Court Opinion

ID: 7117946
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-24 12:34:47.916187+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:13:59.582488
License: Public Domain

Salinger, J.
1. Appeal and error: decisions reviewable: finality of determination. I. The appellant asks us to determine whether her petition was rightfully dismissed upon the merits. This we may do only if appellant presents a final judgment for our action. She is in no position to claim that there is a final judgment dismissing her petition; for she urges that we should reverse the trial court for holding that she had not dismissed her divorce suit without prejudice. Now, her claim that she did so dismiss is, of necessity, a concession by her that the divorce suit has not been finally determined. All will agree that, if the claim that there was a dismissal without prejudice should now be sustained, there would be no final judgment *466here to review. The existence of final decree is jurisdictional, and whoever contends here that a suit was dismissed without prejudice, admits there is no right to review on the merits. One may not say to an appellate court in the same suit that there is and that there is not a final judgment. We held, in Sloanaker v. Howerton, 182 Iowa 487, that an appellant may not, in the same litigation, take the position that a reply states no facts sufficient to constitute a counterclaim, and also assert rights based upon a claim that such pleading is a counterclaim. And see Kearney M. & E. Co. v. Union Pac. R. Co., 97 Iowa 719; Touhey v. Cooney, 183 Iowa 1023. Nor does it matter that elements vital to an estoppel in pais are lacking, or that the taking of the contradictory positions has worked no prejudice, or that this appellant- was unsuccessful in her claim to the lower court that she had dismissed without prejudice. See the Kearney case, supra, and the following authorities, cited therein with approval: Van Winkle v. Crowell, 146 U. S. 42 (13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 18); Lehman, Durr & Co. v. Van Winkle, 92 Ala. 443 (8 So. 870); Bulkley v. Morgan, 46 Conn. 393; Bigelow on Estoppel (5th Ed.) 673; Nield v. Burton, 49 Mich. 53 (12 N. W. 906); Terry v. Munger, 121 N. Y. 161 (24 N. E. 272); Herman on Estoppel, Sections 1045, 1051.
II. But we do havé for consideration whether it was error to hold that plaintiff had not dismissed without prejudice.
2. Dismissal and nonsuit: voluntary: dismissal without prejudice: when timely. The abstract recites an entry that the cause was submitted on a day stated. It discloses further that, at- the time this entry was made, or immediately thereafter, the trial judge stated he had not yet made up his mind on the law with reference to awarding custody of the child; ,that he would not make a decision of the entire case now, because he desired to examine some authorities cited on that question; but that he was prepared to say *467at this time what his views on the facts were. He then proceeded to state, in effect, that plaintiff had failed to sustain her petition, both in corroboration and because of the residence of the parties. Later than this, and before entry of final decree, the appellee asked permission to offer additional testimony on the question of custody, and it was ordered that such testimony should be heard. Thereupon, each of the parties offered further testimony on that question ; and it was when this testimony was closed that counsel for plaintiff attempted to dismiss, the divorce suit without prejudice, with the statement that he did this because he had some question as ,to the sufficiency of the corroboration. We are of opinion that the dismissal was in time, and that the court should have-refrained from entering final judgment' on the divorce petition. Before plaintiff attempted to dismiss without prejudice, the case had been reopened, but, to be sure, for the avowed purpose of taking testimony on the question of custody only. Notwithstanding this limitation, it is manifest that, when both parties adduced testimony on who should have the custody, it must have been anticipated that such testimony might bear on whether plaintiff was entitled to a divorce. In trying out which of the parties was the proper custodian, a third person might have testified that the defendant had been guilty of adultery. This would have been relevant to whether he was a proper custodian, and, if put in without objection, would have been direct support of a claim which was made a ground for seeking divorce. In one word the reopening of the case for taking this testimony was a sufficient re-opening to avoid final submission, and it follows that the application to dismiss without prejudice came in time.
*4683. Appeal and error: harmless error: deprivation of right to bring non-maintainable action. *467III. But we think the error in holding that the dismissal came too late and in entering final judgment was without prejudice. The defendant had interposed a decree *468showing that a court of competent jurisdiction had, on his application, divorced him from the plaintiff. The plaintiff made certain attacks upon this decree. Notwithstanding, the trial court held that such decree was valid and effective. An examination of the evidence persuades us that this is a correct conclusion. The parties tried out the validity of said decree. A rightful determination that the parties were already divorced established that fact for and against either of the parties in any future litigation between them in which the validity of this decree was material. Smith v. Cretors, 181 Iowa 189.
The error of the trial court, then, deprived the plaintiff of nothing except prevailing in a subsequent suit for divorce brought by her. But since our affirmance of the validity of the earlier decree for divorce precludes any possibility of success should plaintiff again sue for divorce, the refusal to let her dismiss without prejudice did her no injury. It is not a prejudicial error to deprive a party of the right to institute suits that can by no possibility be successful.
4. Divorce: custody of children: orders: power to make when divorce is denied. IV. The cross-petition which asserted a decree of a court of competent jurisdiction divorcing the parties had a further provision awarding the custody of this child to this defendant. When this decree was entered, neither the plaintiff nor the child was within the jurisdiction of that court. So far as the award of custody is concerned, the decree is of no effect for want of jurisdiction. Kline v. Kline, 57 Iowa 386. Indeed, as we understand it, appellee concedes as much, and in his cross bill tenders the question of who is the proper custodian of this child as an open question; and his claim is that this question, too, was tried out, and that the evidence justifies the action of the trial court in awarding the custody to the de*469fendant. And we are of opinion that the evidence sustains the finding below.
5. Divorce: jurisdiction scope. V. But appellant says the trial court had no jurisdiction to award the custody, because no divorce was granted to either party. She bottoms this claim upon the provisions of Section 3180 of the Code, that: “When a divorce is decreed, the court may make such order in relation to the children * * * as shall be right.”
She paraphrases the wórds “when a divorce is decreed, the court may make such orders,” into a statute declaration that such orders may be made only if a divorce is decreed. The exact question at this point is whether,, where there is a cross-petition asking affirmative relief as to custody, this statute provision works that there is no jurisdiction to make custodial orders if divorce is denied. This question might well have been determined in Garrett v. Garrett, 114 Iowa 439, but it was not done; and a reversal in it ensued because it was held the evidence did not justify the. order made. Nor is this question resolved by other cases upon which appellee relies. The thing decided in Knoll v. Knoll, 114 La. 703 (38 So. 523), and Hoskins v. Hoskins, (Ky.) 89 S. W. 478, is that the award of custody is justified by the evidence. So of Luck v. Luck, 92 Cal. 653 (28 Pac. 787), — in which, moreover, it appears affirmatively that no question of statute is involved. So in Power v. Power, 65 N. J. Eq. 93 (55 Atl. 111, 114). And in Defee v. Defee, (Tex.) 51 S. W. 274, the statute expressly permits such order though divorce be denied. That is the situation in Cornelius v. Cornelius, 31 Ala. 479. In Bryan v. Bryan, 34 Ala. 516, it is decided that the chancery court has jurisdiction over the custody of minor children, independent of the statute. But this still leaves open the question whether it has such jurisdiction despite statute. In effect, the case holds that custody may be awarded though no divorce be granted, pro*470vided no statute denies the right to make such order.
Now, in the last analysis, the position of appellee is that, notwithstanding this statute, the case is controlled by certain powers inherent in the chancery court, and the rule that, when equity once takes hold, it may go to the end, though in the end it award nothing but relief due at law. We think that neither of these control here. Certainly, the cases that we have analyzed do not sustain this claim of the appellee. We shall presently reach consideration of what place the inherent powers of a chancery court have in determining this case. For the present, it suffices to say that, no matter what inherent powers the chancellor has, it does not follow that he has them while entertaining divorce suits. That jurisdiction was originally exercised by the ecclesiastical court. Later, Parliament exercised it, as did the legislatures of the several states in this country. Power to grant divorces reached the courts through a relinquishment of legislative jurisdiction, accompanied by legislative grant upon condition. So, in determining a divorce suit, the chancellor acts strictly upon grant. That this is so' is made clear by the cases that make divorce jurisdiction depend upon strict compliance with the statute that grants the'power. See Williamson v. Williamson, 179 Iowa 489. So it has been held there is no jurisdiction unless the petition filed contains all that the law requires to be alleged therein. United States v. Arredondo, 31 U. S. 689, 691. If the petition fails to allege what the law requires, the defect is so fatal that it may not be waived by failure to object. Pinkney v. Pinkney, 4 G. Greene 324; Lyster v. Lyster, 1 Iowa 130; Inskeep v. Inskeep, 5 Iowa 204, 218, 219; Blinn v. Blinn, 113 Iowa 83. If there be a failure to aver the existence of some fact which the statute requires to be stated, there is a failure to have a jurisdictional fact appear on the face of the divorce petition; and it follows the court can take no valid step. Pate v. Pate, 6 Mo. App. 49. Require*471ments as to what the petition must allege are mandatory. 2 Bishop on Marriage, Divorce & Separation (Ed. of 1891), Sections 591, 592, 593. The jurisdiction in divorce is wholly statutory. That which the statute commands must be made to appear on the face of the proceedings. Reeves v. Reeves, 34 Leg. Int. 115 (Pa. 1877). The jurisdiction of chancery over suits for divorce rests entirely upon statute; and, if the bill in such cases does not show upon its face that it is within the provision of the statute, the plaintiff cannot have any decree, even though the defendant does not demur. Jarvis v. Jarvis, 3 Ed. Ch. (N. Y.) 462.
If, then, all there was in the case was a suit for divorce and a dismissal of the petition, there was no power in the divorce court to make custodial orders. And Davis v. Davis, 75 N. Y. 221, amounts to a holding that, when all that is present is a dismissed petition for divorce, there is no power to award the custody of children, and such power is not conferred by a statute which empowers the court to máke orders “during the pendency of the cause or at its final hearing or afterward.” But though the function of the district court, while entertaining a divorce suit, is thus limited, it does not follow that the court had no inherent power to deal with the custody of infants. The district court has the powers of the chancery courts. The chancery court has original jurisdiction over the custody of infants as parens patriae. See Power v. Power, 65 N. J. Eq. 93 (55 Atl. at 111, 114). And it was held in Cowls v. Cowls, 3 Gilman (Ill.) 435, that such statute as we have confers no new authority or jurisdiction upon the chancery court. Where the question is the right to the permanent custody of children, the chancellor may, by virtue of his inherent jurisdiction, as public guardian of infants, fix their status in habeas corpus proceeding. Buckley v. Perrine, 54 N. J. Eq. 285 (34. Atl. 1054). So, then, though the divorce court has no power to settle custody, if all there is is a dismissed petition for *472divorce, it is still true that the district court of Iowa has other functions than determining divorce suits, and, as a district court, has inherent power to fix the permanent custody of infants.
The exact question remaining is this: Though the divorce court has no power to make a custodial order upon denying the divorce, did the district court, though it had general chancery powers, lack jurisdiction to settle the custody of this child, on a cross-petition, whose filing or contents were in no manner challenged, and which prayed that the defendant have such custody, and where the parties voluntarily litigated whether or not defendant, rather than the plaintiff, was entitled to such custody? In Thomas v. Thomas, 250 Ill. 354 (95 N. E. 345), the decision is bottomed primarily upon- a ruling that a cross bill in a divorce suit that merely seeks the custody of children is improper pleading, because such matter can be raised by answer only. Tt is, therefore, held that the general rule that equity will proceed to give full relief, even if to do so involves establishing purely legal rights, has no application; and that, on dismissal of a bill for divorce, it was error to grant defendant custody of the child, as prayed in the cross bill. In manifest effect, this is but a decision that, where a cross bill must, as a matter of practice, be eliminated, and so nothing remains except a dismissed bill for divorce, a statute such as ours deprives the divorce court of the right to make custodial orders. But the cross-petition at bar may not so be disposed of, under our rules of practice. Whether its matter was proper matter for a cross-petition, whether the claim should have been made by answer rather than cross-petition, and whether the cross-petition tendered what might be entertained by the chancery court, is quite immaterial. The defendant did tender this cross-petition, and in it the issue of fact whether he or the plaintiff was the proper person to have the custody. The child was, at the time, *473within the jurisdiction of the district court to whom such issue was presented. No objection to the forum was made. No transfer was asked. No claim was made that cross-petition was not the proper method of tendering this issue. This made a proper issue on cross-petition, unless the district court was literally without power to make the cus todial order, in which case the failure to move for a trans fer or to make objection is not material. But that is not the situation. To say that the district court of Iowa has no power to determine who shall have the custody of a child then within the state, is a use of the word “jurisdiction” which we hold, in Taylor v. Independent School Dist., 181 Iowa 544, to be a loose one. It involves a confusion between the right to do a thing and the power to do it. It has been seen that the district court did have the inherent chancery power to deal with the custody of infants, and it could have entertained this very issue on an application in habeas corpus. The case, then, presents the familiar question of power to act where that power is lacking in one arm of the court, but is possessed by another arm. This differentiates it from cases like McLachlan v. Incorporated Town of Gray, 105 Iowa 259, which turn wholly on the fact that a motion to transfer would have been idle, because the matter being heard was one over which no arm of the court had any jurisdiction. The case is more like Hogueland v. Arts, 113 Iowa 634. In that case, a demurrer raised that, though the suit was in equity, the petition was, in fact, an ejectment bill, which the law court alone had power to entertain. We held that the point was not tenable, because there had been no motion to transfer from the equity to the law docket.
The question is not what the divorce court may or may not do, but how the challenge to jurisdiction now being made shall be dealt with, in view of the fact that the district court of Iowa is not merely a divorce court, but one that, on some side of the court, has ample power to say which of these *474parties was the fitter to have the custody of this child at this time. We think the dispute is quite controlled by In re Receivership of Magner, 173 Iowa 299. We can perceive no good reason why these suitors, who were contending before the district judge over which one was the fit custodian of this child, should be denied a hearing on their evidence and be driven away, when they could go before the same judge again, make the same issue, — say, on habeas corpus, — put in again their evidence, and be entitled to the very decision the same judge had just declined to make. We will not interfere merely because the court did hot indulge in the useless thing of declaring that it would not pass upon a matter on which all the testimony the parties had, had been submitted, in order that, when reapproached by the parties, the same judge, having the same question to settle, might then retake the same proof, and then entertain the controversy.
And we think that our position is fully supported by authority in other jurisdictions. In Horton v. Horton, 75 Ark. 22 (86 S. W. 824), the exact question is passed upon. It was claimed that there was no inherent power in the chancery court to award custody after denying a decree of divorce, but held, on the authority of Nelson on Marriage and Divorce, Par. 979, that this did not destroy the power of the court, but merely stated a limitation upon the inherent powers of the chancery court. And it is said: .
“While it looks beyond the authority of the chancery court in divorce suits where no divorce is granted to award the custody of the children, yet it cannot be questioned that the chancellor, of that court is invested with full power to award custody of minor children for their best interests on habeas corpus proceedings. It seems idle to turn parties out of court and invite them into the chancellor’s chambers for the same relief sought in court.”
*4756. Infants: custody and protection: jurisdiction of courts. *474And it is held that, since the order could be made in *475habeas corpus proceeding, “there is no reason why it should not be made in the divorce case, when all the parties are before it, instead of remitting the parties to the other remedy.” And it is not necessary, in an action for divorce, to entitle the court to award the custody of the children of the parties, that such' children should be brought personally into court by writ of habeas corpus or otherwise. Power v. Power, 65 N. J. Eq. 93 (55 Atl. 111). In that case, the wife prayed a divorce and the custody of a child. At the hearing, the husband, desiring to have affirmative relief with regard to one of the children, filed a counter petition, praying for his custody; and counsel for the wife appeared to it. Proof was taken as to both the charge of desertion made by the wife, and on the'custody of the children. The court denied the prayer for divorce on the ground of desertion, and denied her her prayer for the custody of the children, but on the merits. The point was made that the petition of the wife for divorce and custody does not give the court jurisdiction to hear the counter petition of the husband, because they are, in fact, separate matters, and one is not germane to the other. The court says this cross-petition worked a submitting to the court of the question what should be done with the children; that, in the circumstances, the bill was not multifarious; but if it is, the defendant husband did not set up the plea, but answered, and it does not lie in the mouth of the wife to say she must not be bound by her own petition because she made it multifarious; that the husband came in and joined issue; that thus he said, in effect, “I am ready to meet you on both issues, and make the issue a double one, not only whether you shall have the child, but whether I may be granted the ■positive relief that I am to have him.” And further said, that the relief asked for and given the husband upon his counter petition was due to the fact that the wife herself *476provoked that very counter petition; that the counter petition is not a different suit, but germane to the wife’s suit; that without it he would have gotten only negative relief, while that cross-petition entitles him to affirmative relief.
It is our opinion that the decree of the district court must stand — Affirmed.
Preston, C. J., Ladd and Evans, JJ., concur.