Court Opinion

ID: 2715022
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-06 17:10:30.142246+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:11:32.565819
License: Public Domain

FILED 

                                                                            APRIL 08, 2014 

                                                                      In the Office of the Clerk of Court 

                                                                    WA State Court of Appeals, Division III 

               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 

                                  DIVISION THREE

     SHERRIE KAY GORDEN and DEBBIE                 )
        No. 31399-9-111
     KAY MILLER, individually and on behalf        )

     of a Class of similarly situate Washington    )

     residents,                                    )

                                                   )

                          Respondents,             )

                                                   )
        PUBLISHED OPINION
                   v.                              )
                                                   )
     LLOYD WARD & ASSOCIATES, P.C. a               )
     Texas Domestic Professional                   )
     Corporation; LLOYD WARD, P.C. a               )
     Texas Domestic Professional                   )
     Corporation; THE LLOYD WARD                   )
     GROUP, P.C., a Texas Domestic                 )
     Professional Corporation, LLOYD               )
     EUGENE WARD and AMANDA GLEN                   )
     WARD, individually and on behalf of the       )
     marital community; SILVER LEAF DEBT           )
     SOLUTIONS, LLC, a Texas Limited               )
     Liability Company; MICHAEL MILES,             )
1    individually and on behalf of the marital     )

I
     community of MICHAEL MILES and                )
     JANE DOE MILES, and JOHN and JANE             )
     DOES 1-5,                                     )

I

j
                          Appellants.
                                                   )

                                                   )

            BROWN, J. - Respondent Washington debtors, Sherrie K. Gorden and Debbie K.

     Miller, individually and on behalf of a class of similarly situated Washington residents,

1

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No. 31399-9-111
Gorden v. Lloyd Ward & Assocs.

sued appellant Texas debt adjusting service providers forviolating Washington's Debt

Adjusting Act (DAA), chapter 18.28 RCW and Washington's Consumer Protection Act

(CPA), chapter 19.86 RCW. Lloyd Ward & Associates, P.C.; Lloyd Ward, P.C.; The

Lloyd Ward Group, P.C.; Lloyd E. Ward (a Lawyer) and Amanda G. Ward; Silver Leaf

Debt Solutions, LLC; Michael Miles, individually and on behalf of the marital community

of Michael Miles and Jane Doe Miles; and John and Jane Does 1-5 (collectively LWG)

appeal the trial court's denial of their arbitration and dismissal requests. LWG contends

the trial court erred in deciding the contract was unconscionable and did not reserve all

arbitration questions to the arbitrator. LWG additionally contends the Washington trial

court lacked personal jurisdiction over the Texas residents, and is by later settlement

moot. We disagree, and affirm.

                                          FACTS

       Ms. Gorden and Ms. Miller desired debt reduction assistance. After seeing an

Internet advertisement, each separately enrolled in LWG's debt settlement program and

electronically signed a client services agreement from Washington containing an

attorney retainer agreement partly providing, "By this Agreement, Client retains Attorney

for the limited and express pllrposes of providing legal and administrative services

limited to Savings and Debt Negotiation with respect to Client's existing debt and

current creditors, as identified by Client." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 36.

       The agreement partly states it is "governed by the laws of the State of Texas,

without regard to the conflict of law rules of that state. Further, venue and jurisdiction

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No. 31399-9-111 

Gorden v. Lloyd Ward & Assocs. 

for any dispute or conflict arising from or in any way related to this Agreement shall be

exclusively in Dallas, Dallas County, Texas." CP at 37. Relating to arbitration, the

agreement sets venue and jurisdiction in Collin County, Texas:

             If, after giving LWG thirty (30) days notice of any
             complaint, you remain unsatisfied with LWG's response to
             your complaint, you hereby agree to mediate and/or
             arbitrate any complaint against Firm prior to the initiation
             of any public or private complaints or claims of any kind
             against LWG or any of its attorneys. You agree to submit
             any dispute over the amount of fees charged to you to the
             Fee Dispute Committee of the Collin County Bar
             Association, State Bar of Texas. Client understands that this
             agreement is performable in Collin County, Texas and
             hereby consents to venue and jurisdiction in Collin County,
             Texas under Texas state law for any dispute arising
             hereunder. The parties will submit all disputes arising under
             or related to this Agreement to binding arbitration according
             to the then prevailing rules and procedures of the American
             Arbitration Association. Texas law will govern the rights
             and obligations of the parties with respect to the matters in
             controversy. The arbitrator will allocate all costs and fees
             attributable to the arbitration between the parties. The
             arbitrator's award will be final and binding and judgment
             may be entered in any court of competent jurisdiction.

CP at 37.

      No attorney or attorney's representative discussed these provisions with the

respondents, or advised them of the rights at stake. The respondents were not

counseled or advised regarding the consequences of relinquishing the legal protections

provided by Washington law or of the protections provided by Texas law. Ms. Gorden

and Ms. Miller were not informed of the advantages or disadvantages of arbitration,

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Gorden v. Lloyd Ward & Assocs.

including the requirement that they must bring arbitration claims in Texas. No one

explained the inconsistent and mutually exclusive venue and jurisdiction provisions.

       The respondents made monthly payments as required under LWG's debt

settlement program: Ms. Gorden paid several thousand dollars, while Ms. Miller paid

$800. After getting continued calls from creditors, Ms. Gorden and Ms. Miller each

contacted LWG and learned none of the money they paid into the program had been

paid to creditors; rather, LWG applied the payments to their own fees. Ms. Gorden and

Ms. Miller believed they were in worse financial situations than before they entered the

program, with increased debt, less money available to pay debts, and damaged credit

scores. Both lacked the resources to travel to Texas to arbitrate their claims. LWG

offered to move arbitration to Washington.

      Not wanting to arbitrate, the respondents sued LWG, alleging it violated the DAA

and CPA by charging predatory fees. The respondents requested injunctive relief. The

action was brought on behalf of Ms. Gorden and Ms. Miller, as well as a proposed class

of all Washington residents who have paid debt adjuster fees to LWG in violation of

Washington law. The class, however, has not been certified.

      About six months after the respondents served the complaint on LWG, it

unsuccessfully requested orders to compel arbitration and dismiss the complaint based

on a lack of subject matter and personal jurisdiction. The trial court concluded the

arbitration clause was invalid and decided for Washington jurisdiction. The trial court

certified its ruling as a CR 54(b) final judgment. After LWG appealed, it made CR 68

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No. 31399-9-111
Gorden v. Lloyd Ward & Assocs.

offers of judgment to both women on their individual claims.1 Ms. Gorden chose to

accept LWG's CR 68 offer on her individual claims; Ms. Miller did not.

                                         ANALYSIS

                               A. Ruling Denying Arbitration

       The issue is whether the trial court erred by denying LWG's motion to compel

arbitration. Preliminarily, LWG contends this appeal is moot because it made offers of

judgment to both Ms. Gorden and Ms. Miller. An appeal is moot if it presents "purely

academic issues" and it is "not possible for the court to provide effective relief." Klickitat

County Citizens Against Imported Waste      v. Klickitat County, 122 Wn.2d 619,631,860
P.2d 390 (1993). If an appeal is moot, it should be dismissed. Id. Generally, when

parties settle their dispute, an appeal becomes moot. Diaz v. Washington State Migrant

Council, 165 Wash. App. 59, 64-65, 265 P.3d 956 (2011).

       Here, Ms. Gorden accepted LWG's offer of judgment, receiving $11,147.73

($3,715.91 trebled for compensatory and exemplary damages), pre- and post-judgment

interest, and attorney fees. LWG agreed to a "permanent injunction prohibiting [LWG]

from engaging in future business violative of chapter 18.28 RCW and/or chapter 19.86

RCW and from accepting any future debt adjustment clients from the State of

WaShington." Appellant's Br., App. C. Ms. Miller declined a similar offer. Since Ms.

        1 Evidence regarding the offers of judgment is not included in this court's record;
rather, it is contained in the appendix to the parties' briefs. In general, the appendix to a
parties' brief must not contain evidence not in this court's record without this court's
permission. See RAP 10.3(a)(8). To the extent this evidence is necessary to review
the parties' mootness issue, we allow the evidence.

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Gorden v. Lloyd Ward & Assocs.

Gorden has settled her dispute with LWG there is no effective relief this court may

provide to her. But, Ms. Miller's issues survive.

       Relying on Genesis Healthcare Corp. v. Symczyk, _        U.S. _,133 S. Ct.

1523, 185 L. Ed. 2d 636 (2013), LWG argues the suit became moot following its offers

of judgment. In Genesis, an employee sought relief under. the Fair Labor Standards Act

(FLSA) on behalf of herself and all others similarly situated. The lower court dismissed

the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction after the employer extended an offer

of judgment in full satisfaction of the employee's alleged damages, fees, and costs.

Employee appealed. The appellate court reversed. Certiorari was granted. The United

States Supreme Court held that collective action brought by a single employee on

behalf of herself and all similarly situated employees for employer's alleged violation of

the FLSA was no longer justiciable when, as conceded by the employee, her individual

claim became moot as a result of the offer of judgment by employer in an amount

sufficient to make her whole. Id. at 1531-32.

       Here, unlike in Genesis, a remaining party, Ms. Miller, did not accept the offer of

judgment and has not been made whole. In Genesis the single lead plaintiff received

an offer of settlement that made her whole. Here, we reason Ms. Miller stands

separately from Ms. Gorden. Thus, our case is Significantly distinguishable from

Genesis because Ms. Miller's claims remain justiciable.

       Genesis is inappOSite here for other reasons. The claim in Genesis was a

"collective action" under the FLSA. not a class action under CR 23; the Supreme Court

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No. 31399-9-111
Gorden v. Lloyd Ward & Assocs.

noted the distinction in rejecting class action cases in its analysis. Furthermore, even in

the statutory FLSA context, the Court did not resolve the question of whether a "full

satisfaction" offer of settlement renders the plaintiffs claim moot. Rather, the Court

noted that the Respondent had so stipulated in the lower court proceedings, and had

not properly raised the issue by cross appeal.

       Nevertheless, we note the Supreme Court has never considered, and the lower

federal courts remain split, on the question of whether (and under what circumstances)

the mooting of the named plaintiffs claims before a decision has been made on class

certification will moot the action. E.g., Genesis, 133 S. Ct. at 1531-32; Deposit Guar.

Nat'l Bank, Jackson, Miss. v. Roper, 445 U.S. 326, 329-30, 100 S. Ct. 1166,63 L. Ed.

2d 427 (1980). The Genesis court noted some appellate courts "maintain that an

unaccepted offer of complete relief alone is sufficient to moot the individual's claim."

Genesis, 133 S. Ct. at 1529 n.4 (citing Weiss v. Regal Col/ections, 385 F.3d 337, 340

(C.A. 32004); Greisz v. Household Bank (II.), N. A, 176 F.3d 1012, 1015 (C.A. 7 1999).

The court then noted, other courts have held that, in the face of an unaccepted offer of

complete relief, district courts may still enter judgment in favor of the plaintiffs. Genesis,
133 S. Ct. at 1529 n.4 (citing O'Brien v. Ed Donnelly Enters., Inc., 575 F.3d 567, 575

(C.A. 62009); McCauley v. Trans Union, LLC, 402 F.3d 340, 342 (C.A. 2 2005». Under

our facts, we find the reasoning and approach in O'Brien and McCauley more

persuasive; Ms. Miller's claims are not moot. Since Ms. Miller's claims survive the offer

of judgment, the possibility of class certification equally survives.

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No. 31399-9-111
Gorden v. Lloyd Ward & Assocs.

       We review the denial of a motion to compel arbitration de novo. Verbeek Props.,

LLC v. GreenCo Envtl., Inc., 159 Wash. App. 82, 86, 246 P.3d 205 (2010).

       "The party seeking to avoid arbitration has the burden to show that the arbitration

clause is unenforceable." Gandee v. LDL Freedom Enterprises, Inc., 176 Wash. 2d 598,

602-03, 293 P.3d 1197 (2013). Under the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 U.S.C. §§

1-14, arbitration agreements are '''valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such

grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.'" Id. at 603

(quoting 9 U.S.C. § 2). Because both state and federal law favor arbitration, all

presumptions are made in favor of arbitration. Zuver v. Airtouch Commc'ns, Inc., 153

Wn.2d 293,301,103 P.3d 753 (2004).

       Whether "an arbitration agreement is unconscionable is ordinarily a decision for

the court and not the arbitrator." Brown v. MHN Gov't Servs., Inc., 178 Wash. 2d 258, 264,

306 P.3d 948 (2013) (citing Hartleyv. Superior Court, 196 Cal. App. 4th 1249, 1253-56,

127 Cal. Rptr. 3d 174 (2011) (holding an arbitration provision in a contract was not clear

and unmistakable in providing the question of arbitrability was subject to arbitration, so

the court could not compel arbitration on the threshold issue of the agreement's

unconscionability). Here, the arbitrability issue has not been clearly and unmistakably

delegated to the arbitrator on the face of the contract. Thus, the trial court correctly

reasoned it had subject matter jurisdiction to determine the arbitration agreement's

enforceability. In Washington, either substantive or procedural unconscionability is

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No. 31399-9-11'
Gorden v. Lloyd Ward & Assocs.

sufficient to void a contract, and if either, our analysis is done. Adler v. Fred Lind

Manor, 153 Wash. 2d 331, 347,103 P.3d 773 (2004).

       "The procedural element concerns the manner in which the contract was

negotiated, focusing on oppression or surprise." Brown, 178 Wash. 2d at 266. "Procedural

unconscionability has been described as the lack of a meaningful choice, considering all

the circumstances surrounding the transaction including [t]he manner in which the

contract was entered, whether each party had a reasonable opportunity to understand

the terms of the contract, and whether the important terms [were] hidden in a maze of

fine print." Nelson v. McGoldrick, 127 Wash. 2d 124, 131,896 P.2d 1258 (1995) (internal

quotation marks omitted) (citations omitted).

       Here, an attorney-client relationship was formed. The rules of professional

conduct, thus, apply. Under RPC 1.5{a)(9), a client must receive "a reasonable and fair

disclosure of material elements of the fee agreement." And, under Rule 1.4(b), a

"lawyer shall explain a matter to the extent reasonably necessary to permit the client to

make informed decisions regarding the representation." Arbitration agreements are

solely permissible between attorney and client "if the client has been given 'sufficient

information to permit her to make an informed decision about whether to agree to the

inclusion of the arbitration provision in the retainer agreement.'" Smith v. Jem Group,

Inc., 737 F.3d 636, 641 (9th Cir. Wash. 2013) (quoting ABA Comm. on Ethics & Profl

Responsibility, Formal Op. 02-425 (2002».

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No. 31399-9-111
Gorden v. Lloyd Ward & Assocs.

       The trial court aptly noted, '''My belief is that a lawyer who creates a relationship

with a client is bound by the Rules of Professional Conduct. One of the things that a

lawyer is ethically required to do is to advise the client when the client is entering into an

agreement that may limit his or her legal rights. This is such an agreement.'" Report of

Proceedings at 35. As stated by the Supreme Court, "We prefer that attorneys avoid

running afoul of the rules of professional conduct." In re Disciplinary Proceeding

Against Marshall, 160 Wash. 2d 317, 331, 157 P .3d 859 (2007).

       Here, no attorney or attorney's representative discussed the arbitration

provisions with Ms. Miller, or advised her of the rights at stake. She was not counseled

or advised regarding the consequences of relinquishing the legal protections provided

by Washington law or of the protections provided by Texas law. Ms. Miller was not

informed of the advantages or disadvantages of arbitration, including the requirement

she must bring arbitration claims in Texas. Moreover, no one explained the inconsistent

and mutually exclusive venue and jurisdiction provisions. Based on existing case law

and the RPCs, we, like the trial court, conclude the agreement between the parties was

procedurally unconscionable. Therefore, it was void and we need not address

substantive unconscionability. Adler, 153 Wash. 2d at 347.

       Even so, we note an agreement is substantively unconscionable when it is one-

sided, overly harsh, shocks the conscience, or is exceedingly calloused. Gandee, 176
Wash. 2d at 603 (internal citations omitted). "Severance is the usual remedy for

substantively unconscionable terms, but where such terms 'pervade' an arbitration

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No. 31399-9-111
Gorden v. Lloyd Ward & Assocs.

agreement, we '''refuse to sever those provisions and declare the entire agreement

void.'" Id. (quoting Adler, 153 Wn.2d at 358). Here, the arbitration clause was

substantively questionable with regard to the harsh choice of law and choice of venue

provisions. Contracts to assist individuals with financial setbacks should not include a

dispute resolution provision that is prohibitively expensive and one-sided. See Mendez

v. Palm Harbor Homes, Inc., 111 Wash. App. 446, 465, 45 P.3d 594 (2002). While these

provisions possibly could be severed from the remaining agreement, this does not cure

the procedural deficiencies.

      In sum, we hold the trial court did not err in finding the arbitration agreement

  unconscionable and, thus, did not err in denying LWG's motion to compel arbitration.

                                  B. Personal Jurisdiction

       The issue is whether the trial court erred by denying LWG's motion to dismiss for

lack of personal jurisdiction. LWG contends the court could not exercise jurisdiction

over it because LWG did not have minimum contacts within Washington.

       A defendant may move, prior to trial, to dismiss the complaint for lack of personal

jurisdiction. A trial court's ruling on personal jurisdiction is a question of law we review

de novo when the underlying facts are undisputed. Lewis v. Bours, 119 Wash. 2d 667,

669, 835 P.2d 221 (1992). If the trial court's ruling is based on affidavits, like here,

'''only a prima facie showing of jurisdiction is required.'" Precision Lab. Plastics, Inc. v.

Micro Test, Inc., 96 Wash. App. 721, 725, 981 P.2d 454 (1999) (quoting MBM Fisheries,

Inc. v. Bollinger Mach. Shop & Shipyard, Inc., 60 Wash. App. 414, 418,804 P.2d 627

                                              11 

No. 31399-9-111
Gorden v. Lloyd Ward & Assocs.

(1991)). The rationale is that U[a]ny greater burden such as pro?f by a preponderance

of the evidence would permit a defendant to obtain a dismissal simply by controverting

the facts established by a plaintiff through his own affidavits and supporting materials."

Data Disc, Inc. v. Sys. Tech. Assoc. Inc., 557 F.2d 1280, 1285 (9th Cir. 1977).

Therefore, if the plaintiffs proof is limited to written materials, the materials must at least

demonstrate facts supporting a finding of jurisdiction in order to avoid a motion to

dismiss.

       General jurisdiction exists if a nonresident defendant is transacting substantial

and continuous business of such character as to give rise to a legal obligation,

regardless of whether the cause of action is related to the defendant's contacts with

Washington. MBM Fisheries, 60 Wash. App. at 418. The plaintiff must show a

defendant's activities constitute doing business in the forum state. He/icopteros

Nacionales de Colombia, S.A.     V.   Hall, 466 U.S. 408,417-18,104 S. Ct. 1868,80 L. Ed.

2d 404 (1984).

       '''[O]oing business' in this state, [means] transacting substantial and continuous

business of such character as to give rise to a legal obligation." MBM Fisheries, 60 Wn.

App. at 418 (quoting Crose v. Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesel/schaft, 88 Wash. 2d 50, 54,

558 P.2d 764 (1977). "Purposeful availment may be established by a nonresident

defendant's act of doing business in Washington," by "'the initiation of a transaction

outside' the state in contemplation that some phase of it will take place in the forum

state.'" CTVC of HI., Co. v. Shinawatra, 82 Wn. App. 699,711,919 P.2d 1243 (1996)

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No. 31399-9-111
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(quoting Griffiths & Sprague Stevedoring Co. v. Bayly, Martin & Fay, Inc., 71 Wn.2d

679,684,430 P.2d 600-(1967». Significantly, a "nonresident defendant may also

purposefully act in Washington even though the defendant did not initiate contact with

Washington 'if a business relationship subsequently arises.'" Id. (quoting Sorb Oil Corp.

v. Batalla Corp., 32 Wash. App. 296, 299, 647 P.2d 514 (1982).

       Ms. Miller detailed in affidavits and supporting documents that LWG had regularly

conducted business in Washington by soliciting business from Washington residents,

entering into contracts with Washington consumers, and extracting money from

Washington consumers. This sufficiently establishes a prima facie showing of

jurisdiction to avoid a motion to dismiss. Data Disc, Inc., 557 F.2d at 1285.

       LWG argues all key contacts, except for the signing of the contracts, occurred in

Texas, thus, jurisdiction should be in Texas. For factual support, it relies on its own

Client Services Agreement reciting all services occur entirely within the State of Texas.

But, Ms. Miller received and sent contracts, information, correspondence, and money

from Washington. Nevertheless, "[a] nonresident defendant may also purposefully act

in Washington even though the defendant did not initiate contact with Washington 'if a

business relationship subsequently arises.'" CTVC, 82 Wash. App. at 711 (quoting Sorb

Oil Corp., 32 Wash. App. at 299). Therefore, we conclude Ms. Miller provides prima facie

proof of general jurisdiction. Even assuming she did not, specific personal jurisdiction

exists under the long-arm statute.

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     No. 31399-9-111 

     Gorden v. Lloyd Ward & Assocs. 

            A Washington court may exercise specific personal jurisdiction over a

     nonresident defendant when the defendant's limited contacts give rise to the cause of

     action. RCW 4.28.185; MBM Fisheries, 60 Wash. App. at 422-23. Washington's long-arm

     statute partly provides:
;;
f
1                  (1) Any person, whether or not a citizen or resident of this
.~
.,
                   state, who in person or through an agent does any of the
I                  acts in this section enumerated, thereby submits said

I
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i

                   person, and, if an individual, his or her personal
                   representative, to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state as
                   to any cause of action arising from the doing of any of said
                   acts:
i
}
                          (a) The transaction of any business within this state; 

I                          (b) The commission of a tortious act within this state.
1

I
!
     RCW 4.28.185. To satisfy due process requirements, a Washington court may exercise

     specific personal jurisdiction over a foreign entity solely when, in addition to the

     requisites of the long-arm statute, the following elements are satisfied:

                   (1) The nonresident defendant or foreign corporation must
                   purposefully do some act or consummate some transaction
                   in the forum state; (2) the cause of action must arise from, or
                   be connected with, such act or transaction; and (3) the
                   assumption of jurisdiction by the forum state must not offend
                   traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice,
                   consideration being given to the quality, nature, and extent
                   of the activity in the forum state, the relative convenience of
                   the parties, the benefits and protection of the laws of the
                   forum state afforded the respective parties, and the basic
                   equities of the situation.

     CTVC, 82 Wash. App. at 709-10 (quoting Shute v. Carnival Cruise Lines, 113 Wash. 2d 763,

     767,783 P.2d 78 (1989».

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No. 31399-9-111
Gorden v. Lloyd Ward & Assocs.

       The quality and nature of a defendant's activities determine whether the contact

is sufficient, not the '''number of acts or mechanical standards.'" Freestone Capital

Partners LP v. MKA Real Estate Opportunity Fund I, LLC, 155 Wash. App. 643, 653, 230
P.3d 625 (2010) (quoting Perry v. Hamilton, 51 Wash. App. 936, 940, 756 P.2d 150

(1988)). This requirement "ensures that a defendant will not be haled into a jurisdiction

solely as a result of 'random,' 'fortuitous,' or 'attenuated' contacts." Burger King Corp. v.

Rudzewicz,471 U.S. 462,475,105 S. Ct. 2174, 85l. Ed. 2d 528 (1985). A defendant

cannot shield employees from liability if jurisdiction is supported by the long-arm statute

of the forum state. Brink v. First Credit Res., 57 F. Supp. 2d 848, 858-59 (D. Ariz. 1999)

(citing Calderv. Jones, 465 U.S. 783, 789,104 S. Ct. 1482, 79l. Ed. 2d 804 (1984)).

       In sum, LWG purposely advertised on the Internet to Washington residents,

made service promises to Washington residents, entered into contracts with

Washington residents, and received payments from Washington residents. Ms. Miller's

suit relates to these activities. Having Washington as the forum state does not offend

traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice, considering the type of the

complaint, the convenience of the parties, and the equities involved. Based on the

above, Ms. Miller met her burden to show that Washington had personal jurisdiction

over LWG to avoid dismissal. The trial court properly concluded likewise.

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No. 31399-9-111 

Gorden v. Lloyd Ward & Assocs. 

       Affirmed.

                                          Brown, J.
WE CONCUR:

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