Court Opinion

ID: 4618999
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 02:39:45.376395+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:59:33.529167
License: Public Domain

Estate of Jean S. Alexander, Raymond T. Zillmer, Administrator c. t. a., Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent.  First Wisconsin Trust Company, Transferee, Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent.  Elsie D. Kipp, Transferee, Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, RespondentAlexander v. CommissionerDocket Nos. 38977, 41122, 41123United States Tax Court25 T.C. 600; 1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8; December 22, 1955, Filed 1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*8 Decision in Docket No. 38977 will be deferred.Decisions in Docket Nos. 41122 and 41123 will be entered under Rule 50.  1. Held, the estate is entitled to a deduction of $ 23,000 as support allowance under former section 812 (b) (5), I. R. C. 1939.2. Held, under the peculiar facts of this case the charitable deduction under section 812 (d), I. R. C. 1939, must be computed by the use of an "indirect method" which considers not only the possibility of invasion of the trust corpus but also all of the events by which the trust may terminate.  Charles E. Prieve, Esq., for the petitioners.Robert R. Veach, Esq., for the respondent.  Bruce, Judge.  BRUCE 25 T.C. 600">*600  The Commissioner has determined that Jean S. Alexander is liable under section 3467 of the Revised Statutes (31 U.S. C. sec. 192) for a deficiency of $ 11,419.34 in estate tax due from the Estate of Clarence F. Kipp, and he determined that Elsie D. Kipp and the First Wisconsin Trust Company were each liable for the same deficiency as transferees of property of the Estate of Clarence F. Kipp.  The Commissioner has made claim for an increased deficiency by an amended answer in which he claims that the deduction for a charitable bequest was overstated in determining the deficiency.Of the several adjustments made by respondent in determining the deficiency only three are in controversy.The issues for decision are:(1) Whether the sum of $ 23,000 paid in 23 monthly payments of $ 1,000 each by the executrix to Elsie D. Kipp allegedly as a widow's allowance is an allowable deduction under section 812 (b) (5) of the Internal1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*10  Revenue Code of 1939, in effect as of the pertinent date.(2) What amount is allowable as a charitable deduction under section 812 (d), Internal Revenue Code of 1939, one-half of the remainder of the testamentary trust being payable to the Milwaukee Foundation, a charitable organization.(3) Is Jean S. Alexander, deceased, represented by her personal representative in these proceedings at Docket No. 38977, personally liable for the deficiency, if any, in the estate tax due from the Estate of Clarence F. Kipp.25 T.C. 600">*601  Elsie D. Kipp and the First Wisconsin Trust Company have admitted liability as transferees for any deficiency herein determined.The parties have agreed that certain adjustments respecting Wisconsin inheritance taxes and additional attorneys' fees and expenses may be made upon recomputation under Rule 50.FINDINGS OF FACT.Some of the facts were stipulated and are so found.Petitioner Raymond T. Zillmer is the administrator c. t. a. of the Estate of Jean S. Alexander.  (For convenience hereinafter this petitioner will be referred to as Jean S. Alexander).  Jean S. Alexander was the executrix of the Estate of Clarence F. Kipp (hereinafter sometimes referred to as decedent), 1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*11  who died testate in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on October 11, 1947.  Petitioners Elsie D. Kipp and the First Wisconsin Trust Company are co-trustees of a trust under the will of Clarence F. Kipp.Jean S. Alexander was appointed executrix by the County Court of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, and served in that capacity until discharged on May 31, 1950.As executrix, Jean S. Alexander filed on January 10, 1949, an estate tax return for the Estate of Clarence F. Kipp with the collector of internal revenue for the district of Wisconsin.  Inserted on the lower half of the fifth page of a 47-page return, following detailed printed questions denominated "General Information" and printed instructions regarding "Optional Valuation," was the following typewritten paragraph:Application for Discharge.Pursuant to section 825 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code, the Executrix hereby makes application for immediate determination of the tax and discharge from personal liability therefor.Notice of liability under section 3467 of the Revised Statutes (31 U.S. C. sec. 192) was mailed to Jean S. Alexander on December 21, 1951.  Separate notices of liability as transferees1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*12  were mailed to the First Wisconsin Trust Company and to Elsie D. Kipp on the same day.At the time of his death Clarence F. Kipp left surviving him his widow, Elsie D. Kipp; his mother-in-law, Amanda Domsch; his sister Mildred K. Pollard; his nephew, Kipp O. Pritzlaff; and his close friend and secretary, Jean S. Alexander.Under the will of Clarence F. Kipp, admitted to probate on December 2, 1947, certain household furniture and an automobile (valued at $ 1,000) were left to Elsie D. Kipp.  In addition cash bequests, totaling $ 1,500, were paid by the executrix.The will provided further:25 T.C. 600">*602  Article IV.All the rest and residue of my estate, and estate over which at the time of my death I have any power of appointment, I bequeath and devise to Jean S. Alexander, as trustee in trust upon the trusts herein prescribed and defined, to take, receive, hold, administer, collect, invest, and reinvest said trust estate and collect and apply the assets, rents, issues, incomes, and profits thereof as herein prescribed:A. In the event of the death of my wife, Elsie D. Kipp, prior to the termination of this trust, my trustee or successor trustee shall pay to my mother-in-law, Amanda Domsch, 1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*13  the sum of Two Hundred Fifty Dollars ($ 250.00) per month, payable monthly and commencing with the date of my wife's death, as long as Amanda Domsch shall live or until the termination of this trust, as hereinafter provided, whichever is the shorter period, provided that if my wife elects to take the statutory allowance provided for a widow, this bequest in trust shall lapse.B. In the event that Jean S. Alexander, hereinafter named as my trustee, does not act as trustee or resigns as trustee at any time prior to the termination of this trust, my successor trustees shall pay to Jean S. Alexander, out of income as long as she shall live or until the termination of this trust, whichever is the shorter period, the sum of Eighteen Hundred Dollars ($ 1,800.00) per year.  Such payments shall be made quarterly and shall commence on the transfer of my estate by my executor to my successor trustees, or upon her resignation as trustee, in the event she acts as trustee; provided, however, that in the event Jean S. Alexander is living at the termination of this trust, as hereinafter provided, whether she is acting as trustee or has earlier resigned, my trustee or successor trustees shall purchase1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*14  for said Jean S. Alexander a single premium life annuity contract from a responsible insurance company, which annuity contract will guarantee to Jean S. Alexander, Eighteen Hundred Dollars ($ 1,800.00) per year as long as she shall live.C. My trustee or successor trustees shall pay to my wife, Elsie D. Kipp, as long as she shall live, and does not remarry, the net income remaining after the payment of the bequests provided in paragraph B of Article IV.  If such remaining net income does not at any time equal Six Hundred Dollars ($ 600.00) per month, then and in that event, an amount shall be paid out of principal which will, together with said remaining net income, equal Six Hundred Dollars ($ 600.00) per month.  Any amounts paid out of principal by reason of the remaining net income falling below Six Hundred Dollars ($ 600.00) per month, shall be restored to principal before payments of income in excess of Six Hundred Dollars ($ 600.00) per month shall be made to my wife, Elsie D. Kipp.Upon the remarriage of my wife, Elsie D. Kipp, the payments of income to her shall cease, and the trustee shall pay to her the sum of Twenty-five Thousand Dollars ($ 25,000.00).The payments herein1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*15  provided for my wife, Elsie D. Kipp, shall commence with the date of my death and shall be made monthly.In the event of the death or remarriage of my wife, Elsie D. Kipp, prior to the fortieth (40th) birthday of my nephew, Kipp O. Pritzlaff, my trustee or successor trustee shall pay the net income remaining after the payments required in paragraphs A and B of Article IV, to my sister, Mildred K. Pollard, if she be then living, until my nephew, Kipp O. Pritzlaff, reaches or would have reached the age of forty (40) years.  If the said remaining net income does not equal Five Hundred Dollars ($ 500.00) per month, then an amount shall 25 T.C. 600">*603  be paid out of principal which will, together with said remaining net income, equal Five Hundred Dollars ($ 500.00) per month.  Any amounts paid out of principal by reason of the said remaining net income falling below Five Hundred Dollars ($ 500.00) per month, shall be restored to principal before payments of income in excess of Five Hundred Dollars ($ 500.00) per month shall be paid to my sister.In the event of the death of my sister, Mildred K. Pollard, after the death or remarriage of my wife, Elsie D. Kipp, but prior to the fortieth (40th) 1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*16  birthday of my nephew, Kipp O. Pritzlaff, my trustee shall pay to my nephew, Kipp O. Pritzlaff, until he reaches the age of forty (40) years, the net income up to Five Hundred Dollars ($ 500.00) per month, remaining after the payments required in paragraphs A and B of Article IV.  It is my intent that said nephew receive not more than Five Hundred Dollars ($ 500.00) per month, regardless of the net income, and if the net income remaining after the payments required in paragraphs A and B of Article IV is less than Five Hundred Dollars ($ 500.00) per month, my nephew is to receive said net income, whatever it may be.In the event that my nephew, Kipp O. Pritzlaff, is dead, such payments shall be made to his lawful children, if any, until said nephew would have reached the age of forty (40) years.D. In the event my wife, Elsie D. Kipp, should elect to take the statutory allowance provided for a widow, the provisions contained in paragraphs A and C of Article IV shall fail and lapse.  All other provisions of this will, however, shall continue in full force and effect.My trustee or successor trustees shall pay the balance of the net income to my sister, Mildred K. Pollard, from the date1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*17  of my death until the termination of this trust, or until her death, whichever shall be the earlier event.In the event of the death of my sister, Mildred K. Pollard, prior to the termination of the trust, the balance of the net income shall be paid to my nephew, Kipp O. Pritzlaff, until he reaches the age of Forty (40) years.  If he shall die before reaching the age of forty (40) years, then my trustee or successor trustees shall pay the remaining net income to his lawful children, if there be any, until said nephew would have reached the age of forty (40) years.E. My trustee shall payJean Raine, daughter of my physician and friend, Dr. Forrester Raine.John W. Mason, son of my physician and friend, Dr. Elwood W. Mason.Robert J. Mason, son of my physician and friend, Dr. Elwood W. Mason.Nancy Pellette, daughter of my deceased friend, Arthur J. Pellette.John Pellette, son of my deceased friend, Arthur J. Pellette, out of principal as follows:To assist each of the foregoing individuals in obtaining a college or other post high-school education, each of them shall be paid, in the event he pursues such education, the following amounts: Three Hundred Seventy-five Dollars ($ 375.00) 1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*18  payable in advance for the first half-year; Three Hundred Seventy-five Dollars ($ 375.00) payable in advance for the second half-year; Three Hundred Seventy-five Dollars ($ 375.00) payable in advance for the first half of the second year; and Three Hundred Seventy-five Dollars ($ 375.00) payable in advance for the second half of the second year.Any payments which are made during my lifetime to assist any of the foregoing individuals in obtaining his post high-school education, shall be charged against his bequest. Payments made during my lifetime which I intend to be charges against the legacies to any of the foregoing individuals will be entered in my books of account under the heading "Inheritance Gifts."25 T.C. 600">*604  In the event any of the above individuals does not pursue a post high-school education or abandons such education before having received payments totaling Fifteen Hundred Dollars ($ 1,500.00) as above provided, such individual, or individuals, upon becoming twenty-four (24) years of age, shall receive such a sum as will, together with any payments theretofore made by me and/or my trustee, equal Fifteen Hundred Dollars ($ 1,500.00).In the event of the death of any one1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*19  or more of the recipients of the bequests in paragraph E of Article IV prior to their receiving all or a part of their bequest, the whole or the part of the bequest which has not been paid shall lapse.F. Termination of Trust.  This trust shall terminate upon the happening of the last of the following events: 1. Payment of the bequests as provided in paragraphs A and E of Article IV.2. The death or the remarriage of my wife, Elsie D. Kipp.3. My nephew, Kipp O. Pritzlaff, reaching the age of forty (40) years, or on his fortieth (40th) birthday if he be dead, leaving lawful children, or on the death of all said surviving children prior to said birthday.4. The death of my nephew, Kipp O. Pritzlaff, without lawful children, before reaching the age of forty (40) years, providing my wife, Elsie D. Kipp, is dead or has remarried, and providing my sister, Mildred K. Pollard, is dead.G. Division of Residue.  Upon the trust having terminated as heretofore set forth, one-half (1/2) of the residue shall be paid to my sister, Mildred K. Pollard, if she be then alive.  If she shall have died prior to the termination of the trust, then the one-half (1/2) of the residue shall go 1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*20  to my nephew, Kipp O. Pritzlaff, if he shall be then alive.  In the event of the death of my nephew, Kipp O. Pritzlaff, leaving lawful children, such lawful children shall take the share which he would have received if he had survived.* * * *The other one-half (1/2) of the residue shall be paid to First Wisconsin Trust Company in trust for "Milwaukee Foundation" as declared by resolution of the Board of Directors of Wisconsin Trust Company adopted May 24, 1915, to be held in trust for distribution of the income or of the principal to such Protestant charitable, medical, or educational institutions located within Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, as may be determined in the discretion of such charitable foundation. * * ** * * *Article VI.I hereby name Jean S. Alexander as trustee of the trusts herein created.  I have great confidence in the ability and judgment of Jean S. Alexander, and I direct that as long as she shall be trustee of the trusts created, she shall receive the sum of Thirty-six Hundred Dollars ($ 3,600.00) per year, payable monthly, as compensation for her services as trustee.In the event of the death, resignation, refusal, or inability to act of Jean S. Alexander, 1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*21  I direct that the First Wisconsin Trust Company, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and my wife, Elsie D. Kipp, be named as my successor trustees, without bond.  First Wisconsin Trust Company shall have as and for its trustee's fees the usual and customary fees allowed to a corporate trustee.In the event that my wife, Elsie D. Kipp, remarries, she shall cease to act as trustee, and the First Wisconsin Trust Company, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, shall act as sole trustee.The trustees were given the same broad investment powers that decedent would have if he were living.25 T.C. 600">*605  Elsie D. Kipp declined to take the statutory allowance provided for a widow and elected to take under the will.  The Milwaukee Foundation is a charitable organization within the meaning of section 812 (d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939.The gross estate of Clarence F. Kipp (valued as of the date of death of decedent) for Federal estate tax purposes is $ 316,715.45.  Included therein is jointly owned property of $ 30,000, insurance of $ 15,459.70 payable to the widow, and a widow's statutory selection of $ 1,075, leaving a total of $ 270,180.75 as the value of the property passing under the will.  The executrix paid1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*22  debts of decedent of $ 15,058.46, mortgages of $ 2,541.11, administration expenses of $ 17,053.74, and Wisconsin inheritance taxes of $ 10,752.15.A bank account for the estate was opened by the executrix on December 4, 1947, by transferring to the estate the accounts previously in decedent's name.  All receipts during the period of administration (totaling $ 152,263.59) from income, loans, and sales of assets were deposited in the one account.  The total income (dividends and interest) for the period amounted to $ 32,943.99.  All disbursements, including a widow's support allowance, were charged to this account.The County Court on September 16, 1948, ordered the executrix to pay Elsie D. Kipp, decedent's widow, $ 1,000 per month (which amount was reasonable) for maintenance and support for 1 year beginning on October 11, 1947.  The executrix had been making such payments since December 11, 1947, on which date she had issued a check for $ 2,000 to Elsie D. Kipp.  Subsequently a second order of the County Court extended the payments for an additional year or until the administration of the estate was closed, whichever was the lesser period.Although the probate of decedent's estate1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*23  continued for more than 29 months (which was not an unreasonable time to administer this estate), Elsie D. Kipp received a support allowance for only 23 months because most of the assets of the estate were transferred to the trustees under Article IV of the will within 23 months after the death of Clarence F. Kipp.On closing the administration of the estate on May 31, 1950, the County Court of Milwaukee County in its final decree ordered, inter alia:1. That the widow's allowance be charged to the income of the estate.2. That Elsie D. Kipp, widow of Clarence F. Kipp, deceased, is entitled to the net income during probate of the estate, less the amount of the widow's allowance, and the payment of said sum to her to-wit, $ 1,381.43 as set forth in the Supplemental Final Account is hereby approved.* * * *Schedule J of the Supplemental Final Account is as follows: 25 T.C. 600">*606 Schedule JIncome DistributionTotal dividends and interest received$ 32,943.99Less: Interest paid$ 179.95Income taxes paid8,382.618,562.56Net income$ 24,381.43Widow's allowance (23 months)23,000.005/12/50 --Income distributed to Elsie D. Kipp$ 1,381.431955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*24  The fiduciary income tax returns for the years 1947 and 1948 showed no distribution of income to the beneficiaries. The 1949 return reported $ 5,860.81 distributed to Elsie D. Kipp as beneficiary and $ 2,151.56 distributed to the co-trustees. The record contains no explanation of the nature of these disbursements.Included in the estate tax return was a dependent's support deduction of $ 15,000.  The amended petition filed for each docket in these proceedings increased this claimed deduction to $ 23,000.  The Commissioner has disallowed this deduction in its entirety.Because of ill health Jean S. Alexander refused to qualify as a trustee and pursuant to Article VI of the will the First Wisconsin Trust Company and Elsie D. Kipp were appointed trustees on May 24, 1949.  The trust was established the same day.  At that time the executrix transferred to the trustees the remaining assets of the estate with the exception of some Hecla Mining Company stock (which the trustees knew they would receive in the future and therefore included in their inventory) and a small amount of cash.At the time of the death of Clarence F. Kipp, there were unpaid, under Article IV, paragraph E, of the 1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*25  will the following amounts to be paid out of the trust estate.  The amounts unpaid as of the date of death and the values as of that date are as follows:PresentAmount duevalue as ofLegateeOct. 11, 1947Oct. 11, 1947Jean Raine$ 400$ 400.00John W. Mason1,5001,013.35Robert J. Mason1,500936.90Nancy Pellette900900.00John Pellette1,5001,185.47During the administration of the estate, certain amounts due to Nancy Pellette under Article IV, paragraph E, became due and payable and were paid by the executrix. The amounts as paid aggregated $ 750, leaving only the amount of $ 150 payable to her by the trustees.25 T.C. 600">*607  In addition the trustees must pay certain nominal charges existing at the time of the transfer, certain specific legacies, the expenses of this litigation, and the Federal estate tax.The following are the birth dates of the persons named in Article IV of the will, with the exception of those named in paragraph E thereof:Jean S. AlexanderNov.  15, 1880Elsie D. KippMay    6, 1897Amanda DomschSept. 16, 1865Mildred K. PollardMar.  31, 1900Kipp O. PritzlaffMar.   7, 1928Jean S. Alexander died September 26, 1952. 1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*26  The trustees received assets from the executrix consisting of $ 1,889.28 in cash and stock, principally common stock, appraised as of October 11, 1947, at $ 189,639.67.  30,775 shares of common stock and 775 shares of preferred stock in 5 different mining companies were transferred to the trust by the estate with a declared value of "No Value." This same stock was valued by the trustees as "Nominal Value $ 1.00." The market value of the stock dropped to $ 172,488 on June 23, 1949, and rose to $ 242,688 on March 3, 1953.  On receiving the stock from the executrix the First Wisconsin Trust Company, as co-trustee, examined the portfolio and determined that some of the stocks were speculative.  At that time and from time to time thereafter it recommended to its co-trustee, Elsie D. Kipp, that certain stocks be sold; however, she refused to give her permission except for minor sales to pay the scholarship bequests. Elsie D. Kipp would like the trust property to be invested solely in stock. At present the corpus consists of 93 per cent common stock and is almost entirely investments received from the executor.The trust has earned income since its creation of 6 to 7 per cent per annum1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*27  and up until the time of the hearing in these proceedings no invasion of the corpus has been necessary to pay Elsie D. Kipp the amounts due her under the trust provisions.  However, a possibility of invasion of the trust corpus existed and there is a possibility that such invasion may not be restored from income prior to the termination of the trust.The respondent determined the amount of $ 30,855.40 as the value at the date of decedent's death of the remainder bequeathed to the Milwaukee Foundation and allowed that amount as a deduction in determining the deficiency herein involved.  In the amendments to his answer filed herein, respondent alleges that the value at the date of decedent's death of the remainder bequeathed to the Milwaukee Foundation should have been determined in the amount of $ 18,004.30, or in the alternative $ 19,757.42 or $ 20,723.29.25 T.C. 600">*608  OPINION.Issue 1.The first issue for decision is whether the Estate of Clarence F. Kipp is entitled to a deduction under former section 812 (b) (5), 1 Internal Revenue Code of 1939, for the $ 23,000 claimed as a widow's support allowance. Section 812 (b) (5), as in effect at the date of death of decedent, 2 allowed1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*28  a deduction for the amounts "reasonably required and actually expended for the support during the settlement of the estate of those dependent upon the decedent," as allowed by the laws of the jurisdiction under which the estate is being administered.The parties are in agreement that the payments were reasonable in amount, and that they were actually expended1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*29  during the settlement of the estate.  The only question is whether the allowance was authorized by the laws of Wisconsin, the laws under which the estate was being administered.  The applicable provisions of the Wisconsin Statutes 3 as of the date of the death of decedent are as follows:313.15 Distribution of personalty. When any person shall die possessed of any personal estate or of any right or interest therein, whether disposed of by will or not, the same shall be applied and distributed as follows:* * * *(2) Allowance to Family.  The widow and minor children, or either, constituting the family of the deceased testator or intestate, shall have such reasonable allowance out of the personal estate or the income of the real estate of the deceased as the county court shall judge necessary for their maintenance during the progress of the settlement of the estate, but never for a longer period than until their shares shall be assigned to them, and in case of an insolvent estate not longer than one year after granting letters testamentary or of administration.1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*30  A brief review of the facts pertinent to this issue will be helpful.  Under the will of Clarence F. Kipp, Elsie D. Kipp is to receive, as long as she lives or does not remarry, the net income from the residue of the estate remaining after the payment of $ 1,800 per year to Jean S. Alexander as long as she shall live or until the termination of the trust, whichever is the shorter period.  The payments to Jean S. Alexander were to begin on the transfer of the residuary estate by the executrix 25 T.C. 600">*609  to the trustees.  However, Clarence F. Kipp directed that "The payments herein provided for my wife, Elsie D. Kipp, shall commence with the date of my death and shall be made monthly." On assuming the duties of executrix, Jean S. Alexander issued a check to Elsie D. Kipp for $ 2,000 on December 11, 1947, exactly 2 months after the death of decedent. Thereafter the executrix paid the widow $ 1,000 per month to the extent of total payments of $ 23,000.  More than 9 months after the original payment to Elsie D. Kipp the County Court authorized payment to the widow of $ 1,000 per month for support and maintenance, beginning October 11, 1947.  Subsequently the court order was extended for1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*31  a period of 12 months or until the estate was closed, whichever was the lesser period.  The final decree of the County Court provided that the payment be charged to income of the estate and that the balance of the income be distributed to the widow. It also found that the widow was "entitled to the net income during the probate of the estate, less the amounts of the widow's allowance * * *." The supplemental final account filed in the probate proceedings evidences that the court's decree was effected -- the income of the estate during administration, less taxes and interest expense, was paid to Elsie D. Kipp in the form of 23 monthly payments of $ 1,000 each and a final distribution of $ 1,381.43, representing the amount of net income remaining after payment of the $ 23,000 to her.Respondent contends that the monthly payments were paid to the widow out of income pursuant to Article IV, paragraph C, of decedent's will, and therefore the County Court authorized payments to Elsie D. Kipp of something to which she was already entitled.  Respondent seeks to find support for this argument in the fact that the executrix began the monthly payments more than 9 months before the court authorized1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*32  them.  Respondent argues further that even if the payments were for support they were not made in conformity with section 313.15 (2), Wis. Stats. (1947), in that the payments were from the income of the personalty rather than from the personalty itself or income from realty.Petitioners argue that the specific orders granting the widow's allowance and directing the executrix to pay it did not refer to the income of the estate and the amount ordered could have exceeded the income and would still have been payable at the rate of $ 1,000 per month.  Petitioners argue further that the final decree should be disregarded because it was issued after the order authorizing payment.In reaching our determination we are bound by the laws of Wisconsin, more particularly by section 313.15 (2), Wis. Stats.(1947), and the court decisions thereunder.  Ordinarily Federal taxing statutes are to be construed to give nationwide uniformity in application; but where, as in the case of section 812 (b) (5), the Federal statute, expressly 25 T.C. 600">*610  or impliedly, under its operation depends on State law, then State law governs.  Burnet v. Harmel, 287 U.S. 103">287 U.S. 103; Hawaiian Freight Forwarders, Ltd. v. Commissioner, 196 F.2d 245;1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*33 Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Jones, 176 F.2d 737; Gallagher v. Smith, 223 F.2d 218; Courtland Kelsey, 14 T.C. 107.The Wisconsin Supreme Court construed section 318.01 (2), Wis. Stats.(1927), (corresponding to section 313.15 (2), Wis. Stats.(1947)) as requiring that the County Court grant an allowance, at least where there are funds available for that purpose. Estate of Sullivan, 200 Wis. 590">200 Wis. 590, 229 N.W. 65. Herein the County Court directed that a support allowance be paid.  Where there is no evidence to the contrary we cannot presume that the County Court acted otherwise than according to Wisconsin law.  See Freuler v. Helvering, 291 U.S. 35">291 U.S. 35. See also Weyenburg v. United States, (E. D., Wis., Oct. 27, 1955) 135 F. Supp. 299">135 F. Supp. 299.Accordingly, we hold that the County Court granted a support allowance and that it was granted according to the laws of Wisconsin; and that petitioners are entitled to deduct the $ 23,000 in determining the value of the net estate for Federal estate1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*34  tax purposes.  Cf.  Estate of Charles H. Franklin, 43 B. T. A. 612.We find no merit in the argument by respondent that the payments were authorized and directed by the will and that they would have been paid to Elsie D. Kipp notwithstanding the County Court's order to make monthly support payments.  Under Wisconsin law a husband cannot dispose of his property so as to prevent the County Court from exercising its power to grant a support allowance. Baker v. Baker, 57 Wis. 382">57 Wis. 382, 15 N.W. 425. Even if the widow has other means of support, the allowance must be granted.  200 Wis. 590">Estate of Sullivan, supra.The County Court gave effect to the direction of paragraph C of Article IV of the will when it ordered that the $ 1,381.43 which remained as net income after taxes, interest, and the support allowance, be paid to Elsie D. Kipp.Similarly, we find it of no consequence for Federal estate tax purposes that the executrix began payments approximately 9 months before the County Court authorized payment.  It is not an uncommon occurrence for an executor to advance support to1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*35  the dependents of a deceased husband before authorization by the Probate Court.  In so acting the executor is held personally responsible for the advances; but when the Probate Court subsequently authorizes the payments, he is relieved of the liability.  King v. Whiton, 15 Wis. 684">15 Wis. 684; cf.  Washburn v. Hale, 10 Pick. 429">10 Pick. 429 (Mass.).  In the instant case the Milwaukee County Court not only authorized the payments but also provided that they should begin on October 11, 1947.25 T.C. 600">*611 Issue 2.The major issue involved in these proceedings is the amount of the charitable deduction allowable to the estate.  The parties are in agreement that the Milwaukee Foundation will take something by virtue of Article IV, paragraph G, of the will.  They cannot agree, however, as to the present value of the remainder interest thus bequeathed.The principal source of the disagreement of the parties is the question whether the payments required by the will could possibly cause an invasion of the principal of the trust which could not be restored from income prior to the trust's termination. This question in turn depends on two others, 1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*36  viz, the value of the residue of the estate which is to make up the trust corpus and the projected earnings of the trust property over the life of the trust.The parties have made extensive arguments which if set out herein would unduly lengthen this opinion.  Suffice it to say that we have given careful consideration to these arguments in reaching our result.We have found from the evidence that a possibility of invasion of the trust corpus existed and there is a possibility that it may not be restored from income prior to the termination of the trust.Invasion of the trust corpus might occur (1) during the lifetime of both Elsie D. Kipp and Jean S. Alexander to the extent that the annual income of the trust estate is less than $ 9,000, $ 1,800 per year being payable to Jean out of income only and $ 600 monthly being payable to Elsie regardless of the income of the trust; and (2) after the death of Elsie D. Kipp, all other beneficiaries living, to the extent the annual income of the trust estate is less than $ 10,800, $ 1,800 per year being payable to Jean S. Alexander out of income only, and $ 250 per month being payable to Amanda Domsch and $ 500 per month being payable to Mildred1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*37  K. Pollard regardless of the income of the trust.  Invasion of the trust corpus is also possible under certain other circumstances.  Thus, (3) upon the remarriage of Elsie D. Kipp, all other beneficiaries living, the trustees are required to pay $ 25,000 to Elsie.  In addition they are required to pay annually a total of $ 7,800, of which $ 1,800 per year is payable to Jean S. Alexander out of income only, and $ 500 per month to Mildred K. Pollard regardless of the income of the trust; and (4) after the death of Elsie D. Kipp and Mildred K. Pollard, all other beneficiaries living, the trustees are required to pay $ 1,800 per year to Jean S. Alexander out of income only, $ 250 per month to Amanda Domsch regardless of the income of the trust, and up to $ 500 per month to Kipp O. Pritzlaff out of income remaining after the payments to Jean and Amanda.  The death of Jean would reduce the amount of possible invasion under each of the situations described 25 T.C. 600">*612  above, and that of Amanda under the situations described in (2) and (4).  After the death or remarriage of Elsie D. Kipp and the deaths of Amanda Domsch and Mildred K. Pollard, no payments are required which could possibly involve1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*38  invasion of the trust estate, since payments to Jean S. Alexander and Kipp O. Pritzlaff are only to be made out of income.Value of Residuary Estate.Petitioners have assumed that the value of the residuary estate is approximately equivalent to the value of the assets received by the trustees.  We do not agree.The assets transferred to the trustees are subject to depletion by the payment of certain specific legacies and charges.  At the time of the transfer there were still some nominal charges to be paid.  Further, the education bequests, the deficiency herein determined, and the expenses in finally determining the Federal estate tax and of this litigation must be deducted from the residue.Moreover we have determined that the estate is entitled to a deduction of $ 23,000 as a widow's support allowance. Such amount further reduces the residuary estate. Under Wisconsin law the support allowance is a statutory provision pertaining to the administration of the estate and is intended to provide dependents' support and maintenance during the settlement of the estate.  200 Wis. 590">Estate of Sullivan, supra.The language of Estate of Charles H. Franklin, supra, page 616,1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*39  is equally applicable to the instant proceedings:We conclude, therefore, that the payment of a widow's allowance is a cost of and attaches to the administration and settlement of the estate, irrespective of the source from which it came.The petitioner argues that the estate of a decedent includes both its corpus and the current income therefrom.  This is undoubtedly true, but since the income is a part of the estate and the widow's allowance is an expense of its proper administration, such allowance is, under the statute, a charge against the entire estate and not against the income only.  The fact that a probate court, by an amended order, directed payment from income does not alter the inherent character of the allowance. Mrs. Franklin received the "widow's allowance" not as a legatee, heir, or beneficiary of the estate, but as a widow of the deceased and by virtue of the statute.  As costs of administration, the payments in question were properly deductible in computing the Federal estate tax. * * *See also Smith v. State, 161 Wis. 588">161 Wis. 588, 155 N.W. 109; In re Miller's Estate, 143 Iowa 120">143 Iowa 120, 121 N.W. 700.1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*40 In computing the value of the estate residue the legacy to Jean S. Alexander in Article IV, paragraph B of the will was treated on the estate tax return as a specific bequest. Respondent has accorded this legacy similar treatment, stating on brief that it matters little in mathematical results whether this $ 1,800 per year legacy be treated as 25 T.C. 600">*613  a specific bequest in computing the residuary estate or deducted from the latter amount in computing the remainder. We think it clear that this legacy has a direct bearing upon the possibility of invasion as its payment would decrease the amount of income available for the annuities to Elsie, Amanda, and Mildred.  We agree with petitioners, however, that the value of the residuary estate should not be reduced by the value of the legacy to Jean S. Alexander, as that legacy is payable out of the net income of the trust, if any, and is not payable out of the corpus of the estate or trust.Trust Income.The second facet of the invasion question is the amount of earnings which the trust may earn projected over the future term of the trust.  In making his computations respondent has used a 4 per cent interest rate as provided by section1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*41  81.10 (j) of Regulations 105.  Petitioners agree that the use of a factor based upon a 4 per cent rate in determining the present worth of the remainder is not unreasonable, but object to the use of such rate in determining the question whether the corpus of the trust may be invaded.  In this connection they argue that the trust has earned and will continue to earn more than the required payments; and, if there should be a temporary invasion of the corpus the provisions of the will requiring restoration will make certain that at the termination of the trust the remainder will not have been depleted.  In our view the same rate is to be applied for both purposes.It is recognized that frequently the rate of interest propounded in the tables set out in section 81.10 (j), supra, may not be the proper rate and that the facts may justify the use of another rate.  See Security-First Nat. Bank of Los Angeles, Executor, 35 B. T. A. 815; Huntington National Bank of Columbus, Ohio, 13 T.C. 760; cf.  United States v. Provident Trust Co., 291 U.S. 272">291 U.S. 272; Estate of Nellie H. Jennings, 10 T.C. 323.1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*42 The only evidence in the record as to the probable future income of the trust was presented by petitioners' witnesses.  However, we are not bound "to accept the opinions as to valuation of expert witnesses as conclusive, particularly where such opinions are predicated upon factors which we conclude are unsound.  Their opinions are to be judged in accordance with the soundness of their reasoning which is disclosed." Security-First Nat. Bank of Los Angeles, Executor, supra, at p. 821. Petitioners' witnesses assumed that the corpus of the trust would be approximately the same as the value of the assets transferred to the trustees.  In view of the foregoing discussion, the inherent fallacies in this assumption are evident.25 T.C. 600">*614  It is also to be noted that a trust officer of the First Wisconsin Trust Company testified that over a long term, in the light of their experience with the trust and assuming a continuance of the present portfolio, the assets transferred to the trustees could be expected to earn $ 8,500 annually.  This computes to an annual yield of 4.437 per cent, a difference of less than one-half per cent from the rate urged by respondent. 1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*43  An $ 8,500 yield would certainly not prevent invasion when payments of $ 9,000 or possibly $ 10,800 per year might be required.Other factors tend to support respondent's contention that although trust earnings have exceeded 4 per cent in the years since the creation of the trust there is no assurance that such earnings can reasonably be expected to continue over the term of the trust.  The above witness testified that, based upon the present portfolio and the present dividend rates, a return of more than 4 per cent could reasonably be expected, but he could not say whether it is reasonable to assume that stocks now earning 6 or 7 per cent will continue to earn 6 or 7 per cent for the next 20 years.  The rate of return on long-term Government securities is approximately 3 per cent.  Another of petitioners' witnesses, also a trust officer of the First Wisconsin Trust Company, testified that the estate transferred to the trust certain stocks which he thought speculative and, shortly after receipt of the assets, the First Wisconsin Trust Company, as co-trustee, recommended the sale of 6 different holdings, including the largest mining holdings, but Elsie D. Kipp, co-trustee, objected. 1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*44  The speculative character of mining stocks in general is indicated by the fact that over 30,000 shares of stock in 5 other mining companies were transferred by the estate to the trust with a declared value of "No Value." At present the corpus of the trust consists almost entirely of investments received from the estate.The 4 per cent interest rate set out in section 81.10 (j) of the regulations has been used for many years in computing the value of a charitable remainder. We have not been able to find that the facts are such as to render the use of this rate inappropriate or unreasonable in determining the question of invasion or in measuring the value of the remainder interest to be received by the Milwaukee Foundation.  See Commissioner v. Estate of Sternberger, 348 U.S. 187">348 U.S. 187; Betty Dumaine, 16 T.C. 1035.Computation of Deduction Under Sec. 812 (d).(a) Conditional Bequest.In computing the value of estate residue which will go to the Milwaukee Foundation the residuum must be reduced by the $ 25,000 payable to Elsie D. Kipp upon her remarriage. For a deduction to be 25 T.C. 600">*615  allowed under section1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*45  812 (d), 4 there must be a highly reliable appraisal of the amount the charity will receive. Ithaca Trust Co. v. United States, 279 U.S. 151">279 U.S. 151; Henslee v. Union Planters National Bank & Trust Co., 335 U.S. 595">335 U.S. 595. If as of the date of decedent's death the transfer to the charity is subject to diminution through the happening of some event, "no deduction is allowable unless the possibility that the charity will not take is so remote as to be negligible." Regs. 105, sec. 81.46.  We have been unable to find that the possibility of Elsie D. Kipp's remarriage is "so remote as to be negligible." The possibility of an American woman, age 50 (the age of Elsie D. Kipp as of October 11, 1947, computed to the nearest birthday), remarrying is stated as 8.6 per cent in the American Remarriage Table reported at 19 Proceedings Casualty Actuarial Society (May 26, 1933), page 325, and approved in Maresi v. Commissioner, 156 F.2d 929, affirming 6 T.C. 582. The possibility of Elsie D. Kipp remarrying is small but it is hardly negligible.  The fact that this possibility grows1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*46  more remote with the passage of time does not alter the Federal estate tax consequences, for the facts at the time of decedent's death are determinative.  Lincoln Rochester Trust Co. v. McGowan, 217 F.2d 287.1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*47 25 T.C. 600">*616   (b) Remarriage-Annuity Method.The problem of computing the present value of the charitable remainder is complicated by the fact that the residue of the estate is subject to the possibility of invasion during each year the trust continues and by the fact that the will, in effect, provides for the termination of the trust on the last to happen of the following events:1. The death or remarriage of Elsie D. Kipp; or2. The expiration of a 20-year period, which is determined on the basis that in the event Kipp O. Pritzlaff or his issue survive both Elsie D. Kipp and Mildred K. Pollard, the income will continue to Kipp O. Pritzlaff or his children for the balance of the 20-year period.The parties have submitted several different methods for computing the present value of the charitable remainder; however, no useful purpose would be served in setting out these computations in view of the changes in computation of the residuary estate which we have found should be made.In general petitioners urge that the direct application of a remainder factor of .438834 to the residuary estate would be proper in the determination of the present value of the charitable remainder. 1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*48  That factor represents the present worth of a reversionary or remainder interest of $ 1 payable at the end of a 21-year period.  Column 3, table B, sec. 81.10 (j), Regs. 105.  Petitioners urge the use of such period on the ground that it encompasses the probabilities of life of Elsie, Amanda, and Mildred, and the 40th birthday of Kipp O. Pritzlaff.  The method of computation urged by petitioners, however, gives no effect to the possibility of invasion of the corpus. Estate of Helen Stow Duker, 18 T.C. 887.In our view the method used by respondent which considered not only the possibiilty of invasion and the termination of the trust by Elsie D. Kipp's death or the expiration of a 20-year period but also the possibility of remarriage is the proper approach based upon the peculiar facts of this case.  We have chosen this method which respondent calls the "Remarriage-Annuity" method over other so-called indirect methods of computation (cf.  Hartford National Bank & Trust Co. v. United States, 106 F. Supp. 76">106 F. Supp. 76), because this approach recognizes that the trust may terminate and the charity succeed to one-half of the remainder1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*49  on the remarriage of Elsie D. Kipp.  As we have hereinbefore indicated, in computing the present value of the charitable remainder the residuary estate must be reduced by $ 25,000 payable to Elsie D. Kipp on her remarriage. We do not think it does violence to the rule against conditional bequests to recognize in this computation the fact that the happening of that contingency will increase the present value of the remainder by accelerating the date of enjoyment.  Cf.  348 U.S. 187">Commissioner v. Estate of Sternberger, supra.25 T.C. 600">*617  Under the remarriage-annuity method the value of the remainder, one-half of which will go to the Milwaukee Foundation, is to be determined by subtracting from the residuary estate (reduced by $ 25,000) the value of the annuities as of October 11, 1947, to Elsie D. Kipp, Amanda Domsch, and Mildred K. Pollard, based upon the Actuaries and Combined Experience Table of Mortality, as extended, with interest at 4 per cent authorized by section 81.10 (j), Regulations 105, and modified where appropriate by the figures established by the aforementioned American Remarriage Table.  In addition the possible postponement of the enjoyment of1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*50  the remainder because of the income interest of Kipp O. Pritzlaff and his children is to be taken into account.Issue 3.We come next to the question whether the petitioner at Docket No. 38977 is released from personal liability pursuant to section 825 (a), Internal Revenue Code of 1939, for the deficiency herein determined.Both respondent and the petitioners have called attention to the fact that the determination of this issue is of relative unimportance in view of the fact that the petitioners at Docket Nos. 41122 and 41123 admit liability, as transferees, for any deficiency which may be determined herein in estate tax due from the Estate of Clarence F. Kipp, deceased. 5 There also appears to be no question but that the transferees have sufficient assets on hand out of which such liabilities may be satisfied.  Accordingly, it is deemed unnecessary to determine this question at this time and entry of formal decision in Docket No. 38977 will be deferred.1955 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*51 Decision in Docket No. 38977 will be deferred.Decisions in Docket Nos. 41122 and 41123 will be entered under Rule 50.  Footnotes1. SEC. 812. NET ESTATE.  For the purpose of the tax the value of the net estate shall be determined, in the case of a citizen or resident of the United States by deducting from the value of the gross estate --* * * *(b) Expenses, Losses, Indebtedness, and Taxes.  -- Such amounts -- * * * *(5) reasonably required and actually expended for the support during the settlement of the estate of those dependent upon the decedent,as are allowed by the laws of the jurisdiction, whether within, or without the United States, under which the estate is being administered, * * *↩2. Section 812 (b) (5)↩ was repealed by section 502 (c) of the Revenue Act of 1950.3. Wis. Stats. (1947).↩4. SEC. 812. NET ESTATE.For the purpose of the tax the value of the net estate shall be determined, in the case of a citizen or resident of the United States by deducting from the value of the gross estate -- * * * *(d) Transfers for Public, Charitable, and Religious Uses.  -- The amount of all bequests, legacies, devises, or transfers (including the interest which falls into any such bequest, legacy, devise, or transfer as a result of an irrevocable disclaimer of a bequest, legacy, devise, transfer, or power, if the disclaimer is made prior to the date prescribed for the filing of the estate tax return or, in the case of a decedent dying on or before October 21, 1942, if the disclaimer is made prior to September 1, 1944), to or for the use of the United States, any State, Territory, any political subdivision thereof, or the District of Columbia, for exclusively public purposes, or to or for the use of any corporatiton organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational purposes, including the encouragement of art and the prevention of cruelty to children or animals, no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private stockholder or individual, and no substantial part of the activities of which is carrying on propaganda, or otherwise attempting, to influence legislation, * * * or to a trustee or trustees, or a fraternal society, order, or association operating under the lodge system, but only if such contributions or gifts are to be used by such trustee or trustees, or by such fraternal society, order, or association, exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational purposes, or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals, and no substantial part of the activities of such trustee or trustees, or of such fraternal society, order, or association, is carrying on propaganda, or otherwise attempting to influence legislation, * * *.  If the tax imposed by section 810, or any estate, succession, legacy, or inheritance taxes, are, either by the terms of the will, by the law of the jurisdiction under which the estate is administered, or by the law of the jurisdiction imposing the particular tax, payable in whole or in part out of the bequests, legacies, or devises otherwise deductible under this paragraph, then the amount deductible under this paragraph shall be the amount of such bequests, legacies, or devises reduced by the amount of such taxes.  The amount of the deduction under this subsection for any transfer shall not exceed the value of the transferred property required to be included in the gross estate.↩5. This admission of liability on the part of the transferees accords with the holding in Bessie M. Brainard, 47 B. T. A. 947↩, wherein it was said that, "although the executors are released from personal liability, there is no provision whatsoever which would bar the respondent from issuing a notice of deficiency to the estate or to the transferee."