Court Opinion

ID: 9300890
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-02 17:07:19.03788+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:13:24.966289
License: Public Domain

WASHINGTON, Circuit Justice
(charging jury). The substratum of the plaintiff’s title, is settlement. If that be in his favour, and has been followed up with reasonable diligence in obtaining a legal title, he must prevail even against those defendants, whose warrants bear date prior to his. If he has failed in establishing a right by settlement, the verdict must be against him.
What constitutes a settlement, has been repeatedly decided in this, as well as in the state courts of Pennsylvania. It consists in actual occupancy of some part of the land intended to be appropriated, and the continuation of it; thereby manifesting an intention to make it the place of the party’s abode, not at some future day, but at and after the day when possession is taken. If he mark off the land he means to settle, and builds even a habitable house, and then leaves it, intending at some future period to return and live in the house so erected, his settlement will commence only from the time when he does return; the building of the house amounts to an improvement only; and if, before he returns, with a view to take possession of the land, and to make it from that time the place of his abode, some other person shall have obtained possession and settled himself on the land, and is found so settled by the first improver, the latter cannot set up an improvement right, against the settlement right thus acquired by the former. Settlement upon these frontier lands, (which the state of Pennsylvania acquired by cession in 1768, at Port Stanwix.) amounted to an equitable consideration, sufficient to entitle the settler to a giant, even prior to the act of 1786. But it was such a settlement as fulfilled the policy of the government, by presenting a barrier to the savages, and promoting the sale of the public lands to those who might not choose to settle. But vacant cabins, accompanied by declarations of intention to inhabit them at some future period, did not answer the public policy, and of course, amounted to nothing, until the settlement was in fact'made. The act of the 30th December 1786, declares what kind of settlement shall give a title to the lands ceded by the treaty at Poft Stanwix — that it must be “an actual residence settlement, with a manifest intention of making it a place of abode, and the means of supporting a family, and continued from time to time, unless interrupted by the enemy, or by going into military service.”
The question, then, for your consideration is, whether Wells made such a settlement as we have described, in 1771, or at any subsequent period. In 1771, he girdled some trees, collected and burned a parcel of brush-wood, raised the logs of a cabin, but without making it habitable; and then returned to his former residence, or retired to the settled parts of the country, intending most probably to return the next year, and to continue on the land which he had thus slightly improved. In 1772, he accordingly returns, with agricultural instruments; and the sincerity of his intention to remain, may fairly be conceded. But in the mean time, Boggs had taken actual possession of the land, having burned the logs of Wells’s cabin, and erected another for himself, which he inhabited. Wells considered Boggs to be an intruder upon his land, and endeavoured to gain the possession; Boggs, with much greater propriety, considered Wells as an intruder, and compelled him to quit the premises. Upon what ground Wells obtained a judgment in his ejectment against Boggs, it is impossible to conceive; but, as it appears, that two other persons, Link and Backhouse, obtained the possession, and settled themselves upon the land some time in 1772, it is probable, that Boggs took no farther notice of the suit; in consequence of which, judgment was obtained against him. From 1772, the possession continued in those persons; and, except a temporary possession gained by Wells in 1774, under a writ of possession against Boggs, it does not appear, that Wells, at any period of time, was settled upon this land. He complains, that he was prevented by Boggs and these other men from doing so; but the answer is, that they had a right to keep the possession, because they had acquired a legal title by settlement, in opposition to Wells’s claim by improvement, which gave no right whatever. This right, by settlement, being followed up by a regular office title, must prevail against the improvement and office title of the plaintiff.
But independent of the better right of the defendants, the plaintiff has not, in the opinion of the court, such a title as will support an ejectment in this court. In the case of Sims v. Irvine, 3 Dall. [3 U. S.] 425, the supreme court decided, that a warrant, survey, and consideration paid, vests a legal right of entry into lands lying in this state; but the survey ought to be in execution of the warrant, and such as would entitle the party to a patent. Now, in this case, the order of the board of property was to survey the claim, not to execute the warrant of the present lessor of the plaintiff; and in laying down this claim, it is made to cover five hundred and twenty, instead of four hundred acres; and this by interfering with all the defendants. Now, it may be admitted, that if the only title to this excess, adverse to the plaintiff’s, had been that of a state, a patent would have issued, upon the plaintiff paying the sum demanded by the state; but not so, if it interfered with the claims of third per*679sons. One thing is clear, that the lessor of the plaintiff, if he had a title against the defendants, to any part, is not entitled to five hundred and twenty aeres, and cannot obtain a patent for it; how, then, can this court locate for him, the quantity to which he claims to be legally entitled,'so as to enable him to recover, in any one of these ■ejectments? Upon the first point, however, the court is of opinion, that the defendants are entitled to verdicts.
Plaintiff suffered a nonsuit.