Court Opinion

ID: 4314282
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-09-21 09:08:45.961574+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:44:39.335390
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   September 20, 2018
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 337431
                                                                   Wayne Circuit Court
DEVON LAMAR HAMPTON,                                               LC No. 16-008377-01-FC

              Defendant-Appellant.

Before: M. J. KELLY, P.J., and MARKEY and FORT HOOD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendant, Devon Hampton, appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of first-degree
murder, MCL 750.316, carrying a concealed weapon, MCL 750.227, and possession of a firearm
during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. Because there are no errors
warranting relief, we affirm.

                                       I. BASIC FACTS

        On September 2, 2016, Hampton shot and killed one of his coworkers, Jonathan Holmes,
at their place of work, AJM Packaging. The shooting occurred around 11:30 p.m. Aaron
Spratling testified that he had just clocked in and was making small talk with Hampton when
Holmes walked up behind Hampton in an aggressive manner. Spratling recounted that Holmes
stated, “Let me holler at you real quick,” and Hampton responded, “I don’t mess with you like
that.” Spratling headed toward his work station, but looked back when he was approximately 15
to 20 feet away. He testified that Hampton and Holmes were around five or six feet apart.
Hampton was backing away from Holmes, who had a bag in his hand and kept saying, “No. Let
me holler at you real quick. Let me holler at you.” Another witness, Scott Zigler, testified that
he observed Hampton and Holmes having an “unhappy” argument, but he could not make out
anything other than “a couple of curing words back and forth between the two.” Zigler and
Spratling both testified that they saw Hampton shoot Holmes, who died from a single gunshot
wound to the chest.

                                               -1-
                              II. SUBSTITUTION OF COUNSEL

                                 A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Hampton first argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his request
for substitute counsel. A court’s decision to deny a request for substitute counsel is reviewed for
an abuse of discretion. People v Strickland, 293 Mich. App. 393, 397; 810 NW2d 660 (2011). An
abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision is outside the range of principled
outcomes. Id.

                                         B. ANALYSIS

         “Appointment of a substitute counsel is warranted only upon a showing of good cause
and where substitution will not unreasonably disrupt the judicial process.” People v Mack, 190
Mich. App. 7, 14; 475 NW2d 830 (1991). “Good cause exists where a legitimate difference of
opinion develops between a defendant and his appointed counsel with regard to a fundamental
trial tactic.” Id. “The circumstances that would justify good cause rest on the individual facts in
each case.” People v Buie, 298 Mich. App. 50, 67; 825 NW2d 361 (2012). When a defendant
asserts that his assigned lawyer “is not adequate or diligent, or is disinterested, the trial court
should hear the defendant’s claim and, if there is a factual dispute, take testimony and state its
findings and conclusion on the record.” Strickland, 293 Mich. App. at 397 (quotation marks and
citation omitted).

        In this case, Hampton requested substitute counsel on two occasions. First, before the
preliminary examination, he sought a new lawyer because he had not seen his lawyer “in over a
whole week and this is a serious case.” The district court ascertained that Hampton had,
however, met with his lawyer at the jail. Further, Hampton’s lawyer noted that he had been
appointed two weeks previously. He explained that since then he sought discovery from the
prosecution, but was unable to acquire it until the probable cause conference. He stated that,
even without it, he met with Hampton at the jail and had an extensive conversation about the
case, during which time he advised Hampton about the delay with the discovery materials. The
district court noted that if there was a legitimate reason why Hampton’s lawyer could not
represent him, it would listen to it. It then denied the request, noting that Hampton could raise it
again in the circuit court.

       Second, in October 2016, Hampton sent the circuit court a letter, requesting a new lawyer
because he did not feel he was being “represented right.” He added:

       My lawyer told me he would see me when I get back to the jail and haven’t seen
       him since. I don’t want to get railroaded. I don’t want a lawyer that looks at me
       as just another person on the clock. I don’t want a lawyer with bad reviews. And
       I will take your advice and write down the bible as soon as I get commissary.

                                                -2-
       Lawyer say [sic] he trying to help me but I never see him only 3 times. This is
       my freedom on the line.[ 1]

The trial court addressed Hampton’s letter on October 17, 2016 at a pretrial hearing. Hampton
explained that it was a serious case and he had not seen his lawyer in two weeks despite the fact
that his lawyer stated he was “gonna see me in the jail.” The court acknowledged that Hampton
was worried, but asked whether “other than him not seeing you in two weeks, anything else?”
Hampton responded, “No. I was just told I was gonna see him that day and I ain’t see [sic] him,”
which was disappointing. The court asked Hampton’s lawyer to “try harder to keep promises,”
so that Hampton could feel better. Hampton’s lawyer, however, stated that although he did not
“think that there’s any basis upon which [Hampton] had a legitimate complaint,” he thought the
bond between them was broken because Hampton had twice complained about his
representation. Hampton’s lawyer stated that he was “fed up with it.” The court noted that the
request for a new lawyer was not based on performance, and denied Hampton’s request.

        On appeal, Hampton contends the court abused its discretion by denying his request for a
new lawyer. First, he asserts that the court should have made further inquiries into the exact
reasons that Hampton sought a new lawyer. Yet, the record reflects that the court asked
Hampton whether there were additional reasons for requesting a new lawyer, and Hampton
stated that there were not. The court was free to believe Hampton’s response, and was not
required to inquire further. Second, the fact that Hampton’s request for a new lawyer came three
months before trial and, therefore, would not disrupt the judicial process is irrelevant. Hampton
sought a new lawyer because he was dissatisfied with the one he had, but he did not identify
good cause for the substitution. Instead, each time Hampton sought the appointment of
substitute counsel, he based it on the same reason: because his lawyer did not meet with him as
often as Hampton wanted he did not feel his lawyer was representing him properly. Thus, based
on our review of the record, there is nothing to support a finding that Hampton and his lawyer
had “a legitimate difference of opinion . . . with regard to a fundamental trial tactic.” See Mack,
190 Mich. App. at 14. Moreover, “[a] mere allegation that a defendant lacks confidence in his or
her attorney, unsupported by a substantial reason, does not amount to adequate cause.”
Strickland, 293 Mich. App. at 398. “Likewise, a defendant’s general unhappiness with counsel’s
representation is insufficient.” Id. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
denying Hampton’s request for a new lawyer.

1
  Hampton’s appellate lawyer has represented that the letter requesting a new lawyer was not
included with the copy of the lower court record that he received. He stated that he specifically
inquired about the letter and was advised that it was missing. Our review of the record, however,
includes a handwritten letter from Hampton to the circuit court. The letter is post-dated October
7, 2016. Although we are concerned that Hampton’s appellate lawyer was apparently not
provided with a copy of this letter, we have nevertheless reviewed it thoroughly to ascertain
whether it raises good cause for the appointment of substitute counsel or whether its contents
required a more detailed inquiry from the trial court at the pretrial hearing.

                                                -3-
         Finally, Hampton argues that because he and his trial lawyer were “embroiled in
irreconcilable conflict,” he was completely deprived of the effective assistance of a lawyer. He
contends that this is a structural defect that warrants reversal of his convictions without a
showing of prejudice under United States v Cronic, 466 U.S. 648; 104 S. Ct. 2039; 80 L. Ed. 2d 657
(1984). “It is well established that a total or complete deprivation of the right to counsel at a
critical stage of a criminal proceeding is a structural error requiring automatic reversal.” People
v Willing, 267 Mich. App. 208, 224; 704 NW2d 472 (2005). Here, despite his problems with his
lawyer, there is no indication that Hampton was completely deprived of the assistance of his
lawyer during any critical stage of the criminal proceedings. Accordingly, we reject Hampton’s
claim of a structural error.

                           III. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

                                 A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Hampton argues that there is insufficient evidence to support his first-degree murder
conviction. “A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in a jury trial is reviewed de novo,
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, to determine whether the
trier of fact could have found that the essential elements of the crime were proved beyond a
reasonable doubt.” People v Gaines, 306 Mich. App. 289, 296; 856 NW2d 222 (2014) (citation
omitted). Because the standard of review is deferential “a reviewing court is required to draw all
reasonable inferences and make credibility choices in support of the jury verdict.” People v
Oros, ___ Mich ___, ____; ___ NW2d ___ (2018) (Docket No. 156241); slip op at 6.

                                         B. ANALYSIS

        “The elements of first-degree murder are (1) the intentional killing of a human (2) with
premeditation and deliberation.” People v Bennett, 290 Mich. App. 465, 472; 802 NW2d 627
(2010). Hampton asserts that there is insufficient evidence of premeditation and deliberation.
“To premeditate is to think about beforehand; to deliberate is to measure and evaluate the major
facets of a choice or problem.” People v Woods, 416 Mich. 581, 599 n 2; 331 NW2d 707 (1987)
(quotation marks and citation omitted). “Premeditation and deliberation may be established by
an interval of time between the initial homicidal thought and ultimate action, which would allow
a reasonable person time to subject the nature of his or her action to a ‘second look.’ ” Oros, ___
Mich at ___; slip op at 9. There is no bright-line rule on what measure of time is “sufficient time
for a reasonable person to subject his or her action to a second look.” Id. at ___; slip op at 10
(quotation marks and citation omitted). But, “[i]t is often said that premeditation and
deliberation require only a ‘brief moment of thought’ or a ‘matter of seconds.’ ” Id., quoting
LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law (3d ed), § 14.7(a), p 650 (alteration in original). “[T]he
application of such principles may vary from case to case because the inquiry is highly
dependent on the facts of each case,” but in all cases “sufficient evidence must exist to support
each element of first-degree premeditated murder.” Oros, ___ Mich at ___; slip op at 17.

        Here, less than a minute elapsed between when Holmes approached Hampton and when
Hampton shot and killed Holmes. Using an aggressive tone, Holmes stated, “Let me holler at
you real quick,” and Hampton responded, “I don’t mess with you like that.” From this evidence
the jury could rationally infer that the two men had a hostile prior relationship. See People v

                                                -4-
Schollaert, 194 Mich. App. 158, 170; 486 NW2d 312 (1992) (stating that the parties prior
relationship can be considered when determining whether premeditation has been established).
Additionally, the record reflects that Hampton decided to bring a loaded and concealed firearm
to his place of work. Although that fact, standing alone, is insufficient to establish
premeditation, 2 it can be considered with the other evidence. Here, the parties did not remain
stationary after Holmes initiated the argument. Instead, Hampton backed away, putting five to
six feet of distance between them. Holmes continued to advance.

        At some point, Hampton decided to go for his gun. The jury could infer that between the
time Hampton reached for his gun, drew it from its place of concealment, and aimed it at Holmes
that he formed homicidal intent. Further, between the time it took to form the initial homicidal
intent and the time it took to act on it, Hampton had enough time to take a “second look” before
ultimately aiming the gun at the center of Holmes’s chest and pulling the trigger. It does not
matter that only a matter of seconds may have elapsed, as “only a brief moment of thought or a
matter of seconds” can constitute sufficient time. See Oros, ___ Mich at ___; slip op at 9
(quotation marks and citation omitted). Immediately after shooting Holmes, Hampton appeared
like he was going to shoot him again. He did not do so. From this, the jury could infer that
Hampton determined that his first shot had accomplished his objective and he did not need to
shoot again.3 In sum, there was sufficient evidence to support a finding of premeditation and
deliberation.4

       Hampton briefly contends that there is insufficient evidence to establish that the shooting
was not justified. At trial, he asserted that he had been acting in self-defense. Self-defense is an
affirmative defense. People v Dupree, 486 Mich. 693, 707; 788 NW2d 399 (2010). “Once a
defendant raises the issue of self-defense and ‘satisfies the initial burden of producing some
evidence from which a jury could conclude that the elements necessary to establish a prima facie
defense of self-defense exist,’ the prosecution must ‘exclude the possibility’ of self-defense
beyond a reasonable doubt.” People v Stevens, 306 Mich. App. 620, 630; 858 NW2d 98 (2014),
quoting Dupree, 486 Mich. at 709-710. Self-defense generally requires (1) that the defendant had
not or was not engaged in the commission of a crime at the time he used deadly force, (2) that
the defendant was somewhere he had the legal right to be, and (3) that the defendant honestly
and reasonably believed that the use of deadly force was necessary to prevent death or great
bodily harm. See People v Guajardo, 300 Mich. App. 26, 35-36; 832 NW2d 409 (2013), citing

2
  See People v Hoffmesiter, 394 Mich. 155, 160 n 6; 229 NW2d 305 (1975) (stating that the mere
fact that a weapon was used to accomplish a murder is not evidence of premeditation and
deliberation when a defendant carries the weapon as a matter of course).
3
  There was testimony that a witness to the shooting distracted Hampton, but the jury was not
required to credit the witness’s explanation for Hampton’s actions.
4
  For the same reasons, there was also sufficient evidence for the jury to reject Hampton’s
alternative argument that he was only guilty of voluntary manslaughter because he had been
acting out of “a temporary excitement induced by an adequate provocation.” People v Townes,
391 Mich. 578, 591; 218 NW2d 136 (1974).

                                                -5-
MCL 780.972(1). In this case, a reasonable jury could have found that Hampton lacked an
honest and reasonable belief that the use of deadly force was necessary. Although Holmes was
bigger than Hampton, started a verbal argument, and was advancing toward him, the record
reflects that there was five to six feet between the two men at the time that Hampton fired his
gun. Further, there is no evidence that Hampton believed Holmes—who was unarmed—had a
weapon or was in the process of reaching for a weapon. Additionally, Hampton’s actions after
the shooting—which included lying to a supervisor about his involvement, discarding his gun,
and jumping in a pond to potentially obscure evidence—also suggest that at the time he shot
Holmes he was not acting in self-defense. Thus, on this record, there was sufficient evidence for
the jury to conclude that the elements of self-defense were disproved beyond a reasonable doubt.

                           IV. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT

                                 A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Hampton next asserts that his convictions should be reversed because the prosecutor
committed misconduct during the trial. This Court reviews de novo issues of prosecutorial
misconduct to determine whether the defendant was denied a fair and impartial trial. Bennett,
290 Mich. App. at 475. However, unpreserved prosecutorial misconduct claims are reviewed for
plain error affecting the defendant’s substantial rights. People v Thomas, 260 Mich. App. 450,
454; 678 NW2d 631 (2004). This requires the defendant to show that “the error affected the
outcome of the lower court proceedings.” People v Carines, 460 Mich. 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130
(1999). “Reversal is warranted only when plain error resulted in the conviction of an actually
innocent defendant or seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial
proceedings.” Bennett, 290 Mich. App. at 475-476 (quotation marks and citation omitted).
Moreover, this Court “cannot find error requiring reversal where a curative instruction could
have alleviated any prejudicial effect.” Id. at 476.

                                        B. ANALYSIS

      Hampton first contends that the prosecution committed misconduct during closing
argument by repeatedly shifting the burden of proof by making the following arguments:

       You’re not allowed to have a concealed weapon in your workplace without a
       permit. There’s no evidence he had a permit.

              So, you heard from Danny Jones. The defendant told him he had a CPL.
       Well, that doesn’t mean he had a CPL because he didn’t. There has been no
       evidence that he actually had a CPS, all right. So, if you find he had the gun
       concealed, he’s guilty of that crime of CCW.

                                             * * *

              There is no reasonable doubt that Mr. Hampton shot Mr. Holmes. There is
       no reasonable doubt to that. There’s been no contradictory evidence whatsoever;
       same thing with the felonious assault, carrying concealed weapon felony firearm
       [sic].

                                               -6-
                                              * * *

                Now you can look at the facts objectively that have been testified to and
       know that they never got closer than five feet, didn’t have a weapon this is uh
       well regulated area with security. It’s not reasonable to assume he thought he was
       gonna die. There has been zero, none, no evidence whatsoever that he thought he
       was uh anything bad was gonna happen to him. Amazing he didn’t get closer
       than five feet. It was—the idea that you’re gonna infer his thoughts about death,
       it’s just ridiculous. There is no evidence whatsoever that he acted in lawful self-
       defense, none it’s not even close. There—it’s just—no one testified to anything
       that justifies deadly force in this case, not at all.

                                              * * *

       So the last thing I wanna say is, [Hampton’s lawyer] says the defendant was in
       fear. There is like literally no evidence of that none, zero. Nobody told you the
       defendant was in fear; nobody told you the defendant is excited um you know
       screaming, was attack; that the man got any closer than five feet to him. No, there
       is zero evidence that he was in fear, none whatsoever.

“A prosecutor may not imply in closing argument that the defendant must prove something or
present a reasonable explanation for damaging evidence because such an argument tends to shift
the burden of proof.” People v Fyda, 288 Mich. App. 446, 463-464; 793 NW2d 712 (2010).

        Here, although the prosecutor stated that there was no evidence supporting Hampton’s
defense and that the evidence supporting the charges was, essentially uncontradicted, we
conclude that the arguments did not impermissibly shift the burden to Hampton to demonstrate
his innocence. “[A] prosecutor’s argument that inculpatory evidence is undisputed does not
constitute improper comment.” Id. at 464. Further, a prosecutor “may also argue that the
evidence was uncontradicted even if the defendant is the only person who could have
contradicted the evidence.” Id. Because Hampton raised a claim of self-defense, the prosecutor
was free to comment on the weakness of that defense, including the lack of evidence supporting
it. Moreover, the record reflects that the court instructed the jury after closing arguments that the
burden of proof was on the prosecution to prove each element beyond a reasonable doubt and
that Hampton was not required to prove his innocence or do anything. It is presumed that the
jury followed those instructions. Id. at 465. Thus, even if some of the comments may have
improperly shifted the burden, Hampton cannot establish that he was prejudiced by the error
given the instructions provided to the jury.

      Hampton also argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct during rebuttal argument
by making the following argument:

       The defendant goes ahead and jumps in a pond to destroy evidence um destroys
       his cell phones which would contain who knows what. His clothes get soaking
       wet, covered in mud um I guess prior to destroying his cell phones, he supposedly
       called the police; and no one has even testified that it’s his voice. But the Defense
       thinks that’s his voice so that’s an admitted exhibit. You can consider that.

                                                -7-
Hampton believes this argument is improper because the prosecution, not the defense sought to
admit the 9-1-1 call and solicited testimony from a police officer that Hampton was the one who
made the call. We disagree. There was testimony that someone used Hampton’s cellular phone
to call 9-1-1, but no one positively identified the voice on the recording as Hampton’s voice, so
the prosecutor’s argument did not, in fact, misstate the evidence. Additionally, although the
prosecutor solicited the testimony about the 9-1-1 call, in his closing argument Hampton’s
lawyer asserted that Hampton had made the call and reported the shooting. Accordingly, the
prosecutor’s argument was a fair response to the defense argument, regardless of the fact that the
prosecutor originally sought testimony that Hampton had made the phone call.

        Next, in a Standard 4 brief, Hampton argues that the prosecutor improperly appealed to
the juror’s fears by stating that Hampton shot Holmes “right in the middle. He’s a good shot, it’s
entirely dead center.” Hampton does not explain, however, how that comment appealed to the
juror’s fears, and we see nothing improper about it. Hampton also takes issue with the
prosecutor’s argument that Hampton was guilty because he fled the crime and attempted to
conceal it by jumping in a pond. Those comments were proper, however, as they were
responsive to the evidence and did not contain a misstatement of law. See People v Unger, 278
Mich. App. 210, 226; 749 NW2d 272 (2008) (evidence of flight can indicate a consciousness of
guilt).

        Hampton next asserts that the prosecutor committed misconduct by stating, “So, um there
is a Bible verse that I always screw up but, basically, a guilty plea um will [sic] the righteous
stand like lions.” We are unclear as to how this statement was designed to appeal to the passions
of the jurors. Yet, in context, it is plain that the prosecutor was arguing that the jury should
reject the self-defense argument because, rather than immediately stating that he had shot in self-
defense, Hampton lied to his supervisor and attempted to hide his involvement in the crime by
jumping in a pond and discarding his gun. Because it was responsive to the evidence and
arguments, the statement was not improper.

        Hampton additionally believes that the prosecutor committed misconduct when
questioning Prentis Davis. Davis’s testimony was extremely brief. He stated that he was
Holmes’s mother’s fiancé and that he viewed Holmes’s body at the hospital. The prosecutor also
asked Davis what had happened to Holmes’s mother, and he was informed that she had died
from a massive heart attack less than a week earlier. Hampton contends that the information
about the heart attack was improper; however, in context, it is clear that the prosecutor was
merely obtaining background information and expressing sympathies to the witness. Although
not relevant to the charges against Hampton, the isolated remark about Holmes’s mother’s death
did not affect Hampton’s substantial rights.

        Next, Hampton asserts that the prosecutor elicited misleading testimony that suggested he
had tried to conceal the evidence by jumping in a pond. However, given that there was evidence
that he was soaking wet when arrested, that his phones did not work because of water damage,
and that he discarded the murder weapon, the jury could infer that Hampton was attempting to
conceal evidence even without testimony from a witness that mud on clothes could hide
evidence.

                                               -8-
       Additionally, Hampton argues that testimony from an expert witness was improper
because it “pushed the burden of guilt” toward him. The witness testified that Holmes’s DNA
was not found on a pair of glasses, the gun’s trigger, the gun’s grip, and Hampton’s jeans. This
evidence, contrary to Hampton’s argument, is actually favorable to him as it suggests that there
was no evidence on his person that needed to be concealed by jumping in a pond.

         Hampton next suggests that the prosecutor committed misconduct by eliciting statements
from a police detective during the due diligence hearing. Specifically, the detective testified that
he was told that Jasmine Gonzales-Sims was avoiding her subpoena because she was afraid of
retaliation by Hampton and his family. However, the allegedly prejudicial statements were made
outside the presence of the jury, so they did not affect the outcome of the trial.

        Finally, Hampton suggests that Zigler and Jones’s testimony was perjured. In support, he
directs this Court to testimony from a police officer that when he arrived on the scene no one was
providing aid to Holmes, but Zigler and Jones testified that Zigler was providing aid to Holmes
after the shooting. Yet, the officer testified that there were a number of rags near Holmes that
appeared to have been used to compress the gunshot wounds, which suggests that someone had
actually provided aid to Holmes before the police officer arrived. Moreover, resolving
inconsistencies between witnesses is a matter squarely within the purview of the jury. See
People v Stevens, 306 Mich. App. at 628.

       Therefore, on the record before this Court, the prosecutor did not commit misconduct
warranting reversal of his convictions.5

5
  Hampton alternatively asserts that his trial lawyer provided ineffective assistance by failing to
object to the prosecutorial misconduct. However, as there is no evidence of prosecutorial
misconduct, Hampton’s lawyer was not ineffective for failing to object to it. See People v
Ericksen, 288 Mich. App. 192, 201; 793 NW2d 120 (2010) (stating that a lawyer’s failure to raise
a meritless objection does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel). Additionally, even if
some of the comments were improper and warranted an objection, Hampton cannot establish that
his lawyer’s failure to object was outcome determinative. See People v Solloway, 316 Mich. App.
174, 191; 891 NW2d 255 (2016). The jury was properly instructed that the prosecution bore the
burden of proof and that Hampton was presumed innocent and did not have to prove anything.
        Hampton also contends that his lawyer was ineffective when he made comments during
closing argument suggesting that the prosecutor could draw a direct line between Hampton and
the gun and suggesting that it was not a good idea to bring a gun to work. Yet, there was
evidence that the gun was registered to Hampton, and it is undisputed that he brought it to work
with him. It is likely that Hampton’s lawyer conceded those points in order to focus on the parts
of the evidence that were, in fact, arguable, such as whether Zigler’s testimony was credible and
whether there was evidence supporting self-defense. The fact that the strategy was not wholly
effective does not constitute ineffective assistance. People v Williams, 240 Mich. App. 316, 332;
614 NW2d 647 (2000).

                                                -9-
                                    V. JURY INSTRUCTIONS

                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Hampton finally asserts that the trial court erred by not giving the jury the missing-
witness instruction. “We review a trial court’s determination of due diligence and the
appropriateness of a ‘missing witness’ instruction for an abuse of discretion.” People v Eccles,
260 Mich. App. 379, 389; 677 NW2d 76 (2004).

                                          B. ANALYSIS

        MCL 767.40a(3) requires the prosecution to send to the “defendant or his or her attorney
a list of the witnesses the prosecuting attorney intends to produce at trial.” “A prosecutor who
endorses a witness under MCL 767.40a(3) is obliged to exercise due diligence to produce that
witness at trial.” Eccles, 260 Mich. App. at 388. “A prosecutor who fails to produce an endorsed
witness may show that the witness could not be produced despite the exercise of due diligence.”
Id. “If the trial court finds a lack of due diligence, the jury should be instructed that it may infer
that the missing witness’s testimony would have been unfavorable to the prosecution’s case.” Id.
at 388-389. Due diligence is shown by the prosecution’s “attempt to do everything reasonable,
not everything possible, to obtain the presence of a witness.” Id. at 391.

        In this case a due diligence hearing was held with regard to the police efforts to locate
Gonzales-Sims. At the hearing a police detective testified that he attempted to secure her
presence. He stated that on numerous occasions he called the number that Gonzales-Sims had
provided, but it always went to voicemail. He left messages, but received no return calls. The
detective also contacted Gonzales-Sims’s mother, who told him that she did not have contact
with Gonzales-Sims. The detective stated that Gonzales-Sims’s mother stated that she would try
and contact her daughter through Facebook, and he stated that he also attempted to do so without
success. The record reflects that the detective waited a few days and contacted Gonzales-Sims’s
mother again. He also went to her address, but was advised that Gonzales-Sims did not live
there. He checked to see if Gonzales-Sims had a vehicle registered at any address, but she did
not. Approximately four or five times, the detective conducted surveillance at Gonzales-Sims’s
mother’s house, but he did not see her.

        The detective further testified that he found the address of an apartment complex
associated with Gonzales-Sims in Southgate, Michigan, but he did not see her there when he
visited the complex. The detective stated that Gonzales-Sims’s mother told him that Gonzales-
Sims was on the east side of Detroit and was receiving state assistance. He “went through the
state fugitive resources,” and “had them do a work up on [Gonzales-Sims] to see if there [were]
any other addresses [associated with Gonzales-Sims] that they could find.” When the state got
back to him, however, the only address they provided him was the house where Gonzales-Sims’s
mother lived. The detective stated that he also entered Gonzales-Sims’s telephone number into
Facebook, leading him to her Facebook profile. Additionally, “her alleged current boyfriend’s
Facebook came up,” and the detective discovered that the alleged current boyfriend’s address
was for Gonzales-Sim’s mother’s house.

                                                -10-
         Finally, the detective also contacted Gonzales-Sims’s employer and learned that she was
no longer working there. He contacted human resources at the temporary employment agency
Gonzales-Sims had previously used, but was told that she was no longer there either. Gonzales-
Sims’s mother additionally told the detective that her daughter was going to trade school, but
stated that she did not know anything more about it. When the detective explained the
seriousness of the case, Gonzales-Sims’s mother stated that her daughter was “afraid of
retaliation by the suspect and his family.” The detective informed Gonzales-Sims’s mother that
the police would escort Gonzales-Sims and that security was not a problem, but he did not know
if she conveyed that message to Gonzales-Sims.

        The trial court found that the efforts to find Gonzales-Sims had been going on for over a
month, which it felt was a reasonable timeframe. The court also found it important that the
detective checked numerous resources, but was unable to successfully locate Gonzales-Sims. In
light of the extensive efforts made to locate Gonzales-Sims, the court did not abuse its discretion
by not giving a missing-witness instruction to the jury.

       Affirmed.

                                                            /s/ Michael J. Kelly
                                                            /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                            /s/ Karen M. Fort Hood

                                               -11-