Court Opinion

ID: 3017431
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:17:15.445441+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:26:07.687829
License: Public Domain

___________

                                        No. 96-1790
                                        ___________

United States of America,                    *
                                             *
              Appellee,                      *   Appeal from the United States
                                             *   District Court for the
      v.                                     *   Eastern District of Missouri.
                                             *
Edward James Clary,                          *            [UNPUBLISHED]
                                             *
              Appellant.                     *

                                        ___________

                       Submitted:        September 6, 1996

                           Filed:        September 16, 1996
                                         ________
___

Before BEAM, HANSEN, and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.
                               ___________

PER CURIAM.

      Edward James Clary pleaded guilty to possessing cocaine base (crack)
with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and
(b)(1)(A),     which   carries      a    120-month    mandatory-minimum    sentence.
Initially, the district court held that the penalties for cocaine base were
unconstitutional and sentenced him to four years imprisonment.            We reversed
and remanded for resentencing, holding that the penalty scheme set forth
in section 841(b)--which provides the same penalties for given amounts of
crack and 100 times greater amounts of powder cocaine ("the 100-to-1
ratio")--did not violate the Equal Protection Clause.             United States v.
Clary, 34 F.3d 709, 713-14 (8th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 1172
(1995).
      On remand, as relevant here, Clary challenged the validity of the
100-to-1 ratio, arguing (1) that as no scientific difference
existed between crack and cocaine powder, the penalty provisions set forth
in section 841(b) were rendered inapplicable by operation of the rule of
lenity; and (2) that Congress's recent rejection of a Guidelines amendment
proposed          by   the        Sentencing     Commission--eliminating             the    100-to-1
ratio--manifested a discriminatory purpose on Congress's part, so that
continued application of the penalty scheme violated his equal protection
rights.           Clary    also        maintained      he    was    entitled   to   a    three-level
acceptance-of-responsibility reduction, under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, and to a
sentence          within         the    Guidelines          range    without    regard         to   the
mandatory-minimum sentence, under U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2 (the "safety valve"
provision).

        The district court1 rejected Clary's challenges to the 100-to-ratio;
imposed an obstruction-of-justice enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1;
denied an acceptance-of-responsibility reduction because Clary had used
cocaine while on pretrial supervision and had failed to appear at his
original sentencing and his resentencing; and denied "safety valve" relief
because,          absent     a    reduction      for    accepting      responsibility,         Clary's
Guidelines range exceeded the mandatory-minimum sentence and thus section
5C1.2       was    inapplicable.           The   court       sentenced    Clary     to   151    months
imprisonment, and he appeals.

        We conclude Clary's equal protection and rule-of-lenity arguments
regarding the 100-to-1 ratio are foreclosed by this circuit's precedent.
See United States v. Carter, No. 96-1329, 1996 WL 453275, at *2-*3 (8th
Cir. Aug. 13, 1996) (per curiam) (equal protection); United States v.
Crawford, 83 F.3d 964, 965-66 (8th Cir. 1996) (rule of lenity), petition
for cert. filed, (U.S. Aug. 9, 1996) (No. 96-5557).

        1
      The Honorable Jean C. Hamilton, Chief Judge, United States
District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri.

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       We next conclude the district court did not clearly err in denying
Clary an acceptance-of-responsibility reduction, as he did not show he
"clearly     demonstrate[d]   a   recognition     and   affirmative   acceptance    of
personal     responsibility   for   his    criminal     conduct."     See    U.S.S.G.
§ 3E1.1(a); United States v. Thomas, 72 F.3d 92, 93 (8th Cir. 1995) (per
curiam) (standard of review).           We note Clary does not dispute he used
cocaine while on pretrial supervision.          See Thomas, 72 F.3d at 93.    Clary's
voluntary admission of the conduct comprising his offense of conviction
does not automatically entitle him to the reduction.          See United States v.
Hawkins, 78 F.3d 348, 352 (8th Cir. 1996), petition for cert. filed, (U.S.
June    1,   1996)   (No.   95-9212).      Further,     conduct   resulting    in   an
obstruction-of-justice enhancement "ordinarily indicates that the defendant
has    not accepted responsibility for his criminal conduct," U.S.S.G.
§ 3E1.1, comment. (n.4), and Clary has not shown this is an extraordinary
case in which both adjustments apply.           See United States v. Anderson, 68
F.3d   1050, 1056 (8th Cir. 1995).              Because Clary's Guidelines range
therefore exceeded the mandatory-minimum sentence, the district court
properly concluded section 5C1.2 did not apply.             See U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2;
United States v. Goodwin, 72 F.3d 88, 90 (8th Cir. 1995) (safety-valve
provision provides relief when mandatory-minimum sentence is greater than
applicable guideline sentence).

       Finally, we need not address the arguments Clary raises for the first
time on appeal, concerning double jeopardy, due process, and sufficiency
of the evidence.     See Goodwin, 72 F.3d at 91.

       Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.

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A true copy.

     Attest:

           CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.

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