Court Opinion

ID: 1044492
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-08 02:13:04.663601+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:51:49.205620
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                         Assigned on Briefs November 6, 2012

                  STATE OF TENNESSEE v. STEPHEN BAKER

                    Appeal from the Criminal Court for Putnam County
                             No. 10-0017 Leon Burns, Judge

                    No. M2012-00155-CCA-R3-CD - Filed July 17, 2013

Appellant, Stephen Dewayne Baker, was indicted by the Putnam County Grand Jury in
January of 2010 for one count of first degree murder, one count of felony murder, one count
of aggravated robbery, one count of arson, and one count of tampering with evidence.
Appellant was convicted by a jury of all offenses as charged in the indictment. At a
sentencing hearing, the trial court merged the first degree murder conviction with the felony
murder conviction and imposed a life sentence. Appellant was also ordered to serve twelve
years for the aggravated robbery conviction, six years for the arson conviction, and six years
for the tampering with evidence conviction. The trial court ordered the arson and tampering
with the evidence convictions to be served concurrently with each other but consecutively
to the life sentence and sentence for aggravated robbery, for a total effective sentence of life
imprisonment plus eighteen years. After the denial of a motion for new trial, Appellant
initiated this appeal. On appeal, Appellant contends: (1) the trial court erred by denying a
change of venue; (2) the trial court erred by denying Appellant’s motion to suppress; (3) the
evidence was insufficient to support the convictions; (4) the trial court erred by admitting
evidence of Appellant’s prior bad acts; (5) the trial court erred in admitting the dying
declarations of the victim; (6) the trial court erred in admitting testimony of Harold Harp
about Appellant’s behavior; and (7) the trial court erred in admitting a photograph of the
victim’s body. After a review of the record, we conclude that the trial court: (1) did not err
in denying a change of venue where there was no proof that the jury pool was tainted from
exposure to information about the incident; (2) did not abuse its discretion in denying the
motion to suppress where consent for the search was valid and the search warrant was
properly procured; (3) properly admitted evidence of Appellant’s drug use and past violent
behavior; (4) properly admitted the dying declaration and excited utterances of the victim;
(5) properly admitted the testimony of Mr. Harp; and (6) properly admitted photographs of
the victim’s body. Additionally, we determine that the evidence was sufficient to support the
convictions. Accordingly, the judgments of the trial court are affirmed.
    Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court are
                                     Affirmed.

J ERRY L. S MITH, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J OHN E VERETT W ILLIAMS and
A LAN E. G LENN, JJ., joined.

Randy Chaffin, Cookeville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Stephen Baker.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Clark B. Thornton, Assistant Attorney
General; Randall A. York, District Attorney General; and Anthony Craighead, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                         OPINION

                                    Factual Background

       On January 9, 2010, authorities responded to a report of a trailer fire on Buck
Mountain Road in Putnam County, Tennessee. The trailer was a total loss. In the ashes,
authorities located the body of Jennifer Smith, the victim.

       Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (“TBI”) agent Steve Huntley was called to the
scene of the fire. As part of the investigation, he was interested in speaking with the
neighbors of the victim to ascertain if anyone had any information about the fire. Appellant
and Kari Speck lived in a nearby trailer. Agent Huntley knocked on the door but “no one
would come to the door.” Special Agent Billy Miller tried to call and text the occupants to
gain access. “Finally, . . . Ms. Speck [came] to the door and allowed [Agent Huntley and
others] to come into the house.”

       Ms. Speck informed authorities that she and Appellant lived in the trailer. Shortly
after the officers entered the residence, Ms. Speck signed a consent-to-search form.
Appellant was found and arrested on an unrelated warrant and taken to jail. Ms. Speck spoke
with authorities.

       The next day, Special Agent Miller asked Appellant for consent to search the home.
Appellant denied that there would be anything “involved” with the victim at his home but
signed the consent form. The consent form also included “any clothing or evidence
pertaining to the death of Jennifer Smith.”

      Ms. Speck was also arrested on unrelated warrants. On January 11, she signed another
consent form. She was asked if there was anything at the home that would be “involved”

                                              -2-
with the death of the victim. Ms. Speck again spoke with authorities, admitting that she had
lied in her first meeting because she was afraid of Appellant and fearful for her son.

       After consent was obtained from both Appellant and Ms. Speck, Special Agent Miller
procured a search warrant for the residence. He utilized statements from Ms. Speck in his
affidavits for the search warrants but acknowledged that she had been both truthful and
untruthful during the investigation. A “pretty thorough search” of the home was completed.

       On January 26, Special Agent Miller obtained a search warrant to seize Appellant’s
clothing, including his boots, from the booking area at the jail.

       The results of the search warrants and investigation led to the indictment of Appellant
and Ms. Speck in March of 2010 by the Putnam County Grand Jury for first degree murder,
felony murder, aggravated robbery, arson, and tampering with the evidence.1

       Prior to trial, Appellant filed multiple motions in limine, specifically filing several to
suppress the results of the search warrant and seizure of his clothing and boots. The trial
court denied the motions to suppress.

       The case proceeded to trial. Harold Harp testified that two days prior to the fire,
Appellant came to his door and asked to use his phone to call “his girlfriend, or wife, or
whatever.” Mr. Harp lived next door to Appellant and Ms. Speck and two doors down from
the victim’s trailer. Mr. Harp described Appellant’s actions as “weird,” explaining that he
dialed a number, “stood a minute” and then exclaimed, “she must be mad at me . . . [s]he
ain’t going to answer the phone.” When Appellant got off the phone, he stood there for a
minute before turning around and leaving from the trailer.

       Debra Schreck, a co-worker of the victim, testified that they were both private-duty
nurses for a home healthcare company. She last spoke to the victim at around noon on
January 8.

       In the afternoon on January 8, 2010, Clinton Staggs, the owner and manager of Bud’s
Quick Cash Pawn in Cookeville, Tennessee, gave Appellant $70 for a television. Appellant
signed the pawn ticket and the entire transaction was captured on the store security cameras.

        1
          The indictments for Ms. Speck do not appear in the record on appeal. During Appellant’s trial, it
was disclosed that Ms. Speck pled guilty to second degree murder and aggravated robbery in exchange for
a thirty-year sentence, to be served at 100%.

                                                   -3-
      The victim’s ATM card was used at 5:51 p.m. on January 8. A balance inquiry was
made, showing that the account had a balance of a little over $160. Then a withdrawal was
made for $160. The security tape showed Ms. Speck driving the car at the bank and using
the ATM card to inquire about the balance and make the withdrawal from the account.

        On the evening of January 8, Jack Huffman, Jr., was visited by Appellant and Ms.
Speck. Mr. Huffman sold “synthetic heroin, Dilaudid.”2 Mr. Huffman often sold pills to Ms.
Speck and occasionally sold them to Appellant. Appellant and Ms. Speck arrived in a
reddish, burgundy-looking station wagon and wanted to trade the car and a television for
pills. Mr. Huffman explained to them that he was “in the business of selling drugs, not
taking stolen property” and that he did not want to fool with the car or television. Appellant
told him that he got the car from the “old lady next door.” Appellant told them he was going
to say that the car was stolen at the mall or something but Mr. Huffman told Appellant and
Ms. Speck that he did not need the car.

        Testimony from the victim’s son, Christopher J. Smith, confirmed that the victim
drove a red Subaru station wagon and that this was the station wagon shown in both the
videotape from the pawn shop and on the bank’s ATM camera. Additionally, footage from
Wal-Mart showed the victim buying a television that contained the same serial number as the
television that Appellant took to the pawn shop for money on January 8. Mr. Smith also
identified a “double-headed ax” that his dad used to own. He was fairly certain that he had
seen the ax at his mother’s house prior to her death.

       Early on the morning on January 9, 2010, Mr. Harp went outside and saw that the
victim’s trailer was on fire. The fire department and other authorities were already on the
scene. Mr. Harp walked toward the fire. There, he saw Appellant, who walked up and
“acted like he was concerned.” Appellant “went missing” shortly after this brief
conversation. Mr. Harp just assumed that Appellant went back to his trailer.

       The victim’s body was found amidst the ashes in the fire. The body was lying face-
down. A portion of the back of the victim’s skull was missing and there were puncture
wounds on the front of the body. A canine alerted to the presence of accelerant in the fire
debris around the victim’s body and on the body itself.

       Ms. Speck was the State’s star witness. She testified that she pled guilty to second
degree murder and aggravated robbery in exchange for a sentence of thirty years, to be served
at 100 percent. Ms. Speck testified that she met Appellant in 2008 when she bought Dilaudid
from him to support her drug addiction. Soon thereafter, they became a couple and Ms.

       2
           At the time of his testimony, Mr. Huffman was serving a seven-year sentence for a drug conviction.

                                                     -4-
Speck left her husband and moved in with Appellant. The couple were able to support their
drug habit with a combination of money earned from Appellant’s drug sales and from
stealing merchandise from retail stores. The pair would steal items and return them in
exchange for gift cards. Then they would pawn the gift cards for pennies on the dollar. Ms.
Speck explained that both she and Appellant were injecting pills every few hours. She
claimed that she could not stop taking drugs because she would get “really, really sick.”

        In late 2009, Ms. Speck and Appellant lived next door to the victim. Ms. Speck
considered the victim her friend, explaining that she could count on the victim to help her out
when she needed help. For example, when the pipes froze in her trailer, Ms. Speck made
daily trips to the victim’s trailer to get water.

       Two days prior to the fire at the victim’s trailer, Ms. Speck and the victim got into a
fight. Ms. Speck called a cab and went to visit Mr. Huffman. While at Mr. Huffman’s
house, Ms. Speck got a call from her neighbor, Mr. Harp’s, phone. She did not answer the
phone because she “knew it was [Appellant]” because “he had been texting [her] prior that
day and ran out of minutes on his cell phone.”

      Ms. Speck eventually took a cab back to the trailer. When she got back, she and
Appellant talked about the phone call from Mr. Harp’s residence. Ms. Speck testified that
Appellant told her he was going to Mr. Harp’s house to “kill them” for money and “steal their
TV.” Appellant claimed that he did not follow through with his plan because Mr. Harp had
company at the time.

        Appellant then instructed Ms. Speck to go over to the victim’s house with an empty
water jug and act as a “lookout . . . stand by the window and look out to make sure nobody
would come.” Ms. Speck did as instructed, walking over to the victim’s house and asking
to use the telephone. As she sat down to use the phone, Appellant knocked on the victim’s
door. The victim let Appellant in and “as she turned her back, [Appellant] stabbed her in the
neck . . . with a screwdriver.” Ms. Speck knew what Appellant was planning on doing but
she did not warn the victim because she was afraid of Appellant.

       Ms. Speck saw Appellant stab the victim multiple times in the back with two different
knives, one of which he took from the victim’s kitchen. According to Ms. Speck, as
Appellant was stabbing the victim, she said, “I’ll pray for you” and, “Ow, it hurts.” The
victim “went down . . . [and] laid there, and you could hear her gasping for air, and she was
laying in her blood.” Appellant found a hatchet in one of the bedrooms, “got it and went
back in, . . . and he hit her on the back of the head a couple of times, and then she was - she
quit breathing after that.”

                                              -5-
        Ms. Speck and Appellant searched the house, taking $80 in cash from the victim’s
wallet, the victim’s car keys, and a small television. Ms. Speck drove the victim’s car to
Bud’s Pawn Shop, where Ms. Speck exchanged a gift card for cash. The couple then drove
to a “pill dealer” to buy more pills. After getting more pills they stopped by Mr. Huffman’s
house and offered to sell him the car and television. Mr. Huffman did not want the items.

       After leaving Mr. Huffman’s house, they drove to a bridge, where Appellant stopped
and threw the weapons, a screwdriver, two knives, and a hatchet into the water wrapped in
a kitchen towel.

       At this point, Ms. Speck and Appellant went back to the victim’s house to look for the
box for the television so that they could sell it for more money. They found both the box and
the receipt but realized that they could not return it to Wal-Mart because the victim had
purchased the television with a credit card. During their search, they also located the PIN
code for the victim’s ATM card on a bank statement.

      Ms. Speck and Appellant left the home of the victim for the second time, returning
to Bud’s Pawn Shop, where Appellant sold the television. The couple then drove to the
ATM where they checked the balance and withdrew $160 from the account. They used the
money to buy more pills.

       When Appellant and Ms. Speck got back home, they “did some more pills” and went
to bed. Ms. Speck awoke the next morning when Appellant slammed the door. He informed
her that he “took care of everything.” When Ms. Speck asked what that meant, Appellant
“opened the back door and there [were] huge flames shooting through the roof of [the
victim’s] house.” Appellant told Ms. Speck that he called 911.

       Ms. Speck went back to sleep. She was awakened by a text message from a “Mr.
Miller.” When she opened the back door, the “SWAT team [was] all around [her] house.”
She recalled that they arrested Appellant on an outstanding warrant.

       Ms. Speck recalled being interviewed at least three times by TBI agents over the
months that followed the murder and fire. She acknowledged that she did not “tell the whole
truth.” She explained that she was afraid of Appellant because he had been abusive in the
past. Ms. Speck testified that she finally started telling the truth when she was assured that
Appellant would not be getting out of jail. Ms. Speck was asked if she was partially
responsible for the victim’s death. She explained her role as the “gate-way key” and claimed
that Appellant “wouldn’t have had access if I wouldn’t have [gone] in [to the victim’s
house].”

                                             -6-
       The State introduced forensic evidence that the boots worn by Appellant at the time
of his arrest contained a blood spot that matched the DNA profile of the victim.
Additionally, two knives and a hatchet were recovered from beneath a bridge leading into the
East Lake Subdivision near Cookeville. The medical examiner explained the cause of death
of the victim was “multiple modality trauma” as the result of a homicide. The victim
suffered at least three, non-fatal stab wounds to the chest, and six stab wounds to the back,
including a wound three inches deep that injured the spinal cord. There were also neck
injuries of the type seen in strangulation cases.

       At the conclusion of the jury trial, the jury convicted Appellant of one count of first
degree murder, one count of felony murder, one count of aggravated robbery, one count of
arson, and one count of tampering with evidence. The trial court merged the first degree
murder conviction with the felony murder conviction and imposed a life sentence. Appellant
was also ordered to serve twelve years for the aggravated robbery conviction, six years for
the arson conviction, and six years for the tampering with evidence conviction. The trial
court ordered the arson and tampering with the evidence convictions to be served
concurrently with each other but consecutively to the life sentence and sentence for
aggravated robbery, for a total effective sentence of life imprisonment plus eighteen years.
After the denial of a motion for new trial, Appellant initiated this appeal. On appeal, the
following issues are presented for our review: (1) whether the trial court erred by denying a
change of venue; (2) whether the trial court erred by denying Appellant’s motion to suppress;
(3) whether the evidence was insufficient to support the convictions; and (4) whether the trial
court erred by admitting certain items of evidence.

                                 Denial of Change of Venue

       Appellant insists that the trial court erred by denying a change of venue. Specifically,
Appellant insists that there was a great deal of pretrial publicity of the murder and arson that
“permeated the area from which the venire [was] drawn” such that the trial court should have
granted a change of venue. The State disagrees, arguing that the transcript of the jury
selection does not reveal that the jury pool was prejudiced by any pretrial publicity.

       A change of venue may be granted “when a fair trial is unlikely because of undue
excitement against the defendant in the county where the offense was committed or for any
other cause.” Tenn. R. Crim. P. 21(a). A motion for change of venue is left to the sound
discretion of the trial court, and the court’s ruling will be reversed on appeal only upon a
clear showing of an abuse of that discretion. State v. Howell, 868 S.W.2d 238, 249 (Tenn.
1993); State v. Hoover, 594 S.W.2d 743, 746 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1979). The mere fact that
jurors have been exposed to pretrial publicity will not warrant a change of venue. State v.
Mann, 959 S.W.2d 503, 531-32 (Tenn. 1997). Similarly, prejudice will not be presumed on

                                              -7-
the mere showing of extensive pretrial publicity. State v. Stapleton, 638 S.W.2d 850, 856
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1982). In fact, jurors may possess knowledge of the facts of the case and
may still be qualified to serve on the panel. State v. Bates, 804 S.W.2d 868, 877 (Tenn.
1991). Before a conviction will be overturned on a venue issue, the appellant must
demonstrate on appeal that the jurors were biased or prejudiced against him. State v. Melson,
638 S.W.2d 342, 360-61 (Tenn. 1982). The test is whether the jurors who actually sat on the
panel and rendered the verdict and sentence were prejudiced. State v. Kyger, 787 S.W.2d 13,
18-19 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1989). This Court has quoted the United States Supreme Court and
stated the following:

       “[E]xtensive knowledge in the community of either the crimes or the putative
       criminal is not sufficient by itself to render a trial unconstitutionally unfair,”
       and the court may not presume unfairness based solely upon the quantity of
       publicity “in the absence of a ‘trial atmosphere . . . utterly corrupted by press
       coverage.’”

State v. Crenshaw, 64 S.W.3d 374, 387 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001) (quoting Dobbert v.
Florida, 432 U.S. 282, 303 (1977) (quoting Murphy v. Florida, 432 U.S. 282, 303 (1975))).
The burden of proof is on the defendant to show that the jurors were biased or prejudiced
against him. Id. at 394; see also State v. Blackwell, 664 S.W.2d 686, 689 (Tenn. 1984); State
v. Garland, 617 S.W.2d 176, 187 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1981).

       We have also stated:

       Furthermore, the scope and extent of voir dire is left to the sound discretion of
       the trial court. State v. Smith, 993 S.W.2d 6, 28 (Tenn. 1999). Jurors who
       have been exposed to pretrial publicity may sit on the panel if they can
       demonstrate to the trial court that they can put aside what they have heard and
       decide the case on the evidence presented at trial. State v. Gray, 960 S.W.2d
598, 608 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997).

State v. William Glenn Rogers, No. M2002-01798-CCA-R3-DD, 2004 WL 1462649, at *19
(Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Jun. 30, 2004), reh’g denied, (Tenn., Aug. 27, 2004).

        Relevant factors to consider in determining whether to grant a motion for a change of
venue include: (1) nature, extent, and timing of pre-trial publicity; (2) nature of publicity as
fair or inflammatory; (3) the particular content of the publicity; (4) the degree to which the
publicity complained of has permeated the area from which the venire is drawn; (5) the
degree to which the publicity circulated outside the area from which the venire is drawn; (6)
the time elapsed from the release of the publicity until the trial; (7) the degree of care

                                              -8-
exercised in the selection of the jury; (8) the ease or difficulty in selecting the jury; (9) the
veniremen’s familiarity with the publicity and its effect, if any, upon them as shown through
their answers on voir dire; (10) the defendant’s utilization of his peremptory challenges; (11)
the defendant’s utilization of his challenges for cause; (12) the participation by police or by
prosecution in the release of publicity; (13) the severity of the offense charged; (14) the
absence or presence of threats, demonstrations or other hostility against the defendant; (15)
size of the area from which the venire is drawn; (16) affidavits, hearsay, or opinion testimony
of witnesses; (17) nature of the verdict returned by the trial jury. Hoover, 594 S.W.2d at 746.

        Again, jurors may sit on a case even if they have formed an opinion assuming the trial
court is satisfied that the juror is able to set aside the opinion and render a verdict based upon
the evidence presented in court. State v. Brown, 836 S.W.2d 530, 549 (Tenn. 1992).
Moreover, for there to be a reversal of a conviction based upon a claim that the trial court
improperly denied a motion for a change of venue, the “defendant must demonstrate that the
jurors who actually sat were biased or prejudiced against him.” State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d
185, 192 (Tenn. 1992) (citing State v. Burton, 751 S.W.2d 440, 451 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1988)).

        In the case herein, Appellant argues that several news stories in the Cookeville
Herald-Citizen newspaper and the existence of an internet discussion about the killing tainted
the jury pool in Putnam County. At a pretrial hearing on the motion, the trial court noted that
there were some “bad things said maybe about the accused” on a Topix website and four
articles on the local paper. The trial court did not think that these articles or information on
the website “would prevent the accused from getting a fair trial” but admitted that the
website was something to “ask” potential jurors about during voir dire. In other words, the
trial court denied the motion for a change of venue but told Appellant to renew the motion
during jury selection if it was warranted.

         Appellant did not present any evidence either during jury selection or on appeal to
show what portion of the jury pool was exposed to the articles or the internet information.
The record of the voir dire reflects that the potential jurors were extensively questioned about
their knowledge of the case. Most stated that they had no knowledge of the crime. A few
potential jurors recalled reading something about the case in the newspaper but insisted that
they could remain objective. There was not one juror who believed that his ability to be fair
and impartial was affected by something he had either heard or seen about the crime prior
to trial. Appellant has not shown that the pretrial publicity resulted in a jury pool that was
prejudiced against him. This issue is without merit.

                                               -9-
                                Denial of Motion to Suppress

        Appellant argues that the trial court erred by not suppressing the evidence obtained
as a result of the search warrants and consent waiver. Specifically, Appellant insists that the
search warrants were procured solely on the information supplied by his co-defendant, Ms.
Speck and that the consent waiver signed by Appellant had expired by the time Appellant’s
shoes were seized. In other words, Appellant argues that the information set out in the
affidavit does not meet the two prong test set out in Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410
(1969) and Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108 (1964) (“Aguilar-Spinelli ”), as adopted in State
v. Jacumin, 778 S.W.2d 430, 437 (Tenn. 1989), concerning the proof of the reliability of a
confidential informant. The State contends that the information given to police by Ms. Speck
was reliable, thereby validating the search warrant. Furthermore, the State insists that
Appellant’s consent did not expire prior to the seizure of his boots.

                               A. Validity of Search Warrant

        “This Court will uphold a trial court’s findings of fact in a suppression hearing unless
the evidence preponderates otherwise.” State v. Hayes, 188 S.W.3d 505, 510 (Tenn. 2006)
(citing State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996)). On appeal, “[t]he prevailing party
in the trial court is afforded the ‘strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable
and legitimate inferences that may be drawn from that evidence.’” State v. Carter, 16
S.W.3d 762, 765 (Tenn. 2000) (quoting State v. Keith, 978 S.W.2d 861, 864 (Tenn. 1998)).
“Questions of credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence, and
resolution of conflicts in the evidence are matters entrusted to the trial judge as the trier of
fact.” Odom, 928 S.W.2d at 23. Our review of a trial court’s application of law to the facts
is de novo, with no presumption of correctness. State v. Walton, 41 S.W.3d 75, 81 (Tenn.
2001) (citing State v. Crutcher, 989 S.W.2d 295, 299 (Tenn. 1999); State v. Yeargan, 958
S.W.2d 626, 629 (Tenn. 1997)). When the trial court’s findings of fact are based entirely on
evidence that does not involve issues of witness credibility, however, appellate courts are as
capable as trial courts of reviewing the evidence and drawing conclusions, and the trial
court’s findings of fact are subject to de novo review. State v. Binette, 33 S.W.3d 215, 217
(Tenn. 2000). Further, we note that “in evaluating the correctness of a trial court’s ruling on
a pretrial motion to suppress, appellate courts may consider the proof adduced both at the
suppression hearing and at trial.” State v. Henning, 975 S.W.2d 290, 299 (Tenn. 1998).

       An affidavit establishing probable cause is an indispensable prerequisite to the
issuance of a search warrant. See, e.g., T.C.A. § 40-6-103; Tenn. R. Crim. P. 41(c); State v.
Henning, 975 S.W.2d 290, 294 (Tenn. 1998); State v. Moon, 841 S.W.2d 336, 338 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1992). Such probable cause “must appear in the affidavit [itself] and judicial
review of the existence of probable cause will not include looking to other evidence provided

                                              -10-
to or known by the issuing magistrate or possessed by the affiant.” Moon, 841 S.W.2d at
338; see also Henning, 975 S.W.2d at 295. To sufficiently make a showing of probable
cause, an affidavit “must set forth facts from which a reasonable conclusion might be drawn
that the evidence is in the place to be searched.” State v. Smith, 868 S.W.2d 561, 572 (Tenn.
1993). However, a decision regarding the existence of probable cause requires that the
affidavit contain “more than mere conclusory allegations by the affiant.” State v. Stevens,
989 S.W.2d 290, 293 (Tenn. 1999); see also Moon, 841 S.W.2d at 338.

        When an affidavit is based upon information given to the police as affiant, the court
must determine what category into which the informant falls in order to apply the appropriate
assessment of reliability. Our supreme court recently addressed the issue of the “citizen
informant” as opposed to an informant from the “criminal milieu.” State v. Echols, 382
S.W.3d 266, 279 (Tenn. 2012). If an informant is considered an ordinary citizen, they are
a “citizen informant.” When a citizen informant is used for probable cause to procure a
warrant, “no showing of the informant’s basis of knowledge or veracity is required.” Id.
However, if an informant is from the criminal milieu, “‘[the officers] must be able to
demonstrate that the informant (1) has a basis of knowledge and (2) is credible or his
information is reliable.’” Id. (quoting State v. Lewis, 36 S.W.3d 88, 98 (Tenn. Crim. App.
2000)).

        Our first inquiry must be whether Ms. Speck is a citizen informant or part of the
criminal milieu. With regard to a citizen informant, it has been stated that eyewitnesses, or
citizen informants, “‘are seldom involved with the miscreants or the crime. Eyewitnesses by
definition are not passing long idle rumor, for they have either been the victims of the crime
or have otherwise seen some portion of it.’” State v. Melson, 638 S.W.2d 342, 344(Tenn.
1982) (quoting United States v. Bell, 457 F.2d 1231, 1238-39 (5 th Cir. 1972). An informant
from the criminal milieu, on the other hand, “are intimately involved with the persons
informed upon and with the illegal conduct at hand, and this circumstance could also affect
their credibility.’” Id. (quoting Bell, 457 F.2d at 1238-39). Under these definitions, it is clear
that Ms. Speck would be considered an informant from the criminal milieu. Therefore, her
statements cannot be considered inherently reliable.

       Therefore, we must turn to the two prong test known as the Aguilar-Spinelli test. As
stated above, if an informant is from the criminal milieu, “‘[the officers] must be able to
demonstrate that the informant (1) has a basis of knowledge and (2) is credible or his
information is reliable.’” Id. (quoting State v. Lewis, 36 S.W.3d 88, 98 (Tenn. Crim. App.
2000)); see also State v. Jacumin, 778 S.W.2d 430, 436 (Tenn. 1989) (utilizing the standard

                                              -11-
set out in Spinelli and Aguilar).3 To sufficiently make such showings, the affidavit must
include facts permitting “the magistrate to determine: (1) whether the informant had a basis
for his information that a certain person had been, was, or would be involved in criminal
conduct or that evidence of crime would be found at a certain place” and (2) whether the
informant is inherently credible or “the reliability of his information on the particular
occasion.” Moon, 841 S.W.2d at 338. Again, the courts have stressed that conclusory
statements absent supportive detail will not suffice to establish these requirements. See, e.g.,
id. at 339. However, “independent police corroboration” may compensate for such
deficiencies. See Jacumin, 778 S.W.2d at 436; Moon, 841 S.W.2d at 340.

        Case law warns against a hyper-technical application of the Aguilar-Spinelli test, and
this Court has previously provided that “[t]he requisite volume or detail of information
needed to establish the informant’s credibility is not particularly great.” State v. Lowe, 949
S.W.2d 302, 305 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996). However, precedent also provides that “the
affiant must provide some concrete reason why the magistrate should believe the informant.”
Id. In cases where the information comes from a criminal informant, as in the case at hand,
the affiant must show not only the basis of the informant’s knowledge but they must also
establish that the informant is credible or the information given is reliable. See Jacumin, 778
S.W.2d at 436.

        In Jacumin, the court explained that the basis-of-knowledge prong requires the
affidavit to contain facts from which the magistrate can determine that the informant had a
basis for the claim regarding criminal conduct or contraband. Id. at 432. The veracity prong,
on the other hand, requires the affidavit to contain facts from which the magistrate can
determine either: (1) the inherent credibility of the informant; or (2) the reliability of the
information provided. Id. In order to make up for deficiencies in either prong, independent
police corroboration of the information provided by the informant will suffice. State v.
Powell, 53 S.W.3d 258, 263 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000).

        In order to demonstrate that the informant is reliable, the “criminal activity [must be
described by the informant] in sufficient detail that the magistrate may know that he [or she]
is relying on something more substantial than a casual rumor circulating in the underworld

        3
          In Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983), the United States Supreme Court abandoned the Aguilar-
Spinelli two-pronged test for evaluating the sufficiency of an affidavit involving a confidential informant.
Gates, 462 U.S. at 238. However, the Tennessee Supreme Court subsequently concluded that Aguilar-
Spinelli “properly applied ‘provide[s] a more appropriate structure for probable cause inquiries incident to
the issuance of a search warrant . . . [and] is more in keeping with the specific requirement of Article 1,
Section 7 of the Tennessee Constitution that a search warrant not issue ‘without evidence of the fact
committed.’” Jacumin, 778 S.W.2d at 436.

                                                   -12-
or an accusation based merely on an individual’s general reputation.” Spinelli, 390 U.S. at
416.

       In the case herein, at the hearing on the motion to suppress prior to trial, Appellant
argued that Ms. Speck’s untruthfulness to the authorities led to the failure of the veracity
prong of the Aguillar-Spinelli test and, as a result, the search warrant was invalid. The trial
court determined as follows:

       The fact that Ms. Speck had given false information, and there’s not a whole
       lot in the warrant to verify her veracity, certainly she’s not a citizen informant,
       in the sense of an uninterested person, but the information that she gave is
       reasonably reliable based on the circumstances. And it seems to me that she
       alleged to have been aware of the knife and screwdriver, or something like
       that, and the fact that the victim had been stabbed . . . I mean, [the authorities]
       knew that no one else knew that, the public didn’t know that, but Ms. Speck
       seemed to know that [fact]. And I think that the information she gave is
       reliable. The circumstances surrounding the information she gave, and how
       she knew it, and all that came to be, certainly would give some validity to the
       warrant itself. So I think the consent is good, the search warrant is good.

        We agree with the assessment of the trial court. The affidavit submitted with the
search warrant was prepared by Agent Miller and recounted his investigation of the crime,
including several of his interviews with Ms. Speck. The information provided therein
established the basis for Ms. Speck’s knowledge. This prong is clearly met because Ms.
Speck had personal knowledge of the crime. An informant’s personal knowledge of criminal
activity by the defendant has been previously held to be adequate to meet the “basis of
knowledge” requirement. See State v. Smotherman, 201 S.W.3d 657, 664 (Tenn. 2006).
Furthermore, the information provided by Ms. Speck also established the reliability prong
because she was able to provide information not known by the general public but which had
been discovered by authorities in the course of their investigation. In addition, her statements
were made against her own penal interest and subjected her to possible criminal prosecution
and would therefore be presumably reliable. Therefore, the affidavit provided sufficient
probable cause for the issuance of the warrant. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
denying the motion to suppress the search warrant. Appellant is not entitled to relief on this
issue.

                                              -13-
                                      B. Search of Boots

       Appellant also argues that the consent to search form that was signed after his arrest
on outstanding warrants had somehow expired prior to the time the authorities examined his
boots at the jail approximately two weeks later. Appellant signed a consent form at the time
of his arrest that permitted authorities to “take from my premises” items that “include[d]
clothing or evidence pertaining to the death of [the victim],” and “evidence from the body
of my person.”

       After reviewing the issue herein at a pretrial hearing, the trial court found:

       [Appellant], at least is alleged to have signed, and no dispute about it, a
       consent form on the 10th [of January] to seize clothing. The fact that it was
       some . . . 16 days later, and the fact that it was in the custody of the sheriff and
       the inventory property room, it seems to me does not invalidate the consent.
       That delay of time is not a factor.

       On the 10th , [Appellant] signed a consent form. The fact that the boots were
       in the jail’s custody, as opposed to being on the premises, it seems to me, that
       doesn’t invalidate the warrant. So I think the consent is good for seizure of the
       boots to do to the test.

        We do not need to reach the question of whether the consent to search had expired.
It has long been held that a search of clothing in the possession of law enforcement as a result
of a defendant’s arrest is an exception to the warrant requirement. The United States
Supreme Court has stated the following:

       [T]he effects in [Appellant’s] possession [after his lawful arrest] at the place
       of his detention that were subject to search at the time and place of his arrest
       may lawfully be searched and seized without a warrant even though a
       substantial period of time has elapsed between the arrest and subsequent
       administrative processing, on the one hand, and the taking of the property for
       use as evidence, on the other.

United States v. Edwards, 415 U.S. 800, 807 (1974); see also State v. William T. Minton, No.
E2010-01156-CCA-R3-CD, 2011 WL 3860492, at *10 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville,
Sept. 1, 2011), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Dec. 14, 2011); State v. Pender, 687 S.W.2d 714,

                                              -14-
719 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1984), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. 1985); State v. Barger, 612 S.W.2d
485, 491 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1980), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. 1981).

        In the case at hand, Appellant was actually arrested on unrelated charges. An issue
not raised by either party is whether Appellant’s boots could be searched in connection with
the murder when he was actually arrested on different charges. There appears to be no law
directly on point in Tennessee. However, one learned treatise states the following:

       [P]ermitting a detailed post-booking search through the arrestee’s effects to see
       if he can be linked with some other offense bestows upon the police an
       undeserved windfall and provides them with a temptation to make subterfuge
       arrests. . . .On the other hand, if a defendant is in custody for offense A and
       there later develops probable cause to arrest him for offense B, it might well
       be concluded that a re-examination of all his property held by the police and
       subject to search at the time of his original arrest, to see if any of it is or
       contains evidence of offense B, is justified, as otherwise the defendant would
       receive greater protection than had he not been in custody and was just now
       being arrested for offense B.

Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure: A Treatise on the Fourth Amendment, §5.3(b) (5 th
ed. 2012).

       The facts here are that Appellant and Ms. Speck were arrested on unrelated charges.
Ms. Speck subsequently gave a statement to police implicating Appellant in the victim’s
murder. After this statement, we believe the officers had probable cause to arrest Appellant
for the victim’s murder had he not already been in custody. The officers then obtained
Appellant’s boots where they were being stored while Appellant was in custody.

       Because Appellant there was probable cause to arrest Appellant for the murder before
the boots were tested, we conclude that the search was properly conducted without a warrant
under United States v. Edwards, 415 U.S. 800 (1974)

       Appellant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                     Evidentiary Rulings

       Next, Appellant makes several claims with respect to evidence that was admitted
during the course of the trial. The Tennessee Rules of Evidence embody, and our courts

                                              -15-
traditionally have acknowledged, “a policy of liberality in the admission of evidence in both
civil and criminal cases . . . .” State v. Banks, 564 S.W.2d 947, 949 (Tenn. 1978); see also
State v. Robinson, 930 S.W.2d 78, 84 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). To be admissible, evidence
must satisfy the threshold determination of relevancy mandated by Rule 401 of the Tennessee
Rules of Evidence. See, e.g., Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 949. Rule 401 defines “relevant
evidence” as being “evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is
of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it
would be without the evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401. However, relevant “evidence may be
excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice
. . . .” Tenn. R. Evid. 403; see also Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 951.

    A. Evidence of Drug Use, Domestic Violence, and Behavior at Mr. Harp’s House

       First Appellant complains that the trial court improperly allowed the State to inject
testimony about his drug use and history of abusive behavior and that the evidence was
improperly admitted. Appellant also objects to Mr. Harp’s testimony regarding his
perception of Appellant. Specifically, Appellant argues that the evidence was unfairly
prejudicial and should not have been admitted under Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b).

       The general rule is that evidence of a defendant’s prior conduct is inadmissible,
especially when previous crimes or acts are of the same character as the charged offense,
because such evidence is irrelevant and “invites the finder of fact to infer guilt from
propensity.” State v. Hallock, 875 S.W.2d 285, 290 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). Tennessee
Rule of Evidence 404(b) permits the admission of evidence of prior conduct if the evidence
of other acts is relevant to a litigated issue such as identity, intent, or rebuttal of accident or
mistake, and the probative value outweighs the danger of unfair prejudice. Tenn. R. Evid.
404(b), Advisory Comm’n Cmts.; see State v. Parton, 694 S.W.2d 299, 303 (Tenn. 1985);
State v. Hooten, 735 S.W.2d 823, 824 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). The motive and intent of
the defendant in the commission of a murder are almost always critical issues. State v.
Gentry, 881 S.W.2d 1, 7 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). Evidence that proves motive serves the
purpose of completing the story of the crime. State v. Leach, 148 S.W.2d 42, 47 (Tenn.
2004). However, “[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the
character of a person in order to show action in conformity with the character trait.” Tenn.
R. Evid. 404(b). Before admitting evidence under Rule 404(b), the rule provides that (1)
upon request, the court must hold a hearing outside the jury’s presence; (2) the court must
determine that the evidence is probative on a material issue and must, if requested, state on
the record the material issue and the reasons for admitting or excluding the evidence; (3) the
court must find proof of the other crime, wrong, or act to be clear and convincing; and (4)
the court must exclude the evidence if the danger of unfair prejudice outweighs its probative
value. Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b).

                                               -16-
        Appellant sought to limit the introduction of evidence related to his drug use and prior
alleged domestic violence acts toward Ms. Speck on the basis that it was overly prejudicial.
The trial court held a hearing at which Mr. Harp, Ms. Speck, and Agent Miller testified. At
the hearing, the trial court determined that testimony regarding the drug use, drug sales,
thefts, illicit lifestyle, and volatility of both Appellant and Ms. Speck were admissible in
order to “show a complete picture of what went on here leading up to showing intent in
committing the crime.” At trial the State relied on a theory that the motive for the robbery
and murder was to obtain money to buy more drugs.

        The record demonstrates that the trial court met the requirements under Rule 404(b)
before determining that the testimony was admissible. Our determination on appeal is,
therefore, limited to a determination of whether the trial court abused its discretion in
admitting the testimony. The proof showed that Appellant and Ms. Speck robbed and killed
the victim, taking her television, money, and ATM card. Then the pair went directly to a
dealer and bought more pills. Thus, the testimony regarding Appellant’s pattern of drug use
and past drug sales was relevant and probably critical to the development of motive by the
State. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting this testimony. Further, Ms.
Speck’s testimony about her fear of Appellant due to his previous abusive behavior was
important to explain her hesitancy to tell the truth about the murder. The admission of her
testimony was also relevant to assist the trier of fact in the determination of the credibility
of her testimony, which was certainly at issue. The trial court properly determined that this
evidence was more probative than prejudicial. Finally, Mr. Harp’s testimony about
Appellant’s “odd” behavior when he asked to use the telephone was properly admitted. Mr.
Harp testified that Appellant used the phone at his house and hung up after no one answered.
Mr. Harp described Appellant’s behavior as odd. Ms. Speck later testified that she received
a call from a phone number she recognized as Mr. Harp’s on her cell phone at a time when
Appellant was angry with her for something. Ms. Speck later testified that Appellant had
planned to kill the Harps and steal their television.4 The trial court did not abuse its
discretion in admitting Mr. Harp’s testimony. Appellant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                 B. Dying Declaration of the Victim

       Next, Appellant argues that the trial court improperly admitted the statements made
by the victim at the time of the murder. Appellant argues that these statements were not
admissible because Ms. Speck had demonstrated her proclivity by providing less than truthful

       4
           Appellant does not challenge the admission of this testimony on appeal.

                                                    -17-
information to authorities and the statements were more prejudicial than probative.5 The
State argues that the statements were admissible as dying declarations and or excited
utterances.

        In the case herein, prior to the testimony of Ms. Speck, Appellant asked the trial court
to exclude any and all statements made by the victim. Counsel for Appellant indicated that
a written motion had been filed to that effect. The trial court held a jury-out hearing during
the trial to determine whether to grant or deny Appellant’s motion. In denying the motion,
the trial court ruled that the statements were admissible under the dying declaration exception
in Tennessee Evidence Rule 804(b)(2) and/or as an excited utterance under Rule 803(2).
Then, Ms. Speck testified to two statements made by the victim as follows:

        COUNSEL FOR STATE: What did [the victim say]?
        MS. SPECK: “I’ll pray for you.”
        COUNSEL FOR STATE: As he’s stabbing her?
        MS. SPECK: Yes. She was saying a prayer for him.
        COUNSEL FOR STATE: What else did she say?
        MS. SPECK: I don’t - I mean, “Ow, it hurts.”

       We will first address the admission of the statements as hearsay. Hearsay is a
statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing,
offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Tenn. R. Evid. 801. Hearsay
statements, in general, are inadmissible. In the case at hand, we conclude that the statements
in question do not constitute hearsay. These statements were not offered to prove the truth
of the matter asserted. In other words, the State did not submit the statements to prove that
the victim was praying for Appellant or that the wounds inflicted upon the victim hurt her.
Therefore, the proper analysis for the admission of these statements is not whether they fall
under a hearsay exception, but whether they are more probative than they are prejudicial.

         As stated above, Rule 401 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence defines “relevant
evidence” as being “evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is
of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it
would be without the evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401. However, relevant “evidence may be
excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice
. . . .” Tenn. R. Evid. 403; see also Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 951.

        5
          We note that Appellant cites to Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b) in his argument that the
statements were improperly admitted. We discern that Appellant intended to raise this claim under Rule 403,
as the evidence complained of does not involve other crimes, wrongs, or acts of the Appellant.

                                                   -18-
        The two statements in question do not have a tendency to make it more likely that a
jury would determine that Appellant committed the crimes at hand. Ms. Speck had already
testified extensively about her involvement and the actions of Appellant. The statements
were simply not necessary. The statements in question were more prejudicial than probative
because they were cumulative. Therefore, the trial court erred in admitting the statements
under a hearsay exception.

       However, we conclude that the error is harmless. The other evidence presented was
overwhelming with regard to Appellant’s guilt. Therefore, Appellant is not entitled to relief
on this issue.

                            C. Photograph of the Victim’s Body

      Appellant argues that the trial court improperly admitted a photograph of the victim’s
body. Specifically, he complains that the victim’s body is “beyond recognition” and was
inflammatory and prejudicial. The State disagrees.

       As stated previously, only relevant evidence is admissible. See, e.g., Banks, 564
S.W.2d at 949. Again, Rule 401 defines “relevant evidence” as being “evidence having any
tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the
action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid.
401. However, relevant “evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice . . . .” Tenn. R. Evid. 403; see also Banks, 564
S.W.2d at 951.

       Graphic, gruesome, or even horrifying photographs of crime victims may be admitted
into evidence if they are relevant to some issues at trial and probative value is not outweighed
by their prejudicial effect. Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 949-51. On the other hand, “if they are not
relevant to prove some part of the prosecution’s case, they may not be admitted solely to
inflame the jury and prejudice them against the defendant.” Id. at 951 (citing Milam v.
Commonwealth, 275 S.W.2d 921 (Ky. 1955)). The decision as to whether such photographs
should be admitted is entrusted to the trial court, and that decision will not be reversed on
appeal absent a showing of abuse of discretion. Id. at 949; State v. Dickerson, 885 S.W.2d
90, 92 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993).

       The term “undue prejudice” has been defined as “‘[a]n undue tendency to suggest
decision on an improper basis, commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one.’” Banks,
564 S.W.2d at 951 (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 403, Advisory Comm’n Cmts.). In Banks, the
Supreme Court gave the trial courts guidance for determining the admissibility of relevant
photographic evidence and determined that a trial court should consider, (1) the accuracy and

                                              -19-
clarity of the picture and its value as evidence; (2) whether the picture depicts the body as it
was found; (3) the adequacy of testimonial evidence in relating the facts to the jury; and (4)
the need for the evidence to establish a prima facie case of guilt or to rebut the defendant’s
contentions. Id. at 951.

        At trial, prior to the testimony of the arson expert and medical examiner, counsel for
Appellant asked the trial court to exclude two photographs of the victim’s body from the
scene of the fire from evidence. While the jury was out of the courtroom, the State argued
that the photographs depicting the victim’s injuries were more probative than prejudicial. The
trial court allowed one of the photographs into evidence. The trial court stated the following:

       Well, it is a matter of discretion of the Court. The allegation is that it would
       be probative in regards to corroborating testimony as to the injury. I believe
       one of these pictures can be admitted. I see no reason for both of them.

       We agree with the trial court’s decision. We have reviewed the photograph in question
and have concluded that the trial court did not abuse its discretion. The photograph depicts
the victim’s body as it was found and shows the extent of the fire and the injuries suffered
by the victim. The victim’s face is not visible in the photograph, nor does there appear to be
blood in the photograph. This is probably due to the extent of the burns on the victim’s body.
The photograph was relevant to prove the extent of the victim’s injuries. Therefore, its
probative value outweighs it prejudicial effect. Because we have determined that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion, this issue is without merit.

                                 Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Finally, Appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions.
Specifically, he takes issue with the testimony of co-defendant, Ms. Speck, and the murder
weapon that was “found” by authorities. Appellant argues that the credibility of Ms. Speck’s
testimony was in question and the testimony of Mr. Harp was mere perception.

        To begin our analysis, we note that when a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence, this Court is obliged to review that claim according to certain well-settled
principles. A verdict of guilty, rendered by a jury and “approved by the trial judge, accredits
the testimony of the” State’s witnesses and resolves all conflicts in the testimony in favor of
the State. State v. Cazes, 875 S.W.2d 253, 259 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d
54, 75 (Tenn. 1992). Thus, although the accused is originally deemed with a presumption
of innocence, the verdict of guilty removes this presumption and replaces it with one of guilt.
State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997); State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914

                                              -20-
(Tenn. 1982). Hence, on appeal, the burden of proof rests with the defendant to demonstrate
the insufficiency of the convicting evidence. Id.

       The relevant question the reviewing court must answer is whether any rational trier
of fact could have found the accused guilty of every element of the offense beyond a
reasonable doubt. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979).
In making this decision, we are to accord the State “the strongest legitimate view of the
evidence as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences that may be drawn therefrom.”
See Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d at 914. As such, this Court is precluded from re-weighing or
reconsidering the evidence when evaluating the convicting proof. State v. Morgan, 929
S.W.2d 380, 383 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996); State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1990). Moreover, we may not substitute our own “inferences for those drawn
by the trier of fact from circumstantial evidence. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d at 779. Further,
questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses and the weight and value to be given
to evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by such evidence, are resolved by the trier of
fact and not the appellate courts. State v. Pruett, 788 S.W.2d 599, 561 (Tenn. 1990).

       The guilt of a defendant, including any fact required to be proved, may be predicated
upon direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of both direct and
circumstantial evidence. See State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1999). Even though convictions may be established by different forms of evidence, the
standard of review for the sufficiency of that evidence is the same whether the conviction is
based upon direct or circumstantial evidence. See State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379
(Tenn. 2011). As such, all reasonable inferences from evidence are to be drawn in favor of
the State. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978); See Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d at
914.

       Appellant herein was convicted of one count of first degree murder, one count of
felony murder, one count of aggravated robbery, one count of arson, and one count of
tampering with evidence. The trial court merged the felony murder conviction with the
conviction for first degree murder.

      First degree murder is described as “[a] premeditated and intentional killing of
another; . . . .” T.C.A. § 39-13-202(a). Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-202(d)
provides that:

       “[P]remeditation” is an act done after the exercise of reflection and judgment.
       “Premeditation” means that the intent to kill must have been formed prior to
       the act itself. It is not necessary that the purpose to kill pre-exist in the mind
       of the accused for any definite period of time. The mental state of the accused

                                              -21-
       at the time the accused allegedly decided to kill must be carefully considered
       in order to determine whether the accused was sufficiently free from
       excitement and passion as to be capable of premeditation.

An intentional act requires that the person have the desire to engage in the conduct or cause
the result. T.C.A. § 39-11-106(a)(18). Whether the evidence was sufficient depends entirely
on whether the State was able to establish beyond a reasonable doubt the element of
premeditation. See State v. Sims, 45 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tenn. 2001); State v. Hall, 8 S.W.3d 593,
599 (Tenn. 1999). Whether premeditation is present is a question of fact for the jury, and it
may be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the killing. State v. Young, 196 S.W.3d
85, 108 (Tenn. 2006); see also State v. Suttles, 30 S.W.3d 252, 261 (Tenn. 2000); State v.
Pike, 978 S.W.2d 904, 914 (Tenn. 1998).

        Premeditation may be proved by circumstantial evidence. See, e .g., State v. Brown,
836 S.W.2d 530, 541-42 (Tenn.1992). Our supreme court has identified a number of
circumstances from which the jury may infer premeditation: (1) the use of a deadly weapon
upon an unarmed victim; (2) the particular cruelty of the killing; (3) the defendant’s threats
or declarations of intent to kill; (4) the defendant’s procurement of a weapon; (5) any
preparations to conceal the crime undertaken before the crime is committed; (6) destruction
or secretion of evidence of the killing; and (7) a defendant’s calmness immediately after the
killing. See State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 660 (Tenn. 1997); Pike, 978 S.W.2d at 914-15.
This list, however, is not exhaustive and serves only to demonstrate that premeditation may
be established by any evidence from which the jury may infer that the killing was done “after
the exercise of reflection and judgment.” T.C.A. § 39-13-202(d); see Pike, 978 S.W.2d at
914-15; Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 660.

       One learned treatise states that premeditation may be inferred from events that occur
before and at the time of the killing:

       Three categories of evidence are important for [the] purpose [of inferring
       premeditation]: (1) facts about how and what the defendant did prior to the
       actual killing which show he was engaged in activity directed toward the
       killing, that is, planning activity; (2) facts about the defendant’s prior
       relationship and conduct with the victim from which motive may be inferred;
       and (3) facts about the nature of the killing from which it may be inferred that
       the manner of killing was so particular and exacting that the defendant must
       have intentionally killed according to a preconceived design.

2 Wayne R. LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law § 14.7(a) (2d ed. 2003).

                                             -22-
       Appellant was also convicted of aggravated robbery. Robbery is the “intentional or
knowing theft of property from the person of another by violence or putting the person in
fear.” T.C.A. § 39-13-401(a). A robbery becomes aggravated either when the victim is
seriously injured or when the defendant “display[s] . . . any article used . . . to lead the victim
to reasonably believe it to be a deadly weapon.” T.C.A. § 39-13-402(a).

       Arson is defined in Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-303 as follows:

       (a) A person commits arson who knowingly damages any personal property,
       land, or other property, except buildings or structures covered under §
       39-14-301, by means of a fire or explosion:

       (1) Without the consent of all persons who have a possessory or proprietary
       interest therein;

       (2) With intent to destroy or damage any such property for any unlawful
       purpose.

      Tampering with the evidence occurs the State establishes, beyond a reasonable doubt,
that Appellant, knowing that an investigation or official proceeding was pending or in
progress, altered, destroyed, or concealed any record, document, or thing with the intent to
impair its verity, legibility, or availability as evidence in the investigation or official
proceeding. T.C.A. § 39-16-503(a)(1).

        Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the State, we find the evidence
sufficient to support the convictions. Appellant’s challenge to the evidence is nothing more
than a challenge to the credibility of the witnesses. This is in the province of the jury.
Moreover, there was sufficient evidence, both direct and circumstantial, to satisfy the
threshold of guilt. Ms. Speck testified as to Appellant’s role in the murder. Appellant was
seen in the victim’s car, pawning her television after her death and the murder weapons were
recovered in a lake nearby. Moreover, the victim’s blood was on Appellant’s boots. The jury
was presented with ample evidence with which to convict Appellant of the crimes. Appellant
is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                           Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, the judgments of the trial court are affirmed.

                                             ___________________________________
                                             JERRY L. SMITH, JUDGE

                                               -23-