Court Opinion

ID: 3211799
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-06-10 07:04:41.459049+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:26:30.551769
License: Public Domain

FIFTH DIVISION
                                 PHIPPS, P. J.,
                          DILLARD and PETERSON, JJ.

                     NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                     physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                     days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                 http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                                                                        May 26, 2016

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A16A0524. PATCH v. THE STATE.

      DILLARD, Judge.

      Phillip Patch appeals his convictions for three counts of computer or electronic

pornography and child exploitation, arguing that the evidence was insufficient to

support his convictions and that the trial court erred by admitting identification

testimony of an investigating officer based solely on his observations of photographs

and webcam videos that were unavailable to the jury. For the reasons set forth infra,

we affirm.

      Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s guilty verdict,1 the record

shows that, in 2010, Stephen Land—who was, at that time, a corporal with the

Gwinnett County Police Department’s Special Victims Unit—created an online

      1
          See, e.g., New v. State, 327 Ga. App. 87, 88 (755 SE2d 568) (2014).
profile of a young girl for use in his investigations of internet crimes against children.

Specifically, relevant to this case, Land created a Yahoo! account with the username

“roxiechick14,” which included a cartoon avatar of a young female to suggest that the

user was a 14-year-old girl. Land also added images to the account of a 19 or 20-year-

old female employee of the police department, who looked much younger than her

age, and the profile indicated that her name was “Rhonda.” Next, Land used the

account to log into an internet chat room designated for users located in Georgia, and

he waited for other users to initiate a one-on-one chat with him. In conducting his

investigation, Land used software that recorded everything occurring on his screen

while he was using the roxiechick14 account.

      On July 23, 2010, an individual with the username “heeeyyy_waitaminute” (the

“suspect”) initiated a chat with Land, who was using the roxiechick14 account, and

subsequently, they had additional chats on August 16, 2010; September 20, 2010; and

October 18, 2010. During the first conversation, the suspect initiated the interaction

with Land by sending a message to roxiechick14 that said, “hey girl,” and Land

responded, “hey.” Early in the conversation, the suspect asked roxiechick14 for her

age, and Land responded that she was 14. And later, roxiechick14 confirmed her age

again when Land responded to a question by saying, “[b]ecause I’m 14.” The

                                            2
conversation continued and eventually the suspect began asking roxiechick14 what

she was wearing, including whether she was wearing a “bra and panties.” The suspect

also inquired into “what’s the most [she had] done with a guy,” and Land responded,

“um, kissing and some touching, but not really.” The sexual tenor of the conversation

then began to escalate with the suspect asking, inter alia, if he could “touch [her]

ass,” whether she was “wet at all,” whether she “wanted [him] inside where it’s wet,”

“what size are [her] tits,” and whether she wanted his “cock.” After they had been

messaging for a while, the suspect asked roxiechick14 whether she wanted to watch

him masturbate, and he sent her an invitation to view him on a webcam. Land

accepted the invitation and was then able to view the suspect’s “naked penis.”

      Over the next few months, Land—still using the roxiechick14

account—continued to have online conversations of a sexual nature with the suspect,

and on at least two occasions, the suspect “masturbat[ed] his naked, erect penis” on

the webcam for the apparent 14-year-old girl to view. But Land was never able to see

the suspect’s face on the webcam. Eventually, Land subpoenaed Yahoo! to produce

any information it had on the heeeyyy_waitaminute account, including any IP

addresses used and identifying information about the user. Yahoo!’s response

revealed that the suspect’s account was associated with the name “Preston Patch” and

                                         3
an address in Lawrenceville, Georgia. Next, Land requested information from Patch’s

internet-service provider regarding the IP address that the suspect’s computer had

used on the dates and times when heeeyyy_waitaminute chatted with roxiechick14,

and he discovered that the IP address was accessed from 1843 Guardian Way in

Lawrenceville (the “Guardian Way residence”). Land also learned that Chris

Stephens, Patch’s roommate, was the account holder for that address.

      In addition to the foregoing investigative efforts, Land searched the police

department’s internal records and located Patch’s driver’s license, as well as a

photograph of him. Then, after confirming Patch’s address, Land applied for and

obtained a search warrant for the Guardian Way residence. On November 18, 2010,

Land executed the search warrant and seized Patch’s computer. The computer was

thereafter sent to the police department’s computer forensics lab to be examined. And

during the examination, the technician extracted files from Patch’s computer

containing Land’s username, roxiechick14.

      Thereafter, Patch was charged, via indictment, with three counts of computer

or electronic pornography and child exploitation. And following a jury trial, Patch

was convicted on all counts. Patch then filed a motion for a new trial, which the trial

court denied after a hearing. This appeal follows.

                                          4
      1. On appeal, Patch first argues that the evidence was insufficient to support

his convictions. We disagree.

      On appeal from a criminal conviction, we view the evidence “in the light most

favorable to the jury’s verdict, and the defendant is no longer presumed innocent.”2

And when evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence, “we do not weigh the evidence

or assess witness credibility, but only determine if the evidence was sufficient for a

rational trier of fact to find the defendant guilty of the charged offenses beyond a

reasonable doubt.”3 Finally, the jury’s verdict will be upheld so long as there is “some

competent evidence, even though contradicted, to support each fact necessary to make

out the State’s case.”4 With these guiding principles in mind, we turn now to Patch’s

specific challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support his convictions.

      In relevant part, OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) provides:

      It shall be unlawful for any person intentionally or willfully to utilize a
      computer wireless service or Internet service, including, but not limited

      2
       New, 327 Ga. App. at 89 (punctuation omitted); see also Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U.S. 307, 319 (III) (B) (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).
      3
      New, 327 Ga. App. at 89 (punctuation omitted); accord Goolsby v. State, 299
Ga. App. 330, 330-31 (682 SE2d 671) (2009).
      4
       New, 327 Ga. App. at 89 (punctuation omitted); accord Miller v. State, 273
Ga. 831, 832 (546 SE2d 524) (2001).

                                           5
      to, a local bulletin board service, Internet chat room, e-mail, instant
      messaging service, or other electronic device, to seduce, solicit, lure, or
      entice, or attempt to seduce, solicit, lure, or entice a child [or] another
      person believed by such person to be a child . . . to commit any illegal
      act by, with, or against a child as described in . . . Code Section 16-6-4,
      relating to the offense of child molestation or aggravated child
      molestation; Code Section 16-6-5, relating to the offense of enticing a
      child for indecent purposes; or Code Section 16-6-8, relating to the
      offense of public indecency, or to engage in any conduct that by its
      nature is an unlawful sexual offense against a child.

And OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (b) (1) defines “child” to mean “any person under the age

of 16 years.”

      As to the indictment in this case, it alleged in three separate counts that Patch

violated OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) on July 23, 2010; August 16, 2010; and

September 20, 2010 by

      unlawfully intentionally us[ing] an internet service and an internet chat
      room and an electronic device, to attempt to seduce, solicit, lure and
      entice another person, to wit: Gwinnett County Police Officer S. J. Land,
      who accused believed to be a child under the age of 16, to engage in
      unlawful sexual conduct, contrary to the laws of said State, the peace,
      good order[,] and dignity thereof.

                                           6
      On appeal, Patch does not contend that the State failed to prove any essential

element of his charged offenses, but instead, he claims that there was insufficient

evidence to establish that he was the perpetrator.5 Specifically, Patch contends that

the only “visual identification evidence” was the testimony of Richard Peluso, a

retired Cobb County police sergeant who investigated him in a similar case in 2008,

and he argues that Peluso’s in-court identification of him in this case was

inadmissable.6 Patch further asserts that, while there was evidence that his username

was used in the chats with roxiechick14, no evidence established who was on the

computer at the time of the chats, and even though “multiple people” had access to

his computer, investigators never met or interviewed any of those individuals.

      5
         Although Patch does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to prove
each element of his offenses, we nevertheless find that the evidence was sufficient to
support his convictions for computer or electronic pornography and child
exploitation. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319 (III) (B); see also Bolton v. State, 310 Ga.
App. 801, 805 (1) (714 SE2d 377) (2011) (holding that the evidence was sufficient
to support a conviction for violating OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) when the defendant
used online services to solicit sex from an undercover police officer, who the
defendant believed to be a 15-year-old girl); Logan v. State, 309 Ga. App. 95, 100 (2)
(b) (709 SE2d 302) (2011) (holding that evidence was sufficient to support a
conviction for violating OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) when the defendant engaged in
and initiated sexually explicit conversations with an undercover police officer posing
online as a 14-year-old girl).
      6
       Patch’s challenge to the admissibility of Peluso’s identification testimony is
addressed in Division 2, infra.

                                          7
      But here, even discounting Peluso’s in-court identification of Patch, there was

ample evidence to support a jury finding that he was the perpetrator, including his

own incriminating statements to police. It is well-settled that circumstantial evidence

of identity “may be sufficient to enable a rational trier of fact to find a defendant

guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.”7 Moreover, circumstantial evidence of a

defendant’s identity “need not exclude every conceivable inference or

hypothesis—only those that are reasonable.”8 And importantly, to set aside the

conviction, “it is not sufficient that the circumstantial evidence show that the act

might by bare possibility have been done by somebody else.”9

      And here, in his pretrial interviews with Land, which were played for the jury,

Patch admitted the following: (1) heeeyyy_waitaminute was his username, and he had

used it for two or three years; (2) as far as he knows, no one else uses his account; (3)

his roommate would not use his computer; (4) he was the person in the pictures that

      7
        Minor v. State, 328 Ga. App. 128, 130-31 (1) (761 SE2d 538) (2014)
(punctuation omitted); accord Wickerson v. State, 321 Ga. App. 844, 850 (1) (743
SE2d 509) (2013).
      8
       Minor, 328 Ga. App. at 131 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord Wise v. State,
325 Ga. App. 377, 381 (2) (752 SE2d 628) (2013).
      9
      Minor, 328 Ga. App. at 131 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord Jordan v. State,
320 Ga. App. 265, 269 (1) (a) (739 SE2d 743) (2013).

                                           8
were sent to roxiechick14; (5) he masturbates on his webcam two or three times a

month; and (6) he chats with females online who are as young as 15 years old. More

significantly, Patch expressly admitted that it was “safe to say” that he was the person

chatting with roxiechick14 on the relevant dates, that it was his penis shown on the

webcam, and that no one else ever used his computer.

      Although Patch changed his story at trial, denying that he committed the

charged offenses and claiming that he was not using his computer at the relevant

times, we will uphold the jury’s verdict so long as there is “some competent evidence,

even though contradicted, to support each fact necessary to make out the State’s

case.”10 Moreover, at trial, rather than providing a specific, reasonable explanation

for why some unidentified person would have been in his house using his computer

and his Yahoo! account to message roxiechick14 on all three occasions, Patch merely

testified to general circumstances that might make such a thing possible.

      Indeed, Patch testified only that he was not using his heeeyyy_waitaminute

account on the relevant dates and times, he usually left his computer on when he was

not at home, he did not “hide” his usernames, his computer was not password

      10
       New, 327 Ga. App. at 89 (punctuation omitted) (emphasis supplied); accord
Johnson v. State, 296 Ga. 504, 505 (1) (769 SE2d 87) (2015).

                                           9
protected, and the pictures he sent to roxiechick14 were stored on his computer.

However, such testimony is insufficient to reverse the jury’s verdict because it does

nothing more than vaguely suggest a “bare possibility” that his charged offenses may

have been committed by someone else.11 Moreover, the jury was entitled to disbelieve

Patch’s trial testimony and credit his pretrial statements to Land, which essentially

admitted that he sent the offending messages and images to roxiechick14.12 In sum,

the circumstantial evidence that, inter alia, Patch’s computer and Yahoo! account

were used to chat with roxiechick14 from his residence, combined with his own

      11
        See supra footnote 9 & accompanying text; see also Bone v. State, 311 Ga.
App. 390, 394 (2) (715 SE2d 789) (2011) (holding that there was sufficient evidence
to support a conviction for possession of methamphetamine, even when the defendant
contended that it was possible that the passenger in his car or a member of the general
public placed the drugs in his vicinity); Norful v. State, 296 Ga. App. 387, 389 (674
SE2d 633) (2009) (holding that, although circumstantial, the evidence was sufficient
to support a burglary conviction and the jury was authorized to disbelieve the
defendant’s alternative hypothesis—that another person could have entered his
apartment and hid the stolen property there—as unreasonable).
      12
          See Wright v. State, 319 Ga. App. 723, 727 (1) (738 SE2d 310) (2013)
(“[D]ecisions regarding credibility are uniquely the province of the jury, which was
not required to believe the testimony of [the defendant’s] witnesses, nor to disbelieve
that of the [S]tate’s witnesses. Where, as here, there was sufficient evidence, even
though contradicted, to support each fact necessary to make out the [S]tate’s case, the
jury’s verdicts will be upheld.”) (punctuation omitted)); McCord v. State, 302 Ga.
App. 303, 304 (690 SE2d 923) (2010) (“A jury is not required to believe a
defendant’s testimony, nor to disbelieve the [S]tate’s witnesses.” (punctuation
omitted)).

                                          10
incriminating statements to Land, are sufficient to support a jury finding that he was

the person who committed the charged offenses.13

      2. Next, Patch argues that the trial court erred in allowing Peluso to identify

him in court as the person who Peluso saw in photographs and videos from his 2008

investigation of Patch involving a similar incident. Again, we disagree.

      The State filed a pretrial notice of its intent to present evidence of a prior

incident in 2008, when Patch was investigated in Cobb County for engaging in

similar unlawful conduct with his heeeyyy_waitaminute account. In response, Patch

filed a motion to exclude the similar-transaction evidence. The trial court then held

      13
         See Beaver v. State, 330 Ga. App. 496, 498-99 (1) (767 SE2d 503) (2014)
(holding that there was sufficient evidence to support convictions for exploitation of
children when defendant denied downloading child pornography, but evidence
suggested only that it “may have been possible” for someone else to have gained
access to his computer and downloaded the illegal files); Bolton , 310 Ga. App. at 805
(1) (holding that the evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for violating
OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) when the defendant used online services to solicit sex
from an undercover police officer, who the defendant believed to be a 15-year-old
girl); Logan, 309 Ga. App. at 100 (2) (b) (holding that evidence was sufficient to
support a conviction for violating OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) when the defendant
engaged and initiated sexually explicit conversations with an undercover police
officer posing online as a 14-year-old girl); see also Wilcox v. State, 310 Ga. App.
382, 384 (713 SE2d 468) (2011) (explaining that “a conviction may be based on
circumstantial evidence, and the proved facts need exclude only reasonable
hypotheses—not bare possibilities that the crime could have been committed by
someone else” (punctuation omitted)).

                                         11
a pretrial hearing on the motion, and ultimately, it denied Patch’s motion and ruled

that evidence of the 2008 investigation was admissible.14

      As to the alleged similar transaction, Peluso, who was a retired Cobb County

police officer, testified during the trial about his 2008 investigation. Similarly to

Land, Peluso created an online profile of a 13-year-old girl on Yahoo! with the

username “LoriChase13,” and he uploaded pictures of a female colleague that were

taken when she was 13 years old. At some point during the investigation,

LoriChase13 was contacted by Patch, who was using the username

heeeyyy_waitaminute. When they began messaging, LoriChase13 informed Patch of

her location and that she was 13 years old. And as with roxiechick14, Patch engaged

in sexually explicit conversations with LoriChase13, sent her pictures of himself, and

invited her to view him via a webcam. But unlike Land, Peluso was able to see

      14
        Peluso’s testimony regarding his 2008 investigation of Patch was admitted
as evidence of prior crimes, wrongs, or acts under OCGA § 24-4-404. We note that
Patch does not challenge the court’s denial of his motion to suppress this evidence or
argue that Peluso’s testimony, as a whole, was inadmissible. Instead, he merely
contends, as he did below, that Peluso’s in-court identification of him was
inadmissible.

                                         12
Patch’s face on the webcam, and during his testimony, he identified Patch as the

individual who appeared in the pictures and on the webcam.15

       At this point, Patch objected to Peluso’s in-court identification of him, arguing

that it was based on images or videos that he viewed years earlier, and never having

seen Patch in person, Peluso had no ability to recognize Patch in court. In addition,

Patch informed the court (and Peluso later confirmed) that the original images and

videos from the 2008 case had been lost by Cobb County, and as a result, they were

unavailable to show the jury. Patch further noted, and the State conceded, that Peluso

initially misidentified a paralegal as Patch during a pretrial hearing in this case, before

later identifying Patch as the perpetrator. Ultimately, after hearing arguments from

the parties, the trial court overruled Patch’s objection, noting that he could cross-

examine Peluso, and the jury could decide how much weight or credit to give

Peluso’s identification testimony.

       On cross-examination, Peluso reiterated that Patch was the individual who

appeared in the photographs and webcam videos during his 2008 investigation, but

he explained that those images and videos were unavailable to present to the jury

       15
        We note that Peluso ultimately never obtained a search warrant for Patch’s
residence, and Patch was not interviewed or arrested as a result of the 2008
investigation.

                                            13
because the hard drive used in that investigation had “crashed.” Peluso further

testified that, while his in-court identification of Patch was based on viewing those

photographs and videos approximately seven years earlier in 2008 and 2009, he also

recognized Patch from his driver’s license picture.

      As previously mentioned, Patch argues that Peluso’s identification testimony

was inadmissible because it was based on his viewing photographs and videos that

were unavailable to the jury. More specifically, Patch contends that such opinion

evidence is improper because it tends only to establish a fact that average jurors could

decide for themselves.

      As a preliminary matter, we note that because this case was tried after January

1, 2013, our new Evidence Code applies.16 And OCGA § 24-10-1001 et seq,

Georgia’s new “best evidence rule,” squarely addresses the situation at hand—i.e., the

admissibility of secondary evidence of the contents of a recording or photograph that

has been lost or destroyed.17 Generally, under OCGA § 24-10-1002, “[t]o prove the

contents of a writing, recording, or photograph, the original writing, recording, or

      16
        See Ga. L. 2011, pp. 99, 214, § 101 (providing that Georgia’s new Evidence
Code applies “to any motion made or hearing or trial commenced on or after” January
1, 2013).
      17
           See OCGA § 24-10-1004 (1).

                                          14
photograph shall be required.”18 However, OCGA § 24-10-1004 outlines several

exceptions to this general rule. In relevant part, OCGA § 24-10-1004 provides that

“[t]he original shall not be required and other evidence of the contents of a writing,

recording, or photograph shall be admissible if . . . [a]ll originals are lost or have been

destroyed, unless the proponent lost or destroyed them in bad faith.”19

       Here, it is undisputed that the State sought to present “other evidence” (i.e.,

Peluso’s testimony) of the contents of video recordings and photographs that had

been destroyed when a hard drive used in the 2008 investigation of Patch

malfunctioned. Nevertheless, neither party has addressed (either below or on appeal)

       18
         We note that, unlike OCGA § 24-10-1002, former OCGA § 24-5-4,
Georgia’s prior best evidence rule, applied only to writings and would have been
inapplicable to the photographs and video recordings at issue here. See former OCGA
§ 24-5-4; Perkins v. State, 260 Ga. 292, 295 (7) (392 SE2d 872) (1990) (“The best
evidence rule applies only to writings.”); see also OCGA § 24-10-1002 (“To prove
the contents of a writing, recording, or photograph, the original writing, recording,
or photograph shall be required. (emphasis supplied)); Hooks v. State, 295 Ga. 835,
839 (3) n.4 (764 SE2d 409) (2014) (“The former best evidence rule was superseded
in the new Evidence Code by the provisions of OCGA § 24-10-1001 et seq.”).
       19
         OCGA § 24-10-1004 (1) (emphasis supplied); see also Ronald L. Carlson
and Michael Scott Carlson, Carlson on Evidence, p. 800 (4th ed. 2016) (“Once an
adequate excuse is established for nonproduction of the original, the federal rule
recognizes no degrees of secondary evidence[,] and [s]ome courts take a broad view
of the sort of secondary evidence which may be used.”) (punctuation and citation
omitted).

                                            15
whether Peluso’s testimony was admissible under OCGA § 24-10-1004.20 Instead,

both parties rely exclusively on Georgia cases published before the enactment of the

new Evidence Code.21 And furthermore, the cases relied upon by the parties—in

addition to being decisions decided under Georgia’s prior Evidence Code—are

readily distinguishable from the instant case because they all address situations

      20
         Our Supreme Court has emphasized that, when a provision of the new
Evidence Code has been adopted from the Federal Rules of Evidence, we must
consider the meaning of that provision by looking to “the decisions of the federal
appeals courts construing and applying the federal rules, especially the decisions of
the Eleventh Circuit.” Frost v. State, 297 Ga. 296, 299 (773 SE2d 700) (2015).
      21
          Even though Georgia’s state judicial system is now in its fourth year under
the new Evidence Code, many parties continue to argue evidentiary issues in cases
tried after January 1, 2013, without any reference to this code or acknowledgment of
the substantially altered jurisprudential landscape. We take this opportunity to remind
our highly capable trial courts and lawyers of the importance of relying upon the new
Evidence Code, as well as its accompanying case law, in addressing evidentiary
issues arising after the new code’s effective date. See Stratacos v. State, 293 Ga. 401,
408 (2) (b) n.10 (748 SE2d 828) (2013) (“[I]t is always risky for courts to rely on a
precedent interpreting a statute or other legal text without first examining whether the
legal text on which the precedent was based has been revised and then considering
the effect of any such change . . . . And we add that courts relying on old precedents
regarding evidentiary issues should be particularly attuned to this risk in light of
Georgia’s new Evidence Code.”).

                                          16
where, unlike this case, the photograph or video at issue was available at trial and

viewed by the jury.22

      Nevertheless, even though Patch did not specifically object to Peluso’s

identification testimony based on our new best-evidence rule in the trial court,

Georgia’s new Evidence Code permits a court to take notice of “plain errors affecting

      22
          See Owens v. State, 317 Ga. App. 821, 824 (1) (733 SE2d 16) (2012)
(holding that identification testimony regarding a video or photograph that was
viewed by the jury “should be admitted for the jury’s consideration only if there is
some basis for concluding that the witness is more likely to correctly identify the
defendant from the video or photograph than is the jury, as when the witness is
familiar with the defendant’s appearance around the time a surveillance [video or]
photograph was taken and the defendant’s appearance has changed prior to trial, or
when the witness knows about some other distinctive but presently inaccessible
characteristic of the defendant’s appearance” (punctuation omitted)); Grimes v. State,
291 Ga. App. 585, 590-91 (2) (662 SE2d 346) (2008) (same); Mitchell v. State, 283
Ga. App. 456, 458-59 (641 SE2d 674) (2007) (same); see also Wadlington v. State,
302 Ga. App. 559, 561 (1) (692 SE2d 28) (2010) (“[I]t is well-established that a
witness cannot identify a person depicted in a video as being the defendant if it is
within the ability of the jurors to decide this issue for themselves.”). Because the
foregoing cases are inapposite to the issue before us, it is not necessary for us to
consider whether they have any continuing precedential utility or validity following
the enactment of the new Evidence Code. But as the Magic 8 Ball often notes,
“Outlook Not So Good.” See OCGA § 24-7-701 (a); see also Daubert v. Merrell Dow
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 588 (II) (A) (113 SCt 2786, 125 LEd2d 469)
(1993) (noting the forgiving thrust of the federal rules of evidence and their “general
approach of relaxing the traditional barriers to opinion testimony”) (punctuation and
citation omitted); Ronald L. Carlson and Michael Scott Carlson, Carlson on Evidence,
p. 417 (4th ed. 2016) (“Federal Evidence Rule 701, newly embraced in Georgia as
part of the 2013 evidence code, permits a wide range of opinions by lay witnesses.”).

                                          17
substantial rights although such errors were not brought to the attention of the [trial]

court..”23 And in this regard, the Supreme Court of Georgia has adopted the federal

plain error standard of review, as articulated by the Supreme Court of the United

States in Pucket v. United States.24 Under this four-pronged test,

      there [first] must be an error or defect—some sort of deviation from a
      legal rule—that has not been intentionally relinquished or abandoned,
      i.e., affirmatively waived, by the appellant. Second, the legal error must
      be clear or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute. Third, the
      error must have affected the appellant’s substantial rights, which in the
      ordinary case means he must demonstrate that it affected the outcome of
      the trial court proceedings. Fourth and finally, if the above three prongs
      are satisfied, the appellate court has the discretion to remedy the
      error—discretion which ought to be exercised only if the error seriously
      affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial
      proceedings.25

      23
         OCGA § 24-1-103 (d); see Gates v. State, 298 Ga. 324, 326 (3) (781 SE2d
772) (2016) (explaining that, under the new Evidence Code, evidentiary rulings are
subject to plain-error review when a defendant did not object to such rulings at trial).
      24
         556 U.S. 129 (129 SCt 1423, 173 LE2d 266) (2009); see Gates, 298 Ga. at
326 (3) (noting that the Supreme Court of Georgia has adopted the four-pronged
plain-error standard as set forth in Puckett).
      25
        Gates, 298 Ga. at 326 (3) (punctuation omitted), quoting State v. Kelly, 290
Ga. 29, 33 (2) (a) (718 SE2d 232) (2011); see Puckett, 556 U.S. at 135 (II).

                                          18
      In the case sub judice, Patch cannot satisfy the foregoing test to establish that

the trial court plainly erred in admitting Peluso’s testimony under OCGA § 24-10-

1004.26 Specifically, as to the first and second prongs of the plain-error analysis,

Patch is unable to show that the trial court erred in admitting this evidence under the

new Evidence Code, much less that a legal error was “clear or obvious, rather than

subject to reasonable dispute.”27 Indeed, as previously noted, under OCGA § 24-10-

1004 (1), an original recording or photograph is not required at trial and secondary

evidence of its contents is admissible if “[a]ll originals are lost or have been

destroyed, unless the proponent lost or destroyed them in bad faith.” And here, it is

undisputed that the relevant videos and photographs were destroyed when the hard

drive used in Peluso’s 2008 investigation “crashed.” Moreover, there is no evidence

(and Patch has not even alleged) that the State intentionally destroyed the videos and

      26
          We reiterate that Patch does not argue on appeal that the trial court erred in
admitting Peluso’s testimony under OCGA § 24-10-1004, and we note that it is his
burden to show plain error. See Howell v. State, 330 Ga. App. 668, 673 (2) (769 SE2d
98) (2015) (“In order to reverse on the basis of plain error in this case, [the defendant]
must satisfy the burden of establishing all of the following elements: that the charge
(or the failure to charge) was erroneous; that the error was obvious; and that the error
likely affected the outcome of his trial.”). Nevertheless, we exercise the discretion
afforded us by OCGA § 24-1-103 (d) to review the trial court’s evidentiary ruling for
plain error. See supra note 23 & accompanying text.
      27
           Gates, 298 Ga. at 326 (3) (punctuation omitted).

                                           19
photographs in bad faith. As a result, Peluso’s testimony regarding the contents of the

lost or destroyed photographs and video recordings was admissible under the plain

language of OCGA § 24-10-1004 (1).28

      Finally, even assuming, arguendo, that Patch could satisfy the first two prongs

of the plain-error test, he cannot comply with its third requirement of showing that

the trial court’s admission of Peluso’s identification testimony affected the outcome

of the trial because the evidence of Patch’s guilt in this case was overwhelming.

Indeed, in addition to the circumstantial evidence that Patch’s Yahoo! account was

used on his computer from his residence to message Land, Patch essentially confessed

to the charged offenses in two separate interviews with law enforcement. Specifically,

as previously noted, Patch admitted that (1) he had been using the

      28
         OCGA § 24-10-1004 (1); see United States v. Flanders, 752 F3d 1317, 1336
(V) (11th Cir. 2014) (holding that a transcript of an audio recording of a defendant’s
statement was admissible when the recording had been inadvertently destroyed and
there was no evidence of bad faith); United States v. Ross, 33 F3d 1507, 1513 (II) (A)
(11th Cir. 1994) (“Once the terms of Rule 1004 are satisfied, the party seeking to
prove the contents of the recording—here, the government—may do so by any kind
of secondary evidence.” (emphasis supplied)); see also United States v. McKenzie,
505 F. App’x 843, 846 (11th Cir. 2013) (holding that the best-evidence rule did not
bar a police officer’s identification testimony that was based on his monitoring of a
live video feed that was unavailable to the jury); United States v. Dadamuratov, 340
F. App’x 540, 547 (II) (B) (11th Cir. 2009) (holding that a transcript of destroyed
recordings was admissible under OCGA § 24-10-1004 (1) when the destruction of the
recordings was accidental and not in bad faith).

                                          20
heeeyyy_waitaminute account for two or three years; (2) he did not know of anyone

else who would use that account; and (3) his penis was depicted on the images that

Land collected during his investigation. And ultimately, Patch agreed that it was “safe

to say” he was the individual who was having the sexually explicit conversations with

roxiechick14 on the relevant dates and times. In light of this overwhelming evidence

of Patch’s guilt, including his own incriminating statements, any error in allowing

Peluso to identify Patch as the perpetrator in his 2008 investigation did not affect

Patch’s substantial rights, which in the ordinary case means that it affected the

outcome of the trial court proceedings.29

      29
         See United States v. Gamory, 635 F3d 480, 494-95 (B) (11th Cir. 2011)
(noting that the plain error “prejudice inquiry” (prong three) is similar to the
harmless-error analysis and holding that, in light of the overwhelming evidence of the
defendant’s guilt, he could not show that the judgment was “substantially swayed by
the error”); United States v. Turner, 474 F3d 1265, 1278 (III) (11th Cir. 2007)
(holding that the appellant failed to satisfy the third prong of the plain-error analysis
when “independent of the challenged testimony, the government presented
overwhelming evidence in support of [his] convictions”); see also Carter v. State,
326 Ga. App. 144, 149 (3) (756 SE2d 232) (2014) (holding that the trial court’s error
in allowing a detective to identify the defendant in surveillance footage that was also
available to the jury was harmless in light of the overwhelming evidence of his guilt,
including, inter alia, that the clothing recovered by police matched the items worn by
the defendant in the video and that the defendant’s cell phone records (similarly to
records of Patch’s internet use) placed him in the area of the robbery at the time when
it occurred); Rogers v. State, 294 Ga. App. 195, 198-99 (3) (670 SE2d 106) (2008)
(holding that trial court’s error in allowing a law-enforcement officer to identify the
defendant on a videotape that was available to the jury was harmless in light of the

                                            21
      Nevertheless, Patch contends that the alleged erroneous admission of Peluso’s

identification testimony was prejudicial because Land never saw Patch’s face on the

webcam during the instant investigation, and Peluso previously misidentified a

paralegal as the perpetrator. In addition, Patch points out that he denied ever having

chatted with “underage girls” at trial, and that he presented numerous character

witnesses. What Patch apparently fails to appreciate, however, is that this evidence

was presented to the jury, and it was for the jury to decide the credibility of the

witnesses, as well as the weight given to their testimony.30

      For all of the foregoing reasons, we affirm Patch’s convictions.

      Judgment affirmed. Phipps, P. J., and Peterson, J., concur.

overwhelming evidence of his guilt, including that the he identified himself and his
co-defendant in the same videotape).
      30
           See supra footnotes 3 & 12 and accompanying text.

                                         22