Court Opinion

ID: 218480
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2011-06-09 16:28:55+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:28:36.269690
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                          Tenth Circuit

                                                                           June 9, 2011
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALSElisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                           Clerk of Court
                                     TENTH CIRCUIT

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

           Plaintiff-Appellee,
 v.                                                             No. 10-2191
 RAMON VARELA-CIAS,                                 (D.C. No. 1:10-CR-00420-JAP-1)
                                                               (D. N.M.)
           Defendant-Appellant.

                                  ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before BRISCOE, Chief Judge, EBEL and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.

       Defendant Ramon Varela-Cias (Varela-Cias) appeals the district court’s denial of

his motion to dismiss an information charging him with illegal re-entry after removal in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1326(a). Varela-Cias argues that he cannot be charged with

illegal re-entry because his initial removal from the United States in 2001 was unlawful.

An alien may collaterally attack the validity of a deportation order only if all three

requirements set forth in 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d) are met. As we conclude Varela-Cias’s

deportation proceedings did not improperly deprive him of his opportunity for judicial

review [8 U.S.C. § 1326(d)(2)], we exercise our jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §

       *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
1291, and affirm.

                                            I

                                  Factual Background

      In 1990, Varela-Cias, who had been living in the United States with his wife and

children since 1979, became a lawful permanent resident of the United States as a

seasonal agricultural worker. In December 2000, Varela-Cias was convicted of driving

under the influence in Bingham County, Idaho. See Idaho Code Ann. § 18-8004(1)(a).

Because this was his third DUI conviction, the offense was considered a felony under

Idaho law. See id. Varela-Cias was sentenced to a one-year term of imprisonment with

the Idaho Bureau of Prisons.

      In May 2001, United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) served

Varela-Cias with a notice to appear informing him that under section 237(a) of the

Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), he could be subject to removal because he had

been convicted of an “aggravated felony” as defined in the INA. See 8 U.S.C. §

1101(a)(43)(F). Varela-Cias was subsequently transferred from the Idaho penitentiary to

an immigration detention center in Aurora, Colorado.

      Varela-Cias hired an attorney from Idaho to represent him at the June 2001

removal hearing before the Immigration Judge (IJ) in Colorado. Varela-Cias’s attorney

appeared telephonically at the hearing. At the hearing, the IJ concluded that Varela-Cias

                                            2
had been convicted of an aggravated felony1 under the INA and ordered that he be

deported to Mexico. See id. After the IJ issued his order, the following exchange took

place between the IJ and Varela-Cias’s attorney:

      IJ: Now if you wish you may file an application for cancellation of removal
      to preserve the record on appeal, but I don’t believe [Varela-Cias] is eligible
      so I would not give you a hearing. But at least you could put it on the
      record.
      ...

      IJ: Counsel, did you wish to reserve your right to appeal or waive your right
      to appeal?

      Attorney: . . . I would like to reserve the right to appeal [and] discuss with
      the family their options.

      IJ: . . . Your appeal is reserved, sir, and the deadline for your appeal will be
      August 6th, [which] is the final day where the appeal can actually be
      received at the Board of Immigration Appeals.

ROA, Vol. 1 at 44, 49.

      1
         At the time of Varela-Cias’s removal in 2001, there was a split among the circuit
courts regarding whether state DUI felony convictions were crimes of violence under 18
U.S.C. § 16 and therefore aggravated felonies and removable offenses under the INA.
Compare Dalton v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 200, 208 (2nd Cir. 2001) (holding that DWI
conviction in New York is not a removable offense) with Tapia-Garcia v. INS, 237 F.3d
1216, 1223 (10th Cir. 2001) (holding that a conviction under Idaho’s felony DUI statute
was a crime of violence). In 2004, three years after Varela-Cias was removed, the
Supreme Court resolved this split and held that felony DUI convictions under statutes that
(like the statute in Idaho) required only a showing of negligence in the operation of a
vehicle were not crimes of violence. Leocal v. Ashcroft, 543 U.S. 1, 11 (2004). The
parties agree that Leocal applies retroactively. United States v. Rivera-Nevarez, 418 F.3d
1104, 1107 (10th Cir. 2005) (holding that “decisions of statutory interpretation are fully
retroactive because they do not change the law, but rather explain what the law has
always meant”). They also agree that based on Leocal, Varela-Cias should not have been
removed from the United States in 2001 on the basis of his felony DUI conviction in
Idaho.

                                             3
       Varela-Cias filed a request for cancellation of removal and appealed the IJ’s

removal order to the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), arguing that felony DUI is not

a crime of violence and therefore cannot be considered an aggravated felony for removal

purposes. On October 31, 2001, the BIA summarily denied Varela-Cias’s appeal as

follows: “The Board affirms, without opinion, the results of the decision below.” Id. at

72. In compliance with federal regulations, the BIA sent a copy of its ruling to Varela-

Cias’s attorney. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(f) (requiring service of BIA decisions “upon the

alien or party affected”); 8 C.F.R. § 292.5 (requiring that when an alien is represented by

an attorney, service be made upon the alien’s attorney).

       In February 2010, Varela-Cias was found in the United States and charged with

illegal re-entry following removal in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b).

Varela-Cias moved to dismiss the information, arguing that he cannot be charged with

illegal re-entry because he was removed from the United States in violation of his due

process rights. The district court denied the motion to dismiss. This appeal timely

followed.

                                             II

                                    Standard of Review

       “When a previous deportation proceeding is attacked on constitutional grounds, we

are presented with a mixed question of law and fact, which we review de novo.” United

States v. Aguirre-Tello, 353 F.3d 1199, 1204 (10th Cir. 2004).

                                             4
                                           Analysis

A.     Collateral Attack of Removal Order

       In 1987, the Supreme Court held that a defendant charged with illegal re-entry

under 18 U.S.C. § 1326 may collaterally attack a previous removal order under the due

process clause of the Fifth Amendment. United States v. Mendoza-Lopez, 481 U.S. 828,

837-38 (1987). The due process clause requires that aliens facing removal receive notice

of the charges, a hearing before an executive or administrative tribunal, and a fair

opportunity to be heard. Kwong Hai Chew v. Colding, 344 U.S. 590, 597-98 (1953).

       In 1996, in response to Mendoza-Lopez, Congress codified the right to collaterally

challenge a removal decision, and set forth the circumstances under which an alien may

make such a challenge. See 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d)(1)-(3). Under this statute, an alien may

collaterally challenge the validity of a deportation order if:

       (1) the alien exhausted any administrative remedies that may have been available
       at the time of his deportation;

       (2) the deportation proceedings at which the order was issued improperly deprived
       the alien of the opportunity for judicial review; and

       (3) the entry of the order was fundamentally unfair.

Id. (emphasis added).

       “[A] deportation order enjoys a presumption of regularity.” United States v.

Adame-Orozco, 607 F.3d 647, 651 (10th Cir. 2010). Accordingly, “once the government

shows that the alien was deported while such an order was outstanding, the burden shifts

to the defendant-alien, and it is he who must prove each of § 1326(d)’s elements to

                                               5
overcome the presumed legality of the earlier deportation order.” Id. (citing United States

v. Arevalo-Tavares, 210 F.3d 1198, 1200 (10th Cir. 2000)). The parties agree that

Varela-Cias exhausted all administrative remedies available to him. They dispute,

however, whether the deportation proceedings improperly deprived Varela-Cias of the

opportunity for judicial review and whether entry of the deportation order was

fundamentally unfair.

B.     Opportunity for Judicial Review

       Varela-Cias alleges he was deprived of the opportunity for judicial review because

(1) the government failed to notify him of the BIA decision prior to removal; (2) the

government removed him from the country while he still had seventeen days left to

appeal the BIA’s decision; (3) the government denied his request to call his attorney prior

to removal; (4) the IJ did not inform him of his right to file an appeal in federal court; (5)

the government detained him in a detention facility in Colorado, far away from his family

and his attorney; and (6) the IJ misinformed him that he was ineligible for any form of

relief from deportation.

       1.     Events outside the Deportation Proceedings

       Three of Varela-Cias’s six claims fail because they do not relate to the proceedings

at which the IJ ordered his removal. Section 1326(d)(2) states that an alien prosecuted for

illegal reentry “may not challenge the validity of the deportation order” unless he or she

demonstrates that “the deportation proceedings at which the order was issued improperly

deprived the alien of the opportunity for judicial review.” 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d) (emphasis

                                               6
added).

       In United States v. Adame-Orozco, we held that 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d) creates two

important limitations to collateral attacks. 607 F.3d at 652. “First, the defendant may

attack the prior deportation only by reference to the proceedings at which the order was

issued.” Id. (citation omitted). “Second, the defendant must limit this attack to the

argument that those proceedings deprived him of judicial review of the deportation order

itself.” Id. “Unless the defendant’s challenge fits within these narrow constraints, it isn’t

cognizable under § 1326(d)(2).” Id.

       Three of Varela-Cias’s six claims clearly do not fall within § 1326(d)(2) because

they do not relate to the “proceedings at which the [deportation] order was issued.” 8

U.S.C. § 1326(d)(2). Varela-Cias’s arguments—that the government (1) removed him

before his appellate rights had been fully exhausted; (2) denied his request to call his

attorney prior to removal; and (3) wrongfully detained him in a detention facility in

Colorado—all fail under § 1326(d)(2) because they arise out of ICE’s handling of Varela-

Cias’s deportation, not from the actual proceeding in which the IJ ordered his removal.

Because these arguments fall outside the “narrow constraints” of § 1326(d)(2), they do

not support Varela-Cias’s argument that he was denied the opportunity for judicial

review. See Adame-Orozco, 607 F.3d at 652.

       Varela-Cias argues his fourth claim—that the government failed to notify him of

the BIA’s adverse decision—relates directly to the “proceedings at which the

[deportation] order was issued” and may therefore be raised in a § 1326(d)(2) collateral

                                              7
challenge. According to Varela-Cias, this claim may be asserted under § 1326(d)(2)

because, as a result of the BIA’s failure to provide notice of its adverse decision, he was

unable to appeal the decision in federal court. Aplt. Reply at 6. For the purposes of this

appeal, we need not decide whether the lack of notice to an alien of the BIA’s final

decision is a challenge that may be asserted under § 1326(d)(2) because even if we

assume Varela-Cias could raise this challenge he loses on the merits. Varela-Cias

concedes that the BIA mailed a copy of its decision to his attorney, and 8 C.F.R. § 292.5

requires nothing more than that the BIA provide notice of its ruling “to . . . the attorney or

representative of record, or the person himself if unrepresented.” See also Martin v.

Mukasey, 517 F.3d 1201, 1203 (10th Cir. 2008) (holding that the Department of

Homeland Security provided an alien with sufficient notice of removal proceedings by

mailing notice to the alien’s counsel).

       2.      The Deportation Proceedings

       Varela-Cias does make two arguments that relate directly to the removal hearing

itself. He claims he was deprived of his right to judicial review because (1) the IJ

incorrectly informed him that he was ineligible for any relief from deportation, and (2)

the IJ failed to inform him of his right to file an appeal in federal court.

               a.     Misinformed by the Immigration Judge

       Varela-Cias claims he was denied the opportunity for judicial review when the IJ

informed him that he was ineligible for relief from deportation. The IJ told Varela-Cias

that he was not “eligible” for relief, but that he could still file a request for cancellation of

                                                8
removal as well as an appeal to the BIA. ROA, Vol. 1 at 44. Varela-Cias argues that the

IJ’s statements prejudiced his right to judicial review because, as the district court noted,

“at the time he was removed, he was in fact not an aggravated felon and was eligible for

cancellation of removal in addition to being non-removable.” Id. at 209-10.

       We conclude that the IJ did not mislead Varela-Cias regarding his ability to appeal

the deportation order. Although the IJ informed Varela-Cias that, in his view, he was not

entitled to relief from deportation, the IJ expressly stated that Varela-Cias could

nonetheless file a request for cancellation of removal and an appeal with the BIA. Id. at

44. Thus, while the IJ erred in concluding that Varela-Cias had committed an aggravated

felony, the IJ did not deprive Varela-Cias of the right to judicial review because he

specifically informed him of his right to appeal to the BIA. And as noted by the district

court, the fact that Varela-Cias filed an appeal with the BIA, see id. at 211, “undermine[s]

his argument that he was persuaded to forego judicial review in response to the IJ’s

statements.” Id. Because Varela-Cias appealed the IJ’s order of removal, we conclude

that he was not denied the opportunity for judicial review.

              b.     Failure to Inform of Right to Appeal in Federal Court

       Varela-Cias also argues that the IJ denied him the opportunity to obtain judicial

review by failing to inform him of his right to file an appeal in federal court. In so

arguing, Varela-Cias asks us to follow the precedent set forth in United States v. Santos-

Vanegas, in which the Eighth Circuit held that the IJ has an obligation to inform the alien

of “his opportunity to pursue further challenge in federal court.” 878 F.2d 247, 251 (8th

                                              9
Cir. 1989).

       We decline to address this argument because Varela-Cias never argued in the

district court that the IJ should have informed him of his right to file an appeal in federal

court. In his motion to dismiss the information, Varela-Cias alleged that his right to

judicial review had been violated because he was sent to a detention facility in Colorado,

because he was deported when he still had seventeen days left to appeal the BIA’s

decision, and because the IJ informed him that he was ineligible for any form of relief

from deportation. See ROA, Vol. 1 at 23-27. Varela-Cias did not raise the argument, at

any point in the district court proceedings, that the IJ should have informed him that he

could file an appeal in federal court. We do “not consider issues which are raised for the

first time on appeal unless a party demonstrates an impediment which prevented raising

the argument below.” United States v. Dewitt, 946 F.2d 1497, 1499 (10th Cir. 1991).

Since Varela-Cias does not allege that he was impeded from raising this argument in the

district court, it is not properly before us.

       As cited above, 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d)(1)-(3) permits an alien to collaterally attack the

validity of a deportation order only if the alien has exhausted all administrative remedies,

has shown that the deportation proceedings at which the deportation order was issued

improperly deprived the alien of the opportunity for judicial review, and has shown that

entry of the deportation order was fundamentally unfair. Because we conclude that

Varela-Cias was not denied the opportunity for judicial review, we do not address his

assertion that the IJ’s removal order was fundamentally unfair.

                                                10
                                  III

The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

                                        Entered for the Court

                                        Mary Beck Briscoe
                                        Chief Judge

                                  11