Court Opinion

ID: 6501086
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-19 15:02:45.316425+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:40:54.727196
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

NVIDIA CORPORATION,                          §
                                             §
               Defendant Below,              §     No. 259, 2021
               Appellant,                    §
                                             §     Court Below – Court of Chancery
          v.                                 §     of the State of Delaware
                                             §
CITY OF WESTLAND POLICE AND                  §     C.A. No. 2020-0075
FIRE RETIREMENT SYSTEM,                      §
DENNIS HORANIC, ELLEN HOKE,                  §
KALLESTAD TRUST, and STEPHEN                 §
P. FARKAS,                                   §
                                             §
               Plaintiffs Below,             §
               Appellees.                    §

                             Submitted: April 20, 2022
                             Decided:   July 19, 2022

Before SEITZ, Chief Justice; VALIHURA, VAUGHN, TRAYNOR, and
MONTGOMERY-REEVES, Justices, constituting the Court en banc.

Upon appeal from the Court of Chancery. AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED
AND REMANDED IN PART.

Gregory P. Williams, Esquire, Brock E. Czeschin, Esquire, Christian C.F. Roberts,
Esquire, RICHARDS, LAYTON, & FINGER, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; John
C. Dwyer, Esquire (argued), Patrick E. Gibbs, Esquire, Claire A. McCormack,
Esquire, COOLEY LLP, Palo Alto, California; for Appellant NVIDIA Corporation.

Seth D. Rigrodsky, Esquire (argued), Gina M. Serra, Esquire, Herbert W. Mondros,
Esquire, RIGRODSKY LAW, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; Frank R. Schirripa,
Esquire, Hillary Nappi, Esquire, HACH ROSE SCHIRRIPA & CHEVERIE LLP,
New York, New York; Gregory Mark Nespole, Esquire, Daniel Tepper, Esquire,
LEVI & KORSINSKY, LLP, New York, New York; Travis E. Downs III, Esquire,
Erik W. Luedeke, Esquire, ROBBINS GELLER RUDMAN & DOWD LLP, San
Diego, California; Thomas J. McKenna, Esquire, Gregory M. Egleston, GAINEY
                                         1
MCKENNA & EGLESTON, New York, New York; Beth A. Keller,
MONTEVERDE & ASSOCIATES PC, New York, New York; for Appellees City
of Westland Police and Fire Retirement System, Dennis Horanic, Ellen Hoke,
Kallestad Trust, and Stephen P. Farkas.

                                    2
MONTGOMERY-REEVES, Justice, for the Majority:

      This appeal arises from a final judgment of the Court of Chancery that ordered

NVIDIA Corporation (“NVIDIA” or the “Company”) to produce books and records

to certain NVIDIA stockholders under Section 220 of the Delaware General

Corporation Law. In the underlying action, the stockholders alleged that certain

NVIDIA executives knowingly made false or misleading statements during

Company earnings calls that artificially inflated NVIDIA’s stock price, and then

those same executives sold their stock at inflated prices. As such, the stockholders

sought to inspect books and records to investigate possible wrongdoing and

mismanagement at the Company, to assess the ability of the board to consider a

demand for action, to determine whether the Company’s board members are fit to

serve on the board, and to take the appropriate action in response to the investigation.

      NVIDIA argued that the stockholders were not entitled to the relief they

sought because (1) the scope of the original demands failed to satisfy the form and

manner requirements; (2) the documents sought at the trial were not requested in the

original demands; (3) the stockholders failed to show a proper purpose; (4) the

stockholders failed to show a credible basis to infer wrongdoing; and (5) the requests

were overbroad and not tailored to the stockholders’ stated purpose.

      The Court of Chancery rejected these arguments and ordered the production

of two sets of documents—certain communications with the CEO and certain

                                           3
specific sets of emails. NVIDIA has appealed and challenges each of the Court of

Chancery’s rulings.

      Having reviewed the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal, and after oral

argument, the Court holds that: (1) the stockholders’ original demands did not

violate Section 220’s form and manner requirements; (2) the stockholders did not

expand their requests throughout litigation; (3) the Court of Chancery did not err in

holding that sufficiently reliable hearsay evidence may be used to show proper

purpose in a Section 220 litigation, but did err in allowing the stockholders in this

case to rely on hearsay evidence because the stockholders’ actions deprived NVIDIA

of the opportunity to test the stockholders’ stated purpose; (4) the Court of Chancery

did not err in holding that the stockholders proved a credible basis to infer

wrongdoing; and (5) the documents ordered to be produced by the Court of Chancery

are essential and sufficient to the stockholders’ stated purpose. Thus, the judgment

of the Court of Chancery is AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and

REMANDED for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I.    RELEVANT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      A.     General Background

      NVIDIA is a California-based technology company that designs,

manufactures, and markets, among other things, graphics processing units

                                          4
(“GPUs”).1 GPUs are computer chips that perform rapid mathematical calculations.2

Traditionally, NVIDIA sold its GPUs for video gaming; these GPUs are marketed

under the name “GeForce” (“Gaming GPU”).3               NVIDIA’s gaming segment

generates the vast majority of its revenue.4

      In early 2017, NVIDIA experienced an increase in Gaming GPU sales as

consumers began purchasing the product for use in cryptocurrency mining.5 In

response, NVIDIA created a new GPU specifically for mining that does not contain

graphics capabilities (“Crypto GPU”).6 NVIDIA’s goal in producing the Crypto

GPU was to protect the Gaming GPU supply for gaming customers.7 This strategy,

however, did not appear to work; crypto miners continued to purchase Gaming

GPUs for mining purposes.8

      The increase in demand for Gaming GPUs created a unique problem for

NVIDIA. NVIDIA does not sell Gaming GPUs directly to end users, but rather

through a multi-level distribution channel.9 The channel encompasses the time from

1
  App. to the Opening Br. 35 (hereinafter “A__”); Opening Br. Ex. A, at 4 (hereinafter,
“Ex. A at __”).
2
  A35.
3
  Opening Br. 7.
4
  A35.
5
  Id.
6
  Id.
7
  Opening Br. 8; A389.
8
  A36.
9
  Opening Br. 7.
                                          5
when NVIDIA sells the GPU to when an end user purchases it.10 The channel will,

at any given time, have some GPUs in inventory.11 And while NVIDIA suggests a

retail price for its GPUs, it does not control channel or retail prices.12 “If sales at the

end of the channel accelerate suddenly, before NVIDIA can increase the supply

coming into it, supply for end users can get tight and prices can increase beyond

what some are willing to pay.”13 Thus, during the increase in purchases of Gaming

GPUs by crypto miners, Gaming GPUs were scarce and prices increased.14 This had

the effect of pricing gamers out of the market.15

      B.     The Earnings Calls and Stock Sales

      From mid-2017 to late-2018, NVIDIA executives made a series of statements

in various earnings calls about the effect of crypto mining on the channel and

NVIDIA’s revenue and about NVIDIA’s ability to manage the increasing demand

for Gaming GPUs. These statements, detailed below, are the basis for various

lawsuits against NVIDIA, including this action.

      On an August 10, 2017 earnings call, NVIDIA executives discussed an

increase in GPU sales driven by a spike in cryptocurrency prices.16 During the call,

10
   Id.
11
   Id.
12
   Id.; A403.
13
   Opening Br. 7.
14
   A530.
15
   Id.
16
   Ex. A at 6.
                                            6
Jensen Huang, NVIDIA’s CEO, stated, “There’s still small miners that buy Gaming

GPUs here and there, and that probably also increased the demand of Gaming

GPUs. . . .   [T]here’s still cryptocurrency mining demand that we know is out

there.”17 Collette Kress, NVIDIA’s CFO, agreed that GPU sales “were lifted by

demand from increasing mining activity” and noted that NVIDIA’s “strategy is to

stay alert to this fast-changing market . . . .”18

       On November 9, 2017, during an earnings call, Kress suggested that NVIDIA

“remains nimble in [its] approach to the cryptocurrency market.”19

       During a February 8, 2018 earnings call, Kress stated that miners were buying

both Crypto GPUs and Gaming GPUs.20 On this call, Huang stated that gamers’

difficulty in purchasing Gaming GPUs due to the spike in crypto mining was leading

to “fairly sizeable pent-up demand . . . .”21

       During earnings calls on May 10, 2018, and August 16, 2018, Huang and

Kress expressed optimism that “the gaming demand is strong” because there was

still pent-up demand for Gaming GPUs from gamers.22 During the August call,

Huang stated that “channel inventory would work itself out” and “we’re not

17
   Id.
18
   Id.
19
   App. to the Answering Br. 59 (hereinafter “B__”).
20
   A398.
21
   Id.
22
   A530, 539; Ex. A at 7.
                                             7
concerned about channel inventory.”23 Huang also stated that “‘the larger of a GPU

company you are, the greater ability you could [sic] absorb the volatility [and]

because we have such large volumes, we have the ability to rock and roll with this

market as it goes.’”24

       Between August 11, 2017, and September 28, 2018, NVIDIA’s stock price

rose from $155.96 to $281.02 per share.25 On September 6, 2017, Huang sold

110,000 shares of NVIDIA for $18.2 million.26 And, pursuant to a 10b-5 plan, Kress

sold 36,333 shares for $7.7 million between October 2017 and September 2018.27

       On November 15, 2018, NVIDIA announced that the pent-up gaming demand

it predicted had not materialized, leading to excess inventory in the channel and a

revenue miss.28 Huang stated that “excess channel inventory . . . declined slower

than we expected and – but while it was declining, we were expecting sales volume

to grow, demand to grow and for pricing to be – for volume to be elastic with

pricing.”29 NVIDIA’s stock price declined 28.5 percent in the days following the

call.30 On November 19, 2018, NVIDIA closed at $144.70 per share.31

23
   Ex. A at 7-8.
24
   A43.
25
   A42.
26
   A49.
27
   See id.
28
   A568.
29
   Id.
30
   A37.
31
   A48.
                                        8
       On January 28, 2019, NVIDIA lowered its earnings estimate for the fourth

quarter of 2019, explaining that “[t]he Q4 guidance [] in November reflected the

effect of excess channel inventory of Pascal mid-range GPUs that resulted from the

sharp decline of cryptocurrency demand. We delayed the planned production ramp

of several new products to allow excess channel inventory to deplete, which resulted

in the significantly lowered Q4 guidance.”32

       On February 14, 2019, NVIDIA announced that Gaming GPU revenue for the

fourth quarter was down forty-five percent year-over-year and forty-six percent

quarter-over-quarter.33

       By November 2019, NVIDIA’s stock price returned to over $200 per share.34

       C.        Federal Securities Class Action

       On June 21, 2019, certain NVIDIA stockholders filed a consolidated class

action complaint (the “Securities Complaint”) in the United States District Court for

the Northern District of California (the “Securities Class Action”).35 The Securities

Class Action, which named NVIDIA and several of its directors as defendants,

including Huang and Kress, alleged that the defendants violated federal securities

laws by making false or misleading statements about the effect of crypto mining on

32
   B102.
33
   Ex. A at 9.
34
   Id.
35
   B110.
                                           9
NVIDIA’s revenue and the demand for Gaming GPUs.36 The Securities Complaint

supported its allegations with public filings, NVIDIA transcripts and presentations,

testimony from relevant experts, and information from former NVIDIA employees,

among other things.37

       On March 16, 2020, the United States District Court for the Northern District

of California dismissed in part the Securities Class Action, holding that the plaintiffs

failed to meet the standard of proof for falsity and raise a strong inference of scienter

with respect to any of the individual defendants.38 The court dismissed the motion

with leave to amend.39 The plaintiffs then filed an amended securities complaint (the

“Amended Securities Complaint”).

       The Amended Securities Complaint added anonymous testimony from a

former NVIDIA employee, named FE 1, alleging that Huang and other executives

had specific knowledge of the impact of cryptocurrency on the channel.40 Relevant

to this appeal, the Amended Securities Complaint alleged that during a March 2017

meeting, FE 1 warned Senior Vice President and Head of Gaming, Jeff Fisher, and

other executives that NVIDIA had to “take care” given the growing reliance on

36
   B110-74
37
   Ex. A at 10.
38
   B229-54.
39
   Id.
40
   A692-778.
                                           10
crypto miners in China, which Fisher called “dangerous” during the meeting.41 The

Amended Securities Complaint also alleged a close relationship between Fisher and

Huang, noting that “Fisher reported directly to Huang,” that Fisher was one of

NVIDIA’s oldest employees, and that Fisher met with Huang weekly. 42 It also

alleged that weekly sales reports quantifying the impact of crypto-mining demand

on Gaming GPU sales was sent to Fisher and other executives throughout 2017. 43

NVIDIA filed a motion to dismiss the Amended Securities Complaint, which the

court granted.44

      D.      Procedural History

      Between February 22, 2019, and April 16, 2019, City of Westland Police and

Fire Retirement System, Dennis Horanic, Ellen Hoke, Kallestad Trust, and Stephen

P. Farkas, all NVIDIA stockholders, (collectively, the “Stockholders”), separately

served Section 220 demands to NVIDIA (the “Original Demands”).45 Although

these demands contained a variety of requests, City of Westland’s first demand was

for “[a]ll documents forming the basis, if any, for NVIDIA’s public statements about

its ability to manage the inventory, supply chain and sales channel concerns around

the cryptocurrency boom experienced by NVIDIA during the time period from 2017

41
   A767.
42
   A706.
43
   A724-26.
44
   A904-25.
45
   A50.
                                        11
to 2019.”46 The Stockholders eventually served NVIDIA with consolidated requests

(the “Consolidated Demands”), which sought, among other things, “[a]ll documents

and/or communications used by NVIDIA’s CEO, CFO and/or other executives with

direct reporting responsibilities to the Board concerning the demand for the

Company’s GPUs, GPU inventory levels, sales channel conditions and other key

business metrics monitored by the NVIDIA Board during the time period from 2017

to 2019.”47

       NVIDIA produced 78 documents that totaled about 530,000 pages.48 In

response, the Stockholders requested “the documents that formed the basis of

Huang’s and Kress’s public statements about the Company’s ability to manage its

GPU sales considering the increased cryptocurrency demand . . . .”49 NVIDIA

responded that it had not agreed to that request and that such a request was too broad

and could not be answered.50

       On February 10, 2020, the Stockholders filed an action in the Court of

Chancery seeking inspection of various NVIDIA books and records.51 In their

complaint, the Stockholders alleged that NVIDIA executives and Board members,

46
   A663.
47
   A676.
48
   Ex. A at 12.
49
   A686.
50
   A690.
51
   A33-65.
                                         12
including Huang and Kress, “knowingly made, or allowed to be made, false and

misleading public statements concerning the Company’s internal controls,

prospects, and earnings, while contemporaneously selling $147 million of Company

stock at artificially inflated prices.”52 In particular, the Stockholders alleged that the

following twelve public statements made by either Huang or Kress during earnings

calls were false or misleading (collectively, the “Public Statements”):

             • “[W]hen you think about crypto in the context of our
               company overall, the thing to remember is that we’re
               the largest GPU computing company in the world. And
               our overall GPU business is really sizable and we have
               multiple segments.”
             • “[C]rypto usage of GPUs will be small but not 0 for
               some time.”
             • “[T]here’s a fairly sizable pent-up demand going into
               this quarter” among gamers looking to purchase
               NVIDIA GPUs.
             • The GPU supply “channel is relatively lean,” and
               NVIDIA was “working really hard to get GPUs down
               to the marketplace for the gamers.”
             • “[W]e try to as transparently reveal our numbers as we
               can. And . . . our strategy is to create a[n] SKU that
               allows the crypto miners to fulfill their needs . . . as
               much as possible, fulfill their demand that way.”
             • “[We are] ‘not concerned about the channel inventory
               . . . .’”
             • “We are masters at managing our channel, and we
               understand the channel very well.”
             • “GPU sales [] benefited from continued cryptocurrency
               mining” . . . the Company “remains nimble in our
               approach to the cryptocurrency market” . . . “[the

52
     A35.
                                           13
                    crypto-currency boom]” will not distract us from
                    focusing on our core gaming market.”
              •     “[C]hannels had been influenced by not only the
                    strength of the overall gaming that we had seen for the
                    overall holiday season, but also the large uptick that
                    we’ve seen in the overall valuation of cryptocurrency.”
                    . . . “[We are] mak[ing] sure [] gamers worldwide
                    receive the cards that we want to do.”
              •     “[W]e do believe we can serve [cryptocurrency miners]
                    primarily with those specialized cards and that’s going
                    to be our goal going forward” . . . “we’re going to really
                    try our hardest to really focus our overall GPUs for
                    gaming for overall gamers going forward.”
              •     “[NVIDIA] met some of this [cryptocurrency] demand
                    with a dedicated board in our OEM business, and some
                    was not met with our gaming GPUs. . . .” “[T]his
                    contributed to lower than historical channel inventory
                    levels of our gaming GPUs throughout the quarter.”
              •     “[O]verall contribution of cryptocurrency to our
                    business . . . was a higher percentage of revenue than
                    the prior quarter . . . .” “[O]ur main focus remains on
                    our core gaming market.”53

The Stockholders also alleged that the NVIDIA insiders materially benefited by

selling their stock when stock prices were artificially high.54

       Before trial, the Stockholders told NVIDIA that they had not yet determined

which witnesses they were going to call to testify regarding the purpose of the

demand.55 NVIDIA similarly did not identify witnesses, instead reserving the right

to depose and cross-examine any witnesses identified by the Stockholders.56 The

53
   A44-46.
54
   A48-50.
55
   A219.
56
   See id.; A788.
                                              14
Stockholders then told NVIDIA “very late in the process” that they were considering

using an affidavit instead of live witness testimony; NVIDIA responded that it would

need to see the affidavit and then depose any individual testifying by affidavit.57 The

Stockholders eventually chose not to call any witnesses to testify to their purpose,

instead relying on the purpose expressed in the Original Demands and

interrogatories.58

      On February 10, 2021, the Court of Chancery issued a transcript ruling.59 The

court started its analysis by determining whether the Stockholders had established a

proper purpose.60 The court found that the Company’s demand stated the following

purpose:

             investigating potential wrongdoing and mismanagement
             at the Company related to NVIDIA’s GPU sales and
             insider stock sales; assessing the ability of the board to
             consider a demand for action; determining whether the
             current directors are fit to continue serving on the Board;
             and taking appropriate action in response, including
             discussing potential reforms with the board and
             management or filing a derivative action.61

57
   A219-20, 788; Ex. A at 15.
58
   A220.
59
   See generally Ex. A.
60
   Id. at 16.
61
   Id. at 16-17.
                                          15
For purposes of the ruling, the court treated these purposes as a single purpose to

“investigat[e] potential wrongdoing” and found that “the investigation of

mismanagement is a proper purpose under Delaware law . . . .”62

       The court next tackled the question of whether the Stockholders had

established a credible basis for inspection with respect to wrongdoing. In finding a

credible basis for demand, the court stated that “[v]iewed collectively, the categories

support a finding that there is a credible basis to infer that an insider trading scheme

existed.”63

       Finally, the court determined the scope of relief to be granted and ultimately

required NVIDIA to produce:

              (i) communications about the statements Fisher is alleged
              in [the Amended Securities Complaint] to have made to
              Huang, if any, regardless of where they are found, be it in
              email, or in written notes taken by Fisher, Huang, or others
              present for conversations between them; (ii) the Top 5
              emails sent to or by Huang or Kress during the Relevant
              Period to the extent they relate to the Responsive Topics.64

II.    STANDARD OF REVIEW

       On appeal, this Court applies a de novo standard of review to determine

“which types of books and records are included in the actual written demand, except

to the extent that the written demand is ambiguous and there are factual

62
   Id. at 17.
63
   Id. at 28.
64
   Opening Br. Ex. B, at 3 (hereinafter, “Ex. B at __”).
                                             16
determinations underlying the Court of Chancery’s resolution of that ambiguity.”65

We review questions of law, including whether a proper purpose can be established

with hearsay evidence, de novo.66         “When a stockholder seeks to investigate

corporate wrongdoing, the Court of Chancery’s determination that a credible basis

to infer wrongdoing exists is a mixed finding of fact and law, to which we afford

considerable deference.”67 “This Court reviews the scope of relief ordered in a books

and records action for abuse of discretion.”68

III.   ANALYSIS

       Under Section 220 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, stockholders

have a right to inspect corporate books and records.69 This right, however, is not

unfettered. Section 220 first imposes strict form and manner requirements.70 Next,

the stockholder must have a proper purpose to inspect corporate books and records.71

“A proper purpose shall mean a purpose reasonably related to such person’s interest

65
   KT4 Partners LLC v. Palantir Techs. Inc., 203 A.3d 738, 749 (Del. 2019).
66
   Pipher v. Parsell, 930 A.2d 890, 892 (Del. 2007).
67
   AmerisourceBergen Corp. v. Lebanon Cnty. Emps.’ Ret. Fund, 243 A.3d 417, 424-25
(Del. 2020) (citing City of Westland Police & Fire Ret. Sys. v. Axcelis Techs., Inc., 1 A.3d
281, 287 (Del. 2010)).
68
   AmerisourceBergen, 243 A.3d at 425 (citing Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Ind. Elec. Workers
Tr. Fund IBEW, 95 A.3d 1264, 1272 (Del. 2014)).
69
   8 Del. C. § 220.
70
   Id. at 220(b).
71
   Id.
                                            17
as a stockholder.”72 “[A] stockholder has the burden of proof to demonstrate a proper

purpose by a preponderance of the evidence.”73

      “It is well established that a stockholder’s desire to investigate wrongdoing or

mismanagement is a ‘proper purpose.’”74         But where a stockholder seeks to

investigation wrongdoing, the stockholder must also “show, by a preponderance of

the evidence, a credible basis from which the Court of Chancery can infer there is

possible mismanagement that would warrant further investigation . . . .”75 Finally,

“[t]he [stockholder] bears the burden of proving that each category of books and

records is essential to accomplishment of the stockholder’s articulated purpose for

the inspection.”76

      NVIDIA challenges whether the Stockholders have satisfied each of these

requirements.    First, NVIDIA argues that the Stockholders’ demand for all

documents forming the basis of the Public Statements is overbroad, in violation of

the statute’s form and manner requirements.77 The Company also contends that the

Stockholders constantly changed their requests throughout litigation, adding entirely

new categories of documents in violation of the statute’s form and manner

72
   Id.
73
   Seinfeld v. Verizon Commc’ns, Inc., 909 A.2d 117, 121 (Del. 2006).
74
   Id.
75
   Id. at 123.
76
   Thomas & Betts Corp. v. Leviton Mfg. Co. Inc., 681 A.2d 1026, 1035 (Del.1996)).
77
   Opening Br. at 19.
                                          18
requirements.78      Second, NVIDIA argues that the Stockholders’ reliance on

impermissible hearsay evidence to establish a proper purpose failed to meet the

burden of proof required by the statute.79        Third, NVIDIA argues that the

Stockholders did not show a credible basis from which the court could infer

wrongdoing or mismanagement.80 Fourth, the Company alleges that the court’s

order of production is not essential and sufficient to the stockholders’ stated

purpose.81 We address each challenge in turn.

         A.    The Stockholders’ Request Does Not Violate Section 220’s Form
               and Manner Requirements

         NVIDIA argues that the Stockholders’ request for documents that formed the

basis of the Public Statements violates Section 220’s form and manner requirements

because it is impermissibly broad.82       The Company also contends that the

Stockholders expanded their document requests throughout litigation in violation of

Section 220’s form and manner requirements.83 We disagree.

         A stockholder’s right to inspect the books and records of a corporation is

codified in Section 220(b) of the Delaware General Corporation Law.84 Under the

78
   Id. at 20-24.
79
   Id. at 25-30.
80
   Id. at 31-42.
81
   Id. at 18-20.
82
   Id.
83
   Opening Br. at 20-24.
84
     8 Del. C. § 220(b).
                                         19
statute, “[a]ny stockholder, in person or by attorney or other agent, shall, upon

written demand under oath stating the purpose thereof, have the right . . . to inspect

for any proper purpose . . . [t]he corporation’s . . . books and records . . . .” 85

Beneficial stockholders are permitted to inspect a corporation’s books and records

if “the demand under oath shall state the person’s status as a stockholder, be

accompanied by documentary evidence of beneficial ownership of the stock, and

state that such documentary evidence is a true and correct copy of what it purports

to be.”86       Section 220(c) provides that stockholders seeking to inspect the

corporation’s books and records, other than stockholder lists, “‘shall first establish

that: (1) [s]uch stockholder is a stockholder; (2) [s]uch stockholder has complied

with [section 220] respecting the form and manner of making demand for inspection

of such documents; and (3) [t]he inspection such stockholder seeks is for a proper

purpose.’”87

           As such, the statute suggests that the form and manner requirements are

expressed in Section 220.        They include, for example, requirements that the

stockholder provide a written demand, under oath, that states the person’s status as

a stockholder, and for beneficial stockholders that includes documentary evidence

85
     Id.
86
     Id.
87
     Cent. Laborers Pension Fund v. News Corp., 45 A.3d 139, 144 (Del. 2012) (quoting 8
Del. C. § 220(c)).
                                           20
of beneficial ownership of the stock that states that such documentary evidence is a

true and correct copy of what it purports to be. The plain language of Section 220

does not explicitly address the scope or breadth of the documents available for

inspection, other than to make clear that stockholders may inspect both stockholder

lists and other books and records. Simply put, a determination of the appropriateness

of the scope of a stockholder’s requests, or any change to the stockholder’s requests,

has no bearing on whether the plaintiff has satisfied the statute’s form and manner

requirements. To be sure, a Company can challenge the appropriateness of the scope

of document requests and changes to the document requests, but we do not view

those challenges as form and manner requirement challenges.

         Thus, we hold that the scope of the Stockholders’ requests, even if they were

initially overbroad, and changes to the Stockholders’ requests throughout litigation,

do not violate Section 220’s form and manner requirements.

         The Company next appears to argue that under Highland Select Equity Fund,

L.P. v. Motient Corp.,88 the court does not have the “responsibility to pick through

the debris” of an overbroad demand and should instead deny any overbroad demand

outright.89 In Highland Select, the court analyzed “whether the stockholder made a

proper demand or, instead, has presented such a sweeping and overbroad request as

88
     906 A.2d 156 (Del. Ch. 2006).
89
     Opening Br. 19.
                                           21
to constitute an impermissible use of the statutory right to inspect the corporation’s

books and records.”90 In denying the stockholder’s request as overbroad, the court

stated, “Section 220 is also not a way to circumvent discovery proceedings, and is

certainly not meant to be a forum for the kinds of wide-ranging document requests

permissible under Rule 34.”91 It then noted that “it is not the court’s responsibility

to pick through the debris of a Section 220 demand.”92 According to the Company,

this language created a blanket rule in which the Court of Chancery must deny all

demands that are overbroad.93

      There is no blanket rule that requires the Court of Chancery to outright deny

those demands that it finds to be overbroad. In Highland Select the court opted not

to determine which documents were necessary and essential to the stockholder’s

purpose after determining that the stockholder’s impermissibly broad demand,

coupled with its improper purpose, abused the Section 220 process. The Court of

Chancery has discretion to look at an overbroad demand and either identify the

records that should be produced or to decide that it will not “pick through the debris”

of an impermissibly overbroad demand that abuses the Section 220 process. Here,

the Court of Chancery did not abuse its discretion by refusing to deny the demand

90
   Highland Select, 906 A.2d at 157.
91
   Id. at 165.
92
   Id. at 168.
93
   Opening Br. 18-19.
                                          22
outright due to its breadth. In other words, it was not an abuse of discretion for the

Court of Chancery to choose to craft a production order circumscribed with rifled

precision. Plaintiffs in Section 220 proceedings, however, should take heed that the

deference we afford the Court of Chancery in these instances means that a

Chancellor’s or Vice Chancellor’s denial of a demand as impermissibly overbroad

will also be subject to an abuse of discretion standard and deference from this Court.

         B.      The Stockholders Did Not Improperly Change Their Requests
                 Throughout Litigation

         NVIDIA next argues that the Stockholders improperly changed their requests

throughout litigation.94

         Delaware case law has held that Section 220 plaintiffs cannot broaden the

scope of their requests throughout litigation, as such a change would be prejudicial

to the corporate defendant. For example, in Fuchs Family Trust v. Parker Drilling

Company, the Court of Chancery denied the plaintiff’s inspection demand because

the plaintiff attempted to broaden its request eight days before trial and after briefing:

                 On November 4, 2014, just eight days before trial, Fuchs
                 issued a supplemental inspection demand, to provide, in
                 part, sufficient proof of its beneficial ownership of Parker
                 stock. In addition to requesting documents sufficient to
                 identify the anonymous wrongdoers, Fuchs attempted to
                 broaden its demand (shortly before trial and after briefing
                 had commenced) to include any report prepared by
                 Parker’s board, or any committee thereof, concerning
                 investigation of the Nigerian Bribing Scheme, and all

94
     Id. at 20-24.
                                             23
             documents relied upon by the board or any committee
             thereof. Given the circumstances, Fuchs’s late attempt to
             expand its inspection must be rejected.95

      But Delaware case law has also held that Section 220 plaintiffs may narrow

their requests throughout litigation when the narrowing is made in good faith:

             While Plaintiffs’ lack of precision in formulating its
             Demand, particularly with respect to the scope of
             documents requested, has provoked justified frustration
             and has prompted questions regarding possible abuse of
             the Section 220 process, I am satisfied there has been no
             such abuse here. Plaintiffs’ stated purposes for inspection
             have remained constant throughout the various iterations
             of their Demand. And their lack of focus regarding the
             documents they seek, while unfortunate, does not evidence
             a lack of good faith. In my view, the proper approach here
             is to hold Plaintiffs to the request for documents as stated
             in the Pre-Trial Order, a request that was refined by the
             parties’ several meet and confer sessions.96

Thus, under Delaware case law, Section 220 plaintiffs may narrow their requests

during litigation if they do so in good faith and such narrowing is not prejudicial to

the company.

      In one of the Original Demands made upon NVIDIA, the Stockholders sought

the following: “All documents forming the basis, if any, for NVIDIA’s public

statements about its ability to manage the inventory, supply chain and sales channel

concerns around the cryptocurrency boom experienced by NVIDIA during the time

95
  Fuchs Fam. Tr. v. Parker Drilling Co., 2015 WL 1036106, at *4 (Del. Ch. Mar. 4, 2015).
96
  In re Facebook, Inc. Section 220 Litig., 2019 WL 2320842, at *18 (Del. Ch. May 30,
2019).
                                          24
period from 2017 to 2019.”97 Before litigation, on May 28, 2019, the Stockholders

sent NVIDIA the Consolidated Demands, the first of which requests “[a]ll

documents and/or communications used by NVIDIA’s CEO, CFO and/or other

executives with direct reporting responsibilities to the Board concerning the demand

for the Company’s GPUs, GPU inventory levels, sales channel conditions and other

key business metrics monitored by the NVIDIA Board during the time period from

2017 to 2019.”98 Although the wording is slightly different, the gist of the request

remains the same—the Stockholders want documents and communications used by

NVIDIA’s executives that informed the Public Statements regarding NVIDIA’s

ability to manage its supply chain and cryptocurrency demand.

         On September 24, 2019, before this litigation began, the Stockholders again

reiterated their request: “Accordingly, the Stockholders demand to know by the close

of business on October 1, 2019, whether NVIDIA will be producing the documents

that formed the basis of Huang’s and Kress’s public statements about the Company’s

ability to manage its GPU sales considering the increased cryptocurrency demand

. . . .”99

         In the complaint, the Stockholders made the exact same request, seeking “only

the documents that formed the basis of Huang’s and Kress’s public statements about

97
   A663.
98
   A675-76.
99
   A686.
                                           25
the Company’s ability to manage both its GPU inventory levels and sales channels

considering the increased demand in GPUs was a product of cryptocurrency demand

and not traditional gaming.”100

         In the pre-trial order and stipulation, the Stockholders sought “documents

(including email) from the period of August 2017 and November 2018 received or

authored by Huang and or any member of NVIDIA’s Board or Officers/senior

members of management relating to . . . the impact of cryptocurrency on the GPU

market,” “the Company’s sales of GPUs between August 2017 and November 2018”

and “the Company’s strategy with respect to cryptocurrency.”101 This request is

consistent with the request for those documents forming the basis of the Public

Statements, as all of the Public Statements relate to “the impact of cryptocurrency

on the GPU market” and “the Company’s strategy with respect to cryptocurrency.”

But this request also is narrower because it identifies potential custodians of

responsive documents and shortens the time period in which those documents might

have been received or authored.

         In their post-trial brief, the Stockholders further narrowed their request by

identifying five specific categories of documents (the “Five Requests”):

               (1) sales data specifically identifying and quantifying
               global GeForce sales to cryptominers consolidated in a
               central database that Huang had access to; (2) documents

100
      A38.
101
      A791-92 (emphasis added).
                                           26
                 pertaining to quarterly internal meetings in which
                 NVIDIA’s vice presidents presented crypto specific
                 GeForce sales to Huang, particularly from Fisher, Alben,
                 and Tomassi, not dozens of insiders; (3) weekly reports
                 sent directly to Huang, at his request, detailing
                 cryptominers’ voracious demands for GeForce GPUs from
                 regions around the world; (4) usage data from a software
                 program bundled into the GeForce GPUs, called GeForce
                 Experience, which reflected how the processors were
                 being utilized by end users that was compiled in monthly
                 reports sent to Huang, and accessed by Kress; and (5)
                 weekly sales emails quantifying GeForce sales to
                 cryptominers in NVIDIA’s largest market in an internal
                 study.102

These categories of documents fall within the pre-trial order and stipulation’s request

for documents relating to “the impact of cryptocurrency on the GPU market” and

“the Company’s strategy with respect to cryptocurrency.” But based on information

learned in the Amended Securities Complaint, the Stockholders identified precise

topics, meetings, reports, data, and documents that relate to NVIDIA’s control of the

channel in light of the increase in cryptocurrency mining.

         As such, an examination of the Stockholders’ requests throughout litigation

reveals that they did not broaden their requests; instead, they consistently sought

those records and communications that formed the basis of the Public Statements.

102
      A881-82.
                                           27
And any changes to the Stockholders’ requests had the effect of narrowing exactly

which documents and records might fulfill that demand.103

       If a Section 220 plaintiff’s overarching request remains the same, the plaintiff

may narrow the scope of that request throughout litigation, if such narrowing does

not prejudice the defendant.104 Notably, the Company does not argue that it was

prejudiced by the Stockholders narrowing requests.

       The Company makes a final argument on this point that we are compelled to

address. The Company argues that the Stockholders’ improperly and constantly

changing requests confused the Court of Chancery and caused it to order the

production of records that do not exist.105 We disagree.

       As an initial matter, we reiterate that the Stockholders’ request was narrowed,

not broadened or completely changed, for the reasons stated above. Next, we note

that the Court of Chancery was far from confused. The Amended Securities

Complaint contains allegations from an anonymous former employee who “was

103
    We note that the Company faults the Stockholders for not identifying these specific
records from the outset. But the information that allowed the Stockholders to narrow its
requests was not available at the time of the Original Demand or the Consolidated Demand.
The Stockholders created their Five Requests based on information alleged in the Amended
Securities Complaint about (1) communications between Fisher and Huang regarding the
effect of cryptocurrency on the channel, as alleged by a former NVIDIA employee, and (2)
the Top 5 emails. The Amended Securities Complaint was not filed until May 2020, which
occurred after the Original and Consolidated Demands. In other words, the Company asks
us to rule that the Stockholders should have identified a specific set of records it did not
know existed until after it made its Original Demand. We decline to do so.
104
    See In re Facebook, Inc. Section 220 Litig., 2019 WL 2320842, at *18.
105
    Opening Br. 21-23.
                                            28
employed by NVIDIA for over 10 years as a Senior Account Manager in China

. . . .”106 The Amended Securities Complaint states that this former employee gave

“a presentation in March 2017 to other high-level NVIDIA executives—including

Fisher []—that emphasized the explosion of crypto-related sales of GeForce GPUs

in China and reported that sales to crypto miners had caused GeForce sales to almost

double in a short period. At this meeting, Fisher called crypto-related demand

‘dangerous.’”107 Moreover, the Amended Securities Complaint claims a close

relationship existed between Fisher and Huang:

             Huang and Kress had ready access to Fisher, whose office
             was no more than 100 yards from Huang’s, who met with
             Huang on a weekly basis, and who, as described above,
             received detailed crypto specific GeForce sales data on a
             weekly and quarterly basis, traveled to China to review the
             effect of crypto-related demand on GeForce sales, and
             commissioned a study that quantified sales to miners on a
             monthly basis in China and addressed how NVIDIA could
             exploit the trend.108

The Amended Securities Complaint then states that “[i]t is absurd to think that Fisher

did not relay this data to Huang or otherwise discuss the effect of crypto related

demand—which he deemed ‘dangerous’—on the Gaming segment, which was

NVIDIA’s most important business unit and the source of more than half of the

106
    A706.
107
    A767.
108
    Id.
                                         29
Company’s revenues.”109 Essentially, the Amended Securities Complaint stops a

hair short of alleging that Fisher told Huang about the “dangerous” effect of crypto

mining on the channel. Given the allegations in the Amended Securities Complaint,

it was reasonable for the Court of Chancery to infer that Fisher and Huang

communicated about topics detailed in the Five Requests.

       Moreover, it is likely because the court makes this inference that the court’s

order only requires the production of communications between Huang and Fisher to

the extent they exist: “communications about the statements Fisher is alleged in [the

Amended Securities Complaint] to have made to Huang, if any . . . .”110

       Thus, the Court of Chancery was not confused by the Stockholders’ request

and did not err in determining that the Stockholders’ Five Topics request narrowed

their original request.111

       C.     Although Sufficiently Reliable Hearsay Is Admissible in a Section
              220 Action, the Court of Chancery Erred by Allowing Stockholders
              to Establish Their Purpose with Hearsay Evidence in This Case

       In its opinion, the Court of Chancery held that that the Stockholders could

establish a proper purpose through hearsay statements contained in their demand

109
    A767-68.
110
    Ex. B at 3.
111
    The Company also alleges that the Court of Chancery erred in ordering the production
of documents that the Stockholders did not request in their complaint or pre-litigation
demands. Given our holding that the Five Requests are encompassed within the pre-
litigation demands, we need not address this argument.
                                          30
letters and interrogatory responses. In coming to this conclusion, the court first

analyzed the nature of Section 220 actions, noting that the statute imposes form and

manner requirements and gives the Court of Chancery discretion to resolve such

actions as summary proceedings.112 The court then observed that “[s]ummary

proceedings are a special type of proceeding under Delaware law. Delaware courts

have interpreted the statutory designation to mean[] that judges should aim to resolve

the action ‘expeditiously,’ as our high court explained in AmerisourceBergen.”113

The court noted that requiring Section 220 plaintiffs to establish a proper purpose

without hearsay, absent a stipulation to proceed on a paper record, would amount to

a requirement that all Section 220 plaintiffs testify live at trial, resulting in

“inefficiency in the process.”114 The court then held that the Original Demands are

sufficient to establish a proper purpose because they state that the Stockholders want

to investigate possible wrongdoing, comply with the form and manner requirements,

are made under oath and under penalty of perjury, and are accompanied by power of

attorney.115

       The Company argues that the Court of Chancery erred in allowing the

Stockholders to establish a proper purpose with their demand letters and

112
    Ex. A at 20.
113
    Id.
114
    Ex. A at 23-24.
115
    Id. at 24-25.
                                         31
interrogatory responses because those pieces of evidence are inadmissible

hearsay.116 And because the Delaware Uniform Rules of Evidence apply in all

actions and proceedings in Delaware courts, without an exception for Section 220

proceedings, the court erred in accepting inadmissible hearsay as competent

evidence of a proper purpose.117 The Company also argues that requiring live

testimony from Section 220 plaintiffs would not result in any meaningful delay; but

even if inefficiencies were a legitimate concern, the Company contends that is no

justification to set aside the rules of evidence.118 The Company further avers that the

inadmissible hearsay was no longer reliable evidence of Stockholders’ purpose

because “trial occurred about 19 months after [Stockholders] identified their purpose

in their [Original] Demands” and, during that time, “NVIDIA’s stock price more

than doubled, and the channel inventory issue had proven to be short-lived.”119

      In response, the Stockholders argue that Delaware case law permits the use of

hearsay in a Section 220 proceeding so long as the hearsay is sufficiently reliable.120

The Stockholders add that Delaware case law “imposes no . . . limitation on the

ways sufficiently reliable hearsay may be used in a books and records

116
    Opening Br. 25-30.
117
    Id. at 26.
118
    Id. at 28.
119
    Id. at 30.
120
    Answering Br. 27-30.
                                          32
proceeding.”121      The Stockholders then aver that the Original Demands are

sufficiently reliable because they are made under penalty of perjury and that their

verified complaint, which restated their purpose, was notarized and attested to the

correctness and truthfulness of the filing.122 The Stockholders contend that because

they submitted multiple sworn statements of their proper purpose, their burden was

satisfied and that the Company now carries the burden of proving that their purpose

was not proper.123

       Delaware Uniform Rules of Evidence, Rule 1101(a) provides that the Rules

of Evidence “apply to all actions and proceedings in all the courts of [Delaware].”

Rule 1101(b) outlines exceptions, but no one argues that those exceptions apply here.

Rule 801(c) defines hearsay as a statement that “the declarant does not make while

testifying at the current trial or hearing” and that “a party offers in evidence to prove

the truth of the matter asserted in the statement.”124 The parties agree that the

Stockholders’ statements of a proper purpose, which are made in the Original

Demands and the interrogatories, are out-of-court statements. They also agree that

the statements are offered for the truth of the matter asserted—that the Stockholders

want the documents for the purpose of investigating wrongdoing. Thus, the parties

121
    Id. at 28.
122
    Id. at 30-31.
123
    Id. at 31-32.
124
    D.R.E. 801(c).
                                           33
agree that the statements at issue are hearsay. Rule 802 provides that “[h]earsay is

not admissible except as provided by law or by the[] Rules.” The parties do not

argue that any exception provided in the Rules applies here. Thus, the parties agree

that, under the plain language of the Rules, the Original Demands and interrogatories

are not admissible to show the stockholder’s proper purpose. The parties dispute,

however, whether there is (or should be) an exception, by law, that would permit the

Stockholders to rely on hearsay evidence in a books and records action to establish

a proper purpose.

      To answer this question, the parties focus on a line of cases from the Court of

Chancery (stretching back for at least eighteen years) that holds that hearsay is

admissible in books and records litigation to show that a credible basis to infer

wrongdoing exists.125 These cases rely on this Court’s ruling in Thomas & Betts

125
   Opening Br. 25-28; Answering Br. 27-30; see Amalgamated Bank v. Yahoo! Inc., 132
A.3d 752, 778 (Del. Ch. 2016); accord Gross v. Biogen Inc., 2021 WL 1399282, at *9
(Del. Ch. Apr. 14, 2021); Jacob v. Bloom Energy Corp., 2021 WL 733438, at *1 n.10 (Del.
Ch. Feb. 25, 2021); Georgia Notes 18, LLC v. Net Element, Inc., No. 2021-0246-JRS, at
*7-8 (Del. Ch. Aug. 31, 2021); Pettry v. Gilead Sciences, Inc., 2020 WL 6870461, at *11
(Del. Ch. Nov. 24, 2020); Woods Tr. of Avery L. Woods Tr. v. Sahara Enters., Inc., 238
A.3d 879, 894 (Del. Ch. 2020); Brown v. Empire Resorts, No. 2019-0908-KSJM, at *35
(Del. Ch. Feb. 20, 2020); Lapetus Cap. II LLC v. Verso Corp., No. 2019-1040-KSJM, at
*21 (Del. Ch. Jan. 17, 2020); AmerisourceBergen Corp., 2020 WL 132752, at *8 (Del. Ch.
Jan. 13, 2020), aff’d, 243 A.3d 417 (Del. 2020); Bucks Cnty. Emps. Ret. Fund v. CBS Corp.,
2019 WL 6311106, at *2 n.14 (Del. Ch. Nov. 25, 2019); Southeastern Pa. Transp. Auth. v.
Facebook, Inc., 2019 WL 5579488, at *2 n.7 (Del. Ch. Oct. 29, 2019); In re Facebook,
Inc. Section 220 Litig., 2019 WL 2320842, at *2 n.10; In re UnitedHealth Grp., Inc. Section
220 Litig., 2018 WL 1110849, at *6 (Del. Ch. Feb. 28, 2018), aff’d, 196 A.3d 885 (Table)
(Del. 2018); In re Plains All Am. Pipeline, L.P., 2017 WL 6016570, at *2 (Del. Ch. Aug.
8, 2017); Elow v. Express Scripts Holding Co., 2017 WL 2352151, at *5 (Del. Ch. May
                                            34
Corp. v. Leviton Mfg. Co., Inc.126 The Court of Chancery has interpreted that case

as refusing to accept hearsay in a Section 220 action to show a credible basis because

it was “unreliable.”127 Thus, the argument goes, if hearsay is sufficiently reliable, it

can be used to show a credible basis.

      In Thomas & Betts, the plaintiff corporation, Thomas & Betts, desired to either

acquire or pursue a joint venture with the defendant corporation, Leviton.128 After

preliminary negotiations proved unfruitful, the plaintiff purchased a 29.1 percent

stake in Leviton from one of Leviton’s employees and former group vice president,

Thomas Blumberg.129       Blumberg also provided the plaintiff with confidential

internal Leviton documents and disclosed information about Leviton’s internal

strategies and accounting figures.130 After the plaintiff acquired a minority stake in

Leviton, it attempted to negotiate an amicable working relationship with Leviton,

which was rebuffed.131 At that point, the plaintiff served the defendant with a

demand seeking inspection of ten categories of documents.132 The plaintiff then

31, 2017); Walther v. ITT Educ. Servs., Inc., 2015 WL 545331, at *6 (Del. Ch. Feb. 10,
2015); Paul v. China MediaExpress Holdings, Inc., 2012 WL 28818, at *5 (Del. Ch. Jan.
5, 2012); Troy Corp. v. Schoon, 959 A.2d 1130, 1135 (Del. Ch. 2008); Marmon v. Arbinet-
Thexchange, Inc., 2004 WL 936512, at *4 (Del. Ch. Apr. 28, 2004).
126
    681 A.2d 1026 (Del. 1996).
127
    Yahoo! Inc., 132 A.3d at 778.
128
    Thomas & Betts, 681 A.2d at 1028.
129
    Id. at 1028-29.
130
    Id. at 1029.
131
    Id.
132
    Id.
                                          35
offered, yet again, to buy the remainder of Leviton’s shares, threatening litigation if

the final offer was rejected.133    Leviton refused the offer and the inspection

demand.134 The plaintiff then filed a Section 220 action seeking to compel inspection

of the defendant’s books and records, stating that its purpose was to investigate waste

and mismanagement. To show a credible basis for its purpose, the plaintiffs offered

witness testimony from its own employees who relayed the discussions they had

with Blumberg regarding Leviton’s accounting mismanagement.135              The court

characterized these statements as hearsay.136

       The Court of Chancery denied the plaintiff’s request for two reasons: (1) the

plaintiff was not motivated by its stated purpose, but was actually attempting to

acquire Leviton; and (2) the plaintiff did not show a credible basis for

mismanagement because it did not meet a “greater-than-normal evidentiary

burden.”137 On appeal, the plaintiff argued that the Court of Chancery applied the

wrong legal standard for showing a credible basis and that the Court of Chancery

incorrectly determined that the testimonial evidence presented to show a credible

basis was hearsay.138

133
    Id.
134
    Id.
135
    Id. at 1031.
136
    Id.
137
    Id. at 1030-31.
138
    Id. at 1031.
                                          36
      On appeal, the Supreme Court held that the Court of Chancery correctly

determined that the testimony contained hearsay, but the Supreme Court held that

the Court of Chancery applied the wrong legal standard. Applying the correct legal

standard and addressing the hearsay evidence, the Court reasoned that “as the trial

court found, Blumberg was actively engaged in the process of defecting to the

Thomas & Betts camp. Statements made in this context lack independent guarantees

of trustworthiness and are inherently unreliable.”139 The Court then noted that

“[m]ore significantly, the trial court did not exclude this testimony. Rather, the Vice

Chancellor heard the testimony and found it unworthy of belief. In this posture,

plaintiff’s evidentiary objections carry little weight.”140

      Next, the Court considered another Court of Chancery case that it determined

admitted hearsay testimony in the context of examining the purpose of the demand.

The Court stated, “Similarly, Thomas & Betts’ citation to Skoglund v. Ormand

Industries is unavailing . . . . As in the case at bar, the Skoglund court allowed

hearsay testimony regarding statements made by a corporate insider. Unlike the

instant case, however, the trial court in Skoglund chose to credit that testimony as

worthy of belief.” 141 Thus, the Court ruled that the hearsay evidence in Thomas &

Betts could not be used, not because it was inadmissible hearsay, but because it was

139
    Id.
140
    Id.at 1032 (emphasis added).
141
    Id.at 1032 (citing Skoglund v. Ormand Indus., Inc., 372 A.2d 204 (Del. Ch. 1976).
                                           37
unreliable. Stated differently, when faced with a direct question regarding the

admissibility of hearsay evidence in a books and records action, the Court examined

two cases, one that considered the hearsay evidence in the context of examining the

stockholder’s purpose and one that did not consider the hearsay evidence in the

context of examining the credible basis. The Court then ruled that the analysis

regarding admissibility turned, not on the fact that the testimony was inadmissible

hearsay, but instead on the reliability of the evidence.

      Thus, it appears to us, that this Court, twenty-six years ago, created an

exception in the 220 context that allows the use of sufficiently reliable hearsay in

books and records actions. The Court of Chancery has applied this exception many

times since that ruling. That this exception encompasses more than just the credible

basis context seems inherent in this Court’s reference to Skoglund, a case in which

sufficiently reliable hearsay was permitted to show the stockholder’s purpose. In

laying out the hearsay exception for showing a credible basis, this Court noted that

it was ruling differently than Skoglund because of the reliability of the hearsay—not

because of what the hearsay was being used to show. If this Court wanted to limit

the hearsay exception to the credible basis context, it would not have used Skoglund

approvingly as a point of comparison. As such, it appears to us that Thomas & Betts

has provided an answer to the hearsay issue: hearsay is admissible in a Section 220

proceeding when that hearsay is sufficiently reliable.

                                          38
      We note that the Company does not argue that Thomas & Betts was wrongly

decided and does not ask us to revisit that decision. The Company does not argue

that the numerous cases since Thomas & Betts that hold that hearsay is admissible

in 220 actions are wrongly decided.142 Instead, the Company argues that the

Chancery cases relying on Thomas & Betts should not be extended to apply to the

proper purpose requirement. However, as mentioned above, Thomas & Betts stands

for the proposition that hearsay is admissible in a Section 220 action if it is

sufficiently reliable; and the ruling does not appear to be limited to the credible basis

context. We are not inclined to reconsider Thomas & Betts when neither party has

asked us to do so. Moreover, because overruling precedent requires a complex

analysis that involves consideration of factors such as reliance interests, the

142
    See e.g. Yahoo! Inc., 132 A.3d at 778; accord Biogen Inc., 2021 WL 1399282, at *9;
Bloom Energy Corp., 2021 WL 733438, at *1 n.10; Georgia Notes 18, LLC, No. 2021-
0246-JRS, at *7-8; Gilead Sciences, Inc., 2020 WL 6870461, at *11; Woods Tr. of Avery
L. Woods Tr., 238 A.3d at 894; Empire Resorts, No. 2019-0908-KSJM, at *35; Lapetus
Cap. II LLC, No. 2019-1040-KSJM, at *21; AmerisourceBergen Corp., 2020 WL 132752,
at *8, aff’d, 243 A.3d 417 (Del. 2020); Bucks Cnty. Emps. Ret. Fund, 2019 WL 6311106,
at *2 n.14; Southeastern Pa. Transp. Auth., 2019 WL 5579488, at *2 n.7; In re Facebook,
Inc. Section 220 Litig., 2019 WL 2320842, at *2 n.10; In re UnitedHealth Grp., Inc. Section
220 Litig., 2018 WL 1110849, at *6, aff’d, 196 A.3d 885 (Table) (Del. 2018); In re Plains
All Am. Pipeline, L.P., 2017 WL 6016570, at *2; Elow v. Express Scripts Holding Co.,
2017 WL 2352151, at *5; ITT Educ. Servs., Inc., 2015 WL 545331, at *6; China
MediaExpress Holdings, Inc., 2012 WL 28818, at *5; Schoon, 959 A.2d at 1135; Arbinet-
Thexchange, Inc., 2004 WL 936512, at *4.
                                            39
workability of the precedent, and the age of the precedent,143 we decline to overrule

Thomas & Betts without proper briefing and arguments on those points.

      The Company next argues that even if a Section 220 plaintiff can rely on

sufficiently reliable hearsay to show a proper purpose, the evidence submitted here

should be excluded for two reasons: (1) the Stockholders deprived the Company of

its ability to test that purpose through cross-examination by using misleading tactics

as to their plans regarding witnesses; and (2) the evidence is unreliable.144

      It is established that a company in a Section 220 action has a right to depose

the stockholder.145 It is also clear that these depositions can be and often are used to

test the stockholder’s stated purpose.146 In this case, the Company asked the

Stockholders to provide a list of persons they intended to call as witnesses in order

for the Company to depose those persons identified.147 The Stockholders then

suggested that they were considering affidavits in lieu of live testimony; the

143
    See Brookfield Asset Mgmt., Inc. v. Rosson, 261 A.3d 1251, 1278 (Del. 2021) (laying
out the factors that should be considered when re-examining a question of law in a prior
case).
144
    Opening Br. 29-30.
145
    McCarthy v. Cablevision Sys. Corp., 2007 WL 1309399, at *1 (Del. Ch. Apr. 24, 2007)
(“Defendant is entitled to depose the plaintiff in a § 220 proceeding, unless there is
evidence of abuse of process, alternative means of equivalent discovery, or improper
delay.”); see Arbitrium Handels AG v. Technicorp Int’l II, Inc., 1994 WL 89017, at *1
(Del. Ch. Feb. 4, 1994).
146
    See Meltzer v. CNET Networks, Inc., 2007 WL 2593065, at *2 (Del. Ch. Sept. 6, 2007)
(“For similar reasons, CNET must also be permitted to ask plaintiffs questions about their
purpose for bringing this action.”).
147
    A787.
                                           40
Company did not agree. Instead, the Company stated that it would need to first see

the affidavits in order to decide, yet again, whether to depose the affiants.148 The

Stockholders, however, failed to identify any witnesses by the deadline articulated

in the scheduling order.149 The Stockholders also failed to produce any affidavits for

the Company’s review.150 Eight days after the deadline to identify trial witnesses,

and only in response to an email from the Company alleging that the Stockholders

could not “meet [their] burden of proof without testimony,” the Stockholders

responded to the Company’s email by suggesting that they would discuss the

Company taking the deposition testimony of certain Stockholders.151 At that point,

the Company made the strategic decision to raise the issue to the Court of

Chancery.152

      The hearsay exception articulated above inures to the benefit of Section 220

plaintiffs. That benefit, however, should not be abused. Plaintiffs in a Section 220

proceeding must be upfront about their plans regarding witnesses.                Such

transparency ensures that companies can choose whether to depose the stockholders

during discovery or call the stockholders as witnesses at trial. Here, the Stockholders

deprived the Company of the ability to test the Stockholders’ stated purpose by

148
    A788.
149
    A788-93.
150
    A788.
151
    A801.
152
    A801-02.
                                          41
refusing to cooperate with the Company regarding the identification of trial

witnesses or affiants. This type of behavior creates the potential for gamesmanship,

which should be discouraged. If stockholders are going to introduce sufficiently

reliable hearsay to establish a proper purpose, they must communicate honestly and

early with companies regarding their intent so as to allow companies to decide

whether to depose the stockholders or to identify their own witnesses for trial.

         This concern is especially critical here because the Company raised reasons

to doubt the reliability of the evidence of the Stockholders’ purpose. As the

Company stated, “trial occurred about 19 months after [the Stockholders] identified

their purpose in their [Original Demands]. During that time, NVIDIA’s stock price

more than doubled, and the channel inventory issue had proven to be short-lived.”153

Although the Company points to these facts and challenges the reliability of the

hearsay, we need not decide that particular issue because we hold that a stockholder

cannot hide its intent to rely on demands in what appears to be an effort to deprive

the company of its right to examine the stockholder through depositions or

otherwise.

         Therefore, we reverse the Court of Chancery’s holding that the Stockholders

could show a proper purpose by relying on the Original Demands and

interrogatories—not because sufficiently reliable hearsay may not be used to show

153
      Opening Br. at 30.
                                          42
a proper purpose but because the Stockholders deprived the Company of its ability

to test that purpose through depositions or otherwise—and remand for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.           Because we have found that the

Stockholders deprived the Company of its ability to test the Stockholders’ purpose,

requiring a remand, we need not address the remaining arguments. Nonetheless, we

do so in the interest of efficiency on remand.

         D.     The Court of Chancery Did Not Err by Concluding That the
                Stockholders Proved a Credible Basis to Infer Wrongdoing

         The Stockholders relied on the following evidence to show a credible basis

from which to infer wrongdoing: (1) NVIDIA’s response to the cryptocurrency

demand, (2) the Public Statements, (3) the sale of personally held stock by Huang,

Kress, and other NVIDIA insiders, (4) NVIDIA’s revision of its revenue guidelines,

and (5) the Securities Class Action.154 The Court of Chancery grouped the evidence

into the following three categories: (1) false or misleading public statements, (2) the

securities litigation, and (3) insider stock sales.155

         The Company argues that the Court of Chancery erred in holding that the

Stockholders established a credible basis to suspect wrongdoing because none of the

Stockholders’ evidence, individually or collectively, is enough to infer an insider

154
      Ex. A at 28.
155
      Id.
                                            43
trading scheme.156 As it relates to the stock sales, NVIDIA argues that the sales were

not suspicious given the small amount of stock sold and the fact that the sales were

made pursuant to 10b-5 plans.157 As to the Securities Class Action, the Company

alleges that it cannot be used to infer wrongdoing because it did not contain

allegations about insider trading.158 And as to the Public Statements, the Company

contends that they do not give rise to an inference of wrongdoing because they are

either forward-looking, objectively accurate, or immaterial.159

       In response, the Stockholders argue that the court correctly determined that

they needed to show a credible basis to infer wrongdoing or mismanagement, not

just insider trading.160     Thus, they contend, NVIDIA improperly “limits the

reasoning of the Court of Chancery to a single purpose and to a specific iron-clad

theory of NVIDIA’s wrongdoing.”161 The Stockholders aver, and the Court of

Chancery agreed, that the court could infer that the timing and size of the stock sales

were suspicious, despite being made pursuant to a 10b-5 plan.162 The Stockholders

argue, and the lower court agreed, that the Public Statements, when viewed in light

of other circumstances—such as Huang and Kress’ unfulfilled projections

156
    Opening Br. 31-32.
157
    Id. at 33-35.
158
    Id. at 36-38.
159
    Id. at 39-42.
160
    Answering Br. 36-37.
161
    Id. at 37.
162
    Id. at 39-41; Ex. A at 32-34.
                                          44
concerning NVIDIA’s ability to meet mining demands, the inventory backlog, and

the stock sales—support an inference of wrongdoing.163 Finally, the Stockholders

argue, and the Court of Chancery agreed, that the Amended Securities Complaint

supports an inference of wrongdoing because it alleges that Huang and Kress were

aware of the discrepancy in demand between Crypto GPUs and Gaming GPUs.164

      In holding that the Stockholders met the low burden of showing a credible

basis from which to infer the possibility of wrongdoing, the court weighed the

evidence collectively, noting:

             At this stage, I must simply be able to “connect the dots”
             in order to be able to reasonably infer the possibility of
             wrongdoing. As this Court held in Sprouts, considering
             [Stockholders] have presented evidence of insider stock
             sales, public statements that may have been false or
             misleading, and concurrent securities litigation that is
             bolstered by allegations supported by ample research, I
             can connect the dots here regarding the picture that
             [Stockholders] seek to portray of a possible insider trading
             scheme at NVIDIA.165

      The Stockholders’ asserted purpose for seeking books and records is to

investigate wrongdoing or mismanagement.166 “[I]nvestigating corporate waste,

mismanagement, or wrongdoing is a proper purpose for which to demand inspection

163
    Answering Br. at 41-43; Ex. A at 28-30.
164
    Answering Br. at 43-45; Ex. A at 30-32.
165
    Ex. A at 34 (citing Barnes v. Sprouts Farmers Mkt., Inc., 2018 WL 3471351 (Del. Ch.
Jul. 18, 2018).
166
    A114.
                                          45
of books and records.”167 “[A] stockholder whose stated purpose is investigating

mismanagement must provide ‘some evidence’ to suggest a ‘credible basis’ from

which this Court may infer possible mismanagement, waste, or wrongdoing may

have occurred.”168 This standard does not require stockholders to show actual waste

or mismanagement.169 “Stockholders need only show, by a preponderance of the

evidence, a credible basis from which the Court of Chancery can infer there is

possible mismanagement that would warrant further investigation . . . .”170 The

credible basis “threshold may be satisfied by a credible showing, through

documents, logic, testimony or otherwise, that there are legitimate issues of

wrongdoing.”171 It is “the lowest possible burden of proof” under Delaware law.172

      As an initial matter, we disagree with the Company that the Court of Chancery

should have determined whether Stockholders showed a credible basis solely on the

grounds of insider trading. When showing a credible basis for possible wrongdoing,

Section 220 plaintiffs are not confined to a single theory and “need not identify the

particular course of action the stockholder will take . . . .”173

167
    Beatrice Corwin Living Irrevocable Tr. v. Pfizer, Inc., 2016 WL 4548101, at *4 (Del.
Ch. Aug. 31, 2016).
168
    Id. (quoting Seinfeld v. Verizon Commc’ns, Inc., 909 A.2d 117, 118 (Del. 2006)).
169
    Seinfeld, 909 A.2d at 123.
170
    Id.
171
    Id. (quoting Sec. First Corp. v. U.S. Die Casting & Dev. Co., 687 A.2d 563, 568 (Del.
1997)).
172
    Id.
173
    AmerisourceBergen, 243 A.3d at 421.
                                            46
      Further, while each category of evidence individually might not be sufficient

to establish a credible basis to suspect wrongdoing, when viewed collectively, we

cannot conclude that the Court of Chancery abused its discretion in determining that

the Stockholders established a credible basis for inspection. When the Public

Statements are overlaid on the stock sales and viewed in light of the allegations from

the Amended Securities Complaint—that Huang and Kress were given data

informing them of the incongruity in the demand between Crypto GPUs and Gaming

GPUs—it is possible to infer that Huang and Kress knowingly made false or

misleading statements that boosted NVIDIA’s stock price shortly before selling

stock. In other words, when looking at the Public Statements, stock sales, and the

Amended Securities Complaint collectively, we cannot conclude that the Court of

Chancery erred. It did not abuse its discretion in determining that the Stockholders

sufficiently showed that Huang and Kress were informed that there would be a lack

of demand for Gaming GPUs after the crypto mining boost and used that information

to bolster NVIDIA stock prices by making false or misleading statements about the

demand for Gaming GPUs before selling stock at the bolstered stock price. While

this evidence likely would fall far short of that necessary to support an actual claim,

we cannot say that it is insufficient to meet the lowest possible burden of proof—a

credible basis from which the Court of Chancery can infer there is possible

mismanagement that would warrant further investigation.

                                          47
       Thus, we affirm the Court of Chancery’s holding that the Stockholders

properly demonstrated a credible basis for inspection.

       E.     The Court of Chancery Did Not Err in Determining That the
              Records Ordered to Be Produced Are Essential and Sufficient to
              the Stockholders’ Stated Purpose

       NVIDIA argues that even if the Stockholders have properly narrowed the

scope of their requests, “there is no evidentiary basis for finding that [the court’s

ordered] documents are ‘necessary, essential and sufficient’ for [Stockholders’]

stated purpose.”174

       A Section 220 plaintiff’s right to inspection is limited to those records that are

“‘essential and sufficient to the stockholder’s stated purpose.’”175                 “That

determination is “‘fact specific and will necessarily depend on the context in which

the shareholder’s inspection demand arises.’”176 “The plaintiff bears the burden of

proving that each category of books and records is essential to the accomplishment

of the stockholder’s articulated purpose for the inspection.”177 “A document is

“essential” for Section 220 purposes if, at a minimum, it addresses the crux of the

174
    Ex. A at 23. The Company also avers that it was error for the Court of Chancery to
order NVIDIA to produce documents that the Stockholders did not request prior to
litigation. In other words, the Company believes that the scope of relief granted by the
Court of Chancery exceeds the Original Demands. Given our holding that the Stockholders
did not reformulate their requests throughout litigation, we need not address this argument.
175
     KT4 Partners LLC, 203 A.3d at 752 (Del. 2019) (quoting Thomas & Betts Corp. v.
Leviton Mfg. Co., Inc., 681 A.2d 1026, 1034 (Del. 1996)).
176
    Id. at 751 (quoting Espinoza v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 32 A.3d 365, 372 (Del. 2011)).
177
    Sec. First Corp. v. U.S. Die Casting & Dev. Co., 687 A.2d 563, 569 (Del. 1997).
                                            48
stockholder’s purpose, and if the essential information the document contains is

unavailable from another source.”178 “Keeping in mind that Section 220 inspections

are not tantamount to ‘comprehensive discovery,’ the Court of Chancery must tailor

its order for inspection . . . . In other words, the court must give the petitioner

everything that is ‘essential,’ but stop at what is ‘sufficient.’” 179 This Court, in

reviewing the Court of Chancery’s scope of relief, will only reverse the court’s order

if it is an abuse of discretion.180 And “[w]hether any Informal Board Materials or

Officer-Level Materials [or emails] are necessary and essential awaits the Court of

Chancery’s ‘fact specific’ determination, which is committed to the court’s sound

discretion.”181

      In determining whether the Stockholders’ request was essential and sufficient,

the Court of Chancery first detailed the Five Requests demanded by the

Stockholders.182 The court then identified the three types of records the Stockholders

sought to cover: “formal board materials, informal board materials and officer-level

materials, and electronic communications that might cross those categories . . . .”183

178
    Espinoza, 32 A.3d at 371-72 (Del. 2011).
179
    KT4 Partners, 203 A.3d at 751-52.
180
    AmerisourceBergen, 243 A.3d at 425 (citing Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Ind. Elec. Workers
Trust Fund IBEW, 95 A.3d 1264, 1272 (Del. 2014)).
181
    AmerisourceBergen, 243 A.3d at 439.
182
    Ex. A at 35-36.
183
    Id.
                                           49
       The court next noted that even though NVIDIA produced all formal board

materials relating to the covered topics, informal board materials and officer-level

materials relating to Huang’s communications with Fisher were necessary because

of specific and concrete allegations in the Amended Securities Complaint that Huang

and Fisher communicated about cryptocurrency and its impact on NVIDIA—the

subject matter of the Stockholders’ request.184 Thus, the court found that any

documents reflecting these communications, as alleged in the Amended Securities

Complaint, were “necessary and essential because they address the crux of the

[Stockholders’] purposes and they are unavailable from any other source.”185 The

court next held that the production of certain emails, the Top 5 emails, was necessary

and essential because the Stockholders presented evidence suggesting that Huang

and Kress received and responded to emails that covered the requested topics.186 In

particular, the court noted that the Top 5 emails detailed in the Amended Securities

Complaint covered the impact of crypto-related demand on NVIDIA’s sales in

various markets, which is encompassed by the topics from the Five Requests:

               In particular, the Amended Securities Complaint lists the
               “Top 5” emails sent to NVIDIA executives that detailed
               NVIDIA’s performance in various markets, as well as
               weekly Gaming GPU sales reports sent to NVIDIA
               executives. . . . I view this as a discrete category, these
               emails that Huang and Kress supposedly sent, the Top 5

184
    Id. at 38-40.
185
    Id. at 40.
186
    Id. at 42.
                                           50
              emails sent to NVIDIA executives, that would be easily
              gathered, cover the topics, and seem, to me, necessary and
              essential to meet the [Stockholders’] stated purposes.187

        Thus, because both categories of the ordered documents derive from the

evidence presented by the Stockholders and directly relate to the topics detailed in

the Five Requests, the record does not support NVIDIA’s assertion that the

production order fails to satisfy the “essential and sufficient” standard. “Whether

any Informal Board Materials or Officer-Level Materials [or emails] are necessary

and essential awaits the Court of Chancery’s ‘fact specific’ determination, which is

committed to the court’s sound discretion.”188 As such, we cannot hold that the court

erred in ordering the production of those records.

        Thus, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Chancery on this issue.

      IV.   CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM in part, REVERSE in part, and

REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

187
    Id. at 43 (emphasis added). We also note that even though the Stockholders did not
request the Top 5 emails by name until the settlement demand, it was not abuse of
discretion for the court to determine that the Top 5 emails fit the description of one or more
categories of records from the Five Requests. Thus, the Court of Chancery did not abuse
its discretion in ordering the Company to produce these documents.
188
    AmerisourceBergen, 243 A.3d at 439.
                                             51
TRAYNOR, Justice, concurring:

       I concur in the Majority’s conclusion that the Court of Chancery erred by

allowing the Stockholders to prove that their purpose was proper relying exclusively

on the hearsay statements in the Original Demand. I write separately nevertheless

because I harbor serious misgivings about the Majority’s statement, grounded in our

Thomas & Betts opinion, that “hearsay is admissible in a Section 220 proceeding

when that hearsay is sufficiently reliable.”

       In the first place, this rule statement seems to run counter to—if not, around

in circles with—the underlying purpose of the rule against hearsay, which is the

exclusion of inherently unreliable evidence.1        It seems questionable to me that the

rule against hearsay, premised as it is on hearsay’s perceived unreliability, should

give way—absent a rule-based hearsay exception—to ad hoc reliability

determinations.

       I also believe that Thomas & Betts’s hearsay analysis rests on a shaky

foundation.2 A crucial aspect of that analysis was that the challenged testimony was

1
  Admittedly, and as one learned treatise puts it, “the unreliability of hearsay can be easily
overstated.” 10 McCormick on Evidence § 245 (8th ed. Jan. 2020). But it remains the
case that out-of-court statements offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted are not
subject to cross-examination—“the greatest legal engine ever invented for the discovery of
truth,” according to Wigmore—and, for this reason, their reliability is suspect. 5 Wigmore
on Evidence § 1367, at 32.
2
  Despite my questions concerning the soundness of Thomas & Betts’s hearsay analysis,
which I believe are worth asking in this concurring opinion, I cannot take serious issue
with the Majority’s forbearance from reconsidering that opinion given that neither party
has asked us to do so.
                                             52
offered to show that there was a credible basis to suspect waste or mismanagement,

i.e., wrongdoing. In my view, the analysis took a wrong turn when it observed that

“various Thomas & Betts insiders sought to prove that waste and mismanagement

had occurred at Leviton by testifying to the substance of statements made by

Blumberg during his negotiations with Thomas & Betts.”3 But a Section 220

petitioner who has made an investigative demand is not required “to prove that waste

and mismanagement ha[s] occurred.” If she could do that, her need to inspect the

corporation’s books and records would be diminished, if not eliminated.

         Similar to when a court evaluates a police officer’s probable cause to search,

the issue to be decided in a Section 220 proceeding, the purpose of which is to seek

books and records in furtherance of an investigation of wrongdoing, is not whether

the wrongdoing has in fact occurred but whether sufficient evidence exists to justify

the investigation. The fact to be proved is not the suspected wrongdoing but rather

the reasonableness of the suspicion. Seen in this light, the out-of-court statements

typically offered to satisfy the “credible basis” prong are not offered to prove their

truth. Thus, they are not hearsay.

         Of course, saying that an out-of-court statement might be admissible to show

that there is a credible basis to infer wrongdoing that warrants further investigation

does not mean that the court cannot reject it—as the Court of Chancery did in

3
    681 A.2d at 1032.
                                           53
Thomas & Betts—as unreliable. But evidence of the stockholder’s purpose—the

context with which we are dealing here (unlike in Thomas & Betts)—stands on a

different footing. The issue to be decided in the “proper purpose” inquiry is

frequently whether the stockholder’s stated purpose is her actual purpose. As such,

the truth of the stockholder’s statement of purpose is squarely at issue.

      Another distinction between the “credible basis” analysis and the “proper

purpose” inquiry is worth noting. A stockholder who is not an officer or employee

of the corporation will rarely have first-hand knowledge of wrongdoing. Whatever

knowledge the stockholder might have will have been derived, in many cases, from

information communicated to him by others (e.g., analyst reports, newspaper

accounts, investigative reports from regulatory/law enforcement agencies,

whistleblowers). By contrast, the stockholder will always have knowledge of her

purpose because it is, after all, her purpose.

      For these reasons, I would hold that hearsay evidence is inadmissible to show

a stockholder’s purpose for an inspection of books and records under Section 220.

Such a rule would not, in my view, limit a stockholder’s ability to use out-of-court

statements to prove that there is a credible basis for her suspicion of wrongdoing.

                                           54