Court Opinion

ID: 4436249
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-09-06 14:06:40.436485+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:28:13.196451
License: Public Domain

RECORD IMPOUNDED

                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-0033-18T2

NEW JERSEY DIVISION
OF CHILD PROTECTION
AND PERMANENCY,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

T.A.K.,

          Defendant-Appellant,

and

L.W., D.J., T.R.J., and M.B.,

     Defendants.
____________________________

IN THE MATTER OF Z.W.,
L.Z.W., S.M.W., and A.W.,

     Minors.
____________________________

                    Submitted August 13, 2019 – Decided September 5, 2019

                    Before Judges Messano and Natali.
            On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
            Chancery Division, Family Part, Camden County,
            Docket No. FN-04-0410-17.

            Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
            appellant (Phuong V. Dao, Designated Counsel, on the
            briefs).

            Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for
            respondent (Melissa H. Raksa, Assistant Attorney
            General, of counsel; William T. Harvey, Jr., Deputy
            Attorney General, on the brief).

            Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian,
            attorney for minors (Linda Vele Alexander, Designated
            Counsel, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      In this appeal, we consider whether there was sufficient credible evidence

supporting a Family Part order finding that defendant, T.A.K. (Tyler),1 abused

or neglected his three cousins, A.W. (Allison), born in June 2009, S.W. (Sasha)

born in March 2012, and L.Z.W. (Lisa), born in April 2014, by sexually abusing

Sasha and Lisa, and by subjecting Allison to excessive corporal punishment.

Because we conclude there was sufficient credible evidence supporting the

court's factual findings and determination, we affirm.

                                     I.

1
  We employ initials and pseudonyms to protect the privacy of the parties and
children.
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                                          2
         L.W. (Lucy) is the biological mother of the three children at issue in this

appeal. The Division of Child Protection and Permanency (Division) has had

extensive involvement with Lucy and her family, having received over a dozen

referrals since 2011. The latest of these referrals occurred on January 26, 2017,

when the Division was contacted by Allison's school nurse. Allison reported

that she was in pain because the night before Tyler, while babysitting her, Sasha

and Lisa, became angry and struck her with an extension cord on her buttocks.

Long, thin abrasions were observed on both sides of Allison's hip and buttock

areas.

         Division caseworkers Jared Owen and Wanda Roman responded to

Allison's school that same day. According to Allison, Tyler became angry when

he learned she took an electronic device into the bathtub and shower area. He

told her to get out of the tub and hit her with an extension cord as punishment

while she was not fully dressed.

         Roman testified at the fact-finding proceeding that Allison's lower back

and legs were bruised and her legs had linear marks. She confirmed that the

photos presented at the fact-finding proceeding fairly and accurately represented

the bruising she observed. The next day, Lucy agreed that Tyler would no longer

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                                          3
serve as a caretaker for the children, and executed a conforming safety

protection plan.

      Five days later, the Division received another referral involving Tyler and

the girls. Specifically, Allison told her guidance counselor, Genevieve Cattanea

(Cattanea), that she saw Tyler inappropriately touching her sisters at home. The

Division contacted the Camden County Prosecutor's Office, and advised that a

safety protection plan was in place preventing Tyler from caring for the children.

In response, Detective Kevin Courtney of the Camden County Prosecutor's

Office interviewed Allison who stated that Tyler smoked marijuana and did

"nasty things" to Sasha and Lisa including "hump[ing]" Sasha and placing his

penis inside of her, and making Sasha sit on him without pants on. Al lison also

reported that Tyler forced Lisa to "suck his penis."

      Detective Courtney informed a Division caseworker that Allison reported

that Tyler was still caring for her and her sisters despite the continued

prohibition in the safety protection plan. When the Division investigated, the

police were at the home and confirmed that Tyler was alone with Lisa.

      Owen interviewed Tyler about Allison's sexual and physical abuse

allegations. Although he denied that he sexually abused either Sasha or Lisa, he

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                                        4
did admit to striking Allison with an extension cord. The Division immediately

conducted a Dodd removal of the children. 2

      Owen and Roman then went to Allison's school where she reported she

did not want to go back home and stated to the caseworker that after her initial

disclosures, Tyler and Lucy reprimanded her for discussing "family business."

Allison also reaffirmed that Tyler did "nasty things" multiple times with Sasha

and Lisa such as making them get naked, "hump[ing] on" Sasha, and forcing

Lisa to put his penis in her mouth.

      While at Allison's school, Detective Courtney conducted a recorded

interview with Allison.     In that interview, which was introduced at the

fact-finding trial on consent, Allison stated that Tyler had hit her "more than

once" with an extension cord while she was naked and in the presence of Sasha

and Lisa. She specifically recounted that Tyler also hit Lisa with an extension

cord because Lisa soiled her pants.

2
  "A '[Dodd] removal' refers to the emergency removal of a child from the home
without a court order, pursuant to the Dodd Act, which . . . is found at N.J.S.A.
9:6-8.21 to -8.82. The Act was authored by former Senate President Frank J.
'Pat' Dodd in 1974." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. N.S., 412 N.J. Super.
593, 609 n.2 (App. Div. 2010). When the Division removes a child from a home
on an emergent basis, the Superior Court, Chancery Division, Family Part, must
"hold a hearing on the next court day, whereby the safety of the child shall be
of paramount concern . . . ." N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.31.
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                                       5
      Allison again recounted to Detective Courtney the "nasty stuff" Tyler did

to Sasha and spelled out "s-e-x" to describe Tyler's actions. Allison stated Tyler

sexually abused Sasha and detailed that Tyler would sit on the bed in her room

while Sasha was laying on it. Tyler proceeded to unzip his pants and exposed

his penis while he ordered Sasha to remove her clothes. Allison then stated that

Tyler would repeatedly insert his penis inside of Sasha's "butt." Allison a lso

reported that she witnessed Tyler force Lisa to perform oral sex, recalling that

Lisa "suck[ed]" Tyler's "thing" on multiple occasions.

      Detective Courtney also interviewed Sasha at the Camden County

Prosecutor's Office. According to the caseworker, while in the car on the way

to the interview, Sasha told Allison that she did not like Tyler humping her.

During her interview with Detective Courtney, Sasha stated that while Lucy was

working, Tyler, on a number of occasions, told her to remove her cloth es and

"hump[ed]" her, and he did "nasty Stuff to her butt" with his penis. Sasha also

stated that when she was laying on the bed in her mother's room, Tyler would

enter, remove her clothes, and take his penis out. She recalled Tyler's penis

having black hair, and that Tyler anally penetrated her which angered her. She

also recalled Allison being in the room when Tyler assaulted her. Sasha also

stated she witnessed Tyler forcing two-year-old Lisa to touch his penis.

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      Allison, Sasha, and Lisa were evaluated by Cindy DeLago, M.D., M.P.H.,

of the Cares Institute. Allison stated that she saw child pornography and naked

people on Tyler's phone. Specifically, she recalled seeing a three-year-old

"baby" touching a two-year old. In addition, she told Dr. DeLago that Tyler

forced her to watch pornography when he put a "CD" in the television, and saw

people removing their clothes and touching their private parts. Allison did not

tell Dr. DeLago about Tyler's sexual abuse of Sasha or Lisa. Allison did inform

Dr. DeLago however that Tyler used an extension cord to hit her on her buttocks.

Dr. DeLago determined that Tyler sexually abused Allison by exposing her to

pornography, and also concluded that Tyler physically abused her when he hit

her with the extension cord.

      Sasha was also interviewed and disclosed that Tyler also hit her with an

extension cord and that he similarly hit Lisa with an extension cord when she

defecated on herself. Dr. DeLago concluded that Tyler physically abused Sasha

by striking her with an extension cord and was unable to rule out that Sasha was

sexually abused by Tyler.

      During the one-day fact-finding trial, the Division called Owen and

Roman as witnesses and introduced documents into evidence, including the

Cares Institute reports for Allison, Camden County Prosecutor's records,

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                                       7
videotaped statements of Sasha, Allison, Lucy, and Tyler, an audio statement of

Cattanea, and color photographs of Allison's injuries. All of the Division's

records were admitted without objection.

      Tyler testified on his own behalf and admitted that he twice "popped"

Allison, not with an extension cord but a cargo belt, because she had a "plugged

in [electronic] device" in the bathroom. He claimed to have "grabbed" the

device from the wall while yelling at her that she "knew better." He stated that

he called Lucy at work who told him to "whoop her tail." He then "[looked]

around for a belt," and "popped" Allison twice while her mom was on FaceTime.

He also admitted that he was aware of the safety protection plan which did not

permit him to supervise the children.

      In its oral decision and conforming order, the court concluded that Tyler

had abused and neglected the children under N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c) by physically

abusing Allison, and by sexually abusing Sasha and Lisa. The judge found the

testimony of Owen and Roman credible. The court described Tyler's testimony

as self-serving, confusing, and inconsistent.

      With respect to Allison's allegation of physical abuse, the court found that

Tyler's admission to "popping" Allison corroborated Allison's and Sasha's

statements. The court found it "very troubling" that Tyler repeatedly used the

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                                        8
word "popped" to discipline a child. The court further observed that Allison's

and Sasha's statements to Division caseworkers and Allison's guidance

counselor, among others, were consistent. Allison's bruising as testified to by

Roman provided further corroborative proof of the physical abuse allegation.

      In concluding that Tyler sexually abused Sasha and Lisa, the court found

that Allison's and Sasha's age inappropriate language corroborated their

statements. Further, the court found that Allison's and Sasha's "testimony was

spontaneous; their testimony was consistent with each other, so in effect the girls

corroborated each other. Again, especially with descriptions that they used that

most children at that age know nothing about." The court also noted that there

were no concerns about the children being "coached" by a parent because, in

this case, "the children were being yelled at by their mother to not say anything

about [Tyler]."

      At the conclusion of Tyler's fact-finding trial the court terminated the Title

Nine litigation and this appeal followed. Tyler raises the following arguments

for our consideration:

            POINT I

            THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AS A MATTER OF
            FACT AND LAW BECAUSE THERE WAS
            INSUFFICIENT CREDIBLE EVIDENCE THAT

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                                         9
             TYLER HAD SEXUALLY AND PHYSICALLY
             ABUSED THE CHILDREN.

             POINT II

             THE EVIDENCE THAT TYLER SEXUALLY
             ABUSED THE CHILDREN WAS INCREDIBLE,
             INCONSISTENT, AND UNCORROBORATED.

             POINT III

             TYLER DID NOT PHYSICALLY                       ABUSE[]
             ALLISON, SASHA, OR LISA. 3

                                        II.

       Our review of a trial court's finding of abuse or neglect is guided by

well-established principles. "[W]e accord substantial deference and defer to the

factual findings of the Family Part if they are sustained by 'adequate, substantial,

and credible evidence' in the record." N.J. Div. of Child Prot. & Permanency v.

N.B., 452 N.J. Super. 513, 521 (App. Div. 2017) (quoting N.J. Div. of Youth &

Family Servs. v. R.G., 217 N.J. 527, 552 (2014)). "Indeed, we recognize that

'[b]ecause of the family courts' special jurisdiction and expertise in family

matters, [we] should accord deference to family court fact finding.'" N.J. Div.

of Youth & Family Servs. v. M.C. III, 201 N.J. 328, 343 (2010) (alteration in

original) (quoting Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 413 (1998)). However, "if

3
    We have renumbered Tyler's point headings for ease of reference.
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                                        10
the trial court's conclusions are 'clearly mistaken or wide of the mark[,]' an

appellate court must intervene to ensure the fairness of the proceeding." N.J.

Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. L.L., 201 N.J. 210, 227 (2010) (alteration in

original) (quoting N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. E.P., 196 N.J. 88, 104

(2008)). We owe no deference to the trial court's legal conclusions, which we

review de novo. State v. Smith, 212 N.J. 365, 387 (2012).

      "The Division bears the burden of proof at a fact-finding hearing and must

prove . . . harm . . . by a preponderance of the evidence." N.J. Div. of Youth &

Family Servs. v. A.L., 213 N.J. 1, 22 (2013). The Division must sustain that

burden through the admission of "competent, material and relevant evidence."

N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(b); N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. P.W.R., 205 N.J.

17, 32 (2001).

      Here, the Division's evidence concerning Tyler's alleged abuse or neglect

consists of the children's statements by Allison and Sasha to the caseworker,

representatives of law enforcement, and a health care provider. The court relied

upon these statements as the basis for its abuse or neglect finding. Tyler argues,

however, that the court ignored "inconsistent evidence, material omissions, and

outright fabrications," and that the children's separate statements could not

properly corroborate each other, and therefore there was insufficient evidence

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                                       11
supporting the court's abuse or neglect finding. See N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(a)(4). We

disagree.

      "In matters involving the alleged abuse and neglect of children, the New

Jersey Rules of Evidence are supplemented by statute and court rule." N.J. Div.

of Youth & Family Servs. v. L.A., 357 N.J. Super. 155, 166 (App. Div. 2003).

N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(a)(4) provides that when the Division alleges abuse and

neglect of a child, "previous statements made by the child relating to any

allegations of abuse or neglect shall be admissible in evidence; provided,

however, that no such statement, if uncorroborated, shall be sufficient to make

a fact finding of abuse or neglect."

      To establish corroboration of a child's statement under N.J.S.A.

9:6-8.46(a)(4), "[s]ome direct or circumstantial evidence beyond the child's

statement itself is required." N.B., 452 N.J. Super. at 522. Corroboration can

be established by varied means. N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. Z.P.R.,

351 N.J. Super. 427, 436 (App. Div. 2002). "The most effective types of

corroborative evidence may be eyewitness testimony, a confession, an

admission or medical or scientific evidence." L.A., 357 N.J. Super. at 166.

"However, corroborative evidence need not relate directly to the accused." Ibid.

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                                       12
The "evidence 'need only provide support for the out-of-court statements.'"

N.B., 452 N.J. Super. at 521 (quoting L.A., 357 N.J. Super. at 166).

      Corroborative evidence that is sufficient to support a court's reliance on a

child's statements for a finding of abuse or neglect may be circumstantial

because there is often no direct physical or testimonial evidence to support a

child's statements. See Z.P.R., 351 N.J. Super. at 436. For example, in Z.P.R.,

we determined that a child's age-inappropriate sexual behavior corroborated the

child's statements about a parent's improper sexual conduct. Z.P.R., 351 N.J.

Super. at 436.     In contrast, in N.B., we found insufficient evidence of

corroboration, in part because a psychologist's report stating the child suffered

from post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of the alleged abuse or neglect

constituted inadmissible hearsay under N.J.R.E. 808. N.B., 452 N.J. Super. at

523-26.

                                      III.

A.    Sexual Abuse Allegations

      Tyler's claim that the trial record contains insufficient evidence to support

the allegations of sexual abuse against Sasha and Lisa ignores one critical fact

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                                       13
– Allison's unchallenged statements 4 served as direct, eyewitness evidence of

Tyler's sexual abuse of Sasha and Lisa. As noted, she repeatedly observed Tyler

"put his private part in [Sasha's] butt and "make [Lisa] suck his private part." In

addition to direct evidence of Tyler's abuse, Allison's repeated accounts serve to

corroborate Sasha's statement that Tyler put his penis "inside of [her] butt." See

L.A., 357 N.J. Super. at 166 ("The most effective types of corroborative

evidence may be eyewitness testimony, a confession, an admission or medical

or scientific evidence.")

      Consequently, we are convinced the trial court correctly determined that

Allison's and Sasha's separate statements provided sufficient corroboration of

each other to support the court's finding of abuse or neglect under N.J.S.A.

9:6-8.21(c). The record supports the court's determination. As noted, Allison

said Tyler put his "private part" in Sasha's butt, and Sasha independently

reported that Tyler put his penis in her butt. Additionally, both Allison and

Sasha stated that they saw Tyler force Lisa to "suck" or "touch" his penis.

      We are not persuaded by Tyler's contention there was insufficient

corroboration because not every fact related by each child was directly

4
  We note that Tyler consented to the introduction of the Division's documents,
which includes Allison's and Sasha's statements. Accordingly, we consider any
objection to these statements waived. See M.C. III, 201 N.J. at 341-42.
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                                       14
corroborated by the others. "The case law does not require that the evidence be

specific before it can be deemed corroborative of [a] child's out-of-court

statements." Z.P.R., 351 N.J. Super. at 435. There must only be some evidence

beyond the solitary assertion of a child. See N.B., 452 N.J. Super. at 522.

      We also reject Tyler's contention the children's statements were

insufficient as a matter of law to provide sufficient corroboration under N.J.S.A.

9:6-8.46(a)(4). Tyler offers no reasoned basis that the consistent admissible

statements of two children describing acts of abuse or neglect do not provide the

corroboration required under N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(a)(4). The statute supplemented

the New Jersey Rules of Evidence by rendering admissible "previous statements

made by [a] child relating to any allegation of abuse or neglect." L.A., 357 N.J.

Super. at 166; see also N.J. Div. Of Child Prot. & Perm. v. J.A., 436 N.J. Super.

61, 66-67 (App. Div. 2014) (finding uncorroborated statements of a child are

admissible under N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(a)(4)).        Thus, each child's statement

constituted admissible evidence corroborating what the other children said.

      We are mindful that we "must protect against conflating a statement's

reliability   with   corroboration,"   and   N.J.S.A.   9:6-8.46(a)(4)   requires

"independent evidence of corroboration" to support a finding of abuse or

neglect. N.B., 452 N.J. Super. at 522. We conclude Allison's and Sasha's

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                                       15
statements are sufficiently reliable to be deemed admissible evidence under

N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(a)(4). Moreover, under the circumstances presented, each

child's statement provides independent, direct, and admissible evidence

supporting the allegations of abuse or neglect. See N.B., 452 N.J. Super. at 522

(requiring direct or circumstantial evidence supporting the child's out-of-court

statement for corroboration under N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(a)(4)); L.A., 357 N.J.

Super. at 166 (finding corroboration under N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(a)(4) requires only

evidence supporting a child's out-of-court statements).

      This is not a case where the court relied on the consistent statements of a

single child to support a finding of abuse or neglect.       Consistency of the

statements of a child alone does not constitute corroboration under N.J.S.A.

9:6-8.46(a)(4). N.B., 452 N.J. Super. at 523. As noted, here, the separate

admissible statements of each of the children provided the independent

corroboration required for a finding of abuse or neglect under N.J.S.A.

9:6-8.46(a)(4). Ibid. (finding insufficient corroboration of a child's statements

describing abuse or neglect that were supported only by inadmissible reports

and testimony of a psychologist). 5

5
  Tyler does not rely on N.J. Div. of Child Prot. & Permanency v. M.C., 435
N.J. Super. 405, 422-24 (App. Div. 2014), where we discussed, but did not

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                                      16
B.    Excessive Corporal Punishment Allegations

      We are also satisfied that Allison's statements, along with Roman's

testimony and his observations of Allison's injuries, which were corroborated

by the photographs taken the next day, provided sufficient credible evidence

supporting the court's finding that Allison was abused or neglected by Tyler's

use of excessive corporal punishment. Tyler, however, contends that the court

failed to make a specific finding that the corporal punishment he administered

was "excessive," and there was no evidentiary basis . . . to infer a finding of

excessive corporal punishment." We are not persuaded.

      The phrase "excessive corporal punishment" is not defined in N.J.S.A.

9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b). N.J. Dep't of Children & Family Servs., Div. of Youth &

Family Servs. v. K.A., 413 N.J. Super. 504, 510 (App. Div. 2010). Excessive

corporal punishment cases are fact-sensitive and "idiosyncratic." P.W.R., 205

N.J. at 33.   We "ought not assume that what may be 'excessive' corporal

punishment for a . . . child must also constitute . . . excessive corporal

punishment in another setting."     Ibid.   "[A] parent may inflict moderate

decide, whether children's overlapping statements provide sufficient
corroboration under N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(a)(4). An argument not briefed on appeal
is deemed waived. Jefferson Loan Co. v. Session, 397 N.J. Super. 520, 525 n.4
(App. Div. 2008).
                                                                       A-0033-18T2
                                     17
correction such as is reasonable under the circumstances of a case," but

punishment is excessive when it goes "beyond what is proper or reasonable."

K.A., 413 N.J. Super. at 510-11.

      N.J.A.C. 10:129-2.2(a) lists injuries and risks of harm that "may be abuse

or neglect[,]" including "[c]uts, bruises, abrasions, welts or oral injuries."

N.J.A.C. 10:129-2.2(a)(9). Where the alleged abuse does not correspond exactly

with one of the types of injuries or risks of harm listed, the determination of

whether a parent's action amounts to abuse or neglect requires consideration of

the nature of the child's injury and the circumstances surrounding the incident.

K.A., 413 N.J. Super. at 512.

      Tyler likens that the circumstances here to those in K.A. and, for that

reason, the record is insufficient to support the court's abuse or neglect finding.

In K.A., we found an isolated incident with a "psychologically disruptive child,

unable or unwilling to follow verbal instructions or adhere to passive means of

discipline" did not constitute abuse or neglect where the parent struck the child

with a closed fist and caused four small bruises on the child's shoulder. Id. at

506, 512. We concluded that the "[b]ruises, although, visible, never exposed

[the child] to any further harm if left untreated[,]" and the parent's action was

"not part of a pattern of punishment." Id. at 512; see also P.W.R., 205 N.J. at

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                                       18
36 (finding no abuse or neglect where a parent slapped a teenage child on the

face as a form of punishment but did not cause any bruises or injury).

      We found the isolation of the incident, the reasons underlying the actions,

and the frustrating circumstances the defendant faced due to the child's conduct

provided "the prism through which we determine whether . . . actions [are]

indeed 'excessive.'" Ibid. When a child's injuries do not establish "per se

excessive corporal punishment," we must consider such factors to determine

whether a defendant's actions "amount[] to excessive corporal punishment."

Ibid. (alteration in original).

      Here, there is no evidence Allison was disruptive or presented trying

circumstances to Tyler. See ibid. Instead, the evidence shows Tyler inflicted

corporal punishment by using an extension cord on Allison's near naked body,

not for purpose of taking control of an unruly or defiant child as in K.A, but to

inflict excessive punishment or repeatedly "pop" her, in his words, for bringing

an electronic device into the shower. That response was unreasonable and

disproportionate under the circumstances. In this regard, we note that Tyler

admitted that he had unplugged the device prior to striking Allison repeatedly

and she did not refuse his requests to remove herself from the shower. Under

the circumstances, we deem the court's conclusion, as expressed in its order, that

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Tyler's punishment was excessive, fully supported by the record at the fact

finding proceeding. See N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. S.H., 439 N.J.

Super. 137, 146-47 (App. Div. 2015) (finding the defendant's use of implements

and infliction of corporal punishment was unjustified and excessive in response

to the child's misbehavior and use of profanity); K.A., 413 N.J. Super at 510-11

(finding punishment is excessive when it is "beyond" what is reasonable).

      Further, the evidence shows that unlike in K.A., Tyler's use of an

extension cord as a method of corporal punishment was not an isolated incident.

See K.A. 413 N.J. Super. at 513 (finding no abuse or neglect in part because the

incident was "aberrational to this family"). According to Allison and Sasha,

Tyler beat them both with extension cords, and also hit Lisa when she defecated

in her pants. We also we reject Tyler's argument that the fortuitous circumstance

that Allison's injuries did not require medical intervention requires reversal of

the court's abuse or neglect finding. See, e.g., N.J. Dep't of Children & Families,

Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. C.H., 414 N.J. Super. 472, 476 (App. Div.

2010) (affirming an abuse or neglect finding where the injuries did not require

any medical attention).

      Tyler also differs from the defendant in K.A. in a significant respect. In

K.A., the defendant "accepted full responsibility for her actions, was contrite,

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                                       20
and complied with Division-sponsored counseling." K.A., 413 N.J. Super. at

512. After the "isolated incident," the situation improved and the Division was

no longer required to be involved. Ibid. Here, however, Tyler never took

responsibility for his actions. Instead, he denied that he used an extension cord,

and excused his conduct as authorized by Lisa and warranted under the

circumstances. The court determined Allison's statements were credible and

rejected Tyler's explanation as "self-serving" and without corroboration. In

addition, in light of the children's allegations, the court barred him from contact

with the children.

      Viewing the evidence through the prism of factors we established in K.A.,

it is clear the court correctly concluded Tyler abused or neglected the children

by imposing excessive corporal punishment. See K.A., 413 N.J. Super. at 512.

Punishment is excessive if a parent's intentional act exposes a child to "the

substantial probability that injury would result from [the caregiver's] conduct."

M.C. III, 201 N.J. at 345.

      Affirmed.

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