Court Opinion

ID: 9410921
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-25 13:11:04.645083+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:21:01.501641
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Judges O’Brien, Ortiz and Senior Judge Haley
UNPUBLISHED

              RAYMOND L. HARVEY, JR.
                                                                              MEMORANDUM OPINION*
              v.      Record No. 1456-22-2                                        PER CURIAM
                                                                                  JULY 25, 2023
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                                 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND
                                             Jacqueline S. McClenney, Judge

                               (Raymond L. Harvey, Jr., on brief), pro se. Appellant submitting on
                               brief.

                               (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General; J. Brady Hess, Assistant
                               Attorney General; Aaron J. Campbell, Assistant Attorney General,
                               on brief), for appellee. Appellee submitting on brief.

                      Raymond L. Harvey, Jr. appeals the circuit court’s judgment dismissing his complaint for

              declaratory judgment. The parties waived oral argument and after examining the briefs and record

              in this case, we affirm.

                                                        BACKGROUND

                      A jury convicted Harvey of aggravated malicious wounding, attempted murder, and two

              counts of use of a firearm in the commission of a felony in the Circuit Court of the City of

              Roanoke. See Harvey v. Commonwealth, No. 1460-15-3, slip op. at 1 (Va. Ct. App. June 19,

              2018) (en banc) (order). By final orders entered August 13, 2015, the court sentenced him to a

              total of 63 years’ imprisonment. See id. This Court affirmed Harvey’s convictions, see id., and

              the Supreme Court dismissed his further appeal in part, and refused it in part, by order entered

              January 17, 2019, see Harvey v. Commonwealth, No. 180957 (Va. Jan. 17, 2019).

                      *
                          This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).
        During the 2020 Special Session, the General Assembly amended Code § 19.2-295 to

eliminate automatic jury sentencing in criminal trials, while retaining a criminal defendant’s

right to request jury sentencing. 2020 Va. Acts Spec. Sess. I, ch. 43; see also SB5007. The

amendment was effective July 1, 2021. Id.

        On June 27, 2022, Harvey filed a motion for declaratory judgment in the Circuit Court

for the City of Richmond, asking the court to rule that the amendment to Code § 19.2-295 was

retroactive. Harvey also filed a brief and supplemental brief in support of his motion, arguing

that the doctrine announced in Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989), addressing the retroactivity

of new constitutional rules, and federal constitutional principles, compelled a finding of

retroactivity.

        The Commonwealth filed a “Demurrer and Motion to Dismiss” in which it argued that

Harvey’s claim was not cognizable because declaratory judgment cannot be used as a substitute

for appeal or other post-conviction remedies. Relying on Orbe v. Johnson, 267 Va. 560 (2004),

the Commonwealth asserted that Harvey was not permitted to use a declaratory judgment action

to challenge his convictions.

        Harvey filed a written objection to the Commonwealth’s demurrer and motion to dismiss.

Harvey argued that Orbe was inapposite to his action and that sustaining the Commonwealth’s

demurrer or dismissing his declaratory judgment action would be incompatible with the remedial

nature of the declaratory judgment scheme.

        The court sustained the Commonwealth’s demurrer, granted the motion to dismiss, and

dismissed Harvey’s complaint with prejudice. Harvey appealed. On appeal, Harvey argues that

the court erred in considering the demurrer and motion to dismiss simultaneously because

different legal standards govern those procedural devices. In addition, he contends that the court

erred in sustaining the Commonwealth’s demurrer because he stated a proper cause of action for

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declaratory judgment. Finally, he contends that the court’s order is too vague to permit him

meaningful review by this Court.1 Finding the merits of the declaratory judgment argument

dispositive, we begin our analysis with that point.

                                            ANALYSIS

           I. The circuit court did not have jurisdiction to render a declaratory judgment.

       “[T]he power to make a declaratory judgment is a discretionary one and must be

exercised with care and caution.” Hunter v. Hunter, 77 Va. App. 468, 479 (2023) (alteration in

original) (quoting Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Bishop, 211 Va. 414, 421 (1970)). “The purpose of

the Declaratory Judgment Act, Code §§ 8.01-184 through -191, is to provide relief from the

uncertainty arising out of controversies over legal rights.” Treacy v. Smithfield Foods, Inc., 256

Va. 97, 103 (1998).

                In cases of actual controversy, circuit courts within the scope of
                their respective jurisdictions shall have power to make binding
                adjudications of right, whether or not consequential relief is, or at
                the time could be, claimed and no action or proceeding shall be
                open to objection on the ground that a judgment order or decree
                merely declaratory of right is prayed for. Controversies involving
                the interpretation of deeds, wills, and other instruments of writing,
                statutes, municipal ordinances and other governmental regulations,
                may be so determined, and this enumeration does not exclude other
                instances of actual antagonistic assertion and denial of right.

Code § 8.01-184. “The General Assembly created the power to issue declaratory judgments to

resolve disputes ‘before the right is violated.’” Charlottesville Area Fitness Club Operators

Ass’n v. Albemarle Cnty. Bd. of Sup’rs, 285 Va. 87, 98 (2013) (Charlottesville Fitness) (quoting

Patterson v. Patterson, 144 Va. 113, 120 (1926)). Thus, “the Declaratory Judgment Act

provides a ‘procedural remedy for the unripe, but legally viable, cause of action.’” Morgan v.

       1
         We do not address this final assignment of error because Harvey has cited no authorities
in support of his argument that the court was required to explain its ruling. We deem the
argument waived because of Harvey’s failure to comply with Rule 5A:20(e).
                                               -3-
Bd. of Supervisors of Hanover Cnty., ___ Va. ___, ___ (Feb. 2, 2023) (quoting Cherrie v.

Virginia Health Servs., Inc., 292 Va. 309, 318 (2016)).

        The limitations on declaratory judgments, however, are well-established.

“Declaratory-judgment actions, for example, cannot be employed as ‘instruments of procedural

fencing, either to secure delay or to choose a forum,’ or as a means of deciding a mere ‘disputed

fact’ rather than a judicial declaration of legal ‘rights, status, and other relations, commonly

expressed in written instruments.’” Ames Ctr., L.C. v. SOHO Arlington, LLC, 301 Va. 246, 253

(2022) (first quoting Williams v. Southern Bank of Norfolk, 203 Va. 657, 662 (1962); and then

quoting Board of Supervisors of Loudoun Cnty. v. Town of Purcellville, 276 Va. 419, 435 (2008);

Green v. Goodman-Gable-Gould Co., 268 Va. 102, 107 (2004)).

        “A plaintiff has standing to institute a declaratory judgment proceeding if it has a

‘justiciable interest’ in the subject matter of the proceeding, either in its own right or in a

representative capacity.” Lafferty v. School Board of Fairfax County, 293 Va. 354, 360 (2017)

(quoting W.S. Carnes, Inc. v. Board of Supervisors, 252 Va. 377, 383 (1996)). To establish “a

‘justiciable interest’ in a proceeding, the plaintiff must demonstrate an actual controversy

between the plaintiff and the defendant.” Id. (quoting W.S. Carnes, 252 Va. at 383). The

standing requirement “is explicitly set forth in the statute authorizing declaratory judgment

actions, empowering circuit courts ‘to make binding adjudications of right’ in ‘cases of actual

controversy’ where there is an ‘actual antagonistic assertion and denial of right.’” Id. (quoting

Code § 8.01-184). “Therefore, a circuit court cannot acquire jurisdiction over a declaratory

judgment action unless the proceeding involves an actual adjudication of rights.” Daniels v.

Mobley, 285 Va. 402, 408 (2013) (emphasis added).

        “When the ‘actual objective in the declaratory judgment proceeding [i]s a determination

of [a] disputed issue rather than an adjudication of the parties’ rights,’ the case is not one for

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declaratory judgment.” Pure Pres. Church of Washington v. Grace of God Pres. Church, 296

Va. 42, 55 (2018) (alterations in original) (quoting Green, 268 Va. at 108); Daniels, 285 Va. at

408 (same); Charlottesville Fitness, 285 Va. at 99 (same). “The reason for these rules is that the

courts are not constituted, and the declaratory judgment statute was not intended to vest them

with authority, to render advisory opinions, to decide moot questions or to answer inquiries

which are merely speculative.” Charlottesville Fitness, 285 Va. at 99 (quoting City of Fairfax v.

Shanklin, 205 Va. 227, 229-30 (1964)). “Rather, courts may issue declaratory judgments only

‘in cases of actual controversy when there is an antagonistic assertion and denial of right.’”

Hunter, 77 Va. App. at 477 (quoting Kent Sinclair & Leigh B. Middleditch, Jr., Virginia Civil

Procedure § 3.10[A] (7th ed. 2020)).

       Harvey argues that his complaint for declaratory judgment contains sufficient allegations

and facts necessary to state a proper claim for declaratory judgment. He contends that his

complaint “assert[ed] an actual controversy, amounting to an actual assertion and denial of right

involving the interpretation of [the] statute and ask[ed] for nothing more.” Harvey further

contends that the Commonwealth’s reliance on Orbe was misplaced because his declaratory

judgment complaint did not challenge either his convictions or his sentence.

       Although we agree with Harvey that his complaint did not challenge his convictions, as

the Commonwealth argues, we nevertheless conclude that he lacked standing under the

declaratory judgment statute. Harvey’s motion for declaratory judgment did not seek a

declaration of his rights. Indeed, although the right to a jury trial to determine guilt is guaranteed

by both the federal and Virginia constitutions, there is no constitutional right to a particular

sentencing procedure. See generally Ballard v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 213 (1984) (explaining

that jury sentencing was a purely statutory right), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1085 (1985). Rather,

Harvey’s complaint invited the court to render a wholly advisory opinion on his “wholesale,

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broadside assault upon the” constitutional validity of the statutory amendments to Code

§ 19.2-295. Shanklin, 205 Va. at 230. As Harvey himself frames the issue, he seeks “the

interpretation” of the amended statute and asks for “nothing more.”

       “A controversy is not created by taking a position and then challenging the government to

dispute it.” Id. at 231. Harvey’s motion for declaratory judgment did exactly that: it asserted

that without retroactive effect, the statutory amendment violated federal constitutional principles.

The court properly dismissed the action because Harvey’s claim did not present a justiciable

controversy, as our Supreme Court has defined that term, to invoke the circuit court’s jurisdiction

to render a declaratory judgment.

          II. It was not improper for the Commonwealth to file, and the circuit court to
              consider, a combined dispositive pleading.

       Harvey also asserts that it was improper for the court to address the merits of the

declaratory judgment action while the Commonwealth’s demurrer was pending. According to

Harvey, the Commonwealth’s combined responsive pleading was “critically defective” which

led to an improper adjudication. Harvey contends that the court should have treated the

Commonwealth’s answer as defaulted.

       We note that it is not uncommon for responding parties to file combined responsive

pleadings in declaratory judgment actions. See, e.g., Morgan, ___ Va. ___; EMAC, L.L.C. v.

County of Hanover, 291 Va. 13 (2016); Friends of the Rappahannock v. Caroline Cnty. Bd. of

Sup’rs, 286 Va. 38 (2013); Kurpiel v. Hicks, 284 Va. 347 (2012); Zappulla v. Crown, 239 Va.

566 (1990). Moreover, Rule 1:4(k) expressly permits parties to plead in the alternative; as

relevant here, “[a] party may . . . state as many separate claims or defenses as he has regardless

of consistency and whether based on legal or equitable grounds.”

       The crux of Harvey’s complaint appears to be that a demurrer does not permit the court to

consider the factual merits of the case, so combining the demurrer with the motion to dismiss
                                                -6-
improperly invited the court to weigh the merits of the declaratory judgment action at the

pleading stage. We find this argument unavailing because, as noted above, a declaratory

judgment action is improper if a resolution of disputed facts or issues is required. Pure Pres.,

296 Va. at 55; Daniels, 285 Va. at 408; Charlottesville Fitness, 285 Va. at 99. Thus, we find no

reversible error in the court’s consideration of the Commonwealth’s responsive pleading.

                                         CONCLUSION

       Finding no error in the circuit court’s judgment, we affirm.

                                                                                          Affirmed.

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