Court Opinion

ID: 8373877
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-18 13:06:07.481011+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:46:09.267375
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                 2022-NCCOA-675

                                   No. COA21-709

                                Filed 18 October 2022

Wake County, No. 20 CVS 8346

TAMIKA WALKER KELLY, KRISTY MOORE, AMANDA HOWELL, KATE
MEININGER, ELIZABETH MEININGER, JOHN SHERRY, and RIVCA RACHEL
SANOGUEIRA, Plaintiffs,

            v.

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA and NORTH CAROLINA STATE EDUCATIONAL
ASSISTANCE AUTHORITY, Defendants, and

PHILIP E. BERGER in his official capacity as President Pro Tempore of the North
Carolina Senate, and TIMOTHY K. MOORE in his official capacity as Speaker of
North Carolina House of Representatives,

Intervenor-Defendants, and

JANET NUNN, CHRISTOPHER AND NICHOLE PEEDIN, and KATRINA
POWERS,

Intervenor-Defendants.

      Appeal by Defendants and Intervenor-Defendants from order entered 7 May

2021 by Judge G. Bryan Collins, Jr. in Wake County Superior Court. Heard in the

Court of Appeals 8 June 2022.

      Patterson Harkavy LLP, by Burton Craige, Narendra K. Ghosh, Trisha S.
      Pande, and Paul E. Smith, for Plaintiff-Appellees.

      Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Special Deputy Attorney General Tamika
      Henderson and Special Deputy Attorney General Laura H. McHenry, for the
      State.
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           Womble Bond Dickinson (US) LLP, by Matthew F. Tilley and Russ Ferguson;
           and Liberty Justice Center, by Jeffrey D. Jennings, for Legislative-Intervenor-
           Defendant-Appellants.

           Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough, LLP, by John E. Branch, III and Andrew
           D. Brown; and Institute for Justice, by Ari Bargil, Michael Bindas, Joseph
           Gray, and Marie Miller, for Parent Intervenor-Defendant-Appellants.

           WOOD, Judge.

¶1         The State and the North Carolina Education Assistance Authority (“Defendant

     SEAA”) (collectively, the “Defendants”); Philip E. Berger, in his official capacity as

     President Pro Tempore of the North Carolina Senate, and Timothy K. Moore, in his

     official Capacity as Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives

     (collectively, the “Legislative-Intervenors”); and Janet Nunn, Christopher and

     Nichole Peedin, and Katrina Powers (collectively, the “Parent-Intervenors”) appeal

     from an order denying the Defendants’ and Legislative-Intervenors’ motions to

     transfer this case to a three-judge panel pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-267.1 and

     N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 42(b)(4). On appeal, Legislative-Intervenors, Parent-

     Intervenors (collectively, the “Intervenor-Defendants”), and Defendants assert

     various arguments contending the constitutional claims within Plaintiffs’ complaint

     constitute facial challenges.      Defendants and Intervenor-Defendants all filed

     petitions for writ of certiorari to this Court. In our discretion, we grant their petitions
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                                       Opinion of the Court

     for writ of certiorari. After a careful review of the record and applicable law, we

     reverse the trial court’s order and remand to the trial court to enter an order to

     transfer this case to a three-judge panel of the Superior Court of Wake County

     pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-267.1 and Rule 42(b)(4).

                       I.   Factual and Procedural Background

¶2         In 2013, the North Carolina General Assembly enacted the Opportunity

     Scholarship Program (the “Program”). This program operated to provide funds to

     eligible North Carolina students to assist in paying tuition at any nonpublic school.

     N.C. Gen. Stat. § 115C-562.2(a) (2020). This program “allows a small number of

     students in lower-income families to receive scholarships from the State to attend

     private school.” Hart v. State, 368 N.C. 122, 126, 774 S.E.2d 281, 284-85 (2015).

¶3         Under this program, Defendant SEAA makes applications available each year

     for “eligible students for the award of scholarship grants to attend any nonpublic

     school.” § 115C-562.2(a) (2020). A “nonpublic school” is a “school that meets the

     requirements of Part 1 [private church schools and schools of religious charter] or

     Part 2 [qualified nonpublic schools] of this Article as identified” in Chapter 115C,

     Article 39 of our General Statutes. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 115C-562.1(5) (2020); see Hart

     368 N.C. at 127, 774 S.E.2d at 285. An “eligible student” is one who secures admission

     to a nonpublic school and is a child 1) who was a full-time student attending a North

     Carolina public school or Department of Defense school in North Carolina the
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                                         Opinion of the Court

     previous semester, 2) who was a scholarship recipient from the previous year, 3) who

     is entering either Kindergarten or first grade, 4) who is in foster care, 5) whose

     adoption decree was not entered more than one year prior, or 6) who has a full-time

     active duty military parent or a parent who received honorable discharge less than

     12 months prior. § 115C-562.1(3)(a)(1)-(7). The student must, furthermore, reside

     “in a household with an income level not in excess of one hundred fifty percent (150%)

     of the amount required for the student to qualify for the federal free or reduced-price

     lunch program”1 or be “in foster care as defined in G.S. 131D-10.2.”              § 115C-

     562.1(3)(b).

¶4          Defendant SEAA awards the Program’s scholarships to students. § 115C-

     562.2(a). Preference is given first to students who received a scholarship grant the

     year prior, then to students in lower-income families, and finally to any other eligible

     students. § 115C-562.2(a)(1)-(2).      An eligible student may receive a scholarship

     award up to $4,200.00. After a student has satisfied the eligibility criteria and

     received a scholarship award, Defendant SEAA then transfers the funds directly to

            1 In 2013, the designated statutory limit was “one hundred thirty-three percent
     (133%) of the amount required for the student to qualify for the federal free or reduced-
     price lunch program.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 115C-562.1(3)(b) (2013). In 2020, our General
     Assembly increased this limit to “one hundred fifty percent (150%) of the amount required
     for the student to qualify for the federal free or reduced-price lunch program.” N.C. Gen.
     Stat. § 115C-562.1(3)(b) (2020). Our General Assembly raised the limit once again in 2021
     to “one hundred seventy-five percent (175%) of the amount required for the student to
     qualify for the federal free or reduced-price lunch program.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 115C-
     562.1(3)(b)(1) (2021).
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     the participating school on the student’s behalf.

¶5         On July 27, 2020, Plaintiffs filed a complaint concerning the Program against

     Defendants. Their complaint raised three claims, alleging, inter alia, the program

     violates Article I, Sections 13 and 19 of the North Carolina Constitution by subjecting

     them to religious discrimination and interferes with their rights of conscience and

     Article I, Sections 13-15 and 19 and Article V, Sections 2(1) and 2(7) of the North

     Carolina Constitution.    Within the first claim, Plaintiffs contend the Program

     violates their rights under Article I, Sections 13 and 19 in the following manner: The

     Program subjects them to religious discrimination and interferes with their rights of

     conscience by 1) funding educational opportunities that are conditioned on the

     Plaintiffs’ and their family members’ religious faiths and sexual orientations, 2)

     creating a program in which a student’s choice of schools is limited by his or her

     religious faith, 3) funding schools that condition enrollment on the adoption of

     religious beliefs condemning homosexuality, 4) directing their taxpayer dollars to

     schools that discriminate against those who adhere to Plaintiffs’ religious faiths, 5)

     dividing communities by religion, and 6) denying Plaintiffs the ability to live in a

     community without state-supported discrimination.

¶6         In Plaintiffs’ second claim for relief, they contend the program as implemented

     violates Article I, Sections 13, 14, and 19 and Article V, Sections 2(1) and 2(7) of the

     North Carolina Constitution in that it funds schools which,
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                                         Opinion of the Court

                  [1)] refuse admission to students whose beliefs do not
                  conform with the school’s official doctrine[;] . . . [2)] reserve
                  the right to discipline or expel students whose spiritual
                  beliefs diverge from the school’s official doctrine[;] . . . [3)]
                  require students and their family members to conform
                  their lifestyle to the school’s religious dictates, both in and
                  out of school[;] . . . [4)] condemn homosexuality and
                  bisexuality; forbid gay students and their family members
                  from being open about their sexual orientation; threaten to
                  expel gay, bisexual, or gender nonconforming students if
                  they are open about their sexual orientation, gender
                  identity, or transgender status; prohibit students from
                  expressing support for LGBTQ rights; and require students
                  to adopt religious beliefs that condemn LGBTQ rights[;] . . .
                  [5)] require students and their families to regularly attend
                  services at certain religious institutions, and admit only
                  students whose families are willing to regularly attend
                  services at certain religious institutions. . . . [and 6)]
                  mandat[e] religious services, activities, and instruction [as]
                  a central and integral part of the school’s curriculum.

¶7         Lastly, Plaintiffs’ final claim contends the program violates Article 1, Section

     15 and Article V, Sections 2(1) and 2(7) of the North Carolina Constitution because

     “[t]he transfer of taxpayer funds to private schools without any accountability or

     requirements ensuring that students will actually receive an education is not for the

     purpose of education or for any other public purpose.” Plaintiffs further bolster their

     third claim by arguing Defendant SEAA has “abdicated its statutory obligations

     regarding oversight of the Program.” Plaintiffs, in their prayer for relief, requested

     the trial court to declare the Program to be unconstitutional as implemented; enter a

     permanent injunction enjoining selection of voucher recipients, disbursement of
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     funds, and appropriations to the reserve fund; award them costs; and award any other

     legal and equitable relief as the trial court deemed necessary.

¶8          Thereafter, the Parent-Intervenors filed a motion to intervene on August 19,

     2020. The trial court denied their motion on October 14, 2020. In response, the

     Parent-Intervenors first filed a notice of appeal, then filed a motion for clarification

     or, in the alternative, a motion to stay and ultimately filed a joint motion with the

     Plaintiffs requesting the trial court reconsider the October 14, 2020 order. The latter

     motion came before the trial court for a hearing the following month, and the trial

     court subsequently entered an order permitting the Parent-Intervenors to intervene

     in this case under Rule 24(b). Additionally, the Legislative-Intervenors intervened

     in this case.

¶9          On October 20, 2020, Defendants filed a motion to transfer the case to a three-

     judge panel.    Defendants argued Plaintiffs’ complaint “clearly asserts a facial

     constitutional challenge” and thus “must be heard by a three-judge panel of the

     Superior Court of Wake County” pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-267.1 and North

     Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure 42(b)(4). The Legislative-Intervenors, likewise,

     filed a motion to transfer to a three-judge panel on January 6, 2021.2

            Parent-Intervenors did not file a motion to transfer to a three-judge panel.
            2

     However, they did specify at the hearing they were “in support of the motions by the state
     defendants and the legislative-intervenors” and proceeded to provide additional argument.
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                                          Opinion of the Court

¶ 10         These motions came before the trial court for a hearing on May 6, 2021. The

       next day, the trial court entered an order denying the motions to transfer to a three-

       judge panel, finding “Plaintiffs’ Complaint presents an as-applied challenge to the

       Program, not a facial challenge to the Program.”          Defendants and Intervenor-

       Defendants all filed timely notices of appeal.

¶ 11         Parent-Intervenors filed a motion for clarification, or in the alternative a

       motion to stay, with the trial court on June 14, 2021, requesting the trial court stay

       its order denying a transfer to a three-judge panel. One week later, on June 21, 2021,

       Plaintiffs filed a motion to amend the pleading. On July 28, 2021, the trial court

       entered an order declining to rule on Plaintiffs’ motion to amend the pleadings,

       concluding because the case had been appealed, their motion is, in turn,

       automatically stayed. The same day, the trial court entered an order denying Parent-

       Intervenors’ motion for clarification and a motion in the alternative to stay. The trial

       court explained it “declines to issue a blanket order that all potential matters that

       may arise in this case would constitute proceedings ‘upon the judgment appealed

       from’ or a matter ‘embraced’ within the May 7, 2021, order,” thereby allowing

       Plaintiffs to conduct discovery.

¶ 12         Thereafter, Plaintiffs commenced discovery by sending subpoenas for

       documents and deposition testimonies and notices of depositions. On August 6, 2021,

       Parent-Intervenors filed with the trial court a motion to confirm that pending third-
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                                             Opinion of the Court

       party subpoenas are stayed, or in the alternative a motion to stay those subpoenas.

       The trial court denied this motion by order entered September 24, 2021.

                                       II.      Jurisdiction

¶ 13         At the outset, we must determine whether this Court has jurisdiction to

       consider the present appeal.          In their petitions, Defendants and Intervenor-

       Defendants maintain the trial court erred by failing to transfer this case to a three-

       judge panel, and hence, it is in the interest of justice and a matter of great public

       importance for this Court to issue a writ of certiorari. Based upon the reasons below,

       we grant Defendants’ and Intervenor-Defendants’ petitions for writ of certiorari to

       permit review of this case.

¶ 14         The North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure provides a “writ of certiorari

       may be issued in appropriate circumstances by either appellate court to permit review

       of the judgments and orders of trial tribunals when the right to prosecute an appeal

       has been lost by failure to take timely action, or when no right of appeal from an

       interlocutory order exists.” N.C. R. App. P. 21(a)(1). “Certiorari is a discretionary

       writ,” State v. Ore, 2022-NCCOA-380, ¶ 15 (emphasis omitted) (quoting State v.

       Rouson, 226 N.C. App. 562, 564, 741 S.E.2d 470, 471 (2013)), and only should be

       “issued for good and sufficient cause shown.” State v. Gantt, 271 N.C. App. 472, 474,

       844 S.E.2d 344, 346 (2020) (citation omitted). The decision of “[w]hether to allow a

       petition and issue the writ of certiorari is not a matter of right and rests within the
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                                          Opinion of the Court

       discretion of this Court.” State v. Biddix, 244 N.C. App. 482, 486, 780 S.E.2d 863, 866

       (2015). We “may only consider certiorari when the petition shows merit, meaning

       that the trial court probably committed error at the hearing.” State v. Ricks, 378 N.C.

       737, 738, 2021-NCSC-116, ¶ 1; see Ore, at ¶ 15 (“A petition for the writ of certiorari

       must show merit or that prejudicial and reversible error was probably committed

       below.” (brackets omitted)).

¶ 15         As discussed below, we conclude this appeal presents the appropriate

       circumstances contemplated by Rule 21(a)(1). Therefore, in our discretion, we grant

       Defendants’ and Intervenor-Defendants’ petitions for writ of certiorari under Rule

       21(a)(1) so as to reach the merits of their appeal.

                                  III.   Standard of Review

¶ 16         Under provisions which mandate a three-judge panel,

                    when a party properly advances a facial challenge to the
                    constitutionality of a statute, the trial court lacks
                    jurisdiction to rule on the facial challenge “because sole
                    jurisdiction to decide that matter resides with the Superior
                    Court of Wake County, and the matter is required to be
                    heard and determined by a three-judge panel of the
                    Superior Court of Wake County,” as provided by N.C. Gen.
                    Stat. § 1-267.1(b2).

       Lakins v. W. N.C. Conf. of United Methodist Church, 2022-NCCOA-337, ¶ 19 (quoting

       Holdstock v. Duke Univ. Health Sys., 270 N.C. App. 267, 281, 841 S.E.2d 307, 317

       (2020)).
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                                          Opinion of the Court

¶ 17         As such, the trial court’s order in the present case raises questions regarding

       statutory construction and subject matter jurisdiction. Id. We review these types of

       questions de novo. See In re N.P., 376 N.C. 729, 2021-NCSC-11, ¶ 5 (“The existence

       of subject matter jurisdiction is a matter of law and cannot be conferred upon a court

       by consent. . . . We review questions of law de novo.”); Applewood Props., LLC v. New

       S. Props., LLC, 366 N.C. 518, 522, 742 S.E.2d 776, 779 (2013) (“This matter presents

       a question of statutory interpretation, which we review de novo.” (internal brackets

       omitted)). “Under a de novo review, the court considers the matter anew and freely

       substitutes its own judgment for that of the lower tribunal.” Bartley v. City of High

       Point, 2022-NCSC-63, ¶ 14 (citation omitted); see also In re Application for

       Reassignment of Hayes, 261 N.C. 616, 622, 135 S.E.2d 645, 649 (1964) (“The word ‘de

       novo’ means fresh or anew; for a second time; and a de novo trial in appellate court is

       a trial had as if no action whatever had been instituted in the court below.”).

                                       IV.     Discussion

¶ 18         The sole argument of Defendants and Intervenor-Defendants on appeal is

       Plaintiffs’ complaint constitutes a facial challenge to the Program, and, thus, the trial

       court erred when it denied their motion to transfer this case to a three-judge panel

       pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-267.1 and North Carolina Rule of Civil Procedure

       42(b)(4). Plaintiffs disagree and maintain their complaint is an as-applied challenge

       to the Program. After a careful review of the record and applicable laws, we agree
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                                          Opinion of the Court

       with Defendants and Intervenor-Defendants and conclude Plaintiffs’ complaint is a

       facial challenge to the Program.

¶ 19         N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-267.1 is a part of a statutory scheme enacted by the North

       Carolina General Assembly in 2014 requiring certain cases be transferred to a three-

       judge panel of the Superior Court of Wake County.         Under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-267.1,

                    any facial challenge to the validity of an act of the General
                    Assembly shall be transferred pursuant to G.S. 1A-1, Rule
                    42(b)(4), to the Superior Court of Wake County and shall
                    be heard and determined by a three-judge panel of the
                    Superior Court of Wake County, organized as provided by
                    subsection (b2) of this section.

       N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-267.1(a1) (2020) (emphasis added). Rule 42(b)(4) compliments

       Section 1-267.1, stating:

                    Pursuant to G.S. 1-267.1, any facial challenge to the
                    validity of an act of the General Assembly, other than a
                    challenge to plans apportioning or redistricting State
                    legislative or congressional districts, shall be heard by a
                    three-judge panel in the Superior Court of Wake County if
                    a claimant raises such a challenge in the claimant’s
                    complaint or amended complaint in any court in this State,
                    or if such a challenge is raised by the defendant in the
                    defendant’s answer, responsive pleading, or within 30 days
                    of filing the defendant’s answer or responsive pleading.

       N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, R. 42(b)(4) (2020) (emphasis added).

¶ 20         Under the plain language of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-267.1 and Rule 42(b)(4), the

       requirement that a case be transferred to a three-judge panel is predicated on

       whether a plaintiff’s challenge to the validity of an act by our General Assembly is a
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                                          Opinion of the Court

       facial or an as-applied challenge.     Therefore, the primary question before us is

       whether Plaintiffs’ complaint is properly construed as an as-applied challenge or a

       facial challenge to the Program.

¶ 21         An as-applied challenge to a statute contest whether it “can be constitutionally

       applied to a particular defendant, even if the statute is otherwise generally

       enforceable.” State v. Packingham, 368 N.C. 380, 383, 777 S.E.2d 738, 743 (2015)

       (citing Frye v. City of Kannapolis, 109 F. Supp. 2d 436, 439 (1999), rev’d on other

       grounds, 137 S. Ct. 1730, 198 L. Ed. 2d 273 (2017); see Lakins v. W. N.C. Conf. of

       United Methodist Church, 2022-NCCOA-337 ¶ 23 (“[A]s-applied challenge[s]

       represent[] a party’s protest against how a statute was applied in the particular

       context in which the party acted or proposed to act . . . .” (brackets omitted)). An as-

       applied challenge is “strongly influenced by the facts” of that specific case. State v.

       Grady, 372 N.C. 509, 522, 831 S.E.2d 542, 554 (2019) (quoting Packingham, 368 N.C.

       at 393, 777 S.E.2d at 749).

¶ 22         In contrast, a facial challenge “is an attack on the statute itself” rather than

       its application. Grady, 372 N.C. at 522, 831 S.E.2d at 554 (quoting City of Los Angeles

       v. Patel, 576 U.S. 409, 415, 135 S. Ct. 2443, 2449, 192 L. Ed. 2d 435, 443 (2015)); see

       also Young v. Hawaii, 992 F.3d 765, 779 (9th Cir. 2021) (“A facial challenge is a claim

       that the legislature has violated the Constitution, while an as-applied challenge is a

       claim directed at the execution of the law.”), vacated on other grounds, 142 S. Ct. 2895
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       (Mem) (June 30, 2022).       “A facial challenge maintains that no constitutional

       applications of the statute exist, prohibiting its enforcement in any context.”

       Packingham, 368 N.C. at 383, 777 S.E.2d at 743; see also United States v. Salerno,

       481 U.S. 739, 745, 107 S. Ct. 2095, 2100, 95 L. Ed. 2d 697, 707 (1987); Hart, 368 N.C.

       at 131, 774 S.E.2d at 288 (stating the party raising a facial challenge must “meet the

       high bar of showing that there are no circumstances under which the statute might

       be constitutional” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)); Grady, 372 N.C.

       at 522, 831 S.E.2d at 554.

¶ 23         There is no clear-cut test to distinguish facial challenges from as-applied

       challenges. See Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310, 331, 130 S. Ct. 876, 893, 175

       L. Ed. 2d 753, 776 (2010) (“[T]he distinction between facial and as-applied challenges

       is not so well defined that it has some automatic effect or that it must always control

       the pleadings and disposition in every case involving a constitutional challenge.”);

       Grady, 372 N.C. at 546, 831 S.E.2d at 569; AFSCME Council 79 v. Scott, 717 F.3d,

       851, 865 (11th Cir. 2013) (“[T]he line between facial and as-applied relief is a fluid

       one, and many constitutional challenges may occupy an intermediate position on the

       spectrum between purely as-applied relief and complete facial invalidation.”). As

       such, a court is not restricted per se by a party’s categorization of its challenge as

       facial or as-applied and may conduct its own review to determine whether the party’s

       challenge is facial or as-applied. See Doe v. Reed, 561 U.S. 186, 194, 130 S. Ct. 2811,
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       2817, 177 L. Ed. 2d 493, 501 (2010). For instance, in Islamic Community Center for

       Mid Westchester v. City of Yonkers, the trial court determined plaintiffs’ claims were

       as-applied challenges notwithstanding plaintiffs’ assertion that their claims were

       facial challenges. Islamic Cmty. Ctr. for Mid Westchester v. City of Yonkers Landmark

       Pres. Bd., 258 F. Supp. 3d 405, 415 (2017), aff’d, 742 Fed. App’x 521 (2d Cir. July 6,

       2018) (unpublished); see also Cryan v. Nat’l Council of YMCAs of the U.S.A., 280 N.C.

       App. 309, 2022-NCCOA-612, ¶ 22; Short Term Rental Owners Ass’n of Ga. v. Cooper,

       515 F. Supp. 3d 1331, 1340 (N.D. Ga. 2021). Thus, “[t]he label is not what matters.”

       Doe, 561 U.S. at 194, 130 S. Ct. at 2817, 177 L. Ed. 2d at 501.

¶ 24         When determining whether a challenge is as-applied or facial, the court must

       look to the breadth of the remedy requested. Id.; Citizens United, 558 U.S. at 331,

       130 S. Ct. at 893, 175 L. Ed. 2d at 776 (2010) (“The distinction is both instructive and

       necessary, for it goes to the breadth of the remedy employed by the Court, not what

       must be pleaded in a complaint.”), accord, Grady 372 N.C. at 546, 831 S.E.2d at 569;

       see also AFSCME Council 79, 717 F.3d at 862. A claim is properly classified as a

       facial challenge if the relief that would accompany it “reach[es] beyond the particular

       circumstances of these plaintiffs.” Doe, 561 U.S. at 194, 130 S. Ct. at 2817, 177 L. Ed.

       2d at 501. A claim is properly classified as an as-applied challenge if the remedy “is

       limited to a plaintiff’s particular case.” Libertarian Party v. Cuomo, 300 F. Supp. 3d

       424, 439 (W.D.N.Y. 2018), overruled on other grounds by N.Y. State Rifle & Pistol
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                                          Opinion of the Court

       Ass’n v. Bruen, 142 S. Ct. 211, 213 L. Ed. 2d 387 (2022).

¶ 25         In the case sub judice, the parties disagree over whether Plaintiffs’ claims are

       properly classified as a facial or an as-applied challenge. Plaintiffs assert three

       claims in their complaint: 1) the Program as implemented violates Article 1, Sections

       13 and 19 of the North Carolina Constitution; 2) “[t]he Program as implemented

       violates Article I, Sections 13, 14, and 19, and Article V, Sections 2(1) and 2(7)” of the

       North Carolina Constitution; and 3) “[t]he Program as implemented violates Article

       1, Section 15, and Article V, Sections 2(1) and 2(7) of the North Carolina

       Constitution.” Plaintiffs contend their complaint does not facially challenge the

       Program but challenges how “it has been implemented and applied.” The trial court

       agreed with Plaintiffs’ characterization of their claims, finding Plaintiffs stated over

       eighteen times in their brief that their challenge to the Program is “as implemented.”

       The trial court concluded “Plaintiffs’ Complaint presents an as-applied challenge to

       the Program, not a facial challenge to the program.”

¶ 26         Notwithstanding Plaintiffs’ repeated assertions, this court is not limited by

       Plaintiffs’ classification of their claims. See Doe, 561 U.S. at 194, 130 S. Ct. at 2817,

       177 L. Ed. 2d at 501. Rather, we must look to the scope of relief requested by

       Plaintiffs to determine whether Plaintiffs’ claims are properly viewed as a facial or

       an as-applied challenge.

¶ 27         In their prayer for relief, Plaintiffs requested the following:
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                    (1) Declare that the Program as implemented is
                    unconstitutional under the North Carolina Constitution;

                    (2) Enter a permanent injunction enjoining the selection of
                    voucher recipients, any further disbursements of money
                    from the Reserve Fund, and any further appropriations to
                    the Reserve Fund;

                    (3) Award plaintiffs costs pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-
                    263;

                    (4) Award such other and further legal and equitable relief
                    as this Court deems necessary, just, and proper.

¶ 28         By examining Plaintiffs’ claims in conjunction with the relief requested, we

       note Plaintiffs’ claims “would, if successful, effectively preclude all enforcement of the

       statute.” Copeland v. Vance, 893 F.3d 101, 107 (2d Cir. 2018). In other words, the

       remedy sought by Plaintiffs “reach[es] beyond the particular circumstances of these

       plaintiffs.” Doe, 561 U.S. at 194, 130 S. Ct. at 2817, 177 L. Ed. 2d at 501. Although

       Plaintiffs attempt to disguise their complaint as an as-applied challenge, the remedy

       they seek is to void the statute in its entirety, thereby reaching far beyond their

       particular circumstance. See Frye, 109 F. Supp. 2d at 439 (“[I]f successful in an as-

       applied claim the plaintiff may enjoin enforcement of the statute only against himself

       or herself in the objectionable manner, while a successfully mounted facial attack

       voids the statute in its entirety and in all applications.”). To the extent Plaintiffs

       argue the possibility of broad relief does not alter the nature of their claims, our case

       law firmly establishes a holding is indicative of a party’s facial challenge when “it is
                                           KELLY V. STATE

                                            2022-NCCOA-675

                                          Opinion of the Court

       not limited to defendant’s particular case but enjoins application . . . to other . . .

       individuals.” Grady, 372 N.C. at 547, 831 S.E.2d at 570.

¶ 29         Plaintiffs’ complaint primarily raises issues with religious schools receiving

       scholarships under the Program, explaining “[n]othing in Plaintiffs’ Complaint

       alleges, or even suggests, that the Program would be unconstitutional if the State

       were not sending funds to schools that discriminate against them and others with

       similar attributes.”   However, our General Assembly specifically structured the

       Program so that religious schools may obtain funding through the Program.               A

       “nonpublic school” as used in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 115C-562.2(a) is defined as a “school

       that meets the requirements of Part 1 [private church schools and schools of religious

       charter] or Part 2 [qualified nonpublic schools] of this Article as identified” in Chapter

       115C, Article 39 of our General Statutes. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 115C-562.1(5) (2020). By

       arguing the Program is unconstitutional as applied because religious schools may

       receive funding, Plaintiffs are actually attacking the constitutionality of N.C. Gen.

       Stat. §§ 115C-562.1 to 562.8. See Grady, 372 N.C. at 522, 831 S.E.2d at 554; Hart,

       368 N.C. at 131, 774 S.E.2d at 288; Young, 992 F.3d at 779.

¶ 30         Our review of the record shows, although Plaintiffs pepper their complaint

       with the words “as implemented,” they never pleaded facts necessary to support or

       demonstrate an as-applied challenge. In order for a court to determine whether a

       statute as applied is constitutional, it must examine the pertinent facts for a particular
                                      KELLY V. STATE

                                      2022-NCCOA-675

                                     Opinion of the Court

defendant in a particular case.         Grady, 372 N.C. at 522, 831 S.E.2d at 554;

Packingham, 368 N.C. at 383, 777 S.E.2d at 743. In other words, the trial court’s

ability to examine an as-applied challenge is predicated upon the existence of facts

specific to a defendant from which to determine whether the statute is

unconstitutional as applied. Here, there are no particular facts alleged from which a

determination of whether the Program is unconstitutional as applied may be made.

None of the Plaintiffs alleged they applied for a scholarship under the Program, were

unconstitutionally denied enrollment into the Program, or applied to an eligible

school under the Program. Plaintiffs’ complaint reveals they seek to prove their

claims by solely attacking the portion of the Program’s schools which have religious

characteristics. Plaintiffs fail to allege the pertinent facts relating to their particular

circumstances necessary to assert an as-applied challenge.3 Accordingly, because no

Plaintiff has applied for a scholarship under the terms of the Program, it is unclear

to this Court what facts, if any, exist to support Plaintiffs’ individual claims that the

Program as applied to him or her is unconstitutional.

       3 Regarding the religious nature of some schools within the Program, “[t]he
Constitution and the best of our traditions counsel mutual respect and tolerance, not
censorship and suppression, for religious and nonreligious views alike.” Kennedy v.
Bremerton Sch. Dist., 142 S. Ct. 2407, 2416, 213 L. Ed. 2d. 755, 765 (2022). Even if the
Program specifically excluded religious schools, such exclusion may no longer make N.C.
Gen. Stat. §§ 115C-562.1 to 562.8 neutral. See id. at 2422, 213 L. Ed. 2d at 772. (“A
government policy will fail the general applicability requirement if it prohibits religious
conduct while permitting secular conduct that undermines the government’s asserted
interests in a similar way . . . .” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
                                              KELLY V. STATE

                                               2022-NCCOA-675

                                             Opinion of the Court

¶ 31          The success of Plaintiffs’ claims would effectively preclude any enforcement of

       N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 115C-562.1-115C562.8, because the plain language of the statute

       expressly allows for private church schools and schools with religious charters to

       receive funding. Since Plaintiffs have failed to plead facts and circumstances

       sufficient to assert an as-applied challenge, we deem the complaint to be a facial

       challenge to the statute making transfer to a three-judge panel mandatory under

       N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-267.1 and Rule 42(b)(4).4 See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-267.1(a1) (2020)

       (“[A]ny facial challenge to the validity of an act of the General Assembly shall be

       transferred . . . to the Superior Court of Wake County and shall be heard and

       determined by a three-judge panel of the Superior Court of Wake County . . . .”

       (emphasis added)); § 1A-1, R. 42(b)(4) (“[A]ny facial challenge to the validity of an act

       of the General Assembly, other than a challenge to plans apportioning or redistricting

       State legislative or congressional districts, shall be heard by a three-judge panel in

       the Superior Court of Wake County . . . .” (emphasis added)). As such, the trial court

       erred by denying Defendants’ and Legislative-Intervenors’ motions to transfer to a

       three-judge panel.

              4  In our holding today, we are cognizant of the fact a “trial court is not free to impute
       a facial challenge argument on a party.” Cryan v. Nat’l Council of YMCAs of the U.S.A.,
       280 N.C. App. 309, 2021-NCCOA-612, ¶ 23. This statement in Cryan does not, in turn,
       mean a trial court is required to turn a blind eye to a party’s obvious attempt to disguise a
       facial challenge as an as-applied challenge.
                                          KELLY V. STATE

                                          2022-NCCOA-675

                                         Opinion of the Court

¶ 32         Our learned colleague in his dissent concedes that the key factor in assessing

       whether a claim is a facial or as-applied challenge is “the breadth of the remedy

       employed by the Court, not what must be pleaded in the complaint.” Tellingly, even

       when given the chance at oral argument, Plaintiffs have been unable to identify any

       conceivable remedy for their claims that would not require either rewriting the

       statute or imposing sweeping court supervision on scholarship approvals by

       regulators. These remedies are unmistakable markers of a facial challenge.

       Nevertheless, the dissent insists that any “concern as to what relief, if any, might be

       available to Plaintiffs or what relief, if any, might be granted by a Superior Court

       Judge in an as-applied challenge is premature. This case simply isn’t there yet.” This

       is a strange argument in light of the fact that the trial court has no subject matter

       jurisdiction if this is a facial challenge. Cryan v. Nat’l Council of Young Men's

       Christian Ass’ns of the U.S.A., 280 N.C. App. 309, 2021-NCCOA-612, ¶ 16. The court

       system cannot wait for the case to be over to make that jurisdictional assessment. It

       must be made at the beginning of the case. “A court’s subject matter jurisdiction over

       a particular case is invoked by the pleading.” Boseman v. Jarrell, 364 N.C. 537, 546,

       704 S.E.2d 494, 501 (2010). Thus, we cannot put on blinders and ignore the relief

       that Plaintiffs seek simply because we haven’t reached the final stages of this

       litigation. Because Plaintiffs cannot identify any way to obtain a remedy for their

       claims that would not require all-encompassing changes to the Opportunity
                                              KELLY V. STATE

                                              2022-NCCOA-675

                                          Opinion of the Court

       Scholarship Program, their claims are facial in nature and must be transferred to a

       three-judge panel.

¶ 33         Finally, we pause to note even if Plaintiffs’ complaint only asserted an as-

       applied challenge, which it does not, the primary issue in Plaintiffs’ complaint is that

       the Program unconstitutionally funds religious schools.           Notably, because the

       legislature specifically included private church schools and schools of religious

       charter, to affirm Plaintiffs’ argument, the trial court would “have to rewrite the

       statute” to specifically exclude religious schools and “not interpret it, . . . [which] we

       are without constitutional authority to do so.” State v. Minton, 223 N.C. App. 319,

       322, 734 S.E.2d 608, 611 (2012); see N.C. Gen. Stat. § 115C-562.1(5) (2020); see also

       N.C. Const. art. I, § 6 (“The legislative, executive, and supreme judicial powers of the

       State government shall be forever separate and distinct from each other.”); State v.

       Scoggin, 236 N.C. 19, 23, 72 S.E.2d 54, 57 (1952) (“It is our duty to interpret and

       apply the law as it is written, but it is the function and prerogative of the Legislature

       to make the law.”).

                                         V.     Conclusion

¶ 34         A party’s “label” of whether a claim is designated a facial challenge or an as-

       applied challenge “is not what matters.” Doe, 561 U.S. at 194, 130 S. Ct. at 2817, 177

       L. Ed. 2d at 501. Because 1) the relief sought by Plaintiffs, if successful, would

       effectively invalidate the Program in its entirety; 2) they failed to plead facts
                                   KELLY V. STATE

                                    2022-NCCOA-675

                                  Opinion of the Court

particular to them in a particular set of facts; and 3) our General Assembly

specifically authorized private church schools and schools of religious charter to

receive funding through the Program pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 115C-562.1(5),

we hold the claims asserted by Plaintiffs are facial challenges to the validity of the

act of the General Assembly. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 115C-562.1 to 562.8. Therefore, the

trial court erred by denying Defendants’ and Legislative-Intervenors’ motions to

transfer to a three-judge panel as mandated by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-267.1 and Rule

42(b)(4). We reverse and remand to the trial court for this case to be transferred to a

three-judge panel of the Superior Court of Wake County pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat.

§ 1-267.1 and Rule 42(b)(4). It is so ordered.

      REVERSED AND REMANDED.

      Judge DIETZ concurs in result.

      Judge HAMPSON dissents by separate opinion.
        No. COA21-709 – Kelly v. State of N.C.

              HAMPSON, Judge, dissenting.

¶ 35          To decide at this preliminary stage that Plaintiffs’ asserted as-applied

       constitutional challenge in this case—as a matter of fact and law—can only be a facial

       constitutional challenge required to be heard by a three-judge-panel is premature and

       runs counter to the statutory procedure set forth by our General Assembly. This

       interlocutory appeal should be dismissed, and the Petition for Writ of Certiorari

       denied. By failing to allow this litigation to proceed in normal fashion in our trial

       courts, the majority acts contrary to the statutory scheme which requires the

       Superior Court to make the determination of whether and when it is necessary to

       transfer the matter to a three-judge panel. In doing so, contrary to our Court’s

       precedent, the majority forces Plaintiffs to make a facial constitutional challenge

       Plaintiffs have not plead and expressly disavow. Moreover, it does so based on the

       relief it erroneously assumes would be imposed should Plaintiffs eventually prevail.

       I, therefore, dissent.

                                                  I.

¶ 36          First, this appeal is interlocutory and does not affect a substantial right which

       would be lost absent immediate appeal. A substantial right is defined as “a legal

       right affecting or involving a matter of substance as distinguished from matters of

       form: a right materially affecting those interests which a [person] is entitled to have

       preserved and protected by law: a material right.” Oestreicher v. Am. Nat’l Stores,

       Inc., 290 N.C. 118, 130, 225 S.E.2d 797, 805 (1976) (quotation marks omitted).
                                      KELLY V. STATE OF N.C.

                                          2022-NCCOA-675

                                       HAMPSON, J., dissenting

       Further, a substantial right giving rise to a right of immediate appeal “is one which

       will clearly be lost if the order is not reviewed before final judgment, such that the

       normal course of procedure is inadequate to protect the substantial right affected by

       the order sought to be appealed.” Cryan v. Nat’l Council of YMCA of the United

       States, 280 N.C. App. 309, 2021-NCCOA-612, ¶ 12.

¶ 37         Defendants’ and Intervenors’ primary contention is that N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-

       267.1 (2021) constitutes a mandatory venue statute which provides them a

       substantial right to three-judge panel review. We have now repeatedly rejected this

       assertion. Id. ¶¶ 13-16; see also Lakins v. W. N. Carolina Conf. of United Methodist

       Church, 2022-NCCOA-337, ¶ 11; Hull v. Brown, 279 N.C. App. 570, 2021-NCCOA-

       525, ¶ 18 (denial of motion to transfer to three-judge panel premature prior to other

       claims being decided).

¶ 38         Parent-Intervenors assert two further alleged substantial rights. First, they

       claim the trial court’s Order affects the right “of parents to use Program scholarships

       to direct their children’s upbringing and education.” This contention is meritless.

       The Order quite clearly does no such thing. Rather, it simply retains jurisdiction over

       this matter rather than immediately transferring the matter to a three-judge panel.

       Likewise, Parent-Intervenor’s argument the trial court’s Order implicates the

       “ecclesiastical entanglement doctrine” is also baseless. The trial court’s Order makes

       no ruling on the ecclesiastical entanglement doctrine and, indeed, the ecclesiastical
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                                           2022-NCCOA-675

                                        HAMPSON, J., dissenting

       entanglement doctrine has zero bearing on whether this matter is an “as-applied”

       challenge to be heard by a single judge or a facial challenge properly transferred to a

       three-judge panel. See Lakins, 2022-NCCOA-337, ¶ 13.

¶ 39         Moreover, even if the trial court’s Order rejecting transfer of this case to a

       three-judge panel at this stage of the litigation could be deemed one involving a

       matter of substance or a material right, it does not involve any right that would be

       lost absent an immediate appeal. Defendants’ and Intervenors’ primary concern is

       that at the conclusion of this litigation, a trial court may (or may not) impose broad

       relief mirroring a declaration the Program is facially unconstitutional by imposing a

       sweeping, permanent statewide injunction prohibiting the State from any operation

       of the Program. To be fair, Plaintiffs’ Complaint, as it currently stands, does include

       a prayer for relief that may be read as seeking broad relief under an as-applied

       challenge. However, this is not dispositive. Indeed, as the Supreme Court of the

       United States has indicated the difference between an as-applied challenge and a

       facial challenge is less about the pleadings and more about the relief ultimately

       imposed:

                  the distinction between facial and as-applied challenges is not so
                  well defined that it has some automatic effect or that it must
                  always control the pleadings and disposition in every case
                  involving a constitutional challenge. The distinction is both
                  instructive and necessary, for it goes to the breadth of the remedy
                  employed by the Court, not what must be pleaded in a complaint.
                                         KELLY V. STATE OF N.C.

                                             2022-NCCOA-675

                                         HAMPSON, J., dissenting

       Citizens United v. Fed. Election Comm’n, 558 U.S. 310, 331, 130 S. Ct. 876, 893, 175

       L. Ed. 2d 753, 776 (2010) (emphasis added). Under North Carolina law, the fact

       Plaintiffs seek equitable injunctive relief only underscores this point. This is because

       trial courts retain discretion to formulate the proper equitable relief.

                     When equitable relief is sought, courts claim the power to
                     grant, deny, limit, or shape that relief as a matter of
                     discretion. This discretion is normally invoked by
                     considering an equitable defense, such as unclean hands or
                     laches, or by balancing equities, hardships, and the
                     interests of the public and of third persons.

       Roberts v. Madison Cty. Realtors Ass’n, Inc., 344 N.C. 394, 399, 474 S.E.2d 783, 787

       (1996) (emphasis added). Moreover, an inexact prayer for relief does not preclude

       proper relief being granted. “ ‘It is well-settled law in North Carolina that the party

       is entitled to the relief which the allegations in the pleadings will justify. . . . It is not

       necessary that there be a prayer for relief or that the prayer for relief contain a correct

       statement of the relief to which the party is entitled.’ ” Harris v. Ashley, 38 N.C. App.

       494, 498–99, 248 S.E.2d 393, 396 (1978) (quoting E. Coast Oil Co. v. Fair, 3 N.C. App.

       175, 178, 164 S.E.2d 482, 485 (1968)).

¶ 40          Defendants’ and Intervenors’ concern as to what relief, if any, might be

       available to Plaintiffs or what relief, if any, might be granted by a Superior Court

       Judge in an as-applied challenge is premature. This case simply isn’t there yet. If a

       Superior Court Judge enters a final order declaring the statute facially
                                      KELLY V. STATE OF N.C.

                                            2022-NCCOA-675

                                       HAMPSON, J., dissenting

       unconstitutional: Defendants and Intervenors may appeal then.           Likewise, if a

       Superior Court Judge enters a final order granting relief which Defendants and

       Intervenors believe improper for an as-applied challenge: Defendants and

       Intervenors may appeal at that time.           This fragmentary appeal is wholly

       unnecessary. On this Record, at this stage, there is no indication the trial court has

       any intent to exceed its authority or approach this claim as a facial challenge. To the

       contrary, the trial court addressing the Motion at issue here quite plainly understood

       by not transferring the case to a three-judge panel, Plaintiffs would proceed only upon

       their as-applied challenge theory.

¶ 41         The reality is there is more litigation to be undertaken (not to mention the not-

       so-small matter of deciding whether Plaintiffs can establish the merits of their claim)

       before any consideration of an appropriate remedy in this case may be contemplated.

       Indeed, on this Record there is a pending Motion to Amend the Complaint, which

       seeks to amend the Complaint to add more particularized allegations as to the

       individual plaintiffs and making a narrower prayer for relief.        If allowed, this

       Amended Complaint may obviate the need to transfer the case or result in a three-
                                          KELLY V. STATE OF N.C.

                                               2022-NCCOA-675

                                           HAMPSON, J., dissenting

       judge panel no longer having jurisdiction over this case–rendering this Court’s

       opinion effectively an advisory one.5

¶ 42          Moreover, if during this ongoing litigation, it becomes evident that relief

       cannot be granted without a determination as to the facial constitutionality of the

       Program, the transfer statutes expressly contemplate that very situation. First, all

       the parties here generally agree a sole Superior Court Judge in this case may not

       declare the Program facially invalid under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-267.1. See N.C. Gen.

       Stat. § 1-267.1 (c) (2021) (“No order or judgment shall be entered affecting the validity

       of any act of the General Assembly that . . . finds that an act of the General Assembly

       is facially invalid on the basis that the act violates the North Carolina Constitution

       or federal law, except by a three-judge panel of the Superior Court of Wake County”).

       If it is necessary to decide the facial validity of the Program, our statutory Rules of

       Civil Procedure provide for the trial court to transfer the matter to the three-judge

       panel after resolving all other issues:

                  the court shall, on its own motion, transfer that portion of the
                  action challenging the validity of the act of the General Assembly

              5 Another possibility arising from the majority opinion is that the three-judge panel
       rules on the facial constitutionality of the Program, declares it constitutional (if for no other
       reason than Plaintiffs do not contest the facial validity of the Program) and then remands
       the matter to the trial court for determination of Plaintiffs’ as-applied claims.
       Alternatively, if the three-judge panel determines Plaintiffs have alleged only a facial
       challenge to the statute, this would not necessarily preclude Plaintiffs or others similarly
       situated from bringing an as-applied challenge in a future lawsuit. Again, this is all rather
       unnecessary and does not promote the swift administration of justice.
                                 KELLY V. STATE OF N.C.

                                     2022-NCCOA-675

                                 HAMPSON, J., dissenting

          to the Superior Court of Wake County for resolution by a three-
          judge panel if, after all other matters in the action have been
          resolved, a determination as to the facial validity of an act of the
          General Assembly must be made in order to completely resolve
          any matters in the case. The court in which the action originated
          shall maintain jurisdiction over all matters other than the
          challenge to the act’s facial validity. . . . [T]he original court shall
          stay all matters that are contingent upon the outcome of the
          challenge to the act’s facial validity pending a ruling on that
          challenge and until all appeal rights are exhausted. Once the
          three-judge panel has ruled and all appeal rights have been
          exhausted, the matter shall be transferred or remanded to the
          three-judge panel or the trial court in which the action originated
          for resolution of any outstanding matters, as appropriate.

N.C. Gen. Stat. 1A-1, Rule 42(b)(4) (2021). Additionally, the transfer statutes also

contemplate a bifurcated process when a facial validity determination is necessary to

resolve a case involving other claims or issues of law.

          Venue lies exclusively with the Wake County Superior Court with
          regard to any claim seeking an order or judgment of a court, either
          final or interlocutory, to restrain the enforcement, operation, or
          execution of an act of the General Assembly, in whole or in part,
          based upon an allegation that the act of the General Assembly is
          facially invalid on the basis that the act violates the North
          Carolina Constitution or federal law. Pursuant to G.S. 1-
          267.1(a1) and G.S. 1-1A, Rule 42(b)(4), claims described in this
          subsection that are filed or raised in courts other than Wake
          County Superior Court or that are filed in Wake County Superior
          Court shall be transferred to a three-judge panel of the Wake
          County Superior Court if, after all other questions of law in the
          action have been resolved, a determination as to the facial validity
          of an act of the General Assembly must be made in order to
          completely resolve any issues in the case.
                                        KELLY V. STATE OF N.C.

                                            2022-NCCOA-675

                                        HAMPSON, J., dissenting

       N.C. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 1-81.1(a1) (2021). As such, the trial court here may still, after

       resolving all issues it can, decide transfer to a three-judge panel is required if it

       determines at any stage of the litigation the facial validity of the statute is at issue

       in this case and necessary to resolution of the case. See Holdstock v. Duke Univ.

       Health Sys., Inc., 270 N.C. App. 267, 281, 841 S.E.2d 307, 317 (2020) (“If the trial

       court decides, after all issues not contingent on the outcome of Plaintiffs’ facial

       challenge are resolved, that resolution of Plaintiffs’ facial challenge . . . is still

       required to permit resolution of remaining issues, it shall, ‘on its own motion, transfer

       that portion of the action . . . to the Superior Court of Wake County for resolution by

       a three-judge panel[,]’ and ‘stay all matters that are contingent upon the outcome of

       . . . that challenge and until all appeal rights are exhausted.’ ”).

¶ 43         At this interlocutory stage, it is clear from the Record the trial court is allowing

       Plaintiffs to proceed on—and only on—an as-applied challenge. The entire point of

       an as-applied challenge is the concept that a law that is otherwise constitutional and

       enforceable may be unconstitutional in its application to a particular challenger on a

       particular set of facts. “An as-applied challenge contests whether the statute can be

       constitutionally applied to a particular [party], even if the statute is otherwise

       generally enforceable.” State v. Packingham, 368 N.C. 380, 383, 777 S.E.2d 738, 743

       (2015) (citation omitted), rev’d and remanded on other grounds, ___ U.S. ___, 137 S.

       Ct. 1730, 198 L. Ed. 2d 273 (2017). Here, Plaintiffs concede they are not challenging
                                       KELLY V. STATE OF N.C.

                                           2022-NCCOA-675

                                       HAMPSON, J., dissenting

       the facial validity of the Program. The proper course here, then, is to permit Plaintiffs

       to proceed under their theory of the case. If, at the end of the day, they cannot show

       that the otherwise valid and enforceable Program is not constitutionally applied as

       to them, the result is simple: dismiss the Complaint (or Amended Complaint) and

       enter Judgment against Plaintiffs and in favor of Defendants and Intervenors. This

       also has the appellate benefit of resulting in a final appealable order.

¶ 44         Thus, Defendants and Intervenors have not established any substantial right

       that would be lost absent immediate appeal. Therefore, there is no right of immediate

       interlocutory appeal in this case. Consequently, this Court has no jurisdiction to

       entertain this appeal on a Notice of Appeal.

                                                  II.

¶ 45         The majority in this case does not expressly disagree with the above analysis,

       but, nevertheless, grants certiorari to review this case. Granting certiorari here is

       improvident. In reaching this conclusion, I echo many of the same concerns raised in

       Judge Carpenter’s dissent in Cryan. In Cryan, this Court granted certiorari to review

       and ultimately reverse a trial court’s order transferring a case to a three-judge panel.

       In his dissenting opinion, Judge Carpenter explained:

                    This Court’s grant of a petition for writ of certiorari to
                    consider whether jurisdiction is proper with a three-judge
                    panel in Wake County Superior Court based solely on
                    Defendant’s assertion its constitutional challenge is ‘as-
                    applied’ shortcuts the statutory scheme prescribed by the
                                         KELLY V. STATE OF N.C.

                                             2022-NCCOA-675

                                         HAMPSON, J., dissenting

                   legislature, would be an inappropriate circumvention of the
                   process, and     therefore would not ‘promote judicial
                   economy,’ but would interfere with the ‘efficient
                   administration of justice.’
       Cryan, 2021-NCCOA-612, ¶ 28 (Carpenter, J., dissenting). Judge Carpenter further

       noted:

                   In granting Defendant’s petition for writ of certiorari, this Court
                   will create precedent for a new procedure whereby a party that
                   disagrees with a trial judge’s referral of a constitutional challenge
                   to a three-judge panel can petition this Court for a writ of
                   certiorari. In such an instance, this Court will be tasked with
                   explaining why the raised constitutional challenge in the case
                   currently before it is distinguishable from any future
                   constitutional challenge.

       Id. at ¶ 29. Judge Carpenter also expressed concern

                      granting Defendant’s petition for writ of certiorari creates
                      an avenue for a party to draw out litigation, contrary to our
                      goal of promoting judicial economy. The majority’s grant
                      incentivizes parties who wish to delay a trial on the merits
                      of a case to petition this Court for a decision as to whether
                      the referral of an issue to the three-judge panel was proper
                      in every instance.
       Id. at ¶ 31.

¶ 46            The majority’s grant of certiorari to review the Order in this case declining to

       refer Plaintiffs’ claims to a three-judge panel raises the same concerns expressed by

       Judge Carpenter in Cryan. There is simply no pressing need for this Court to take

       up this interlocutory appeal to decide what is at base a simple procedural issue that

       could be remedied or obviated by allowing the proceedings to continue below. By

       taking this appeal up now, this Court allows Defendants and Intervenors to delay
                                       KELLY V. STATE OF N.C.

                                           2022-NCCOA-675

                                        HAMPSON, J., dissenting

       proceedings and unnecessarily draw out this litigation interfering with the efficient

       administration of justice. Moreover, by granting certiorari, this Court again ratifies

       a process by which any decision on whether to refer a case to a three-judge panel may

       be immediately appealed. Here, it would instead be prudent to retain faith in our

       Superior Court trial judges to allow this matter to proceed in regular order.

       Certiorari should be denied in this case.

                                                   III.

¶ 47         While my respectful disagreement with the majority is grounded in the

       application of appellate procedure, in my view the majority’s misapplication of

       appellate procedure leads to several substantive missteps. First, inconsistent with

       this Court’s precedent, the majority forces Plaintiffs to make a facial challenge

       contrary to the precedent of this Court. Second, in so doing, inconsistent with the

       statutes, the majority substitutes its own judgment for that of the trial court. Third,

       inconsistent with the Record, the majority erroneously characterizes Plaintiffs’ claim

       as targeting all “religious schools” and opines on the merits of an overly broad remedy

       that Plaintiffs do not seek.

¶ 48         First, the majority erroneously imputes a facial challenge on Plaintiffs. The

       majority in Cryan stated: “While the trial court is free to transfer an action to a three-

       judge panel on its own motion based on a facial challenge to an act of the General
                                        KELLY V. STATE OF N.C.

                                            2022-NCCOA-675

                                        HAMPSON, J., dissenting

       Assembly, a trial court is not free to impute a facial challenge argument on a party.”

       Cryan, 2021-NCCOA-612, ¶ 23.

                  The plain language of the statutory scheme clearly provides that
                  a party must affirmatively raise a facial challenge, and that facial
                  challenge must be raised in either the claimant’s
                  complaint/amended complaint or the defendant’s answer,
                  responsive pleading, or within 30 days of the defendant’s answer
                  or responsive pleading. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 1-81.1, 1-267.1, and
                  1A-1, Rule 42(b)(4). No such facial challenge was raised here.

       Id. ¶ 23

¶ 49          Here, the trial court correctly determined not to impute a facial challenge on

       Plaintiffs—and, instead, permitted Plaintiffs to sink or swim with their chosen as-

       applied challenge. The majority, however, substitutes its own judgment for that of

       the trial court and forces Plaintiffs to pursue a facial challenge they disavow. As in

       Cryan, it is error to impute such a facial claim on Plaintiffs in order to force a transfer

       to a three-judge panel.

¶ 50          Second, by substituting its judgment for that of the trial court in this case, the

       majority provides parties a bypass around, and inconsistent with the controlling

       statutes. In enacting N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-267.1 along with N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-81.1(a1)

       and N.C.R. Civ. P. 42(b)(4), the General Assembly set out a trial level procedure for

       trial judges to refer facial constitutional challenges—as required or in their

       discretion—to a three-judge panel. In so doing, it is plain the General Assembly

       intended a rolling process in which trial judges are required to remain mindful of the
                                       KELLY V. STATE OF N.C.

                                           2022-NCCOA-675

                                        HAMPSON, J., dissenting

       need to refer such cases to a three-judge panel while retaining jurisdiction to decide

       the issues that do not need referral. These statutes also clearly place these initial

       determinations of whether to refer a case or not solely in the hands of the trial court—

       not this Court. Indeed, the General Assembly did not include an immediate right of

       appeal from an initial determination on whether to transfer a case to a three-judge

       panel. See Cryan, 2021-NCCOA-612, ¶ 29 (Carpenter, J. dissenting) (“The precedent

       that flows from the majority’s opinion will create a dilemma in which any

       disagreement between the parties as to whether a constitutional challenge is ‘facial’

       or ‘as applied’ will be decided by this Court, rather than by [the trial courts] as

       prescribed by statute.”).

¶ 51         Third, having decided to overrule the trial court’s interlocutory order by way

       of certiorari, the majority goes further by commenting on the merits and undertaking

       to re-frame Plaintiffs’ claims and the remedy sought.            The majority asserts:

       “Plaintiffs’ complaint is that the Program unconstitutionally funds religious schools.”

       But this is not accurate. Rather, Plaintiffs’ Complaint is more nuanced. Plaintiffs

       claim that the Program, as currently implemented, unconstitutionally provides

       funding to certain schools that allegedly discriminate against them by way of alleged

       admission requirements, alleged forced religious doctrinal teachings, or alleged

       forced religious indoctrination, which, as a practical matter, results in Plaintiffs being

       excluded from being able to utilize the Program and have access to the same school
                               KELLY V. STATE OF N.C.

                                   2022-NCCOA-675

                                HAMPSON, J., dissenting

choice as other similarly situated North Carolinians.       Likewise, the majority’s

conjecture that the only suitable remedy in this case is rewrite the statute to exclude

all religious schools from the Program is also unsupported by the Record. Plaintiffs

do not seek to have all funding by the Program of all religious schools declared

unconstitutional or religious schools to be excluded from the Program.         Rather,

Plaintiffs seek injunctive relief against the current implementation of the Program

itself because, they claim, it is being used to allegedly unconstitutionally provide

funding to schools that allegedly discriminate against Plaintiffs. Whether or not

Plaintiffs can prevail on this claim remains to be seen. However, by virtue of the

majority opinion in this case mandating a facial constitutional challenge to the

Program, should Plaintiffs prevail, the enabling statute and the Program must be

declared unconstitutional in their entirety not just as applied to Plaintiffs. North

Carolinians, including Parent-Intervenors and students of modest means, will then

be deprived of the benefit of the Program and the funds it provides.