Court Opinion

ID: 9404687
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-23 20:09:08.182539+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:16.239707
License: Public Domain

[J-69-2022]
                   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                              WESTERN DISTRICT

     TODD, C.J., DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, BROBSON, JJ.

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,                  :   No. 10 WAP 2022
                                                :
                     Appellee                   :   Appeal from the Order of the
                                                :   Superior Court entered December
                                                :   23, 2020 at No. 176 WDA 2020,
              v.                                :   affirming the convictions and
                                                :   vacating the Judgment of Sentence
                                                :   of the Court of Common Pleas of
 RYAN MICHAEL DUNN,                             :   Allegheny County entered
                                                :   September 11, 2019 at No. CP-02-
                     Appellant                  :   CR-0014780-2018, and remanding.
                                                :
                                                :   ARGUED: October 26, 2022

                      OPINION IN SUPPORT OF AFFIRMANCE

JUSTICE MUNDY                                                 DECIDED: June 23, 2023

                                     I. Introduction

      This Court granted discretionary review to address the notice requirement for the

admission of expert testimony under 42 Pa.C.S. § 5920 (permitting expert testimony

concerning victim responses and behaviors to sexual abuse in certain criminal

proceedings) as it relates to Pa.R.Crim.P. 573 (concerning pretrial discovery and

inspection in criminal proceedings). We hold that Rule 573 applies to Section 5920, and

that the trial court erred as a matter of law in concluding the Commonwealth’s last-minute

disclosure of an expert witness report did not violate Rule 573. As to the proper remedy,

with this Court being equally divided on whether the Commonwealth’s error prejudiced

Appellant Ryan Michael Dunn, the Superior Court’s order denying relief is affirmed.
                                     II. Background

      Dunn was charged with various sexual offenses related to the repeated sexual

abuse of his girlfriend’s daughter (“the victim”). The abuse began in June 2015 when the

victim was thirteen years old and lasted for approximately two and one-half years. Dunn’s

trial for these offenses was scheduled for June 4, 2019. On the night before trial, at 4:25

p.m., the Commonwealth informed Dunn via email of its intent to call Jamie Mesar, MSW,

as an expert witness pursuant to Section 5920. The Commonwealth attached to its email

a report in the form of a letter from Mesar, dated May 31, 2019, providing an outline of

her proposed testimony concerning the typical ways children disclose, react to, and cope

with sexual abuse. She then detailed specific topics she was prepared to discuss within

these three categories:

      Disclosure of abuse and children’s behaviors regarding disclosure:
          Children who disclose abuse often do not disclose right away and
             the disclosure may be initially tentative and/or gradual over a period
             of time.
          Many children who have been victims never disclose their abuse for
             a wide variety of reasons (threats, fear, relationship to the abuser,
             unintended consequences of the disclosure, bribes, shame)[.]
          Denial of the abuse or recantation of the allegations are not
             uncommon[.]

      Victim behavior at the time of the abuse:
          There is no “normal” response for all victims. Child sexual abuse
             victims experience a wide range of emotions and responses[.]
          Some victims (especially young victims and those who have
             experienced multiple incidents of child sexual abuse) may not know
             they have been a victim of child sexual abuse[.]
          Child sexual abuse victims may feel helpless and show
             accommodating behaviors.

      Victim behavior after disclosure[:]
          There is no “standard” response following a disclosure. Some
             children display emotional and behavioral changes and others do
             not. If a child does display an emotional/behavioral change they can
             vary by intensity and type. Others[’] responses to a child’s disclosure

                                     [J-69-2022] - 2
                greatly impacts the short terms and long term response of a child
                sexual abuse victim.

Mesar Letter, 5/31/19, 1-2. The letter also included citations to several articles that might

be discussed during the course of Mesar’s testimony.           The Commonwealth further

provided Dunn with a copy of Mesar’s curriculum vitae detailing her educational

background and professional experience.

         The following day, Dunn filed various motions in response to the Commonwealth’s

proposed expert testimony but never explicitly requested a continuance. Among these,

Dunn filed a motion to compel the preparation and disclosure of an expert witness report.

He asserted that “[n]o expert report has been generated or provided detailing the

substance of the facts to which the expert is expected to testify, the actual opinions arrived

upon by the expert, or the basis or grounds for said opinion.” Motion to Compel, 6/4/19,

at 3. As a result, Dunn maintained he was unable to “fairly or adequately confront said

expert testimony, or seek the opinion of his own expert, within the generation of a report

by the Commonwealth’s opinion witness. Preparation and disclosure of such a report is

appropriate under Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(B)(2)(b).”1 Id. Dunn also filed a motion to preclude

Mesar’s testimony for similar reasons. Motion to Preclude, 6/4/19, at 2-3.2

1   Rule 573(B)(2)(b) provides as follows:

         (b) If any expert whom the attorney for the Commonwealth intends to call in
         any proceeding has not prepared a report of examination or tests, the court,
         upon motion, may order that the expert prepare, and that the attorney for
         the Commonwealth disclose, a report stating the subject matter on which
         the expert is expected to testify; the substance of the facts to which the
         expert is expected to testify; and a summary of the expert’s opinions and
         the grounds for each opinion.

Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(B)(2)(b).
2 Dunn filed an additional motion arguing Mesar’s testimony did not comport with the
standards set forth in Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923) (outlining the
test under which novel scientific testimony is admissible), and requested a hearing on

                                       [J-69-2022] - 3
       The trial court held a hearing on Dunn’s motions, after which it denied his requests

and proceeded with the trial as scheduled. In reaching its decision, the trial court focused

heavily on the admissibility of Mesar’s testimony under Section 5920 but did not directly

address Dunn’s argument that the Commonwealth’s tardy disclosure was problematic:

       [The Commonwealth]: [The] Commonwealth intends to call Jamie Mesar
       from the Child Advocacy Center to have her testify. As you know, the way
       we normally call her is to have her answer hypothetical questions. She has
       not reviewed anything specific to this case. She’s not met with this victim.
       She’s not reviewed the police records or any of the preliminary hearing
       testimony, so she would be testifying as an expert answering hypotheticals.
       And just so the record’s clear, Your Honor, I did provide [defense counsel]
       via e-mail both a letter that Ms. Mesar generated which details exactly what
       she will be testifying to based upon her expertise as well as her CV, which
       lists her entire background and professional experience.

       The Court: This is under the statute perfectly admissible testimony. It’s not
       uncommon in a delayed report to explain for the jury . . . . It is generic in
       nature, simple to explain to jurors the concept of delayed report[ing] and not
       specific in any way to the facts of this case.

       [Defense Counsel]: I understand, Your Honor. Just for the record, that’s
       part of my objection to the introduction of the testimony, that it has really
       nothing to do with this case and is generic and generalized conversation
       about things that may not even apply to this matter. But the problem that
       we have and what I put in my motion is we – getting this one the eve of trial,
       we have no opportunity to confront this testimony by doing our own
       research, consulting with our own expert for possible rebuttal expert
       testimony. There might be a divergence of opinions based upon what the
       proposed testimony would be.

       Instead of just accepting it as is and unchallenged, I think my client has the
       right to confront this witness as well as any other, and we would appreciate
       the opportunity to conduct our own research and consult with our expert.

       The Court: So[,] when did you receive the – when was the notice filed?

that issue. The trial court denied this motion. Dunn did not raise any further challenges
regarding whether Mesar’s testimony satisfied the Frye test. The only issue before us
concerns the Commonwealth’s belated disclosure.

                                      [J-69-2022] - 4
       [The Commonwealth]: Well, Your honor, we just – I did send him the
       information yesterday. The statute doesn’t actually require a time frame
       within which notice has to be provided and that’s actually because the
       statute itself allows for either party to call a witness to testify in this manner.
       So[,] the Commonwealth doesn’t have to provide a pretrial notice of this
       because the defense is on notice. The statute permits them to do the very
       same thing.

                                              ...

       The Court: So[,] it’s been clear for some time now that no Frye hearing is
       necessary. If the statute doesn’t require notice, then it would be the typical
       notice requirements, and this is an expert that either side could call. It’s not
       even objectionable, to my knowledge it’s a delayed report.
N.T. Motion Hearing, 6/4/19, at 4-9.

       At trial, the Commonwealth presented the testimony of Mesar, the victim, as well

as two officers involved in the investigation. As reflected by the trial transcript, the

Commonwealth’s direct examination of Mesar spans just under twenty pages. Mesar first

discussed the topic of disclosure. She explained “[t]here is not a normal” in terms of the

amount of information disclosed, the manner in which victims disclose, or whom they

choose to tell. N.T. Trial, 6/5-10/19, at 90. She also indicated disclosure can be affected

by the victim’s relationship with the perpetrator, such as instances where there is familial

abuse, due to the effect it may have on the victim’s relationship with the abuser and on

the family as a unit. In terms of familial abuse, Mesar also discussed the concept of

grooming, whereby an abuser may start with small gestures to see how a child reacts

before escalating to sexual abuse. Id. at 90-97.

       Mesar next discussed the topic of victim behavior during sexual abuse, explaining

that “[e]veryone reacts to their victimization personally.” Id. at 97. She explained that

some victims disclose their abuse and move forward, while others may fixate on the

abuse. Mesar also explained that some victims may become “excellers” in terms of

academics or extracurriculars in an attempt to regain control, while others may become

avoidant of relationships with others and decline participation in academics or

                                        [J-69-2022] - 5
extracurriculars. She also explained that some victims may engage in self-destructive

behavior or develop soothing techniques. The Commonwealth then asked Mesar to

discuss victims’ emotional responses to sexual abuse.         Mesar explained that some

victims focus on the cognitive or physical sense of things while abuse is taking place,

while others may cry, fight back, or do nothing. She also noted that a victim’s emotional

response may differ depending on his or her relationship with the abuser. In cases

involving familial abuse, the victim and abuser may become closer. Id. at 97-102.

      Mesar lastly explained that it may be difficult for victims to recall specific dates and

times of abuse. At no point throughout Mesar’s testimony did Dunn’s attorney object on

relevance grounds or otherwise.           Dunn’s attorney cross-examined Mesar for

approximately eleven pages. Both parties then had an equal opportunity to ask additional

questions during re-direct and re-cross. Following the Commonwealth’s presentation of

evidence, Dunn testified in his own defense and denied that any sexual abuse had

occurred.

      The jury ultimately convicted Dunn of statutory sexual assault, involuntary deviate

sexual intercourse of a person less than sixteen years of age (“IDSI”), aggravated assault

of a person less than sixteen years of age, indecent assault of a person less than sixteen

years of age, corruption of minors, and endangering the welfare of a child. The trial court

imposed a sentence of 214 to 428 months’ imprisonment, followed by five years’

probation. Dunn filed a post-sentence motion, followed by a supplemental post-sentence

motion, both of which were denied by operation of law. He then filed a direct appeal

arguing, inter alia, that the trial court improperly denied his motion to exclude Mesar’s

testimony, or alternatively, to order the preparation of an expert witness report, thereby

violating his due process and confrontation rights.

                                      [J-69-2022] - 6
        The trial court issued an opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) addressing these

claims collectively. It reasoned that admission of Mesar’s testimony was appropriate

given Section 5920 and Rule 573 do not contain notice requirements. The trial court

further opined that Dunn was on notice that the Commonwealth may call an expert under

Section 5920, as the statute permits either party to do so. It further explained that the

Commonwealth turned over the only document that could have qualified as an expert

report under Rule 573(B)(2)(b) and its decision not to order preparation of an additional

expert witness report was discretionary and found to be unnecessary. Trial Ct. Op.,

6/24/20, at 5-6.    The trial court lastly addressed Dunn’s argument concerning the

development of rebuttal evidence, explaining:

        It is unclear from the record what [Dunn] would have intended to rebut. Any
        rebuttal expert witness would have to comply with the statute regardless of
        the existence of Mesar’s report. Since Mesar’s report complied with the
        requirements of the statute, and her testimony furthered the cause of
        avoiding jury confusion on this issue, this [c]ourt did not err in permitting
        Mesar to testify[.]
Id. at 6. 3

        The Superior Court unanimously affirmed in an unpublished memorandum

decision. See Commonwealth v. Dunn, 176 WDA 2020; 2020 WL 7682502 (Pa. Super.

2020) (unpublished memorandum).4 The panel explained that it reviews the trial court’s

3  After the trial court denied Dunn’s post-sentence motions, the Commonwealth filed a
response acknowledging that Dunn’s sentence with respect to IDSI was illegal. Dunn
was unable to be resentenced prior to filing his notice of appeal, as the resentencing
hearing was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the
trial court acknowledged its sentencing error and asked that the case be remanded for a
full resentencing hearing after the Superior Court rendered a decision on Dunn’s
remaining claims.
4 The Superior Court rejected each of Dunn’s claims, except for the trial court’s admittedly
improper IDSI sentence. Because the illegal sentence for this offense could upset the
trial court’s overall sentencing scheme, the Superior Court vacated Dunn’s sentence and
remanded for resentencing.

                                      [J-69-2022] - 7
decision to admit or exclude evidence for an abuse of discretion, which “may not be made

merely because an appellate court might have reached a different conclusion, but

requires the result of manifest unreasonableness, or partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will,

or such lack of support so as to be clearly erroneous.” Commonwealth v. Koch, 106 A.3d

705, 710-711 (Pa. 2014) (citations and quotations omitted).

       The panel first addressed whether the trial court erred in allowing Mesar to testify

pursuant to Section 5920. It explained that Section 5920 permits a qualified expert to

testify as to facts and opinions regarding specific types of victim responses and victim

behaviors and does not provide a notice requirement or mandate the production of an

expert report. Even so, the panel noted that the Commonwealth did inform Dunn of its

intent to call Mesar under Section 5920 and provided a letter outlining her proposed

testimony, which fit squarely into that permitted by the statute. In its view, Mesar’s letter

also adequately apprised Dunn of the subject matter of Mesar’s testimony, and the

defense conducted a lengthy cross-examination at trial.           As to Dunn’s argument

concerning rebuttal evidence, the panel emphasized that Dunn had yet to produce or

identify any such evidence. It also noted that Dunn was permitted to call his own Section

5920 expert in anticipation of trial regardless of whether or not the Commonwealth

intended to call one. The panel therefore discerned no abuse of discretion in admitting

Mesar’s testimony pursuant to Section 5920.

       The panel next considered Dunn’s claim that the trial court erred in failing to order

the preparation of an expert witness report under Rule 573. It emphasized that Rule 573

requires the Commonwealth to disclose before trial “any results or reports of scientific

tests, expert opinions, and written or recorded reports of polygraph examinations or other

physical or mental examinations of the defendant that are within the possession or control

                                       [J-69-2022] - 8
of the attorney of the Commonwealth.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(B)(1)(e). The panel also

recounted the portion of Rule 573 applicable to experts proffered by the Commonwealth:

       If an expert whom the attorney for the Commonwealth intends to call in any
       proceeding has not prepared a report or examination of tests, the court,
       upon motion, may order that the expert prepare, and that the attorney for
       the Commonwealth disclose, a report stating the subject matter on which
       the expert is expected to testify; the substance of the facts to which the
       expert is expected to testify; and a summary of the expert’s opinions and
       the grounds for each opinion.
Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(B)(2)(b). It then noted that, consistent with the rule, the Commonwealth

disclosed to Dunn a letter in its possession detailing the extent of Mesar’s testimony. The

panel further concluded the Commonwealth was not required to obtain an additional

report, and the trial court properly exercised its discretion in denying Dunn’s request.

       The panel lastly addressed Dunn’s claim as to the Commonwealth’s belated

disclosure of its Rule 5920 expert in light of Rule 573. It explained that Rule 573(E) gives

the trial court broad discretion to impose remedies for discovery violations and “[a]

defendant seeking relief from a discovery violation must demonstrate prejudice.”

Commonwealth v. Causey, 833 A.2d 165, 171 (Pa. Super. 2003).               The panel also

recognized that, like Section 5920, Rule 573 does not address the timing of disclosures.

It therefore agreed with the trial court that the Commonwealth did not commit a discovery

violation and that Dunn’s bald assertions that the Commonwealth’s late disclosure caused

prejudice or affected his trial strategy were insufficient to warrant relief. The panel

therefore denied Dunn’s claim.

       Dunn filed a petition for allowance of appeal to this Court.           We granted

discretionary review to address the following issue:

       Are the Superior Court’s holdings that the Commonwealth (1) need not
       provide notice to a criminal defendant of its intent to call an expert witness
       pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 5920 (relating to [e]xpert testimony concerning
       victim responses and behaviors) and (2) need not prepare and disclose a
       detailed expert report irreconcilable with the Superior Court’s decision in

                                      [J-69-2022] - 9
       Commonwealth v. Cramer, 195 A.3d 594 (Pa. Super. 2018) and this
       Honorable Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Jones, 240 A.3d 881 (Pa.
       2020)? Are these same holdings inconsistent with the Pennsylvania Rules
       of Criminal Procedure and the Due Process provisions of the United States
       and Pennsylvania Constitutions?

Commonwealth v. Dunn, 274 A.3d 719 (Pa. 2021) (per curiam).
                                 III. Parties’ Arguments

       First, Dunn emphasizes that Section 5920 merely authorizes the admission of

expert testimony concerning victim responses and behaviors to sexual abuse and does

not supplant any of the rules governing the admission of expert testimony. In this regard,

Dunn notes this Court previously recognized Section 5920 is a substantive rule, rather

than a procedural rule, that “permits both parties to present experts to testify to facts and

opinions regarding specific types of victim responses and behaviors[,]” but remains silent

as to its presentation. Dunn’s Brief at 16-17 (quoting Commonwealth v. Olivio, 127 A.3d

769 (Pa. 2015)). As such, Dunn avers that expert testimony under Section 5920, like all

expert testimony, is subject to the discovery mandates of Rule 573.

       Dunn continues that Rule 573 requires the Commonwealth to disclose any expert

opinions it intends to offer at trial. He recognizes that Rule 573 indicates the trial court

may, in its discretion, order the production of an expert witness report if one has not been

prepared, though one is not required. Dunn explains that although an expert report is not

required in every case, there is no categorical exclusion of expert reports in cases

involving expert testimony under Section 5920. Indeed, Dunn notes the Superior Court

has previously explained that Section 5920 does not alter the applicability of the Frye test.

Id. at 22-23 (citing Commonwealth v. Cramer, 195 A.3d 594 (Pa. Super. 2018)).

       As to the Commonwealth’s disclosure of its expert and the letter, Dunn claims the

Superior Court missed the mark by focusing on the absence of internal notice provisions

to conclude the Commonwealth owed no notice. Dunn argues that expert opinions like

Mesar’s must be “disclosed by the Commonwealth well in advance of trial and

                                      [J-69-2022] - 10
accompanied by a report that is sufficiently particular to permit criminal defendants to

meet the government’s evidence.” Id. at 25. He claims that “[a]ny other procedure

deprives defendants of their due process right to a fundamentally fair trial and his right to

confront the witnesses against him.” Id.

       Dunn further emphasizes this Court’s recent decision in Commonwealth v. Jones,

240 A.3d 881 (Pa. 2020), to demonstrate notice and preparation of an expert report is

required under Section 5920.       He explains that in Jones, this Court addressed the

continued validity of Commonwealth v. Dunkle, 602 A.2d 830 (Pa. 1992) (holding

inadmissible expert testimony about typical behavior patterns displayed by child victims

of sexual abuse, reasoning it was easily understood by laypersons, did not require expert

analysis, and invaded the jury’s province of determining witness credibility), in light of the

legislature’s enactment of Section 5920. We ultimately concluded that “Dunkle remains

valid insofar as it precludes expert testimony concerning victim responses and behaviors

that touch upon witness credibility, but decline[d] to find that the case categorically

precludes expert testimony concerning victim behavior and responses to sexual abuse.”

Jones, 240 A.3d at 897. In light of Jones, Dunn maintains it is essential that expert

testimony offered under Section 5920 be assessed well in advance of trial to determine

whether the expert’s testimony comports with the prohibition of testimony touching on

witness credibility.

       Based on the foregoing, Dunn asserts the Commonwealth’s notice in this case did

not comport with due process. He emphasizes that the Commonwealth disclosed its

intent to call Mesar as a witness via email at the close of business the night before trial.

In doing so, Dunn avers the Commonwealth provided a brief and inadequate letter

outlining Mesar’s testimony. Dunn further asserts that such late and insufficient notice is

“among the clearest examples of trial by ambush” and gamesmanship. Id. at 38. He

                                      [J-69-2022] - 11
avers the Commonwealth’s email contained language meant to assess Dunn’s

willingness to accept a plea offer in light of the Commonwealth’s evidence. Dunn cites a

variety of federal cases where trial courts were found to have acted within their discretion

by excluding expert testimony where a belated disclosure was likely to prejudice the

defendant.     He asserts the trial court could have, at minimum, required the

Commonwealth to prepare an expert report. Relatedly, Dunn maintains Mesar’s vague

and boilerplate letter was insufficient to apprise him of the substance of her testimony.

Mesar’s testimony, though general, ultimately foreshadowed prosecutorial themes and

corresponded to other testimony presented at trial. Dunn further maintains Mesar’s

testimony went beyond that proffered in the letter. Id. at 38-49.

       Finally, Dunn acknowledges that Mesar never reviewed the specific facts of this

case and merely intended to offer testimony as to the broad behavioral patterns of sexual

abuse victims, but does not believe this willful blindness makes the testimony any less

problematic. He then goes on to address the ways in which the admission of Mesar’s

testimony resulted in prejudice.    Dunn specifically avers he was unable to conduct

independent research, develop a comprehensive cross-examination, make a knowing

and intelligent decision about whether to hire his own expert, make a robust pretrial

challenge to the admission of the testimony, or reflect on how this testimony would bear

upon all the facts. Dunn further notes that any last-minute trial preparation was derailed

given the last-minute diversion. In light of the foregoing, Dunn’s requested remedy is a

new trial. Id. at 50-52.

       The Commonwealth’s argument focuses heavily on whether Dunn was prejudiced

by the admission of Mesar’s testimony. It explains that even where there has been an

improper admission of expert testimony, “the defendant still bears the burden of proving

he suffered prejudice from admission of the testimony.” Commonwealth’s Brief at 20

                                     [J-69-2022] - 12
(quoting Commonwealth v. Poplawski, 130 A.3d 697, 718 (Pa. 2015)). In this regard, the

Commonwealth maintains Dunn failed to demonstrate the same. It specifically avers that

Dunn’s characterization of the evidence as competing narratives is simply untrue. The

Commonwealth points out that, in addition to the victim’s account of events, it introduced

extremely damning text messages Dunn sent to the victim leading up to his arrest plainly

admitting guilt. Id. at 20-24.

       The Commonwealth next argues, even ignoring the strength of its evidence, Dunn

fails to demonstrate prejudice.     It acknowledges that Dunn does not challenge the

admissibility of Mesar’s testimony under Section 5920, only whether Dunn received

adequate notice and whether an additional report was necessary under Rule 573. With

respect to the latter, the Commonwealth asserts that Mesar’s letter met the requirements

of an expert report pursuant to Section 5920 and Rule 573 and that Dunn failed to

demonstrate a more detailed report was required. It explains Mesar’s testimony merely

informed the jury there is no “normal” behavior with respect to victims’ reactions to and

disclosures of sexual abuse. While Dunn claims earlier notice of Mesar’s testimony would

have allowed him to conduct his own research and develop appropriate rebuttal evidence,

the Commonwealth points out that Dunn has yet to produce any evidence to this effect.

Id. at 24-30. As Dunn has failed to prove prejudice, the Commonwealth claims “any

discussion of Mesar’s correspondence and whether or not it satisfied the prosecution’s

discovery obligations is purely academic.” Id. at 30. It notes that, for the purposes of this

appeal, Rule 573 merely required the Commonwealth to disclose any expert opinion in

its possession, which it did.    It was then within the trial court’s discretion to order

something more. Id. at 30-33.

       The Commonwealth next addresses Dunn’s assertion that the Superior Court’s

decision in this case is irreconcilable with both Cramer and Jones. It explains that the

                                      [J-69-2022] - 13
Superior Court’s decision in Cramer merely found that Section 5920 testimony does not

alter the applicability of Frye, but nonetheless rejected the assertion that a Frye hearing

was required because Cramer failed to demonstrate the Commonwealth’s expert’s

testimony that victims respond counterintuitively to sexual abuse was novel scientific

evidence.   Id. at 34-35 (citing Cramer, 195 A.3d at 605-607).          As to Jones, the

Commonwealth explains that expert testimony vouching for victim credibility is never

allowed, as explicitly noted in Section 5920. The Commonwealth contends there is

nothing in the instant case that would tend to suggest Mesar’s testimony violated this

prohibition. Mesar provided general testimony, never reviewed the specific facts of this

case, and responded to hypothetical questions. Mesar’s testimony therefore did not run

afoul of Jones. Id. at 41-43 (citing Jones, 240 A.3d at 895-97).

       Finally, the Commonwealth addresses the specific question of whether its

disclosure of Mesar’s testimony the day before trial violated the discovery rules. In its

view, the Superior Court was correct in concluding it did not, as Rule 573 does not

address the timing of mandatory disclosures. In any event, the Commonwealth asserts

that a discovery violation can only be assessed in terms of whether the particular piece

of evidence impacted the defendant. In this regard, the Commonwealth asserts that the

context of this specific evidence – the accepted and non-controversial opinions of Mesar

– did not prejudice Dunn. Even if it did, the Commonwealth notes that the trial court has

broad discretion to choose the appropriate remedy. Id. at 45 (citing Commonwealth v.

Burke, 781 A.3d 1136 (Pa. 2001)). Here, the trial court offered no remedy because it did

not deem one appropriate. In light of the foregoing, the Commonwealth asks this Court

to affirm the Superior Court’s denial of Dunn’s claim.

                                      IV. Analysis

                     a. Application of Rule 573 and Section 5920

                                     [J-69-2022] - 14
       This Court generally reviews a trial court’s evidentiary decisions for an abuse of

discretion. Commonwealth v. Gallaway, 283 A.3d 217, 222-23 (Pa. 2022) (additional

citation omitted). “An abuse of discretion is not simply an error of judgment, but is an

overriding misapplication of the law, or the exercise of judgment that is manifestly

unreasonable, or the result of bias, prejudice, ill-will or partiality, as shown by the evidence

of record.” Id. at 223 (citing Commonwealth v. Talley, 265 A.3d 485, 550 (Pa. 2021)).

Because this case hinges on our interpretation of a statute and a rule of criminal

procedure, it necessarily implicates a question of law for which the standard of review is

de novo and scope of review is plenary. Commonwealth v. Lopez, 280 A.3d 887, 894

(Pa. 2022) (citation omitted); Commonwealth v. McCabe, 265 A.3d 1279, 1287 (Pa. 2021)

(additional citations omitted).

       With this background, Section 5920 relevantly provides:

       (b) Qualifications and use of experts. –

              (1) In a criminal proceeding subject to this section, a witness may be
              qualified by the court as an expert if the witness has specialized
              knowledge beyond that possessed by the average layperson based
              on the witness’s experience with, or specialized training or education
              in, criminal justice, behavioral sciences or victim services issues,
              related to sexual violence or domestic violence, that will assist the
              trier of fact in understanding the dynamics of sexual violence or
              domestic violence, victim responses to sexual violence or domestic
              violence and the impact of sexual violence or domestic violence on
              victims during and after being assaulted.

              (2) If qualified as an expert, the witness may testify to facts and
              opinions regarding specific types of victim responses and victim
              behaviors.

              (3) The witness’s opinion regarding the credibility of any other
              witness, including the victim, shall not be admissible.

              (4) A witness qualified by the court as an expert under this section
              may be called by the attorney for the Commonwealth or the
              defendant to provide the expert testimony.

                                       [J-69-2022] - 15
42 Pa.C.S. § 5920(b). In addition, Rule 573 reads as follows:

      (B) Disclosure by the Commonwealth.

      (1) Mandatory. In all court cases, on request by the defendant, and subject
      to any protective order which the Commonwealth might obtain under this
      rule, the Commonwealth shall disclose to the defendant’s attorney all of the
      following requested items or information, provided they are material to the
      instant case. The Commonwealth shall, when applicable, permit the
      defendant’s attorney to inspect and copy or photograph such items.

                                          ...

             (e) any results or reports of scientific tests, expert opinions, and
             written or recorded reports of polygraph examinations or other
             physical or mental examinations of the defendant that are within the
             possession or control of the attorney for the Commonwealth;

                                          ...

      (2) Discretionary With the Court.

                                          ...

             (b) If an expert whom the attorney for the Commonwealth intends to
             call in any proceeding has not prepared a report of examination or
             tests, the court, upon motion, may order that the expert prepare, and
             that the attorney for the Commonwealth disclose, a report stating the
             subject matter on which the expert is expected to testify; the
             substance of the facts to which the expert is expected to testify; and
             a summary of the expert's opinions and the grounds for each opinion.

                                          ...

      (D) Continuing Duty to Disclose. If, prior to or during trial, either party
      discovers additional evidence or material previously requested or ordered
      to be disclosed by it, which is subject to discovery or inspection under this
      rule, or the identity of an additional witness or witnesses, such party shall
      promptly notify the opposing party or the court of the additional evidence,
      material, or witness.

Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(B) – (D).
      As noted above, this case does not concern the admissibility of Mesar’s expert

testimony under Section 5920, but only whether the trial court erred in allowing the

                                    [J-69-2022] - 16
Commonwealth to introduce the testimony in light of its belated disclosure.5 Section 5920

is a substantive rule that “permits both parties to present experts to testify to facts and

opinions regarding specific types of victim responses and victim behaviors.” Olivio, 127

A.3d at 780 (citation and quotations omitted). Rule 573 is a rule of criminal procedure

that governs pretrial discovery and inspection and outlines both mandatory and

discretionary disclosures. Rule 573(B)(1) requires the Commonwealth to disclose “any

results of reports of scientific tests, expert opinions, and written or recorded reports of

polygraph examinations of the defendant that are within the possession or control of the

attorney for the Commonwealth[.]”

       Given Section 5920 is merely a substantive rule, we have no trouble agreeing with

Dunn that Section 5920 is subject to the procedural requirements for pretrial discovery

and inspection in criminal proceedings under Rule 573.6 We recognize that neither

Section 5920 nor Rule 573 defines a specific timeframe in which a party calling an expert

to discuss dynamics of sexual abuse must inform an opposing party or provide the

discovery materials outlined therein, respectively.      Contrary to the Superior Court’s

conclusion, however, we disagree that the lack of internal notice requirements equates to

no notice requirements. Rule 573(d) imposes a continuing duty to disclose “additional

evidence, material, or witnesses[,] subject to discovery or inspection[.]” Moreover, this

Court has repeatedly emphasized that the purpose of Rule 573 is to “permit parties in

5  In his brief, Dunn states “the instant challenge does not concern whether expert
testimony about victim responses and behaviors is admissible – this Court has held that
it is – but, rather, in the interests of promoting fundamentally fair trials, whether a party
must provide reasonable notice to its opponent of its intent to admit such expert testimony
at trial, along with the substance of the expert’s proffered testimony in the form of a non-
boilerplate expert report.” Dunn’s Brief at 19.
6The Commonwealth does not appear to challenge this point either, instead focusing on
whether Dunn was prejudiced by the timing of its disclosure.

                                      [J-69-2022] - 17
criminal matters to be prepared for trial” and that “trial by ambush is contrary to the spirit

and letter of those rules and will not be condoned.” Commonwealth v. Appel, 689 A.2d

891, 907 (Pa. 1997) (reversed on other grounds) (citing Commonwealth v. Shelton, 640

A.2d 892, 895 (Pa. 1994)).7 Thus, Rule 573 required the Commonwealth to promptly

disclose its intent to call an expert under Section 5920, as well as any expert reports in

its possession.

         We do not address whether Section 5920 and Rule 573 require preparation of an

expert report in all cases involving testimony about victim behaviors and responses to

sexual abuse because the Commonwealth did, for the purposes of Section 5920, provide

an expert report in this case. Expert testimony under Section 5920 is, by nature, different

than expert testimony on other subject matter, as its purpose is to inform the jury that a

child victim of sexual assault may engage in behavior that may appear counter-intuitive

to the layperson. As a result, the testimony elicited from expert witnesses in this area

largely relates to common behavioral responses of sexual abuse victims, or stated

differently, “facts and opinions regarding specific types of victim responses and victim

behaviors.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 5920(b)(2). Unlike many other types of expert testimony,

Section 5920 experts generally abstain from reviewing the specific facts of the cases in

which they testify, given the directive in Section 5920 that the expert witness abstain from

discussing opinions regarding the credibility of the victim or any other witness. 42 Pa.C.S.

§ 5920(b)(3). Here, Mesar’s letter detailed three specific categories she was prepared to

discuss at trial – victim disclosure of sexual abuse, victim behavior at the time of abuse,

and victim behavior following disclosure of abuse. Within these three categories, Mesar

7   This case refers to Pa.R.Crim.P. 305, which was renumbered Pa.R.Crim.P. 573 in 2001.

                                      [J-69-2022] - 18
provided bullet points setting forth precisely what would be discussed. As detailed above,

Mesar’s trial testimony tracked these three categories.8

        In her Opinion in Support of Reversal (“OISR”), Justice Donohue complains that

Mesar’s letter was too broad and generic to adequately apprise Dunn of the substance of

Mesar’s testimony and that her trial testimony was ultimately more specific than that

detailed in the letter. OISR, Donohue J., at 11-12. Again, Section 5920 permits testimony

related to the three categories listed in Mesar’s letter. Justice Donohue’s objection that

the letter is broad and generic ignores the purpose of Section 5920 testimony, as well as

the longstanding prohibition that experts testifying in this area must avoid encroaching on

the jury’s province of assessing witness credibility. To the extent Dunn and Justice

Donohue aver Mesar’s testimony went beyond that detailed in the letter, Dunn was

required to lodge a specific objection at trial. The trial court’s decision to permit Mesar’s

testimony based on the information set forth in the letter did not give Mesar carte blanche

to testify about anything, nor did it relieve Dunn of the obligation to preserve a claim that

Mesar’s testimony exceeded that in the letter.

        With this background, we now consider whether the Commonwealth complied with

its duty to promptly disclose its intent to call Mesar and Mesar’s letter, which we find to

be an expert report. It is unclear exactly when the Commonwealth came into possession

of Mesar’s letter, only that it was dated May 31, 2019.9 Assuming the Commonwealth

received the letter that day, it did not disclose the same to the defense until June 3, 2019

at 4:25 p.m., which was the night before Dunn’s trial was set to begin. Even if the

Commonwealth did not have the letter in its possession until the day it was disclosed to

8Because the Commonwealth provided Dunn with an expert witness report, the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in denying Dunn’s motion to compel the production of one.
See Gallaway, 283 A.3d at 222-23.
9   May 31, 2019 was a Friday.

                                      [J-69-2022] - 19
the defense, the Commonwealth was presumably aware of its intention to call Mesar and

that such a letter was forthcoming. The Commonwealth has failed to advance any support

or reasoning in defense of its eleventh-hour notice or why it did not relay the information

later provided in a timely manner. Based on the foregoing, the Commonwealth failed to

comply with its duty of prompt disclosure under Rule 573.       We decline to prescribe a

specific time frame for Rule 573 disclosures in this opinion, but refer this matter to our

Criminal Procedure Rules Committee to consider whether adoption of an express time

period or some alternative framework would clarify any uncertainty in the rule. See e.g.,

Commonwealth v. Morris, 771 A.2d 721, 730 n.8 (Pa. 2001). We nevertheless have no

trouble concluding the Commonwealth did not comply with the dictates of Rule 573 in this

case.

        Although we need not address whether an expert report is required in every case,

in light of the fact that one was provided in this case, we reject Dunn’s argument that the

Superior Court’s decision in Cramer and this Court’s decision in Jones support such a

conclusion, as both of these cases are inapposite. In Cramer, the Superior Court merely

concluded that Section 5920 does not alter the applicability of the Frye test or the general

rule that an expert witness’s methodology must be generally accepted in the relevant field

set forth in Pa.R.E. 702(c). Cramer, 195 A.3d at 605. In Jones, this Court considered

whether testimony from a detective about victim responses and behaviors, when based

on that detective’s training, experience, and specialized knowledge, constituted expert

testimony and whether such testimony was permitted from a lay witness. Within that

decision, we addressed the continued validity of our decision in Dunkle, in which we

concluded expert testimony concerning typical behavior patterns displayed by child

victims of sexual abuse was inadmissible, reasoning it was easily understood by

laypersons, did not require expert analysis, and invaded the jury’s province of determining

                                     [J-69-2022] - 20
witness credibility. Dunkle, 602 A.2d at 836-838. In Jones, this Court concluded that

Section 5920 effectively overruled Dunkle with respect to its conclusion that testimony

concerning typical behavior patterns of child victims of sexual abuse was inadmissible as

it was understood by laypersons. We concluded “Dunkle remains valid insofar as it

precludes expert testimony concerning victim responses and behaviors that touch upon

witness credibility.” Jones, 240 A.3d at 895-897. Dunn uses both of these cases to assert

notice of an expert witness and preparation of a report is required to ensure a Section

5920 expert witness’s testimony does not improperly touch upon witness credibility.

Neither of these cases support the proposition Dunn makes. Unlike Cramer, this case

does not concern the necessity of a Frye test. Nor does this case involve any allegation

that Mesar’s testimony did not comply with the prohibition that expert testimony must

avoid touching upon witness credibility implicating Jones. This practice is also already

expressly prohibited by Section 5920(b)(3).10

                                       b. Remedy

      We now turn to the appropriate remedy based on our conclusion that the

Commonwealth failed to comply with Rule 573. Rule 573(E) gives trial courts broad

discretion in choosing the appropriate remedy for discovery violations:

      (E) Remedy. If at any time during the course of the proceedings it is brought
      to the attention of the court that a party has failed to comply with this rule,
      the court may order such party to permit discovery or inspection, may grant
      a continuance, or may prohibit such party from introducing evidence not
      disclosed, other than testimony of the defendant, or it may enter such other
      order as it deems just under the circumstances.

10 We decline to address Dunn’s constitutional claims concerning due process and
confrontation having found the trial court improperly applied Rule 573. See Ballou v. State
Ethics Commission, 436 A.2d 186, 187 (Pa. 1981) (“[W]hen a case raises both
constitutional and non-constitutional issues, a court should not reach the constitutional
issue if the case can properly be decided on non-constitutional grounds.”).

                                     [J-69-2022] - 21
Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(E). Here, the trial court declined to impose any of the remedies set

forth above upon finding that the Commonwealth complied with its discovery obligations.

In any event, discovery violations do not automatically entitle an appellant to a new trial;

the appellant must demonstrate that the violation resulted in prejudice. Commonwealth

v. Counterman, 719 A.2d 284, 298 (Pa. 1998). Our case law suggests that prejudice in

this context requires an appellant to demonstrate that a timelier disclosure would have

affected his trial strategy or otherwise resulted in prejudice in the typical outcome

determinative sense. See e.g., Commonwealth v. Chambers, 599 A.2d 630, 637-38 (Pa.

1991); Commonwealth v. Jones, 668 A.2d 491, 512-13 (Pa. 1995); Commonwealth v.

Causey, 833 A.2d 165, 171 (Pa. Super. 2003).

       As detailed above, Dunn’s prejudice argument contains several broad themes. He

claims that the Commonwealth’s last-minute notice prevented him from conducting

independent research, developing a comprehensive cross-examination, making a

knowing and intelligent decision about whether to hire his own expert, making a robust

pretrial challenge to admission of the testimony, and reflecting on how the testimony

would bear upon all of the other evidence presented at trial. He additionally argues that

his last-minute trial preparation was derailed in light of the Commonwealth’s tardy

disclosure. While these concerns may very well be true, Dunn’s broad and non-specific

allegations are insufficient to demonstrate the degree of prejudice necessary to warrant

a new trial. See Counterman, 719 A.2d at 298 (explaining generalized allegation of

prejudice related to Commonwealth’s late disclosure of exculpatory evidence did not

result in prejudice).

       Importantly, Dunn also never explicitly requested a continuance, which is generally

“deemed sufficient to eradicate possible prejudice and enable the defendant to assimilate

new information.” Commonwealth v. Rosa, 609 A.2d 200 (Pa. Super. 1992). Rather,

                                     [J-69-2022] - 22
Dunn filed a motion requesting the preparation of an expert report, despite the fact that

one had been turned over, and another requesting the exclusion of Mesar’s testimony

altogether. We decline to view Dunn’s filing as an effective request for a continuance,

particularly in light of the fact that the Commonwealth did provide an expert report

detailing the substance of its proposed testimony under Section 5920. Stated simply,

Dunn never asked for a continuance to make the previously mentioned preparations

following the Commonwealth’s disclosure, the majority of which could have been

accomplished. This Court has declined to grant relief in similar scenarios where no

continuance request was made. See Chambers, 599 A.2d 630 (holding appellant failed

to demonstrate prejudice warranting mistrial for discovery violation and emphasizing

counsel’s failure to request continuance); Jones, 668 A.2d 491 (explaining failure to

request a continuance following delayed disclosure of evidence indicated no additional

time or strategy was necessary to prepare).

       Moreover, Dunn complains Mesar’s letter was “generic” in nature and merely

outlined “broad categories of information pertaining to disclosure by children of alleged

sexual abuse.” Dunn’s Brief at 42. He goes on to aver that although Mesar’s trial

testimony “arguably” fell within the categories detailed in the letter, “none of the damning,

case-specific opinions” adduced at trial could have been anticipated, resulting in

prejudice. Id. at 46. First, aside from describing the letter as broad and general, Dunn

fails to specify why Mesar’s letter does not meet the requirements of an expert report.

Rather, Dunn’s chief complaint is that Mesar’s trial testimony concerning typical victim

responses and behaviors to abuse was consistent with the victim’s testimony. That the

victim testified consistently with the typical behaviors of sexual abuse victims outlined in

the report does not make the report deficient or Mesar’s trial testimony prejudicial. In

essence, Dunn is bothered by the fact Mesar’s testimony was relevant and informative,

                                      [J-69-2022] - 23
which was its purpose. Again, to the extent Dunn believes Mesar’s trial testimony went

beyond that set forth in the letter, Dunn did not raise these concerns at any point by

objecting to Mesar’s testimony as required. The mere fact that the trial court permitted

Mesar to testify on the subject matter included in the letter did not relieve Dunn of this

obligation. It bears repeating, however, this Court does not find Mesar’s testimony went

beyond the information detailed in the report. Finally, Dunn complains of “case specific”

opinions, but Mesar did not offer case specific opinions, as she was purposefully blind to

the specific facts of this case in order to comply with Section 5920.

       Beyond this, we further conclude that the incriminating nature of the facts in this

case do not lend themselves to a finding of prejudice. The specific facts surrounding

Dunn’s sexual abuse of the victim are not particularly relevant and will not be recounted

herein. It suffices to say that Dunn sexually abused the victim numerous times beginning

in June 2015 and ending in November 2017. N.T. Trial, 6/5-10/19, at 150, 265-36. At

some point before the abuse ended, Dunn sent the victim a sexually explicit photograph

of the victim’s mother. In January 2018, the victim informed her mother about the image

which led to involvement by Children, Youth and Families (“CYF”). The victim ultimately

disclosed to her therapist that Dunn had been sexually abusive and, shortly thereafter,

disclosed the same to her mother. During its subsequent investigation into the abuse,

the Allegheny County Police Department recovered a series of text messages from

Dunn’s cellphone, which Dunn sent to the victim in August and September of 2018 at

which point in time the victim was sixteen years old:

       I didn’t know what you see as abuse was abuse. I still love you and want
       to be with you, which is the definition of irony. I’m sorry. I don’t know what
       else to do.

       You didn’t do anything. I didn’t know it was abuse. I didn’t know how to
       love properly. I thought it was. I’m sorry.

                                     [J-69-2022] - 24
       You were being you, and you’re lovable and worthy and precious. Please
       don’t ever let my mistake keep you from giving that freely to the world. I
       didn’t know I was hurting you.

       I barely recognized you were too young. I believe in destiny and fate. I was
       wrong.

       I don’t know how to love you right now. I’m sorry. I’m still trying my best. I
       will be patient and do everything in [sic] power not to make you
       uncomfortable or hurt more.

       I have to meet with the District Attorney tomorrow at [the] police station. If
       they pulled cell phone transcripts, I’m going to jail for a long time. Out of
       my control. It’s not your fault. Never was. I don’t know if you really are
       clueless to the whole thing, then asking questions about cell phone texts
       and transcripts would only arouse suspicion if they didn’t yet. I’m just telling
       you this in the chance that I don’t come back tomorrow and to let you know
       that I’m sorry. I have been trying to change in every way, albeit too late. I
       never meant to hurt you or anyone else and that I suffer from the guilt and
       shame of not only that but everything else of a daily basis. Sometimes
       hourly. Prison is most likely the next logical step. You’re not at fault for
       anything.

N.T. Trial, 6/5-10/19, at 183-187. At trial, the victim explained that Dunn sent these

messages after she disclosed receiving the sexually explicit photograph of her mother,

but before anyone knew about the sexual abuse. According to the victim, Dunn was

referencing the circumstances surrounding the photograph, as well as his past sexual

abuse of the victim and fear that additional information may come to light during any

investigation. Id. at 176-188. Given these admissions by Dunn, it is difficult to conclude

Mesar’s expert testimony prejudiced Dunn in any way, particularly as Dunn never

objected to the substance of Mesar’s testimony at trial.11 As there was no resulting

11 Dunn testified in his own defense at trial, providing an explanation as to the context of
these messages and denying that any of them referred to a sexual relationship between
himself and the victim. For example, Dunn maintained that his references to abuse and
going to jail related to sending the victim a suggestive photograph of her mother or the
potential uncovering of other unrelated crimes through review of his text messages. He
also claimed that some of the messages were meant to serve as an apology for creating
strife in the victim’s relationship with her mother due to Dunn’s disparagement of her to

                                      [J-69-2022] - 25
prejudice from Mesar’s testimony or question concerning its admissibility, Dunn’s only

genuine complaint is that of surprise. Thus, the trial court could have simply allowed a

continuance had one been requested. See Commonwealth v. Smith, 955 A.2d 391 (Pa.

Super. 2008) (“A continuance is appropriate where the undisclosed statement or other

evidence is admissible and the defendant’s only prejudice is surprise.”). The fact that it

did not order one, however, does not entitle Dunn to a new trial. 12

                                      V. Conclusion
       In conclusion, we hold that Rule 573 applies with equal force to expert reports

based on the subject matter in Section 5920, and that the trial court erred as a matter of

law in concluding the Commonwealth’s last-minute disclosure of an expert witness report

did not violate Rule 573. As to the proper remedy, this Court being equally divided on

whether the Commonwealth’s error prejudiced Dunn, the Superior Court’s order denying

relief is affirmed. We remand this case to the trial court for resentencing as to Dunn’s

illegal sentencing claim addressed before the lower court.

the victim. Lastly, Dunn claimed the text message in which he told the victim he wanted
to be with her simply meant he wished to be with her in a family dynamic. N.T. Trial, 6/5-
10/19, at 458-67. The jury clearly rejected these explanations in reaching its verdict.
12 Justice Donohue takes issue with our conclusion that Dunn failed to demonstrate the
Commonwealth’s discovery violation resulted in prejudice by merely citing broad and
generalized complaints, coupled with his failure to request a continuance and the
incriminating text messages introduced at trial. Focusing on the continuance request,
Justice Donohue disagrees “that a continuance would have adequately remedied the
prejudice incurred by Dunn” and “question[s] a rule that places the burden on the
defendant to mitigate the Commonwealth’s violation of the discovery rules and then
penalizes him for not doing so.” OISR, Donohue, J., at 14. At the same time, Justice
Donohue acknowledges this Court has repeatedly engaged in a quasi-harmless error
analysis for assessing the impact of discovery violations, placing that burden on the
appellant. Id. at 21. Her point therefore appears to be a critique of precedent, as opposed
to our application of the law. Moreover, as Justice Wecht recognizes, “[t]he resolution of
the differing formulations and adoption of a uniform standard for evaluating prejudice in
the context of discovery violations . . . is outside the scope of the present appeal.” OISR,
Wecht, J., at 9.

                                     [J-69-2022] - 26
Justice Brobson joins this opinion in support of affirmance.

                                 [J-69-2022] - 27