Court Opinion

ID: 4029689
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-08-30 16:09:06.528506+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:01:42.669455
License: Public Domain

This opinion will be unpublished and
                        may not be cited except as provided by
                        Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                             STATE OF MINNESOTA
                             IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                   A15-1413

                                In re the Marriage of:
                         Jennifer Dawn Nyakundi, petitioner,
                                     Respondent,

                                          vs.

                              Gilbert Ogamba Nyakundi,
                                      Appellant.

                               Filed August 29, 2016
                              Affirmed; motion denied
                                  Bjorkman, Judge

                            St. Louis County District Court
                              File No. 69DU-FA-14-256

Erik Honkanen, Honkanen Richards, S.C., Virginia, Minnesota (for respondent Jennifer
Nyakundi)

Gilbert Nyakundi, Duluth, Minnesota (appellant pro se)

      Considered and decided by Bjorkman, Presiding Judge; Kirk, Judge; and

Kalitowski, Judge.

                       UNPUBLISHED OPINION

BJORKMAN , Judge

      Appellant-father Gilbert Nyakundi challenges the judgment dissolving his

marriage to respondent-mother Jennifer Nyakundi, and the denial of his motion to reopen


 Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to
Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
the judgment. Because the record supports the district court’s findings of fact, those

findings support the court’s legal rulings, and father has not shown that the district court

otherwise abused its discretion, we affirm.      We also deny father’s motion to strike

portions of mother’s brief.

                                         FACTS

       Mother petitioned to dissolve the parties’ 12-year marriage in March 2014.

During a social early neutral evaluation (SENE), the parties reached an agreement on

custody and parenting time regarding their three minor children. A financial early neutral

evaluation (FENE) was cancelled after father failed to respond to mother’s requests for

documents. In July 2014, father missed two telephone status conferences with the district

court; the following month, mother moved to compel discovery. Father advised the court

in writing that his former attorney had provided the requested financial documents, that

he was going to Africa to care for his ill mother and wanted a continuance, and that he

would provide his contact information when he got to Africa. Father did not say how

long he would be gone or suggest a date when proceedings could resume.

       At an October 2 hearing on the discovery motion, mother’s attorney learned that

father was in Africa. The district court reset the hearing for November 5 because it was

not clear that father received notice. On October 17, a friend of father gave the district

court administrator father’s mailing address in Kenya, and the district court re-sent the

hearing notice. Father did not appear at the November 5 hearing. Because the district

court was unable to verify that father had, in fact, received notice, the matter was

                                             2
rescheduled for a pretrial hearing on December 8. The notice expressly provided that the

“Parties may request a hearing by telephone.”

       After the close of business on Thursday, December 4, father left a voicemail

message with the district court administrator’s office stating that he was ill and requesting

a continuance. The message did not provide father’s contact information or a proposed

new hearing date.     The next day, father’s friend again contacted the district court

administrator, who told the friend that there would be no continuance and that father

could participate in the hearing by phone if he asked to do so by the end of the business

day. Father did not contact the court.

       At the December 8 hearing, mother’s attorney advised that mother had spoken

with father’s brother who reported that father (in counsel’s words) would “not be

returning from Africa anytime soon.”        Mother’s attorney then asked to proceed by

default, and the district court granted the request. After the hearing, father called the

court administrator to participate in the hearing, but was told it had ended. Mother’s

attorney filed proposed findings and a dissolution judgment, and sent a copy to father’s

Duluth address. Father did not respond. On January 20, 2015, the district court ordered

entry of a judgment that incorporates the parties’ custody and parenting-time agreements,

awards father certain land in Kenya and father’s “business” selling used American farm

equipment in Africa, awards mother Pioneer Recovery Center (PRC) (a business focused

on rehabilitation of persons suffering from chemical abuse), and orders father to pay child

support.

                                             3
       While the order directed immediate entry of judgment, judgment was not entered

until March 5, when it was entered nunc pro tunc to January 20. On March 2, father

moved to reopen the judgment and filed two appeals, which this court dismissed as

premature. On March 17, father moved to reopen the (actual) judgment and to remove

mother’s attorney from the case because counsel had previously represented PRC. Both

parties appeared with counsel at the hearing, and the district court gave father an

opportunity to supplement the record. The district court denied father’s motions. Father

appeals and moves to strike parts of mother’s brief.

                                     DECISION

I.     The district court did not abuse its discretion by entering a default judgment.

       In marriage dissolution cases, “[i]f the respondent does not appear after service

duly made and proved, the court may hear and determine the proceeding as a default

matter.” Minn. Stat. § 518.13, subd. 1 (2014). Whether to grant a default judgment is

within the district court’s discretion. See Black v. Rimmer, 700 N.W.2d 521, 525 (Minn.

App. 2005) (stating this principle in a non-family context), review dismissed (Minn. Sept.

28, 2005).

       Parties are required to provide their current address to other parties and to the

court administrator, and “[f]ailure to provide this notice constitutes waiver of the right to

notice until a current address is provided.” Minn. R. Gen. Pract. 13.01; see also Minn. R.

Civ. P. 77.04 2012 advisory comm. cmt. (stating that “[t]he burden is squarely on the

party or attorney to advise the court of any change in address”).          “Although some

accommodations may be made for pro se litigants, this court has repeatedly emphasized

                                             4
that pro se litigants are generally held to the same standards as attorneys and must

comply with court rules.” Fitzgerald v. Fitzgerald, 629 N.W.2d 115, 119 (Minn. App.

2001).

         Father argues that the default proceeding was legally defective and that the district

court abused its discretion by denying his request to continue the December 8 pretrial

hearing. We disagree.

         First, it is undisputed that father had notice of the date and purpose of the hearing.

The district court declined to consider mother’s discovery motion during two prior

hearings because of concerns regarding the adequacy of notice. After father finally

provided an address in Kenya, the court re-sent notice of the December 8 hearing. The

notice specifically stated that this would be a “Pre-trial” hearing.

         Second, our careful review of the record assures us that the district court did not

abuse its discretion by denying father’s informal continuance request.1           Whether to

continue a hearing “is discretionary with the district court.” Szarzynski v. Szarzynski, 732

N.W.2d 285, 296-97 (Minn. App. 2007). As noted above, the record is replete with

evidence of father’s efforts to delay the proceedings and thwart mother’s discovery

requests. Father did not participate in any proceedings after the SENE. He did not

appear for two status conferences before he left the country and did not timely provide

1
  Father argues that the district court should have continued several hearings. The
December 8, 2014 hearing produced the judgment, and it is undisputed that father had
notice of that hearing. Thus, any notice problem occurring before December 8, 2014 is
unrelated to the judgment, and we ignore as harmless any alleged errors. See Minn. R.
Civ. P. 61 (requiring harmless error to be ignored); Thompson v. Thompson, 739 N.W.2d
424, 431 (Minn. App. 2007) (applying rule 61).

                                               5
new contact information to the court and counsel. Father provided no verification that

illness prevented him from participating in the December 8 pretrial hearing. And the

court implicitly found father’s assertion that court staff told him that the district court

would initiate his phone participation was not credible. Instead, the district court found

that father was told on December 5 that he had until the end of that day to ask to

participate in the hearing by phone and that father never made that request. We defer to a

district court’s credibility determinations.       Sefkow v. Sefkow, 427 N.W.2d 203, 210

(Minn. 1988); Auer v. Scott, 494 N.W.2d 54, 58 (Minn. App. 1992) (deferring to what

was “functionally” a district court’s credibility determination). In sum, father has not

persuaded us that the district court abused its discretion by denying his request to

continue the pretrial hearing.

       Finally, father’s failure to appear at the December 8 pretrial hearing provides an

appropriate basis for proceeding by default. Father contends that mother’s failure to file

a default-scheduling-request form deprived him of his right to notice under Minn. R. Gen.

Pract. 306.01(b).   Because the district court did not address rule 306, any alleged

violation of that rule is not properly before this court.2 See Thiele v. Stich, 425 N.W.2d

580, 582 (Minn. 1988) (stating that appellate courts address only those questions

presented to and considered by the district court, and that a party cannot “obtain review

by raising the same general issue litigated below but under a different theory”). More

2
  Even if we did address the matter, it is not clear that father would be entitled to relief.
The 1992 comment to rule 306.01 states that “[t]he default scheduling request required by
Rule 306.01 . . . serves the purpose of permitting the court administrator’s office to
schedule the case for the right type of hearing. It is not otherwise involved in the merits.”
(Emphasis added.)

                                               6
importantly, rule 305.02(b) provides that if, as here, a party fails to appear at a pretrial

conference, “the court may dispose of the proceedings without further notice to that

party.” Minn. R. Gen. Pract. 305.02(b).

        Contrary to father’s suggestion, there is “no statutory or constitutional right to

counsel in dissolution proceedings.” State ex rel. Ondracek v. Blohm, 363 N.W.2d 113,

115 (Minn. App. 1985). Accordingly, we reject father’s assertion that the district court

erred   by   proceeding    in   default   because    he   “was    not    offered   any   legal

counsel/representation.” Father also asserts that the default proceedings violated “Minn.

R. Civ. P. 55.01, subd. 2” and “Minn. Rule 55[.]” Rule 55.01 does not have subdivisions.

And because father otherwise failed to develop these assertions in his brief, we decline to

address them. See Dep’t of Labor & Indus. v. Wintz Parcel Drivers, Inc., 558 N.W.2d

480, 480 (Minn. 1997) (declining to address an inadequately briefed issue); Brodsky v.

Brodsky, 733 N.W.2d 471, 479 (Minn. App. 2007) (applying Wintz).3

II.     The district court did not abuse its discretion in dividing the marital property
        and setting child support.

        A district court “has broad discretion in dividing marital property upon dissolution

of a marriage[,]” its division of that property “will be overturned only for a clear abuse of

discretion[,]” and an appellate court “must affirm the trial court’s division of property if it

had an acceptable basis in fact and principle even though [the appellate court] may have

taken a different approach.” Servin v. Servin, 345 N.W.2d 754, 758 (Minn. 1984).

3
  Father’s argument also cites Fed. R. Civ. P. 55. That rule, however, governs
proceedings in federal district court, not state district court. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 1 (stating
that the federal rules of civil procedure “govern the procedure in the United States district
courts in all suits of a civil nature”). Therefore, that rule is inapplicable here.

                                              7
       A.     Property division

       Father asserts that mother undervalued PRC and that, because he was not given

access to PRC’s bank statements, he lacked information necessary to dispute the

company’s value. We disagree. In its order denying father’s motion to reopen the

judgment, the district court found that “[mother] previously provided [father] with a copy

of the financial documents from [PRC.]” This finding is supported by an affidavit of

mother’s attorney stating that the relevant information was provided to father’s attorney

“early in the case[,]” and by counsel’s oral representation to the district court at the

hearing on father’s motion to reopen the default judgment. Accordingly, the court’s

finding that father had PRC’s financial information is not clearly erroneous. See Minn.

R. Civ. P. 52.01 (stating findings of fact are not set aside unless clearly erroneous). And

because father had PRC’s financial information, he could have contested any error or

omission in the information mother submitted to the district court.4

       With respect to PRC’s value, father argues that it is a multi-million-dollar

business, with net income in one month that exceeded $100,000. But the record shows

4
  Father also argues that the district court erred by failing to determine PRC’s value.
“[W]here the record is reasonably clear and the facts not seriously disputed, the judgment
of the trial court can be upheld in the absence of trial court findings made pursuant to
Rule 52.01, Rules of Civil Procedure.” Roberson v. Roberson, 296 Minn. 476, 478, 206
N.W.2d 347, 348 (1973); see Hemingway v. Hemingway, 383 N.W.2d 697, 701 (Minn.
App. 1986) (citing Roberson); cf. Johnson v. Johnson, 277 N.W.2d 208, 211 (Minn.
1979) (stating that “[e]xactitude is not required of the trial court in the valuation of assets
in a dissolution proceeding; it is only necessary that the value arrived at lies within a
reasonable range of figures”). Father did not participate in any aspect of the case after
the SENE, and the only evidence the district court had regarding PRC was that submitted
by mother. Thus, the facts were not seriously disputed, and this case fits the Roberson
profile of one for which the lack of a valuation is not fatal to the judgment.

                                              8
that PRC’s net income varied dramatically during the three-year period for which

documentation was provided. In the month following the month in which PRC’s net

income exceeded $100,000, PRC’s net income was negative $23,981.05. The district

court had all of this information, and was entitled to assess its weight and credibility. See

Sigurdson v. Isanti County, 386 N.W.2d 715, 721 (Minn. 1986).

       Father further asserts that he owns “shares” in PRC and should have been awarded

an interest in the company. The basis for father’s asserted ownership of “shares” in PRC

is unclear; he seems to confuse ownership of “shares” in a business with the interest in

marital property conferred by statute. See Minn. Stat. § 518.003, subd. 3b (2014) (stating

that “[e]ach spouse shall be deemed to have a common ownership in marital property that

vests not later than the time of the entry of the decree in a proceeding for dissolution or

annulment”). Without legal support, this argument is unpersuasive.

       After assigning PRC to mother, the district court awarded father land in Kenya,

the farm equipment “business[,]” and his entire retirement account. Father asserts that,

together, these assets are worth much less than PRC, and that there is, in fact, no farm

equipment “business.” While the district court acknowledged the incompleteness of the

record before it at the time of dissolution, the court attributed any potential imbalance in

the property division to father’s failure to participate in the case after the SENE. This

approach is consistent with caselaw: “[A] party cannot complain about a district court’s

failure to rule in [that party’s] favor when one of the reasons it did not do so is because

that party failed to provide the district court with the evidence that would allow the

district court to fully address the question.” Eisenschenk v. Eisenschenk, 668 N.W.2d

                                             9
235, 243 (Minn. App. 2003), review denied (Minn. Nov. 25, 2003). On this limited

record, we discern no abuse of discretion in the property division.

       B.      Child support

       Father argues that the district court overstated his income by including overtime

pay and understated mother’s income by failing to attribute income beyond the amount

PRC pays her in salary. We disagree. A district court’s determinations of parents’

incomes for child-support purposes are findings of fact that will not be set aside unless

they are clearly erroneous. Schisel v. Schisel, 762 N.W.2d 265, 272 (Minn. App. 2009).

Father does not identify the amount of overtime pay allegedly improperly included in his

income or the additional income he thinks should have been attributed to mother. Thus,

whether and to what extent the district court misstated either party’s income is unclear.

In the absence of record citation and legal argument, we decline to address father’s

challenges to the district court’s findings of the parties’ incomes. See Wintz, 558 N.W.2d

at 480 (declining to reach an issue in the absence of adequate briefing); Brodsky, 733

N.W.2d at 479 (applying Wintz).

       Father also contends that the parenting schedule is contrary to the children’s best

interests. But this aspect of the judgment incorporates the agreement the parties reached

during the SENE. Generally, a party cannot appeal something to which he stipulated.

See Dairyland Ins. Co. v. Clementson, 431 N.W.2d 895, 898 (Minn. App. 1988) (stating that

“[a] party on appeal is still bound by a stipulation which it entered at trial”); see also Shirk v.

Shirk, 561 N.W.2d 519, 521-22 (Minn. 1997) (stating that once judgment is entered on a

stipulation the “sole relief” from the stipulated dissolution judgment “lies in meeting the

                                                10
requirements of Minn. Stat. § 518.145, subd. 2”). And we have already rejected father’s

challenge to the district court’s denial of his motion to reopen the judgment.

III.   The dissolution judgment is not invalid because of improper conduct.

       Father broadly asserts that he is entitled to relief based on errors and improper

conduct by district court staff, mother’s attorney, and the district court judge. We address

each argument in turn.

       First, father alleges that material he submitted to the district court on March 17,

2015 to support his motion to reopen the judgment was not placed in the court file. Court

records from that date show father filed 73 pages of documents, including a 68-page

motion to vacate and supporting documents. Exactly what may have been omitted from

the record is not clear from father’s argument. Therefore it is impossible to address

whether anything is, in fact, missing, and whether any omission prejudiced father.

Moreover, as we stated in our May 27, 2016 order, father must move the district court to

correct the record. See Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 110.05 (stating that disputes about the

accuracy and composition of the record “shall be submitted to and determined by the trial

court”); Doty v. Doty, 533 N.W.2d 72, 75 (Minn. App. 1995) (applying rule 110.05).

Father did not do so. And, contrary to father’s contention, the fact that he had an appeal

pending when the March 5 judgment was entered did not divest the district court of

jurisdiction. A premature appeal is “in effect a nullity.” Hampshire Arms Hotel Co. v.

St. Paul Mercury & Indem. Co., 215 Minn. 60, 62, 9 N.W.2d 413, 414 (1943). Father’s

premature appeal did not preclude the district court from entering judgment. See Minn.

R. Civ. App. P. 104.01, subd. 3 (stating that an appeal filed before certain motions are

                                              11
decided “is premature and of no effect, and does not divest the district court of

jurisdiction to decide [a motion pending in that court]”).

       Second, citing Minn. R. Prof. Conduct 8.4, father asserts that mother’s attorney

committed misconduct by misrepresenting to the district court that father had been given

notice of hearing dates. But, as noted above, under Minn. R. Gen. Pract. 13.01, a party’s

failure to keep the court and counsel apprised of a change in address waives the right to

notice; because the challenged judgment followed the December 8 pretrial hearing, it is

not clear how any error regarding notice of a hearing occurring before that date

prejudiced father. And it is undisputed that father had notice of the December 8 hearing.

       Third, father argues that Minn. R. Prof. Conduct 1.9 precluded mother’s attorney

from representing mother because he previously represented PRC in a matter involving

the parties and father did not waive any potential conflict of interest. The district court

rejected this argument, finding that the affidavit of mother’s attorney was credible and

demonstrated the limited scope of counsel’s prior representation. The district court

further found that “[father] failed to provide verification of any involvement by [mother’s

attorney] with [father] other than meeting with him for a few minutes to sign a quit claim

deed.” We defer to a district court’s credibility determinations, even when they are based

on affidavits. See Straus v. Straus, 254 Minn. 234, 235, 94 N.W.2d 679, 680 (1959)

(stating “[c]onflicts in the evidence, even though the presentation is upon affidavits, are

to be resolved by the trial court”); see also DeRosier v. Util. Sys. of Am., Inc., 780

N.W.2d 1, 5 (Minn. App. 2010) (invoking this aspect of Straus).

                                             12
       Finally, father argues that the district court judge was biased against him, and in

favor of mother, and should have recused from the case. Because father did not present

this argument to the district court, it is not properly before us. Thiele, 425 N.W.2d at

582; see also Braith v. Fischer, 632 N.W.2d 716, 725 (Minn. App. 2001) (refusing, under

Thiele, to address a claim of district court bias), review denied (Minn. Oct. 24, 2001).

IV.    The district court did not abuse its discretion by declining to reopen the
       judgment.

       A district court may reopen a dissolution judgment based on, among other things,

excusable neglect, newly discovered evidence, and fraud. Minn. Stat. § 518.145, subd.

2(1)-(3) (2014). Because the statute is similar to Minn. R. Civ. P. 60.02, we apply the

analysis articulated in Finden v. Klaas, 268 Minn. 268, 271, 128 N.W.2d 748, 750

(1964). Peterson v. Eishen, 512 N.W.2d 338, 341 (Minn. 1994), superseded by rule on

other grounds, as recognized in Fed. Hoffman, Inc. v. Fackler, 549 N.W.2d 93, 95 (Minn.

App. 1996), review denied (Minn. Aug. 20, 1996).

       “A party seeking relief under Minn. R. Civ. P. 60.02 must establish (1) a

reasonable case on the merits; (2) a reasonable excuse for the failure to act; (3) action

with due diligence after entry of judgment; and (4) lack of prejudice to the opposing

party.” Reid v. Strodtman, 631 N.W.2d 414, 419 (Minn. App. 2001) (applying Finden in

a family case). “All four elements must be proven, but a weak showing on one factor

may be offset by a strong showing on the others.” Id. Whether to grant relief under

                                             13
Minn. Stat. § 518.145, subd. 2(1), is discretionary with the district court. Clark v. Clark,

642 N.W.2d 459, 465 (Minn. App. 2002).5

       Father first challenges the district court’s determination that father did not

establish a reasonable excuse for his failure to act.6 He points out that the district court

did not call him on December 8, 2014 as he asserts court administrative staff told him the

court would do to initiate the pretrial hearing. We are not persuaded. The district court

rejected father’s assertion as incredible. We defer to the district court’s finding, and

conclude that father’s failure to participate in any aspect of this case after the SENE,

despite the fact that the dissolution proceeding involves three minor children, further

supports the district court’s determination.

       We also reject father’s argument that the district court should have reopened the

judgment based on “newly discovered evidence which by due diligence could not have

been discovered in time to move for a new trial under [Minn. R. Civ. P. 59.03.]” Minn.

Stat. § 518.145, subd. 2(2). Under rule 59.03, “[a] notice of motion for a new trial shall

be served within 30 days after . . . service of notice by a party of the filing of the decision

or order[.]” Because father moved to reopen the judgment 12 days after it was entered

5
  Father argues that the district court should have awarded him spousal maintenance. But
father’s failure to participate in the proceedings beyond the SENE deprived the district
court of information necessary to consider a maintenance award. And because we are
affirming the district court’s refusal to reopen the judgment, we need not further address
the issue of maintenance.
6
 Father does not contest the district court’s conclusion that he did not meet his burden to
show he has a reasonable case on the merits.

                                               14
(within the time to move for a new trial), the provision addressing evidence which could

not have been discovered in time to move for a new trial does not apply.7

       Father asserts the existence of fraud, citing the documents mother submitted,

which, he asserts, misrepresent PRC’s value and assets. For the reasons cited above

regarding father’s access to these documents, we reject this argument. Father also seeks a

new trial. Because the issue whether to grant a new trial was neither presented to, nor

considered by, the district court, it is not properly before us. Thiele, 425 N.W.2d at 582.

Moreover, we have already resolved the arguments upon which father seeks a new trial

against him.

       Finally, father moves to strike portions of mother’s brief. To the extent the motion

restates father’s arguments that certain documents were omitted from the record and that

mother’s attorney, the court, or court staff engaged in improper conduct, we reject them

for the reasons already stated. See Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 110.05 (addressing the accuracy

and composition of the record on appeal); Doty, 533 N.W.2d at 75 (applying rule

110.05).8 And to the extent father’s motion challenges the district court’s property

7
  To the extent father’s argument is based on documents he alleges were omitted from the
record, we, above, rejected the idea that father is entitled to relief from this court because
documents were allegedly omitted from the record. And to the extent father’s argument
is based on an assertion that property was purchased with marital assets, father failed to
specify what was purchased, when, and what evidence he has to support the assertion.
Thus, father’s argument is not properly before this court, and we decline to address it.
See Wintz, 558 N.W.2d at 480 (declining to reach an issue in the absence of adequate
briefing); Brodsky, 733 N.W.2d at 479 (applying Wintz).
8
 To the extent father’s motion is based on alleged omissions from “the April 30, 2015
court transcript,” the register of actions shows no hearing on that date. And to the extent

                                             15
division or seeks relief from the judgment under Minn. Stat. § 548.14 (2014), it is not a

motion to strike, but rather is based on a series of arguments that we have already

rejected.

       Affirmed; motion denied.

father is referring to an omission from the transcript of the hearing occurring on March
30, 2015, the analysis above applies.

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