Court Opinion

ID: 4585272
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-10 20:01:59.856957+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:43:08.790521
License: Public Domain

Filed 11/10/20 Klein v. Munger CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

        IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                   FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 CYNTHIA KLEIN,
                                                                                             F077605
           Plaintiff and Appellant,
                                                                                (Super. Ct. No. CV276206)
                    v.

 KEWEL MUNGER et al.,                                                                     OPINION
           Defendants and Respondents.

                                                   THE COURT*
         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Kern County. Thomas S.
Clark and Stephen D. Schuett, Judges.

         Thomas Anton & Associates, Thomas J. Anton and Becky M. Brooks for Plaintiff
and Appellant.
         Hoppe Law Group and Theodore W. Hoppe for Defendants and Respondents.
                                                        -ooOoo-
         Plaintiff Cynthia Klein appeals from a judgment confirming an arbitration award
in favor of defendants Kewel Munger, also known as Kable Munger, and several entities
with which Munger is associated (collectively, defendants). Plaintiff claims the trial

         *Before Peña,      Acting P.J., Meehan, J. and Snauffer, J.
court erred by denying her motion to vacate the award based on the arbitrator’s alleged
lack of impartiality. Plaintiff also challenges a portion of the judgment awarding
defendants over $27,000 in costs. We affirm.
                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       Defendants are involved in the agricultural industry. In approximately 2007,
plaintiff began working for defendants in an unspecified capacity. By 2009, she had been
promoted to the position of “General Manager.”
       In late 2010, plaintiff was demoted. The decision was allegedly based on
performance issues ranging from inadequate managerial skills to “excessive absenteeism,
tardiness and early departures.” Plaintiff’s salary and benefits remained the same despite
the demotion. However, her problems with absenteeism continued through 2011.
       In 2012, plaintiff sued defendants for wrongful termination and breach of contract,
among other causes of action. The claims were primarily based on two contentions.
First, plaintiff alleged that defendant Munger sexually assaulted her outside of a
restaurant in October 2009. Second, plaintiff alleged the existence of a revenue sharing
agreement between her and defendants that defendants had failed to honor.
       Pursuant to an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) clause in plaintiff’s
employment agreement, the case was referred to binding arbitration. The parties selected
a Sacramento-based attorney, Nicholas Lowe, to serve as their arbitrator. The arbitration
hearing was conducted in Bakersfield during the week of October 16–20, 2017, and on
January 31, 2018.1
       On October 20, 2017, after several days of witness testimony, plaintiff demanded
that the arbitrator recuse himself due to conduct allegedly indicative of bias. The
arbitrator did not recuse himself, which led to plaintiff filing a motion to disqualify him.

       1Although   plaintiff initially disputed the enforceability of the ADR clause, the record
does not fully explain the five-and-one-half-year interval between the filing of her lawsuit and
the proceedings at issue in this appeal.

                                                2.
The trial court denied the motion as premature. On January 31, 2018, the arbitration
hearing resumed and concluded.
       In February 2018, the arbitrator issued his 11-page award. All claims were
resolved against plaintiff and in favor of defendants. The arbitrator’s findings and
conclusions are only tangentially relevant to the issues on appeal, but plaintiff discusses
them in her briefing and argues they support her claims of actual or apparent bias.
Plaintiff’s discussion of the findings is selective and contains notable omissions. For
those reasons, and because it will serve to contextualize plaintiff’s allegations, we
summarize the arbitrator’s stated basis for his decision.
       On October 8, 2009, a consultant named Randy Porter provided training “at the
business premises of defendants.” Porter testified to having had “a romantic interest” in
plaintiff, who was a married woman. Plaintiff and Porter were well acquainted, and she
agreed to have dinner with him that evening—ostensibly in a professional context.
According to the testimony of plaintiff and Porter, plaintiff ultimately cancelled their
dinner plans because defendant Munger had asked her to meet with him.
       According to plaintiff, she and defendant Munger met at a particular restaurant
(restaurant #1) and “talked over some business matters” while inside the establishment.
Afterward, Munger walked plaintiff to her car. While plaintiff was seated in her vehicle,
Munger “grabbed her hand and put it on his penis.” Plaintiff reacted by saying, “‘I have
to go.’” She then “drove immediately home and told her husband of the assault when he
got home [from work] at 2:30 a.m.”
       The arbitrator found the testimony of plaintiff and Porter to be untruthful. In an
e-mail sent by Porter to plaintiff the day after the alleged assault, Porter had thanked her
“for the dinner ‘last night.’” Plaintiff submitted a credit card receipt to defendants for
reimbursement, which showed she had eaten at a certain restaurant (restaurant #2) on the
night in question. Plaintiff wrote the word “training” on the receipt, “which is what
Randy Porter had done that day at the business office.” The restaurant bill was paid at

                                              3.
10:48 p.m. Phone records revealed plaintiff and Porter were later in contact by phone at
11:39 p.m. and 11:42 p.m.
       Aspects of plaintiff’s story were further contradicted by the testimony of her
husband. Whereas plaintiff had testified to going straight home after being sexually
assaulted outside of restaurant #1, her husband said she did not arrive home until “‘very
late, after 2:30 or 3 a.m.’” Upon her arrival, she told her husband that she had gone out
to dinner with defendant Munger and alleged that Munger had behaved inappropriately.
       Munger produced documents showing his credit card was used at a different
restaurant (restaurant #3) on the night of the alleged assault. In light of all the evidence,
the arbitrator found that plaintiff and Porter had dinner together at restaurant #2, Munger
dined separately at restaurant #3, and the alleged events at restaurant #1 never occurred.
The arbitrator described plaintiff’s testimony regarding Munger’s alleged misconduct as
“extremely general and … overly vague and therefore not believable.” Consequently, the
arbitrator found “there was no sexual assault.’”
       Plaintiff had accused defendants of retaliation stemming from her rejection of
Munger’s sexual advance outside of restaurant #1. Having concluded the predicate
allegations were false, the arbitrator ruled that the retaliation claim necessarily failed. In
addition, he found defendants had “more than sufficient cause” to demote plaintiff based
on documented performance issues and attendance/availability problems. The supporting
evidence included a written review from 2010 and various records from 2011.
       Plaintiff had also alleged the existence and breach of an oral contract related to a
product line described as ready-to-eat blueberries (the RTE product). She claimed to
have developed the concept and process behind the RTE product and alleged defendants
had promised her a revenue sharing arrangement. The arbitrator described plaintiff’s
testimony on this subject as “very difficult to follow” and at times contradictory of her
prior deposition testimony. She was also unable to produce supporting documentation
for her claims.

                                              4.
       Defendants’ evidence showed (1) their work on the RTE product began before
plaintiff was hired and (2) they had spent over $2 million on research and development to
bring the product to market. Based on the strength of defendants’ evidence and the
weakness of plaintiff’s case, the arbitrator concluded plaintiff’s claims were unfounded.
As an independent ground for ruling in favor of defendants, the arbitrator found plaintiff
had entered into a binding written agreement relinquishing her rights in anything created
while working for defendants.
       The parties filed competing petitions with regard to the arbitration award.
Defendants petitioned to have the award confirmed. Plaintiff sought to have the award
vacated based on the arbitrator’s actual or apparent bias against her. Plaintiff also moved
to tax defendants’ cost bill. The arguments made in support of plaintiff’s petition and
motion are detailed under separate headings in our Discussion, post.
       The trial court ruled in favor of defendants. The motion to tax costs was partially
granted and partially denied by the arbitrator. On April 12, 2018, the trial court entered a
judgment confirming the arbitration award, including defendants’ entitlement to costs in
the amount of $27,816.94. On May 23, 2018, plaintiff filed a timely notice of appeal.
                                      DISCUSSION
I.     Denial of Petition to Vacate the Arbitration Award
       Plaintiff claims that three incidents established the appearance of bias on the part
of the arbitrator. Some of the facts surrounding the incidents were disputed, and the trial
court made express and implied findings on those issues. Pursuant to those
determinations, the trial court found the evidence “[did] not clearly establish that a
reasonable person under the circumstances would believe that the arbitrator was biased.”
For the following reasons, we conclude the petition was properly denied.

                                             5.
       A.       Standard of Review
       The Code of Civil Procedure2 restricts judicial review of an arbitration award.
(Oaktree Capital Management, L.P. v. Bernard (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 60, 68.)
Confirmation of the award is mandatory unless a party can establish grounds for vacatur
under section 1286.2 or correction under section 1286.6. “Upon a petition seeking any of
those results, the court must confirm the award, unless it either vacates or corrects it.”
(Louise Gardens of Encino Homeowners’ Assn., Inc. v. Truck Ins. Exchange, Inc. (2000)
82 Cal.App.4th 648, 658.)
       Under section 1286.2, subdivision (a)(6)(B), an award must be vacated if the
arbitrator “was subject to disqualification upon grounds specified in Section 1281.91 but
failed upon receipt of timely demand to disqualify himself or herself as required by that
provision.” Section 1281.91 cross-references section 170.1, effectively incorporating the
disqualification rules applicable to judges. (§ 1281.91, subd. (d).) Therefore, an
arbitrator is subject to disqualification on grounds of actual or apparent bias. (See
§ 170.1, subd. (a)(6)(A)(iii) & (B).)
       “The test for bias is whether an impression of possible bias exists.” (Betz v.
Pankow (1995) 31 Cal.App.4th 1503, 1507.) In other words, whether “[a] person aware
of the facts might reasonably entertain a doubt” regarding the arbitrator’s ability to be
impartial. (§ 170.1, subd. (a)(6)(A)(iii); accord, Haworth v. Superior Court (2010) 50
Cal.4th 372, 385–386.) It is an objective test, meaning the facts are considered from the
perspective of a “hypothetical, reasonable person.” (Ceriale v. AMCO Ins. Co. (1996) 48
Cal.App.4th 500, 504.)
       The parties are in disagreement over the standard of review on appeal. “To the
extent that the trial court’s ruling rests upon a determination of disputed factual issues,
we apply the substantial evidence test to those issues.” (Malek v. Blue Cross of

       2All   undesignated statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.

                                                 6.
California (2004) 121 Cal.App.4th 44, 55–56.) Therefore, the trial court’s findings with
regard to what happened during the underlying incidents are entitled to deference.
However, we apply de novo review to the question of whether those facts are objectively
indicative of bias. (See Haworth v. Superior Court, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 386 [a trial
court “is in no better position than an appellate court to resolve the question of whether a
reasonable person would doubt the arbitrator’s ability to be impartial”].)
       B.      Incident #1
               1.    Background
       The law firm of Thomas Anton & Associates has represented plaintiff at all stages
of this case. An attorney named Becky Brooks served as lead counsel during the
arbitration. Attorney Thomas Anton was also involved in the matter and participated in
the proceedings.
       Robert Verloop was the first witness to testify at the arbitration hearing. Verloop
previously worked for a company that was involved in marketing defendants’ RTE
product. Plaintiff’s counsel subpoenaed Verloop to testify in their case-in-chief.
       Plaintiff’s attorneys were reportedly caught off guard by some of Verloop’s
testimony. Whatever the reason, attorney Anton became agitated while conducting a
redirect examination of the witness. According to a sworn declaration by the arbitrator,
Anton “began arguing with the witness and raising his voice. At one point he made a
comment to the Arbitrator in front of this witness that the witness had ‘lied.’” In a
separate, unsworn statement, the arbitrator said, “Things got contentious at that point and
[Anton’s] voice was very loud and he called the witness a liar and things spun out of
control.”3 Verloop described these events the same way in his own declaration, as did
opposing counsel.

       3This  statement was made during the hearing on plaintiff’s motion to disqualify the
arbitrator. The judge who heard and denied the motion was not the same judge who heard and
denied the petition to vacate the arbitration award.

                                             7.
       Verloop had parked his car at plaintiff’s counsel’s office and gotten a ride to the
hearing with plaintiff and attorney Brooks. Due to the heated exchange with attorney
Anton, Verloop decided to walk back to his car alone. When he reached the parking lot,
Anton and plaintiff were standing approximately 20 feet away from his vehicle. Verloop
allegedly heard Anton “speaking in a very loud manner … knowing full well that
[Verloop was present].” He claimed Anton was using profanity and making remarks
about somebody being a liar. In Verloop’s mind, Anton “was voicing his displeasure
about [his] testimony, aggressively calling [him] a liar and attempting to intimidate
[him].”
       Verloop reported the incident to defense counsel, and defense counsel relayed the
information to the arbitrator the next morning. The arbitrator’s declaration describes
what happened next:

       “I asked Ms. Brooks if this had happened and I received a non-answer
       response. I do not recall the exact words, but she did not deny this had
       occurred. I admonished both sides that no one was allowed to intimidate or
       be rude to any witnesses. I admonished all sides that they are to treat each
       other and all witnesses politely and professionally. I stated that each side
       can vigorously and strenuously argue their side of the case without being
       rude or unprofessional.”
       Anton was not present when the arbitrator gave the admonition. However, the
arbitrator claimed to have “restated [his] admonition when Mr. Anton joined the
arbitration later in the day.” Anton subsequently produced written declarations to refute
Verloop’s contentions. The arbitrator declined to consider the declarations, telling the
parties something to the effect of, “As far as I am concerned, this issue [is] over and
behind us.” The arbitrator’s declaration states: “I never made a determination of whether
or not [the alleged incident outside of Anton’s office] occurred. My objective was to
prevent this type of behavior in the future.”
       Plaintiff claimed the arbitrator did more than issue a general admonition regarding
proper decorum. In a declaration filed with her disqualification motion, plaintiff wrote:

                                                8.
“[T]he Arbitrator told me in front of everyone present at the hearing that Mr. Anton hurt
my case by his questions [to Verloop on redirect examination].” The arbitrator generally
denied this allegation. His declaration states, in relevant part:

       “I made all of my comments to all of the parties and to all counsel present.
       Mr. Anton cannot argue that I made my comments to Ms. Brooks and that
       in some way was not fair, since he chose not to be at all of the hearing.
       What I communicated to all sides and parties and counsel, is that being
       rude, argumentative and unprofessional did not help their side of the case.”
       The arbitrator further explained how Anton’s conduct during Verloop’s testimony
was part of a pattern of histrionic behavior. Earlier that day, Anton had threatened to
have defendant Munger arrested. This happened in connection with plaintiff’s unopposed
motion “to have no record made of [the arbitration hearing], whether electronically or by
video.” Despite the arbitrator’s granting of the motion, Anton “threatened to call the
police and have [Munger] arrested if he recorded the proceeding.” The arbitrator told
Anton “that the threat was not needed and that [his] order was in place.”
       Before the proceedings had even commenced, the arbitrator warned the attorneys
that “argumentative rhetoric” “doesn’t serve your clients well.” That admonition was
precipitated by an e-mail Anton had sent to the arbitrator and opposing counsel regarding
defendants’ arbitration brief. The arbitrator attached a copy of the e-mail to his
declaration and accurately summarized its contents. He described the tone of Anton’s
correspondence as “very aggressive,” noting Anton had characterized defendants’ brief as
a “dirty attorney trick,” grumbled that his office had been “sandbagged,” and further
complained of a “trial by ambush.”
       At the hearing on plaintiff’s vacatur petition, the trial court provided a verbal
tentative ruling, which it later adopted in full. With regard to the admonition given the
day after Verloop’s testimony, the trial court found the arbitrator had warned “all parties
to refrain from certain actions and conduct towards any witness.” As for the context in

                                              9.
which the arbitrator’s statements were made, the trial court said, “It seems to me to be an
appropriate response to what the arbitrator perceived had occurred.”
       It is difficult to summarize the findings concerning plaintiff’s allegation that the
arbitrator told her Anton’s behavior had “hurt” her case. The reporter’s transcript reads
as follows:

       “With respect to the open admonitions towards plaintiff that her attorney’s
       questions for a witness were harmful to her case, first, it was unclear from
       [plaintiff’s] declaration—which is the only support for that claim [—] of
       who was present when that statement was made, does not state whether or
       not Attorney Brooks was there. If so, then plaintiff was represented at that
       time of the hearing. Third, it does not state the context in which the alleged
       statements were made by the arbitrator, so it cannot be determined from
       plaintiff’s evidence that the statements by the arbitrator the day following
       was referring—whether or not it was referring to Mr. Anton’s statements
       the day before.”
              2.     Analysis
       According to plaintiff, the admonition given to the parties and their counsel
suggested that the arbitrator believed Verloop’s allegations against Anton. Based on the
arbitrator’s unwillingness to review Anton’s declarations and consider his side of the
story, plaintiff claims the arbitrator showed “favoritism” toward defendants and bias
against her. She further contends the alleged remark that Anton’s behavior “hurt” her
case showed the arbitrator “had already formed an opinion about her case based upon the
conduct of her attorney.” We are not persuaded by these arguments.
       “Courts must apply with restraint statutes authorizing disqualification of a judge
[or arbitrator] due to bias,” and allegations regarding the impression of bias “must clearly
be established.” (In re Scott (2003) 29 Cal.4th 783, 817.) “Neither strained relations
between a judge and an attorney for a party nor ‘[e]xpressions of opinion uttered by a
judge, in what he conceived to be a discharge of his official duties, are … evidence of
bias or prejudice. [Citation.]’ [Citation].” (Roitz v. Coldwell Banker Residential
Brokerage Co. (1998) 62 Cal.App.4th 716, 724.)

                                             10.
       Substantial evidence supports the trial court’s finding as to the nature of the
admonishment. Supporting evidence includes the arbitrator’s declaration, wherein he
claimed to have “admonished all sides that they [were] to treat each other and all
witnesses politely and professionally.” Consistent with the California authorities cited
above, the United States Supreme Court has said “judicial remarks during the course of a
trial that are critical or disapproving of, or even hostile to, counsel, the parties, or their
cases, ordinarily do not support a bias or partiality challenge.” (Liteky v. United States
(1994) 510 U.S. 540, 555.) Therefore, “ordinary efforts at courtroom administration—
even a stern and short-tempered judge’s ordinary efforts at courtroom administration—”
do not establish grounds for disqualification. (Id. at p. 556.) We conclude that a
disinterested observer aware of the facts surrounding the admonition could not
“reasonably entertain a doubt” regarding the arbitrator’s ability to be impartial. (§ 170.1,
subd. (a)(6)(A)(iii).)
       As for the alleged statement that Anton’s behavior “hurt” plaintiff’s case, the trial
court’s express findings are ambiguous. However, the judgment is presumed correct, all
reasonable inferences are indulged to support it, and all ambiguities are resolved in favor
of its affirmance. (Winograd v. American Broadcasting Co. (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 624,
631.) “‘Any uncertainty in the findings will be construed so as to support the judgment
rather than to defeat it.’” (Richter v. Walker (1951) 36 Cal.2d 634, 639.)
       The trial court used the phrase “alleged statements” and noted plaintiff’s
declaration was the only evidence supporting her version of the events. It is apparent
plaintiff’s evidence was viewed as inconclusive. Construing the record in the light most
favorable to the judgment, we conclude the trial court impliedly found the “hurt [your]
case” allegation was not proven. The implied finding is supported by substantial
evidence, including the declarations of the arbitrator and defense counsel.
       As previously noted, the arbitrator said he made “all of [his] comments to all of
the parties and to all counsel present,” and “[w]hat [he] communicated to all sides and

                                               11.
parties and counsel, [was] that being rude, argumentative and unprofessional did not help
their side of the case.” Defense counsel attested that the arbitrator “admonished all
parties to refrain from emotional and inappropriate conduct during and outside of the
arbitration hearing. He did not single out the Plaintiff during these discussions, but
rather, stated ‘all parties’ must do so.”
       C.      Incident #2
               1.      Background
       Another witness called during plaintiff’s case-in-chief was defendants’ former
accountant/bookkeeper. According to a sworn declaration by defense counsel, this
witness’s testimony was offered “solely for the purpose of laying the foundation that [one
or more of the business entity defendants] paid all of [defendant] Munger’s credit card
bills that were submitted.” Defendants stipulated to the authenticity of the related
documents, so the testimony was brief. The arbitrator’s declaration states that “[h]e was
a 10–15 minute witness.” Plaintiff does not dispute these facts, but she notes the
testimony was relevant to her theory that someone other than Munger could have used his
credit card at restaurant #3 on the night of the alleged sexual assault.
       During a break in the proceedings, after the witness had been excused, defense
counsel told the arbitrator that the witness had previously attempted suicide. Attorney
Brooks was present for at least part of this conversation, and she complained defense
counsel was improperly attempting to impeach the witness. In her own declaration,
Brooks alleged defense counsel had also accused the witness of “hack[ing] Microsoft
codes.”
       Neither the arbitrator nor defense counsel mentioned anything about hacking in
their declarations.4 The arbitrator explained: “[Defense counsel] said something about a

       4At the hearing on the motion to disqualify, the arbitrator said he did not recall hearing
any statements about hacking. However, as previously explained, the judge who heard that

                                                12.
previous witness who had attempted suicide by shooting himself in the stomach. This
was a conversation that began with Ms. Brooks in the room and lasted less than 5
seconds. I took it as a sad human-interest story. It had nothing to do with the substance
or credibility of this witness.”
       The trial court found “all that was established was that defendants’ counsel made a
comment about the witness attempting suicide.” It further concluded there was “no
evidence” the incident “had any effect on the arbitrator.”
              2.      Analysis
       In her briefing, plaintiff argues “news that [the witness] hacked computer codes,
then tried to shoot himself after being accused of the crime would go directly toward his
credibility as someone who committed criminal fraud or embezzlement involving those
financial records.” However, the trial court found “all that was established was that
defendants’ counsel made a comment about the witness attempting suicide.” This
necessarily implies a finding that the arbitrator did not hear any allegations of prior
misconduct.
       “We must accept the trial court’s resolution of disputed facts when supported by
substantial evidence; we must presume the court found every fact and drew every
permissible inference necessary to support its judgment, and defer to its determination of
credibility of the witnesses and the weight of the evidence.” (Betz v. Pankow (1993) 16
Cal.App.4th 919, 923.) The relevant findings are supported by the declarations of the
arbitrator and defense counsel. (See Evid. Code, § 411; In re Marriage of Mix (1975) 14
Cal.3d 604, 614 [the testimony of a single witness may constitute substantial evidence].)
We conclude that a person aware of the facts, i.e., the arbitrator being told defendants’
former bookkeeper had attempted suicide, could not reasonably doubt the arbitrator’s

motion was not the same judge who heard and ruled upon the petition to vacate the arbitration
award.

                                              13.
ability to be impartial based on his receipt of that information. (See Haworth v. Superior
Court, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 389 [“‘The “reasonable person” is not someone who is
“hypersensitive or unduly suspicious,” but rather is a “well-informed, thoughtful
observer.”’ [Citation.] ‘[T]he partisan litigant emotionally involved in the controversy
underlying the lawsuit is not the disinterested objective observer whose doubts
concerning the judge’s impartiality provide the governing standard.’”].)
       D.      Incident #3
               1.     Background
       Plaintiff alleged that, while she was being examined by attorney Brooks, she “saw
the Arbitrator lift his head and roll his eyes at her questioning.” Brooks did not see this
occur. Defense counsel may have observed the incident, but he interpreted it differently.
Counsel explained: “I am unaware of [the arbitrator] rolling his eyes at any witnesses. I
observed him during the proceeding pulling his glasses up over his head and leaning back
and looking to the sky as if he was thinking during the testimony of a witness. I did not
perceive this to be an eye rolling gesture, but rather someone contemplating the testimony
he had just heard.”
       The arbitrator was unable to confirm or deny the allegation. His declaration states,
in relevant part: “I do not recall doing that, but I cannot deny it either. However, as the
trier of fact I have the right to believe or not believe testimony rendered. Since I do not
recall this incident, I can’t respond to it further.”
       The trial court ruled as follows: “[Plaintiff’s declaration] is the only evidence that
would support that claim. First, she does not state the context in which this occurred.
She only stated it happened once, and the only claim she makes is that it was distracting
her. There was never any evidence that it displayed any open hostility towards her or her
attorneys.”

                                               14.
                 2.     Analysis
          Plaintiff’s briefing claims the arbitrator rolled his eyes “while she was testifying
about the assault.” Corresponding record citations direct us to plaintiff’s sworn
declaration, but her allegation therein was that the arbitrator rolled his eyes at attorney
Brooks’s “questioning.” (Italics added.) Such conduct does not create the impression of
bias. (See People v. Snow (2003) 30 Cal.4th 43, 79 [“the court’s occasional impatience
with repetitious or vague foundational questions did not convey a judicial bias against the
defense”]; People v. Carpenter (1997) 15 Cal.4th 312, 353 [judge’s showing of “irritation
with counsel’s voir dire questioning” fell “far short” of establishing bias]; People v. Heck
(1954) 122 Cal.App.2d 484, 489 [“trial court expressed impatience at the number of
preliminary questions asked the witness, saying, ‘Why is that material? Get at the meat
of it and don’t waste so much time with the preliminary questions.’”]; cf. Roitz v.
Coldwell Banker Residential Brokerage Co., supra, 62 Cal.App.4th at p. 725 [arbitrator’s
comments “made out of frustration” with defense counsel did not create impression of
bias].)
          The claim would fail even if plaintiff could prove her revised allegation. “[W]hen
the state of mind of the trial judge appears to be adverse to one of the parties but is based
upon actual observance of the witnesses and the evidence given during the trial of an
action, it does not amount to that prejudice against a litigant which disqualifies him in the
trial of the action. It is his duty to consider and pass upon the evidence produced before
him, and when the evidence is in conflict, to resolve that conflict in favor of the party
whose evidence outweighs that of the opposing party.” (Kreling v. Superior Court
(1944) 25 Cal.2d 305, 312; accord, People v. Guerra (2006) 37 Cal.4th 1067, 1111
[“Mere expressions of opinion by a trial judge based on actual observation of the
witnesses and evidence in the courtroom do not demonstrate a bias”].)

                                                15.
II.    Partial Denial of Motion to Tax Costs
       A.     Standard of Review
       Section 1032 provides for the recovery of costs by the prevailing party in any
action or proceeding. If the items in the prevailing party’s cost memorandum appear to
be proper, the verified memorandum is prima facie evidence that the expenses were
necessarily incurred. (Jones v. Dumrichob (1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 1258, 1266.) A party
moving to tax costs has the burden of showing the expenses were unreasonable or
unnecessary. (Ibid.; see § 1033.5, subd. (c)(2) [“Allowable costs shall be reasonably
necessary to the conduct of the litigation rather than merely convenient or beneficial to its
preparation”].)
       An order granting or denying a motion to tax costs is reviewed for abuse of
discretion. (Chaaban v. Wet Seal, Inc. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 49, 52.) “To the extent
the statute grants the court discretion in allowing or denying costs or in determining
amounts, we reverse only if there has been a ‘“clear abuse of discretion” and a
“miscarriage of justice.”’” (Ibid.) It is the appellant’s burden to “affirmatively
demonstrate error through reasoned argument, citation to the appellate record, and
discussion of legal authority.” (Bullock v. Philip Morris USA, Inc. (2008) 159
Cal.App.4th 655, 685.)
       B.     Claims and Analysis
              1.     Filing Fees
       Defendants were awarded $4,507.94 in costs for filing and motion fees. The
amounts claimed in this category were supported by the sworn declaration of defense
counsel’s accountant and approximately 10 pages of documentation. As best we can tell
from plaintiff’s cursory briefing of this issue, she is arguing defendants cannot recover
costs associated with payments to third party litigation support companies in connection
with the various filings.

                                             16.
       Pursuant to section 1033.5, subdivision (a)(1), filing and motion fees are
recoverable cost items. “Messenger fees are not expressly authorized by statute, but may
be allowed in the discretion of the court.” (Nelson v. Anderson (1999) 72 Cal.App.4th
111, 132.) Defense counsel’s law office is in Fresno, and the trial court is located in
Bakersfield, so counsel’s hiring of litigation support companies to accomplish the filing
of motions and other items is not facially unreasonable or unnecessary. Plaintiff fails to
show grounds for reversal.
                2.   Deposition Costs
       Defendants were awarded $14,220.57 in deposition costs, including videographer
expenses. Plaintiff makes the following argument: “Plaintiff did not obtain copies of all
of the depositions and videos in the case so does not have all of the invoices. However,
Plaintiff paid $1,062.25 for transcripts of two of defendants’ depositions. [Record
citation.] Based upon those charges and the per-page charge set forth in the invoice,
Defendants should not have incurred more than $8,348.25 in costs for deposition
transcripts.”
       A prevailing party may recover costs associated with “[t]aking, video recording,
and transcribing necessary depositions.” (§ 1033.5, subd. (a)(3)(A).) Defendants
produced detailed invoices to substantiate their claimed deposition expenses. The
arbitrator found “that the depositions and the video of those depositions were essential to
the presentation of this case by the defense,” and he noted plaintiff “was severely
impeached with her deposition testimony by video ….” Plaintiff has not demonstrated an
abuse of discretion with respect to the award of deposition costs.
                3.   Exhibit Costs
       Defendants were awarded $2,460.05 in costs associated with four “trial binders”
of exhibits used by the arbitrator, plaintiff’s counsel, defense counsel, and the witnesses
who testified. Such costs are recoverable if the materials “were reasonably helpful to aid

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the trier of fact.” (§ 1033.5, subd. (a)(13); see Chaaban v. Wet Seal, Inc., supra, 203
Cal.App.4th at p. 59 [defendant paid for “trial binders” containing copies of exhibits that
were used by “counsel (for both sides), the witnesses, and the judge”; “The court properly
exercised its discretion in allowing these costs as helpful to aid the trier of fact”].)
Plaintiff argues (1) the recoverable costs were those associated with making one binder
for the arbitrator and (2) any costs in excess of $176.25 were unreasonable. As she
provides no authority for her position, we conclude plaintiff has failed to affirmatively
demonstrate reversible error.
              4.      Travel Expenses
       Defendants were awarded $6,628.38 in costs associated with travel from Fresno to
Bakersfield to attend depositions. This figure included mileage reimbursement, rental car
fees, and hotel expenses. Such costs are recoverable. (§ 1033.5, subd. (a)(3)(C);
Chaaban v. Wet Seal, Inc., supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 59.) Defendants provided
supporting documentation, and the arbitrator found (1) “the defense actually incurred the
amounts claimed” and (2) “the amounts claimed [were] reasonable and necessary.”
       Plaintiff appears to argue that defendants’ award should be limited to mileage
reimbursement because the sum of their travel expenses was listed under the heading of
“mileage” in the memorandum of costs. Plaintiff again fails to support her argument with
legal authority and has not demonstrated grounds for reversal.
                                       DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed. Defendants shall recover their costs on appeal.

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