Court Opinion

ID: 6343564
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-24 23:02:05.701125+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:41:40.906101
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/24/22 P. v. Perez CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                             F079814
           Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                           (Kings Super. Ct. No. 15CM4540)
                    v.

 EDDIE PEREZ,                                                                             OPINION
           Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Kings County. Donna L.
Tartar, Judge.
         Patricia J. Ulibarri, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Kari Ricci Mueller and
Darren K. Indermill, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                                        -ooOoo-
         Appellant and defendant Eddie Perez was convicted of multiple crimes arising out
of attacks and rapes of his 16-year-old girlfriend. Among these crimes were rape, torture,
and spousal abuse. The trial court executed three consecutive sentences of life without
the possibility of parole on three separate rape counts that included “One Strike” law
special circumstances for the infliction of torture and commission of rape against a child
14 years of age or older. The trial court also imposed a consecutive sentence of 10 years
on a spousal abuse count. On appeal, defendant contends the trial court erred in
sentencing him for the substantive offense of spousal abuse and one-strike torture special
circumstance because the two offenses were part of the same course of conduct. We
affirm.
                                   PROCEDURAL SUMMARY
          A Kings County grand jury returned an indictment on September 18, 2015,
charging defendant with rape (Pen. Code, § 261, subd. (a)(2);1 counts 1 through 4),
forcible oral copulation (former § 288a, subd. (c)(2), current § 287, subd. (c)(2)(A);
count 5), sexual penetration upon a minor 14 years of age or older (§ 289,
subd. (a)(1)(C); count 6), torture (§ 206; count 7), assault with intent to commit rape
(§ 220, subd. (a); count 8), criminal threats (§ 422; count 9), mayhem (§ 203; count 10),
kidnapping (§ 207, subd. (a); count 11), two counts of assault with a deadly weapon
(§ 245, subd. (a)(1); counts 12 & 13), and two counts of domestic violence (§ 273.5,
subd. (a); counts 15 & 16).
          As to counts 1 through 6, the indictment also alleged multiple one-strike
circumstances that the offenses occurred with a child 14 years of age or older and
involved kidnapping, torture, tying or binding, use of a deadly weapon, and inflicting of
great bodily injury (§ 667.61, subds. (a), (c), (d)(2), (d)(3), (d)(6), (e)(1), (e)(3), & (e)(5)).
An enhancement for infliction of great bodily injury (§ 12022.7, subd. (a)) was alleged as
to counts 1 through 7 and 13, and an enhancement for personal use of a deadly weapon
(§ 12022, subd. (b)(1)) was also alleged as to counts 1 through 7, 9, 10, 11, and 16.
Defendant pled not guilty and denied all special allegations.

          1   All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.

                                                  2.
       On June 17, 2019, a jury trial began, and counts 9, 12, and 15 were dismissed by
motion of the People prior to jury deliberations. A first amended indictment was filed to
reflect the remaining allegations.
       On June 27, 2019, the jury found defendant guilty of three counts of rape
(counts 1, 2 & 4), torture (count 7), assault with intent to commit rape (count 8), mayhem
(count 10), assault with a deadly weapon resulting in great bodily injury (count 13), and
spousal abuse resulting in great bodily injury (count 16). The jury also found true
enhancement allegations for the personal use of a deadly weapon as to counts 7, 10, and
16. Pursuant to section 667.61, subdivisions (d)(3) and (n)(1), the jury also found true
the special one-strike circumstances that the rape was committed against a child 14 years
of age or older and involved torture.
       The jury found not true the one-strike special circumstances that defendant
personally inflicted great bodily injury and used a dangerous weapon in commission of
counts 1, 2, & 4. The trial court declared mistrials as to counts 3, 5, 6, 11 and 14, and it
dismissed the one-strike special circumstances of kidnapping after the jury became
deadlocked on those allegations.
       On August 8, 2019, the trial court sentenced defendant to three consecutive
indeterminate terms of life without the possibility of parole on counts 1, 2, and 4 under
the One Strike law and a determinate term of 10 years for count 16 with consecutive
terms of a four-year upper term, five years for great bodily injury enhancement, and one
year for the deadly weapon enhancement. The trial court stayed execution of sentences
on counts 7, 8, 10, and 13 pursuant to section 654. Defendant filed a timely notice of
appeal on August 16, 2019.
                                 FACTUAL SUMMARY
       Confidential victim (C.V.) and defendant began dating in late 2014 after meeting
each other on a social media website. At the time, C.V. was 16 years old, and defendant
was 19 years old. C.V. and defendant became sexually active “right away.” Defendant

                                              3.
first became violent with C.V. prior to January 2015. The prior incident occurred when
C.V. snuck out of her mother’s home to see defendant.
       On that night, mother and defendant had a brief encounter with one of defendant’s
friends. Defendant then began questioning C.V. if she had been with his friends earlier in
the day because the friend appeared around the same time as her. Defendant pushed C.V.
against a fence, and he began hitting both of her arms with closed fists. Afterwards,
defendant brought her to his house and applied vinegar and ice in an attempt to get rid of
the bruises forming on her arms. C.V. stayed with defendant instead of returning to
school the next few days because she did not want anyone to notice the bruises on her
arms. Upon her return to school, two of C.V.’s friends noticed the bruises, and she told
them how she sustained them.
       On the night of January 16, 2015, defendant picked C.V. up from her home, and
they spent the night in the car after driving around Coalinga. The following day,
defendant and C.V. stopped at defendant’s home in Avenal before staying the night in the
car in Pismo. They spent the day together in Pismo, and defendant went to Hanford to
give a ride to some of his friends. Defendant began asking C.V. if she cheated on him
over Christmas and New Years after he dropped off his friends. Despite C.V.’s repeated
denials of cheating, defendant became upset and drove her to a field.
       Once defendant parked in the field, he told C.V. that he would not do anything if
she told him the truth, but he was going to hurt her if she lied. Defendant eventually
began punching her in the leg with a closed fist. C.V. tried to fight back, but defendant
pushed her head down and started hitting her in the head. Then defendant grabbed a car
charger and used it to hit C.V. in the face, which caused her lip to swell and bleed.
       C.V. continued to deny his repeated questions about cheating until she claimed
that she had cheated to appease defendant. However, defendant continued to hit C.V. in
the arms, and he stepped out to the trunk of his car to retrieve a cross-shaped tire iron
made of metal. Defendant used his full force to strike C.V. in her left arm and leg and

                                             4.
back with the tire iron. C.V. pleaded for defendant to stop, but he continued to hit her
repeatedly. Defendant also used the flat part of a knife blade that he grabbed from his
glove compartment to hit her in the face. The knife blade hit her in the corner of her eye
after a few times, and it caused her to bleed.
       Defendant and C.V. were parked in the field for a few hours, and defendant was
hitting her during the entire time. C.V. did open the car door in an attempt to run from
defendant at one point. C.V. was not able to get far because defendant pushed her down,
grabbed her by the hair, and dragged her back into the car. Defendant told her that he did
not want her to run away or leave him. C.V.’s left leg and arm were in pain and starting
to swell, and she had difficulty standing on one leg. Defendant also threw C.V. out of the
car and onto the ground, and he put her face into the dirt for 20 to 30 seconds to prevent
her from breathing. After the assault in the field, C.V.’s arms and fingers were swollen,
her leg was in pain, and she had difficulty moving her leg.
       Defendant drove her to an apartment complex and C.V. jumped out of the car.
C.V. banged on an apartment door, but she passed out by the time she heard a woman
asking who was at the door. Defendant carried C.V. on his shoulder and put her back in
the car. He told C.V. that she “messed up” for trying to run off and ask for help.
Defendant claimed he was going to take her back to the field, but he stopped on the side
of the highway. Defendant threatened to leave C.V. on the side of the road, and C.V.
complied with his demand for her to remove her pants.
       Next, defendant drove them to an apartment parking lot, and he began to press the
tire iron into her arm where it was already swollen. Defendant pushed the tire iron into
her arm a few times, and C.V. felt a lot of pain in response to the poking of her swollen
arm. Defendant then told C.V. that he was “horny” and moved her seat and leg before
getting on top of her. C.V. told defendant that she did not want to have sex, but he
threatened to hit her again if she did not have sex with him. Defendant took off C.V.’s
underwear, put his penis inside her vagina, and ejaculated inside of her.

                                             5.
       During the time of the first sexual assault, C.V.’s leg, arm, and face were swollen,
red, and bleeding. C.V. could not recall the exact timeframe, but defendant had
intercourse with her two more times by moving her injured leg each time. Each time
C.V. told him she did not want to, and she was unable to move her injured leg.
       After the assault in the field and rape in the parking lot, defendant drove C.V. to a
friend’s apartment in Hanford. C.V. told defendant that she needed a shower, and he
carried her because she passed out when she tried to stand up to get out of the car.
Defendant’s friends asked C.V. about her injuries because she was throwing up, walking
with a limp, and complaining about pain in her arm. C.V. agreed with defendant’s lie
that she fell off a quad because she believed defendant’s friends would cover up for him.
       C.V. spent a day at the apartment, and defendant helped her take a shower and eat.
C.V. told one of defendant’s friends that she was waiting for defendant to take her to the
hospital. Defendant put vinegar on her injuries in an attempt to treat them, but the
vinegar burned when it was applied. C.V. recalled being in the car for a few more days
after leaving his friend’s apartment, and he did not hit her during that period of time.
Defendant did tie her hands to prevent her from using her hands to put pressure on her
face and arms to ease the pain. He also tied her hair to the car headrest to prevent her
from moving her head and signal for help. C.V. made attempts to yell for help at a gas
station, however, no help came for her. On other occasions C.V. made no attempt to
escape or call for help when she had an opportunity to reach out for help.
       While in the car, C.V. was forced to urinate on herself because she had no strength
to get out of the car. Defendant fed her Cup of Noodles, and she drank a sports drink, but
she kept throwing up everything she ate or drank. By the last day, C.V.’s right hand,
fingers were swollen and painful, and she also had pain in her back, arms, and head. Her
left leg was red and purple in color, covered in circle-shaped markings, and had pus
coming out of it. She believed her wounds were infected because of their smell. C.V.’s
left arm had even more markings than her leg, and she was unable to lift the arm or move

                                             6.
her fingers. C.V. wanted to pass out, but she was afraid that she would never wake up if
she did.
       C.V. was finally able to get the attention of another person to provide her with
help after defendant tried to ask someone for gas money at an apartment complex. C.V.
opened the car door and called to a resident of the apartments, Charles Price. Price
noticed C.V.’s injuries and she asked him to call the police because her boyfriend had
beat her. Price called 911, and officers from the Hanford Police Department responded to
the scene.
       Corporal Jason Gustin was unable to see into the back seat of the car as he
approached defendant’s car. Gustin smelled an overwhelming odor of urine as he opened
the car door. Body cam footage was captured of Gustin’s initial contact with C.V., and
the footage was played for the jury. C.V. was transported to the emergency department
of Community Regional Medical Center in Fresno. Detective Ryan Tomey made contact
with C.V. at the hospital, and he found her to be riddled with cuts, bruising, and an
infection on a good portion of her body.
       An emergency room physician observed numerous bruises of varying ages on her
body, burns, signs of infection on her leg, and two fractures on her right hand. C.V.’s left
arm was documented as being swollen with burn like injuries. C.V. also had puncture
wounds to her legs, a road rash abrasion on her bottom, hickey on her neck, and abrasions
and bruising to her face and forehead. A forensic sexual assault examination was also
performed, which found defendant’s sperm on swabs taken from C.V.’s vagina. Twelve
different injuries were documented by hospital staff all together.
       The infection on C.V.’s leg was considered “life-threatening” with pus going from
the knee to the ankle and up in the thigh. This necrotizing infection creates a foul odor of
decomposing flesh. Hospital staff performed surgery to make C.V.’s infected wound
larger to access the infection for irrigation. C.V.’s right hand had one fracture in the fifth

                                              7.
digit of her finger and one in the second metacarpal. The metacarpal was exposed to the
air, which required irrigation to remove any foreign material that could cause infection.
       C.V.’s left hand and arm also underwent surgery that would leave permanent
scarring and potential stiffness in the joint. A temporary pin was inserted into her pointer
finger for six to eight weeks to allow the bone to heal. The third-degree chemical burns
on her left arm required skin grafting while other areas of her skin were dead. C.V.
would have chronic open wounds that were at risk of life-threatening infection without
the skin grafting. In total, C.V. spent 32 days in the hospital, underwent multiple
surgeries, and was left with permanent scars on her arms, legs and face.
       Defendant was arrested on January 31, 2015, at an apartment in Hanford. As the
arresting officer placed handcuffs on him, he made a spontaneous statement that he “had
evidence.” As he was transported to the police station, defendant stated there was a
misunderstanding, he did not rape C.V., he believed C.V. was over 18 years old, he
claimed her injuries were caused by falling from a quad, and she did not want to go to a
hospital.
       At the police station defendant stated that he and C.V. dated for three months, but
he denied that they were sexually active. Defendant drove them around between Hanford
and the coast for about a week, and they slept in the car. He last saw C.V. on January 30,
2015, and he believed she had been taken by “some Mexicans.” Defendant claimed he
made efforts to contact law enforcement, however, he was unable to borrow a phone.
       Law enforcement seized defendant’s car, and a subsequent search discovered
blood spatter matching C.V.’s DNA on the interior of the passenger door. The fabric
liner on the ceiling of the car had cuts and holes above the driver’s seat. A blanket found
in the car had a strong odor of urine, and a tire iron was located in the trunk. The defense
offered no witnesses or additional evidence after the prosecution’s case-in-chief.

                                             8.
                                      DISCUSSION
       Defendant contends that the trial court was required to stay his sentence for
domestic violence with a great bodily injury enhancement (§ 273.5) on count 16 because
he was also sentenced for the one-strike torture circumstance on the three rape counts
(counts 1, 2 & 4). Defendant argues that the three rapes and domestic violence offenses
were part of the same course of conduct with a singular objective of maintaining
continuous physical control over C.V.
       A.     Legal Principles
       Section 654, subdivision (a) provides: “An act or omission that is punishable in
different ways by different provisions of law shall be punished under the provision that
provides for the longest potential term of imprisonment, but in no case shall the act or
omission be punished under more than one provision. An acquittal or conviction and
sentence under any one bars a prosecution for the same act or omission under any other.”
       The inquiry to determine whether separate sentences can be imposed pursuant to
section 654 is “[w]hether a course of criminal conduct is divisible and therefore gives rise
to more than one act.” (Neal v. State of California (1960) 55 Cal.2d 11, 19). That
inquiry turns on “the intent and objective” of the defendant. (People v. Correa (2012) 54
Cal.4th 331, 335–336.) “ ‘If all of the offenses were incident to one objective, the
defendant may be punished for any one of such offenses but not for more than one.’ ”
(Ibid.) However, “multiple crimes are not one transaction where the defendant had a
chance to reflect between offenses and each offense created a new risk of harm.
[Citations.] ‘Separate sentencing is permitted for offenses that are divisible in time .…’ ”
(People v. Felix (2001) 92 Cal.App.4th 905, 915.)
       “Whether a defendant may be subjected to multiple punishment under section 654
requires a two-step inquiry .… We first consider if the different crimes were completed
by a ‘single physical act.’ [Citation.] If so, the defendant may not be punished more than
once for that act. Only if we conclude that the case involves more than a single act – i.e.,

                                             9.
a course of conduct – do we then consider whether that course of conduct reflects a single
‘ “intent and objective” ’ or multiple intents and objectives.” (People v. Corpening
(2016) 2 Cal.5th 307, 311–312.)
       “At step one, courts examine the facts of the case to determine whether multiple
convictions are based upon a single physical act.” (People v. Corpening, supra, 2 Cal.5th
at p. 312.) If step two is reached, the trial court makes a factual determination whether
the defendant harbored a separate intent and objective for each offense. (People v.
Osband (1996) 13 Cal.4th 622, 730.) “When a trial court sentences a defendant to
separate terms without making an express finding the defendant entertained separate
objectives, the trial court is deemed to have made an implied finding each offense had a
separate objective.” (People v. Islas (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 116, 129.)
       Appellate courts have cautioned against viewing a defendant’s intent and objective
so broadly. (People v. Perez (1979) 23 Cal.3d 545, 552–553.) “To accept such a broad,
overriding intent and objective to preclude punishment for otherwise clearly separate
offenses would violate the statute’s purpose to [ensure] that a defendant’s punishment
will be commensurate with his culpability.” (Id. at p. 552.) “It would reward the
defendant who has the greater criminal ambition with a lesser punishment.” (Ibid.) “A
defendant who attempts to achieve sexual gratification by committing a number of base
criminal acts on his victim is substantially more culpable than a defendant who commits
only one such act.” (Id. at p. 553.)
       “[I]f a series of acts are committed within a period of time during which reflection
was possible [citation], section 654 does not apply.” (People v. Kelly (2016) 245
Cal.App.4th 1119, 1136.) “Under section 654, ‘a course of conduct divisible in time,
although directed to one objective, may give rise to multiple violations and punishment.
[Citations.]’ [Citations.] This is particularly so where the offenses are temporally
separated in such a way as to afford the defendant opportunity to reflect and to renew his
or her intent before committing the next one, thereby aggravating the violation of public

                                            10.
security or policy already undertaken.” (People v. Gaio (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 919,
935.)
        B.     Standard of Review
        The trial court’s implied findings that crimes were divisible are upheld if
supported by substantial evidence. (Ibid.) “ ‘ “We must ‘view the evidence in a light
most favorable to the respondent and presume in support of the [sentencing] order the
existence of every fact the trier could reasonably deduce from the evidence.’ ” ’ ”
(People v. DeVaughn (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 1092, 1113.)
        C.     Analysis
        Defendant’s primary argument is that the conduct underlying his infliction of
torture on C.V. in the commission of three separate rapes (counts 1, 2 & 4) and infliction
of corporal injury causing great bodily injury on C.V. (count 16) were pursuant to the
same objective of maintaining physical control over C.V. As noted above, “[s]ection 654
precludes multiple punishment for a single act or omission, or an indivisible course of
conduct.” (People v. Deloza (1998) 18 Cal.4th 585, 591.) The purpose of section 654 is
to ensure that a defendant’s punishment will be commensurate with his culpability.
(People v. Oates (2004) 32 Cal.4th 1048, 1063.)
        Section 654 has only relatively recently been applied to limit enhancements,
specifically conduct enhancements, or those arising from the circumstances of the
substantive offense as opposed to the status of the offender. (People v. Ahmed (2011) 53
Cal.4th 156, 160–161, 163 (Ahmed) [Enhancements are “ ‘provisions of law’ ” under
which an “ ‘act or omission’ ” is “ ‘punishable.’ ”].) The section 667.61 circumstance of
torture during the commission of a rape is not an enhancement; it is part of the One Strike
sentencing scheme or alternative penalty provisions. Nonetheless, the circumstance
could be characterized as functionally equivalent to a conduct enhancement for purposes
of section 654 analysis, in that it focuses on the manner in which the underlying offense
was committed. (See People v. Kelly, supra, 245 Cal.App.4th at p. 1131.)

                                             11.
       People v. Wooten (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 121 (Wooten), explains that, under
Ahmed, “[a] sentence enhancement relates to an aspect of the substantive offense to
which it attaches, not to other similar enhancements for separate criminal acts.” (Wooten,
at p. 130.) Wooten holds, in turn, that to the extent section 654 does not bar separate
punishment for multiple criminal acts which are divisible because they reflect separate
intents, objectives, or events, it similarly does not apply to an enhancement properly
attached to those offenses. (Ibid.) Accordingly, “the same type of enhancement may be
imposed for each substantive offense committed with differing intent or for a different
purpose.” (Id. at p. 131, italics added.) In other words, “[s]o long as the conduct giving
rise to the convictions of separate substantive offenses is divisible or arises from separate
criminal acts, neither section 654 nor Ahmed requires the staying of the attached
enhancements.” (Ibid.)
       Here, there is substantial evidence to support the trial court’s implied conclusion
that defendant harbored multiple, independent, simultaneous objectives in torturing C.V.
during the commission of three separate rapes and a violent assault of C.V. The conduct
alleged to comprise the one-strike torture circumstance and infliction of corporal injury
(count 16) was not specified in the information, jury instructions, or the verdict form.
However, the torture and corporal injury counts both mention the use of a tire iron. The
jury did not find the great bodily injury enhancement as to the three rape counts, but it did
find the great bodily injury enhancement true as to the corporal injury count.
       The trial court sentenced defendant to three terms of life in prison without parole
on the rape convictions and 10 years on the corporal injury conviction. The trial court
stayed the sentences on counts 7 (torture), 8 (assault with intent to commit rape), 10
(mayhem), and 13 (assault with a deadly weapon) pursuant to section 654. Based on the
way the trial court applied section 654, the trial court’s implied findings are that
defendant had an intent and objective separate from torture when he engaged in the acts
giving rise to the corporal injury conviction. In challenging these findings, defendant

                                             12.
points to statements in the prosecutor’s closing arguments that defendant inflicted
mayhem and torture “throughout these five days” and used a tire iron in committing
torture and corporal injury.
         We will first note that the trial court was not bound at sentencing by the
prosecutor’s argument. (People v. Green (1988) 200 Cal.App.3d 538, 543–544; 545,
fn. 5 [determination of separate objectives for purposes of section 654 is a question of
fact for the trial court at sentencing, notwithstanding the position taken by the
prosecution].) Furthermore, the use of a course of conduct theory to prove torture does
not require a finding of single intent and objective for purposes of section 654.
Therefore, defendant’s contention that the abuse of C.V. “began when she was hit by
[defendant] and continued through the entire time [C.V.] was with [defendant] until she
was able to get help from Price” does not help his position. “[I]t is well established that a
defendant may harbor ‘separate and simultaneous intents’ in committing two or more
crimes, for purposes of section 654.” (People v. Rodriguez (2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 1000,
1007.)
         The question to be resolved then is not whether the torture was committed through
a course of conduct that comprises acts of domestic violence, or what facts the
prosecution argued in relation to certain charges. The actual determination that must be
made is whether there is sufficient evidence in the record to support the trial court’s
findings that the acts giving rise to the domestic violence conviction for which defendant
was punished were committed with a separate objective from the one-strike torture
circumstance.
         Defendant cites People v. Mejia (2017) 9 Cal.App.5th 1036 (Mejia) in support of
his argument that the trial court committed error under section 654, but that case does not
assist him. In Mejia, the defendant engaged in a horrific course of conduct that included
tying up his wife, raping her, using a Taser on her, threatening to kill her, and locking her
in a closet, among other detestable acts. He was convicted of torture; spousal rape with

                                              13.
tying and binding; infliction of corporal injury on a spouse; and criminal threats. (Id. at
p. 1039.)
       Mejia held that section 654 precluded punishment for both torture and the
underlying rape and infliction of corporal injury. The Mejia court rejected the Attorney
General’s argument that the defendant had separate objectives in torturing and raping the
victim. (Mejia, supra, 9 Cal.App.5th at p. 1045.) Mejia held that the defendant’s
objectives were irrelevant because each act of spousal abuse made up the intentional acts
underlying the torture conviction. (Ibid.) Specifically, Mejia held that section 654
applies “because all of the acts of spousal rape and of infliction of corporal injury on a
spouse were included among the acts underlying the torture count and were essential to
satisfying an element of that offense.” (Mejia, at p. 1046.)
       Mejia is inapposite because here the acts of infliction of corporal injury were not
essential to establish the torture circumstance. The elements of defendant’s infliction of
corporal injury causing great bodily injury were satisfied by defendant’s initial assault of
C.V. with his fists and the tire iron before C.V. attempted to escape the vehicle. (People
v. Johnson (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 1467, 1477 [Infliction of corporal injury resulting in a
traumatic condition on a cohabitant (§ 273.5, subd. (a)) is completed after a single
instance of “willful and direct application of physical force upon the victim resulting in a
wound or injury”].)
       All physical acts completed after C.V.’s initial escape attempt, including the
continued assault of C.V. with the tire iron, pressing on her wounds with the tire iron,
multiple rapes, and infliction of chemical burns, were sufficient on their own to establish
the elements of the torture circumstance. Furthermore, Mejia did not address the
Supreme Court’s holding that a course of conduct divisible in time, although directed to
one objective, may give rise to multiple violations and punishment where the defendant is
afforded the opportunity to reflect and renew her intent. (People v. Beamon (1973)
8 Cal.3d 625, 639, fn. 11.) As we will discuss in more detail below, the physical acts

                                             14.
comprising the corporal injury offense were also divisible in time and not necessary to,
nor facilitative of the torture circumstance, which comprised physical acts subsequent to
C.V.’s attempt to escape.
       People v. Assad (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 187, is instructive. In that case, the
defendant argued that he could not be separately punished for corporal injuries occurring
within the same period as his conviction for torture on a course of conduct theory. (Id. at
pp. 200–201.) However, given the evidence presented at trial, the defendant failed to
show that the corporal injury counts were part of the course of conduct upon which the
torture conviction was based. (Id. at p. 201.) Further, the defendant’s section 654
arguments concerning his sentences for mayhem and torture failed because the evidence
presented established multiple acts satisfying the legal requirements for both counts.
(Assad, at p. 200.)
       Accordingly, the question in our case is whether defendant’s course of conduct
was divisible or indivisible. (See People v. Cleveland (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 263, 267.)
This determination “depends on the ‘intent and objective’ of the actor.” (Ibid.) “If all of
the offenses are incident to one objective, the court may punish the defendant for any one
of the offenses, but not more than one. [Citation.] If, however, the defendant had
multiple or simultaneous objectives, independent of and not merely incidental to each
other, the defendant may be punished for each violation committed in pursuit of each
objective even though the violations share common acts or were parts of an otherwise
indivisible course of conduct.” (Id. at pp. 267–268.)
       Defendant’s injuring conduct comprised several distinct physical acts, including
the repetitive and violent beatings of C.V. with various objects while parked in the field,
applying pressure to C.V.’s swollen arm with the tire iron in the apartment parking lot,
raping her while she was in pain and unable to move her leg, and inflicting chemical
burns on the wounds defendant recently inflicted. Defendant initially assaulted C.V. by
repeatedly punching her with a closed fist after she denied that she was cheating on him.

                                            15.
The defendant’s initial objective was made rather clear after he told C.V. that he would
hurt her if she lied to him.
         After C.V. attempted to fight back, defendant escalated the violence by punching
her in the head and hitting her in the face with a car charger that caused her lip to swell
and bleed. The violence escalated further once defendant tried to stop defendant by
stating that she had cheated on him. C.V. testified that this only made things worse
because he proceeded to retrieve a tire iron from the trunk of the car to strike her on her
left arm and leg with all of his strength. Defendant also hit her in the eye with a knife
blade.
         C.V. attempted to escape during the assault by opening the car door and running,
but defendant caught her and told her that he did not want her to leave. The assault with
the tire iron in the car lasted for a couple of hours, and the trial court could reasonably
conclude that defendant began the attack with the objective to punish C.V. for his belief
that she was lying to him and eventually that she cheated on him. However, another
criminal objective arose once C.V. attempted to run away from him during the field
incident. That is, he began punishing C.V. to prevent her from running away from him.
         Defendant’s separate and distinct objective was made clear when C.V. attempted
to run from the car at the apartment complex. Defendant’s response was that she
“messed up” for trying to run off, and he demanded her to take off her pants if she did not
want to get hurt. His statement that C.V. “messed up” and threat to hurt her if she failed
to take off her pants highlighted defendant’s new and separate objective of maintaining
control to prevent C.V. from leaving. Defendant furthered this objective to punish and
prevent C.V. from running away when he started to poke her swollen arm with the tire
iron in the moments before he told her he was “horny” and began raping her. After
raping her, defendant put vinegar on her injuries, which resulted in third degree chemical
burns.

                                             16.
       Unlike the defendant in Mejia, who was punished twice for violent act comprising
spousal rape, corporal injury, and torture with the objective of causing cruel pain and
suffering, defendant was punished for at least multiple violent acts with at least three
separate objectives: (1) the initial assault in the field with fists and tire iron, during
which he repeatedly struck C.V. to punish her for lying and cheating; (2) the continued
assault with the tire iron for the purpose of punishing her for running away from him; and
(3) the forcible sexual assault in the parking lot, to gratify his sexual desire and continue
punishing C.V. for trying to run away a second time.
       It makes no difference that defendant may have relied on a single instrument, such
as the tire iron, to carry out two of his objectives. (People v. Harrison (1989) 48 Cal.3d
321, 335 [the temporal proximity of the events does not mean they were part of one
indivisible course of conduct].) The different physical acts accomplished with the tire
iron do help highlight defendant’s multiple objectives. Defendant’s violent and
uncontrolled beating of defendant with his fists and tire iron made clear his intent to
punish C.V. for lying and cheating on him.
       The sadistic purposes of defendant’s infliction of torture comprise his revenge for
C.V.’s attempt to run away and persuasion to keep her from running again. This
objective was accomplished through the additional beating of C.V. with a tire iron after
her escape, applying forceful and controlled pressure on C.V.’s swollen arms after her
second attempt to escape and before raping C.V., and infliction of chemical burns that
resulted in permanent disfigurement after raping C.V. Substantial evidence supports the
trial court’s implicit finding that defendant’s actions during the assault and subsequent
rapes were in pursuit of more than one objective. Therefore, the trial court did not err
when it did not apply section 654 to the corporal injury conviction.
       We also find that the trial court could have reasonably determined that the violent
striking of C.V. with his fists and tire iron before C.V. attempted to run from the car was
a separate act, divisible in time and space, which was also not necessary to, nor

                                              17.
facilitative of, the commission of torture during the continued assault and rape of C.V.
after she attempted to run from the car. Defendant had the opportunity to reflect before
he chased down C.V. during her attempt to escape, however, he continued to assault her
and proceeded to rape her. (People v. Trotter (1992) 7 Cal.App.4th 363, 368 [If each act
is volitional and calculated, separated by periods of time during which reflection is
possible, section 654 does not prohibit punishment of each act because each act evinces a
separate intent to do violence].)
       Because the acts resulting in C.V.’s injuries occurred over the course of several
hours, defendant had the “opportunity to reflect and to renew his … intent before
committing [each] one.” (People v. Gaio, supra, 81 Cal.App.4th at p. 935.) Section 654
does not preclude multiple punishment in these circumstances. (See People v. Nubla
(1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 719, 730–731 [section 654 did not preclude punishment for both
assault with a deadly weapon and corporal punishment of a spouse where one offense
neither facilitated, nor was incidental to, the other].) Accordingly, we find no error under
section 654.
                                     DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed.

                                                            POOCHIGIAN, ACTING P. J.
WE CONCUR:

DETJEN, J.

SNAUFFER, J.

                                            18.