Court Opinion

ID: 4550772
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-07-23 20:00:52.05899+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:01:09.112379
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                            FILED
                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
                                                                             JUL 23 2020
                                                                        MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
BAHAMAS SURGERY CENTER, LLC,                     No.   18-55478
DBA Bahamas Surgery Center, a
California limited liability company, on         D.C. No.
behalf of itself and all others similarly        2:14-cv-08390-DMG-PLA
situated,

              Plaintiff-Appellee,                MEMORANDUM*

 v.

KIMBERLY-CLARK CORPORATION, a
Delaware Corporation,

              Defendant-Appellant,

 and

HALYARD HEALTH, INC., a Delaware
Corporation,

              Defendant.

BAHAMAS SURGERY CENTER, LLC,                     No.   18-55483
DBA Bahamas Surgery Center, a
California limited liability company, on         D.C. No.
behalf of itself and all others similarly        2:14-cv-08390-DMG-PLA
situated,

       *
       This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
            Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

HALYARD HEALTH, INC., a Delaware
Corporation,

            Defendant-Appellant,

and

KIMBERLY-CLARK CORPORATION, a
Delaware Corporation,

            Defendant.

BAHAMAS SURGERY CENTER, LLC,                  No.   18-55558
DBA Bahamas Surgery Center, a
California limited liability company, on      D.C. No.
behalf of itself and all others similarly     2:14-cv-08390-DMG-PLA
situated,

            Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

KIMBERLY-CLARK CORPORATION, a
Delaware Corporation; HALYARD
HEALTH, INC., a Delaware Corporation,

            Defendants-Appellees.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court

                                       2
                         for the Central District of California
                        Dolly M. Gee, District Judge, Presiding

                         Argued and Submitted July 14, 2020
                                Pasadena, California

Before: THOMAS, Chief Judge, and FERNANDEZ and W. FLETCHER, Circuit
Judges.

Partial Concurrence and Partial Dissent by Judge W. FLETCHER

      In No. 18-55478, Defendant Kimberly-Clark Corporation (KC) appeals the

district court’s judgment, following a jury trial, in a class action brought against it

by class representative Bahamas Surgery Center, LLC (Bahamas) regarding

surgical gowns manufactured and sold by KC, which were labeled as compliant

with the AAMI1 Liquid Barrier Level 4 standard (the Gowns). In No. 18-55483,

Defendant Halyard Health, Inc. (Halyard)2 appeals the district court’s judgment

against it in the same action. In No. 18-55558, Bahamas appeals the district

court’s reduction of the jury’s punitive damages awards, and conditionally appeals

the district court’s rejection of one of its damages models. We vacate the

judgment.

      (1) Halyard asserts that the district court erred when it determined that

Bahamas had standing to sue it. We agree.

      1
          Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation.
      2
          On June 30, 2018, Halyard changed its name to Avanos Medical, Inc.
                                            3
      To establish constitutional standing, a named plaintiff in a class action “must

‘allege a distinct and palpable injury to himself’” arising from the defendant’s

actions. Easter v. Am. W. Fin., 381 F.3d 948, 961 (9th Cir. 2004); see also Blum v.

Yaretsky, 457 U.S. 991, 999, 102 S. Ct. 2777, 2783, 73 L. Ed. 2d 534 (1982).3

Bahamas has no claim against Halyard because it purchased no gowns from it, and

any injuries it has are not traceable to Halyard’s conduct. See Easter, 381 F.3d at

961–62. Without a claim of its own, Bahamas cannot “‘seek relief on behalf of

[itself] or any other member of the class.’” Lierboe v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins.

Co., 350 F.3d 1018, 1022 (9th Cir. 2003). Even if other class members have valid

claims against Halyard, that cannot retroactively cure the district court’s improper

certification of a class wherein the named plaintiff (Bahamas) lacked standing to

pursue those claims. See Blum, 457 U.S. at 1001 & n.13, 102 S. Ct. at 2784 &

n.13; NEI Contracting & Eng’g, Inc. v. Hanson Aggregates Pac. Sw., Inc., 926

F.3d 528, 533 (9th Cir. 2019).4 Because Bahamas never had standing to sue

      3
       Standing can be raised at any time and cannot be waived. United States v.
Hays, 515 U.S. 737, 742, 115 S. Ct. 2431, 2435, 132 L. Ed. 2d 635 (1995); see
also Grupo Dataflux v. Atlas Glob. Grp., L.P., 541 U.S. 567, 576, 124 S. Ct. 1920,
1927, 158 L. Ed. 2d 866 (2004).
      4
       The juridical link doctrine is irrelevant to Bahamas’ standing here. See La
Mar v. H & B Novelty & Loan Co., 489 F.2d 461, 464–66 (9th Cir. 1973) (standing
assumed); cf. Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 93–94, 118 S.
Ct. 1003, 1012, 140 L. Ed. 2d 210 (1998).
                                          4
Halyard, we set aside the judgment against Halyard and remand with instructions

to dismiss the claims against it.

      (2) KC argues that the district court abused its discretion by refusing to

decertify5 the fraudulent concealment class because individual issues

predominated6 in the class with regard to the materiality7 of the purported

omissions. We agree.

      Under California law, a fact is “‘material’ if ‘a reasonable man would attach

importance to its existence or nonexistence in determining his choice of action in

the transaction in question.’” Engalla v. Permanente Med. Grp., Inc., 938 P.2d

903, 919 (Cal. 1997); see Jorgensen v. Beach ‘N’ Bay Realty, Inc., 177 Cal. Rptr.

882, 885–86 (Ct. App. 1981). The district court abused its discretion in failing to

decertify the class because the evidence that it relied upon to demonstrate the

materiality of the testing failures to the entire class applied only to the subset of

      5
      See Ramirez v. TransUnion LLC, 951 F.3d 1008, 1033 (9th Cir. 2020); see
also United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1261–63 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc).
      6
       See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3); Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S.
591, 615, 623, 117 S. Ct. 2231, 2246, 2249, 138 L. Ed. 2d 689 (1997); see also
Torres v. Mercer Canyons Inc., 835 F.3d 1125, 1134 (9th Cir. 2016).
      7
       See Kaldenbach v. Mut. of Omaha Life Ins. Co., 100 Cal. Rptr. 3d 637, 652
(Ct. App. 2009); see also Hoffman v. 162 N. Wolfe LLC, 175 Cal. Rptr. 3d 820,
826–27 (Ct. App. 2014); Tucker v. Pac. Bell Mobile Servs., 145 Cal. Rptr. 3d 340,
357 (Ct. App. 2012).
                                            5
transactions in which class purchasers had seen representations about the Gowns’

AAMI rating. Moreover, there is no evidence that a reasonable person would

attach importance to AAMI test failures in a transaction for purchase of a package

of surgical goods where the Gowns’ AAMI rating was not noted on the package.

See Engalla, 938 P.2d at 919; Jorgensen, 177 Cal. Rptr. at 885–86; cf. In re Vioxx

Class Cases, 103 Cal. Rptr. 3d 83, 98–99 (Ct. App. 2009). Those transactions

comprised the majority of class purchases.

      Because the record does not support the conclusion that common questions

regarding the materiality of the omissions predominated in the defined class, the

district court abused its discretion in failing to decertify the class.8 We therefore

vacate the judgment as to KC and remand for further proceedings.

      (3) In light of our conclusions in (1) and (2) above, we need not and do not

reach the other assignments of error raised by the parties.

      VACATED and REMANDED with instructions to dismiss in No. 18-

55843. VACATED and REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with

this disposition in No. 18-55478. DISMISSED as moot in No. 18-55558.

Bahamas shall bear costs on appeal.

      8
      The heterogeneity in the fraudulent concealment class also fatally
undermines the Unfair Competition Law class. See Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code
§ 17200; Tucker, 145 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 362.
                                           6
                                                                                  FILED
Bahamas Surgery Center, LLC v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., Nos. 18-55478+
                                                                                   JUL 23 2020
W. FLETCHER, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part:                   MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                                U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

         I respectfully dissent from the disposition insofar as it holds that the district

court abused its discretion by refusing to decertify the fraudulent concealment class

because individual issues predominated. As I read California law, a plaintiff need

not show that individual class members were exposed to specific affirmative

misrepresentations to succeed on a claim of fraudulent concealment. See In re

Tobacco II Cases, 207 P.3d 20, 40 (Cal. 2009). The trial record contains ample

evidence from which a reasonable juror could have found, as the jury found here,

that a reasonable purchaser of the surgical gowns in question would have

considered it important that the gowns had failed industry-standard strike-through

tests.

         I would affirm the judgment against Kimberly-Clark Corporation.