Court Opinion

ID: 9552171
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-07 19:05:42.740445+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:25:42.827965
License: Public Domain

VOIGT, District Judge.
Appellees are five former" insurance agents. Appellants are affiliated insurance companies which were appellees’ employers. Appellees brought suit on behalf of themselves and as a class action on behalf of approximately 10,000 other similarly situated former insurance agents across the country, seeking damages for the alleged breach of their respective employment contracts. After extensive discovery, and after the district court certified the class, appellants filed a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The district court found “to a legal certainty” that none of the named ap-pellees had a claim for $7,000.00 or more. The motion to dismiss was based on Wyo. Stat. § 5-5-131 (1997), which provides, in pertinent part:
(a) Each county court has exclusive original civil jurisdiction within the boundaries of the state for:
(i) An action where the prayer for recovery is an amount not exceeding seven thousand dollars ($7,000.00), exclusive of court costs[.]
The district court certified to this court, pursuant to W.R.A.P. 11, the following questions of law:
1. Can the separate claims of separate Plaintiffs be aggregated to meet the *1119$7,000 amount in controversy requirement of Wyo. Stat. § 5-5-181 when none of the individual Plaintiffs’ claims equal or exceed $7,000 at the commencement of the lawsuit?
2. If the answer to question number 1 is no for the typical case, should aggregation of separate Plaintiffs’ claims nevertheless be permitted to accommodate class action litigation of small claims[1] in district court?
3. Would the judicial aggregation of separate Plaintiffs’ claims, to meet the statutory amount in controversy threshold established by the legislature in Wyo. Stat. § 5-5-131, violate Article 5, Section 10 of the Wyoming Constitution, which gives the legislature the authority to define the boundaries of district court jurisdiction?
4. Based upon the record submitted to the district court, and considering all of the arguments asserted by the parties in connection with the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction, does the District Court have subject matter jurisdiction over this case?
I. LEGAL FRAMEWORK
A. The Courts
The jurisdiction of the district courts is defined in Wyo. Const, art. 5, § 10, which states, in pertinent part:
The district court shall have original jurisdiction of all causes both at law and in equity and in all criminal cases, of all matters of probate and insolvency and of such special cases and proceedings as are not otherwise provided for. The district court shall also have original jurisdiction in all cases and of all proceedings in which jurisdiction shall not have been by law vested exclusively in some other court
The legislation effectuating this constitutional directive is found in Title 5, eh. 3 (1997) of the Wyoming Statutes.
Wyoming’s county courts were not specifically created by the state constitution, but provision for their creation is found in Wyo. Const, art. 5, § 1, which grants to the legislature the authority to establish subordinate courts. The county court statutes are found in Title 5, ch. 5 (1997) of the Wyoming Statutes. The $7,000.00 jurisdictional limit found in Wyo. Stat. § 5-5-131 is the focus of the present controversy. It is clear that, if that particular statute does not give the county court jurisdiction in this case, jurisdiction must lie in the district court under the language of the state constitution. Matter of Larsen, 770 P.2d 1089, 1092 (Wyo.1989).
B. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
The phrase “subject matter jurisdiction” refers to ‘“the power to hear and determine cases of the general class to which the proceedings in question belong.’ ” Lacey v. Lacey, 925 P.2d 237, 238 (Wyo.1996) {quoting Fuller v. State, 568 P.2d 900, 903 (Wyo.1977)); 20 Am.jur.2d, Courts, § 70 (1995). The issue of subject matter jurisdiction is so fundamental that it cannot be waived, can be raised on the court’s own motion, and can be raised at any time, even on appeal. Pawlowski v. Pawlowski, 925 P.2d 240, 243 (Wyo.1996). This court has repeatedly emphasized the implications of this precept:
“It is fundamental, if not axiomatic, that, before a court can render any decision or order having any effect in any case or matter, it must have subject matter jurisdiction. Jurisdiction is essential to the exercise of judicial power. Unless the court has jurisdiction, it lacks any authority to proceed, and any decision, judgment, or other order is, as a matter of law, utterly void and of no effect for any purpose. Subject matter jurisdiction, like jurisdiction over the person, is not a subject of judicial discretion. There is a difference, however, because the lack of jurisdiction over the person can be waived, but lack of subject matter jurisdiction cannot be.. Subject matter jurisdiction either exists or it does not and, before proceeding *1120to a disposition on the merits, a court should be satisfied that it does have the requisite jurisdiction.”
Boyd v. Nation, 909 P.2d 323, 325 (Wyo.1996) (quoting United Mine Workers of America Local 1972 v. Decker Coal Co., 774 P.2d 1274, 1283-84 (Wyo.1989)).
When the question of subject matter jurisdiction revolves around the amount claimed, this court has established the following determinative rules: (1) the sum claimed, rather than the amount eventually recovered, controls unless the amount claimed was not done in good faith; (2) to find a lack of good faith, it must appear to a legal certainty that the claim is really for less than $7,000.00; (3) the amount is determined as of the time the action is commenced; and (4) a plaintiff cannot' control jurisdiction between the county and district court by setting forth an improp-' er amount in the prayer for relief. Joslyn v. Professional Realty, 622 P.2d 1369, 1373 (Wyo.Í981).
C. Joinder
There are five separate plaintiffs in this case, with individual claims against the affiliated defendants. One lawsuit was brought, rather than five, because the Wyoming Rules of Civil Procedure permit such “joinder.” A brief review of the joinder rules may help place this controversy in context.
W.R.C.P. 18 allows a party to join all the claims against an opposing party in one suit. W.R.C.P. 19 allows the court to order joinder of all parties necessary to adjudicate complete relief. W.R.C.P. 20 provides for permissive joinder of parties in particular circumstances, such as a right to relief held jointly, or claims arising out of the same transaction or occurrence. W.R.C.P. 21 prescribes remedies for misjoinder and nonjoin-der.
W.R.C.P. 23, which provides for class action lawsuits, is not so much a joinder rule as it is a procedural device created to allow named parties to represent the interests of unnamed parties. In fact, class actions are only allowed where joinder is not feasible. W.R.C.P. 23(a)(1). W.R.C.P. 20 and 23 are the focus of the parties’ discussion in this case.
The Wyoming Rules of Civil Procedure generally govern procedure in the state’s county courts, “to the extent that they are consistent with the subject-matter jurisdiction of county courts * * W.R.C.P.C.C. 1.02. ' However, W.R.C.P. 23 — the class action rule — has specifically been excepted from this general application by W.R.C.P.C.C. 1.06:
The following rules of the revised Wyoming Rules of Civil Procedure shall not apply in county courts, unless and until county courts have statutory subject matter jurisdiction of cases in which such relief is requested:
Rule 23 * * * — Class Actions[2]
(Emphasis added.)
The key question becomes, if class actions are not available in county courts, whether named plaintiffs lacking the requisite district court jurisdictional claim amount may nevertheless come before the district court by aggregating their claims for the purposes of a class action lawsuit.
II. DISCUSSION
Wyoming adheres to the doctrine of separation of powers. Wyo. Const, art. 2, § 1. As part of that doctrine, both statutes and court rules have recognized the distinction between substantive law-making and procedural rule-making. State ex rel. Frederick v. District Court of Fifth Judicial Dist. In and For Big Horn County, 399 P.2d 583, 584-86 (Wyo.1965). Wyo. Stat. § 5-2-114 (1997) sets forth the court’s authority to make rules “governing pleading, practice and procedure * ⅜ ⅜ » See White v. Fisher, 689 P.2d 102, 106 (Wyo.1984). Wyo. Stat. § 5-2-115(b) (1997) makes it clear that “[s]uch rules shall neither abridge, enlarge nor modify the substantive rights of any person nor the jurisdiction of any of the courts * * See McGuire v. McGuire, 608 P.2d 1278, 1290 *1121(Wyo.1980). W.R.C.P. 82 dictates a narrow construction of the. rules to ensure this limitation.
Wyo. Stat. § 5-5-131(a)(i) gives the county court exclusive jurisdiction over “[a]n action where the prayer for recovery is an amount not exceeding * * * $7,000.00 * * *[.]” This is a clear legislative mandate that such cases may not be heard in the district court. The. fact that W.R.C.P. 20 — a procedural rule— allows multiple plaintiffs with similar claims to join their separate claims in one lawsuit, cannot and does not change the fact that subject matter jurisdiction lies only in the county court. Likewise, the class action procedures adopted by this, court in W.R.C.P. 23 do not contemplate, and could not accomplish, a modification of subject matter jurisdiction via aggregation of claims. Federal precedent, which we find persuasive, disallows aggregation under similar circumstances (amount in controversy under cases involving diversity of citizenship). See Zahn v. International Paper Co., 414 U.S. 291, 94 S.Ct. 505, 38 L.Ed.2d 511 (1973) and Snyder v. Harris, 394 U.S. 332, 89 S.Ct. 1053, 22 L.Ed.2d 319 (1969).
. In their brief, and in oral argument, appel-lees contend they automatically belong in district court because they mentioned no amount in their prayer for recovery. They» remind the court that Wyo. Stat. § 5-5-131(a)(i) gives the county court exclusive jurisdiction only where “the prayer for recovery is an amount not exceeding * * * $7,000.00 * * * ” and that everything else falls to- the district court as the court of general jurisdiction. (Emphasis added.) Under this logic, one can come before the district court simply by failing to assert the jurisdictional amount for county court. While this specious argument deserves little attention, we note that it violates the precept that jurisdiction cannot be controlled by artful pleading tactics. Jos-lyn, 622 P.2d at 1373.
Finally, appellees ask this court to decide in their favor because all class action lawsuits ought to he in district court. They point to several factors they believe make the district courts a more appropriate forum for the complications of the typical class action case. While this may well be a good policy argu-. ment, it is not the job of this court to make policy. The setting of the jurisdictional limits of the state’s courts is a legislative task. What we cannot do by court rule, neither can we do by individual case opinion. The same can be said of the decision as to whether class actions should be made available in the county and justice courts. At -present, W.R.C.P.C.C. 1.06 and W.R.C.P.J.C. 1(a)(3) indicate that such is not the ease. Indeed,' the language of W.R.C.P.C.C. 1.06 specifically recognizes that it is the role of the legislature to make that decision. We cannot say whether Wyoming’s lawmakers would, think it a good idea to make class action lawsuits available in the courts of limited jurisdiction.
III. CONCLUSION
The certified questions are answered as follows:
1. Can the separate claims of separate Plaintiffs be aggregated to meet the $7,000 amount in controversy requirement of Wyo. Stat. § 5-5-131 when none of the individual Plaintiffs’ claims equal or exceed $7,000 at the commencement Of the lawsuit?
ANSWER: No
2. If the answer to question number 1 is no for the typical case, should aggregation of separate Plaintiffs’ claims nevertheless be permitted to accommodate class action litigation of small claims in district court?
ANSWER: No
3. Would the judicial aggregation of separate Plaintiffs’ claims, to meet the statutory. amount in controversy threshold established by the legislature in Wyo. Stat. § 5-5-131, violate Article 5, Section 10 of the Wyoming Constitution, which gives the legislature the authority to define the boundaries of district court jurisdiction?
ANSWER: Yes
4. Based upon the record submitted to . the district court, and considering all of the arguments asserted by the parties in connection with the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction, does the District *1122Court have subject matter jurisdiction over this case?
ANSWER: No
For this court to answer otherwise would require us to blur the line between substantive law and procedural rule, to ignore the unambiguous commands of our state constitution and controlling statutes as to subject matter jurisdiction, and to negate the process by which jurisdictional amounts have heretofore been determined. We hold that in a-class action lawsuit, the claim of each and every plaintiff, whether named or unnamed, must meet the minimum jurisdictional limit, and that aggregation of claims for that purpose is not permitted.
This case is remanded to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

1. The term "small claims” is not used here as a “term of art” connoting claims filed under the procedures set forth in Title 1, ch. 21, art. 2 (1997) of the Wyoming Statutes, but simply refers to claims for less than $7,000.00.

2. The situation in Wyoming’s justice courts is identical, in that W.R.C.P.J.C. 1(a)(3) ' makes W.R.C.P. 23 inapplicable injustice courts.