Court Opinion

ID: 999466
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-07-04 17:26:14.134709+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:27:23.888762
License: Public Domain

UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                                       No. 98-4587

JEFFREY PRESTON MCCLUNG,
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Virginia, at Harrisonburg.
James H. Michael, Jr., Senior District Judge.
(CR-97-31)

Submitted: March 23, 1999

Decided: August 20, 1999

Before WILKINS, NIEMEYER, and HAMILTON,
Circuit Judges.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

Dabney Overton, Jr., Harrisonburg, Virginia, for Appellant. Robert P.
Crouch, Jr., United States Attorney, Ray B. Fitzgerald, Jr., Assistant
United States Attorney, Charlottesville, Virginia, for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Appellant Jeffrey Preston McClung appeals from his conviction for
distribution of marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C.§ 841(a)(1) (1994),
conspiracy to distribute marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841,
two counts of carrying a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C.A. § 924(c)
(West 1994 & Supp. 1998), and money laundering in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 1957 (1994). McClung alleges that the trial court made sev-
eral errors. Finding no error, we affirm.

On April 23, 1997, the Grand Jury returned a multiple count indict-
ment charging McClung, his mother, sister, and others with crimes
relating to the distribution of marijuana, money laundering, and crimi-
nal forfeiture. During the period of the alleged drug activity,
McClung, his mother, and sisters resided in the family home. The
charges resulted in part from the execution of a search warrant at the
McClung residence on September 14, 1995. Pursuant to the warrant,
police officers searched the residence for drugs, drug paraphernalia,
and documents or anything related to the distribution of controlled
substances.

Among the items recovered during the search were marijuana and
marijuana stems, marijuana smoking devices, a triple beam scale, and
approximately seventy-four firearms. A combination safe located in
the basement of the house held white containers with red tops. Each
of the containers held psilocybin mushrooms, United States currency,
or additional marijuana smoking pipes. Marijuana buds and a jar of
coins were also found in the safe. The police officers seized approxi-
mately $820 in United States currency and an envelope marked
"Stephanie" containing another $600 from a nightstand in one of the
upstairs bedrooms.

McClung assigns error to five district court actions: (1) the denial
of his motion to dismiss the indictments based upon an alleged agree-
ment with the Government; (2) the denial of a post-verdict motion for
a mistrial due to alleged juror misconduct; (3) allowing evidence and
testimony obtained from witnesses to whom the Government offered
something of value; (4) the refusal to allow testimony of a witness

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called by the defense; and (5) the crafting of an answer to a question
by the jury.

McClung first alleges that the district court erred by denying his
motion to dismiss the federal indictment against him on the ground
that the Government violated his due process rights by indicting him
after promising not to prosecute him on federal charges if he cooper-
ated with a state drug task force investigation. A district court's find-
ing as to whether the government reached an agreement with the
defendant not to prosecute him in exchange for his cooperation is
reviewed for clear error. See United States v. McHan, 101 F.3d 1027,
1034 (4th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 65 U.S.L.W. 3826
(U.S. Jun. 16, 1997) (No. 96-8994).

The district court held an evidentiary hearing to determine if an
agreement existed between the parties. The evidence at the hearing
showed that a Harrisonburg, Virginia, Assistant Commonwealth's
Attorney, Marsha Lee Garst; McClung's attorney, Dabney Overton;
and an Assistant United States Attorney, Ray Fitzgerald, met in early
1996 to discuss McClung's cooperation with the RUSH Drug Task
Force and federal law enforcement. At the hearing, Garst testified that
her recollection of the meeting was that McClung agreed to "cooper-
ate in order for the federal charges to be held off," and that federal
charges would not be brought if McClung fully cooperated. McClung
relies upon this alleged verbal agreement as evidence that the Govern-
ment agreed not to prosecute him on federal charges.

On February 12, 1996, McClung, Overton, and Fitzgerald signed
a proffer letter granting limited use immunity and excluding other
forms of immunity. The proffer letter also states that "this agreement
constitutes the full and complete understanding among the parties and
there shall be no modification unless in writing and signed by all the
parties." (J.A. 708). Contrary to McClung's argument that this is not
a contracts issue, this court has held that alleged agreements to
exchange cooperation for transactional immunity are governed by tra-
ditional principles of contract law. See McHan , 101 F.3d at 1034. The
defendant has the burden of demonstrating that a meeting of the
minds occurred between the government and the defendant to refrain
from prosecution. Id. The terms of the proffer letter are patently
inconsistent with an extrinsic, oral agreement not to prosecute.

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Garst's testimony as to the meeting that came before the proffer letter
was signed by the parties is not sufficient to overcome the terms of
the proffer letter.* We therefore find that the district court did not
clearly err in finding that an extrinsic oral agreement not to prosecute
McClung on federal charges did not exist.

McClung assigns error to the district court's denial of a post-
verdict motion for a mistrial based on an alleged undisclosed, indirect
relationship between a juror and a defense witness. We review the
district court's denial of a motion for a mistrial for abuse of discre-
tion. See United States v. Dorlouis, 107 F.3d 248, 257 (4th Cir.)
(denial of motion for mistrial "will be disturbed only under the most
extraordinary of circumstances"), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 65
U.S.L.W. 3861 (U.S. Jun. 27, 1997) (No. 96-9103). In order to dem-
onstrate an abuse of discretion, the defendants must show prejudice.
See United States v. West, 877 F.2d 281, 288 (4th Cir. 1989).

McClung contends that one of the jurors failed to disclose an indi-
rect relationship with a defense witness, Mark Semones ("Semones"),
during voir dire. The record does not establish when McClung's
counsel first learned of the alleged relationship, and McClung did not
offer any evidence regarding the relationship in the district court.
Semones testified third in a series of eight witnesses on Saturday,
September 27, 1997. All of the testimony was completed by 12:15
p.m., and the jury retired to deliberate at 5:45 p.m.

On Monday morning, a conference was held in chambers to discuss
the proposed charge for the forfeiture deliberations. Juror truthfulness
in response to voir dire questions was not discussed or even men-
tioned. Later the same day while deliberating the forfeiture issue, the
jury requested a dictionary. A second conference was held to discuss
the jury's request. During the conference, the district court informed
counsel that the jury had expressed concern about retribution. The
court's comment prompted counsel for Jeffrey McClung to state, "we
have a juror on there where we didn't discover until over the weekend
_________________________________________________________________
*Garst also testified at the hearing that, to her knowledge, although
McClung cooperated with the task force, his cooperation did not lead to
any arrests, search warrants, prosecutions, or any other enforcement
action.

                     4
who did not respond truthfully to the questions you asked him about
knowing the parties." Defendants then moved for a mistrial.

Counsel offered a confusing rendition of the alleged relationship
between the juror and the witness, never establishing precisely what
the relationship was. The district court overruled McClung's motion
based on its suspicion of the timing in which the motion was made,
and the fact that the information related to the court came from indi-
viduals with an obvious bias or prejudice. McClung failed to note an
objection to the district court's ruling.

Where juror bias is timely reported to the court before the jury has
retired to deliberate, the court has the opportunity to take the appro-
priate action, such as seating an alternate juror. See United States v.
Hayden, 85 F.3d 153, 157 (4th Cir. 1996). In this case, the district
court was faced with a belated revelation of possible juror bias which
was unsupported by evidence. McClung had ample time to discover
any possible bias and disclose the same to the court before the jury
retired to deliberate. The witness in question testified third in a series
of eight witnesses on the final morning of trial. Testimony concluded
shortly after noon, and the jury did not retire until 5:45 p.m. It is
suspicious that McClung and his co-defendants failed to communicate
the information to their counsel prior to sending the case to the jury.

Furthermore, McClung has failed to show they were prejudiced by
the district court's decision. McClung argues on appeal that the dis-
trict court should have examined the juror to determine whether the
juror had a bias or prejudice towards the Defendants. McClung erro-
neously submits that the district court refused to question the juror
during the proceedings in lower court. McClung made no such
request of the court. "Where an attack is made upon the integrity of
the trial by reason of alleged misconduct on the part of a juror in fail-
ing to disclose information pertinent to the issue of prejudice, the
defendant's burden of proof must be sustained not as a matter of spec-
ulation, but as a demonstrable reality." United States v. Whiting, 538
F.2d 220, 223 (8th Cir. 1976). McClung offers nothing more than
speculation that the juror was prejudiced. The circumstances relating
to the denial of the motion for mistrial are not so extraordinary that
we must disturb the district court's ruling.

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Next, McClung briefly argues that the Government violated 18
U.S.C.A. § 201(c)(2) (West Supp. 1998), which prohibits offers or
promises of anything of value to witnesses "for or because of" their
testimony. McClung argues that the district court should not have
overruled his motion to suppress evidence resulting from a search
pursuant to a warrant. The police paid a fee to an informant who pro-
vided information leading to the successful search warrant for the
McClung's residence. McClung also contends that the district court
erred in allowing the trial testimony of two witnesses to whom,
McClung insists, the Government gave, offered, or promised to give
something of value in exchange for truthful testimony. McClung
alleges that in exchange for their testimony against him, James Randy
Gragg and Robert Glover received lenient and favorable treatment
from the Government. McClung alleges that both Glover and Gragg
had "been in trouble because of drug offenses." At trial, Glover testi-
fied that a local sheriff's office found him to possess an eighth of an
ounce of marijuana, and that he agreed to cooperate in the case
against McClung. He stated that charges against him were "non-
processed." Gragg testified that he pled guilty to the conspiracy at
issue in the McClungs' case.

McClung did not object to this alleged error at trial; therefore, it is
evaluated under the plain error standard. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b).
The plain error standard requires proof that there is an error that is
clear and obvious under existing law. See United States v. Castner,
50 F.3d 1267, 1277-78 (4th Cir. 1995). McClung relies only upon a
panel decision of the Tenth Circuit, which was recently rejected and
vacated en banc in United States v. Singleton , 165 F.3d 1297 (10th
Cir. 1999), to support his claim of error. There is no valid precedent
in this or any circuit court to uphold this argument, and a number of
circuits have rejected it. See United States v. Lowery, 166 F.3d 1119
(11th Cir. 1999); United States v. Ramsey, 165 F.3d 980 (D.C. Cir.
1999); United States v. Haese, 162 F.3d 359 (5th Cir. 1998); United
States v. Ware, 161 F.3d 414 (6th Cir. 1998). If there was an error,
it is not plain and obvious under existing law because no Supreme
Court or circuit court opinion stands to support that position. There-
fore, McClung is not entitled to relief on this claim.

McClung next argues that the district court refused to give the
defense adequate time to present its case to the jury. The Government

                    6
contends that the district court simply foreclosed duplicative reexami-
nation of a witness, and therefore committed no error. A defendant is
entitled to the opportunity to present competent, relevant evidence on
the issues being tried. See United States v. Hamling, 418 U.S. 87, 125
(1974). The district court, however, "retains considerable latitude
even with admittedly relevant evidence in rejecting that which is
cumulative . . . ." Id. at 127. Thus, evidentiary rulings foreclosing
duplicative or cumulative testimony will be disturbed only for abuse
of discretion. See id.; see also United States v. Hassan-El, 5 F.3d 726,
731 (4th Cir. 1993) (reasonable limitations on presentation of evi-
dence permissible).

The testimony about which McClung complains relates to serial
numbers on "buy money" used by narcotics detectives in controlled
buys of marijuana from him. Two Government witnesses were thor-
oughly examined by the Government and cross-examined by counsel
for Lois McClung on the issue during the course of the Government's
case. Both witnesses testified that the serial numbers on the "buy
money" were recorded before each purchase, and one witness testified
that only one bill from a controlled buy was located in the safe during
the search of the McClung residence.

During the McClung's case in chief, counsel for Lois McClung
attempted to elicit the same testimony relating to the "buy money"
from the same two witnesses. Out of the presence of the jury, counsel
was provided an opportunity to explain to the court the theory neces-
sitating repetition of the serial numbers. The court noted the evidence
was already before the jury, and declined to permit further examina-
tion. Counsel for both the Government and Defendants were cau-
tioned about duplicative testimony and evidence, and the proceedings
continued.

Counsel for Lois McClung thoroughly cross-examined the Govern-
ment witnesses on the "buy money" and the procedures used by the
police officers during the controlled buys from Jeffrey McClung. By
reiterating the testimony on the serial numbers, counsel sought to
establish on direct examination that the single bill from the "buy
money" could have been placed in the safe when Jeffrey McClung
gave his monthly contribution to the household. The district court
noted that the evidence on which counsel relied for the theory was

                    7
already before the court. Based on the record, we find the district
court was well within its discretion to foreclose cumulative testimony
relating to the "buy money" serial numbers.

McClung next submits that the district court erred in crafting an
answer to the jury's question regarding whether knowledge alone is
sufficient to constitute conspiracy. The necessity, extent, and charac-
ter of supplemental jury instructions are a matter within the discretion
of the district court, United States v. Horton , 921 F.2d 540, 547 (4th
Cir. 1990), and we review the district court's decision to give a sup-
plemental instruction and the specific words chosen for abuse of that
discretion. See United States v. Smith, 62 F.3d 641, 646 (4th Cir.
1995), citing Horton, 921 F.2d at 546. In reviewing the district court's
response, we inquire as to whether the instruction responded to the
jury's question "fairly and accurately without creating prejudice."
Smith, 62 F.3d at 646, citing United States v. United Med. & Surgical
Supply Corp., 989 F.2d 1390, 1407 (4th Cir. 1993). An error requires
reversal only if it is prejudicial in the context of the record as a whole.
See United Med., 989 F.2d at 1407.

The jury retired to deliberate at 5:45 p.m. on Saturday, September
27, 1997. During the course of the jury's deliberations, four questions
were submitted to the court, the first three of which passed without
incident. The fourth question submitted by the jury posed the ques-
tion, "Does knowledge constitute conspiracy?" Defense counsel,
based on their interpretation of the jury's question, recommended a
one word reply - "no." The Government suggested repeating the por-
tion of the charge that set forth the elements of conspiracy. The dis-
trict court declined to simply answer "no" because it was not a proper
statement of the law. Instead, the court answered the question by
repeating the elements of conspiracy. In writing the court responded,
"[c]onspiracy requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt after consid-
eration of all the evidence of two elements as follows: First, that the
conspiracy described in the indictment was willfully formed and was
existing at or about the time alleged. Second, that the accused know-
ingly became a member of a conspiracy."

McClung agreed with the answer provided to the jury. When a
party fails to note an objection to a ruling at trial, appellate review of
the issue is forfeited. See United States v. Maxton, 940 F.2d 103, 105

                     8
(4th Cir. 1991). Regardless, we are of the opinion that the district
court fairly and accurately responded to the jury's question by provid-
ing the jury with the elements of conspiracy. The instruction was a
correct statement of the law, and the district court did not abuse its
discretion either in giving the supplemental instruction or in the word-
ing of the instruction.

We therefore affirm the criminal judgment. We dispense with oral
argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately pre-
sented in the materials before the court and argument would not aid
the decisional process.

AFFIRMED

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