Court Opinion

ID: 9384850
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-05 14:00:22.672932+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:56.966760
License: Public Domain

22-971-pr
    Gunn v. Beschler

                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                    SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER
IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN
ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY
ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

                  At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
    Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square,
    in the City of New York, on the 5th day of April, two thousand twenty-three.

    Present:
               ROSEMARY S. POOLER,
               WILLIAM J. NARDINI,
               SARAH A. L. MERRIAM,
                     Circuit Judges.
    _____________________________________

    DARRELL GUNN,

                             Plaintiff-Appellant,

                       v.                                          22-971

    CHAD BESCHLER, Correction Officer,
    JEFFERY CLAFLIN, Sergeant, TIMOTHY
    PERRY, Correction Officer, B. SCHIEBER,
    Correction Officer,

                             Defendants-Appellees,

    WILLIAM J. ABRUNZO, Inmate Grievance
    Program, Supervisor, ANTHONY J.
    ANNUCCI, Acting Commissioner, R.J.
    BALLARD, Lieutenant, BRUSH, Correction
Officer, D. BYNAUM, Sergeant, PAUL
CHAPPIUS, JR., Superintendent, A.
COLES, Correction Officer, COLLMER,
Sergeant, COLUMBO, Clinician Specialist,
MHU, DEPALO, Lieutenant, DONELY,
Offender     Rehabilitation Coordinator,
ROBERT GESSNER, Inspector General,
LOONEY, Clinician, MHU, K. MUSSAW,
Lieutenant, J. POWERS, Sergeant, PAUL
PICCOLO, Deputy Superintendent Security,
F. SANTIAGO, Sergeant, J. TAYLOR,
Correction Officer, JOHN DOE, Sergeant -
Mental Health Unit, J. WENDERLICH,
Deputy Superintendent Security, K.
BUNNELL, Correction Officer, C. DIEGO,
Captain, G. KELLER, Captain, DAVIS,
Sergeant,    AUDINWOOD,       Correction
Officer, HEAL, Sergeant, SWEET, ORC,
JILL NORTHRUP, Nurse Practitioner,
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS AND
COMMUNITY SERVICES, HARKNESS,
Correction Officer,

                             Defendants.* 1

_____________________________________

For Plaintiff-Appellant:                                                      Darrell Gunn, pro se, Fallsburg,
                                                                              NY.

For Defendants-Appellees:                                                     Barbara D. Underwood, Solicitor
                                                                              General, Andrea Oser, Deputy
                                                                              Solicitor General, Alexandria
                                                                              Twinem, Assistant Solicitor
                                                                              General, of counsel, for Letitia
                                                                              James, Attorney General, State of
                                                                              New York, Albany, NY.

*   The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption as set forth above.
       Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Western District of New

York (Charles J. Siragusa, Judge).

       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN

PART, and REMANDED for further proceedings.

       Plaintiff-Appellant Darrell Gunn, proceeding pro se, appeals from a judgment of the United

States District Court for the Western District of New York (Charles J. Siragusa, Judge) entered on

February 25, 2022, granting summary judgment to four prison employees on his claims under 42

U.S.C. § 1983. Gunn principally alleged that corrections officers assaulted him during pat frisks,

retaliated against him for reporting those assaults, and exposed him to cold conditions, in violation

of his First and Eighth Amendment rights. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the case.

       We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. See Garcia v. Hartford Police Dep’t,

706 F.3d 120, 126 (2d Cir. 2013). “Summary judgment is proper only when, construing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant, ‘there is no genuine dispute as to any

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” Doninger v. Niehoff,

642 F.3d 334, 344 (2d Cir. 2011) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)). “[W]e liberally construe

pleadings and briefs submitted by pro se litigants, reading such submissions to raise the strongest

arguments they suggest.” McLeod v. Jewish Guild for the Blind, 864 F.3d 154, 156 (2d Cir. 2017)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

       As a preliminary matter, Gunn has abandoned the majority of his claims on appeal, and we

affirm the district court on those grounds. Notwithstanding the principle of liberal construction,

                                                 3
a pro se appellant abandons issues not raised in his or her appellate brief. See LoSacco v. City of

Middletown, 71 F.3d 88, 92–93 (2d Cir. 1995) (explaining that the Court “need not manufacture

claims of error for an appellant proceeding pro se”). Here, Gunn has abandoned all claims

dismissed by the district court prior to its summary judgment order by failing to mention them on

appeal.     He has also abandoned several of the claims resolved by summary judgment.

Specifically, he does not mention the district court’s findings that he failed to demonstrate the

required personal involvement of a defendant for his cold-conditions claim and that he failed to

administratively exhaust several other claims. We therefore affirm the district court’s judgment

on those claims.

          All that remains, then, are Gunn’s claims associated with the events of March 29, 2013,

and his retaliation claims against Corrections Officers Perry and Schieber. Gunn alleged that on

March 29, 2013, a corrections officer sexually assaulted him during a pat frisk in the presence of

another corrections officer and a corrections sergeant—neither of whom intervened to prevent or

stop the alleged assault—and that the second corrections officer then kicked him. We first affirm

the district court’s dismissal of Gunn’s sexual assault and failure-to-intervene claims premised on

the pat frisk. As the district court properly found, Gunn’s claims were barred by the principle of

collateral estoppel (also called issue preclusion) because the New York Court of Claims had

already found that the pat frisk was not an assault. We apply a state’s collateral estoppel rules to

a prior judgment rendered in that state. See Migra v. Warren City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 465

U.S. 75, 81 (1984). “Under New York law, collateral estoppel prevents a party from relitigating

an issue decided against that party in a prior adjudication.” Fuchsberg & Fuchsberg v. Galizia,

300 F.3d 105, 109 (2d Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). Collateral estoppel may be

                                                 4
invoked to prevent a party from litigating an issue in a subsequent action when: “(1) the issues in

both proceedings are identical, (2) the issue in the prior proceeding was actually litigated and

decided, (3) there was a full and fair opportunity to litigate in the prior proceeding, and (4) the

issue previously litigated was necessary to support a valid and final judgment on the merits.”

Conason v. Megan Holding, LLC, 25 N.Y.3d 1, 17 (2015) (internal quotation marks omitted).

         Gunn argues that he did not receive a full and fair opportunity to litigate the character of

the pat frisk in the Court of Claims. Courts consider the “realities” of prior litigation to determine

whether a full and fair hearing was held. Chartier v. Marlin Mgmt., LLC, 202 F.3d 89, 94 (2d

Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks omitted). Relevant factors include: “1) the nature of the

forum and the importance of the claim in the prior litigation; 2) the incentive to litigate and the

actual extent of litigation in the prior forum; and 3) the foreseeability of future litigation (because

of its impact on the incentive to litigate in the first proceeding).” Id. (internal quotation marks

omitted). None of these factors suggests that Gunn lacked a full and fair opportunity to litigate in

the prior action. Although Gunn alleges that certain evidence was not available, he does not

explain what that evidence was, or on what grounds it was withheld or not admitted. He also

argues that the videoconference was disconnected at some point during trial, but he does not state

how long this disruption lasted, or otherwise explain why it interfered with his ability to fully

litigate the question of whether he was sexually assaulted on March 29, 2013. That issue—

whether he was sexually assaulted during a pat frisk on March 29, 2013—was central to his Court

of Claims action, which included a battery claim against the state premised on that interaction. 2

         2
             Gunn also appears to argue that the district court erroneously made a credibility determination against him
in its collateral estoppel ruling. That is a misreading of the decision. The district court properly found that it was

                                                           5
The Court of Claims found that there was insufficient evidence to suggest that the assault occurred,

and future courts, including the district court here, are bound by that determination.

        However, we vacate the district court’s judgment with respect to Gunn’s excessive force

claim premised on the kick incident alleged to have occurred on March 29, 2013. To prevail on

an Eighth Amendment excessive force claim, a plaintiff must prove “two elements, one subjective

and one objective.” Harris v. Miller, 818 F.3d 49, 63 (2d Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks

omitted). That is, the plaintiff must show that the defendant acted with a “sufficiently culpable

state of mind,” and that “the conduct was objectively harmful enough . . . to reach constitutional

dimensions.” Id. at 63–64 (internal quotation marks omitted). The subjective element turns on

“whether the force was used in a good-faith effort to maintain or restore discipline, or maliciously

and sadistically to cause harm.” Scott v. Coughlin, 344 F.3d 282, 291 (2d Cir. 2003). As for the

objective element, “de minimis uses of physical force” are insufficient to support a constitutional

claim, “provided that the use of force is not of a sort repugnant to the conscience of mankind.”

Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 10 (1992) (internal quotation marks omitted). Applying this

test, where there was sufficient evidence for a rational factfinder to conclude that officers “used

force maliciously and sadistically,” we have reversed grants of summary judgment to the

defendants “even where the plaintiff’s evidence of injury was slight and the proof of excessive

force was weak.” Wright v. Goord, 554 F.3d 255, 269 (2d Cir. 2009).

        Construing the record in Gunn’s favor, there is sufficient evidence for a jury to find that

Corrections Officer Beschler intentionally kicked Gunn hard in the shin with a booted foot, while

bound by the Court of Claims’ finding—which was based on a credibility determination by the Court of Claims—and
it did not decline to credit Gunn’s testimony on any other issue.

                                                      6
Gunn was complying with an order to return to his cell in an uncrowded hall, resulting in pain for

hours. Beschler denies that the kick took place, or that it was intentional; he does not claim that

there was a legitimate reason for him to have intentionally kicked Gunn. As the district court

acknowledged, then, a reasonable jury could conclude that the kick occurred and that it was

“unprovoked and unnecessary.” Gunn v. Bescler, No. 16-cv-6206, 2022 WL 563189, at *4

(W.D.N.Y. Feb. 24, 2022). A genuine dispute of fact thus exists as to whether Beschler kicked

Gunn for the sole purpose of humiliating or causing pain to him, and whether this use of force was

of a sort repugnant to the conscience of mankind. See Hudson, 503 U.S. at 9 (“When prison

officials maliciously and sadistically use force to cause harm, contemporary standards of decency

always are violated. . . . whether or not significant injury is evident.” (internal citation omitted));

Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 346 (1981) (explaining that the Eighth Amendment prohibits

punishments that involve “inflictions of pain . . . that are totally without penological justification”

(internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Griffin v. Crippen, 193 F.3d 89, 90–92 (2d Cir. 1999)

(reversing sua sponte dismissal of Eighth Amendment excessive force claim, which “effectively

grant[ed] summary judgment to” defendants where guards allegedly assaulted plaintiff, resulting

in a bruised shin and swelling over his knee).

       We also vacate the district court’s judgment as to Gunn’s First Amendment retaliation

claims. To prevail on a First Amendment retaliation claim, a plaintiff must demonstrate that (1)

he engaged in protected speech, (2) the defendant took an adverse action against him, and (3) there

was a causal connection between the protected speech and adverse action. See Davis v. Goord,

320 F.3d 346, 352 (2d Cir. 2003). Evidence of causation is sufficient to avoid summary judgment

where the adverse action occurred within a few months of the protected speech, the officer who

                                                  7
was the subject of the speech participated in the adverse action, and there was reason to infer that

the officer knew of the speech. See Espinal v. Goord, 558 F.3d 119, 129 (2d Cir. 2009). The

district court concluded that the evidence of causation between Gunn’s protected conduct and the

alleged adverse actions was insufficient for a jury to find causation. We disagree. 3

         First, Gunn has submitted evidence sufficient for a jury to infer causation between his

grievance against Officer Perry for the March 29, 2013, pat frisk (the protected conduct) and the

June 11, 2013, pat frisk (the alleged adverse action).                  Although conclusory assertions are

insufficient to create an issue of fact regarding causation, see Goenaga v. Mar. of Dimes Birth

Defects Found., 51 F.3d 14, 18 (2d Cir. 1995), a jury could infer the requisite causation here by

finding that Officer Perry knew Gunn had filed a grievance against him and that June 11, 2013,

was the first opportunity Perry had to retaliate against Gunn. See Gunn, No. 16-cv-6206, Dkt.

No. 68-7 at 84, 89–90; 91. Accordingly, a reasonable jury could find a causal connection between

Gunn’s grievance relating to the March 29, 2013, pat frisk and the June 11, 2013, pat frisk, and we

vacate the district court’s judgment as to this claim.

         The record is likewise sufficient for a jury to find causation as to Gunn’s retaliation claim

against Officer Schieber regarding his alleged retaliatory visits to Gunn’s cell in January and

February of 2014. The district court found evidence of causation insufficient because the record

did not support a finding that Officer Schieber knew of Gunn’s grievances. Gunn, 2022 WL

563189 at *7–8. But the record contains evidence that Gunn was known by officers generally as

an inmate who filed grievances, Gunn, 16-cv-6206, Dkt. 68-7 at 200–01, and that Gunn asked

         3
             Like the district court, we have assumed without deciding that Gunn has met the first and second elements
of this test as to his retaliation claims.

                                                          8
Officer Schieber for his name (and reported him to other officers) following another pat frisk

incident that Gunn raised, id. at 207–09, 213. 4 Accordingly, a reasonable jury could find a causal

connection between Gunn’s grievances and the alleged adverse conduct of Officer Schieber, and

we vacate the district court’s judgment as to this retaliation claim.

         We have considered all of Gunn’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.

Accordingly, we AFFIRM IN PART and VACATE IN PART the judgment of the district court,

and we REMAND for further proceedings on Gunn’s excessive force claim against Corrections

Officer Beschler and his retaliation claims against Corrections Officers Perry and Schieber

consistent with this order.

                                                      FOR THE COURT:
                                                      Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court

         4
            Gunn does not dispute the district court’s conclusion that he failed to administratively exhaust his claim
arising out of this alleged pat frisk, which Gunn claims occurred in July 2013.

                                                          9