Court Opinion

ID: 6342846
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-20 20:03:31.760915+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:19:28.970875
License: Public Domain

2022 IL App (2d) 210769-U
                                         No. 2-21-0769
                                    Order filed May 20, 2022

      NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent
      except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(l).
______________________________________________________________________________

                                              IN THE

                              APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                              SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

In re Z.L., a Minor                    ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                       ) of Lake County.
                                       )
                                       ) No. 21-JA-206
                                       )
(People of the State of Illinois,      ) Honorable
Petitioner-Appellee, v. Beverly W.,    ) Jorge L. Ortiz,
Respondent-Appellant).                 ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

       PRESIDING JUSTICE BRIDGES delivered the judgment of the court.
       Justices Zenoff and Birkett concurred in the judgment.

                                             ORDER

¶1     Held: The trial court’s adjudication of neglect for the minor child, Z.L., was against the
             manifest weight of the evidence where the record did not show a nexus between
             respondent’s mental health and an injurious environment. Therefore, we reverse.

¶2     At issue in this appeal is whether the trial court erred in adjudicating the minor child, Z.L.,

neglected based on an environment injurious to his welfare. Respondent, Beverly W., argues that

the trial court erred for several reasons, including its determination that she was mentally ill. For

the reasons herein, we reverse.

¶3                                      I. BACKGROUND
2022 IL App (2d) 210769-U

¶4        The Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) took Z.L. into temporary custody

on September 10, 2021. On September 13, 2021, the State filed a petition for adjudication of

wardship and temporary custody hearing. The petition alleged that Z.L. was a neglected minor in

that his environment was injurious to his welfare because respondent, his mother, had a history of

mental illness and she falsely obtained an order of protection against Joshua W., Z.L.’s biological

father.

¶5        A shelter care hearing began on September 14, 2021, via Zoom. Joshua was present but

unrepresented by counsel, and the trial court appointed an attorney for him. Because his appointed

attorney was not present, the trial court continued the hearing to September 21, 2021.

¶6        At the continued hearing, Stephanie Lawson testified as follows. She was the DCFS officer

assigned to Z.L.’s case. She was in contact with respondent on September 8, 2021, and she wrote

several reports based on her interaction with respondent. She learned that Z.L. was staying with

Joshua after being given to him by Z.L.’s maternal great-grandmother, Beverly Washington. At

the time she did not have verification that Joshua was his father. After further investigation that

included a DNA test, she discovered that Joshua was the father and determined that he would be

an appropriate placement for Z.L. However, on September 10, 2021, at 2:45 p.m., she took Z.L.

into protective custody, based on respondent obtaining an order of protection against Joshua.

¶7        Joshua offered a stipulation that there was probable cause that Z.L. was neglected based on

respondent’s history of mental illness. As a basis for his assessment of her mental health issues,

his counsel noted a number of text messages from her to Joshua and stated that her mental health

had been a longstanding issue. Respondent personally responded that she did not have a

relationship with Joshua and that he did not know her history. She also claimed that Joshua hurt

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Z.L., alleging that the child had bruising. The State replied that respondent had raised concerns of

abuse in the past but that the last Du Page County sheriff’s report indicated Z.L. had no bruising.

¶8      The trial court found probable cause that respondent had a history of mental illness, that an

immediate and urgent necessity existed to remove Z.L. from the home and place him in shelter

care, and that reasonable efforts could not be made to prevent or eliminate the need to remove him

from the home. The court placed Z.L. in the temporary custody of DCFS, ordered DCFS to file a

service plan, and required visitation to be supervised. In a separate order, the trial court stated that

Joshua was Z.L.’s biological father per DNA paternity test results.

¶9      On October 21, 2021, Z.L.’s guardian ad litem, Kathy Gordon, filed a motion to return him

to his father’s custody and close the case. On November 4, 2021, the trial court entered an order

providing that Joshua was to have custody and guardianship of Z.L. and observe a set of conditions

for his care.

¶ 10                                  A. Adjudicatory Hearing

¶ 11    An adjudicatory hearing began on December 8, 2021. The State introduced several

exhibits, including People’s Exhibit No. 1, which contained the certified DCFS indicated report

and accompanying investigative documents. After the State offered People’s Exhibit No. 1, the

trial court asked if there was any objection. Respondent’s counsel stated: “No objection to those

coming in. They are the indicated reports.” No other party objected, and the indicated report and

investigative files were admitted into evidence without objection.

¶ 12    The report provided the following, in relevant part. On August 30, 2021, DCFS received a

call concerning the safety and wellbeing of Z.L. The reporter, who also had a DCFS case open

against her, believed that respondent was homeless and had been living out of her car for two

months. However, a safety assessment from the same day showed that respondent and Z.L. were

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actually living with Washington, and no bruises or injuries were observed on Z.L. The safety

decision noted that there was a “lot of drama” with the family, and it was difficult to tell who was

telling the truth. The report continued that respondent had previously left Z.L. in the care of

someone who had ongoing substance abuse issues and used cocaine around Z.L., but she would

not come pick Z.L. up due to a warrant out for her arrest. The report stated that respondent used

marijuana around Z.L. and that she used psychedelics, although it was unknown whether she used

those around Z.L. Respondent had a partner, Billy, and their relationship included acts of domestic

violence. Further, the report said that respondent fed Z.L. junk food and that following a dental

appointment, it was discovered that Z.L had extensive cavities and that there was nothing to do for

his teeth until he got older. On September 11, 2021, the reporter called again and stated that

respondent had obtained an order of protection against Joshua under false pretenses.

¶ 13   The reporter was respondent’s sister, Brittany. Washington spoke in person with Lawson

on August 30, 2021, and she said that Brittany currently had a feud with respondent. Washington

believed that Brittany was making up everything because she was jealous that respondent still had

her son but that she did not have her kids. In a text message to Lawson on September 20, 2021,

Brittany stated that she was “just mad” when she made the report, that respondent and Z.L. had

never lived in a car, and that she could say what was true and what was not true about her report

in court. Lawson responded that she could not be present in court but that she could let the state’s

attorneys know about her text. Another text message from Brittany that day stated that she did not

say that respondent did drugs.

¶ 14   A supervisory note was created by Julie Cummings on September 9, 2021. She contacted

Lawson, who stated as follows. Respondent was homeless and told her that she was moving into

an apartment in October, but she would not provide an address. Respondent had mental health

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issues. Respondent’s boyfriend was living with her, and there was concern that he was pimping

her out and that he also had mental health issues.

¶ 15   Lawson created several contact notes from September 9, 2021. In one note, she recounted

contact with respondent in which respondent shared the allegations from her September 9, 2021,

petition for an order of protection against Joshua. She also included the text messages that drove

her to file the petition. Lawson wrote that she had read through numerous messages from

respondent and stated that it was respondent, not Joshua, who was writing them and that she could

provide examples as to why she believed this.

¶ 16   In her contact notes, Lawson included several Du Page County Sheriff’s incident reports.

In one sheriff’s report from August 19, 2020, the deputies contacted an emergency room doctor at

Good Samaritan Hospital, who noted that respondent had reported a charge of forced sex

trafficking by her boyfriend, who would “brand” her when she did not listen. Respondent had

sought medical attention for dizziness, confusion, and nausea; she was slurring speech and having

trouble standing. The doctor advised the deputies that respondent had been diagnosed with a

condition related to schizophrenia and that he believed she needed further psychological

evaluation. The examining nurse told the deputies that she observed scars on various places

throughout respondent’s body that were consistent with being burned.

¶ 17   Another contact note recounted a call between Lawson and Washington on September 9,

2021. During the call, Washington stated as follows. Respondent had mental health issues and

constantly lied about everything and everyone. Joshua was not a threat to Z.L. despite what

respondent may say, and she took Z.L. to him in order to ensure he would be safe. Respondent was

lying about having a job and living in Chicago; she was actually living out of her car. When

respondent had been living with her, she did not contribute to Z.L.’s care.

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¶ 18   As part of a substance abuse summary, Lawson screened respondent on September 10,

2021, and the summary provided that she was exhibiting “unusual or extreme behavior (overly

alert, agitated paranoid).” In the additional comments on the summary, Lawson wrote that

respondent stated she had an eating disorder but denied other mental health issues. Her drug test

was invalid, and concerns remained about her using drugs and having mental health related issues.

¶ 19   A supervisory note from September 10, 2021, stated that Du Page County officers had gone

to Joshua’s residence and observed Z.L. He had no bruises or marks, and they had no concern for

Z.L. in Joshua’s care.

¶ 20   A contact note from September 12, 2021, memorialized a September 10 phone call between

Lawson and Cook County Officer Lebek. Lebek stated that respondent had been in prison for about

a year and half due to continuing violations of orders of protection. Respondent had previously

called in a bomb threat and committed identity theft. Lebek was unaware of any drug use by

respondent, but she believed she suffered with mental health issues.

¶ 21   A risk assessment from September 13, 2021, stated that there were problems with Z.L.’s

functioning in his current living situation because respondent was homeless and living in her car.

It also assessed a risk that respondent was unable to provide needed assistance or care to the child

due to her “ongoing mental health issues.” Also on September 13, Lawson spoke with Officer

King from the Waukegan police department. King stated that respondent was staying in the

Waukegan area and came to the police department about “some bizarre things.” She was “trying

to insinuate the child was in trouble,” and she showed King some messages. King believed the

messages were probably fake and generated on an app. A contact note between Lawson and the

Vernon Hills police department included a domestic incident report from September 7, 2021, in

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which the officers reported that respondent and Billy were living out of her car and had stayed at

the Metra the night before. Billy wanted out of the relationship because it was abusive.

¶ 22   In a supervisory note from September 13, 2021, Cummings reiterated that respondent had

extensive mental health issues and had been in prison for a year and a half for violating orders of

protection. Respondent also had past suicide attempts and had been psychiatrically hospitalized.

¶ 23   As evidence that respondent was responsible for an environment injurious to Z.L.’s

welfare, the indicated report provided that respondent continued to make false reports regarding

Z.L.’s foster home to the police and DCFS. The police had been to the residence several times,

reaching a point where they were threatening to file harassment charges against respondent. The

report also stated that respondent had gone to Z.L.’s foster home and threatened the foster parent,

who was one of Joshua’s parents, preventing the foster parent and child from entering the residence

and resulting in another call to the police. It additionally cited a statement from Washington that

Z.L. was not in a good situation.

¶ 24   The report recommended that respondent be indicated on allegations of (1) a substantial

risk of physical injury and an environment injurious to the minor’s health and welfare and (2)

inadequate supervision, but that the allegation of (3) inadequate food be unfounded.

¶ 25   The State’s first witness was Joshua, who testified as follows. He was 31 years old and

living in Du Page County. He met respondent sometime in 2018, and they hung out for about a

month, which was right around when Z.L. was conceived. At the time, respondent told him that

she was sure that Z.L.’s father was her ex-boyfriend.

¶ 26   Around August 2020, respondent told him that she had a DNA test with her ex-boyfriend

and that her ex-boyfriend was not the father. She said that if he would get a DNA test, it would

show that he was the father. He agreed to get a DNA test in January 2021 and paid respondent for

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2022 IL App (2d) 210769-U

it. However, respondent took the money and “disappeared for a couple months.” He was in touch

with respondent again in May, and this time he paid for the DNA test directly. The test result

determined that he was Z.L.’s father.

¶ 27   Prior to the DNA test, he had seen Z.L. about once a month, but after the DNA test,

respondent distanced herself from him. Following his paternity determination, respondent allowed

him very little visitation with Z.L.

¶ 28   On September 8, 2021, Washington brought Z.L. to Joshua’s home. He discovered that day

that DCFS had begun an investigation into Z.L.’s care. DCFS allowed Z.L. to remain in his

custody. Z.L. was removed from his custody because respondent obtained an order of protection

against him in Lake County. At the time of the petition, he resided in Du Page County. The order

of protection indicated that paternity was not established. Respondent’s petition for an order of

protection alleged that Joshua was sending threats to her via text message, and he denied sending

the messages. The messages allegedly sent did not appear on his phone.

¶ 29   Respondent had called 911 on him “well over 100” times over the past several months,

maybe “150 plus.” The police came to his house in response to those calls for a number of reasons,

mostly for well being checks. He was never arrested or taken into custody based on respondent’s

911 calls.

¶ 30   Respondent did not show up to court to defend the order of protection against him, and

therefore it was dismissed. While the order of protection had been pending in Lake County,

respondent sought another order of protection against him in Cook County. That order was also

dismissed. In addition, respondent petitioned for an order of protection against Joshua’s parents,

who were Z.L.’s foster parents, and that order was dismissed.

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¶ 31   Washington testified next as follows. She was 74, and respondent was her granddaughter.

She had been respondent’s guardian from the time she was four years old. She had taken care of

Z.L. since he was three months old because respondent had been in prison and had given her

guardianship. When respondent got out of prison in April 2020, Washington did not want

respondent to have Z.L. back because she did not have a safe place for him. Respondent was under

house arrest, and respondent’s probation officer said that respondent could not stay with her, and

so she sought guardianship of Z.L. through the court. This upset respondent. Respondent would

call DCFS and the police to say that she had taken her child.

¶ 32   Washington obtained an order of protection against respondent in April 2020 because she

wanted her to stay away until she got her life together and had a place to stay. After that she was

going to give Z.L. back to her because she knew that she loved him.

¶ 33   She initially testified that she brought Z.L. to Joshua on September 8, 2021, because

although respondent was asking to take Z.L., she was unsure whether respondent could have

custody of Z.L. until she passed a drug test. Her concern was based on information she had received

from Lawson; she had never personally seen respondent use drugs. She did not have any concerns

about Z.L.’s safety in Joshua’s care. Respondent had told her that Joshua had a temper, that he

needed parenting classes, and that Z.L. had come back from his care with bruises. She did not

believe respondent. Joshua seemed to love his son very much and had a nice family. She could not

take respondent’s word on the matter.

¶ 34   The State asked Washington about an interview she gave with Lawson. Washington

confirmed that she told Lawson that Joshua would never do anything to hurt Z.L. She also told

Lawson that she was tired of respondent calling the police. At the time of the interview, she was

very upset with respondent. She admitted that she may have told Lawson that respondent was not

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stable, but she currently believed that respondent was a good mom. She agreed that respondent

“probably” threatened her and told her she hoped she would die and that she would step on her

grave. However, she said they were over it and forgave each other.

¶ 35   In addition, she told Lawson that Billy could not stay at her home. She “never liked him,”

and had “bad vibes” about him. Also, she was a Jehovah’s Witness, and she would not allow them

to live with her unmarried and “do what you do when you live together.” Respondent chose to stay

with Billy and that is why she was living in her car. Washington agreed that is why she did not

want Z.L. to stay with respondent, but at the time she did not know that respondent actually had

an apartment in Chicago, stating “[a]ll the time she had a place to live.” When asked where

respondent was living on September 9, 2021, she said she was living with her.

¶ 36   Washington did not immediately remember telling Lawson that respondent had mental

health issues. Later in her examination, she admitted that she told Lawson that respondent had

depression, anxiety, and sometimes could be bipolar, but she denied that she had mental illness,

insisting that “[n]one of my grandchildren have mental illness.” She testified that respondent had

been diagnosed with depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder while growing up.

¶ 37   Lawson testified as follows. As a DCFS officer, she investigated Z.L.’s case and spoke

with Joshua. She explained that Z.L. was taken into protective custody after Washington had

dropped Z.L. off with Joshua because respondent obtained an order of protection against him.

¶ 38   On respondent’s motion for a directed finding, the trial court reviewed the State’s exhibits,

which included reports on respondent’s living conditions, and ruled as follows. The records

indicated that Z.L.’s dental condition was bad, with a report that his dentist had said that he had

never seen a mouth so bad in a child that young. The records also contained allegations as to

respondent’s mental health and drug abuse. On the basis of these records as well as the credible

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testimony of Washington, the trial court found that the State had presented a prima facie case that

Z.L.’s environment was injurious to his welfare. It denied the motion.

¶ 39   Respondent testified as follows. She called the police on Joshua three times. She called

because he did not answer his phone while he had possession of Z.L. She denied that a dentist ever

told her that Z.L. had issues with his teeth. She denied ever being in prison, stating that she was in

Cook County jail. She also denied being homeless and living out of her car. From August 12

through September 9, 2021, she and Z.L. had been living with Washington. She denied doing drugs

in front of Z.L., and she denied ever being diagnosed with a mental illness as an adult. While in

her care, Z.L. had regular doctor visits, received his vaccinations, and was never diagnosed with

any illnesses.

¶ 40   Respondent petitioned for an order of protection against Joshua because after Washington

took Z.L. to him, they got in an argument over the phone and he blocked her number. He then

started texting her from another number. She was concerned for Z.L. because the last three times

he had come back from Joshua’s house he had bruises on his legs and face.

¶ 41   Respondent had been psychiatrically hospitalized approximately three times when she was

a child. She was currently 24 years old, and she denied being psychiatrically hospitalized for

depression and suicidal ideation in April 2020.

¶ 42                    B. Trial Court Findings and Dispositional Hearing

¶ 43   The trial court found respondent’s testimony to be “evasive and not credible.” It found that

she clearly made some false reports in order to obtain an order of protection against Joshua, which

named Z.L. as a protected party. It noted that she made allegations of physical abuse against Joshua

but never followed up on any of them, and it found that the evidence established that she had

suffered and did suffer from psychiatric disorders. It found Joshua’s testimony that respondent

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called the police many times credible, and it characterized the many 911 calls and petitions for

order of protection as “bizarre behavior.” It again cited the documentary evidence of Z.L.’s dental

condition and respondent’s use of drugs in his presence. It concluded that the State had proved by

a preponderance of the evidence that Z.L.’s environment was injurious to his welfare in that

respondent had a history of mental illness and falsely obtained an order of protection. It therefore

adjudicated Z.L. neglected. Z.L. was to remain in the custody of Joshua until at least the

dispositional hearing. It entered a written order that same day memorializing its findings.

¶ 44   The dispositional hearing took place on December 21, 2021. Following the hearing, the

trial court stated as follows. Having considered the submitted reports and the argument and

recommendations of counsel, it did not find it in Z.L.’s best interest to make him a ward of the

court. It found instead that Joshua was fit and that he was the proper person to have custody, care,

and control of Z.L. It found respondent unfit for reasons other than financial circumstances alone.

It was in Z.L.’s best interest to be returned to the custody of Joshua. It suspended respondent’s

visitation until such time that she would demonstrate engagement with recommended services.

Respondent’s recommended services included anger management, parenting classes, individual

therapy, and domestic violence treatment.

¶ 45   Respondent timely appealed.

¶ 46                                      II. ANALYSIS

¶ 47   Respondent raises several issues on appeal, which converge on the central issue of whether

the State proved that Z.L. was a neglected minor. She also argues that we should apply plain-error

analysis to review the admission of the DCFS indicated report and investigative files. She does not

challenge the trial court’s dispositional ruling. We first consider the State’s argument that

respondent invited the admission of the DCFS indicated report and investigative file.

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¶ 48                                       A. Invited Error

¶ 49    Respondent invokes the plain error doctrine to raise issues that her counsel failed to object

to in the trial court. In particular, respondent raises error in her counsel’s failure to object to the

foundation of People’s Exhibit 1, the DCFS indicated report and investigative file. The State

argues that respondent’s failure to object constituted invited error.

¶ 50    We agree with the State that respondent invited error in the admission of People’s Exhibit

1. The doctrine of invited error provides that a party may not request the court to proceed in one

manner and then argue on appeal that the requested action was error. People v. Liekis, 2012 IL

App (2d) 100774, ¶ 24. The invited error doctrine has been found to apply to bar a defendant from

claiming error in the improper admission of evidence where the admission was procured or invited

by the defendant. People v. Harvey, 211 Ill. 2d 368, 386 (2004). “When a party procures, invites,

or acquiesces in the admission of evidence, even though the evidence is improper, that party cannot

contest the admission on appeal.” (Emphasis added.) People v. Caffey, 205 Ill. 2d 52, 114 (2001)

(finding that defendant acquiesced to admission of evidence where defense counsel replied “no

objection” after a sidebar to the State’s request to play a tape and distribute transcripts to the jury);

cf. People v. Hollahan, 2019 IL App (3d) 150556, ¶¶ 17-18 (in contrast to a request for or express

agreement to a procedure, the mere failure to object to the procedure did not amount to invited

error), rev’d on other grounds, 2020 IL 125091. When a party invites an error, the plain-error

exception does not apply; the invited error goes beyond mere forfeiture and instead estops plain-

error analysis. People v. Holloway, 2019 IL App (2d) 170551, ¶ 44.

¶ 51    Here, the State sought to admit the DCFS indicated report and investigative file at the

adjudicatory hearing. The trial court asked if there was any objection, and respondent’s counsel

answered that he had no objection and confirmed that the documents were the indicated report.

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Unlike a mere failure to object (see People v. Palomera, 2022 IL App (2d) 200631, ¶ 57),

respondent’s counsel acquiesced to the admission of the evidence, and respondent’s plain-error

argument is therefore precluded by invited error.

¶ 52                                    B. Neglect Finding

¶ 53   We turn now to respondent’s contentions that the trial court erred in finding Z.L. neglected,

in light of both the testimony at the adjudicatory hearing and the admission of the indicated report

and investigative files. Respondent makes several arguments related to the trial court’s

adjudication of neglect. First, she contends that her due process rights were violated in that the

trial court did not require the State to prove her mental illness through either oral testimony of a

qualified witness or certified medical records of her condition. She argues that the State’s exhibits

contained multilevel hearsay statements related to her mental health, and that under section 2-18(4)

of the Juvenile Court Act (Act) (705 ILCS 405/2-18(4) (West 2020)), the admission of such

documents is only proper as relating to the minor, and her mental health was not a condition

relating to Z.L. She argues that either live testimony or a certified record of her mental health

should have been required and that the State did not present any expert testimony but relied on

only lay witnesses at the adjudicatory hearing.

¶ 54   She continues that the trial court improperly assumed the role of a mental health

professional. She criticizes the trial court’s conclusion that she was acting “bizarre,” arguing that

only a mental health professional would be able to objectively evaluate her circumstances, which

included her history of abuse. She cites evidence from the Du Page County sheriff’s report that

officers noted evidence of branding on her and that she was the victim of sex trafficking. She

argues that this explains why she was overprotective of Z.L. and fearful of other men being

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abusive, including Joshua. She concludes that the State failed to present evidence sufficient to

support that she had a mental illness.

¶ 55   Next, respondent argues that the trial court relied on unsupported or insufficient evidence,

including giving too much weight to the DCFS indicated report and investigative files. For

instance, as to Z.L.’s dental condition, the only evidence was from the initial report to DCFS, and

she argues that information received via a DCFS hotline call is not sufficient to prove the truth of

the allegations. See In re Wheeler, 86 Ill. App. 3d 564, 569 (1980). Likewise, she contends that

the allegation of drug use was reflected only in the initial report.

¶ 56   In addition, respondent argues that obtaining an order of protection against Joshua was not

evidence of neglect. She argues that the record does not support that she fabricated text messages

to support her petition. She contends that, contrary to evidence of neglect, seeking the petition

showed her concern for Z.L.’s safety. She concludes that the decision to seek the order of

protection was evidence that she wanted to protect her child.

¶ 57   Last, respondent argues that the State failed to prove a nexus between her mental health

and an injurious environment. She contends that no witness testified that she was having a

psychological episode, and evidence of past behavior was not supported as continuing to the

present. She further argues that the State did not connect any mental illness to her seeking an order

of protection.

¶ 58   The State responds that respondent’s due process rights were not violated. It notes that both

Washington and respondent herself were available at the hearing, and therefore the trial court did

not have to rely on hearsay alone but considered the DCFS report and investigative files along

with witness testimony. The State also argues that the trial court did not improperly place itself in

the role of a mental health professional, asserting that the ultimate neglect finding was an issue for

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the trial court to decide and that laypersons can testify to mental health. In addition, the State

emphasizes that the trial court did not have to diagnose respondent but instead had a history of

mental illness to review. The State argues that it ultimately proved that respondent had a mental

illness, citing both the DCFS investigative report and witness testimony such as Washington’s,

where she stated that respondent had depression, anxiety, and could be bipolar.

¶ 59   As to respondent obtaining an order of protection against Joshua, the State argues that the

record supports that she made false allegations against Joshua in her petition and that the trial court

found Joshua’s testimony credible and respondent’s testimony incredible. It argues that as a direct

result of her petition, Z.L. was removed from his father’s care and placed into protective custody,

which was not in his best interest.

¶ 60   Last, the State argues that there was a nexus between respondent’s mental health and

“bizarre” behavior and the trial court’s finding of neglect. It directs us to Washington’s statement

to Lawson that respondent was not stable and also her action of taking Z.L. to Joshua because she

“needed to get [Z.L.] out of here.” It reiterates that the trial court found Washington and Joshua

credible but not respondent, and that respondent’s false petition for an order of protection created

an injurious environment by causing Z.L. to be removed from Joshua’s care and placed in

protective custody. The State also cites a Du Page County sheriff’s report from August 2020, in

which she appeared in a disoriented state and the emergency department doctor stated that

respondent had been diagnosed with Tardive Dyskinesia, which was related to schizophrenia. It

argues that this incident shows that she had a more recent, serious mental health episode than the

reports of mental health hospitalizations as a child.

¶ 61   We agree with respondent that the State failed to sufficiently establish a nexus between her

mental health problems and the alleged neglect. In proceedings under the Act, the paramount

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consideration is the best interests of the child, and cases involving allegations of neglect require a

decision based on their unique circumstances. In re Z.L., 2021 IL 126931, ¶ 58. The Act sets forth

a two-step process to determine whether a minor should be removed from their parents’ custody

and made a ward of the court: (1) an adjudicatory hearing on the petition for adjudication of

wardship, and if the minor is found to be abused or neglected, (2) a dispositional hearing. Id. ¶¶

59-60 (citing sections 2-18(1) and 2-21(2) of the Act (705 ILCS 405/2-18(1), 2-21(2) (West

2018)). At the adjudicatory hearing, the court considers only the question of whether the minor is

neglected. Id. ¶ 59. The State has the burden of proving the allegations of neglect by a

preponderance of the evidence. Id. ¶ 61. In adjudicating a child neglected, a court must make

written factual findings supporting the neglect determination. 705 ILCS 405/2-21(1) (West 2020);

see In re Abel C., 2013 IL App (2d) 130263, ¶¶ 20-22 (requiring an express factual basis to enable

appellate review of the trial court’s finding of neglect).

¶ 62   We will not reverse a trial court’s neglect findings unless they are against the manifest

weight of the evidence. In re A.L., 2012 IL App (2d) 110992, ¶ 13. A ruling is against the manifest

weight of the evidence only if the opposite conclusion is clearly evident or if the finding itself is

unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on the evidence presented. Best v Best, 223 Ill. 2d 342, 350

(2006). In addition, the trial court is in the best position to observe the demeanor and conduct of

the parties and witnesses and thus determine the credibility of witness testimony. In re R.G., 2012

IL App (1st) 120193, ¶ 31. We will not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court on

credibility determinations. In re E.L., 353 Ill. App. 3d 894, 897 (2004).

¶ 63   Under the Act, a neglected minor includes “any minor under 18 years of age *** whose

environment is injurious to his or her welfare.” 705 ILCS 2-3(1)(b) (West 2020). Courts have

described an “injurious environment” as an amorphous concept that cannot be defined with

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particularity, but it has been interpreted generally to include the breach of a parent’s duty to ensure

a safe and nurturing shelter for their children. In re A.P., 2012 IL 113875, ¶ 22.

¶ 64   The mere fact that a parent has a mental illness is alone an insufficient basis to prove

neglect; the State must show a nexus between the mental illness and a risk of harm to the child. In

re Faith B., 349 Ill. App. 3d 930, 933 (2004). Here, the record supports that respondent engaged

in harassing behavior (e.g., calling the police repeatedly on Joshua and showing up at the foster

parent’s house and threatening the foster parent) and that she had a history of mental illness (e.g.,

Washington’s testimony that respondent had depression, anxiety, and could be bipolar). However,

the State did not connect respondent’s mental illness to her care of Z.L. or even directly to her

harassing behavior. As respondent argues, there was no allegation of a psychiatric episode, much

less a psychiatric episode linked to a particular mental illness, and therefore the State failed to

show that her harassing behavior was the product of any particular mental illness.

¶ 65   Moreover, many parents have a mental illness, like depression, and provide a safe and

nurturing environment for their children. While we acknowledge the trial court’s concern for

respondent’s mental health—the investigative files are full of lay opinions that she struggles with

mental illness, and respondent certainly demonstrated unstable behavior—the State had the burden

to show that her mental illness created an environment injurious to Z.L.’s welfare. The record as

it stands raises valid concerns about respondent’s mental health but does not connect the dots from

her mental health to her inadequate and unsafe care for Z.L. We note that the record also raises

serious concerns about respondent’s living situation, in that the record reasonably supported that

she was living in her car with Billy and that her relationship with Billy involved acts of domestic

violence. However, the trial court made no findings as to respondent’s homelessness nor her

relationship with Billy.

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¶ 66    In addition, the allegations of Z.L.’s dental issues arose solely from the initial DCFS report,

which was insufficient proof of neglect. See In re G.V., 2018 IL App (3d) 180272, ¶ 29

(information from a DCFS hotline call may be admitted to show why an investigation began, but

it is not itself sufficient to prove the truth of the allegations). Likewise, the allegations of drug use

stemmed from the DCFS report but were never corroborated. Although Lawson had concerns

about drug use, respondent never tested positive for drugs. Lebek also reported that she was

unaware of respondent’s drug use in Cook County, and Brittany had recanted her allegation of

respondent’s drug use.

¶ 67    Last, we address respondent’s filing for an order of protection. We reject respondent’s

argument that her filing for an order of protection actually showed her care for Z.L. Based on the

investigative files and the trial court’s credibility assessments of Joshua and respondent, it was not

against the manifest weight of the evidence for the trial court to find that she falsified the

allegations against Joshua. Nevertheless, like the trial court’s determination on respondent’s

mental health, there is no direct connection between respondent’s false filing for the order of

protection and respondent failing to provide a safe and nurturing environment for Z.L. We

acknowledge that the result of the filing was Z.L. being taken into protective custody, but there is

nothing in the record to support that protective custody was itself an injurious environment for

Z.L.

¶ 68    In sum, the trial court’s factual basis for its finding of neglect was Z.L.’s poor dental health,

respondent’s alleged drug use, her history of mental health issues, and her false filing for an order

of protection. See supra ¶ 43. The trial court’s finding of neglect was therefore against the manifest

weight of the evidence because all these bases lacked either factual support apart from the initial

DCFS report or a nexus to an injurious environment. Accordingly, we reverse.

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¶ 69                                  III. CONCLUSION

¶ 70   For the reasons stated, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court of Lake County.

¶ 71   Reversed.

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