Court Opinion

ID: 3167574
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-01-06 18:03:05.098022+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:59:52.343743
License: Public Domain

Filed 1/6/16 Stearn v. County of San Bernardino CA4/2

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
 California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
                                     or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION TWO

FREDERIC ELTON STEARN et al.,

         Plaintiffs and Appellants,                                      E060417

v.                                                                       (Super.Ct.No. SCVSS142797)

COUNTY OF SAN BERNARDINO,                                                OPINION

         Defendant and Respondent;

GENERAL OUTDOOR ADVERTISING,

      Real Party in Interest and
Respondent.

         APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Brian S.

McCarville, Judge. Affirmed.

         Sabine & Morrison, Randal R. Morrison for Plaintiffs and Appellants.

         No appearance for Defendant and Respondent.

         Gary S. Mobley for Real Party in Interest and Respondent.

                                                             1
       Law Office of Pamela Lawton Wilson and Pamela Lawton Wilson; Rogers

Towers, William D. Brinton for Scenic America, Inc., as Amicus Curiae on behalf of

Plaintiffs and Appellants.

       Plaintiff Frederic Stearn (Stearn) opposed rezoning by the San Bernardino County

Board of Supervisors (County), of certain remote desert property along the Interstate 15

and 40 freeways, and granting General Outdoor Advertising’s (Outdoor) applications for

conditional use permits (CUPs) to erect billboards along those highways. Stearn filed an

action in the superior court alleging several causes of action, including a cause of action

for administrative mandamus to invalidate the billboard approvals, and a cause of action

for declaratory and injunctive relief, to declare the billboards illegal structures and to

force their removal. The trial court denied the petition for mandate, then granted

Outdoor’s motion for judgment on the pleadings as to the declaratory and injunctive

relief causes of action, and denied plaintiff’s motions for discovery and for summary

judgment. Plaintiff appealed.

       On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erroneously denied the petition for

writ of administrative mandamus, the cause of action for declaratory and injunctive relief,

and plaintiff’s motion for discovery.1 We affirm.

       1  In his reply brief, plaintiff asserted that the County had defaulted by failing to
file a timely brief. However, Outdoor agreed to defend, indemnify, and hold the County
harmless against any claim, action, or proceeding filed against the County to attack, set
aside, void, or annul all or any part of the Project or related development approvals.

                                               2
                                     BACKGROUND

       Beginning in 1999, Outdoor applied for rezoning and CUPs to erect 20 signs along

Interstate 15 and Interstate 40. After thorough evaluation of Outdoor’s submissions, it

was determined that six of the proposed signs did not meet criteria under both the County

Development Code and the Business and Professions Code, so Outdoor withdrew those

applications. The relevant codes require that billboards be located with 1,000 feet of an

established commercial use, and there must be 750 feet between signs.

       Because the county’s Development Code only allows billboards on two land use

districts—General Commercial and Highway Commercial—Outdoor’s project included

proposed general plan amendments to rezone the properties for use as Highway

Commercial. The county notified 77 property owners, and received three letters in

opposition to the project, all of which expressed concern about the aesthetic impacts of

the project and potential violation of the Highway Beautification Act.

       Outdoor, with input from the affected communities, formulated an Income Sharing

Program, by which it would dedicate a portion of the profits generated by the billboards

directly to the communities. Outdoor also agreed that the billboards would not contain

any sexually explicit copy, and would not be used to advertise brands of alcoholic

beverages, or tobacco products. Outdoor also agreed that four of the billboard faces

would be reserved to promote the communities and their services for free for three years.

Outdoor then circulated a petition which garnered support from the community in support

of the project. In the meantime, three independent studies were undertaken pursuant to

the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), which determined that the project

                                             3
would not have any adverse impacts that would remain potentially significant with

appropriate mitigation measures.

       On September 28, 2006, the planning commission issued a notice of determination

on Outdoor’s proposed project. The notice indicated that the county had determined the

project will not have a significant effect on the environment, a negative declaration had

been prepared for the project pursuant to CEQA, mitigation measures had been made a

condition of approval, and that the findings were made pursuant to CEQA.

       The planning commission found that the general plan amendment was in the

public interest, that there would be a community benefit, and other existing and permitted

uses would not be compromised because the proposed change to Highway Commercial

allows for commercial opportunities in areas currently lacking such development. It

further found that the general plan land use district amendment was consistent with the

goals and policies of the general plan by providing a harmonious arrangement of land

uses that would generate sufficient tax revenues, encouraged balanced commercial

developments that were capable of strengthening the local economy, and provided

suitable locations for retail and service commercial establishments intended to meet the

daily convenience needs of the traveling public.

       The commission recommended that the County adopt the mitigated negative

declaration and the general plan amendment, approve the CUPs and file the notice of

determination. Public hearings were conducted, and testimony was adduced. Plaintiff

and two others opposed the project, but there were several witnesses in favor of the

proposal. In addition to in person testimony, there was substantial correspondence from

                                             4
the affected communities, with three letters in opposition, in addition to plaintiff’s own

opposition, countered by overwhelming support for the project from the Newberry

Springs Community Services District, Property Owner’s Association, Property Owners’

Board of Directors, the Chamber of Commerce, Fire Department, Senior Services

Association, Southern California Fish Farmers Association, Silver Valley Gun Club, and

Daggett Community Services District, in addition to 520 individual signatures on a

petition supporting the project.

       At the conclusion of the public hearing relating to the project, the commission

voted unanimously to approve it. The County conditionally approved the project on

September 12, 2006, to be effective on October 12, 2006. If the conditions were not

completed, and the use of the land had not taken place within 36 months of the date of the

conditional approval, the CUPs would become null and void.

       On October 11, 2006, plaintiff filed suit to challenge the CUPs and rezoning

approvals, alleging causes of action declaratory relief, injunctive relief, and violation of

the Outdoor Advertising Act. (Bus. & Prof. Code, §§ 5200, et seq.; Stearn v. County of

San Bernardino (2009) 170 Cal. App. 4th 434, 438.2) Plaintiff amended the complaint

adding causes of action for traditional mandate and administrative mandamus. (Stearn v.

County of San Bernardino, supra, at p. 438.) On March 15, 2007, the court sustained

Outdoor’s demurrer to the first three causes of action (declaratory relief, injunctive relief,

and traditional mandate) on the ground that the land use decisions of a governmental

       2We refer to our previous opinion for relevant procedural information not
otherwise found in the appellate record.

                                              5
agency can only be reviewed by administrative mandate pursuant to Code of Civil

Procedure, section 1094.5. (Stearn v. County of San Bernardino, at p. 439.) The trial

court also dismissed the fourth cause of action for administrative mandate on the ground

it was barred by the 21-day statute of limitations found in Code of Civil Procedure

section 1094.8. (Stearn v. County of San Bernardino, at p. 439.)

       Plaintiff appealed, and this court reversed the dismissal of the fourth cause of

action for administrative mandate on January 5, 2009, concluding that the expedited

review provided by statute was available only when the license applicant or the issuing

public agency filed an action challenging the grant or denial of a license for expressive

conduct, not when a third party such as the property owner did so. (Stearn v. County of

San Bernardino, supra, 170 Cal.App.4th at pp. 442-443.) In the meantime, the California

Department of Transportation (Caltrans) granted billboard permits to Outdoor.

       On remand, plaintiff sought leave to file a second amended complaint asserting

additional claims in light of the Court of Appeal’s decision, which was granted on June 6,

2011. Plaintiff no longer asserted the first cause of action for declaratory relief, the

second cause of action for injunctive relief, or the third cause of action for traditional

mandate. However, plaintiff added an amended fourth cause of action for administrative

mandate pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5, to invalidate the billboard

approvals, and added a fifth cause of action for declaratory and injunctive relief, to

compel removal of the billboards as illegal structures.

                                              6
       In addition, plaintiff filed a motion for order allowing discovery and for judicial

notice of the court’s own files. The trial court denied plaintiff’s motion for discovery, but

did agree to take judicial notice of documents in the court file.

       On May 24, 2013, the court heard arguments on the petition for writ of

administrative mandate. On June 18, 2013, the trial court denied the petition finding that

the administrative record convinced it that the agency’s actions were part of a

comprehensive zoning amendment, and did not constitute “phony zoning” to provide for

outdoor advertising.

       On August 26, 2013, Outdoor filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings as to

the fifth cause of action for declaratory and injunctive relief. The same day, plaintiff

filed a motion for summary judgment as to the same cause of action. On October 21,

2013, the court granted Outdoor’s motion for judgment on the pleadings, on the ground

that when the mandamus claim was decided, the case was over. On that same date, the

court denied plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment because the moving party failed to

comply with Code of Civil Procedure, section 437c, subdivision (b).

       Plaintiff appealed.

                                        DISCUSSION

      1.     Mandate Was Properly Denied Where There Is Substantial Evidence to
Support the Agency Decision, Rendering Declaratory and Injunctive Relief Moot.

       Plaintiff argues that the rezoning action violated the California Outdoor

Advertising Act, Business and Professions Code, section 5200 et seq. and the Federal

Highway Beautification Act, 23 U.S.C. section 131. Pointing to a declaration submitted

                                              7
in support of his motion for summary judgment in which an individual expressed the

view that the billboards, which were installed after the relevant planning board decision,

were illegal, he asserts the County’s action amounted to a wholesale rezoning of pristine

desert, and “phony zoning” for billboard purposes. We disagree.

       The exclusive remedy for judicial review of administrative action affecting land

use is a proceeding under Code of Civil Procedure, section 1094.5. (SP Star Enterprises,

Inc. v. City of Los Angeles (2009) 173 Cal. App. 4th 459, 469.) A trial court may issue a

writ of administrative mandate where an agency has (1) acted in excess of its jurisdiction;

(2) deprived the petitioner of a fair hearing; or (3) committed a prejudicial abuse of

discretion. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5, subd. (b).) Abuse of discretion is established if

the agency has not proceeded in a manner required by law, the order or decision is not

supported by the findings, or the findings are not supported by the evidence. (Code Civ.

Proc., § 1094.5, subd. (b); Mohilef v. Janovici (1996) 51 Cal. App. 4th 267, 305.)

       On appeal, we review the administrative decision to determine if it is supported by

substantial evidence. (SP Star Enterprises v. City of Los Angeles, supra, 173 Cal.App.4th

at p. 469; Goat Hill Tavern v. City of Costa Mesa (1992) 6 Cal. App. 4th 1519, 1525-

1526.) Under the substantial evidence test, the agency’s findings are presumed to be

supported by the administrative record and that the appellant challenging them has the

burden to show they are not. (SP Star Enterprises, supra; JKH Enterprises, Inc. v.

Department of Industrial Relations (2006) 142 Cal. App. 4th 1046, 1062.) We resolve all

evidentiary conflicts in the agency’s favor and indulge all legitimate and reasonable

                                             8
inferences to uphold the agency’s finding. (Berkeley Hillside Preservation v. City of

Berkeley (2015) 60 Cal. 4th 1086, 1114.)

       This court’s task is not to weigh conflicting evidence to determine who had the

better argument, or whether an opposite conclusion would have been equally or more

reasonable. (Berkeley Hillside Preservation, supra, 60 Cal. 4th at pp. 1114-1115, citing

Laurel Heights Improvement Assn. v. Regents of the University of California (1988) 47
Cal. 3d 376, 393.) When more than one inference can be reasonably deduced from the

facts, we cannot substitute our deductions for those of the superior court. (SP Star

Enterprises, supra, 173 Cal.App.4th at p. 469.)

       Regarding plaintiff’s claim that the County’s action violated the Outdoor

Advertising Act, Business and Professions Code, section 5350, prohibits the placement of

any billboard within the areas affected by the Act, without first securing a permit from

Caltrans. (Traverso ex rel. Dept. of Transp. (1996) 46 Cal. App. 4th 1197, 1204.)

CalTrans is the designated state agency responsible for administering and enforcing the

Act. (Bus. & Prof. Code, §§ 5250, 5254.) An advertising display erected in compliance

with state laws and local ordinances at the time of their erection are lawfully erected.

(Bus. & Prof. Code, § 5216.1; West Washington Properties v. Dept. of Transp. (2012)

210 Cal. App. 4th 1136, 1144.) The existence of a Caltrans permit thus creates a

rebuttable presumption that the billboards were lawful. (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 5216.1.)

The lack of permits may rebut the presumption of lawful erection if Caltrans establishes a

                                              9
permit was required for the display and none was sought or issued.3 (West Washington

Properties, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at p. 1145.)

       In the present case, a permit was issued by Caltrans, raising the presumption that

the erection of the billboards was in compliance with state law and local ordinances. This

compels the conclusion that the billboards did not violate the 23 U.S.C., section 131, the

Highway Beautification Act, in the absence of affirmative evidence to rebut that

presumption. (Evid. Code, §§ 604, 606.) Subdivision (a) of that section expresses

congressional purpose that the erection and maintenance of outdoor advertising signs in

areas adjacent to the interstate system of highways promote the safety and recreational

value of public travel, and preserve natural beauty.

       In ruling on plaintiff’s administrative mandate petition, the trial court found

substantial evidence supported the agency decision, and that plaintiff’s argument that the

rezoning was contrary to law was not supported by the record. The trial court’s ruling

was based on the agency findings that the action allowed for commercial opportunities in

areas currently lacking such development, it promoted the general plan by providing a

harmonious arrangement of land uses that would generate sufficient tax revenues,

       3  As Gene K. Fong, Division Administrator for the U.S. Department of
Transportation, advised plaintiff by letter dated April 13, 2006, if the County rezoned the
areas in question after consideration of the public hearing proceedings and take other
actions to provide local permits for billboards, applications for sign permits would need
to be submitted to Caltrans for consideration. “Should the State determine that the intent
of the rezoning was to circumvent the COAA [California Outdoor Advertising Act] and
HBA [Highway Beautification Act] for the purposes of erecting outdoor advertising signs
in controlled areas, the State should deny the application consistent with 23 CFR
750.708(b).” In other words, CalTrans review is considered as a second layer of review.

                                             10
encouraged balanced commercial developments that were capable of strengthening the

local economy, and provided suitable locations for retail and service commercial

establishments intended to meet the daily convenience needs of the traveling public.

       Plaintiff has not pointed to any evidence to contradict or undermine these findings

and thus has not demonstrated that the action of the planning commission and the County

in adopting the general plan amendment to rezone the affected property as Highway

Commercial is not supported by substantial evidence.

       We now turn to the Highway Beautification Act claim. Subdivision (d) of section

131 provides that “[t]he States shall have full authority under their own zoning laws to

zone areas for commercial or industrial purposes, and the actions of the States in this

regard will be accepted for the purposes of this Act. Whenever a bona fide State, county,

or local zoning authority has made a determination of customary use, such determination

will be accepted in lieu of controls by agreement in the zoned commercial and industrial

areas within the geographical jurisdiction of such authority.” The Highway

Beautification Act clearly contemplates that the states will achieve compliance through

their inherent powers of zoning and condemnation. (23 U.S.C. § 131(d)-(g).)

       California complies with the Highway Beautification Act through its Outdoor

Advertising Act. (Bus. & Prof. Code, §5200 et seq.) This act explicitly recognizes that

outdoor advertising is a legitimate commercial use of property adjacent to roads and

highways and provides that such advertising “should be allowed to exist in business

areas.” (Bus. & Prof. Code, §5226, subd. (b); People ex rel. Dep’t of Transportation v.

Naegele Outdoor Advertising Co.(1985) 38 Cal. 3d 509, 516.) The act then provides for

                                            11
restrictions upon outdoor advertising pursuant to the Highway Beautification Act.

(People ex rel. Dep’t of Transportation v. Naegele Outdoor Advertising Co., supra.)

       At oral argument, plaintiff and amicus argued that the rezoning and CUPs violated

federal regulations promulgated pursuant to the Highway Beautification Act. (23 CFR

§750.708(b).) That regulation acknowledges that signs may be erected and maintained

within 660 feet of the nearest edge of the right-of-way within areas zoned industrial or

commercial under authority of State law (23 CFR §750.708(a)), but provides that action

which is not part of comprehensive zoning and is created primarily to permit outdoor

advertising structures is not recognized as zoning for outdoor advertising control

purposes. (23 CFR § 750.708(b).) Based on this regulation, and the fact that Outdoor

initiated the zoning action by seeking permits for billboards, plaintiff concludes the sole

purpose of the zoning action by the County was to permit billboards in violation of the

Highway Beautification Act.

       This is not necessarily so. We agree that site approval and “spot zoning,” granted

solely to permit billboards, run afoul of federal regulations, because the zoning must have

independent validity. (United Outdoor Advertising Co. v. Business, Transp. & Housing

Agency (1988) 44 Cal. 3d 242, 248 (United Outdoor).) However, area zoned for

commercial or industrial use in a city or town need not actually have commercial

development on it to satisfy the statutory definition of “commercial or industrial zone.”

(Kunz & Co. v. State (UT Ct.App., 1996) 913 P.2d 765, 768 (Kunz I); see also, Kunz &

Co. v. State (UT Ct.App. 1997) 949 P.2d 763, 767 (Kunz II).) The primary purpose for

                                             12
which zoning is accomplished is the critical factor and determining such purpose is a fact

issue to be resolved by the trier of fact. (Kunz I, at p. 768; Kunz II, at p. 767.)

       Here, notwithstanding plaintiff’s opposition to the rezoning action, no evidence

was presented to support the assertion that the primary purpose of the rezoning was to

accommodate the erection of billboards. To the contrary, in addition to the CUP to

Outdoor, the planning commission approved CUPs to an existing antique store and an

existing impound yard, so as to permit those commercial activities to continue in areas

then lacking appropriate designation. Subsequently, CalTrans granted permits, finding

no violation of the Code.

       Plaintiff has not demonstrated that any of these findings lack evidentiary support.

Nevertheless, plaintiff argues the County’s action resulted in “wholesale rezoning of

pristine desert to allow billboards.” Plaintiff and amicus curiae rely heavily on the

holding of United Outdoor, supra, 44 Cal. 3d 242. In that case, the plaintiff advertiser

sought and obtained “site approval” to erect billboards in an area zoned for “Desert

Living.” The California Supreme Court reversed an order granting plaintiff’s mandamus

petition for issuance of permits to erect the billboards because the parcels affected were

not in an area “zoned . . . [primarily] to permit commercial or industrial activities” within

the meaning of Business and Professions Code, section 5205. (Id., at pp. 249-250.)

       At oral argument, both plaintiff and amicus curiae acknowledged that United

Outdoor did not involve a zoning question. Instead, the plaintiff in United Outdoor

circumvented the designated zoning issue by applying for “site approval,” which the

Supreme Court concluded was “no substitute for the deliberate implementation of the

                                              13
general plan, following community input, that zoning by the legislative branch of a local

government represents.” (United Outdoor, supra, 44 Cal.3d at p. 250.)

       Here, the local government adopted a general plan, and the County determined

that the proposed rezoning of the affected parcels would promote that plan. The holding

of United Outdoor is therefore inapposite to this case. The entire record shows there was

no “phony” or “sham” zoning. Instead, the County determined that rezoning would

promote commercial development in underserved areas of the county. While Outdoor

sought the zone change to allow for billboards, that was not the County’s primary

purpose in approving it.

       We have independently reviewed the administrative record and have determined

that the County’s findings supporting the adoption of the zoning amendment to the

general plan and issuance of the CUPs were supported by substantial evidence. The fact

that plaintiff and others disagreed with the findings and determinations does not

demonstrate a lack of sufficient evidence. Under the substantial evidence test, we do not

reweigh the evidence. (Habitat Trust for Wildlife, Inc. v. City of Rancho Cucamonga

(2009) 175 Cal. App. 4th 1306, 1328.) Disagreement with other agencies, or among

individuals, or even among experts, does not constitute grounds for reversal for

insufficient evidence. (Save Cuyama Valley v. County of Santa Barbara (2013) 213
Cal. App. 4th 1059, 1069; California Native Plant Society v. City of Rancho Cordova

(2009) 172 Cal. App. 4th 603, 626.)

       The planning commission recommended that the County adopt the general plan

amendment, approve the CUPs, and approve the tentative parcel map with a major

                                            14
variance. The County adopted the recommendations when it approved the project on

September 12, 2006. In approving the project, the County determined that (1) the project

will not have a significant effect on the environment; (2) a negative declaration was

prepared for the project pursuant to the provisions of CEQA; (3) mitigation measures

were made a condition of the approval of the project; (4) a statement of overriding

considerations was not adopted for this project; and (5) findings were made pursuant to

the provisions of CEQA.

       The amendment to the general plan and CUPs also resolves all questions relating

to whether the billboards and their locations were lawful, because the amended general

plan permitted the approved billboards. As a consequence, the trial court determined that

the resolution of the administrative mandate petition ended the action. We agree with the

lower court’s conclusion. As such, the fifth cause of action for declaratory relief (seeking

a judicial declaration that any billboards were illegal structures) and injunctive relief

(seeking mandatory removal of the billboards), was rendered moot.

       There is substantial evidence to support the judgment on the administrative

mandate and declaratory/injunctive relief causes of action.

       2.     Plaintiff Was Not Entitled to Discovery

       Plaintiff also argues that the trial court wrongfully denied discovery. We disagree.

       In an action for administrative mandamus, an order compelling discovery must

rest upon a showing such discovery is reasonably calculated to lead to evidence

admissible under Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5, subdivision (e). This section

limits the admission of evidence in addition to the administrative record to relevant

                                              15
evidence, which, in the exercise of reasonable diligence, could not have been produced or

which was improperly excluded at the hearing. (See Fairfield v. Superior Court of

Solano County (1975) 14 Cal. 3d 768, 774-775.)

       An administrative mandamus action reviews the administrative record which

should contain all evidence the parties consider necessary to the resolution of the

contested issues. (Fairfield v. Superior Court of Solano County, supra, 14 Cal.3d at p.

774, fn. 6.) Because Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5, subdivision (e) limits the

admission of evidence in administrative mandamus proceedings, it necessarily restricts

the scope of discovery in such actions. (Stardust Mobile Estates, LLC v. City of San

Buenaventura (2007) 147 Cal. App. 4th 1170, 1190.)

       Discovery statutes vest wide discretion in the trial court, and the exercise of that

discretion will be disturbed only when it can be said there has been an abuse of

discretion. (Cadiz Land Co. v. Rail Cycle (2000) 83 Cal. App. 4th 74, 117.) Under the

abuse of discretion standard, the trial court’s ruling will be sustained on review unless it

falls outside the bounds of reason. (Ibid.; see also, Avant! Corp. v. Superior Court (2000)

79 Cal. App. 4th 876, 881.)

       Before filing his second amended complaint, plaintiff filed the motion for

discovery on the ground it was warranted to reach the potential issue of agency

misconduct in rezoning the areas in question, and in granting the CUPs, related to its

intended inclusion of causes of action for declaratory relief and injunctive relief. The

precise matters sought to be discovered were whether the County—and one supervisor in

particular—illegally issued CUPs.

                                             16
         However, the second amended complaint alleges that the particular supervisor

engaged in wrongdoing in his capacity as county assessor, a position to which he was

allegedly elected in 2006. It did not allege he engaged in misconduct while serving on

the board of supervisors, and did not allege any other supervisor was engaged in

misconduct in issuing CUPs. Further, none of the members of the board of supervisors

were named, so there is no showing that the particular supervisor was in any way

involved in the decision, or that any improper activity led to the board’s decision.

         Finally, the County was unanimous in approving the zoning amendments and

issuing the CUPs. Under no theory would discovery of one supervisor’s corrupt

activities, while he was not serving on the board of supervisors, be calculated to lead to

the discovery of admissible evidence. There was no abuse of discretion.

                                          DISPOSITION

         The judgment is affirmed. Respondent General Outdoor Advertising is entitled to

costs.

         NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                                                RAMIREZ
                                                                                        P. J.

We concur:

KING
                           J.

CODRINGTON
                           J.

                                             17