Court Opinion

ID: 4553092
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-08-04 17:11:16.188382+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:06:36.869879
License: Public Domain

08/04/2020
                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                                AT KNOXVILLE
                                  Assigned on Briefs January 2, 2020

                                     IN RE: JUSTIN D., ET AL.1

                        Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Unicoi County
                              No. JV8653 David R. Shults, Judge
                           ___________________________________

                                   No. E2019-00589-COA-R3-PT
                              ___________________________________

A mother and father’s parental rights to two children were terminated on the grounds of
abandonment, persistence of conditions, failure to manifest an ability and willingness to
assume custody, and upon a determination that terminating the parents’ rights would be
in the best interest of the children. Each parent appeals; we reverse in part as to certain
statutory grounds but affirm the termination of the parental rights of each parent.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Reversed in
                            part and Affirmed in part

RICHARD H. DINKINS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which KENNY W.
ARMSTRONG, J. joined. D. MICHAEL SWINEY, C.J., filed a separate concurring and
dissenting opinion.

Jessica McAfee, Greeneville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Megan Nicole R.

Ryann Musick Jeffers, Elizabethton, Tennessee, for the appellant, Justin Cleve D., Sr.

J. Matthew Bolton and Darcee L. Kubisiak, Johnson City, Tennessee, for the appellees,
Breanna D. T. and Joshua H. T.

Sarah E. Larkin, Johnson City, Tennessee, Guardian ad Litem.

1
    This Court has a policy of protecting the identity of children by initializing the last names of the parties.
                                              OPINION

                            I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        Megan R. (“Mother”) and Justin D. (“Father”) are the parents of Justin, born in
September 2011, and Peyton, born in January 2015 (together, “the Children”). Mother’s
sister, Breana T. (“Aunt”), filed a petition in the Unicoi County Juvenile Court alleging
that the Children were dependent and neglected and seeking custody of them on February
26, 2016. The petition alleged that Mother and Father were using methamphetamines,
that one of the children was born drug-addicted and had ingested the contents of a pipe,
and that Aunt feared for the Children’s safety; the court granted her custody of the
Children that day. At a hearing on March 30, the parents were granted supervised
visitation, and at a hearing on May 4, the court found probable cause that the Children
were dependent and neglected “based on absence of parent”; the case was referred to the
Family Support Services division of the Department of Children’s Services for
therapeutic visitation. On August 17, an adjudicatory hearing was held, after which the
court found that the children were dependent and neglected, and granted custody to Aunt
and Joshua T. (“Uncle,” together “the Petitioners”). Neither parent appeared for the
hearing, and the court ordered that neither of the parents would be allowed to contact the
Children until the parent appeared in court and demonstrated that the parent should have
contact.

       On February 16, 2017, Mother petitioned the court for visitation; she and Aunt
attended mediation on March 8 and entered into a “Phase I” temporary parenting plan
agreement on March 9, which allowed the parents to have supervised visitation if each of
them agreed to a drug screen at the request of Petitioners or the court. Mother and
Petitioner Aunt attended court-ordered mediation on May 3, and entered into a “Phase II”
temporary parenting plan agreement that allowed Mother to have overnight visitation
from Friday to Saturday, and two hours of visitation on Mondays and Tuesdays; the
agreement enforced the drug screen requirement from the previous agreement in addition
to requiring the parents to continue parenting classes. The court entered an order on
August 9 setting Mother’s support at $219 per month beginning on August 1, and setting
a retroactive support obligation of $1,214, computed as of July 31. On September 27, the
court entered an order requiring Mother to undergo mental health counseling, which
could, at the discretion of the counselor, involve the Children; to not have any contact
with the Children of any type, other than the counseling session; and to supply a nail bed
drug test or a hair follicle drug test to the court clerk by November 1, 2017.2

2
  Aunt testified that the order precipitated from an event during one of Mother’s unsupervised visits when
Aunt tried unsuccessfully to reach the Children; that Mother told Aunt that she and Father had an
argument, after which Mother departed, leaving the children with Father; and that Aunt later determined
that the Children were at the home of Mother’s neighbor, whom Aunt did not know.

                                                    2
        Aunt filed a petition to terminate the parents’ visitation rights on January 2, 2018,
alleging that the Children were neglected during the unsupervised visits; that Mother had
not complied with the order requiring the hair follicle or nail bed drug test; that Father
attempted to force himself into Petitioners’ home to see the Children; and that the oldest
child had been having behavioral problems since the unsupervised visits had been
terminated. The court entered an order on the same day, terminating the parents’
visitation pending further orders from the court. On February 2, Mother petitioned the
court for full custody of the Children, or in the alternative, to have her visitation rights
reinstated.

       On February 14, Petitioners filed a Petition for Termination of Parental Rights,
alleging, as to both parents, abandonment by failure to visit, failure to manifest an ability
and willingness to personally assume legal and physical custody of the children,
substantial noncompliance with the “statement of responsibilities regarding the children
in a court order,” and persistence of conditions; in addition, as to Father, the petition
alleged abandonment by failure to support. The petition also asserted that termination of
parental rights was in the best interest of the Children, and that the court should allow
Petitioners to adopt the Children. The court appointed a guardian ad litem and a Court-
Appointed Special Advocate (“CASA”) for the Children on February 21.3

       Trial took place on August 29, October 16, and October 26, 2018. The court
entered its final order on March 14, 2019, terminating both parents’ rights on the grounds
of abandonment by willful failure to visit, persistence of conditions, and failure to
manifest an ability and willingness to assume legal and physical custody; the court also
held that Father abandoned the Children by his willful failure to support.4 Both parents
appeal. Mother raises the following issues:

         1. Whether the trial court erred in finding that Mother willfully abandoned the
            Children by failing to visit, when a no contact order was in place.

         2. Whether the trial court erred in finding that persistent conditions existed at the
            time of trial which would warrant terminating Mother’s parental rights.

3
    The CASA was relieved by order entered on November 9, 2018.
4
  Although the petition asserted that termination was warranted on the ground of “substantial
noncompliance with the parenting plan,” the statutory ground for termination is actually “substantial
noncompliance . . . with the statement of responsibilities in a permanency plan pursuant to title 37,
chapter 2, part 4.” Despite the involvement of the Department of Children’s Services, the Children were
never placed in foster care and thus no permanency plan was created, as would have been required by
Tennessee Code Annotated section 37-2-403. Further, the court’s ruling that this ground was not clearly
and convincingly established by the evidence is not contested on appeal; accordingly, we do not address
this ground in our analysis.

                                                  3
       3. Whether the trial court erred in finding that Mother failed to make efforts to
          regain physical or legal custody and that to place the Children with her would
          cause detrimental harm to them.

       4. Whether the trial court erred in finding it to be in the best interests of the
          Children for termination of Mother’s rights to occur.

Father raises the same issues, with one additional:

       1. Whether the trial court erred in finding that Father willfully abandoned the
          Children by failing to support.

                                II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Parents have a fundamental right to the care, custody, and control of their children.
Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651 (1972); In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d 793,
809 (Tenn. 2007). However, that right is not absolute and may be terminated in certain
circumstances. Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753-54 (1982); State Dep’t of
Children’s Serv. v. C.H.K., 154 S.W.3d 586, 589 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). The statutes on
termination of parental rights provide the only authority for a court to terminate a parent’s
rights. Osborn v. Marr, 127 S.W.3d 737, 739 (Tenn. 2004). Thus, parental rights may be
terminated only where a statutorily defined ground exists. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(c)(1); Jones v. Garrett, 92 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tenn. 2002); In re M.W.A., 980 S.W.2d
620, 622 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). To support the termination of parental rights, only one
ground need be proved, so long as it is proved by clear and convincing evidence. In the
Matter of D.L.B., 118 S.W.3d 360, 367 (Tenn. 2003).

       Because the decision to terminate parental rights affects fundamental
constitutional rights and carries grave consequences, courts must apply a higher standard
of proof when adjudicating termination cases. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 766–69. A court
may terminate a person’s parental rights only if (1) the existence of at least one statutory
ground is proved by clear and convincing evidence and (2) it is shown, also by clear and
convincing evidence, that termination of the parent’s rights is in the best interest of the
child. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c); In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d at 808–09;
In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002). In light of the heightened standard of
proof in these cases, a reviewing court must adapt the customary standard of review set
forth by Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 654 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2004). As to the court’s findings of fact, our review is de novo with a presumption of
correctness unless the evidence preponderates otherwise, in accordance with Tenn. R.
App. P. 13(d). Id. We must then determine whether the facts, “as found by the trial court
or as supported by the preponderance of the evidence, clearly and convincingly establish
the elements” necessary to terminate parental rights. Id. In this regard, clear and
convincing evidence is “evidence in which there is no serious or substantial doubt about

                                             4
the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the evidence” and which “produces a firm
belief or conviction in the fact-finder’s mind regarding the truth of the facts sought to be
established.” In re Alysia S., 460 S.W.3d 536, 572 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2014) (internal
citations omitted).

                                        III. ANALYSIS

   A. Abandonment

       At the time the petition was filed, “abandonment” as a ground for termination of
parental rights was defined as:

               For a period of four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding
       the filing of a proceeding or pleading to terminate the parental rights of the
       parent or parents or the guardian or guardians of the child who is the
       subject of the petition for termination of parental rights or adoption, that the
       parent or parents or the guardian or guardians either have willfully failed to
       visit or have willfully failed to support or have willfully failed to make
       reasonable payments toward the support of the child[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) (2016). The petition in this case was filed on
February 14, 2018; consequently, the relevant four-month period is from October 13,
2017 to February 13, 2018.

       The parents’ arguments relative to this ground center on the element of
willfulness; the court in In re Audrey S. explained this element as follows:

       . . . Conduct is “willful” if it is the product of free will rather than coercion.
       Thus, a person acts “willfully” if he or she is a free agent, knows what he or
       she is doing, and intends to do what he or she is doing.

       Failure to visit or support a child is “willful” when a person is aware of his
       or her duty to visit or support, has the capacity to do so, makes no attempt
       to do so, and has no justifiable excuse for not doing so. Failure to visit or to
       support is not excused by another person’s conduct unless the conduct
       actually prevents the person with the obligation from performing his or her
       duty or amounts to a significant restraint of or interference with the parent’s
       efforts to support or develop a relationship with the child. . . .

       The willfulness of particular conduct depends upon the actor’s intent. Intent
       is seldom capable of direct proof, and triers-of-fact lack the ability to peer
       into a person’s mind to assess intentions or motivations. Accordingly,
       triers-of-fact must infer intent from the circumstantial evidence, including a

                                               5
        person’s actions or conduct.

182 S.W.3d 838, 863-64 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (internal citations omitted).5

        1. Father’s Failure to Support

      The court made the following findings relative to the ground of Father’s failure to
support:

        The proof showed that the Father paid a total of $335.96 for child support
        during the relevant four (4) month period.

    1. Because the Petition For Termination Of Parental Rights was filed on
       February 14, 2018, and the Father was incarcerated for only 5 days during
       the 4 months immediately preceding the filing of the petition, the relevant
       time period with regard to the Father’s support is October 14, 2017 through
       February 14, 2018.

    2. The Father was ordered to pay support for his two minor children.

    3. On January 30, 2018, an Order Withholding For Support was established,
       showing that the Father owed $338.00 per month for current support, and
       $40.00 per month toward his arrearage. The Order showed that the Father
       was working for Atwork Personnel Services.

    4. On February 15, 2018, the Father appeared in child support court, where he
       stated that he had been working for a temp agency for several weeks and
       made several payments, such that his license previously suspended for
       nonpayment was reinstated.

5
  Petitioners bore the burden at trial of establishing by clear and convincing evidence that Father’s failure
to visit and support was willful. Tenn. Code Ann. § 35-1-113(c); In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586, 596
(Tenn. 2010). As this Court recently noted in In re Gabriel B.:

                 The statute defining “abandonment” was amended effective July 1, 2018, and as
        amended, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A) no longer includes the term “willful” in its
        definition of “abandonment.” Instead, Pub. Ch. 875, § 2, codified at Tenn. Code Ann. §
        36-1-102(1)(I), makes the absence of willfulness an affirmative defense to abandonment
        for failure to visit or support. The parent (or guardian) will have to prove by a
        preponderance of the evidence that the failure to visit or support was not willful. Because
        this change is substantive rather than procedural or remedial, however, the amended
        statute will not be applied retroactively to this case. In re D.A.H., 142 S.W.3d 267, 273
        (Tenn. 2004).

No. W2017-02514-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 3532078, at *4 n.7 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 23, 2018).

                                                     6
     5. During the relevant time period, the Father paid a total of $335.96 toward
        the support of the children.

     6. The Father testified that he had paid no support other than what had been
        withheld from his paychecks.

     7. The Father testified that the reason he does not work currently is due to his
        addiction, and provided no other reasons for not working.

         Wherefore, the Court FINDS that the Petitioners have proven by clear and
         convincing evidence that the Father has abandoned the children for his
         willful failure to support them.

        Father does not dispute the court’s factual findings; he acknowledges in his brief
that he was aware of his duty to support and that at times he did not pay support.6 He
attributes his failure to work to his addiction, and argues that Petitioners did not show that
he was able to provide support “outside of the time that he was employed and actually
paying support,” or establish that he “voluntarily and intentionally chose not to provide
financial support without a justifiable excuse.” On the record presented, we do not agree
that his addiction is a justifiable excuse for his failure to pay support.
       Father testified that, at various points in the four months preceding the filing of the
petition, he was employed by a business known as Casa Nostra’s, Walmart Distribution,
and at a factory before he was incarcerated on January 4. The record from the
dependency and neglect proceeding includes an income withholding order directing
Atwork Personnel Services, Father’s employer at the time, to withhold $378.00 per
month for current child support and arrears. When asked at trial about his failure to pay
support during the four-month period, he testified as follows:

         Q. So during that period of September 2017 through January 2018, you
         were working, but you still didn’t make any child support payments.
         Correct?

         A. No, Ma’am. I could -- I wasn’t in the position really even to take care of
         myself. I was trying to find a home, trying to support a home, and...

         Q. Okay.

6
    In his brief he states:

         Father meets the first criteria, in that he was aware through Court hearings involving
         child support enforcement that he had a duty to support the children. Father did work for
         part of the relevant four-month period, and during his time of employment he did in fact
         pay support.

                                                    7
       A. ...other things at the same time, too. I’m not going to sit here and say
       that I’m...

       Q. And since the last court hearing in August, you haven’t made any
       payments. Correct?

       A. If that’s what the papers say.

       Q. Okay.

       A. If that’s what my records show.

       Q. Okay.

       A. According to my records. I don’t know.

       Q. Okay.

       A. I know I tried to get a job. I was trying to get a job and keep it, but by
       the time the two weeks had come up and I was already getting ready to lose
       that job because of my addiction, that was when child support was just
       about to step in was the time. It’s been like that for going on two years, and
       sorry that it’s taken me this long to kind of notice that.

Father testified about his addiction in another context, as well:

       Q. Okay. Another allegation is Paragraph 12 of the Petition, says you
       failed to show, either by your actions or failure to act, an ability and
       willingness to assume legal and physical custody or financial responsibility
       of the children. That could be child support or by having a safe and stable
       home.

       A. Yes.

       Q. Would you say that that’s true?

       A. Yes, it is. It is very true. It’s hard to -- like I said, I couldn’t -- I could
       get very good jobs, but I couldn’t hold them because of the addiction.

       The record shows, and Father’s argument acknowledges, that he obtained multiple
jobs during the four-month period and that he paid support when he was working; the
excuse he gives for his failure to maintain employment was his addiction. The question
of whether drug addiction constituted a justifiable excuse for failure to pay support was
also presented in In re Kira G, in which a father testified that he had a drug addiction;
that he quit his job and did not have a desire to work due to his addiction; and that he

                                               8
spent what money he did make to support his addiction. No. E2016–01198–COA–R3–
PT, 2017 WL 1395521 at *5–6 (Tenn. Ct. App. April 18, 2017). We affirmed the
termination of that father’s rights on the ground of abandonment by failure to support,
holding that the father’s decision to support his drug habit and not pay meaningful
support was a choice that constituted willfulness within the meaning of the statute. Id.

       The evidence shows that Father was able to secure “very good jobs,” yet he failed
to pay support; by his own admission, but for his addiction, he would have maintained his
employment and been able to pay support. Being aware of his duty to pay support, and
being able to maintain employment, Father chose to engage in behavior that led to the
loss of his employment. Consistent with the holding in In re Kira G., this constitutes
willfulness within the meaning of section 36-1-102(1)(D), and we affirm the termination
of Father’s rights on this ground.

       2. Father’s Failure to Visit

        The trial court made the following factual findings in holding that Father willfully
failed to visit the Children:

               The proof showed that the Father engaged in none to only token
       visitation at best with the children. While it appeared that he visited as
       allowed in a mediated agreement from June until September of 2017, those
       visits were initially restricted due to his substance abuse problems. He
       never attempted to lift the restrictions of his visitation that he felt were
       placed at a later date, and he only attempted to visit the children on one
       occasion during the relevant time period.

       ***

       2. The Father mediated an agreement with the Petitioners effective March
          8, 2017, in which he was to enjoy progressively less strict visitation
          over time.

       3. On September 27, 2017, the Mother was ordered to have no contact
          with the minor children until she complied with mental health
          counseling and a hair follicle or nail bed drug test. The Father testified
          that he believed he was under the same no contact order.

       4. On Thanksgiving Day 2017, the Father called the Petitioners and asked
          to see the children, and although he was told that he could not do so
          because the Petitioners were having their Thanksgiving dinner, the
          Father showed up at their house on the afternoon of the holiday and
          demanded to see the children. The Petitioners called the police and the
          Father left the Petitioners’ residence.

                                             9
         5. The Father testified that he made no other attempts to see the children,
            that he did not file a petition with regard to his visitation, and that he did
            not attempt to obtain a copy of the order that he believed restricted his
            visitation

         Wherefore, the Court FINDS that the Petitioners have proven by clear and
         convincing evidence that the Father has abandoned the children for his
         willful failure to visit them during the relevant 4 month period.

        Father does not dispute that he failed to visit the Children; he contends that his
failure to visit was not willful because he believed that a court order suspended his
visitation. Father’s argument is premised on an order that was entered on September 27,
2017, that prohibited Mother from having any contact with the Children other than as set
out in the order. The terms of the order and the circumstances surrounding its entry,
however, do not support Father’s argument.

       The record in the dependent and neglect proceeding shows that Father and Mother
were granted supervised visitation on March 9, 2017, when the court entered the “Phase
I” mediated settlement agreement; the case was reset for hearing on May 3. The “Phase
II” mediated settlement agreement, entered on May 4, granted unsupervised visitation to
Mother and ordered both Mother and Father to continue parenting classes and provide
drug screens to the court; although a follow-up hearing for July 26 was scheduled in the
order, there is nothing in the record to indicate that the hearing was held on that day.
There is, however, an order entered September 27, following a hearing on September 26,
stating that there would be “no contact, of any type, between mother and the children,
other than as set forth above.”7 Father’s visitation was not terminated until January 2,
2018, when Aunt filed a petition to terminate both parents’ visitation, asserting, among
other things, that Father attempted to visit the Children by forcing himself into
Petitioners’ home on Thanksgiving after he was told that he could not exercise visitation
on that day and not to come to their home; the order terminating his visitation pending
further orders was entered that day.

      The record shows that Father was granted and exercised visitation prior to the
September 27 order, and that he was not prohibited in exercising visitation until January
2, 2018. Aunt testified that Father and Mother exercised their visitation as allowed under
the mediated agreements; and that the parents “made it to third phase all the way up until
the day before [they] went to court.”8 Even after his unsuccessful attempt to visit the
Children on Thanksgiving, which he testified took place after he became aware that his

7
    See Footnote 2, supra.
8
  Taken in context, it is apparent that Aunt’s reference to “the day before [they] went to court” was
September 26.

                                                 10
visitation was not suspended, Father testified that he did not make any effort to call or
visit the Children or petition the court for visitation.

       Father does not dispute the court’s factual findings, and, upon our review, we
conclude that the findings are supported by the testimony in the record. Father conceded
that he did not visit the Children during the relevant period, and only attempted to visit
them once on Thanksgiving. Father’s excuse for his failure to visit the Children prior to
the entry of the January 2, 2018 order terminating his visitation, is unavailing. We
conclude that the testimony clearly and convincingly demonstrates that Father’s failure to
visit was willful and thus affirm the termination of Father’s rights on this ground.

      3. Mother’s Failure to Visit

      In terminating Mother’s parental rights on this ground, the court held:

      The proof showed that during the entire relevant time period, the Mother’s
      visitation was restricted due to her need to obtain mental health counseling
      and provide a clean nail bed or hair follicle drug screen. The Mother neither
      obtained the requisite counseling nor submitted to a hair follicle or nail bed
      drug test.
      ***
      2. Because the Petition For Termination Of Parental Rights (hereinafter,
      “the Petition”) was filed on February 14, 2018, and there was no relevant
      incarceration during this time period, the relevant time period with regard
      to the Mother’s visitation is October 14, 2017 through February 14, 2018.
      3. The Mother testified that she had not taken the nail bed or hair follicle
      drug test because she was not able to afford it.
      4. The Mother testified that she had attended some counseling sessions, but
      provided no testimony or other proof that a counselor had recommended
      that visitation between her and her minor children resume.
      5. During the relevant time period, the Mother had no contact of any kind
      with the children.

      Wherefore, the Court FINDS that the Petitioners have proven by clear and
      convincing evidence that as a result of the Mother’s choice to continue her
      substance abuse, rather than address it so that she could lift the restrictions
      on her visitation, the Mother has abandoned the children for her willful
      failure to visit them during the relevant 4 month period.

       Mother does not dispute that she did not visit the Children during the relevant
period; she contends that her failure to visit was not willful because her visitation had
been suspended by the court. On the record presented, this argument is without merit.

                                            11
       The order entered on September 27, 2017, suspending her visitation provided that:

       [T]he Mother shall undergo counseling at Erwin Mental Health which shall,
       in the discretion of the counselor, involve the children; no contact, of any
       type, between Mother and the children, other than as set forth above;
       Mother shall supply a nail bed drug test or a hair follicle drug test, by
       November 1, 2017, to the court clerk; and case closed[.] (Mother to refile
       when she cleans up her life[.])

        In her brief on appeal, with respect to the drug screens, Mother submits that “when
[she] was ordered . . . to take either a nail bed or a hair follicle screen, it became
impossible due to her not having the funds at the time. She was literally unable to pay for
that particular testing, but could have easily complied with urine screens.” The testimony
and exhibit cited in support of this contention, however, relates to urine drug screen
results taken in July and August of 2018. In testimony relating to the requirement in the
September 27 order, Mother stated:

       Q.    And we’re going to go ahead and go back through some things and
       some questions that were not asked earlier. Go ahead and tell the Court
       when was the last time you had visitation with your children, Justin and
       Peyton.

       A.     In August of 2017.

       ***

       Q.     And after you had that last visitation, what were you told by this
       Court as to future visitation?

       A.     That I would have -- that I would have to go to therapy with Erwin
       Mental and submit to a hair follicle test by November the 1st of 2017.

       Q.     And did you comply with those?

       A.      I went to the therapy, but I did not go to the hair follicle screening. I
       did not have the money, and I misunderstood the Court Order because on
       the actual Court Order it says by November the 1st report to the county
       clerk. I didn’t really understand that that meant that I had to submit the drug
       screen to the county clerk. I came up here on November the 1st, and they
       said, “Ms. R[.], you’re supposed to have this turned in by November the
       1st.” So I kinda misunderstood.

       Q.     And did you at the time were you actively (inaudible)?

                                              12
       A.     Yes.

       Q.     And was your drug use affecting your judgment on those matters?

       A.     Yes.

       Q.    Was your drug use impairing you from complying with the Court’s
       Orders?

       A.     Yes. I just -- you could say that.

       Contrary to Mother’s argument that she could have complied with urine drug
screens, there is no evidence that, during the four months preceding the filing of the
petition, she took any drug test or drug screen, or sought relief from the order, and she did
not produce any evidence of her sobriety during that time.

        In In re Roger T., the trial court terminated the mother’s parental rights on the
ground of abandonment by willful failure to visit, among others. On appeal, the mother
contended that her failure to visit was not willful because her visitation had been
suspended by the trial court. In re Roger T., No. W2014-02184-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL
1897696, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 27, 2015). In addressing this argument, this court
noted that the mother’s visitation was suspended because she failed to produce negative
drug screens, and held that a “parent’s choice to continue to use drugs when the parent is
prohibited from visiting a child until passage of a drug test constitutes a willful failure to
visit the child.” Id. (quoting In re Morgan S., No. E2009–00318–COA–R3–PT, 2010 WL
520972, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 12, 2010)).

        With respect to the counseling she was ordered to attend in the September 27
order, Mother argues that she attended counseling “but because she never provided a
letter to the Court with recommendations to start therapeutic visitation, the Court found
Mother did not comply with the court’s directive.” This explanation is not supported by
the testimony, which was as follows:

       Q.     What else were you supposed to do?

       A.     Counseling, which I did at Nolachuckey Behavioral Health along
       with Watauga. I started out at Watauga, and then when I moved to
       Greeneville during those four months. From October to August the 17th I
       moved to Greeneville and moved into a trailer, was trying to get everything
       together for the boys and everything, and during that time I was doing my
       therapy sessions with Nolachuckey down there.

       Q.     And why did they end?

       A.     Because I moved. I moved back. I got evicted from that house.

                                             13
       Q.     Was there an order or letter releasing you from counseling?

       A.     No ma’am.

       Q.     You just moved and…

       A.     I moved and by the time I get back up here in Johnson City and got
       into an appointment, I had already went back to jail.

       To the extent that Mother contends that her failure to exercise visitation was due to
the requirements of the September 27 order, Mother’s testimony establishes that she was
the author of her fate, and that her failure to comply with the order was solely due to her
own actions or inactions. Consistent with the holding in In re Roger T., we conclude that
Mother’s testimony that she could not afford the drug screen and that her drug use
prevented her from complying with the court’s order is not a justifiable excuse for her
failure to visit. Similarly, her failure to continue in counseling was, by her own
testimony, prompted by voluntary and intentional decisions she made to move on several
occasions and not seek counseling in the new locations.

      We conclude that the determination that Mother willfully failed to visit the
Children is supported by clear and convincing evidence.

   B. Persistence of Conditions

     At the time the petition in this case was filed, the statute addressing the ground
commonly referred to as “persistence of conditions” stated:

       The child has been removed from the home of the parent or guardian by
       order of a court for a period of six (6) months and:

              (A) The conditions that led to the child’s removal or other
              conditions that in all reasonable probability would cause the
              child to be subjected to further abuse or neglect and that,
              therefore, prevent the child’s safe return to the care of the
              parent or parents or the guardian or guardians, still persist;
               (B) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be
              remedied at an early date so that the child can be safely
              returned to the parent or parents or the guardian or guardians
              in the near future; and
              (C) The continuation of the parent or guardian and child
              relationship greatly diminishes the child’s chances of early
              integration into a safe, stable and permanent home[.]

                                            14
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3) (2017). 9 Each of the statutory elements must be
established by clear and convincing evidence. In re Michael B., No. M2019-01486-COA-
R3-PT, 2020 WL 2988932, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 4, 2020) (citing In re Valentine,
79 S.W.3d 539, 550 (Tenn. 2002)).

       “A parent’s continued inability to provide fundamental care to a child, even if not
willful, . . . constitutes a condition which prevents the safe return of the child to the
parent’s care.” In re A.R., No. W2008-00558-COA-R3-PT, 2008 WL 4613576, at *20
(Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 13, 2008) (citing In re T.S. & M.S., No. M1999-01286-COA-R3-
CV, 2000 WL 964775, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 13, 2000)). The failure to remedy the
conditions which led to the removal need not be willful. In re T.S. & M.S., 2000 WL
964775, at *6 (citing State Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Smith, 785 S.W.2d 336, 338 (Tenn.
1990)). “Where . . . efforts to provide help to improve the parenting ability, offered over
a long period of time, have proved ineffective, the conclusion is that there is little
likelihood of such improvement as would allow the safe return of the child to the parent
in the near future is justified.” Id. The purpose behind the “persistence of conditions”
ground for terminating parental rights is “to prevent the child’s lingering in the uncertain
status of foster child if a parent cannot within a reasonable time demonstrate an ability to
provide a safe and caring environment for the child.” In re A.R., No. W2008-00558-
COA-R3-PT, 2008 WL 461675, at *20 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 13, 2008) (quoting In re
D.C.C., No. M2007-01094-COA-R3-PT, 2008 WL 588535, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 3,
2008)).

        The Children were removed from their parents’ custody as a result of the Aunt
filing a petition for custody on February 26, 2016; the court entered an order that day
giving Aunt custody of the Children due to their status as dependent and neglected. On
March 2, 2016, the court entered an order continuing custody of the Children with Aunt,
and resetting the hearing for March 30. At the March 30 hearing, Mother and Father
appeared and requested time to hire counsel; the court entered an order continuing
custody with Aunt, granting the parents supervised visitation, and resetting the case for
April 6. The record next contains an order entered May 4, reciting that the parents did
not appear and, on the basis of Aunt’s sworn petition holding there was “probable cause
based on [the] absence of [the] parent”; the court granted Aunt custody of the Children,
and set a review hearing for July 13.10 The next order in the record was entered August
17, again reciting that Mother and Father did not appear, and finding that the Children
were dependent and neglected; and the court awarded Aunt and Uncle custody of the
Children and ordered that neither Father nor Mother have any contact with the Children
until appearing in court. The finding that the Children were dependent and neglected led

9
 This ground has since been substantively amended; see 2018 Tenn. Laws Pub. Ch. 875 (H.B. 1856).
10
   The record does not show whether the April 6 hearing was reset for May 4 or whether the order
memorializing the April 6 hearing was not entered until May 4.

                                              15
to their removal from the parents’ home, thus satisfying the threshold determination
under section 36-1-113(g); we proceed to examine the evidence in support of the ground,
considering each parent separately.

      1. Mother

      In the order finding that the ground was established as to Mother, the court held:

      The proof showed that the Mother has obtained a home, has obtained
      employment and has paid her child support continually due to a
      withholding from her social security income. However, she has failed a
      drug screen as recently as February of 2018 and has appeared untruthful
      with regard to her continued involvement with the Father, whose substance
      abuse problem is unquestioned. The Mother does not attend any ongoing
      substance abuse programs, including stopping her attendance at Narcotics
      Anonymous. The Mother only recently began her mental health treatment,
      arguably as late as October 16, 2018. While the Mother appears to have
      made some progress, it does not appear that she has done enough as of this
      time. While it is understood that re-establishing stability is difficult and
      takes time, the Mother’s progress has been slow and mostly recent. At this
      time any continued upheaval in the children’s lives would be detrimental to
      their integration into their intended adoptive home.

      1. The Juvenile Court of Unicoi County adjudicated the children dependent
      and neglected on August 17, 2016.

      2. The children have been removed from Mother’s home since that date.

      3. On August 16, 2016, Wendy Honeycutt, DCS Family Support Services
      case manager, filed a report to the Court. The report indicated that in the
      recent past the Mother had obtained multiple criminal charges, including
      drug possession charges. The report also provided that the Mother was
      homeless, staying at different places, still needed alcohol and drug
      treatment and was not engaging in visitation with the children.

      4. The Petitioner, Ms. T[.], testified that the Mother told her that she had
      been abusing drugs the entire time during the mediated unsupervised
      visitation period.

      5. The Mother testified that she had last abused substances in 2018, once
      testifying that she had last used in February 2018, once testifying that she
      last used prior to her incarceration on March 28, 2018 and once testifying
      that she has been clean and sober only since she got saved in May of 2018.

                                           16
       6. The Mother testified that as of February of 2018, she was looking into
       inpatient rehabilitation programs, however she failed to attend any inpatient
       program.

       7. The Mother testified that she attended Narcotics Anonymous programs
       regularly, but then testified on cross examination that she had gone less
       than regularly due to her work schedule. The Mother testified that as of
       October 22, 2018, she was no longer attending Narcotics Anonymous
       because she did not have the time.

       8. The Mother testified that she had obtained three clean urine screen
       results, but they were not until July 25, 2018, July 30, 2018 and August 7,
       2018.

       9. As of the third day of trial on October 22, 2018, the Mother had still not
       obtained a hair follicle or nail bed drug screen and testified that as of
       October 22, 2018, she was able to afford the drug screens, but had not yet
       obtained one upon the advice of counsel.

       10. As of October 22, 2018, the Mother had obtained and maintained a
       home since June. When she testified on August 29, 2018 she had very little
       to no furniture in the home. When she testified on October 22, 2018 she had
       obtained sufficient furnishings due to funds and furnishings provided to her
       by the Father and other friends.

       11. As of October 22, 2018, the Mother had not yet obtained her driver's
       license, but had saved some money towards that goal.

       12. As of October 22, 2018, the Mother had obtained full time employment.

       13. As of October 22, 2018, the Mother was attending therapy for
       approximately forty-five (45) minutes to one (1) hour every two (2) weeks,
       which she began after the last court date. It was unclear if the Mother meant
       the October 16, 2018 court date, or the August 29, 2018 court date.

       14. As of October 22, 2018, the Mother testified that she had allowed the
       Father to stay with her, testifying once that it was 1 or 2 times, then 3 or 4
       times.

Mother does not dispute the court’s factual findings; she argues, in her brief, that she “has
made substantial progress in her sobriety and proved her stability, through the pendency
of the trial,” and “[t]herefore, [she] does not have insufficient income, unstable housing,
or drug issues that remain unresolved.” In this regard, she also asserts that the court did
not specify the particular conditions which persisted at the time of trial.

                                             17
      With respect to her sobriety, Mother cited to her testimony on cross-examination,
which stated:

      Q.    Erwin Mental Health just started in July or August of this year.
      Correct?

      A.     Yes, Ma’am.

      Q.     Because you missed the first appointment, and so you were on the
      waiting list?

      A.     Yes, Ma’am.

      Q.     So are you still going?

      A.     Yes, Ma’am. I’ve been and got a letter from my therapist.

      Q.     So at most you’ve been going there for three months?

      A.     Yes, Ma’am. At Erwin Mental Health, but I went to Watauga
      Behavioral Health for a while, and I went to Nolachuckey Mental Health
      for a while, too, but because my residency wasn’t ever stable enough, I
      never continued with therapy more than three or four sessions at a time.

        Although not explicitly stated in the testimony above, Mother’s prior testimony
explained that she was attending individual drug and alcohol therapy at Erwin Mental
Health every two weeks for forty-five minutes to an hour. The testimony demonstrates
that Mother had taken steps to address her substance abuse issues through therapy.
Moreover, although not cited by Mother in support of her argument, the evidence shows
that she provided the court with negative drug screen results for July and August 2018, as
proof of her sobriety.

        With respect to housing, Mother cited to her testimony that she secured housing
and the exhibit that contained a copy of her lease agreement. As evidence of her income,
Mother cited to her testimony that she worked forty hours a week at $8.00 per hour; and
that she receives two disability checks in the amount of $412 and $115 each month.
        Upon our review, we conclude that the evidence is consistent with the court’s
findings. Mother’s testimony supports, and she does not contest, the finding that she had
not completed mental health counseling; that she had not, as of trial, obtained a hair
follicle or nail bed drug screen; that she chose not to participate in an inpatient
rehabilitation program during the relevant period; and that she allowed Father to stay
with her. The evidence demonstrated that Mother had provided the court with negative
drug screens to prove that she had been sober for at least two months as of the trial,
obtained housing, and secured and maintained employment. Upon our review, we

                                           18
conclude that the condition that led to the removal of the Children, which was the
parents’ substance abuse issues, had been remedied by Mother. We, next, proceed to
determine whether the evidence established that “other conditions that in all reasonable
probability would cause the child to be subjected to further abuse or neglect” persisted.

        While Mother’s failure to distance herself from Father, who testified that he
continued to struggle with substance abuse, failure to enroll in an inpatient rehabilitation
facility, and failure to complete counseling may be characterized as “other conditions”
that could likely cause harm to the Children, we conclude that these conditions no longer
persist. Regarding counseling, Mother’s testimony that she, as of trial, had been attending
individual therapy at Erwin Mental Health showed that she was taking steps to complete
counseling. With respect to Mother’s relationship with Father, Aunt’s testimony that
Father relocated to Texas prior to the last day of trial may also be viewed as a remedy to
Mother’s previous failure to distance herself from him since he has, effectively, removed
himself. Lastly, although there is no evidence that Mother had enrolled in an inpatient
rehab, she had several clean drug screens and was participating in drug therapy; in light
of this evidence of her sobriety, the evidence is not clear and convincing that this
condition could not be remedied in the near future or that her failure to enroll would
likely subject the Children to further harm.

       We conclude that the evidence shows that Mother had resolved or was taking steps
to address the conditions related to her sobriety and lifestyle that had previously caused
the Children to be subjected to neglect. Petitioners did not satisfy their burden of proving,
by clear and convincing evidence, that the condition that led to the Children’s removal, or
other conditions that would prevent the Children’s safe return to Mother, persisted. The
court’s determination that any “continued upheaval in the Children’s lives would be
detrimental to their integration,” on its own, does not establish this ground when there is
no evidence that the conditions that led to the Children’s removal, or would cause them to
be subjected to harm or neglect, persisted. Therefore, we reverse the court’s
determination with respect to Mother.

       2. Father

        When asked whether the conditions that led to the removal of the Children
persisted, which were stated to be drug exposure, lack of housing, and inadequate
income, Father responded, “ . . .right now, yes, it would be right,” and testified that the
conditions related to his lack of housing persisted; that it would take at least six months
for him to achieve sobriety; and that, as of the trial, he was not able to take care of the
Children, did not have adequate income, and did not have transportation aside from a bus
ticket to Texas, where he intended to relocate.

      Father’s testimony demonstrates that the conditions that led to the removal of the
Children persisted, and that there is little likelihood that Father would have remedied

                                             19
these conditions at an early date so that the Children could safely return to him in the near
future. The court did not make a specific finding as to the third factor under this ground:
whether the continuation of the parent and child relationship would greatly diminish the
Children’s chances of early integration into Petitioners’ home. However, Father conceded
that he had not seen the Children since November 2017; that he intended to relocate to
Texas; and that it would take at least six additional months for him to resolve his
substance abuse issues. Upon our review, we conclude that Father’s testimony, which
demonstrates that he has not achieved stability or sobriety, is clear and convincing
evidence that continuing Father’s relationship with the Children would diminish the
Children’s chances of early integration into a safe, stable, and permanent home. Having
determined that the three elements required to establish this ground are supported by
clear and convincing evidence. we affirm the court’s determination.

     C. Failure to Manifest an Ability and Willingness to Assume Custody

        Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(g)(14) provides:

        A legal parent or guardian has failed to manifest, by act or omission, an
        ability and willingness to personally assume legal and physical custody or
        financial responsibility of the child, and placing the child in the person’s
        legal and physical custody would pose a risk of substantial harm to the
        physical or psychological welfare of the child.

       This ground requires the Petitioners to prove two elements by clear and
convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(1), (g)(14). First, Petitioners must
prove that Mother failed to manifest an ability and willingness to personally assume legal
and physical custody or financial responsibility of the Children. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(g)(14). Then, they must prove that placing the Children in Mother’s or Father’s
custody would pose a risk of substantial harm to their physical or psychological welfare.
Id.

       There is a split of authority regarding the proof required to establish the first prong
of the analysis. In In re Ayden S., No. M2017-01185-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 2447044, at
*7 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 31, 2018), a panel of this Court held that a party seeking to
terminate a parent’s rights must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the parents
failed to manifest both an ability and a willingness to personally assume legal and
physical custody of the child or that they failed to manifest an ability and a willingness to
personally assume financial responsibility for the child.11 When evaluating ability, we
11
  Other panels of this court have followed the decision in In re Amynn K., No. E2017-01866-COA-R3-
PT, 2018 WL 3058280, at *12-15 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 20, 2018), and concluded that a party is not
required to prove a failure to manifest both a willingness and an ability to assume responsibility of the
child.

                                                   20
focus “on the parent’s lifestyle and circumstances.” In re Zaylee W., No. M2019-00342-
COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 1808614, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 9, 2020) (citing In re Ayden
S., 2018 WL 2447044, at *7). “When evaluating willingness, we look for more than
mere words.” Id. Rather, a parent must have demonstrated willingness “by attempting to
overcome the obstacles that prevent them from assuming custody or financial
responsibility for the child.” Id.

       Considering the second element of this ground, this Court has observed the
following regarding the requirement of “substantial harm”:

              The courts have not undertaken to define the circumstances that pose
      a risk of substantial harm to a child. These circumstances are not amenable
      to precise definition because of the variability of human conduct. However,
      the use of the modifier “substantial” indicates two things. First, it connotes
      a real hazard or danger that is not minor, trivial, or insignificant. Second, it
      indicates that the harm must be more than a theoretical possibility. While
      the harm need not be inevitable, it must be sufficiently probable to prompt a
      reasonable person to believe that the harm will occur more likely than not.

Ray v. Ray, 83 S.W.3d 726, 732 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001) (footnotes omitted).

      With respect to this ground, the court held:

      The proof showed that the Father has no desire to have custody of the
      children.

      1. The Father testified on October 16, 2018 that he does not wish to assume
      custody of the children, and that it would be approximately six (6) months
      before he could establish sobriety.

      2. The Father continues to have substance abuse issues and is homeless.

      3. The Father did not appear for the 3rd day of trial on October 22, 2018.

      4. The Father moved to Texas on or about October 17, 2018 with no plan to
      return to Tennessee.

       Father does not make any argument with respect to this ground, and he does not
dispute any of the court’s findings or its holding. On October 16, Father testified that he
“wanted to find [his] redemption in some rehabilitation,” and that he “wanted [Mother] to
keep her chances of getting custody . . .and would like to pay child support towards her
and stay away” until he was rehabilitated ; that he intended to move to Texas where he
has family support and a job; that he was unable to take care of the Children at that time;
that he did not have housing or income; and that he had substance abuse issues at the time

                                            21
of trial that would take at least six months to resolve. Moreover, Father conceded at trial
that he was unable or unwilling to assume custody of the Children. Father’s testimony
demonstrates his lifestyle and circumstances rendered him unable to assume custody in
the near future. There is no evidence of any attempt by Father to overcome the obstacles
that prevent him from assuming custody of the Children. Although the court did not state
as much, we conclude that Father’s continued struggle with substance abuse is sufficient
evidence that placing the Children in his custody would pose a risk of substantial harm to
the welfare of the Children. Therefore, we conclude that the court’s determination is
supported by clear and convincing evidence.

       With respect to Mother, the court restated factual findings five through
fourteen from the ground of persistence of conditions, and held:

       The proof showed that the Mother has not demonstrated her willingness to
       assume custody of the children. While the Mother made some progress as
       to housing and income, her sobriety was only very recently established, and
       her continued success in her sobriety is questionable given her failure to
       maintain any sort of substance abuse support even as of the date of trial.
       Additionally, the Mother’s continued involvement with the Father appears
       to be a refusal to distance herself from the Father.

       ***

       Wherefore, the Court FINDS that the Petitioners have proven by clear and
       convincing evidence that the Mother has demonstrated an unwillingness to
       assume custody of the minor children.

        Mother argues that this ground was not proven by clear and convincing evidence
because Petitioners failed to prove that she was unable or unwilling to assume custody of
the Children. Mother contends that the trial court erred when it determined that she failed
to maintain substance abuse support and that the evidence preponderates against the
court’s finding that she failed to distance herself from Father, and that she took two years
to “start working on achieving sobriety, finding suitable housing, and starting to rebuild a
separate life from Father and for herself and the Children.”

        As explained under the discussion of the previous ground of persistence of
conditions, the court’s findings are supported by the evidence. The testimony and exhibits
show that Mother had maintained employment, obtained housing, began to participate in
counseling, and began saving money to have her license reinstated. Mother had not, as of
trial, complied with the court’s mandate that she obtain a hair follicle or nail bed drug
screen; however, the record contained negative drug screen results as evidence of
Mother’s sobriety for the months of July and August 2018. Aunt testified that, as of the

                                            22
last day of trial, Father had relocated to Texas, and there was no evidence that he
intended to return to Tennessee.

       Based on the aforementioned evidence, we conclude that Mother, having provided
negative drug screens, secured employment and housing, and taken steps to have her
license reinstated, demonstrated that she was willing to assume custody, as she has
attempted to overcome the obstacles that would prevent her from assuming custody.
Although, the evidence supports the court’s determination that Mother failed to maintain
ongoing substance abuse support, the court was to consider whether she made attempts to
overcome the obstacles; her participation in counseling and the drug screen results that
demonstrate her sobriety are sufficient to establish that she was attempting to overcome
her substance abuse issues and complete counseling.

      Petitioners have not cited to any evidence to demonstrate that Mother had not
attempted to overcome the obstacles that would prevent her from assuming custody of the
Children, and upon our review of the record, we find none.

       With respect to the consideration of whether Mother was able to assume custody,
the court did not make a separate determination of this element, and Petitioners have not
cited any evidence that Mother’s lifestyle and circumstances, as of trial, rendered her
unable to assume responsibility of the Children. In light of the evidence discussed above,
we conclude that the evidence does not support a determination that Mother was unable
to assume custody.

       Petitioners have not directed this court to any evidence that having the Children in
Mother’s custody would pose a risk of substantial harm, nor does the court make such a
finding in its order. Although Mother failed to comply with the court-ordered drug screen
and failed to distance herself from Father prior to his relocation, the evidence does not
clearly and convincingly demonstrate that placing the Children with Mother would
expose them to a risk of substantial harm.

       Finding that the evidence is not clear and convincing that Mother was unable and
unwilling to assume custody, or that her having custody would pose a risk of substantial
harm to the Children, we reverse the court’s holding in this regard.

       Having concluded that clear and convincing evidence existed as to at least one
statutory ground for each parent, we turn to the best interest determination.

   D. Best Interest

       We review the court’s conclusion that termination of Father’s and Mother’s
parental rights are in the best interest of the Children under the clear and convincing
evidence standard. The legislature has set out a list of factors at Tennessee Code

                                            23
Annotated section 36-1-113(i)12 for courts to follow in determining a child’s best interest.
The list of factors in the statute “is not exhaustive, and the statute does not require every
factor to appear before a court can find that termination is in a child’s best interest.” In re
S.L.A., 223 S.W.3d 295, 301 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006) (citing Tenn. Dept. of Children’s
Svcs. v. T.S.W., No. M2001-01735-COA-R3-CV, 2002 WL 970434, at *3 (Tenn. Ct.
App. May 10, 2002); In re I.C.G., No. E2006-00746-COA-R3-PT, 2006 WL 3077510, at
*4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 31, 2006)).

          The Tennessee Supreme Court recently explained:

          Facts considered in the best interests analysis must be proven by “a
          preponderance of the evidence, not by clear and convincing evidence.” In
          re Kaliyah S., 455 S.W.3d at 555 (citing In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at
          861). “After making the underlying factual findings, the trial court should
          then consider the combined weight of those facts to determine whether they

12
     Section 36-1-113(i) provides:

                   In determining whether termination of parental or guardianship rights is in the
          best interest of the child pursuant to this part, the court shall consider, but is not limited
          to, the following:

                        (1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment of
               circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the child’s best
               interest to be in the home of the parent or guardian;
                        (2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a lasting adjustment
               after reasonable efforts by available social services agencies for such duration of
               time that lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear possible;
                        (3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular visitation or other
               contact with the child;
                        (4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been established
               between the parent or guardian and the child;
                        (5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is likely to
               have on the child’s emotional, psychological and medical condition;
                        (6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing with the parent
               or guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional or psychological abuse,
               or neglect toward the child, or another child or adult in the family or household;
                        (7) Whether the physical environment of the parent’s or guardian’s home is
               healthy and safe, whether there is criminal activity in the home, or whether there is
               such use of alcohol, controlled substances or controlled substance analogues as may
               render the parent or guardian consistently unable to care for the child in a safe and
               stable manner;
                        (8) Whether the parent’s or guardian’s mental and/or emotional status would
               be detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or guardian from effectively
               providing safe and stable care and supervision for the child; or
                        (9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support consistent with the
               child support guidelines promulgated by the department pursuant to § 36-5-101.

                                                       24
      amount to clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the child’s
      best interest[s].” Id. When considering these statutory factors, courts must
      remember that “[t]he child’s best interests [are] viewed from the child’s,
      rather than the parent’s, perspective.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 878.
      Indeed, “[a] focus on the perspective of the child is the common theme”
      evident in all of the statutory factors. Id. “[W]hen the best interests of the
      child and those of the adults are in conflict, such conflict shall always be
      resolved to favor the rights and the best interests of the child....” Tenn.
      Code Ann. § 36–1–101(d) (2017).

In re Gabriella D., 531 S.W.3d 662, 681–82 (Tenn. 2017).

        The trial court made the following findings with respect to statutory factors (1),
(3), (4), (5), (7), and (9):

      (1)    Neither parent has made such an adjustment of circumstances that
      the children could be safely returned to the custody of either of them.

               The Father testified that he cannot take custody of the children, that
      he still has substance abuse issues, that he is homeless, and that he does not
      have a job. The Father testified that he intended to move to Texas to work
      and find support to establish sobriety.

             While the Mother has established a home, employment, and seems
      to have recently established sobriety, it does not appear that she has
      established sufficient sobriety such that the children could safely be
      returned to her home. By her own testimony, it is possible that the Mother
      was abusing substances as recently as May of 2018, many months after the
      filing of the termination petition. The Mother is not engaged in ongoing
      substance abuse support, such that as the matter progressed through
      multiple trial dates she even suspended her involvement with Narcotics
      Anonymous. The Mother continues to maintain a relationship with the
      Father, despite his unwillingness to establish sobriety in his life.

      ***

      (3)    Neither parent has maintained regular visitation with the minor
      children. While the Father testified that he felt he was under the same no
      contact order as was the Mother, he made no attempts to obtain that Order
      or otherwise to attempt to have his visitation restrictions lifted. By his own
      testimony, his one attempt to visit with his children was ill advised at best.

             While it is true that the Mother had a no contact order in place in late
      2017, she took no steps to have that Order lifted, despite that the steps she

                                            25
needed to take were clearly spelled out in the Order. The Mother contended
that she did not have the money to obtain a hair follicle or nail bed test,
however she provided no explanation for why she could not address her
mental health issues sufficiently to allow for visitation with her minor
children.

***

(4)    No meaningful relationship has been established between the parents
and the minor children. The Father testified that he did not have any kind of
relationship with the younger child. As for both parents, however, it is
undisputed that the children have been in the custody of the Petitioners for
most of their young lives. The Father and the Mother’s issues have been
ongoing for approximately three to four (3-4) years, with their visitation
being suspended during much of that time.

***

(5)     A change of caretakers and physical environment at this time would
have a detrimental emotional and psychological effect on the minor
children, as they are in an established and stable home and all of their needs
are being met. The children have been in the care of the Petitioners for three
to four (3-4) years. Both Petitioners are gainfully employed, have always
maintained employment, and [Aunt] is obtaining further certification that
will lead to a pay increase. The Petitioners have never been arrested and
have never taken illegal drugs. [Aunt] has maintained HUGS services for
the children during their stay in her home. While there was testimony that
the Petitioners’ current home is currently going through probate, [Aunt]
testified that she and her husband have never been homeless.

***

(7)    The Father’s physical environment and abuse of substances would
render him unable to care for the minor children. The Father testified that
he is currently homeless and that his substance abuse issues remain
unaddressed.

***

(9)    The parents have not consistently paid child support. The Father has
only worked intermittently, and has paid child support only after being
ordered and by way of a wage assignment. The Mother has paid child
support more consistently, and pays through an assignment of her social
security income. However, despite receiving her social security income the

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       entire time her children have been removed from her custody, the Mother
       did not begin paying support until ordered to do so by the Court.

      Father, again, adopts Mother’s arguments with respect to the best interest
determination by reference, and asserts that it is not in the best interest of the Children to
have one parent, despite him only being able to provide financial and emotional support
to Mother until the court “deems him appropriate” to regain custody.

       With respect to factor (1), Mother contends that the evidence preponderates
against the court’s determination because she had achieved and maintained sobriety,
found housing, and maintained employment.

       Father’s testimony shows that he, as of the trial, had not been able to maintain
employment, was homeless, and still struggled with substance abuse. Father informed the
court of his intent to move to Texas so that he could obtain employment and establish
sobriety, and, prior to the last day of trial, he had relocated. Father did not put forth any
evidence that would preponderate against the court’s findings, and, upon our review, we
conclude that the findings are supported by his testimony.

        In support of Mother’s argument, she relied on her testimony that she enrolled in
individual drug therapy in August 2018 and was still attending that counseling as of
October 2018; and that she last abused substances in February 2018. This testimony does
not preponderate against the court’s findings. Along with Mother’s testimony that she last
abused substances in February 2018, she also testified, at the August trial date, that she
had only been sober since May 2018. With respect to substance abuse support, Mother
testified that the last time she had been to an NA meeting was early August; that she had
“probably” been to a total of four NA meetings in 2018 and two since she was released
from jail in May; that, as of the October 16 trial date, she no longer attended NA because
she did not have time; and that she began attending individual drug and alcohol therapy
once every two weeks “right after the last court date.” Concerning her relationship with
Father, Mother testified that, since she obtained housing on June 29, she allowed him to
stay with her “probably about three or four” times.

       In light of the testimony, we conclude that the court’s findings are supported by
the evidence. Although Mother contends that her testimony shows that she began
participating in drug and alcohol therapy and that the last time she abused substances was
in February, there is also testimony that shows that she quit attending NA, after only
attending approximately four meetings, and that she may have abused substances as
recently as May 2018. Furthermore, Mother conceded that she allowed Father to stay
with her multiple times; Aunt’s testimony that Father relocated does not contradict the
court’s finding that Mother failed to distance herself from him prior to his departure. The
court acknowledged, and Mother does not dispute, that she obtained housing,
employment, and recently established sobriety; these findings are supported by the

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exhibits in the record. Therefore, Mother failed to establish that the evidence
preponderates against the court’s determination.

      With respect to factor (3), neither parent disputes that they did not visit the
Children. Mother contends that her testimony that she had attended counseling
preponderates against the court’s findings.

       Father testified that he was under the impression that his visitation was suspended
under the court’s no-contact order; he later discovered that the order did not apply to him,
and attempted to visit the Children on Thanksgiving. The circumstances of his visit,
however, led to Petitioners calling the police to remove Father from their property.
Following that incident, Father testified that he did not attempt to call or visit the
Children, nor did he make any effort to inquire with the court about his ability to visit or
have his visitation restrictions lifted.

        Mother’s visitation, however, was suspended in September 2017; the order
restricting her visitation provided that if she obtained a hair follicle or nail bed drug
screen and participated in mental health counseling, which could have involved the
Children, at the discretion of the counselor, she could exercise visitation. Mother
acknowledged that she did not comply with the drug screen requirement because she was
unable to afford it; however, even when she was able to afford it, she chose not to have
the drug screen. As for the mental health counseling requirement, Mother testified that
she attended counseling, but stated that she had never completed more than three or four
sessions at a time due to her instability. This testimony supports the court’s determination
that Mother failed to sufficiently address her mental health issues; Mother’s testimony
that she began participating in a counseling program in August 2018 does not
preponderate against this finding because Mother had not completed any mental health
counseling that would have allowed her to exercise some form of visitation during the
relevant period. Thus, we conclude that the court’s findings, with respect to Mother and
Father’s visitation, are supported by a preponderance of the evidence.

       With respect to factor (4), Mother contends that Aunt’s testimony that the oldest
son, Justin, was excited when he thought he would be returning to the parents in 2017,
and began having behavioral issues after Aunt told him otherwise, demonstrates that
there was a meaningful relationship. We disagree.

        The initial petition for custody shows that the Children were placed in Petitioners’
custody on February 26, 2016; the Children were approximately four and one years of
age. The Children had lived in Petitioners’ home for about two and a half years, as of the
first trial date; the parents’ visitation was suspended for much of that time. Mother
testified that she had not visited or talked to the Children since August 2017; Father
testified that he had not attempted to visit the Children since November 2017. Thus, the
parents had not seen or spoken with the Children for almost one year as of the first trial

                                            28
date. While Aunt’s testimony evidences a meaningful relationship between Mother and
Justin around August 2017, it is not sufficient evidence of the current state of Mother’s
relationship with Justin; Mother did not cite to any evidence of her relationship with
Peyton. We conclude that the court’s findings in this regard are supported by a
preponderance of the evidence.

      With respect to factor (5), Mother argues that there was no evidence that justified
the court’s finding that a change of caretakers would likely cause emotional or
psychological harm to the Children; she asserts that the court failed to “recognize the
Children’s bond with their Mother and how they might feel by not being able to see [her]
anymore.” We disagree.

       As stated above, the Children have been in the care of Petitioners for over two
years; as of October 16, Aunt testified that the Children were ages seven and three. When
discussing this factor, Aunt testified that a change of caretakers would negatively affect
the Children; she explained her belief further when she testified:

      Q. Thank you. Anything else that you think is important that Judge Shults
      should know?
      A. The psychological effects of the child being bounced from home to
      home is detrimental in itself. When you watch a parent be an addict and
      you know that they act different from different moms and dads, it has an
      effect on you. When my sister and Mr. D[.] made it to the third phase, little
      Justin, who is the older boy, was so excited. He was so excited that his
      mommy and daddy were doing good, and he was so excited that they were
      going to go back home. And they made it all the way to the very end phase,
      and they fooled everybody until she come to court and you drug tested here
      in court, and she had been using the whole time. So then I had to go home
      and tell a six-year old little boy that, “You don't get to go back to your
      mommy and daddy because your daddy didn’t show up for court, and even
      though your mommy did, she had stuff in her system that wasn’t supposed
      to be there.” And I had to deal with a six-year old screaming and crying and
      not understanding why, “Last week I was getting to go with my mommy
      and daddy, but this week I can’t.” It ripped his heart out, and he...
      Q. Go ahead.
      A. He started having behaviors at school. He quit eating, which is what he
      was doing when I very first got them, and he reverted back into hisself. He
      wouldn’t talk with my other kids. He wouldn’t play. He started having
      behaviors at school to the point to where he has to see the school counselor
      twice a week now because he has just some overloads and meltdowns. I’m
      not trying to put him through that again.

      When asked about she and her husband, Aunt testified that she and Uncle have

                                           29
always maintained employment, never been arrested, never been homeless, and never
taken illegal drugs. Aunt testified that the Children call Petitioners “mom and dad” and
that the Children get along with Petitioners’ biological children. The CASA, Jennifer
Davies, testified that, during her visit at Petitioners’ home, the Children were happy, “at
home,” and had everything they needed.

       In accordance with the consideration required for factor (5), the court determined
that Petitioners’ home was established and stable and that they were meeting the needs of
the Children. Aunt’s testimony supports the determination that a change of caretakers
would likely have a negative effect on the Children and that the Children are established
in Petitioners’ home. The court’s determination is further supported by Ms. Davies’
observation of the Children in Petitioners’ home. Mother has not cited to any evidence
that would preponderate against the court’s findings. Upon our review, we conclude that
the court’s findings are supported by a preponderance of the evidence.

        With respect to factor (7), the court held that Father’s physical environment and
abuse of substances rendered him unable to care for the Children. Father does not dispute
this finding on appeal, and the court did not find this factor to be applicable to Mother.
Father testified that he was homeless, unable to maintain employment, and continued to
have substance abuse issues. Father conceded that he was unable to care for the Children;
and that he intended to move to Texas, where it would take him at least six months to
establish sobriety. We conclude that the court’s findings in this regard are supported by a
preponderance of the evidence.

       With respect to factor (9), Mother contends that this factor calls for the court to
consider whether the parent has paid child support consistent with the child support
guidelines, and that there is no evidence that she did not pay child support after she was
ordered to. Mother’s argument is consistent with the court’s finding; however, her
argument fails to acknowledge that she had a duty to support prior to the court’s order.

        Mother testified that she paid child support through assignment of her social
security income, which she had been receiving the entire time since the Children were
removed from her custody in February 2016. Mother was ordered to make payments in
August 2017, and testified that she did not make any payments prior to that order. Father
testified that he had been unable to maintain employment, but, when he was employed,
he made child support payments by way of wage assignment. Father acknowledged that
he failed to make payments per the guidelines during the relevant four-month period. We
conclude that the court’s findings in this regard are supported by a preponderance of the
evidence.

       In viewing the evidence from the perspective of the Children, we conclude that the
Children are settled in their current home. The Children have been in Petitioners’ care
since 2016, and have not seen or been contacted by either parent since the fall of 2017.

                                            30
Father admitted that he was unable to care for the Children, that he continued to have
substance abuse issues, and that he intended to relocate to Texas; Mother had only
recently taken sufficient steps to establish her sobriety and obtain employment and stable
housing. Mother still had not completed any inpatient rehabilitation program or
sufficiently completed any mental health counseling. In viewing the evidence in support
of each factor, collectively, we conclude that the evidence clearly and convincingly
supports the court’s decision that termination was in the best interests of the Children.

                                     IV. CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the holdings that the evidence clearly and
convincingly establishes the following grounds for termination as to Father: abandonment
by willful failure to visit and support, persistence of conditions, and failure to manifest an
ability and willingness to assume custody. As to Mother, we affirm the holding that she
abandoned the Children by her willful failure to visit the Children but reverse the
holdings that clear and convincing evidence existed to establish the grounds of
persistence of conditions and failure to manifest an ability and willingness to assume
custody. We affirm the holding that termination of Mother and Father’s parental rights
are in the children’s best interest. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment terminating
Mother and Father’s parental rights.

                                                  RICHARD H. DINKINS, JUDGE

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