Court Opinion

ID: 9960479
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-16 14:17:22.70448+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:19:30.896685
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
UNPUBLISHED

              Present: Judges Malveaux, Raphael and Senior Judge Petty
              Argued at Richmond, Virginia

              IEUAN RHYS PHILLIPS
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 1546-22-2                                    JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY
                                                                                  APRIL 16, 2024
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                               FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY
                                             Donald C. Blessing, Judge

                              Kevin E. Calhoun (Charles C. Cosby, Jr., on brief), for appellant.

                              Matthew J. Beyrau, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares,
                              Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

                     A jury convicted appellant, Ieuan Rhys Phillips, of rape in violation of Code § 18.2-61. The

              trial court sentenced him to 50 years in prison, with 40 years suspended. He appeals his conviction,

              which we affirm.

                                                       BACKGROUND1

                     The sexual assault

                     In 2021, S.B. was a student and sorority member at Longwood University. Phillips was a

              Longwood student as well, and a fraternity member. S.B. knew Phillips, but she did not consider

                     *
                         This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).
                     1
                         “Consistent with the standard of review when a criminal appellant challenges the
              sufficiency of the evidence, we recite the evidence below ‘in the “light most favorable” to the
              Commonwealth, the prevailing party in the trial court.’” Hammer v. Commonwealth, 74
              Va. App. 225, 231 (2022) (quoting Commonwealth v. Cady, 300 Va. 325, 329 (2021)). This
              standard “requires us to ‘discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the
              Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and
              all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.’” Cady, 300 Va. at 329 (quoting Commonwealth v.
              Perkins, 295 Va. 323, 324 (2018)).
him a friend. On the night of March 6, 2021, Phillips’s fraternity hosted a party. S.B. attended the

party, which Phillips also attended, but she did not interact with him during most of the evening.

Phillips had a girlfriend, D.G., whom S.B. knew and considered a friend.

        Both S.B. and Phillips consumed alcohol at the party, which continued into the early hours

of March 7, 2021. Around 1:30 a.m. Phillips approached S.B., telling her that she needed to leave

because the last of the designated drivers scheduled for the night was leaving. S.B. then got into a

car being driven by a designated driver. Phillips also entered the car, in which two other people

were also riding. S.B. asked the driver to take her to the home of her best friend, not thinking that

anyone else would be going there with her. Phillips then told the driver that he wanted to go to the

same house to retrieve alcohol that he had left there the night before, asking him to take the other

two passengers home first.2

        S.B. did not hear Phillips’s comment concerning the alcohol, so she did not know why

Phillips got out of the car with her when they arrived at her friend’s house. Phillips followed S.B.

inside the residence. Finding no one home, S.B. decided to retrieve a bag she had left in her friend’s

bedroom earlier in the evening and return to her own house for the night. As she walked toward her

friend’s bedroom, Phillips began kissing her on her neck. S.B. reminded Phillips of his girlfriend

D.G., repeating her name multiple times to try to get Phillips to stop kissing her, but to no avail.

Phillips followed S.B. into the bedroom and once there he pushed her onto the bed with both hands.

        S.B. did not want to have sex with Phillips and said “no” at least ten times. Phillips was

standing next to the bed, effectively blocking S.B. from leaving the room. He then undressed. S.B.

was afraid because she did not know what was going to happen. She was frightened of Phillips

because of his physical size and because of an earlier incident where he had pinned her up against

the wall at a Halloween party. During that incident she had been unable to move, and Phillips had

        2
            Phillips admitted that he did not have any alcohol at the residence.
                                                   -2-
continued to pin her up against the wall until another fraternity member extricated her from the

situation.

        As S.B. lay on the bed in front of Phillips she was “frozen” and did not push Phillips away

because he was “scary.” Phillips removed S.B.’s underwear3 and engaged in sexual intercourse

with her as she lay on her back unable to move because of the way he had positioned her. Phillips

then flipped her onto her stomach on the bed and resumed sexual intercourse, ejaculating on her

back.

        After Phillips assaulted her, S.B. got up and went into the bathroom where she cleaned up,

grabbed her things, and departed. She sought out her best friend at another house; finding her

asleep, she tried to call another friend, J.H., but initially was unable to reach her. At 3:38 a.m. on

March 7, 2021, S.B. texted J.H., “I did something bad.” S.B. testified that she sent that message

because she felt like it was her fault that she did not fight back or scream. The next morning,

Phillips contacted S.B. via the social media application Snapchat, asking her not to tell anyone about

the previous evening’s encounter. By then S.B. had already told two people that Phillips had raped

her, but she agreed not to tell anyone to avoid angering him. Later that morning, she sent Phillips

another message on Snapchat confronting him with the fact that he had told someone that they had

had sex.

        S.B. reported the rape to law enforcement at 3:00 p.m. on March 7, 2021. Farmville Police

Sergeant Daniel Bowman met with her, observing that she was upset, “very up and down

emotionally,” and teary-eyed; Detective Albert Bappert also met with S.B. and collected physical

evidence, and later collected Phillips’s DNA. S.B. then drove to Lynchburg General Hospital for a

forensic examination. There she met with Amy Randolph, a forensic nurse examiner, reporting that

        3
            S.B. was wearing a skirt.
                                                  -3-
she had been sexually assaulted.4 Randolph obtained samples for a physical evidence recovery kit

(a “PERK kit”). During her examination of S.B., Randolph observed that she had abrasions on both

knees and a bruise on her cervix, concluding that the bruise to the cervix was caused by blunt force

trauma.5

        The trial

        During jury selection, Phillips objected to the Commonwealth’s use of peremptory strikes;

Phillips argued that the Commonwealth had “intentionally us[ed] sex as a basis to discriminate in

picking a jury” in violation of Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986), and its progeny. The

Commonwealth argued that its strikes were not based on gender, and the Commonwealth

provided a gender-neutral reason for each one. The Commonwealth struck one juror who stated

that the father of her child had been accused of sexual assault. The Commonwealth struck a

second juror because that person held a personal grudge against one of the prosecutors in this case.

The Commonwealth struck a third juror because she was inattentive and “flippant” during jury

selection. Finally, the Commonwealth struck a juror who had testified for the defendant at a bond

hearing in a previous sexual assault case, in which one of Phillips’s attorneys had participated.

Phillips accepted the Commonwealth’s proffered explanations for the first two strikes but persisted

in his objections to the remaining two, arguing that juror inattentiveness was too subjective a basis

to justify a strike and that the mere fact that a potential juror had testified for the defendant in a

previous sexual assault case did not render her unable to maintain her objectivity in this case. The

trial court overruled Phillips’s objection, finding that the Commonwealth’s reasons for striking each

        4
            S.B. met with Randolph at 6:00 p.m. on March 7, 2021.
        5
            The abrasions on S.B.’s knees were unrelated to the rape.
                                                -4-
juror were gender-neutral and that Phillips failed to show that the Commonwealth’s explanations for

striking the jurors were pretextual.6

        At trial S.B. recounted the rape, as recited above. Other witnesses included Detective

Bappert and Sergeant Bowman, the officers who responded to S.B.’s complaint; Longwood

University students A.S., J.H., C.W., and B.W.; and forensic nurse Amy Randolph. The

Commonwealth also called Aimee Stockenstroom,7 a licensed clinical social worker, as an expert

witness on how the brain processes trauma and how people experience trauma. She testified

about the role of certain parts of the brain in relation to trauma. Stockenstroom had never met

S.B. and did not opine on S.B.’s individual experience.

        Phillips testified in his own defense. He stated that he did not have any alcohol at the

residence. He explained that he “made up the dumb excuse” in the hopes of allaying any

suspicions the other passengers in the car might have had that he “was cheating on [his]

girlfriend at the time.” He admitted to initiating the kissing with S.B. but testified that she

participated willingly. He further admitted that during the encounter S.B. did voice concern

about not wanting to hurt D.G., Phillips’s girlfriend, but that he dismissed the concern by saying

that “what [D.G.] doesn’t know won’t hurt her.” He agreed he had pushed S.B. onto the bed, but

framed it as a “playful push.” He testified that the sexual intercourse was consensual and S.B.

“never said the word no to [him].”

        At the end of the case, Phillips moved to strike and argued that the charge should be

dismissed because S.B.’s testimony was inherently incredible as a matter of law. The trial court

denied the motion to strike, and the jury convicted Phillips of rape. Before sentencing, Phillips

        6
            The record does not reflect the gender composition of the final jury pool.

        The trial court had denied Phillips’s motion in limine to exclude Stockenstroom’s
        7

testimony.
                                               -5-
filed a motion to set aside the verdict. He reiterated several of his earlier objections, and at oral

argument asserted that the verdict should be set aside because the evidence failed to prove that

the rape was accomplished against S.B.’s will by force, threat, or intimidation. The trial court

overruled the motion to set aside and sentenced Phillips to 50 years in prison with 40 years

suspended.

       Phillips appeals, arguing that the trial court erred in overruling his Batson motion over

the Commonwealth’s peremptory juror strikes, that the trial court erred in accepting the

testimony of Aimee Stockenstroom, that S.B.’s testimony was “inherently incredible,” and that

the Commonwealth failed to prove that Phillips had sex with S.B. by force, threat, or

intimidation. We address each argument in turn.

                                             ANALYSIS

        I. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling Phillips’s Batson motion.

       “On appellate review, the trial court’s conclusion regarding whether reasons given for the

strikes are [gender]-neutral is entitled to great deference, and that determination will not be

reversed on appeal unless it is clearly erroneous.” Avent v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 175, 196

(2010) (quoting Jackson v. Commonwealth, 266 Va. 423, 437 (2003)). We have explained the

“sound reasons” for our deference to the trial court, observing that “the determinative question is

whether the ‘[gender]-neutral explanation for a peremptory challenge should be believed.’”

Bethea v. Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 487, 500 (2018) (quoting Hernandez v. New York, 500

U.S. 352, 365 (1991)), aff’d, 297 Va. 730 (2019). “This standard of review logically recognizes

the trial court’s unique opportunity to observe and evaluate ‘the prosecutor’s state of mind based

on demeanor and credibility’ in the context of the case then before the court.” Robertson v.

Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 635, 639 (1994) (quoting Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 365).

                                                 -6-
        Phillips argues that the Commonwealth’s striking of four women from the venire panel

violated Batson and its progeny. “[T]he State’s privilege to strike individual jurors through

peremptory challenges[] is subject to the commands of the Equal Protection Clause.” Batson,

476 U.S. at 89. Thus, a criminal defendant has “the right to be tried by a jury whose members

are selected pursuant to nondiscriminatory criteria.” Id. at 85-86. Batson barred “discrimination

on account of race in selection of the petit jury.” Id. at 88. The Court subsequently extended

Batson to “hold that gender, like race, is an unconstitutional proxy for juror competence and

impartiality.” J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B., 511 U.S. 127, 129 (1994).

        A Batson challenge proceeds in three sequential steps: the party opposing the strike

“‘must make out a prima face case’ of purposeful discrimination; [then] ‘the “burden shifts to the

State to explain adequately the . . . exclusion” by offering permissible . . . justifications for the

strikes’; and [finally] ‘if a [gender]-neutral explanation is tendered, the trial court must then

decide’” whether the party opposing the strike has proved impermissible gender-based

discrimination. Bethea v. Commonwealth, 297 Va. 730, 748 (2019) (quoting Johnson v.

California, 545 U.S. 162, 168 (2005)). See also Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 358-59.

        Here, the Commonwealth used peremptory challenges to strike four women from the

venire. Phillips objected that the Commonwealth had “intentionally us[ed] sex as a basis to

discriminate in picking a jury,” arguing that “the inference would be that a woman on a jury might

treat the victim [more] harsh[ly] than a man would.” The Commonwealth argued that its strikes

were not based on sex and provided a gender-neutral reason for each. Phillips accepted the

Commonwealth’s gender-neutral reasons for two of the strikes but persisted in his objection to the

others. The trial court overruled his objection.

        For one of the strikes the Commonwealth explained that the potential juror did not pay

attention during voir dire, sat in the back corner of the jury box, reclined in her seat, rested her head

                                                   -7-
on her hand, raised her hand in response to voir dire questions only after everyone else did, and did

so “flippantly.” Peremptory challenges “traditionally have been viewed as one means of assuring

the selection of a qualified and unbiased jury.” Batson, 476 U.S. at 91. “Competence to serve as a

juror ultimately depends on an assessment of individual qualifications and ability impartially to

consider evidence presented at a trial.” Id. at 87. “Manifestly, disinterested jurors should be

identified and removed whenever possible.” Robertson, 18 Va. App. at 640.8

        As to the other strike, the Commonwealth stated that the challenged juror had testified at a

bail hearing on behalf of a defendant in a previous sexual assault case and one of Phillips’s counsel

had represented that defendant. Phillips contests the sufficiency of this justification, pointing out

that the prospective juror never indicated that “she would never believe an alleged victim of sexual

assault,” and arguing that “the mere fact that she testified at a bond hearing on behalf of a defendant

[in a different case] does not inherently create an inference that she would be partial to the

Defendant.” But “the prosecutor’s explanation need not rise to the level justifying exercise of a

challenge for cause” to sustain a peremptory challenge. Batson, 476 U.S. at 97. Rather, it is the

Commonwealth’s burden only to “articulate a neutral explanation related to the particular case to be

tried.” Id. at 98. “A reasonable suspicion about a prospective juror’s impartiality that falls short of

justifying an excusal for cause might well justify the exercise of a peremptory strike.” Floyd v.

State, 525 S.E.2d 683, 686 (Ga. 2000) (quoting Hall v. State, 415 S.E.2d 158, 160 (Ga. 1991)).

        The Commonwealth’s proffered reasons for striking the two jurors were valid,

gender-neutral reasons. Thus, the issue—properly framed—is one of the trial court’s assessment

        8
          Other jurisdictions have taken the same position. See United States v. Barnette, 644 F.3d
192, 206 (4th Cir. 2011) (“A prosecutor is justified in striking jurors that he or she perceives to
be inattentive or uninterested.” (quoting United States v. Garrison, 849 F.3d 103, 106 (4th Cir.
1988))); State v. Miller, 162 S.W.3d 7, 16 (Mo. Ct. App. 2005) (“Inattentiveness, demeanor and
attitude are proper explanations for exercising a peremptory challenge.”); and United States v.
Lorenzo, 995 F.2d. 1448, 1454 (9th Cir. 1993) (“Lack of attentiveness is a neutral, reasonable basis
for the use of a peremptory challenge.”).
                                                  -8-
of the credibility of the Commonwealth’s proffer. We “presume[] the good faith of prosecutors”

and have “no reason to believe that prosecutors will not fulfill their duty to exercise their

challenges only for legitimate purposes.” Bethea, 297 Va. at 748 (quoting Batson, 476 U.S. at 99

n.22). “Batson’s treatment of intent to discriminate [i]s a pure issue of fact.” Id. at 756

(alteration in original) (quoting Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 364). As such, we give “great

deference” to the trial court’s factual finding that the Commonwealth’s gender-neutral reasons

were credible. Id. (quoting Davis v. Ayala, 576 U.S. 257, 271 (2015)). “On appeal, the trial

court’s findings” that the prosecutor did not engage in “purposeful discrimination” will only “be

reversed . . . if they are clearly erroneous.” Buck v. Commonwealth, 247 Va. 449, 451 (1994).

On the record before us, they are not.

            II. The trial court did not err in accepting Stockenstroom’s expert testimony.

       An appellate court “reviews a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude expert testimony

under an abuse of discretion standard.” Condo. Servs., Inc. v. First Owner’s Ass’n of Forty Six

Hundred Condo., Inc., 281 Va. 561, 575 (2011). “This Court must give deference to a trial court’s

ruling to exclude or admit expert testimony and that ruling will not be disturbed on appeal unless it

is plainly wrong and amounts to an abuse of discretion.” Id.

       “The purpose of expert testimony is to assist the trier of fact in understanding the evidence.

For this reason, expert testimony is admissible only when it concerns matters that are not within the

jury’s ordinary knowledge.” Watson v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 197, 205 (2019). “[E]xpert

testimony concerning matters of common knowledge or matters as to which the jury are as

competent to form an opinion as the witness is inadmissible.” Payne v. Commonwealth, 65

Va. App. 194, 221 (2015) (quoting Coppola v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 243, 252 (1979)).

       The trial court recognized Stockenstroom as an expert in how the brain processes trauma

and how people experience trauma. Phillips contends that “Stockenstroom’s testimony about how

                                                 -9-
people react to and remember traumatic events falls within the common knowledge of the ordinary

person.”9 He argues that Stockenstroom’s testimony merely provided a “more scientific and

elaborate explanation” of what ordinary people already understand—“that people may react in

different ways [to trauma] or [may] remember only vague details” about traumatic events. But

Stockenstroom’s testimony covered more than that. She testified about the role various parts of the

brain play in relation to fear and traumatic events. She explained the function of the amygdala in

the activation of the “fight or flight response.” If fighting or fleeing fails to neutralize the perceived

threat, the amygdala protects the brain and body activating the body’s “freeze” response, and these

responses are involuntary. And, because the amygdala is near the hippocampus—the portion of the

brain responsible for memory formation—when a person experiences trauma the hippocampus is

impaired, impacting the individual’s formation and communication of memories about the event.

        We have held that testimony about the functioning of the brain does not invade the province

of the jury. “While it is true that many jurors may have experienced misperceiving something, the

public at large may not be aware that misperception is sometimes the result of a psychological

phenomenon over which to some extent the mind has no control,” and “proffered testimony [to that

        9
          Expert testimony is admissible “if scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge
will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue”; the expert
is qualified “by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education”; and “the subject matter is
beyond the knowledge and experience of ordinary persons, such that the jury needs expert
opinion in order to comprehend the subject matter, form an intelligent opinion, and draw its
conclusions.” Va. R. Evid. 2:702. Phillips challenges only the last prong—whether
Stockenstroom’s testimony was “beyond the knowledge and experience of ordinary persons” or
whether it “impermissibly invaded the province of the jury.” Hussen v. Commonwealth, 257 Va.
93, 98 (1999).
                                                  - 10 -
effect] did not invade the province of the jury.” Farley v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 495, 501-02

(1995).10

       Stockenstroom’s testimony about the structure and functioning of the human brain could

have “assist[ed] the trier of fact in understanding” evidence concerning “matters that are not within

the jury’s ordinary knowledge.” Watson, 298 Va. at 205. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in receiving her testimony.

               III. The trial court did not err in overruling Phillips’s motion to strike.

       “The credibility of the witnesses and the weight accorded the evidence are matters solely for

the fact finder who has the opportunity to see and hear that evidence as it is presented.” Lambert v.

Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 740, 759 (2019) (quoting Elliott v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 457, 462,

(2009)). “When the law says that it is for the jury to judge of the credibility of a witness, it is not

a matter of degree.” Sidya v. World Telecom Exch. Commc’ns, LLC, 301 Va. 31, 37 (2022)

(quoting Simpson v. Commonwealth, 199 Va. 549, 557 (1957)); Dalton v. Commonwealth, 64

Va. App. 512, 526 (2015) (same). “Thus, this Court must accept ‘the trial court’s determination

of the credibility of witness testimony unless, “as a matter of law, the testimony is inherently

incredible.”’” Lambert, 70 Va. App. at 759 (quoting Nobrega v. Commonwealth, 271 Va. 508,

518 (2006)).

       “To be ‘incredible,’ testimony ‘must be either so manifestly false that reasonable men

ought not to believe it, or it must be shown to be false by objects or things as to the existence and

       10
           Other jurisdictions have also allowed expert testimony on how people respond to trauma.
See Woods v. State, 401 P.3d 962, 970 (Wyo. 2017) (holding that expert testimony is permissible
where it may “assist[] the jury in understanding some peculiar aspect of the victim’s behavior” and
does not “involve a comment on the credibility or truthfulness of the victim”); State v. Weaverling,
523 S.E.2d 787, 794 (S.C. Ct. App. 1999) (“Expert testimony concerning common behavioral
characteristics of sexual assault victims and the range of responses to sexual assault encountered by
experts is admissible” because it is “relevant and helpful in explaining to the jury the typical
behavior patterns of adolescent victims of sexual assault.”).
                                                 - 11 -
meaning of which reasonable men should not differ.’” Id. (quoting Juniper v. Commonwealth,

271 Va. 362, 415 (2006)). Phillips asserts that the trial court erred in denying his motion to strike

and asks us to find S.B.’s testimony “incredible and unworthy of belief as a matter of law.” In

support of this characterization, he points to certain inconsistencies in S.B.’s statements after the

attack, including her initial self-reproach about the incident and her failure to object when Phillips

accompanied her into the house where the rape occurred. He also points to gaps in S.B.’s memory

about events leading up to the attack, her initial reticence in reporting the incident, her

communications with Phillips afterward, and various relationships which Phillips contends gave

S.B. a “motive to lie.” Finally, Phillips cites S.B.’s lack of physical resistance to his advances or to

his initiation of sex. But “[t]he Commonwealth need not demonstrate that the complaining witness

cried out or physically resisted the accused in order to convict the accused of [rape]”; rather, “the

absence of such resistance may be considered when relevant to show that the act alleged was not

against the will of the complaining witness.” Code § 18.2-67.6. See Farish v. Commonwealth, 2

Va. App. 627, 632 (1986) (“The Commonwealth still must prove that the assault was against the

victim’s will. The statute merely allows the defendant to use lack of resistance to buttress his

consent defense.”).

        Phillips contrasts these purported faults with S.B.s testimony with his own, arguing that

he “testified in detail as to the consensual nature of that night’s encounter, and his testimony was

coherent, logical, and most importantly, was not impeached to any degree.” On appeal of a

criminal conviction, however, “we consider the evidence presented at trial in the light most

favorable to the Commonwealth,” “discard[ing] the evidence of the accused in conflict with that

of the Commonwealth, and regard[ing] as true all the credible evidence favorable to the

Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.” Flannagan v. Commonwealth,

75 Va. App. 349, 351-52 (2022) (quoting Vay v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 236, 242 (2017)).

                                                  - 12 -
        “The mere fact that a witness may have delayed in reporting knowledge of a case . . . during

the investigation of a crime does not necessarily render the testimony unworthy of belief.” Juniper,

271 Va. at 415. Nor does the “mere fact that a witness’ testimony may have been impeached . . .

necessarily render the testimony inherently incredible.” Ray v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 291,

306 (2022). Rather, those matters fall within the general credibility determination, which is a matter

“solely for the fact finder.” Lambert, 70 Va. App. at 759 (quoting Elliott, 277 Va. at 462). See also

Juniper, 271 Va. at 415.

        S.B. explained the circumstances Phillips highlights here. The jury, which had the

opportunity to view both S.B. and Phillips while each testified, credited S.B.’s version. Moreover,

other circumstantial evidence corroborated her version. The forensic nurse examiner noted an

injury to S.B.’s cervix, which the nurse opined was caused by blunt force trauma. The record also

demonstrates that S.B. reported the rape to the police on the same day that it happened.

        Given the foregoing, we cannot conclude on this record that S.B.’s testimony is “inherently

incredible” as a matter of law or that the trial court abused its discretion in overruling Phillips’s

motion to strike.

        IV. The trial court did not err in overruling Phillips’s motion to set aside the verdict.

        “When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial court is

presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to

support it.’” McGowan v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 513, 521 (2020) (alteration in original)

(quoting Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does

not ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Secret v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 204,

228 (2018)). “Rather, the relevant question is whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Vasquez v.

                                                  - 13 -
Commonwealth, 291 Va. 232, 248 (2016) (quoting Williams v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 190, 193

(2009)). “If there is evidentiary support for the conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted

to substitute its own judgment, even if its opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by

the finder of fact at the trial.’” McGowan, 72 Va. App. at 521 (quoting Chavez v.

Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018)).

        “The elements of rape . . . consist of engaging in sexual intercourse with the victim, against

her will, by force, threat, or intimidation.” Commonwealth v. Minor, 267 Va. 166, 173 (2004)

(alteration in original) (quoting Clifton v. Commonwealth, 22 Va. App. 178, 184 (1996)). Phillips

asserts that the trial court erred in denying his motion to set aside the verdict because the

Commonwealth failed to carry its burden to prove each of those elements.

        To gain a conviction for rape, the Commonwealth must prove that sexual intercourse was

carried out by “force, threat or intimidation.” Code § 18.2-61(A) (emphasis added). “The fact that

the statute . . . use[s] the disjunctive ‘or’ is significant. Consistent with rules of English usage and

grammar, we have ‘previously explained that phrases separated by a disjunctive are independent

alternative choices.’” Massie v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 309, 325 (2022) (quoting Berry v.

Barnes, 72 Va. App. 281, 292 (2020), aff’d, 300 Va. 188 (2021)).11 The Commonwealth alleged

the presence of two of the three statutory factors: force and intimidation. Phillips asserts that he

“did not intimidate the victim in a way that overbore her will to not have sex with him,” reasoning

that “there is no evidence that he possessed a weapon,” that he “yelled at the victim,” that he “had

an angry demeanor,” or that he “use[d] psychological pressure to persuade her to have sex with

him.” He further argues that “the only evidence suggesting the victim’s will was overborne by force

was that [he] pushed the victim onto the bed and that he removed her underwear,” but that this was

        11
          See also Antonin Scalia and Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal
Texts 116 (2012).
                                             - 14 -
“merely the force necessary to . . . have sex with her and was not an additional amount of force

necessary to overcome her will.”

        Our cases have held that “[f]orce generally requires proof of more than ‘merely the force

required to accomplish . . . the statutorily defined criminal acts.’” Bondi v. Commonwealth, 70

Va. App. 79, 88 (2019) (alterations in original) (quoting Sabol v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 9, 16

(2001)). But the force arrayed to overcome the victim’s will need not be overt; the statutory

element is satisfied where the attacker relies on constructive force. See Nelson v. Commonwealth,

73 Va. App. 617, 625 (2021) (“force . . . includes constructive force, [and] applies across all species

of sexual offenses that require proof of force”). Circumstances relevant to a finding of force include

“the victim’s relationship to the defendant . . . and the victim’s fear during and after the crime.”

Bondi, 70 Va. App. at 89. “A factfinder may [also] consider ‘. . . the relative size of the defendant

and victim . . . and the vulnerable position of the victim’ in evaluating whether an act was

accomplished by intimidation.” Id. at 90 (quoting Commonwealth v. Bower, 264 Va. 41, 46

(2002)).

        The record evidence permitted the jury to find that Phillips initiated physical contact with

S.B. by kissing her without any invitation, and continued his unwanted advances despite S.B.’s

attempts to dissuade him by repeatedly invoking his girlfriend’s name. Phillips then followed S.B.

into the bedroom where he pushed her onto the bed, positioned himself and her in such a way as to

prevent her from moving, removed her underwear, and initiated intercourse over her repeated

objections. The record also shows that while S.B. and Phillips were acquainted, they were not

friends, and she was intimidated by both by his size and his prior conduct in pinning her against a

wall until another fraternity member extricated her from his control. S.B. described her fear of

Phillips throughout the rape. We agree with the trial court that these facts satisfy the element of

“force, threat or intimidation” necessary to sustain a conviction for rape.

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        Urging the opposite conclusion, Phillips cites Sabol, pointing out that in that case we

reversed a conviction for rape where “no evidence of force was presented,” the victim “walked to

the bedroom by herself and undressed herself,” the defendant “touched [the victim] only enough to

commit the sexual intercourse,” and the Commonwealth failed “to prove appellant used either a

threat or intimidation to overcome the victim’s will.” 37 Va. App. at 17 (emphasis added).

Phillips’s reliance on Sabol is misplaced. Although we reversed one of Sabol’s two convictions, we

affirmed the other on facts similar to those present here. Id. at 13, 21. The victim testified that

Sabol “kind of push[ed] [her] towards the bedroom,” ignoring her comments that “she ‘hated’ him.”

Id. at 14, 17 (second alteration in original). Once in the bedroom, Sabol “got ‘on top of [her]’” and

initiated intercourse, while she “held her arms in a way that minimized her physical contact with

appellant and told him that she ‘hated him and [she] hated [him] doing it.’” Id. at 14 (alterations in

original). On appeal, we held that “[t]his evidence support[ed] a finding that appellant used force to

overcome the victim’s will.” Id. at 17. Those facts are comparable to the instant case. Here, S.B.

made her displeasure at Phillips’s advances known as he kissed her and followed her into the

bedroom. Despite her repeated invocations of his girlfriend’s name, Phillips pushed S.B. onto the

bed, ignored her repeated protestations, removed her underwear, and engaged in unwanted sexual

intercourse.

        Given these factors, “[w]e cannot say [on this record] that the ‘jury’s verdict’” finding that

Phillips overcame S.B.’s will by force and intimidation “is plainly wrong or without evidence to

support it.” Id. at 17 (quoting Ashby v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 540, 548 (2000)).

                                            CONCLUSION

        The record before us establishes that the trial court’s finding that the Commonwealth did not

use its peremptory strikes in a discriminatory manner was not clearly erroneous and that the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the expert’s testimony. The record further establishes

                                                 - 16 -
that the verdict of the jury is supported by evidence and was not clearly erroneous. For these

reasons, we affirm.

                                                                                            Affirmed.

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