Court Opinion

ID: 4281310
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-06-05 17:00:26.490545+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:49:26.022964
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RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                               Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                      File Name: 18a0106p.06

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

 JOHN C. STOJETZ,                                        ┐
                                 Petitioner-Appellant,   │
                                                         │
                                                          >      No. 15-3116
        v.                                               │
                                                         │
                                                         │
 TODD ISHEE, Warden,                                     │
                                Respondent-Appellee.     │
                                                         ┘

                          Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Southern District of Ohio at Columbus.
                      No. 2:04-cv-00263—Gregory L. Frost, District Judge.

                                   Argued: October 10, 2017

                                Decided and Filed: June 5, 2018

                    Before: BOGGS, CLAY, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

                                      _________________

                                          COUNSEL

ARGUED: Michael J. Benza, LAW OFFICE OF MICHAEL J. BENZA, INC., Chagrin Falls,
Ohio, for Appellant. Jocelyn K. Lowe, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF OHIO,
Columbus, Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Mark R. DeVan, BERKMAN, GORDON,
MURRAY & DEVAN, Cleveland, Ohio, Laurence E. Komp, Manchester, Missouri, for
Appellant. Jocelyn K. Lowe, Thomas Madden, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF
OHIO, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellee.
                                      _________________

                                           OPINION
                                      _________________

       BOGGS, Circuit Judge. On April 25, 1996, while incarcerated at Madison Correctional
Institution, John C. Stojetz and five other inmates stormed a unit housing the State’s juvenile
 No. 15-3116                                Stojetz v. Ishee                             Page 2

offenders. State v. Stojetz, 705 N.E.2d 329, 333–34 (Ohio 1999). After overpowering the guard,
Stojetz and the others proceeded to the cell of 17-year-old Damico Watkins, with whom they had
had prior altercations, and attacked him. Ibid. While Watkins escaped the initial assault, he was
hunted throughout the multi-level complex, cornered, and stabbed to death by Stojetz and
another inmate while he pleaded for his life. Ibid. Evidence submitted at trial indicated that
Stojetz and his accomplices—who were members of the Aryan Brotherhood—killed Watkins,
who was black, due in part to his race. Ibid.

       Stojetz was subsequently charged with one count of aggravated murder with prior
calculation and design and with a death-penalty specification, namely, committing aggravated
murder while a prisoner in a detention facility. Ibid. A jury found Stojetz guilty of the charge
and the specification, and the trial court accepted its death-sentence recommendation. Ibid.
Having exhausted his state-court appeals, Stojetz now brings this habeas corpus petition. The
district court denied the petition, and for the following reasons, we affirm.

                                                  I

                                                 A

       On direct review, the Supreme Court of Ohio summarized the events surrounding
Watkins’s death:

       On April 25, 1996, appellant, John C. Stojetz, Jr., along with five other adult
       inmates, ran across the prison yard of Madison Correctional Institution and
       toward the Adams Alpha Unit (“Adams A”), which houses many of the state’s
       juvenile offenders who had been tried as adults and convicted of criminal
       offenses. Appellant and the other five inmates were each armed with knives
       commonly known as “shanks.” Appellant and the others entered the Adams A
       unit, circled the control desk, and held corrections officer Michael C. Browning at
       knifepoint. Appellant then placed a shank to Browning’s throat and ordered him
       to give appellant the keys that opened the cell doors of the Adams A unit.
       Browning threw the keys down and was allowed to flee the unit.
       Corrections officers immediately responded to Browning’s “man down” alarm
       and converged on Adams A. Officers were able to observe appellant and the
       other five inmates carrying shanks. The corrections officers, armed only with
       pepper mace, attempted to enter Adams A. However, appellant and the other
       inmates, wielding shanks, prevented the officers from entering.
 No. 15-3116                               Stojetz v. Ishee                               Page 3

        Once inside Adams A, appellant and his accomplices proceeded to cell number
        144, the cell of Damico Watkins, a seventeen-year-old juvenile inmate. Using the
        keys taken from Browning, appellant unlocked Watkins’s cell and appellant and
        the other adult inmates entered the cell and began attacking Watkins. After
        eluding the initial attack and escaping from his cell, Watkins was pursued
        throughout the Adams A unit and repeatedly stabbed by appellant and the other
        shank-wielding inmates. Watkins was able to escape his attackers several times
        only to be again cornered and subjected to repeated stabbings. Eventually,
        Watkins was cornered by appellant on the second floor of the Adams A unit. As
        Watkins pleaded for his life, appellant and inmate Bishop repeatedly stabbed
        Watkins and left him for dead.
        During the attack on Watkins, correction officers had surrounded the exterior of
        the Adams A unit. Deputy Warden Mark Saunders arrived on the scene and
        began conversing with the inmates who had taken over Adams A. During this
        conversation, inmate Lovejoy stated that “they [the inmates who had taken over
        Adams A] would not cell with black inmates.” Also during the conversation,
        appellant stated, “we took care of things because you [prison officials] wouldn’t.”
        Subsequently, the inmates were ordered to surrender. The prison yard was
        cleared and appellant and the five perpetrators passed their shanks through a
        window in the foyer of Adams A. Once prison officials retrieved the weapons,
        appellant and the other adult inmates exited the Adams A unit and surrendered to
        prison authorities.
        After prison authorities regained control of the Adams A unit, the coroner arrived
        at the scene and declared Watkins dead.

Ibid. (alterations in original).

        In October 1996, a Madison County, Ohio grand jury indicted Stojetz for purposely
causing the death of Watkins with prior calculation and design, in violation of O.R.C. § 2903.01,
and for the death-penalty specification of committing aggravated murder while a prisoner in a
detention facility. Ibid. At trial, prosecutors introduced evidence indicating that Stojetz “was
known to be the head of the ‘Aryan Brotherhood’ gang at the Madison Correctional
Institution[,]” that he “and other members of the Aryan Brotherhood did not want to be housed in
the same cells as black inmates[,]” and that he “and members of the Aryan Brotherhood wanted
to be transferred from Madison Correctional to other penal institutions.” Ibid. For instance, a
subsequent search of the attackers’ prison cells showed that they had already packed their
belongings, ibid., presumably in anticipation of a transfer. On April 8, 1997, the jury convicted
Stojetz of aggravated murder while a prisoner in a detention facility. Nine days later, on April
 No. 15-3116                                Stojetz v. Ishee                                Page 4

17, it recommended a death sentence, which the trial court imposed. During the intervening
decades, Stojetz has filed numerous appeals and motions, changed attorneys on multiple
occasions, and raised an extraordinary number of claims.

       Represented by new counsel on direct appeal, Stojetz asserted nineteen “propositions of
law” for relief, nine of which are relevant here:

       PROPOSITION OF LAW NO. I
       During jury selection in a capital case, the trial court must ask each prospective
       sentencing juror whether the juror’s views on the death penalty would prevent or
       substantially impair the juror’s ability to consider a life sentence if the defendant
       is found guilty of aggravated murder and the aggravating circumstance. Life
       qualification of each prospective juror is required whenever the trial court death
       qualifies the jurors by asking them if their views on the death penalty would
       prevent or substantially impair their ability to consider the death penalty in the
       case before them.
       PROPOSITION OF LAW NO. II
       John Stojetz’s death sentence is inappropriate. Damico Watkins[’s] death resulted
       from his own threats against Stojetz and Stojetz’s post-traumatic stress disorder.
       PROPOSITION OF LAW NO. III
       When trial counsel fail to conduct an adequate voir dire, fail to object to
       inadmissible evidence, fail to request a separation of witnesses, fail to conduct an
       adequate investigation of the case, fail to object to victim impact evidence,
       present a confusing explanation of the mitigation weighing process, fail to
       adequately present evidence of a capital defendant’s post-traumatic stress
       disorder, and fail to adequately prepare defendant’s mitigation expert, a capital
       defendant is deprived of the right to the effective assistance of counsel guaranteed
       by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and
       Article I, §§ 10 and 16 of the Ohio Constitution.
       PROPOSITION OF LAW NO. IV
       A capital defendant is denied his rights to a jury verdict, to a fair trial, to due
       process, to the effective assistance of counsel, and to a reliable and non[-]arbitrary
       death sentence when the jury returns a general verdict of guilty for aggravated
       murder without a unanimous finding that the defendant was either the principal
       offender or an aider and abettor. U.S. Const. Amend. VI, VIII, XIV; Ohio Const.
       Art. I, §§ 5, 9, 10, 16.
No. 15-3116                             Stojetz v. Ishee                                 Page 5

     PROPOSITION OF LAW NO. V
     The defendant who is death-eligible as either a principal offender or aider and
     abettor must have access to the grand jury’s testimony [sic] when there are five
     co-defendants and the defendant shows a particularized need for their testimony.
     U.S. Const. Amend. XIV; Ohio Const. Art. I, § 16.

     ...
     PROPOSITION OF LAW NO. VIII
     Appellant’s right to due process is violated when the trial court admits improper
     testimony in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
     Constitution and § 16, Article I, of the Ohio Constitution.

     ...
     PROPOSITION OF LAW NO. XI
     When prosecutors misrepresent witness testimony, argue victim impact evidence
     unrelated to the offense, deny a defendant individualized sentencing, mislead on
     the definition of mitigation, and shift the burden of proof to the defendant, a
     capital defendant is denied his substantive and procedural due process rights to a
     fair trial as guaranteed by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United
     States Constitution, as well as Article I, Sections 1, 9, 16, and 20 of the Ohio
     Constitution. He is also denied his right to reliable sentencing as guaranteed by
     the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and
     Article I, Sections 9 and 16 of the Ohio Constitution.
     PROPOSITION OF LAW NO. XII
     A jury instruction that shifts the burden of proof on the mens rea element of
     aggravated murder to the accused is unconstitutional. U.S. Const. Amend. XIV;
     Ohio Const., Art. I, § 16. A jury instruction that makes the accused’s guilt or
     innocence the ultimate issue of fact is also unconstitutional. U.S. Const. Amend.
     XIV; Ohio Const., Art. I, § 16.

     ...
     PROPOSITION OF LAW NO. XVI
     When the trial court considers public policy matters, treats an institutional killing
     as requiring a mandatory death sentence, fails to weigh relevant mitigating
     evidence, and uses inappropriate standards in weighing proper mitigating
     evidence, a capital defendant is deprived of the right to individualized sentencing
     and of his liberty interest in the statutory sentencing scheme thus violating rights
     guaranteed by the Fifth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
     Constitution and §§ 9 and 16, Article I, of the Ohio Constitution.
 No. 15-3116                                  Stojetz v. Ishee                             Page 6

Id. at 347–48 (alterations in original). On February 17, 1999, after a careful review of the
record, the Supreme Court of Ohio affirmed Stojetz’s conviction and sentence. Id. at
335. Two weeks later, Stojetz filed a motion for reconsideration with the Supreme Court
of Ohio, in which he re-raised the first, third, and fifteenth propositions of law. On April
7, 1999, his motion was denied. State v. Stojetz, 708 N.E.2d 212 (Table) (Ohio 1999).

       With the assistance of yet different counsel—by now, John J. Gideon represented
the Appellant—Stojetz next filed an application to reopen his direct appeal on the
grounds that appellate counsel had been constitutionally ineffective. Specifically, Stojetz
alleged that counsel had been ineffective because they had not included the following
propositions of law in the appellate brief:

       PROPOSITION OF LAW NO. I
       Trial counsel render[ed] ineffective assistance of counsel under the Sixth
       Amendment to the United States Constitution by failing to object to the admission
       of the hearsay testimony of a corrections officer that juvenile inmates were yelling
       from their cells that the defendant was a murderer.
       PROPOSITION OF LAW NO. II
       Trial counsel render[ed] ineffective assistance of counsel under the Sixth
       Amendment to the United States Constitution by failing to object to prosecutorial
       misconduct: (i) in misrepresenting testimony in trial phase closing argument;
       (ii) in drawing extraneous comparisons between the defendant and others and
       arguing public policy during sentencing phase closing argument; (iii) in
       misleading the jury on the definition of “mitigation” during sentencing phase
       closing argument; and (iv) in shifting the burden of proof to the defendant during
       sentencing phase closing argument.
       PROPOSITION OF LAW NO. III
       Trial counsel render[ed] ineffective assistance of counsel under the Sixth
       Amendment to the United States Constitution by failing to object to the admission
       of a crime scene videotape and for failing to object to the replaying of the
       videotape during trial phase deliberations.

While this application was pending, Stojetz also filed a petition with the Supreme Court
of the United States for a writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court of Ohio regarding its
denial of his direct appeal.
 No. 15-3116                                 Stojetz v. Ishee                                Page 7

        On August 18, 1999, the Supreme Court of Ohio denied Stojetz’s application to
reopen his direct appeal. 714 N.E.2d 932 (Table) (Ohio 1999). Nearly three months
later, on November 8, 1999, the Supreme Court of the United States denied Stojetz’s
petition for a writ of certiorari. Stojetz v. Ohio, 528 U.S. 999 (1999).

                                               B

                             i. Petition for Postconviction Relief

        In March 1998, while Stojetz’s direct appeal was pending, attorney Gideon also filed a
petition for postconviction relief. Initially, Stojetz listed six grounds for relief, but he amended
the petition five times to raise the total to eleven:

        First Ground for Relief
        Actual Innocence.
        Second Ground for Relief
        Ineffective Assistance of Counsel with Respect to Pretrial Publicity.
        Third Ground for Relief
        Ineffective Assistance of Counsel with Respect to Trial Publicity.
        Fourth Ground for Relief
        Ineffective Assistance of Counsel in Failing to Investigate and Present a Defense.
        Fifth Ground for Relief
        Ineffective Assistance [of Counsel] in Failing to Call Witnesses.
        Sixth Ground for Relief
        Withholding of Evidence.
        Seventh Ground for Relief
        Denial of Petitioner’s Right to Testify.
        Eighth Ground for Relief
        Ineffective Assistance of Counsel for Failing to Advise Petitioner of His Right to
        Testify and for Failing to Call Petitioner to Testify.
        Ninth Ground for Relief
        Ineffective Assistance of Counsel for Failing to Present Evidence to Rebut
        Prosecution Attempt to Portray Incident as Racist.
 No. 15-3116                               Stojetz v. Ishee                                  Page 8

       Tenth Ground for Relief
       Ineffective Assistance of Counsel for Failing to Present Mitigating Evidence that
       the Victim Induced the Offense and that Petitioner Was Provoked.
       Eleventh Ground for Relief
       Ineffective Assistance of Counsel for Failing to Move for a Separation of
       Witnesses.

The trial court conducted an evidentiary hearing and, on September 14, 2000, denied relief.

       On October 13, 2000, Stojetz filed a notice of appeal. Gideon subsequently filed multiple
motions requesting additional time—once to complete the record and thrice to file his brief—as
well as a motion for leave to file a brief exceeding the page limit established by the Ohio Rules
of Appellate Procedure and the Local Rules of the Twelfth Appellate District. He did not,
however, file a brief within the time permitted; as a result, on September 10, 2001, a show-cause
order was issued, directing Stojetz to explain in writing why his appeal should not be dismissed.
After Gideon explained that the lapse was due to a clerical error, Stojetz was granted additional
time and directed to file his brief by October 15, 2001. Gideon failed to do so, however, and on
January 10, 2002, the Court of Appeals of Ohio dismissed Stojetz’s postconviction appeal with
prejudice. In February 2002, the state appellate court denied Stojetz’s request to reopen the
appeal and to permit substitution of counsel.

       After obtaining new counsel—specifically, the Ohio Public Defender’s Office—Stojetz
appealed the state appellate court’s decision, raising four more propositions of law:

       PROPOSITION OF LAW NO. I
       When a capital appellant demonstrates that post-conviction counsel, due to
       apparent mental illness, failed to file his merit brief[,] the appellate court must re-
       open that appellant’s direct appeal. Failure to do so violates the appellant’s rights
       to effective assistance of counsel, due process of law, equal protection of the law,
       confrontation of the state’s evidence against him, and freedom from cruel and
       unusual punishment. U.S. Const. Amends. V, VI, VIII, IX, and XIV; Ohio Const.
       Art. I, §§ 1, 2, 5, 9, 10, 16, 20.
       PROPOSITION OF LAW NO. II
       Where the evidence adduced at a post-conviction evidentiary hearing, in
       conjunction with post-conviction exhibits, showed that Stojetz was denied his
       right to the effective assistance of counsel, the trial court must grant relief on the
 No. 15-3116                               Stojetz v. Ishee                                 Page 9

       post-conviction petition. U.S. Const. Amends. VI, XIV; Ohio Const. Art. I, §[§]
       1, 10, 16.
       PROPOSITION OF LAW NO. III
       A defendant who is actually innocent of the death penalty may not be executed.
       U.S. Const. Amends. VIII, XIV; Ohio Const., Art[.] I, §§[]1, 10, 16.
       PROPOSITION OF LAW NO. IV
       When a post-conviction petitioner demonstrates the state withheld material,
       exculpatory evidence, the trial court must reverse the petitioner’s conviction and
       sentence. U.S. Const. Amends. V, XIV; Ohio Const. Art. I, § 16.

Nevertheless, on May 15, 2002, the Supreme Court of Ohio declined to hear the appeal, stating
that it did not involve any substantial constitutional question. See State v. Stojetz, 767 N.E.2d
1177 (Table) (Ohio 2002).

                                    ii. Motion for a New Trial

       Concurrent to the above proceedings, in April 2000, Stojetz also filed a motion for a new
trial based upon newly discovered evidence. That evidence consisted of the deposition and trial
testimony of an accomplice, which allegedly showed that Stojetz had been provoked and had
only planned to fight—rather than kill—Watkins and, thus, that trial counsel were
constitutionally ineffective for failing to investigate and present such evidence. On March 18,
2002, after the state appellate court had denied Stojetz’s motion to reopen his postconviction
appeal, the trial court denied the motion for a new trial, noting that the accomplice “was not a
major offender, . . . had a limited view of the events as they unfolded[,] and . . . had no relevant
discussions with defendant Stojetz prior to the takeover.” On appeal of that denial, Stojetz raised
two assignments of error:

       Assignment of Error No. 1
       The trial court erred in denying appellant Stojetz’s motion for a new trial.
       Assignment of Error No. 2
       The trial court erred in failing to find counsel rendered ineffective assistance of
       counsel.
 No. 15-3116                                Stojetz v. Ishee                                 Page 10

State v. Stojetz, No. CA2002-04-006, 2002 WL 31682231, at *2, *5 (Ohio Ct. App. Dec. 2,
2002). The Court of Appeals of Ohio affirmed the trial court’s decision, id. at *6, and the
Supreme Court of Ohio declined to review, State v. Stojetz, 786 N.E.2d 63 (Table) (Ohio 2003).

               iii. Second Petition for State Postconviction Relief and Other Motions

       Nearly six years later, while his federal habeas petition was pending before the district
court, see infra Part I.C, Stojetz filed in state court a second petition for postconviction relief, an
application for leave to file a motion for a new trial, and a motion for discovery. State v. Stojetz,
No. CA2009-06-013, 2010 WL 2252191, at *1 (Ohio Ct. App. June 7, 2010). At that time,
Stojetz raised three new claims based upon an alleged violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S.
83 (1963), specifically, the State’s failure to disclose medical records in the possession of the
Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction:

       First Claim for Relief
       Stojetz’s sentence is void or voidable because the trial prosecutors suppressed
       material exculpatory and impeaching evidence, in violation of Stojetz’s rights
       under the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
       Constitution.
       Second Claim for Relief
       Stojetz’s judgment and sentence are void or voidable because the prosecutor
       knowingly presented false evidence.
       Third Claim for Relief
       Stojetz’s judgment and sentence are void or voidable because the prosecutor
       committed acts of misconduct during the penalty phase of Stojetz’s capital trial.

Stojetz v. Ishee, No. 2:04-cv-263, 2014 WL 4775209, at *4–5 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 24, 2014). The
state trial court dismissed Stojetz’s second postconviction petition as time-barred, finding that he
had failed to establish that (1) he was unavoidably prevented from discovering the facts upon
which the petition relied and (2) but for constitutional error at sentencing, no reasonable
factfinder would have found him eligible for the death penalty. For similar reasons, the trial
court also overruled Stojetz’s application for leave to file a motion for a new trial. Stojetz’s
motion for discovery was also denied. Id. at *5.
 No. 15-3116                                 Stojetz v. Ishee                           Page 11

       Stojetz appealed the postconviction trial court’s decision, and before the Court of
Appeals of Ohio, he raised the following assignments of error:

       Assignment of Error I
       The trial court violated Appellant’s due process rights when it denied his
       successor post-conviction petition as time-barred. [U.S. Const. amend. XIV.]
                  1. The requirements of O.R.C. § 2953.23 for successive petitions
                      should not apply to Appellant’s second in time petition.
                  2. Appellant satisfied the statutory requirements for a successive
                      petition on each of his three grounds for relief.
       Assignment of Error II
       The trial court violated Appellant’s due process rights when it denied his request
       to file a new trial motion. [U.S. Const. amend. XIV.]
                   1. Appellant was unavoidably prevented from discovering his new
                        evidence within one-hundred and twenty days of the jury verdict
                        under Criminal Rule 33(B) and O.R.C. § 2945.80.
       Assignment of Error III
       The trial court violated Appellant’s due process rights when it denied his motion
       for discovery. [U.S. Const. amend. XIV.]
                   1. Appellant’s post-conviction claims warranted discovery.

Ibid. Once again, the Court of Appeals of Ohio affirmed the trial court’s decision, Stojetz,
2010 WL 2252191, at *6, the Supreme Court of Ohio declined to accept jurisdiction, State v.
Stojetz, 981 N.E.2d 884 (Table) (Ohio 2013), and the Supreme Court of the United States denied
a petition for a writ of certiorari, Stojetz v. Ohio, 134 S. Ct. 514 (2013).

                                                   C

       While all this was occurring, on April 1, 2004, Stojetz also filed a petition for a writ of
habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, in which he raised eighteen claims for relief. In
September 2005, the district court dismissed as procedurally defaulted a number of those claims
and subclaims. Stojetz, 2014 WL 4775209, at *1. Then, on September 24, 2014, the court
denied Stojetz’s remaining claims in their entirety and dismissed the habeas corpus action with
prejudice. Id. at *139. In doing so, however, the district court granted Stojetz a Certificate of
Appealability on all or portions of six of those claims, which we expanded to include two
additional ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claims.
No. 15-3116                             Stojetz v. Ishee                               Page 12

     Stojetz’s pendent claims for habeas relief are as follows:

     Claim I
     Ineffective trial counsel failed to voir dire jurors in an inter-racial crime, where
     race was an alleged motive, the defense related to race, and Stojetz was a member
     and alleged leader of a race-hate prison gang.
     Claim II
     The district court erred when it denied Stojetz expanded discovery and then
     dismissed his ninth and tenth claims where it found that the State’s withholding of
     documented evidence that Stojetz had been assaulted while in the custody of the
     Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections [sic] was not sufficient to
     establish a Brady violation or deprivation of due process of law and equal
     protection of the law.
     Claim III
     Trial counsel were ineffective at the guilt and penalty phases when they failed to
     investigate and present available evidence in support of their defense.
     Claim IV
     Ineffective trial counsel failed to conduct or request voir dire of jurors regarding
     exposure to publicity during trial.
     Claim V
     Trial counsel were ineffective in failing to object to improper instructions and
     prosecutorial misconduct.
     Claim VI
     Trial counsel were ineffective during voir dire when they failed to life qualify the
     jury and through the commission of other errors.
     Claim VII
     Ineffective trial counsel failed to object to evidence that was fundamentally
     unfair—opinion evidence on intent and specific intent.
     Claim VIII
     The district court erred in not reconsidering its procedural defaults under Maples
     v. Thomas, [565 U.S. 266 (2012)].
     Claim IX
     The district court abused its discretion in not allowing access to the grand jury
     transcripts.
 No. 15-3116                                Stojetz v. Ishee                             Page 13

       Claim X
       Stojetz is actually innocent—he is not the hands on killer—and his death sentence
       is arbitrary and capricious.

Appellant Br. iii-v.

       To aid with the analysis, we will group together those claims whose underlying issues are
similar and will address them in a different order than Stojetz presented them.

                                                 II

       When reviewing a district court’s grant or denial of a petition for a writ of habeas corpus,
we review its factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo. Gumm v.
Mitchell, 775 F.3d 345, 359–60 (6th Cir. 2014). Because Stojetz filed his petition in 2004, it is
also subject to the strictures of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996
(“AEDPA”), Smith v. Mitchell, 567 F.3d 246, 255 (6th Cir. 2009), which restricts this court’s
role in reviewing state prisoner applications, see Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 693 (2002).

       Under AEDPA, a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a state prisoner may be granted only
under highly limited circumstances. First, a strict one-year statute of limitations applies to any
application for such a writ, running from the latest of:

       (A) the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct
           review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review;
       (B) the date on which the impediment to filing an application created by State
           action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States is
           removed, if the applicant was prevented from filing by such State action;
       (C) the date on which the constitutional right asserted was initially recognized by
           the Supreme Court, if the right has been newly recognized by the Supreme
           Court and made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review; or
       (D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented could
           have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence.

28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). This statute of limitations is, however, tolled while a “properly filed
application for State post-conviction or other collateral review with respect to the pertinent
judgment or claim is pending[.]” Id. § 2244(d)(2).
 No. 15-3116                                 Stojetz v. Ishee                                 Page 14

        Second, even if the petition is not time-barred, AEDPA makes clear that except under
certain conditions that do not obtain here, “[a]n application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf
of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall . . . be granted [only if] it
appears that . . . the applicant has exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State[.]”
Id. § 2254(b)(1)(A). This exhaustion requirement can be satisfied in two ways. First, it is met if
“the highest court in the state in which the petitioner was convicted has been given a full and fair
opportunity to rule on the petitioner’s claims.” Manning v. Alexander, 912 F.2d 878, 881 (6th
Cir. 1990).    Second, “[b]ecause the exhaustion requirement ‘refers only to remedies still
available at the time of the federal petition,’ [it is satisfied when] a petitioner[’s] . . . claims are
barred by res judicata, and are thus procedurally defaulted[.]” Hand v. Houk, 871 F.3d 390, 407
(6th Cir. 2017) (quoting Gray v. Netherland, 518 U.S. 152, 161 (1996)).

        To prevent habeas petitioners from circumventing the exhaustion requirement by
defaulting their federal claims in state court, we do not consider claims that have been defaulted
pursuant to an independent and adequate state procedural rule unless the petitioner can show
cause and prejudice for the default. Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 731–32 (1991); Hand,
871 F.3d at 407. A four-step inquiry guides this determination:

        First, the court must determine that there is a state procedural rule that is
        applicable to the petitioner’s claim and that petitioner failed to comply with the
        rule . . . . Second, the court must decide whether the state courts actually enforced
        the state procedural sanction . . . . Third, the court must decide whether the state
        procedural ground is an adequate and independent state ground on which the state
        can rely to foreclose review of a federal constitutional claim . . . . Once the court
        determines that a state procedural rule was not complied with and that the rule
        was an adequate and independent state ground, then the petitioner must
        demonstrate . . . that there was cause for him not to follow the procedural rule and
        that he was actually prejudiced by the alleged constitutional error.

Stone v. Moore, 644 F.3d 342, 346 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting Maupin v. Smith, 785 F.2d 135, 138
(6th Cir. 1986)). To inform this inquiry, “we look to the ‘last explained state court judgment[]’
to determine whether relief is barred on procedural grounds.” Stone, 644 F.3d at 346 (quoting
Munson v. Kapture, 384 F.3d 310, 314 (6th Cir. 2004)).

        Ohio’s bifurcated system of appellate review complicates the application of the Maupin
test to this case. See McGuire v. Warden, Chillicothe Corr. Inst., 738 F.3d 741, 751 (6th Cir.
 No. 15-3116                               Stojetz v. Ishee                                Page 15

2013) (“Ohio law appears to contemplate two kinds of [appellate] claims, those based only on
evidence in the trial record and those based in part on evidence outside the record.”). In Ohio,
claims based entirely on evidence contained in the trial record must be raised on direct appeal or
else they are waived. Hand, 871 F.3d at 408. However, if a claim involves evidence from
outside the trial record, it may be raised for the first time in a petition for state postconviction
relief. See State v. Cole, 443 N.E.2d 169, 171 (Ohio 1982) (“Generally, the introduction in [a
state postconviction] petition of evidence dehors the record . . . is sufficient, if not to mandate a
hearing, at least to avoid dismissal on the basis of res judicata.”). As such, when applying
Maupin to a habeas corpus petition for a person in custody pursuant to an Ohio state-court
judgment, one must be careful to examine the evidentiary basis for each claim.

       Third, even if a petitioner’s claims are not procedurally defaulted, AEDPA limits the
circumstances under which we may grant a writ with respect to any claim that was adjudicated
on the merits in a State court proceeding. Specifically, AEDPA directs us not to grant a writ of
habeas corpus unless the state court’s adjudication of the claim:

       (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
       application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme
       Court of the United States; or
       (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the
       facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). A state court’s adjudication of a claim is “contrary to” clearly established
federal law “if the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by the Supreme
Court on a question of law, or if the state court decides a case differently than the Supreme Court
on a set of materially indistinguishable facts.” Van Tran v. Colson, 764 F.3d 594, 604 (6th Cir.
2014) (citing Brown v. Payton, 544 U.S. 133, 141 (2005)). In contrast, a state court’s decision
involves an “unreasonable application” of federal law when “the state court identifies the correct
governing legal principle from the Supreme Court’s decisions but unreasonably applies that
principle to the facts of the petitioner’s case.” Henley v. Bell, 487 F.3d 379, 384 (6th Cir. 2007)
(citing Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 413 (2000)). For the purposes of § 2254(d)(1), “clearly
established federal law” includes only the holdings of the Supreme Court, excluding any dicta;
and an application of these holdings is “unreasonable” only if the petitioner shows that the state
 No. 15-3116                                Stojetz v. Ishee                               Page 16

court’s ruling “was so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and
comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.” White v.
Woodall, 134 S. Ct. 1697, 1702 (2014) (quoting Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 103 (2011)).
Clear error does not suffice. Woodall, 134 S. Ct. at 1702.

       When making these determinations, we “apply a presumption of correctness to state court
findings of fact . . . unless clear and convincing evidence is offered to rebut this presumption.”
McAdoo v. Elo, 365 F.3d 487, 493–94 (6th Cir. 2004) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1)).
Furthermore, “[t]rial court errors in state procedure and/or evidentiary law do not rise to the level
of federal constitutional claims warranting relief in a habeas action unless the error renders the
proceeding so fundamentally unfair as to deprive the petitioner of due process under the
Fourteenth Amendment.” McAdoo, 365 F.3d at 494 (citing Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 69–
70 (1991)). Lastly, our review is limited to the record that was before the state court that
adjudicated the claim on the merits. Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 180–81 (2011).

                                                 III

       Because the majority of Stojetz’s claims concern the constitutional effectiveness of trial
counsel, and because those claims are assessed using the same analytic rubric, we will discuss
them together. More specifically, in this section, we will consider Stojetz’s claims that trial
counsel were ineffective for failing to: (1) question prospective jurors about their views on race,
life qualify the jury, and accurately describe the nature of mitigating evidence during voir dire
(Claims I and VI); (2) investigate and present available evidence at both the guilt and penalty
phases (Claim III); (3) request voir dire of jurors concerning their exposure to publicity during
the trial (Claim IV); (4) object to allegedly improper jury instructions and to incidents of
prosecutorial misconduct (Claim V); and (5) object to opinion evidence regarding, inter alia,
Stojetz’s intent at the time of the incident (Claim VII).

       To establish ineffective assistance of trial counsel, a defendant must make two showings.
First, he must demonstrate that counsel’s performance was objectively deficient, i.e., that
“counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the
defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).
 No. 15-3116                               Stojetz v. Ishee                                Page 17

Review of counsel’s performance is “highly deferential,” meaning that we “indulge a strong
presumption that [his or her] conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional
assistance[.]” Id. at 689. A defendant alleging ineffective assistance of counsel must therefore
first “overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action ‘might be
considered sound trial strategy.’” Ibid. (quoting Michel v. Louisiana, 350 U.S. 91, 101 (1955)).

       Second, the defendant must demonstrate that counsel’s errors prejudiced the defense, i.e.,
that the “errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is
reliable.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. Except for circumstances that are not relevant here, this
requires the defendant to show that “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694. “A
reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Ibid.

       Because AEDPA applies to this case, establishing ineffective assistance of counsel is all
the more difficult for Stojetz. Where the Supreme Court of Ohio has adjudicated Stojetz’s
ineffective-assistance claims, the question is not simply whether the defendant had met his
burdens under Strickland. Richter, 562 U.S. at 105. Rather, when § 2254(d) applies, the
question is “whether there is any reasonable argument that counsel satisfied Strickland’s
deferential standard.” Ibid.

                                                  A
       Because Stojetz’s first and sixth claims concern alleged deficiencies during the jury-
selection process, we will group them together.

                                                  i

       Stojetz’s first claim—that counsel were ineffective for failing to question prospective
jurors about their views on race—was rejected by the Supreme Court of Ohio, albeit without
discussion. Stojetz, 705 N.E.2d at 337. Because the Supreme Court of Ohio rejected this
allegation on the merits, see Richter, 562 U.S. at 99 (“When a federal claim has been presented
to a state court and the state court has denied relief, it may be presumed that the state court
adjudicated the claim on the merits in the absence of any indication or state-law procedural
principles to the contrary”), the district court limited its inquiry to whether the Supreme Court of
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Ohio’s decision contravened or unreasonably applied clearly established federal law, namely
Strickland, Stojetz, 2014 WL 4775209, at *69. The district court correctly determined that it did
not.

         As noted earlier, to succeed on an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, a petitioner
must overcome the presumption that the challenged action might have constituted sound trial
strategy and show that he was prejudiced by his counsel’s alleged deficiencies. Strickland, 466
U.S. at 687, 689.         Stojetz carries neither burden.            Most obviously, Stojetz fails to satisfy
Strickland’s prejudice requirement as he offers no evidence whatsoever to suggest that an
impaneled juror was biased against those who belong to a race-based gang and have been
charged with an inter-racial crime.              Only slightly less obvious, Stojetz does not offer any
evidence to rebut the presumption that counsel were pursuing a sound trial strategy, viz.,
minimizing discussions of race and racial animus. “It . . . go[es] without saying that the absence
of evidence cannot overcome the ‘strong presumption that counsel’s conduct [fell] within the
wide range of reasonable professional assistance.’” Burt v. Titlow, 571 U.S. 12, 23 (2013)
(second alteration in original) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689).1 Accordingly, there is no
basis for concluding that trial counsel were ineffective in failing to question potential jurors
regarding their views on race, let alone that the Supreme Court of Ohio’s resolution of this
matter was unreasonable.

         Despite these lacunae in his argument, Stojetz contends that counsel were per se
ineffective because Turner v. Murray, 476 U.S. 28 (1986), imposes a duty on trial counsel to
“address[] racial bias in an inter-racial crime in a capital case.” Appellant Br. 17. He is
mistaken. In Turner, the Supreme Court stated that while:

         a capital defendant accused of an interracial crime is entitled to have prospective
         jurors . . . questioned on the issue of racial bias . . . [the] defendant cannot

         1This  is particularly true where, as here, the evidence supports the presumption that counsels’ actions were
informed by their trial strategy. At a state postconviction evidentiary hearing, one of Stojetz’s trial counsel testified
that “the defense theory was that Mr. Stojetz . . . went to Adams A basically to do some corrective action and that it
got out of hand.” He further stated that the theory had been adopted “[a]fter talking with [Stojetz] and look[ing]
over the evidence that we had to deal with.” Given this strategy, and given Stojetz’s insistence that race had nothing
to do with the incident, counsel may very well have thought it imprudent to draw attention to the issue of race.
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       complain of a judge’s failure to question the venire on racial prejudice unless the
       defendant has specifically requested such an inquiry.

Turner, 476 U.S. at 36–37 (citation and footnote omitted).           Turner is therefore inapposite
because it imposes a conditional obligation on the trial court. Stojetz’s per se ineffectiveness
claim is therefore unfounded.
                                                   ii

       Stojetz’s sixth claim details two more ways in which trial counsel were allegedly
ineffective during voir dire: (1) failing to life qualify the jury and (2) mischaracterizing the
nature of mitigating evidence. Stojetz grounds the former subclaim on trial counsels’ having not
fulfilled their alleged duty “to request or to examine . . . the jurors to ensure they would not
preclude consideration of a life sentence.” Appellant Br. 118. He supports the latter subclaim by
citing specific instances where counsel mischaracterized the nature of mitigating evidence. Id. at
119. Specifically, Stojetz highlights counsels’ description of mitigating evidence as a form of
“excuse,” their statement that “[w]hatever evidence we offer would have to transcend or be more
serious, more forgivable than the evidence put on by the State,” and their “enter[ing] into a
dialogue with [prospective jurors] on self-defense as mitigation” even though “self-defense was
not a factual or legal defense in this matter[.]” See id. at 119, 121. Because the Supreme Court
of Ohio denied both subclaims on the merits, Stojetz, 705 N.E.2d at 337, the question before us is
“whether there is any reasonable argument that counsel satisfied Strickland’s deferential
standard,” Richter, 562 U.S. at 105. The district court correctly determined that there was.
Stojetz, 2014 WL 4775209, at *42–43.

       For starters, there is simply no merit to Stojetz’s argument that Morgan v. Illinois, 504
U.S. 719 (1992), requires trial counsel to life qualify jurors in a death-penalty case. In Stanford
v. Parker, 266 F.3d 442 (6th Cir. 2001), we stated that “Morgan does not mandate that life-
qualifying questions be asked of potential jurors in every case. Instead, Morgan holds that a
defendant has the right to life-qualify his jury upon request.” Id. at 454. Because Morgan
recognized a conditional duty on the trial court, we concluded that “[p]ursuant to Morgan, failure
to life-qualify a jury is not per se ineffective assistance of counsel.” Ibid.
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       Nor does Stojetz furnish any other basis for concluding that counsels’ performance was
deficient. In Stanford, we noted that there exists a “presumption that . . . counsel’s failure to ask
life-qualifying questions during general voir dire constitute[s] trial strategy.” Ibid. As such,
where a defendant “presents no evidence to counteract [this] presumption . . . [and t]he record is
silent as to the rationale behind his counsel’s performance[,]” an ineffective-assistance-of-
counsel claim must be rejected under Strickland’s performance requirement. Id. at 454–55.

       Stojetz’s selective quoting of the voir dire transcript gives us no reason to abandon this
presumption. As the Supreme Court of Ohio noted, none of the jurors identified in Stojetz’s
brief indicated that they were unwilling to consider a sentence other than death. Stojetz, 705
N.E.2d at 336. Jurors Coffin, Hirst, and Banion—whom Stojetz identifies as having never been
asked about their willingness to consider a life sentence—either expressed reservations over the
imposition of the death penalty or acknowledged at least one circumstance where it would not be
warranted. Juror Banion, for instance, stated, “there’s times I’m kind of for the death penalty but
I just don’t want to be the one that says, you know.” Stojetz’s counsel therefore had no need to
ask life-qualifying questions, which in turn means that we must assume that counsels’ failure to
do so constituted trial strategy. We therefore reject Stojetz’s failure-to-life-qualify subclaim.

       Stojetz’s remaining subclaim—that trial counsel were ineffective because they
mischaracterized the nature of mitigating evidence during voir dire—is likewise meritless. First,
while self-defense was not a legal defense in this matter, “inducement” is a statutory mitigating
factor in Ohio.     O.R.C. § 2929.04(B)(1).        Given, furthermore, that counsel highlighted
inducement as a mitigating factor during the trial’s sentencing phase—viz., that Watkins had
brought about his own death by first attacking a friend of Stojetz and by then planning to attack
Stojetz, and that Stojetz construed this plot as a viable threat—counsels’ discussion of self-
defense appears to have been designed to impanel a jury that would look favorably upon their
mitigation argument. At the very least, we have no reason to reject “the presumption that, under
the circumstances, the challenged action ‘might be considered sound trial strategy.’” Strickland,
466 U.S. at 689 (quoting Michel, 350 U.S. at 101). Second, while trial counsel undoubtedly
erred when they suggested that the mitigating factors had to outweigh the aggravating
circumstances, Stojetz does not show that he was prejudiced by this error. Immediately before
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and after this misstatement, counsel correctly stated that the burden was on the State to overcome
the mitigating evidence. Moreover, the trial court properly instructed the jury on multiple
occasions regarding the correct standard, including at the start of and during the penalty phase of
the trial. Because an isolated statement, said during voir dire, is not “so serious as to deprive the
defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable,” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, we cannot
say that counsel were constitutionally ineffective for mischaracterizing the nature of mitigating
evidence, let alone that the Supreme Court of Ohio’s resolution of this matter was unreasonable.

                                                 B

       In his third claim, Stojetz alleges that trial counsel were ineffective at both the guilt and
penalty phases because they limited their investigation to a review of discovery documents
provided by the State, as opposed to conducting an independent investigation. Specifically,
Stojetz faults counsel for not interviewing corrections officers, his accomplices, and the juvenile
inmates who were housed in Adams A at the time of the incident. Had counsel conducted those
interviews, Stojetz contends, they would have discovered exculpatory and mitigating evidence
that may have altered the outcome of the case. In support of this claim, Stojetz notes that when
questioned by postconviction counsel, one of his accomplices—William Vandersommen—
confessed to the murder, while another—James Bowling—corroborated that testimony, said that
the group had not planned to kill Watkins, and stated that the attack was in response to a threat
Watkins had made against Aryan Brotherhood members. Stojetz also points to three juvenile
inmates as potential sources of favorable testimony. In postconviction depositions, David Hicks
and Robert Sheets stated that they did not see Stojetz stab Watkins, while Kevin Fulkerson, who
was not in Adams A at the time of the assault, testified that Stojetz knew that Watkins had been
planning to attack Aryan Brotherhood members.

       Stojetz raised this claim on direct appeal, albeit in limited form, and during his
postconviction proceedings, as was proper. After the postconviction trial court denied the claim,
Stojetz filed a notice of appeal. However, the Court of Appeals of Ohio dismissed the action
after his postconviction counsel failed to file a brief. On federal habeas review, the State of Ohio
initially argued that Stojetz had procedurally defaulted this claim, but later abandoned that
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position. After an exhaustive review of the record, the district court denied relief. Stojetz,
2014 WL 4775209, at *13, *25–35.

       The district court was correct to do so. In Strickland, the Supreme Court was clear that
“strategic choices made after less than complete investigation are reasonable precisely to the
extent that reasonable professional judgments support the limitations on investigation.” 466 U.S.
at 690–91. As such, when assessing a particular decision not to investigate, we must “directly
assess[] [the decision] for reasonableness in all the circumstances, applying a heavy measure of
deference to counsel’s judgments.” Id. at 691. Among the circumstances to be considered are
the defendant’s own statements or actions. Ibid. (“[W]hen the facts that support a certain
potential line of defense are generally known to counsel because of what the defendant has said,
the need for further investigation may be considerably diminished or eliminated altogether.”).
Furthermore, even if counsel’s actions were professionally unreasonable, they must have also
prejudiced the defense to constitute constitutionally ineffective assistance. Id. at 691–92.

       Reasonable professional judgments support trial counsels’ investigatory decisions. As
the postconviction trial court noted, prosecutors furnished Stojetz’s trial counsel with
“overwhelming substantive evidence” during discovery, specifically:

       the transcripts of inmate interviews, photographs, additional incident reports,
       defendant’s record, the Ohio State Highway Patrol report with narrative
       supplement and witness interviews, victim information, certified copies of
       convictions, an adult parole authority report, institutional floor plan, crime scene
       log and photos and a list of 14 Highway Patrol witnesses. Additional summaries
       of inmate witnesses’ testimony were provided [one week later].

Stojetz does not contest this. Nor does he contest the trial court’s finding that those files
included 65 transcripts of inmate interviews, at least thirty of whom saw Stojetz stabbing
Watkins, carrying a knife, or leading the attackers. Were this not enough, trial counsel were also
provided with “a video tape of the events as they occurred, a video tape of Watkins’[s] trail of
blood as he tried to escape his execution, [and] lab reports that placed Watkins’[s] blood on
[Stojetz’s] clothing and shoes[.]” Given the mountain of evidence provided during discovery, it
is simply not true that counsel “did nothing to investigate [the] theories or facts of Stojetz’s
case[.]” Appellant Br. 64.
 No. 15-3116                              Stojetz v. Ishee                              Page 23

       Nor is it plausible to suggest that reasonably diligent counsel would have interviewed
Stojetz’s accomplices and the juvenile inmates who may have had first-hand knowledge of the
attack. It stretches the imagination to believe that Stojetz’s accomplices, if only they had been
asked, would have testified to having committed a murder carrying a death specification. See
Stewart v. Wolfenbarger, 468 F.3d 338, 352–53 (6th Cir. 2006) (“[I]t is highly speculative that
[an accomplice] would have incriminated himself or otherwise cast suspicion on himself, while
at the same time decreasing the suspicion on Petitioner, if he testified at Petitioner’s trial.”).
Vandersommen acknowledged this reality in his deposition, stating that he “probably” would not
have testified at Stojetz’s trial because he “was still weighing the possibility of what [the
authorities were] going to do to me[.]” The same is almost certainly true of Bowling, whose
deposition testimony was provided nearly 2.5 years after Stojetz’s conviction and only after he
(Bowling) had been sentenced for his role in Watkins’s murder. Trial counsels’ decision not to
interview Stojetz’s accomplices is further supported by the fact that shortly after the incident
each accomplice had signaled an unwillingness to be interviewed: each had refused to speak to
investigators, and four of them requested an attorney. In light of these considerations, and
applying a heavy dose of deference, we conclude that it was within the scope of reasonable
professional judgment for trial counsel not to interview Stojetz’s accomplices.

       Likewise, reasonable professional judgments support trial counsels’ decision not to
interview inmates Hicks, Sheets, and Fulkerson. Stojetz omits that Hicks initially claimed not to
have seen the incident while Sheets told investigators that he would not talk due to a fear of
being hurt. Likewise, when questioned by investigators a few days after the murder, Fulkerson
made no mention of his conversation with Stojetz. Faced with such investigative statements, a
reasonable attorney would have no reason to interview either Hicks or Fulkerson. And even
assuming, arguendo, that counsels’ performance was deficient with respect to Sheets, Stojetz
cannot show prejudice. It would be implausible for us to accept that Sheets’s later statement—in
which he also said that Stojetz was wielding a knife in Adams A—would have given rise to “a
reasonable probability that . . . the result of the proceeding would have been different[,]”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.     The evidence presented at trial establishing Stojetz’s direct
involvement in the attack was overwhelming, see, e.g., infra Part III.E, as was the rebuttal
evidence that the prosecution could have mustered—i.e., the dozens of juvenile eyewitnesses
 No. 15-3116                               Stojetz v. Ishee                               Page 24

whom it did not present at trial—had Sheets testified. See Stojetz, 2014 WL 4775209, at *17
(noting that only three juvenile eyewitnesses testified at trial).      Stojetz’s third claim was
therefore properly denied.

                                                 C

       Stojetz’s fourth claim—that counsel were ineffective for failing to request voir dire
during the trial—centers around the publication of suppressed evidence in a local newspaper. On
April 7, 1997, the Madison Press published an article in which Stojetz was reported to have said,
“I don’t know why they’re trying to give me the death penalty . . . all I did was kill another
inmate.” Appellant Br. 84 (ellipsis in original). Although one of Stojetz’s siblings brought the
matter to the attention of his attorneys, trial counsel did not inquire into whether jurors had been
exposed to and prejudiced by the coverage.

       Stojetz first raised this claim during postconviction review, where it was denied on
procedural and substantive grounds. With respect to the merits, the trial court found that
counsels’ failure to conduct voir dire on this issue did not constitute deficient performance as
“jurors were admonished to insulate themselves from any outside knowledge” and “[a] jury is
presumed to follow instructions of law[.]” The court also held that the failure to voir dire the
jurors did not prejudice Stojetz’s defense given that “[t]he evidence presented in the courtroom
overwhelmingly established defendant’s guilt.” Because the Court of Appeals of Ohio dismissed
Stojetz’s postconviction appeal for failure to timely file a brief, and because the Supreme Court
of Ohio declined jurisdiction, the postconviction trial court was the last state court to issue a
reasoned decision addressing Stojetz’s publicity claim. On federal habeas review, the district
court denied Stojetz’s claim, holding that the trial court’s decision was not unreasonable within
the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). Stojetz, 2014 WL 4475209, at *78.

       Although some question exists as to whether this claim was procedurally defaulted, we
need not resolve that issue here; that is because Stojetz’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim
is frivolous. In United States v. Metzger, 778 F.2d 1195 (6th Cir. 1985), we explained that:

       “[w]here a jury has been clearly admonished not to read newspaper accounts of
       the trial in which they are serving as jurors, it is not to be presumed that they
       violated that admonition.” . . . Thus, even when material presented by the news
 No. 15-3116                               Stojetz v. Ishee                                  Page 25

        media is prejudicial to the defendant, absent a showing that the jury violated the
        admonishment, a conviction will not be reversed.

Id. at 1209 (alteration in original) (quoting Rizzo v. United States, 304 F.2d 810, 815 (8th Cir.
1962)). Here, the court delivered such a warning at the end of the last trial day before the
article’s publication:

        [i]t is particularly important when you separate for the weekend again that you
        have no discussions, insulate yourselves from anybody else’s discussions. Go
        home and stay at home and keep the TV off, don’t look at the newspapers and
        we’ll see you next Monday morning at nine o’clock.

It must therefore be presumed that no juror read the offending article unless Stojetz produces
some evidence to the contrary. He does not. Accordingly, Stojetz does not overcome the
presumption that trial counsels’ decision not to conduct voir dire on this matter constituted sound
trial strategy, namely, to avoid drawing jurors’ attention to an article that counsel may not have
wanted jurors to see. For this reason, Stojetz does not show that counsels’ performance was
deficient, let alone that the postconviction trial court’s determination was unreasonable.

                                                 D

        Stojetz’s fifth claim details three more ways in which his trial counsel are alleged to have
been constitutionally ineffective: (1) for failing to object to jury instructions that violated Tison
v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 137 (1987); (2) for failing to object to jury instructions that violated
Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510 (1979); and (3) for not objecting to instances of
prosecutorial misconduct, namely, (i) references to victim-impact evidence during the guilt phase
of the trial, (ii) comments during the trial’s sentencing phase that compared Stojetz to his
siblings, that improperly defined “mitigation,” and that misstated the burden of proof, and
(iii) the improper use of peremptory challenges to exclude women from the jury. To facilitate
the analysis of this claim, we will consider each subclaim separately.
 No. 15-3116                                Stojetz v. Ishee                               Page 26

                                                  i

       Stojetz’s first subclaim centers around the propriety of the following guilt-phase
instruction:

       You may find the defendant guilty of aggravated murder whether he participated
       as a principal or aider and abettor if he specifically intended to kill and you are
       satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt of his guilt.
       If you find that the state produced evidence which convinces you beyond a
       reasonable doubt of each and every element of aggravated murder whether you
       find the defendant a principal or aider and abettor, return a verdict of guilty to the
       charge of aggravated murder.

Appellant Br. 90–91. Stojetz argues that such instructions were improper—and, thus, that trial
counsel should have objected to them—because they “violate[d] [his] right to a jury
determination on every element of the offense.” Id. at 91.

       It is unclear whether this is the same claim that Stojetz raised on direct appeal. At that
time, Stojetz merely argued that “[e]ffective counsel would have ensured that [the] jury
unanimously agreed that [he] was guilty as either a principal offender or as an aider and abettor.”
To the extent that Stojetz is restating this claim, it was rejected on the merits by the Supreme
Court of Ohio, Stojetz, 705 N.E.2d at 337, and denied by the district court, Stojetz, 2014 WL
4775209, at *47. Given that neither state law nor federal law imposes the requirement alleged by
Stojetz, see Schad v. Arizona, 501 U.S. 624, 631–32 (1991), the district court was correct to find
that the Supreme Court of Ohio’s decision was neither contrary to nor involved an unreasonable
application of clearly established federal law, Stojetz, 2014 WL 4775209, at *46.

       Stojetz’s claim seems, however, to have shifted before this court. Rather than simply
asserting that juries must be unanimous in their finding of a defendant’s role in an offense,
Stojetz now emphasizes that “the jury never made the factual determination of death eligibility
required under Tison[.]” Appellant Br. 91. It therefore appears that Stojetz is now arguing that
the instruction was improper—and, thus, that his counsel were ineffective for failing to object to
it—because (1) it permitted him to be convicted as an accomplice and (2) “[a]bsent the Tison
finding, [he] was ineligible for the death penalty.” Id. at 92.
 No. 15-3116                               Stojetz v. Ishee                              Page 27

       Accepting this alternative construal of Stojetz’s claim—and setting aside the question of
whether it was procedurally defaulted—it too is meritless given the content of the instruction.
Tison is a refinement of Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782 (1982), in which the Supreme Court
held that the Eighth Amendment does not permit a death sentence for one who “aids and abets a
felony in the course of which a murder is committed by others but who does not himself kill,
attempt to kill, or intend that a killing take place or that lethal force will be employed.” Id. at
797. As such, a Tison finding is required only where a defendant may be convicted as an aider-
and-abettor who lacks the requisite intent. This is not such a case. Here, the jury was instructed,
“[y]ou may find the defendant guilty of aggravated murder whether he participated as a principal
or aider and abettor if he specifically intended to kill and you are satisfied beyond a reasonable
doubt of his guilt.” Appellant Br. 90–91 (emphasis added). There was no reason for trial
counsel to object to these instructions, therefore, because Enmund was not implicated.
Accordingly, trial counsels’ performance cannot have been deficient in the manner alleged.

                                                 ii

       Stojetz next argues that trial counsel were ineffective because they “failed to object to an
improper guilt phase instruction that presumed purpose from an intent to kill.” Id. at 93. Though
the target of Stojetz’s objection is, once again, less than clear, he later states that the jury
instructions were improper because they “create[d] a conclusive presumption that, since a deadly
weapon was involved, or that it was reasonably foreseeable, or that it was not an accident,
Stojetz’s purpose and specific intent had been established.” Id. at 96. He therefore appears to be
objecting to the following instruction:

       [i]f a wound is inflicted upon a person with a deadly weapon in a manner
       calculated to destroy life or inflict great bodily harm, the purpose to cause death
       may be nonconclusively inferred from the use of a weapon. No person may be
       convicted of aggravated murder unless he specifically intended to cause the death
       of another.

On direct appeal, the Supreme Court of Ohio denied the claim without elaboration. Stojetz,
705 N.E.2d at 337. Likewise, the district court denied the claim, finding that “the culpability-
phase jury instructions as a whole unmistakably conveyed to the jury the requisite mental state
for the crime of aggravated murder.” Stojetz, 2014 WL 4775209, at *49.
 No. 15-3116                                  Stojetz v. Ishee                               Page 28

          No relief is warranted as the trial court’s instruction did not create either a conclusive or
burden-shifting presumption in violation of Sandstrom. The problem in Sandstrom, the Court
explained, was that:

          jurors were told that “[t]he law presumes that a person intends the ordinary
          consequences of his voluntary acts.” They were not told that they had a choice, or
          that they might infer that conclusion; they were told only that the law presumed it.
          It is clear that a reasonable juror could easily have viewed such an instruction as
          mandatory.
442 U.S. at 515 (alteration in original) (emphasis added). Here, the trial court not only used the
terms “may” and “nonconclusively” to indicate that the inference was permissive, it also used
“infer.” Because the challenged instruction was proper, counsel cannot have been ineffective for
failing to object to it.

                                                   iii

          Stojetz’s third, and final, subclaim is a hodgepodge of sub-subclaims. Of the various
allegations lodged, however, only one was raised on direct appeal, namely, that trial counsel
were ineffective for failing to object to the introduction of victim-impact evidence during the
trial’s guilt-phase closing argument.         His remaining sub-subclaims have therefore been
procedurally defaulted.

          As previously discussed, “Ohio employs a bifurcated system of appellate review.” Hand,
871 F.3d at 408. “For the first type of claim—those based only on evidence contained in the trial
record—a convicted defendant is expected to raise the claim on direct appeal or else the claim is
barred by the doctrine of res judicata.” Ibid. Since Stojetz’s claims based on prosecutorial
misconduct do not involve supplementation of the trial record, they should have been raised on
direct appeal. Stojetz’s sub-subclaim that trial counsel were ineffective for failing to object to
various penalty-phase comments by the prosecutor, however, was only raised in the context of an
ineffective-assistance-of-appellate-counsel claim and only in his application to reopen his direct
appeal.     As for his assertion that counsel were ineffective for failing to object to the
discriminatory use of peremptory challenges, it was not presented in any form to the Ohio courts.
Accordingly, those claims have been defaulted unless Stojetz demonstrates that there was cause
for his not following the procedural rule and that he was prejudiced by the error. See id. at 407.
 No. 15-3116                                 Stojetz v. Ishee                                 Page 29

         Stojetz does not offer any such argument regarding his failure to raise the sub-subclaim
that trial counsel were ineffective for failing to object to the prosecution’s allegedly improper
penalty-phase comments. Accordingly, no relief is warranted on that set of claims.

         Regarding his assertion that trial counsel were ineffective for failing to object to the
prosecution’s discriminatory use of peremptories, Stojetz argues that “ineffective assistance of
post-conviction trial counsel may constitute cause for a default[.]” Appellant Br. 112. In
Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1 (2012), the Supreme Court created an exception to the general rule
that ineffective assistance of postconviction counsel does not establish cause for a procedural
default of an ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim. Id. at 14–15. As explained in Trevino
v. Thaler, 569 U.S. 413 (2013), Martinez held that such a procedural default could be excused
where:

         (1) the claim of “ineffective assistance of trial counsel” was a “substantial” claim;
         (2) the “cause” consisted of there being “no counsel” or only “ineffective”
         counsel during the state collateral review proceeding; (3) the state collateral
         review proceeding was the “initial” review proceeding in respect to the
         “ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim”; and (4) state law requires that an
         “ineffective assistance of trial counsel [claim] . . . be raised in an initial-review
         collateral proceeding.”

Id. at 423 (alterations in original) (quoting Martinez, 566 U.S. at 14, 17). In Trevino, “the Court
modified the fourth element to apply to situations where state law makes it ‘highly unlikely’ that
a defendant will have a ‘meaningful opportunity’ to raise ineffective-assistance claims on direct
appeal.” Williams v. Mitchell, 792 F.3d 606, 615 (6th Cir. 2015).

         While we have held that Martinez does not apply in Ohio and have questioned the
applicability of Trevino in that state, ibid., Stojetz’s claim fails for a far simpler reason: he offers
no basis for judging that trial counsel were ineffective for failing to object to the prosecution’s
use of peremptories. In particular, Stojetz fails to demonstrate that trial counsel “made errors so
serious that [they were] not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth
Amendment.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. He does not identify any female jurors who were
removed for discriminatory reasons. Nor does anything in the voir dire transcript suggest that
the prosecution used its peremptories in a discriminatory manner. For instance, the prosecution
only used four of its six peremptory challenges on women, and none of its peremptory challenges
 No. 15-3116                               Stojetz v. Ishee                              Page 30

on the alternative jurors despite two of them being women. Furthermore, of the female jurors
dismissed, one indicated that imposing the death penalty would be difficult for her to do, another
expressed mixed feelings on her questionnaire regarding its imposition, and a third indicated that
her brother was incarcerated at the time. Because nothing said or done during voir dire would
suggest to a reasonably competent attorney that the prosecution exercised its peremptory
challenges to exclude women from the jury, trial counsel cannot have performed deficiently in
failing to object to the peremptories’ use; and this, in turn, means that postconviction counsel
cannot have act ineffectively in failing to argue otherwise.

       Finally, while Stojetz’s remaining sub-subclaim—that trial counsel were ineffective for
failing to object to the prosecution’s reference to victim-impact evidence during the trial’s guilt
phase—was not procedurally defaulted, it is meritless.         Stojetz objects to the following
statement, which was made during closing argument:

       We know one thing for sure, that around 11:45, 11:50 on April 25, 1996, Damico
       Watkins was alive. He was 17 years old, he was from Cincinnati, Ohio. He was
       not perfect. He was in prison and he was in one of the units that children, young
       men from around the State of Ohio who have been tried as adults are placed. But
       in the end he wasn’t that much different from you or me. He had people that
       loved him, he had people who he loved, he had dreams, desires, I am sure he
       wanted to get out of prison and go about his life. He wanted to live.

Stojetz, 2014 WL 4775209, at *53. The Supreme Court of Ohio denied this claim on the merits,
Stojetz, 705 N.E.2d at 337, as did the district court, Stojetz, 2014 WL 4775209, at *58. In
reaching its conclusion, the district court noted that the prosecutor’s comment “constituted a
minimal portion of the entire culpability-phase closing arguments[,] . . . were more general than
specific, more mild than brash, and did not involve prolonged dwelling on the character or
feelings of Damico Watkins.” Ibid.

       The district court’s determination was correct. In Wilson v. Bell, we explained that “an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim based on trial counsel’s failure to object to prosecutorial
misconduct ‘hinges on whether the prosecutor’s misconduct was plain enough for a minimally
competent counsel to have objected.’”        368 F. App’x 627, 636 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting
Washington v. Hofbauer, 228 F.3d 689, 698 (6th Cir. 2000)). Accordingly, for Stojetz to win on
this sub-subclaim, it must be the case that (1) the prosecutor’s conduct was “plainly improper”
 No. 15-3116                               Stojetz v. Ishee                               Page 31

and (2) counsel were constitutionally ineffective for failing to object. Hofbauer, 228 F.3d at
698–99. Furthermore, because the Supreme Court of Ohio applied the correct legal standard
when it addressed this sub-subclaim on the merits, we apply the “doubly deferential standard of
Strickland and AEDPA” when engaging in the latter inquiry. Pinholster, 563 U.S. at 202
(quotation marks omitted).

       Trial counsel were not constitutionally ineffective because the prosecutor’s comments
were not plainly improper. Two considerations underlie this conclusion. First, as we have noted
on more than one occasion, there is no per se prohibition on the introduction of victim-impact
evidence during the guilt phase of a trial. Hicks v. Collins, 384 F.3d 204, 222 (6th Cir. 2004)
(“[T]his court has approved [of] victim[-]impact evidence during the guilt phase . . . as an
extension of Payne[ v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808 (1991)].”); see also Byrd v. Collins, 209 F.3d
486, 532 (6th Cir. 2000). Second, we have previously expressed skepticism as to the impropriety
of a prosecutor making isolated, humanizing comments regarding a victim during closing
arguments. In Byrd, for instance, we held that it was “far from clear” that the prosecutor acted
improperly when, during the guilt-phase closing argument, he said:

       After stripping [the victim] of his personal possessions, his belongings, the store’s
       belongings, and [the victim’s] pride, [the Petitioner and his accomplice] stripped
       him of his life, his breath, and his blood.
       ...
       [The victim] will never see the sun. [The victim] will never feel the chill of fall.
       He will never watch his youngsters grow. He will never break bread with his
       wife . . . .

Ibid. Given the similarities between the statements in Byrd and in this case, skepticism is
likewise warranted here. At most, then, counsel failed to object to comments whose impropriety
was questionable. Accordingly, because (1) a “claim of Strickland ineffectiveness [based on the
failure to object to alleged incidents of prosecutorial misconduct] hinges on whether the
prosecutor’s misconduct was plain enough for a minimally competent counsel to have
objected[,]” Hofbauer, 228 F.3d at 698 (emphasis added) and (2) the misconduct in this case—if
it occurred at all—does not rise to this level, Stojetz is not entitled to relief on this final sub-
subclaim.
 No. 15-3116                               Stojetz v. Ishee                               Page 32

                                                 E

       In his seventh claim, Stojetz contends that trial counsel were ineffective for failing to
object to testimony from prosecution witness Andre Wright. Wright, who was in Adams A at the
time of the incident, testified that he saw Stojetz obtain the prison-cell keys from a corrections
officer, open the door to Watkins’s cell, and enter. Wright then stated, “I guess they stuck
[Watkins] a couple of times while inside the cell,” characterized Watkins as “scared” and “not
able to think,” and asserted that Stojetz entered Adams A “with intention to kill.” Stojetz
contends that such statements constitute inadmissible opinion evidence. Because the Supreme
Court of Ohio denied this claim on the merits, Stojetz, 705 N.E.2d at 337, and because AEDPA
applies to this case, “[t]he question is whether there is any reasonable argument that counsel
satisfied Strickland’s deferential standard,” Richter, 562 U.S. at 105. The district court correctly
determined that there was. Stojetz, 2014 WL 4775209, at *83–84.

       A reasonable person could find that the challenged testimony was, at a minimum, non-
prejudicial. With respect to Wright’s musing about what occurred in Watkins’s cell, it can
hardly be called “speculation,” let alone prejudicial speculation, given that (1) Wright testified
that he observed blood on Watkins as Watkins escaped his cell, (2) a trail of blood began directly
outside Watkins’s cell, and (3) Wright observed Watkins being stabbed outside of his cell by the
group that had entered the cell earlier. See Stojetz, 705 N.E.2d at 340. Likewise, Wright’s
characterization of Watkins’s mindset was not prejudicial given that Wright and another juvenile
inmate testified that Watkins shouted, “I didn’t do nothing,” while he was being chased through
the cellblock and that he begged for his life while being stabbed. Finally, Wright’s statements
about Stojetz’s mindset were not prejudicial given, inter alia, eyewitness testimony that Stojetz
stabbed Watkins multiple times after Watkins fell to the ground; that post-attack, the attackers
said, “We killed the nigger. We did what we had to do,” and wrote “Don’t fuck with the [Aryan
Brotherhood]” on the wall; and that immediately after the incident, Stojetz said to a corrections
officer, “I told you it was going to happen.” Because the evidence at trial overwhelmingly
showed that Stojetz entered Adams A with the intention to kill, the Supreme Court of Ohio’s
determination was reasonable. Stojetz’s seventh claim therefore fails.
 No. 15-3116                               Stojetz v. Ishee                                 Page 33

                                                 IV

       Beyond raising an exhaustive list of ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claims, Stojetz
also alleges prosecutorial misconduct based upon the withholding of exculpatory and mitigating
evidence. More specifically, in his second claim, Stojetz asserts that the prosecution violated his
substantive-due-process right to fair and individualized sentencing by failing to disclose his Ohio
Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (“ODRC”) medical records. Those records showed
that while incarcerated, Stojetz’s throat was cut by another inmate, resulting in a “5 to 6 inch
long gaping wound[.]” Appellant Br. 28. Stojetz further asserts that this failure to disclose
rendered his sentencing proceedings fundamentally unfair because it allowed the State to
knowingly present false information that discredited expert testimony that supported Stojetz’s
mitigation theory. Id. at 34, 39.

       Stojetz first presented this claim in a second state postconviction petition and in an
application for a new trial. The trial court dismissed the petition and the new-trial motion on the
grounds that they were untimely and that the statutory exceptions listed, respectively, in O.R.C.
§§ 2953.23 and 2945.80 did not apply. The Court of Appeals of Ohio affirmed the judgment of
the trial court, Stojetz, 2010 WL 2252191, at *2, *5, and the district court agreed that the petition
and application were, among other things, untimely, Stojetz, 2014 WL 4775209, at *123.
Applying the four-part Maupin test, the district court correctly determined that Stojetz’s claim
was procedurally defaulted and that he had failed to excuse the default. Ibid.

       There is no question that Stojetz’s petition and application were untimely. At the time of
Stojetz’s sentencing, “[a] petition for postconviction relief [in Ohio had to] be filed no later than
180 days after the date on which the trial transcript [was] filed with the court of appeals in the
direct appeal.” Stojetz, 2010 WL 2252191, at *1. Similarly, Stojetz was required to file his
motion for a new trial “within 120 days of the end of the proceedings if the basis for the motion
[was] the discovery of new evidence.”        Id. at *5.    Because Stojetz filed his petition and
application ten years after the Supreme Court of Ohio had affirmed his death sentence, his
petition and application were time-barred unless one of the statutory exceptions applied.
 No. 15-3116                                Stojetz v. Ishee                             Page 34

       None did.     Under O.R.C. § 2953.23, an untimely petition is permitted only if the
petitioner shows that he “was unavoidably prevented from discovery of the facts upon which [he]
must rely to present the claim for relief” or “the United States Supreme Court recognized a new
federal or state right that applies retroactively to persons in the petitioner’s situation, and the
petition asserts a claim based on that right.” O.R.C. § 2953.23(A)(1)(a). “In addition, the
prisoner must show that, but for the error, no reasonable fact-finder would have found him
guilty, or, in a death penalty case, eligible for the death sentence.” Moore v. Mitchell, 708 F.3d
760, 776 (6th Cir. 2013). This exception did not apply to Stojetz because he did not rely on a
right newly recognized by the Supreme Court and because, as the Court of Appeals of Ohio
correctly observed, Stojetz “was certainly aware of the facts underlying this claim, as they
existed since September 1987 and appellant first raised the issue at trial[,]” Stojetz, 2010 WL
2252191, at *2. After all, Stojetz asserts that at trial the prosecutor “indicated that he had
reviewed the ODRC medical records[.]” Appellant Br. 35. Presumably, then, Stojetz was aware
of his ODRC records as of that moment. Even more problematic for Stojetz is his penalty-phase
statement to the jury detailing the assault in question:

       [w]hen I was walking up the hallway, my towel was soaked with blood. At that
       time I had to kick the crash gates and motion for the officer to let me through the
       crash gate. I showed him my neck. He opened the crash gate. I walked off by
       myself. This is maximum security. I walked by myself to the hospital. When I
       got to the hospital there was a nurse. Lucky for me she knew what to do. She
       clamped my vein until I went to the outside hospital and the doctor that was in
       there saved my life.

There is no question, therefore, that Stojetz knew that he had been injured and that he had
received treatment for that injury at the prison. For a similar reason—namely, he was not
“unavoidably prevented from the discovery of the evidence upon which he must rely,” see
O.R.C. § 2945.80—Stojetz’s motion for a new trial was also procedurally defaulted under Ohio
law.
       Furthermore, because the state courts enforced those procedural rules, and because those
rules also constitute independent and adequate bases for denying review of a federal
constitutional claim, cf. Davie v. Mitchell, 547 F.3d 297, 311 (6th Cir. 2008) (“This court has
previously held that where an Ohio defendant is unable to satisfy the statutory requirements to
 No. 15-3116                                Stojetz v. Ishee                               Page 35

bring a second post-conviction petition, procedural default analysis applies.”); Matthews v. Ishee,
486 F.3d 883, 889–90 (6th Cir. 2007) (finding that there is “no question [defendant] procedurally
defaulted his claim” where the Court of Appeals of Ohio held that a motion for new trial was
untimely and that the defendant had not exercise reasonable diligence), the only question is
whether Stojetz can show the requisite cause and prejudice.

       He cannot. Stojetz asserts that the procedural default is excused because the State
violated its obligation under Brady by failing to disclose his ODRC records. We have been
clear, however, that a Brady violation does not occur when “the defendant knew or should have
known the essential facts permitting him to take advantage of the information in question, or if
the information was available to him from another source.” Carter v. Bell, 218 F.3d 581, 601
(6th Cir. 2000). Accordingly, no Brady violation occurred with respect to Stojetz’s ODRC
records for the reasons noted in the preceding paragraphs. Because Stojetz fails to show cause
for his failure to follow Ohio’s procedural rules, his second claim is procedurally defaulted.

                                                 V

       In his eighth claim, Stojetz contends that the district court erred in failing to reconsider,
pursuant to Maples, its determination that he had procedurally defaulted a number of claims by
not litigating an appeal of the postconviction trial court’s decision. Specifically, Stojetz argues
that because his postconviction counsel—Gideon—abandoned him, he can establish cause for
the default. As for prejudice, Stojetz asserts that “there are meritorious arguments that Gideon
failed to preserve that satisfy this standard,” though the only one that he identifies is his claim
that trial counsel were ineffective for depriving him of his right to testify. Appellant Br. 130.

       There is no question that Stojetz’s postconviction appellate counsel’s performance was
subpar. Not only was Gideon non-responsive to inquiries by Stojetz’s sister regarding the status
of her brother’s appeal, he also failed to file a brief in those proceedings, resulting in the
dismissal of the appeal with prejudice. Disciplinary Counsel v. Gideon, 819 N.E.2d 1103, 1104
(Ohio 2004). Based, in part, on these failings, the Supreme Court of Ohio suspended Gideon’s
license for two years, though it stayed the sanction on the condition that he continue receiving
treatment for “deep depression and anxiety[.]” Id. at 1105–06.
 No. 15-3116                                 Stojetz v. Ishee                             Page 36

       Nevertheless, the district court was correct to reject Stojetz’s argument, as Gideon’s
behavior was more akin to neglect than abandonment. Stojetz, 2014 WL 4775209, at *114.
Unlike the counsel in Maples, Gideon communicated with court staff and the Ohio Public
Defender’s Office regarding the progress of the appeal; he sought time extensions to file the
postconviction appellate brief and leave to exceed the page limit; when he failed to submit the
brief on time, he promptly responded to a show-cause order, explained why the appeal should
not be dismissed, and obtained a time extension; and days before the final filing deadline, he
spoke to court administrators about the brief. Nor was counsel’s non-responsiveness of the same
degree as in cases where the Supreme Court has indicated that abandonment occurred—it
appears that Gideon’s non-responsiveness lasted for only two months. See Maples, 565 U.S. at
282 (approvingly citing Justice Alito’s concurring opinion in Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631
(2010), which stated that one cannot be held constructively responsible for the conduct of an
attorney where, inter alia, there is a “near-total failure” to respond over several years). Based on
these facts, it cannot be said that Gideon was “not operating as [Stojetz’s] agent in any
meaningful sense of that word.” Maples, 565 U.S. at 282 (emphasis added) (quoting Holland,
560 U.S. at 659). Thus, as harsh as it may appear, Stojetz has not shown cause for the
postconviction procedural defaults.        See Maples, 565 U.S. at 281 (“[W]hen a petitioner’s
postconviction attorney misses a filing deadline, the petitioner is bound by the oversight and
cannot rely on it to establish cause.”).

                                                  VI

       Stojetz’s penultimate claim is that the district court abused its discretion in denying his
request for access to the grand-jury transcripts from his indictment and those of his accomplices.
Stojetz contends that discovery should have been granted because:

       [i]t is unknown if the State pursued [two mutually exclusive theories, namely, that
       Stojetz was the actual killer and that he was not,] before the grand jury. And if so,
       whether the grand jury rejected one over the other. Further, it is unknown who
       the State pursued in which fashion regarding the six co-defendants.

Appellant Br. 134. Stojetz further suggests that the court erred because it used the wrong
standard when assessing his request.
 No. 15-3116                               Stojetz v. Ishee                               Page 37

       The district court did not abuse its discretion. “A habeas petitioner, unlike the usual civil
litigant in federal court, is not entitled to discovery as a matter of ordinary course.” Bracy v.
Gramley, 520 U.S. 899, 904 (1997). “A district court may, however, permit discovery in a
habeas proceeding if the ‘petitioner presents specific allegations showing reason to believe that
the facts, if fully developed, may lead the district court to believe that federal habeas relief is
appropriate.’” Johnson v. Mitchell, 585 F.3d 923, 934 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Lott v. Coyle, 261
F.3d 594, 602 (6th Cir. 2001)). Because Stojetz offers nothing more than vague musings on how
the grand-jury proceedings might have unfolded, the district court correctly determined that he
failed to satisfy the “good cause” standard required to obtain habeas corpus discovery. See
Stojetz, 2014 WL 4775209, at *75 n.12.

                                               VII

       Stojetz’s tenth, and final, claim—that he is actually innocent of aggravated murder and
that his death sentence is arbitrary and capricious—consists of two analytically distinct
subclaims. We accordingly treat them separately.

                                                 i

       Stojetz first raised his actual-innocence claim during postconviction proceedings, where
it was rejected on the merits by the trial court. On federal habeas review, the district court
denied the claim, finding that “the state trial court’s decision . . . did not contravene or
unreasonably apply clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court.”
Stojetz, 2014 WL 4775209, at *68.

       To be clear, Stojetz has forwarded a freestanding actual-innocence claim, not a gateway-
innocence claim. In other words, rather than asserting a claim of innocence to overcome a
procedural bar to the consideration of a constitutional claim, see Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298,
326–27 (1995), Stojetz argues that he is entitled to habeas relief, full-stop, because he is
innocent, see House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518, 554 (2006) (citing Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390,
417 (1993)). This distinction matters because the Supreme Court has yet to answer whether
freestanding innocence claims are cognizable in habeas corpus. House, 547 U.S. at 554–55.
 No. 15-3116                               Stojetz v. Ishee                              Page 38

       Despite such uncertainty, the Court has provided two guideposts that allow us to dispose
of Stojetz’s first subclaim. In Herrera, the Court mused that were freestanding innocence claims
cognizable in federal court, “the threshold showing for such an assumed right would necessarily
be extraordinarily high.” 506 U.S. at 417. Then, in House, the Court elaborated on this point,
stating that the showing required for such a hypothetical claim would be greater than that
required for a gateway-innocence claim. 547 U.S. at 555. Logic therefore dictates that if Stojetz
cannot meet the standard for a gateway-innocence claim—viz., establishing that “it is more
likely than not that no reasonable juror would have found [him] guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt[,]” Schlup, 513 U.S. at 327—he cannot meet the burden implied in Herrera.

       Stojetz’s showing falls well short of even Schlup’s lower threshold. In House, the Court
held that although the petitioner—who had presented (1) laboratory tests showing that semen
found on the victim did not match his DNA, (2) testimony indicating that poor evidence control
may have led to the transfer of the victim’s blood to his clothing, and (3) substantial proof that
the victim’s husband was the actual killer—met the Schlup standard, it was a close question.
547 U.S. at 540–55. Based on this determination, the Court then concluded that the petitioner’s
showing fell short of the threshold for a hypothetical freestanding innocence claim. Id. at 554–
55. Given that the evidence offered by Stojetz—presumably, the deposition testimony of two
accomplices and three juvenile inmates—pales in comparison to that offered in House, especially
when assessed in light of the overwhelming evidence of Stojetz’s involvement in the stabbing
death of Watkins, he too falls short of meeting Herrera’s threshold. See supra Part III.B, E.
Stojetz’s actual-innocence claim is, therefore, without merit.

                                                 ii

       Stojetz’s second subclaim—that his death sentence is arbitrary and capricious—was
rejected by the Supreme Court of Ohio on the merits. Stojetz, 705 N.E.2d at 344–47. Because
AEDPA applies to this case, the district court limited its inquiry to whether the Supreme Court of
Ohio’s decision contravened or unreasonably applied clearly established federal law. Stojetz,
2014 WL 4775209, at *100 (citing Getsy v. Mitchell, 495 F.3d 295, 308 (6th Cir. 2007)). The
district court then denied the Appellant’s subclaim, observing “[t]hat Petitioner’s jury, the trial
 No. 15-3116                               Stojetz v. Ishee                              Page 39

court, and the Ohio Supreme Court gave certain factors less weight than Petitioner preferred does
not undermine their determination that Petitioner’s death sentence was appropriate.” Ibid.

       Once again, the district court’s decision was correct. Simply put, Stojetz argues that the
jury and courts either did not hear or did not properly credit the following mitigating evidence:
his ODRC medical records, testimony that he suffered from PTSD and had had a troubled
childhood, evidence that Watkins intended to attack Stojetz and his associates, and the fact that
of the six people who stormed Adams A on April 25, 1996, he is the only one on death row.
Appellant Br. 138, 140, 142, 145. Stojetz glosses over, however, that during the mitigation
phase of the trial: he gave an unsworn statement in which he discussed having his throat slashed
while in prison and his belief that Watkins planned to attack him; various family members
testified about his history, character, and background, including his childhood; and a clinical
psychologist expressed his belief that the Appellant “sees the world as a threatening place” and
that Stojetz suffers from PTSD. See Stojetz, 705 N.E.2d at 344–46. Accordingly, almost all of
the considerations to which Stojetz now points were, in fact, before the jury in some form; jurors
simply declined to accord them the weight that he prefers. Likewise, the Supreme Court of Ohio
extensively discussed these factors, but ultimately decided that they deserved little-to-no weight.
See id. at 346–47.     Finally, given that “we have long held that the common-law rule of
consistency has no application to conflicting verdicts returned by different juries in separate
trials[,]” Getsy, 495 F.3d at 307, the fact that Stojetz’s accomplices did not receive the death
penalty cannot be a basis for deeming his death sentence to be arbitrary and capricious. There is
no basis, therefore, to conclude that the Supreme Court of Ohio’s determination contravened or
unreasonably applied clearly established federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court.
Stojetz’s final claim is accordingly denied.

                                               VIII

       Based on the foregoing, the claims in John C. Stojetz’s habeas petition are all either
procedurally defaulted or meritless. We therefore AFFIRM the decision of the district court and
DENY the petition for a writ of habeas corpus.