Court Opinion

ID: 4700162
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-30 21:01:56.218223+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:08.148427
License: Public Domain

In the

    United States Court of Appeals
                For the Seventh Circuit
                    ____________________
No. 20‐2235
SCOTT WEAVER,
                                                 Plaintiﬀ‐Appellant,
                                v.

CHAMPION PETFOODS USA INC.
and CHAMPION PETFOODS LP,
                                              Defendants‐Appellees.
                    ____________________

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the
                  Eastern District of Wisconsin.
           No. 18‐cv‐1996 — J. P. Stadtmueller, Judge.
                    ____________________

       ARGUED APRIL 1, 2021 — DECIDED JUNE 30, 2021
                ____________________

   Before MANION, ROVNER, and ST. EVE, Circuit Judges.
   ST. EVE, Circuit Judge. Defendants Champion Petfoods
USA Inc. and Champion Petfoods LP (collectively, “Cham‐
pion”) produce dog food that they market as biologically ap‐
propriate, containing fresh regional ingredients, and never
outsourced. Plaintiﬀ Scott Weaver, a Wisconsin resident who
purchased Champion’s food, alleged this marketing was de‐
ceptive and filed a putative class action. The district court
2                                                 No. 20‐2235

granted summary judgment to Champion because it deter‐
mined that Weaver had failed to produce suﬃcient evidence
from which a reasonable jury could determine that any of the
representations were false or misleading. We agree, and so we
aﬃrm.
                   I. Factual Background
   Champion produces two diﬀerent brands of dog food:
Acana and Orijen. Before 2016, Champion manufactured its
food at its NorthStar kitchen in Morinville, Canada. Starting
in 2016, Champion moved most of its manufacturing to its
newly opened DogStar kitchen in Auburn, Kentucky.
    Weaver lives in Wisconsin and purchased Champion dog
food from 2008 until August 2017. He purchased two diﬀerent
varieties of the Orijen brand—Six Fish and Regional Red—for
his golden retrievers Jack, Jill, and Prince Harry. Given the
timeframe, he purchased food manufactured at both the
NorthStar and DogStar kitchens.
A. Champion’s Packaging
    Champion’s packaging of its Orijen Six Fish and Regional
Red food contains various representations about its quality.
Champion packages the food produced at the DogStar
kitchen diﬀerently than the food produced at the NorthStar
kitchen. Additionally, the Six Fish variety has diﬀerent pack‐
aging than the Regional Red variety. Across all variations at
issue here, however, the packaging describes the food as bio‐
logically appropriate, made with fresh regional ingredients,
and never outsourced.
   Both the Six Fish and Regional Red packaging describe the
food as “biologically appropriate.” The DogStar packaging
for both varieties states that the food is “Biologically
No. 20‐2235                                                   3

Appropriate—Protein Rich, Carbohydrate Limited.” It fur‐
ther states that the food “mirrors the richness, freshness and
variety of [Whole Prey] meats that dogs are evolved to eat.”
The NorthStar packaging states that “[a]ll dogs are evolved as
carnivores, designed by Mother Nature to thrive on Whole
Prey such as fowl or fish, and possessing a biological need for
a diet rich and varied in fresh whole meats supplemented
with smaller amounts of fruits, vegetables and grasses.”
    The packaging also contains various statements about
fresh regional ingredients. The DogStar packaging states:
“Grown close to home—We focus on local ingredients that are
ethically raised by people we know and trust, and delivered
to our kitchens fresh or raw each day.” The DogStar Six Fish
packaging specifies that “New England’s vast Atlantic wa‐
ters” is its “source of inspiration and fresh regional fish” and
that it contains “fresh, raw or dehydrated fish ingredients.”
The DogStar Regional Red packaging similarly states that
“America’s vast and fertile lands” are its “source of inspira‐
tion and fresh regional ingredients” and that it contains
“fresh, raw or dehydrated animal ingredients.” Both also con‐
tain a “meat math” section which specifies that “[t]his 13LB
package of Orijen is made with over 11 LB of fresh, raw or
dehydrated” fish or animal ingredients. The packaging speci‐
fies the 11 pounds were “approximate inclusions” that in‐
clude “2/3 fresh or raw. 1/3 dried or oils.”
   The NorthStar packaging similarly includes several refer‐
ences to fresh regional ingredients but does not include the
same detailed “meat math” section. The NorthStar Six Fish
packaging represents that it “features unmatched inclusions
of whole saltwater and freshwater fish—caught wild within
our region and delivered to our doors FRESH EACH DAY.”
4                                                  No. 20‐2235

The NorthStar Regional Red packaging similarly states that it
“features unmatched inclusions of ranch‐raised Black Angus
beef, wild boar, lamb, heritage pork and bison—all ranched
within our region and delivered FRESH EACH DAY.” Both
varieties also state that “[o]ur FRESH ingredients are raised in
our region by people we know and trust.” Both also specify:
“Canada’s vast and unspoiled lands—our source of inspira‐
tion and fresh regional ingredients.”
    The DogStar packaging states that that the food is “never
outsourced” and it is “prepared exclusively in our DogStar
kitchens—We don’t make foods for other companies and we
don’t allow our foods to be made by anyone else.” The
NorthStar packaging provides that “[q]uality is never out‐
sourced” and that “we prepare Orijen ourselves, in our
award‐winning kitchens.”
B. Champion’s Dog Food
    Weaver contends that various aspects of the ingredients
and source of Champion’s food render its packaging mislead‐
ing. First, Champion’s food is not made solely from fresh in‐
gredients. It contains frozen ingredients and ingredients that
were previously frozen. The exact amount of frozen ingredi‐
ents varies depending on the time of year and the supply
available. Champion also uses “regrinds”—previously man‐
ufactured food that failed to conform to applicable specifica‐
tions—as dry filler in some of its dog food. It also sometimes
uses “refreshed” ingredients, which are ingredients that
Champion cannot use on a given day that are then sent back
to the supplier for delivery on a later date. Additionally, even
though most of Champion’s suppliers only guarantee fresh‐
ness for 3 to 5 days after delivery, Champion has used ingre‐
dients past that window.
No. 20‐2235                                                   5

    Second, Champion does not source all its ingredients from
areas close to Morinville, Canada and Auburn, Kentucky. It
sources some ingredients internationally, including from Eu‐
rope, New Zealand, Norway, and Latin America. In addition,
it sources some ingredients from locations in North America
that are distant from its NorthStar and DogStar kitchens.
    Third, Weaver also contends that Champion’s packaging
is misleading because there is a risk that its food contains Bi‐
sphenol A (“BPA”) and pentobarbital. BPA is a chemical used
primarily to make plastics and resins. Given that plastics and
resins are used in food storage containers, humans and ani‐
mals are regularly exposed to BPA because it can leach from
containers into food. They are also exposed to BPA in their
environments, as studies have measured levels of BPA in the
air, dust, and water. Champion does not add BPA to its food.
Laboratory testing, however, revealed that BPA was present
in many dog food brands, including some of Champion’s
brands. Champion submitted unrebutted expert testimony
that the levels of BPA purportedly contained in its food ac‐
cording to Weaver’s Third Amended Complaint would not
cause an adverse eﬀect in a dog.
     Pentobarbital is a barbiturate used to euthanize animals.
It is an adulterant that dog food should not include. Cham‐
pion uses beef tallow in some of its food, which is fat rendered
from animal carcasses. JBS USA Holdings, Inc. (“JBS”) has
supplied some of Champion’s beef tallow since 2016. Cham‐
pion’s ingredient specification form for beef tallow stated that
“[p]roduct shall be from animals deemed fit for human con‐
sumption” and “shall not contain animals dead or con‐
demned upon reaching the slaughter facility.” Champion did
not audit JBS in 2016 or 2017. In March 2018, two lots of beef
6                                                 No. 20‐2235

tallow that JBS had delivered to Champion were contami‐
nated with pentobarbital. By the time Champion learned
about the pentobarbital in May 2018, it already had manufac‐
tured 1.7 million pounds of dog food using the aﬀected tal‐
low. It retrieved 1.6 million pounds of the food, but about
100,000 pounds were sold into retail.
                 II. Procedural Background
    Weaver filed this putative class action in the Eastern Dis‐
trict of Wisconsin in December 2018. The district court had
original jurisdiction over the action under the Class Action
Fairness Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2)(A) and (C). Weaver’s
Third Amended Complaint—the operative complaint in this
action—contains three claims: (1) violation of the Wisconsin
Deceptive Trade Practices Act (the “Act”), Wis. Stat. § 100.18;
(2) fraud by omission; and (3) negligence. Weaver submitted
reports by two experts, Jon Krosnick and Colin Weir, solely
on the issue of damages. Krosnick conducted two surveys,
which Weir utilized to calculate the damages allegedly at‐
tributable to Champion’s misleading representations. On the
issue of liability, Weaver did not submit any survey evidence
to support his claims. Instead, he only oﬀered his own testi‐
mony.
    Champion moved for summary judgment and Weaver
moved for class certification. While those motions were pend‐
ing, the district court granted Champion’s motion to exclude
the opinions of Weaver’s damages experts. Champion then re‐
newed its motion for summary judgment, which the district
court granted on all counts. Weaver now appeals the district
court’s exclusion of his damages experts and grant of sum‐
mary judgment for Champion.
No. 20‐2235                                                     7

                        III. Discussion
A. Legal Standard
    We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment
de novo, taking the facts in light most favorable to Weaver as
the non‐moving party. Beardsall v. CVS Pharmacy, Inc., 953
F.3d 969, 972 (7th Cir. 2020). “Summary judgment is appro‐
priate ‘if the movant shows that there is no genuine issue of
material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a mat‐
ter of law.’” Id. (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)). As the movant,
Champion bears the burden of showing that summary judg‐
ment is appropriate. As the non‐moving party, however,
Weaver “may not rest upon mere allegations in the pleadings
or upon conclusory statements in aﬃdavits; [he] must go be‐
yond the pleadings and support [his] contentions with proper
documentary evidence.” Id. (quoting Warsco v. Preferred Tech.
Grp., 258 F.3d 557, 563 (7th Cir. 2001)). “It is well‐settled that
speculation may not be used to manufacture a genuine issue
of fact.” SportFuel, Inc. v. PepsiCo, Inc., 932 F.3d 589, 601 (7th
Cir. 2019) (quoting Amadio v. Ford Motor Co., 238 F.3d 919, 927
(7th Cir. 2001)).
B. Wisconsin Deceptive Trade Practices Act
    Weaver contends that Champion’s packaging violates the
Act because its representations that its food is biologically ap‐
propriate, made with fresh regional ingredients, and never
outsourced are false or misleading. In Weaver’s view, these
representations are false or misleading because Champion’s
food contains or is at risk of containing non‐fresh and non‐
regional ingredients, as well as BPA and pentobarbital. The
district court concluded that Weaver had failed to provide
8                                                    No. 20‐2235

suﬃcient evidence from which a jury could find that Cham‐
pion’s packaging is misleading to a reasonable consumer.
    The Act “generally prohibits false, deceptive, or mislead‐
ing representations or statements of fact in public advertise‐
ments or sales announcements.” Tietsworth v. Harley‐Da‐
vidson, Inc., 677 N.W.2d 233, 244 (Wis. 2004). Claims arising
under the Act have three required elements: “(1) the defend‐
ant made a representation to the public with the intent to in‐
duce an obligation, (2) the representation was untrue, decep‐
tive or misleading, and (3) the representation materially in‐
duced (caused) a pecuniary loss to the plaintiﬀ.” Novell v.
Migliaccio, 749 N.W.2d 544, 553 (Wis. 2008) (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted). “Silence—an omission to
speak—is insuﬃcient to support a claim” under the Act and
thus it applies “only [to] aﬃrmative assertions, representa‐
tions, or statements of fact that are false, deceptive, or mis‐
leading.” Tietsworth, 677 N.W.2d at 245.
    Like other state consumer protection statutes, the Act can
be violated “even if [the representation] is not literally false.”
Beardsall, 953 F.3d at 973. Rather, “a label is deceptive if it is
likely to mislead a reasonable consumer in a material re‐
spect.” Id. The Act thus “may be satisfied by proof that a state‐
ment is likely to mislead a reasonable consumer, even if the
statement is literally true.” Suchanek v. Sturm Foods, Inc., 764
F.3d 750, 761–62 (7th Cir. 2014). In Beardsall, we recently re‐
jected the argument that “the issue of whether a label is mis‐
leading is a question of fact that must proceed to a jury.” 953
F.3d at 976. Rather, summary judgment is appropriate “if no
reasonable jury could find that defendants’ labels are likely to
mislead reasonable consumers.” Id. While “extrinsic evidence
in the form of consumer surveys or market research is [not]
No. 20‐2235                                                                9

always needed for a plaintiﬀ to survive summary judgment or
judgment as a matter of law on a deceptive advertising claim
… such evidence is necessary where the advertising is not
clearly misleading on its face and materiality is in doubt.” Id.
    1. Biologically Appropriate
    Weaver argues that Champion’s representations on its
packaging that its food is “biologically appropriate” are false
or misleading because there is a risk that the food contains
BPA and pentobarbital.1 In Weaver’s view, calling the food bi‐
ologically appropriate is a forward‐facing message guaran‐
teeing that the food contains only natural ingredients. Be‐
cause BPA is a chemical and pentobarbital is a barbiturate,
Weaver contends that a reasonable consumer would be mate‐
rially misled.
    Regarding BPA, it is undisputed that humans and animals
are commonly exposed to BPA, Champion does not add BPA
to its food, and the level of BPA purportedly in Champion’s
food poses no health risks to dogs. Despite these uncontested
facts, Weaver insists that the mere risk that any small amount
of BPA is present in Champion’s foods renders its representa‐
tions that its food is biologically appropriate misleading to a
reasonable consumer. In support, Weaver relies solely on his
own testimony that he would consider no amount of BPA to
be biologically appropriate.
   Weaver’s argument is unpersuasive because he has failed
to provide evidence that the phrase “biologically

    1 Like the district court, for the purposes of this appeal we will assume

that “biologically appropriate” is an actionable representation under the
Act rather than non‐actionable commercial puﬀery.
10                                                  No. 20‐2235

appropriate” is likely to materially mislead a reasonable con‐
sumer into believing that the product was BPA‐free. Our de‐
cision in Beardsall illustrates why this is the case. 953 F.3d at
973. There, consumers who purchased aloe vera gel sued un‐
der various consumer protection statutes on the basis that the
product was labeled as “100% Pure Aloe Vera Gel” even
though it had low concentrations of acemannan (a polysac‐
charide found in aloe vera). We upheld summary judgment,
noting that the plaintiﬀs’ theory “might be viable” but that
they “have not presented any actual evidence that the label is
likely to mislead consumers about the nature or quality of the
product.” Id. Specifically, “[p]laintiﬀs ha[d] presented no evi‐
dence,” such as consumer surveys, to show that “acemannan
concentration itself is actually salient to consumers.” Id. Evi‐
dence of the acemannan concentration in the product “does
not give us reason to believe that consumers care about ace‐
mannan concentration.” Id. at 974. The plaintiﬀ’s expert did
not testify that a product with low acemannan concentration
could not be called aloe, or that a certain level of acemannan
was needed to render aloe eﬀective. Id. Unlike in other con‐
sumer protection cases that had survived summary judg‐
ment, the plaintiﬀs in Beardsall “oﬀered no evidence that the
products fell short of consumers’ expectations in any material
way.” Id. at 976. The court noted that “[t]his is not to say that
extrinsic evidence in the form of consumer surveys or market
research is always needed for a plaintiﬀ to survive summary
judgment … on a deceptive advertising claim,” but “such ev‐
idence is necessary where the advertising is not clearly mis‐
leading on its face and materiality is in doubt.” Id.
    In this case, Weaver only oﬀered his own testimony to
prove that a reasonable consumer would interpret “biologi‐
cally appropriate” as certifying that the food is BPA‐free. He
No. 20‐2235                                                  11

failed to oﬀer any additional evidence to support this ele‐
ment. Uncontested evidence in the record shows that the level
of BPA purportedly in Champion’s food poses no risk of ad‐
verse health eﬀects in dogs. Additionally, it is undisputed that
humans and animals are commonly exposed to BPA and BPA
is found in some other brands of dog foods. Just like the plain‐
tiﬀs in Beardsall failed to show that a reasonable consumer
would interpret “100% Pure Aloe Vera Gel” as certifying a
certain concentration of acemannan, Weaver has oﬀered no
evidence that a reasonable consumer here would interpret
“biologically appropriate” as certifying the product was BPA‐
free. Weaver further did not oﬀer any evidence that the low
levels of BPA in some of Champion’s food renders it biologi‐
cally inappropriate. Nor does he oﬀer consumer surveys or
market research showing that a reasonable consumer would
interpret “biologically appropriate” to mean BPA‐free. Like
Beardsall, this is not a case where the representation that the
food is biologically appropriate is “clearly misleading on its
face,” and so Weaver’s reliance on his own testimony to over‐
come summary judgment is misplaced. 953 F.3d at 976. To
survive summary judgment, Weaver needed to oﬀer evidence
that reasonable consumers were likely to be misled in a mate‐
rial way by the phrase “biologically appropriate,” and he has
failed to do so.
   Weaver’s argument that the phrase “biologically appropri‐
ate” is misleading because the food contains a risk of pento‐
barbital also fails, but for a diﬀerent reason. As the district
court noted, Weaver lacks standing because he failed to show
that the dog food he purchased was at risk of containing pen‐
tobarbital. The sole source of any potential pentobarbital is
JBS, a third‐party supplier of tallow. Weaver stopped pur‐
chasing Champion’s food in August 2017. JBS, however, did
12                                                 No. 20‐2235

not deliver the contaminated tallow to Champion until March
2018. Despite this undisputed fact, Weaver contends that a
reasonable jury could still find that there was a risk that the
food he purchased contained pentobarbital. He cites to the
fact that even though Champion designated beef tallow as a
high‐risk ingredient, it failed to audit JBS in 2016 and 2017.
Additionally, a JBS sample retained from November 2017
tested positive for pentobarbital.
    These facts amount to nothing more than speculation. And
a “party must present more than mere speculation or conjec‐
ture to defeat a summary judgment motion.” Liu v. T & H
Mach., Inc., 191 F.3d 790, 796 (7th Cir. 1999). Champion’s fail‐
ure to audit JBS is not suﬃcient evidence to raise an issue of
fact that prior to March 2018 there were contaminated ship‐
ments. The retained sample that tested positive for pentobar‐
bital was from November 2017—months after Weaver
stopped purchasing Champion’s food. Moreover, the sample
was from a subsidiary of JBS and Weaver did not oﬀer any
evidence that Champion ever received tallow produced at
that facility.
    Ultimately, even considering these facts together and in
the light most favorable to Weaver, he has oﬀered no evidence
from which a reasonable jury could infer that he purchased
dog food containing pentobarbital. We thus aﬃrm the district
court’s grant of summary judgment to Champion as to
whether the risk of the presence of BPA or pentobarbital ren‐
dered the phrase “biologically appropriate” misleading to a
reasonable consumer.
No. 20‐2235                                                 13

   2. Fresh and Regional Ingredients
    Weaver next argues that Champion’s representations that
its food is made with fresh regional ingredients are mislead‐
ing. According to Weaver, the representations about fresh in‐
gredients are misleading because Champion uses frozen in‐
gredients, regrinds, refreshed ingredients, and ingredients
that are past their expiration date. He further argues the rep‐
resentations about regional ingredients are misleading be‐
cause some ingredients are sourced from places far away
from Morinville and Auburn, where the dog food is manufac‐
tured. The district court determined that the packaging was
not misleading because it did not represent that all the ingre‐
dients were fresh and regional. Consequently, because the
food contained some ingredients that were fresh and sourced
regionally, a reasonable consumer would not be misled.
    On appeal, Weaver insists the district court erred. He con‐
tends that a reasonable consumer would interpret Cham‐
pion’s claims that they use fresh regional ingredients as mean‐
ing that they use only fresh regional ingredients. Several dis‐
trict courts have held that references to ingredients used do
not imply that ingredient is used exclusively. See Kennedy v.
Mondelez Glob. LLC, No. 19‐cv‐302, 2020 WL 4006197, at *4
(E.D.N.Y. July 10, 2020) (noting that graham crackers that
were advertised as “made with real honey” were not mislead‐
ing even though other sweeteners and additives were also
used); Sarr v. BEF Foods, Inc., No. 18‐cv‐6409, 2020 WL 729883,
at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 13, 2020) (determining that a label that
states that mashed potatoes are made with “real butter” does
not imply that other fats are also not used); Henderson v.
Gruma Corp., No. 10‐cv‐04173, 2011 WL 1362188, at *12 (C.D.
Cal. Apr. 11, 2011) (determining that crackers labeled as made
14                                                 No. 20‐2235

“with Garden Vegetables” was not misleading as a matter of
law because “the labeling statement does not claim a specific
amount of vegetables in the product, but rather speaks to their
presence in the product”). Relying on this line of cases, the
district court in Song v. Champion Petfoods USA, Inc., No. 18‐
cv‐3205, 2020 WL 7624861 (D. Minn. Dec. 22, 2020), recently
dismissed a similar claim against Champion:
     Just as a statement that mashed potatoes are made with
     “real butter” does not imply that the only fat used is
     real butter, and just as a statement that graham crack‐
     ers are made with “real honey” does not imply that the
     only sweetener used is real honey, so too the statement
     that a bag of dog food contains “fresh regional ingre‐
     dients” does not imply that it is composed exclusively
     of ingredients that are fresh and regional.
Id. at *7.
    Weaver relies solely on his own testimony that he expected
all the ingredients to be fresh and sourced from places close
to Morinville and Auburn. This falls short of evidence from
which a reasonable jury could find that there is “a probability
that a significant portion of the general consuming public or
of targeted consumers, acting reasonably in the circum‐
stances, could be misled.” Beardsall, 953 F.3d at 973 (quoting
Ebner v. Fresh, Inc., 838 F.3d 958, 965 (9th Cir. 2016)). Cham‐
pion’s representations that its food is made with fresh re‐
gional ingredients are not clearly misleading—its food does,
in fact, contain some ingredients that are fresh and sourced
regionally. Weaver thus needed to oﬀer something more than
his own testimony. Beardsall, 953 F.3d at 976 (noting that while
“extrinsic evidence in the form of consumer surveys or mar‐
ket research is [not] always needed for a plaintiﬀ to survive
No. 20‐2235                                                   15

summary judgment … on a deceptive advertising claim,”
such evidence is needed “where the advertising is not clearly
misleading on its face …”).
     Weaver contends that our recent decision in Bell v. Publix
Super Markets, Inc., 982 F.3d 468 (7th Cir. 2020), renders sum‐
mary judgment inappropriate here, but his reliance on Bell is
misplaced. There, the plaintiﬀs alleged that they were misled
by cheese products labeled as “100% Grated Parmesan
Cheese.” Id. at 474. The district court granted the defendants’
motion to dismiss, reasoning that the ingredient label—which
included ingredients other than grated parmesan cheese—
would cure any ambiguity from the label. Id. We reversed,
reasoning that the plaintiﬀs’ allegations were plausible be‐
cause “[w]hat matters most is how real consumers under‐
stand and react to the advertising” and “an accurate fine‐print
list of ingredients does not foreclose as a matter of law a claim
that an ambiguous front label deceives reasonable consum‐
ers.” Id. at 476.
    Unlike in Bell, here Champion’s packaging did not repre‐
sent that it was made with 100% fresh regional ingredients.
But more importantly, “[t]he result is diﬀerent in this case be‐
cause of the diﬀerence between a motion to dismiss on the
pleadings and a motion for summary judgment.” Id. at 482–
83 (noting that Bell does not conflict with our decision in
Beardsall to aﬃrm the district court’s grant of summary judg‐
ment because “the Beardsall plaintiﬀs failed to oﬀer any con‐
sumer surveys showing the 100% claim was misleading” and
ultimately “failed to oﬀer evidence of actual deception”). In
Bell, to survive a motion to dismiss, the plaintiﬀs needed only
to “nudge[] their claims across the line from conceivable to
plausible” and present “a claim to relief that [was] plausible
16                                                     No. 20‐2235

on its face.” Id. at 476 (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). We concluded that their com‐
plaints—which included allegations that they had conducted
consumer surveys showing that consumers were misled by
the label—passed the plausibility threshold.
    But here, as in Beardsall, the question is not whether
Weaver’s allegations are plausible—instead, the question is
whether he has provided suﬃcient evidence from which a
jury could find that a reasonable consumer would be materi‐
ally misled by Champion’s representations that its food is
made with fresh regional ingredients. “Summary judgment is
the proverbial put up or shut up moment in a lawsuit, when
a party must show what evidence it has that would convince
a trier of fact to accept its version of events.” Beardsall, 953 F.3d
at 973 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Here,
Weaver failed to oﬀer such evidence. We therefore aﬃrm the
district court’s grant of summary judgment.
     3. Never Outsourced
   Weaver next contends that Champion’s representations
that its food is “never outsourced” are misleading because it
buys ingredients such as meal and tallow from outside
sources. Specifically, the DogStar packaging states: “Never
outsourced. Prepared exclusively in our DogStar kitchens—
We don’t make foods for other companies and we don’t allow
our foods to be made by anyone else.” The NorthStar packag‐
ing represents that “Quality is never outsourced” and that
“we prepare Orijen ourselves, in our award‐winning kitch‐
ens.”
    Weaver testified that these representations misled him
into believing that Champion sourced its ingredients from
No. 20‐2235                                                   17

nearby. In other words, Weaver understood that Champion
was not growing or raising all the ingredients in its food—
rather, it sourced them from somewhere else. Nevertheless,
he contends that the fact that Champion sourced certain in‐
gredients like tallow from third parties means that its repre‐
sentations that its food is “never outsourced” are misleading.
In support, he again relies solely on his own testimony. Simi‐
lar to the other alleged misrepresentations, Weaver has fallen
short of introducing suﬃcient evidence from which a jury
could find that reasonable consumers were misled. Cham‐
pion’s representations about outsourcing reference that it pre‐
pares its food in its own kitchens, and Weaver does not con‐
tend that Champion does not do so—instead, he insists that
the fact that Champion sources certain ingredients from third
parties means that it does, in fact, outsource the preparation
of its food. Given that the representations at issue are not mis‐
leading on their face when taken in context, to survive sum‐
mary judgment Weaver must have oﬀered evidence that a
reasonable consumer would be materially misled. See
Beardsall, 953 F.3d at 976. He has not done so.
    Weaver cites to our decision in Suchanek to argue that
whether a reasonable consumer would be misled by Cham‐
pion’s representations should be a question for the jury. But
this argument is unavailing. “The plaintiﬀs in Suchanek of‐
fered three surveys showing that consumers expected one
product (roasted and ground coﬀee beans) and received
something diﬀerent that they viewed as inferior (instant cof‐
fee).” Beardsall, 953 F.3d at 975 (citing Suchanek, 764 F.3d at
753–54). But here, as in Beardsall, the representations are not
misleading on their face and Weaver has failed to oﬀer any
evidence apart from his own testimony that a reasonable con‐
sumer would be materially misled. See Beardsall, 953 F.3d at
18                                                  No. 20‐2235

976 (aﬃrming summary judgment because “[p]laintiﬀs here
have not gone beyond the pleadings and supported their
claims with the necessary evidence”). This is not suﬃcient to
create an issue of fact for the jury. We thus aﬃrm the district
court’s grant of summary judgment on this claim.
C. Fraud and Negligence Claims
   Weaver further argues that the district court erred in
granting summary judgment for Champion on his fraud and
negligence claims. In his view, the district court impermissi‐
bly imposed a literal falsehood standard that Wisconsin law
does not require, and Champion had a duty to disclose the
“true contents” of its food, including the risk of BPA and pen‐
tobarbital.
    Weaver’s arguments are unpersuasive. Under Wisconsin
law, “[a]ll misrepresentation claims share the following re‐
quired elements: 1) the defendant must have made a repre‐
sentation of fact to the plaintiﬀ; 2) the representation of fact
must be false; and 3) the plaintiﬀ must have believed and re‐
lied on the misrepresentation to his detriment or damage.” Ti‐
etsworth, 677 N.W.2d at 239. Additionally, intentional misrep‐
resentation claims must show that “4) the defendant must
have made the misrepresentation with knowledge that it was
false or recklessly without caring whether it was true or false;
and 5) the defendant must have made the misrepresentation
with intent to deceive and to induce the plaintiﬀ to act on it to
his detriment or damage.” Id. “[S]ilence, a failure to disclose a
fact, is not an intentional misrepresentation unless the seller
has a duty to disclose.” Id. (quoting Ollerman v. OʹRourke Co.,
Inc., 288 N.W.2d 95, 99–100 (1980)). A duty to disclose may
arise “where the seller has told a half‐truth or has made an
ambiguous statement if the seller’s intent is to create a false
No. 20‐2235                                                               19

impression and he does so.” Ollerman, 288 N.W.2d at 102. If a
party has a duty to disclose a fact, “[t]he failure to disclose
[that] fact constitutes a misrepresentation.” Hennig v. Ahearn,
601 N.W.2d 14, 22 (Wis. Ct. App. 1999).
    Weaver’s fraud and negligence claims therefore fail for the
same reason as his claims arising under the Act—he has failed
to provide suﬃcient evidence from which a reasonable jury
could find Champion’s representations false or misleading.
He did not provide evidence that a reasonable consumer
would be misled by Champion’s representations that its food
is biologically appropriate, contains fresh regional ingredi‐
ents, and is never outsourced.
    Furthermore, he has failed to show that Champion had a
duty to disclose the risk that its food may contain BPA or pen‐
tobarbital. Humans and animals are commonly exposed to
BPA in their everyday environments, Champion does not add
BPA to its food, and it submitted unrebutted testimony that
the levels allegedly present would not be harmful to dogs.
“Determining whether there is a legal duty [to disclose] and
the scope of that duty presents questions of law that require
courts to make policy determinations.” Kaloti Enterprises, Inc.
v. Kellogg Sales Co., 699 N.W.2d 205, 212 (Wis. 2005). Here,
Weaver has failed to provide suﬃcient evidence that a reason‐
able consumer would consider the potential presence of low2

    2 In his reply brief, Weaver argued that the district court erred in dis‐
missing his fraud and negligence claims in part because he “presented
ample evidence that the Dog Food has a real risk of not just containing
BPA, but containing BPA at higher levels than other dog food product
tested.” This contention has no merit. First, Weaver has repeatedly insisted
throughout the course of this lawsuit that the concentrations of BPA are
20                                                            No. 20‐2235

and non‐harmful levels of BPA to be material or would rea‐
sonably expect its disclosure. See id. at 213 (noting that a duty
to disclose arises where “the fact is material to the transac‐
tion” and “the mistaken party would reasonably expect dis‐
closure of the fact”). As for the disclosure of a risk of pento‐
barbital, Weaver has failed to produce evidence that any of
the food he purchased contained pentobarbital.
                            IV. Conclusion
   Summary judgment is the proverbial “put up or shut up”
moment in a lawsuit, and Weaver has failed to oﬀer suﬃcient
evidence to support his claims. Accordingly, we need not
reach whether the district court erred in excluding Weaver’s
damages experts.
                                                                 AFFIRMED

irrelevant and immaterial to his claims. Second, even if relevant, the record
does not support Weaver’s argument. Weaver cites to an expert report that
found that the BPA levels in several of Champion’s Acana brand foods
exceeded 5 parts per billion. It is undisputed that Weaver never purchased
Acana food. None of Champion’s Orijen brand food—the food Weaver
purchased—that were tested by that expert had detectable BPA levels.