Court Opinion

ID: 9908873
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-11 22:09:15.433556+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:49:34.004210
License: Public Domain

12/11/2023
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT KNOXVILLE
                          Assigned on Briefs October 25, 2023

               STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JERRY L. DISMUKES

                  Appeal from the Criminal Court for Knox County
                         No. 117603 G. Scott Green, Judge
                     ___________________________________

                            No. E2022-01517-CCA-R3-CD
                        ___________________________________

A Knox County jury convicted Defendant, Jerry L. Dismukes, of possession of more than
fifteen grams of heroin with intent to sell or deliver; possession of less than 200 grams of
fentanyl with intent to sell or deliver; possession of more than twenty-six grams of a
substance containing cocaine with intent to sell or deliver; and possession of drug
paraphernalia. On appeal, Defendant argues that the trial court provided the improper
remedy when it modified one of his convictions to a lesser offense after the jury’s verdict.
Defendant also argues that there was insufficient evidence to prove an unbroken chain of
custody. The State argues that Defendant waived his first argument, and that the evidence
was sufficient to establish an unbroken chain of custody. We agree with the State.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

MATTHEW J. WILSON, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ROBERT L.
HOLLOWAY, JR., and TOM GREENHOLTZ, JJ., joined.

Gerald L. Gulley, Jr., Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Jerry L. Dismukes.

Jonathan Skrmetti, Attorney General and Reporter; Abigail H. Rinard, Assistant Attorney
General; Charme P. Allen, District Attorney General; and Mitch Eisenberg, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                         OPINION

                             I. Factual and Procedural History

       A Knox County Grand Jury returned a six-count indictment charging Defendant
with a number of drug offenses. Count 1 alleged Defendant “did unlawfully and knowingly
possess with intent to sell or deliver a Schedule I controlled substance, to-wit: Heroin in an
amount of more than fifteen [] grams . . . .” Count 2 alleged Defendant “did unlawfully
and knowingly possess with intent to sell or deliver a Schedule II controlled substance, to-
wit: Fentanyl in an amount less than [] [200] grams . . . .” Count 3 alleged Defendant “did
unlawfully and knowingly possess with intent to sell or deliver a Schedule II controlled
substance, to-wit: more than twenty-six [] grams of a substance containing Cocaine . . . .”
Count 4 alleged Defendant maintained a place to keep controlled substances, Count 5
alleged he maintained a place to sell controlled substances, and Count 6 alleged he
possessed drug paraphernalia.

                                               A. Trial

        In October 2019, Khristian Pickett,1 a narcotics investigator for the Knox County
Sheriff’s Office, learned that Anna Vandergriff and another individual were selling
narcotics out of a house at 3416 Oak Grove Street, in Knox County. Investigator Pickett
surveilled the house and conducted several controlled buys using a confidential informant
to purchase drugs. He observed multiple vehicles and individuals approach the house. The
investigator frequently observed Ms. Vandergriff exit the house, get into the vehicles, stay
there for short time periods—between three and thirty minutes—and go back inside. Other
times, individuals who had either driven up or walked to the house would go into the house
and stay a similarly short time period. The investigator explained that this activity was
consistent with narcotics sales. He identified at least one of the individuals he observed as
a person he knew was involved in narcotics sales.

       Investigator Pickett then obtained a warrant to search the house. On October 29,
2019, Detective John Sharp, another narcotics investigator with the Knox County Sheriff’s
Office, assisted Investigator Pickett and other officers in executing the warrant. When
officers searched the house, they found Ms. Vandergriff, Defendant, and several other
individuals inside. Investigator Pickett found Ms. Vandergriff and a female named Donna
Cummings inside Ms. Vandergriff’s bedroom. In that bedroom, the officers found two sets
of digital scales, multiple cell phones, torn paper used to package narcotics, and about a
gram of heroin. Officers also found a tourniquet, used needles, and syringes; items which
drug users employ to inject drugs intravenously. This led them to believe that drugs were
not just being sold out of the house, but that people also were coming to the house to use
drugs.

       Investigator Pickett opined that a single dose of heroin would be approximately one-
tenth of a gram. He stated that a gram of heroin would typically cost between $75 and

        1
           Investigator Pickett was qualified by the trial court as an expert in narcotics investigation,
identification, and valuation.

                                                  -2-
$100, and an ounce of heroin would cost approximately $1400. He stated that those who
sell heroin would typically purchase and possess an “eight ball,” or approximately 3.5
grams or more at a time, and that possession of a gram of heroin was consistent with
personal use.

       Officers found Defendant in a separate bedroom and discovered about ten grams of
suspected heroin hidden inside tires, razors, at least one digital scale, drug packaging
materials, a mirror with powder residue on it, and four cell phones.2 Officers also found a
suitcase that contained a cell phone bill addressed to Defendant in the room. Investigator
Pickett surmised that Defendant’s room was where the narcotics “were being cut up and
packaged for resale” because of the packaging materials and the residue on the mirror as
well as other surfaces. After conducting their investigation, officers believed that Ms.
Vandergriff and Defendant lived at the house, but that the other people they found in the
house did not live there.

       Officers eventually took Defendant and the others outside. When officers began to
search Defendant’s person, he “defecated on himself” while making “[s]light grunts and
laughing.” This hindered officers’ ability to fully search Defendant, so they secured him
in a chair and resumed their search inside the house. Anthony Wallace, a transportation
officer with the Knox County Sheriff’s Office, arrived at the scene later than other officers.
Officer Wallace found Defendant “sitting in a chair” outside and “escorted him to the
wagon.” When Officer Wallace went to pat Defendant down, Defendant “started bending
over and yelling.” Officer Wallace believed Defendant “was trying to sidetrack [him] from
the search,” but he continued searching Defendant. When Officer Wallace searched
Defendant’s midsection, Defendant started “doubling over,” but the officer felt an object
in Defendant’s pants and removed it. Officer Wallace testified the object was “hard
wrapped . . . kind into a ball . . . about the size of a baseball.”3 Officer Wallace gave the
object to one of the narcotics investigators and took Defendant to the detention facility.

       After unwrapping the baseball-sized object, investigators discovered it contained
approximately forty-two grams of suspected heroin, twenty-eight grams of suspected crack
cocaine, and thirty grams of suspected powder cocaine. Investigator Pickett noted that
“[e]verything was packaged separately” which led him “to believe that [it was] going to be
for resale.” Investigator Pickett and Detective Sharp double bagged each of the suspected
narcotics packages found on Defendant’s person in three separate exhibits with a fourth
exhibit containing narcotics found in the house, labeled them, placed them in a manila

        2
          During the execution of the search, some of the cell phones were receiving calls from Michigan,
a source state for heroin and fentanyl ultimately distributed in Knox County.
        3
            Officers also found $1,684 cash on Defendant, who admitted to being unemployed.

                                                  -3-
envelope and then into outer plastic packaging, which they heat sealed. The exhibits then
were sent to the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI) crime laboratory for testing.

       During trial, Detective Sharp testified that the evidence inside the envelope was the
evidence found at the crime scene. The detective testified that the sample labeled “A” was
from Defendant’s bedroom, and the samples labeled “C,” “D,” and “E” were from
Defendant’s person. The detective testified that once he sealed and marked the envelope,
he either gave it to the evidence custodian or placed it in a secured locker.

       Investigator Pickett identified the narcotics that were provisionally introduced into
evidence as Exhibit 3. The following exchange occurred between the investigator, the
parties, and the trial court:

       State:               I’m handing you what’s been pre-marked as Exhibit [Number]
                            3. Do you recognize this package?

       Inv. Pickett:        Yes, sir.

       State:               Is that the drugs that were submitted by your office to TBI in
                            this case?

       Inv. Pickett:        Yes, sir.

       State:               Your Honor, I’d offer this as Exhibit [Number] 3 and I’d ask
                            that it be introduced into evidence.

       Trial Court:         All right. Well, let’s—you can go ahead and introduce it
                            absent objection as Exhibit [Number] 3 once—are you
                            contesting the chain of custody to TBI?

       Defense Counsel:     No, Your Honor. But I would ask that the toxicology report be
                            removed and be admitted separately.

       Trial Court:         Well, we’re not going to do anything with it until TBI
                            completes the chain of custody.

       Defense Counsel:     I understand, Your Honor.

       Investigator Pickett testified that the narcotics were packaged just as they were when
they were sent to the TBI. At the request of the State, the investigator opened the envelope
in court and displayed the narcotics for the jury.
                                            -4-
       Lori James, an evidence technician with the TBI at the Knoxville Crime Laboratory,
received the sealed manila envelope. Ms. James never opened the envelope, and explained
that any issues with the evidence, such as the chain of custody, would have been
documented and addressed near the time said issues were discovered. Ms. James stated,
“We try to verify that everything matches the paperwork versus the bag before we take it
in.” Ms. James told the jury that she checked the seals on packages when the agency
received them, but the envelope “was not like this when we received it. We wouldn’t have
accepted it in that condition.” When asked specifically whether there were any problems
with the chain of custody, Ms. James said that “[e]verything matche[d].”

       Special Agent Hannah Peterson, a forensic chemist with the TBI, received the
suspected narcotics for testing.4 She also testified that there were no inconsistencies in the
chain of custody. Agent Peterson tested two of the substances and found one bag held
“31.18 grams of a white and brown rocklike substance that contained heroin and fentanyl.”
She admitted she did not test the substance for purity, so she could not identify “how much
heroin versus fentanyl was in the mixture.” Agent Peterson discovered that a second bag
contained 27.76 grams of cocaine. She testified that she did not test samples “A,” “B,” and
“D.”

      After the State’s last witness, but before it rested its case, the State formally moved
Exhibit Number 3 (the narcotics) into evidence based on proving the chain of custody, and
Defendant objected to the exhibit’s admission. The following exchange occurred between
defense counsel and the trial court:

       Trial Court:               As I recall the testimony, Detective Sharp—
                                  [Investigator] Pickett and Detective Sharp both testified
                                  that they were present and either seized the evidence in
                                  question and/or witnessed its seizure. Detective Sharp
                                  testified that the evidence that’s contained within the
                                  envelope he personally sealed up—sealed the envelope
                                  and initialed. The TBI evidence tech testified that she
                                  received that sealed envelope and would not have
                                  received it had there been a problem. So it was sealed.
                                  It was in that condition when the chemist—forensic
                                  chemist examined the same and identified the
                                  substances. Why has the chain of custody not been
                                  proven?

       4
           Special Agent Peterson was qualified as an expert in forensic chemistry.
                                                   -5-
      Defense Counsel:     Judge, initially, at first blush I thought the concern
                           would be over the fact that [Investigator] Pickett did not
                           put it into evidence and that we needed [Detective]
                           Sharp to come to verify how it was packaged and how
                           it was sent. And then we get to his testimony and he’s
                           unclear about the endgame, the end result of how he put
                           that either into an evidence locker or whether it was
                           turned over to a technician. And I think at that point in
                           time it becomes—the picture becomes much more fuzzy
                           for us about the chain of custody going forward from
                           there to the TBI.

      Trial Court:         Well, here’s the test. . . . [I]s the evidence what it
                           purports to be[?] It’s a question of authentication. Is
                           there sufficient proof within the record that identifies
                           what is being offered by the proponent of the evidence,
                           in this instance the State of Tennessee, that it in fact is
                           what they propose that it is. And there is. I mean, the
                           testimony is through the testimony of [Investigator]
                           Pickett and [Detective] Sharp that the evidence was
                           seized, the specific evidence that they both identified as
                           being in the smaller clear plastic bags, that they seized
                           it. Detective Sharp testified that he marked each of
                           those bags. He put them in the bigger manila envelope.
                           He sealed it. And whether it went to the back of a patrol
                           cruiser or into the evidence locker at the Sheriff’s
                           Department before it was ultimately taken to the TBI,
                           Detective Sharp has testified that that was his sealed
                           envelope that he initialed the seal that TBI received.
                           And TBI said it had not been altered or they would not
                           have accepted the evidence. The chain of custody has
                           been established. I mean, it’s quite frankly been proven
                           much more vigorously in this case than it normally is.
                           All right. The [c]ourt notes your objection. The [c]ourt
                           respectfully overrules the same. The evidence is
                           admitted within the record.

       At the close of the State’s proof, Defendant moved for a judgment of acquittal under
Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 29, arguing that the proof was insufficient on all
counts. As to Count 1, Defendant argued that the State’s proof, specifically Agent
Peterson’s testimony, showed that the heroin was not tested for purity, and therefore, the
                                           -6-
State had not proven the threshold amount of more than fifteen grams of heroin. The court
granted the Rule 29 motion for Counts 4 and 5, charging Defendant with maintaining a
dwelling for keeping and selling controlled substances. The court announced it had
reservations as to Count 1 because the heroin was not tested for purity. The court noted
that in Count 1, the State did not charge “‘a substance containing heroin’—just like [it] did
down here in Count [3].” As to Count 3, the court found the language charged “more than
[twenty-six] grams of a substance containing cocaine. . . . [T]hat’s the specific language
from the statute.” The trial court announced it would submit the charge to the jury, but if
the jury convicted on Count 1, the court would reassess the verdict on that count in light of
the indictment’s language. The court denied Defendant’s Rule 29 motion for the remaining
counts.

       In Defendant’s case-in-chief, he offered two exhibits into evidence, which were
judgments relating to Ms. Vandergriff’s convictions for drug offenses from the same
incident. Defendant presented no further proof and elected not to testify. After
deliberations, the jury convicted Defendant in Count 1 of possession of more than fifteen
grams of heroin with intent to sell or deliver, in Count 2 of possession of less than 200
grams of fentanyl with intent to sell or deliver, in Count 3 of possession of more than
twenty-six grams of cocaine with intent to sell or deliver, and in Count 6 of possession of
drug paraphernalia.

       At Defendant’s sentencing hearing, the State conceded there was insufficient proof
to sustain a verdict for Count 1, Defendant’s conviction for possession of more than fifteen
grams of heroin with intent to sell or deliver, but argued there was sufficient proof to sustain
a conviction for the lesser-included offense of possession of heroin with intent to sell or
deliver. The State informed the trial court that Defendant would remain convicted of a
Class B felony as to Count 1, but “[t]he only difference . . . would be as to the effective
fine.” The trial court sentenced Defendant, as a Range I standard offender, to eleven years
in Count 1 and Count 3, three years in Count 2, and eleven months and twenty-nine days
in Count 6. The court imposed the sentences to run concurrently, for an effective eleven-
year sentence of imprisonment at thirty-percent service.5

                                       B. Motion for New Trial

       Defendant timely moved for a new trial, arguing that the jury’s verdict was against
the weight of the evidence, and that the trial court should have dismissed Counts 1 and 2
because the forensic chemist “could not specify the amount” of heroin and fentanyl
“contained in the sample.” At the hearing, Defendant argued that “the indictment did not
charge a substance in an amount, it charged a specific substance in a specific amount.”

       5
           Defendant does not challenge the length of his sentences on appeal.
                                                   -7-
       Referring to Count 1, the trial court acknowledged that there was “a question of the
sufficiency of the State’s evidence based on upon how the case [was] indicted.” As it did
at Defendant’s sentencing hearing, the State stated that the specific weight of the heroin
impacts “the amount of fine” the jury can impose, not the classification of felony offense.

        The trial court then instructed the State to prepare “a corrected judgment, . . . finding
[Defendant] guilty of the lesser[-]included offense of less than [fifteen] grams” and to
“[a]ssess the minimum fines on each of these.” When defense counsel asked the court to
clarify, the court stated, “[The State is] going to prepare a corrected judgment finding
[Defendant] guilty of the lesser offense of less than [fifteen] grams of heroin because that
way there’s no question about which part of the substance was heroin, which part was
fentanyl.” The court also noted that the lesser-included offense was still a Class B felony,
but Defendant was not subject to a greater fine. Defense counsel responded, “Less than.
Right.” Defendant lodged no contemporaneous objection to the trial court’s instruction to
the State.

       Ultimately, the trial court denied the motion for a new trial. It noted that because
officers found Defendant with narcotics “wadded up in a ball and down the front of his
pants when the officers arrest[ed] him,” the proof was overwhelming and a new trial was
not warranted. Defendant’s timely appeal follows.

                                          II. Analysis

       On appeal, Defendant argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his
heroin conviction (Count 1) and that the trial court provided the improper remedy when it
modified his conviction to a lesser offense. Defendant also argues that there was
insufficient evidence to prove that the chain of custody was unbroken as to all the narcotics.
The State counters that Defendant waived his first argument by failing to
contemporaneously object and that he cannot establish plain error. The State also argues
that the evidence was sufficient to support the finding that the chain of custody was
unbroken.

                                     A. Improper Remedy

       The jury convicted Defendant for possession of more than fifteen grams of heroin
with intent to sell or deliver. This conviction related to a mixed substance of heroin and
fentanyl that weighed 31.18 grams. Under Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-17-
417(a)(4), “it is an offense for a defendant to knowingly . . . [p]ossess a controlled substance
with intent to manufacture, deliver or sell the controlled substance.” Violating “subsection
(a) with respect to a Schedule I controlled substance is a Class B felony,” and possession
                                              -8-
of “[f]ifteen (15) grams or more of any substance containing heroin” subjects a defendant
to a fine not more than $200,000. Id. § 39-17-417(b), (i)(1) (emphasis added). Defendant
does not challenge whether he possessed fifteen grams or more of any substance containing
heroin; instead, Defendant argues that he did not possess “[h]eroin in an amount of more
than fifteen (15) grams, in violation of [Tennessee Code Annotated section] 39-17-417” as
charged in the indictment.

       The forensic chemist admitted that she did not test the substance for purity and thus
could not determine the individual weights of heroin and fentanyl in the exhibit. At the
hearing on the motion for new trial, Defendant consequently argued that “the jury was
clearly speculating.” The trial court attempted to correct this error by issuing a “corrected
judgment finding [Defendant] guilty of the lesser-included offense of less than [fifteen]
grams of heroin.” Defendant did not object and now argues that this remedy was improper.
The State argues that Defendant has waived this issue by failing to contemporaneously
object and notes that Defendant has not requested plain error relief. The State further
argues that Defendant could not establish plain error anyway. Defendant did not file a
reply brief to address either of these issues. Accordingly, we agree with the State that
Defendant waived this issue, and we decline to exercise plain error review.

                                         1. Waiver

       “When a defendant raises an issue for the first time on appeal, the issue will
generally be deemed waived and will be considered only within the limited parameters of
an appellate court’s discretionary plain error review.” State v. Banks, 271 S.W.3d 90, 119
(Tenn. 2008) (first citing State v. Faulkner, 154 S.W.3d 48, 58 (Tenn. 2005); and then
citing State v. Maddin, 192 S.W.3d 558, 561 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2005)); see also Tenn. R.
App. P. 36. Indeed, “[n]othing in [Rule 36] shall be construed as requiring relief be granted
to a party responsible for an error or who failed to take whatever action was reasonably
available to prevent or nullify the harmful effect of an error.” Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a). And
as we have previously noted, “[t]he failure to make a contemporaneous objection
constitutes a waiver of the issue on appeal.” State v. Gilley, 297 S.W.3d 739, 762 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 2008).

       Here, at the motion for a new trial, the trial court instructed the State to “do a
corrected judgment, . . . finding [Defendant] guilty of the lesser-included offense of less
than [fifteen] grams.” When defense counsel asked the court to repeat its statement, the
court said the State would “prepare a corrected judgment finding [Defendant] guilty of the
lesser offense of less than [fifteen] grams of heroin because that way there’s no question
about which part of the substance was heroin, which part was fentanyl.” Defense counsel
responded, “Less than. Right.” Defendant never objected. Because Defendant failed to
contemporaneously object, we agree with the State that Defendant did waive this issue.
                                            -9-
See id.; see also State v. Thompson, No. W2022-01535-CCA-R3-CD, 2023 WL 4552193,
at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 14, 2023), no perm. app. filed.

                                         2. Plain Error

        As noted, even when a defendant fails to properly preserve an issue for appeal, this
court may still consider it under our “discretionary plain error review.” Banks, 271 S.W.3d
at 119; see also Tenn. R. App. P. 36. “When necessary to do substantial justice, an
appellate court may consider an error that has affected the substantial rights of a party at
any time, even though the error was not raised in the motion for a new trial or assigned as
error on appeal.” Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b). Still, appellate courts are instructed to “sparingly
exercise[]” this discretionary power. State v. Bledsoe, 226 S.W.3d 349, 354 (Tenn. 2007)
(citations omitted). It is also a defendant’s “burden to persuade an appellate court that the
trial court committed plain error.” Id. at 355 (citing United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725,
734 (1993)). “[A] defendant’s failure to [even] request this relief weighs against any such
consideration on our own.” Thompson, 2023 WL 4552193, at *5 (citing State v. Cornwell,
No. E2011-00248-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 5304149, at *18 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 25,
2012)). Finally, the State raised the possibility of waiver in its response brief. However,
despite being on notice of a waiver issue, Defendant did not respond to this argument in a
reply brief or otherwise. “Where a defendant fails to respond to a waiver argument, only
particularly compelling or egregious circumstances could typically justify our sua sponte
consideration of plain error.” Id. Defendant is, therefore, not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                     B. Chain of Custody

       As to his second issue, Defendant argues that “there was insufficient evidence to
support the convictions based on the State’s failure to prove chain of custody.”
Specifically, Defendant claims that because Detective Sharp could not remember whether
he gave the sealed evidence to an evidence custodian or placed it in an evidence locker,
“there is a critical link missing in the chain of custody.” Defendant also argues that Lori
James, an evidence technician with the TBI, testified that there was a problem with the seal
and that it had been opened by someone else. The State argues that “[w]itness testimony
established an unbroken chain of custody.” We agree with the State.

        This court reviews chain of custody challenges under an abuse of discretion
standard. State v. Cannon, 254 S.W.3d 287, 295 (Tenn. 2008) (first citing State v. Scott,
33 S.W.3d 746, 752 (Tenn. 2000); and then citing State v. Beech, 744 S.W.2d 585, 587
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1987)). A reviewing court should uphold a trial court’s ruling unless
the trial court “applies an incorrect legal standard, . . . reaches an illogical or unreasonable
decision, or . . . bases its decision on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence.” State
v. Mangrum, 403 S.W.3d 152, 166 (Tenn. 2013) (citations omitted).
                                             - 10 -
        Here, Tennessee Rule of Evidence 901(a) is the applicable rule, providing that “[t]he
requirement of authentication or identification as a condition precedent to admissibility is
satisfied by evidence sufficient to the court to support a finding by the trier of fact that the
matter in question is what its proponent claims.” Our supreme court has repeatedly held
that “‘as a condition precedent to the introduction of tangible evidence, a witness must be
able to identify the evidence or establish an unbroken chain of custody.’” State v. Scott,
33 S.W.3d 746, 760 (Tenn. 2000) (emphasis added) (quoting State v. Holbrooks, 983
S.W.2d 697, 701 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998)); see also Cannon, 254 S.W.3d at 296. The
chain of custody rule “is designed to insure ‘that there has been no tampering, loss,
substitution, or mistake with respect to the evidence.” Id. (quoting State v. Braden, 867
S.W.2d 750, 759 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993)). Although the State should sufficiently
establish each “link” in the chain of custody, it is not required to prove the identity of
tangible evidence “beyond all possibility of doubt.” Cannon, 254 S.W.3d at 296. The
State need not exclude every possibility of tampering, and an “item is not necessarily
precluded from admission . . . if the State fails to call all of the witnesses who handled the
item.” Id. (first citing Scott, 33 S.W.3d at 760; and then citing State v. Johnson, 673 S.W.2d
877, 881 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1984)). Indeed, “when the facts and circumstances that
surround tangible evidence reasonably establish the identity and integrity of the evidence,
the trial court should admit the item into evidence.” Id.

       First, we address Defendant’s claim that there is a “critical link missing in the chain
of custody” of the narcotics because Detective Sharp could not remember whether he had
submitted the item to an evidence locker or to an evidence custodian. Defendant’s
argument implies that the State’s failure to call the evidence custodian was fatal.

        In State v. Johnson, the defendant objected to the admission of a “rape evidence
kit,” arguing that the chain of custody was not sufficiently proven. 673 S.W.2d at 880-81.
A doctor had collected the evidence kit from the victim and submitted the kit to nursing
personnel. Id. at 881. The kit was later given to various law enforcement officers, and
ultimately submitted to the crime laboratory in a sealed condition. Id. At trial, the State
called no nursing personnel to testify. Id. This court upheld the kit’s admission and
accompanying testimony into evidence under an abuse of discretion standard, finding that
the evidence’s admission was a matter for the trial court to determine, and “[w]hether [the
police officer] received the evidence kit directly from the hands of [the doctor] or through
the intervention of a nurse attendant in the examining room is inconsequential.” After
Johnson, this court repeatedly has held that the State need not call as a witness every person
who handled an item of evidence, and “the circumstances must only show with reasonable
assurance the identity of the evidence.” State v. Ferguson, 741 S.W.2d 125, 127 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1987) (internal citations omitted); see also State v. Patton, No. E2013-01355-
CCA-R3-CD, 2014 WL 1512830 at *9 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 16, 2014); State v. Mitchell,
                                             - 11 -
No. W2020-01488-CCA-R3-CD, 2021 WL 5811245 at *12-13, (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 7,
2021), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Apr. 14, 2022).

       Here, contrary to Defendant’s claim, the record is clear as to what happened with
the exhibit. Investigator Pickett and Detective Sharp were present at the scene when
officers recovered narcotics from Defendant and his room. Detective Sharp collected the
narcotics and put them into individual evidence bags and sealed them. He then placed each
individually sealed bag into one manila envelope. He initialed, dated, and sealed that
envelope as well. Though Detective Sharp could not remember whether he gave the
envelope to an evidence custodian or placed it in a secure locker, calling the custodian was
not required. See Cannon, 254 S.W.3d at 296. At trial, Investigator Pickett testified that
the drugs were packaged just as they were when they were sent to the TBI. He then opened
the exhibit in open court at the prosecutor’s request. Detective Sharp testified that the
evidence inside the envelope reflected the evidence found at the crime scene. Ms. James
and Special Agent Peterson testified that there were no chain of custody issues. Thus, the
State sufficiently identified the evidence “to support a finding by the trier of fact” that the
evidence is what the State claims it to be. Scott, 33 S.W.3d at 760; Tenn. R. Evid. 901(a).
We, therefore, conclude that the trial court acted within its discretion in finding that the
State properly established a chain of custody.

        Defendant further argues that Ms. James “testified . . . that there was a problem with
the seal; and that it had ‘been opened by someone else.’” Defendant misconstrues Ms.
James’s testimony because, from our review of the record, Ms. James was referring to the
investigator’s opening of the envelope during trial. Ms. James testified after Investigator
Pickett. She viewed the exhibit after the investigator had opened it in court. Ms. James
testified the laboratory would not have accepted the exhibit for testing had it been received
opened as it appeared in court. In other words, she was hypothetically explaining that
evidence in that condition—with a broken seal as it appeared when she testified—would
not have been accepted. She was not testifying that she received the envelope with a broken
seal at the crime laboratory. Again, Ms. James and Agent Peterson testified that there were
no inconsistencies with the evidence regarding the chain of custody. Thus, Defendant’s
argument is without merit.

                                       III. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

                                               ____________________________________
                                                       MATTHEW J. WILSON, JUDGE

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