Court Opinion

ID: 9411360
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-26 17:07:23.400537+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:21:06.278645
License: Public Domain

J-A13022-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  STEWARTSTOWN RAILROAD                        :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
  COMPANY                                      :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  JAMES DAVID CATHELL, SR.                     :
                                               :   No. 1581 MDA 2022
                       Appellant               :

              Appeal from the Order Entered October 21, 2022
    In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Civil Division at No(s):
                             2021-SU-002455

BEFORE:      BOWES, J., LAZARUS, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY LAZARUS, J.:                     FILED: JULY 26, 2023

       James David Cathell, Sr., appeals from the order, entered in the Court

of Common Pleas of York County, granting Appellee Stewartstown Railroad

Company’s (Railroad) motion for civil contempt and imposing sanctions

against Cathell in the amount of $1,000.00 in attorneys’ fees and $500.00 in

fines for each finding of contempt. After careful review, we affirm.

       Cathell owns property located at 1517 Deer Creek Road in New

Freedom, York County (Property). A previous owner of the Property granted

Railroad1 a thirty-three foot right-of-way (easement) over the Property. The
____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1 The Railroad operates approximately 7.4 miles of track, running from New

Freedom to Stewartstown, over which it conducts a “historic train tourism”
business “operat[ing] excursion trains of various kinds over the line.” N.T.
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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easement, memorialized in a deed recorded on July 20, 2010 with the York

County Recorder of Deeds Office, was signed and notarized by Cathell. As per

the easement, the Railroad “maintains the right to unobstructed use of the

railroad through the Property.” Railroad’s Amended Complaint, 12/27/21, at

¶ 13.

        Due to Cathell’s obstructionist behavior, which included parking a tractor

on the Railroad’s tracks to inhibit the use of the railroad and placing personal

property within the boundaries of the easement to obstruct its use, the

Railroad filed a complaint seeking the court declare the Railroad’s right to use

the easement, grant an injunction prohibiting Cathell from obstructing the

Railroad’s use of the easement, and declare that Cathell was interfering with

an express easement and creating a nuisance by his actions. Cathell filed

preliminary objections to the complaint; the Railroad filed an amended

complaint on December 27, 2021. On April 22, 2022, the court overruled

Cathell’s preliminary objections. Cathell filed an answer and new matter to

Railroad’s amended complaint.

        On July 28, 2022, the Railroad filed a petition seeking a preliminary

injunction against Cathell, alleging that Cathell’s “disruption and blocking the
____________________________________________

Preliminary Injunction Hearing, 8/18/22, at 5. Railroad also conducts a rail
biking business where people “can ride pedal powered road bikes over the
line.” Id. at 44. Cathell’s Property is bisected by the railroad on Deer Creek
Road—approximately mile post 4.5 on the railroad—near the Railroad’s mid-
point. Id. at 6. Railroad employees instruct excursion riders to stay on the
railcars or bikers to stay on the right-of-way as they traverse the Property.
Id. at 33-34.

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use of the railroad has worsened in recent weeks.”            See Petition for

Preliminary Injunction, 7/28/22, at ¶ 8. Specifically, the petition averred that

Cathell had been arrested by the state police for using tractors to block the

use of the railroad, yelled and threatened Railroad agents while they used the

railroad, and had been encouraging neighbors and family members to join him

in disrupting the use of the railroad on the Property. Id. at ¶¶ 9-13; id. at 2

(“Cathell has had a long history, dating back to 2015, of blocking and

disrupting the use of the [R]ailroad[.]”); id. at 3 (“[Cathell] continued his

disruption of the [R]ailroad by prohibiting [Railroad] and its agents from

traveling on the railroad through the Property on Sunday, July 24, 2022.”)

(emphasis added).

      On August 18, 2022, the court held the first of two hearings on the

petition. At the hearing, the Railroad’s president, David Williamson, testified

that Cathell’s behavior had “disrupted the railroad operations” and . . . “had a

very large impact” on its customers, making them “upset [and causing them

to] threaten to make posts on social media [that would] damage [the

Railroad’s] reputation . . . and integrity in the community.” N.T. Preliminary

Injunction Hearing I, 8/18/22, at 31. Williamson also testified that “we’ve

observed Mr. Cathell damaging the tracks and we feel the tracks may not be

safe to operate under.” Id. at 32. Following that hearing, the court entered

a temporary restraining order (TRO), effective through August 25, 2022,

prohibiting Cathell from: (1) blocking Railroad’s use of the easement; (2)

yelling, threatening, or otherwise attempting to intimidate or disrupt

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Railroad’s use of the easement; and (3) damaging or modifying the railroad

tracks. See Temporary Restraining Order, 8/18/22, at 1-2; N.T. Preliminary

Injunction Hearing I, 8/18/22, at 73-74.

      On August 25, 2022, the court held a second day of hearings, at which

Carol Schwartz, one of Cathell’s neighbors, and Cathell testified on behalf of

the defense. Schwartz testified that Cathell suffers from PTSD and has mental

issues that cause him to “act erratically when [he’s] approached suddenly by

people or if [he] feel[s] threatened or if something changes quickly.” N.T.

Preliminary Injunction Hearing II, 8/25/22, at 14. Cathell admitted that he

parked tractors on the railroad track, placed his own body on the tracks to

prevent people from passing by, and “blew up [and] was angry [and] wasn’t

really thinking” when he reacted to tourists using bikes to traverse the

easement in July. Id. at 32-33, 36. Following the hearing, the court entered

an order extending the effective date of the original TRO to September 6,

2002, or until further order of court. See Order Extending TRO, 8/25/22, at

1.

      On August 28, 2022, Railroad alleged that Cathell disrupted its use of

the easement by demanding identification from Railroad employees using the

easement and yelling and threatening those employees. Specifically, Railroad

claimed that Cathell told its employees that people shoot guns near the

Property and that someone might get shot if they are on the Property.

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Following an August 30, 2022 hearing,2 the trial court granted a preliminary

injunction prohibiting Cathell from

       blocking [Railroad’s agents, lessees, and/or employees’] use of
       the [e]asement . . and from being disruptive to [Railroad’s agents,
       lessees, and/or employees’] use of the [e]asement by yelling,
       threatening[,] or otherwise attempting to intimidate or
       otherwise disrupt in any way [Railroad’s] use of the
       express right-of-way. [Cathell] is further prohibited from
       damaging and/or modifying the railroad tracks in any way.

See Preliminary Injunction Order, 8/30/22 (emphasis added).

       On September 2, 2022, the Railroad filed a motion for contempt claiming

that Cathell violated the court’s August 18, 2022 and August 25, 2022 orders

and alleging that Cathell’s August 28, 2022 antics demonstrated that he is in

“willful violation of this [c]ourt’s . . . [o]rder[s] without any justification or

excuse.” Motion for Order of Contempt, 9/2/22 at ¶ 8. The Railroad asked

that Cathell be found in civil contempt and directed to pay $500.00 in

attorneys’ fees per violation and a $1,000.00 civil penalty, and that the court

enter default judgment in its favor and issue a bench warrant for Cathell’s

arrest. Id. at 3-4.

       On October 21, 2022, the court held a hearing on the Railroad’s

contempt petition, at which Cathell and two Railroad witnesses, David

Dolinsky and Williamson, testified. Dolinsky, an employee of a business that

operates rail bikes on the Railroad’s tracks, testified that Cathell has had a

____________________________________________

2 Because the court only had time to hear from one of the Railroad’s witnesses

on August 18th, the court scheduled a second hearing date on the Railroad’s
petition to permit Cathell to rebut the Railroad’s evidence.

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“[v]ery negative impact [on his business,] caus[ing them] to have delays and

[their] customers to feel threatened as well as . . . embarrass[ing] us as a

[business].” N.T. Contempt Petition Hearing, 10/21/22, at 7. Dolinsky related

the following events that took place on August 28, 2022:

      On August 28th [2022,] which was the day of our trip, at 10:27
      a.m.[,] I received a text from [Cathell] in which he stated that he
      needed to take photos of all of the IDs of our company employees
      that were coming through the property, as he claimed they were,
      quote, casing his property.

                                      *     *   *

      At that time[, Cathell] was walking his dog. He was coming back
      to his home. We had approximately 40 people standing on the
      roadway. He began screaming belligerently at the top of his lungs
      that everybody was trespassing, nobody wants them here, and it
      was karma that several of our riders had gotten bit by bees
      because they weren’t welcome there.

      He then began yelling that people, our riders, might get shot
      because people who live in these homes in this area shoot guns in
      their backyard. He was telling people they may get shot if they’re
      in this area.

Id. at 9-10 (emphasis added).       Dolinsky further testified that, based on

Cathell’s behavior on August 28th, his customer’s felt “threatened . . . [t]hey

were just very upset [and a] lot of the older customers were kind of shaken.”

Id. at 11. In fact, Dolinsky believed that one of his customers actually called

the police the following day to file a report against Cathell. Id.

      Williamson, who had previously testified at the parties’ preliminary

injunction hearing, testified that he had had “numerous interactions with

[Cathell] from the period of 2010 to the present.” Id. at 21. Specifically,

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Williamson testified that, on September 17, 2022, one of Cathell’s tenants “sat

on a tractor or piece of equipment for about five minutes[,] looked up at us

. . . [and told us that we were] trespassing on [the P]roperty, [that we] can’t

be [t]here, [and that] nobody wants you down here.” Id. at 22. Williamson

also testified that Cathell then came on site and told him that “[y]ou guys are

trespassing,” ordered him to “[g]et off my property . . . [and said that n]obody

wants you here.”     Id. at 23.    Cathell also told Williamson and Railroad

employees that “you’re all warned that you’re exposed to toxic chemicals, and

I’ve warned you of that.” Id. Williamson testified that Cathell’s remarks and

behavior made everyone feel “scared and [] threatened [and,] on the advice

of [their] attorney, had to have armed security to accompany us on that day.”

Id. Williamson testified that even with armed security present, Cathell and

his tenant “continued to watch and follow us throughout [the day] as we were

there on the [P]roperty.” Id. at 24. Finally, Williamson testified that “the fear

[still] exists, and nobody wants to go there and do any work” on the Property

and that as a result of these events, “it doesn’t bode well for our business and

our people[.]” Id. at 25.

      Cathell testified in his defense at the contempt hearing, acknowledging

that he encountered Dolinsky on the Property on August 28, 2022, that he

“felt like [the trailway bikers] were not supposed to be on the railroad tracks

using the tracks the way there were[,] and nobody wanted them there[.] I

just told them that they were not welcome[.]” Id. at 29. Cathell testified he

did not yell at, scream at, or interfere with the passage of anyone through the

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Property on August 28th. Id. at 29. Cathell also testified he never intended

to intimidate anyone that day, but felt he was obligated to let people know

that target shooting occurs on his Property and that they were at an increased

risk of pollution by being on the Property due to ground pollutants. Id. at 30-

32.

      Similarly, Cathell testified that he recalled his interaction with

Williamson and several Railroad associates on September 17, 2022. On that

date, Cathell testified that he told the Railroad employees he “was happy that

they were cleaning up the tracks [and] told them what chemicals were [on the

Property].” Id. at 33-34. Cathell stated that he did not threaten any of the

Railroad employees “in any way [or] prevent them from doing their work[.]”

Id. 33. Cathell further testified that it was never his intent to threaten or

intimidate them on that day. Id. at 34. The trial judge, ultimately, found

Cathell’s testimony not to be credible.   Id. at 41. Following the hearing, the

court made on-the-record findings that Cathell’s conduct was volitional, id. at

41, 43, violated court orders, id., and that Railroad met its burden of proving

civil contempt. Id. Specifically, the trial judge concluded that “the [Railroad]

here has shown civil contempt: (1) “with respect to the August 28th incident

. . . that . . . would have been subject to this [c]ourt’s August 18th order,” id.

at 39, 42, and (2) “[w]ith respect to the September 17 th incident, that would

have been governed by the preliminary injunction of August 30, 2022.” Id.

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      Cathell filed an unsuccessful motion for reconsideration.         This timely

appeal followed. Both Cathell and the trial court have complied with Pa.R.A.P.

1925. On appeal, Cathell raises the following issues for our consideration:

      (1)     Did the [t]rial [c]ourt abuse its discretion in holding
              [Cathell] in contempt and awarding sanctions where his
              conduct did not violate the [c]ourt’s prior order(s)?

      (2)     Did the [t]rial [c]ourt abuse its discretion and misapply the
              law where it held [Cathell] in contempt despite no evidence
              that [Cathell] acted with wrongful intent?

      (3)     Did the [t]rial [c]ourt abuse its discretion when awarding
              sanctions that were punitive in nature, as well as arbitrary
              and excessive?

      (4)     Did the [t]rial [c]ourt err in its finding that speech alone can
              form the basis for finding of [c]ontempt and [s]anctions?

Appellant’s Brief, at 5.

      The power to punish for contempt is a “right inherent in the courts and

is incidental to the grant of judicial power under the Constitution.”            In re

Estate of Disabato, 165 A.3d 987, 992 (Pa. Super. 2017). Contempt may

be either civil or criminal.    “The characteristic that distinguishes civil from

criminal contempt is the ability of the contemnor to purge himself of contempt

by complying with the court’s directive.” Sinaiko v. Sinaiko, 884 A.3d 1005,

1009 (Pa. Super. 1995). “If [the contemnor] is given an opportunity to purge

himself before imposition of punishment, the contempt [o]rder is civil in

nature.     [However, i]f the purpose of the [o]rder is to punish despite an

opportunity to purge, the [o]rder is criminal in nature.” Id.

      For a person to be found in civil contempt, the moving party must
      prove that: (1) the contemnor had notice of the specific order or

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       decree that he disobeyed; (2) the act constituting the violation
       was volitional; and (3) the contemnor acted with wrongful intent.
       Marian Shop, Inc. v. Baird, [] 670 A.2d 671, 673 (Pa. Super.
       1996). The order alleged to have been violated “must be definite,
       clear, and specific--leaving no doubt or uncertainty in the mind of
       the contemnor of the prohibited conduct” and is to be strictly
       construed. Id. (emphasis in original).

Gunther v. Bolus, 853 A.2d 1014, 1017 (Pa. Super. 2004).              Finally, in

reviewing an adjudication of contempt, the appellate court places great

reliance on the sound discretion of the trial judge. Goodman v. Goodman,

556 A.2d 1379, 1380 (Pa. Super. 1989).

       Instantly, Cathell conceded at the contempt hearing that notice of the

orders that he allegedly disobeyed was not an issue.3 See N.T. Contempt

Hearing, 10/21/22, at 35.         With regard to whether Cathell’s conduct was

volitional, the trial court concluded that Cathell’s actions disrupted the

Railroad’s use of the easement and constituted an attempt to scare and

intimidate the trail bikers. Finally, the court concluded that Cathell acted with

wrongful intent, noting “Mr. Cathell’s been in this courtroom enough now in

the course of these hearings to know what behavior is acceptable and what

behavior is not [and] that it is not [his] obligation to tell [passersby] about

____________________________________________

3 The Railroad’s contempt petition alleges that Cathell violated the court’s
August 18, 2022 and August 25, 2022 TROs based on Cathell’s behavior on
August 28, 2022. However, the court concluded that Cathell committed civil
contempt of its August 18, 2022 TRO and August 30, 2022 preliminary
injunction based on Cathell’s conduct on August 28, 2022 and September 17,
2022, respectively. Since Cathell conceded that there was no issue regarding
having received “notice of the specific order or decree that he disobeyed,”
Gunther, supra, at 1017, any claim regarding notice has been waived.

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the reasons you think the land is poisoned.” Id. at 43-44.4 After a review of

the record, and giving the trial judge the deference he is due, we conclude

that there is no merit to Cathell’s first two issues regarding the propriety of

the civil contempt finding.

       Cathell next contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it

awarded sanctions that were punitive, arbitrary, and excessive. We disagree.

____________________________________________

4 Notably, the trial court stated the following at the contempt hearing before

issuing its sanctions:

       Now, Mr. Cathell, before I move to the imposition of sanctions, I
       want to make something incredibly clear, because I thought I
       made it clear when I issued the temporary restraining orders, and
       I thought you understood it, but it’s becoming clear that you don’t.

       Until there is a different order from this [c]ourt that says so, these
       folks have the right to use that right-of-way. They have the right
       to use that right-of-way without being harassed by you, without
       being questioned by you, without having to be advised by you that
       they’re on poisonous property.

N.T. Contempt Hearing, 10/21/22, at 44. While “the order alleged to have
been violated ‘must be definite, clear, and specific--leaving no doubt or
uncertainty in the mind of the contemnor of the prohibited conduct,’”
Gunther, supra at 1017, the court’s discourse above is not proof that the
court’s orders were not, in fact, clearly written outlining the definitive,
prohibited conduct at issue. Rather, the court’s dialogue stresses how
important it is for Cathell to abide by the orders and permit legal use of the
easement over the Property or suffer further court or police action. In fact,
the court found it imperative to caution Cathell that “[i]f [he] can’t govern his
behavior . . . perhaps he should look at moving from the [P]roperty . . .
because continued behavior like this is not going to end well for you, so maybe
it’s time to look at other options to keep yourself from getting in further legal
trouble.” N.T. Contempt Hearing, 10/21/22, at 45.

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      The trial court imposed the following sanctions, orally on the record, at

the contempt hearing:

      This is civil contempt, and the goal of civil contempt is to gain
      compliance with the [c]ourt’s [o]rder.        It’s not to impose
      punishment. In order to encourage Mr. Cathell to comply with the
      [c]ourt’s [o]rder, we enter the following sanctions as follows: He
      shall pay $1,000 in attorney fees to Plaintiff’s counsel, Barlye &
      Snyder. For each of the counts, he shall pay a $500 fine. We will
      give Mr. Cathell 90 days to pay these and further direct that the
      attorney fees be paid first before the fines.

      Should Mr. Cathell fail to pay these sanctions within the 90 days
      allotted, we then direct that he report to York County Prison to
      serve 30 days of incarceration.

      Should he fail to pay the attorneys[’] fees and the fines and fail to
      report to York County Prison as directed, he should be advised we
      will then issue a bench warrant for his failure to appear, and he
      will be taken into custody and taken to York County Prison to serve
      the sentence for his failure to purge.

N.T. Contempt Hearing, 10/21/22, at 45.

      While a court may impose an unconditional fine in civil contempt, it may

do so only if the purpose is not to punish but to compensate for losses suffered

by the complainant. Colbert v. Gunning, 533 A.2d 471, 472 (Pa. Super.

1987). Moreover, “[a]n unconditional fine for civil contempt can serve two

purposes: (1) to punish violators or (2) to deter future or continued violations

of the law. The deterrence of continuous or future violations of a court order is

a legitimate interest to be served by the levy of an unconditional fine.” Id.

      In addition, when reviewing a grant of attorney's fees, we will not

disturb the decision below absent a clear abuse of discretion.        See, e.g.,

Brenckle v. Arblaster, 466 A.2d 1075, 1078 (Pa. Super. 1983); Shearer v.

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Moore, 419 A.2d 665, 669 (Pa. Super. 1980). Because an award of counsel

fees “is intended to reimburse an innocent litigant for expenses made

necessary by the conduct of an opponent,” American Mut. Liability Ins. Co.

v. Zion & Klein, P.A., 489 A.2d 259, 262 (Pa. Super. 1985), it is “coercive

and compensatory, and not punitive.” See Schnabel Assoc. v. The Building

and Construction Trades Council of Philadelphia and Vicinity, AFL-CIO,

487 A.2d 1327, 1338 (Pa. Super. 1985). Thus, counsel fees are a proper

element of a civil contempt order. Id.; see Goodman v. Goodman, 556

A.2d 1379, 1391 (Pa. Super. 1989).

      Here, the trial court concluded that $1,000.00 in attorneys’ fees was a

reasonable sanction based on the amount the Railroad paid its attorney to

draft the contempt petition and prepare for and attend the hearings.

Furthermore, the court found that sanctioning Cathell $500.00 for each of his

two violations was appropriate to coerce him to comply with court orders. We

find no abuse of discretion.

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      With regard to Cathell’s final claim that speech cannot form the basis of

a contempt finding, we find this claim waived for his failure to include it in his

Rule 1925(b) statement. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii).

      Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 7/26/2023

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