Court Opinion

ID: 9407335
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-06 16:09:58.619712+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:37.029449
License: Public Domain

J-S08020-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT OP 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    ROBERT ROHWER                              :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 1265 MDA 2022

        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered December 1, 2021
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Lackawanna County Criminal Division at
                        No(s): CP-35-CR-0001149-2019

BEFORE:       OLSON, J., McCAFFERY, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY McCAFFERY, J.:                               FILED: JULY 6, 2023

        Robert Rowher (Appellant) appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered in the Lackawanna County Court of Common Pleas, following his

bench trial convictions of theft by deception, deceptive business practices, and

home improvement fraud,1 all graded as felonies of the second degree.

Appellant first avers the trial court: (1) lacked authority, at the time of

sentencing, to enter additional specific findings of fact on the record; and (2)

violated Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), by imposing

____________________________________________

*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1   18 Pa. C.S. §§ 3922(a)(1), 4107(a)(2); 73 P.S. § 517.8(a)(2).
J-S08020-23

enhanced sentences based on these findings of fact.2 We conclude no relief

is due on these claims. Lastly, Appellant asserts the trial court should have

merged     the    sentences     for   deceptive   business   practices   and   home

improvement fraud, pursuant to Commonwealth v. Hill, 140 A.3d 713 (Pa.

Super. 2016).      The trial court and Commonwealth agree, and we likewise

conclude the sentences should have merged. Accordingly, on this last issue,

we vacate the judgment of sentence and remand for resentencing.

                                I. Underlying Facts

       Appellant does not dispute the trial court opinion’s recitation of the

underlying facts. See Trial Ct. Op., 11/1/22, at 4-9, 13-14.             The victims,

James Russell, M.D., and his brother-in-law, Mark Diefenderfer, along with

their spouses, co-own a lake-front property on Newton Lake, in Greenfield

Township, Lackawanna County. Id. at 4; N.T. Bench Trial, 7/27/21 (AM), at

16, 60. The victims decided to raze the existing house and build a “year round

home,” along with two garages. Trial Ct. Op. at 5.

       The victims’ architect knew Appellant, a contractor, from previous jobs.

In May of 2017, when Dr. Russell was 65 years old, the victims entered into

two construction contracts with Appellant, d/b/a Three Nails Construction.

____________________________________________

2See Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490 (“Other than the fact of a prior conviction,
any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory
maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable
doubt.”).

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The agreed-upon contract price for building the house was $660,900, and

additionally $96,000 for the garages.          See Trial Ct. Op. at 5-6.   For each

contract, Appellant required a deposit of 50%, an additional 40% to be paid

in equal installments every two weeks, and the final 10% to be paid upon

completion.     Pursuant to these terms, each victim paid Appellant, through

December of 2017, a total of $247,695, for a grand sum of $495,390. See

id. at 5-7.

       As neither victim lived in the area, they were “unable to supervise the

progress of the construction[, and] relied on updates from their architect[.]”

Trial Ct. Op. at 7.     Construction began on the garage in May of 2017.         In

December of 2017, the architect

       went to the work site, and no one was there. He called [Appellant]
       and left a message but did not get a return call. He went back the
       next day and saw [Appellant’s] trailer had been removed from the
       work site. [The architect] then went to [Appellant’s] residence
       [and] observed that the home was vacant. He never heard from
       [Appellant] again[ and] notified the victims[.]

Id. at 7-8 (trial transcript citations omitted). The only work that had been

“done at the property was the foundation.” Id. at 8 (record citation omitted).

At trial, a Commonwealth witness testified the value of the work completed

and materials used by Appellant totaled $59,710.3 N.T., 7/27/21 (PM) at 23.

____________________________________________

3 This witness, a homebuilder, was hired by the victims to complete the
construction job. N.T. Bench Trial, 7/27/21 (PM), at 24.

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       The police investigation revealed Appellant opened two new checking

accounts, one at each of the banks from where the victims’ checks were

drawn. “He did this so he would have immediate access to the cash.” Trial

Ct. Op. at 9. Appellant then deposited the victims’ checks into these accounts,

rather than any established account for his business. See id. Appellant

       used the money received to pay off his and his wife’s credit card
       debt[ and] personal vehicle loan, purchase a piece of land in
       Maine, [two] Ford F550’s and a Ford Expedition, a new trailer,
       [and] building materials, [and pay for] child support, groceries for
       his extended family and rent for family members. Additionally,
       [Appellant] used money to refund a prior client.

Trial Ct. Op. at 8-9 (trial transcript citations omitted). Appellant

       fled the state without letting anyone know where he was going.
       By this point he stopped responding to all emails and telephone
       calls. He was ultimately found in Maine[.]

Id. at 17.

                II. Criminal Information, Trial & Sentencing

       In January of 2020, an amended criminal information was filed, charging

Appellant with one count each of deceptive business practices, home

improvement fraud (receives advance payment for services and fails to

perform), and theft by deception. Pertinent to this appeal, all were graded as

felonies of the second degree (F2).            Additionally, the factual summaries

supporting each charge all stated the victims were age 60 or older,4 and that

____________________________________________

4At trial, however, only Dr. Russell testified about his age. See N.T., 7/27/21
(AM), at 16.

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Appellant accepted $435,680 from the victims but failed to perform or

complete home improvement services.

      At this juncture, for ease of discussion, we review the grading of the

offenses. The deceptive or fraudulent business practices statute provides that

a violation constitutes: (1) a misdemeanor of the second degree (M2) if the

amount involved is less than $200 or “cannot be satisfactorily ascertained[;]”

but (2) a felony of the third degree (F3) if the amount exceeds $2,000. 18

Pa.C.S. § 4107(a.1)(1)(i), (iii), (iv). Additionally, where “the victim of the

offense is 60 years of age or older, the grading of the offense shall be one

grade higher[.]” 18 Pa.C.S. § 4107(a.1)(3).

      With respect to home improvement fraud, Appellant was charged with

Subsection 517.8(a)(2) of that statute.       See 73 P.S. § 517.8(a)(2).    A

conviction is graded as: (1) a misdemeanor of the first degree (M1) “if the

amount of the payment retained is $2,000 or less or . . . cannot be

satisfactorily ascertained[;]” and (2) an F3 if this amount exceeds $2,000. 73

P.S. § 517.8(c)(2)(i)-(ii). Similarly, where “the victim is 60 years of age or

older, the grading of the offense shall be one grade higher[.]”     73 P.S. §

517.8(c)(4).

      Finally, theft is graded as: (1) a misdemeanor of the third degree (M3)

if the amount involved is less than $50; (2) an F3 if the amount exceeds

$2,000; and (3) an F2 if the amount is between $100,000 and $500,000. 18

Pa.C.S. § 3903(a)(5), (a.1.), (b)(2).

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       This matter proceeded to a bench trial on June 27 and 28, 2021. Only

the Commonwealth gave an opening statement; Appellant opted to not

present one. N.T., 7/27/21 (AM), at 6-10. Appellant testified in his defense.

Following the presentation of the evidence, both parties filed proposed findings

of fact and conclusions of law. The Commonwealth’s filing reiterated that Dr.

Russell was 65 or 66 years old at the time of the underlying events, and that

as of December of 2017, each victim had paid Appellant $247,695, but the

value of the work completed was $59,710. Commonwealth’s Findings of Facts,

9/9/21, at ¶¶ 1, 26, 34, 53.                   Appellant’s proposed findings of fact

acknowledged the victims paid him $498,000, but did not address the victims’

ages. See Appellant’s Findings of Facts, 8/27/21, at ¶ 12.

       Trial reconvened on September 10, 2021. The trial court had reviewed

both parties’ proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law.5           See N.T.

Bench Trial Verdict, 9/10/21, at 4, 6. Both parties declined to present closing

argument. Id. at 6-7. The court then announced the verdict: Appellant was

guilty on all counts. Pertinently, while discussing the possibility of bail, the

trial court stated Appellant “has been convicted of three felony counts” —

which Appellant did not dispute. See id. at 10.

____________________________________________

5  The trial court had not received Appellant’s proposed findings, which was
filed electronically. The court thus took a recess to review them. N.T.,
9/10/21, at 6.

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      On December 1, 2021, the trial court conducted a sentencing hearing.

Appellant objected to the F2 grading of all three offenses, as set forth in the

pre-sentence investigation report (PSI). See N.T. Sentencing, 12/1/21, at 3-

4. Appellant argued that because, at the time of the verdict, there were no

specific findings of fact that a victim was aged 60 or older, or that the offenses

involved more than $2,000, any enhanced sentencing (based on higher

grading) was prohibited by Apprendi. Id. at 4-6. Appellant argued each

offense should instead be graded with “the lowest [statutory] default,” thus:

an M2 for deceptive business practices; an M1 for home improvement fraud;

and an M3 for theft by deception. Id. at 5.

      The Commonwealth responded that “from the very beginning of the

proceedings,” the victim’s age and amount of monetary loss were known.

N.T., 12/1/21, at 7.     The criminal “information list[ed] the basis for the

charges, [including] the value of the theft [and the] age of the victim[ ]

necessary to [sic]” elevate the grading of the offenses.         Id. at 8.    The

Commonwealth pointed out that in announcing the verdict, the trial court

specifically referred to the count number for each offense in the information.

Id. Additionally, the jury instructions, “discussed” by the parties, “clearly set

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forth all of the necessary elements of the crimes charged and . . . the grading

of the offenses.”6 Id. at 7.

       The trial court overruled Appellant’s objection, reasoning that it had

authority under 42 Pa.C.S. § 5505 to correct an “inadvertent omission in the

record.” N.T., 12/1/21, at 9. The court reiterated that it had directed both

parties to file proposed findings of fact, the court reviewed both parties’ filings,

and the court “simply omitted . . . those words, that [it was] adopting the

Commonwealth’s findings of fact with respect to the age of the victim[ ]

and . . . the amount of the . . . money taken [with respect] to the three

different counts.”      Id. at 10.      The court stated it was not making any

“substantive changes,” nor changing the verdict that was entered. Id. at 10.

       The trial court then imposed a sentence of two to 10 years on each of

the three convictions, all to run consecutively. Each sentence was within the

standard-range guideline, and the aggregate sentence was six to 30 years’

imprisonment. The court also imposed total restitution of $370,680 to the

victims. N.T., 12/1/21, at 30. On the same day, the court issued a written

“Amended Order,” which specified it adopted the Commonwealth’s proposed

findings of fact, and found the victim Dr. Russell was over the age of 60, and

____________________________________________

6We note that because the trial was a non-jury trial, no jury instructions were
given.

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the money amount received by Appellant was more than $2,000.              Order,

12/1/21.

        Appellant filed a timely post-sentence motion, which was denied by

operation of law on August 15, 2022.7 Appellant took this timely appeal and

complied with the trial court’s order to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement of

errors complained of on appeal.

                    III. Statement of Questions Involved

        Appellant presents the following three issues for our review:8

        1. Did the trial court err as a matter of law by correcting or
        amend[ing] its verdict, ostensibly under 42 Pa.C.S.[ ] § 5505, to
        render a finding that the offenses involved alleged victims age 60
        or greater and/or an amount equal to or greater than $2000.00 to
        increase the grading on each count and enhance [Appellant’s]
        sentence?
____________________________________________

7 The tenth day after sentencing was Saturday, December 11, 2021. See
Pa.R.Crim.P. 720(A)(1) (written post-sentence motion shall be filed no later
than 10 days after imposition of sentence). Appellant thus had until Monday,
December 13th, to file a post-sentence motion, and he timely filed on that
day. See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1908.

       The only issues raised in the post-sentence motion    challenged       the
sufficiency and weight of the evidence. Nevertheless, Appellant raised his
amended verdict and Apprendi claims at sentencing, and all of his issues on
appeal go to the legality of sentencing, and thus cannot be waived. See
Commonwealth v. Hill, 238 A.3d 399, 407 (Pa. 2020) (generally, “[i]ssues
not raised in the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time
on appeal[,]” but challenges to the legality of sentences can be addressed on
appeal even if they were not preserved before the trial court) (citation
omitted); Commonwealth v. Newman, 99 A.3d 86, 90 (Pa. Super. 2014)
(en banc) (Apprendi challenge to a sentence implicates legality of that
sentence and cannot be waived on appeal).

8   We have reordered the issues for ease of review.

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      2. Did the trial court impose an illegal sentence by enhancing
      [Appellant’s] sentence on each count and increasing their grade
      where, at the time of the verdict, a finding was not made as to
      the age of the alleged victims and/or that the . . . alleged fraud
      involved $2000.00 or greater contrary to [Apprendi]?

      3. Did the trial court err as a matter of law when failing to merge
      the sentences imposed for deceptive or fraudulent business
      practices and home improvement fraud?

Appellant’s Brief at 2.

                          IV. Verdict & Findings of Fact

      In his first issue, Appellant avers the trial court erred in amending the

verdict or entering additional findings of fact once the verdict was entered.

First, he maintains that where a trial court issues a verdict in open court, the

verdict, like a jury verdict, cannot later be changed at the time of sentencing.

Appellant’s Brief at 14-16, citing Commonwealth v. Stark, 584 A.2d 289,

290 (Pa. 1990); Commonwealth v. Farinella, 887 A.2d 273, 275 (Pa.

Super. 2005). Next, Appellant argues Section 5505 did not provide authority

to the trial court to change the verdict. He reasons that while Section 5505

provides 30 days for the modification of an order, here, 82 days elapsed

between the verdict and sentencing. Appellant’s Brief at 17-18.       Appellant

contends that our Supreme Court has limited changing a verdict to situations

where there has been a “fundamental defect,” “such as where the trial court

realizes it lacked jurisdiction, jeopardy had previously attached[,] or a

charging document did not include [an] offense[.]”         Id. at 14-15 (some

quotation marks omitted). Appellant also cites this Court’s prior holding that

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a trial court cannot amend a verdict that is not ambiguous and is proper on

its face. Id. at 16, citing Farinella, 887 A.2d at 275. Appellant maintains

that here, the original September 1, 2021, verdict did not contain any patent

or obvious mistake, nor “was the order/verdict inconsistent with what had

procedurally occurred in the case.” Appellant’s Brief at 23. As the court had

no authority to subsequently make additional findings of fact, he concludes,

the amended verdict should be vacated. We determine no relief is due.

     The issue of whether the trial court erred in correcting a clerical error or

clarifying a judgment of sentence raises a question of law, and our scope of

review   is   plenary   and   our   standard    of   review   is   de   novo.   See

Commonwealth v. Borrin, 80 A.3d 1219, 1225 (Pa. 2013) (OAJC).

     Section 5505 of the Pennsylvania Judicial Code provides:

     Except as otherwise provided or prescribed by law, a court upon
     notice to the parties may modify or rescind any order within 30
     days after its entry, notwithstanding the prior termination of any
     term of court, if no appeal from such order has been taken or
     allowed.

42 Pa.C.S. § 5505.

     In addition, a trial court has under common law “the inherent power to

correct errors in its records or orders so they speak ‘the truth,’ and thereby

reflect what actually took place in judicial proceedings.” Borrin, 80 A.3d at

1227. Our Supreme Court has explained:

     We have set a high bar for differentiating between errors that may
     be corrected under the inherent powers of trial courts, and those
     that may not, describing correctible errors as those determined to
     be “patent and obvious mistakes.” The term “clerical error” has

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       been long used by our courts to describe an omission or a
       statement in the record or an order shown to be inconsistent with
       what in fact occurred in a case, and, thus, subject to repair.

Id. (citations omitted).

       We reiterate the criminal information clearly: (1) charged Appellant with

all three offenses graded as F2s; and (2) averred, in support of each charge,

the victims were age 60 or older and Appellant accepted $435,680 from the

victims but failed to perform or complete home improvement services. It is

also clear the Commonwealth presented evidence to support the higher

graded convictions.9 There is no indication in the trial transcripts that the

parties ever argued for any other grading, nor that the trial court was

presented with any other factual scenario that would affect the grading (i.e.

the ages of the victims or amount of money involved). Indeed, we note the

____________________________________________

9 Appellant did not refute Dr. Russell’s age or the amount of the money
involved. Instead, his defense was that regardless of the victims’ satisfaction,
he performed good faith work, and there was no evidence he had ill intent at
the time the contract was made. See N.T. Bench Trial, 7/28/21, at 4-5. In
support, Appellant testified: (1) “he lost two months of work due to water
issues[,]” and he informed the victims of this water delay; (2) “the victims
were constantly in and out and were able to observe the work being done[;]”
(3) “he was dealing with a recurring back issue, [but] had employees . . . to
continue working even when he could not[;]” (4) although he had moved to
Maine, he intended “to finish the construction job as the contract was still open
until September of 2018[;]” and (5) he used the victims’ money to purchase
more than $160,000 of building materials, but “all of the receipts were lost in
a flood at his home.” Trial Ct. Op. at 13-14. Finally, with respect to the two
checking accounts used for depositing the victims’ checks, we note Appellant’s
own proposed findings of fact plainly acknowledged his “family members used
[these] account[s] which counted for many cash withdrawals.” Appellant’s
Findings of Fact at ¶ 36.

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Commonwealth’s opening argument twice referred to Appellant’s accepting

more than $400,000 from the victims and then abandoning the construction

work. N.T. Bench Trial, 7/27/21 (AM), at 6-8. Appellant opted to not give

any opening statement at all. Id. at 10. Both parties declined to give closing

arguments, instead relying on the proposed findings of fact submitted. N.T.,

9/1/21, at 6-7.

      Moreover, following the presentation of evidence, the trial court

emphasized it had reviewed both parties’ proposed findings of fact.         The

Commonwealth’s filing, in the very first paragraph, averred Dr. Russell was

65 or 66 years old at the time of the offenses, and also that each victim paid

Appellant $247,695.    Commonwealth’s Findings of Fact at ¶¶ 1, 26, 34.

Meanwhile, Appellant’s proposed findings acknowledged the victims had paid

him $498,000, and did not make any mention of the victims’ ages. Appellant’s

Findings of Fact at ¶ 12.

      Additionally, although there was a bench trial, at the beginning of each

day of trial, as well at the announcement of the verdict, the trial court and

parties referred to the standard jury instructions, which addressed “the three

separate offenses.” See N.T., 7/27/21 (AM), at 3-4; N.T., 7/28/21, at 10;

N.T., 9/10/21, at 4.

      At the sentencing hearing, as stated above, the trial court explained that

its non-articulation of the two relevant findings of fact was “an inadvertent

omission,” as it had “simply omitted . . . those words[.]” N.T., 12/1/21, at 9-

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10. The court referred to its “inherent powers to amend its records to correct

mistakes of the clerk or other officers of the Court . . . or supply [sic] defects

or omission in the record, even after the lapse of 30 days for the modification

of orders.”   Id. at 10.    The court denied it was making a “substantive

change[,]” or “changing the verdict.” Id.

      Finally, we determine the decisional law, on which Appellant relies, is

distinguishable.    In Stark, the trial court found the defendant guilty of

terroristic threats and not guilty of simply assault. Stark, 584 A.2d at 290.

The case proceeded immediately to sentencing at the same hearing, and the

trial court, displeased with the Commonwealth’s arguments, announced,

“You’re asking for a directed verdict? Not guilty; all right? If you want to play

that game, not guilty; okay? Don’t play games with me.” Id. (record citation

omitted). On the Commonwealth’s appeal, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court

summarized, “As this transcript shows, the verdict of guilty of terroristic

threats was changed, during . . . sentencing, to one of not guilty.” Id. The

Court considered:

      Both the trial court and Superior Court characterized the trial
      court’s decision to change [the defendant’s] verdict as a sua
      sponte grant of a motion in arrest of judgment. It is well settled
      that only causes appearing on the face of the record or
      insufficiency of the evidence will justify the grant of a motion in
      arrest of judgment. Causes appearing on the face of the record
      include such fundamental defects as lack of jurisdiction, former
      jeopardy or failure of an indictment or information to charge an
      offense.

      Since the record reveals that the trial judge changed this verdict
      for reasons unrelated to the sufficiency of the evidence or causes

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      appearing on the face of the record, it is clear that this decision
      by the trial court was not a grant of a motion in arrest of
      judgment.[ ] In changing [the] verdict, the trial judge went
      beyond the authority which a trial judge may properly exercise
      over a verdict. Discomfort by a trial judge during a sentencing
      proceeding over the prospect of ordering confinement does not
      form a basis for any authorized action by that trial judge. The
      verdict of not guilty, therefore, was a legal nullity.[ ] . . .

Id. at 291 (citations omitted).

      Similarly, in Farinella, at sentencing the trial court “found” the

defendant not guilty of an offense it had previously found him guilty of.

Following a non-jury trial, the trial court found the defendant guilty of

aggravated assault, without specifying the grading, as well as other offenses.

Farinella, 887 A.2d at 274.

      [At] sentencing, [defense] counsel noted that although the court
      had found [the defendant] guilty of aggravated assault, the court
      had not placed on the record the grading[. Defense] counsel then
      asked the court to grade the offense as an F-2.              The
      Commonwealth objected[,] noting that it had moved only on an
      F-1 aggravated assault.[ ] Despite the Commonwealth’s objection,
      the court announced that it was grading the conviction as an F-2
      aggravated assault.     This announcement sparked additional
      [arguments from the Commonwealth].

           After this exchange between the [Commonwealth] and the
      court had continued for awhile, the court announced that it was
      finding [the defendant] guilty of simple assault and not guilty of
      aggravated assault. [The Commonwealth] then objected on the
      basis that the court had already rendered a verdict of guilty on
      aggravated assault at the close of the non-jury trial. Ultimately,
      the court [overruled the Commonwealth’s objections.]

Id. (emphasis added). In its opinion, the trial court explained:

      Prior to sentencing this Court performed an extensive review of
      the notes of testimony[ and] it became increasingly apparent . . .
      that [the court] had erroneously pronounced the defendant guilty

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      of aggravated assault when indeed the facts accepted by this
      Court supported a verdict of simple assault.

Id. at 275. The court contended “its findings of fact remained the same and

that the verdict rendered at sentencing was merely a correction to reflect

those findings of fact.[ ]” Id.

      On appeal by the Commonwealth, this Court concluded the trial court

erred in changing the verdict at the time of sentencing. Farinella, 887 A.2d

at 275. This Court reasoned the original verdict “was not ambiguous and,

upon its face . . . was proper.” Id. at 276. We stated: “[O]nce announced in

open court, there was no basis for “looking behind” the verdict to the

factfinder’s reasoning or specific findings of fact, nor was there a basis for

correcting what was, upon its face, a perfectly valid verdict.”       Id.   In a

footnote, we considered the trial “court was not merely correcting an

erroneous announcement of a verdict but, rather, rethought its verdict while

preparing for sentencing and substituted a new verdict.” Id. at 276 n.3.

      Unlike the facts in Stark and Farinella, in this case the trial court did

not subsequently find, at sentencing, Appellant not guilty of the charges where

it had previously announced guilty verdicts. Instead, the court clarified the

factual findings on which it had based Appellant’s guilty verdicts.

      In light of all the foregoing, we decline to find trial court error in

clarifying or affirming, at sentencing, that each offense was properly graded

as an F2. Again, no other grading was ever before the trial court, who sat as

finder of fact, and it was not tasked with finding whether additional facts were

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present for purposes of an enhanced grading. The trial court was not changing

the verdict, but merely articulating the reasoning for the verdict, where it had

found Appellant guilty of each offense beyond a reasonable doubt.

      Accordingly, although sentencing occurred more than 30 days after the

verdict was announced, see 42 Pa.C.S. § 5505, the court possessed the

inherent authority under common law to enter an order to “reflect what

actually took place in judicial proceedings.” See Borrin, 80 A.3d at 1227. No

relief is due.

                      V. Apprendi Sentencing Claim

      In his second issue, Appellant asserts, pursuant to Apprendi, the trial

court imposed an illegal enhanced sentence on each count.             Appellant

contends “it is unclear and cannot be concluded with certainty from the

original verdict whether the factfinder [found] the aggravating factors were

proven” beyond a reasonable doubt. See Appellant’s Brief at 30. Appellant

then relies on Commonwealth v. Dixon, 255 A.3d 1258 (Pa. 2021), which

held that under Apprendi, certain provisions of the intimidation of a witness

statute, which provided that additional facts increased the grading, were not

mere grading provisions, but instead elements of the offense.       Appellant’s

Brief at 27-28. Appellant concludes that because the trial court found him

“guilty in a general fashion on each offense and because of the ambiguity of

the verdict,” each offense should have been graded with the lowest grade

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possible. Id. at 30-31. In light of our discussion above, we conclude no relief

is due.

      We reiterate that in Apprendi, the United States Supreme Court held

that “[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the

penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be

submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Apprendi, 530

U.S. at 490.

      We incorporate our above discussion, that the trial court did not err in

entering specific, additional findings of fact, that the age of one victim was

over 60, and the amount involved in this case exceeded $2,000. Here, the

trial court did find beyond a reasonable doubt that at least one victim was 65

or 66 at the time of the offenses, and the victims gave Appellant more than

$2,000. Accordingly, we decline to grant relief on Appellant’s Apprendi claim.

                              VI. Sentencing Merger

      In his final issue, Appellant avers the trial court erred in not merging the

sentences for deceptive business practices, 18 Pa.C.S. § 4107(a)(2), and

home improvement fraud, 73 P.S. § 517.8(a)(2), where the convictions were

based on the same underlying conduct. Appellant maintains this Court has

held the same subsections of these two offenses merge for sentencing

purposes. Appellant’s Brief at 13, citing Commonwealth v. Hill, 140 A.3d

713 (Pa. Super. 2016).       The trial court and Commonwealth agree that

pursuant to Hill, the sentences should have merged.         Trial Ct. Op. at 23;

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Commonwealth’s Brief at 9-10.       We likewise agree and thus vacate the

judgment of sentence and remand for resentencing.

      “A claim that crimes should have merged for sentencing purposes raises

a challenge to the legality of the sentence; therefore, our standard of review

is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.” Hill, 140 A.3d at 715. In Hill,

this Court explained:

      Our legislature has defined the circumstances under which
      convictions for separate crimes may merge for the purpose of
      sentencing.

          Merger of sentences. No crimes shall merge for
          sentencing purposes unless the crimes arise from a single
          criminal act and all of the statutory elements of one
          offense are included in the statutory elements of the
          other offense. Where crimes merge for sentencing
          purposes, the court may sentence the defendant only on
          the higher graded offense.

      42 Pa.C.S.[ ] § 9765.

          To determine whether offenses are greater and lesser
          included offenses, we compare the elements of the
          offenses. If the elements of the lesser offense are all
          included within the elements of the greater offense and
          the greater offense has at least one additional element,
          which is different, then the sentences merge. If both
          crimes require proof of at least one element that the
          other does not, then the sentences do not merge.

Hill, 140 A.3d at 716 (some citations omitted).

      Appellant was convicted under Subsection 4107(a)(2) of the deceptive

or fraudulent business practices statute, which provides: “A person commits

an offense if, in the course of business, the person . . . (2) sells, offers or

exposes for sale, or delivers less than the represented quantity of any

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commodity or service[.]” See 18 Pa.C.S. § 4107(a)(2). Pennsylvania courts

have held that “fraud, which includes a wrongful intent to deceive, is an

element of the crime of deceptive business practices.” Commonwealth v.

Eline, 940 A.2d 421, 433 (Pa. Super. 2007).

     Appellant was also convicted of Subsection 517.8(a)(2) of the home

improvement fraud statute:

         (a) Offense defined.—A person commits the offense of
     home improvement fraud if, with intent to defraud or injure
     anyone or with knowledge that he is facilitating a fraud or injury
     to be perpetrated by anyone, the actor:

                                  *     *      *

                (2) receives any advance payment for performing home
            improvement services or providing home improvement
            materials and fails to perform or provide such services or
            materials when specified in the contract taking into account
            any force majeure or unforeseen labor strike that would
            extend the time frame or unless extended by agreement with
            the owner and fails to return the payment received for such
            services or materials which were not provided by that date[.]

See 73 P.S. § 517.8(a)(2).

     In Hill, this Court addressed the question of whether the same

subsections of these offenses merged — where they both arose from the same

criminal conduct — and held they did. Hill, 140 A.3d at 716, 718. This Court

reasoned:

          Proof of deceptive or fraudulent business practices requires
     that a defendant (1) with a wrongful intent to deceive; (2) “in the
     course of business;” (3) “sells, offers or exposes for sale, or
     delivers less than the represented quantity of any commodity or
     service.” 18 Pa.C.S.[ ] § 4107(a)(2); see also Eline, 940 A.2d
     at 433.

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         Proof of home improvement fraud requires that a defendant
     (1) “with intent to defraud or injure anyone or with knowledge
     that he is facilitating a fraud or injury to be perpetrated by
     anyone;” (2) when “performing home improvement services or
     providing home improvement materials;” (3) “fails to perform or
     provide such services or materials;” (4) “receives any advance
     payment;” and (5) “fails to return the payment received for such
     services or materials which were not provided.” See 73 P.S. §
     517.8(a)(2).

          Comparing the elements of these two offenses, we conclude
     that all three elements of deceptive or fraudulent business
     practices are . . . included within the first three elements of home
     improvement fraud, and home improvement fraud has at least
     one additional element. Therefore, [the defendant’s] convictions
     for these crimes should have merged for sentencing purposes. . . .

Hill, 140 A.3d at 718 (some citations omitted & paragraph break added).

     Hill applies squarely to Appellant’s issue, and we conclude the sentences

for theft by deception, at Subsection 4107(a)(2), and home improvement

fraud, at Subsection 517.8(a)(2) should have merged. We thus vacate the

sentence for theft by deception. As this disposition will disrupt the overall

sentencing scheme, we vacate the judgment of sentence and remand for

resentencing.

                             VII. Conclusion

     In sum, we conclude no relief is due on Appellant’s Section 5505 and

Apprendi challenges.    However, we determine the sentences for theft by

deception and home improvement fraud should have merged. We thus vacate

the judgment of sentence and remand for resentencing.

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     Judgment of sentence vacated.         Case remanded for resentencing

consistent with this memorandum. Jurisdiction relinquished.

     Judge Colins joins the Memorandum.

     Judge Olson Concurs in the Result.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 7/6/2023

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