Court Opinion

ID: 4533969
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-05-13 18:00:33.808819+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:39:25.086341
License: Public Domain

Case: 19-10784    Date Filed: 05/13/2020   Page: 1 of 12

                                                             [DO NOT PUBLISH]

               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                          ________________________

                                No. 19-10784
                          ________________________

                      D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cv-20683-FAM

HERON DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION,
a foreign corporation,
PALACE RESORTS, S.A. DE C.V.,

                                                            Plaintiffs - Appellees,

                                        versus

VACATION TOURS, INC.,
a Florida corporation
d.b.a. Vacation Store of Miami, Inc.,
MEDIA INSIGHT GROUP, INC.,
a Florida corporation
d.b.a. Media Insight,
GEORGE A. ALVAREZ,
jointly, severally, and individually,
ROSANNA M. MENDEZ,

                                                         Defendants - Appellants.
                Case: 19-10784      Date Filed: 05/13/2020       Page: 2 of 12

                              ________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Southern District of Florida
                            ________________________

                                      (May 13, 2020)

Before JORDAN and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges, and COOGLER, * District
Judge.

PER CURIAM:

       Vacation Tours, Inc., Media Insight Group, Inc., Rosanna Mendez, and

George Alvarez (together, “the defendants”) appeal the district court’s order

granting summary judgment to Palace Resorts, S.A. de C.V on its claim that the

defendants’ registration and use of 40 domain names violated the Anti-

Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (“ACPA”). See 15 U.S.C. § 1125(d).

After granting summary judgment to Palace Resorts on that claim, the district court

ordered the defendants to transfer all 40 infringing domain names to Palace

Resorts, awarded Palace Resorts statutory damages, and determined that Palace

Resorts was entitled to attorney’s fees.

       On appeal, the defendants argue that the district court erred by adopting the

magistrate judge’s factual findings, made in the context of deciding a motion for a

preliminary injunction, because the magistrate judge weighed the evidence—

       *
       Honorable L. Scott Coogler, United States District Judge for the Northern District of
Alabama, sitting by designation.
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something the district court may not do at the summary judgment stage. After

careful consideration, and with the benefit of oral argument, we agree with the

defendants that the district court erred. We vacate the district court’s grant of

summary judgment to Palace Resorts on the ACPA claim, vacate the final

judgment, and remand the case to the district court for further consideration. 1

                                I.    BACKGROUND

A.     Factual Background

       Palace Resorts owns and operates hotels and resorts in Mexico and the

Caribbean. It and a related entity, Palace Holding, S.A. de C.V., registered various

trademarks related to the names of the hotels and resorts that Palace Resorts

operates.

       For about a decade, Vacation Tours had a contractual wholesaler

relationship with Palace Holding in which Vacation Tours operated as a

reservation referral service for the hotels and resorts.2 Under the wholesaler

agreement, Vacation Tours had permission to use pre-approved photographs and

images of Palace Resorts hotels and resorts for marketing purposes. To facilitate

       1
         The defendants also argue that the district court erred in determining that the case was
“exceptional” and thus warranted an award of attorneys’ fees under 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a) and in
depriving the defendants of the right to a jury trial on statutory damages. Because we agree with
the defendants that the district court erred in granting summary judgment, however, we need not
address the defendants’ other arguments.
       2
        Because we write for the parties, we assume their familiarity with the facts and include
only what is necessary to understand our resolution of this appeal.
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advertising under the agreement, Vacation Tours, through Media Insight,

registered 40 domain names that include the exact name, or a slight variation, of a

Palace Resorts property and its corresponding trademark. Vacation Tours operated

websites using these registered domain names to sell reservations to stay at Palace

Resorts properties.

      Palace Holding learned of Vacation Tours’s use of the infringing domain

names when customers complained that they thought they had booked reservations

through Palace Resorts, but in fact they had booked through Vacation Tours.

Palace Holding’s counsel sent letters terminating the wholesaler agreement and

demanding that Vacation Tours cease and desist using the trademarks. Vacation

Tours replied by sending a proposed contract seeking payment from Palace

Holding for a transfer of or license to use the domain names. In response, Palace

Holding sent another cease and desist letter. Vacation Tours continued to operate

the websites and use pictures of the hotels and resorts well after the wholesaler

agreement was terminated.

      After terminating the wholesaler agreement, Palace Holding entered into a

licensing agreement with Heron Development Corporation, giving Heron an

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exclusive license to use the trademarks for the sale, marketing, and promotion of

Palace Resorts properties to potential customers in the United States. 3

B.      Procedural History

        Heron brought a seven-count action in federal district court against the

defendants arising out of the registration and use of the 40 domain names.4 Count

I of the complaint alleged that the defendants engaged in cybersquatting in

violation of the ACPA. See 15 U.S.C. § 1125(d).

        Shortly after filing the lawsuit, Heron moved for a preliminary injunction on

all counts to prohibit the defendants from using Palace’s trademarks on its websites

and operating websites under the infringing domain names. The defendants

opposed the motion, arguing, among other things, that no violation had occurred

because Palace had consented to the defendants’ operation of the websites. The

defendants pointed to a series of email exchanges with Palace that, they argued,

showed its consent to their continued use of the websites.

        After an evidentiary hearing, the magistrate judge issued a report and

recommendation (“R&R”) determining that the defendants had violated the ACPA

        3
          Palace Holding later transferred all of its rights, interests, and obligations in and to the
trademarks, as well as the licensing agreement, to Palace Resorts. For the remainder of the
opinion we will refer to either entity or both entities collectively as “Palace,” unless the
distinction between the two matters.
        4
        Palace Resorts was not an original party to the case but was added in an amended
complaint.
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when they “repeatedly and unjustifiably refused to cease using the domain names

after the [wholesaler agreement] was terminated.” Doc. 94 at 16. 5 The magistrate

judge found that the email exchanges on which the defendants relied to show that

Palace had acquiesced in their continued use of the domain names did “not

constitute active consent” to use the trademarks. Id. at 18. In addition, the

magistrate judge found that the defendants’ use of the disputed domain names was

confusing and likely to mislead the public. Based on these findings of fact, the

magistrate judge recommended that the district court enjoin the defendants from

registering domain names that incorporate Palace’s trademarks and order the

defendants to forward website traffic from their infringing domain names to the

appropriate Palace Resorts website. After considering the defendants’ objections,

the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s R&R and entered a preliminary

injunction.6

       Palace then moved for partial summary judgment solely on Count I.7 The

district court granted the motion, concluding that the defendants had violated the

       5
           “Doc. #” refers to the district court’s numbered docket entry.
       6
         The defendants immediately appealed the district court’s order awarding a preliminary
injunction, but a separate panel of this Court dismissed the appeal as moot after the district court
entered a final judgment. See Heron Dev. Corp. v. Vacation Tours Inc., 763 F. App’x 875, 877
(11th Cir. 2019) (per curiam).
       7
         The defendants filed a motion to dismiss Count I in part, arguing that Heron lacked
standing to bring a claim under the ACPA. The district court granted the motion to dismiss
Heron as a plaintiff on that claim, leaving Palace as the sole plaintiff.

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ACPA. The district court observed that the defendants had raised affirmative

defenses, including that Palace had acquiesced in their use of the domain names.

But because the defendants had offered no additional evidence since the issuance

of the R&R on the motion for a preliminary injunction, the district court adopted

the magistrate judge’s earlier findings of fact. Heron and Palace then jointly

moved to dismiss all of their other claims, which the district court granted.

      At Palace’s suggestion, the district court determined that the remaining

issues in the case could proceed to a bench trial on briefs alone and instructed the

parties to submit trial briefs regarding: (1) Palace’s request for a permanent

injunction ordering the transfer of the infringing domain names to it; (2) Palace’s

entitlement to statutory damages under 15 U.S.C. § 1117(d); and (3) whether the

case should be considered “exceptional” under 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a) warranting an

award of attorneys’ fees and costs. After considering the parties’ briefs, the district

court entered final judgment ordering the defendants to transfer the domain names

to Palace, awarding Palace $400,000 in statutory damages, and determining that

Palace was entitled to attorney’s fees because the case was “exceptional.” The

district court denied Palace’s request for a permanent injunction enjoining the

defendants from any further infringement of its trademarks. This is the defendants’

appeal.

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                      II.   STANDARD OF REVIEW

      We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment,

construing the facts and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the

nonmoving party. Urquilla-Diaz v. Kaplan Univ., 780 F.3d 1039, 1050 (11th Cir.

2015). Summary judgment is appropriate when a movant shows that there is “no

genuine dispute as to any material fact,” such that “the movant is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). A genuine dispute of a

material fact exists only when “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could

return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477

U.S. 242, 248 (1986). Making credibility determinations, weighing the evidence,

and drawing legitimate inferences from the evidence are functions of the ultimate

finder of fact and not of a judge ruling on a motion for summary judgment.

Strickland v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 692 F.3d 1151, 1154 (11th Cir. 2012).

                            III.    DISCUSSION

      The defendants contend that the district court erred in granting summary

judgment to Palace on Count I because the court adopted the magistrate judge’s

findings of fact, which were made after weighing the evidence presented at the

preliminary injunction stage. By relying on those findings, defendants argue, the

district court violated the summary judgment standard, which prohibits the

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weighing of evidence at the summary judgment stage. We agree with the

defendants.

      It is clear that, in granting partial summary judgment, the district court relied

upon the findings of fact and conclusions of law in the magistrate judge’s R&R.

See Doc. 240 at 17 (stating, without further analysis, that the magistrate judge

“thoroughly addressed and dismissed each of these affirmative defenses in his

Report and Recommendation on Plaintiffs’ Motion for Preliminary Injunction,

which this Court adopted” and concluding that “[b]ecause [those] determinations

apply with equal force today, Defendants’ affirmative defenses fail”). The

magistrate judge concluded that the defendants’ affirmative defenses were without

merit after weighing conflicting evidence the parties presented and making

findings of fact. For example, the defendants argued that email exchanges between

Vacation Tours and Palace demonstrated Palace’s knowledge and consent of the

defendants’ use of the infringing domain names. In rejecting the affirmative

defenses of acquiescence and laches, the magistrate judge discussed the email

exchanges before determining that the emails did not evidence Palace’s consent to

the defendants’ continued use of the domain names.

      The district court also adopted the magistrate judge’s factual findings in

determining that the defendants acted with a bad faith intent to profit. A person

violates the ACPA and is liable to the owner of a protected mark when he: (1) “has

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a bad faith intent to profit from that mark” and (2) “registers, traffics in, or uses a

domain name that . . . in the case of a mark that is distinctive . . . is identical or

confusingly similar to that mark.” 15 U.S.C. § 1125(d)(1)(A).8 Congress included

a list of nine factors that “a court may consider” when determining whether or not

the use of a domain name was done with a “bad faith intent to profit.” See id.

§ 1125(d)(1)(B)(i)-(ix). The factors include questions such as whether the

defendant has other intellectual property rights in the domain name; has ever used

the domain name in “connection with the bona fide offering of any goods or

services”; has an intent to divert consumers from the mark owner’s website to his

own, either for commercial gain or with the intent to tarnish or disparage the mark;

or whether the defendant acquired multiple domain names that the defendant

knows are identical or confusingly similar to distinctive marks. See id.

       The district court concluded that at least six of the nine factors indicated that

the defendants had acted with a bad faith intent to profit and therefore “the

evidence overwhelmingly indicates that Defendants registered and used these

domain names with a bad-faith intent to profit off of [Palace’s] trademarks and

corresponding goodwill.” Doc. 240 at 15-17. These conclusions appear to have

       8
          A mark is distinctive when it “serve[s] the purpose of identifying the source of the
goods or services.” Welding Servs., Inc. v. Forman, 509 F.3d 1351, 1357 (11th Cir. 2007). The
distinctiveness of the marks is not at issue in this appeal.
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been based on the magistrate judge’s findings and conclusions in the R&R

prepared after the magistrate judge conducted an evidentiary hearing.

      As Palace conceded at oral argument, the defendants offered evidence

probative of whether the defendants acted with a bad faith intent to profit. For

example, there was evidence that Palace knew the defendants were using the

domain names and did not object. There was evidence that Palace profited,

consistent with the wholesaler agreement, from the defendants’ use of the domain

names. This evidence goes directly to one of the factors that a court may consider

in determining whether there was a bad faith intent to profit from the domain

names. See 15 U.S.C. § 1125(d)(1)(B)(i)(III) (listing as a factor that may be

considered “the person’s prior use, if any, of the domain name in connection with

the bona fide offering of any goods or services”). Although consideration of the

factors is permissive, S. Grouts & Mortars, Inc. v. 3M Co., 575 F.3d 1235, 1244

(11th Cir. 2009), the district court was not free to ignore this evidence when

considering Palace’s motion for summary judgment.

      Although the district court’s adoption of the R&R’s findings of fact was

entirely appropriate in deciding the motion for a preliminary injunction, it was

impermissible in granting summary judgment. See Strickland, 692 F.3d at 1154.

The district court therefore erred, and we must reverse the summary judgment in

favor of Palace on the ACPA claim.

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                           IV.    CONCLUSION

      For the above reasons, we vacate the district court’s grant of summary

judgment, vacate the district court’s final judgment in favor of Palace in its

entirety, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      VACATED AND REMANDED.

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