Court Opinion

ID: 9375499
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-27 22:02:28.51522+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:58.584467
License: Public Domain

Filed 2/27/23 P. v. Corona CA4/2

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION TWO

 THE PEOPLE,

           Plaintiff and Respondent,                                      E078593

 v.                                                                       (Super.Ct.No. RIF111209))

 ADRIAN CUEVAS CORONA,                                                    OPINION

           Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Matthew C. Perantoni,

Judge. Affirmed.

         Mark Alan Hart, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant.

         Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney

General, Charles C. Ragland, Senior Assistant Attorney General, and Alan Amann and

Christopher P. Beesley, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

                                                             1
       Petitioner Adrian Cuevas Corona was involved in a confrontation between his

group of young Hispanic men, in a car, and another, on foot. At the end, a member of the

other group was run over by a car and killed.

       Although there were many eyewitnesses, their recollections of this shocking event

understandably varied. Thus, there was conflicting evidence as to whether petitioner was

the driver of the car, or the person seen brandishing a rifle, or neither. There was

conflicting evidence as to whether the rifle was fired. There was also conflicting

evidence as to whether the driver ran over the victim deliberately or accidentally. There

was even conflicting evidence as to whether it was actually petitioner’s group’s car that

ran over the victim.

       Nevertheless, in 2004, in a jury trial, petitioner was found guilty of second degree

murder. (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a).)1 He was sentenced to 15 years to life in prison.

       In 2021, he filed a petition for resentencing pursuant to section 1172.6.2 The trial

court issued an order to show cause. After considering the evidence,3 the trial court

found beyond a reasonable doubt “that the defendant did commit implied malice

       1      All further statutory citations are to the Penal Code.
       2      The petition was actually filed under former section 1170.95. (Stats. 2018,
ch. 1015, § 4, amended by Stats. 2021, ch. 551, § 2.) Effective June 30, 2022, however,
former section 1170.95 was renumbered as section 1172.6, with no change in text. (Stats.
2022, ch. 58, § 10.) We will use section 1172.6, somewhat anachronistically, to refer to
whichever one of the two statutes was in effect at the relevant time.
       3        The evidence consisted of the clerk’s transcript and reporter’s transcript of
the trial, plus our opinion in petitioner’s direct appeal.

                                              2
murder.” It therefore denied the petition. (See §§ 188, subds. (a)(2), (a)(3), 1172.6, subd.

(d)(3).)

       In this appeal, petitioner contends that:

       (1) The trial court may have found petitioner guilty on a natural and probable

consequence theory, which is no longer valid.

       (2) The trial court could find petitioner guilty only on a theory on which the

record shows the jury also relied.

       We reject the first contention because it is based on the premise that “[t]he natural

and probable consequence doctrine is a theory of implied malice.” That is simply wrong.

       We reject the second contention because it is based on the premise that there is a

right to trial by jury in a section 1172.6 proceeding. Our sister courts have rejected this

premise unanimously; moreover, the United States Supreme Court and the California

Supreme Court have held that there is no right to trial by jury in analogous postconviction

proceedings.

                                              I

                                STATEMENT OF FACTS

       On the night of July 13-14, 2003, at 8:30 p.m., petitioner borrowed his girlfriend’s

white Chrysler Sebring. He promised to come back at 5:00 a.m. to take her to work.

       Around 1:45 a.m., witnesses saw the Sebring in the parking lot of a shopping

center in Moreno Valley. One of the businesses in the shopping center was La Nueva

Ronda, a nightclub that was just closing.

                                              3
       The Sebring was cruising the parking lot, burning rubber and acting “like a

bumper car,” “trying to hit another vehicle, stopping before [it] hit the other vehicle . . . .”

There were four or five young men in it. One witness saw the person in the right rear seat

of the Sebring pointing a rifle out the window.

       Other cars in the parking lot were also cruising, burning rubber, and “driving

radically.” One was a gold Chevy Suburban.

       Victim Eder Arcos was in the parking lot, behind his truck, with three or four male

friends and one female friend. Petitioner’s group “mad-dogged” them and asked where

they were from.

       Someone in the Sebring said, “[P]ull the gun out.” Someone then stood up

through the sunroof, pointed a rifle at the victim’s group, and said he was going to shoot.

       The victim went up to the driver’s side of the Sebring and grabbed the rifle. His

friends came running up to help him. The driver of the Sebring “floored” it, accelerating

to 25 to 35 miles an hour. The victim — holding the rifle with one hand and the edge of

the sunroof with the other — was either carried or dragged along. The gunman started

punching the victim.

       At the end of the parking lot, the Sebring made a U-turn “at high speed.” The

victim either fell or was pushed off the car. The Sebring then ran over him. There was

conflicting testimony as to whether the rear wheel ran over him as he fell or whether the

Sebring circled back around and sped up before running over him.

                                               4
       Two of the victim’s friends testified that, after he fell, the Suburban drove toward

them, apparently trying to run them over; they ducked behind an electrical box. One of

the two believed the Suburban ran over the victim, but he admitted he did not see that

happen. A third testified that the Suburban “was in back of” the Sebring “when it was

running over” the victim. Two other witnesses, however, were either “sure” or “positive”

that the Suburban did not run over the victim.

       One witness saw the gunman aim the rifle at the victim as he lay on the ground

and pump the rifle three or four times; she saw shells being ejected and falling back

inside the sunroof. However, she did not hear a shot. Neither did any other witness,

except one, who believed he heard one shot but was not sure. In the parking lot, the

police found one .22-caliber bullet, but no bullet strikes and no casings. According to a

police officer familiar with firearms, these facts suggested that the rifle misfired.

       According to one witness, the driver had a tattoo on his left arm; the gunman had

tattoos on his arms and a mustache. Petitioner had no tattoos.

       Witnesses who saw the driver and/or the gunman well enough to describe them

did not identify petitioner in photo lineups. One witness thought petitioner’s friend,

Jimmy Ocampo, looked like the driver.

       Petitioner returned the Sebring to his girlfriend around 2:15 a.m. The police

traced the license number of the Sebring to the girlfriend. The next morning, in

cooperation with the police, she made a pretext call to petitioner.

                                              5
       She said she had been arrested because her car was involved in a hit-and-run, then

asked, “What happened last night?” Petitioner replied, “We never run over no people.”

       Petitioner was angry that she had not cleaned out “all the shells.” He claimed he

had told her to clean out the car. He said the bullets in the car “have my fingerprints on

’em.” 4

       Petitioner said, “We went to the La R[o]nda and fools start trippin’. So we left,

we did not hit nobody.” He admitted that there was a gun and bullets in the car, “[i]n

case something would happen,” “[in] case some fool started trippin.” He refused to say

who else was in the car with him.

       Then he said, “That fool they say we hit. He jumped onto [the] car . . . . He’s

fucking grab onto it . . . , and we just started socking that fool.” “[H]e fuckin’ dropped.”

Blood got on the car, but “[w]e wiped it off.”

       Petitioner also said, “[T]he sunroof was open . . . and we got out. Well, I got out.”

“That fool came up, . . . try and fuckin’ grab me . . . . I we, I just hold onto him . . . and

sock, we just sockin’ him . . . . [A]nd that’s why I told Jimmy, Let’s go . . . .” “[H]e

couldn’t get under us so we did not run him over or anything.” “Somebody else” ran

over the victim. However, petitioner also said, “I didn’t mean to crash him.”

       His girlfriend said, “I trusted you with my car.” Petitioner replied, “Shut up

before I fuckin’ kill your ass too.”

       4     The police found no shells in the Sebring. The prosecution’s theory was
that, unbeknownst to petitioner, one of his accomplices took them while the group was
wiping blood off the car (see post).

                                               6
       When told the victim was dead, petitioner laughed and said, “That’s funny.” He

said, “That’s what he gets.” However, he also said, “[I]t was never meant to happen.”

       At the end of the call, his girlfriend asked what he wanted her to tell the police.

He sighed and said, “Babe, just tell him I, I hit him. I was in the car. Tell them I was

driving.” “Okay? Just so you can have your life.”

                                              II

                                 LEGAL BACKGROUND

       In 2018, the Legislature abrogated the natural and probable consequences doctrine

as applied to murder. (§ 188, subd. (a)(3), Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 2; see also People v.

Gentile (2020) 10 Cal.5th 830, 849-851.) As a result, an aider and abettor cannot be

guilty of murder unless he or she acted with malice. (People v. Cortes (2022) 75

Cal.App.5th 198, 205.) This legislative change did not affect the liability of a direct

perpetrator.

       Under section 1172.6, the trial court must vacate a murder conviction if the

petitioner may have been convicted as an aider and abettor under the natural and probable

consequences theory (see generally People v. Prettyman (1996) 14 Cal.4th 248, 260-

263), unless it finds, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the petitioner acted with malice.

(§ 1172.6, subd. (d)(3), incorporating § 188, subd. (a)(3).)

       A petition to vacate a murder conviction under section 1172.6 must allege that the

petitioner:

                                              7
       (1) May have been prosecuted on (among other things) a natural and probable

consequences theory;

       (2) Either:

              (a) “was convicted of murder . . . following a trial,” or

              (b) “accepted a plea offer in lieu of a trial at which the petitioner could

have been convicted of murder”; and

       (3) “[C]ould not presently be convicted of murder . . . .” (§ 1172.6, subd. (a).)

       As long as the petition so alleges, the trial court must appoint counsel, on request.

(§ 1172.6, subd. (b)(3); People v. Lewis (2021) 11 Cal.5th 952, 961-970 (Lewis).) It must

require the prosecution to file a response within 60 days. The petitioner may file a reply

within another 30 days. Then the trial court must hold a hearing to determine whether the

petition states a prima facie claim for relief. (§ 1172.6, subd. (c).)

       If the petition does state a prima facie claim, the trial court must issue an order to

show cause. (§ 1172.6, subd. (c).) It must then hold an evidentiary hearing, at which the

prosecution has the burden to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the petitioner is

guilty of murder even under current law. (Id., subds. (d)(1), (d)(3).) Thus, as relevant

here, it must prove that the petitioner acted with express or implied malice.

                                              III

      THE VALIDITY OF THE TRIAL COURT’S IMPLIED MALICE THEORY

       The driver was the perpetrator of the murder. There was substantial evidence that

petitioner was the driver; however, there was also substantial evidence that he was not.

                                               8
       According to petitioner, the evidence, the jury instructions, and the arguments of

counsel allowed the jury to find him guilty on only one of three theories: (1) He was the

driver, and he acted with express malice; (2) he was the driver, and he acted with implied

malice; and (3) he was not the driver, but he aided and abetted an assault with a firearm,

and the murder was a natural and probable consequence of the assault.5

       5      It is true that, in our opinion in petitioner’s direct appeal, we said there were
only these three theories. However, this was not necessary to our ultimate holding.
Petitioner was claiming there was insufficient evidence to support the conviction on any
theory. We held, however, that there was sufficient evidence that he was guilty as the
driver and also sufficient evidence that he was guilty as an aider and abettor under the
natural and probable consequences theory. We therefore had no occasion to consider
whether there was sufficient evidence that he was guilty as an aider and abettor acting
with implied malice. (See People v. Vizcarra (2022) 84 Cal.App.5th 377, 388-392
[aiding and abetting with implied malice is a valid theory of second degree murder and
survives amendments to section 188].)

        It is also true that, in closing argument, the prosecutor focused largely on these
three theories. However, he did also argue that petitioner, as the gunman, was an aider
and abettor acting with either express malice or implied malice. In fact, he argued that
the jury should rely on the natural and probable consequences only if it was not
convinced that petitioner was either the driver or the gunman. Moreover, the jury
instructions allowed the jury to convict petitioner as an aider and abettor acting with
implied malice. (CALJIC Nos. 3.00, 3.01, 3.31.5, 8.10, 8.11, 8.31.)

        The trial court may well have found that petitioner was the gunman, and thus that
he aided and abetted the murder with implied malice. After all, in the pretext phone call,
petitioner volunteered that he came up through the sunroof, and he socked the victim; he
also volunteered that his fingerprints were on the bullets. He did also say he was the
driver, but unconvincingly.

       The gunman aided and abetted implied malice murder by telling the driver, “Let’s
go” while the victim was hanging onto the car, and then by socking the victim while the
car was going 25 to 35 miles an hour in an effort to make him fall off. He also displayed
implied malice by attempting to fire the rifle at the victim (although the rifle evidently
misfired). In fact, most likely the trial court found that, regardless of whether petitioner
was the driver or the gunman, he acted with implied malice.

                                              9
       The trial court found petitioner guilty based on implied malice. However, it did

not make an express finding that he was the driver. According to petitioner, “The natural

and probable consequence doctrine is a theory of implied malice.”6 Petitioner therefore

contends that it may have found him guilty as the gunman on a natural and probable

consequence theory, which is no longer valid.

       The natural and probable consequences theory, however, does not involve implied

malice at all. “[I]mplied malice requires . . . an ‘intent to do an act dangerous to human

life with conscious disregard of its danger.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Landry (2016) 2

Cal.5th 52, 96.) The natural and probable consequences doctrine, on the other hand,

requires that the defendant intentionally aid and abet a target crime, and that the

perpetrator commit a greater crime that is, objectively, a reasonably foreseeable

consequence of the target crime. (People v. Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 843.)

       Thus, “an aider and abettor can be liable for implied malice murder as a theory

independent of the natural and probable consequences doctrine.” (People v. Powell

(2021) 63 Cal.App.5th 689, 713.) “[T]he natural and probable consequences doctrine

constituted an exception to the requirement of either express or implied malice for a

murder conviction. [Citation.]” (People v. Vargas (2022) 84 Cal.App.5th 943, 953,

italics added.) “[A]n aider and abettor need not personally possess malice, express or

implied, to be convicted of second degree murder under a natural and probable

       6      Conspicuously, he offers no citation to support this assertion.

                                             10
consequences theory. [Citation.]” (People v. Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 847, italics

added.)

       In sum, if, as petitioner contends, there are only three possible theories, then

because the trial court found implied malice, it necessarily found that he was the driver.

Alternatively, if there were five possible theories (see fn. 5), then it found that he acted

with implied malice, as driver or gunman, without resort to the natural and probable

consequences theory.

       Last but not least, “[o]n appeal, we imply any findings necessary to support the

court’s determination. [Citation.]” (People v. Overing (2015) 239 Cal.App.4th Supp. 31,

38.) Thus, even assuming it was error to find petitioner guilty based on implied malice

without a finding that he was the driver, we must imply a finding that he was the driver.

                                              IV

                RELIANCE ON A THEORY THAT WAS NOT SHOWN

                        TO BE THE ONE THE JURY RELIED ON

       Petitioner also contends that, as a matter of the right to trial by jury and the right to

due process, the trial court could not find him guilty on an implied malice theory unless

the record shows that the jury also found him guilty on an implied malice theory.

       As petitioner candidly concedes, our sister courts have already rejected the

premise of this contention.

       People v. Anthony (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 1102 (Anthony) rejected the argument

that allowing a court, rather than a jury, to make a new factual determination of guilt in a

                                              11
section 1172.6 proceeding violates the right to trial by jury. (Id. at pp. 1156-1157.) It

explained: “[T]he retroactive relief . . . afforded by [section 1172.6] is not subject to

Sixth Amendment analysis. Rather, the Legislature’s changes constituted an act of lenity

that does not implicate defendants’ Sixth Amendment rights. [Citation.]” (Id. at

p. 1156.)

       Anthony cited People v. Perez (2018) 4 Cal.5th 1055 (Perez), which it summarized

as holding that “a trial court may make determinations of fact based on new evidence

regarding a petitioner’s eligibility for resentencing under Prop[osition] 36 because

retroactive application of the benefits from the proposition are a legislative act of lenity

that does not implicate [Six]th Amend[ment] rights.”7 (Anthony, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th

at pp. 1156-1157.)

       Multiple courts have held similarly that there is no right to trial by jury in a section

1172.6 proceeding. (People v. Schell (2022) 84 Cal.App.5th 437, 444; People v. Silva

(2021) 72 Cal.App.5th 505, 520; People v. Farfan (2021) 71 Cal.App.5th 942, 948;

People v. Myles (2021) 69 Cal.App.5th 688, 702, fn. 4; People v. Howard (2020) 50

Cal.App.5th 727, 740.)

       People v. James (2021) 63 Cal.App.5th 604 (James) enlarged on Anthony’s “act of

lenity” reasoning. It explained: “[A]ppellant was properly convicted of second degree

murder under the law that was in effect at the time of his offense and when he entered his

       7      Proposition 36 enacted ameliorative amendments to the three strikes law; it
also allowed a person already serving a sentence under the three strikes law to petition for
resentencing under the amendments. (§ 1170.26.)

                                              12
guilty plea. Section [1172.6] is ‘an act of lenity’ that requires, under specified

circumstances, reduction of the offense for which he was properly convicted. . . . No

constitutional provision required the Legislature to authorize relief under the conditions

specified in section [1172.6] and none compels it to make the conditions subject to jury

determination.” (Id. at p. 609.)

       James noted the holding of Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466

(Apprendi) that “‘“[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the

penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a

jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.”’ [Citation.]” (James, supra, 63

Cal.App.5th at p. 610, quoting Apprendi, supra, at p. 490.) It concluded, however, that

“[t]he rule of Apprendi does not apply because [section 1172.6] is designed solely to

permit the reduction of a defendant’s punishment; no increase is possible over the

sentence that has already become final.” (James, supra, at p. 611.)

       As a parting shot, James noted: “If it were necessary to conduct another jury trial

— often, as in this case, years after the conduct in question — it is unlikely that the

Legislature would have enacted the procedure in the first place. Indeed, a contrary ruling

might well prompt the repeal of section [1172.6].” (James, supra, 63 Cal.App.5th at

p. 611.)

       In People v. Basler (2022) 80 Cal.App.5th 46 (Basler), the defendant raised

exactly the argument that petitioner is raising here. There, the jury could have convicted

the defendant of murder as a perpetrator acting with express malice, as an aider and

                                             13
abettor acting with express malice, or as an aider and abettor on a natural and probable

consequences theory. (Id. at pp. 52-53.) The trial court denied his section 1172.6

petition, finding that he acted with express malice. (Id. at p. 53.)

       On appeal, the defendant argued that allowing the trial court to find him guilty on

a theory on which the jury did not necessarily rely violated his right to trial by jury.

(Basler, supra, 80 Cal.App.5th at p. 61.) The appellate court disagreed. Citing James, it

stated: “He is not a defendant charged anew with murder and constitutionally entitled to

a jury trial.” (Basler, supra, at pp. 61-62.)

       Petitioner argues that Anthony and its progeny went astray by relying on Perez,

because Proposition 36, which was at issue in Perez, allowed a trial court to redetermine

the sentence, whereas section 1172.6 allows the trial court to redetermine guilt. He does

not explain why that matters. The right to jury trial extends to both guilt and, under

Apprendi, to sentencing. Indeed, because Apprendi held that a jury trial is not required

on a fact that decreases the penalty for a crime below the prescribed statutory maximum,

it is reasonable to conclude that a jury trial is not required on a fact that decreases guilt of

a crime below that which has already been adjudicated by a jury.

       Perez itself relied on Dillon v. United States (2010) 560 U.S. 817 (Dillon). (Perez,

supra, 4 Cal.5th at pp. 1063-1064.) Dillon held that there is no right to a jury trial in a

federal procedure, much like Proposition 36 (or Proposition 47), that allows a trial court

to reduce an otherwise final sentence in accordance with post-sentencing amendments to

the federal Sentencing Guidelines. It explained, in part: “Notably, the sentence-

                                                14
modification proceedings . . . are not constitutionally compelled. We are aware of no

constitutional requirement of retroactivity that entitles defendants sentenced to a term of

imprisonment to the benefit of subsequent Guidelines amendments. Rather, [the

sentence-modification proceedings] represent[] a congressional act of lenity intended to

give prisoners the benefit of later enacted adjustments to the . . . Guidelines.” (Dillon,

supra, 560 U.S. at p. 828.) This reasoning applies as much to a reduction in guilt as to a

reduction in sentencing.

       Finally, we are persuaded by the James court’s concern that, if section 1172.6

required jury trials, it might not exist at all, and petitioner might have no possibility of

relief whatsoever. And as our own parting shot, we note that if petitioner is correct, any

time the record did not indicate the theory on which the jury convicted, the trial court

could not sustain the conviction on any theory; it would have to grant the petition. Again,

if this were the law, section 1172.6 might well not exist.

       This is not a case in which the trial court found the petitioner guilty on a theory

that was never presented to the jury. We express no opinion on such a case.

                                              15
                                            V

                                  DISPOSITION

     The order appealed from is affirmed.

     NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                                RAMIREZ
                                                          P. J.

We concur:

McKINSTER
                       J.

MILLER
                       J.

                                        16