Court Opinion

ID: 3150712
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-29 18:05:08.644865+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:38:34.351495
License: Public Domain

REPORTED

  IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

            OF MARYLAND

                 No. 1751

          September Term, 2014

______________________________________

            LARRY SUTTON

                    v.

 FEDFIRST FINANCIAL CORPORATION,
              ET AL.

______________________________________

     Graeff,
     Reed,
     Eyler, James R.
       (Retired, Specially Assigned),

                  JJ.
______________________________________

           Opinion by Graeff, J.
______________________________________

     Filed: October 29, 2015
      This appeal arises from a merger between FedFirst Financial Corporation

(“FedFirst”) and CB Financial Services, Inc. (“CB Financial”). After the merger agreement

was announced, Larry Sutton, appellant, a former shareholder of FedFirst, filed a lawsuit

against the two companies. He sought to enjoin the merger, alleging that: (1) FedFirst’s

directors breached fiduciary duties owed to FedFirst’s shareholders; and (2) CB Financial

aided and abetted the “breaches of fiduciary duty in connection with the Proposed

Acquisition.” On September 19, 2014, the circuit court dismissed Mr. Sutton’s direct

claims with prejudice.

      On appeal, Mr. Sutton presents one multi-part question for our review,1 which we

have reorganized and reworded, as follows:

      1. Did the circuit court err in granting the motion to dismiss the claims
         against the directors of FedFirst?

      2. Did the circuit court err in granting the motion to dismiss the claims
         against CB Financial?

      1
          Mr. Sutton’s question presented is as follows:

      Did the Circuit Court for Baltimore City err in dismissing the [Amended]
      Complaint with prejudice on grounds including that: (1) Appellant failed to
      assert a direct injury that is separate and distinct from that suffered by other
      stockholders; (2) Shenker does not permit individual stockholders to bring
      direct claims against corporate directors for breaches of the common law
      duties to maximize stockholder value and of candor in connection with non-
      cash-out merger transactions; (3) Appellant has not rebutted the presumption
      afforded [FedFirst’s Directors] under Maryland’s business judgment rule[];
      (4) Appellant failed to meet his heavy burden of demonstrating in the
      Complaint that the information omitted from the S-4 [Registration
      Statement] was the sort of information stockholders needed to make an
      informed decision whether or not to vote in favor of the Transaction?
       CB Financial and FedFirst present an additional question for our review, which we

have reworded and rephrased slightly, as follows:

       Should this Court dismiss this appeal as moot because the merger between
       FedFirst and CB Financial, which has now been consummated, cannot be
       undone, leaving Mr. Sutton with no relief that the Court can order?

       For the reasons set forth below, we conclude that the appeal is not moot, and we

shall affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

                                 The Merger Agreement

       On April 15, 2014, FedFirst and CB Financial announced that the two corporations

had executed a merger agreement that, if approved by the stockholders of a majority of the

outstanding shares of stock, would result in the merger of FedFirst and CB Financial.2 The

merger agreement provided that FedFirst shareholders would receive either $23.00 in cash

or 1.1590 shares of CB Financial common stock in exchange for each FedFirst share. The

FedFirst shareholders could elect to receive cash or stock, or a combination thereof, subject

to the requirement in the agreement that 65% of the total shares of FedFirst would be

       2
         At the time the amended complaint was filed, FedFirst, a Maryland corporation
publicly traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market, was a savings and loan holding company
headquartered in Pennsylvania. As of March 31, 2014, FedFirst had total assets of $323.3
million and stockholders’ equity of $51 million. CB Financial is a publicly traded bank
holding company incorporated and headquartered in Pennsylvania. As of March 31, 2014,
CB Financial had total assets of $550 million and shareholders’ equity of $43.5 million.

                                             -2-
exchanged for CB Financial stock and 35% would be exchanged for cash.3 Mr. Sutton’s

complaint estimated that the value of the merger was approximately $54.5 million dollars.

       Pursuant to the merger agreement, FedFirst President and Chief Executive Officer

Patrick G. O’Brien would become the Executive Vice President and Chief Operating

Officer of Community Bank, a wholly owned subsidiary of CB Financial through which

CB Financial conducted its operations. FedFirst directors John J. LaCarte, John M.

Swiatek, Richard B. Boyer, and Mr. O’Brien would join the board of directors of CB

Financial. The stockholders were advised that some of FedFirst’s officers and directors

obtained interests in the merger that were not shared by stockholders generally. For

example, all outstanding stock options would be terminated and the holders of the stock

options would receive a cash payment equal to the number of shares multiplied by the

amount by which $23.00 exceeded the “exercise price” of the stock option. Cash payments

for directors included the following: Patrick G. O’Brien (President and CEO) $446,314;

Richard B. Boyer (Vice President) $193,958; Jamie L. Prah (Senior Vice President and

Chief Financial Officer) $199,996; Henry B. Brown III (Senior Vice President and Chief

Lending Officer) $161,862. Cash payments to all non-employee directors (5 persons)

totaled $538,708.

       Moreover, the agreement accelerated the vesting of FedFirst restricted stock awards,

resulting in restricted stock awards becoming “fully vested upon the occurrence of a change

       3
        The tax consequences of the merger to each shareholder depended on the election
chosen by each shareholder.

                                            -3-
in control and each share of restricted stock will be converted into 1.1590 shares of CB

common stock.”4 Finally, with respect to Exchange Underwriters, Inc., an insurance

agency in which FedFirst owned 80% equity interest and Mr. Boyer owned 20% interest,

FedFirst would buy out Mr. Boyer’s 20% interest prior to the closing of the merger, and

Mr. Boyer would continue to be employed as Chief Executive Officer of the company

following the merger.

       The Merger Agreement also included covenants that protected CB Financial’s

interests and encouraged the completion of the merger. Initially, FedFirst agreed that it

would not initiate, solicit, or knowingly encourage any other acquisition proposals (e.g., a

merger or tender offer).      The agreement, however, did not preclude FedFirst from

considering unsolicited offers, as long as they were “superior proposals.” Moreover,

FedFirst agreed to promptly

       notify CB of such inquiries, proposals or offers received by, any such
       information requested from, or any such discussions or negotiations sought
       to be initiated or continued with FedFirst or any of its representatives

       4
           “Restricted Stock Unit” has been defined as:

       Compensation offered by an employer to an employee in the form of
       company stock. The employee does not receive the stock immediately, but
       instead receives it according to a vesting plan and distribution schedule after
       achieving required performance milestones or upon remaining with the
       employer for a particular length of time. The restricted stock units (RSU) are
       assigned a fair market value when they vest. Upon vesting, they are
       considered income, and a portion of the shares are withheld to pay income
       taxes. The employee receives the remaining shares and can sell them at any
       time.

Restricted Stock Unit Definition, Investopedia, http://perma.cc/T4D7-7MZ4.

                                             -4-
       indicating, in connection with such notice, the name of such Person and the
       material terms and conditions of any inquiries, proposals or offers.[5]

Finally, “in order to induce CB to enter into this Agreement, and to reimburse CB for

incurring the costs and expenses related to entering into this Agreement and consummating

the transactions contemplated,” the agreement included a termination fee of $2,750,000,

which FedFirst agreed to pay in the event that it terminated the agreement.

                            The S-4 Registration Statement

       On June 13, 2014, CB Financial filed a Registration Statement (Form S-4) with the

United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). On July 28, 2014, CB

Financial filed an amended S-4 with the SEC (hereinafter “the S-4”), which was more than

300 pages long and included a plethora of information about the companies and the

proposed merger. It included, inter alia, the following:

    A letter to stockholders of FedFirst explaining the proposed transaction and advising
     that the approval of the merger agreement required the affirmative vote of the
     holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of FedFirst common stock.

    A summary providing a description of the two companies and the highlights of the
     merger.

    A detailed discussion of the risks associated with the merger (e.g., the price of CB
     Financial stock may decrease after the merger, and/or “FedFirst stockholders will
     have reduced ownership and voting interest after the merger”) and risks related to
     CB Financial (e.g., “Changes in interest rates may reduce CB’s profits and impair
     asset values”).

       5
          In his amended complaint, Mr. Sutton argued that this provision was one of three
“preclusive deal protection mechanisms” that unduly benefitted CB Financial. He argued
that the information regarding any “superior proposals” that FedFirst was to provide to CB
Financial, which included the material terms of the offer, was designed to give CB
Financial “matching rights,” providing “CB Financial the ability to top the superior offer.”

                                            -5-
    Selected historical financial information for both companies.

    A description of the special meeting of the stockholders during which the
     stockholders would vote on the merger.

      The S-4 also included a detailed chronological account of the negotiation of the

merger. It explained that, in January 2013, Patrick G. O’Brien, President and Chief

Executive Officer, of FedFirst, met with Barron P. McCune, Jr., President and Chief

Executive Officer of CB, at Mr. McCune’s invitation, to discuss a possible business

combination of their two institutions. No price or other terms were discussed at this

meeting. In February 2013, Mr. O’Brien and Mr. LaCarte met with FedFirst’s financial

advisor, Mufson Howe Hunter, “to examine the current [Mergers & Acquisitions

(“M&A”)] market in the bank and thrift industry and review the financial characteristics

of a possible business combination between CB and FedFirst.” In March, the FedFirst

board of directors discussed the issue and “observed that there were many compelling

strategic business reasons for a combination with CB, including their complementary

market areas and similar corporate cultures.”     FedFirst did not, however, pursue a

transaction with CB or any other company at that time.

      In August, the following occurred:

      [T]he FedFirst board of directors met to discuss its strategic alternatives.
      Representatives of Mufson Howe Hunter were present at the meeting, as was
      a representative of Kilpatrick Townsend & Stockton LLP, outside legal
      counsel to FedFirst. Representatives of Mufson Howe Hunter reviewed with
      the directors bank and thrift stock market trends; compared key balance sheet
      and profitability metrics of FedFirst to those of comparable companies in
      Pennsylvania; examined FedFirst’s historical and projected financial
      performance; provided an update on the M&A market in the bank and thrift
      industry; reviewed with the directors the financial characteristics of a
      possible business combination between CB and FedFirst; and identified

                                           -6-
       potential acquirers of FedFirst, evaluated their likely interest, and analyzed
       their capacity to pay based on certain transaction assumptions. Legal counsel
       reviewed with the directors their fiduciary duties in the context of a business
       combination with another company.

       In September, the FedFirst board of directors “authorized Mufson Howe Hunter to

contact three selected parties regarding their interest in a possible business combination

with FedFirst.” It “determined that the business risks resulting from awareness in the local

banking community of FedFirst’s interest in a business combination outweighed the benefit

of contacting additional companies that were unlikely to have the interest or ability to

complete a transaction with FedFirst.”

       By October, FedFirst had received responses from each of the three companies. The

first company (Bank A) initially indicated that it had an interest in acquiring FedFirst, but

by November, Bank A lost interest in pursuing a merger with FedFirst. Because “none of

the other parties considered by FedFirst were likely to be more interested in a business

combination with FedFirst than CB, FedFirst decided to restart discussions with CB.”

       After further discussions with CB Financial, the following occurred:

              On February 14, 2014, CB provided FedFirst with a non-binding letter
       of interest for a business combination between the two companies. CB
       proposed the merger of FedFirst into CB valued at $21.80 per share of
       FedFirst common stock, with the exchange of 65% of the outstanding shares
       of FedFirst common stock for shares of CB common stock and the remaining
       35% exchanged for cash. CB conditioned the transaction on FedFirst
       purchasing from Mr. Boyer his 20% minority interest in Exchange
       Underwriters prior to closing.

                                            ***
              On February 27, 2014, FedFirst delivered its mark-up of the letter of
       interest and communicated its view on the value of the merger consideration,
       which was that the merger consideration should be increased to a value of

                                             -7-
       $23.00 per share. On March 6, 2014, CB agreed to increase the value of the
       merger consideration to $23.00 per share, and on March 7, 2014 delivered a
       revised letter of interest. . . . . During the course of negotiations, the parties
       also discussed the method of calculating the exchange ratio and agreed that
       the exchange ratio would be determined at the time of signing the definitive
       merger agreement by dividing $23.00 by the volume-weighted average price
       of CB common stock over the prior 20 trading-day period. CB did not agree
       to FedFirst’s request to reduce the termination fee from 5% of the transaction
       value to 4% of the transaction value, but did agree to make the termination
       fee reciprocal.

       The directors discussed the proposal and consulted with legal counsel. They

ultimately voted to accept the letter of interest, and the following occurred:

              On March 28, 2014, Luse Gorman Pomerenk & Schick, PC, special
       counsel for CB delivered an initial draft of the merger agreement. Over the
       ensuing days, the parties negotiated the terms of the merger agreement and
       ancillary documents. In particular, the parties negotiated the various
       representations and warranties to be made by each of them, the terms of the
       covenants that restrict the activities of the parties pending completion of the
       merger, including the “no-shop” provision that restricts the ability of FedFirst
       to seek alternative transaction proposals, the treatment of various employee
       benefit plans and agreements, and the expense limitation on director and
       officer liability insurance. The parties also discussed the details with respect
       to the composition of CB’s board of directors following the merger, agreed
       that CB would take action to amend its articles of incorporation to eliminate
       pre-emptive rights in connection with future share issuances, worked out the
       details with respect to the purchase of the minority interest in Exchange
       Underwriters, and agreed that the listing of CB common stock on the Nasdaq
       Stock Market would be a condition to closing.

       On April l4, 2014, the FedFirst board of directors met to consider the merger

agreement. Representatives of Mufson Howe Hunter presented a financial analysis of the

transaction and gave its opinion that “the consideration to be received by the stockholders

of FedFirst under the merger agreement [was] fair, from a financial point of view, to the

                                              -8-
holders of FedFirst common stock.” The board of directors then unanimously approved

the definitive merger agreement.

       That same day, on April 14, 2014, the CB Financial board of directors unanimously

approved the definitive merger agreement, and the merger agreement was executed by

officers of FedFirst and CB Financial. A joint press release was issued, announcing the

execution of the merger agreement and the terms of the merger.

       After providing the events leading to the merger, the S-4 set forth a discussion of

FedFirst’s reasons for the merger, stating that the FedFirst board of directors “unanimously

determined that the merger agreement [was] in the best interests of FedFirst and its

shareholders.” The S-4 listed a number of factors considered, including:

    [the Board’s] belief that the merger will result in a stronger commercial
     banking franchise with a diversified revenue stream, strong capital ratios, a
     well-balanced loan portfolio and an attractive funding base that has the
     potential to deliver a higher value to FedFirst’s shareholders as compared to
     continuing to operate as a stand-alone entity;
                                          ***
    the expanded possibilities, including organic growth and future acquisitions,
     that would be available to the combined company, given its larger size, asset
     base, capital, market capitalization and footprint;
                                          ***
    [] that the value of the merger consideration for holders of FedFirst common
     stock at $23.00 per share, represents a premium of 15% over the $20.06
     closing price of FedFirst common stock on NASDAQ on April 10, 2014,
     which is the most recent date on which FedFirst common stock traded prior
     to April 14, 2014;

    [the opinion of the independent financial advisor that the merger
     consideration was fair];
                                        ***
    [] that the merger consideration consists of a combination of CB common
     stock and cash and that FedFirst shareholders will be given the opportunity

                                            -9-
      to elect the form of consideration that they wish to receive, giving FedFirst
      shareholders the opportunity to participate as stockholders of CB in the
      benefits of the combination and the future performance of the combined
      company generally;

    [] that upon completion of the merger FedFirst shareholders will own
     approximately 42% of the outstanding shares of the combined company;
                                           ***
    the perceived limited opportunities for a strategic partnership with another
     financial institution, at a similar or higher price, having characteristics that
     would achieve the benefits for FedFirst stockholders that the board believes
     will be achieved through the merger with CB; [and]
                                           ***
    the equity interest in the combined company that FedFirst’s existing
     shareholders will receive in the merger, which allows such shareholders to
     continue to participate in the future success of the combined company.

      The S-4 contained further information, including the following:

    A summary of the Fairness Opinion provided by Mufson Howe Hunter & Company
     LLC, FedFirst’s financial advisor, including the financial data upon which Mufson
     Howe Hunter relied to render its opinion (the full text of the Fairness Opinion was
     attached to the end of the S-4).

    A description of the consideration stockholders would receive in the merger,
     including detailed hypothetical examples regarding how the two types of
     consideration (cash and stocks) would be apportioned based on the potential
     elections of FedFirst stockholders.6

      6
         The merger agreement required that 65% of all FedFirst’s outstanding stock be
traded for CB Financial stock, and it provided that, in the event that shareholder stock
elections were oversubscribed:

      [A]ll FedFirst stockholders who have elected to receive cash or who have
      made no election will receive cash for their FedFirst shares and all
      stockholders who have elected to receive CB common stock will receive a
      pro rata portion of the available CB shares plus cash for those shares not
      converted into CB common stock.

                                                                          (continued . . .)

                                           -10-
    A section discussing the “Interests of Certain Persons in the Merger that are
     Different from Yours,” which described the unique benefits received by FedFirst’s
     officers and directors.

    A discussion of the management of CB Financial and the roles of FedFirst’s officers
     and directors after the merger, including detailed information about compensation
     and benefits.

    The Agreement and Merger Agreement (provided in full in Annex A of the S-4).

                                    Proceedings Below

       On April 21, 2014, Mr. Sutton filed a class action and derivative lawsuit against

FedFirst, its seven individual directors, and CB Financial.7 Mr. Sutton asserted:

       In any situation where the directors of a publicly traded corporation
       undertake a transaction that will result in either a change in corporate control

(. . . continued)

Conversely, if stock elections were undersubscribed, the agreement provided the following
procedure:

       [A]ll FedFirst stockholders who have elected to receive CB common stock
       will receive CB common stock and those stockholders who elected to receive
       cash or who have made no election will be treated in the following manner:
            If the number of shares held by FedFirst stockholders who have made
             no election is sufficient to make up the shortfall in the number of CB
             shares that CB required to issue, then all FedFirst stockholders who
             elected cash will receive cash, and those stockholders who made no
             election will receive both cash and CB common stock in such
             proportion as is necessary to make up the shortfall.
            If the number of shares held by FedFirst stockholders who made no
             election is insufficient to make up the shortfall, then all FedFirst
             stockholders who made no election will receive CB common stock
             and those FedFirst stockholders who elected to receive cash will
             receive cash and CB common stock in such proportion as necessary
             to make up the shortfall.
       7
        The seven individual directors are John J. LaCarte, Carlyn Belczyk, John M. Kish,
Richard B. Boyer, John M. Swiatek, David L. Wohleber, and Patrick G. O’Brien.

                                            -11-
       or a break-up of the corporation’s assets, the directors have an affirmative
       fiduciary obligation to act in the best interests of the company’s shareholders,
       including the duty to obtain maximum value under the circumstances.

He alleged that the individual directors

       violated, and are violating, the fiduciary duties they owe to [Mr. Sutton] and
       the other public shareholders of FedFirst, including their duty of candor and
       duty to maximize shareholder value. As a result of the Individual
       Defendants’ divided loyalties, [Mr. Sutton] will not receive adequate, fair or
       maximum value for their FedFirst common stock in the Proposed
       Acquisition.

Mr. Sutton also alleged, inter alia, that the deal included “preclusive deal mechanisms

which effectively discourage other bidders from making successful topping bids,” and “the

Proposed Acquisition will allow CB Financial to purchase FedFirst at an unfairly low price

while availing itself of FedFirst’s significant value.”

       The first count of the amended complaint alleged a breach of fiduciary duty against

the individual defendants. It asserted that the directors had

       initiated a process to sell FedFirst that undervalues the Company and vests
       them with benefits that are not shared equally by FedFirst’s public
       shareholders. In addition, by agreeing to the Proposed Acquisition,
       Defendants have capped the price of FedFirst at a price that does not
       adequately reflect the Company’s true value.

Mr. Sutton sought to have the court enjoin the vote on the merger, stating that the plaintiff

had no adequate remedy at law.

       The second count alleged that CB Financial and FedFirst aided and abetted the

individual directors’ breach of fiduciary duty. In that regard, it alleged that CB Financial

“knowingly assisted the Individual Defendants’ breaches of fiduciary duty in connection

with the Proposed Acquisition, which, without such aid, would not have occurred,” and as

                                             -12-
a result, Mr. Sutton “will be damaged in that [he has] been and will be prevented from

obtaining a fair price for [his] shares.”

       The third count sought declaratory relief. Mr. Sutton requested a declaration that:

(1) the vote should be enjoined, (2) the proposed acquisition was unlawful and

unenforceable and the merger agreement “and/or the transactions contemplated thereby,

should be rescinded and the parties returned to their original position.”

       In the Prayer for Relief, the amended complaint stated, as follows:

              WHEREFORE, Plaintiff demands injunctive relief, in his favor and
       in favor of the Class, and against the Defendants, as follows:

              A.      Declaring that this action is properly maintainable as a class
       action, certifying Plaintiff as Class representative and certifying his counsel
       as class counsel and derivative counsel;

               B.     Declaring and decreeing that the Proposed Acquisition was
       entered into in breach of the fiduciary duties of the Individual Defendants
       and is therefore unlawful and unenforceable, and rescinding and invalidating
       any merger agreement or other agreements that Defendants entered into in
       connection with, or in furtherance of, the Proposed Acquisition;

              C.    Preliminarily and permanently enjoining Defendants, their
       agents, counsel, employees and all persons acting in concert with them from
       consummating the Proposed Acquisition;

              D.     Directing the Individual Defendants to exercise their fiduciary
       duties to obtain a transaction that is in the best interests of FedFirst’s
       shareholders;

              E.    Imposing a constructive trust, in favor of Plaintiff and the
       Class, upon any benefits improperly received by Defendants as a result of
       their wrongful conduct;

              F.     Awarding Plaintiff the costs and disbursements of this action,
       including reasonable attorneys’ and experts’ fees; and

             G.    Granting such other and further equitable relief as this Court
       may deem just and proper.

                                            -13-
       On June, 19 and 20, 2014, FedFirst (the company and the individual directors) and

CB Financial, respectively, filed motions to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a

claim. FedFirst provided five arguments in its motion: (1) Mr. Sutton lacked standing to

bring a direct claim against FedFirst’s Board for breach of fiduciary duties; (2) Mr. Sutton

failed to overcome the business judgment rule; (3) Mr. Sutton’s allegations of omissions

in the Registration Statement failed to meet Maryland’s materiality standard; (4) the

FedFirst Board was under no duty to maximize shareholder value; and (5) to the extent that

Mr. Sutton alleged that FedFirst aided and abetted the individual directors’ alleged

breaches of fiduciary duties, Mr. Sutton failed to adequately allege any elements of an

aiding and abetting claim against FedFirst.8 CB Financial reiterated some of FedFirst’s

arguments in its motion, and it argued that, even if there was a breach of fiduciary duty by

the directors of FedFirst, Mr. Sutton had not alleged any specific facts from which it could

be inferred that CB Financial “knowingly participated” in such a breach.

       On July 29, 2014, after CB Financial filed the S-4 with the SEC, Mr. Sutton filed

an amended complaint, adding the allegation that the S-4 “omits material information about

the Proposed Acquisition that must be disclosed to FedFirst’s shareholders to enable them

to make a fully informed decision.” On August 12, 2014, FedFirst filed an amended motion

to dismiss.

       8
         FedFirst also argued that Mr. Sutton failed to make a required demand on the
FedFirst Board before filing his derivative suit. Mr. Sutton ultimately dismissed his
derivative claims, and therefore, the circuit court did not address this argument.

                                           -14-
       On September 2, 2014, Mr. Sutton voluntarily dismissed his derivative claim,

leaving only his direct claim. On September 17, 2014, Mr. Sutton filed a motion for a

preliminary injunction, requesting that the court enjoin FedFirst from holding a shareholder

vote on the proposed merger. On September 18, 2014, the court heard argument on the

defendants’ motions to dismiss. In an order dated September 19, 2014, the circuit court

dismissed Mr. Sutton’s direct claims, with prejudice. On October 17, 2014, Mr. Sutton

filed a Notice of Appeal.

       On January 14, 2015, the circuit court issued its Memorandum Opinion. The court

explained that it was granting the motions to dismiss for the following reasons:

(1) Mr. Sutton “failed to assert a direct injury necessary to bring [a] direct claim” because

he “failed to demonstrate how the alleged injury [was] ‘separate and distinct’ from that

suffered from other shareholders”; (2) Shenker v. Laureate Education, Inc., 411 Md. 317

(2009), “only applies in the limited context of a cash-out merger that will result in a change

of control, which [was] not contemplated by the Proposed Transaction,” and therefore, the

case does not provide Mr. Sutton with a direct cause of action against the FedFirst Board

for breach of common law duties of candor and maximization of shareholder value; (3)

even if Mr. Sutton could maintain his direct claim against the FedFirst Board, his

allegations were insufficient to rebut the presumptions afforded to the directors by the

business judgment rule; (4) “the alleged omissions in the Registration Statement are wholly

immaterial”; and (5) Mr. Sutton “failed to allege an underlying breach of fiduciary duty,”

                                            -15-
and therefore, his “aiding and abetting claims fail as a matter of law.” On January 15,

2015, Mr. Sutton filed an amended notice of appeal.

                                  Post-Dismissal Events

       Mr. Sutton did not move to stay the merger pending his appeal, and the parties have

represented that, on October 31, 2014, FedFirst and CB Financial completed the merger.9

On November 7, 2014, CB Financial filed a motion to dismiss the appeal as moot, arguing

that, “because the merger has now occurred, there is no relief that this Court can order,

rendering [Mr.] Sutton’s appeal moot.” On November, 10, 2014, FedFirst filed a similar

motion to dismiss, arguing that Mr. Sutton “did not move to stay the Circuit Court’s order,”

the merger has already been completed, “FedFirst ceased to exist as an entity,” “the

consideration has been distributed to FedFirst shareholders,” and therefore, Mr. Sutton’s

“appeal is moot because there is no effective remedy which this Court can provide.”

       On November, 21, 2014, Mr. Sutton filed an opposition to the motions to dismiss,

arguing that the “consummation of the merger does not make it impossible for the trial

court to grant the relief requested.” He argued that, even if the merger could not be undone,

he “made clear in his complaint that he would seek damages that he . . . suffered as a result

       9
         Pursuant to a news article that all parties referenced in their briefs, preliminary
election results indicated that, of the 2,286,008 FedFirst shares outstanding, holders of
approximately 21.9% of the shares elected to receive CB Financial Stock, approximately
64.0% elected to receive cash, and approximately 14.1% made no election.
http://perma.cc/DPN6-PAHJ. Because cash elections were oversubscribed (the merger
agreement limited cash exchanges to 35% of FedFirst’s outstanding shares), those
shareholders who elected to receive cash were compensated with cash for approximately
55% of their FedFirst shares with the remainder being traded for CB Financial shares. Id.

                                            -16-
of Defendants’ conduct.” In an order filed on December 16, 2014, this Court denied

appellees’ motions with leave to seek that relief in their briefs.

       Additional facts will be discussed as necessary in the discussion that follows.

                                       DISCUSSION

                                              I.

                                          Mootness

       Before addressing the merits of Mr. Sutton’s claims, we address appellees’

argument in their initial motions, and reiterated in their briefs, that this case should be

dismissed because it is moot. “A case is moot when there is no longer an existing

controversy when the case comes before the Court or when there is no longer an effective

remedy the Court could grant.” Prince George’s Cnty. v. Columcille Bldg. Corp., 219 Md.

App. 19, 26 (2014) (quoting Suter v. Stuckey, 402 Md. 211, 219 (2007)). “This Court does

not give advisory opinions; thus, we generally dismiss moot actions without a decision on

the merits.” Green v. Nassif, 401 Md. 649, 655 (2007) (quoting Dep’t of Human Res.,

Child Care Admin. v. Roth, 398 Md. 137, 143 (2007)). “In rare instances, however, we

‘may address the merits of a moot case if we are convinced that the case presents

unresolved issues in matters of important public concern that, if decided, will establish a

rule for future conduct.’” Roth, 398 Md. at 143-44 (quoting Coburn v. Coburn, 342 Md.
244, 250 (1996)).

       Appellees argue that this Court “should dismiss this appeal as moot because the only

meaningful relief sought by the amended complaint – enjoining the merger – cannot be

                                             -17-
granted because the merger has already occurred and cannot be unwound.” They assert:

“FedFirst’s Merger into CB Financial was finalized in October 2014 and the proceeds have

been distributed to the shareholders. There is nothing more that this Court can do, other

than find that the appeal is moot.”

       If Mr. Sutton’s sole claim for relief was to enjoin the merger, we would agree that

the appeal was moot. In that regard, National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Tucker,

300 Md. 156 (1984), is instructive. In Tucker, two students of Johns Hopkins University

filed a complaint and motion for injunction against the National Collegiate Athletic

Association (NCAA), arguing that, pursuant to the NCAA’s bylaws, they had not “used up

one of their four seasons of eligibility for intercollegiate competition by participating in

Fall lacrosse scrimmages prior to transferring to Hopkins.” 300 Md. at 157. The circuit

court granted the students’ motion for an injunction, ordering the NCAA to allow them to

play for the remainder of the season. Id. at 158. The NCAA noted an appeal, but by the

time the case was heard by the Court, the season had ended. Id. The Court of Appeals

dismissed the appeal, stating: “[S]imply put, the season is over. Accordingly, because the

only question before us is the appropriateness of the issuance of the interlocutory

injunction, we hold that the appeal is moot.” Id. at 159.

       Other cases reiterate the rule that, once the act sought to be enjoined has occurred,

any appeal of the issue is moot. See Hagerstown Reprod. Health Servs. v. Fritz, 295 Md.
268, 271 (appeal from injunction prohibiting abortion moot where abortion performed),

cert. denied, 463 U.S. 1208 (1983); Banner v. Home Sales Co. D., 201 Md. 425, 428 (1953)

                                           -18-
(“[T]he general rule is ‘that the court should confine itself to the particular relief sought in

the case before it, and refrain from deciding abstract, moot questions of law which may

remain after that relief has ceased to be possible.”) (quoting Montgomery Cnty. v.

Maryland-Washington Metro. Dist., 200 Md. 525, 530-31 (1952)).

       In Brill v. General Industrial Enterprises, Inc., 234 F.2d 465 (3d Cir. 1956), the

Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit addressed an issue similar to the one presented here.

In that case, stockholders of a corporation sought to enjoin a shareholder vote on the sale

of the corporation’s physical assets, asserting that the sale price was inadequate. Id. at 467.

The trial court dismissed the complaint, and the sale occurred. Id. at 468. The appellate

court dismissed the appeal, explaining that “an appeal from a decree dismissing a complaint

seeking an injunction, or refusing to grant an injunction, will not disturb the operative effect

of such a decree, and where the act sought to be restrained has been performed, the

appellate courts will deny review on the ground of mootness.” Id. at 469.10

       Mr. Sutton recognizes these mootness principles. He concedes that he “can no

longer enjoin the Stockholders’ vote on the Transaction or the Closing,” but he contends

       10
          The court also rejected Brill’s argument that the appellate court rule that he be
permitted to file a supplemental pleading to amend the prayer for relief. Brill v. Gen’l
Indus. Enter., Inc., 234 F.2d 465, 470 (3d Cir. 1956). We similarly reject Mr. Sutton’s
argument that this Court order that he be permitted to amend his request for relief. As this
Court recently explained: “[A]lthough Rule 2-341(b) is ‘silent as to when a request for
leave to amend may be filed,’ a party may not amend the pleadings in the ‘appellate court
after an appealable final judgment has been entered.’” Advance Telecom Process LLC v.
DSFederal, Inc., 224 Md. App. 164, 184 (2015) (quoting Bijou v. Young–Battle, 185 Md.
App. 268, 289 (2009)).

                                             -19-
that the case is not moot because “the trial court can order the unwinding of the merger

transaction or grant other relief . . . if the case is remanded.” With respect to such “other

relief,” Mr. Sutton asserts that, although “rescission of the [t]ransaction (versus rescissory

damages) is admittedly unlikely, it is plausible that, on remand, [he] will convince the

Circuit Court to ‘impose a constructive trust,’” in his favor “upon any benefits improperly

received by [appellees] as a result of their wrongful conduct.” He further asserts that,

although no monetary damages claims appear in the ad damnum section of the complaint,

there was “explicit reference to [his] claim of damages” throughout the complaint, and on

remand, the court has “the power . . . to allow an award of money in the form of

compensatory damages and/or rescissory damages for [a]ppellant’s direct injury.”11

       11
          Some courts have held that there is an exception to the rule that an appeal from
the demand of an injunction “is mooted by the occurrence of the action sought to be
enjoined” when “a court can feasibly restore the status quo.” Moore v. Consol. Edison Co.
of New York, 409 F.3d 506, 509 (2d Cir. 2005). Accord Bastian v. Lakefront Realty Corp.,
581 F.2d 685, 691 (7th Cir. 1978). See also, Bank of New York Co. v. Northeast Bancorp,
Inc., 9 F.3d 1065, 1066 (2d Cir. 1993) (declining to address whether there is an exception
to the general rule of mootness where the appellate court feasibly can restore the status quo
because, in that case, where a merger had been consummated months earlier, a stock
transfer would “not restore the three companies to their pre-merger circumstances,” and
therefore, “rescission would not restore the status quo”). Mr. Sutton does not ask us to
adopt such an exception to the mootness doctrine, but rather, he asserts that a remedy is
available based on the relief sought in his complaint. We will confine our analysis to that
argument.

                                            -20-
                                            A.

                                 Unwinding the Merger

       With respect to the argument that this case is not moot because the circuit court on

remand could “unwind” the merger between FedFirst and CB Financial, Mr. Sutton raised

this contention in his response to appellees’ initial motion to dismiss the appeal, which he

adopts by reference in his brief. In his brief, he concedes that this relief “is admittedly

unlikely,” but he has not abandoned the claim, so we will address it.

       Mr. Sutton contends that, in his complaint, he requested that the court rescind the

merger agreement. Accordingly, he contends his claim to rescind the agreement, and

therefore any resulting merger, preserves a remedy precluding this court from dismissing

this case as moot.

       Neither party cites any Maryland case addressing whether, or under what

circumstances, a court can “unwind” a completed corporate merger. Accordingly, we look

to other courts for guidance.

       Delaware courts addressing this issue repeatedly have held that, once a merger is

consummated, it generally is impracticable for it to be undone.12 For example, in McMillan

v. Intercargo Corporation, 768 A.2d 492, 500 (Del. Ch. 2000), the Delaware Court of

Chancery stated: “Having unsuccessfully attempted to obtain an injunction against the

       12
          The Court of Appeals “has noted the ‘respect properly accorded Delaware
decisions on corporate law’ ordinarily in our jurisprudence.” Shenker v. Laureate Educ.,
Inc., 411 Md. 317, 338 n.14 (2009) (quoting Werbowsky v. Collomb, 362 Md. 581, 618
(2001)).

                                           -21-
consummation of the merger, the metaphorical merger eggs have been scrambled. Under

our case law, it is generally accepted that a completed merger cannot, as a practical matter,

be unwound.” Similarly, in In re Lukens Inc. Shareholders Litigation, 757 A.2d 720, 728

(Del. Ch. 1999), aff’d sub nom. Walker v. Lukens, Inc., 757 A.2d 1278 (Del. 2000), the

court explained: “[P]laintiffs’ demand for rescission of the transaction is plainly futile. . . .

[I]t goes without saying that at this juncture it is ‘impossible to unscramble the eggs.’

Money damages [are] the only possible form of relief available.” Accord Weinberger v.

UOP, Inc., 457 A.2d 701, 714 (Del. 1983) (concluding that a “long completed” cash-out

merger was “too involved to undo”); Coggins v. New England Patriots Football Club, Inc.,

492 N.E.2d 1112, 1119 (Mass. 1986) (rescission of a merger is inequitable and not feasible

where the merger had long been completed and “the interests of the corporation and of the

plaintiffs will be furthered best by limiting the plaintiffs’ remedy to an assessment of

damages”).

       Based on this case law, it is clear that the unwinding of a long-ago completed

corporate merger generally is not practicable. Although that determination, in some cases,

would be one for the trial court, several appellate courts have concluded, on the facts of the

case, that rescission is not a viable remedy. See Bank of New York Co. v. Northeast

Bancorp, Inc., 9 F.3d 1065, 1066 (2d Cir. 1993); Coggins, 492 N.E.2d at 1119. We

similarly conclude here. In light of the representation that the agreement involved a 54.5

million dollar merger, with more than two million shares of publicly traded stock and an

                                              -22-
integration of corporate management, that occurred almost a year ago, we hold that

rescission is not a potential remedy that would preclude a finding that the appeal is moot.

                                            B.

                                  Rescissory Damages

       Although rescission is not practicable, there is a possibility that, if Mr. Sutton

prevailed on his claim, he could be awarded rescissory damages. In In re Orchard

Enterprises, Inc. Stockholder Litig., 88 A.3d 1, 38 (Del. Ch. 2014), the Court of Chancery

of Delaware explained: “Rescissory damages are ‘the monetary equivalent of rescission’

and may be awarded where ‘the equitable remedy of rescission is impractical.’” (quoting

Strassburger v. Earley, 752 A.2d 557, 579-81 (Del. Ch. 2000)). Accord Cinerama, Inc. v.

Technicolor, Inc., 663 A.2d 1134, 1144 (Del. Ch. 1994), aff’d, 663 A.2d 1156 (Del.

1995). The court explained: “[T]he Weinberger court held that when a merger has been

successfully challenged, the possible forms of monetary relief include an out-of-pocket

measure of damages equal to what a stockholder would have received in an

appraisal, viz., the fair value of the stockholder’s shares.” Orchard Enter., 88 A.3d at

40. Because rescissory damages in lieu of actual rescission is a possible form of relief if

Mr. Sutton were to prevail on his claims, we hold that this case is not moot. Accordingly,

we proceed to address Mr. Sutton’s claims on the merits.

                                           -23-
                                            II.

                                   Substantive Claims

       Mr. Sutton contends that the circuit court erred in granting the motions to dismiss

filed by FedFirst and CB Financial. We will address the claims with respect to each of the

appellees separately. Before doing so, however, we will address the proper standard of

review of a motion to dismiss and discuss generally shareholder lawsuits against

corporations.

                                            A.

                                   Standard of Review

       “A trial court may grant a motion to dismiss if, when assuming the truth of all well-

pled facts and allegations in the complaint and any inferences that may be drawn, and

viewing those facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, ‘the allegations do

not state a cause of action for which relief may be granted.’” Latty v. St. Joseph’s Soc. of

Sacred Heart, Inc., 198 Md. App. 254, 262-63 (2011) (quoting RRC Northeast, LLC v.

BAA Md., Inc., 413 Md. 638, 643 (2010)). The facts set forth in the complaint must be

“pleaded with sufficient specificity; bald assertions and conclusory statements by the

pleader will not suffice.” RRC, 413 Md. at 644.

       “‘We review the grant of a motion to dismiss de novo.’” Unger v. Berger, 214 Md.

App. 426, 432 (2013) (quoting Reichs Ford Road Joint Venture v. State Roads Comm’n,

388 Md. 500, 509 (2005)). Accord Kumar v. Dhanda, 198 Md. App. 337, 342 (2011) (“We

review the court’s decision to grant the motion to dismiss for legal correctness.”), aff’d,

                                           -24-
426 Md. 185 (2012). We will affirm the circuit court’s judgment “‘on any ground

adequately shown by the record, even one upon which the circuit court has not relied or

one that the parties have not raised.’” Monarc Constr., Inc. v. Aris Corp., 188 Md. App.
377, 385 (2009) (quoting Pope v. Bd. of Sch. Comm’rs, 106 Md. App. 578, 591 (1995)).13

                                             B.

              Shareholder Suits Against Corporate Boards of Directors

       The board of directors of a corporation generally manages the business of the

corporation. Werbowsky v. Collomb, 362 Md. 581, 598-99 (2001); George Wasserman &

Janice Wasserman Goldsten Family LLC v. Kay, 197 Md. App. 586, 609 (2011).

Shareholders ordinarily are not permitted to interfere in the management of the company

because they are owners of the company, not managers. Werbowsky, 362 Md. at 599;

Wasserman, 197 Md. App. at 609.

       13
           In addressing the motion to dismiss, the court considered the S-4, a document not
included in Mr. Sutton’s amended complaint. We have stated that, “where matters outside
of the allegations in the complaint and any exhibits incorporated in it are considered by the
trial court, a motion to dismiss generally will be treated as one for summary judgment.”
Advance Telecom, 224 Md. App. at 175. There is an exception to the general rule, however,
where “a document such as the [S-4] merely supplements the allegations of the complaint,
and the document is not controverted, consideration of the document does not convert the
motion into one for summary judgment.” Id. Accord ATSI Commc’ns, Inc. v. Shaar Fund,
Ltd., 493 F.3d 87, 98 (2d Cir. 2007) (in addressing a motion to dismiss, a court “may
consider any written instrument attached to the complaint, statements or documents
incorporated into the complaint by reference, legally required public disclosure documents
filed with the SEC, and documents possessed by or known to the plaintiff and upon which
it relied in bringing the suit”). Accordingly, the circuit court properly considered the S-4
in addressing appellees’ motions to dismiss.

                                            -25-
       Corporate directors, however, do not have unlimited authority. They are subject to

the fiduciary duties set forth in Md. Code (2014 Repl. Vol.) § 2-405.1 of the Corporations

and Associations Article (“CA”). CA § 2-405.1(a) provides that directors must perform

their duties in good faith in a manner that he or she reasonably believes to be in the best

interests of the corporation, and “[w]ith the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like

position would use under similar circumstances.”14 These duties, however, are “to the

corporation and not, at least directly, to the shareholders.” Werbowsky, 362 Md. at 599.15

       Because director fiduciary duties relating to management do not extend to

shareholders, a shareholder generally does not have a direct action against the directors,

and any action taken against the directors requires the shareholder to file a derivative

action. Wasserman, 197 Md. App. at 609-10. As the Court of Appeals explained in Waller

v. Waller, 187 Md. 185, 189-90 (1946):

               It is a general rule that an action at law to recover damages for an
       injury to a corporation can be brought only in the name of the corporation
       itself acting through its directors, and not by an individual stockholder,
       though the injury may incidentally result in diminishing or destroying the
       value of the stock. The reason for this rule is that the cause of action for injury
       to the property of a corporation or for impairment or destruction of its
       business is in the corporation, and such an injury, although it may diminish

       14
          Md. Code (2014 Repl. Vol.) § 2-405.1(e) of the Corporations and Associations
article provides that “[a]n act of a director of a corporation is presumed to satisfy the
standards of subsection (a) of this section.” This statutory provision codifies, with some
changes, the “business judgment rule,” which is a “‘presumption that corporate directors
acted in accordance with’” the requisite standard of care. Mona v. Mona Elec. Group, Inc.,
176 Md. App. 672, 696 (2007) (quoting Yost v. Early, 87 Md. App. 364, 378 (1991)).
       15
          Section 2-405.1(g) provides that “[n]othing in this section creates a duty of any
director of a corporation enforceable otherwise than by the corporation or in the right of
the corporation.”

                                              -26-
         the value of the capital stock, is not primarily or necessarily a damage to the
         stockholder, and hence the stockholder’s derivative right can be asserted only
         through the corporation. The rule is advantageous not only because it avoids
         a multiplicity of suits by the various stockholders, but also because any
         damages so recovered will be available for the payment of debts of the
         corporation, and, if any surplus remains, for distribution to the stockholders
         in proportion to the number of shares held by each.

         The Court of Appeals has explained a shareholder’s derivative action as follows:

         “The nature of the derivative proceeding is two-fold. First, it is the equivalent
         of a suit by the shareholders to compel the corporation to sue. Second, it is
         [a] suit by the corporation, asserted by the shareholder on its behalf, against
         those liable to it. The corporation is the real party in interest and the
         shareholder is only a nominal plaintiff. The substantive claim belongs to the
         corporation. . . . The proceeding is typically brought by a minority
         shareholder, because a majority or controlling shareholder can usually
         persuade the corporation to sue in its own name.”

Werbowsky, 362 Md. at 599 (quoting 13 William Meade Fletcher et al., Cyclopedia of the

Law of Private Corporations § 5941.10 (1995 Rev. Vol)). “In a derivative action, any

recovery belongs to the corporation, not the plaintiff shareholder.” Shenker, 411 Md. at

344.16

         There are situations, however, where a shareholder may bring a direct action against

alleged corporate wrongdoers. Such a cause of action arises “when the shareholder suffers

the harm directly or a duty is owed directly to the shareholder, though such harm also may

be a violation of a duty owing to the corporation.” Shenker, 411 Md. at 345. Accord

         16
         Before instituting a derivative action, the plaintiff must make a demand on the
corporation’s board of directors to preserve the claim or demonstrate that such a demand
would be futile. Shenker, 411 Md. at 317, 343-44. Here, FedFirst argued below that
Mr. Sutton failed to follow these procedural hurdles, and Mr. Sutton subsequently
dismissed the derivative claim.

                                               -27-
Matthews v. Headley Chocolate Co., 130 Md. 523, 526 (1917) (shareholders may sue

directly where “they have suffered some peculiar injury independent of what the company

has suffered”); Mona v. Mona Elec. Group, Inc., 176 Md. App. 672, 697 (2007)

(shareholder may bring direct action to enforce a right that is personal to him or her). See

also Boland v. Boland, 423 Md. 296, 316-17 (2011) (a derivative action involves a

corporate right, whereas a direct claim involves a cause of action involving a wrong against

the shareholder individually).

       The Court of Appeals has explained:

       Cases where direct harm is suffered by shareholders include, for example,
       actions to enforce a shareholder’s right to vote or right to inspect corporate
       records. That the plaintiff suffered his or her injury in common with all other
       shareholders is not determinative of whether the injury suffered is direct or
       indirect. See Tooley v. Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, Inc., 845 A.2d 1031,
       1033 (Del. 2004) (noting that the issue of whether a claim should be brought
       derivatively or directly turns on considerations of who suffered the alleged
       harm and who would receive the benefit of any recovery); Strougo v. Bassini,
       282 F.3d 162, 171 (2d Cir. 2002) (applying Maryland law) (noting that, in
       Maryland, where shareholders suffer an injury distinct from that of the
       corporation, rather than deriving from an injury to the business or property
       of the corporation, “the corporation lacks standing to sue, and Maryland’s
       ‘distinct injury’ rule allows shareholders access to the courts to seek
       compensation directly”). Where the rights attendant to stock ownership are
       adversely affected, shareholders generally are entitled to sue directly, and
       any monetary relief granted goes to the shareholder. . . . If the plaintiff
       demonstrates that he or she has suffered the alleged injury directly, he or she
       need not make demand on the corporate board of directors or prove futility
       of demand, and the business judgment rule does not apply.

Shenker, 411 Md. at 345.

       In Shenker, the Court addressed whether shareholders of a corporation that was

purchased in a cash-out merger had a direct cause of action against the directors for failure

                                            -28-
to maximize the amount they would receive for their shares in the transaction. The Court

rejected the argument that, pursuant to CA § 2-405.1, shareholder claims against directors

for breaches of fiduciary duty may be pursued only by a derivative action. Id. at 335-36.

The Court agreed with Shenker’s argument that, although § 2-405.1 addresses duties

involving the management of the business of the corporation, such as the decision whether

a corporation should be sold, which are enforceable only by the corporation, there are

additional common law duties that are triggered once a decision to sell the corporation has

been made that are personal to the shareholders and give a direct cause of action to the

shareholders. Id. at 337. The Court of Appeals held that,

      where corporate directors exercise non-managerial duties outside the scope
      of § 2-405.1(a), such as negotiating the price that shareholders will receive
      for their shares in a cash-out merger transaction, after the decision to sell the
      corporation already has been made, they remain liable directly to
      shareholders for any breach of those fiduciary duties.

Id. at 328-29 (emphasis added). The Court held that, “in a cash-out merger transaction

where the decision to sell the corporation already has been made, shareholders may pursue

direct claims against directors for breach of their fiduciary duties of candor and

maximization of shareholder value.”17 Id. at 342.

      17
           The Court explained a cash-out merger in a footnote, as follows:

              Generally, in a cash-out (or freeze-out) merger transaction, the
      majority shareholder (or shareholders) of the target company seeks to gain
      ownership of the remaining shares in the target company. This is
      accomplished by incorporating an acquiring company to purchase for cash
      the shares of the target company. Due to the majority’s controlling position
      in the target company, it may force any minority shareholders (continued . . .)

                                            -29-
                                              C.

                                   The Scope of Shenker

       The argument in the parties’ briefs primarily addresses the significance of the

holding in Shenker. Indeed, FedFirst states that “[t]his appeal turns on whether the Court

of Appeals’ decision in Shenker applies to this case.”

       The circuit court similarly relied on Shenker. In granting the motion to dismiss, the

court agreed with Mr. Sutton “that under Shenker a shareholder may, under certain

circumstances, bring direct claims against a corporation’s board of directors for breaches

of common law duties of candor and maximization of shareholder consideration.” The

court concluded, however, that Mr. Sutton’s

       reliance on Shenker is misguided. Shenker only applies in the limited context
       of a cash-out merger that will result in a change of control, which is not
       contemplated by the Proposed Transaction. Shenker does not permit
       individual shareholders to bring direct claims against corporate directors for
       breaches of these common law duties in a non-cash-out merger transaction.

In support of its conclusion that the Court intended to so limit its holding, the circuit court

pointed to footnote 3 in the Court of Appeals’ opinion in Shenker, finding that the footnote

       (. . . continued)

       to surrender their shares and accept the cash payment, effectively eliminating
       their interest in the target company (and leaving them with no subsequent
       interest in the acquiring company). Such a cash-out merger stands in contrast
       to a traditional merger, in which shareholders of the target company trade in
       their shares in exchange for shares in the acquiring company. See generally
       James J. Hanks, Jr., Maryland Corporation Law § 9.5 (2006 Supp.).

Shenker, 411 Md. at 326 n.3.

                                             -30-
“expressly distinguish[ed] a cash-out merger from a traditional stock-for-stock merger.”

Accordingly, the court determined that Mr. Sutton did not have a claim against FedFirst,

or CB Financial for aiding and abetting, with regard to a breach of the common law duties

of candor and maximization of shareholder value.

       Mr. Sutton argues that the circuit court’s conclusion in this regard was erroneous.

He asserts that the court

       erroneously held that directors of publicly traded Maryland corporations owe
       no common law fiduciary or other duty to maximize stockholder value and
       no common law fiduciary duty of candor directly to the stockholders when
       considering, negotiating and then recommending to the stockholders the sale
       of their company at a particular dollar value per share when any of the
       consideration those stockholders will receive for their personal property in
       the sale is in the form of stock in the acquiring entity.

He contends that, once the directors make the decision that the company is for sale, they

act, not only as a director engaged in managing the business of the unsold corporation, but

also as an agent trustee, with the non-managerial common law duty to maximize

shareholder value and to disclose all material information regarding how maximization was

pursued. Mr. Sutton contends that the circuit court erred in deciding that a direct action

can be brought by a shareholder only “if 100% of the consideration the stockholders of the

target company will receive consists of cash.” He asserts that, although the Court in

Shenker “discussed its holding numerous times in the context of the facts[,] where the

                                           -31-
consideration was all cash, in other statements, Shenker expressly did not restrict its

holding to cash-out transactions.” 18

       FedFirst argues that “Shenker does not apply to this case,” and therefore, “the

FedFirst Board owed no duty of candor above or apart from their statutory fiduciary duties

under the Maryland General Corporation Law.” It asserts that the circuit court “correctly

held that the Court of Appeals’ decision in Shenker applied only in the limited context of

a cash-out merger that resulted in a change of control, and that the [m]erger in this case

was not a cash-out merger and there was no change in control.”

       Given the parties’ contentions, it is clear that a thorough analysis of the decision in

Shenker is warranted. In that case, shareholders of Laureate Education, Inc. (“Laureate”),

       18
          Mr. Sutton also contends that the “decision of the Circuit Court has left the
[s]tockholders without a remedy in violation of Maryland’s Constitution.” Mr. Sutton,
however, did not raise this argument below, and therefore, we decline to address it. See
Md. Rule 8-131(a) (this Court generally will not decide an issue “unless it plainly appears
by the record to have been raised in or decided by the trial court”). Moreover, Mr. Sutton
does not explain why, at the time he filed his amended complaint seeking to enjoin the
merger, a derivative action (which he filed and voluntarily dismissed), was not available.
Although we will not engage in a detailed analysis of Mr. Sutton’s argument because the
issue was not raised below and not adequately briefed on appeal, see Honeycutt v.
Honeycutt, 150 Md. App. 604, 618 (when party fails to adequately brief an argument, court
may decline to address it on appeal), cert. denied, 376 Md. 544 (2003), we do note, without
deciding the issue, that at least one court has disagreed with Mr. Sutton’s argument that,
“once the corporation ceases to exist, as did FedFirst after the [c]losing, any derivative
complaint” filed prior to the merger would have to be dismissed for standing “because the
non-existent corporation could not maintain the action and the plaintiff, no longer a
stockholder, could not maintain the action in the right of the corporation in which the
stockholder no longer owns shares.” See Shelton v. Thompson, 544 So. 2d 845, 848-49
(Ala. 1989) (a merger resulting in the termination of a corporation did not deprive former
shareholders of the defunct corporation of their derivative standing).

                                            -32-
a publicly-held Maryland corporation, challenged a cash-out merger transaction between

Laureate and several private equity investors. Shenker, 411 Md. at 326. The Court

described the mechanics of the transaction in issue as follows:

              Laureate announced on 3 June 2007 that it accepted an increased offer
       from Investor Respondents to acquire Laureate at a price of $62 per share by
       way of a tender offer and second-step (or “short-form”) merger, a process
       whereby Investor Respondents would purchase, at a price per share equal to
       the offer price, a number of newly issued shares of Laureate’s common stock
       sufficient to provide the Investor Respondents with ownership of one share
       more than 90% of the total shares outstanding and then, by virtue of their
       90% ownership, convert all remaining shares of Laureate’s common stock
       into the right to receive the same price paid per share in the tender offer.

Id. at 331.19

       Several shareholders objected to the deal and filed a direct lawsuit against

Laureate’s board of directors, arguing that the directors breached their fiduciary duties

owed to the plaintiff shareholders, and the private investors aided and abetted the directors.

Id. at 330-32. The circuit court granted Laureate’s motion to dismiss on the ground that

CA § 2-405.1(g) prevented a direct action against the corporate directors for alleged

violations of fiduciary duties, stating that the directors’ duties are owed only to the

corporation.20 Shenker, 411 Md. at 332. This Court affirmed, “holding that directors of

Maryland corporations owe no common law fiduciary duties directly to their shareholders

       19
          The Court noted that Shenker contended that this “tactic was designed to foreclose
a shareholder vote and to ensure that Investor Respondents’ acquisition of Laureate closed
for the lowest price and as quickly as possible.” Shenker, 411 Md. at 331 n.8.
       20
          CA § 2-405.1(g) provides the following: “Nothing in this section creates a duty
of any director of a corporation enforceable otherwise than by the corporation or in the
right of the corporation.”

                                            -33-
and that, in a cash-out merger transaction, any claims shareholders may have against

directors for breach of fiduciary duties must be brought derivatively on behalf of the

corporation.” Id. at 333.

       The Court of Appeals reversed. Id. at 354. Although it agreed that CA § 2-405.1(a)

“governs the duty of care owed by directors when they undertake managerial decisions on

behalf of the corporation,” id at 338, it disagreed that § 2-405.1(a) was the sole source of

duties owed by corporate directors, id at 335. The Court held “that § 2–405.1(a) does not

provide the sole source of directorial duties, and that other, common law fiduciary duties

of directors remain in place and may be triggered by the occurrence of appropriate events.”

Id. at 339.

       The question presented in this case is what constitutes “appropriate events” that

trigger common law duties of directors to shareholders. This is important because a critical

factor in determining whether a shareholder has a direct, as opposed to a derivative, action

against the directors is whether there is a duty to the shareholder individually.

       We previously have explained that Shenker has “a narrow application.”

Wasserman, 197 Md. App. at 620. FedFirst agrees, but it argues that Shenker’s holding

regarding the common law duties of directors to stockholders is limited to one situation,

i.e., a cash-out merger. We disagree that the decision is so limited.

       To be sure, the specific holding of Shenker was confined to the facts of the case, “a

cash-out merger transaction.” Id at 336. The language in Shenker as a whole, however,

                                            -34-
indicates that the principles set forth were not limited to that specific factual scenario.21

Instead, the Court held that the common law fiduciary duty of directors “may be triggered

by the occurrence of appropriate events.” Id. at 339.

       In discussing the events that would trigger common law duties that give rise to a

direct stockholder action, the Court focused on the scenario where corporate directors act

outside their typical managerial duties after the decision is made to sell the corporation. In

determining that CA § 2-405.1 did not control in that case, the Court explained:

       When directors undertake to negotiate a price that shareholders will receive
       in the context of a cash-out merger transaction, however, they assume a
       different role than solely “managing the business and affairs of the
       corporation.” Duties concerning the management of the corporation’s affairs
       change after the decision is made to sell the corporation. See Revlon, Inc. v.
       MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc., 506 A.2d 173, 182 (Del. 1986)
       (noting that, once sale became inevitable, “[t]he directors’ role changed from
       defenders of the corporate bastion to auctioneers charged with getting the
       best price for the stockholders at a sale of the company”). Beyond that point,
       in negotiating a share price that shareholders will receive in a cash-out
       merger, directors act as fiduciaries on behalf of the shareholders. As a result
       of the confidence and trust reposed in them during the price negotiation, their
       ability to affect significantly the financial interests of the shareholders, and
       the inherent conflict of interest that arises between directors and shareholders
       in any change-of-control situation, the common law imposes on those
       directors duties to maximize shareholder value and make full disclosure of
       all material facts concerning the merger to the shareholders.

       21
            The Court held that

       where corporate directors exercise non-managerial duties outside the scope
       of § 2-405.1(a), such as negotiating the price that shareholders will receive
       for their shares in a cash-out merger transaction, after the decision to sell the
       corporation already has been made, they remain liable directly to
       shareholders for any breach of those fiduciary duties.

Shenker, 411 Md. at 328-29 (emphasis added).

                                             -35-
Shenker, 411 Md. at 338-39.

       The Court of Appeals noted that its decision was consistent with the Delaware

Supreme Court’s holding in Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc., 506
A.2d 173 (Del. 1986). The Court stated:

       In that case, the Delaware Supreme Court held that, where it is clear that the
       board has determined that the corporation is for sale or sale is a foregone
       conclusion, the duty of the directors “changed from the preservation of [the
       corporation] as a corporate entity to the maximization of the company’s value
       at a sale for the stockholders’ benefit.” Revlon, 506 A.2d at 182. The court
       noted that, at this point, the “directors’ role changed from defenders of the
       corporate bastion to auctioneers charged with getting the best price for the
       stockholders at a sale of the company.” Id.

Shenker, 411 Md. at 340. The Court of Appeals explained that “Revlon and the duties that

it described are aimed at the duties involved in a situation where sale of the corporation is

a foregone conclusion and the primary remaining interests are those of the shareholders in

maximizing their share value in a sale.” Id. at 341.

       The Court concluded that CA § 2-405.1 did not supersede the common law duties

“in Maryland, including those characterized in Revlon, that, when faced with an inevitable

or highly likely change-of-control situation, corporate directors owe their shareholders

fiduciary duties of candor and maximization of shareholder value.” Id. It held that, “[o]nce

the threshold decision to sell Laureate was made, Board Respondents owed fiduciary duties

of candor and maximization of shareholder value to Petitioners, common law duties not

encompassed or superseded by § 2-405.1(a).” Id. Thus, pursuant to Shenker, the events

triggering the common law duties of maximization of value and candor, which are owed to

a shareholder and permit a direct action, are when “the decision is made to sell the

                                            -36-
corporation,” the “sale of the corporation is a foregone conclusion,” or the sale involves

“an inevitable or highly likely change-of-control situation.” Id. at 338, 341.

       The Court of Appeals did not, in Shenker or in any subsequent case, explain what

factual scenarios satisfy the above triggering events. Accordingly, in assessing whether

the FedFirst directors had duties of maximization of value and candor owed to the

shareholders in the merger transaction here, we look to other jurisdictions for guidance. In

particular, because the Court of Appeals relied on the Delaware Supreme Court’s decision

in Revlon, we look to the decisions of the Delaware courts.

       The Delaware Supreme Court has made clear that not every corporate combination

triggers a duty to maximize shareholder value. See Paramount Commc’ns v. Time Inc.,

571 A.2d 1140, 1151 (Del. 1989) (Revlon duties do not arise simply because a company is

“in play’ or “up for sale.”). In Time, the court held that the Time Board did not put the

corporation up for sale, or make the dissolution of the corporate entity inevitable, and

therefore trigger Revlon duties, merely by entering into a merger agreement with Warner

Communications, Inc., even where the agreement contained a “no-shop” clause and other

structured safety devices to protect the agreement. Id.22

       Rather, the Revlon duties have been held to apply in only limited circumstances. To

date, Revlon duties have been found to apply only in the following scenarios:

       22
          As the Delaware Supreme Court subsequently noted, the transaction that
ultimately was consummated in Time-Warner, however, “was not a merger, as originally
planned, but a sale of Warner’s stock to Time.” Paramount Commc’n v. QVC Network
Inc., 637 A.2d 34, 47 (Del. 1993).

                                            -37-
       (1) “when a corporation initiates an active bidding process seeking to sell
       itself or to effect a business reorganization involving a clear break-up of the
       company,” Paramount[, 571 A.2d at 1150]; (2) “where, in response to a
       bidder’s offer, a target abandons its long-term strategy and seeks an
       alternative transaction involving the break-up of the company,” id.; or (3)
       when approval of a transaction results in a “sale or change of control,”
       [Paramount Commc’n v. QVC [Network Inc.], 637 A.2d [34,] 42-43, 47
       [(Del. 1993)].

Arnold v. Soc’y for Sav. Bancorp, Inc., 650 A.2d 1270, 1289-90 (Del. 1994). We thus

address these facts in the context of the claims raised in this case.

                                              D.

                                          FedFirst

                                              1.

                         Applicability of Revlon/Shenker Duties

       In assessing whether Revlon duties, referred to by the Court of Appeals in Shenker,

apply to the directors in the case, we note that there is no allegation that FedFirst initiated

an active bidding process or abandoned a long-term strategy to seek to break up the

company. Rather, the directors merely explored options for a potential merger, which they

would then present to the stockholders for approval.23

       These facts do not support a conclusion, pursuant to Shenker, 411 Md. at 338, 341,

that Revlon duties applied because “the decision [had been] made to sell the corporation”

       23
         Pursuant to CA § 3-105, a board of directors proposing to merge the corporation
submits the proposed transaction to the shareholders for approval. Directors of a
corporation have a duty of loyalty to the shareholders in a merger, which typically is subject
to the business judgment rule, i.e., a presumption that the officers acted in good faith and
in the best interests of the corporation. Wittman v. Crooke, 120 Md. App. 369, 376-77
(1998).

                                             -38-
or “the sale of a corporation [was] a foregone conclusion.” See Arnold, 650 A.2d at 1290

(Revlon duties applicable to directors “seeking to sell” the corporation apply in the context

of the directors “initiat[ing] an active bidding process”); Time, 571 A.2d at 1151 (directors

did not put corporation up for sale or make dissolution of the company inevitable merely

by entering into a merger agreement). The only potential rationale raised for finding a

Revlon duty to maximize shareholder value, therefore, involves whether the transaction

involved a “highly likely change-of-control situation.” Id. at 341.

       In that regard, the Delaware courts have addressed when a merger, other than a

cash-out merger, constitutes a “change of control” that triggers Revlon duties.           In

Equity-Linked Investors, LP v. Adams, 705 A.2d 1040, 1055 (Del. Ch. 1997), the court

determined that Revlon duties apply in a stock-for-stock merger where there is “no

tomorrow for the shareholders (no assured long-term)” because the stock received is

subject to the control of a single individual or associated group who has majority control

over the merged entity. Id. By contrast, in the context of a stock-for-stock merger where

control of the merged entity will remain in a large, fluid, public market, Revlon duties do

not apply because there is no change-of-control. See Arnold, 650 A.2d at 1290 (No “sale

or change of control” triggering Revlon duty to maximize value in stock-for-stock merger

when “‘[c]ontrol of both [companies] remain[s] in a large, fluid, changeable and changing

market.’”) (quoting QVC, 637 A.2d at 47). Accord In re Santa Fe Pacific Corp. S’holder

Litig., 669 A.2d 59, 71 (Del. 1995) (plaintiff failed to state a claim that the board had a

duty to seek the best value where the board was committed to a stock-for-stock merger and

                                            -39-
plaintiff failed to allege that control of the company after the merger would not remain in

a large, fluid, changing market); Krim v. Pronet, Inc., 744 A.2d 523, 528 (Del. Ch. 1999)

(“Revlon duties are not triggered when ownership remains with the public shareholders and

no change of control results.”). See also James J. Hanks, Maryland Corporation Law,

§ 6.6A at 195 (“A sale of the business for cash—whether through merger, sale of assets or

otherwise—will always result in a change of control. Conversely, a stock-for-stock merger

will not be a change of control so long as there is no single stockholder or affiliated group

of stockholders who did not have effective voting control of the target before the

transaction but who will hold a majority of the voting power of the combined company

after the transaction.”).

       In QVC, the Delaware Supreme Court explained why a stock-for-stock merger does

not result in a change of control where the remaining corporation is owned by a “fluid

aggregation of unaffiliated voters.” 637 A.2d at 46. In that regard, it noted its prior

decision in Time, 571 A.2d at 1150, where it approved the Chancellor’s conclusions

regarding when a change of control occurs, as follows:

       Surely under some circumstances a stock for stock merger could reflect a
       transfer of corporate control. That would, for example, plainly be the case
       here if Warner were a private company. But where, as here, the shares of
       both constituent corporations are widely held, corporate control can be
       expected to remain unaffected by a stock for stock merger. This in my
       judgment was the situation with respect to the original merger agreement.
       When the specifics of that situation are reviewed, it is seen that, aside from
       legal technicalities and aside from arrangements thought to enhance the
       prospect for the ultimate succession of [Nicholas J. Nicholas, Jr., president
       of Time], neither corporation could be said to be acquiring the other. Control
       of both remained in a large, fluid, changeable and changing market.

                                            -40-
               The existence of a control block of stock in the hands of a single
       shareholder or a group with loyalty to each other does have real consequences
       to the financial value of “minority” stock. The law offers some protection to
       such shares through the imposition of a fiduciary duty upon controlling
       shareholders. But here, effectuation of the merger would not have
       subjected Time shareholders to the risks and consequences of holders of
       minority shares. This is a reflection of the fact that no control passed to
       anyone in the transaction contemplated. The shareholders of Time would
       have “suffered” dilution, of course, but they would suffer the same type of
       dilution upon the public distribution of new stock.

QVC, 637 A.2d at 46-47 (quoting Paramount Commc’ns Inc. v. Time Inc., No. 10866 (Del.

Ch. July 17, 1989)). The Court explained that a key reason behind imposing Revlon duties

is concern regarding actions where the shareholder’s voting power is diminished. Id. at 45.

       Here, Mr. Sutton does not allege, for good reason, that control of the company after

the merger would not remain in a large, fluid, changing market. Thus, the merger did not

result in a “sale or change of control.” Arnold, 650 A.2d at 1270. Unlike the scenario

involved in the cash-out merger transaction in Shenker, FedFirst’s shareholders in this case,

by virtue of the stock portion of the merger agreement, have a continuing interest, including

voting power, in the combined company, and they can participate in the future successes

of CB Financial.24 Accordingly, there was no “sale or change of control,” and Revlon

duties were not triggered in this case.

       24
          To be sure, the transaction here was not a 100% stock-for-stock transaction.
Rather, the merger consideration here was a mix of cash and stock. The agreement
provided that 65% of FedFirst’s stock be traded for CB Financial stock and 35% of the
stock exchanged for cash. The parties do not argue that this fact, that the transaction was
a mixed stock and cash merger, is critical to the analysis whether there was a change of
control transaction implicating the Revlon duty to maximize value. We note, however, that
in In re Synthes, Inc. Shareholder Litigation, 50 A.3d 1022, 1047-48 (continued . . .)

                                            -41-
                                              2.

                              Direct Action By Stockholders

       Although the Court of Appeals in Shenker recognized an exception to the general

rule that a shareholder must bring a derivative action when challenging a merger

transaction, the exception was limited to situations where “the decision [was] made to sell

the corporation,” “the sale was a foregone conclusion,” or the sale involved “an inevitable

or highly likely change-of-control situation.” 411 Md. at 338, 341. None of these scenarios

are presented here where the directors merely entered into a merger agreement involving a

stock-for-stock transaction in which the combined corporation continued to remain in a

large, fluid, public market in which FedFirst’s stockholders were left with a continuing

interest in CB Financial.

       Rather, given the circumstances of the merger agreement here, the Fedfirst directors

were acting pursuant to their managerial duties, and the duties owed were those set forth

in CA § 2-405.1, i.e., to perform in good faith, in the best interest of the corporation, and

with the care that an ordinarily prudent person would use. With respect to those duties, the

directors were entitled to the business judgment rule, which provides that the officers acted

(. . . continued) (Del. Ch. 2012), the Court of Chancery of Delaware held, in an almost
identical situation, that where merger consideration consisted of a mix of 65% stock and
35% cash, and the stock portion involved stock in a company whose shares were held in a
large, fluid market, the transaction did not result in a change of control that triggered Revlon
duties.

                                             -42-
in good faith and in the best interests of the corporation, and any claim regarding an alleged

breach of those duties was required to be brought derivatively on behalf of the corporation.

       The Shenker exception that allows a shareholder to bring a direct action based on

the common law “non-managerial” duties of candor or maximization of value does not

apply here. Accordingly, Mr. Sutton did not have a direct shareholder action against the

directors, and because he dismissed his derivative action, the circuit court properly granted

the motion to dismiss Mr. Sutton’s claim against FedFirst and its directors.

                                             E.

                          CB Financial – Aiding and Abetting

       CB Financial argues that “the circuit court correctly held that the Amended

Complaint failed to state a claim for ‘aiding and abetting’ against CB Financial because

there was no underlying breach of fiduciary duties.” We agree.

       As the Court of Appeals has explained:

       One of the requirements for tort liability as an aider and abettor is that there
       be a “direct perpetrator of the tort.” Thus, civil aider and abettor liability,
       somewhat like civil conspiracy, requires that there exist underlying tortious
       activity in order for the alleged aider and abettor to be held liable.

Alleco Inc. v. Harry & Jeanette Weinberg Found., Inc., 340 Md. 176, 200-01 (1995)

(citations omitted). As previously indicated, we have concluded that Mr. Sutton did not

state a cognizable cause of action against the FedFirst directors for breach of fiduciary

duties. Accordingly, his claim against CB Financial for aiding and abetting any such

breach similarly fails.

                                            -43-
          In any event, even if the claim against the FedFirst directors survived, Mr. Sutton

failed to state a claim against CB Financial. To state a claim for aiding and abetting a non-

fiduciary, a plaintiff must allege, inter alia, facts that the aider and abettor “knowingly and

substantially assist[ed] the principal violation.” Holmes v. Young, 885 P.2d 305, 308 (Colo.

Ct. App. 1994). Sufficient facts in that regard were not alleged here.

          In Shenker, 411 Md. at 353-54, the Court of Appeals addressed a similar claim. It

stated:

                 The allegations made by Petitioners fail to demonstrate that the
          actions taken by Investor Respondents, alleged to have aided and abetted
          Board Respondents’ breach of fiduciary duties, were anything more than
          “those normally attendant to a private entity pursuing the private acquisition
          of a public corporation.” The crux of Petitioners’ allegations seem to pin their
          claim on the restrictive nature of the merger agreement presented by Investor
          Respondents to Board Respondents. We fail to see how merely offering an
          agreement containing penalties if Board Respondents solicited or accepted
          competing bids for Laureate rises to the level of encouraging or inciting
          Board Respondents’ alleged breach of their fiduciary duties.

Id.   We similarly conclude here.         Accordingly, the circuit court properly dismissed

Mr. Sutton’s claims against CB Financial for aiding and abetting.

                                                F.

                                       Declaratory Action

          Mr. Sutton next contends that the declaratory judgment count in his amended

complaint should not have been dismissed. He asserts that he is entitled to a written

declaration of the rights of the parties.

          In Popham v. State Farm Mutual Insurance Co., 333 Md. 136, 158 n.2 (1993), the

Court of Appeals explained that, where the circuit court is presented with an issue in a

                                               -44-
declaratory judgment action that is also presented in another count of the complaint,

resolution of the other count renders moot the need for a declaration. Here, because the

circuit court resolved the issues raised in Count III, seeking declaratory relief, in Counts I

and II, asserting claims against FedFirst and CB Financial, the resolution of the count

seeking declaratory relief was moot. Accordingly, the circuit court properly dismissed the

Amended Complaint without specifically addressing that claim.

                                                   MOTION TO DISMISS DENIED.
                                                   JUDGMENT AFFIRMED. COSTS
                                                   TO BE PAID BY APPELLANT.

                                            -45-