Court Opinion

ID: 2733403
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-16 23:02:20.347651+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:44:02.652151
License: Public Domain

Filed 9/16/14

                           CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

          IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                          FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                     DIVISION TWO

RACEWAY FORD CASES,
                                                      E054517, E056595

                                                      (Super.Ct.No. JCCP4476)

                                                      OPINION

        APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Dallas Holmes, Judge.

(Retired judge of the Riverside Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to art.

VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed in part, reversed in part, with directions.

        Rosner, Barry & Babbitt and Hallen D. Rosner, Christopher P. Barry and Angela

J. Smith for Plaintiffs and Appellants Carl Stone et al.

        Callahan, Thompson, Sherman & Caudill and Kellie S. Christianson for Defendant

and Respondent Raceway Ford, Inc.

                                   I. INTRODUCTION

        Plaintiffs, appellants, and cross-respondents (plaintiffs) are consumers who

purchased vehicles from defendant, respondent, and cross-appellant Raceway Ford

(Raceway), an automobile dealership. Plaintiffs alleged numerous causes of action based

                                              1
on laws proscribing certain acts against consumers, unfair competition, and deceptive

business practices, bringing both individual claims and claims on behalf of two certified

classes. The trial court, after a bench trial, entered judgment in favor of Raceway and

against plaintiffs on all causes of action, except that a single plaintiff was granted

rescission on a single cause of action. Separately, the trial court awarded attorneys’ fees

and costs to Raceway in the amount of $1,503,084.50. In these appeals, which we

ordered consolidated for oral argument and decision, plaintiffs challenge the trial court’s

judgment on the merits (case No. E054517) and fee order (case No. E056595); Raceway

has cross-appealed regarding one aspect of the trial court’s fee order.

       With respect to the trial court’s decision on the merits (case No. E054517),

plaintiffs contend that, as a matter of law, Raceway’s previous practice of “backdating”

second or subsequent contracts for sale of a vehicle to the original date of sale violates

the Automobile Sales Finance Act, also known as the Rees-Levering Motor Vehicle Sales

and Finance Act (ASFA) (Civ. Code,1 § 2981 et seq.), the Consumer Legal Remedies Act

(CLRA) (Civ. Code, § 1750 et seq.), and the Unfair Competition Law (UCL) (Bus. &

Prof. Code, § 17200 et seq.). Plaintiffs ask that we reverse the trial court’s judgment in

favor of Raceway and against the certified class of plaintiffs who entered into backdated

second or subsequent contracts with Raceway, and order entry of judgment in favor of

       1 Further undesignated statutory references are to the Civil Code unless otherwise
indicated.

                                              2
plaintiffs. 2 We agree that the practice of backdating could have resulted in inaccurate

disclosures to class members, thereby violating the ASFA, at least in some cases. On the

present record, however, we decline to order entry of judgment in favor of the plaintiff

class. We instead reverse the trial court’s judgment in favor of Raceway with respect to

plaintiffs’ backdating claims, and remand for further proceedings.

       Plaintiffs also appeal the judgment in favor of Raceway with respect to the claims

of a second certified class, consisting of Raceway customers who purchased used diesel

vehicles from Raceway and who were charged fees for smog checks and smog

certifications that were only properly applicable to purchases of gasoline vehicles.

Plaintiffs argue that Raceway failed to plead and establish a valid defense to liability

under the ASFA with respect to these fees, and that the class is entitled to judgment in its

favor and the remedy of rescission, notwithstanding refunds paid by Raceway. We

affirm the trial court’s judgment with respect to plaintiffs’ smog fee claims.

       Additionally, plaintiffs appeal the judgment in favor of Raceway on certain

individual plaintiffs’ claims that Raceway violated the ASFA by failing to provide them

with copies of their credit applications. Plaintiffs challenge the trial court’s finding that

these plaintiffs did not meet their burden of proving a violation. Plaintiffs’ evidence in

       2  Plaintiffs also seek review of the trial court’s denial of their motion for a new
trial and motion to vacate and enter different judgment pursuant to Code of Civil
Procedure section 663. The trial court’s denial of these posttrial motions, however, raises
no substantive legal issues that are not either resolved or mooted by our ruling with
respect to the trial court’s judgment on the merits. We reject plaintiffs’ contention, raised
at oral argument, that we either must or should consider the propriety of the denial of
their posttrial motions first. We therefore do not discuss these motions further.

                                               3
support of these claims does not compel a decision in their favor, so we affirm the trial

court’s ruling.

       Finally, plaintiffs appeal the judgment in favor of Raceway with respect to claims

under the UCL and the CLRA brought by plaintiff Francisco Salcedo in his individual

capacity. The trial court found in favor of Mr. Salcedo on his claim of fraud, and granted

him the remedy of rescission, though it declined to award any punitive damages.

Plaintiffs contend that the judgment in Mr. Salcedo’s favor on his fraud claim—which

Raceway has not appealed—establishes as a matter of law that he should also have

judgment entered in his favor on his UCL and CLRA claims. We agree, and reverse,

remanding the matter to the trial court for entry of judgment in favor of Mr. Salcedo on

the UCL and CLRA claims he brought in his individual capacity, and for consideration as

to whether he should be awarded any additional remedies, beyond those already awarded

to him based on his common law fraud cause of action.

       The basis for the trial court’s award of fees to Raceway is in part undermined by

our partial reversal of the judgment. We therefore need not and do not address the merits

of the parties’ arguments in the appeal and cross-appeal of the fee award, but instead

vacate the trial court’s fee award, and remand the issue of attorney fees and costs for

reconsideration following final adjudication of the remainder of the case.

                             II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       Plaintiffs’ most recent amended complaint, the second amended complaint (SAC),

alleges 18 causes of action, including claims on behalf of several separate classes, and

other claims on behalf of certain individual plaintiffs. The claims at issue in the present

                                             4
appeal fall into four categories; we describe below the background facts relevant to each

of these categories.

A. Backdating Claims

         For some of its customers, Raceway acts not only as seller of a vehicle, but also as

creditor, by extending financing for the sale. Generally, Raceway then attempts to assign

the finance contract to a commercial lender. Sometimes, after the contract for the sale

and financing has been signed and the customer has taken delivery of the vehicle,

Raceway has later entered into a second or subsequent contract with the customer for the

same vehicle. This occurred on some occasions when commercial lenders were

unwilling to accept assignment of the contract on the terms Raceway had agreed to with

its customer; in that case, Raceway could contact the customer and request to renegotiate

the terms of the sale and financing.3 Alternatively, a customer could initiate a

renegotiation with Raceway, for example, because he or she had regrets about the initial

terms.

         Plaintiffs’ backdating claims arise from the circumstance that, prior to late 2004, it

was Raceway’s practice to date second or subsequent contracts negotiated with customers

using the date of the initial contract. A customer who agreed to enter into a second or

subsequent contract with Raceway would sign not only a new purchase contract, dated to

the initial date of sale, but also an “Acknowledgement of Rescinded Contract” or

         3Alternatively, in such circumstances, Raceway may choose to continue to act as
creditor, accepting payments from the customer directly for the term of the financing, or,
as will be discussed in more detail below, Raceway may choose to rescind the sale,
exercising the unilateral rescission rights it holds under the terms of the contracts.

                                               5
“Acknowledgement of Rewritten Contract,” which also was backdated to the date as the

original contract. The acknowledgements state that the original contract has been

“‘rescinded (canceled) such that no obligations shall be owed by either party under the

original contract.’”

       The trial court certified a class, referred to as “Class One” or the “Backdating

Class” by the parties, consisting of “[a]ll persons who, since January 12, 2001,

(1) purchased a vehicle from Raceway Ford, for personal use, (2) on a later date

rescinded their original purchase contract, and (3) signed a subsequent or second contract

for the purchase of the same vehicle, which contract was dated the date of the original

purchase contract and involved financing at an annual percentage rate greater than

0.00%.” There are, according to plaintiffs, approximately 1100 members of Class One.

       At trial, Class One asserted claims under the ASFA, CLRA, and UCL based on the

practice of backdating described above. The trial court found in favor of Raceway on all

claims; its reasoning in support of this ruling will be discussed below.

B. Smog Fee Claims

       Raceway concedes that it erroneously charged some of its customers who

purchased used diesel vehicles certain fees related to performing a smog check and

obtaining state smog certification that should only have been charged to purchasers of

used gasoline-powered vehicles. These charges were explicitly disclosed in the contracts

that the customers signed; the problem is that the fees should not have been charged at

all, and neither Raceway nor the customers involved caught the error at the time of the

transaction. Plaintiffs have not disputed that each of these customers has, during the

                                             6
pendency of this litigation, received two checks from Raceway, the first of which

refunded the fees themselves, and the second of which represented an amount Raceway

calculated to represent any finance charges the customers may have incurred on the fees.

       The trial court certified a class, referred to by the parties as “Class Two” or the

“Smog Fee Class,” consisting of “[a]ll persons except for Robert Loverso4 who, since

January 12, 2001, purchased a diesel vehicle from Raceway Ford for personal use and

were charged a smog fee and a smog certification fee.” There are, according to plaintiffs,

48 members of Class Two. At trial, Class Two asserted only a claim under the ASFA.5

The trial court entered judgment in favor of Raceway, finding that Raceway’s actions

constituted a “bona fide error corrected with full refunds plus interest within a reasonable

time under the Automobile Sales Finance Act,” and holding that “Raceway is not legally

required to do more to correct” its errors. Plaintiffs contend that Class Two is entitled to

judgment in its favor under the ASFA and the remedy of rescission.

C. Credit Application Claims

       Certain individual plaintiffs,6 some of whom testified at trial, claimed that

Raceway failed to provide them with copies of their credit applications, in violation of

the ASFA. Raceway contended that it did provide them copies, and presented evidence

       4 Robert Loverso was initially a named class member but, as pleaded in the SAC,
he entered into a separate settlement agreement with Raceway.
       5 Though Class Two also alleged a claim under the UCL in the SAC, the trial
court only certified Class Two with respect to its claim under the ASFA.
       6 Specifically, plaintiffs Carl Stone, Deborah Stone, Francisco Salcedo, Anselmo
Alaniz, Joe Contreras, Edelmira Contreras, Jonathan Ott, Martha Ott, Eldridge Johnson,
Randal Kidd, Macon Pollard, Ozetta Pollard, and Suzanna Moreno.

                                              7
at trial of its policy and practice to give every customer a copy of any credit application

submitted by a customer. The trial court ruled in favor of Raceway, finding plaintiffs had

not met their burden of proof, and noting there was “competent but conflicting evidence

presented on both sides” as to whether plaintiffs were provided copies of their credit

applications in conjunction with their initial contracts with Raceway, and “no credit

applications were needed or required” with respect to any second or subsequent contracts.

D. Individual Claims of Francisco Salcedo

       Plaintiff Francisco Salcedo is a Raceway customer who initially purchased and

took delivery of a new pickup truck, a 2004 Ford. He testified that a representative of

Raceway subsequently called him and told him that he needed to bring the vehicle back,

because he did not qualify for financing. Mr. Salcedo returned the vehicle to the

dealership. When he did so, he asked if he could get back his trade-in; he was told that

he could not. He was told that instead he had to choose an alternative vehicle from

several presented by Raceway that he would be qualified to purchase; he selected a used

2001 Chevrolet pickup truck, signing a new purchase contract for the second vehicle.

       Raceway was acting within its contractual rights to require Mr. Salcedo to return

the 2004 Ford. Under the terms of its contracts, Raceway holds a unilateral right of

rescission for a period of 10 days after a sale, which may be exercised if Raceway is

unable to verify a customer’s credit and assign the contract.7 Under the terms of its

       7 A buyer signing a Raceway contract agrees “that it may take a few days for
[Raceway] to verify your credit and assign the contract,” and agrees that “if [Raceway] is
unable to assign the contract to any one of the financial institutions with whom
                                                                  [footnote continued on next page]

                                              8
contractual rescission rights, however, once Raceway elects to rescind a contract and

receives the vehicle from the customer, Raceway must return “all consideration received

by [Raceway], including any trade-in vehicle.” That is not what Raceway did in the case

of Mr. Salcedo.

        The trial court ruled that Mr. Salcedo had satisfied his burden of proof for his

fraud claim, finding him to be “a credible witness when he testified that he was told by

Raceway’s authorized representative upon his return after the customary telephone call

that he could not refuse to sign a second contract and unwind the transaction because they

could not return his trade-in since they didn’t know where it was.” Raceway has not

challenged this ruling on appeal.

        The trial court’s statement of decision does not specifically address two other

claims asserted by Mr. Salcedo in his individual capacity,8 based on the same facts,

namely, claims under the UCL and the CLRA. The trial court’s judgment, entered on

October 12, 2011, provides no elucidation, because it does no more than adopt and attach

the statement of decision. Similarly, in considering the issue of attorney fees, the trial

court explicitly reduced the award in favor of Raceway by an amount intended to reflect

[footnote continued from previous page]

[Raceway] regularly does business under an assignment acceptable to [Raceway],
[Raceway] may rescind (cancel) the contract.”
        8 Mr. Salcedo is also a named representative of Class One. After Mr. Salcedo’s
initial contract for the 2001 Chevrolet, he was later invited back to enter into a
replacement contract with respect to that same vehicle, on terms that would lower his
monthly payment. Both Mr. Salcedo’s initial contract for the 2001 Chevrolet (his second
contract with Raceway) and his subsequent contract for the same vehicle (his third
contract with Raceway) are dated June 11, 2004.

                                              9
Raceway’s unsuccessful defense of Mr. Salcedo’s fraud claim, but makes no mention of

Mr. Salcedo’s individual UCL or CLRA claims. Mr. Salcedo is not among the individual

plaintiffs held jointly and severally liable for the fees awarded to Raceway as prevailing

party, even though he was a named member of Class One, in addition to asserting

individual claims.

       Nevertheless, the parties and the trial court all appear to have understood the trial

court to have rendered a decision in favor of Raceway on all claims asserted by plaintiffs

at trial, with the sole exception of Mr. Salcedo’s fraud claim. We therefore will proceed

with our analysis of the case on the understanding that the court intended to enter

judgment in favor of Raceway and against Mr. Salcedo on his UCL and CLRA claims.

(See In re Marriage of Richardson (2002) 102 Cal.App.4th 941, 949 [“‘Where an

ambiguity exists, the court may examine the entire record to determine the judgment’s

scope and effect.’”].)

                          III. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Plaintiffs’ initial complaint in this matter was filed on October 29, 2004. The SAC

was filed on July 21, 2008. A bench trial on claims remaining in the case was held in

from March 3, 2010, through March 9, 2010.

       The posttrial procedural history of this case is an object lesson on the importance

of California Rules of Court, rule 3.1590(l), which provides the time within which, if a

written judgment is required after a court trial, the trial court must sign and file the

                                              10
judgment.9 Also, even though many of the details are not strictly relevant to our

disposition of these appeals, the posttrial procedural history is useful for understanding

the current posture of the case. We will, therefore, describe it at some length.

       On March 30, 2010, the trial court issued its tentative decision on the merits. On

April 16, 2010, the trial court issued a statement of decision, identical in substance to the

tentative decision, and finding in favor of Raceway on all causes of action except that a

single plaintiff—Mr. Salcedo—was granted rescission on a single cause of action. On

April 29, 2010, Raceway filed a request for entry of judgment, including a proposed

judgment. On May 3, 2010, and May 5, 2010, plaintiffs filed objections to the request for

entry of judgment and statement of decision, respectively, and requested a hearing under

California Rules of Court, rule 3.1590(k). On May 13, 2010, the trial court issued a

minute order denying the requested hearing, overruling the objections, and ordering that

the statement of decision would stand as the decision of the court. No judgment,

however, was signed and entered by the court.

       On June 9, 2010, Raceway filed a second request for entry of judgment, including

a revised proposed judgment. On June 15, 2010, the trial court denied plaintiffs’ motion

for leave to file a third amended complaint to conform to proof adduced at trial. The trial

court also denied an oral request by plaintiffs for a stay of proceedings until after the

       9  California Rules of Court, rule 3.1590(l) provides that where a written judgment
is required, “the court must sign and file the judgment within 50 days after the
announcement or service of the tentative decision, whichever is later, or, if a hearing was
held under [rule 3.1590(k)], within 10 days after the hearing.”

                                              11
Fourth District, Division One Court of Appeal issued a ruling on a similar action. The

trial court directed counsel to submit a joint proposed judgment to the court.

       The parties did not submit a joint proposed judgment prior to the issuance of

Nelson v. Pearson Ford Co. (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 983 (Nelson) by the Fourth District,

Division One Court of Appeal on July 15, 2010. In Nelson, as in this case, plaintiffs

asserted (among other things) class claims based on backdating of second or subsequent

vehicle contracts by a dealership, allegedly in violation of the ASFA, UCL, and CLRA.

(Nelson, supra, at p. 994.) The Nelson court reached a decision contrary to that rendered

by the trial court in its statement of decision in this action, finding the dealership’s

backdated contracts violated the ASFA, UCL, and CLRA. (Nelson, at pp. 1005, 1014,

1023.) The Nelson court’s decision, and the reasoning underlying it, will be discussed at

length below.

       On July 29, 2010, Raceway filed a third request for entry of judgment, including a

newly revised proposed judgment. Plaintiffs opposed the entry of judgment based upon

the Nelson ruling. On September 29, 2010, the trial court continued the hearing on the

motion for entry of judgment for 45 days to allow the Supreme Court to rule on the

possible depublication of Nelson. On December 10, 2010, the trial court determined that

it had no choice but to follow the binding precedent of an appellate court and ordered its

previous statement of decision withdrawn, stated that it was now finding for the plaintiffs

under Nelson, and set a hearing for January 28, 2011, to determine the proper remedy.

       Raceway filed a petition for writ of mandate in this court on December 23, 2010,

arguing that the trial court should be required to enter judgment in conformity with its

                                              12
April 16, 2010, statement of decision. We agreed, and on March 22, 2011, in an

unpublished opinion, we ordered that a peremptory writ of mandate issue, directing the

trial court to vacate the December 10, 2010, order that vacated its April 16, 2010,

statement of decision, and to enter a judgment nunc pro tunc to June 10, 2010, in

conformity with the April 16, 2010, statement of decision. (Raceway Ford, Inc. v.

Superior Court (Mar. 22, 2011, E052543)[nonpub.opn.].)

       On June 27, 2011, the trial court issued a minute order vacating its December 10,

2010, order and stating that it was entering judgment nunc pro tunc to June 10, 2010, in

conformity with its April 16, 2010, statement of decision. Despite this minute order

announcing judgment, however, no judgment was signed and filed by the trial court.

       On July 13, 2011, plaintiffs filed a motion for new trial and a motion to vacate and

enter a different judgment, treating the trial court’s June 27, 2011, minute order as a

judgment. On August 19, 2011, the trial court issued a minute order denying the

motions.

       On September 7, 2011, plaintiffs filed the notice of appeal for case No. E054517,

purporting to appeal from the June 27, 2011, minute order, as well as the denial of their

motion for new trial and motion to vacate and enter a new judgment. On October 6,

2011, this court issued an order directing plaintiffs to file the signed judgment in support

of their Notice of Appeal. They were unable to do so immediately, because the trial court

had never signed and entered a judgment. The trial court entered a signed judgment on

October 12, 2011, after an ex parte application on that date by appellants, requesting that

it do so. Plaintiffs submitted the signed judgment to this court on October 14, 2011, and

                                             13
on October 26, 2011, we issued an order construing plaintiffs’ appeal to have been taken

from the signed judgment entered by the trial court on October 12, 2011.

       On June 8, 2012, the trial court filed an order granting fees and costs to Raceway

(fee order). Plaintiffs appealed the fee order (case No. E056595). On July 5, 2012, we

ordered that case No. E054517 and case No. E056595 be consolidated for oral argument

and decision. On July 9, 2012, Raceway filed its cross-appeal of the fee order in case No.

E056595.

                                    IV. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

       “The most fundamental rule of appellate review is that a judgment is presumed

correct, all intendments and presumptions are indulged in its favor, and ambiguities are

resolved in favor of affirmance. [Citations]” (City of Santa Maria v. Adam (2012) 211

Cal.App.4th 266, 286 (City of Santa Maria).)

       “‘In general, in reviewing a judgment based upon a statement of decision

following a bench trial, “any conflict in the evidence or reasonable inferences to be

drawn from the facts will be resolved in support of the determination of the trial court

decision. [Citations.]” [Citation.] In a substantial evidence challenge to a judgment, the

appellate court will “consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prevailing party, giving it the benefit of every reasonable inference, and resolving

conflicts in support of the [findings]. [Citations.]” [Citation.] We may not reweigh the

evidence and are bound by the trial court’s credibility determinations. [Citations.]

Moreover, findings of fact are liberally construed to support the judgment. [Citation.]’”

                                             14
(Cuiellette v. City of Los Angeles (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 757, 765 (Cuiellette), quoting

Estate of Young (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 62, 75-76.) When a party challenges on appeal a

ruling that it failed to carry a burden of proof, the substantial evidence standard is

inappropriate, and “‘the question for a reviewing court becomes whether the evidence

compels a finding in favor of the appellant as a matter of law. [Citations.]’” (Sonic

Manufacturing Technologies, Inc. v. AAE Systems, Inc. (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 456, 465-

466 (Sonic).)

       “‘Questions of statutory interpretation, and the applicability of a statutory standard

to undisputed facts, present questions of law, which we review de novo. [Citation.]’”

(Cuiellette, supra, 194 Cal.App.4th at p. 765, quoting Jenkins v. County of Riverside

(2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 593, 604.)

B. Backdating Claims

       Plaintiffs contend that Raceway’s previous practice of backdating second or

subsequent contracts to the date of the original sale violates the ASFA by: (1) causing

the annual percentage rate (APR) disclosed in second or subsequent contracts to be

inaccurate; (2) purporting to require customers to pay an “illegal finance charge” for the

period prior to the consummation of their second or subsequent contracts; and

(3) violating the “single document” rule (§ 2981.9) and the itemized disclosure

requirements of the ASFA (§ 2982, subd. (a)). They argue that Class One is entitled, as a

matter of law, to the remedy of rescission for Raceway’s violations of the ASFA.

Plaintiffs further contend that the backdating also violated the UCL and the CLRA, and

that they are entitled to judgment in their favor on those claims as well.

                                              15
       For the reasons stated below, we reverse the trial court’s judgment in favor of

Raceway on the backdating claims, but decline to order that judgment be entered in favor

of plaintiffs, instead remanding for further proceedings.

       1. Claims Under the ASFA

       “Broadly speaking, [the ASFA] is a consumer protection law governing the sale of

cars in which the buyer finances some, or all, of the car’s purchase. [Citations.]” (Rojas

v. Platinum Auto Group, Inc. (2013) 212 Cal.App.4th 997, 1002.) The ASFA was

enacted “to increase protection for the unsophisticated motor vehicle consumer and

provide additional incentives to dealers to comply with the law. [Citations.]” (Nelson,

supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 999.)

       The ASFA requires that a car dealer make certain disclosures to a buyer who

finances some or all of a car’s purchase, including the specific disclosures enumerated in

section 2982, subdivision (a). In addition, the first, unlettered paragraph of section 2982

requires that the car dealer also make all disclosures required by the federal Regulation Z

(12 C.F.R. § 226.1 et seq. (2014)), whether or not Regulation Z applies to the

transaction.10 (§ 2982.) Among the items that a lender must disclose under TILA and

Regulation Z that are not specifically enumerated in section 2982, subdivision (a), is the

APR of the loan. (15 U.S.C. § 1638(a)(4); 12 C.F.R. § 226.18(e) (2014).) Regulation Z

defines APR as “a measure of the cost of credit, expressed as a yearly rate,” and provides

the methods by which the APR may be calculated. (12 C.F.R. § 226.22(a)(1) (2014); 12

       10 Regulation Z is a regulation issued by the Federal Reserve Board to implement
the Truth In Lending Act (TILA, 15 U.S.C. § 1601 et seq.). (See Civ. Code, § 2981(m).)

                                            16
C.F.R. § 226, appen. J. (2014).) “‘APR’ . . . differs from the general definition of interest

rate because it considers, by definition, a broader range of finance charges when

determining the total cost of credit as a yearly rate.” (Smith v. Anderson (4th Cir. 1986)

801 F.2d 661, 663.)

       In a closed-end credit transaction11 such as the car loans at issue in this case, the

APR is a function of the finance charge, the amount financed, and the term of the

transaction. (See generally 12 C.F.R. § 226, appen. J. (2014).) Calculating the APR of a

transaction using an earlier date as the beginning of the term yields a lower APR than a

later date, assuming none of the other variables, including the end of the term, is changed.

(See, e.g., Nelson, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 1001 [calculating APR of transaction at

issue using October 2 as beginning of term yielded result of 21 percent; using October 8

yielded result of 21.23 percent].)

       Regulation Z provides that “[t]he term of the transaction begins on the date of its

consummation, except that if the finance charge or any portion of it is earned beginning

       11  TILA and Regulation Z impose different disclosure requirements depending on
whether the loan at issue is an “open-end credit” transaction or a “closed-end credit”
transaction. Open-end credit includes “credit-card credit and revolving credit more
broadly.” (Benion v. Bank One, Dayton, N.A. (7th Cir. 1998) 144 F.3d 1056, 1057; see
12 C.F.R. § 226.2(a)(20) (2014).) Closed-end credit, by contrast, “means consumer
credit other than ‘open-end credit.’” (12 C.F.R. § 226.2(a)(10) (2014); see also
McAnaney v. Astoria Fin. Corp. (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 12, 2007) No. 04-CV-1101, 2007 U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 67552, *20 [“A ‘closed-end credit’ transaction is one where ‘the finance
charge is divided into the term of the loan and incorporated into time payments,’ and
includes a completed loan like a mortgage or a car loan. [Citations.]”].)

                                             17
on a later date, the term begins on the later date.”12 (12 C.F.R. § 226, appen. J(b)(2)

(2014).) Consummation is defined as “the time that a consumer becomes contractually

obligated on a credit transaction.” (12 C.F.R. § 226.2(a)(13) (2014).) When a consumer

“becomes contractually obligated on a credit transaction” (ibid.) is determined, in turn, by

state law. (Official staff interpretations, 12 C.F.R. § 226, supp. I, subpt. A(2)(a)(13)(1)

(2014) [“State law governs. When a contractual obligation on the consumer’s part is

created is a matter to be determined under applicable law; Regulation Z does not make

this determination. . . .”].)

       In California, a vehicle sale is “deemed completed and consummated when the

purchaser of the vehicle has paid the purchase price, or, in lieu thereof, has signed a

purchase contract or security agreement, and has taken physical possession or delivery of

the vehicle.” (Veh. Code, § 5901, subd. (d).) Importantly, however, it is not the

consumer’s obligation to the sale of the vehicle that is relevant to determining the term of

a credit transaction under Regulation Z. As noted, “consummation” in the meaning of

Regulation Z refers to when the consumer becomes “contractually obligated on a credit

transaction” (12 C.F.R. § 226.2(a)(13), italics added).)—that is, when the consumer

“becomes legally obligated to accept a particular credit arrangement.” (Official staff

interpretations, 12 C.F.R. § 226, supp. I, subpt. A(2)(a)(13)(2) (2014), italics added.) A

       12 A previous version of Regulation Z permitted the APR to be calculated using a
term of the transaction beginning on any date when a finance charge begins to accrue
under the terms of a credit agreement, implicitly including dates prior to consummation.
(12 C.F.R. § 226.40(b)(2) (1982) [“The term of the transaction begins on the date of its
consummation, except that if the finance charge or any portion of it is earned beginning
on some other date, the term begins on that other date. . . .”].)

                                             18
consumer’s contractual obligation to the sale may or may not coincide exactly with his

obligation to a particular credit arrangement, and the two obligations are analytically

separate under Regulation Z, no matter whether they coincide or not. (Official staff

interpretations, 12 C.F.R. § 226, supp. I, subpt. A(2)(a)(13)(2) (2014); see also, e.g.,

Bragg v. Bill Heard Chevrolet, Inc. (11th Cir. 2004) 374 F.3d 1060, 1066 [consummation

occurs not when title passes or when bilateral contract is formed, but rather when

consumer becomes obligated on the credit agreement].)

       Federal authority applying Regulation Z supports the proposition that, where a

consumer enters into a second contract with a dealership relating to a vehicle sale, the

date of “consummation” of the credit transaction associated with the second contract is

generally the date of the second contract. In Gibson v. LTD, Inc. (4th Cir. 2006) 434 F.3d

275, for example, the Fourth Circuit considered a second contract for sale of the same

vehicle, entered into one week after the first, after financing could not be obtained under

the original terms. (Id. at p. 286.) Noting that the second contract contemplated an

increased down payment, and therefore a changed finance charge, the court found the

second contract “consummated a new finance arrangement,” requiring new disclosures to

be made under Regulation Z before its consummation. (Gibson, supra, at p. 286.)

Similarly, in Janikowski v. Lynch Ford, Inc. (7th Cir. 2000) 210 F.3d 765 (Janikowski),

the Seventh Circuit analyzed two contracts between an automobile dealership and a

consumer regarding the same vehicle, entered into one day apart, after financing could

not be approved on the original terms. (Id. at p. 767 & fn. 3.) The Janikowski court

treated the two contracts as separate legal obligations, noting that the consumer was

                                             19
under no obligation to purchase the vehicle on credit terms other than those described in

the first contract until the second contract was signed. (Id. at 767, fn. 3.)

       Thus, the trial court erred when it looked to Vehicle Code section 5901, and

concluded that “[a] rewritten contract does not generate a new consummation date under

either federal or state law, . . .” commenting that “no statute or case tells us that [the

original] consummation does not continue in effect while the buyer keeps the car and the

contract is rewritten . . . .” This reasoning inappropriately muddles together

consummation of the sale with consummation of the credit transaction. (See Official

staff interpretations, 12 C.F.R. § 226, supp. I, subpt. A(2)(a)(13)(2) (2014).) There is no

question that, when customers in Class One first signed a contract with Raceway and

took delivery of their vehicles, a sale was consummated in the meaning of Vehicle Code

section 5901. And the customers also then became legally committed to a particular

credit transaction. They did not become legally obligated to the terms of the credit

transaction embodied in their second or subsequent contract with Raceway, however,

until that second or subsequent contract was signed. (See, e.g., Janikowski, supra, 210

F.3d at p. 767 & fn. 3.) Thus, the date the second or subsequent contract was signed

would normally be the appropriate date to use as the beginning of the term for purposes

of calculating the APR of the second or subsequent contract’s credit transaction, under

the method required by Regulation Z. That was not Raceway’s practice: instead, the

APR of a second or subsequent contract would be calculated using the same dates as the

initial contract.

                                              20
       Nevertheless, judgment in favor of plaintiffs is not necessarily appropriate in all

cases of backdating by Raceway. Regulation Z contemplates certain circumstances

where a second or subsequent contract between a buyer and a seller does not trigger any

requirement for further disclosures, including with respect to APR. As a general rule,

where “an existing obligation” subject to Regulation Z “is satisfied and replaced by a new

obligation undertaken by the same consumer,” it is considered to be a “refinancing.”13

(12 C.F.R. § 226.20(a) (2014).) “A refinancing is a new transaction requiring new

disclosures to the consumer.” (Ibid.; see also official staff interpretations, 12 C.F.R.

§ 226, supp. I, subpt. C(20)(a) (2014) [“A refinancing is a new transaction requiring a

complete new set of disclosures.”].) This general rule, however, is subject to five explicit

exceptions, wherein an existing obligation is replaced by a new obligation undertaken by

the same consumer, but the transaction nevertheless “shall not be treated as a

refinancing.” (12 C.F.R. § 226.20(a)(1)-(5).) At least one of these exceptions is

potentially relevant in this case: “A reduction in the annual percentage rate with a

corresponding change in the payment schedule.” (12 C.F.R. § 226.20, subd. (a)(2).) The

official staff interpretations of Regulation Z explain that “[a] corresponding change in the

payment schedule to implement a lower annual percentage rate would be a shortening of

       13   Raceway spills a substantial amount of ink arguing that the backdated second
and subsequent contracts should be considered “lawful novations” under California law.
The matter at issue, however, is not whether it was “lawful” for the parties to enter into
the second or subsequent contracts, or even how best generally to characterize those new
contracts under California law. Rather, it is whether the disclosures that were included in
the second and subsequent contracts complied with the requirements of the Regulation Z,
as incorporated into the ASFA. California law on “novations” is simply not pertinent to
that issue.

                                             21
the maturity, or a reduction in the payment amount or the number of payments of an

obligation.” (Official staff interpretations, 12 C.F.R. § 226, supp. I, subpt. C(20)(a)(2)

(2014); see also Krenisky v. Rollins Protective Services Co. (2d Cir. 1984) 728 F.2d 64,

66-67 (Krenisky) [“The protections extended to consumers against creditor overreaching

are not compromised by non-disclosure of unilateral reductions in credit terms.”].) Thus,

a second or subsequent contract entered into between Raceway and a customer regarding

the same vehicle would generally be considered a “refinancing,” triggering a requirement

for new disclosures. But if the second contract is identical to the first, except that the

APR is reduced with a corresponding change in the payment schedule, there would be no

“refinancing” in the meaning of Regulation Z, and no new disclosures would be required

at all with respect to the terms of the new contract.

       In addition, Regulation Z allows for a small margin of error with respect to

calculation of the APR. A disclosed APR is “considered accurate” under Regulation Z if

it is “not more than 1/8 of 1 percentage point above or below” the rate determined

utilizing the authorized methods. (12 C.F.R. § 226.22(a)(2) (2014).) Thus, a second or

subsequent contract that is backdated only a short period of time could conceivably fall

within the margin of error allowed by Regulation Z, even though the disclosed APR was

calculated using a date earlier than the date the contract was signed. Several of the

                                              22
allegedly backdated contracts introduced into the record below were apparently

backdated by no more than one day.14

       Moreover, we disagree with plaintiffs’ assertion that backdating imposed an

“illegal finance charge” on consumers, even with respect to the second or subsequent

contracts that are refinancings, and which fall outside of the margin of error allowed by

Regulation Z. Plaintiffs’ notion, adopted from Nelson, is that any finance charge

accruing with respect to a second or subsequent contract prior to the consummation date

of that contract constitutes an “illegal finance charge” in the form of “preconsummation

interest.” (See Nelson, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 1003.) While we typically follow

the decisions of other appellate districts or divisions, those decisions are not binding on

us, and we follow them only if we lack good reason to disagree. (People v. Gipson

(2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 1523, 1529.) As discussed below, we find good reason to

disagree with Nelson’s analysis, and decline to follow it in some respects.

       The purpose of Regulation Z is to “promote the informed use of consumer credit

by requiring disclosures about its terms and cost.” (12 C.F.R. § 226.1(b) (2014).)

Nevertheless, with exceptions not relevant here, Regulation Z “does not generally govern

charges for consumer credit.” (12 C.F.R. § 226.1(b) (2014).) More specifically, nothing

in Regulation Z forbids interest on consumer credit contracts to be calculated as accruing

       14 Indeed, it may be that none of the class members can show that the disclosed
APR differed materially from the APR as determined utilizing the authorized methods.
We acknowledge Raceway’s contention at oral argument to that effect, but we cannot
decide that issue on the present record as a matter of law. Rather, it is a question of fact
that should be decided by the trial court in the first instance.

                                             23
from a date prior to consummation of the contract, if the parties agree among themselves

to such a calculation. As noted above, the current version of Regulation Z requires that

the “term of the transaction” used for purposes of calculating and disclosing APR must

be no earlier than the date of consummation. (See 12 C.F.R. § 226, appen. J(b)(2)

(2014).) It does not follow from this requirement regarding how the APR must be

calculated and disclosed to the consumer that there is any substantive limitation on the

date from which interest may be calculated in the contract generally, such that

“preconsummation interest” is an “illegal finance charge,” as Nelson would have it. (See

Nelson, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 1003.)

       In concluding otherwise, Nelson stretches an already thin thread of authority

beyond the breaking point. Nelson cites Krenisky, supra, 728 F.2d at p. 67, fn. 3, and

Rucker v. Sheehy Alexandria, Inc. (E.D. Va. 2002) 228 F.Supp.2d 711, 717 (Rucker I) for

the proposition that “[s]everal courts have decided that accrual dates prior to the date of

consummation are prohibited.” (Nelson, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 998.) We will set

aside the circumstance that the footnote in Krenisky is dictum from a Second Circuit

Court of Appeals opinion issued thirty years ago, and that this dictum had been followed

in that time period precisely twice before Nelson, once in Rucker I, and again by the same

federal district court in Virginia, as part of the same case. (See Rucker I, supra, at p. 717;

Rucker v. Sheehy Alexandria, Inc. (E.D. Va. 2003) 244 F.Supp.2d 618, 623 (Rucker II or,

                                             24
collectively with Rucker I, Rucker).15) Even these cases cited in Nelson do not support

the conclusion that “preconsummation interest” is an “illegal finance charge.” (Nelson,

supra, at p. 1003.) The cited footnote in Krenisky discusses the term “accrual date” as

“employed for the purpose of calculating the annual percentage rate,” not as employed

for any purpose related to a finance charge. (Krenisky, supra, 728 F.2d at p. 67, fn. 3.)

Similarly, in Rucker I, the court explicitly acknowledges that “[s]ophisticated parties can

choose monthly payment rates and schedules which reflect the imposition of an agreed

upon retroactive interest rate, provided the disclosed APR is calculated according to the

regulations.” (Rucker I, supra, at p. 718, fn. 10.) Indeed, the Rucker court rejects the

plaintiff’s request for actual damages as measured by the amount of preconsummation

interest, reasoning that, among other things, “[a]lthough the APR was not properly

calculated and disclosed, [plaintiff] has not shown that the amount or timing of her

payments itself violated TILA or was otherwise illegal.” (Rucker I, supra, at p. 720, fn.

16.)

       In Rucker II, the district court makes the point that preconsummation interest is

not itself illegal or improper just as directly as in Rucker I. The court notes that Krenisky

“held that Regulation Z precludes the use of an earlier effective date when calculating an

APR,” (Rucker II, supra, 244 F.Supp.2d at p. 623, italics added), but “TILA and

Regulation Z do not set limits on what effective terms the parties may agree to; they

merely dictate the manner in which the terms of the credit transaction must be disclosed.”

       15  Rucker II is an order denying a motion to reconsider the memorandum opinion
that is Rucker I.

                                             25
(Id. at pp. 625-626). Thus, in the Rucker case, the parties “could have agreed to a

payment schedule which reflects the retroactive imposition of the agreed upon . . . rate

starting on April 3 [the date to which the contract at issue was backdated]; all that TILA

requires is that the disclosed APR on the [contract] be calculated pursuant to the

consummation date of April 13, not the agreed upon effective date of April 3.” (Id. at pp.

625-626.)

       In addition, at least one court has explicitly rejected the notion, which underpins

Nelson’s analysis, that a backdated contract results in liability “preconsummation.” In

Nigh v. Koons Buick Pontiac GMC, Inc. (Nigh) the Fourth Circuit considered the

argument that, with respect to a contract entered into on March 5, but backdated to

February 25, disclosures made on March 5 were untimely. (Nigh v. Koons Buick Pontiac

GMC, Inc. (4th Cir. 2003) 319 F.3d 119, 129, revd. on other grounds sub nom. Koons

Buick Pontiac GMC, Inc. v. Nigh (2004) 543 U.S. 50.) The Nigh court rejected the

argument, remarking that, “though superficially clever, [it] is without merit.” (Nigh,

supra, at p. 129.) Though the plaintiff “was liable for monies calculated from

February 25 on, he did not become liable for, those monies until March 5, by which point

he had received the material disclosures.” (Ibid.) Here, similarly, plaintiffs’ backdated

contracts did not cause them to pay a finance charge when no contract existed, as Nelson

would have it. (Cf. Nelson, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 1003.) Plaintiffs only became

liable for finance charges pursuant to their second or subsequent contract with Raceway

once those contracts were signed, even if their payments were calculated using a starting

date prior to consummation.

                                             26
       We conclude that Nelson misreads Krenisky and Rucker, as well as TILA and

Regulation Z, when it declares “preconsummation interest to be an illegal finance

charge.” (See Nelson, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 1003.)

       In sum, the trial court erred by ruling categorically in favor of Raceway with

respect to the claims of the backdating class under the ASFA. The date the second or

subsequent contracts of the members of the backdating class were “consummated”—as

that term is used in Regulation Z and incorporated into the ASFA, and insofar as it relates

to the financial arrangement embodied therein (as opposed to the sale of the vehicle)—is

the date those contracts were signed. New disclosures may have been required with

respect to those second or subsequent contracts, if they constituted a refinancing in the

meaning of Regulation Z. And since the disclosed APR in the second or subsequent

contracts was calculated using a different date as the beginning of the term—namely, the

date of the corresponding initial contract—the disclosures may have fallen outside the

margin of error allowed by Regulation Z, and thereby violated the ASFA. As such, the

trial court’s judgment in Raceway’s favor on plaintiffs’ ASFA claims based on

backdating must be reversed.

       Nevertheless, we will not order that judgment be entered instead in favor of Class

One, as plaintiffs have requested. We reject plaintiffs’ contention that any interest

calculated from prior to the actual date of signing of the backdated contracts constitutes

an illegal finance charge. The only potential violation shown by plaintiffs is an

inaccurately calculated APR, which would violate Regulation Z and, by virtue of

Regulation Z’s incorporation by reference into the unlettered first paragraph of section

                                             27
2982, would violate the ASFA. But although the disclosed APR on second or subsequent

contracts of some class members may have fallen outside the margin of error allowed by

Regulation Z, that may not be so for all class members. It is also possible that the only

change between some class members’ initial contract and their second or subsequent

contract was a lowering of the APR. Such a second or subsequent contract would not be

a “refinancing” in the meaning of Regulation Z, and no additional disclosures beyond

those relating to the first contract would be required. We therefore remand to the trial

court to determine in the first instance how best to adjudicate the case given the

potentially differing circumstances of the various members of the backdating class, as it

is currently defined,16 and to conduct any necessary further proceedings.

       2. Remedies for Violation of ASFA

       Assuming that at least some members of the backdating class can show that their

backdated second or subsequent contract with Raceway is a refinancing in the meaning of

Regulation Z, and the APR disclosed in that contract fell outside of the margin of error

allowed by Regulation Z, the trial court will have to determine what remedy, if any, is

appropriate under the ASFA. Plaintiffs have argued that the damages should be awarded

in accordance with Nelson by treating the contracts as unenforceable and ordering the

remedies of rescission and restitution. We disagree with Nelson’s analysis, and decline to

follow it.

       16 Among other things, the trial court will have to determine whether class
resolution of plaintiffs’ backdating claims remains appropriate, and if so what
measures—perhaps redefinition of the class, or formation of subclasses, for example—
may be needed to facilitate adjudication of the claims.

                                             28
       The Legislature added the reference to Regulation Z to section 2982 in 1981,

simultaneously amending sections 2983 and 2983.1 regarding the enforceability of

contracts governed by the ASFA. (Stats. 1981, ch. 1075, p. 4125, § 14, operative Oct. 1,

1982; Stats. 1981, ch. 1075, pp. 4132-4133, §§ 18, 19, operative Oct. 1, 1982.) It did not

specify, however, that a failure to comply with Regulation Z would also render the

contract unenforceable. Under section 2983, only violations of section 2981.9, or

subdivisions (a), (j), or (k) of section 2982 make the contract unenforceable: there is no

mention of the incorporation of Regulation Z in the first, unlettered paragraph of section

2982. (§ 2983; see also § 2982.) As Nelson correctly notes, “[t]he language of these

statutes is clear that only the violation of specific disclosure requirements renders the

contract unenforceable.” (Nelson, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 1001.)

       As noted, Nelson finds backdated contracts between a dealership and buyer to

violate section 2981.9 and subdivision (a) of section 2982, thereby rendering the

contracts unenforceable under section 2983. (Nelson, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 1002.)

Here we part ways with the analysis of our sister court: we find neither subdivision (a) of

section 2982 nor section 2981.9 applicable.17

       First, subdivision (a) of section 2982: This subdivision lists various specific

disclosures that must be included in a contract subject to the ASFA and labeled

       17 Subdivisions (j) and (k) are the other provisions of section 2982, violation of
which would render a contract unenforceable under section 2983. Nelson explicitly finds
subdivision (j) not to apply to the dealership’s backdated contracts. (Nelson, supra, 186
Cal.App.4th at p. 1005.) No party in Nelson, or here, has argued that subdivision (k)
could apply. We agree with Nelson regarding subdivision (j), and plaintiffs have not
argued that we should do otherwise.

                                             29
“itemization of the amount financed.” (§ 2982, subd. (a).) APR is not one of the items

included in subdivision (a); as noted, the requirement to disclose APR is included in the

ASFA by means of the reference to Regulation Z in the unlettered first paragraph of

section 2982. The natural conclusion, therefore, is that subdivision (a) of section 2982 is

inapplicable to the alleged defect in Raceway’s backdated contracts, namely, inaccurate

disclosure of APR.

       In reaching a contrary conclusion, Nelson relies on the notion, which we rejected

above, that any interest accruing from before the consummation date of the contract is an

“illegal charge.” (Nelson, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 1002.) In addition, Nelson cites

Thompson v. 10,000 RV Sales, Inc. (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 950 (Thompson) as authority

for the proposition that, even though “preconsummation interest is not listed as a required

disclosure” in section 2982, subdivision (a), the failure to separately disclose that amount

nevertheless violates that subdivision. (Nelson, supra, at p. 1002.) We disagree,

however, that Thompson is fairly read to support that proposition.

       In Thompson, the court considered the effect of a dealership’s inclusion of “over-

allowances” on trade-in vehicles. (Thompson, supra, 130 Cal.App.4th at p. 963.) “Over-

allowance” refers to the difference between the trade-in vehicle’s value as stated in the

contract and the dealer’s evaluation of the vehicle’s value. (Id. at p. 980.) In Thompson,

the dealer used over-allowances to “manipulate numbers” to increase the likelihood the

buyer would be approved for financing by third-party lenders evaluating the transaction.

(Id. at pp. 973, 977, 979-980 & fn. 21.) The Thompson court reaches the unsurprising

conclusion that the use of “phantom” numbers to make a buyer appear creditworthy,

                                             30
thereby defrauding not only lenders, but also buyers (who end up paying increased sales

tax and license fees on inflated cash price amounts, and who also become obligated to

pay for loans they may not otherwise have qualified for and may not be able to afford)

violates the ASFA and constitutes an unfair business practice. (Thompson, supra, at pp.

961, 978-979.)

       The “over-allowances” at issue in Thompson are distinguishable, however, from

the inaccurately disclosed APRs at issue in Nelson and (potentially) the case at bar. The

over-allowances in Thompson rendered false other information disclosed the contracts,

including the cash price of the vehicle being purchased, the value of the traded in vehicle,

and the total downpayment—disclosures explicitly required by subdivision (a) of section

2982. (Thompson, supra, 130 Cal.App.4th at p. 979 [noting that including over-

allowances resulted in inaccurate disclosures]; see § 2982, subds. (a)(1)(A), (a)(6)(C),

and (a)(6)(G).) In contrast, an APR calculated improperly in a backdated contract does

not result in the propagation of inaccurate numbers throughout the rest of the contract.

The APR is not used in deriving any information to be disclosed pursuant to subdivision

(a) of section 2982. In other words, Raceway’s backdated contracts not only contain all

the disclosures required by subdivision (a) of section 2982, those disclosures are accurate

in all respects. If anything in the contracts’ disclosures is inaccurate, it is the APR, and,

as noted, APR is not one of the required disclosures listed in subdivision (a) of section

2982. We conclude, therefore, that the backdated Raceway contracts are not rendered

unenforceable because of any violation of that subdivision.

                                              31
       Turning now to section 2981.9: This section of the ASFA contains, among other

things, the “single document rule,” requiring that “all of the agreements of the buyer and

seller with respect to the total cost and the terms of payment for the motor vehicle” be

contained “in a single document.” (§ 2981.9; see Nelson, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p.

1004.) The purpose of the single document rule is to facilitate the consumer’s review of

the parties’ agreement by forbidding the potentially confusing practice of making

disclosures by reference to information contained only in documents other than the

contract itself. (See 92 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 97, *6, 7 (2009) [“the purpose of the single

document rule [is] the facilitation of the consumer’s review of all of the parties’

agreements before the consumer signs the sale or lease contract, so that the consumer has

complete and accurate information.”].) The single document rule is, at bottom, a

technical rule about document format—a reading buttressed by the circumstance that it

appears in a sentence dictating what font size may be used in the contract. (§ 2981.9

[“Every conditional sale contract subject to this chapter shall be in writing and, if printed,

shall be printed in type no smaller than 6-point, and shall contain in a single document all

of the agreements of the buyer and seller with respect to the total cost and the terms of

payment for the motor vehicle, including any promissory notes or any other evidences of

indebtedness.” (Italics added.)].) It is questionable whether a formatting rule should

have any applicability to alleged inaccuracies in the substance of the document.

       Nelson holds that a backdated second contract for a vehicle, similar to those at

issue in this case, violates the single document rule because such a document does not

contain “‘all of the agreements of the buyer and seller with respect to the total cost and

                                             32
the terms of payment for the motor vehicle.’” (Nelson, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p.

1004.) The Nelson court observes that a reviewer presented with an original contract and

a backdated second contract would not be able to tell, on the basis of the documents

alone, which is the operative contract, the date the operative second contract was actually

consummated, or whether the buyer had paid a finance charge with respect to a period of

time prior to consummation. (Ibid.) It rejects the argument that the second contract

contains all the required information, because the consummation date, which is “an

essential fact in calculating an accurate APR,” does not appear on the face of that

contract, and the APR disclosed therein is inaccurate, so the “disclosure itself is

meaningless and the informational purpose of the ASFA is not served.” (Ibid.)

       We are not persuaded, because Nelson’s reasoning is flawed in multiple respects.

First, we have already rejected Nelson’s erroneous conclusions regarding

“preconsummation” finance charges. Second, the purpose of the single document rule is

to facilitate the consumer’s review of the parties’ agreements, not review by a third party.

(See 92 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at pp. *6-7.) A buyer signing even a backdated

contract may be presumed to know the date that they are signing it.18 Third, there is no

specific requirement in the ASFA that all information necessary to calculate the APR be

disclosed to the buyer: section 2982—via the incorporation of Regulation Z in the first

unlettered paragraph—requires only that the APR itself be disclosed. (See § 2982; 15

       18 To be sure, it does not necessarily follow that the buyer knows the import of
the contract’s signing date with respect to determination of the APR, under Regulation Z.
(See Nelson, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 1004.) But a consumer who signs a non-
backdated contract would not necessarily have any better understanding.

                                             33
U.S.C. § 1638, subd. (a)(4); 12 C.F.R. § 226.18(e) (2014).) Fourth, Nelson’s

interpretation of the single document rule renders a portion of section 2983 superfluous,

specifically, the reference to the disclosure requirements listed in subdivision (a) of

section 2982. (See § 2983, subd. (a) [violation of any provision of § 2982, subd. (a),

renders contract unenforceable]; People v. Isaac (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 143, 148

[“Statutory interpretations rendering ‘“any part of a statute superfluous are to be

avoided.”’ [Citation.]”].) If a contract containing an inaccurate disclosure necessarily

violated the single document rule, as Nelson suggests—in addition to whatever provision

requires the disclosure in the first instance—any provisions regarding specific disclosure

requirements included in section 2983 would have no significance, because the contract

would be unenforceable anyway for violating the single document rule.

       Moreover, Nelson’s interpretation of the single document rule stretches a rule that

on its face deals with format of a contract into a rule governing the accuracy of the

substance of the disclosures contained in the contract, while citing no authority in support

of that expansive interpretation. (See Nelson, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1004-1005.)

The only case cited in Nelson’s discussion of the single document rule is Rucker I.

(Nelson, supra, at p. 1004.) But the portions of Rucker I cited therein consist of language

cherry-picked from discussions of policy reasons underlying Regulation Z, and policy

concerns raised by “the combination of spot delivery contracts and the industry practice

of backdating documents to the original delivery date” and “yo-yo” sales schemes.

(Rucker I, supra, 228 F.Supp.2d at pp. 717-719.) Nothing like the single document rule

is discussed anywhere in Rucker.

                                             34
       In short, we conclude that section 2981.9 is not implicated by the potentially

inaccurate disclosures of APR caused by Raceway’s backdating of second or subsequent

contracts. The single document rule governs the format of the contract, not its substance,

and we reject Nelson’s interpretation to the contrary as unpersuasive.

       Having decided that neither section 2981.9 nor subdivision (a) of section 2982 is

violated by the inaccurate APR disclosures potentially at issue in this case, and therefore

the contracts are not rendered unenforceable by section 2983, the question remains what

remedy may be available to plaintiffs. It is not apparent that the ASFA provides any

remedy at all. (See Nelson, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1001-1002 [“we cannot say

that the failure to afford a remedy [for a violation of Regulation Z] resulted from a

legislative oversight.”].) The ASFA does not provide for statutory damages, and on its

face provides for recovery of actual damages only for specific violations, not applicable

here. (See, e.g., § 2983, subd. (b) [buyer entitled to actual damages sustained for

violations of § 2982, subd. (a)(2) or (5)]; § 2983.1, subd. (e)].) In any case, the only

evidence of purported actual damages submitted by plaintiffs consisted of evidence they

paid “preconsummation interest.” We concluded above that “preconsummation interest”

is neither illegal nor improper under Regulation Z, so “preconsummation interest” does

not constitute damages.19

       19  Rucker I states that, absent a showing that a plaintiff not only read the
disclosures at issue, but also “would have negotiated further or shopped around for better
credit terms had the APR been properly presented,” and further would have obtained
better credit terms, a plaintiff cannot recover actual damages for inaccurate APR
disclosures under TILA. (Rucker I, supra, 228 F.Supp.2d at p. 720.) But we need not,
                                                                  [footnote continued on next page]

                                             35
        Furthermore, plaintiffs (unlike the plaintiff in Rucker) asserted no claim under

TILA, so the statutory damages available under federal law for violations of the APR

disclosure requirement governed by Regulation Z are unavailable to plaintiffs here. (See

Rucker I, supra, 228 F.Supp.2d at p. 720 [discussing 15 U.S.C. § 1640, providing

statutory damages for violation of APR disclosure requirement set at twice the amount of

the finance charge in connection with the transaction, bounded by a statutory minimum of

$100 and a statutory maximum of $1,000].) Nevertheless, plaintiffs did bring claims

under other provisions of California law besides ASFA. We therefore turn now to Class

One’s CLRA and UCL claims.

        3. CLRA Claims

        The CLRA lists various proscribed “unfair methods of competition and unfair or

deceptive acts or practices.” (§ 1770, subd. (a).) On appeal, plaintiffs argue, based on

Nelson, that Class One is entitled to judgment in its favor on its CLRA claims because

the backdated contracts at issue fall within the ambit of section 1770, subdivision (a)(14):

“Representing that a transaction confers or involves rights, remedies, or obligations

which it does not have or involve, or which are prohibited by law.”20 (§ 1770, subd.

[footnote continued from previous page]

and do not decide here whether a similar standard should apply under the ASFA: absent a
showing of damages, it is not necessary to determine whether those damages were
proximately caused by the alleged violation.
       20 The SAC makes reference to other provisions of section 1770, subdivision (a),
besides subdivision (a)(14). Nevertheless, plaintiffs have made no argument on appeal
based on these other subdivisions. As such, we need not, and do not, consider their
applicability, because any claims based thereon are waived. (See Paulus v. Bob Lynch
                                                                  [footnote continued on next page]

                                             36
(a)(14).) We disagree, and affirm the trial court’s judgment in Raceway’s favor on Class

One’s CLRA claims.

        In Nelson, the court concluded that a dealership violates section 1770, subdivision

(a) by entering into backdated second contracts that disclose inaccurate APRs because, by

doing so, the dealership represents that it has the “legal right to collect finance charges

effective [the date of the original contract], an obligation prohibited by Regulation Z.”

(Nelson, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 1023.) As noted above, however, we disagree with

Nelson’s conclusion “preconsummation interest” constitutes an “obligation prohibited by

Regulation Z.” (Ibid.) Regulation Z governs how APR is to be calculated and disclosed

to the consumer; it does not prohibit the parties from contracting for interest to be

calculated from a date prior to the consummation of the contract. As such, plaintiffs’

assertion they “were obligated to pay a finance charge they were not obligated to pay” is

incorrect. Nor do the contracts at issue involve an obligation that is “prohibited by law.”

(See § 1770, subd. (a)(14).) We therefore affirm the trial court’s judgment in favor of

Raceway with respect to Class One’s claims under the CLRA, and need not consider

what remedies might be available to plaintiffs under the CLRA.

        4. UCL Claims

        The UCL “borrows” violations of other laws and treats them as “unlawful . . .

business act[s] or practice[s]” that the UCL makes independently actionable. (Bus. &

[footnote continued from previous page]

Ford, Inc. (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 659, 685 [failure to raise an issue in opening brief and
support it by argument or citation to authority waives the issue].)

                                             37
Prof. Code § 17200; see Cel-Tech Communications, Inc. v. Los Angeles Cellular

Telephone Co. (1999) 20 Cal.4th 163, 180.) “After the 2004 amendment of the UCL by

Proposition 64, a private person has standing to sue only if he or she ‘“has suffered injury

in fact and has lost money or property as a result of [such] unfair competition.”’

[Citation.]” (Nelson, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 1013.) “In the context of a class

action, only the class representatives must meet Proposition 64’s standing requirements

of actual injury and causation. [Citation.]” (Ibid.)

       Assuming that at least some members of Class One can show that their second or

subsequent contracts with Raceway were refinancings, requiring new disclosures, and the

disclosed APR fell outside the margin of error allowed by Regulation Z, then there would

be little question Raceway committed an “unlawful . . . business act or practice” in the

meaning of the UCL. (Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200.) Nevertheless, Class One’s UCL

claims falter on the requirement that they demonstrate standing, as required by

Proposition 64. Plaintiffs, following Nelson, contend that they have standing to bring

UCL claims, based on their payment of “preconsummation interest.” (See Nelson, supra,

186 Cal.App.4th at p. 1014.) Again, however, we reject Nelson’s conclusion that

“preconsummation interest” is illegal or prohibited, so such payments do not constitute

an injury. Plaintiffs have not proposed any other theory whereby Class One suffered an

injury in fact resulting from the backdated contracts at issue, let alone any theory of

causation. We therefore affirm the trial court’s judgment in favor of Raceway on Class

One’s UCL claims on the basis that plaintiffs have not demonstrated standing for their

                                             38
UCL claims, and we need not consider what remedies might be available to plaintiffs

under the UCL.

       5. Conclusion

       It is possible that Raceway violated the ASFA with respect to at least some

members of Class One, namely, those whose second or subsequent contracts with

Raceway constitute “refinancings” (as that term is defined in Regulation Z) and disclose

APRs that are outside of the margin of error allowed by Regulation Z. If so, however,

contra Nelson, that does not render the contracts unenforceable, because neither section

2981.9 nor subdivision (a) of section 2982 is implicated by such inaccurately disclosed

APRs. The ASFA—unlike TILA—does not provide for statutory remedies, and

plaintiffs’ only theory of actual damages presented in the litigation relies on Nelson’s

analysis of “preconsummation interest” that we have rejected. Plaintiffs’ claims under

the CLRA and the UCL, which might otherwise provide additional remedies besides

those authorized by the ASFA, fail because plaintiffs have not demonstrated Raceway

engaged in any of the acts proscribed by the CLRA, nor shown standing to bring a UCL

claim. Thus, even if Class One (or some subsection thereof) is able to demonstrate a

verdict in its favor on its ASFA claims is appropriate, only a symbolic judgment

unaccompanied by any specific remedy would be available in these circumstances.

       It is worth noting here, however, that further adjudication of the merits of Class

One’s ASFA claims is not necessarily an idle exercise, even if no substantial monetary or

other remedy is available to plaintiffs. The trial court previously awarded attorney fees

and costs in the amount of $1,503,084.50 to Raceway as the prevailing party under the

                                             39
ASFA. (See § 2983.4 [“Reasonable attorney’s fees and costs shall be awarded to the

prevailing party in any action on a contract . . . subject to the provisions of this

chapter . . . .”].) A judgment in favor of plaintiffs—even a symbolic judgment

unaccompanied by an award of monetary damages or other remedy—would necessarily

alter the trial court’s “prevailing party” analysis.

C. Smog Fee Claims

       Among the items that the subdivision (a) of section 2982 requires to be disclosed

are “[t]he fee charged by the seller for certifying that the motor vehicle complies with

applicable pollution control requirements,” and “[t]he amount of the state fee for issuance

of a certificate of compliance, noncompliance, exemption, or waiver pursuant to any

applicable pollution control statute.” (§ 2982, subds. (a)(1)(C) & (a)(4).) The members

of Class Two were charged such fees as a result of a computer error, even though, as

purchasers of used diesel vehicles, no smog check was performed by Raceway on their

vehicles, nor was any state fee for smog certification necessary.21 Plaintiffs contend that

       21  Since January 1, 2010, diesel vehicles meeting certain requirements have been
required to undergo smog inspections and obtain smog certification similar to those
required of gasoline vehicles. (Health & Safety Code § 44011, subd. (a)(8), added by
Stats. 2007, ch. 739, § 3, operative Jan. 1, 2010.) During the time period at issue in this
case, however, such requirements were imposed only on gasoline vehicles, and Raceway
agrees the smog-related fees should not have been charged.
        Plaintiffs suggest the cynical view that the “computer error” could have been “just
a scheme to see how many illegal charges can be slipped into deals before someone
catches on,” but the trial court made the factual finding that there was no such scheme,
only a “bona fide error.” We have no cause to disturb that finding.

                                               40
the erroneous charges resulted in Raceway violating subdivision (a) of section 2982.22

The trial court entered judgment in favor of Raceway, apparently agreeing that the ASFA

had been violated, but concluding that Raceway had cured the violation: “Raceway is not

legally required to do more to correct its erroneous collection of smog fees . . . . The

court finds it to have been a bona fide error corrected with full refunds plus interest

within a reasonable time under the Automobile Sales Finance Act.” We agree with the

trial court’s result, but not its reasoning: We find no violation of the ASFA by Raceway

with respect to Class Two.

       The ASFA requires “full disclosure of all items of cost,” including the items

specifically enumerated in subdivision (a) of section 2982. (Thompson, supra, 130

Cal.App.4th at p. 966; § 2982, subd. (a).) Plaintiffs argue that Raceway violated this

requirement by failing to “accurately disclose the amount due from the class members”

with respect to smog fees. This is not quite true, however, if by “amount due” is meant

“the amount due pursuant to the transaction agreed to by the parties.” There are no

hidden, undisclosed costs in the contracts entered into by the members of Class Two; the

amounts charged for smog-related fees were accurately and explicitly stated in writing,

       22   Plaintiffs further argue in their reply brief that Raceway also violated the single
document rule codified in section 2981.9 by charging the smog-related fees to the
members of Class Two. This argument was waived, however, by plaintiffs’ failure to
raise it in their opening brief. (Badie v. Bank of America (1998) 67 Cal.App.4th 779,
784-785 [“When an appellant fails to raise a point, or asserts it but fails to support it with
reasoned argument and citations to authority, we treat the point as waived.”].) In any
case, the argument is without merit, for the same reasons as discussed above in relation to
application of the single document rule to backdated contracts disclosing an inaccurately
calculated APR.

                                              41
and the terms of the deal, including the smog fees, were accepted by the customers when

they signed their contracts. The only purported “inaccuracy” is that, the parties agree, if

they had more closely considered the provisions regarding smog-related fees at the time

of the transaction, the contract they agreed to enter into would have been different. The

question we must answer is whether section 2982 governs this sort of circumstance.

       We conclude it does not. Like the single document rule, discussed above, section

2982 governs the “formalities” of contracts, not their substance. (See § 2982 [entitled

“Formalities of conditional sale contracts”].) Subdivsion (a) of section 2982 requires a

comprehensive “itemization of the amount financed,” with specific disclosures that must

be made in the contract. (§ 2982, subd. (a).) If the disclosures are made, and are true in

the sense of accurately describing the terms of the parties’ agreement, then the contract

comports with the requirements for the “formalities” of conditional sale contracts.

       The authority cited by plaintiffs does not require the conclusion that Raceway

violated the ASFA because of the charges accurately described, but erroneously included

in the contracts between Raceway and the members of Class Two. Authority addressing

contracts that do not accurately describe the parties’ agreement is not on point here. In

Nelson, for example, the improperly calculated APR figure disclosed in the contracts at

issue provided false information about the transaction—specifically, the cost of credit

expressed as a yearly rate—to the consumer.23 (Nelson, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p.

       23 As discussed above with respect to Class One, we agree with Nelson that
disclosure of an inaccurate APR violates section 2982, though we disagree about
                                                                 [footnote continued on next page]

                                             42
1005.) In Bratta v. Caruso Car Co. (1958) 166 Cal.App.2d 661, the contract at issue

recited that the consumer had paid a cash down payment, but in fact only a promissory

note for the amount of the down payment had been executed. (Id. at pp. 664-665.) Most

egregiously, the disclosures in Thompson, incorporating “phantom” numbers designed to

mislead potential lenders, among others, did not come close to describing the true

transaction between dealer and buyer. (Thompson, supra, 130 Cal.App.4th at p. 961.) In

contrast, the contracts between Raceway and the members of Class Two accurately

disclose the economics of the transaction agreed to by the parties in all respects.

        To be sure, a primary goal of the ASFA’s disclosure provisions is to “protect

purchasers against excessive charges . . . .” (Kunert v. Mission Financial Services Corp.

(2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 242, 248 (Kunert).) The ASFA attempts to achieve that goal in a

specific manner, namely, “by requiring full disclosure of all items of cost.” (Kunert,

supra, at p. 248.) Here, despite full disclosure of all items of cost, the members of Class

Two were charged fees that the parties now agree should not have been charged, so the

goal of protecting purchasers from excessive charges was not initially achieved. It does

not follow, however, that the “informational purpose of the ASFA [was] not served.”

(Nelson, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 1005.) We disagree that a contract can disclose

accurately every dollar that is part of a transaction agreed to by the parties, and

nevertheless constitute a violation of ASFA disclosure provisions. The members of Class

[footnote continued from previous page]

precisely which part of the statute is implicated, and therefore what remedy is available
for the violation.

                                             43
Two received all the information that the ASFA required them to receive; among other

things, they were informed, in writing, how much they were being charged for smog-

related fees. They just did not act on that information by verifying that all of the listed

charges were appropriate prior to signing.24

       Our conclusion—that section 2982, subdivision (a) is not violated in the

circumstances of this case, so the trial court’s judgment in Raceway’s favor with respect

to the claims of Class Two should be affirmed—does not leave other vehicle buyers who

are charged inappropriate fees by dealerships without redress. It seems likely that one or

another provision of California statutory or common law would provide such consumers

a remedy—albeit perhaps not the rescission and restitution sought by plaintiffs under the

ASFA—especially if, unlike Raceway, the dealership at issue was not forthcoming with

payment of refunds, or had charged inappropriate fees with fraudulent intent. Class Two,

however, asserts only a claim under the ASFA: plaintiffs did not appeal the trial court’s

denial of class certification for Class Two’s UCL claims, and did not assert any claims

under other legal or equitable theories. We need not consider here, therefore, what other

claims might have been brought on these, or similar, facts. In addition, because we

conclude plaintiffs failed to demonstrate any violation of the ASFA with respect to Class

       24 This is not to say that blame for the improper charges should be placed on the
consumer. Of course, Raceway erred by charging inappropriate fees, and that error is
ultimately Raceway’s responsibility. Nevertheless, both Raceway and the members of
Class Two missed an opportunity to catch the errors in the first instance, by carefully
reviewing all items of cost listed in the contract prior to signing. And the question of
whether Raceway was in the wrong for charging the fees is a separate question from
whether the ASFA’s disclosure provisions were violated.

                                               44
Two, we need not consider the parties’ arguments with respect to whether Raceway

successfully cured any violation.

D. Credit Application Claims

       It is undisputed that Raceway had a policy of providing each customer a copy of

any credit application made during the course of negotiations, as required by the ASFA.

(See § 2981.9.) Certain individual plaintiffs, however, assert that this policy was not

implemented in their case—that they did not receive copies of their credit applications

from Raceway. The trial court ruled in favor of Raceway on the issue. On appeal,

plaintiffs contend that Raceway’s evidence of a policy or practice is insufficient as a

matter of law to overcome the “transaction-specific testimony” of the individual plaintiffs

who testified that they did not receive copies of their credit applications. They

additionally contend—somewhat half-heartedly—that the trial court’s decision was

“based on an incorrect legal basis.” We disagree with both of these contentions.

       The ASFA requires that, prior to delivery of a vehicle to a buyer pursuant to a

contract subject to that chapter, the seller must provide the buyer certain documents,

including a copy of “any credit statement which the seller has required or requested the

buyer to sign and which he or she has signed during the contract negotiations.”

(§ 2981.9.) The trial court ruled that plaintiffs “failed to meet their burden of proof” with

respect to their claim that Raceway had violated this provision of the ASFA, explaining

that “no credit applications were needed or required with the second contract, and there

was competent but conflicting evidence presented on both sides of the issue as to whether

copies were provided with the first contract.”

                                             45
       Plaintiffs’ argument regarding the “legal standard” applied by the trial court is

quickly dispatched. Plaintiffs assert that “[t]o the extent the trial court based its decision

on whether a credit application was required solely for the second contract, the decision

was based on an erroneous legal standard.” This argument, however, only knocks down

a straw man: the trial court applied no such standard. The trial court made the

(undisputed) factual finding that consumers who entered into second or subsequent

contracts with Raceway were not required to submit new credit applications, so there

could have been no violation of section 2981.9 with respect to those contracts.25

       The trial court further found plaintiffs failed to establish any violation of section

2981.9 with respect to plaintiffs’ initial contracts with Raceway. As noted, Raceway

presented testimony establishing it had a policy and practice to provide each customer a

copy of any credit application. Such testimony is circumstantial evidence supporting the

conclusion that, in any given instance, the customer did in fact receive a copy. (See

Hasson v. Ford Motor Co. (1977) 19 Cal.3d 530, 548 (Hasson) [“the fact that evidence is

‘circumstantial’ does not mean that it cannot be ‘substantial’”].) The trial court

acknowledged that plaintiffs submitted competent evidence to the contrary, but found

plaintiffs did not prove their case by a preponderance of the evidence.

       Plaintiffs contend the “transaction-specific” testimony of individual plaintiffs that

the policy was not followed in their particular cases should have been given controlling

       25To the extent the trial court’s language in its Statement of Decision may be
viewed as ambiguous, we here resolve that ambiguity in favor of affirmance. (City of
Santa Maria, supra, 211 Cal.App.4th at 286.)

                                              46
weight. We disagree. It is hornbook law that a trier of fact is “entitled to accept

persuasive circumstantial evidence even where contradicted by direct testimony.

[Citations.]” (Hasson, supra, 19 Cal.3d at p. 548; see also CACI No. 202 [“As far as the

law is concerned, it makes no difference whether evidence is direct or indirect. You may

choose to believe or disbelieve either kind.”].) The trial court was entitled as the trier of

fact in this case to give whatever weight it chose to plaintiffs’ “transaction-specific”

testimony—including none at all—and we will not reweigh the evidence here. (See

Cuiellette, supra, 194 Cal.App.4th at p. 765.) Plaintiffs’ evidence does not compel a

conclusion in their favor as a matter of law, so the trial court’s finding that they did not

meet their burden of proof with regard to the alleged violations of section 2981.9 will be

affirmed. (See Sonic, supra, 196 Cal.App.4th at pp. 465-466.)

E. Individual Claims of Francisco Salcedo

       As noted, the trial court found Raceway liable for common law fraud with respect

to Mr. Salcedo, because it misrepresented that he “could not refuse to sign a second

contract and unwind the transaction,” when Raceway was unable to assign his initial

contract for purchase of a vehicle. Mr. Salcedo also asserted individual claims under the

UCL and CLRA, based on the same fraudulent misrepresentations by Raceway. The trial

court never explicitly ruled on Mr. Salcedo’s UCL and CLRA claims, although the

parties and the court apparently understood the court’s judgment on those claims to be in

favor of Raceway. Plaintiffs contend that, as a matter of law, the same facts that

established judgment should be entered in Mr. Salcedo’s favor on his common law fraud

                                              47
claim also establish a violation of the UCL and CLRA, so he is entitled to judgment in his

favor on those claims, as well. We agree.

       Both the UCL and the CRLA provide remedies in addition to other remedies or

procedures under California Law. (See Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17205 [UCL is “cumulative

. . . to the remedies or penalties available under all other laws of this state”]; Civ. Code,

§ 1752 [CRLA remedies “are not exclusive,” but rather “in addition to any other

procedures or remedies for any violation or conduct provided for in any other law”].) It

is uncontroversial that a business practice that meets the standard for liability for

common law fraud would also suffice to establish liability under the “unlawful” or

“fraudulent” prongs of the UCL (even if the converse may not be true). (See Committee

on Children’s Television, Inc. v. General Foods Corp. (1983) 35 Cal.3d 197, 211

[allegations of actual deception, reasonable reliance, and damage are unnecessary for

UCL claim]; id. at pp. 209-210 [Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200 “is not restricted to

deceptive or fraudulent conduct but extends to any unlawful business practice”].)

Similarly, Raceway’s false representation to Mr. Salcedo that he was obligated to

purchase an alternative vehicle, and could not unwind the transaction, violates the

CRLA’s prohibition on “[r]epresenting that a transaction . . . involves . . . obligations

which it does not have or involve, or which are prohibited by law.” (Civ. Code, § 1770,

subd. (a)(14).

       Indeed, though Raceway never explicitly concedes the point, neither does it offer

any argument why the elements of Mr. Salcedo’s individual UCL and CLRA claims

might not have been established, even though he did prove common law fraud. Instead,

                                              48
Raceway’s response is, in essence, that Mr. Salcedo is not entitled to any further

remedies, since he was already granted rescission. The issue of remedies, however, is a

separate question from whether Mr. Salcedo is entitled to judgment in his favor.

       Nevertheless, it is not implausible that Mr. Salcedo should not be awarded any

additional remedies. He already has been awarded damages in the form of rescission and

restitution, and the trial court has already determined that he is not entitled to punitive

damages. The UCL provides only injunctive, restitutionary and related relief. (Bus. &

Prof. Code, § 17203.) The CRLA provides for a broader range of remedies, but prior to

trial plaintiffs stipulated that they brought their CRLA claims “for injunctive relief only.”

(Original italics.) Moreover, it seems unlikely that injunctive relief would be appropriate,

given that the record is devoid of any evidence of similar misrepresentations to other

customers, or any other indication that the misrepresentations to Mr. Salcedo were

anything other than a one-time event.

       In any case, the issue of remedies is one that should be decided by the trial court in

the first instance. Here, it is not apparent from the record that the trial court ever

considered whether Mr. Salcedo might be entitled to any additional remedies, based on

his individual UCL and CLRA claims, over and above those awarded for his common

law fraud claim. On remand, the trial court should enter judgment in Mr. Salcedo’s favor

on his individual UCL and CLRA claims, and determine—explicitly, and on the record—

what remedy, if any, Mr. Salcedo should be awarded with respect to those claims. Mr.

Salcedo also should be treated as the prevailing party not only with respect to his fraud

                                              49
claim, but also his individual UCL and CLRA claims, for purposes of determining any

award of attorney fees and costs.

F. Fee Order

       Our ruling here with respect to plaintiffs’ appeal of the judgment below

undermines the basis for the trial court’s award of fees to Raceway, namely, the

proposition that Raceway prevailed on all claims asserted by plaintiffs except for Mr.

Salcedo’s fraud claim. As such, we need not address the merits of the arguments raised

by the parties in plaintiffs’ appeal and Raceway’s cross-appeal of the fee order: the fee

order must be vacated, and the issue of attorney fees and costs remanded for

reconsideration following final adjudication of all claims.

                                     V. DISPOSITION

       In case No. E054517, the judgment below is affirmed in part and reversed in part

as follows:

       -   With respect to Class One’s cause of action for violation of the ASFA, the

           judgment is reversed, and the matter remanded to the trial court for any further

           proceedings necessary to determine whether the members of Class One, or

           some subsection thereof, can establish a violation of the ASFA under the law

           as explicated in this opinion.

       -   With respect to Class One’s UCL and CLRA causes of action, the judgment is

           affirmed.

       -   With respect to Class Two’s claims under the ASFA, the judgment is affirmed.

                                            50
       -   With respect to the claims of plaintiffs Carl Stone, Deborah Stone, Francisco

           Salcedo, Anselmo Alaniz, Joe Contreras, Edelmira Contreras, Jonathan Ott,

           Martha Ott, Eldridge Johnson, Randal Kidd, Macon Pollard, Ozetta Pollard,

           and Suzanna Moreno under the ASFA in their individual capacities regarding

           their credit applications, the judgment is affirmed.

       -   With respect to the causes of action asserted by plaintiff Francisco Salcedo

           under the UCL and the CLRA in his individual capacity, the judgment is

           reversed; the trial court is directed to enter judgment in favor of Mr. Salcedo

           on those causes of action, and to determine what additional remedies, if any,

           other than those he has already been awarded with respect to his cause of

           action for common law fraud, he should receive.

       -   The judgment is affirmed in all other respects.

       In case No. E056595, the trial court’s fee order is vacated, and the matter of an

award of attorney fees and costs remanded for determination by the trial court, after final

adjudication of all claims.

       The parties shall each bear their own costs on appeal.

       CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                                                                  HOLLENHORST
                                                                                           J.
We concur:

       RAMIREZ
                               P.J.

       RICHLI
                                  J.

                                             51