Court Opinion

ID: 4427946
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-20 18:58:27.304449+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:50:47.903844
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-3985-17T4

MICHELLE WILLIAMS-STEVENS
and EDDIE STEVENS,

         Plaintiffs-Respondents,

v.

NEWARK PUBLIC SCHOOLS,
NEWARK BOARD OF EDUCATION,
and WEEQUAHIC HIGH SCHOOL,

         Defendants-Appellants,

and

THE CITY OF NEWARK,

     Defendant.
_______________________________

                   Argued November 15, 2018 - Decided July 23, 2019

                   Before Judges Accurso, Vernoia and Moynihan.

                   On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                   Division, Essex County, Docket No. L-2944-13.
            Natalie S. Watson argued the cause for appellants
            (McCarter & English, LLP, attorneys; Matthew J.
            Tharney and Natalie S. Watson, of counsel and on the
            briefs; Ryan A. Richman, Christopher A. Rojao and
            Sarah T. Tremer, on the briefs).

            William S. Greenberg argued the cause for respondents
            (Greenberg Minasian, LLC, attorneys; William S.
            Greenberg, of counsel and on the brief; Mitchell L.
            Goldstein, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      In this Title 59 matter, defendant Newark Public School District,

improperly pled as Newark Public Schools, Newark Board of Education and

Weequahic High School, appeals from the denial of its motion for summary

judgment dismissing plaintiff Michelle Williams-Stevens's complaint under the

Tort Claims Act, N.J.S.A. 59:1-1 to 59:12-3. We reverse.

      The essential facts are undisputed. Plaintiff and several members of her

family entered the Weequahic High School gym in the early evening of May 18,

2011 to see her daughter in a "toast off" before the senior prom. It had rained

hard earlier in the day and there were puddles in the parking lot. As she entered

the building, plaintiff wiped her feet on the Pedimat, a built-in rug with metal

ridges designed to shake dirt and water from the shoes of people entering the

building. As she crossed the vestibule, plaintiff slipped and fell, suffering

injuries.

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      Plaintiff asserted the floor was wet with rainwater tracked from outside,

although she had not noticed any water on the floor before she fell. She claimed

she was helped up by two security guards stationed nearby, and continued into

the gym to see her daughter. The security guards did not see any water in the

area where plaintiff fell. The school had a custodian monitoring the gymnasium

and vestibule area for slip or trip hazards, but he was not in the immediate

vicinity when plaintiff fell. There were runners and mats in other locations

throughout the gym that evening, but none in the vestibule.

      Plaintiff's expert observed the width of the Pedimat to extend seventy-four

inches into the vestibule and claimed the concrete floor "had been finished with

a hard, macroscopically smooth paint." Although asserting "it is inherently

better to provide a surface that is intrinsically slip resistant," by, for example,

employing a surface coating containing aggregate in a binder, "in the absence of

that, mats and runners . . . are recognized to minimize slipping hazards." The

expert also opined it was incumbent on the District to provide additional

janitorial services "to mop up extra moisture tracked in" during inclement

weather.

      Although there was nothing in the record to suggest how long the water

had been on the floor, and plaintiff's expert conceded it was unlikely to have

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                                        3
been conspicuous in light of the number of people arriving to see the "toast off,"

he opined that in the absence of "policies and procedures for making regular

documented, assured, and accountable inspections of the premises for hazards

to safety, the District cannot demonstrate the maximum amount of time that any

water accumulations could go unnoticed." He thus concluded defendant "cannot

suggest" the water causing plaintiff to slip and fall "had occurred so recently as

to have escaped their attempts to assure the safety of the foyer by means of

monitoring its condition." He also opined that even if "water had gotten to the

foyer floor so recently as to have missed reasonable discovery efforts, had the

floor been made reasonably slip resistant whether wet or dry, or had walk-off

mats been laid the length of the foyer, then the imperative for prompt discovery

would have been immaterial."

      Plaintiff's expert concluded the water tracked into the building presented

a substantial risk of injury, and that the propensity for danger could have been

eliminated by adding a slip-resistant texture to the floor finish or placing mats

in the vestibule in the same manner as they had been placed in other parts of the

gym. The expert claimed the failure to have protected persons entering the gym

against slipping and falling on the foreseeably wet and slippery floor was

palpably unreasonable.

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      Having reviewed records provided by the District, defendant's expert

noted the epoxy coating on the concrete floor of the vestibule contained "graded

silica aggregates" to increase the roughness of the surface and provide additional

slip resistance. He opined the "material and methods of construction" of the

floor "were well suited for providing adequate pedestrian slip resistance and

would be expected to minimize the likelihood of slip." He concluded the epoxy

floor coating the District chose, PalmaLite UniKrom 125 seamless solid color

epoxy with silica aggregate, coupled with the permanent Pedimat and having

custodians "patrol for water was reasonable and exceeded the industry standards

for providing a safe and slip resistant pedestrian surface where wet conditions

are foreseeable."

      Plaintiff subsequently admitted the District's design and construction

department considered various types of flooring before selecting and approving

the PalmaLite product containing "graded silica aggregates," which increase the

roughness of the floor and thus its slip-resistant properties. She further admitted

a visitor to the gym would first cross the Pedimat, designed "to reduce the risk

of tracking debris, dirt and water into the vestibule and to dry shoes," before

"walk[ing] across slip-resistant epoxy flooring."

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      Defendant filed its summary judgment motion at the end of discovery,

arguing it was immune from liability pursuant to the plan-or-design immunity

provision of the Tort Claims Act, N.J.S.A. 59:4-6, and was otherwise immune

because plaintiff could not establish the vestibule floor was in a dangerous

condition of which defendant had actual or constructive notice, and in any event,

its conduct was not palpably unreasonable.

      Plaintiff countered that questions of material fact precluded summary

judgment. Specifically, plaintiff contended there were questions surrounding

whether defendant had notice of the dangerous condition of the wet floor,

especially as runners and mats had been employed in other areas of the gym.

Plaintiff contended it was foreseeable that the floor would become wet in light

of the weather and the number of people entering the gym, and defendant's

failure to warn of or rectify the condition was palpably unreasonable.

      The trial court judge noted that plaintiff's expert focused on the

foreseeability of a slip-and-fall hazard, whereas defendant's expert focused on

the design of the floor as a basis for immunity. Without any discussion of the

Tort Claims Act's requirements, the judge concluded that although the

arguments put forth by defendant were

            very — very good, . . . I think in a case like this where
            there clearly is evidence that if you give the plaintiff

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            the benefit of every inference that the defendant had
            notice, either actual or constructive notice, that there
            was a slippery condition, simply by evidence of the fact
            that they used these mats and the — these warning signs
            on other areas.

                   And simply . . . the inferences that the plaintiff
            . . . gets at a summary judgment motion, which they
            probably won't get at trial, you know, is really
            important when you look at the water and how it got
            there, what it did. All the — those inferences lead this
            court to believe that the defendant has not — not
            satisfied its very difficult burden to prove that these
            immunities apply. So I think there are genuine issues
            of material fact.

                   And as to the applicability of both the design
            immunity and the dangerous condition immunity, based
            upon the obvious condition of the water, and steps that
            the defendants had taken which infers [sic] that they
            were aware that there was water there, the easy
            availability of putting mats and — or warning signs in
            the area. So while it's an extremely close call, I'm going
            to deny the motion for summary judgment.

      We review summary judgment using the same standard that governs the

trial court. Murray v. Plainfield Rescue Squad, 210 N.J. 581, 584 (2012). Thus,

we consider "whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require

submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as

a matter of law." Liberty Surplus Ins. Corp. v. Nowell Amoroso, P.A., 189 N.J.
436, 445-46 (2007) (quoting Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J.
520, 536 (1995)).

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        As our Supreme Court regularly reminds in Title 59 matters, "[t]he Act's

'guiding principle' is 'that immunity from tort liability is the general rule and

liability is the exception.'" O'Donnell v. N.J. Tpk. Auth., 236 N.J. 335, 345

(2019) (quoting Coyne v. State, 182 N.J. 481, 488 (2005)). N.J.S.A. 59:4-2

addresses a dangerous condition of public property and provides as follows:

                    A public entity is liable for injury caused by a
              condition of its property if the plaintiff establishes that
              the property was in dangerous condition at the time of
              the injury, that the injury was proximately caused by
              the dangerous condition, that the dangerous condition
              created a reasonably foreseeable risk of the kind of
              injury which was incurred, and that either:

                    a.   a negligent or wrongful act or omission of an
                         employee of the public entity within the
                         scope of his employment created the
                         dangerous condition; or

                    b.   a public entity had actual or constructive
                         notice of the dangerous condition under
                         section 59:4-3 a sufficient time prior to the
                         injury to have taken measures to protect
                         against the dangerous condition.

                    Nothing in this section shall be construed to
              impose liability upon a public entity for a dangerous
              condition of its public property if the action the entity
              took to protect against the condition or the failure to
              take such action was not palpably unreasonable.

Thus,
              to impose liability on a public entity pursuant to that
              section, a plaintiff must establish the existence of a

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                                          8
            "dangerous condition," that the condition proximately
            caused the injury, that it "created a reasonably
            foreseeable risk of the kind of injury which was
            incurred," that either the dangerous condition was
            caused by a negligent employee or the entity knew
            about the condition, and that the entity's conduct was
            "palpably unreasonable."

            [Vincitore v. N.J. Sports & Exposition Auth., 169 N.J.
119, 125 (2001) (quoting N.J.S.A. 59:4-2).]

      A governmental entity, however, is also immune from liability,

notwithstanding the dangerous condition of its property, if it is part of an

approved plan or design. Specifically, N.J.S.A. 59:4-6 provides:

                    a. Neither the public entity nor a public
            employee is liable under this chapter for an injury
            caused by the plan or design of public property, either
            in its original construction or any improvement thereto,
            where such plan or design has been approved in
            advance of the construction or improvement by the
            Legislature or the governing body of a public entity or
            some other body or a public employee exercising
            discretionary authority to give such approval or where
            such plan or design is prepared in conformity with
            standards previously so approved.

      Our Supreme Court has explained that "[a]pplication of plan-or-design

immunity turns on whether the public entity has approved the feature in question

so as to immunize it from challenge." Manna v. State, 129 N.J. 341, 353 (1992).

Although in order to establish design immunity a government entity must

demonstrate the condition that allegedly caused the plaintiff's injury "was in fact

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                                        9
an approved feature of the plan," Thompson v. Newark Hous. Auth., 108 N.J.
525, 534 (1987), it need not show alternatives were "specifically considered and

rejected," id. at 537. Rather, the defendant need only demonstrate it "considered

'the general condition about which a plaintiff complains in formulating the

original plan or design.'" Kain v. Gloucester City, 436 N.J. Super. 466, 474-75

(App. Div. 2014) (quoting Luczak v. Twp. of Evesham, 311 N.J. Super. 103,

109 (App. Div. 1998)).

      As the trial court judge noted, plaintiff's expert did not address himself to

issues of design immunity, notwithstanding his opinion that had the District

installed slip-resistant flooring, "the imperative for prompt discovery" of the

water on which plaintiff slipped would have been eliminated. Unfortunately,

the trial court judge similarly did not address the well-established law on design

immunity or explain how defendant's showing fell short. It is hardly helpful to

deny summary judgment based on disputed facts in what is characterized as an

"extremely close" case without identifying the specific facts in dispute. See

Agurto v. Guhr, 381 N.J. Super. 519, 525 (App. Div. 2005).

      We are inclined to think defendant entitled to design immunity based on

the record it created on the motion. Plaintiff's failure, however, to support her

denial of the specific facts establishing that immunity with citations to the

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                                       10
record, employing instead only one-word denials, and the trial court's failure to

enforce Rule 4:46-2(b) by deeming the statements admitted, make us reluctant

to reach that question in the first instance, especially as it is apparent plaintiff

could not otherwise survive summary judgment.

      No one, including plaintiff, noticed the water on which plaintiff allegedly

slipped before her fall. Her own expert opined that even if the water were

visible, it would not have been conspicuous. Even assuming, however, that

plaintiff could somehow establish the vestibule was in a dangerous condition of

which defendant had actual or constructive notice, difficult on this record, she

provided no evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude defendant's

decision to rely on the Pedimat and slip-resistant flooring, augmented by an

assigned custodian to monitor the area for slipping hazards, instead of temporary

mats or runners, was palpably unreasonable, that is "manifest and obvious that

no prudent person would approve of its course of action or inaction," Kolitch v.

Lindedahl, 100 N.J. 485, 493 (1985), and certainly none sufficient to require

submission to a jury, see Brill, 142 N.J. at 536.

      Reversed.

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