Court Opinion

ID: 3026200
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:35:19.121115+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:46:35.371636
License: Public Domain

United States Bankruptcy Appellate Panel
                                    FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

                                                  ______

                                              No.00-6062EM
                                                 ______

In re:                                              *
                                                    *
Janet E. McCormick,                                 *
                                                    *
         Debtor.                                    *
                                                    *
Janet E. McCormick,                                 *
                                                    *
         Plaintiff/Appellant,                       * Appeal from the United States
                                                    * Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern
                   v.                               * District of Missouri
                                                    *
Diversified Collection Services, Inc.,              *
Claim of: United States Department                  *
of Education,1                                      *
                                                    *
         Defendant/Appellee,                        *
                                                  ______

                                         Submitted: February 5, 2001
                                           Filed: March 23, 2001 (Corrected April 5, 2001)
                                                  ______

Before KOGER, Chief Judge, KRESSEL and SCOTT, Bankruptcy Judges.
                                       ______

KRESSEL, Bankruptcy Judge.

         1
          The true creditor and appropriate defendant here is the United States Department of
Education. The plaintiff probably sued Diversified Collection Services because it was servicing the
loan, but it is the United States which has appeared and defended this adversary proceeding and the
ensuing appeal.
        The plaintiff and debtor, Janet E. McCormick, appeals from the judgment of the bankruptcy court2
in which the bankruptcy court determined that McCormick’s debt to the United States was excepted from
her discharge and entered judgment in favor of the United States and against McCormick in the amount
of the outstanding debt. We affirm.

                                          BACKGROUND

          McCormick filed a petition under chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code on December 2, 1998. The
case was closed on March 22, 1999, but on request of McCormick, the case was reopened on February
11, 2000. On February 14, 2000, McCormick filed an adversary proceeding asking that her student loans
owed to the United States Department of Education be determined to be discharged by reason of 11
U.S.C. § 523(a)(8). After trial, the bankruptcy court found that McCormick had not demonstrated that
failure to discharge her student loans would have been an undue hardship and entered a judgment in favor
of the Department of Education in the amount of $6,070.37. McCormick filed a timely appeal.

                                            DISCUSSION

       The dischargeability of student loans is governed by 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8) which provides:
              A discharge under section 727 . . . does not discharge an individual debtor
              from any debt –
                                                   ...

                       (8)      for an educational benefit overpayment or loan made,
               insured or guaranteed by a governmental unit, or made under any program
               funded in whole or in part by a governmental unit or nonprofit institution,
               or for an obligation to repay funds received as an educational benefit,
               scholarship or stipend, unless excepting such debt from discharge under
               this
               paragraph will impose an undue hardship on the debtor and the debtor’s
               dependents.

11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8).

       2
         The Honorable Barry S. Schermer, United States Bankruptcy Judge for the Eastern District
of Missouri.

                                                   2
        Earlier versions of § 523(a)(8) had provided for the discharge of student loans if a certain time had
elapsed. The last version of such provision provided for the discharge of student loans that first became
due more than seven years before the date of the filing of the petition. Johnson v. Missouri Baptist
College, 218 B.R. 449, 454 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 1998). However, as part of the Higher Education
Amendments of 1998, Public Law No. 105-244, 112-1581, § 523(a)(8) was amended by deleting
subparagraph (a) which provided for the discharge of student loans based on their age. Those amendments
were effective for cases filed on or after October 7, 1998, the effective date of the act. Unfortunately for
McCormick, she filed her case two months later and thus this exception to discharge of her student loans
is unavailable to her.

        Thus, to have her student loan debt excepted from her discharge, she must demonstrate that failure
to discharge them would result in an undue hardship for her and her dependents. Such a determination is
made based on the totality of the circumstances with a particular analysis of (1) the debtor’s past, present,
and reasonably reliable future financial resources; (2) calculation of the debtor’s and her dependants’
reasonable, necessary living expenses; and (3) any other relevant facts and circumstances surrounding a
particular case. Andrews v. South Dakota Student Loan Assistance Corp. (In re Andrews), 661
F.2d 702, 704 (8t h Cir. 1981), Andresen v. Nebraska Student Loan Program, Inc. (In re
Andresen), 232 B.R. 127, 139 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 1999). McCormick bears the burden, both in terms of
production of evidence and of persuasion, of proving undue hardship by a preponderance of the evidence.
We can reverse a bankruptcy court’s finding on this issue only if it is clearly erroneous. Andresen, 232
B.R. at 128, Cline v. Illinois Student Loan Assistance Assoc., 248 B.R. 347, 348 (B.A.P. 8th Cir.
2000).

          Our review of the bankruptcy court’s finding in this regard is severely hamstrung by McCormick’s
failure to provide us with a transcript of the trial. In the absence of such a transcript, we are in no position
to review the evidence to determine whether or not the bankruptcy court was clearly erroneous in its
determination. Thus, we have no alternative but to conclude that the bankruptcy court’s findings of fact
were not clearly erroneous. Rush v. Rush (In re Rush), 237 B.R. 473, 475-76 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 1999).
Webb v. Webb (In re Webb), 212 B.R. 320, 322, n.1 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 1997).

       To the extent that McCormick has presented us with evidence that was not submitted to the
bankruptcy court, we do not consider it. Wendover Fin. Servs. v. Hervey (In re Hervey), 252 B.R.
763 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 2000).

                                                       3
         McCormick also complains that when her case was first called for trial, the defendant’s attorney
was not present and the court took up other matters and waited for the attorney to appear. Waiting a short
time for the Assistant United States Attorney to appear certainly was not an abuse of discretion on the part
of the bankruptcy court and, in any case, we cannot see how it would have changed the outcome of the
trial. Other arguments made by McCormick regarding Sanford-Brown Business College’s decision to
admit her are irrelevant to the inquiry at hand.

                                             CONCLUSION

         Because McCormick failed to provide us with a transcript of the trial, we affirm the bankruptcy
court’s finding that failure to discharge her student loan debt would not constitute an undue hardship on her
and her dependants. We therefore affirm the judgment of the bankruptcy court.

        A true copy.

                Attest:

                          CLERK, U.S. BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.

                                                     4