Court Opinion

ID: 9385865
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-10 16:00:54.445726+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:49.765860
License: Public Domain

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                                                                 [PUBLISH]
                                       In the
                 United States Court of Appeals
                           For the Eleventh Circuit

                             ____________________

                                    No. 21-13880
                             ____________________

        KIMBERLY REGENESIS, LLC,
        DAMASCUS TRADING COMPANY, LLC,
                                                         Plaintiffs-Appellees,
        versus
        LEE COUNTY,
        a Florida political subdivision,

                                                       Defendant-Appellant.

                             ____________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Middle District of Florida
                    D.C. Docket No. 2:19-cv-00538-SPC-NPM
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        2                      Opinion of the Court                 21-13880

                             ____________________

        Before LUCK, LAGOA, and TJOFLAT, Circuit Judges.
        PER CURIAM:
               This case arises out of a sober home’s battle to rezone its
        property. When its efforts came up short, the sober home sued the
        county in federal court, alleging disability discrimination. As dis-
        covery got underway, the sober home served a notice of deposition
        in which it sought to depose one of the county commissioners who
        voted down its rezoning request. The county opposed the deposi-
        tion, arguing that the commissioner was shielded from discovery
        by absolute quasi-judicial immunity. But the commissioner never
        objected to the deposition request or otherwise appeared before
        the district court. The district court found that the immunity didn’t
        apply. At that point, the county and the commissioner appealed.
        Their sole argument on appeal is that the district court erred by
        denying the commissioner quasi-judicial immunity.
               The problem is that their appeal is not justiciable. First, the
        county may not appeal because it lacks appellate standing under
        Article III. To appeal, a party must be aggrieved by the district
        court’s order. But it’s the commissioner—not the county—who
        has the (alleged) immunity. So the county has suffered no injury
        and cannot challenge the district court’s denial of the immunity on
        appeal. Second, the commissioner may not appeal because he was
        not a named party to this case and did not become a party through
        intervention, substitution, or third-party practice. While a
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        21-13880               Opinion of the Court                         3

        nonparty may sometimes appeal when he has participated before
        the district court, the commissioner didn’t participate at all. Be-
        cause the county has no appellate standing, and the commissioner
        did not participate below, we must dismiss this appeal.
          FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
                This case is about a sober home’s attempt to rezone its prop-
        erty. The sober home is situated on 5.15 acres in Lee County, Flor-
        ida. Our plaintiffs, Kimberly ReGenesis, LLC and Damascus Trad-
        ing Company, LLC, own and operate the facility. In 2014, the so-
        ber home applied to rezone the land. The goal was to rezone the
        property from agricultural to a special designation for treatment
        facilities. This would allow the sober home to expand and operate
        as a “treatment center and detoxification facility.”
               At first, things were looking good for the sober home. It met
        with Lee County staff members and put together an application for
        rezoning. The plan called for the creation of a “holistic medicine
        center” that would include ninety beds, a kitchen, nine dwelling
        units, a place of worship, and 9,000 square feet of medical offices
        and retail space. The county’s staff members and a hearing officer
        signed off on the application, recommending approval.
               Some residents of Lee County weren’t happy with the pro-
        spect of this large facility opening up in their residential neighbor-
        hood. So a number of residents formed a political action commit-
        tee to support commissioners who opposed the rezoning applica-
        tion. The political action committee also ran ads on local radio
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        4                      Opinion of the Court                21-13880

        stations. Some members of the community also spoke out against
        the sober home.
               In the heat of this public opposition, the sober home faced a
        public hearing before Lee County’s board of county commission-
        ers. There were five commissioners: Brian Hamman, John Man-
        ning, Frank Mann, Larry Kiker, and Cecil Pendergrass. After the
        hearing, the commissioners—overruling their staff members and
        the hearing officer—voted down the rezoning. The commission-
        ers reasoned that the sober home’s project was “potentially de-
        structive to the character and integrity of the residential neighbor-
        hood environment and therefore [did] not meet” the county’s land
        use requirements.
                The sober home challenged the commission’s ruling in state
        court. But the Florida circuit court and district court of appeal de-
        nied the sober home’s petition. When that failed, the sober home
        sent a letter to the county asking for a reasonable accommodation.
        The sober home asked the county to “grant a reasonable accom-
        modation administratively to treat the proposed use as a permitted
        use or, in the alternative, to rezone the property.” About a month
        and a half later, the county denied the sober home’s request, ex-
        plaining that the request would result in a “fundamental alteration”
        of its zoning scheme.
               That brings us to this case. On July 31, 2019, the sober home
        sued the county in federal court and brought one count under the
        Americans with Disabilities Act. It alleged that “[t]he county’s ap-
        plication of its zoning code to prevent use of the [sober home] by
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        21-13880               Opinion of the Court                         5

        [its] patients, and the denial of its request for reasonable accommo-
        dation, constitute[d] discrimination under Title II of the [Ameri-
        cans with Disabilities Act].” In other words, the sober home al-
        leged that the county “discriminate[d] against . . . persons in recov-
        ery.”
               As discovery went underway, the sober home sought to de-
        pose—and get documents from—three of the county commission-
        ers who denied the sober home’s rezoning application. To that
        end, the sober home served notices on the county for the deposi-
        tions of those three commissioners (Commissioners Pendergrass,
        Mann, and Manning). The sober home also served a subpoena on
        Commissioner Manning. None of the commissioners were named
        parties to this case.
               The county moved for a protective order and to quash the
        subpoena. Its motion sought to “preclude the depositions” of the
        nonparty commissioners and to “quash the subpoena to Commis-
        sioner Manning.” The county raised three arguments. First, the
        county argued that the nonparty commissioners were cloaked in
        “quasi-judicial immunity” and thus “immune from discovery.”
        Second, the county asserted that, even if the commissioners were
        not immune, they should be shielded from the depositions under
        the “apex doctrine.” Third, the county contended that the deposi-
        tions were “not proportional to the needs of the case.” The com-
        missioners did not appear in the case or join the motion.
              The sober home opposed the county’s motion. First, the
        sober home argued that immunity from suit does not mean
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        6                      Opinion of the Court                21-13880

        immunity from discovery. So, “even if the [c]ommissioners had
        absolute or qualified immunity, that [would] not render them im-
        mune from all discovery.” Second, the sober home asserted that
        the apex doctrine did not apply because the commissioners were
        not “high government officials . . . who had no personal
        knowledge of the events in question.” Third, the sober home
        maintained that it was “entitled to full discovery” of the commis-
        sioners’ “private and public communications” and the “factual ba-
        ses” for their votes.
               A few things happened before a ruling on the county’s mo-
        tion for a protective order. First, the magistrate judge held a hear-
        ing on the motion. A lawyer appeared “on behalf of the [d]efend-
        ant” Lee County (and another lawyer appeared for the sober
        home), but the nonparty commissioners did not appear. Second,
        both the sober home and the county later filed notices of supple-
        mental authority to support their positions. Third, the magistrate
        judge then held a second hearing. Again, only the sober home and
        the county appeared.
                After the hearing, the magistrate judge ruled on the county’s
        motion for a protective order. The magistrate judge mostly denied
        the motion, allowing the depositions to go forward. First, the mag-
        istrate judge explained that quasi-judicial immunity didn’t apply be-
        cause “this case is not a suit against the county commissioners.”
        Second, the magistrate judge found that the apex doctrine was in-
        applicable because the commissioners had “personal knowledge”
        of the facts. Third, the magistrate judge concluded that the sober
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        21-13880                  Opinion of the Court                               7

        home had “a valid interest in deposing the commissioners on the
        limited issue of their communications with and influence (includ-
        ing campaign contributions) from the [political action committee]
        that opposed the proposed zoning as well as the politically-in-
        volved neighbors who opposed the rezoning.”
               So the magistrate judge allowed the depositions to go for-
        ward but “limited [them] in time and scope.” As to time, the dep-
        ositions for the three commissioners could “last no longer than
        four hours combined.” As to scope, the questioning would be lim-
        ited to:
               (1) any communications or other interactions with
               persons or entities other than county staff concerning
               the [p]laintiffs, [the property], or the [political action
               committee], since January 1, 2014; and (2) any mone-
               tary or in-kind contributions to any campaign com-
               mittee or interest group by any opponent to the re-
               zoning at issue.

        The county objected to the magistrate judge’s order, but the dis-
        trict court adopted it. 1 In its objections, the county again argued

        1
           There’s only one difference between the district court’s order and the mag-
        istrate judge’s order. At one of the motion hearings, the sober home told the
        magistrate judge that it wanted to depose Commissioner Hamman instead of
        Commissioner Pendergrass. So the magistrate judge made that switch, order-
        ing the depositions of Commissioners Hamman, Mann, and Manning. The
        county objected to that substitution. So the district court subbed back in Com-
        missioner Pendergrass for Commissioner Hamman.
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        8                      Opinion of the Court                21-13880

        that the commissioners were shielded by quasi-judicial immunity
        and the apex doctrine. None of the commissioners objected. The
        district court found that the magistrate judge’s order was “well-rea-
        soned” and adopted it, allowing the depositions to go forward.
                At that point, the county and the nonparty commissioners
        filed a notice of appeal. This was the first time that the commis-
        sioners appeared in this case. While the appeal was pending, the
        commissioners filed a notice of suggestion of death, informing the
        court that two of the three commissioners—Commissioners Mann
        and Manning—had passed away. We dismissed those two com-
        missioners from this appeal. But we noted that the appeal would
        continue as to Lee County and Commissioner Pendergrass.
               We also issued jurisdictional questions to the parties. We
        asked the parties to address “whether non-party Commissioners
        Frank Mann, John Manning, and Cecil Pendergrass have appellate
        standing to appeal from the district court’s denial of Lee County’s
        motion for protective order.” The parties responded. This opinion
        follows.
                            STANDARD OF REVIEW
               “We review questions of [appellate] standing de novo.”
        LaTele Television, C.A. v. Telemundo Commc’ns Grp., LLC, 9
        F.4th 1349, 1357 (11th Cir. 2021) (reviewing a party’s “standing” to
        “appeal”).
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        21-13880               Opinion of the Court                         9

                                   DISCUSSION
               In this interlocutory appeal, the county and the commis-
        sioner challenge the district court’s denial of quasi-judicial immun-
        ity. That sole issue frames our review. Because this appeal raises
        many jurisdictional—and other threshold—questions, we have the
        option of choosing which path to go down. See Sinochem Int’l Co.
        v. Malaysia Int’l Shipping Corp., 549 U.S. 422, 431 (2007) (“[A] fed-
        eral court has leeway to choose among threshold grounds for deny-
        ing audience to a case on the merits.” (quotation omitted)).
               We rest our decision on two threshold grounds. First, we
        conclude that the county lacks standing to appeal because it was
        not aggrieved by the district court’s order denying the commis-
        sioner’s alleged immunity. Second, we hold that the commissioner
        may not appeal because he was not a party to this case and did not
        participate in the proceedings before the district court.
                                    The county
                The county lacks Article III standing to appeal. “Litigants
        must establish their standing not only to bring claims, but also to
        appeal judgments.” Wolff v. Cash 4 Titles, 351 F.3d 1348, 1353
        (11th Cir. 2003). “To establish appellate standing, a litigant must
        ‘prove that he has suffered a concrete and particularized injury that
        is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct, and is likely to be re-
        dressed by a favorable judicial decision.’” United States v. Amodeo,
        916 F.3d 967, 971 (11th Cir. 2019) (quoting Hollingsworth v. Perry,
        570 U.S. 693, 704 (2013)). This, of course, resembles the standing
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        10                     Opinion of the Court               21-13880

        requirements plaintiffs must meet to bring a case in the first in-
        stance. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83,
        103–04 (1998) (noting that Article III standing to sue requires the
        “triad of injury in fact, causation, and redressability”).
               But, while they are “similar and overlapping, the doctrines
        of appellate standing and trial standing are not identical.” Wolff,
        351 F.3d at 1353. The “most obvious difference” is that “standing
        to appeal” requires an “injury caused by the judgment” while
        “standing to bring suit” requires an “injury caused by the underly-
        ing facts.” 15A Charles A. Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Prac-
        tice and Procedure § 3902 (3d ed. & Supp. Sept. 2022). In other
        words, “[i]n the context of appellate standing, the primary meaning
        of the injury requirement is adverseness: ‘Only a litigant who is
        aggrieved by the judgment or order may appeal.’” Amodeo, 916
        F.3d at 971 (emphasis added) (quoting Wolff, 351 F.3d at 1354).
                The county lacks standing to appeal because it was not ag-
        grieved by the district court’s order denying immunity. That’s be-
        cause what’s at stake in this appeal is the commissioner’s quasi-ju-
        dicial immunity, not the county’s immunity—and so the county
        cannot be aggrieved by the district court’s denial of the immunity.
        In other words, the county’s main argument before the district
        court—and its only argument on appeal—is that the commission-
        ers were shielded from discovery by absolute quasi-judicial immun-
        ity. But official immunities (like quasi-judicial immunity) belong
        to the official, not the county. See Owen v. City of Independence,
        445 U.S. 622, 638 (1980) (holding that, when a municipality is sued,
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        21-13880                Opinion of the Court                          11

        “the municipality may not assert [an official immunity] as a defense
        to [its own] liability under [section] 1983”).
                The Supreme Court has made clear, for example, that “an
        official in a personal-capacity action may . . . be able to assert per-
        sonal immunity defenses” (like quasi-judicial immunity) but that
        “these defenses are unavailable” in a suit against a municipality.
        Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 166–67 (1985); see also Brandon
        v. Holt, 469 U.S. 464, 473 (1985) (“[A] municipality is not entitled
        to the shield of qualified immunity from liability[.]”). Put another
        way, “[t]he[] defenses of absolute immunity and qualified immun-
        ity are the official’s personal privileges for his official acts. They do
        not belong to the governmental entity, and the entity itself is not
        allowed to assert them.” Ying Jing Gan v. City of New York, 996
        F.2d 522, 529 (2d Cir. 1993). Indeed, courts have widely held that
        a municipality—or an official sued in his official capacity (which is
        the equivalent of a suit against the municipality)—cannot assert
        quasi-judicial immunity. See, e.g., Capra v. Cook Cnty. Bd. of Rev.,
        733 F.3d 705, 710 (7th Cir. 2013) (“[M]unicipal entities are not enti-
        tled to absolute [quasi-judicial] immunity.”); VanHorn v.
        Oelschlager, 502 F.3d 775, 779 (8th Cir. 2007) (“[A]bsolute, quasi-
        judicial immunity is not available for defendants sued in their offi-
        cial capacities.”); Turner v. Houma Mun. Fire & Police Civ. Serv.
        Bd., 229 F.3d 478, 483 (5th Cir. 2000) (“[D]efenses such as absolute
        quasi-judicial immunity, that only protect defendants in their indi-
        vidual capacities, are unavailable in official-capacity suits.”).
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        12                     Opinion of the Court                21-13880

               What all of this means is that any official immunity—includ-
        ing quasi-judicial immunity—belongs to the commissioner, not the
        county. See Graham, 473 U.S. at 166–67; Owen, 445 U.S. at 638;
        Brandon, 469 U.S. at 473. The county conceded as much at oral
        argument. Because the immunity does not belong to the county,
        the county is not aggrieved by the district court denying the im-
        munity. And so the denial of quasi-judicial immunity did not give
        the county standing to bring this interlocutory appeal challenging
        the denial of the commissioner’s alleged immunity. See Knight v.
        Alabama, 14 F.3d 1534, 1555–56 (11th Cir. 1994) (explaining that
        only a party who is “aggrieved” by the judgment or order may ap-
        peal).
               Nor was the county aggrieved in any other way. The county
        suggested that it was aggrieved by the district court’s denial of the
        immunity because the depositions would “distract[] [the commis-
        sioners] from their job[s] and their duties.” We doubt that there
        could possibly be any distraction. The depositions, after all, were
        narrowly tailored. The district court limited the depositions to a
        total of four hours on two narrow topics. There’s no indication
        that the depositions would take place during working hours or that
        the county would bear any costs for the depositions. In any event,
        since we’re past the motion-to-dismiss stage, the county had to pre-
        sent “by affidavit or other evidence specific facts” showing that it
        was aggrieved by the district court’s order denying immunity. See
        Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992) (quotation omit-
        ted). It hasn’t done that.
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        21-13880                   Opinion of the Court                                13

                In the end, it’s the commissioner (not the county) who has
        the immunity. Because the county was not aggrieved by the dis-
        trict court’s order denying the immunity, it has no standing to ap-
        peal. See, e.g., Schultz v. Alabama, 42 F.4th 1298, 1317–18 (11th
        Cir. 2022) (dismissing appellants who were not “aggrieved by the
        [district court’s] decision”); Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Barrow, 29
        F.4th 1299, 1303 (11th Cir. 2022) (holding that a party “lack[ed] ap-
        pellate standing” because the party “suffered no injury from the
        [district court’s] judgment”); Amodeo, 916 F.3d at 973 (holding that
        a party “lack[ed] standing” to appeal because the district court’s rul-
        ing “did not aggrieve—or even affect—[him]”). The county’s ap-
        peal must be dismissed. 2
                                     The commissioner
              The commissioner may not appeal, either. “The rule that
        only parties to a lawsuit, or those that properly become parties,
        may appeal an adverse judgment, is well settled.” Marino v. Ortiz,
        484 U.S. 301, 304 (1988); see also In re Leaf Tobacco Bd. of Trade
        of N.Y., 222 U.S. 578, 581 (1911) (“One who is not a party to a rec-
        ord and judgment is not entitled to appeal therefrom.”); Ex parte
        Cockcroft, 104 U.S. 578, 578–79 (1881) (“Inasmuch . . . as the

        2
           There’s also reason to think that the county lacks prudential standing to
        appeal. See Kowalski v. Tesmer, 543 U.S. 125, 129 (2004) (“We have adhered
        to the rule that a party generally must assert his own legal rights and interests,
        and cannot rest his claim to relief on the legal rights or interests of third par-
        ties.” (quotation omitted)). We need not reach that issue, however, because
        the county lacks Article III standing to appeal.
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        14                     Opinion of the Court                21-13880

        petitioner was not made a party to the suit, either by an express
        order of the court to that effect, or by being treated as such, his
        application for an appeal was properly denied.”); Ex parte Cutting,
        94 U.S. 14, 22 (1876) (“Only parties . . . can appeal.”).
               But who counts as a “party” to a case? First, there are the
        named parties. “A ‘party’ to litigation is ‘[o]ne by or against whom
        a lawsuit is brought.’” United States ex rel Eisenstein v. City of
        New York, 556 U.S. 928, 933 (2009) (quoting Black’s Law Diction-
        ary 1154 (8th ed. 2004)). Second, “[o]ne who is not an original party
        to a lawsuit may of course become a party by intervention, substi-
        tution, or third-party practice.” Karcher v. May, 484 U.S. 72, 77
        (1987). Third, as we’ll discuss below, there’s an exception where a
        nonparty—who has not, for example, intervened—may still be
        considered a party who can appeal. See Devlin v. Scardelletti, 536
        U.S. 1, 14 (2002) (holding that “nonnamed class members . . . who
        have objected in a timely manner” before the district court “have
        the power to bring an appeal without first intervening”).
                The commissioner was not a named party—and he did not
        become a party by intervening—so the question here is whether he
        falls into the third bucket. He doesn’t. Our sister circuits have
        adopted various tests for assessing when it is that a nonparty (who
        hasn’t intervened) may appeal. But, whatever the test, those courts
        have consistently required the nonparty to have participated in the
        case before the district court:
              A person who is not a party to the proceedings below
              generally cannot appeal the court’s judgment.
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        21-13880               Opinion of the Court                        15

              However, courts have granted exceptions where the
              non-parties actually participated in the proceedings
              below, the equities weigh in favor of hearing the ap-
              peal, and the non-parties have a personal stake in the
              outcome.

        EEOC v. La. Off. of Cmty. Servs., 47 F.3d 1438, 1442 (5th Cir. 1995)
        (cleaned up & emphasis added); see also, e.g., Northview Motors,
        Inc. v. Chrysler Motors Corp., 186 F.3d 346, 349 (3d Cir. 1999) (“Or-
        dinarily, those who were not parties to the proceeding below may
        not appeal an order of a district court. However, this court has
        recognized that a nonparty may bring an appeal when three condi-
        tions are met: (1) the nonparty has a stake in the outcome of the
        proceedings that is discernible from the record; (2) the nonparty
        has participated in the proceedings before the district court; and (3)
        the equities favor the appeal.” (cleaned up)); Doe v. Pub. Citizen,
        749 F.3d 246, 259 (4th Cir. 2014) (“The rule that only original par-
        ties and intervenors to the action before the district court may ap-
        peal an adverse judgment is not absolute. We have recognized an
        exception to the general rule that permits a nonparty to appeal a
        district court’s order or judgment when the appellant (1) possessed
        an interest in the cause litigated before the district court and (2)
        participated in the proceedings actively enough to make him privy
        to the record.” (cleaned up)); Curtis v. City of Des Moines, 995 F.2d
        125, 128 (8th Cir. 1993) (“Only a properly named party may initiate
        an appeal, and those who neither intervene or otherwise attain
        party status may not appeal a district court’s judgment. There is,
        however, a recognized exception to this rule, where a person has
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        16                     Opinion of the Court                 21-13880

        an interest in the cause litigated and participated in the proceedings
        actively enough to make him privy to the record.” (cleaned up));
        SEC v. Wencke, 783 F.2d 829, 834 (9th Cir. 1986) (“Although per-
        sons who were not parties of record before the district court usu-
        ally may not appeal that court’s orders or judgment, we have al-
        lowed such persons to bring appeals in cases where: (1) they par-
        ticipated in the district court proceedings, and (2) the equities
        weigh in favor of hearing the appeal.”); Frank v. Crawley Petro-
        leum Corp., 992 F.3d 987, 993 (10th Cir. 2021) (“The rule that only
        parties to a lawsuit, or those that properly become parties, may ap-
        peal an adverse judgment, is well settled. But this general rule has
        exceptions, as when a non-party possesses a unique interest in the
        outcome of the case and actively participates in the proceedings re-
        lating to that interest.” (cleaned up)); Broidy Cap. Mgmt. LLC v.
        Muzin, 61 F.4th 984, 991 (D.C. Cir. 2023) (noting that “only parties
        can appeal an adverse underlying order or judgment” but that “the
        label ‘party’ applies also to those bound by an underlying order
        who participated in the trial court”).
                While we need not decide here the precise contours of when
        it is that someone not named a party to a suit (who hasn’t become
        a party) may appeal, we agree with our sister circuits that the non-
        party must have at least participated in the district court. See
        Devlin, 536 U.S. at 8, 10 (allowing a nonparty to appeal when the
        nonparty was “bound by the order from which [he was] seeking to
        appeal” and participated in the district court under “the applicabil-
        ity of various procedural rules”). It is only by participating that we
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        21-13880                Opinion of the Court                        17

        can assure ourselves that a nonparty has become “privy to the rec-
        ord,” United States ex rel. Louisiana v. Boarman, 244 U.S. 397, 402
        (1917) (“[N]o person can . . . appeal . . . to reverse a judgment who
        is not a party or privy to the record.” (cleaned up)), and has been
        “treated” as a party by the district court, Cockcroft, 104 U.S. at 579.
                Here, the commissioner didn’t participate in the district
        court. The sober home served a notice of deposition seeking to
        depose the commissioner. But the county—not the commis-
        sioner—moved for a protective order. The county appeared at
        hearings on that motion. The county filed a notice of supplemental
        authority in support of the protective order. And the county then
        objected to the magistrate judge’s order. The commissioner didn’t
        do any of these things. Indeed, both the magistrate judge and the
        district court were clear that it was the county’s motion for a pro-
        tective order, not the commissioner’s. The commissioner finally
        appeared in the case—for the first time—in the notice of appeal.
        Because the commissioner wasn’t a party, didn’t intervene, and
        didn’t participate in the district court, he cannot appeal the district
        court’s order.
               Other courts have found that a nonparty may not appeal in
        similar circumstances. Take Texas Brine Co. & Occidental Chem-
        ical Corp., 879 F.3d 1224 (10th Cir. 2018), for example. There,
        Texas Brine (a well operator) brought a cross-claim against Oxy (a
        land owner) and sought $6.5 million for the work a consulting firm
        performed for it. Id. at 1226. To verify the costs of that consulting
        work, Oxy issued a subpoena duces tecum to the nonparty
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        18                     Opinion of the Court                 21-13880

        consulting firm. Id. Texas Brine moved to quash that subpoena.
        Id. at 1227. The district court denied Texas Brine’s motion in part.
        Id. And Texas Brine appealed. Id. at 1228. What makes Texas
        Brine similar to our case is that the nonparty consulting firm—who
        hadn’t moved to quash—also filed a notice of appeal. Id. at 1228
        n.4.
                The Tenth Circuit held that the nonparty couldn’t appeal.
        Id. The court explained that, “[i]n general, only parties to a lawsuit
        or those who properly become parties may appeal.” Id. “The ex-
        ception to this rule,” the court said, “is where the nonparty [1] has
        a unique interest in the litigation and [2] becomes involved in the
        resolution of that interest in a timely fashion both at the district
        court level and on appeal.” Id. (cleaned up). The problem in that
        case was that, even if the consulting firm “ha[d] a unique interest
        in th[e] litigation, it plainly fail[ed] to meet the second prong of
        th[e] test.” Id. “Even though [the consulting firm] could have filed
        a motion to quash . . . , it did not.” Id. The consulting firm did
        include an “affidavit attached to Texas Brine’s motion to quash the
        subpoena” stating that the consulting firm “objected to the sub-
        poena.” Id. But that wasn’t enough. The consulting firm “did not
        become involved in [the] case in a timely fashion at the district
        court level” and so the Tenth Circuit couldn’t “review [the consult-
        ing firm’s] challenge to the district court’s order.” Id.
               Our case is just the same. The sober home (who was a
        party) served a notice to depose the commissioner (who was not a
        party). The commissioner didn’t move for a protective order. He
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        21-13880                Opinion of the Court                        19

        didn’t appear in the case. And he didn’t object to the magistrate
        judge’s order denying the protective order. Instead, as in Texas
        Brine, it was a party (the county), not the nonparty (the commis-
        sioner), who opposed the discovery in the district court. And the
        commissioner, like the nonparty consulting firm in Texas Brine, fi-
        nally appeared—for the first time—to appeal the district court’s rul-
        ing. That was too late in Texas Brine and it’s too late here. The
        commissioner didn’t participate before the district court, so he
        can’t appeal.
                Other courts have reached the same conclusion: a nonparty
        who didn’t participate in the district court may not appeal. See,
        e.g., Sky Cable, LLC v. DIRECTV, Inc., 886 F.3d 375, 384 (4th Cir.
        2018) (finding that a nonparty could not appeal where “she did not
        participate in any manner in the post-judgment proceedings at is-
        sue in [the] appeal”); La. Off. of Cmty. Servs., 47 F.3d at 1443 (find-
        ing that a nonparty could not appeal where “[n]either [the non-
        party] nor her attorney pled, intervened or otherwise participated
        in the proceedings below”).
               In response, the commissioner advances two arguments,
        but both are unpersuasive. First, the commissioner argues that he
        couldn’t participate in the district court because the sober home
        issued a “notice of deposition” to the county but did not “sub-
        poena” him. The commissioner contends, in other words, that he
        couldn’t object (or otherwise participate) below because he was a
        nonparty and wasn’t subpoenaed. The commissioner is wrong.
        One way the commissioner could have participated was by moving
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        20                     Opinion of the Court               21-13880

        for a protective order. The federal rules provide that “[a] party or
        any person from whom discovery is sought may move for a pro-
        tective order.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c)(1) (emphasis added). The com-
        missioner could’ve moved for a protective order under rule 26
        even though he was a nonparty.
                Or the commissioner could have participated—and objected
        to the discovery—by sitting for the deposition and asserting a priv-
        ilege in response to concrete questions. Once he asserted the priv-
        ilege and refused to answer, the sober home could have moved for
        an order compelling discovery, and the district court could have
        ordered the commissioner to answer. See generally Fed. R. Civ. P.
        37. Had he been held in contempt for failing to proceed with the
        deposition, the commissioner could’ve then appealed that decision.
        See Drummond Co. v. Terrance P. Collingsworth, Conrad &
        Scherer, LLP, 816 F.3d 1319, 1323 (11th Cir. 2016) (explaining that
        “a litigant seeking to overturn a discovery order” can “refuse to
        comply with the order and contest its validity if subsequently cited
        for contempt for his refusal to obey” (quotation omitted)); see also
        Cobbledick v. United States, 309 U.S. 323, 328 (1940) (explaining
        that once a “witness chooses to disobey [a discovery order] and is
        committed for contempt,” the “witness’ situation becomes so sev-
        ered from the main proceeding as to permit an appeal”). So the
        commissioner had options. There was no reason that he couldn’t
        have opposed the deposition in the district court.
              Second, the commissioner argues that the county asserted
        his immunity on his behalf. But it wasn’t the county’s immunity
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        21-13880              Opinion of the Court                     21

        to assert. See Graham, 473 U.S. at 166–67. And the county’s asser-
        tion of the immunity doesn’t equate to the commissioner’s partici-
        pation in the case. There’s a reason courts require a nonparty’s
        participation in a case before the nonparty can appeal: to ensure
        true adversarial testing. Our case is a prime example of what hap-
        pens without that testing. Here, the commissioner didn’t appear,
        so it’s impossible to know (for example) what his position would
        have been, whether he would have asserted the immunity,
        whether he would have asserted it wholesale or only as to specific
        questions, or what those specific questions would have been. The
        commissioner never got involved in the district court and so we’ll
        stay our hand.
              APPEAL DISMISSED.