Court Opinion

ID: 855082
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-03-13 17:22:36.827902+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:12:30.984725
License: Public Domain

Case: 12-20230    Document: 00512173165   Page: 1   Date Filed: 03/13/2013

         IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                  FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                  Fifth Circuit

                                                                FILED
                                                               March 13, 2013
                              No. 12-20230
                            Summary Calendar                   Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                    Clerk

MAE HELEN MCCRIMMON,

                                        Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A.; MANN & STEVENS, P.C.; ROBERT L. HORN;
B-SURE FINANCIAL MORTGAGE, L.L.C.;
NOVASTAR MORTGAGE, INCORPORATED; MILA, INCORPORATED;
WEEKLEY HOMES, L.P.; WILSHIRE HOMES, LIMITED;
AEGIS FUNDING CORPORATION;
COUNTRYWIDE HOME LOANS, INCORPORATED;
NAS/WILLI R. NELSON;
BARCLAYS CAPITAL REAL ESTATE, INCORPORATED,
Doing Business as Home EQ Servicing Corporation;
EMC MORTGAGE CORPORATION;
JP MORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., as Successor in Interest to
EMC Mortgage, L.L.C., Formerly Known as EMC Mortgage Corporation,

                                        Defendants-Appellees.

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of Texas
                              No. 4:09-CV-3049
     Case: 12-20230        Document: 00512173165          Page: 2     Date Filed: 03/13/2013

                                        No. 12-20230

Before SMITH, PRADO, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:*

       Mae McCrimmon took out seven mortgages, then sued numerous defen-
dants under various state and federal laws, alleging in essence that they failed
to inform her she could not afford the loans. The district court dismissed her
complaint against several defendants, refused to enter default judgment against
others, and granted summary judgment in favor of the rest. It also denied her
motions to file a fifth amended complaint, to compel discovery, for sanctions, and
for reconsideration. Finding no error, we affirm.

                                               I.
       McCrimmon purchased three houses and refinanced a fourth in February
and March 2006, taking out seven mortgages totaling over $1 million. In 2007,
she stopped making principal and interest payments on at least two of the
houses, which were foreclosed on. In September 2009, she sued numerous defen-
dants for fraud, negligence,1 and violations of the Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”),
the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (“RESPA”), the Texas Deceptive
Trade Practices Act (“TDTPA”), and the Texas Debt Collection Act (“TDCA”).

       *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
       1
         McCrimmon also pleaded violations of the Texas Finance and Administrative Codes.
Her reply brief clarifies that those violations did not support freestanding claims, but only her
claim of negligence per se.

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                                       No. 12-20230

The district court granted motions to dismiss filed by some of the defendants2
and motions for summary judgment filed by others.3 The court then denied
McCrimmon’s motions for default judgment against MILA, Inc., and B-Sure
Financial Mortgage, L.L.C., and her motions for leave to file a fifth amended
complaint, for sanctions against Wells Fargo and HomEq, and for recon-
sideration of the previous rulings. McCrimmon appeals each of these decisions.4

                                              II.
       “We review a summary judgment de novo, applying the same standard as
the district court.” United States ex rel. Jamison v. McKesson Corp., 649 F.3d
322, 326 (5th Cir. 2011). The same is true for a dismissal for failure to state a
claim. LeClerc v. Webb, 419 F.3d 405, 413 (5th Cir. 2005). We review the denial
of motions for leave to amend, to compel, for sanctions, to enter default judg-
ment, and to reconsider, as well as the refusal to exercise equitable tolling, for
abuse of discretion.5

       2
       NovaStar Mortgage, Inc.; BAC Home Loans Servicing, L.P., erroneously named as
Countrywide Home Loans, Inc.; Vericrest Financial, Inc.; and EMC Mortgage Corp.
       3
        Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (“Wells Fargo”), Barclays Capital Real Estate, Inc., doing Bus-
iness as Home EQ Servicing Corp. (“HomEq”), Mann & Stevens, P.C., Robert L. Horn, and
Weekley Homes, L.P. (“Weekley”).
       4
        McCrimmon also appeals the district court’s denial of her motion to compel Weekley
to respond to discovery requests and denial in part of her motion to compel Wells Fargo.
       5
          See Ballard v. Devon Energy Prod. Co., 678 F.3d 360, 364 (5th Cir. 2012) (leave to
amend); Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., 392 F.3d 812, 817 (5th Cir. 2004) (compel);
United States v. Garrett, 238 F.3d 293, 297 (5th Cir. 2000) (sanctions); Cambridge Toxicology
Group, Inc. v. Exnicios, 495 F.3d 169, 179 (5th Cir. 2007) (default judgment); Edward H. Boh-
lin Co. v. Banning Co., 6 F.3d 350, 353 (5th Cir. 1993) (reconsideration); Teemac v. Henderson,
298 F.3d 452, 457 (5th Cir. 2002) (equitable tolling).

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                                      No. 12-20230

                                            III.
                                             A.
       The district court properly ruled in favor of each of the defendants, most
by granting motions for summary judgment or to dismiss, the rest by refusing
to enter default judgment. All of McCrimmon’s claims, save for fraud and viola-
tion of the TDCA, were barred by statutes of limitations, and the district court
did not abuse its discretion in refusing to exercise equitable tolling. McCrimmon
failed to plead fraud with the requisite particularity and failed to state a claim
for violation of the TDCA.

                                             1.
       Most of McCrimmon’s claims are time-barred. Claims alleging improper
disclosures under TILA and kickbacks under RESPA are subject to one-year lim-
itations. 15 U.S.C. § 1640(e) (TILA); 12 U.S.C. § 2614 (RESPA). Limitations for
claims under the TDTPA and for negligence are two years. KPMG Peat Marwick
v. Harrison Cnty. Hous. Fin. Corp., 988 S.W.2d 746, 749–50 (Tex. 1999). Claims
for recession under TILA must be brought within three years. 15 U.S.C.
§ 1635(f). The loan documents were executed in February and March 2006, and
McCrimmon sued more than three years later, in September 2009. Therefore,
her claims, other than for fraud and violation of the TDCA, are barred.6
       McCrimmon contends that the district court should have applied equitable
tolling, which is appropriate “only in rare and exceptional circumstances,” espe-

       6
         The statute of limitations for fraud is four years. Exxon Corp. v. Emerald Oil & Gas
Co., 348 S.W.3d 194, 202 (Tex. 2011) (citing TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 16.004). McCrim-
mon’s claims for violations of the TDCA would have accrued whenever the improper debt-
collection activities took place, potentially long after the loan documents were executed.

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                                     No. 12-20230

cially “where the plaintiff is actively misled by the defendant about the cause of
action or is prevented in some extraordinary way from asserting [her] rights.”
Teemac, 298 F.3d at 457 (internal quotation marks omitted). McCrimmon’s
vague and conclusional allegations—that the defendants concealed kickbacks
and failed to inform her she could not afford the loans—do not set forth rare and
exceptional circumstances. Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discre-
tion in refusing to exercise equitable tolling.

                                            2.
      McCrimmon failed to state a claim for fraud or violation of the TDCA. To
survive a motion to dismiss, a claim must “state a claim to relief that is plausible
on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). A complaint that offers
merely “labels and conclusions” or “naked assertion[s] devoid of further factual
enhancement” will not suffice. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted, alteration
in original). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) requires that “in alleging fraud
or mistake, a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting
fraud or mistake.” This court “interprets Rule 9(b) strictly, requiring the plain-
tiff to specify the statements contended to be fraudulent, identify the speaker,
state when and where the statements were made, and explain why the state-
ments were fraudulent.” Flaherty & Crumrine Preferred Income Fund, Inc. v.
TXU Corp., 565 F.3d 200, 207 (5th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).
      It would be difficult to allege fraud in more general terms that McCrim-
mon employed.7 Her pleadings contain no specific statements made or omitted,

      7
        For example, she asserted that “[a]t all times material, Defendants misrepresented
and/or omitted material facts to Plaintiffs.”

                                            5
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                                       No. 12-20230

no identified speakers, no times or places, and no explanation of why the state-
ments were fraudulent. As the district court concluded, McCrimmon failed to
meet the pleading standard for fraud.
       As to the TDCA, McCrimmon did not allege any particular debt-collection
activities. Her allegations were conclusional—for example, that defendants vio-
lated the statute by “[u]sing unfair and unconscionable collection methods”—
and were entirely devoid of specific factual support. Therefore, she failed to
state a claim for relief for fraud or violation of the TDCA, the only claims not
time barred. The district court did not err in ruling for defendants.

                                              B.
                                              1.
       McCrimmon argues that the district court erred by denying her motions
to compel discovery from Weekley and Wells Fargo. The magistrate judge
denied the former because Weekley responded to all but three of her requests for
production, and those three were overbroad and irrelevant. Because those
requests asked for lists of all homes sold by Weekley from 2006 on, the court did
not abuse its discretion. The magistrate judge carefully considered the latter
and granted it in part. McCrimmon’s criticisms of the district courtSSthat she
was attempting to obtain relevant discovery and that the court ought to have
granted her more time for discovery sua sponteSSdo not demonstrate anything
arbitrary or unreasonable.8

       8
         Cf. Moore v. Willis Indep. Sch. Dist., 233 F.3d 871, 876 (5th Cir. 2000) (holding that
district court did not abuse its discretion by granting summary judgment while refusing to
allow plaintiff to conduct questionable discovery).

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                                       No. 12-20230

                                              2.
      Two months after the district court granted summary judgment to Wells
Fargo and HomEq, McCrimmon sought sanctions against them for alleged non-
compliance with discovery orders; the court denied the motion as untimely.
Because it provided a reasonable explanation for refusing to impose sanctions,9
and because McCrimmon’s assertion that the court erred is entirely unsup-
ported, the court did not abuse its discretion.

                                              3.
      McCrimmon contends that the district court erred by denying her motion
for reconsideration. “Courts have broad discretion in deciding such motions.”
Johnson v. Diversicare Afton Oaks, LLC, 597 F.3d 673, 677 (5th Cir. 2010). “A
motion to reconsider based on an alleged discovery of new evidence should be
granted only if (1) the facts discovered are of such a nature that they would prob-
ably change the outcome; (2) the facts alleged are actually newly discovered and
could not have been discovered earlier by proper diligence; and (3) the facts are
not merely cumulative or impeaching.” Id. (internal quotation marks and cita-
tion omitted). Although McCrimmon presented a number of “additional facts
that were found in discovery,” she failed to explain how any of them would have
changed the outcome or to show that they could not have been discovered
through proper diligence. Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discre-
tion in denying reconsideration.

      9
          Cf. Copeland v. Wasserstein, Perella & Co., 278 F.3d 472, 484–85 (5th Cir. 2002).

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                                  No. 12-20230

                                        4.
      McCrimmon asserts that the district court erred by denying her leave to
file a fifth amended complaint. Leave to amend should be granted “freely . . .
when justice so requires,” FED. R. CIV. P. 15(a), but the “district court may con-
sider that the moving party failed to take advantage of earlier opportunities to
amend,” Lozano v. Ocwen Fed. Bank, FSB, 489 F.3d 636, 644 (5th Cir. 2007). In
light of McCrimmon’s four opportunities to amendSStwo with the benefit of
defendants’ motions to dismissSSthe court did not abuse its discretion in denying
the motion to amend yet again.
      AFFIRMED.

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