Court Opinion

ID: 4685393
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-05-10 15:17:37.294353+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:04:27.820071
License: Public Domain

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Berkebile Towing and Recovery,       :
                  Petitioner         :
                                     :
             v.                      :
                                     :
Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board :
(Harr, State Workers’ Insurance Fund :
and Uninsured Employers Guaranty     :
Fund),                               :            No. 220 C.D. 2020
                  Respondents        :            Submitted: December 4, 2020

BEFORE:       HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
              HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge1
              HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge

OPINION
BY JUDGE FIZZANO CANNON                           FILED: May 10, 2021

              Berkebile Towing and Recovery (Berkebile Towing)2 appeals from the
January 31, 2020, decision and order of the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board
(Board) affirming the December 27, 2018, decision and order of a Workers’
Compensation Judge (WCJ). The WCJ found James Harr (Harr) was an employee
of Berkebile Towing rather than an independent contractor and therefore awarded

       1
       This case was assigned to the opinion writer before January 4, 2021, when Judge Brobson
became President Judge.
       2
          Berkebile Towing’s owner identified the company in his testimony as “Berkebile Auto
Service.” Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 273a. For clarity, the name appearing in the caption of
this case is used in this opinion.
fatal claim benefits to Antoinette Migut (Migut), Harr’s fiancée, on behalf of Harr’s
two surviving minor dependent children.3 Upon review, we affirm.

                                   I. Procedural History
               In March 2017, Migut filed a fatal claim petition (Petition) with the
Uninsured Employers Guaranty Fund (UEGF) concerning Harr’s December 2016
work-related death. Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 4a-5a. The Petition stated that
Harr was working for Berkebile Towing as a tow truck operator when he became
pinned between two vehicles and suffered fatal injuries. Id. at 4a. The Petition
sought fatal claim benefits on behalf of Migut’s children based on asserted weekly
wages of $425.00. Id. at 5a. Berkebile Towing and the UEGF each answered the
Petition, denying both liability and that Berkebile Towing and Harr had an
employer-employee relationship. Id. at 7a-14a.
               The WCJ issued a decision and order on December 27, 2018, finding
the existence of an employer-employee relationship and granting fatal claim
benefits. WCJ Decision, 12/27/18; R.R. at 17a-29a. Berkebile Towing appealed to
the Board,4 which affirmed.

       3
          The younger child is the daughter of Harr and Migut; the older daughter is Migut’s from
a prior relationship, with whom Harr had a supportive parental relationship. R.R. at 90a-92a &
95a-96a.
       4
         UEGF did not participate in the appeal to the Board and advised this Court by letter that
it would not be participating in Berkebile Towing’s appeal to this Court as UEGF “did not disagree
with the [WCJ’s] or the [Board’s] findings below.” UEGF Letter to Commonwealth Court,
10/22/20; see also Board Decision, 1/31/20, at 2, R.R. at 61a.

                                                2
                                 II. Factual Background
              At the hearing of this matter, Migut, Toni Harr, Harr’s older daughter
from a previous relationship, and Georgene Krawczyk (Krawczyk), Harr’s friend
and former roommate who also worked for Berkebile Towing, all testified in support
of Migut’s claim on Harr’s behalf. Berkebile Towing owner Harold Berkebile
(Berkebile), and several former and current Berkebile Towing employees, including
Gary Vivian (Vivian), Michael Elbertson (Elbertson), and Harold Cole (Cole),
testified on behalf of Berkebile Towing. These witnesses each offered testimony
regarding the nature and use of Berkebile Towing’s tow trucks and tools, as well as
multiple other aspects and details of Berkebile Towing’s operations.

A. Berkebile Towing’s Tow Trucks
              Migut5 explained that Harr usually drove a tow truck that was
prominently marked with Berkebile Towing’s name and telephone number. R.R. at
111a & 114a. Migut and Toni Harr each testified that Harr did not own the trucks
he drove for Berkebile Towing and did not pay formal lease or rental payments for
the trucks. Id. at 115a-16a & 218a-19a. They also testified that Harr did not pay for
the trucks’ registration, inspections, or insurance. Id. 115a-16a & 218a-219a. Migut
and Toni Harr each also added that Berkebile Towing provided Harr with a card to
pay for the trucks’ fuel. R.R. at 117a, 233a & 252a.
              In his testimony, Berkebile confirmed that he pays for the gas,
insurance, registrations, and inspections for Berkebile Towing’s tow trucks. R.R. at

       5
          Migut explained that she had been in a relationship with Harr for 9-10 years and lived
with him for 6 years before his death. R.R. at 89a. Migut was familiar with Harr’s work for
Berkebile Towing as a tow truck driver, in which he had been engaged throughout the entirety of
their relationship. Id. at 110a-11a & 114a.

                                               3
287a & 309a-10a. Berkebile further testified that, since he took over the business in
1968, he has verbal agreements with the drivers to lease the trucks for a 10 percent
lease fee. Id. at 304a, 307a, 370a-71a & 374a-75a. Berkebile asserted that the
drivers are told that “they’re responsible for anything that happens to themselves.”
Id. at 370a-71a. While Berkebile acknowledged that he has the authority to direct
which calls to take and which trucks will be used for specific tow jobs, stating “I
guess I could do anything I wanted to since it’s my stuff,” he maintained that he
generally does not exercise such authority. Id. at 347a-48a.
             Berkebile claimed that Berkebile Towing’s tow trucks are affixed with
1x2-inch stickers that state that the vehicles are leased to the drivers. Id. at 305a-
08a, 311a, & 369a. Berkebile explained that he made and placed these stickers on
Berkebile Towing’s tow truck doors near the driving cab area 4-6 years ago after
seeing similar stickers on other companies’ vehicles. Id. at 370a-74a.
             Krawczyk, who worked part-time for Berkebile Towing in 2008,
testified that during her employment, Berkebile Towing’s trucks did not have
stickers indicating the trucks were leased to the drivers. R.R. at 489a, 492a-99a,
515a & 532a-33a. Krawczyk testified that she sees Berkebile Towing’s trucks
around town and is certain that she only noticed the stickers on the tow trucks since
2017, after Harr’s death. Id. at 502a & 524a.
             The record includes photographs of Berkebile Towing’s truck doors
with the “vehicle leased to driver” stickers placed above the vehicle registration
numbers, Berkebile Towing’s phone number, name (in all capital letters), and the
phrase “24-hr towing.” R.R. at 649a-54a. Additionally, the record includes pictures
of ads in local publications portraying Berkebile Towing’s trucks with the
company’s name and contact information visible on the doors. Id. at 543a-45a. The
WCJ found the “leased to driver” stickers to be “utterly inconspicuous” and
                                     4
“dwarfed by the signage on the truck[s] indicating that they were Berkebile Towing
vehicles.” WCJ Decision; R.R. at 25a.
               Berkebile Towing employees Vivian and Elbertson generally supported
Berkebile’s testimony regarding the drivers and the tow trucks. R.R. at 381a-83a &
411a-14a. Additionally, Cole initially stated that Berkebile owned the trucks and
assigned drivers to trucks generally, but subsequently averred that Berkebile had
never told him which truck to drive. Id. at 459a & 462a.
               Migut, Berkebile, and Cole all testified that Berkebile Towing’s
drivers, Harr included, could not use Berkebile Towing’s trucks to do jobs for other
companies. See R.R. at 119a, 299a, 308a, 323a-24a & 461a-63a. If a driver got a
call that he could not accept, he could not lend the truck to another tow truck driver
to do the job in his stead; he could only ask Berkebile Towing to send another of its
drivers. Id. at 119a & 324a-25a. The trucks were kept at Berkebile Towing’s
primary location (the shop) except when drivers occasionally took them home.6 Id.
at 122a-23a.
               Migut and Toni Harr each stated that Harr drove his personal car to the
Berkebile Towing shop, but he did not generally use his personal car for work
assignments while he was at the shop. R.R. at 163a, 182a & 233a-34a. Harr would
use his personal car on occasion, about 5-6 times a year, when he got a call from
Berkebile Towing for a non-towing roadside service job like fixing a flat tire,
charging or changing a battery, or bringing gas to a driver who had run out. Id. at
163a & 182a. More often, however, Harr completed such calls in a Berkebile
Towing truck. Id.

       6
          Cole explained that this arrangement simplified off-hours tow jobs because drivers on
call did not have to go to the shop and get the truck before going to the job. R.R. at 463a.

                                              5
B. Tools
             Migut testified that, although Harr did not own or buy the tools or
equipment for the tow jobs he did for Berkebile Towing, he did have some tools of
his own that he kept at Berkebile Towing’s shop. R.R. at 120a & 166a. Berkebile
testified, however, that Berkebile Towing’s tow trucks are fully equipped, so drivers
do not need to bring their own tools or equipment. Id. at 321a.

C. Work Schedule and Duties
             Migut and Toni Harr both stated that Harr had no other employers and
did no side work. R.R. at 158a-59a, 186a & 219a. Each also explained that Harr
did not have a set schedule, but was instead on call on a “24/7” basis for towing or
roadside service assignments, which he received on his personal cell phone from
Berkebile Towing’s dispatchers. Id. at 118a, 124a, 180a-81a & 254a. Harr’s
personal phone was a prepaid cell phone that he had to keep in active status to receive
work calls. Id. at 251a. Toni Harr and Krawczyk further testified, and Berkebile
and Elbertson each acknowledged, that if a dispatcher was not on duty, calls to the
Berkebile Towing shop would be forwarded directly to drivers’ phones. Id. at 252a,
286a & 422a. Drivers could turn calls down, but Harr rarely did unless he was sick.
Id. at 186a-87a, 278a & 291a. Berkebile conceded that Berkebile Towing would
lose money if drivers did not take and do job calls, so frequent driver call refusals
created an incentive to stop giving them assignments, informally terminating them.
Id. at 319a-20a & 348a.
             Migut and Toni Harr also testified that Harr went to the Berkebile
Towing shop every day it was open and occasionally did odd jobs like cleaning a
furnace or cutting trees at the shop. R.R. at 121a-22a, 124a & 222a. Berkebile
Towing also tasked Harr with sweeping up around the shop and cleaning the trucks.
                                       6
Id. at 243a. Some days Harr went to the shop early in the morning and would not
come home until late at night. Id. at 168a-69a. On other days, Harr went in to the
shop but came home quickly due to a lack of tow calls. Id.

D. Training and Supervision
             Toni Harr testified that Harr had been a tow truck driver for about four
years before he started with Berkebile Towing. R.R. at 208a & 213a. Harr had a
certification for tow truck driving and some instructional videos, but Toni Harr did
not know how they were acquired. Id. at 213a & 239a-40a. Harr had a commercial
driver’s license (CDL) permit that Berkebile Towing paid for initially, but he never
got his full CDL. Id. at 240a.
             Migut testified that Harr had taken instructional towing classes before
she met him, but that she did not know who paid for the classes. R.R. at 173a-75a.
Berkebile testified that drivers who wanted additional instruction or training had to
pay for such instruction or training themselves. Id. at 293a.
             Migut, Berkebile, Elbertson, and Cole all testified that no one
supervised Harr when he did tow jobs or other service calls for Berkebile Towing.
R.R. at 171a-72a, 291a-92a, 416a & 459a.          Migut or Toni Harr sometimes
accompanied Harr on non-towing calls for Berkebile Towing. Id. at 165a, 215a,
220a & 231a-32a. Toni Harr testified that in 2011, Berkebile Towing informed Harr
that his children were no longer permitted to accompany him on job calls. Id. at
232a. Berkebile testified, however, that he was aware that Migut and Toni Harr
sometimes rode with Harr when he did his runs, but he did not tell Harr that his
children could not accompany him because Harr leased the tow truck from Berkebile
Towing. Id. at 285a-86a.

                                          7
E. Uniforms
              Migut testified that Harr had some clothing with Berkebile Towing’s
name on it that he always wore when he worked, but that she did not know if Harr
purchased the items. R.R. at 176a & 178a. Krawczyk testified that Berkebile
Towing gave her a shirt with Berkebile Towing’s name on it and she purchased her
own fluorescent yellow safety vest. Id. at 516a-17a. Berkebile stated that Berkebile
Towing-branded uniforms are available if drivers want to pay for them themselves,
but that drivers are not required to wear them. Id. at 288a, 327a, & 349a.

F. Pay Structure
              Migut explained that Berkebile Towing paid Harr in cash every Friday,
which the other witnesses confirmed was the general practice. R.R. at 159a, 277a,
382a, 433a & 440a-41a. Drivers receive a list of their weekly calls showing the
accounting of their pay. Id. at 280a. Drivers receive 40 percent of Berkebile
Towing’s receipts for jobs they performed using Berkebile Towing’s trucks. Id. at
277a. 60 percent of the receipts goes to Berkebile Towing, 10 percent of which is
allocated for the use, fuel, and upkeep of the trucks. Id. at 298a. Drivers receive 50
percent of Berkebile Towing’s receipts for non-tow assignments in which they use
their own vehicles. R.R. at 277a. Migut recalled that Harr did not get paid if he did
not go on calls. Id. at 169a.
              Migut stated that customers paid Harr and he would turn over the cash
or check to Berkebile Towing. R.R. at 165a. Toni Harr testified that if Harr received
payment by check, it was made out to Berkebile Towing. Id. at 219a-20a. She
further testified that if she utilized Berkebile Towing’s towing services, she had to
pay like any other customer. Id. at 220a.

                                            8
              Berkebile testified that Berkebile Towing has arrangements for towing
with the United States Postal Service, Allstate Insurance, and other entities. R.R. at
322a. Berkebile negotiated these arrangements and the per-tow rates, and his drivers
could only charge those rates on those jobs. Id. On non-contract call-in jobs, the
driver estimates a charge based on the conditions and requirements at the site. Id. at
323a. Berkebile also averred that Berkebile Towing’s company tax returns show
contractor labor payments, not wages paid. Id. at 290a.

G. Contract with Berkebile Towing
              Berkebile testified that all Berkebile Towing workers, including Harr,
signed independent contractor agreements when they began working for the
company. R.R. at 275a. Berkebile Towing’s independent contractor agreement
form (IC Agreement), which Harr signed in 2004, states:

              This agreement is between [Harr], Contractor and
              Berkebile Auto Company.[7]

              Whereas the aforementioned [C]ontractor understands and
              agrees there is no employer-employee relationship
              existing between the Company and the Contractor, and as
              such all liability as to local, county, state and federal taxes
              due them from the Contractor is solely the full
              responsibility of the Contractor.

              In addition, the [C]ompany assumes no liability in any
              form from the Contractor as a consequence of this
              agreement.

       7
        The record does not indicate what relationship exists between Berkebile Auto Company
and Berkebile Towing.

                                             9
                All services performed by Contractor shall be agreed upon
                verbally by both parties prior to any services being
                performed.

Id. at 554a & 579a-81a. Thus, the IC Agreement expressly states that no employer-
employee relationship exists, that no taxes will be withheld, and that no liability is
assumed. Id. at 275a-77a & 281a. The IC Agreement does not state the nature of
the work being done, the pay arrangements, or when the employment arrangements
or agreements will terminate. Id. at 340a-42a.

H. Workers’ Compensation Insurance
                Berkebile Towing does not maintain workers’ compensation insurance.
R.R. at 299a. Berkebile testified that, under the IC Agreement, Berkebile Towing is
“not responsible for nobody’s [sic] safety.” Id. at 325a. Berkebile does not follow
up to ensure that his drivers are maintaining their own health insurance. Id. at 325a.
Berkebile admitted that Harr’s death was investigated by the federal Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and that Berkebile Towing was assessed
a fine of $12,675 for workplace safety violations.8 Id. at 345a.

                                      III. Issue Presented
                Berkebile Towing now appeals to this Court and argues that the WCJ
and Board erred in finding an employer-employee relationship existed between
Berkebile Towing and Harr.9 Berkebile Towing’s Br. at 4. Berkebile Towing points

       8
           Berkebile has appealed the fine. R.R. at 346a.
       9
         Berkebile Towing phrased its question presented as follows: “Did the [Board] err in
determining that [Harr] was an employee of [Berkebile] and not an independent contractor at the
time of [Harr’s] death?” Berkebile Towing’s Br. at 4.

                                                 10
to the written IC Agreement, the pay and tax arrangements, lack of a regular schedule
or actual supervision of towing and service jobs, and Harr’s purported freedom to
pursue work or income from other sources. Id. at 13. In response, Migut asserts that
the WCJ correctly followed policy directives favoring finding an employment
relationship in close cases and properly analogized the facts here to on-point case
law finding an employment relationship in very similar circumstances. Migut’s Br.
at 6 & 10-12.

                                         IV. Analysis
                Under Sections 103 and 104 of the Workers’ Compensation Act (Act),10
an independent contractor is not entitled to benefits due to the absence of a
master/servant relationship. See 77 P.S. §§ 21-22. Thus, status as an employee or
independent contractor is a crucial threshold determination that must be made prior
to awarding workers’ compensation benefits. Universal Am-Can, Ltd. v. Workers’
Comp. Appeal Bd. (Minteer), 762 A.2d 328, 330 (Pa. 2000).
                To receive benefits, claimants maintain the burden to establish an
employer-employee relationship.              Universal Am-Can, 762 A.2d at 330.
Nevertheless, our Supreme Court has indicated that “neither the compensation
authorities nor the courts should be solicitous to find contractorship rather than
employment, and that inferences favoring the claim need make only slightly stronger
appeal to reason than those opposed.” Id. A determination regarding the existence
of an employer-employee relationship is a question of law that is determined on the
unique facts of each case. Id. at 330-31. As an appellate court, however, we are
bound by the WCJ’s authority over questions of credibility, conflicting evidence,

      10
           Act of June 2, 1915, P.L. 736, as amended, 77 P.S. §§ 1-1041.4, 2501-2710.

                                               11
evidentiary weight determinations, and findings of fact.11 Edwards v. Workers’
Comp. Appeal Bd. (Epicure Home Care, Inc.), 134 A.3d 1156, 1161 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2016).
              “While no hard and fast rule exists to determine whether a particular
relationship is that of employer-employee or owner-independent contractor, certain
guidelines have been established and certain factors are required to be taken into
consideration.” Universal Am-Can, 762 A.2d at 333. The following indicia and
principles are part of the inquiry:

              Control of manner [in which] work is to be done;
              responsibility for result only; terms of agreement between
              the parties; the nature of the work or occupation; skill
              required for performance; whether one is engaged in a
              distinct occupation or business; which party supplied the
              tools; whether payment is by the time or by the job;
              whether work is part of the regular business of the
              employer, and also the right to terminate the employment
              at any time.

              Whether some or all of these factors exist in any given
              situation is not controlling. Further, while each factor is
              relevant, there are certain guidelines that have been
              elevated to be dominant considerations. . . . [C]ontrol over
              the work to be completed and the manner in which it is to
              be performed are the primary factors in determining
              employee status. Moreover, it is the existence of the right

       11
          Appellate review in workers’ compensation proceedings is limited to determining
whether constitutional rights have been violated, whether an error of law has been committed, and
whether necessary findings of fact are supported by substantial evidence. Universal Am-Can, Ltd.
v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Minteer), 762 A.2d 328, 331 n.2 (Pa. 2000). Review of the
findings of fact is limited to the question of whether the administrative findings are adequately
supported by the evidence as a whole; credibility is solely an issue for the finder of fact; and
findings of fact will be overturned only if they are arbitrary and capricious. Bethenergy Mines,
Inc. v. Workmen’s Comp. Appeal Bd. (Skirpan), 612 A.2d 434, 437 (Pa. 1992).

                                               12
             to control that is significant, irrespective of whether the
             control is actually exercised.

Id. (citations and quotation marks omitted); see also Edwards, 134 A.3d at 1162.
             Additional factors, although not determinative in themselves, may
include the putative employer’s payment of wages and withholding for income taxes,
provision of workers’ compensation coverage, and the existence of an employment
or independent contractor agreement. Edwards, 134 A.3d at 1163. Specific to the
trucking industry, the presence of a business’s name and information on the outside
of a truck is relevant although not dispositive of an employment relationship.
Universal Am-Can, 762 A.2d at 332.
             This Court addressed the specific employment status of a tow truck
driver in Sarver Towing v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Bowser), 736
A.2d 61 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1999). There, the claimant signed an agreement with the
employer to work on commission and be responsible for his own taxes. Sarver, 736
A.2d at 62. The claimant was provided with a tow truck owned by the employer and
having the employer’s name on it and all tools and equipment for towing included –
described by this Court as “obviously, very substantial assets.” Id. at 63. The
claimant was permitted to keep the truck at home but was not permitted to use it to
perform work for anyone other than the employer. Id. at 62. He was on call “24/7”
and received his assignments by pager or telephone. Id. He was not directly
supervised while on tow jobs. Id. He was injured when, at the employer’s direction,
he lifted a large computer on the premises and hurt his back. Id. The WCJ concluded
that he was an independent contractor, but the Board reversed and this Court
affirmed in the claimant’s favor. Id.
             In Sarver, this Court acknowledged the longstanding tenet that “control
of the work and the manner in which the work is accomplished” is the “key

                                         13
indicator” in the analysis of an employment relationship. Sarver, 736 A.2d at 63.
Although the WCJ in Sarver focused on the fact that the employer did not supervise
the claimant on his individual tow jobs, this Court emphasized that the employer
“did exercise substantial control over [the c]laimant and the manner in which he
performed his work,” such as limiting his use of its trucks to work only its tow jobs,
requiring him to be on call 24/7, and retaining the ability to take back the truck and
equipment at any time if it was not satisfied with his work. Id. (emphasis in original).
Moreover, the Court noted that “it is the existence of the right to control the manner
of [a c]laimant’s work which is critical, even when that right is not exercised.” Id.
(emphasis in original). Although the claimant’s injury occurred when he was not
driving a tow truck, but rather lifting a large computer at the employer’s request, this
Court found that the request itself was “clearly indicative of the fact that [the
employer] had the control over [the c]laimant to tell him what to do and the manner
of how he was to do it.” Id.
              In Baykhanov v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Onixe
Express) (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 245 C.D. 2018, filed October 12, 2018),12 this Court
declined to find an employment relationship although the facts were similar to those
in Sarver. The claimant, a car carrier driver, had signed an IC agreement, the
employer owned and assigned the claimant his truck, the claimant received his
assignments from a dispatcher, he was not supervised while on assignments, he was
paid by the trip and received a 1099 tax form, and he was free to reject assignments
although he stated he rarely did so. Baykhanov, slip op. at 1-4. The WCJ did not
find an employment relationship and in a divided memorandum opinion, this Court

       12
          Unreported memorandum opinions of this Court may be cited for their persuasive value
pursuant to Rule 126(b)(1) of the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure, Pa.R.A.P. 126(b)(1),
and Section 414(a) of the Court’s Internal Operating Procedures, 210 Pa. Code § 69.414(a).
                                               14
affirmed, prioritizing the WCJ having found the claimant’s testimony less credible
than that of the employer’s witnesses as to the nature of the relationship between the
claimant and employer. Id., slip op. at 10 & n.4. This Court also noted that in this
case, the driver was injured in the course of his work as a driver, whereas in Sarver,
the claimant was injured doing a non-driving task at the employer’s request. Id., slip
op. at 13.
             The dissent in Baykhanov would have found an employment
relationship. Baykhanov v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Onixe Express) (Pa.
Cmwlth. No. 245 C.D. 2018, filed Oct. 12, 2008) (Covey, J., dissenting), slip op. at
3. The dissent first noted the policy in favor of finding an employment relationship.
Id., (Covey, J., dissent) slip op. at 3 (citing Universal Am-Can). The dissent also
emphasized that the employer owned, insured, and paid for gas for the truck and that
the claimant only operated the vehicle “through the defendant’s authority,” which
the employer clearly had the right to exercise even if it had not previously done so.
Id., (Covey, J., dissent) slip op. at 4-6 (quoting Sarver and Am. Rd. Lines v. Workers’
Comp. Appeal Bd. (Royal), 39 A.3d 603, 611-12 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2012)). Finally, the
dissent did not find it dispositive that the claimant was injured while driving as
opposed to Sarver, where the injury occurred while the claimant was lifting a
computer at the employer’s request. Id., (Covey, J., dissent) slip op. at 6 n.2. To the
dissent, the majority’s distinction “appears to be stating that an individual may be an
employee for part of the time and an independent contractor for the other part of the
time. That is not the state of the law and such would be unmanageable and lead to
absurd results.” Id., (Covey, J., dissent) slip op. at 6 n.2.
             In Baum v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Hitchcock), 721
A.2d 402 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1998), the claimant, a truck driver, was not authorized to
keep the employer’s trucks during off-hours, but Baum is otherwise analogous to
                                       15
Sarver and to the instant case. In that case, the employer owned the trucks and
received payment from the customers and then paid the claimant in cash for each
truckload or job. Baum, 721 A.2d at 403-05. Like Harr, the claimant in Baum had
the ability to decline work. Id. at 404. The WCJ and Board in Baum both found an
employment relationship, and this Court agreed, specifically concluding that the
ability to decline work did not defeat the otherwise persuasive evidence of an
employer-employee relationship. See id. at 406 (“[J]ust because [the c]laimant had
the ability to decline work whenever he chose to do so [did] not mean that an
employer-employee relationship did not exist, only that the relationship was one
which gave [the c]laimant flexibility in determining his work schedule[.]”).
             While an employer-employee relationship inquiry is a question of law
on appeal, it depends heavily on the WCJ’s underlying credibility and factual
determinations. Universal Am-Can, 762 A.2d at 330-31; Sarver, 736 A.2d at 62-63.
All of the Universal Am-Can and Edwards factors are part of the relevant inquiry,
but the primary consideration is the right of the employer to control the work and
the manner in which it is accomplished, even if that right is not exercised. Universal
Am-Can, 762 A.2d at 333; Sarver, 736 A.2d at 63. Given the remedial and salutary
goals of workers’ compensation, the factual bases favoring a finding of an employer-
employee relationship need only be slightly stronger than those favoring
contractorship. Universal Am-Can, 762 A.2d at 331; Diehl v. Keystone Alloys Co.,
156 A.2d 818, 820 (Pa. 1959).
             Here, Berkebile Towing’s witnesses – Berkebile, Vivian, Elbertson,
and Cole – all testified to their understanding that Berkebile Towing’s tow truck
drivers were contractors, that they leased their trucks from Berkebile Towing, that
they were paid by the tow or auto mechanic work job, and that Berkebile Towing

                                         16
was not liable for their taxes or personal injury or liability. R.R. at 275a-77a, 285a-
86a, 370a-71a, 381a-83a, 394a-95a, 412a, 431a, 438a & 448a.
             However, Migut testified to her understanding that Harr could not use
Berkebile Towing’s trucks to do jobs for other companies. R.R. at 119a. She further
explained that if Harr got a call from another company, he could not accept it, and
he could not lend the truck to another tow truck driver to do the job in his stead. Id.
When he was notified of a job for Berkebile Towing, Harr would call Berkebile
Towing and either accept the job or ask Berkebile Towing to send another driver.
Id.
             Toni Harr recalled that when she accompanied Harr on tow jobs,
payments by check were made to Berkebile Towing, not Harr. R.R. at 219a-20a.
She also testified that Harr used Berkebile Towing’s trucks and equipment for tow
jobs and only rarely would use his own vehicle for roadside assistance calls. Id. at
216a-17a, 232a-34a & 252a. She further testified that, while Harr had brought her
on his jobs so that they could spend time together when she was younger, Berkebile
Towing told Harr in 2011 that he must discontinue the practice. Id. at 232a.
             Krawczyk, who worked for Berkebile Towing with Harr, testified that
she understood herself to be a Berkebile Towing employee. R.R. at 530a. She did
not have a lease arrangement for any of Berkebile Towing’s trucks when she used
them for calls. Id. at 490a-92a. Further, she did not believe she could refuse a call
unless she had an emergency or some other reason. Id. at 509a-12a & 530a.
             The WCJ found all Berkebile Towing’s and Harr’s witnesses to be
credible. WCJ Decision; R.R. at 24a. The WCJ found that the verbal payment
arrangements on a “by the job” basis weighed against an employment relationship.
Id. at 27a. The WCJ also recognized that Harr signed the IC Agreement that
expressly stated that no employment relationship existed, that Berkebile Towing
                                      17
“assume[d] no liability in any form” for Harr, and that Harr was responsible for all
taxes on his income. Id. at 24a; IC Agreement, R.R. at 554a. However, the WCJ
gave the written IC Agreement little weight, finding that, “rather than attempting to
define an independent contractor relationship[,]” the IC Agreement was little more
than a pretext for Berkebile Towing to avoid the obligations of having employees.
WCJ Decision, R.R. at 24a.
             The WCJ weighed the recognized factors, as set forth in Universal Am-
Can and Edwards, and expressly considered the extent of Berkebile Towing’s right
of control over the work to be completed by Harr and other drivers, the factor
acknowledged as “first among equals” among the employer-employee relationship
inquiry factors. WCJ Decision, R.R. at 26a-28a; see Universal Am-Can, 762 A.2d
at 333; Edwards, 134 A.3d at 1162. The WCJ also analyzed the recognized factors
concerning the nature of the work, the skills required to do the work, the centrality
of the work to Berkebile Towing’s business, Berkebile’s supply of the tools and
equipment for the work, and the right to terminate the relationship. WCJ Decision,
R.R. at 26a-28a. Specific to the trucking and towing field, the WCJ examined
Berkebile Towing’s ownership of the trucks, Berkebile Towing’s setting of rates and
collection of payment for jobs, the lack of a written lease arrangement with Harr and
other drivers, and Berkebile Towing’s prohibition against drivers using Berkebile
Towing’s trucks to take calls from other towing companies. Id. at 25a.
             The WCJ found the facts largely analogous to those that established an
employment relationship in Sarver. WCJ Decision, R.R. at 26a-28a. The WCJ
concluded that, although Berkebile Towing did not “micro-manage” any individual
tow job, Berkebile Towing did maintain “extensive dominion over [Harr’s]
workday.” Id. at 27a (citing Sarver). The WCJ emphasized that all of Harr’s work

                                         18
came from Berkebile Towing, and he was on call for Berkebile Towing on a “24/7”
basis. Id.
             The WCJ also opined specifically on the highly visible size of Berkebile
Towing’s name and information on the trucks, compared with the much smaller
stickers indicating the trucks were leased to the drivers. WCJ Decision, R.R. at 25a.
The WCJ determined that beyond those “utterly inconspicuous” stickers that were
“dwarfed by the signage on the truck indicating that they were [Berkebile Towing’s]
vehicles,” there was no convincing evidence of a lease arrangement for the trucks.
Id.
             In addition, the WCJ concluded that Berkebile Towing maintained a
significant degree of control over how drivers could and could not use the trucks.
R.R. at 25a & 27a. The WCJ observed that, although drivers could take trucks home
during off-hours, Berkebile Towing allowed them to do so to facilitate their ability
to take calls efficiently at those times, not to use the trucks as they chose on their
own time or to lend the trucks out or do jobs for other towing companies. Id. Drivers
could not loan the trucks out or use them for jobs not dedicated to Berkebile
Towing’s business. Id. Drivers did not set prices with customers, and if paid directly
by customers, they turned over payment to Berkebile Towing. Id. Although drivers
were tacitly permitted to have family and friends accompany them on calls until
2011, Berkebile Towing then rescinded that privilege. Id. at 25a. Further, at any
time, particularly if a driver declined more calls than Berkebile Towing preferred,
Berkebile Towing could stop assigning calls to that driver and, of course, reclaim its
truck if the driver was in possession of it. Id. at 25a & 27a.
             The WCJ found these facts overrode the existence of other facts
mitigating in favor of contractorship, such as the written IC Agreement, the drivers’
ability to decline jobs, payment by the job rather than by time, and the drivers’
                                       19
responsibility for income taxes. WCJ Decision, R.R. at 27a. Even Berkebile
Towing’s own witnesses, including Cole and Berkebile himself, conceded that
Berkebile Towing’s ownership of the trucks afforded Berkebile Towing significant
leverage over the drivers’ ability to do their work, which for the most part required
drivers to use Berkebile Towing’s tow trucks. R.R. at 299a, 308a, 319a-20a, 322a-
25a, 347a-48a, 443a & 459a-63a. In particular, Berkebile stated: “I guess I could do
anything I wanted to since it’s my stuff.” R.R. at 299a, 308a, 323a-25a & 347a-48a.
Berkebile also acknowledged that Berkebile Towing restricted drivers’ use of the
trucks while in their possession. Id.
             The WCJ reasoned that these facts demonstrated significant control
over the work done by Harr and other drivers and “squarely put [Harr’s] case under
the Sarver holding and compel a conclusion that [Harr] was an employee of
[Berkebile Towing].”     WCJ Decision, R.R. at 27a.       In support of finding an
employment relationship, the WCJ also cited Baum, where a truck driver was found
to be an employee even though he had some ability to decline work, which this Court
found to be evidence of flexibility in determining the work schedule rather than a
negation of an employment relationship. Id. The WCJ ultimately found the facts in
this case to be dispositive of an employer-employee relationship, and the Board
affirmed. WCJ Decision, R.R. at 27a-28a; see also Board Decision, R.R. at 74a.
             We reiterate that although this case presents a question of law on which
this Court is not bound by the WCJ’s legal conclusions, the inquiry is fact-specific
and we are bound by the WCJ’s factual and credibility determinations. Edwards,
134 A.3d at 1161. We agree with the WCJ and the Board that under the facts as
found by the WCJ, Berkebile Towing’s ownership and control over the availability
and use of its trucks favor finding an employer-employee relationship with Harr. As
in Sarver, the level of control that Berkebile Towing could exercise by allowing or
                                          20
restricting the drivers’ use of the trucks was substantial and significant. See Sarver,
736 A.2d at 63. As in Baum, Harr’s ability to decline assignments does not negate
the countervailing evidence of an employment relationship. See Baum, 721 A.2d at
406.
             We acknowledge that in Baykhanov, similar facts led to a finding of
independent contractorship, but as the WCJ here observed, Sarver is a unanimous
published and precedential opinion and Baykhanov is a divided and unreported
memorandum opinion. See WCJ Decision; R.R. at 28a. Moreover, the WCJ here
found Harr’s witnesses’ testimony on behalf of an employment relationship to be
credible, which was not the case in Baykhanov. R.R. at 24a; Baykhanov slip op. at
10 & n.4. Baykhanov is therefore distinguishable. Here, given the facts, law,
standard of review, and policy at issue, we conclude Berkebile Towing has not
established on appeal that the WCJ erred in finding an employment relationship, nor
did the Board err in affirming the WCJ’s decision.

                                   V. Conclusion
             Accordingly, in light of the foregoing, we affirm the Board’s
conclusion that Harr was an employee of Berkebile Towing. Fatal claim benefits to
Migut on behalf of the minor dependent children were warranted, along with
reimbursement of funeral expenses.

                                        __________________________________
                                        CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge

                                          21
         IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Berkebile Towing and Recovery,       :
                  Petitioner         :
                                     :
             v.                      :
                                     :
Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board :
(Harr, State Workers’ Insurance Fund :
and Uninsured Employers Guaranty     :
Fund),                               :   No. 220 C.D. 2020
                  Respondents        :

                                 ORDER

           AND NOW, this 10th day of May, 2021, the Order of the Workers’
Compensation Appeal Board in the above-captioned matter is AFFIRMED.

                                   __________________________________
                                   CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge