Court Opinion

ID: 2960549
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-17 17:51:57.772699+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:46:19.680106
License: Public Domain

05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv
     In re Assicurazioni Generali

 1                                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
 2                                         FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

 3                                                       August Term, 2007

 4   (Argued: June 10, 2008                                                       Decided: January 15, 2010)

 5                                           Docket Nos. 05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv

 6   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -X

 7   In re ASSICURAZIONI GENERALI, S.P.A.

 8   Dr. Thomas Weiss, Erna Birnbaum Gottesman and Martha Birnbaum Younger,

 9                       Plaintiff-Appellants,

10   v.

11   Assicurazioni Generali, S.p.A.,

12                       Defendant-Appellee.

13   Edward David, as Personal Representative of the Estate of David David,

14                       Plaintiff-Appellant,

15   v.

16   Assicurazioni Generali, S.p.A.,

17                       Defendant-Appellee.*
18

               *
                The Clerk of Court is instructed to amend the official caption as set forth above.

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     In re Assicurazioni Generali

1    -------------------------------X
2
3
4

5    Before:    LEVAL, CALABRESI, and POOLER, Circuit Judges.

 6           Plaintiffs appeal from district court’s dismissal of their suits seeking payment of benefits
 7   on insurance policies purchased by their family members from defendant insurer in the years
 8   leading up to the Holocaust. The United States District Court for the Southern District of New
 9   York (Mukasey, J.) dismissed the suits, relying on American Insurance Association v.
10   Garamendi, 539 U.S. 396 (2003), and concluding that plaintiffs’ state-law claims were
11   preempted by the foreign policy of the United States favoring resolution of such claims in the
12   International Commission on Holocaust Era Insurance Claims. The Court of Appeals (Leval, J.)
13   concludes that Garamendi controls, and affirms the judgment.

14                                                 WILLIAM M. SHERNOFF, Shernoff Bidart &
15                                                 Darras, Claremont, California (Nancy Sher Cohen,
16                                                 Warrington S. Parker III, Reynold Siemens, John C.
17                                                 Ulin, Doug M. Keller, Peggy J. Williams, and Esta
18                                                 L. Brand, Heller Ehrman LLP, Lawrence Kill and
19                                                 Linda Gerstel, Anderson Kill & Olick, P.C., Robert
20                                                 A. Swift and Joanne Zack, Kohn, Swift & Graf,
21                                                 P.C., Caryn Becker, Lieff, Cabraser, Heimann &
22                                                 Bernstein, LLP, Joel Cohen and Evangeline F.
23                                                 Garris, Shernoff Bidart & Darras, Samuel J.
24                                                 Dubbin, Dubbin & Kravetz, LLP, Thomas R. Fahl,
25                                                 Flanner, Stack & Fahl LLP, on the brief), for
26                                                 Appellants.

27                                                 SAMUEL J. DUBBIN, Dubbin & Kravetz, LLP,
28                                                 Miami, Florida, for Appellants Dr. Thomas Weiss,
29                                                 Erna Birnbaum Gottesman, and Martha Birnbaum
30                                                 Younger.

31                                                 THOMAS R. FAHL, Flanner, Stack & Fahl LLP,
32                                                 Brookfield, Wisconsin, for Appellant Edward
33                                                 David.

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     In re Assicurazioni Generali

1                                   MARCO E. SCHNABL, Skadden, Arps, Slate,
2                                   Meagher & Flom LLP, New York, New York
3                                   (Kenneth J. Bialkin, Barry H. Garfinkel, Peter
4                                   Simshauser, and Lance A. Etcheverry, Skadden,
5                                   Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, Franklin B.
6                                   Velie, Sullivan & Worcester LLP, on the brief), for
7                                   Appellee.

 8                                  Sharon Swingle, Attorney, United States
 9                                  Department of Justice, Civil Division, Appellate
10                                  Staff, Washington, D.C. (John B. Bellinger, III,
11                                  Legal Adviser, United States Department of State,
12                                  Gregory G. Katsas, Assistant Attorney General,
13                                  Mark B. Stern and Benjamin M. Shultz, Attorneys,
14                                  Department of Justice, Civil Division, Appellate
15                                  Staff, on the brief), for Amicus Curiae United States
16                                  of America.

17                                  Benjamin M. Shultz, Attorney, United States
18                                  Department of Justice, Civil Division, Appellate
19                                  Staff, Washington, D.C. (Harold Hongju Koh, Legal
20                                  Adviser, United States Department of State, Tony
21                                  West, Assistant Attorney General, Preet Bharara,
22                                  United States Attorney for the Southern District of
23                                  New York, David S. Jones, Assistant United States
24                                  Attorney, Mark B. Stern and Sharon Swingle,
25                                  Attorneys, United States Department of Justice,
26                                  Civil Division, Appellate Staff, on the briefs), for
27                                  Amicus Curiae United States of America.

28                                  Yevgeny Gurevich, United States Congress,
29                                  Committee for Foreign Affairs, Washington, D.C.,
30                                  for Amici Curiae Representatives Ros-Lehtinen,
31                                  Wexler, and Chabot.

32                                  Michael D. Ramsey, University of San Diego Law
33                                  School, San Diego, California, for Amici Curiae
34                                  Professors of Constitutional Law and Foreign
35                                  Relations Law of the United States.

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     In re Assicurazioni Generali

 1   LEVAL, Circuit Judge:

 2           Plaintiffs Dr. Thomas Weiss, Erna Birnbaum Gottesman, and Martha Birnbaum Younger

 3   (“the Weiss Plaintiffs”) and Plaintiff Edward David (“David”) appeal from the judgment of the

 4   United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Mukasey, J.), which

 5   dismissed their claims. Plaintiffs are beneficiaries of insurance policies purchased by their

 6   ancestors in the years leading up to the Holocaust from Defendant Assicurazioni Generali, S.p.A.

 7   (“Generali”), an Italian insurance company. Plaintiffs brought state-law claims alleging breach

 8   of the insurance contracts, based on Generali’s refusal to pay benefits under those policies.

 9   These cases and others were consolidated for pre-trial proceedings. The district court granted

10   Generali’s motion to dismiss based on the Supreme Court’s decision in American Insurance

11   Association v. Garamendi, 539 U.S. 396 (2003), which held that the Plaintiffs’ state-law claims

12   were preempted by the foreign policy of the United States, which favors resolution of Holocaust-

13   era insurance claims in the International Commission on Holocaust Era Insurance Claims

14   (“ICHEIC”), an international claims resolution organization founded by private insurance

15   companies and supported by the United States and other foreign government entities. Because

16   we agree with the district court that Garamendi controls this case, we affirm.

17                                           BACKGROUND

18           Generali was founded by Jewish merchants in 1831 in Trieste, Italy. In the time between

19   World War I and World War II, Generali operated in Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland,

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     In re Assicurazioni Generali

 1   and Yugoslavia. In the late between-Wars period, many families purchased insurance policies

 2   from Generali believing this would provide protection against the rise of Nazi power. According

 3   to the complaints, Generali betrayed the policyholders by cooperating with the Nazi regime and

 4   refusing to pay the beneficiaries of the insurance policies purchased by Jews and other persecuted

 5   minorities.

 6           After World War II, when the victorious Western Allies took steps to reestablish the

 7   sovereignty of the defeated Germany, there was a concern that reparations would economically

 8   cripple the new Federal Republic of Germany. Garamendi, 539 U.S. at 403. In the London Debt

 9   Agreement, the allies agreed to “put off consideration of claims arising out of the second World

10   War . . . until the final settlement of the problem of reparation.” Id. at 403-04 (internal quotation

11   marks and brackets omitted). Notwithstanding this moratorium, the German government paid

12   out over 100 billion Deutsche marks in reparations as of 2000. Id. at 404. Those payouts,

13   however, did not cover certain claimants and certain types of claims. Id. In 1996, the German

14   courts interpreted the treaty reunifying East and West Germany as “lifting the London Debt

15   Agreement’s moratorium on Holocaust claims by foreign nationals.” Id. at 405. After this

16   decision, many lawsuits that could not have been brought previously were filed against

17   companies doing business in Germany during the Nazi era.

18           In July 2000, the United States announced an agreement with Germany in which the

19   German government agreed to enact legislation to establish a foundation that would be used to

20   compensate all victims who suffered at the hands of German companies during the Nazi era. Id.

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     In re Assicurazioni Generali

 1   In return, the United States agreed that whenever a German company was sued on a Holocaust-

 2   era claim in an American (state or federal) court, the government of the United States would

 3   submit a statement of interest to the court explaining that “it would be in the foreign policy

 4   interests of the United States for the [German] Foundation to be the exclusive forum and remedy

 5   for the resolution of all asserted claims against German companies arising from their

 6   involvement in the National Socialist era and World War II.” Garamendi, 539 U.S. at 406

 7   (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting 39 Int’l Legal Materials 1298, 1303 (2000)). The

 8   “German Foundation pact” was a model for similar agreements with Austria and France. There

 9   was however, no similar agreement with Italy.

10           With respect to insurance claims, the agreement specified that the German foundation

11   would work with the ICHEIC to handle insurance claims. The ICHEIC was formed in 1998 by

12   “several European insurance companies, the State of Israel, Jewish and Holocaust survivor

13   associations, and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners,” id. at 406-07, to

14   negotiate with European insurers to provide information about unpaid policies issued to

15   Holocaust victims between 1920 and 1945, and to settle any claims that arose in the Holocaust

16   era under these policies, id. at 407; ICHEIC, Memorandum of Understanding ¶ 4 (Aug. 25,

17   1998), available at http://www.icheic.org/pdf/ICHEIC_MOU.PDF. To date approximately $300

18   million dollars have been offered or awarded to more than 48,000 claimants as a result of the

19   ICHEIC process. See ICHEIC, http://www.icheic.org (last visited Dec. 17, 2009).

20                                      PROCEDURAL HISTORY

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     In re Assicurazioni Generali

 1           The Weiss Plaintiffs filed suit in Florida state court, which Generali removed to federal

 2   court. David filed suit in the Eastern District of Washington. Both complaints sought damages

 3   for unpaid insurance claims under policies issued by Generali between 1920 and 1941. In

 4   November 2000, these suits, together with numerous others, were transferred by the Judicial

 5   Panel on Multidistrict Litigation to the district court for the Southern District of New York for

 6   consolidated pre-trial proceedings. In an initial opinion, issued prior to the Supreme Court’s

 7   decision in Garamendi, the district court denied Generali’s motion to dismiss on forum non

 8   conveniens grounds. In re Assicurazioni Generali S.p.A. Holocaust Ins. Litig., 228 F. Supp. 2d

 9   348 (S.D.N.Y. 2002).

10           In 2003, the Supreme Court decided Garamendi. In that case, a trade association and a

11   group of insurance companies, including Generali, brought suit seeking to enjoin enforcement of

12   California’s Holocaust Victim Insurance Relief Act (“HVIRA”), which required insurers to

13   disclose the details of insurance policies sold in Europe between 1920 and 1945 or face

14   suspension of its license to do business in the state. Garamendi, 539 U.S. at 409-10. The United

15   States filed an amicus brief stating as its foreign policy that the ICHEIC should be the exclusive

16   remedy for insurance claims based on policies from the Holocaust era. Brief of the United States

17   as Amicus Curiae Supporting Petitioners at 2-3, Garamendi, 533 U.S. 396 (No. 02-722), 2003

18   WL 721754. The Supreme Court ruled that the HVIRA interfered with and was therefore

19   preempted by the foreign policy of the United States to “encourage European insurers to work

20   with the ICHEIC to develop acceptable claim procedures, including procedures governing

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     In re Assicurazioni Generali

 1   disclosure of policy information.” Id. at 421.

 2            Relying on Garamendi, the district court dismissed all actions in October 2004. In re

 3   Assicurazioni Generali S.p.A. Holocaust Ins. Litig., 340 F. Supp. 2d 494 (S.D.N.Y. 2004). Each

 4   plaintiff filed a separate appeal. The class action plaintiffs in the consolidated proceedings

 5   entered into a settlement agreement with Generali.1 We then stayed all the remaining appeals.

 6   In re Assicurazioni Generali, S.p.A., No. 05-5602-cv et al. (2d Cir. Sept. 11, 2006) (order). In

 7   November 2007, we lifted the stay on the appeals by the plaintiffs in the nineteen remaining

 8   non-class action cases. In re Assicurazioni Generali S.p.A., No. 04-6161-cv et al. (2d Cir. Nov.

 9   7, 2007) (order).

10           After oral argument, we requested the advice of Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice “on

11   the question whether court adjudication of [the] Holocaust era claims against Generali would

12   conflict with the foreign policy of the United States.” In re Assicurazioni Generali S.p.A., No.

13   05-5602-cv et al. (2d Cir. Aug. 1, 2008) (letter). The Government responded that “[i]t has been

14   and continues to be the foreign policy of the United States that the [ICHEIC] should be regarded

15   as the exclusive forum and remedy for claims within its purview” and that claims against

16   Generali, as “one of the original ICHEIC companies and an active participant in its operations,

17   fall within the category United States policy seeks to address.” Letter of Sharon Swingle, Oct.

18   30, 2008 (“Swingle Letter”), at 1. Because of the possibility of change of foreign policy after the

             1
             After further proceedings, approval of that settlement was affirmed by our court. Rubin
     v. Assicuazioni Generali S.p.A., 290 F. App’x 376 (2d Cir. 2008).

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 1   intervening change of administration in 2009, we then inquired of the new Secretary of State

 2   Hillary Rodham Clinton whether, in the new administration, the foreign policy of the United

 3   States continued unchanged, In re Assicurazioni Generali S.p.A., Nos. 05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv

 4   (2d Cir. July 29, 2009) (letter), and received a response that the position of the United States

 5   “continues to be that set out in [its] original letter brief,” Letter of Benjamin M. Shultz, Oct. 27,

 6   2009 (“Shultz Letter”), at 1. In March 2009, all plaintiffs other than the Weiss Plaintiffs and

 7   David settled with Generali, and their appeals were dismissed. In re Assicurazioni Generali

 8   S.p.A., No. 05-5612-cv et al. (2d Cir. Mar. 6, 2009) (order).

 9                                              DISCUSSION

10           We review de novo a district court’s application of preemption principles. Premium

11   Mortgage Corp. v. Equifax, Inc., 583 F.3d 103, 106 (2d Cir. 2009).

12   I. Applicability of Garamendi

13           In Garamendi, the Supreme Court explained that state law “must give way” to the foreign

14   policy of the United States, as set by the President, where there is “evidence of clear conflict

15   between the policies adopted by the two.” Garamendi, 539 U.S. at 420-21. Based on the amicus

16   brief of the United States and statements made during negotiations between the United States and

17   Germany, Austria, and France regarding Holocaust-era insurance claims, the Court concluded

18   that the “consistent Presidential foreign policy has been to encourage European governments and

19   companies to volunteer settlement funds in preference to litigation or coercive sanctions,” and, in

20   the insurance context specifically, “to encourage European insurers to work with the ICHEIC to

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     In re Assicurazioni Generali

 1   develop acceptable claim procedures.” Id. at 421.

 2           California’s HVIRA, “by making exclusion from a large sector of the American insurance

 3   market the automatic sanction for noncompliance with the State’s own policies on disclosure,”

 4   which required broader disclosure than the ICHEIC, “undercut[] the President’s diplomatic

 5   discretion and the choice he . . . made in exercising it.” Id. at 423-24. Because enforcement of

 6   the California law would mean that the President could not wield the full “‘coercive power of the

 7   national economy’” as a tool of diplomacy in negotiating a process for settling claims, the Court

 8   concluded that the HVIRA “‘compromise[d] the very capacity of the President to speak for the

 9   Nation with one voice in dealing with other governments’ to resolve claims against European

10   companies arising out of World War II.” Id. at 424 (quoting Crosby v. Nat’l Foreign Trade

11   Council, 530 U.S. 363, 377, 381 (2000)).

12           Garamendi involved only disclosure requirements. The HVIRA’s disclosure

13   requirement, although not directly in conflict with government’s policy to encourage use of the

14   ICHEIC to resolve Holocaust-era insurance claims, nonetheless undermined the Government’s

15   objective by “thwarting the Government’s policy of repose for companies that pay through the

16   ICHEIC” and by undercutting privacy protections of European allies. Id. at 425. The Court

17   therefore found it sufficiently disruptive to justify preemption. The cases before us, in contrast,

18   essentially seek enforcement of the plaintiffs’ claimed contract rights against Generali under state

19   law. Unlike the HVIRA’s disclosure requirement, whose effect on foreign policy is only oblique,

20   such law suits are directly in conflict with the Government’s policy that claims should be

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     In re Assicurazioni Generali

 1   resolved exclusively through the ICHEIC. If, as the Supreme Court held in Garamendi, a state

 2   disclosure requirement conflicts sufficiently to be preempted by the national foreign policy of

 3   channeling Holocaust-era insurance claims through the ICHEIC, then, a fortiori, a state law suit

 4   to enforce a Holocaust-era insurance claim is preempted by that policy, as well.

 5           Plaintiffs put forward several arguments in an effort to distinguish Garamendi. First, they

 6   point out that Generali is an Italian company and that Italy, unlike Germany, Austria, and France,

 7   has not entered an executive agreement with the President of the United States regarding the

 8   processing of Holocaust-era insurance claims. The Court in Garamendi, however, did not find

 9   that the United States policy of encouraging resolution of Holocaust-era insurance claims through

10   the ICHEIC depended on the existence of executive agreements. Rather, the Court viewed the

11   executive agreements as the product of the policy. The agreements, and statements of interest

12   issued by the Government pursuant to them, illustrate or express the national position, rather than

13   define it. See, e.g., id. at 421-22 (stating that the agreements “illustrate” and “express[]” the

14   President’s policy, and quoting statements of officials regarding the policy underlying the

15   agreements, in describing “evidence” of the policy). A further indication that the Court did not

16   view the existence of an executive agreement as a prerequisite is that Generali was one of the

17   plaintiffs in Garamendi, and was not excluded from the judgment on the ground that it is an

18   Italian company and Italy is not party to an executive agreement.2

             2
              We find nothing inconsistent with this position in the reference in Medellin v. Texas, 128
     S. Ct. 1346 (2008), to “cases in which [the Supreme Court] has upheld the authority of the
     President to settle foreign claims pursuant to an executive agreement.” Id. at 1371.

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     In re Assicurazioni Generali

 1           In any event, to erase any such doubt, we solicited the advice of the Secretary of State (in

 2   two administrations) on the foreign policy of the United States. The Government has twice made

 3   perfectly clear that “[i]t has been and continues to be the foreign policy of the United States that

 4   the [ICHEIC] should be regarded as the exclusive forum and remedy for claims within its

 5   purview,” and that this policy applies to claims against Generali. Shultz Letter at 1; Swingle

 6   Letter at 1.

 7           Plaintiffs next argue that strong state interests underlie the laws that form the basis for

 8   their suit, and therefore, unlike in Garamendi, the balance between state and federal policy tips in

 9   their favor. This argument is premised on a misunderstanding of Garamendi and preemption

10   law. As the Garamendi Court reaffirmed, “[an] express federal policy and [a] clear conflict

11   raised by [a] state statute are alone enough to require state law to yield.” Garamendi, 539 U.S. at

12   425. The Court went on to note that, if the conflict were less clear, it would nevertheless be

13   resolved in the federal government’s favor because of the weakness of the state’s interest in

14   regulating disclosure of Holocaust-era insurance policies. Id. In this case, the conflict between

15   the federal policy that the ICHEIC should be the exclusive forum for resolving Holocaust-era

16   insurance claims and Plaintiffs’ attempt to adjudicate their Holocaust-era insurance claims under

17   state law is even more clear than the conflict in Garamendi, which involved only a disclosure

18   requirement, and not a state law suit to enforce the insurance claim. The state law must yield to

19   the federal policy, regardless of the importance of the interests behind the state law.

20           Finally, Plaintiffs point out that the ICHEIC’s December 31, 2003 deadline for accepting

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 1   claims has passed, so that dismissal of their claims will deny them the opportunity to pursue

 2   those claims in any forum. This argument is premised on a misunderstanding of the

 3   Government’s policy. As the Government made clear in its letters to the court, “[i]t was never

 4   the foreign policy of the United States that claims should merely be held in abeyance pending

 5   conclusion of the ICHEIC process.” Swingle Letter, at 8. The policy is rather that the ICHEIC

 6   “should be regarded as the exclusive forum and remedy for claims with its purview.” Id. at 1

 7   (emphasis added). Permitting state-law claims to proceed now that ICHEIC has ceased

 8   operations directly conflicts with that policy goal. See id. at 8 (“[I]t would undermine future

 9   efforts to secure voluntary compensation agreements if ICHEIC participants became subject to

10   litigation as soon as ICHEIC had concluded.”); Shultz Letter, at 5. If the ICHEIC door has

11   closed on plaintiffs, it is because they chose to allow it to close.3

12           Accordingly, we hold under authority of Garamendi that Plaintiffs’ claims, which fall

13   within the scope of the ICHEIC process, are preempted by the foreign policy of the United States.

14   II. The Weiss Plaintiffs’ Motion to Amend

15           The Weiss Plaintiffs argue that the district court erred in denying their motion after

16   judgment to amend their complaint to add a claim under the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt

17   Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. § 1961 et seq. The filing of an amended complaint is not

             3
             In any event, it is apparently not entirely correct that the ICHEIC process is closed. The
     Government’s letter informs us that Generali and other ICHEIC participants have agreed to
     continue processing claims according to the relaxed standards of proof developed by the
     ICHEIC. Shultz Letter, at 4-5

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 1   permissible once a judgment is entered unless the judgment is set aside or vacated pursuant to

 2   Rule 59 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Nat’l Petrochemical Co. of Iran v. M/T Stolt

 3   Sheaf, 930 F.2d 240, 244 (2d Cir. 1991). A district court’s denial of a Rule 59 motion to alter or

 4   amend a judgment is reviewed for abuse of discretion. See State Trading Corp. of India, Ltd. v.

 5   Assuranceforeningen Skuld, 921 F.2d 409, 418 (2d Cir. 1990). When the plaintiff had the

 6   opportunity to amend the complaint earlier but waited until after judgment, a court may “exercise

 7   its discretion more exactingly.” Id. Generally, district courts will only amend or alter a judgment

 8   pursuant to Rule 59 “to correct a clear error of law or prevent manifest injustice.” Munafo v.

 9   Metro. Transp. Auth., 381 F.3d 99, 105 (2d Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted).

10           The Weiss Plaintiffs give no good reason for failing to seek leave to amend earlier in the

11   case. Indeed, the record indicates that they contemplated adding a RICO claim at least three

12   years before the court entered judgment. The district court acted well within its discretion in

13   denying the motion.

14   III. David’s Allegation of a Cancelled Policy

15           In his brief on appeal, David contends that his complaint shows that his ancestor’s

16   insurance policy was “cancelled prior to the Holocaust Era as that era is defined by the ICHEIC

17   rules” and therefore his claim was not eligible for adjudication by the ICHEIC. Although the

18   ICHEIC generally covers claims based on policies sold between 1920 and 1945, it does not cover

19   claims based on policies that were cancelled prior to the start of the “Holocaust era” as defined in

20   its claims-processing rules. See ICHEIC, Processing Guide, at 32, 46 (June 22, 2003), available

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 1   at http://www.icheic.org/pdf/ICHEIC_CPG.pdf. The ICHEIC Processing Guide identifies the

 2   start of the Holocaust era in Poland, where David’s ancestor lived, as 1939. Id. at 51. The

 3   United States, in its first letter to this court, noted that adjudication of a lawsuit arising out of an

 4   insurance policy cancelled before the Holocaust era (as defined by the ICHEIC) does not conflict

 5   with foreign policy. Swingle Letter, at 9 n.5.

 6           David’s complaint is unclear as to potentially determinative aspects of the timing of his

 7   ancestor’s death and the duration of the insurance policy. The complaint alleges that David’s

 8   insured ancestor “died in a concentration camp as the result of actions of Nazi Germany” and that

 9   “the policy was in full force and effect and all premiums were current at the time of his death,”

10   while also alleging that Generali advised David in 1999 that the policy was cancelled “sometime

11   prior to 1936.” There is no clear allegation that David’s claim falls outside the Holocaust era as

12   defined by the ICHEIC and therefore was not subject to adjudication by that body. Accordingly,

13   we affirm the district court’s dismissal of the complaint. On the other hand, it may be that the

14   claim, although inartfully pleaded, in fact falls outside the scope of the ICHEIC process. We

15   instruct the district court to permit David to replead if, consistent with the requirements of Rule

16   11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, he is able to plead a claim that falls outside the scope

17   of the ICHEIC.

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1                                             CONCLUSION

2           For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court. With respect

3   to Plaintiff David, the district court is instructed to permit the filing of an amended complaint, if

4   the new pleading conforms to the requirement set forth in this opinion.

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