Court Opinion

ID: 9522957
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-07 02:34:17.660655+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:04:23.474157
License: Public Domain

Dissenting Opinion.
Mote, J.
Without claiming unjust pride in the authorship of the opinion of the Second Division of the Appellate Court, 214 N. E. 2d 186, in which all members of the Division concurred, I must respectfully dissent to the transfer of this cause to this Court and to the reversal thereof.
While I believe that the Appellate Court’s opinion clearly states the law in the case, perhaps it would not be amiss were I to make additional remarks concerning my understanding of the law of gifts, as it prevails in Indiana; also, to comment upon the theories contained in the majority opinion; and to clarify my views as well as comment upon the applicability of the authorities cited and relied upon by the majority. As I consider the facts in each and every authority in Indiana cited to uphold the conclusion reached by Chief Justice Arterburn, it is my view that there is no similarity in any of them to the facts in the case at bar; also, it is my view that if properly applied, the Indiana authorities cited by Judge Arterburn actually support the opinion and decision of the Appellate Court.
Some courts today recognize two exceptions to the irrevocable delivery theory in the case of gifts inter vivos, these being (1) constructive delivery, such as that evidenced by yielding the possession of the only key to a locked chest or (2) the symbol, by the delivery of an instrument passing absolute *307title to the objects. At common law, there were but three methods of transferring title: the sale, which required consideration ; the testament, which required a statutory instrument with an animus . testandi; and a gift inter vivos or causa mortis, which required delivery absolute in the case of inter vivos or upon a condition subsequent in the case of causa mortis, both coupled with an animus donandi. From the record before us, however, comments upon part of which will have our subsequent attention herein, if there should be any possible question on the above referred to exceptions, two in number, the decision of the trial court, sustained by substantial evidence on the treatment of the letter indicates the validity of such finding and judgment, and in effect forecloses any consideration of either of the two exceptions above.
The majority opinion cites Klingaman v. Burch (1939), 216 Ind. 695, 25 N. E. 2d 996, to support the statement that “possession of the deed of gift, or a deed in the case of real estate raises a presumption of acceptance and delivery of the same.”
In the case at bar, there was a writing or letter which would serve the function similar to a deed, but since acceptance and delivery are missing as a fact, the presumption cannot be enjoyed.
When the above quotation is considered in context, we do not find support for the contentions of the Appellant, nor can we conceive that such statement can adversely affect the law of gifts, as we understand it to prevail in our jurisdiction.
The majority opinion states: “The main contention of the estate (appellee) is that a gift of tangible personal property cannot be made by a written instrument or deed of gift; that delivery of the personal property, symbolically or totally, must take place regardless of any written instrument.” I do not understand this to be the main contention of the Estate, Appellee herein. Contrariwise, it is my understanding that for the written instrument to be effective as a completed gift inter *308vivos, acceptance and delivery must obtain. We do not condemn the written instrument as a means of expressing the intention of the alleged donor. Such intention may be expressed in many ways, by many forms of written instruments, or even by way of parol. Currently we have in mind such a letter as here involved, but to complete the gift inter vivos, delivery to and acceptance by the donee is necessary. The authorities in our jurisdiction hold that with the intention to make a gift in praesenti, evidence of intention first must be shown, either orally or by writing, and thereafter the donor must part with the possession, dominion and control over the corpus, tangibles and intangibles. Expressed intention does not alone serve to complete a gift. What we have to say in this respect does not concern real estate because our Statutes set forth the requirements for a valid deed.
The record herein discloses that there is no dispute concerning tangible personal property other than that which was in the possession and control, and under the dominion, of the testatrix when she died. This property was bequeathed by will of decedent to other than Appellant; it was inventoried in her estate; and such property was alleged to be owned by the testatrix after the letter of gift and before her death in a petition by Appellant for the appointment of a guardian for her.
The majority opinion discusses the advance of education and the coming into general use of writings to evidence the transfer of the ownership of property both real and personal. Several digests are cited and quoted which announce general theories of the law of gifts, but their applicability to any statements of facts appears, to me at least, to be distinguishable when considered in relation to the decisions and language of the courts of this jurisdiction on the subject of what is necessary to complete a gift, inter vivos. In support of the digest cited by the majority opinion, it is stated that “Indiana has. recognized this rule,” .to-wit: “Possession of the deed of *309gift, or a deed in the case of real estate raises a presumption of acceptance and delivery of the same.” Crawfordsville Tr. v. Elston Bank & Tr. Co. (1940) 216 Ind. 596, 25 N. E. 2d 626, is cited with the following quote:
“. . . Actual physical delivery of the object of the gift is not required. The delivery may be either actual, constructive or symbolical. Richards v. Wilson, supra, recognized that such gift might be made by a deed without delivery.”
Neither the quotation nor the citation support the conclusion reached; as a matter of fact, considered in context they both support this dissent.
A careful examination of the case of Richards v. Wilson (1916) 185 Ind. 335, 112 N. E. 780, discloses that in considering a charitable gift there involved, this Court stated:
“A more liberal rule obtains as to gifts to charity, for trusts for charity are favored by equity, and are to be construed as valid when possible and are often upheld where private trusts fail. . . . Courts look with favor upon all such donations, and endeavor to carry them into effect, if it can be done consistently with the rules of law. If the words of a gift are ambiguous or contradictory, they are .so construed as to support the charity if possible.”
2 Perry on Trusts (6th ed.) § 709 is cited and the opinion continues:
“And the liberality of equity to carry into effect a charitable purpose once it is discovered is particularly applicable to delivery and acceptance, for, in the nature of things, the beneficiary unknown and unborn, cannot actually receive the proposed gift.”
It will be noted from a careful examination of the facts in Richards v. Wilson, supra, that a large number of donors or contributors, some of them quite substantial, subscribed to a fund or trustees of a fund to establish an educational institution. There was a failure of the first institution established and some of the contributors sought the return of such part *310of their contributions after a sale of assets acquired through the contributions. The contributors had parted with possession, dominion and control to trustees and the contributions were upheld as a completed gift. This authority does not support the majority opinion herein. **
Returning to the case of Crawfordsville Tr. Co. v. Elston Bank & Tr. Co., supra, and referring to the quote therefrom, above set out, for an understanding of this Court’s then expressed view on the subject, it is necessary to read further in the opinion, thus to clarify the matter. This Court said:
“The reason for requiring delivery is that actual delivery takes the thing given out of the possession of the donor and, therefore, places it beyond the power of his revocation. A written assignment, such as we have here, which makes a present gift of personal property which is in the possession of a third person, which assignment is delivered to the assignee and notice thereof given to the one in possession, makes a valid completed gift which the donor cannot revoke. Such a written assignment, therefore, takes the place of delivery. Ross, Ex’r, v. Watkins, 1923, 80 Ind. App. 487, 141 N. E. 477. A different case is presented where the owner makes an order on, or even delivers an assignment to his agent who never completes the gift. If an agent fails to take an essential step, it is the same as if the owner stopped short of completion and, of course, makes the gift invalid.” (Emphasis supplied.)
We believe that it is confusing to consider gifts of chattels, tangible and intangible property in relation to the gift of realty. It may be trite to say that a duly executed deed to realty which never leaves the personal possession of the grantor is not effective in the transfer of title, either by gift or otherwise. If, however, the owner of an interest in real estate conveys by valid deed such interest to another and knowingly and wilfully parts with possession of such deed, placing the same in the hands of other than his own agent (even a stranger to the transaction) with instructions to deliver to the grantee, there is an unqualified delivery, and the transfer, as between the parties, is complete.
*311Such, we think, is the meaning and effect of Klingaman v. Burch, supra, cited in the majority opinion. This ease had to do with the gift of real estate by valid deed with ample evidence to support the finding that there was delivery following execution of the instrument of conveyance to the grantee. In our opinion, the transaction therein is in no manner comparable to the transaction now before us. It appears that there is language in the opinion which would permit the conclusion that a beneficial gift to a donee implies assent or acceptance. With this conclusion we are not at odds; however, this in no way implies that willingness alone to accept a gift amounts to acceptance without delivery of possession of and the parting with dominion and control over the object of the gift. The latter two items are quite as necessary in the gift of realty, although the valid deed serves as a symbol for reasons which are apparent.
It might be possible, we think, that the necessary symbolism could be applied to the gift of personalty such as in the gift of a large volume of identical or nearly identical items such perhaps as a warehouse filled with fruit or steel in the manner of feudal seizin in handing by the grantor to the grantee an emblem of the soil. But, as the majority states, better ways of conveyance have been discovered through education, reading and writing and in the advancement of civilization.
We cannot subscribe to the view that a written instrument such as a deed to real estate, the form of execution of which is prescribed by statute, can and does serve to perform the same or even similar function with respect to gifts of personalty. This does not imply, however, that a written instrument, call it what you may, is not available and cannot be employed to express the will of a donor. The point is that the use of such a written instrument, except in the limited manner above suggested, coupled with proof of symbolic or emblematic investment of title and possession, can or will be sufficient to constitute a gift in praesenti. Crawfordsville Tr. Co. v. *312Elston Bank & Tr. Co., supra; Ross, Ex’r. v. Watkins, supra; and we think Richards v. Wilson, supra, also, when carefully considered, and especially wherein repetitiously and for emphasis it is said by this Court:
“The reason for requiring delivery is that actual delivery takes the thing given out of the possession of the donor and; therefore, places it beyond the power of his revocation.”
Again:
“A written assignment (as in the case at bar) such as we have here, which makes a present gift of personal property which is in the possession of a third person, which assignment is delivered to the assignee and notice thereof given to the one in possession, makes a valid completed gift which the donor cannot revoke.”
Again:
“A different case is presented where the owner makes an order on, or even delivers an assignment to his agent who never completes the gift. If an agent fails to take an essential step, it is the same as if the owner stopped short of completion and, of course, makes the gift invalid.”
Not only does the quoted language of this Court impress us as being amply sufficient to sustain our view, but when considered, as above stated, and in the light of the further and additional facts that the testatrix, the alleged donor, continued to the time of her death to retain possession of the objects of the alleged gift; that she bequeathed the same in her will; and that Appellant alleged in the petition for the appointment of a guardian for the alleged donor that she, the latter mentioned, was then the owner of the objects of the alleged gift, the result appears to be rather overwhelming. Thus it would seem that if there ever were an intent to complete a gift, the subsequent actions taken by said alleged donor inter vivos properly could be said to have amounted to revocation. And one of the potent and relevant reasons for the requirement for dispossession and for delivery is to assure that revocation can*313not take place. In the circumtances, any intent expressed or offer to make a gift of personalty may be revoked so long as the alleged donor has it within his power to revoke. Such right of revocation ends with yielding of possession and control, by delivery to the donee personally, or to one not an agent of the donor, with instructions to transfer.
It is my deep conviction that the majority opinion wholly departs from the law of gifts as established in our jurisdiction ; that the said opinion and decision cannot be clothed even with the necessity of changing the stream of thought in the modernization of alleged outmoded laws. It is my further view that courts should guard with zeal the pronouncements of the law which have been wrought through the crucibles of time, application and need.
Without even a suggestion that there is other than the highest purpose on the part of Appellant, I must point out that the door will be open now for the perpetration, or near perpetration, of fraud in the matter of gifts inter vivos. I wish to disassociate myself entirely from the expressions which will be used as future guides.
In my opinion, transfer should have been denied.
Note.—Reported in 226 N. E. 2d 332.