Court Opinion

ID: 6334279
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-22 20:00:29.163019+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:36.852303
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                        FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        APR 22 2022
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

CARLOS HUMBERTO AREVALO                         No.    15-72646
ESTACUY, AKA Luis Antonio Arevalo,
AKA Manuel Martin Lerma Conde,                  Agency No. A024-931-708

                Petitioner,
                                                MEMORANDUM*
 v.

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney
General,

                Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                              Submitted April 15, 2022**
                                Pasadena, California

Before: SMITH,*** BADE, and LEE, Circuit Judges.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
            The Honorable D. Brooks Smith, United States Circuit Judge for the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, sitting by designation.
      Petitioner Carlos Arevalo Estacuy, a native and citizen of Guatemala, seeks

review of a decision from the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirming the

denial of his requests for withholding of removal and relief under the Convention

Against Torture (CAT). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. We deny the

petition for review.

      We review agency denials of withholding of removal and relief under CAT

for substantial evidence. Yali Wang v. Sessions, 861 F.3d 1003, 1007 (9th Cir. 2017).

Under this standard, we must uphold the agency’s determination unless any

reasonable trier of fact “would be compelled” to conclude the contrary based on the

evidence in the record. Villavicencio v. Sessions, 904 F.3d 658, 663–64 (9th Cir.

2018) (as amended).

      Arevalo states he fears he will be persecuted and/or tortured if removed to

Guatemala “on account of his membership in a particular social group” consisting

of “landowners, property owners, and/or business owners in Guatemala.” In support

of his requests for relief, Arevalo testified that shortly after being removed to

Guatemala in 2013, he was assaulted by gang members who threatened to beat and

kill him if he did not pay the gang $1,600 each month. He further testified that the

gang members stated they knew he owned property and operated a business.

Arevalo testified that he feared for his life and therefore paid the gang on two

separate occasions with money sent to him from relatives in the United States. He

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also testified that his uncle, his uncle’s nephew, “all” of the business owners at a

local market, and “the majority” of homeowners in his town were similarly targeted

for extortion by the same gang on account of their ownership of land, property,

and/or businesses in Guatemala.

      1. Substantial evidence supports the agency’s denial of withholding of

removal.

      “To qualify for withholding of removal, an applicant must show that it is more

likely than not that he would be persecuted because of a protected ground.” Vasquez-

Rodriguez v. Garland, 7 F.4th 888, 892 (9th Cir. 2021) (internal quotation marks

omitted). In doing so, an applicant does not need to demonstrate that the protected

ground is “a central reason” for his persecution, only that it is “a reason.” Barajas-

Romero v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 351, 358–60 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting 8 U.S.C. §

1231(b)(3)(C)).

      Here, the agency denied Arevalo’s request for withholding of removal,

finding Arevalo “failed to demonstrate a nexus between the harm he suffered and

fears and a protected ground.” Specifically, the BIA found “no clear error in the

Immigration Judge’s finding that the individuals who threatened and harmed

[Arevalo] were motivated to do so for pecuniary reasons,” and that Arevalo failed to

establish his alleged persecutors “have or will target him for any reason other than

the desire to extort money” from him. Based on our review of the record, we do not

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find a reasonable trier of fact “would be compelled” to conclude the contrary. See

Villavicencio, 904 F.3d at 664.

        Additionally, we reject Arevalo’s argument that a remand is necessary

because of Barajas-Romero v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 351 (9th Cir. 2017). Barajas-

Romero—which was decided after the agency’s decisions in this case—held that

unlike asylum claims, a petitioner seeking withholding of removal does not need to

show that a protected ground was “one central reason” for the persecution, only that

it was “a reason.” Id. at 360. Although both agency decisions cite to the heightened

“one central reason” nexus standard, a remand is unnecessary because the agency

concluded Arevalo failed to show any causal nexus. See Singh v. Barr, 935 F.3d

822, 827 (9th Cir. 2019) (noting that although the BIA incorrectly applied a

heightened “one central reason” nexus standard to petitioner’s withholding of

removal claim, the court did not need to remand the matter because “the BIA adopted

the IJ’s finding of no nexus between the harm to [the applicant] and the alleged

protected ground.” (emphasis in original)).1

        We thus affirm the agency’s denial of withholding of removal.

        2.     Substantial evidence also supports the agency’s denial of relief under

CAT. “To be eligible for relief under CAT, an applicant bears the burden of

establishing that she will more likely than not be tortured with the consent or

1
    Arevalo’s motion to remand (Dkt. 30) is therefore denied.

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acquiescence of a public official if removed to her native country.” Xochihua-

Jaimes v. Barr, 962 F.3d 1175, 1183 (9th Cir. 2020).

      Arevalo testified that his assailants warned him not to go to the police because

the police worked with their gang. He also presented evidence showing that most

crimes in Guatemala go unpunished. At the same time, as the agency found, the

record also contains evidence showing that the Guatemalan government has been

making “advances in cases involving torture,” and “recently arrested four local

police officers accused of gang involvement and corruption.” Considering this

mixed evidence, we decline to conclude that the record compels a conclusion

contrary to that reached by the agency.       See Villavicencio, 904 F.3d at 664.

Accordingly, we affirm the agency’s denial of relief under CAT.

      PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED.

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