Court Opinion

ID: 4665395
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-05 21:01:57.666734+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:42.496594
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
                                           Filed: December 21, 2020

*********************
KAVITA DESAI,              *                                             UNPUBLISHED
                           *
                           *                                             No. 14-811V
               Petitioner, *
v.                         *                                             Special Master Gowen
                           *
                           *                                             Ruling on Damages; Influenza
SECRETARY OF HEALTH        *                                             (Flu) Vaccine; Shoulder Injury
AND HUMAN SERVICES,        *                                             Related to Vaccine Administration
                           *                                             (SIRVA).
               Respondent. *
*********************

Richard Gage, Richard Gage, P.C., Cheyenne, WY, for petitioner.
Camille M. Collett, Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for respondent.

                                          RULING ON DAMAGES1

        On September 4, 2014, Kavita Desai (“petitioner”), filed a petitioner for compensation
under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program.2 Petitioner alleges that she suffered a
right shoulder injury related to vaccine administration (“SIRVA”) as a result of receiving an
influenza (“flu) vaccination on November 15, 2012. Petition at Preamble. (ECF No. 1). On July
30, 2020, I issued a Ruling on Entitlement, finding petitioner entitled to compensation.

      After a full review of all the evidence and testimony presented at the entitlement and
damages hearing, I find the petitioner is entitled to an award of damages in the amount of

1
  Pursuant to the E-Government Act of 2002, see 44 U.S.C. § 3501 note (2012), because this opinion contains a
reasoned explanation for the action in this case, I am required to post it on the website of the United States Court of
Federal Claims. The court’s website is at http://www.uscfc.uscourts.gov/aggregator/sources/7. This means the
opinion will be available to anyone with access to the Internet. Before the opinion is posted on the court’s
website, each party has 14 days to file a motion requesting redaction “of any information furnished by that party:
(1) that is a trade secret or commercial or financial in substance and is privileged or confidential; or (2) that
includes medical files or similar files, the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
privacy.” Vaccine Rule 18(b). An objecting party must provide the court with a proposed redacted version of the
opinion. Id. If neither party files a motion for redaction within 14 days, the opinion will be posted on the
court’s website without any changes. Id.
2
  The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program is set forth in Part 2 of the National Childhood Vaccine
Injury Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-660, 100 Stat. 3755, codified as amended 42 U.S.C. §§ 300aa-10 to 34 (2012)
(hereinafter “Vaccine Act” or “the Act”). Hereinafter, individual section references will be to 42 U.S.C. § 300aa of
the Act.

                                                           1
$125,000.00 for past pain and suffering, $1,772.60 for past unreimbursable medical expenses
and $1,000 per year for her life expectancy of thirty years for future pain and suffering and
$60,886.60for life care plan items including physical therapy. The latter two damages to be
reduced to present value.

       I. Relevant Procedural History

        The procedural history of this case was summarized in the Ruling on Entitlement, issued
on July 30, 2020. The procedural history from that ruling is incorporated in its entirety and will
not be repeated here.

       II. Relevant Factual History

       The factual history in this case was detailed extensively in the Ruling on Entitlement.
See Entitlement Ruling. The facts discussed below are relevant to petitioner’s damages.

        The petitioner was born on November 23, 1964, and received a flu vaccination in her
right, dominant arm on November 15, 2012. Petitioner’s Exhibit (“Pet. Ex.”)1. Petitioner was
sworn in as a United States citizen on December 14, 2012. Pet. Ex. 17. Petitioner is a physician
and was working as a medical researcher at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York. In January 2013
she returned to India to care for an aging and ill father. As of the time of the hearing petitioner
had split her time between her father’s home in India and in New York City. There was no
evidence of prior shoulder pain or dysfunction.

        Petitioner testified that she experienced pain in her right shoulder shortly after receiving
the flu vaccination and that “as soon as [she] reached home there was significant pain on my
right shoulder.” Tr. 49. She stated that she thought that the pain would subside, but as the
evening progressed petitioner “felt a lot of heaviness and pain-which wasn’t normal for other
injections.” Id. She applied ice on her right shoulder and took pain medication to soothe the
pain. Id. Petitioner stated that the pain continued through the next day, but she thought it would
go away, as some shots are more painful than others. Id. She testified that the pain would not
cease. Id. By mid-December, she could not move her right arm all the way up when she went to
take a shower. Tr. 49-50. She stated that slowly she could not comb her hair on the right side or
put her arm in the right sleeve of her jacket. Tr. 50

         In late January she left for India and experiencing a lot of pain in her right shoulder. Tr.
50. She stated that once she reached India, she contacted Dr. Shah because her arm was
“freezing.” Id. She testified that between November 15, 2012, the day of the vaccination, and
her first appointment with Dr. Shah on February 28, 2013, her right shoulder condition did not
improve. Tr. 51. She stated that instead, her arm was getting progressively stiffer. Id. Petitioner
stated that she was unable to perform day to day personal activities because she is right hand
dominant. Id. She explained that even when she was at rest, she was feeling pain and her day-
to-day activities were getting limited. Tr. 54.

        On February 28, 2013, petitioner sought treatment from Dr. Harsh Shah. Tr. 38; Pet. Ex.
3 at 1. Dr. Shah observed that that petitioner has bicipital tenderness and abduction/internal

                                                  2
rotation was “painfully limited.” Id. Dr. Shah diagnosed petitioner with “impingement
syndrome” and referred her for physical therapy the same day. Id.

        During petitioner’s initial consult with Megha Sheth, physical therapist, it was noted that,
“[Petitioner] present[ed] with severe frozen shoulder/ adhesive capsulitis of right shoulder joint.
[Petitioner] first received a flu shot intramuscularly on 15 Nov 2012. The IM injection site on
right deltoid region started to hurt soon after injection on the same day. [Petitioner] assumed that
the pain was due to flu vaccination and that it would go away after some time. Gradually,
however, the right shoulder started to become significantly painful, inflamed, stiff, restrictive and
weak. The patient is right-handed and right arm is her dominant arm.” Pet. Ex. 12 at 1. In the
“current condition,” section of the record, it states, “Due to severe pain, stiffness, inflammation
and weakness, it is excruciatingly painful and difficult for patient to move her right arm and
perform day to day activities.” Id. A physical exam revealed that petitioner had normal range of
motion and strength with her left shoulder but had deficits in her right shoulder active range of
motion. Id. at 3. The record for that visit noted that petitioner had an internal rotation of the right
arm of only 28 degrees and external rotation of 25 degrees; her abduction was limited to 100
degrees and flexion limited to 110 degrees. Id. Petitioner was positive for Spurling’s Test and
the Empty Can Test on the right shoulder and negative on all special shoulder tests on the left
shoulder. Id. It was recommended that petitioner begin physical therapy and recommended that
she engage in strength exercises, moist heat therapy to increase local circulation and decrease
pain and inflammation; active and passive stretching to increase joint range of motion; peripheral
joint mobilization/cryotherapy which is the application of cold to decrease local swelling and
decease pain. Id. at 4.

        Petitioner continued extensive physical therapy with Megha Sheth through July 2013.
On the last day of her physical therapy with Megha Sheth, it was noted that petitioner “did not
improve on the prescribed treatment she received at the center in more than 4 months.” Pet. Ex.
12 at 74. Petitioner reported that her pain was not improving and she was going to continue
further treatment when she came to the United States. Id.

        On July 26, 2013, petitioner had an appointment with Dr. Steven Lager. Pet. Ex. 5 at 1.
Petitioner reported “2% pain when sitting and not using her shoulder but severe pain when she
was using the shoulder.” Id. The physical exam showed petitioner had “extraordinarily tight
right glenohumeral joint with reduced passive range of motion, tenderness in the mid-humerus
below the deltoid insertion, and pain in the restricted abduction. Id. Dr. Lager diagnosed
petitioner severe right shoulder capsulitis, “that did not respond to 4 months of physical therapy.”
Id.

        Petitioner had a sports medicine appointment on August 8, 2013 with Dr. Darlene K.
Jean-Pierre. Pet. Ex. 2 at 38. The clinic note states, “48 yF RHD referred to sports clinic for
evaluation and treatment of R shoulder pain/stiffness s/p flu shot in 11/2012.” Id. It was noted
that petitioner had “diffuse tenderness to palpation” on her right upper extremity and she had a
positive impingement sign. Id. Petitioner also demonstrated “some weakness with supraspinatus
test.” Id. Dr. Jean-Pierre diagnosed petitioner with adhesive capsulitis of shoulder and
administered a subacromial/intraarticular injection. Id. During the course of her therapy she also
received a ten day course of Prednisone which was not helpful.

                                                  3
         On August 12, 2013, petitioner had an occupational therapy shoulder evaluation. Pet. Ex.
2 at 42. It was reported that petitioner’s diagnosis was “right shoulder adhesive capsulitis.” Id.
It was also noted that petitioner’s dominate extremity was her “right.” Id. The history of
treatment stated, “…right shoulder pain since 11/2012 s/p flu shot, received aggressive PT in
India (illegible) improvements, s/p injection subacromial region by sports on 8/8/2013.”
Petitioner reported that she had pain in her right shoulder in all directions at an 8/10. Id. She
demonstrated limited range of motion in all directions. Id. at 43. Petitioner had her second
occupational therapy appointment on August 16, 2013. Id. at 46. She reported “much improved
pain” in the right shoulder, indicating that it was a 2/10 while at rest. Id. Petitioner had three
other occupational therapy appointments in August 2013. Id. at 47-9. At the August 29, 2013
visit, petitioner reported that she was traveling for two weeks. Id. at 49. Petitioner returned to
occupational therapy on October 4, 2013. Id. at 51. She reported reduced pain in her right
shoulder and that she had been compliant with home treatments as much as possible. Id. She
had another occupational therapy appointment on October 11, 2013. Id. at 52. At this
appointment, she reported her pain as a 1/10. Id.

         On April 15, 2014, petitioner presented to Performance Rehabilitation for an initial
evaluation. Pet. Ex. 7 at 1. It was recorded that petitioner received a flu vaccination in
November 2012 and that she developed frozen shoulder. Id. at 1. During the initial physical
therapy evaluation, petitioner demonstrated reduced range of motion of her right shoulder on
active movement. Id. Petitioner had a positive drop arm test, positive impingement test and
positive Spurling test. Id. Petitioner was assessed with right frozen shoulder with secondary
bicipital tendinitis and some symptoms consistent with cervical radiculopathy. Id. Petitioner
had physical therapy appointments at Performance Rehabilitation for the next six weeks. Pet.
Ex. 7. At an appointment on May 13, 2014, petitioner reported that her shoulder was “getting
better little at a time,” and that her pain had been reduced. Id. at 18. On May 22, 2014,
petitioner reported a “significant reduction in pain and improved [range of motion], strength and
mobility,” however, petitioner continued to report “difficulty and limitations in her ability to lift
and reach overhead, behind her back and still has pain with activity.” Id. at 22. She reported her
pain at a 1/10 at best and a 5/10 at worst. Id. On June 4, 2014, at another physical therapy
appointment, petitioner reported that “her shoulder is significantly better. She feels her range is
a lot looser and is able to reach behind her back better.” Id. at 28. Later in the month, on June 9,
2014, petitioner reported, “…significant range improvements day to day. Much easier reaching
behind [her] back. Pain only with reaching across body.” Id. at 32.

        Petitioner had a follow-up appointment with Dr. Wanich on June 12, 2014. Pet. Ex. 8 at
1. In the history, he noted that petitioner “has demonstrated improvement with physical
therapy.” Id. After a physical exam of her right shoulder, he assessed petitioner with right
shoulder adhesive capsulitis. Id. at 4. He wrote that petitioner had responded well to physical
therapy, but “still lacks [internal rotation/external rotation],” and he gave her a new physical
therapy referral. Id.

        When petitioner returned to India in December 2014, she re-established physical therapy
care at the Institute for Physical Medicine. Her history at that time noted that petitioner had
aggressive physical therapy from February to July 2013 in India and again in the U.S. Id.

                                                  4
Petitioner reported that the pain was at worst a 3/10 and at rest a 0-1/10. Id. She reported mild
limitation when trying to lift objects and mild to difficult when trying to reach overhead. Id. A
physical examination of the shoulder revealed some limitation on external rotation and internal
rotation, along with decreased strength (4/5) on the right shoulder compared to the left shoulder.
Id. at 3. Physical Therapist Komal Patel assessed petitioner, noting, “Signs and symptoms are
consistent with residual right frozen shoulder with bicipital tendinitis. Signs and symptoms are
also consistent with cervical radiculopathy. Id. It was recommended petitioner engage in
physical therapy for the right shoulder, including strengthening and stabilizing exercises, as well
as, certain passive movements to improve range of motion. Id. Petitioner had physical therapy
appointments from December 10, 2014 to April 28, 2017 in India. See Pet. Exs. 13, 18, and 25.

        On September 29, 2016, petitioner had an MRI of her right shoulder at InFocus
Diagnostics in Ahmedabad, India. Pet. Ex. 16. The MRI revealed a thin strip of fluid in the
subacromial subdeltoid bursa with heterogeneous content and capsular thickening, mild effusion
in the acromioclavicular joint with capsular fullness, degenerative signal changes in the antero-
superior glenoid labrum and mild edematous changes in the rotator cuff interval space (mild
changes of adhesive capsulitis). Id. The impression of the MRI was tendinosis involving
anterior fibers of supraspinatus tendon, changes of subacromial subdeltoid bursitis and mild
effusion involving AC joint with capsular fullness. Id.

        By August 2017, petitioner stated that she had a dull, continuous aching pain and some
sleep disturbances, but that were “not as severe as in 2013 or 2014.” Tr. 120. She felt she
reached a plateau of residual problems and needed a break from physical therapy. Id. In
December 2017, she was “feeling much better,” but still experienced some pain reaching behind
her back and overhead, which she considered “normal.” Id.

        On May 4, 2018, petitioner had another appointment with Dr. Gregory DiFelice. Pet. Ex.
27. In petitioner’s history, it was noted that she was right hand dominant who has had right
shoulder pain and stiffness “for several years after receiving the flu shot.” Id. at 1. Dr. DiFelice
performed a focused physical exam of the right shoulder which showed active forward flexion 1-
160 degrees, abduction was 1-160 degrees, external rotation was 0-60 degrees and active internal
rotation to T12, all with good kinematics. Petitioner’s strength was 5/5 in the plane of the
scapula; 5-/5 in external rotation; and 5-/5 in subscapula. Id. at 2. She had a negative Spurling’s
test, but positive impingement signs. Id. Dr. DiFelice diagnosed petitioner with chronic rotator
cuff syndrome, possibly related to flu shot. Id. He recommended petitioner continue at home
exercises, ice and over-the-counter NSAIDs and Tylenol as needed for pain control. Id.

        Petitioner testified that “some background pain is always there.” Tr. 121. She explained
that “during good seasons, when I don’t overstretch or overwork [her] arm,” she feels good about
her movements, sleep and activities. Tr. 121. But during the monsoon season or colder months,
her pain would come back. Id. She testified that by March 2018, she reported to her physical
therapist that she had pain in her right shoulder, but had improvement in movement since the
wintertime. Tr. 124. She stated that since March 2018, her shoulder issues had remained stable
and she had been feeling much more comfortable sleeping and in her movements. Tr. 125.

                                                 5
        Petitioner described a variety of activities that can aggravate her right shoulder, including
vacuuming, carrying more than six pounds in her right hand, or carrying a large bag. Tr. 130-31.
She stated that she purchased a specialized cart to assist her with grocery shopping. Tr. 133.
During the hearing, petitioner demonstrated her range of motion in her right shoulder. Tr. 136.
During the hearing, she was able raise her left arm about 180 degrees (normal)but her right arm
only to 150 degrees. Id. When asked about reaching behind her back, she was able to get to
about the T-5 level (normal) with the left arm but only to the T-12 level with the right. Tr 135.
She testified that all of the treating physicians she has seen for her right shoulder told her she
would experience residual problems with her right shoulder forever. Tr. 146.

       IV. Contentions of the Parties

                 A. Petitioner’s Position

         Petitioner proposes an award of $250,000 for past pain and suffering, the most allowed
for pain and suffering cases in the Vaccine program under the statutory cap. Pet. Post-Hearing
Brief at 17. Petitioner contends that her “life is now a life of pain, with severely limited use of
her right dominate arm.” Pet. Post-Hearing Brief at 18. She argues that her injury is a “severe
and permanent injury, which impacts all aspects [of her life].” Id. Petitioner stated in her post-
hearing brief that “she wakes up to pain…lives with pain during the day and she goes to sleep
with pain, which wakes her up at during the night.” Id. at 19. This “constant ‘background’ pain’
justifies her being awarded the maximum amount of that can be awarded for pain and suffering
in the vaccine program of $250,000. Id. at 18-19.

        Petitioner cites to Graves v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs to support an award of
$250,000 in pain and suffering. Petitioner stated that Graves, “instructed that pain and suffering
awards should be considered in light of the overarching purpose of the Vaccine Act to award
compensation.” Pet. Post-Hearing Brief at 18; see also Graves v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 109 Fed. Cl. 579, 595 (2013). Petitioner stated that the, “The Court in Graves, observed
numerous cases in which pain and suffering had been experienced even for short durations of
time, but yet had garnered awards far exceeding the statutory cap.” Pet. Post-Hearing Brief at
18.

        Petitioner then argues that if petitioner’s past pain and suffering did not reach the
$250,000 cap, then she should be awarded future pain and suffering for years until the future,
until the statutory cap is reached. Pet. Post-Hearing Brief at 19. She stated that, “through an
economist, reduce the future award to its net present value, pursuant to the Federal Circuit’s
holding in Youngblood.” Id.; Youngblood v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 32 F. 3d. 552, 555
(Fed. Cir. 1994).

        Petitioner also requests reimbursement for out-of-pocket expenses totaling $1,772.62;
one physical therapy appointment per week until 2029, totaling $3,050.32; and future care items
identified in the life-care plan. Pet. Post-Hearing Brief at 20-27.

                 B. Respondent’s Position

                                                  6
        Respondent argued that petitioner’s ongoing left shoulder injury is rotator cuff syndrome,
which was the result of a natural aging process and is a separate injury from petitioner’s initial
adhesive capsulitis. Resp. Post-Hearing Brief at 17. As noted in the entitlement decision, I did
not find that petitioner’s rotator cuff syndrome was a separate injury, but instead likely a
sequalae of her SIRVA.

        Respondent argues that, “Special Masters have awarded comparatively less severely
injured petitioners comparatively less in pain and suffering.” Id. at 18. Respondent cites to
Hocraffer, where former Chief Special Master Golkiewicz stated, “to fairly treat all petitioners,
the Special Masters have attempted to create a continuum of injury, awarding the highest pain
and suffering to the most injured and reducing the pain and suffering for lessor injuries.” Resp.
Post-Hearing Brief at 18; Hocraffer v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 99-533V, 2007 WL
914914 at *5 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 28, 2007). Respondent also agreed with the approach set
forth in Graves, stating, “The Court in Graves set forth its own approach, whereby a special
master would first determine the amount of pain and suffering damages, without regard to the
$250,000 cap. Then, if necessary, the special master would apply the statutory cap…Respondent
agrees with Graves to the extent it calls for an individualized assessment of damages based on
the specific facts of petitioner’s case.” Id. at 18.; Graves, 32 F. 3d, 589-90.

        Respondent then argues that the plain text of the statute limiting actual and projected pain
and suffering and emotional distress to $250,000, “contemplates that at least some petitioners
would be awarded less than the statutory maximum.” Resp. Post-Hearing Brief at 19.
Respondent stated that he approached the valuation of pain and suffering in this case by
examining the individual aspects of petitioner’s case, including degree of injury, the duration,
and the extent of any disability alongside a general aim that seeks to compensate similarly
situated claimants justly, in a similar way. Id. Respondent stated that petitioner reports her daily
pain is a 1 to 1.5 out of 10; she was found to have normal range of motion and pain consistent
with rotator cuff syndrome; and she is volunteering as a pediatrician at a local clinic in India
three to four days per week. Id. at 20. Respondent acknowledged that petitioner had a steroid
injection but pointed out that she did not have arthroscopic surgery, and thus should be awarded
$75,000.00 for pain and suffering. Id. at 20.

       V. Discussion

           1. Petitioner’s Pain and Suffering

        Compensation awarded pursuant to the Vaccine Act shall include “[f]or actual and
projected pain and suffering and emotional distress from the vaccine-related injury, an award not
to exceed $250,000.” Section 15(a)(4). Additionally, a petitioner may recover “actual
unreimbursable expenses incurred before the date of judgment award such expenses which (i)
resulted from the vaccine-related injury for which petitioner seeks compensation, (ii) were
incurred by or on behalf of the person who suffered such injury, and (iii) were for diagnosis,
medical or other remedial care, rehabilitation . . . determined to be reasonably necessary.”
Section 15(a)(1)(B). The petitioner bears the burden of proof with respect to each element of
compensation requested. Brewer v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 93-0092V, 1996 WL
147722, at *22-23 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 18, 1996).

                                                 7
        There is no mathematical formula for assigning a monetary value to a person’s pain and
suffering and emotional distress. I.D. v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 04-1593V, 2013
WL 2448125, at *9 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 14, 2013) (“[a]wards for emotional distress are
inherently subjective and cannot be determined by using a mathematical formula”); Stansfield v.
Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 93-0172V, 1996 WL 300594, at *3 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.
May 22, 1996) (“the assessment of pain and suffering is inherently a subjective evaluation”).
Factors to be considered when determining an award for pain and suffering include: 1) awareness
of the injury; 2) severity of the injury; and 3) duration of the suffering. I.D., 2013 WL 2448125,
at *9 (quoting McAllister v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No 91-1037V, 1993 WL 777030,
at *3 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 26, 1993), vacated and remanded on other grounds, 70 F.3d
1240 (Fed. Cir. 1995)).

        A special master may also consider prior pain and suffering awards to aid the resolution
of the appropriate amount of compensation for pain and suffering in this case. See, e.g., Doe 34
v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 87 Fed. Cl. 758, 768 (2009) (finding that “there is nothing
improper in the chief special master’s decision to refer to damages for pain and suffering
awarded in other cases as an aid in determining the proper amount of damages in this case.”). A
special master may rely on my own experience adjudicating similar claims. Hodges v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 9 F.3d 958, 961 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (noting that Congress contemplated
the special masters would use their accumulated expertise in the field of vaccine injuries to judge
the merits of individual claims).

        In Graves¸ Judge Merow rejected the special master’s approach of awarding
compensation for pain and suffering based on a spectrum from $0.00 to the statutory cap of
$250,000. Graves v. Sec’y of Health and Human Servs., 109 Fed. Cl. 579, 590 (2013). The
Court noted that this constituted “the forcing of all suffering awards into a global comparative
scale in which the individual petitioner’s suffering is compared to the most extreme cases and
reduced accordingly.” Id. at 590. Instead, the Court assessed pain and suffering by looking to
the record evidence, prior pain and suffering awards within the Vaccine Program, and a survey
of similar injury claims outside the Vaccine Program. Id. at 595.

       In that regard, the Special Processing Unit (“SPU”) has amassed a significant history
regarding damages in SIRVA cases. In Vinocur v. Secretary of Health & Human Services,
Special Master Dorsey explained that after five-and-one-half years of SPU, 1,405 SIRVA cases
were resolved informally as of January 1, 2020. Vinocur v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
No. 17-598V, 2020 WL 1161173, at *9 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 31, 2020). Special Master
Dorsey noted that the median award for cases resolved via government proffer was $95,000.00
and the median award for cases resolved via stipulation was $70,000.00.3 The history of

3
  The total range for all informally resolved SIRVA claims—by proffer or stipulation—spans from $25,000.00 to
$1,845,047.00. Id. at *9 n.13. Importantly, these amounts represent total compensation and typically do not
separately list amounts intended to compensate for lost wages or expenses. The undersigned notes that these figures
represent five-and-one-half years’ worth of past informal resolution of SIRVA claims and represent the bulk of prior
SIRVA experience in the Vaccine Program. However, these figures are subject to change as additional cases resolve
and do not dictate the result in this or any future case. Nor do they dictate the amount of any future proffer or
settlement.

                                                         8
informal resolution in SPU “reflects a substantial history of resolutions among many different
cases with many different counsel,” and thus, “the undersigned is persuaded that the full SPU
history of settlement and proffer conveys a better sense of the overall arms-length evaluation of
the monetary value of pain and suffering in a typical SIRVA case.” Kim v. Sec’y of Health &
Human Servs., No. 17-418V, 2018 WL 3991022, at *9 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. July 20, 2018).
Schnoonover supra.

        In addition to recounting the awards in proffered and stipulated cases, former Chief
Special Master Dorsey has also written numerous reasoned decisions awarding damages in
SIRVA cases which include detailed information regarding the basis for the awards.4 Typically,
the primary point of dispute between the parties is the appropriate amount of compensation for
pain and suffering.

        a. Petitioner’s Past Pain and Suffering

        I have carefully reviewed the testimony, medical records, expert opinions and the parties
briefs in this case. Upon review of the complete record and in consideration of damages
awarded in other SIRVA cases, as well as my own knowledge and experience in evaluating
SIRVA claims, I find that an award of $125,000.00 for past pain and suffering to be reasonable.

        Petitioner testified credibly that she initially experienced a severe SIRVA, followed by
months of excruciating pain. Petitioner testified that she experienced pain in her right shoulder
the same evening she received the flu vaccination. The pain continued, along with a restricted
range of motion gradually increasing over the ensuing months. Petitioner explained she did not
seek immediate medical treatment because she believed the pain would go away. When she
finally sought treatment in late February 2013, she was in considerable pain and had a significant
reduction in the range of motion in her right shoulder.

        The petitioner underwent extensive physical therapy, multiple times a week, for a period
of five years following the vaccination. The physical therapy in this case is the primary measure
of treatment and persistent nature of the pain and suffering in this case. Petitioner filed six

4
 Reed v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 16-1670V, 2019 WL 1222925 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 1, 2019);
Attig v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 17-1029V, 2019 WL 1749405 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 19, 2019);
Binette v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 16-0731V, 2019 WL 1552620 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 20, 2019);
Hooper, 2019 WL 1561519; Garrett v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 18-0490V, 2019 WL 2462953 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. Apr. 8, 2019); Weber v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 17-0399V, 2019 WL 2521540 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. Apr. 9, 2019); Bordelon v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 17-1892V, 2019 WL 2385896 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. Apr. 24, 2019); Pruett v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 17-0561V, 2019 WL 3297083 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. Apr. 30, 2019); Bruegging v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 17-0261V, 2019 WL 2620957 (Fed.
Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 13, 2019); Wallace v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 16-1472V, 2019 WL 4458393 (Fed.
Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 27, 2019); Schandel v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 16-0225V, 2019 WL 5260368 (Fed.
Cl. Spec. Mstr. July 8, 2019); Capasso v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 17-0014V, 2019 WL 5290524 (Fed.
Cl. Spec. Mstr. July 10, 2019); Kelley v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 17-2054V, 2019 WL 5555648 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. Aug. 2, 2019); Kent v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 17-0073V, 2019 WL 5579493 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. Aug. 7, 2019); Lucarelli v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 16-1721V, 2019 WL 5889235 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. Aug. 21, 2019); Goring v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 16-1458V, 2019 WL 6049009 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. Aug. 23, 2019); Nute v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 18-0140V, 2019 WL 6125008 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. Sept. 6, 2019).

                                                       9
separate exhibits containing physical therapy treatment records. See Pet. Exs. 7, 12, 13, 18, 25
and 31. The treatments began shortly after she saw the orthopedist, Dr. Shah, in late February
2013. At the end of her first round of physical therapy in July 2013, petitioner reported no
improvement in reduction of pain or shoulder mobility. Pet. Ex. 12 at 74. Her physical therapist
noted that petitioner’s shoulder condition “significantly impairs her social/professional/personal
and recreational life.” Id. When petitioner returned to the U.S., she had an appointment at the
Jacobi Medical Center Orthopedic Clinic on August 8, 2013. Pet. Ex. 2 at 38. Petitioner
reported that she underwent aggressive physical therapy without significant improvement. Id.
At this appointment, petitioner received her only steroid injection. Id.

         Petitioner continued with physical therapy until October 2013. Pet. Ex. 2 at 42-52. At
her initial appointment on August 12, 2013, she reported her pain at an 8 out of 10. Id. at 42.
Her active external rotation was listed 35 degrees and her abduction was recorded at 90 degrees.
Id. at 44. At an appointment on December 26, 2013, petitioner reported that she had some
improvement in right shoulder pain after the physical therapy. Id. at 61.

        On April 10, 2014, petitioner was still experiencing pain in her right shoulder and sought
treatment from orthopedist, Dr. Tony Wanich. Pet. Ex. 6. She reported her pain to be at a 4 out
of 10. Id. at 1. After a targeted right shoulder exam, where petitioner demonstrated an external
rotation of 50 degrees; abduction of 140 degrees; external rotation to 60 degrees and internal
rotation to her mid-lumbar spine, Dr. Wanich diagnosed petitioner with adhesive capsulitis and
recommended she continue to work with physical therapy. Id. at 4.

        Petitioner pursued a very extensive course of physical therapy over a period of
approximately 3.5 years and continues to consistently do a course of home exercises as
prescribed by her physicians. In total, over the course of five years, petitioner had nearly 400
physical therapy appointments. See Pet. Exs. 2, 7, 12, 13, 18, 25 and 31.

       The records of physical therapy indicated treatments exclusively focused on the right
shoulder for adhesive capsulitis, tendinitis and bursitis. The records suggested some level of
waxing and waning in her pain, but never resolution and generally indicated goals of reducing
pain and increasing range of motion. An example of the documentation of her pain on
September 23, 2016 by the Bhatt Institute of Physiotherapy therapist said, “There is constant
heavy, sore pain from inside out of her right shoulder joint. Pain is exacerbated by humid and
cold weather. The weakness, residual stiffness and restriction of movement make her feel
uncomfortable. She feels less than normal in her daily activities. Pet. Ex. 18 at 72. The records
also consistently indicated that she was compliant with home exercise programs between visits.

        When petitioner had an appointment with Dr. DiFelice in May 2018, he diagnosed her
with right chronic rotator cuff syndrome, “[possibly] related to flu shot,” and recommended a
continued home exercise program. Pet. Ex. 27 at 2. At the last recorded physical therapy
appointment in June 2018, petitioner was reporting her pain at a 2-3 out of ten at its worst and
some pain in the right shoulder while sleeping. Pet. Ex. 31 at 64. Her external rotation was
noted as “within normal limits,” but “with moderate pain.” Id.

                                                10
       An award of $125,000.00 in past pain and suffering is consistent with other SIRVA
awards where petitioners have had no surgical intervention but had steroid injections and
numerous physical therapy sessions. For example, in Cooper, former Chief Special Master
Dorsey awarded $110,000.00 in pain and suffering due to the petitioner experiencing eight
months of severe or significant pain following the SIRVA, followed by a longer period of
residual pain and reduced range of motion, with no surgical intervention Cooper v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Serv., No. 16-138V, 2019 WL 6288181*12 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Nov. 7,
2018). In another SIRVA damages decision, former Chief Special Master Dorsey awarded
$130,000.00 in past pain and suffering to a petitioner who experienced moderate to severe pain
for two years after the vaccination and did not have a surgical intervention. Binette v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., No. 16-731, 2019 WL 1552620 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. July 8, 2019).

         Upon consideration of petitioner’s description of the pain and suffering, including
restricted motion in her arm which she endured and the lesser amount of pain that she continues
to endure, together the record of very extensive physical therapy, a course of prednisone, a
steroid injection and the medical records denoting her condition at various times and the progress
that she has made, I have determined that an award for pain and suffering of $125,000 is
appropriate.

       b.      Petitioner’s Future Pain and Suffering

        During the hearing, petitioner testified that she continues to suffer from the effects of her
injury. She explained she continues to experience some pain and limitation of motion, which
together, affect her activities of daily living. She stated that she continues to use over the counter
pain medication when necessary and engages in a home exercise program, however, she still has
some reduction in range of motion. She also has been able to work several days a week as a
volunteer pediatrician in India. Petitioner testified that she does continue to have residual pain in
her right shoulder, particularly in cold and damp weather. While recognizing petitioner has
achieved considerable improvement from the early post-vaccination time period, I find that she
has demonstrated that she has permanent residual injury that justifies an award of future of pain
of suffering of $1,000.00 per year for her life expectancy of 30 years based on her birthdate.

        There are several reasoned SIRVA damages decisions where compensation for future
pain and suffering have been awarded. See Dhanoa v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 15-
1011V, 2018 WL 1221922; Binette v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 16-731, 2019 WL
1552620; and Curri v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 17-432, 2018 WL 6273562 (Fed.
Cl. Spec. Mstr. Oct. 31, 2018). In these cases, former Chief Special Master Dorsey, who
oversaw the SPU and developed a considerable base knowledge of awards, considered the
typical signs and symptoms of the injury, the treatment of the injury (surgical intervention,
physical therapy, steroid injections), the length of treatment, and the persistence of symptoms
and limitations in range of motion.

        Petitioner cited to Anthony and Schettl to support her position that she should receive the
full $250,000.00 award for pain and suffering. Pet. Post-Hearing Reply at 4. However, unlike in
the present case, the petitioner in Anthony had surgical intervention for his post-vaccination
shoulder injury. See Anthony v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 14-680, 2016 WL
11
7733084 at *1 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Dec. 15, 2016). The Schettl case involves a complex
regional pain syndrome (“CRPS”) injury post flu vaccination, where petitioner was diagnosed
with “severe intractable neuropathic pain.” Schettl v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 14-
422, 2019 WL 664493 at *10 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 22, 2019).

        While no case is identical on the facts, this case falls between the Dhanoa and Binette
cases but closer to Binette. Both Dhanoa and Binette are SIRVA cases. Former Chief Special
Master Dorsey found that the petitioner in Dhanoa obtained significant relief from two steroid
injections and ten physical therapy appointments, but she still experienced intermittent pain and a
slight decrease in range of motion and awarded her $10,000.00 in future pain and suffering for
one year (reduced to net present value). Dhanoa at *6-7. In Binette, former Chief Special
Master Dorsey awarded the petitioner $1,000.00 per year for her life expectancy of 57 years for
future pain and suffering, finding that petitioner’s injury was permanent and continued pain and
reduction in range of motion. Binette at *13-14. The petitioner in Binette described constant
pain and disruption to her sleep due to pain; had improvement from physical therapy but did not
regain all mobility in her shoulder; and had temporary relief from steroid injections. Binette at
*6-8.

        Here, petitioner’s injury was to her dominant arm, which required her to compensate for
certain activities of daily living; she complained of sleep disruption due to pain; and despite the
nearly 400 physical therapy appointments, she still has limitations in mobility due to pain and
stiffness in her right shoulder. However, petitioner has also explained that she has made great
progress in improving her range of motion and reducing the pain from when the injury first
occurred, therefore, the record does not support the amount of future damages petitioner seeks.
Nevertheless, I find that it is likely that petitioner will have permanent residual pain and
impairment but at a level much improved from that which she experienced in the months
following the vaccination.

        Petitioner bears the burden of proof with respect to each element of compensation
requested and the medical records are the most reliable evidence of petitioner’s condition.
Brewer v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 93-92V, 1996 WL 147722, at *22-23 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. Mar. 18, 1996); Shapiro v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 101 Fed. Cl. 532, 537-38
(2011). Based on petitioner’s medical records and testimony, the undersigned finds that an
award of $1,000.00 per year for her life expectancy of thirty (30) years5 is an appropriate award
for petitioner’s future pain and suffering. This amount will be reduced to net present value,
discussed below.

                  2. Future Unreimbursed Expenses

       Both petitioner and respondent obtained life care planners to consider future
unreimbursed expenses. Future unreimbursed expense may be paid when they are “reasonably
necessary.” §15(a)(1)(A)(iii)(II). Future unreimbursed expenses should be awarded to a degree
“beyond that which is required to meet the basic needs of the injured person…but short of that

5
 Petitioner’s life expectancy was calculated using the tables compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics.
Elizabeth Arias & Jiaquan Xu, United States Life Tables, 2017, 68 National Vital Statics Reports (2019).
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/life-expectancy.htm (accessed on Aug. 8, 2020).

                                                          12
which may be required to optimize the injured person’s quality of life. Curri at *4 (citing
Scheinfield v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 90-212V, 1991 WL 94360, at *2 (Cl. Ct.
Spec. Mstr. May 20, 1991).

        Petitioner requested future unreimbursed expenses for physical therapy and medical
evaluations; pain relief; housekeeping; and items to improve activities of daily living. Pet. Post-
Hearing Brief at 21-2. Both petitioner and respondent retained life care planners and submitted
life care plans. Pet. Ex. 30; Resp. Ex. C.

        Petitioner requested $3,050.32 per year for future physical therapy once a week until
2029. Petitioner stated that the cost of a physical therapy appointment in India is $7.00 per visit
and $58.66 in the United States (with insurance offsets). Pet. Post-Hearing Brief at 27.
Petitioner testified credibly that her shoulder mobility has not returned to baseline and that her
treating physicians stressed the importance of continuing stretching and exercises regimes to
maintain mobility. Tr. 202. Additionally, the medical records demonstrate that when petitioner
engaged in physical therapy, her shoulder mobility and strength increased. Therefore, I find
petitioner’s requested award of one physical therapy session per week until 2029 reasonably
necessary. However, given the amount of time petitioner spent in India and continues to spend
in India, I will award petitioner $1,820.00 for five years to cover the costs of one physical
therapy session per week at the rate of $7.00 per session in India and $15,251.60 for five years to
cover the costs of one physical therapy session per week at the U.S. rate of $58.66 per session.

        Petitioner also requested $400 per year for life for physical therapy evaluations for life
and orthopedic evaluations per year until age 65. Given that petitioner will continue with
ongoing physical therapy, one physical therapy evaluation per year until 2029 is reasonably
necessary. Petitioner shall be awarded $2000.00 for an annual physical therapy evaluation
($200.00 per visit for ten years). Further, during the course of hearing, I granted petitioner’s
request for an award covering the cost of orthopedic evaluations, finding these evaluations to be
reasonably necessary. Tr. 234-35. I granted petitioner $114.00 for the first two years to cover
the costs of an orthopedic evaluation in India (at $57.00 per evaluation in India) and $350.00 per
year for the next eight years for annual evaluations in the United States. Id.

       In addition to ongoing physical therapy, petitioner requested an award to cover pain relief
expenses, including over-the-counter topical creams, over-the-counter pain patches and
acetaminophen. Pet. Post-Hearing Brief at 21. After reviewing the life care plans developed by
each party, I stated during the hearing that I will grant petitioner’s request for these items and the
amounts awarded will be to cover her lifetime expenses, not per year. As such, I found the
following reasonably necessary future expenses: $1,860.00 for topical creams; $1,170.00 for
pain patches; and $2,490.00 for acetaminophen. Tr. 235.

         Additionally, petitioner identified personal support expenses, including a shoulder pulley,
Tempur-pedic pillow, specialized bra, portable shopping cart with wheels and home assistance
services. Petitioner testified that she continued to have some issues reaching behind her back
and lifting items over five pounds. Tr. 129. After reviewing the life care plans submitted by
both parties, I found the following personal support expenses to be reasonably necessary:
$825.00 for Tempur-Pedic pillows ($55.00, replaced every two years for life); $750.00 for a

                                                  13
specialized adaptive grocery cart ($125.00 per cart, replaced every five years for life); and
$570.00 for a specialized device designed to aid women with limited mobility in an arm to put on
a bra (at $38.00 per device, replaced every two years). Tr. 235-45.

        Petitioner requested separate amounts for housekeeping and assistive services. Pet. Ex.
30. The life care plan submitted by respondent provides $1,037.40 for assistive services,
including grocery shopping, laundry, and food delivery. Resp. Ex. C at 4. During the hearing, I
stated that respondent’s position was reasonable. Tr. 235. Additionally, I stated that I would
award this amount for petitioner’s life expectancy. Tr. 245. As such, petitioner is awarded,
$1,037.40 per year for thirty years for assistive services.

         Petitioner requested that a growth rate of 4% be applied to the life care damages. Pet.
Post-Hearing Brief at 22; Tr. 241. During the hearing, respondent requested a growth rate of
3%. Tr. 242. At the time of hearing I indicated that I would order a 4% rate but after further
review and consideration of petitioner’s future needs and that most of the items awarded under
the life care plan are consumer items I will instead order a rate of 3% which is more consistent
with the rate of inflation.

        In accordance with the above, below is a table that summarizes petitioner’s unreimbursed
future expenses:

                Items of Compensation          Duration          Total Amount
                   Physical Therapy             10 yrs.           $17,071.60
                   Ortho. Evaluation            10 yrs.            $3,028.00
                Physical Therapist Eval.        10 yrs.            $2,000.00
                Pain Relief Medications        Lifetime            $5,520.00
                  Tempur-Pedic Pillow          Lifetime             $825.00
                 Adaptive Grocery Cart         Lifetime             $750.00
                 Buckingham Bra Angel          Lifetime             $570.00
                   Assistive Services          Lifetime           $31,122.00
                         Total                                    $60,886.60

3. Reduction to Net Present Value

       Section 15(f)(4)(A) requires that future compensation awards to be reduced to their net
present value. Reducing future elements of compensation to net present value generally entails
awarding a lump sum that, if prudently invested, will provide petitioner with an amount
equivalent to [her] future damages. Brown v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 00-0182,
2005 WL 2659073, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Sept. 21, 2005); see also Petronelli v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., No 12-285, 2016 WL 3252082 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 12, 2016).

       The Supreme Court noted that in almost any case, calculating the loss of future wages
could become the subject of reasonable debate. See Monessen Southwestern Railway Co. v.

                                                14
Morgan, 486 U.S. 330, 351 (1988). The Court counseled against allowing the average personal
injury trial to become a graduate seminar on economic forecasting. Id. at 341. After reviewing
the advantages and disadvantages of the various calculation methods, the Court in Jones &
Laughlin Steel Corp found the “economic evidence distinctly inconclusive” and concluded that:
“we do not believe a trial court adopting such an approach in a suit . . . should be reversed if it
adopts a rate between one and three percent and explains its choice.” Jones & Laughlin Steel,
462 U.S. at 548-49.

        There are numerous Vaccine cases where special masters have analyzed the appropriate
net discount rate to apply to future damages. See Childers v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs,
No. 96-194V, 1999 WL 218893 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 26, 1999); Petronelli v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 2106 WL 3252082 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 12, 2016); Brown, 2005
WL 2659073; Curri, 2018 WL 6273562; Neiman v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No 15-
631V, 2016 WL 7741742 at *1 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Oct 31, 2016); Schoover v. Sec’y of Health
& Human Servs., No. 16-1324 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. filed Aug. 5, 2020).

         I considered that the challenge for petitioner is to be able to take a lump sum of money
awarded to her at this time and purchase a portfolio of U.S. Treasury bonds that would provide
her with a return sufficient to offset a reduction to present value. Consulting the official site of
the U.S. Department of Treasury on August 7, 2020, I found that the rate of interest on a six-
month treasury bond is 0.11%. The rate for a one-year bond is 0.14%, for a 2 year note 0.17%,
for a 5-year bond it is 0.21 %, for a 10-year bond 0.55% % and for a 30 year note 1.20 %.6
Obviously, the ability to obtain even a 1% return at the present time in any of the shorter
maturities is non-existent. Given the low interest rates of the present day but that it is likely that
rates will be at least somewhat higher in the out years of the thirty-year future damage award in
this case, I am adopting a multipronged approach, as I did in Petronelli and as adopted by other
special masters in this program. See Curri * 5 (citing Neiman, 2016 WL 7741742), and
Schoonover at n.11. Consistent with the other rulings within the Vaccine program and well
within the 1% to 3% standard suggested by the Supreme Court in Jones v. Laughlin, I am
ordering that the reduction to present value be calculated at a rate of 1% to the first 15-years of
petitioner’s future damages and a net-discount rate of 2% in the remaining years.

        4. Past Unreimbursed Expenses

        A Vaccine program claimant may recover past unreimbursed vaccine-related expenses
which are found to be “reasonably necessary.” §15(a)(1)(B). This category may include inter
alia, costs related to medical care, therapy, special equipment and travel. Id. Petitioners bear the
burden of showing that their requested costs are reasonably necessary. Brewer, 1996 WL
147722, at * 13.

        Petitioner requests $1,772.62 for past unreimbursed expenses. Pet. Ex. 36. Petitioner is
requesting reimbursement for physical therapy in the United States and in India; a specialized
adaptive grocery cart; specialized therapy equipment and medical visits. Id. Petitioner provided
receipts for the items requested as well. As such, I found that these costs were reasonably

6
  Daily Treasury Yield Curves, https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/interest-
rates/pages/textview.aspx?data=yield

                                                        15
necessary and awarded petitioner $1,772.62 in past unreimbursed vaccine-related expenses. Tr.
242.

       VII.   SUMMARY

       After a review of the record as a whole, I find that petitioner should be awarded
$125,000.00 in compensation for actual pain and suffering; $1,000.00 per year for her life
expectancy for future pain and suffering; $60,886.60 in future unreimbursed future expenses; and
$1,772.62 in past unreimbursed expenses. All future damages are reduced to present net value in
accordance with the above.

        The parties are to file a joint status report within thirty (30) day converting the
undersigned’s award of future pain and suffering and future unreimbursed expenses to the net
value in accordance with the above. A damages decision will be issued following the status
report.

       IT IS SO ORDERED

                                                    s/Thomas L. Gowen
                                                    Thomas L. Gowen
                                                    Special Master.

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