Court Opinion

ID: 9472060
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 03:48:22.174289+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:42:43.500767
License: Public Domain

ALVIN B. RUBIN, Circuit Judge,
dissenting:
I respectfully dissent. The merger of law and equity has now been so far com*446pleted that we should not cast back a half-century to determine whether a suit is inherently equitable or legal and a defense is of the same or a different genre. The doctrine of Enelow v. New York Life Insurance Co., 293 U.S. 379, 55 S.Ct. 310, 79 L.Ed. 440 (1935), antedates the adoption of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Ettelson v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 317 U.S. 188, 63 S.Ct. 163, 87 L.Ed. 176 (1942), applied the same precept when the Civil Rules were in their infancy. We have many times noted the extensive criticism of this archaic distinction.1 So have others.2
Criticism of the Enelow-Ettelson rule is uniformly coupled with the regretful supposition that it binds appellate courts until Congress or the Supreme Court effects a change.3 Congress, however, can scarcely be faulted for overlooking “so esoteric a field of appellate jurisdiction.”4 Moreover, three years after the Supreme Court last considered, and apologetically reaffirmed, the Enelow-Ettelson rule,5 Congress amended 28 U.S.C. § 1292 to allow for interlocutory appeal of an order involving “a controlling question of law as to which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion,” the resolution of which “may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation.” 6 In enacting this rule, Congress clearly signaled its concern that questions of appealability be resolved by considerations of genuine need and merit, not by resort to archaic distinctions between law and equity. Furthermore, in providing a method of weeding out merit-less interlocutory appeals, section 1292(b) has undermined the argument that the Enelow-Ettelson rule is necessary to “limit appealability of interlocutory orders.”7 In the light of this legislative development, the Enelow-Ettelson rule may and should be reconsidered.8
*447To await reconsideration by the Supreme Court would only further extend the delay and confusion occasioned by the rule, perhaps indefinitely. As Professor Edward Cooper had observed,
“Reliance on the Supreme Court [to change the rule] requires that the Court make room in a docket crowded with vitally important issues to resolve an issue of appellate jurisdiction that can fairly be described as picayune. Two decades of experience with the established rule in the courts of appeals should provide sufficient justification for establishing a new rule in an area that is within their own special knowledge and responsibility.” 9
In the five decades since Enelow was decided, experience with the rule has served only to make its defects more obvious. Seven years ago, Judge MacKinnon of the District of Columbia Circuit expressed the hope that the Enelow-Ettelson rule “will not continue to cast its antiquated shadow of an equity-versus-law test upon modern interlocutory appellate practice. The demise of that rule cannot be far away.” 10 Because the Supreme Court has not yet had occasion to put an end to the rule’s unhappy life, we should undertake the task.
The appealability of orders should be governed by their practical effect, rather than by their form.11 Applying Enelow to this situation contravenes the federal policy that favors arbitration as a means of dispute resolution. See also Southland Corp. v. Keating, — U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 852, 854-55, 79 L.Ed.2d 1 (1984). The First Circuit chose to cling to quaint doctrine in Langley v. Colonial Leasing Co. of New England, 707 F.2d 1 (1st Cir.1983). I would clean our procedural closet of those equitable cobwebs, for, in this instance, remembering history dooms us to repeat its errors.

. See Oasis Oil & Refining Corp. v. Armada Transport and Refining Co., 719 F.2d 124, 125 (5th Cir.1983) ("in this day of unitary actions, courts and commentators criticize as artificial the Enelow-Ettelson distinction”); City of Naples v. Prepakt Concrete Co., 494 F.2d 511, 512 (5th Cir.1974), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 843, 95 S.Ct. 76, 42 L.Ed.2d 71 (1974) (Enelow-Ettelson doctrine is a "medieval if not Byzantine peculiarity]”); Wallace v. Norman Industries, Inc., 467 F.2d 824, 827 (5th Cir.1972) ("it is anomalous that [Enelow requires that] the appealability of the order in this case should turn on an outmoded historical distinction”); Glen Oaks Utilities, Inc. v. City of Houston, 280 F.2d 330, 333 (5th Cir.1960) (The Enelow rule "was not laid down in the time of Henry IV, but it might he plausibly said that it is a technical procedural distinction which those who framed the Rules of Civil Procedure intended to abolish") (footnote omitted).

. See, e.g., Hartford Financial Systems, Inc. v. Florida Software Services, Inc., 712 F.2d 724, 727 (1st Cir.1983) (Enelow is "a Serbonian bog, where cases whole have sunk from sight"). See also Mellon Bank v. Pritchard-Keang Nam Corp., 651 F.2d 1244, 1247 (8th Cir.1981) ("the Enelow-Ettelson rule has been roundly criticized by nearly every court and commentator that has considered its application”); Goldberg v. Carey, 601 F.2d 653, 656 (2d Cir.1979) (Enelow-Ettelson rule "somewhat artificial”); Mansbach v. Prescott, Ball & Turben, 598 F.2d 1017, 1022 (6th Cir.1979) ("[t]he law on this matter is largely an historical anomaly”); Lee v. Ply*Gem Industries, Inc., 593 F.2d 1266, 1269 (D.C.Cir.), cert. denied, 441 U.S. 967, 99 S.Ct. 2417, 60 L.Ed.2d 1073 (1979) (rule has been "much maligned as divorced from any rational or coherent appeals policy"); Chapman v. International Ladies’ Garment Workers' Union, 401 F.2d 626, 628 (4th Cir.1968) ("There is room for dissatisfaction with a rule that tolerates opposite results depending upon the pure fortuity of the race to the courthouse.”).

. See, e.g., J.M. Huber & Co. v. M/V Plym, 468 F.2d 166, 167 (4th Cir.1972) (“Were the decisional slate clean we would have no hesitancy in discarding this fictional distinction and upholding appealability, but it would appear that the solution to this 'incongruity' must come from the Congress or upon reconsideration by the Supreme Court.”).

. 16 C. Wright, A. Miller, E. Cooper & E. Gressman, Federal Practice and Procedure § 3923, at 64.

. Baltimore Contractors, Inc. v. Bodinger, 348 U.S. 176, 75 S.Ct. 249, 99 L.Ed. 233 (1955).

. Pub.L. No. 85-919, 72 Stat. 1770 (1958), codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b) (1976).

. Baltimore Contractors v. Bodinger, 348 U.S. 176, 184, 75 S.Ct. 249, 254, 99 L.Ed. 233 (1955).

. See 16 Wright & Miller, supra note 4, § 3923, at 64-65. Cf. Chappell & Co. v. Frankel, 367 F.2d 197, 201 (2d Cir.1966) (citing enactment of § 1292(b) as major factor justifying reconsideration and abandonment of prior rule allowing *447interlocutory appeal of an order denying plaintiffs motion for summary judgment in action seeking permanent injunctive relief; "the enactment of the Interlocutory Appeals Act of 1958 would seem to be the sort of ‘intervening development in the law,’ ... that frequently justifies a court’s reconsideration of its prior rulings, for that Act, which allows interlocutory appeal is most persuasive removes [sic] much of the initial justification for our earlier decisions.”).

. 16 Wright & Miller, supra note 4, at § 3923, at 65.

. Hussain v. Bache & Co., 562 F.2d 1287, 1291 (D.C.Cir.1977).

. See, e.g., Gray Line Motor Tours, Inc. v. City of New Orleans, 498 F.2d 293, 296 (5th Cir.1974). See generally 16 Wright & Miller, supra note 4, § 3923.