Court Opinion

ID: 2510955
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-30 10:02:52.961672+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:34:31.775624
License: Public Domain

(2008)
Cassius Lamar SHINE, Plaintiff,
v.
Robert HOFMAN, Susan Blair, Jodie Chafee, Modiano, Kevin Ashburn, Nick Burnham, Defendants.
No. 2:06 CV 237.
United States District Court, D. Vermont.
March 7, 2008.

ORDER
WILLIAM K. SESSIONS III, Chief Judge.
The Report and Recommendation of the United States Magistrate Judge was filed January 25, 2008. Plaintiffs objections were filed February 4, 2008 and Defendants' objections were filed on February 14, 2008.
A district judge must make a de novo determination of those portions of a magistrate judge's report and recommendation to which an objection is made. Fed. R.Civ.P. 72(b); 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Perez-Rubio v. Wyckoff, 718 F.Supp. 217, 227 (S.D.N.Y. 1989). The district judge may "accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the magistrate's proposed findings and recommendations." Id.
After careful review of the file, the Magistrate Judge's Report and Recommendation and the objections, this Court ADOPTS the Magistrate Judge's recommendations in full.
The defendants' motion to dismiss (Paper 5) is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. Specifically, it is ordered that the motion be GRANTED with respect to Shine's First Amendment claim that his access to the courts was impeded, and with respect to his Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process claim concerning his placement in disciplinary segregation. The motion is also GRANTED with respect to any claims for damages brought against the defendants in their official capacities. The motion is otherwise DENIED.

MAGISTRATE JUDGE'S REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
JEROME J. NIEDERMEIER, United States Magistrate Judge.
Plaintiff Cassius Lamar Shine, proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, claims that his constitutional rights were violated while he was a federal detainee incarcerated in Vermont. Specifically, Shine claims that: (1) he was denied access to the courts; (2) he was subjected to unconstitutional conditions of confinement; (3) he was retaliated against for filing a grievance, and (4) he was attacked by a corrections officer.
Pending before the Court is the defendants' motion to dismiss. The motion, filed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), presents an array of defenses including failure to state a claim, sovereign immunity and qualified immunity. For the reasons set forth below, I recommend that the motion (Paper 5) be GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.

Factual Background
The purposes of the motion to dismiss, the facts alleged in the complaint will be accepted as true. Shine is a federal inmate currently incarcerated in Ray Brook, New York. During the time period relevant to this lawsuit, he was a federal pretrial detainee in the custody and care of the Vermont Department of Corrections ("DOC").
Shine's first allegation pertains to an attempt to communicate with his attorney. On or about November 14, 2005, he wrote a letter to counsel discussing the conditions of his confinement and the planning of his criminal defense. The conditions of confinement issue had to do with the alleged lack of fire sprinklers in Shine's living area. Shine claims that because he had complained about this issue in the past, his mail was intercepted, opened and read by corrections officer Modiano. Modiano then brought the letter to him and asked him to confirm that he was its true sender. Shine contends that Modiano's actions violated his access to the courts.
Shine's second claim is that the lack of sprinklers presented dangerous living conditions in violation of his constitutional rights. On December 5, 2005, he filed a grievance concerning the facility's alleged non-compliance with state building codes. After an investigation, prison personnel concluded that no action was needed because the unit had smoke detectors and fire extinguishers, and a sprinkler system was due to be installed in 2005. Nonetheless, Shine claims that prison Superintendent Sue Blair and Maintenance Supervisor Jodi Chafee "falsified safety records and were deliberately indifferent to state building codes placing plaintiffs life in danger. Plaintiff had no access to a fire extinguisher and would have perished in flames in a calamity before help could arrive." (Paper 4 at 6).
Shine next alleges that in retaliation for filing the grievance, Blair and DOC Commissioner Robert Hofmann transferred him to the Southern State Correctional Facility ("SSCF") in Springfield, Vermont. Once at SSCF, Superintendent Blair allegedly placed Shine in "close custody ... without the possibility of ever being released into general population." While in close custody, Shine was not allowed adequate access to legal materials, and was denied all access to religious services and educational/vocational programs. Id. at 6-7.
Shine further claims that defendant Kevin Ashburn ordered that he be placed in automatic lock down while in close custody. The procedures used to place Shine in lock down allegedly violated his procedural due process rights because "there was no impartial reviewing body to discern on a case by case basis whether close custody is warranted for the individual." Id. at 7.
In a related claim, Shine alleges that his placement in disciplinary segregation impeded his ability to present a defense to the criminal charges pending against him. Specifically, he claims that segregation interfered with his ability to communicate with his attorney on the subject of a speedy trial. He also claims that, because of his segregation, he lost contact with witnesses he intended to call at trial.
Shine next argues that his conditions of confinement at SSCF violated his rights as a pre-trial detainee. He states that his cell was six feet by nine feet, that there were no windows, and that he was unable to interact with other people. "Plaintiff was made subject to complete sensory deprivation though he was not convicted of any crime and was only housed at the prison to ensure his presence at trial." Id.
Shine's final allegations arise out of an alleged assault by a correctional officer. On January 26, 2006, Shine was mopping his cell when he was allegedly assaulted from behind by defendant Nick Burnham. Burnham proceeded to call Shine a "`hard headed nigger'" when, after being ordered to stop mopping, Shine continued to mop. Burnham then sprayed Shine with mace in his face and eyes. In addition to the claim against Burnham, Shine is suing Superintendent Kevin Ashburn for failure to protect him from Burnham, "a racist who hated blacks and who had previously assaulted another black inmate." Id. at 8.
For relief, Shine is seeking damages and injunctive relief in the form of (1) an order barring Burnham from working inside any prison, (2) required racial sensitivity training for all prison staff members, and (3) the discontinuation of close custody for federal pretrial detainees in DOC custody.

Discussion

I. Motion to Dismiss Standard

The defendants have moved to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). On a motion to dismiss, the Court must accept as true the factual allegations in the complaint, and must draw all inferences in the plaintiffs favor. See Allaire Corp. v. Okumns, 433 F.3d 248, 249-50 (2d Cir.2006). "To survive dismissal, the plaintiff must provide the grounds upon which his claim rests through factual allegations sufficient to `raise a right to relief above the speculative level.'" ATSI Comms., Inc. v. Shaar Fund. Ltd., 493 F.3d 87, 98 (2d Cir.2007) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 1965, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). The Court remains mindful that pro se pleadings are to be read liberally. See Phillips v. Girdich, 408 F.3d 124, 128 (2d Cir.2005).

II. Access to Courts

The defendants first address Shine's allegations that he was denied access to the courts. This claim is comprised of three separate occurrences. First, there is Shine's claim that his mail was opened and returned to him, thereby impeding his ability to communicate with his attorney. Second, he alleges that placement in close custody limited his ability to access legal materials. Third, Shine claims that his placement in segregation barred him from contacting his attorney and potential witnesses.
The defendants argue for dismissal on the ground that Shine has failed to show that he suffered actual injury. Inmates have a First Amendment right of access to courts. See Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 350, 116 S.Ct. 2174, 135 L.Ed.2d 606 (1996); Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817, 828. 97 S.Ct. 1491, 52 L.Ed.2d 72 (1977). "However, this right is not `an abstract', freestanding right to a law library or legal assistance and cannot ground a Section 1983 claim without a showing of `actual injury.'" Collins v. Goord, 438 F.Supp.2d 399, 415 (S.D.N.Y.2006) (quoting Lewis, 518 U.S. at 351, 116 S.Ct. 2174). Furthermore, "he actual injury requirement "`is not satisfied by just any type of frustrated legal claim,' because the Constitution guarantees only the tools that `inmates need in order to attack their sentences, directly or collaterally, and in order to challenge the conditions of their confinement.'" Id. (quoting Lewis, 518 U.S. at 355, 116 S.Ct. 2174). "`Impairment of any other litigating capacity is simply one of the incidental (and perfectly constitutional) consequences of conviction and incarceration.'" Id. (emphasis and parenthetical in Lewis).
Shine first alleges that his mail was returned to him. He does not, however, allege any actual injury resulting from this conduct. Similarly, he has failed to allege that his difficulties in communicating with defense counsel, his "inadequate" access to legal materials, or his inability to contact witnesses caused him actual harm. Accordingly, his claim falls short of stating a constitutional violation for denial of access to the courts, and the motion to dismiss this claim should be GRANTED.[1]

III. Procedural Due Process

The defendants next submit that Shine's placement in close custody at SSCF did not violate his due process rights. Shine contends that his placement in close custody violated his rights because there was "no impartial reviewing body" to determine whether close custody was warranted. He also asserts that there should be consistency in housing classifications from one federal pre-trial detention center to another.
The defendants argue that where state prison officials have complete discretion to determine inmate classifications, those inmates have no constitutionally or federally-protected liberty interest that would entitle them to due process protection. However, the defendants have not cited any authority showing that prison officials in this case had such complete discretion. Furthermore, recent Second Circuit case law suggests that a federal pre-trial detainee such as Shine has a liberty interest in not being placed in close custody for an extended period of time. See Iqbal v. Hasty, 490 F.3d 143, 163 (2d Cir.2007).[2]
The defendants also argue that even if a liberty interest applies, "there were penological reasons for his close custody classification." (Paper 5 at 6). Whatever those reasons may have been, they are not specifically set forth in the defendants' motion, and are not alleged in the complaint or its attachments. Consequently, I recommend that the motion to dismiss Shine's procedural due process claim be DENIED.

IV. Conditions of Confinement

Shine asserts a series of conditions of confinement claims ranging from lack of fire sprinklers to sensory deprivation. Although he brings his claims under the Eighth Amendment, his status as a pretrial detainee means that his protections fall within the purview of the Fourteenth Amendment and substantive due process. Benjamin v. Fraser, 343 F.3d 35, 49-50 (2d Cir.2003). "This is because `[a] person lawfully committed to pretrial detention has not been adjudged guilty of any crime, and thus, under the Due Process Clause, may not be punished in any manner neither cruelly or unusually or otherwise.'" Id. at 50-51 (quoting Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 536, 99 S.Ct. 1861, 60 L.Ed.2d 447 (1979)).
Accordingly, the government may subject a pre-trial detainee to restrictions inherent in confinement so long as the resulting conditions do not "amount to punishment of the detainee." Bell, 441 U.S. at 535, 99 S.Ct. 1861. "Not every disability imposed during pretrial detention amounts to `punishment' in the constitutional sense." Id. at 537, 99 S.Ct. 1861. When determining whether a condition of confinement is constitutional, "[a] court must decide whether the disability is imposed for the purpose of punishment or whether it is but an incident of some other legitimate governmental purpose." Id. at 538, 99 S.Ct. 1861. Absent an express intent to punish, the determination generally turns on "whether an alternative purpose to which [the restriction] may rationally be connected is assignable for it, and whether it appears excessive in relation to the alternative purpose assigned [to it]." Id. at 538-39, 99 S.Ct. 1861.

A. Sprinklers
Shine's first claim is that the prison did not have adequate fire sprinklers and did not provide access to fire extinguishers. There is little question that the government has a constitutionally-imposed duty to provide prisoners with a reasonably safe environment. As the Supreme Court has explained, "when the State by the affirmative exercise of its power so restrains an individual's liberty that it renders him unable to care for himself, and at the same time fails to provide for his basic human needs  e.g. ... reasonable safety it transgresses the substantive limits on state action set by the ... Due Process Clause." DeShaney v. Winnebago County Dep't of Social Servs., 489 U.S. 189, 199-200, 109 S.Ct. 998, 103 L.Ed.2d 249 (1989) (citation omitted). The Supreme Court has also held that, in cases of environmental risks to prisoners, a prison condition is actionable if it poses "an unreasonable risk of serious damage to [the inmate's] future health." Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 32-34, 113 S.Ct. 2475, 125 L.Ed.2d 22 (1993).
The defendants argue that a lack of sprinklers is not actionable, because it is merely "an inconvenience." They also assert that Shine has failed to show actual or imminent harm. These arguments are insufficient for dismissal. Accepting the facts alleged in the complaint as true, courts have held that "[t]he absence of adequate and reliable fire protection [in prisons] can give rise to a Fourteenth Amendment Due Process claim." Benjamin v. Kerik, 1998 WL 799161, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Nov.13, 1998); see also Coniglio v. Thomas, 657 F.Supp. 409, 414 (S.D.N.Y. 1987) (collecting cases). Whether the risks alleged by Shine were "unreasonable," and therefore actionable, remains to be shown. At this early stage in the case, however, the motion to dismiss Shine's claims of inadequate fire protection should be DENIED.[3]

B. Disciplinary Segregation
Shine next claims that it is unconstitutional to place a pre-trial detainee in disciplinary segregation. He alleges that the conditions of such segregation included a small cell with no windows and no opportunity to interact with other human beings. "Plaintiff was made subject to complete sensory deprivation though he was not convicted of any crime and was only housed at the prison to ensure his presence at trial." (Paper 4 at 7).
Shine appears to be claiming that a pretrial detainee may not be placed in disciplinary segregation, and that doing so is a per se constitutional violation.
This argument ignores the Supreme Court's determination that prisons may impose restrictions on pre-trial detainees so long as those restrictions are related to a non-punitive governmental purpose. Bell, 441 U.S. at 538-39, 99 S.Ct. 1861. Furthermore, "the transfer of an inmate to less amenable and more restrictive quarters for nonpunitive reasons' is not a right protected by the due process clause itself." Covino v. Vermont Dep't of Corrections, 933 F.2d 128, 129 (2d Cir. 1991). It is, therefore, clear that simply transferring Shine to a more restrictive setting, regardless of the reason, did not automatically violate his constitutional rights. I thus recommend that the motion to dismiss this claim be GRANTED.

C. Assault
Shine's final conditions of confinement claim is that he was assaulted by a prison guard.[4] In their motion to dismiss, the defendants highlight Shine's allegation that he was maced "after [he] refused to comply with Defendant Burnham's order to stop mopping." (Paper 5 at 10). In fact, the complaint alleges that Burnham first assaulted Shine from behind, then ordered him to stop mopping, then applied mace to Shine's face after calling him a "`hard head nigger.'" (Paper 4 at 8).
When bringing an excessive force claim against a correctional officer, a plaintiff must meet two requirements: the use of force "must be, objectively, sufficiently serious," and "the prison official involved must have a sufficiently culpable state of mind." Boddie v. Schnieder, 105 F.3d 857, 861 (2d Cir. 1997) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). This standard is the same for pretrial detainees under the Fourteenth Amendment as it is for convicted inmates under the Eighth Amendment. See United States v. Walsh, 194 F.3d 37, 50 (2d Cir.1999).
Shine claims that the assault in this case was unprovoked and was motivated by racism. The use of force involved a push, and according to statements from other inmates, may have included punching Shine in the face. Accepting Shine's allegation of a racial motive, the Court may infer that force was used not to maintain or restore discipline, but instead to cause harm in a malicious manner. See Romano v. Howarth, 998 F.2d 101, 105 (2d Cir.1993). Consequently, Shine has stated a plausible claim of excessive force, and his cause of action under the Fourteenth Amendment should not be dismissed at this time.

V. Retaliation

Shine also alleges that he was retaliated against for filing a grievance about the fire sprinklers. The alleged acts of retaliation included defendant Modiano opening his legal mail, and defendants Blair and Hofmann transferring him to SSCF.
"[T]o state an actionable claim for retaliation, [Plaintiff] `must advance nonconclusory allegations establishing (1) that the speech or conduct at issue was protected, (2) that the defendant took adverse action against the plaintiff, and (3) that there was a causal connection between the protected speech and the adverse action.'" Morales v. Mackalm, 278 F.3d 126, 131 (2d Cir.2002) (quoting Dawes v. Walker, 239 F.3d 489, 492 (2d Cir.2001)). Because the filing of prison grievances is a constitutionally protected activity, Shine satisfies the first element of the test. Davis v. Goord, 320 F.3d 346, 352-53 (2d Cir.2003) (citing Graham v. Henderson, 89 F.3d 75, 80 (2d Cir.1996) and Franco v. Kelly, 854 F.2d 584, 590 (2d Cir.1988)). He has also satisfied the third element, since his mail appears to have been opened shortly after he stated his intent to file a grievance, and his transfer was approximately one month after his grievance filing.[5]See Bennett v. Goord, 343 F.3d 133, 138 (2d Cir.2003) (citing cases) (causation may be shown by "temporal proximity" between filing of grievances and retaliatory actions).
With respect to the second element, adverse action, "a plaintiff must allege that defendants subjected him to `conduct that would deter a similarly situated individual of ordinary firmness from exercising his or her constitutional rights.'" Morales, 278 F.3d at 131 (quoting Dawes, 239 F.3d at 493). Courts have held that transfers to other facilities can satisfy the adverse-action requirement. See Davis v. Kelly, 160 F.3d 917, 920 (2d Cir.1998); Chavis v. Struebel, 317 F.Supp.2d 232, 238 (W.D.N.Y.2004). Given sufficient factual support, opening mail in an effort to curb an inmate's exercise of his constitutional rights may also be sufficiently adverse. Cf. Brown v. Williams, 1998 WL 841638, at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Dec.2, 1998) (summary judgment granted where inmate failed to show "particularized statements by Defendant indicating a retaliatory motive" or facts showing that the defendant "singled him out by opening his mail").
Shine's allegation is that Modiano opened his letter and demanded that he confirm the signature. Giving the complaint the required liberal reading, the Court may infer that Modiano's actions were intended to deter Shine from filing future grievances. Interpreted as such, Shine has at least stated a plausible claim that should be allowed to continue beyond the defendants' motion to dismiss. ATSI Comms., Inc., 493 F.3d at 98 (claim must rise above speculative level). I therefore recommend that the motion to dismiss Shine's claims of retaliation be DENIED.

VI. Eleventh Amendment Immunity

The defendants have further moved to dismiss all claims brought against them in their official capacities. Under the doctrine of sovereign immunity, the Eleventh Amendment bars suits by private citizens against a state or its agencies in federal court unless the state has waived its immunity or Congress has properly abrogated that immunity. See Pennhurst State School & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 98-99, 104 S.Ct. 900, 79 L.Ed.2d 67 (1984); Seminole Tribe v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44, 55, 116 S.Ct. 1114, 134 L.Ed.2d 252 (1996). The protection of the Eleventh Amendment also extends to suits for monetary damages against state officers sued in their official capacities. See Brandon v. Holt, 469 U.S. 464, 471, 105 S.Ct. 873, 83 L.Ed.2d 878 (1985).
With respect to this case, it is clear that neither Vermont nor Congress has waived the sovereign immunity that protects the defendants from a damages action brought against them in their official capacities. There is no indication in 42 U.S.C. § 1983 that Congress intended to abrogate state sovereign immunity, and the Supreme Court has specifically held that Congress did not intend to override well-established immunities such as state sovereign immunity when it enacted § 1983. See Will v. Michigan Dep't of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 67, 109 S.Ct. 2304, 105 L.Ed.2d 45 (1989). It is equally clear that Vermont has not waived its sovereign immunity under § 1983. See 12 V.S.A. § 5601(g) (Vermont Tort Claims Act reserves Eleventh Amendment immunity for all claims not explicitly waived). Furthermore, the Supreme Court has held that, just as states and state agencies are not "persons" under § 1983, state officers acting in their official capacities are not "persons" within the meaning of the statute since they assume the identity of the government that employs them. See Hafer v. Melo, 502 U.S. 21, 27, 112 S.Ct. 358, 116 L.Ed.2d 301 (1991). Therefore, the damages claims against the Vermont defendants in their official capacities should be DISMISSED.[6]

VII. Personal Involvement

Defendant Hofmann has moved for dismissal of the claims brought against him, arguing that the allegations in the complaint fail to show sufficient personal involvement. It is well established that damages may not be awarded under § 1983 unless Shine can prove the personal involvement of a defendant in the alleged constitutional deprivation. Wright v. Smith, 21 F.3d 496, 501 (2d Cir.1994).
Shine claims that Hofmann was involved in his retaliatory transfer to SSCF. While Hofmann may not have had any direct role in Shine's transfer, the extent of his involvement is not clear from the complaint. The text of the complaint simply states that defendants Blair and Hofmann transferred Shine to SSCF. Without any further factual development, the Court should not conclude at this time that Hofmann's level of personal involvement in the transfer was insufficient to support an action for damages. Accordingly, I recommend that Hofmann's motion to dismiss for lack of personal involvement be DENIED.

VIII. Qualified Immunity

The defendants' last argument is that they are entitled to qualified immunity. In most cases, "`the defense of qualified immunity cannot support the grant of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.'" McKenna v. Wright, 386 F.3d 432, 435 (2d Cir.2004) (quoting Green v. Maraio, 722 F.2d 1013, 1018 (2d Cir.1983)). Because the "fate of an official with qualified immunity depends upon the circumstances and motivations of his actions," Green, 722 F.2d at 1018, the assertion of qualified immunity will not support dismissal unless "the defense is based on facts appearing on the face of the complaint." McKenna, 386 F.3d at 436.
The defendants first argue that monitoring inmate mail serves a legitimate penological interest, and that simply asking an inmate to confirm his signature does not violate a clearly established right. The complaint, however, does not discuss the penological purpose behind stopping Shine's mail. In fact, the allegation is that the motivation for stopping his mail was retaliatory. For reasons discussed above, Shine's retaliation claim survives the defendants' motion, and the facts alleged in the complaint do little to support a claim of qualified immunity.
The defendants next claim that "there is no clearly established law that would have forbidden Defendants Hofmann and Blair from transferring Plaintiff to another prison facility and placing him in close custody there." (Paper 5 at 18). They present a similar argument regarding Shine's claims of disciplinary segregation and the excessive force. To the extent noted above, Shine had constitutional protections with respect some of these events. Although the defendants contend that their decisions to transfer Shine are entitled to deference, the facts presented thus far do not support that claim. I therefore recommend that the defendants' request for dismissal based upon qualified immunity be DENIED.

Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, I recommend that the defendants' motion to dismiss (Paper 5) be GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. Specifically, I recommend that the motion be GRANTED with respect to Shine's First Amendment claim that his access to the courts was impeded, and with respect to his Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process claim concerning his placement in disciplinary segregation. The motion should also be GRANTED with respect to any claims for damages brought against the defendants in their official capacities. The motion should be otherwise DENIED.
Jan. 24, 2008.
NOTES
[1]  In response to the motion to dismiss, Shine cites cases standing for the proposition that legal mail may not be opened unless the inmate is present. Here, Shine has alleged that his letter was clearly marked as going to an sattorney, and that Modiano opened it before returning it to him for verification of the signature. While the Court notes that "an isolated incident of mail tampering is usually insufficient to establish a constitutional violation," it may be appropriate to allow Shine an opportunity to amend his mail-related claim. See Davis v. Goord, 320 F.3d 346, 351-52 (2d Cir.2003). Shine may also wish to more specifically allege the ways in which he was actually harmed by any interference with his access to the courts. Accordingly, if Shine wishes to file a motion to amend pursuant to Rule 15, he may do so and, after the defendants have been given an opportunity to respond, the Court will rule on the permissibility of such an amendment.
[2]  Although the complaint does not say how long Shine spent in close custody, a later filing states that he was in close custody for at least 34 months. (Paper 16 at 6).
[3]  Shine seeks only damages on this claim. Because the defendants have not addressed the issue, the Court expresses no opinion as to whether a pre-trial detainee is entitled to damages for potential harm.
[4]  Shine asserts that the guard's conduct violated his rights under the Eighth Amendment and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The defendants have not addressed the Equal Protection Clause claim.
[5]  The date of Shine's transfer is alleged in a grievance form attached to the complaint. (Paper 4-2 at 16).
[6]  A narrow exception to the Eleventh Amendment's bar is that when a plaintiff alleging a violation of federal law sues a state employee, the court may award prospective injunctive relief against the employee's future official conduct. See generally Ex Parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 28 S.Ct. 441, 52 L.Ed. 714 (1908). Accordingly, the Court should not dismiss Shine's requests for such future injunctive relief.