Court Opinion

ID: 2678797
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-06-17 21:01:29.371693+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:10:56.279605
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                        Docket No. 40504

KARRIN MASSEY and MARK MASSEY,                       )
husband and wife, individually and as parents        )
and next friends of EMMA GRACE                       )
MASSEY, a minor child,                               )
                                                              Idaho Falls, May 2014 Term
                                                     )
     Plaintiffs-Appellants,                          )
                                                              2014 Opinion No. 54
                                                     )
v.                                                   )
                                                              Filed: June 17, 2014
                                                     )
CONAGRA FOODS, INC., a Delaware                      )
                                                              Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
corporation,                                         )
                                                     )
    Defendant-Respondent.                            )
______________________________________               )

        Appeal from the District Court of the Sixth Judicial District of the State of Idaho,
        Bannock County. Hon. Stephen S. Dunn, District Judge.

        The judgment of the district court is vacated.

        Racine Olson Nye Budge & Bailey, Pocatello, for appellants. Richard A. Hearn
        argued.

        McGrath North Mullin & Kratz, Omaha, Nebraska, and Benoit Alexander
        Harwood & High, Twin Falls, for respondent. Brian T. McKernan argued.
                                _____________________

J. JONES, Justice.
        This appeal arises out of a products liability case. In early June of 2007, Karrin Massey
consumed at least one, but perhaps several, poultry pot pies that were manufactured by ConAgra
Food, Inc. and sold under the Banquet brand name. Soon after, Karrin, who was six months
pregnant at the time, developed salmonellosis. After an outbreak of salmonella was linked to
Banquet pot pies, it was discovered that Karrin’s strain of salmonella matched the strain of
salmonella found in the contaminated pot pies. Karrin, her husband, Mark Massey, and their
daughter Emma filed suit against ConAgra, alleging claims of product liability, negligence, and
breach of warranty. The district court eventually granted ConAgra’s motion for summary
judgment on the grounds that the Masseys had failed to establish the pot pies in question were
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defective. The Masseys filed a motion for reconsideration, which was denied. The Masseys then
appealed to this Court.
                                      I.
                     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       In early May of 2007, the Centers for Disease Control (“CDC”) identified a salmonella
outbreak in several states, including Idaho. After an extensive investigation, the most likely
source of the outbreak was identified as pot pie filling that was manufactured by ConAgra and
marketed as part of the Banquet brand.
       Appellant Karrin Massey had long enjoyed pot pies as part of her diet. In the first part of
June, 2007, Ms. Massey consumed one or more Banquet pot pies. Ms. Massey does not
remember if she cooked the pot pies in the oven or in the microwave. She testified that she
usually—but not always—cooked them in the oven, and that she “always followed [cooking]
time instructions.” During the first week of June, Ms. Massey began to experience diarrheal
symptoms and was hospitalized twice due to dehydration. On June 10, 2007, a stool sample was
cultured for salmonella. The sample tested positive, and Ms. Massey was hospitalized on June 13
for treatment. On June 14, the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare (“IDHW”) interviewed
her in hopes of determining a possible source of her infection. At this time, Ms. Massey was
approximately six months pregnant with her daughter, Emma. Because she was pregnant, Ms.
Massey declined to take certain medications that may have been more effective in treating
salmonellosis, but could have harmed her unborn child. Emma Grace Massey was born on
October 3, 2007. On appeal, the Masseys do not delve into how Emma was injured, although
ConAgra notes that Emma’s birth itself was without complications.
       Ms. Massey was treated for salmonellosis until approximately September 4, 2007, at
which time three consecutive stool samples tested negative for the presence of salmonella. Ms.
Massey’s particular strain of bacteria was later identified as salmonella enterica, serovar
4,5,12:i:- monophasic.
       According to the Masseys, near the end of 2007, CDC investigators collected samples of
pot pie crust and filling at ConAgra’s plant, which were found to contain salmonella enterica,
serovar 4,5,12:i:-, the same strain present in Ms. Massey’s stool sample. ConAgra disputes this,
stating that in fact, “no salmonella was ever found within ConAgra’s pot pie facility.” In any

                                                2
event, salmonella enterica, serovar 4,5,12:i:-, the same strain present in Ms. Massey’s stool
sample, was later found in Banquet pot pies sampled from a Boise store.
       Ms. Massey and her husband Mark filed a complaint on April 2, 2010, individually and
on behalf of their daughter Emma. Therein, they alleged claims based on product liability, breach
of warranty, and negligence. On March 21, 2012, ConAgra moved for summary judgment,
alleging that the Masseys’ claims were barred because of the statute of limitations and that the
Masseys could not establish that the pot pies in question were defective. The district court, upon
request, granted the Masseys a continuance so that they could depose Dr. Leslie Tengelsen, an
Idaho State Deputy Epidemiologist. Shortly after Dr. Tengelsen’s deposition was taken,
ConAgra filed a renewed motion for summary judgment. The district court held a hearing on
ConAgra’s renewed motion on June 4, 2012. In its resulting July 3, 2012 order (“Summary
Judgment Order”), the district court found in ConAgra’s favor, holding that the Masseys had
failed to establish a genuine issue of material fact with regard to whether a product defect
existed. The Masseys filed a timely motion for reconsideration, arguing that the district court
misunderstood the main issue of the case and misconstrued certain facts. The district court
entered an order denying the Masseys’ motion on September 28, 2012 (“Order Re: Motion for
Reconsideration”). The Masseys filed a timely appeal.
                                             II.
                                     ISSUES ON APPEAL
I.     Whether the district court erred in determining that the Masseys failed to establish a
       genuine issue of material fact that the pot pies were defective?
II.    Whether the district court erred in finding that there was no genuine issue of material fact
       as to the Masseys’ negligence claim?
III.   Whether the Masseys waived their right to challenge the district court’s denial of their
       motion to reconsider?
IV.    Whether the district court erred in sua sponte concluding that the Masseys’ failure to
       warn claim was not adequately pleaded?
                                             III.
                                         DISCUSSION
           A. Standard of review.
       The applicable standard of review is well-settled:
       “Appellate review of a district court’s ruling on a motion for summary judgment
       is the same as that required of the district judge when ruling on the motion.”
       Steele v. Spokesman–Review, 138 Idaho 249, 251, 61 P.3d 606, 608 (2002). Under
       I.R.C.P. 56(c), summary judgment is appropriate when “the pleadings,

                                                3
       depositions, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that
       there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is
       entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” I.R.C.P. 56(c). This Court must
       “liberally construe . . . the record in favor of the party opposing the motion and
       draw . . . all reasonable inferences and conclusions in that party’s favor.” Steele,
       138 Idaho at 251, 61 P.3d at 608. Summary judgment is not appropriate “[i]f the
       evidence is conflicting on material issues, or if reasonable minds could reach
       different conclusions.” Peterson v. Romine, 131 Idaho 537, 540, 960 P.2d 1266,
       1269 (1998).
Liberty Northwest Ins. Co. v. Spudnik Equip. Co., LLC, 155 Idaho 730, 732–33, 316 P.3d 646,
648–49 (2013).
       Additionally, this Court has recently clarified the standard of review utilized in reviewing
a district court’s denial of a motion to reconsider. “[W]hen the district court grants summary
judgment and then denies a motion for reconsideration, ‘this Court must determine whether the
evidence presented a genuine issue of material fact to defeat summary judgment.’ This means the
Court reviews the district court’s denial of a motion for reconsideration de novo.” Bremer, LLC
v. E. Greenacres Irrigation Dist., 155 Idaho 736, 744, 316 P.3d 652, 660 (2013) (quoting
Fragnella v. Petrovich, 153 Idaho 266, 276, 281 P.3d 103, 113 (2012)).
           B. The district court erred in determining that the Masseys failed to establish a
              genuine issue of material fact that the pot pies were defective.
       In their complaint, the Masseys put forth three claims: products liability, negligence, and
breach of warranty. In order “[t]o establish a prima facie case in a products liability action, the
plaintiff has the burden of proving that ‘1) he was injured by the product; 2) the injury was the
result of a defective or unsafe product; and 3) the defect existed when the product left the control
of the manufacturer.’” Liberty, 155 Idaho at 733, 316 P.3d at 649 (quoting Farmer v. Int’l
Harvester Co., 97 Idaho 742, 746–47, 553 P.2d 1306, 1310–11 (1976)). The district court
granted summary judgment on the grounds that the Masseys did not show that a genuine issue of
material fact existed with regard to whether the pot pies were defective. In its Summary
Judgment Order, the district court determined that “[a] pot pie contaminated with salmonella is
not defective because salmonella in an uncooked or under cooked product is not considered an
adulterant.” The district court explained that “[e]ven assuming that a pot pie eaten by Massey
was contaminated by salmonella, the deposition testimony of Dr. Tengelsen clearly fails to
establish that a pot pie contaminated with salmonella is defective.” The district court also
concluded that a Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) investigation and its “conclusions
                                                 4
drawn therefrom does not determine that any of the pot pies were adulterated, and therefore,
defective.”
       The Masseys argue that Karrin’s affidavit established a defect under Idaho law, that Dr.
Tengelsen’s testimony did the same, and that the district court erred in its analysis of certain
nonbinding case law. ConAgra disputes all of these assertions, and adds that the district court did
not err in failing to find evidence of a defect based on USDA guidelines.
       “[T]he term ‘defect’ is not susceptible of a general definition but must be considered on a
case by case basis.” Farmer, 97 Idaho at 747, 553 P.2d at 1311. In defining what constitutes a
defect, this Court has favorably quoted the Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 402A (comment g
1965) as follows: “Defective condition. The rule stated in this Section applies only where the
product is, at the time it leaves the seller’s hands, in a condition not contemplated by the ultimate
consumer, which will be unreasonably dangerous to him.” Id. Comment i to § 402A defines
“unreasonably dangerous” as “dangerous to an extent beyond that which would be contemplated
by the ordinary consumer who purchases it, with the ordinary knowledge common to the
community as to its characteristics.” Id. This Court has also quoted Prosser on Torts for the
proposition that “‘the prevailing interpretation of “defective” is that the product does not meet
the reasonable expectations of the ordinary consumer as to its safety.’” Id. (citing Prosser, Torts,
§ 99, p. 659 (4th ed. 1971)). A defect can be shown either by direct evidence, or by
circumstantial evidence. Id. “A circumstantial evidence showing under the Farmer case
[requires] proof of: (1) the malfunction of the product; (2) the lack of evidence of abnormal use;
and (3) proof excluding the possibility of other ‘reasonable causes.’” Doty v. Bishara, 123 Idaho
329, 332, 848 P.2d 387, 390 (1992).
       When circumstantial evidence is presented, it is the trier of fact who “is invited to infer
the existence of a defect.” Edwards v. Conchemco, Inc., 111 Idaho 851, 852, 727 P.2d 1279,
1280 (Ct. App. 1986). Furthermore, the defect may be established solely based upon the
“[t]estimony of the user [or] operator of the product as to the circumstances of the event.”
Farmer, 97 Idaho at 748, 553 P.2d at 1312. This Court has explicitly refused to require a plaintiff
to proffer expert testimony as part of its prima facie products liability case, stating: “[t]hough it
is no doubt true that a plaintiff may bolster his or her case considerably through the use of expert
testimony, we nevertheless decline to require such expert testimony for the establishment of a

                                                 5
plaintiff’s prima facie case.” Fouche v. Chrysler Motors Corp., 107 Idaho 701, 704, 692 P.2d
345, 348 (1984).
           The district court erred in its analysis of what constitutes a product defect under Idaho
law. Specifically, it was error to equate “defective” with “adulterated.” The origin and rationale
behind using these terms interchangeably is unclear, although it was the Masseys who first made
mention of the term in their complaint. 1 “Adulterated” is a defined term under Chapter 10 of 21
U.S.C. § 453, a federal statute. 21 U.S.C. § 453.2 Generally, Chapter 10 discusses “Poultry and
Poultry Products Inspection.” Id. No link exists between a defined term in a federal statute and
what constitutes a product defect under Idaho law; thus, the district court’s erroneous assumption
to the contrary was in error.
           Instead of determining that a pot pie must be “adulterated” to be defective, the district
court should have looked to existing case law to determine what constitutes a product defect in
Idaho. Under Farmer, a defect can be established solely based on the testimony of the user. 3
Here, Karrin testified that (1) she ate at least one and possibly several Banquet brand pot pies
during the last part of May and the first part of June; (2) despite not remembering whether she
cooked those pot pies in the microwave or oven, she “always followed time instructions” on the

1
    Paragraph 20 of the Masseys’ complaint states:
           Defendant ConAgra had a duty to comply with all statutory and regulatory provisions pertaining
           to the manufacture, distribution, storage, labeling, and sale of food products, including, but not
           limited to, the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act, which bans the sale and distribution of
           adulterated food.
2
    That provision provides:
           (g) The term “adulterated” shall apply to any poultry product under one or more of the following
           circumstances:
               (1) if it bears or contains any poisonous or deleterious substance which may render it
               injurious to health; but in case the substance is not an added substance, such article shall
               not be considered adulterated under this clause if the quantity of such substance in or on
               such article does not ordinarily render it injurious to health;
               ....
               (4) if it has been prepared, packed, or held under insanitary conditions whereby it may
               have become contaminated with filth, or whereby it may have been rendered injurious to
               health;
               ....
21 U.S.C. § 453.
3
  Because of this rule, the parties’ relentless focus on whether the deposition testimony of Dr. Tengelsen established
a product defect is irrelevant. Again, expert testimony is not required for a plaintiff to establish the existence of a
product defect. Fouche, 107 Idaho at 704, 692 P.2d at 348.
                                                            6
box; (3) she was diagnosed with salmonellosis on June 13, 2007; and (4) her particular strain of
salmonella was later found in Banquet brand pot pies. As for whether there was proof of the lack
of evidence of abnormal use and the lack of other reasonable causes—which again is required
under Farmer when making a showing of circumstantial evidence—those are questions best
answered by a jury, since it is the trier of fact who “is invited to infer the existence of a defect.”
In this case, the Masseys requested a jury trial. Based on Karrin’s testimony alone, a jury could
reasonably conclude that a pot pie cooked according to the instructions that nonetheless retains
salmonella bacteria is “dangerous to an extent beyond that which would be contemplated by the
ordinary consumer,” “does not meet the reasonable expectations of the ordinary consumer as to
its safety,” and is therefore defective.
        Because the district court erred in its analysis of what constitutes a product defect under
Idaho law, and because a jury could reasonably conclude that Karrin’s testimony sufficiently
demonstrated product defect, we vacate the district court’s grant of summary judgment.
            C. The district court erred in granting summary judgment on the issue of
               negligence.
        The district court also granted summary judgment on the Masseys’ negligence claim,
again because of a failure to show product defect. On appeal, the Masseys seem to be arguing
that because the Idaho pattern jury instruction for negligence does not make mention of the term
“defect,” a negligence claim does not require that element.
        Regardless of whether a products liability case “is based on warranty, negligence or strict
products liability, plaintiff has the burden of alleging and proving that 1) he was injured by the
product; 2) the injury was the result of a defective or unsafe product; and 3) the defect existed
when the product left the control of the manufacturer.” Farmer, 97 Idaho at 746–47, 553 P.2d at
1310–11. Thus, product defect is a necessary element in a products liability case that is based on
negligence.
        Because we hold that the district court erred in its product defect analysis, the Masseys’
negligence claim survives. We thus vacate the district court’s decision as to the Masseys’
negligence claim.
            D. The Masseys did not waive their right to challenge the district court’s denial
               of their motion to reconsider.
        In its response brief, ConAgra asserts that because the Masseys “never challenge or
request this court to reverse” the district court’s Order Re: Motion for Reconsideration, the
                                               7
Masseys have waived both the right to contest that order, as well as the right to make any
arguments on appeal that were first made in their memorandum in support of their motion for
reconsideration. The Masseys reply that the district court’s two orders—its Summary Judgment
Order and its Order Re: Motion for Reconsideration—are “inextricably intertwined” because the
Order Re: Motion for Reconsideration essentially just reiterates what had already been decided
in the previous Summary Judgment Order.
       For its assertion that the Masseys waived some of their arguments, ConAgra relies on the
following oft-cited rule and other variations thereof: “When issues cited on appeal are not
supported by propositions of law, authority, or argument, they will not be considered.” Langley
v. State Indus. Spec. Indem. Fund, 126 Idaho 781, 784, 890 P.2d 732, 735 (1995). ConAgra
states that the Masseys’ “waiver is further highlighted by their omission of the appropriate
standard of review that” guides this Court when analyzing orders granting or denying motions to
reconsider.
       This argument is unpersuasive. The notice of appeal and a subsequent amended notice
both indicate that the Masseys are appealing both the Summary Judgment Order and the Order
Re: Motion for Reconsideration. Moreover, the contents of both orders are much the same, with
one exception. In its Order Re: Motion for Reconsideration, the district court addressed for the
first time the issue of whether the Masseys sufficiently pleaded a failure to warn claim. The
Masseys have unequivocally raised the appropriateness of this holding as an issue on appeal.
ConAgra cites to no authority that holds the omission of one of the applicable standards of
review constitutes a waiver of that argument when that argument is otherwise made within the
appellate brief. The Masseys are obviously disputing the holdings in the district court’s Order
Re: Motion for Reconsideration, and while they may have omitted the applicable standard of
review, that does not constitute a waiver of the arguments that they otherwise supported with
authority and argument.
              E. The district court erred in finding that the Masseys’ failure to warn claim
                 was not adequately pleaded.
       The Masseys argue that the district court erred in its Order Re: Motion to Reconsider
when it determined, sua sponte, that the Masseys did not adequately plead a failure to warn
claim. The Masseys allege that the factual allegations within the complaint put ConAgra on
actual notice that a failure to warn claim was being made. ConAgra counters that “[i]n reality,

                                                8
Appellants did not even attempt to suggest they had [pleaded] such a claim until after the
[d]istrict [c]ourt had granted [s]ummary [j]udgment and Appellants realized they had no
evidence of product defect.” ConAgra’s full response to this argument takes up a half page and is
devoid of any legal authority.
       In its Order Re: Motion for Reconsideration, the district court stated: “It is obvious at this
point that Plaintiffs are making a standard failure to warn argument. . . . However, Plaintiffs
failed to plead a failure to warn claim in their Complaint.” The district court subsequently denied
the Masseys’ motion to reconsider “as it relates to their failure to warn arguments.” Notably,
ConAgra did not—at any point—assert in its district court briefing that the Masseys
insufficiently pleaded a failure to warn claim.
       The district court’s sua sponte determination was in error. First, while their complaint
could have been clearer, the Masseys did adequately plead a failure to warn claim. Second, a
district court’s sua sponte dismissal of a claim based on an insufficient pleading is in error when
neither party raised the issue and no opportunity was given to argue that, in fact, the claim was
sufficiently pleaded.
       The language that constitutes a failure to warn claim is found in paragraph 19 of the
Masseys’ complaint, under a “Product Liability” heading. That paragraph states in part: “[t]he
pot pie consumed by [Ms. Massey] was contaminated with Salmonella because ConAgra . . .
failed to ensure that its cooking instructions would, if followed by the consumer, kill Salmonella
and other pathogens.”
       In its brief in support of its motion to reconsider, the Masseys wrote:
       The Court’s decision also rests on the premise that the only defect identified by
       the Plaintiffs was the pies’ “adulteration” with Salmonella. However, Plaintiffs
       also identify faulty cooking instructions and warnings as defects. In a products
       liability case, a plaintiff may prevail by showing that a product is unreasonably
       dangerous either because it is inherently defective or because the manufacturer
       fails to warn of dangers, or provides inadequate instructions. A failure to provide
       adequate warning of dangers renders a manufacturer liable under products
       liability principles. . . . In this case, regardless of whether Salmonella is
       considered an adulterant, the pie is still unreasonably dangerous because the
       cooking instructions were confusing, inadequate to ensure safe cooking, and
       failed to warn of the danger of Salmonella. . . . The evidence establishes at least a
       question of fact whether the cooking instructions were adequate. Karrin’s
       affidavit establishes that she cooked the pie per the instructions but still contracted
       salmonellosis. . . . That alone is evidence from which a jury could conclude that
       the instructions were inadequate.
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       ConAgra’s response brief in opposition of the Masseys’ motion to reconsider indicates
that the adequacy of the cooking instructions was raised earlier. ConAgra wrote:
       The Court’s summary judgment ruling also considered and analyzed additional
       arguments made by Plaintiffs concerning cooking instructions. Plaintiffs had
       argued that: “Defendant . . . failed to verify that it[s] cooking instructions were
       adequate to protect consumers.” . . . The Court concluded that: “This alleged
       failure does not establish the first two elements of Plaintiffs’ claims as asserted in
       the Complaint in this case.” . . . Plaintiffs’ arguments regarding cooking
       instructions likewise are misguided. Plaintiffs focus on language on the front of
       the product packaging about the product being “Ready in 4 minutes” in a
       microwave, but Plaintiffs have never offered any evidence indicating that Karrin
       Massey cooked the product for 4 minutes in a microwave.
Again, noticeably absent from ConAgra’s response brief is any allegation that the Masseys did
not adequately plead a failure to warn claim. At the hearing on the motion to reconsider,
however, the following exchange took place:
       Court: Okay, . . . it goes to the second part of their argument, which is the
       instruction part. That is, I prepare the product according to instruction, it’s got
       salmonella in it. I’m going to get sick and if I – even if I prepare it according to
       instructions, I’m still possibly going to get sick. That’s the question. Does that
       make the product defective? Essentially, it’s a failure to warn case, a failure to
       instruct case. Isn’t that what we – isn’t that what they’re arguing and how do you
       respond to that?
       [Counsel for ConAgra]: It’s not plead[ed] here and it’s not my burden to
       establish that.
This appears to be the only instance in the record where ConAgra had anything to say about
whether a failure to warn claim was, or was not, pleaded.
       Idaho Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(1) requires a complaint to include “a short and plain
statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” I.R.C.P. 8(a)(1). This Court
has long abandoned any technical rules of pleading. Clark v. Olsen, 110 Idaho 323, 325, 715
P.2d 993, 995 (1986). “The general policy behind the current rules of civil procedure is to
provide every litigant with his or her day in court.” Id. Additionally, “[t]he purpose of a
complaint is to inform the defendant of the material facts upon which the plaintiff bases his
action.” Id. To reiterate, “[a] complaint need only contain a concise statement of the facts
constituting the cause of action and a demand for relief.” Id. “Failure to warn can be a basis for
recovery in a products liability action, whether alleged under a theory of strict liability in tort or
negligence.” Puckett v. Oakfabco, Inc., 132 Idaho 816, 823, 979 P.2d 1174, 1181 (1999).While

                                                 10
jurisdictional issues and the illegality of a contract may be raised sua sponte by a court at any
time (See, Dep’t of Health & Welfare v. Doe I, 147 Idaho 314, 315, 208 P.3d 296, 297 (2009);
Trees v. Kersey, 138 Idaho 3, 6, 56 P.3d 765, 768 (2002)), there does not appear to be any case
law discussing a district court’s ability to dismiss certain claims based on its sua sponte
determination that the claim in question was not adequately pleaded in the complaint.
       While the Masseys’ complaint is nothing if not concise, it nonetheless satisfied the
barebones standard under Rule 8(a). Because a failure to warn claim is a specific type of
products liability action, the inclusion of certain language such as: “[ConAgra] failed to ensure
that its cooking instructions would, if followed by the consumer, kill Salmonella and other
pathogens” under a general “Products Liability” heading is sufficient for ConAgra to infer that a
failure to warn claim was being alleged. And, importantly, ConAgra did make that inference.
Thus, the general purpose behind a complaint—to          inform the defendant of the plaintiff’s
allegations—was not circumvented here. ConAgra acknowledged in its response brief in
opposition of the Masseys’ motion to reconsider that the Masseys had raised the issue of
inadequate instructions prior to the district court’s ruling on ConAgra’s summary judgment
motion. ConAgra did, in response to the district court’s inquiry at hearing, state that a failure to
warn claim was not pleaded, but in doing so appears to have misconstrued the import of
paragraph 19 of the complaint and the parties’ briefing with respect to that issue. The district
court erred in dismissing the Masseys’ failure to warn claim based on a failure to plead.
Furthermore, the Masseys had no notice that the sufficiency of their complaint was at issue.
                                         V. CONCLUSION
       We vacate the judgment and award costs to the Masseys.

       Chief Justice BURDICK, and Justices EISMANN, W. JONES, and HORTON
CONCUR.

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