Court Opinion

ID: 4647853
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-30 10:07:25.329285+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:09.002635
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                  revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

AMY RYGWELSKI,                                                        UNPUBLISHED
                                                                      December 29, 2020
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                     No. 349743
                                                                      Genesee Circuit Court
CITY OF FLINT, SAM CLAYTON, and                                       LC No. 18-110413-CZ
RAYMOND BARTON,

               Defendants-Appellees.

Before: BOONSTRA, P.J., and GADOLA and TUKEL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Plaintiff appeals by right the judgment of no cause of action entered against her after a jury
trial. We affirm.

                   I. PERTINENT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         Plaintiff worked for the defendant City of Flint (Flint) as a firefighter since 2006. She and
defendant Sam Clayton (Clayton), a 21-year veteran of the fire department, worked at the same
fire station. The firefighters typically worked 24-hour shifts. On the morning of November 2,
2017, plaintiff was finishing her shift when Clayton arrived early for his shift. The two met in the
firehouse kitchen and, according to plaintiff, Clayton approached her from behind, put his hand on
the front side of her abdomen, pushed his body against hers, and said, “Good Morning, Amy.”
Plaintiff also alleged that Clayton smelled like alcohol. Clayton, on the other hand, asserted that
he had merely met the plaintiff in the kitchen and exchanged pleasantries; he denied ever touching
her or having consumed alcohol that morning.

       On November 3, 2017, plaintiff reported the alleged incident to her supervisors, which led
to an internal investigation. While the investigation was pending, plaintiff and Clayton were
reassigned to different fire stations on the order of defendant Chief Raymond Barton (Barton).

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        On January 26, 2018, plaintiff filed suit against defendants, asserting claims under the
Whistleblowers’ Protection Act (WPA), MCL 15.361 et seq., race1 and sex-based discrimination
and retaliation under the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act (ELCRA), MCL 37.2101 et seq, ethnic
intimidation in violation of MCL 750.147b (part of the Michigan Penal Code), assault and battery
(against Clayton), and wrongful termination in violation of public policy. She claimed that after
she reported the alleged inappropriate touching, Flint and Barton took adverse employment action
against her, including transferring her to a different fire station and disciplining her more severely
than other firefighters (namely, male coworkers) after she was found to have violated the
department’s media policy. Specifically, plaintiff received a 29-day suspension after the
department learned that, while on a fire run, she used her cell phone to take a picture of the rising
sun while a house burned in the foreground, and posted the picture to social media.

        Plaintiff later claimed that Clayton had also retaliated against her by intentionally
interfering with her union membership, allegedly with the help of department supervisors, by
making baseless claims that she had violated union policies. This claim was based on Clayton
having reported to the firefighters’ union, in March 2018, that plaintiff was concurrently working
for both the Flint Fire Department and the Bishop Airport Fire Department (which Clayton
believed violated union conflict-of-interest policies). During these proceedings, plaintiff resigned
from her position as a union vice president.

        Defendants moved for summary disposition on various grounds, and the trial court granted
the motion in part and denied it in part. As a result, the only claims that proceeded to trial were
(1) assault and battery against Clayton, (2) retaliation under the ELCRA, and (3) retaliation under
the WPA.2 Further, the court held that the only alleged adverse employment action for which
plaintiff could potentially recover any damages was the alleged attempt to oust plaintiff from the
union, because the trial court found that plaintiff had signed a release, as part of the union grievance
process, for any claims related to her 29-day suspension for violating the department’s media
policy.

        At trial, at the close of her case-in-chief, plaintiff moved for a directed verdict on the issue
of Clayton’s and Flint’s liability for retaliation under the ELCRA, arguing that Clayton had
admitted to retaliating against her because he was angry at her for reporting him for sexual
harassment. The trial court denied the motion. During jury deliberations, the jury asked a question
regarding whether plaintiff’s complaint constituted “filing a charge under” the ELCRA if the
charge was false. At the trial court’s request, both parties submitted a proposed supplemental jury
instruction. After reviewing the proposed instructions, the trial court concluded that defendants’

1
 Plaintiff is Caucasian. Clayton and Barton are both African-American. Plaintiff alleged, among
other things, that defendants made adverse employment decisions based on her race. Specifically,
plaintiff alleged that she was told “she could not be in certain areas/events getting media coverage
because ‘you cannot be the face of the Fire Dept.’ ”
2
  During trial, the trial court granted a directed verdict in favor of Clayton on the WPA retaliation
claim against him. The trial court ruled that there was no individual liability for nonsupervisors
under the WPA. Consequently, the jury was only asked to consider the WPA claims insofar as
they pertained to Flint and Chief Barton. Plaintiff does not challenge on appeal the trial court’s
order granting a directed verdict in favor of Clayton on this claim.

                                                  -2-
proposed instruction accurately stated the law, and it therefore provided that instruction to the jury.
Shortly thereafter, the jury returned a verdict of no cause of action on all counts. Regarding
plaintiff’s WPA claim, when asked if plaintiff engaged in a protected activity, the jury answered,
“No.” Similarly, with regard to her claim under the ELCRA, when asked if plaintiff opposed a
violation of the ELCRA, or filed a charge under the act, the jury answered, “No.” Finally, when
asked if Clayton willfully and intentionally touched plaintiff against her will, or made threats to
do bodily injury to plaintiff, the jury replied, “No.”

       This appeal followed.

                              II. DENIAL OF DIRECTED VERDICT

        Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred by denying her motion for a directed verdict against
Clayton and Flint (as his employer) regarding her retaliation claim under the ELCRA. We
disagree. We review de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for a directed verdict. Aroma
Wines & Equip, Inc v Columbian Dist Servs, Inc, 497 Mich 337, 345; 871 NW2d 136 (2015). We
also review de novo issues of statutory interpretation. Elezovic v Ford Motor Co, 472 Mich 408,
418; 697 NW2d 851 (2005).

        Preliminarily, we note that plaintiff moved for a directed verdict at the end of her case-in-
chief, before defendants even had an opportunity to present their evidence. MCR 2.516 governs
motions for directed verdicts and provides, in relevant part, “[a] party may move for a directed
verdict at the close of evidence offered by an opponent.” Plaintiff’s motion was therefore
premature at the time it was made, and plaintiff never renewed her motion at the close of
defendants’ proofs. This procedural flaw was sufficient reason for the trial court to deny plaintiff’s
motion, and it is sufficient reason for us to affirm that decision.

        In any event, even if plaintiff had properly moved for a directed verdict at the close of
defendants’ case, she still would not have been entitled to a directed verdict in her favor. “When
evaluating a motion for directed verdict, the court must consider the evidence in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party, making all reasonable inferences in the nonmoving party’s
favor.” Chouman v Home Owners Ins Co, 293 Mich App 434, 441; 810 NW2d 88 (2011)
(quotation marks and citation omitted). Conflicts in the evidence must be resolved in the
nonmoving party’s favor to determine whether a question of fact exists. Cacevic v Simplimatic
Engineering Co (On Remand), 248 Mich App 670, 679, 645 NW2d 287 (2001). “A directed
verdict is appropriately granted only when no factual questions exist on which reasonable jurors
could differ.” Id. at 679-680.

       MCL 37.2202(1)(a) provides that an “employer” shall not, among other things,
discriminate against an individual because of sex. An “employer” is defined as a person who has
one or more employees, and includes an agent of that person. MCL 37.2201(a). Further,
discrimination because of sex includes sexual harassment. MCL 37.2103(i). The retaliation
provision of the ELCRA provides:

               Two or more persons shall not conspire to, or a person shall not:

             (a) Retaliate or discriminate against a person because the person has
       opposed a violation of this act, or because the person has made a charge, filed a

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        complaint, testified, assisted, or participated in an investigation, proceeding, or
        hearing under this act. [MCL 37.2701.]

To establish a prima face case of retaliation under the ELCRA, a plaintiff must demonstrate that
(1) she engaged in a protected activity, (2) this was known by the defendant, (3) the defendant took
an employment action adverse to the plaintiff, and (4) there was a causal connection between the
protected activity and the adverse employment action. El-Khalil v Oakwood Healthcare, Inc, 504
Mich 152, 161; 934 NW2d 665 (2019).

        Plaintiff’s theory of the case was that Clayton retaliated against her for reporting him for
sexual harassment. In essence, plaintiff argues that Clayton and his counsel conceded all elements
of plaintiff’s prima facie case of retaliation, stating that Clayton admitted that he “retaliated against
[plaintiff] because he was angry with her for reporting him after he intentionally touched her
against her will.” This, however, does not accurately describe the evidence. Plaintiff’s
characterization of Clayton’s testimony suggests that Clayton admitted that he inappropriately
touched plaintiff, and that he filed a complaint with the union because she had made a credible
complaint of harassment; however, the record shows that Clayton consistently denied that he
touched plaintiff and that he stated that he filed the complaint because he felt that she had lied to
their supervisor regarding their encounter, possibly seeking revenge for an earlier incident in which
Clayton and plaintiff had argued over an injury that had occurred during a flag football game
between the police department and fire department.

        In his opening statement, defendants’ trial counsel made the following remarks:

               The second defense in this case, retaliation. You’ve got to break it down
        and you’ve got to remember which hat I’m wearing. Am I representing Barton or
        Clayton?

                So Clayton’s position is going to be you’re doggone right I retaliated. I was
        furious about what she did. She ruined my reputation. She lied about me and that
        is not protected activity, and I tried to get her kicked out of the union for that. He
        is going to tell you that.

Later, when addressing Clayton’s complaint to the union, defendants’ counsel added:

                 The point is that you are going to hear from officer –from Mr. Clayton who
        is going to say my motive in filing this complaint was I was angry at what I had
        been put through. And we are going to talk about that in a second. But I believed
        in good faith that she had violated the rules and she ought to be held accountable
        for it and her response to the complaint was she was (inaudible).

               Now it is true that Officer Clayton (sic) didn’t stop. He pushed it because
        he wanted her kicked out of the union. You are going to hear that.

                                                * * *

                 So what is the evidence of lack of retaliation by Mr. Clayton? The evidence
        is that he was motivated by retaliation to kick Ms. Rygwelski out of the union, but

                                                  -4-
       that he was doing so because she made up a story about him. Not because she
       reported him for sexual harassment.

Consistent with representations made in counsel’s opening statement, Clayton testified that he
filed the union complaint against plaintiff because he was angry that she had made a false claim
of harassment against him. He indicated that he wanted to “piss her off,” but also that he thought
that plaintiff should be removed from the union for violating union rules by working for another
fire department.

         Considering the record in full, Clayton admitted, at most, that he was angry and that he
filed an internal union complaint against plaintiff because she had fabricated a sexual harassment
claim. Plaintiff asserts that these admissions were tantamount to Clayton acknowledging that he
retaliated against plaintiff because she filed a claim under the ELCRA, i.e., because she engaged
in a protected activity. We disagree.

        The first hurdle for plaintiff to overcome in establishing a prima facie case of retaliation
was to demonstrate that she had engaged in a protected activity. A “protected activity” is defined
to include opposition to a violation of, initiating a charge under, filing a complaint under, or
participating in a proceeding, investigation or hearing under the ELCRA. MCL 37.2701(a).
“Plaintiff cannot prevail on a claim of retaliation in violation of the CRA without establishing that
[she] engaged in activity protected under the act.” Barrett v Kirtland Community College, 245
Mich App 306, 318; 628 NW2d 63 (2001). Further, plaintiff must have, at a minimum, a good-
faith belief that she was reporting an unlawful employment practice. Booker v Brown &
Williamson Tobacco Co, Inc, 879 F2d 1304, 1313 (CA 6 1989) (interpreting the retaliation
provisions of the ELCRA).3

        In this case, plaintiff testified that she was inappropriately touched by Clayton and that she
reported this alleged sexual harassment to her superiors and human resources. Clayton, however,
denied that he ever touched plaintiff, let alone in the manner she described at trial. “When
considering a motion for a directed verdict, it is ‘the factfinder’s responsibility to determine the
credibility and weight of trial testimony.’ ” King v Reed, 278 Mich App 504, 522: 751 NW2d525
(2008). That is, a jury is free to disbelieve and to discredit the testimony offered in support of a
plaintiff’s case. Taylor v Mobley, 279 Mich App 309, 314; 760 NW2d 234 (2008). If the jury
were to believe that plaintiff fabricated her claim of sexual harassment, then plaintiff was not
engaged in a protected activity. Reporting a fabricated account of harassment would not be an
activity protected by the act, because a plaintiff could not possibly be acting upon a good-faith or
reasonable belief of unlawful activity. And because a question of fact existed with respect to
whether the sexual harassment actually occurred, reasonable jurors could have differed with
respect to whether plaintiff engaged in protected activity. Accordingly, the trial court did not err
when it denied plaintiff’s motion for a directed verdict.

3
  Our Supreme Court has observed that “[w]e are many times guided in our interpretation of the
Michigan Civil Rights Act by federal court interpretations of its counterpart federal statute,” even
though Michigan courts “are not compelled to follow those federal interpretations.” Chambers v
Trettco, Inc, 463 Mich 297, 313; 614 NW2d 910 (2000).

                                                 -5-
        Moreover, even if there was no genuine issue of material fact regarding whether plaintiff
had engaged in protected activity, ultimately, plaintiff was not penalized by the union, or her
employer, as a result of Clayton’s complaint. The union trial board concluded that plaintiff had
not violated union bylaws and dismissed Clayton’s charge. There was testimony that the union
president requested that plaintiff voluntarily resign from her leadership role in the union, and that
plaintiff did so; in fact, Kowalesky testified that there was really no reason for plaintiff to have
resigned her position with the union. In light of the fact that plaintiff resigned her union position
voluntarily and Clayton’s complaint was dismissed, reasonable minds could differ regarding
whether Clayton’s complaint, even if it was an employment action, resulted in any adversity to
plaintiff.

        Contrary to plaintiff’s position, Clayton and his counsel did not concede all elements of
plaintiff’s prima facie case of retaliation under the ELCRA. Indeed, it was apparent that several
questions of fact existed upon which reasonable jurors could differ. Consequently, the trial court
properly denied plaintiff’s motion for a directed verdict.

                                    III. JURY INSTRUCTION

        Plaintiff also argues that the trial court erred by giving defendants’ proposed supplemental
jury instruction regarding plaintiff’s retaliation claim under the ELCRA. We disagree. We review
de novo claims of instructional error. Case v Consumers Power Co, 463 Mich 1, 6; 615 NW2d 17
(2000). However, whether a supplemental instruction is applicable and accurate is within the trial
court’s discretion, Silberstein v Pro-Golf of America, Inc, 278 Mich App 446, 451; 750 NW2d 615
(2008), and it will be reviewed on appeal for an abuse of that discretion, Chastain v Gen Motors,
254 Mich App 576, 590; 657 NW2d 804 (2002).

        Jury instructions should include all elements of the plaintiff’s claims and should not omit
material issues, defenses, or theories if the evidence supports them. Case v Consumers Power Co,
463 Mich 1, 6; 615 NW2d 17 (2000). Instructions must not be extracted piecemeal to establish
error. Id. Even if somewhat imperfect, instructions do not create error requiring reversal if, on
balance, the theories of the parties and the applicable law are adequately and fairly presented to
the jury. Murdock v Higgins, 454 Mich 46, 60, 559 NW2d 639 (1997). This Court will only
reverse for instructional error when the failure to do so would be inconsistent with substantial
justice. MCR 2.613(A); Johnson v Corbet, 423 Mich 304, 377 NW2d 713 (1985).

       Initially, the trial court instructed the jury, relative to plaintiff’s retaliation claim, as
follows:

               The law provides that a person shall not retaliate or discriminate again a
       person because the person has opposed a violation of the Michigan Civil Rights
       Act, otherwise known as the Act, or because the person has made a charge, filed a
       complaint, testified, assisted, or participated in an investigation, proceeding, or
       hearing under the Act.

                The plaintiff has the burden of proving the following elements: (a) that she
       opposed a violation of the Civil Rights Act, made a charge, filed a complaint, or
       testified, assisted, or participated in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under
       the Act; (b) that was known by the defendants, (c) that defendants took an

                                                -6-
       employment action adverse to the plaintiff; and (d) there was a causal connection
       between the protected activity and the adverse employment action. To establish a
       causal connection, plaintiff must demonstrate that her participation in the protected
       activity was a significant factor in the defendant’s adverse employment action. [See
       M Civ JI 105.01 and M Civ JI 105.04A.]

After the court instructed the jury, the jury deliberated for approximately 30 minutes before being
excused for the day. Shortly after deliberations resumed the following morning, the jury sent the
trial court a note, which the court read into the record:

               On Elliott Larson [sic] Civil Rights Act retaliation, did plaintiff oppose a
       violation of the Civil Rights Act or file a charge under the act? If we find that the
       plaintiff filed a complaint but that the charge was false, is this considered filing a
       charge under the act? In other words is there a requirement for the plaintiff’s claim
       to be made in good faith under Elliott Larson [sic] similar to the good faith belief
       requirement under the Whistleblower Protection Act?

As stated, each party drafted and submitted a proposed supplemental jury instruction. The trial
court described plaintiff’s requested instruction as follows:

               The plaintiff requests the response to be after the first part of the question
       they want to say that when it says did the plaintiff oppose a violation of the civil
       rights act or file a charge under the act, the plaintiff wants to respond either one is
       engaging in protected activity and she did oppose sexual touching.

              And then in the subpart of that it says if we find that the plaintiff filed a
       complaint but that charge was false, is this considered filing a charge under the act,
       and plaintiff wants me to say yes.

               Then with regard to -- and the other words is there a requirement for the
       plan – plaintiff’s claim to be made in good faith under the Elliott Larson similar to
       the good faith belief requirement under the Whistleblowers Protection Act? The
       plaintiff wants the Court to respond, ELCRA retaliation occurs even if the
       plaintiff’s claim was not made in good faith. The employer and the defendant could
       not retaliate against plaintiff once she posed a violation or made her report or
       charge. Plaintiff’s report or complaint or charge does not have to be substantiated.
       They actually underline that. And they provide the source. That’s how the plaintiff
       wants the Court to respond.

The trial court also read into the record defendants’ proposed instruction, which provided:

               Unlike the Whistleblower Protection Act, the Elliott Larson Civil Rights
       Act does not have an explicit provision which requires good faith, however it states
       for there to be protected activity there must be opposition “to the act” or claim or
       complaint “under the act.” It is plaintiff’s position that her complaint was protected
       activity without regard to whether it was made in good faith. It is defendants’
       position that if her complaint was untrue it was not made “under the act.” It is for
       you to determine whether the complaint was “under the act.”

                                                -7-
After considering the parties’ positions, the trial court concluded that defendants’ proposed
supplemental instruction accurately stated the law and was consistent with the court’s ruling on
the directed verdict motion, i.e., that it was for the jury to decide whether plaintiff had made a
claim under the ELCRA. The court gave that supplemental instruction and, after approximately
20 minutes of further deliberations, the jury indicated that it had reached a verdict.

        Plaintiff argues that by its supplemental instruction, the trial court allowed or required the
jury to decide a question of law regarding MCL 37.2701. We disagree. The trial court originally
instructed the jury in accordance with M Civ JI 105.04A. This instruction directed the jury to
determine whether plaintiff “opposed a violation of the Civil Rights Act, made a charge, filed a
complaint, or testified, assisted, or participated in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under
the Act.” The parties do not dispute that this model jury instruction accurately stated the law and
plaintiff’s burden of proof on her retaliation claim under the ELCRA. See MCL 37.2701; El-
Khalil, 504 Mich at 161; Barrett, 245 Mich App at 318.

        The subsequent supplemental instruction that the court gave the jury simply reiterated that
it was up to the jury to decide whether the “complaint was made under the act.” The supplemental
instruction did not add an element to plaintiff’s burden of proof.4 The additional comments
regarding the parties’ positions simply lent context to the instruction. Because the instruction
included both parties’ positions, there is no basis for plaintiff’s assertion that the jury was asked to
make a finding of law based on the opinion of defense counsel; rather, the instruction merely
reminded the jury of its duty to determine if plaintiff was engaged in protected activity when she
made her complaint. Moreover, as discussed in Part II of this opinion, if the jury found that
plaintiff had fabricated her sexual harassment claim, plaintiff would have lacked a good-faith
belief that she was reporting an unlawful employment practice, see Booker, 879 F2d at 1313; if
anything, the supplemental instruction was more favorable to plaintiff than it could have been. On
balance, the supplemental instruction adequately and fairly presented the parties’ theories and the
applicable law. Murdock, 454 Mich at 60.

       Affirmed.

                                                               /s/ Mark T. Boonstra
                                                               /s/ Michael F. Gadola
                                                               /s/ Jonathan Tukel

4
  In a convoluted argument, plaintiff seems to suggest that the trial court’s supplemental instruction
required the jury to determine plaintiff’s motive in pursuing her complaint. Because plaintiff has
not fully articulated her position, it is unclear how plaintiff has reached this conclusion. In support
of her argument, plaintiff simply states that Whitman v City of Burton, 493 Mich 303; 831 NW2d
223 (2013), is controlling and stands for the proposition that “motive doesn’t matter, period!” We
note that Whitman involved the interpretation of the WPA, not the CRA. Further, the Court in
Whitman never addressed the issue of retaliation for a fabricated charge of sexual harassment in
the workplace. The Whitman decision is inapposite and plaintiff’s reliance on it is misplaced.

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