Court Opinion

ID: 6430766
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-25 12:08:00.021025+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:52:10.975642
License: Public Domain

Hammond, J.
1. As to the property held by the petitioners under the deed of Sarah L. Ames. The power of appointmen contained in this deed is not a general, but a limited power. Leaving out of view the provision for the husband of the donee of this power, about which no question is raised in this case, the persons to whom the property may be appointed are the children of the donee. The appointment cannot be made to any person not her child. She has only the power to say to whom of these children and in what proportions the property shall go.
A strong argument has been addressed to us in favor of the proposition that under such a power an equitable estate may be created for the life of the appointee with power by will or deed or both to direct where it shall go upon his decease. And there is no doubt, as stated by Knowlton, J., in Thayer v. Rivers, 179 Mass. 280, that “ it has been held that one having an estate with a power of appointment under which he may give an absolute interest, or may put limitations on the use and enjoyment of that which otherwise would be such an interest, properly may exercise the power by giving one substantially the whole interest in the property and the whole control of it, in the form of a right of personal use and enjoyment during his life, with a right, by deed or will, to appoint persons who shall have it after his death. It has been held in some of these cases that it makes no difference whether the right of disposition in the object of the power to whom the property is appointed by the donee of the power, is by a deed or will, or by will alone. Morse v. Martin, 34 Beav. 500. Slark v. Dakyns, L. R. 10 Ch. 35.”
But of course the nature of the power and of the estate which can be created in its exercise must be in every case one of construction. It is to be noted that the donee of the power is not the owner of the estate. The interest of the appointee as finally determined is founded upon the deed of the donor. The lan*59guage of this power is that upon the decease of the equitable life tenant, the trustee shall “ pay over and convey ” the properly “ to such of her children . . . and in such proportions ” as she may by will direct. She is simply to select the persons among the class designated, and is to determine the proportion each one shall take. This language evidently implies a termination of the trust and an absolute estate in the distributees. There is no hint of any other kind of estate, nor any indication of a power in the donee to create new trusts. And this view becomes all the more emphatic when the provision for the husband is considered ; for that provision shows that when the donor of the power thought of an equitable estate she used language appropriate for that purpose. In view of the general nature of the deed, the fact that the power in the donee is limited to stating the proportions in which this property should be paid over and conveyed, we are of opinion that the attempt of the donee to create equitable life estates was not warranted by the power, and that there has been no valid exercise of the power. See Pepper's Appeal, 120 Penn. St. 235; Myers v. Safe Deposit Trust Co. of Baltimore, 73 Md. 413 ; Wickersham v. Savage, 58 Penn. St. 365; Smith's Estate, 4 Weekly Notes of Cases, (Penn.) 265; Hood v. Haden, 82 Va. 588.
Since these eases were argued, Robert C. Hooper has died; and, inasmuch as the defendant Helen Hooper is the only child of the donee and there is no issue of any deceased child, she under the deed takes the whole estate absolutely in default of any valid appointment.
The conclusion to which we have come on this point renders it unnecessary to allude to other considerations, including the matter of the rule against perpetuities, which it is contended by counsel would lead to the same result.
2. As to the property held by the trustees under the will of Frederick L. Ames. Here the language creating the power is different from that in the deed, and perhaps the scope of the power is to a certain extent less circumscribed as to the quality of the estate which may be created under it. Leaving out of view the provision which may be made for the husband for life, concerning which provision no question arises, the will provides that upon the decease of the equitable life tenant the trustees *60are “ to pay over and distribute her share of the trust property to and among her children in such manner and in such proportions as she may ” by will direct. It will be seen that this power is not general and unlimited. Even if it be conceded in behalf of the trustees under the will of Mrs. Hooper that the power authorized the creation of trust estates, (see Busk v. Aldam, L. R. 19 Eq. 16, and cases cited; Phipson v. Turner, 9 Sim. 227,) still the class of persons to whom the donee could appoint is distinctly defined. Whatever the manner in which the distribution was to be made, whether the estates were to be for life or a greater estate, and whether they were to be legal or equitable; — in a word, whatever the quantity or quality of the estates, the donor could make no person a beneficiary except her children.
Possessing this power, Helen A. Hooper undertook to exercise it by her will. She appointed the fund to trusts, “ to divide the same into as many equal shares or portions ... as I shall leave children surviving me counting also for one of said shares or portions the issue then living of every my child then deceased ; and to pay over, transfer and convey free of trust to such issue of each deceased child respectively the share or portion so set apart for him or her; such issue taking by right of representation; and to continue to hold the share or portion so set apart for each of my children then living, . . . and to pay to each daughter from the principal of the fund so set apart for her benefit when she shall arrive at the age of twenty-one years or at any time or times thereafter, sums not exceeding in the aggregate the amount of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars provided the trustees or trustee acting from time to time hereunder shall deem it advisable, or the trustees or trustee may pay the said sums in one amount if they or he shall deem it advisable ; and to pay the nett income of each of said funds so held for the benefit of each of my children, to such children respectively, during his or her life; and at his or her death to pay over, transfer and convey the principal of his or her said funds with any accumulated income, as such child shall by any last will or instrument in the nature thereof attested by two or more competent witnesses, direct and appoint; and in default of such will or instrument or so far as the same shall fail to operate, to pay *61over, transfer and convey the same to his or her children, then living, the issue however or [of] any deceased child taking its ancestors share by right of representation, but if he or she shall leave no such last will or instrument, and no issue him or her surviving, then to pay over, transfer and convey the same to those persons who are at that time my heirs by blood, provided however that if any such heir has then a fund held in trust for his or her benefit under this will, his or her share of such distribution shall be added to and form part of the fund herein created for his or her benefit.”
The exercise of the power being testamentary did not become operative until the death of Mrs. Hooper; and it must be read in the light of the circumstances existing at that time. She left no grandchildren and only one child, the respondent Helen Hooper, a minor then fifteen years of age. Although the language of the will is general and applicable to more than one child, still, construed as of the time when it took effect, it is applicable only to Helen, who was alive at the time of the death of Frederick L. Ames, her grandfather. She was the only member of the class to whom the donee of the power could appoint the fund. If the power had been only to designate the proportions in which the trustees were to pay over and distribute, then, since the class among whom the distribution is to be made consists of but one person, the power would seem to have reached the vanishing point. As was said in Pepper's Appeal, 120 Penn. St. 235, “ With but one member of the class in existence there can be but one distribution, and under such circumstances it is difficult to see the utility of any appointment whatever.”
It is contended however by the trustees under the will of Mrs. Hooper that the phrase “ in such manner ” authorizes the creation of a trust estate, at least for the life of Helen, who was alive at the time of her grandfather’s death; and that since she has the income for life with the further right to receive from time to time from the trustees certain parts of the principal, and with a general power to appoint by will to whomsoever she pleases, she in fact and in law has the whole beneficial estate in the manner authorized by the power. And they cite several cases including Morse v. Martin, 34 Beav. 500; Slark v. Dakyns, *62L. R. 10 Ch. 35; Bray v. Bree, 2 Cl. & Fin. 453, more fully reported in 8 Bligh, (N. S.) 568, affirming on appeal a decision of Vice-Chancellor Shad well, reported under the title of Bray v. Hammersley, 3 Sim. 513; Torrance v. Torrance, 4 Md. 11; Busk v. Aldam, L. R. 19 Eq. 16.
An examination of the cases however shows that the powers are much more elastic than in this case, and the decisions in favor of the validity of the power are based in most, if not all, of the cases not upon the doctrine that a beneficial life estate in a trust fund with the power of appointment by will together make the whole beneficial estate, but upon the peculiar language of the power as to the character of the estates which may be created and as to the limitations and restrictions which may be imposed by the donee.
It was the intention of Frederick L. Ames that at the death of Mrs. Hooper her share should go equally to her children and grandchildren (by right of representation) unless she should by will appoint to the contrary, but that she ucould appoint the manner and proportions. Yet, subject to a provision for her husband not here material, it should all go to the class of which it now appears Helen is the only one. Whether she gets it from the will of her grandfather in default of an appointment under the power, or gets it under the appointment contained in her mother’s will, she is to get it all. She shares with no one. Under the attempted execution of the power she has absolutely only a beneficial life estate. It is true that under this attempted execution she may receive certain portions of the principal, but only if the trustees think it advisable, while over the rest of the principal she can have no control during her life, even if necessary for her own needs. Her power over it is to be exercised only by will.
It is clear that such an interest is far short of the interest to which she is entitled under her grandfather’s will, either in default of an appointment, or in case of one properly made under the power. Even if the beneficial interest for life might be good under the attempted appointment, yet, since in any event she is entitled to the whole property, there is no reason why she, being the only person interested in the estate, should not receive the whole. There is no reason for the trust. See Pepper's *63Appeal, 120 Penn. St. 235; Myers v. Safe Deposit & Trust Co. 73 Md. 413; Wickersham v. Savage, 58 Penn. St. 365; Horwitz v. Norris, 49 Penn. St. 213.
It becomes unnecessary to consider the other objections raised against the validity of the exercise of this power.
Robert C. Hooper having died, the first question propounded by the petitioners becomes immaterial.
The answer to the second and third questions is that Helen Hooper is entitled to receive both of the funds absolutely and in her own right and that it is the duty of the petitioners to pay them over to her.

Decree accordingly.