that somebody had been there.” Id. at 103. Her DVR

       was missing from inside one of the drawers. Rogers later identified the DVR

       found in Etter’s trunk as hers.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2181 | June 28, 2019   Page 5 of 11
[14]   On August 21, 2017, the State charged Etter with eleven counts of criminal

       conduct. After several amendments, Etter ultimately faced ten counts: Count I,

       Level 3 felony criminal confinement (of Rogers); Count II, Level 4 felony

       unlawful possession of a firearm by a serious violent felon; Count III, Level 5

       felony criminal confinement (of Rogers); Count IV, Level 5 felony criminal

       confinement (of M.M.); Count V, Level 5 felony criminal recklessness (shooting

       a firearm in an inhabited dwelling); Count VI, Level 6 felony pointing a firearm

       (at Jerry); Count VII, Level 6 felony strangulation; Count VIII, Class A

       misdemeanor battery (of Angela resulting in bodily injury); Count IX, Level 5

       felony battery (of Angela with a deadly weapon); and Count X, Level 4 felony

       burglary. The State also alleged that Etter was a habitual offender.

[15]   On June 19, 2018, a jury found Etter not guilty of Count VI, guilty of a lesser

       included offense – Class B misdemeanor battery – under Count IX, 1 and guilty

       as charged on all other counts. Etter then waived his right to a jury trial on the

       habitual offender enhancement and admitted to being a habitual offender.

       After merging several counts, the trial court entered convictions on Counts I,

       VIII (as a Class B misdemeanor rather than a Class A misdemeanor), and X.

       The court imposed a partially-suspended, aggregate sentence of 22 years and

       1
         The trial court improperly indicated in its sentencing order that the jury found Etter guilty of a lesser
       included offense on Count VIII. Rather, the jury found Etter guilty as charged – as a Class A misdemeanor –
       on this count. It was the charge of battery by means of a deadly weapon, Count IX, that the jury found Etter
       guilty of a lesser offense – a Class B misdemeanor rather than a Level 5 felony.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2181 | June 28, 2019                   Page 6 of 11
       180 days in the Department of Correction. Etter now appeals his conviction for

       burglary.

                                             Discussion & Decision

                                             1. Fundamental Error

[16]   Etter contends that Officer Etheridge should not have been permitted to testify

       regarding what the unidentified person told him at the scene of the house alarm.

       Officer Etheridge testified that this person told him, “a white male came out of

       the outside of the house, got into a gold Dodge, with two flat tires, and drove

       southbound from the residence.” Transcript Vol. II at 236. Etter argues that

       admission of this hearsay statement violated his Sixth Amendment right to

       confront and cross-examine witnesses against him. 2 Acknowledging that he did

       not preserve the issue below, Etter claims that admission of this statement

       amounted to fundamental error.

[17]   The fundamental error exception to the contemporaneous objection rule is

       “extremely narrow” and applies only in egregious circumstances “when the

       error constitutes a blatant violation of basic principles, the harm or potential for

       harm is substantial, and the resulting error denies the defendant fundamental

       due process.” Greer v. State, 115 N.E.3d 1287, 1289 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018)

       2
        The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, applicable to the
       States by the Fourteenth Amendment, provides in relevant part: “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused
       shall enjoy the right … to be confronted with the witnesses against him….”

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2181 | June 28, 2019                   Page 7 of 11
       (quoting Delarosa v. State, 938 N.E.2d 690, 694 (Ind. 2010)). For error to be

       fundamental, the harm or potential for harm therefrom must be substantial and

       apparent. Torres v. State, 12 N.E.3d 272, 274 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied.

       “This means that irremediable prejudice to a defendant’s fundamental right to a

       fair trial must be immediately apparent in the disputed evidence”. Id.

[18]   Etter has failed to establish error, let alone fundamental error. “[T]he Sixth

       Amendment prohibits the introduction of testimonial statements by a non-

       testifying witness, unless the witness is ‘unavailable to testify, and the defendant

       had had a prior opportunity for cross-examination.’” Ward v. State, 50 N.E.3d
752, 757 (Ind. 2016) (quoting Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 54 (2004)).

       The Sixth Amendment does not prohibit the admission of nontestimonial

       hearsay statements. See id.

               Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police
               interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the
               primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance
               to meet an ongoing emergency. They are testimonial when the
               circumstances objectively indicate that there is no such ongoing
               emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is
               to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later
               criminal prosecution.

       Id. (quoting Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 822 (2006)).

[19]   In this case, the unidentified individual approached Officer Etheridge within

       two minutes of officers arriving in response to the residential alarm. The alarm

       was still blaring. It was just before midnight and the address had been the scene

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2181 | June 28, 2019   Page 8 of 11
       of a violent criminal attack only two hours prior. The suspect, Etter, had

       escaped the earlier scene and had yet to be found. He was possibly still armed

       with the handgun he had fired during the attack. The unidentified individual

       provided Officer Etheridge with a description of the suspect, the suspect’s

       vehicle, and the suspect’s direction of travel. Officer Etheridge then drove in

       that direction and found Etter in his vehicle about two minutes away. The

       primary purpose of the individual’s statement was clearly to enable Officer

       Etheridge to meet an ongoing emergency. Accordingly, admission of this

       nontestimonial statement did not violate the Sixth Amendment or constitute

       fundamental error.

                                       2. Sufficiency of the Evidence

[20]   Etter challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his burglary

       conviction. Our standard of review on a claim on insufficient evidence is well

       settled:

               For a sufficiency of the evidence claim, we look only at the
               probative evidence and reasonable inferences supporting the
               verdict. Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146 (Ind. 2007). We do
               not assess the credibility of witnesses or reweigh the evidence.
               Id. We will affirm the conviction unless no reasonable fact-finder
               could find the elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable
               doubt. Id.

       Love v. State, 73 N.E.3d 693, 696 (Ind. 2017). To convict Etter of burglary as

       charged the State was required to prove that he broke and entered Rogers’s

       home with the intent to commit theft therein. See Ind. Code § 35-43-2-1(1).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2181 | June 28, 2019   Page 9 of 11
[21]   On appeal, Etter acknowledges that the evidence establishes that he stole the

       DVR from inside Rogers’s home and that he was the one that set off Rogers’s

       alarm by opening the front door after the earlier attack. His sole contention is

       that the State failed to establish when he took the DVR. Was it after he went

       back into the house through the open door (i.e. requiring no breaking) during

       the first incident and left out the back door? Or was it when he returned just

       before midnight, opened the door, and set off the alarm? Etter claims there is

       no evidence to support one conclusion over the other. We cannot agree.

[22]   During her testimony, Officer Hartman noted her significant observations upon

       entering the home after the attack, including an overturned table, damaged

       television, bullet holes in the wall, and personal items strewn about. The

       evidence technician took photographs of all this. Importantly, however, there

       were no pictures of and Officer Hartman did not testify about drawers pulled

       out from under the bay window in that same area. This indicates that the

       drawers were most likely not out of place immediately following the first

       incident.

[23]   Moreover, Rogers went into the house with Officer Hartman after the attack to

       gather her things before leaving for the night, yet she did not observe the

       drawers pulled out until the next day. Rogers testified that she was aware that

       the alarm had been set off and that upon her later return, “it was obvious that

       somebody had been there.” Transcript Vol. II at 103. Rogers testified that she

       noticed the pulled-out drawers “[a]s soon as we walked in there”. Id. This was

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2181 | June 28, 2019   Page 10 of 11
       where she kept the DVR, which was found in Etter’s trunk shortly after the

       house alarm went off.

[24]   Based on the totality of the evidence, the jury could reasonably infer that Etter

       returned around midnight and stole the DVR after breaking and entering

       through the front door. Accordingly, his sufficiency challenge fails.

[25]   Judgment affirmed.

       Kirsch, J. and Vaidik, C.J., concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2181 | June 28, 2019   Page 11 of 11