Court Opinion

ID: 9385692
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-07 19:05:44.355864+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:03.783753
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Trego, 2023-Ohio-1114.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                       ROSS COUNTY

State of Ohio,                              :      Case No. 22CA18

        Plaintiff-Appellee,                 :
                                                   DECISION AND
        v.                                  :      JUDGMENT ENTRY

Kevin Trego,                                :
                                                   RELEASED 3/30/2023
        Defendant-Appellant.                :

______________________________________________________________________
                            APPEARANCES:

Renee Severyn, Assistant State Public Defender, Office of the Ohio Public Defender,
Columbus, Ohio, for appellant.

Jeffrey C. Marks, Ross County Prosecuting Attorney, and Pamela C. Wells, Ross County
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Chillicothe, Ohio, for appellee.
______________________________________________________________________
Hess, J.

        {¶1}     Kevin Trego appeals from a judgment of the Ross County Court of Common

Pleas convicting him of aggravated possession of drugs. Trego presents three

assignments of error asserting that the police conducted an improper inventory search in

violation of his constitutional rights, that trial counsel was ineffective in failing to file a

motion to suppress evidence obtained through the unconstitutional search, and that his

conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence. For the reasons which follow,

we overrule the assignments of error and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                     2

                       I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      {¶2}   In August 2021, the Ross County grand jury indicted Trego on one count of

aggravated possession of drugs in violation of R.C. 2925.11, a fifth-degree felony. Trego

pleaded not guilty. The matter proceeded to a jury trial in March 2022.

      {¶3}   Officer Morgan Music of the Chillicothe Police Department testified that on

September 21, 2020, at approximately 4:20 a.m., he initiated a traffic stop of a vehicle

traveling northbound on Paint Street in Chillicothe with tags which had expired in

December 2019. Trego was the driver and had a passenger who was not identified at

trial. Trego immediately stopped the vehicle, and Officer Music did not see him make any

furtive movements. The vehicle was registered to Joshua Wallace; however, Officer

Music testified that Trego acknowledged ownership of the vehicle. Trego told Officer

Music that he had just gotten the vehicle “from a brother of a * * * stepson or something”

and “had been working on it.”

      {¶4}   Officer Music determined the vehicle had to be towed from the scene, so he

had to remove the occupants from the vehicle and complete an inventory to document

the contents of the vehicle. After removing Trego from the vehicle, Officer Music searched

him. Officer Music testified that when he searches someone, “I pull them out, I ask them

for consent to search person [sic]. Then I check their pockets make sure [sic] they don’t

have any drug paraphernalia and or weapons on them.” In one of Trego’s pants pockets,

Officer Music found a clear container with a crystal rock residue inside and asked Trego

“if it was methamphetamine that was in it at one point.” Trego “said no it wasn’t.” Officer

Music searched the vehicle and testified that he believed he was leaning over the center

console when he saw “a green pipe” which he knew “to be used to smoke
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                      3

methamphetamine, beside the driver seat, next to the center console.” He found a bag

containing a “crystal rock substance” under the flap protecting the mirror on the sun visor

above the driver’s seat. Officer Music also found tools, “a bag full of * * * deodorants and

things like that,” and miscellaneous paperwork in the vehicle. He testified that the vehicle

was not very clean and contained a “fair amount” of trash. He testified that none of the

items in the vehicle were tested for indicia of ownership, like fingerprints, and there was

nothing on the sun visor with Trego’s name on it. He also acknowledged that he did not

contact Wallace, check Wallace’s criminal history, check BMV records for the vehicle, or

put the VIN number on the inventory sheet even though he had testified the number

“should be on” it.

       {¶5}   The state introduced into evidence photographs depicting the clear

container with the crystal rock residue inside, the pipe, and the bag with the crystal rock

substance inside. The state also introduced into evidence the crystal rock substance and

presented evidence that testing by the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Investigation revealed it

was 0.29 grams, plus or minus 0.04 grams, of a white crystalline material found to contain

methamphetamine, a schedule II controlled substance. The residue and pipe were not

tested for the presence of a controlled substance.

       {¶6}   Trego testified that on September 21, 2020, he was driving a White Acura

which he was in the process of buying from Wallace, his stepfather’s nephew’s son.

Trego could not recall when he first saw the vehicle. However, he testified that he inquired

about buying it and inspected it. The battery was dead, and he had to “jump” the vehicle.

The “exhaust was extremely loud,” and the vehicle did not have a catalytic converter, so

he “arranged to get parts to fix it so it wouldn’t be so loud.” He paid a “couple hundred
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                            4

dollars” for the vehicle “a couple days” before the traffic stop. He worked on the vehicle

“a couple of different times” but could not recall when, and he and Wallace were “working

on getting the title notarized.” At some point, Trego arranged to “come get the car” and

did so at 4:00 a.m. the day of the traffic stop.

       {¶7}    Trego did not deny that the clear container was in his pocket but denied

knowing the pipe and methamphetamine were in the Acura. He testified that prior to

getting in the driver’s seat the morning of the traffic stop, he had only gotten in the vehicle

“to start it.” When he first saw the vehicle, the interior was not perfectly clean and

contained various objects “like empty pop bottles and cans stuff like that.” When asked

if it was fair to say there were half empty bottles of Mountain Dew in the vehicle during

the traffic stop, Trego testified, “I would say yeah. I don’t drink Mountain Dew, but I’d say

there was [sic] empty bottles and stuff in the car, yes.” Trego testified that he did not

clean the vehicle. He initially testified that he was not sure whether he had any belongings

in the vehicle other than the tools he was using to fix it, but he later testified the only things

in the car that belonged to him were the tools. Trego admitted that he had struggled with

a drug problem “over the years,” but he testified that he had been in treatment for a little

over six months and “clean” almost nine months. He testified that when he did use drugs,

he did not “ride around with them” in his car but instead stored them and used them at

home. He testified that he never used drugs in the Acura. When the prosecutor asked

Trego if he had four theft convictions, Trego testified he had more than four.

       {¶8}    The jury found Trego guilty. The trial court sentenced him to three years of

community control sanctions and notified him that if he violated the conditions of the
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                                         5

sanctions, the court could impose a longer time under the same sanctions, more

restrictive sanctions, or a 12-month prison term. This appeal followed.1

                                   II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

        {¶9}     Trego presents three assignments of error:

I.      The Chillicothe Police Department conducted an improper inventory search,
        violating Trego’s Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable
        searches and seizures, in violation of the Fourth Amendment of the U.S.
        Constitution and Article I, Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution.

II.     Trego’s trial counsel was ineffective in failing to file a motion to suppress
        the evidence police obtained through an unconstitutional search, in violation
        of the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and Article I, Section 10 of
        the Ohio Constitution.

III.    Trego’s conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence, in
        violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution
        and Article I, Sections 10 and 16, of the Ohio Constitution.

                     III. COMPLIANCE WITH APPELLATE RULES

        {¶10} Before we address the merits of the assignments of error, we must address

a preliminary matter. The first section of the “Law and Argument” portion of Trego’s

appellant’s brief is titled: “I. Trego’s Fourth Amendment rights were violated when Officer

Music searched the vehicle Trego was driving, and trial counsel was ineffective for not

filing a motion to suppress. (Assignments of Error I and II, Argued Together.)” After an

introductory paragraph, this section is divided into two subsections. The first subsection

is titled: “A. Officer Music violated Trego’s Fourth Amendment rights by conducting an

improper search of the vehicle Trego was driving.” This subsection is further divided into

two sub-subsections titled: “1. Officer Music used an inventory search as the basis for

1 After Trego filed this appeal, the trial court found that he violated his community control sanctions and was
no longer amenable to available community control sanctions, and the court sentenced him to 12 months
in prison.
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                     6

searching Trego’s vehicle without a warrant, but the vehicle was not lawfully impounded

at the time of the search,” and “2. Officer Music’s search does not fall under any other

exception to the warrant requirement.” The second subsection is titled: “B. Defense

counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress the evidence obtained from

Officer Music’s unconstitutional search of the vehicle.”

       {¶11} The state asks us to summarily affirm the trial court’s judgment with respect

to the issues raised in the first and second assignments of error on the ground that Trego

failed to separately argue the assignments of error as required by the appellate rules.

The state asserts that the appellant’s brief “comingles the argument for the two separate

assignments of error, which is confusing because different standards of review apply.”

The state asserts that “[t]his is especially troublesome” because Trego’s arguments

appear to be broader than his assignments of error.

       {¶12} Trego acknowledges that he placed his arguments for the first and second

assignments of error under “the same main heading because both claims arise out of the

same set of operative facts—the unconstitutional inventory search.” However, he asserts

that the assignments of error were still separately argued under different subsections—

the argument for the first assignment of error is under Section I.A., and the argument for

the second assignment of error is under Section I.B. of his appellant’s brief. He claims

that his “use of the parenthetical ‘(Assignments of Error I and II, Argued Together)’ ” was

“merely a guide to let the reader know that both of those Assignments of Error will be

argued under the same main heading.”

       {¶13} App.R. 16(A)(7) states: “The appellant shall include in its brief * * * [a]n

argument containing the contentions of the appellant with respect to each assignment of
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                       7

error presented for review and the reasons in support of the contentions, with citations to

the authorities, statutes, and parts of the record on which appellant relies.” App.R.

12(A)(2) states: “The court may disregard an assignment of error presented for review if

the party raising it * * * fails to argue the assignment separately in the brief, as required

under App. R. 16(A).” Therefore, we have discretion to disregard any assignments of

error which are not separately argued. In re F.T., 4th Dist. Ross No. 22CA17, 2023-Ohio-

191, ¶ 34. “We prefer, however, to decide cases on their merits rather than procedural

technicalities.” Id.

       {¶14} The organization of the “Law and Argument” section of Trego’s appellant’s

brief is confusing, primarily because at first glance, the argument under Section I.A.—

which examines multiple exceptions to the warrant requirement—appears broader in

scope than the first assignment of error—which explicitly mentions only the inventory-

search exception. However, implicit in the first assignment of error is a contention that

no other exception to the warrant requirement applies to the vehicle search. If one did,

the search would be constitutional even if it did not meet the requirements of the

inventory-search exception. Therefore, we conclude that while the appellant’s brief could

have been clearer, Trego separately argued the first and second assignments of error in

accordance with App.R. 16(A)(7). He argued the first assignment of error under Section

I.A. and the second assignment of error under Section I.B. of his appellant’s brief.

Therefore, we will address the merits of those assignments of error.

                 IV. CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE VEHICLE SEARCH

       {¶15} In the first assignment of error, Trego contends the police conducted an

improper inventory search, violating his constitutional right to be free from unreasonable
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                       8

searches and seizures. Trego asserts that Officer Music relied on the inventory-search

exception to the warrant requirement to justify the vehicle search. Trego suggests that

exception does not apply because Officer Music “did not finish filling in all the required

information on” the inventory sheet, i.e., the VIN number. Trego also asserts “Officer

Music did not conduct an inventory search because there is no evidence that the vehicle

was lawfully impounded.” Trego claims the record is silent about whether the vehicle

“was ultimately impounded, towed, parked, or driven away from the scene,” and “[i]f the

car was not impounded or taken into police custody, then any search of the vehicle could

not have been an administrative inventory search.” Trego claims that even if the vehicle

was impounded, the timing of the search was still improper. He asserts that “[w]ithout

access to Chillicothe Police policies and procedures on how to conduct inventory

searches and impound vehicles * * * we must rely on case law for the limits of when

inventory searches can occur.” He relies on South Dakota v. Opperman, 428 U.S. 364,

96 S.Ct. 3092, 49 L.E.2d 1000 (1976), and State v. Banks-Harvey, 152 Ohio St.3d 368,

2018-Ohio-201, 96 N.E.3d 262, for the position that the only proper time to conduct an

inventory search is either “(1) after the vehicle arrives at an impound lot, or (2) after the

vehicle driver is arrested while the vehicle is awaiting towing to the impound lot.” Trego

claims neither event preceded the search here.

       {¶16} Trego asserts the vehicle search also does not fall under any other

exception to the warrant requirement. Therefore, he asserts evidence flowing from the

search should have been excluded from trial and asks us to reverse his conviction and

remand for a new trial. Alternatively, he asserts that if we require “additional information

on the circumstances surrounding the alleged inventory search,” we should remand for a
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                      9

hearing and fact-finding. He relies on State v. Groce, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 06AP-1094,

2007-Ohio-2874, to support his position.

                                 A. Standard of Review

       {¶17} Trego asserts de novo review applies to his first assignment of error. The

state asserts plain error review applies because Trego did not file a motion to suppress.

Trego asserts that even if we apply plain error review, he has met that standard.

       {¶18} The exclusionary rule bars the use of evidence secured by an

unconstitutional search and seizure. State v. Johnson, 141 Ohio St.3d 136, 2014-Ohio-

5021, 22 N.E.3d 1061, ¶ 40. “[A] motion to suppress is the proper vehicle for raising

constitutional challenges based on the exclusionary rule * * *.” State v. French, 72 Ohio

St.3d 446, 449, 650 N.E.2d 887 (1995). Pursuant to Crim.R. 12(C)(3), “[m]otions to

suppress evidence * * * on the ground that it was illegally obtained” “must be raised before

trial.” Crim.R. 12(H) states: “Failure by the defendant to raise defenses or objections or

to make requests that must be made prior to trial * * * shall constitute waiver of the

defenses or objections, but the court for good cause shown may grant relief from the

waiver.” (Emphasis added.)

       {¶19} Crim.R. 52(B) states: “Plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights

may be noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the court.” The

defendant has the burden to “establish that an error occurred, it was obvious, and it

affected his or her substantial rights.” State v. Fannon, 2018-Ohio-5242, 117 N.E.3d 10,

¶ 21 (4th Dist.). “Notice of plain error under Crim.R. 52(B) is to be taken with the utmost

caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of

justice.” State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph three of the
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                      10

syllabus. Appellate courts may consider a forfeited argument, but not a waived one, under

a plain-error analysis. See State v. Payne, 114 Ohio St.3d 502, 2007-Ohio-4642, 873

N.E.2d 306, ¶ 23. “[F]orfeiture is a failure to preserve an objection.” Id. “Waiver is the

intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a right.” Id.

       {¶20} Trego did not file a motion to suppress the evidence obtained as a result of

the vehicle search; therefore, pursuant to Crim.R. 12(H), he waived the right to object to

that evidence on the ground that it was illegally obtained via an unconstitutional search.

He did not seek relief from that waiver in the trial court or make any objection at trial to

evidence flowing from the search. We have held that an appellant’s failure to file a motion

to suppress and further failure to object to evidence at trial on the specific grounds raised

on appeal “results in a waiver and is fatal” to the appellant’s argument on appeal that the

trial court committed reversible error by not excluding the evidence. State v. Chafin, 4th

Dist. Scioto No. 16CA3769, 2017-Ohio-7622, ¶ 19. However, as we explain below, even

if we treated Trego’s failure to file a motion to suppress and object as a forfeiture subject

to plain error review, rather than a waiver, Trego failed in his burden to show plain error.

                               B. Constitutional Principles

       {¶21} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution states: “The right

of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against

unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue,

but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing

the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” Article I, Section 14 of

the Ohio Constitution contains almost identical language. It “affords the same protection
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                        11

as the Fourth Amendment in felony cases.” State v. Jones, 143 Ohio St.3d 266, 2015-

Ohio-483, 37 N.E.3d 123, ¶ 12.

       {¶22} “[S]earches conducted outside the judicial process, without prior approval

by judge or magistrate, are per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment—subject

only to a few specifically established and well-delineated exceptions.”            (Footnotes

omitted.) Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357, 88 S.Ct. 507, 19 L.Ed.2d 576 (1967).

“Inventory searches are a ‘well-defined exception to the warrant requirement of the Fourth

Amendment.’ ” State v. Mesa, 87 Ohio St.3d 105, 108, 717 N.E.2d 329 (1999), quoting

Colorado v. Bertine, 479 U.S. 367, 371, 107 S.Ct. 738, 93 L.Ed.2d 739 (1987). “Inventory

searches involve administrative procedures conducted by law enforcement officials and

are intended to (1) protect an individual’s property while it is in police custody, (2) protect

police against claims of lost, stolen or vandalized property, and (3) protect police from

dangerous instrumentalities.” Id., citing Opperman, 428 U.S. at 369, 96 S.Ct. 3092, 49

L.E.2d 1000.     “Because inventory searches are administrative caretaking functions

unrelated to criminal investigations, the policies underlying the Fourth Amendment

warrant requirement, including the standard of probable cause, are not implicated.” Id.,

citing Opperman at 370, fn. 5. “Rather, the validity of an inventory search of a lawfully

impounded vehicle is judged by the Fourth Amendment’s standard of reasonableness.”

Id., citing Opperman and Bertine. “To satisfy the requirements of the Fourth Amendment

to the United States Constitution, an inventory search of a lawfully impounded vehicle

must be conducted in good faith and in accordance with reasonable standardized

procedure(s) or established routine.” State v. Hathman, 65 Ohio St.3d 403, 604 N.E.2d

743 (1992), paragraph one of the syllabus.
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                      12

                                         C. Analysis

       {¶23} Trego has not shown that the vehicle search does not fall under the

inventory-search exception to the warrant requirement.

                                    1. Inventory Sheet

       {¶24} Trego’s suggestion that the inventory-search exception does not apply

because Officer Music failed to record the vehicle’s VIN number on the inventory sheet is

not well-taken. He cites no legal authority for this position. Therefore, we reject it.

                                   2. Timing of Search

       {¶25} Trego’s contention that the inventory-search exception does not apply

because the search was not preceded by either his arrest or the towing of the vehicle to

an impound lot is not well-taken.        His reliance on Opperman and Banks-Harvey is

misplaced. In Opperman, the respondent’s unoccupied, illegally parked vehicle was

towed to a city impound lot. 428 U.S. at 365-366, 96 S.Ct. 3092, 49 L.E.2d 1000. From

outside the car at the impound lot, an officer saw personal property inside the car,

including a watch. Id. at 366. The officer inventoried the contents of the car “pursuant to

standard police procedures” and found marihuana. Id. The respondent was arrested on

possession charges and convicted after his motion to suppress the evidence from the

inventory search was denied.       Id.   The South Dakota Supreme Court reversed his

conviction, but the United States Supreme Court reversed that judgment. Id. at 366-367.

       {¶26} The United States Supreme Court explained that the reasonableness of a

search for purposes of the Fourth Amendment depends on the facts and circumstances.

Id. at 375. The court found that the police “were indisputably engaged in a caretaking

search of a lawfully impounded vehicle.” Id. The court explained that “[t]he inventory was
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                   13

conducted only after the car had been impounded for multiple parking violations,” the

owner “was not present to make other arrangements for the safekeeping of his

belongings,” the inventory “was prompted by the presence in plain view of a number of

valuables inside the car,” and there was “no suggestion whatever that this standard

procedure, essentially like that followed throughout the country, was a pretext concealing

an investigatory police motive.” Id. at 375-376. “On this record,” the court found the

search was not unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment. Id. at 376.

       {¶27} In Banks-Harvey, a state trooper conducted a traffic stop of a vehicle

containing three occupants—the defendant who was driving the vehicle, her boyfriend

who owned the vehicle, and a third person. 152 Ohio St.3d 368, 2018-Ohio-201, 96

N.E.3d 262, at ¶ 2 (plurality opinion). The defendant and third person were arrested on

outstanding warrants. Id. at ¶ 4. The trooper then entered the vehicle, retrieved the

defendant’s purse, searched it, and found various pills and capsules and three needles,

one of which contained brown liquid. Id. at ¶ 5. The trooper showed the drugs to an

officer, who then said he might have seen a capsule in the vehicle. Id. The officer

searched the vehicle and found capsules and a needle.          Id.   The vehicle was not

impounded, and the defendant’s boyfriend was permitted to drive it away. Id. The

defendant was charged with drug-related offenses based on the items in her purse. Id.

at ¶ 6. She moved to suppress that evidence, but the trial court denied the motion. Id. at

¶ 6, 9. She pleaded no contest to the charges and appealed her convictions, which the

appellate court affirmed. Id. at ¶ 10-12.

       {¶28} The Supreme Court of Ohio reversed the appellate court’s judgment and

vacated the convictions. Id. at ¶ 39. The plurality opinion concluded the inventory-search
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                         14

exception to the warrant requirement did not apply. Id. at ¶ 22. The plurality found that

a law enforcement policy of transporting an arrestee’s property with the arrestee was

insufficient justification for the warrantless retrieval of the purse from the car. Id. at ¶ 22.

The plurality took “no issue with the reasonableness of an administrative policy requiring

the search and inventory of personal items that necessarily come into police custody as

a result of an arrest.” Id. at ¶ 23. However, the plurality explained that the trooper

“retrieved a personal item belonging to an arrestee from a place that is protected under

the Fourth Amendment (the car)” and neither the purse, nor the vehicle containing it

“came into police custody as a result of her arrest.” Id.

       {¶29} Even though Opperman involved a search at an impound lot and Banks-

Harvey involved a search after a driver’s arrest, nothing in those opinions stands for the

proposition that an inventory search of a vehicle is improper unless it occurs at an

impound lot or is preceded by the driver’s arrest. As the state points out, in State v.

Goodin, 4th Dist. Athens No. 99CA29, 2000 WL 134733 (Jan. 28, 2000), we rejected a

contention than an inventory search was unlawful because it was “not conducted after the

vehicle was impounded as required in Opperman.” Id. at *4. We explained that “all the

Opperman factors need not be met in order for an inventory search to be lawful. Rather,

Opperman requires that the court examine the totality of the circumstances in each case

to ensure that the search was reasonable and not for investigatory purposes.” Id. We

also explained that in State v. Peagler, 76 Ohio St.3d 496, 668 N.E.2d 489 (1996), “the

Supreme Court of Ohio noted * * * an inventory search that is conducted prior to

impoundment is not automatically unreasonable and unconstitutional.”              Id.   And we

observed that “[p]rotection of the property owner from loss and protection of the police
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                   15

from false claims are both often better served by an early inventory before the vehicle is

moved.” Id.

       {¶30} For these reasons, we reject the contention that the inventory-search

exception does not apply because the vehicle search was not preceded by Trego’s arrest

or the towing of the vehicle to an impound lot.

                                    3. Impoundment

       {¶31} Based on the record before us, we are unable to determine whether the

vehicle was in fact impounded. See generally State v. Fry, 9th Dist. Summit No. 16718,

1994 WL 700089, *2, fn. 3 (Dec. 14, 1994), quoting Black's Law Dictionary 756 (6th

Ed.Rev.1990) (“ ‘Impound’ means ‘[t]o seize and take into the custody of the law or of a

court’ ”). No evidence was presented at trial regarding what happened to the vehicle after

Officer Music searched it. The state asserts that a police report Trego attached as an

exhibit to a post-conviction motion shows the vehicle was towed to an impound lot. The

report includes a narrative by Officer Music stating that he told Trego that he “would be

towing the vehicle” and stating that “ ‘[t]he inventory was completed and the vehicle was

released to Letches Towing.’ ” The report does not state where the towing company took

the vehicle or provide any other information regarding the towing process.

       {¶32} However, the fact that the record lacks sufficient information to determine

whether the vehicle was impounded does not prove that the inventory-search exception

to the warrant requirement does not apply. Nor does this lack of information entitle Trego

to an order remanding this matter for a hearing and fact-finding. Again, it is Trego’s

burden to demonstrate plain error, Fannon, 2018-Ohio-5242, 117 N.E.3d 10, at ¶ 21, and
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                       16

as the appellant, he “bears the burden of showing error by reference to matters in the

record,” Knapp v. Edwards Laboratories, 61 Ohio St.2d 197, 199, 400 N.E.2d 384 (1980).

       {¶33} Groce is inapposite. In that case, officers stopped the defendant for illegally

riding his bicycle on a sidewalk. Groce, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 06AP-1094, 2007-Ohio-

2874, at ¶ 2. After the officers issued the defendant a citation, they learned he had an

outstanding warrant and arrested him. Id. at ¶ 2. At some point during the encounter,

the officers searched him and found a small, blue plastic container on a key chain with

crack cocaine inside. Id. at ¶ 2. The defendant was charged with possession and moved

to suppress the crack cocaine. Id. at ¶ 3. At the suppression hearing, one of the officers

testified that the search occurred after the defendant’s arrest, but the defendant testified

that the search occurred after the officers issued the citation but before his arrest. Id.

The trial court granted the motion to suppress, and the state appealed. Id. at ¶ 4-5.

       {¶34} The appellate court explained that “a Terry search may be conducted

without probable cause to arrest and is limited to a search for weapons based upon the

officer’s reasonable suspicion that the suspect is armed and dangerous” whereas “a

search incident to an arrest allows an officer to conduct a full search that is not limited to

the discovery of weapons but may include evidence of crimes as well.” Id. at ¶ 11. Thus,

the “determinative factual issue” was whether the search occurred before or after the

arrest. Id. at ¶ 14. However, there was conflicting evidence on this issue, and the record

did “not reflect a clear factual finding by the trial court” on the timing of the search. Id.

Without such a finding, the appellate court could not “properly review the trial court’s

suppression order.” Id. Therefore, the appellate court vacated the trial court’s judgment

and remanded with instructions for the trial court “to factually determine when the search
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                       17

occurred” and “then proceed to decide whether suppression is appropriate based on

whether the search occurred before or after the arrest.” Id.

       {¶35} This case is factually distinguishable from Groce. Trego did not file a

motion to suppress, so there was no suppression hearing at which the parties presented

conflicting evidence on a determinative factual issue which the trial court failed to resolve.

Nothing in Groce supports the position that if a defendant fails to file a motion to suppress

and challenges the constitutionality of a search for the first time on appeal, an appellate

court should remand the matter for an evidentiary hearing and fact-finding if the record is

silent on a matter that is relevant to the challenge.

                                       4. Conclusion

       {¶36} For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that Trego failed to show that the

Chillicothe Police Department conducted an improper inventory search of the vehicle.

Because at least one exception to the warrant requirement might justify the search, Trego

has not demonstrated that the search violated his constitutional rights, and it is

unnecessary for us to consider the applicability of other exceptions to the warrant

requirement. Trego has not shown that the trial court erred, let alone plainly erred, when

it admitted evidence obtained as a result of the vehicle search at trial. Accordingly, we

overrule the first assignment of error.

                     V. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

       {¶37} In the second assignment of error, Trego contends that trial counsel was

ineffective in failing to file a motion to suppress evidence obtained through an

unconstitutional search. Trego maintains that under the first assignment of error, he

demonstrated that he has a meritorious Fourth Amendment claim regarding the vehicle
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                       18

search. Trego asserts that in a case such as this “where there is a clear-cut Fourth

Amendment violation, failing to file a motion to suppress is substandard representation.”

He claims that trial counsel not only failed to file a motion to suppress but also “failed to

file any pretrial motion” except “standard discovery and testimony demands,” “did not

make a single objection” at trial with one possible exception, and failed to make a Crim.R.

29 motion for acquittal even though that “is considered standard practice.” (Emphasis

sic.) Trego claims counsel’s continued failures “to take beneficial actions on [his] behalf

* * * were not tactical in nature.” Trego maintains that there is a reasonable probability

that the verdict would have been different if the evidence flowing from the vehicle search

had been suppressed. Trego asserts the only other evidence the state had was that he

“possessed an empty plastic container with ‘residue’ that was never tested in any

capacity,” which “does not amount to proof beyond a reasonable doubt.”

                                    A. Legal Principles

       {¶38} To prevail on an ineffective assistance claim, a defendant must show: “(1)

deficient performance by counsel, i.e., performance falling below an objective standard

of reasonable representation, and (2) prejudice, i.e., a reasonable probability that, but for

counsel’s errors, the proceeding’s result would have been different.” State v. Short, 129

Ohio St.3d 360, 2011-Ohio-3641, 952 N.E.2d 1121, ¶ 113, citing Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-688, 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Failure

to satisfy either part of the test is fatal to the claim. See Strickland at 697. The defendant

“has the burden of proof because in Ohio, a properly licensed attorney is presumed

competent.” State v. Gondor, 112 Ohio St.3d 377, 2006-Ohio-6679, 860 N.E.2d 77, ¶ 62.

We “must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                       19

of reasonable professional assistance; that is, the defendant must overcome the

presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action ‘might be considered

sound trial strategy.’ ” Strickland at 689, quoting Michel v. Louisiana, 350 U.S. 91, 101,

76 S.Ct. 158, 100 L.E. 83 (1955).

       {¶39} “The ‘failure to file a suppression motion does not constitute per se

ineffective assistance of counsel.’ ” State v. Spaulding, 151 Ohio St.3d 378, 2016-Ohio-

8126, 89 N.E.3d 554, ¶ 94, quoting Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 384, 106 S.Ct.

2574, 91 L.Ed.2d 305 (1986). “Instead, the ordinary two-part Strickland analysis for

ineffective-assistance claims applies.” Id. The defendant “must both ‘prove that there

was a basis to suppress the evidence in question,’ State v. Brown, 115 Ohio St.3d 55,

2007-Ohio-4837, 873 N.E.2d 858, ¶ 65, and demonstrate a reasonable probability that

had the evidence been suppressed, ‘the result of the proceeding would have been

different,’ Strickland at 694.” Id.

       {¶40} “[I]t may be difficult for a defendant to establish in hindsight that a

suppression motion would have been granted on the basis of evidence contained in a trial

transcript.” State v. Taylor, 4th Dist. Washington No. 07CA11, 2008-Ohio-482, ¶ 14.

“ ‘[T]he record developed at trial is generally inadequate to determine the validity of [a]

suppression motion’ because the issues at trial are different than the issues at a

suppression hearing.” (First alteration sic.) State v. Oliver, 2018-Ohio-3667, 112 N.E.3d

573, ¶ 38 (8th Dist.), quoting State v. Culbertson, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2000CA00129, 2000

WL 1701230, *4 (Nov. 13, 2000). “ ‘ “Where the record contains no evidence which would

justify the filing of a motion to suppress, the appellant has not met [the appellant’s] burden

of proving that [the appellant’s] attorney violated an essential duty by failing to file the
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                                     20

motion.” ’ ” State v. Neyland, 139 Ohio St.3d 353, 2014-Ohio-1914, 12 N.E.3d 1112, ¶

126, quoting State v. Drummond, 111 Ohio St.3d 14, 2006-Ohio-5084, 854 N.E.2d 1038,

¶ 208, quoting State v. Gibson, 69 Ohio App.2d 91, 95, 430 N.E.2d 954 (8th Dist.1980).

Additionally, “ ‘[w]here the record is not clear or lacks sufficient evidence to determine

whether a suppression motion would have been successful, a claim for ineffective

assistance of counsel cannot be established.’ ” State v. Barfield, 4th Dist. Ross No.

13CA3387, 2015-Ohio-891, ¶ 16, quoting State v. Parkinson, 5th Dist. Stark No.

1995CA00208, 1996 WL 363435, *3 (May 20, 1996).

                                               B. Analysis

        {¶41} Trego has failed in his burden to show that trial counsel was deficient for

not filing a motion to suppress. As we explained in our discussion of the first assignment

of error, Trego failed to show that the Chillicothe Police Department conducted an

improper inventory search of the vehicle. Because at least one exception to the warrant

requirement might justify the search, Trego has not shown there was a basis to suppress

the evidence obtained as a result of the search.2

        {¶42} Therefore, we conclude that Trego failed in his burden to show that trial

counsel was ineffective in failing to file a motion to suppress. To the extent Trego

suggests trial counsel was ineffective for additional reasons, his arguments are beyond

the scope of the second assignment of error, so we need not address them. See State

v. Nguyen, 4th Dist. Athens No. 14CA42, 2015-Ohio-4414, ¶ 41 (an appellate court

2 Trego previously moved this court to supplement the record with police body camera footage which he
claims shows the vehicle was not impounded. We denied his motion, explaining that the footage “was not
presented to the trial court and is not part of the record on appeal” and that “[a] reviewing court cannot
permit anything to be added to the record that was not part of the trial court’s proceedings and then use the
added matter to decide the appeal.” A petition for postconviction relief is the proper vehicle to raise an
ineffective assistance claim which relies on evidence outside the record. State v. Lindsey, 4th Dist.
Washington Nos. 20CA26, 20CA27, 20CA28, & 20CA9, 2021-Ohio-2613, ¶ 19, fn. 2.
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                    21

reviews “assignments of error and not mere arguments”). Accordingly, we overrule the

second assignment of error.

                      VI. MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE

       {¶43} In the third assignment of error, Trego contends his conviction was against

the manifest weight of the evidence. Trego asserts that the evidence does not show that

he knowingly possessed methamphetamine. He acknowledges there is some evidence

from which one could infer he knew about the methamphetamine in the vehicle but claims

the evidence is not substantial and is far outweighed by evidence to the contrary. Trego

summarizes the testimony he believes shows he did not knowingly possess the bag of

methamphetamine, such as his own testimony that he did not know about the

methamphetamine or pipe and had just acquired the vehicle and had not cleaned it out

yet. Trego claims his credibility is bolstered by the fact that he testified under oath and

“under penalty of perjury,” his testimony “was consistent with Officer Music’s testimony,”

he “remained unwavering in his position that he had no knowledge of the bag of

methamphetamine,” and he “told the truth, even when it meant providing damaging

information,” i.e., information about his struggle with addiction and prior convictions.

Trego also directs our attention to some cases in which this court and other appellate

courts rejected manifest weight of the evidence arguments in drug possession cases and

identifies evidence which was present in those cases but not in this one, such as evidence

that he interacted with the bag of methamphetamine during the traffic stop or was under

the influence during it.
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                         22

                                     A. Legal Principles

      {¶44} In determining whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of the

evidence, an appellate court

      must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable
      inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses, and determine whether, in
      resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and
      created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that reversal of the conviction
      is necessary. In order to satisfy this test, the state must introduce
      substantial evidence on all the elements of an offense, so that the jury can
      find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

      Although a court of appeals may determine that a judgment of a trial court
      is sustained by sufficient evidence, that court may nevertheless conclude
      that the judgment is against the weight of the evidence. However, we are
      reminded that generally, it is the role of the jury to determine the weight and
      credibility of evidence. “ ‘A jury, sitting as the trier of fact, is free to believe
      all, part or none of the testimony of any witness who appears before it.’ ”
      State v. Reyes-Rosales, 4th Dist. Adams No. 15CA1010, 2016-Ohio-3338,
      ¶ 17, quoting State v. West, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 12CA3507, 2014-Ohio-
      1941, ¶ 23. We defer to the trier of fact on these evidentiary weight and
      credibility issues because it is in the best position to gauge the witnesses’
      demeanor, gestures, and voice inflections, and to use these observations
      to weigh their credibility.

(Citations omitted.) State v. Anderson, 4th Dist. Highland No. 18CA14, 2019-Ohio-395,

¶ 14-15.

      {¶45} R.C. 2925.11(A) states: “No person shall knowingly obtain, possess, or use

a controlled substance or a controlled substance analog.” R.C. 2901.22(B) states:

      A person acts knowingly, regardless of purpose, when the person is aware
      that the person’s conduct will probably cause a certain result or will probably
      be of a certain nature. A person has knowledge of circumstances when the
      person is aware that such circumstances probably exist. When knowledge
      of the existence of a particular fact is an element of an offense, such
      knowledge is established if a person subjectively believes that there is a
      high probability of its existence and fails to make inquiry or acts with a
      conscious purpose to avoid learning the fact.
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                     23

“ ‘The intent of an accused person dwells in [that person’s] mind’ ” and “ ‘can never be

proved by the direct testimony of a third person.’ ” State v. Johnson, 56 Ohio St.2d 35,

38, 381 N.E.2d 637 (1978), quoting State v. Huffman, 131 Ohio St. 27, 1 N.E.2d 313

(1936), paragraph four of the syllabus.      Whether a defendant knowingly obtained,

possessed, or used a controlled substance “is to be determined from all the attendant

facts and circumstances available.” State v. Teamer, 82 Ohio St.3d 490, 492, 696 N.E.2d

1049 (1998).

       {¶46} “ ‘Possess’ or ‘possession’ means having control over a thing or substance,

but may not be inferred solely from mere access to the thing or substance through

ownership or occupation of the premises upon which the thing or substance is

found.” R.C. 2925.01(K). We have explained:

       Possession may be actual or constructive. “ ‘Actual possession exists when
       the circumstances indicate that an individual has or had an item within his
       immediate physical possession.’ ” State v. Kingsland, 177 Ohio App.3d
       655, 2008-Ohio-4148, 895 N.E.2d 633, ¶ 13 (4th Dist.), quoting State v. Fry,
       4th Dist. Jackson No. 03CA26, 2004-Ohio-5747, ¶ 39. “Constructive
       possession exists when an individual knowingly exercises dominion and
       control over an object, even though that object may not be within his
       immediate physical possession.” [State v.] Hankerson, [70 Ohio St.2d 87,
       434 N.E.2d 1362 (1982),] syllabus * * *. For constructive possession to
       exist, the state must show that the defendant was conscious of the object’s
       presence. Both dominion and control, and whether a person was conscious
       of the object’s presence, may be established through circumstantial
       evidence.

(Citations omitted.) State v. Smith, 2020-Ohio-5316, 162 N.E.3d 898, ¶ 36 (4th Dist.).

“ ‘A defendant’s mere presence in an area where drugs are located is insufficient to

demonstrate that the defendant constructively possessed the drugs.’ * * * However, ‘when

one is the driver of a car in which drugs are within easy access of the driver, constructive

possession may be established.’ ” State v. Holdren, 4th Dist. Pickaway No. 20CA3, 2021-
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                      24

Ohio-810, ¶ 26, quoting State v. Fry, 4th Dist. Jackson No. 03CA26, 2004-Ohio-5747, ¶

40-41.

                                        B. Analysis

         {¶47} After weighing the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considering the

credibility of the witnesses after according the requisite deference to the jury’s

determinations, we conclude that in resolving evidentiary conflicts, the jury did not clearly

lose its way or create a manifest miscarriage of justice in finding Trego knowingly

possessed the methamphetamine in the vehicle. The traffic stop occurred around 4:20

a.m.—an unusual time to be engaged in conduct related to the purchase of a vehicle.

Trego acknowledged ownership of the vehicle though it was still registered under the

previous owner’s name, and according to Trego, the title still had to be notarized. Officer

Music found the bag of methamphetamine and pipe within easy access of the driver’s

seat which Trego occupied shortly before the search—the methamphetamine was right

above the driver’s seat and the pipe was right next to it. Trego admitted that he had

struggled with a drug problem, and his claimed period of sobriety began several months

after the traffic stop. At the time of the traffic stop, Trego was carrying a clear container

in his pants pocket with a crystal rock residue inside. Although Trego denied keeping

methamphetamine in the container, and the state did not test the residue for the presence

of a controlled substance, in the photographic evidence, the residue looks like the crystal

substance found in the vehicle which was confirmed to be methamphetamine.

         {¶48} It is true Trego offered direct evidence—his own testimony—that he did not

know the methamphetamine was in the vehicle, and the state presented only

circumstantial evidence that he did. However, “[c]ircumstantial and direct evidence are
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                   25

of equal evidentiary value.” State v. King, 4th Dist. Meigs No. 21CA2, 2022-Ohio-4616,

¶ 24. And again, a jury “ ‘ “is free to believe all, part or none of the testimony of any

witness who appears before it.” ’ ” Anderson, 4th Dist. Highland No. 18CA14, 2019-Ohio-

395, at ¶ 15, quoting Reyes-Rosales, 4th Dist. Adams No. 15CA1010, 2016-Ohio-3338,

at ¶ 17, quoting West, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 12CA3507, 2014-Ohio-1941, at ¶ 23.

Therefore, even if the jury found some of Trego’s testimony credible, it had no obligation

to believe his testimony that he did not know about the methamphetamine in the vehicle,

particularly when he was carrying residue in his pants pocket which looked similar to the

methamphetamine in the vehicle.

      {¶49} For the foregoing reasons, we conclude Trego’s conviction was not against

the manifest weight of the evidence, and we overrule the third assignment of error.

                                  VII. CONCLUSION

      {¶50} Having overruled the three assignments of error, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment.

                                                                JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Ross App. No. 22CA18                                                                     26

                                   JUDGMENT ENTRY

         It is ordered that the JUDGMENT IS AFFIRMED and that appellant shall pay the
costs.

         The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Ross
County Court of Common Pleas to carry this judgment into execution.

       IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE UPON BAIL HAS
BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL COURT OR THIS COURT, it is
temporarily continued for a period not to exceed 60 days upon the bail previously posted.
The purpose of a continued stay is to allow appellant to file with the Supreme Court of
Ohio an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court. If a stay
is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the 60-day
period, or the failure of the appellant to file a notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of
Ohio in the 45-day appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of
the Supreme Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses the
appeal prior to expiration of 60 days, the stay will terminate as of the date of such
dismissal.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Smith, P.J. & Wilkin, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.

                                          For the Court

                                          BY: ________________________
                                              Michael D. Hess, Judge

                                 NOTICE TO COUNSEL

       Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment
entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with
the clerk.