Court Opinion

ID: 9639380
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-22 16:15:11.63433+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:10:17.148963
License: Public Domain

*795TIM TAFT, Justice,
concurring.
I join the opinion of Justice Jennings, but I write this concurring opinion to further note a couple of matters.
In Boyett v. State, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals explained that, when a jury is asked to consider lesser-included offenses in determining the guilt of a defendant, the jury charge should “explicitly” instruct jurors that if they do not believe, or if they have a reasonable doubt of a defendant’s guilt of a greater offense, “they should acquit” the defendant of the greater offense and then “proceed to consider whether [the defendant is] guilty of the lesser included offense.” 692 S.W.2d 512, 515 (Tex.Crim.App.1985). Although appellant acknowledges that the source of the instruction in question is the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals opinion in Boy-ett, he contends that
The majority opinion [in Boyett ] relied solely upon a form book sample jury charge for its holding that the jury charge should have instructed the jury to acquit the defendant of the greater offense before considering a lesser offense. The majority opinion did not explain why a unanimous agreement to acquit of a greater offense is required before the jury is allowed to consider guilt of a lesser included offense.
Of course, the Court of Criminal Appeals had no reason to address the controversy regarding “unanimity” that arose more than a decade after its Boyett opinion. See Hutson v. State, No. 03-99-00523-CR, 2000 WL 298675 (Tex.App.-Austin Mar. 23, 2000, pet. ref'd) (not designated for publication) (finding no requirement of unanimity).
This Court has been presented with the unanimity controversy in several cases. Initially, we found it unnecessary to resolve the controversy because even assuming the instruction required unanimity and that such was error, we held that any error was harmless. See Campbell v. State, 227 S.W.3d 326, 332 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.). Subsequently, this Court has held that the instruction is not erroneous because it does not require unanimity. See Mitchel v. State, 264 S.W.3d 244, 250 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. ref'd). We have followed Mitchel in a couple of unpublished opinions. See Barrios v. State, No. 01-07-00099-CR, 2008 WL 1747738, at *2 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 17, 2008, pet. granted) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Rainey v. State, No. 01-06-01026-CR, 2008 WL 1747623, at *2 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 17, 2008, pet. filed) (mem. op., not designated for publication). Although the Court of Criminal Appeals refused review in Mitchel it granted review in Barrios.
I acknowledge that there are reasonable arguments on both sides of the unanimity controversy. In Mitchel, we relied primarily on the existence of another instruction that presumed the jurors were considering whether to convict of the greater or lesser offense, in which case they should resolve any doubt by finding the defendant guilty of the lesser offense. See Mitchel, 264 S.W.3d at 250. The practicality of avoiding mistrials when a jury cannot unanimously find the defendant not guilty of the greater before considering the lesser, as illustrated by the Hutson case, further supports our former holding in Mitchel.
In Campbell, we pointed out a couple of considerations that cut each way. For example, the word unanimously does not appear in the complained of instruction, but only in the boilerplate in regard to the foreman’s duty to certify the verdict unanimously agreed upon. See Campbell, 227 S.W.3d at 328. We noted that the verdict form provided four equal choices (not *796guilty of any offense, guilty of the greater offense, and guilty of either of the two lesser offenses). See id. at 329. The absence of a verdict form for not guilty of the greater offense also tends to support non-unanimity. We also mentioned the Hitt-sou opinion from the Third Court of Appeals. Id.
Supporting unanimity, we observed in Campbell that the language of the instruction itself in which the pronoun “you” is used in place of “members of the jury,” implying that only if all jurors had a reasonable doubt of guilt as to the greater, should they go on to consider the first lesser offense. Id. at 329 & n. 1. Within the harmless error analysis in Campbell, we also observed the well-established principle that any error in the instructions regarding the lesser offenses is not reversible because the jury is presumed to have stopped deliberating after having found the defendant guilty of the greater offense. Id. at 330. Closely related to this last consideration is the observation that one reads a document stai'ting from the top of the first page. One who begins reading the charge in the present case, for example, will read through some introductory language, some definitions, and then come to the application paragraph for the greater offense. The application paragraph instructs the jurors in plain language that if they believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty of the greater offense, then they will find the defendant guilty of that offense. No one questions that the finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt as to the charged offense must be a unanimous decision, even though the application paragraph does not expressly say so.
Then comes the instruction in question:
Unless you so find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, or if you have a reasonable doubt thereof, you will acquit the defendant of manslaughter and next consider whether the defendant is guilty of the lesser offense of criminally negligent homicide.
In accord with the mandate from Boyett and consistent with the plain language of the context, I would also hold that this instruction requires the jury to unanimously acquit the defendant before proceeding to consider appellant’s guilt of a lesser included offense. Such a holding not only is true to the mandate of the Court of Criminal Appeals and the plain language of the jury charge, it is also in accord with the policy consideration that the State, which brought the original charge against the defendant, is entitled to a verdict on that charge. Of course, a verdict in a criminal case must be unanimous.
That leaves the question of what to do with the instruction upon which we relied in Mitchel:
If you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty of either manslaughter on the one hand or criminally negligent homicide on the other hand, but you have a reasonable doubt as to which of said offenses he is guilty, then you must resolve that doubt in the defendant’s favor and find ■ him guilty of the lesser offense of criminally negligent homicide.
I would hold that this instruction is inherently confusing and should not be submitted to the jury. If the jury had unanimously found beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was guilty of the greater offense, it should have proceeded to the verdict page and indicated it had found the defendant guilty of the greater offense. If the jury unanimously did not so find, then it should have acquitted the defendant of the greater offense and gone on to consider a lesser-included offense. In either case, the jury will never be in a position of having to choose between the greater and *797the lesser, wondering of which the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
For these reasons, I agree that the jury instruction in question is not erroneous, I agree that it requires unanimity, and I concur in the overruling of appellant’s first point.