Court Opinion

ID: 4348989
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-12-10 20:07:23.632142+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:49:06.572474
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 AMERICAN ANTI-VIVISECTION
 SOCIETY et al.,

                        Plaintiffs,
                                                       Case No. 1:18-cv-01138 (TNM)
                        v.

 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
 AGRICULTURE et al.,

                        Defendants.

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       The timberdoodle—a member of the woodcock family—is the world’s slowest flying

bird, with a recorded speed of just five miles per hour during its aerial courtship displays. By

contrast, the peregrine falcon can reach speeds of up to 240 miles per hour when stooping for

prey. But even the timberdoodle seems falconesque compared with the U.S. Department of

Agriculture. It announced its intent to extend the protections of the Animal Welfare Act

(“AWA” or the “Act”) to birds in 2004, but fourteen years later it has yet to land on avian-

specific standards. It has also declined to apply the Act’s existing general regulations to birds.

       Seeking to compel action, the American Anti-Vivisection Society and the Avian Welfare

Coalition (the “Plaintiffs”) sued the Department of Agriculture its Secretary, Dr. Sonny Perdue

(collectively, the “Department”). Unfortunately for the Plaintiffs and their feathered friends,

their flightpath has been tried and denied before. See People for the Ethical Treatment of

Animals, Inc. v. United States Dep’t of Agric., 7 F. Supp. 3d 1 (D.D.C. 2013) (“PETA I”), aff’d,

797 F.3d 1087 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (“PETA II”). Following the precedent established by the D.C.
Circuit in PETA II and the sound reasoning of PETA I, the Court will grant the Department’s

Motion to Dismiss.

                                                 I.

       The AWA seeks to ensure that animals intended for use in research facilities, for

exhibition purposes, or as pets are provided humane care and treatment. 7 U.S.C. § 2131(1). To

this end, the Act requires the Department of Agriculture to “promulgate standards to govern the

humane handling, care, treatment, and transportation of animals by dealers, research facilities,

and exhibitors.” Id. § 2143(a). It also authorizes the Secretary to “make such investigations or

inspections as he deems necessary” to determine whether the Department’s standards have been

violated. Id. § 2146(a).

       At first, the term “animal” included only “dogs, cats, monkeys (nonhuman primate

mammals), guinea pigs, hamsters, and rabbits.” 7 U.S.C. § 2132(h) (1966). In 2002, Congress

amended this definition to exclude birds, rats, and mice “bred for use in research.” 7 U.S.C.

§ 2132(g). The Department interpreted this change to mean that Congress intended to protect

birds not bred for research, so it amended its regulations by “narrowing the scope of the

exclusion” previously applicable to avian species. See Regulations and Standards for Birds,

Rats, and Mice, 69 Fed. Reg. at 31,537-38 (2004).

       To protect the animals covered by the Act, the Department has issued a set of general

welfare standards. See 9 C.F.R. §§ 3.125 – 3.142. It has also promulgated regulations specific to

dogs, cats, nonhuman primates, and other mammals. See id. §§ 3.1 – 3.118. Department

personnel have suggested that they “do not believe that the general standards . . . would be

appropriate or adequate to provide for the humane handling, care, treatment, and transportation

                                                 2
of birds.” 69 Fed. Reg. at 31,539. So in 2004, the agency announced an intent to establish

“standards for birds not specifically excluded from coverage under the AWA.” Id.

       But nothing happened. Rather, the Department has repeatedly noted its intent to create

bird-specific regulations, setting and missing several deadlines for publication of these rules.

See, e.g. 70 Fed. Reg. at 64,104 (2005); 72 Fed. Reg. at 22,266 (2007); 73 Fed. Reg. at 24,640

(2008); 78 Fed. Reg. at 1526 (2013); Am. Compl. 17-21, ECF No. 15 (collecting citations).

Without federal regulatory oversight, the Plaintiffs claim, birds at research facilities and zoos

have been “denied food, water, . . . and sanitation,” attacked and killed by feral dogs, and have

died “from starvation or parasites.” Id. at 22.

       The Plaintiffs are not the first to raise this concern. A few years ago, PETA sued the

Department over its failure to issue avian regulations. See PETA I, 7 F. Supp. 3d at 6. The

Department moved to dismiss, arguing that PETA lacked standing and that the Act did not

require regulatory action. Id. at 7. Judge Boasberg concluded that PETA had standing to sue,

but it had failed to state an APA claim upon which relief can be granted for three reasons. See

id. at 9-15. First, the court found that individual Department decisions not to apply the general

animal welfare standards to birds were committed to agency discretion by law. Id. at 11-15.

Second, PETA had identified no concrete statement by the Department of a general policy not to

regulate birds under the AWA. Id. And third, the text of the AWA did not require the

Department to adopt bird-specific regulations. Id.

       PETA’s arguments did not fly with the appellate court either. PETA II, 797 F.3d at 1089.

The D.C. Circuit agreed that PETA had standing because the organization had “adequately

shown that the [Department’s] inaction injured its interests and, consequently, PETA has

expended resources to counteract those injuries.” Id. at 1094. The circuit court also agreed with

                                                  3
the district court that PETA had failed to state a claim, but for slightly different reasons. It found

that “nothing in the AWA requires the [Department] to apply the general animal welfare

standards to birds . . . before it has promulgated more appropriate bird-specific regulations.” Id.

at 1098. It also determined that the Department had not failed to take any action that it was

required by law to take. Id. at 1099. Thus, the D.C. Circuit concluded that “PETA failed to

plausibly allege that the [Department’s] decade-long inaction constitutes agency action

unlawfully withheld” as required to establish an APA § 706(1) claim. Id. at 1098.

       Here, the Plaintiffs are animal welfare organizations that provide education and training

on the humane treatment of animals, support animal sanctuaries, and create reports on the

conditions of animals in regulated facilities. Id. at 3-12. They contend that the Department’s

failure to promulgate bird-specific regulations is unreasonable, unlawful, and arbitrary and

capricious in violation of the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”). Thus, they seek court-

ordered deadlines by which the Department must propose and finalize such rules. Id. at 25.

       As in the PETA litigation, the Department has moved to dismiss the Plaintiffs’ claims. It

argues that the Plaintiffs lack standing to sue, that it is not required by law to promulgate the

regulations sought, and that it has not taken a final action reviewable by the Court. See Defs.’

Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 16-1 (“Defs.’ Mem.”).

       In short, the Plaintiffs believe that they are like PETA in that they have standing but

unlike the organization in that their claims should survive a motion to dismiss. The Department,

on the other hand, contends that this case is distinguishable from PETA II on standing grounds,

but that the prior holdings foreclose the Plaintiffs’ substantive claims.

                                                  4
                                                   II.

         Whether the Plaintiffs have standing to sue is a “threshold jurisdictional question.” Steel

Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment, 523 U.S. 83, 102 (1998). Article III of the U.S.

Constitution limits this Court’s jurisdiction to “actual cases or controversies.” Clapper v.

Amnesty Int’l USA, 568 U.S. 398, 408 (2013). “No principle is more fundamental to the

judiciary’s proper role in our system of government than the constitutional limitation of federal-

court jurisdiction to actual cases or controversies,” and the “concept of standing is part of this

limitation.” Simon v. E. Kentucky Welfare Rights Org., 426 U.S. 26, 37 (1976) (citation

omitted).

         To show standing, the Plaintiffs bear the burden of alleging an injury that is “concrete,

particularized, and actual or imminent; fairly traceable to the challenged action; and redressable

by a favorable ruling.” Clapper, 568 U.S. at 409. Facing a motion to dismiss under Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), they “must clearly allege facts demonstrating each element.”

Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1547 (2016) (cleaned up). The Court will “draw all

reasonable inferences from [the Plaintiffs’] allegations in [their] favor,” but will not “accept

inferences that are unsupported by the facts,” “assume the truth of legal conclusions,” or credit

“threadbare recitals of the elements of standing.” Arpaio v. Obama, 797 F.3d 11, 19 (D.C. Cir.

2015).

         The Defendants also seek dismissal for a “failure to state a claim upon which relief can

be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). A valid complaint must contain factual allegations that, if

true, “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.
544, 570 (2007). Mere “labels and conclusions” or “naked assertion[s] devoid of further factual

enhancement” are insufficient. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quotations omitted).

                                                  5
Rather, “[a] claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the

court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”

Id.

        In evaluating a motion to dismiss, a court must construe the complaint in the light most

favorable to the Plaintiffs and accept as true all reasonable factual inferences drawn from well-

pleaded allegations. In re United Mine Workers of Am. Emp. Benefit Plans Litig., 854 F. Supp.
914, 915 (D.D.C. 1994). A court need not, however, accept legal conclusions or mere

conclusory statements as true. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Evaluating a motion to dismiss is a

“context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and

common sense.” Id. at 679.

                                                  III.

       Under the D.C. Circuit’s permissive precedent, the Plaintiffs have “organizational

standing” to bring their claims. The concept of organizational standing arises from the Supreme

Court’s determination that a “concrete and demonstrable injury to [an] organization’s

activities—with the consequent drain on the organization’s resources—constitutes far more than

simply a setback to the organization’s abstract social interests.” Havens Realty Corp. v.

Coleman, 455 U.S. 363, 379 (1982). Impediments to lobbying, abstract policy goals, or “pure

issue-advocacy cannot establish standing.” Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. Fed. Aviation Admin., 892
F.3d 1249, 1255 (D.C. Cir. 2018). A two-pronged inquiry is thus required. First, the Court must

determine “whether the agency’s action or omission to act injured the [Plaintiffs’] interest.”

Food & Water Watch, Inc. v. Vilsack, 808 F.3d 905, 919 (D.C. Cir. 2015). Second, it must

identify whether “the [Plaintiffs] used [their] resources to counteract that harm.” Id.

                                                  6
       To satisfy the first prong, “an organization must allege that the defendant’s conduct

perceptibly impaired the organization’s ability to provide services.” Id. The American Anti-

Vivisection Society asserts that it sends annual reports to its members about the conditions of

animals covered by the AWA. Am. Compl. 5. They compile these reports based on materials

the Department creates to monitor the animals covered by the Act. Id. “Because USDA does

not have regulations related to birds and therefore does not report on the conditions of birds

covered by the AWA, [the Society] cannot provide that vital information to its members and the

public.” Id. The Society also suggests that if the Department “regulated birds not bred for use in

research, it would maintain records on the treatment of such birds, as it typically does for all

other animals covered by the AWA.” Id. Such records would allow the Society to “use the

Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) to obtain USDA records that would assist it in identifying

situations of abuse and neglect of birds, so that it could report such conduct to its members and

the proper authorities.” Id.

       Similarly, the Animal Welfare Coalition alleges that it “provides resources for individuals

who have witnessed and want to report bird abuse or neglect.” Id. at 10. It is “severely limited”

in its ability to help these individuals “because USDA has denied this avenue of redress through

its lack of regulations regarding birds, and its refusal to respond to calls regarding birds in

distress who are covered by the AWA.” Id. at 11. The Coalition has also “develop[ed] a series

of webinars that provide training to animal care professionals on the specialized care of exotic

birds,” webinars to train prosecutors on how to identify bird abuse, and other trainings and

educational materials. Id. at 9-10.

       To satisfy the second prong of the inquiry, the Plaintiffs must show that they have

expended resources to remedy the harms allegedly suffered. Food & Water Watch, 808 F.3d at

                                                  7
920. These expenditures must be “operational costs beyond those normally expended” by the

organizations. Id. The Society contends that, because of the Department’s “unlawful

withholding of regulations,” it has been forced to “dedicate resources [to] and engage in . . .

public education, publication of special reports, attendance at meetings discussing the use of

birds in commercial activities, and providing information to its members and the public.” Am.

Compl. 6. “But for” the lack of regulations, the Society “would have devoted its time,

resources[,] and funds to . . . [the] support of sanctuaries housing providing care to retired

laboratory animals, investigating alternatives to the use of animals in biomedical research,” and

other initiatives. Id.

        The Coalition claims that it has “utilized its precious resources” to develop materials and

trainings on the appropriate treatment of birds that would be unnecessary if the Department

issued its own standards. Id. at 9-10. For example, it created a series of “How to Guides for

Bird Shelters and Care Facilities.” Id. at 9. If the Department “enacted regulations protecting

birds, [the Coalition] would then spend its resources on different programs, such as responding to

reports of bird cruelty.” Id. at 10.

        The Department strenuously urges the Court to conclude that these claims are the sort of

“abstract” concerns that do not impart standing. Defs.’ Mem. at 16. It contends that

“educational advocacy” efforts and assertions of an “informational injury” should not confer

standing upon an organization. See id. at 10-17. These “purported injuries,” it argues, are

merely the type of “lobbying and issue advocacy activities” rejected by the D.C. Circuit in Elec.

Privacy Info. Ctr. v. Fed. Aviation Admin. Id. at 10.

        The Department’s skepticism is understandable. The Plaintiffs’ position is essentially

that the government should do more to protect birds, and that they have “voluntarily taken steps

                                                  8
to protect birds [themselves]” because of the lack of federal oversight. PETA II, 797 F.3d at

1099 (Millett, J., dubitante). While these steps “may be laudable,” they have traditionally not

provided a basis for Article III standing given the longstanding principle that “an individual’s

interest in having the law properly enforced against others is not, without more” legally

cognizable. Id. (citing Linda R.S. v. Richard D., 410 U.S. 614, 619 (1973)). Judge Millett

argued in PETA II, for instance, that claims of an “informational injury should not open the

Article III door” where “there is no suggestion that anything in the Animal Welfare Act or any

regulation gives [an organization] any legal right to such information or reports.” Id. at 1103

(emphasis in original). So too here.

       And the Court doubts the lost opportunity to file FOIA requests would alone confer

standing. See Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Office of Director of Nat’l Intelligence, 2018 WL 1440186

at *3 (D.D.C. March 22, 2018) (holding that the plaintiff could not rely on a desire to file FOIA

requests to establish standing to sue under an unrelated regulation); Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v.

Presidential Advisory Comm’n on Election Integrity, 878 F.3d 371, 378 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (noting

that to establish a sufficiently concrete and particularized informational injury, a plaintiff must

show it has been deprived of information that “on its interpretation, a statute requires the

government or a third party to disclose to it”). Bootstrapping FOIA requests to justify

organizational standing would be particularly inappropriate here, where the Society claims to

want to use information derived from FOIA to report avian abuse and neglect to the authorities.

This would be like reporting crimes to the police based on information from police reports.

       More still, unlike in other organizational standing cases, the Plaintiffs here failed to

identify specific expenses undertaken in response to the lack of avian regulations. Compare

PETA II, 797 F.3d at 1096 (“PETA estimates that, as a direct result of the USDA’s failure to

                                                  9
regulate birds . . ., it has been forced to expend more than $10,000 on staff attorney time not

related to this litigation and related expenses”); Envtl. Working Grp. v. U.S. Food and Drug

Admin., 301 F. Supp. 3d 165, 171 (D.D.C. 2018) (“EWG has spent approximately $1,365,000 in

total expenses to combat” the alleged effects of an agency’s inaction).

          But the Plaintiffs’ organizational standing allegations are similar enough to PETA II to

dictate the outcome here. As there, the Plaintiffs have, “at the dismissal stage, adequately shown

that the USDA’s inaction injured [their] interests and, consequently, [they have] expended

resources to counteract those injuries.” PETA II, 797 F.3d at 1094. They have alleged with

enough supporting factual allegations that the challenged agency decisions “deny [them] access

to information and avenues of redress they wish to use in their routine information-dispensing,

counseling, and referral activities.” Action Alliance of Senior Citizens v. Heckler, 789 F.2d 931,

937-38 (D.C. Cir. 1986). In other words, they have plausibly “alleged inhibition of their daily

operations, . . . an injury both concrete and specific to the work in which they are engaged.” Id.

at 938.

          This injury—an inability to gather information, publish reports, and help reduce the

neglect and abuse of birds—is traceable to the Department’s inaction and could be redressed by

an order compelling the Department to issue regulations. And the Plaintiffs have pointed to

webinars and other educational programs they must produce in the absence of applicable avian

regulations. The Court finds that the Plaintiffs have standing and that it has jurisdiction to

consider the merits of their arguments.

                                                  IV.

          The Plaintiffs make two substantive claims. First, they allege that the Department’s

failure to promulgate regulations applicable to birds “violates the AWA and constitutes agency

                                                  10
action unlawfully withheld and unreasonably delayed in violation of the APA, 5 U.S.C. §

706(1).” Am. Compl. 23. Second, they contend that the decision not to issue these standards

“constitutes an effectively final agency action that is arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion,

and contrary to law, in violation of the APA, 5 U.S.C. § 706(2).” Id. at 24. Both claims fail.

                                                    A.

        The Plaintiffs’ first claim is based on their belief that “Section 2143 of the AWA

unequivocally requires that the USDA promulgate standards and other requirements governing

the humane handling, care, treatment, and transportation of animals covered by the AWA, which

includes birds.” Am. Compl. 23 (citing 7 U.S.C. § 2143(a)). Despite the Act’s “clear and

undisputed statutory mandate to enact regulations that protect birds, the USDA has failed to

fulfill this imperative for over fifteen years.” Pls.’ Mem. in Opp. to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss 26,

ECF No. 17 (“Pls.’ Mem.”). The Plaintiffs thus “seek judicial intervention to force the agency’s

hand to do what it is required to do, since it refuses it act.” Id. at 27.

        Section 706(1) of the APA requires the Court to “compel agency action unlawfully

withheld or unreasonably delayed.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(1). A claim under § 706(1) of the APA “can

proceed only where a plaintiff asserts that an agency failed to take a discrete agency action that it

is required to take.” Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance, 542 U.S. 55, 64 (2004)

(emphasis in original). “These limitations rule out several kinds of challenges,” including

requests for “judicial direction of even discrete agency action that is not demanded by law.” Id.

at 64, 65.

        The Plaintiffs have failed to sufficiently allege a discrete agency action that the

Department must take. As the PETA I court notes, “Section 2143 of the AWA does not require

the USDA to issue avian-specific animal welfare standards.” 7 F. Supp. 3d at 14. Rather, it

                                                   11
states that the Secretary “shall promulgate standards to govern the humane handling, care,

treatment, and transportation of animals by dealers, research facilities, and exhibitors.” 7 U.S.C.

§ 2143(a)(1) (emphasis added).

       The plain language of the Act requires the Department to issue welfare standards

generally applicable to animals. It has done so. See, e.g., 9 C.F.R. § 3.125. Section 2143 does

require the Department to develop specific “minimum requirements for [the] exercise of dogs . . .

and for a physical environment adequate to promote the psychological well-being of primates.”

7 U.S.C. § 2143(a)(2)(B). But aside from this requirement, “the AWA leaves to USDA’s

discretion the question of whether specific standards are appropriate for each covered animal or

if the general standards will suffice.” PETA I, 7 F. Supp. 3d at 14. Indeed, Section 2143’s

specific requirement for canine and primate-related regulations suggests that the Department has

latitude when it comes to issuing rules for other species.

       The Plaintiffs say that they are not necessarily seeking bird-specific regulations. Pls.’

Mem. at 29. They suggest that the Department has, through various public statements,

“unfailingly interpreted its own general animal welfare regulations . . . as not applying to birds.”

Id. (emphasis in original). This, coupled with the lack of bird-specific regulations, they argue,

effectively renders birds unprotected in violation of the Act. Id. at 29-32. The agency’s

purported failure to act could thus be remedied either by “formally stating that the current

regulations . . . do apply to birds,” or by “enact[ing] bird-specific regulations.” Id. at 33.

       But this framing is merely a linguistic sleight of hand—the Plaintiffs are in fact seeking

regulations specifically for birds. They do not quibble with the existing rules.

       And “even if the USDA has adopted an interim policy of non-enforcement pending the

adoption of bird-specific regulations . . . nothing in the AWA requires the USDA to apply the

                                                  12
general animal welfare standards to birds . . . before it has promulgated more appropriate bird-

specific regulations.” PETA II, 797 F.3d at 1098 (emphasis in original). As the PETA I court

notes,

         “the fact that USDA believes that it must contemplate, and eventually adopt, bird-
         specific regulations does not mean that the agency has concluded that those
         regulations are essential as of this moment; in the meantime, the agency might
         believe that the general animal-welfare regulations will do just fine. [The Plaintiffs]
         cite[] no authority for the proposition that USDA’s public statements can create
         binding obligations on the agency enforceable under § 706(1). On the contrary, the
         Supreme Court has indicated that “[a] statement by [an agency] about what it plans
         to do, at some point, provided it has the funds and there are not more pressing
         priorities, cannot be plucked out of context and made a basis for suit under
         § 706(1).”

7 F. Supp. 3d at 15 (citing Norton, 542 U.S. at 71).

         True, the PETA litigation did not address the unreasonableness of the

Department’s now fourteen-year delay in creating the standards the Plaintiffs seek. But

the Court can only compel “legally required” agency action. Norton, 542 U.S. at 63.

Here, the AWA does not mandate the promulgation of rules specifically applicable to

birds. Its language “would support a judicial decree under the APA requiring the prompt

issuance of animal welfare regulations, but not a judicial decree setting forth the content

of those regulations.” PETA I, 7 F. Supp. 3d at 14 (cleaned up). And, as the Department

has issued general animal welfare regulations, the Court cannot “say that the USDA has

failed to take action it was ‘required to take.’” PETA II, 797 F.3d at 1099 (quoting

Norton, 542 U.S. at 64). After all, the “principal purpose of [these] APA limitations . . .

is to protect agencies from undue judicial interference with their lawful discretion, and to

avoid judicial entanglement in abstract policy disagreements which courts lack both

expertise and information to resolve.” Norton, 542 U.S. at 66. The Plaintiffs’ § 706(1)

claim cannot stand.

                                                   13
                                                 B.

       Their § 706(2) claim fares no better. Only a “final agency action” is reviewable

under the APA. 5 U.S.C. § 704. For an action to be “final,” it must satisfy two

conditions. “First, the action must mark the consummation of the agency’s

decisionmaking process—it must not be of a merely tentative or interlocutory nature.”

Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 177-78 (1997) (cleaned up). Second, “the action must be

one by which rights or obligations have been determined, or from which legal

consequences will flow.” Id. When “a failure to act is the basis for an APA claim

pursuant to Section 706(2), a plaintiff must show that it is the functional equivalent of

final agency action.” Hi-Tech Parmacal Co. v. U.S. Food and Drug Admin., 587 F.

Supp. 2d 1, 10 (D.D.C. 2008).

       Frustrating though the Department’s delay may be, it is not a final agency action.

As the Plaintiffs concede, the Department has “continually reaffirmed its commitment, in

both the Federal Register and public meetings year after year” to issue bird-specific

regulations. Pls.’ Mem. at 34. Indeed, that the agency “has set and missed its own

deadlines more than eleven times over the course of sixteen years” suggests an ongoing,

if incredibly slow, process. Id.

       Allegations the issue may have “completely fallen off the regulatory agenda,” or

that the agency “still has done nothing to protect” avian species despite its frequent

statements of intent do not support a § 706(2) action either. While the Department

appears to have stopped setting these deadlines, see id., it has neither taken any action nor

issued anything suggesting that it will not to promulgate bird-specific regulations. Some

things take more time. Just ask a timberdoodle.

                                                 14
        The Plaintiffs have thus failed to sufficiently allege facts showing a

consummation of the Department’s decisionmaking process about the protection of birds

under the AWA. This claim must also be dismissed.

                                                  V.

        For these reasons, the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss will be granted. A separate order

will issue.
                                                                          2018.12.10
                                                                          14:47:54 -05'00'
Dated: December 10, 2018                               TREVOR N. McFADDEN, U.S.D.J.

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