Court Opinion

ID: 2676460
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-05-30 17:03:05.534403+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:10:46.201265
License: Public Domain

STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
                       SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

CashCall, Inc., and J. Paul Reddam, in his                                         FILED
capacity as President and CEO of CashCall, Inc.,                               May 30, 2014
Defendants Below, Petitioners                                                RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
                                                                           SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                               OF WEST VIRGINIA
vs) No. 12-1274 (Kanawha County 08-C-1964)

Patrick Morrisey, Attorney General,
Plaintiff Below, Respondent

                          MEMORANDUM DECISION
        Petitioners CashCall, Inc. and J. Paul Reddam (collectively referred to as “CashCall”), by
counsel Charles L. Woody and Bruce M. Jacobs, appeal three orders entered by the Circuit Court
of Kanawha County in favor of Respondent Patrick Morrisey, West Virginia’s Attorney
General,1 following a two-phase trial regarding CashCall’s violations of the West Virginia
Consumer Credit Protection Act (“WVCCPA”), West Virginia Code §§ 46A-1-10l to 46A-8­
102. The first order, entered September 10, 2012, addressed the State’s abusive debt collection
claims against CashCall. The second order, also entered September 10, 2012, addressed the
State’s usurious lending claims against CashCall. The third order, entered March 18, 2013,
addressed the circuit court’s award of attorney’s fees as costs in favor of the State. In total, the
circuit court ordered CashCall to pay more than $13.8 million in penalties and restitution, and
$446,180.00 in fees and costs. The Attorney General, by counsel Norman Googel and Douglas
L. Davis, filed a response to which CashCall filed a reply.

        This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these
reasons, a memorandum decision affirming the trial court’s orders is appropriate under Rule 21
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

       Petitioner CashCall, Inc. is a California-based consumer finance company. Petitioner J.
Paul Reddam is the President and Chief Executive Officer of CashCall, Inc.2 At issue in this case
       1
       This case was originally filed by Darrell V. McGraw, Jr., the former Attorney General of
West Virginia.
       2
         On October 17, 2011, the circuit court entered a pretrial order that granted in part and
denied in part Petitioner J. Paul Reddam’s motion to dismiss. The court found that there were no
allegations in the State’s complaint (except paragraph 13) referencing Mr. Reddam, and that the
State did not seek any relief against Mr. Reddam. As such, the circuit court determined that it
                                             1

is CashCall’s marketing agreements with the First Bank and Trust of Millbank, South Dakota
(“FB&T”). FB&T was chartered in South Dakota and is supervised and insured by the Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). FB&T makes small unsecured loans at high interest
rates to consumers in various states. Under CashCall’s marketing agreements with FB&T,
CashCall purchased FB&T’s loans within three days of each loan’s origination date.3 Between
August of 2006 and February of 2007, CashCall purchased loans made by FB&T to 292 West
Virginia residents. Of those loans, ten were for $1,075.00 at an eighty-nine percent annual
interest rate; 214 were for $2,600.00 at a ninety-six percent annual interest rate; and the
remaining sixty-three loans were for $5,000.00 at a fifty-nine percent annual interest rate.
Eventually, 212 of CashCall’s 292 West Virginia consumers defaulted on these loans.

        In 2007, the Attorney General opened a formal investigation into CashCall’s business
practices in response to consumer complaints of debt collection abuse. On June 7, 2007, the
Attorney General sent CashCall’s general counsel, Dan Baren, a letter demanding that CashCall
permanently cease its lending program in West Virginia and make restitution to the aggrieved
consumers. The State based this demand on its findings that CashCall’s agreement with FB&T
was essentially a sham that claimed federal preemption as a means of evading West Virginia’s
licensing and usury laws, and that CashCall’s debt collection practices violated the WVCCPA.

       CashCall responded to the Attorney General’s demand by letter dated June 15, 2007.
CashCall claimed that the WVCCPA was preempted by federal law because the loans marketed
and serviced by CashCall were properly made under a Federal Deposit Insurance Approved
(“FDIA”) bank installment loan program. Nevertheless, that same year, CashCall ceased
purchasing loans made by FB&T to West Virginia residents.

         On August 30, 2007, the Attorney General issued an investigative subpoena, pursuant to
West Virginia Code § 46A-7-104(1), that directed CashCall to produce records for all of its
lending and debt collection activities in West Virginia. CashCall refused to answer the subpoena
based, among other things, on its claim of complete federal preemption. Following considerable
litigation regarding the subpoena, CashCall provided various business records including the
names and contact information for its West Virginia customers. However, CashCall provided
those records primarily in paper format, even though the Attorney General asked for the
documents in a searchable electronic format, and CashCall routinely maintained the documents
in a searchable electronic format.

       On October 8, 2008, the State filed a “Complaint for Injunction, Consumer Restitution,
Civil Penalties and Other Appropriate Relief” in the circuit court against CashCall alleging
usurious lending and abusive debt collection practices. The Attorney General claimed that
CashCall participated in what is commonly called a “rent-a-bank” scheme designed to avoid a

would not impose any liability against Mr. Reddam, but ordered him to remain a party to the
action.
       3
        FB&T retained the origination fee and all interest accrued prior to the date of CashCall’s
purchase of a loan.

                                            2
state’s usury and consumer protection laws by claiming federal preemption under Section 27 of
the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (“FDIA”).4 In response, CashCall removed the action to the
United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia on the ground that the
State’s claims were preempted given that FB&T originated the loans to the 292 West Virginia
consumers.

        In West Virginia v. CashCall, Inc., 605 F. Supp. 2d 781 (S.D.W.Va. 2009), the district
court found that the FDIA did not apply to non-bank entities such as CashCall. The district court
also ruled that it did not have subject matter jurisdiction over the matter because the Attorney
General had raised only state law claims against CashCall that neither invoked, nor were pre­
empted by, the FDIA. The district court noted that “[i]f CashCall is found to be a de facto lender,
then CashCall may be liable under West Virginia usury laws.” Id. at 787. The district court then
dismissed CashCall’s action and granted the Attorney General’s motion to remand the case to the
Circuit Court of Kanawha County.

        Following the remand, the Attorney General filed an amended petition against CashCall
that included fifteen causes of action. The first cause of action concerned CashCall’s failure to
comply with the Attorney General’s subpoena.5 The State’s second through fourth claims alleged
unlawful lending and usury. Claims five through fifteen alleged unlawful debt collection
practices. Thereafter, the circuit court bifurcated the claims for trial. The “phase one” trial
addressed the State’s unfair debt collection claims and took place on October 31 and November
1, 2011. The “phase two” trial addressed the State’s unlawful lending and usury claims and was
held on January 3, 2012. Both trials were bench trials.

                          Phase One Trial: Unfair Debt Collection Claims

        During the phase one trial regarding CashCall’s alleged unfair collection claims, the State
called twelve witnesses. The first of these witnesses had not obtained a loan purchased by
CashCall, but her son had. Therefore, this first witness testified about abusive calls she received
from CashCall regarding her son’s loan. The next nine witnesses had obtained and then defaulted
on loans originated by FB&T and purchased by CashCall. All nine testified to CashCall’s
abusive debt collection practices, which included CashCall’s repeated threats to do “whatever it
takes to get our money” including visiting consumers’ homes and places of employment;
charging fees for field visits; contacting the consumers’ employers; disclosing debts to third
parties; and initiating arbitration, legal action, wage garnishment, and/or attachment of personal
and real property. The State’s last two witnesses, Rachel Gray and Angela White, where both
long-time paralegals in the Attorney General’s Consumer Protection Division. Both testified
about their analysis of the records CashCall had produced during discovery and their preparation
of the State’s summary trial exhibits.

       4
         Section 27 of the FDIA, 12 U.S.C. § 183l(d), allows a state-chartered bank to charge
whatever interest rates are permitted by its home state and does not require that such a lender
obtain a lender license from any state other than its home state.
       5
           This first cause of action was dismissed prior to the phase one trial.

                                                3

         Paralegal Rachel Gray testified about her preparation of “State Summary Exhibit A”
(“Exhibit A”) regarding letters CashCall had sent to West Virginia consumers. Ms. Gray testified
that she searched CashCall’s West Virginia’s consumers’ files page-by-page to determine which
of its form letters CashCall had sent to each consumer. Those form letters included an
employment verification letter, a breach letter, a forty-eight-hour notice letter, a broken promise
letter, an arbitration letter, a field visit letter, and a final demand letter. Ms. Gray testified that
she compiled the total number of each type of letter found in each of the 292 West Virginia
consumers’ files into Exhibit A.

       Paralegal Angela White testified regarding her preparation of “State Summary Exhibit B”
(“Exhibit B”) that summarized the number of phone calls CashCall made to each West Virginia
consumer. Ms. White stated that she did not personally review all of the relevant phone logs, but
oversaw the eight to ten people who did. Ms. White also testified that four professional data
entry personnel entered the data into a comprehensive chart, and that the data entry staff made a
second review before a questionable call was counted. After the data was entered, Ms. White
prepared Exhibit B which listed the following: the number of calls made by CashCall to each
West Virginia consumer, the number of days each consumer was called, the number of calls
made to each consumer per day, and the date of the first and last calls to each consumer. The
number of calls was also broken down into the number of days that a consumer received twenty
or more calls in a day; the number of days that a consumer received fifteen to nineteen calls in a
day; the number of days that a consumer received ten to fourteen calls in a day; the number of
days that a consumer received five to nine calls in a day; and finally, the number of days that a
consumer received one to four calls in a day.

       According to Exhibit B, CashCall made a total of 84,371 calls to its 292 West Virginia
consumers. Sixteen of those consumers each received more than 1,000 calls from CashCall; forty
received between 500 and 1,000 calls; and eighty-six received between 200 and 500 calls.
Exhibit B also lists the number of times CashCall called one of the 292 consumers’ references
(542 times), the number of times CashCall contacted a consumer at work (172 times); and the
number of consumers who unlawfully received a notice of arbitration from CashCall (262).

        CashCall called only two witnesses during its case-in-chief. The first was Elissa Chavez,
CashCall’s Director of Fraud Prevention and Dispute Resolution. Ms. Chavez testified, among
other things, that CashCall required consumers to make payments by automatic electronic debit
(also known as electronic fund transfer) from the consumers’ bank accounts. CashCall’s second
witness, Sean Bennett, was employed as a “business analyst” for CashCall. He testified that
CashCall regularly called third parties to “make contact” even when CashCall had the
consumers’ correct contact information.

       Phase One Order: Judgment against CashCall for violations of the WVCCPA

        In its phase one order, the circuit court found that the State’s witnesses were credible, the
State’s evidence was largely undisputed by CashCall, and the State’s legal allegations were
supported by the record.

                                              4

        As for the State’s fifth cause of action, the circuit court found that, in order to obtain a
loan, CashCall required each consumer to agree to make payments via automatic electronic
debits from the consumer’s bank account. The circuit court determined that this requirement
stood in contravention of the policy established by the federal Electronic Transfer Act, 15 U.S.C.
§ 1693k, and therefore was an unfair and deceptive act or practice pursuant to 15 U.S.C. §
1693o(c). The circuit court further found that although CashCall told consumers that they could
cancel the electronic debits at a later date, CashCall refused or resisted efforts made by
consumers to cancel such debits. The circuit court also found that all of the nine defaulting
consumer witnesses were harmed by the overdraft fees and involuntary closure of bank accounts
caused by the wrongful electronic debits. In light of these findings, the circuit court concluded
that requiring consumers to agree to electronic debits as a condition of obtaining a loan was an
unfair or deceptive act or practice in violation of West Virginia Code § 46A-6-104.

       In regard to the sixth cause of action, the court found that, based on the undisputed
testimony of the State’s representative consumer witnesses, CashCall engaged in a pattern of
making unlawful threats to garnish wages and seize personal or real property in violation of West
Virginia Code § 46A-2-124(e)(2)6 and § 46A-6-104.7

       Regarding the seventh cause of action, the circuit court found that, based on the
undisputed testimony of the State’s witnesses, CashCall violated West Virginia Code § 46A-2­
124(f)8 and § 46A-6-104 by threatening to take, and by taking, actions prohibited by the
WVCCPA and other laws regulating a debt collector’s conduct.

       6
           West Virginia Code § 46A-2-124(e)(2) provides as follows:

       No debt collector shall collect or attempt to collect any money alleged to be due
       and owing by means of any threat, coercion or attempt to coerce. Without limiting
       the general application of the foregoing, the following conduct is deemed to
       violate this section . . . (e) The threat that nonpayment of an alleged claim will
       result in the . . . (2) Garnishment of any wages of any person or the taking of other
       action requiring judicial sanction, without informing the consumer that there must
       be in effect a judicial order permitting such garnishment or such other action
       before it can be taken.
       7
        West Virginia Code § 46A-6-104 provides that “[u]nfair methods of competition
and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce are
hereby declared unlawful.”
       8
           West Virginia Code § 46A-2-124(f) provides as follows:

       No debt collector shall collect or attempt to collect any money alleged to be due
       and owing by means of any threat, coercion or attempt to coerce. Without limiting
       the general application of the foregoing, the following conduct is deemed to
       violate this section . . . (f) The threat to take any action prohibited by this chapter
       or other law regulating the debt collector's conduct.

                                             5
        As for the eighth and eleventh causes of action, the circuit court found that CashCall
engaged in a pattern and practice of making repeated and continuous telephone calls, and making
such calls at times it knew were inconvenient, with the intent of annoying, abusing, oppressing,
or threatening consumers in violation of West Virginia Code § 46A-2-125(d).9

        With regard to the ninth and twelfth causes of action, the circuit court found that the
record was replete with undisputed testimony that CashCall unreasonably and unlawfully
publicized information relating to consumers’ alleged indebtedness to employers, relatives, and
others in violation of West Virginia Code § 46A-2-126.10

       Regarding the tenth cause of action, the circuit court found that CashCall unlawfully told
consumers that it could collect fees and charges, such as charges for a threatened visit to a
consumer’s home or place of employment, in violation of West Virginia Code § 46A-2-127(g)11
and § 46A-6-104.

        As for the thirteenth cause of action, the circuit court found that CashCall made false
threats of legal action to consumers including threats to initiate arbitration and threats of non-
judicial seizure of property that were not intended under the law or were specifically prohibited
by the law, in violation of West Virginia Code § 46A-2-124, § 46A-2-127, and § 46A-6-104.

        With regard to the fourteenth cause of action, the circuit court found that CashCall
engaged in unfair and deceptive acts or practices by representing to defaulting consumers that
they were required to use a payment method that required a fee, such as a “MoneyGram,” in
violation of West Virginia Code § 46A-2-127 and § 46A-6-104.

       9
           West Virginia Code § 46A-2-125(d) provides as follows:

       No debt collector shall unreasonably oppress or abuse any person in connection
       with the collection of or attempt to collect any claim alleged to be due and owing
       by that person or another. Without limiting the general application of the
       foregoing, the following conduct is deemed to violate this section . . . (d) Causing
       a telephone to ring or engaging any person in telephone conversation repeatedly
       or continuously, or at unusual times or at times known to be inconvenient, with
       intent to annoy, abuse, oppress or threaten any person at the called number.
       10
        West Virginia Code § 46A-2-126 provides generally that “[n]o debt collector shall
unreasonably publicize information relating to any alleged indebtedness or consumer.”
       11
         West Virginia Code § 46A-2-127 provides generally that “[n]o debt collector shall use
any fraudulent, deceptive or misleading representation or means to collect or attempt to collect
claims or to obtain information concerning consumers.” Subsection (g) further provides that
“[a]ny representation that an existing obligation of the consumer may be increased by the
addition of attorney’s fees, investigation fees, service fees or any other fees or charges when in
fact such fees or charges may not legally be added to the existing obligation[,]” violates this
section.
                                              6

        Finally, with regard to the fifteenth cause of action, the circuit court found that
CashCall’s representation to consumers that it could charge a $15.00 non-sufficient fund
(“NSF”) fee to consumers when an electronic debit failed, and its charging of the $15.00 NSF
fee, violated West Virginia Code § 46A-2-127(g), § 46A-2-128(c), § 46A-2-128(d), § 46A-6­
104, and § 46A-7-111(1).

      Based on these violations, the circuit court awarded the following to the Attorney
General:

       an injunction permanently prohibiting CashCall from violating the WVCCPA;

       a $292,000.00 judgment to make restitution to the 292 West Virginia consumers ($1,000
for each consumer) for CashCall’s unfair or deceptive acts outlined in Count Five of the
Amended Complaint;12

      a $1,000,000.00 judgment against CashCall to make restitution to the 292 consumers for
CashCall’s unlawful debt collection practices outlined in Counts Six through Fifteen of the
Amended Complaint;13

       a $1,000,000.00 judgment against CashCall as a civil penalty to be appropriated by the
Legislature for repeated and willful violations of the WVCCPA as authorized by West Virginia
Code § 46A-7-111(2); and

       “costs, including reasonable attorney’s fees” to be determined by the circuit court
following the conclusion of the phase two portion of the case.

      The circuit court also found that all loan contracts entered between CashCall and the
West Virginia consumers were void and that any debts still owing were cancelled.

       12
         Those wrongful acts included (a) requiring consumers to consent to automatic debits as
a condition of obtaining a loan, (b) failing to disclose that accounts would be debited at least
twice more if the first debit attempt failed; (c) failing to timely honor consumers’ requests to stop
or permanently stop debits, and (d) subjecting consumers to multiple overdraft fees.
       13
         To enable the Attorney General to determine the amount of the restitution award to
award to each of the 292 consumers, the circuit court ordered post-trial discovery that required
CashCall to provide the Attorney General with reports showing each instance (1) where
CashCall made or attempted to make an automatic electronic debit from a consumer’s account;
(2) where a consumer was charged a $15.00 NSF fee for a debit that failed to clear; and (3)
where a consumer made a payment to CashCall by automatic electronic debit or other method—
such as a MoneyGram—that required a fee.

                                             7

                       Phase Two Trial: Unlawful Lending and Usury

        During the phase two trial, the State produced evidence regarding its claims that CashCall
made loans without a license from the Division of Banking (the State’s second cause of action),
was making usurious loans (the State’s third cause of action), and violated the West Virginia
Credit Services Organization Act, West Virginia Code § 46A-6C-2(a) (the State’s fourth cause of
action).14

        Most of the testimony during the phase two trial regarded whether CashCall or FB&T
was the true lender of the loans to the West Virginia consumers. Both parties agreed that if the
circuit court found FB&T to be the true lender, then the State’s claims that CashCall was making
loans without a license and making usurious loans would be preempted by federal law.

        The State’s only witness in support of its claim that CashCall was the true lender was
Attorney Margot Saunders, a long-time employee of the National Consumer Law Center. The
Attorney General disclosed Ms. Saunders as an expert witness prior to trial. However, the circuit
court held in abeyance its ruling regarding whether Ms. Saunders qualified as an expert pending
its entry of the phase two order.

         During its case-in-chief, CashCall offered the testimony of only one witness, its general
counsel, Dan Baren, who testified that he was in charge of CashCall’s regulatory matters and
litigation, and had negotiated most, if not all, of the major contracts between CashCall and its
financing partners such as FB&T. Among other things, Mr. Baron testified that Petitioner J. Paul
Reddam was obligated to personally guarantee all of CashCall’s obligations to FB&T under the
parties’ agreements.

       14
          The West Virginia Credit Services Organization Act lists those who must register as
credit services organization. Specifically, West Virginia Code § 46A-6C-2(a) defines a “credit
services organization” as follows:

       A person who, with respect to the extension of credit by others and in return for
       the payment of money or other valuable consideration, provides, or represents that
       the person can or will provide, any of the following services:
       (1) Improving a buyer’s credit record, history or rating;
       (2) Obtaining an extension of credit for a buyer; or
       (3) Providing advice or assistance to a buyer with regard to subdivision (1) or (2)
       of this subsection.

        The circuit court found that it was not necessary to decide whether CashCall was
violating the West Virginia Credit Services Organization Act because CashCall was found to be
the de facto lender of the loans in this case. Nevertheless, the circuit court found that CashCall
would not have been exempt from the Credit Services Organization Act.
                                             8

       Phase Two Order: Judgment against CashCall for violations of the WVCCPA

        In the phase two order, entered September 10, 2012, the circuit court found that, based
upon its review of Margot Saunders’s testimony and her professional experience, she was
“qualified to testify as an expert witness on the subject of consumer lending.” The court further
found that

       Ms. Saunders’s expertise in the field of predatory lending, particularly her
       analysis of contracts and relationships between lenders and brokers, qualifies her
       to testify about the contracts and agreements between CashCall and [FB&T] and
       to assist the Court in determining those parts of the Agreement that show which
       party bore the economic risk as between CashCall and [FB&T] in regards to the
       subject consumer loans.

(Emphasis added.)

        With regard to the agreements between FB&T and CashCall, the circuit court found that
numerous provisions of CashCall’s agreements with FB&T placed the entire monetary burden
and risk of the loan program on CashCall, and not on FB&T. The court also found that CashCall
paid FB&T more for each loan than the amount actually financed by FB&T. The court further
found that

       [p]resumably, CashCall agreed to such terms on the belief that its business
       scheme would successfully evade state usury laws and it could reap the benefits
       of the excessive interest rates charged on each loan. Furthermore, CashCall had to
       procure the personal guarantee of its sole owner and stockholder, J. Paul Reddam,
       to personally guarantee all of CashCall’s financial obligations to the [FB&T],
       including the amounts of the loans prior to “purchase” by CashCall. Also,
       CashCall had to indemnify [FB&T] against all losses arising out of the
       Agreement, including claims asserted by borrowers. CashCall was under a
       contractual obligation to purchase the loans originated and funded by [FB&T]
       only if CashCall’s underwriting guidelines were followed when approving the
       loan. [Finally, for] financial reporting purposes, CashCall treated such loans as if
       they were funded by CashCall.

       Based on these findings, the circuit court concluded that CashCall, and not FB&T, was
the de facto or true lender of the loans to the West Virginia consumers. Having made this
baseline determination, the circuit court then ruled, as follows, on the State’s unlawful lending
and usury claims:

              CashCall was not the agent of FB&T, but was an independent contractor.

              The purpose of the lending program was to allow CashCall to hide behind
       the FB&T’s South Dakota charter and FB&T’s resulting right to export interest
       rates under federal banking law, as a means for CashCall to deliver its loan
       product to states like West Virginia, who have lender licensing and usury laws.
                                            9
               The maximum allowable interest rate under West Virginia law for the
       loans in question was eighteen percent. Therefore, the loans made by CashCall to
       West Virginia consumers greatly exceeded the maximum allowable interest rates
       under West Virginia law and were, therefore, usurious.

              CashCall made loans in West Virginia, directly or indirectly, without
       obtaining a business registration certificate from the West Virginia Tax
       Department, in violation of West Virginia Code § 46A-7-115.

              CashCall has engaged in unfair or deceptive acts or practices in violation
       of West Virginia Code § 46A-6-104 because it made and collected usurious loans
       and excess charges without a license.

               CashCall repeatedly and willfully violated West Virginia Code § 46A-7­
       115 (making loans in West Virginia without a license) and §46A-6-104 (unfair or
       deceptive acts or practices) and therefore warranted a civil penalty of up to $5,000
       for each violation, as set forth in West Virginia Code § 46A-7-111(2).

Based on these findings, the circuit court

       permanently enjoined CashCall from violating the WVCCPA;

       imposed a civil penalty against CashCall for making loans without a license in the
       amount of $730,000 to be appropriated by the Legislature;

       imposed a civil penalty against CashCall for engaging in unfair/deceptive acts and for
       making/collecting usurious loans in the amount of $730,000 to be appropriated by the
       Legislature;

       awarded a $10,045,687.96 judgment against CashCall (four times the amount of interest
       the 292 consumers agreed to pay on their loan) to be distributed to the consumers by the
       Attorney General;

       found that all loan contracts entered between CashCall and West Virginia consumers
       were void and any debts still owing were cancelled; and

       awarded “costs, including its reasonable attorney’s fees.”

      CashCall filed this appeal of the circuit court’s phase one and phase two orders on
October 10, 2012.15

       15
        On October 12, 2012, the circuit court denied CashCall’s motion to stay the phase one
and phase two orders.

                                             10

                             Post-Trial Award of Attorney’s Fees

        Following the filing of this appeal, the Attorney General filed an “Application For Fees
and Expenses” with the circuit court on November 9, 2012, that sought an award of attorney’s
fees for the 1,175.9 hours that Assistant Attorney General Norman Googel worked on the case,
and for the 282 hours Assistant Attorney General Doug Davis worked on the case, plus expenses.
On December 18, 2012, CashCall filed a written response in which it argued that the requested
fees were unreasonable and unsupported by the evidence. CashCall also preserved the arguments
set forth in its appellate brief regarding attorney’s fees to avoid any inference of waiver
regarding these arguments.

       On December 21, 2012, the circuit court conducted an evidentiary hearing on the State’s
motion for attorney’s fees. The State’s witnesses included Mr. Googel, Mr. Davis, and Attorney
Bren Pomponio, who testified as an expert witness on the reasonable and customary fees
awarded to lawyers in consumer law cases in West Virginia.

       On January 11, 2013, CashCall filed its appellate brief and appendix record with this
Court. In its brief, CashCall argued that the circuit court erred by awarding the State its
attorney’s fees as costs in the absence of express statutory or constitutional authority.16

       Thereafter, CashCall submitted a memorandum of law to the circuit court that proposed a
$64,950.00 award of attorney’s fees for Mr. Davis’s work on the case. The offer was based upon
Mr. Davis’s experience and the time sheets he had maintained throughout the pendency of the
case. However, CashCall asked the circuit court to deny the State’s motion for an award of
attorney’s fees for Mr. Googel’s work because he had failed to keep contemporaneous time
records during the case. CashCall further argued that the non-contemporaneous time estimations
Mr. Googel had created after the circuit court had entered its phase one and phase two orders
were inaccurate and unreliable.

        On March 18, 2013, the circuit court entered its “Final Order Awarding Fees and Costs”
that awarded the State a total of $446,180 in attorney’s fees ($349,825 for Mr. Googel and
$96,355 for Mr. Davis), plus $9,789.94 in expenses. The award was based on a $350 per hour
rate for each attorney. The circuit court acknowledged that Mr. Googel did not keep
contemporaneous time records and, therefore, discounted the hours he claimed by fifteen
percent. The court also found that, although CashCall had not engaged in conduct amounting to
bad faith, it had engaged in vexatious and oppressive conduct particularly in refusing to produce
discovery materials in electronic form. However, the circuit court stayed its “Final Order
Awarding Fees and Costs” until such time as this Court issues its opinion in the instant appeal.

       On April 17, 2013, CashCall filed a motion with this Court to supplement the appendix
record and to submit supplemental briefing regarding the circuit court’s award of attorney’s fees.

       16
        Although the circuit court had not yet awarded the amount of attorney’s fees CashCall
would be required to pay to the Attorney General, the circuit court awarded “costs, including its
reasonable attorney’s fees” in both the phase one and phase two orders.
                                            11

On July 18, 2013, the Court granted the motion. Thereafter, both parties filed supplemental briefs
and CashCall supplemented the record.

       CashCall now appeals all three of the circuit court’s orders in this case. On appeal,
CashCall raises multiple assignments of error. The first three of these assignments of error
address the circuit court’s September 10, 2012, phase one order regarding the Attorney General’s
claims of unfair debt collection. The next six assignments of error (numbers four through nine)
address the circuit court’s September 10, 2012, phase two trial order regarding the Attorney
General’s claims of unlawful lending and usury. Finally, the last five assignments of error
(numbers ten through fourteen) address the circuit court’s March 18, 2013, order awarding
attorney’s fees as costs in favor of the Attorney General.

                                            Discussion

                      A. Assignments of error relating to the phase one trial

       We begin our analysis by addressing petitioner’s three assignments of error relating to the
phase one trial and the Attorney General’s claims of unfair debt collection.

               In reviewing challenges to findings and rulings made by a circuit court, we
       apply a two-pronged deferential standard of review. We review the rulings of the
       circuit court concerning a new trial and its conclusion as to the existence of
       reversible error under an abuse of discretion standard, and we review the circuit
       court’s underlying factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard. Questions
       of law are subject to a de novo review.

Syl. Pt. 3, State v. Vance, 207 W.Va. 640, 535 S.E.2d 484 (2000).

       CashCall first argues that the circuit court erred in awarding relief to consumers because
the Attorney General has no authority under the WVCCPA to bring an action or pursue damages
on behalf of consumers. CashCall highlights that in the phase one order, the circuit court
awarded restitution and penalty damages to the State to be distributed to the West Virginia
consumers pursuant to Article 5 of the WVCCPA. West Virginia Code § 46A-5-101(1) provides
that a “consumer” may bring an action for civil liabilities and penalties. Further West Virginia
Code § 46A-1-102(12) defines a “consumer” as “a natural person who incurs debt pursuant to a
consumer credit sale or a consumer loan, or debt . . . [.]” Therefore, CashCall claims that the
Attorney General has no statutory authority under Article 5 to bring an action or to pursue
damages on behalf of a “consumer” because the State is not a natural person.

         West Virginia Code § 46A-7-108 provides that “[t]he attorney general may bring a civil
action to restrain a person from violating this chapter and for other appropriate relief.” This
Court in State By and Through McGraw v. Imperial Marketing, 203 W. Va. 203, 506 S.E.2d 799
(1998), examined the Attorney General’s authority to seek consumer restitution and other
equitable remedies in its enforcement actions and held that “the phrase ‘other appropriate relief’
in W.Va. Code, 46A-7-108 [1974], ‘indicates that the legislature meant the full array of equitable
relief to be available in suits brought by the Attorney General.’” Id. at 215-16, 506 S.E.2d at 811­
                                            12

12. Therefore, a circuit court may, under § 46A-7-108, award the State a full array of equitable
relief.

        The WVCCPA also authorizes the Attorney General to bring a civil action against a
creditor “for making or collecting charges in excess of those permitted by this chapter.” W. Va.
Code § 46A-7-111(1). Therefore, a circuit court may order a full refund of such excess charges.
However, where the excess charge was imposed in a deliberate violation of, or in reckless
disregard for, the WVCCPA, or where a creditor refused to refund an excess charge within a
reasonable time after demand by the consumer or the Attorney General, the circuit court may
order the creditor to pay to the consumer up to ten times the amount of the excess charge. Id.
Further, West Virginia Code § 46A-7-111(2) provides that the Attorney General may recover a
civil penalty of up to $5,000.00 for each violation of the WVCCPA where “the defendant has
engaged in a course of repeated and willful violations of this chapter.” “[T]his Court has defined
that term [willful] to mean conduct that is intentional. . . : ‘Intending the result which actually
comes to pass; design; intentional; not incidental or involuntary.’” State ex rel. Koontz v. Smith,
134 W.Va. 876, 882, 62 S.E.2d 548, 551(1950) (citing Black’s Law Dictionary (3rd ed. 1948)).”
State v. Saunders, 219 W. Va. 570, 575, 638 S.E.2d 173, 178 (2006) (internal citations omitted).

        Further, West Virginia Code § 46A-5-105 provides that “the court may cancel the debt
when the debt is not secured by a security interest” in those instances where the “creditor has
willfully violated the provisions of this chapter applying to illegal, fraudulent or unconscionable
conduct or any prohibited debt collection practice.” Thus, the public policy embodied in West
Virginia Code § 46A-5-105 authorizes the court to cancel the debt in enforcement actions under
its power to grant equitable relief.

        In light of these statutory provisions and our holding in Imperial Marketing, we find that
the circuit court did not err by granting monetary relief to the State that is to be distributed by the
Attorney General to individual consumers. Nor did the circuit court err in cancelling the 292
consumers’ unsecured debts to CashCall. The civil penalties authorized by West Virginia Code §
46A-7-111 and paid to the State do not inure to the State alone. Although such a civil penalty
must first be paid to the State, a governmental entity may distribute funds obtained as civil
penalties as compensation for pecuniary loss to injured persons. See, e.g., U.S. Dept. of Housing
& Urban Development v. Cost Control Marketing & Sales Management of Virginia, Inc., 64
F.3d 920, 928 (4th Cir. 1995). Thus, under its equitable powers, the circuit court may authorize
the State to distribute a civil penalty to aggrieved consumers.

        CashCall’s second assignment of error is that the circuit court erred in basing its award of
damages on the State’s summary exhibits because they were “unauthenticated” and contained
“unreliable and inadmissible evidence.”

       We have said, “A trial court’s evidentiary rulings, as well as its application of the Rules
of Evidence, are subject to review under an abuse of discretion standard.” Syllabus point 4, State
v. Rodoussakis, 204 W.Va. 58, 511 S.E.2d 469 (1998).” Syl. Pt. 11, State v. White, 228 W.Va.
530, 722 S.E.2d 566 (2011).

                                              13

        We first note that at the start of the phase one trial, the Attorney General and CashCall
stipulated that their Joint Exhibit Number One was an accurate summary of CashCall’s 292 West
Virginia consumers’ accounts. That exhibit provided the following information for each West
Virginia consumer: the amount financed, the finance charge, the principle paid, the interest paid,
the total fees paid, the “overall” paid, the number of payments made, the date of the note, the
date of last payment, the total number of payments necessary to fulfill the loan, and the loan’s
current status. Hence, CashCall made no objection below regarding the information contained in
Joint Exhibit Number One.

         We also note that CashCall’s decision to produce its customer records primarily in a
paper-copy format, as opposed to the requested easily-searchable electronic format, necessitated,
in part, the summary exhibits of which CashCall now complains.

       With regard to Exhibit A (listing the types of letters sent by CashCall to West Virginia
consumers) and Exhibit B (summarizing the number of phone calls made by CashCall to West
Virginia consumers), CashCall’s counsel stated during the phase one trial that he had reviewed
both exhibits by focusing on those consumers who were identified by the State as trial witnesses.
CashCall’s counsel then said “there are certain aspects that appear to be pretty close, although
they are not perfect, but perfection is not required to be sure. Other aspects of it are quite
imperfect, but we’re happy to discuss that further.” However, it appears that the only time
CashCall discussed these alleged imperfections further was during its cross-examination of Ms.
Gray, who prepared Exhibit A, and Ms. White, who prepared Exhibit B. Importantly, during
those cross-examinations, CashCall had the opportunity to enter any and all relevant evidence
regarding alleged discrepancies between its records and the information found in Exhibits A and
B.

        During its cross-examination of Ms. Gray, CashCall pointed to only three errors in
Exhibit A. Those errors were immediately corrected by agreement of the parties in the presence
of the court. Once those corrections were made, CashCall made no further objection to the circuit
court with regard to Exhibit A.

        During its cross-examination of Ms. White regarding her preparation of Exhibit B,
CashCall clarified that Exhibit B included (1) calls made by CashCall, but not received by a
consumer (such as when a call resulted in a busy signal), and (2) calls that were not collection
calls, such as CashCall’s standard pre-loan employment verification call. These issues were the
only issues raised by CashCall during its cross-examination of Ms. White regarding Exhibit B.
However, at the end of testimony on October 31, 2011, CashCall’s counsel indicated that “on the
volume of calls issues . . . we do plan to go back and create something . . . that would be more
accurate as an account . . . .” However, CashCall never produced its own summary to rebut
Exhibit B, even though the circuit court gave it the opportunity to do so. Importantly, in the order
on appeal, the circuit court found Exhibit B to be “substantially accurate” and therefore sufficient
to enable it to make the following findings of fact regarding CashCall’s collection practices:

       24.    The testimony of the State’s witnesses concerning the volume of calls is
       consistent with the data produced by CashCall and compiled by the State in

                                            14

       Summary Ex[hibit] A. Overall, the [c]ourt finds all of the State’s consumer
       witnesses to be credible. . . .

       ....

       26.     The State’s evidence of the volume and pattern of CashCall’s calls is
       largely undisputed by CashCall and, in fact, is wholly supported by the documents
       CashCall produced during discovery. Although Ms. Chavez indicated that some
       of the outbound calls counted by the State may have been “welcome calls” or
       other non-collection calls, it is equally likely that the State failed to count other
       collection calls due to the occasional difficulty in deciphering CashCall’s service
       logs. The Court finds that the number of calls as reported by the State in Summary
       Ex[hibit] B is substantially accurate to enable the [c]ourt to pass judgment on
       CashCall’s collection practices.

       On this record, we cannot say that the circuit court abused its discretion in admitting
Exhibits A and B into evidence or in relying on them in making its findings.

        CashCall’s third assignment of error is that the circuit court erred in finding that the
State’s consumer witnesses were representative of all 292 West Virginia consumers. CashCall
claims the State’s witnesses had “vastly different experiences” and that “none of the ten
witnesses presented testimony justifying [a] claim for unfair collection practices[.]” Conversely,
the circuit court, in its phase one order, described the testimony of the State’s representative
witnesses as remarkably consistent in regard to CashCall’s unfair debt collection practices. For
example, the circuit court found as follows:

       20.     The [c]ourt finds a remarkable consistency in the testimony provided by
       the State’s ten witnesses concerning their experiences with CashCall. All of the
       witnesses who obtained loans from CashCall testified that they were required to
       agree to automatic debits from their accounts as a condition of receiving the
       loan.[] All of the consumers who obtained loans from CashCall reported that they
       were harmed by the requirement of making payments by automatic debits. Each
       of them was charged overdraft fees by their banks when CashCall’s debits failed
       to clear. Many of them contacted CashCall to ask that the debits be stopped, but
       did not succeed in doing so. Many of them reported that CashCall debited their
       account on dates other than the date agreed upon, usually an earlier date, which
       caused the debit to bounce. Many of them also reported that CashCall would try
       again to debit their account multiple times after the initial debit bounced,
       sometimes on the same day or within the first two to three days. The end result for
       each person was the involuntary closure of their account by their bank, closure of
       the account by the consumer, or a permanent stop payment order from their bank
       prohibiting further debits by CashCall.

       21.    The consumers’ accounts of alleged telephone harassment by CashCall
       were also remarkably similar. All of the consumers reported having received a
       high volume of telephone calls from CashCall, including large numbers of calls
                                            15

       per day, high volumes of calls over a period of weeks and months, and multiple
       telephone calls at their places of employment which continued even after they
       asked CashCall to stop. Most of the consumers testified that CashCall had
       contacted other parties to leave messages for them to call CashCall, even though
       each one of them had the same mailing address and telephone numbers
       throughout their dealings with CashCall. Several consumers also testified that
       CashCall disclosed their alleged account delinquency when calling third-parties.

       22.      The consumers also testified that CashCall’s repeated and continued calls
       to their places of employment interfered with their work, created friction with
       their employers, and caused them to suffer embarrassment and humiliation in
       front of their supervisors and co-employees. . . . Collectively, the consumers
       testified about having received many types of threats from CashCall over the
       telephone, including threats of arbitration proceedings, legal action, garnishment
       of wages, loss of home and other property, threats to contact their employer in
       person or over the phone, and threats to visit consumers at their places of
       employment or at their homes.

       With regard to CashCall’s claim that the circuit court erred in extrapolating the
experience of the Attorney General’s representative consumer witnesses to the pool of all 292
West Virginia consumers, CashCall fails to cite to the location in the approximately 6,000 page
record on appeal where it objected to the State’s use of representative witnesses.17 Rule 10(c)(7)
of the West Virginia Rules of Appellate Procedure provides, in part, as follows:

       The argument must contain appropriate and specific citations to the record on
       appeal, including citations that pinpoint when and how the issues in the
       assignments of error were presented to the lower tribunal. The Court may
       disregard errors that are not adequately supported by specific references to the
       record on appeal.

We have said,

       It is counsel’s obligation to present this Court with specific references to the
       designated record that is relied upon by the parties . . . In this context, counsel
       must observe the admonition of the Fourth Circuit that “‘[j]udges are not like
       pigs, hunting for truffles buried in briefs’ [or somewhere in the lower court’s
       files]. . . . We would in general admonish all counsel that they, as officers of this
       Court, have a duty to uphold faithfully the rules of this Court.” Teague v. Bakker,
       35 F.3d 978, 985 n. 5 (4th Cir.1994), quoting United States v. Dunkel, 927 F.2d
955, 956 (7th Cir.1991).

       17
         During the phase one trial CashCall’s counsel did object to the fact that the State’s
witnesses at trial were, with one exception, not the same consumers identified in the State’s
complaint against CashCall. CashCall also objected to what it claimed was insufficient notice of
the names of the witnesses. However, the circuit court did not rule on these objections.

                                            16

State v. Honaker, 193 W.Va. 51, 56 n. 4, 454 S.E.2d 96, 101 n. 4 (1994). In failing to object,
CashCall has waived this issue on appeal. That said, the circuit court had before it Joint Exhibit
Number One and Exhibits A and B which provided detailed information regarding CashCall’s
relationship with each of the 292 West Virginia consumers. Thus, the circuit court had the ability
to review these documents, with CashCall’s arguments in mind, to determine whether the
testimony of the State’s witnesses was, in fact, representative of the 292 West Virginia
consumers. On this record, we cannot say that the circuit court erred in relying upon the
testimony of the State’s representative consumer witnesses.

                    B. Assignments of error relating to the phase two trial

       We continue our analysis by addressing CashCall’s next six assignments of error
(numbers four through nine) relating to the Attorney General’s claims of unlawful lending and
usury.

        CashCall’s fourth assignment of error is that the circuit court erred by applying a
“predominant economic interest” test to determine whether CashCall or FB&T was the true
lender of the loans made to the West Virginia consumers. That test examines which party—as
between a bank, such as FB&T, and a non-bank entity, such as CashCall—has the predominant
economic interest in loans made by the bank. CashCall argues that the circuit court should have
applied instead what it calls the “federal law test” found at West Virginia Code § 46A-1­
102(38).18 That section, which defines the term “regulated consumer loan,” exempts from
regulation any consumer loan that “qualifies for federal law preemption from state interest rate
limitations.” CashCall contends that if the circuit court had applied the “federal law test,” it
would have found that FB&T was the true lender because FB&T’s consumer loans qualified for
federal law preemption from state interest rate limitations.

        In support of its argument, CashCall highlights that the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals
applied the criteria found in the “federal law test” in Discover Bank v. Vaden and found that a
true lender is (1) the entity in charge of setting the terms and conditions of a loan, and (2) the
entity who actually extended the credit. 489 F.3d 594, 601-03 (4th Cir.2007), rev’d on other
grounds, 556 U.S. 49 (2009). See also Krispin v. May Dep’t Stores Co., 218 F.3d 919, 923 (8th
Cir. 2000). CashCall therefore claims that, in accordance with Vaden, FB&T was the true lender
of the loans in this case because FB&T set the terms and conditions of the loans to the West
Virginia consumers and actually extended credit to those consumers.

       18
          West Virginia Code § 46A-1-102(38) provides as follows: “‘Regulated consumer loan’
means a consumer loan, including a loan made pursuant to a revolving loan account, in which the
rate of the loan finance charge exceeds eighteen percent per year as determined according to the
actuarial method, except where the loan qualifies for federal law preemption from state interest
rate limitations, including federal law bank parity provisions, or where the lender is specifically
permitted by state law other than article four of this chapter to make the loan at that rate without
a requirement the lender hold a regulated consumer lender license.”
                                             17

       This Court provided a roadmap for resolving usury questions in Carper v. Kanawha
Banking & Trust Co., 157 W. Va. 477, 207 S.E.2d 897 (1974). In Syllabus Point 4 of Carper, the
Court said as follows:

               The usury statute contemplates that a search for usury shall not stop at the
       mere form of the bargains and contracts relative to such loan, but that all shifts
       and devices intended to cover a usurious loan or forbearance shall be pushed
       aside, and the transaction shall be dealt with as usurious if it be such in fact. Crim
       v. Post, 41 W.Va. 397, 23 S.E. 613 (1895).

Id. at 478, 207 S.E.2d 901. In the phase two order, the circuit court cited to Carper. The circuit
court then cited to cases in which federal courts applied the “predominant economic interest” test
in rent-a-bank cases such as this, where a state usury case against a non-bank entity is removed
to federal court on federal preemption grounds. See Goleta Nat. Bank v. Lingerfelt, 211
F.Supp.2d 711(E.D.N.C. 2002); Colorado ex rel. Salazar v. Ace Cash Exp., Inc., 188 F. Supp. 2d
1282 (D.Colo. 2002); Flowers v. EZPawn Oklahoma, Inc., 307 F.Supp.2d 1191(N.D.Okla.
2004). In these cases, most of which involve payday lenders, the federal courts found no federal
preemption and remanded the case back to the state court. However, the circuit court noted that,
on remand, most cases settled and, therefore, were not adjudicated on the merits.19

        Based on this line of cases, the circuit court concluded that the “predominant economic
interest” test was the proper standard to determine the true lender in this case.

      We agree with the circuit court’s decision. The “federal law test” advocated by CashCall
examines only the superficial appearance of CashCall’s business model. Further, if we were to

       19
          State courts have also applied the “predominant economic interest” test in deciding
cases on the merits. For example, in Spitzer v. County Bank of Rehoboth Beach, 846 N.Y.S.2d
436 (N.Y. App. Div. 2007), New York’s Attorney General brought an enforcement action
against payday lenders who had entered into rent-a-bank arrangements. In Spitzer, the Attorney
General alleged that the payday lenders were the true lenders and that their agreements with a
rent-a-bank were a scheme to circumvent New York’s usury laws. The Spitzer court noted that
the payday lenders purchased ninety-five percent of each of the bank’s loans, assumed all risks
of the loans, and indemnified the bank against any loss arising from a loan transaction. The
Spitzer court then found that a totality of the circumstances must be used to determine the
identity of the “true lender,” with the key factor being who had the predominant economic
interest in the transactions. Id. at 438-39. Ultimately, the bank and the payday lender in Spitzer
entered into a $5.2 million settlement agreement with New York’s Attorney General. See also
Andrews v. Cramer, 629 N.E.2d 133, 136 (Ill.App. 1993) (“The question [of whether a loan is
usurious] is determined by considering the nature and substance of the transaction, rather than its
form, to guard against a lender violating the statute through the use of ingenious schemes and
devices.”); Ghirardo v. Antonioli, 883 P.2d 960, 965 (Cal. 1994) (citations omitted) (stating that
the trier of fact must look to the substance of the transaction, rather than its form, and must
determine whether such form was mere sham and subterfuge to cover up usurious transactions);
Williams v. Powell, 216, 447 S.E.2d 45, 48 (Ga.App. 1994) (“[T]he courts will permit no scheme
or device, by whatever name, to hide . . . any contrivance to evade the usury laws. . . .”).
                                              18

apply the “federal law test” as CashCall advocates, we would always find that a rent-a-bank was
the true lender of loans such as those at issue in this case. Therefore, in light of our holding in
Carper, and the cases cited above, we find that the circuit court did not err in applying the
“predominant interest test” as a means of examining the substance, and not just the form, of
CashCall and FB&T’s marketing agreements. As for the two cases on which CashCall relies,
Vaden and Krispen, they are easily distinguishable from the instant case because, in both cases,
the non-bank entity was a corporate affiliate of the bank. In contrast, CashCall and FB&T are
completely separate entities, or, as the circuit court noted, “independent contractors to each other
in performing their respective obligations [under the agreement].” In fact, both the federal court
in its remand order, and the circuit court in the order on appeal, rejected CashCall’s arguments
based on Vaden and Krispen.

        CashCall’s fifth assignment of error is that the trial court erred in relying on the opinions
expressed by the State’s expert witness, attorney Margot Saunders of the National Consumer
Law Center. CashCall claims that Ms. Saunders usurped the role of the court by testifying as to
the nature of the relevant law and how the court should apply that law. CashCall also claims that
the circuit court erred in allowing Ms. Saunders to testify about the parties’ marketing
agreements because she was not directly qualified as an expert on that issue.

       We have said,

              “‘“‘“Whether a witness is qualified to state an opinion is a matter which
       rests within the discretion of the trial court and its ruling on that point will not
       ordinarily be disturbed unless it clearly appears that its discretion has been
       abused.” Point 5, syllabus, Overton v. Fields, 145 W.Va. 797 [117 S.E.2d 598
       (1960) ].’ Syllabus Point 4, Hall v. Nello Teer Co., 157 W.Va. 582, 203 S.E.2d
145 (1974).” Syllabus Point 12, Board of Education v. Zando, Martin & Milstead,
       182 W.Va. 597, 390 S.E.2d 796 (1990).’ Syl. pt. 3, Wilt v. Buracker, 191 W.Va.
       39, 443 S.E.2d 196 (1993).” Syllabus Point 5, Mayhorn v. Logan Medical
       Foundation, 193 W.Va. 42, 454 S.E.2d 87 (1994).

Syl. Pt. 2, Kiser v. Caudill, 210 W.Va. 191, 193, 557 S.E.2d 245, 247 (2001). Further, “Rule 702
of the West Virginia Rules of Evidence is the paramount authority for determining whether or
not an expert is qualified to give an opinion. . . .” Syl. Pt. 6, in part, Mayhorn v. Logan Med.
Found., 193 W.Va. 42, 454 S.E.2d 87 (1994). Rule 702 provides that “[i]f scientific, technical, or
other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to
determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience,
training, or education may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.”

        Based on the uncontested facts in the record, the circuit court made numerous findings
with regard to its qualification of Ms. Saunders as an expert in consumer lending. For example,
the circuit court found that Ms. Saunders has twenty years of experience as an attorney with the
National Consumer Law Center; has been qualified as an expert in the fields of predatory
lending, credit reporting, debt collecting, electronic commerce and benefits transfer, preservation
of home ownership, credit math, electronic transaction issues, utility costs for low income
households, and other consumer credit issues; has provided written and oral testimony to
                                             19

Congress; and has served as an expert witness in twenty-nine cases involving mortgage lending,
consumer credit, and predatory lending. On this record, we cannot say that the circuit court erred
in qualifying Ms. Saunders as an expert in consumer lending.

         We next turn to CashCall’s claim that the circuit court erred in allowing Ms. Saunders to
testify about CashCall and FB&T’s marketing agreements because the court allegedly did not
directly qualify her as an expert on that issue. Although the circuit court did not specifically state
that Ms. Saunders was an “expert” with regard to agreements such as the one between CashCall
and FB&T, it specifically found that “Ms. Saunders’ expertise in the field of predatory lending,
particularly her analysis of contracts and relationships between lenders and brokers, qualifies her
to testify about the contracts and agreements between CashCall and [FB&T] and to assist the
Court in determining those parts of the Agreement that show which party bore the economic risk
as between CashCall and [FB&T] in regards to the subject consumer loans.” (Emphasis added.)
Therefore, we find that the circuit court did not err in allowing Ms. Saunders to opine about a
topic it specifically found her qualified to address.

        All of that having been said, in the phase two order, the circuit court stated that even if it
had concluded that Ms. Saunders was not qualified to offer an expert opinion on the subject of
consumer lending and the relationship between CashCall and FB&T, it would have concluded
that the agreements between CashCall and FB&T fully supported its finding that CashCall was
the true lender of the subject loans. Therefore, we find CashCall’s fifth assignment of error to be
devoid of merit.

        CashCall’s sixth assignment of error is that the circuit court erred in applying a “state
test” (the “predominant economic interest” test) in deciding a question regarding federal
preemption. CashCall claims that the only test capable of determining this federal question is the
“federal law test.”

        First, the federal question posed by petitioner—whether federal law preempted the issues
in this case—was answered by the federal district court in the negative. The circuit court
implicitly adopted the federal district court’s conclusion. Second, we addressed CashCall’s
allegation regarding the circuit court’s use of the “predominant economic interest” test in its
fourth assignment of error above and found it wanting.20 Hence, we find CashCall’s sixth
assignment of error to be without merit.

         CashCall’s seventh assignment of error is that the circuit court erred by imposing
punitive penalties against CashCall even though CashCall did not willfully violate the
WVCCPA. CashCall highlights that West Virginia Code § 46A-7-111 provides that the attorney
general may bring an action to recover a civil penalty only for willful violations of this chapter.
CashCall claims that its actions were not willful because it had the good faith belief that its
activities complied with West Virginia law. CashCall’s “good faith belief” is based on an e-mail
it received in 2006 from a staff lawyer employed by the Division of Banking that stated CashCall

       20
          Ironically, what petitioner nominates as the “federal law test” is found in state law at
West Virginia Code § 46A-1-102(38), and what it calls a “state test,” the predominant economic
interest test, has been applied, as noted above, by federal courts.
                                              20

did not require a lending license “because the loans being assigned were not ‘regulated customer
loans’ as defined by [West Virginia Code] § 46A-1-102” and thus were not subject to West
Virginia law.

       The subject e-mail was sent to CashCall in response to an e-mail sent by CashCall’s
counsel, Dan Baren, on July 28, 2006. In his e-mail, Mr. Baren wrote the following:
       Hi -Thanks for taking time to address this issue.

       As I stated on the phone, my question was whether a California company would
       need to obtain a license from the Commissioner to take assignments and service
       unsecured consumer loans that were originated by a financial institution which
       itself was exempt from the licensing requirement.

       I would like to conclude that licensing would not be required because the loans
       being assigned were not ‘regulated consumer loans’ as that term is defined in
       Section 46A-l-102.

       Please let me know your position on this matter. Thank you very much.

        Clearly, the staff attorney’s response that “[l]icensing is not required because the loans
being assigned were not ‘regulated consumer loans’ as defined in 46A-1-102[,]” was based on
the implication in Mr. Baren’s e-mail that the “financial institution” (i.e., FB&T) was the lender
of the loans in question. However, CashCall was, in fact, the true lender of the loans in question.
Therefore, CashCall cannot rely on the e-mail as a defense. Further, CashCall fails to cite to any
evidence in the record on appeal that the staff attorney who sent the responsive e-mail had any
authority to bind the State with her response.

        The circuit court’s award of punitive damages was based on its lengthy and detailed
findings regarding CashCall’s repeated violations of the WVCCPA. These findings are amply
supported by the record on appeal. Accordingly, we find that the circuit court did not err in
concluding that CashCall’s violations of the WVCCPA were willful, or in imposing punitive
penalties against CashCall for those willful violations.

        CashCall next claims that the circuit court’s award of punitive penalties violates
CashCall’s fundamental due process right to notice of conduct subject to punishment because it
could not have known in 2006 and 2007, when it purchased loans made by FB&T to West
Virginia consumers, that the circuit court would reject the statutorily-adopted “federal law test”
and instead apply a “predominant economic interest” test.

        This Court decided Carper v. Kanawha Banking & Trust Co. in 1974, long before
CashCall began purchasing FB&T’s loans to West Virginians in 2006. In that seminal case, we
said that the “search for usury shall not stop at the mere form of the bargains and contracts
relative to such loan.” Therefore, CashCall was clearly on notice that this Court would examine
an agreement, such as the agreements between CashCall and FB&T, for its substance and not
merely for its form. Therefore, we find CashCall’s lack of notice claim to be without merit.

                                            21

       Finally, CashCall argues that, even if the award of punitive damages did not violate its
due process rights, the Attorney General was estopped from seeking a penalty against CashCall
because CashCall relied to its detriment on that statement in the Division of Banking’s e-mail.
However, as we said previously, this argument is without merit because the e-mail from the
employee at the Division of Banking did not bind the State and, importantly, was based on
CashCall’s misleading assertions that FB&T was the true lender of the loans mentioned in the e-
mail.

        CashCall’s eighth assignment of error is that the circuit court erred by awarding the State
a $10,045,687.96 civil penalty21 pursuant to West Virginia Code § 47-6-6, because only a
borrower or debtor may bring a claim under West Virginia Code § 47-6-6. That section provides
as follows:

       All contracts and assurances made directly or indirectly for the loan or
       forbearance of money or other thing at a greater rate of interest than is permitted
       by law shall be void as to all interest . . . and the borrower or debtor may, in
       addition, recover from the original lender or creditor or other holder not in due
       course an amount equal to four times all interest agreed to be paid . . . . Every
       usurious contract and assurance shall be presumed to have been willfully made by
       the lender or creditor, but a bona fide error, innocently made, which causes such
       contract or assurance to be usurious shall not constitute a violation of this section
       if the lender or creditor shall rectify the error within fifteen days after receiving
       notice thereof.

(Emphasis added.) CashCall highlights that the “Attorney General’s powers are limited to those
specifically conferred by statute.” State ex rel. McGraw v. Scott Runyan Pontiac-Buick, Inc., 194
W.Va. 770, 777, 461 S.E.2d 516, 523 (1995). Therefore, CashCall argues that, because the
Attorney General is not a borrower or a debtor pursuant to West Virginia Code § 47-6-6, he lacks
authority to seek or be awarded damages on behalf of the 292 West Virginia consumers. Put
more simply, CashCall argues that the Attorney General was not authorized to seek, and the trial
court was not authorized to award, a penalty for usury to the State under West Virginia Code §
47-6-6.

        We reject this argument because CashCall has mischaracterized the circuit court’s ruling.
The circuit court did not issue the ruling pursuant to West Virginia Code § 47-6-6. Instead, it
relied upon the public policy established by West Virginia Code § 47-6-6—that the penalty for
usury should be four times the amount of interest agreed to be paid—to determine the amount of
the civil penalty. Therefore, West Virginia Code § 47-6-6 merely served as a guide to determine
the appropriate amount of the restitution award for this violation. In actuality, the award was
authorized as an excess charge under West Virginia Code § 46A-7-111, which provides that
when a circuit court finds that an excess charge has been made, it must order a full refund of the
excess charge to consumers. Further, pursuant to West Virginia Code § 46A-7-111, where an

       21
        $10,045,687.96 is four times the amount of all of the interest agreed to be paid by all of
the 292 West Virginia consumers.
                                          22

excess charge was recklessly or deliberately made, a circuit court may award a civil penalty of
up to ten times the excess charge:

       (1) After demand, the attorney general may bring a civil action against a creditor
           for making or collecting charges in excess of those permitted by this chapter.
           If it is found that an excess charge has been made, the court shall order the
           respondent to refund to the consumer the amount of the excess charge. If a
           creditor has made an excess charge in a deliberate violation of or in reckless
           disregard for this chapter, or if a creditor has refused to refund an excess
           charge within a reasonable time after demand by the consumer or the attorney
           general, the court may also order the respondent to pay to the consumer a
           civil penalty in an amount determined by the court not in excess of the greater
           of either the amount of the sales finance charge or loan finance charge or ten
           times the amount of the excess charge. Refunds and penalties to which the
           consumer is entitled pursuant to this subsection may be set off against the
           consumer’s obligation. . . . If the creditor establishes by a preponderance of
           evidence that a violation is unintentional or the result of a bona fide error, no
           liability to pay a penalty shall be imposed under this subsection.

(Emphasis added.) An unlawful or excessive interest charge or fee constitutes an “excess charge”
as defined by West Virginia Code § 46-7-111(1).

        Courts have broad powers to fashion equitable relief. Porter v. Warner Holding Co., 328
U.S. 395 (1946). Moreover, a court’s equitable powers assume an even broader, more flexible
character when the public interest is involved in a proceeding in order to secure complete justice.
Id. at 398 (emphasis added). As the Porter court explained:

       [T]he comprehensiveness of this equitable jurisdiction is not to be denied or
       limited in the absence of a clear and valid legislative command. Unless a statute
       in so many words, or by a necessary and inescapable inference, restricts the
       court’s jurisdiction in equity, the full scope of that jurisdiction is to be recognized
       and applied. “The great principles of equity, securing complete justice, should not
       be yielded to light inferences, or doubtful construction.”

Id. Likewise, a West Virginia trial court is empowered by the principles of equity to grant
equitable relief to consumers as a means of securing complete justice and accomplishing the
manifest public protection purposes of the WVCCPA. Therefore, we find that the circuit court
did not err by awarding a civil penalty to be distributed by the Attorney General to individual
consumers aggrieved by CashCall’s usury.

       CashCall’s ninth assignment of error is that the circuit court erred by awarding the
Attorney General a $730,000.00 civil penalty under West Virginia Code § 46A-6-104.
Specifically, CashCall argues that Article 6 does not apply to consumer lending given that it
makes unlawful only unfair and deceptive acts taken “in the conduct of any trade or commerce.”
“Trade or commerce” is defined as the “advertising, offering for sale, sale or distribution of any

                                             23

goods or services . . . .” W. Va. Code § 46A-6-102(6). Therefore, because consumer lending is
neither a “good” nor a “service,” CashCall contends that § 46A-6-l04 does not apply in this case.

        CashCall raises this assignment of error for the first time on appeal. “Our general rule in
this regard is that, when nonjurisdictional questions have not been decided at the trial court level
and are then first raised before this Court, they will not be considered on appeal.” Whitlow v. Bd.
of Educ. of Kanawha Cnty., 190 W.Va. 223, 226, 438 S.E.2d 15, 18 (1993). See also Louk v.
Cormier, 218 W.Va. 81, 622 S.E.2d 788 (2005); State ex rel. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v.
Bedell, 228 W.Va. 252, 719 S.E.2d 722 (2011).

               The rationale behind this rule is that when an issue has not been raised
       below, the facts underlying that issue will not have been developed in such a way
       so that a disposition can be made. . . . Moreover, we consider the element of
       fairness. When a case has proceeded to its ultimate resolution below, it is
       manifestly unfair for a party to raise new issues [before this Court]. Finally, there
       is also a need to have the issue refined, developed, and adjudicated by the trial
       court, so that we may have the benefit of its wisdom.

Id. at 264-65, 719 S.E.2d at 734-35. Therefore, for the foregoing reasons, we decline to address
this assignment of error.

           C. Assignments of error relating to the award of attorney’s fees as costs

        We conclude our analysis by addressing CashCall’s five remaining assignments of error
(numbers ten through fourteen) relating to the circuit court’s award of attorney’s fees to the
State. With regard to an award of attorney’s fees, we have said

       “[t]he decision to award or not to award attorney’s fees rests in the sound
       discretion of the circuit court, and the exercise of that discretion will not be
       disturbed on appeal except in cases of abuse.” Beto v. Stewart, 213 W.Va. 355,
       359, 582 S.E.2d 802, 806 (2003). See also Sanson v. Brandywine Homes, Inc.,
       215 W.Va. 307, 310, 599 S.E.2d 730, 733 (2004) (“We . . . apply the abuse of
       discretion standard of review to an award of attorney’s fees.”); Syl. pt. 2, Daily
       Gazette Co., Inc. v. West Virginia Dev. Office, 206 W.Va. 51, 521 S.E.2d 543
       (1999) (“‘“‘[T]he trial [court] . . . is vested with a wide discretion in determining
       the amount of . . . court costs and counsel fees, and the trial [court’s] . . .
       determination of such matters will not be disturbed upon appeal to this Court
       unless it clearly appears that [it] has abused [its] discretion.’ Syllabus point 3, [in
       part,] Bond v. Bond, 144 W.Va. 478, 109 S.E.2d 16 (1959).” Syl. pt. 2, [in part,]
       Cummings v. Cummings, 170 W.Va. 712, 296 S.E.2d 542 (1982) [(per curiam)].’
       Syllabus point 4, in part, Ball v. Wills, 190 W.Va. 517, 438 S.E.2d 860 (1993).”).

Corp. of Harpers Ferry v. Taylor, 227 W.Va. 501, 504, 711 S.E.2d 571, 574 (2011).

                                             24

       CashCall’s tenth assignment of error is that the circuit court erred in awarding the State
reasonable attorney’s fees as costs absent express statutory or constitutional authority for such an
award. CashCall also argues that attorney’s fees may not be awarded to the State as costs.

        We disagree. The circuit court had express statutory authority to award attorney’s fees as
costs to the State for its successful prosecution of this enforcement action against CashCall. As
we noted above, West Virginia Code §46A-7-108 provides that the Attorney General may bring
an action both to restrain an entity from violating the WVCCPA and to obtain “other appropriate
relief” which, pursuant to Imperial Marketing, is the full array of equitable relief including an
award of attorney’s fees as costs. 203 W.Va. at 213-14, 506 S.E.2d at 812-13. Further, West
Virginia Code § 59-2-18 provides that when the State is granted equitable relief, the “fees of
attorneys and other officers for services, and allowances for attendance” shall be taxed as part of
the costs.

        That said, even if the circuit court had not had express statutory authorization to award
attorney’s fees as costs, the circuit court would still have had legal authority to do so pursuant to
Syllabus Point 3 of Sally-Mike Properties v. Yokum, 179 W.Va. 48, 365 S.E.2d 246 (1986),
which provides as follows: “There is authority in equity to award to the prevailing litigant his or
her reasonable attorney’s fees as ‘costs,’ without express statutory authorization, when the losing
party has acted in bad faith, vexatiously, wantonly or for oppressive reasons.” Here, CashCall’s
actions—such as its refusal to produce the names and contact information for its West Virginia
customers and its refusal to produce requested documents in an electronically searchable
format—were vexatious and oppressive. Therefore, the circuit court clearly had legal authority to
grant the State its attorney’s fees as costs both for CashCall’s violations of the WVCCPA, and
for CashCall’s vexatious and oppressive conduct. As such, we find that the circuit court did not
abuse its discretion in awarding the State its reasonable attorney’s fees as costs.

        CashCall’s eleventh assignment of error is that the circuit court erred in awarding
attorney’s fees to the State because, pursuant to Hechler v. Casey, 175 W.Va. 434, 333 S.E.2d
799 (1985), the State may not recover attorney’s fees where the Attorney General represents the
State. In Hechler, the Secretary of State filed a petition for a writ of prohibition with this Court.
The Court subsequently granted the writ. The State then sought attorney’s fees for its work on
the case. We found that “the Constitution of this State restricts the compensation of the Attorney
General . . . to a strict salary basis and bars the officers from supplementing or increasing their
legislatively provided compensation by their receipt of fees or any other form of compensation.”
Id., 333 S.E.2d at 816. Thus, CashCall contends that the West Virginia Constitution prohibits the
circuit court from awarding attorney’s fees to the State in this case. However, CashCall fails to
note that we also said in Hechler that this Court could not award attorney’s fees to the Attorney
General for its work on behalf of the State absent statutory authorization for such an award. As
we noted above, in the instant case, West Virginia Code § 46A-7-108 and § 59-2-18 provide
statutory authorization for an award of attorney’s fees as costs in a case seeking to enforce the
WVCCPA. Therefore, Hechler does not preclude the award of attorney’s fees as costs in this
case.

        CashCall’s twelfth assignment of error is that the circuit court abused its discretion in
relying on Assistant Attorney General Norman Googel’s non-contemporaneous time estimates in
                                             25

determining his fees for the time he allegedly expended on this case. CashCall highlights that
Mr. Googel’s fifty-two “block billing” entries account for eighty-two percent of his claimed
1,175.9 hours of work on the case. CashCall complains that these block entries describe as many
as thirty days of work in very few words. Therefore, CashCall contends that Mr. Googel’s
reconstructed time estimates lacked the accuracy and detail necessary to serve as a reliable
predicate for an award of attorney’s fees.

        The record on appeal shows that Mr. Googel testified at length about the substantial time
he spent, and the detailed method he used, to reconstruct time-sheets for this case. Mr. Googel
also testified that he likely worked many more hours on the case than he could recall or
substantiate. Further, Mr. Davis and the State’s expert witness, attorney Bren Pomponio, testified
that they believed Mr. Googel’s time entry estimates were low in light of the duration and
complexity of the case. Importantly, in its March 18, 2013, order, the circuit court noted its
concern with the manner in which Mr. Googel’s time estimates were reconstructed. The circuit
court also found that “block billing” is not favored by the courts. The circuit court then found
that Mr. Googel’s estimated hours were reasonable in light of the court’s knowledge of the
history of the case. Nevertheless, the circuit court discounted Mr. Google’s hours by fifteen
percent for his failure to keep contemporaneous records. In support of its fifteen percent
reduction of Mr. Googel’s hours, the circuit court cited to several cases where federal courts had
reduced attorney’s fees’ awards to states that prevailed on enforcement actions because the state
failed to produce contemporaneous or adequate time-keeping records. See New York v. Microsoft
Corp., 297 F. Supp. 2d 15 (D. D.C. 2003) (15% reduction); Michigan v. E.P.A., 254 F.3d 1087
(D.C. Cir. 2001) (10% reduction); Kennecott Corp. v. E.P.A., 804 F.2d 763 (D.C. Cir. 1986)
(15% reduction). On this record, we cannot say that the circuit court abused its discretion in
relying, in part, on Mr. Googel’s time entry estimates to determine the award of attorney’s fees
for his work on this case.

       CashCall’s thirteenth assignment of error is that the circuit court erred in relying on Bren
Pomponio’s opinion regarding the reasonableness of the number of hours claimed by Mr. Googel
and Mr. Davis in this case because Mr. Pomponio was not qualified by the circuit court as an
expert on the reasonableness of the number of hours worked in such a case. CashCall argues that
Mr. Pomponio’s testimony violated Rule 702 of the West Virginia Rules of Evidence which
contemplates that a witness who offers expert testimony on an issue must be qualified as an
expert on that issue. CashCall contends that the circuit court erred in considering any opinion
offered by Mr. Pomponio on the reasonableness of the number of hours billed by Mr. Google and
Mr. Davis.

        In the order on appeal, the circuit court clearly stated that, although Mr. Pomponio’s
opinions on reasonable and customary fees and on the reasonableness of hours worked were
“helpful,” they were not determinative of the court’s resolution of those issues. Rather, the
circuit court found that the number of hours sought by the State was reasonable based on its
application of the twelve-factor test in Syllabus Point 4 of Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. v.
Pitrolo, 176 W.Va. 190, 342 S.E.2d 156 (1986).22 In applying the Aetna factors, the circuit court

       22
            The twelve Aetna factors are as follows:

                                              26
found significant the novel and complex issues in this case; the fact that CashCall attempted to
remove the case to federal court; the fact that Mr. Googel could have commanded a higher rate;
and the fact that the State did not seek fees for the work done on the case by its paralegals or for
assistant attorneys general who worked on the case other than Mr. Googel and Mr. Davis.
Therefore, because the circuit court did not base its findings regarding the reasonableness
number of hours billed on Mr. Pomponio’s testimony, the circuit court neither violated Rule 702
nor abused its discretion in finding that the number of hours billed by Mr. Googel and Mr. Davis
was reasonable.

        CashCall’s fourteenth and final assignment of error is that the circuit court abused its
discretion in finding $350.00 to be a reasonable hourly rate for both Mr. Googel and Mr. Davis.
First, CashCall contends that Mr. Davis should not have been paid as much as Mr. Googel
because Mr. Google had practiced law for thirty-two years, including eighteen years with the
Attorney General’s Consumer Protection Division, while Mr. Davis had practiced law for only
twenty-two years, and had worked at Consumer Protection for only sixteen years. Second, Mr.
Googel was the lead attorney on the case. Third, CashCall argues that both attorneys’ hourly rate
should have been lower at the start of the case in 2007 than it was when the case concluded in
2012, because both attorneys had less experience in 2007 than they did in 2012.

        The circuit court found that the $350.00 hourly rate was warranted because both Mr.
Googel and Mr. Davis had many years of experience, both were skilled practitioners, and both
had obtained an exceptional outcome in a case involving novel and complex issues. We find that
the evidence in the record on appeal supports this finding. For example, Mr. Pomponio opined
that the $350.00 rate sought by the Attorney General for both attorneys was reasonable, and
reasonably could have been higher. Mr. Pomponio also gave numerous examples of similar
attorney’s fees awards in similar cases. Mr. Googel testified that a circuit court had previously
awarded him $350.00 per hour in another matter involving similar issues. Mr. Davis testified he
anticipated being awarded $550.00 per hour in an antitrust matter pending in California. Both
attorneys testified they believed the rates were reasonable and warranted. Importantly, CashCall
failed to introduce any evidence tending to show that the $350.00 hourly rate was unreasonable.

       Where attorney’s fees are sought against a third party, the test of what should be
       considered a reasonable fee is determined not solely by the fee arrangement
       between the attorney and his client. The reasonableness of attorney’s fees is
       generally based on broader factors such as: (1) the time and labor required; (2) the
       novelty and difficulty of the questions; (3) the skill requisite to perform the legal
       service properly; (4) the preclusion of other employment by the attorney due to
       acceptance of the case; (5) the customary fee; (6) whether the fee is fixed or
       contingent; (7) time limitations imposed by the client or the circumstances; (8) the
       amount involved and the results obtained; (9) the experience, reputation, and
       ability of the attorneys; (10) the undesirability of the case; (11) the nature and
       length of the professional relationship with the client; and (12) awards in similar
       cases.

Aetna, 176 W.Va. at 191-92, 342 S.E.2d at 157.

                                            27

Therefore, we find that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that the
$350.00 hourly rate for both Mr. Googel and Mr. Davis was warranted.

        As for CashCall’s claim that the hourly rates for Mr. Googel and Mr. Davis should have
been lower at the inception of the case than at the end, we find that the circuit court appropriately
awarded fees at current market rates for the pendency of the case given that, while this case was
litigated, the State’s expenses continued to accrue. As the United States Supreme Court has said,

       “. . . When plaintiffs’ entitlement to attorney’s fees depends on success, their
       lawyers are not paid until a favorable decision finally eventuates, which may be
       years later. . . . Meanwhile, their expenses of doing business continue and must be
       met. In setting fees for prevailing counsel, the courts have regularly recognized
       the delay factor, either by basing the award on current rates or by adjusting the fee
       based on historical rates to reflect its present value. . . .”

Missouri v. Jenkins by Agyei, 491 U.S. 274, 282 (1989). Based on this reasoning, we find that
the circuit court did not err in awarding the same hourly rate for the pendency of this case.

       Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, we affirm all three of the circuit court’s
extraordinarily thorough and remarkably well-reasoned orders.

                                                                                          Affirmed.

ISSUED: May 30, 2014

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Robin Jean Davis
Justice Brent D. Benjamin
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Menis E. Ketchum
Justice Allen H. Loughry II

                                             28