Court Opinion

ID: 9348803
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-20 14:16:46.525816+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:43:52.552715
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                         2022-NCCOA-59

                                          No. COA21-93

                                      Filed 1 February 2022

     Burke County, No. 18 CRS 050914

     STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

                  v.

     DARIUS HEASLEY KING, Defendant.

           Appeal by Defendant from judgment entered 17 March 2020 by Judge Alan Z.

     Thornburg in Burke County Superior Court.           Heard in the Court of Appeals 2

     November 2021.

           Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Special Deputy Attorney General Marc
           Bernstein, for the State.

           Hynson Law, PLLC, by Warren D. Hynson, for Defendant.

           GRIFFIN, Judge.

¶1         Defendant Darius Heasley King appeals from the trial court’s judgment

     entering a jury verdict finding Defendant guilty of first-degree murder. Defendant

     contends (1) the State failed to present substantial evidence of premeditation and

     deliberation; (2) the trial court committed plain error by failing to instruct the jury ex

     mero motu on the defense of automatism; (3) the trial court abused its discretion by

     not intervening ex mero motu to prevent improper juror questioning during voir dire;

     and (4) the trial court reversibly erred by not intervening ex mero motu to prevent
                                         STATE V. KING

                                         2022-NCCOA-59

                                       Opinion of the Court

     improper remarks in the State’s closing statement. We discern no error.

                       I.   Factual and Procedural Background

¶2         This case arises out of the murder of Hubert Roland Hunter, Jr., by Defendant

     in Hunter’s apartment on 24 March 2018. The evidence at trial tended to show as

     follows:

¶3         Defendant and Hunter lived across the hall from one another in the Sienna

     apartment complex in Morganton. Mary Williams lived in the apartment directly

     underneath Hunter. Around midnight on the night of 24 March 2018, Williams heard

     a “big ruckus upstairs” coming from Hunter’s apartment and thought someone “was

     just playing or something.” Williams heard a “whole lot of stomping and moving

     around and shuffling”, but was not concerned because she routinely heard running

     noises coming from Hunter’s apartment. Williams did not call the police.

¶4         The next afternoon, two of Hunter’s friends attempted to visit with Hunter at

     his apartment and instead found his body lying on the apartment floor. Hunter’s

     friends called the police. Police arrived at Hunter’s apartment and discovered his

     body still lying on the floor, surrounded by signs of an altercation. Hunter’s body was

     lying face-down across the threshold between his bedroom and hallway, blood

     staining the side of his face and his right arm bent behind his back. A plastic bag

     and an orange and blue sweatshirt were on the floor near Hunter’s head. Bloodstains

     scattered the nearby floor and walls. Three kitchen drawers were left open. In the
                                         STATE V. KING

                                         2022-NCCOA-59

                                       Opinion of the Court

     living room, an area rug was “[b]unched up” and the couch and other furniture were

     in disarray.

¶5         Shortly thereafter, a maintenance worker with the Sienna apartment complex

     reported to police that he discovered a white plastic bag containing bloodstained

     clothing in a dumpster behind the apartments. Police recovered the bag from the

     dumpster, and found a pair of jeans and an eight-inch kitchen knife inside the bag.

     The jeans and knife were also stained with what appeared to be blood.

¶6         The State conducted DNA analysis on items found in Hunter’s apartment and

     the dumpster. DNA on the knife and a section of the orange and blue sweatshirt

     matched Hunter’s DNA. DNA found on the knife also indicated a second, minor

     contributor, but the analysis was inconclusive and the State could not determine

     whether Defendant “did or did not handle the handle of the knife.” The collar of the

     sweatshirt and the waist of the jeans contained DNA matching Defendant. The

     State’s medical examiner also examined the injuries on Hunter’s body.          Hunter

     sustained three stabbing and slashing wounds to his neck, one of which was deep

     enough to fracture his spine. He also sustained blunt force injuries to his head, arms,

     and legs. Additionally, the medical examiner identified evidence of hemorrhaging in

     Hunter’s blood vessels, neck muscles, and tongue, which led the medical examiner to

     conclude that strangulation was the ultimate cause of Hunter’s death.

¶7         Law enforcement interviewed Defendant multiple times. The State played
                                       STATE V. KING

                                       2022-NCCOA-59

                                      Opinion of the Court

     recordings of Defendant’s interviews for the jury. During the first interview on 26

     March 2018, Defendant told law enforcement that, though he knew Hunter, he did

     not know Hunter had been killed, did not know any reason why Hunter would have

     been killed, and personally would not have fought with Hunter.

¶8         Law enforcement arrested Defendant and interviewed him again the next day.

     During this second interview, Defendant told law enforcement that he went to

     Hunter’s apartment on March 24 to collect three dollars that Hunter owed him for a

     cell phone. Defendant said that Hunter refused to pay him. Defendant explained

     that he threatened to “beat the [expletive] out of [Hunter]”, and Hunter “pulled a

     knife” in response. Defendant then “walked up on [Hunter]” and the two began

     fighting. Defendant admitted that he punched Hunter, choked him, and put the

     plastic bag over his head, but denied stabbing Hunter. According to Defendant,

     Hunter held the knife during the entirety of the fight and was incidentally stabbed

     in the neck while Hunter and Defendant wrestled. Defendant admitted that he took

     the knife out of Hunter’s neck, then threw his own bloodstained jeans and the knife

     into the dumpster behind the apartment complex.

¶9         Throughout the second interview, Defendant maintained that he fought in self-

     defense after Hunter grabbed the knife. Defendant told law enforcement that he

     believed Hunter wanted to hurt him with the knife. Defendant insisted Hunter had

     used the knife to cut him, and showed law enforcement cuts on his hands and arms.
                                           STATE V. KING

                                           2022-NCCOA-59

                                          Opinion of the Court

       Defendant admitted that he had choked Hunter in an attempt to make him pass out

       and stop fighting. Defendant claimed that he had also passed out at some point

       during the struggle, and that he had “blacked out” and “go[ne] off” out of anger.

¶ 10         Law enforcement took Defendant to the magistrate’s office following his arrest,

       where Defendant gave a third interview to news media.           Defendant once again

       explained that he went to collect money from Hunter, then beat Hunter with his fists

       in self-defense when Hunter pulled out a knife.

¶ 11         Defendant presented a single witness before the jury, a friend who testified

       that he was with Defendant most of the day and evening on 24 March 2018 and

       claimed Defendant never mentioned Hunter. At the close of the State’s evidence and

       at the close of all evidence, Defendant moved to dismiss the charge of first-degree

       murder, arguing the State failed to show sufficient evidence of premeditation and

       deliberation. The trial court denied both motions. The jury found Defendant guilty

       of first-degree murder. The trial court entered judgment on the jury’s verdict and

       sentenced Defendant to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.

       Defendant gave notice of appeal in open court.

                                         II.    Analysis

       A. Preservation

¶ 12         Defendant filed a conditional petition for writ of certiorari alongside his brief

       on appeal, asking this Court to consider his appeal of the trial court’s judgment in the
                                           STATE V. KING

                                           2022-NCCOA-59

                                          Opinion of the Court

       event that defense counsel’s oral notice of appeal was insufficient. Rule 4 of the North

       Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure states that a party may “appeal from a

       judgment or order of a superior or district court rendered in a criminal action” by

       “giving oral notice of appeal at trial,” and such notice “shall designate the judgment

       or order from which appeal is taken and the court to which appeal is taken[.]” N.C.

       R. App. P. 4(a)(1), (b) (emphasis added).

¶ 13         Here, defense counsel informed the trial court in open court: “With respect to

       jury’s verdict, we enter a notice of appeal.” Defense counsel did not specifically state

       that Defendant sought to appeal from the trial court’s judgment entering the jury

       verdict.   Nonetheless, Defense counsel’s words were clear enough to convey

       Defendant’s intent to appeal his first-degree murder conviction to this Court.

       Furthermore, both parties have complied at each stage of the appellate process and

       the State has not been prejudiced by the imperfect wording of Defendant’s appeal.

       See State v. Daughtridge, 248 N.C. App. 707, 712, 789 S.E.2d 667, 670 (2016) (holding

       the “[d]efendant’s oral notice of appeal was sufficient to confer jurisdiction upon this

       Court” even though defense counsel’s language was “not a model of clarity,” where

       the language “manifest[ed] [the d]efendant’s intention to enter a notice of appeal” and

       “the State [did] not contend that it was misled or prejudiced in any way by any defect

       in [the d]efendant’s notice of appeal”). Therefore, we hold that Defendant’s oral notice

       of appeal sufficiently conferred jurisdiction on this Court. We dismiss Defendant’s
                                            STATE V. KING

                                            2022-NCCOA-59

                                          Opinion of the Court

       conditional petition for writ of certiorari as moot.

¶ 14         However, Defendant has preserved for review only the trial court’s judgment

       entering the jury’s verdict convicting him of first-degree murder. In his brief on

       appeal, Defendant includes factual and procedural history from a pre-trial hearing

       regarding Defendant’s competency to stand trial. The Record contains no notice of

       appeal challenging the trial court’s decision from the competency hearing. Therefore,

       we consider only the evidence presented in Defendant’s first-degree murder trial in

       our review.

       B. Premeditation and Deliberation

¶ 15         Defendant contends the trial court erred by denying his motion to dismiss by

       arguing “there was insufficient evidence of premeditation and deliberation to support

       first-degree murder.”

¶ 16         We review the trial court’s denial of a motion to dismiss to determine whether,

       in the light most favorable to the State, “there [was] substantial evidence (1) of each

       essential element of the offense charged, or of a lesser offense included therein, and

       (2) of [the] defendant’s being the perpetrator of such offense.” State v. Powell, 299

       N.C. 95, 98, 261 S.E.2d 114, 117 (1980). This Court’s review is “concerned only about

       whether the evidence [was] sufficient for jury consideration, not about the weight of

       the evidence.” State v. Fritsch, 351 N.C. 373, 379, 526 S.E.2d 451, 455–56 (2000)

       (citation omitted). “Contradictions and discrepancies do not warrant dismissal of the
                                            STATE V. KING

                                            2022-NCCOA-59

                                          Opinion of the Court

       case but are for the jury to resolve.” Id. at 379, 526 S.E.2d at 455 (citation omitted).

¶ 17         “First-degree murder is the intentional and unlawful killing of a human being

       with malice and with premeditation and deliberation.” State v. Thomas, 350 N.C.

       315, 346, 514 S.E.2d 486, 505 (citation omitted), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1006 (1999).

       “’Premeditation means that the act was thought over beforehand for some length of

       time,’ however short.” State v. Leazer, 353 N.C. 234, 238, 539 S.E.2d 922, 925 (2000)

       (citation omitted). “Deliberation means an intent to kill, carried out in a cool state of

       blood, in furtherance of a fixed design for revenge or to accomplish an unlawful

       purpose and not under the influence of a violent passion, suddenly aroused by legal

       provocation or lawful or just cause.” State v. Trull, 349 N.C. 428, 448, 509 S.E.2d

       178, 191 (1998) (citation omitted).     “Premeditation and deliberation are mental

       processes which are ordinarily . . . prove[n] by circumstantial evidence.” State v.

       Olson, 330 N.C. 557, 565, 411 S.E.2d 592, 596 (1992). Our Courts have found that

       the following circumstances can evidence premeditation and deliberation:

                    (1) absence of provocation on the part of the deceased, (2)
                    the statements and conduct of the defendant before and
                    after the killing, (3) threats and declarations of the
                    defendant before and during the occurrence giving rise to
                    the death of the deceased, (4) ill will or previous difficulties
                    between the parties, (5) the dealing of lethal blows after the
                    deceased has been felled and rendered helpless, (6)
                    evidence that the killing was done in a brutal manner, and
                    (7) the nature and number of the victim's wounds.

       Id. (citation omitted).
                                           STATE V. KING

                                           2022-NCCOA-59

                                         Opinion of the Court

¶ 18         Defendant’s conduct immediately before, during, and after the altercation with

       Hunter provides sufficient, substantial evidence of premeditation and deliberation.

       The State’s evidence showed that Defendant went to Hunter’s apartment because he

       believed Hunter possessed money that rightfully belonged to him, and demanded that

       Hunter give it to him. Defendant threatened to “beat the [expletive] out of [Hunter].”

       See State v. Potter, 295 N.C. 126, 131, 244 S.E.2d 397, 401 (1978) (holding that

       “evidence of [the] defendant’s earlier threats against deceased[ and] his statements

       made shortly after the killing” allowed “legitimate inferences of premeditation and

       deliberation to be drawn”). The State’s medical examiner also testified that Hunter

       sustained three stabbing and slashing wounds to his neck, fracturing his spine; blunt

       force injuries to his head, arms, and legs; and hemorrhaging in his blood vessels, neck

       muscles, and tongue. See State v. Robbins, 319 N.C. 465, 511–12, 356 S.E.2d 279,

       306 (1987) (“[T]he nature and number of the victim’s wounds is a circumstance from

       which premeditation and deliberation can be inferred.” (citation omitted)). Defendant

       did not call the police after he fought with Hunter, or otherwise seek medical

       assistance. Rather, Defendant went home and slept, then disposed of his bloodied

       jeans and the knife in a dumpster the next day. See State v. Taylor, 362 N.C. 514,

       532, 669 S.E.2d 239, 257 (2008) (“[The defendant’s] attempts to cover up his

       participation in the murder also support a finding of premeditation and deliberation.”

       (citation omitted)); State v. Sierra, 335 N.C. 753, 759, 440 S.E.2d 791, 795 (1994)
                                           STATE V. KING

                                           2022-NCCOA-59

                                         Opinion of the Court

       (considering as evidence of premeditation and deliberation that “[a]fter the shooting,

       [the] defendant returned home, hid the murder weapon, and went to sleep”). In the

       light most favorable to the State, there was sufficient evidence of premeditation and

       deliberation to submit the charge of first-degree murder to the jury.

¶ 19         Defendant contends the evidence that he “blacked out when [Hunter] got that

       knife in his hand” and that Hunter attacked Defendant with the knife “fatally

       undermined the State’s theory of premeditation and deliberation” because the

       evidence showed that Defendant fought Hunter “in a state of passion” in response to

       “sufficient provocation” by Hunter. See State v. Corn, 303 N.C. 293, 298, 278 S.E.2d

       221, 224 (1981) (holding insufficient evidence of premeditation and deliberation

       where “[a]ll the evidence tend[ed] to show that [the] defendant shot [the victim] after

       a quarrel, in a state of passion, without aforethought or calm consideration”

       (emphasis added)); State v. Huggins, 338 N.C. 494, 498, 450 S.E.2d 479, 482 (1994)

       (“[W]ords or conduct not amounting to an assault or a threatened assault may be

       enough to arouse a sudden and sufficient passion in the perpetrator to negate

       deliberation[.]” (emphasis added) (citations omitted)). However, this was only some

       of the evidence presented to the jury. There was other substantial evidence, as

       described above, which was sufficient to submit the issue of premeditation and

       deliberation to the jury, and it was for the jury to weigh the evidence presented.

       Fritsch, 351 N.C. at 379, 526 S.E.2d at 455–56.
                                           STATE V. KING

                                           2022-NCCOA-59

                                         Opinion of the Court

¶ 20         The trial court did not err by denying Defendant’s motion to dismiss the charge

       of first-degree murder.

       C. Jury Instruction on Defense of Automatism

¶ 21         Defendant argues that the trial court “plainly erred in failing to instruct on the

       complete defense of automatism where that instruction was a substantial feature of

       the case arising from the evidence.” Defendant acknowledges that neither party

       requested a jury instruction on automatism and, therefore, the issue was not

       preserved for review by this Court. “[U]npreserved issues related to jury instructions

       are reviewed under a plain error standard[.]” State v. Collington, 375 N.C. 401, 410,

       847 S.E.2d 691, 698 (2020). “Defendant is entitled to relief only if the instructions

       amounted to plain error, which is error so fundamental as to amount to a miscarriage

       of justice or which probably resulted in the jury reaching a different verdict than it

       otherwise would have reached.” State v. Gainey, 355 N.C. 73, 106, 558 S.E.2d 463,

       484 (2002) (citation, quotation marks, and internal marks omitted).

¶ 22         The trial court has a duty to instruct the jury on all substantive features of the

       case, regardless of whether a particular instruction is requested by a party. State v.

       Loftin, 322 N.C. 375, 381, 368 S.E.2d 613, 617 (1988). “All defenses arising from the

       evidence presented during the trial constitute substantive features of a case and

       therefore warrant the trial court’s instruction thereon.”       Id. (citation omitted).

       However, “the trial court should never give instructions that are not supported by a
                                            STATE V. KING

                                            2022-NCCOA-59

                                          Opinion of the Court

       reasonable view of the evidence.” State v. Clark, 324 N.C. 146, 162, 377 S.E.2d 54,

       64 (1989) (citation omitted); see id. (“[E]vidence which merely shows it possible for

       the fact in issue to be as alleged, or which raises a mere conjecture that it was so, is

       an insufficient foundation for a verdict, and should not be left to the jury.” (citation

       omitted)).

¶ 23         Automatism, or unconsciousness, is a “complete defense to a criminal charge

       . . . because ‘[t]he absence of consciousness not only precludes the existence of any

       specific mental state, but also excludes the possibility of a voluntary act without

       which there can be no criminal liability.’” State v. Jerrett, 309 N.C. 239, 264–65, 307

       S.E.2d 339, 353 (1983) (citation omitted). Automatism is, “under the law of this State,

       . . . an affirmative defense; and [] the burden rests upon the defendant to establish

       this defense, unless it arises out of the State’s own evidence, to the satisfaction of the

       jury.” State v. Caddell, 287 N.C. 266, 290, 215 S.E.2d 348, 363 (1975). Our Court has

       stated that if “the evidence of unconsciousness ‘arises out of the State’s own evidence,’

       the burden rests on the State to prove the defendant’s consciousness beyond a

       reasonable doubt.” State v. Tyson, 195 N.C. App. 327, 331, 672 S.E.2d 700, 704 (2009)

       (citation omitted).

¶ 24         During its case-in-chief, the State presented recordings of each of Defendant’s

       interviews with law enforcement and the news media. Recordings from Defendant’s

       second interview included multiple instances of Defendant stating that he “blacked
                                          STATE V. KING

                                          2022-NCCOA-59

                                         Opinion of the Court

       out” during his altercation with Hunter. “I didn’t know what was going on in my

       mind[,]” Defendant continued, “I didn’t know what I was doing . . . when I go off, I

       black out like that.” “I blacked out when he got that knife in his hand. That’s all I

       remember.” However, although Defendant repeatedly stated that he had “blacked

       out”, he was able to describe his fight with Hunter with great detail and told law

       enforcement that he “knew what was going on.” No other evidence presented during

       either the State’s case-in-chief or during Defendant’s presentation of evidence tended

       to show that Defendant was unconscious during his altercation with Hunter, or that

       Defendant had any history of concerns with unconsciousness.

¶ 25         This evidence did not warrant an instruction on automatism. Defendant’s own

       self-serving statements were insufficient evidence to satisfy a reasonable jury that

       Defendant lacked consciousness.      Our Courts have recognized in a myriad of

       circumstances that the evidence must include something more than a defendant’s

       self-serving statements to substantively support a jury instruction. See State v.

       Thomas, 350 N.C. 315, 347, 514 S.E.2d 486, 506 (1999) (citation omitted) (holding

       trial court did not err by not giving jury instruction on second-degree murder where

       “the only evidence offered by defendant to negate first-degree murder was his own

       testimony denying his involvement in the crime”); State v. Smith, 347 N.C. 453, 464,

       496 S.E.2d 357, 363 (1998) (holding the defendant’s self-serving statements that he

       lacked requisite intent were insufficient evidence to rebut elements of the crime
                                           STATE V. KING

                                           2022-NCCOA-59

                                         Opinion of the Court

       charged); see also State v. Stanton, 319 N.C. 180, 191, 353 S.E.2d 385, 392 (1987)

       (“Testimony of a self-serving declaration made by a defendant following an alleged

       crime is incompetent as substantive evidence.” (citation omitted)). Furthermore, our

       Courts have traditionally held that a jury instruction on automatism was appropriate

       based on evidence beyond a defendant’s own self-serving statements. Jerrett, 309

       N.C. at 266, 307 S.E.2d at 353 (holding automatism instruction was appropriate

       where the defendant, his parents, and two psychiatrists all testified to his history of

       black-outs); State v. Fields, 324 N.C. 204, 212, 376 S.E.2d 740, 744–45 (1989) (holding

       evidence supported automatism instruction where the defendant, his family, and an

       expert witness testified that defendant had a history of being “in his own world”);

       Tyson, 195 N.C. App. at 331, 672 S.E.2d at 704 (holding evidence gave rise to jury

       instruction on automatism where State’s witnesses testified to drugging the

       defendant until he was unresponsive before engaging in sexual acts with him).

¶ 26         This case is similar to State v. Boyd, 343 N.C. 699, 473 S.E.2d 327 (1996). In

       Boyd, the defendant argued “that his own uncontradicted testimony was sufficient

       evidence from which the jury could have found that he was unconscious[.]” Id. at 713,

       473 S.E.2d at 334. During the trial, the defendant testified that “he could not

       remember many of his actions on the day of the crimes[.]” Id. at 714, 473 S.E.2d at

       334. The Boyd Court noted that the defendant “pointed only to his own testimony at

       trial as evidence to support an instruction on unconsciousness” and that, despite his
                                          STATE V. KING

                                          2022-NCCOA-59

                                        Opinion of the Court

       claims of memory loss, the defendant “was able to recall many of the graphic details

       of the murders as shown by the inculpatory statement he gave to police within hours

       of committing the murders.”      Id. (citation omitted).   Further, although expert

       witnesses testified for the defendant, “neither of [the] defendant’s expert witnesses

       gave testimony in support of [the] defendant’s unconsciousness claim.” Id. at 715,

       473 S.E.2d at 335. The Boyd Court held “the trial court did not err by refusing to

       instruct the jury on unconsciousness” because the defendant “relie[d] only upon his

       own self-serving testimony at trial that [was] wholly contradicted by the statement

       he gave to police within hours of committing the murders.” Id.

¶ 27          In the present case, Defendant points only to his own self-serving statements

       made in his second interview to law enforcement within forty-eight hours of his

       altercation with Hunter. The single witness that Defendant presented to the jury did

       not give testimony supporting Defendant’s alleged history of “black[ing] out” and

       “go[ing] off.”   Rather, Defendant told law enforcement in the interview that he

       “blacked out” once Hunter pulled out the knife, that he did not know “what was going

       on in [his] mind”, and assured law enforcement “[t]hat’s all I remember.” Defendant

       also stated that he “knew what was going on” and further recounted specific details

       of the altercation that occurred after Hunter got the knife, including claims that he

       beat Hunter with his fists, that he choked Hunter, and that Hunter incidentally

       stabbed himself in the neck with the knife. Defendant’s ability to recount the events
                                          STATE V. KING

                                          2022-NCCOA-59

                                         Opinion of the Court

       of the altercation contradicted his claims of memory loss in the same interview.

¶ 28          That this evidence arose from the State’s case-in-chief does not change our

       conclusion. The State had no need to provide additional evidence to satisfy a burden

       of proof that Defendant was awake because Defendant’s self-serving statements were

       not enough to reasonably show unconsciousness. Cf. Tyson, 195 N.C. App. at 331,

       672 S.E.2d at 704 (holding the State had burden to show the defendant was actually

       conscious where its own witnesses testified that they caused the defendant to be

       unconscious during the time of the offense).             Here, no sufficient evidence of

       automatism “arose out of the State’s own evidence.” Id. The trial court did not err

       by not giving an instruction on automatism of its own accord. Defendant’s statements

       in the interview recordings were not evidence from which a reasonable juror could

       find automatism, and therefore we cannot say an instruction on automatism would

       have had a probable impact on the outcome of this case.

       D. Impermissible Questioning During Voir Dire

¶ 29         Defendant asserts that the trial court abused its discretion by not intervening

       ex mero motu during the State’s voir dire of prospective jurors when the State asked

       “clearly improper” questions which “exceeded the permissible boundaries of voir dire.”

       “The nature and extent of the inquiry made of prospective jurors on voir dire

       ordinarily rests within the sound discretion of the trial court.” State v. Bond, 345

       N.C. 1, 17, 478 S.E.2d 163, 171 (1996) (citation omitted), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1124
                                           STATE V. KING

                                           2022-NCCOA-59

                                         Opinion of the Court

       (1997).   “[D]efendant must show abuse of discretion and prejudice to establish

       reversible error relating to voir dire.” State v. Bishop, 343 N.C. 518, 535, 472 S.E.2d

       842, 850 (1996).

¶ 30         During voir dire, counsel’s “attempts to ‘stake out’ a prospective juror in

       advance regarding what his decision might be under certain specific factual scenarios

       are improper.” State v. Jaynes, 353 N.C. 534, 549, 549 S.E.2d 179, 192 (2001) (citation

       omitted). “Counsel should not fish for answers to legal questions before the judge has

       instructed the juror on applicable legal principles by which the juror should be

       guided.” State v. Phillips, 300 N.C. 678, 682, 268 S.E.2d 452, 455 (1980). “Jurors

       should not be asked what kind of verdict they would render under certain named

       circumstances.” Id. In State v. Jaynes, our Supreme Court held that questions which

       sought to “pin down the prospective jurors regarding specific mitigating

       circumstances that would sway them towards a life sentence” did “not amount to

       proper inquiries into whether the prospective jurors could follow the law or the trial

       court’s instructions.” Jaynes, 353 N.C. at 550, 549 S.E.2d at 192. However, the

       defendant did not challenge questions which asked a juror to explain why she did not

       believe in the death penalty, and the Court held that the juror was properly excluded

       when those questions clarified that the juror’s “views of the death penalty would have

       prevented or substantially impaired the performance of her duties.” Id. at 552, 549

       S.E.2d at 194.
                                            STATE V. KING

                                            2022-NCCOA-59

                                          Opinion of the Court

¶ 31         Essentially, there is a range of unacceptable to acceptable questions. On one

       end, unacceptable questions tend to ask a juror, “If the evidence shows a particular

       set of facts, what would you decide?” or “What facts would you need to hear in order

       to convict this defendant?” On the other end, acceptable questions ask, “Do you

       acknowledge or believe in the concepts integral to this case?” The trial court has

       discretion to decide where an attorney’s question falls on this spectrum.

¶ 32         Defendant asserts that the following questions from the State warranted ex

       mero motu intervention by the trial court because they posed hypotheticals that were

       inappropriately similar to the facts of this case:

                    “Does anybody think that a verbal argument justifies the
                    use of physical violence?”

                    “Does everybody believe if you couldn’t retreat, then you
                    think you have the right to defend yourself?”

                    “Does anyone not believe in the concept of self-defense? In
                    other words, you think – I will use this example: Jesus
                    teaches that you turn the other cheek. Does anyone believe
                    that’s the way it ought to be? If somebody punches me in
                    the face, I should just turn and walk away and not defend
                    myself? Anybody really believe that? Again, nothing
                    wrong with that, I am just making sure.”

                    “If you were in fear for your life and had a weapon, would
                    you defend yourself or would you run away?”

¶ 33         The trial court did not abuse its discretion because the State did not ask the

       jurors to consider specific circumstances and forecast their ultimate verdict. Mere
                                          STATE V. KING

                                          2022-NCCOA-59

                                         Opinion of the Court

       mention of a weapon, a verbal argument, or an inability to retreat did not amount to

       an inappropriate “stake out” using fact-specific hypotheticals. Instead, the State

       asked the jurors whether they could agree with the law of self-defense as it exists in

       North Carolina: a defendant may use lethal force when he reasonably believes such

       force is necessary to prevent death or bodily harm arising from a fight he did not

       initiate. See State v. Greenfield, 375 N.C. 434, 441, 847 S.E.2d 749, 755 (2020). Each

       of the State’s questions reasonably asked: “Would you be willing to accurately apply

       the law of self-defense if presented with facts that qualify under the law?” Just as

       counsel in Jaynes permissibly inquired whether the juror could ever agree with the

       death penalty, the State here acceptably asked the jurors whether they could

       personally agree with the law of self-defense, a matter integral to the resolution of

       this case. The questions asked in this case were proper inquiries as to whether the

       jurors believed in and would follow the applicable law. See State v. Robinson, 339

       N.C. 263, 273, 451 S.E.2d 196, 202 (1994).

       E. Closing Arguments

¶ 34         Lastly, Defendant argues the trial court “reversibly erred by not intervening

       ex mero motu in the State’s closing argument when the State claimed . . . that

       [Defendant], not [Hunter], handled the knife in question, thereby misleading the jury

       on the central issue at trial: self-defense.” Defendant did not object to the State’s

       statements during closing arguments. “The standard of review for assessing alleged
                                           STATE V. KING

                                           2022-NCCOA-59

                                          Opinion of the Court

       improper closing arguments that fail to provoke timely objection from opposing

       counsel is whether the remarks were so grossly improper that the trial court

       committed reversible error by failing to intervene ex mero motu.” State v. Jones, 355

       N.C. 117, 133, 558 S.E.2d 97, 107 (2002) (citation omitted).

¶ 35         “It is well settled that the arguments of counsel are left largely to the control

       and discretion of the trial judge and that counsel will be granted wide latitude in the

       argument of hotly contested cases.” State v. Williams, 317 N.C. 474, 481, 346 S.E.2d

       405, 410 (1986) (citations omitted). Counsel’s closing arguments may include both

       facts presented during trial and any reasonable inferences drawn from those facts in

       support of their case. Id. (citation omitted). Counsel “may not argue to the jury facts

       not in evidence nor travel outside the record by injecting his personal views and

       beliefs.” State v. Monk, 291 N.C. 37, 53, 229 S.E.2d 163, 173 (1976) (citation omitted).

       “[D]efendant must show that [counsel’s] comments so infected the trial with

       unfairness that they rendered the conviction fundamentally unfair.” State v. Davis,

       349 N.C. 1, 23, 506 S.E.2d 455, 467 (1998) (citation omitted).

¶ 36         Defendant contends that it was impermissible for the trial court to allow the

       State to assert during closing arguments that “[Hunter] never got a knife”; that cuts

       on Defendant’s hands “didn’t come from a knife because [Hunter] never had a knife”;

       and that Defendant went into Hunter’s kitchen, acquired the knife himself, and

       stabbed Hunter. Contrary to Defendant’s assertion that “the evidence only pointed
                                           STATE V. KING

                                           2022-NCCOA-59

                                          Opinion of the Court

       in one direction: that [Hunter] handled the knife, not [Defendant]”, the State’s closing

       statement was supported by evidence presented at trial. The uncontradicted evidence

       at trial was that neither Hunter nor Defendant had the knife when they first began

       arguing. One of them acquired the knife at some point during their altercation. The

       evidence showed that three drawers were left open in Hunter’s kitchen, Hunter was

       ultimately stabbed multiple times with a kitchen knife, and Defendant took the knife

       with him when he left Hunter’s apartment.            DNA analysis conclusively found

       Hunter’s DNA on the knife, but also found a separate, inconclusive DNA profile on

       the knife. Even though Defendant admitted that he possessed the knife after the

       altercation and threw it in the dumpster, the DNA analysis did not reveal “whether

       [Defendant] did or did not handle the handle of the knife.”

¶ 37         The State argued to the jury that, at some point during their altercation,

       Defendant rummaged through Hunter’s kitchen drawers, found a knife, left the

       drawers open, and then used the knife to stab Hunter. This series of events directly

       contradicted Defendant’s theory of self-defense, but did not contradict the evidence

       presented at trial or rely on evidence outside of the trial record. Rather, the State’s

       closing arguments drew reasonable inferences from the evidence presented.

       Williams, 317 N.C. at 481, 346 S.E.2d at 410. The trial court did not commit error,

       much less reversible error, by failing to intervene ex mero motu in the State’s closing

       argument. Jones, 355 N.C. at 133, 558 S.E.2d at 107.
                                      STATE V. KING

                                      2022-NCCOA-59

                                  Opinion of the Court

                               III.     Conclusion

¶ 38   We hold that Defendant received a fair trial, free from error.

       NO ERROR.

       Judge JACKSON concurs.

       Judge MURPHY concurs in result only.