Court Opinion

ID: 3173232
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-01-28 21:02:24.350954+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:59:05.352682
License: Public Domain

Filed 1/28/16

                        CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

          IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                         SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                    DIVISION FOUR

THE PEOPLE,                                     B261243

        Plaintiff and Respondent,               (Los Angeles County
                                                 Super. Ct. No. BA427911)
        v.

JOSE AGUILERA,

        Defendant and Appellant.

        APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Michael D. Abzug, Judge. Affirmed.
        C. Matthew Missakian, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
        Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Michael R. Johnsen
and Wyatt E. Bloomfield, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
      In People v. Llamas (1997) 51 Cal. App. 4th 1729 (Llamas), the court of
appeal held that “a spouse may be liable for the theft [of] a community property
asset” (id. at p. 1739), but that “when a spouse takes a community property vehicle
with the intent to temporarily deprive the other spouse of its use, no violation of
Vehicle Code section 10851 occurs since in legal effect that spouse has not taken a
vehicle not his or her own.” (Id. at pp. 1739-1740.) The instant case involves
whether and how the dual holdings of Llamas, as well as principles of community
property, apply to the crime of robbery.
      Here, a jury convicted defendant Jose Aguilera of the second degree robbery
                                                  1
of his wife, Angelica Avila (Pen. Code, § 211), and of misdemeanor battery
against her (§ 243, subd. (e)(1), a lesser included offense of the charged corporal
                                        2
injury to a spouse (§ 273.5, subd. (a)). In the robbery, the property taken was a
cell phone. The prosecution’s theory, as explained in the prosecutor’s argument to
the jury, was that defendant temporarily took the phone to prevent his wife from
calling the police while he was violently assaulting her, thus intending “to remove
it from [Avila’s] possession for so extended a period of time that [she] would be
deprived [of] a major portion of the value or enjoyment of the” cell phone.
However, testimony at trial suggested that the phone was presumptively
community property.

1      Further undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code, unless otherwise
indicated.

2     He was sentenced to five years’ formal probation, subject to serving 365 days in
county jail, and ordered, among other things, to complete a year-long domestic violence
program.

                                            2
       On appeal, relying on Llamas, defendant contends that when a robbery
involves the taking of community property, the charged spouse cannot be guilty if
the taking was committed with the intent only to temporarily, as opposed to
permanently, deprive the other spouse of the property, because in such
circumstances the charged spouse has not taken property not his or her own. On
that premise, he contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his robbery
conviction, because the evidence failed to prove that he intended to permanently
deprive his wife of the cell phone. He also contends that the trial court erred by
failing to instruct on principles of separate and community property as relevant to
the requirement of robbery that a defendant take property not his or her own.
       We hold that properly understood, Llamas compels the conclusion that one
spouse can be convicted of robbing the other of community property on a
temporary taking theory, that the principles of separate and community property
are immaterial to a robbery prosecution, and that instructions on those principles
are unwarranted.

                                                       3
                                   BACKGROUND
       On August 3, 2014, defendant and Avila, who had been married for about
six years and had two children, attended a baptism party. Avila carried a purse,
which contained a wallet with her identification and other personal documents, the

3      Testifying at trial, Avila recanted statements she made to the deputy sheriff who
responded to the incident. The prosecution impeached her with the description of the
incident she gave to the responding deputy. Consistent with the standard of review on
appeal, our summary of the evidence relies on Avila’s prior description of events, to the
extent it presents the incident in the light most favorable to the judgment.

                                            3
keys to the couple’s car, and a white cell phone that she regularly used. Defendant
carried a black cell phone.
       As the party ended, defendant and Avila argued. He was upset that Avila
had obtained a restraining order against him several days earlier after an incident of
domestic violence. Avila ran from the party to the couple’s parked car. Defendant
ran after her, put his hands around her neck, and began to strangle her, demanding
that she give him “the phone.”
       Avila got inside the car. Afraid that defendant might “do something,” Avila
locked the door, began rolling up the window, and turned on the ignition, preparing
to drive away. Defendant broke the driver’s-side window, reached inside, and
turned off the engine. Avila’s feet and hands were cut by shattered glass.
Defendant tried to pull Avila out of the car through the window. The couple
struggled over Avila’s purse, but defendant overpowered Avila and took the purse
          4
from her.

4       As noted (see fn. 3, ante), Avila’s trial testimony was not consistent with the
above description of events. Avila testified that she and defendant argued at the party
because she wanted him to stop drinking so they could go home. She said she mistakenly
took “his phone” from a table and put it into her purse while he was in the bathroom. He
was mad at her because, unbeknownst to her, she had taken his phone, not because of the
restraining order.
        Avila denied that defendant tried to strangle her. Rather, he ran after her to stop
her from leaving and grabbed her by the back of her neck––although not “that hard
because [she] was able to free [her]self”––and demanded “the phone.” Avila believed
defendant was demanding “[her] phone,” which struck her as “weird.”
        Avila also testified that defendant’s hand got stuck in the window (which was
already cracked) as she closed it, and the window broke accidentally as he pulled back his
hand. He never grabbed, hit or touched Avila in any harmful way while she was inside
the car. She did not suffer injuries to her feet, nor any pain or redness in her neck.

                                            4
       Juan Diaz, a bystander at the scene, testified that he ran to the car after he
heard a woman scream and the sound of breaking glass. He saw defendant, who
was halfway inside the car through a broken driver’s side window, on top of Avila.
Defendant and Avila were struggling over a purse, and Diaz heard defendant yell
“give me the bag and the phone.” Diaz yelled at defendant to leave Avila alone;
defendant ignored him. A friend helped Diaz wrest defendant from the car. After
being pulled from the car, defendant took a phone out of the purse, threw the purse
inside the car, and left.
       Deputies found defendant a block from the party. He was leaning on a
parked truck, talking on a cell phone and had Avila’s phone and wallet in his
pocket. The deputies returned the wallet and phone to Avila, interviewed her and
took photographs. A deputy observed cuts on one of Avila’s feet and an arm, and
redness on her neck. Defendant had minor cuts on an arm and a hand.
       The prosecution presented the following evidence of defendant’s history of
domestic violence with a former girlfriend and Avila, and his history of taking his
wife’s cell phone after such incidents to prevent her from calling the police (Evid.
Code, § 1109):
       (1)    In August 2006, during an argument with a former girlfriend,
defendant punched the woman on her leg, causing bleeding and bruising;
       (2)    In late February 2012, Avila called 911 to report that defendant had
pushed her, hit her and grabbed her by the throat and squeezed;
       (3)    On October 1, 2012, Avila called 911 to report that defendant hit and
kicked her, pulled her hair, and had hit her on numerous occasions in the past.
Avila had run to a pay phone to call 911 because defendant “snatched” her phone
so she could not call the police. Avila explained to responding officers that the

                                           5
five-inch cut on her wrist was from a box cutter defendant used to cut her during
the altercation;
       (4)    On October 3, 2012, Avila told police defendant grabbed her by the
throat with both hands during an argument; and
       (5)    In a 911 call made July 29, 2014, about a week before the incident
which gave rise to this case, Avila reported that defendant hit her and took her
phone. She told police he grabbed her by the throat, choking her for several
seconds, pushed and punched her, slammed her against a wall and kicked a
bedroom door, breaking it off its hinges. Responding officers observed a visible
red mark on Avila’s neck. Avila said she had to borrow a phone to call 911
                                                                                    5
because, as was usually the case when they fought, defendant took her phone.
       Avila testified that the purse and cell phone she carried at the party had been
Mother’s Day gifts to her from defendant. The white cell phone “belongs to
[her]”; the black cell phone “belongs to [defendant].” Defendant bought both the
phones during the marriage and he pays the phone bill. Although she is the
primary user of the purse and white phone, Avila considers that both the phone and

5      Again, Avila’s testimony regarding these incidents at trial was quite different: She
denied the incident in February 2012, and denied suffering any injuries or telling the
police defendant grabbed her by the throat, but did acknowledge he had used one hand to
push her on the chest. Avila testified that she lied to police about both incidents in
October 2012, and said the cuts on her arm were self-inflicted. Avila also testified that
defendant never hit or touched her on July 29, 2014. The injuries to her throat that day
were self-inflicted and she blamed her children for damaging the door by closing it too
hard. Avila claimed that she lied to the police about defendant’s physical abuse in 2012
because she was angry that he had been unfaithful, and wanted a restraining order to get
him out of the house. Avila acknowledged she had to borrow a phone to make the 911
call on July 29, “because every time [they] argue[d] [defendant] would . . . take away
[her] phone.”

                                            6
purse (defendant sometimes carries the purse when they shop) belong “equally” to
the couple. Avila has no objection to defendant using either one without her
permission, and does not consider it a theft when he uses or takes her purse or
phone without asking. Although the purse belongs to both of them, Avila
acknowledged that she fought over it with defendant at the party “because it was
[hers].”

                                    DISCUSSION
      Relying on Llamas, supra, 51 Cal. App. 4th 1729, defendant contends that
when a one spouse is charged with robbery for taking community property from
the other spouse, the charged spouse cannot be guilty if the taking was committed
with the intent only to temporarily, as opposed to permanently, deprive the other
spouse of the property. On that premise, he contends that the evidence is
insufficient to support his robbery conviction, because the evidence failed to prove
that he intended to permanently deprive his wife of the white cell phone. He also
contends that the trial court erred by failing to instruct on principles of separate and
community property as relevant to the requirement of robbery that a defendant take
property not his own. As we explain, he is mistaken on all counts.

      A. Prosecution’s Theory of Robbery
      At trial, the prosecution’s theory of robbery was that defendant took Avila’s
white cell phone in order to prevent her from calling the police. The prosecutor
argued not that defendant took the cell phone to permanently deprive Avila of it,
but rather “to remove it from the owner’s [Avila’s] possession for so extended a
period of time that the owner would be deprived [of] a major portion of the value
or enjoyment of the property; the property being the phone. What’s deprived is the

                                           7
ability to call the police on her husband who’s strangling her . . . just like he did all
those other times. You can probably argue that . . . calling 911 is probably the
most important call you could make; right? . . . He doesn’t take her phone away
when she’s talking with her friends or parents. He takes it away only when she’s
calling the police, after he’s beaten her, and that’s what he did once again. Again,
the robbery is not the regular robbery. It’s another version of domestic violence in
this case. It’s how he continues to do what he does.”

      B. Community Property
      Although not discussed at trial, Avila’s trial testimony raised the question
whether the white cell phone was community property. Avila testified that her
purse and cell phone were Mother’s Day gifts from defendant, and that the white
cell phone “belongs to [her],” while defendant has a black cell phone that “belongs
to [him].” On the other hand, she also testified that defendant bought both the
phones during the marriage and he paid the phone bill. Although Avila was the
primary user of the purse and white phone, Avila considered that both items of
property belonged “equally” to her and to defendant. Avila had no objection to
defendant using either one without her permission, and did not consider it a theft
when defendant used or took her purse or phone without asking.
      Because under California law there is a rebuttable presumption that property
acquired during a marriage is community property in which each spouse has a
present and equal interest, and an equal right to management and control (see Fam.
Code, §§ 760, 751, 1100, subds. (a), (c)), Avila’s testimony raised the question
whether the white cell phone was community property. The presumption of
community property is easily rebutted (see In re Marriage of Haines (1995) 33
Cal. App. 4th 277, 290), and to the extent Avila testified that the cell phone was a

                                            8
gift, such testimony might have rebutted the presumption of community property.
(See Cal. Const., art. 1, § 21 [“Property . . . acquired during marriage by gift . . . is
separate property”].) However, because the question whether the phone was
community property was not raised below, the jury was not instructed on the
presumption of community property or on rebuttal of the presumption.
       Nevertheless, we need not examine those principles further because, as we
explain, even if the white cell phone was community property, under the reasoning
of Llamas defendant was properly convicted of robbery.

       C. People v. Llamas
       In Llamas, supra, 51 Cal. App. 4th 1729, the defendant was convicted of
violating Vehicle Code section 10851, subdivision (a) (section 10851). That
section provides in relevant part: “Any person who drives or takes a vehicle not
his or her own, without the consent of the owner thereof, and with intent either to
permanently or temporarily deprive the owner thereof of his or her title to or
possession of the vehicle, whether with or without intent to steal the vehicle . . . is
guilty of a public offense . . . .”
       The evidence showed that after arguing with his wife, the defendant drove
off in what both he and his wife considered to be, in the colloquial sense, the
wife’s car. The wife reported it stolen. Three days later, police recovered the car
and arrested the husband. (Llamas, supra, 51 Cal.App.4th at p. 1734.) Although
the spouses viewed it as the wife’s car, there was evidence the vehicle was
purchased during the marriage. Thus, it was presumptively community property.
(Id. at p. 1737.) Based on that presumption, the defendant argued on appeal
(although the issue was not raised in the trial court) that he could not be guilty of

                                            9
violating section 10851, because the crime requires that the vehicle taken be the
property of another, but the vehicle he took was his own.
      In resolving the contention, the court reached two holdings. First, the court
held that a spouse may be convicted of a theft of community property, which
requires an intent to permanently deprive the other spouse of the property, because
such an intent exceeds the taking spouse’s rights to the property, and thus
constitutes a taking of property not owned by the taking spouse. The court
observed that “[i]n California, theft occurs when a co-owner takes jointly held
property with the intent to permanently deprive other owners of their interest in
that property.” (Llamas, supra, 51 Cal.App.4th at p. 1738.) In determining that
this principle applied to a spouse’s taking of community property, the court
discussed two prior decisions, People v. Sobiek (1973) 30 Cal. App. 3d 458 (Sobiek)
(involving theft by a co-owner of property) and People v. Kahanic (1987) 196
Cal. App. 3d 461 (Kahanic) (involving one spouse’s vandalism of community
property).
      In Sobiek, supra, a partner was charged with grand theft for embezzling
partnership funds. As Llamas explained, the court in Sobiek found the partner
criminally liable because “theft occurs when a co-owner takes jointly held property
with the intent to permanently deprive other owners of their interest in that
property,” regardless of whether the embezzled property belongs “wholly” to
another. (See Llamas, supra, 51 Cal.App.4th at p. 1738, citing Sobiek, supra, 30
Cal.App.3d at pp. 463–469.)
      By analogy, the rule of Sobiek was extended to community property in
Kahanic, supra, 196 Cal. App. 3d 461, in which a wife threw a bottle through the
window of a community property vehicle. She was convicted of vandalism (§ 594,
subd. (a)), which “occurs when a person maliciously damages real or personal

                                         10
property ‘not his own.’” (Llamas, supra, 51 Cal.App.4th at p. 1738, quoting § 594,
subd. (a).) The wife argued that because the car was hers as community property,
her vandalism conviction must be vacated. (Llamas, supra, 51 Cal.App.4th at p.
1738.) Relying on Sobiek, the Kahanic court found that criminal statutes requiring
that property belong to another, not to the defendant, “‘exclude[] criminality only
when the actor-defendant is involved with property wholly his or her own.’”
(Ibid., quoting Kahanic.) “‘The essence of the crime is in the physical acts against
the ownership interest of another, even though that ownership is less than
exclusive. [Citation.] Spousal community property interests are no longer “mere
expectancies,” as they were for a married woman many years ago. [Citation.]
Each community property owner has an equal ownership interest and, although
undivided, one which the criminal law protects from unilateral nonconsensual
damage or destruction by the other marital partner.’” (Id. at pp. 1738-1739,
quoting Kahanic.)
      Based on these decisions, the court in Llamas held that “a spouse may be
criminally liable for the theft of community property.” (Llamas, supra, 51
Cal.App.4th at p. 1739.) However, the court noted that this conclusion did not
resolve whether a spouse could be convicted of violating section 10851 for taking a
community property vehicle, because it was “possible [the husband] was convicted
based on his intent to temporarily and not permanently deprive his wife of the car.”
(Ibid.) In resolving this issue, the court reached its second holding: based on
community property principles and social policy, a spouse cannot be convicted of
violating Vehicle Code section 10851, subdivision (a) for taking a community
property vehicle, if the intent is only to temporarily deprive the other spouse of the
vehicle. (Id. at pp. 1739-1740.)

                                          11
      The court reasoned: “The theft of or the vandalizing of community property
are acts which both exceed the defendant’s rights to the property and offend the
ownership and possessory interest of his or her spouse. However, when the auto
taking is accompanied only by the intent to temporarily deprive, the act, while
offending the spouse’s possessory interest, does not exceed the taking spouse’s
right to the property. The vehicle is indivisible and its use by one spouse
necessarily denies its use to the other. The decision to temporarily take sole
possession of a community property vehicle may be based on agreement,
misunderstanding or a peevish desire to deny temporarily, for whatever reason, use
of the vehicle to the other. Still, in taking the vehicle, even with the intent to
temporarily deprive a spouse of its use, the actor does not exceed his or her
property right and the problem is properly viewed as a domestic and not a criminal
one.” (Llamas, supra, 51 Cal.App.4th at p. 1739.) Thus, the court held: “We
conclude based on the legal analysis above, and on social policy, that when a
spouse takes a community property vehicle with the intent to temporarily deprive
the other spouse of its use, no violation of Vehicle Code section 10851 occurs
since in legal effect that spouse has not taken a vehicle not his or her own. It is,
therefore, not a crime for a spouse to take a community property vehicle with the
intent to temporarily deprive the other spouse of his or her title to or possession of
that vehicle.” (Id. at pp. 1739-1740.)

      D. Robbery of Community Property
      Relying on the second holding of Llamas – that a spouse cannot be
convicted of violating section 10851 for taking a community property vehicle
intending only to temporarily deprive the other spouse of the vehicle – defendant
contends that a spouse cannot be convicted of robbery for taking community

                                           12
property from the other spouse, intending only to temporarily deprive the other
spouse of the property. However, the reasoning and dual holdings of Llamas
demonstrate that a spouse can be convicted of robbery for a temporary taking of
community property, regardless of the property’s status.
      Llamas’ second holding rests on three premises: (1) the mens rea
requirement of section 10851 can be satisfied merely by the intent to temporarily
deprive the owner of title to or possession of the property; (2) such an intent, when
applied to one spouse’s taking of a community property vehicle, does not exceed
that spouse’s right to the vehicle, and thus is not a taking of “a vehicle not his or
her own” (§ 10851, subd. (a)); and (3) for social policy reasons, such a taking “is
properly viewed as a domestic and not a criminal” incident (Llamas, supra, 51
Cal.App.4th at p. 1739).
      None of these premises apply to robbery. “Robbery is the felonious taking
of personal property in the possession of another, from his person or immediate
presence, and against his will, accomplished by means of force or fear.” (§ 211.)
At base, robbery is a theft coupled with the use of force or fear to obtain the
property – theft being defined in relevant part by section 484, subdivision (a) as a
“felonious” taking of “the personal property of another.” (See People v. Tufunga
(1999) 21 Cal. 4th 935, 946–948 [use of “felonious taking” language in § 211
incorporated requirements of theft that robber intend to take property belonging to
someone else].)
      Although the intent for theft (and hence, for robbery) has at times, as in
Llamas itself, been described as the intent to permanently deprive, that is not an
accurate description of the required mens rea. In People v. Avery (2002) 27
Cal. 4th 49 (Avery), decided after Llamas, the California Supreme Court held that
“the language in section 484, subdivision (a), referring to an intent to ‘feloniously

                                           13
steal,’ reasonably construed, adopted the common law intent requirement. That
requirement, although often summarized as the intent to deprive another of the
property permanently, is satisfied by the intent to deprive temporarily but for an
unreasonable time so as to deprive the person of a major portion of its value or
enjoyment.” (Id. at p. 58; see People v. Bacon (2010) 50 Cal. 4th 1082, 1117.)
Indeed, the Avery court described such an intent as “‘equivalent to the intent to
permanently deprive an owner of property.’” (People v. Avery, supra, 27 Cal.4th
at p. 57.)
       Thus, unlike section 10851, which is satisfied by the mere intent to
temporarily deprive the owner of title to or possession of the vehicle, robbery
requires an intent much more invasive to the owner’s rights – the intent to deprive
the owner of the property “temporarily but for an unreasonable time so as to
deprive the person of a major portion of its value or enjoyment.” (Avery, supra, 27
Cal.4th at p. 58.) As applied to a spouse’s taking of community property, this
intent “exceed[s] the defendant’s rights to the property and offend[s] the ownership
and possessory interest of his or her spouse” in the community property (Llamas,
supra, 51 Cal.App.4th at p. 1739), because the intent is to unreasonably deprive the
other spouse of major attributes of ownership. By analogy to vandalism, just as the
“unilateral nonconsensual damage [of a community asset] by the other marital
partner’” violates the other spouse’s equal ownership interest (id. at p. 1739,
quoting Kahanic, supra, 196 Cal.App.3d at p. 466), so too does the taking of a
community asset with the intent to temporarily, but for an unreasonable period,
deprive the other spouse of a major portion of the value or enjoyment of the asset.
Thus, based on the mens rea required for robbery on a temporary taking theory, the
reasoning of Llamas compels the conclusion that, in such a case, the taking spouse
has taken property not his or her own, and can be convicted of robbery.

                                          14
      Indeed, that result is also compelled by the first holding of Llamas – that a
spouse can be convicted of a theft of community property. It is true that in
reaching this holding, the court in Llamas did not consider the possibility of theft
on a temporary taking theory, and appeared to be under the misimpression that
theft required an intent to permanently deprive the owner of the property.
However, as we have noted, the California Supreme Court has since held that “the
intent to deprive temporarily but for an unreasonable time so as to deprive the
person of a major portion of [the property’s] value or enjoyment” (Avery, supra, 27
Cal.4th at p. 58) is “‘equivalent to the intent to permanently deprive an owner of
property’” (id. at p. 57). That being so, viewed in light of Avery, Llamas’ first
holding (that a spouse can be convicted of theft) necessarily means that a spouse
can be convicted of robbery for a temporary taking of community property, so long
as the mens rea requirement is proven.
      Finally, as we have noted, Llamas’ second holding rested in part on the
social policy judgment that a temporary taking of a community property vehicle
should be treated as a “domestic and not a criminal” matter. (51 Cal.App.4th at p.
1739.) Whatever the merits of that judgment in a prosecution under section 10851,
it does not apply to a robbery prosecution. Suffice it to say that we can envision no
social policy suggesting that the taking of a community asset by one spouse from
the possession of the other spouse using force or fear, with the intent, at the very
least, to temporarily but unreasonably deprive the victim spouse of a major portion
of the property’s value or enjoyment, ought to be deemed only a “domestic and not
a criminal” matter. Nor does any social policy suggest that such an incident should
be viewed as only an incident of criminal domestic violence and not also of
robbery.

                                          15
      Our conclusion that a spouse can be convicted of robbery for the forcible
taking of community property from the other spouse on a temporary taking theory
largely disposes of defendant’s contention that the evidence was insufficient to
support his robbery conviction. The evidence showed that defendant took the
white phone to prevent Avila from calling the police in the midst of his violent
assault on her. That evidence was certainly sufficient to prove that the defendant
took the phone with the intent to deprive Avila of it temporarily, but for an
unreasonable period of time so as to deprive her of a major portion of its value or
enjoyment. As the prosecutor aptly observed in argument to the jury, calling 911
for help during a violent assault is probably “the most important call you could
make,” and defendant’s taking the phone from Avila under those circumstances
undoubtedly deprived her of a major portion of the value or enjoyment of the
phone.
      Our reasoning also resolves defendant’s contention that the trial court should
have instructed the jury on principles of separate and community property. Under
Llamas, the question whether a spouse has exceeded his or her rights to a
community asset, and thus taken property not his or her own, depends on the intent
with which that spouse does the taking. Because the defendant spouse’s intent is
determinative, informing the jury of principles of separate and community property
is superfluous. If the prosecution proves the mens rea element of robbery, it also
proves that the defendant spouse took property not his or her own. Assuming the
other elements of robbery are met, the defendant is guilty. On the other hand, if
the prosecution fails to prove the mens rea element of robbery, it has also failed to
prove that the defendant took property not his or her own, and the defendant is not
guilty. Instructing the jury on separate and community property principles, for the
purpose of determining the status of the property, is unnecessary. Whether the

                                         16
property is properly the subject of robbery – that is, whether it is property not
owned by the defendant spouse – depends solely on the defendant’s intent.
      Here, the jury was properly instructed pursuant to CALCRIM No. 1600 that
the requisite intent for robbery existed if the defendant intended “to deprive the
owner of [the property] permanently or to remove it from the owner’s possession
for so extended a period of time that the owner would be deprived of a major
portion of the value or enjoyment of the property.” Having convicted defendant of
robbery under that instruction, the jury necessarily found beyond a reasonable
doubt that defendant took property not his own, because that finding is implicit in
the finding of the required mens rea. Instructions on separate and community
                                           6
property principles were not appropriate.

                                   DISPOSITION
             The judgment is affirmed.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
                                                             WILLHITE, J.
We concur:

EPSTEIN, P. J.

COLLINS, J.

6      We note that even if instructions on separate and community property might have
been appropriate (they were not), they would have been pinpoint instructions, because
they would have sought to apply separate and community property principles to negate an
element of robbery (i.e., the element that the property defendant took was not his own.)
Thus, the court would have had no duty to give such instructions absent a request, and no
such request was made. (See People v. Anderson (2011) 51 Cal. 4th 989, 998.)

                                           17