Court Opinion

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Opinions of the United
2009 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit

1-6-2009

USA v. Berry
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Precedential

Docket No. 07-1251

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                     PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
     FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
          _____________

          No. 07-1251
         _____________

  UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                v.

       TERRELL BERRY,
                    Appellant

         _____________

          No. 07-1276
         _____________

  UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

               v.

        SHAWN MACK,
                  Appellant
    Appeal from Judgments of Conviction and Sentence
    in Criminal Nos. 06-00063-1 and 06-00063-2 in the
    United States District Court for the Eastern District of
                        Pennsylvania

          Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                      March 24, 2008

Before: McKEE, RENDELL and TASHIMA,* Circuit Judges

                   (Filed: January 6, 2009)

Brett G. Sweitzer, Esq.
Defender Association of Philadelphia
Federal Court Division
601 Walnut Street
The Curtis Center, Suite 540 West
Philadelphia, PA 19106

      Attorney for Defendant - Appellant Terrell Berry
John F. Renner, Esq.
12000 Lincoln Drive West
Pavilions At Greentree, Suite 401
Marlton, NJ 08053-0000

      *
        Honorable A. Wallace Tashima, Senior Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, sitting
by designation.

                               2
       Attorney for Defendant - Appellant Shawn Mack

Michelle T. Rotella, Esq.
Robert A. Zauzmer, Esq.
Office of United States Attorney
Suite 1250
615 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia, PA 19106

       Attorneys for Plaintiff - Appellee

                  OPINION OF THE COURT

MCKEE, Circuit Judge.

       Terrell Berry and Shawn Mack pled guilty to an

indictment charging them both with one count of robbery

affecting interstate commerce, and one count of carrying and

using a firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence. They now

appeal their sentences arguing, inter alia, that the district court

denied them due process of law by relying upon unsupported

                                3
speculation in determining their sentences. For the reasons that

follow, we agree. We will therefore remand for resentencing.

                   I. Factual Background

       On October 5, 2004, Berry and Mack were apprehended

by police in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania, in connection with the

armed robbery of an area restaurant. A subsequent search of

the car they were riding in disclosed a handgun as well as cash

that had been stolen from the restaurant during the robbery.

       Following their arrest, Berry and Mack were charged by

local authorities. However, their prosecution was transferred to

federal authorities, and they were subsequently indicted by a

federal grand jury. Following indictment, they both pled guilty

to one count of robbery affecting interstate commerce, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a) (“Count One”), and one count

of carrying and using a firearm in furtherance of a crime of

violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1) (“Count Two”).

                               4
       The Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) that was

prepared for Berry calculated an offense level of 19 and a

criminal history category of I for Count One. That resulted in

a Sentencing Guidelines range of 30 to 37 months

imprisonment. However, a mandatory consecutive sentence of

seven years imprisonment applied on Count Two. The PSR

noted that Berry, who was 22 at the time of this offense, had no

prior adult convictions, but he did have four prior arrests. He

was assigned one criminal history point for an arrest for a theft

offense when he was 17 that resulted in an adjudication of

delinquency. Since this was his only criminal history point, he

remained in criminal history category I. According to the PSR,

a second juvenile petition had been filed against Berry for

unauthorized use of an automobile. That petition was dismissed

without adjudication of delinquency after Berry, then 16,

admitted the charge and performed community service. Berry’s

                               5
PSR also stated that he had been arrested twice as an adult -

once for marijuana possession and once for armed robbery.

According to the PSR, the marijuana charge had been

“discharged due to lack of prosecution,” and the robbery charge

had been “nol prossed.” The PSR contained no information

about the facts underlying those charges. Critically, as we shall

explain, the PSR noted that the “nol prossed” robbery charge

“forms the basis of the instant offense.”

       The PSR prepared for Mack calculated a Guideline

offense level for the robbery of 20 and a criminal history

category of I for Count One. The resulting Guideline range was

33 to 41 months. Mack was also subject to a mandatory

consecutive seven-year sentence of imprisonment on Count

Two. Mack had no prior criminal convictions, but the PSR

listed four “other arrests.” According to the PSR, Mack was

arrested once for retail theft and once for possessing a weapon

                               6
on school property when he was 17. The retail theft had been

“discharged for lack of prosecution,” and the weapons charge

had been resolved when Mack entered a Consent Decree

without an adjudication of delinquency.1 As an adult, Mack had

been charged with knowing possession of a controlled

substance, but the charge had been “withdrawn by the District

Attorney.” Like Berry, his PSR listed a 2004 arrest for armed

robbery that was “nol prossed.” Except for the weapons charge

arising from the possession of a box cutter, the PSR contained

no information about the underlying facts or circumstances of

any arrests.

       Surprisingly, although no one present at sentencing

       1
        The PSR notes that the weapon charge resulted from
Mack’s possession of a box cutter. A psychologist’s report
submitted to the district court stated that Mack claimed he
possessed the box cutter because his after-school job involved
“cut[ting] up boxes for the incinerator . . . .”

                              7
apparently realized it, close examination of the PSRs reveals

that the nol prossed robbery charges against Berry and Mack

arose from the same robbery for which the defendants were

being sentenced. The local authorities did not pursue those

charges after Berry and Mack were indicted by the federal grand

jury and they therefore moved to nol prosse the robbery charges

in favor of the federal charges which are the subject of these

appeals.

       During the joint sentencing hearing, neither Berry nor

Mack challenged the Guideline calculations in the PSR.

However, attorneys for both emphasized that Berry and Mack

were relatively young and without prior convictions. Defense

counsel argued that, in light of the applicable mandatory seven-

year consecutive sentence that applied on Count Two, Berry

and Mack should receive only a minimal additional sentence of

one month on Count One.

                               8
       The government countered by emphasizing the violent

nature of the armed robbery to which they had pled guilty, as

well as the mental and emotional trauma inflicted on the victim.

The government also challenged the defendants’ assertions

regarding the relevance of the absence of prior convictions.

The Assistant United States Attorney responded to Berry’s

arguments as follows:

              AUSA: In any event, your Honor,
              . . . Mr. Berry does come to this
              Court with a criminal record in his
              past. He’s been arrested four times
              as a juvenile. He’s a young man,
              so he has already accumulated
              quite a past before he gets to your
              Honor.
              THE COURT: He has a record,
              but no adult convictions, but on the
              other hand, the - - reading between
              the lines - - this seems rather
              obvious that the reason he doesn’t
              have any actual adult convictions
              is because of the breakdowns in the
              court - - in the state court system -
              - and not because of innocence.

                               9
             AUSA: That’s correct, your Honor.
             . . . [T]hat’s entirely correct.
                      And also he[’s] of such a
             young age, he didn’t have time to
             amass the adult convictions. He
             did, however, have time to go
             through and create the four
             juvenile offenses that he was
             arrested for.
                      One of which - - I would
             point out to this Court - - was a
             robbery, which is exactly what he
             is here before this Court facing.
             The other offense was for a theft
             offense and - - in which he
             admitted his guilt, as well.
                      So, for all intents and
             purposes, although it does not
             factor in to his criminal history
             sentencing guideline range, he is
             here on this third conviction and
             known offense that he has
             committed.

Sentencing Tr. 9-10 (emphasis added).

      As a threshold matter, we note that the prosecutor’s

recitation of Berry’s criminal history was not only greatly

exaggerated, it was just plain wrong. Berry had not been

                            10
arrested four times as a juvenile - he had been arrested twice.

As we have noted, Berry’s PSR reported that he had been

arrested once at age 16 for driving a car without the owner’s

permission and once at age 17 for theft of $150. As an adult, he

was arrested once at age 19 for marijuana possession, but he

was never prosecuted. His only other adult arrest was for the

current offense. The government apparently misread the PSR

and concluded that Berry had been arrested but not prosecuted

for another robbery.2

       We do not believe that the prosecutor deliberately misled

the sentencing court about the existence of another robbery

       2
         It is somewhat unclear whether the prosecutor was
referring to the local arrest for the instant offense, to Berry’s
juvenile arrest and conviction for theft, or both. The judge,
however, apparently believed the prosecutor was referring to
the adult arrest for the instant offense. Otherwise, he would
have no reason to refer to Berry’s avoiding prosecution
because of “breakdowns in the court system” - since Berry
was adjudicated delinquent based upon his juvenile theft.

                                11
arrest. Nevertheless, it certainly appears that she mistakenly

relied on the very state charges that been nol prossed in favor of

this federal indictment to argue that “[o]ne of [Berry’s prior

offenses] was a robbery, which is exactly what he is here before

this Court facing.”

       The prosecutor made the same argument against Mack.

She claimed: “[Mack] is not without a criminal history, just like

Mr. Berry is not. He also has been arrested four time[s] and

adjudicated delinquent as a juvenile for a weapons offense.”

This statement is also incorrect. According to his PSR, the

weapons charge arising from his possession of a box cutter did

not result in any adjudication of delinquency.

       Moreover, the court and prosecutor made the statements

we have set forth above pertaining to a “breakdown in the . . .

state court system,” even though there was absolutely nothing

on the record to explain why those cases were dismissed. Thus,

                               12
there is nothing other than rank speculation to support the

court’s declaration that it is: “rather obvious that the reason he

doesn’t have any actual adult convictions is because of the

breakdowns in the court - - in the state court system - - and not

because of innocence.”       And there is nothing other than

prosecutorial zeal to support the prosecutor’s reflexive response:

“that’s entirely correct.”

       These statements completely ignore that there is nothing

on this record to eliminate the possibility that charges were

withdrawn because the evidence was simply insufficient to

establish guilt or that prosecutors realized their mistake in

bringing charges in the first place.3 The prosecutor offered

       3
         Furthermore, as we have noted, the PSR did explain
why the prior armed robbery charges were nol prossed. A
dismissal of local charges in favor of federal prosecution can
hardly be characterized as a “breakdown” in the state court
system.

                               13
nothing to support her view that the absence of a prior record

reflected nothing more than a breakdown in the court system,

and there is nothing on this record to support it.

       The government argued that each defendant should be

sentenced within the applicable Guideline range for the robbery

charge in addition to receiving the mandatory consecutive

sentence that applied to both defendants on the firearms charge.

After hearing testimony from the victim of the current offense

and Mack’s character witnesses, the district court gave the

following explanation for the sentence it was about to impose:

       I find that in the case of Mr. Berry, the correct calculation
of the guidelines would be a - - - in the range of not less than
thirty months nor more [than] thirty-seven months on the first
count and there’s a mandatory seven-year consecutive sentence
on the second count.
       With respect to Mr. Mack, the guideline range is thirty-
three months minimum . . . . And, of course, in both cases,
there’s the mandatory seven-year consecutive sentence.
       The guidelines are purely advisory, I have no doubt that

                                14
the - - a guideline range for robbery with violence . . . with the
use of force or threat of force . . . that the guideline range is on
the low side but given the - - but I’m also satisfied that the
adding an additional seven years simply because the threat of
force was accompanied by the ability to carry it out is - - gets it
up on the high side.

       ***

        It seems to me that the role of the Court, really, is to
fashion a sentence which meets the statutory requirements of the
guidelines and that is, a sentence which is sufficiently severe to
constitute adequate punishment for the actual crime, taking in to
account all of its circumstances. The length of time which
would adequately protect society from the defendants. And at
the same time, one which is not too harsh when compared to
sentences imposed for similar crimes.
        Now, . . . on the bad side here, are the facts of the crime,
the defendants did have a weapon, they - - the weapon was
loaded. They made threats to the victim.
        The circumstance that the victim was someone that they
had worked with - - or one of them had worked with - - adds
fuel to the flame and makes it worse.
        On the other hand, it’s permissible to [consider] the fact
that the weapon was not used, they did not physically harm the
victim and there is room for an inference that it was unlikely that
they would have actually shot at her, if she had not complied.
        Taking all those factors in to account, given the fact that
their criminal points for their criminal record are - - I don’t - -
I don’t think reflect quite adequately, the seriousness of their
criminal exposure in the past. The fact that they were charged

                                15
with crimes and then, the prosecution was dropped because
nobody showed up to prosecute or something like that, means
that their criminal history points were probably understated.
        Having said all of that, it seems to me that this was an
armed robbery, that the correct sentence for an armed robbery of
this kind should be ten years and I’m, therefore, imposing the
sentence that - - as to each defendant on Count 1 - - they’re
sentenced to the custody of the Attorney General for a period of
thirty-six months, to be followed by the mandatory eighty-four
months required by law on the second count for a total sentence
of ten years in each case . . . .4

(Sentencing Tr. 33-36 (emphasis added)). These consolidated

appeals followed.

       4
         Though neither party has addressed this statement
regarding the “correct” sentence for an armed robbery, we are
concerned by it. On remand, the district court should decide
the appropriate sentence based upon the individual facts and
circumstances of this case and these defendants, rather than
any personal notion of the appropriate sentence for armed
robbery. See United States v. Thompson, 483 F.2d 527, 529
(3d Cir. 1973) (“A fixed view as to sentencing is inconsistent
with the discretion vested in the trial judge that he may fulfill
his mandate to tailor the sentence imposed to the
circumstances surrounding each individual defendant and
frustrates the operation of those rules set up to effect such a
result.”), quoted in United States v. Torres, 251 F.3d 138, 146
(3d Cir. 2001).

                               16
                                 II.

                                 A.

       Both Berry and Mack challenge the district court’s

reliance on their arrest records in determining their sentences.

They make the related argument that the sentencing court erred

in speculating about why some prior charges were nol prossed

and assuming they were guilty of offenses that were dismissed.

Since neither defendant objected during sentencing, we review

for plain error.    Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b).         Accordingly, a

defendant must show: (1) error, (2) that is plain or obvious, and

(3) that affects a defendant’s substantial rights. United States v.

Goodson, 544 F.3d 529, 539 (3d Cir. 2008) (citations omitted).

“If all three conditions are met, an appellate court may then

exercise its discretion to notice a forfeited error, but only if . . .

the error seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity, or public

reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. (quoting Johnson v.

                                 17
United States, 520 U.S. 461, 467 (1997).

                               B.

       Sentencing courts have historically been afforded wide

latitude in considering a defendant’s background at sentencing.

See United States v. Paulino, 996 F.2d 1541, 1547 (3d Cir.

1993) (“Prior to the Sentencing Guidelines, the principle that

sentencing judges could consider evidence at sentencing that

would not be admissible at trial was firmly established.”) (citing

Williams v. New York, 337 U.S. 241, 246-47 (1949)). Congress

has codified this discretion at 18 U.S.C. § 3661: “No limitation

shall be placed on the information concerning the background,

character, and conduct of a person convicted of an offense

which a court of the United States may receive and consider for

the purpose of imposing an appropriate sentence.” Thus, the

Sentencing Guidelines permit consideration of any information

in the determination of a sentence except as “otherwise

                               18
prohibited by law.” See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.4.

       Nevertheless, it has never been suggested that this

discretion is boundless or that the information that a sentencing

court may rely upon is beyond limitations of fairness and due

process. To the contrary, we have explained that information

relied upon at sentencing must have “sufficient indicia of

reliability to support its probable accuracy.” United States v.

Warren, 186 F.3d 358, 364-65 (3d Cir. 1999) (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted) (recognizing that “a district court

cannot . . . merely extrapolate from . . . ambiguous statements

contained in a paragraph in the PSR . . . [to impose] an upward

departure.”). See also Paulino, 996 F.2d at 1547 (“Regardless

of this discretion to discover a broad range of information,

however, the introduction of evidence at sentencing is subject to

a due process standard of reliability.”) (citation omitted).

Indeed, the Supreme Court has long recognized that “[n]o

                               19
individual or body of men has a discretionary or arbitrary power

to commit any person to prison.” Hurtado v. California., 110
U.S. 516, 537 (1884).

       Thus, the Supreme Court has held that facts that are

considered at sentencing, as a general matter, must be proved by

a preponderance of the evidence. See United States v. Watts,

519 U.S. 148, 156 (1997) (per curiam). In Watts, the Court

affirmed that “facts relevant to sentencing [should] be proved

by a preponderance of the evidence [] and . . . application of the

preponderance standard at sentencing generally satisfies due

process. []” Id. (citations omitted). See also United States v.

Grier, 475 F.3d 556, 568 (3d Cir 2007) (en banc) (facts relevant

to sentencing must be proved by a preponderance of the

evidence); United States v. Ali, 508 F.3d 136, 145 ( 3d Cir.2007)

(same). Accordingly we must determine if the district court’s

speculative reliance on the defendants’ bare arrest records,

                               20
without more, satisfies the requirements of the Due Process

Clause.

                              C.

       As a threshold matter, we note that resentencing would

be required here even without the district court’s speculation

about the reasons for prior charges being nol prossed because

of the misstatement of the defendant’s arrest record and the

district court’s misreading of the PSRs.      That error is as

puzzling as it is troubling. As explained above, the PSRs

reported that prior robbery charges were nol prossed. Both the

prosecutor and the district court treated those charges as

evidence of another robbery even though that robbery was the

same robbery that the defendants were being sentenced for in

district court. Neither the court, the prosecutor, nor either

defense attorney realized that the nol prossed local charges for

a robbery in Delaware County in 2004 refers to the initial local

                              21
arrest for the armed robbery the defendants were pleading guilty

to in federal court. When the prosecution was transferred to

federal court, the state charges were nol prossed. Yet, the

district court viewed the resulting dismissal as evidence of

additional criminal conduct that the defendants would have

been convicted for absent “a breakdown in the state court

system.”

       The only unexplained adult arrest not leading to

prosecution for either defendant was a single unrelated charge

of marijuana possession against each of them. Accordingly,

there is no reliable basis for the district court’s statement that

the defendants’ criminal history points “don’t . . . reflect quite

adequately, the seriousness of their criminal exposure in the

past.” The sentencing court nevertheless fashioned a sentence

based, at least in part, upon an assumption that the defendants

had committed other crimes for which they had escaped

                               22
conviction and gone unpunished.

                               D.

       Aside from the factual inaccuracies underlying the

sentences that were imposed, the sentencing court also erred in

considering prior arrests.     We realize, of course, that a

sentencing court is explicitly authorized to consider “[p]rior

similar adult criminal conduct not resulting in a criminal

conviction,”    U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3(a)(2)(E), when deciding

whether to apply an upward departure from the otherwise

appropriate Guideline range. However, the same section of the

Sentencing Guidelines cautions: “[a] prior arrest record itself

shall not be considered for purposes of an upward departure .

. . .” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3(a)(3) (emphasis added). Our concern

for the district court’s reliance on bare reports of prior arrests

here is not mitigated by the fact that the court did not apply an

upward departure.      The Guidelines are, after all, purely

                               23
advisory, and unsupported speculation about a defendant’s

background is problematic whether it results in an upward

departure, denial of a downward departure, or causes the

sentencing court to evaluate the § 3553(a) factors with a

jaundiced eye. United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005).5

       The Supreme Court has touched upon this issue in a line

of cases that, like the Guidelines, allow a sentencing court to

consider prior criminal conduct not resulting in a conviction.

See Watts, 519 U.S. at 151-52 (citing cases which approve

examination of past criminal conduct for purposes of

determining an appropriate sentence). However, the Court’s

decision in Watts does not open the sentencing door to raw

speculation.

       5
         We have explained that post-Booker, properly
calculating the Guideline range is but the first step in the
sentencing process. United States v. Gunter 462 F.3d 237,
247 (3d Cir. 2006).

                              24
       In Watts, a jury convicted the defendant of possession of

cocaine base with intent to distribute, but acquitted him of using

a firearm in relation to a drug offense.         Id. at 149-50.

Nevertheless, at sentencing, the district court found by a

preponderance of the evidence that Watts did possess the guns

in connection with the drug offense, and enhanced his sentence

accordingly. Id. at 150. The Court did this even though the

jury had acquitted him of possessing the firearms in relation to

his drug possession.     Id.   On appeal, the Supreme Court

affirmed the sentence enhancement.         The Court held that

conduct underlying the acquitted charge could be considered at

sentencing despite the acquittal, “so long as that conduct has

been proved by a preponderance of the evidence.” Id. at 157

(emphasis added).6

       6
        It has been suggested that the decision in Watts, is in
tension with Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000)

                               25
       Accordingly, we must consider whether, on this record,

the sentencing court erred in considering the reports of the

defendants’ prior arrests in the PSRs. Put another way, the

issue becomes whether the record contains sufficient reliable

evidence to allow a sentencing court to consider prior arrests

without offending due process.        We have not directly

considered this question in this context before, but several of

and its progeny:

       [E]ven if the specific holding of Watts survives
       the Supreme Court's Apprendi jurisprudence,
       the practice of considering acquitted conduct
       might not. That is, even if considering acquitted
       conduct for sentencing purposes does not
       violate the Double Jeopardy or Due Process
       Clause of the Fifth Amendment, doing so might
       still violate the jury right of the Sixth
       Amendment as expounded by Apprendi and its
       progeny. Our Court has not yet spoken on this
       issue . . . .

United States v. Grier, 475 F.3d 556, 586 n.34. (3d Cir. 2007)
(Ambro, J., concurring).

                              26
our sister courts of appeals have.

       In United States v Zapete-Garcia, the Court of Appeals

for the First Circuit held that it was unreasonable for a district

court to enhance a sentence based on a single arrest that was

remote in time. 447 F.3d 57 (1st Cir. 2006). The court

reasoned:

       [A] mere arrest, especially a lone arrest, is not
       evidence that the person arrested actually
       committed any criminal conduct. This is because
       arrest “happens to the innocent as well as the
       guilty.” [] The guideline policy statement
       recognizes this limitation on the value of an arrest
       as information about a defendant’s criminal
       propensity, highlighting the important distinction
       between direct evidence of past criminal behavior
       and mere arrests that may or may not have been
       the result of wrongdoing. Although a series of
       past arrests might legitimately suggest a pattern of
       unlawful behavior even in the absence of any
       conviction, Zapete was arrested only a single
       time, more than a decade ago. Thus, we conclude
       that it was unreasonable for the district court to
       rely on Zapete’s single prior arrest as justification
       for enhancing his sentence.

                                27
Id. at 60-61 (citations omitted).

       In United States. v. Dixon, 318 F.3d 585, 591 (4th Cir.

2003), the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit held that a

district court could consider facts that “went sufficiently beyond

the mere fact of arrest so as not to run afoul of [the Guideline

prohibition on use of arrest records in upward departures].”

There, the sentencing court considered four arrests in three

different states over a period of approximately four and a half

years that were reported in the PSR. Id. at 587-88. In two of

those cases the defendant failed to appear; in the third, a bench

warrant issued after defendant’s failure to appear. The only

notation for the fourth case was that the charge “remained

pending.” Id. Although the Dixon court did not articulate its

reasoning, the record established a history of disregarding

judicial authority, and that is certainly a relevant sentencing

consideration. “[A]voiding adjudication of guilt by failing to

                               28
appear is quite different from never obtaining an adjudication

of guilt because the charges were dismissed for reasons of merit

or prosecutorial discretion.” United States v. Ronquillo, 508
F.3d 744, 753 n.8 (5th Cir. 2007).

       The Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit has

addressed this issue several times. In United States v. Walker,

98 F.3d 944, 948 (7th Cir. 1996), the court criticized a

sentencing judge for relying on numerous arrests that did not

result in convictions. Walker had been convicted of crimes 13

times in 19 years for offenses “ranging from armed robbery and

burglary to forgery, theft, fraud, and pimping.” Id. at 947. He

had also “been arrested but not convicted on 23 other occasions,

and he had been twice charged with murder but not convicted.

The PSR that was prepared in the case under review awarded no

criminal history points for the other arrests and charges.” Id. In

imposing sentence, the sentencing judge commented: “some of

                               29
[those arrests] might not have been good, but the law of

averages says that if you get arrested, I do not know, ten more

times, twenty more times - somewhere in there - you probably

did something you did not go down for.” Id. at 948. On appeal,

the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit acknowledged

that: “[t]hat is a realistic comment,” but held that due to the

Guideline prohibition against relying upon mere arrests, “[t]he

judge should have ignored the arrests.” Id. Nevertheless, the

appellate court concluded that the error was harmless because

it was unlikely the judge would have reduced the sentence given

the court’s “strong remarks about the defendant’s convictions

and about the fact that defendant could be described only as a

career criminal.” Id.

       In United States v. Torres, 977 F.2d 321 (7th Cir. 1992),

the court affirmed an upward departure based on prior criminal

conduct that did not result in a conviction. There, however, the

                              30
sentencing judge relied upon the testimony of an investigating

police officer and an eye witness. They both appeared at the

sentencing hearing and testified about the defendant’s prior

violent conduct that led to the prior arrests. Thus, consideration

of those prior arrests rested on more than mere speculation. In

affirming the court’s reliance on the unrelated conduct, the

court of appeals restated the principle that “an arrest record,

standing alone, cannot justify an upward departure.” Id. at 330.

The court affirmed the upward departure that was imposed

because “[t]he testimony of the witnesses was based on personal

investigation and observation, not some cold antiseptic record.”

Id. Nevertheless, the court still took pains to note that mere

speculation can not support a deprivation of liberty: “[w]e note

that while an arrest record alone will not justify a departure,

detailed police investigation reports may supply reliable

information of prior similar adult criminal conduct.” Id. at n.4

                               31
(emphasis added).7

       In United States v. Hawk Wing, 433 F.3d 622, 628 (8th

Cir. 2006), the court stated that, before an arrest record can be

considered in imposing an upward departure, the PSR “must

also provide specific facts underlying the arrests,” rather than a

“mere record of arrest[s].” The court held that it was improper

for the district court to consider four active warrants for the

defendant’s arrest because the PSR did not set forth any details

or circumstances underlying the charges. Id. at 629. The court

concluded, however, that the error was harmless because the

       7
         See also United States v. Fuller, 15 F.3d 646, 651-52
(7th Cir. 1994) (finding no error where district court relied not
on an arrest record, but on a report that the defendant planned
to plead guilty to an outstanding charge reported in the PSR.);
United States v. Ruffin, 997 F.2d 343, 346 (7th Cir. 1993)
(“The record in this case does not contain any evidence
supporting a conclusion that [defendant] committed the
crimes with which he was charged. Although the presentence
report describes the charges, its author did not conduct an
independent investigation.”).

                               32
upward departure could easily have been justified by the

defendant’s juvenile record and by the seven adult convictions

for which no criminal history points had been awarded. Id. See

also United States v. Left Hand Bull, 477 F.3d 518, 520-21(8th

Cir. 2006) (reliance on arrest record harmless where district

court relied primarily “on [defendant]’s extensive criminal

history and supervised release violations.”); United States v.

Joshua, 40 F.3d 948, 952-53 (8th Cir. 1994) (district court may

not consider arrests not resulting in conviction where no

information is provided other than the bare allegation of

criminal behavior, nor may it consider “pending charges unless

the conduct underlying those charges is admitted”).8

       8
          The reasoning in Hawk Wing, is consistent with the
overwhelming weight of authority. See also United States v.
Mateo, 471 F.3d 1162, 1166-67 (10th Cir. 2006)
(“sentencing transcript [made] clear” that district court relied
on “uncontested facts” in PSR rather than “arrest record
itself”); United States v. Williams, 989 F.2d 1137, 1142 (11th

                              33
                              C.

       The majority of our sister courts of appeals have

therefore concluded that a sentencing court can not base

sentencing decisions on a bare arrest record. Nevertheless,

appellate courts do permit consideration of the underlying

conduct where reliable evidence of that conduct is proffered or

where the PSR adequately details the underlying facts without

objection from the defendant. Although several of the cases we

have cited involve upward departures, the same considerations

Cir. 1993) (“[A]n arrest record standing alone is not
sufficiently reliable to support a departure.”). But see United
States v. Brown, 516 F.3d 1047, 1052-54 (D.C. Cir. 2008)
(“[t]he [district] court’s reference to Brown’s arrest record
simply catalogued an additional example of Brown’s repeated
contact with the criminal justice system over a short period of
time at a young age” and was “one of many factors
warranting a sentence at the top of the Guidelines range[]”
including “ violation of the conditions of pre-trial release
while awaiting trial . . . [and] prior convictions and probation
violation.”)

                              34
of fairness and due process apply whenever a sentence is

increased. It is the fact of the increase based upon inadequate

evidence, not the mechanism by which the increase is

accomplished that offends due process. A defendant cannot be

deprived of liberty based upon mere speculation. We therefore

follow the reasoning of the majority of our sister appellate

courts and hold that a bare arrest record - without more - does

not justify an assumption that a defendant has committed other

crimes and it therefore can not support increasing his/her

sentence in the absence of adequate proof of criminal activity.

       It is therefore apparent that the sentencing court here

erred in its consideration of Berry’s and Mack’s arrest records.

The only detail that the PSR supplied about other adult arrests

was the notation that each defendant was arrested, but not

prosecuted, for marijuana possession, and that the defendants

                              35
had been charged with an armed robbery that had been nol

prossed. As noted earlier, everyone engaged in the process

(including the defense attorneys) overlooked the fact that this

was the same armed robbery for which the defendants were

being sentenced.

                              III.

       We realize, of course, that there may be situations where

the number of prior arrests, and/or the similarity of prior

charges to the offense of conviction, becomes so overwhelming

and suggestive of actual guilt that they become exceedingly

difficult to ignore. For example, as we noted above, the court

in United States v. Walker, thought that 23 prior arrests was

probative of underlying criminality even though none of those

arrests resulted in convictions. Supra, 98 F.3d at 948. Few

would argue with the logic of that conclusion. Here, however,

the arrest records of Berry and Mack fall woefully short of the

                              36
arrest record in Walker.9 Accordingly, we need not attempt to

determine when the frequency and/or pattern of arrests becomes

so egregious that it could support a conclusion that the arrests

are probative or prior criminality.

       We caution, however, that even though the “law of

averages” approach mentioned in Walker may have superficial

appeal, it is highly problematic. It assumes that judges who

may have no expertise in statistical methodology can fairly and

consistently apply that mathematical construct to the subjective

and highly individualistic enterprise of sentencing. A “law of

averages” approach can unwittingly increase sentencing

disparity based upon factors that may not be apparent on the

       9
         Berry was adjudicated delinquent once as a juvenile.
Mack has no prior juvenile or adult convictions. Even with a
couple of additional arrests for each - for crimes such as retail
theft and marijuana possession - neither defendant’s record
resembles that of a “career criminal.”

                               37
record. The number of prior arrests and the similarity of

dismissed charges that “establish” prior criminal conduct will

also necessarily vary from judge to judge. Some judges may

consider one or two prior arrests to be sufficiently reliable

evidence of prior criminal conduct to increase a defendant’s

sentence. Another judge faced with the very same arrest record

may not feel comfortable increasing a sentence based upon mere

arrests unless a defendant has been arrested many more times,

or the PSR reflects a “long” history (“long” in the eyes of the

sentencing judge) of arrests for similar charges.

       More importantly, reliance on arrest records may also

exacerbate sentencing disparities arising from economic, social

and/or racial factors.    For example, officers in affluent

neighborhoods may be very reluctant to arrest someone for

behavior that would readily cause an officer in the proverbial

“high crime” neighborhood to make an arrest. A record of a

                              38
prior arrest may, therefore, be as suggestive of a defendant’s

demographics as his/her potential for recidivism or his/her past

criminality.    See Barbara Bennett Woodhouse, Youthful

Indiscretions: Culture, Class Status, and the Passage to

Adulthood, 51 DePaul L. Rev. 743 (2002); Jane W. Gibson-

Carpenter & James E. Carpenter, Race, Poverty, and Justice:

Looking Where the Streetlight Shines, 3-SPG Kan. J.L. & Pub.

Pol’y 99, 101 (1994) (“Police officers who have worked in

many types of neighborhoods acknowledge that they call home

to middle-class parents more readily. Between suburban and

urban departments, the difference can be even more striking. A

department of college-educated officers in a suburb of

Minneapolis in the 1970s went so far as to invite parents and

children into the station to discuss their problems confidentially,

with virtual immunity from formal handling.”). See also U.S.

Dept. of Justice, Juvenile Justice Bulletin, Minorities in the

                                39
Juvenile Justice System (1999) (noting “substantial evidence that

minority youth are often treated differently from majority youth

within the juvenile justice system” and that “cases in urban

jurisdictions are more likely to receive severe outcomes at

various stages of processing than are cases in non-urban areas”),

available at http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/179007.pdf.

       Here, the district court assumed that the only reason

Berry and Mack had no adult convictions was “because of

breakdowns in . . . the state court system - - and not because of

innocence,” and the prosecutor enthusiastically supported that

conclusion. In doing so on this record, the court denied these

defendants due process. See United States v. Nappi, 243 F.3d
758, 763 (3d Cir. 2001) (“[I]t is well settled that a defendant has

a due process right to be sentenced based upon accurate

information.”). Consequently, the sentences that were imposed

may well have been in excess of the minimum required to

                                40
address each of the purposes of sentencing. See 18 U.S.C. §

3553(a) (“The court shall impose a sentence sufficient, but not

greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes set forth in

. . .this subsection.”).

          We realize, of course, that it is possible that charges

against Berry and/or Mack were dropped because the “system

broke down,” witnesses did not show up or because of some

other reason not inconsistent with the defendants’ guilt just as

the sentencing court surmised. However, no evidence was

presented to support such speculation and liberty is far too

precious to allow us to sustain a sentencing decision that

equates dismissal of charges with guilt based upon nothing

more than appears here. Neither the court, nor the prosecutor,

had any reasoned basis to conclude that either defendant

escaped conviction of dismissed charges even though he was

guilty,    or   that   the   dismissals   resulted   from   judicial

                                  41
“ breakdowns.”

       Berry and Mack were already facing a mandatory period

of incarceration on Count Two of at least seven years. As noted

above, defense counsel argued that their youth and absence of

prior adult convictions justified imposition of only minimal

incarceration on Count One.10 Regardless of the propriety of

that argument, it is clear that the sentencing court relied, at least

in part, on bare arrest records in imposing a more lengthy term

of imprisonment on Count One.            The court will have an

opportunity to consider the argument on remand and give it

whatever consideration the court deems appropriate in

       10
          As also noted above, the prosecutor responded by
arguing, inter alia, that the defendants’ youth meant that they
had not had an opportunity to have a prior record of adult
convictions. However, that argument ignored the fact that
most (if not all) jurisdictions allow minors to be tried as adults
under appropriate circumstances. See, e.g., 42 Pa. C.S.A. §
6355 (setting out procedure and criteria for transfer from
juvenile to criminal court for prosecution).

                                 42
fashioning a sentence consistent with this opinion on Count

One.

                              IV.

       We find no merit in the remainder of the issues raised by

Berry or Mack.11 However, we conclude that the district court’s

reliance on arrest records at sentencing was a plain error which

violated defendants’ right to be sentenced based on reliable

information. See Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. at 467.

We will therefore vacate the sentences that were imposed and

remand for resentencing.

       11
          Berry additionally argued that his Fifth Amendment
right to be exposed to punishment based solely on facts
charged in an indictment was violated by the application at
sentencing of the seven year mandatory minimum, when the
indictment did not allege that Berry brandished a firearm.
Mack also argued (1) the sentencing court erred in failing to
make adequate findings on the record of its reasons for
rejecting Mack’s argument for a sentence below his advisory
guidelines, thus precluding meaningful appellate review, and
(2) his sentence is unreasonable.

                              43