Court Opinion

ID: 2762787
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-12-19 07:09:17.521297+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:27:12.782590
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS
                         SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                              FORT WORTH

                              NO. 02-13-00073-CR

CHARLES LEE HODGES                                                  APPELLANT

                                        V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS                                                        STATE

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          FROM THE 297TH DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
                      TRIAL COURT NO. 1181223D

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                        MEMORANDUM OPINION1

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                                I. INTRODUCTION

      Appellant Charles Lee Hodges appeals his conviction for indecency with a

child. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 21.11(a)(1) (West 2011). In three points, he

argues that the trial court erred by failing to include an instruction in the jury

      1
       See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
charge on the State’s election and abused its discretion by admitting inadmissible

opinion and hearsay testimony. We will affirm.

                  II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      Hodges dated and eventually lived with Sally2 for several years beginning

in 1994, and Sally became pregnant with Hodges’s child during that time.

Hodges and Sally separated before the child was born. Sally gave birth to Mary

in September 1997; Hodges went to the hospital for the birth but had no further

contact with Mary until she initiated contact with him 2004, when she was

approximately six and a half or seven years old.

      Hodges began having supervised visitations with Mary in 2004. He was

married to Lana by that time.     After several months, Hodges was awarded

standard visitation, with Mary staying with him and Lana every other weekend.

      In 2007, Mary saw photographs of Hodges’ wedding and asked him about

“French kissing.” Hodges explained what it was and demonstrated by kissing her

and putting his tongue in her mouth. Mary later “French kissed” her mother and

said that Hodges had shown her how to kiss. Sally reported the incident to Child

Protective Services (CPS), and after an investigation, CPS “ruled out” sexual

abuse.

      2
        To protect the anonymity of the child in this case, we will use aliases to
refer to all individuals named herein with the exception of the appellant. See
Tex. R. App. P. 9.10(a)(3); McClendon v. State, 643 S.W.2d 936, 936 n.1 (Tex.
Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982).

                                        2
      In 2009, when Mary was nine years old, Sally began to notice that Mary

was clingy when she came home from weekends at Hodges’s house. Mary often

called Sally from her bedroom in Hodges’s house and asked Sally to stay on the

line in case Mary needed her. That year, Mary attended a church youth retreat at

Great Wolf Lodge. At the retreat, Mary confided to her small group leader, Ann,

that she was confused about her sexuality and said that it was because of her

dad. Mary told Ann that Hodges had shown her “inappropriate places” on her

body, had touched her there, and had expected her to do the same. Mary also

said that Hodges “had French-kissed her on the cheek at Six Flags and expected

her to do the same thing back.” Ann took Mary to find the children’s pastor from

the church, Jessie, who was also at the retreat.       Mary told Jessie that she

thought she was a lesbian because she did not like it when boys touched her.

When Jessie asked which boys had touched her, Mary said, “not boys . . . my

dad.” Jessie then consulted with another adult leader at the retreat, Mark. While

talking to Jessie and Mark, Mary said that Hodges “had kissed her with his

tongue, that he had touched her down there, which she motioned with her hands

to [be] her private parts, and that he helped her with her bra.” Mary also said that

Hodges had kissed her “mouth to mouth” and that his tongue had touched her

tongue.   Mary said that anything that happened between her and Hodges

occurred “over a year ago.” Mark and Jessie contacted Sally and CPS.

      Sally went to Great Wolf Lodge and found her daughter crying and

“extremely upset.” Mark and Jessie told Sally what Mary had told them. Mary

                                         3
kept apologizing to her mother and said that she could not remain silent any

longer but did not want to hurt her dad.

       Hodges called Sally after the retreat to say he was coming to visit Mary,

but Sally refused. After Hodges got angry, Sally told him “that there was an

investigation going on” and gave him the phone number for the investigating

detective. Sally did not tell Hodges what the investigation was about. Hodges

called Detective Aaron Martinez, and the detective recorded the conversation.

Although the detective had not yet told Hodges the subject of the investigation,

Hodges made comments that made the detective realize that Hodges

“automatically assum[ed]” that the investigation involved “something sexual” with

Mary. Hodges told the detective that Mary had been acting out sexually. He said

that Mary ran around naked at her mother’s house and tried to do the same at his

house. Hodges also told the detective about an incident when Mary “put [his]

hand on her crotch” while the two were sitting next to each other watching TV.

Hodges said that he immediately pulled his hand back and told Mary that he was

not comfortable with that behavior. Hodges told the detective that he was going

to stop contact with Mary “out of self-preservation” because her conduct scared

him.

       Hodges was ultimately charged with one count of indecency with a child by

touching Mary’s female sexual organ and with one count of indecency with a

child by touching Mary’s breast.

                                           4
         At trial, Mary testified that the first incident with Hodges that made her

“uncomfortable” occured when she asked him how people “kissed at weddings”

when she was nine years old. Hodges demonstrated by putting his tongue in her

mouth.       Mary testified that Hodges “French kissed” her “almost every other

weekend.” He kissed her in public once while at Six Flags; they were in line for a

snack, he was holding her in his arms, and he kissed her cheek with his tongue.

Another time, Hodges lay on top of her in his bedroom, “tongue kiss[ed]” her ear,

and told her to do the same to him. When Mary told him that she did not know

how to do that, he “seemed a little mad,” which made Mary feel bad. Sometimes

Hodges would be in Mary’s room when she got out of the shower and would

watch her get dressed. Hodges would get mad if she ever locked her bedroom

door.3

         Mary said that Hodges gave her the “birds and the bees talk” when she

was nine.       Hodges explained sexual intercourse and masturbation to her.

Hodges touched himself to demonstrate masturbation, or as he called it,

“pleasurization.” He told Mary that all guys will want her body, and he moved his

hands “[o]ver [her] curves.”

         Regarding the evidence to support count one of the indictment, which

alleged that Hodges committed indecency with a child by touching Mary’s female

sexual organ, Mary testified,

         3
       At trial, Lana testified that the doorknob to Mary’s bedroom did not have a
lock on it, and a photograph of the door was introduced into evidence.

                                          5
Q. Now, were there times that [Hodges] touched you on your body
parts in a way that made you feel uncomfortable?

A. Yes, ma’am.

Q. And can you tell us where you were when this would happen?

A. In the living room at his house.

Q. So do you mean in the living room of [his] house . . . ?

A. Yes, ma’am.

Q. And where would you be in the living room?

A. We would be sitting on the couch and we would be on the left side of
the couch.

Q. Did he sit there a lot?

A. Yes, ma’am.

Q. And what would you be doing?

A. I would be watching TV.

Q. So would he be watching TV as well?

A. Yes, ma’am.

Q. So the two of you are on the couch watching TV, and what would
he do?

A. He would put his arm around me down my breast and down to my
private.

Q. When you say your private, are you referring to your genitals or
female sexual organ?

A. Yes, ma’am.

Q. Because you’re 15 now and you know what that is.

                                      6
      A. Yes, ma’am.

      Q. And you said he would put his hand down so that it touched your
      breast and then touched your genitals?

      A. Yes, ma’am.

Mary explained that this happened “[m]any” times, beginning when she was nine

years old. She said that she would be wearing either a big T-shirt and underwear

or jeans and a T-shirt and that Hodges would rub his hand on her female sexual

organ on top of her clothing. She testified that she would try to avoid being near

Hodges by sitting on the other side of the couch but that Hodges would act upset

or mad so she would go over to where he was sitting. Mary remembered that on

three occasions while sitting on the couch, Hodges asked her to touch his “male

parts” and took her hand and placed it on his “male genital parts” over his

clothing. When Mary moved her hand, he placed it back and told her it was okay

to touch him there.

      Mary said that she remembered telling Hodges “no” once when he kissed

her neck down to her fingertips and him responding by “saying something along

the lines of this is what daddies and daughters do.” Hodges also told Mary that if

she ever told anyone, he would not want to see her again.

      On cross-examination, Mary agreed that she had told her counselor that

she “had used this alleged sex abuse for bragging rights to get sympathy,” as an

excuse for bad behavior, and to get attention. She also agreed that Hodges

used to get upset with her when she walked around the house without clothes

                                        7
on. Mary agreed that her father gave her the “birds and the bees” talk because

she was “infatuated” with a boy across the street. Mary also said on cross-

examination that she has a thyroid disease that can cause depression and can

affect her emotional feelings.

      Detective Martinez also testified at trial, and the recorded conversation

between him and Hodges was admitted into evidence.             Detective Martinez

testified that sex offenders commonly blame their actions on the child victim.

      Hodges testified at trial that he talked to Mary about sexuality when she

was nine because she was infatuated with a boy across the street and Hodges

was worried that she “might try something sexual with him.” Hodges said he

read about how to talk to children about sex on the Planned Parenthood website.

He told Mary that “masturbation is a perfectly normal thing that you do by

yourself in private,” but he did not describe or demonstrate the act of

masturbation. Hodges denied ever showing Mary how to French kiss or kissing

her cheek or tongue with his tongue.

      Hodges testified regarding the incident in 2007 that resulted in the CPS

investigation. He and Mary were wrestling on the couch, Mary was on top of him,

they grabbed each other’s hands and legs so “there was nothing left but our

mouths,” and they started biting each other. Mary “stuck her tongue down in [his]

mouth,” and Hodges “jerked back and said no.” He later discovered that Mary

had also French kissed Sally.

                                         8
      Hodges testified that during Mary’s first August weekend visitation in 2009,

he and Mary were watching television on the couch when Mary “took [his] hand

and put it down in her crotch area.” Hodges testified that he “jerked [his] hand

back and said no.” He said that he was in shock and later told his mother about

the incident, although he did not tell Sally. After that incident, he would not allow

Mary to sit next to him or kiss him. He also told Mary that he could not be around

her if she did “that kind of stuff” again.

      Hodges also presented evidence that thyroid problems can cause

depression and that depression can lead to hallucinations and delusions that can

be sexual in nature.

      During the State’s case on rebuttal, the trial court required the State to

elect what incidents of criminal conduct it relied on for each count of the

indictment per Hodges’s request for an election. The State elected “the first

fondling offense” that occurred on Hodges’s couch in 2009, as testified to by

Mary. The jury was never informed of the State’s election by the trial court or by

the parties. And the jury charge did not inform the jury of the State’s election.

Hodges did not object to the lack of a specific unanimity instruction in the jury

charge.

      The jury convicted Hodges of count one of the indictment, which alleged

that on or about August 1, 2009, Hodges “intentionally, with the intent to arouse

or gratify [his] sexual desire . . . , engage[d] in sexual contact by touching the

female sexual organ of [Mary], a child younger than 17 years and not the spouse

                                             9
of [Hodges].” The jury found him not guilty of the second count, which alleged

that on or about August 1, 2009, Hodges “intentionally, with the intent to arouse

or gratify [his] sexual desire . . . , engage[d] in sexual contact by touching the

breast of [Mary], a child younger than 17 years and not the spouse of [Hodges].”

The trial court sentenced Hodges to eight years’ confinement for count one.

                            III. ELECTION INSTRUCTION

      In his first point, Hodges argues that the trial court erred by failing to

instruct the jury of the State’s election.4 The State concedes error but argues

that Hodges was not egregiously harmed by the trial court’s error.

      When an indictment alleges one sexual assault, but more than one assault

is shown by the evidence at trial, the State is required, upon timely request by the

defense, to elect as to the specific incident of sexual assault that the State will

use to convict. See Phillips v. State, 193 S.W.3d 904, 909–10 (Tex. Crim. App.

2006); O’Neal v. State, 746 S.W.2d 769, 772 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). Following

the State’s election of the act on which it will proceed for conviction, the

defendant is entitled to an instruction charging the jury to consider only the

elected act in deciding guilt and limiting the jury’s consideration of all other

unelected acts to the purposes for which they were admitted. Duffey v. State,

326 S.W.3d 627, 630 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.), disagreed with on other

      4
       Because the jury acquitted Hodges of count two of the indictment, alleging
indecency by touching Mary’s breast, this issue relates only to count one,
alleging indecency by touching Mary’s female sexual organ.

                                        10
grounds by Reza v. State, 339 S.W.3d 706 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011, pet.

ref’d); see Cosio v. State, 353 S.W.3d 766, 776 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).           No

such instruction was included in the jury charge in this case, and because

Hodges did not object to the lack of a proper unanimity instruction, we must

evaluate the error for egregious harm.        See Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 776–77

(holding that appellant forfeited any constitution-based jury charge claim by not

objecting that charge allowed for non-unanimous verdict); Reza, 339 S.W.3d at

714.

       An egregious harm determination must be based on a finding of actual

rather than theoretical harm. Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 777. In conducting our harm

analysis, we must decide whether the error was so egregious and created such

harm that Hodges was deprived of a fair and impartial trial—in short, that

“egregious harm” has occurred. See Celis v. State, 416 S.W.3d 419, 423 n.3

(Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App.

1985) (op. on reh’g); see Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.19 (West 2006).

When assessing harm based on the particular facts of the case, the reviewing

court should consider the charge, the state of the evidence, including the

contested issues and the weight of the probative evidence, the parties’

arguments, and all other relevant information in the record.       See Cosio, 353
S.W.3d at 777.

       Because the harm in this case stems from the trial court’s failure to inform

the jury of the State’s election, we will also analyze any potential harm in light of

                                         11
the four purposes of the election requirement: (1) the appellant’s need to be

protected from the admission of extraneous offenses; (2) the risk that the jury

found the appellant guilty of the charged offense not because it was proven

beyond a reasonable doubt but because of the admission of the extraneous

offenses; (3) the risk of a nonunanimous verdict; and (4) whether the admission

of the extraneous offenses deprived the appellant of adequate notice regarding

which offense to defend against. Reza, 339 S.W.3d at 713, 715; see also Dixon

v. State, 201 S.W.3d 731, 734–36 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).

      Here, the jury charge required only that the jurors “unanimously agree[]

upon a verdict,” without requiring unanimity based on the evidence presented in

the case. Thus, the charge permitted a non-unanimous verdict. See Cosio, 353
S.W.3d at 777.     Neither party mentioned the State’s election during closing

arguments, but neither party “added to the charge error[] by telling the jury that it

did not have to be unanimous about the specific instance of criminal conduct.”

Id.

      Regarding the state of the evidence, Mary described how, beginning when

she was nine years old, Hodges would put his arm around her while they

watched TV on his couch and would touch her breast and her “private.” Hodges

testified and admitted to touching Mary’s sexual organ, explaining that Mary was

the one who grabbed his hand and placed it there. The jury heard Hodges’s

recorded telephone conversation with Detective Martinez, in which Hodges said

that Mary had grabbed his hand and placed it on her sexual organ. Detective

                                         12
Martinez testified that sex offenders commonly blame their actions on their child

victims.

       We will also consider the four purposes of the election rule in our harm

analysis. See Reza, 339 S.W.3d at 715. Regarding the first purpose—Hodges’s

need to be protected from the admission of extraneous offenses—the lack of a

specific unanimity instruction in the jury charge was harmless in regard to this

purpose because evidence of other extraneous sexual acts between him and

Mary were admissible to show their relationship and states of mind under article

38.37. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.37, § 2 (West Supp. 2014); see

Dixon, 201 S.W.3d at 734; Phillips, 193 S.W.3d at 909–10; Reza, 339 S.W.3d at

715.

       The risk that the jury found Hodges guilty of indecency by touching Mary’s

sexual organ based on the admission of extraneous offenses, rather than proof

of the charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt—the second purpose of the

election requirement—was low in this case. Mary herself was the one who

recounted the multiple acts of indecency here, and she testified generally that

Hodges fondled her “many times” on his couch while they were watching

television, with the first occurring when she was nine years old. The jury was not

persuaded by Hodges’s explanation that Mary initiated the touching. As the court

of criminal appeals explained in Dixon,

       This case is not concerned with evidence of different activities from
       different sources that a jury might perceive to “add up” to the
       defendant being guilty even though no individual offense was proven

                                          13
      beyond a reasonable doubt. Moreover, the child complainant did not
      testify about a number of varied incidents with differing details that
      might have incrementally added to the idea that the defendant must
      have done something to provoke the plethora of stories about his
      activities.
201 S.W.3d at 735.       And as we have stated before, “in cases involving

‘complainant testimony of a continuing course of the same type of nonspecific,

indistinguishable conduct over a long time period, the issue is typically whether

the jury believes the complainant generally or not at all.’” Reza, 339 S.W.3d at

715 (quoting Smith v. State, Nos. 02-08-00394-CR, 02-08-00395-CR, 2010 WL
3377797, at *13 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 27, 2010, no pet.) (not designated

for publication). In other words, here, if the jury found Mary’s testimony about the

offenses of indecency by touching her female sexual organ on several occasions

was credible as to one of those occasions, then the jury likewise must have

believed that her testimony was credible as to all of them.5 See Dixon, 201
S.W.3d at 735; Reza, 339 S.W.3d at 716.

      Similarly, regarding the risk of a nonunanimous verdict, Mary’s testimony

regarding Hodges touching her female sexual organ was general in nature; she

testified that it happened on his couch while watching TV and differentiated

between incidents only by what she was wearing on different occasions—a big T-

      5
       And although the jury was not convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that
Hodges committed indecency by touching Mary’s breast, a review of the record
reveals that the testimony focused on touching Mary’s sexual organ, not her
breast. Mary testified generally that Hodges “would put his arm around me down
my breast and down to my private.”

                                        14
shirt and underwear or a T-shirt and jeans. We perceive little to no risk that any

juror would have believed that Mary’s testimony as to the incidents of Hodges

touching her sexual organ was credible as to one incident but not as to another.

See Dixon, 201 S.W.3d at 735; Reza, 339 S.W.3d at 716–17.

      Regarding the final purpose of the election requirement—to provide the

defendant with adequate notice about which offense to defend against—when

the State made its election at trial, the trial court asked defense counsel if the

election was “adequate,” and defense counsel agreed. Hodges has not indicated

that he was adversely affected by not receiving notice of the State’s election

earlier in the trial. The notice purpose of the election requirement does not weigh

in favor of a finding of egregious harm. See Duffey, 326 S.W.3d at 634 (holding

due process concerns not implicated when defendant received timely notice of

State’s election upon request and when counsel expressly acknowledged

understanding the election and did not indicate that the defense was adversely

affected).

      Having considered the harm to Hodges in light of the charge, the state of

the evidence, the parties’ arguments, and the purposes of the election rule, we

hold that the trial court’s error in failing to instruct the jury regarding the State’s

election was not so egregious and did not create such harm as to deny Hodges a

fair and impartial trial. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171; see also Cosio, 353
S.W.3d at 777; Dixon, 201 S.W.3d at 734–36; Phillips, 193 S.W.3d at 913–14;

Reza, 339 S.W.3d at 717. We overrule Hodges’s first point.

                                          15
                    IV. ADMISSIBILITY OF OPINION TESTIMONY

      In his second point, Hodges argues that the trial court abused its discretion

by allowing the State to present, in its case on rebuttal, opinion evidence

concerning Mary’s good character for truthfulness when her character for

truthfulness had not been attacked. Hodges’s complaint concerns the following

testimony of Jessie, one of the adult leaders at the church retreat:

      Q. What is your opinion of [Mary]’s character for truthfulness?

      [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection, Your Honor. That’s not -- that’s
      not relevant, or she’s not capable or competent to answer that
      question. Not a proper question.

      THE COURT: I think there may be a preliminary question in front of
      that. You may rephrase at this point if you would like to.

      Q. (BY [THE STATE]) In your experiences with [Mary], have you
      formed an opinion as to her character for truthfulness?

      A. Yes.

      Q. And is it good or bad?

      A. I would say she’s been truthful with me.

      [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection.            That’s nonresponsive, Your
      Honor.

      THE COURT: Just listen carefully. Just respond to the question.

      THE WITNESS: Sorry.

      Q. (BY [THE STATE]) So it’s a good one?

      A. Yes.

                                        16
      To preserve a complaint for our review, a party must have presented to the

trial court a timely request, objection, or motion that states the specific grounds

for the desired ruling if they are not apparent from the context of the request,

objection, or motion. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1); Landers v. State, 402 S.W.3d
252, 254 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Sample v. State, 405 S.W.3d 295, 300 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2013, pet. ref’d). Further, the trial court must have ruled on the

request, objection, or motion, either expressly or implicitly, or the complaining

party must have objected to the trial court’s refusal to rule. Tex. R. App. P.

33.1(a)(2); Pena v. State, 353 S.W.3d 797, 807 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).             A

reviewing court should not address the merits of an issue that has not been

preserved for appeal. Wilson v. State, 311 S.W.3d 452, 473 (Tex. Crim. App.

2010) (op. on reh’g); Sample, 405 S.W.3d at 300.

      Here, defense counsel objected to relevancy, “capab[ility] or competen[cy]

to answer the question,” and nonresponsive, and he obtained a ruling on only his

nonresponsive objection.     Defense counsel did not preserve his rule 608

argument for appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1); Landers, 402 S.W.3d at

254; Sample, 405 S.W.3d at 300; see also Tex. R. Evid. 608(a) (setting forth

requirements for admission of character evidence).         We overrule Hodges’s

second point.

                    V. ADMISSIBILITY OF HEARSAY TESTIMONY

      In his third point, Hodges argues that the trial court abused its discretion by

admitting Sally’s testimony about certain statements made by Mary in violation of

                                        17
the hearsay rule. Specifically, he complains of Sally’s testimony that she once

saw Mary “tugging her shirt down to show her cleavage and part of her breasts

because that’s what Daddy said he liked.” After the trial court overruled defense

counsel’s hearsay and nonresponsive objections, Sally explained that Mary had

said she showed her cleavage

      because that’s what Daddy liked and that made Daddy happy and
      turned Daddy on, because he pointed out somebody at Golden
      Corral that had on a low-cut shirt and was showing off her breasts,
      and that [Mary] wanted to make Daddy happy and please Daddy.
      And that’s what made Daddy happy and pleased him.

      “‘Hearsay’ is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while

testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the

matter asserted.”      Tex. R. Evid. 801(d).    The “hearsay rule” excludes the

admission of hearsay evidence, but the rules of evidence also provide that many

types of hearsay evidence are not excluded by the hearsay rule. See Tex. R.

Evid. 802, 803, 804.

      In this case, we need not decide whether the complained-of statements

constitute inadmissible hearsay because, even assuming that they were, any

error in their admission was harmless.         Error in the admission of hearsay

evidence is subject to harmless error analysis under rule 44.2(b). Tex. R. App.

P. 44.2(b); see Mosley v. State, 983 S.W.2d 249, 259 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)

(op. on reh’g), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1070 (1999); Moon v. State, 44 S.W.3d
589, 594 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, pet. ref’d). A substantial right is affected

when the error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining

                                        18
the jury’s verdict. King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)

(citing Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 776, 66 S. Ct. 1239, 1253

(1946)). Conversely, an error does not affect a substantial right if we have “fair

assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect.”

Solomon v. State, 49 S.W.3d 356, 365 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Johnson v. State,

967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).

      In making this determination, we review the record as a whole, including

any testimony or physical evidence admitted for the jury’s consideration, the

nature of the evidence supporting the verdict, and the character of the alleged

error and how it might be considered in connection with other evidence in the

case. Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). We may also

consider the jury instructions, the State’s theory and any defensive theories,

whether the State emphasized the error, closing arguments, and even voir dire, if

applicable. Id. at 355–56.

      Here, we have detailed the evidence presented at trial, including Mary’s

testimony about how Hodges fondled her on many occasions, French kissed her,

demonstrated masturbation to her, and watched her change clothes. Hodges

vigorously cross-examined Mary and Sally about the allegations and presented

evidence in an attempt to contradict Mary’s testimony, such as evidence that her

door did not have a lock and that her shower had an opaque shower curtain.

The jury heard Hodges’s testimony denying or explaining the allegations against

him, including his explanation of the Golden Corral incident. Hodges said that

                                       19
Mary had asked what “sexy” meant and he had pointed out a woman at Golden

Corral who was wearing a low-cut blouse and said that the woman was “trying to

be sexy.” The State did not mention the Golden Corral incident during closing

argument, instead emphasizing Mary’s testimony, Hodges’s incriminating

statements to the detective, and Hodges’s explanation of the August 1, 2009

incident. We conclude that, in the context of the entire case against Hodges, any

error in the admission of Sally’s testimony set forth above did not have a

substantial or injurious effect on the jury’s verdict and did not affect Hodges’s

substantial rights. See King, 953 S.W.2d at 271. Thus, we disregard the alleged

error. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b). We overrule Hodges’s third point.

                                VI. CONCLUSION

      Having overruled Hodges’s three points, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment.

                                                 /s/ Sue Walker
                                                 SUE WALKER
                                                 JUSTICE

PANEL: DAUPHINOT, GARDNER, and WALKER, JJ.

DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

DELIVERED: December 18, 2014

                                       20