Court Opinion

ID: 3042781
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 23:09:49.837319+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:36:40.945551
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                  No. 05-3859/3935
                                   ___________

Emergency Medical Services, Inc.;      *
Islands Emergency Medical Service,     *
Inc.; Edward B. Kinports, Jr., M.D.,   *
                                       *
      Appellees/Cross-Appellants,      *
                                       * Appeal from the United States
      v.                               * District Court for the
                                       * Western District of Missouri.
St. Paul Mercury Insurance Company, *
a Minnesota Corporation,               *
                                       *
      Appellant/Cross-Appellee.        *
                                  ___________

                           Submitted: September 29, 2006
                               Filed: July 26, 2007
                                   ___________

Before ARNOLD, BYE, and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

MELLOY, Circuit Judge.

     Dr. Douglas Rogers and his wife, Edwardine Reis-Rogers, (collectively, “Dr.
Rogers”)1 brought suit against Emergency Medical Services, Inc., Islands Emergency
Medical Service, Inc. (“Islands”), and Dr. Edward B. Kinports, Jr. (collectively,

      1
       Edwardine Reis-Rogers is named as a plaintiff in three of the six counts in the
underlying state-court suit at issue here. However, because the conduct that led to that
cause of action was directed toward Dr. Rogers, we will refer only to him in our
discussion.
“EMS”) in Hawaii state court (“the Underlying Lawsuit”), alleging several business
torts, negligent and/or intentional infliction of emotional distress, and medical
malpractice. EMS settled the Underlying Lawsuit with Dr. Rogers, and tendered a
claim to its insurer, St. Paul Mercury Insurance (“St. Paul”), alleging coverage under
the Commercial General Liability insurance policy (“the Policy”). St. Paul refused
to reimburse EMS for the cost of its defense, and EMS brought a breach of contract
suit in state court. After St. Paul removed the case to federal court, the parties filed
cross-motions for partial summary judgment. The district court2 granted EMS’s
motion, determining that St. Paul had a duty to defend EMS in the Underlying
Lawsuit and that St. Paul breached this duty. The district court granted EMS’s request
for attorney fees expended in defending the instant lawsuit, but declined to award
prejudgment interest to EMS. St. Paul appeals, arguing that the district court erred
because EMS’s claim is not covered by the Policy, that it was prejudiced by EMS’s
failure to provide timely notice of the Underlying Lawsuit, and that attorney fees were
not proper or were unreasonable in this case. EMS appeals the denial of its claim for
prejudgment interest. For the following reasons, we affirm.

I.    Background

       Emergency Medical Services, Inc. is a Missouri corporation and Islands is a
Hawaii corporation. During the time period relevant to this appeal, Dr. Kinports was
the president, CEO, and director of both corporations. St. Paul is an insurance
company authorized to do business in Missouri. On May 31, 1999, EMS entered into
an agreement with St. Paul whereby St. Paul would provide insurance coverage to
EMS. EMS was the named insured under the Policy. In relevant part, the Policy
reads:

      2
        The Honorable Dean Whipple, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.

                                          -2-
WHAT TO DO IF YOU HAVE A LOSS
You or other protected persons are required to perform the duties
described below when a property loss that may be covered under this
policy happens or an accident or incident happens that could result in
liability damages covered under this policy. . . .

When This Policy Provides Liability Protection
If an accident or incident happens that may involve liability protection
provided in this policy, you or any other protected person involved must:
...
2. Tell us or our agent what happened as soon as possible. Do this even
though no demand for damages has been made against you or any other
protected person, but you or another protected person is aware of having
done something that may later result in a demand for damages. . . .

3. Send us a copy of all written demands. Also send us a copy of all legal
documents if someone starts a lawsuit.
...

What This Agreement Covers
Bodily injury and property damage liability.
We'll pay amounts any protected person is legally required to pay as
damages for covered bodily injury and property damage that:
•     happens while this agreement is in effect; and
•     is caused by an event.
...
Bodily injury means any physical harm, including sickness or disease,
to the physical health of other persons. It includes any of the following
that results at any time from such physical harm, sickness, or disease:

                                   -3-
      •      Mental anguish, injury, or illness.
      •      Emotional distress.
      •      Care, loss of services, or death.
      Property Damage means:
      •     physical damage to tangible property of others, including all
            resulting loss of use of that property; or
      •     loss of use of tangible property of others that isn’t physically
            damaged. . . .
      Event means an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to
      substantially the same general harmful conditions.

       From 1981 until December 2000, Dr. Rogers provided medical services to
Hawaii patients on behalf of Islands. On May 7, 2001, an attorney representing Dr.
Rogers sent a demand letter to EMS. The letter discussed potential medical
malpractice and business tort claims against EMS. On March 15, 2001, Dr. Rogers
filed suit against EMS in Hawaii state court.

       The original complaint alleged the following six counts: (I) promissory estoppel
as to partnership representations; (II) negligent and/or intentional misrepresentations
as to partnership representations; (III) promissory estoppel as to tax representations;
(IV) negligent and/or intentional misrepresentations as to tax representations; (V)
accounting; and (VI) negligent and/or intentional infliction of emotional distress. On
August 8, 2002, Dr. Rogers filed his first amended complaint, which added a medical
malpractice claim. Each claim was alleged alternatively and each was asserted as a
separate, stand-alone claim.

     Relevant to this appeal, the complaint alleged that in early summer of 1991, Dr.
Rogers helped Dr. Kinports retain Islands’s contract to provide emergency services
for Kona Hospital, where Dr. Rogers was the Chairman of the Emergency

                                         -4-
Department. Dr. Kinports represented to Dr. Rogers that from that point forward Dr.
Rogers was an equal partner in Islands operations and would be compensated as such.
The complaint stated that Dr. Rogers’s partnership status was confirmed on
subsequent occasions, including a September 13, 2000 press release that was attached
to the complaint as an exhibit. Also, in addition to the business-related injuries in the
complaint, Dr. Rogers also alleged that on June 22, 2000, Dr. Rogers suffered the first
of a series of neurologic events known as transient ischemic attacks, or “mini-
strokes.” According to the complaint, Dr. Rogers’s condition grew increasingly worse
because of the actions and demands of Dr. Kinports. By January 19, 2001, a number
of significant cerebral vascular accidents had left Dr. Rogers permanently unable to
practice medicine, either as an emergency physician or as an administrator.

       Count VI of Dr. Rogers’s first amended complaint, entitled “Intentional and/or
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress,” alleged that “[EMS] inflicted pain,
suffering, mental and emotional distress, anguish and humiliation on [Dr. Rogers] and
their conduct and omissions in doing so were either negligent and/or intentional.” The
claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress (“NIED”) incorporated by
reference allegations made in all of the previous paragraphs of the complaint.

        On September 16, 2002, EMS’s controller sent an email to Aon Risk Services
(“AON”), which was EMS’s insurance broker and the company listed as St. Paul’s
agent in the Policy. The email was a follow-up to a telephone conversation the
controller had approximately a week earlier with an AON representative. During this
conversation, the controller requested that the AON representative put EMS’s general
liability carrier on notice of the Underlying Lawsuit. Several days after receiving the
email, AON notified Hartford Fire Insurance Company (“Hartford”), but not St. Paul,
of EMS’s claim and demand for coverage and a defense. Hartford denied coverage
in a letter dated March 17, 2003.

                                          -5-
      On April 10, 2003, the Hawaii state court approved a settlement of the
Underlying Lawsuit between EMS and Dr. Rogers. The parties filed a stipulated
dismissal of the Underlying Lawsuit, with prejudice, on June 16, 2003.

        Once Hartford had denied coverage and during settlement negotiations with Dr.
Rogers, EMS investigated its right to coverage and a defense from St. Paul. In a letter
dated May 28, 2003, EMS provided direct notice of the Underlying Lawsuit to an
employee of St. Paul for the first time. St. Paul refused to reimburse EMS for any of
its losses incurred in defending the Underlying Lawsuit. On October 2, 2003, EMS
filed this suit against St. Paul in Missouri state court, seeking defense costs and
indemnity relating to the Underlying Lawsuit. St. Paul removed the case to the United
States District Court for the Western District of Missouri.

       On September 10, 2004, the parties filed cross-motions for partial summary
judgment. The district court granted EMS’s motion, determining that because Dr.
Rogers’s NIED claim was potentially within the Policy’s coverage, St. Paul had a duty
to defend EMS.3 The court also found that EMS’s notice to AON satisfied the
Policy’s notice requirement, but that in any case, St. Paul was not prejudiced by the
delay in receiving notice. The parties then filed a joint stipulation as to the amount
of reasonable defense costs owed to EMS as a result of St. Paul’s breach of its duty
to defend. In entering its judgment, the district court granted EMS’s request for
$143,807.09 in attorney fees and denied its request for prejudgment interest.

       St. Paul appeals, arguing that the district court erred in finding that it had a duty
to defend EMS under the Policy. First, St. Paul contends that the allegations of
emotional distress made by Dr. Rogers in his first amended complaint do not
constitute “bodily injury” as defined by the Policy, and that the first amended

       3
      On October 15, 2004, EMS dismissed with prejudice its claim for
indemnification.

                                            -6-
complaint did not include allegations that any bodily injury Dr. Rogers suffered
was“caused by an event.” Second, St. Paul argues that Dr. Rogers’s claims fell within
exclusions contained in the Policy: an employee exclusion and an “expected or
intended bodily injury” exclusion. Third, St. Paul argues that the district court erred
when it found that EMS provided timely notice to St. Paul of the Underlying Lawsuit
and that St. Paul was not prejudiced by the lack of notice. Fourth, St. Paul claims that
the district court erred by finding that EMS was entitled to attorney fees, or in the
alternative, that the amount of attorney fees granted was unreasonable. EMS cross-
appeals the district court’s denial of its claim for prejudgment interest. We review
each of the parties’ arguments in turn.

II.   Standard of Review

       “[W]e review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing
the facts and inferences to be drawn from them in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party. . . .” Conolly v. Clark, 457 F.3d 872, 874 (8th Cir. 2006). A grant
of summary judgment is proper when there “‘is no genuine issue as to any material
fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.’” Id.
(quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)).

       Under Hawaii law, which the parties have agreed governs this dispute,
insurance policies are subject to the general rules of contract construction, and their
terms “should be interpreted according to their plain, ordinary, and accepted sense in
common speech unless it appears from the policy that a different meaning is
intended[.]” Dairy Rd. Partners v. Island Ins. Co., 992 P.2d 93, 106 (Haw. 2000)
(quotation marks and citation omitted). However, the Hawaii Supreme Court has
recognized insurance contracts as contracts of adhesion, and therefore “they must be
construed liberally in favor of the insured and [any] ambiguities [must be] resolved
against the insurer.” Id. at 106-07 (quotation marks and citation omitted, alterations
in original).

                                          -7-
       An insurer’s duty to defend is broad and “arises wherever there is the mere
potential for coverage.” Tri-S Corp. v. Western World Ins. Co., 135 P.3d 82, 97
(Haw. 2006). “[T]he duty to defend rests primarily on the possibility that coverage
exists.” Id. Even if the possibility is remote, “the insurer owes the insured a defense.”
Id. “All doubts as to whether a duty to defend exists are resolved against the insurer
and in favor of the insured.” Id.

      “The burden is on the insured to establish coverage under an insurance policy,”
State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Gorospe, 106 F. Supp. 2d 1028, 1031 (D. Haw.
2000), whereas, “[t]he insurer has the burden of establishing the applicability of an
exclusion.” Id.

III.   Analysis

       A.     Coverage Issues

       St. Paul first argues that the district court erred in holding that Dr. Rogers’s
NIED claim is subject to a duty to defend under the Policy. Specifically, St. Paul
argues that the allegations of emotional distress made by Dr. Rogers do not constitute
“bodily injury” under the Policy and that the complaint does not include allegations
that any bodily injury he suffered was“caused by an event” as required under the
Policy. We agree with the district court that Dr. Rogers’s claim of NIED is covered
by the Policy.

       As quoted above, under the Policy, “bodily injury” means “any physical harm,
including sickness or disease, to the physical health of other persons.” It includes any
“mental anguish, injury, . . . illness[,] [e]motional distress[,] [c]are, loss of services,
or death” that “results at any time from such physical harm, sickness, or disease[.]”
St. Paul argues that the emotional distress Dr. Rogers suffered is not the “result[]” of
“physical harm, sickness, or disease[.]” Instead, St. Paul argues, the emotional

                                           -8-
distress Dr. Rogers suffered was the result of the business torts or the medical
malpractice alleged in the complaint. We disagree. Dr. Rogers’s NIED claim is a
stand-alone claim, which incorporates by reference the physical injuries alleged at the
beginning of the complaint. EMS and the district court’s interpretation is the only
plausible reading of the complaint because “physical injury to a person” is generally
required under Hawaii law in order to state a claim for NIED. Calleon v. Miyagi, 876
P.2d 1278, 1288 (Haw. 1994); see John & Jane Roes, 1-100 v. FHP, Inc., 985 P.2d
661, 665 (Haw. 1999) (stating the “general rule” that, under Hawaii law, recovery for
NIED “is permitted only when there is a predicate physical injury to someone”).
Thus, a logical reading of the complaint leaves open the possibility that the emotional
distress alleged in Count VI was caused by the physical injuries alleged earlier in the
complaint.

      St. Paul’s reliance on CIM Ins. Corp. v. Masamitsu, 74 F. Supp. 2d 975 (D.
Haw. 1999), is misplaced. The court in CIM found that under the policy at issue, any
“mental injury” must “arise out of a covered offense,” and that the NIED claim in that
case was asserted as a separate tort. Id. at 987. The court noted that “[a]t best, [the
mental injury] arose from the previously-pled (uncovered) fraud, misrepresentation,
contract, or promissory estoppel claims.” Id. Here, however, the situation is different.
Unlike the counterclaim at issue in CIM, Dr. Rogers’s complaint alleges numerous
physical injuries at the beginning of the complaint. Again, these injuries are
incorporated by reference in Count VI, the NIED claim, at least leaving open the
possibility of coverage under the policy. Dr. Rogers’s claim of emotional distress is
“bodily injury” because it is “emotional distress that results from . . . physical harm,
sickness, or disease[.]”

       St. Paul also contends that Dr. Rogers’s complaint does not include allegations
that any bodily injury he suffered was“caused by an event” as defined by the Policy.
We find this argument unpersuasive as well. The Policy defines “event” as “an
accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general

                                          -9-
harmful conditions.” To be an “accident,” EMS’s conduct must be unexpected. We
do not believe that the “expected result” of EMS’s conduct was the extensive
neurological injuries that Dr. Rogers suffered. Cf. Hawaiian Ins. and Guar. Co. v.
Blanco, 804 P.2d 876, 880 (Haw. 1990) (stating that “if the insured did something
. . . , and the insured’s expected result of the act or omission was the injury, then the
injury was not caused by an accident”), rev’d on other grounds, Dairy Rd. Partners,
992 P.2d at 117. Dr. Rogers pleaded alternative theories and allegations, one of which
was negligence.

      EMS has met its burden of proving a possibility of coverage under the Policy.

      B.     Exclusion Issues

       St. Paul also appeals the district court’s determination that the employee
exclusion and the “expected or intended bodily injury” exclusion do not apply in this
case. We agree with the district court that Dr. Rogers’s claim does not fit within
either exclusion at issue.4

      4
        With regard to the employee exclusion, we note that our inquiry into whether
Dr. Rogers was an employee or a partner is limited by the facts alleged in the
complaint. See Dairy Rd. Partners, 992 P.2d at 117 (holding that an insurer may not
rely on extrinsic facts that are “subject to dispute in the underlying lawsuit as a basis
for disclaiming its duty to defend where the complaint in the underlying lawsuit
alleges facts within coverage”). We consider any exhibits filed along with the first
amended complaint to be part of the complaint. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(c) (“A copy
of any written instrument which is an exhibit to a pleading is a part thereof for all
purposes.”). The Dairy Road Partners court also adopted a limited exception,
allowing an insurer “to rely upon extrinsic facts to disclaim liability only when the
relevant facts ‘will not be resolved by the trial of the third party’s suit against the
insured.’” Dairy Rd. Partners, 992 P.2d at 117. We do not believe that this exception
applies in this case.

                                          -10-
       The Policy excludes “bodily injury to an employee of the [insured] arising out
of and in the course of his or her: employment by the [insured]; or performance of
duties related to the conduct of the [insured’s] business.” St. Paul argues that the
Policy’s employment exclusion applies because Dr. Rogers was an employee of EMS.
St. Paul points to instances in the first amended complaint that refer to Dr. Kinports
as Dr. Rogers’s “employer” and the W2 forms Dr. Rogers attached to his complaint.
St. Paul contends that Dr. Rogers was treated like an employee, and is therefore an
employee for purposes of this exclusion. EMS argues that because Dr. Rogers’s
complaint alleged he was an equal partner with Dr. Kinports, the employee exclusion
does not apply.

        The complaint alleges that Dr. Rogers was hired by EMS in September of
1981. On March 1, 1985, Dr. Rogers became Medical Director for Islands. There is
no doubt that Dr. Rogers was an employee of EMS during this time period. The
complaint then alleges, however, that in early summer of 1991, Dr. Kinports told Dr.
Rogers that he “was an equal partner with him in the [Islands] operations and that he
would be compensated for that to the same extent as Dr. Kinports.” The complaint
also alleges that “Dr. Rogers’s partnership status was thereafter confirmed on various
occasions” by EMS. One of those occasions was a press release, attached to the
complaint as an exhibit.

       We recognize that the complaint does refer to Dr. Kinports as Dr. Rogers’s
employer a number of times, and that Dr. Rogers filed W2 forms. However, because
the complaint alleges that Dr. Rogers became a partner in 1991, the employee
exclusion does not apply in this case. For purposes of determining whether a duty to
defend exists, we resolve all doubts in favor of the insured. Tri-S Corp., 135 P.3d at
97. The alleged facts regarding partnership provide the possibility that Dr. Rogers is
a partner; therefore, St. Paul has a duty to defend EMS.

                                        -11-
      St. Paul also argues that the Underlying Lawsuit contains allegations of conduct
on the part of EMS that resulted in “expected or intended bodily injury,” which is
expressly excluded under the policy. As we noted above, Dr. Rogers’s complaint
included a claim for NIED and alleged facts supporting that claim. Therefore, St.
Paul’s argument that any bodily injury was “expected or intended” has no merit.

      St. Paul has not met its burden of proving that any of the policy exclusions
apply in this case.

      C.     Notice

      St. Paul also argues that the district court erred in finding that EMS met the
Policy’s notice requirement and alternatively that St. Paul was not prejudiced by the
delay. We agree with the district court that St. Paul was not prejudiced.

      The Policy requires the insured to “[t]ell [St. Paul] or [i]ts agent what happened
as soon as possible” “[i]f an accident or incident happens that may involve liability
protection provided” in the Policy. The Policy also requires the insured to “[s]end [St.
Paul] a copy of all written demands” and to “send [St. Paul] a copy of all legal
documents if someone starts a lawsuit.”

       As discussed above, a little over one month after Dr. Rogers filed his first
amended complaint, an EMS representative sent an email to AON, following-up on
his request that AON put EMS’s general liability carrier on notice of the Underlying
Lawsuit. After receiving the email, AON notified Hartford, but not St. Paul, of EMS’s
claim for coverage. EMS did not directly notify a St. Paul employee until after the
Underlying Lawsuit was settled, in late May of 2003. EMS argues that its initial
notice to AON satisfies the Policy’s notice requirement. The Policy provides that if
the insured fears potential liability, it should “[t]ell [St. Paul] or [its] agent what
happened as soon as possible.” As the district court noted, the first page of the Policy

                                         -12-
lists “AON Risk Services” as the “AGENT.” AON is labeled as the “Agent” or
“Authorized Representative” in other areas throughout the Policy. AON is the only
entity the Policy refers to as St. Paul’s “agent.” St. Paul argues that it was only
coincidental that AON was both EMS’s insurance broker and St. Paul’s agent
according to the Policy, thus notice to AON in this case does not constitute notice to
St. Paul.

       We decline to further assess the sufficiency of EMS’s notice to St. Paul because
even if it were insufficient under the Policy, St. Paul cannot show prejudice due to the
lack of notice. As a federal court sitting in diversity we apply substantive Hawaii law
as “declared by its Legislature in a statute or by its highest court in a decision.” Erie
R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78 (1938). The Hawaii Supreme Court has
suggested that “even where the insurer can show untimely notice on the part of its
insured, the insurer will additionally be required to show that it was prejudiced by the
late notice in order to deny coverage under the policy.” Great Am. Ins. Co. v.
AETNA Cas. and Sur. Co., 876 P.2d 1314, 1319 (Haw. 1994) (citing Standard Oil Co.
of Cal. v. Haw. Ins. & Guar. Co., 654 P.2d 1345, 1348 n.4 (Haw. 1982). The Hawaii
Supreme Court has held that this is dicta, however, and has reserved the question for
when the court is “faced with the proper case.” Id. Subsequent to Great American
Insurance Company, our court held that Hawaii law “require[s] an insurer to
demonstrate it suffered prejudice by the insured’s untimely notice before the insurer
can escape its obligations.” Interstate Cleaning Corp. v. Commercial Underwriters
Ins. Co., 325 F.3d 1024, 1028 (8th Cir. 2003). While we note that this statement may
not be entirely accurate, we are required to follow circuit precedent. Moreover, we
believe that when faced with the issue, the Hawaii Supreme Court will determine that
in order to be relieved of its duty to defend, the insurer must show prejudice when
there is untimely notice by the insured.

       St. Paul claims it was prejudiced by EMS’s untimely notice because it “denied
St. Paul the opportunity to investigate the facts of the underlying case, to enter into its

                                           -13-
own settlement negotiations, to hire its own defense counsel, to choose a trial strategy,
to challenge liability, to dispute the amount of damages[,] and to control defense
costs.” St. Paul’s main authority for this proposition, Interstate Cleaning Corp., can
be distinguished. In that case, the insured, who was suing for a breach of the duty to
defend and indemnification, did not tell the insurer about the underlying lawsuit until
after the suit had gone to trial and a jury award had been rendered. Id. at 1029. EMS,
on the other hand, dismissed with prejudice its claim for indemnification. It is not
asking to be reimbursed for the amount it paid to settle the Underlying Lawsuit. St.
Paul, therefore, cannot argue that it was prejudiced by an inability choose a trial
strategy or challenge liability.

       EMS’s only request is that St. Paul pay for the attorney fees and costs
associated with defending against Dr. Rogers’s state-court claim. While it is true that
St. Paul may have been unable to hire its own defense counsel, enter into its own
settlement negotiations, dispute the amount of damages, or control defense costs, St.
Paul stipulated as to a reasonable amount of attorney fees and costs for settling the
Underlying Lawsuit. That amount, $475,000, is what EMS is seeking to be
reimbursed because of the district court’s decision that St. Paul breached its duty to
defend. St. Paul has not shown that it would have spent less money in defending
against Dr. Rogers’s claims than EMS did. Therefore, we affirm the district court’s
decision that St. Paul has not shown prejudice in this case.

      D.     Attorney Fees

       The district court granted EMS’s request for attorney fees in the instant lawsuit
in the amount of $143,807.09. St. Paul argues that attorney fees are not proper under
Hawaii law because the duty to defend is not a “benefit” as defined by Haw. Rev. Stat.
§ 431:10-242, and that, even if the duty to defend is a benefit, the fees the district
court awarded are unreasonable. Both of these arguments are without merit.

                                          -14-
      We review a district court’s grant of attorney fees for abuse of discretion.
Hanig v. Lee, 415 F.3d 822, 825 (8th Cir. 2005). Whether such fees are appropriate
under a particular statute, however, is a question of law, which we review de novo.
See Christina A. v. Bloomberg, 315 F.3d 990, 994 (8th Cir. 2003).

        Unless specifically provided by a contract or statute, “a litigant has no inherent
right to have his attorney[] fees paid by his opponent.” Mikelson v. United Servs.
Auto. Ass’n, 120 P.3d 257, 259 (Haw. 2005) (quotation omitted). EMS asserts that
it is entitled to an award of attorney fees pursuant to Haw. Rev. Stat. § 431:10-242,
which provides in part:

      Where an insurer has contested its liability under a policy and is ordered
      by the courts to pay benefits under the policy, the policyholder . . . shall
      be awarded reasonable attorney[] fees. . . .”

Haw. Rev. Stat. § 431:10-242.

       St. Paul argues that § 431:10-242 does not apply here because the district court
has not ordered it to “pay benefits.” It contends that the district court’s order to pay
for the defense is not a “benefit” under the statute the way an order of indemnification
would be. According to St. Paul, because EMS dismissed with prejudice its claim for
indemnification, § 431:10-242 should not apply. We disagree. A court order of
indemnification is not required under § 431:10-242. See Sentinel Ins. Co. v. First Ins.
Co. of Hawai’i, 875 P.2d 894, 914 (Haw. 1994) (affirming an award of fees and costs
for an insurer’s breach of the duty to defend and for bringing the declaratory relief
action). Where, as here, the insurer contests coverage, the district court determines
that the insurer breached its duty to defend, and the court orders the insurer to pay the
attorney fees and costs of the defense of the underlying claim, attorney fees are
appropriate under § 431:10-242.

                                          -15-
       In the alternative, St. Paul argues that the amount of attorneys fees awarded is
unreasonable. See Sharp v. Hui Wahine, Inc., 413 P.2d 242, 248-49 (Haw. 1966).
The amount of attorney fees awarded in this case do not reflect an abuse of discretion.
The district court ordered EMS to provide a “line-by-line” explanation of each entry
St. Paul challenged. The court then ruled that the fees requested by EMS, “when
viewed in the context of the case . . . prove[d] to be quite reasonable.” As the court
noted, EMS was required to respond to numerous defenses, and the requested fee
amount “equals thirty percent of the judgment, a percentage common in contingency
fee arrangements for the legal market.”

       Additionally, the district court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to deduct
the hours spent on the dismissed indemnification claim. As the court pointed out, “the
indemnification claim involved many of the same issues as the duty to defend claim.”
The court’s award of $143,807.09 is reasonable.

      E.     Prejudgment Interest

       The district court denied EMS’s request for prejudgment interest, stating “that
a court may deny prejudgment interest where an extraordinary damage award has
already adequately compensated the plaintiff, or the defendant’s conduct did not cause
any delay in the proceedings.” See Metcalf v. Voluntary Employees’ Benefit Ass’n
of Hawai’i, 52 P.3d 823, 831 (Haw. 2002). “[A]n award of prejudgment interest is
reviewed for abuse of discretion.” Tri-S Corp., 135 P.3d at 106. The availability of
a particular remedy, however, “is a question of law which we review de novo.”
Entergy Ark., Inc. v. Nebraska, 358 F.3d 528, 556 (8th Cir. 2004).

       Hawaii law provides for discretionary awards of prejudgment interest. Haw.
Rev. Stat. § 636-16; see Tri-S Corp., 135 P.3d at 106 (“An award of prejudgment
interest is authorized under HRS § 636-16[.]”); Larsen v. Pacesetter Sys., Inc., 837
P.2d 1273, 1296-97 (Haw. 1992). Section 636-16 provides:

                                          -16-
      In awarding interest in civil cases, the judge is authorized to designate
      the commencement date to conform with the circumstances of each case,
      provided that the earliest commencement date . . . in cases arising by
      breach of contract, it may be the date when the breach first occurred.

Haw. Rev. Stat. § 636-16. EMS argues that a different statute, § 478-2,5 which it
argues mandates an award of interest in certain cases, should apply here. To the
extent that § 478-2 applies in this case, EMS’s argument fails because the Hawaii
Supreme Court has clearly stated in Tri-S Corp., and other cases that Hawaii law
authorizes an award of pre-judgment interest at the discretion of the court. Id. at 106;
see Eastman v. McGowan, 946 P.2d 1317, 1324 (Haw. 1997) (“Prejudgment interest,
where appropriate, is awardable under [Haw. Rev. Stat.] § 636-16 (1993) in the
discretion of the court.”). Section 478-2, which is titled “Legal rate; computation,”
is a general statute that governs interest payments on civil judgments generally, and
is used to set the rate of prejudgment interest. See Eastman, 946 P.2d at 1324 (stating
that prejudgment interest is proper under § 636-16 and that “§ 478-2 provides for a
rate of ten percent per year. . . .”). Section 636-16, however, is the authorizing statute
for the award of prejudgment interest specifically, and that statute is discretionary.
The district court properly applied § 636-16 in this case.

       EMS argues in the alternative that if Haw. Rev. Stat. § 636-16 applies, the
district court abused its discretion by “failing to find a legally permissible basis to
deny an award.” It is within the discretion of the court to deny interest pursuant to §
636-16 “where appropriate, for example, where: (1) the defendant’s conduct did not
cause the delay in the proceedings; (2) the plaintiff himself has caused or contributed
to the delay in bringing the action to trial; or (3) an extraordinary damage award has
already adequately compensated the plaintiff.” Roxas v. Marcos, 969 P.2d 1209, 1271

      5
         Haw. Rev. Stat. § 478-2 provides: “When there is no express written contract
fixing a different rate of interest, interest shall be allowed at the rate of ten percent a
year. . . .”

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(Haw. 1998) (citations omitted). The parties in this case stipulated that the damage
award was reasonable. Thus, it seems misplaced for the district court to base its denial
of prejudgment interest on the fact that the damages were extraordinary. It is within
the court’s discretion, however, to determine that St. Paul’s conduct did not cause a
delay in litigation and deny interest on this basis alone. See Tri-S Corp., 135 P.3d at
107 (agreeing that the denial of prejudgment interest is generally affirmed if “the
requesting party caused the delay or the opposing party did not cause the delay”).
EMS has not shown that St. Paul caused any delay in litigation. The district court did
not abuse its discretion in denying prejudgment interest to EMS.

V.    Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s judgment in this case.
                      ______________________________

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