Court Opinion

ID: 4572786
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-05 07:00:52.023122+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:28:03.551231
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                          FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                           )
DANIEL J. STOTTER,         )
                           )
           Plaintiff,      )
                           )
           v.              )                         No. 14-cv-2156 (KBJ)
                           )
UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR   )
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, )
                           )
           Defendant.      )
                           )

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff Daniel Stotter submitted a document request under the Freedom of

Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, to the United States Agency for

International Development (“USAID”) on April 10, 2014, seeking records that describe

“any USAID or United States financial grants or funding directed to any Pakistan based

media organizations for the purpose of supporting Pakistan related media projects[,]”

from January 1, 2007, through the time of the request. (Am. Compl., ECF No. 4, ¶ 13.)

Eight months later, on December 21, 2014, Stotter filed the instant FOIA lawsuit,

claiming that USAID had “fail[ed] to provide [him] with all non-exempt responsive

records for his April 10, 2014[,] FOIA request.” (Id. ¶ 47.) 1

1
  Stotter’s complaint originally named as co-defendants the Broadcasting Board of Governors and the
Department of State. (See Compl., ECF No. 1, at 1.) These defendants have since been dismissed from
the lawsuit due to their settlements with Stotter on October 12, 2016, and November 18, 2016,
respectively. (See Notice of Settlement by Broadcasting Board of Governors, ECF No. 45; Notice of
Settlement by Department of State, ECF No. 49.)

                                                 1
        Before this Court at present are the parties’ cross-motions for summary

judgment. (See Mem. in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No.

17-1; Pl.’s Mot. for Partial Summ. J. and Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. (“Pl.’s Mot.”), ECF No.

21.) USAID has now produced all of the records it deems responsive to Stotter’s FOIA

request—totaling 1705 pages (see Def.’s Mot. at 11)—and the crux of the parties’

dispute is whether the agency was justified in employing FOIA Exemption 6 , as well as

Exemption 4, to redact some of the responsive documents (see Pl.’s Mot. at 7–17). 2 In

order to resolve these issues, Stotter asks the Court to conduct an in camera review of

the responsive records. (See id. at 17–18.)

        For the reasons explained below, this Court finds that USAID has appropriately

relied on Exemption 6 to justify certain redactions, which clearly relate to sensitive

personal information that the agency is entitled to withhold, and the agency has also

complied with the FOIA’s segregability requirement with respect to Exemption 6 such

that no in camera review is warranted. However, due to an intervening Supreme Court

opinion that underscores the need for supplemental briefing and/or declarations, this

Court is unable to resolve the parties’ dispute regarding USAID’s invocation of

Exemption 4 based on the present record. Accordingly, USAID’s motion for summary

judgment will be GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART, and Stotter’s motion

for partial summary judgment will be DENIED. A separate order consistent with the

memorandum opinion will follow.

2
 Page-number citations to the documents that the parties and the Court have fil ed refer to the page
numbers that the Court’s Electronic Case Filing System (“ECF”) automatically assigns.

                                                    2
I.     BACKGROUND 3

       A. Factual Background

       In a letter dated April 10, 2014, which was addressed to USAID, Stotter sought

copies of all records concerning “USAID or United States financial grants or funding

directed to any Pakistan based media organizations for the purpose of supporting

Pakistan related media projects[,]” between January 1, 2007, and the date of his request.

(Am. Compl. ¶ 13.) Soon after Stotter submitted this FOIA request, USAID’s FOIA

Office distributed it to various other agency branches, both in the United States and

locally in Pakistan, each of which searched for responsive records. (See Decl. of Lynn

P. Winston, Ex. 2 to Def.’s Mot., ECF No. 13-2, ¶ 6–13.) The various offices located

responsive documents and reviewed the found materials for any exempt information—

including sensitive financial or personal information—before sending the records back

to USAID’s FOIA Office. (See id. ¶¶ 6–13.)

       Then, on June 5, 2014, USAID notified Stotter that some potentially responsive

records had been identified and were under review for clearance, and that , once cleared,

the documents would be released to Stotter on a rolling basis. (See Am. Compl. ¶ 18.)

Around August 24, 2014, USAID provided Stotter with the first tranche of documents—

213 responsive pages, of which 36 were produced in full and 177 were partially

redacted. (See id. ¶ 20.) According to USAID, this production consisted of grant

clearance forms for USAID’s programs in Pakistan, which USAID contractors or

grantees had submitted to request USAID approval for a sub-grant. (See Decl. of

3
 The facts recited herein are alleged in the amended complaint, or in the agency’s summary judgment
motion, and have also been incorporated by reference in Stotter’s cross-motion for summary judgment.
(See Pl.’s Mot. at 4–5.) Thus, except where otherwise noted, these background facts are undisputed.

                                                 3
Stephen Lennon (“Lennon Decl.”), Ex. 1 to Def.’s Mot., ECF No. 13-1, ¶ 6.) Because

these grant clearance forms contained sensitive information about the proposed sub-

grantee, as well as USAID’s overall grantmaking strategy—including specific

information pertaining to American and Pakistani individuals and groups , such as their

precise geographic location (see id.) and budget information (see id. ¶ 10)—some of the

responsive documents were redacted.

      When USAID released these documents, it clarified that the agency had not

completed its search for records that were responsive to Stotter’s FOIA request (see

Am. Compl. ¶ 20), nor had USAID completed its processing of the records that it had

located by the time Stotter filed this lawsuit in December of 2014 (see Def.’s Answer,

ECF No. 7, ¶ 26).

      B. Procedural History

      Stotter’s complaint, which was filed on December 21, 2014, seeks declaratory

and injunctive relief for USAID’s failure to provide him with all non-exempt records

responsive to his FOIA request of April 10, 2014. (See Am. Compl. ¶ 1.) After

Stotter’s complaint was filed, the various agency offices involved in the search for

records confirmed that they had completed their searches and had provided all

documents to the USAID FOIA Office. (See Def.’s Mot. at 10.) Thus, as of June 30,

2015, USAID had released 1,705 pages of responsive material to Stotter, some of which

was redacted pursuant to claimed exemptions. (See Ex. 1 to Def.’s Notice of Filing of

Letter Providing Bates Stamped Records, ECF No. 14-1, at 1.)

      In the context of the instant lawsuit, the agency maintains that “[t]he documents

that USAID has produced are grant clearance forms for one of USAID’s programs in

Pakistan.” (Lennon Decl. ¶ 6.) “These documents are submitted by a USAID

                                            4
contractor or grantee to request USAID approval to award a sub -grant[,]” and as a

result, “[e]ach grant clearance form contains a range of details about the proposed sub -

grant[]” and “USAID’s overall strategy for the program at the local, regional, and

national scope[,]” in addition to “[i]nformation pertaining to American and Pakistani

individuals and groups, as well as their location[.]” (Id.) Consequently, the agency

claims to have withheld two general categories of information with respect to the

records it released. First, “pursuant to FOIA Exemption (b)(6), USAID redacted from

the grant clearance forms identifying information of contractor, grantee, and sub -

grantee staff and beneficiaries, and related information that could be used to identify

them, such as the name of a group with whom they were affiliated, or its location .” (Id.

¶ 9.) Second, with respect to each of the grant clearance forms, “a page of budget

information from the grantee . . . was redacted pursuant to FOIA Exemption 4.” (Id.

¶ 10.)

         The parties have since proceeded to file cross -motions for summary judgment in

this Court. (See Def.’s Mot. (filed on December 14, 2015); Pl.’s Mot. (filed on January

18, 2016).) The agency’s motion argues that USAID’s supplemental declarations and

Vaughn index together sufficiently demonstrate the adequacy of the agency’s search

process, and that these filings also establish that the agency’s withholdings are justified.

(See Def.’s Mot. at 11.) For example, as relevant here, USAID argues that FOIA

Exemption 6—which covers personnel, medical, and similar files implicating personal

privacy—applies to the grant clearance forms at issue, because the material contains

myriad personal details about American and Pakistani individuals and groups, and the

disclosure of such information would compromise protected privacy interests and

                                             5
threaten the safety of the individuals and groups mentioned in the records given the

risky security environment in Pakistan, in a manner that raises concerns that outweigh

the minimal public interest in the identifying information. (See id. at 24–25.) USAID

also contends that FOIA Exemption 4—which protects commercial and financial

information—similarly precludes the disclosure of forms that detail budgetary

information, which might cause competitive disadvantages if disclosed. (See id. at 19.)

Finally, USAID argues that, in carefully reviewing the responsive materials and

cataloguing the withholdings so as to justify the category of sensitive material the

agency has withheld, it has satisfied its segregability burden, and that no additional

non-exempt material remains to be segregated and released. (See id. at 26–27.)

       Stotter’s summary judgment motion argues that USAID has improperly applied

Exemptions 6 and 4 in various ways. (See Pl.’s Mot. at 7–17.) In particular, Stotter

maintains that USAID has misapplied Exemption 6 to withhold information pertaining

to organizations, as opposed to individuals (see id. at 8–9), and that, in any event, the

agency has alleged “only highly speculative potential harm that ‘could occur,’” which

fails to exceed the public interest in the disclosure of such information ( see id. at 11–

13). Similarly, Stotter contends that USAID has improperly invoked Exemption 4 to

withhold financial information in the absence of evidence of actual competition and

evidence of the likelihood of competitive injury resulting from disclosure of the

material at issue. (See id. at 15–16.) Stotter also argues that, “by employing overly

broad withholdings and redactions” under those exemptions, the agency has failed to

satisfy its burden of releasing all reasonably segregable, non -exempt information. (See
id. at 17.)

                                             6
        The parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment have been fully briefed (see

Def.’s Reply and Opp’n to Pl.’s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Reply”), ECF No.

31), and are now ripe for this Court’s consideration. 4

II.     LEGAL STANDARDS

        A. Summary Judgment In FOIA Cases

        “FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary

judgment.” Defs. of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C.

2009) (citing Bigwood v. U.S. Agency for Int’l Dev., 484 F. Supp. 2d 68, 73 (D.D.C.

2007)). A district court deciding a motion for summary judgment in a FOIA case must

review the record de novo, and has the authority “to order the production of any agency

records improperly withheld from the complainant.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B). “In

reviewing the agency action, the Court must analyze the facts and inferences in the light

most favorable to the FOIA requester.” Unrow Human Rights Impact Litig. Clinic v.

Dep’t of State, 134 F. Supp. 3d 263, 271 (D.D.C. 2015).

        Under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a court may grant

summary judgment only when the pleadings, materials on file, and affidavits “show that

there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to a

judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). To prevail on summary judgment

with respect to a FOIA claim, the agency must demonstrate that it has: (1) conducted an

4
  On December 6, 2016, Stotter notified the Court that he “inadvertently did not timely file his final
reply briefing . . . due to confusion by [Plaintiff’s counsel] as to the multi-party briefing schedule[.]”
(Pl.’s Consent Mot. for Extension of Time, ECF No. 52, at 1.) The Court denied Stotter’s request for
an extension to file a reply brief, in light of “the history of this action, which includes multiple missed
deadlines and extension requests, and also Plaintiff ’s failure to demonstrate the existence of any
circumstances that justify the proposed filing of a brief that was due more than four months ago, much
less ‘exceptional’ circumstances[.]” (Minute Order of Dec. 6, 2016.)

                                                     7
adequate search for responsive records, (2) withheld records only pursuant to a valid

FOIA exemption (if at all), and (3) released to the requestor all non-exempt and

reasonably segregable responsive records. See Walston v. Dep’t of Def., 238 F. Supp.
3d 57, 62 (D.D.C. 2017) (crediting the agency’s argument that “summary judgment is

warranted because it conducted an adequate search for records in response to

[Plaintiff’s] FOIA request; properly redacted its productions pursuant to the applicable

FOIA exemptions; and complied with FOIA’s segregability requirement”).

       The first requirement “for an agency to prevail on summary judgment [is to]

prove that its search was reasonable[,]” Conservation Force v. Ashe, 979 F. Supp. 2d
90, 98 (D.D.C. 2013), “which it can do by submitting ‘[a] reasonably detailed affidavit,

setting forth the search terms and the type of search performed, and averring that all

files likely to contain responsive materials (if such records exist) were searched[,]’”

Reporters Comm. for Freedom of Press v. F.B.I., 877 F.3d 399, 402 (D.C. Cir. 2017)

(second alteration in original) (quoting Oglesby v. Dep’t of Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C.

Cir. 1990)). Although the responsive records that an agency locates in the course of an

adequate search ordinarily must be released in full to the requestor, the FOIA authorizes

agencies to withhold certain documents, in whole or in part, pursuant to any of nine

statutory exemptions. See Milner v. Dep’t of Navy, 562 U.S. 562, 564 (2011). Thus,

for the agency to prevail on summary judgment, in addition to demonstrating the

adequacy of the search, the agency must “demonstrate that the records have not been

improperly withheld.” Ctr. for the Study of Servs. v. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs.,

874 F.3d 287, 288 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

                                             8
       “The burden is on the agency to justify withholding the requested documents,

and the FOIA directs district courts to determine de novo whether non-disclosure was

permissible.” Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 777 F.3d 518, 522

(D.C. Cir. 2015). Affidavits from agency officials that explain the withholdings are

sufficient to support summary judgment “when the affidavits describe the justifications

for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information

withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by

either contrary evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.” Larson v.

Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d 857, 862 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting Miller v. Casey, 730 F.2d
773, 776 (D.C. Cir. 1984)). By contrast, “conclusory and generalized allegations of

exemptions” do not suffice to support summary judgment. Morley v. C.I.A., 508 F.3d
1108, 1115 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Founding Church of Scientology of Wash., D.C.,

Inc. v. N.S.A., 610 F.2d 824, 830 (D.C. Cir. 1979)). In addition, an agency may seek to

justify its withholdings by presenting a detailed listing of the records at issue, the

information withheld, and the justification for any withholding. See generally Vaughn

v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820 (D.C. Cir. 1973).

       Finally, because the FOIA further mandates that “[a]ny reasonably segregable

portion of a record shall be provided to any person requesting such record after deletion

of the portions which are exempt[,]” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b), the agency has a duty to

produce all non-exempt portions of records that can be reasonable segregated from the

exempt parts, and the court must ensure that this segregability requirement is followed,

even if it must do so sua sponte. See Morley, 508 F.3d at 1123.

                                             9
       B. FOIA Exemption 6

       FOIA Exemption 6 pertains to “personnel and medical files and similar files”

when the disclosure of such information “would constitute a clearly unwarranted

invasion of personal privacy[.]” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). Thus, this exemption protects an

individual’s substantial privacy interests in the absence of a superseding public interest

in disclosure. See, e.g., Nat’l Association of Home Builders v. Norton, 309 F.3d 26, 33

(D.C. Cir. 2002); Multi Ag Media LLC v. Dep’t of Agric., 515 F.3d 1224, 1230 (D.C.

Cir. 2008). This means that “corporations, businesses[,] and partnerships have no

privacy interest whatsoever under Exemption 6[,]” Washington Post Co. v. Dep’t of

Agric., 943 F. Supp. 31, 37 n.6 (D.D.C. 1996); see also Canning v. Dep’t of State, 134
F. Supp. 3d 490, 514 (D.D.C. 2015); however, “to the extent that identifying

information such as an organization’s address can implicate the privacy of individuals,

releasing such sensitive information about the organization is functionally the same as

releasing similar information about the organization’s individual members[,]” and is

thus exempted under the FOIA’s Exemption 6, Pavement Coatings Tech. Council v.

U.S. Geological Survey, 436 F. Supp. 3d 115, 131 (D.D.C. 2019).

       Courts generally follow a two-step process when considering withholdings or

redactions pursuant to Exemption 6. First, the court determines whether the records are

the type of personnel, medical, or similar files that the exemption covers. “The

Supreme Court has interpreted the term ‘similar files’ broadly so as ‘to cover detailed

Government records on an individual which can be identified as applying to that

individual.’” Ayuda, Inc. v. F.T.C., 70 F. Supp. 3d 247, 264 (D.D.C. 2014) (quoting

Dep’t of State v. Wash. Post Co., 456 U.S. 595, 602 (1982)); see also Roseberry-

Andrews v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 299 F. Supp. 3d 9, 29 (D.D.C. 2018). Second, if the

                                            10
records are of the type covered by the exemption, the court proceeds to determine

whether their disclosure “would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal

privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6); see also Dep’t of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 382

(1976); Long v. I.C.E., 279 F. Supp. 3d 226, 243 (D.D.C. 2017).

      This latter step itself entails another two-prong analysis, see Am. Immigration

Lawyers Ass’n v. Exec. Office for Immigration Review, 830 F.3d 667, 673–74 (D.C. Cir.

2016), whereby the court first determines whether “disclosure would compromise a

substantial, as opposed to a de minimis, privacy interest[,]” Nat’l Ass’n of Home

Builders, 309 F.3d at 33 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), and, if a

substantial privacy interest is implicated, the court proceeds to evaluate “whether the

public interest in disclosure outweighs the individual privacy concerns [,]” Multi Ag

Media., 515 F.3d at 1230 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted). Notably, “the only relevant ‘public interest in disclosure’ to be weighed in

this balance is the extent to which disclosure would serve the ‘core purpose of the

FOIA,’ which is ‘contribut[ing] significantly to public understanding of the operations

or activities of the government.’” Dep’t of Defense v. F.L.R.A., 510 U.S. 487, 495

(1994) (emphasis in original) (quoting Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm. for

Freedom of Press, 489 U.S. 749, 775 (1989)); see also Roseberry-Andrews, 299 F.

Supp. 3d at 29–30.

      C. FOIA Exemption 4

      Under FOIA Exemption 4, “trade secrets and commercial or financial

information” that an agency obtains from a person and that is otherwise “privileged or

confidential” may be withheld. 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(4). Thus, an agency may rely on

Exemption 4 if it can establish that withheld information is “(1) commercial or

                                           11
financial, (2) obtained from a person, and (3) privileged or confidential.” Pub. Citizen

Health Research Grp. v. F.D.A., 704 F.2d 1280, 1290 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (internal citation

omitted); see also 5 U.S.C. § 551(2) (defining “person” broadly to “include[] an

individual, partnership, corporation, association, or public or private organization other

than an agency”). Only the last prong is at issue here.

       The Supreme Court has recently “set forth a single test for determining whether

information—regardless [of] whether voluntarily or involuntarily submitted to the

government—is confidential under Exemption 4.” Ctr. for Investigative Reporting v.

U.S. Customs & Border Prot., 436 F. Supp. 3d 90, 109 (D.D.C. 2019). Specifically,

“[a]t least where commercial or financial information is [1] both customarily and

actually treated as private by its owner and [2] provided to the government under an

assurance of privacy, the information is ‘confidential’ within the meaning of Exemption

4.” Food Mktg. Inst. v. Argus Leader Media, 139 S. Ct. 2356, 2366 (2019). Although

the Supreme Court did not “need to resolve” whether the second condition it announced

was necessary in every case, it is clear beyond cavil that whether the agency provided

an “assurance of privacy” when it receive the information is relevant to determining

whether financial information that is shared with the government is “confidential”

pursuant to the FOIA’s Exemption 4. Id. at 2363; see also Ctr. for Investigative

Reporting, 436 F. Supp. 3d at 109.

       D. FOIA’s Segregability Requirement

       Finally, if an agency demonstrates with reasonably specific detail that the

information it has withheld logically falls within one of the FOIA’s exemptions, and if

contrary evidence or agency bad faith does not controvert this justification for the

withholdings, courts conclude that the agency has appropriately applied the claimed

                                            12
exemptions to withhold the disputed information. See Larson v. Dep’t of State, 565
F.3d 857, 862 (D.C. Cir. 2009). However, the FOIA also expressly requires agencies to

extract “[a]ny reasonably segregable portion of a record” and provide it to the

requesting party “after deletion of the portions which are exempt.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b).

The difference between the segregability requirement and the FOIA’s more general

requirement of disclosure of non-exempt information is that segregability is specifically

concerned with extricability and acknowledges the practical limitations of disclosure

insofar as non-exempt and exempt material may be inextricably interlaced . Indeed, “it

has long been the rule in this Circuit that non-exempt portions of a document must be

disclosed unless they are inextricably intertwined with exempt portions.” Wilderness

Soc’y v. Dep’t of Interior, 344 F. Supp. 2d 1, 18 (D.D.C. 2004) (quoting Mead Data

Cent., Inc. v. Dep’t of Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 260 (D.C. Cir. 1977)) (emphasis in

original) (alteration omitted). Furthermore, “a district court must not ‘simply approve

the withholding of an entire document without entering a finding on segregability, or

the lack thereof.’” Barouch v. Dep’t of Justice, 962 F. Supp. 2d 30, 55 (D.D.C. 2013)

(quoting Schiller v. N.L.R.B., 964 F.2d 1205, 1210 (D.C. Cir. 1992)).

      “To withhold the entirety of a document, the agency must demonstrate that it

cannot segregate the exempt material from the non -exempt and must disclose as much

as possible.” Hertzberg v. Veneman, 273 F. Supp. 2d 67, 90 (D.D.C. 2003). This

showing requires more than “conclusory statements to demonstrate that all reasonably

segregable information has been released.” Valfells v. C.I.A., 717 F. Supp. 2d 110, 120

(D.D.C. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). The government m ay meet its

obligation of “reasonable specificity” through “[t]he combination of the Vaughn index

                                           13
and [agency] affidavits[,]” Johnson v. Exec. Office for U.S. Att’ys, 310 F.3d 771, 776

(D.C. Cir. 2002), and the agency need not “commit significant time and resources to the

separation of disjointed words, phrases, or even sentences which taken separately or

together have minimal or no information content . . . because the cost of line-by-line

analysis would be high and the result would be an essentially meani ngless set of words

and phrases.” Mead Data, 566 F.2d at 261 & n.55; see also Johnson, 310 F.3d at 776

(explaining that, “[i]n order to demonstrate that all reasonably segregable material has

been released, the agency must provide a detailed justification ” for the withheld

information’s non-segregability, but “the agency is not required to provide so much

detail that the exempt material would be effectively disclosed.” (cleaned up)).

       Where the agency has outlined its review process in detail to show compliance, it

is not necessary for the court to conduct in camera review to confirm that the agency

has complied with the segregability requirement. See Jett v. F.B.I., 241 F. Supp 3d 1,

14 (D.D.C. 2017) (holding that, “[i]n the absence of any reason to believe the

[agency’s] representation is not made in good faith, the court is satisfied that the

[agency] has demonstrated it released to [the requester] any segregable, nonexempt

portions of the records at issue”). The D.C. Circuit has also held that, “[w]hen the

agency meets its burden by means of affidavits, in camera review is neither necessary

nor appropriate.” Am. Civil Liberties Union v. Dep’t of Def., 628 F.3d 612, 626 (D.C.

Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Hayden v. N.S.A., 608 F.2d
1381, 1387 (D.C. Cir. 1979)).

                                            14
III.   ANALYSIS

       In their cross-motions for summary judgment, the parties are at odds over

whether it is appropriate for USAID to invoke FOIA Exemptions 6 and 4 under the

circumstances presented here, and whether the agency has fulfilled its obligation to

release all segregable material. (Compare Pl.’s Mot. at 3–4 (arguing that USAID has

made improper withholdings and has failed to satisfy its statutory obligation to release

all reasonably segregable non-exempt material) with Def.’s Mot. at 8 (asserting that

USAID has properly justified its withholdings and has complied fully with the FOIA’s

segregability requirement ).) For the reasons explained below, this Court concludes

that USAID’s invocation of Exemption 6 was proper with respect to the documents at

issue, and that the agency is entitled to summary judgment concerning those particular

withholdings, because it has demonstrated that all reasonably segregable material has

been released. However, due to intervening binding precedent, the record is presently

insufficient to allow the Court to determine whether the agency has properly justified

its withholdings pursuant to Exemption 4, or whether USAID has complied with the

FOIA’s segregability requirement with respect to this exemption.

       A. USAID’s Withholding Of Identifying Information Was Proper Under
          FOIA Exemption 6

       The FOIA request at issue in this case sought copies of the grant clearance forms

that relate to USAID’s funding of Pakistan-based media organizations, among other

things (see Pl.’s Mot. at 3–4), and as it turned out, those grant forms constituted the

entirety of the records that USAID located in response to Stotter’s request (see Def.’s

Mot. at 24 (citation omitted)). USAID released redacted copies of those records,

claiming, inter alia, that the agency was entitled to withhold personal identifying

                                            15
information concerning individual and organizational grantees pursuant to Exemption 6.

(See id. at 19–26.) As explained below, this Court concludes that USAID has made the

requisite showing that the information it has withheld pursuant to Exemption 6 logically

falls within the scope of that exemption, because the records qualify as the types of

records to which Exemption 6 applies, and the privacy interests at stake are both

substantial and outweigh any public interest in disclosure. See Pavement Coatings, 436
F. Supp. 3d at 130.

       To begin with, the Court has little doubt that the withheld information in the

grant records qualifies as “similar files” for the purpose of Exemption 6, because the

“similar files” qualification pertains not only to entire records, but also “bits of

personal information, such as names and addresses,” the disclosure of which would

create “a palpable threat to privacy.” Judicial Watch, Inc. v. F.D.A., 449 F.3d 141,

152–53 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (quoting Carter v. Dep’t of Commerce, 830 F.2d 388, 391

(D.C. Cir. 1987)). So, for example, even when the requested records do not themselves

qualify as “personnel” files, “[t]he names and contact information of federal employees

are the type of information that is eligible for withholding under Exemption 6.” Long,
279 F. Supp. 3d at 243.

       Here, the grant forms that Stotter seeks contain personal, identifying information

about the grant recipients, and USAID represents that it has “redacted from the grant

clearance forms identifying information of contractor, grantee, and sub -grantee staff

and beneficiaries, and related information that could be used to identify them, such as

the name of a group with whom they were affiliated, or its location.” (Lennon Decl.

¶ 9.) This Court sees no material difference between the information that USAID has

                                             16
withheld here and the “names[,] work locations, and other personally identifiable

information” that has been deemed clearly protected under Exemption 6 in prior cases .

Roseberry-Andrews, 299 F. Supp. 3d at 30.

       In addition to establishing that the redacted information in the grant clearance

forms at issue falls within the scope of Exemption 6, USAID has also demonstrated that

the privacy interest in non-disclosure is a substantial one and not “de minimis.” Nat’l

Ass’n of Home Builders, 309 F.3d at 33. As USAID maintains (see Def.’s Reply at 4–

5), there is a recognized risk that the release of identifying information concerning

individuals who are tied to the U.S. government and who work in a sensitive

geopolitical region like Pakistan might subject those individuals to targeting, potential

inquiries, or harassment. See Long, 279 F. Supp. 3d at 243–44 (finding that “employees

have a legitimate privacy interest in avoiding targeted harassment based on their role ”

in certain sensitive employment-related duties). And in this regard, USAID’s

declarations ably explain that, “[i]n its work in Pakistan, the U.S. government faces a

somewhat risky security environment, one in which U.S. Government staff . . . are

careful not to openly advertise their U.S Government affiliation due to se curity risks

and occasional threats.” (Lennon Decl. ¶ 7.) Indeed, apparently, “[t]he risks of

advertising U.S. affiliation have been noted to USAID in meetings with officials

representing the Government of Pakistan and by staff of USAID funded contractors and

grantees[,]” and the declaration avers that “[t]he violent extremist actors who are

responsible for these threats and who oppose U.S. Government activities would pose a

security risk to persons and groups identified in the grant clearance forms as being

affiliated with USAID.” (Id. ¶ 8.)

                                            17
       Lastly, the privacy interest in withholding identifying information regarding

USAID-affiliated grantees in Pakistan outweighs any public interest in the disclosure of

information. In fact, it is not at all clear how the withheld information advances the

general public interest in shedding light on “the operations or activities of government,”

Dep’t of Def. v. F.L.R.A., 510 U.S. 487, 495 (1994) (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted), and the seemingly de minimis interest in the identified of the

individuals and groups named in the grant records must be weighed against the

substantial personal privacy interests that these records implicate (see Lennon Decl.

¶¶ 7–8). It is also clear that the unredacted information that USAID has released already

details the agency’s operations and activities that involve expanding access to , and

improving, the quality of media in Pakistan. (See, e.g., Ex. B to Pl.’s Mot., ECF No.

21-2, at 9–14 (providing the “Program Description” and “over-arching goals” for an

agency program called “Enabling Progressive Media Voices in Pakistan”).) Thus,

“[t]he incremental value of revealing the identity of the affected individuals . . . would

provide only a small benefit to the public interest[ ,]” Pinson v. Dep’t of Justice, 243 F.

Supp. 3d 74, 84 (D.D.C. 2017) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted)) , and that

interest is not manifestly more important than the privacy interest of grantees or

partners of the USAID in Pakistan.

       Stotter’s arguments in support of the view that the information at issue has

nevertheless been improperly withheld are unpersuasive. For instance, Stotter

maintains that USAID has submitted a Vaughn index and affidavits that are insufficient

to distinguish between personal identifying information involving individuals (which

Exemption 6 protects) and personal identifying information involving organizations as

                                             18
a whole (to which Exemption 6 is inapplicable). (See Pl.’s Mot. at 8; see also, e.g.,

Def.’s Vaughn Index, Ex. 3 to Def.’s Mot., ECF No. 13-3, at 1 (explaining that the

information redacted relates to “individuals and groups” (emphasis added)).) To be

sure, as explained above, courts have consistently held that Exemption 6 “cover[s]

detailed Government records on an individual which can be identified as applying to

that individual” and whose disclosure might invade that individual’s privacy interests,

Ayuda, 70 F. Supp. 3d at 264 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted), and that

“organizations have no privacy interests” under Exemption 6 , Canning, 134 F. Supp. 3d

at 514. But the “privacy interest at stake may vary depending on the context in which it

is asserted[,]” Armstrong v. Executive Office of the President, 97 F.3d 575, 582 (D.C.

Cir. 1996), and Stotter fails to explain why the individual-versus-organization

distinction makes any difference in this particular case.

       In particular, courts in this circuit have long held that, under certain

circumstances, “an individual person’s privacy interests might be implicated even if the

name or address at issue pertains to an organization or other non-individual entity.”

Pavement Coatings, 436 F. Supp. 3d at 131. For example, where “organizations whose

identities have been withheld are very small[,]” the “organizational identity of . . .

grantees is information [that] . . . ‘applies to a particular individual,’ and thus . . . may

be protected from disclosure by Exemption 6 of the FOIA.” Bigwood, 484 F. Supp. 2d

at 76. This same analysis gave rise to the D.C. Circuit’s conclusion in Judicial Watch,

Inc. v. F.D.A., 449 F.3d 141 (D.C. Cir. 2006), where the FDA had redacted “the names

of agency personnel and private individuals and companies who worked on the approval

of mifepristone”—an abortion medication—as well as “the street addresses of the

                                              19
intervenors and all business partners associated with the manufacturing of the drug.”
Id. at 153. The D.C. Circuit held that the invocation of Exemption 6 was proper with

respect to both individuals and non-individual entities, because the FDA’s affidavits

had “fairly asserted abortion-related violence as a privacy interest for both the names

and addresses of persons and businesses associated with mifepristone[,]” id. (emphasis

added), and concluded that, because “[t]he privacy interest extends to all such

employees[,]” the agency did not need to “justify the withholding of names on an

individual-by-individual basis under FOIA Exemption 6[,]” id. (cleaned up).

       So it is here. USAID has averred that violence might befall both individuals and

organizations in Pakistan if their ties to the United States are revealed. (See Lennon

Decl. ¶¶ 7–8.) Accordingly, the agency asserts that withholding identifying information

about grantee-organizations is necessary to protect the security of a grantee-

organization and its individual employees, and “to the extent that identifying

information such as an organization’s address [or name] can implicate the privacy of

individuals, releasing such sensitive information about the organization is functionally

the same as releasing similar information about the organization’s individual

members[,]” Pavement Coatings, 436 F. Supp. 3d at 131. Notably, although Stotter

maintains that any alleged harm to the identified individuals and groups is merely

speculative (see Pl.’s Mot. at 11–12), Stotter does not dispute that Pakistan remains a

“risky security environment” from the standpoint of U.S.-Pakistani relations (Def.’s

Mot. at 24–25; see also Pl.’s Mot. at 11–12). And USAID’s affidavits not only explain

in detail the threats faced by U.S.-affiliated individuals and organizations in Pakistan

generally (see Lennon Decl. ¶¶ 7–8), but also note that there are heightened security

                                            20
concerns with respect to the records that Stotter seeks, given that “[t]he documents at

issue here primarily relate to USAID programming in the Federally A dministered Tribal

Areas in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province (sometimes referred to as FATA/KP),

which is one of the most insecure areas of Pakistan” (id. ¶ 7). Thus, because “publicly

identifying” USAID’s grantees “would subject those individuals” to “potentially

malicious inquiries” or “even harassment[,]” disclosure of their identities implicates a

substantial privacy interest for the purpose of Exemption 6. Long, 279 F. Supp. 3d at

244 (emphasis added).

       Finally, Stotter’s conclusory assertion that there is “a very significant public

interest” in the requested identifying information—which is supported solely by his

own declaration contending as much (Pl.’s Mot. at 13 (citing Decl. of Daniel J. Stotter,

Ex. 2 to Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 21-2, ¶¶ 3–8); see also id. at 13–14)—does little to suggest

or demonstrate that there is a substantial public interest in the identities of these

grantees and affiliates in particular, such that their private interests in nondisclosure is

overcome. See Salas v. Office of Inspector General, 577 F. Supp. 2d 105, 112 (D.D.C.

2008). Stotter also fails to point to any public good or need that disclosure would

promote, see Martin v. Dep’t of Justice, 488 F.3d 446, 458 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (explaining

that “the public interest sought to be advanced” must be “more specific than [the

requestor] having the information for its own sake” (citation omitted)), nor has he

established that the withheld identifying information has inherent value or in any way

advances the public’s interest in understanding USAID’s operations or activities, see

Dep’t of Def., 510 U.S. at 495.

                                             21
        In sum, the withheld information is of the type that Exemption 6 protects, and

there is a substantial privacy interest in the requested identifying information due to the

personal security risks that disclosure poses, which clearly outweighs the negligible

public interest in the release of that information in light of the related programs and

activities of USAID that have already been disclosed. Therefore, the Court concludes

that the agency’s withholdings of personal identifying information concerning

individuals and organizations in the requested grant forms are authorized under

Exemption 6.

        B. With Respect To The Agency’s Withholdings Pursuant To Exemption 6,
           USAID Has Complied With FOIA’s Segregability Requirement

        It is also clear to this Court that USAID has met its segregability burden with

respect to the information that is has withheld pursuant to Exemption 6. After

collecting the 1,705 pages of documents responsive to Stotter’s FOIA request ( see

Def.’s Mot. at 11), USAID “carefully examined each of the responsive documents and

released all reasonably segregable nonexempt information to Plaintiff ,” accompanied by

a “chart that summarizes representative information contained in each grant clearance

form determined to be responsive to Plaintiff’s FOIA request and the potentially

sensitive information that may appear in these documents and that may be redacted for

particular grants[.]” (Def.’s Mot. at 26–27; see also Lennon Decl. ¶ 11.) The agency’s

Vaughn index and affidavits were exceedingly specific in detailing the categories of

identifying responsive information which it chose to redact from each of the grant

clearance forms under Exemption 6. 5 In addition, the agency’s declarations explain the

5
 For example, the index states that the redaction pertains to “all or part of [the] following fields[:]
Grant Activity Number; Grant Activity Name; Awardee; Point of Contact/Awardee Contact (Including
Work Phone, Mobile, Fax Number, Email, Address, City and Postal Code); Activity

                                                   22
reasons for withholding each category of information pursuant to Exemption 6. (See,

e.g., Lennon Decl. ¶ 11 (explaining that “[p]ortions of the grant activity number are

often redacted because the alphanumeric codes contain indications of where grant

activities occur and which implementing partner is responsible for the activity”).) And

it appears that the agency deliberately released some information that was not otherwise

deemed protected under a FOIA exemption. (See, e.g., Attachments B and C, Ex. 2 to

Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 21-2, at 9–16 (attaching a document Stotter received that details

the objectives of a specific media program, as well as a copy of the accompanying

cooperative agreement and total sum awarded to the media partner, with neither

attachment revealing detailed financial information or personal information regarding

affiliated individuals).)

       USAID also revisited fields that it had formerly “redacted in some instances in

the initial release of documents” and proceeded to release information in a subsequent

disclosure. (See Lennon Decl. ¶ 11 n.1.) Thus, the line-by-line analysis for the 1,705

responsive records was neither “short in length [nor] small in number” (Def.’s Reply at

10); yet, the agency undertook the difficult task of untangling the non -exempt from the

exempt material. See Mead Data, 566 F.2d at 261 n.55 (recognizing the cost of line-by-

line analysis); see also Wilderness Soc’y v. Dep’t of Interior, 344 F. Supp. 2d 1, 19

(D.D.C. 2004) (noting that it is not sufficient for the agency merely to present “a

blanket declaration that all facts are so intertwined” as not to be reasonably segregable).

The fact that the agency specified the sensitive fields that were redacted from the

release, released the fields not subject to Exemption 6, and even reconsidered former

Summary/Justification; Tehsil, Town, City/Village[.]” (Def.’s Vaughn Index at 1.)

                                                 23
redactions gives the Court confidence that USAID made a serious effort to release what

it could, and excluded only that which was permissible under Exemption 6. This

showing gives rise to a presumption of compliance with the segregability requirement,

cf. Soto v. Dep’t of State, 118 F. Supp. 3d 355, 370 (D.D.C. 2015), and as a result, the

Court concludes that USAID has satisfied its segregability burden with respect to

Exemption 6.

       C. This Court Cannot Determine At This Time Whether USAID’s
          Withholding Of Budgetary Information Was Proper Under FOIA
          Exemption 4

       With respect to USAID’s withholdings that are purportedly justified based on

FOIA Exemption 4, the parties dispute whether the information that Stotter has

requested—i.e., “any USAID or United States financial grants or funding directed to

any Pakistan based media organizations” (Am. Compl. ¶ 13)—qualifies as

“confidential” information for the purpose of Exemption 4. See Pub. Citizen, 704 F.2d

at 1290 (explaining that, per the terms of the FOIA, information that is provided to the

government is protected from wider public disclosure under Exemption 4 if that

information is “(1) commercial or financial, (2) obtained from a person, and (3)

privileged or confidential”). Until recently, in the D.C. Circuit, a court’s analysis of

whether financial information was confidential pursuant to Exemption 4 “turn[ed] on

whether the information was provided to the government voluntarily or involuntarily[,]”

100Reporters LLC v. Dep’t of Justice, 248 F. Supp. 3d 115, 138 (D.D.C. 2017), and if

the information was provided involuntarily—as is the case with the financial records

that are a required component of the USAID grant applications—the court further

evaluated whether a substantial and actual competitive injury would result from its

disclosure, see Nat’l Parks & Conservation Ass’n v. Kleppe, 547 F.2d 673, 679 (D.C.

                                            24
Cir. 1976). 6 Accordingly, the parties in the instant matter centered their respective

arguments around this test (see Pl.’s Mot. at 15–16; Def.’s Reply at 8–9), and the

agency’s affidavits and Vaughn index similarly focused on assertions of competitive

harm (see Lennon Decl. ¶ 10 (“If released, the budget information in the [grants under

contract] could a cause competitive cost disadvantage with other partners or grantees.”);

Vaughn Index at 1 (explaining that disclosing certain information “could cause

competitive harm by: (1) allowing competing implementing partners to gain a

competitive cost advantage over one another and/or (2) allowing vendors to collude and

drive up prices at the expense of U.S. Government assistance”)).

       However, while the instant case was pending, the Supreme Court abrogated the

D.C. Circuit’s competitive-harm test, see Food Mktg. Inst., 139 S. Ct. at 2365–66, such

that the applicable standard now requires an assessment of “two conditions that might

be required for information communicated to another to be considered confidential[,]”

regardless of whether the information is voluntarily or involuntarily shared with the

government: (1) whether the information is “customarily and actually treated as private

by its owner[,]” and (2) whether it was “provided to the government under an assurance

of privacy[,]” id. at 2366. And because neither Stotter nor USAID has addressed this

new test for confidentiality, this Court is unable to resolve the parties’ Exemption 4

dispute based on the record presently before it. Consequently, and for this reason

6
  Long-standing D.C. Circuit precedent held that financial information that was provided to an agency
voluntarily was to be treated as confidential for Exemption 4 purposes only “if it [was] of a kind that
would customarily not be released to the public by the person from whom it was obtained.” Critical
Mass Energy Project v. Nuclear Regul. Comm’n, 975 F.2d 871, 879 (D.C. Cir. 1992). But if the agency
had obtained financial material through an involuntary disclosure, the D.C. Circuit treated that
information as “confidential” under Exemption 4 if the agency demonstrated that the persons who
submitted the information “(1) actually face competition, and (2) substantial competitive injury would
likely result from disclosure.” Nat’l Parks, 547 F.2d at 679.

                                                  25
alone, this Court cannot order summary judgment in favor of either party at this time,

and it will require supplemental briefing in order to resolve the remaining legal issues

in this case.

IV.    CONCLUSION

       As set forth in the accompanying Order, and for the reasons explained above,

Defendant USAID’s motion for summary judgment must be GRANTED IN PART and

DENIED IN PART, and Plaintiff’s cross-motion for summary judgment must be

DENIED in full. The agency has established that it has properly invoked FOIA

Exemption 6 to justify the withholdings that pertain to the identifying information of

individuals and organizations that are contained in the requested records , and it has also

sufficiently demonstrated that it has complied with the FOIA’s segregability obligation

with respect to those Exemption 6 withholdings. But due to an intervening change in

the applicable standards for evaluating withholdings under Exemption 4, the Court

cannot yet rule on the propriety of USAID’s withholdings pursuant to that exemption .

Supplemental briefing is required, and will be ordered.

DATE: October 3, 2020                                   Ketanji Brown Jackson
                                                        KETANJI BROWN JACKSON
                                                        United States District Judge

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