Court Opinion

ID: 4846660
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-23 20:32:02.489148+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:11:41.957414
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

 AVANTI MARKETS INC., a
 Washington corporation; and JIM            No. 81064-2-I
 BRINTON, an individual,
                                            DIVISION ONE
                      Respondents,
                                            UNPUBLISHED OPINION
               v.

 HAPPAY, INC., a Washington
 corporation; COREY WILLIAMS
 and JANE DOE WILLIAMS,
 husband and wife; and DANIEL
 LEEKS and JANE DOE LEEKS,
 husband and wife,

                      Appellants.

      SMITH, J. — Avanti Markets Inc. and its owner, Jim Brinton, sued Avanti’s

software support company, Happay Inc., and its owners, Corey Williams and

Daniel Leeks, after the contractual relationship between the two companies

terminated. The trial court concluded that Williams and Leeks had defrauded

Brinton and that Happay had breached its contract with Avanti. The court

imposed joint and several liability against Happay and its owners for damages

resulting from Happay’s failure to achieve compliance with payment card industry

(PCI) software standards, Happay’s inflation of costs passed on to Avanti, and

costs Brinton incurred as a result of fraud. The court also granted attorney fees

to Brinton and Avanti. Finding no error, we affirm.

 Citations and pin cites are based on the Westlaw online version of the cited material.
No. 81064-2-I/2

                                      FACTS

       Avanti is a Washington corporation that provides the equipment and

software necessary to operate “micro markets,” small unattended stores that sell

food and beverages. Avanti micro markets use a sophisticated and valuable

software to facilitate retail transactions. A small Avanti-owned company, Byndl,

provided technical support for the Avanti software. In April 2016, to ensure Byndl

was running efficiently and optimally, Avanti hired a software consulting company

called Boxspy.

       At the time, Corey Williams was a co-owner of Boxspy, and Daniel Leeks

was a Boxspy employee. Boxspy assigned Leeks to Avanti’s project, and Leeks

was ultimately installed as the head of engineering at Byndl to direct and oversee

the engineering team and its development schedule and procedures. Leeks

worked in this role as an employee of Boxspy from May to August of 2016.

       Jim Brinton is the sole owner of Avanti. According to Brinton’s testimony

and the trial court’s findings, Williams, Leeks, and Brinton (along with a fourth

party who later pulled out of negotiations) began discussions to form a company

that would take over Byndl’s role of technical support and ultimately pursue other

profitable software opportunities. Williams and Leeks led Brinton to believe that

they could perform Byndl’s role more efficiently than Byndl. Brinton would

provide the new company with start-up revenue as well as the opportunity to

enter a lucrative contract with Avanti, and in exchange, Brinton would own 65

percent of the shares and Williams and Leeks would each own 7.5 percent.

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No. 81064-2-I/3

Brinton, Williams, and Leeks entered an oral agreement to this effect around

August 31, 2016.

       On September 1, 2016, Avanti and the new company, Happay, executed

the “Service and License Agreement” (SLA). Under the SLA, Happay would

receive 30 percent of all of Avanti’s service fee revenues as well as commissions

on new Avanti kiosk sales. In exchange, Happay would provide a wide array of

technical services, including “ensur[ing] that the Avanti Software and the Avanti

Portal meet all specifications and operational requirements for PCI Compliance.”

PCI compliance entails meeting security standards set by the payment card

industry to conduct online transactions. The SLA also provided that Happay

could not assign its duties without Avanti’s prior written consent and that if it

wished to use independent contractors, it had to provide reasonably detailed

information about the contractors to Avanti.

       Brinton testified that he permitted Avanti to enter the SLA because he

knew he was an owner of Happay. However, without his knowledge, on

September 28, 2016, Leeks and Williams executed corporate documentation for

Happay that listed themselves as the sole shareholders, governors, and board

members. They did not tell Brinton that they had changed their mind about

Happay’s structure. Indeed, Brinton testified that at a transition meeting with the

Byndl team with Williams and Leeks, he introduced himself as a majority owner

of the new company. Similarly, at a meeting with the Boxspy team, Brinton again

introduced himself as a majority owner of Happay in the presence of Williams

and Leeks. Williams and Leeks did not correct him at either meeting.

                                               3
No. 81064-2-I/4

       On September 30, 2016, Williams submitted documents to Brinton to

provide a personal guarantee for Happay office space. Believing that he was a

majority owner of Happay, Brinton agreed to do so. Brinton continued to act

based on his belief that he was a majority owner, including by providing

advanced payments to front the Happay payroll, directing Avanti’s controller to

make regular payments to Happay in addition to what was required under the

SLA, and e-mailing Williams in March 2017 asking about the status of his K-1 tax

form as “‘a large stakeholder.’”1 In response to this last inquiry, Williams simply

stated, “‘[R]egarding taxes, [a]s a C-Corp, Happay does not distribute K-1 to

‘owners.’ C-Corps provide 1099-DIV for dividends paid to individuals/entities

who own their stock during a calendar year.’”

       In January 2017, four months into the SLA, Happay informed Avanti that it

could not keep up with the work it had undertaken under the SLA. Williams

proposed that Avanti increase funding to Happay by approximately $3.4 million,

thereby enabling Happay to hire additional full-time employees and 19 full-time

independent contractors. He proposed that Happay would hire independent

contractors and bill Avanti “at-cost,” and that he and Leeks would “identify third-

party providers for price, capacity and quality,” and negotiate pricing from there.

Brinton agreed to the proposal, and the parties entered the “Happay, Inc.

Consulting Agreement” (Consulting Agreement) on February 6, 2017. The

Consulting Agreement permitted Avanti to assign projects to Happay and be

       1Happay protests that it did not accept these funds as investments, but
instead used them to offset what it was owed under the SLA. However, they do
not appear to have informed Brinton of this fact.

                                             4
No. 81064-2-I/5

billed for those projects at a rate that allowed Happay to hire contractors but did

not specifically include an “at-cost” provision.

       Around the same time, without informing Avanti, Williams and Leeks

formed Wexos Partners LLC, an entity through which they planned to obtain the

independent contractors. Williams and Leeks used the name of one of their

employees as the sole governor of Wexos in Wexos’s foreign registration

statement with the Washington Secretary of State’s Office. The employee, whom

the court found to be more credible than Williams and Leeks, denied having

anything to do with the submission and denied being a governor of Wexos.

Wexos then entered an agreement with a software company in India to secure

third party contractors for Happay. Wexos billed Happay, which in turn passed

these costs on to Avanti, at a substantially higher rate for these contractors than

Wexos paid: Happay ultimately billed Avanti $1,757,292.50 for the same services

for which Wexos paid only $280,440.00. Wexos then paid Williams and Leeks

$75,000.00 salaries, which they received on top of their Happay income. Despite

its obligation under the SLA and despite repeated requests, Happay did not

report to Avanti when, how, or who it recruited under the Consulting Agreement.

Avanti did not discover that Leeks and Williams owned Wexos or that Wexos had

inflated these costs until the litigation at issue.

       Meanwhile, Happay was struggling to meet its PCI compliance goals. In

July 2016, when Leeks was still working for Boxspy as Byndl’s head of

engineering, Leeks had been involved in seeking a deadline extension and

suspension of fines for Avanti’s PCI compliance status, representing that Avanti

                                                5
No. 81064-2-I/6

could achieve PCI compliance by mid-February 2017. Bank of America

Merchant Services (BAMS) granted this extension until February 2017. In

February, five months into the SLA and as an officer of Happay, Leeks submitted

another request to BAMS for an extension and further suspension of fines.

BAMS granted the extension to December 1, 2017, but began imposing fines at a

rate of $10,000 per month on March 1, 2017. On October 31, 2017, Leeks told

Reilly that, “[a]s it currently stands, the overall [PCI] compliance level is 2.08

[percent].”

       Concerned that Happay was not making progress, Avanti hired a

consulting firm, Coalfire, to perform an investigation and evaluation of Happay

PCI progress. Avanti had previously hired Coalfire for auditing, which was

separate from this remediation work. Avanti’s president, John Reilly, testified

that Avanti paid Coalfire $240,000 specifically for this work resulting from

Happay’s underperformance.

       Reilly explained that, by the fall of 2017, it was clear that Happay would

not achieve its PCI goals, and it decided to hire Attunix to take over this work for

Happay. Attunix achieved PCI compliance by March 2018, at a cost of $180,000.

       On September 6, 2017, in response to an e-mail from Brinton, Williams

and Leeks for the first time informed Brinton that he owned no interest in Happay.

On October 10, Happay delivered a one-year notice to terminate the SLA to

Avanti. The parties later agreed to terminate the SLA at the end of November

2017. The transition did not go smoothly, as Happay failed to provide Avanti’s

team with access codes and passwords in a timely manner.

                                              6
No. 81064-2-I/7

      Avanti and Brinton sued Happay for breach of the SLA, among other

claims, and Williams and Leeks for fraud based on their representation that

Brinton was a majority owner of Happay. Happay countersued and alleged

breach of contract for underpayments. After a bench trial, the court found that

Happay had breached the SLA by failing to ensure the Avanti software met

operational requirements for PCI compliance, and the court awarded damages

for the BAMS fines, Coalfire costs, and Attunix costs. The court also found that

Happay breached the SLA by failing to provide Avanti with information about its

independent contractors and by violating the duty of good faith and fair dealing in

its surreptitious use of Wexos to inflate contractor costs. Accordingly, it awarded

damages for the “overcharge” effectuated by Wexos. It also found that Williams

and Leeks committed fraud against Brinton and awarded Brinton damages for his

personal guarantee of the lease, which Happay had broken. It offset these

damages by $200,000 for a separate underpayment by Avanti. It imposed these

damages, as well as attorney fees, jointly and severally against Happay,

Williams, and Leeks. Happay, Williams, and Leeks appeal.

                                    ANALYSIS

      The appellants contend that the trial court erred by finding that Happay

breached the SLA with respect to PCI compliance and billing for its contractors,

by finding that Leeks and Williams committed fraud against Brinton, and by

imposing joint and several liability against Happay, Leeks, and Williams. We

disagree and affirm.

                                            7
No. 81064-2-I/8

                                Standard of Review

       When a party challenges a trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of

law, we “limit our review to determining whether substantial evidence supports

the findings and whether those findings, in turn, support its legal conclusions.”

Scott’s Excavating Vancouver, LLC v. Winlock Props., LLC, 176 Wn. App. 335,

341, 308 P.3d 791 (2013). Substantial evidence is evidence that is sufficient to

persuade a rational fair-minded person that the finding is true. Scott’s

Excavating, 176 Wn. App. at 341-42. “This is a deferential standard, which views

reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the prevailing party.” Scott’s

Excavating, 176 Wn. App. at 342. We review conclusions of law de novo.

Sunnyside Valley Irrig. Dist. v. Dickie, 149 Wn.2d 873, 880, 73 P.3d 369 (2003).

                                 PCI Compliance

       Happay contends that the trial court erred by concluding that Happay

breached the SLA and awarding damages for Happay’s failure to achieve PCI

compliance. We conclude that the court appropriately determined that Happay

breached the contract when it failed to ensure that the Avanti software met “all

specifications and operational requirements for PCI compliance.” Furthermore,

because uncontroverted evidence establishes that Happay’s breach caused

Avanti to incur additional costs, we conclude that the court appropriately awarded

damages.

       1. Breach of Contract

       The trial court concluded that “Happay materially breached the SLA in

failing to deliver performance in accordance with section 1.4.1(e) of the SLA by

                                             8
No. 81064-2-I/9

failing to ensure that the Avanti Software and Avanti Portal met all specifications

and operational requirements for PCI compliance.” Happay contends that this

was error because the SLA did not set a completion deadline for Happay to meet

the operational requirements for PCI compliance. Because the court should

determine a reasonable time for performance when the contract does not state a

time, and the court appropriately did so here, we disagree.

       “Where a contract is silent as to duration or states time for performance in

general and indefinite terms, the court is to impose a reasonable time.” Pepper &

Tanner, Inc. v. Kedo, Inc., 13 Wn. App. 433, 435, 535 P.2d 857 (1975). “A

reasonable time is to be determined by the nature of the contract, the positions of

the parties, their intent, and the circumstances surrounding performance.”

Pepper, 13 Wn. App. at 435. The court’s determination of reasonable time is a

question of fact, Smith v. Smith, 4 Wn. App. 608, 612, 484 P.2d 409 (1971),

which we review for substantial evidence as described above. “When an implicit

finding can be inferred from the record . . . , this court generally can review the

finding.” State v. Sisouvanh, 175 Wn.2d 607, 618, 290 P.3d 942 (2012)..

       Here, the trial court found that in the summer of 2016, “Leeks was directly

involved in Avanti seeking and receiving an extension of a BAMS[ ] deadline for

PCI compliance . . . . Accordingly, when the SLA was executed on September 1,

2016, Leeks was aware of the mid-February PCI compliance deadline, because

he was the person who had requested it.” The court then imposed damages for

the fines that Avanti began incurring after its failure to meet the February

deadline. We infer that the court determined that the February deadline was a

                                              9
No. 81064-2-I/10

reasonable time limit for Happay to meet its contractual PCI obligations.

Furthermore, the court’s findings are supported by the record, which shows that

Leeks requested and was aware of the February deadline before entering the

SLA. Therefore, we affirm the court’s conclusion that Happay breached the SLA

when it failed to ensure that the Avanti software met “all specifications and

operational requirements for PCI compliance.”

       2. Causation for PCI Damages

       The trial court next awarded damages for three costs Avanti incurred due

to “Happay’s failure to achieve PCI compliance.” Specifically, the court awarded

Avanti damages for (1) $130,000 in PCI noncompliance fines to BAMS,

(2) $180,000 in costs for PCI compliance work to Attunix, and (3) $238,467 for

Coalfire’s PCI compliance-related work. Happay contends that these damages

were not proximately caused by Happay’s failure to achieve the specifications

and operational requirements for PCI compliance and that the court improperly

imposed a larger duty on Happay than the SLA provided for. Because the record

supports the court’s conclusion that Happay’s breach caused Avanti to incur

these costs, we affirm.

       The trial court must enter findings “on all material issues” to inform the

appellate court what questions it decided and how it decided them. Fed. Signal

Corp. v. Safety Factors, Inc., 125 Wn.2d 413, 422, 886 P.2d 172 (1994).

However, a trial court “need not enter written findings as to facts that were

undisputed at trial.” Herring v. Pelayo, 198 Wn. App. 828, 834, 397 P.3d 125

(2017). When the record includes conflicting evidence regarding a material issue

                                             10
No. 81064-2-I/11

and the trial court does not enter findings on this issue, “an adequate review

requires a remand for entry of findings of fact which show an understanding of

the conflicting contentions and evidence as well as a knowledge of the standards

applicable to the determination.” Fed. Signal, 125 Wn.2d at 423.

       First, Happay challenges the court’s award of damages for the BAMS

fines assessed against Avanti for its PCI noncompliance. Happay contends that

it was not responsible for these fines because the fines had previously been

suspended and the deadline deferred, and in February 2017 BAMS declined to

grant a further suspension. This contention is without merit: while an injured

party should not recover damages that it could have avoided through reasonable

efforts, Labriola v. Pollard Grp., Inc., 152 Wn.2d 828, 840, 100 P.3d 791 (2004),

Happay cites no law suggesting that an injured party should not recover

damages because a third party could have chosen to not impose costs that it had

the right to impose.

       Happay also contends that its breach did not cause the BAMS fines

because achieving PCI compliance involved several nontechnical tasks that were

not Happay’s responsibility under the SLA. It points to evidence of these PCI

requirements in the record, including establishing policies and procedures,

providing security training, and performing physical checks of kiosks. However,

all the evidence indicates that Avanti’s PCI noncompliance was caused by its

failure to meet the specifications and operational requirements which were, in

fact, Happay’s responsibility. Leeks acknowledged that when he sent a letter to

BAMS asking for an extension and indicating that Byndl would be rolling out a

                                            11
No. 81064-2-I/12

technical solution by mid-February 2017, this indicated to BAMS that Avanti

would achieve PCI compliance by mid-February 2017. After Avanti took away

PCI work from Happay, Attunix, which was also a software company, fully

achieved PCI compliance for Avanti. It did so by doing operational work

including building a new environment for the software, backing it up, and

managing passwords and controls. Furthermore, Reilly’s testimony at trial was

that the BAMS fines were a result of Happay’s performance. The court’s finding

attributing the BAMS fines to “Happay’s failure to achieve PCI compliance”

muddies the issue because it does not acknowledge the other nontechnical

requirements of PCI compliance; however, the record clearly indicates that

Avanti’s PCI noncompliance was due to a failure to achieve operational

requirements that were Happay’s responsibility. Because there is no evidence to

the contrary, the trial court’s failure to enter a finding specifically to this effect is

not fatal, and we affirm the trial court’s award of damages for the BAMS fines as

stemming from Happay’s breach.

       Similarly, Happay contends that the Coalfire and Attunix costs paid by

Avanti went toward aspects of PCI compliance that were beyond the scope of

Happay’s duties under the SLA. Happay contends that these costs included

aspects of PCI compliance that it alleges were outside the scope of its duties,

including providing auditing, disaster recovery, and system backup services.

However, again, the record clearly indicates that this is not the case. Reilly

identified these costs as being specifically attributable to Happay’s performance,

and explained that Coalfire’s auditing work was separate from the work it did to

                                                12
No. 81064-2-I/13

compensate for Happay’s failure to achieve PCI compliance. Leeks’s own

admission indicated that if Byndl had succeeded at its technical goals, Avanti

would reach PCI compliance. Again, because the evidence only indicated that

Avanti incurred these costs to compensate for Happay’s failures under the SLA,

we affirm the trial court’s award of these damages.

                        Overcharge for Wexos Contractors

       Happay next challenges the trial court’s conclusion that Happay breached

the SLA by using Wexos to obfuscate and inflate the cost of its contractors.

Specifically, Happay claims that the court erred by relying on the Consulting

Agreement and extraneous information to find a breach of contract. Because the

trial court appropriately concluded that Happay breached the SLA by failing to

provide information about the contractors and by violating the duty of good faith

and fair dealing, we disagree.

       “There is in every contract an implied duty of good faith and fair dealing,”

which “obligates the parties to cooperate with each other so that each may obtain

the full benefit of performance.” Badgett v. Sec. State Bank, 116 Wn.2d 563,

569, 807 P.2d 356 (1991). While “the duty arises only in connection with terms

agreed to by the parties,” Badgett, 116 Wn.2d at 569, “‘[i]t is, of course, possible

to breach the implied duty of good faith even while fulfilling all of the terms of the

written contract.’” Rekhter v. Dep’t of Soc. & Health Servs., 180 Wn.2d 102, 111,

323 P.3d 1036 (2014) (quoting Metavante Corp. v. Emigrant Sav. Bank, 619 F.3d

748, 766 (7th Cir. 2010)). “The duty of good faith requires ‘faithfulness to an

agreed common purpose and consistency with the justified expectations of the

                                             13
No. 81064-2-I/14

other party.’” Edmonson v. Popchoi, 172 Wn.2d 272, 280, 256 P.3d 1223 (2011)

(quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS § 205 cmt. a (1981)).

       Here, the trial court concluded that Happay’s actions in hiring outside

contractors breached the SLA in two ways. First, it concluded that Happay

“materially breached the SLA by failing and refusing to deliver to Avanti details

about the identities, backgrounds, credentials and professional employment

histories” of the contractors “as required under Paragraph 12” of the SLA.

Paragraph 12 prohibited Happay from assigning any of its performance

obligations to third parties without Avanti’s written consent and stated that if

Happay hired independent contractors, Happay “shall identify the services to be

performed by such independent contractor and provide reasonably detailed

information about the expertise and employment history of such individual to

Avanti. Avanti may approve or disapprove the use of such independent

contractor but shall not disapprove them unreasonably.” The record supports the

trial court’s conclusion that Happay breached this provision by repeatedly

refusing to provide information about the contractors, and Happay makes no

argument on appeal to the contrary. Accordingly, we uphold the court’s

conclusion that Happay breached this portion of the contract.

       Second, the court concluded that

       Happay materially breached its implied covenant of good faith and
       fair dealing under the SLA when it agreed that it would engage the
       services of independent contractor software developers “at-cost,”
       but instead withheld from Avanti its intent to obtain those services
       at a particular cost and then significantly inflate that cost for billing
       to Avanti through Wexos, a new and separate entity that Williams
       and Leeks secretly created for their own pecuniary benefit.

                                              14
No. 81064-2-I/15

Happay provides virtually no argument against the court’s characterization of

these facts, but instead argues that the court erred in its findings by discussing a

breach of the Consulting Agreement and extrinsic information when Avanti had

only alleged a breach of the SLA. However, although one of the court’s findings

mentions a breach of the Consulting Agreement, the trial court did not rely on the

Consulting Agreement to conclude that Happay breached its duty of good faith.

The SLA required Happay to receive Avanti’s consent before hiring outside

contractors and gave Avanti authority to reject the use of contractors. Testimony

at trial established that Avanti gave this permission on the basis of Happay’s

representation that the contractors would be provided “at cost.” The evidence

that Happay proposed an at-cost pricing model to secure Avanti’s permission to

hire contractors under the SLA and then secretly used a new entity to inflate its

costs supports the court’s determination that Happay violated its duty of good

faith and fair dealing under the SLA.

       Finally, the trial court’s award of damages for the overcharge follows from

its conclusions about the breach of the SLA. While Happay objects that there

was no overcharge because the SLA did not contain an “at cost” provision, the

record establishes that Avanti would not have permitted the use of consultants if

it had known about the cost inflation. The fact that it did not know about the cost

inflation stemmed from the breaches that the trial court appropriately identified.

Accordingly, the trial court did not err by imposing these damages.

                                            15
No. 81064-2-I/16

                      Fraud Claim Against Williams and Leeks

       Williams and Leeks claim that the trial court erred in finding that they

defrauded Brinton into believing that he was the majority owner of Happay and

that therefore the award of damages for Brinton’s personal guarantee of

Happay’s lease was error. We disagree and conclude that the court’s finding is

supported by substantial evidence.

       To establish fraud, a plaintiff must establish: “(1) representation of an

existing fact; (2) materiality; (3) falsity; (4) the speaker’s knowledge of its falsity;

(5) intent of the speaker that it should be acted upon by the plaintiff; (6) plaintiff’s

ignorance of its falsity; (7) plaintiff’s reliance on the truth of the representation;

(8) plaintiff’s right to rely upon it; and (9) damages suffered by the plaintiff.” Stiley

v. Block, 130 Wn.2d 486, 505, 925 P.2d 194 (1996). The plaintiff must establish

these elements by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence. Stiley, 130 Wn.2d at

505.

       The appellants first challenge whether there was a representation of an

existing fact. On this point, the trial court found that Brinton, Williams, and Leeks

orally agreed that they would co-own Happay, that Brinton would own 65 percent

of its shares, and that he would make substantial investments in Happay in

addition to causing Avanti to enter into the SLA with Happay. The court then

concluded that Williams and Leeks had falsely represented to Brinton that they

agreed to this ownership structure and that when they later failed to disclose that

they had made themselves the sole owners, this was equivalent to an affirmative

representation to the contrary.

                                               16
No. 81064-2-I/17

       Williams and Leeks contend that there was no representation of an

existing fact because any agreement concerned the future ownership of Happay,

which did not yet exist at the time of the agreement. They are correct that as a

general rule, fraud cannot be predicated on “a statement as to future

performance.” Shook v. Scott, 56 Wn.2d 351, 355, 353 P.2d 431 (1960).

However, where “a promise is made for the purpose of deceiving and with no

intention to perform,” it can support an action for fraud. Markov v. ABC Transfer

& Storage Co., 76 Wn.2d 388, 396, 457 P.2d 535 (1969); see also RESTATEMENT

(SECOND) OF TORTS, § 530 (“A representation of the maker’s own intention to do

or not do a particular thing is fraudulent if he does not have that intention.”).

Here, the court found that Williams and Leeks purposefully concealed their

exclusion of Brinton from Happay and took many actions to maintain his belief

that he was a majority owner. The record indicates that their promise was made

for the purpose of deceiving Brinton in order to enter into the SLA, and therefore,

substantial evidence supports the court’s finding of a misrepresentation of an

existing fact.2

       2 Williams and Leeks spend much of their brief contending that the record
did not establish any consideration or sufficiently definite terms, including
whether Brinton or Avanti would be the majority owner, to demonstrate the
existence of a contract. However, we need not determine whether a binding
contract existed to uphold the court’s finding that there was a material
misrepresentation of fact. Even so, Brinton’s testimony established that the
parties agreed he would be a majority owner in exchange for, among other
things, allowing Happay to enter into a lucrative deal centered around Avanti’s
proprietary software. This constitutes substantial evidence supporting the
existence of an oral agreement and consideration. While Brinton expressed
doubt at one point about whether he or Avanti was supposed to be the majority
owner, the majority of Brinton’s testimony and e-mails between the parties
indicates that the parties did indeed agree Brinton would be the majority owner.

                                              17
No. 81064-2-I/18

       The other element of fraud challenged by the appellants is the court’s

determination that Brinton had a reasonable belief that he was Happay’s majority

owner when he guaranteed the lease. They contend that as a sophisticated

businessman, he could not reasonably rely on an oral representation to this

effect. However, the cases they cite do not support this proposition: the first is a

dissent stating that a title insurance company has an independent duty to make a

competent search of the record title, Lawyers Title Ins. Corp. v. Baik, 147 Wn.2d

536, 559, 55 P.3d 619 (2002) (Sanders, J., dissenting),3 and the second

concerned a case where a party relied on “oral representations [that] directly

contradicted the written terms” of a loan, Cornerstone Equip. Leasing, Inc. v.

MacLeod, 159 Wn. App. 899, 906, 247 P.3d 790 (2011). Here, the parties did

not enter a written agreement, let alone one that contradicted the terms of their

oral agreement. Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Brinton, and

given the oral agreement of the parties and Leeks and Williams’ acquiescence to

Brinton’s public representations that he was a majority owner of Happay,

substantial evidence supports the court’s finding that Brinton reasonably relied on

the appellants’ misrepresentation in guaranteeing Happay’s lease. Because the

elements of fraud were established by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence,

we affirm the trial court’s award of damages attributable to Brinton’s guarantee of

the lease based on this fraud.

       3   The appellants did not disclose that this citation was to a dissent.

                                               18
No. 81064-2-I/19

                             Joint and Several Liability

       The appellants next contend that the court erred by imposing joint and

several liability against Happay, Williams, and Leeks. We are not persuaded by

their assertion.

       “When the shareholders of a corporation, who are also the corporation’s

officers and directors, conscientiously keep the affairs of the corporation separate

from their personal affairs, and no fraud or manifest injustice is perpetrated upon

third persons who deal with the corporation, the corporation’s separate entity

should be respected.” Frigidaire Sales Corp. v. Union Props., Inc., 88 Wn.2d

400, 405, 562 P.2d 244 (1977). “Typically, the injustice which dictates a piercing

of the corporate veil is one involving fraud, misrepresentation, or some form of

manipulation of the corporation to the stockholder’s benefit.” Truckweld Equip.

Co. v. Olson, 26 Wn. App. 638, 644-45, 618 P.2d 1017 (1980). “The question of

whether the corporate form should be disregarded is a question of fact” that is

reviewed for substantial evidence. McCombs Const., Inc. v. Barnes, 32 Wn.

App. 70, 76, 645 P.2d 1131 (1982).

       Here the court found and the record establishes that the “representation of

majority ownership was . . . material to Brinton’s willingness to authorize Avanti to

enter into the SLA.” Accordingly, we conclude that Brinton authorized Avanti to

enter the SLA with Happay because of fraud on the part of Happay’s

stockholders. Therefore, this is a situation in which the trial court could

reasonably find that the corporate veil should be pierced, and we affirm the

court’s finding.

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       The appellants disagree and contend that because there was only a fraud

claim against Leeks and Williams, and not against Happay, piercing the

corporate veil was inappropriate. The appellants cite no case supporting the

proposition that fraud must be pleaded against a corporation to support piercing

the corporate veil. Even so, this argument misses the point. The court found

that Avanti entered the SLA with Happay because of fraud on the part of

Happay’s owners. This is therefore a case in which piercing the corporate veil is

appropriate.

                                   Attorney Fees

       The appellants challenge the trial court’s imposition of attorney fees,

including on the issue of fraud, against Happay, Leeks, and Williams. We affirm

the award of attorney fees and grant Avanti and Brinton attorney fees on appeal.

       While attorney fees may be awarded where authorized by a contract, they

are normally not awarded for tort actions. Pearson v. Schubach, 52 Wn. App.

716, 723, 763 P.2d 834 (1988). However, “[i]f a tort action is based on a contract

central to the dispute that includes an attorney fee provision, the prevailing party

may receive attorney fees.” Stieneke v. Russi, 145 Wn. App. 544, 571, 190 P.3d

60 (2008). Fraud claims are “on the contract” where a party enters the contract

in reliance on a fraudulent representation. See Stieneke, 145 Wn. App. at 553,

571 (fraud claim was on the contract where parties had relied on false

assurances that roof did not leak when purchasing home). Here, the fraud claim

was on the SLA, which provided that, “[i]n the event of a dispute arising out of

this Agreement, the party substantially prevailing in the resolution thereof shall be

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No. 81064-2-I/21

entitled to recover” reasonable attorney fees. Thus, we affirm the court’s award

of attorney fees on both the contract and fraud claims.

       Furthermore, “[a] party is entitled to attorney fees on appeal if a contract,

statute, or recognized ground of equity permits recovery of attorney fees at trial

and the party is the substantially prevailing party.” Hwang v. McMahill, 103 Wn.

App. 945, 954, 15 P.3d 172 (2000). Because the contract provides a basis for

attorney fees and Avanti and Brinton substantially prevail on appeal, they are

also entitled to recover attorney fees on appeal subject to their compliance with

RAP 18.1(d).

       We affirm.

WE CONCUR:

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