Court Opinion

ID: 9386374
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-12 15:00:34.727178+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:05.919271
License: Public Domain

21-622-cv
Buon v. Spindler, et al.

                           United States Court of Appeals
                                   for the Second Circuit
                             _____________________________________

                                       August Term 2021

                    (Argued: March 10, 2022      Decided: April 12, 2023)

                                         No. 21-622-cv

                             _____________________________________

                                        DR. LISA BUON,

                                                                       Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                            — v. —

                           LISAMARIE SPINDLER, ROBERTO PADILLA,
                       THE NEWBURGH ENLARGED CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT,

                                                                  Defendants-Appellees. ∗

                             _____________________________________

Before:           CHIN, SULLIVAN, and BIANCO, Circuit Judges.

       Plaintiff-appellant Dr. Lisa Buon appeals from the judgment of the United
States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Román, J.), dismissing
all claims against defendants-appellees the Newburgh Enlarged City School
District, Superintendent Roberto Padilla, and Assistant Superintendent Lisamarie
Spindler. Plaintiff, an African American woman of West Indian descent who

∗
    The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption as set forth above.
served as principal of South Middle School, asserts claims of discrimination under
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., and the Equal
Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, as made actionable by 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983. As a threshold matter, we conclude that although the School District has
been properly served with the summons and complaint, Buon has failed to
demonstrate proper service as to Spindler and Padilla. Moreover, we agree with
the district court that Buon failed to exhaust the portion of her Title VII claim
related to the alleged adverse employment actions in May 2019. As to the merits,
we conclude that the district court erred in holding that the First Amended
Complaint failed to state a plausible claim under Title VII or the Equal Protection
Clause.

      Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of the Title VII claim
to the extent the claim is based on alleged adverse employment actions in May
2019, and VACATE the district court’s judgment to the extent it dismissed the
Section 1983 claim and the remainder of the Title VII claim. The case is
REMANDED to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion, including a determination as to whether Buon should be provided with
an extension of time to effectuate proper service as to Spindler and Padilla.

                                            JONATHAN R. GOLDMAN (Michael H.
                                            Sussman, on the briefs), Sussman &
                                            Associates, Goshen, NY, for Plaintiff-
                                            Appellant.

                                            DEANNA L. COLLINS (Caroline B.
                                            Lineen, on the brief) Silverman &
                                            Associates, White Plains, NY, for
                                            Defendants-Appellees.

JOSEPH F. BIANCO, Circuit Judge:

      Plaintiff-appellant Dr. Lisa Buon (“Buon”) appeals from the judgment of the

United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Román, J.),

                                        2
dismissing all claims against defendants-appellees the Newburgh Enlarged City

School District (“School District”), Superintendent Roberto Padilla (“Padilla”), and

Assistant Superintendent Lisamarie Spindler (“Spindler”) (collectively, the

“defendants”). Plaintiff, an African American woman of West Indian descent who

served as principal of South Middle School (“SMS”), asserts claims of

discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et

seq., and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, as made

actionable by 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

      As a threshold matter, we conclude that although the School District has

been properly served with the summons and complaint, Buon has failed to

demonstrate proper service as to Spindler and Padilla. Moreover, we agree with

the district court that Buon failed to exhaust the portion of her Title VII claim

related to the alleged adverse employment actions in May 2019. As to the merits,

we conclude that the district court erred in holding that the First Amended

Complaint (“FAC” or “Amended Complaint”) failed to state a plausible claim

under Title VII or the Equal Protection Clause.

      Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of the Title VII claim

to the extent the claim is based on alleged adverse employment actions in May

                                         3
2019, and VACATE the district court’s judgment to the extent it dismissed the

Section 1983 claim and the remainder of the Title VII claim.               The case is

REMANDED to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion, including a determination as to whether Buon should be provided with

an extension of time to effectuate proper service as to Spindler and Padilla.

                                  BACKGROUND

I.    Factual Background 1

      Buon is an African American woman of West Indian descent. The School

District is a municipal corporation located in Orange County, New York. At all

relevant times, Padilla served as the School District’s Superintendent of Schools.

During the 2018–19 school year, Spindler served as the Assistant Superintendent

for Secondary Curriculum and Education.            Padilla and Spindler are neither

African American nor of West Indian descent.

      For the twelve years preceding the 2017–18 school year, Buon served as an

elementary school principal at Horizons-on-Hudson, a magnet school operated by

the School District. In the spring of 2017, Padilla approached Buon and asked

1 The factual summary below is derived from the allegations in the FAC, which we must
accept as true in reviewing a motion to dismiss. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678
(2009).
                                           4
whether she would be willing to assume leadership of SMS, a secondary school

within the School District. Buon expressed concern that this new role would cause

her to lose the tenure she had as an elementary school principal. To alleviate her

concerns, Padilla agreed to allow Buon to retain her tenure after she became

principal of SMS and during her four-year probationary period as a secondary

school principal. During the 2017–18 school year, Buon successfully served as

principal of SMS and administrator of the School District’s RISE program (which

is undefined in the FAC) and was assigned to continue working at the summer

school.

      According to the FAC, the conditions of Buon’s employment as principal

changed during the 2018–19 school year, when defendants allegedly began

treating her worse than secondary-school principals and administrators of other

races and national origins who were also employed within the School District.

Specifically, the FAC alleges, inter alia, that:

          • Spindler and Padilla “consistently criticized [Buon] and invited her to

             numerous disciplinary meetings and meted out unjustified

             chastisement”—harsh treatment that, Buon alleges, was not similarly

                                            5
   imposed on secondary school principals and administrators of other

   races or national origins in the School District. Joint App’x at 13.

• Padilla supported a request from a White principal to bar a disruptive

   parent from his schools; however, Buon’s similar request was

   ignored, and a violent parent was permitted ongoing access to SMS.

• In late October 2018, Spindler instructed Buon to advise SMS students

   that they were not allowed to wear Halloween costumes and that she

   had to call students to convey this message. However, Spindler did

   not require any other middle school principals to make similar calls,

   even though students at three other schools in the School District,

   none of which had an African American or West Indian principal,

   wore Halloween costumes.

• Although school principals typically accompany administrators

   when they conduct school “walk throughs,” Spindler conducted a

   “walk[ ]th[r]ough” of SMS without Buon and gave her a list of

   nineteen items that “needed correction,” many of which had

   “innocent explanations.” Id. at 14. Spindler did not treat any other

                                6
            secondary-school principals—who were not African American or

            West Indian—in this manner.

         • In November 2018, SMS’s school leadership team recommended

            “Math in the City” for its math curriculum. However, Spindler

            chastised Buon for this choice and inaccurately claimed that “Math in

            the City” could not be implemented at a middle school outside of

            New York City.     Spindler instructed SMS to use another math

            program, despite allowing a White principal at another school in the

            School District to choose a program other than the program Spindler

            favored.

         • In November 2018, Buon learned from Spindler that Spindler was

            required to meet monthly with principals as part of the Academic

            Cabinet. However, Spindler conducted no such meetings with Buon,

            although Spindler did hold Academic Cabinet meetings with

            principals who were not African American or West Indian.

      On November 30, 2018, a senior administrator provided Buon with a letter

of evaluation that, according to the FAC, contained false accusations about her

performance. Buon responded to the letter and explained why the claims “were

                                       7
inaccurate and manifested disparate treatment.” Id. at 16. On December 2, 2018,

Buon filed an internal complaint alleging Spindler’s conduct had created a hostile

work environment.

      The FAC alleges that the disparate treatment continued into 2019, including

the following:

         • In January 2019, Buon learned that she and Spindler were supposed

            to make a presentation at an Academic Cabinet meeting. However,

            Spindler provided Buon with late notice of this obligation, rendering

            its implementation impossible. Padilla then asked Spindler to share

            the protocol for collaboration in front of the Academic Cabinet team,

            thereby humiliating Buon and making it appear as though Buon was

            unprepared.

         • On January 9, 2019, Buon was required to attend a disciplinary

            meeting with the School District’s Assistant Superintendent of

            Human Resources to discuss allegedly false claims that she abused

            sick leave. Buon was required to provide written proof of a wedding

            to use vacation days to attend it, while a White principal was

                                        8
  permitted to use vacation days to attend a family wedding with only

  a verbal request.

• In February 2019, Spindler cancelled the Course Recovery Program,

  which served academically needy students, and advised one

  principal of that cancellation, who is not African American or West

  Indian, but did not tell Buon and then blamed her for not knowing

  about the cancellation.

• In February 2019, Padilla accused Buon of coming into school late,

  when she arrived between 6:58 am and 7:10 am, even though Buon’s

  union   contract    had   no    specific   start-time   and   numerous

  administrators of other races or national origins came to school later

  than Buon and suffered no adverse consequences.

• Padilla required Buon to respond to email invitations for meetings

  within 24 hours of receipt and to provide an explanation when she

  was unable to attend, even if the meeting was not mandatory.

  However, other principals who were not African American or West

  Indian did not have to follow that procedure. On February 15, 2019,

  Spindler “berated” Buon for not attending a meeting, even though

                              9
            Buon responded that she could not attend the meeting within twenty-

            four hours of receiving the invite. Id. at 19. Two other administrators,

            neither of whom was African-American or West Indian, failed to

            respond to or attend the meeting—without any consequence by

            Spindler.

      The FAC further alleges that, in 2019, Buon was denied two positions within

the School District, and then removed from the SMS principal position, based

upon her race and national origin. First, in January 2019, the staff member in

charge of the RISE program had to leave the district, creating a vacancy. Buon,

who had previously held the position and was fully qualified for it, applied. The

salary for this position was set at the contractual rate of $81 an hour for two and

half to three hours, five days a week, or approximately $30,000 for that year.

However, at Padilla’s recommendation, the position was given to a less-qualified,

newly hired administrator, who did not hold a school-based job and was neither

African American nor West Indian.

      Second, in May 2019, Buon applied to be one of the five administrators of

the School District’s summer-school program, a role she had successfully

performed for at least five years. According to the FAC, defendants ultimately

                                        10
selected individuals to fill the positions who were less qualified and significantly

less experienced than Buon. Of the five individuals chosen, four were Caucasian

and one was Latino. Another qualified candidate who did not obtain one of the

positions was Black and of West Indian descent.

      Finally, on May 22, 2019, Padilla informed Buon that he was recommending

her termination as SMS principal, despite Buon having been “rated as an effective

administrator” for the 2018–19 year. Id. at 21. According to the FAC, “[a]t public

meetings, despite strong community support, the defendants maintained their

claim that [Buon] had not properly discharged her duties as principal of SMS,

necessitating her removal.” Id. at 22. The FAC alleges that all of the reasons for

Buon’s termination from that position were baseless, pretextual, and “uttered as

part of the discriminatory devaluation of [Buon’s] professional contribution and

as a cover for the discriminatory treatment accorded [to Buon].” Id. After Buon’s

internal grievance was denied, she was transferred back to her prior position as

principal at the Newburgh elementary school, which cost her at least $8,000 in

salary.

II.   Procedural History

      On April 4, 2019, Buon filed a Charge of Discrimination with the U.S. Equal

                                        11
Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) and the New York State

Division of Human Rights, alleging ongoing acts of discrimination on the basis of

race, color, national origin, and retaliation. The EEOC charge listed, among other

purported discriminatory incidents, the School District’s refusal to hire Buon for

the after-school RISE Program. On April 23, 2019, the EEOC denied Buon’s claims

and mailed her a right-to-sue letter.

      On July 19, 2019, Buon, acting pro se, filed an initial complaint against

defendants-appellees and other defendants in the United States District Court for

the Southern District of New York. The district court then ordered the Clerk of

Court to issue a summons and directed Buon to serve the summons and complaint

on each defendant within ninety days of the issuance of the summons. The order

stated that, “[i]f within those 90 days, [Buon] has not either served [d]efendants or

requested an extension of time to do so, the Court may dismiss the claims against

[d]efendants under Rules 4 and 41 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for

failure to prosecute.” Id. at 4.

      In October 2019, defendants filed pre-motion conference letters seeking the

district court’s leave to move to dismiss the complaint on the grounds, inter alia, of

improper service and failure to obtain personal jurisdiction. On February 22, 2020,

                                         12
counsel entered an appearance on behalf of Buon, see DC Dkt. No. 20, and sought

leave to “file and serve” an amended complaint to cure “deficiencies in the pro se

complaint,” DC Dkt. No. 21. 2 The letter also stated that counsel for the defendants

“ha[d] consented to [Buon] filing an Amended Complaint against her clients.” Id.

The district court granted Buon’s motion for an extension of time to file and serve

an amended complaint on or before March 15, 2020, and a further extension until

April 3, 2020. 3 On April 1, 2020, Buon filed the FAC, alleging that defendants

discriminated against her based upon her race and national origin in violation of

Title VII and the Equal Protection Clause.

         On March 18, 2021, the district court issued an opinion and order dismissing

the FAC pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2), (4), (5), and (6). As

a threshold matter, the district court dismissed the case against defendants

Spindler and Padilla for lack of personal jurisdiction. In particular, the district

court determined that neither Spindler nor Padilla had been properly served

because (1) “[t]he affidavit of service indicates that Padilla accepted service on

2   Citations to the district court docket are abbreviated as “DC Dkt. No. __.”

3  Although the district court’s order only explicitly referenced an extension for the
request to file an amended complaint, the district court underlined the request for leave
“to file and serve [the] Amended Complaint” and, therefore, granted the entire request.
DC Dkt. No. 22 (emphasis added). Defendants do not argue otherwise on appeal.
                                              13
behalf of Newburgh but does not indicate that Padilla accepted service on behalf

of [himself or] Spindler,” (2) “even if Padilla did receive a copy of the [initial

complaint], [d]efendants maintain, and [Buon] does not dispute, that Padilla did

not receive a copy [of the initial complaint] for each defendant,” and (3) “while

Padilla was authorized to accept service on behalf of [the School District], he was

not authorized to accept service on behalf of Spindler.” Joint App’x at 51. The

district court further explained that, although it was unclear whether the School

District was properly served, “the Court need not rule on the matter because the

FAC [was] otherwise properly dismissed on the merits” under Rule 12(b)(6). Id.

      With respect to the Title VII discrimination claim, the district court first

concluded that Buon could not base that claim on either of the two adverse actions

that allegedly occurred in May 2019—that is, her failure to secure a summer

position and her termination from the position of SMS principal—because she did

not amend her EEOC charge to include those events and, thus, failed to properly

exhaust. With respect to the remaining allegations that were properly exhausted,

the district court held that neither the alleged “slight alterations of her job

responsibilities,” nor the denial of her “application to serve as administrator of the

RISE program,” constituted an adverse employment action under Title VII. Id. at

                                         14
54–56. The district court further held that “[e]ven if [d]efendants’ actions qualified

as adverse employment actions, [Buon’s] employment discrimination claims

would still fail because she has not alleged that the foregoing actions occurred in

circumstances supporting an inference of discrimination.” Id. at 56.

        The district court also dismissed the Section 1983 claim on the merits,

concluding that “[Buon’s] allegations of disparate treatment and her personal

opinion that such treatment was motivated by discriminatory intent are not

enough to prevail on a Section 1983 claim for a violation of the Equal Protection

Clause.” Id. at 59.

        Finally, because the district court found that the FAC should be properly

dismissed on the merits notwithstanding any service issues, it dismissed the FAC

with prejudice.

        This appeal followed.

                                   DISCUSSION

   I.      Dismissal for Improper Service

        “Before a federal court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant,

the procedural requirement of service of summons must be satisfied.” Dynegy

Midstream Servs. v. Trammochem, 451 F.3d 89, 94 (2d Cir. 2006) (quoting Omni Cap.

                                         15
Int’l, Ltd. v. Rudolf Wolff & Co., 484 U.S. 97, 104 (1987)). Therefore, to survive a

motion to dismiss based on lack of personal jurisdiction and insufficient service of

process, the plaintiff must demonstrate that she adequately served the defendants.

See Dickerson v. Napolitano, 604 F.3d 732, 752 (2d Cir. 2010).

      The requirements for service of process are governed by Rule 4, which

includes a requirement that “[a] summons must be served with a copy of the

complaint.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(c)(1). Applying this rule, courts have found service

of process to be defective where a plaintiff serves a complaint without a summons

or a summons without a complaint. See 4A Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R.

Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1093 (4th ed. Apr. 2022 Update) (hereinafter

Wright & Miller). That said, a defendant can waive his or her right to contest

whether service of process was proper under Rule 4. See Wright & Miller § 1062;

see also Datskow v. Teledyne, Inc., 899 F.2d 1298, 1303 (2d Cir. 1990) (“A delay in

challenging personal jurisdiction [due to improper service of process] by motion

to dismiss has resulted in waiver, even where, as here, the defense was asserted in

a timely answer.”). Similarly, in Trustees of Central Laborers’ Welfare Fund v. Lowery,

the Seventh Circuit held that even if insufficiency of process is raised in a motion

or response, it can subsequently be waived by “submission through conduct” that

                                          16
leads the plaintiff to believe that service was adequate and no such defense will be

continued. 924 F.2d 731, 732–33 (7th Cir. 1991) (internal quotation marks omitted);

see also Gore v. RBA Grp., Inc., No. 03-cv-9442 (RJS), 2009 WL 884565, at *4–5

(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 27, 2009) (collecting cases applying submission-through-conduct

doctrine).

      We review a dismissal based on insufficient service of process for abuse of

discretion. See Dickerson, 604 F.3d at 740 (internal citation omitted). A district court

abuses its discretion when “(1) its decision rests on an error of law . . . or a clearly

erroneous factual finding, or (2) its decision . . . cannot be located within the range

of permissible decisions.” Zervos v. Verizon N.Y., Inc., 252 F.3d 163, 169 (2d Cir.

2001) (internal footnote omitted).

      Here, the district court dismissed the claims against defendants Spindler

and Padilla for lack of personal jurisdiction because it found, “[b]ased on the

documentary evidence presented . . . that neither . . . were properly served.” Joint

App’x at 51. Although defendants also argued that the School District was

improperly served, the district court did not reach that issue. As set forth below,

we conclude that the School District was properly served, but that Buon failed to

demonstrate proper service as to Spindler and Padilla.

                                          17
      We start by addressing service of process on the School District. Padilla

concedes on appeal that he was timely “served with a single [s]ummons.”

Defendants’ Br. at 24. Furthermore, the affidavit of service provides (and the

parties agree) that Padilla “is designated by law to accept service of process on

behalf of [the School District].” DC Dkt. No. 31; Joint App’x at 50. Therefore,

Padilla’s receipt of the summons appears to have constituted proper service of the

summons on the School District. As to service of the complaint, defendants

contend that a copy of the original pro se complaint was not provided to Padilla

with the summons. Although Buon disputes that contention, we need not resolve

that issue because, at the time of that dismissal, the district court had already

granted Buon’s request to file and serve an amended complaint, in order to cure

any deficiencies with respect to the original complaint, with defendants having

consented to the filing. The Amended Complaint was filed on ECF on April 1,

2020, in accordance with district court’s instructions, and was then properly

served on all defendants under Rule 5, even without a summons. See Fed. R. Civ.

P. 5(b)(2)(E); 4B Wright & Miller § 1144 n.6. 4 Under these circumstances, the School

4 Defendants did not argue in the district court, nor do they argue on appeal, that the
Amended Complaint itself was not properly served on defendants by filing it on ECF.
See, e.g., DC Dkt. No. 38 at 4 (arguing improper service of Amended Complaint based

                                          18
District waived its right to contest whether service of process was proper on

account of the lack of service of the original pro se complaint by consenting to the

filing of the Amended Complaint. Cf. Ladmen Partners, Inc. v. Globalstar, Inc., No.

07-cv-976 (LAP), 2008 WL 4449280, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2008). Accordingly,

the Amended Complaint should not be dismissed against the School District for

improper service of process.

       However, with respect to Spindler, there is no evidence that she was served

with a summons at the time of the service of the original pro se complaint, and the

affidavit of service makes no reference to Padilla’s authority to accept service of

process on behalf of Spindler. Moreover, there is no indication, through an

affidavit of service or otherwise, that a summons was subsequently served on

Spindler (or her counsel) at the time of the filing of the Amended Complaint.

Therefore, the district court correctly determined that Buon had failed to

demonstrate proper service as to Spindler.

only on the lack of service of the summons along with the Amended Complaint).
Accordingly, any argument that the Amended Complaint itself was improperly served is
waived. See, e.g., Santos v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 902 F.2d 1092, 1095 (2d Cir. 1990)
(holding argument regarding improper service of process was waived in the district court
because “to the extent that a defense of lack of personal jurisdiction is based on delivery
of the summons and complaint to a non-agent of the defendant, that basis should be
clearly specified” in the responsive pleading); LoSacco v. City of Middletown, 71 F.3d 88, 92
(2d Cir. 1995) (holding that issues not raised in the appellate brief are abandoned).
                                             19
      In addition, with respect to Padilla, the record is clear that he only received

a single copy of the summons and it was served on him in his representative

capacity for the School District.      Because Padilla did not receive a second

summons, and because Federal Rule of Procedure 4(b) requires “[a] summons—

or a copy of a summons that is addressed to multiple defendants—must be issued

for each defendant to be served,” service was insufficient as to him in his

individual capacity.    Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(b).      Accordingly, Buon has failed to

demonstrate proper service as to Padilla.

      As to the remedy, Rule 4(m) provides that “[i]f a defendant is not served

within 90 days after the complaint is filed, the court . . . must dismiss the action

without prejudice against that defendant or order that service be made within a

specified time.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m). Additionally, it is well settled that “[d]istrict

courts have discretion to grant extensions [under Rule 4(m)] even in the absence

of good cause.” Zapata v. City of New York, 502 F.3d 192, 196 (2d Cir. 2007). The

district court seems to have not considered the possibility of an extension of time

to serve because it alternatively concluded that the “FAC [was] otherwise properly

dismissed on the merits.” Joint App’x at 51. However, because (as discussed infra)

we conclude that the claims against the defendants survive a motion to dismiss on

                                          20
the merits, we remand the issue of service as to Spindler and Padilla to the district

court for consideration of whether an extension of time to serve the summons on

them should be granted under Rule 4(m).

      Although we leave the decision regarding the extension to the sound

discretion of the district court in the first instance, we note that the district court

should consider, among the relevant factors, Buon’s assertion (which is not

contested by defendants) that a dismissal without prejudice in combination with

the statute of limitations would, in effect, result in a dismissal with prejudice at

least of her Title VII claim. See Zapata, 502 F.3d at 197 (noting the need for the

district court to “weigh[] the impact that a dismissal or extension would have on

the parties”). Moreover, on the issue of any prejudice to Spindler and Padilla, we

emphasize that there is no question that they had sufficient notice here, as they,

like the School District, successfully moved to dismiss the FAC. See generally

Henderson v. United States, 517 U.S. 654, 672 (1996) (“[T]he core function of service

is to supply notice of the pendency of a legal action, in a manner and at a time that

affords the defendant a fair opportunity to answer the complaint and present

defenses and objections.”).

                                          21
    II.      Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6)

          On appeal, Buon challenges the dismissal of her discrimination claims

under Title VII and Section 1983 based on three alleged adverse actions: (1) the

January 2019 denial of the position as administrator of the RISE program; (2) the

May 2019 denial of a position in the summer-school program; and (3) her

termination as SMS principal in May 2019 and transfer to her prior position as an

elementary school principal. 5

          The district court concluded that the Title VII discrimination claim should

be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6) because: (1) Buon failed to properly exhaust her

Title VII claim with respect to the latter two alleged adverse employment actions

in May 2019; (2) none of the allegations, including the properly exhausted RISE-

program position denial, rose to the level of an adverse employment action; and

(3) even if an adverse employment action was properly pled, Buon failed to plead

sufficient facts to plausibly support the requisite inference of discrimination. The

district court also dismissed the Section 1983 discrimination claim pursuant to

Rule 12(b)(6), concluding that the FAC similarly failed to contain allegations that

could plausibly support an inference of discrimination.

5Buon made clear in the district court that she was not pursuing either of these claims
under a theory of hostile work environment.
                                           22
      We review de novo a district court’s dismissal for failure to state a claim

under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), accepting as true all factual

allegations in the complaint and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the

plaintiff. Olson v. Major League Baseball, 29 F.4th 59, 71 (2d Cir. 2022). To survive

dismissal, the pleadings must contain “enough facts to state a claim to relief that

is plausible on its face,” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007), i.e., the

pleaded facts must “allow[] the court to draw the reasonable inference that the

defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged,” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678

(2009) (internal citation omitted). In making that assessment, we “are not bound

to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation,” Twombly, 550

U.S. at 555 (quoting Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)), and “[t]hreadbare

recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory

statements, do not suffice,” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (internal citation omitted).

      We first address whether Buon satisfied Title VII’s exhaustion requirement

with respect to the alleged May 2019 events and then turn to whether Buon pled a

plausible discrimination claim under Title VII or Section 1983 in the FAC.

          a. Exhaustion Requirements

      Buon argues that the district court erred in dismissing her Title VII claim as

to two of the three alleged adverse employment actions—namely, the May 2019

                                           23
denial of an administrator position in the summer-school program and the

termination of her position as SMS principal—for failure to properly exhaust with

the EEOC.

      “As a precondition to filing a Title VII claim in federal court, a plaintiff must

first pursue available administrative remedies and file a timely complaint with the

EEOC.” Deravin v. Kerik, 335 F.3d 195, 200 (2d Cir. 2003) (internal citations

omitted). “An employment discrimination claim must be filed with the EEOC

within 300 days of the alleged discrimination in a state, like New York, with a fair

employment agency.” Pikulin v. City Univ. of N.Y., 176 F.3d 598, 599 (2d Cir. 1999)

(per curiam) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1) (Title VII enforcement procedures)).

Claims concerning discrete acts outside this window will be time barred. See Nat'l

R.R. Passenger v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 109–115 (2002). A discrete act is one that

“‘occurred’ on the day that it ‘happened’” and can include “termination, failure to

promote, denial of transfer, or refusal to hire.” Id. at 110, 114. However, “claims

that were not asserted before the EEOC may be pursued in a subsequent federal

court action if they are reasonably related to those that were filed with the agency.”

Deravin, 335 F.3d at 200 (quoting Legnani v. Alitalia Linee Aeree Italiane, S.P.A., 274

                                          24
F.3d 683, 686 (2d Cir. 2001) (per curiam) (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted)).

      On appeal, Buon concedes that neither her denial of a position for the

summer program nor her termination from her position as SMS principal was

contained in her EEOC charge, which was filed before those alleged employment

decisions had even been made and was never amended. Instead, Buon argues that

those discrete acts in May 2019 are reasonably related to the claims she initially

asserted in the April 2019 EEOC charge, which included the denial of the RISE

administrator position.

      Importantly, Buon did not oppose the School District’s argument in the

district court that she failed to exhaust under Title VII with respect to these two

alleged adverse employment actions. Thus, Buon never raised the “reasonably

related” argument in the district court, and “it is a well-established general rule

that an appellate court will not consider an issue raised for the first time on

appeal.” Greene v. United States, 13 F.3d 577, 586 (2d Cir. 1994). We recognize

though that “we may exercise discretion to consider forfeited arguments.” Doe v.

Trump Corp., 6 F.4th 400, 410 (2d Cir. 2021) (alterations adopted) (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted). However, we find no reason to depart

                                        25
from the general rule in this case, especially where Buon has failed to articulate a

reason for failing to raise the issue below. See, e.g., In re Nortel Networks Corp. Sec.

Litig., 539 F.3d 129, 133 (2d Cir. 2008) (per curiam) (“[T]he circumstances normally

do not militate in favor of an exercise of discretion to address new arguments on

appeal where those arguments were available to the parties below and they proffer

no reason for their failure to raise the arguments below.” (alterations adopted)

(internal quotation marks and citations omitted)).

       Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of the portions of

Buon’s Title VII claim pertaining to the May 2019 denial of the summer-program

position and her May 2019 termination as SMS principal for failure to exhaust. 6

          b. Pleading Requirements

       Buon argues that the district court erred in concluding, with respect to the

January 2019 denial of the RISE administrator position, the May 2019 denial of the

summer program position, and the May 2019 termination of her position as SMS

6 We note that this determination does not affect Buon’s ability to pursue these allegations
as part of her Section 1983 claim for disparate treatment because there is no exhaustion
requirement under Section 1983. See Gresham v. Chambers, 501 F.2d 687, 690–91 (2d Cir.
1974). Thus, we will proceed to analyze whether Buon has satisfied the pleading
requirements for each of the three alleged adverse actions, even though the Title VII claim
is now limited to the denial of the RISE administrator position.

                                            26
principal, that she failed to sufficiently plead a plausible discrimination claim

under Title VII and Section 1983. We agree.

      Title VII makes it unlawful for an employer “to fail or refuse to hire or to

discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with

respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment,

because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C.

§ 2000e-2(a)(1). “[I]ndividuals are not subject to liability under Title VII.” Wrighten

v. Glowski, 232 F.3d 119, 120 (2d Cir. 2000) (per curiam). Therefore, to properly

assert a claim of discrimination against an employer under Title VII, a plaintiff

must “allege two elements: (1) the employer discriminated against [her] (2)

because of [her] race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” Vega v. Hempstead

Union Free Sch. Dist., 801 F.3d 72, 85 (2d Cir. 2015).

      The Fourteenth Amendment, as made actionable by 42 U.S.C. § 1983,

“provides public employees with the right to be ‘free from discrimination.’” Id. at

87 (quoting Demoret v. Zegarelli, 451 F.3d 140, 149 (2d Cir. 2006)). “To state a claim

under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege the violation of a right secured by the

Constitution and laws of the United States, and must show that the alleged

deprivation was committed by a person acting under color of state law.” Feingold

                                          27
v. New York, 366 F.3d 138, 159 (2d Cir. 2004) (quoting West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48

(1988)). “A state employee acting in his official capacity is acting under color of

state law.” Vega, 801 F.3d at 88 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

“Once the color of law requirement is met, a plaintiff’s equal protection claim

parallels his Title VII claim, except that a § 1983 claim, unlike a Title VII claim, can

be brought against an individual.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted).

      We analyze Title VII and Section 1983 discrimination claims under the

familiar three-step burden-shifting framework articulated in McDonnell Douglas

Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802–04 (1973). See Littlejohn v. City of New York, 795

F.3d 297, 312 (2d Cir. 2015). First, the plaintiff must establish a prima facie case of

discrimination. See Vega, 801 F.3d at 83. If the plaintiff has established a prima facie

case, “[t]he burden then shifts to the employer to articulate some legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reason for the disparate treatment.” Id. (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted). “If the employer articulates such a reason for its

actions, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to prove that the employer’s reason

was in fact pretext for discrimination.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted).

                                          28
      However, a “prima facie case . . . is an evidentiary standard, not a pleading

requirement.” Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 510 (2002). Therefore, “it

is not appropriate to require a plaintiff to plead facts establishing a prima facie

case,” id. at 511, because “the precise requirements of a prima facie case can vary

depending on the context,” and “[b]efore discovery has unearthed relevant facts

and evidence, it may be difficult to define the precise formulation of the required

prima facie case in a particular case,” id. at 512; see also Vega, 801 F.3d at 84 (“[O]ur

decision in Littlejohn makes clear that a plaintiff is not required to plead a prima

facie case under McDonnell Douglas, at least as the test was originally formulated,

to defeat a motion to dismiss.”). Instead, for a discrimination claim to survive a

motion to dismiss, “absent direct evidence of discrimination, what must be

plausibly supported by facts alleged in the complaint is that the plaintiff [(1)] is a

member of a protected class, [(2)] was qualified, [(3)] suffered an adverse

employment action, and [(4)] has at least minimal support for the proposition that

the employer was motivated by discriminatory intent.” Littlejohn, 795 F.3d at 311.

      There is no dispute that Buon was a member of a protected class and that

she was qualified for the RISE administrator position, the summer-school position,

and the role of SMS principal. As set forth below, we conclude that the district

                                           29
court erred in holding that Buon failed to plausibly allege: (1) the denials of the

RISE and summer-school positions, as well as her termination as SMS principal,

constituted adverse employment actions; and (2) the decisions were motivated by

discriminatory intent.

                 i. Adverse Employment Action

      Whether claiming disparate treatment under Title VII or Section 1983, a

plaintiff must plausibly allege she suffered an adverse employment action. See

Naumovski v. Norris, 934 F.3d 200, 212 (2d Cir. 2019). “We define an adverse

employment action as a ‘materially adverse change’ in the terms and conditions of

employment.” Sanders v. N.Y.C Hum. Res. Admin., 361 F.3d 749, 755 (2d Cir. 2004)

(internal citation omitted). “An adverse employment action is one which is more

disruptive than a mere inconvenience or an alteration of job responsibilities.”

Terry v. Ashcroft, 336 F.3d 128, 138 (2d Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks and

citations omitted). “Examples of materially adverse changes include termination

of employment, a demotion evidenced by a decrease in wage or salary, a less

distinguished title, a material loss of benefits, significantly diminished material

responsibilities, or other indices . . . unique to a particular situation.” Id. (internal

quotation marks and citations omitted).

                                           30
      The district court held that a “denial of an educator’s request to participate

in additional programs, including paid programs, does not constitute an adverse

employment action.” Joint App’x at 55 (emphasis added). As set forth below, we

disagree and hold that Buon has pled plausible adverse employment actions based

upon the denials of her requests to participate in additional programs—namely,

the RISE-administrator position and the summer-school position—as well as her

termination as SMS principal and transfer back to her position as the principal of

Newburgh Elementary School.

      Any decision by an employer, including the denial of a workplace

opportunity that materially affects the terms and conditions of employment, can

constitute an adverse employment action. See generally Cones v. Shalala, 199 F.3d

512, 521 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (emphasizing that “no particular type of personnel action

is automatically excluded from serving as the basis of a cause of action under Title

VII, as long as the person is aggrieved by the action” (alteration adopted) (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted)); see also Lewis v. City of Chicago, 496 F.3d

645, 654 (7th Cir. 2007) (“A strict adherence to labels leads to a meaningless cry of

phrases such as ‘bonus’ or ‘salary’ without reaching the critical issue of whether

the alleged discrimination caused a material change in the employment

                                         31
relationship.”).

      For example, it is well settled that “failing to promote” an employee can

constitute “a significant change in employment status” that is tangible and thereby

qualifies as an adverse employment action under Title VII. Burlington Indus., Inc.

v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 761 (1998); see also Treglia v. Town of Manlius, 313 F.3d 713,

720 (2d Cir. 2002) (recognizing discriminatory failure to promote as “within the

core activities encompassed by the term ‘adverse actions’”). Similarly, it is also

well settled that “firing” and “reassignment with significantly different

responsibilities” constitute adverse employment actions. Ellerth, 524 U.S. at 761;

see also, e.g., Lore v. City of Syracuse, 670 F.3d 127, 170–71 (2d Cir. 2012) (“The

transfer of an employee from an elite position to one that is less prestigious with

little opportunity for professional growth is sufficient to permit a jury to infer that

the transfer was a materially adverse employment action.” (alterations omitted)

(internal citation omitted)); Brady v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 531 F.3d 127, 134 (2d Cir.

2008) (“Although this transfer did not affect his wages or benefits, it resulted in a

less distinguished title and significantly diminished material responsibilities, and

therefore constituted an adverse employment action.” (internal citation omitted));

Rodriguez v. Bd. of Ed. of Eastchester Union Free Sch. Dist., 620 F.2d 362, 366 (2d Cir.

                                          32
1980) (transfer of art teacher from junior high school to elementary school held to

be an adverse employment action).

      Furthermore, other denials of workplace opportunities that affect the terms

and conditions of employment can similarly qualify as an adverse employment

action. See Jin v. Metro. Life Ins., 310 F.3d 84, 93 (2d Cir. 2002) (emphasizing that

the list of examples contained in the Supreme Court’s definition of “tangible

employment actions” in Ellerth was “non-exclusive”). For instance, in Demoret, we

held that, among the allegations that satisfied the requirement of an adverse

employment action was a claim that a female municipal employee “was not

allowed to earn overtime pay or comp time” like her male colleagues. 451 F.3d at

151; see also Robinson v. Goulet, 525 F. App’x 28, 31 (2d Cir. 2013) (summary order)

(“The loss of overtime hours or pay on the basis of race or sex violates Title VII.”);

Lewis, 496 F.3d at 653–54 (holding that plaintiff had created a genuine issue of

material of fact as to whether she had suffered an adverse employment action

where, inter alia, plaintiff lost the potential to earn many hours of overtime by

being denied a special assignment); Bass v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs, 256 F.3d 1095, 1118

(11th Cir. 2001) (holding that an employer’s “actions which deprived [an

employee] of compensation which [s]he otherwise would have earned clearly

                                         33
constitute adverse employment actions for purposes of Title VII”), overruled in part

on other grounds by Crawford v. Carroll, 529 F.3d 961 (11th Cir. 2008); Albuja v. Nat’l

Broad. Co. Universal, 851 F. Supp. 2d 599, 609 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (holding that denial

of “temporary supervisor position,” which carried an increase in pay, “could

constitute an adverse employment action”); Lee v. City of Syracuse, 603 F. Supp. 2d

417, 433 (N.D.N.Y. 2009) (stating that “allocation of overtime could qualify as an

adverse action because of the loss of an opportunity for a higher salary”), abrogated

on other grounds by Widomski v. State Univ. of N.Y. (SUNY) at Orange, 748 F.3d 471

(2d Cir. 2014).

      Numerous district courts have reached the same conclusion with respect to

the denial of similar opportunities to teachers. See, e.g., United States v. N.Y.C. Dep’t

of Educ., 407 F. Supp. 3d 365, 397 (S.D.N.Y. 2018) (explaining that a “[d]enial or loss

of extra hours resulting in loss of actual income can constitute an adverse

employment action” under Title VII and concluding that a reasonable jury could

find such an adverse action was taken against plaintiff teachers who contended

that they lost income when principal reduced their after-school hours related to

theater program); Colandrea v. Hunter-Tannersville Cent. Sch. Dist., No. 15-cv-456

(LEK), 2017 WL 1082439, at *5 (N.D.N.Y. Mar. 22, 2017) (holding that a teacher had

                                           34
created a genuine issue of material of fact as to whether she had suffered an

adverse employment action where she was not hired for additional positions at

the school “or for any other [additional] paid work”); Benedith v. Malverne Union

Free Sch. Dist., 38 F. Supp. 3d 286, 333 (E.D.N.Y. 2014) (holding that plaintiff

suffered adverse employment action when she was not assigned to teach classes

as a substitute for teacher on leave and such additional duties would have resulted

in increased income), overruled on other grounds by Agosto v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.,

982 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 2020); Herling v. N.Y.C. Dep't of Educ., No. 13-cv-5287 (JG), 2014

WL 1621966, at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 23, 2014) (“Denying an employee the opportunity

to work overtime, comp time, or additional per-session employment may also

constitute an adverse employment action.”).

      Moreover, adverse employment actions involving denial of employment

opportunities to current employees are not limited to those opportunities that

involve a material increase in pay. Indeed, in Beyer v. County of Nassau, we held

that genuine issues of material fact existed that precluded summary judgment as

to whether the denial of a county police detective’s request for transfer was an

adverse employment action, even where the transfer would not have resulted in

additional pay. 524 F.3d 160, 164–65 (2d Cir. 2008). In doing so, we emphasized

                                          35
that “[t]he denial of a transfer may constitute an adverse employment action at the

prima facie step of discrimination analysis when . . . a plaintiff adduces sufficient

evidence to permit a reasonable factfinder to conclude that the sought for position

is materially more advantageous than the employee’s current position, whether

because of prestige, modernity, training opportunity, job security, or some other

objective indicator of desirability.” Id. at 165; see also Williams v. R.H. Donnelley,

Corp., 368 F.3d 123, 128 (2d Cir. 2004) (explaining that, to establish that a denial of

a request to transfer was an adverse employment action, a plaintiff must show that

such a denial “created a materially significant disadvantage in her working

conditions”); accord Stewart v. Ashcroft, 352 F.3d 422, 427 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (holding

that non-selection for lateral transfer from senior litigation counsel to chief of

section was an adverse employment action under Title VII, even though there was

no change in pay or benefits, because the decision “clearly had materially adverse

consequences for his present and future employment opportunities” and “[j]ust as

withdrawing an employee’s supervisory duties constitutes an adverse

employment action, so too failing to select an employee for a position with

substantially greater supervisory authority is an adverse employment action”

(internal citation omitted)); see also Ritchie v. Napolitano, 196 F. Supp. 3d 54, 62

                                          36
(D.D.C. 2016) (“Applicable case law . . . makes clear that a plaintiff’s non-selection

for a lateral transfer or assignment constitutes a materially adverse employment

action where such transfer or assignment would have brought with it increased

responsibilities and/or increased promotion or future employment opportunities.”

(collecting cases)).

      In short, under our precedent, the denial of a lateral transfer or an additional

assignment can qualify as an adverse employment action if that transfer or

additional assignment would have materially changed the terms and conditions

of employment, such as by materially increasing the employee’s pay or materially

increasing the employee’s opportunity for advancement.

      Here, the FAC pleads sufficient facts to plausibly allege three separate

employment decisions—namely, the denial of Buon’s application to administer

the RISE program, the denial of her application to administer the summer-school

program, and the termination of her position as SMS principal—that each

independently constitutes a materially adverse change to Buon’s employment.

Buon is not alleging that the changes were “a mere inconvenience or an alteration

of job responsibilities,” Terry, 336 F.3d at 138 (internal quotation marks and

citations omitted), nor is she basing her claim on “subjective, personal

                                         37
disappointments,” Williams, 368 F.3d at 128. Instead, her claim is that due to

defendants’ actions she was unable to substantially increase her income and was

subject to a loss of her then-current income.

      Specifically, the FAC alleges that, due to each of these three employment

decisions, Buon was subject to, among other things, “the loss of salary and

income.” Joint App’x at 22–23. For example, if selected for the RISE-administrator

position, Buon, whom allegedly “had previously successfully held this position,”

would have earned an additional salary for the “contractual rate of $81.00 an hour

for 2.5 to 3 hours, five days a week or approximately $30,000.” Id. at 17. Moreover,

as to the defendants’ decision to “revert her to elementary school principal status,”

id. at 22, Buon was “deprived [] of at least $8000 in salary/year,” id. at 21.

Therefore, even apart from whether obtaining the RISE-administrator and

summer-program positions and retaining the SMS principal position would have

materially increased Buon’s opportunities for advancement inside or outside the

School District, the alleged loss of additional earnings from losing or being denied

these positions is sufficient to “plausibly allege[] an adverse employment action”

that survives a motion to dismiss as to each of these three employment decisions.

Vega, 801 F.3d at 88.

                                         38
                ii. Discriminatory Intent

      We similarly conclude that the district court erred in holding that Buon

failed to satisfy her burden, at the motion to dismiss stage, to plead sufficient facts

that plausibly allege discriminatory intent either under Title VII or Section 1983.

      In this Circuit, the “sine qua non” of a national origin or race-based

discrimination suit is that the “discrimination must be because of [the plaintiff’s

protected characteristic].” Patane v. Clark, 508 F.3d 106, 112 (2d Cir. 2007) (per

curiam) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “[A]n action is ‘because

of’ a plaintiff’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin where it was a

‘substantial’ or ‘motivating’ factor contributing to the employer’s decision to take

the action.” Vega, 801 F.3d at 85 (internal citation omitted). To state a claim that

the discrimination was “because of” the protected characteristic at issue, “a

plaintiff must allege that the employer took adverse action against her at least in

part for a discriminatory reason, and she may do so by [either] alleging facts that

directly show discrimination or facts that indirectly show discrimination by giving

rise to a plausible inference of discrimination.” Id. at 87 (emphases added). To

that end, particularly where, as here, a plaintiff has not alleged facts that directly

show discrimination, we have cautioned courts to “be mindful of the elusive

                                          39
nature of intentional discrimination” when making a “plausibility determination”

at the motion-to-dismiss phase “[b]ecause discrimination claims implicate an

employer’s usually unstated intent and state of mind” and therefore “rarely is

there direct, smoking gun, evidence of discrimination.”          Id. at 86 (internal

quotation marks and citations omitted). Thus, with respect to the issue of intent,

“[t]he facts required by Iqbal to be alleged in the complaint need not give plausible

support to the ultimate question of whether the adverse employment action was

attributable to discrimination,” but rather “need only give plausible support to a

minimal inference of discriminatory motivation.” Littlejohn, 795 F.3d at 311; accord

Vega, 801 F.3d at 86–87.

      Here, Buon has met her minimal burden by alleging facts that give rise to a

plausible inference of discrimination with respect to the denial of her application

to administer the RISE program, the denial of her application to administer the

summer-school program, and the termination of her position as SMS principal.

      With regard to each of the three positions at issue, Buon alleges that she

“was qualified for the position she sought or held and was either denied

appointment or replaced by a person of another racial and/or ethnic group who

lacked her qualifications.” Joint App’x at 23. For example, as to the RISE program,

                                         40
Buon alleges that, although she held the position previously, it was given in

January 2019 to an individual who “was neither African American nor West

Indian.” Id. at 17; see, e.g., Littlejohn, 795 F.3d at 313 (“The fact that a plaintiff was

replaced by someone outside the protected class will ordinarily suffice for the

required inference of discrimination at the initial prima facie stage of the Title VII

analysis, including at the pleading stage.”).         Buon further alleged that the

individual who secured the position was a less qualified and newly hired

administrator who did not hold a school-based job. See Littlejohn, 795 F.3d at 313

(holding that inference of discrimination was further supported by plaintiff’s

allegations that her replacement was not only outside her protected class but also

less qualified for the position due to lack of relevant work experience). Similarly,

as to the summer-school position, Buon contends that, even though she had

participated in the summer program for at least the “five prior years,” Joint App’x

at 13, and that she “was better qualified” for the role, id. at 20, “defendants Padilla

and the district chose much less experienced persons to administrate the district’s

summer[-]school program,” id. In addition, “[o]f the five persons chosen [for the

position], four were Caucasian, one was Latino, and none were African American

or West Indian.” Id.

                                           41
      Furthermore, Buon listed a series of instances of disparate treatment in the

workplace where she was allegedly subjected to job requirements and to discipline

that was different than employees outside her protected class. See id. at 54–55

(discussing allegations that, unlike employees who were not African American or

West Indian, Buon was, inter alia: (1) “required to make phone calls to students to

inform them they could not wear Halloween costumes”; (2) “required to provide

timely responses to meeting invitations”; (3) “not allowed to institute certain

programs at her school”; (4) “disciplined for being late”; and (5) subjected to a

“negative performance review, disciplinary meetings, and other forms of

criticism”). Although these alleged other instances of disparate treatment may not

separately rise to the level of adverse employment actions, Buon is permitted to

“[c]reat[e] a mosaic with the bits and pieces of available evidence” that, taken

together, support a plausible inference of intentional discrimination with respect

to the decisions to deny her application to be the RISE administrator, deny her

application to work summer school, and terminate her position as SMS principal.

Gallagher v. Delaney, 139 F.3d 338, 342 (2d Cir. 1998), abrogated in part on other

grounds by Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742; see also Vega, 801 F.3d at 88 (explaining that

“[plaintiff’s] other allegations of discrimination, even if they do not independently

                                         42
constitute adverse employment actions, provide relevant background evidence by

shedding light on Defendant[s’] motivation and thus bolster [her] claim that

Defendants treated [her] differently because of [her] ethnicity” (internal quotation

marks and citations omitted)); Norville v. Staten Island Univ. Hosp., 196 F.3d 89, 95

(2d Cir. 1999) (explaining that “[a] plaintiff may support an inference of race

discrimination by demonstrating that similarly situated employees of a different

race were treated more favorably”); Stratton v. Dep’t for the Aging for the City of N.Y.,

132 F.3d 869, 879 n.6 (2d Cir. 1997) (“Actions taken by an employer that

disadvantage an employee for no logical reason constitute strong evidence of

intent to discriminate.”). In sum, the collective allegations in the FAC are more

than sufficient to plausibly support an inference of unlawful discrimination.

      In determining that Buon had failed to meet her pleading burden on the

issue of intent, the district court concluded that “[Buon] and Padilla’s history

supports a finding of no inference of discrimination.” Joint App’x at 57. In

particular, the district court noted that “[t]he crux of [Buon’s] FAC is that Padilla

advocated for [Buon’s] appointment to SMS principal, discriminated against her

for the roughly two years she served in that position, and then transferred her back

to an elementary school principal position within Newburgh.” Id. In its analysis,

                                           43
the district court relied on Carlton v. Mystic Transportation, Inc., which explained

that “[w]hen the same actor hires a person already within the protected class, and

then later fires that same person, it is difficult to impute to [him] an invidious

motivation that would be inconsistent with the decision to hire.” 202 F.3d 129, 137

(2d Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

      As an initial matter, we have not determined whether the same-actor

inference, which we have applied in the context of age discrimination claims under

the ADEA, should also apply to claims under Title VII. See Feingold, 366 F.3d at

155 & n.15 (declining to “pass judgment on the extent to which [the same-actor]

inference is either required or appropriate outside the [ADEA] context”).

However, even assuming arguendo that it does, Carlton addressed a summary-

judgment motion, at which stage we have recognized that the same-actor inference

may be “a highly relevant factor.” Schnabel v. Abramson, 232 F.3d 83, 91 (2d Cir.

2000); see also Wexler v. White's Fine Furniture, Inc., 317 F.3d 564, 573 (6th Cir. 2003)

(describing same-actor inference as permissive, not mandatory). Indeed, at the

summary-judgment stage, when the burden-shifting framework associated with

McDonnell Douglas applies, the potential relevance of the same-actor inference is

obvious: at step two of the McDonnell Douglas test, defendants are free to present

                                           44
evidence establishing a non-pretextual, non-discriminatory reason for the adverse

action and may invoke the same-actor-inference, and at step three plaintiffs are

afforded an opportunity to rebut that evidence, along with the same-actor

inference. See, e.g., Bradley v. Harcourt, Brace & Co., 104 F.3d 267, 269–71 (9th Cir.

1996).

         The inference, though, is not similarly relevant at the motion-to-dismiss

stage, when we are primarily concerned with whether there is “minimal support

for the proposition that the employer was motivated by discriminatory intent,”

Littlejohn, 795 F.3d at 311, and not with “questions as to which the defendants bear

the burden of production,” such as “[w]hether there existed non-pretextual, non-

discriminatory explanations for the defendants’ employment decisions,” Brown v.

Daikin Am., Inc., 756 F.3d 219, 230–31 (2d Cir. 2014). As a result, we conclude that

the inference should not be used to foreclose Title VII and Section 1983 claims at

the motion-to-dismiss stage if the plaintiff has otherwise set forth allegations that

support a plausible inference of discrimination. See, e.g., Colbert v. FSA Store, Inc.,

                                          45
No. 19-cv-9828 (LJL), 2020 WL 1989404, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 27, 2020) (concluding

same). 7

       As we emphasized in Vega, at the motion to dismiss stage, “the question is

not whether a plaintiff is likely to prevail, but whether the well-pleaded factual

allegations plausibly give rise to an inference of unlawful discrimination, i.e.,

whether plaintiffs allege enough to ‘nudge[ ] their claims across the line from

conceivable to plausible.’” Vega, 801 F.3d at 87 (alteration in original) (quoting

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). Here, taking the allegations in the FAC as true and

drawing all reasonable inferences in Buon’s favor, the FAC meets that pleading

standard with respect to the denial of the position for RISE administrator, the

7 The district court similarly concluded that, although Buon alleged instances of disparate
treatment when compared to individuals of other races and national origins that
occupied the same position as Buon (that is, principal) at other schools in the School
District, Buon failed “to allege that these other principals were similarly situated,” and
noted examples from the FAC where it did not appear the circumstances surrounding
the disparate treatment were analogous. Joint App’x at 56–57. However, “[o]rdinarily,
whether two employees are similarly situated presents a question of fact, rather than a
legal question to be resolved on a motion to dismiss.” Brown, 756 F.3d at 230 (alterations
adopted) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Hu v. City of New York,
927 F.3d 81, 97 (2d Cir. 2019) (cautioning against resolving the fact-intensive inquiry of
“whether two comparators are similarly situated on a motion to dismiss”). In any event,
even apart from any inference of discrimination arising from these other alleged instances
of disparate treatment, Buon’s allegations that the individuals who secured each of the
three positions at issue were both outside her protected class and less qualified are
sufficient for the Title VII claim to survive a motion to dismiss. See Littlejohn, 795 F.3d at
313.
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denial of her application to administer the summer-school program, and the

termination of her position as SMS principal.

      In sum, Buon has stated plausible discrimination claims under Title VII and

Section 1983, and the district court erred in dismissing them. Therefore, Buon may

proceed with her Section 1983 claim as to all three alleged adverse employment

actions and with her Title VII claim against the School District as to the denial of

the RISE administrator position (assuming arguendo the district court grants an

extension of time to serve Spindler and Padilla and Buon effectuates proper

service).

                                 CONCLUSION

      Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of Buon’s Title VII

claim to the extent the claim is based on alleged adverse employment actions in

May 2019 and VACATE the district court’s judgment to the extent it dismissed the

Section 1983 claim and the remainder of the Title VII claim.           The case is

REMANDED to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion, including a determination as to whether Buon should be provided with

an extension of time to effectuate proper service as to Spindler and Padilla.

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