Court Opinion

ID: 3006996
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-05 14:05:35.867623+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:03:14.922854
License: Public Domain

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SJC-11792

                 COMMONWEALTH   vs.   PAVEL LAVRINENKO.

            Hampden.    April 7, 2015. - October 5, 2015.

 Present:     Gants, C.J., Spina, Cordy, Botsford, Duffly, Lenk, &
                              Hines, JJ.

Alien. Constitutional Law, Plea, Assistance of counsel. Due
     Process of Law, Plea, Assistance of counsel. Practice,
     Criminal, Plea, Assistance of counsel.

     Complaint received and sworn to in the Springfield Division
of the District Court Department on April 11, 2005.

     A motion to withdraw a plea of guilty, filed on December 3,
2013, was heard by John M. Payne, Jr., J.; a motion for
reconsideration was also heard by him, and a second motion for
reconsideration was considered by him.

     The Supreme Judicial Court granted an application for
direct appellate review.

     Merritt Schnipper for the defendant.
     Cynthia Cullen Payne, Assistant District Attorney (Jane
Davidson Montori, Assistant District Attorney, with her) for the
Commonwealth.
     Wendy S. Wayne & Jennifer Klein, Committee for Public
Counsel Services, & Laura Murray-Tjan, for Committee for Public
Counsel Services, amicus curiae, submitted a brief.
                                                                    2

    GANTS, C.J.   The issue on appeal is whether a noncitizen

defendant, admitted into the United States as a refugee, is

entitled to withdraw his guilty plea to a complaint charging

assault by means of a dangerous weapon, where his attorney did

not make a reasonable inquiry regarding the defendant's

citizenship, and therefore did not learn that he was a refugee.

We conclude that, under art. 12 of the Massachusetts Declaration

of Rights, constitutionally effective representation of a

criminal defendant requires defense counsel to make a reasonable

inquiry of the defendant to determine whether he or she is a

citizen of the United States and, if the defendant is not, to

make a reasonable inquiry into the defendant's immigration

status, including whether the defendant was admitted into this

country as a refugee or has been granted asylum.

    We also conclude that, in determining whether a defendant

suffered prejudice from counsel's deficient performance,

"special circumstances" regarding immigration consequences, as

contemplated in Commonwealth v. Clarke, 460 Mass. 30, 47-48

(2011), should be given substantial weight in determining, based

on the totality of the circumstances, whether there is a

reasonable probability that the defendant would have rejected

the plea offer and insisted on going to trial had counsel

provided competent advice regarding the immigration consequences

of the guilty plea.   Moreover, a defendant's status as a refugee
                                                                   3

or an asylee is a special circumstance entitled to particularly

substantial weight.   Because the motion judge found that

counsel's performance was deficient but did not consider the

defendant's refugee status in finding that the defendant

suffered no prejudice, we vacate the denial of the motion for a

new trial and the motions for reconsideration, and remand the

matter to the District Court for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion.1

     Background.   The following facts are drawn from the motion

judge's findings of fact, supplemented with details from the

record where they are consistent with the judge's findings.

The defendant was born in Novokuznetsk, Russia, and came to the

United States with his parents and two siblings in 2000 at the

age of thirteen.   They had left Russia to escape religious

persecution as Pentecostal Christians, and were admitted into

the United States as refugees.

     On April 10, 2005, when the defendant was seventeen years

old, he operated a motor vehicle while intoxicated and crashed

into a streetlamp post.   The defendant drove away, but police

officers observed the defendant's vehicle with heavy damage and

began following him in a marked police cruiser to perform a

     1
       We acknowledge the amicus brief submitted by the
Immigration Impact Unit of the Committee for Public Counsel
Services (CPCS).
                                                                   4

motor vehicle stop.   With the officers in pursuit, the

defendant's vehicle sped away but eventually struck a tree; the

defendant got out of the vehicle, ran, and jumped into a nearby

river.   After the police officers arrived at the river bank, the

defendant began moving back toward shore.   According to the

police report, the officers observed the defendant holding a

"stick" as he approached them, and one of the officers ordered

the defendant to drop the stick several times.   The defendant

continued to hold the stick "in a threatening manner" until an

officer used pepper spray on the defendant, and he dropped the

stick into the water and came on shore, where he was arrested.2

     A complaint issued on April 11, 2005, charging the

defendant in the Springfield Division of the District Court

Department (Springfield District Court) with seven counts,

including driving while under the influence of alcohol, leaving

the scene of property damage, and assault by means of a

dangerous weapon (the stick).3   In addition, as a result of the

     2
       According to the defendant's affidavit, he held onto a
floating branch to steady himself in the strong river current,
as he was standing in cold water on a soft river bottom. He
could not hear anything that the officer said but used the
branch for balance as he moved toward the river bank. The
defendant attests that he never intended to hit or threaten a
police officer with the branch.
     3
       The defendant was also charged with failure to stop for
police, speeding, a motor vehicle equipment violation, and a
marked lanes violation.
                                                                   5

defendant's conduct on April 10, the defendant was charged with

violating the conditions of probation that he was serving on a

continuance without a finding for knowingly receiving stolen

property.   At the time, he also had pending charges in

Springfield District Court of malicious destruction of property

and attempt to commit a crime.   As part of what the judge

described as a "global resolution" of all outstanding cases, the

defendant pleaded guilty on April 28 to the earlier charges of

malicious destruction of property and attempt, and was sentenced

to ninety days in a house of correction, to be served

concurrently.   On April 29, he pleaded guilty to driving while

under the influence of alcohol, leaving the scene of property

damage, and assault by means of a dangerous weapon; he also

admitted to the probation violation, and a guilty finding was

entered on the charge of knowingly receiving stolen property.4

He was sentenced on these charges to a total of ninety days in a

house of correction, with the sentences to be served

concurrently with each other and with the sentences imposed on

April 28.

     4
       The defendant also pleaded guilty to failing to stop for
police, and pleaded "responsible" for the motor vehicle
equipment violation, speeding, and the marked lanes violation;
all four charges were placed on file with the defendant's
consent.
                                                                     6

    On October 31, 2012, the defendant was detained by United

States Immigration and Customs Enforcement and subsequently

placed in removal proceedings.    An immigration judge granted the

defendant's application for adjustment of status to lawful

permanent resident, but the United States Department of Homeland

Security appealed the decision, and the board of immigration

appeals remanded the case for further proceedings to determine

whether the defendant is a "violent or dangerous" individual.

    On December 3, 2013, the defendant filed a motion to

withdraw his guilty plea to the charge of assault by means of a

dangerous weapon.    The judge who had accepted the defendant's

guilty plea in 2005 conducted a nonevidentiary hearing, and

denied the motion.    After the defendant filed a motion for

reconsideration, the judge held an evidentiary hearing during

which the defendant, the defendant's criminal defense attorney

at the time of his guilty plea (plea counsel), and the

defendant's immigration counsel testified.

    Although plea counsel could not remember whether he advised

the defendant about immigration consequences, he explained that,

as a matter of course, he gave a standard warning to all of his

clients that essentially repeated the same warnings included in

the "green sheet," that is, the District Court Department's
                                                                    7

preprinted "Tender of Plea or Admission Waiver of Rights" form.5

That form, which the defendant signed on the day of his guilty

plea, included the following statement:   "I understand that if I

am not a citizen of the United States, conviction of this

offense may have the consequences of deportation, exclusion from

admission to the United States, or denial of naturalization,

pursuant to the laws of the United States."6   Plea counsel

testified that he typically prefaced the discussion of

immigration consequences with a client by stating that he did

not know the client's immigration status and "it wasn't really

[his] concern."   He would then tell the client that he did not

know whether the client had "any immigration concerns at all,"

     5
       In his affidavit, the defendant's criminal defense
attorney at the time of the defendant's guilty plea (plea
counsel) stated, "I have no specific recollection of discussing
potential immigration consequences of a guilty plea with [the
defendant], but it was at that time and has always been my
practice to advise all criminal defense clients that if they
were not United States citizens, deportation was a risk as a
result of a criminal conviction."
     6
       This statement in the defendant's waiver of rights form
mirrors the warning that a judge is required by statute to
provide a defendant during the plea colloquy. See G. L. c. 278,
§ 29D ("The court shall not accept a plea of guilty . . . from
any defendant in any criminal proceeding unless the court
advises such defendant of the following: 'If you are not a
citizen of the United States, you are hereby advised that the
acceptance by this court of your plea of guilty . . . may have
consequences of deportation, exclusion from admission to the
United States, or denial of naturalization, pursuant to the laws
of the United States'").
                                                                     8

but would add, "[I]f you're convicted of any offense . . . you

could be deported or excluded."7

     Plea counsel further testified that, unless "there was some

red flag" or an issue that the client brought to his attention,

he would give this standard advice regardless of the particular

charges in the case.   He noted that, if the client "brought

something to [his] attention and [he] thought that it might be

. . . in [the client's] best interests to do some further

research, [he has] done that over the years."   However, he was

not aware at the time of the defendant's plea of any immigration

law issues specific to refugees and did not "remember ever

having a discussion with any client regarding refugee status."

     The judge acknowledged that he possessed "no independent

memory of this defendant or the events surrounding the plea,"

and found that neither the defendant nor plea counsel had

significant memory of any discussions regarding immigration

issues.   Thus, it was unclear "what if any immigration warnings

were discussed between the defendant and [plea counsel]."      The

judge found that "it is clear that the issue of the defendant's

     7
       The defendant testified that he did not tell plea counsel
about his immigration status and did not receive advice about
immigration consequences. The defendant did not remember
whether plea counsel asked him about his immigration status.
                                                                   9

refugee status was not addressed," and for that reason,

counsel's performance was deficient.8

     The judge, however, concluded that the defendant was not

prejudiced by the attorney's deficient performance because the

plea served as a "global resolution . . . offering a [lesser]

total period of incarceration."   Considering that the defendant

"was facing the possibility of jail time possibly upwards of

[two and one-half years]" in a house of correction, the judge

found that "[t]here is every reason to believe that [the

defendant] was more than satisfied with the result at that time

and would have had little if any leeway in successfully

defending" the charges arising from the April 10, 2005, incident

to which he pleaded guilty.   The judge denied the defendant's

motion for reconsideration and then denied a second motion for

reconsideration.   The defendant appealed, and we granted his

motion for direct appellate review.

     8
       In his affidavit, plea counsel stated, "I have no specific
recollection of being aware of [the defendant's] refugee status
when I represented him on these charges, or of addressing any
refugee status-specific issues when I discussed the pros and
cons of a potential guilty plea with him. Refugee status-
specific advice was not part of the standard immigration
consequences discussion I would have with my criminal defense
clients." Furthermore, he stated, "I can affirmatively state
that I did not advise [the defendant] about the potential impact
of a guilty plea to the charge of assault with a dangerous
weapon on his eligibility for asylum in the United States."
                                                                   10

    Discussion.    1.    Standard of review.   "A motion to withdraw

a guilty plea is treated as a motion for a new trial pursuant to

Mass. R. Crim. P. 30 (b), as appearing in 435 Mass. 1501

(2001)."   Commonwealth v. DeJesus, 468 Mass. 174, 178 (2014),

citing Commonwealth v. Furr, 454 Mass. 101, 106 (2009).      We

"examine the motion judge's conclusion only to determine whether

there has been a significant error of law or other abuse of

discretion."   Commonwealth v. Grace, 397 Mass. 303, 307 (1986).

In doing so, "[w]e accept the judge's findings of fact if

supported by the evidence, because the judge who heard the

witnesses testify is the 'final arbiter on matters of

credibility.'"   DeJesus, supra, quoting Commonwealth v. Scott,

467 Mass. 336, 344 (2014).

    2.     Refugee status.   Before turning to whether counsel's

performance was constitutionally deficient, we discuss the

defendant's refugee status and the immigration consequences at

issue in this case.     Under Federal law, a noncitizen who is

outside the United States may be admitted into the United States

in the discretion of the United States Attorney General if

granted refugee status.      See 8 U.S.C. § 1157(c) (2012) (subject

to limitations on number of refugees able to be admitted per

year, United States Attorney General may in his or her

discretion "admit any refugee who is not firmly resettled in any

foreign country, is determined to be of special humanitarian
                                                                  11

concern to the United States, and is admissible").9   To be

admitted as a refugee, a noncitizen must meet the definition of

"refugee," as defined in the Immigration and Nationality Act

(act), that is, a person "who is unable or unwilling to return

to . . . [the person's country of origin] because of persecution

or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,

religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group,

or political opinion."10   8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42) (2012).

     Although not defined in either the act or the immigration

regulations, "persecution" generally means abuse that has

"reached a fairly high threshold of seriousness, as well as some

regularity and frequency."   Ivanov v. Holder, 736 F.3d 5, 11

(1st Cir. 2013), quoting Rebenko v. Holder, 693 F.3d 87, 92 (1st

Cir. 2012).   See Barsoum v. Holder, 617 F.3d 73, 79 (1st Cir.

     9
       Under a related provision of the Immigration and
Nationality Act (act), a noncitizen who is present in the United
States may seek asylum to remain in the United States. See 8
U.S.C. § 1158 (2012) ("Any alien who is physically present in
the United States or who arrives in the United States . . . ,
irrespective of such alien's status, may apply for asylum").
     10
       The definition of "refugee" applies both to persons
outside of the United States seeking refugee status and to
persons inside the United States seeking asylum. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(b)(1)(A) (Secretary of Homeland Security or United States
Attorney General may grant asylum to noncitizen who has properly
applied if either "determines that such alien is a refugee
within the meaning of [the act]"). Here, the defendant had been
granted refugee status, but because persons granted asylum must
meet the definition of "refugee," the holding of this opinion
also applies to persons granted asylum.
                                                                  12

2010) ("The 'severity, duration, and frequency of physical

abuse' are factors relevant to this determination, . . . as is

whether harm is 'systematic rather than reflective of a series

of isolated incidents'" [citations omitted]).   The person

seeking refugee status "must also demonstrate that the

persecution he [or she] experienced occurred 'on account of' a

statutorily-protected ground," that is, race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or

political opinion.   Ivanov, supra at 12, quoting Lopez de

Hincapie v. Gonzales, 494 F.3d 213, 217 (1st Cir. 2007).

     Here, the defendant was admitted into the United States

with his family as a refugee, and his refugee status had not

been terminated at the time of the plea.11   Although he could not

remember in great detail how Pentecostal Christians had been

treated in Russia at the time he was granted refugee status, he

testified that he remembered churches were closing and his

family was not allowed to pray.   At the nonevidentiary hearing

on the motion for a new trial, the defendant provided the judge

with a summary of various governmental and nongovernmental

entity reports, United States congressional resolutions, and

news articles on the conditions in Russia relevant to

     11
       It is unclear from the record whether the defendant's
refugee status was derivative of a parent's refugee status. See
8 U.S.C. § 1157(c)(2)(A) (2012); 8 C.F.R. § 207.7 (2011).
                                                                   13

Pentecostal Christians.   At the subsequent evidentiary hearing,

the defendant's immigration attorney testified to the

information he learned about the conditions in Russia through

reading these submissions.   He stated that from the decade of

the 1990s through at least 2005, there had been violence brought

directly against Pentecostal Christians and their places of

worship, with a rise in church burnings between 2005 and 2006

that resulted in hearings by the United States Helsinki

Commission.12

     3.   Discretionary immigration relief.   One year after a

refugee is admitted into the United States, he or she may be

eligible to adjust his or her status to be regarded as "lawfully

admitted to the United States for permanent residence," and

receive what is commonly known as a "green card."    8 U.S.C.

§ 1159(a) (2012).   To adjust one's status from refugee to lawful

permanent resident, a refugee must satisfy the admissibility

     12
       At the evidentiary hearing, the judge allowed the
defendant's immigration attorney to testify about the summary of
country conditions de bene, and no motion to strike this
testimony was presented. See Mass. G. Evid. § 104(b) (2015)
("When the relevance of evidence depends on whether a fact
exists, proof must be introduced sufficient to support a finding
that the fact does exist. The court may admit the proposed
evidence, de bene, on the condition that the proof be introduced
later. Evidence so admitted is subject to a motion to strike if
that proof is not forthcoming"). The judge did not refer to the
conditions in Russia for Pentecostal Christians in his findings
and order.
                                                                    14

requirements of 8 U.S.C. § 1182 (2012).   A noncitizen who has

committed two or more crimes "involving moral turpitude" is

inadmissible under § 1182(a)(2), and is deportable.    See 8

U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(ii) (2012) ("Any alien who at any time

after admission is convicted of two or more crimes involving

moral turpitude, not arising out of a single scheme of criminal

misconduct, regardless of whether confined therefor and

regardless of whether the convictions were in a single trial, is

deportable").   The defendant in his immigration appeal did not

challenge the immigration judge's determination that he is

inadmissible and deportable because he committed two crimes

involving moral turpitude, specifically malicious destruction of

property and knowingly receiving stolen property.

    However, even where, as here, a refugee is inadmissible and

deportable, the refugee may still seek an adjustment of status

from refugee to lawful permanent resident by applying for a

waiver of inadmissibility.   See 8 U.S.C. § 1159(c) (2012).     A

waiver of inadmissibility may be granted in the discretion of

the United States Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland

Security "for humanitarian purposes, to assure family unity, or

when it is otherwise in the public interest."   Id.   Where a

refugee in removal proceedings obtains a waiver of

inadmissibility and adjusts his or her status from refugee to

lawful permanent resident, removal proceedings are terminated.
                                                                   15

See Matter of Rainford, 201 I. & N. Dec. 598, 602 (B.I.A. 1992)

("the conviction which renders the respondent deportable . . .

will not preclude a showing of admissibility . . . , and . . .

if granted adjustment of status to lawful permanent resident,

the respondent will no longer be deportable on the basis of this

prior conviction").   See also Drax v. Reno, 338 F.3d 98, 113 (2d

Cir. 2003); United States v. Gonzalez-Roque, 301 F.3d 39, 42 n.1

(2d Cir. 2002).   See generally R.D. Steel, Steel on Immigration

Law § 14:27, 586-588 (2014) ("Adjustment of status is a complete

remedy, since the [applicant] becomes a permanent resident and

the removal proceedings are terminated").

      The United States Attorney General in 2002 published an

opinion that limited the availability of a discretionary waiver

of inadmissibility regarding refugees who are "violent or

dangerous individuals."   In re Jean, 23 I. & N. Dec. 373, 383

(A.G. 2002).   The Attorney General declared that it would not be

"a prudent exercise" of this discretion "to grant favorable

adjustments of status to violent or dangerous individuals except

in extraordinary circumstances, such as those involving national

security or foreign policy considerations, or cases in which an

alien clearly demonstrates that the denial of status adjustment

would result in exceptional and extremely unusual hardship."

Id.   The Attorney General added that, "depending on the gravity

of the alien's underlying criminal offense, such a showing might
                                                                   16

still be insufficient."   Id.   Under this opinion, refugees who

commit violent or dangerous crimes are not automatically barred

from obtaining a waiver, see Jean v. Gonzales, 452 F.3d 392, 397

(5th Cir. 2006), but their waiver request is subject to a

"heightened standard."    Ali v. Achim, 468 F.3d 462, 466-467 (7th

Cir. 2006).

     Here, the defendant argues that as a result of his guilty

plea to the charge of assault by means of a dangerous weapon, he

was subject to the heightened standard under In re Jean.

Because there are no facts showing any likelihood that the

defendant could meet the heightened standard, he claims that his

chances of receiving a waiver of inadmissibility and an

adjustment of status were extinguished by this guilty plea.

     4.   Ineffective assistance of counsel.   The defendant

argues that his plea counsel provided ineffective assistance of

counsel by failing to adequately inform him of the immigration

consequences of pleading guilty to the charge of assault by

means of a dangerous weapon, and that his plea to that offense

should be vacated and a new trial ordered.13   To prevail, the

     13
       Alternatively, the defendant argues that if this court
does not grant his motion for a new trial, the case should be
remanded to the District Court for reconsideration, with
substantial weight given to his refugee status in determining
whether he should prevail on the claim of ineffective assistance
of counsel.
                                                                      17

defendant bears the burden of showing that his attorney's

performance fell "measurably below that which might be expected

from an ordinary fallible lawyer," and that he suffered

prejudice because of his attorney's unprofessional errors.

Commonwealth v. Clarke, 460 Mass. 30, 45 (2011), quoting

Commonwealth v. Saferian, 366 Mass. 89, 96 (1974).

    a.   Deficient performance.     In determining the level of

performance required of an ordinary fallible lawyer, we look to

the "professional standards of the legal community."        Clarke,

supra at 45.    See Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 366 (2010)

("We long have recognized that '[p]revailing norms of practice

as reflected in American Bar Association standards and the like

. . . are guides to determining what is reasonable'" [citation

omitted]).     "The weight of prevailing professional norms

supports the view that counsel must advise [his or] her client

regarding the risk of deportation."     Id. at 367.   See

Commonwealth v. Sylvain, 466 Mass. 422, 436 (2013) ("under art.

12 [of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights] defense counsel

must accurately advise a noncitizen client of the deportation

consequences of a guilty plea or a conviction at trial").

    Just as the ordinary physician must take a history from the

patient before rendering a diagnosis, so, too, must the ordinary

criminal defense attorney make a reasonable inquiry of his or

her client regarding the client's history, including whether he
                                                                   18

or she is a citizen of the United States.   See Clarke, 460 Mass.

at 45-46, citing National Legal Aid and Defender Ass'n,

Performance Guidelines for Criminal Representation § 2.2(b)(2)

(1995), and General Policies Applicable to all Assigned Counsel,

CPCS Performance Standards Governing Representation of Indigents

in Criminal Cases, §§ 2.2, 4.1, 5.4(o) (rev. 2004) ("National

and Massachusetts performance guidelines require criminal

defense counsel to interview a defendant and gather significant

personal information in order to represent him").     Unless a

criminal defense attorney knows whether a defendant is a United

States citizen, the attorney cannot properly evaluate the

likelihood that the defendant will face immigration

consequences, investigate potential avenues of relief, minimize

such consequences through plea negotiations, or understand how

highly the defendant values staying in the United States.    See

Clarke, supra at 46 ("That the defendant's counsel failed to

ascertain that the defendant was not a United States citizen may

be sufficient to satisfy the first prong of the Saferian

standard because effective representation requires counsel to

gather at least enough personal information to represent him").

    Where a criminal defense attorney learns that his or her

client is a noncitizen, the attorney must make further

reasonable inquiry of the client to determine, where possible,

the client's immigration status.   See L. Rosenberg, D.
                                                                  19

Kanstroom, & J.J. Smith, Immigration Consequences of Criminal

Proceedings 2-3 (2011) ("The first specific problem facing the

criminal law practitioner who encounters a noncitizen in

criminal proceedings is to determine as accurately as possible

the person's exact legal status under the immigration laws of

the United States"); American Bar Association Criminal Justice

Standards for the Defense Function, Standard 4-5.5 (4th ed.

2015) (pending publication) ("Defense counsel should determine a

client's citizenship and immigration status, assuring the client

that such information is important for effective legal

representation and that it should be protected by the attorney-

client privilege").   See also D. Kesselbrenner & L. Rosenberg,

Immigration Law & Crimes § 1:4, at 5 (2015) ("Within th[e]

comprehensive category [of noncitizens], an individual

noncitizen has a more specific immigration status, which is a

relevant factor to the practitioner representing him or her in

either the criminal or immigration arena, or in both").14

     14
       We recognize that there may be some circumstances in
which a reasonable inquiry of the client may not reveal the
client's citizenship or, more likely, the client's immigration
status, especially where the client has little formal education
or has intellectual, developmental, or mental health challenges.
See Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 379-380 & n.1 (2010)
(Alito, J., concurring in the judgment) ("it may be hard, in
some cases, for defense counsel even to determine whether a
client is an alien"). In these circumstances, a reasonable
inquiry may need to include an inquiry of family members of the
client regarding these matters.
                                                                    20

    Without making a reasonable inquiry of the client's

immigration status, defense counsel is not in an adequate

position to determine what advice is "available."     Clarke, 460
Mass. at 46, quoting Padilla, 559 U.S. at 371 ("[i]t is

quintessentially the duty of counsel to provide [his or] her

client with available advice about an issue like deportation").

See Benach, Zota, & Navarro, American Bar Association, Section

of Litigation, How Much to Advise:    What Are the Requirements of

Padilla v. Kentucky (2013) (practice advisory on Padilla stating

that "[a] correct analysis of the actual immigration

consequences of a plea depends upon numerous factors," including

"immigration status," because undocumented defendant may be

affected differently from lawful permanent resident).

Therefore, the failure of a criminal defense attorney to make a

reasonable inquiry of the client regarding his or her

citizenship and immigration status is sufficient to satisfy the

deficient performance prong of the ineffective assistance

analysis.    See Clarke, supra.   See also State v. Paredez, 136
N.M. 533, 539 (2004) ("We hold that criminal defense attorneys

are obligated to determine the immigration status of their

clients.     If a client is a non-citizen, the attorney must advise

that client of the specific immigration consequences of pleading

guilty, including whether deportation would be virtually

certain").
                                                                   21

    It is especially important that a criminal defense attorney

learn whether his or her client was admitted into this country

as a refugee.   "[D]eportation is an integral part -- indeed,

sometimes the most important part -- of the penalty that may be

imposed on noncitizen defendants who plead guilty to specified

crimes."   Padilla, 559 U.S. at 364.   Where the client was

admitted into this country as a refugee, the consequence of

deportation might be especially severe, because the client

obtained such status only after the immigration authorities

determined that he or she faced persecution on account of race,

religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group,

or political opinion in his or her country of origin.    Because

that persecution may result in many forms of harm or suffering,

including potentially death or serious injury, the avoidance of

deportation may be of immense importance to a refugee.     See id.

at 370 n.11 ("were a defendant's lawyer to know that a

particular offense would result in the client's deportation and

that, upon deportation, the client and his [or her] family might

well be killed due to circumstances in the client's home

country, any decent attorney would inform the client of the

consequences of his [or her] plea").

    Here, although plea counsel had little memory of his

representation of the defendant, he admits that in 2005 it was

not his usual practice to ask clients facing criminal charges
                                                                    22

whether they were noncitizens, and that his usual practice was

simply to give all of his clients a standard warning on

immigration consequences.   It is not sufficient for a criminal

defense attorney, as a matter of practice, merely to give the

same warning that the defendant will receive from the judge

during the plea colloquy required by G. L. c. 278, § 29D.     See

Clarke, 460 Mass. at 48 n.20 ("[T]he receipt of such warnings is

not an adequate substitute for defense counsel's professional

obligation to advise [his or] her client of the likelihood of

specific and dire immigration consequences that might arise from

such a plea").   See also DeJesus, 468 Mass. at 177 n.3.

    The motion judge also found that the defendant's refugee

status was not "addressed."   Plea counsel had no recollection of

being aware of the defendant's refugee status; he testified that

refugee status would have been a "red flag" that, at a minimum,

would have caused him to conduct further research.    Because plea

counsel failed to make a reasonable inquiry of the defendant to

learn of this "red flag," counsel failed to learn what he needed

to know to advise his client competently regarding the

immigration consequences of a guilty plea.   See Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 691 (1984) ("counsel has a duty to

make reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable decision

that makes particular investigations unnecessary").    Cf.

Commonwealth v. Lang, 473 Mass.    ,    (2015) (Hines, J.,
                                                                    23

concurring) (defense counsel's performance is deficient where he

or she is aware of information that may call into question

defendant's criminal responsibility but declines to investigate

or otherwise consider defendant's mental condition).15

     b.   Prejudice.   "In the context of a guilty plea, in order

to satisfy the 'prejudice' requirement, the defendant has the

burden of establishing that 'there is a reasonable probability

that, but for counsel's errors, he would not have pleaded guilty

and would have insisted on going to trial.'"    Clarke, 460 Mass.
15
       We recognize that the ordinary, fallible criminal defense
attorney may not be an expert on immigration law, but we expect
such an attorney who learns of a complex immigration issue
either to research the applicable immigration law or to seek
guidance from an attorney knowledgeable in immigration law. See
American Bar Association Criminal Justice Standards for the
Defense Function, Standard 4-5.5 (4th ed. 2015) (pending
publication) ("If defense counsel determines that a client may
not be a United States citizen, counsel should investigate and
identify particular immigration consequences that might follow
possible criminal dispositions. Consultation or association
with an immigration law expert or knowledgeable advocate is
advisable in these circumstances. Public and appointed
defenders should develop, or seek funding for, such immigration
expertise within their offices"). See also CPCS, Immigration
Impact Unit, https://www.publiccounsel.net/iiu
[http://perma.cc/3D3Y-NFT2] (inviting CPCS staff attorneys and
bar advocates to fill out intake form to seek assistance in
"analyzing the immigration consequences for a client");
Immigration Defense Project, Hotline,
http://immigrantdefenseproject.org/hotline
[http://perma.cc/F54J-YVBU] (free hotline that offers "criminal-
immigration analyses to criminal defenders, immigration
advocates, and immigrants and their loved ones"). Cf. State v.
Sandoval, 171 Wash. 2d 163, 172 (2011) ("counsel was required to
correctly advise, or seek consultation to correctly advise, [the
defendant] of the deportation consequence").
                                                                      24

at 47, quoting Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59 (1985).      "At a

minimum, this means that the defendant must aver that to be the

case."    Clark, supra.   Additionally, the defendant must

"convince the court that a decision to reject the plea bargain

would have been rational under the circumstances."     Clarke,

supra, quoting Padilla, 559 U.S. at 372.     The judge must

determine, based on the credible facts, whether there is a

reasonable probability that a reasonable person in the

circumstances of the defendant would have chosen to go to trial

had he or she received constitutionally effective advice from

his or her criminal defense attorney regarding the immigration

consequences of a guilty plea.16    Clarke, supra.   See Ferrara v.

United States, 456 F.3d 278, 294 (1st Cir. 2006) ("The

elementary question is whether a reasonable defendant standing

in the petitioner's shoes would likely have altered his [or her]

decision to plead guilty . . .").     See also Commonwealth v.

Scott, 467 Mass. 336, 361 (2014) (prejudice standard in Clarke

     16
       In making this determination, a judge may evaluate the
credibility of the defendant and other witnesses in determining
the facts, but a judge does not evaluate the credibility of the
defendant's assertion that he or she would have gone to trial
had the defendant known then what the defendant knows now.
Rather, a judge must evaluate that assertion under a reasonable
person standard, because a judge cannot evaluate whether the
defendant is telling the truth about a decision the defendant
never made.
                                                                  25

"is identical to, and draws from the same source as, the

standard in Ferrara").

     To prove that rejecting the plea would have been rational

under the circumstances, "the defendant bears the substantial

burden of showing that (1) he [or she] had an 'available,

substantial ground of defence,' . . . that would have been

pursued if he [or she] had been correctly advised of the dire

immigration consequences attendant to accepting the plea

bargain; (2) there is a reasonable probability that a different

plea bargain (absent such consequences) could have been

negotiated at the time;[17] or (3) the presence of 'special

circumstances' that support the conclusion that he placed, or

would have placed, particular emphasis on immigration

consequences in deciding whether to plead guilty."     Clarke, 460
Mass. at 47-48.   Here, the defendant attests that he would not

have pleaded guilty to the assault by means of a dangerous

weapon charge had he been advised of its immigration

consequences; he does not challenge his plea to the other

counts, or his plea in the other cases.

     17
       Because the defendant does not contend that there is a
"reasonable probability that a different plea bargain . . .
could have been negotiated," we do not address this possibility.
Commonwealth v. Clarke, 460 Mass. 30, 47 (2011).
                                                                  26

    Having so attested, the defendant argues that, had he been

properly advised of the immigration consequences, there is a

reasonable probability that a reasonable person in his

circumstances would have chosen to go to trial on the assault by

means of a dangerous weapon charge for two reasons.   First, he

contends that he had a substantial defense to this charge.

"Under the common law, an assault may be accomplished in one of

two ways -- either by an attempted battery, or by putting

another in fear of an immediately threatened battery."

Commonwealth v. Gorassi, 432 Mass. 244, 247 (2000).    The

defendant correctly asserts that, under the circumstances

described in the police report, the Commonwealth in this case

would have needed to proceed under the theory of an immediately

threatened battery.   "Under the immediately threatened battery

category, what is essential is that the defendant intended to

put the victim in fear of imminent bodily harm, not that the

defendant's actions created a generalized fear . . . in the

victim."   Id. at 248-249.   "The victim's apprehension of

imminent physical harm must be reasonable."    Commonwealth v.

Werner, 73 Mass. App. Ct. 97, 102 (2008).   "In determining

whether an apprehension of anticipated physical force is

reasonable, a court will look to the actions and words of the

defendant in light of the attendant circumstances."

Commonwealth v. Gordon, 407 Mass. 340, 349 (1990).
                                                                   27

     The defendant argues that, where the police report declares

that the defendant "dropped the stick into the water and came on

shore" after the officer, who was on the river bank, used pepper

spray on him, the defendant had a substantial defense that the

officer reasonably could not have been in fear of imminent

bodily harm.   In addition, the defendant in his affidavit

attested that he simply held on to a "branch" he found floating

in the water to maintain his balance against the strong current

and soft river bottom in the cold water, and never intended to

threaten a police officer with the branch.

     The judge made no factual findings as to whether this was a

substantial defense, or as to the credibility of the assertions

in the police report.18   Specifically, he made no finding as to

whether the defendant held a "stick" or a "branch" in the water

(or as to its size), or how far from shore the defendant was

     18
       The defendant initially sought to vacate his plea to the
charge of assault by means of a dangerous weapon based in part
on the claim that the Commonwealth had failed to proffer
evidence at the plea hearing sufficient to support each of the
elements of this charge. The judge, in denying the defendant's
motion for a new trial, addressed this claim by rejecting it
"summarily." In the motion for reconsideration, the defendant
focused on the claim that he was not advised of the immigration
consequences of a plea to this charge. In denying this motion,
the judge found only that the defendant "would have had little
if any leeway in successfully defending the outcome of Docket
#0523CR2847," but this case docket includes all the counts,
including the counts of operating while under the influence and
leaving the scene of property damage, for which the defendant
had no substantial defense.
                                                                  28

when he dropped it.   Without these credibility determinations

and factual findings, which would require a new evidentiary

hearing, we cannot determine whether a reasonable person in the

defendant's position in 2005 would have thought he or she had a

substantial defense to this charge.19

     Second, the defendant contends that his refugee status

alone established the presence of "special circumstances," and

that the presence of special circumstances necessarily

establishes prejudice.   We agree that a defendant's refugee

status is a special circumstance and that the presence of

special circumstances alone might establish prejudice, but we do

not agree that the presence of special circumstances alone

necessarily establishes prejudice.

     We have recognized that, in evaluating a proposed plea

offer, "a noncitizen defendant confronts a very different

calculus than that confronting a United States citizen."

DeJesus, 468 Mass. at 184.   "For a noncitizen defendant,

preserving his [or her] 'right to remain in the United States

     19
       To show that a "substantial defense" was available, the
defendant need not show that it was more likely than not that
such a defense would have resulted in acquittal. See United
States v. Orocio, 645 F.3d 630, 643 (3d Cir. 2011), abrogated on
other grounds by Chaidez v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 1103
(2013) ("The Supreme Court . . . requires only that a defendant
could have rationally gone to trial in the first place, and it
has never required an affirmative demonstration of likely
acquittal at such a trial as the sine qua non of prejudice").
                                                                    29

may be more important to [him or her] than any jail sentence.'"

Id., quoting Padilla, 559 U.S. at 368.     "Thus, a determination

whether it would be rational for a defendant to reject a plea

offer 'must take into account the particular circumstances

informing the defendant's desire to remain in the United

States.'"    DeJesus, supra, quoting People v. Picca, 97 A.D.3d
170, 183-184 (N.Y. 2012).

    A defendant may fervently desire to remain in the United

States because of the depth and quality of the roots he or she

has planted in this country.    For example, in DeJesus, supra at

183-184, the defendant established special circumstances where

he "had a lot to lose if he were to be deported," considering

that "he had been in the country since he was eleven years old,

his family was in Boston, and he had maintained steady

employment in the Boston area."    Where the defendant is a

refugee, however, a judge must also consider that the defendant

might fervently desire to remain in the United States because of

what he or she might face if deported, that is, the risk of

persecution in his or her country of origin or the alternative

of being deported to a country that might never have been that

person's home, if that country would agree to accept that

person.     See Mamouzian v. Ashcroft, 390 F.3d 1129, 1136 (9th

Cir. 2004), quoting Immigration & Naturalization Serv. v.

Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 449 (1987) ("deportation is a
                                                                  30

'harsh measure . . . all the more replete with danger when the

alien makes a claim that he or she will be subject to death or

persecution if forced to return to his or her home country'").

See also 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(2) (2012) (procedure by which United

States Attorney General determines country where noncitizen

shall be removed); United States Department of Justice, Fact

Sheet:   Asylum and Withholding of Removal Relief Convention

Against Torture Protections (Jan. 15, 2009) (relief in form of

"withholding of removal" prohibits removal to country where

noncitizen's life or freedom would be threatened, "but allows

removal to a third country where [the person's] life or freedom

would not be threatened").     Therefore, a defendant's refugee

status, by itself, is also a special circumstance.

    But special circumstances do not necessarily require a

finding of prejudice.    As stated in Clarke, 460 Mass. at 47-48,

special circumstances simply "support the conclusion" that the

defendant would have placed particular emphasis on immigration

consequences in deciding whether to plead guilty; their presence

does not require the conclusion that there is a reasonable

probability that the special circumstances would have caused the

defendant to choose to go to trial.     The prejudice determination

rests on the totality of the circumstances, in which special

circumstances regarding immigration consequences should be given

substantial weight.     See Ferrara, 456 F.3d at 294 ("The ultimate
                                                                  31

aim, common to every case, is to ascertain whether the totality

of the circumstances discloses a reasonable probability that the

defendant would not have pleaded guilty absent the misconduct").

See also Clarke, supra at 48 n.19 (noting that in State v.

Sandoval, 171 Wash. 2d 163, 175, 176 [2011], court gave "heavy

weight" to fact that defendant had been "very concerned" about

risk of deportation).   Because a defendant's refugee status is

the result of a prior determination by the Federal government

that deportation may be an especially severe and dangerous

consequence, refugee status is entitled to particularly

substantial weight in evaluating the totality of circumstances.

Thus, refugee status, in essence, is a "special" special

circumstance.20

     20
       A judge may consider other factors in the totality of the
circumstances analysis including, but not limited to, the
"defendant's assessment of the strength of the prosecution's
case in relation to [the defendant's] own case." People v.
Martinez, 57 Cal. 4th 555, 564 (2013). Where there are special
circumstances such as a defendant's refugee status that might
cause a defendant to fear deportation far more than a more
severe sentence upon conviction, there may be a reasonable
probability that a defendant would choose to go to trial even
without a substantial defense, based on the small chance that
the defendant would prevail at trial and avoid deportation. But
depending on the circumstances, where the evidence against a
defendant is so overwhelming that a defendant has virtually no
chance of prevailing at trial, the presence of special
circumstances might not be enough to show that it was reasonably
probable that the defendant would have forgone the benefits of a
plea offer in favor of proceeding to trial. See Clarke, 460
Mass. at 47 (defendant must show that decision to reject plea
bargain would have been "rational under the circumstances").
                                                               32

     The judge may also consider "the risks faced by a defendant
in selecting a trial rather than a plea bargain." United States
v. Kayode, 777 F.3d 719, 726 (5th Cir. 2014). This may include
the risk that a conviction would result in a sentence at or
close to the "maximum allowable sentence had [the defendant]
gone to trial," Commonwealth v. Roberts, 472 Mass. 355, 365
(2015), or the risk that a conviction at trial would result in a
mandatory minimum sentence substantially more severe than the
sentence offered through a guilty plea to a lesser charge.
Additionally, a defendant who faces only a house of correction
sentence if convicted at trial may be more willing to forgo a
plea bargain to avoid the risk of deportation than a defendant
facing the possibility of a lengthy State prison sentence.

     In some cases, the judge might also consider the extent to
which an acquittal at trial would reduce or eliminate the risk
of immigration consequences. A defendant who can eliminate the
risk of deportation through an acquittal is more likely to
insist on going to trial than a defendant who is deportable
regardless of the outcome at trial. See, e.g. People v. Haley,
96 A.D.3d 1168, 1169 (N.Y. 2012) (no prejudice where "regardless
of whether defendant pleaded guilty . . . , had been found
guilty after trial or had been acquitted, his status as a
deportable alien would not have been affected").

     "Ultimately, a defendant's decision to tender a guilty plea
is a unique, individualized decision, and the relevant factors
and their relative weight will differ from one case to the
next." Roberts, supra at 365-366, quoting Commonwealth v.
Scott, 467 Mass. 336, 356 (2014). Under certain circumstances,
even the near certainty of a lengthy State prison sentence if
convicted may not deter a rational defendant from risking trial
to preserve the possibility of acquittal. See Padilla, 559 U.S.
at 368, quoting Immigration & Naturalization Serv. v. St. Cyr,
533 U.S. 289, 322 (2001) (preserving defendant's right to remain
in United States may be more important than "any potential jail
sentence"); Orocio, 645 F.3d at 645 (defendant facing ten-year
minimum sentence "rationally could have been more concerned
about a near-certainty of multiple decades of banishment from
the United States than the possibility of a single decade in
prison").
                                                                    33

     A refugee seeking a new trial on these grounds and the

prosecutor opposing the motion are entitled to offer evidence

regarding the scope and severity of persecution that the refugee

was likely to have faced in his or her country of origin at the

time of the plea had the refugee been deported, because this is

relevant to the importance a reasonable person in the

defendant's position would place on immigration consequences.

Because direct evidence of this nature is rarely practicable,

the same reliable hearsay information that an asylum officer may

consider in deciding an asylum application is admissible at an

evidentiary hearing in a refugee's motion for a new trial.    See

8 C.F.R. § 208.12(a) (2011) ("asylum officer may rely on

material provided by the Department of State, other [United

States Citizenship and Immigration Services] offices, or other

credible sources, such as international organizations, private

voluntary agencies, news organizations, or academic

institutions").21

     There is nothing in the judge's findings and order on the

defendant's motion for a new trial or for reconsideration that

suggests that he considered the defendant's refugee status in

     21
       A defendant with refugee status is not required to
present evidence establishing the country conditions at the time
of the plea for this special circumstance to receive
particularly substantial weight.
                                                                    34

finding the absence of prejudice.   The failure to consider this

special circumstance is an error of law that requires that the

judge's denial of the motion for a new trial and the motions for

reconsideration be vacated and the matter remanded.22

     On remand, in deciding anew the question of prejudice, the

judge will need to consider that this motion for a new trial

differs from the more typical case where a defendant contends

that defense counsel did not give fair warning that "if Federal

authorities apprehended the defendant, deportation would be

practically inevitable."   DeJesus, 468 Mass. at 181.   Here, the

defendant does not seek to withdraw his guilty pleas to the

charges of malicious destruction of property and knowingly

receiving stolen property that formed part of the "global

resolution" of his pending matters, and he does not dispute that

these are crimes of moral turpitude that alone make him

     22
       The judge also appeared to err in finding no prejudice
because the defendant "was more than satisfied" with the plea
bargain "at that time." The question is not whether the
defendant was satisfied with the plea bargain at the time,
having received inadequate advice about the immigration
consequences of a conviction, but whether there is a reasonable
probability that, in the absence of counsel's errors, a
reasonable person in the defendant's position would have chosen
to go to trial on the assault by means of a dangerous weapon
charge rather than accept the plea offer. See Commonwealth v.
DeJesus, 468 Mass. 174, 184 (2014) (rejecting Commonwealth's
argument that defendant was not prejudiced because he "got a
very good deal" in receiving "straight probation when he was
facing a mandatory minimum sentence of five years of
incarceration").
                                                                  35

deportable.23   In light of those other pleas, his plea to the

charge of assault by means of a dangerous weapon does not affect

whether he is deportable.   Rather, the relevant immigration

consequence of his plea to that charge is the substantial risk

of losing a viable avenue for discretionary relief because,

unless the defendant is a "violent or dangerous" individual, a

defendant who is a refugee has such a viable avenue even where

the defendant has committed crimes of moral turpitude that

render him deportable.   It was not clear in 2005 that a guilty

plea to assault by means of a dangerous weapon would classify

     23
       Because the defendant does not challenge whether
malicious destruction of property and knowingly receiving stolen
property are crimes of moral turpitude, we need not determine
whether they are. Although it was clear at the time of the plea
in 2005 that knowingly receiving stolen property was a crime
involving moral turpitude, see Goncalves v. Reno, 144 F.3d 110,
114 (1st Cir. 1998); Matter of L, 61 I. & N. Dec. 666, 668
(B.I.A. 1955), there is disagreement as to whether it was clear
in 2005 that malicious destruction of property involves moral
turpitude. See Da Silva Neto v. Holder, 680 F.3d 25, 30 (1st
Cir. 2012) (noting that there was "no case law directly on
point" in affirming conclusion of board of immigration appeals
that malicious destruction of property under Massachusetts law
is crime involving moral turpitude). See also Commonwealth v.
Balthazar, 86 Mass. App. Ct. 438, 442-443 (2014) (in 2009,
"legal research would have indicated" that malicious destruction
of property is crime involving moral turpitude); Hernandez-
Robledo v. Immigration & Naturalization Serv., 777 F.2d 536,
541-542 (9th Cir. 1985) (declining to announce per se rule that
every incident of property destruction involves moral turpitude,
but affirming determination of board of immigration appeals that
petitioner's conviction of malicious destruction of property
involved moral turpitude).
                                                                   36

the defendant as "violent or dangerous" under In re Jean.24    But

it was clear at that time that, if the defendant were not

convicted of the charge of assault by means of a dangerous

weapon, there was virtually no risk that the defendant would be

subjected to the heightened standard regarding the grant of a

discretionary waiver of inadmissibility, because he had no prior

convictions for crimes that could be construed as violent or

dangerous.   And it was also clear that, if he pleaded guilty to

this charge, there would be a substantial risk that, having

admitted to a violent crime, he would be subjected to the

     24
       The defendant argues that assault by means of a dangerous
weapon is a "crime of violence," as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 16
(2012), see Almon v. Reno, 214 F.3d 45, 46 (1st Cir. 2000), and
that it was clear in 2005 that a conviction of a "crime of
violence" necessarily classifies an individual as "violent or
dangerous." In re Jean, 23 I. & N. 373, 383 (A.G. 2002). There
was Federal precedential support for this position prior to the
defendant's plea. See Togbah v. Ashcroft, 104 Fed. Appx. 788,
794 (3d Cir. 2004) (Attorney General "created a heightened
standard for cases of aliens who are inadmissible due to their
convictions for crimes of violence" [emphasis added]). There
was also Federal precedential support for the proposition that
the two categories were not necessarily equivalent, and that an
immigration judge may look beyond the elements of the crime to
determine whether, based on the underlying facts, an individual
should be deemed "violent or dangerous." See In re Jean, supra
(heightened standard applies to violent or dangerous
"individuals," and United States Attorney General relied on
underlying facts of crime in finding refugee to be violent and
dangerous). Cf. Makir-Marwil v. Attorney General, 681 F.3d
1227, 1235 (11th Cir. 2012) ("Some crimes may be so serious and
depraved that the [immigration judge] need only consider the
elements of the offense to determine that the alien is violent
or dangerous. Sometimes the [immigration judge] may delve into
the facts and circumstances of the prior offenses to determine
whether the alien is violent or dangerous").
                                                                   37

heightened standard and that, under that standard, he would have

virtually no chance of obtaining a discretionary waiver.

Therefore, the clear immigration consequence of the defendant's

plea to the assault by means of a dangerous weapon charge was

the substantial risk that he would lose a viable opportunity for

discretionary relief.    The United States Supreme Court has

recognized, as do we, the significance of this immigration

consequence.   See Padilla, 559 U.S. at 368, quoting Immigration

& Naturalization Serv. v St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 323 (2001)

("'preserving the possibility of' discretionary relief from

deportation . . . 'would have been one of the principal benefits

sought by defendants deciding whether to accept a plea offer or

instead to proceed to trial'").   The motion judge must determine

whether the defendant was prejudiced by counsel not advising him

of this consequence.25

     25
       We recognize that in Padilla, 559 U.S. at 368-369, the
United States Supreme Court drew a distinction between "truly
clear" and unclear immigration consequences in determining what
advice counsel is required to offer. Here, the substantial risk
of losing a viable opportunity for discretionary relief is a
clear consequence of the defendant's plea to the charge of
assault by means of a dangerous weapon, and the consequence is
no less clear because it is a risk rather than a certainty.
Where, as here, the defendant is a refugee and deportable,
counsel should have advised the defendant of that risk. We need
not determine whether this result is dictated by Federal
constitutional law; it is sufficient that it is dictated by art.
12 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights.
                                                                  38

    Therefore, we remand the case to the District Court with

instructions to conduct an evidentiary hearing regarding

prejudice.   In deciding whether there is a reasonable

probability that the defendant would have chosen to go to trial

on the charge of assault by means of a dangerous weapon had he

been competently advised of the immigration consequences of a

guilty plea, the special circumstance of the defendant's refugee

status must be given particularly substantial weight in the

totality of circumstances.   Here, the critical factual

determination for the judge is what a reasonable defendant,

under the circumstances, would have estimated to be the chance

of acquittal on that charge had he gone to trial, bearing in

mind that, in light of the weight to be given to the defendant's

refugee status and the fact that the defendant faced only a

house of correction sentence if convicted in the District Court,

even a small chance of acquittal may be sufficient to show that

it was reasonably probable that a person in the position of the

defendant would have rejected the plea and insisted on going to

trial.

    Conclusion.   The orders denying the defendant's motion for

a new trial and the motions for reconsideration are vacated, and

the matter is remanded to the District Court for proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

                                    So ordered.