Court Opinion

ID: 9955973
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-29 20:10:13.722555+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:15:44.028678
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Freeman v. Ohio Elections Comm., 2024-Ohio-1223.]

                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                 TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

Allen Freeman et al.,                             :

                Appellants-Appellants,            :               No. 23AP-14
                                                              (C.P.C. No. 22CV-1290)
v.                                                :
                                                             (REGULAR CALENDAR)
Ohio Elections Commission,                        :

                Appellee-Appellee.                :

                                         D E C I S I O N

                                   Rendered on March 29, 2024

                On brief: Isaac Wiles & Burkholder LLC, and Donald C. Brey,
                Dale D. Cook, and Ryan C. Spitzer, for appellant. Argued:
                Dale D. Cook.

                On brief: Dave Yost, Attorney General, Andrew D.
                McCartney, and Bryan B. Lee, for appellee. Argued: Bryan B.
                Lee.

                  APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

BOGGS, J.
        {¶ 1} Appellants, Allen Freeman and the Committee to Elect Allen Freeman
(“committee”), appeal from a judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas
affirming the order of appellee, the Ohio Elections Commission (“commission”). For the
reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the common pleas court.
I. Facts & Procedural History
        {¶ 2} Freeman was a candidate in the 2020 Republican primary election for the
66th District of the Ohio House of Representatives. At that time, the 66th District
encompassed portions of Clermont County and Brown County in southwestern Ohio. After
Freeman became a candidate, he met with Anna Lippincott and Megan Fitzmartin from the
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political consulting firm JPL & Associates (“JPL”). JPL was “in charge” of the House
Republican Campaign Committee and was considered “part” of former Ohio House of
Representatives Speaker Larry Householder’s “[t]eam.” (Oct. 7, 2021 Tr. at 169-70.) The
JPL representatives informed Freeman that JPL would “be [his] campaign team.” (Nov. 18,
2021 Tr. at 127.) Freeman formed his committee and appointed Susan Jones to serve as
his committee’s treasurer.
        {¶ 3} The 2020 primary election was scheduled for March 17, 2020, but was
extended to April 28, 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Freeman did not win
the primary election.
        {¶ 4} In August and September of 2020, Christopher Hicks, a citizen of Clermont
County, filed two pro se affidavits of complaint with the commission. The complaints both
alleged that Freeman and his committee failed to “file a complete and accurate campaign
finance statement” and failed to “keep a strict account of all contributions” in violation of
R.C. 3517.13(B) and 3517.10(D)(2). (Aug. Compl. at 1-2, Sept. Compl. at 1-2.) Hicks’ August
complaint alleged that Luke Householder, the son of former Speaker Larry Householder,
performed services for the Freeman campaign and received compensation for his services
from JPL. The complaint noted that neither the Freeman committee’s pre- nor post-
primary financial disclosure statements reflected any contributions from or expenditures
to JPL or Luke Householder.
        {¶ 5} Hicks’ September complaint alleged that Freeman “made extensive use of TV
and radio advertising in his run for office,” but that neither the committee’s pre- nor post-
primary financial disclosure statements “showed [any] debts, loans, or in-kind
contributions” which would account for the “significant media purchases.” (Sept. Compl.
at 1-2.) Hicks attached six invoices he found on a Federal Communications Commission
(“FCC”) database to the September complaint. The invoices demonstrated that Strategic
Media Placement (“Strategic”) spent $118,094.50 to place television and radio
advertisements on behalf of the Freeman campaign between late February and March of
2020.
        {¶ 6} The commission held hearings on the complaints on October 7, October 28,
and November 18, 2021. The evidence presented at the hearings demonstrated that
Freeman participated in the production of the television and radio advertisements,
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approved the content of the advertisements, knew the advertisements aired prior to the
2020 primary election, and that Freeman knew media outlets would not broadcast political
advertisements unless they received payment upfront. The Freeman campaign’s television
and radio advertisements contained disclaimers stating that the advertisements were
“[p]aid for by the committee to elect Allen Freeman.” (Oct. 7, 2021 Tr. at 249, 303; Hearing
Ex. 25B.) However, Freeman testified that he did not authorize any amount to be spent on
the advertisements and that he did not know who paid for the advertisements.
        {¶ 7} Scott Schweitzer, the Chief Operating Officer of Strategic, explained that
Constant Content hired Strategic to produce and place the advertisements for the Freeman
campaign. JPL and Constant Content were both companies created and operated by Jeff
Longstreth. Schweitzer and Jones both noted that there was little distinction between JPL
and Constant Content. Freeman claimed that he had never heard of Constant Content and
“had no clue * * * how they were related to [his] campaign.” (Nov. 18, 2021 Tr. at 141.)
        {¶ 8} Between February and March of 2020, Strategic sent Constant Content
invoices totaling $137,982.81 for media services performed for the Freeman campaign.
Constant Content paid some of the invoices, but not all of them. Schweitzer noted that he
worked closely with Longstreth, Fitzmartin, and Lippincott to produce and place the
advertisements, but that he saw Freeman only once and did not interact with him beyond
that.
        {¶ 9} On April 1, 2020, Constant Content sent an email to Freeman and Jones
containing a $290,744.63 invoice. An itemized list detailing the services and charges
represented in the invoice was attached to the email. When Jones received the invoice, she
emailed Lippincott and asked, “is this for real or are you kidding me or something like that?
Because [Jones] thought the invoice was quite high.” (Oct. 28, 2021 Tr. at 329, 412-13.)
Jones never opened the attachment to the email. Lippincott responded to Jones and told
her not to worry about the invoice. Freeman stated that he never saw the April 1, 2020
email from Constant Content.
        {¶ 10} R.J. Mancini served as the campaign manager for the Freeman campaign.
Mancini explained that JPL instructed him to work on the Freeman campaign and that the
Ohio Republican Party (“ORP”) compensated him for his services. The executive director
of the ORP stated that the ORP paid Mancini and then “in-kinded his payroll.” (Oct. 7, 2021
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Tr. at 161.) Stephen Caraway testified that JPL hired his political consulting firm to work
on the Freeman campaign. JPL instructed Caraway to send his invoices to Constant
Content, but JPL paid Caraway’s invoices. Caraway also testified that he believed Luke
Householder volunteered for the Freeman campaign.
       {¶ 11} Neither the Freeman committee’s pre-primary financial disclosure statement
submitted on March 5, 2020, nor the committee’s post-primary financial disclosure
statement submitted on June 4, 2020, reflected any in-kind contributions or expenditures
related to the campaign’s television and radio advertisements or the services of JPL,
Mancini, Caraway, Strategic, or Constant Content. The committee’s financial disclosure
statements demonstrated that it made expenditures of $14,000 during the campaign and
had $96,000 cash-on-hand when the election ended.
       {¶ 12} Freeman testified that JPL was supposed “to be paid upon presentation of an
invoice,” but that JPL “never presented an invoice to [him].” (Freeman Aff. at ¶ 5-9.) On
July 30, 2020, the federal government indicted former Speaker Larry Householder, Jeff
Longstreth, and others on racketeering conspiracy charges. Jones believed JPL’s and
Constant Content’s records were seized in July 2020 in connection with the federal
indictments.
       {¶ 13} On April 15, 2021, the Freeman committee filed a $0 amendment to its
financial disclosure statements with the Secretary of State’s office.      The committee
submitted an explanation with the amendment, stating that it never received a final invoice
from JPL, that it first learned of the Strategic/Constant Content invoices on April 9, 2021,
and that it had no contractual relationship with Constant Content. The committee
acknowledged it once received a “highly questionable email from Constant Content asking
us to pay them over $290,000,” but explained that it was told to “disregard it, which we
did.” (Hearing Ex. 19.)
       {¶ 14} Following a public deliberation on December 7, 2021, the commission
adopted its final order and decision in the case on December 16, 2021. The commission
reviewed the evidence and determined that the Freeman committee received a “variety of
in-kind contributions,” that included the “production and airing of television and radio
advertisements” and “personal assistance to the campaign committee including a campaign
manager and multiple campaign and media consultants.” (Commission Decision at 5.) The
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commission observed that the “Freeman campaign committee did not reflect any in-kind
contribution for these various activities” on the committee’s financial disclosure
statements. (Commission Decision at 4.) As such, the commission found the evidence
established violations of R.C. 3517.10 and 3517.13. The commission imposed a joint and
severable fine of $50,000 against Freeman and his committee.
       {¶ 15} Appellants filed a timely R.C. 119.12 appeal of the commission’s order to the
common pleas court. On July 21, 2022, appellants filed a brief in the common pleas court
asserting that the commission’s order was not based on reliable, probative, or substantial
evidence and was not in accordance with law. The commission filed a brief responding to
appellants’ arguments on September 1, 2022. On December 9, 2022, the common pleas
court issued a decision and entry affirming the commission’s order.
II. Assignments of Error

       {¶ 16} Appellants appeal, assigning the following errors for our review:

              1. The trial court erred in affirming the Commission’s abuse of
                  discretion in summarily excluding the testimony of Donald
                  Brey without undertaking the appropriate analysis.

              2. The trial court erred in affirming the Commission’s
                 misapplication of statutes that do not apply to candidates
                 and compounded the error by affirming statutory violation
                 based on statutes and conduct not alleged in the complaint,
                 thus depriving Mr. Freeman of due process.

              3. The trial court erred in affirming the Commission’s
                 erroneous finding of vicarious liability on the part of Mr.
                 Freeman when the treasurer was not named.

              4. The trial court erred in affirming the Commission’s
                 imposition of fines in excess of its statutory authority upon
                 entities that no longer exist.

III. Standard of Review

       {¶ 17} In an administrative appeal pursuant to R.C. 119.12, the common pleas court
must consider the entire record to determine whether reliable, probative, and substantial
evidence supports the agency’s order and whether the order is in accordance with law.
Univ. of Cincinnati v. Conrad, 63 Ohio St.2d 108, 110-11 (1980). See Our Place, Inc. v. Ohio
No. 23AP-14                                                                                  6

Liquor Control Comm., 63 Ohio St.3d 570, 571 (1992) (defining reliable, probative, and
substantial evidence). The common pleas court’s “review of the administrative record is
neither a trial de novo nor an appeal on questions of law only, but a hybrid review in which
the court ‘must appraise all the evidence as to the credibility of the witnesses, the probative
character of the evidence, and the weight thereof.’ ” (Emphasis sic.) Lies v. Ohio Veterinary
Med. Bd., 2 Ohio App.3d 204, 207 (1st Dist.1981), quoting Andrews v. Bd. of Liquor
Control, 164 Ohio St. 275, 280 (1955). The common pleas court “must give due deference
to the administrative resolution of evidentiary conflicts,” although “the findings of the
agency are by no means conclusive.” Conrad at 111. The common pleas court conducts a de
novo review of questions of law. Ohio Historical Soc. v. State Emp. Relations Bd., 66 Ohio
St.3d 466, 471 (1993), citing R.C. 119.12.
       {¶ 18} An appellate court’s review of an administrative decision is more limited than
that of the common pleas court. Pons v. Ohio State Med. Bd., 66 Ohio St.3d 619, 621 (1993).
The appellate court is to determine only whether the common pleas court abused its
discretion. Id.; Lorain City School Dist. Bd. of Edn. v. State Emp. Relations Bd., 40 Ohio
St.3d 257, 261 (1988).      An abuse of discretion implies that the court’s attitude is
unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219
(1983). See Huffman v. Hair Surgeon, Inc., 19 Ohio St.3d 83, 87 (1985). Absent an abuse
of discretion, this court may not substitute its judgment for that of the administrative
agency or the common pleas court. Pons at 621. However, on the question of whether the
commission’s order was in accordance with the law, this court’s review is plenary. Kistler
v. Ohio Bur. of Workers’ Comp., 10th Dist. No. 04AP-1095, 2006-Ohio-3308, ¶ 9, citing
Univ. Hosp. v. State Emp. Relations Bd., 63 Ohio St.3d 339, 343 (1992).
IV. First Assignment of Error—Attorney’s Testimony
       {¶ 19} Appellants’ first assignment of error asserts the common pleas court erred by
affirming the commission’s decision to exclude the testimony of appellants’ attorney,
Donald Brey. The common pleas court noted that, although Attorney Brey initially
proposed to testify, he then submitted a written proffer and “chose to rest his case without
a determination by the Commission on whether he could testify.” (Dec. 9, 2022 Decision
& Jgmt. Entry at 4.) As such, the court concluded that the commission “did not make a
final determination that counsel could not testify.” (Decision & Jgmt. Entry at 4.)
No. 23AP-14                                                                                 7

       {¶ 20} Appellants contend the commission erred by “summarily exclud[ing] the
testimony of Don Brey without appropriate analysis” and by “fail[ing] to make a final
determination” regarding whether Attorney Brey could testify. (Appellants’ Brief at 16.)
When an attorney seeks to testify in a proceeding where they represent a litigant, the parties
or the court may make a motion requesting that the attorney “withdraw voluntarily or be
disqualified by the court from further representation in the case.” Mentor Lagoons, Inc. v.
Rubin, 31 Ohio St.3d 256 (1987), paragraph two of the syllabus. The court “must then
consider whether any of the exceptions to [Prof.Cond.R. 3.7] are applicable and, thus,
whether the attorney may testify and continue to provide representation.” Id. Prof.Cond.R.
3.7(a) provides that a lawyer “shall not act as an advocate at a trial in which the lawyer is
likely to be a necessary witness unless one or more of the following applies: (1) the
testimony relates to an uncontested issue; (2) the testimony relates to the nature and value
of legal services rendered in the case; (3) the disqualification of the lawyer would work
substantial hardship on the client.” (Emphasis sic.) See also Damron v. CSX Transp., Inc.,
184 Ohio App.3d 183, 2009-Ohio-3638, ¶ 39 (2d Dist.), citing Mentor Lagoons, Inc.
(explaining that a court’s analysis under Prof.Cond.R. 3.7(a) and Mentor Lagoons, Inc.
“functions to allow the court to exercise its inherent power of disqualification to prevent a
potential violation of [the ethics rules]”); State v. Oteng, 10th Dist. No. 19AP-763, 2020-
Ohio-6939, ¶ 19.
       {¶ 21} During the presentation of appellants’ case, Attorney Brey informed the
commission he intended to testify. The commissioners told Attorney Brey he would “have
a conflict of representing yourself,” and that testifying would “disqualify [him] as counsel
in the case.” (Nov. 18, 2021 Tr. at 81, 90.) Attorney Brey responded stating that he could
testify and continue as counsel because his testimony was “not going to be contradicted”
and because he was “in a unique position to represent the client in this case.” (Nov. 18,
2021 Tr. at 83.) The commissioner’s informed Attorney Brey they would need to continue
the hearing to research the issue of counsel testifying. (Nov. 18, 2021 Tr. at 98-102.) In
response, Attorney Brey asked if he could make a proffer of his testimony, noting that he
“want[ed] to get this thing done.” (Nov. 18, 2021 Tr. at 99, 103.) Attorney Brey then
consulted with his client and informed the commission appellants would “go forward with
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the rest of the witnesses and defer the decision on the necessity of [his] testimony until after
that.” (Nov. 18, 2021 Tr. at 108.)
        {¶ 22} Appellants presented testimony from Philip Richter, the executive director of
the commission, and Freeman. Attorney Brey then submitted a written proffer of his
testimony and rested his case.
        {¶ 23} Appellants contend the commission effectively denied Attorney Brey’s
request to testify because it failed to expressly rule on the request. (Appellants’ Brief at 21.)
See Huntington Natl. Bank v. Bywood, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 12AP-994, 2013-Ohio-2780, ¶ 5
(stating that “[g]enerally, when a trial court enters judgment without expressly ruling on a
pending motion, it is presumed that the court overruled the motion”); Wells Fargo Bank,
N.A. v. Rahman, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-376, 2013-Ohio-5037, ¶ 18. We disagree. The record
demonstrates that Attorney Brey rested his case without requesting a determination from
the commission regarding whether he could testify.1 Appellants effectively waived any claim
of error by failing to renew their request for Attorney Brey to testify before the close of the
evidence. Compare Odita v. Phillips, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-1172, 2010-Ohio-4321, ¶ 56
(holding that, even if a party objects to exhibits during the trial, the “fail[ure] to renew an
objection at the time exhibits are admitted into evidence, * * * waives the ability to raise the
admission as error on appeal, unless plain error is shown”); Chemical Bank of New York v.
Neman, 52 Ohio St.3d 204, 207 (1990) (holding that a party “waive[s] any claim of error in
the denial of the directed verdict by failing to renew his motion at the close of all evidence”);
Sanders v. Fridd, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-688, 2013-Ohio-4338, ¶ 45, quoting State v. Smith,

1 The record also fails to demonstrate that Attorney Brey would have satisfied any of the exceptions stated

in Prof.Cond.R. 3.7(a). See McCormick v. Maiden, 6th Dist. No. E-12-072, 2014-Ohio-1896, ¶ 11 (stating
that the “burden of proving one of the exceptions to Prof.Cond.R. 3.7 applies is upon the attorney seeking
to claim the exception”). Attorney Brey’s proffer stated that he asked Richter “how to report Allen Freeman
campaign debt when we were unable to obtain any information from JPL,” but Richter testified that
Attorney Brey “didn’t indicate to [him] who the client was” as it was a “much more generalized
conversation.” (Brey Proffer at 1; Nov. 18, 2021 Tr. at 110, 121-22.) Thus, the record demonstrates that
aspects of Attorney Brey’s testimony were contested. Attorney Brey’s testimony did not concern the nature
or value of his legal services. Attorney Brey also did not present any evidence which would support a finding
of substantial hardship under Prof.Cond.R. 3.7(a)(3). Attorney Brey informed the commission only that his
disqualification “probably would” work a substantial hardship on appellants. (Nov. 18, 2021 Tr. at 92.) See
155 N. High Limited v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 72 Ohio St.3d 423, 429 (1995) (stating that a “substantial
hardship” under Prof.Cond.R. 3.7 requires more than proof “of mere financial hardship or long-time
familiarity with the case,” as it requires “some proof of specialized expertise”).
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7th Dist. No. 11 MA 120, 2013-Ohio-756, ¶ 128 (noting that a motion in limine “ ‘must be
renewed at trial or the argument made therein [are] waived for purposes of appeal’ ”).
         {¶ 24} As noted, in the administrative appeal context an appellate court is to
determine only whether the common pleas court abused its discretion. Pons at 621. Because
appellants failed to renew their request for Attorney Brey to testify, the common pleas court
did not abuse its discretion by rejecting appellants’ contention that the commission refused
to allow Attorney Brey to testify. Accordingly, we overrule appellants’ first assignment of
error.
V. Second Assignment of Error–Due Process
         {¶ 25} Appellants’ second assignment of error asserts the common pleas court erred
by finding that the commission did not violate Freeman’s right to due process. Appellants
contend that the commission found Freeman in violation of statutes which do not apply to
candidates, and that the commission found appellants violated statutes and engaged in
conduct not identified in the complaints. The common pleas court reviewed the record and
concluded that appellants “had a reasonable opportunity to know the claims against them
and a reasonable opportunity to meet those claims at the hearing before the Commission.”
(Decision & Jgmt. Entry at 6.) The court also determined that, pursuant to R.C.
3517.992(A), the commission properly imposed a fine against Freeman for his committee’s
violation of R.C. 3517.13.
         {¶ 26} The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section
16, Article I of the Ohio Constitution require that administrative proceedings comport with
due process. Richmond v. Ohio Bd. of Nursing, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-328, 2013-Ohio-110,
¶ 10, citing Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976). Due process contains two
components: procedural due process and substantive due process. State v. Pennington,
10th Dist. No. 01AP-657, 2002 Ohio App. LEXIS 251 (Jan. 29, 2002). “ ‘Procedural due’
process ensures that a state will not deprive a person of life, liberty, or property unless fair
procedures are used in making that decision.” Kistler v. Conrad, 10th Dist. No. 04AP-1095,
2006-Ohio-3308, ¶ 14, quoting State v. Ward, 130 Ohio App.3d 551, 557 (8th Dist.1999).
“The essence of substantive due process is the protection from certain arbitrary, wrongful
governmental actions irrespective of the fairness of the procedures used to implement
them.” Id., citing Southern Health Facilities, Inc. v. Somani, 10th Dist. No. 95APE06-826,
No. 23AP-14                                                                                  10

1995 Ohio App. LEXIS 5866 (Dec. 29, 1995). Whether due process requirements have been
satisfied presents a legal question we review de novo. Flynn v. State Med. Bd of Ohio, 10th
Dist. No. 16AP-29, 2016-Ohio-5903 at ¶ 46.
       {¶ 27} “ ‘Although due process is flexible and calls for such procedural protections
as the particular situation demands, the basic requirements of procedural due process are
notice and an opportunity to be heard.’ ” Edmands v. State Med. Bd. of Ohio, 10th Dist.
No. 14AP-778, 2015-Ohio-2658, ¶ 23, quoting Fairfield Cty. Bd. of Commrs. v. Nally, 143
Ohio St.3d 93, 2015-Ohio-991, ¶ 42. The notice must be “reasonably calculated, under all
the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford
them an opportunity to present their objections.’ ” Althof v. Ohio State Bd. of Psychology,
10th Dist. No. 05AP-1169, 2007-Ohio-1010, ¶ 19, quoting Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank
& Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950). Accord Korn v. Ohio State Med. Bd., 61 Ohio App.3d
677, 684 (10th Dist.1988), citing Luff v. State, 117 Ohio St. 102 (1927). R.C. 119.07 requires
that an agency provide a party with notice that “include[s] the charges or other reasons for
the proposed action, the law or rule directly involved, and a statement informing the party
that the party is entitled to a hearing if the party requests it within thirty days.” See
Kellough v. Ohio State Bd. of Edn., 10th Dist. No. 10AP-419, 2011-Ohio-431, ¶ 36 (noting
that R.C. 119.07 satisfies the requirements of procedural due process). Additionally, “[a]n
appellant alleging the requirements of due process were not satisfied in an administrative
proceeding must also demonstrate that the violation of due process resulted in prejudice.”
Eckley v. Ohio State Racing Comm., 10th Dist. No. 22AP-548, 2023-Ohio-2401, ¶ 32, citing
Floyd’s Legacy, LLC v. Ohio Liquor Control Comm., 10th Dist. No. 19AP-704, 2020-Ohio-
4074, ¶ 17.
       {¶ 28} Appellants initially contend the commission erred by finding that Freeman
violated R.C. 3517.10 and 3517.13, because these statutes do not “impose any obligations on
a candidate.” (Emphasis sic.) (Appellants’ Brief at 23.) R.C. 3517.10(A) provides that every
“campaign committee * * * that made or received a contribution or made an expenditure in
connection with the nomination or election of any candidate * * * shall file * * * a full, true,
and itemized statement * * * setting forth in detail the contributions and expenditures.”
R.C. 3517.10(A)(1) states that a campaign committee must file a statement disclosing
contributions and expenditures 12 days before the election, and R.C. 3517.10(A)(2) states
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that a campaign committee must file another statement disclosing contributions and
expenditures 38 days after the election. R.C. 3517.13 corresponds to the requirements
stated in R.C. 3517.10. R.C. 3517.13(B) provides that no “campaign committee shall fail to
file a complete and accurate statement required under” R.C. 3517.10(A)(1), i.e., the pre-
election report. R.C. 3517.13(C) provides that no “campaign committee shall fail to file a
complete and accurate statement required under” R.C. 3517.10(A)(2), i.e., the post-election
report.
          {¶ 29} Although R.C. 3517.10 and 3517.13 identify the “campaign committee” as the
responsible party, the commission stated that “Allen Freeman and the Committee to Elect
Allen Freeman, committed a violation of Ohio Revised Code § 3517.10 and R.C. § 3517.13,
for filing an incomplete campaign finance report as alleged in the complaint.” (Decision at
1.) However, the commission expressly relied on R.C. 3517.992 to impose the fine against
both Freeman and his committee. R.C. 3517.992(A)(1) provides that a “candidate whose
campaign committee violates division (A), (B), (C), (D), or (V) of section 3517.13 of the
Revised Code, or a treasurer of a campaign committee who violates any of those divisions,
shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars for each day of violation.” Thus, pursuant
to R.C. 3517.992(A)(1), the commission properly imposed a fine against Freeman for his
committee’s violation of R.C. 3517.13. As such, to the extent the commission erred by stating
that both Freeman and his committee committed a violation of R.C. 3517.10 and 3517.13,
the error was harmless. See Civ.R. 61 (stating that a court “must disregard any error or
defect in the proceeding which does not affect the substantial rights of the parties”); Wallick
Properties Midwest, LLC v. Jama, 10th Dist. No. 20AP-299, 2021-Ohio-2830, ¶ 20;
O'Brien v. Angley, 63 Ohio St.2d 159, 164-65 (1980).
          {¶ 30} Appellants next assert that the commission found violations of Revised Code
sections which were not alleged in the complaints. Appellants claim that the complaints
asserted violations of only R.C. 3517.10(D)(2) and 3517.13(B), while the commission “found
Allen Freeman in violation of R.C. 3517.10(A) and 3517.13(A), (B), and (C).” (Appellants’
Brief at 24.) Appellants assert that Freeman “was never on notice” he needed to defend
against charges involving R.C. 3517.10(A), R.C. 3517.13(A), or R.C. 3517.13(C). (Appellants’
Brief at 24.)
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       {¶ 31} The commission found the evidence sufficient to establish a violation of R.C.
3517.10 and 3517.13, but the commission did not identify which subsections of R.C. 3517.10
and 3517.13 appellants violated. The commission did state that it could not find a violation
of R.C. 3517.10(D)(2), because the treasurer was not a party to the case.           See R.C.
3517.10(D)(2) (obligating only the committee’s treasurer to “keep a strict account of all
contributions, from whom received and the purpose for which they were disbursed”).
       {¶ 32} R.C. 3517.13(A) pertains only to statewide candidates. Freeman was not a
statewide candidate. See R.C. 3517.13(A)(2); 3517.10(F)(2) (defining a “statewide
candidate” as the candidates for the “offices of governor and lieutenant governor or a
candidate for the office of secretary of state, auditor of state, treasurer or state, attorney
general, member of the state board of education, chief justice of the supreme court, or
justice of the supreme court”). Appellants’ contention that the commission found a
violation of R.C. 3517.13(A) lacks merit.
       {¶ 33} The commission’s decision demonstrates that it found appellants failed to file
the pre- and post-primary financial disclosure statements required by R.C. 3517.10(A)(1)
and (2), and 3517.13(B) and (C). Hicks’ August complaint alleged that appellants failed to
account for expenses or contributions related to Luke Householder on either the
committee’s pre- or post-primary financial disclosure statements.         Hicks’ September
complaint alleged that appellants failed to account for expenses or contributions related to
the campaign’s television and radio advertisements on either the committee’s pre- or post-
primary financial disclosure statements.
       {¶ 34} Thus, although each complaint expressly alleged that Freeman and/or his
committee violated R.C. 3517.13(B) and 3517.10(D)(2), the substance of each complaint
asserted that appellants failed to file complete and accurate pre- and post-primary financial
disclosure statements. As such, the complaints provided appellants with sufficient notice
that they needed to defend against charges involving R.C. 3517.10(A)(1) and (2), and
3517.13(B) and (C) at the hearings.
       {¶ 35} Appellants lastly assert that the commission found appellants violated R.C.
3517.10 and 3517.13 based on conduct not alleged in the complaints. The commission found
that, in addition to the committee’s failure to report in-kind contributions related to the
television and radio advertisements, the Freeman committee failed to report in-kind
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contributions from its “campaign manager and multiple campaign and media consultants
that likely included at least JPL & Associates, Constant Content, Strategic Media Placement
and Stephen Caraway.” (Commission Decision at 5.) Appellants contend that because the
complaints did not allege a failure to report the services of the campaign’s manager and
consultants, they were unable to defend against these allegations at the hearing. Appellants
also note that the commission “focused on [the] $290,000 invoice” from Constant Content
but the complaints did not mention the $290,000 invoice. (Appellants’ Brief at 27.)
       {¶ 36} At a September 23, 2021 hearing, appellants moved to limit the evidentiary
hearings to facts concerning “Luke Householder” and “the six invoices” from the FCC
database. (Sept. 23, 2021 Tr. at 29-30.) Hicks responded to the motion arguing that his
September complaint concerned a general failure to report “media spending,” and was not
limited to the six FCC invoices. (Sept. 23, 2021 Tr. at 44.) Hicks noted that he first learned
of the Strategic/Constant Content invoices and the $290,744.63 Constant Content invoice
after he submitted his complaints, and further noted that appellants “had [his] exhibits”
and knew “exactly what [he was] going to talk about, what exactly [he was] going to focus
on” at the hearings. (Sept. 23, 2021 Tr. at 33-34, 51-52.)
       {¶ 37} The commission denied appellants’ motion to limit the evidentiary hearings.
Accordingly, appellants knew the evidentiary hearings would not be limited to evidence
concerning Luke Householder and the six FCC invoices. Compare Pruneau v. State, 191
Ohio App.3d 588, 2010-Ohio-6043, ¶ 36-37, 40 (10th Dist.) (holding that, because the
notice letter alleged only a “very specific violation of R.C. 4115.13(H)(1) and failed to refer
to R.C. 4115.13(H)(4),” and because the parties “stipulated” before the hearing that the only
charge at issue was the R.C. 4115.13(H)(1) charge, the notice was “insufficient to alert
[appellant] that charges under R.C. 4115.13(H)(4) were at issue”).
       {¶ 38} The record demonstrates that appellants presented or solicited evidence at
the hearings regarding the $290,000 invoice and the unreported services of the campaign’s
manager and consultants. In response to appellants’ questions on cross-examination, Jones
explained that she did not believe it was appropriate to report the $290,744.63 Constant
Content invoice on the committee’s financial disclosure statement after Lippincott told her
to disregard it. Appellants also addressed the $290,000 invoice in their April 15, 2021 filing
with the Secretary of State’s office.
No. 23AP-14                                                                              14

       {¶ 39} Appellants defended against the contention that they failed to report the
services of their campaign manager and consultants by arguing that they did not receive
information necessary to report these services as in-kind contributions. Appellants asked
Jones to explain what information a committee needed to report an in-kind contribution.
Appellants asked Caraway whether he had seen “any documents giving information about
an in-kind contribution that were directed to either Allen Freeman or to Susan Jones from
anyone,” and Caraway responded that he had not. (Oct. 28, 2021 Tr. at 267.) Freeman
testified that he did not report Mancini’s services because he did not receive “any
paperwork” directing him to report Mancini as an in-kind contribution. (Nov. 18, 2021 Tr.
at 168.) Freeman stated that he did not report Caraway’s services as an in-kind contribution
because it was Caraway’s “responsibility and JPL’s responsibility to provide that
paperwork,” but they did not provide him with the paperwork. (Nov. 18, 2021 Tr. at 248-
49.) Freeman testified that he contacted Lippincott after the campaign to attempt to obtain
a final invoice from JPL, but that he never heard back from Lippincott.
       {¶ 40} The commission found the statements in the testimony “disingenuous” as
they “relate[d] to a candidate’s responsibility to properly investigate amounts owed by the
campaign committee when there is sufficient evidence that numerous, substantial
expenditures remain outstanding.” (Commission Decision at 6.) Thus, the commission did
not find appellants’ explanations for why they did not report the services of their campaign
personnel to be meritorious.
       {¶ 41} Reviewing the record, it is apparent that appellants knew the charges against
them and had a reasonable opportunity to meet those charges at the hearing before the
commission. Althof, 2007-Ohio-1010 at ¶ 20; Cowans v. Ohio State Racing Comm., 10th
Dist. No. 13AP-828, 2014-Ohio-1811, ¶ 36; Johnson v. State Med. Bd. of Ohio, 10th Dist.
No. 98AP-1324, 1999 Ohio App. LEXIS 4487 (Sept. 28, 1999). Moreover, appellants do not
identify any additional evidence they would have presented or arguments they would have
made had Hicks’ pro se complaints contained additional information. As such, appellants
fail to demonstrate any prejudice resulting from the due process violation they allege. See
Griffin v. State Med. Bd. of Ohio, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-174, 2011-Ohio-6089, ¶ 26; Wilson v.
State Chiropractic Bd., 10th Dist. No. 18AP-739, 2019-Ohio-3243, ¶ 30.
       {¶ 42} Based on the foregoing, appellants’ second assignment of error is overruled.
No. 23AP-14                                                                                15

VI. Third Assignment of Error–Naming the Treasurer
       {¶ 43} Appellants’ third assignment of error asserts that the common pleas court
erred in affirming the commission’s decision to impose vicarious liability on Freeman,
because Hicks did not make the treasurer a party to the case. Appellants contend that the
commission lacked “authority to impose vicarious liability [solely] upon the candidate”
because Hicks did not satisfy “the legal duty under Ohio Adm.Code § 3517-1-02(A)(1)(b) to
name both the candidate and the treasurer as parties to the case.” (Emphasis sic.)
(Appellants’ Brief at 32.)
       {¶ 44} The commission is required to “prescribe the form for complaints” filed with
it. R.C. 3517.153(B). R.C. 3517.152(G)(3) provides that the commission “shall adopt rules
for its procedures in accordance with [R.C.] Chapter 119.” Pursuant to this statutory
mandate, the commission promulgated Ohio Adm.Code 3517-1-02, providing that a
complaint may be submitted to the commission either “[b]y affidavit by an individual based
on personal knowledge” or “by the secretary of state or an official of a county board of
elections.” Ohio Adm.Code 3517-1-02(A)(1) and (2). Under either scenario, “[i]f any party
is a campaign committee, the candidate, and campaign treasurer in those circumstances
involving sections 3517.08 to 3517.13 of the Revised Code, shall be made a party to the case.”
Ohio Adm.Code 3517-1-02(A)(1)(b) and (2)(d).
       {¶ 45} During a September 9, 2021 pre-trial hearing, appellants’ counsel noted that
the “Complaint [was] pretty clear, [that Jones was] not” a party to the case. (Sept. 9, 2021
Tr. at 24.) At the start of the October 7, 2021 evidentiary hearing, appellants’ counsel noted
that “Susan Jones [was] a witness. She’s not a party * * *. The two parties are the campaign
committee and Mr. Freeman.” (Oct. 7, 2021 Tr. at 8.) Thus, appellants acknowledged that
Jones was not a party early in the administrative proceedings.
       {¶ 46} After Hicks rested his case before the commission, appellants moved to
dismiss Hicks’ R.C. 3517.10(D)(2) claim because the “[t]reasurer [was] not even a party.”
(Nov. 18, 2021 Tr. at 9.) Following the evidentiary hearings, appellants filed a motion
arguing that Hicks’ failure to make the treasurer a party pursuant to Ohio Adm.Code 3517-
1-02(A)(1)(b) “require[d] the Commission to dismiss Complainant’s R.C. § 3517.10(D)(2)
allegation.” (Notice of Termination at 5.)
No. 23AP-14                                                                                  16

       {¶ 47} Thus, during the administrative proceedings appellants argued that the
commission should dismiss Hicks’ R.C. 3517.10(D)(2) claim because Hicks failed to make
the treasurer a party. Appellants never presented the commission with the argument they
now raise, i.e., that the commission lacked authority to impose vicarious liability on
Freeman because Hicks failed to make the treasurer a party to the case.               Although
appellants raised their current argument in the common pleas court, the common pleas
court did not address it.
       {¶ 48} Generally, when the common pleas court fails to address an argument, this
court will remand the matter for the common pleas court to make the determination in the
first instance. See State ex rel. Ewart v. State Teacher Retirement Sys. Bd. of Ohio, 10th
Dist. No. 18AP-826, 2019-Ohio-2459, ¶ 53 (noting that “[a]lthough STRB raised this
argument in its brief to the trial court, the trial court did not address [the argument],” and
therefore this court remanded the “matter to the trial court to make this determination in
the first instance”); Glassco v. Ohio Dept. of Job & Family Servs., 10th Dist. No. 03AP-871,
2004-Ohio-2168, ¶ 29. However, we need not remand the matter to the common pleas
court, because appellants waived their argument by failing to raise it during the
administrative proceedings.
       {¶ 49} When a party fails to raise an issue they could have raised at the
administrative level, the party has waived the issue. See Golden Christian Academy. v.
Zelman, 144 Ohio App.3d 513, 516-17 (10th Dist.2001) (stating that “[i]ssues not raised at
the administrative level are waived”); BRT Transp., LLC v. Ohio Dept. of Job & Family
Servs., 10th Dist. No. 14AP-800, 2015-Ohio-2048, ¶ 29 (holding that because the argument
“was not raised at the administrative level,” this court “decline[d] to further address th[e]
issue”); Jain v. Ohio State Med. Bd., 10th Dist. No. 09AP-1180, 2010-Ohio-2855, ¶ 10
(explaining that “[a]llowing a claimant to raise an issue for the first time in an appeal to the
court of common pleas would frustrate the statutory system for having issues raised and
decided through the administrative process”); Sammor v. Ohio Liquor Control Comm.,
10th Dist. No. 09AP-20, 2009-Ohio-3439, ¶ 25; Trish’s Café & Catering, Inc. v. Ohio Dept.
of Health, 195 Ohio App.3d 612, 2011-Ohio-3304, ¶ 19 (10th Dist.); State ex rel. Quarto
Mining Co. v. Foreman, 79 Ohio St.3d 78, 81 (1997). See also Edmands, 2015-Ohio-2658,
No. 23AP-14                                                                               17

¶ 19 (explaining that the waiver doctrine does not apply where the “appeal to the common
pleas court presents the first opportunity for the party to raise [the] argument”).
       {¶ 50} Appellants could have, but did not, raise their vicarious liability argument
during the administrative proceedings. As such, appellants have waived the issue. We
therefore overrule appellants’ third assignment of error.
VII. Fourth Assignment of Error—Fine
       {¶ 51} Appellants’ fourth assignment of error asserts the common pleas court erred
by affirming the commission’s imposition of a $50,000 fine against Freeman and his
committee. Appellants contend that the commission could not impose the fine against the
committee and that the amount of the fine exceeded the commission’s statutory authority.
       {¶ 52} Following the conclusion of the evidentiary hearings and the commission’s
public deliberation on the case, appellants filed a Notice of Termination and Motion to
Dismiss on December 15, 2021. Appellants informed the commission that the Freeman
committee had terminated effective December 13, 2021, and argued that the commission
did not have jurisdiction to address Hicks’ R.C. 3517.13(B) claim as a result. See R.C.
3517.10(A) (providing that if a campaign committee “has no balance on hand and no
outstanding obligations” it may “terminate itself”). Because the Notice of Termination and
Motion to Dismiss were not on the commission’s agenda for its December 16, 2021 meeting,
the commission refused to address them.
       {¶ 53} Appellants continue to assert that the commission “lacked jurisdiction over
Hicks’ R.C. 3517.13(B) allegation” after the committee’s December 13, 2021 termination.
(Appellants’ Brief at 37.) Appellants contend that the committee’s termination was akin to
a criminal defendant’s death, which requires the dismissal of unresolved criminal
proceedings. (Appellants’ Brief at 35-36, citing State v. Blake, 53 Ohio App.2d 101, 107 (8th
Dist.1977). We disagree.
       {¶ 54} A campaign committee is an entity authorized by a candidate to receive
contributions and make expenditures. See R.C. 3517.01(C)(1) (defining a “campaign
committee” as “a candidate or a combination of two or more persons authorized by a
candidate under section 3517.081 of the Revised Code to receive contributions and make
expenditures”). As such, a campaign committee is more akin to a business organization,
such as a corporation, rather than a natural life. “[T]he dissolution of a corporation does
No. 23AP-14                                                                                18

not abate ‘[a]ny claim existing or action or proceeding pending by or against the
corporation or which would have accrued against it * * *.’ ” State ex rel. Falke v.
Montgomery Cty. Residential Dev., Inc., 40 Ohio St.3d 71, 74 (1988), quoting R.C.
1701.88(B). See also Bendure v. Xpert Auto, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 11AP-144, 2011-Ohio-
6058, ¶ 17; Crosby v. Beam, 6th Dist. No. L-87-198, 1988 Ohio App. LEXIS 2712, * 9
(July 8, 1988) (noting that, pursuant to R.C. 1701.88, “any claim which exists [against the
corporation] prior to dissolution may be prosecuted to judgment”); R.C. 1701.88(C).
Notably, regardless of whether a campaign committee has terminated, the committee’s
financial disclosure statements must be “carefully preserved” and remain “open to public
inspection” for “a period of at least six years after the years in which they are filed.” R.C.
3517.10(D)(5). Accord R.C. 3517.101(I); R.C. 3517.106(B) through (D).
       {¶ 55} The Freeman committee was in existence when it failed to file complete and
accurate financial disclosure statements, when Hicks filed his complaints, and throughout
the commission’s evidentiary hearings on the complaints. The committee’s termination
three days before the commission issued its final order did not affect the commission’s
ability to render judgment against the committee.
       {¶ 56} Appellants further contend that the commission’s fine was contrary to law
because any violation of R.C. 3517.13 occurred for less than 500 days. An appellate court
“has no authority to modify a penalty lawfully imposed by [an agency].” Goldfinger Ents.,
Inc. v. Ohio Liquor Control Comm., 10th Dist. No. 01AP-1172, 2002-Ohio-2770, ¶ 13.
Accord Henry's Café, Inc. v. Bd. of Liquor Control, 170 Ohio St. 233 (1959), paragraph
three of the syllabus; Blomquist v. Ohio Election Comm., 10th Dist. No. 08AP-485, 2008-
Ohio-5438, ¶ 24; King v. State Med. Bd., 10th Dist. No. 98AP-570, 1999 Ohio App. LEXIS
201 *4-5 (Jan. 28, 1999) (stating that the common pleas court is “precluded from
interfering with or modifying the penalty imposed [by the agency] if such penalty is
authorized by law”).
       {¶ 57} As noted, R.C. 3517.992(A)(1) authorized the commission to impose a fine of
$100 per day against Freeman for his committee’s violation of R.C. 3517.13. See also Ohio
Adm.Code 3517-1-14(B)(1)(a) (stating that the commission may impose a fine between $15-
$100 per day for filing incomplete or inaccurate campaign finance reports under R.C.
3517.13(A), (B), (C), (D), or (E)). Thus, if the Freeman committee failed to file a complete
No. 23AP-14                                                                            19

and accurate financial disclosure statement for a period of 500 days or more, the
commission’s $50,000 fine was appropriate. Appellants contend that any violation of R.C.
3517.13 in the present case could only have occurred between October 22, 2020 and
April 15, 2021, a period of only 175 days.
       {¶ 58} Pursuant to R.C. 3517.13(B), the committee’s pre-primary financial
disclosure statement had to be submitted by March 5, 2020 and reflect contributions
through February 26, 2020. Appellants claim that, because Hicks’ complaint alleged only
a violation of R.C. 3517.13(B) and because the six FCC invoices attached to the September
complaint were “all dated in March 2020,” appellants had no duty to report the six FCC
invoices on their March 5, 2020 pre-primary statement. (Appellants’ Brief at 39.)
Therefore, appellants allege that any violation of R.C. 3517.13(B) had to concern the pre-
general election financial disclosure statement due on October 22, 2020.
       {¶ 59} However, as we explained in our analysis of appellants’ second assignment of
error, Hicks’ complaints alleged a failure to file complete and accurate pre- and post-
primary statements, and the evidentiary hearings were not limited to evidence concerning
the six FCC invoices. The record demonstrates that Strategic sent Constant Content
invoices on February 21, 2020 and February 24, 2020 for radio production and airtime for
the Freeman campaign. Constant Content paid the February 24, 2020 invoice on February
24, 2020. Constant Content’s payment of the February 24, 2020 invoice was a contribution
to the Freeman campaign which should have been reflected on the committee’s March 5,
2020 pre-primary financial statement. Appellants’ contention that any violation of R.C.
3517.13(B) could not begin until October 22, 2020 lacks merit.
       {¶ 60} Appellants claim that any violation of R.C. 3517.13 ended on April 15, 2021,
when they filed their $0 amendment and explanation with the Secretary of State’s office.
The commission found that appellants’ April 15, 2021 filing “was not a sufficient
explanation of the status of the campaign committee at the time that the Addendum was
submitted.” (Commission Decision at 5.) The April 15, 2021 filing did not amend the
committee’s financial disclosure statements to reflect any of the in-kind contributions
identified by the commission in its December 16, 2021 decision. Accordingly, the April 15,
2021 filing did not constitute the end date of the Freeman committee’s violation of R.C.
3517.13.
No. 23AP-14                                                                            20

      {¶ 61} The record in the present case demonstrates that the Freeman committee
failed to file complete and accurate financial disclosure statements on March 5, 2020 and
June 4, 2020, and that the committee’s failure to file complete and accurate financial
disclosure statements continued until the commission’s public deliberation on December 7,
2021. The period between March 5, 2020 and December 7, 2021 was 642 days, and the
period between June 4, 2020 and December 7, 2021 was 551 days. As such, the
commission’s $50,000 fine was authorized by law.
      {¶ 62} Based on the foregoing, appellants’ fourth assignment of error is overruled.
VIII. Conclusion
      {¶ 63} Having overruled appellants’ first, second, third, and fourth assignments of
error, we affirm the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas.
                                                                     Judgment affirmed.

                        JAMISON and EDELSTEIN, JJ., concur.
                              _________________