Court Opinion

ID: 2780750
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-02-20 16:01:05.808689+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:28:17.362691
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 15a0138n.06

                                          No. 14-3118

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                              FILED
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                            Feb 20, 2015
                                                                           DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
NETJETS INC.; COLUMBIA INSURANCE                )
COMPANY,                                        )
                                                )
       Plaintiffs-Appellants,                   )
                                                )   ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                              )   STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
                                                )   SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
INTELLIJET GROUP, LLC, dba IntelliJet           )
International,                                  )                    OPINION
                                                )
       Defendant-Appellee.                      )

       BEFORE:        BOGGS, SUTTON, STRANCH, Circuit Judges

       JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. This case is a dispute between two companies

that provide services involving private airplanes about who should be able to use the mark

INTELLIJET. NetJets Inc. developed internal management software in 1995, named it IntelliJet,

and registered the trademark in connection with software. IntelliJet Group, LLC began operating

under the name “IntelliJet International” in 2005. On IntelliJet Group’s motion for summary

judgment, the district court determined that NetJets (and the owner of its intellectual property,

Columbia Insurance Company) had abandoned, through nonuse, any interest it may have held in

the mark and that it therefore did not own any interest in the INTELLIJET mark that could be

enforced through the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1051 et seq., or through Ohio statutory or

common law. It also canceled NetJets’s registered trademark on the ground of abandonment.

Because the district court failed to consider some of NetJets’s uses of the INTELLIJET mark, we

REVERSE and REMAND for further proceedings.
No. 14-3118
NetJets Inc., et al. v. Intellijet Group, LLC

                                      I.        BACKGROUND

          NetJets, Inc. is a private-aviation company that specializes in ‘fractional ownership’ of

private airplanes (essentially a time-share in a private jet); aircraft leasing services; private-jet

services without ownership of the plane through charter services and ‘jet cards’; private-plane

management services; and sale of used airplanes. NetJets has transferred all of its intellectual

property to Columbia Insurance Company. Columbia licenses NetJets to use the intellectual

property and to sublicense the intellectual property, subject to Columbia’s approval.

          In July 1995, NetJets’s predecessor company developed a software program to “run [the

company’s] business,” and named the program IntelliJet. Later that year, the company applied to

register the trademark INTELLIJET with the United States Patent and Trademark Office in

connection with the good of “computer software for managing the business of aircraft leasing

and sales.”     The application was approved and the Patent and Trademark Office issued

Registration Certificate No. 2,025,410. NetJets continued to use and to improve the IntelliJet

software, developing a new and expanded version called IntelliJet II. In 2002, the company filed

a “declaration of use & incontestability” stating that the mark was being used in commerce,

pursuant to 15 U.S.C. §§ 1058 and 1065, which was accepted by the Patent and Trademark

Office.

          IntelliJet Group LLC was founded in 2005 and is primarily a broker for private jet

purchases. IntelliJet Group attempted to expand into management and leasing services, but the

venture was not successful. They currently offer referrals for such services. The company’s

sales-tracking software is named “IntelliShit.”

          NetJets and Columbia filed this lawsuit in January 2012, bringing four claims against

IntelliJet: (1) trademark infringement under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1051 et seq., and under

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NetJets Inc., et al. v. Intellijet Group, LLC

Ohio common law; (2) false designation of origin under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125; (3)

deceptive trade practices under Ohio Rev. Code § 4165.01 et seq.; and (4) common-law unfair

competition and injury to business reputation. IntelliJet answered and filed a counterclaim for

cancellation of NetJets’s trademark registration on the grounds that NetJets abandoned it and that

it was void ab initio. IntelliJet moved for summary judgment on the plaintiffs’ Lanham Act

claims and on its counterclaim to cancel the trademark registration for INTELLIJET.

       The district court granted summary judgment to IntelliJet Group on the Lanham Act

claims brought against it and on its counterclaim for cancellation of the INTELLIJET

registration on the ground of abandonment. The court also granted summary judgment to

IntelliJet Group on the common-law trademark claim. Finally, the court held all remaining

claims in the case moot, pursuant to a consent motion from all parties, and entered judgment for

IntelliJet Group.

                                II.     STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Grants of summary judgment are reviewed de novo. See V & M Star Steel v. Centimark

Corp., 678 F.3d 459, 465 (6th Cir. 2012). In its review, this court applies the standard of Fed. R.

Civ. P. 56(a): Summary judgment is appropriate only when the evidence, taken in the light most

favorable to the nonmoving party, establishes that “there is no genuine dispute as to any material

fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also

Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986).

       In determining whether a genuine dispute exists, the “judge’s function is not himself to

weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter but to determine whether there is a

genuine issue for trial.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249 (1986). “While the

mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the non-moving party is insufficient to

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No. 14-3118
NetJets Inc., et al. v. Intellijet Group, LLC

defeat a motion for summary judgment, the court may deny the motion if the record contains

evidence from which a jury could reasonably find for the non-moving party.” V & M Star Steel,
678 F.3d at 465 (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252).

                                       III.     DISCUSSION

       The Lanham Act contains two provisions by which a trademark owner can enforce its

rights. Section 32 of the Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1114, provides remedies for those marks that have

been registered. Section 43(a), 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a), protects against unfair competition by

“passing off” a good or service as having been produced by another; it therefore protects

registered marks, unregistered marks, and other aspects of a good or service. Tumblebus v.

Cranmer, 399 F.3d 754, 760–61 (6th Cir. 2005). “To state a claim for trademark infringement

under the Lanham Act, a plaintiff must allege facts establishing that: (1) it owns the registered

trademark; (2) the defendant used the mark in commerce; and (3) the use was likely to cause

confusion.” Hensley Mfg. v. ProPride, Inc., 579 F.3d 603, 609 (6th Cir. 2009). In Ohio,

statutory and common law of unfair competition also protect against trademark infringement and

“passing off.” “Both Ohio and federal courts have recognized that the same analysis applies to

claims under Ohio’s statutory and common law of unfair competition and the Lanham Act.”

Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc. v. American Eagle Outfitters, Inc., 280 F.3d 619, 626 n.2 (6th

Cir. 2002).

       The Lanham Act defines a trademark as “any word, name, symbol, or device, or any

combination thereof” that is used or intended to be used in commerce “to identify and distinguish

… goods, including a unique product, from those manufactured or sold by others and to indicate

the source of the goods, even if that source is unknown.” 15 U.S.C. § 1127. The statute further

defines “use in commerce” as:

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No. 14-3118
NetJets Inc., et al. v. Intellijet Group, LLC

               the bona fide use of a mark in the ordinary course of trade, and not
               made merely to reserve a right in a mark. For purposes of this
               chapter, a mark shall be deemed to be in use in commerce—
               (1) on goods when—
               (A) it is placed in any manner on the goods or their containers or
               the displays associated therewith or on the tags or labels affixed
               thereto, or if the nature of the goods makes such placement
               impracticable, then on documents associated with the goods or
               their sale, and
               (B) the goods are sold or transported in commerce, and
               (2) on services when it is used or displayed in the sale or
               advertising of services and the services are rendered in commerce,
               or the services are rendered in more than one State or in the United
               States and a foreign country and the person rendering the services
               is engaged in commerce in connection with the services.
Id.

       The requirement that the use in commerce be a “bona fide use … in the ordinary course

of trade” was added in the Trademark Law Revision Act of 1988, P.L. 100-667, § 134, 102 Stat.

3935 (1988). This amendment sought to eliminate the practice of “token use” of trademarks to

provide a basis for registration. Allard Enters., Inc. v. Advanced Programming Res., Inc., 146
F.3d 350, 357 (6th Cir. 1998); 3 J. McCarthy, McCarthy on Trademarks § 19:109 (4th ed. 2014)

(citing legislative history of the 1988 Act). The Act now requires that the goods or services have

been used in a way “which is typical in a particular industry”—a standard that “should be

interpreted with flexibility so as to encompass various genuine, but less traditional, trademark

uses, such as those made in test markets [and] infrequent sales of large or expensive items.” S.

Rep. No. 100-515, at 44 (1988), reprinted in 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5577, 5607; see Lens.com, Inc.

v. 1-800 Contacts, Inc., 686 F.3d 1376, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2012). The House Report further

explained:

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No. 14-3118
NetJets Inc., et al. v. Intellijet Group, LLC

       While use made merely to reserve a right in a mark will not meet this standard,
       the [House Judiciary] Committee recognizes that the ‘ordinary course of trade’
       varies from industry to industry. Thus, for example, it might be the ordinary
       course of trade for an industry that sells expensive or seasonal products to make
       infrequent sales. Similarly, a pharmaceutical company that markets a drug to treat
       a rare disease will make correspondingly few sales in the ordinary course of its
       trade; the company's shipment to clinical investigators during the Federal
       approval process will also be in it[s] ordinary course of trade.

H.R. Rep. No. 100-1028, at 15, reprinted in 7 J. McCarthy, McCarthy on Trademarks Appendix

A6; see Electro Source, LLC v. Brandess-Kalt-Aetna Group, Inc., 458 F.3d 931, 940 (9th Cir.

2006). The statutory standard for bona fide use is “entirely consistent with the traditional rules

governing common-law ownership of trademarks.”              Allard Enters., Inc. v. Advanced

Programming Res., Inc., 146 F.3d 350, 357 (6th Cir. 1998). A mark is considered abandoned if

“its use has been discontinued with intent not to resume such use.” 15 U.S.C. § 1127. A mark

owner, however, does not need to use the mark in the precise manner that it was initially used or

registered to prevent abandonment. See 3 J. McCarthy, McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair

Competition § 17:23 (4th ed. 2014); see also Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition § 30

cmt. b (1995).

       The district court concluded that the use of IntelliJet software was insufficient to support

ownership of the mark based in part on a determination that NetJets had not sold its software

independently from its private-plane services. In reaching this conclusion, the court overlooked

an important factual dispute. NetJets did, in fact, put forward evidence that it has sold the

IntelliJet software itself, rather than the private-plane services, to two external customers:

Marquis Jet Partners and National Private Air Transport Services Company Limited. Marquis

Jet Partners was an independent company that purchased a significant number of fractional

shares from NetJets and subdivided those shares into smaller amounts of time, called “jet cards,”

which it then sold to its own customers. NetJets presented testimony that it licensed Marquis to

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No. 14-3118
NetJets Inc., et al. v. Intellijet Group, LLC

use the IntelliJet software to manage its jet-card business before purchasing Marquis in 2010.

National Private Air Transport Services Company Limited operated NetJets Middle East under a

“franchise type of arrangement,” which included a “Technical Services Agreement” for use of

IntelliJet software. The arrangement ended in October 2011. IntelliJet calls into question the

nature of these agreements, particularly because no written agreement for the Marquis license

could be found. The questions about the nature and existence of these licenses are nonetheless

sufficient to call into question whether NetJets was marketing software, under the INTELLIJET

mark, to other private-plane companies. In light of the dynamics of the private-plane industry

and the nature of the software product, a reasonable jury could find such limited market

involvement to nonetheless reflect a “bona fide use … in the ordinary course of trade,” 15 U.S.C.

§ 1127, and that NetJets had therefore not abandoned the mark.

        Because the grant of summary judgment predicated on abandonment was the basis for

resolution of all claims of the parties, the district court had no reason to reach the parties’ other

arguments regarding their claims. We reverse the grant of summary judgment and return the

case to the district court for it to address in the first instance those arguments—including whether

there was a separate defect in the ownership of the mark other than abandonment and whether

IntelliJet Group’s use of the mark created a likelihood of confusion for private-plane companies

that may seek to buy the software in the future. Whether NetJets owns an unregistered interest in

the INTELLIJET mark in connection with its fractional-ownership or other services and whether

it pled such an interest are also matters for the district court.

        For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE and REMAND this case to the district court for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

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