Court Opinion

ID: 4194407
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-08-09 11:05:16.499431+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:40:03.726985
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

DENISE M. KOETS and SCOTT A. KOETS,                                UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   August 8, 2017
              Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v                                                                  No. 333347
                                                                   Ingham Circuit Court
THE AMERICAN LEGION, DEPARTMENT OF                                 LC No. 15-000010-CD
MICHIGAN

              Defendant-Appellee.

Before: CAVANAGH, P.J., and M. J. KELLY and SWARTZLE, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Plaintiffs appeal as of right the summary dismissal of their claims against defendant,
including a claim of retaliatory discharge under the Whistleblower Protection Act (WPA), MCL
33315.361 et seq., arising from the termination of employment. We affirm.

         Defendant is a non-profit organization that provides services to veterans, including
assisting veterans with applying for various benefits from the U.S. Department of Veterans
Affairs (VA). In January 2011, plaintiff Denise Koets (plaintiff) was hired by defendant as a
Financial Administrative Assistant and Human Resources Administrator. In that capacity, she
was to perform confidential administrative, bookkeeping, and human resources functions in
support of defendant’s Adjutant, Patrick Lafferty. Some of her job duties included the daily
banking, processing travel vouchers for reimbursement, performing functions for and attending
executive meetings, maintaining employee files, overseeing membership events like the yearly
raffle, and assisting in any audit coordination and administration.

        In March 2012, plaintiff’s husband, Scott Koets, applied for disability benefits from the
VA with defendant’s assistance. By September 2012, he still had received no correspondence
regarding the status of his claim. During plaintiff’s efforts to determine the status of her
husband’s claim, plaintiff allegedly discovered that defendant’s Veterans Affairs and
Rehabilitation (VA&R) division was mishandling veterans’ claims by losing them and causing
veterans to miss out on benefits. Plaintiff reported the mishandling of her husband’s claim, as
well as the mishandling of other claims in general, to several of defendant’s high-level
employees, including Lafferty, the VA&R Director, the Public Relations Director, defendant’s
State Commander, and a chairman of defendant’s Finance Committee. In November 2012,
plaintiff discovered that her husband’s application for benefits was never submitted to the VA

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and, in December 2012, defendant finally submitted her husband’s claim. By November 2013,
the VA approved his claim but, while the VA backdated his benefits to the December 2012
application date, plaintiff’s husband lost nine months of disability pay benefits.

        In April 2013, plaintiff received an excellent work performance review. However,
according to Lafferty, a few months after the VA approved plaintiff’s husband’s claim,
plaintiff’s work performance began to deteriorate. In particular, plaintiff was not depositing
daily accounts correctly and chairmen were complaining to Lafferty. Plaintiff also complained
that she was overwhelmed with her job duties, but her workload had not changed. Plaintiff
became increasingly isolated from coworkers, who complained about her. For example,
Lafferty, who was slated to retire, received an email warning against correspondence going to
plaintiff concerning Lafferty’s job because plaintiff was the “least confidential,” was a “sneaky
employee,” and the “biggest problem in this office.” Lafferty testified that he spoke to plaintiff
about the issues with her job duties as they arose, but the problems persisted.

         In May 2014, plaintiff’s husband’s attorney sent defendant a demand letter requesting
that defendant compensate him for the disability benefits he lost as a result of defendant failing
to file his original application. According to plaintiff, she was ousted from executive committee
meetings without reason as soon as defendant received the demand letter. However, a reprimand
letter in plaintiff’s personnel file indicates that she was excluded from these meetings starting in
June because defendant believed plaintiff was “talking openly to Legion employees concerning
the actions of the Finance Committee in executive sessions.”

        In June 2014, plaintiff was responsible for compiling financial packets for defendant’s
summer state convention. Two versions of the packets were to be created: one for defendant’s
Finance Committee containing confidential budgetary information, including employee salaries,
and the other containing no such information for defendant’s general membership. However,
plaintiff switched the packets and the general membership received the packets containing the
confidential information. As a result of plaintiff’s mistake, according to Lafferty, he received
numerous emails from various employees complaining about her breach of confidentiality and
requesting her immediate termination.

        Meanwhile, plaintiff continued to make complaints about defendant’s mishandling of
veterans’ claims and the misuse of defendant’s funding. For example, sometime after July 2014,
plaintiff apparently complained to the new VA&R director that defendant was mismanaging
veterans’ claims. She also told the Grant Administrator of the Michigan Veterans Affairs
Agency (MVAA) that defendant was mishandling both veterans’ claims and funding monies.
Apparently, around the same time, plaintiff brought the misuse of funds issue to Lafferty’s
attention, as well as to the attention of defendant’s outside auditor.

        Shortly after defendant’s summer state convention, on July 21, 2014, defendant issued
plaintiff a negative written performance review detailing her shortcomings, including her
repeated accounting mistakes, poor time management, and unwillingness to work with
coworkers. Plaintiff also received a reprimand letter placing her on probation. The letter
referred to plaintiff’s breach of confidentiality which resulted in her exclusion from the executive
sessions of the Finance Committee and plaintiff’s release of confidential employee salary
information to defendant’s general members at the summer state convention. Defendant

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considered this breach to be a lack of judgment and a total failure of plaintiff’s job
responsibilities. The letter further noted the complaints received from defendant’s employees,
chairmen, and members with respect to attempts to secure financial assistance from plaintiff.

       On August 29, 2014, Roland Runyan replaced Lafferty as Adjutant. According to
Runyan, he almost immediately experienced problems with plaintiff’s work performance. For
example, Runyan found that plaintiff could not accurately answer questions regarding budgeted
items that were part of her job duties; she was incorrectly allocating money and vouchers; and
she sent defendant’s financial information to the IRS for an audit in an untimely and unsecure
fashion, i.e., a CD-ROM via US mail. Subsequently, at a meeting of defendant’s Finance and
Personnel Committee held on September 25, 2014, Runyan recommended that the Committee
dismiss plaintiff from her employment. The meeting minutes stated:
       [Plaintiff] continues to be difficult to manage. She doesn’t get along well with
       co-workers. Her financial abilities seem limited. She continually causes
       problems with the staff. Department’s finance and payroll could function okay
       without [plaintiff] present. . . . Ron Runyan stated that he can’t seem to get
       efficient answers from [plaintiff] regarding financial issues. . . . A motion was
       made . . . to release [plaintiff] from employment because of inadequate
       performance of her duties. The motion passed.

The meeting minutes also noted that plaintiff’s husband’s claim had been settled.

        Plaintiff was not immediately informed of defendant’s termination decision. Instead, on
September 27, 2014, she attended defendant’s fall state convention where a raffle was conducted
as part of the events. Per her job duties, plaintiff was to administer the raffle by pulling the prize
numbers from the raffle drum and recording the winners. Plaintiff, however, locked the raffle
drum and left before the raffle concluded, taking with her the master sheet on which she had
recorded the winners although several coworkers told her that the raffle was not finished.
Unable to complete the raffle, Lafferty and Runyan attempted to contact plaintiff via phone.
When they were unsuccessful, Lafferty and Runyan went to plaintiff’s hotel to retrieve plaintiff,
who then returned and completed the raffle in accordance with state law.

        Thereafter, on October 1, 2014, Runyan placed plaintiff on administrative leave and she
was given written documentation regarding the failures that had occurred during his tenure. On
October 8, while plaintiff was on leave, Runyan discovered over $70,000 in checks unsecured in
plaintiff’s desk. Contrary to plaintiff’s job duties which required daily deposits, these checks
dated back a month. On October 10, Runyan formally terminated plaintiff’s employment.

        On January 7, 2015, plaintiff and her husband filed a four-count complaint alleging (1)
retaliatory discharge in violation of the WPA; (2) retaliation in violation of public policy; (3)
termination without just cause in violation of public policy; and (4) loss of consortium. The
complaint alleged that plaintiff was disciplined and subsequently terminated from employment
because of her husband’s compensation claim, and also because plaintiff had reported
defendant’s mishandling of veterans’ claims and misuse of funding.

       In November 2015, defendant moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8)
and (C)(10). Defendant argued that the WPA claim should be dismissed because plaintiff did not

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engage in protected activity and there was no evidence of any nexus between plaintiff’s
termination and her alleged protected activity. Instead, defendant argued, the evidence
established that plaintiff was terminated because of a deterioration of work performance. And
because plaintiff’s husband’s consortium claim was derivative of the WPA claim, it must also be
dismissed. Further, defendant argued, because the WPA was plaintiff’s exclusive remedy, the
public policy claims were barred and must be dismissed.

        Plaintiffs responded by asserting that the evidence showed that plaintiff had repeatedly
engaged in protected activity by telling management about problems related to the processing of
veterans’ claims and by reporting defendant’s misuse of grant funds. Plaintiffs further argued
that defendant’s reasons for firing plaintiff were pretextual, as demonstrated by the suddenly
poor performance reviews, Runyan’s decision to terminate her employment based on after-
acquired evidence (the undeposited checks), and defendant’s failure to follow the basics of
assessing discipline. Plaintiffs also countered that the WPA was not plaintiff’s exclusive remedy
thus her public policy claims should survive summary disposition, and that the evidence
supported plaintiff’s husband’s loss of consortium claim.

        At the hearing on the motion, the circuit court sua sponte raised the issue whether
plaintiffs had a cognizable claim under the First Amendment, wherein a victim of retaliation may
bring suit for the protected activity of his or her spouse. The court, thus, framed the issue as
whether plaintiff’s husband’s demand letter threatening legal action was protected activity as to
plaintiff. The court reasoned: “Case law has been broadened to permit the situation by
establishing a right by association with spouses and subsequent retaliation, and that is exactly the
situation I find here.” In regard to causation, the circuit court found that the adverse employment
actions occurred after defendant received the demand letter and that defendant made the decision
to terminate plaintiff at the same meeting it noted that plaintiff’s husband’s claim was settled.
Thus, the circuit court denied summary disposition as to plaintiff’s WPA claim, finding that a
genuine issue of material fact existed. And because plaintiff’s husband’s loss of consortium
claim was derivative of plaintiff’s WPA claim, it was not dismissed. The circuit court did
dismiss plaintiff’s public policy claims, holding that the WPA provided the exclusive remedy for
plaintiff’s alleged injury. The court then entered an order granting in part and denying in part
defendant’s motion for summary disposition.
        Defendant moved for reconsideration, arguing that the circuit court committed palpable
error by denying the motion based on a legal theory that was neither pleaded nor argued.
Defendant pointed out that no precedent holds that the First Amendment can be used to satisfy
the “protected activity” element of a WPA claim.

        The circuit court took no action with regard to further briefing or oral argument on the
motion for reconsideration and plaintiff took no action in relation to the motion. Then, nearly
two months after defendant filed its motion, the circuit court entered an order granting the
motion and dismissing all of plaintiffs’ claims. The circuit court reasoned that, as defendant
argued, the First Amendment was inapplicable because it was neither pleaded nor raised. And
under the plain language of MCL 15.362, plaintiff’s husband’s demand letter could not be
attributed to plaintiff to satisfy the protected activity element under the WPA. Further, the court
held, even if plaintiff engaged in protected activity when she reported the mishandling of
veterans’ claims, plaintiff failed to establish that her termination was causally connected to her

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protected activity. The court noted our Supreme Court’s decision in West v General Motors
Corp, 469 Mich. 177, 186; 665 NW2d 468 (2003), that to prove causation in a WPA claim the
plaintiff “must show something more than merely a coincidence in time between protected
activity and adverse employment action.” And, here, plaintiff failed to show either by direct
evidence or by inference that defendant considered plaintiff’s reports regarding the mishandling
of veterans’ claims in its decision to terminate her employment. To the contrary, defendant
showed by substantial evidence that plaintiff’s work performance was poor as early as April
2014, long before defendant’s September meeting at which time the decision was made to
terminate her. Thus, the circuit court concluded that it made a palpable error when it denied
defendant’s motion for summary disposition regarding plaintiff’s WPA claim pursuant to MCR
2.116(C)(10). Accordingly, plaintiff’s husband’s loss of consortium claim was also dismissed.
Plaintiffs now appeal.

       Plaintiffs argue that the claim of retaliatory discharge under the WPA should not have
been dismissed because a question of fact existed on the issue of causation, i.e. whether a causal
nexus existed between plaintiff’s termination and her protected activity. We disagree.

         This Court reviews de novo a circuit court’s decision on a motion for summary
disposition. Debano-Griffin v Lake Co, 493 Mich. 167, 175; 828 NW2d 634 (2013). A motion
brought under MCR 2.116(C)(10) “tests the factual support of a plaintiff’s claim.” Spiek v Dept
of Transp, 456 Mich. 331, 337; 572 NW2d 201 (1998). The moving party must identify the
matters that have no disputed factual issues, and has the initial burden of supporting its position
with documentary evidence. Quinto v Cross & Peters Co, 451 Mich. 358, 362; 547 NW2d 314
(1996). The party opposing the motion must then establish by evidentiary materials that a
genuine issue of disputed fact exists. Id. After considering the documentary evidence submitted
in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, the court determines whether a genuine issue
of material fact exists to warrant a trial. Walsh v Taylor, 263 Mich. App. 618, 621; 689 NW2d
506 (2004).

        The WPA establishes “a cause of action for an employee who has suffered an adverse
employment action for reporting or being about to report a violation or suspected violation of the
law.” Whitman v City of Burton, 493 Mich. 303, 312; 831 NW2d 223 (2013); see also MCL
15.362. A plaintiff may establish a violation of the WPA through direct or indirect evidence.
Debano-Griffin, 493 Mich. at 176. If direct evidence of retaliatory discharge exists, then the
plaintiff’s burden of proof is like that of any other civil case. Hazle v Ford Motor Co, 464 Mich.
456, 462; 628 NW2d 515 (2001). In the absence of direct evidence of unlawful retaliation, a
plaintiff must rely on the McDonnell Douglas1 burden-shifting framework to establish a prima
facie case of retaliatory discharge by inference from the proofs. Debano-Griffin, 493 Mich. at
175-176; Hazle, 464 Mich. at 462-463.

        On appeal, plaintiffs initially argue that direct evidence of unlawful retaliation exists.
Specifically, plaintiffs point to the September 25, 2014 meeting minutes where the settlement for
plaintiff’s husband’s claim was mentioned, followed by a discussion of plaintiff’s poor

1
    McDonnell Douglas Corp v Green, 411 U.S. 792; 93 S. Ct. 1817; 36 L. Ed. 2d 668 (1973).

                                                -5-
performance and subsequent vote to terminate her employment. “Direct evidence” is defined as
“evidence which, if believed, requires the conclusion that unlawful [retaliation] was at least a
motivating factor in the employer’s actions.” Id. at 462 (quotation marks and citations omitted).

         Here, no reasonable conclusion can be drawn from the September meeting minutes that
plaintiff’s termination was the result of unlawful retaliation for plaintiff’s protected activity.
First, the fact that plaintiff’s husband had reached a settlement with defendant as to his benefits
claim—which was discussed in the same meeting as plaintiff’s future employment with
defendant—is irrelevant to the legality of plaintiff’s termination under the WPA. Under the
WPA,

       [a]n employer shall not discharge . . . an employee . . . because the employee, or a
       person acting on behalf of the employee, reports or is about to report, verbally or
       in writing, a violation or a suspected violation of a law . . . . [MCL 15.362
       (emphasis added).]

Thus, for a WPA claim to be cognizable, the employer’s adverse action must be because of either
the employee’s protected activity or the activity of another person who is acting on behalf of that
employee. And, here, plaintiff’s husband’s demand letter related to defendant’s alleged
mishandling of his benefit claim which caused him to suffer damages and made no reference to
plaintiff or plaintiff’s employment. Thus, these actions cannot be attributed to plaintiff as
“protected activity” and defendant’s discussion of this matter at the same meeting it decided to
terminate plaintiff is not direct evidence of unlawful retaliatory discharge.

         Second, the September meeting minutes otherwise make no reference to any type of
protected activity that plaintiff may have engaged in; nor do the minutes reveal any type of
retaliatory animus as to plaintiff that may have motivated plaintiff’s termination. Instead, the
meeting minutes reference plaintiff’s deteriorating performance and show that members agreed
to her termination for that reason. And, while the executive committee’s notation that plaintiff’s
husband’s claim had been settled may create a suspicion of retaliation, this suspicious
circumstance creates nothing more than speculation as to the reason for plaintiff’s termination.
See Skinner v Square D Co, 445 Mich. 153, 164-167; 516 NW2d 475 (1994). The meeting
minutes, in themselves, do not create a reasonable inference of retaliation, nor do they require a
conclusion that defendant’s decision to terminate plaintiff’s employment was motivated by
retaliation for plaintiff’s protected activity. Therefore, plaintiffs’ claim that direct evidence of
unlawful retaliatory discharge exists to preclude summary disposition is without merit.

        Absent direct evidence of unlawful retaliation, plaintiffs were required to establish a
prima facie case of retaliation under McDonnell Douglas. In cases for unlawful retaliatory
discharge under MCL 15.362 that rely on indirect evidence, a plaintiff establishes a prima facie
case by showing that “(1) the plaintiff was engaged in protected activity as defined by the act, (2)
the plaintiff was discharged or discriminated against, and (3) a causal connection exists between
the protected activity and the discharge or adverse employment action.” West, 469 Mich. at 183-
184 (footnote omitted). In the event a plaintiff makes this showing, then the burden shifts to the
defendant to show that it had a legitimate non-retaliatory reason for the adverse employment
action. Debano-Griffin, 493 Mich. at 176. If the employer makes this showing, so as to rebut the
presumption of retaliation created by the plaintiff’s prima facie showing, then a plaintiff’s claim

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may still survive summary disposition if the plaintiff can show that the proffered legitimate
reason for the adverse employment action was a pretext for unlawful retaliatory action. Hazle,
464 Mich. at 465-466.

        Plaintiffs argue that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether defendant
violated the WPA because plaintiff made numerous reports regarding defendant’s mishandling of
veterans’ claims and misuse of funds, and because she received stellar performance reviews
before these reports and allegedly unsupported poor performance reviews after making these
reports.2 However, a review of the record indicates that no evidence exists from which a
reasonable juror could conclude that defendant terminated plaintiff because she engaged in
protected activity. To establish the requisite level of causation, it is not enough to simply show
that the employee engaged in protected activity; rather, a plaintiff must show that the adverse
action was somehow influenced by the protected activity. West, 469 Mich. at 187. Moreover, a
temporal connection between the protected activity and the adverse action, while some evidence
of unlawful action, is not enough to support a conclusion that the adverse action occurred
because the plaintiff engaged in protected activity. Id. at 186-187.

       Here, the record shows that plaintiff engaged in protected activity by making reports of
defendant’s mishandling of veteran claims starting in late 2012 to Lafferty, the VA&R Director,
defendant’s State Commander, the Public Relations Director, the Chairman of the Finance
Committee, and numerous Service Directors.3 Although the record is unclear as to the continued
duration of plaintiff’s reports, it does demonstrate the plaintiff renewed her complaints as late as
July 2014 when she told the Grant Administrator of the MVAA and the new VA&R Director that
claims were being mishandled. Around the same time, she also informed Lafferty of suspected
fraudulent use of defendant’s funds. Then, in October 2014, plaintiff’s employment was
terminated. Viewing the record most favorably to plaintiff, a temporal connection may exist
between her protected activity and the termination of her employment.

        As noted, however, a temporal connection alone is not enough to establish causation. Id.
And, when the admissible record evidence is viewed most favorably to plaintiff, there is no other
evidence of causation showing that her termination was somehow related to the protected
activity. There is no evidence, for example, that any of the individuals to which plaintiff made
reports demonstrated a clear displeasure with the report. That plaintiff often received no

2
  Plaintiff’s argument in this regard relates mainly to causation and pretext. Plaintiff’s discussion
of whether defendant is a “public body” and whether she engaged in protected activity is mostly
irrelevant, as there is no dispute that plaintiff is a public body and defendant does not appear to
contest that plaintiff engaged in protected activity.
3
  Plaintiff also notes that she made reports to the MVAA and a private auditor. The latter is not
protected activity because it was not a report to a public body, but to a private entity. See
15.362. As to the former, there is no evidence that anyone at the defendant employer, let alone
Runyan, knew that plaintiff had made a report to the MVAA. Absent such knowledge, there can
be no causal connection between plaintiff’s report to the MVAA and Runyan’s decision to
terminate her employment.

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response to her complaints is not evidence from which a reasonable juror could conclude that her
termination was motivated by plaintiff’s complaints of mishandled claims. Perhaps most
significantly, however, plaintiff presented no evidence that those in charge of the decision to
terminate her employment knew that plaintiff had made any of the reports. See id. at 187-188.
The record shows that Runyan decided to terminate plaintiff’s employment in September 2014.
Plaintiff did not report any violations of law to Runyan and there is no evidence showing that
any of the individuals to which plaintiff had made reports were part of the decision to terminate
her employment or otherwise told Runyan of plaintiff’s protected activity. Moreover, even if
Runyan had known of plaintiff’s protected activity, nothing in the record shows that Runyan
took this information into account when deciding to end plaintiff’s employment. Instead, the
record reflects that Runyan, in deciding to fire plaintiff, considered her unsatisfactory job
performance and her failure to rectify her shortcomings.

         Notwithstanding the foregoing, plaintiff argues that evidence of a causal connection
between her discharge and protected activity is supported by the sudden change in her work
evaluations from “stellar” to very poor, which occurred after she reported the mishandling of
veterans’ claims and were not supported by reference to any objective measures or explanation.
However, even viewing the evidence most favorably to plaintiff, it is clear that plaintiff received
excellent performance reviews in 2013 after she engaged in protected activity in 2012. And
plaintiff’s claim that her poor work evaluation in July 2014 had no “objective measures” to
support its conclusions is refuted by the evaluation itself. Further, her claim that no explanation
for her poor performance was given is also refuted by the testimonies of her supervisors, who
testified that they orally addressed issues as they arose, and also by the July 21 reprimand letter
explaining to plaintiff how she had breached her job duties. In short, no reasonable juror
reviewing plaintiff’s performance evaluations could conclude that plaintiff’s protected activity
was related to either the poor performance review or the ultimate termination of her employment.

        In sum, no evidence was presented to support a finding that plaintiff’s employment was
terminated because she engaged in protected activity; therefore, plaintiffs failed to establish a
prima facie case of unlawful termination and the circuit court did not err by granting summary
disposition for defendant on this basis. And because plaintiff’s WPA claim was properly
dismissed, her husband’s derivative loss of consortium claim was also properly dismissed.

        Next, plaintiffs argue that, even if a claim under the WPA was not established, the claim
for retaliation in violation of public policy and for termination without just cause should not have
been dismissed. We disagree.

        A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim and may be
granted only where the claim alleged is “so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no
factual development could possibly justify recovery.” Wade v Dep’t of Corrections, 439 Mich.
158, 163; 483 NW2d 26 (1992).

       “[A]n employer is not free to discharge an employee at will when the reason for the
discharge contravenes public policy.” McNeil v Charlevoix Co, 275 Mich. App. 686, 703-704;
741 NW2d 27 (2007). “An at-will employee’s discharge violates public policy if any one of the
following occurs: (1) the employee is discharged in violation of an explicit legislative statement
prohibiting discharge of employees who act in accordance with a statutory right or duty; (2) the

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employee is discharged for the failure or refusal to violate the law in the course of employment;
or (3) the employee is discharged for exercising a right conferred by a well-established
legislative enactment.” Id. at 704.

        However, “[a] public policy claim is sustainable . . . only where there also is not an
applicable statutory prohibition against discharge in retaliation for the conduct at issue.”
Dudewicz v Norris-Schmid, Inc, 443 Mich. 68, 80; 503 NW2d 645 (1993), disapproving on other
grounds in Brown v Mayor of Detroit, 478 Mich. 589, 594 n 2 (2007). Here, the WPA provides
plaintiff a cause of action for the reporting of defendant’s mishandling of veterans’ claims in
violation of the law. Consequently, the WPA is plaintiff’s exclusive remedy and her public
policy claims, based on the same conduct at issue as plaintiff admits, are not sustainable.
Although the circuit court erroneously held that the WPA was no longer plaintiff’s exclusive
remedy, it properly dismissed her public policy claims on the basis that they rested on the same
facts as plaintiff’s WPA claim. This Court will affirm a lower court’s decision even if it reached
the correct result for the wrong reason. Demski v Petlick, 309 Mich. App. 404, 441; 873 NW2d
596 (2015).

       Finally, plaintiffs argue that they were denied due process when the trial court failed to
provide them an opportunity to respond to defendant’s motion for reconsideration filed under
MCR 2.119(F). We disagree.

        The state and federal constitutions guarantee that no person shall be deprived of life,
liberty, or property without due process of law. US Const, Am XIV; Const 1963, art 1, § 17.
“Due process in civil cases generally requires notice of the nature of the proceedings, an
opportunity to be heard in a meaningful time and manner, and an impartial decisionmaker.”
Cummings v Wayne Co, 210 Mich. App. 249, 253; 533 NW2d 13 (1995).

       MCR 2.119(F), which is titled “Motions for Rehearing or Reconsideration,” provides:
       (1) Unless another rule provides a different procedure for reconsideration of a
       decision (see, e.g., MCR 2.604[A], 2.612), a motion for rehearing or
       reconsideration of the decision on a motion must be served and filed not later than
       21 days after entry of an order deciding the motion.

       (2) No response to the motion may be filed, and there is no oral argument, unless
       the court otherwise directs.

Pursuant to MCR 2.119(F)(2), the circuit court considered defendant’s motion for
reconsideration without further briefing or oral argument, which did not violate plaintiffs’ due
process rights.

        First, the court rule does not prohibit the consideration of a response to a motion for
reconsideration or oral argument; rather, briefing and oral argument are permitted in the court’s
discretion under the court rule. Plaintiffs, however, did not move to file a response or make a
request for oral argument. Moreover, plaintiffs could have, but did not, move for reconsideration
of the circuit court’s opinion and order on reconsideration pursuant to MCR 2.119(F)(1), thereby
availing themselves of an opportunity to respond to defendant’s motion and the court’s new
order. Instead, plaintiffs filed this appeal. Due process only requires that a litigant be provided a
                                                -9-
meaningful opportunity to be heard; that plaintiffs chose not to exercise this opportunity at the
circuit court level does not equate to a due process violation.

        Second, plaintiffs had a full opportunity to explore the evidence and argue their case
before the circuit court at the summary disposition stage, in both briefing and during oral
argument. During the hearing, plaintiffs also had an opportunity to respond to defendant’s
arguments and to gain an understanding of the circuit court’s rationale for initially denying the
motion. And, although the circuit court initially denied summary disposition based on a novel
legal theory neither raised in plaintiffs’ complaint nor argued by plaintiffs—and which defendant
attacked as palpable error in the motion for reconsideration—plaintiffs did not move to amend
their complaint before entry of a final order. See MCR 2.116(I)(5). Because plaintiffs had
ample opportunities to argue their case at the summary disposition stage, the circuit court did not
deprive plaintiffs of the opportunity to be heard by acting in conformity with MCR 2.119(F)(2).

       Affirmed. Defendant is entitled to costs as the prevailing party. See MCR 7.219(A).

                                                            /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
                                                            /s/ Michael J. Kelly
                                                            /s/ Brock A. Swartzle

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