Court Opinion

ID: 7950827
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-08 23:26:25.352032+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:34:08.053670
License: Public Domain

Fellows, J.
(after stating the facts). We shall consider the questions raised in their order.
1 and 2. If the clause of this contract of insurance, which is involved in this action, is not contrary to public policy we perceive no good reason for holding it to be invalid. What its construction should be we shall consider under another head. The diligence of counsel has brought to our attention but one case where the question of public policy was involved. With the limit of time at our disposal we have found but one other.
In the case of Duckworth v. Scottish Widows Fund Life Assurance Society, 33 Times Law Rep. 430, this was the only question involved. The society had issued its policy of insurance in the sum of £50,000 upon the life of one Duckworth; such policy contained a clause that if the assured “shall enter into or engage in any military service except in Great Britain or Ireland * * * without the license of the directors previously obtained, then * * * this policy shall be void.” It was urged that the clause was contrary to public policy in that it tended to induce Duckworth not to serve his country as a soldier. The contention was overruled. We quote from the report of the case:
“His Lordship (Mr. Justice Coleridge) did not think that the law could reorganize the business of insurance companies. Business was business, and to enforce on insurance companies, a law that they should make no distinction between the risk of staying at home and that of fighting abroad, on the ground of public policy,_ was, in his opinion, to ride the horse of public policy too hard. To refrain from making the distinction might involve them in ruin. Therefore, he did not think there was anything contrary to public policy in this insurance policy.”
In a very recent case before the supreme court of Arkansas (Miller v. Bankers’ Life Ass'n [Ark.], 212 S. W. 310) the provisions of the policy were quite *644similar to the ones in the instant case. It was. urged that such provisions tended to prevent voluntary enlistments and induced resistance to the draft laws and was therefore contrary to public policy. But the court said:
“We do not think the argument is well founded. An insurance company has the right to select the particular risks it -is willing to assume, and there is no public policy against a contract of this sort exempting the insurance company, in advance, from liability for death of the insured while in the .military or naval service of the government. The’ stipulation does not provide for a forfeiture of the policy, but merely for an exemption from liability under certain circumstances and conditions. It holds out no inducements to the assured to refrain from enlistment in his country’s service, and does not constitute, in any sense, an agreement not to enlist or to evade the draft law.”
! Other cases having more or less bearing on this question will be considered later but these two cases are the only ones we have been able to find which are directly in point.
It must be borne in mind that the solvency of insurance companies is maintained by the collection of their premiums; that risks differ, and that a rate adequate for one condition may not be adequate for another; and, eliminating the question of the power of the State to prescribe a standard form of contracts of insurance and otherwise regulate such corporations (questions not here involved), may contract with the insured upon the terms under which it shall be bound. Both the parties to this contract knew when it was entered into that a state of war existed; both knew that deceased was of draft age, that he was a single man in good health as his medical examination showed, and both knew he was subject to be called by our Government to do military service. With this, knowledge, possessed by both,, this contract" of insurance *645was entered into. The Government to which both owed allegiance had the right to call the deceased to the service. We are unable to perceive that public policy prevented them from contracting that if that event took place defendant should not be bound if death occurred while in such service unless a permit was given and an additional fee or premium paid. The parties did not differentiate between voluntary and involuntary service, between service performed under enlistment and service performed under the draft law and we cannot without making a contract for them read such differentiation into the policy.
3. Cases involving this question are not as numerous as one might expect, nor has much attention been given it by text writers. The use of different, language in the policies considered in the cases has led to varying results as the language has varied; and in most of the cases the courts have limited their discussion and consideration to the precise language of the policy before them. In the cases the rule is recognized that the contract of insurance having been prepared by the company, if it is capable of two interpretations, the one most favorable to the insured should be adopted. We shall consider some of the cases which by "analogy may be thought to apply.
We are not impressed that Cohen v. Insurance Co., 50 N. Y. 610, and Sands v. Insurance Co., 50 N. Y. 626, cited by the plaintiff, are controlling here. These cases involve the same question and were handed down together. In both cases the facts are substantially these: Prior to the war of the rebellion the insurance companies, both of the State of New York, had issued policies of life insurance to residents of the southern States. The premiums had been paid until the beginning of the war; during its continuance they were not paid; after the war the premiums were tendered or offered; the insured in each case was a non-com*646batant. It was held in both eases that during the war trading with the enemy was prohibited, that the insured could not be required to do an unlawful thing, i. e., pay money to a citizen of the enemy country, and that the contract of insurance was not forfeited but was suspended during the war. The opinions by Justices Allen and Peckham- are able ones, but this is likewise true of the opinion of Justice Carpenter in Worthington v. Insurance Co., 41 Conn. 372, where an exactly opposite conclusion was reached on the same state of facts. And in Dillard v. Insurance Co., 44 Ga. 119, the supreme court of Georgia reached the same conclusion as did the Connecticut court. We need not further pursue the cases where the situation was the same as in these cases as they are not applicable to the instant case.
In the case of Welts v. Insurance Co., 48 N. Y. 34, the language of the policy was:
“* * * or shall, without such previous consent thus endorsed, enter into any military or naval service whatsoever (the militia not in actual service ex? cepted), the said policy shall be void, null and of no effect.”
The insured while acting as superintendent in the construction of a railroad bridge for military purposes located some 30 miles behind the Union lines, and more than that distance from the confederate army, was killed by robbers in no way connected with either army. He was not an enlisted man and held no office of a military character. It was held that the company was liable. The learned commissioner (Leon-, ard) who wrote the opinion seemed to lay stress on the fact that he was not an enlisted man; he says:
“I am not much experienced in military affairs; but it is generally understood that there is a record of the entry of both officers and privates into the military service.”
*647And in further considering the term “military service,” he said:
“The general understanding of the term includes such persons only as are liable to do duty in the field as combatants.”
The case must be regarded as holding that one who has not enlisted or been drafted, who is a non-combatant, and is not liable to be called upon to perform service in the field was not in “military service” within the meaning of the policy. It does not determine that the converse of the proposition would be true unless it may be inferentially.
A cursory examination of Mutual Benefit Life Ins. Co. v. Wise, 34 Md. 582, might lead to the impression that the court held as matter of law that a chaplain was not engaged in military service, but a more careful examination of the case will demonstrate that due to the uncertainty of the proof the question was held to be a question for the jury. However, the United States Supreme. Court in United States v. La Towrette, 151 U. S. 572 (14 Sup. Ct. Rep. 422), held that a post chaplain was engaged in military service within the meaning of the act of July 15, 1870 (16 U. S. Stat. P. 315).
In LaRue v. Insurance Co., 68 Kan. 539 (75 Pac. 494), the policy contained the following clause:
“Military or Naval Service. — The insured under this policy is permitted to serve in the militia or in the military or naval force of the United States in time of peace without prejudice to his policy; and he may so serve in time of war by giving the company notice in writing, and paying an extra premium therefor, not to exceed three per cent, per annum upon the amount insured. But should such notice not be given and the extra premium for war hazard not be paid at the time the risk is incurred, the company will be liable for the reserve only on this policy, computed according to the actuaries’ table of mortality and four per cent, interest.”
*648The insured was a soldier, with his regiment in the Philippine Islands. He was killed at the village of Loculan in the island of Mindanao by a blow from a bolo in the hands- of an insurrecto. Upon the trial the plaintiff offered to prove that at the village of Loculan there was no armed resistance against the forces of the United States, the insured had been sent there with his company after active service for a rest; that the guards had only empty guns and that there was no disturbance of any kind on that island. The trial judge, holding that the courts would take judicial notice that a state of insurrection existed, declined the offered proof and permitted recovery only for the amount of the reserve. This action was affirmed.
Let us now examine the cases growing out of the late war. In Coxe v. Assurance Corp., 2 K. B. Div. 629 (1916), the action was brought on a policy of accident insurance which contained a condition that defendant did not insure against death “directly or indirectly caused by, arising from, or traceable to *' * * war.” The insured, Captain Ewing, an officér, in the reserve of officers, was engaged in guarding the South Eastern Railway in and about Folkestone -Junction. In the performance of this duty he was struck by an engine and killed. The finding of the arbitrator that the insurance company was not liable was sustained.
In the case of Redd v. Insurance Co., 200 Mo. App. 383 (207 S. W. 74), the insured died of pneumonia at-a training camp. The application for insurance contained the following clause:
“That active service in the army or navy, in time of war, shall invalidate said contract of insurance, unless a permit for such service shall have been applied for in writing and indorsed upon the policy by the company, and such extra premium paid therefor upon notification as the then rules of the company may provide.”
*649And the following appeared in the policy upon which the action was brought:
“In case of death from service in war without permission from the company, the full reserve for this policy at the time of such death only will be paid.”
In the majority opinion it is said:
“Defendant does not seem to draw any distinction between service in the army and ‘active’’ service therein. We believe that one has entered the service of the army when he has passed the examinations, taken the oath, been enrolled, and has subjected himself to the orders of the military. See Welts v. Insurance Co., 48 N. Y. 34 (8 Am. Rep. 518). It is therefore apparent that insured had entered service in the army at the time of his death. However, we believe that there is a distinction between service in the army and ‘active’ service therein.”
The court then considers the word “active” found in the application and the term “service in war” and laying particular stress on the word “active” and considering “active service” as service before the enemy held that the plaintiff was entitled to recover.
In the case of Kelly v. Insurance Co., 169 Wis. 274 (172 N. W. 152, 4 A. L. R. 845), the application contained the following:
“Military or Naval Service or Work in Connection with Warfare. If the insured shall, within two years from date of this policy, engage in any military or naval service, or in any work as a civilian in any capacity whatsoever in connection with actual warfare, and shall die within two years of the date of this policy as a result, directly or indirectly, of engaging in such service or work, the liability of the company under this policy shall be limited to the return of the premiums paid, without interest.”
The insured, an enlisted man, was engaged in supervising the construction and operation of sawmills in France more than a hundred miles from the zone of actual warfare. While going from one mill to an*650other oil a motorcycle, the motorcycle skidded, throwing him against a tree, resulting in his death. In the preliminary statement, Mr. Justice Rosenberry, who wrote for the court, says:
“It is admitted that at the time of his death the insured was engaged in the military service of the’ United States. The crucial question is, Did the insured die as a result, directly or indirectly, of engaging in the military service?”
He then proceeds to discuss the peculiar language of the clause as applied to the facts of the case, holding that the cause of the death was as common to civil as to military life, and says:
“The policy does not say that recovery shijll be limited to the return of premiums paid if death shall occur while the insured is engaged in the service or work .described, but the limitation applies only to death which occurs, ‘as a result directly or indirectly of engaging in such service.’ ”
—and holds that the company is liable under the policy then under consideration.
In Miller v. Bankers’ Life Ass’n, supra, the language was quite similar to the clause in the policy here. The provision was as follows:
■ “It is expressly provided that death while in' the service in the army or navy of the government in time of war is not a risk covered at any time during the continuance or reinstatement of this; policy for any greater sum than the amounts actually paid to the company thereon. * * *
“This policy shall'be incontestable two years from ■its date except for nonpayment of premium calls, or death while engaged in or caused by violation of the law or while in the service of the army or navy of any government, which is not a risk covered at any time during the continuance or reinstatement of this policy for any greater sum than the amounts actually paid to the association thereon.”
The insured had died from pneumonia at Camp Beauregard, La., after his induction into the service. *651V/e have already quoted from this case and will not quote further. It was held that under the terms of the policy the defendant was not liable, the insured at the time of his death being in the service in the army; and that the clause quoted exempted the defendant from liability under the facts which were substantially identical with those in the case at bar. The case is not distinguishable from the one wé are considering.
An examination of the authorities is convincing that one has entered “military service” when he has passed the examination, taken the oath, been enrolled as a soldier, and becomes subject to the orders of the military branch of the Government. This, we think, is clearly the common understanding of that term. He then gives up for the time being the occupation of a civilian, and takes up the tasks of a soldier. He may no longer come and go as he pleases. He is constantly subject to the orders of his superiors. If he violates the articles of war he is tried by court martial, a military court. His status is then fixed. He is as clearly in the military service when in training as when before the enemy. Wé think the parties, to this contract so understood the term, as “military service” in times of peace did not suspend the contract or relieve defendant of liability. The parties had the right to draw the line where liability would cease in time of war. They drew it at the point where the insured entered “military service,” when he was inducted into that service. Unless we interpolate the word “active” or otherwise change the language of the contract we must hold that the defendant was not liable under the terms of the contract. We recognize the rule that if two reasonable interpretations of the contract are permissible we should adopt the one most favorable to the insured, the contract having been prepared by the insurer. This rule is a salutary one and we have no disposition to weaken its force. We *652should, however, be careful to guard against its misapplication. It is not applicable where it is necessary to read something into the contract that the parties have not put there in order to make it susceptible of a double construction. We are constrained to hold that defendant was not, under the policy, required to pay upon the death of deceased, which occurred after he was inducted into the military service of his country during a time of war and while he was still in such service.
The language found in the policy, “military and naval service in time of war shall be construed to include work as a civilian in any capacity whatever in connection with actual warfare,” cannot aid the plaintiff; on the contrary it indicates that “military service” as applied to a soldier does include service not connected with aetual warfare before the enemy. This language tends to strengthen rather than weaken the defendant’s contention, and does not impress us as in any way sustaining the plaintiff’s contention or as militating against the conclusion we have reached.
4. Counsel overlooks the fact that the terms of the policy require that a “written permit” be issued by the company. Nothing is said in the policy about giving notice by insured of his entry into military service. What the contract requires is that the company shall give its written consent that it will be liable when insured is engaged in military service in time of war before such liability shall attach. We infer that such addition to its liability would be accompanied by an additional fee or premiums. It was so stated at the argument.-'
5. But it is insisted that the doctrine of waiver and estoppel should avail the plaintiff; and it is here insisted for the first time that the case should at least have been submitted to the jury on this question. The argument is made that plaintiff has been put to ex*653pense in procuring the appointment of an adminis-. trator and in making, out the proof of loss, and that this was done at the suggestion of defendant, and it is urged that for this reason it has waived the defense here asserted and is estopped from making this claim. Waiver as applied to this class of cases is bottomed on the doctrine of estoppel. New York Cent. Ins. Co. v. Watson, 23 Mich. 486; Moloney v. Insurance Co., 168 Mich. 269; Sweeney v. Insurance Co., 199 Mich. 584. It is quite doubtful that plaintiff’s case, if it is one where waiver and estoppel may be invoked, is within the cases where the doctrine has been applied. Defendant sent the blanks for proof of loss and made the suggestion that an administrator be appointed before it had any notice or knowledge that the insured was in the military service of his country at the time of his death. It surely should not be estopped by these acts from making a defense of which it then had no knowledge or notice. But in the view we take of the case we think it unnecessary to pursue this line of thought further or to consider whether any subsequent acts amounted to a waiver as we are clearly of the opinion that the case is not one where the doctrine of waiver and estoppel may be invoked.
The cases where the doctrine of waiver, of estoppel, has been applied have largely been cases where the insurance companies have relied on a forfeiture of the contract, upon breaches of the warranties and conditions to work such forfeitures; and in many such cases this court and other courts of last resort have held that if the companies have led the other party, to his prejudice, to his expense, to understand that such forfeitures, such breaches of warranties and conditions would not be insisted upon, then the companies would be estopped from asserting such defenses. But here the defendant makes no claim of forfeiture of the contract; on the contrary it is insisting upon the *654contract itself and insisting that by its terms it did not insure the deceased when engaged in military services in time of war. To apply the doctrine of estoppel and waiver here would make this contract of insurance cover a loss it never covered by its terms, to create a liability not created by the contract and never assumed by the defendant under the terms of the policy. In other words, by invoking the doctrine of estoppel and waiver it is sought to bring into existence a contract not made by the parties, to create a liability contrary to the express provisions of the contract the parties did make.' The supreme court of Wisconsin in the case of McCoy v. Relief Ass’n, 92 Wis. 577 (66 N. W. 697, 47 L. R. A. 681), had this precise question before it. By the terms of the policy the company was not liable where the death occurred by suicide. The insured committed suicide. But it was insisted that the company by its acts was estopped from asserting such defense to the action. The answer to such contention was there so well stated that we adopt it as applicable to the instant case. Speaking through Mr. Justice Marshall, the court there said:
“On this branch of the case much learning is displayed, and the general subject of waiver and estoppel in cases of forfeitures by breaches of conditions in contracts of insurance is ably discussed in respondent’s brief in support of the contention that appellant is estopped from insisting upon a forfeiture in this case; but we are unable to see how the settled rules under which it is held that a forfeiture or condition of forfeiture may be waived applies here. What is insisted upon is not really the waiver of a forfeiture, or an equitable estoppel against insisting upon a condition of the policy, the violation of which would otherwise work a forfeiture. It is a misuse of the term to so speak of the loss of benefits under the certificate in question. What is here sought is not to prevent a forfeiture, but to make a new contract; to radically change the terms of the certificate so as to cover death by suicide, when by its terms that is expressly ex-*655eluded from the contract. We do not understand that the doctrine of estoppel or waiver goes that far. After a loss accrues, an insurance company may, by its conduct, waive a forfeiture; or by some act before such loss it may induce the insured to do or not to, do some act contrary to the stipulations of the policy, and thereby be estopped from setting up such violations as a forfeiture; but such conduct, though in conflict with the terms of the contract of insurance and with the knowledge of the insured and relied upon by him, will not have the effect to broaden out such contract so as to cover additional objects of insurance or causes of loss.”
6. It was clearly within the discretion of the trial court to permit defendant to amend its pleadings by adding a notice under the plea of the general issue. Section 12478, 3 Comp. Laws 1915; Sweeney v. Insurance Co., supra.
The judgment will be affirmed.
Moore, C. J., and Steere, Brooke, Stone, Clark, Bird, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred.