Court Opinion

ID: 2821312
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-07-29 13:20:03.701861+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:05:19.185796
License: Public Domain

Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                             Lansing, Michigan
                                                                Chief Justice:         Justices:

Syllabus                                                        Robert P. Young, Jr.   Stephen J. Markman
                                                                                       Mary Beth Kelly
                                                                                       Brian K. Zahra
                                                                                       Bridget M. McCormack
                                                                                       David F. Viviano
                                                                                       Richard H. Bernstein
This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been             Reporter of Decisions:
prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.               Corbin R. Davis

                                              PEOPLE v JACKSON

       Docket No. 149798. Argued May 5, 2015. Decided July 28, 2015.

               Timothy W. Jackson was convicted by a jury in the Wayne Circuit Court of six counts of
       first-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC-I), MCL 750.520b(1)(a) and (1)(b)(iii), for sexually
       abusing a young member of the church where he served as pastor. The abuse occurred while the
       complainant was serving as a “youth nurse” to defendant, and came to light when the
       complainant’s aunt—who was a parishioner at the church, and had previously served as a nurse
       to defendant—asked the complainant about her relationship with defendant. At trial, the
       complainant’s aunt testified that she had approached the complainant to discuss the possible
       abuse in light of her own experiences and after talking with another woman who had also served
       as a nurse to defendant and had subsequently left the church. Defense counsel objected and
       moved for a mistrial, arguing that this testimony indicated that defendant had engaged in sexual
       relationships with the complainant’s aunt and her acquaintance, and was inadmissible evidence
       of other acts under MRE 404(b). The trial court, James A. Callahan, J., overruled the objection
       and denied the motion, ruling that admissibility of the testimony was not governed by MRE
       404(b) because the testimony was not evidence that defendant had engaged in prior sexual
       conduct with underage parishioners. The Court of Appeals, JANSEN, P.J., and OWENS, J.
       (SHAPIRO, J., concurring), affirmed in an unpublished opinion per curiam issued April 10, 2014
       (Docket No. 310177), holding that although the testimony was evidence of other acts under MRE
       404(b), it fell within an exception to that rule for res gestae evidence and thus could be admitted
       without reference to or compliance with the rule. The Supreme Court ordered and heard oral
       argument on whether to grant defendant’s application or take other peremptory action. 497 Mich
       930 (2014).

               In a unanimous opinion by Justice MCCORMACK, the Supreme Court held:

               The Court of Appeals erred by holding that the testimony at issue could be admitted
       without reference to or compliance with MRE 404(b) by virtue of a “res gestae exception” to that
       rule. There is no “res gestae exception” to MRE 404(b), nor does the definition of “res gestae”
       set forth in People v Delgado, 404 Mich 76 (1978), or People v Sholl, 453 Mich 730 (1996),
       delineate the limits of that rule’s applicability. To the extent that previous Court of Appeals
       cases have held otherwise, they are overruled. Because the testimony at issue constituted
       evidence of other acts under MRE 404(b), its admission was governed by that rule and its
       procedural requirements. However, the Court of Appeals correctly determined that the
defendant’s convictions should be affirmed because defendant failed to show that he was entitled
to relief on the basis of this error.

        1. The plain language of MRE 404(b) limits the rule’s scope to evidence of other crimes,
wrongs, or acts that are contemporaneous with, or prior or subsequent to, the conduct at issue in
the case and may be offered to prove the character of a person in order to show action in
conformity therewith. Thus, by its plain terms, MRE 404(b) only applies to evidence of crimes,
wrongs, or acts other than the conduct at issue in the case that risks an impermissible character-
to-conduct inference. Acts comprised by or directly evidencing the conduct at issue are not
subject to scrutiny under MRE 404(b). The conduct at issue in the instant case was defendant’s
charged acts of criminal sexual conduct against the complainant. Defendant’s prior relationships
with the complainant’s aunt and her acquaintance plainly did not constitute, directly evidence, or
contemporaneously facilitate the commission of this conduct. Rather, the testimony regarding
those prior relationships was offered to provide inferential support for the conclusion that the
charged conduct did, in fact, occur as alleged, and that those allegations were not fabricated.
Such evidence fell within the prevailing and established scope of “other acts” contemplated by
MRE 404(b), and the propriety of its inferential support was subject to scrutiny under that rule.

        2. The trial court erred by ruling that the challenged testimony was too vague and
nonspecific to constitute evidence of other acts. Although the complainant’s aunt did not
expressly state that defendant had engaged in sexual conduct with her and her acquaintance, her
testimony clearly indicated as much, and in fact, the offered relevance of her testimony turned on
the role this prior sexual conduct played in her decision to approach the complainant. While the
testimony’s level of detail regarding this prior conduct bore on its admissibility under MRE
404(b), the testimony constituted evidence of other acts and its admission was governed by that
rule.

       3. The trial court erred by deeming MRE 404(b) inapplicable because the testimony
involved women who were above the age of consent at the time of their prior relationships with
defendant. This was not factually established and, in any event, had no bearing on whether the
testimony was subject to MRE 404(b). The rule does not limit its reach to evidence of other
criminal conduct; rather, it expressly contemplates evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts that
may give rise to an impermissible character-to-conduct inference. Evidence that defendant had
previously engaged in sexual relationships with other parishioners, above or below the age of
consent, fell well within this scope of coverage.

        4. The Court of Appeals majority erred by holding that the challenged testimony fell
within a “res gestae exception” to MRE 404(b). The plain language of MRE 404(b) sets forth no
such exception from its coverage, nor was such an exception created in Delgado or Sholl, which
provide a definition for potentially admissible “res gestae” evidence but which do not purport to
exempt all evidence meeting that definition from scrutiny under MRE 404(b). This definition of
“res gestae” also does not provide an apt delineation the boundaries of MRE 404(b)’s
applicability; to the contrary, it is readily susceptible to a broad reading that significantly
overlaps with the established scope of MRE 404(b), which risks unduly eroding the rule’s plainly
stated scope and undermining its procedural protections. MRE 404(b) applies to evidence of
crimes, wrongs, or acts other than the conduct at issue in the case that may give rise to a
character-to-conduct inference. In this case, the prior sexual relationships to which the
challenged testimony referred plainly did not constitute the conduct at issue, nor did they directly
evidence or contemporaneously facilitate its commission; instead, they were offered to provide
inferential support for the conclusion that the conduct at issue occurred as alleged. Accordingly,
the admissibility of that testimony was governed by MRE 404(b).

        5. Defendant was not entitled to relief based on the erroneous handling of the challenged
testimony because the error was harmless. The testimony was logically relevant to a material
fact in the case as required by MRE 401 and MRE 402 and was offered for the proper,
nonpropensity purpose of explaining the timing and circumstances of the complainant’s
disclosure of the alleged abuse to her aunt, which was necessary to counter defendant’s theory
that the complainant’s allegations of abuse were fabricated at the behest of the complainant’s
aunt. Further, the probative value of the testimony was not substantially outweighed by the
danger of unfair prejudice under MRE 403 because the testimony was tailored to its proper
purpose and did not delve into unnecessary detail or unduly invite the jury to draw an
impermissible character-to-conduct inference from it.            Therefore, the testimony was
substantively admissible under MRE 404(b), notwithstanding the trial court’s failure to properly
analyze it under that rule. And while defendant was not provided proper pretrial notice of the
testimony as required by MRE 404(b)(2), he has not shown outcome-determinative prejudice
from that error. The lack of proper pretrial notice under MRE 404(b)(2) did not result in the
admission of substantively improper other-acts evidence. Although defendant was not afforded
an opportunity to marshal arguments against its admission before it was introduced at trial, he
did not show that any such arguments would have been availing or would have affected the
scope of testimony ultimately presented to the jury. While defendant suffered unfair surprise
from the unexpected introduction of this testimony at trial, he was aware of the general version
of events in the challenged testimony before trial and did not demonstrate how he would have
approached trial or presented his defense differently with proper notice of the proposed
testimony. Lastly, irrespective of the challenged testimony, the other evidence of defendant’s
guilt was overwhelming. The complainant testified at length and in detail regarding defendant’s
alleged acts of abuse, and her account was corroborated not only by other witness testimony but
also by substantial objective evidence for which defendant had no colorable explanation or
response. Accordingly, the erroneous handling of the challenged testimony did not undermine
the reliability of the verdict.

       Convictions affirmed; Court of Appeals opinion vacated in part.

                                    ©2015 State of Michigan
                                                                          Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                Lansing, Michigan
                                                    Chief Justice:          Justices:

OPINION                                             Robert P. Young, Jr. Stephen J. Markman
                                                                         Mary Beth Kelly
                                                                         Brian K. Zahra
                                                                         Bridget M. McCormack
                                                                         David F. Viviano
                                                                         Richard H. Bernstein

                                                                FILED July 28, 2015

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                   SUPREME COURT

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

             Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                            No. 149798

TIMOTHY WARD JACKSON, a/k/a
TIMOTHY WARD-JACKSON,

             Defendant-Appellant.

BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH

MCCORMACK, J.

      The defendant, Timothy Ward Jackson, was convicted by a jury of six counts of

first-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC-I), for sexually abusing a 12- to 13-year-old

member of the church where he served as a pastor. 1 Before us is whether certain

1
  The defendant was convicted of three counts of CSC-I under MCL 750.520b(1)(a)
(victim less than 13 years of age), and three counts of CSC-I under MCL
750.520b(1)(b)(iii) (coercion by use of authority).
testimony regarding prior sexual relationships the defendant had with other parishioners

constituted evidence of “other acts” under MRE 404(b) and, if so, whether that testimony

could be admitted without reference to or compliance with MRE 404(b) by virtue of a

“res gestae exception” to that rule.   We agree with the Court of Appeals that the

testimony was other-acts evidence as contemplated by MRE 404(b), and that the trial

court erred in concluding otherwise. We disagree with the Court of Appeals majority,

however, that the trial court’s failure to subject the testimony to scrutiny under MRE

404(b) was nonetheless correct because the testimony fell within a “res gestae exception”

to that rule. By its plain language, MRE 404(b) creates no such exception from its

coverage. Accordingly, because the testimony at issue constituted evidence of “other

acts” as contemplated by MRE 404(b), its admission was governed by that rule and its

procedural requirements. We agree, however, with the Court of Appeals’ determination

that the defendant’s convictions should be affirmed, as the defendant has failed to show

entitlement to relief on the basis of this error. We therefore affirm the defendant’s

convictions, but vacate that portion of the opinion of the Court of Appeals majority

reasoning that the testimony at issue could be admitted without reference to or

compliance with MRE 404(b) by virtue of a “res gestae exception” to that rule.

                I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      The defendant’s six CSC-I convictions arose from allegations that he repeatedly

engaged in sexual intercourse and fellatio with the complainant, a female parishioner at

                                           2
his church, while she was 12 to 13 years old and serving as one of his “youth nurses.” 2

The abuse was alleged to have occurred on a regular basis for approximately a year, until

the complainant disclosed it to her aunt, Jacklyn Price, who was also a parishioner in the

same church. This disclosure triggered a police investigation, which in turn led to the

institution of the charges of which the defendant was ultimately convicted.

       At trial, the complainant testified to the alleged abuse; the prosecution also offered

testimony from Price and the complainant’s mother, as well as other testimony and

physical evidence corroborative of the complainant’s version of events. The defendant

testified in his own defense, denying the allegations in full, questioning the complainant’s

credibility, and asserting that Price had fabricated the allegations and manipulated the

complainant out of spite toward the defendant for refusing to preside over Price’s

marriage to a non-Christian man. The defendant pointed to the year-long delay in the

complainant’s disclosure of the alleged abuse as supporting his claim that the allegations

were false. The defendant also offered testimony from other parishioners, including

former youth nurses, to corroborate his version of events.

       Price’s trial testimony is central to the claim of error before us, and bears

elaboration. The prosecutor’s direct examination of Price focused on developing the

circumstances and events surrounding the complainant’s disclosure of the alleged abuse

to her. Price testified that she started attending the defendant’s church when she was 15,

2
  As a youth nurse, the complainant was responsible for attending to the defendant and
assisting him with various matters before, during, and after church services; she was also
frequently alone with the defendant in his church office and traveled with him for certain
church functions.

                                             3
and at one point had served as a nurse for the defendant; she had subsequently left the

church for a few years on two occasions, but had since returned and was an active

member at the time of the complainant’s disclosure. This disclosure came on the heels of

a conversation that Price had initiated with the complainant after a morning church

service. According to Price, she “had a specific motive” for initiating this conversation:

to “see[] if [the complainant] had been touched in any sexual way” by the defendant.

Price acknowledged that she had not “notice[d] anything out of the ordinary” in the

defendant’s interactions with the complainant. She explained, however, that roughly a

month prior to her conversation with the complainant, she had fallen back in touch with a

woman named Latoya Newsome, who had formerly been a parishioner at the church and

had been a friend of Price’s and a fellow nurse to the defendant. Newsome, however, had

left the church for reasons unknown to Price at the time, and according to Price, “every

time I would ask somebody about her and where was she, it was almost like quiet and

secret as if I had said something wrong by bringing her name up.” Price had not heard

from Newsome for years, which Price believed was because Newsome “didn’t want

anything to do with me or the church.” Price testified that, when the two fell back in

touch, she expressed this belief to Newsome, and Newsome offered a response that

“[a]ffected me badly – very, very badly.” This, according to Price, prompted her to

approach the complainant.

      Price then testified to the substance of her conversation with the complainant.

Price started the conversation with small-talk about the complainant entering high school

and developing into a young woman. She then told the complainant “that there was some

things that I experience[d] when I was a little younger, that I didn’t say anything to

                                            4
anybody about because I was embarrassed, and I didn’t know what would happen,” and

that the complainant should “say something to somebody” if anyone touches her in a way

that makes her “feel bad . . . , because it’s not supposed to be that way.” The complainant

then disclosed the alleged abuse to Price, and Price in turn told the complainant’s mother.

According to Price, her “exact words” to the mother were that “this cannot happen.

There was some things that happened to me and I know wasn’t right, and I didn’t say

anything, and I buried it. And I’m not going to let this happen to my niece. . . . He

touched the wrong one.” The court later questioned Price on this topic as well:

              The Court: “All right. Because of this conversation that you had
       with [Newsome], why did you want to talk to your niece?”

              Price: “Because [Newsome] said some things to me that kind of –
       there was some similarities of what she –”

              The Court: “What do you mean? Hold on for one second. Did you
       ever see any familiarity between your niece and [the defendant] before you
       sat down an[d] spoke with her in [her] mother’s car.”

              Price: “No; not that I seen.”

       During Price’s direct examination, defense counsel objected and moved for a

mistrial; counsel later renewed this motion.      The trial court heard argument on the

objection and motion outside the presence of the jury, and ultimately rejected both.

Defense counsel argued that Price’s testimony regarding her decision to approach the

complainant constituted impermissible other-acts evidence under MRE 404(b)(1) because

the testimony clearly indicated that the defendant had previously engaged in sexual

relations with Price and Newsome, and gave rise to the improper inference that the

defendant had a propensity to abuse his position of authority over his parishioners in the

manner alleged in the instant case. Defense counsel also stressed that the prosecution had

                                              5
not provided any notice of intent to introduce this testimony, as required under MRE

404(b)(2), and had instead represented to defense counsel at the start of trial that Price

had been instructed not to bring the matter up. The prosecutor argued that the testimony

was not other-acts evidence governed by MRE 404(b) because it did not identify any

specific acts performed by the defendant and did not purport to demonstrate that the

defendant had engaged in prior sexual conduct with underage parishioners. 3           The

prosecutor further argued that Price’s testimony was offered for a proper purpose under

MRE 404(b)—to counter the defendant’s theory of fabrication by explaining why Price

approached the complainant when she did—and that the testimony had been limited to

this proper purpose. As to notice, the prosecutor argued that it was not required because

the testimony was not governed by MRE 404(b), and also that defense counsel was well

aware before trial of the defendant’s purported history of sexual conduct with other

parishioners (including Price and Newsome) and the role this history played in Price’s

conversation with the complainant.

      The trial court agreed with the prosecution that Price’s testimony did not implicate

MRE 404(b) because it did not provide evidence of prior bad acts by the defendant—

namely, prior sexual conduct with underage parishioners—given that Price was above the

3
  The prosecutor explained to the court that Price had apparently engaged in “kissing and
heavy petting” with the defendant, but was above the age of consent at the time. Neither
the prosecutor nor defense counsel knew the details of whatever sexual relationship the
defendant may have had with Newsome, including whether she was underage at the time.
The prosecutor indicated that efforts to locate and contact Newsome had proved
unsuccessful.

                                            6
age of consent at the time of her prior relationship with the defendant and her testimony

did not provide any specifics regarding that relationship. The court made clear that

defense counsel was free to recall Price to the stand and question her about any such

details, and could call other witnesses to further explore the defendant’s sexual history;

the court, however, declined defense counsel’s request to delay the trial to pursue any

such further measures.

       The jury convicted the defendant as charged. On appeal, the defendant raised a

number of challenges to these convictions in the Court of Appeals, including that the trial

court erred in admitting Price’s testimony regarding her and Newsome’s prior

relationships with him. The Court of Appeals unanimously affirmed the defendant’s

convictions, but disagreed regarding whether the trial court erred in its handling of

Price’s testimony. People v Jackson, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of

Appeals, issued April 10, 2014 (Docket No. 310177). The panel unanimously rejected

the trial court’s conclusion that Price’s testimony was not evidence of “other acts” as

contemplated by MRE 404(b). A majority of the panel, however, determined that the

testimony was nonetheless admissible without regard to MRE 404(b) because it fell

within a “res gestae exception” to that rule, given that “[t]he jury was entitled to know

why Price decided to ask the victim whether she had been touched” and Price’s testimony

“was necessary to explain the sequence of events leading up to [her] conversation with

the [complainant].” The majority correspondingly found no error in the prosecution’s

failure to provide “reasonable notice” of the testimony under MRE 404(b)(2), as such

notice is not required “when the evidence [the prosecution] intends to present falls within

the res gestae exception to MRE 404(b).” The majority further explained that, even if

                                            7
such notice were required, “the failure to provide [it] could not have prejudiced the

defense, which was aware of Price’s testimony regarding [the] defendant’s past

relationships as early as the preliminary examination.”

       Judge SHAPIRO concurred. He disagreed with the majority that Price’s testimony

was exempt from MRE 404(b), including its notice requirement, by virtue of a “res gestae

exception” to the rule, noting that the majority cited no authority to support that

proposition and the rule itself did not suggest it. He concluded, however, that this error

did not entitle the defendant to relief because “[t]he testimony in question was brief and

general and, given the extensive inculpatory evidence, it is difficult to see how the

possibility that [the] defendant previously had an affair with an adult woman, even if

‘inappropriate’ in some sense, was a serious consideration of the jury, let alone the

determinative factor that led them to convict him of the repeated sexual abuse of a 12- to

13-year-old girl.”

       The defendant then filed the instant application for leave to appeal, seeking this

Court’s review of the admission of Price’s testimony. We heard oral argument on the

application after directing the parties to address the following issues:

       (1) whether the challenged testimony of Jacklyn Price regarding the
       defendant’s prior sexual relationships was admissible res gestae evidence;
       (2) if so, whether the prosecutor was required to provide notice pursuant to
       MRE 404(b)(2); and (3) whether, if notice was required, any failure in this
       regard was prejudicial error warranting reversal. [People v Jackson, 497
       Mich 930 (2014).]

                               II. LEGAL BACKGROUND

       “The decision whether to admit evidence falls within a trial court’s discretion and

will be reversed only when there is an abuse of that discretion.” People v Duncan, 494

                                              8
Mich 713, 722; 835 NW2d 399 (2013). A trial court abuses its discretion when it makes

an error of law in the interpretation of a rule of evidence. Id. at 723. We review such

questions of law de novo. Id. “If the court’s evidentiary error is nonconstitutional and

preserved, then it is presumed not to be a ground for reversal unless it affirmatively

appears that, more probably than not, it was outcome determinative—i.e., that it

undermined the reliability of the verdict.” People v Douglas, 496 Mich 557, 565-566;

852 NW2d 587 (2014) (quotation marks and citations omitted).

      “When construing court rules, including evidentiary rules, this Court applies the

same principles applicable to the construction of statutes.” Duncan, 494 Mich at 723.

“Accordingly, we begin with the rule’s plain language,” and if that language is

unambiguous, we enforce its “plain meaning without further judicial construction.” Id.

      MRE 404(b) provides:

             (b) Other crimes, wrongs, or acts.

            (1) Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to
      prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity
      therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof
      of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, scheme, plan, or system in
      doing an act, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident when
      the same is material, whether such other crimes, wrongs, or acts are
      contemporaneous with, or prior or subsequent to the conduct at issue in the
      case.

             (2) The prosecution in a criminal case shall provide reasonable
      notice in advance of trial, or during trial if the court excuses pretrial notice
      on good cause shown, of the general nature of any such evidence it intends
      to introduce at trial and the rationale, whether or not mentioned in
      subparagraph (b)(1), for admitting the evidence. If necessary to a
      determination of the admissibility of the evidence under this rule, the
      defendant shall be required to state the theory or theories of defense, limited
      only by the defendant’s privilege against self-incrimination.

                                             9
       People v VanderVliet, 444 Mich 52, 64; 508 NW2d 114 (1993), amended 445

Mich 1205 (1994), sets forth the prevailing framework for analyzing the admissibility of

“[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts” under MRE 404(b).            As this Court

explained then and has consistently reaffirmed since, MRE 404(b) “is a rule of legal

relevance” that “limits only one category of logically relevant evidence”: “[i]f the

proponent’s only theory of relevance is that the other act shows defendant’s inclination to

wrongdoing in general to prove that the defendant committed the conduct in question, the

evidence is not admissible.” Id. at 61-63. “ ‘Underlying the rule is the fear that a jury

will convict the defendant inferentially on the basis of his bad character rather than

because he is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crime charged.’ ”          People v

Watkins, 491 Mich 450, 468; 818 NW2d 296 (2012), quoting People v Crawford, 458

Mich 376, 384; 582 NW2d 785 (1998). MRE 404(b) governs but does not prohibit all

evidence of other acts that risks this character-to-conduct inference; the rule “is not

exclusionary, but is inclusionary, because it provides a nonexhaustive list of reasons to

properly admit evidence that may nonetheless also give rise to an inference about the

defendant’s character.” People v Mardlin, 487 Mich 609, 616; 790 NW2d 607 (2010);

see, e.g., Watkins, 491 Mich at 468 (“MRE 404(b) requires the exclusion of other-acts

evidence if its only relevance is to show the defendant’s character or propensity to

commit the charged offense.”); People v Sabin (After Remand), 463 Mich 43, 56; 614

NW2d 888 (2000) (“The VanderVliet analytical framework reflects the theory of multiple

admissibility on which MRE 404(b) is founded.”). Accordingly,

       To admit evidence under MRE 404(b), the prosecutor must first establish
       that the evidence is logically relevant to a material fact in the case, as
       required by MRE 401 and MRE 402, and is not simply evidence of the

                                            10
      defendant’s character or relevant to his propensity to act in conformance
      with his character. The prosecution thus bears an initial burden to show
      that the proffered evidence is relevant to a proper purpose under the
      nonexclusive list in MRE 404(b)(1) or is otherwise probative of a fact other
      than the defendant’s character or criminal propensity. Evidence relevant to
      a noncharacter purpose is admissible under MRE 404(b) even if it also
      reflects on a defendant’s character. Evidence is inadmissible under this rule
      only if it is relevant solely to the defendant’s character or criminal
      propensity. . . . Any undue prejudice that arises because the evidence also
      unavoidably reflects the defendant’s character is then considered under the
      MRE 403 balancing test, which permits the court to exclude relevant
      evidence if its “probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of
      unfair prejudice . . . .” MRE 403. Finally, upon request, the trial court may
      provide a limiting instruction to the jury under MRE 105 to specify that the
      jury may consider the evidence only for proper, noncharacter purposes.
      [Mardlin, 487 Mich at 615-616 (footnotes omitted).][4]

4
  Before this Court’s decision in VanderVliet, there had been some confusion regarding
the general scope and nature of MRE 404(b)’s rule of admissibility for other-acts
evidence.      As explained in VanderVliet, this confusion stemmed from the
mischaracterization of MRE 404(b) as “a rule of general exclusion allowing admission of
other acts evidence only for the purposes set forth in the rule” and only if it satisfied
particular criteria set forth in an earlier decision from this Court, People v Golochowicz,
413 Mich 298, 308; 319 NW2d 518 (1982). VanderVliet, 444 Mich at 65. As a result of
this mischaracterization, other-acts evidence that was logically relevant and properly
offered for a nonpropensity purpose nonetheless could not be admitted under MRE
404(b)—an analytical incongruity that courts struggled to reconcile. See, e.g., People v
Hall, 433 Mich 573, 585-588; 447 NW2d 580 (1989) (plurality opinion of BOYLE, J.)
(characterizing this restrictive interpretation of MRE 404(b) as misguided, and explaining
why the evidence at issue would be admissible under a proper understanding of the rule
even though it did not satisfy the Golochowicz test). VanderVliet expressly dispelled this
mischaracterization and its resulting incongruity, emphasizing that MRE 404(b) reflects
an “inclusionary theory of admissibility” and clarifying that, while “Golochowicz
identifie[d] the requirements of logical relevance [for other-acts evidence] when the
proponent is utilizing a modus operandi theory to prove identity,” that case did “not set
the standard for the admissibility of other acts evidence” and “the courts of this state,
including this Court, . . . have been too quick to recite the Golochowicz test even when it
was probably inapplicable.” VanderVliet, 444 Mich at 65-66, 67 n 17.

                                            11
       In light of the “inherent complexity” in applying this framework to the various

circumstances and scenarios that may arise in a “modern day trial,” this Court has

adopted a pretrial notice requirement, first set forth in VanderVliet and now codified in

MRE 404(b)(2), “[t]o assist the trial court in this extraordinarily difficult context and to

promote the public interest in reliable fact finding.” VanderVliet, 444 Mich at 87, 89.

Requiring the prosecution to give “pretrial notice of its intent to introduce other acts

evidence at trial” is designed to “promote[] reliable decision making,” to “prevent[]

unfair surprise,” and to “offer[] the defense the opportunity to marshal arguments

regarding both relevancy and unfair prejudice.” Id. at 89, 89 n 51 (1994); see Sabin, 463

Mich at 60 n 6. The notice must be “reasonable” and provided before trial, but may be

provided “during trial if the court excuses pretrial notice on good cause shown.” MRE

404(b)(2). And as its plain terms make clear, this notice requirement is coextensive with

and reflective of MRE 404(b)’s inclusionary nature, applying to “any [other-acts]

evidence” the prosecution in a criminal case “intends to introduce at trial,” regardless of

whether “the rationale . . . for admitting the evidence” is “mentioned in subparagraph

(b)(1).”

                                     III. ANALYSIS

       At issue is whether and to what extent MRE 404(b), including its notice

requirement, governs the admissibility of Price’s testimony regarding the defendant’s

prior relationships with her and Newsome.         As summarized above, the trial court

concluded that the testimony did not constitute evidence of “other acts” under MRE

404(b); the Court of Appeals unanimously rejected that conclusion, but a majority of the

                                            12
panel nonetheless determined that the testimony could be admitted without regard to

MRE 404(b) by virtue of a “res gestae exception” to the rule. We agree with the Court of

Appeals on the former point, but disagree with the Court of Appeals majority on the

latter.

    A. PRICE’S TESTIMONY CONSTITUTED EVIDENCE OF “OTHER ACTS” AS
                      CONTEMPLATED BY MRE 404(b)

          We begin with the plain language of MRE 404(b), Duncan, 494 Mich at 723,

which, as set forth above, limits the rule’s scope to “[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs,

or acts” that “are contemporaneous with, or prior or subsequent to the conduct at issue in

the case” and may be offered “to prove the character of a person in order to show action

in conformity therewith.” 5 Thus, by its plain terms, MRE 404(b) only applies to evidence

of crimes, wrongs, or acts “other” than the “conduct at issue in the case” that risks an

impermissible character-to-conduct inference. Correspondingly, acts comprised by or

directly evidencing the “conduct at issue” are not subject to scrutiny under MRE 404(b).

See, e.g., Mardlin, 487 Mich at 616 n 10 (noting that “MRE 404(b) is not even implicated

if the prosecution seeks to introduce logically relevant evidence of other acts performed

by the defendant if the evidence does not generate an intermediate inference as to his

character”), citing VanderVliet, 444 Mich at 64; People v Houston, 261 Mich App 463,

5
  The phrase “conduct at issue” was added to the rule in 1991, to replace the phrase “the
crime charged,” and to thereby clarify that “[t]he rule applies in civil cases even though it
is used more often in criminal cases.” MRE 404, Note to 1991 Amendment, 437 Mich
cci. See also, e.g., People v Starr, 457 Mich 490, 499; 577 NW2d 673 (1998) (noting
that “MRE 404(b) specifically addresses the admissibility of uncharged conduct”).

                                             13
468-469; 683 NW2d 192 (2004) aff’d on other grounds 473 Mich 399; 702 NW2d 530

(2005) (explaining that “MRE 404(b) was not implicated” in the admission of evidence

that, three days before the charged offense, the defendant possessed a firearm like the one

used in the charged offense, as such evidence “was directly relevant to identifying [the]

defendant as the killer” and “did not operate through an intermediate inference”). Other

jurisdictions are in accord with this understanding, aptly explaining that evidence of acts

other than the charged conduct is “intrinsic” to that conduct and thus not subject to

404(b) scrutiny if the uncharged acts “directly prove[] the charged offense” or if they

“were performed contemporaneously with” the charged offense and “facilitated [its]

commission.” United States v Green, 617 F3d 233, 248-249 (CA3, 2010) (quotation

marks omitted); e.g., State v Ferrero, 229 Ariz 239, 243; 274 P3d 509 (2012); State v

Rose, 206 NJ 141, 180; 19 A3d 985 (2011); United States v Bowie, 344 US App DC 34,

40; 232 F3d 923 (2000).

       As the Court of Appeals correctly recognized, the “conduct at issue” in the instant

case was the defendant’s charged acts of criminal sexual conduct against the

complainant. The defendant’s prior relationships with Price and Newsome plainly did

not constitute, directly evidence, or contemporaneously facilitate the commission of this

conduct. Rather, Price’s testimony regarding those prior relationships was offered to

provide inferential support for the conclusion that the charged conduct did, in fact, occur

as alleged, and that those allegations were not fabricated.          Such evidence falls

comfortably within the prevailing and established scope of “other acts” contemplated by

MRE 404(b), and the propriety of its inferential support is subject to scrutiny under that

rule. See People v Starr, 457 Mich 490, 494-496; 577 NW2d 673 (1998) (recognizing, in

                                            14
a case charging the defendant for the sexual abuse of his daughter, that testimony

regarding the defendant’s prior sexual abuse of his half-sister constituted evidence of

“other acts” subject to scrutiny under MRE 404(b)); see also VanderVliet, 444 Mich at 87

(confirming that MRE 404(b) effectuates the notion “that other acts evidence must move

through a permissible intermediate inference . . . to be relevant to actus reus” and that,

“[a]bsent such an intermediate inference, the other acts evidence bears only on propensity

and is inadmissable”); People v Engelman, 434 Mich 204, 215-217; 453 NW2d 656

(1990) (discussing MRE 404(b)’s role in determining whether evidence of other acts

“tends to establish some intermediate inference, other than the improper inference of

character, which is in turn probative of . . . the commission of the [alleged criminal] act”).

        Like the Court of Appeals, we are not persuaded by the trial court’s reasoning to

the contrary. First, we disagree with the trial court that Price’s testimony regarding her

and Newsome’s prior relationships with the defendant was too vague and nonspecific to

constitute evidence of “other acts.” Although Price did not expressly state that the

defendant engaged in sexual conduct with her and Newsome, her testimony clearly

indicated as much. Indeed, as discussed below, the offered relevance of her testimony

turned on the role this prior sexual conduct played in Price’s decision to approach the

complainant.    Thus, while (as also discussed below) the testimony’s level of detail

regarding this prior conduct may bear on its admissibility under MRE 404(b), the

testimony constituted evidence of “other acts” whose admission was governed by that

rule.

        Similarly, the trial court erred in deeming MRE 404(b) inapplicable because Price

and Newsome were above the age of consent at the time of their prior relationships with

                                             15
the defendant. While the parties appear to agree this was true as to Price, neither party

seems to know precisely how old Newsome may have been at the relevant time.

Regardless, we do not see how Price’s and Newsome’s ages at the time of these

relationships impacts whether Price’s testimony is subject to MRE 404(b). The rule does

not limit its reach to evidence of other criminal conduct; rather, it expressly contemplates

evidence of “other crimes, wrongs, or acts” that may give rise to an impermissible

character-to-conduct inference.    Evidence that the defendant previously engaged in

sexual relationships with other parishioners, above or below the age of consent, falls well

within this scope of coverage.

       Accordingly, we agree with the Court of Appeals that the trial court erred in its

interpretation of MRE 404(b), and in its corresponding conclusion that Price’s testimony

did not constitute evidence of “other acts” as contemplated by that rule.

           B. THERE IS NO “RES GESTAE EXCEPTION” TO MRE 404(b)

       Despite properly recognizing Price’s testimony as evidence of “other acts” under

MRE 404(b), the Court of Appeals majority concluded that the trial court did not

ultimately err in admitting the testimony without reference to or compliance with that

rule. According to the Court of Appeals majority, Price’s testimony fell within a “res

gestae exception” to MRE 404(b), which rendered the rule, and its notice requirement,

inapplicable. We cannot agree with this analysis and conclusion.

       We begin once again with the plain language of MRE 404(b), which sets forth no

such “res gestae exception” from its coverage. Nor do we see any basis for reading one

into the rule. In concluding otherwise, the Court of Appeals majority looked to this

                                            16
Court’s decisions in People v Delgado, 404 Mich 76; 273 NW2d 395 (1978), and People

v Sholl, 453 Mich 730; 556 NW2d 851 (1996). We do not read either decision, however,

as creating a “res gestae exception” for evidence of “other acts” under MRE 404(b),

contrary to the plain language of the rule.

        In Delgado, the defendant was charged for the delivery of heroin to an undercover

police officer. At trial, the prosecution introduced evidence regarding a separate delivery

of heroin the defendant had made to this same officer a few days earlier, successfully

arguing that it was admissible under MCL 768.27. 6 This Court affirmed the admission of

this evidence of the uncharged prior sale, 7 but found it “unnecessary to decide whether

the evidence was admissible under [MCL 768.27] and intimate[d] no view with respect

6
    MCL 768.27 provides:

               In any criminal case where the defendant’s motive, intent, the
        absence of, mistake or accident on his part, or the defendant’s scheme, plan
        or system in doing an act, is material, any like acts or other acts of the
        defendant which may tend to show his motive, intent, the absence of,
        mistake or accident on his part, or the defendant’s scheme, plan or system
        in doing the act, in question, may be proved, whether they are
        contemporaneous with or prior or subsequent thereto; notwithstanding that
        such proof may show or tend to show the commission of another or prior or
        subsequent crime by the defendant.

At the time of the defendant’s trial in Delgado, MRE 404(b) had not yet been enacted;
the rule became effective on March 1, 1978.
7
  The defendant had initially been charged for the prior sale in a separate information; the
prosecution moved to consolidate that case with the one pertaining to the subsequent sale,
but the trial court denied the motion on the basis that the sales constituted two separate
transactions. The prosecution thereafter dismissed the case pertaining to the prior sale.
See Delgado, 404 Mich at 79-80, 80 n 2.

                                              17
thereto.” Delgado, 404 Mich at 84. Instead, this Court reasoned that the evidence of the

prior sale was “properly before the jury” because it was “inextricably related” to the

charged offense, which “[q]uite literally . . . followed from the sale [preceding it], as does

an effect follow from a cause,” and “[t]he jurors were entitled to have before them the

facts concerning the [prior sale] as an integral part of the events which were incidental to

the” charged offense. Id. This Court supported that conclusion with the following

general explanation:

              It is the nature of things that an event often does not occur singly and
       independently, isolated from all others, but, instead, is connected with some
       antecedent event from which the fact or event in question follows as an
       effect from a cause. When such is the case and the antecedent event
       incidentally involves the commission of another crime, the principle that
       the jury is entitled to hear the “complete story” ordinarily supports the
       admission of such evidence. . . .

              Stated differently:

                     Evidence of other criminal acts is admissible when so
              blended or connected with the crime of which defendant is
              accused that proof of one incidentally involves the other or
              explains the circumstances of the crime. [Id. at 83 (quotation
              marks and citations omitted).]

       This Court reiterated and relied upon this general definition in Sholl, which

involved a defendant charged with third-degree criminal sexual conduct in connection

with a sexual encounter between him and his then girlfriend. At trial, the prosecution

offered evidence that the defendant had been using marijuana on the evening in question;

the court had ruled before trial that this evidence could be admitted to impeach the

defendant’s memory of the encounter, but did not subsequently instruct the jury that the

evidence could be considered only for this limited purpose. The Court of Appeals found

                                             18
error in the trial court’s failure to provide such an instruction. This Court rejected that

conclusion, however, quoting the Delgado standard above and explaining that, while

“there are substantial limits on the admissibility of evidence concerning other bad acts,”

       it is essential that prosecutors and defendants be able to give the jury an
       intelligible presentation of the full context in which disputed events took
       place. The presence or absence of marijuana could have affected more than
       the defendant’s memory. It could have affected the behavior of anyone
       who used the drug. Further, inferences made by a person about the
       intended conduct of another might have been affected by the person’s
       knowledge that the other’s conduct was taking place in a setting where
       illegal drugs were being used.

               In this case, a jury was called upon to decide what happened during
       a private event between two persons. The more the jurors knew about the
       full transaction, the better equipped they were to perform their sworn duty.
       [Sholl, 453 Mich at 741-742.]

       Courts have frequently looked to Delgado and Sholl for guidance when assessing

whether certain evidence is part of the “res gestae” of a charged offense, 8 and some, like

the Court of Appeals majority here, have relied upon them in recognizing a “res gestae

exception” to MRE 404(b). 9 We agree that Delgado and Sholl provide firm support for

the notion that evidence meeting their “res gestae” definition is potentially relevant and

8
 See, e.g., People v Cash, 419 Mich 230, 249; 351 NW2d 822 (1984); People v Maxson,
181 Mich App 133, 136; 449 NW2d 422 (1989); People v Bostic, 110 Mich App 747,
749-750; 313 NW2d 98 (1981).
9
  See, e.g., People v Malone, 287 Mich App 648, 661-662; 792 NW2d 7 (2010); People v
Crowell, 186 Mich App 505, 508; 465 NW2d 10 (1990); People v Robinson, 128 Mich
App 338, 340; 340 NW2d 303 (1983). To the extent that such caselaw holds that there is
a “res gestae exception” to MRE 404(b), and thus conflicts with our holding in the instant
case, it is overruled.

                                            19
admissible. Neither case, however, indicates that evidence of “other acts” is exempt from

scrutiny under or compliance with MRE 404(b) simply because it meets this definition.

       Delgado concluded that evidence of an uncharged prior act could be admitted

without reference to MCL 768.27.       The decision did not address or mention MRE

404(b)—understandably, as that evidentiary rule had only recently become effective at

the time of the decision, and correspondingly had not been offered at trial as a basis for

the evidence’s admission. And while MRE 404(b) and MCL 768.27 certainly overlap,

they are not interchangeable. MCL 768.27 authorizes the admission of evidence of “like

acts or other acts of [a criminal] defendant which may tend to show his motive, intent, the

absence of, mistake or accident on his part, or the defendant's scheme, plan or system in

doing the act, in question,” when one or more of such matters “is material.” This

statutory authorization comports with and is encompassed by MRE 404(b), as made clear

by that rule’s enumerated list of proper purposes for admitting other-acts evidence.

Unlike MCL 768.27, however, MRE 404(b)’s list of such purposes is expressly

nonexhaustive, and thus plainly contemplates the admission of evidence that may fall

outside the statute’s articulated scope. Delgado thus reflects what the plain language of

MRE 404(b) confirms: that MCL 768.27 does not purport to define the limits of

admissibility for evidence of uncharged conduct. And while Delgado indicates that

evidence meeting its definition of “res gestae” is potentially admissible, it does not

suggest that the admissibility of all such evidence is properly evaluated without reference

to MRE 404(b).

       Nor do we find this proposition in Sholl. Unlike Delgado, Sholl does refer to

MRE 404(b), albeit in passing, when noting that “there are substantial limits on the

                                            20
admissibility of evidence concerning other bad acts.” Sholl, 453 Mich at 741. Sholl then

holds that, because the evidence in question satisfied Delgado’s “res gestae” definition,

its admission was not precluded by MRE 404(b)’s “substantial limits.” This conclusion,

like that in Delgado, comports with MRE 404(b)’s inclusionary nature, recognizing that

the rule does not prohibit the admission of evidence of uncharged conduct that is relevant

for nonpropensity reasons. It does not, however, purport to place all evidence meeting

the Delgado/Sholl definition of “res gestae” outside the purview of MRE 404(b).

       Accordingly, we fail to see in Delgado and Sholl an exception from MRE 404(b)’s

coverage for all evidence meeting their definition of “res gestae.” Nor do we think that

definition aptly delineates the limits of “other acts” evidence contemplated by and subject

to MRE 404(b). As this Court has long recognized, and as the Delgado/Sholl definition

reflects, the concept of “res gestae” evidence is inherently indefinite and malleable. See,

e.g., People v Kayne, 268 Mich 186, 192; 255 NW 758 (1934) (noting that “[n]o

inflexible rule has ever been, and probably one never can be, adopted as to what is a part

of the res gestae,” as “[i]t must be determined largely in each case by the peculiar facts

and circumstances incident thereto”) (quotation marks and citation omitted).          This

malleability, however, proves problematic when the concept is used to define the

boundaries of MRE 404(b)’s applicability. For while the Delgado/Sholl definition of “res

gestae” undoubtedly covers evidence of the “conduct at issue” in a given case, it is also

readily susceptible to a much broader reading that significantly overlaps with MRE

404(b)’s established scope.

       For instance, it is well recognized that MRE 404(b) governs the admission of

evidence of uncharged acts that are offered “to establish a common plan, design, or

                                            21
scheme embracing a series of crimes, including the crime charged, so related to each

other that proof of one tends to prove the other.” Sabin, 463 Mich at 62-63 (quotation

marks and citations omitted). Such uncharged acts, however, could just as easily be

characterized as “inextricably related” to the charged offense, Delgado, 404 Mich at 84,

part of its “full transaction,” Sholl, 453 Mich at 742, and necessary “to give the jury an

intelligible presentation of the full context in which disputed events took place,” id. at

741.   Indeed, courts have often considered whether evidence of an “other act” is

necessary to “complete the story” of the charged offense when evaluating whether that

evidence has been offered for a proper nonpropensity purpose under MRE 404(b). See,

e.g., Starr, 457 Mich at 502 (explaining that evidence of the defendant’s prior sexual

abuse of his half-sister was admissible under MRE 404(b)(1) because it was necessary to

rebut the defendant’s claim of fabrication and “ ‘[w]ithout such evidence, the fact finder

would be left with a chronological and conceptual void regarding the events’ ”), quoting

VanderVliet, 444 Mich at 81; People v Dobek, 274 Mich App 58, 91; 732 NW2d 546

(2007) (concluding that evidence of the defendant’s prior acts of sexual abuse of the

complainant was admissible under MRE 404(b)(1) because the evidence was

“significantly probative on issues of intent, scheme, plan, and system, as well as on

credibility and presenting the full picture to the jury”), citing People v DerMartzex, 390

Mich 410; 213 NW2d 97 (1973); People v Hawkins, 245 Mich App 439, 449; 628 NW2d

105 (2001) (quoting and relying upon the Delgado definition of “res gestae” to conclude

that other-acts evidence had been offered for a proper purpose under MRE 404(b)(1)).

       The instant case well illustrates the problem. When the Delgado/Sholl definition

of “res gestae” is read properly, Price’s testimony does not fall within it, largely for the

                                            22
same reasons it does not constitute evidence of the “conduct at issue” under MRE 404(b).

The defendant’s prior relationships with Price and Newsome were not part of the “full

transaction” of the alleged sexual misconduct against the complainant, Sholl, 453 Mich at

742, nor were they “so blended or connected with” that misconduct as to be “inextricably

related” to it.   Delgado, 404 Mich at 83-84.         Rather, they were wholly distinct

occurrences whose only offered relevance was to explain not “the circumstances of the

crime,” id. at 83, but the circumstances of the complainant’s eventual disclosure of it to

Price. See also Kayne, 268 Mich at 192 (explaining that, at their core, “res gestae are the

facts which so illustrate and characterize the principal fact as to constitute the whole one

transaction, and render the latter necessary to exhibit the former in its proper effect”)

(quotation marks and citation omitted). That said, and as the reasoning of the Court of

Appeals majority reflects, the Delgado/Sholl definition can be easily stretched to support

the opposite conclusion:      given that the defendant put the circumstances of the

complainant’s disclosure squarely in dispute at trial and used it to support his claim that

the alleged conduct never occurred, evidence explaining why Price approached the

complainant when she did could be characterized as “essential . . . to give the jury an

intelligible presentation of the full context in which disputed events took place,” Sholl,

453 Mich at 741, and to “complete the story” of the allegations, Delgado, 404 Mich at 83.

The Delgado/Sholl definition of “res gestae” is thus indefinite and malleable enough to

sweep Price’s testimony within its scope, despite the fact that it is plainly “other acts”

evidence as contemplated by MRE 404(b)—resulting in the Court of Appeals majority’s

                                            23
confused determination that the testimony both was and was not evidence governed by

that rule. 10

        As a number of other jurisdictions have recognized, the danger such confusion

poses to the integrity of MRE 404(b) is substantial; using the Delgado/Sholl standard to

define the boundaries of that rule risks unduly eroding the rule’s plainly stated scope and

undermining its procedural protections. See, e.g., Green, 617 F3d at 246-248 (rejecting

the use of a “res gestae” or “inextricably intertwined” standard to define the scope of

FRE 404(b), as such a standard is “vague, overbroad, and prone to abuse, and we cannot

ignore the danger it poses to the vitality of Rule 404(b)”); United States v Boone, 628 F3d

927, 933 (CA 7, 2010) (confirming its rejection of the “inextricable intertwinement”

doctrine because it was “unhelpfully vague, and was often used as a basis to admit

evidence that was more properly admissible either as direct evidence or as evidence

10
   This confusion, and the general notion of an “exception” from MRE 404(b) for certain
other-acts evidence, may also be attributable in part to semantic vestiges of the pre-
VanderVliet interpretation of MRE 404(b), which, as noted above, viewed the rule as one
of exclusion, permitting the admission of other-acts evidence only in limited
circumstances. These limited circumstances, in turn, were often characterized as
“exceptions to the general exclusionary rule regarding [a] defendant’s prior bad acts or
crimes.” People v Flynn, 93 Mich App 713, 718; 287 NW2d 329 (1979). See id. at 718-
722 (explaining that, because the evidence at issue was part of the “res gestae” of the
charged offenses and was relevant to demonstrate motive, it was admissible under two
such “exceptions”); Robinson, 128 Mich App at 340 (discussing “the ‘res gestae’
exception to th[e] general rule” reflected by MRE 404(b) that “evidence of ‘bad acts’ is
inadmissible to prove guilt of the charged offense”). As VanderVliet made clear, this
nomenclature is ill suited to the prevailing understanding of MRE 404(b): the rule does
not operate through “exceptions” to exclusion, but rather is an inclusionary “rule of legal
relevance” that countenances the admission of all but “one category of logically relevant
[other-acts] evidence.” 444 Mich at 61-62.

                                            24
under Rule 404(b)”) (quotation marks omitted); Bowie, 344 US App DC at 38-40

(making clear that “there is no general ‘complete the story’ or ‘explain the circumstances’

exception to Rule 404(b)” because “[s]uch broad exclusions have no discernible

grounding in the ‘other crimes, wrongs, or acts’ language of the rule” and “threaten[] to

override” the rule); Ferrero, 229 Ariz at 243 (abandoning an “inextricable

intertwinement” test for 404(b) evidence due to difficulties in its proper interpretation and

application); Rose, 206 NJ at 176-182 (“end[ing] the practice of invoking ‘res gestae’ as

an explanation for the admission of evidence” in general, and rejecting the use of that

concept to define the boundaries of 404(b) other-acts evidence).             We share the

apprehensions articulated by these other jurisdictions, and agree that MRE 404(b),

“particularly its notice requirement, should not be disregarded on such a flimsy basis” as

the “res gestae exception” invoked by the Court of Appeals majority here. Bowie, 344

US App DC at 40.

       We therefore clarify that there is no “res gestae exception” to MRE 404(b), nor

does the definition of “res gestae” set forth in Delgado and Sholl delineate the limits of

that rule’s applicability. 11 As the plain language of the rule makes clear, MRE 404(b)

11
   We stress that this clarification does not mean that all evidence meeting the
Delgado/Sholl definition of “res gestae” is other-acts evidence subject to scrutiny under
MRE 404(b); to the contrary, there is likely to be substantial overlap between evidence of
acts properly understood to be part of the “res gestae” of the charged conduct, and
evidence of acts that directly prove or contemporaneously facilitate the commission of
that conduct. Nor does this clarification affect the substantive scope of evidence
potentially admissible under the Delgado/Sholl definition of “res gestae”—just whether
the admission of such evidence is governed by MRE 404(b) and its procedural
requirements. See, e.g., Green, 617 F3d at 249 (“As a practical matter, it is unlikely that
our holding will exclude much, if any, evidence that is currently admissible as

                                             25
applies to evidence of “crimes, wrongs, or acts” other than the “conduct at issue in the

case” that may give rise to a character-to-conduct inference. Here, the prior sexual

relationships to which Price’s testimony referred plainly did not constitute the “conduct at

issue” in the instant case, nor did they directly evidence or contemporaneously facilitate

its commission; instead, they were offered to provide inferential support for the

background or ‘completes the story’ evidence under the inextricably intertwined test. . . .
[M]ost, if not all, other crimes evidence currently admitted outside the framework of Rule
404(b) as ‘background’ evidence will remain admissible under the approach we adopt
today. The only difference is that the proponent will have to provide notice of his
intention to use the evidence, and identify the specific, non-propensity purpose for which
he seeks to introduce it (i.e., allowing the jury to hear the full story of the crime).
Additionally, the trial court will be required to give a limiting instruction upon request.”)
(citation omitted).

       We are also cognizant of the challenges that may attend compliance with MRE
404(b)’s procedural requirements in this context; it is not always possible for a prosecutor
to anticipate before trial, for instance, what the defendant’s theory of the case may be,
and thus what evidence of “other acts” may prove relevant and necessary to “complete
the story” of the charged conduct and the defendant’s guilt. We thus take this
opportunity to emphasize that, while a prosecutor’s failure to comply with these
procedural requirements may result in the exclusion of substantively admissible evidence,
that is not their driving purpose. Rather, as we explained when enacting these
requirements in VanderVliet, they are intended and designed to facilitate the fair and
proper handling of other-acts evidence in the “extraordinarily difficult context” of a
“modern day trial,” and to accommodate the various circumstances and practical
difficulties that may arise in that context. See VanderVliet, 444 Mich at 87-89.
Correspondingly, MRE 404(b)(2) provides that the prosecution’s notice of other-acts
evidence must be “reasonable,” and that provision of notice during trial rather than before
it may be excused “on good cause shown.” Courts should bear these provisions, and their
underlying purposes, in mind when evaluating whether a prosecutor’s failure to properly
notice other-acts evidence before trial requires its exclusion, or instead warrants another
solution.

                                             26
conclusion that the “conduct at issue” occurred as alleged. Accordingly, the admissibility

of that testimony was governed by MRE 404(b), including its notice requirement.

       C. THE DEFENDANT IS NOT ENTITLED TO RELIEF BASED ON THE
              ERRONEOUS HANDLING OF PRICE’S TESTIMONY

       Thus, contrary to the determination of the Court of Appeals majority, we conclude

that it was error to admit Price’s testimony without reference to or compliance with MRE

404(b). Because this error was harmless, however, we agree with the Court of Appeals

that the defendant is not entitled to relief.

       First, this error did not result in the introduction of substantively inadmissible

other-acts evidence against the defendant. Price’s testimony regarding the defendant’s

prior relationships with her and Newsome certainly carried the risk of a character-to-

conduct inference; indeed, under Price’s version of events, it was that inference that led

Price to wonder whether the defendant was abusing the complainant. As we have made

clear, however, MRE 404(b) does not prohibit all other-acts evidence “that may . . . give

rise to an inference about the defendant’s character,” but only that which is “relevant

solely to the defendant’s character or criminal propensity.” Mardlin, 487 Mich at 615-

616. Here, Price’s testimony was “logically relevant to a material fact in the case, as

required by MRE 401 and MRE 402, and [was] not simply evidence of the defendant’s

character or relevant to his propensity to act in conformance with his character.” Id. at

615. Namely, it was offered for the proper, nonpropensity purpose of explaining the

timing and circumstances of Price’s conversation with the complainant—an explanation

necessary to counter the defendant’s theory that the complainant’s allegations of abuse

were fabricated at Price’s behest. See Starr, 457 Mich at 501-502 (testimony regarding

                                                27
the defendant’s prior sexual abuse of his half-sister was offered for a proper purpose

under MRE 404(b)(1) because it was necessary to explain the circumstances of the

complainant’s disclosure of the charged abuse to her mother and to “effectively rebut

[the] defendant’s claim that the charges were groundless and fabricated by her mother”).

Nor was the probative value of this evidence “substantially outweighed by the danger of

unfair prejudice” under MRE 403. See Mardlin, 487 Mich at 616. Price’s testimony was

tailored to its proper purpose, and did not delve into unnecessary detail or unduly invite

the jury to draw an impermissible character-to-conduct inference from it. 12 We do not

see, and the defendant has not explained, how the testimony could have been limited to

meaningfully reduce the risk of this impermissible inference while still preserving the

testimony’s legitimate probative value. Cf. Crawford, 458 Mich at 398 (finding other-

acts evidence unfairly prejudicial under MRE 403 because “the specter of impermissible

character evidence is likely to have significantly overshadowed any legitimate probative

value” the evidence may have had). 13

12
   For instance, while Price’s testimony indicated that she herself had drawn such an
inference on the basis of the defendant’s prior relationships with her and Newsome, the
testimony did not purport to validate her inference to that effect; rather, Price made clear
in her testimony that she had not “notice[d] anything out of the ordinary” in the
defendant’s interactions with the complainant.
13
   The defendant notes that the lack of detail in Price’s testimony added to its unfair
prejudice, as it left the jury free to infer that the defendant’s prior sexual relationships
with Price and Newsome had occurred when the two women were below the age of
consent, like the complainant was at the time of the alleged abuse. As noted above, the
parties appear to agree that this was not the case as to Price, but there is some uncertainty
regarding Newsome’s age at the time of her relationship with the defendant. In any
event, as the trial court made clear, the defendant was free to develop the details of these
relationships at trial to the extent he felt necessary and advantageous to his defense.

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       Accordingly, Price’s testimony was substantively admissible under MRE 404(b),

notwithstanding the trial court’s failure to properly analyze it under that rule. And while

it was error for the prosecution not to provide, and the trial court not to require,

“reasonable notice” of Price’s testimony under MRE 404(b)(2), the defendant has not

demonstrated that this error “more probably than not . . . was outcome determinative.”

Douglas, 496 Mich at 566 (quotation marks omitted). As discussed above, the lack of

proper pretrial notice did not result in the admission of substantively improper other-acts

evidence. Thus, although the defendant was not afforded his due “opportunity to marshal

arguments” against its admission before it was introduced at trial, VanderVliet, 444 Mich

at 89 n 51, he has not shown that any such arguments would have been availing, or would

have affected the scope of testimony ultimately presented to the jury. Furthermore, while

the defendant suffered “unfair surprise” from the unexpected introduction of this

testimony at trial, id., he was admittedly aware of Price’s general version of events before

trial, including her and Newsome’s prior relationships with the defendant, 14 and he has

While the defendant presumably would have preferred to avoid the topic of these
relationships entirely, their introduction at trial resulted from his challenge to the veracity
of the complainant’s disclosure and to Price’s motives in connection therewith. We do
not see unfair prejudice in the level of detail Price offered, and the defendant chose to let
stand, on this topic. See Crawford, 458 Mich at 398 (“Rule 403 does not prohibit
prejudicial evidence; only evidence that is unfairly so.”).
14
   In particular, and as the prosecutor stresses, Price’s witness statement indicated that she
“was sexually assaulted in the past,” which gave rise to “some concerns” that prompted
her conversation with the complainant; it also indicated, in a separate portion of the
statement, that Price had been in touch with Newsome, “a former church member,” and
Newsome “said she was sexually assaulted by our pastor and I told her about my incident
with our pastor too.” According to the prosecutor, this witness statement, coupled with
the fact that Price was an endorsed witness for the prosecution, were sufficient to provide

                                              29
not demonstrated how he would have approached trial or presented his defense

differently had he known in advance that Price would be permitted to testify as she did.

For instance, the defendant has not suggested that he would have chosen to explore these

prior relationships in greater depth with Price, nor has he identified or presented offers of

proof from any witnesses he might have called in response to her testimony. 15 He also

has not suggested that he would have altered or abandoned his theory of fabrication so as

to prevent Price from offering this testimony to counter it. We therefore cannot conclude

that the defendant suffered outcome-determinative prejudice from the prosecution’s

failure to follow, and the trial court’s failure to apply, MRE 404(b)(2). Cf. Hawkins, 245

Mich App at 455-456 (concluding the defendant was not entitled to relief due to the

prosecutor’s failure to provide the notice required under MRE 404(b) because, inter alia,

the lack of notice did not result in the prosecutor being “able to use irrelevant,

inadmissible prior bad acts evidence to secure [the defendant’s] conviction” and the

the defendant with the “reasonable notice” required under MRE 404(b)(2). We disagree.
By its plain terms, MRE 404(b)(2) requires reasonable pretrial notice not only that
potential other-acts evidence exists, but that the prosecutor “intends to introduce [that
evidence] at trial” and has an articulable “rationale for admitting” it. Price’s witness
statement focused largely on detailing her role as the individual to whom the complainant
first disclosed the abuse, and who then set in motion the chain of events leading to the
defendant’s arrest; her endorsement as a witness for the prosecution, in turn, simply
reflected the unremarkable proposition that she would be called to testify as to these
events. Neither her witness statement nor the fact of her endorsement suggested, let
alone provided reasonable notice of, the prosecution’s intent to have Price testify to her
and Newsome’s prior relationships with the defendant, or what the rationale for admitting
that other-acts evidence might be.
15
  Indeed, in denying the defendant’s motion for a mistrial, the trial court made clear that
the defendant could recall Price to the stand to take further testimony on the topic and
could also put on additional witnesses, but the defendant did neither.

                                             30
defendant “has never suggested how he would have reacted differently to th[e] evidence

had the prosecutor given notice”).

       Lastly, we agree with Judge SHAPIRO’s concurring observation in the Court of

Appeals that, irrespective of Price’s testimony, the other evidence of the defendant’s guilt

was overwhelming.      The complainant testified at length and in detail regarding the

defendant’s alleged acts of abuse. While the defendant denied these allegations and

offered his own version of events, this was not, as he claims, a pure credibility contest.

To the contrary, as the Court of Appeals majority detailed, the complainant’s account was

corroborated not only by other witness testimony, but by substantial objective evidence

for which the defendant had no colorable explanation or response. 16 Our review of this

other evidence, and the record as a whole, leaves no doubt that the erroneous handling of

Price’s testimony was harmless, and did not “undermine[] the reliability of the verdict”

against the defendant. Douglas, 496 Mich at 566.

                                     IV. CONCLUSION

       For the reasons set forth above, we agree with the Court of Appeals that the trial

court erred in ruling that Price’s testimony was not evidence of “other acts” as

16
   Namely, (1) a medical examination performed the day following the complainant’s
disclosure of the abuse revealed physical injuries consistent with the complainant’s
allegations of abuse; (2) the police recovered from the defendant’s church office a semen-
stained towel containing his DNA, which was consistent with the complainant’s
description of the defendant’s use of such towels in connection with the alleged abuse;
and (3) the defendant was confirmed to have a distinctive birthmark on his inner thigh
near to and obscured by his scrotum, which the complainant had described in detail
during a statement to the police.

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contemplated by MRE 404(b).       We conclude, however, that the Court of Appeals

majority erred in determining that the testimony could nonetheless be admitted without

reference to or compliance with MRE 404(b) by virtue of a “res gestae exception” to that

rule, and we vacate that portion of the majority’s opinion. Despite this error, we agree

with the Court of Appeals that the defendant’s convictions should be affirmed, as he has

not demonstrated entitlement to relief based on the erroneous handling of Price’s

testimony.

                                                      Bridget M. McCormack
                                                      Robert P. Young, Jr.
                                                      Stephen J. Markman
                                                      Mary Beth Kelly
                                                      Brian K. Zahra
                                                      David F. Viviano
                                                      Richard H. Bernstein

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