Court Opinion

ID: 3188140
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-03-23 18:10:09.519074+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:47:51.495513
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/23/16 In re A.C. CA2/8
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION EIGHT

In re A.C., A Person Coming Under the                                B266597
Juvenile Court Law.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY                                                   (Los Angeles County
DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND                                           Super. Ct. No. CK80358)
FAMILY SERVICES,

         Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.

W.R. et al.,

         Defendants and Appellants.

         APPEALS from orders of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Philip L.
Soto, Judge. Affirmed.
         Marissa Coffey, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant W.R.
         Lisa A. Raneri, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant R.C.
         Mary C. Wickham, County Counsel, R. Keith Davis, Acting Assistant County
Counsel, and Tyson B. Nelson, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

                                                    ********
       In July 2013, then 18-month-old A.C. was removed from mother W.R. due to
mother’s substance abuse. For over two years, A.C. remained a dependent while mother
attempted, without success, to address her substance abuse problem. Mother visited A.C.
regularly, but he was never returned to her, and her visitation never progressed beyond
monitored visitation. For nearly the entire dependency, A.C. was placed in a foster home
where he thrived, with foster parents who were committed to adopting him. Two years
into the dependency, mother made a Welfare and Institutions Code section 3881 petition,
seeking placement of A.C. with paternal aunt, P.L. The juvenile court ordered the Los
Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services (Department) to investigate
placement with paternal aunt. However, after the investigation was concluded, the
juvenile court determined it was not in A.C.’s best interests to be removed from the foster
home where he was thriving. Following a contested section 366.26 hearing, mother’s and
father’s parental rights were terminated. Mother appeals these orders, and father R.C.
appeals the decision denying placement with paternal aunt. We affirm.
                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       In May 2013, the Department received a general neglect referral for A.C., based
on mother’s use of marijuana in A.C.’s presence. The Department social worker
interviewed mother on June 4, 2013. Mother admitted to smoking marijuana while A.C.
napped. She also admitted to using methamphetamines with father. Father was
incarcerated, and had only “random visits” with A.C. The Department’s search of an
“inmate locater” website revealed that father was housed in Wasco state prison. Mother
agreed to submit to an on demand drug test on June 5, 2013.
       Mother did not appear for her on demand drug test. The test was rescheduled for
June 13, 2013, but mother missed this test, and social workers were unable to reach her
by phone. On June 27, 2013, the social worker contacted the building manager for
mother’s apartment, and learned that mother had not paid rent and had “disappear[ed].”

1      All statutory citations are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.

                                             2
The social worker was given access to the apartment, and confirmed that most of
mother’s and A.C.’s belongings had been removed.
       Because mother fled during the Department’s investigation, the Department
obtained a protective custody warrant for A.C. and a no bail arrest warrant for mother.
The Department also filed a petition under section 300, subdivision (b) based on mother’s
substance abuse. Mother and A.C. did not appear at the July 3, 2013 detention hearing,
and A.C. was ordered detained.
       Mother had not been located as of the August 12, 2013 jurisdiction and disposition
report. The report included additional information about father. He had been sentenced
in 2012 to a six-year prison term for burglary. On July 25, 2013, a Department social
worker contacted the “litigation coordinator” at father’s prison, and was informed that
father “is housed in the reception center and he is not able to talk on the telephone.”
Father had not been assigned to a facility because of several infractions that prevented
him from being “clea[r]ed by the disciplinary committee.” A copy of the petition and
notice of the hearing on the petition were sent to father at Wasco State Prison on July 29,
2013. Father signed a waiver of his right to appear at the jurisdictional hearing.
       Mother appeared at the August 12, 2013 jurisdictional hearing. The court recalled
the warrants, found father to be the presumed father, and ordered that mother’s visitation
was to be monitored. The hearing was continued until September 25, 2013. A.C. was
placed in foster care that same day.
       When mother was interviewed on August 15, 2013, she explained that she missed
her drug test because she was arrested for petty theft and was in custody. Mother
admitted to using methamphetamine before she became pregnant, and that she smoked
marijuana daily. She tested positive for marijuana on August 23, 2013.
       The Department’s September 25, 2013 addendum report noted that mother wanted
A.C. to be placed with maternal grandmother, or with an unrelated “extended family
member,” Y.F. Mother visited with A.C. three times a week. The visits were monitored
by A.C.’s foster mother.

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       The continued jurisdictional hearing was held on September 25, 2013. Mother
filed a waiver of rights and pled no contest to the petition. The court ordered mother to
participate in a full drug and alcohol program with aftercare, random or on demand drug
testing, an NA step program and sponsor, parenting classes, and individual counseling to
address case issues. Her visitation was to remain monitored, but the Department had
discretion to liberalize the visits. The court bypassed reunification services for father
under section 361.5, subdivision (e), based on his lengthy prison term.
       According to the September 19, 2013 Multidisciplinary Assessment Team
findings, A.C. remained placed with the same foster family, Mr. and Mrs. P., and he was
“doing very well there.” The foster home was “loving” and provided A.C. with “a
stimulating and nurturing environment.” Mother had been consistent with her visits and
was “very loving and nurturing.” Mother got along well with the foster mother during
the visits. A.C.’s foster parents were “willing to keep [A.C.] long term if needed but are
supportive of mother and reunification as well.”
       According to the Department’s March 26, 2014 status review report, mother had
enrolled in a program with El Proyecto De Barrio in September 2013. However, a
January 3, 2014 progress report revealed that mother was not in compliance with the
group and individual therapy sessions or sponsorship aspects of the program, and had
tested positive for marijuana on November 14 and December 30, 2013. Mother also had
numerous “no shows” for drug tests. Mother was discharged from the program for
having “excessive positive toxicology test results for illicit drugs.”
       On March 6, 2014, mother reported that she enrolled in her second program, Twin
Town Clinical Dependency Outpatient Program.
       The Department’s March report also noted that A.C. had been placed with
maternal great-grandparents on September 25, 2013. However, on September 30, 2013,
mother and maternal great-grandmother asked that A.C. be returned to his original foster
family because “they were not going to be able to work together.” Mother failed to
comply with visitation rules and “continuously engaged in hostile verbal altercations with
maternal great grandparents.” The Department “assessed other relatives to care for

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[A.C.] and unfortunately there are not available appropriate relatives . . . .” A.C. was
returned to Mr. and Mrs. P. on December 4, 2013.
       Mother continued to regularly visit A.C. However, the visits were “poor” because
she had to be counseled not to feed him junk food throughout the entire visit. Mother’s
visits remained supervised by both A.C.’s foster mother and a Department social worker,
so that the Department could “coach” mother during visits about appropriate eating
habits. A.C. was bonded with mother and also had formed a bond with his foster parents.
Mr. and Mrs. P. remained willing to adopt A.C.
       At the March 26, 2014 status review hearing, the court gave the Department
discretion to place A.C. with mother or an appropriate relative. The court found that
mother was only in partial compliance with her case plan.
       As of the September 23, 2014 status review report, A.C. remained with his foster
parents, Mr. and Mrs. P. On May 13, 2014, mother had been discharged from her second
outpatient drug treatment program due to excessive absences and positive drug tests. The
Department referred mother to Tarzana Treatment Center, and she enrolled in an
outpatient program on July 24, 2014. However, her attendance was poor and she did not
submit to random drug testing. She was a “no show” for seven tests between May 2014
and August 2014. Because mother’s housing situation was unstable, the Department
social worker suggested that mother consider sober living or a residential treatment
program, but mother was not interested.
       The Department attempted to assess maternal grandmother as a caregiver for A.C.,
but maternal grandmother did not want A.C. placed with her. A.C. was bonded to
mother, but his bond to his foster mother was “stronger.” He called Mrs. P. “mami” and
asked for her at the end of visits with mother. Mother would excessively hug and kiss
A.C. during visits, and had to be counseled to not give in to every one of A.C.’s demands.
A.C. would tell mother to “leave [him] alone.” Mother was visiting A.C. regularly, but
“rarely demonstrates [an] appropriate parental role and she rarely demonstrates
knowledge about [the] child’s development.” Mother “continuously struggle[d] with
providing structure” during her visits with A.C. Mother also struggled to follow the

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Department’s and foster mother’s directions about giving food to A.C. Mother was
observed to have “poor parenting skills.” A.C. was very respectful of his foster mother,
but hostile with mother. However, A.C. enjoyed his visits with mother.
       A.C. continued to thrive in his foster placement. Mrs. P., a former preschool
teacher, had diligently worked on enhancing A.C.’s vocabulary. Mr. and Mrs. P. had an
approved adoptive home study and remained committed to adopting A.C. if mother failed
to reunify.
       On September 17, 2014, foster mother filed a “caregiver information form” with
the court noting that A.C. would display troubling behaviors after visits with mother,
such as defiance and throwing tantrums when asked to follow simple house rules.
       At the September 23, 2014 status review hearing, the court continued mother’s
reunification services, finding her to be in partial compliance with her program.
       According to the Department’s February 11, 2015 status review report, Tarzana
Treatment Center accepted mother into its inpatient treatment program in September
2014, but mother refused to attend. Mother left the Tarzana Treatment Center program
and enrolled with her fourth program, Via Avante’s inpatient program, on November 13,
2014. However, she was discharged on January 30, 2015, for failing to follow the
program’s rules and for “jumping a gate” and leaving the facility without permission.
Mother was transferred to another inpatient program, FreeHab, which had less structure
and rules.
       Mother had several good visits with A.C. during October and November 2014.
A.C. was very comfortable with mother, but was not upset when the visits ended. Mother
appropriately disciplined A.C. with a time-out during one visit for not following her
instructions. She demonstrated “good knowledge of parenting skills” during these visits.
A.C. told the social worker he enjoyed his visits with mother. Mother had a brief
interruption in her visits with A.C. while living at Via Avante, due to her negative
behaviors in the program. Once her behavior improved, she was allowed to visit with
A.C.

                                             6
       The Department’s visits to A.C.’s foster home showed A.C. to be a very happy
and well-adjusted child. Mrs. P. reaffirmed her commitment to adopting A.C. She
reported that A.C. would often have tantrums after visits with mother.
       The Department recommended termination of mother’s reunification services.
       At the February 20, 2015 permanency review hearing, more than 18 months after
A.C. was detained, the court terminated mother’s reunification services. A section
366.26 hearing was set for June 18, 2015. Father was not present at the hearing, and a
notice of the parents’ writ rights was sent to mother, but not to father.
       On May 28, 2015, counsel made a special appearance on father’s behalf. The
court instructed counsel to “contact father and see if he wants representation” and the
Department was ordered to prepare a jail removal order to secure father’s presence at the
section 366.26 hearing.
       On June 11, 2015, father filed a section 388 petition, contending the court
erroneously found that father had received proper notice of the August 12, 2013
jurisdictional hearing, and that no signed waiver of his appearance had been obtained.
Father asked the court to vacate the jurisdictional findings and to set the matter for
adjudication. The court set the section 388 petition for hearing on July 6, 2015.
       On June 15, 2015, mother filed a section 388 petition asking that A.C. be returned
to her or placed with relatives. She argued that she had completed a 12-week parenting
class, and had stable housing and employment. Her petition also was set for hearing on
July 6, 2015.
       The Department’s section 366.26 report noted that mother generally visited A.C.
regularly. The visits went well, and mother was good at redirecting A.C. when
necessary. However, mother still struggled to set healthy boundaries for A.C., and would
often overfeed A.C. A.C. had become upset when one visit was ending, and was upset
when mother missed a visit due to transportation issues. However, A.C. was also anxious
to see Mrs. P. after visits with mother. Mother would always bring snacks, toys, and
activities to the visits, and A.C. would reach for a snack or toy before greeting mother.

                                              7
       The report noted that Mr. and Mrs. P. “have a close and loving relationship” with
A.C., and that they remained committed to adopting him.
       On April 10, 2015, father signed a “statement regarding appearance at hearing”
indicating that he wanted to be physically present at the section 366.26 hearing, and that
he wanted to be represented by counsel at the hearing. Father also sent a letter to the
Department stating that he did not want to lose his parental rights and did not want his
son to be adopted. He had received “a couple notices that [he] did not fully understand”
from the Department. He expressed that his sister had wanted custody of A.C., but that
mother was against it so A.C. had been placed with maternal relatives. Father had not
participated in court proceedings because he had disassociated from his gang, and was
concerned that he would be assaulted at the Los Angeles County Jail. He did not
understand how serious the case was, and believed that A.C. was still placed with family
members.
       Mother filed a second section 388 petition on June 18, 2015, seeking reinstatement
of reunification services or placement of A.C. with paternal aunt, P.L. Mother stated she
had enrolled in the Cri-Help drug rehabilitation program. The petition was also set for
hearing on July 6, 2015.
       Father was present at the June 18, 2015 section 366.26 hearing. The court
continued the hearing to July 6, 2015, because father’s counsel was just getting involved
in the case, and ordered that father could appear telephonically at the continued hearing.
Both mother and father indicated that they wanted paternal aunt, P.L., to be considered
for placement. When the court asked why she had not been identified earlier, mother said
it was her fault because she was having her “own issues.” Mother regretted not
suggesting paternal aunt sooner. The court agreed that possible relative placements
should be investigated for placement and visitation.
       On July 1, 2015, the Department filed a last minute information for the court.
Paternal aunt and her partner had submitted for a LiveScan, and an inspection of their
home would be completed once the LiveScan results were received. According to the
Department, paternal aunt had been considered for placement at the outset of the case, but

                                             8
mother was “adamant” that A.C. should not be placed with paternal aunt. Mother told the
Department she had no relationship with paternal relatives. According to paternal aunt,
she lost contact with mother after A.C. was placed with maternal relatives because
mother changed her phone number and never reached out to paternal relatives. It had not
occurred to paternal aunt to ask the Department for visitation with A.C. because she
believed mother had reunified with A.C. Paternal aunt would like to start visiting A.C.
and to have him placed with her.
         On July 6, 2015, the Department filed a report in response to mother’s section 388
petitions. The Department contacted Cri-Help, and was told that mother was not enrolled
there.
         At the July 6, 2015 hearing, father appeared by telephone and withdrew his section
388 petition. His counsel made no mention of other notice issues in the case as to father.
The court consolidated mother’s section 388 petitions, as they sought substantially the
same relief. Counsel stipulated that mother would testify that she had enrolled in Cri-
Help and did not know why a Cri-Help representative would have said she was not
enrolled there. Counsel argued that mother had changed her mind about having A.C.
placed with paternal relatives.
         Father’s counsel argued that the Department failed to investigate placement with
paternal relatives, and did not discuss with father the possibility of placing A.C. with his
family. Father read a letter into the record, asking the court to place A.C. with paternal
aunt. According to the letter, paternal aunt had contacted the social worker early in the
case.
         The court granted mother’s section 388 petition in part, and ordered the
Department to evaluate paternal aunt for placement of A.C. The court continued the
section 366.26 hearing until August 31, 2015. The court also granted Mr. and Mrs. P.’s
request for de facto parent status.
         An August 31, 2015 status review report noted that A.C. was thriving in his foster
placement, and that he had a strong bond to his caregivers. A.C. was also bonded with
mother, but his bond with his foster parents was stronger. Paternal aunt had started

                                              9
visiting with A.C., but was unable to form a bond with A.C. because mother was present
at these visits. An ASFA2 inspection of paternal aunt’s home was scheduled for August
28, 2015.
       A.C. viewed his visits with mother as “play time.” A.C. told the social worker he
wanted to stay with his foster parents “for always.” He also reported that he enjoyed
visiting with mother because he “plays and eats.” He was unsure if he wanted to
continue visiting with paternal aunt.
       The Department’s report explained that it had considered relative placements early
in the dependency, but mother’s hostile behavior made such placements unworkable.
Paternal aunt had contacted the Department in October 2013. Mother did not want A.C.
placed with paternal aunt, and when the Department informed paternal aunt of this, she
did not pursue visitation with A.C.
       The Department’s August 31, 2015 last minute information for the court noted that
paternal aunt’s home had been inspected, and that it was found to “meet ASFA
standard[s].” The home was safe and appropriate, with a bedroom already furnished for
A.C.
       The section 366.26 hearing was held on August 31, 2015. The court first
considered the placement issue raised by mother’s section 388 petition. Paternal aunt had
visited with A.C. four or five times, for two hours each visit. Mother testified that she
did not want A.C. placed with paternal aunt in 2013 because of her “own issues” and
because she was “deep in [her] addiction.” Mother even changed her number so paternal
relatives could not contact her. Mother admitted that she had unfairly tried to keep the
paternal relatives away from A.C.
       Father testified at the hearing. He thanked Mr. and Mrs. P. for caring for A.C., but
was concerned that as A.C. got older, he would miss his biological family and feel “lost”

2       The federal Adoptions and Safe Families Act (ASFA) of 1997 has requirements
for the approval of relative caregivers with which California agencies must comply. (See
 [as of
Mar. 23, 2016].)

                                             10
and “confused” if the P.’s were allowed to adopt him. Father’s counsel argued that A.C.
should be placed with family.
       Paternal aunt testified that she contacted the Department in 2013 about having
A.C. placed with her. The social worker informed her that mother did not want A.C.
placed with paternal relatives, but paternal aunt made clear that she was interested in
having A.C. placed with her. The Department social worker told paternal aunt that the
Department was abiding by mother’s wishes, and that there was nothing further paternal
aunt could do. Paternal aunt did not pursue visitation with A.C. because she did not
know she could. She was willing to adopt A.C.
       The court concluded that mother’s conduct prevented paternal relatives from being
considered for placement, and given her disruptive behavior towards her own family
members, the Department had no option but to place A.C. with Mr. and Mrs. P. The
court concluded it was not in A.C.’s best interest to remove him from his home of nearly
two years. The court acknowledged that it was unfair that mother’s conduct prevented
father’s family from proper consideration, but at this point in the proceedings, A.C.’s
needs were paramount. Therefore, the court denied placement with paternal aunt.
       As to the termination of her parental rights, mother argued that the beneficial
relationship exception applied given the positive nature of her visits with A.C. The court
found that mother did not occupy a parental role and was instead a “friendly visitor.”
The court found the exception did not apply, and terminated mother’s and father’s
parental rights. Mother and father timely appealed.
                                      DISCUSSION
       Mother contends the juvenile court erred in terminating her parental rights,
reasoning there was substantial evidence that she maintained regular visitation and shared
a beneficial parent-child relationship with A.C. Alternatively, mother contends the
juvenile court abused its discretion when it denied her section 388 petition to have A.C.
placed with paternal aunt. Father has also appealed, joining mother’s argument that A.C.
should have been placed with paternal aunt. Father acknowledges that he has not
challenged the termination of his parental rights, and that this court may therefore find he

                                             11
lacks standing to challenge the placement order. However, father urges this court to
reach the placement issue on the basis that he “extensively litigated” the issue below, and
that this appeal is his first opportunity to challenge the placement issue because he was
not given a writ advisement following the setting of the section 366.26 hearing.
1.     Termination of Parental Rights
       If the court finds that a child should remain out of the custody of the parent and
has terminated reunification services, the court shall terminate parental rights unless the
court finds that termination would be detrimental to the child. One such circumstance
exists where “[t]he parents have maintained regular visitation and contact with the child
and the child would benefit from continuing the relationship.” (§ 366.26, subd.
(c)(1)(B)(i).) It is the parent’s burden to show that termination of parental rights would
be detrimental. (In re Erik P. (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 395, 401.) “To meet the burden of
proof for the section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)[(B)(i)] exception, the parent must show
more than frequent and loving contact or pleasant visits. [Citation.] . . . [Citation.] The
parent must show he or she occupies a parental role in the child’s life, resulting in a
significant, positive, emotional attachment from child to parent. [Citations.]” (In re
L. Y. L. (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 942, 953-954.) The relationship between the parent and
child must be sufficiently significant that the child would suffer detriment from its
termination. (In re Angel B. (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 454, 468.) The court must balance
the strength and quality of the parent-child relationship against the security and sense of
belonging that a stable family would confer on a child. (In re Zachary G. (1999) 77
Cal.App.4th 799, 811.) “If, on the entire record, there is substantial evidence to support
the findings of the juvenile court, we uphold those findings.” (In re Megan S. (2002) 104
Cal.App.4th 247, 250.)
       Although mother regularly visited A.C, all of her visits were monitored. A.C.
seemed to enjoy his visits with mother, but mother seldom acted like a parent during her
visits with A.C., and A.C. viewed his visits with mother as play time and time to eat, and
was not upset when visits concluded. A.C. had been in foster care for more than half of
his life, and was thriving in his adoptive placement. He displayed troubling behaviors

                                             12
after visiting with mother. Even though A.C. shared a bond with mother, this bond did
not outweigh the benefits A.C. would achieve from the permanency of adoption by foster
parents with whom A.C. shared a much stronger bond. We therefore find no error.
2.     Denial of Placement with Paternal Aunt
       A.     Father’s Standing
       “ ‘For purposes of appellate standing in dependency cases . . . “[t]he parent’s
primary interest in dependency is usually reunification.” ’ ” (In re T.G. (2010) 188
Cal.App.4th 687, 692.) Where the juvenile court has terminated reunification services, a
parent generally lacks standing to raise issues relating to the child’s placement, because
resolution of those issues will have no effect on reunification. (Cesar V. v. Superior
Court (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 1023, 1035; see In re Jayden M. (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th
1452, 1460 [“[o]nce a parent’s reunification services have been terminated, the parent has
no standing to appeal relative placement preference issues”]; see also In re K.C. (2011)
52 Cal.4th 231, 236.)
       An exception to this general rule is that a parent has standing to challenge a
placement order if it could affect the applicability of an exception to termination of
parental rights. (See In re K.C., supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 238; In re A.S. (2012) 205
Cal.App.4th 1332, 1339-1340; In re Esperanza C. (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 1042, 1053-
1054.) Because father’s reunification services were bypassed at the jurisdictional
hearing, which father elected not to attend, and because father does not challenge the
termination of his parental rights on appeal, he has no standing to challenge the
Department’s refusal to place A.C. with paternal aunt. (See In re K.C., supra, at p. 238.)
       Courts have recognized that a parent lacking standing to appeal may nonetheless
achieve “a status loosely akin to that of amicus curiae” if they extensively litigated the
issue to be raised on appeal below. (See In re K.C., supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 239; see also
Cesar V. v. Superior Court, supra, 91 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1030, 1035.) We decline to
extend this status to father. He took no interest in the proceedings until the very end,
expressly declining to participate in the jurisdictional hearing where these issues could

                                             13
have been timely addressed. Although father joined in mother’s eleventh-hour arguments
seeking placement with paternal aunt, he did not extensively litigate the placement issue.
       To the contrary, father withdrew his section 388 petition and did not raise any
issues below that would warrant appellate consideration of his belated arguments
concerning A.C.’s placement. (See, e.g., In re Dakota H. (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 212,
221-222 [failing to raise an issue below forfeits it on appeal].)
       B.     Mother’s Section 388 Petitions
       “The juvenile court may modify an order if a parent shows, by a preponderance of
the evidence, changed circumstances or new evidence and that the modification would
promote the best interests of the child.” (In re Aaliyah R. (2006) 136 Cal.App.4th 437,
446.) The resolution of a section 388 petition is “committed to the sound discretion of
the juvenile court, and the trial court’s ruling should not be disturbed on appeal unless an
abuse of discretion is clearly established.” (In re Stephanie M. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 295,
318.) “ ‘ “The appropriate test for abuse of discretion is whether the trial court exceeded
the bounds of reason. When two or more inferences can reasonably be deduced from the
facts, the reviewing court has no authority to substitute its decision for that of
the trial court.” ’ [Citation.]” (Id. at pp. 318-319.)
       We find no abuse of discretion here. A.C. had been placed with Mr. and Mrs. P.
for more than half of his young life, and was thriving in their care. He was strongly
bonded to them and wanted to live with them for “always.” Paternal aunt was a stranger
to A.C.; she had only visited with him four or five times, and he was unsure whether he
wanted to continue seeing her. When mother filed her section 388 petitions, reunification
services had been terminated, and therefore the statutory preference for placement shifted
to A.C.’s current caretakers rather than his relatives. (§ 366.26, subd. (k).) Moreover,
any previous failure to consider relatives for placement was irrelevant to A.C.’s current
wellbeing. (See § 361.3, subds. (a), (d) [relative placement preference generally only
applies before disposition; it applies after disposition only “whenever a new placement of
the child must be made”; see also In re Angel B. (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 454, 464 [current
circumstances are relevant to resolution of a section 388 petition].)

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                            DISPOSITION
The orders are affirmed.
                                      GRIMES, J.
WE CONCUR:

                    BIGELOW, P. J.

                    FLIER, J.

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