Court Opinion

ID: 9912379
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-22 06:05:56.050708+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:58:44.994441
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

KENNEDY AMMAN and CORI AMMAN,                                       UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    December 21, 2023
               Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v                                                                   No. 362353
                                                                    Saginaw Circuit Court
BETHANY BUSCH,                                                      LC No. 17-035098-CZ

               Defendant-Appellee.

Before: GLEICHER, C.J., and SWARTZLE and YATES, JJ.

GLEICHER, C.J. (dissenting).

        During a choir class at Chesaning High School, a piano fell off a dolly and onto plaintiff
Kennedy Amman’s foot, crushing it. The sole issue at trial was whether defendant Bethany Busch,
the choir teacher who was moving the piano when it fell, knew of the piano’s unsteadiness. The
trial court derailed Kennedy’s case by precluding her from presenting any evidence that a previous
choir teacher, Yasmin Gewirtz, had publicly complained of the piano’s instability. The majority
affirms, holding that because Gewirtz disavowed having made the statements attributed to her and
claimed she had never spoken to Busch about the piano, the trial court’s exclusion of the evidence
was not an abuse of discretion. I respectfully dissent.

                                            I. BACKGROUND

        Kennedy and her mother, plaintiff Cori Amman, sued the Chesaning school district, the
school principal, and Busch. The three defendants unsuccessfully sought summary disposition in
the trial court. This Court reversed regarding the school district and the principal, holding that
summary disposition in their favor was warranted. Amman v Chesaning Union Schs, unpublished
per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued August 27, 2020 (Docket Nos. 346483 and
346484). But we upheld the denial of summary disposition as to Busch, holding that the evidence
supported a gross negligence claim arising from Busch’s decision to move the unstable piano with
a group of students standing nearby. In large part, we rested our opinion on the fact that a former
choir teacher, Gewirtz, had allegedly noticed the piano’s unsteadiness and commented about it at
the school.

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        At the summary disposition stage, we noted several students’ affidavits quoting Gewirtz’s
comments about the piano, specifically its dangerousness. Alyssa Tinklepaugh averred that
Gewirtz “had trouble moving the piano on the dolly,” that she had students help her move the
piano because the piano was too heavy to move herself, and that she had “complained to the whole
class that the piano on the dolly was not level, or that it was unstable, and that she was going to go
to the Administrative Offices and let them know about this.” Two weeks before the accident,
Tinklepaugh asserted, Busch had “made almost the exact same comment that [Gewirtz had] made,
namely that the piano on the dolly was ‘unstable,’ and that she was going to ‘inform the front
office,’ and similar such words.”

         Brionna Harrison, another student, affirmed in an affidavit that Gewirtz “had trouble
moving the piano on the dolly on her own,” that she had students help her move the piano on at
least one occasion, and that she had “said things to the effect of, ‘This piano is wobbly’ and ‘This
is not sturdy’ meaning the piano on the dolly.” Harrison’s affidavit continued that on at least one
occasion, Gewirtz had “openly complained during class that the piano on the dolly was wobbly.”
Violet Foster, another classmate, affirmed that Gewirtz would call on students in class to help her
move the piano on the dolly, that Gewirtz was unable to move it on her own, and that Foster heard
Gewirtz “complain about the state the piano was in, and that she wished the School would get rid
of it.”

        In our first opinion, we held that these affidavits, in combination with evidence that Busch
herself had voiced concerns about the piano, provided evidentiary support for Kennedy’s gross
negligence claim. We highlighted that the statements were admissible because they were not
offered to prove that the piano was wobbly (this fact was essentially admitted), but instead to prove
that Busch knew or should have known of the piano’s instability on the dolly.

         Predictably, at the trial, proof of Busch’s knowledge of the piano’s unsteadiness was the
key to Kennedy’s case against Busch. Because she was a governmental employee, Busch’s
liability hinged on whether a jury determined that she was grossly negligent.

       Gross negligence is “conduct so reckless as to demonstrate a substantial lack of concern
for whether an injury results.” MCL 691.1407(8)(a). This Court has described gross negligence
as

       almost a willful disregard of precautions or measures to attend to safety and a
       singular disregard for substantial risks. It is as though, if an objective observer
       watched the actor, he could conclude, reasonably, that the actor simply did not care
       about the safety or welfare of those in his charge. [Tarlea v Crabtree, 263 Mich
       App 80, 90; 687 NW2d 333 (2004)].

As we explained in our first opinion, if Busch had conversations with other teachers regarding the
piano’s danger, those conversations would be relevant to Kennedy’s gross negligence claim.
Busch’s failure to take any precautions—despite being concerned that moving the piano on the
dolly was “an accident waiting to happen”—could constitute “a willful disregard of precautions or
measures to attend to safety and a singular disregard for substantial risks.” Tarlea, 263 Mich App
at 90. If Busch knew or should have known about the danger, her failure to put any safeguards in

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place, including simply instructing students to stand on the opposite side of the room as the piano
was moved, could support a gross negligence claim.

         After our remand and before the case went to trial, Busch filed a motion in limine seeking
to exclude Gewirtz as a witness in the case and to prohibit Kennedy and her witnesses from
testifying to Gewirtz’s statements. As the majority opinion recites, the trial court granted Busch’s
motion on relevancy grounds. The trial court reasoned that “the question of whether or not the
prior music teacher said something is entirely irrelevant to whether or not the Defendant Busch
was grossly negligent in relation to this particular case.” The court continued: “Ms. Gerwitz [sic]
is totally irrelevant. We’ve got enough issues, we don’t need other issues or other nonissues being
brought into this case.” The trial court’s order stated, in relevant part, that “Defendant’s motion
arguing that portions of [the students’] Affidavits that mention Ms. Gerwitz [sic] shall be stricken
is GRANTED. Further, Ms. Gerwitz [sic] will not be mentioned in any part of the trial, and shall
not be called as a witness to the trial, as she is not a party to the suit, and the School has been
dismissed.”

        The majority affirms, observing that the students’ affidavits “do not indicate that Gewirtz
made the remarks to defendant or in defendant’s presence, and the affidavits do not establish any
connection between Gewirtz and defendant. Consequently, the affidavits did not show that
defendant received notice of the piano issue from Gewirtz.” No other evidence established a
connection between Gewirtz and Busch, the majority adds, summarizing that “[t]he remarks of the
prior choir teacher unconnected to defendant had no bearing on what defendant knew about the
piano.”

                                         II. ANALYSIS

       In my view, Gewirtz’s statements were relevant regarding whether Busch knew or should
have known of danger presented by moving the piano on the dolly. In affirming the trial court’s
in limine ruling, the majority conflates the relevance of the excluded evidence with the
persuasiveness (in the majority’s estimation) of that evidence.

        Relevant evidence is evidence “having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that
is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would
be without the evidence.” MRE 401 (emphasis added). To be relevant, evidence must tend “ ‘to
make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more
probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.’ ” People v Crawford, 458 Mich
376, 389-90; 582 NW2d 785 (1998), quoting MRE 401. Our Supreme Court emphasized in
Crawford that “[t]he threshold is minimal: ‘any’ tendency is sufficient probative force.” Id. at
390. Evidence is relevant if it “in some degree advances the inquiry,” 1 McCormick, Evidence
(6th ed), § 185, p 736, and is not objectionable simply because it fails to supply conclusive proof.

       Long ago, our Supreme Court recognized that “[n]o single item of evidence can be rejected
upon the sole ground that it falls short of making a case; if it contributes to that end it must be
received, and its sufficiency in connection with the other evidence must be determined on a review
of the whole when the case is closed.” Collins v Beecher, 45 Mich 436, 438; 8 NW 97 (1881).
More recently, the Supreme Court amplified the same point in People v Brooks, 453 Mich 511,

                                                -3-
519; 557 NW2d 106 (1996), by quoting extensively from the McCormick treatise, “where the
reader encounters the familiar formulation that ‘a brick is not a wall:’ ”

       Under our system, molded by the tradition of jury trial and predominantly oral
       proof, a party offers his evidence not en masse, but item by item. An item of
       evidence, being but a single link in the chain of proof, need not prove conclusively
       the proposition for which it is offered. It need not ever make that proposition appear
       more probable than not. Whether the entire body of one party’s evidence is
       sufficient to go to the jury is one question. Whether a particular item of evidence
       is relevant to his case is quite another. It is enough if the item could reasonably
       show that a fact is slightly more probable than it would appear without that
       evidence. Even after the probative force of the evidence is spent, the proposition
       for which it is offered still can seem quite improbable. Thus, the common objection
       that the inference for which the fact is offered “does not necessarily follow” is
       untenable. It poses a standard of conclusiveness that very few single items of
       circumstantial evidence ever could meet. A brick is not a wall. [Id., quoting 1
       McCormick, Evidence (4th ed), § 185, p 776.]

        The statements attributed to Busch establish a fact of consequence to the action: that the
piano was obviously unsteady and that any choir teacher who moved the piano knew or should
have known of its dangerousness. The statements attributed to Gewirtz establish precisely the
same relevant fact. Gewirtz’s deposition denial that she had made the statements and her insistence
that she did not recognize the piano’s danger may have made the students’ accounts less believable,
but her testimony did not render them less relevant.

         The majority concludes that because Busch could not have heard them, Gewirtz’s
statements were “unconnected” to Busch and “had no bearing on what [Busch] knew about the
piano.” But the statements’ relevancy does not rise and fall on whether Busch heard them. Rather,
evidence that another choir teacher knew that the piano was “an accident waiting to happen” would
assist the jury in determining that Busch should have known that the piano was unsteady because
its danger was obvious, and common knowledge within the school. Contrary to the majority,
Busch’s denial of any knowledge is not conclusive proof that she was unaware that others had
expressed concerns about the piano’s safety. Cross examination is all about challenging such
steadfast denials and allowing a jury to assess their credibility.1

        In my view, the trial court abused its discretion by preventing Kennedy from offering the
strongest proof she had that Busch knew or should have known of the piano’s unsteadiness when
perched on a moving dolly. Gross negligence is difficult to establish, and Kennedy faced an uphill
battle under the best of circumstances. The elimination of one strong brick of support for that
proof made that task insurmountable. By detailing the reasons that Busch was unlikely to have
been aware of Gewirtz’s statements, the majority misplaces it focus, making the same error as the

1
  The majority observes that “allowing Gewirtz to testify at trial simply would have set up a
credibility contest between Gewirtz and the students about what Gewirtz said several years before
defendant Busch started teaching choir classes at Chesaning High School.” This is precisely what
a trial is all about.

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trial court. The jury could have considered Gewirtz’s views irrelevant because Busch didn’t hear
them, just as the majority and the trial court did. But constructing a list of reasons a factfinder
might disregard a piece of evidence doesn’t equate to irrelevance as a matter of law.

        Whether Busch knew or should have known about the piano’s danger was the only real
issue at the trial. Gewirtz’s statements were relevant to whether Busch should have seen what was
obvious to Gewirtz and others. Indeed, Gewirtz’s statements provided the strongest possible
evidence of that fact. Because the improper exclusion of this evidence was “inconsistent with
substantial justice,” MCR 2.613(A), I would reverse and remand for a new trial.

                                                            /s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher

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