Court Opinion

ID: 9554356
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-08 18:11:30.554474+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:33:38.849998
License: Public Domain

J-S21029-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT OP 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                                :
                v.                              :
                                                :
                                                :
    JAMES ANDREW DOLL                           :
                                                :
                       Appellant                :   No. 1659 MDA 2022

             Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered November 2, 2022
      In the Court of Common Pleas of Franklin County Criminal Division at
                        No(s): CP-28-CR-0001117-2018

BEFORE:      BOWES, J., NICHOLS, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY NICHOLS, J.:                                FILED AUGUST 08, 2023

       Appellant James Andrew Doll appeals from the order denying his timely

first Post Conviction Relief Act1 (PCRA) petition. Appellant argues that his trial

counsel2 was ineffective for failing to argue that Appellant’s then-wife did not

have authority to consent to the search of Appellant’s computers. We affirm.

       The underlying facts of this matter are well known to the parties. See

Commonwealth v. Doll, 2074 MDA 2019, 2020 WL 5888194, at *1-3 (Pa.

Super. filed Oct. 5, 2020) (unpublished mem.). Briefly, on August 4, 2017,

the Pennsylvania State Police executed a search warrant at Appellant’s home

for   computers      and   other   electronic   devices   that   may   contain   child
____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541-9546.

2 Steve Rice, Esq. (trial counsel) represented Appellant at the suppression
hearing, the guilty plea and sentencing hearing, and on direct appeal.
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pornography. At that time, Appellant’s then-wife was present in the home

and she consented to both the seizure of Appellant’s electronic devices and

the search of their contents.          As a result of the search, Appellant was

subsequently charged with child pornography and related offenses.

       Appellant filed a motion to suppress the nine videos that the police

recovered from the seized computers, which the trial court denied. Appellant

subsequently entered a conditional guilty plea to nine counts of child

pornography, and one count each of aggravated indecent assault: complainant

less than 16 years of age, aggravated assault without consent, indecent

assault: complainant less than 16 years, indecent assault without consent,

interception of communications, and corruption of minors.3 As part of his plea

agreement, Appellant reserved his right to appeal the denial of his suppression

motion.    On December 4, 2019, the trial court sentenced Appellant to an

aggregate term of seven to twenty-one years’ incarceration.

       Appellant filed a direct appeal challenging the denial of his suppression

motion on several grounds. Among other things, Appellant argued that the

suppression court erred in concluding that his wife had authority to consent

to the seizure of Appellant’s electronic devices and the search of their

contents. See id. at *3-4. On appeal, a prior panel of this Court concluded

that the suppression court did not err in denying Appellant’s motion, albeit on

different grounds, and affirmed his judgment of sentence. See id. at *4-9,
____________________________________________

3 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 6312(d); 3125(a)(1); 3125(a)(8); 3126(a)(1); 3126(a)(8);

5703(1); and 6301(a)(1)(ii), respectively.

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*6 n.7.    Specifically, this Court concluded that Appellant’s wife had actual

authority to consent to the search of the computers because Appellant and his

wife “generally shared joint access to and control over the house and the

electronics. Although some computers were used primarily by [Appellant],

the record reflects that [Appellant’s wife] always had access.” See id. at *6

(citations omitted and formatting altered).      The Court also concluded that

Appellant’s wife had apparent authority to consent to the searches. See id.

at *6 n.8 (noting that this Court “need not fully address the issue of apparent

authority[,]” but stating that it “would also conclude that, based on the

testimony presented at the suppression hearing, the officers could reasonably

believe that [Appellant’s wife] had apparent authority to provide consent”

(citations omitted)).       After this Court affirmed Appellant’s judgment of

sentence, Appellant did not seek further review with our Supreme Court.

       On June 28, 2021, Appellant filed a timely, counseled PCRA petition in

which he argued that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to argue that

Appellant’s then-wife lacked authority to consent to the seizure and search of

the computers because these items were Appellant’s personal property and

not marital property. See PCRA Pet., 6/28/20, at ¶¶ 15-22, R.R. at 45a-47a.4

       On May 13, 2022, the PCRA court held an evidentiary hearing. Marvin

Doll, Appellant’s father, testified that he had given a desktop computer to

Appellant as a gift and that Appellant inherited the laptop computer from his
____________________________________________

4 We may cite to the reproduced record for the parties’ convenience.

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uncle.    N.T. PCRA Hr’g, 5/13/22, at 5-11.       Appellant corroborated this

testimony. Id. at 14. Appellant further testified that he sent a letter to trial

counsel informing him that these computers were his personal property and

not marital property. Id. at 14-17. Trial counsel testified that he believed

that the controlling issue for the suppression motion was whether Appellant’s

wife had the authority to consent to the search, and not the status of the

computers as personal or marital property.       Id. at 33-34.    Trial counsel

explained that the prior panel of this Court agreed by concluding that the

computers’ status as marital property was a not controlling issue, even though

the prior panel affirmed the suppression order. Id. at 31-32, 34.

       On November 2, 2022,5 the PCRA court issued an opinion and order

denying Appellant’s PCRA petition. Therein, the PCRA court reiterated that a

prior panel of this Court concluded that Appellant’s then-wife had common

authority over the marital home, and that therefore, she had the authority to

consent to search and seizure of the electronic devices in the home. See

PCRA Ct. Op. & Order, 11/2/22, at 5 (citing Doll, 2020 WL 5888194, at *6 &

n.7). Accordingly, the PCRA court concluded that Appellant failed to establish

____________________________________________

5 We note that the PCRA court’s opinion and order was time-stamped and
entered on the docket on November 1, 2022, but the docket entries reflect
that the PCRA court served Appellant with a copy of this order on November
2, 2022. See Commonwealth v. Jerman, 762 A.2d 366, 368 (Pa. Super.
2000) (stating that “[i]n a criminal case, the date of entry of an order is the
date the clerk of courts enters the order on the docket, furnishes a copy of
the order to the parties, and records the time and manner of notice on the
docket” (citations omitted)); see also Pa.R.Crim.P. 114(C)(2)(c); Pa.R.A.P.
108(a)(1), (d)(1). We have amended the caption accordingly.

                                           -4-
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the arguable merit prong of the ineffective assistance of counsel test. See

id.; see also id. at 5-7 (concluding that Appellant also failed to establish the

reasonable basis and prejudice prongs).

      Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal and a court-ordered Pa.R.A.P.

1925(b) statement. The PCRA court filed a Rule 1925(a) opinion adopting the

reasoning of its November 2, 2022 opinion and order. See PCRA Ct. Op.,

12/19/22, at 1-3.

      On appeal, Appellant raises the following issues for review:

      1. Did the [PCRA c]ourt err and commit an abuse of discretion in
         dismissing [Appellant’s PCRA petition] based upon a finding
         that the claim lacked arguable merit and did not result in
         prejudice based on footnotes from the Superior Court’s
         [memorandum] on direct appeal because the footnotes were
         dicta and decided an issue which the parties had not argued or
         briefed, and thus was not controlling authority?

      2. Did the [PCRA c]ourt err and commit an abuse of discretion in
         dismissing the PCRA [petition] due to finding that [trial
         counsel] had a reasonable strategic basis to not seek to reopen
         the record or reconsideration based upon evidence brought to
         the attention of [trial counsel] after the suppression hearing
         which refuted the notion that Appellant’s [then-]wife had actual
         authority to consent to the search and seizure of computers
         alleged to contain evidence and contraband, and which
         undermined the repeated legal conclusions of the suppression
         court, because there would be nothing improper about seeking
         to reopen the record before the decision was made or seeking
         reconsideration after it was made, and failing to do so denied
         [Appellant] the ability to litigate this issue?

Appellant’s Brief at 5.

      Appellant’s issues are related, therefore we address them together.

First, Appellant argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to present

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evidence at the suppression hearing (or in a motion for reconsideration) to

establish that Appellant’s computers were his personal property, and not

marital property. Id. at 12-18. In support, Appellant claims that he informed

trial counsel that the computers were gifts, which are not marital property.

Id. at 13 (citing 23 Pa.C.S. § 3501(a)(3); Anzalone v. Anzalone, 835 A.2d

773 (Pa. Super. 2003); Smith v. Smith, 653 A.2d 1259 (Pa. Super. 1995)).

However, Appellant notes that trial counsel declined to make the argument at

the suppression hearing that the computers were Appellant’s personal

property, and instead argued that Appellant’s then-wife lacked authority to

consent to a search of those computers, even if the devices were marital

property. Id. at 14.

      Appellant explains that after the suppression hearing, but before the

suppression court rendered its decision, Appellant provided trial counsel with

evidence to show that the computers were gifts. Id. at 13-14, 18. Appellant

contends that trial counsel failed to supplement the record with this evidence

before the suppression court announced its decision or to present this

evidence in a motion for reconsideration of the order denying his suppression

motion. Id. at 14, 16.

      Appellant asserts that his claim has arguable merit because the

suppression court ultimately denied relief based on its conclusion that the

computers were marital property and trial counsel had no reasonable basis for

failing to contest that conclusion.   Id. at 16-18.   Additionally, Appellant

contends that he was prejudiced by trial counsel’s error because Appellant

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would not have pled guilty if the trial court had granted his motion to suppress.

Id. at 14-15.

      Appellant also argues that the PCRA court erred by relying on dicta in

this Court’s memorandum decision addressing Appellant’s direct appeal to

conclude that Appellant’s ineffectiveness claim lacked arguable merit. Id. at

15. Specifically, Appellant contends that the PCRA court cited footnotes in

which the prior panel determined that the police could have reasonably

believed that Appellant’s then-wife had apparent authority to consent to a

search of the computers.     Appellant claims that this conclusion was dicta

because the issue of his then-wife’s apparent authority to consent to a search

had not been raised on appeal, the parties had not briefed that issue, and this

Court “acknowledged [that conclusion] to be dicta and the issue was ‘not fully

address[ed].’” Id. (quoting Doll, 2020 WL 5888194, at *6 n.8).

      Our standard of review from the denial of a PCRA petition “is limited to

examining whether the PCRA court’s determination is supported by the

evidence of record and whether it is free of legal error.” Commonwealth v.

Sandusky, 203 A.3d 1033, 1043 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citation omitted). This

Court applies a de novo standard of review to the PCRA court’s legal

determinations.   Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 105 A.3d 1257, 1265 (Pa.

2014).

      [T]o establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a
      defendant must show, by a preponderance of the evidence,
      ineffective assistance of counsel which, in the circumstances of
      the particular case, so undermined the truth-determining process
      that no reliable adjudication of guilt or innocence could have taken

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      place. The burden is on the defendant to prove all three of the
      following prongs: (1) the underlying claim is of arguable merit;
      (2) that counsel had no reasonable strategic basis for his or her
      action or inaction; and (3) but for the errors and omissions of
      counsel, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the
      proceedings would have been different.

      We have explained that a claim has arguable merit where the
      factual averments, if accurate, could establish cause for relief.
      Whether the facts rise to the level of arguable merit is a legal
      determination.

      The test for deciding whether counsel had a reasonable basis for
      his action or inaction is whether no competent counsel would have
      chosen that action or inaction, or, the alternative, not chosen,
      offered a significantly greater potential chance of success.
      Counsel’s decisions will be considered reasonable if they
      effectuated his client’s interests. We do not employ a hindsight
      analysis in comparing trial counsel’s actions with other efforts he
      may have taken.

      Prejudice is established if there is a reasonable probability that,
      but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have
      been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient
      to undermine confidence in the outcome.

      Boilerplate allegations and bald assertions of no reasonable basis
      and/or ensuing prejudice cannot satisfy a petitioner’s burden to
      prove that counsel was ineffective. Moreover, a failure to satisfy
      any prong of the ineffectiveness test requires rejection of the
      claim of ineffectiveness.

Sandusky, 203 A.3d at 1043-44 (citations omitted and formatting altered).

      “The threshold inquiry in ineffectiveness claims is whether the

issue/argument/tactic which counsel has foregone and which forms the basis

for the assertion of ineffectiveness is of arguable merit. Counsel cannot be

found ineffective for failing to pursue a baseless or meritless claim.”

Commonwealth v. Bickerstaff, 204 A.3d 988, 992 (Pa. Super. 2019)

(citations omitted and formatting altered).

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      The law of the case doctrine is “a family of rules which embody the

concept that a court involved in the later phases of a litigated matter should

not reopen questions decided by another judge of that same court or by a

higher court in the earlier phases of the matter.” Commonwealth v. Fears,

86 A.3d 795, 815 n.23 (Pa. 2014) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

      In the PCRA context, our Supreme Court has recognized that although

claims of ineffective assistance of counsel “are distinct from those claims that

are raised on direct appeal[,]” an ineffectiveness claim “may fail on the

arguable merit or prejudice prong[s] for the reasons discussed” by our

appellate courts in addressing the merits of the underlying claim on direct

appeal. Commonwealth v. Collins, 888 A.2d 564, 573 (Pa. 2005); see also

Bickerstaff, 204 A.3d at 993-94 (concluding that the defendant’s claim that

trial counsel was ineffective for failing to conduct an adequate investigation

into a witness lacked arguable merit because this Court had concluded on

direct appeal that the defendant’s claim of after-discovered evidence

regarding the same witness was meritless); Commonwealth v. Coon, 26

A.3d 1159, 1164 (Pa. Super. 2011) (explaining that this Court’s prior ruling

that a missing evidence jury instruction was not warranted was the law of the

case and the defendant was not entitled to relief on a claim of ineffective

assistance of counsel for failing to request that jury instruction).

      It is well-established that “dicta is generally regarded as information in

an opinion which is not necessary to the determination of the case.”

BouSamra v. Excela Health, 210 A.3d 967, 976 n.5 (Pa. 2019) (citation and

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quotation marks omitted); see also In re Kenin’s Trust Estate, 23 A.2d

837, 842 (Pa. 1942) (explaining that “[t]he decision in [a] case must be

interpreted in the light of the facts of that case. . . . [I]n every case what is

actually decided is the law applicable to the particular facts; all other legal

conclusions therein are but obiter dicta” (citations and quotation marks

omitted)). However, our Supreme Court has also explained that “where a

decision rests on two or more grounds equally valid, none may be relegated

to the inferior status of obiter dictum.” Commonwealth v. Reed, 971 A.2d

1216, 1220 (Pa. 2009) (citation and some formatting omitted). In Reed, the

defendant argued in his PCRA petition that appellate counsel was ineffective

for failing to develop his claim that the trial court erred by admitting evidence

of the defendant’s prior bad acts on direct appeal. Id. at 1219-20. However,

on direct appeal, this Court found that the defendant’s prior bad acts claim

was waived, but this Court also addressed that claim on the merits.          Id.

Therefore, our Supreme Court held that this Court’s alternative holding that

concerning the merits of defendant’s prior bad acts claim “was a valid holding

that constitutes the law of the case, constraining” this Court on PCRA review.

Id. at 1220 (citation and footnote omitted); see also id. at 1227.

       Here, the PCRA court explained:

       [Appellant]  has    not   met    the   first prong     of   the
       Strickland/Pierce[6] analysis — that the underlying legal claim
       has arguable merit. Although the suppression court based its
____________________________________________

6 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984); Commonwealth v.
Pierce, 527 A.2d 973 (Pa. 1987).

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     determination of the suppression motion on the foundation that
     the devices were marital property, the Superior Court, while
     reaching the same result, did not. Rather, the Superior Court
     found that “[b]ased on the totality of circumstances, . . .
     [Appellant’s spouse] possessed common authority over the
     marital home and the electronics at issue, and therefore had
     authority to consent to the search and seizure.” [Doll, 2020 WL
     5888194, at *6] (internal citations omitted). In a footnote
     contained in its [memorandum], the Superior Court explained that
     although the suppression court’s reasoning was grounded on
     [Appellant’s] spouse possessing authority to consent based on the
     devices being marital property, it reached the same conclusion for
     reasons not considered by the suppression court, which a
     reviewing court may do. See id. at [*6 n.7]. Accordingly, we find
     that even if [trial] counsel had managed to place the marital status
     of the two computers before the suppression court and/or the
     Superior Court, the outcome would not have changed. Therefore,
     the underlying legal argument lacks merit.

PCRA Ct. Op. & Order, 11/2/22, at 5 (some citations omitted).

     Based on our review of the record, we find that the PCRA court’s

conclusions are based on the record and are free of legal error.            See

Sandusky, 203 A.3d at 1043. First, the record belies Appellant’s claim that

the issue of apparent authority was not before the prior panel of this Court.

See Doll, 2020 WL 5888194, at *4 (stating that “[Appellant] asserts that

[Appellant’s then-wife] lacked apparent authority to consent to the search”

(citation omitted and emphasis added)). As previously noted, the prior panel

of this Court determined that Appellant’s wife had both actual and apparent

authority to consent to the search of Appellant’s computers. See id. at *4-6,

*6 nn.7-8.    The prior panel did not indicate that its alternative holding

regarding apparent authority was dicta. See id. Because the prior panel’s

decision rests on two equally valid grounds, neither can be considered dicta

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and both constitute the law of the case. See Reed, 971 A.2d at 1220; cf.

BouSamra, 210 A.3d at 976 n.5 (explaining that dicta is “information in an

opinion which is not necessary to the determination of the case” (citation and

quotation marks omitted)).          Therefore, pursuant to the law of the case

doctrine, Appellant’s underlying claim that his then-wife lacked authority to

consent to the search of the computers because they were not marital

property lacks arguable merit.7 See Reed, 971 A.2d at 1220, 1227; see also

Collins, 888 A.2d at 573; Bickerstaff, 204 A.3d at 993-94; Coon, 26 A.3d

____________________________________________

7 Additionally, even if the law of the case doctrine did not apply here,
Appellant’s ineffectiveness claim lacks arguable merit. The United States
Supreme Court has explained:

       Common authority is, of course, not to be implied from the mere
       property interest a third party has in the property. The authority
       which justifies the third-party consent does not rest upon
       the law of property, with its attendant historical and legal
       refinements, but rests rather on mutual use of the property
       by persons generally having joint access or control for most
       purposes, so that it is reasonable to recognize that any of the co-
       inhabitants has the right to permit the inspection in his own right
       and that the others have assumed the risk that one of their
       number might permit the common area to be searched.

United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 171 n.7 (1974) (citations omitted
and emphases added); see also Commonwealth v. Basking, 970 A.2d
1181, 1188 (Pa. Super. 2009) (explaining that “the concept of common
authority is based on mutual use of the property rather than a mere property
interest” (citations omitted and formatting altered)). Therefore, even if
Appellant could establish that the computers were his personal property, he
would not be entitled to relief because his wife had access to the computers
and Appellant provided her with the password to computers when she needed
to use them. See Doll, 2020 WL 5888194, at *5. Trial counsel cannot be
deemed ineffective for failing to meritless claim. See Bickerstaff, 204 A.3d
at 992.

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at 1164. For these reasons, Appellant is not entitled to relief on his claims.

Accordingly, we affirm.

     Order affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 08/08/2023

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