Court Opinion

ID: 4120513
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-01-27 22:48:02.48553+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:49:35.619824
License: Public Domain

A pril 6, 1977

77-18     MEMORANDUM OPINION FOR THE
          ATTORNEY GENERAL

          Application of the Hatch Act to the Vice President’s
          Staff

   In a previous memorandum to the President’s Counsel regarding
political trips, we indicated that the exception in 5 U.S.C. § 7324(d)(1)
for employees paid “from the appropriation for the Office of the Presi­
dent” did not apply to persons paid from the separate line item in the
Executive Office Appropriation Act of 1977 for “expenses necessary to
enable the Vice President to provide assistance to the President in
connection with specially assigned functions.” When our Office con­
tacted the Hatch Act section of the General Counsel’s Office at the
Civil Service Commission, we were informed that the issue of the
application of the Hatch A ct to the Vice President’s staff had apparent­
ly not arisen before. Because the Civil Service Commission had no
official views on the subject, we conducted our own study of the
question and concluded on the basis of the legislative history of both
the Hatch A ct and the Appropriation A ct that the Vice President’s
Office was covered.
   W e read a copy of a letter written by a former Civil Service Com­
mission General Counsel, stating that his Office “has interpreted the
language found in 5 U.S.C. § 7324(d)(1) to be applicable to employees
paid from the appropriation for the White House Office or from appro­
priations made to provide assistance to the President in connection with
special functions or projects.” On this basis, and without further discus­
sion, it was concluded that the Vice President’s Special Counsel was
exempt. We do not believe this conclusion is consistent with the origi­
nal intent of the Hatch Act.
   T he predecessor of 5 U.S.C. § 7324(d) was introduced in 1939 in the
House as a floor amendment to be substituted for the original § 9 of the

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Hatch bill, S. 1871. 84 Cong. Rec. 9625.1 In introducing the amend­
ment, Representative Dempsey explained that its purpose was to allow
the President, the Vice President, and other policymaking officials to
defend their actions in public. 84 Cong. Rec. 9626; see, id. at 9630. To
serve this purpose, he continued, “the amendment . . . clearly
exempts . . . the staff of the President and those who obtain their
salaries from the appropriation made for White House purposes.” Id.
   At the time of the enactment of the Hatch Act in 1939, the appropri­
ation for the “Office of the President,” which provided for “personal
services in the office of the President,” was the only appropriation for
personnel under the heading “Executive Office.” 2 Later that year the
Executive Office of the President was established, and the Bureau of
the Budget and other agencies were transferred to it.3 To reflect the
change in organization, the next Appropriation Act carried a general
heading for “Executive Office of the President.” Instead of “Office of
the President,” the item covering “personal services” was entitled
“White House Office.” 4 With changes in form, the appropriation for
the President’s personal staff has been carried under this item since
then.5
   In other words, the current item for the “White House Office” is the
lineal descendant of the only appropriation for Presidential staff that
existed when the Hatch Act was passed. As new functions and agencies
have been added to the Executive Office of the President, this item has
continued as the source of the salaries of the inner circle of personal
   'I n pertinent part, the amendm ent, as enacted in 1939, reads:
       F o r the purposes o f this section the term “officer o r em ployee” shall not be c o n ­
       strued to include (1) the President or Vice President of the United States; (2) persons
       w hose com pensation is paid from the appropriation for the office o f the President; (3)
       heads and assistant heads o f executive departm ents; (4) officers w ho are appointed by
       the President with the advice and consent o f the Senate, and who determ ine policies
       to be pursued by the United States in its relations w ith foreign pow ers or in the
       N ation-w ide adm inistration o f Federal laws. 53 Stat. 1148.
C lause (1) has since been stricken as unnecessary. See 5 U.S.C. § 7324, H istorical and
Revision Note.
   2 T h e item for “Office o f the President” read:
       Salaries: F o r personal services in the office o f the President, including the S ecretary
       to the President, and tw o additional secretaries to the President at $10,000 each:
       $136,500: Provided, that employees o f the executive departm ents and o th er establish­
       m ents o f the governm ent may be detailed from time to time to the office o f the
       President o f the U nited States for such tem porary assistance as m ay be deem ed
       necessary. 53 Stat. 524.
   3 Reorganization Plan No. 1 o f 1939, 53 Stat. 1423. T he Plan does not m ention the
O ffice o f the President o r the W hite H ouse Office.
   4 Independent Offices A ppropriation A ct o f 1941, 54 Stat. 112. Except for an additional
authorization for six adm inistrative assistants, the language was identical to the p rior act.
T h e President’s message supporting the reorganization plan, the legislative response to the
plan, and the legislative history o f the A ppropriation A ct do not discuss the change.
   5T h e current item reads:
       F o r expenses necessary for the W hite H ouse office as authorized by law, including
       not to exceed $3,850,000 for . . . o ther personal services w ithout regard to the
       provisions o f law regulating the em ploym ent and com pensation o f persons in the
       G overnm ent service; . .      Executive Office A ppropriation A ct o f 1977., Pub. L.
       No. 94-363, 90 Stat. 966.

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advisers to the President. It is this group of advisers, assistants, and
speech writers whom the sponsor of the exemption viewed as adjuncts
to the President in his role as a political officer.
   During the debate on the 1939 amendment, Representative Michener
raised the issue whether personnel of agencies such as the Bureau of the
Budget, which would be transferred to the Executive Office of the
President under the proposed Reorganization Plan of 1939, would be
covered by the “Office of the President” exemption. 84 Cong. Rec.
9633. To clarify this point, he offered an amendment that would have
restricted the exemption to positions in the Office of the President “as
classified prior to the Reorganization A ct of 1939.” Id. When Mr.
M ichener’s time expired, no Member o f the House, including Repre­
sentative Dempsey, attempted to address the point. There was no
debate, and the proposal was never voted on. 84 Cong. Rec. 9634. The
indifference o f the House to the point suggests that the House consid­
ered the amendment unnecessary, as it understood that the exemption
clearly applied only to w hat Mr. Michener called “the President’s
secretariat and incidental employees,” i.e., employees in “the Office of
the President.”8
   It is for these reasons that we conclude that the exemption to the
H atch A ct in 5 U.S.C. § 7324(d)(1) was intended to apply only to
persons paid from the item for the “W hite House Office.” This office
has previously advised the W hite House that the “Office of the Presi­
dent” is the equivalent of the White House Office.7
   It should be noted that persons detailed from other agencies to the
W hite House are ordinarily subject to the Hatch Act because they are
not paid out o f the White House Office appropriation.8 In the Execu­
tive Office Appropriation A ct of 1971, 84 Stat. 866, Congress signifi­
cantly increased the appropriation for the White House Office by trans­
ferring Special Projects from the item. The reason the transfer was
requested was to pay Presidential staff who had been essentially on
permanent detail from other agencies out of this item.9 Although the
point was not raised in the legislative history of the 1971 Act, it is
reasonable to conclude that the White House realized that the change
would enlarge the number o f employees who were clearly exempt from
the Hatch Act.

   ‘ T h ere is no discussion o f the applicability o f the H atch A c t in the legislative history
o f the 1941 ap propriation for the P resident’s Office.
   ’ W e previously advised the W hite H ouse that O ffice o f M anagem ent and Budget
(O M B ) personnel w ere subject to th e H atch A c t and that D om estic C ouncil staff paid
under a separate item w ere subject to the H atch A ct.
   “W e have also advised the White H ouse that detailed em ployees may be subject to the
H atch A c t even if paid from this appropriation. A uthority to detail is provided by 3
U .S.C. § 107.
   •H ea rin g s Before a Subcom m ittee o f the A ppropriations C om m ittee o f the H ouse o f
R epresentatives, E xecutive Office A ppropriations fo r 1971, 91st Cong., 2d Sess., pp. 5-7
See also H.R. Rep. 91-994, 91st Cong., 2d Sess.

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    In the same statute, a separate line item for “expenses necessary for
the Vice President to provide assistance to the President in connection
with specially assigned functions” was added for the first time. The
spokesman for the Administration testified before the House Committee
that over the years the responsibility of the Vice President in assisting
the President had increased and that he had been provided with a
sufficient staff only by a detail of employees from other agencies. The
purpose of the appropriation, he explained, was to give the Vice Presi­
dent an explicit source of staff support for his governmental responsibil­
ities in the executive branch.10 The legislative history does not discuss
the applicability of the Hatch Act to these employees.
   In light of the legislative history discussed above, it would not appear
that persons paid from this item are within the scope of 5 U.S.C.
§ 7324(d)(1). If either the Administration or Congress had wanted them
exempted from the Hatch Act, it could have explicitly done so by
following the procedure used at the same time for detailed Presidential
staff, such as shifting expenses from other appropriations to the “White
House Office” item. Instead, a separate line item was requested and
given. In the case of Vice President Mondale, he was able to retain his
legislative staff, who were not covered by the Hatch A ct.11 Because his
legislative appropriation was not decreased in 1971 and subsequent
years, it could have been expected that his political staff would be paid
from this source.12 Finally, because the Administration requested staff
assistance for the Vice President in performing his functions within the
executive branch,13 it is reasonable to conclude that Congress intended
to provide a staff only for those functions.
   The Office of the Vice President has argued that 5 U.S.C.
§ 7324(d)(1) applies because the item in question provides “for expenses
necessary to enable the Vice President to provide assistance to the
President in connection with specially assigned functions.” In other

   10 Hearings before a Subcom m ittee o f the A ppropriations Com m ittee o f the House o f
Representatives, Executive Offices A ppropriations for 1971, 91st Cong., 2d Sess., pp. 185-
89. See also H.R. Rep. 91-994, 91st Cong., 2d Sess.
   " I n 1971, the V ice President’s appropriation for executive staff was $700,000. E xecu­
tive Offices A ppropriation A ct o f 1971, Pub. L. No. 91-422, 84 Stat. 872. F o r “clerical
assistance to the Vice President," he received $367,263 under the L egislative B ranch
A ppropriation A ct o f 1971 Pub. L. No. 91-382, 84 Stat. 807. T his was an increase from
the prior year. F o r 1977, the V ice President received $1,246,000 for executive staff and
$615,015 for legislative staff. See 90 Stat. 966, 967.
   11 In 1971, the Vice President’s legislative staff num bered 23 persons, clerical and
otherw ise. H earings o f a Subcom m itee o f the Senate A ppropriation C om m ittee, E xecutive
Offices A ppropriation o f 1971, 91st Cong., 2d Sess., p. 1255. T here is no discussion o f
their duties in the legislative history.
   13 A m ong the Vice President’s functions cited as requiring staff w ere his m em bership in
the Cabinet, the National Security Council, and the Council on Environm ental Quality;
his duties as head o f the O ffice o f Intergovernm ental Relations; and his m em bership on
various advisory com m ittees and councils. Hearings by a Subcom m ittee o f the A ppropri­
ation C om m ittee o f the H ouse of Representatives, Executive Office A ppropriation o f
1971, 91st Cong., 2d Sess., pp. 185-86. T h e testim ony concentrated on the need for staff
support if the V ice President w ere to function as an adviser and official spokesman. Id. at
187-89.

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 words, it is asserted that the status o f the Vice President’s staff is
derived from the duties assigned to the Vice President. But this argu­
ment proves too much. T h e Vice President has no active executive
responsibilities under the Constitution, and the President has no consti­
tutional duty to assign him any. The Vice President’s status as an
assistant to the President is therefore the same as that of other policy­
making officials or advisers who are not subject to the Hatch A ct.14 If
it is argued that employees w ho furnish him with staff assistance derive
an exemption on the basis o f his functions, there is no reason why the
same should not be true o f the staff o f the Office of Management and
Budget, the Domestic Council, and other agencies within the Executive
Office of the President whose heads are exempt. This result would be
contrary to the congressional intent underlying 5 U.S.C. § 7324(d) and
to its settled construction. Had Congress considered derivative exemp­
tion possible under the Act, it would not have been necessary for the
Dempsey amendment to provide specifically for the President’s person­
al staff after having exempted the President or to exempt assistant heads
as well as heads of departments.
   In conclusion, it is our opinion that the legislative intent behind 5
U.S.C. § 7324(d)(1) was to exempt from the Hatch A ct a limited
number o f close personal advisers to the President and their staff
members. This was accomplished by basing the exemption on the ap­
propriation for the “Office o f the President,” from which this inner
circle was paid. At the same time, this was the only appropriation for
personnel directly under the President’s control. As other agencies
were added to the Executive Office of the President and nomenclature
changed, the White House Office was the only lineal descendant of the
former Office of the President. The remaining employees in the Execu­
tive Office of the President are subject to the Hatch Act unless covered
by another exemption. Nothing in the legislative history of the appro­
priation for the Vice President’s executive staff shows a congressional
intent to treat those employees differently from other staff in the Ex­
ecutive Office of the President outside the White House Office. In our
opinion, there is no rational basis for doing so that will distinguish the
Vice President’s staff from other staffs that are not exempt.
   It has been suggested that this interpretation is archaic and anoma­
lous because the staffs of the President and Vice President are for
practical purposes intermingled. It is true that when Congress enacted
the Hatch A ct it did not consider the role of the Vice President’s staff,
because the Vice President had no role in the executive branch at that
time. Circumstances have changed, and Presidents now use Vice Presi­
dents as both political spokesmen and policy advisers. It may be desir­

   14 T h e original version o f the H a tch A ct specifically exem pted the President and Vice
President. See U.S.C. § 7324, H istorical and Revision note; A c t o f A ugust 2, 1937, § 9(a),
53 Stat. 1148. H eads and assistant h ead s o f executive or m ilitary departm ents and policy­
m aking officials appointed subject to advice and consent by the Senate are exempt. 5
U .S.C . § 7324(d)(2)-(3).

                                             58
able to have the Vice President’s staff as freely available for political
duties as the President’s. If so, legislation will be necessary. One ap­
proach would be to incorporate the appropriation for the Vice Presi­
dent’s staff in the general appropriation for the White House Office,
thereby removing all doubts on the matter. The other, more direct,
solution would be to amend the Hatch Act specifically to exempt the
Vice President’s staff.

                                          John M. H   arm on
                                 Acting Assistant Attorney General
                                                Office o f Legal Counsel

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