Court Opinion

ID: 4572487
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-02 19:11:28.063438+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:28:03.167653
License: Public Domain

10/02/2020
                  IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
                             AT KNOXVILLE
                     February 11, 2020 Session Heard at Nashville

       DOUGLAS RALPH BEIER v. BOARD OF PROFESSIONAL
     RESPONSIBILITY OF THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE

            Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Hamblen County
            No. 2018-CV-177         Robert E. Lee Davies, Senior Judge
                     ___________________________________

                              No. E2019-00463-SC-R3-BP
                        ___________________________________

In this appeal from attorney disciplinary proceedings, the hearing panel of the Tennessee
Board of Professional Responsibility determined that the attorney’s conduct in two cases
violated the Rules of Professional Conduct. In one case, the hearing panel found that the
attorney signed the name of a witness on an affidavit, falsely notarized the signature, and
did not disclose to the trial court or opposing counsel that he had signed the witness’s
affidavit. In another case, the hearing panel found, the attorney persuaded a client in a
probate matter to agree to an unreasonable contingency fee arrangement, took advantage
of the client’s disability, misrepresented to the probate court that the client was the
decedent’s sole heir, failed to disclose the existence of other heirs, and got the probate court
to agree to close the estate without a detailed accounting in order to avoid judicial scrutiny
of the unreasonable fee. The hearing panel suspended the law license of the appellant
attorney for two years, with three months served as active suspension and the remainder
on probation. The attorney and the Board both appealed the hearing panel’s decision to
the chancery court. The chancery court affirmed the hearing panel’s findings as to rule
violations and aggravating and mitigating factors, but it modified the sanction to two years
active suspension. The attorney now appeals to this Court, arguing that his conduct was
not dishonest, he did not take advantage of a vulnerable client, and his probate fee
arrangement was not unreasonable. We affirm the hearing panel’s factual findings and its
findings as to rule violations. In view of the seriousness of the violations, we affirm the
chancery court’s modification of the sanction to two years active suspension.
                               Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 9, § 33.1(d)
                          Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed

HOLLY KIRBY, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JEFFREY S. BIVINS, C.J., and
CORNELIA A. CLARK, SHARON G. LEE, and ROGER A. PAGE, JJ., joined.

Douglas Ralph Beier, Morristown, Tennessee, Appellant, Pro Se.

Sandy Garrett and Jerry D. Morgan, Brentwood, Tennessee, for the Appellee, Board of
Professional Responsibility.

                                                OPINION
                           FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      Respondent-Appellant Douglas Ralph Beier has been licensed to practice law in
Tennessee since 1977. He maintains a general law practice in Morristown, in Hamblen
County. His practice has always included probate work.

      The discipline in this case centers on two matters, which we describe below.

                                            Affidavit Matter

       The first matter involves the signature on an affidavit. In 2015, Mr. Beier had a
client who was a divorced father (“Father”). Father claimed that his daughter (“Daughter”),
then five years old, was sexually abused by her teenage sister while both were in the
custody of their mother, Father’s ex-wife (“Mother”). Mr. Beier prepared to file two
petitions on behalf of Father, both making the abuse allegations in support of his request
to modify the custody arrangement for Daughter.1

       Shortly before he was scheduled to leave for a trip out of town, Mr. Beier prepared
an affidavit for Father and another affidavit for Daughter’s paternal grandmother
(“Grandmother”). The affidavits were to be used in court the next Monday. Mr. Beier left
both affidavits at his office to be signed while he went to court on another matter.

       When Mr. Beier returned to his office later that same day, he saw that Father had
signed his affidavit but Grandmother had not signed hers. Mr. Beier signed Grandmother’s

      1
          One petition was to be filed in chancery court, and the other in juvenile court.
                                                    -2-
name to her affidavit (the “Affidavit”). In his capacity as a notary public, Mr. Beier
notarized Grandmother’s Affidavit as well.2 He then left town on his scheduled trip.

       When Mr. Beier returned the next Monday, August 31, 2015, he filed the petitions,
each with the Affidavit in support. Neither the petitions nor the Affidavit disclosed that
Mr. Beier had signed Grandmother’s name for her. Based on these filings, the juvenile
court entered an order temporarily suspending Mother’s parenting time.

       Months later, counsel for Mother took Grandmother’s deposition. In the course of
the deposition, the attorney asked Grandmother whether the signature at the bottom of the
Affidavit was hers. Grandmother gave no answer. The attorney repeated the question,
more than once, with no response. Finally, Mr. Beier interjected, “That’s where I
subscribed your signature, right there.” Grandmother then agreed, “Uh-huh. Yeah. He
subscribed my signature.”

       In October 2015, Mr. Beier filed a re-verified affidavit making the same statements,
signed by Grandmother. In January 2016, counsel for Mother filed a motion alleging
misconduct by Mr. Beier with respect to the Affidavit and asking the juvenile court to
assess sanctions against Mr. Beier.

      In April 2016, Mr. Beier contacted Tennessee’s Board of Professional
Responsibility (the “Board”) to self-report his infraction.

                                              Estate Matter

       The second matter involved Mr. Beier’s representation of Ray Norton in connection
with an estate.

       Mr. Norton contacted Mr. Beier for representation regarding the estate of his
deceased aunt, Audrey Jenkins. Mr. Norton, 62 years old, had received Social Security
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits and Department of Veterans’ Affairs
disability benefits (as the child of a veteran) all of his adult life. Mr. Beier understood that
Mr. Norton qualified for disability benefits because of a nervous condition.

        2
         A notary public who “notarizes” a document “attest[s] to the authenticity” of a signature. Black’s
Law Dictionary 1274 (11th ed. 2019). He signs a “jurat,” which “typically says ‘Subscribed and sworn to
before me this day of [month], [year].’” Black’s Law Dictionary 1015 (11th ed. 2019). By doing so, the
notary public “certifies three things: (1) that the person signing the document did so in the [notary public’s]
presence, (2) that the signer appeared before the [notary public] on the date indicated, and (3) that the
[notary public] administered an oath or affirmation to the signer, who swore to or affirmed the contents of
the document.” Id.
                                                    -3-
       Mr. Norton brought a “friend,” Paul Barnes, to his initial meeting with Mr. Beier.
Mr. Norton explained that Mr. Barnes was the designated payee for some of the disability
benefits Mr. Norton received. During the meeting, Mr. Beier proposed that, as
compensation for his representation of Mr. Norton as to Ms. Jenkins’s estate, Mr. Beier
would receive a 33.3% contingency fee of the “gross estate.” Mr. Norton agreed to the
proposal.

        Mr. Norton’s deceased aunt, Ms. Jenkins, was a widow without children. She died
intestate. She was predeceased by a full-sister and by a half-brother. Mr. Norton was the
only child of Ms. Jenkins’s full-sister. The half-brother, Sheridan James, had four living
children. Mr. Norton told Mr. Beier about these “half-cousins” at their initial meeting.

       It appears from the record that Ms. Jenkins owned three parcels of real estate at the
time of her death. However, the real property was never part of the Jenkins estate.

       In September 2013, Mr. Beier filed a petition on Mr. Norton’s behalf, asking the
chancery court to name Mr. Norton as Administrator of the Jenkins estate. The petition
alleged that Mr. Norton was Ms. Jenkins’s sole heir.

        Later that same month, the mother of Sheridan James’s children saw the Jenkins
estate’s notice to creditors. She contacted Mr. Beier and told him about her children and
their father, Ms. Jenkins’s half-brother.

       Eleven months later, Mr. Beier filed a petition and proposed order to close the
Jenkins estate. In the filing, Mr. Beier asserted that Mr. Norton, “being the sole beneficiary,
desires to close the estate without a detailed accounting.” Mr. Beier did not notify the
James children he had filed this petition. He did not disclose to the chancery court the
existence of the James children. Relying on Mr. Beier’s representation, the chancery court
granted the petition and closed the estate without a detailed accounting.

        In calculating his final fee, Mr. Beier included two of the three parcels of real estate
Ms. Jenkins owned at the time of her death, even though they were never actually part of
the estate.3 The only work Mr. Beier performed regarding the real property was preparation
of an administrator’s deed. The total fee Mr. Beier ultimately received for handling the

        3
            The hearing panel found that Mr. Beier included two parcels in his fee calculation, but his
testimony to the hearing panel, reading from his notes, mentions three properties twice: “Charles Lee Drive,
. . . two other rentals” and “owned [the] house at Charles E. Drive . . . . owned the property at Roy Potter
Road. . . . [a]nother house Roy Potter Road.” Mr. Beier’s estate calculations list a House #1, House #2, and
a Rental.
                                                   -4-
Jenkins estate was $78,614. Because the estate was closed without a detailed accounting,
there was no judicial approval of the fee.

       Later, Mr. Norton learned he was not Ms. Jenkins’s sole heir, as Mr. Beier had
represented to the chancery court; his half-cousins, the James children, were entitled to a
portion of the Jenkins estate. Mr. Norton hired new counsel. In February 2016, the new
attorney filed a petition on behalf of Mr. Norton to reopen the Jenkins estate.

       Mr. Norton’s new attorney contacted Mr. Beier about the Jenkins estate. In June
2016, after the Jenkins estate was reopened, Mr. Beier reimbursed the estate his entire fee,
with interest.

       On October 16, 2016, the Board received a complaint of misconduct regarding Mr.
Beier’s handling of the Jenkins estate from one of the James children. Mr. Beier self-
reported this matter as well.

                                      Hearing Panel

       In early 2017, the Board filed a petition for discipline against Mr. Beier, citing the
Affidavit matter, and then a supplemental petition for discipline, citing the Jenkins estate
matter. Both matters proceeded before a hearing panel. After considering testimony and
affidavits submitted by both parties, the hearing panel issued findings of fact, finding in
pertinent part:

       21.     Having heard the testimony of Mr. Beier, [Grandmother], and
       [Mother’s counsel], and considering the demeanor of the witnesses, the
       inconsistencies in the testimony of Mr. Beier and [Grandmother], and their
       relationship, along with the other evidence of record, the Panel finds that Mr.
       Beier’s and [Grandmother]’s testimony that [Grandmother] gave Mr. Beier
       permission to sign her name to the [A]ffidavit and that Mr. Beier did so on
       August 26, 2015[,] is not credible.

       22.    By signing [Grandmother]’s name to the [A]ffidavit without
       signifying that he was signing her name on her behalf, and by notarizing that
       signature, Mr. Beier represented to the Juvenile and Chancery Courts that
       [Grandmother] had in fact signed the [A]ffidavit personally, a representation
       he knew to be false.
              ....
       39.    Mr. Beier took advantage of Mr. Norton’s disability in order to obtain
       his agreement to the one-third fee.
              ....
                                            -5-
      42.     Mr. Beier had never previously charged a one-third contingency fee
      for the probate of an estate.
              ....
      53.     Mr. Beier testified that he was unaware of the administration of the
      estate that Darrell, Kevin, Steven[,] and Lavonda James were heirs of Ms.
      Jenkins. Mr. Beier’s testimony was not credible to the extent that he knew
      or should have known the James children were also heirs.
              ....
      55.     Because Mr. Norton was represented to the court as the only
      beneficiary of the estate, it was not necessary for Mr. Beier to obtain the
      court’s approval of his one-third fee.
              ....
      58.     In determining the value of the gross estate for purposes of computing
      his one-third fee, Mr. Beier included the estimated value of two pieces of real
      estate owned by Ms. Jenkins at the time of her death totaling $136,500.
              ....
      60.     The only service performed by Mr. Beier in relation to the real estate
      was the preparation of one administrator’s deed.
              ....
      73.     At the time of filing the petition, Mr. Beier was either aware that half-
      siblings had an equal right to inherit as full-siblings, or chose to remain
      ignorant of that fact by not researching the issue, in order that Mr. Norton
      would be the only beneficiary of the estate thus allowing Mr. Beier to charge
      a one-third fee instead of his usual hourly fee.

        Thus, in the Affidavit matter, regarding the testimony by Grandmother and Mr.
Beier asserting that Grandmother gave Mr. Beier permission to sign her name to the
Affidavit, the hearing panel found neither witness credible. The hearing panel also found
that, by signing Grandmother’s name and notarizing the signature, Mr. Beier represented
to the chancery and juvenile courts that Grandmother had signed the document, something
he knew to be false.

       As to the Jenkins estate matter, the hearing panel found that Mr. Beier took
advantage of Mr. Norton’s vulnerability to secure an unreasonable contingency fee
agreement. It found Mr. Beier’s testimony, that he did not inform the chancery court about
the James children because he did not realize they might be heirs of Ms. Jenkins, was not
credible. By failing to disclose this information to the chancery court, the hearing panel
pointed out, Mr. Beier avoided court approval of his fee. It observed that Mr. Beier
included two parcels of real property in the “gross estate” for purposes of calculating his
fee, even though his work regarding the real property was de minimis. Including these two
parcels greatly increased the size of his contingency fee.
                                            -6-
       Based upon these findings, the hearing panel concluded the Board had established
several violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct. In the Affidavit matter, it found
violations of the following rules:

           RPC 3.3(a)(1) (candor toward the tribunal), “[b]y filing the Affidavit . . . when
           he signed [Grandmother’s] name, by notarizing her purported signature when
           she did not sign, and by failing to inform the courts that [Grandmother]’s
           signature was made by himself . . . .”;

           RPC 8.4(c) (misconduct), “[r]epresenting that the [A]ffidavit had been signed
           by [Grandmother] was an act of deceit, dishonesty[,] and misrepresentation . . .
           .”
In the Jenkins estate matter, it found violations of the following:

           RPC 1.5(a) (fees), “[b]y charging a one-third fee, and by including the value of
           the real estate for purposes of computing his fee, Mr. Beier charged [Mr.]
           Norton, and collected, an unreasonable fee . . . .”

           RPC 1.5(a) (fees), the fee agreement between Mr. Beier and Mr. Norton was
           “insufficiently clear to communicate to Mr. Norton the remittance to him and
           the method of its determination.”

           RPC 3.3(a)(1) (candor toward the tribunal), “[b]y stating in the petition that Mr.
           Norton was Ms. Jenkins’ sole heir . . . .”

           RPC 3.3(a)(3) (candor toward the tribunal), “[b]y failing to inform the court of
           the existence of the James descendants . . . .”

           RPC 8.4(c) (misconduct), “[b]y taking advantage of Mr. Norton’s disability to
           charge and collect from him an unreasonable fee . . . .“

           RPC 8.4(c) (misconduct), “[b]y failing to include the James descendants in the
           administration of the estate in order to charge and collect from Mr. Norton an
           unreasonable fee . . . .”

           RPC 8.4(a) (misconduct), the “[v]iolation of the aforementioned Rule of
           Professional Conduct . . . .”4

       4
          An additional alleged violation of RPC 3.3(a)(1) regarding Mr. Beier’s response to Mother’s
counsel’s motion for sanctions was voluntarily dismissed.
                                               -7-
      After finding these violations, the hearing panel looked to the ABA Standards to
determine an appropriate type of discipline.5 It decided the Standards pointed to
suspension as the appropriate discipline.6

        Turning to the aggravating and mitigating factors, the hearing panel first noted Mr.
Beier’s “dishonest or selfish motive” as an aggravating factor in filing Grandmother’s
Affidavit and also in his actions regarding the Jenkins estate. In the Jenkins estate matter,
it determined Mr. Beier was also motivated by his attempt to get an unreasonable fee. The
hearing panel observed that Mr. Beier’s misconduct involved multiple offenses. It found
that Mr. Beier refused to acknowledge the wrongful nature of his conduct, citing his
continued insistence that the Affidavit was not a false representation, that his fee
arrangement with Mr. Norton was reasonable, and that he did not knowingly misrepresent
Mr. Norton’s status as sole heir. The hearing panel also deemed Mr. Norton’s vulnerability
as a victim to be an aggravating factor. The final aggravating factor was Mr. Beier’s
substantial experience in the practice of law––over forty years, including time as a juvenile
and municipal judge. The hearing panel found no mitigating factors.7

       Considering the violations and the aggravating factors, the hearing panel imposed a
sanction of a two-year suspension of Mr. Beier’s law license, with three months served as
active suspension and the remainder on probation.

        5
          The final sentence of Rule 9, Section 15.4(a), states: “In determining the appropriate type of
discipline, the hearing panel shall consider the applicable provisions of the ABA Standards for Imposing
Lawyer Sanctions.” Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 9, § 15.4(a).
        6
          The hearing panel cited ABA Standard 6.12, which suggests suspension “when a lawyer knows
that false statements or documents are being submitted to the court or that material information is
improperly being withheld, and takes no remedial action, and causes injury or potential injury to a party to
the legal proceeding, or causes an adverse or potentially adverse effect on the legal proceeding.” It also
cited ABA Standard 7.2, which suggests suspension “when a lawyer knowingly engages in conduct that is
a violation of a duty owed as a professional and causes injury or potential injury to a client, the public, or
the legal system.” The hearing panel also noted ABA Standard 5.13, which suggests reprimand as
appropriate “when a lawyer knowingly engages in any other conduct that involves dishonesty, fraud, deceit,
or misrepresentation and that adversely reflects on the lawyer’s fitness to practice law.”
        7
          The hearing panel acknowledged Mr. Beier returned the fee he received from the Jenkins estate
and self-reported the allegations of his misconduct, but it declined to find either action to be a mitigating
factor because Mr. Beier did both under threat of legal action.
                                                    -8-
                                           Chancery Court

       The Board appealed the hearing panel’s decision to the Hamblen County Chancery
Court, arguing disbarment would have been a more appropriate sanction.8

       The chancery court issued its order on November 28, 2018. It first determined that
the hearing panel’s factual findings were supported by the evidence. It held that the hearing
panel’s conclusions regarding Rule violations and application of aggravating and
mitigating factors were also supported by the evidence.

       Reviewing the discipline imposed by the hearing panel, the chancery court
concluded the panel had abused its discretion. It performed a comparative analysis of
similar cases and determined it would be more appropriate to make the entire two-year
suspension an active suspension, in order to “underscore the seriousness of the violations
by Mr. Beier, protect the public from similar misconduct by members of the bar, and
preserve the confidence of the public in the integrity and trustworthiness of lawyers in
general.”

        Mr. Beier now appeals to this Court.

                                       STANDARD OF REVIEW

       In exercise of the authority vested in it by the Tennessee Constitution, this Court
oversees the practice of law in this State. See Tenn. Const. art. II, § 1; Tenn. Const. art. II,
§ 2; Tenn. Const. art. VI, § 1. As such,

        [t]he Supreme Court of Tennessee is responsible for promulgating and
        enforcing the rules that govern the legal profession as part of its duty to
        regulate the practice of law in this state. The Board of Professional
        Responsibility is one source of authority that addresses and brings forth
        allegations against attorneys regarding ethical violations, and this Court is
        ultimately responsible for reviewing its recommendations for attorney
        discipline.

               Once the Board of Professional Responsibility initiates formal
        disciplinary proceedings against a lawyer, the rules of this Court require that

        8
          Mr. Beier also appealed, raising issues concerning a procedural deficiency, the hearing panel’s
conduct, and the inclusion of prior private discipline as aggravating factors. The chancery court found all
three issues to be without merit.
                                                  -9-
       he or she has the right to an evidentiary hearing before a panel of three
       attorneys who determine the appropriate disciplinary action. An attorney
       may appeal the decision of the hearing panel to the circuit or chancery
       court[,] and then directly to this Court, where our review is upon the
       transcript of the record from the trial court, including the record of the
       evidence presented to the hearing panel.

Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility v. MacDonald, 595 S.W.3d 170, 181 (Tenn. 2020) (citations
omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). As we explained:

              This Court and the circuit or chancery court apply the same standard
       of review on appeal. The reviewing court may affirm the hearing panel’s
       decision or, in certain circumstances, “remand the case for further
       proceedings,” but it may only reverse or modify a hearing panel’s decision
       if:

              the rights of the party filing the Petition for Review have been
              prejudiced because the hearing panel’s findings, inferences,
              conclusions or decisions are: (1) in violation of constitutional
              or statutory provisions; (2) in excess of the hearing panel’s
              jurisdiction; (3) made upon unlawful procedure; (4) arbitrary
              or capricious or characterized by abuse of discretion or clearly
              unwarranted exercise of discretion; or (5) unsupported by
              evidence which is both substantial and material in the light of
              the entire record.
Id. (citation omitted) (quoting Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 9, § 33.1(b)). “Absent these limited
circumstances, the hearing panel’s decision should not be disturbed on appeal.” Hancock
v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility, 447 S.W.3d 844, 850 (Tenn. 2014) (citing Maddux v. Bd. of
Prof’l Responsibility, 409 S.W.3d 613, 621–22 (Tenn. 2013)). The Court may not
“substitute its judgment for that of the hearing panel’s as to the weight of the evidence on
questions of fact.” Napolitano v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility, 535 S.W.3d 481, 496 (Tenn.
2017) (citing Long v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility, 435 S.W.3d 174, 178 (Tenn. 2014)).

       We recently clarified:

       Under Rule 9, a hearing panel is directed to consider the applicable
       provisions of the ABA Standards to determine the appropriate sanction in a
       particular case. Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 9, § 15.4(a). There is no authority under
       Rule 9 for a hearing panel to base its recommended sanction on a review of
       sanctions imposed in similar cases. In addition, a trial court’s authority to
                                           - 10 -
        reverse or modify a hearing panel’s decision is limited to the five grounds
        listed in Section 33.1(b). Inconsistency with sanctions in similar cases is not
        a listed ground.

Meehan v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility, 584 S.W.3d 403, 416 (Tenn. 2019). Thus, neither
BPR hearing panels nor reviewing trial courts are authorized to base a recommended
sanction on a review of sanctions imposed in comparative cases.

        Overall, this Court “bear[s] ultimate responsibility for enforcing the rules governing
our profession.” Mabry v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility, 458 S.W.3d 900, 903 (Tenn. 2014)
(citing Doe v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility, 104 S.W.3d 465, 470 (Tenn. 2003)).

                                                ANALYSIS

       On appeal, Mr. Beier states the issues in broad terms, such as whether “the hearing
panel’s findings, inferences, conclusions, and decisions were made upon unlawful
procedures.” Under each issue, he offers a fusillade of arguments and sub-issues. We have
carefully considered all of them. In the interest of brevity, in this Opinion, we describe in
a general way the arguments and sub-issues we find to be without merit on their face, and
discuss in more depth the issues that warrant more analysis.

                                Improprieties in Prior Proceedings

       Mr. Beier asserts first that the chancery court substituted its judgment for that of the
hearing panel by making its own findings of fact and conclusions of law beyond those
made by the hearing panel. He lists ten statements by the chancery court as examples. We
address two of them.9

       Mr. Beier disputes the chancery court’s statement, “Neither Mr. Norton nor his
friend, Mr. Barnes, understood the nature of the contingency fee agreement,” by arguing
the hearing panel did not make such a finding. The hearing panel found expressly that Mr.
Norton did not understand the contingency fee agreement. Although it made no express

        9
          Mr. Beier disputes several trial court statements that have no bearing on the issues at hand. In the
Affidavit matter, these include whether Father was Mr. Beier’s neighbor and the trial court’s description of
the petitions to modify the parenting plan. In the Jenkins estate matter, these include whether Mr. Beier
knew of the benefits that necessitated having Mr. Barnes as Mr. Norton’s payee. Mr. Beier also erroneously
asserts that some statements are not supported by the record, such as references to the demand letter from
the new attorney for the Jenkins estate. These arguments have no merit.
                                                   - 11 -
finding as to Mr. Barnes,10 this is of no moment. Mr. Barnes was not Mr. Beier’s client,
nor is Mr. Beier accused of any ethical violation as to Mr. Barnes.

       Mr. Beier also challenges the chancery court’s conclusion that “it was completely
improper to include the value of the real estate when the title to that real property passed
directly to the heirs of Ms. Jenkins by operation of law,” arguing the hearing panel did not
make this finding. In concluding Mr. Beier’s fee was unreasonable, the hearing panel noted
(1) Mr. Beier calculated his fee based in part on the estimated value of real estate owned
by Ms. Jenkins; (2) title to the real estate passed by operation of law directly to her heirs
upon her death; and (3) the only work Mr. Beier did involving the real estate was
preparation of a single administrator’s deed. The chancery court simply connected those
dots. This was no error.

       Mr. Beier next contends his prior disciplinary offenses should not have been
included in the Board’s petition for discipline and its supplemental petition because the
discipline imposed was private. Mr. Beier is mistaken. We have previously made it clear
that such offenses may be considered. See Cohn v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility, 151 S.W.3d
473, 487 (Tenn. 2004) (citing Berke v. Chattanooga Bar Ass’n, 436 S.W.2d 296, 309
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1968)) (“Although private reprimands are indeed intended to be a matter
between the attorney and the Board, ‘former misconduct must remain a part of the
professional record to be considered as part of the evidence of professional fitness or
unfitness.’”). Thus, the Board properly included Mr. Beier’s prior offenses in its petition
and supplemental petition.

                                    Evidence of Rule Violations

       Mr. Beier argues next that the hearing panel’s findings as to rule violations were
either not supported by substantial and material evidence or were otherwise arbitrary and
capricious.

       In “applying the substantial and material evidence test, it is our duty to determine
whether the decision is supported by such relevant evidence as a rational mind might accept
to support a rational conclusion.” Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility v. Allison, 284 S.W.3d 316,
322 (Tenn. 2009) (quoting City of Memphis v. Civil Serv. Comm’n, 216 S.W.3d 311, 316–
17 (Tenn. 2007)) (internal quotations omitted). We look at whether the record contains a
“reasonably sound factual basis” for the hearing panel’s decision. See Hoover v. Bd. of
Prof’l Responsibility, 395 S.W.3d 95, 103 (Tenn. 2012) (quoting Hughes v. Bd. of Prof’l

       10
            However, Mr. Barnes’ testimony suggests he did not understand the fee agreement either.

                                                  - 12 -
Responsibility, 259 S.W.3d 631, 641 (Tenn. 2008)); Civil Serv. Comm’n, 216 S.W.3d at
317 (quoting Jackson Mobilphone Co. v. Tenn. Pub. Serv. Comm’n, 876 S.W.2d 106, 110–
11 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993)). A reasonably sound basis is less than a preponderance of the
evidence but “more than a scintilla or glimmer.” Allison, 284 S.W.3d at 322–23 (quoting
Jones v. Bureau of TennCare, 94 S.W.3d 495, 501 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002)).

       We look at the evidence in the record as to each ethical violation found by the
hearing panel.

                              A.      Rule of Professional Conduct 1.5

       Rule of Professional Conduct 1.5(a) prohibits lawyers from charging unreasonable
fees for their services and specifically prohibits them from entering into agreements for
unreasonable fees. Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 8, RPC 1.5(a). RPC 1.5(c) permits contingency fees,
but they are subject to the subsection (a) prohibition against unreasonable fees. See Tenn.
Sup. Ct. R. 8, RPC 1.5(c), cmt. [3]. Fee agreements must state the method by which the
fee will be determined. Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 8, RPC 1.5(c). After representation is concluded,
attorneys must provide clients with a written statement “stating the outcome of the matter
and, if there is a recovery, showing the remittance to the client and the method of its
determination.” Id.

       In the Jenkins estate matter, the hearing panel concluded the contingency fee Mr.
Beier charged was unreasonable. It cited the agreement for a one-third contingency fee, as
well as inclusion of the value of two parcels of real property in the estate on which the
contingency was calculated, even though they were never part of the Jenkins estate.11 Plus,
the only work Mr. Beier performed regarding the real property was preparation of a single
administrator’s deed. The hearing panel said he collected an overall excessive fee. It also
concluded Mr. Beier did not adequately explain to Mr. Norton how his fee would be
determined.

      Mr. Beier insists the fee was reasonable. He points to Mr. Norton’s testimony that
he, Mr. Norton, did not know what was in the Jenkins estate, the amount of any debts, or
whether the real property had any value beyond the mortgages, claims, and liens. Mr. Beier

        11
           The parcels of real property passed directly to the heirs by operation of law and were not subject
to probate. Tenn. Code Ann. § 31-2-103 (2015) (“The real property of an intestate decedent shall vest
immediately upon death of the decedent in the heirs . . . .”); see also Crook v. Crook, 345 S.W.2d 679, 680
(Tenn. 1961) (“Now, it is fundamental, as stated in Phillips’ Pritchard on Wills, Sec. 31, p. 31, that ‘as a
rule, neither (an executor or administrator) has control of, or can assume the management of, anything but
personal estate, and neither can dispose of real estate, even for the payment of debts, unless that power is
conferred by the will, without instituting legal proceedings and obtaining a decree of a court of competent
jurisdiction for that purpose.’”).
                                                  - 13 -
 claims he risked getting no fee from the estate at all. He maintains that Mr. Norton
 understood and assented to their fee agreement, as evidenced by Mr. Norton’s signature,
 and that the ledger sheets told Mr. Norton what would be owed Mr. Beier and why.

        As Mr. Beier points out, it is undisputed that Mr. Norton agreed to the fee
 arrangement in this case. This fact does not absolve Mr. Beier. Regardless of clients’
 assent, lawyers must refrain from entering into an unreasonable fee agreement in the first
 place. “A lawyer shall not make an agreement for . . . an unreasonable fee or an
 unreasonable amount for expenses.” Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 8, RPC 1.5(a) (emphasis added).12

         The record in this case contains substantial and material evidence to support the
 hearing panel’s conclusion that the fee arrangement between Mr. Beier and Mr. Norton
 was unreasonable. The agreement provided for Mr. Beier’s representation in the Jenkins
 estate in exchange for “33.3% of [the] gross estate.” Mr. Beier said he had never before
 charged a contingency fee in a probate case. In the initial telephone call between Mr. Beier
 and Mr. Norton, as well as in their first meeting, Mr. Norton told Mr. Beier that Ms. Jenkins
 had owned about three different parcels of real property. Reviewing his notes, Mr. Beier
 conceded he “may” have called the Tax Assessor’s office to ascertain the value of those
 properties. This supports the hearing panel’s finding that, during his initial meeting with
 Mr. Norton, Mr. Beier learned of several parcels of property associated with the estate and
 the assessed values of those properties. As noted by the chancery court, Mr. Beier easily
 could have determined whether any of the properties had liens. Ultimately, all of this
 information should have caused him to realize that a fee arrangement for one-third of the
 gross estate would generate a fee that far exceeded the typical probate fee for a similar
 estate in that area.

         12
              As quoted by this Court in White v McBride:

         The fact that an attorney fully informs his client of the contingent fee contract and its
         implications does not validate it. The court in Florida Bar v. Moriber, 314 So. 2d 145, 149
         (Fla. 1975), faced a similar defense and stated “even if we presume that the client were an
         educated, experienced party dealing at arm’s length with Respondent, it is our view that an
         attorney may still be disciplined for overreaching when fees charged are grossly
         disproportionate to the services rendered.” In the instant case even if Mr. White fully
         explained the contingent fee contract to Mr. McGrory, it does not validate the agreement
         in this case. It is quite possible that Mr. McGrory did not fully understand the matter and
         had no idea what other attorneys in the area would charge for similar services to obtain his
         legal share of his wife’s estate, which he would have received by operation of law. The
         duty must therefore be placed on the attorney to deal fairly and in good faith with his clients
         in setting fees.

937 S.W.2d 796, 799 (Tenn. 1996) (quoting the trial court ruling).
                                                    - 14 -
        Mr. Beier’s arguments hearken to those made, and rejected, in White v. McBride,
937 S.W.2d 796 (Tenn. 1996). In White, as in this case, the attorney entered into a one-
third contingency fee arrangement to probate an estate. Id. at 797. The trial court held the
fee arrangement violated the predecessor to RPC 1.5 as an unreasonable fee, in that it was
“grossly disproportionate to the services he rendered.” Id. at 799. The attorney argued the
fee was not unreasonable because, at the time he entered into the contingency-fee contract,
“he had no idea as to the size” of the estate at issue. Id. at 800. This Court rejected that
argument, finding the evidence showed the attorney had information available showing
that the estate was sizeable, so uncertainty as to “the exact value of [the] estate” did “not
justify the one-third percentage.” Id. at 801. The White Court also noted that, “[a]lthough
this estate matter was not without problems, it was, in the scheme of things, not terribly
complicated or novel,” and did not warrant a fee “grossly in excess” of the fee customarily
charged in that area for an estate of that size. Id. The same can be said in this case.

       Mr. Beier maintains he adequately informed Mr. Norton about how his fee would
be calculated, relying in part on ledger sheets provided to Mr. Norton. Mr. Beier describes
the ledger sheets as a “multipage accounting” that “sets out assets received, creditors paid,
2/3 of the assets to [Mr. Norton] and 1/3 to [Mr.] Beier[,] totals the assets and itemizes
every payment[, and] sets out the funds received in the Bank account and itemizes every
check.” He asserts the ledger sheets “show[] the cash received and the money to be paid.”

       The hearing panel reviewed the collection of handwritten ledger sheets prepared by
Mr. Beier “to keep [Mr. Norton] abreast of the status of his funds, of the value of his assets,
[and] the distributions” and concluded they were unsuitable to communicate to Mr. Norton
what he would pay and how that amount would be calculated. We agree. From our review,
the ledger sheets more closely resemble personal notes than any sort of clarifying
communication.

       Overall, the comments of this Court in White v. McBride are applicable to Mr.
Beier’s fee arrangement with Mr. Norton. The record contains substantial and material
evidence supporting the hearing panel’s conclusion that “the fee sought to be charged was
clearly excessive.” Id.

                          B.     Rule of Professional Conduct 3.3

       In relevant part, Rule of Professional Conduct 3.3 states:

              (a) A lawyer shall not knowingly:

              (1) make a false statement of fact or law to a tribunal; or
                    ...
                                            - 15 -
                 (3) in an ex parte proceeding, fail to inform the tribunal of all material
                 facts known to the lawyer that will enable the tribunal to make an
                 informed decision, whether or not the facts are adverse.

Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 8, RPC 3.3(a).

        The hearing panel in this case concluded Mr. Beier violated Rule 3.3(a)(1) in the
Affidavit matter and also in the Jenkins estate matter. In the Affidavit matter, it found Mr.
Beier knowingly made false statements of fact when he signed Grandmother’s name to the
Affidavit and filed it without disclosing he had done so. In the Jenkins estate matter, it
found Mr. Beier knowingly made a false statement of fact and law by telling the probate
court that Mr. Norton was Ms. Jenkins’s sole heir. Also in the Jenkins estate matter, the
hearing panel concluded Mr. Beier violated Rule 3.3(a)(3) by failing to inform the probate
court about Mr. Norton’s half-cousins. We address the findings in the Affidavit matter
first, and then the findings in the Jenkins estate matter.

       As to the Affidavit matter, Mr. Beier argues the hearing panel ignored the fact that
the information in the Affidavit was true. He characterizes as “uncontradicted” his
assertion that he signed the Affidavit with Grandmother’s permission.

       Mr. Beier’s argument that the statements in the Affidavit were true is beside the
point. The falsity was in Mr. Beier’s representation to the trial court that Grandmother had
signed the Affidavit and thus had sworn to the statements it contained. By notarizing the
signature on the Affidavit, Mr. Beier falsely affirmed that he had witnessed Grandmother
sign the Affidavit. As cited by the hearing panel, “A notary’s acknowledgment says to the
world that the execution of the instrument was carried out according to law.” Beazley v.
Turgeon, 772 S.W.2d 53, 59 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988).

       From our review of the evidence, Mr. Beier’s assertion that it was “uncontradicted”
that he had Grandmother’s permission to sign her name to the Affidavit is, well,
contradicted. Indeed, the statements made by both Grandmother and Mr. Beier were so
inconsistent they led the hearing panel to determine that neither was a credible witness.

       Well after the Affidavit with Mr. Beier’s signature was filed, and after the parenting
arrangement was modified based in part on the Affidavit, Mother’s attorney took
Grandmother’s deposition. The attorney asked Grandmother three times who signed the
Affidavit.13 She did not respond to the question until Mr. Beier interjected that he had

       13
            The following is the relevant excerpt from Grandmother’s deposition:

                                                  - 16 -
“subscribed” her signature. Grandmother then parroted Mr. Beier’s response. The attorney
who took the deposition testified that Grandmother “wasn’t answering the question. I
asked her . . . . And she stared at [the Affidavit] and stared at it and stared at it. I’ve
practiced law nine years[;] that was the longest pause I’d ever experienced in a deposition.
By far. Nothing came close.”

        During that same deposition, Grandmother said she and Father were traveling to
Knoxville to take Daughter to see Dr. Diana McCoy when Mr. Beier asked them to come
in and sign their affidavits. Father went in to sign his affidavit but, Grandmother explained,
she did not because Daughter “was asleep in the car so [Mr. Beier] asked me if he could
sign my name and I said, yes. So that’s the reason I did not go in.” The Affidavit indicates
on its face that Mr. Beier signed and notarized it on August 26, 2015; Mr. Beier affirmed
the date in his testimony. Dr. McCoy’s affidavit says she met with Father that day, but it
says she did not meet with Daughter until the following day, August 27, 2015.

       In her testimony to the hearing panel, Grandmother said she went with Father to
Knoxville, for his first visit with Dr. McCoy, after Father went by Mr. Beier’s office to
sign his affidavit. In contrast to her deposition testimony, Grandmother told the hearing
panel she did not sign her affidavit because she had “just forgotten” about it. During the
Knoxville trip, according to Grandmother’s hearing panel testimony, Mr. Beier contacted
them and she gave him permission to sign the Affidavit.

              Q. . . . is that your signature at the bottom of the [Affidavit]? Not at the very
       bottom but toward the bottom?

               [Grandmother], is that your signature at the bottom of the document? I’m going to
       ask you one more time for the record and please respond to my question. Is that your
       signature at the bottom of the document?

               MR. BEIER: That’s where I subscribed your signature, right there.

               A. Uh-huh. Yeah. He subscribed my signature.

               Q. My question is, is this your signature toward the bottom of . . [.] Don’t speak,
       Mr. Lawyer. Above where it says [Grandmother] there’s a blank and then there’s a
       signature that says “[Grandmother’s name,]”[] is that your signature?

               A. He subscribed my signature.

               Q. [Grandmother], this is not a hard question. Is that . . [.]

               A, No. That is not my . . [.] No. That is not my signature.
                                                  - 17 -
       Contradicting both versions of Grandmother’s testimony, Mr. Beier testified to the
hearing panel that he called Grandmother and told her she needed to come to his office and
sign the Affidavit because he was about to leave town. According to Mr. Beier,
Grandmother said health problems prevented her from coming to his office so she asked
Mr. Beier to sign for her instead.

       Even apart from the numerous contradictions, none of this evidence explains Mr.
Beier’s decision not to inform the trial court in the parenting proceeding that he had signed
Grandmother’s name to the Affidavit and had notarized the signature as Grandmother’s
signature. Taken together, this amounts to substantial and material evidence to support the
hearing panel’s conclusion that Mr. Beier knowingly made false statements in violation of
Rule 3.3(a)(1).

       As to the Jenkins estate matter, Mr. Beier argues he did not “knowingly” or
“intentionally” mislead the probate court by failing to disclose Mr. Norton’s cousins.
Instead, out of negligent ignorance of the law, he mistakenly did not equate the inheritance
rights of half-siblings with those of full siblings.14

        The hearing panel determined that Mr. Beier acted knowingly when he initially
claimed Mr. Norton was the sole heir, when he failed to correct himself after the mother of
Mr. Norton’s cousins contacted him, and when he failed to inform the probate court of
those cousins. Mr. Beier has practiced law since 1977; he has done probate work ever
since he began. He said he “probably open[s] two estates a month.” Tennessee Code
Annotated § 31-2-107, titled “Relatives of the half blood,” is concise and clear: “Relatives
of the half blood inherit the same share they would inherit if they were of the whole blood.”

       Despite this, Mr. Beier maintains he was unaware of section 31-2-107 and his
research only led him to Tennessee Code Annotated § 31-2-104, on intestate succession
for an estate.15 Put simply, the hearing panel did not believe Mr. Beier’s claim of

        14
            In support, Mr. Beier cites Office of Disciplinary Counsel v. McKinney, 668 S.W.2d 293 (Tenn.
1984), for the proposition that malpractice is not an appropriate basis for disciplinary proceedings.
Respectfully, Mr. Beier overstates the holding in McKinney and overlooks the fact that McKinney is
distinguishable because there was no evidence of intentional misconduct. In McKinney, the Court found
that the trial court had placed undue weight on a malpractice jury verdict against the attorney. McKinney,
668 S.W.2d at 298. The Court held that “the record supports the conclusions reached by the Hearing Panel
that McKinney was ‘grossly negligent in regard to those matters . . . [but did not commit] intentional
misconduct.’” McKinney, 668 S.W.2d at 299. The McKinney Court reversed the trial court’s punishment;
the Court reinstated the panel’s imposition of a public censure. Id.; see also Sneed v. Bd. of Prof’l
Responsibility, 37 S.W.3d 886, 891 (Tenn. 2000) (concluding that the Board had the authority to discipline
attorneys for negligent conduct).
        15
             This statute sets forth intestate succession for an estate. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 31-2-104.
                                                    - 18 -
ignorance. There is ample evidence to support this conclusion. In his deposition prior to
the hearing, Mr. Beier indicated he learned on September 16, 2013, during his first meeting
with Mr. Norton, that Ms. Jenkins had a deceased half-brother whose children were alive.
Mr. Beier filed the petition asking the court to appoint Mr. Norton as administrator of the
Jenkins estate—in which he professed Mr. Norton was his aunt’s sole heir—two days later.
During his testimony to the hearing panel, Mr. Beier equivocated that he was “not exactly
sure” when he learned of Mr. Norton’s half-cousins. Regardless, it is undisputed that Mr.
Beier was told about the half-cousins a week later, when he received a telephone call from
their mother, Nancy James. Eleven months later, still acting ex parte, Mr. Beier asked the
court to close the Jenkins estate, with no detailed accounting, based on his assertion that
Mr. Norton was the sole heir. The court closed the estate on that basis.

       At no point did Mr. Beier inform the probate court of the existence of the James
descendants. The omission of this information paved the way for Mr. Beier to collect an
outsized fee without court oversight.

       We find substantial and material evidence in the record to support the hearing
panel’s conclusion that Mr. Beier made a false statement to the probate court during ex
parte proceedings, in violation of RPC 3.3(a)(1) and (3).

                             C.       Rule of Professional Conduct 8.4

        We next address the violations of Rule 8.4. In pertinent part, it provides:

        It is professional misconduct for a lawyer to:

              (a) violate or attempt to violate the Rules of Professional Conduct,
        knowingly assist or induce another to do so, or do so through the acts of
        another; [or]
              ...
              (c) engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or
        misrepresentation . . . .

Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 8, RPC 8.4. The hearing panel found Mr. Beier separately violated Rule
8.4(c) by representing that Grandmother had signed the Affidavit,16 by taking advantage of
Mr. Norton’s disability to collect an unreasonable fee, and by failing to include the James
descendants as heirs to Ms. Jenkins’s estate in order to collect his unreasonable fee. The

        16
          Mr. Beier contests the hearing panel’s conclusion that his misconduct in the Affidavit matter also
violated RPC 8.4(a) and (c). His arguments essentially repeat those we have already addressed above.
                                                  - 19 -
hearing panel concluded that each violation also constituted professional misconduct under
Rule 8.4(a).

       As to this violation in the Jenkins estate matter, Mr. Beier argues the record is bereft
of any proof supporting the Board’s allegations that Mr. Norton suffered from “low
cognitive functioning,” “severe anxiety disorder,” “diminished mental capacity,” and was
otherwise “not capable of understanding.”17 Mr. Beier takes issue with the hearing panel’s
conclusion that he took advantage of Mr. Norton.

        The hearing panel found:

        29.    Mr. Norton, age 62 years, has received Social Security Supplemental
        Income (SSI) benefits from the Department of Veteran Affairs as the
        “helpless child of a veteran”18 all his adult life as the result of his “nerves.”
        For his SSI benefits, the Social Security Administration required that he have
        a representative payee. Mr. Beier knew of Mr. Norton’s disability.

        30.   At the time of Ms. Jenkins’ death, and the probate of her estate, Paul
        Barnes was Mr. Norton’s representative payee.

        31.  Mr. Barnes described Mr. Norton has a “trusting man” who needed
        someone to help him with his affairs.

        32.    On September 16, 2013, Mr. Norton and Mr. Barnes met with Mr.
        Beier concerning Mr. Beier’s possible representation of Mr. Norton in the
        probate of Ms. Jenkins’ estate.
        ....

        39.    Mr. Beier took advantage of Mr. Norton’s disability in order to obtain
        his agreement to the one-third fee.

        17
           Mr. Beier also reiterates that Mr. Norton signed the documents on his contingency fee and thus
agreed to the fee. We have already addressed that argument above. We note that Mr. Beier concedes that
he was not accused of violating RPC 1.14, which sets forth attorneys’ responsibilities concerning clients
with diminished mental capacity. See Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 8, RPC 1.14. Thus, it was not necessary for the
hearing panel to find that Mr. Norton has diminished capacity.
        18
          The hearing panel explained here, citing 38 U.S.C. §§ 101(4)(A), 1542 and 38 C.F.R. 3.356, that
“Children of veterans of a period of war may receive compensation from the VA, and that compensation
may continue into adulthood if the child is ‘permanently incapable of self-support’ prior to age 18.”
                                                 - 20 -
       The hearing panel’s findings are well supported in the record. As discussed above,
there is substantial and material evidence in the record to support the hearing panel’s
finding that Mr. Beier did not sufficiently communicate to Mr. Norton how his fee would
be determined and that Mr. Norton did not understand the arrangement to which he had
agreed. The record also supports the hearing panel’s finding that Mr. Beier exploited Mr.
Norton’s disability. The evidence showed that Mr. Norton receives government benefits
because of his disability and that Mr. Barnes, who accompanied Mr. Norton to meet with
Mr. Beier, is the designated payee for them. Discussing his disability, Mr. Norton testified:
“Well, one, I have problems remembering things, and then not only that, I’ve had bad
problems with my nerves about all my life.” Mr. Barnes described Mr. Norton as a trusting
man who needs help with his affairs. In his testimony, Mr. Beier admitted he was made
aware during his first meeting with Mr. Norton and Mr. Barnes that Mr. Norton needed a
payee to receive benefits related to a nervous condition. Considered together, all of this
constitutes substantial and material evidence to support the hearing panel’s conclusions as
to violations of Rule 8.4(a) and (c) in the Jenkins estate matter.

       Mr. Beier protests the hearing panel’s finding that the same conduct subject to the
rule violations discussed above also violated Rule 8.4. He contends this finding amounts
to repeat charges levied in order to justify enhanced punishment. He asserts this practice
contributes to inconsistent discipline of attorneys.

       We make short work of this argument. To be sure, there is some overlap in the
ethics rules. Knowing false statements to a tribunal that violate RPC 3.3(a)(1) may also
constitute “conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation” under RPC
8.4(c). Rather than revealing flaws in the ethics rules or disciplinary practices, this reflects
the seriousness of the misconduct. There is no overreach in finding that Mr. Beier’s
conduct violated more than one rule.

                            Propriety of the Sanction Imposed

       Mr. Beier argues that the sanction imposed should be, at most, public censure. The
Board asks the Court to affirm the discipline imposed by the chancery court, a two-year
active suspension.

       Having concluded that the hearing panel properly determined Mr. Beier violated
Rules 1.5, 3.3, and 8.4, to evaluate whether the discipline is appropriate, we first consider
whether the hearing panel applied the appropriate ABA Standards for Imposing Lawyer
Sanctions in identifying a baseline sanction for Mr. Beier’s conduct. After that, we look at
the aggravating and mitigating factors in this case. Then we consider the sanction and
comparative cases.

                                            - 21 -
                              A. ABA Standards for Baseline Sanction

       The hearing panel found that the appropriate ABA standards for consideration were
5.13 (reprimand), 6.12 (suspension), and 7.2 (suspension). It determined that Mr. Beier’s
license to practice law should be “suspended for a period of two (2) years pursuant to
Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 9, § 12.2. Pursuant to Rule 9, § 14.1, all but three (3)
months of the suspension are deferred with Mr. Beier to be subject to probation for the
remainder of his suspension.” The chancery court, however, concluded that the baseline
sanction should be disbarment pursuant to ABA Standard 7.1.

       For Mr. Beier’s violations arising out of the Affidavit matter, we agree with the
hearing panel that ABA Standards 5.13,19 6.12,20 and 7.221 are applicable. While Mr.
Beier’s actions amounted to dishonesty, there was no apparent motive of personal profit.
But the rule violations arising out of the Jenkins estate are another matter. As to those
more serious violations, we agree with the chancery court that, under ABA Standard 7.1,
disbarment must also be considered as an appropriate baseline sanction. Standard 7.1
provides:

        Disbarment is generally appropriate when a lawyer knowingly engages in
        conduct that is a violation of a duty owed as a professional with the intent to
        obtain a benefit for the lawyer or another, and causes serious or potentially
        serious injury to a client, the public, or the legal system.

Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions § 7.1. We agree that, based on the rule violations
committed, all of the above ABA Standards are applicable. Therefore, before consideration
of any aggravating or mitigating factors, the ABA Standards establish a baseline sanction
of suspension or even possibly disbarment.

                               B. Aggravating and Mitigating Factors

        19
           “Reprimand is generally appropriate when a lawyer knowingly engages in any other conduct that
involves dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation and that adversely reflects on the lawyer’s fitness
to practice law.” Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions § 5.13.
        20
           “Suspension is generally appropriate when a lawyer knows that false statements or documents
are being submitted to the court or that material information is improperly being withheld, and takes no
remedial action, and causes injury or potential injury to a party to the legal proceeding, or causes an adverse
or potentially adverse effect on the legal proceeding.” Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions § 6.12.
        21
           “Suspension is generally appropriate when a lawyer knowingly engages in conduct that is a
violation of a duty owed as a professional and causes injury or potential injury to a client, the public, or the
legal system.” Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions § 7.2.
                                                    - 22 -
       Mr. Beier next objects that the hearing panel’s conclusions regarding aggravating
and mitigating factors are arbitrary and capricious. The hearing panel found applicable the
following aggravating factors: (1) dishonest or selfish motive, (2) multiple offenses, (3)
refusal to acknowledge wrongful nature of conduct (4) vulnerability of victim, and (5)
substantial experience in the practice of law. It found no mitigating factors applicable.

        First, we consider the aggravating factors. Mr. Beier says there is “no argument” to
support a finding of dishonest or selfish motive as to the Affidavit matter, and reprises his
earlier arguments that the fee in the Jenkins estate matter was neither selfish nor dishonest.
We disagree. We have already held there is substantial and material evidence to support
the hearing panel’s finding that Mr. Beier made a false statement by signing Grandmother’s
name to the Affidavit, notarizing the signature, and filing the Affidavit without disclosing
that he signed it. We have also held that there is substantial and material evidence to
support the hearing panel’s finding that Mr. Beier (1) exploited Mr. Norton’s disability; (2)
misrepresented to the probate court that Mr. Norton was Ms. Jenkins’s sole heir; and (3)
refrained from disclosing Mr. Norton’s half-cousins to the probate court, all in order to
facilitate his receipt of an unreasonable fee without court oversight. This evidence fully
supports application of the “dishonest or selfish motive” aggravating factor.

       Next, Mr. Beier argues that the hearing panel misapplied the multiple offenses
aggravating factor. Citing Board of Professional Responsibility v. Daniel, 549 S.W.3d 90
(Tenn. 2018), he argues that this aggravating factor “is generally understood to mean same
or similar offenses as a pattern of conduct” and it is inapplicable here because his violations
were separate and isolated.

        As pointed out in Daniel, courts have at times conflated “multiple offenses” with “a
pattern of misconduct.” Id. at 103 n.11 (acknowledging a “lack of precision” in analyzing
“multiple offenses” versus “pattern of misconduct”). It appears Mr. Beier does the same.
The hearing panel in this case specifically concluded that the record did not support a
conclusion that Mr. Beier engaged in a pattern of misconduct. Rather, it found that the
“multiple offenses” factor applied because Mr. Beier committed more than one violation
of the rules. We see no error in applying this aggravating factor.

        Mr. Beier contends that the hearing panel erred in applying the aggravating factor
that he refuses to acknowledge the wrongful nature of his conduct. He again cites Daniel
for the proposition that “the mounting of a defense, without more, should not be applied as
an aggravating factor.” Id. at 104.

       In applying this aggravating factor, the hearing panel emphasized that Mr. Beier
refuses to acknowledge that signing Grandmother’s name to the Affidavit, notarizing the
signature, and filing it without disclosing his actions amounts to a false representation to
                                            - 23 -
the court. It also noted that Mr. Beier refused to acknowledge that his assertion to the
probate court that Mr. Norton was Ms. Jenkins’s sole heir was false, that the contingency
fee agreement for the Jenkins estate was unreasonable, or that his fee in that matter was
exorbitant. Mr. Beier continues these positions in this appeal. Attorneys often offer
defenses while also acknowledging their conduct was wrong. Mr. Beier does not. In this
case, much of Mr. Beier’s defense is essentially insistence that his conduct was not wrong.
Under these circumstances, we find no error in the hearing panel’s application of the
aggravating factor that he refuses to acknowledge the wrongful nature of his conduct.

       Mr. Beier next disputes the hearing panel’s conclusion that Mr. Norton was a
vulnerable victim. In making this determination, there need not be a finding that the victim
has diminished capacity; rather, the hearing panel may look at the victim’s overall
circumstances. See, e.g., Maddux v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility, 288 S.W.3d 340, 349
(Tenn. 2009) (elderly couple with one spouse suffering from a physical handicap
constituted vulnerable victims). The same substantial and material evidence supporting
the hearing panel’s finding that Mr. Beier took advantage of Mr. Norton’s disability also
supports its decision to apply the aggravating factor regarding the vulnerability of the
victim. We find no error in the hearing panel’s application of this factor.

       Finally, Mr. Beier challenges the consideration of his substantial experience in the
practice of law as an aggravating factor rather than a mitigating factor because, he says, he
maintained “40 years of practice without any significant disciplinary actions.”
Respectfully, absence of a disciplinary record is a separate consideration. This aggravating
factor underscores that, with his years of experience, Mr. Beier should have known better.
See Skouteris v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility, 430 S.W.3d 359, 371 (Tenn. 2014) (“Mr.
Skouteris also argues that his punishment should be reduced in light of his twenty-four-
year law career. Under the ABA Standards, however, substantial experience in the practice
of law is an aggravating factor, not a mitigating factor. ABA Standard 9.22(i).”).

       Mr. Beier also argues that the hearing panel erred by concluding there were no
mitigating factors in this case. He contends that the hearing panel ignored (1) his self-
reports, (2) his complete restitution of fee in the Jenkins estate matter, (3) the fact that no
harm occurred in either case, (4) his full cooperation with the investigation, (5) his lack of
significant prior disciplinary action, and (6) the fact that the violations were isolated
instances of misconduct.

       The hearing panel specifically addressed Mr. Beier’s first two arguments, pointing
out that his self-reports and restitution were not mitigating factors because (1) Mr. Beier
reported his misconduct only under the threat of report by other counsel, and (2) he only
returned his fee in the Jenkins estate matter after Mr. Norton’s new attorney demanded that
he do so. See Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions, § 9.4(a) (amended 1992) (listing
                                            - 24 -
“forced or compelled restitution” under “Factors which are neither aggravating nor
mitigating”). We agree.

        As for lack of harm, in the Jenkins estate matter, harm was averted only because
Mr. Beier’s misconduct was caught in time to reopen the estate and avoid disinheritance of
the rest of Ms. Jenkins’s heirs. We also agree with the hearing panel that Mr. Beier cannot
be said to have fully cooperated with the investigation when his testimony was deemed not
credible and to this day he has not acknowledged the wrongfulness of his conduct.

       We agree with Mr. Beier that, under the ABA Standards, the absence of a prior
disciplinary record is a mitigating factor. See Standards for Imposing Laywer Sanctions,
§ 9.32(a). Unfortunately, Mr. Beier has a prior disciplinary record. The fact that his prior
disciplinary actions were private doesn’t mean they don’t exist. In addition, the fact that
there was not a pattern of misconduct is not a mitigating factor, it is only a reason not to
apply the “pattern of misconduct” aggravating factor. See Standards for Imposing Lawyer
Sanctions, § 9.22(c).

       In sum, the hearing panel’s findings as to Mr. Beier’s violations of the Rules of
Professional Conduct and its application of the pertinent aggravating and mitigating factors
are supported by substantial and material evidence in light of the entire record.

                         C. Propriety of Sanction and Uniformity Analysis

        As outlined above, the hearing panel imposed a two-year suspension with all but
three months deferred, subject to probation. This discipline was based on ABA Standards
that did not include disbarment as an appropriate baseline sanction. After finding that ABA
Standard 7.1 on disbarment was an appropriate baseline sanction, the chancery court found
the hearing panel had abused its discretion in imposing only three months’ active
suspension, and went on to impose a two-year active suspension.22

       A hearing panel abuses its discretion only when it “applies an incorrect legal
standard, or reaches a decision which is against logic or reasoning that causes an injustice
to the party complaining.” Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility v. MacDonald, 595 S.W.3d 170,

       22
            The chancery court stated in its Conclusion:

       [G]iven the aggravating factors of dishonest or selfish motive, of multiple offenses, of his
       refusal to acknowledge the wrongful nature of his conduct, of his taking advantage of Mr.
       Norton, and his over forty years of experience, with no mitigating factors, the Court finds
       the Panel’s imposition of suspension for two years, with all but three months deferred,
       amounts to abuse of discretion.

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182 (Tenn. 2020) (quoting Sallee v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility, 469 S.W.3d 18, 42 (Tenn.
2015)) (alterations in original omitted). As noted above, we agree with the chancery court
that ABA Standard 7.1 on disbarment is applicable. The hearing panel failed to consider
disbarment as an applicable baseline sanction. Under these circumstances, we agree with
the chancery court that the hearing panel abused its discretion. Given that the ABA
Standards established a baseline sanction of either suspension or disbarment, the above
aggravating factors and the absence of any mitigating factors point to a substantial
suspension, one that exceeds three months active suspension. We agree with the chancery
court’s observation that a more substantial sanction is needed in order to “underscore the
seriousness of the violations by Mr. Beier, protect the public from similar misconduct by
members of the bar, and preserve the confidence of the public in the integrity and
trustworthiness of lawyers in general.”23 Specifically, we agree with both the chancery
court and the Board that, under the circumstances of this case, a two-year suspension to be
served fully on active suspension is the appropriate sanction.

        In arguing for a two-year suspension, the Board compares Mr. Beier’s conduct to
the violations in Board of Professional Responsibility v. Justice, 577 S.W.3d 908 (Tenn.
2019). In Justice, we affirmed the sanction of disbarment where the attorney violated RPC
1.5(a), 3.4(b), 8.4(a), and 8.4(c)—and twice violated RPC 3.3(a)(1). Id. at 921–22, 933.
In that case, six aggravating factors and two mitigating factors were found applicable. Id.
at 922. Despite the sanction handed down in Justice, however, the Board asks the Court to
affirm the chancery court’s imposition of a two-year active suspension.

       We agree. From our review of prior cases, disbarment is typically reserved for cases
that involve a pattern of misconduct or even more serious rule violations than those
committed by Mr. Beier. For example, in Skouteris, the attorney effectively converted the
funds of six clients and demonstrated a troubling pattern of misconduct prior to those
violations. Skouteris, 430 S.W.3d at 362–66, 367 n.4. In Meehan, we reinstated the
hearing panel’s initial decision to disbar an attorney convicted of bank fraud. Meehan, 584
S.W.3d at 414, 418. In Hoover, the attorney knowingly failed to perform services for his
        23
            The chancery court based its conclusion on the appropriate sanction in part on a comparative
analysis, that is, a review of similar cases to determine the appropriate sanction. As noted above, this Court
recently held that, while hearing panels and trial courts must consider the applicable provisions of the ABA
Standards to determine the appropriate sanction in a particular case, “[t]here is no authority under Rule 9
for a hearing panel to base its recommended sanction on a review of sanctions imposed in similar cases.”
Meehan, 584 S.W.3d at 416 (citing Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 9, § 15.4(a)). Moreover, “a trial court’s authority to
reverse or modify a hearing panel’s decision is limited to the five grounds listed in Section 33.1(b).
Inconsistency with sanctions in similar cases is not a listed ground.” Id. Thus, reviewing trial courts are
not authorized to base a recommended sanction on a review of sanctions imposed in comparative cases.
Our opinion in Meehan, however, was issued after the chancery court’s decision in this case, so the chancery
court could not have been aware of it when the ruling was made.

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clients and violated his professional duties on multiple occasions. The numerous
aggravating factors included substantial experience practicing law, multiple offenses, a
pattern of misconduct, failure to acknowledge wrongdoing, and incompetence. Hoover,
395 S.W.3d at 107. Even in Justice, despite the similarity of the attorney’s offenses and
aggravating factors to Mr. Beier’s situation, the attorney demonstrated a pattern of
misconduct. Justice, 577 S.W.3d at 932.

       We agree with the chancery court’s observation that this case may fairly be
compared to Milligan v. Board of Professional Responsibility, 166 S.W.3d 665, 674 (Tenn.
2005), and Napolitano v. Board of Professional Responsibility, 535 S.W.3d 481 (Tenn.
2017). In Milligan, the attorney settled a case without the client’s authority; forged
signatures on the settlement check and the release document; got an employee to falsely
notarize, after the fact, the forged signatures; deposited all of the settlement funds into his
personal account; and procured false affidavits to conceal his misconduct. Milligan, 166
S.W.3d at 669. The Court imposed a two-year suspension from the practice of law. Id. at
674. In Napolitano, the Court affirmed a five-year suspension for an attorney who had
previously served a five-year suspension, lied under oath, and committed misconduct
involving a client’s property. Napolitano, 535 S.W.3d at 484–87.

       In this case, in the Affidavit matter, Mr. Beier signed Grandmother’s name, falsely
notarized the signature, and neither he nor Grandmother offered credible testimony on how
the signature came about.           The Jenkins estate matter did not include actual
misappropriation of client funds, as in Milligan. However, the circumstances under which
Mr. Beier obtained an unreasonable fee are equivalent. To obtain the extravagant fee, Mr.
Beier took advantage of Mr. Norton as a vulnerable victim, misrepresented to the probate
court that Mr. Norton was Ms. Jenkins’s sole heir, failed to disclose to the court the
existence of the other heirs, and then persuaded the probate court to close the estate without
a detailed accounting in order to avoid judicial scrutiny of the fee. We agree with the
hearing panel that there are no mitigating factors and several aggravating factors, including
dishonest or selfish motive, multiple offenses, a vulnerable victim, and over 40 years’
experience in the practice of law. On top of that, Mr. Beier refuses to acknowledge the
wrongfulness of his conduct.

       For all of these reasons, we agree with the Board and affirm the chancery court’s
decision to impose a two-year suspension, all to be served as active suspension.

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                                       CONCLUSION

        Accordingly, based on the severity of Mr. Beier’s violations, the applicable
aggravating circumstances, the relevant caselaw, and the entire record, we conclude that a
two-year suspension from the practice of law, all to be served as active suspension, is
appropriate. It is further ordered that Mr. Beier shall comply in all respects with Tennessee
Supreme Court Rule 9, specifically with regard to the obligations and responsibilities of
suspended attorneys. Costs of this appeal are taxed to Mr. Beier, for which execution may
issue if necessary.

                                                    _________________________________
                                                    HOLLY KIRBY, JUSTICE

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