Court Opinion

ID: 4568753
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-23 08:12:35.440611+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:27:54.942881
License: Public Domain

In The
              Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

                     06-20-00013-CR

         ANTHONY ELISHA KELLY, Appellant

                            V.

            THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

         On Appeal from the 217th District Court
               Angelina County, Texas
              Trial Court No. 2019-0314

       Before Morriss, C.J., Burgess and Stevens, JJ.
        Memorandum Opinion by Justice Stevens
                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

          An Angelina County jury convicted Anthony Elisha Kelly of aggravated assault with a

deadly weapon and assessed a sentence of fifty years’ imprisonment. On appeal, Kelly argues

that he was egregiously harmed by jury charge error.1 Because we conclude that Kelly did not

suffer egregious harm, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

I.        Standard of Review

          “We review claims of jury charge error under the two[-]pronged test set out in Almanza v.

State.” Gomez v. State, 459 S.W.3d 651, 660 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2015, pet. ref’d) (citing

Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g); Kuhn v. State,

393 S.W.3d 519, 524 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, pet. ref’d); Swearingen v. State, 270 S.W.3d
804, 808 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, pet. ref’d)). “We first determine whether error exists.” Id.

(citing Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Swearingen, 270 S.W.3d at

808). “If error exists, we next evaluate the harm caused by the error.” Id. (citing Ngo, 175
S.W.3d at 743; Swearingen, 270 S.W.3d at 808). “The degree of harm required for reversal

depends on whether that error was preserved in the trial court.” Id. (citing Kuhn, 393 S.W.3d at

524). “[W]here no objection is made to charge error, reversal is required only if the error

resulted in ‘egregious harm.”’ Id. (citing Neal v. State, 256 S.W.3d 264, 278 (Tex. Crim. App.

2008)).

1
 Originally appealed to the Twelfth Court of Appeals, this case was transferred to this Court by the Texas Supreme
Court pursuant to its docket equalization efforts. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001. We follow the precedent of
the Twelfth Court of Appeals in deciding this case. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.
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II.    The Jury Charge Was Erroneous

       The State’s indictment alleged that Kelly “intentionally, knowingly, and recklessly

cause[d] serious bodily injury to Ladondra Murphy . . . by shooting [her] with a firearm, . . . a

deadly weapon.” The State also alleged that Kelly and Murphy had a dating relationship. Under

Section 22.01(a)(1) of the Texas Penal Code, a person commits assault if they “intentionally,

knowingly, or recklessly cause[] bodily injury to another.”              TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§ 22.01(a)(1) (Supp.). Under Section 22.02, a person commits aggravated assault “if the person

commits assault as defined in [Section] 22.01 and the person: (1) causes serious bodily injury to

another, . . . ; or (2) uses or exhibits a deadly weapon during the commission of the assault.”

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.02(a). Aggravated assault is elevated from a second-degree offense

to a first-degree felony if “the actor uses a deadly weapon during the commission of the assault

and causes serious bodily injury to a person whose relationship to or association with the

defendant” is described by the Texas Family Code as a dating relationship. TEX. PENAL CODE

ANN. § 22.02(b)(1).

       The abstract portion of the trial court’s jury charge correctly stated:

              Our law provides that a person commits the offense of Aggravated Assault
       if the person commits assault and the person causes serious bodily injury to
       another or uses or exhibits a deadly weapon during the commission of the assault.

              Our law provides that a person commits the offense of Assault if the
       person intentionally, knowingly or recklessly causes bodily injury to another.

Even so, Kelly argues that the trial court’s definitions of the required mens rea in the abstract

portions of the jury charge were erroneous because (1) aggravated assault is a result-oriented

crime, (2) the charge contained inapplicable language about the nature of the conduct when
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defining the culpable mental states, and (3) the charge omitted result-oriented language when

defining the knowing state of mind. This portion of the trial court’s charge read:

              A person acts intentionally, or with intent, with respect to the nature of his
       conduct or to a result of his conduct when it is his conscious objective or desire to
       engage in the conduct or cause the result.

               A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to the nature of
       his conduct or to circumstances surrounding his conduct when he is aware of the
       nature of his conduct or that the circumstances exist.

               A person acts recklessly, or is reckless, with respect to circumstances
       surrounding his conduct or the result of his conduct when he is aware of but
       consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the circumstances
       exist or the result will occur. The risk must be of such a nature and degree that its
       disregard constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care that an ordinary
       person would exercise under all the circumstances as viewed from the actor’s
       standpoint.

       “When ‘specific acts are criminalized because of their very nature, a culpable mental

state must apply to committing the act itself.’” Price v. State, 457 S.W.3d 437, 441 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2015) (quoting McQueen v. State, 781 S.W.2d 600, 603 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989)). “On the

other hand, unspecified conduct that is criminalized because of its result requires culpability as to

that result.” Id. (quoting McQueen, 781 S.W.2d at 603). “A trial court errs when it fails to limit

the language in regard to the applicable culpable mental states to the appropriate conduct

element.” Id. (citing Cook v. State, 884 S.W.2d 485, 491 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (“Intentional

murder . . . is a ‘result of conduct’ offense, therefore, the trial judge erred in not limiting the

culpable mental states to the result of appellant’s conduct.”)). “The gravamen of assault with

bodily injury is injury, a result of conduct.” Id. at 442; see Landrian v. State, 268 S.W.3d 532,

540 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). For that reason, the trial court’s inclusion of the nature of conduct

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language and the omission of the result of conduct language from the definition of “knowingly”

was incorrect, and the State concedes the error.

       Under step two of the Almanza analysis, we move to the issue of harm.

III.   Kelly Was Not Egregiously Harmed by the Jury Charge

       Because Kelly failed to object to the trial court’s charge, “we apply the ‘egregious harm’

standard wherein reversal is required only if the charge error was ‘so egregious and created such

harm that the defendant has not had a fair and impartial trial.’” Gomez, 459 S.W.3d at 660

(quoting Barrios v. State, 283 S.W.3d 348, 350 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at

171). In determining whether Kelly “was deprived of a fair and impartial trial, we review the

entire jury charge, the state of the evidence, including the contested issues and weight of

probative evidence, the argument of counsel, and any other relevant information revealed by the

record of the trial as a whole.” Id. at 660–61 (citing Taylor v. State, 332 S.W.3d 483, 489 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2011); Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171). “We will examine any part of the record that

may illuminate the actual, not just theoretical, harm to the accused.” Id. at 661 (citing Taylor,
332 S.W.3d at 489–90; Kuhn, 393 S.W.3d at 525). “Errors which result in egregious harm are

those that affect the very basis of the case, deprive the defendant of a valuable right, vitally affect

the defensive theory, or make a case for conviction clearly and significantly more persuasive.”
Id. (citing Taylor, 332 S.W.3d at 490). “Egregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such

a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.” Id. (citing Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d
166, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)).

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       Before examining the trial court’s charge in this case, we review the Texas Court of

Criminal Appeals’s opinion in Medina v. State, 7 S.W.3d 633 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). There,

the court found erroneous the trial court’s omission of “result of conduct” language from a

definition of “knowingly” in a capital murder case because capital murder is a “result of

conduct” offense. Id. at 639. Even so, the court found that the defendant was not egregiously

harmed because the application paragraph “instructed the jury that they must believe beyond a

reasonable doubt that [defendant] ‘intentionally or knowingly caused the death,’ before they

could find him guilty.” Id. at 640. “Where the application paragraph correctly instructs the jury,

an error in the abstract instruction is not egregious.” Id.; see Gomez, 459 S.W.3d at 661. The

trial court’s application paragraph here stated,

       Now, if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about
       the 1st day of March, 2019, in Angelina County, Texas, the defendant,
       ANTHONY ELISHA KELLY, intentionally, knowingly, and recklessly caused
       serious bodily injury to Ladondra Murphy by shooting the said Ladondra Murphy
       with a firearm, and the defendant did then and there use or exhibit a deadly
       weapon, to-wit: a firearm, during the commission of the assault, and the said
       Ladondra Murphy was a person whose relationship to or association with the
       defendant is described by Section 71.0021(b), 71.003, or 71.005, Family Code,
       then you will find the defendant guilty of Aggravated Assault as charged in the
       indictment, and so say by your verdict.

By the application paragraph, the jury was instructed that it could convict Kelly only if it found,

beyond a reasonable doubt, that Kelly “intentionally, knowingly, [or] recklessly caused serious

bodily injury.” The mental states in the application paragraph directly modify the result of

Kelly’s conduct, which is causing bodily injury. Patrick v. State, 906 S.W.2d 481, 493 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1995). Because the application paragraph required the jury to find that Kelly had the

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intent to cause serious bodily injury, we find it mitigated any harm from the abstract instructions.

See Medina, 7 S.W.3d at 640; Patrick, 906 S.W.2d at 493; Gomez, 459 S.W.3d at 661.

       Also, the trial court submitted the issue of self-defense, which “is a confession-and-

avoidance defense requiring the defendant to admit to his otherwise illegal conduct.” Jordan v.

State, 593 S.W.3d 340, 343 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020) (citing Juarez v. State, 308 S.W.3d 398, 404

(Tex. Crim. App. 2010)). A defendant “cannot both invoke self-defense and flatly deny the

charged conduct.” Id. “[I]f the defensive evidence in support of a necessity or a self-defense

instruction merely ‘negates the necessary culpable mental state, it will not suffice to entitle the

defendant to a defensive instruction.’” Williams v. State, 314 S.W.3d 45, 50 (Tex. App.—Tyler

2010, pet. ref’d) (quoting Shaw v. State, 243 S.W.3d 647, 659 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). By

placing the issue of self-defense before the jury, Kelly admitted that either (1) it was his

conscious objective or desire to cause serious bodily injury to Murphy, (2) he was aware that his

conduct was reasonably certain to cause seriously bodily injury to Murphy, or (3) he was aware

of but consciously disregarded a substantial and unjustifiable risk that Murphy would suffer

serious bodily injury. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.03. After reviewing the entire jury

charge, we conclude it weighs against a finding of egregious harm.

       This conclusion is bolstered by the facts of this case. At trial, it was undisputed that an

altercation between Kelly and Murphy resulted in Murphy’s serious bodily injury from a gunshot

wound. Murphy testified that Kelly became enraged during an argument and started choking

her. She testified that Kelly retrieved a gun from his closet, started firing, and shot her four

                                                 7
times in the chest, legs, and arm. As a result, the state of the evidence of Kelly’s guilt was not

weak.

        Kelly raised the issue of self-defense and claimed that Murphy was the one that retrieved

the gun. Providing another version of events, Kelly testified, “I reached to grab the gun and we

started tussling and . . . our hands were both engaged on the trigger, and she just would never

stop. She jerked me like four or five times. While we were sitting there wrestling with the gun,

the gun was going off.” Kelly said he was trying to protect himself and did not know if he had

shot Murphy. In rejecting Kelly’s self-defense argument, the jury determined that Murphy’s

version of events, in which Kelly retrieved a gun from his closet, shot her, and caused her serious

bodily injury, was correct.     Thus, the jury found that Kelly intentionally, knowingly, or

recklessly caused Murphy serious bodily injury.

        Next, we find nothing in the arguments of counsel that weighs in favor of finding

egregious harm. During closing, the State merely argued, “We have to prove that he acted

intentionally or knowingly. This was not an accident. This gun did not accidentally go off and

hit her four times. It’s not an accident, this was an intentional and knowing act, an intentional

and knowing assault.”

        In sum, after considering the entirety of the jury charge, the arguments of counsel, the

state of the evidence, and Kelly’s submission of self-defense, we conclude that these factors,

considered together, do not weigh in favor of a conclusion that Kelly was denied a fair and

impartial trial. As a result, we find that Kelly did not suffer egregious harm and overrule his jury

charge complaints.

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IV.   Conclusion

      We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                              Scott E. Stevens
                                              Justice

Date Submitted:      August 31, 2020
Date Decided:        September 18, 2020

Do Not Publish

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