Court Opinion

ID: 73627
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-26 08:14:17+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:59:01.781331
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PUBLISH

                   IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                         FILED
                         ________________________________ COURT OF APPEALS
                                                        U.S.
                                                                  ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                    No. 96-6770              04/20/99
                         ________________________________ THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                                         CLERK
                            D.C. Docket No. CV-95-T-262-N

HENRY C. BAILEY,

                                                 Petitioner-Appellant,

       versus

JOHN E. NAGLE, Warden,
JEFF SESSIONS, Attorney General for the
State of Alabama,

                                       Respondents-Appellees.
_________________________________________________________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Middle District of Alabama
_________________________________________________________________
                               (April 20, 1999)

Before HATCHETT, Chief Judge, CARNES, Circuit Judge, and FARRIS*, Senior Circuit
Judge.

PER CURIAM:

________________________________
*
  Honorable Jerome Farris, Senior U.S. Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by
designation.
       Henry C. Bailey, an Alabama prisoner, appeals the district court$s denial of his

petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Bailey was convicted in

1991 of one count of illegal distribution of crack cocaine. Pursuant to the Alabama

Habitual Felony Offender Act (“AHFOA”), Ala. Code § 13A-5-9, the court enhanced his

sentence to life imprisonment because of three prior drug-related convictions in 1982, and

he is currently serving that term. Bailey filed the instant petition for a writ of habeas

corpus in district court on February 25, 1995.1 A magistrate judge recommended that

Bailey$s petition be denied, supplementing that recommendation on June 21, 1996 to

include consideration of two subsequent amendments to Bailey$s petition, but adhering to

the original recommendation of denial. The district court adopted the magistrate$s judge$s

recommendation and ordered the petition dismissed on July 11, 1996.2

       This case has a long history. Prior to filing the instant petition, Bailey took a direct

appeal of his conviction and on two separate occasions sought post-conviction relief pro

se in the Alabama courts pursuant to Ala. R. Crim. P. 32. The Alabama Court of

Criminal Appeals affirmed the direct appeal in a memorandum order, dated November 15,

       1
         Because the petition was filed before April 24, 1996, the Anti-Terrorism and
Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”), Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (1996),
does not govern this appeal.
       2
         This case was previously before this court sitting en banc for purposes of
analyzing the limited issue of whether a district court has authority to grant a certificate of
appealability under the AEDPA. Hunter v. United States, 101 F.3d 1565 (11th Cir. 1996)
(en banc), cert denied, 117 S. Ct. 1695 (1997), overruled in part by Lindh v. Murphy, 117
S. Ct. 2059 (1997). The issue litigated in the previous appeal has no relevance to the
issues presently before the Court.

                                              2
1991, Bailey v. State, 595 So. 2d 915 (Ala. Crim. App. 1991) (Table), and the Alabama

Supreme Court denied certiorari on February 21, 1992, Ex parte Bailey, 628 So. 2d 1078

(Ala. 1992) (Table). Bailey filed his first post-conviction Rule 32 petition on March 13,

1992 (“1992 Rule 32 Petition”), and the Alabama circuit court denied it on April 15,

1992, after an evidentiary hearing. Bailey did not appeal from this April 15, 1992 denial

within the requisite time period, allegedly because he did not timely receive a copy of the

court$s order. When Bailey moved for an out-of-time appeal of the denial of the 1992

Rule 32 Petition, he was informed that the proper vehicle for obtaining such review under

Alabama law was simply to file another Rule 32 petition.3

       Attempting to follow this instruction, Bailey filed additional pro se Rule 32

petitions on April 28, 1993 and June 24, 19934 (collectively, “1993 Rule 32 Petitions”).

The court denied the 1993 Rule 32 Petitions on February 11, 1994 under the authority of

Ala. R. Crim. P. 32.2(b), which forbids successive Rule 32 appeals, except for good cause

or to prevent a miscarriage of justice. The Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed

the denial of the 1993 Rule 32 Petitions, adding as an additional ground for denial the fact

       3
         Bailey apparently tried to amend the 1992 Rule 32 Petition on June 5, 1992,
unaware that it had already been denied; the court construed the purported amendment as
a new, separate Rule 32 petition and denied it on June 10, 1992.
       4
         The April 28 petition simply explained the circumstances that allegedly excused
Bailey$s failure to appeal the denial of the 1992 Rule 32 Petition, but did not contain any
substantive grounds for relief from the underlying conviction. The June 24 petition added
substantive grounds. Although the two documents are styled as two separate petitions,
the Alabama courts apparently construed the June 24 petition as merely an amendment of
the April 28 petition, and treated them together as a single petition. We do the same.

                                             3
that none of Bailey$s contentions stated a claim, Ala. R. Crim. P. 32.7(d). Bailey v. State,

668 So. 2d 926 (Ala. Crim. App. 1994) (Table).5

       Because the issue of procedural default is paramount in this case, it is important to

identify precisely what issues were raised in the various Alabama proceedings and when.

On direct appeal, Bailey raised the following issues: (1) whether he had been denied a

speedy trial; and (2) whether the three 1982 convictions used as predicates for the

sentence enhancement under the AHFOA should have been treated as a single conviction

due to their closeness in time. (Neither of these grounds are relevant to the instant case.)

       In the 1992 Rule 32 Petition, Bailey raised the following issues: (1) whether trial

counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the racial composition of his jury; and (2)

whether trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the AHFOA enhancement on

the ground that the state had insufficiently proven the voluntariness of his guilty pleas in

the three 1982 predicate convictions.

       In the 1993 Rule 32 Petitions, Bailey raised the following issues: (1) a chain-of-

custody problem with cocaine evidence used to convict him; (2) ineffective assistance of

trial counsel for failure to investigate the chain-of-custody; (3) police alteration of

evidence; and (4) that his failure to appeal the 1992 Rule 32 Petition in time resulted from

lack of timely receipt of the Rule 32 court$s order.

       5
         Bailey actually filed a notice of appeal in July 1993 because he apparently was
under the impression from the Rule 32 judge$s remarks at a hearing on July 9, 1993 that
his claims were being denied. The Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals dismissed this
interlocutory appeal as premature, and Bailey re-filed his appeal once the 1993 Rule 32
Petitions actually were denied in a written order.

                                               4
       In this case, Bailey$s petition (incorporating amendments filed on November 21,

1995 and February 26, 1996) alleges the following grounds for relief: (1) the prosecution

failed to prove an unbroken chain-of-custody of crucial evidence; (2) ineffective

assistance of appellate counsel for (a) not investigating or objecting to the admission of

the evidence allegedly tainted by chain-of-custody problems, (b) failing to raise the chain-

of-custody issue on direct appeal, and (c) not allowing him to testify concerning the

chain-of-custody; (3) alleged government alteration of evidence; (4) the fact that his

failure to appeal the denial of the 1992 Rule 32 Petition was not his fault; and (5) the prior

convictions used to enhance his sentence under the AHFOA were not valid for

enhancement purposes due to (a) the fact that they were drug-related, (b) the fact that his

guilty please were uncounseled, and (c) the fact that no “Ireland forms” showing the

voluntariness of his predicate convictions were executed at the time of those convictions.

       The magistrate judge and district court concluded that Bailey$s claims regarding

the improper enhancement of his sentence under the AHFOA and ineffective assistance of

trial counsel were procedurally barred because they had never been presented properly to

any state court. They did not articulate why they viewed these claims as never properly

presented. Whether Bailey is procedurally barred from raising particular claims is a

mixed question of law and fact that we review de novo. Agan v. Vaughn, 119 F.3d 1538,

1541 (11th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 1305 (1998).

       A state habeas corpus petitioner who fails to raise his federal claims properly in

state court is procedurally barred from pursuing the same claim in federal court absent a

                                              5
showing of cause for and actual prejudice from the default. Wainwright v. Sykes, 433

U.S. 72, 87 (1977). Such procedural default can arise in two ways. First, where the state

court correctly applies a procedural default principle of state law to arrive at the

conclusion that the petitioner$s federal claims are barred, Sykes requires the federal court

to respect the state court$s decision. Atkins v. Singletary, 965 F.2d 952, 956 (11th Cir.

1992), cert. denied, 515 U.S. 1165 (1995); Meagher v. Dugger, 861 F.2d 1242, 1245

(11th Cir. 1988). Second, if the petitioner simply never raised a claim in state court, and

it is obvious that the unexhausted claim would now be procedurally barred due to a state-

law procedural default, the federal court may foreclose the petitioner$s filing in state

court; the exhaustion requirement and procedural default principles combine to mandate

dismissal. Snowden v. Singletary, 135 F.3d 732, 737 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct.

405 (1998); see also 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A)(1994)(pre-AEDPA) (“An application for

writ of habeas corpus . . . shall not be granted unless it appears that the applicant has

exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State . . . .”).

       Our analytic task first involves dividing the claims Bailey makes in this petition

into two categories: (1) those that were actually presented to the Alabama courts, and (2)

those that were not presented to the Alabama courts. As to the former, we ask whether

the last state court rendering judgment clearly and expressly stated that its judgment

rested on a procedural bar, i.e., an adequate and independent state ground. Harris v.

Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 263 (1989). As to the latter, we ask whether any attempt Bailey now

makes to exhaust his claims in the Alabama courts would be futile under Alabama

                                               6
procedural default doctrine. Snowden, 135 F.3d at 737 (“Federal courts may apply state

rules about procedural bars to conclude that further attempts at exhaustion would be

futile.”).

A.      CLAIMS ACTUALLY RAISED IN STATE COURT

        The first category includes Bailey$s claims regarding (1) the argument that the

prosecution failed to prove an unbroken chain-of-custody of the cocaine evidence; (2)

ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to investigate the chain-of-custody issue;6 (3)

alleged police alteration of evidence; and (4) the fact that his failure to appeal the denial

of the 1992 Rule 32 Petition was not his fault, because all of these claims were raised in

the 1993 Rule 32 Petitions. The first category can ignore Bailey$s direct appeal because

no overlap exists at all between the claims made in this case and the claims made in those

proceedings. Also, the first category can ignore the 1992 Rule 32 Petition because

Bailey$s failure to appeal the denial of that petition meant that the claims were never

exhausted. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(c) (“An applicant shall not be deemed to have

exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State . . . if he has the right under the

        6
          The first category does not include Bailey$s two other ineffective-assistance-of-
counsel claims, regarding the failure to raise the chain-of-custody issue on appeal and not
allowing Bailey to testify regarding the chain-of-custody. Those particular issues were
never presented to the state courts. While they are related to ineffective assistance of
counsel for failure to investigate the chain-of-custody of the cocaine evidence, which was
raised in state court, “a habeas petitioner may not present instances of ineffective
assistance of counsel in his federal petition that the state court has not evaluated
previously.” Footman v. Singletary, 978, F.2d 1207, 1211 (11th Cir. 1992). We will
consider the other two ineffective-assistance claims using the analysis for claims that
were never raised in state courts.

                                               7
law of the State to raise, by any available procedure, the question presented.”); Coleman

v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 740 (1991) (failure to take timely appeal of state post-

conviction court$s denial of petition constituted procedural default); Bufalino v. Reno,

613 F.2d 568, 570 (5th Cir. 1980)7 (“[T]he exhaustion doctrine requires that the federal

claim must have been presented to the highest court of the State, either on direct review

or in a post-conviction attack.”). Even if we treat the claims in the 1992 Rule 32 Petition

as exhausted due to the lack of fault on Bailey$s part for not timely appealing, no overlap

exists between those claims and the claims made in this petition.8

       We are satisfied that the Alabama courts denied the 1993 Rule 32 Petition on the

adequate and independent state procedural ground of successiveness. See generally Ala.

R. Crim. P. 32.2(b) (“A second or successive [Rule 32] petition on different grounds shall

       7
        In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), this
Court adopted as binding precedent all of the decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed
down prior to the close of business on September 30, 1981. Id. at 1209.
       8
          Bailey did argue in the 1992 Rule 32 Petition that his counsel rendered
ineffective assistance in failing to object to the sufficiency of the State$s proof that his
guilty pleas in the 1982 convictions used as predicates under the AHFOA were voluntary.
In this petition, he makes a similar claim (amendment dated November 25, 1991),
stripped of the ineffective-assistance cloak, raising the issue “whether the priors used [to]
bring the accused under the provision of the habitual offender statute must have consisted
of Ireland forms,” and implying that the failure to use such forms rendered the predicate
convictions involuntary. An ineffective-assistance claim is analytically distinct from the
substantive claim underlying it. Therefore, whether or not Bailey exhausted his
ineffective-assistance claim regarding the voluntariness of his predicate convictions, his
current substantive claim was not presented to the Alabama courts. Cf. Levasseur v.
Pepe, 70 F.3d 187, 192 (1st Cir. 1995) (finding that prior court$s treatment of petitioner$s
underlying substantive claims in the context of ruling on his ineffective assistance claim
did not preserve substantive claims themselves for review on collateral attack).

                                              8
be denied unless the petitioner shows both that good cause exists why the new ground or

grounds were not known or could not have been ascertained through reasonable diligence

when the first petition was heard, and that failure to entertain the petition will result in a

miscarriage of justice.”). In its February 11, 1994 order, the Rule 32 court found that

“[t]he Petitioner has failed to show good cause why the grounds raised in the instant

petitioner were not known or could not have been ascertained through reasonable

diligence at the time his first and second petitions were heard. Further, the Petitioner has

failed to show that failure to entertain this petition will result in the miscarriage of

justice.” However, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals complicated matters slightly,

by stating in its November 10, 1994 memorandum affirmance of the Rule 32 trial court$s

order,

         The appellant$s argument, that the trial court erred in denying his Rule 32,
         A.R.Cr.P. petition as successive because it was a vehicle for an out-of-time
         appeal of his original petition, is without merit. Summary disposition of the
         petition was proper on another procedural ground, as the appellant failed to
         state a claim. Rule 32.7(d), A.R.Cr.P. The appellant did not show that his
         attorney was ineffective according to the standards of Strickland v.
         Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).

Whether Bailey$s claims that were raised in the 1993 Rule 32 Petitions are now

procedurally barred turns on interpretation of the above language.

         In Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 260 (1989), the United States Supreme Court was

confronted with the situation of a section 2254 habeas corpus petitioner whose

ineffective-assistance claims in a state post-conviction relief proceeding had been rejected

                                               9
by the state appellate court in an unpublished opinion. That opinion stated that the

petitioner had waived those claims through not presenting them on direct appeal (i.e., a

state-law procedural default), but proceeded to analyze the claims on the merits and reject

them. The question was whether the federal court in the section 2254 proceeding should

refuse to review the claims because state procedural default rules barred them due to the

ambiguity in the state appellate court$s decision about the ground it was relying upon.

The Court held that “[a] procedural default does not bar consideration of a federal claim

on . . . habeas review unless the last state court rendering a judgment in the case clearly

and expressly states that its judgment rests on a procedural bar.” Id. at 263 (internal

quotations omitted). In Harris, the state appellate court had “laid the foundation” for a

holding based on waiver noting the petitioner$s failure to raise his claims on direct appeal,

but never stating clearly and expressly its reliance on that ground. Id. at 266.

Consequently, federal habeas review was not precluded.

       Under Harris v. Reed, we must determine whether the Alabama Court of Criminal

Appeals$ opinion rested on independent and adequate state procedural grounds. We

believe that although the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals could have been more

explicit, its opinion rested on procedural default and failure to state a claim as alternative

grounds and therefore fits within the exception reserved in footnote 10 of the Supreme

Court$s opinion in Harris: “[A] state court need not fear reaching the merits of a federal

claim in an alternative holding. Through its very definition, the adequate and

independent state ground doctrine requires the federal court to honor a state holding that

                                              10
is a sufficient basis for the state court$s judgment, even when the state court also relies on

federal law.” Harris, 489 U.S. at 264 n.10 (emphasis in original). See also Alderman v.

Zant, 22 F.3d 1541, 1549-51 (11th Cir.) (where a Georgia habeas corpus court found that

the petitioner$s claims were procedurally barred as successive, but also noted that the

claims lacked merit based on the evidence, “[t]his ruling in the alternative did not have

the effect . . . of blurring the clear determination by the [Georgia habeas corpus] court that

the allegation was procedurally barred”), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1061 (1994). The

presence of alternative holdings in the state appellate court$s opinion distinguishes this

case from Thomas v. Harrelson, 942 F.2d 1530, 1531-32 (11th Cir. 1991), where we held

that “[t]here is no procedural bar” where “the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals, the

last state court to consider this case, addressed on the merits the issue [raised in the §

2254 petition].”

       Thus, the district court was correct that it was precluded from hearing those of

Bailey$s claims that had been declared procedurally defaulted during the state-court

litigation of the 1993 Rule 32 Petitions. Again, these claims are (1) the argument that the

prosecution failed to prove an unbroken chain-of-custody of incriminating evidence; (2)

ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to investigate the chain-of-custody issue; (3)

police alteration of evidence; and (4) the argument that Bailey$s failure to appeal the

denial of the 1992 Rule 32 Petition was not his fault.

B.     CLAIMS NOT RAISED IN STATE COURT

                                              11
       The other claims in this petition were not presented to the Alabama courts in the

1993 Rule 32 Petitions, nor in Bailey$s direct appeal or 1992 Rule 32 Petition. Failure to

raise those claims until now means that Bailey deprived the state courts of “the first

opportunity to hear the claim[s] sought to be vindicated in a federal habeas proceeding.”

Picard v. Connor, 404 U.S. 270, 276 (1971). As to these newly made claims, we apply

the familiar principle that federal courts may treat unexhausted claims as procedurally

defaulted, even absent a state court determination to that effect, if it is clear from state law

that any future attempts at exhaustion would be futile. Snowden v. Singletary, 135 F.3d

732, 737 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. 405 (1998). This precept readily disposes of

Bailey$s remaining ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims, as well as his claim

concerning the validity of the predicate convictions for purposes of the AHFOA.

Alabama law is clear that a successive petition “shall be denied unless the petitioner

shows both that good cause exists why the new ground or grounds were not known or

could not have been ascertained through reasonable diligence when the first petition was

heard, and that failure to entertain the petition will result in a miscarriage of justice.” Ala.

R. Crim. P. 32.2(b). Bailey has shown no cause why his remaining ineffective-assistance-

of-counsel claims and his AHFOA claim could not have been raised in the 1992 Rule 32

Petition. The Alabama circuit court$s denial of the 1993 Rule 32 petitions on

successiveness grounds in 1994 provides further support that the claims newly made in

this case would similarly fail Rule 32.2(b). Further, if brought at the present time in state

court, the two-year statute of limitations would bar these unexhausted claims (two years

                                              12
after the mandate issued in the direct appeal of Bailey$s conviction). See Ala. R. Crim. P.

32.2(c)(1).

C.     EXCEPTIONS TO PROCEDURAL DEFAULT

       A habeas petitioner can escape the procedural default doctrine either through

showing cause for the default and prejudice, Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 488 (1986),

or establishing a “fundamental miscarriage of justice,” Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298,

324-27 (1995). Bailey has not shown any cause for not applying the procedural bar. He

claims that his inability to effect a timely appeal of the April 14, 1992 denial of the 1992

Rule 32 Petition, due to his never receiving notice of the circuit court$s order, constitutes

cause excusing his procedural default. This argument is meritless. The most it could do

is to excuse Bailey$s failure to exhaust claims made in the 1992 Rule 32 Petition (that is,

his failure to appeal the denial of the 1992 Rule 32 Petition to the state court of last resort

in Alabama, see 28 U.S.C. § 2254(c); Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 516-18 (1982)), and

thereby resurrect those claims. The only claims made in the 1992 Rule 32 Petition

concerned (1) ineffective assistance of counsel for not objecting to the racial composition

of Bailey$s jury, and (2) ineffective assistance of counsel for not objecting to the

sufficiency of the State$s proof that the guilty pleas in the predicate convictions used to

sentence Bailey under the AHFOA were voluntary. Bailey apparently has abandoned

these clams as he did not raise them in this petition.

       As far as claims not made in the 1992 Rule 32 petition are concerned, whether

good cause existed for his failure to appeal the denial of that petition is irrelevant. In the

                                              13
proceedings on the 1993 Rule 32 Petition, the court found that the claims made in the

1993 Rule 32 Petitions were successive, they would be made no less successive if Bailey

had been granted leave to file an out-of-time appeal of the denial of the 1992 Rule 32

Petition. Claims are successive when they could have been, but were not, raised in an

earlier petition. See Ala. R. Crim. P. 32.2(b). The procedural default that is central to

this case is not Bailey$s failure to appeal the denial of the 1992 Rule 32 Petition, but

rather his failure to raise the presently made claims in the 1992 Rule 32 Petition.

       Consequently, Bailey has not shown the requisite cause to excuse his procedural

default. Nor has Bailey established a “fundamental miscarriage of justice.” That

alternative method of escaping procedural default requires a colorable showing of actual

innocence, which Bailey has not made. See Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 324-27 (1995).

For the foregoing reasons, the district court$s dismissal of Bailey$s petition for a writ of

habeas corpus is AFFIRMED.

                                        AFFIRMED.

                                              14
CARNES, Circuit Judge, concurring specially:

       I concur in this Court’s affirmance of the district court’s denial of the 28 U.S.C. §

2254 petition and dismissal of the case with prejudice on procedural bar grounds, and I

agree with almost all of the Court’s discussion. The reason I cannot join in the opinion

without reservation is that some of its discussion seems to me to confuse the doctrines of

exhaustion of state remedies and procedural bar.

       Of course, those two doctrines are related. They are related in the sense that if it

is futile for a petitioner to return to state court because previous procedural defaults

there will bar any relief, that futility is an “exception” to the exhaustion of state remedies

requirement. We call the futility rule an “exception” to the exhaustion requirement, but

in reality it is just a recognition that when there is a procedural bar that would prevent a

state court from granting relief on a claim, even if that claim is meritorious, there is no

effective state remedy left for the petitioner to exhaust. That is what we have in this case,

so the exhaustion doctrine is not applicable.

       If the exhaustion doctrine were applicable, the proper result would be dismissal of

the case without prejudice in order to require the petitioner to seek relief by pursuing his

remaining state court remedies. The dismissal would be without prejudice, because if the

petitioner were unsuccessful with his state remedies, he could return to federal court with

his claims. Instead of dismissing the case without prejudice, the district court in this case

denied the habeas petition and dismissed the case with prejudice. That disposition is the

correct one where a petitioner has no effective state remedies left to exhaust and the

                                                15
district court concludes his claims are either meritless or, as in this case, procedurally

barred.

       Pages 6 - 8 of this Court’s opinion is the part that appears to blur the distinction

between and confuse the doctrines or procedural bar and exhaustion. Consider, for

example, the statement that: “if the petitioner simply never raised a claim in state court,

and it is obvious that the unexhausted claim would now be procedurally barred due to a

state law procedural default, the federal court may foreclose the petitioner’s filing in state

court; the exhaustion requirement and procedural default principles combine to mandate

dismissal.” Op. at 6. That and other statements in the opinion at least imply that the result

in this case is based in part on the exhaustion requirement. It is not. The petitioner has

no effective state court remedies left to exhaust. His claims were all procedurally

defaulted in one or another state court proceeding, and accordingly, they are procedurally

barred from consideration in federal court. This is a procedural bar case, not an

exhaustion of state remedies case. The result in this case would have been the same if

there were no exhaustion of state remedies doctrine.

                                              16