Court Opinion

ID: 9369365
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-08 16:14:30.293101+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:14.443419
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING

                                       2023 WY 15

                                                    OCTOBER TERM, A.D. 2022

                                                          February 8, 2023

  PRIMROSE RETIREMENT COMMUNITIES, LLC
  and GILLETTE RETIREMENT, LLC,

  Appellants
  (Plaintiffs),
                                                              S-22-0162
  v.

  GHIDORZI CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, LLC,

  Appellee
  (Defendant/Third-party Plaintiff).

                  Appeal from the District Court of Campbell County
                         The Honorable Bill Simpson, Judge

Representing Appellants:
      Amanda K. Roberts and J. Kyle Hendrickson, Lonabaugh and Riggs, LLP,
      Sheridan, Wyoming; Ryan W. McGrath and J. David Horning, Horning, Horning &
      McGrath, LLC, Gillette, Wyoming. Argument by Mr. Hendrickson.

Representing Appellee:
      Stephenson D. Emery, Williams, Porter, Day & Neville, P.C., Casper, Wyoming;
      Nicholas D. Harken and Eugene M. LaFlamme, McCoy Leavitt Laskey, LLC,
      Waukesha, Wisconsin. Argument by Mr. Harken.

Before FOX, C.J., and KAUTZ, BOOMGAARDEN, GRAY, and FENN, JJ.
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third. Readers are
requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building, Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002, of
any typographical or other formal errors so that correction may be made before final publication in the
permanent volume.
GRAY, Justice.

[¶1] In this construction contract dispute, Primrose Retirement Communities, LLC and
its local affiliate Gillette Retirement, LLC (together Primrose) 1 appeal from the district
court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Ghidorzi Construction Company, LLC
(Ghidorzi) on claims of breach of contract and breach of the implied covenant of good faith
and fair dealing. The district court determined that Primrose failed to submit evidence that
Ghidorzi’s alleged breach caused Primrose’s damages and that the contract language
obviated any need to impose an implied covenant. We reverse in part and affirm in part.

                                                ISSUES

[¶2]    The issues are:

                1.      Did the district court err in granting summary judgment
                        on Primrose’s breach of contract claim?

                2.      Did the district court err in granting summary judgment
                        on Primrose’s breach of the implied covenant of good
                        faith and fair dealing?

                                                 FACTS

[¶3] In 2008, Primrose found a location for a new assisted living facility in Gillette,
Wyoming. Primrose retained WAI Continuum as the project architect and Terracon
Consultants, a geotechnical consulting firm, to assess the soils, prepare a soils report, and
make structural recommendations for construction and to inform potential bidders. On
August 5, 2008, Terracon issued its report—the Terracon Report—which identified
expansive soils under the construction site and provided recommendations “to help
mitigate the effects of soils shrinkage and expansion” on the proposed facility. Terracon’s
first recommendation was that “the proposed structure be supported on a drilled
pier/caisson foundation system bearing on sandstone bedrock.” The report contained an
alternate recommendation that, “[i]f the owner is willing to assume additional risk
associated with soil shrinkage and expansion, spread footings bearing on a minimum of 5
feet of new, non-expansive, low-permeability, engineered fill may be used to support the
proposed structure.”         The report included specific design and construction
recommendations for the foundation systems, pavements, and other earth-related phases of
the project should the owner choose the alternate method. These recommendations were

1
  Primrose constructs, develops, and manages independent and assisted living facilities. Gillette Retirement
is an independent group of investors who own the facility and contract with Primrose for management
services.

                                                     1
intended to result in construction that would allow a tolerance of one inch of differential
movement. Primrose chose the alternate construction method.

[¶4] Primrose selected Ghidorzi as the general contractor for the project. The
construction contract (Contract) was signed on September 11, 2009. The Contract
specifically excludes the Terracon Report as part of the Contract but contains a drawing
with an annotation that states the Terracon soils report specifications must be strictly
adhered to. The project was completed in 2010. In 2011, Primrose noticed some
movement of the slabs and walls in and near the water service room where the water main
entered the building (Area A). Primrose notified Ghidorzi of the problem and a Ghidorzi
representative was sent to inspect the situation. After its inspection, Ghidorzi wrote to
Primrose stating it had tested the soils and there was an increase in water saturation in Area
A. It also pointed out that the “construction of the building is per the construction
documents.” Ghidorzi suggested that “[m]ovement in the building is the nature of this site
when building with spread footings.”

[¶5] The problems continued to escalate into 2012 when Primrose contacted the City of
Gillette. The City pressure-tested the water main for a leak but did not find one. The soil
movement continued to cause cracks and separation in the floors and walls of the building.
Primrose observed heavy ground saturation in the vicinity of the water service room and
evidence of standing and subsurface water. In September 2013, Primrose again contacted
the City and the City conducted another pressure test. This time it identified a leak where
the service line connected to the water main just outside the water service room. At roughly
the same time, Primrose excavated the affected area and discovered water was “gushing
[and] boiling up into the holes.” An inspection of the service line installed by a Ghidorzi
subcontractor revealed the leak was at the “T” connection between the service line and the
City water line. The connection was missing “all thread” necessary to hold the pipes
together. The connection was repaired but the differential movement continued.

[¶6] On April 7, 2016, Primrose filed a complaint against Ghidorzi alleging negligence,
breach of contract, and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.
Primrose also alleged negligence claims against the City of Gillette. Primrose later
amended its complaint to add claims against WAI, the architect, who, in turn, brought a
third-party complaint against Ghidorzi’s engineering subcontractor. Eventually, all claims
against the entities named in the action—except Ghidorzi—were dismissed by stipulation.
Ghidorzi moved for summary judgment on all of Primrose’s claims on May 15, 2020.

[¶7] After a hearing, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of Ghidorzi. 2
Relevant to this appeal, the district court concluded the Terracon Report was excluded from
the Contract documents, Primrose failed to establish evidence demonstrating that
Ghidorzi’s alleged breach caused Primrose damages, and the duty of good faith and fair

2
    Primrose does not appeal from the summary judgment awarded on the negligence claim.

                                                   2
dealing was inapplicable because the duties of the parties were fully incorporated through
the terms of the Contract.

                               STANDARD OF REVIEW

[¶8]   Our standard of review on summary judgment is well established:

                    A grant of summary judgment is appropriate when “the
             movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any
             material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter
             of law.” W.R.C.P. 56(a).

                    This Court reviews a district court’s order granting
             summary judgment de novo and may affirm on any basis in the
             record.

                    [W]e review a summary judgment in the same light as
                    the district court, using the same materials and
                    following the same standards. We examine the record
                    from the vantage point most favorable to the party
                    opposing the motion, and we give that party the benefit
                    of all favorable inferences that may fairly be drawn
                    from the record. A material fact is one which, if proved,
                    would have the effect of establishing or refuting an
                    essential element of the cause of action or defense
                    asserted by the parties.

                    The movant bears the initial burden of establishing a
             prima facie case for summary judgment using admissible
             evidence. If the movant establishes a prima facie case for
             summary judgment, the burden shifts to the opposing party to
             present admissible evidence demonstrating a genuine dispute
             of material fact for trial.

Peterson v. Meritain Health, Inc., 2022 WY 54, ¶¶ 14–16, 508 P.3d 696, 704 (Wyo. 2022)
(internal citations and quotation marks omitted); see also W.R.C.P. 56(c) (requiring
evidence supporting and opposing summary judgment to be admissible).

[¶9] The parties agree that the claims arising from the Contract are reviewed under South
Dakota law. “Contract interpretation is a question of law reviewed de novo.” Prunty
Constr., Inc. v. City of Canistota, 2004 SD 78, ¶ 10, 682 N.W.2d 749, 753 (citing Fenske
Media Corp. v. Banta Corp., 2004 SD 23, ¶ 8, 676 N.W.2d 390, 393). The intent of the
parties is ascertained from the contract’s language and, to the extent possible, “we must

                                            3
give meaning to all the provisions of a contract.” Id. (quoting Fenske, ¶ 8, 676 N.W.2d at
393).

                                             DISCUSSION

I.      Did the district court err in granting summary judgment on Primrose’s breach of
        contract claim?

[¶10] Primrose contends the district court erred in granting summary judgment on the
breach of contract claim because it failed to recognize a material issue of fact as to whether
Ghidorzi breached the Contract by failing to follow the specifications from the Terracon
Report 3 incorporated into the Contract documents. Primrose also argues the district court
misapplied South Dakota law and material issues of fact remain as to causation.

A.      Terms of Contract

[¶11] It is undisputed that the Terracon Report recommended specific structural
requirements and made clear these were necessary if Primrose chose the spread footing
foundation option in moving forward with the project. It is also undisputed that Ghidorzi
did not follow these recommendations during construction. Ghidorzi claims the
specifications in the Terracon Report were directly and unambiguously excluded from the
Contract requirements by the Project Manual, Division 2, Section 02010, 1.2, which states,
“[the Terracon] report is not a part of the Contract Documents.” Primrose disagrees,
arguing the Terracon specifications for the spread footings were incorporated into the
Contract through a drawing submitted by Ghidorzi’s structural engineer on February 13,
2009, prior to the execution of the Contract. The drawing had an annotation that read, “All
footings shall bear on new engineered fill as per soils report by Terracon project
# A5085035. The soils report must be strictly adhered to.” Ghidorzi concedes that the
drawing was part of the Contract, but claims the note on a structural drawing did not modify
Section 1.2 of the Project Manual. Ghidorzi admits under the terms of the Contract it was
required to review the Contract documents, including the drawings, but asserts that the
Contract also states that the requirement to review was “not for the purpose of discovering
errors, omissions, or inconsistencies.”

3
 The district court referred to the Terracon Report solely in relation to Primrose’s claim for breach of good
faith and fair dealing. It stated:
                 Primrose directs the Court specifically to the Terracon geotechnical report
                 and Ghidorzi’s failure to install subsurface drainage discussed in the
                 report, and suggests this failure violates the “spirit of the deal.” However,
                 the Terracon report was not part of the contract documents and subsurface
                 drainage was not designed into the plans. Primrose sued its architect for
                 that failure. Ghidorzi followed the contract documents and there [was]
                 nothing to show they did so in bad faith . . . .

                                                     4
[¶12] “[T]he interpretation of a contract is a question of law, which is reviewed de novo.”
Koopman v. City of Edgemont by Dribble, 2020 SD 37, ¶ 14, 945 N.W.2d 923, 926–27,
reh’g denied (Aug. 4, 2020) (quoting Weitzel v. Sioux Valley Heart Partners, 2006 SD 45,
¶ 18, 714 N.W.2d 884, 892). “If in dispute, however, the existence and terms of a contract
are questions for the fact finder.” Id. (quoting Behrens v. Wedmore, 2005 SD 79, ¶ 20, 698
N.W.2d 555, 566 (quoting Morrisette v. Harrison Int’l Corp., 486 N.W.2d 424, 427 (Minn.
1992))).

[¶13] Primrose asserts that, at minimum, the conflicting provisions in the Contract create
an ambiguity which must be decided by the jury. “[A] contract is not rendered ambiguous
simply because the parties do not agree on its proper construction or their intent upon
executing the contract.” Gail M. Benson Living Tr. v. Physicians Off. Bldg., Inc., 2011 SD
30, ¶ 11, 800 N.W.2d 340, 343 (quoting Pesicka v. Pesicka, 2000 SD 137, ¶ 10, 618
N.W.2d 725, 727). “Rather, a contract is ambiguous only when it is capable of more than
one meaning when viewed objectively by a reasonably intelligent person who has
examined the context of the entire integrated agreement.” Benson Living Tr., ¶ 11, 800
N.W.2d at 343 (quoting Pesicka, ¶ 10, 618 N.W.2d at 727); Edgar v. Mills, 2017 SD 7,
¶ 26, 892 N.W.2d 223, 230 (“A contract is ambiguous when application of rules of
interpretation leave[s] a genuine uncertainty as to which of two or more meanings is
correct.” (quoting Ziegler Furniture & Funeral Home, Inc. v. Cicmanec, 2006 SD 6, ¶ 16,
709 N.W.2d 350, 355)). An ambiguity is determined by examining “the language of an
agreement as a whole to determine the terms and conditions.” Edgar, ¶ 26, 892 N.W.2d at
230 (citing Poeppel v. Lester, 2013 SD 17, ¶ 16, 827 N.W.2d 580, 584). The Court will
not rewrite the parties’ contract or add to its language in ascertaining the parties’ intent.
Detmers v. Costner, 2012 SD 35, ¶ 21, 814 N.W.2d 146, 151. “Contracting parties are held
to the terms of their agreement, and disputes cannot be resolved by adding words the parties
left out.” Gettysburg Sch. Dist. 53-1 v. Larson, 2001 SD 91, ¶ 11, 631 N.W.2d 196, 200–
01.

[¶14] The Contract between Primrose and Ghidorzi encompassed numerous documents.
The following provisions are relevant to our discussion.

[¶15] The General Conditions of the Contract, Section 00700 states:

              1.01   CONDITIONS OF THE CONTRACT

                     Primrose General Conditions of the Contract for
                     Construction, is hereby made a part of this Project
                     Manual except as it may be modified or amended
                     herein.

                     Related items contained within this Project Manual
                     include administrative and work related items which

                                             5
      may amend, expand upon, or modify specific Articles
      or paragraphs of the General Conditions for this project.

ARTICLE 1: GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1   BASIC DEFINITIONS

1.1.1 THE CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
      The Contract Documents consist of the Agreement
      between Primrose and Contractor (hereinafter the
      Agreement), Conditions of the Contract (General,
      Supplementary and other Conditions), Drawings,
      Specifications, Addenda issued prior to execution of the
      Contract, other documents listed in the Agreement and
      Modifications issued after execution of the Contract. A
      Modification is (1) a written amendment to the Contract
      signed by both parties, (2) a Change Order, (3) a
      Construction Change Directive or (4) a written order for
      a minor change in the Work issued by the Architect.
      Unless specifically enumerated in the Agreement, the
      Contract Documents do not include other documents
      such as bidding requirements . . . .

1.1.2 THE CONTRACT
      The Contract Documents form the Contract for
      Construction. The Contract represents the entire and
      integrated agreement between the parties hereto and
      supersedes prior negotiations, representations or
      agreements, either written or oral. The Contract may be
      amended or modified only by a Modification.

                         .    .    .

1.1.5 THE DRAWINGS
      The Drawings are the graphic and pictorial portions of
      the Contract Documents showing the design, location
      and dimensions of the Work, generally including plans,
      elevations, sections, details, schedules and diagrams.

1.1.6 THE SPECIFICATIONS
      The Specifications are that portion of the Contract
      Documents consisting of the written requirements for
      materials, equipment, systems, standards and

                              6
       workmanship for the Work, and performance of related
       services.

1.1.7 THE PROJECT MANUAL
      The Project Manual is a volume assembled for the Work
      which may include the bidding requirements, sample
      forms, Conditions of the Contract and Specifications.

1.2    CORRELATION AND INTENT OF THE
       CONTRACT DOCUMENTS

1.2.1 The intent of the Contract Documents is to include all
      items necessary for the proper execution and
      completion of the Work by the Contractor. The
      Contract Documents are complimentary, and what is
      required by one shall be as binding as if required by all;
      performance by the Contractor shall be required to the
      extent consistent with the Contract Documents and
      reasonably inferable from them as being necessary to
      produce the indicated results.

                          .    .    .

1.4    INTERPRETATION

                          .    .    .

1.4.2 If there is an inconsistency in the quality or quantity of
      Work indicated in the Contract Documents the better
      quality and quantity shall be provided in accordance
      with the Architect’s interpretation.

                          .    .    .

ARTICLE 3: CONTRACTOR

                          .    .    .

3.1.2 The Contractor shall perform the Work in accordance
      with the Contract Documents.

                          .    .    .

                               7
3.2    REVIEW OF CONTRACT DOCUMENTS AND
       FIELD CONDITIONS BY CONTRACTOR

3.2.1 Since the Contract Documents are compl[i]mentary,
      before starting each portion of the Work, the Contractor
      shall carefully study and compare the various Drawings
      and other Contract Documents relative to that portion of
      the Work, as well as information furnished by Primrose
      . . . , shall take field measurements of any existing
      conditions related to that portion of the Work and shall
      observe any conditions at the site affecting it. These
      obligations are for the purpose of facilitating
      construction by the Contractor and are not for the
      purpose of discovering errors, omissions, or
      inconsistencies in the Contract Documents, however,
      any errors, inconsistencies or omissions discovered by
      the Contractor shall be reported promptly to the
      Architect or Primrose’s designated representatives as a
      request for information in such form as the Architect
      may require.

3.2.1.1 The Contractor shall carefully study and compare the
       Contract Documents with the existing conditions at the
       job site and shall immediately report to the Architect or
       Primrose’s designated representatives, in writing, any
       error, inconsistency or omission that the Contractor may
       discover, or any materials or systems that the Contractor
       has reason to believe are incorrect, inadequate, obsolete
       or unsuitable for the purpose indicated, or that the
       Contractor has reason to believe would constitute or
       result in a violation of the Contractor’s warranty or
       applicable law. The Contractor shall not proceed until
       written instructions are received from the Architect or
       Primrose’s designated representatives. The Contractor
       shall bear full responsibility for any additional costs,
       delays or damages resulting from failure to immediately
       report[] any such errors, inconsistencies or omissions
       that the Contractor may discover.

3.2.2 Any design errors or omissions noted by the Contractor
      during this review shall be reported promptly to
      Primrose and the Architect, but it is recognized that the
      Contractor’s review is made in the Contractor’s

                               8
                   capacity as a contractor and not as a licensed design
                   professional unless otherwise specifically provided in
                   the Contract Documents.

                                      .    .    .

            3.5    WARRANTY

            3.5.1 The Contractor warrants to Primrose and Architect that
                  materials and equipment furnished under the Contract
                  will be of good quality and new unless otherwise
                  required or permitted by the Contract Documents, that
                  the Work will be free from defects not inherent in the
                  quality required or permitted, and that the Work will
                  conform to the requirements of the Contract
                  Documents.       Work not conforming to these
                  requirements, including substitutions not properly
                  approved and authorized, may be considered defective.

                                      .    .    .

            ARTICLE 13: MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

            13.1   GOVERNING LAW

            13.1.1 The Contract shall be governed by the laws of the State
                   of South Dakota, without giving effect to conflicts of
                   laws principles, unless otherwise mutually agreed.

[¶16] The Project Manual provides:

            ARTICLE 1: THE CONTRACT DOCUMENTS

                   The Contract Documents consist of this Agreement,
                   Conditions of the Contract (General, Supplementary
                   and other Conditions), Drawings, Specifications, other
                   documents listed in this Agreement and Modifications
                   issued after execution of this Agreement; these form the
                   Contract, and are as fully a part of the Contract as if
                   attached to this Agreement or repeated herein. The
                   Contract represents the entire and integrated agreement
                   between the parties hereto and supersedes prior
                   negotiations, representations or agreements, either

                                          9
                    written or oral. An enumeration of the Contract
                    Documents, other than Modifications, appears in
                    Article 8.

                                     .       .     .

            ARTICLE 8:         ENUMERATION                OF    CONTRACT
            DOCUMENTS

            8.1     The Contract Documents, except for Modifications
                    issued after execution of this Agreement, are
                    enumerated as follows:

            8.1.1 The Agreement is this executed Form of Agreement
                  between Primrose and Contractor; and

            8.1.2 Project Manual and Project Specifications contained in
                  the Project Manual dated February 13, 2009, Architects
                  Job No. 92008.19; and

            8.1.3 Drawings dated February 13, 2009 and addendum # 1
                  dated May 19, 2009; and

            8.1.4 The Supplementary and other Conditions of the
                  Contract, if any.

(Emphasis added.)

[¶17] Section 02010 of the         Project       Manual    is   entitled   “SUBSURFACE
INVESTIGATION” and states:

            1 PART 1 GENERAL

            1.1     SCOPE

                    A.    This section includes soil investigation report:
                          1.     A soils investigation report has been
                          prepared for the site of this Work.
                          2.     A copy is bound herein following this
                          section.

                                     .       .     .

                                         10
              1.2    COORDINATION

                     A.     Use of data:
                            1.     This report is not a part of the Contract
                            Documents.
                            2.     The report is available for bidders’
                            information, but is not a warranty of subsurface
                            conditions.
                            3.     Bidders should visit the site and acquaint
                            themselves with existing conditions.
                            4.     Prior to bidding, bidders may make their
                            own subsurface investigations to satisfy
                            themselves as to site and subsurface conditions,
                            but such investigations may be performed only
                            under time schedules and arrangements
                            approved in advance by the Architect.

                                        .    .    .

              1.3    QUALITY ASSURANCE

                     A.     A soil engineer will be retained by the Contractor
                            to observe performance of work in connection
                            with excavating, trenching, filling, backfilling,
                            and grading, and to perform compaction tests.

                     B.     Readjust work performed that does not meet
                            technical or design requirements, but make no
                            deviation from the Contract Documents
                            without specific and written approval from
                            the Architect.

(Emphasis added.)

[¶18] The Enumeration of Contract Documents in Article 8.1.3 of the General Conditions
specifically incorporates the February 13, 2009 drawing as a contract document. The
drawing itself clearly noted that the specifications of the Terracon Report regarding spread
footings must be “strictly” followed. The South Dakota court has recognized that, in the
context of purchase agreements, the contract:

              “may incorporate by reference another document containing
              technical specifications for the product, and this will likely
              create an express warranty by description.” 67A Am. Jur. 2d

                                            11
              Sales § 739 (1985) (emphasis added). See White’s Elec.,
              Heating, Air & Plumbing v. Lewis Constr. Co., No. 02A01-
              9803-CH-00064, 1999 WL 605654, at *13 (Tenn. Ct. App.
              1999) (stating that neither physical attachment nor specific
              language is necessary to incorporate a document by reference;
              “[t]he incorporating instrument must clearly evidence an intent
              that the writing be made part of the contract”); U.S. v. Outer
              Harbor Dock & Wharf Co., 124 F. Supp. 337, 343 (S.D. Cal.
              1954) (holding that a contract may refer to another contract for
              details or conditions and that the contract referred to must be
              considered as a part of the contract in which the reference was
              made).

James River Equip. Co. v. Beadle Cnty. Equip., Inc., 2002 SD 61, ¶ 21, 646 N.W.2d 265,
269. The drawing made specific reference to the Terracon Report and by stating that these
requirements be “strictly” followed clearly evidenced an intent to make the specifications
part of the Contract. On the other hand, Article 1.2.1 of the Project Manual excludes the
Terracon Report, which was submitted for bidding purposes, from the Contract documents.

[¶19] We are not persuaded by Ghidorzi’s claim that Article 3.2.1 of the Project Manual
relieved Ghidorzi of any obligation to notify Primrose or the architect of its decision to
ignore the note on the structural drawing. Ghidorzi was obligated to “promptly” report
“any errors, inconsistencies or omissions discovered by the Contractor” through “a request
for information in such form as the Architect may require.” See also Article 3.2.2—
Contractor’s review obligation (risk allocation); 2 Philip Bruner & Patrick O’Conner, Jr.,
Bruner and O’Connor on Construction Law § 5.67 (2020). In addition, Section 1.3 B of
the Project Manual requires Ghidorzi to “make no deviation from the Contract Documents
without specific and written approval from the Architect.” At this stage of the proceedings,
there is nothing in the record to establish Ghidorzi did not discover the inconsistency or
the basis for Ghidorzi’s decision to proceed without incorporating the engineer’s drawing
note.

[¶20] We conclude that the Contract provisions, read as a whole, are “capable of more
than one meaning when viewed objectively by a reasonably intelligent person who has
examined the context of the entire integrated agreement.” Benson Living Tr., ¶ 11, 800
N.W.2d at 343 (quoting Pesicka, ¶ 10, 618 N.W.2d at 727). “[W]hen there is an ambiguous
contract, evidence must be introduced to determine what the intentions of the parties were
and . . . such evidence creates a question of fact, which must be resolved by the jury.” Id.
¶¶ 11–16, 800 N.W.2d at 343–44 (citations omitted). Because we have determined that the
Contract is ambiguous concerning the treatment of the Terracon Report, it is appropriate
to reverse and remand the district court’s grant of summary judgment to allow the
introduction of evidence regarding the intentions of the parties.

                                            12
B.      Causation

[¶21] The district court granted summary judgment to Ghidorzi on Primrose’s breach of
contract claim based on Primrose’s failure to submit evidence that Ghidorzi’s alleged
breach caused Primrose’s damages. The district court found that Primrose had not shown
how their loss was clearly ascertainable because it sued various parties; it presented only
various possibilities as to the source of water that caused the swelling soils; and Primrose
took the risk of potential damage when it chose to incorporate a spread footing foundation.
It further found that deposition testimony establishes Ghidorzi met the standard of care and
did not demonstrate the damages were caused by Ghidorzi’s actions.

[¶22] Primrose argues the district court misapplied South Dakota law and the record
creates an issue of material fact as to causation. Ghidorzi maintains that under South
Dakota law, Primrose’s failure to identify the source of the water causing the soil to swell
defeats their claim.

[¶23] In South Dakota, “[t]he elements of a breach of contract are (1) an enforceable
promise; (2) a breach of the promise; and (3) resulting damages.” Shaw v. Wasko, No.
4:22-CV-04054-KES, 2022 WL 3369297, at *8 (D.S.D. Aug. 16, 2022) (quoting Bowes
Constr., Inc. v. S. Dakota Dep’t of Transp., 2010 SD 99, ¶ 21, 793 N.W.2d 36, 43). To
recover damages for breach of contract, the loss must be clearly ascertainable in both its
nature and origin. S.D. Codified Laws § 21-2-1. 4 “Essential to proving contract damages
is evidence that damages were in fact caused by the breach.” McKie v. Huntley, 2000 SD
160, ¶¶ 18–19, 620 N.W.2d 599, 603–04.

[¶24] Proximate cause was defined by the South Dakota Supreme Court in Garrido v.
Team Auto Sales, Inc.:

                        Proximate cause is defined as a cause that produces a
                result in a natural and probable sequence and without which
                the result would not have occurred. This Court has further
                defined proximate cause as an immediate cause and which, in
                natural or probable sequence, produced the injury complained
4
 South Dakota statutes provide:
               21-2-1. General measure of damages for breach of contract--
               Uncertain damages not recovered.
                        For the breach of an obligation arising from contract, the measure
               of damages, except where otherwise expressly provided by this code, is
               the amount which will compensate the party aggrieved for all the detriment
               proximately caused thereby, or which, in the ordinary course of things,
               would be likely to result therefrom. No damages can be recovered for a
               breach of contract which are not clearly ascertainable in both their
               nature and their origin.
S.D. Codified Laws § 21-2-1 (2022) (second emphasis added).

                                                   13
              of. Furthermore, for proximate cause to exist, the harm
              suffered must be found to be a foreseeable consequence of the
              act complained of. Causation is generally a question of fact for
              the jury except when there can be no difference of opinion in
              the interpretation of the facts. It must be a clear case before a
              trial judge is justified in taking these proximate cause issues
              from the jury. Moreover, [a] mere surmise that a party will not
              prevail at trial is not a sufficient basis to grant summary
              judgment.

Garrido v. Team Auto Sales, Inc., 2018 SD 41, ¶ 16, 913 N.W.2d 95, 100 (internal citations
and quotation marks omitted).

[¶25] Ghidorzi suggests that because Garrido was a negligence case, it is not applicable
to the breach of contract claims in this case. It argues “a higher degree of proof” is required
to obtain damages under South Dakota contract law. It cites to two cases for this
proposition—Peska Properties, Inc. v. N. Rental Corp., 2022 SD 33, ¶ 22, 976 N.W.2d
749, 756; ISG, Corp. v. PLE, Inc., 2018 SD 64, ¶ 34, 917 N.W.2d 23, 34.

[¶26] In Peska, a commercial landlord (Peska) sued for damages after lessees defaulted
on their lease agreement. After a bench trial, the circuit court awarded damages using a
“blended rate” formula to determine damages. Peska appealed, contending that the circuit
court erred as a matter of law in determining that a “blended rate” was the commercially
reasonable calculation for damages rather than calculating the damages based upon the
actual loss sustained by Peska under the lease. Peska, ¶ 21, 976 N.W.2d at 755–56. Peska
also claimed the circuit court’s proportional award for the cost of a build-out was an error
of law because it failed to meet the ultimate goal of a damage award—to return Peska to
the position it would have occupied if the contract had been performed. The South Dakota
Supreme Court agreed with Peska noting damages for a breach of contract “must be
reasonably certain and not speculative.” Id. ¶ 22, 976 N.W.2d at 756.

[¶27] In ISG, ISG brought action against portable lift manufacturer, PLE, for breach of
contract, fraud, and fraudulent misrepresentation after PLE delivered contractually
noncompliant tactical observation platforms for use by law enforcement at a festival in
Puerto Rico. After the jury found in favor of ISG and awarded compensatory and punitive
damages, PLE moved for a new trial. The circuit court entered judgment on jury verdict
for ISG as to liability but granted new trial as to damages. ISG appealed and the South
Dakota Supreme Court reversed, holding the evidence was sufficient to support the jury’s
award in all respects. ISG, ¶¶ 1, 41, 917 N.W.2d at 26, 35–36.

[¶28] In affirming the damages under the fraud claim, the South Dakota Supreme Court
distinguished the award for contract claims from the award for fraud claims:

                                              14
                        SDCL 21-3-1 provides that “[f]or the breach of any
              obligation not arising from contract, the measure of damages
              . . . is the amount which will compensate for all the detriment
              proximately caused thereby, whether it could have been
              anticipated or not.” Further, “courts have some leeway in
              calculating damages and a lesser degree of certainty is required
              to prove tort damages as compared to contract damages.”
              [Weekley v.] Prostrollo, 2010 S.D. 13, ¶ 24, 778 N.W.2d [823,]
              830. However, “facts must exist and be shown by the evidence
              which afford a basis for measuring the loss of the plaintiff with
              reasonable certainty.” Id. ¶ 26.

ISG, ¶ 34, 917 N.W.2d at 34.

[¶29] Contrary to Ghidorzi’s argument, neither of these cases discuss causation or a higher
standard of proof of causation at the summary judgment stage. Rather, they address the
measure of damages and the evidentiary certainty necessary to prove damages. This is not
the issue here. Both parties concede that the amount of damages is an issue of fact for trial.
Ghidorzi does not direct us to a case which requires a higher degree of proof of proximate
cause in a contract case as compared to a negligence case. We therefore rely on the
definition set forth by the South Dakota Supreme Court in Garrido.

[¶30] Ghidorzi asserts that without definitive evidence of the origin of the water that
resulted in swelling soils, Primrose cannot demonstrate that Ghidorzi’s actions or inaction
caused Primrose’s damages. Primrose argues that Ghidorzi misinterprets its claim. It is
undisputed that the long-term exposure to moisture caused the differential movement.
Primrose maintains it submitted evidence of more than one potential source of the water,
such as the water leak in the mainline servicing the building in Area A, sprinkler heads
located too close to the building, inadequate and negative grading around the building, and
runoff from downspouts, all contrary to the requirements of the Contract documents. It
claims that had Ghidorzi followed the specifications in the Contract documents as
incorporated by reference in the engineering drawing, the amount of water in the soil, no
matter the source, would have been reduced and the damage would have been limited to a
1 to 1.1 inch of differential movement as opposed to the 3-inch shift found in Area A.
Primrose cites to the deposition testimony of its expert, Joe Hall, a structural engineer
employed by KL&A, Inc., as evidence of causation. He prepared a report where he
concluded:

                     Foundation and slab on grade movement is most
              typically caused by a change(s) in moisture in the soils
              supporting the foundation and slabs on grade. Presence of
              expansive clays exacerbates the potential movement. The
              Geotechnical Report allowed spread footing foundation system

                                             15
with over-excavation and import of structural fill that was
ultimately utilized on the project. For over-excavation, the
Geotechnical Report provided an estimate of differential slab
movement of 1” provided the measures laid out in the Report
were followed to minimize the chance of moisture intrusion in
the sensitive soils beneath the building.        Differential
movements of upwards of 2” to 3” were observed in areas of
the building.

                           .    .    .

       As recommended in the Geotechnical Report, a
subsurface drainage system beneath the slab and around the
perimeter of the foundation is a common way to minimize the
potential of increased moisture content from an external source
of water . . . . There was no indication of a subsurface drainage
system in the construction documents, nor in any of the test pits
dug around the perimeter of the building.

        It is KLA’s professional opinion that a majority of the
interior slabs on grade and interior column foundation
movement, stresses, and cracks observed were caused by the
swelling of the underlying clay soils that underwent an increase
in moisture content. Interior footings appear to have less than
the recommended structural fill specified in the Geotechnical
Report, especially at the interior garage footings. The lack of
structural fill causes these footings to be more susceptible to
movement due to expansive soils. The exterior foundation
wall movement and lateral rotation along the south side of the
garage, and to a lesser extent, the exterior west wall of Area C,
were indicative of differential movement of the footing due to
eccentric loading of the wall, lateral swell pressures and
varying moisture levels in the soils adjacent to and beneath the
foundation wall and footings.

       The leak in the waterline discussed earlier in this report,
the lack of positive drainage as called for by the Geotechnical
Report, the lack of proper structural fill depths beneath
footings, and the failure to locate the sprinkler heads away
from the building the minimum distance called for by the
Geotechnical Report have contributed to the increase in
moisture content that has resulted in the differential movement
of the building.

                               16
                      The intersection of exterior load bearing walls and
              interior non-load bearing walls were not constructed in a
              manner to allow differential movement between the slabs on
              grade and the foundations as recommended in the Geotechnical
              Report. The lack of slip joints has resulted in large cracks and
              extensive damage at the joints.

                      Also, by casting the interior bearing wall footings
              integrally with the concrete slabs-on-grade, there is no
              isolation of the slab-on-grade from the interior footings.
              Therefore, any differential movement seen by the lightly
              loaded slab-on-grade is also seen by the interior footings, the
              walls supported by these footings, and in turn, the upper-level
              framing. The integral footing system does not follow the
              Geotechnical Report recommendation of isolating the slabs-
              on-grade from foundation elements to allow independent
              movement of the slabs-on-grade.

                      There are also several instances that the construction
              observed did not match that shown in the structural plans. For
              example, some hold-downs were missing and others were not
              placed as shown in the structural plans. Interior strip footings
              appeared to be less than the specified width (or placed off-
              center) and depth. The slabs-on-grade appeared void of any
              reinforcement in locations where visible (cracks, borings, and
              test pits). Each of these, though not likely a primary cause of
              damage, contribute to the extent in which the damage has
              occurred.

[¶31] At his deposition, Mr. Hall testified:

              Q.      The areas where we see this movement to this degree, 2
              to 3 inches, is it fair to say that it’s primarily in the south garage
              or south side area?
              A.      That is correct.
              Q.      Okay. The Terracon report said that there could—you
              could expect movement of up to an inch; correct?
              A.      Correct. If all of the . . . recommendations were
              followed, yes.

[¶32] Mr. Hall’s report identifies specific deviations from the Contract documents
(assuming the jury determines the parties’ intention was to include the Terracon

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specifications as noted in the drawing) and that these deviations contributed to Primrose’s
damages.

[¶33] Ghidorzi points to the fact that Primrose sued several entities and that the ultimate
cause of the damages was Primrose’s decision at the outset to use the alternative spread
footing foundation. The fact that Primrose alleged several entities caused their damages
does not defeat its breach of contract claims against Ghidorzi. See Krause v. Reyelts, 2002
SD 64, ¶¶ 19–22, 646 N.W.2d 732, 735–36 (release of claims against one subcontractor
did not prevent suit against general contractor for its own deficient work); W. Nat’l Mut.
Ins. Co. v. Gateway Bldg. Sys., Inc., 2016 SD 85, ¶ 13, 887 N.W.2d 887, 891–92 (summary
judgment is premature when underlying liability of several entities has not been
determined, and the defendant has disputed whether it was solely responsible for the
ultimate cause of the damages); 11 Joseph M. Perillo, Corbin on Contracts § 55.9 (2005).
Ghidorzi also claims it is undisputed that Primrose’s damages “were caused by Plaintiffs’
own design decisions rather than an increase in moisture content beneath the building that
caused the soils to swell.” We find no basis in the record for this contention.

[¶34] On summary judgment, “[a]ll reasonable inferences drawn from the facts must be
viewed in favor of the non-moving party. The burden is on the moving party to clearly
show an absence of any genuine issue of material fact and an entitlement to judgment as a
matter of law.” Benson Living Tr., ¶ 9, 800 N.W.2d at 342–43 (quoting W. Consol. Co-op.
v. Pew, 2011 SD 9, ¶ 19, 795 N.W.2d 390, 396); see also Peterson, ¶¶ 14–16, 508 P.3d at
704. Viewing the evidence in favor of Primrose, we conclude the district court erred in
granting summary judgment of the issue of causation.

II.    Did the district court err in granting summary judgment on Primrose’s breach of
       the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing?

[¶35] Primrose contends the district court erred in granting summary judgment on its
claim that Ghidorzi violated the duty of good faith and fair dealing. Primrose argues that
Ghidorzi reviewed the Terracon Report during the bidding process and knew that the
specifications for the spread footings were essential to mitigate the effects of any increase
in water content. It claims Ghidorzi’s failure to follow those specifications denied it “the
benefit of its justified expectations” in having the report followed.

[¶36] South Dakota recognizes that “[e]very contract contains an implied covenant of
good faith and fair dealing [that] prohibits either contracting party from preventing or
injuring the other party’s right to receive the agreed benefits of the contract.” Nygaard v.
Sioux Valley Hosps. & Health Sys., 2007 SD 34, ¶ 20, 731 N.W.2d 184, 193–94 (citations
omitted).

                     This duty of good faith permits an aggrieved party to
              bring a breach of contract action when the other party:

                                             18
                     [B]y [its] lack of good faith, limited or completely
                     prevented the aggrieved party from receiving the
                     expected benefits of the bargain. A breach of contract
                     claim is allowed even though the conduct failed to
                     violate any of the express terms of the contract agreed
                     to by the parties.

Id. ¶ 21, 731 N.W.2d at 194 (quoting Garrett v. BankWest, Inc., 459 N.W.2d 833, 841
(S.D. 1990)). “Ultimately, the duty ‘emphasizes faithfulness to an agreed common purpose
and consistency with the justified expectations of the other party.’” Id. (quoting Garrett,
459 N.W.2d at 841 (citing Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 205 cmt. a (Am. Law Inst.
1981))).

[¶37] Nonetheless, “the duty of good faith and fair dealing ‘is not a limitless duty or
obligation.’” Id. ¶ 22, 731 N.W.2d at 194 (quoting Garrett, 459 N.W.2d at 841). It “does
not create an amorphous companion contract with latent provisions to stand at odds with
or in modification of the express language of the parties’ agreement.” Id. (quoting Farm
Credit Servs. of Am. v. Dougan, 2005 SD 94, ¶ 9, 704 N.W.2d 24, 28). “The implied
obligation ‘must arise from the language used or it must be indispensable to effectuate the
intention of the parties.’” Id. (quoting Garrett, 459 N.W.2d at 841). “‘[I]f the express
language of a contract addresses an issue, then there is no need to construe intent or supply
implied terms’ under the implied covenant.” Id. (quoting Dougan, ¶ 10, 704 N.W.2d at
28).

[¶38] As discussed above, Primrose raised material issues of fact regarding the intentions
of the parties regarding the Terracon Report as a contract document and whether it had a
duty to inform Primrose of the decision to forego strict compliance with the specifications
of the Terracon Report. In addition, Primrose raised a material issue of fact as to whether
the failure to comply with the specifications caused its injury. If Ghidorzi is found liable,
the damages are contained in the Contract itself. Consequently, the jury will decide these
questions as a matter of contract and there is no need to supply implied terms. We affirm
the grant of summary judgment in favor of Ghidorzi on Primrose’s claim for a breach of
the duty of good faith and fair dealing.

                                      CONCLUSION

[¶39] There are material questions of fact precluding summary judgment on the
interpretation of the Contract and whether Ghidorzi’s actions contributed to Primrose’s
damages. The district court did not err in granting summary judgment of the breach of
good faith and fair dealing claim. We affirm the summary judgment of the good faith and
fair dealing claim but reverse and remand the remaining contract claim for further
proceedings.

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