Court Opinion

ID: 9957970
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-05 21:14:48.346815+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:17:35.386360
License: Public Domain

VERMONT SUPREME COURT                                                      Case No.       23-AP-133
109 State Street
Montpelier VT 05609-0801
802-828-4774
www.vermontjudiciary.org

Note: In the case title, an asterisk (*) indicates an appellant and a double asterisk (**) indicates a cross-
appellant. Decisions of a three-justice panel are not to be considered as precedent before any tribunal.

                                           ENTRY ORDER

                                         APRIL TERM, 2024

State of Vermont v. Randy Bluto*                    }    APPEALED FROM:
                                                    }    Superior Court, Franklin Unit,
                                                    }    Criminal Division
                                                    }    CASE NO. 21-CR-02726
                                                         Trial Judge: Martin A. Maley

                                In the above-entitled cause, the Clerk will enter:

        Defendant appeals a restitution order. On appeal, defendant argues that the State did not
meet its burden of proof regarding the amount of the uninsured loss, the restation award was
unconstitutional because it exceeded the maximum fine for the offense, and the court abused its
discretion in failing to consider defendant’s hearsay evidence. We affirm.

        The record reveals the following. In February 2023, defendant entered a guilty plea to
resolve several charges in seven different cases, including unlawful mischief for damaging
property worth $250 or less under 13 V.S.A. § 3701(c). During the change-of-plea hearing, the
State provided the following factual basis for the charge. Police responded to a report of an
intoxicated individual, later identified as defendant, vandalizing a vehicle. Police found a
vehicle belonging to defendant’s neighbor with the light bar smashed and the owner of the
vehicle estimated the damage between $800 to $1100. Defendant admitted that he damaged the
light bar on his neighbor’s truck. Under the plea agreement, defendant’s total sentence was three
months to one year all suspended with a two-year probation term. There was no admission on
the amount of restitution. The plea agreement indicated that a restitution hearing would be
scheduled, and the State was requesting restitution of $1699.99.

        At the contested restitution hearing, defendant’s neighbor testified regarding the
equipment damaged by defendant. The neighbor explained that the light bar on his truck could
not be repaired and needed to be replaced. The neighbor further testified that he had contacted a
vendor and a replacement light bar similar to the damaged equipment cost $1699. A printout of
the replacement item identified by the neighbor was admitted without objection. The neighbor
stated that his insurance did not cover replacement of the light bar. On cross-examination, the
neighbor stated that he purchased the truck with the light bar for $4000.

       Defendant presented testimony from a public-defender investigator who relayed
information regarding the light bar obtained from two individuals, who had experience with
motor vehicles or had observed the neighbor’s light bar. These individuals opined that the
neighbor’s light bar was not worth very much, and that light bars were available for much less
than $1699. The State objected to admission of this hearsay evidence, and the court reserved
ruling on the motion. Defendant testified that he had a limited income and received social
security disability benefits and food stamps. He also explained that he provided for his partner
and their new child. The State argued that defendant’s neighbor was entitled to be made whole
by receiving the replacement value of the light bar. Defendant argued that the neighbor’s light
bar was old and worn out and the replacement value sought by the State was excessive.
Defendant also argued that any amount over fifty dollars a month would be a hardship given his
income.

        The court credited the testimony presented by the State regarding the replacement value
of the light bar at $1699. The court indicated that defendant’s hearsay evidence was admissible,
but the court did not give it much weight. The court found that the replacement value was
reasonable and ordered defendant to pay that amount at a rate of fifty dollars a month.
Defendant appealed.1

        Restitution is meant to compensate victims for uninsured losses. 13 V.S.A. § 7043(a)(1),
(a)(2). To support a restitution award, the State must prove by a preponderance of the evidence
the amount of the loss and the “causation between the defendant’s criminal act and the victim’s
loss.” State v. Charbonneau, 2016 VT 83, ¶ 10, 203 Vt. 54 (quotation omitted). “The trial court
has discretion in determining the amount of restitution, and only a reasonable certainty of
estimated loss is required.” State v. Driscoll, 2008 VT 101, ¶ 8, 184 Vt. 381.

        On appeal, defendant first argues that the State did not meet its burden of proving the
amount of uninsured loss. Because the neighbor purchased the truck for $4000 and sold it prior
to the restitution hearing at a price not established by the State, defendant asserts that the State
failed to meet its burden of showing that the victim was not made whole in that defendant claims
his neighbor may have made the money back with the sale. This argument was not raised below
and therefore is not properly preserved for appeal. See State v. Tetrault, 2012 VT 51, ¶ 9, 192
Vt. 616 (mem.) (declining to reach argument not made at restitution hearing).

         Defendant further claims that the replacement value here was unsupported by the
evidence because there was no evidence to show the condition of the light bar prior to the
incident. The State produced sufficient evidence here to support the restitution order. The
neighbor testified that he researched the cost of replacing the light bar with a similar model and
the cost was $1699. A property owner can testify to the value of personal property and this
Court has “routinely affirmed valuations based solely or primarily on the owner’s testimony of
its value.” Driscoll, 2008 VT 101, ¶ 12. The court, as factfinder, acted within its discretion in
crediting the neighbor’s testimony regarding the value of the light bar and the cost of replacing
it. In re G.C., 2023 VT 22, ¶ 12 (explaining that “trial court as factfinder retains the discretion to
determine the credibility of the witnesses and to weigh the evidence” (quotation omitted)). We
do not reassess credibility determinations on appeal. For this reason, we also reject defendant’s
argument that the court abused its discretion by refusing to consider the hearsay evidence that he
presented. The court admitted defendant’s hearsay evidence but did not give much weight to it.
This was entirely within the court’s discretion. See State v. VanDusen, 166 Vt. 240, 245 (1997)

       1
         The State did not file a brief in this appeal but was granted permission to speak at oral
argument.

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(explaining that trial court has “discretion in determining the amount of restitution, and only a
reasonable certainty of estimated loss is required”).

         Finally, defendant argues that the court’s order deprived him of due process because the
amount of restitution exceeded the maximum fine for unlawful mischief ($500) and he asserts
that any fact that increases the penalty for a crime must be submitted to a jury and found beyond
a reasonable doubt.2 Defendant did not raise this argument below and therefore has failed to
preserve it for our review. See Tetrault, 2012 VT 51, ¶ 9 (requiring argument to be raised in trial
court to preserve for appeal). We note, however, that this Court has previously held that the
mere fact that a restitution award exceeds the maximum fine for a crime does not “make it
improper.” See State v. Lewis, 167 Vt. 533, 537 (1998) (explaining that “with respect to
restitution awards, the Legislature did not intend to limit damages based on the dollar amount in
the charge against a defendant”).

       Affirmed.

                                               BY THE COURT:

                                               Karen R. Carroll, Associate Justice

                                               William D. Cohen, Associate Justice

                                               Nancy J. Waples, Associate Justice

       2
          At oral argument, defendant conceded that this argument was not preserved for appeal
and argued that there was plain error. In his appellate brief, appellant did not argue why he
should prevail under a plain-error analysis and therefore we do not reach this argument on
appeal. See State v. Menize, 2023 VT 48, ¶ 49 (explaining that plain error must be argued and
briefed).

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