Court Opinion

ID: 7618036
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-29 14:05:40.042855+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:25:00.014768
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: JULY 22, 2022; 10:00 A.M.
                        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                         Court of Appeals

                            NO. 2021-CA-1135-MR

ESTATE OF CHARLES G. HOWARD;
TAMARA HOWARD; AND TAMARA
HOWARD, EXECUTRIX                                                APPELLANTS

             APPEAL FROM GREENUP CIRCUIT COURT
v.       HONORABLE BRIAN CHRISTOPHER MCCLOUD, JUDGE
                    ACTION NO. 21-CI-00187

STATE FARM INSURANCE; ESTATE
OF REES A. JUSTICE; AND
STANDARD FIRE INSURANCE CO.
D/B/A TRAVELERS INSURANCE                                          APPELLEES

                                  OPINION
                                 AFFIRMING

                                 ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: DIXON, MCNEILL, AND TAYLOR, JUDGES.

DIXON, JUDGE: The Estate of Charles G. Howard (“Howard Estate”) and

Tamara Howard, individually and as executrix of the Howard Estate, appeal from

the orders and judgments entered by the Greenup Circuit Court on August 25,

2021, and September 9, 2021, dismissing their complaint against State Farm
Insurance (“State Farm”), the Estate of Rees A. Justice (“Justice Estate”), and

Standard Fire Insurance Co. d/b/a Travelers Insurance (“Travelers”). Following a

careful review of the record, briefs, and law, we affirm.

          BACKGROUND FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

             On April 22, 2019, Charles Howard’s southbound vehicle entered the

northbound lane of US 23 and collided head-on with Rees Justice’s vehicle, killing

both Charles and Rees. The accident was investigated by the Raceland Police

Department, whose report states, “THE COLLISION WAS PRIMARILY

CAUSED BY [CHARLES] BEING IN THE WRONG SIDE OF THE ROAD.”

The report also stated that other contributing factors were: Charles had a blood

alcohol content of 0.061, Rees was positive for THC, and Rees was traveling 65

miles per hour (mph) in an area with a posted speed limit of 55 mph.

             Tamara Howard was appointed executrix of the Howard Estate on

June 10, 2019. Mark Justice, Rees’ father, was also appointed executor of the

Justice Estate in June 2019.

             On April 21, 2021, Appellants sued State Farm, Rees’ insurer;

Travelers, Charles’ insurer; and the Justice Estate. The complaint alleges wrongful

death and loss of consortium against the Justice Estate, while admitting “the

primary cause of the collision was due to [Charles’] vehicle driven South on the

Northbound lane.” It also avers that the police report “concludes several other

                                         -2-
factors contributing to the collision stem from [Rees’] actions and inactions

contributing to this unfortunate collision.” The complaint further asserts State

Farm violated the Kentucky Unfair Claims Settlement Practices Act (“KUCSPA”)1

and the Kentucky Consumer Protection Act (“KCPA”).2 Travelers was a

defendant by virtue of Charles’ policy, which provided no fault and underinsured

coverage.

               After each of the defendants answered, Appellants responded to

requests for admission. Appellants admitted “the proximate or primary cause of

the collision was [Charles’] driving of vehicle south in the northbound lane”;

however, they also pointed out the contributing factors noted in the police report.

               Subsequently, each defendant moved the trial court to dismiss the

claims against them. The Justice Estate contended the complaint was not filed

within the one-year statute of limitations for wrongful death actions, or within six

months after the appointment of the personal representative of the Justice Estate.

Alternatively, the Justice Estate moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state

a claim. Travelers and State Farm also argued the complaint was not filed within

the statute of limitations for wrongful death actions. State Farm further claimed

Appellants’ admission that Charles was the primary cause of the accident

1
    Kentucky Revised Statutes (“KRS”) 304.12-230 and KRS 304.12-235.
2
    KRS Chapter 367 et seq.

                                            -3-
precluded liability against the Justice Estate from being “beyond dispute” – a

requirement to plead and sustain an insurance bad faith claim against State Farm.

               On August 25, 2021, the trial court granted the motions to dismiss the

complaint as untimely under the one-year statute of limitations provided in KRS

304.39-230(2) and 413.180(1). Appellants moved the trial court for

reconsideration and to alter, amend, or vacate that order, asserting the applicable

statute of limitations is two years under KRS 304.39-230(6) of Kentucky’s Motor

Vehicle Reparations Act (“MVRA”).3 On September 9, 2021, the trial court

entered two orders denying Appellants’ motions, but amending its August 25,

2021, order to include its rationale for dismissing Appellants’ bad faith claims

against State Farm. This appeal followed.

                             STANDARD OF REVIEW

               The standard of review of a ruling on a motion for judgment on the

pleadings is well established:

               Kentucky’s “Civil Rule [(“CR”)] 12.03 provides that any
               party to a lawsuit may move for a judgment on the
               pleadings.” [City of Pioneer Vill. v. Bullitt Cty., 104
               S.W.3d 757, 759 (Ky. 2003)]. A judgment on the
               pleadings “should be granted if it appears beyond doubt
               that the nonmoving party cannot prove any set of facts
               that would entitle him/her to relief.” Id. “[T]he circuit
               court is not required to make any factual determination;
               rather, the question is purely a matter of law.” James v.
               Wilson, 95 S.W.3d 875, 883-84 (Ky. App. 2002).

3
    KRS 304.39-010 et seq.

                                          -4-
             Further, CR 12.03 may be treated as a motion for
             summary judgment. Schultz v. Gen. Elec. Healthcare
             Fin. Servs., Inc., 360 S.W.3d 171, 177 (Ky. 2012). We
             review a judgment on the pleadings de novo. Id.

Scott v. Forcht Bank, NA, 521 S.W.3d 591, 594 (Ky. App. 2017).

             Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions,

answers to interrogatories, stipulations, and admissions on file, together with the

affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and

that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” CR 56.03. An

appellate court’s role in reviewing a summary judgment is to determine whether

the trial court erred in finding no genuine issue of material fact exists and the

moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Scifres v. Kraft, 916

S.W.2d 779, 781 (Ky. App. 1996). A grant of summary judgment is reviewed de

novo because factual findings are not at issue. Pinkston v. Audubon Area Cmty.

Servs., Inc., 210 S.W.3d 188, 189 (Ky. App. 2006) (citing Blevins v. Moran, 12

S.W.3d 698 (Ky. App. 2000)).

                                     ANALYSIS

             On appeal, Appellants raise several arguments. We will address each

in turn.

                            Loss of Consortium Claims

             Appellants first argue the trial court violated Tamara’s rights to her

day in court. However, loss of consortium claims are subject to the one-year

                                          -5-
statute of limitations under KRS 413.140(1)(a). “Loss of consortium is not a

recoverable injury within the purview of the MVRA.” Floyd v. Gray, 657 S.W.2d

936, 938 (Ky. 1983). Because the case herein was not filed until nearly two years

after the accident, Tamara’s claims for loss of consortium were filed well beyond

the applicable statute of limitations and were, therefore, time-barred.

                             Wrongful Death Claims

a. MVRA provides the proper statute of limitations

             Appellants also contend the trial court erred in ruling their claims

were barred by the one-year statute of limitations provided by the wrongful death

statute and KRS 304.39-230(2). Instead, they argue the trial court should have

applied the two-year statute of limitations found in KRS 304.39-230(6). We agree.

As stated by another panel of our court:

             Wrongful death claims are generally covered under the
             one-year period of limitations set forth in KRS
             413.180(1) and personal injury claims are generally
             covered under the one-year limitations period set forth in
             KRS 413.140(1)(a). However, in a case where the
             MVRA is applicable, a longer two-year period of
             limitations will apply. [Worldwide Equip., Inc. v.
             Mullins, 11 S.W.3d 50, 59 (Ky. App. 1999).] Indeed,

                   [o]ur rules of statutory construction are that a
                   special statute preempts a general statute, that a
                   later statute is given effect over an earlier statute,
                   and that because statutes of limitation are in
                   derogation of a presumptively valid claim, a longer
                   period of limitations should prevail where two
                   statutes are arguably applicable.

                                           -6-
             Id., quoting Troxell v. Trammell, 730 S.W.2d 525, 528
             (Ky. 1987).

Hammers v. Plunk, 374 S.W.3d 324, 331 (Ky. App. 2011). Here, the death was

caused by a motor vehicle accident and, consequently, falls under the MVRA.

Thus, the two-year statute of limitations applies. As a result, the portions of the

complaint pertaining to wrongful death were filed within the applicable two-year

statute of limitations and, consequently, were not time-barred. Nonetheless, the

claims were still properly dismissed for the reasons that follow.

b. Comparative negligence

             Appellants maintain their complaint should not have been dismissed

under Hilen v. Hays, 673 S.W.2d 713 (Ky. 1984). In Hilen, we adopted the

principle of comparative negligence, stating:

             Henceforth, where contributory negligence has
             previously been a complete defense, it is supplanted by
             the doctrine of comparative negligence. In such cases
             contributory negligence will not bar recovery but shall
             reduce the total amount of the award in the proportion
             that the claimant’s contributory negligence bears to the
             total negligence that caused the damages. The trier of
             fact must consider both negligence and causation in
             arriving at the proportion that negligence and causation
             attributable to the claimant bears to the total negligence
             that was a substantial factor in causing the damages.

Id. at 720 (emphasis added).

                                         -7-
             The Supreme Court of Kentucky has expounded on Hilen’s effect

stating:

                    Under both comparative negligence and
             contributory negligence principles, a judgment of liability
             is based on the answers to two questions. First, who was
             at fault? Second, upon what basis will the damages be
             allocated among those parties found to be at fault?

                    Under comparative negligence, the determination
             of who was at fault follows exactly the same path as it
             did under contributory negligence. The question of
             fault has always been answered by determining
             whether the party breached an applicable duty and
             whether the breach was a substantial factor in
             causing the injury claimed.

                    What comparative negligence changed was the
             way we allocate, or apportion, fault. Under contributory
             negligence, if the plaintiff was to any degree at fault for
             his injury, all the damage was allocated to him, and he
             could recover nothing from the defendant, regardless of
             the defendant’s degree of culpability. Under comparative
             negligence, the finder of fact allocates to each party a
             percentage of the total fault, and hence a percentage of
             the damages, based upon that party’s conduct and the
             relationship of that conduct to the injury.

Henson v. Klein, 319 S.W.3d 413, 422 (Ky. 2010) (emphasis added).

             “It is well-established that to establish liability for negligence the

plaintiff must prove: (1) a duty; (2) a breach of that duty; (3) which was the

proximate cause of an injury; and (4) which resulted in damages. All of these

elements are essential to a valid claim.” Reece v. Dixie Warehouse & Cartage Co.,

188 S.W.3d 440, 445 n.6 (Ky. App. 2006) (emphasis added).

                                          -8-
               In the case herein, Rees had a general duty to obey the rules of the

road. The police report indicates he breached two such duties by testing positive

for THC and exceeding the speed limit. However, no proof has been presented

that these contributing factors were a substantial factor or the proximate cause of

Charles’ death. In fact, all the evidence regarding the cause of Charles’ death

points to Charles alone.4 Accordingly, we cannot say the trial court erred in

dismissing the wrongful death claim on those grounds.

               We may affirm a lower court on any grounds supported by the record.

Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 610 S.W.3d 263, 271 (Ky. 2020). (“If an appellate

court is aware of a reason to affirm the lower court’s decision, it must do so, even

if on different grounds.” Mark D. Dean, P.S.C. v. Commonwealth Bank & Tr. Co.,

434 S.W.3d 489, 496 (Ky. 2014).) Therefore, we must conclude that the trial court

properly dismissed these claims.

                                      Bad Faith Claims

               Appellants also claim the trial court erred in dismissing their

complaint against State Farm and Travelers without discovery or proof. It is well-

established “summary judgment is only proper after a party has been given ample

opportunity to complete discovery, and then fails to offer controverting

4
  The record includes an affidavit of Raceland Police Department Chief Don Sammons
testifying “to a reasonable degree of probability that the proximate cause of this accident was the
negligence and actions of [Charles].”

                                                -9-
evidence.” Pendleton Bros. Vending, Inc. v. Commonwealth Fin. & Admin.

Cabinet, 758 S.W.2d 24, 29 (Ky. 1988) (emphasis added) (citing Hartford Ins.

Grp. v. Citizens Fid. Bank & Tr. Co., 579 S.W.2d 628 (Ky. App. 1979)). Yet, it is

“not necessary to show that the respondent has actually completed discovery, but

only that respondent has had an opportunity to do so.” Hartford, 579 S.W.2d at

630.

             In Hartford, a period of approximately six months between the filing

of the complaint and the summary judgment was found to be sufficient time to

conduct discovery. However, this is not a bright-line rule, and the appropriate time

for discovery necessarily varies from case to case depending on the complexity,

availability of information sought, and the like. See Suter v. Mazyck, 226 S.W.3d

837, 842 (Ky. App. 2007).

             Here, more than four months elapsed between the filing of the

complaint and the dismissal. This is not a complicated part of the case, nor does it

appear that any relevant information sought has been withheld. Thus, we cannot

say the trial court’s grant of summary judgment was premature.

             Furthermore, in bad faith actions, the Supreme Court of Kentucky has

held:

                    We start with the proposition that there is no such
             thing as a “technical violation” of the UCSPA, at least in
             the sense of establishing a private cause of action for
             tortious misconduct justifying a claim of bad faith:

                                        -10-
                    “[A]n insured must prove three elements in order
                    to prevail against an insurance company for
                    alleged refusal in bad faith to pay the insured’s
                    claim: (1) the insurer must be obligated to pay the
                    claim under the terms of the policy; (2) the insurer
                    must lack a reasonable basis in law or fact for
                    denying the claim; and (3) it must be shown that
                    the insurer either knew there was no reasonable
                    basis for denying the claim or acted with reckless
                    disregard for whether such a basis existed. . . .
                    [A]n insurer is . . . entitled to challenge a claim and
                    litigate it if the claim is debatable on the law or the
                    facts.”

                    This is a quote from Leibson, J., in dissent, in
             [Fed. Kemper Ins. Co. v. Hornback, 711 S.W.2d 844,
             846-47 (Ky. 1986)], stating views which were
             incorporated by reference in this Court’s Majority
             Opinion in Curry v. Fireman’s Fund [Ins. Co., 784
             S.W.2d 176, 178 (Ky. 1989)]. It applies to a claim of bad
             faith made by an insured against his own insurer, and a
             fortiori to a third-party’s claim of bad faith against an
             insurance company.

Wittmer v. Jones, 864 S.W.2d 885, 890 (Ky. 1993). The court has further

elucidated that this means “when an insured’s liability is unclear, bad-faith claims

fail as a matter of law because the insurer has a reasonable basis for challenging

the claim.” Mosley v. Arch Specialty Ins. Co., 626 S.W.3d 579, 586 (Ky. 2021)

(emphasis added). Since there is no clear liability against the Justice Estate,

Appellants’ claims against State Farm and Travelers for bad faith fail as a matter of

law.

                                         -11-
                               CONCLUSION

           Therefore, and for the foregoing reasons, the orders entered by the

Greenup Circuit Court are AFFIRMED.

           ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANTS:                  BRIEF FOR APPELLEE STATE
                                        FARM INSURANCE:
Dwight O. Bailey
Flatwoods, Kentucky                     Darrin W. Banks
                                        Paintsville, Kentucky

                                        BRIEF FOR APPELLEE
                                        STANDARD FIRE INSURANCE
                                        CO. D/B/A TRAVELERS
                                        INSURANCE:

                                        Michael P. Casey
                                        Emily S. Payne
                                        Lexington, Kentucky

                                        BRIEF FOR APPELLEE ESTATE OF
                                        REES A. JUSTICE:

                                        Robert B. Cetrulo
                                        Edgewood, Kentucky

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