Court Opinion

ID: 4284786
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-06-15 15:00:27.753066+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:35:31.154609
License: Public Domain

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
                To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

                United States Court of Appeals
                                For the Seventh Circuit
                                Chicago, Illinois 60604

                                Submitted June 14, 2018 *
                                 Decided June 15, 2018

                                         Before

                            DIANE P. WOOD, Chief Judge

                            JOEL M. FLAUM, Circuit Judge

                            DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

No. 17-2742

PETER J. LONG,                                     Appeal from the United States District
     Plaintiff-Appellant,                          Court for the Western District of Wisconsin.

      v.                                           No. 16-cv-149-slc

MICHAEL L. HAMMER, et al.,                         Stephen L. Crocker,
    Defendants-Appellees.                          Magistrate Judge.

                                       ORDER

        Peter Long, a former Wisconsin inmate, sued prison officials because a prison
librarian refused to print letters that Long had drafted about a lawsuit and then, after
Long grieved that refusal, the librarian enforced certain library rules against him. Long
contends that by not printing his letters and enforcing these rules, the defendants
violated the First Amendment by denying him access to the courts and retaliating for

      *
         We have agreed to decide the case without oral argument because the briefs and
record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would not
significantly aid the court. See FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).
No. 17-2742                                                                         Page 2

filing the grievance. The district court dismissed his court-access claim for failure to
state a claim for relief and later entered summary judgment on Long’s retaliation claim.
Because the librarian’s refusal to print the letters did not deprive Long of court access,
and no reasonable factfinder could conclude that the librarian’s conduct would deter a
prisoner from engaging in protected speech, we affirm.

        While in prison, Long wanted to send to several newspapers letters that he had
typed on a computer. In the letters Long asked the papers to publish articles about a
civil-forfeiture action that he was defending against two financial institutions. He
thought that these articles would pressure the institutions to settle the lawsuit on
favorable terms. But a prison librarian, Michael Hammer, refused to print copies of
Long’s letters. He explained that prison printers could be used to print only “legal,” not
personal, documents. Long filed a grievance about this matter to no avail.

        Over the next eight months, Long and Hammer clashed over Long’s use of the
library. About a month after Long filed his grievance, Hammer enforced two rules that
the library had inconsistently applied in the past. First, Hammer refused to allow Long
(and all other inmates) to use the library for periods that they did not sign up for in
advance. Second, Hammer did not allow Long (and the other inmates) to use for word-
processing purposes computers designated for legal research only. Beyond this rule
enforcement, Hammer also “yelled” at Long when he did not leave the library on time
and at other times. Long says that Hammer’s “behavior and actions were …
threatening” when Hammer yelled at him. Hammer also required Long to pay $2.70 for
copies that a clerk mistakenly made for Long. (Long challenged this charge and was
reimbursed.)

       Long eventually filed this suit against Hammer and other prison officials for
violating the First Amendment. He alleged that they denied him his right of access to
the courts by refusing to print copies of his letters and that Hammer retaliated against
him for filing the grievance. At screening, see 28 U.S.C. § 1915A, a magistrate judge
(presiding by consent, see 28 U.S.C. § 636(c)(1)) dismissed the court-access claim
because it did not contest his sentence or conditions of confinement. The judge later
entered summary judgment for Hammer on the retaliation claim, concluding that a
reasonable factfinder could not find that the incidents Long complained of would deter
a person of ordinary firmness from filing future grievances.
No. 17-2742                                                                         Page 3

        On appeal Long first challenges the dismissal of his court-access claim, but his
challenge fails. He maintains that the refusal to print the letters that he wanted to send
to the newspapers denied him his right of access to the courts because the refusal
impeded his efforts to settle the foreclosure action favorably. He does not state a claim
for two reasons. First, court-access claims must allege the deprivation of an opportunity
to seek redress within the courts. See Christopher v. Harbury, 536 U.S. 403, 414–15 (2002).
Long does not complain about being shut out of court. Instead he alleges only that he
lost a chance to engage in out-of-court settlement activity. Second, even if we
considered communication with the newspapers to be tantamount to in-court activity,
Hammer’s refusal to print the letters did not hinder that activity because he still could
handwrite and send the letters. See Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 350–51 (1996); Tarpley v.
Allen Cnty., Ind., 312 F.3d 895, 899 (7th Cir. 2002).

       Long turns next to his First Amendment retaliation claim. He contends that the
magistrate judge mistakenly concluded that the events he identified (the yelling, the
rule enforcement, and the copying charge) would not deter speech. He adds that the
magistrate judge wrongly used a subjective perspective—looking to Long’s own
actions—to determine whether Hammer’s conduct would deter an “ordinary” person
from First Amendment activity.

        A reasonable factfinder could not conclude that any of Hammer’s post-grievance
conduct would deter a person of “ordinary firmness” from engaging in protected
speech. See Bridges v. Gilbert, 557 F.3d 541, 546, 552 (7th Cir. 2009). First, Hammer’s
“yelling” at Long was not unlawfully retaliatory because “simple verbal harassment” is
insufficient to deter a person of ordinary firmness from submitting grievances.
See Hughes v. Scott, 816 F.3d 955, 956 (7th Cir. 2016) (quoting DeWalt v. Carter, 224 F.3d
607, 612 (7th Cir. 2000)); Davis v. Goord, 320 F.3d 346, 353 (2d Cir. 2003) (“Insulting or
disrespectful comments directed at an inmate generally do not rise to this level [of an
adverse action].”). Second, requiring inmates to sign up for extra library time and to use
only designated computers for word processing were “de minimis inconvenience[s]”
that likewise would not discourage protected speech. Thaddeus-X v. Blatter, 175 F.3d 378,
397 (6th Cir. 1999). And it “would trivialize the First Amendment” to conclude that a
minor copying charge would discourage First Amendment activity when the charge
arose from a clerk’s mistake and Long was reimbursed for it. Bart v. Telford, 677 F.2d
622, 625 (7th Cir. 1982). Finally, although the magistrate judge noted that Hammer’s
actions did not actually deter Long from filing more grievances, the judge used, just as
No. 17-2742                                                                           Page 4

we have, an objective perspective to evaluate whether Hammer’s conduct was
unlawfully retaliatory. See Bridges, 557 F.3d at 552.

        Long responds that the magistrate judge improperly overlooked two material
fact disputes when ruling on Hammer’s summary judgment-motion, but he is incorrect.
First, Long underscores his assertion that when Hammer “yelled” at him for not leaving
the library on time, Hammer’s “behavior and actions were … threatening.” Long argues
that a reasonable factfinder could conclude from his assertion of “threatening” behavior
that Hammer’s conduct would likely deter speech. But this assertion is a conclusion.
Long offers no details on what Hammer said or did that was threatening (other than
rudely raise his voice), so we cannot evaluate the legal significance of his conduct.
Indeed, a threadbare legal conclusion that behavior was “threatening” would be
insufficient to survive a motion to dismiss. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).
Such an assertion is no more availing at summary judgment.

        Second, Long says that he raised a genuine dispute about whether Hammer had
a retaliatory motive when he enforced the sign-up policy for library time because just
one month separated his grievance and the enforcement of this rule. But this timing
sequence alone is insufficient to establish a triable question about whether Hammer
enforced this rule against all inmates in response to Long’s grievance. See Moser v. Ind.
Dep’t of Corr., 406 F.3d 895, 905 (7th Cir. 2005) (one-month period between protected
activity and adverse action does not “create a triable issue”).

       We have considered Long’s other arguments, and none has merit.

                                                                                AFFIRMED