Court Opinion

ID: 4708703
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-03 15:16:40.848799+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:52.054501
License: Public Domain

08/03/2021
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT KNOXVILLE
                           Assigned on Briefs May 26, 2021

           CORDALRO STRICKLAND v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

                Appeal from the Criminal Court for Hamilton County
                          No. 296930 Don W. Poole, Judge
                     ___________________________________

                            No. E2020-00299-CCA-R3-PC
                       ___________________________________

The Petitioner entered a plea of nolo contendere to the lesser-included offense of second
degree murder, two counts of attempted first degree murder, and reckless endangerment.
Thereafter, the Petitioner timely filed a post-conviction petition, alleging that he received
the ineffective assistance of counsel. The post-conviction court denied relief, concluding
that the Petitioner had not proven that Counsel was ineffective, and that the Petitioner’s
pleas were made knowingly and voluntarily. After review, we affirm the post-conviction
court’s judgment.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which CAMILLE R.
MCMULLEN and J. ROSS DYER, JJ., joined.

Lloyd A. Levitt, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant, Cordalro Strickland.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Samantha L. Simpson, Assistant
Attorney General; M. Neal Pinkston, District Attorney General; and Cameron B. Williams,
Executive Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                        OPINION
                                         I. Facts

        This case arises from a shooting incident that occurred on July 3, 2011. A Hamilton
County grand jury issued a six-count indictment against the Petitioner, charging him with
the first degree premeditated murder of Melvin Fennell, attempted first degree murder and
aggravated assault of Mariah Stoudemire, attempted first degree murder and aggravated
assault of Calvin Garner, and reckless endangerment. The Petitioner and the State reached
an agreement, and the Petitioner pleaded guilty to the lesser-included offense of second
degree murder, two counts of attempted first degree murder, and reckless endangerment.
The State agreed to dismiss both counts of aggravated assault. Pursuant to the plea
agreement, the Petitioner was ordered to serve a fifteen-year sentence for the second degree
murder conviction and fifteen year sentences for each of the attempted first degree murder
convictions. He was ordered to serve a two-year sentence for the reckless endangerment
conviction. All of the sentences were to be served concurrently, for an effective sentence
of fifteen years.

                             A. Guilty Plea Submission Hearing

       At the guilty plea1 submission hearing, the State offered the following factual basis
in support of the trial court’s acceptance of the Petitioner’s guilty plea:

              On or about July 3rd, here in Hamilton County, Tennessee, police were
       dispatched to a shooting at 818 Arlington Avenue here in Hamilton County,
       spoke with witnesses, one witness in particular, a Mariah Stoudemire, spoke
       with her some days later after she had recovered from being shot several
       times. She indicated that they were having a barbecue at that residence [on]
       Arlington Avenue, that were there [sic] several people there, including
       herself, an individual by the name of Melvin Fennell, also known as Brando,
       he’s going to be the decedent in the case.

              She stated that she was sitting out on the porch, that an individual that
       she had not seen before walked up and asked her where Brando was. At that
       point, she called into the house where Mr. Fennell was located, he made his
       way out and then this individual that had walked up began shooting. This
       individual, who was later identified as the [Petitioner], struck Ms.
       Stoudemire several times, struck Mr. Garner at least once, and also struck the
       intended victim, Melvin Fennell, several times.

             Mr. Fennell was transferred to the hospital where he was later
       pronounced dead by hospital staff. The medical examiner’s office
       determined that he died from gunshot wounds to his lower extremities.

       1
          The Petitioner entered a “no contest” plea. We note that this court has held, “a conviction
following a plea of nolo contendere has all the effects of a plea of guilty insofar as the purposes of
the case are concerned. The only difference of substance is that a conviction following the entry
of a plea of nolo contendere cannot be used against the accused as an admission in any civil suit
for the same act.” Teague v. State, 772 S.W.2d 932, 943 (citations and quotation marks omitted).
                                                -2-
              Mr. Karl Fields was assigned to the case, he instigated an investigation
       into the case. He developed [the Petitioner] as a possible suspect in this case.
       He compiled a photo lineup, and the Court heard testimony in the motion to
       suppress, previously, he compiled a photo lineup that included [the
       Petitioner] in it. The first photo lineup that included [the Petitioner], she
       wasn’t able to pick anyone out definitively, although she did say that the
       picture, which was representation of [the Petitioner], looked familiar and that
       that possibly could be the suspect. That picture, apparently, was an old
       picture back from 2008.

              Mr. Fields then went and got a more recent picture, included that in a
       different photo lineup and she was able to identify [the Petitioner] as the
       individual that shot her, Mr. Garner and Mr. Fennell on July 3rd, 2011. Arrest
       warrants were issued, [the Petitioner] was arrested sometime after that.

              There was DNA, shell casings, and other things collected at the scene,
       there was a swab taken from a stain that appeared to be blood, from the
       southside of the residence, and that would be the general area that the shooter
       had been in. There was a swab taken of this stain, it was sent off to the TBI
       for examination and TBI determined that it was, it did in fact have [the
       Petitioner]’s DNA on it. He gave a statement to the police where he denied
       any involvement in it, said he’d never been over there.

        Upon questioning by the trial court, the Petitioner agreed that he had discussed his
pleas and the charged offenses with his appointed attorney (“Counsel”). The Petitioner
stated that he was satisfied with Counsel and acknowledged that he had requested Counsel
as his attorney. The Petitioner stated that he had a 12th grade education and had previously
entered a guilty plea. The trial court reviewed the Petitioner’s sentencing exposure with
him and informed the Petitioner of his rights. The Petitioner affirmed that he was waiving
those rights and entered his pleas. The trial court accepted the pleas and found that the
Petitioner knowingly and voluntarily entered the pleas.

                               B. Post-Conviction Petition

       The Petitioner filed a motion to withdraw his guilty pleas, contending that he
received the ineffective assistance of counsel. The Petitioner then filed a petition for DNA
analysis, requesting testing of “all evidence that is in the possession or control of the
prosecution, law enforcement, laboratory or court” related to his case. The Petitioner also
filed a petition for post-conviction relief, asserting that counsel “failed to request
independent testing of the DNA evidence analyzed by the [TBI].” Due to Counsel’s failure
to request independent testing, the Petitioner claimed that his guilty pleas were unknowing
                                            -3-
and involuntary. Subsequent amendments to the petition were filed, adding claims and
expanding upon the previous allegations in the petition.

       The post-conviction court held a hearing that occurred over the course of three days:
June 27, 2019, July 9, 2019, and October 16, 2019. During these hearings, the parties
presented the following evidence: Chad Johnson, a Tennessee Bureau of Investigation
(“TBI”) quality assurance manager, explained that TBI forensic biologists2 were
responsible for identifying body fluids and generating DNA profiles from evidence. Mr.
Johnson identified the final report he generated for the DNA testing conducted in this case.
Over the course of his analysis, he received known DNA standards collected from Melvin
Fennell, Calvin Garner, Mariah Stoudemire, and the Petitioner. Additionally Mr. Johnson
received swabs collected from the crime scene.

        Mr. Johnson testified that after DNA analysis, he concluded that a swab collected
from the scene contained DNA that “matched up” with the Petitioner’s known DNA
standard. Mr. Johnson identified the TBI “quality control sheet” that listed all the
components the TBI used for DNA testing. Mr. Johnson testified that sample 13a was a
blood spatter spot collected from the south side of the Arlington residence. Sample 14a
was a blood smear collected from the west wall of steps at the Arlington residence. He
identified sample 17a as Mr. Fennell’s standard, sample 27a as a standard from “Siler”,
sample 29a as the Petitioner’s standard, and sample 30a as Ms. Stoudemire’s standard. He
explained the standards were known DNA samples collected from these individuals at
some point after the shooting.

        Mr. Johnson testified that no contamination occurred during his testing. After
documenting his results, Mr. Johnson explained that, according to TBI procedure, another
analyst reviewed the results. The analyst who reviewed Mr. Johnson’s work made no
errors in the analysis.

        Mr. Johnson testified about the chain of custody documentation. Mr. Johnson
identified an Official Serology Report he issued on December 22, 2011, indicating that he
had tested sample 13a and 14a and the presumptive tests indicated the presence of blood.
He tested only the crime scene samples because he did not yet have known standards to
use for comparison. Mr. Johnson also identified a January 28, 2013 Official
Serology/DNA report. Mr. Johnson explained that he issued this second report to
acknowledge that the State had requested DNA testing but to notify the State that DNA

        2
         Mr. Johnson testified that during the time period relevant to the DNA analysis done in this case,
he was a TBI forensic biologist but had since been promoted.
                                                  -4-
testing had not been done because Mr. Johnson had not received standards for Ms.
Stoudemire, Mr. Garner, and the Petitioner.3

       Mr. Johnson identified an Official Serology/DNA Report dated April 5, 2013. The
report listed Reginald Siler, the Petitioner and the victims, Mr. Fennell, Mr. Garner, and
Ms. Stoudemire. The TBI received the Petitioner’s buccal swabs on December 27, 2012,
and Stoudemire’s on March 14, 2013. By this time, exhibits 13a, 14a, 17a, and 27a had
been retrieved by the Chattanooga Police Department, so Mr. Johnson had to request that
those samples be submitted back to the laboratory.

      Mr. Johnson acknowledged that on at least two occasions, reports were issued
without additional testing because items were needed. He explained that transport of items
between the TBI and police agencies was routine because

       when we finish testing an item, we give it back to evidence receiving, we put
       it in the vault as completed, because we have no way of knowing if additional
       testing is going to be requested and our vault space is limited, so they put it
       in there to be returned to the officer the next time they come in. When they
       come in, they pull everything that’s there, give it back to the officer and, you
       know, they take custody of it at that time.

The last report was generated on August 28, 2013. The swabs from the crime scene
analyzed were: 13a and 14a and standards from either a suspect or a victim: 17a (Melvin
Fennell), 27a (Reginald Siler), 29a (the Petitioner), and 30a (Mariah Stoudemire). Mr.
Johnson found that sample swab 13a, collected from the crime scene, matched the
Petitioner’s known standard. Sample swab 14a, also collected from the crime scene,
matched Ms. Stoudemire’s known sample.

       Mr. Johnson testified that, on October 4, 2011, the TBI received two paper bags
containing sample 13a and 14a, sealed with red evidence tape. Mr. Johnson confirmed that
neither appeared to have been tampered with in any way. He tested the samples on
December 17, 2011, and issued a serology screening report on December 22, 2011,
indicating that the presumptive screening indicated that it was blood and that he needed
known standards for further DNA testing. He received samples again in August 2013. He
confirmed that the seals were still intact on the samples and there was no indication of
tampering. The TBI then received two additional samples, known standard 29a (the

       3
        Based upon discussion during the hearing, it appeared that the Petitioner had a buccal
swab standard at the lab related to a separate homicide case; however, TBI policy prevented Mr.
Johnson from using a standard from another case.
                                             -5-
Petitioner) and 30a (Ms. Stoudemire). Both standards were in individual paper bags and
sealed with blue evidence tape.

       Mr. Johnson testified about TBI protocols to prevent cross-contamination. He
explained that the scientists do not handle “question evidence items” at the same time that
they handle or work with known standards. The TBI also required “blanks” or control
samples to run with every case to indicate contamination. “Blanks” were run in the
Petitioner’s case, and there was no evidence of contamination. Additionally, the TBI will
not use a known standard for an individual submitted for a different case. TBI standards
require that each case have its own set of standards.

       Counsel testified that she was appointed to the Petitioner’s case, at his request, on
May 12, 2014. The Petitioner’s prior attorney had filed and argued a motion to suppress
DNA evidence before withdrawing. Counsel recalled that the trial court postponed a ruling
in order to allow Counsel to review the hearing and to supplement the motion if she so
chose. Counsel testified that she had been practicing about three years when she was
appointed to the Petitioner’s case, and her practice had been mostly in the area of criminal
law. Counsel confirmed that she thoroughly reviewed all discovery related to this case,
including witness statements and crime scene video and photographs.

       Counsel testified that Karl Fields was the lead detective on the Petitioner’s case, but
that he had been placed on administrative leave for misconduct by the time the Petitioner’s
case was set for trial. Counsel sought to introduce evidence of his improper conduct at trial
to impeach Mr. Fields’s credibility, but the trial court denied the motion. Counsel
considered filing an interlocutory appeal but due to the proximity of the trial, she elected
not to do so.

       Counsel recalled reviewing the statement of Ms. Stoudemire’s sister, Selinda
Brewer. She did not believe Ms. Brewer’s statement was helpful to either the State or the
defense; however, she had reason to believe that Ms. Stoudemire had told Ms. Brewer that
she could not identify the shooter. Counsel reviewed Mr. Garner’s statement as well. She
recalled that Mr. Garner was in New Orleans and unavailable for the trial. Counsel
confirmed that initially none of the witnesses identified the Petitioner as the shooter.
However, at the preliminary hearing Mr. Fields testified that after viewing a second photo
lineup Ms. Stoudemire had identified the Petitioner as the shooter.

        Counsel testified that, prior to trial, the TBI returned the DNA results indicating that
the swab from the south side wall (13a) matched the Petitioner’s DNA standard. Counsel
testified that the strategy was to attack the DNA on two premises. The first was initiated
by a prior attorney and entailed arguing that the crime scene was secured improperly,
thereby compromising the DNA evidence. The second attack on the DNA evidence was
                                             -6-
that the chain of custody was broken. Counsel detailed her strategy for attacking the DNA
evidence, but she noted that “DNA is hard to overcome.”

        Counsel identified the documents associated with the Petitioner’s guilty plea.
Among these documents were letters negotiating with the State for an offer. In one of the
letters written by Counsel, Counsel acknowledged the Petitioner’s reluctance to enter a
guilty plea.

        On cross-examination, Counsel recalled that after her appointment in May 2014, the
July trial date was moved to November 4, 2014. A few weeks after her appointment to the
case, she successfully requested funding to hire an investigator. On September 8, 2014,
she filed a request for expert funding, and the trial court granted her motion. With the
funding, Counsel obtained the services of Bill Watson. Counsel obtained Mr. Johnson’s
complete file for Mr. Watson’s review and arranged for Mr. Watson to speak directly with
Mr. Johnson. Counsel personally checked the seals on the DNA evidence at the service
center and photographed the items to send to Mr. Watson. Following his review, Mr.
Watson opined that the there was not a sufficient sample of the DNA to do independent
testing. Mr. Watson advised, “[t]hat the DNA profile was pretty good [after review of
Johnson’s files].” Counsel said:

                Basically, what I understood from hi[m] is while there were some
      little technicalities that could be used at trial on the DNA, like the fact that
      the stains on the wall were not measured by evidence collectors, that they did
      not confirm the presence of blood in the swab on the house, that, in the notes,
      the quantity was so small that they couldn’t test it, but if it was that small,
      how would they see it on the wall.

             So, basically, he gave me things that I could use to cross-examine the
      State’s expert at trial, but nothing really that totally reversed what that report
      said. And nothing that would render the admission of the DNA results
      inadmissible.

       Counsel relayed this information to the Petitioner. Counsel went to the crime scene,
photographed the wall, measured the impact mark from the bullet, measured from the
ground to the impact mark and tried to determine angles from the shooter’s perspective.
Counsel confirmed that she filed a supplement to the original motion to suppress the DNA
evidence in October 2014. The motion had been argued on March 4, 2014, by the
Petitioner’s prior attorney and the trial court denied the motion on October 30, 2014.

      Greg Hampikian testified as an expert witness in the field of forensic genetics that
he had reviewed TBI laboratory notes and reports related to this case, the motion to
                                            -7-
suppress DNA, and a transcript of TBI agent Chad Johnson’s testimony. Dr. Hampikian
testified that the crime scene evidence should have been completely analyzed before the
standard samples arrived and were analyzed because it reduced the opportunity for
contamination of the evidence. Dr. Hampikian said that testing the standard samples after
the crime scene evidence is “best practice.” He contended that the TBI should have used
the Petitioner’s DNA standard sample from an unrelated case rather than have the
Petitioner submit another sample. He also contended that the crime scene evidence and the
Petitioner’s sample were processed only hours apart and he considered that “very bad
practice.”

        Dr. Hampikian testified that there are cases where juries either acquit or are hung
based upon questions about how a DNA sample was handled. Dr. Hampikiam stated that
the “statistics” from the DNA analysis in this case were “very strong” so he did not question
that an “accidental match” had occurred; however, he did question how the evidence was
collected, processed, and the risk of contamination. Dr. Hampikian also took issue with
the fact that the TBI lab did not run a confirmatory test for blood following the presumptive
test. He acknowledged that the technician elected not to do so due to the insufficient
amount of material, but Dr. Hampikian believed a confirmatory test should have been done
nonetheless.

       Dr. Hampikian believed that “there would have been a lot for the, for a defense
attorney to cross the expert who did this work on.” He believed that the handling of the
DNA should have been questioned in detail, but qualified this assertion, stating, “I’m not
saying, you know, that I can provide any assurance on what a jury would do.”

       On cross-examination, Dr. Hampikian agreed that he did not dispute the TBI’s
findings that the Petitioner’s DNA “matched” sample swab 13a.

       After hearing the evidence, the post-conviction court issued an order, determining
that the Petitioner’s motion to withdraw the guilty pleas should be treated as part of the
post-conviction petition and that the post-conviction petition was denied. It is from this
judgment that the Petitioner appeals.

                                        II. Analysis

       The Petitioner asserts that Counsel’s failure to attack the DNA analysis on the basis
that the DNA may have been contaminated at the TBI laboratory constitutes ineffective
assistance of counsel. He also claims that Counsel’s explanation to him of the DNA issue
was insufficient to allow him to make a knowing decision as to whether to enter a guilty
plea. The State responds that Counsel’s investigation and strategy for attacking the DNA

                                            -8-
evidence was reasonable; therefore, the post-conviction court properly denied relief. We
agree with the State.

       The right of a criminally accused to representation is guaranteed by both the Sixth
Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 9, of the Tennessee
Constitution. State v. White, 114 S.W.3d 469, 475 (Tenn. 2003); State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d
453, 461 (Tenn. 1999); Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975). The following
two-prong test directs a court’s evaluation of a claim for ineffectiveness:

               First, the [petitioner] must show that counsel’s performance was
       deficient. This requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that
       counsel was not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the [petitioner] by
       the Sixth Amendment. Second, the [petitioner] must show that the deficient
       performance prejudiced the defense. This requires showing that counsel’s
       errors were so serious as to deprive the [petitioner] of a fair trial, a trial whose
       result is reliable. Unless a [petitioner] makes both showings, it cannot be
       said that the conviction or death sentence resulted from a breakdown in the
       adversary process that renders the result unreliable.

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); see also State v. Melson, 772 S.W.2d
417, 419 (Tenn. 1989).

        In reviewing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, this Court must determine
whether the advice given or services rendered by the attorney are within the range of
competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases. Baxter, 523 S.W.2d at 936. To
prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, “a petitioner must show that
counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” House v.
State, 44 S.W.3d 508, 515 (Tenn. 2001) (citing Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tenn.
1996)).

       When evaluating an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the reviewing court
should judge the attorney’s performance within the context of the case as a whole, taking
into account all relevant circumstances. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690; State v. Mitchell, 753
S.W.2d 148, 149 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988). The reviewing court should avoid the
“distorting effects of hindsight” and “judge the reasonableness of counsel’s challenged
conduct on the facts of the particular case, viewed as of the time of counsel’s conduct.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689-90. In doing so, the reviewing court must be highly deferential
and “should indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide
range of reasonable professional assistance.” Burns, 6 S.W.3d at 462. Finally, we note
that a defendant in a criminal case is not entitled to perfect representation, only
constitutionally adequate representation. Denton v. State, 945 S.W.2d 793, 796 (Tenn.
                                              -9-
Crim. App. 1996). In other words, “in considering claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel, ‘we address not what is prudent or appropriate, but only what is constitutionally
compelled.’” Burger v. Kemp, 483 U.S. 776, 794 (1987) (quoting United States v. Cronic,
466 U.S. 648, 665 n.38 (1984)). Counsel should not be deemed to have been ineffective
merely because a different procedure or strategy might have produced a different result.
Williams v. State, 599 S.W.2d 276, 279-80 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1980). “The fact that a
particular strategy or tactic failed or hurt the defense, does not, standing alone, establish
unreasonable representation. However, deference to matters of strategy and tactical
choices applies only if the choices are informed ones based upon adequate preparation.”
House, 44 S.W.3d at 515 (quoting Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 369).

        If the petitioner shows that counsel’s representation fell below a reasonable
standard, then the petitioner must satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test by
demonstrating “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional
errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at
694; Nichols v. State, 90 S.W.3d 576, 587 (Tenn. 2002). This reasonable probability must
be “sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694;
Harris v. State, 875 S.W.2d 662, 665 (Tenn. 1994). In the context of a guilty plea, as in
this case, the effective assistance of counsel is relevant only to the extent that it affects the
voluntariness of the plea. Therefore, to satisfy the second prong of Strickland, the
petitioner must show that there “is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors,
he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.” Hill v.
Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59 (1985) (footnote omitted); see also Walton v. State, 966 S.W.2d
54, 55 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997).

                                      A. DNA Evidence

       The Petitioner contends that Counsel’s approach to suppressing the DNA evidence
was deficient because the “only plausible attack on the DNA” was contamination at the
TBI lab as testified to by Dr. Hampikian. The State responds that Counsel’s reasonable
strategy decisions regarding the DNA evidence did not prejudice the Petitioner. About this
issue the post-conviction court made the following findings:

               In every case, there is a possibility that a person other than the
       perpetrator removes or plants evidence at the crime scene before the arrival
       of an officer. In this case, because the crime-scene perimeter did not include
       the south wall, there is also a possibility that a person other than the petitioner
       left the petitioner’s blood on the south wall after the arrival of an officer. In
       this case, however, the nature of the evidence, a red transfer stain of human
       blood containing the [P]etitioner’s and only the [P]etitioner’s DNA, makes
       both possibilities remote because they require that another person have
                                             - 10 -
       access to or contact with the [P]etitioner’s blood and transfer the blood to the
       wall without contamination by the other’s [sic] person’s DNA. So, too, do
       descriptions of the suspect as standing near a bush or tree, the location of
       other blood, on the south side of the porch, wearing a white rag around one
       hand. That the [P]etitioner, though aware of this issue, was willing to enter
       guilty pleas in spite of it reflects an appreciation of the weakness of the issue
       for the defense. . . .

       Counsel, [ ] did secure funding for and consult an independent DNA expert,
       in the process, identifying sample size as another issue involving the DNA
       evidence. . . .

       From Mr. Johnson’s testimony, the Court gathers that his analysis of the
       DNA evidence in this case was consistent with laboratory practice and the
       controls in the instrument were negative for contamination. . . . Both counsel
       and the petitioner were aware of the possibility of pre-collection
       contamination of the DNA evidence and did not need an expert to explore
       that issue. Counsel did consult an independent DNA expert who did not
       question the laboratory procedure. . . .

The post-conviction court concluded that there was no deficiency or prejudice in counsel’s
performance.

        The evidence does not preponderate against the post-conviction court’s findings that
the Petitioner was well aware of the potential for suppressing the DNA evidence based
upon contamination, even if Counsel’s focus was on contamination outside the laboratory
rather than in the laboratory. Counsel sought and received funding for an expert witness
who did not question the laboratory procedure but identified other areas for potential
challenges. Furthermore, the Petitioner failed to present any evidence that the samples
were contaminated. The evidence presented indicated that no contamination occurred.

       Accordingly, we conclude that Counsel’s strategy for attacking the DNA evidence
was reasonable based upon her investigation. Counsel obtained funding for a forensic
expert whom she relied upon in identifying potential challenges to the DNA evidence. She
viewed and photographed the DNA evidence, visited the crime scene, employed an
investigator, and devised a strategy for challenging the DNA evidence that was informed
based upon her preparation. We conclude that the Petitioner has not proven by clear and
convincing evidence that Counsel was deficient in this respect or that the alleged deficiency
prejudiced him. He is not entitled to relief.

                           B. Voluntariness of the Guilty Plea
                                            - 11 -
      The Petitioner contends that he did not knowingly and voluntarily enter his plea
because Counsel failed to “discover significant issues concerning contamination of the
DNA evidence[.]” The State responds that the record supports the post-conviction court’s
conclusion that the Petitioner’s plea was intelligently and voluntarily given. The post-
conviction court determined:

       At the time of the pleas, the petitioner was in his mid-twenties and, as his
       many pro se filings reflect, literate. Even if he was not familiar with criminal
       proceedings, he had competent counsel who discussed with him the
       weaknesses in the case of the prosecution and plea offers. . . .

              Furthermore, the petitioner’s rejection of the plea offer of twenty
       years and acceptance of a plea offer of fifteen years reflects a rational
       assessment of the charges, the strengths and weaknesses of the case for the
       prosecution, and his sentence exposure. The minimum sentence for the
       offense of first-degree murder is life imprisonment and the evidence
       establishing circumstances suggestive of premeditation on the shooter’s part,
       asking for the deceased victim and opening fire upon his appearance, was
       very strong.

              Despite some weaknesses in the evidence of identity, the possibility
       of tampering at the scene or contamination in the laboratory seems remote. .
       . . The Court therefore finds that the pleas were voluntary and intelligent
       .
       We note that Counsel engaged in active negotiations with the State, and the
Petitioner rejected an offer in which he thought the prison sentence was too lengthy.
Counsel negotiated a plea agreement that reduced the first degree premediated murder
charge to second degree murder. The result of the plea agreement was an effective sentence
of fifteen years, a significantly lower sentence than a life sentence for first degree
premediated murder. The plea agreement also resulted in concurrent sentences for all
convictions, which was also to the Petitioner’s benefit.

       The evidence does not preponderate against the post-conviction court’s findings that
the Petitioner actively engaged in the negotiation process by weighing the strengths and
weaknesses of his case against the State’s offers. He rejected the State’s twenty-year offer
and instructed Counsel to offer a fifteen-year sentence. The Petitioner had completed
school through the 12th grade, confirmed his understanding of the plea negotiation
documents, and demonstrated his ability to read and write through pro se motions filed
with the trial court. The Petitioner had entered a guilty plea in court before. The Petitioner
affirmed with the trial court that he “underst[oo]d completely what [he was] doing.” A
                                            - 12 -
petitioner’s solemn declaration in open court that his plea is knowing and voluntary creates
a formidable barrier in any subsequent collateral proceeding because these declarations
“carry a strong presumption of verity.” Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 74 (1977). The
Petitioner confirmed that he was entering the plea “freely and voluntarily,” but noted that
he believed the State would use perjured testimony at trial. Upon further discussion, the
Petitioner agreed that he understood the risk at trial and, thus, he chose to enter the nolo
contendere pleas. The trial court, finding that the Petitioner’s pleas were knowing and
voluntary, accepted his pleas.

       Accordingly, we conclude that the Petitioner has failed to prove that his pleas were
entered involuntarily or unknowingly. Essentially, the Petitioner argues that if Counsel
had presented a different trial strategy to him, he would have declined a sentence of fifteen
years and proceeded to trial, risking exposure to a life sentence. The record evinces that
Counsel was aware of some possible weaknesses in the DNA evidence. She requested
funding from an expert and litigated a motion to suppress the DNA evidence. The
Petitioner has not shown that Counsel was deficient in this respect or that he was prejudiced
by her strategy. He is not entitled to relief as to this issue.

                                      III. Conclusion

       After a thorough review of the record and relevant authorities, we conclude that the
post-conviction court properly denied post-conviction relief. Accordingly, we affirm the
judgment of the post-conviction court.

                                              ____________________________________
                                                   ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE

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