Court Opinion

ID: 3008952
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-09 05:13:10.751975+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:46:30.879737
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued October 8, 2015

                                 In The

                           Court of Appeals
                                 For The

                       First District of Texas
                         ————————————
                           NO. 01-12-01108-CV
                         ———————————
                       TELICIA OWENS, Appellant
                                   V.
KRISTA G. HANDYSIDE, M.D., SAMUEL J. PRATER, M.D., KENNETH
  A. TOTZ, D.O., FACEP, AND MEMORIAL HERMANN HOSPITAL
SYSTEM D/B/A MEMORIAL HERMANN – TEXAS MEDICAL CENTER,
                           Appellees

                 On Appeal from the 152nd District Court
                          Harris County, Texas
                    Trial Court Case No. 2012-07534

                       OPINION ON REHEARING
      Appellees, Krista G. Handyside, M.D., Samuel J. Prater, M.D., Kenneth A.

Totz, D.O., FACEP, 1 and Memorial Hermann Hospital System, doing business as

Memorial Hermann – Texas Medical Center (“Memorial Hermann”),2 have filed

motions for rehearing and motions for en banc reconsideration of our April 23,

2015 opinion and judgment. We deny their motions for rehearing, withdraw our

opinion and judgment of April 23, 2015, and issue the following opinion and a new

judgment in their stead. Because we issue a new opinion in connection with the

denial of rehearing, appellees’ motions for en banc reconsideration of our April 23,

2015 opinion are rendered moot. See, e.g., Brookshire Bros., Inc. v. Smith, 176
S.W.3d 30, 41 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied).

      Appellant, Telicia Owens, challenges the trial court’s dismissal of her health

care liability claims 3 against Drs. Handyside, Prater, and Totz and Memorial

Hermann. In three issues, Owens contends that the trial court erred in dismissing

her claims on the grounds that she failed to timely serve her medical expert report

1
      Owens sued “Kenneth A. Totz, M.D.” We note that, in his answer, Dr. Totz
      identifies himself as “Kenneth A. Totz, D.O., FACEP,” as does the trial court in its
      dismissal order. Our style of the case is in accord with the trial court’s dismissal
      order. See Strobel v. Marlow, 341 S.W.3d 470, 471 n.1 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011,
      no pet.).
2
      Owens sued “Memorial Hermann Healthcare System d/b/a Memorial Hermann
      Hospital.” In its answer, Memorial Hermann stated that it was incorrectly named.
      In its dismissal order, the trial court identifies Memorial Hermann as “Memorial
      Hermann Hospital System d/b/a Memorial Hermann – Texas Medical Center.”
      Our style of the case is in accord with the trial court’s dismissal order. See id.
3
      See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.001(a)(13) (Vernon Supp. 2014).

                                           2
on appellees, her medical expert is not qualified to opine on the standard of care of

hospital emergency room doctors, and her report insufficiently addresses the issues

of standard of care and causation. 4

      We reverse and remand.

                                       Background

      In her petition, Owens alleges that on February 6, 2010, she went to the

“Emergency Department at Memorial Hermann,” complaining of a “severe

headache.” She was diagnosed with a “migraine, tension headache, and headache

associated with sinuses,” but “[n]o diagnostic testing was done to rule out any

internal problems.” On February 10, 2010, Owens “returned to the Emergency

Department at Memorial Hermann,” complaining of the “same persisting

symptoms.” Dr. Handyside diagnosed her as suffering from a “headache and

sinitus.” Again, no diagnostic testing was performed. On February 21, 2010,

Owens “returned again to the [E]mergency [D]epartment at Memorial Hermann,”

complaining of a “headache and blurry vision.” Drs. Prater and Totz treated her,

4
      See id. § 74.351(a) (Vernon Supp. 2014) (governing medical expert reports). In
      2013, the legislature amended section 74.351 of the Texas Medical Liability Act.
      See Act of May 26, 2013, 83d Leg., R.S., ch. 870, § 2, 2013 Tex. Sess. Law Serv.
      2220, 2220. The amended provision applies to all suits filed after September 1,
      2013. Because Owens filed her original petition in 2010, we apply the former
      version of section 74.351 to her claims. See Act of May 18, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S.,
      ch. 635, § 1, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 1590, 1590 (amended 2013) (current version at
      TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351).

                                           3
and they diagnosed her as suffering from a “headache.” No diagnostic testing was

performed.

      Subsequently, on February 24, 2010, Owens went to “Methodist Hospital

[(“Methodist”)] for [an] assessment of the same symptoms that she complained of

at Memorial Hermann.” Doctors administered a “CT scan,” which showed that she

was suffering from a “head bleed.” Methodist admitted Owens into its “Intensive

Care Unit,” and it discharged her on March 3, 2010.

      On April 22, 2010, Owens went to “Ben Taub General Hospital [(“Ben

Taub”),] complaining of sudden blindness, which resulted in [the] placement of a

lumbar shunt.” On May 14, 2010, she returned to Ben Taub, “complaining of

sutures coming out, shunt leak[age], blurred vision, and [a] headache.” Ben Taub

admitted Owens for evaluation and subsequently discharged her. On May 17,

2010, Owens again returned to Ben Taub, “complaining of [a] headache, chest

pain, and neck stiffness.” Her shunt was infected, and it was removed. Owens was

“found to have been infected with MRSA—Methicillin Resistant Staphyloccus

Aureus.”

      Owens further alleges that she sustained “permanent damage to her optic

nerve and is completely blind in both of her eyes. She has continuous subsequent

damage and pain.” However, Owens does not specify in her petition the medical

cause or reason for her loss of vision and residual “damage and pain.”

                                         4
      Owens brings health care liability claims against Drs. Handyside, Prater, and

Totz for negligence and gross negligence, specifically alleging that they:

      •      Failed to obtain an accurate assessment of Owens;

      •      Failed to notice signs and symptoms of “Cerebral Venous Sinus
             Thrombosis” (“CVST”);

      •      Failed to accurately and timely diagnose Owens;

      •      Failed to consider possible explanations and respond to severe
             headaches and blurry vision;

      •      Failed to order appropriate radiological studies;

      •      Failed to make a medical diagnosis based on Owens’s clinical
             condition;

      •      Failed to consult with a neurologist or other specialist while Owens
             was in the emergency department;

      •      Failed to develop and carry out a proper treatment plan for Owens;

      •      Failed to admit Owens to the “Neurological ICU”;

      •      Failed to order thrombolytic medication necessary to attempt to
             dissolve the thrombosis;

      •      Failed to adhere to “Federal Laws regarding EMTALA regarding
             emergently treating a patient regardless of [her] inability to pay”;

      •      Failed to order appropriate diagnostic tests and treatments even once
             CVST was suspected as a possible cause of Owens’s symptoms; and

      •      Negligently managed a patient with CVST.

                                          5
      Owens likewise brings direct-liability claims for negligence and gross

negligence against Memorial Hermann, specifically alleging that it:

      • Failed to select and retain only competent physicians and staff;

      • Failed to properly supervise the health care providers who treated Owens;

      • Failed to enforce or have in place policies, protocols, by-laws, rules and
        regulations regarding proper diagnosis and treatment of Owens’s medical
        condition;

      • Failed to enforce or have in place policies and protocols, with regard to
        consulting specialty physicians;

      • Failed to have a medical director or chief of staff in place to properly
        supervise physicians and staff; and

      • Failed to abide by recommendations and requirements of healthcare
        certifying organizations.

      “As a result of the above-noted acts of negligence,” Owens asserts that

appellees “directly and proximately caused” her “injuries, losses, and damages.”

She also alleges that Memorial Hermann is vicariously liable for the negligent

“acts and/or omissions” of its staff, including, among others, Drs. Handyside,

Prater, and Totz.

      To support her claims, Owens, on or about May 29, 2012, filed and served

upon all appellees a medical expert report authored by Brian C. Richardson, M.D.

Appellees objected to Dr. Richardson’s report on several grounds, including that

Owens did not timely serve it; it failed to sufficiently address the elements of

                                        6
standard of care, breach of the standard, and causation; and Richardson, a

neurologist, is not qualified to opine on the standard of care of hospital emergency

room doctors or causation.

      Specifically, Dr. Totz filed his objection to the sufficiency of Dr.

Richardson’s report on June 19, 2012, stating:

      In support of [Owens’s] health care liability claim, and pursuant to
      Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code § 74.351(a), [Owens] offered
      the report of Dr. Richardson. . . .

      In accordance with Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code
      § 74.351(a), Dr. Totz’s Objection is filed within twenty-one (21) days
      of the date of service of Dr. Richardson’s expert report.

(Emphasis added.)      Totz also attached to his objection, as “Exhibit A,”

Richardson’s report, as well as its accompanying transmittal letter, which were

both sent by Owens to all appellees on May 29, 2012.

      Owens, on July 17, 2012, filed her response to appellees’ objections,

asserting that she “served [Dr. Richardson’s] expert report upon all

Defendants . . . on May 29, 2012.” Attached to Owens’s response were United

States Postal Service (“USPS”) certified mail receipts and “green cards,” which

evidence service of Dr. Richardson’s expert report on appellees by certified mail.

However, the signature line on the green card for Dr. Totz does not contain a

signature, and both the USPS certified mail receipt and the green card pertaining to

him contain the wrong zip code for his personal residence.

                                         7
      On August 15, 2012, Dr. Totz filed a “Supplemental Objection” to Dr.

Richardson’s expert report, moving to dismiss Owens’s claims against him for

failure to timely serve him with the report. Totz attached to his supplemental

objection his affidavit and the affidavit of his attorney, Charles B. Holm. Totz

testified that he had “never received a copy of Dr. Richardson’s Expert Report via

certified mail, return receipt requested at [his] personal residence,” he “never

executed” the specific green card attached to Owens’s response, and he was not

“served” in person with the expert report. Although Holm testified that he had

“never received a copy of Dr. Richardson’s Expert Report from [Owens] or her

attorney on or before June 6, 2012,”5 and neither had anyone at his law firm, he

conceded that he had “obtained a copy of Dr. Richardson’s Expert Report through

[unspecified] alternative means.”      Owens did not file a response to Totz’s

supplemental objection.

      After a hearing, the trial court sustained Dr. Totz’s specific objection that

Owens had failed to timely serve him with Dr. Richardson’s expert report, and it

dismissed Owens’s claims against him.           It also sustained the objections of

Memorial Hermann and Drs. Handyside and Prater as to the sufficiency of

5
      Owens was required to serve her expert report by June 6, 2012—120 days after the
      date she filed her original petition. See Act of May 18, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch.
      635, § 1, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 1590, 1590 (amended 2013) (current version at
      TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(a)).

                                           8
Richardson’s expert report, but it allowed Owens thirty days to file and serve upon

them an amended report.

      Owens then served Dr. Richardson’s amended medical expert report on

Memorial Hermann and Drs. Handyside and Prater. In Richardson’s amended

report, he notes that he is a “physician in private practice,” is “licensed to practice

medicine in the State of California,” and is “board certified in adult neurology and

vascular neurology by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology.”

Richardson further states:

      I have knowledge of [the] accepted and established standards of
      medical care for the patient[’]s diagnosis that is involved in the claim.
      I obtained this knowledge via my residency and fellowship training as
      well as via experience[] gained in the practice of neurology for over
      19 years.

      ....

      As a neurologist board certified in general adult neurology and
      vascular neurology[,] I have seen, diagnosed and managed many
      patients with dural sinus thrombosis. I have also seen, diagnosed and
      managed many patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension
      (formerly referred to as pseudotumor cerebri or benign intracranial
      hypertension). As such[,] I am familiar with the standard of care for
      the diagnosis, care and treatment of both dural sinus thrombosis and
      idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

Richardson also explains that he reviewed Owens’s medical records prior to

forming his opinions.

      Dr. Richardson notes that the applicable standard of care for Dr. Handyside,

concerning a patient complaining of,

                                          9
      a severe headache of one week duration . . . without a prior history of
      recurrent headaches would include cerebral imaging[,] such as [a] CT
      or preferably [a] brain MRI. [A] [l]umbar puncture should have been
      performed as well. A neurology consultation should have been
      obtained. It should have been clear to the examining physician that
      the patient had a potentially serious neurological condition. The
      differential diagnosis should have included dural sinus thrombosis.
      The standard of care would also have included admission or urgent
      appropriate outpatient follow-up . . . .

In regard to the applicable standard of care for Dr. Prater, Richardson states the

following:

      [Owens was diagnosed with] rule out cavernous sinus thrombosis, rule
      out meningoenchephalitis. . . . These are two very serious diagnoses
      that should have prompted admission to the hospital and [an] urgent
      neurological consultation. At the very least[,] neurodiagnostic
      studies[,] such as [a] lumbar puncture, [a] CT . . . or [a] brain MRI[,]
      should have been performed. The standard of care for evaluating
      patients with possible meningitis is to perform a lumbar puncture right
      away. Neurological consultation and neuroimaging[,] such as [a]
      CT . . . or [a] brain MRI[,] should be done promptly when cavernous
      sinus thrombosis is being entertained as a diagnosis. Patients should
      be admitted to the hospital[,] rather than discharged when life-
      threatening diagnoses such as these are considered. . . . As stated
      above, cerebral imagining, [such as a] CT or preferably [a] brain
      MRI[,] should have been done. A lumbar puncture should have been
      performed given the diagnoses of the examining physician[].

Finally, regarding the applicable standard of care for Memorial Hermann,

Richardson notes that it “should have had protocols for evaluation, consultation,

admission and follow-up that resulted in adequate care of patients with conditions

such as dural sinus thrombosis and idiopathic intracranial hypertension.         The

                                        10
failure to have in place and abide by such protocols was a bre[a]ch in the standard

of care.”

      In regard to causation, Dr. Richardson opines:

      If Dr. . . . Handyside had performed cerebral imaging[,] such as [a]
      CT or preferably [an] MRI, performed [a] lumbar puncture or
      obtained [a] neurological consultation[,] it is medically probable
      that . . . Owens would have had her condition diagnosed and treated in
      a timelier manner. Early treatment of dural sinus thrombosis reduces
      the likelihood of complications[,] such as idiopathic intracranial
      hypertension. Thus[,] her vision would have most likely been spared
      and she would not have lost vision in the right and left eyes. Severe
      loss of vision is a preventable complication of dural sinus thrombosis.

      If Dr[.] . . . Prater performed [a] lumbar puncture, ordered cerebral
      imaging[,] such as [a] head CT and preferably [an] MRI, admitted
      [Owens to the hospital] and/or obtained [a] neurological
      consultation, . . . Owens would have likely had a more timely
      diagnosis, earlier treatment and her vision would medically probably
      have been saved. If . . . Prater had not prescribed dexamethazone
      for . . . Owens[,] it is medically probable that her condition would not
      have been exacerbated. It is possible she would not have progressed
      to . . . have [a] loss of vision.

      ....

      Memorial Herman[n] . . . failed to have and/or implement adequate
      protocols for evaluation, consultation, admission and follow-up that
      resulted in [in]adequate care of this patient with dural sinus
      thrombosis and idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The failure to
      have in place and abide by such protocols was a bre[a]ch in the
      standard of care that was a proximate cause of . . . Owens
      subsequently developing blindness in the right and left eyes.

(Footnote omitted.) Richardson further opines:

      . . . Owens developed dural sinus thrombosis . . . . This is an
      uncommon, but well known condition that is treatable with

                                        11
      anticoagulant medications. There was a significant delay in the
      diagnosis of this condition. This delay resulted in the development of
      a complication, severe vision loss due to idiopathic intracranial
      hypertension. Severe vision loss due to intracranial complication can
      generally be easily treated with medication if it is diagnosed early. In
      the case of failure of medications, serial lumbar punctures can be done
      in some cases. Surgical procedures[,] such as lumboperitoneal shunt
      placement[,] are effective second line treatments. Optic nerve
      fenestration is an effective third level of treatment . . . .

And he explains: “Untreated dural sinus thrombosis is well known to potentially

cause idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

may progress to blindness if untreated.       It is medically probable that early

diagnosis would have prevented [Owens’s] later development of vision loss.”

(Footnote omitted.)

      Memorial Hermann and Drs. Handyside and Prater objected to Dr.

Richardson’s amended medical expert report and moved to dismiss Owens’s

claims against them on the grounds that Richardson is not qualified to opine on the

standard of care for hospital emergency room doctors and his report insufficiently

addresses the issues of standard of care and causation. Drs. Handyside and Prater

also reasserted their untimeliness objections. Without stating its reasons, the trial

court granted the motions of Memorial Hermann and Drs. Handyside and Prater

and dismissed Owens’s health care liability claims against them.

                                         12
                               Standard of Review

      We review a trial court’s decision on a motion to dismiss a health care

liability claim for an abuse of discretion. See Am. Transitional Care Ctrs. of Tex.,

Inc. v. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d 873, 875 (Tex. 2001); Gray v. CHCA Bayshore L.P.,

189 S.W.3d 855, 858 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.). A trial court

abuses its discretion if it acts in an arbitrary or unreasonable manner without

reference to guiding rules or principles. Jelinek v. Casas, 328 S.W.3d 526, 539

(Tex. 2010). When reviewing matters committed to a trial court’s discretion, we

may not substitute our own judgment for that of the trial court. Bowie Mem’l

Hosp. v. Wright, 79 S.W.3d 48, 52 (Tex. 2002). A trial court does not abuse its

discretion merely because it decides a discretionary matter differently than an

appellate court would in a similar circumstance.       Harris Cty. Hosp. Dist. v.

Garrett, 232 S.W.3d 170, 176 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.).

      We review questions of law de novo. In re Labatt Food Serv., L.P., 279
S.W.3d 640, 643 (Tex. 2009); CHCA W. Hous., L.P. v. Priester, 324 S.W.3d 835,

837 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.). And to the extent an issue

involves statutory interpretation, we apply a de novo standard of review. See

Stockton v. Offenbach, 336 S.W.3d 610, 615 (Tex. 2011); Priester, 324 S.W.3d at

837. “[W]hether proper service [under Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code

section 74.351] has been made is a question of law . . . .”      Nexion Health at

                                        13
Beechnut, Inc. v. Paul, 335 S.W.3d 716, 718 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2011, no pet.); see also Univ. of Tex. Health Sci. Ctr. of Hous. v. Gutierrez, 237
S.W.3d 869, 871 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. denied) (noting

whether defendant properly served constituted “a purely legal issue”).

                            Timeliness of Expert Report

      In her first issue, Owens argues that the trial court erred in dismissing her

claims against Dr. Totz because he admitted in his objection to Dr. Richardson’s

expert report, filed on June 19, 2012, that he had been timely served with the report

and he waived his untimeliness objection by waiting “until August 15, 2012, more

than two months after the expiration of the 120-day deadline,” to raise the issue.6

Totz argues that Owens “failed to preserve her argument regarding [his]

admission” of timely service of Richardson’s expert report because she did not

“ever raise the argument” in the trial court. Totz also argues that Owens did not

preserve her “waiver” argument because “[i]n her [appellate] [b]rief, for the very

first time, [Owens] takes issue with the . . . fact that he did not file his

6
      In her brief, Owens also asserts that she timely served Dr. Richardson’s report on
      Memorial Hermann and Drs. Handyside and Prater. In response, Drs. Handyside
      and Prater state that they “no longer object to the timeliness of the expert report of
      Dr. Richardson.” Similarly, in its brief, Memorial Hermann states: “On or about
      May 30, 2012, [Owens] timely served on [Memorial Hermann] an initial expert
      report of Brian C. Richardson, M.D.” Accordingly, we do not address this portion
      of Owens’s first issue.

                                            14
[s]upplemental [o]bjection[] until more than two months after the expiration of the

120-day deadline.” (Emphasis omitted.)

      The former version of Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code section

74.351, in effect at the time this suit was filed, provided that a health care liability

claimant shall, “not later than the 120th day after the date the original petition [is]

filed, serve on each party or the party’s attorney one or more expert reports.” 7 See

Act of May 18, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 635, § 1, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 1590,

1590 (amended 2013) (current version at TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§ 74.351(a) (Vernon Supp. 2014)). It further provided that if an expert report is

not timely served, the affected health care provider may move to dismiss a claim

asserted against him, and the court must dismiss the claim with prejudice. TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(b); Heriberto Sedeno, P.A. v. Mijares,

333 S.W.3d 815, 818, 822–23 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.). A

health care provider may waive his right to complain about the adequacy of an

expert report by failing to challenge the report’s adequacy within twenty-one days

of service of the report. See Act of May 18, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 635, § 1,

2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 1590, 1590 (amended 2013) (current version at TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(a)); Ogletree v. Matthews, 262 S.W.3d 316,
7
      The legislature’s 2013 amendment to section 74.351(a) requires each health care
      liability claimant to serve an expert report “not later than the 120th day after each
      defendant’s original answer is filed.” See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
      § 74.351(a) (emphasis added).

                                           15
321–22 (Tex. 2007). However, there is no deadline to file a motion to dismiss for

failure to timely serve a chapter 74 expert report. Jernigan v. Langley, 111 S.W.3d
153, 156 (Tex. 2003); Heriberto, 333 S.W.3d at 823–24. In other words, a health

care provider does not waive his right to dismissal of an untimely served expert

report by waiting to file his motion to dismiss. See Jernigan, 111 S.W.3d at 156–

57 (waiting more than 600 days to move for dismissal).         Accordingly, even

assuming Owens preserved her “waiver” argument, we hold that Dr. Totz did not

waive his right to complain about the untimeliness of service of Dr. Richardson’s

report by waiting until August 15, 2012 to file his supplemental objection and

motion to dismiss.

      Regarding Dr. Totz’s argument that Owens “failed to preserve her argument

regarding [his] admission” that he had been timely served with Dr. Richardson’s

expert report, we note that in reviewing a trial court’s judgment, we may only

consider what was before the trial court at the time it made its decision. San

Jacinto Methodist Hosp. v. Carr, No. 01-07-00655-CV, 2008 WL 2186473, at *3

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] May 22, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.); Hansen v.

Starr, 123 S.W.3d 13, 18 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, pet. denied); see also TEX. R.

APP. P. 33.1(a).     As Totz notes in his brief, Owens did not respond to his

supplemental objection, filed on August 15, 2012, in which he raised the issue of

                                        16
the untimely service of Richardson’s report. 8 And, thus, according to Totz, Owens

never argued to the trial court that he had admitted to having been timely served

with Richardson’s report. However, it was not necessary for Owens to have made

this assertion in a response to Totz’s August 15, 2012 supplemental objection.

      Dr. Totz’s attorney, Holm, in his affidavit attached to Totz’s supplemental

objection, conceded that he had “obtained a copy of Dr. Richardson’s Expert

Report.” And his affidavit testimony does not contain an affirmative statement that

Totz was not timely served with the report. Rather, Holm merely states that he

“never received a copy of Dr. Richardson’s Expert Report from [Owens] or her

attorney on or before June 6, 2012” and neither had anyone at his law firm.

(Emphasis added.)

      Likewise, Dr. Totz, in his affidavit, attached to his supplemental objection,

does not affirmatively state that was not served with Dr. Richardson’s report.

Rather, he states that he “never received a copy of Dr. Richardson’s Expert Report

via certified mail, return receipt requested at [his] personal residence,” did not

“execute[]” the specific green card attached to Owens’s response to his June 19,

2012 objection, and was not “served” in person with the report. (Emphasis added.)

8
      Dr. Totz states in his brief: “[A]t no point . . . in the interim between the August
      15, 2012 filing of [his] [s]upplemental [o]bjection and the occurrence of the
      August 24, 2012 oral hearing regarding [his] objection and motion to dismiss, did
      [Owens] file any sort of argument, issue, objection, or any other motion in
      response to the arguments or evidence presented in [his] [s]upplemental
      [o]bjection.”

                                           17
      Importantly, neither Dr. Totz nor his attorney, in their affidavit testimony,

denies having been timely served with a copy of Dr. Richardson’s expert report.

See TEX. R. CIV. P. 21a (listing methods of service). And the trial court, at the time

it made its decision to dismiss Owens’s claims against Totz, had before it Holm’s

testimony that he had “obtained a copy of Dr. Richardson’s Expert Report.” See

Strobel v. Marlow, 341 S.W.3d 470, 476 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.)

(“Receipt is an element of service.”). Accordingly, we hold that Owens did not fail

to preserve her argument that Totz admitted to having been timely served with a

copy of Richardson’s expert report. 9 See Hansen, 123 S.W.3d at 18 (explaining

we “consider what was before the trial court at the time it made its decision”).

      In regard to the merits of Owens’s first issue, Dr. Totz argues that the trial

court did not err in dismissing Owens’s claims against him because, under a proper

9
      Dr. Totz also argues that Owens “waived her appellate issues” as to him because
      she did not reference, in her notice of appeal, the September 6, 2012 order
      granting Totz’s motion to dismiss or serve Totz with certain documents filed in
      her appeal. As explained in our April 29, 2014 order, although Owens did not list
      the trial court’s September 6, 2012 order granting Totz’s motion to dismiss in her
      notice of appeal, “the rules do not require [her] to list in the notice of appeal every
      interlocutory ruling that [she] may wish to appeal.” See Ostrovitz & Gwinn, LLC
      v. First Specialty Ins. Co., 393 S.W.3d 379, 386 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no
      pet.). Further, we note that “our decisions construing the appellate rules have not
      favored disposing of appeals on harmless procedural defects.” See Sweed v. Nye,
      323 S.W.3d 873, 875 (Tex. 2010); see also Higgins v. Randall Cty. Sheriff’s
      Office, 257 S.W.3d 684, 688 (Tex. 2008) (“[W]e have long interpreted the Rules
      of Appellate Procedure liberally in favor of preserving appellate rights.”); Tex. S.
      Univ. v. Araserve Campus Dining Servs. of Tex., Inc., 981 S.W.2d 929, 935 n.12
      (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. denied) (docketing statement does not
      limit or waive party’s appellate arguments).

                                            18
construction of Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 74.351, she did not

timely serve him with Dr. Richardson’s expert report by certified mail “at [his]

personal residence” or in person, even though he was in possession of the report,

timely objected to its sufficiency, and attached to his June 19, 2012 objection, a

copy of the report and its transmittal letter sent by Owens on May 29, 2012. Cf.

TEX. R. CIV. P. 21a (listing methods of service); Gutierrez, 237 S.W.3d at 872

(same). However, the Texas Supreme Court has concluded otherwise on similar

facts. See Zanchi v. Lane, 408 S.W.3d 373 (Tex. 2013).        In Zanchi, the court

specifically held:

      [W]e conclude, that, under section 74.351(a) of the TMLA, a
      physician or health care provider against whom [a health care liability
      claim] is asserted is a “party” who may be served with an expert
      report regardless of whether he has been served with process. We
      further hold that an expert report need not be “served” in compliance
      with the formal requirements of [Texas Rule of Civil Procedure] 106
      [governing citation and service of process] that apply specifically to
      service of citation.

Id. at 380–81.

      Here, the record reveals that Owens filed her petition on February 7, 2012,

naming Dr. Totz as a defendant. She then served Dr. Richardson’s initial expert

report on all appellees, including Totz, on or about May 29, 2012. See id. at 380

(report properly served where plaintiff “sent the expert report on the statutory

deadline”); see also Act of May 18, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 635, § 1, 2005 Tex.

Gen. Laws 1590, 1590 (amended 2013) (current version at TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

                                        19
CODE ANN. § 74.351(a)). Although the USPS certified mail receipt and green card

attached to Owens’s response show the wrong zip code for Totz’s personal

residence and he testified that he did not “receive[]” the expert report by certified

mail “at [his] personal residence” and he was not “served” with the expert report in

person, Totz and his attorney did timely obtain a copy of the report. See Zanchi,
408 S.W.3d at 380 (report properly served where defendant health care provider

“actually received the expert report”); see also Strobel, 341 S.W.3d at 476

(“Receipt is an element of service.”). And neither Totz nor his attorney ever

affirmatively denied timely being served with Richardson’s report. In fact, the

report and its transmittal letter sent by Owens to all appellees on May 29, 2012

were attached to Totz’s objection timely, which he filed on June 19, 2012. 10 See

Act of May 18, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 635, § 1, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 1590,

1590 (amended 2013) (current version at TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§ 74.351(a)). Accordingly, we hold that the trial court erred in granting Totz’s

10
      And Dr. Totz stated in his objection:
             In support of [Owens’s] health care liability claim, and pursuant to
             Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code § 74.351(a), [Owens] offered
             the report of Dr. Richardson. . . .
             In accordance with Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code
             § 74.351(a), Dr. Totz’s Objection is filed within twenty-one (21)
             days of the date of service of Dr. Richardson’s expert report.
      (Emphasis added.)

                                              20
motion to dismiss Owens’s claims against him on the ground that she failed to

timely serve him with Richardson’s expert report.11

11
      This holding does not conflict with our prior decision in University of Texas
      Health Science Center of Houston v. Gutierrez, 237 S.W.3d 869 (Tex. App.—
      Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet denied). In Gutierrez, the issue was whether the
      University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (“UTHSCH”) was properly
      served with an expert report in accordance with Texas Civil Practice and
      Remedies Code section 74.351(a). 237 S.W.3d at 871. It was “undisputed” that
      the plaintiffs “never served UTHSCH” with their expert report and “did not send
      the report at all.” Id. at 870, 873. Instead, UTHSCH received a courtesy copy of
      the report from another party prior to being named as a defendant in the plaintiffs’
      lawsuit. Id. at 870. We concluded that section 74.351(a) requires a plaintiff to
      serve an expert report on a defendant health care provider in a manner which
      complies with Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 21a. Id. at 872–73. And because the
      plaintiffs in Gutierrez did not serve the report “at all” on UTHSCH, we held that
      the trial court was required to dismiss their claims. Id. at 873–74.
      Here, in contrast, the evidence is not “undisputed” that Owens wholly failed to
      serve Dr. Totz with Dr. Richardson’s expert report or that Owens failed to “use
      any of the methods authorized by rule 21a to serve [her] expert report on [Totz]
      before the expiration of the statutory deadline.” Cf. id. at 870, 872. Further,
      unlike the defendant health care provider in Gutierrez, Totz was actually served
      with Owens’s expert report after he became a “party” to the lawsuit. Cf. id. at
      870; see also Act of May 18, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 635, § 1, 2005 Tex. Gen.
      Laws 1590, 1590 (amended 2013) (current version at TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.
      CODE ANN. § 74.351(a)) (requiring expert report to be served on “party”); Zanchi
      v. Lane, 408 S.W.3d 373, 377 (Tex. 2013) (“[T]he term ‘party’ means one named
      in a lawsuit . . . .”).
      The record reveals that Owens filed her petition, naming Dr. Totz as a defendant,
      on February 7, 2012. She then served her expert report on all appellees, including
      Totz, on or about May 29, 2012. Totz timely filed his objection to the adequacy of
      Owens’s report on June 19, 2012—twenty-one days after it had been served upon
      him. In his objection Totz stated:
             In support of [Owens’s] health care liability claim, and pursuant to
             Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code § 74.351(a), [Owens] offered
             the report of Dr. Richardson. . . .
             In accordance with Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code
             § 74.351(a), Dr. Totz’s Objection is filed within twenty-one (21)
             days of the date of service of Dr. Richardson’s expert report.

                                           21
      We sustain Owens’s first issue, in part.

                            Sufficiency of Expert Report

      In her second issue, Owens argues that the trial court erred in dismissing her

claims against Memorial Hermann and Drs. Handyside and Prater because “Dr.

Richardson is fully qualified . . . to offer opinions in this case” and he adequately

addresses the elements of standard of care and causation in his report.12

      As noted above, a health care liability claimant must timely provide each

defendant health care provider with an expert report. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE ANN. § 74.351; Gray, 189 S.W.3d at 858. The report must provide a “fair

summary” of the expert’s opinions as of the date of the report regarding the

applicable standards of care, the manner in which the care rendered by the health

care provider failed to meet the standard, and the causal relationship between that

failure and the injury, harm, or damages claimed. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

ANN. § 74.351(r)(6).

      (Emphasis added.) Totz also attached to his objection, as “Exhibit A,” the expert
      report as well as its accompanying transmittal letter, which were both sent by
      Owens to all appellees on May 29, 2012. Notably, neither Totz nor his attorney
      ever affirmatively denied having been timely served with Owens’s expert report.
12
      Owens also asserts that Dr. Richardson’s expert report adequately addresses the
      breach of the standard of care. However, neither Memorial Hermann nor Drs.
      Handyside or Prater objected to Richardson’s report on this ground. Further, to
      the extent that Owens asserts that the report is sufficient in regard to Dr. Totz, we
      note that the trial court dismissed Owens’s claims against Totz on the ground that
      she had not timely served him with the report. Accordingly, we do not address
      these portions of Owens’s second issue.

                                           22
       If a defendant health care provider files a motion to dismiss, challenging the

adequacy of a claimant’s expert report, a trial court must grant the motion if it

appears, after a hearing, that the report does not represent an objective good faith

effort to comply with the definition of an expert report or is not sufficiently

specific to provide a basis for the trial court to conclude that the claims have merit.

Id. § 74.351(l); Scoresby v. Santillan, 346 S.W.3d 546, 555–56 (Tex. 2011). In

setting out the expert’s opinions, the report must provide enough information to

fulfill two purposes: (1) it must inform the defendant of the specific conduct that

the plaintiff has called into question, and (2) it must provide a basis for the trial

court to conclude that the plaintiff’s claims have merit. Scoresby, 346 S.W.3d at

556.

Dr. Richardson’s Qualifications

       Owens first argues that the trial court, to the extent that it granted Drs.

Handyside’s and Prater’s motions to dismiss her claims on the ground that Dr.

Richardson is not qualified to address the standard of care, erred because

“Richardson is more than qualified to offer []his opinion.” 13 Owens asserts that it

does not matter that Richardson is “not an emergency room physician” and he is

13
       Memorial Hermann did not challenge Dr. Richardson’s qualifications, and Drs.
       Handyside and Prater only assert that Richardson is not qualified to opine on the
       standard of care of hospital emergency room doctors.

                                          23
“more than qualified to testify about dural sinus thrombosis and idiopathic

intracranial hypertension, the conditions involved in [Owens’s] claim[s].”

      In order to qualify as an expert, an individual need not be a specialist in the

particular area of the profession for which testimony is offered. Rittger v. Danos,

332 S.W.3d 550, 558 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.); Keo v. Vu,

76 S.W.3d 725, 732 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. denied). However,

merely being a doctor is insufficient. See Broders v. Heise, 924 S.W.2d 148, 152

(Tex. 1996). Instead, “[a] medical [expert] who is not of the same school of

medicine” must show that “he has practical knowledge of what is usually and

customarily done by a practitioner under circumstances similar to those

confronting the defendant.” Marling v. Maillard, 826 S.W.2d 735, 740 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1992, no writ); see also Roberts v. Williamson, 111
S.W.3d 113, 121 (Tex. 2003) (doctor need not practice in particular field about

which he opines if he demonstrates knowledge, skill, experience, training, or

education regarding specific issue before court qualifying him to give opinion on

issue); Keo, 76 S.W.3d at 732 (“[T]rial court may qualify a medical witness of a

different specialty to testify . . . .”). Analysis of an expert’s qualifications to opine

as an expert on the subject matter of the report is limited to the four corners of the

expert report or accompanying curriculum vitae. See Mem’l Hermann Healthcare

                                           24
Sys. v. Burrell, 230 S.W.3d 755, 758 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no

pet.).

         In order to opine on the standard of care, a person must (1) be “practicing

medicine at the time such testimony is given or [have been] practicing medicine at

the time the claim arose”; (2) have “knowledge of accepted standards of medical

care for the diagnosis, care, or treatment of the illness, injury, or condition

involved in the claim”; and (3) be “qualified on the basis of training or experience

to offer an expert opinion regarding those accepted standards of medical care.”

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 74.401(a) (Vernon 2011); see also id.

§ 74.351(r)(5)(A) (defining “expert,” with respect to person opining as to whether

doctor departed from accepted standards of medical care, as one “qualified to

testify under the requirements of Section 74.401”). To determine whether a person

is qualified on the basis of training or experience, the court shall consider whether

he “is board certified or has other substantial training or experience in an area of

medical practice relevant to the claim” and “is actively practicing medicine in

rendering medical care services relevant to the claim.” Id. § 74.401(c).

         Drs. Handyside and Prater assert that “[i]n order to satisfy the expert report

requirement of [c]hapter 74, [Owens] needed to serve on [them] an expert report

from someone who is qualified to offer opinions on the standard of care as it

                                           25
relates to the care they provided, as emergency [room] physicians.” According to

Drs. Handyside and Prater,

      Dr. Richardson’s curriculum vitae and reports solely list his
      occupation as a medical doctor specializing in neurology. He also
      lists his clinical experience as that of being in private practice. He
      fails to show that he has any experience in emergency
      medicine . . . [and] fails to show that he has ever worked in an
      emergency department or worked closely with emergency [room]
      physicians in treating and diagnosing patients . . . .

(Internal citations omitted.)

      In his expert report, Dr. Richardson notes that he is a “physician in private

practice,” “licensed to practice medicine in the State of California.” He has been

in “private practice for 19 years” and is “board certified in adult neurology and

vascular neurology by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology.” And

Richardson further states:

      I have knowledge of [the] accepted and established standards of
      medical care for the patient[’]s diagnosis that is involved in the claim.
      I obtained this knowledge via my residency and fellowship training as
      well as via experience[] gained in the practice of neurology for 19
      years.

      ....

      As a neurologist board certified in general adult neurology and
      vascular neurology[,] I have seen, diagnosed and managed many
      patients with dural sinus thrombosis. I have also seen, diagnosed and
      managed many patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension
      (formerly referred to as pseudotumor cerebri or benign intracranial
      hypertension). As such[,] I am familiar with the standard of care for
      the diagnosis, care and treatment of both dural sinus thrombosis and
      idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

                                         26
      Richardson’s curriculum vitae also reveals that his fellowship focused on

“[c]erebral blood flow and metabolism, and dementia,” he completed his residency

in the field of neurology, and has conducted research related to Alzheimer’s

disease, vascular dementia, and strokes.

      In determining whether an expert is qualified, we must be careful not to

draw expert qualifications “too narrowly.” Larson v. Downing, 197 S.W.3d 303,

305 (Tex. 2006); Adeyemi v. Guerrero, 329 S.W.3d 241, 247 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2010, no pet.). The specific issue in this case is whether Drs. Handyside and Prater

failed to timely and appropriately diagnose and treat Owens’s conditions.

      Dr. Richardson’s report shows that he has experience in treating and

diagnosing patients with the conditions suffered by Owens, namely dural sinus

thrombosis and idiopathic intracranial hypertension. And he is familiar with the

standard of care applicable to doctors who care for patients with the same

conditions with which Owens presented. See Tawa v. Gentry, No. 01-12-00407-

CV, 2013 WL 1694869, at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 18, 2013, no

pet.) (mem. op.) (expert sufficiently qualified to opine on standard of care by

“showing the injury involved was of the type [the expert] treated in his practice”

(internal quotation marks omitted)); Hillery v. Kyle, 371 S.W.3d 482, 487 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, no pet.) (concluding expert qualified, where

expert stated familiarity “with the standards of care relevant to the condition

                                           27
involved in th[e] claim” and he had “diagnosed and treated, ‘patients with the

conditions similar to those experienced by’” plaintiff); Rittger, 332 S.W.3d at 558–

59 (noting focus not on defendant doctor’s area of expertise, but on condition

involved in claim).

      Further, we note that the fact that Dr. Richardson is a neurologist, rather than

an emergency room doctor, does not disqualify him as an expert in this case. See

Rittger, 332 S.W.3d at 559 (holding neurologist/professor of medicine qualified to

opine on standard of care in case against emergency room doctor who failed to

diagnose stroke in pregnant patient, explaining fact patient “was pregnant when

she experienced her stroke or that she presented herself in an emergency room

setting does not require that [expert] be an obstetrician or emergency room

physician”); see also Hayes v. Carroll, 314 S.W.3d 494, 504–05 (Tex. App.—

Austin 2010, no pet.) (holding doctor, board certified in general and vascular

surgery, qualified to render opinion on standard of care applicable to emergency

room specialist); Blan v. Ali, 7 S.W.3d 741, 746–47 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 1999, no pet.) (concluding neurologist qualified as expert on strokes,

although defendant doctors were emergency room doctor and cardiologist).

      We conclude that Dr. Richardson has the knowledge, skill, experience,

education, or training to render an opinion on the standard of care applicable to a

doctor treating a patient with the conditions with which Owens presented.

                                         28
Accordingly, we hold that the trial court erred to the extent that it granted Drs.

Handyside’s and Prater’s motions to dismiss Owens’s claims on the ground that

Richardson is not qualified to opine on the standard of care.

Causation

      Owens next argues that the trial court, to the extent that it granted Drs.

Handyside’s and Prater’s motions to dismiss her claims on the ground that Dr.

Richardson did not adequately address the issue of causation, erred because

Richardson, in his report, sufficiently addresses the element of causation as it

related to the doctors.14

      An expert report must provide a “fair summary” of the expert’s opinions

regarding the causal relationship between the failure of a health care provider to

provide care in accord with the pertinent standard of care and the injury, harm, or

damages claimed.      TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(r)(6).                  In

assessing the sufficiency of a report, a trial court may not draw inferences; instead,

it must exclusively rely upon the information contained within the four corners of

the report. Wright, 79 S.W.3d at 52. “No particular words or formality are

14
      Because of our disposition of Owens’s third issue, we do not address the portion
      of her second issue in which she argues that the trial court erred to the extent that
      it granted Memorial Hermann’s motion to dismiss her direct-liability claims
      against it on the ground that Dr. Richardson’s report did not adequately address
      the elements of standard of care and causation. See infra.

                                           29
required [in the expert report], but bare conclusions will not suffice.” Scoresby,
346 S.W.3d at 556 (footnotes omitted).

      A causal relationship is established by proof that a negligent act or omission

constituted a substantial factor in bringing about harm and, absent the act or

omission, the harm would not have occurred. Costello v. Christus Santa Rosa

Health Care Corp., 141 S.W.3d 245, 249 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2004, no pet.).

However, an expert report need not marshal all of the plaintiff’s proof necessary to

establish causation at trial, and it need not anticipate or rebut all possible defensive

theories that may ultimately be presented to the trial court. Wright, 79 S.W.3d at

52; Fortner v. Hosp. of the Sw., LLP, 399 S.W.3d 373, 383 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2013, no pet.). The expert must simply provide some basis that the defendant

health care provider’s act or omission proximately caused injury. Wright, 79
S.W.3d at 52–53. And the expert must explain the basis of his statements and link

his conclusions to the facts. Id. at 52. A report that merely states an expert’s

conclusions regarding causation is not sufficient. Id.; Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 879.

“[I]f an expert report contains only conclusions about [causation], the trial court

has ‘no discretion but to conclude . . . that the report does not represent a good-

faith effort’ to satisfy the statute.” Smith v. Wilson, 368 S.W.3d 574, 577 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2012, no pet.) (quoting Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 877, 880).

                                          30
      In his expert report, Dr. Richardson explains:

      . . . Owens developed dural sinus thrombosis . . . . This is an
      uncommon, but well known condition that is treatable with
      anticoagulant medications. There was a significant delay in the
      diagnosis of this condition. This delay resulted in the development of
      a complication, severe vision loss due to idiopathic intracranial
      hypertension. Severe vision loss due to intracranial complication can
      generally be easily treated with medication if it is diagnosed early. In
      the case of failure of medications, serial lumbar punctures can be done
      in some cases. Surgical procedures[,] such as lumboperitoneal shunt
      placement[,] are effective second line treatments. Optic nerve
      fenestration is an effective third level of treatment . . . .

Further, Richardson notes: “Untreated dural sinus thrombosis is well known to

potentially cause idiopathic intracranial hypertension.      Idiopathic intracranial

hypertension may progress to blindness if untreated. It is medically probable that

early diagnosis would have prevented [Owens’s] later development of vision loss.”

(Footnote omitted.)

      In regard to Dr. Handyside, specifically, Dr. Richardson, in his report, states

that she breached the standard of care “by failing to perform a fundiscopic

examination and failing to perform cerebral imaging[,] such as [a] head CT or

preferably [a] brain MRI.”       Further, “[t]he failure to obtain a neurology

consultation . . . and the failure to admit the patient if urgent follow-up could not

be obtained also constitutes a bre[a]ch of the standard [of] care.” In regard to

causation, Richardson opines:

      If Dr. . . . Handyside had performed cerebral imaging[,] such as [a]
      CT or preferably [an] MRI, performed [a] lumbar puncture or

                                         31
      obtained [a] neurological consultation[,] it is medically probable
      that . . . Owens would have had her condition diagnosed and treated in
      a timelier manner. Early treatment of dural sinus thrombosis reduces
      the likelihood of complications[,] such as idiopathic intracranial
      hypertension. Thus[,] her vision would have most likely been spared
      and she would not have lost vision in the right and left eyes. Severe
      loss of vision is a preventable complication of dural sinus thrombosis.

(Footnote omitted.)

      Dr. Handyside asserts that Dr. Richardson “merely state[s] that had

[she] . . . diagnosed [Owens], then [Owens] might have had a better outcome,” but

fails to explain “how [her] . . . conduct caused the permanent loss of vision.” In

other words, Richardson “does not explain how and why the complained of delay

in diagnosis and treatment . . . were substantial factors in causing [Owens’s]

blindness.”

      An expert report must explain, to a reasonable degree, how and why the

alleged breach caused the complained of injury based on the facts presented. See

Jelinek, 328 S.W.3d at 539–40. Here, contrary to Dr. Handyside’s assertions, Dr.

Richardson’s report does just that. Richardson opines that Handyside’s failure to

“perform[] cerebral imaging[,] such as [a] CT or preferably [an] MRI, perform[]

[a] lumbar puncture or obtain[] [a] neurological consultation” resulted in a delay in

the diagnosis and treatment of Owens’s conditions. And “[t]his delay resulted in

the development of a complication, severe vision loss due to idiopathic intracranial

hypertension. Severe vision loss due to intracranial complication can generally be

                                         32
easily treated with medication if it is diagnosed early.” Cf. Patterson v. Ortiz, 412
S.W.3d 833, 839 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.) (holding sufficient report

“show[ing] that performing the tests and examinations would have led to the

diagnosis of pneumonia and Raul’s admission to the hospital, where he would have

received ‘early, aggressive treatment [that], more likely than not, would have saved

his life’”). An expert may show causation by explaining a chain of events that

begins with a defendant doctor’s negligence and ends in injury to the plaintiff. See

McKellar v. Cervantes, 367 S.W.3d 478, 485 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2012, no

pet.); see also Woofter v. Benitez, No. 01-09-00161-CV, 2009 WL 3930839, at *7

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Nov. 19, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“Dr. Flye’s

report sets forth a chain of events, involving breaches of the standard of care by

each of the defendant physicians, which resulted in Islam’s death.”).

      In regard to Dr. Prater, Dr. Richardson, in his report, states that Prater

breached the standard of care by “fail[ing] to perform a lumbar puncture” on

Owens, “fail[ing] to admit her” to the hospital, failing to “perform cerebral

imagining[,] such as [a] head CT or [a] brain MRI,” failing to “obtain a

neurological consultation to have [Owens] assessed urgently despite the diagnoses

of possible meningoencephalitis and possible cavernous sinus thrombosis,” and

failing to provide “adequate neurological follow-up” after Owens was discharged

from Memorial Hermann. In regard to causation, Richardson opines:

                                         33
      If Dr[.] . . . Prater performed [a] lumbar puncture, ordered cerebral
      imaging[,] such as [a] head CT and preferably [an] MRI, admitted
      [Owens to the hospital] and/or obtained [a] neurological
      consultation, . . . Owens would have likely had a more timely
      diagnosis, earlier treatment and her vision would medically probably
      have been saved. If . . . Prater had not prescribed dexamethazone
      for . . . Owens[,] it is medically probable that her condition would not
      have been exacerbated. It is possible she would not have progressed
      to . . . have [a] loss of vision.

Further, Richardson states that “[i]f [Owens] was admitted [to the hospital], if a

neurology consultation was obtained, and if a lumbar puncture had been done[,] it

is medically probable that her condition, dural sinus thrombosis[,] would have been

diagnosed earlier and her vision would have been saved with treatment.” As stated

above, the treatments available to prevent Owens’s loss of vision are also

addressed by Richardson in his report.

      Dr. Prater asserts that Dr. Richardson “merely state[s] that had . . . Prater

diagnosed [Owens], then she might have had a better outcome” and fails to explain

“how . . . Prater’s conduct caused the permanent loss of vision.” In other words,

Richardson “does not explain how and why the complained of delay in diagnosis

and treatment and the prescription of dexamethasone were substantial factors in

causing [Owens’s] blindness.”

      Contrary to Dr. Prater’s assertions, however, Dr. Richardson’s report

“explain[s], to a reasonable degree, how and why the [alleged] breach [by Prater]

caused [Owens’s] injury.” See Jelinek, 328 S.W.3d at 539–40. Richardson opines

                                         34
that Prater’s failure to “perform[] [a] lumbar puncture, order[] cerebral imaging[,]

such as [a] head CT and preferably [an] MRI, admit[] [Owens to the hospital],

and/or obtain[] [a] neurological consultation” resulted in a delay of the diagnosis

and treatment of Owens’s conditions.         And “[t]his delay resulted in the

development of a complication, severe vision loss due to idiopathic intracranial

hypertension. Severe vision loss due to intracranial complication can generally be

easily treated with medication if it is diagnosed early.” With earlier detection and

treatment, Owens’s “vision would medically probably have been saved.”           Cf.

Patterson, 412 S.W.3d at 839; see also McKellar, 367 S.W.3d at 485; Woofter,

2009 WL 3930839, at *7.

      In support of their argument that it is insufficient for an expert report to

merely state that a plaintiff “might have had a better outcome” without linking the

expert’s conclusion (that the plaintiff might have had a better outcome) to a

doctor’s alleged breach, Drs. Handyside and Prater rely on Wright. In Wright, the

plaintiff alleged that a physician’s assistant misread or misplaced an x-ray and,

therefore, did not discover that the plaintiff had fractured her foot. 79 S.W.3d at

50. Approximately one month later, the plaintiff’s orthopedic surgeon discovered

the fracture. Id. The plaintiff served on the defendant health care provider the

report of an expert, who stated that had the x-ray been properly read, the plaintiff

“would have had the possibility of a better outcome.” Id. at 51 (internal quotations

                                        35
omitted). The Texas Supreme Court, after recognizing that an expert in his report

need not use any particular phrase, held that the trial court could have reasonably

determined that the report did not represent a good-faith effort to summarize the

causal relationship. Id. at 53. The supreme court noted that the expert in his report

simply opined that the plaintiff had the “possibility of a better outcome,” and did

not sufficiently “link[] the expert’s conclusion (that [the plaintiff] might have had a

better outcome) to [the hospital’s] alleged breach (that it did not correctly read and

act upon the x-rays).” Id. at 52–53 (internal quotations omitted).

      Here, in contrast, Dr. Richardson does not simply assert that Owens would

have had the “possibility of a better outcome” if not for Drs. Handyside’s and

Prater’s alleged breaches of the standard of care. Instead, Richardson explains that

the doctors’ breaches caused a delay in the diagnosis and treatment of Owens’s

conditions. As stated in the report: “Untreated dural sinus thrombosis is well

known to potentially cause idiopathic intracranial hypertension.” The delay in the

diagnosis and treatment of Owens “resulted in the development of a complication,

severe vision loss due to idiopathic intracranial hypertension.” “It is medically

probable that early diagnosis would have prevented [Owens’s] later development

of vision loss.” The treatments available to prevent Owens’s vision loss included

medication, “serial lumbar punctures,” “lumboperitoneal shunt placement,” and

“[o]ptic nerve fenestration.”    See Khan v. Ramsey, No. 01-12-00169-CV, 2013

                                          36
WL 1183276, at *9 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 21, 2013, no pet.) (mem.

op.) (holding expert report sufficient, where breach of standard of care caused

delay in diagnosis, which resulted in “permanent disability”); Foster v.

Richardson, 303 S.W.3d 833, 841 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, no pet.) (holding

expert report adequate regarding causation because it explained how doctor’s

delayed diagnosis subjected patient to prolonged pain); Gelman v. Cuellar, 268
S.W.3d 123, 130 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2008, pet. denied) (holding expert

report adequate regarding breach and causation because it explained had patient

“been properly monitored and timely treated post-operatively with aggressive

respiratory care, she would not have developed respiratory insufficiency,” which

caused her “anoxic brain damage”); In re Barker, 110 S.W.3d 486, 491 (Tex.

App.—Amarillo 2003, orig. proceeding) (concluding expert report sufficient

because it explained negligent failure to recognize medical condition and delay in

treatment increased severity of plaintiff’s injuries).

      Based on the foregoing, Dr. Richardson’s report represented an “objective

good faith effort” to inform Drs. Handyside and Prater of the causal relationship

between their failure to adhere to the pertinent standard of care and the injury,

harm, or damages claimed. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(l);

Kelly v. Rendon, 255 S.W.3d 665, 679 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no

pet.) (emphasizing expert reports “are simply a preliminary method to show a

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plaintiff has a viable cause of action that is not frivolous or without expert

support”). Accordingly, we hold that the trial court erred to the extent that it

granted Drs. Handyside’s and Prater’s motions to dismiss Owens’s claims on the

ground that Richardson’s expert report did not adequately address the element of

causation.15

      We sustain Owens’s second issue, in part.

                                  Vicarious Liability

      In her third issue, Owens argues that the trial court erred in dismissing her

vicarious-liability claims against Memorial Hermann because an expert report is

not necessary regarding such claims. Memorial Hermann asserts that dismissal of

Owens’s vicarious-liability claims against it is “mandatory” because Owens “failed

to serve [a sufficient] expert report as to the individual physicians’ conduct that [is]

the basis of the vicarious liability claim[s].”

      In addition to her direct-liability claims against Memorial Hermann, Owens

alleges that it is vicariously liable for the conduct of its “nurses, technicians,

servants and[/]or agents” and “Amy Rasmussen, M.D.; Brian Zachariah, M.D.;

Krista G. Handyside, M.D.; Inez A. Serrano, P.A.; Samuel J. Prater, M.D.; [and]

Kenneth A. Totz, [D.O., FACEP].”
15
      In her brief, Owens also asserts that Dr. Richardson’s report adequately addresses
      the standard of care as it relates to the doctors. However, because Drs. Handyside
      and Prater did not object to the report on this ground, we do not consider this
      portion of Owens’s argument.

                                           38
      “[W]hen a health care liability claim involves a vicarious liability theory,

either alone or in combination with other theories, an expert report that meets the

statutory standards as to the employee is sufficient to implicate the employer’s

conduct under the vicarious theory.” Certified EMS, Inc. v. Potts, 392 S.W.3d 625,

632 (Tex. 2013); see also Gardner v. U.S. Imaging, Inc., 274 S.W.3d 669, 671–72

(Tex. 2008) (“When a party’s alleged health care liability is purely vicarious, a

report that adequately implicates the actions of that party’s agents or employees is

sufficient.”). In other words, a report that is sufficient as to an employee, whose

alleged negligent conduct a vicarious-liability claim is based, is also sufficient as to

the employer health care provider. See, e.g., Ctr. for Neurological Disorders, P.A.

v. George, 261 S.W.3d 285, 295 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, pet. denied) (“[I]f

the expert report is sufficient as to the claims against Dr. Ward, and we have held

that it is[,] . . . then the report is sufficient as to claims against CND that are based

on Dr. Ward’s alleged negligence.” (footnote omitted)).

      Here, we have held that the trial court erred in dismissing Owens’s direct-

liability claims against Drs. Handyside and Prater because Dr. Richardson’s expert

report complies with chapter 74 regarding Owens’s allegations against the doctors.

Therefore, contrary to Memorial Hermann’s assertion, dismissal of Owens’s

vicarious-liability claims against it is not “mandatory.”        Instead, Owens may

proceed on her vicarious-liability claims against Memorial Hermann based on the

                                           39
conduct of Drs. Handyside and Prater. See Potts, 392 S.W.3d at 632; Gardner,
274 S.W.3d at 671–72.

      Further, we note that Owens alleges that Memorial Hermann is vicariously

liable not only for the conduct of Drs. Handyside and Prater, but also for the

conduct of its “nurses, technicians, servants and[/]or agents,” Drs. Rasmussen,

Zachariah, and Totz, and physician assistant Serrano.         Because Owens may

proceed on her vicarious-liability claims against Memorial Hermann based on the

alleged negligence of Drs. Handyside and Prater, she may also proceed on her

vicarious-liability claims against Memorial Hermann based on the alleged

negligent conduct of these other individuals. See TTHR Ltd. P’ship v. Moreno, 401
S.W.3d 41, 45 (Tex. 2013) (holding plaintiff’s vicarious-liability claim against

hospital for actions of nurses could proceed because expert report adequate

regarding plaintiff’s vicarious-liability claim for negligent acts of doctors); Potts,
392 S.W.3d at 629–32 (plaintiff entitled to proceed with her entire suit against

health care provider so long as expert report valid as to one theory of liability

against defendant); Huepers v. St. Luke’s Episcopal Hosp., No. 01-11-00074-CV,

2013 WL 1804470, at *3–5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 30, 2013, no

pet.) (mem. op.) (holding no further report required where amended petition added

new theory of vicarious liability against hospital based on nursing negligence

                                         40
because initial report sufficient as to plaintiff’s vicarious-liability claim against

hospital based on doctor conduct).

      And because Dr. Richardson’s report satisfies the requirements of chapter 74

as to Memorial Hermann’s vicarious liability for the conduct of Drs. Handyside

and Prater, Owens may also proceed on her direct-liability claims against

Memorial Hermann.16 See Potts, 392 S.W.3d at 629–32 (holding plaintiff’s direct-

liability claim against nursing staffing agency could proceed because expert report

submitted by plaintiff supported her vicarious-liability claims); Children’s Med.

Ctr. of Dall. v. Durham, 402 S.W.3d 391, 403–04 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no

pet.) (concluding, because expert report valid as to vicarious-liability claims

against hospital, plaintiffs’ direct-liability claims against hospital “may proceed as

well”).

      Accordingly, we hold that the trial court erred in granting Memorial

Hermann’s motion to dismiss Owens’s direct- and vicarious-liability claims against

it.

16
      Because Dr. Richardson’s expert report is sufficient as to Owens’s vicarious-
      liability claims against Memorial Hermann, based on the conduct of Drs.
      Handyside and Prater, we need not consider the report’s adequacy as to Owens’s
      direct-liability claims against Memorial Hermann. See San Jacinto Methodist
      Hosp. v. McCoy, No. 14-12-00682-CV, 2013 WL 3009318, at *5 n.3 (Tex. App.—
      Houston [14th Dist.] June 13, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.). Therefore, as stated
      previously, we do not address the portion of Owens’s second issue in which she
      asserts that Richardson’s report is adequate as to the issues of standard of care and
      causation as it pertained to her direct-liability claims against Memorial Hermann.

                                           41
      We sustain Owens’s third issue.

                                   Conclusion

      We reverse the trial court’s dismissal of Owens’s health care liability claims

against Memorial Hermann and Drs. Handyside, Prater, and Totz. And we remand

Owens’s health care liability claims against them to the trial court for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                             Terry Jennings
                                             Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Jennings and Keyes.

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