Court Opinion

ID: 4534496
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-05-14 21:02:51.290982+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:27:26.034608
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                       File Name: 20a0147p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

 DONALD MACHAN, an individual and as next friend of          ┐
 his daughter, T.R.,                                         │
                                 Plaintiff-Appellee,         │
                                                              >        No. 18-1691
        v.                                                   │
                                                             │
 SHAWN OLNEY, individually,                                  │
                                                             │
                                 Defendant-Appellant.        │
                                                             ┘

                           Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Western District of Michigan at Grand Rapids.
                      No. 1:17-cv-00450—Robert J. Jonker, District Judge.

                                   Argued: October 24, 2019

                                Decided and Filed: May 14, 2020

              Before: KETHLEDGE, BUSH, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.

                                      _________________

                                            COUNSEL

ARGUED: Marcelyn A. Stepanski, ROSATI, SCHULTZ, JOPPICH & AMTSBUECHLER,
PC, Farmington Hills, Michigan, for Appellant. William F. Piper, WILLIAM F. PIPER PLC,
Portage, Michigan, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Marcelyn A. Stepanski, ROSATI, SCHULTZ,
JOPPICH & AMTSBUECHLER, PC, Farmington Hills, Michigan, for Appellant. William F.
Piper, WILLIAM F. PIPER PLC, Portage, Michigan, for Appellee.
                                      _________________

                                             OPINION
                                      _________________

       KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge.          Shawn Olney, a police officer assigned to a middle
school, heard from the school’s principal that a student, T.R., had told the principal that she had
 No. 18-1691                           Machan v. Olney                                    Page 2

been contemplating suicide for about a month. Based on that report, Olney took T.R. to a nearby
hospital for a mental evaluation. T.R.’s father, Donald Machan, claims that Olney violated his
and T.R.’s constitutional rights in doing so. On appeal, Machan now concedes what he disputed
in the district court: that T.R. had indeed told her principal that she had been contemplating
suicide—as a video from the hospital visit makes clear. We hold that Olney was entitled to
summary judgment on Machan’s claims, and reverse the district court’s decision to the contrary.

                                                I.

       We take the district court’s view of the facts in the light most favorable to Machan,
except that we reject his allegations to the extent they are clearly contradicted by “‘a videotape
capturing the events in question.’” Hayden v. Green, 640 F.3d 150, 152 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting
Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 378 (2007)).

       In October 2016, T.R., then in the seventh grade, sought out a school counselor with
whom she had met in the past. The counselor was not available, so T.R. instead met with the
school principal, Latonya Gill-Williams.      Machan concedes on appeal that T.R. told Gill-
Williams that she had been thinking about suicide for the past month, and that “she sees things at
home like guns and knives that makes [sic] her want to hurt herself.” R. 96-8 at Page ID 786,
789, 794. Gill-Williams called a police officer assigned to the school, Shawn Olney, who
arrived at Gill-Williams’s office a few minutes later. Gill-Williams then told Olney what T.R.
had told her. Olney called Machan, who was at work about 90 minutes away, and told him that
T.R. “was being suicidal” and that Olney planned to take her to the hospital for an evaluation.
Machan objected and told Olney to keep T.R. at the school until he got there.

       Olney took T.R. to the hospital anyway. A video from a police officer’s body camera
depicts much of what happened there. Jennifer Parker, an emergency-room nurse, conducted a
mental-health assessment of T.R. and concluded that T.R. needed treatment. Although T.R. did
not appear intoxicated or disoriented, the attending physician, Dr. Gerald Friedman, ordered a
blood draw as part of the hospital’s standard procedure for a mental evaluation. T.R. resisted the
blood draw, which tested negative for drugs. Dr. Friedman and other medical staff then talked to
T.R. about her suicidal thoughts. Eventually Machan arrived and renewed his objections to
 No. 18-1691                           Machan v. Olney                                    Page 3

T.R.’s presence at the hospital. After considerable discussion with Machan, the hospital’s
medical staff released T.R. on condition that Machan take her to a nearby mental-health center.
Machan then took T.R. there, where they stayed for about 45 minutes before going home.

        Machan thereafter brought this lawsuit, claiming among other things that Olney violated
T.R.’s constitutional rights and his own, as her father, when Olney took T.R. to the hospital over
his objection and by authorizing the blood draw without his consent. Olney moved for summary
judgment, which the district court denied on the ground that Olney was not entitled to qualified
immunity for her actions. Olney then brought this appeal.

                                               II.

        We review de novo the district court’s denial of qualified immunity. Hayden, 640 F.3d at
153. Determinations of qualified immunity require us to answer two questions: first, whether the
officer violated a constitutional right; and second, whether that right was clearly established in
light of the specific context of the case. Id. We can answer those questions in whichever order
we see fit. Id.

        Machan’s first claim is that Olney violated the Fourth Amendment both when she took
T.R. to the hospital for a mental evaluation over his objection and when she authorized the blood
draw.   “The Fourth Amendment requires an official seizing and detaining a person for a
psychiatric evaluation to have probable cause to believe that the person is dangerous to himself
or others.” Monday v. Oullette, 118 F.3d 1099, 1102 (6th Cir. 1997). “A showing of probable
cause in the mental health seizure context requires only a probability or substantial chance of
dangerous behavior, not an actual showing of such behavior.” Ziegler v. Aukerman, 512 F.3d
777, 783 (6th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted).

        Here, Olney heard that T.R. herself came to Gill-Williams to say that she had been
thinking about suicide, that T.R. had been having suicidal thoughts for about a month, and that
she worried about hurting herself with the guns and kitchen knives in her home. Those facts
provided Olney with ample grounds to think that T.R. posed a danger to herself, and thus
provided probable cause for Olney to take T.R. into protective custody for a mental evaluation.
And where the person is suicidal, the mental evaluation can reasonably include a determination
 No. 18-1691                            Machan v. Olney                                    Page 4

whether the person has already acted upon her suicidal thoughts; which means the officer can
authorize a blood draw as part of that evaluation.

       Machan argues that Olney lacked probable cause to think that T.R. was a danger to
herself, because T.R. had not expressed any present intention to act upon her suicidal thoughts.
But T.R. herself was distressed enough about those thoughts to seek help from school officials,
which supported Olney’s conclusion that there was a substantial chance that T.R. might act on
those thoughts. And that T.R. herself reported her suicidal thoughts makes her case easily
distinguishable from cases where the plaintiff denied having such thoughts and showed no signs
of having them. For example, in Fisher v. Harden, 398 F.3d 837 (6th Cir. 2005), officers
responded to a report that a man had tied himself to some railroad tracks; but the plaintiff
“presented the appearance of an elderly man hunting in a location where hunters are commonly
found[,]” and “[e]verything about Fisher’s appearance, in that setting, suggested a benign
encounter rather than a dangerous one.” Id. at 845. And in Bruce v. Guernsey, 777 F.3d 872
(7th Cir. 2015), the plaintiff, a 17 year-old high-school student, presented as “perfectly fine and
showed absolutely no signs of physical, mental or emotional distress.” Id. at 874. This case is
instead more like Monday, where the plaintiff himself had called a mental-health hotline, and
officers upon arriving at the scene had reason to think he was suicidal. Monday, 118 F.3d at
1101. Both the record and the caselaw thus support Olney’s actions here.

       Machan also argues that, rather than take T.R. to the hospital for a mental evaluation
without his consent, Olney should have simply detained T.R. at the school for 90 minutes, until
Machan could arrive to take her home. But Olney had reason to fear that T.R. might hurt herself
at home, given that T.R. herself had just said that “she sees things” there (i.e., guns and knives)
that made “her want to hurt herself.” R. 96-8 at PageID 794. Moreover, seizures by definition
are not consensual; and the existence of probable cause meant that Olney did not need Machan’s
consent to take T.R. to the hospital for a mental evaluation. Olney therefore did not violate the
Fourth Amendment when she took T.R. to the hospital and authorized the blood draw.

       Yet that very same conduct, Machan claims, amounted to a violation of both his and
T.R.’s substantive due process rights. To overcome qualified immunity, however, Machan must
identify a case whose facts and holding would make “clear to a reasonable officer that his
 No. 18-1691                            Machan v. Olney                                Page 5

conduct was unlawful in the situation he confronted.” District of Columbia v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct.
577, 590 (2018). And Machan has not remotely identified any such case here. Olney is
therefore entitled to qualified immunity on Machan’s substantive due process claims.

                                          *     *   *

       The district court’s June 1, 2018 order is reversed, and the case is remanded with
instructions to enter judgment in favor of Olney.