Court Opinion

ID: 4218445
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-11-08 01:02:01.093869+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:41:41.374973
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                                               )
JODI BREITERMAN,                               )
                                               )
Plaintiff,                                     )
                                               )
v.                                             ) Civil Action No. 16-0893 (TJK/RMM)
                                               )
UNITED STATES CAPITOL POLICE,                  )
                                               )
Defendant.                                     )
                                               )

                                MEMORANDUM OPINION

        Pending before the Court is Movant Capitol Police Board’s (“Movant” or “CPB”) Motion

to Quash and for a Protective Order (“Motion to Quash”) [ECF No. 25], which seeks to quash

two subpoenas served by Plaintiff Jodi Breiterman (“Plaintiff” or “Ms. Breiterman”) on non-

parties Fay Ropella, Inspector General of the United States Capitol Police (“USCP”), and the

USCP Office of Inspector General (“OIG”). The Motion to Quash and all other discovery

disputes were referred to the undersigned Magistrate Judge for resolution.1 See 6/9/17 Minute

Order. Having considered the parties’ submissions and attachments thereto,2 the arguments

presented at the motions hearing held August 15, 2017 (“Motions Hearing”), and after reviewing

the CPB’s in camera submissions, the Court GRANTS-IN-PART and DENIES-IN-PART

1
   On June 9, 2017, United States District Judge Tanya Chutkan referred all pending and future
discovery disputes to the undersigned Magistrate Judge. See 6/9/17 Minute Order. This case
was directly reassigned to United States District Judge Timothy J. Kelly on September 18, 2017.
2
   Movant’s Mot. to Quash, ECF No. 25; Pl.’s Opp’n, ECF No. 26; Movant’s Reply, ECF No.
28; Pl.’s Surreply, ECF No. 37; Movant’s Response to Court Order, ECF No. 41; Pl.’s Response
to Movant’s Response to Court Order, ECF No. 42.
Movant’s Motion to Quash and DENIES without prejudice Movant’s Motion for Protective

Order.

                                         BACKGROUND

I.       FACTUAL BACKGROUND3

         Ms. Breiterman began working at the USCP in January 2002. See Second Am. Compl.

¶ 11, ECF No. 17. Prior to the events at issue in this action, Ms. Breiterman worked as a

Project/Management Analyst for the USCP. See id. ¶ 14. Ms. Breiterman’s claim centers on

two incidents that allegedly occurred in 2014 and 2015, at which time she was an Administrative

Sergeant. See id. ¶¶ 27, 121–149.

         A.     2014 Incident

         In 2014, Ms. Breiterman told her supervisor that she felt that female officers “had to

sleep with someone to get promoted within the USCP.” Id. ¶ 29. A married female officer

complained about Ms. Breiterman’s statement, and Ms. Breiterman received a two-day

suspension for making an improper comment. See id. ¶¶ 30–33. Ms. Breiterman appealed her

suspension. Id. ¶ 34. On September 9, 2015, Ms. Breiterman learned from Human Resources

that the USCP would impose the two-day suspension, without pay. Id. ¶ 108. Ms. Breiterman

asserts that USCP failed to provide the required written notice of its denial of her appeal before

imposing the suspension. See id. ¶¶ 108–11.

         B.     2015 Incident

         On January 29, 2015, a congressional staffer found a handgun in a public bathroom at the

Capitol Visitor’s Center. Id. ¶ 36. Ms. Breiterman and several other officers reported to the

3
  Given the procedural posture of the case, the Court relies on the facts alleged in the
Complaint.

                                                  2
scene, and Ms. Breiterman found the handgun lodged in the toilet paper holder. See Second Am.

Compl. ¶¶ 37–38. Ms. Breiterman and other officers took photos of the handgun, which was

later confirmed to be a USCP service weapon. See id. ¶¶ 39, 41.

       Ms. Breiterman received a call from Hannah Hess (“Ms. Hess”), a reporter for the

publication, “Roll Call,” in or around February 2015. See id. ¶ 46. During that call, Ms. Hess

asked Ms. Breiterman about several incidents involving USCP handguns left in other locations,

including the incident involving a handgun left in the bathroom of the Capitol Visitor’s Center.

See id. ¶¶ 48–53. Ms. Breiterman confirmed that she knew about the Capitol Visitor’s Center

incident and had taken a photo. See id. ¶¶ 54–55. Ms. Hess requested and obtained the photo

from Ms. Breiterman and subsequently published the photo with an article about the incident.

See id. ¶¶ 56–58. Ms. Breiterman was not named in the article. Id. ¶ 60.

       The USCP then began an investigation into who shared the photo with Ms. Hess.

Inspector Kim Bollinger, commander of the USCP’s Office of Professional Responsibility

(“OPR”) allegedly told USCP Captain Drew Bollinger, her husband, that OIG and OPR were

having meetings to determine who provided the photo and intended to terminate that individual

once found. See id. ¶¶ 62–64. On June 22, 2015, Ms. Breiterman was called to Internal Affairs

and received a letter explaining that she was under investigation. Id. ¶ 69. At this meeting, Ms.

Breiterman admitted that she had given the photo to Ms. Hess, and Ms. Breiterman was

suspended indefinitely. See id. ¶¶ 69–76. During Ms. Breiterman’s suspension, another

Sergeant told Ms. Breiterman that he had been questioned by Internal Affairs; OPR neither

investigated nor disciplined him for disclosing that he had been questioned. Id. ¶¶ 67–68, 82–83.

       From June 23, 2015 to May 4, 2016, Ms. Breiterman was suspended and required to

remain at home from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. See id. ¶¶ 86–87. Ms. Breiterman also was required

                                                3
to call Internal Affairs if she needed to leave her home during that time period. See Second Am.

Compl. ¶ 86. On March 8, 2016, Ms. Breiterman, who by then was represented by counsel,

attended a meeting with USCP officials; at that meeting she learned that, as a result of the

investigation, the USCP recommended that she be demoted from Sergeant to Private First Class.

Id. ¶¶ 112–13. Ms. Breiterman appealed the demotion recommendation. Id. ¶ 119. On May 3,

2016, the USCP denied Ms. Breiterman’s appeal and demoted her. Id. ¶ 120.

II.    PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       On May 11, 2016, Ms. Breiterman filed a Complaint against the USCP, alleging gender

discrimination and retaliation in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. §§

2000e–2000e-1, and violations of her right to freedom of speech under the First Amendment.

Compl., ECF No. 1. On January 9, 2017, Ms. Breiterman filed a Second Amended Complaint.

See generally Second Am. Compl., ECF No. 17. Ms. Breiterman claims that male employees

have committed similar infractions to hers, yet have not faced disciplinary action. See id. ¶¶

114–18. Ms. Breiterman further alleges that she was suspended for making comments that

addressed the issue of gender discrimination. See id. ¶ 138. Finally, Ms. Breiterman claims that

she had a right to share the photo of the handgun because of her concern for public safety, and

that the punishment she received violated her right to free speech. See id. ¶¶ 146–47. The USCP

filed an answer to Ms. Breiterman’s Second Amended Complaint on February 3, 2017. See

Def.’s Answer, ECF No. 20.

       The current discovery dispute arises from two subpoenas that Ms. Breiterman served on

Ms. Fay Ropella, Inspector General of the USCP, and OIG. See Movant’s Mot. to Quash at 2,

ECF No. 25-1; Pl.’s Opp’n at 3, ECF No. 26. The subpoenas seek production of certain

documents and testimony. Movant’s Mot. to Quash, Ex. 1, ECF No. 25-2 (Subpoena to Fay

                                                 4
Ropella) (hereinafter “Ropella Subpoena”) and Ex. 2, ECF No. 25-3 (Subpoena to OIG, USCP)

(hereinafter “OIG Subpoena”). The CPB,4 a non-party to this action, moved to quash the two

subpoenas issued to Ms. Ropella and OIG, and alternatively sought a protective order if the

Court does not quash the subpoenas. See Movant’s Mot. to Quash, ECF No. 25. After the

opposition and reply were filed, Ms. Breiterman obtained leave to file a Surreply. See 8/14/2017

Minute Order; Pl.’s Surreply, ECF No. 37.

       By Minute Order dated August 4, 2017, the Court requested that the CPB submit for in

camera review a copy of the OIG Report at issue in the subpoenas. See 8/4/2017 Minute Order;

see also Movant’s Mot. to Quash, Ex. 4, ECF No. 25-5 (hereinafter “Privilege Log”) (Doc.

Number 31). On August 15, 2017, the undersigned held a Motions Hearing at which counsel for

the Plaintiff, Defendant, and Movant were present. See 8/15/2017 Minute Entry. The

undersigned heard argument and took the motion under advisement. After the Motions Hearing,

the Court issued three Orders directing the CPB to submit additional documents for in camera

review and to further supplement the record. See 8/15/2017 Minute Order; Order, ECF No. 40;

10/23/17 Minute Order. The CPB timely submitted the requested information.

                                      LEGAL STANDARD

I.     MOTION TO QUASH

       Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 allows for “discovery regarding any nonprivileged

matter that is relevant to any party’s claim or defense and proportional to the needs of the case.”

FED. R. CIV. P. 26(b)(1). As part of this discovery, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45 permits a

party to issue a subpoena to a non-party to command attendance at a deposition or to produce or

4
  The Inspector General, to whom OIG reports, is appointed by and under the supervision of the
CPB. 2 U.S.C. § 1909; see also Movant’s Mot. to Quash at 5, ECF No. 25-1.

                                                 5
permit inspection of documents, information, or tangible things. FED. R. CIV. P. 45(a)(1). Rule

45 subpoenas may only be used to compel production of information that is discoverable under

Rule 26. See AF Holdings, LLC v. Does 1-1058, 752 F.3d 990, 995 (D.C. Cir. 2014). Therefore,

upon timely motion, a court must quash or modify a Rule 45 subpoena if the subpoena “requires

disclosure of privileged or other protected matter[s], if no exception or waiver applies; or

subjects a person to undue burden.” FED. R. CIV. P. 45(d)(3); cf. In re Subpoena to Goldberg,

693 F. Supp. 2d 81, 83 (D.D.C. 2010) (noting resolution of motion to quash governed by Rules

26 and 45 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure). That standard “applies to both document and

testimonial subpoenas.” Watts v. Sec. and Exch. Comm’n, 482 F.3d 501, 508–09 (D.C. Cir.

2007) (citation omitted).

         The party moving for relief bears the burden of showing that the subpoena should be

quashed or modified. See Call of the Wild Movie, LLC v. Does 1-1,062, 770 F. Supp. 2d 332,

354 (D.D.C. 2011); see also Northrop Corp. v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 751 F.2d 395, 403

(D.C. Cir. 1984). “The quashing of a subpoena is an extraordinary measure, and is usually

inappropriate absent extraordinary circumstances.” Flanagan v. Wyndham Int’l Inc., 231 F.R.D.
98, 102 (D.D.C. 2005) (citations omitted). Accordingly, a “movant’s burden is greater for a

motion to quash than if [the movant] were seeking more limited protection.” Id. (citing

Westinghouse Elec. Corp. v. City of Burlington, Vt., 351 F.2d 762, 766 (D.C. Cir. 1965)); see

also U.S. Dep’t of the Treasury v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., 301 F.R.D. 20, 25 (D.D.C.

2014).

II.      MOTION FOR PROTECTIVE ORDER

         Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 provides that “for good cause” a court may issue a

protective order “to protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or

                                                 6
undue burden or expense.” FED. R. CIV. P. 26(c)(1). The party requesting the protective order

bears the burden of showing good cause “by demonstrating specific evidence of the harm that

would result.” Jennings v. Family Mgmt., 201 F.R.D. 272, 275 (D.D.C. 2001); Alexander v. FBI,

186 F.R.D. 71, 75 (D.D.C. 1998); see also Washington v. Thurgood Marshall Acad., 230 F.R.D.
18, 21 (D.D.C), on reconsideration, 232 F.R.D. 6 (D.D.C. 2005) (reconsidering a separate

proposition). Protective orders may “deny discovery completely, limit the conditions, time,

place, or topics of discovery, or limit the manner in which the confidential information is to be

revealed.” Univ. of Mass. v. Roslin Inst., 437 F. Supp. 2d 57, 60 (D.D.C. 2006).

                                           ANALYSIS

I.     MOTION TO QUASH

       The CPB moves to quash two subpoenas: one issued to Fay Ropella, current Inspector

General of the USCP; and one issued to OIG. The subpoenas request both testimony and the

production of documents, and overlap substantially. Both subpoenas seek production of the

following documents:

          Any documents regarding U.S. Capitol Police’s (“USCP”) disciplinary policies and
           practices, including but not limited to: any investigation or report by the Office of
           Inspector General (“OIG”) regarding USCP’s disciplinary process, including but
           not limited to whether USCP consistently applied its disciplinary policies and
           practices.

          Any documents regarding recommendations the OIG made to Chief Matthew
           Verderosa or USCP or any USCP officials within the past five years related to
           USCP’s disciplinary policies, practices, or processes.

          Any documents showing summaries, reports, or compilations regarding the volume
           and nature of disciplinary actions that the USCP took within the past five years.

Ropella Subpoena at Attach. A (Items #1–3) (footnote omitted); OIG Subpoena at Attach. A

(Items #4–6).

                                                 7
       In her subpoena to OIG, Ms. Breiterman also requests that OIG designate one or more

officers, directors, managing agents, or other persons to testify about:

           USCP’s disciplinary policies and practices, including but not limited to: any
            investigation or report by the Office of Inspector General (“OIG”) regarding
            USCP’s disciplinary process, including but not limited to whether USCP
            consistently applied its disciplinary policies and practices.

           Recommendations the OIG made to Chief Matthew Verderosa or USCP or any
            USCP officials within the past five years related to USCP’s disciplinary
            policies, practices, or processes.

           The manner in which the OIG maintains summaries, reports, or compilations
            regarding the volume and nature of disciplinary actions that USCP took within
            the past five years.

OIG Subpoena at Attach. A (Items #1–3) (footnote omitted). Ms. Breiterman’s subpoena to Ms.

Ropella also seeks testimony, but does not identify the topics to be addressed. See Ropella

Subpoena at Attach. A. The CPB moves to quash both subpoenas, and in the alternative seeks a

protective order. See Movant’s Mot. to Quash, ECF No. 25-1.

       A.      The Subpoenas for Production of Documents by OIG and Ms. Ropella5

               1.      USCP’s Disciplinary Policies and Practices

       The Ropella and OIG Subpoenas both seek documents “regarding USCP’s disciplinary

policies and practices, including but not limited to: any investigation or report by the Office of

Inspector General (“OIG”) regarding USCP’s disciplinary process . . . .” Ropella Subpoena at

Attach. A (Item #1); see also OIG Subpoena at Attach. A (Item #4). Although the parties’

arguments primarily focus on the discoverability of a report reflecting an OIG review of the

USCP disciplinary process (hereinafter “OIG Report”), the scope of the subpoenas is broader and

5
   As both the Ropella and OIG subpoenas seek production of records covering the same topics,
the following analysis addresses those subpoenas jointly.

                                                 8
would also encompass the documents used to prepare the OIG Report and any records

documenting the USCP’s disciplinary policies.

                       a.        The OIG Report

       The parties contest the discoverability of the OIG Report. The CPB’s principal argument

is that the OIG Report is not relevant because it does not address individual cases or the

application of policy to an individual’s case; the CPB also argues that the deliberative process

privilege shields the OIG Report from disclosure. Movant’s Mot. to Quash at 7–12, ECF No. 25-

1. Ms. Breiterman disputes the CPB’s relevance and privilege arguments, and contends that the

OIG Report is relevant to her discrimination claims to the extent it contains information about

how the USCP has disciplined others and the “USCP’s failures to fairly and consistently impose

discipline.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 6.

                                 i.    Relevance

       The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allow for “broad access to relevant information at

the discovery stage.” Jewish War Veterans of the U.S. of Am., Inc. v. Gates, 506 F. Supp. 2d 30,

41 (D.D.C. 2007). Relevance is “construed broadly to encompass any matter that bears on, or

that reasonably could lead to other matter that could bear on any party’s claim or defense.”

United States ex rel. Shamesh v. CA, Inc., 314 F.R.D. 1, 8 (D.D.C. 2016) (quoting Oppenheimer

Fund, Inc. v. Sanders, 437 U.S. 340, 351 (1978)) (internal quotation marks omitted). However,

the court must limit the extent of discovery that is, inter alia, unreasonably cumulative or

duplicative, outside the permitted scope of Rule 26(b)(1), or obtainable from another source that

is more convenient, less burdensome, or less expensive. See FED. R. CIV. P. 26(b)(2)(C).

       The OIG Report is not relevant to Ms. Breiterman’s claims. Ms. Breiterman seeks the

OIG Report because she believes that it will provide useful comparator information and insight

                                                   9
into how the USCP has treated other individuals similarly situated to her. But the OIG Report

contains no such analysis. The Court’s in camera review of the OIG Report confirms that the

report does not address the discipline of individual USCP employees. See Declaration of Faye

Ropella, ¶ 6, ECF No. 28-1 (“Ropella Decl.”). Ms. Breiterman’s contrary belief, based on

deposition testimony from USCP Inspector Donald Allen Rouiller, is mistaken. See Surreply at

1–2, ECF. No. 37. The OIG Report also does not attempt to define the level of discipline that

would comprise an appropriate response to the alleged conduct underlying Ms. Breiterman’s

suspension. Nor does the OIG Report compare the way that the USCP has applied discipline to

its male and female officers. Instead, the OIG Report simply reflects OIG’s evaluation of the

USCP disciplinary process and recommendations for how to improve or modify that process.

Nothing in the OIG Report has any tendency to make the existence of any “fact [that] is of

consequence” to the resolution of Ms. Breiterman’s claims more probable or less probable than it

otherwise would be. FED. R. EVID. 401. Therefore, the OIG Report is not relevant.

                              ii.    Deliberative Process Privilege

       The deliberative process privilege “covers documents reflecting advisory opinions,

recommendations, and deliberations comprising part of a process by which governmental

decisions and policies are formulated.” Dep’t of the Interior & Bureau of Indian Affairs v.

Klamath Water Users Protective Ass’n, 532 U.S. 1, 8 (2001) (quoting NLRB v. Sears, Roebuck &

Co., 421 U.S. 132, 150 (1975) (internal quotation marks omitted). This privilege “rests on the

obvious realization that officials will not communicate candidly among themselves if each

remark is a potential item of discovery and front page news,” and is designed to “enhance the

quality of agency decisions by protecting open and frank discussion among those who make

them within the Government.” Id. at 8–9 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

                                               10
       To qualify for the privilege, documents must be both “predecisional” and “deliberative.”

In re Anthem, Inc. Data Breach Litig., 236 F. Supp. 3d 150, 159 (D.D.C. 2017); see also

Petroleum Info. Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 976 F.2d 1429, 1434 (D.C. Cir. 1992). A

document is predecisional if it was “prepared in order to assist an agency decisionmaker in

arriving at his decision, rather than to support a decision already made.” Petroleum Info. Corp.,
976 F.2d at 1434 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Judicial Watch, Inc.

v. Dep’t of Defense, 847 F.3d 735, 739 (D.C. Cir. 2017); Cobell v. Norton, 213 F.R.D. 1, 5

(D.D.C. 2003). A document is “deliberative” if it “is intended to facilitate or assist development

of the agency’s final position on the relevant issue.” Nat’l Sec. Archive v. CIA, 752 F.3d 460,

463 (D.C. Cir. 2014).

       Under the deliberative process privilege, “factual information generally must be

disclosed, but materials embodying officials’ opinions are ordinarily exempt.” Petroleum Info.

Corp., 976 F.2d at 1434; see In re Sealed Case, 121 F.3d 729, 737 (D.C. Cir. 1997). The D.C.

Circuit employs a “functional approach” to determine whether information is factual or embodies

an opinion, and considers whether “the selection or organization of facts is part of an agency’s

deliberative process.” Hardy v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives, 243 F.

Supp. 3d 155, 164–65 (D.D.C. 2017) (quoting Ancient Coin Collectors Guild v. U.S. Dep’t of

State, 641 F.3d 504, 513 (D.C. Cir. 2011)) (internal quotation marks omitted). The privilege

shields factual information if it “is so inextricably intertwined with the deliberative sections of

documents that its disclosure would inevitably reveal the government’s deliberations.” In re

Sealed Case, 121 F.3d at 737. “This is so because the privilege serves to protect the deliberative

process itself, not merely documents containing deliberative material.” Mapother v. Dep’t of

Justice, 3 F.3d 1533, 1537 (D.C. Cir. 1993); see also Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of

                                                 11
Homeland Sec., 926 F. Supp. 2d 121, 136 (D.D.C. 2013). Moreover, the deliberative process

privilege is qualified, and even documents that reflect agency officials’ deliberative opinions

may be disclosed if “the private need for disclosure outweighs the public interest in non-

disclosure.” In re Anthem, 236 F. Supp. 3d at 159 (citing In Re Sealed Case, 121 F.3d at 737).

       Before determining whether the OIG Report is deliberative and predecisional, the Court

must address whether the CPB has properly invoked the deliberative process privilege. See Pl.’s

Opp’n at 7–9 (contending that CPB failed to provide a declaration of an authorized official based

on actual personal consideration). To assert the privilege, a party must include: (1) a formal

claim of privilege by the head of the relevant department; (2) based on actual personal

consideration by that official; and (3) a detailed specification of the information for which the

privilege was claimed and why it properly falls within the scope of the privilege. Landry v.

FDIC, 204 F.3d 1125, 1135 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (citing Northrop Corp. v. McDonnell Douglas

Corp., 751 F.2d 395, 399 (D.C. Cir. 1984), for application to the deliberative process privilege)

(other citation omitted). The CPB’s motion did not contain all of the elements necessary to

assert the deliberative process privilege. But parties may cure such deficiencies by

supplementing the record. Cobell, 213 F.R.D. at 7. The CPB has done precisely that, by

including with its Reply a declaration from Fay Ropella, the current Inspector General. In that

declaration, Ms. Ropella formally asserted the privilege, based on her personal review of the

relevant materials, and specified why the privilege was claimed for the disputed documents. See

Ropella Decl.; see also Landry, 204 F.3d at 1135. Accordingly, the CPB has properly invoked

the deliberative process privilege.

       The OIG Report is clearly predecisional. It does not constitute “the final Department

policy.” Ropella Decl. ¶ 4. Instead, it contains recommendations from OIG that had not been

                                                 12
implemented at the time the Report was issued. See Ropella Decl. ¶¶ 4, 6. Although the USCP

intended to issue a new discipline directive after the OIG Report was released, see id. ¶ 5,

counsel for the CPB clarified at the Motions Hearing that the OIG Report was never

implemented. Instead, the USCP responded to the OIG Report by providing its own opinions

that differed in some respects from OIG’s recommendations. Therefore, subsequent agency

action did not deprive the report of its predecisonal status. See Judicial Watch, 847 F.3d at 739;

Horowitz v. Peace Corps., 428 F.3d 271, 276 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (observing that documents can

lose their predecisional status if an agency expressly adopts them as official agency policy).

       The OIG Report is also deliberative. The OIG Report is “an advisory opinion and

recommendation from the Office of Inspector General (OIG) to the United States Capitol Police

which assists the Department with improving its operations.” Ropella Decl. ¶ 6. It reflects

OIG’s evaluation of the USCP disciplinary process and suggestions on how that process could be

improved. As the report consists of OIG’s “recommendations or opinions on legal or policy

matters,” it is “clearly deliberative in nature.” Hardy, 243 F. Supp. 3d at 169 (citing Vaughn v.

Rosen, 523 F.2d 1136, 1143–44 (D.C. Cir. 1975)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Accordingly, the OIG Report is both deliberative and predecisional, and thus falls within the

deliberative process privilege.

       Although the deliberative process privilege is not absolute, Ms. Breiterman has not

articulated a need that would outweigh the public interest in protecting the internal deliberations

reflected in the OIG Report. See In re Anthem, 236 F. Supp. 3d at 159 (noting that information

may be disclosed if the private need outweighs the public interest). When making that

assessment, courts

       balance the competing interests on a flexible, case by case, ad hoc basis,
       considering such factors as the relevance of the evidence, the availability of

                                                13
        alternate evidence, the seriousness of the litigation or investigation, the harm that
        could flow from disclosure, the possibility of future timidity by government
        employees [should the materials be disclosed], and whether there is reason to
        believe that the documents would shed light on government misconduct.

Comm. on Oversight and Gov’t Reform v. Lynch, 156 F. Supp.3d 101, 113 (D.D.C. 2016); see

also In re Anthem, 236 F. Supp. 3d at 159. The party seeking the document bears the burden of

demonstrating “the balance of interest tips in his or her favor.” In re Anthem, 236 F. Supp. 3d at

159.

        Ms. Breiterman has not articulated a strong need to receive the OIG Report. As

discussed above, the OIG Report is not relevant to Ms. Breiterman’s claims. The report reflects

OIG’s recommendations regarding how the discipline process optimally should work; however

what is relevant to Ms. Breiterman is how the process worked at the time of her alleged

misconduct and how disciplinary policies have been applied to similarly situated USCP officers.

Further, to the extent that Ms. Breiterman desires information about the USCP disciplinary

process, she can obtain it through discovery directed at the USCP and its officials. Indeed, Ms.

Breiterman already has explored this topic in written discovery and in depositions of USCP

officials.

        Maintaining the confidentiality of the OIG Report would advance the public interest. The

“OIG has a serious interest in maintaining the confidentiality of its procedures and methods so as

to insure [sic] the integrity of the OIG processes.” Ropella Decl. ¶ 17. The OIG Report

references employees’ candid critiques of the USCP disciplinary policies and practices, and it is

unlikely that USCP employees would have been willing to speak so openly absent an expectation

of confidentiality. See Coastal States Gas Corp. v. Dep’t of Energy, 617 F.2d 854, 866 (D.C.

Cir. 1980) (“To test whether disclosure of a document is likely to adversely affect the purposes

of the privilege, courts ask themselves whether the document is so candid or personal in nature

                                                 14
that public disclosure is likely in the future to stifle honest and frank communication within the

agency.”). Thus disclosing the OIG Report likely would lead to “future timidity by government

employees.” In re Sealed Case, 121 F.3d at 738 (quoting In re Subpoena Served upon

Comptroller of Currency, & Sec’y of Bd. of Governors of Fed. Reserve Sys., 967 F.2d 630, 634

(D.C. Cir. 1992)). In sum, the OIG Report is protected by the deliberative process privilege, and

Ms. Breiterman’s desire to review it does not overcome the privilege. Accordingly, the Court

quashes the OIG and Ropella Subpoenas insofar as they seek the OIG Report.

                       b.     Documents Used to Prepare the OIG Report

       Ms. Breiterman’s subpoena also encompasses the documents prepared as part of OIG’s

evaluation of the USCP disciplinary process. The CPB has identified 31 documents that were

used to prepare the OIG Report, and contends that those documents are protected by the

deliberative process privilege. See Privilege Log; Movant’s Mot. to Quash at 8–14, ECF No. 25-

1. The CPB also raises a broad challenge to the relevance of the requested documents.

                              i.      Deliberative Process Privilege

       The Court begins its analysis with the deliberative process privilege — the principal

objection raised by the CPB to the production of these records. The 31 documents at issue

consist of notes, drafts, working papers, and an email regarding the OIG Report. See Privilege

Log; Ropella Decl. ¶¶ 8–15. Having reviewed the CPB’s privilege log and the documents

produced for in camera review, the Court finds that the deliberative process privilege applies to

most of the requested documents.

                                                15
       Nineteen of the responsive documents6 — Privilege Log Entries 6–24 — are “notes of

interviews with Department officials, attorney, and bargaining unit representatives in preparation

for the report.” Ropella Decl. ¶ 9; see Movant’s Mot. to Quash at 12, ECF No. 25-1. Although

the deliberative process privilege typically does not extend to factual material, it protects

interview notes that summarize facts “culled . . . from the much larger universe of facts presented

to [the agency]” because such notes “reflect an exercise of judgment as to what issues are most

relevant to the pre-decisional findings and recommendations.” Ancient Coin Collectors Guild,
641 F.3d at 513 (citations and quotation marks omitted); see also Hardy, 243 F. Supp. 3d at 169–

70 (noting application of the deliberative process privilege to interview notes and summaries in

the Freedom of Information Act’s Exemption 5 context) (citing cases). The Court’s in camera

review confirmed that the interview notes at issue here are both predecisional and deliberative.

They are predecisional because they predate the preparation of the OIG Report, and thus

necessarily predate the adoption of any final agency policy. The interview notes are deliberative,

although they contain factual information relayed by the interviewees, because they reflect

OIG’s assessment of which aspects of the interviewed employees’ testimony would be most

pertinent to OIG’s evaluation of the USCP disciplinary practices, thereby implicating an

“exercise of judgment.” See Mapother, 3 F.3d at 1539; see also Hardy, 243 F. Supp. 3d at 170.

       The CPB contends that the interview notes must remain confidential so as to ensure that

employees will be honest and candid during their interviews. See Ropella Decl. ¶ 16 (“When

interviewing Department employees for the evaluation, the OIG relies on honestly [sic] and

6
   Although the Motion to Quash cites Privilege Log Entry 26 when it discusses interview notes,
the Privilege Log describes Entry 26 as a draft report. See Movant’s Mot. to Quash at 12, ECF
No. 25-1; Privilege Log. To resolve that ambiguity, the Court reviewed the document in camera.
That review revealed that this document summarizes the results of OIG’s evaluation of the USCP
disciplinary process, and thus is more aptly described as a draft.

                                                 16
candidness from the employees. As such, release of interviews with employees will be harmful

to the candid discussions and runs the risk of future timidity of employees coming forward or

being frank in their discussions with the independent OIG.”). Although a significant public

interest exists in ensuring that employees speak frankly with OIG, Ms. Breiterman’s need for

documents pertinent to her discrimination claims may overcome that interest if her need

outweighs the public interest in nondisclosure. As noted, when weighing those interests, courts

consider several factors including relevance, the role of the government, and the availability of

alternate evidence.

       One responsive document, Privilege Log Entry Number 7, includes a sentence that

addresses the disciplinary actions taken against Ms. Breiterman. That portion of the interview

notes is, therefore, relevant to Ms. Breiterman’s claims as it may illuminate aspects of the

decisionmaking process. Ms. Breiterman does not appear to have uncovered this evidence

through other means, given that it was not referenced at the hearing or in any of Ms.

Breiterman’s briefs. Further, Ms. Breiterman’s private need to receive this information aligns

with the public interest in bringing to light any evidence that might support allegations that a

federal agency has violated federal antidiscrimination laws.7 To be sure, OIG has an interest in

protecting the secrecy of its interview process. But the Court can balance OIG’s countervailing

interest by limiting the release to the sentence directly concerning Ms. Breiterman, designating

the released document confidential under the protective order in this case, and continuing to

apply the privilege to the remainder of the interview notes. Given that the sentence regarding

Ms. Breiterman does not contain a critique of the USCP’s disciplinary process, its disclosure

7
  This document does not attribute a discriminatory or retaliatory motive to any USCP
employee. The trial judge or the jury ultimately will decide whether the facts referenced in this
document provide admissible circumstantial evidence of discrimination or retaliation.

                                                 17
should not chill employees’ future candor in OIG interviews. Therefore, the Court concludes

that Ms. Breiterman’s need for information supporting her discrimination claims outweighs

OIG’s interest in withholding deliberative materials. Accordingly, the sixth sentence in the last

paragraph on the last page of Privilege Log Entry 7 must be disclosed to Ms. Breiterman. The

CPB may designate that redacted document as “CONFIDENTIAL” under the protective order

that governs this case, and if so designated the document shall be handled in accordance with the

terms of the protective order. See Order, ECF No. 23 (Order granting and establishing terms of

Protective Order).

       Another responsive set of interview notes, Privilege Log Entry 13, includes as an

attachment a document from Ms. Breiterman’s appeal. That attachment is relevant to Ms.

Breiterman’s claims. However, the nature and contents of that document indicate that Ms.

Breiterman received it during the administrative process and thus already possesses it. The

document contains no notations that provide information beyond its original content. Therefore

Ms. Breiterman has no need for the copy from OIG’s files, let alone a need that would overcome

the deliberative process privilege. The related interview notes do not directly address Ms.

Breiterman’s claims, but discuss disciplinary actions against other USCP employees and include

as attachments documents describing the discipline imposed on those employees. Although that

information may be relevant to the extent it helps Ms. Breiterman identify potential comparators,

Ms. Breiterman can obtain the same information through means that would not implicate the

deliberative process privilege. The interviewee is a USCP witness that Ms. Breiterman has

deposed, and Ms. Breiterman has requested information regarding comparators in discovery

addressed to the USCP. Therefore Ms. Breiterman’s need for information regarding possible

                                                18
comparators does not outweigh OIG’s interest in protecting its deliberations; accordingly, the

deliberative process privilege protects Privilege Log Entry 13 and its attachments.

       The remaining interview notes neither discuss Ms. Breiterman’s case nor address any

alleged gender discrepancy in the application of USCP disciplinary policies. Ms. Breiterman has

not identified a need that outweighs the public interest in protecting the confidentiality of those

notes. As the notes are not relevant to Ms. Breiterman’s discrimination claims, their disclosure

would not benefit her. Ms. Breiterman can obtain alternate evidence from a first-hand source —

the USCP employees who are familiar with the disciplinary policies and practices. Therefore

Ms. Breiterman cannot overcome the public interest in protecting OIG’s evaluative process. See

Ropella Decl. ¶ 16 (noting that “OIG relies on honesty and candidness from the employees.”).

       Eight of the responsive documents are drafts — five drafts of the OIG Report and three

drafts of disciplinary policies. Privilege Log, Doc. Nos. 1, 2, 24, 25, 26, 28–30. The drafts are

predecisional because they predate the preparation of the OIG Report, which itself precedes the

development of revised disciplinary policies. See Ropella Decl. ¶¶ 7, 8, 10–11. Four drafts of

the OIG Report (Privilege Log Entries 25, 28, 29, and 30) “include editing, indexing and

referencing, and draft requests for extension,” id. ¶ 11, and are deliberative because their

disclosure “would divulge information regarding ‘decisions to insert or delete material or to

change [the] draft’s focus or emphasis.’” Hardy, 243 F. Supp. 3d at 174 (quoting Dudman

Commc’ns Corp. v. Dept. of the Air Force, 815 F.2d 1565, 1569 (D.C. Cir. 1987)). The draft

contained in Privilege Log Entry 26 provides a detailed overview of OIG’s investigation and

includes proposed changes to the disciplinary process; as such, it reflects OIG’s impressions and

tentative recommendations regarding agency policy and is deliberative. Drafts of the

disciplinary policies (Privilege Log Entries 1, 2, and 24) also are deliberative; their status as

                                                  19
drafts indicates that they were “intended to facilitate or assist development of the agency’s final

position on the relevant issue.” Nat’l Sec. Archive, 752 F.3d at 463.

       Ms. Breiterman’s desire to obtain the drafts does not outweigh the public interest in

protecting them from disclosure. The drafts are a quintessential example of deliberative

material. There is a significant public interest in allowing agency employees to develop policy

recommendations without being inhibited by the risk that their preliminary thoughts will be

publicly disclosed. See In re Anthem, 236 F. Supp. 3d at 165 (noting that disclosing deliberative

materials “greatly risks thwarting employees’ ability to freely communicate and exchange

ideas”). The draft disciplinary policies are not relevant to Ms. Breiterman’s claims because they

shed no light on how the existing policies were applied to Ms. Breiterman’s alleged conduct.

The drafts of the OIG Report also are not relevant because OIG’s evaluation of the disciplinary

process neither advances nor undermines Ms. Breiterman’s sex discrimination claims. As none

of the drafts are relevant, Ms. Breiterman has no compelling need to obtain them, and the

balance therefore favors nondisclosure. See Comm. on Oversight and Gov’t Reform, 156 F.

Supp. 3d at 113 (noting relevance of the evidence as a factor in balancing competing interests in

disclosure).

       The CPB also asserts the deliberative process privilege for two documents consisting of

“OIG’s working documents regarding the flow chart of the USCP discipline process” —

Privilege Log Entries 5 and 32. The Privilege Log describes these documents as a “Disciplinary

Process Outline” and “IG Notes on USCP Process and Flow Chart.” See Privilege Log. Both

documents are predecisional because they were used to prepare the OIG Report, which itself is a

predecisional document. See Ropella Decl. ¶ 8. These documents summarize facts gathered in

the report and “reflect an exercise of judgment as to what issues are most relevant to the pre-

                                                 20
decisional findings and recommendations” that were ultimately included in the OIG Report.

Ancient Coin Collectors Guild, 641 F.3d at 513 (citations and quotation marks omitted).

Accordingly they are deliberative for substantially the same reason as the drafts and interview

notes. As neither document contains information that would advance or undermine Ms.

Breiterman’s discrimination claims, she has no compelling need that would outweigh the interest

in protecting the secrecy of OIG’s deliberative process.

       The CPB also asserts the deliberative process privilege for a 19-page email

communication with OIG, and avers that the email is a “Department Response to Draft Report

OIG-2017-01.” Privilege Log, Doc. No. 3; Ropella Decl. ¶ 15. The email predates the

finalization of the OIG Report, and therefore is predecisional. The document is also deliberative.

It contains the USCP’s response to OIG’s evaluation and information that the USCP proposed be

included in the OIG Report, and thus reflects the “give-and-take of the consultative process.”

Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 F.2d at 1434; In re Anthem, 236 F. Supp. 3d at 164 (withholding

emails where they were “at their core, the back-and-forth deliberative process required for an

agency to reach a decision.”).

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court quashes the subpoena insofar as it seeks the

documents underlying the OIG Report, with one exception — OIG shall release to Ms.

Breiterman the identified sentence in Privilege Log Entry No. 7 addressing Ms. Breiterman’s

disciplinary charges.

                                 ii.   Relevance

       The CPB appears to challenge the relevance of the documents underlying the OIG

Report, but has not fully developed the relevance argument as to those documents. See Movant’s

Mot. to Quash at 6–8, ECF No. 25-1. The sentence in Privilege Log Entry 7 that must be

                                                21
released is relevant for the reasons discussed above. The deliberative process privilege shields

the remaining documents from discovery, regardless of their potential relevance to Ms.

Breiterman’s claims. Therefore the Court will not reach the CPB’s challenge to the relevance of

these documents.

                       c.     Additional Records Regarding USCP Disciplinary Policies and
                              Practices

       In addition to seeking the OIG Report and its underlying documents, the subpoenas also

request all other records in the possession of OIG or Ms. Ropella regarding USCP disciplinary

policies and practices. See Ropella Subpoena at Attach. A (Item #1); OIG Subpoena at Attach.

A (Item #4). The CPB contends that Ms. Breiterman has obtained any pertinent documents,

except for the OIG Report and its underlying documents, through the USCP’s discovery

responses. See Movant’s Mot. to Quash at 7, ECF No. 25-1; Movant’s Reply at 2, ECF No. 28.

Therefore the CPB contends that requiring OIG or Ms. Ropella to provide this information

would be unduly burdensome and beyond the scope of permissible discovery.

       As noted, Rule 26’s limitations on the scope of discovery also apply to subpoenas issued

pursuant to Rule 45. See, e.g., Coleman v. District of Columbia, 275 F.R.D. 33, 36–37 (D.D.C.

2011) (“[I]t is settled that a subpoena is limited in scope by Rule 26(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure”). Rule 26 directs courts to limit discovery that “is unreasonably cumulative or

duplicative, or can be obtained from some other source that is more convenient, less

burdensome, or less expensive,” or if “the party seeking discovery has had ample opportunity to

obtain the information by discovery in the action.” FED. R. CIV. P. 26(b)(2)(C)(i), (ii). Ms.

Breiterman has acknowledged, in her opposition and at the Motions Hearing, that the USCP’s

discovery responses included the disciplinary rules, policies, and guidelines that are germane to

this matter. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 6. Given that Ms. Breiterman already has received that

                                                22
information directly from the USCP, neither OIG nor Ms. Ropella should be required to produce

the same materials. See FED. R. CIV. P. 26(b)(2)(C)(i), (ii). Therefore the Court quashes the OIG

and Ropella Subpoenas insofar as they seek documents reflecting the USCP’s disciplinary

policies and practices.

               2.         Recommendations Made to Chief Verderosa and USCP Officials

       The subpoenas also seek production of documents regarding “recommendations the OIG

made to Chief Matthew Verderosa or USCP or any USCP officials within the past five years

related to USCP’s disciplinary policies, practices, or processes.” OIG Subpoena at Attach. A

(Item #5); Ropella Subpoena at Attach. A (Item #2). OIG has explained, in Ms. Ropella’s

supplemental declaration, that “[t]he OIG Report (OIG-2017-01) constitutes the only

recommendation[] related to disciplinary policies, practices, and processes the OIG has made to

Chief Verderosa” and that “[t]he OIG did not make any other recommendations in any related

documents.” Movant’s Response to Court Order, Supplemental Decl. of Fay F. Ropella ¶ 5,

ECF No. 41-1 (“Ropella Supplemental Decl.”). Accordingly, the OIG Report is the only

document responsive to this portion of the OIG and Ropella Subpoenas. As the OIG Report is

protected by the deliberative process privilege for the reasons discussed above, the Court quashes

the OIG and Ropella Subpoenas insofar as they seek recommendations made to Chief Verderosa

and USCP officials.

               3.         Summaries, Reports, or Compilations Regarding the Volume and
                          Nature of Disciplinary Actions

       Finally, the subpoenas seek production of documents “showing summaries, reports, or

compilations regarding the volume and nature of disciplinary actions that the USCP took within

the past five years.” Ropella Subpoena at Attach. A (Item #3); OIG Subpoena at Attach. A (Item

#6). At the Motions Hearing, the CPB clarified that the OIG Report and underlying documents

                                               23
identified on the Privilege Log are the only responsive documents in OIG’s possession. Those

documents are privileged for the reasons discussed above.

       Even if OIG possessed additional documents outside the scope of the deliberative process

privilege, requiring OIG or Ms. Ropella to produce them to Ms. Breiterman would be contrary to

Rule 26’s proscription against discovery that is cumulative, duplicative, or available from

another source. Plaintiff’s counsel clarified at the Motions Hearing that Ms. Breiterman

primarily seeks the OIG Report and underlying documents, and has no interest in receiving

records that the USCP already has produced. Ms. Breiterman also has acknowledged that the

USCP already has produced extensive written discovery regarding its disciplinary policies and

practices. Any information that OIG could obtain regarding the volume and nature of

disciplinary actions would originate from the USCP and would duplicate the material the USCP

already has produced. Thus requiring OIG to produce this information would be duplicative of

discovery already conducted, and would not benefit Ms. Breiterman at all. The burden that OIG

would incur by producing such records, while arguably minimal, outweighs the nonexistent

benefit. Therefore the Court quashes the OIG and Ropella Subpoenas insofar as they seek

records showing summaries, reports, or complications regarding the volume and nature of

disciplinary actions taken by the USCP within the last five years. See Ropella Subpoena at

Attach. A (Item #3); OIG Subpoena at Attach. A (Item #6).

       B.      Testimony

               1.     Deposition of OIG

       Ms. Breiterman also seeks testimony from OIG regarding: the USCP’s disciplinary

policies and practices; recommendations from OIG to USCP officials regarding disciplinary

policies or practices; and the manner in which OIG maintains summaries, reports, or

                                                24
compilations regarding USCP disciplinary actions in the last five years. See OIG Subpoena at

Attach. A (Items #1–3). Ms. Breiterman argues that the first two categories of testimony will

help her identify comparators and gather “information about USCP’s failures to fairly and

consistently impose discipline.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 6. Ms. Breiterman seeks the third category of

information to assess the burdensomeness of her proposed discovery.

       Ms. Breiterman’s request for testimony regarding USCP disciplinary policies and

practices duplicates subjects addressed in the depositions of several USCP witnesses. At the

Motions Hearing, the CPB contended, and Ms. Breiterman did not refute, that Ms. Breiterman

had deposed several USCP officials8 who testified about the USCP disciplinary policies and

practices at a macro-level as well as the application of those policies to Ms. Breiterman’s

individual case. OIG is not responsible for developing or implementing those policies and

practices, and thus would have no first-hand knowledge regarding them. See generally Movant’s

Reply at 7 (“Any information gathered from the OIG was obtained from Department

employees.”). In addition, no “OIG official participated in or ha[s] any personal knowledge

regarding the decision to suspend or demote Plaintiff, Jodi Breiterman.” Ropella Supplemental

Decl. ¶ 6. Thus although the disciplinary policies and practices would be appropriate topics to

explore with the USCP, requiring OIG, a non-party, to produce witnesses to testify about the

subject, based entirely on second-hand information from USCP witnesses, would be unduly

burdensome and duplicative of prior depositions.

8
   At the August 15, 2017 Motions Hearing, the CPB indicated that Ms. Breiterman had
deposed: Chief Verderosa, who has an in-depth understanding of the disciplinary practices and
policies overall and as applied to individuals, for over six hours; Deputy Chief Chad Thomas,
who is well versed in the disciplinary practices and policies and Ms. Breiterman’s case, for over
four hours; Captain Sean Gallagher, Sergeant Mark Shutters, and Inspector Kim Bollinger, who
addressed both the disciplinary practices and policies and Ms. Breiterman’s case; and Inspectors
Donald Rouiller and J.J. Pickens, who both provided information to OIG.

                                                25
       Ms. Breiterman’s request for testimony regarding OIG’s recommendations to the USCP

seeks information that is protected by the deliberative process privilege. The CPB has

established by unrebutted sworn testimony that the OIG Report comprises the “only

recommendation related to disciplinary policies, practices and processes the OIG” made to the

USCP and that “the OIG did not make any other recommendations in any related documents.”

Ropella Supplemental Decl. ¶ 5. Thus any testimony from OIG witnesses regarding this

deposition topic would necessarily be based upon the information gathered and conclusions

reached during the development of the OIG Report. As discussed above, the deliberative process

privilege protects the OIG Report and its underlying documents. Consequently, testimony about

those documents “may violate the privilege” and would be protected from disclosure. Broderick

v. Shad, 117 F.R.D. 306, 313 (D.D.C. 1987); see Walker v. NCNB Nat’l Bank of Fla., 810
F. Supp. 11, 14 (D.D.C. 1993) (finding deliberative process privilege protected information

sought by deposition subpoena); cf. Watts, 482 F.3d at 508–09 (citing Exxon Shipping Co. v. U.S.

Dep’t of Interior, 34 F.3d 774 (9th Cir. 1994) (“Rule 45’s privilege and undue burden standard

thus applies to both document and testimonial subpoenas”).

        Ms. Breiterman’s request for testimony regarding how “OIG maintains summaries,

reports, or compilations regarding the volume and nature of disciplinary actions that USCP took

within the past five years” seeks information that is no longer relevant. At the Motions Hearing,

Plaintiff’s counsel clarified that Ms. Breiterman sought such information in order to determine

how burdensome it would be for OIG to produce the information requested. The Privilege Log

identifies the reports, notes, and other records that OIG possesses regarding its recent evaluation

of the USCP’s disciplinary actions. Learning how OIG maintains those records would neither

facilitate Ms. Breiterman’s ability to obtain those records through discovery nor advance Ms.

                                                26
Breiterman’s claims. By Plaintiff’s counsel’s own admission, the progression of discovery has

rendered this information virtually useless. Therefore the Court quashes the subpoena insofar as

it seeks testimony regarding this topic. See generally Phillips & Cohen, LLP v. Thorpe, 300
F.R.D. 16, 18 (D.D.C. 2013) (quashing subpoena where documents were “of no conceivable

relevance” to the “context of the action now pending”).

               2.     Deposition of Fay Ropella

       The Ropella Subpoena also seeks deposition testimony but, unlike the OIG Subpoena,

does not identify specific topics. Ms. Breiterman appears to wish to explore facts pertinent to her

disparate treatment claim, the preparation and the content of the OIG Report, OIG’s reaction to

USCP employees’ criticism of USCP disciplinary practices, “information about how USCP

disciplines employees, the policies USCP follows to discipline employees, and how USCP

disciplines other employees.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 12. The CPB contends that the subpoena should be

quashed because: the OIG Report is subject to the deliberative process privilege; requiring Ms.

Ropella to testify regarding any of the remaining topics would impose an undue burden on a

high-ranking government official; and the requested information is duplicative of testimony from

USCP witnesses and could be obtained directly from those witnesses. See Movant’s Mot. to

Quash at 15, ECF No. 25-1; Movant’s Reply at 6–8.

       The deliberative process privilege provides a basis to quash the subpoena insofar as it

seeks testimony regarding the OIG Report and its contents or the conclusions OIG reached in its

evaluation of the USCP’s disciplinary policies and practices. The Court has determined that the

report and the conclusions drawn therein are privileged. Those protections extend to deposition

testimony as well as the privileged documents. See Broderick, 117 F.R.D. at 313; Walker 810
27
F. Supp. at 14 (finding deliberative process privilege protected information sought by deposition

subpoena).

       With respect to any other subjects Ms. Breiterman may wish to explore in the Ropella

deposition, the CPB asks the Court to quash the subpoena because Ms. Ropella is a high ranking

government official who lacks personal knowledge of the relevant matters and the information is

available from an alternate source. See Movant’s Mot. to Quash at 14–15, ECF No. 25-1.

“[H]igh ranking government officials are generally not subject to depositions unless they have

some personal knowledge about the matter and the party seeking the deposition makes a showing

that the information cannot be obtained elsewhere.” Alexander v. FBI, 186 F.R.D. 1, 4 (D.D.C.

1998) (citing cases) (emphasis in original); see also Payne v. District of Columbia, 859 F. Supp.
2d 125, 136 (D.D.C. 2012). This rule allows “high-level public servants to spend their valuable

time performing their duties rather than preparing for and testifying in depositions, unless the

individual has some relevant personal knowledge about the subject matter.” Kline v. Berry, No.

10-1802 (RWR), 2012 WL 2376982, at *5 (D.D.C. June 25, 2012).

       Ms. Breiterman effectively concedes that Ms. Ropella, in her role as USCP Inspector

General, qualifies as a high-ranking government official. Thus, although it is unclear whether

Ms. Ropella’s position has sufficient prominence to qualify for this exception to courts’ general

permissiveness regarding depositions, the Court will assume for purposes of resolving this

motion that Ms. Ropella is a high-ranking government official.9

9
   Most cases applying this rule involve agency heads. See Alexander, 186 F.R.D. 1, 4 (D.D.C.
1998) (noting that most cases protect agency heads); Byrd v. District of Columbia, 259 F.R.D. 1,
6–7 (D.D.C. 2009) (noting that the “Mayor of the District of Columbia, United States Senators,
the General Counsel to United States House of Representatives, the Attorney General of the
United States and certain high administrative heads are high-ranking officials for this purpose.”);
Kline, 2012 WL 2376982 at *4 (noting additional examples of “high-ranking” officials from

                                                28
       As a high-ranking official, Ms. Ropella should not be subject to a deposition in this

matter. Ms. Ropella has no personal knowledge regarding Ms. Breiterman’s disciplinary action,

and is unaware of any gender disparity or bias in the application of the USCP’s disciplinary

policies. See Ropella Supplemental Decl. ¶¶ 4, 6. Even if Ms. Ropella’s review of the OIG

Report and related documents imparted knowledge about USCP disciplinary policies and how

the USCP disciplines other employees, that knowledge is second-hand; the USCP employees

who provided that information to OIG are better equipped to answer any questions that Ms.

Breiterman may have. Thus Ms. Breiterman has not made a sufficient showing that she is unable

to obtain the information elsewhere. Accordingly, the Court quashes the deposition subpoena to

Fay Ropella.

       Even if Ms. Ropella were not a high-ranking official, the Court would quash the

deposition subpoena because the proposed testimony subjects Ms. Ropella to an undue burden.

In determining whether an undue burden exists that would warrant quashing a Rule 45 subpoena,

“courts generally employ a balancing test, weighing the burdensomeness to the moving party

against the deponent’s need for, and the relevance of, the information being sought.” Flanagan,
231 F.R.D. at 102; see also Coleman, 275 F.R.D. at 36–37. Similarly, Rule 26

       requires district courts in “[a]ll discovery” to consider a number of factors
       potentially relevant to the question of undue burden, including: whether the
       discovery is “unreasonably cumulative or duplicative”; whether the discovery
       sought is “obtainable from some other source that is more convenient, less
       burdensome, or less expensive”; and whether “the burden or expense of the
       proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit, taking into account the needs of
       the case, the amount in controversy, the parties’ resources, the importance of the
       issues at stake in the litigation, and the importance of the proposed discovery in
       resolving the issues.”

other cases, including the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Environmental Protection Agency and
close assistants to the United States President).

                                               29
Watts, 482 F.3d at 509 (quoting FED. R. CIV. P. 26(b)(1)–(2)).

       To the extent the Ropella Subpoena seeks testimony regarding the USCP’s disciplinary

practices and policies and their application to other employees, it imposes an undue burden upon

Ms. Ropella. Like the related requests for production, the deposition subpoena seeks to retread

topics that have been explored at depth with USCP witnesses. Ms. Breiterman already has had

an opportunity to obtain that information from a first-hand source, by deposing a number of

USCP officials familiar with the disciplinary process in general and Ms. Breiterman’s individual

case. See supra n.7. Ms. Ropella and other OIG employees lack “first-hand knowledge of the

enactment of the USCP’s disciplinary policies.” Movant’s Reply at 7. Accordingly, there is no

reason to believe that Ms. Ropella or any other OIG witness10 would have personal knowledge of

the relevant topics, or that the proposed testimony would add anything of benefit to the record

Ms. Breiterman already has developed. Therefore this proposed line of inquiry would subject

Ms. Ropella or any other OIG witness to unreasonably cumulative and duplicative discovery.

II.    MOTION FOR PROTECTIVE ORDER

       The CPB also moves in the alternative for a protective order. Specifically, the CPB asks

that the Court order that any documents that must be produced to Ms. Breiterman be subject to a

protective order requiring that the documents remain under seal and not be disclosed to any third

parties. See Movant’s Mot. to Quash — Proposed Order, ECF No. 25. The Court has

determined that one document should be released in part — one sentence from Privilege Log

Entry 7 — and has authorized the CPB to designate the released redacted document as a

10
    The CPB has indicated that if the Court deems it appropriate to have a witness testify
regarding the OIG Report, Michael Bolton would be better suited to do so than Ms. Ropella.
Movant’s Mot. to Quash at 15, ECF No. 25-1. Ms. Breiterman responded that if Mr. Bolton is
more knowledgeable, she would be willing to reissue Ms. Ropella’s subpoena to Mr. Bolton.
Pl.’s Opp’n at 12.

                                                30
“CONFIDENTIAL” document under the protective order that already exists. See supra, Part

A(1)(b)(i). Therefore there is no need for a new protective order, and the Court DENIES without

prejudice the CPB’s request for a protective order.

                                        CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court hereby GRANTS-IN-PART and DENIES-IN-PART

Movant’s Motion to Quash [ECF No. 25] and DENIES without prejudice Movant’s Motion for a

Protective Order [ECF No. 25]. A separate Order will accompany this Memorandum Opinion.

                                                                          Digitally signed by Robin M.
                                                                          Meriweather
       November 7, 2017                                                   Date: 2017.11.07 19:01:41 -05'00'
DATED: ____________
                                            ROBIN M. MERIWEATHER
                                            UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

                                                31