Court Opinion

ID: 9898541
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-14 19:31:23.957501+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:15:08.870259
License: Public Domain

Filed
                                                                                        Washington State
                                                                                        Court of Appeals
                                                                                         Division Two

                                                                                          May 23, 2023
    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                         DIVISION II
 In the Matter of the Personal Restraint of:                        No. 56824-1-II

 ALBERT ALLAN SPEARS,
                                                              UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                        Petitioner.

       PRICE, J. — Albert A. Spears seeks relief from personal restraint as a result of his 1997

convictions for murder in the first degree and two counts of assault in the first degree. The trial

court sentenced Spears to 1,000 months in custody. Spears committed the crimes when he was 21

years old.

       Spears argues that his personal restraint petition (PRP) meets exceptions to the one-year

time bar for PRPs stated in RCW 10.73.090(1). Spears asserts that recent decisions from our

Supreme Court are significant, retroactive, and material to his sentence because of his youth. He

also argues that neuroscientific studies show that a 21-year-old is legally indistinguishable from a

juvenile in terms of culpability and these studies constitute newly discovered evidence. Finally,

Spears argues his sentence is unconstitutional and invalid on its face.

       We reject these arguments. Because Spears was 21 years old at the time of his crimes and

did not face a mandatory life without the possibility of parole sentence, recent case law is not

material to his sentence. Spears also did not act with reasonable diligence in bringing his petition

based on neuroscientific studies as newly discovered evidence. Lastly, Spears has not shown that

his judgment and sentence is unconstitutional or invalid on its face. Accordingly, we dismiss

Spears’ PRP as untimely.
No. 56824-1-II

                                              FACTS

       In March 1996, Albert Spears committed three shootings in two different locations in

Tacoma, paralyzing one man and killing another. Spears’ motivation for the shootings was to

“prove himself as being worthy and to improve his stature within a sub-culture of gang members

and drug dealers.” App. to PRP at 19 (internal quotation marks omitted). The shootings were also

racially motivated as Spears resented people of Asian descent who had established stores in what

Spears considered predominantly black neighborhoods.

       Spears first went to a small grocery store “to shoot-up an Asian business.” Id. Spears and

his friend entered the store and the store clerk, Soon Yi, offered to assist them. Spears and his

friend initially left the store because too many potential witnesses were present. They returned 10

minutes later when Yi, who is of Asian descent, was alone with one customer, Robert White. At

close range, Spears fired his gun at Yi, but she avoided being struck by falling to the floor. Spears

then shot White in the back, severing his spinal cord and leaving him permanently paralyzed.

       Spears changed clothes and boarded a transit bus with friends. The bus was full of people.

Chin Hua Lee, a 73-year-old man of Asian descent, sat speaking to two young Japanese exchange

students. Lee wore a jacket with a Chicago Bulls logo. The logo is popular with certain gang

members, and Spears has a past affiliation with a rival gang. Spears laughed as he shot Lee in the

back of the head two times. Lee did not exchange words, look at, or gesture to Spears before the

attack. Spears exited the bus, disposed of his handgun, and changed his clothes.

       Before trial, Spears was evaluated by medical professional staff at the county jail. Spears

was observed as “shaky again, nervous, [and] hearing voices” and experiencing “paranoid

delusions.” Id. at 77. The staff stated that Spears suffered from depression and psychosis.

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No. 56824-1-II

        At trial, Spears claimed diminished capacity, arguing that schizophrenia impaired his

ability to form intent. Spears also blamed his behavior on his ingestion of the hallucinogenic drug

phencyclidine (PCP).

        Spears offered the testimony of Lloyd Cripe, Ph.D., a clinical neuropsychologist. Dr. Cripe

evaluated Spears and concluded that at the time of his crimes, “[Spears] was in a psychotic state

with his behavior driven by paranoid delusions and hallucinations because of a combination of

substance abuse of PCP and mental illness. His behavior was not willfully controlled by a normal

mind.” Id. at 79. Dr. Cripe determined that Spears suffered from a mental disorder in the days

leading up to the shooting, the cause of which “was probably a mix of severe personality disorder

(Schizotypal and Antisocial features), evolving schizophrenia, and drug effects (PCP).” Id. at 82.

He also stated that Spears’ “actions were more driven by the mental disorder than by free will.”

Id. Dr. Cripe closed with his opinion on Spears’ mental state at the time of the crime, stating:

        The explanation of how the mental disorder had the effect upon his capacity to form
        intent is as follows:

        Five or more days before the tragic shootings, Mr. Spears started having irrational
        and delusional thoughts that he was going to be harmed. He started believing that
        he had to prove himself. In a distorted manner, he started believing that Korean
        people were a threat. He believed that he had to prove himself to the “mafia” by
        doing harm to some Koreans. He started hearing voices. Those around him
        experienced him as behaving weird and unusual. He misinterpreted what was being
        said on audio recordings. In the context of all this mental confusion,
        disorganization, and delusion, he was not in the normal driving seat of his mind.
        He lacked normal volition and free will. He acted in extreme and regretful ways
        that were the result of this disturbed psychology. He did not have a normal capacity
        to form specific intent. The cause of his mental aberrations and deterioration is
        joint product of mental disorder significantly exacerbated by chemical abuse.

Id. at 83.

                                                 3
No. 56824-1-II

         The jury found Spears guilty of murder in the first degree and two counts of assault in the

first degree. The jury also found that Spears was armed with a firearm at the time of the crimes.

         The standard sentencing range for Spears’ crimes and the firearm enhancements, running

the counts consecutively, was 606-746 months. The State gave notice that it would seek an

exceptional sentence, alleging (1) the attack was racially motivated, (2) Spears committed the

shootings in order to further his status among gang members, (3) one of the victims, Lee, was

particularly vulnerable due to his age and health, and (4) White suffered unusually grave injuries.

         Spears requested a mitigated exceptional sentence downward of 346 to 380 months due to

significant impairment of his “capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct and to

conform his conduct to the requirements of the law.” Id. at 52. Spears argued that his mental

illness substantially impaired his ability to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct.

         At sentencing, the trial court considered information on Spears’ background and difficult

childhood; the trial court also considered information related to the day of the crime, including his

ingestion of PCP that morning and opinions relative to Spears’ psychological state. The

information that the trial court considered about Spears’ childhood included that at the age of five

or six, he witnessed his mother shoot a man for which she served seven months in jail. At age 13,

Spears moved to Washington from California with his mother, who at that time was addicted to

cocaine. Spears also became addicted to “sherm”1 and started to sell cocaine. Id. at 63. Spears

became friends with individuals affiliated with a gang. Although Spears was never arrested as a

juvenile, he admitted he stole cars, sold drugs, and fought.

1
    Spears described “sherm” as “liquid PCP.” App. to PRP at 89.

                                                  4
No. 56824-1-II

        After considering the information, the trial court gave Spears an exceptional upward

sentence based on Lee’s vulnerability and Spears’ racial motivation for committing the crimes.

The trial court imposed the top of the standard sentencing range for each count with each carrying

a firearm enhancement of 60 months, running each consecutively. For the aggravating factors, the

trial court imposed an additional 254 months. With the additional 254 months added to the high-

end standard range sentences with enhancements, the trial court imposed a total confinement of

1,000 months.

        Spears appealed his convictions and sentence, which we affirmed in an unpublished

opinion. The mandate issued in October 1999. Spears later filed two collateral attacks, both of

which were dismissed as untimely.

        In March 2022, nearly 23 years after his judgment and sentence was finalized, Spears filed

this third petition for relief from personal restraint.

        Spears supports his PRP with a 2022 forensic psychological evaluation by Michael Stanfill,

Ph.D., a licensed psychologist. Stanfill wrote in a section titled “Psychologically Relevant

Considerations” that a juvenile brain is not developed until age 25, stating:

        Research showed that adolescent development was a period of gradual maturation.
        Adolescence was roughly defined as the period between the onset of puberty and
        maturity, approximately from the age of 10 to 25, with the adolescent brain not
        being fully developed until about age 25. Per available scientific literature,
        adolescents and young adults were not fully mature in their judgment, problem-
        solving, risk assessment, impulse control, and decision-making capacities. Their
        capacity for decision making was not fully developed and certainly not the same as
        an adult’s capacity. Generally speaking, adolescents did not have the ability to fully
        understand adult responsibilities or appreciate potentially grave, long-term
        consequences or consider alternative courses of actions. They were also
        significantly influenced by their peers compared to their adult counterparts.

                                                    5
No. 56824-1-II

Id. at 166 (footnotes omitted). Stanfill’s report supports its neuroscientific conclusions by relying

on studies from as early as 1999.2 Spears argues that pursuant to one of these studies “under

emotionally arousing conditions, 18- to 21-year-olds demonstrated levels of impulsive behavior

and patterns of brain activity comparable to those in their mid-teens.” PRP and Br. in Supp. of

Pet. at 13 (citing A. Cohen, et al., When is an Adolescent an Adult? Assessing Cognitive Control

in Emotional and Nonemotional Contexts, 4 PSYCHOL. SCI. 549-562 (2016)).3

       Stanfill wrote about Spears’ PCP use at the time of the underlying crimes and the impacts

on Spears’ development and maturity:

       6. Mr. Spears’[] significant PCP, alcohol and cannabis abuse in adolescences [sic]
       likely negatively impacted his overall neuropsychological functioning, such as his
       inhibitory control and decision-making abilities. Chronic use of PCP around that
       time also resulted in intense auditory hallucinations and delusional beliefs that
       impacted Mr. Spears understanding of his environment in the period leading up to
       his committing the index offense.
       ....
       8. Because of [Spears’] notable substance use issues, along with his extensive
       exposure to negative childhood experiences and neighborhood deprivation, Mr.
       Spears’ ability to develop mature solutions to issues was significantly hindered and
       would have further delayed his adolescent maturation. From a psychological
       standpoint, at the time of the offense, despite chronologically being 21, he was not
       a fully functioning adult. Rather, he was more akin to a 16- or 17-year-old

2
 Sowell, E.R., Thompson, P.M., Holmes, C.J., et al. (1999). In vivo evidence for post-adolescent
brain maturation in frontal and striatal regions. Nature Neuroscience. 2, 859-61.
3
  Further studies relied on by Spears include: Steinberg, L. & Scott, E., Less Guilty by Reason of
Adolescence: Developmental Immaturity, Diminished Responsibility, and the Juvenile Death
Penalty, 58 AM. PSYCHOLOGIST 1009 (2003); Jay N. Giedd, Structural Magnetic Resonance
Imaging of the Adolescent Brain, 1021 ANN. N.Y. ACAD. SCI. 77 (June 2004); Terry A. Maroney,
The False Promise of Adolescent Brain Science in Juvenile Justice, 85 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 89
(2009); Marsha Levick, et al., The Eighth Amendment Evolves: Defining Cruel and Unusual
Punishment through the Lens of Childhood and Adolescence, 15 U. PA. J. L. & SOC. CHANGE 285
(2012).

                                                 6
No. 56824-1-II

        adolescent male. This notable immaturity was observed throughout his life up to
        [the] time [of the crimes].
        9. . . . [I]n the time leading up to the index offense Mr. Spears consistently
        demonstrated immature capacity for self-regulation in emotional situations; was
        overly sensitivity [sic] to external influences, such as peer pressure and immediate
        incentives as noted in his substance abuse at the time; and showed limited ability
        to make judgments and decisions that considered possible future repercussions for
        his actions.

App. to PRP at 166-67.

        Stanfill concluded:

        In all, there was sufficient evidence that Mr. Spears committed the index offense in
        1996 as a direct result of PCP intoxication and secondary to his limited maturity at
        the time. There was no evidence of ongoing psychiatric issues that would impact
        his functioning in a similar way into the future.

Id. at 167.

                                           ANALYSIS

        Spears argues that his PRP is timely and should be granted because (1) recent case law

from our Supreme Court, specifically In re Personal Restraint of Monschke, 197 Wn.2d 305,

482 P.3d 276 (2021) (plurality opinion) and State v. Haag, 198 Wn.2d 309, 495 P.3d 241 (2021),

are significant and retroactive changes to the law that are material to his sentence (RCW

10.73.100(6)); (2) developments in neurological sciences demonstrate that there is no

distinguishable difference between juveniles and 21-year-olds in terms of culpability, and this

constitutes newly discovered evidence (RCW 10.73.100(1)); (3) Spears’ sentence is

unconstitutional as applied to a 21-year-old when the trial court failed to consider mitigating

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No. 56824-1-II

circumstances of youth (RCW 10.73.100(2)); and (4) alternatively, under RCW 10.73.090(1), his

judgment and sentence was facially invalid. We disagree.4

I. LEGAL PRINCIPLES

       Spears filed his petition nearly 23 years after the mandate issued from his direct appeal.

Assuming his judgment and sentence is not invalid on its face, his petition typically would be

barred as untimely because it was filed more than one year after the mandate. RCW 10.73.090(1)

(“No petition or motion for collateral attack on a judgment and sentence in a criminal case may be

filed more than one year after the judgment becomes final if the judgment and sentence is valid on

its face and was rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction.”).

       The one-year time bar may be overcome, “if the judgment was not valid on its face, the

court lacked competent jurisdiction, or the petition is based solely on one or more of the exceptions

to the time bar listed in RCW 10.73.100.” In re Pers. Restraint of Davis, 200 Wn.2d 75, 81,

514 P.3d 653 (2022).

       Spears’ petition relies on several of the exceptions in RCW 10.73.100. First, RCW

10.73.100(6) provides an exception to the time bar when there is a significant and retroactive

change in the law that is material to a petitioner’s sentence. The statute states:

       The time limit specified in RCW 10.73.090 does not apply to a petition or motion
       that is based solely on one or more of the following grounds: . . . There has been a
       significant change in the law, whether substantive or procedural, which is material

4
  As a threshold matter, Spears also contends that this PRP is not successive as the grounds for
relief are raised for the first time and could not have been raised in his earlier petitions. The State
does not respond to this argument. Spears contends that the State concedes the argument by not
responding. But because Spears’ past two PRPs were dismissed as untimely, this third petition is
not successive. In re Pers. Restraint of Stoudmire, 145 Wn.2d 258, 263, 36 P.3d 1005 (2001)
(a petition dismissed on procedural grounds is not a decision on the merits that would bar a
subsequent petition as successive).

                                                  8
No. 56824-1-II

       to the conviction, sentence, or other order . . . and . . . a court, in interpreting a
       change in the law that lacks express legislative intent regarding retroactive
       application, determines that sufficient reasons exist to require retroactive
       application of the changed legal standard.

RCW 10.73.100(6) (emphasis added).

       Second, RCW 10.73.100(1) provides that newly discovered evidence may act as an

exception to the time bar. The exception applies when the evidence: “(1) will probably change the

result of the [sentencing], (2) was discovered since the [sentencing], (3) could not have been

discovered before [sentencing] by the exercise of due diligence, (4) is material, and (5) is not

merely cumulative or impeaching.” In re Pers. Restraint of Fero, 190 Wn.2d 1, 15, 409 P.3d 214

(2018) (plurality opinion). If any of newly discovered evidence elements are missing, a petitioner

is not entitled to relief. Id. For this exception, a petitioner must also show that he or she acted

“with reasonable diligence in discovering the evidence and filing the petition or motion.” RCW

10.73.100(1).

       Finally, RCW 10.73.100(2) provides an exception to the one-year time bar when “[t]he

statute that the defendant was convicted of violating was unconstitutional on its face or as applied

to the defendant’s conduct.”

II. CASE LAW AND RELEVANT NEUROSCIENCE

       Our Supreme Court has relied on psychological and neurological studies to determine that

age may be a mitigating factor in a defendant’s culpability. State v. Bassett, 192 Wn.2d 67, 81,

428 P.3d 343 (2018). In 2015, our Supreme Court, in State v. O’Dell, 183 Wn.2d 680, 695,

358 P.3d 359 (2015), recognized that advances in the study of the adolescent brain show that

qualities of youth can significantly mitigate culpability. The O’Dell court, relying on a number of

                                                 9
No. 56824-1-II

neuroscience articles, stated that parts of the brain that are involved in behavior control continue

to develop “well into a person’s 20s.” 183 Wn.2d at 691-92.

       Six years later, in Monschke, the Supreme Court acknowledged that more recent

neurological studies supported “[t]he overarching conclusion . . . [that] ‘biological and

psychological development continues into the early twenties, well beyond the age of majority.’ ”

197 Wn.2d at 322 (quoting Elizabeth S. Scott et al., Young Adulthood as a Transitional Legal

Category: Science, Social Change, and Justice Policy, 85 FORDHAM L. REV. 642 (2016)).

III. TIMELINESS OF SPEARS’ PETITION

       Spears relies on this developing case law and neurodevelopmental evidence to argue that

his case should be remanded for resentencing because consideration of the mitigating

circumstances of youth should be extended to him. Alternatively, he asks for an evidentiary

hearing if the factual record is insufficient to show resentencing is required. But each of his

arguments against the time bar fails.

A.    SPEARS FAILS TO SHOW A SIGNIFICANT, RETROACTIVE CHANGE TO THE LAW THAT IS
     MATERIAL TO HIS SENTENCE ‒RCW 10.73.100(6)

       Spears first argues that Monschke and Haag have materially changed the law such that

Spears’ petition is timely under RCW 10.73.100(6). We disagree.

       In Monschke, the petitioners, ages 19 and 20 years old, were convicted of aggravated first

degree murder and sentenced to mandatory life sentences without parole (LWOP) as required by

the aggravated murder statute, RCW 10.95.030. 197 Wn.2d at 306. The lead opinion distinguished

the aggravated murder sentencing statute from other sentencing statutes and stated that “when it

comes to mandatory LWOP sentences, Miller’s constitutional guaranty of an individualized

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No. 56824-1-II

sentence—one that considers the mitigating qualities of youth—must apply to defendants at least

as old as these defendants were at the time of their crimes.” Id. at 306-07, 310 (referencing Miller

v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S. Ct. 2455 183 L. Ed. 2d 407 (2012)). The court concluded “that

no meaningful neurological bright line exists between age 17 and age 18 or, as relevant here,

between age 17 on the one hand, and ages 19 and 20 on the other hand.” Id. at 326. Therefore,

the court held that the sentencing statute was unconstitutional as applied to the petitioners. Id.

       Our Supreme Court subsequently held that “de facto” LWOP sentences are

unconstitutional as applied to juveniles who reflect mitigating qualities of youth.            Haag,

198 Wn.2d at 330, 326. In Haag, the trial court sentenced Timothy Haag, then 17 years old, to a

mandatory LWOP pursuant to the aggravated murder statute. Id. at 313. In 2018, the trial court

resentenced Haag after finding that he was “not irretrievably depraved nor irreparably corrupt.”

Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Notwithstanding this finding, the trial court resentenced

Haag to a 46-year minimum sentence. Id. Haag appealed the 46-year sentence, arguing this was

an unconstitutional de facto life sentence. Id. at 327.

       Our Supreme Court agreed with Haag, holding that his de facto life sentence was

unconstitutional when his crimes reflected the mitigating qualities of youth. Id. at 329-30. The

court stated that when resentencing a juvenile originally sentenced to life without the possibility

of parole, a court must look to considerations of youth, “includ[ing] ‘the age of the individual, the

youth’s childhood and life experience, the degree of responsibility the youth was capable of

exercising, and the youth’s chances of becoming rehabilitated.’ ” Id. at 322 (internal quotation

marks omitted) (quoting Bassett, 192 Wn.2d at 94). Our Supreme Court reversed the resentencing

court because it imposed a de facto life sentence without parole sentence even though Haag’s crime

                                                 11
No. 56824-1-II

reflected mitigating circumstances of youth. Id. at 313, 324-25; cf. State v. Anderson, 200 Wn.2d

266, 281, 516 P.3d 1213 (2022) (Haag does not represent a categorical ban on de facto LWOP

sentences for juveniles, only that youth must be considered at sentencing prior to imposing such

sentences).

        However, a recent Supreme Court case shows that neither Monschke nor Haag should be

extended to 21-year-old defendants. Davis, 200 Wn.2d at 83-84. In Davis, petitioner Antoine

Davis, who was 21 years old when he committed his crimes, argued that Monschke constituted a

material change in the law that applied to his sentence under RCW 10.73.100(6). Id. at 77. Our

Supreme Court distinguished Davis from the petitioners in Monschke, stating that Davis was

“outside the applicable age range governed by Monschke.” Id. at 84.

        In In re Personal Restraint of Kennedy, 200 Wn.2d 1, 5, 513 P.3d 769 (2022), our Supreme

Court again limited the holding of Monschke’s lead opinion to only specific types of mandatory

sentences. The court concluded that the petitioner, Andrew Kennedy, who committed his crimes

at 19 years old, could not show that Monschke was material as “he was neither convicted of

aggravated first degree murder . . . nor sentenced to mandatory LWOP under RCW 10.95.030.”

Id. at 4, 24. Instead, Kennedy was sentenced under applicable Sentencing Reform Act (SRA)5

provisions that give the trial court discretion to impose a sentence above or below the standard

range. Id. at 24. “The complete lack of discretion” that Monschke found made mandatory

sentencing unconstitutional as to young adults was “not present.” Id.

5
    Ch. 9.94A RCW.

                                               12
No. 56824-1-II

        Here, after Davis and Kennedy, Spears fails to show that either Monschke or Haag

represent a material change in the law that applies to his sentence. Not only did Spears receive a

discretionary SRA sentence rather than a mandatory LWOP, but Spears was 21 years old at the

time he committed his crimes. Spears cannot show that either Monschke or Haag apply to 21-

year-olds. We conclude these cases did not materially change the law such that Spears’ petition is

timely under RCW 10.73.100(6).

B.   SPEARS FAILS TO SHOW RECENT NEUROSCIENTIFIC STUDIES ARE NEWLY DISCOVERED
     EVIDENCE⎯RCW 10.73.100(1)

        Spears next argues that neuroscientific research constitutes newly discovered evidence,

making his PRP timely under RCW 10.73.100(1). The State responds that Spears’ evidence fails

to satisfy all five elements of the “newly discovered evidence” test, including that Spears failed to

act with reasonable diligence to bring his petition.6 Br. of Resp’t at 25, 46, 49-50. We agree with

the State.

        To make his newly discovered evidence argument, Spears relies on Stanfill’s report and

neuroscientific studies suggesting that the mitigating qualities of youth extend well into young

adulthood.

6
  The State also argues that “it is doubtful” the newly discovered evidence test applies to
sentencing. Br. of Resp’t at 47. The State contends that in Davis and Kennedy, the Supreme
Court’s application of the exception to the petitioners’ sentences is dicta as neither case held that
that the RCW 10.73.100(1) exception was met. In Kennedy, the Supreme Court declined to limit
application of the exception. 200 Wn.2d at 19-20. It considered the exception in the context of
sentencing, stating that “[e]ven if we apply . . . [the exception] to sentencing proceedings” the
petitioner failed to satisfy the elements of the test. Id. at 20; also Davis, 200 Wn.2d at 85. Here,
we apply the exception, but note that as in Kennedy and Davis, Spears fails to satisfy the required
elements.

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No. 56824-1-II

       But Spears fails to show that he acted with reasonable diligence in discovering this

neuroscience evidence and filing his petition as required under RCW 10.73.100(1). Spears’

mandate was issued in 1999, and he waited nearly 23 years before he filed this petition. Spears

has no explanation for this delay, except to argue that he filed his petition within one year of

Monschke, which was decided in 2021.

       However, as explained above, Monschke is not material to Spears. As made clear by

subsequent cases, Monschke’s discussion relative to neuroscientific studies was limited to 19- and

20-year-olds in the context of the aggravated first degree murder statute and a mandatory LWOP

sentence. Davis, 200 Wn.2d at 84; Kennedy, 200 Wn.2d at 24-25.

       Moreover, Spears’ petition relies on numerous studies predating Monschke, including from

as early as 2003. Many of these studies were also relied on by the O’Dell court in 2015 (seven

years before Spears filed his petition) to support that brain maturation continues into a person’s

early 20s. 183 Wn.2d at 692 n.5 (quoting Jay N. Giedd, Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging

of the Adolescent Brain, 1021 ANN. N.Y. ACAD. SCI. 77 (2004) (“[T]he dorsal lateral prefrontal

cortex, important for controlling impulses, is among the latest brain regions to mature without

reaching adult dimensions until the early 20s.”)). And Stanfill’s report references a study as old

as 1999. Therefore, much of the research supporting Spears’ petition has been available for years.

See Kennedy, 200 Wn.2d at 14-17; Davis, 200 Wn.2d at 89. Spears fails to show that he acted

with reasonable diligence in discovering the neuroscientific studies on which he now relies in

bringing his petition. Accordingly, Spears cannot rely on the newly discovered evidence exception

to the time bar.

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No. 56824-1-II

C. SPEARS FAILS TO SHOW THAT RCW 10.73.100(2) APPLIES TO HIS SENTENCE

       Next, Spears argues that his PRP is timely under the exception in RCW 10.73.100(2),

which permits an exception to the time bar when a statute is unconstitutional. The State argues

that RCW 10.73.100(2) is not intended to apply to sentencing statutes. We agree with the State.

       Spears argues that a plurality of the court in Monschke endorsed the use of RCW

10.73.100(2) as an exception to the time bar for sentencing. But Monschke, once again, does not

support Spears on this point. There, the petitioners were sentenced under the aggravated murder

statute, which required imposition of a life without parole sentence. Monschke, 197 Wn.2d at 309.

The lead opinion, signed by four justices, applied RCW 10.73.100(2) and determined that the

aggravated murder statute at issue was unconstitutional as applied to the petitioners’ conduct. Id.

at 326. However, five justices, the concurring justice and the four dissenting justices, concluded

that the RCW 10.73.100(2) exception did not apply to the PRP before the court. Id. at 329

(González, C.J., concurring), 334-35 (Owens, J., dissenting). The concurrence stated that “[a]s the

dissent properly notes, RCW 10.73.100(2) applies to violations of substantive criminal statutes

that have been found unconstitutional, not sentencing statutes.” Id. at 329 (González, C.J.,

concurring); In re Pers. Restraint of Williams, 18 Wn. App. 2d 707, 715-16, 493 P.3d 779 (2021).

       Consistent with this conclusion, we have also determined that RCW 10.73.100(2) does not

apply to sentencing statutes. Williams, 18 Wn. App. 2d at 716 (acknowledging the split decision

in Monschke, the court concluded “there is no indication that the legislature intended the exception

in RCW 10.73.100(2) to apply to unconstitutional sentencing statutes”).           Accordingly, we

determine that RCW 10.73.100(2) is not an applicable exception to the time bar for Spears’

sentence.

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No. 56824-1-II

D.   SPEARS FAILS TO SHOW THAT HIS JUDGMENT AND SENTENCE IS FACIALLY INVALID⎯
     RCW 10.73.090(1)

       Finally, Spears argues in the alternative that his judgment and sentence is facially invalid

under RCW 10.73.090(1) because he was sentenced to a de facto life sentence. He argues that,

because he was 21 years old, the trial court lacked the power to sentence Spears to this illegal and

unconstitutional sentence. Spears appears to rely on his previous arguments that Monschke and

Haag prohibit the imposition of life sentences on 21-year-olds whose crimes reflect mitigating

qualities of youth.

       As discussed above, Monschke and Haag do not prevent the imposition of a de facto life

sentence on a 21-year-old defendant, especially when the sentence is a result of SRA provisions

that provide discretion to the sentencing court. Spears cites no persuasive authority supporting his

contention that his judgment and sentence is facially invalid. Spears’ argument fails.

                                          CONCLUSION

       Because Spears’ judgment and sentence is not facially invalid and because he cannot

establish any exception to the time bar, we dismiss his petition as untimely.7

7
  The State contends that, even if timely, Spears fails to show actual and substantial prejudice, and
therefore, this PRP must be dismissed. In so arguing, the State contends, among other things, that
the trial court’s imposed sentence was based on Spears’ consumption of PCP and the court imposed
an exceptional sentence above the standard range. The State also argues Spears could have raised
youth as a mitigating factor, however, instead presented a diminished capacity defense based on
mental illness. Because we determine that this PRP is untimely, we do not address these
arguments.

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No. 56824-1-II

        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,

it is so ordered.

                                                    PRICE, J.
 We concur:

 MAXA, P.J.

 LEE, J.

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