Court Opinion

ID: 8855633
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-26 17:29:14.885679+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:05:38.804864
License: Public Domain

CALDWELL, Circuit Judge
(dissenting). Whittle, Martin, and tnewart, three plain countrymen, living in the Indian Territory, went to Cameron, a station on the railroad of the defendant company, in that territory, to take the train for Ft. Smith, Ark. It does not appear that Whittle and his companions had any knowledge whatever of railroads or their mode of operation. They purchased tickets, and told the station agent they wanted to take the next passenger train to Ft. Smith, and were informed that it would pass the station about 12 o’clock midnight. The station ¿gent did not acquaint them with the fact that the train did not stop at that station unless it was flagged. A little before midnight, Whittle and his two companions went to the station. It was a very dark night, and there was no light in the station, or on the platform, or anywhere about the si a lion grounds or tracks. All was darkness. Resides Whittle and his two companions, there were on the station platform two other men, who were not going to take passage on the train, but wen1 there upon other business, namely, Noble and Dr. Murray. The station agent went off to bed, and there was no agent of ihe company at the siation or any place around to flag the (rain or give any advice or information to Whittle and his companions as io how io stop the (rain, or how' or wiiere they should got on after it did si op. When the train w'hs semi approaching, Dr. Murray volunteered to (lag it. and did so, with a lighted match. The *302train ran past the station a distance of two or three hundred feet, and stopped. It had no lights on the rear end. After it stopped, the whistle was not sounded, the bell was not rung, and no signal was given to indicate which way it was moving. The train could not be seen after it stopped, by the persons on the platform, nor could its backward movement on the track be heard or seen by them. From the noise made by the escaping steam, which was the only noise heard after the train stopped, Hr. Noble, a druggist and an intelligent man, living in the town, and presumably having some knowledge of the manner in which trains on this road were managed and operated at this station, and certainly more knowledge and experience on the subject than Whittle and his companions could possibly have, wTas under’the impression that the train would not back up to the platform from the point where it stopped, but would go forward from that point to Ft. Smith; and he says: “I made the remark to them [Whittle and his companions], if they would run, they could get on the train.” Acting upon this advice of Mr. Noble, and believing the train would not back up, but was going forward, the three men started in the darkness in the direction of the train, Whittle in the lead, and were immediately lost to view in the darkness. In a brief space of time, Whittle gave a cry of anguish or alarm, and was soon found under the train, crushed to death. It turned out that Whittle, in the darkness, had in some manner gotten onto the railroad track; and the train, backing up towards the station, noiselessly, and without lights or signals of any kind, had run over and killed him. Just where he got onto the track, or how long he had been there, no one knows, because, in the darkness, no one could see his movements. There were bales of cotton, railroad ties, timbers, and other obstructions on either side of the track going in' the direction of the train, which, in the intense darkness of the night, made it difficult, if not impossible, for any one to go in anything like a straight line to the train without following the track. In consequence of these obstructions, the track, at this point, was commonly used by the public in going to and from the station.
' The plaintiff’s testimony establishes the foregoing facts, and they must be accepted by this court as true in determining whether there is sufficient evidence to support the verdict of the jury. The plaintiff’s evidence tending to support it must be taken as true, and the conflicting evidence disregarded, for it is the exclusive province of the jury to pass upon the credibility of the witnesses. The appellate court cannot weigh or balance the evidence. The rule is, therefore, well settled, and has been frequently announced by this court, that when, by giving credit to the plaintiff’s evidence, and discrediting that of the defendant, the plaintiff’s case is made out, the court cannot withdraw' the case from the consideration of the jury, or set aside their verdict. Railway Co. v. Phillips, 13 C. C. A. 315, 66 Fed. 35; Railroad Co. v. Teeter, 27 U. S. App. 316, 11 C. C. A. 332, and 63 Fed. 527; Railroad Co. v. Conger, 12 U. S. App. 240, 5 C. C. A. 411, and 56 Fed. 20; Railway Co. v. Sharp, 27 U. S. App. 334, 11 C. C. A, 337, and 63 Fed. 532. The jury found that the railroad company vras guilty of culpable negligence, and that Whittle was *303not guilty of contributory negligence, and returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiffs. The majority of this court have set aside the verdict of the jury, upon the ground that Whittle was guilty of such contributory negligence as to preclude his widow and children from recovering for his death.
There were present on the station jdatform, that night, five persons, namely, Whittle, Martin, Stewart, hToble, and Dr. Murray. Whittle was killed, and, before the trial of the case, Dr. Murray had left the country, and tltewart was not: called as a witness; so that, of those five who alone had any opportunity to know what tin: persons standing on the station platform saw or heard, Martin and Xoble, only, were called as witnesses.
Martin testifies in part as follows:
‘•Q. After the train stopped this side oí the dex>ot, the first stoppage, the first time it stopped, l will ask you whether or not there were any signals given of a.ny kind There, either hell or whistle or lanterns, or anything of that kind. A. No, sir; There were not. Q. 'Chore was no whistle? A. No, sir. Q. No bell? A. No. sir. Q. And no waving of a lantern or anything of that kind on the train? A. No, sir. Q. No signals of backing of any kind? A. No, sir. Q. When did yon first ascertain as a matter of fact that that train was backing? When did you first lea.ni it was backing? A. When it struck Mr. Whittle. Q. When Mr. Whittle holloed, was it? A. Yes, sir. Q. Was the train moving when you run up and spoke to the engineer? A. Yes, sir. Q. When could you first see the moving train? A. When I got right even with the train, of course I could tell it was moving back. Q. Could you hear it until it got even with you? A. No, sir; I never heard the train; it was backing. * * * Q. State whether or not you could see, when you were on the platform, where the train was. We > there anything to indicate where the train was that you could see? A. I •- mid not see the train when I was on the depot when it stopped. Q. Could you see it when Whittle holloed or yelled? A. No, sir; I could not. * * * Q. When it started back, you say there was no noise. You could not hear it until you got along even with the train after you run up there? A. Yes, sir; i got right at the train before I heard it. Q. How close did you get to it before you could see it? A. Well, T was right by the train: the train was running by me when 1 noticed it.”
Ou cross-exaniiiia(ion Hie same witness testified as follows:
"Q. You tell this jury that you looked to see whether you could see that train or not after it had passed you? A. Yes, sir. Q. You looked to see whether you could see it or not? A. Yes, sir. Q. Did you see it? A. No, sir. Q. You didn’t see it? A. No, sir. Q. You heard it stop; you heard the noise cease, and knew it had stopped, did j’ou not? A. Yes. sir; i heard die noise cease, and supposed the train had stopped. * * * Q. And you didn’t hear the noise of iho train until you got even with it? A. Well, right about the train.”
Mr. Noblo testifies:
“Q. When the train stopped up on the track,--that is, stopped at first,— what was done by these three partios? I am talking about Stewart, Martin, and Whittle? A. I made the remark to them, if they would go on now, they could get on the train. Q. What did they do? A. They started. Q. Who was ahead? A. I don’t remember. Q. Did they all start? A. That is my recollection. * * * (). Could you see the rear end of the train when you first heard Whittle hollo? A. No, sir. * * * Q. After the train stopped, 1 will ask you if it made any signal of backing; that is, either by ringing the bell, blowing the whisile, or swinging of any lantern, or anything of that kind. A. I never saw or beard any. Q. is your hearing good? A. Yes, sir. * * * (). Did yon know when it stopped? A. Yes, sir. i could tell about when it stopped. I don't know exactly she time it stopped, but Í *304could tell about. Q. You could tell wlien the noice ceased? A. Yes, sir. Q. Was that when you made the remark that you can now go ahead and get on? A. Yes, sir. * * * Q. Did you hear the moving of the train? A. 1 don’t remember about that, whether I heard the noise of the train or not. Q. But didn’t you look down the road towards the train after it had passed by the depot? A. Yes, sir. Q. And you could not see anything that indicated where the train was? A. No. sir. Q. You could not see the red lights, or did not see them? A. I did not see them. Q. You say you heard the train puffing. Did you say that it puffed more than once? A. Yes, sir; exhausted. Q. More than once? A. Yes, sir. Q. How many times did you hear that? A. Oh, several times. I don’t remember how many times. Several times though. Q. While you were on the platform? A. Yes, sir. Q. What called your attention to that* fact, now ? A. My impression was at the time that the train was going this way [towards Ft. Smith], and I made the remark to them, if they would run, they could get on the train. Q. You heard the train moving, then, before you made that remark, and you were under the impression it had started on towards Ft. Smith? A. Yes, sir; as soon as I found the train had passed and stopped, I made the remark to them, if they would hurry or run, they could get on the train. Q. You stated a while ago that you heard it puff, and you thought it was starting towards Ft. Smith? A. Yes, sir; 1 just remember that my impression was that, if they would start, they could get on the train, and that suggested 'to me that the train wa.s going on this way [towards Ft. Smith], Q. You heard the puffing just as a train that was starting? A. Yes, sir; 1 supposed it had just started.”
These are the only witnesses who were on the station platform that night who testified to what the persons standing on the platform saw and heard and believed with reference to the movements of the train. But their testimony is not all of the evidence which the jury had a right to take into consideration in determining whether Whittle was guilty of contributory negligence. Whittle’s death itself testifies against the wanton and reckless negligence on his part which must be shown to defeat a recovery in this case.
In Railroad Co. v. Nowicki, 46 Ill. App. 566, the court said:
“While it is true that, in an action for personal injuries based upon the negligence of the defendant, it is an essential element of the plaintiff’s ease that the injured party must have been in the exercise of ordinary care, yet it is not indispensable that such fact should be directly shown by affirmative evidence. There is in all men a natural instinct of self-preservation, and such instinct is an element of evidence of which the jury may take notice, and, in the absence of all testimony upon the subject, find that a deceased party, in obedience to the ordinary instincts of mankind, exercised that care for his safety which a prudent man would, under the same conditions, have made use of.”
“The natural instinct,” says Agnew. J., in Allen v. Willard, 57 Pa. St. 874, 380, “which leads men in their sober senses to avoid injury and preserve life, is an element of evidence. In all questions touching the conduct of men, motives, feelings, and natural instincts are allowed to have their weight, and to constitute evidence for the consideration of courts and juries.”
And see, to tbe same effect, McGhee v. White, 13 C. C. A. 608, 66 Fed. 502; Gilchrist v. Eustrom, 16 C. C. A. 421, 69 Fed. 794.
This rule of evidence has been twice announced and acted upon by the supreme court of the United States.
In Railroad Co. v. Griffith, 159 U. S. 603, 610, 16 Sup. Ct. 105, the court said:
“Since the absence of any fault on the part of a plaintiff may be inferred from circumstances, and the disposition of persons to take care of themselves, and to keep out of difficulty, may properly be taken into consideration (Kail-*305road Co. v. Gladmon, 15 Wall. 401), it is impossible to bold, in the light of this evidence, as matter of law, that the conduct of plaintiff was such as to defeat a recovery.”
It is perfectly clear upon the evidence that neither Whittle, nor any other man on that platform that night, saw or heard anything to indicate that the train was hacking up, or that it would back up. He was sober and in the fnll possession of his senses, and it is incredible that he knowingly and intentionally ran against a moving train which he saw or heard. He was struggling over the rubbish and through the darkness, to reach the train which Noble had told him was moving out for Ft. Smith. Why should he be convicted of negligence in not seeing and hearing what the other persons situated exactly as he was neither saw nor heard. The law does not hold men responsible for a knowledge of acts unless their ignorance arises from some fault or negligence of their own. The witnesses agree that it was so dark that the train itself could not he seen until one was “right up to it.” If a train of cars could not be seen, how could Whittle see the rails on the railroad track, or know whether he was on the railroad track or not? Tie truth is that he was lured to his death by the most gross and culpable negligence on the part of the railroad company. That negligence consisted in a variety of acts. It was the duty of the railroad company to have the station platform lighted, and it was not lighted at all. When the station agent closed the ticket office for the night, and went oh to bed, he turned down the wick of the lamp in tin; office so low that the fact that the lamp rvas lighted at all was barely discernible when looking at it through the office window. It was not left lighted for any purpose of lighting the office, much less the platform, but so that a light might be quickly made by turning up the wick, instead of having to light it with a match. It shed no light on the platform. The company owed Whittle the further duty of having an agent awake and at his post to seasonably flag the train, so that it might stop at the platform, or, if it failed to do so, to impart to him such information as might be necessary to enable him to get on the cars in safety. If the station agent had been there to flag the train at the proper time, it would have stopped at the platform. The company, having negligently, permitted the train to go by the platform,-was guilty of gross negligence in hacking it up to the station on a dark night, without having any light or signal on the rear car, and without blowing the whistle or ringing the bell or giving any signal whatever of its approach. If the station agent had been at his post, and had flagged the train in due time, or if the train had stopped at the station platform, or if, when k ran by, the station agent had been there to give information as to its future movements, or if the train could have been seen, or there had been lights on the rear end, or the bell had been ringing or the1 whistle blowing, or the slat ion platform or grounds had been lighted up so the rails and track could have been seen, a different question would have been presented; hut the railroad company negligently failed to perform a single one of these duties. It is quite foreign to the case, therefore, to cite authorities to show that oat1 who knows he is on a railroad *306track, and who is wrongfully there, and who can readily see and hear a coming train, may he held guilty of contributory negligence. A railroad company owes to its passengers a much higher duty than it owes to trespassers on its track, or even to persons crossing its track at public highways. To its passengers it owes the absolute duty of providing them a safe passage to and from the cars, and passengers have a right to rely upon the discharge of this duty by the company. Railway Co. v. Johnson, 59 Ark. 122, 26 S. W. 593, and cases cited. If Whittle was on the track, he was there unwittingly, and because of the acts of negligence of the railroad company which justified him in seeking the train, and the railroad company will not be heard to complain that he did not foresee and provide against its numerous acts of gross negligence. Webb's Pol. Torts, 592. “It is not necessarily and of itself contributory negligence to do something which, apart from the state of things due to the defendant’s negligence, would have been imprudent.” Id. 593.
But it is said, suppose the railroad company was guilty of all the acts of negligence charged, “these facts render the risks that were assumed by the deceased so much the greater.” But it was the railroad company that imposed these risks upon Whittle, and it cannot shift the consequences of them on him. The reasoning seems to be that if there was no light on the rear car, and no signals given, and it was so dark the plaintiff could not see the train on the track, he ought not to have proceeded to hunt up the train at all without a light. The railroad company cannot take advantage of its own wrong in this manner. It is liable for the damages resulting from the risk its misconduct compelled Whittle to run if he acted as a reasonably prudent man would have acted under the same conditions. That he did so act is proved beyond all reasonable doubt by the fact that every man on that platform believed he was doing a proper thing to follow up the train. His two companions did the same, and that they did not share his fate is owing to the fact that he was in the lead. Noble advised all of them to do it. It makes no difference that Noble was not an agent of the company. His advice shows what a reasonably prudent man thought was proper to be done under the circumstances. That .Whittle, amidst the obstructions and in the darkness, got onto the railroad track, was not his fault, but the direct result of the multiplied negligent acts of the railroad company.
A contention like that made by the majority of the court in this case was made in Low v. Railroad Co., 72 Me. 313, 321, and the court answered it in this wise:
"Tlie defendant’s counsel put tlie dilemma thus: ‘If tlie niglit is light enough to see the gangway, no railing or light is necessary to enable a person to avoid it; and, if the night is too dart to allow of its being seen, then a person groping around in the dark, and unconsciously walking into it, is guilty of such negligence as to preclude him from recovering.’ But if this plausible statement is absolutely correct, there never can be an accident of this description for which the injured party can recover. The idea seems to be that there is no necessity for any precaution on the part of the wharf owners, because constant vigilance on the part of those who come there when It is light enough to see the danger will enable them to avoid it; and, duty or no duty, they must not come without a light in the nighttime, or they *307will !)(' set down as wanting in ordinary care, and so forfeit tlieir right to protection or compensation. The argument establishes, if anything, too much. The questions are not of a character to be disposed of by a little neat logic. They are rather, as remarked by the court in Elliott v. Pray, 10 Allen ,‘181, ‘questions which can ho best determined by practical men on a, view of all the facts and circumstances bearing on the issue.’ No such sweeping syllogism as this presented by defendant’s counsel can be adopted as a rule of decision.”
In Railroad Co. v. Van Steinburg, 17 Mich. 99, 118, Judge Cooley, delivering the opinion of the court, said:
‘‘Negligence, as I understand it, consists in a want of that reasonable care which would be exercised by a person of ordinary prudence under all the circumstances in view of the probable danger of injury. The inquiry is therefore one which must take into consideration all these circumstances, and it must measure the prudence of the parties’ conduct by a standard of behavior likely to be adopted by other persons of common prudence. * * * ‘Chus, the problem is complicated by the necessity of raking into account the two sets of circumstances affecting the conduct of different persons; and it is only to be satisfactorily solved by the jury placing themselves in the position of the injured person, and examining those circumstances as they then presented themselves to him, and from that standpoint judging whether he was guilty of negligence or not. It is evident that snch a problem cannot: usually be one upon which the law can pronounce a definite sentence, and that it must be left to the sifting and determination of a jury.”
The judgment of this court in Railway Co. v. Sharp, 27 U. S. App. 334, 11 C. C. A. 337, and 63 Fed. 532, is directly in point in this case. In 1hat case it was claimed that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence by driving 'on the railroad track after nigh I, when he heard a locomotive puffing not far from the crossing. This court said:
“He heard no sound but the pulling of the locomotive. The bell was not ringing, and the whistle was not blowing. There was no flagman at the station, and no light there or elsewhere between the two switch lights, and nothing could be seen on the track between the locomotive arid the crossing; and, satislied that he could cross the track in safety before the locomotive could reach the crossing even if it was coming towards him, he started to do so. His horse crossed the track in safety, Inn the hind end of his cart was struck by a moving' flat ear, and he received the injuries complained of. It turned out that the locomotive was pushing three or more flat cars towards the crossing, -which, owing to the darkness, the plaintiff could not: see, and which he did not hear, and which had no light or flagman or other agency on them to give warning of their approach. Wo are unwilling to lay it down as a rule of law that the plaintiff was negligent in not anticipating the particular act of negligence of the defendant which occasioned the accident. Hutchinson v. Railway Co., 32 Minn. 398, 21 N. W. 212; Weller v. Railway Co. (Mo. Sup.) 23 S. W. 1061. The jury, by their verdict, have said that the plaintiff was not required to conjecture or surmise that the company would attempt to hack a train of flat cars, which made little or no noise, over a public crossing, in the suburbs of a city, on a dark night, without a brakeman or a light or other signal on them to warn the public of their coming; and we concur in that conclusion.”
In Staal v. Railroad Co., 57 Mich. 239, 23 N. W. 795, the court said:
‘‘Whether the moving forward [to cross the railroad track] as it was done was culpable negligence must depend on what Staal was hound to anticipate. In the absence' of any knowledge of what was passing in his mind, we cannot hold him conclusively at fault, unless there is no sensible explanation to the contrary reasonably possible.”
A case in point is that of Hartwig v. Railway Co., 49 Wis. 358, 5 N. W. 865. On a stormy, dark night the train stopped further from *308the station than usual. The plaintiff asked the night watchman who was at the depot, whether he had to walk that far back to get on the caboose, and the watchman replied, “I guess you have.” The plaintiff then started to the caboose, and, on his way, fell into an open cattle guard between the tracks, and was injured, and it was held that the railroad company was liable.
It is said Whittle should have anticipated the backing of the train, because that is what is customarily done when a train runs by the station. That may be so with a well-regulated railroad which is operated with a due regard to the public convenience and safety. (But all the testimony shows that the management of this railroad ' at that station on that night falls far below the standard of a well-regulated railroad. Even the backing up to the station resulted from a mistake of the engineer in supposing he had a signal to back up, when he had none. He testifies that the conductor did not give him any signal to back up, and that he did not see the conductor give the fireman such a signal, but that he thought he saw the fireman give him a signal to back:
“I thought the fireman did, but he says he didn’t. * * * Q. The motion you say was the usual signal? A. Tes, sir; what I thought was the usual signal. Q. But since that you say he has told you— A. Yes, sir; he told me he did not give the signal.”
And so Whittle is declared guilty of culpable negligence, because he did not anticipate that, through a mistake of the engineer in interpreting a movement of the fireman, the train would be backed up to the platform on that night! Whether Whittle knew what the practice of a well-regulated railroad was in this respect we have no means of knowing. So far as anything is disclosed by this record, this railroad was the first and only one Whittle ever saw, and his knowledge of its conduct and management was derived from what he saw and learned at that station on that night. From that observation and experience, neither Whittle nor any one else could have the least expectation that anything would be done by that road, on that night, at that station, according to the rules of a well-regulated railroad. Certain it is that nothing was so done. The quality of Whittle’s action must be judged by the special circumstances and surroundings at the time and place. We must place ourselves in his position, and look at the circumstances and surroundings as they presented themselves to him, and say whether his action was such as might be expected of a man of common prudence and intelligence under similar circumstances. The question is not whether his act would have been prudent at another time, and at a well-lighted station upon another railroad, which was being operated with some regard to the convenience and safety of its patrons. . It is obvious the accident would not have occurred at such a station and upon such a road. Nor was Whittle bound to exercise all the care a judge schooled in the law of contributory negligence, and having-in mind the lessons it teaches, would probably exercise. That standard of care would be much too high to impose on mankind generally. If he behaved as a plain countryman of common prudence and intelligence would have done under all the circumstances then sur*309rounding Mm, the law acquits Kim of negligence. Who so capable of deciding whether his’action came up to this standard of care as men who are themselves plain sensible men of common prudence and intelligence, and who will bring to the solution of the question their own common sense and practical knowledge and experience?
ft is indisputable that the question of contributory negligence is one of fact for the jury. When it is said that a given act constitutes negligence in law, the statement means no more than that, in the judgment, of all reasonable men, — not judges alone, — it would be esteemed such. The expression “negligence in law” has come into common use, but it is not ‘to be inferred therefrom that the judges are endowed with the pow er and authority to declare what acts shall constitute negligence or due care, for these are questions of fact, which it is the exclusive province of the jury to determine. Judged are presumed to be possessed of common knowledge and understanding, and when their common knowledge enables them to say that by the consensus of public opinion, by the uniform judgment of all reasonable men and the uniform verdict of juries, a given act is an act of negligence, they have a right to say that the rule as to that act; must be regarded as settled. But they say this, not because it is their opinion, hut because it is the opinion of all reasonable men; and, if it is not the opinion of all reasonable men, they are not authorized to say it. In Railroad Co. v. Van Steinburg, supra, Judge Cooley said:
“The ease, however, must bo. a very clear one which would justify the court in taking upon itself this responsibility; for, when the judge decides that a want of due care is not shown, he necessarily fixes in his own mind the standard of ordinary prudence, and, measuring the plaintiff’s conduct by that, turns him out of court upon his opinion of what a reasonably prudent man ought to have done under the circumstances, lie thus makes his own opinion of what would be generally regarded as prudence a, definite rule of law. It Is quite possible that, if the same question of prudence were submitted to a. jury collected from the different, occupations of society, and perhaps better competent to judge of the common opinion, he might find them differing with hini as to the ordinary standard of proper caro. The next judge trying a similar case may also be of a different opinion, and, because the case is not clear, hold that to be a question of fact which the first has ruled to be one of law. Indeed. I think the cases are not so numerous as has been sometimes supposed in which a judge could feel at liberty to take the question of the plaintiffs no., igon.ee away from the jury. This question was very fully and carefully considered by the supreme court of Connect lent, in Beers v. Railroad Co.. 19 Conn. 566, and a rule was laid down, which has since been followed in that state, and is very succinctly stated in Park v. O’Brien, 23 Conn. 347, as follows: ‘The question as to the existence of negligence, or a want of ordinary care, is one of a complex character. The inquiry, noi. only as to its existence, but whether it contributed with negligence on the part of another to produce a particular effect, is much more complicated. As to both, they present, from their very nature, a qtiesiion, not of law, but of fact, depending on the peculiar circumstances of each case, which circumstances are only evidential of the principal fact,- that of negligence or its effects. and are to be compared and weighed by the jury, the tribunal whose province it is to find facts, not by any artificial rules, but by the ordinary principles of reasoning; and such principal fact must be found by them before the court can take cognizance of it, and pronounce upon ils legal effect.’ it is a mistake, therefore, to say, as is sometimes said, that when the facts are undisputed the question of negligence is necessarily one of law. This is generally true only of that class of cases where a party has failed in the performance of a clear legal duty.”
*310The issue between the members of this court is clearly defined. On the one hand it is maintained that it is for'the court to determine whether the acts of Whittle, under all the special and peculiar circumstances surrounding the case, constitute contributory negligence in law; and the contention on the other hand is that whether those acts constitute contributory negligence is a question of fact for the jury, and not of law for the court. The question is not to be obscured by confounding it with the generality of cases in which, if there is either no evidence or not sufficient evidence to warrant a verdict, the court may take the case from the jury for want of evidence. This case is not one of lack of evidence. The contention of the majority is not that there was no evidence to go to the jury, but that the facts proved constituted contributory negligence in law. The contention of the minority is that it is the province of the jury to determine what constitutes contributory negligence from the proven facts. It would be an affectation of learning to cite the hundreds of cases in this country and in England which hold this question is one for the jury. In addition to the cases already cited I content myself with citing two or three of the judgments of the supreme court of the United States on this question. The position of the majority is expressed in the following sentence in their opinion:
“We think that the undisputed evidence contained in the record shows that the deceased was guilty of an act of negligence which directly contributed to his death.”
Against this assumption of the majority that it is their province to decide upon the facts proved whether the "deceased was guilty of an act of negligence,” I interpose the clean-cut and emphatic declaration of the supreme court of the United States that:
“Although the facts are undisputed, it is for the jury, and not for the judges, to determine whether proper care was given, or whether they established negligence.” Railroad Co. v. Stout, 17 Wall. 657.
In Railway Co. v. Ives, 144 U. S. 408, 12 Sup. Ct. 679, the, lower court, in its charge, told the jury:
“You fix the standard for reasonable, prudent, and cautious men under the circumstances of the case as you find them, according to your judgment and experience of what that class of men do under these circumstances, and then test the conduct involved, and try it by that standard; and neither the judge who tries the case nor any other persons can supply you with the criterion of judgment by any opinion he may have on that subject.”
And the supreme court held this was the law, and affirmed the judgment. In the same case the supreme court said:
“It is earnestly insisted that although the defendant may have been guilty of negligence in the management of its train, which caused the accident, yet the evidence in the case given by the plaintiff’s own witnesses shows that the deceased himself was so negligent in the premises that, but for such contributory negligence on his part, the accident would not have happened. * * * To this argument several answers might be given, but the main reason why it is unsound is this: As the question of negligence on the part of the defendant was one of fact for the jury to determine under all the circumstances of the ca.se, and under proper instructions from the court, so, also, the question of whether there was negligence in the deceased, which was the proximate cause of the injury, was likewise a question of fact for the jury to determine, under like rules.”
*311In Jones v. Railroad Co., 128 U. S. 443, 9 Sup. Ct. 118, the lower court instructed tlie jury to render a verdict lor the defendant upon the ground that the plaintiff had been guilty of contributory negligence, but the supreme court reversed the judgment, saying:
“But we think these questions [of negligence! are for the jury to determine. Wo seo no reason, so long as the jury system is the law’ of tlie land, and the jury is made the tribunal to decide disputed questions of fact, why it should not decide such questions as this as well as others.'’
The supreme court of the United B tufes has twice referred approvingly to the case of Sullivan v. Railroad Co., 154 Mass. 524, 28 N. E. 911. In Railway Co. v. Ives, at page 432, 144 U. S., and page 688, 12 Sup. Ct., the court say:
“The substance of the case is stated in the syllabus by tlie reporter^ as follows: ‘Plaintiff, a woman about Go years of age, of ordinary intelligence, and possessed of good sight and hearing-, was injured at a railroad crossing. Tlie railroad had been raised several feet higher than the sidewalk, and the work of grading was still unfinished, and the crossing in a broken condition. ’Chore were three tracks, and a train was approaching on the middle one. The view was obstructed somewhat with buildings, but, after reaching the first track, it was clear. The evidence showed that the plaintiff was familiar with the passing of trains; that site did not look before going upon the track; and that, if she had looked, she could have seen the train a quarter of a mile. When the whistle sounded, she looked directly at tlie train, and hurried to get across. Plaintiff testified that she looked before going upon tlie track, but did not see tlie train or bear tlie whistle; that tlie only warning she had was the noise of its approach, after she was on the first xrack; and that she did not then look to see where it was, or on which track it was coming, hut started to cross as fast as possible, and, in so doing, stumbled, and fell between the rails. The signals required by the statutes were not given. Held, that it did not appear as matter of law that plaintiff was guilty of gross or willful negligence, and that it was proper to submit tiie question to the jury.”
In Railroad Co. v. Everett, 152 U. S. 107, 11 Sup. Ct. 474, it is said:
“in Sullivan v. Railroad Co., 154 Mass. 527, 28 N. E. 911, it was held that ‘the court is not permitted to take fi’om tlie jury tlíese questions of negligence and to decide them for tlie jury and for the case, unless the evidence shows That: the negligence of tlie defendant in error was gross and willful. If it was less than that, then the questions of negligence were for the jury, and are all settled-in favor of the defendant in error by the verdict.”
Probably the clearest and most comprehensive statement of the rule is found in Railway Co. v. Ives, supra, where the court say.
“There is no fixed standard in the law by which the court is expected to arbitrarily say in every case what conduct shall be considered reasonable and prudent, and wliat shall constitute ordinary care, under any and all circumstances. The terms ‘ordinary care,’ ‘reasonable prudence,’ and such like terms, as applied to the conduct and affairs of men, have a relative significance, and caiinot be arbitrarily defined. What may be deemed ordinary care in one case may, under different surroundings and circumstances, be gross negligence. The policy of the law lias relegated tlie determination of such questions to tlie jury, under proper instructions from the court, It is their province to note the special circumstances and surroundings of each particular caso, and then say whether the conduct of the parties in that case was such as would be expected of reasonable, prudent men under a similar state of affairs. When a given state of facts is such that reasonable men may fairly differ upon tlie question as to whether there was negligence *312or not, the determination of the matter is for the jury. It is only where the facts are such that all reasonable men must draw the same conclusion from them that the question of negligence is ever considered one of law for tlie courts.”
In the case at bar, 16 men — 12 jurymen and 4 judges — have been called upon to draw a conclusion from the same evidence. Of this number, the 12 men appointed by the constitution to be the exclusive triors of the question have found that Whittle was not guilty of contributory negligence, and the learned and experienced trial judge and one member of this court have found that the testimony abundantly supports the verdict of the jury, and two judges of this court are of a different opinion. The rule of the supreme court is that, unless “all reasonable men” would draw the conclusion that the party was guilty of contributory negligence, the verdict of the jury must stand; but the majority of the court have substituted for the rule of the supreme court a rule which, if put into words, would read that if, out of 16 reasonable men, 2 can be found who draw conclusions different from the 14, the verdict of the 2 shall prevail over that of the 14. But this statement of the new rule falls far short of illustrating the extent of the invasion of the functions of the jury in-this case; for I hazard nothing in saying that a fair and impartial jury cannot be found in this circuit, of 11 states, who would not, upon the evidence in this record, return the same verdict that was returned by the jury that tried this case.
The degree of proof required to establish contributory negligence must not be overlooked. The rule is “that the evidence against the plaintiff must be so clear as to leave no room to doubt, and all material facts must be conceded or established beyond controversy.” Field, Dam. 519; Beach, Contrib. Neg. § 447; Railwav Co. v. Sharp, 27 U. S. App. 334, 11 C. C. A. 337, and 63 Fed. 532, and cases cited. Juries are the constitutional triors of the facts, and it is their exclusive province to decide what facts are proved. “It is a point too well settled to be now drawn in question that the effect and sufficiency of the evidence are for the consideration and determination of the jury.” U. S. v. Laub, 12 Pet. 5. “Whether evidence is admissible or not is a question for the court to decide; ‘but whether it is sufficient or not to support the issue is a question for the jury.” Bank v. Guttschlick, 14 Pet. 19, 31. The court in Ewing v. Burnet, 11 Pet. 41, 51, said: “It is the exclusive province of the jury to decide what facts are proved by competent evidence.” In Richardson v. City of Boston, 19 How. 263, the court said: “If there be ‘no evidence whatever/ as in the case of Parks v. Ross, 11 How. 362, to prove the averments of the declaration, it is the duty of the court to give such peremptory instruction. But, if there be some evidence tending to support the averment, its value must be submitted to the jury, with proper instructions from the court. If this were not so, the court might usurp the decision of facts altogether, and make the verdict but an echo of their opinions.” In Chandler v. Von Roeder, 24 How. 224, the court said: “Whether there be any evidence is a question for the judge; whether there be sufficient evidence is for the jury.” In Gregg v. Moss, 14 Wall. 564, Mr. Justice Miller, speaking for the court, said: “The brief of the plaintiff proceeds to argue *313that the evidence before the jury does not sustain either of the allegations of advancing' the money to the partnership, or the agreement of the plaintiff to convert it into capital of the partnership. With this we can have nothing to do. It was the province of the jury to determine whether either of (hese allegations was proved.”
This was the unquestioned doctrine in all the courts for the first half century of the existence of the government. It is only in recent 1 imes, and since corporations have absorbed the capital and business pursuits of the country, that a tendency has developed, in some courts, to impinge on the functions of the jury and the constitutional rights of suitors. This invasion' of the functions of the* jury is attempted to be justified upon the ground that juries are prejudiced against corporations, and that it is the duty of the courts to protect them from such prejudice. This is an unfounded assumption. The danger to life and property growing out of the management and operation of railroads has been greatly lessened' in recent years, and Ihis improvement is largely due to the verdicts of juries. Corporations formed for pecuniary profit act from pecuniary considerations alone, and it was not until it became obvious that it was cheaper to incur the expense necessary to give greater security to life and property in the operation of their roads than it was to pay the damages awarded by the verdicts of juries, for negligently failing to provide reasonable safeguards, that railroad companies exercised more care, and adopted better and safer methods, for the operation of their roads. Juries whose intelligence and impartiality are impugned have no opportunity to be heard in their own defense. If they were accorded an opportunity to answer this charge; of the judges against them, they would probably content themselves with a reference to the ‘-'mote” and the “beam,” with an earnest asseveration that the beam was not in their eye.
As illustrating the proper regard to be paid to the verdict of juries by appellate courts, I refer to Johnson v. U. S., 157 U. S. 320, 15 Sup. Ct. 614. This was a capital case, and the supreme court conceded that, in the view they took of the evidence, there “was room for a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt.” This concession would, of course, have compelled the court to set aside the verdict of the jury if it was the court’s opinion of the evidence, and not that of the jury, which was to prevail. They did not set aside the verdict, however. The court said: “The impression has been made upon us, by our examination of the evidence, that there was room for a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt. But,” say the court, “the jury that found him guilty saw and heard the witnesses, and we must infer from flu; conduct of the court in overruling the motion for a new trial that it was satisfied with the verdict.” And, notwithstanding their impression of the evidence was different from that of the jury, they refused to set aside the verdict, affirmed the judgment, and the defendant was hanged. Why should the verdict of a jury he held more inviolable when a man’s life is in the scale, than it is when only a money liability of a railroad company is in the scale? A verdict should he as conclusive upon an artificial as upon a natural person. There should be no discrimination.
*314Without pursuing the subject further, I refer to and reaffirm what is said by this court in Railroad Co. v. Ellis, 10 U. S. App. 640, 4 C. C. A. 454, and 54 Fed. 481, and in the dissenting opinions in Laclede Fire Brick Manuf'g Co. v. Hartford Steam Boiler Insp. & Ins. Co., 19 U. S. App. 510, 9 C. C. A. 1, and 60 Fed. 351, and Finalyson v. Milling Co., 14 C. C. A. 492, 67 Fed. 507, on the subject of the respective functions of the court and jury.
The ruling of the majority of the court holding that, upon the evidence, Whittle was guilty of contributory negligence, is an invasion of the province of the jurv. and a denial to the plaintiffs of their constitutional right to have the facts of their case tried by a jury.