Court Opinion

ID: 9371962
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-17 15:02:49.350517+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:31.234621
License: Public Domain

2023 IL 127805

                                        IN THE
                               SUPREME COURT
                                           OF
                         THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

                                   (Docket No. 127805)

               THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v.
                       TRUMANE TOMPKINS, Appellant.

                             Opinion filed February 17, 2023.

        JUSTICE OVERSTREET delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

         Chief Justice Theis and Justices Holder White and Cunningham concurred in
     the judgment and opinion.

        Justice Neville dissented, with opinion.

        Justices Rochford and O’Brien took no part in the decision.

                                        OPINION

¶1      Defendant, Trumane Tompkins, appeals his conviction for unlawful use or
     possession of a weapon by a felon. 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(a) (West 2018). On appeal,
     he argues that the Cook County circuit court erred in declining to give the jury a
     non-Illinois Pattern Jury Instruction (non-IPI) pursuant to section 10-30 of the Law
     Enforcement Officer-Worn Body Camera Act (Act) (50 ILCS 706/10-30 (West
     2018)) and admitting body camera footage showing marijuana belonging to
     defendant’s coarrestee. For the following reasons, we affirm.

¶2                                      BACKGROUND

¶3                                    A. Motion in Limine

¶4       Prior to trial, defendant filed a motion in limine, seeking, inter alia, to prohibit
     the State from presenting any evidence, whether by testimony or video, regarding
     the recovery of marijuana that was allegedly possessed by a coarrestee at the time
     of defendant’s arrest. At the start of trial, the State informed the circuit court that it
     had no intention of introducing any evidence regarding the marijuana. At that time,
     defendant made the circuit court aware that one of the two body camera videos the
     State intended to show depicts one officer throwing a bag of marijuana at another
     officer. Defendant argued that he was not charged with possession of the marijuana,
     and there was no allegation he had anything to do with the marijuana. Defendant
     argued that he would be prejudiced by playing that part of the video for the jury
     because it could cause an inference in the jury’s minds that the marijuana belonged
     to him.

¶5       In response, the State argued that the footage at issue was part of a continuous
     video and, immediately after the video depicts the bag of marijuana, the video
     depicts the gun that is the subject of defendant’s charge on the ground where it was
     located. Within seconds, the officer that ultimately inventories the gun on his body
     camera enters the frame of the video and sees the gun. The State represented to the
     circuit court that excluding the video in its entirety would be cutting off a very
     relevant portion of the video and that “it [i]s so close in time and proximity it would
     be hard to cut that part out.” The State argued that defendant’s concerns could easily
     be remedied by establishing that a codefendant was arrested for possession of the
     marijuana and that the marijuana was not in the possession of defendant.

¶6       In reply, defendant argued that the State intended to show another, shorter video
     that depicts the gun being found where it is lying on the ground and picked up by

                                               -2-
       another officer. Defendant asked the circuit court to limit the State to the showing
       of that video. The circuit court denied the motion in limine, stating that it was “not
       going to make the State’s decisions with respect to what video is better or worse
       from a persuasive standpoint.”

¶7                                         B. Jury Trial

¶8                                    1. Opening Statement

¶9        During defendant’s opening statement, counsel stated the following:

               “There are two body camera videos. Those are videos that are from a camera
          that’s mounted on an officer’s uniform whether it’s on their chest or on their
          left belt or somewhere along those lines. Those two body camera videos will
          not show Mr. Tompkins [d]oing anything. In fact, they will not show Mr.
          Tompkins at all.

              Interestingly enough, Officer Martinez, the only officer that allegedly sees
          Mr. Tompkins with a gun[,] will not have any video to show you; and that is
          because although he was wearing a body camera it was not active, it was not
          turned [on] when this incident occurred, so we will have videos that will not
          show Mr. Tompkins doing anything.”

¶ 10                                    2. Officer Opacian

¶ 11       Officer Piotr Opacian testified he is an officer with the Chicago Police
       Department. He was on duty at 11 p.m. on April 23, 2018, along with his partner,
       Officer Amaris Furlan, in a marked police vehicle, when he observed a vehicle with
       an inoperable license plate light. He attempted to pull the vehicle over by activating
       the lights and sirens on his squad car. The vehicle slowed down and began to pull
       over but then took off at a very high rate of speed. He followed the vehicle and
       observed the vehicle disobey a red light and almost T-bone a car at the intersection.
       Officer Opacian then turned off his lights and sirens and slowed down due to public
       safety concerns but continued to follow the vehicle. The vehicle violated multiple
       stop signs before he lost sight of the vehicle for a few seconds. When he regained
       sight of the vehicle, it had crashed into a house and fence. Three occupants exited

                                               -3-
       from the vehicle and fled in separate directions on foot. Officer Opacian observed
       defendant exit from the rear of the vehicle. Officer Opacian then parked the vehicle,
       and he and Officer Furlan proceeded to pursue the suspects on foot. A video of
       Officer Opacian’s squad car dash camera footage was played for the jury.

¶ 12       Officer Opacian testified that, as he exited his vehicle to pursue the suspects, an
       assisting squad car arrived on scene and drove in the direction of where defendant
       had run. Officer Constantino Martinez was driving that vehicle, and Officer
       Opacian soon learned that Officer Martinez had defendant in custody and that a
       weapon had been located near where defendant was apprehended. He went to the
       area and observed a red and black Glock 22, .40-caliber gun with an extended
       magazine. It was located between two apartment buildings behind a fence in the
       front gangway area. The magazine of the gun had 19 live rounds, and there was 1
       live round in the chamber. He collected, disabled, bagged, and sealed the gun and
       placed it into evidence inventory at the station.

¶ 13       A clip of Officer Opacian’s body camera footage showing him recovering the
       gun was then played for the jury. Officer Opacian testified that marijuana found on
       scene and briefly depicted in the video was from a different individual who had
       exited the vehicle, and not defendant. Officer Opacian then identified the gun,
       magazine, and ammunition in open court, and they were admitted into evidence.
       He testified that this was the first time he had ever seen a red Glock before, or a red
       handgun of any brand.

¶ 14       On cross-examination, Officer Opacian testified that police officers must follow
       certain rules with respect to their body cameras. He testified that officers are
       required to turn on the cameras anytime they are engaged “in some sort of stop,”
       including a foot pursuit, and to turn the camera on, they must press a button twice.
       The camera then backtracks one minute and begins recording. Although he saw
       defendant, wearing a T-shirt, exit the vehicle and begin running, he did not observe
       the gun or any lumps or bulges in his clothing at that time. Officer Opacian
       reiterated that someone other than defendant was arrested for the cannabis observed
       on the video and that it was not recovered near where the gun was recovered.

                                                -4-
¶ 15                                   3. Officer Martinez

¶ 16       Officer Constantino Martinez testified he was a Chicago police officer and was
       working with his partner, Katie Blocker, on the night in question. They were on
       duty in plainclothes but with marked tactical vests and an unmarked squad car when
       they received a call to assist with a traffic stop. Officer Martinez testified that he
       located Officer Opacian’s police vehicle in pursuit of a fleeing vehicle and followed
       a safe distance behind. They lost sight of the fleeing vehicle, and when they found
       it again, it was crashed into a house. Officer Martinez saw the female driver and a
       male rear passenger flee from the vehicle. He then engaged in a foot pursuit of the
       male, whom he identified in court as defendant.

¶ 17       Officer Martinez testified that, as he pursued defendant, he observed him
       running at a fast pace and holding his waistband “like he was holding something,
       and he was trying to retrieve it from wherever he had it in his front waistband.” He
       continued to run, and once he was finally able to retrieve the item from his front
       waistband, Officer Martinez saw him toss a black and red object. This occurred
       around 7111 South Champlain Avenue, in a front yard “with some steps and a black
       gate which was locked in front.” Defendant tossed the object over the gate. He then
       stopped and raised his hands up in the air. Officer Martinez then detained him and
       placed him in handcuffs.

¶ 18       Officer Martinez testified that he was running 10 to 15 feet behind defendant
       when he saw him toss the object. There were no civilians in the area. He relayed
       the information to his partner, Officer Blocker, who searched that area and found
       the gun in the yard at that address, 10 to 15 feet away from where Officer Martinez
       had detained defendant.

¶ 19      The State engaged Officer Martinez in a line of questioning regarding his body
       camera:

             “Q. Officer, on [the night in question] were you wearing a Chicago Police
          Department issued body camera?

              A. Yes.

             Q. Prior to [the night in question] had you worn a body-worn camera
          before?

                                               -5-
   A. Yes.

   Q. Okay. Can you describe how the body-worn cameras are activated and
begin recording?

    A. We have to manually press the body-worn camera, the middle button
twice to activate the camera to start recording.

   Q. Okay. And was your camera that you were wearing on [the night in
question], did it capture the events of [the night in question]?

   A. No.

   Q. And why is that?

    A. Due to the spontaneous nature of the event, everything happened so
quickly, so fast. I was more worried about the safety of my partners and the
erratic driving. I wasn’t thinking about turning my camera on at the time.

   Q. When you were first in your vehicle driving and following the other
Chicago police squad car your body-worn camera was not activated?

   A. It was not.

   Q. In your experience as a Chicago police officer do you typically keep your
body-worn camera on as you’re just driving around in your squad car?

   A. No.

   Q. When is it that you would activate a body-worn camera?

    A. [When w]e do a stop or we go to a call or we conduct a traffic stop you
turn it on from start to end.

    Q. And when you say a traffic stop, what do you mean? Like for a traffic
infraction?

    A. For a traffic infraction and you pull over a vehicle I turn my camera on
right when I step out the door.

   Q. Step out the door of your vehicle?

                                   -6-
              A. Yes.

              Q. A traffic infraction is typically—do you consider that an emergency
          situation?

              A. No.

             Q. Okay. In a situation on [the night in question] when you jumped out of
          your vehicle did it occur to you to manually turn your body-worn camera on?

              A. Not at the time.

              Q. And why is that?

              A. Everything happened so fast, the driving, the safety of others, making
          sure nobody gets hurt and then placing the car in park and trying to catch the
          subjects fleeing from the vehicle.”

¶ 20        On cross-examination, defense counsel questioned Officer Martinez further
       about the Chicago Police Department’s policies regarding body cameras. He
       testified that those policies include turning on the camera during a foot pursuit when
       it is safe and feasible to do so. He testified that his partner, Officer Blocker, was
       wearing a body camera at the time and was able to turn hers on, but he did not. He
       did not turn it on when he exited the vehicle, nor when he saw defendant toss the
       gun. Defense counsel asked Officer Martinez whether the camera would have
       backed up 30 seconds and recorded the toss had he done so, to which Officer
       Martinez answered as follows:

               “A. Maybe, maybe not. It’s just one angle. You can’t really see everything.
          It’s down here (Indicating). There’s like a—the camera—everyone believes that
          what you see is what you get, but you only see one part of the angle and you
          can’t really see the whole view because my eyes would see something different
          than my camera sees.”

¶ 21                                    4. Officer Blocker

¶ 22       Officer Katie Blocker testified that she was working with Officer Martinez on
       the night in question. They assisted another unit that was pursuing a vehicle that

                                               -7-
       did not comply with a traffic stop. When they came upon the vehicle crashed into
       the house, she observed a black male exit the vehicle and cross the street, at which
       time Officer Martinez exited and ran after him. She exited and ran after Officer
       Opacian, who was running on the opposite side of the street from Officer Martinez.
       She was running parallel to Officer Martinez and could see him in her peripheral
       vision. She saw Officer Martinez apprehend the black male he was chasing and
       went over to assist him. Officer Martinez then told her that he saw the individual
       throw something red and pointed to the area where he had apprehended the
       individual. At that time, she searched the immediate area and, within seconds, saw
       the red object, which was the gun. There were no other individuals around. She
       called another officer over to recover the gun.

¶ 23                      5. Stipulation and Jury Instruction Conference

¶ 24       The parties stipulated that defendant was previously convicted of a qualifying
       felony as a predicate for an unlawful use or possession of a weapon by a felon. 720
       ILCS 5/24-1.1(a) (West 2018). The State rested, and defendant put on no additional
       evidence, waiving his right to testify on the record. The circuit court then held a
       conference on jury instructions.

¶ 25       During the jury instruction conference, defendant tendered the following non-
       IPI instruction:

          “You have heard testimony that Officer Martinez was wearing a body-worn
          camera but did not turn it on prior to or during his encounter with the defendant.
          If you find that the officer intentionally did not capture a recording of this
          encounter, then you should consider that fact when determining what weight to
          give to Officer Martinez’s testimony.”

¶ 26       Defendant argued before the circuit court that this non-IPI jury instruction was
       appropriate based on section 10-30 of the Act (50 ILCS 706/10-30 (West 2018))
       because Officer Martinez testified that he had not turned on his body camera and
       had not provided a reasonable justification for his failure to do so. According to
       defendant, based on that testimony, the jury should be instructed that it can draw a
       “negative inference” from that fact. The State objected to the instruction, and the
       circuit court sustained the objection. The circuit court reasoned, inter alia, that the

                                                -8-
       State provided a reasonable justification for Officer Martinez’s failure to activate
       the camera, due to the exigencies of the circumstances.

¶ 27                                  6. Closing Arguments

¶ 28       During defense counsel’s closing argument, counsel asserted that the State had
       failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant possessed a weapon
       because

          “nobody ever saw [defendant] with that gun and the only individual, the only
          police officer who saw [defendant], allegedly, with what he suspected to be that
          gun, did not turn on his body-worn camera as is required. It’s required of him
          professionally and he didn’t do that and because of that, the State has failed to
          meet its burden.”

¶ 29      Defense counsel continued:

              “Now, at best, Officer Martinez allegedly saw [defendant] with a red object,
          and yet, prior to this, prior to him allegedly seeing [defendant] throw this red
          object, Officer Martinez said he had a front view of [defendant] when he exits
          the vehicle and he exits the vehicle and he chased him and he doesn’t see him
          with that gun and then at some point, he sees him throw an object, a red object
          he says, but he didn’t turn on his body-worn camera, so we don’t really know
          what happened. We don’t really know what he saw and if he had pressed that
          button when he allegedly saw [defendant] throw this red item, you would have
          that video before you today because, as you heard, the body-worn camera, when
          you pressed that button, when you pressed that button, it buffers, so it goes back
          30 seconds and you would have before you—if he pressed that button, you
          would have saw, whether it shows something or it doesn’t, but he didn’t do
          what he was supposed to. He didn’t follow the rules. He didn’t follow the rules
          that day and so you don’t know what he saw ***.”

¶ 30       A little further on in closing, defense counsel returned to the body-camera issue,
       stating:

              “Now, I want to just briefly touch on the body-worn camera issue. It is not
          an afterthought. It is required by Chicago Police Department officers to wear

                                               -9-
          that body-worn camera and the officers that you saw and you heard testimony
          from, they followed that requirement. They followed that rule, but Officer
          Martinez did not. He did not do his job that night. He has been wearing that
          body-worn camera for three years and you heard Officer Opacian testify that in
          order to turn that body-worn camera on, you double click it and you saw that
          he was engaged in that chase for several minutes or at least a minute on the road
          and then he gets out of his vehicle and he’s saying that he thinks [defendant]
          has something in his waistband, but he doesn’t turn his body-worn camera on.
          [He d]id not follow the rules and why is that important? Because if he had, you
          would have that information that you need before you make your decision, but
          he didn’t. He didn’t do what he was supposed to do that night and because of
          that, the State cannot meet their burden. This is a serious charge and they have
          to get it right.”

¶ 31        In rebuttal, the State emphasized to the jury that Officer Martinez was not on
       trial and that he had explained the circumstances and why he had not activated his
       camera. The State also pointed out that the jury did not know what would have been
       on that camera if it had been turned on, since Officer Martinez was running at the
       time. The State explained to the jury that the pertinent question was whether to
       believe Officer Martinez’s testimony.

¶ 32                             7. Jury Instructions and Verdict

¶ 33       Following closing arguments, the circuit court advised the jury of the relevant
       instructions. The circuit court instructed the jury, inter alia, as follows. The jurors
       are to determine the facts and to determine them only from the evidence in this case,
       in light of their own observations and experience in life. The evidence the jurors
       are to consider consists only of the testimony of the witnesses and the exhibits and
       stipulations that the circuit court had received. Only the jurors are the judges of the
       believability of the witnesses and the weight to be given to the testimony of each
       of them. In considering the testimony of any witness, the jurors are to take into
       account the witness’s ability and opportunity to observe; his memory; his manner
       while testifying; any interest, bias, or prejudice he may have; and the
       reasonableness of his testimony considered in light of all the evidence in the case.
       Following a period of deliberation, the jury returned a verdict finding defendant

                                               - 10 -
       guilty of unlawful possession of a weapon by a felon.

¶ 34                                  8. Posttrial Proceedings

¶ 35       Following trial, defendant filed a posttrial motion raising the issues we now
       consider in this appeal. Following a sentencing hearing, the circuit court sentenced
       defendant to 7½ years in the Department of Corrections, plus two years’ mandatory
       supervised release, with 332 days’ credit for pretrial custody.

¶ 36                          C. Proceedings in the Appellate Court

¶ 37       Defendant appealed his conviction, raising the same issues that we address here.
       The appellate court affirmed in an unpublished order pursuant to Illinois Supreme
       Court Rule 23(b) (eff. Jan. 1, 2021). 2021 IL App (1st) 190693-U. The appellate
       court found that the circuit court did not err in refusing to give the proposed non-
       IPI instruction because it was an inaccurate statement of the law as stated in section
       10-30 of the Act. Id. ¶ 30. Further, the appellate court found that, while it was error
       to admit the video evidence depicting the marijuana, the error was harmless. Id.
       ¶ 41. This court allowed defendant’s petition for leave to appeal. See Ill. S. Ct. R.
       315 (eff. Oct. 1, 2021).

¶ 38                                       ANALYSIS

¶ 39       Before this court, defendant raises two issues: (1) whether the circuit court erred
       in refusing to give the non-IPI instruction regarding Officer Martinez’s failure to
       activate his body camera and (2) whether the circuit court erred in admitting video
       evidence of marijuana recovered from a coarrestee. We will address each issue in
       turn.

¶ 40                                  A. Non-IPI Instruction

¶ 41                                  1. Standards of Review

¶ 42       The relevant standards for our review of the circuit court’s decision on whether
       to give a non-IPI jury instruction are well established. That decision rests within

                                               - 11 -
       the sound discretion of the circuit court. People v. Bannister, 232 Ill. 2d 52, 81
       (2008). However, “[a] defendant is entitled to an instruction on his theory of the
       case if there is some foundation for the instruction in the evidence [citation], and if
       there is such evidence, it is an abuse of discretion for the [circuit] court to refuse to
       so instruct the jury [citation].” People v. Crane, 145 Ill. 2d 520, 526 (1991). In
       addition, whether the circuit court has abused its discretion will depend on whether
       the non-IPI instruction is an accurate, simple, brief, impartial, and
       nonargumentative statement of the law. Bannister, 232 Ill. 2d at 81. The question
       of whether a jury instruction is legally correct is reviewed de novo. People v.
       Hartfield, 2022 IL 126729, ¶ 45.

¶ 43                       2. Applicability of Section 10-30 of the Act

¶ 44       Here, defendant’s tendered instruction was based upon section 10-30 of the Act
       (50 ILCS 706/10-30 (West 2018)), which provides, with respect to recordings made
       from officer-worn body cameras, as follows:

               “§ 10-30. Evidence. The recordings may be used as evidence in any
           administrative, judicial, legislative, or disciplinary proceeding. If a court or
           other finder of fact finds by a preponderance of the evidence that a recording
           was intentionally not captured, destroyed, altered, or intermittently captured in
           violation of this Act, then the court or other finder of fact shall consider or be
           instructed to consider that violation in weighing the evidence, unless the State
           provides a reasonable justification.”

¶ 45       Defendant argues that the plain language of section 10-30 of the Act, quoted
       above, requires that the jury, as the finder of fact, be instructed in accordance with
       that section in any case where there is some evidence to support a theory that a
       testifying police officer failed to activate his body camera in violation of the Act.
       We agree.

¶ 46       At the time of defendant’s arrest, section 10-15 of the Act (id. § 10-15) provided
       that any law enforcement agency that employs the use of officer-worn body

                                                - 12 -
       cameras is subject to the provisions of the Act. 1 The Act requires the Illinois Law
       Enforcement Training Standards Board (Board) to develop basic guidelines for the
       use of officer-worn cameras, which shall be the basis for a written policy that all
       law enforcement agencies must adopt. Id. § 10-20(a). Such policies are required to
       include a provision that “[c]ameras must be turned on at all times when the officer
       is in uniform and is responding to calls for service or engaged in any law
       enforcement-related encounter or activity, that occurs while the officer is on duty.”
       Id. § 10-20(a)(3). In addition, the policy must include a provision that, “[i]f exigent
       circumstances exist which prevent the camera from being turned on, the camera
       must be turned on as soon as practicable.” Id. § 10-20(a)(3)(A). Accordingly, as the
       Chicago Police Department had implemented the use of body-worn cameras,
       Chicago Police Department Special Order S03-14, issued October 17, 2017, and
       titled “Body Worn Cameras,” provided in section III(A)(2)(e) that

           “[t]he Department member will activate the system to event mode at the
           beginning of an incident and will record the entire incident for all law-
           enforcement-related activities. If circumstances prevent activating the [body
           camera] at the beginning of an incident, the member will activate the [body
           camera] as soon as practical. Law-enforcement-related activities include but are
           not limited to:

                                                    ***

                   e. foot and vehicle pursuits.” Chi. Police Dep’t Special Order S03-14,
               § III(A)(2)(e) (eff. Oct. 17, 2017).

¶ 47       Here, Officer Martinez testified that he did not activate his body camera prior
       to embarking on the foot pursuit of defendant nor at any time prior to apprehending
       defendant and placing him under arrest. Accordingly, there was some evidence of
       the applicability of section 10-30 of the Act, and defendant was entitled to a jury
       instruction pursuant to that section. See Crane, 145 Ill. 2d at 526. Thus, we turn to

           1
             Effective December 6, 2022, section 10-15 of the Act has been amended to provide that all
       law enforcement agencies must employ the use of officer-worn body cameras in accordance with
       the provisions of the Act and must implement the use of body cameras for all law enforcement
       officers according to a schedule set forth therein based on the population of the county or
       municipality, with all agencies in the state in compliance by January 1, 2025. See Pub. Act 102-
       1104, § 30 (eff. Dec. 6, 2022) (amending 50 ILCS 706/10-15).

                                                   - 13 -
       the issue of whether defendant’s tendered non-IPI jury instruction accurately stated
       the law as set forth by that section. See Bannister, 232 Ill. 2d at 81. We find that it
       does not.

¶ 48                                 3. Required Elements of Instruction

¶ 49       Pursuant to the plain language of section 10-30, the “court or other finder of
       fact” is required to consider all the propositions set forth in that section. 50 ILCS
       706/10-30 (West 2018). The fact finder would be a court in the case of a bench trial
       and the jury in the case of a jury trial. See People v. Siguenza-Brito, 235 Ill. 2d 213,
       228 (2009) (in a bench trial, the circuit judge sits as the finder of fact). In the case
       at bar then, where defendant was tried by jury, it was for the jury to decide the
       following: (1) whether, applying a preponderance of the evidence standard, Officer
       Martinez intentionally failed to activate his body camera; (2) if the jury answered
       the first inquiry in the affirmative, whether the State provided a reasonable
       justification for such intentional failure; and (3) if the jury answered the second
       inquiry in the negative, how such intentional failure without reasonable justification
       impacts the weight to be given Officer Martinez’s testimony. 2

¶ 50       Here, defendant’s tendered jury instruction did not require the jury to consider
       the reasonableness of the justification given by the State through Officer Martinez’s
       testimony but rather instructed the jury to consider the failure of Officer Martinez
       to activate the body camera in weighing his testimony if it found the failure was
       intentional. Defendant argues that instructing the jury to consider whether the State
       provided a reasonable justification for the failure of Officer Martinez to activate his
       body camera would be redundant because the lack of reasonable justification is

           2
             It is important to note that, despite the parties’ labeling the instruction required by section 10-
       30 of the Act as one that instructs the jury to make an adverse inference in the circumstances defined
       therein, this is not an accurate label. A true adverse inference instruction directs the jury to infer that
       evidence is adverse to that party if certain conditions are met. See Marsh v. Sandstone North, LLC,
       2020 IL App (4th) 190314, ¶ 25 (discussing Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No. 5.01
       (approved Dec. 8, 2011), also known as the missing witness or adverse-inference instruction). The
       instruction required by section 10-30 does not require an adverse inference but instead gives the jury
       discretion to determine the weight to give an officer’s failure to turn on a body camera using the
       considerations set forth therein. Thus, even if the jury concluded that Officer Martinez intentionally
       failed to activate the camera and there was no reasonable justification, the jury was free to give that
       fact the weight it felt it should be given in determining Officer Martinez’s credibility.

                                                        - 14 -
       equivalent to intentionality. We disagree.

¶ 51                           4. Intentionality Versus Justification

¶ 52       The General Assembly, when it drafted section 10-30, included the
       intentionality of the officer’s conduct and the lack of reasonable justification as two
       separate considerations, leaving the determination of each to the finder of fact. “An
       established principle of statutory interpretation provides that every clause of a
       statute must be given a reasonable meaning, if possible, and should not be rendered
       meaningless or superfluous.” Schultz v. St. Clair County, 2022 IL 126856, ¶ 27.
       Indeed, the plain meaning of the terms differs. Something is done (or not done)
       “intentionally” if it is done (or not done) purposefully and not by accident. Black’s
       Law Dictionary 810 (6th ed. 1990). Conversely, “justification” signifies a showing
       of a sufficient reason for an action (or inaction). Id. at 865. Thus, the jury is tasked
       with determining first whether Officer Martinez purposefully, and not accidentally,
       failed to activate his camera. If the jury found that it was purposeful, the jury was
       to consider whether Officer Martinez’s failure to act was reasonably justified.

¶ 53                            5. Tendered Instruction Inaccurate

¶ 54       Because defendant’s tendered jury instruction did not instruct the jury to
       consider whether Officer Martinez’s failure to activate his body camera was
       reasonably justified, it was not an accurate statement of the law. While it follows
       that the circuit court legally erred in denying the instruction based on its finding
       that the State provided a reasonable justification, that error was invited by
       defendant’s failure to include that element in the tendered instruction. See People
       v. Ligon, 2016 IL 118023, ¶ 28 (party may not advance a theory or argument on
       appeal that is inconsistent with the position taken below). Moreover, this court may
       affirm on any basis provided by the record, regardless of whether the lower court
       relied on those grounds and regardless of whether the lower court’s reasoning was
       correct. Lake Environmental, Inc. v. Arnold, 2015 IL 118110, ¶ 16. For these
       reasons, the circuit court’s refusal to give that instruction was not an abuse of
       discretion. See Bannister, 232 Ill. 2d at 81. Nevertheless, we recognize the General
       Assembly’s intention that the jury in cases such as these be instructed according to
       the terms of section 10-30 of the Act in appropriate cases and thus encourage the

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       development of a pattern instruction by the Committee on Jury Instructions in
       Criminal Cases.

¶ 55                              6. Alternative Harmless Error

¶ 56       While we find no abuse of discretion in refusing the tendered instruction, we
       further note the well-established principle that an error in a jury instruction is
       harmless if it is demonstrated that the result of the trial would not have been
       different had the jury been properly instructed. People v. Mohr, 228 Ill. 2d 53, 69
       (2008). We find this to be the case based upon the record here. First, it is clear from
       the record that the jury was instructed to “consider all the evidence in light of [its]
       own observations and experience in life” and to weigh and consider each witness’s
       testimony “in light of all the evidence in the case.” Here, that evidence included the
       evidence that Officer Martinez had not turned on his body camera and that officers
       are generally required to activate their body camera during a pursuit. We agree with
       the State that defense counsel repeatedly directed the jury to focus on this failure
       on the part of Officer Martinez in determining his credibility. In so doing, the jury
       had before it Officer Martinez’s explanation for that failure. Thus, the jury
       necessarily considered this evidence in determining the weight to give Officer
       Martinez’s testimony pursuant to the instructions that it was given, even though it
       was not specifically instructed to do so pursuant to section 10-30.

¶ 57       Moreover, we agree with the State that any error did not affect the outcome of
       the trial due to the strong circumstantial evidence of defendant’s guilt. Officer
       Martinez’s testimony that he saw defendant throw the gun over the fence was
       strongly corroborated by the testimony of the other officers, who all identified the
       gun that was lying feet from where defendant was apprehended after Officer
       Martinez directed them to the area. The other officers’ body camera evidence also
       corroborated the testimony. Accordingly, even if the jury were specifically
       instructed to consider Officer Martinez’s failure to activate his body camera in
       assessing his credibility, the jury would have considered the corroborating evidence
       and convicted defendant. For this alternative reason, defendant is not entitled to
       relief. See id.

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¶ 58                            7. Video Evidence of Marijuana

¶ 59        Finally, defendant takes issue with the admission of the video evidence
       depicting marijuana that was recovered from a coarrestee. This video evidence was
       before the jury as part of the body camera footage showing the recovery of the gun.
       We agree with the appellate court that admission of this portion of the video was
       error, and the footage should have been deleted from the video shown to the jury,
       as it was irrelevant and unduly prejudicial. 2021 IL App (1st) 190963-U, ¶¶ 37-40.
       However, we also agree with the appellate court that the admission of such evidence
       was harmless. Id. ¶ 41.

¶ 60       In ascertaining whether an evidentiary error is harmless, the following
       considerations are relevant. First, with a focus on the error, the reviewing court
       must determine whether it might have contributed to the conviction. People v.
       Salamon, 2022 IL 125722, ¶ 121. Second, the reviewing court must examine the
       other evidence in the case to see if overwhelming evidence supports the conviction.
       Id. Finally, the reviewing court must determine whether the improperly admitted
       evidence is merely cumulative or duplicates properly admitted evidence. Id.

¶ 61       Here, the video evidence of the marijuana was not duplicative of properly
       admitted evidence. However, we agree with the appellate court that “ ‘no
       reasonable probability exists that the verdict would have been different had the
       irrelevant evidence been excluded.’ ” 2021 IL App (1st) 190693-U, ¶ 41 (quoting
       People v. Lynn, 388 Ill. App. 3d 272, 282 (2009)). Moreover, any prejudicial impact
       was greatly lessened by Officer Opacian’s testimony immediately after it was
       shown, explaining that the marijuana did not belong to defendant. Moreover, the
       evidence was overwhelming, considering the corroborating testimony of the other
       officers and the recovery of the gun within feet of defendant’s arrest in plain view
       just over the fence where Officer Martinez testified that he saw defendant toss the
       gun. For these reasons, we decline to disturb the jury’s verdict based on the
       improper admission of this portion of the video footage.

¶ 62                                    CONCLUSION

¶ 63       For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the evidence required that the jury be
       instructed in accordance with section 10-30 of the Act. 50 ILCS 706/10-30 (West

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       2018). However, the jury instruction tendered by defendant was an inaccurate
       statement of the law because it did not require the jury to consider whether the State
       provided a reasonable justification for Officer Martinez’s failure to activate his
       body camera in addition to considering whether such evidence was intentional.
       Thus, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in refusing the instruction. In
       addition, any instructional error was harmless because it did not affect the outcome
       of the trial. The same is true for the improperly admitted evidence depicting the
       marijuana recovered from defendant’s coarrestee. Accordingly, we affirm the
       decisions of the courts below and thus defendant’s conviction.

¶ 64       Affirmed.

¶ 65       JUSTICE NEVILLE, dissenting:

¶ 66       The Law Enforcement Officer-Worn Body Camera Act (Act) (50 ILCS 706/10-
       30 (West 2018)) provides the “finder of fact *** shall *** be instructed to consider”
       evidence that an officer intentionally decided not to capture a body camera
       recording of an encounter related to law enforcement. Although an officer admitted
       he did not turn on his body camera during such an encounter, the trial court, in
       violation of the Act, decided not to instruct the jury on how to consider that
       evidence. I would find that the trial court’s failure to give a section 10-30 instruction
       constituted reversible error. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.

¶ 67                                     BACKGROUND

¶ 68       The legislature adopted the Act to “provide impartial evidence and
       documentation to settle disputes” about what happened in encounters between
       police and citizens. Id. § 10-5. Section 10-20 of the Act provides that “[c]ameras
       must be turned on at all times when the officer is in uniform and is responding to
       calls for service or engaged in any law enforcement-related encounter or activity,
       that occurs while the officer is on duty.” Id. § 10-20(a)(3). Officer Martinez
       testified that he forgot to turn on his body-worn camera when he exited his vehicle
       to chase the defendant. Officer Martinez violated section 10-20 of the Act.

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¶ 69       Defense counsel brought the Act to the trial court’s attention. Section 10-30 of
       the Act provides:

          “If a *** finder of fact finds by a preponderance of the evidence that a recording
          was intentionally not captured *** in violation of this Act, then the *** finder
          of fact shall *** be instructed to consider that violation in weighing the
          evidence, unless the State provides a reasonable justification.” Id. § 10-30.

       Defense counsel proffered the following instruction that largely followed the
       language of the statute:

          “You have heard testimony that Officer Martinez was wearing a body-worn
          camera but did not turn it on prior to or during his encounter with the defendant.
          If you find that the officer intentionally did not capture a recording of this
          encounter, then you should consider that fact when determining what weight to
          give to Officer Martinez’s testimony.”

¶ 70       The trial court did not instruct the jury to consider Officer Martinez’s admitted
       violation of the Act in determining the weight to give his testimony.

¶ 71                                       ANALYSIS

¶ 72       The trial court has a duty “to accurately instruct the jury as to the law to be
       applied in a given case.” People v. Watson, 26 Ill. App. 3d 1081, 1085 (1975). We
       review de novo the issue of whether the jury instructions accurately conveyed to
       the jury the applicable law. People v. Parker, 223 Ill. 2d 494, 501 (2006). “We must
       determine whether the instructions, taken as a whole, fairly, fully, and
       comprehensively apprised the jury of the relevant legal principles.” Id.

¶ 73       Section 10-30 provides that the jury “shall *** be instructed” to consider the
       violation of the Act in assessing the officer’s credibility. By employing the word
       “shall,” the legislature gave “a clear expression of legislative intent to impose a
       mandatory obligation.” People v. O’Brien, 197 Ill. 2d 88, 93 (2001). Rule 451(a)
       authorizes the trial court to modify instructions the parties submit. Ill. S. Ct.
       R. 451(a) (eff. Apr. 8, 2013); see People v. Hester, 131 Ill. 2d 91, 103 (1989)
       (“[U]nder the rules of this court, the trial court was authorized to modify the jury

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       instruction. (107 Ill. 2d R. 451).”). I would find the trial court had a duty to amend
       the proffered instruction to read instead:

           “You have heard testimony that Officer Martinez was wearing a body-worn
           camera but did not turn it on prior to or during his encounter with the defendant.
           If you find that the officer intentionally did not capture a recording of this
           encounter, and you find the State did not provide a reasonable justification for
           the failure to record the encounter, then you should consider that fact when
           determining what weight to give to Officer Martinez’s testimony.”

¶ 74       The trial court’s instructions did not refer to the possible effect of the failure to
       capture a recording of the encounter on the weight to give Officer Martinez’s
       testimony, and therefore the instructions did not fully and fairly apprise the jury of
       the relevant legal principles established by section 10-30 of the Act. I would find
       the trial court erred by failing to amend Tompkins’s proffered jury instruction in
       accord with the applicable law, section 10-30 of the Act.

¶ 75        The majority asserts that any error in the instructions had no prejudicial effect
       because of the strong evidence of Tompkins’s guilt. Supra ¶¶ 56-57. I disagree. The
       State’s case against Tompkins depended on the credibility of Martinez, the only
       witness who claimed to have seen a gun in Tompkins’s hand. Martinez had no
       compelling explanation for his failure to turn on his camera when he saw Tompkins
       toss the gun, even though he knew the recording would start before the toss and
       might capture an image of Tompkins tossing the gun. Other officers involved in the
       same chase managed to turn on their cameras in compliance with section 10-20 of
       the Act. The State presented no evidence of fingerprints on the gun and no evidence
       Tompkins wore gloves. The evidence that police found the gun where Martinez
       pointed supports an inference Martinez saw the gun before the other officers, but
       all the other officers relied solely on Martinez for the identification of Tompkins as
       the source of the gun.

¶ 76       The majority notes that defense counsel argued Martinez’s failure to turn on the
       camera made his testimony not credible, and the majority relies on defense
       counsel’s argument as grounds for finding the instruction error harmless. Supra
       ¶ 56. I “find it difficult to believe that the statements and arguments of counsel,
       referred to by the State above, would have the same impact on the jurors as would
       the instruction.” People v. Donald, 21 Ill. App. 3d 696 (1974); see People v.

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       Winston, 160 Ill. App. 3d 623 (1987) (trial court committed reversible error by
       failing to give accomplice witness instruction, even though defense counsel
       vigorously attacked the credibility of the accomplice witness).

¶ 77       I find the reasoning of the Alaska Supreme Court, in a similar case, compelling.
       In Anthony v. State, 521 P.2d 486, 491 (Alaska 1974), defense counsel argued at
       length the jury should not believe the State’s principal witness because of her
       participation in the offense. The trial court refused to instruct the jury on the
       credibility of accomplice witnesses, despite a rule requiring such a cautionary
       instruction in appropriate cases. Id. On appeal from the subsequent conviction, the
       Anthony court said:

          “But even supposing cross-examination and closing argument to have been
          devastating, the purpose of the rule is to raise the issue of accomplice credibility
          above mere adversary colloquy. The giving of the instruction to view the
          testimony of an accomplice with distrust clothes the issue with the cloak of the
          judge’s impartial authority and thus mandates application of that criterion in the
          jury’s deliberation. For this reason alone, the failure to give the accomplice
          instruction cannot be regarded as harmless under the circumstances of this
          case.” Id.

       See State v. Beene, 257 N.W.2d 589, 592 (S.D. 1977) (adopting the reasoning of
       Anthony).

¶ 78       The trial court here violated section 10-30 of the Act when it failed to instruct
       the jurors that, in weighing the evidence, they should consider Martinez’s failure to
       turn on his camera if the jurors found the State failed to prove reasonable
       justification for that failure. Because the State’s case rested entirely on the
       credibility of the one officer who failed to comply with section 10-20 of the Act,
       which required him to turn on his camera when pursuing a suspect, I would find the
       instructional error requires reversal. Accordingly, I dissent.

¶ 79      JUSTICES ROCHFORD and O’BRIEN took no part in the consideration or
       decision of this case.

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