Court Opinion

ID: 4349350
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-12-11 20:11:31.179838+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:24:30.754610
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

                                NO. 2017-CA-00889-COA

TERI KECKLEY                                                                 APPELLANT

v.

ESTES EQUIPMENT COMPANY, INC. AND                                             APPELLEES
PILOT TRAVEL CENTERS, LLC

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                           05/30/2017
TRIAL JUDGE:                                HON. WILLIAM E. CHAPMAN III
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                  RANKIN COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                    CHARLES M. MERKEL JR.
                                            EDWARD P. CONNELL JR.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:                    JOHN E. WADE JR.
                                            JOSEPH A. SCLAFANI
                                            DAN W. WEBB
                                            PAUL N. JENKINS JR.
NATURE OF THE CASE:                         CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
DISPOSITION:                                REVERSED AND REMANDED - 12/11/2018
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

       BEFORE LEE, C.J., FAIR AND WILSON, JJ.

       WILSON, J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    Teri Keckley was injured when she tripped and fell outside of the “Flying J”

convenience store in Pearl. Keckley alleges that she tripped on a piece of yellow caution tape

that was lying flat on the ground across a sidewalk. She claims that as she stepped over the

tape, a sudden “gust of wind” blew the tape off the ground, creating a “tripwire.” Keckley

testified that after her fall she realized that the tape was tied to a pole on one side of the

sidewalk and a brick pillar on the other. Prior to her fall, she did not perceive that the tape

was attached to anything.
¶2.    Keckley sued the Flying J’s owner, Pilot Travel Centers LLC (Pilot), and Estes

Equipment Company (Estes), which had recently completed a construction project outside

the convenience store. She alleged that Pilot and Estes failed to maintain the premises in a

reasonably safe condition and failed to warn her of a dangerous condition. The circuit court

held as a matter of law that the caution tape was not an unreasonably dangerous condition.

Therefore, the circuit court granted summary judgment in favor of Pilot and Estes.

¶3.    For the reasons discussed below, we hold that genuine issues of material fact remain

and that neither Pilot nor Estes is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Therefore, we

reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                        FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶4.    Pilot hired Estes to install an underground storage tank at Pilot’s Flying J gas station

and convenience store on Highway 80 in Pearl. Estes broke concrete near the diesel island

closest to the store and dug a large hole for the storage tank. Estes also broke concrete to

create an “electrical conduit” or “trench” to run electrical lines to the tank. Estes installed

the tank underground and its electrical subcontractor installed the electrical lines on or before

April 1, 2011. On or around April 1, Estes set up a barricade of orange barrels and yellow

caution tape around the construction area. On April 2, the concrete subcontractor, Denco

LLC, poured concrete over certain areas of the excavation and finished construction,

including the electrical conduit. Denco finished its work and left the site on April 2, leaving

the barrels and caution tape as it had found them. The barrels and tape were to remain in

                                               2
place for some period of time to allow the concrete to cure.

¶5.    On April 15, Keckley, a truck driver, stopped at the Flying J. She was on her way to

Ruston, Louisiana, to deliver a load. She parked outside the fuel islands, exited her truck,

and walked toward the convenience store. As she approached the store, two entrances were

ahead of her. A concrete sidewalk led to the front of the building, and a “breezeway” to her

right led into the store. Keckley saw “seven or more” people coming out through the

breezeway, and “they were all carrying stuff like oil, hot dogs, drinks,” etc. Keckley thought

that if she tried to enter through the breezeway, she would have had to wait for all those

people “to clear before [she] could get in.” Keckley “was in a very big hurry,” so she

decided to take the sidewalk to the front of the building rather than the breezeway.

¶6.    As Keckley approached the sidewalk, she noticed an approximately thirty-foot piece

of yellow caution tape “laying flat on the ground” all the way across the sidewalk. The tape

appeared to be “loose” and did not appear to be attached to anything. Keckley thought it was

“confusing that it would be laying flat on the ground like that, so [she] made an extra wide

step [over the tape] to be extra cautious.” When she did, a sudden “gust of wind just kind

of blew up.” The wind blew the tape off the ground, and it “functioned like” a “tripwire,”

catching Keckley’s right foot and causing her to fall forward onto her knees. After she fell,

Keckley realized that the tape was tied to a pole on one side of the sidewalk and was also tied

to a brick pillar on the other side of the sidewalk.

¶7.    A customer exiting the store saw Keckley fall and helped her up. He then helped her

                                               3
sit down on the edge of a raised flower bed nearby. Keckley sat on the flower bed for twenty

or thirty minutes. She called her supervisor to let him know that she had been injured and

would be late getting to Ruston. Her supervisor told her to make sure that she was okay

before she got back in her truck.

¶8.    Keckley eventually went inside the store and spoke to the manager on duty, Mario

Garcia. Keckley testified that Garcia “apologized multiple times about the construction stuff

everywhere.” According to Keckley, Garcia said that Pilot had “call[ed] the construction

company several times trying to get them to come out [to the store] and clean this mess up,”

but the construction company would not return Pilot’s calls or come back “to clean this mess

up.” Keckley filled out a form to report the accident, but she initially declined Garcia’s offer

to call an ambulance. After about an hour, she still did not feel well enough to drive, so she

asked Garcia to call an ambulance.

¶9.    Keckley testified that when the ambulance arrived, they could not provide any

treatment or diagnosis without taking her to a hospital. She did not want to go to the hospital

because she still needed to deliver her load in Ruston. Keckley declined to go to the hospital,

returned to her truck, and continued on to Ruston. Keckley testified that she had to stop

every thirty or forty minutes because of the pain in her knees, but she eventually made it to

Ruston. When she arrived in Ruston, she was unable to help unload her truck. Keckley

alleges that she suffered serious injuries to her knees, neck, back, hands and wrists as a result

of her fall at the Pilot. She alleges that these injuries required several surgeries and caused

                                               4
severe mental and emotional stress.

¶10.   In February 2014, Keckley filed suit against Pilot, Estes, and Denco in the Rankin

County Circuit Court. She alleged that the caution tape she tripped over was a dangerous

condition and that Pilot, Estes, and Denco breached their duty to keep the premises in a

reasonably safe condition. She sought damages for, inter alia, past and future medical

expenses, pain and suffering, mental and emotional stress, and lost wages. The defendants

answered and denied liability, and Pilot filed a cross-claim against Estes for indemnification

and/or contribution. Estes denied liability on Pilot’s cross-claim.1

¶11.   In March 2016, Denco filed a motion for summary judgment. In response, Keckley

agreed that there was no evidence of fault on the part of Denco and that Denco was entitled

to summary judgment. Accordingly, the circuit court granted summary judgment in favor

of Denco and dismissed Keckley’s claims against Denco with prejudice.

¶12.   Estes and Pilot subsequently filed separate motions for summary judgment. Estes

argued that the caution tape was not an “‘unreasonably dangerous condition’ that the

[d]efendants knew or should have known about” and that Keckley’s own decision to step

over the tape, rather than walking around the tape and entering through the breezeway, was

“the proximate cause of her injury.” Pilot advanced similar arguments and also argued that

       1
        The summary judgment record includes conflicting testimony about whether Pilot
or Estes would have been responsible for the dangerous condition as alleged in Keckley’s
complaint. Neither Pilot nor Estes addressed this issue in their motions for summary
judgment, and the issue is not before us on appeal.

                                              5
Keckley became “a licensee, if not a trespasser,” when she crossed over the caution tape; that

Pilot had no “duty to warn” because the caution tape was in plain view; and that there was

no evidence that Pilot caused or had actual constructive notice of the allegedly dangerous

condition. In response, Keckley argued that she remained an invitee, not a licensee, at all

times; that, apart from any duty to warn, Pilot had a duty to keep the premises reasonably

safe; and that genuine issues of material fact precluded summary judgment on the remaining

grounds raised by the defendants.

¶13.   The circuit court granted summary judgment in favor of both Estes and Pilot, ruling

as follows:

       Keckley must establish that an unreasonably dangerous condition existed in
       order to maintain a premises liability action against Pilot and Estes. . . . [T]his
       [c]ourt finds that the open and obvious yellow caution tape at issue is not an
       unreasonably dangerous condition as a matter of law. Therefore, without the
       presence of an unreasonably dangerous condition, there can be no premises
       liability claim. Moreover, as this [c]ourt has held as a matter of law that the
       open and obvious condition complained [of] by Keckley was not an
       unreasonably dangerous condition, this [c]ourt need not consider the other
       arguments raised by the [d]efendants.

(Citations omitted). Keckley filed a timely notice of appeal.

                                         ANALYSIS

¶14.   “We review the grant . . . of a motion for summary judgment de novo, viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the party against whom the motion has been made.”

Karpinsky v. Am. Nat’l Ins. Co., 109 So. 3d 84, 88 (¶9) (Miss. 2013) (quotation marks

omitted). Our review is not limited to the specific grounds on which the circuit court granted

                                               6
summary judgment. Rather, we review the record de novo and may consider any grounds

that the moving party raised in the circuit court. See Brocato v. Miss. Publishers Corp., 503

So. 2d 241, 244 (Miss. 1987); Stroud v. Progressive Gulf Ins. Co., 239 So. 3d 516, 526 (¶31)

(Miss. Ct. App. 2017).

¶15.   Summary judgment “shall be rendered” if the “pleadings, depositions, answers to

interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is

no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as

a matter of law.” M.R.C.P. 56(c). The non-moving party “may not rest upon the mere

allegations or denials of his pleadings,” but must respond with competent evidence of

“specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. If he does not so respond,

summary judgment, if appropriate, will be entered against him.” M.R.C.P. 56(e). “The

movant bears the burden of persuading the trial judge that: (1) no genuine issue of material

fact exists, and (2) on the basis of the facts established, he is entitled to judgment as a matter

of law.” Palmer v. Biloxi Reg’l Med. Ctr. Inc., 564 So. 2d 1346, 1355 (Miss. 1990).

However, “summary judgment is appropriate when the non-moving party has failed to make

a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to the party’s case, and

on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Karpinsky, 109 So. 3d at 89 (¶11)

(quotation marks omitted).

¶16.   This case involves well-settled rules of premises liability law. The “operator of

business premises owes a duty to an invitee to exercise reasonable care to keep the premises

                                                7
in a reasonably safe condition and, if the operator is aware of a dangerous condition, which

is not readily apparent to the invitee, he is under a duty to warn the invitee of such

condition.” Jerry Lee’s Grocery Inc. v. Thompson, 528 So. 2d 293, 295 (Miss. 1988).

“When a dangerous condition on the premises is caused by the operator’s own negligence,

no knowledge of its existence need be shown.” Id. “When a dangerous condition on the

premises . . . is caused by a third person unconnected with the store operation, the burden is

upon the plaintiff to show that the operator had actual or constructive knowledge of its

presence.” Id. The operator has “no duty to warn” an invitee of dangers that are “open and

obvious.” Mayfield v. The Hairbender, 903 So. 2d 733, 738 (¶21) (Miss. 2005) (emphasis

added). However, that a condition is “open and obvious” is not a defense to an operator’s

“alleged negligence in allowing the hazard to remain” on the premises. Id. at 739 (¶27). Nor

does it “eliminate the [operator’s] duty to maintain the premises in a reasonably safe

condition.” Id.

¶17.   With these rules in mind, we address each of the grounds on which Estes and Pilot

claim that they are entitled to summary judgment. The defendants argue that they are entitled

to summary judgment because (1) the caution tape is not an unreasonably dangerous

condition and (2) Keckley’s decision to attempt to step over the tape was the sole proximate

cause of her injury. In addition, Pilot argues that it is entitled to summary judgment because

(3) it had “no duty to warn” of the caution tape, which was in plain view; (4) Keckley was

a license, not an invitee, once she stepped over the tape; and (5) there was no evidence that

                                              8
Pilot created or had actual or constructive knowledge of the allegedly dangerous condition.

We address these five issues in turn.

       I.     Dangerous Condition

¶18.   Regardless of the plaintiff’s precise theory, “[i]n every premises-liability case, the

plaintiff must show that a dangerous condition exists.” McCullar v. Boyd Tunica Inc., 50 So.

3d 1009, 1012 (¶13) (Miss. Ct. App. 2010); accord Patterson v. Mi Toro Mexican Inc., No.

2017-CA-01113-COA, 2018 WL 3434330, at *2 (¶7) (Miss. Ct. App. July 17, 2018)

(collecting cases). Whether a dangerous condition exists may be a question of fact for the

jury. See Vivians v. Baptist Healthplex, 234 So. 3d 304, 309 (¶21) (Miss. 2017).

¶19.   Estes and Pilot argue that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that—as a

matter of law—the yellow caution tape was not a dangerous condition. The defendants argue

that the tape belongs to the class of “normally encountered dangers” that customers must

expect to find on the premises of a business. “Mississippi has long recognized that normally

encountered dangers such as curves, sidewalks, and steps are not hazardous conditions.

Often such pathways contain cracks and changes in elevation; and, as such, they do not

become hazardous conditions simply because they contain minor imperfections or defects.”

Jones v. Wal-Mart Stores E. LP, 187 So. 3d 1100, 1104 (¶14) (Miss. Ct. App. 2016) (quoting

Knight v. Picayune Tire Servs. Inc., 78 So. 3d 356, 359 (¶9) (Miss. Ct. App. 2011)).

¶20.   The defendants further contend that this case is analogous to Smith v. Federal

Cleaning Contractors Inc., 126 F. App’x 672 (5th Cir. 2005). In Smith, the plaintiff tripped

                                             9
over a hose near the entrance to Northpark Mall in Ridgeland. Id. at 673. The plaintiff

noticed the hose before she tripped over it, as it was in plain view and was being used by a

contractor. Id. In an unpublished opinion, the Fifth Circuit held that the hose was not an

“unreasonably dangerous condition.” Id. at 674. The court reasoned that there was “no

difference between a hose laying outside a shopping mall and display stands, hand trucks,

raised door thresholds, curbs, and steps, all of which have been held not to be unreasonably

dangerous.” Id. The defendants argue that bright yellow caution tape is—like a hose in a

mall parking lot—a common feature routinely encountered on a business premises.

¶21.   We would agree with the defendants’ argument if Keckley alleged that she had been

injured by ordinary caution tape that was strung three or four feet off the ground for the

purpose of limiting customers’ access to an area of the premises. However, that is not what

Keckley alleges she encountered. She alleges that she approached a piece of caution tape

lying flat on the ground that appeared to be “loose” and did not appear to be tied to anything.

Nor did the tape appear to demarcate an active construction area or some other danger.

Keckley further alleges that a sudden gust of wind blew the tape just far enough off the

ground to catch her foot and cause her to fall. According to Keckley, she then realized that

the tape was tied to a pole on one side of the sidewalk and a brick pillar on the other side.

She claims that although the caution tape looked as though it was “loose” and had been

discarded, the sudden wind gust caused it to function as a “tripwire.” Keckley clearly

testified that she tripped on this “tripwire,” not the curb a few feet away. A customer does

                                              10
not expect to encounter tripwires on a business premises. A reasonable jury could find that

a tripwire is a dangerous condition.

¶22.   The facts of this case, at least as described by Keckley, are more analogous Cox v.

Wal-Mart Stores East L.P., 755 F.3d 231 (5th Cir. 2014). Cox fell and sustained injuries

when she tripped on the threshold of an automatic sliding door at a Wal-Mart. Id. at 232.

She alleged that threshold “rocked” and rose up slightly (about ½") whenever a customer

entered because the threshold was not secured tightly to the ground. Id. Wal-Mart denied

that the threshold “rocked,” id., but argued that, even if it did, it was in that class of “‘usual’

or ‘expected’ dangers that cannot be unreasonably dangerous as a matter of law.” Id. at 233-

34. The Fifth Circuit rejected Wal-Mart’s argument, reasoning that the case did “not involve

a known, permanent, or visible condition, but an alleged defect that caused the threshold to

unexpectedly move up and down.” Id. at 235. The court further reasoned that “[a]lthough

the defect alleged in Cox’s complaint is a minor defect, the hidden and surprising nature of

the defect could remove it from the ‘normally encountered dangers’ patrons expect to

encounter when crossing a threshold.” Id. The court emphasized that, at the summary

judgment stage, it was required to “accept Cox’s allegation that the threshold . . . suddenly

rose up one-half inch when Cox stepped on it.” Id. The court concluded that “[t]he fact that

the alleged defective condition changed suddenly and without warning—unlike cracked or

uneven concrete, or visible changes in texture and elevation—is sufficient for a reasonable

jury to conclude that it creates an unreasonable or unusually dangerous condition.” Id.

                                                11
¶23.   According to Keckley’s testimony, the caution tape in this case is similar to the

defective threshold in Cox. Keckley testified that the tape suddenly, unexpectedly, and

without warning rose up slightly and caused her to trip and fall. The tape appeared to have

been discarded and was lying flat on the ground. However, according to Keckley, the tape

was actually secured on either side of the sidewalk, creating a “tripwire” during a sudden

gust of wind. The caution tape itself was not “hidden.” But neither was the door threshold

in Cox. According to Keckley’s testimony, the tripwire-like effect of the caution tape was

“hidden and surprising”—just like the unexpected “rocking” of the door threshold in Cox.

Id. Like the Fifth Circuit in Cox, we emphasize that on a motion for summary judgment, we

must accept the plaintiff’s sworn testimony as true. Id. And we hold that “[t]he fact that the

alleged defective condition changed suddenly and without warning . . . is sufficient for a

reasonable jury to conclude that it creates an unreasonable or unusually dangerous

condition.” Id.

       II.      Proximate Cause

¶24.   Estes and Pilot also argue that Keckley’s decision to step over the yellow caution tape

was the sole proximate cause of her injury as a matter of law. They argue that Keckley

should have entered the convenience store through the breezeway rather than stepping over

the caution tape. We disagree.

¶25.   The manager on duty, Mario Garcia, and Pilot’s Rule 30(b)(6) witness2 testified that

       2
           See M.R.C.P. 30(b)(6).

                                             12
the area where Keckley fell was a common and open walkway for the store’s customers. In

addition, Estes’s project manager, Rodney Beasley, and a Denco employee, Tony Robinson,

testified that the area where Keckley fell was not part of their work area. Beasley testified

that the area where Keckley fell was “not part of the construction zone at all,” and he agreed

that there was no reason for caution tape to have been across the sidewalk where she fell.

Keckley likewise testified that the caution tape did not appear to demarcate a work area. On

the evidence presented, a jury could find that Keckley simply stepped over what appeared to

be a piece of garbage along the path to an entrance that was open and in common use by

customers. On the summary judgment record, we cannot say, as a matter of law, that

Keckley’s decision to use one open entrance rather than another was the sole proximate cause

of her injury.

       III.      Duty to Warn

¶26.   Citing Tharp v. Bunge Corp., 641 So. 2d 20, 25 (Miss. 1994), Pilot argues that it had

“no duty to warn of the yellow caution tape” because Keckley admits that she saw the tape,

which “was in plain view, and was not hidden.” However, we agree with Keckley that this

is not a basis for summary judgment.

¶27.   Under Mississippi law, “an invitee may not recover for failure to warn of an open and

obvious danger.” Mayfield, 903 So. 2d at 736 (¶12) (quoting Vaughn v. Ambrisino, 883 So.

2d 1167, 1171 (¶12) (Miss. 2004)). However, our Supreme Court has held that a landowner

owes an invitee two “separate” duties: “(1) to keep the premises reasonably safe, and (2) to

                                             13
warn of hidden dangers.” Id. at 738 (¶20). “The breach of either duty supports a claim of

negligence. Each must be separately analyzed.” Id. In general, the fact that a danger was

“open and obvious” to an invitee is not a “complete bar to recovery” when the invitee alleges

that the landowner has breached its primary duty “to maintain its premises in a reasonably

safe condition.” Id. at 739 (¶28).

¶28.   On appeal, Keckley emphasizes that her primary claim is that Pilot failed to maintain

the premises in a reasonably safe condition—not that it failed to warn her about the caution

tape. Her primary claim is that the alleged “hazard could have been eliminated simply by

retrieving and placing the discarded and abandoned material in a trash can rather than

allowing it to lay on the ground in front of the store’s entrance.” That claim, she argues, is

not affected by the openness or obviousness of the caution tape. In addition, Keckley argues

that the question whether the tape was an open and obvious danger raises genuine issues of

material fact.

¶29.   We agree with Keckley in both respects. First, even if we were to assume that the

danger posed by the caution tape was open and obvious, that would not be a “complete bar

to recovery” on Keckley’s claim that Pilot failed to maintain the premises in a reasonably

safe condition. Mayfield, 903 So. 2d at 739 (¶28). Second, a failure to warn claim is barred

as a matter of law only if the danger is open and obvious. Id. at 735-36 (¶¶11-14). Here, as

discussed above, Keckley testified that the caution tape was lying flat on the ground and

appeared to be innocuous. According to Keckley, its danger as a “tripwire” was not

                                             14
apparent. Thus, the fact that Keckley saw the caution tape does not bar her claim.

         IV.   Keckley’s Status as an Invitee or Licensee

¶30.     Pilot next argues that Keckley became a “licensee, if not a trespasser,” when she

decided to step over the caution tape. Keckley contends that she remained an “invitee” at all

times.

¶31.     In a premises liability case, the landowner’s duty to the injured person depends on

whether the person was an invitee, licensee, or trespasser at the time of the injury. Albert v.

Scott’s Truck Plaza Inc., 978 So. 2d 1264, 1266 (Miss. 2008). “[A]n invitee is a person who

goes upon the premises of another in answer to the express or implied invitation of the owner

or occupant for their mutual advantage.” Clark v. Moore Mem’l United Methodist Church,

538 So. 2d 760, 762-63 (Miss. 1989). In general, a customer on a business premises at the

invitation of the business is an invitee. See Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Burke, 208 Miss. 306,

320-21, 44 So. 2d 448, 450-51 (1950); Thomas v. Smith, 786 So. 2d 418, 420 (¶6) (Miss. Ct.

App. 2001). “On the other hand, a licensee is one who enters upon the property of another

for his own convenience, pleasure or benefit pursuant to the license or implied permission

of the owner.” Clark, 538 So. 2d at 763. Finally, “a trespasser is one who enters another’s

property for his own purposes, pleasure or convenience without permission or inducement.”

Handy v. Nejam, 111 So. 3d 610, 614 (¶12) (Miss. 2013) (quotation marks omitted). “If the

circumstances surrounding a person’s entry onto or presence upon property are in dispute,

then the determination of which status a particular plaintiff holds can be a jury question.”

                                              15
Payne v. Rain Forest Nurseries Inc., 540 So. 2d 35, 37 (Miss. 1989) (quotation marks

omitted).

¶32.   Pilot’s allegation that Keckley became a licensee or a trespasser is potentially

important because a landowner owes a lesser duty to a licensee or a trespasser than to an

invitee. “Landowners owe licensees and trespassers the same duty, specifically, to refrain

from willfully or wantonly injuring them.” Massey v. Tingle, 867 So. 2d 235, 239 (¶14)

(Miss. 2004).

¶33.   Pilot cites Leffler v. Sharp, 891 So. 2d 152 (Miss. 2004), for the proposition that “[a]n

invitee who ‘goes beyond the bounds of his invitation . . . loses the status of invitee and the

rights which accompany that state.’” Id. at 157 (¶15) (quoting Payne, 540 So. 2d at 38)). In

Leffler, after a long night of drinking, a bar patron climbed through a small window to the

roof of the bar before he fell through the roof and was injured. See id. at 154 (¶¶2-3). The

patron argued that even on the rooftop he remained an invitee. However, the Supreme Court

held that he became a trespasser when he pulled himself onto the roof without the bar’s

invitation or permission. See id. at 157-60 (¶¶15-24).

¶34.   Pilot likens Keckley to the bar patron in Leffler. Pilot argues that Keckley exceeded

the scope of her invitation to the store because “the yellow caution tape indicated an area that

was closed to the public.” However, we cannot agree with Pilot that it was entitled to

judgment as a matter of law on this basis. As discussed above (see supra ¶25), multiple

witnesses testified that the walkway was open and in use by Pilot’s customers and that the

                                              16
area where Keckley fell was not part of the construction area. There is substantial evidence

that Keckley was justified in believing that the sidewalk was open to customers. The present

record does not support Pilot’s claim that Keckley was a licensee or trespasser. If anything,

this is a disputed issue of material fact for trial, not a basis for summary judgment. See

M.R.C.P. 56(c).

       V.     Pilot’s Knowledge of the Condition

¶35.   Pilot also argues that there is no evidence that it caused or had actual or constructive

knowledge of the dangerous condition.3 However, we conclude that there are genuine issues

of material fact with respect to this issue as well. Keckley testified as follows regarding her

conversation with Pilot’s manager on duty, Mario Garcia:

       Q.     Do you know how long the yellow tape was on the ground on April
              15th?

       A.     Only what I was told.

       Q.     What were you told?

       A.     Several days.

       Q.     Who told you that?

       A.     Mario, the manager, co-manager at Pilot.

       3
        See Jerry Lee’s Grocery, 528 So. 2d at 295 (“When a dangerous condition on the
premises is caused by the operator’s own negligence, no knowledge of its existence need be
shown. When a dangerous condition on the premises or floor is caused by a third person
unconnected with the store operation, the burden is upon the plaintiff to show that the
operator had actual or constructive knowledge of its presence.” (citations omitted)).

                                              17
       ....

       Q.     Do you have any information that would show that Pilot knew or
              should have known that the yellow tape was on the ground?

       A.     Yes.

       Q.     What is that information?

       A.     Mario, we discussed it. Like I said before, he apologized for the mess.
              That’s what he referred to it was a mess, that they had been trying to
              contact the construction company. He didn’t specify or I don’t recall
              him specifying which construction company by a particular name. . . .

¶36.   Thus, according to Keckley, Garcia admitted that he was aware of the allegedly

dangerous condition. Garcia testified in his deposition that he did not see “a piece of caution

tape flapping around” when he walked the premises prior to Keckley’s fall. However,

Garcia’s testimony only raises a genuine issue of material fact. When we review an order

granting summary judgment, “[i]t is not our duty to weigh the competing evidence; it is our

duty to determine if there is conflicting evidence for trial.” Estate of Johnson v. Chatelain

ex rel. Chatelain, 943 So. 2d 684, 687 (¶8) (Miss. 2006). Therefore, Pilot is not entitled to

summary judgment on this basis.

                                      CONCLUSION

¶37.   For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that there are genuine issues of material fact.

On the record before us, neither Pilot nor Estes is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

Accordingly, the case is reversed and remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

                                              18
¶38.   REVERSED AND REMANDED.

    LEE, C.J., GRIFFIS, P.J., BARNES, FAIR, GREENLEE, WESTBROOKS AND
TINDELL, JJ., CONCUR. IRVING, P.J., AND CARLTON, J., DISSENT WITHOUT
SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION.

                                 19