Court Opinion

ID: 806547
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-08-13 23:19:33+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:10:05.051528
License: Public Domain

Case: 10-60614   Document: 00511954180    Page: 1    Date Filed: 08/13/2012

          IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                   FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                   Fifth Circuit

                                                                   FILED
                                                                 August 13, 2012

                                  No. 10-60614                    Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                       Clerk

STATE OF TEXAS; TEXAS OIL & GAS ASSOCIATION; TEXAS
ASSOCIATION OF MANUFACTURERS; BCCA APPEAL GROUP;
AMERICAN CHEMISTRY COUNCIL; AMERICAN PETROLEUM
INSTITUTE; NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MANUFACTURERS;
NATIONAL PETROCHEMICAL AND REFINERS ASSOCIATION; TEXAS
ASSOCIATION OF BUSINESS; TEXAS CHEMICAL COUNCIL; CHAMBER
OF COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                            Petitioners
v.

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

                                            Respondent

                      Petitions for Review of an Order of the
                        Environmental Protection Agency

Before JOLLY, HIGGINBOTHAM, and SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judges.
E. GRADY JOLLY, Circuit Judge:
        Sixteen years tardy, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
disapproved a revision to Texas’s plan for implementing the requirements of the
Clean Air Act. The untimely disapproval unraveled approximately 140 permits
issued by Texas under the revision’s terms, and now requires regulated entities
to qualify for pre-revision permits or risk federal sanctions. Petitioners—the
State of Texas; the Chamber of Commerce of the United States; and
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representatives of nationwide manufacturing, chemical and petroleum
industries—petition for review of the EPA’s action under the Administrative
Procedure Act. See 5 U.S.C. § 706.
      We hold that the EPA’s disapproval of Texas’s plan fails Administrative
Procedure Act review. Although the EPA acknowledges the distinct role of the
states, which is congressionally called for in the design and enforcement of State
Implementation Plans, the EPA based its disapproval on demands for language
and program features of the EPA’s choosing, without basis in the Clean Air Act
or its implementing regulations. For the foregoing reasons, we GRANT the
petition for review, VACATE the EPA’s disapproval of Texas’s plan, and
REMAND.
                                        I.
                                       A.
      In 1963, Congress passed the Clean Air Act (CAA), 42 U.S.C. §§
7401-7671q, which was the first federal attempt at pollution control.
Amendments to the CAA in 1970 significantly expanded its scope and
complexity. The 1970 Amendments introduced National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS), which require concentrations of common air pollutants at
levels safe to human health. Proximate to the 1970 Amendments, Congress
created the Environmental Protection Agency, which was charged with setting
NAAQS and other regulatory standards in order to ensure increased public
health and overall air quality. Congress amended the CAA again in 1977,
creating New Source Review, a preconstruction permitting program for all new,
stationary pollution sources. Another round of amendments in 1990 brought
significant changes to the CAA, but those changes, “at least as they concern
EPA’s approval of State Plans were predominately of syntax, not substance.”
Virginia v. EPA, 108 F.3d 1397, 1409 (D.C. Cir. 1997).

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                                             1.
       As designed by Congress, states play a central role in the CAA regulatory
structure. Every state must formulate and administer a State Implementation
Plan (SIP), which outlines the state’s pollution control strategy for achieving
NAAQS. 42 U.S.C. § 7410(a)(1). SIPs must “include enforceable emission
limitations and other control measures, means, or techniques . . . as well as
schedules and timetables for compliance, as may be necessary or appropriate to
meet” the applicable NAAQS. Id. § 7410(a)(2)(A). SIPs must also provide for the
establishment and operation of “appropriate devices, methods, systems, and
procedures necessary to monitor, compile, and analyze data on ambient air
quality,” and include an enforcement program.                   Id. § 7410(a)(2)(B)-(C).
       Every state must include in its SIP a New Source Review (NSR) scheme
for pre-construction permits. 40 C.F.R. § 51.160. All new or modified pollution
sources must receive a pre-construction permit under an approved SIP. If a
source does not receive a permit, then it violates the CAA, regardless of the
amount of pollution the source emits.
       An important background fact to keep in mind as we decide this petition
is that the CAA’s NSR requirements distinguish between major and minor
pollution sources.       Major sources are facilities that emit more than a
pre-identified amount, usually 100 tons per year, of a regulated contaminant.1
Because major sources have the potential to make a greater impact on NAAQS,
Congress and the EPA have focused the vast majority of their regulatory efforts
on Major NSR.

       1
         Defining what constitutes a major source often depends on the area in which the
source is located. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 7479(1), 7602(j); see also 40 C.F.R. §§ 51.166(b)(49)(iv),
51.165(a)(1)(iv). A source is major in any area if it emits more than 10 tons per year of any
Hazardous Air Pollutant or 25 tons per year of all Hazardous Air Pollutants combined. 42
U.S.C. § 7412(a)(1). What constitutes a major modification is further defined in 40 C.F.R. §
51.166(b)(2).

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      The type of Major NSR program in place in a given geographic area
depends on how well the air quality conforms to NAAQS. In areas that have
already achieved NAAQS, a state must implement a Prevention of Significant
Deterioration (PSD) program. Because the air in the area is already safe for the
public, the main purpose of this program is to ensure that the air quality is not
affected by the new source. In areas that have not yet achieved NAAQS, the
state must implement a stricter Major NSR program: the Non-Attainment NSR
(NA NSR). Whereas PSD programs seek to prevent interference with the
existing air quality, NA NSR programs are designed to improve air quality to
achieve NAAQS.
      Minor sources are facilities that emit less than a pre-identified amount,
usually 100 tons per year, of a regulated contaminant after construction or
modification. All SIPs must contain a Minor NSR program, regardless of
whether the area has achieved NAAQS. Understandably, Congress and the EPA
have devoted much less attention to Minor NSR. The EPA’s regulations of
Minor NSR span only two pages of the Code of Federal Regulations.
                                       2.
      Beyond these basic requirements, states enjoy a measure of discretion. “So
long as the national standards are met, the State may select whatever mix of
control devices it desires.” Union Elec. Co. v. EPA, 427 U.S. 246, 266 (1976)
(citing Train v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 421 U.S. 60, 79 (1975)).
      The EPA is charged with assuring that a state SIP complies with federal
law. 42 U.S.C. § 7410(k). That power, however, is limited:
         [T]he Clean Air Act creates a partnership between the states
         and the federal government. The state proposes, though the
         EPA disposes. The federal government through the EPA
         determines the ends–the standards of air quality–but
         Congress has given the states the initiative and a broad
         responsibility regarding the means to achieve those ends
         through state implementation plans and timetables for

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         compliance. . . . The Clean Air Act is an experiment in
         federalism, and the EPA may not run roughshod over the
         procedural prerogatives that the Act has reserved to the
         states . . . .
Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. Gorsuch, 742 F.2d 1028, 1036 (7th Cir. 1984) (internal
citation omitted).
      The Clean Air Act and the EPA supply “the goals and basic requirements
of state implementation plans, but the states have broad authority to determine
the methods and particular control strategies they will use to achieve the
statutory requirements.” BCCA Appeal Grp. v. EPA, 355 F.3d 817, 822 (5th Cir.
2003) (citing Union Elec. Co., 427 U.S. at 266). The prevention and control of air
pollution are “the primary responsibility of States and local governments.” 42
U.S.C. § 7401(a)(3); see also American Cyanamid Co. v. EPA, 810 F.2d 493,
500-01 (5th Cir. 1987). Thus, if a SIP or a revised SIP meets the statutory
criteria of the CAA, then the EPA must approve it. 42 U.S.C. § 7410(k)(3);
BCCA Appeal Grp., 355 F.3d at 822.
      States regularly revise and reevaluate pollution control strategies, and
revisions to a SIP must satisfy the CAA section 110(l) requirements. Under that
section, the EPA cannot approve a SIP revision “if the revision would interfere
with any applicable requirement concerning attainment” of NAAQS “or any
other applicable requirement” of the CAA. 42 U.S.C. § 7410(l). Moreover, the
CAA requires that the EPA review and either approve or disapprove of any SIP
or SIP revision within eighteen months of its submission. Id. § 7410(k).
                                        B.
      In November 1994, Texas Governor Ann Richards submitted a Flexible
Permit Program to the EPA as a revision to Texas’s SIP and as a new feature of
the state’s Minor NSR regime. Under this Program, a facility could obtain a
permit that would set an ex ante emissions cap, that is, modifications to facilities
could be made without additional regulatory review as long as the emissions

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increase would not exceed an aggregate limit specified in the permit. The Texas
Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) had adopted the Program earlier
that year.2 Later, the Texas Legislature incorporated the Program into the
Texas Clean Air Act. See Tex. Health & Safety Code § 382.003(9)(F). In her
1994 submission letter, the Governor expressed hope for an “expeditious
approval of these revisions to the Texas SIP.”
      Despite the CAA’s mandate that the EPA approve or disapprove a SIP
revision within eighteen months of its submission, the EPA delayed formal
consideration of the Texas Flexible Permit Program for more than a decade. In
response to the Agency’s inaction, some of the industry petitioners asserted their
rights under 42 U.S.C. § 7604(a)(2) and brought a          mandatory duty suit
compelling the EPA to “approve or disapprove, in whole or in part” the Program.
The suit resulted in a settlement, with the EPA agreeing to make a final decision
on the Program within a specified timeline.
      The EPA proposed disapproving the Program in 2009 and issued final
disapproval of the Program on July 15, 2010. Proposed Rule; Flexible Permits,
74 Fed. Reg. 48,480 (proposed Sept. 23, 2009) (to be codified at 40 C.F.R. pt. 52);
Final Rule; Flexible Permits, 75 Fed. Reg. 41,312 (July 15, 2010) (to be codified
at 40 C.F.R. pt. 52). As a result of the EPA’s disapproval every facility with a
flexible permit could face fines or other enforcement action irrespective of
emissions levels. The petitioners now challenge the EPA’s ruling and seek to set
it aside.

      2
      This agency was known at the time as the Texas Natural Resource Conservation
Commission.

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                                        II.
       Under the Administrative Procedure Act, we must set aside the EPA’s
ruling “if it is arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, not in accordance
with law, or unsupported by substantial evidence on the record taken as a
whole.” Sun Towers, Inc. v. Schweiker, 694 F.2d 1036, 1038 (5th Cir. 1983); 5
U.S.C. § 706(2). We must also set aside the EPA’s ruling if it is in excess of the
EPA’s statutory authority. 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(C). In applying this standard, we
look to whether the EPA examined the relevant data and articulated a
“satisfactory explanation for its action including a rational connection between
the facts found and the choice made. . . . In reviewing that explanation, we must
consider whether the decision was based on a consideration of the relevant
factors and whether there has been a clear error of judgment.” Motor Vehicle
Mfrs. Ass’n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
      Our review is most deferential to the EPA’s fact findings, particularly
where those findings relate to the EPA’s evaluation of scientific data for which
the Agency possesses technical expertise. BCCA Appeal Grp., 355 F.3d at 824.
Throughout our review, we also defer to the EPA’s interpretation of the CAA for
questions on which the statute is silent or ambiguous, asking only whether the
EPA has rendered a “permissible construction.” Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural
Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843 (1984).
      The CAA’s regulatory design, which requires cooperation between the
federal government and the states in administering the CAA, also necessarily
informs our review.
                                       III.
      With these principles in mind, we now move to the specific reasons the
EPA gave for disapproving Texas’s Flexible Permit Program: (1) the Program
might allow major sources to evade Major NSR; (2) the provisions for monitoring,

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recordkeeping and reporting are inadequate; (3) and the methodology for
calculating flexible permit emissions caps lacks clarity and is not replicable.
                                       A.
                                       1.
      We begin with the EPA’s primary ground for disapproving the Flexible
Permit Program: The Program might allow major sources to evade Major NSR.
The EPA found that the Flexible Permit Program “has no express regulatory
prohibition clearly limiting its use to Minor NSR and has no regulatory provision
clearly prohibiting the use of this submitted Program from circumventing the
Major NSR SIP requirements.” 75 Fed. Reg. at 41,313. The EPA’s concern is
that the Flexible Permit Program, which Texas has represented as a form of
Minor NSR, might make it possible for major sources to evade Major NSR. Id.
This danger exists, the EPA argues, because of the absence of an express
statement that the Program does not apply to major source construction or
modification.
      Although the EPA’s concern over the potential for Major NSR evasion
involves the Agency’s interpretation of a law, it does not involve the
interpretation of a federal law. Before approval by the EPA, a SIP revision is
state law for which the EPA’s interpretation is not authoritative. Luminant
Generation Co., LLC v. EPA, 2012 WL 3065315, at *14 (5th Cir. July 30, 2012)
(citing American Cyanamid, 810 F.2d at 493). We need not, therefore, accept
that Major NSR evasion is probable based solely on deference to the EPA’s
interpretation of the Texas law that forms the basis of this petition.
      Furthermore, the EPA did not make findings demonstrating that the
Flexible Permit Program “would interfere with any applicable requirement
concerning attainment” of NAAQS “or any other applicable requirement” of the
CAA. 42 U.S.C. § 7410(l). Although we do not here decide whether the EPA
must make findings before concluding that a SIP revision would interfere with

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the requirements of the CAA, the lack of findings moots any suggestion that we
must defer to the EPA’s technical expertise. The EPA did not rely on its
technical expertise in rejecting the Flexible Permit Program, and we cannot
either. Thus, our interpretation of the Texas law that forms the basis of this
petition is not influenced by deference to either the EPA’s interpretive or fact-
finding ability. We do not decide whether the EPA must make fact findings
demonstrating interference with the CAA because it is unnecessary in this case:
The EPA has failed not only to put forth evidence demonstrating interference,
but also to put forth a cogent theory on how Texas’s manner of drafting would
result in interference. The standard for disapproving a SIP revision—that the
revision would interfere with the CAA—surely requires more than the EPA’s
bare conclusion. Id.
      The Flexible Permit Program does not allow Major NSR evasion because
it affirmatively requires compliance with Major NSR. The operative language,
found in 30 Tex. Admin. Code § 116.711(8)-(9) (2010), states with respect to
Major NSR:3
          (8)   Nonattainment review.
          If the proposed facility, group of facilities, or account is
          located in a nonattainment area, each facility shall comply
          with all applicable requirements concerning nonattainment
          review in this chapter.
          (9)   Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) review.
          If the proposed facility, group of facilities, or account is
          located in an attainment area, each facility shall comply with
          all applicable requirements in this chapter concerning PSD
          review.
Another provision in this chapter states that “[i]f more than one state or federal
rule or regulation or flexible permit condition are applicable, then the most

      3
         Sections 116.711(8) and (9) have been re-codified as 116.711(2)(H) and (I),
respectively.

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stringent limit or condition shall govern and be the standard by which
compliance shall be demonstrated.” Id. § 116.715(c)(10) (2010).4
       In the EPA’s own parlance, the term “Major NSR” refers to
Non-attainment NSR (NA NSR) and to Prevention of Significant Deterioration
(PSD). Flexible Air Permitting Rule, 74 Fed. Reg. 51,418, 51,421 (Oct. 6, 2009)
(to be codified at 40 C.F.R. pts. 70-71) (“We often refer to the PSD and NA NSR
programs together as the major NSR program because these programs regulate
only major sources.”). Because the Texas permitting scheme affirmatively
requires compliance with “Non-attainment review” and “PSD”—the components
of Major NSR— it does not, on its face, allow major sources to evade Major NSR.5
       The EPA is not satisfied with the language Texas has chosen, and would
prefer an express negative statement that the Flexible Permit may not be used
to evade Major NSR. But it cannot direct us to any provision of the CAA or the
CAA’s implementing regulations that empower it to disapprove a SIP revision
on this basis. The EPA argues that negative statements prohibiting major
sources from avoiding Major NSR are required by Agency policy. See Proposed
Policy; State Implementation Plans, 52 Fed. Reg. 45,044, 45,106 (proposed Nov.
24, 1987).     The EPA did not, however, cite this policy in its final rule
disapproving the Program. We review the EPA’s disapproval for the grounds on
which that disapproval was based, not on post hoc rationalizations. See NorAm
Gas Transmission Co. v. FERC, 148 F.3d 1158, 1165 (D.C. Cir. 1998). Assuming

       4
        This section also states that “[a]cceptance of a flexible permit by a permit applicant
constitutes an acknowledgment and agreement that the holder will comply with all Rules,
Regulations, and Orders of the commission issued in conformity with the [Texas Clean Air Act]
and the conditions precedent to the granting of the permit.” 30 Tex. Admin. Code §
116.715(c)(10) (2010).
       5
         Lest there be any doubt that Texas’s SIP proposal uses the terms PSD and non-
attainment in the same way as the EPA, the regulation specifies that “terms used by [TCEQ]
have the meanings commonly ascribed to them in the field of air pollution control.” Id. §
116.10 (2010).

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that a policy exists that favors negatively worded regulations over affirmatively
worded regulations, we will not consider it for the first time on appeal.
      In any event, there is reason to doubt the existence of a policy that favors
negatively worded regulations. As the EPA conceded in its final rule on the
Flexible Permit Program, language “explicitly prohibit[ing] circumvention of the
Major NSR requirements . . . is not ordinarily a minimum NSR SIP program
element.”   75 Fed. Reg. at 41,318-19.      Before this case arose, the EPA’s
considered view, expressed after notice and comment rulemaking, was that
because of the generality of its Minor NSR regulation, “SIP-approved minor NSR
programs can vary quite widely from State to State.” 74 Fed. Reg. at 51,421.
This view makes sense given that the EPA’s regulations of Minor NSR consist
of generalities that span a mere two pages of the Code of Federal Regulations.
      The EPA points to other Texas Minor NSR programs that include express
negative statements forbidding circumvention of Major NSR as examples of what
the Agency wants. See 30 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 106.4(a)(3), 116.610(b). Although
we acknowledge that Texas’s drafting style is not uniform within its Minor NSR
regime, we do not agree that this lack of uniformity is a lawful basis for the EPA
to reject the Flexible Permit Program. Neither the CAA nor its implementing
regulations make uniformity in state drafting a requirement for SIPs.
      Because the administrative record reflects that the EPA’s rejection is
based, in essence, on the Agency’s preference for a different drafting style,
instead of the standards Congress provided in the CAA, the EPA’s decision
disturbs the cooperative federalism that the CAA envisions. A state’s “broad
responsibility regarding the means” to achieve better air quality would be hollow
indeed if the state were not even responsible for its own sentence structure.
Bethlehem Steel Corp., 742 F.2d at 1036.
         EPA has thus entangled itself in a matter beyond its proper
         concern and has done so in the face of well-founded state

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            objections. This is clearly an abuse of discretion; it is agency
            action beyond the Congressional mandate.             It serves,
            furthermore, to usurp state initiative in the environmental
            realm, and thus to disrupt the balance of state and federal
            responsibilities that undergird the efficacy of the Clean Air
            Act.
Fla. Power & Light Co. v. Costle, 650 F.2d 579, 589 (5th Cir. 1981) (internal
citations omitted).
       We therefore hold that the EPA’s first proffered reason for rejecting the
Texas Program is arbitrary and capricious, and in excess of its statutory
authority. 5 U.S.C. § 706(2). The CAA furnishes the standards that the EPA is
to apply in disapproving SIP revisions, and those standards do not require
drafting in negative terms.           The Texas Administrative Code affirmatively
requires compliance with Major NSR, and does not, therefore, allow Major NSR
evasion.6

       6
          The EPA suggests that this Court should accommodate its position because amending
the program to “avoid any potential confusion or misuse” would be relatively simple and easy
for Texas to achieve. This argument overlooks the practical effect of the Agency’s disapproval.
As noted at the outset, the EPA considers the Flexible Permit Program now to be
unsatisfactory and the numerous entities who have been relying on flexible permits for the
past sixteen years are now vulnerable to enforcement action. In those actions the EPA would
not have to prove that permit holders have actually violated Major NSR, or polluted
improperly—a company could be fined simply because the Texas Flexible Permit Program does
not have the EPA’s preferred regulatory phrasing.
         Although we do not rest our decision here, we note that the EPA might have made use
of its conditional approval authority. See, e.g., Natural Res. Def. Council v. EPA, 22 F.3d 1125,
1134 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (citing H.R.Rep. No. 490, 101st Cong., 2d Sess., pt. 1 at 220 (1990))
(“[CAA section]110(k)(4) authorizes conditional approval of a SIP where the State commits to
adopt such specific enforceable additional measures as EPA requires within one additional
year . . . .”)). The EPA had been conferring with the TCEQ for several years and was well
aware that although Texas considered its program approvable as submitted it would have
amended the text if necessary. In fact, before the EPA’s final disapproval, TCEQ proposed
clarifying amendments. The EPA stated at oral argument that it did not need to consider the
possibility of conditional approval because Texas did not explicitly ask for it in its submission.
True or not, the EPA’s insistence on this punctilio of language surely is not what Congress
intended by cooperative federalism, particularly after what the EPA concedes was delay far
in excess of the statutory deadline.

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                                        2.
       The EPA further challenges Texas’s choice of language, arguing that an
“overly broad” definition of the term “account” in the Flexible Permit Program
also creates the possibility for major sources to evade Major NSR requirements.
See 75 Fed. Reg. at 41,327-28. The EPA’s concern is that the definition of
“account” refers simply to “sources,” creating the possibility that multiple major
sources might form an “account,” obtain a flexible permit, and circumvent Major
NSR.
       In direct response, Texas notes that because the term “account” appears
nowhere in Texas’s Major NSR rules and because that program instead uses the
term “major stationary source,” a permit holder who tried to avoid Major NSR
by relying on the account definition in this hypothetical fashion would explicitly
violate Texas Major NSR rules embodied in the existing SIP.
       Again, the Flexible Permit Program affirmatively requires compliance
with Major NSR. The terms of the Flexible Permit Program require the TCEQ
to examine a flexible permit application to see if the applicant, even an applicant
that is an “account,” is required to comply with Major NSR. 30 Tex. Admin.
Code § 116.711 (2010). Polluters must comply with Major NSR, whenever
applicable. Id.
       Notably, the EPA never raised concern over the meaning of “account” in
its prior approvals of Texas’s Major NSR rules. See generally, Approval and
Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans,75 Fed. Reg. 55,978 (Sept.
15, 2010) (to be codified at 40 C.F.R. pt. 52); Revisions to Permits by Rule and
Regulations for Control of Air Pollution by Permits for New Construction or
Modification, 74 Fed. Reg. 11,851 (Mar. 20, 2009). The Agency even approved
this same definition of account in 2005 “under section 110 of the Federal Clean
Air Act.” See Limited Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans,70
Fed. Reg. 16,129 (Mar. 30, 2005) (to be codified at 40 C.F.R. pt. 52).

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      To the extent that the EPA speculates that a permit holder might wilfully
disregard Major NSR, TCEQ has clear authority to prevent and deter that type
of misconduct. See 30 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 70.1-70.11.
                                       B.
      We now turn to the second ground the EPA gave for rejecting the Flexible
Permit Program:     The regulations contain inadequate monitoring, record
keeping and recording (MRR) provisions.        The EPA disapproved the MRR
provisions as conferring too much discretion on the TCEQ Director and for being
too vague and not replicable.
      A SIP must include enforceable emission limitations and control measures,
coupled with methods for maintaining and analyzing data on air quality. 42
U.S.C. § 7410(a)(2). The EPA implemented this CAA provision with regulations
under which:
         Each plan must set forth legally enforceable procedures that
         enable the State or local agency to determine whether the
         construction or modification of a facility, building, structure
         or installation, or combination of these will result in– (1) A
         violation of applicable portions of the control strategy; or (2)
         Interference with attainment or maintenance of a national
         standard in the State in which the proposed source (or
         modification) is located or in a neighboring State.
40 C.F.R. § 51.160(a).
      Under the Texas Flexible Permit Program, the MRR requirements are
written into each permit, rather than described in a one-size-fits-all manner in
the SIP. See 30 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 116.711(2) (2010), 116.715(c)(6) (2010).
These requirements are decided by the TCEQ on a case-by-case basis, based on
the size, needs, and type of facility applying for flexible permitting. To be
approved for a permit, the applicant must propose a workable plan for how
emissions will be measured, and must detail the contaminants for which a cap
is desired, the sources of emissions for those contaminants, emissions rate

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calculations for each source, and proposed control technology. Id. § 116.711
(2010). “[T]he existing level of control may not be lessened for any facility.” Id.
§ 116.711(3) (2010).
      The EPA isolated two provisions within Texas’s MRR framework as not
complying with the requirements of the CAA:
         Measurement of emissions. The proposed facility, group of
         facilities, or account will have provisions for measuring the
         emission of air contaminants as determined by the executive
         director. This may include the installation of sampling ports
         on exhaust stacks and construction of sampling platforms in
         accordance with guidelines in the ‘Texas Natural Resource
         Conservation Commission Sampling Procedures Manual.’

30 Tex. Admin. Code § 116.711(2) (2010).

         Recordkeeping. A copy of the flexible permit along with
         information and data sufficient to demonstrate continuous
         compliance with the emission caps and individual emission
         limitations contained in the flexible permit shall be
         maintained in a file at the plant site and made available at
         the request of personnel from the commission or any air
         pollution control program having jurisdiction. . . . Additional
         recordkeeping requirements may be specified in special
         conditions attached to the flexible permit.
30 Tex. Admin. Code § 116.715(c)(6) (2010).
                                        1.
      The degree of discretion conferred on the TCEQ Director cannot sustain
the EPA’s rejection of the MRR requirements. The EPA’s task in reviewing a
SIP revision is to determine whether the revision would interfere with attaining
NAAQS or another applicable requirement of the CAA. 42 U.S.C. § 7410(l).
Here, the relevant requirement of the CAA is the requirement that Texas define
enforceable emission limitations and control measures, coupled with methods for
maintaining and analyzing data on air quality. Id. § 7410(a)(2). The EPA
insists that Texas’s Program does not meet this requirement, but it is yet to

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explain why. Instead, the EPA has invoked the term “director discretion” as if
that term were an independent and authoritative standard, and has not linked
the term to the language of the CAA. The EPA’s use of a particular term does
not constitute a “satisfactory explanation for its action” or a “consideration of the
relevant factors” for its decision. Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n, 463 U.S. at 43.
       There is, in fact, no independent and authoritative standard in the CAA
or its implementing regulations requiring that a state director’s discretion be
cabined in the way that the EPA suggests. Therefore, the EPA’s insistence on
some undefined limit on a director’s discretion is, like the Agency’s insistence on
a particular drafting style, based on a standard that the CAA does not empower
the EPA to enforce. 5 U.S.C. § 706(2).
       Any attempt to now link the EPA’s disapproval to the CAA’s language
would be incoherent in the light of the Agency’s other conduct. The EPA did not
disapprove of the Flexible Permit Program’s MRR requirements when
commenting on Texas’s proposed rulemaking in 1994 or disapprove of these
provisions when Texas proposed other amendments in 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002,
and 2003. In fact, the EPA approved nearly identical MRR requirements in
other Texas Minor NSR provisions.7 See generally, Approval and Promulgation
of Air Quality Implementation Plans, 72 Fed. Reg. 49,198 (Aug. 28, 2007) (to be
codified at 40 C.F.R pt. 52); Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality
Implementation Plans, 68 Fed. Reg. 64,543 (Nov. 14, 2003) (to be codified at 40
C.F.R pt. 52).
       The EPA contends that it now has a policy to disfavor director discretion
provisions, but it did not cite this new policy in its proposed rule or final

       7
        The EPA contends that this Court cannot consider the existence of identical provisions
in other Texas Minor NSR permitting regulations, because Texas waived this issue during
commenting. We find, however, that the EPA conceded that “the submitted Program requires
the same monitoring, recordkeeping, reporting, and testing requirements as 30 TAC
116.711(2) and 116.715(c)(4)—(6)” during its proposed disapproval. 74 Fed. Reg. at 48,493.

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disapproval of the Texas Flexible Permit Program, and we need not consider it
here. We are reviewing an agency’s decision-making process, so the “‘agency’s
action must be upheld, if at all, on the basis articulated by the agency itself.’”
United States v. Garner, 767 F.2d 104, 116-17 (5th Cir. 1985) (quoting Motor
Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n, 463 U.S. at 50). The EPA’s post hoc reasoning during
appellate review cannot prop up its decision. See NorAm Gas Transmission Co.,
148 F.3d at 1165.
      Other recent EPA action tends not only to undercut the assertion of a
policy against director discretion, but also to give the appearance that the EPA
invented this policy for the sole purpose of disapproving Texas’s proposal.
Months before the EPA disapproved Texas’s Flexible Permit Program, the EPA
approved a Georgia SIP that not only recognized a state director’s discretion, but
permitted the director to exempt minor sources from MRR requirements
entirely. Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans Georgia, 75 Fed.
Reg. 6,309 (Feb. 9, 2010) (to be codified at 40 C.F.R. pt. 52). Although the EPA
may certainly change its policies, it cannot reject the very concept of director
discretion in one case months after approving extensive director discretion in
another, and then hold out its rejection here as an example of reasoned decision-
making.
                                        2.
      The EPA’s objection to the MRR provisions as being too vague and not
replicable cannot sustain its rejection of the MRR provisions, either. As with its
discomfort with “director discretion,” the EPA uses the term “replicability” as if
it were an independent authoritative standard. It is not. Any standard by
which the Texas Program is measured must derive from the CAA itself. 42
U.S.C. § 7410(l). As another panel of this Court recently held, “‘replicability’ is
not a legal standard that the [CAA] authorizes the EPA to enforce when

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reviewing a state’s minor NSR program.” Luminant Generation Co., L.L.C. v.
EPA, 675 F.3d 917, 932 (5th Cir. 2012).
       The administrative record does not contain an explanation linking the
EPA’s insistence on “replicability” to the standards provided in the CAA, and we
cannot conclude under these circumstances that the EPA made a reasoned
decision. The EPA cites to various Agency guidance documents extolling the
virtues of clarity and replicability, generally, but it does not connect the
persuasive force of these documents to the matter at hand. The EPA has simply
failed to explain how Texas’s case-by-case approach to permitting would
interfere with NAAQS or another applicable requirement of the CAA. 42 U.S.C.
§ 7410(l).
       The EPA, however, contends that it may insist on particular MRR
requirements for the Texas Flexible Permit Program because the Program is
unusually complex. In effect, the EPA proposes that it be given a sliding scale
of legality—based on the EPA’s general impression of a program’s
complexity—to then enable the EPA to condition program approval upon
adoption of particular control measures and language. The EPA appears to have
adopted this test, too, solely for application to Texas’s Flexible Permit Program.
We certainly agree that the EPA has the authority to ensure that a SIP is
compliant with the CAA, but it cannot expand this congressionally delegated
power based on ad-hoc and general assertions of a state program’s complexity.8

       8
          In its proposed disapproval of the Program, the EPA relied upon New York v. EPA,
413 F.3d 3 (D.C. Cir. 2005), for the proposition that “[t]he more intricate a plan, the greater
the need for detailed requirements.” 74 Fed. Reg. at 48,490. Deriving this standard from New
York is error.
        At issue in New York is the EPA’s 2002 exemption of all recordkeeping requirements,
unless a polluter anticipated that there is a “reasonable possibility” that new source review
will be triggered. New York, 413 F.3d at 33. Under the disputed regulation in New York, a
polluter would have to retain neither supporting data nor records of actual emissions if it
anticipated that new source review most likely would not be triggered. Id. at 34. The D.C.
Circuit determined that the EPA’s regulation would be unenforceable because a polluter could

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      Even if we were to approve the general sliding scale that the EPA
suggests, the characterization of the Flexible Permit Program as vastly more
complex than any other permitting scheme is overstated. The EPA found that
a “Texas Flexible Permit may apply to hundreds of dissimilar units. These
covered emissions units can vary in size and type of operations as well as having
widely different regulatory requirements and different applicable testing
requirements.” 74 Fed. Reg. at 48,490. Although this comment broadly states
complexity, the exact same observation can be made about Minor NSR programs
in Texas’s SIP, which are currently approved by the EPA. The novel aspect of
the Program now under review is not the breadth or variety of the sources
encompassed by the permit, but instead it is the imposition of an emissions cap.
See 30 Tex. Admin. Code § 116.716(a).
                                           3.
      In addition to its concern that the MRR requirements confer too much
discretion on the TCEQ Director and are not replicable, the EPA posits that the
MRR requirements for the Flexible Permit Program are unlike the MRR
requirements in the federal Plant-wide Applicability Limits (PAL) program. The
EPA’s comparison to PAL is the only meaningful guidance the EPA has given to
the TCEQ on the sort of MRR provisions that it could adopt to satisfy the EPA’s
objections.
      The EPA’s position on this point, like its insistence on a drafting style,
significantly undermines the cooperative federalism that the CAA envisions.
The CAA “supplies the goals and basic requirements of state implementation
plans, but the states have broad authority to determine the methods and
particular control strategies they will use to achieve the statutory
requirements.” BCCA Appeal Grp., 355 F.3d at 822 (citing Union Elec. Co., 427

avoid new source review by destroying data and asserting that it was not required to keep
records in the first place. Id.

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U.S. at 266). Accordingly, the EPA ensures that a state’s SIP is adequately
compliant with the CAA, but has no authority to condition approval of a SIP
based simply on the preference of the EPA for a particular control measure. See
Virginia, 108 F.3d at 1406. When the EPA rejects a provision on the premise of
enforceability, we must inquire whether the EPA’s determination constitutes an
impermissible control-specific means or a permissible end goal. Michigan v.
EPA, 213 F.3d 663, 687 (D.C. Cir. 2000).
       The EPA contends that it is merely encouraging Texas to adopt a program
enforceable under the CAA, but after reading the EPA’s final rule we find that
this argument is not well-taken. In both its brief and final rule, the EPA relies
upon a comparison to the PAL program—a federal Major NSR program—to
illustrate what is lacking in this program—which Texas insists is a Minor NSR
program. 75 Fed. Reg. at 41,317. Although the EPA now maintains that it is not
stipulating that Texas must adopt the same MRR requirements as PAL, the
purpose of the EPA’s analogy is clear: Texas is to enact something like PAL if it
wants its Flexible Permit Program approved. We find that the EPA’s action
amounts to an insistence on a particular control measure and is inconsistent
with the principles of cooperative federalism that are an essential part of the
CAA.
                                       C.
       We now turn to the third ground for the EPA’s disapproval of the Flexible
Permit Program: The methodology for calculating each emissions cap is not
sufficiently clear and replicable, making it difficult to hold permit holders
accountable for complying with their emissions caps. The arguments on this
ground largely duplicate the arguments concerning the Program’s MRR
provisions, the only difference being that the focus here is on calculating the
emissions cap, rather than record-keeping.

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      The EPA asserts that the program lacks objective and replicable
methodologies for establishing emissions caps. 75 Fed. Reg. at 41,313. It states
that the process for the caps’ summation is unclear. 75 Fed. Reg. at 41,322.
Specifically, the EPA argues that the Program is vague and that TCEQ failed to
clarify whether the cap calculation includes not only minor stationary sources
and minor modifications but also the major sources and major modifications. 75
Fed. Reg. at 41,322.
      To determine a facility’s cap under the Flexible Permit Program, the
permit applicant must identify each air contaminant and each source it expects
to be covered by the proposed permit. 30 Tex. Admin. Code § 116.711(13) (2010).
Then, the TCEQ calculates emissions limits for each source and each
contaminant by applying Best Available Control Technology (BACT).9 Id. §
116.716(a) (2010). The sum of the emission limits for each of the covered sources
comprises the permit’s cap on pollution for that contaminant. Id. Thus, a
facility remains in compliance so long as the aggregate sum of its emissions for
a particular contaminant is less than the total output of all of the sources under
the permit. Each permit, or at least documents attached to the permit, must
explicitly outline the sources, contaminants, and corresponding caps that it
covers. Id. § 116.715 (2010).
      Premising disapproval on the ground that the Flexible Permit Program
lacks clarity and replicability in the method for calculating emissions caps fails

      9
        The Texas Administrative Code defines Best Available Control Technology as:
          An air pollution control method for a new or modified facility that
          through experience and research, has proven to be operational,
          obtainable, and capable of reducing or eliminating emissions from the
          facility, and is considered technically practical and economically
          reasonable for the facility. The emissions reduction can be achieved
          through technology such as the use of add-on control equipment or by
          enforceable changes in production processes, systems, methods, or work
          practice.
30 Tex. Admin. Code § 116.10(1).

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for the same reason that premising disapproval on inadequate MRR provisions
fails. The CAA does not make the replicability the EPA desires a standard for
disapproving a SIP revision, and the EPA has not explained how the method for
calculating emissions caps otherwise relates to a CAA standard. See Luminant
Generation, 675 F.3d at 932.
      Even if the EPA’s “clarity and replicability” requirement were enforceable
against Texas, we are not persuaded that this Program fails to satisfy those
criteria. A third party could take the sources listed in the permit application,
determine maximum outputs using BACT, and determine the cap.
“Replicability,” in the EPA’s own words, means a methodology whereby two
independent entities would reach the same result, not that a regulation must
mandate perfectly uniform input of information to achieve that result. See 57
Fed. Reg. 13,498, 13,568 (Apr. 16, 1992).
      To the extent that the EPA’s argument draws on its belief that it is
impossible to determine which sources are covered by a flexible permit, 75 Fed.
Reg. at 41,322, that belief is unfounded. Texas requires each flexible permit to
delineate which sources, contaminants, and facilities the permit covers. 30 Tex.
Admin. Code § 116.715 (2010). During the application process, the applicant
may select which facilities and sources to include on a permit. The cap is then
calculated based on the facilities and sources selected. After the application is
approved and the permit is issued, the sources and facilities covered by the
permit—and the applicable cap—are listed on the permit itself. Id.
      The EPA argues that because the Flexible Permit Program is cryptic in its
treatment of major source modification, 75 Fed. Reg. at 41,322, it is unclear how
major sources are treated under the cap in all circumstances. This argument is
untenable for the same reasons we have discussed above in examining the EPA’s
first ground for disapproving the Flexible Permit Program—that is, the EPA’s
concern that major sources would avoid Major NSR by exploiting the Flexible

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Permit Program. The Program’s language requires major sources to comply with
Major NSR. Major sources cannot use a flexible permit to avoid Major NSR
without violating the law.
      We thus find that the EPA’s objections to the emissions caps of the
Flexible Permit Program rely on standards not found in the CAA or its
implementing regulations.      The EPA’s explanation for its objection is
unsatisfactory because it provides no insight into how the emissions caps
interfere with NAAQS or another applicable requirement of the CAA. 42 U.S.C.
§ 7410(l). The EPA acted arbitrarily and capriciously, and in excess of its
statutory authority. 5 U.S.C. § 706(2).
                                      IV.
      It is clear that Congress had a specific vision when enacting the Clean Air
Act: The Federal and State governments were to work together, with assigned
statutory duties and responsibilities, to achieve better air quality. The EPA’s
final rule disapproving Texas’s Flexible Permit Program transgresses the CAA’s
delineated boundaries of this cooperative relationship. For the reasons we have
explained above, we hold that the EPA’s ruling does not withstand
Administrative Procedure Act review. We therefore GRANT the petition for
review, VACATE the agency’s final rule, and REMAND for the EPA’s further
consideration.
 PETITION FOR REVIEW GRANTED, FINAL RULE VACATED, and CASE
                                                                  REMANDED.

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Higginbotham, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
      This case centers on two questions. First, whether the EPA may require
that Texas’s Flexible Permit Program be limited to Minor NSR by language
sufficiently clear to close paths around Major NSR requirements. And whether
the EPA’s conclusion that the Flexible Permit Program lacked that clarity was
arbitrary or capricious. The majority does not dispute that the EPA could
legitimately deny approval to Texas’s Flexible Permit Program if the program
were not clearly drafted to limit its applicability to Minor NSR but disagrees
with the EPA’s conclusion that the Flexible Permit Program lacks that clarity.
Heeding the principle that the APA standard of “arbitrary and capricious” does
not permit a court to vacate an agency decision based on its mere disagreement,
I am persuaded that the EPA’s conclusion that the submitted Program is not
clearly limited to Minor NSR, allowing for circumvention of Major NSR
requirements, was neither arbitrary nor capricious. Rather, I see my brothers
in error in assigning marks for “federal” writing, low by their own unstated
measure, and not faithfully applying the deferential arbitrary and capricious
standard.
                                          I.
      Under § 110(a) of the Clean Air Act, a State must adopt and submit to the
EPA a plan for implementing the national ambient air quality standards
(“NAAQS”), known as a state implementation plan or “SIP.”1 Each state
implementation plan submitted by a State under the Clean Air Act must, among
other requirements, “include enforceable emission limitations and other control
measures, means, or techniques . . . as may be necessary or appropriate to meet
the applicable requirements of [the Clean Air Act].”2 The EPA “shall not approve

      1
          42 U.S.C. § 7410(a).
      2
          Id. § 7410(a)(2)(A).

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a revision of a plan if the revision would interfere with any applicable
requirement concerning attainment and reasonable further progress (as defined
in [42 U.S.C. § 7501]), or any other applicable requirement of [the Clean Air
Act].”3 The agency must approve the plan “as a whole if it meets all of the
applicable requirements of [the Clean Air Act]” and a “plan revision shall not be
treated as meeting the requirements of [the Clean Air Act] until the
Administrator approves the entire plan revision as complying with the
applicable requirements of [the Clean Air Act].”4 The EPA’s own regulations
provide that state implementation plans and their revisions must “be adopted
as rules and regulations enforceable by the State agency.”5
       The EPA’s task in evaluating a state implementation plan or a revision to
a state implementation plan purportedly limited to Minor NSR is thus to assess
the text of the “rules and regulations” adopted by the State and to determine
whether those rules and regulations, by their own terms, serve the goals and
satisfy the basic requirements set out in the Clean Air Act.6 The majority does
not directly dispute this point. Nor does it take issue with the EPA’s conclusion
that the Clean Air Act requires EPA “review [to be] focused on the structure of
the submitted Program.”7

       3
           Id. § 7410(l).
       4
           Id. § 7410(k)(3).
       5
           40 C.F.R. § 51.281.
       6
           Id.
       7
        Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Texas; Revisions to the New
Source Review (NSR) State Implementation Plan (SIP); Flexible Permits,75 Fed. Reg. 41,312,
41,322 (July 15, 2010) (to be codified at 40 C.F.R. pt. 52); see also id. at 41,325 (“Submitted
rules that are clear as to who must comply, and explicit in their applicability to regulated
sources are appropriate means for achieving the statutory enforcement requirement.”).

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      “[T]he EPA’s authority under the [Clean Air Act] is limited to determining
whether the proposed SIP revision . . ., as written, complies with the Act.”8 In
explaining its conclusion that, as crafted, the Flexible Permit Program creates
the potential for circumvention of Major NSR, the EPA cited several aspects of
the submitted program. It found that the absence of any express provision
clearly limiting the program’s use to Minor NSR or clearly prohibiting the
program’s use to circumvent Major NSR requirements potentially exempted new
major stationary sources and major modifications from the EPA’s Major NSR
SIP requirements. It also noted that holders of Major NSR SIP permits are not
prohibited from using the Program’s allowables-based emissions cap. The EPA
explained that it reviewed the regulations as submitted to determine whether
the Flexible Permit Program, as structured, is enforceable pursuant to §
110(a)(2)(A)-(C) of the Clean Air Act. The Program establishes a cap in a
Flexible Permit that is a summation of the BACT emission rates, but “[t]he
submitted rules are not clear as to how the State does the summation.”9 As the
EPA noted, “[e]ven the State fail[ed] in its comment letter to clarify whether the
cap includes the summation of not only the minor stationary sources and minor
modifications but also the major stationary sources’ and major modifications’
emissions limitations.”10         That “failure to clarify the methodology for the
establishment of the cap contributes to the ambiguity” of the regulations.11
      In addition, the EPA found that Texas’s definition of “account” allows an
account that is covered by a Flexible Permit to include any combination of major

      8
       Luminant Generation Co. LLC v. U.S. Envtl. Prot. Agency, --- F.3d ---, 2012 WL
3065315, at *14 (5th Cir. 2012) (emphasis added).
      9
          Id. at 41,322.
      10
           Id.
      11
           Id.

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and minor sources under common ownership or control and located in one or
more contiguous properties.12 This is contrary to Major NSR requirements,
which only allow emissions increases to be offset by emissions decreases from a
stationary source within the same industrial grouping. In response, the State
asks the court to defer to “Texas’s reasonable interpretation” of the term
“account” as not allowing for circumvention of Major NSR; notes that the EPA
recognizes that Texas’s Major NSR rules limit emissions trading between
stationary sources; and suggests that “the provisions of the . . . Program are . . .
more than sufficient to enforce against any person who would intentionally or
by wrongful presumption use the Program to circumvent major NSR.” The
State’s response does not engage the EPA’s argument, which turns on how the
terms of the Flexible Permit Program fail “to make clear that sources may not use
the broad definition of ‘account’ to avoid Major NSR,” not on whether other
TCEQ regulations provide for enforcement against people who would do so. Both
the State and Industry Petitioners fail to counter the EPA’s analysis of how the
definition of “account” within the Flexible Permit Program interferes with
federal Major NSR regulations.
      The State and Industry Petitioners have not demonstrated that the EPA’s
conclusion that the submitted program opens a door to circumvention of Major
NSR requirements was arbitrary or capricious. The State argues that at 30 Tex.
Admin. Code §116.711(8)-(9), the Program rules specify that a proffered change
triggering Major NSR must comply with Texas’s Major NSR requirements. Yet
those paragraphs are part of the rules regarding the “Flexible Permit
Application” – not the rules for “Applicability” – and they merely state,

      12
           See id. at 41,327–28.

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      In order to be granted a flexible permit or flexible permit
      amendment, the owner or operator of the proposed facility shall
      submit information to [TCEQ] which demonstrates that all of the
      following are met:
      ...

      (8) Nonattainment review. If the proposed facility, group of
      facilities, or account is located in a nonattainment area, each facility
      shall comply with all applicable requirements concerning
      nonattainment review in this chapter.

      (9) Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) review. If the
      proposed facility, group of facilities, or account is located in an
      attainment area, each facility shall comply with all applicable
      requirements in this chapter concerning PSD review.

Contrary to the State’s assertion, the EPA did not ignore that language in the
regulations.13 The EPA found that the language cited by the State is insufficient
to establish that the Program applies only to Minor NSR because (1) the cited
paragraphs only generally require compliance with all applicable requirements
for non-attainment and PSD review within the Chapter rules;14 (2) the cited
paragraphs “do not contain any emission limitations, applicability statement, or
regulatory provision restricting the construction or change to Minor NSR or
clearly prohibiting circumvention of Major NSR”;15 (3) there are no requirements
or terms in the regulations that “expressly identify use of Flexible Permits as
only a Minor NSR option”;16 and (4) the regulations for Texas’s two other Minor

      13
           See, e.g., id. at 41,319.
      14
           Id.
      15
           Id.
      16
           Id.

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NSR SIP alternative permit options do expressly limit applicability to Minor
NSR.17
       While, in the State’s words, EPA “did not complain about” the language of
paragraphs (8) and (9) when used in regulations for other Texas Minor NSR
programs, those other regulations contained express language limiting
applicability of the programs to Minor NSR and precluding owners or operators
from circumventing the Major NSR applicability determinations required by 30
Tex. Admin. Code § 116.110. Indeed, as the EPA noted in its final rule, the fact
that Texas explicitly requires a Major NSR applicability determination in
analogous programs elsewhere within the same regulatory scheme reinforces the
porous ambiguity of the challenged regulations.
       Nor does the EPA’s final rule demand that Texas write its SIP regulations
with a particular sentence structure or style. Rather, the EPA concluded that
the submitted program, as written, is not clearly limited to Minor NSR. The
EPA’s references to federal and state programs that pass muster illustrate the
agency’s reasoning and provide examples that might guide the State, but a fair
reading does not support the contention that those examples represent a demand
that the State adopt verbatim the provisions of another state or federal program.
       Finally, the State’s contention that the EPA has improperly disregarded
Texas’s interpretation of its own rules and regulations is without merit. The
EPA recognized that Texas intended the Flexible Permit Program to function as
Minor NSR when the EPA disapproved the Program; Texas’s current
understanding of the Program as applying only to Minor NSR does not establish

       17
         See id.; cf. Luminant Generation Co. LLC v. U.S. Envtl. Prot. Agency, --- F.3d ---, 2012
WL 3065315, at *14 (5th Cir. 2012) (noting that the “plain text” of another proposed Texas SIP
revision “supports the EPA’s reasoning that the provision, when applied, may not require a
source owner or operator to establish all elements of [an] affirmative defense” for planned
startup, shutdown, and maintenance/malfunction activity (emphasis added)).

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that the language in the regulations is unambiguous. Indeed, during the
comment period, TCEQ acknowledged that the submitted Program’s rules were
not clear as to whether the Program could function as a Major NSR SIP
revision.18 Underlining this lack of clarity, the Electric Reliability Coordinating
Council (ERCC) – an industry group – presumed in its comments to the EPA
that the Program applied to major modifications.19
       I am confessedly uncertain as to the majority’s questioning of the EPA’s
authority. To determine whether a SIP revision meets “all the applicable
requirements” of the Clean Air Act,20 the EPA must first determine whether or
not the submitted program is limited to minor stationary sources and
modifications.21 The submitted SIP revision either does or does not clearly
prohibit the circumvention of Major NSR. Agreeing with the State’s assessment
of the Program, the majority suggests that this decision resides with Texas and
not with the EPA. But, subject to the limitation of arbitrary and capricious
review, the rejection of SIP revisions is well within the statutory power of the
EPA. In finding that the Flexible Permit Program is “ambiguous regarding
circumvention of Major NSR,”22 the EPA has not “relied on factors which
Congress has not intended it to consider, entirely failed to consider an important
aspect of the problem, offered an explanation for its decision that runs counter

       18
            Id. at 41,319.
       19
         Id. at 41,319–20; see id. at 41,320 (“The commenter’s comments are . . . at odds with
TCEQ’s comments. TCEQ comments that its Program is intended to be a Minor NSR program
only. In contrast, the commenter describes the submitted Program as covering major
modifications and having a Flexible Permit (not a Major NSR SIP permit) altered to reflect the
Major NSR review.”).
       20
            42 U.S.C. § 7410(k)(3).
       21
            Compare id. § 7410(a)(2), with id. § 7502(c).
       22
            75 Fed. Reg. at 41,318.

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to the evidence,” or reached a conclusion “so implausible that it could not be
ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency expertise.”23 And I find
no error in the EPA’s analysis.
                                               II.
      The majority excoriates the EPA for taking sixteen years to disapprove the
Flexible Permit Program. Such delay is plainly excessive and ill serves the
public interest vested in orderly cooperative regulation. But in this failure of
timely process the State was no innocent. Congress established a specific
remedy for an EPA failure to take action on a SIP revision by the statutory
deadline: a State or other party with standing may bring a mandatory duty suit
in federal district court under 42 U.S.C. § 7604(a)(2). The State never filed such
an action, and Industry Petitioners did not avail themselves of this remedy until
2008.24 Regardless, EPA lethargy does not bear on the reasonableness of the
EPA’s findings.
      As the State’s focus on the EPA’s undue delay hints, its challenge to the
EPA’s final rule might be better understood as an expression of principled
indignation than as an attempt to defend and preserve the aspects of the
Flexible Permit Program that the EPA disapproved. Indeed, at oral argument,
counsel for the State struggled to articulate what was really at stake in this
case. As TCEQ noted in its comments on the proposed rule, it has now revised
the regulations at issue to clarify the Program’s limitation to Minor NSR, and
it has stated that it will address the EPA’s concerns about the lack of MRR
requirements in a forthcoming rulemaking and SIP revision. It seems everyone
agrees that the Flexible Permit Program should not be used to circumvent the

      23
           Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983).
      24
           See BCCA Appeal Group v. EPA, No. 3:08-cv-01491-G (N.D. Tex. filed Aug. 25, 2008).

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requirements of Major NSR. The practical effect of EPA’s decision is that the
State must submit revised regulations – for the most part already drafted and
adopted by TCEQ – for EPA approval. The State understandably bristles at
having to travel through the administrative bureaucracy once again, but
indignation is not a ground on which we may vacate the EPA’s final action.
                                              III.
       The Clean Air Act does not state explicitly that a state implementation
plan that is not clearly drafted to limit its application to Minor NSR must fulfill
the requirements for Major NSR plans.25                 However, the EPA reasonably
concluded that such a limitation is implicit in the statutory provisions regarding
EPA review and approval of SIP revisions submitted by the states,26 and
contrary to the majority’s suggestion, the EPA’s determination that the Flexible
Permit Program is not clearly limited to Minor NSR, allowing for circumvention
of Major NSR requirements, was not arbitrary or capricious given the structure
and language of the submitted regulations. Nor did the EPA act in excess of its
statutory authority.
       As so often with political debate in search of a legal forum, its utility lies
largely in pleasure of expression. Angst over perceived federal intrusion into
state affairs ought be eased by the reality that laws enacted by Congress are
laws of the States. Congress passed the Clean Air Act and made it enforceable
by the EPA. The State was represented in that decision by two senators and its

       25
         See Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843 (1984)
(explaining that where a statute is “silent,” courts must defer to the reasonable interpretation
of the agency that administers the statute).
       26
        See 42 U.S.C. §§ 7410(a), (k)(3),(l); Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843; 75 Fed. Reg. at
41,319–21.

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thirty-two other elected members of Congress. It also bears mentioning that its
former governor was resident in the White House for eight of the years in
passage here. The Clean Air Act is not foreign law.27 I dissent.

       27
          See Testa v. Katt, 330 U.S. 386, 391 (1947) (noting the Supreme Court’s repudiation
of “the assumption that federal laws can be considered by the states as though they were laws
emanating from a foreign sovereign”).

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