Court Opinion

ID: 4074694
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-30 05:19:07.809863+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:33:09.558283
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                              01-15-00213
                                                                FIRST COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                        HOUSTON, TEXAS
                                                                     12/17/2015 9:17:56 AM
                                                                     CHRISTOPHER PRINE
                                                                                    CLERK

                        NO. 01-15-00213-CR

                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS            FILED IN
                                              1st COURT OF APPEALS
          FOR THE FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF TEXASHOUSTON, TEXAS
                         AT HOUSTON           12/17/2015 9:17:56 AM
                                                   CHRISTOPHER A. PRINE
                                                          Clerk

ANTHONY MICHAEL LONGORIA            §              APPELLANT
                                    §
VS.                                 §
                                    §
THE STATE OF TEXAS                  §              APPELLEE

__________________________________________________________________

                 APPEAL FROM CAUSE NO. 1378394
                  IN THE 337TH DISTRICT COURT
                    OF HARRIS COUNTY, TEXAS
___________________________________________________________________

                  APPELLANT’S AMENDED BRIEF
___________________________________________________________________

                                    ADAM B. BROWN
                                    SBOT No. 01728540
                                    300 Main, Ste. 200
                                    Houston, Texas 77002
                                    Phone (713) 223-0051
                                    Fax (713) 223-0877
                                    adambrownlaw@yahoo.com

                                    ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

            APPELLANT REQUESTS ORAL ARGUMENT
                                    Identity of Parties and Counsel

         The following is a complete list of all parties to the trial court’s judgment, and the

names and addresses of all trial and appellate counsel:

Anthony Michael Longoria ................................................................................... Appellant

State of Texas ......................................................................................................... Appellee

James Tucker Graves ............................................. Appellant’s Appointed Counsel at Trial
402 Main St., Ste. 200
Houston, Texas 77002

Abigail Anastasio ................................................... Appellant’s Appointed Counsel at Trial
50 Briar Hollow Lane, Suite 235 W.
Houston, Texas 77027

Coby Leslie ..................................................................... Assistant District Attorney at Trial
Harris County District Attorney’s Office
1201 Franklin
Houston, Texas 77002

Adam B. Brown ................................................ Appellant’s Appointed Counsel on Appeal
300 Main, Ste. 200
Houston, Texas 77002

Alan Curry ................................................................ Assistant District Attorney on Appeal
Harris County District Attorney’s Office
1201 Franklin
Houston, Texas 77002

Hon. Renee Magee .............................................................................................. Trial Judge

                                                               2
                                                      Contents

                                                                                                                    Page

Identity of Parties and Counsel .................................................................................. 2

Table of Contents ....................................................................................................... 3

List of Authorities ...................................................................................................... 5

Statement of the Case ............................................................................................... 10

Issues Presented........................................................................................................ 10

         Issue One: The trial court erred in providing a limiting instruction in the
         jury charge in violation of Texas Rule of Evidence 105.

         Issue Two: The trial court erred in providing a limiting instruction in the
         jury charge in violation of Article 36.14 of the Texas Code of Criminal
         Procedure.

         Issue Three: The trial court erred in providing a limiting instruction in
         the jury charge in violation of Appellant’s Sixth Amendment right to
         counsel.

         Issue Four: The trial court abused its discretion in admitting a video
         recording that was not authenticated pursuant to Texas Rule of Evidence
         901.

Summary of the Arguments ..................................................................................... 11

Background Facts ..................................................................................................... 12

Arguments and Authorities ...................................................................................... 16

    Issues One, Two, and Three ............................................................................... 16

                                                             3
         A.       Facts....................................................................................................... 16

         B.      Standard of Review ............................................................................... 17

         C.      The trial court erred in including the limiting instruction
                  in the jury charge. ................................................................................. 17

         D.       The error infringed on Appellant’s Sixth Amendment right to
                  counsel.. ................................................................................................ 19

         E.       Harm Analysis ...................................................................................... 25

                  1. Constitutional Error.. ........................................................................ 25

                  2. Harm Analysis under the Almanza Standard .................................... 28

    Issue Four ........................................................................................................... 30

         A.       Facts....................................................................................................... 30

         B.      Standard of Review ............................................................................... 32

         C.      The trial court abused its discretion in admitting the video
                 recording because it was not authenticated... ........................................ 32

         D.       The error harmed Appellant’s substantial rights. .................................. 43

Prayer ....................................................................................................................... 47

Certificate of Service ................................................................................................ 48

Certificate of Compliance ........................................................................................ 48

                                                               4
                                              List of Authorities

         Cases:

Agbogwe v. State, .............................................................................................. 20, 29
  414 S.W.3d 820 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.)

Almanza v. State, ............................................................................................... 17, 28
   686 S.W.2d 157 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984)

Angleton v. State, ..................................................................................................... 32
  971 S.W.2d 65 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)

Ballard v. State, ....................................................................................................... 38
   23 S.W.3d 178 (Tex. App.-Waco 2000, no pet.)

Barrios v. State, ....................................................................................................... 17
  283 S.W.3d 348 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)

Barshaw v. State, ............................................................................................... 44, 47
  342 S.W.3d 91 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)

Blevins v. State, ....................................................................................................... 18
   884 S.W.2d 219 (Tex. App.-Beaumont 1994, no pet.)

Brown v. State, ........................................................................................................ 41
   14-03-01265-CR, 2005 WL 363950
   (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Feb. 17, 2005, pet. ref'd)

Burnett v. State, ................................................................................................. 44, 47
  88 S.W.3d 633 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)

Curry v. State, .................................................................................................... 20, 29
  861 S.W.2d 479 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 1993, pet. ref'd)

Delgado v. State, ..............................................................................................passim
  235 S.W.3d 244 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)

                                                             5
Druery v. State, .................................................................................................. 17, 28
  225 S.W.3d 491 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)

Ex parte Ewing, ....................................................................................................... 21
   570 S.W.2d 941 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978)

Gallo v. State, .......................................................................................................... 32
  239 S.W.3d 757 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)

Garcia v. State, ........................................................................................................ 40
  05-07-00540-CR, 2008 WL 2655622
  (Tex. App.—Dallas July 8, 2008, pet. ref'd)

Garcia v. State, ........................................................................................................ 44
  126 S.W.3d 921 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)

Hammock v. State, ................................................................................................... 18
  46 S.W.3d 889 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)

Harris v. State, ........................................................................................................ 26
  790 S.W.2d 568 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989)

Hernandez v. State, .................................................................................................. 26
  80 S.W.3d 63 (Tex. App.–Amarillo 2002, no pet.)

Huffman v. State, ..................................................................................................... 33
  746 S.W.2d 212 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988)

King v. State, ........................................................................................................... 44
   953 S.W.2d 266 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)

Lakeside v. Oregon, ..........................................................................................passim
  435 U.S. 333, 98 S. Ct. 1091, 55 L. Ed. 2d 319 (1978)

Langham v. State, .................................................................................................... 26
  305 S.W.3d 568 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)

                                                             6
McGowan v. State, .................................................................................................. 19
  375 S.W.3d 585 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, pet. ref'd)

McNeil v. State, ................................................................................................. 20, 29
  452 S.W.3d 408 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014), pet. ref’d)

Morales v. State, ...................................................................................................... 44
  32 S.W.3d 862 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)

Motilla v. State, ....................................................................................................... 26
  78 S.W.3d 352 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)

Page v. State, ........................................................................................................... 36
  125 S.W.3d 640 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. ref'd)

Patterson v. Illinois, ................................................................................................ 22
   487 U.S. 285, 108 S. Ct. 2389, 101 L. Ed. 2d 261 (1988)

Pollard v. State, ....................................................................................................... 26
   255 S.W.3d 184 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 2008),
   aff'd, 277 S.W.3d 25, 33 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)

Randell v. State, ................................................................................................. 34, 40
  No. 07–11–00493–CR, 2013 WL 309001
  (Tex.App.-Amarillo Jan. 25, 2013, pet. ref'd)

Reavis v. State, .................................................................................................. 33, 35
  84 S.W.3d 716 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 2002, no pet.)

Ryan v. State, ............................................................................................... 18, 20, 29
  937 S.W.2d 93 (Tex. App.-Beaumont 1996, pet. ref'd)

Sakil v. State, ........................................................................................................... 17
   287 S.W.3d 23 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)

Schutz v. State, ......................................................................................................... 44
   63 S.W.3d 442 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)

                                                              7
Snowden v. State, ............................................................................................... 25, 26
   353 S.W.3d 815 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)

Standmire v. State, ................................................................................................... 33
   --- S.W.3d ----, 2014 WL 3882940
   (Tex. App.—Waco Aug. 7, 2014, pet. ref’d)

State v. Frye, ............................................................................................................ 22
   897 S.W.2d 324 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995)

Strickland v. Washington, ........................................................................................ 21
   466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984)

Teeter v. State, ......................................................................................................... 41
   05-06-00309-CR, 2007 WL 510356
   (Tex. App.—Dallas Feb. 20, 2007, no pet.)

United States v. Johnson, ........................................................................................ 18
  46 F.3d 1166 (D.C. Cir. 1995)

United States v. Rhodes, .......................................................................................... 18
  62 F.3d 1449 (D.C. Cir. 1995)

United States v. Taylor, ........................................................................................... 37
  530 F.2d 639 (5th Cir.),
  cert. denied, 429 U.S. 845, 97 S. Ct. 127, 50 L. Ed. 2d 117 (1976)

Walters v. State, ....................................................................................................... 32
  247 S.W.3d 204 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)

Warren v. State, ................................................................................................. 34, 39
  No. 08–11–00029–CR, 2012 WL 651642
  (Tex. App.-El Paso Feb.29, 2012, no pet.)

                                                              8
Watson v. State, ....................................................................................................... 38
  421 S.W.3d 186 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, pet. ref’d)

Weatherred v. State, ................................................................................................ 32
  15 S.W.3d 540 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)

         Statutes, Codes and Constitutional Provisions:

U.S. CONST. amend. VI ..................................................................................passim

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 36.14 .................................................................... 18, 19

TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2 ........................................................................................... 25, 43

TEX. R. EVID. 105 ............................................................................................. 18, 19

TEX. R. EVID. 901 .............................................................................................. 32, 33

         Other Sources:

Daniel D. Blinka, Ethics, Evidence, and the Modern Adversary Trial,
  19 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 1, 19 (2006) .................................................................. 29

                                                            9
To the Honorable Justices of the Court of Appeals:

                             Statement of the Case

      Appellant Anthony Michael Longoria was charged by indictment with the first

degree felony offense of aggravated robbery, alleged to have occurred on February 21,

2013. CR20. Appellant entered a plea of not guilty and a jury found him guilty.

CR105; 127. The jury assessed a sentence of 20 years imprisonment. CR127.

Appellant filed a motion for new trial, which was overruled by operation of law.

CR135. Appellant filed timely written notice of appeal. CR131.

                                Issues Presented

             Issue One: The trial court erred in providing a limiting
             instruction in the jury charge in violation of Texas Rule
             of Evidence 105.

             Issue Two: The trial court erred in providing a limiting
             instruction in the jury charge in violation of Article
             36.14 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.

             Issue Three: The trial court erred in providing a
             limiting instruction in the jury charge in violation of
             Appellant’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel.

             Issue Four: The trial court abused its discretion in
             admitting a video recording that was not authenticated
             pursuant to Texas Rule of Evidence 901.

                                         10
                            Summary of the Arguments

       Issues One, Two, and Three: The trial court erred in providing a limiting

instruction for extraneous offense evidence over Appellant’s objection during the guilt-

innocence phase. Appellant did not request a limiting instruction when the evidence

was admitted, so the evidence was admitted for all purposes under Texas Rule of

Evidence 105. Thus, the limiting instruction was not law “applicable to the case” under

Article 36.14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and should not have been given.

Moreover, because foregoing a limiting instruction is a matter of trial strategy, the trial

court violated Appellant’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel by overriding counsel’s

strategic decision. The instruction harmed the defense because it focused the jury’s

attention on prejudicial evidence Appellant wished to minimize, and instructed the jury

to consider the evidence for specific purposes.

      Issue Four: The trial court erred in admitting during the punishment phase a

video recording that was not properly authenticated. The authenticating witness had no

personal knowledge that the recording equipment was functioning properly.

Additionally, the authenticating witness failed to establish how the equipment was

activated, how it was deactivated, and how the recording was accessed and reproduced

for trial. The trial court abused its discretion in admitting the evidence because the

State failed to establish that the recording system was capable of producing an accurate

                                            11
recording. Because the video recording captured a conversation in which Appellant

and the codefendant schemed to mislead the police, discussed the incriminating

evidence, and demonstrated a conspicuous lack of remorse, Appellant was harmed by

its admission.

                               Background Facts

      During the evening of February 21, 2013, the complainant, Branislav

Kupresakovic, was at his Katy home with his wife and his 21-year-old son. 3RR15-20.

He heard a knock at the front door, looked through the peephole, and observed a young

Hispanic male, whom he assumed to be a friend of his son. 3RR20. When complainant

opened the door a little bit the male pushed against the door. 3RR20-21. Two

additional males appeared; the complainant recalled that one was carrying a handgun

and the other was carrying a shotgun. 3RR20-21; 31. One of the additional males had

glasses and a dark scarf covering his face. 3RR32. The males pushed the door open and

entered. 3RR20-21. One of the intruders told the complainant to get down on the

ground and tried to tie him up with tape. 3RR23.

      The complainant yelled to his wife, who ran into the master bedroom along with

the complainant’s son. 3RR23; 42. Once in the bedroom, the complainant’s son, Slaven

Kupresakovic, retrieved the complainant’s handgun from under the bed. 3RR43. When

one of the intruders entered the bedroom, Slaven shot him several times. 3RR49-51.

                                         12
Slaven never saw the other two intruders, who ran out of the house at the sound of

gunfire. 3RR53.

      A neighbor noticed two males running across a yard in a suspicious manner and

decided to follow them in his car. 3RR76. While males circled the neighborhood in an

SUV, the neighbor reported them to the Sheriff’s department and continued to follow

them until numerous patrol cars arrived and stopped the vehicle. 3RR76-77.

      The two apprehended suspects were identified as Brandon Trey King and

Appellant Longoria. 3RR114-15. The third intruder, who was killed at the scene of the

home invasion, was identified as Douglas Enriquez. 3RR115. King and Appellant were

detained in a patrol car and their conversation recorded. 3RR113-114. Sergeant C.

Clopton of the Homicide Division arrived at the scene where King and Appellant had

been apprehended and reviewed the recording. 3RR113-14. The two suspects were

then transported to the Homicide Office. 3RR115.

      Appellant initially agreed to be interviewed and denied involvement, but then

indicated that he wished to terminate the interview and consult with counsel. 3RR117.

After speaking with King, who had admitted involvement, Appellant told Sergeant

Clopton that he wanted to tell the truth. 3RR118-21. In a video-recorded interview

(State’s Exhibit 64), Appellant stated that he was visiting from out of town and staying

with his cousin King. King introduced Appellant to his friend Douglas Enriquez, who

                                          13
came up with the idea to rob King’s marijuana dealer.1 Appellant did not want to do it,

but King could not be dissuaded so Appellant went along to protect King. The plan

was for Enriquez to knock on the door, kick the door down, and get the people on the

floor; King and Appellant were to “just stand there and look intimidating.” Appellant

and King wore gloves and masks and Enriquez carried the gun. Once inside the

residence, Enriquez handed the gun to Appellant and went to the back room to round

up the residents. Appellant immediately heard gunshots and he and King fled.

Appellant threw the gun out the window of King’s vehicle a short distance away. SX64

       In the vehicle investigators located a backpack containing two dark-colored

bandanas, another backpack containing duct tape, and three black air-soft BB-gun

pistols. 3RR105-108. The following day, a local resident found a loaded handgun in

the street a short distance from the scene and turned it over to the sheriff’s office.

3RR89-93. The gun was found to have been reported stolen in Wiley, Texas, where

Appellant resided.2 3RR142-43.

       Codefendant Brandon Trey King testified for the defense. King testified that he

was 18 years old at the time of the offense and Appellant was 20. 3RR158. King and

Appellant picked up Douglas Enriquez on February 21, 2013, with the plan of going to

1  Slaven Kupresakovic initially testified that he did not sell marijuana, but thereafter testified
that he had sold marijuana to King on several occasions. 4RR14.
2 Codefendant Brandon Trey King testified that he visited family in Wiley prior to the robbery.

                                                14
the mall. 3RR164-65. When King drove by the house of his marijuana dealer, Enriquez

suggested robbing him. 3RR166. Enriquez exited the car first and King followed him;

as they approached the house King first noticed that Enriquez had a gun in his

waistband. 3RR168; 200. King was wearing a bandana and carrying duct tape.

3RR168. Appellant followed King and tried to convince him to leave and go the mall,

as planned. 3RR169. King testified that Appellant looked “shocked” when Enriquez

handed him the gun after entering the house. 3RR171-72. When King heard shots,

Appellant grabbed his arm and they ran to the car. 3RR173-74. After they were

apprehended and placed in a patrol car, King told Appellant that they should tell police

a fabricated story that they had just dropped off a friend named Jackson; but thereafter

at the Sheriff’s office King told Appellant to “save himself and tell the truth.”

3RR176, 204-205. King testified that the backpack containing the two bandanas was

his, and that the backpack containing duct tape belonged to Appellant. 3RR189-91.

3RR193.

                                          15
                          Arguments and Authorities

             Issue One: The trial court erred in providing a limiting
             instruction in the jury charge in violation of Texas Rule
             of Evidence 105.

             Issue Two: The trial court erred in providing a limiting
             instruction in the jury charge in violation of Article
             36.14 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.

             Issue Three: The trial court erred in providing a
             limiting instruction in the jury charge in violation of
             Appellant’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel.

      A.     Facts

      Appellant objected to the inclusion of the following limiting instruction for

extraneous offenses in the jury charge:

             You are further instructed that if there is any evidence
             before you in this case regarding the defendant’s
             committing an alleged offense or offenses other than the
             offense alleged against him in the indictment in this case,
             you cannot consider such evidence for any purpose unless
             you find and believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the
             defendant committed such other offense or offenses, if any,
             and even then you may only consider the same, in
             determining the motive, opportunity, intent, preparation,
             plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident
             of the defendant, if any, in connection with the offense, if
             any, alleged against him in the indictment and for no other
             purpose.

CR99. Appellant urged that “there really hasn’t been any evidence of extraneous

offenses” and requested that the instruction be deleted from the charge. 4RR12. The

                                          16
trial court refused the request, stating that there was “very minimal” evidence of

extraneous offenses, namely, that Appellant had used marijuana, and evidence that the

gun used in the robbery had been stolen in Appellant’s hometown of Wiley, Texas.

4RR12.

       B.     Standard of Review

       To review claims of jury charge error, an appellate court must first ask whether

there was error in the charge. Barrios v. State, 283 S.W.3d 348, 350 (Tex. Crim. App.

2009). If there was error and if the appellant objected to the error at trial, “reversal is

required if the error is ‘calculated to injure the rights of [the] defendant,’ ” meaning

that “there must be some harm to the accused from the error.” Sakil v. State, 287
S.W.3d 23, 25–26 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (quoting Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157,

161 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). “[A]ny harm, regardless of degree, is sufficient to require

reversal.” Druery v. State, 225 S.W.3d 491, 504 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

       C.     The trial court erred in including the limiting instruction in the
              jury charge.

       In Delgado v. State, 235 S.W.3d 244 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007), the Court of

Criminal Appeals examined whether a trial court must, sua sponte, include a

reasonable-doubt and limiting instruction in the jury charge when the State offers

evidence of an extraneous offense at the guilt stage of a criminal trial. The Court noted

that Article 36.14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure requires the trial judge to deliver

                                            17
to the jury “a written charge distinctly setting forth the law applicable to the case.” Id.

at 247. But the Court acknowledged that a trial judge does not have a duty to instruct

the jury on all potential defensive issues, lesser-included offenses, or evidentiary

issues, because these are issues that “frequently depend upon trial strategy and tactics.”

Id. at 249. The Court further noted that Texas courts have held that the decision of

whether to request a limiting instruction concerning the proper use of certain evidence,

including extraneous offenses, may be a matter of trial strategy. Id., citing Ryan v.

State, 937 S.W.2d 93, 104 (Tex. App.-Beaumont 1996, pet. ref'd); Blevins v. State, 884
S.W.2d 219, 230 (Tex. App.-Beaumont 1994, no pet.). For example, a party might well

intentionally forego a limiting instruction as part of its “deliberate ... trial strategy to

minimize the jury’s recollection of the unfavorable evidence.” Id., quoting United

States v. Johnson, 46 F.3d 1166, 1171 (D.C. Cir. 1995); United States v. Rhodes, 62
F.3d 1449, 1453–54 (D.C. Cir.1995). Moreover, if a defendant does not request a

limiting instruction under Rule 105 at the time that evidence is admitted, then the trial

judge has no obligation to limit the use of that evidence later in the jury charge. Id. at

251; Hammock v. State, 46 S.W.3d 889, 894 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). Once evidence

has been admitted without a limiting instruction, it is part of the general evidence and

may be considered for all purposes. Id.; McGowan v. State, 375 S.W.3d 585, 593 (Tex.

App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, pet. ref'd).

                                            18
      Accordingly, the Court concluded that a limiting instruction concerning the use

of extraneous offense evidence should be given in the guilt-stage jury charge “only if

the defendant requested a limiting instruction at the time the evidence was first

admitted.” Id. The Court observed that if the trial counsel’s strategy was to forego

objection and a limiting instruction so as not to emphasize the evidence, this strategy

was “eminently successful” because the appellant was convicted of a lesser included

offense. Id. at 254.

      In the instant case, Appellant did not request a limiting instruction when the

evidence of his marijuana use and the stolen gun was admitted. Accordingly, under

Rule of Evidence 105, the evidence was admitted for all purposes. Thus, the limiting

instruction was not law “applicable to the case” under Article 36.14 of the Code of

Criminal Procedure, and should not have been given. Delgado, 235 S.W.3d at 250-52.

      D.     The error infringed on Appellant’s Sixth Amendment right to
             counsel.

      By insisting on including the instruction, over Appellant’s objection, the trial

court interfered with Appellant’s apparent trial strategy of not drawing attention to the

evidence. As noted by the Court of Criminal Appeals in Delgado, the decision of

whether to request a limiting instruction concerning the proper use of certain evidence,

including extraneous offenses, is properly a matter of trial strategy, namely, “to

minimize the jury’s recollection of the unfavorable evidence.” Id. at 249. Numerous

                                           19
courts have found this strategy to be valid. See Delgado, supra, at 254; Ryan v. State,

937 S.W.2d 93, 104 (Tex. App.-Beaumont 1996, pet. ref'd) (“[Absent anything in the

record explaining counsel's reasoning], we can only conclude his trial strategy may

have been not to draw further attention to the extraneous offenses”); Curry v. State,

861 S.W.2d 479, 484-85 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 1993, pet. ref'd) (holding counsel not

ineffective for not requesting limiting instruction during punishment, because

instruction was requested when extraneous offense evidence was admitted and strategy

may have been not to remind the jury of the evidence); Agbogwe v. State, 414 S.W.3d
820, 838 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.) (“It is reasonable to conclude ...

[that] defense counsel decided that seeking an instruction to disregard Ozoh’s

testimony would only bring further attention to it”); McNeil v. State, 452 S.W.3d 408,

415 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014), pet. ref’d (trial counsel’s choice not to

request a burden-of-proof instruction and a limiting instruction about extraneous

offenses was pursuant to valid strategy to avoid drawing further attention to

defendant's potential extraneous offenses or misconduct).

      The Court of Criminal Appeals has observed:

             The trial judge ordinarily should not interfere with the
             attorney-client relation by inquiring into the matter of
             strategy and tactics. Such an inquiry should be made only if
             from all appearances there could be no plausible basis in
             strategy or tactics for counsel’s actions, and then the inquiry
             should be made out of the presence of the jury and of the

                                           20
             prosecutor. A reply by counsel that his actions are based on
             strategic or tactical considerations that will become apparent
             later in the trial should satisfy the court's inquiry, and
             counsel should not be required to reveal his strategy and
             tactics at that time. Full inquiry should be made only if after
             the trial from all appearances there still is no plausible basis
             in strategy or tactics for his actions.

Ex parte Ewing, 570 S.W.2d 941, 945 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978) (footnote omitted).

      These observations are grounded in the Sixth Amendment’s guarantee that

counsel be given “wide latitude . . . in making tactical decisions.” Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 689, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2065, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984).

Courts considering a challenge to counsel’s performance pursuant to the Sixth

Amendment must employ a standard in which judicial scrutiny of counsel’s

performance is highly deferential, with a “strong presumption that counsel’s conduct

falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S.

at 689. There is no legal basis for a court to apply a less deferential standard when

making judgments concerning an attorney’s strategy in the course of trial.

      “One of the primary purposes of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel is to

preserve the integrity of the attorney-client relationship once it has been established.”

State v. Frye, 897 S.W.2d 324, 327 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995); Patterson v. Illinois, 487
U.S. 285, 108 S. Ct. 2389, 101 L. Ed. 2d 261 (1988). By supplanting counsel’s strategy

with the court’s own judgment concerning a jury charge on a defensive issue, a court

                                           21
violates these Sixth Amendment principles. A judge should not interfere, or even

inquire, unless “there could be no plausible basis in strategy or tactics for counsel’s

actions.” Ewing, 570 S.W.2d at 945.

      The strategy employed here has been repeatedly recognized as not just plausible,

but valid and demonstrably successful. See, e.g., Delgado, 235 S.W.3d at 254 (finding

the strategy to be an “eminently successful one”). In fact, the trial court acknowledged

that the extraneous offense evidence was “very minimal” (4RR12), circumstances that

would further justify the strategy. In these circumstances, the trial court violated

Appellant’s Sixth Amendment rights in overriding counsel’s sound judgment.

      The Supreme Court examined a similar issue in Lakeside v. Oregon, 435 U.S.
333, 335, 98 S. Ct. 1091, 1092, 55 L. Ed. 2d 319 (1978). In an escape prosecution in

which the defendant did not testify, the trial court instructed the jury, over defense

objection, that the defendant’s decision not to testify should not be considered and

should not give rise to any adverse inference. 435 U.S. at 335, 98 S.Ct. at 1092. The

defense objected on the grounds that the instruction itself called attention to the

defendant’s failure to testify. 435 U.S. at 335, 98 S.Ct. at 1093. On appeal, the

defendant urged that in certain circumstances, such as when a defense is presented

through several witnesses, the jury may not notice a defendant’s failure to testify and

the instruction would serve only to draw attention to it. 435 U.S. at 340-41, 98 S.Ct. at

                                           22
1095. The defendant challenged the trial court’s inclusion of the instruction over

defense objection on Fifth and Sixth Amendment grounds. Id.

      The Court found that including the instruction over defense objection did not

violate the Fifth Amendment’s privilege against self-incrimination because the jury

was not likely to disregard the instruction; thus, the instruction could not violate the

principle it was designed to protect. Id.

      The defendant also challenged the instruction on Sixth Amendment grounds,

asserting that including the instruction over defense objection interfered with trial

strategy. 436 U.S. at 341; 98 S.Ct. at 1095. The Court noted that in an adversary

system of criminal justice, there is “no right more essential than the right to the

assistance of counsel.” 435 U.S. at 341, 98 S. Ct. at 1096. But the Court held that in

this case there was no Sixth Amendment violation because the instruction (1) was

accurate, (2) was permissible, and (3) concerned a basic constitutional principle that

governs the administration of criminal justice. 435 U.S. at 341-42, 98 S. Ct. at 1096

(the Sixth Amendment does not “confer upon defense counsel the power to veto the

wholly permissible actions of the trial judge”).

      The instant case is distinguishable in several important respects. First, the

limiting instruction was not permissible – the Court of Criminal Appeals has mandated

that that a limiting instruction concerning the use of extraneous offense evidence

                                            23
should be given in the guilt-stage jury charge “only if the defendant requested a

limiting instruction at the time the evidence was first admitted.” Delgado, supra, at

249.

       Second, the limiting instruction did not concern a basic constitutional principle,

but only an evidentiary issue concerning the proper use of certain evidence. Id. As

such, the Court of Criminal Appeals has held that the decision to forego the instruction

is a strategic decision within the discretion of defense counsel.

       Third, the instruction in the instant case was fundamentally different in content

from the challenged instruction in Lakeside, which instructed the jury that it was not to

consider the defendant’s failure to testify for any purpose. In contrast, the instruction in

the instant case permitted the jury to consider evidence of extraneous offenses for

certain purposes if there was proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Assuming the jury

followed the instruction, it would draw the jury’s attention to the very evidence that

counsel wanted to minimize. For example, Appellant admitted in his police interview

(SX64) to using marijuana and that stealing marijuana was possibly the motive for the

robbery. Thus, the jury was likely to find the required burden of proof met, and to find

the evidence relevant for the listed permissible purposes (motive, opportunity, intent,

preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident). The

instruction in the instant case actually frustrated the defense strategy, whereas the

                                            24
Lakeside instruction did not. See Lakeside, 435 U.S. at 340, 98 S. Ct. at 1095 (finding

it “very doubtful” that the jury would “affirmatively give weight to what they have

been told not to consider at all”). Accordingly, the trial court’s interference with trial

strategy in this case amounted to a violation of the Sixth Amendment.

      E.     Harm Analysis

             1. Constitutional Error

      Because the error impinged on Appellant’s constitutional rights, Texas Rule of

Appellate Procedure 44.2(a) applies. TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(a); Snowden v. State, 353
S.W.3d 815, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).

      Rule of Appellate Procedure 44.2(a) requires reversal in constitutional error

cases “unless the court determines beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not

contribute to the conviction or punishment.” TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(a). The focus is not

on whether the jury verdict was supported by the evidence, but rather whether the error

at issue might possibly have prejudiced the jurors’ decision-making. Pollard v. State,

255 S.W.3d 184, 190 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 2008), aff'd, 277 S.W.3d 25, 33 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2009); Langham v. State, 305 S.W.3d 568, 582 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).

Error is not harmless “simply because the reviewing court is confident that the result

the jury reached was objectively correct.” Snowden, 353 S.W.3d at 819. Nonetheless,

the presence of “overwhelming evidence of guilt is a factor to be considered.” Motilla

                                           25
v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 357 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Other factors to consider may

include the nature of the error, whether it was emphasized by the State, the probable

implications of the error, and the weight the jury would likely have assigned to it in the

course of its deliberations. Snowden, 353 S.W.3d at 822. The Court should examine the

entire record in a neutral manner, not “in the light most favorable to the verdict.”

Hernandez v. State, 80 S.W.3d 63, 65 (Tex. App.–Amarillo 2002, no pet.) (quoting

Harris v. State, 790 S.W.2d 568, 586 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989)).

      In this case there can be no finding beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did

not influence the jury’s decision making. Appellant’s defense was that he was

surprised by Enriquez’s impulsive plan; he was unaware that Enriquez had a gun; he

did not have the intent to commit robbery; and he only went along in order to protect

his cousin (4RR19-20). The physical evidence – the presence of bandanas and duct

tape in King’s vehicle – suggests that the plan was not conceived spontaneously, but

this evidence does not necessarily contradict Appellant’s statement and King’s

testimony that Appellant was not a party to any planning. Instructing         the    jury

regarding its consideration of extraneous offenses likely called the jury’s attention to

Appellant’s admitted marijuana use. Moreover, the instruction directed the jury to

consider this evidence as relevant to Appellant’s motive, intent, and absence of

mistake. In response to the court’s sua sponte instruction, defense counsel was forced

                                           26
to argue in closing that Appellant’s marijuana use had not been proved beyond a

reasonable doubt and could not be considered (4RR23). But this argument was likely

rejected, because Appellant himself admitted to occasional marijuana use. The

instruction also could have directed the jury’s attention to evidence suggesting that

Appellant had stolen the gun used in the robbery, which further undermined

Appellant’s defense.

      For these reasons, the instruction may have influenced the jury’s decision

making process and contributed to Appellant’s conviction; accordingly, reversal is

required.

2. Harm Analysis under the Almanza Standard

      Because Appellant preserved his complaint, the Court must reverse if the error

resulted in any harm, regardless of degree. Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 161, Druery, 225
S.W.3d at 504. To gauge harm, the court reviews (1) the entire jury charge; (2) the

state of the evidence, including the contested issues and weight of probative evidence;

(3) the argument of counsel; and (4) any other relevant information revealed by the

record of the trial as a whole. Id. These factors require a finding of harm in this case.

      As argued above, the sole contested issue was whether Appellant was merely

present to look after his younger cousin, or whether he intended to participate in the

robbery. The instruction likely caused the jury to focus on Appellant’s admitted

                                           27
marijuana use and to connect this evidence with the permissible purposes suggested in

the instruction -- most notably, motive. The instruction thus brought the jury’s

attention to the very evidence that the defense wanted to minimize. Counsel’s attempt

to neutralize the instruction by arguing that the burden of proof was not met was likely

unsuccessful. Nothing else in the jury charge served to cure the harm.

      It bears noting that the numerous courts that have rejected claims of ineffective

assistance of counsel by validating this strategy could not have come to that conclusion

without implicitly finding that a limiting instruction, in some circumstances, is not

entirely benign. See, e.g., Delgado, supra, at 254; Ryan v. State, 937 S.W.2d 93, 104

(Tex. App.-Beaumont 1996, pet. ref'd) (“[Absent anything in the record explaining

counsel's reasoning], we can only conclude his trial strategy may have been not to draw

further attention to the extraneous offenses”); Curry v. State, 861 S.W.2d 479, 484-85

(Tex. App.-Fort Worth 1993, pet. ref'd) (holding counsel not ineffective for not

requesting limiting instruction during punishment, because instruction was requested

when extraneous offense evidence was admitted and strategy may have been not to

remind the jury of the evidence); Agbogwe v. State, 414 S.W.3d 820, 838 (Tex. App.-

Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.) (“It is reasonable to conclude ... [that] defense

counsel decided that seeking an instruction to disregard Ozoh's testimony would only

bring further attention to it”); McNeil v. State, 452 S.W.3d 408, 415 (Tex. App.—

                                          28
Houston [1st Dist.] 2014), pet. ref’d (trial counsel's choice not to request a burden-of-

proof instruction and a limiting instruction about extraneous offenses was pursuant to

valid strategy to avoid drawing further attention to defendant's potential extraneous

offenses or misconduct); see also Daniel D. Blinka, Ethics, Evidence, and the Modern

Adversary Trial, 19 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 1, 19 (2006) (noting that opponent of

evidence will “frequently forego limiting instructions for fear that they will only

emphasize the damaging inference”).

      If, as the Court of Criminal Appeals has readily acknowledged, foregoing a

limiting instruction to minimize the jury’s recollection of unfavorable evidence

constitutes a valid strategy, Delgado, 235 S.W.3d at 250, then the instruction must, in

some cases, be capable of causing “some harm.” This is such a case, because the

evidence of extraneous conduct was, in the trial court’s own words “very minimal,”

and the jury might very well have overlooked the evidence but for the instruction.

Moreover, the instruction directed the jury to consider the unfavorable evidence for

certain specific purposes, such as motive, to the detriment of Appellant’s defense.

Accordingly, Appellant suffered some degree of harm, requiring reversal.

             Issue Four: The trial court abused its discretion in
             admitting a video recording that was not authenticated
             pursuant to Texas Rule of Evidence 901.

                                           29
      A.     Facts

      During the punishment phase, the State offered State’s Exhibit 62, a video

recording of a conversation between Appellant and codefendant King captured by

patrol car recording equipment shortly their arrests. Sergeant Clopton, the

authenticating witness, testified that:

     most patrol vehicles are equipped with digital cameras;

     Deputy McHugh’s vehicle was equipped with a camera;

     most of these cameras are activated automatically by certain triggers, such as
      turning on the emergency lights or sirens, or driving at a certain speed;

     the cameras can also be activated manually;

     once activated, the cameras record until “deactivated”;

     when Clopton arrived at the scene, he viewed a video that was made by
      McHugh’s patrol car camera prior to his arrival;

     State’s Exhibit 62, a DVD, was a fair and accurate copy of the recording
      Clopton had viewed at the scene.

5RR24-27.

      Appellant objected to the admission of the recording on the grounds that the

State failed to demonstrate that the recording had not been tampered with or where it

originated from. The defense further objected that Officer McHugh’s testimony was

necessary to authenticate the video because Sergeant Clopton could not establish

                                          30
whether the recording device was working properly or if the original recording was

accurate or altered. 5RR27-28. The trial court overruled the objection and admitted the

exhibit. 5RR28.

         The exhibit was partially published but the audio equipment malfunctioned; the

equipment was subsequently fixed so that the jury could play the recording during

deliberations. 5RR28-31. In closing argument, the State urged the jury to play the

recording and described its most damaging contents in detail. 5RR48-50.

         The video depicts the patrol car responding to the scene of the traffic stop, and

then proceeding to the scene of the home invasion. Once there, the hood is raised,

blocking the camera’s view. During the portion of the video that contains the

conversation between Appellant and King, which begins at approximately 21:52:00 of

the time display, the video depicts only the raised hood of the vehicle. SX62.

         B.    Standard of Review

         A trial court’s evidentiary rulings regarding expert testimony are reviewed under

an abuse of discretion standard. Gallo v. State, 239 S.W.3d 757, 765 (Tex. Crim. App.

2007); Weatherred v. State, 15 S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (expert

testimony). A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision lies “outside the zone

of reasonable disagreement.” Walters v. State, 247 S.W.3d 204, 217 (Tex. Crim. App.

2007).

                                            31
      C.     The trial court abused its discretion in admitting the video
             recording because it was not authenticated.

      Authentication is a condition precedent to admissibility that may be satisfied by

“evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its

proponent claims.” TEX. R. EVID. 901(a). Rule of Evidence 901 governs the

authentication requirement for the admissibility of evidence and is the appropriate

analysis for the authentication of recordings. Angleton v. State, 971 S.W.2d 65, 69

(Tex. Crim. App. 1998).

      Subsection (a) states that the authentication requirement for admissibility of

evidence is satisfied by proof sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question

is what its proponent claims it is. TEX. R. EVID. 901(a). Subsection (b) provides a

nonexclusive list of methods to authenticate evidence. One example given is the

testimony of a witness with knowledge that a matter is what it is claimed to be. TEX. R.

EVID. 901(b)(1). Another method is showing “a process or system used to produce a

result and showing that the process or system produces an accurate result.” TEX. R.

EVID. 901(b)(9).

      Applying these provisions, there are at least two ways to authenticate

photographic evidence including videos. Standmire v. State, --- S.W.3d ----, 2014 WL
3882940, at *6 (Tex. App.—Waco Aug. 7, 2014, pet. ref’d). One way is by testimony

that the photo or video is an accurate representation of the object or scene in question.

                                           32
Id.; Huffman v. State, 746 S.W.2d 212, 222 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). In this situation,

the authenticating witness is not required to be the person who operated the camera or

video equipment, but must have been a witness to the contents of the recording. Id.

      If, as in this case, the authenticating witness did not witnesses the events

recorded, a video may be authenticated by testimony that the process or system that

produced the photo or video is reliable. Id.; Reavis v. State, 84 S.W.3d 716, 720 (Tex.

App.-Fort Worth 2002, no pet.). This method is commonly used with security videos.

Id. For authentication of such photographic or video evidence, the authenticating

witness usually (1) describes the type of system used for recording and whether it was

working properly; (2) testifies whether he reviewed the video or photos; (3) testifies

whether he removed the video or device that stores the photos; and (4) testifies whether

the video or photos have been altered or tampered with. Id.; see also Randell v. State,

No. 07–11–00493–CR, 2013 WL 309001, *2–3, 2013 Tex.App. LEXIS 742, *5–7

(Tex.App.-Amarillo Jan. 25, 2013, pet. ref'd); Warren v. State, No. 08–11–00029–CR,

2012 WL 651642, *1–2, 2012 Tex.App. LEXIS 1544, *3 (Tex.App.-El Paso Feb. 29,

2012, no pet.) (not designated for publication).

      In the instant case, Sergeant Clopton testified that he viewed the video when he

arrived at the scene of the arrest, but his testimony did not establish (1) whether the

equipment was working properly; (2) how the recording device was activated; (3) how

                                          33
it was deactivated; (4) what type of memory device the recording was stored on; (5)

what type of equipment he used to view the recording; (6) if the recording was stored

on a removable memory device, who removed the memory device; (7) whether the

memory device was tampered with prior to Clopton’s viewing of the recording; (8)

how and by whom the recording was reproduced onto DVD. While Sergeant Clopton

was generally knowledgeable about the recording equipment installed in patrol

vehicles; he had no personal knowledge of the reliability of the equipment in Deputy

McHugh’s vehicle.

      A review of cases in which video recordings were found to be properly

authenticated by a witness with knowledge of the recording system indicate that

Clopton’s testimony falls far short in providing the necessary information about how

the recording was created and reproduced.

      In Reavis v. State, 84 S.W.3d 716 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2002, no pet.), the Fort

Worth Court of Appeals held that a trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting

a security videotape into evidence even though the authenticating witness at trial had

not personally witnessed the events depicted on the videotape. Id. at 720. The

authenticating witness testified as follows: on the morning of the day of the offense, he

loaded the videotape into 24-hour-time-lapse recorder and pressed “record;” he

removed the videotape 15 minutes after the defendant was apprehended; he viewed it

                                           34
with police officers; and he viewed tape again just prior to his trial testimony and what

he saw was identical to what he had seen on tape on day of offense. Id.

      In the instant case, Sergeant Clopton did not establish how the equipment was

activated or deactivated; who accessed the recording; how they accessed it; what it was

stored on; or how it was reproduced for trial. Moreover, Sergeant Clopton could not

establish whether the recording had been tampered with prior to his arrival or whether

Deputy McHugh’s recording equipment was functioning properly. Clopton’s basic

knowledge of the sheriff department’s recording equipment and his viewing of the

recording are insufficient to demonstrate that the system produced an accurate

recording.

      In Page v. State, 125 S.W.3d 640 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet.

ref'd), a grocery store’s videotape of a robbery was sufficiently authenticated to be

admitted into evidence at an aggravated robbery trial, even though the store employee

who testified to accuracy of tape had not witnessed events that occurred in videotape.

The employee testified that the grocery store’s “brand-new digital recording system”

recorded images from 16 video cameras and automatically saved those images onto a

computer hard drive. Id. at 648. The employee further testified that he accessed the

digital recording system’s hard drive shortly after the robbery and viewed the

recording of the robbery with police officers. Id. The employee then copied the

                                           35
recording of the robbery onto a videotape and gave it to the officers. Id. Additionally,

the employee viewed the videotape before trial and testified that it had not been altered

in any way. Id. The Court held that this evidence was sufficient to enable a reasonable

juror to conclude that the videotape was “what the State claimed it to be” and that the

trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the videotape of the robbery into

evidence. Id. at 648-49.

      In contrast, all the State established about the recording in the instant case is that

the equipment may be activated in a variety of ways, and that Clopton viewed the

recording once at the scene and viewed a copy of it once before trial. The State did not

establish how the equipment was activated in this instance, what type of device it was

stored on, who accessed the recording, how Clopton viewed it at the scene, or how and

by whom it was reproduced for trial.

      The Fifth Circuit has similarly required more detail regarding the creation and

duplication of photographic evidence. In United States v. Taylor, 530 F.2d 639, 641–

42 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 845, 97 S. Ct. 127, 50 L. Ed. 2d 117 (1976), the

court held that photographs were properly authenticated by government witnesses who

were not present during the actual robbery but testified as to the manner in which the

film was installed in the camera, how the camera was activated, the fact that the film

was removed immediately after the robbery, the chain of its possession, and the fact

                                           36
that it was properly developed and contact prints made from it. Id. at 642-43.

      The deficiencies in Clopton’s testimony are more critical here because the

recording is essentially an audio recording. The open hood of the patrol car blocks the

camera’s view, so there is no picture to verify that the tape is continuous and

uninterrupted, a factor courts have considered in finding a video recording

authenticated. For example, in Ballard v. State, 23 S.W.3d 178, 180 (Tex. App.-Waco

2000, no pet.), officers fitted an undercover informant with video recording camera

and activated the camera as the informant exited the officer's vehicle. Id. After

purchasing cocaine from the defendant, the informant then met back with an officer,

who turned the video recording off. Id. In determining that the videotaped recording

was properly authenticated under Rule 901, the court noted that the recording was

“continuous and uninterrupted,” the officer corroborated specific events in the video

recording, and the fact-finder could compare the recorded video with the physical

appearance of the defendant. Id. at 182; see also Watson v. State, 421 S.W.3d 186, 192

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, pet. ref’d) (video recording was authenticated where

the officers had personal knowledge of the contents contained on the videotape, the

tape was continuous and uninterrupted, the officers corroborated specific items in the

recorded video, the fact-finder could compare the recorded video with the physical

appearance of the defendant, and there was no evidence of tampering).

                                          37
      In the instant case, there is no video action to confirm that the recording is

continuous and uninterrupted, so simply viewing the video is not sufficient to

demonstrate that it is accurate and has not been altered. Thus, it was more important to

establish that the recording equipment was reliable and to establish how the recording

was created, accessed, and reproduced.

      A number of unpublished cases also demonstrate that more detail regarding the

creation and reproduction of the recording is necessary to establish the reliability of the

recording system when there is no witness to the recorded events. In Warren v. State,

No. 08–11–00029–CR, 2012 WL 651642 (Tex. App.-El Paso Feb.29, 2012, no pet.)

(mem. op., not designated for publication), a burglary prosecution, the court found a

security DVD to be sufficiently authenticated by testimony from a maintenance

supervisor of the apartment complex, who explained how the security cameras work

and testified that the he removed the SD card from the camera at issue, reviewed its

contents with the complainant, and copied four images onto a DVD, which was given

to the complainant. Id. at *2. The complainant then gave the DVD to the police. Id.

The supervisor testified that the camera at issue was capable of making true and

accurate recordings and that the DVD contained a true and accurate depiction of

images taken by the camera. Id. He stated that he did not “alter or change the images as

[he] initially saw them from the original SD card in any way.” Id. The supervisor

                                            38
reviewed the DVD before trial and determined that it was “a true and accurate

depiction and recording of the four images that [he] saved off that SD card.” Id. In

addition, the complainant was asked whether he altered the DVD that he received from

maintenance personnel, and answered, “No, it was an exact copy on a nonrewritable

DVD that maintenance had given me, containing four clips.” Id.

      In Randell v. State, 07-11-00493-CR, 2013 WL 309001, at *2 (Tex. App.—

Amarillo Jan. 25, 2013, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication), a

security video was sufficiently authenticated by a manager’s testimony that he

reviewed the video after being informed of the theft; that he or the store director can

“burn off” parts of the video for the police; that he did so in this case and provided the

relevant part to the police; that the recording was made simultaneously with the actions

recorded on the video; that he reviewed the contents of the copy prior to testifying; that

it had not been tampered with; that the recording was made on a device capable of

making an accurate recording; that he was trained and capable of operating the

computers or devices that record images from the surveillance cameras; and that the

recording offered was an accurate representation of the events “as viewed by the

camera.” Id. at *2.

      In Garcia v. State, 05-07-00540-CR, 2008 WL 2655622, at *4 (Tex. App.—

Dallas July 8, 2008, pet. ref'd) (mem. op., not designated for publication), a security

                                           39
video was properly authenticated by an apartment owner’s testimony that on the date of

the murder he had given police a security videotape. Id. The videotape was recorded by

a camera at his apartment complex during the hours surrounding the offense. Id. The

owner, who had installed the camera himself, testified that the camera was working

properly on the night of the offense and he had personally loaded the videotape into the

camera. Id. He noted that the date stamp on the videotape was correct, except for the

year 2008, which he had not programmed to show the correct year of 2006. Id. He

further noted that the time stamp on the videotape was accurate “within a few

minutes.” Id. The owner further testified that he personally checks the videotapes to be

sure the security cameras at the apartment complex are working. Id.

      In Teeter v. State, 05-06-00309-CR, 2007 WL 510356 (Tex. App.—Dallas Feb.

20, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication), a video recording made

on a school bus was properly authenticated by the transportation custodial director for

the school district. Id. at *9. The director described that each school bus has a “camera

eye” or lens that is located just above and to the right of the bus driver and a video

cassette recorder (VCR) in a locked box that is bolted to the floor or the underside of

the dashboard. Id. He testified that the VCRs are inspected regularly to make certain

they are operating properly, and each VCR is activated when the school bus ignition is

turned on and automatically stops when the school bus ignition is turned off. Id. The

                                           40
director retrieved the videotape from the bus, put it in his desk, and gave it to the police

chief. Id. The director testified that he watched the videotape after he retrieved it and

again before testifying, and the videotape was in the same or similar condition and

there were no additions or deletions to the videotape. Id. Additionally, the school

children's testimony described the events that occurred on the school bus, and these

events appeared on the video. Id.

       In Brown v. State, 14-03-01265-CR, 2005 WL 363950 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] Feb. 17, 2005, pet. ref'd) (mem. op., not designated for publication), a store

security video was properly authenticated by the manager’s testimony that he came to

the store, stopped the videotape, and watched five to ten minutes of the tape to see if it

had captured the incident. Id. at *4. The manager and two other witnesses were present

when the videotape was removed from the recorder in the store's surveillance room; all

three witnesses testified that the outside cannister of the videotape was damaged. Id.

The witnesses also testified that the reel of tape inside was twisted and stretched in one

section but that they did not believe that the tape itself was damaged. Id. at *4-5. An

investigator for the Harris County District Attorney's Office also testified that the

outside cannister of the tape had been damaged but the tape itself had not been. Id. at

*5. The investigator replaced the damaged canister with an undamaged canister and

left the original reel of tape, then re-recorded the actual occurrence from State's Exhibit

                                            41
4–A into a twenty-minute version which was admitted as State's Exhibit 6 and shown

to the jury. Id. Both the manager and the investigator testified that the exhibit is a true

and accurate representation of the original. Id.

       As these cases demonstrate, authenticating witnesses must provide testimony

demonstrating, at a minimum, how the recording was accessed and reproduced.

Additionally, personal familiarity with the recording equipment is necessary to

demonstrate that the equipment was capable of producing an accurate recording.

Sergeant Clopton’s testimony wholly failed to provide this critical information.

Clopton’s testimony fell far short of the detail provided in the cases discussed;

accordingly, the trial court’s ruling admitted the exhibit was outside the zone of

reasonable disagreement.

       D.     The error harmed Appellant’s substantial rights.

       An appellate court reviews an erroneous admission of evidence as non-

constitutional error, subject to a harm analysis under rule 44.2(b) of the Texas Rules of

Appellate Procedure. TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b). The court disregards non-constitutional

error unless it affects the substantial rights of the defendant. Id. “A substantial right is

affected when the error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence in

determining the jury’s verdict.” King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App.

1997). Neither the State nor the appellant has the burden to show harm when an error

                                            42
has occurred; rather, after reviewing the record, it is the appellate court’s duty to assess

harm. Schutz v. State, 63 S.W.3d 442, 444 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).

       A conviction or punishment should not be overturned for such error if, after

examining the entire record, there is a fair assurance that “the error did not have a

substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” Garcia

v. State, 126 S.W.3d 921, 927 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). But the court must reverse a

conviction or punishment for non-constitutional error if it is unclear whether the result

of the trial was free from substantial influence of the error. Barshaw v. State, 342
S.W.3d 91, 94 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Burnett v. State, 88 S.W.3d 633, 637–38 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2002)).

       When conducting a harm analysis, the court considers the entirety of the record,

including jury instructions and closing arguments. Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352,

355–56 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). In determining whether the error was harmless, the

court considers the nature of the evidence supporting the verdict, the character of the

alleged error, and how the error might be considered in connection with other evidence

in the case. Morales v. State, 32 S.W.3d 862, 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Other

relevant factors may include whether the State emphasized the error and whether the

erroneously admitted evidence was cumulative. Id.

       The only other evidence at punishment was documentation of Appellant’s ten

                                            43
prior convictions. SX66-76. The State presented evidence of a second degree felony

conviction for possession of a controlled substance; three state jail felony convictions

for theft of a firearm, burglary of a building, and unauthorized use of a motor vehicle;

and six misdemeanor convictions. All of the offenses were committed when Appellant

was a teenager, and none involved violence. Defense counsel pointed out in argument

that the felony possession case involved a prescription ADHD drug. 5RR38.

      While Appellant’s criminal history certainly factored into the jury’s decision, the

video recording contained very damaging evidence that was at least equally important.

In response to a relevance objection, the State pointed out that the video “shows his

involvement in the planning and it shows his response after the other robber was killed

and they’re laughing and joking about it in the back seat of that patrol car. It goes

directly to his character. It’s exactly the kinds of things the jury needs to hear about.”

5RR23.

      The State highlighted in closing the most damaging portions and argued that

they showed Appellant to be a calculating and remorseless criminal. 5RR48-49. The

State pointed out that the video recorded Appellant and codefendant King conspiring to

get their story straight and fabricating a story about dropping off a friend in the

neighborhood. While this evidence was cumulative of King’s trial testimony, several

additional damaging portions were not cumulative.

                                           44
      For example, the State also pointed out that they discussed the incriminating

evidence, namely, the duct tape and the gun Appellant had wiped and tossed. The State

argued that this conversation indicated that the robbery was planned, rather than

spontaneous. 5RR48-49.

      The State emphasized that they discussed being “nice to the cops,” and “acting

like little kids.” The State argued that this was the “same act that he put on when he

was giving his confession,” and that the jury should not fall for Appellant’s polite

demeanor in the confession video because it was “a game” and “a ruse.” 5RR48-49.

      The State also directed the jury’s attention to the fact that they were laughing

and joking about being on the show “Cops,” which demonstrated that they were not

scared or worried. The State argued that their demeanor showed a stunning lack of

remorse, considering that a firearm had been discharged and they had abandoned their

friend. The State urged that “[t]hese are the kinds of things that show you what kind of

person he really is.” 5RR48-49.

      In addition to the damaging portions discussed by the State in argument, the

video also captured Appellant and King using offensive language, singing, and

discussing whether the complainant’s wife was “hot.” SX62.

      In these circumstances there is no fair assurance that the error did not influence

the jury’s assessment of punishment. The recorded conversation discredited

                                          45
Appellant’s characterization of his role in the offense – that he was surprised by

Enriquez’s actions and did not plan or willingly participate in the robbery. As argued

by the State, the recording portrayed Appellant as a calculating and remorseless

criminal. This was likely given significant weight by the jury, as it bore directly on the

circumstances of the offense and Appellant’s character.

      The punishment range was 15-99 years and the jury assessed a sentence of 20

years. CR114. While the sentence is at the low end of the range, the jury likely took

account of Appellant’s youth, which even the State argued was a mitigating factor

(5RR53). It is at least unclear whether the error influenced the verdict; accordingly, the

Court should find that the error affected Appellant’s substantial rights and reverse the

judgment on punishment. Barshaw, 342 S.W.3d at 94; Burnett, 88 S.W.3d at 637–38.

                                           46
                                      PRAYER

      Appellant respectfully requests that the Court reverse his conviction and

remand the cause for a new trial, or alternatively, reverse the trial court’s judgment

as to the punishment and remand the cause to the trial court for a new trial on

punishment only.

                                        Respectfully submitted,

                                        /s/ Adam B. Brown
                                        ADAM B. BROWN
                                        SBOT No. 01728540
                                        300 Main, Ste. 200
                                        Houston, Texas 77002
                                        (713) 223-0051
                                        (713) (FAX)
                                        adambrownlaw@yahoo.com

                                        ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

                                          47
                         CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      This amended document has been served on the following parties electronically

through the electronic filing manager contemporaneously and in conjunction with e-

filing on December 16, 2015.

Alan Curry
Assistant Harris County District Attorney
curry_alan@dao.hctx.net

                                      /s/ Adam B. Brown

                      CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

      The undersigned attorney certifies that the relevant sections of this computer-

generated document have 9,952 words, based on the word count function of the word

processing program used to create the document. TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4 (i).

                                      /s/ Adam B. Brown

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