Court Opinion

ID: 4671117
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-24 20:00:39.516396+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:23.511909
License: Public Domain

BLD-067                                                        NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 20-2997
                                       ___________

                                 SEAN M. DONAHUE,

                                                   Appellant
                                             v.

DAUPHIN COUNTY; DAUPHIN COUNTY PRISON; PA STATE CAPITOL POLICE;
   PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL SERVICES; UNKNOWN
 DAUPHIN COUNTY PRISON GUARDS AND ADMINISTRATION EMPLOYEES;
  KATIE LYNN ADAM; RICHARD C. SHUR; LISA M. SAUDER; MARY JANE
 MCMILLAN; HEATHER ROTH; ELAINE B. STALFA; DEBORAH E. CURCILLO
               ____________________________________

                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                          (D.C. Civil Action No. 1:19-cv-00890)
                    District Judge: Honorable Christopher C. Conner
                      ____________________________________

       Submitted for Possible Dismissal Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) or
         Summary Action Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6
                                  January 14, 2021

              Before: AMBRO, SHWARTZ, and PORTER, Circuit Judges

                             (Opinion filed: March 24, 2021)
                                       _________

                                        OPINION *
                                        _________

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
PER CURIAM

       Appellant Sean Donahue, proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, appeals an

order of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania

dismissing his civil rights action. We will dismiss this appeal as frivolous and malicious.

       In 2016, Donahue was convicted in the Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas for

Dauphin County for harassment, based on threatening emails he had sent to various

public employees and officials, and sentenced to two years’ probation. Despite ongoing

attempts to appeal his conviction, Donahue filed a federal civil rights action against

several defendants related to the criminal charges. The Middle District of Pennsylvania

dismissed that action as barred by the favorable-termination requirement of Heck v.

Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 486–87 (1994), and we summarily affirmed. See Donahue v.

Dauphin Cnty. Solics. Off., 788 F. App’x 854, 857 (3d Cir. 2019) (per curiam).

       While that first civil rights action was pending in this Court, three relevant events

occurred: Donahue was denied permission to appeal his conviction to the Pennsylvania

Supreme Court, see Commonwealth v. Donahue, 180 A.3d 1211 (Pa. 2018) (table); the

U.S. Supreme Court denied his petition for certiorari in his direct criminal appeal, see

Donahue v. Pennsylvania, 138 S. Ct. 2626 (2018) (mem.); and Donahue filed his second

civil rights action against the same defendants based on the same facts, see Donahue v.

Dauphin County, No. 1:18-cv-0839, 2018 WL 3217478 (M.D. Pa. July 2, 2018). The

District Court dismissed that second action on largely the same grounds as the first, and

we affirmed. See Donahue v. County of Dauphin, 747 F. App’x 42 (3d Cir. 2019) (per

curiam).

                                              2
       Undeterred, Donahue filed this, his third civil rights action against a nearly

identical slate of defendants, based on the same events surrounding the investigation,

trial, and conviction. 1 Yet again, a Magistrate Judge recommended dismissal of his

complaint; yet again, the District Court adopted that recommendation; yet again,

Donahue timely filed a notice of appeal.

       We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review

over a district court’s decision to dismiss a complaint as frivolous or malicious. See

Dooley v. Wetzel, 957 F.3d 366, 373–74 (3d Cir. 2020). Having granted Donahue’s

motion to proceed in forma pauperis in this Court, we must make an independent

determination under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) and must dismiss his appeal if it is

malicious, i.e., it “is an attempt to vex, injure or harass the defendant[s],” Deutsch v.

United States, 67 F.3d 1080, 1086 (3d Cir. 1995), or if it is frivolous, meaning it “lacks

an arguable basis either in law or in fact,” Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989).

The former inquiry examines the litigant’s subjective intent, but the latter is an objective

standard. See Deutsch, 67 F.3d at 1086–87.

       Donahue’s appeal is subjectively malicious. The District Court based its own

conclusion that the complaint was malicious on Donahue’s litigation history, noting that

1
 This is not Donahue’s only line of repetitive litigation. He has lodged other meritless
challenges to this and a separate conviction for similar conduct, see, e.g., Donahue v.
Super. Ct. of Pa., No. 19-1625, 2019 WL 4665756 (3d Cir. Sept. 5, 2019), cert. denied,
140 S. Ct. 1245 (2020), and has filed several suits against government agencies and
officials seeking the benefits he claims to have been denied, see, e.g., Donahue v. Acosta,
789 F. App’x 324 (3d Cir. 2019), cert. denied sub nom. Donahue v. Scalia, 140 S. Ct.
2660 (2020).
                                              3
this Court and our sister circuits have held that “[r]epetitious litigation of virtually

identical causes of action may be dismissed under § 1915 as frivolous or malicious.”

McWilliams v. Colorado, 121 F.3d 573, 574 (10th Cir. 1997) (internal quotation marks

and citation omitted). Yet no better evidence of his state of mind exists than his own

words—words that led to his criminal conviction and that he conveniently appended to

his complaint here. Two of the missives that a Pennsylvania jury found sufficiently

harassing to warrant criminal sanction disclose Donahue’s subjective intent in pursuing

these subsequent civil complaints. First, in an email dated November 26, 2014, Donahue

wrote to the head of the Pennsylvania Civil Service Commission (and including some of

the named defendants here as recipients) that if his demands for various veterans’

employment benefits were not met:

       I will pursue punishment of you, the remaining Commission members, and
       the senior employees of the Commission for your even attempting to
       control access to the courts. By doing so, you will face the very same court
       actions that [the Pennsylvania Department of Labor & Industry] now claims
       its employees faced and fear that they still face from me. This is a threat
       and I make that threat with the full confidence of Democracy and no fear
       whatsoever of the federal and state courts.

Compl. App. 38–39, ECF No. 1-3. Then, in an email dated November 29, 2014, he wrote

to various recipients, including some of the named defendants in this action: “I am going

to find a LEGAL way to pound the [expletive] out of your government agencies and I’m

going to use that method, whatever it is in whatever context makes it LEGAL, to pound

your employees into submission until they stop denying me my benefits.” Id. at 47.

Donahue’s voluminous filings in state and federal court since he wrote these words

clearly demonstrate an intent to vex, injure, and harass these defendants “into

                                               4
submission.” We strongly reject Donahue’s assumption that he is entitled to use the

courts for these purposes.

       Moreover, this appeal is frivolous for its total lack of arguable merit in law or fact.

Donahue has been told by this Court on two prior occasions that as part of a civil rights

action, these claims implicate the validity of his conviction, and are therefore barred by

the favorable termination requirement. See Heck, 512 U.S. at 486–87. Here, as the

District Court noted, Donahue did not even challenge the applicability of the Heck bar to

his claims; he merely seeks to overturn that decision. See Order at 2 n.1, ECF No. 11.

Similarly, on appeal, he quarrels with the holding of Heck and its progeny in our circuit,

asserting that he “must first pass through the Appellate court and must be an aggrieved

party” to ultimately challenge Heck in the Supreme Court. Resp. at 2, CA3 ECF No. 5.

Yet Donahue raised the same arguments about what he perceives to be the errors of Heck

and this Court’s line of cases thereafter in a previous meritless suit. His complaint here

“incorporates” nearly fifty pages of what appears to be a petition for certiorari “not

adjudicated by the [U.S.] Supreme Court” and intended to follow his second civil rights

action. Compl. at 5, ¶ 6, ECF No. 1 (referring to M.D. Pa. docket number 1:18-cv-

00839); see also id. at 6–54 (reproducing petition). However, Donahue has not cited any

record of his having petitioned the Supreme Court following that action, nor have we

been able to find one. His desire to raise untimely challenges to Heck and its progeny

now, after failing to seek certiorari when appropriate, is entirely insufficient to justify

proceeding with a precluded case. Donahue makes no arguments in support of his appeal

on which to base an opposite conclusion.

                                               5
       Related to his repetitious challenges to the Heck bar, the District Court also

dismissed Donahue’s complaint as frivolous based on principles of res judicata that apply

with equal force to this appeal. Res judicata bars a suit when there has been: “(1) a final

judgment on the merits in a prior suit; (2) involving the same parties or their privies; and

(3) a subsequent suit based on the same cause of action.” Elkadrawy v. Vanguard Grp.,

584 F.3d 169, 172 (3d Cir. 2009). The District Court dismissed Donahue’s second civil

rights case—in which all but one of the named defendants are identical to the instant

action—with prejudice as Heck barred (as discussed above) and time barred, and we

affirmed. See Donahue, 747 F. App’x at 43–44. A dismissal based on the running of the

statute of limitations is a final judgment on the merits for the purposes of res judicata. See

Elkadrawy, 584 F.3d at 173. Thus, all claims dismissed as time barred in the previous

action are barred here by res judicata.

       We also find that Donahue’s purportedly “new” evidence is, in fact, an argument

he has already presented to this Court. In his second civil rights action, when requesting

rehearing en banc, Donahue made the same claims about his “new knowledge” of

Defendant Gregory Budman’s employment as a police officer that he makes here in

support of his right to a new cause of action. Compare Pet. for Reh’g at 4–6, Donahue v.

County of Dauphin, 747 F. App’x 42 (3d Cir. 2019) (No. 18-2568) (emphasizing the

“new knowledge that Budman is a cop”), with Compl. at 4, ECF No. 1 (claiming “a right

to a new cause of action” based on the discovery of this same defendant’s employment).

Not only have we heard these claims, but as the Magistrate Judge correctly noted,

Budman was a defendant in Donahue’s second case from the outset. See R. & R. at 10,

                                              6
ECF No. 5. Res judicata bars claims that were brought or could have been brought in a

prior suit based on the same cause of action. See Elkadrawy, 584 F.3d at 173. Thus, we

find that Donahue could have brought these claims against Budman at the time of filing

his second civil rights complaint, and did in fact present his arguments to this Court in his

prior case, and therefore the claims are barred by res judicata, rendering this appeal

frivolous.

       Finally, 2 between the second action and the instant one, Donahue added Judge

Curcillo to the list of defendants. As the Magistrate Judge and District Court found, she is

protected by absolute judicial immunity from liability for her conduct during Donahue’s

trial. See Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349, 356–57 (1978). Furthermore, Donahue’s

assertion that the judge employed “MindShark” techniques on the jury to sway them in

the prosecution’s favor is, in the words of the Magistrate Judge, “fanciful, fantastic,

delusional, irrational, and wholly incredible,” R. & R. at 11, ECF No. 5, and ultimately,

“patently frivolous,” id. at 17–18.

For all these reasons, we will dismiss his appeal as frivolous and malicious. We advise

Donahue to refrain from filing further frivolous or malicious appeals in this Court to

avoid the imposition of sanctions, such as forfeiting the privilege of proceeding without

payment of fees or other appropriate measures.

2
  The District Court also found other miscellaneous grounds to dismiss Donahue’s
complaint, largely based on sovereign and individual immunities. See R. & R. at 21–22;
Order at 1. We affirmed these same grounds for dismissal in the previous action, see
Donahue, 747 F. App’x at 43–44, and thus they are incorporated into our consideration of
res judicata.
                                              7