Court Opinion

ID: 2729494
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 21:42:59.688455+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:27:00.034824
License: Public Domain

FILED
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before
                                                             Sep 21 2012, 9:12 am
any court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.                        CLERK
                                                                  of the supreme court,
                                                                  court of appeals and
                                                                         tax court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                            ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

MATTHEW J. MCGOVERN                                GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Evansville, Indiana                                Attorney General of Indiana

                                                   GEORGE P. SHERMAN
                                                   Deputy Attorney General
                                                   Indianapolis, Indiana

                               IN THE
                     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

PHAROAH D. NEWTON,                                 )
                                                   )
       Appellant,                                  )
                                                   )
               vs.                                 )        No. 82A01-1111-CR-507
                                                   )
STATE OF INDIANA,                                  )
                                                   )
       Appellee.                                   )

                   APPEAL FROM THE VANDERBURGH CIRCUIT COURT
                            The Honorable Carl A. Heldt, Judge
                          The Honorable Kelli E. Fink, Magistrate
                             Cause No. 82C01-1010-MR-1187

                                       September 21, 2012

                MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

PYLE, Judge
                                      STATEMENT OF THE CASE

          Pharoah D. Newton appeals his conviction of and sentence for murder, a felony.1

          We affirm.

                                                  ISSUES

                  1.         Whether the trial court abused its discretion in admitting certain
                             evidence.

                  2.         Whether the trial court imposed an inappropriate sentence.

                                                  FACTS

          Beginning in late August or September of 2010, seventeen-year-old Newton and his

father, Henry Newton (“Henry”), were living rent free in the basement apartment of a

Vanderburgh County house owned by seventy-nine-year-old Frances Wolf. In October 2010,

Wolf began the process of moving to a new residence. Newton and Henry, as well as local

homeless persons, helped to facilitate the beginning of the move.

          On Friday, October 1, 2010, Henry went to Chicago, leaving Newton to occupy the

basement apartment of Wolf’s house. Henry returned to the basement apartment on Sunday

morning.

          Meanwhile, Newton went to his great-grandmother’s residence in Carrier Mills,

Illinois, on Saturday. While there, Newton showered and left a suitcase with his great- uncle,

Terrance Smith, who was living at the Carrier Mills residence. On the same day, in a rural

area near Carrier Mills, Aundreya Drue noticed a trash bag on her property. Inside the bag,

1
    Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1.
                                                     2
Drue discovered bloody clothes, gloves, shoes, and a bloody knife. Upon Drue’s call, local

police obtained the bag, and a forensic analyst determined that Wolf’s DNA was on the shoes

as well as an unknown profile from which Newton could not be excluded. Wolf’s DNA was

also found on the knife. On the exterior of the glove, the DNA analyst detected the presence

of Wolf’s DNA, and on the interior of the glove, the analyst detected a mixture for which

Wolf and Newton were included as contributors.

       On Sunday morning, two of Wolf’s friends went to her house and noted that her van

was gone. The friends entered the house and discovered Wolf’s bloody body lying in a

second floor bedroom. One of the friends noted that Henry was present and called the police.

       Later that same day, in Harrisburg, Illinois, Newton’s mother, Cassandra Smith,

learned that Wolf had been murdered and that her van had been stolen. Newton took Smith

to the van, which was parked within walking distance of Newton’s great-grandmother’s

residence. Smith called a friend, Thomas Sanders, and asked him to “take a ride with her.”

(Tr. 823). Smith drove the van to Kentucky, with Sanders and Newton following in Smith’s

vehicle. When they reached Kentucky, Sanders removed the license plate, and Smith poured

gasoline on the van and burned it. The three of them left in Smith’s vehicle, and at some

point during the trip, Sanders tossed the license plate over a bridge.

       On Wednesday, October 6, 2010, Smith called her pastor, Bishop Cofield, and told

him that something was wrong with Newton. When Bishop Cofield arrived at Smith’s

residence on Saturday, October 9, 2010, he found Newton, Smith, Henry, and Sanders

                                              3
awaiting him. Bishop Cofield took Newton to the garage while the rest of the occupants

waited in the living room. While the two were standing in the garage, Newton told Bishop

Cofield that he “went to basically rob the old lady,” she was going to call the police, they

fought, he slashed her, and he panicked. (Tr. 869). Bishop Cofield asked, “Well, what do

you mean you panicked?” (Tr. 870). Newton replied, “I stabbed her.” Id. Bishop Cofield

subsequently notified the police and Newton was arrested. At the time of Newton’s arrest, he

had an abrasion on his left shoulder, discolored areas on his hand that were consistent with

bruising or a contusion to the hand, a laceration on his index finger, and blood blisters on his

palm.

        On the same day, Detective Stacy Spaulding and Evansville Police Officers went to

the Carrier Mills, Illiniois residence where Newton had left the suitcase the previous week.

Terrance told them that Newton had not returned to the house after October 2, 2010.

Terrance eventually showed the others a suitcase and told the police that “we share clothes

and I . . . I have clothes in there.” (Tr. 438). Officers asked Terrance if they could look

inside the suitcase with him to determine which clothes were his and Smith agreed, indicating

he did not want to lose his clothes. (Tr. 439). When they opened the suitcase, officers saw

bank checks in Wolf’s name. The officers also saw an identification card or driver’s license

of an Oklahoma resident to whom the checks were written. The person’s picture on the

identification card had been tampered with. Although the checks appeared to be signed by

Wolf, an analysis of the checks revealed that Newton wrote and signed them.

                                               4
       At Wolf’s home, crime scene investigators surmised from the blood spatter evidence

that Wolf was initially attacked at the top of the stairs, but concluded that the attack moved to

the bedroom where she was eventually killed. Officers discovered a t-shirt in the bedroom

that had two holes cut out of it, leading them to conclude that it was used as a mask. The

DNA forensic analyst discovered both Wolf’s and Newton’s DNA on the shirt. In the

basement apartment, officers discovered a blood stain on the basement couch and a smear of

blood on the doorknob to the basement door exiting to the outside. Newton’s DNA was on

the doorknob, and Wolf could not be excluded as a contributor to the DNA. Newton’s blood

was also discovered on the door handle of the rear main level door.

       An autopsy revealed that Wolf sustained multiple stab wounds to her chest and neck.

She had defensive wounds on her arms. However, the pathologist testified that Wolf died as

a result of a cerebral edema caused by blunt force injury. The pathologist believed that this

blunt force injury was inflicted on Wolf’s face as evidenced by what appeared to be a shoe

print on her cheek.

       Newton was tried as an adult, and a jury found him guilty of murder. The trial court

sentenced him to a sixty-year executed term of imprisonment.

       Additional facts will be disclosed below as necessary.

                                          DECISION

1.     Admission of Evidence

       Newton contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted into

                                               5
evidence the objects found in the suitcase. Specifically, Newton argues that the State

violated his federal constitutional right to be free of unreasonable search and seizure.

Newton claims that the State failed to establish that Terrance had either actual or apparent

authority to consent to the warrantless search of the suitcase.2

        A trial court’s evidentiary rulings are afforded great deference. Marshall v. State, 893
N.E.2d 1170, 1174 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). We review such decisions for an abuse of

discretion. Id. An abuse of discretion occurs where the trial court’s decision is clearly

against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court. Id.

        The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects citizens from

warrantless searches of places or items in which the individual has an actual, subjective

expectation of privacy. Trowbridge v. State, 717 N.E.2d 138, 143 (Ind. 1999). “The

fundamental purpose of the Fourth Amendment is to protect the legitimate expectations of

privacy that citizens possess in their persons, their homes and their belongings.” State v.

Friedel, 714 N.E.2d 1231, 1237 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999) (quoting People v. James, 163 Ill. 2d
302, 206 Ill. Dec. 190, 645 N.E.2d 195, 197-98 (1994) (citing Ybarra v. Illinois, 444 U.S. 85,

91 (1979)). For a search to be reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, a warrant is required

unless an exception to the warrant requirement applies. Id. The State bears the burden of

proving that a warrantless search falls within an exception to the warrant requirement. Id.

2
  Defense counsel proffered a motion to suppress all evidence obtained from the suitcase on the grounds that
the evidence was obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment. After a hearing, the trial court denied the
motion. Defense counsel renewed his motion to suppress when the State made its first reference to the
offending evidence and asked the trial court to incorporate his previous arguments and to recognize a
                                                     6
        An exception exists where a third party has actual or apparent authority to consent to

the search of an absent, non-consenting party’s property. Krise v. State, 746 N.E.2d 957, 964

(Ind. 2001). A third party has actual authority to consent to a search of an absent, non-

consenting party’s property when there is a sufficient relationship to the property or “mutual

use of the property by persons generally having joint access or control for most purposes.”

Id. (quoting United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 171 n.7 (1974)). If actual authority

cannot be shown, then facts demonstrating that the consenting party had apparent authority to

consent may prove a lawful search. Id. Apparent authority is present if the facts available to

the officers at the time of the search would warrant a person of reasonable caution to believe

that the consenting party had authority to give consent. Godby v. State, 949 N.E.2d 416, 420

(Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied.

        Here, both parties agree that Terrance was living at his mother’s house when Newton

stopped by to take a shower and leave the suitcase. Thus, there is no disagreement about

Terrance’s actual authority to give consent to search the house. The question remains,

however, whether the State proved that Terrance had authority to consent to the search of the

suitcase in the house. Because Terrance testified at the suppression hearing that he did not

share common ownership of the suitcase, the State argued that consent to search the suitcase

was established by apparent authority.

        At the time that the investigating officers arrived at the house, Terrance was

continuing objection. The trial court granted the continuous objection; however, trial counsel continued to
object each time the State introduced evidence related to the suitcase.
                                                    7
entertaining friends. When the officers began asking Terrance about Newton, he remarked

that Newton had left the suitcase at the house. Terrance and an Evansville detective then

went into the house to retrieve the suitcase, which was sitting outside Terrance’s mother’s

bedroom door. It was at that this point that Terrance told the officers that he had clothes in

the suitcase and that he would like to get his clothes back before the suitcase was confiscated.

The officers then asked whether they could look at the contents of the suitcase in Terrance’s

presence, and he agreed. Terrance and the officers stood on the porch as one of the officers

removed items from the suitcase. Under the circumstances, a person of reasonable caution

would have believed that Terrance, who claimed to have property in the suitcase, had the

authority to consent to a search thereof. See Trowbridge, 717 N.E.2d at 144 (holding that the

warrantless search of a tackle box found on the patio of the defendant’s mother’s trailer was

reasonable in light of the surrounding circumstances, including the location of the box in a

common area and the assurance of the mother’s boyfriend that he had common authority over

the box).

       Newton cites U.S. v. Waller, 426 F.3d 838 (6th Cir. 2005) in support of his argument

that the officers could not have reasonably believed that Terrance had authority to give

consent to search the suitcase. In Waller, the defendant left a luggage bag in a bedroom

closet of a friend’s apartment. The court found the location of the bag, among other things,

to be an indication that the friend did not have common authority over Waller’s bag. The

court further found it significant that the bag contained only Waller’s property. Here,

                                               8
however, Newton made no effort to secure the suitcase in a closet, under a bed, or in some

other “secure” place. Instead, he left the suitcase in a common area where not only Terrance,

but his friends, could access it. More importantly, Terrance informed the officers that the

suitcase contained his clothes; thus, he implied that he had authority to open the suitcase and

retrieve the clothes. Waller is inapposite.

       As a result, the trial court did not err in admitting evidence contained within the

suitcase.

2.     Inappropriate Sentence

       Newton contends that the sentence imposed by the trial court is inappropriate. He

argues that the sentence is inappropriate based upon both the nature of the offense and the

character of the offender.

       After hearing the evidence, the trial court found the following aggravating

circumstances: (1) Newton had a 2009 juvenile adjudication for theft and Wolf’s murder

resulted from what began as an act of theft; (2) Wolf was over sixty-five years of age at the

time Newton killed her; (3) Newton abused Wolf’s kindness as a hostess by robbing and

killing her in the safe haven of her home, and, in doing so, inflicted numerous injuries that

were not required to effect the murder; and (4) Newton took action to avoid detection and/or

conceal evidence in three states. The trial court found Newton’s age to be a mitigating

circumstance; however, the court determined that the weight of this factor was diminished by

his juvenile history. The trial court noted that only one of several incidents from Newton’s

                                              9
juvenile history resulted in adjudication; therefore, the court did not “count” them as

adjudications but as indicators of someone who has not benefited by contact with the legal

system. (Tr. 1191). Specifically the court stated, “So I still give his age weight as a

mitigating circumstance but not as much weight as I would give it if he had had absolutely no

contact with any of the juvenile system or criminal system.” Id.

       Indiana Code § 35-50-3-2(a) provides that a person who commits murder “shall be

imprisoned for a fixed term of between forty-five (45) and sixty-five (65) years, with the

advisory sentence being fifty-five (55) years.” Here, the court considered the aggravating

and the mitigating circumstances and imposed a sixty-year sentence.

       The revision of a sentence is authorized by the Indiana Constitution through Indiana

Appellate Rule 7(B), which provides that we “may revise a sentence authorized by statute if,

after due consideration of the trial court’s decision, the Court finds that the sentence is

inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the character of the offender.” In

determining the appropriateness of a sentence, a court of review may consider any factors

appearing in the record. Schumann v. State, 900 N.E.2d 495, 497 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). The

“nature of the offense” portion of the appropriateness review begins with the advisory

sentence. Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 491 (Ind. 2007), clarified on reh’g by

Anglemyer v. State, 875 N.E.2d 218 (Ind. 2007); Richardson v. State, 906 N.E.2d 241, 247

(Ind. Ct. App. 2009). The “character of the offender” portion of the sentence review refers to

general sentencing considerations and the relevant aggravating and mitigating circumstances.

                                             10
Major v. State, 873 N.E.2d 1120, 1130 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied. The weight

assignable to aggravating and mitigating circumstances is not subject to review for abuse of

discretion. Anglemyer, 868 N.E.2d at 491.

       Regarding the nature of the offense, we note that Newton responded to the kindness of

an elderly woman who provided him with a free home by stealing her property and

murdering her. Newton not only murdered Wolf by stomping on her head, he stabbed and

cut her numerous times with a knife, thus inflicting injuries that were greater than those

necessary to accomplish the homicide. Indiana Code § 35-38-1-7.1 lists particularized

circumstances that warrant a finding of aggravating circumstances; both the age of the victim

(at least sixty-five at the time of the offense) and the viciousness of the crime are included in

this list. In light of these particularized circumstances, coupled with Newton’s post-murder

actions involving three states, we cannot say that the trial court’s sentence of sixty years is

inappropriate.

       Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B) requires a defendant to demonstrate that his sentence is

inappropriate in light of both the nature of the offense and his character. Williams v. State,

891 N.E.2d 621, 633 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). Because Newton has failed to show that the

imposed sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense, we need not consider

the nature of his character.

       Nevertheless, we note that although a defendant’s youth can be a significant

sentencing fact, its significance is diminished in this case. Seventeen-year-old Newton does

                                               11
not lack experience in the judicial system; indeed, his first contact with the system came at

the age of thirteen or fourteen. Furthermore, Newton did not engage in a youthful

indiscretion. He took advantage of an elderly woman’s kindness and perceived unwariness

to take her property, and when caught in the act, he brutally took her life.

       As the Indiana Supreme Court observed in Ellis v. State, 736 N.E.2d 731, 736 (2000),

“[f]ocusing on chronological age is a common shorthand for measuring culpability, but for

people in their teens and early twenties it is frequently not the end of the inquiry. There are

both relatively old offenders who seem clueless and relatively young ones who appear

hardened and purposeful.” Newton is one of the latter, and his sentence is not inappropriate.

       Affirmed.

FRIEDLANDER, J., and BROWN, J., concur.

                                              12