Court Opinion

ID: 9760319
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-29 00:48:02.261763+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:29:10.860294
License: Public Domain

ARCHER, Chief Justice.
This suit was instituted by appellants, W. Carloss Morris, Jr.,, as Independent Executor of the Estate of Morris C. Oldham, deceased, and Oldham Little Church Foundation, acting by and through its duly constituted trustees, against appellees, Robert S. Calvert, Comptroller of Public Accounts, Jesse James, Treasurer of the State of Texas, and Will Wilson, Attorney General of the State of Texas, pursuant to the provisions of Article 7057b, Rev.Civ.Stat. of Texas 1925, Vernon’s Ann.Civ.St. art. 7057b, for a refund of inheritance taxes paid by appellants under protest on the value of property devised and bequeathed to Oldham Little Church Foundation by the will of Morris C. Oldham, deceased. Old-ham Little Church Foundation is, as it was at all times material to this cause, a charitable organization in the form of a trust, and appellants contend that under the facts of this case the entire value of such devise and bequest is exempt from inheritance taxes under the law. Upon a trial before the court, without a jury, judgment was rendered for defendants.
The appeal is founded on four points of error, as follows:
“1. The error of the court in holding that Article 7122, Rev.Civ.Stat. of Texas, 1925, as amended by Acts 1955, 54th Leg., p. 1032, ch. 389, Sec. 1, does not apply in this case, and therefore, the devise and bequest in question is not exempt from tax under its provisions, for the reason that Morris C. Oldham died before the effective date of such amendatory act.
“2. The error of the court in holding that Art. 7122-a, V.A.C.S. is inef*119fective to render said amendatory act of 1955 applicable to the devise and bequest in question.
“3. The error of the court in holding under the facts of this case that the question of inheritance tax on the devise and bequest in question is controlled and governed by the provisions of Art. 7122, Rev.Civ.Stat. of Texas, as amended by Acts 1933, 43rd Leg., p. 581, ch. 192, Sec. 2b(20), and as existing prior to the effective date of the amendatory act of 1955.
“4. If the court was not in error in the holding stated in the third point of error, then appellants urge and insist that the court was in error in holding that the devise and bequest in question was not exempt from inheritance tax under the provisions of the statute which the court held to be applicable and controlling in this case.”
The facts are not in dispute. Morris C. Oldham died testate on July 19, 1955, and his will was admitted to probate, by its terms $807,842.27 as appraised, was devised to Oldham Little Church Foundation, which at all times material was and is a charitable organization created by a Trust Indenture filed in the Records of Harris County, Texas, in 1949, the recited purpose of the Foundation is to aid small Protestant Churches that are nonprofit organizations organized for the purpose of spreading Christianity.
The executor timely filed the required affidavit for inheritance tax appraisement in respect to the estate, in which a statutory exemption from inheritance tax was claimed on the entire value of the property passing to the Foundation under the will.
The trustees prior to and on June 18, 1957, made the following resolution:
“Be it Resolved that the Trustees of Oldham Little Church Foundation irrevocably covenant and agree and bind the Oldham Little Church Foundation to use any and all assets and properties received or to be received under the Will of Morris C. Oldham, together with all income and revenues from such properties, solely within the State of Texas, but this resolution, covenant and agreement shall terminate, cease to exist, and be no longer of any force and effect if it should be determined that a State of Texas inheritance tax has to be paid by the Estate of Morris C. Oldham or the Foundation or anyone else on such property or any part thereof received or to be received by the Foundation under the Will of Morris C. Oldham.”
This was an effort on the part of the trustees to make a compliance with the statute. It is to be noted however that the resolution’s effectiveness was conditioned on a favorable tax construction, failing in which the resolution was to terminate and cease to exist.
It was stipulated that the devise is to be used and will be used exclusively within the State of Texas, if such use will exempt the same from the tax.
On March 21, 1957 the Comptroller sent appellants a notice of assessment that an inheritance tax in the amount of $102,551.34 was fixed on the value of the property passing to the Foundation.
On June 19, 1957, appellants paid to the State Treasurer the full amount of the tax accompanied by a written protest.
Article 7122, Rev.Civ.Stat. of Texas, as amended by Acts 1933, 43rd Leg. p. 581, ch. 192, Sec. 2b(20), Vernon’s Ann.Civ.St. art. 7122, which is the amendatory act which the trial court held to be controlling, reads as follows:
“Art. 7122. Class E — Foreign bequest
“If passing to or for the use of the United States, to or for the use of any other person or religious, educational or charitable organization or institution, or to any other person, corporation or association not included *120in any other classes mentioned in the preceding portions of the original Act known as Chapter 29 of the General Laws of the Second Called Session of the Thirty-eighth Legislature, the tax shall be: * * *
“Provided, however, that this Article shall not apply on property passing to or for the use of the United States or any religious, educational or charitable organization when such bequest, devise or gift is to be used within this State.”
As amended by Acts 1955, 54th Leg., p. 1032, ch. 389, which is the amendatory act appellants urge as controlling, said Art. 7122 reads as follows:
“If passing to or for the use of the United States, to or for the use of any other person or religious, educational or charitable organization or institution, or to any other person, corporation or association not included in any of the classes mentioned in the preceding portions of the original Act known as Chapter 29 of the General Laws of the Second Called Session of the 38th Legislature, the tax shall be: * * *
“Provided, however, that this Article shall not apply on property passing to or for the use of the United States, or to or for the use of any religious, educational or charitable organization, incorporated, unincorporated or in the form of a trust, when such bequest, devise or gift is to be used within this State. The exemption from tax under the preceding provisions of this Article shall, without limiting its application under other appropriate circumstances, apply to all or so much of any bequest, devise or gift to or for the use of the United States, or a religious, educational or charitable organization, which is, in writing and prior to the payment of the tax, irrevocably committed for use exclusively within the State of Texas or transferred to a religious, educational or charitable organization for use exclusively within this State.”
Section 2 of the amendatory Act of 1955 above quoted reads as follows :
“The provisions of this Act shall apply only in respect to a decedent dying after the passage of this Act.”
Article 7122-a, V.A.C.S., which became effective May 16, 1957, reads as follows:
“Art. 7122-a. Applicability of art. 7122.
“The provisions of Article 7122, Revised Civil Statutes of Texas, 1925, as amended by Acts of the 43rd Legislature, Regular Session, Chapter 192, and by Acts of the 54th Legislature, Regular Session, 1955, Chapter 389, shall apply to the bequests, devises and/or gifts of decedents dying after June 3, 1955, being the date on which the Governor of Texas approved the amendatory Act last mentioned.”
Appellants contend that the Act of 1955 applies in the instant case even though the decedent died prior to the effective date of this act, consequently the devise and bequest in question is exempt from tax because prior to the payment of the tax the Foundation in writing irrevocably committed the devise and bequest for use exclusively within the State of Texas as contemplated by the exemption provisions of this Act. The contention of appellants that the Act of 1955 applies is based on three separate and independent grounds which are listed below and then discussed separately in the order listed:
(1) The Act of 1955 applies because Section 2 of this Act makes it applicable to the estate of decedents dying after the passage of this Act and appellants try to show that the words “after the passage of this Act” were intended by the Legislature to mean after approval of the Act by the Governor. As noted above, the *121Governor approved the Act on June 3, 1955, and the decedent died during the month of July thereafter.
(2) The Act of 1955 was intended to apply in all cases where the tax had not been paid at the time it became effective as law, regardless of the date of death, because it provides:
“The exemption from tax * * * shall * * * apply to all or so much of any bequest, devise or gift * * * which is, in writing and prior to the payment of the tax, irrevocably committed * * * ”
(3) The Act of 1955 is applicable in the instant case by virtue of the provisions of Article 7122-a, which are hereinabove set out.
Appellees take the position that the tax liability was controlled by the provisions of Article 7122, as amended by Acts 1933, as existing prior to the effective date of its amendment in 1955, and that the Foundation was not entitled to total exemption and that the controlling fact is that the will did not require the Foundation to use the bequest within the State.
Prior to its amendment in 1955, Article 7122 — Class E, provided an exemption for property passing “to or for the use of * * any religious, educational or charitable organization when such bequest, devise or gift is to be used within this State.”
In Presbyterian Church in U. S. v. Sheppard, Tex.Civ.App., 198 S.W.2d 282, er. ref., it was held that the requisite limitation to use within this State be expressed in the will.
The 1955 amendment to Article 7122, provided that property passing to religious, educational or charitable organizations could gain exemption from inheritance taxes even though the instrument creating the transfer did not require that the charitable gift be used within the State of Texas, by irrevocably committing such gift to use within the State prior to the payment of inheritance taxes.
In this instant case Mr. Oldham died July 19, 1955. The 1955 amendment contained an emergency clause, but did not receive a %rds vote necessary to make the Act immediately effective. The Legislature did not adjourn until June 7, 1955 and the amendment did not become effective until ninety days after adjournment, or September 5, 1955.
Section 2 of the 1955 Amendment provides: “The provisions of this Act shall apply only in respect to a decedent dying after the passage of this Act.”
Appellants in discussing the phrase “after the passage of this Act” contend that such phrase means after approval by the Governor, which occurred on June 3, 1955, prior to the death of the decedent.
In Scales v. Marshall, 96 Tex. 140, 70 S.W. 945, our Supreme Court held that “Within twelve months from and after the passage of this act,” meant twelve months after the Act took effect, rather than after its enactment.
This rule was followed in Shook v. Laufer, Tex.Civ.App., 100 S.W. 1042, er. ref.
Appellants say that the statutes involved in the above cases were not tax statutes. We are unable to distinguish these cases because of the general rule that the law in force at the time of the death of a decedent controls as to the taxability of inheritances and devises.
85 C.J.S. Taxation § 1133, p. 875.
The term “passage of this Act” appearing in the body of a legislative enactment as describing the time element which brings facts or conditions within its operation means the time when the Act goes into effect rather than the time of its enactment or approval.
*122United States In re Famolaro, D.C., 247 F. 596 and cases such as Consolidated Motors v. Skousen, 56 Ariz. 481, 109 P.2d 41, 132 A.L.R. 1040, and other cases cited therein.
Appellants take the position that the plain and ordinary meaning of the words “passage of this Act” is the date the Act receives the final sanction to make it a law, such as the approval of the Governor, and cite a number of cases such as Cordiner v. Dear, 55 Wash. 479, 104 P. 780, and cases cited therein.
We recognize that a primary rule of construction of statutes is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislative body.
There could he a serious question as to the constitutionality of the 1955 and 1957 amendments if either be construed as applying to the estates of decedents prior to the effective date of the Act as being in violation of Sections 51 and 55 of Article III, Texas Constitution, prohibiting the releasing of a liability, etc., to the State, or making any grant of public money, etc.
Inheritance taxes are imposed upon the privilege of succession. Cahn v. Calvert, Tex., 321 S.W.2d 869.
Article 7131, V.A.C.S., provides that upon the devolution of the property the tax shall be a lien upon such property from the death of the decedent until pfiid. The lien attaches before any assessment is made, whereas by Section 15, Article VIII, ad valorem tax becomes a lien when the annual assessment is made.
In re Voorhees’ Estate, 123 N.J.Eq. 142, 196 A. 365 (Prerogative Court of N.J.1938) affirmed 121 N.J.L. 594, 3 A.2d 891 (N.J.Sup.Ct.) affirmed 124 N.J.L. 35, 10 A.2d 650, 651 (Ct. of Errors and Appeals) it was held that the statute which purported to exempt from inheritance taxes devises or bequests to educational institutions, and to make such exemption applicable retroactively to a stated date was unconstitutional as violative of a provision of the Constitution forbidding the donation of land or appropriation of money to or for the use of any society.
See In re Skinker’s Estate, 1956, 47 Cal.2d 290, 303 P.2d 745, 62 A.L.R.2d 1137.
The 1957 amendment Acts 1957, c. 236 is designated as Article 7122-a and provides that Article 7122 with its amendments shall apply to bequests, devises and/or gifts of decedents dying after June 3, 1955, and in Section 3 recites that there is confusion in respect to decedents dying prior to the effective date of the 1955 amendment, but after it was approved by the Governor, creates an emergency, etc.
The apparent purpose of the enactment of the 1957 amendment was to make an Act of a prior Legislature effective immediately on its approval by the Governor, even though said Act had not been passed in the manner required by the Constitutional provision requiring a two thirds vote.
Such an effort could not be availing because one Legislature has no power to construe the Acts or declare the intentions of a prior legislative session.
Rowan Oil Co. v. Texas Employment Commission, 152 Tex. 607, 263 S.W.2d 140.
We do not believe that the case of G.A. C. Halff Foundation v. Calvert, Tex.Civ.App., 281 S.W.2d 178, 182, er. ref. n. r. e., is analogous with the present case.
In the Halff Case the court held that:
“A power of appointment is an ‘authority conferred by one person by deed or will upon another (called the donee) to appoint, that is to select and nominate the person or persons who are to receive and enjoy an estate or an income therefrom or from a fund, after the testator’s death, or the donee’s death, or after the termination of an existing right or interest.’
*123“In legal contemplation, therefore, title passed directly from the testator, G.A.C. Halff, to the appointee, G.A.C. Half! Foundation, as of the effective date of the will.”
The court cited the Presbyterian Church case supra but did not overrule it.
We have given careful consideration to the authorities and cases cited by appellant but believe that the Trial Court correctly construed the statutes and that its judgment should be affirmed.
The judgment of the Trial Court is affirmed.