Court Opinion

ID: 6351335
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-21 13:15:20.050031+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:48:38.245152
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Senior Judges Annunziata, Frank and Haley
UNPUBLISHED

              MARIO ARISTIDES RIVAS-MARQUEZ
                                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION*
              v.     Record No. 0944-21-2                                        PER CURIAM
                                                                                 JUNE 21, 2022
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                                FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY
                                                Joseph J. Ellis, Judge

                               (Nathanael W. Buczek; Williams Stone Carpenter Buczek, PC, on
                               brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting on brief.

                               (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General; Matthew J. Beyrau, Assistant
                               Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

                     Appellant’s counsel has moved for leave to withdraw and has filed a brief referring to the

              part of the record that might arguably support this appeal. A copy of that brief has been

              furnished to appellant with sufficient time for him to raise any matter that he chooses. Appellant

              has not filed any pro se supplemental pleadings. We have reviewed the parties’ pleadings, fully

              examined the proceedings, and determined the case to be wholly without merit as set forth below.

              Thus, the panel unanimously holds that oral argument is unnecessary. See Code § 17.1-403(ii)(a);

              Rule 5A:27(a).

                     * Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                                         BACKGROUND1

       In April 2013, a grand jury indicted appellant for four counts of rape and one count of

attempted forcible sodomy. Appellant subsequently entered an Alford2 plea to five counts of

indecent liberties. The plea agreement proffered that, had the case gone to trial, the Commonwealth

would have proved that appellant vaginally penetrated his then-four-year-old daughter with his

penis and attempted to put his penis in her mouth. As part of the plea agreement, the

Commonwealth agreed to recommend a total sentence of fifty years in prison, with forty-eight years

suspended. The plea agreement further provided that appellant, a citizen of El Salvador whose

presence in the United States violated federal immigration laws, “shall immediately upon the

completion of his active incarceration leave the United States either through deportation or at his

own expense” and that he “shall not return to the United States.” Appellant agreed that, if he

returned to the United States, he would be in violation of the plea agreement and “shall serve the

remainder of his suspended sentence as active incarceration and the sentences shall run

consecutively.” The trial court accepted the plea agreement and imposed the recommended

sentence. The trial court incorporated into the sentencing order the plea agreement’s conditions that

appellant leave the United States permanently and that, if he returned, he would serve the full

remainder of his sentence.

       Appellant served his active sentence and was deported. When appellant reentered the

United States in 2019, he was detained and convicted in federal court of illegal reentry. The

Commonwealth then moved to revoke appellant’s previously-suspended sentence. At the

revocation hearing, appellant conceded that he violated the conditions of his suspended sentence by

       1
         “In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in the
light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party [below].” Poole v. Commonwealth,
73 Va. App. 357, 360 (2021) (quoting Gerald v. Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 472 (2018)).
       2
           North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970).
                                                    -2-
illegally reentering the United States. Appellant argued, however, that the plea agreement’s

provision that his entire suspended sentence be reimposed if he came back to the United States was

unconscionable and therefore unenforceable. Specifically, appellant asserted that (1) appellant did

not speak English well and did not understand the terms to which he had agreed and (2) the terms

excessively punished reentering the United States, a violation appellant’s counsel described as a

“technicality.” Appellant requested an active sentence of six and a half years’ imprisonment. No

revocation sentencing guidelines were prepared for the trial court’s review at the revocation hearing.

       The trial court found appellant’s assertion that he did not understand the plea agreement’s

terms to be “incredible” and found that the agreement was “very clear on it[]s face.” The trial court

acknowledged but rejected appellant’s argument that the plea agreement was unconscionable and

reimposed the entire suspended sentence of forty-eight years. This appeal followed.

                                            ANALYSIS

                                                  I.

       Appellant first argues that the trial court abused its discretion by not preparing and

reviewing sentencing guidelines at the revocation hearing. “No ruling of the trial court . . . will

be considered as a basis for reversal unless an objection was stated with reasonable certainty at

the time of the ruling, except for good cause shown or to enable this Court to attain the ends of

justice.” Rule 5A:18. “Rule 5A:18 requires a litigant to make timely and specific objections, so

that the trial court has ‘an opportunity to rule intelligently on the issues presented, thus avoiding

unnecessary appeals and reversals.’” Brown v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 210, 217 (2010)

(quoting West v. Commonwealth, 43 Va. App. 327, 337 (2004)).

       Because appellant did not object to the lack of sentencing guidelines, he has not

preserved this issue for appellate review. He does not invoke any of the exceptions to Rule

                                                       -3-
5A:18, and we will not raise them sua sponte.3 See Hicks v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 255,

269 n.6 (2019).

                                                II.

       Appellant next argues that the provision in his plea agreement requiring him to serve the

entire remaining sentence if he returned to the United States was unconscionable and

unenforceable. Generally, after suspending a sentence, a trial court “may revoke the suspension

of sentence for any cause the court deems sufficient that occurred at any time within the

probation period, or within the period of suspension fixed by the court.” Code § 19.2-306(A).

“In revocation appeals, the trial court’s ‘findings of fact and judgment will not be reversed unless

there is a clear showing of abuse of discretion.’” Jacobs v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 529,

535 (2013) (quoting Davis v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 81, 86 (1991)). “If the court, after

hearing, finds good cause to believe that the defendant has violated the terms of suspension, then

the court may revoke the suspension and impose a sentence in accordance with the provisions of

§ 19.2-306.1.” Code § 19.2-306(C). If the basis of the violation is that the defendant committed

a new criminal offense, the court may “impose or resuspend any or all of that period previously

suspended.” Code § 19.2-306.1(B). Accordingly, the trial court was permitted to reimpose

appellant’s entire suspended sentence even in the absence of the plea agreement.

       Nonetheless, we assume for the sake of argument that a trial court may abuse its

discretion by basing its revocation decision on an invalid plea agreement.4 “A circuit court’s

       3
          In any event, a trial court’s failure to review sentencing guidelines “shall not be
reviewable on appeal or the basis of any other post-conviction relief.” Code § 19.2-298.01(A),
(F); see also West v. Dir. of Dep’t of Corr., 273 Va. 56, 65 (2007); Fazili v. Commonwealth, 71
Va. App. 239, 248-49 (2019).
       4
         The trial court incorporated the challenged provision of the plea agreement into its 2013
sentencing order. Accordingly, the trial court’s decision to reimpose appellant’s full suspended
sentence may be more properly understood as being based on the 2013 sentencing order rather
than on the plea agreement, which by its own express terms did not bind the trial court to impose
                                                   -4-
interpretation of a plea agreement is governed by the law of contracts and is a matter of law

subject to de novo review.” Bardales v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 737, 743 (2020). “To the

extent that factual findings of the circuit court are part of the analysis, we cannot disturb factual

findings made by the circuit court unless they are plainly wrong.” Id.

       The Commonwealth argues that the affirmative defense of unconscionability does not

apply to plea agreements. We need not decide that issue today, because the provision in question

is not unconscionable.5 Traditionally, for a contract to be unconscionable, it must have been

“such as no man in his senses and not under delusion would make on the one hand, and as no

honest and fair man would accept on the other.” Chaplain v. Chaplain, 54 Va. App. 762, 774

(2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). Unconscionability contains both procedural and

substantive components, both of which must be met to render a contractual provision

unenforceable. Id. Procedural unconscionability requires a showing that the bargaining process

was inequitable, while substantive unconscionability requires a showing of gross disparity in the

substantive terms “as to shock the conscience.” Id. at 773-74.

       Appellant argues that the plea agreement was procedurally unconscionable because

appellant is not a native English speaker and may not have understood fully the provisions of the

agreement. This argument, if accepted, would seemingly render procedurally unconscionable all

plea agreements the Commonwealth enters into with non-native English speakers. We reject that

contention. Appellant was provided an attorney, a translator, and a circuit court hearing

specifically designed to ensure that appellant fully understood the provisions to which he was

any particular sentence. Because the trial court based the 2013 sentencing order on the plea
agreement, however, we will consider appellant’s challenge to the agreement.
       5
        Appellate courts should decide appeals “on the best and narrowest grounds available.”
Commonwealth v. Swann, 290 Va. 194, 196 (2015) (quoting McGhee v. Commonwealth, 280 Va.
620, 626 n.4 (2010)).
                                                 -5-
agreeing by pleading guilty. Appellant provides no evidence that these procedures were

insufficient to counteract any inequity arising from appellant’s language skills.

       Appellant argues that the plea agreement was substantively unconscionable because it

applied an overly harsh punishment for a mere probation violation. Analyzing the agreement’s

fairness, however, requires that we assess not only what appellant gave up in the agreement, but

also the benefit he received. At the time appellant entered into the agreement, he was charged

with four counts of rape and one count of attempted forcible sodomy. Because the victim was

under eighteen years old, had appellant been convicted of these charges at trial, each rape

conviction would have carried a mandatory life sentence. See Code § 18.2-61(A)(iii), (B)(ii). In

exchange for appellant’s plea and his agreement to leave the United States permanently, the

Commonwealth reduced appellant’s charges to five counts of indecent liberties—each of which

carried a maximum sentence of ten years’ imprisonment—and recommended to the trial court

that appellant serve an active sentence of only two years’ incarceration. An active sentence of

only two years for vaginally penetrating a four year old on four separate occasions was a

substantial benefit to appellant, one appellant may not have received had he not agreed to the

terms he now challenges on appeal. Finally, contrary to appellant’s contention that forty-eight

years is an excessive punishment for a probation violation, when a court reimposes a

previously-suspended sentence, it is “modifying” the punishment for the underlying offenses—

five counts of indecent liberties in this case—not sentencing the defendant for the violation. See

Alsberry v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 314, 319-22 (2002) (holding that lower court did not

abuse its discretion by reimposing in its entirety a suspended sentence in excess of twenty-four

                                                   -6-
years based on the commission of two misdemeanor probation violations). Accordingly, the plea

agreement was not substantively unconscionable.6

                                         CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment and grant the motion for

leave to withdraw. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744 (1967). This Court’s records

shall reflect that Mario Aristides Rivas-Marquez is now proceeding without the assistance of

counsel in this matter and is representing himself on any further proceedings or appeal.

                                                                                           Affirmed.

       6
         Appellant also argues that the plea agreement is an adhesion contract. An adhesion
contract is a “standard-form contract prepared by one party, to be signed by another party in a
weaker position, usually a consumer, who adheres to the contract with little choice about the
terms.” Adhesion Contract, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). Plea agreements are not
standard-form contracts over which the defendant has no negotiating power and, even if they
were, adhesion contracts are not necessarily unconscionable.
                                                   -7-