Court Opinion

ID: 9410683
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-24 05:00:50.877758+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:59.468997
License: Public Domain

In the

    United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Seventh Circuit
                     ____________________
No. 21-2393
WILLIE BALLE,
                                                  Plaintiﬀ-Appellant,
                                 v.

DAVID KENNEDY, et al.,
                                               Defendants-Appellees.
                     ____________________

         Appeal from the United States District Court for the
                    Central District of Illinois.
            No. 19-cv-1213 — Joe Billy McDade, Judge.
                     ____________________

       ARGUED APRIL 20, 2023 — DECIDED JULY 14, 2023
                 ____________________

   Before EASTERBROOK, ROVNER, and ST. EVE, Circuit Judges.
    ST. EVE, Circuit Judge. A kitchen supervisor directed Willie
Balle, an Illinois state prisoner, to carry near-boiling water
across a wet, damaged ﬂoor in a plastic ﬁve-gallon bucket. His
foot caught in a hole, and he fell down. The water splashed on
him and caused severe burns. Balle sued several prison oﬃ-
cials, claiming they violated the Eighth Amendment by being
deliberately indiﬀerent to the dangerous kitchen conditions.
The district court dismissed some of Balle’s claims at the
2                                                        No. 21-2393

pleading stage and granted summary judgment on the others.
We aﬃrm in part and reverse in part.
                           I. Background
A. Factual Background
    At the pleading stage, we take Balle’s factual allegations as
true, Dorsey v. Varga, 55 F.4th 1094, 1098–99 (7th Cir. 2022), and
at summary judgment, we view the evidentiary record in his
favor and draw all reasonable inferences in his favor. Xiong v.
Bd. of Regents of the Univ. of Wis. Sys., 62 F.4th 350, 353–54 (7th
Cir. 2023). We present the facts in accordance with these prin-
ciples, noting which facts are mere allegations or are in dis-
pute.
    1. Balle’s Injury
    At all times relevant to this appeal, Balle was a prisoner in
Pontiac Correctional Center. As of December 2018, he worked
in the dining room, but on December 27, a supervisor told
Balle that he had been transferred to the kitchen to work as a
dishwasher. Balle objected to the transfer because inmates
who worked in the kitchen sometimes had to carry buckets of
water for washing dishes across the damaged kitchen ﬂoor,
and Balle “knew the danger” of that practice. The supervisor
told Balle that a diﬀerent supervisor, Susie Hobart, 1 would
have to undo the transfer when she returned from vacation.
When she returned to work on January 2, 2019, Balle repeated

    1 Two pairs of defendants share last names: Daniel and Susie Hobart
and David and Teri Kennedy. For clarity, we introduce these individuals
by full name and use ﬁrst names thereafter.
No. 21-2393                                                              3

his objections, and Susie said she would do the paperwork
needed to reverse the transfer.
    Balle did not get his old job back in time. On January 2, the
kitchen lacked hot water. Susie directed the inmates to heat
water for washing dishes in large kettles on the stove on one
side of the kitchen, then carry the water in plastic ﬁve-gallon
buckets 35–40 feet to the sinks on the opposite side of the
kitchen. The inmates heated the water to a simmer, with “little
bubbles” and “steam coming oﬀ the top.” The water “stayed
hot”—“hot hot hot.”2 While carrying a full bucket to the sink,
Balle’s foot caught in a hole in the ﬂoor, and he fell to the
ground. Scalding water spilled on his arm and back, soaking
his shirt. When Balle removed the shirt, the skin of his arm
came with it. He suﬀered second- and third-degree burns that
resulted in permanent scarring and nerve damage.
    2. The Kitchen Conditions
   Many of the facts about the kitchen conditions are undis-
puted. David Kennedy, the prison’s chief engineer, stated that
the hot water in the kitchen only worked sporadically and of-
ten required repair. The record is unclear about how fre-
quently the kitchen lacked hot water, but there is evidence
that the hot water malfunctioned three times between late No-
vember 2018 and early January 2019.3 First, maintenance

    2Balle estimated the water temperature to be 200–250 degrees Fahr-
enheit, but the boiling point of water is 212 degrees. The exact water tem-
perature is immaterial—that it was hot enough to cause serious burns in
seconds is suﬃcient for purposes of this appeal.
    3 Balle alleges that Susie told him that the hot water had not worked
for four months and that she had placed 10 work orders to have the water
ﬁxed. No evidence supports these allegations, and allegations alone are
4                                                            No. 21-2393

records indicate that the water was broken on November 27,
2018, and was ﬁxed the same day. Second, emails indicate that
the hot water heater was repaired on December 26, 2018, so
we can infer that it broke sometime before that. Third, the hot
water was broken on the day of Balle’s injury, January 2, 2019.
The fact that the record contains evidence of the hot water not
working only these three times does not mean it did not fail
on other occasions. David testiﬁed that a hot water failure
“would be serious enough that it would not necessarily be the
subject of a work order.” Instead, David would likely have
received a phone call about the issue. And Balle does not have
ﬁrsthand knowledge about the frequency of water malfunc-
tions because he began working in the kitchen just a few days
before his injury.
    The kitchen had problems beyond the lack of hot water.
The kitchen ﬂoor was installed over the footing of an older
building. When the footing moved, it caused the kitchen ﬂoor
to buckle, damaging the tile ﬂooring. Retiling the ﬂoor did not
help; to ﬁx the problem, Pontiac would have had to remove
the footing and reinstall the ﬂoor. David testiﬁed that at the
time of Balle’s injury, the prison was in the process of major
renovations that would address the kitchen ﬂoor’s structural
problems, but David had no control over the timeline of that
project.
   The parties dispute the nature and extent of the damage to
the ﬂoor, but for purposes of this appeal, we take Balle’s

insuﬃcient to create a factual dispute for summary judgment purposes.
Weaver v. Champion Petfoods USA Inc., 3 F.4th 927, 934 (7th Cir. 2021). We
consider these allegations only with respect to Balle’s claim against Susie,
which the district court dismissed at the pleading stage.
No. 21-2393                                                    5

version as true. He testiﬁed that the tiles were “all broken up,”
with cracks and holes as deep as four or ﬁve inches. The con-
dition of the ﬂoor required inmates to be careful because it
was “easy to step into … the holes,” and “the ﬂoor [was] slip-
pery most of the time.” Both Daniel and David admit they
knew about the condition of the kitchen ﬂoor.
   3. The Water-Carrying Practice
    There is no dispute that prison kitchen staﬀ required in-
mates to heat and carry water in ﬁve-gallon buckets when the
kitchen’s hot water was not working. Balle observed this prac-
tice while he worked in the dining room. Daniel Hobart, the
head of the kitchen’s dietary unit, testiﬁed that he “was aware
that the inmates would temporarily heat water in large steam
kettles and transport it to the … sink” to wash dishes after
meals. This practice was longstanding, but although Daniel
inspected the kitchen periodically, he testiﬁed that he did not
know “how or when this practice began.” Further, Daniel tes-
tiﬁed that he did not “speciﬁcally recall” the hot water situa-
tion on January 2, 2019, and he never saw inmates carrying
water. For his part, David denied knowledge of the water-car-
rying practice altogether. Balle produced no evidence to con-
tradict these points.
    We can infer that supervisors did not instruct inmates
about how to heat and carry water safely. Daniel testiﬁed that
the water needed to be heated to 110 degrees Fahrenheit to
wash the dishes and that he was unaware that the water was
hotter than that. Further, he stated that inmates “could have”
used kitchen thermometers to ensure the water stayed at safe
temperatures. But although Daniel’s responsibilities as head
of the dietary unit included “direct[ing] staﬀ in the proper use
of facility equipment,” he neither personally trained inmates
6                                                             No. 21-2393

to maintain safe water temperatures nor instructed kitchen
supervisors to do so. Balle’s testimony corroborates this ac-
count. He testiﬁed that he received no safety instruction and
that “to the best of [his] knowledge and personal observa-
tion,” no one ever used a thermometer to check the water tem-
perature. In fact, to his knowledge, “no one ever followed any
protocol or safety procedures” when transporting water from
the kettles to the sink. But Balle’s ﬁrsthand knowledge about
the kitchen conditions is limited to January 2, 2019, the only
time the water failed after he began working in the kitchen. 4
B. Complaint and Screening
    After exhausting his administrative remedies, Balle initi-
ated this lawsuit in June 2019. He ﬁled a pro se complaint pur-
suant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against six prison oﬃcials, although
only ﬁve are relevant to this appeal: (1) Teri Kennedy, the war-
den; (2) David Kennedy, the chief engineer; (3) Daniel Hobart,
the dietary manager; (4) Susie Hobart, the kitchen supervisor;
and (5) a man identiﬁed as Mr. Harbarger, who oversaw food
supervisors. Balle alleged that these defendants were deliber-
ately indiﬀerent to the dangerous kitchen conditions in viola-
tion of the Eighth Amendment. 5

    4 According to Balle, other inmates said that the practice had existed
for years, but no testimony or aﬃdavit from these inmates appears in the
record. Balle’s account of these inmates’ statements is inadmissible hear-
say, which he cannot use to establish a dispute of fact at summary judg-
ment. Eaton v. J.H. Findorﬀ & Son, Inc., 1 F.4th 508, 512 n.3 (7th Cir. 2021).
    5  Balle also brought a claim based on the failure to adequately supply
the kitchen ﬁrst aid kit against an unknown healthcare employee. The dis-
trict court dismissed that claim at the screening stage, and Balle does not
appeal that dismissal.
No. 21-2393                                                    7

    In October 2019, the district court screened the complaint
under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A and held that Balle could proceed on
his claims against David and Daniel only. The court dismissed
the claims against Susie and Harbarger because it concluded
Balle had not alleged that they “had the authority or expertise
to ﬁx the sink, or otherwise indicate what action they could
have taken” to ﬁx the sink. It determined that Balle did not
state a claim against Teri because he had not alleged that she
had personal knowledge about the kitchen conditions, and
there is no vicarious liability under § 1983. The court did not
specify whether it was dismissing Balle’s claims with or with-
out prejudice, and it did not oﬀer Balle an opportunity to
amend his complaint.
C. Motions to Recruit Counsel
    At the same time Balle ﬁled his complaint, he moved the
district court to recruit counsel pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 1915(e). Balle stated that he had sent letters requesting pro
bono representation to ﬁve lawyers, that he had received only
rejections, and that his case was too complex for him to litigate
without the assistance of counsel. The district court found that
Balle had not made a good faith eﬀort to recruit counsel on
his own. It denied the motion on that basis without consider-
ing the complexity of the case or Balle’s competence to litigate
it pro se. The court stated that if he renewed his motion, Balle
needed “to provide copies of the letters sent to, and received
from, prospective counsel.”
   Balle renewed his motion to recruit counsel two weeks be-
fore discovery opened. He did not indicate that he had sent
additional letters. Instead, he “respectfully remind[ed] the
Court that … he [had] submitted several letters to lawyers
asking for representation,” had “only received denials or no
8                                                  No. 21-2393

responses at all,” and had “received one more response from
an attorney and two legal letters (unopened) as ‘Return to
Sender.’” He devoted the balance of the motion to the com-
plexity of his case and his inability to litigate it on his own.
Balle did not include copies of the letters he sent, but his mo-
tion included scanned images of two envelopes that had been
returned as undeliverable and a response from one lawyer de-
clining to represent Balle.
    The district court denied Balle’s motion, again ﬁnding that
he “had not demonstrated a good faith eﬀort to obtain counsel
on his own.” Despite being “advised that if he wished to re-
new his motion, he was to provide copies of the letters sent to,
and received from, prospective counsel,” Balle merely as-
serted “that he sent several letters to attorneys which were re-
turned as undeliverable,” which the court thought was be-
cause Balle had misdirected the letters. It added that Balle’s
complaint was not too complex for him to litigate himself.
    After the close of discovery, Balle moved the district court
to recruit counsel a third time. He added no new information
regarding his eﬀorts to secure pro bono representation; he
simply reiterated that he had sent letters to ﬁve lawyers and
had not received any positive responses. The district court
noted that Balle “still [did] not provide documentation of his
attempts to contact prospective counsel” and denied the mo-
tion “for the reasons previously given.”
D. Summary Judgment
   In February 2021, Daniel and David moved for summary
judgment, arguing that Balle could not establish that they
were deliberately indiﬀerent. The district court granted the
defendants’ motion in July 2021. It found that there was no
No. 21-2393                                                                 9

genuine dispute of material fact with respect to either defend-
ant’s knowledge. As to David, the court found that his uncon-
troverted testimony established that he was unaware that the
kitchen lacked hot water on January 2, 2019, or that inmates
were required to carry buckets of hot water to the sink. As a
result, no reasonable jury could ﬁnd that David was deliber-
ately indiﬀerent to the dangerous kitchen conditions. Simi-
larly, the court found that Balle lacked admissible evidence
showing a dispute as to Daniel’s state of mind. Although Dan-
iel knew about the ﬂoor conditions and that inmates some-
times had to carry water in buckets, the court found that no
admissible evidence contradicted Daniel’s testimony that he
was unaware that the water exceeded 110 degrees Fahrenheit.
    Balle appealed, and we appointed counsel for him. 6 He
raises three sets of arguments: (1) The district court erred by
granting summary judgment in favor of Daniel and David; (2)
the district court erred by dismissing his claim against Susie
and abused its discretion by not giving him leave to replead
his claims against Teri and Harbarger; (3) and the district
court abused its discretion by not recruiting counsel for him.7

    6We thank Steﬀen Johnson, Ava Mehta, and Conor Tucker of Wilson
Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati for their service to their client and this court.
    7 While pro se, Balle appealed the denial of his claim for an injunction
requiring Pontiac to repair the kitchen and his claims for damages against
the defendants in their oﬃcial capacities. His counsel agrees that the for-
mer claim is moot because Balle is no longer at Pontiac, Gill v. Linnabary,
63 F.4th 609, 613 (7th Cir. 2023), and the latter claims are not cognizable in
a § 1983 action. Will v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 (1989).
10                                                    No. 21-2393

             II. Eighth Amendment Framework
    The Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and
unusual punishment requires prison oﬃcials to “provide hu-
mane conditions of conﬁnement, … ensure that inmates re-
ceive adequate food, clothing, shelter, and medical care, and
… ‘take reasonable measures to guarantee the safety of in-
mates.’” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832–33 (1994) (cita-
tions omitted) (quoting Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 526–27
(1984)). An oﬃcial violates the Eighth Amendment if he ex-
hibits “‘deliberate indiﬀerence’ to a substantial risk of serious
harm to an inmate.” Id. at 828 (citations omitted).
    The deliberate indiﬀerence standard contains “both an ob-
jective and subjective component.” Thomas v. Blackard, 2 F.4th
716, 719 (7th Cir. 2021) (quoting Daugherty v. Page, 906 F.3d
606, 611 (7th Cir. 2018)). Objectively, the challenged prison
conditions must have been so serious that they “creat[ed] an
excessive risk to the inmate’s health and safety.” Id. at 719–20
(quoting Isby v. Brown, 856 F.3d 508, 521 (7th Cir. 2017)). The
oﬃcial must also have been “subjectively aware of” the con-
ditions and “intentionally disregarded” them. Johnson v. Pren-
tice, 29 F.4th 895, 904 (7th Cir. 2022) (citation omitted).
    “Deliberate indiﬀerence occupies a space slightly below
intent and poses a ‘high hurdle and an exacting standard’ re-
quiring ‘something approaching a total unconcern for the
prisoner’s welfare in the face of serious risks.’” Stockton v. Mil-
waukee County, 44 F.4th 605, 615 (7th Cir. 2022) (quoting Don-
ald v. Wexford Health Sources, Inc., 982 F.3d 451, 458 (7th Cir.
2020)). While a plaintiﬀ must prove the defendant’s subjective
state of mind, he need not rely on direct evidence to do so:
No. 21-2393                                                    11

       Whether a prison oﬃcial had the requisite
       knowledge of a substantial risk is a question of
       fact subject to demonstration in the usual ways,
       including inference from circumstantial evi-
       dence, and a factﬁnder may conclude that a
       prison oﬃcial knew of a substantial risk from
       the very fact that the risk was obvious.
Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842 (citations omitted); see, e.g., Gevas v.
McLaughlin, 798 F.3d 475, 480 (7th Cir. 2015). But establishing
an Eighth Amendment violation based on the obviousness of
a risk to inmates requires signiﬁcant evidence. See, e.g., Sinn v.
Lemmon, 911 F.3d 412, 422–24 (7th Cir. 2018) (holding that the
plaintiﬀ’s “limited evidence” was insuﬃcient to establish “a
history or pattern of violence … such that a jury could infer a
level of gang violence so pervasive that [the defendants] actu-
ally knew of a substantial risk of harm to inmates”); Est. of
Simpson v. Gorbett, 863 F.3d 740, 746–47 (7th Cir. 2017) (hold-
ing that evidence that oﬃcials assigned an obese detainee to
a too-small upper bunk could not support an inference of sub-
jective knowledge of a serious risk to inmates because the
danger of falling was not obvious).
    Moreover, evidence that the danger was obvious is not
enough; there must also be evidence that the defendant was
actually “exposed to information concerning the risk” before
a jury can conclude that he “must have known about it.”
Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842–43 (internal quotation marks omitted).
In Balsewicz v. Pawlyk, for example, we noted that to ﬁnd a
prison oﬃcial liable under the Eighth Amendment, that “oﬃ-
cial must have been ‘aware of facts from which the inference
could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists,’
and he must have ‘drawn that inference.’” 963 F.3d 650, 655
12                                                          No. 21-2393

(7th Cir. 2020) (internal alterations omitted) (quoting Farmer,
511 U.S. at 837). Thus, “if an inmate provides evidence that
the risk of serious harm” from those facts “was obvious, a
factﬁnder could reasonably infer that the oﬃcial knew of the
risk.” Id. (citing Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842).
                   III. Summary Judgment:
               Daniel Hobart and David Kennedy
    Balle ﬁrst appeals the grant of summary judgment on his
claims against Daniel and David. 8 A party is entitled to sum-
mary judgment if there is no genuine dispute of material fact
and that party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(a). We review the grant of summary judgment de
novo, construing the facts and drawing all reasonable infer-
ences in favor of the nonmovant. Xiong, 62 F.4th at 353–54.
Because Balle was pro se at the summary judgment stage, we
construe his ﬁlings liberally, Smallwood v. Williams, 59 F.4th
306, 318 (7th Cir. 2023), but pro se litigants are subject to the
same substantive legal rules as represented parties. See, e.g.,
Famous v. Fuchs, 38 F.4th 625, 631 n.22 (7th Cir. 2022).
    We hold that the record lacks suﬃcient evidence to create
a genuine dispute as to Daniel’s or David’s subjective
knowledge. Viewing the record in the light most favorable to
Balle, a reasonable jury could conclude that the kitchen con-
ditions represented an objectively serious danger to inmates,
but gaps in the record prevent a jury from inferring that

     8 Daniel and David attempt to invoke qualiﬁed immunity, but because

they did not assert this defense at summary judgment in the district court,
they cannot raise it on appeal of the grant of summary judgment. Henry v.
Hulett, 969 F.3d 769, 785–86 (7th Cir. 2020) (en banc).
No. 21-2393                                                                 13

Daniel or David actually knew about the conditions that
made the kitchen seriously dangerous.
A. Objective Risk
    We begin with the question of whether the conditions of
the kitchen objectively presented a substantial risk of serious
harm to inmates. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 828–29; Thomas, 2
F.4th at 719–20. 9 It is well established that “slippery surfaces
and shower ﬂoors in prisons, without more, cannot constitute
a hazardous condition of conﬁnement.” Pyles v. Fahim, 771
F.3d 403, 410 & n.25 (7th Cir. 2014). If the kitchen conditions
were only as dangerous as a slippery shower ﬂoor, then there
could be no Eighth Amendment violation. Id.
    Exposing inmates to a greater danger than a slip and fall,
however, may violate the Eighth Amendment. In Anderson v.
Morrison, we allowed a claim to proceed past the pleading
stage when the plaintiﬀ alleged that, while his hands were
cuﬀed behind his back, oﬃcers “ordered him to walk down a
set of stairs … covered with food, milk, and other garbage.”
835 F.3d 681, 682 (7th Cir. 2016) (internal alteration and quo-
tation marks omitted). These conditions presented a more se-
rious danger than a typical slip-and-fall case because the de-
bris on the stairs created “an obstacle course” and cuﬃng the

    9 Balle argues that the defendants have waived or forfeited this issue
on appeal by failing to raise it in their summary judgment brieﬁng in the
district court. See Bradley v. Village of University Park, 59 F.4th 887, 897–98
(7th Cir. 2023) (discussing when appellees can waive arguments); Henry,
969 F.3d at 786 (discussing the distinction between waiver and forfeiture).
The defendants may have forfeited this issue, but it is necessary for us to
address it. What conditions constituted an objective risk of serious harm
informs our analysis of whether a jury could ﬁnd that the defendants were
deliberately indiﬀerent to those conditions.
14                                                        No. 21-2393

plaintiﬀ “prevented [him] from steadying himself to avoid
tripping, slipping, or tumbling down the ﬂight of stairs.” Id.
at 682–83. By failing to help the plaintiﬀ down the stairs, the
guards exposed him to the risk of “plummeting down a ﬂight
of 13 steps,” a “far greater” danger than “slipping on a shower
ﬂoor.” Id. at 683.
    Based on the evidence here, the poor condition of the ﬂoor
alone is not enough to support an Eighth Amendment claim,10
but carrying near-boiling water over that ﬂoor might be. A
wet, uneven kitchen ﬂoor is not meaningfully more danger-
ous than the surfaces in the mine run of slip-and-fall cases,
but carrying scalding water in a bucket over that ﬂoor in-
creases the danger signiﬁcantly. Crediting Balle’s testimony,
a reasonable jury could ﬁnd that the kitchen ﬂoor was like an
“obstacle course” and that having his hands full with a bucket
prevented Balle from seeing the ﬂoor beneath him or “stead-
ying himself to avoid tripping.” See id. Further, falling under
these conditions would be more dangerous than slipping in
the shower—Balle was carrying gallons of scalding water that
could spill on him if he tripped. See id. These conditions are
objectively dangerous enough to raise an issue of fact and give
rise to a potential Eighth Amendment claim.
B. Subjective Knowledge
    Bearing in mind the speciﬁc conditions that made the
kitchen unreasonably dangerous—carrying scalding water in
buckets across the treacherous kitchen ﬂoor—we conclude
that the record lacks suﬃcient evidence to allow a reasonable

     10
     It is possible that a ﬂoor in worse condition—with larger holes, for
example—could pose an objectively serious risk of harm on its own.
No. 21-2393                                                 15

jury to infer that either defendant actually knew about those
conditions. That gap in the record dooms Balle’s claims be-
cause to establish deliberate indiﬀerence he must prove the
defendants “w[ere] subjectively aware of and intentionally
disregarded [the] objectively serious risk to his health or
safety.” Johnson, 29 F.4th at 904 (citation omitted).
   1. Daniel Hobart
    We start with Daniel’s subjective knowledge. It is undis-
puted that Daniel knew that inmates heated and carried water
for dishwashing when the kitchen lacked hot water, but the
fact that the water was dangerously hot is what distinguishes
this case from an ordinary slip-and-fall case. The key issue is
whether Daniel knew the water inmates carried was danger-
ously hot. Balle acknowledges there is no direct evidence of
Daniel’s knowledge, but he argues that a reasonable jury
could infer Daniel knew about the water temperature because
the danger was obvious. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842–43. But
although the risk of carrying scalding water over the kitchen
ﬂoor was obvious, there is insuﬃcient evidence in the record
to allow a jury to conclude that Daniel must have known
about the danger. See id.
    The obviousness of a risk may permit an inference of sub-
jective knowledge, but a defendant must have been “exposed
to information concerning the risk” in order for a jury to draw
that inference. Id.; see Balsewicz, 963 F.3d at 655. At summary
judgment, after drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of
the nonmovant, the evidence must allow a jury to conclude
that the defendant must have—not might have or should
have—been aware of the conditions giving rise to the objec-
tively serious risk to inmates. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842–43
(suggesting that such an inference is proper when the danger
16                                                   No. 21-2393

is “longstanding, pervasive, well-documented, or expressly
noted”). For example, in Haywood v. Hathaway, we reversed a
grant of summary judgment because the record contained ev-
idence that the warden knew that the plaintiﬀ’s cell window
did not close and that an ice storm caused the prison to lose
power during extremely cold weather. 842 F.3d 1026, 1031
(7th Cir. 2016) (per curiam). In contrast, in Sinn v. Lemmon, we
aﬃrmed summary judgment for two supervisor defendants
because the plaintiﬀ’s evidence at most showed “isolated in-
cidents” of gang violence, not “widespread unconstitutional
practices” from which a jury could infer the defendants had
subjective knowledge of a serious risk. 911 F.3d at 422–24.
    Here, the evidence is insuﬃcient to support the inference
that Daniel must have known that inmates carried danger-
ously hot water, which in turn means that a reasonable jury
could not infer that he had subjective knowledge about the
objectively serious risk to Balle. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842–43.
A jury could ﬁnd that Daniel might or should have been
aware of the danger, but these ﬁndings are insuﬃcient to es-
tablish Eighth Amendment liability. See Est. of Simpson, 863
F.3d at 746–47 (“The rule is that an oﬃcial who should have,
but failed, to perceive a signiﬁcant risk cannot be held liable.”
(citing Farmer, 511 U.S. at 838)).
    Even if a jury could infer that Daniel witnessed inmates
carrying water, there is no evidence in the record about how
often the water was too hot or whether it would be visually
obvious to an observer. Balle testiﬁed that the water was sim-
mering on January 2, 2019, so perhaps inmates heated water
similarly on other occasions, but the record does not support
the ﬁnding that water was always visibly simmering in the
kettles. From these facts, a jury could reasonably infer that
No. 21-2393                                                              17

Daniel might have seen inmates heating and carrying danger-
ously hot water during one of his visits to the kitchen, but
ﬁnding that he must have done so would be a speculative in-
ference, not a reasonable one. See Moran v. Calumet City, 54
F.4th 483, 491 (7th Cir. 2022). 11
    Alternatively, a jury could infer that Daniel had subjective
knowledge about a substantial risk to inmates if the practice
of heating water in kettles itself was obviously dangerous. See
Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842–43. Put diﬀerently, does his knowledge
that inmates heated water in kettles alone permit a reasonable
inference that Daniel knew the water would become too hot,
without evidence that he knew about the actual water tem-
perature? On this record, for a jury to infer knowledge of ob-
viously dangerous conditions based on the water-carrying
practice alone, it would ﬁrst be necessary to draw three dis-
tinct inferences: (1) left to their own devices, inmates would
heat water to dangerous temperatures; (2) supervisors did not
train inmates to use thermometers or otherwise keep the wa-
ter at safe temperatures; and (3) supervisors would fail to
monitor inmates while they heated water and fail to intervene
if the water became too hot. Without all three inferences, the

    11   The fact that Balle saw inmates carrying water in the kitchen while
he was working in the dining room does not change things. If Hobart had
been in the dining room at the right time, he too might have seen inmates
carrying buckets. But he already knew that inmates sometimes carried wa-
ter; it is the temperature of the water that matters. Balle did not testify—
and it would be unreasonable to infer—that he could determine the tem-
perature of water in a bucket from a diﬀerent room. The possibility that
Hobart was present in the dining room while inmates were moving water
in the kitchen does not support an inference that he knew about the water
temperature.
18                                                    No. 21-2393

chances of serious injury would go down, either because the
water would not become dangerously hot or because inmates
would not carry the water until it cooled, and the kitchen con-
ditions would no longer constitute an objective risk of serious
harm. See Est. of Simpson, 863 F.3d at 746–47 (rejecting an
Eighth Amendment claim when there was insuﬃcient evi-
dence of a risk of serious injury); Pyles, 771 F.3d at 410 & n.25
(rejecting an Eighth Amendment claim based on the risk of an
ordinary slip and fall).
    The problem for Balle is that the only evidence about the
water-carrying practice is Balle’s testimony about January 2,
2019, and Daniel’s testimony that he did not provide—or di-
rect his subordinates to provide—instructions about safe wa-
ter temperatures. Without evidence about the water tempera-
ture on other days or testimony from inmates or supervisors
about safety training or the lack thereof, all a jury could rely
on is evidence from a single date and its own intuitions. A jury
could reasonably conclude that there was some chance that in-
mates would heat water to dangerous temperatures under
these circumstances, but inferring that Daniel must have
known that the water-heating and -carrying practice posed a
substantial danger to inmates would be unreasonably specu-
lative. See Moran, 54 F.4th at 491; Est. of Simpson, 863 F.3d at
746–47; cf. Levin v. Miller, 900 F.3d 856, 863 (7th Cir. 2018) (ex-
pressing doubt about the validity of an “intricate chain of in-
ferences rest[ing] on a series of speculative … links”).
    To succeed on his Eighth Amendment claim, Balle must
prove that the danger was so obvious that Daniel must have
known about it. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842–43. Based on the facts
in the record, a reasonable jury could not ﬁnd that Daniel had
actual knowledge about the dangerous water temperature.
No. 21-2393                                                           19

Thus, the district court correctly granted summary judgment
on Balle’s claim against Daniel.
    2. David Kennedy
    The analysis regarding David’s state of mind is more
straightforward. David admitted he knew about the condition
of the kitchen ﬂoor and the periodic hot water failures in the
kitchen, but no evidence shows that he was aware that in-
mates were instructed to carry scalding water over the kitchen
ﬂoor. And as with Daniel, no matter how obviously danger-
ous the kitchen conditions were, without evidence that David
was aware of those conditions, a reasonable jury could not in-
fer that he was deliberately indiﬀerent to that danger. See id.
Therefore, the district court properly granted summary judg-
ment on Balle’s claim against David. 12
            IV. Dismissal at the Screening Stage:
         Susie Hobart, Teri Kennedy, and Harbarger
    We next turn to the dismissal of Balle’s claims against
Susie, Teri, and Harbarger. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1), the
district court screens complaints ﬁled by prisoners against
prison oﬃcials, dismissing complaints that fail to state a claim
upon which relief may be granted. “To survive dismissal, a
prisoner plaintiﬀ need only plead suﬃcient facts to suggest a
plausible claim for relief,” which is “not an exacting stand-
ard.” Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 333–34 (7th Cir. 2022) (cita-
tions omitted) (quoting Jaros v. IDOC, 684 F.3d 667, 672 (7th

    12 Because David lacked subjective knowledge, we do not reach the
issue of whether his eﬀorts to ﬁx the structural problem with the kitchen
ﬂoor establish that he “responded reasonably to the risk” as a matter of
law. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842–43.
20                                                   No. 21-2393

Cir. 2012)). We review the dismissal for failure to state a claim
de novo, taking the facts alleged in the complaint as true and
construing the complaint liberally in favor of the pro se plain-
tiﬀ. Dorsey, 55 F.4th at 1098–99.
A. Susie Hobart
    The district court dismissed the claim against Susie at the
pleading stage, but Balle argues that he stated a plausible
claim against her. We agree. In essence, the facts Balle alleged
in his complaint match up with the version of the summary
judgment evidence most favorable to Balle. Thus, for the rea-
sons discussed above, Balle plausibly alleged that he faced a
substantial risk of serious harm. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834. As
to subjective knowledge, what distinguishes Balle’s claim
against Susie from his claims against Daniel and David is that
Balle alleges that Susie was present in the kitchen on the day
of his injury. Balle did not allege that Susie knew the water
was dangerously hot, but liberally construed, his complaint
pleaded suﬃcient facts to permit that inference. The danger
of carrying ﬁve-gallon buckets full of scalding water across a
wet, uneven ﬂoor is obvious, and a factﬁnder could infer that
because Susie was present while inmates were carrying water
in this manner, she must have been aware of the danger. See
id. at 842–43. From there, the factﬁnder could infer that Susie
was deliberately indiﬀerent because she required the inmates
to continue this dangerous practice. Id.
    The district court faulted Balle for failing to “assert[] that
[Susie] had the authority or expertise to ﬁx the sink, or other-
wise indicate what action [she] could have taken.” But Balle
only had to plead facts “suggest[ing] a plausible claim for re-
lief,” Shaw, 52 F.4th at 333–34; he did not need to identify spe-
ciﬁc measures Susie should have taken to protect him from
No. 21-2393                                                      21

the dangerous kitchen conditions. Cf. Balsewicz, 963 F.3d at
655 (analyzing whether the defendant took reasonable
measures separately from the elements of the plaintiﬀ’s
claim). Given Balle’s allegations, it is plausible that Susie
could have made the kitchen conditions safer, even if she
could not have ﬁxed the hot water herself. She could have, for
example, ensured the water was kept at a safe temperature;
instructed the inmates not to ﬁll the buckets completely, so
they would be easier to handle; or sought to provide the in-
mates with safer equipment, such as carts to place the buckets
in. Particularly given that courts construe pro se ﬁlings liber-
ally, Dorsey, 55 F.4th at 1098–99, Balle did not have to allege
actions Susie could have taken to survive the pleading stage.
    Susie argues that Balle pleaded himself out of court by al-
leging that she had submitted work orders about the hot wa-
ter and that she said she would reverse Balle’s job transfer. In
Susie’s view, these allegations establish that she took “reason-
able measures … to avert [a] known risk[],” which “insulate[s]
[her] from Eighth Amendment liability.” Bagola v. Kindt, 131
F.3d 632, 646 (7th Cir. 1997) (citations omitted); see Farmer, 511
U.S. at 832–33. But the defendant’s actions must be an attempt
to lessen the risk in order to constitute reasonable measures.
Balsewicz, 963 F.3d at 655; see, e.g., Hale v. Tallapoosa County, 50
F.3d 1579, 1583–84 (11th Cir. 1995) (noting several possible
measures to abate the risk of inmate-on-inmate violence and
holding that the defendant’s opinion that “work[ing] toward
construction of a new jail … was the only way to reduce the
risk of violence” did not constitute “reasonable measures” as
a matter of law). Placing work orders and oﬀering to transfer
Balle back to his old job did not address the danger posed by
carrying scalding water over a slippery, potholed ﬂoor. Susie
may argue that these actions show she was not deliberately
22                                                            No. 21-2393

indiﬀerent, but that is a determination for a factﬁnder to
make, not a basis for dismissing a claim at the pleading stage.
See Anderson, 835 F.3d at 683; Hale, 50 F.3d at 1583–84.
   Because the complaint stated a plausible Eighth Amend-
ment claim against Susie, the district court erred when it dis-
missed Balle’s claim against her.
B. Teri Kennedy and Harbarger
    The district court also dismissed Balle’s claims against Teri
and Harbarger. Balle does not argue that his complaint stated
a plausible claim against these defendants. Instead, he argues
that the district court abused its discretion by failing to give
him permission to replead his claims against these defend-
ants. We disagree.
    The district court did not specify whether the dismissal of
Balle’s claims was with or without prejudice, so we treat it as
a dismissal with prejudice. Arnett v. Webster, 658 F.3d 742, 756
(7th Cir. 2011) (“[A]n involuntary dismissal operates as an ad-
judication on the merits if not otherwise indicated.” (citing
Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b)). Balle accurately points out that “[t]he
law is clear that a court should deny leave to amend only if it
is certain that amendment would be futile or otherwise un-
warranted.” Zimmerman v. Bornick, 25 F.4th 491, 494 (7th Cir.
2022) (citations omitted). 13 Although the district court should
have allowed Balle to amend his complaint, id., we review the
failure to grant leave to amend only for abuse of discretion.
See White v. Ill. State Police, 15 F.4th 801, 808 (7th Cir. 2021).

     13 Here, the district court did not indicate that any circumstances war-

ranting an “exception[al]” dismissal with prejudice were present. See Zim-
merman, 25 F.4th at 494 (citations omitted).
No. 21-2393                                                    23

Balle did not seek to amend his complaint, and we have held
that failing to inform a plaintiﬀ that he can amend his com-
plaint is not an abuse of discretion, even when the plaintiﬀ is
pro se. Arnett, 658 F.3d at 756 (“[The pro se plaintiﬀ] never
sought to amend his complaint … and the district court was
not required to inform him that he should.”); see also White, 15
F.4th at 808 (same for a represented party). It is sound practice
to make clear if a plaintiﬀ—particularly a pro se plaintiﬀ—
may amend his complaint, but the district court did not abuse
its discretion by failing to do so here. Arnett, 658 F.3d at 756.
We aﬃrm the dismissal of Balle’s claims against Teri and Har-
barger.
                V. Motions to Recruit Counsel
    Last, we consider whether the district court was required
to recruit an attorney to represent Balle. An indigent prisoner
is not entitled to an attorney in civil litigation, but a district
court may request that a lawyer represent him under 28
U.S.C. § 1951(e)(1). To determine whether to recruit counsel,
the court ﬁrst asks whether “the indigent plaintiﬀ [has] made
a reasonable attempt to obtain counsel or been eﬀectively pre-
cluded from doing so,” and if so, whether “given the diﬃculty
of the case, does the plaintiﬀ appear competent to litigate it
himself?” Pruitt v. Mote, 503 F.3d 647, 654–55 (7th Cir. 2007)
(en banc) (citation omitted); see also Watts v. Kidman, 42 F.4th
775, 761 (7th Cir. 2022) (holding that the district court may
consider the strength or weakness of the plaintiﬀ’s case at
Pruitt step two). We review the denial of a motion to recruit
counsel for abuse of discretion, asking whether the district
court made a reasonable decision based on the record before
it. Dorsey, 55 F.4th at 1105. If we ﬁnd that the district court
24                                                     No. 21-2393

abused its discretion, we will reverse only if the denial of the
motion prejudiced the plaintiﬀ. Id.
    Balle focuses on Pruitt’s second step, arguing that the dis-
trict court abused its discretion by ﬁnding that Balle was com-
petent to represent himself. But the court denied Balle’s mo-
tions based on Pruitt step one, not two. Determining whether
a plaintiﬀ has made reasonable eﬀorts to recruit counsel him-
self “is a mandatory, threshold inquiry that must be deter-
mined before moving to the second inquiry.” Eagan v. Demp-
sey, 987 F.3d 667, 682 (7th Cir. 2021) (citations omitted). On the
ﬁrst Pruitt step, Balle simply asserts that his eﬀorts to ﬁnd
counsel were reasonable and that the district court abused its
discretion by concluding otherwise. We cannot agree.
    The district court deemed Balle’s assertion that he had
contacted ﬁve lawyers insuﬃcient to show a reasonable at-
tempt to recruit counsel under Pruitt step one. It instructed
him to provide more information about his attempts to recruit
counsel. The court here may have held Balle to a higher stand-
ard than some other district courts, see, e.g., Scott v. Richter, 754
F. App’x 458, 461 (7th Cir. 2019) (per curiam) (“No one has
disputed that [the plaintiﬀ] met the ﬁrst requirement by
showing that he contacted ﬁve attorneys who would not take
the case.”), but this does not suggest the court abused its dis-
cretion. The court wanted to assess the substance of Balle’s re-
quests for pro bono representation before determining
whether he had made reasonable eﬀorts. It was within its dis-
cretion to do so. See Thomas v. Wardell, 951 F.3d 854, 858, 860
(7th Cir. 2020) (concluding that the district court “satisfacto-
rily evaluated” requests for counsel when it concluded that
writing to 14 lawyers did not constitute reasonable eﬀorts be-
cause the “letters did not provide information about the
No. 21-2393                                                                 25

claims … and some pre-dated events in [the plaintiﬀ’s] com-
plaint”).
     A district court might abuse its discretion if it requires too
much formality from a plaintiﬀ. Pruitt step one requires rea-
sonable eﬀorts, not perfect recordkeeping. 503 F.3d at 654–55.
Prisoners may face ﬁnancial or logistical diﬃculties in making
and retaining copies of correspondence, and they may not ap-
preciate the importance of saving copies of letters. If a pris-
oner lacks a letter that a district court asks for a copy of, he
still may be able to substantially comply with the court’s re-
quest. He might, for example, describe the contents of the let-
ter or provide a copy of a letter created later and explain that
it is similar to the earlier one.
    Here, though, we have no occasion to decide the precise
limits of what a district court may require from a plaintiﬀ at
Pruitt step one because Balle made no attempt to comply with
the district court’s instructions. The court made clear what it
expected of Balle. In its denial of his ﬁrst motion, the court
stated in plain terms that he must provide copies of the letters
he sent to lawyers and the responses he received. In response,
Balle attached scanned images of two returned envelopes14
and a denial letter to his second motion, but those documents
did not reveal anything about the substance of his requests for

    14 We do not know whether these envelopes contained the letters
when Balle submitted them, but the record on appeal includes scans of the
outsides of the envelopes only, and there is no indication that the district
court had access to the letters. If Balle still has access to these letters and
wishes to attach them to a future motion, he should remove them from the
envelopes to ensure the letters themselves appear in the record.
26                                                    No. 21-2393

counsel. Balle did not include copies of the letters he sent
seeking pro bono representation, attempt to describe the con-
tents of the letters, or inform the court that he no longer had
copies of them. When the court denied his second motion, it
found that he “still had yet to demonstrate that he attempted
to secure counsel on his own.” Balle’s third motion included
no new information about his eﬀorts to recruit counsel. Thus,
Balle failed to provide the district court with the information
it deemed necessary to evaluate the reasonableness of his ef-
forts to recruit counsel. The district court did not abuse its dis-
cretion by denying Balle’s motions. See Thomas, 951 F.3d at
858, 860.
    We aﬃrm the denial of Balle’s motions to recruit counsel,
but we note that Balle may renew his request for counsel as
he litigates his claim against Susie in the district court. If he
does, we emphasize that he must follow the court’s instruc-
tions about how to demonstrate a good faith eﬀort to obtain
counsel or explain in detail why he cannot do so.
                        VI. Conclusion
    We reverse the dismissal of Balle’s claim for damages
against Susie Hobart in her individual capacity, modify the
judgment on Balle’s claims for injunctive relief to a dismissal
without prejudice for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, and
aﬃrm the judgment in all other respects. We remand the case
for further proceedings on Balle’s claim for damages against
Susie Hobart in her individual capacity. On remand, Balle
may renew his motion to recruit counsel if he wishes.