Court Opinion

ID: 9410022
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-20 08:09:39.314215+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:55.046084
License: Public Domain

In The
                                 Court of Appeals
                        Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo

                                        No. 07-22-00241-CR

                        TRAVIS HEITH BATEMAN, JR., APPELLANT

                                                  V.

                              THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE

                             On Appeal from the 50th District Court
                                      Cottle County, Texas
                 Trial Court No. 2980, Honorable Jennifer Ann Habert, Presiding

                                           July 12, 2023
                                MEMORANDUM OPINION
                   Before QUINN, C.J., and PARKER and YARBROUGH, JJ.

      Travis Heith Bateman, Jr., Appellant, appeals his conviction for the third-degree

felony offense of evading arrest or detention in a motor vehicle1 and sentence of four

years’ incarceration in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice.             By his appeal,

Appellant contends that the trial court erred by admitting Appellant’s video-recorded

      1   See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.04(a), (b)(2)(A).
statements in contravention of article 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure,

and there was insufficient evidence to support the jury’s guilty verdict. We affirm.

                                       BACKGROUND

       In April of 2021, an indictment issued alleging that on February 5, 2021, Appellant,

while using a vehicle, intentionally fled from Mark Box knowing that he was a peace officer

who was attempting to lawfully arrest or detain him. In July of 2022, a trial on the merits

was held.

       The State’s evidence established that on the evening of February 5, 2021, Cottle

County Sheriff Mark Box received a call concerning a possible intoxicated driver of a

motorcycle. The Sheriff headed in the direction indicated on the call in his marked patrol

vehicle. The Sheriff encountered the motorcycle travelling in the opposite direction and

matching the description he was given. The Sheriff immediately turned his vehicle around

and activated his emergency lights and siren. As he did so, he noticed that there were

two people on the motorcycle and the motorcycle’s taillights were not functioning. As the

Sheriff attempted to catch up to the cyclist, the cyclist accelerated. In the one-to-two-mile

pursuit that ensued, the Sheriff topped off his speed at 112 miles per hour. Texas

Department of Public Safety Trooper Cody MaGaha assisted in bringing the motorcycle

to a stop. The Trooper’s body and vehicle cameras captured the events and Appellant’s

statements the night of his arrest.

       Appellant filed a motion to suppress statements he made at the scene. After a

pretrial hearing, the trial court denied the motion to suppress and issued findings of fact

and conclusions of law.

                                             2
       The Sheriff testified that once Appellant was detained and he had him in custody,

he read Appellant his Miranda2 rights. The Sheriff asked Appellant if he understood his

rights and Appellant replied, “Yes, sir.” The Trooper’s body camera footage and in-car

recordings were played for the jury. The first conversation between the Sheriff and

Appellant was recorded on the side of the road and, a few minutes later, a second

conversation was recorded in the patrol vehicle. During the first conversation, after the

Sheriff informed Appellant of his Miranda rights, he asked Appellant why he fled.

Appellant replied, “To tell you the truth, I got a laugh out of it.” During the second

conversation, Appellant told the Sheriff that the reason that he fled was because “he just

wanted to see how hot his bike would run.” The Sheriff understood this statement as an

admission that Appellant was fleeing from him. Further, Appellant told the Sheriff that

“[The pursuit] gave [Appellant] an adrenaline rush.”                 The Sheriff testified that it is

dangerous to drive more than 112 miles per hour with a passenger on a motorcycle. He

opined that a motorcycle can be a deadly weapon when travelling at speeds of 112 miles

per hour.

       Appellant’s girlfriend, Dorian Turner, was the passenger on Appellant’s motorcycle

when it was stopped by the Sheriff and the Trooper. Turner testified she had no idea how

fast Appellant was driving. According to Turner, Appellant told the Sheriff “He was just

seeing what [the motorcycle] had in it.” Turner testified that she did not hear a siren and

she did not hear either officer read Appellant his Miranda rights.

       2   Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 498–99, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).

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       A Cottle County jury found Appellant guilty of evading arrest or detention in a motor

vehicle, and he was sentenced to four years’ incarceration in the Institutional Division of

the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Appellant timely filed his appeal.

       In two issues on appeal, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his

motion to suppress and the evidence was insufficient to convict him.

                                         ANALYSIS

Sufficiency of the Evidence–Evading Arrest or Detention

       We address Appellant’s second issue first because it affords him greater relief. In

this issue, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction.

       In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence, we review all the evidence in the light

most favorable to the verdict to determine whether, based on the evidence and

reasonable inferences therefrom, a rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,

319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Queeman v. State, 520 S.W.3d 616, 622

(Tex. Crim. App. 2017). “[O]nly that evidence which is sufficient in character, weight, and

amount to justify a factfinder in concluding that every element of the offense has been

proven beyond a reasonable doubt is adequate to support a conviction.” Brooks v. State,

323 S.W.3d 893, 917 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (Cochran, J., concurring). When reviewing

all the evidence under the Jackson standard of review, the ultimate question is whether

the jury’s finding of guilt was a rational finding. See id. at 906–07 & n.26. In our review,

we defer to the jury’s credibility and weight determinations because the jury is the sole

judge of the witnesses’ credibility and the weight to be given their testimony. See id. at
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899. As such, even if we would have resolved the conflicting evidence in a different way,

we must defer to the jury’s findings that are supported by sufficient evidence. Id. at 901–

02 (discussing Lancon v. State, 253 S.W.3d 699, 707 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)).

       A person commits the offense of evading arrest or detention if he intentionally

flees, in a vehicle, from a person that he knows is a peace officer lawfully attempting to

arrest or detain him. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.04(a), (b)(2)(A); Rodriguez v. State,

799 S.W.2d 301, 302–03 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (en banc); Guillory v. State, 99 S.W.3d

735, 741 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. ref’d). The intentionally fleeing party

need only know that a peace officer was trying to lawfully arrest or detain him. See

Jackson v. State, 718 S.W.2d 724, 726 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). Proof of the attempt of

an officer in a police vehicle to arrest or detain a person generally consists of the officer

displaying authority by the use of overhead emergency lights and a siren. Duvall v. State,

367 S.W.3d 509, 513 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2012, pet. ref’d); Stewart v. State, No. 07-

17-00007-CR, 2018 Tex. App. LEXIS 7792, at *6–7 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Sept. 25, 2018,

no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). “‘Fleeing’ is anything less than prompt

compliance with an officer’s direction to stop.” Hernandez Fernandez v. State, No. 07-

16-00420-CR, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 5315, at *5 (Tex. App.—Amarillo June 12, 2017,

pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (quoting Horne v. State, 228 S.W.3d

442, 446 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2007, no pet.)). When evaluating the sufficiency of the

evidence to establish an appellant’s intent for evading arrest or detention, the speed,

distance, and duration of a pursuit are factors to be considered. Avila v. State, No. 07-

19-00139-CR; 2020 Tex. App. LEXIS 4145, at *6 (Tex. App.—Amarillo May 27, 2020, no

pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

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           Here, Appellant contends that the evidence did not establish that he had the

requisite intent to evade arrest. He argues the evidence establishes reasonable doubt

as to whether Appellant “heard the sirens on Sheriff Box’ (sic) vehicle, or if the sirens

were even on, and whether or not Appellant saw any emergency lights until Trooper

MaGaha was coming at Appellant head-on, at which time Appellant pulled over.” He

points to testimony from the Trooper that, during a pursuit, if a vehicle is moving fast and

is far enough away, the driver may not be able to hear a siren. The Trooper could not

recall if he heard the Sheriff’s siren, and Turner testified that she did not hear a siren.

           The Sheriff testified that he activated his overhead lights and siren when he

encountered Appellant on a dark farm-to-market road and made a U-turn to follow him.

After the Sheriff was behind Appellant, he was close enough to the motorcycle to see

Appellant and his passenger. The Sheriff testified that he should have been visible in

Appellant’s rear-view and side-view mirrors. As the Sheriff followed Appellant, “the pipes

became loud” and the motorcycle accelerated. The Sheriff pursued Appellant for one to

two miles at a top speed of 112 miles per hour in a marked patrol car. Any doubt about

whether Appellant intentionally fled from the Sheriff is resolved by Appellant’s admissions

recorded by an in-car recording after he was stopped. When the Sheriff asked Appellant

what was going through his mind, Appellant replied, “I just wanted to see what the bike

had in it.” Appellant acknowledged that he was driving the speed limit when the Sheriff

turned around and he recognized that it was the Sheriff behind him.             According to

Appellant, the decision to test his bike while being pursued “wasn’t the right decision to

make . . . . I did it just because, man, it felt good to me. It was the dang adrenaline rush

. . . .”

                                              6
       Based on the evidence and reasonable inferences that may be drawn on this

record, a rational factfinder could have reasonably found beyond a reasonable doubt that

Appellant knew he was being pursued by a peace officer who was attempting to detain

him, and that Appellant used a vehicle while in flight.         See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§ 38.04(a); Hobyl v. State, 152 S.W.3d 624, 627–28 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2004), pet. dism’d, 193 S.W.3d 903 (2006).          Accordingly, we overrule Appellant’s

challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence.

Denial of Motion to Suppress

       In his first issue, Appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion by

overruling his motion to suppress and admitting the trooper’s body camera recordings.

He contends that there is no clear recitation of Miranda warnings on the recording at the

time of his detention and subsequent arrest, prior to his interrogation by law enforcement.

As such, Appellant’s statements were improperly obtained and therefore inadmissible

under article 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.

       In reviewing a challenge to the admissibility of an accused’s oral statement, we

apply a bifurcated standard of review. See Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1997) (en banc); McCulley v. State, 352 S.W.3d 107, 117 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2011, pet. ref’d). We give almost total deference to a trial court’s rulings on mixed

questions of law and fact if the resolution of those ultimate questions turns on an

evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 89. But when the

resolution of a mixed question of law and fact does not fall within this category, we apply

a de novo standard of review to the trial court’s ruling. Id.

                                              7
       Article 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure establishes procedural

safeguards for securing the privilege against self-incrimination. See TEX. CRIM. PROC.

CODE. ANN. art. 38.22. Among its requirements, it provides that no oral statement of an

accused made as a result of custodial interrogation shall be admissible against the

accused in a criminal proceeding unless (1) the statement was recorded and (2) prior to

the statement but during the recording, the accused was warned of his rights and

knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived those rights. Id. at § 3. The warning must

inform an accused of the following rights:

       (1) he has the right to remain silent and not make any statement at all and
           that any statement he makes may be used against him at his trial;
       (2) any statement he makes may be used as evidence against him in court;
       (3) he has the right to have a lawyer present to advise him prior to and
           during any questioning;
       (4) if he is unable to employ a lawyer, he has the right to have a lawyer
           appointed to advise him prior to and during any questioning; and
       (5) he has the right to terminate the interview at any time . . . .

TEX. CRIM. PROC. CODE. ANN. art. 38.22, § 2.

       At issue here, was whether the Sheriff gave Appellant a clear recitation of Miranda

warnings prior to his interrogation. At the suppression hearing, the State called the Sheriff

to testify and played two recordings for the trial court.

       In this case, the trial judge made specific findings that “Miranda warnings were

given to [Appellant] in the first recording, and that they were a ‘fully effective equivalent’

of those prescribed by Article 38.22[.]” We find that the record and reasonable inferences

from that record support this finding. On the first recording, Appellant and his passenger

                                              8
were being handcuffed. Although portions of the audio are difficult to understand, the

unmistakable cadence of the Sheriff reciting the Miranda warnings is evident on the

recording. Further, when the Sheriff concludes the warnings, he asks Appellant if he

understands his rights and Appellant replies, “Yes, sir.”

       The trial court found that the interview of Appellant in the in-car recording was a

continuation of the Sheriff’s earlier interview outside of the vehicle.    In the second

recording, the Sheriff clearly reminds Appellant, “I already read you your rights.” While

we agree with Appellant that this reminder is not a Miranda admonishment or a fully

effective equivalent, there is no requirement to provide statutory warnings again before

the Sheriff continues his interrogation in the circumstances here. See Bible v. State, 162

S.W.3d 234, 241–42 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (a subsequent interview may constitute a

continuation of an earlier interview depending on (1) the passage of time, (2) whether the

interrogation was conducted by a different person, (3) whether the interrogation related

to a different offense, and (4) whether the officer asked the defendant if he had received

any earlier warnings, whether he remembered those warnings, and whether he wished to

waive or invoke them.). As relevant here, Appellant was given Miranda warnings by the

Sheriff outside of the patrol vehicle and placed inside the patrol vehicle a few minutes

later. The Sheriff continued to question Appellant about the same offense, and he

reminded Appellant that he had received his warnings. A mere pause in questioning by

law enforcement does not require additional Miranda warnings. See Dunn v. State, 721

S.W.2d 325, 338 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (“rewarning is not required where the

interrogation is only a continuation about the same offense”); LaSalle v. State, 923

S.W.2d 819, 825 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1996, pet. ref’d) (same).

                                             9
       We conclude that the trial court correctly determined that the Miranda warnings

that were given in the first recording satisfy the requirements of article 38.22, section 3(a).

Consequently, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the

recordings. We overrule issue one.

                                        CONCLUSION

       Having overruled both of Appellant’s issues on appeal, we affirm the judgment of

the trial court.

                                                          Judy C. Parker
                                                             Justice

Do not publish.

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