Court Opinion

ID: 4678161
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-16 19:17:26.684348+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:43.373398
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                                 January 2021 Term
                                 _______________

                                   No. 20-0075                                FILED
                                 _______________                           April 16, 2021
                                                                              released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                                          EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                              SARAH L. BIRCHFIELD,                        SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                               OF WEST VIRGINIA
                                    Petitioner

                                         v.

                             ZEN’S DEVELOPMENT, LLC,
                            UPTOWN PROPERTIES, LLC, &
                             KENNETH W. MCBRIDE, JR.,
                                    Respondents

      ____________________________________________________________

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court of Raleigh County
                      The Honorable Darl W. Poling, Judge
                            Civil Action No. 15-C-733

                                    AFFIRMED

       __________________________________________________________

                              Submitted: March 17, 2021
                                Filed: April 16, 2021

Mark A. Sadd, Esq.                            J. Victor Flanagan, Esq.
Angela C. Ramsey, Esq.                        Daniel J. Burns, Esq.
Lewis Glasser PLLC                            Pullin, Fowler, Flanagan,
Charleston, West Virginia                     Brown & Poe, PLLC
Counsel for Petitioner                        Beckley, West Virginia
                                              Counsel for Respondent,
                                              Zen’s Development, LLC
Chip E. Williams, Esq.                     Gerald Hayden, Esq.
Jared C. Underwood, Esq.                   Hayden & Associates, LC
Pullin, Fowler, Flanagan,                  Beckley, West Virginia
Brown & Poe, PLLC                          Counsel for Respondent,
Beckley, West Virginia                     Kenneth W. McBride, Jr.
Counsel for Respondent,
Uptown Properties, LLC

JUSTICE ARMSTEAD delivered the Opinion of the Court.

JUSTICE HUTCHISON, deeming himself disqualified, did not participate in the decision
of this case.

JUDGE THOMAS H. EWING, sitting by temporary assignment.
                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

              1.      “Summary judgment is appropriate if, from the totality of the

evidence presented, the record could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the

nonmoving party, such as where the nonmoving party has failed to make a sufficient

showing on an essential element of the case that it has the burden to prove.” Syl. Pt. 2,

Williams v. Precision Coil, Inc., 194 W. Va. 52, 459 S.E.2d 329 (1995).

              2.     “A circuit court’s entry of summary judgment is reviewed de novo.”

Syl. Pt. 1, Painter v. Peavy, 192 W. Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (1994).

              3.     “Party walls are as a general rule the subject of agreement, express or

implied, between adjoining owners.” Syl. Pt. 1, Gates v. Friedman, 83 W. Va. 710, 98 S.E.
892 (1919).

              4.     “‘It is not the right or province of a court to alter, pervert or destroy

the clear meaning and intent of the parties as expressed in unambiguous language in their

written contract or to make a new or different contract for them.’ Cotiga Development Co.

v. United Fuel Gas Co., 147 W. Va. 484, 128 S.E.2d 626 (1962), Syllabus Point 3.” Syl. Pt.

2, Bennett v. Dove, 166 W. Va. 772, 277 S.E.2d 617 (1981).

              5.      In the absence of a contractual duty addressing the removal of a

building attached to a party wall, the owner of a building sharing a party wall may remove

his building without liability to the adjoining owner so long as the owner 1) provides notice

of the removal to the adjoining owner, 2) uses reasonable care to protect the structural
integrity of the party wall, and 3) avoids damage to the adjoining owner’s building resulting

from the removal.

              6.     In the absence of a contractual duty addressing the removal of a

building attached to a party wall, an owner who removes a building attached to a party wall

does not have a duty to protect the party wall against the elements.

              7.     “Assignments of error that are not argued in the briefs on appeal may

be deemed by this Court to be waived.” Syl. Pt. 6, Addair v. Bryant, 168 W. Va. 306, 284
S.E.2d 374 (1981).

              8.     “An order denying a motion for summary judgment is merely

interlocutory, leaves the case pending for trial, and is not appealable except in special

instances in which an interlocutory order is appealable.” Syl. Pt. 8, Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co.

v. Fed. Ins. Co. of NY, 148 W. Va. 160, 133 S.E.2d 770 (1963).
ARMSTEAD, Justice:

              This appeal concerns a party wall agreement between adjoining property

owners in Beckley, West Virginia. Petitioner, Sarah L. Birchfield (“Petitioner”), owns a

commercial building that shares a party wall with the adjacent property. The three

Respondents, Zen’s Development, LLC (“Respondent Zen’s”), Uptown Properties, LLC

(“Respondent Uptown”), and Kenneth McBride, Jr. (“Respondent McBride”), are the

current or previous owners of the adjacent property. Petitioner’s lawsuit against these three

Respondents included claims for negligence and breach of the party wall agreement. The

circuit court granted summary judgment to all three Respondents on the breach of the party

wall agreement claim, and it granted summary judgment to Respondent Uptown and

Respondent McBride on Petitioner’s negligence claim.

              On appeal, Petitioner raises eleven assignments of error contesting the circuit

court’s ruling granting summary judgment in favor of Respondents. After review, and for

the reasons explained herein, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

                  I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

              Petitioner purchased a commercial building located at 322 Neville Street in

Beckley, West Virginia, in August of 2007. Petitioner’s property is referred to as “Lot 4.”

The adjacent property on Neville Street, referred to as “Lot 5,” was owned by Respondent

McBride when Petitioner purchased Lot 4. These two properties shared a common wall

(“party wall”).

                                             1
              A party wall agreement was established through a June 12, 1919, deed

between the then-owners of Lot 4 and Lot 5. It provides, in relevant part,

              the said first party [owner of Lot 4] does hereby Give, grant
              and sell unto the said second party [owner of Lot 5] one-half
              of said 18[-]inch wall and the strip of land on which it is being
              built, with the right to join to said wall and to the use of said
              wall as a party wall.

                      Mable L. Ross [owner of Lot 5] is to build front pier on
              her side of division line to support front of building. The said
              wall is 74 feet long, 18 inches thick to top of first story, which
              is to be high enough so that store room on first floor will be 14
              feet from floor to ceiling, to be built of stone, of good
              workmanship and a good substantial wall; and the second story
              or remainder of said wall is to be brick 15 inches thick and built
              on center line and high enough so that rooms on second floor
              of said building will be 9 feet from floor to ceiling, with proper
              heigth [sic] above roof.

                     The wall to be a party wall and as such to be part of each
              building (when building is erected on lot 5) and the title to
              which shall pass by deed to each of said lots.

              It is undisputed that the party wall agreement 1) runs with the land, 2) has

not been terminated, and 3) remains in effect. The party wall agreement is silent as to any

obligations each party has regarding the wall’s maintenance, care, and upkeep. Further,

the party wall agreement does not address what responsibilities or duties an owner has in

the event that one of the buildings connected to the party wall is destroyed.

              In February of 2008, a fire significantly damaged the building on Lot 5,

which was owned at that time by Respondent McBride. Petitioner stated that she received

a call on the night of the fire letting her know that it had occurred. Upon arriving at her

building the next day, Petitioner stated that her basement was “flooded. There was water

                                              2
everywhere; it looked like a warzone.” Petitioner hired a contractor to remove the water

from her basement. She stated that she did not contact her insurance company after the fire

because she felt her contractor could make the repairs, and that she did not need to file a

claim.

              The building on Lot 5 was demolished a short time after the fire occurred.

Respondent McBride removed the debris from Lot 5, leaving the party wall exposed.

Petitioner stated that she witnessed the removal of the debris on Lot 5: “I saw dump trucks,

excavators. It wasn’t a small cleanup crew in there.” After the debris was removed,

Respondent McBride sold Lot 5 to Respondent Uptown in July of 2008.

              Upon acquiring Lot 5, Respondent Uptown built an outdoor elevated wood

patio deck for its restaurant that was located on Lot 6. The elevated patio deck was attached

to the party wall on Lot 4. On December 13, 2012, Harper Rentals, Inc. 1 acquired Lot 5

from Respondent Uptown, and removed the patio deck from the party wall. On December

15, 2015, Harper Rentals, Inc. conveyed Lot 5 to Respondent Zen’s. Respondent Zen’s,

the current owner of the property, excavated and paved Lot 5.

              Petitioner filed her initial complaint on July 30, 2015, against three

defendants 2 alleging tortious interference with a business relationship, and breach of the

         Harper Rentals, Inc. was initially named as a defendant in this matter. It entered
         1

into a settlement agreement with Petitioner, and is no longer a party in this case.

        These three defendants were Matthew Bickey, Mine Power Systems, Inc., and
         2

Harper Rentals, Inc. None of these defendants remain in this case.

                                             3
party wall agreement. Petitioner filed an amended complaint in 2017 in which she named

the three current Respondents, and alleged three causes of action: 1) tortious interference

with a business relationship, 3 2) breach of the party wall agreement, and 3) negligence.

              Regarding the breach of the party wall agreement, Petitioner’s amended

complaint provides

              [e]ach of the Defendants had or has a contractual duty to the
              Plaintiff to maintain the integrity [sic] Plaintiff [and
              Defendants have] a contractual duty to each other to maintain
              said wall. . . . The Plaintiff has been materially, substantially[,]
              and continuously damaged, and has otherwise been harmed as
              a result of the Defendants’ breach of contract of the Party Wall
              Agreement. The Plaintiff continues to suffer damages to Lot 4
              because of the failure of each of the Defendants to perform his
              or its obligations under the Party Wall Agreement.

(Emphasis added).

              Petitioner’s negligence claim provides that all three Respondents had a duty

to Petitioner to maintain the party wall, and not to negligently damage it. Petitioner alleged

that each of the Respondents breached this duty, causing her to suffer damages:

“[Petitioner] continues to suffer damages to Lot 4 because of the failure of each of the

Defendants to maintain the party wall and not to negligently damage it.” 4

       3
         The circuit court granted summary judgment to Respondents on the tortious
interference with a business relationship claim. Petitioner has not appealed that ruling.
       4
        Petitioner retained an expert who stated that Petitioner’s basement on Lot 4 had
continually filled with water since the building on Lot 5 had been demolished in 2008.
This expert also stated that the party wall was damaged by its exposure to the elements
following the removal of the building on Lot 5.

                                               4
                Following initial discovery, the circuit court issued a ruling in December of

2018 that 1) granted summary judgment in favor of Respondent McBride and Respondent

Uptown on Petitioner’s negligence claim, and 2) found that liability on the breach of the

party wall agreement would be determined at trial. The circuit court’s ruling on the issue

of negligence explained that “[t]he undisputed evidence is that the Plaintiff knew of the

damages prior to July 30, 2013. The statute of limitations on a negligence claim is two (2)

years. It is clear that the Plaintiff failed to file her claim of negligence within the allotted

timeframe under the statute” 5 as to Respondent McBride and Respondent Uptown.

Respondent McBride sold Lot 5 in 2008. Respondent Uptown sold Lot 5 in 2012.

Petitioner’s lawsuit was not filed until July of 2015. The circuit court determined that

Petitioner’s negligence claim against Respondent Zen’s could proceed to trial.

       5
           W. Va. Code § 55-2-12 (1959) provides:

                       Every personal action for which no limitation is
                otherwise prescribed shall be brought: (a) Within two years
                next after the right to bring the same shall have accrued, if it be
                for damage to property; (b) within two years next after the right
                to bring the same shall have accrued if it be for damages for
                personal injuries; and (c) within one year next after the right to
                bring the same shall have accrued if it be for any other matter
                of such nature that, in case a party die, it could not have been
                brought at common law by or against his personal
                representative.

                                                5
              Shortly after the circuit court’s December 2018 ruling was entered, a new

circuit court judge was assigned to this case. 6 The case was scheduled for trial on January

27, 2020, and the parties filed renewed motions for summary judgment in November and

December of 2019. The circuit court’s December 13, 2019, order addressing these motions

mainly involved two issues: the remaining negligence claim against Respondent Zen’s, and

the breach of the party wall agreement claim that remained against all three Respondents.

              Both Petitioner and Respondent Zen’s filed summary judgment motions on

the remaining negligence claim. The circuit court denied both of these motions, ruling that

“the issue of whether Zen’s actions in grading the vacant lot and its actions after taking

ownership of the lot are questions of fact that must be addressed at trial.”

              The circuit court granted summary judgment in favor of all three

Respondents on the breach of the party wall agreement claim. The circuit court concluded

that “there are no statutes in West Virginia pertaining to party walls, [and] the case law in

West Virginia dealing with party wall rights and duties is limited. Therefore, the Court

was required to look to other jurisdictions for guidance in determining the governing law

in this case.” The circuit court concluded that absent contractual duties, a party can remove

its building subject to a party wall agreement when 1) notice is provided, 2) reasonable

       6
         Justice John A. Hutchison, then serving as a circuit court judge, presided over this
matter in December of 2018 when the circuit court entered its order on the parties’ various
motions for summary judgment. After Justice Hutchison began serving on the West
Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals, Circuit Court Judge Darl W. Poling presided over this
case.

                                              6
care is taken to protect the structural integrity of the party wall, and 3) the removal does

not damage the adjoining building and its contents. The circuit court noted that Petitioner

had not alleged that she was damaged “by the failure of any Defendant to provide notice

of the intended removal of the burned building.” While the circuit court found that there

was a question of fact regarding “whether a party has exercised reasonable care in the

removal of its building from the party wall,” it noted that the only party that Petitioner had

asserted a timely negligence claim against was Respondent Zen’s. Since the removal of

the debris took place years before Respondent Zen’s acquired Lot 5, the circuit court

determined that any issue regarding the demolition and removal of the debris was moot.

The circuit court also ruled, relying on caselaw from other jurisdictions, that after the

building on Lot 5 was destroyed, Respondents did not have a duty to protect the party wall

from the elements.

              After entry of the circuit court’s order, Petitioner filed a “Rule 60(b) Motion

for Relief from Judgment or, in the Alternative, motion to Certify Questions.” The circuit

court denied this motion by order entered on January 6, 2020. Petitioner subsequently filed

the present appeal. 7

       7
           While Petitioner’s negligence claim against Respondent Zen’s remains pending
for trial, the circuit court’s order denying the motion for relief from judgment provided,

              [t]he Court further concludes that the appropriate process of
              addressing this Court’s adverse ruling is to appeal the matter to
              the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals on appropriate
              issues that are appealable. Accordingly, the Court concludes
                                                                              (continued . . .)

                                              7
                             II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

              This appeal requires us to examine the circuit court’s ruling granting

summary judgment in favor of Respondents. We have held that “[a] circuit court’s entry

of summary judgment is reviewed de novo.” Syl. Pt. 1, Painter v. Peavy, 192 W. Va. 189,

451 S.E.2d 755 (1994). Further,

              [s]ummary judgment is appropriate if, from the totality of the
              evidence presented, the record could not lead a rational trier of
              fact to find for the nonmoving party, such as where the
              nonmoving party has failed to make a sufficient showing on an
              essential element of the case that it has the burden to prove.

Syl. Pt. 2, Williams v. Precision Coil, Inc., 194 W. Va. 52, 459 S.E.2d 329 (1995).

                                     III. ANALYSIS

              Two main issues are raised in this appeal: the circuit court’s ruling granting

summary judgment to all three Respondents on the breach of the party wall agreement

claim, and its ruling granting summary judgment to Respondent McBride and Respondent

Uptown on the negligence claim. Our review will consist of 1) a general discussion of the

assignments of error raised by Petitioner; 2) the circuit court’s ruling on the breach of the

party wall agreement claim; and 3) the circuit court’s ruling on the negligence claim.

              that this action should be stayed at this time pending a decision
              of the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals[.]

                                             8
               Petitioner raises eleven assignments of error in her brief to this Court. 8

However, we decline to address the majority of these assignments of error individually

      8
          The eleven assignments of error are as follows:

      1. The Circuit Court erred when it concluded: “Since there are no statutes in
      West Virginia pertaining to party walls, the case law in West Virginia dealing
      with party wall rights and duties is limited. Therefore the Court was required
      to look to other jurisdictions for guidance in determining the governing law
      in this case.”

      2. The Circuit Court erred when, in adopting party wall duties from Kansas
      and Washington State for the common law of West Virginia and then
      applying them in this case, it conflated two separate and distinct party wall
      duties expressed in those jurisdictions into a single duty.

      3. The Circuit Court erred when it found that the party wall in the instant case
      is not structural because Petitioner’s uncontested expert testimony is that the
      party wall is structural.

      4. The Circuit Court erred when it concluded that the burning of a building
      subject to party wall servitudes as a matter of law fulfills that building
      owner’s the [sic] duty to “give notice of the intended removal” of his building
      to the other party wall owner.

      5. The Circuit Court erred when it found that “[i]n the present case, the
      Plaintiff has failed to identify the party or person(s) that undertook the
      removal of the damaged building on the Defendants’ side of the party wall.”

      6. The Circuit Court erred when it entered summary judgment in favor of
      Respondent McBride whether (1) McBride “use[d] reasonable care to protect
      the structural integrity of the party wall” and (2) McBride “avoid[ed] damage
      to the adjoining owner’s building resulting from the removal” because the
      lower court had not heard the testimony of Petitioner’s expert witness.

      7. The Circuit Court erred when it failed to enter summary judgment in favor
      of Petitioner whether Respondent McBride (1) “use[d] reasonable care to
      protect the structural integrity of the party wall” and (2) “avoid[ed] damage
                                                                            (continued . . .)

                                             9
to the adjoining owner’s building resulting from the removal” – embracing
two separate and distinct party wall duties – because the testimony of
Petitioner’s expert witness on these two matters of scientific opinion is
undisputed.

8. The Circuit Court erred when it entered summary judgment in favor of
Respondents McBride and Uptown Properties on Petitioner’s negligence
claim on the incorrect finding that those Defendants had no duty to Petitioner
to protect Respondents’ one half of the party wall from the elements and thus
ultimate failure and collapse.

9. The Circuit Court erred when it entered summary judgment in favor of
Respondents McBride, Uptown Properties and Zen’s Development on
Petitioner’s party wall claim on the incorrect finding that those Respondents
had no duty to Petitioner to protect Respondents’ one half of the party wall
from the elements and thus from failure and ultimate collapse.

10. The Circuit Court erred when it failed to find prima facie negligence by
each of Respondents because of their violations of the Ordinances of the city
of Beckley, West Virginia, including the following:

a. Section 3303.4 Vacant lot. Where a structure has been demolished or
removed, the vacant lot shall be filled and maintained to the existing grade
or in accordance with the ordinances of the jurisdiction having authority.

b. Section 3303.5 Water Accumulation. Provision shall be made to prevent
the accumulation of water or damage to any foundations on the premises or
the adjoining property.

c. Section 3307.1 Protection required. Adjoining public and private property
shall be protected from damage during construction, remodeling and
demolition work. Protection shall be provided for footings, foundations,
party walls, chimneys, skylights and roofs. Provisions shall be made to
control water runoff and erosion during construction or demolition activities.
. . [Written notice shall be given to the “owners of adjoining buildings”].

d. Section 1502.1 Protection Required. Adjoining public and private property
shall be protected from damage during construction and demolition work.
Protection must be provided for footings, foundations, party walls, chimneys,
                                                                      (continued . . .)

                                      10
because they do not comply with our rules of appellate procedure. Specifically, the

majority of the assignments of error do not include any citation to legal authority or

pinpoint citation to the appendix record. 9

              Rule 10(c)(7) of the West Virginia Rules of Appellate Procedure requires

that

              [t]he brief must contain an argument exhibiting clearly the
              points of fact and law presented, the standard of review
              applicable, and citing the authorities relied on . . . [and] must
              contain appropriate and specific citations to the record on
              appeal, including citations that pinpoint when and how the
              issues in the assignments of error were presented to the lower
              tribunal. The Court may disregard errors that are not
              adequately supported by specific references to the record on
              appeal.

       skylights and roofs. Provisions shall be made to control water runoff and
       erosion during construction or demolition activities. The person making or
       causing an excavation to be made shall provide written notice to the owners
       of adjoining building advising them that the excavation is to be made and
       that the adjoining buildings should be protected. Said notification shall be
       delivered not less than 10 days prior to the scheduled starting date of the
       excavation.

       11. The Circuit Court erred when it entered summary judgment in favor of
       Respondents McBride and Uptown Properties on whether they acted
       reasonably in directing or permitting surface water to flow into the
       Petitioner’s building on the adjoining lot.
       9
         Petitioner’s assignments of error two, four, and five do not include any pinpoint
citation to the appendix record, nor do they include citation to specific legal authority.
Assignments of error six, seven, eight, and nine are addressed in combination in seven
sentences that do not include any pinpoint citation to the appendix record. The only legal
authority mentioned in these seven sentences is a general reference to Rule 56 of the West
Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure. Assignments of error ten and eleven do not include any
pinpoint citation to the appendix record.

                                              11
(Emphasis added).

              Additionally, in an Administrative Order entered by this Court on December

10, 2012, Re: Filings That Do Not Comply With the Rules of Appellate Procedure, we

noted that “[b]riefs that lack citation of authority [or] fail to structure an argument applying

applicable law” are not in compliance with this Court’s rules. Further, “[b]riefs with

arguments that do not contain a citation to legal authority to support the argument presented

and do not ‘contain appropriate and specific citations to the record on appeal . . .’ as

required by rule 10(c)(7)” are not in compliance with this Court’s rules. Id.

              This Court has repeatedly emphasized that issues that are not supported with

pertinent authority will not be considered on appeal. 10 While Petitioner raises eleven

assignments of error, we find that the crux of this appeal involves the circuit court’s ruling

       10
          This Court has ruled that “[i]n the absence of supporting authority, we decline
further to review [these] alleged error[s] because [they] have not been adequately briefed.”
State v. Allen, 208 W. Va. 144, 162, 539 S.E.2d 87, 105 (1999). Additionally, in State,
Department of Health v. Robert Morris N., 195 W. Va. 759, 765, 466 S.E.2d 827, 833
(1995), we stated “‘[a] skeletal “argument,” really nothing more than an assertion, does not
preserve a claim. . . . Judges are not like pigs, hunting for truffles buried in briefs.’”
(quoting United States v. Dunkel, 927 F.2d 955, 956 (7th Cir.1991)). Moreover, this Court
has determined that “[a]lthough we liberally construe briefs in determining issues presented
for review, issues . . . mentioned only in passing but are not supported with pertinent
authority, are not considered on appeal.” State v. LaRock, 196 W. Va. 294, 302, 470 S.E.2d
613, 621 (1996). Accord State v. Adkins, 209 W. Va. 212, 216 n. 5, 544 S.E.2d 914, 918 n.
5 (2001); State v. Easton, 203 W. Va. 631, 642 n. 19, 510 S.E.2d 465, 476 n. 19 (1998);
State v. Lilly, 194 W. Va. 595, 605 n. 16, 461 S.E.2d 101, 111 n. 16 (1995) (noting that
“appellate courts frequently refuse to address issues that appellants . . . fail to develop in
their brief.”).

                                              12
on Petitioner’s breach of the party wall agreement claim and on the negligence claim. We

address these issues below.

              The circuit court granted summary judgment to all three Respondents on

Petitioner’s breach of the party wall agreement claim. Petitioner argues that the circuit

court’s ruling was erroneous because it treated the breach of the party wall claim as a

contract claim, rather than as a tort claim. By contrast, Respondents argue that the breach

of the party wall agreement dispute is a contract claim, not a tort-based claim.

              The circuit court analyzed the parties’ duties under the written party wall

agreement contained in the 1919 deed, and treated the breach of the party wall claim as a

contract claim. We find that the circuit court’s analysis is consistent with our caselaw on

party wall agreements, and the plain language of Petitioner’s amended complaint.

              This Court has ruled that “[a] party wall, in the legal sense of the term, can

only exist in one of two ways: either by contract or by statute; for the common law creates

no such right.” List v. Hornbrook, 2 W. Va. 340, 342 (1867). West Virginia does not have

a party wall statute, thus, the only way a party wall agreement can exist in West Virginia

is pursuant to a contract. Consistent with our ruling in List, this Court has held that “[p]arty

walls are as a general rule the subject of agreement, express or implied, between adjoining

owners.” Syl. Pt. 1, Gates v. Friedman, 83 W. Va. 710, 98 S.E. 892 (1919). The party wall

agreement in the present case exists pursuant to a written contract, the 1919 deed.

              In Petitioner’s amended complaint, she asserted separate claims for breach

of the party wall agreement and negligence. In her breach of the party wall agreement

                                              13
claim, Petitioner alleged that Respondents breached a contractual duty under the party wall

agreement. The amended complaint unambiguously sets forth that this is a contract claim:

              [e]ach of the Defendants had or has a contractual duty to the
              Plaintiff to maintain the integrity [sic] Plaintiff [and
              Defendants have] a contractual duty to each other to maintain
              said wall. . . . The Plaintiff has been materially, substantially[,]
              and continuously damaged, and has otherwise been harmed as
              a result of the Defendants’ breach of contract of the Party Wall
              Agreement.

(Emphasis added).

              Based on the foregoing, we reject Petitioner’s argument that the circuit court

erred by treating the breach of the party wall agreement claim as a contract claim. The

party wall agreement in this case is set forth in a written contract and Petitioner clearly

asserted that the breach of this agreement was a breach of contract.

              Further, we find that the circuit court did not err by granting summary

judgment to Respondents on the breach of the party wall contract claim. “A claim for

breach of contract requires proof of the formation of a contract, a breach of the terms of

that contract, and resulting damages.” Sneberger v. Morrison, 235 W. Va. 654, 669, 776
S.E.2d 156, 171 (2015). The party wall agreement is silent as to any obligations each party

had regarding the wall’s maintenance, care, and upkeep. Further, the party wall agreement

does not address what responsibilities a party has in the event that one of the buildings

connected to the party wall is destroyed. We conclude that Petitioner has failed to

adequately allege, much less establish, any evidence demonstrating that Respondents

breached a term contained in the party wall agreement. Accordingly, we agree with the

                                              14
circuit court’s ruling granting summary judgment to Respondents on Petitioner’s breach of

the party wall agreement claim. To find otherwise would require this Court to add terms

to the party wall agreement that it does not contain. As this Court has often observed, “‘[i]t

is not the right or province of a court to alter, pervert or destroy the clear meaning and

intent of the parties as expressed in unambiguous language in their written contract or to

make a new or different contract for them.’ Cotiga Development Co. v. United Fuel Gas

Co., 147 W. Va. 484, 128 S.E.2d 626 (1962), Syllabus Point 3.” Syl. Pt. 2, Bennett v. Dove,

166 W. Va. 772, 277 S.E.2d 617 (1981).

              Next, we address Petitioner’s negligence claim. We note at the outset that

the circuit court determined that the negligence claim as to Respondent McBride and

Respondent Uptown was untimely. We agree with this ruling and will address it below.

However, having found the absence of an enforceable contractual duty, we begin by

examining the two main issues raised in this case, namely: 1) what obligations does a party

have when removing a building that was attached to a party wall, and 2) whether a party

that has removed a building attached to a party wall has an obligation to protect the party

wall from the elements. Petitioner argues that the circuit court’s resolution of these issues

was erroneous because it improperly relied on cases outside of our jurisdiction, crafted

rules based on these cases, and incorrectly applied these rules to the facts of this case. 11

       11
          Petitioner’s arguments on these issues are intermingled with her arguments
asserting that the circuit court erred by treating the breach of the party wall claim as a
contract claim. We find that these issues are primarily relevant to Petitioner’s negligence
claim, and therefore include them in our discussion of the negligence claim.

                                              15
              The circuit court noted that neither the party wall agreement at issue, nor

West Virginia caselaw, addresses these two issues. While acknowledging that the party

wall agreement is silent on both of these issues, Petitioner asserts that “[i]n West Virginia,

if a contract creating a party wall relationship is silent on rights or duties then West Virginia

courts have supplied them.” Thus, Petitioner is critical of the circuit court’s reliance on

cases from outside of our jurisdiction that have directly addressed the two main issues

herein. 12

              We find no error in the circuit court’s reliance on cases from outside of our

jurisdiction. While Petitioner cites a number of cases from West Virginia that concern

party walls, none of these cases directly address the rights, duties, and obligations of a party

        12
          While Petitioner asserts that the circuit court erred by relying on cases from other
jurisdictions, we note that in Petitioner’s August 27, 2018, motion for partial summary
judgment before the circuit court, she cited, argued, and provided the court with copies of
cases from Tennessee, Indiana, the Third Circuit, and the U.S. District Court of Appeals
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. After one Respondent argued that these cases
were non-binding on the circuit court, Petitioner’s reply brief provided as follows:

              Plaintiff replies that these cases absolutely should guide this
              Court in granting Plaintiff summary judgment because those
              cases are natural and logical articulations of West Virginia’s
              ancient recognition of the general principles of party walls
              stated in its own common law. It just happens that there does
              not exist a case on point in West Virginia’s jurisprudence.

(Emphasis added). Likewise, Petitioner relies on cases from outside of our jurisdiction in
the section of her brief to this Court in which she asserts that the circuit court erred by
relying on cases from outside of our jurisdiction.

                                               16
to a party wall agreement concerning the removal of a building attached to a party wall, or

a party’s duty to protect the party wall from the elements after the building is removed. 13

              Due to this lack of relevant authority in West Virginia, the circuit court relied

on a Kansas case that directly addressed whether a party may remove a building attached

to a party wall, what duties the party owes once he undertakes such removal, and whether

the party has a duty to protect the party wall from the elements once the building is

removed. In Lambert v. City of Emporia, 616 P.2d 1080 (Kan.1980), the Kansas court

       13
          Petitioner relies on syllabus point two of A.W. Cox Department Store v. Solof, 103
W. Va. 493, 138 S.E. 453 (1927), in which this Court held that a party wall agreement
“must be construed with reference to the conditions in and the construction of the building
at the time the party wall agreement was made.” This case does not provide guidance on
the party wall issues raised herein. Additionally, Petitioner relies on Gates, in which this
Court held,

              [w]here a party wall so exists, either of the owners has the right
              to enter upon it for the purpose of building up, extending or
              repairing said wall for his building, if it can be done without
              injury to the adjoining building and said wall is clearly of
              sufficient strength to bear the additional burden, unless he is
              restrained by the provisions of his contract or deed.

 Syl. Pt. 3, 83 W. Va. 710, 98 S.E. 892. Again, this case does not address the party wall
issues raised herein. Petitioner cites two other West Virginia cases, Johnson v. Chapman,
43 W. Va. 639, 28 S.E. 744 (1897), and Mutual Improvement Company v. Merchant’s &
Business Men’s Mutual Fire Insurance Company, 112 W. Va. 291, 164 S.E. 256 (1932).
The rights, duties, and obligations of the parties to the party wall agreement were not at
issue in the Johnson case. In fact, the Court in Johnson only makes two references to a
party wall agreement. The issue in Mutual Improvement was the enforceability of an
arbitration provision under an insurance policy. The Court’s ruling in Mutual Improvement
does not resolve the party wall issues raised in the present case.

                                             17
examined legal treatises and caselaw from numerous jurisdictions that addressed these

issues. The Lambert court determined that:

                     Cases uniformly hold that the owner of a building
             sharing a party wall may remove his building without liability
             to the adjoining owner so long as he gives notice of the removal
             to the adjoining owner and uses reasonable care to protect the
             structural integrity of the party wall and avoid damage to the
             adjoining owner’s building resulting from the removal. This
             rule applies even though removal of the building leaves the
             party wall exposed to the elements or unsightly. Gorman v.
             TPA Corporation, 419 S.W.2d 722, 724 (Ky.1967); First
             Investment Co. v. State Fire Marshal, 175 Neb. 66, 77, 120
N.W.2d 549 (1963); Zaras v. City of Findlay, 112 Ohio App.
367, 382-383, 176 N.E.2d 451 (1960); Thompson v. DeLong,
             Appellant, 267 Pa. 212, 110 A. 251, 9 A.L.R. 1326 (1920);
             Cameron v. Perkins, 76 Wash. 2d 7, 15-16, 454 P.2d 834
             (1969); 2 Thompson on Real Property s 402, p. 596 (1980); 60
             Am.Jur.2d, Party Walls s 30, p. 297. Cf. Third National Bank
             v. Goodlett Realty Co., 58 Tenn. App. 48, 60-61, 425 S.W.2d
783 (1967) (removal of building damaged party wall and
             liability ensued). The purpose of giving notice is to enable the
             adjoining owner to look to his own protection. Gorman v. TPA
             Corporation, 419 S.W.2d at 724; Zaras v. City of Findlay, 112
Ohio App. at 382, 176 N.E.2d 451.

616 P.2d at 1083.

              Additionally, the circuit court relied on a case from Washington State that

addressed whether an owner who removes a building has a duty to protect the party wall

from the elements once the building is removed. Cameron v. Perkins, 454 P.2d 834 (Wash.

1969). The circuit court noted that the court in Cameron relied on caselaw from Michigan,

Iowa, Utah, New York, Virginia, and Nebraska, as well as legal treatises, and concluded

that “[o]ne removing a building is under no obligation to protect a party wall against rain

                                             18
nor is he required to protect the wall by permanently covering it against the elements.” Id.

at 840 (quoting 2 Thompson on Real Property, § 403 at 629 (1961)).

              Because West Virginia does not have any statutes or caselaw that directly

addresses these issues, we find that the circuit court did not err by relying on Lambert or

Cameron as persuasive authority. Consistent with the rule set forth in Lambert, 14 the circuit

court determined, and we now hold, that in the absence of a contractual duty addressing

the removal of a building attached to a party wall, the owner of a building sharing a party

wall may remove his building without liability to the adjoining owner so long as the owner

1) provides notice of the removal to the adjoining owner, 2) uses reasonable care to protect

the structural integrity of the party wall, and 3) avoids damage to the adjoining owner’s

building resulting from the removal. We also hold, consistent with the rule set forth in

Cameron, 15 that in the absence of a contractual duty addressing the removal of a building

attached to a party wall, an owner who removes a building attached to a party wall does

not have a duty to protect the party wall against the elements.

       14
         See also J.P. Asset Co., Inc. v. City of Wichita, 70 P.3d 711 (Kan. 2003)
(disapproved of on other grounds by, Cummings v. City of Lakin, 80 P.3d 356 (Kan. 2003));
Gorman v. TPA Corp., 419 S.W.2d 722 (Ky. 1967); Salvation Army v. Kyle, 778 N.W.2d
485 (Neb. App. 2009).
       15
         See 59A Am. Jur. 2d Party Walls § 49 (2021) (footnotes omitted) (“The general
rule requiring only notice and due care for the removal or demolition of a building which
abuts a party wall, as between the party wall owners, governs even though the removal
leaves the wall unprotected, exposed to the elements, or unsightly. There is no liability for
the mere exposure of a party wall, so a landowner who demolishes his or her building and
replaces it with a lower building need not protect the exposed portion of the party wall
from rain or snow.”).

                                             19
              When applying these holdings to the instant case, the circuit court noted that

Petitioner had not alleged that she was damaged “by the failure of any Defendant to provide

notice of the intended removal of the burned building.” We agree. Respondent McBride

could not have provided notice of the initial destruction of his building because the building

was destroyed by an accidental fire. Further, Petitioner testified that she was aware of the

fire that damaged the building on the night that it occurred, and was aware of the water

intrusion into her building the next morning. Also, Petitioner testified that she was aware

of the debris removal from Lot 5 while it was occurring. Therefore, we agree with the

circuit court’s conclusion that notice was not an issue in this case.

              While the circuit court found that there was a question of fact regarding

“whether a party has exercised reasonable care in the removal of its building from the party

wall,” it noted that the only party that Petitioner had asserted a timely negligence claim

against was Respondent Zen’s. Since the removal of the debris took place years before

Respondent Zen’s acquired Lot 5, the circuit court determined that any issue regarding the

negligent demolition and removal of the debris was moot. We agree and find that no such

claim for negligent removal of debris can be maintained against Respondent Zen’s. The

issue of whether Respondent McBride exercised reasonable care during the demolition and

removal of debris from Lot 5 is part of Petitioner’s negligence claim. As discussed in the

following section, the negligence claim asserted against Respondent McBride and

Respondent Uptown was not filed in a timely manner.

                                             20
              Next, we find that because the party wall agreement did not require either

party to protect the party wall against the elements in the event that a building that was

attached to the party wall was removed, and no such duty exists under West Virginia

common law, the circuit court correctly determined that Respondents did not owe a duty

to Petitioner to “take any steps to protect the exterior of the party wall from the elements

after the removal of the structure formerly located on their property.”

              We now address the circuit court’s ruling granting summary judgment to

Respondent McBride and Respondent Uptown on the negligence claim on the basis that it

was untimely. In December of 2018, the circuit court granted summary judgment in favor

of Respondent McBride and Respondent Uptown on Petitioner’s negligence claim. The

circuit court determined that “[t]he undisputed evidence is that the Plaintiff knew of the

damages prior to July 30, 2013. The statute of limitations on a negligence claim is two (2)

years. It is clear that the Plaintiff failed to file her claim of negligence within the allotted

timeframe under the statute [W. Va. Code § 55-2-12]” as to Respondent McBride and

Respondent Uptown.

              As noted by the circuit court, Respondent McBride sold Lot 5 in 2008.

Respondent Uptown sold Lot 5 in December of 2012. Petitioner did not file her lawsuit in

this matter until July of 2015. Therefore, the circuit court ruled that the negligence claims

against these two Respondents were barred by the statute of limitations.

              While Petitioner asserted eleven assignments of error in her brief to this

Court, she did not allege, raise, or make any argument disputing the circuit court’s

                                              21
December 2018 ruling that the negligence claims against Respondent McBride and

Respondent Uptown were barred by the two-year statute of limitations contained in W. Va.

Code § 55-2-12. In their briefs to this Court, Respondents McBride and Uptown noted that

Petitioner failed to contest this ruling, and asserted that it was therefore waived.

               In Petitioner’s reply brief, she responded to Respondent McBride’s argument

as follows:

                      Respondent McBride claims that [Petitioner’s]
               negligence [claim is] “time barred”. . . . Respondent McBride
               has not tendered to this Honorable Court, and the agreed record
               for [Petitioner’s] appeal omits, any evidence that he either (a)
               made a valid and timely affirmative defense on these claimed
               statutes of limitations or (b) perfected those issues for his own
               cross-appeal. Thus, for this appeal, this Honorable Court may
               not properly consider Respondent McBride’s arguments on the
               proper statute of limitations or on its applicability to this case. 16

(Footnote added).

               Similarly, Petitioner’s reply brief provides that Respondent Uptown “leans

heavily on the incorrect statute of limitations. It is not two years for damage to property,

it is ten years[.]” Petitioner’s reply brief asserts, for the first time, that a ten-year statute of

limitations applies to her negligence claims against Respondents McBride and Uptown.

While Petitioner cites a statute in support of this argument in her reply brief, W. Va. Code

       16
          We are perplexed by this argument and do not understand Petitioner’s assertion
that the circuit court’s ruling in favor of Respondent McBride on the negligence claim is
not properly before this Court because Respondent McBride failed to perfect the issue.

                                                22
§ 55-2-6a (2015), 17 she does not 1) cite any caselaw explaining why this statute applies to

her negligence claim; 2) explain why the circuit court erred by relying on the two-year

statute of limitation contained in W. Va. Code § 55-2-12; or 3) explain why she did not

contest the circuit court’s December 2018 ruling applying the two-year statute of limitation

in her petition for appeal or raise this as an assignment of error in her initial brief to this

Court.

                  Upon review, we agree with Respondents that Petitioner has waived this

issue. The circuit court entered summary judgment in favor of Respondent McBride and

Respondent Uptown on the negligence claim on the basis that this claim was untimely.

Petitioner did not contest this ruling in her petition for appeal or in her initial brief.

                  West Virginia Rule of Appellate Procedure 10(c)(3) requires Petitioner to

include all assignments of error presented for review, which assignments must be

         17
              W. Va. Code § 55-2-6a provides:

                 No action, whether in contract or in tort, for indemnity or otherwise,
         nor any action for contribution or indemnity to recover damages for any
         deficiency in the planning, design, surveying, observation or supervision of
         any construction or the actual construction of any improvement to real
         property, or the actual surveying of real property, or, to recover damages for
         any injury to real or personal property, or, for an injury to a person or for
         bodily injury or wrongful death arising out of the defective or unsafe
         condition of any improvement to real property, or the survey of real property,
         may be brought more than ten years after the performance or furnishing of
         the services or construction. However, the above period is tolled according
         to section twenty-one of this article. The period of limitation provided in this
         section does not commence until the improvement to the real property, or the
         survey of the real property in question has been occupied or accepted by the
         owner of the real property, whichever occurs first.

                                                23
accompanied by “an argument exhibiting clearly the points of fact and law presented . . .

citing the authorities relied on [.]” W.V.R.A.P. 10(c)(7). This Court has repeatedly stated

that we ordinarily “will not address an assignment of error that was not raised in a petition

for appeal.” Canterbury v. Laird, 221 W. Va. 453, 458, 655 S.E.2d 199, 204 (2007); see

also Koerner v. W. Va. Dep’t of Mil. Affs. & Pub. Safety, 217 W. Va. 231, 617 S.E.2d 778

(2005) (refusing to consider an argument in Petitioner’s brief that was not assigned as error

in petition for appeal); Holmes v. Basham, 130 W. Va. 743, 45 S.E.2d 252 (1947) (same).

Additionally, “[a]lthough we liberally construe briefs in determining issues presented for

review, issues which are not raised, and those mentioned only in passing but are not

supported with pertinent authority, are not considered on appeal.” LaRock, 196 W. Va. at

302, 470 S.E.2d at 621. See also Syl. Pt. 6, Addair v. Bryant, 168 W. Va. 306, 284 S.E.2d
374 (1981) (“Assignments of error that are not argued in the briefs on appeal may be

deemed by this Court to be waived.”); Morris v. Painter, 211 W. Va. 681, 685, 567 S.E.2d
916, 920 (2002) (citing cases refusing to address issues not properly briefed or preserved

for appeal); In re Edward B., 210 W. Va. 621, 625 n. 2, 558 S.E.2d 620, 624 n. 2 (2001)

(“Because the errors, as assigned in the Appellant’s petition for appeal, were neither

assigned nor argued in the Appellant’s brief, they are hereby waived.”); Tiernan v.

Charleston Area Med. Ctr., Inc., 203 W. Va. 135, 140 n. 10, 506 S.E.2d 578, 583 n. 10

(1998) (“Issues not raised on appeal or merely mentioned in passing are deemed waived.”).

              While we find that Petitioner has waived this issue, we emphasize that even

if Petitioner had not waived this claim, Petitioner’s reply brief does not include any caselaw

                                             24
or offer any substantive explanation addressing why the circuit court erred when it

determined that the two-year statute of limitations applied to her negligence claim against

Respondent McBride and Respondent Uptown. Further, we note that in Trafalgar House

Construction, Inc. v. ZMM, Inc., 211 W. Va. 578, 583, 567 S.E.2d 294, 299 (2002), this

Court found that “[u]nder West Virginia law, claims in tort for negligence, professional

negligence, and misrepresentation (fraudulent or negligent) are governed by a two-year

statute of limitation.” 18

       18
         This Court addressed the purpose and scope of the statute relied on by Petitioner,
W. Va. Code § 55-2-6a, in Gibson v. West Virginia Department of Highways, 185 W. Va.
214, 406 S.E.2d 440 (1991):

       The purpose of this type of statute of repose is to protect architects and
       builders from the increased exposure to liability as a result of the demise of
       the privity of contract defense. Without a statute of repose, a party injured
       because of a latent design or defect could sue an architect or builder many
       years after a construction project was completed. This could result in stale
       claims with a distinct possibility of loss of relevant evidence and witnesses.

              Because architects and builders were the ones primarily exposed to
       increased liability when privity of contract was abolished, we cannot fault
       our legislature for protecting this group. Furthermore, our statute is not so
       narrowly drawn as some in other jurisdictions. W. Va. Code, 55-2-6a, has a
       ten-year limitation and bars recovery in three general areas. The first relates
       to damages “for any deficiency in the planning, design, surveying,
       observation or supervision of any construction[.]” The second involves
       damages arising from “the actual construction of any improvement to real
       property[.]” The third area is “for an injury to a person or for bodily injury
       or wrongful death arising out of the defective or unsafe condition of any
       improvement to real property[.]”
Id. at 220, 406 S.E.2d at 446.

                                                                             (continued . . .)

                                             25
              Based on the foregoing, we affirm the circuit court’s ruling granting

summary judgment to Respondent McBride and Respondent Uptown on the negligence

claim.

              The final issue is Petitioner’s claim that the circuit court erred by denying

her motion for summary judgment on her negligence claim against Respondent Zen’s.

Petitioner and Respondent Zen’s filed cross-motions for summary judgment on the

negligence claim. The circuit court denied both of these motions, ruling that “the issue of

whether Zen’s actions in grading the vacant lot and its actions after taking ownership of

the lot are questions of fact that must be addressed at trial.”

              Upon review, we find that this is an interlocutory ruling that is not properly

before this Court. “An order denying a motion for summary judgment is merely

interlocutory, leaves the case pending for trial, and is not appealable except in special

instances in which an interlocutory order is appealable.” Syl. Pt. 8, Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co.

v. Fed. Ins. Co. of NY, 148 W. Va. 160, 133 S.E.2d 770 (1963). This case does not present

               Further, in Stone v. United Engineering, a Division of Wean, Inc., 197 W.
Va. 347, 475 S.E.2d 439 (1996), we observed that the “general purpose of statutes of repose
[like W. Va. Code § 55-2-6a], . . . [is] to protect architects, builders and the like who have
completed their jobs and who have relinquished access and control of the improvements.”
Id. at 355, 475 S.E.2d at 446 (internal citation and quotation omitted). We note that the
alleged injury in this case does not stem from a latent design or defect that occurred many
years after a construction project was complete. Instead, Petitioner was aware of the
alleged injury to her building the morning after the fire occurred on Lot 5. Petitioner noted
that her building was flooded and noted that it looked like a “warzone” the morning after
the fire.

                                              26
any special circumstance that would make the circuit court’s interlocutory ruling

appealable. Therefore, we reject this assignment of error.

                                  IV. CONCLUSION

             We affirm the circuit court’s January 6, 2020, order.

                                                                       Affirmed.

                                            27