Court Opinion

ID: 3589934
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-05 23:38:49.355821+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:44:07.433418
License: Public Domain

This is an action to recover damages for death alleged to have been caused by defendant's negligence. The complaint alleges in substance that defendant had a license or permit from the city of New York to use and occupy the inshore or most easterly dump on the northerly side of the pier at the foot of West Thirtieth street, Manhattan, together with the right to the use of the ramp or approach thereat and thereto; that by the terms of such license or permit he agreed to keep in repair the superstructure of said wharf property including the said ramp and approach; that he permitted contractors, stevedores and trucking men to use the wharf to discharge and receive garbage and other things upon and from boats; that plaintiff's intestate was employed by a corporation which had the privilege of using the dump and the ramp or approach thereto; that defendant allowed the ramp to become out of repair and in a dangerous condition; that while plaintiff's intestate was driving a loaded truck over the ramp to empty the same at the dump, a wheel of his truck went into a hole and plaintiff's intestate was jolted off, receiving injuries from which he died. The answer in terms admits that defendant agreed to keep the ramp in good order.
On the trial plaintiff offered the permit in evidence, and it was received without objection. By its terms it appears defendant had a permit to use and occupy *Page 494 
"all that certain public wharf property * * * to wit: the inshore or most easterly dump at the northerly side of the pier * * * together with the right to use the ramp or approachthereat." Also that defendant agreed to keep in good repair "the superstructure of said wharf property," i.e., the superstructure of the dump. Nothing contained in the agreement imposed upon the defendant the duty of keeping the ramp in repair. Thus plaintiff interjected into the trial a discrepancy between the allegations of her complaint and her proof, which would tend to defeat her entire cause of action, were it not for the admission in the answer, for the complaint charges defendant with no duty to keep the ramp in repair except "under said license or permit." But, for the purposes of the action, the allegations of the complaint admitted by the answer must be taken as true. (Code Civ. Pro. § 522.) Plaintiff did not waive the admission by going, unnecessarily and unwisely, into the proofs. Such admissions are conclusive and evidence inconsistent therewith must be disregarded. (Jones v. Morehead,68 U.S. 155, 165; Paige v. Willet, 38 N.Y. 28, 31; Tisdale v.President, etc., D.  H. Co., 116 N.Y. 416, 419; Pennacchio
v. Greco, 107 App. Div. 225, 227.) Plaintiff did not consent to try the issues upon the evidence rather than upon the pleadings. Obviously nothing was more remote from her intention. The inconsistency between plaintiff's evidence and the defendant's admission was not a variance, material or immaterial, which could be corrected on the defendant's motion under the Code of Civil Procedure (§§ 539, 540). Such variances arise between a party's allegations and the proofs offered by him to establish such allegations, and he seeks to conform the allegations to the proof. This is an inadvertent admission by the adverse party. The variance is between the defendant's admission and the plaintiff's proofs. Defendant's remedy was to seek relief therefrom *Page 495 
by obtaining leave to amend his answer. His motion therefor was denied. As he had no strict legal right to make such amendment on the trial, the exception to the ruling of the court presents no question of law. He is the victim of his failure correctly to understand the duty assumed by him and to require the plaintiff to prove her case.
The next question is whether the evidence tended to show that the ramp was not in a reasonably safe condition for the use of plaintiff's intestate and others. The structure was 125 feet long and 19 feet wide. It was built on an incline so that the top was 10 to 12 feet from the ground. It was floored with spruce planks, 12 inches wide and 3 inches thick, laid crosswise over pine sheathing. Seven or eight hundred loads were driven up the ramp daily. Defendant did not use it exclusively. The city used it about as much as he did. Plaintiff's intestate was a teamster. About midway up the ramp on his way to the dump with a loaded truck, the front wagon wheel went into a rut on the surface of the ramp which was about two feet long, twelve inches wide and three inches deep. The top plank was worn down to the under sheathing. The jolt threw him off. The rear wheel went over his body. From the injuries thus sustained death resulted. Defendant having agreed with the city to assume its duty to keep the ramp in repair, was bound to exercise the same degree of care that would be required of the city. In determining what that degree of care is we must take heed of the place and the use for which it was intended and require reasonable care, considering the ordinary and accustomed manner of use, nothing more. Did defendant then have ordinary regard for the safety of the teamsters? The accident did not happen on a dark night. It happened about ten o'clock in the morning, in broad daylight. It was not one which common experience would suggest as *Page 496 
likely to happen. The condition of the planking on the ramp presented no greater danger than an ordinary rough pavement or the crossing of a railroad track. The depression was not in any way peculiar or specially calculated to result in injury. The defective condition was due to ordinary wear and tear. The rule has often been stated. When "the defect is so slight that no careful or prudent man would reasonably anticipate any danger from its existence but, still, an accident happens which could have been guarded against by the exercise of extraordinary care and foresight, the question of the defendant's responsibility is one of law." (Beltz v. City of Yonkers, 148 N.Y. 67, 70.) A hole in the street from one to three feet wide and from six toten inches deep presents a question for the jury when a man is jolted off his wagon and killed (Faber v. City of New York,213 N.Y. 411, 414); but, on authority, this hole does not. (Butler v. Village of Oxford, 186 N.Y. 444.) It seems to have been conceded in the Faber case that if the depth of the depression had not exceeded three inches the complaint should have been dismissed. (Lalor v. City of New York, 208 N.Y. 431. ) The line between ordinary care and the absence of it is often dim and wavering and may best be left to the common sense of a jury to trace, but this case does not present any exception to the well-established rule that usual and ordinary slight defects in highways create no legal liability for accidents. (Terry v. Village of Perry, 199 N.Y. 79, 82.) When the juridical standard of proper care has been maintained, a verdict to the contrary would be indefensible.
The judgment should be reversed and the complaint dismissed, with costs in all courts.
CUDDEBACK and McLAUGHLIN, JJ., concur, and HISCOCK, Ch. J., concurs in result; CARDOZO, CRANE and ANDREWS, JJ., dissent.
Judgment reversed, etc. *Page 497