Court Opinion

ID: 4341081
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-14 08:56:09.802183+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:48:51.428713
License: Public Domain

T.C. Memo. 2018-95

                           UNITED STATES TAX COURT

                      GERALD NELSON, Petitioner v.
             COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

      Docket No. 12101-17.                            Filed June 28, 2018.

      Gerald Nelson, pro se.

      Brian E. Peterson and Monica E. Koch, for respondent.

               MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

      LAUBER, Judge: With respect to petitioner’s Federal income tax for 2014,

the Internal Revenue Service (IRS or respondent) determined a deficiency of

$1,418.1 The questions for decision are whether petitioner received, but failed to

      1
          All statutory references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the
                                                                         (continued...)
                                        -2-

[*2] report, unemployment compensation of $7,756 and wages of $1,678 for that

year. Concluding that he did, we will sustain the deficiency that respondent has

determined.

                               FINDINGS OF FACT

      Petitioner resided in New York when he timely petitioned this Court. From

2005 through March 2014, petitioner was employed as a van driver by MV Trans-

portation Co. (MV). His job was transporting elderly and disabled people around

the five boroughs of New York City.

      In March 2014 MV terminated petitioner’s employment for alleged involve-

ment in a vehicle accident. Thereafter petitioner obtained short-term employment

with Empire Films Services (Empire), for which he received wages of $1,678.

The IRS received from Empire a Form W-2, Wage and Tax Statement, reporting

that it had paid petitioner during 2014 wages in that amount, from which it had

withheld Federal income tax of $354. He applied for and received during 2014,

from the New York State Department of Labor (NYDOL), unemployment

compensation of $7,756. NYDOL reported that payment to petitioner and to the

IRS on a Form 1099-G, Certain Government Payments.

      1
        (...continued)
year at issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and
Procedure. We round all monetary amounts to the nearest dollar.
                                        -3-

[*3] Believing that petitioner’s employment had been wrongfully terminated, his

labor union initiated an arbitration proceeding. In June 2014 the arbitrator ruled

that MV had improperly terminated petitioner’s employment, ordered that he be

reinstated, and “retained jurisdiction to decide any disputes concerning back pay.”

      In August 2014 the arbitrator issued a supplemental opinion to “clarify how

back pay may be calculated.” The arbitrator explained that “back pay is a term of

art and means the amount the employee would have earned had he not been dis-

charged less what the employee did earn * * * during the period of the outage.”

Thus, “where an employee receives income from any source that is in any way re-

lated to the loss of employment, * * * that amount constitutes a deduction in the

calculation of a make whole remedy.”

      Pursuant to the arbitrator’s ruling, petitioner’s labor union and MV in Sep-

tember 2014 executed a backpay agreement requiring MV to pay petitioner “gross

back pay” for 21 weeks, or $18,404, “less $6,471 that * * * [petitioner] received

from New York State in unemployment benefits.”2 The agreement further

provided that, “in the event * * * [petitioner] is required by New York State to re-

      2
       The record does not explain the difference between the $7,756 of unem-
ployment benefits that NYDOL reported having paid petitioner and the $6,471 fig-
ure the parties adopted in the backpay agreement. Petitioner evidently received
additional unemployment checks after that agreement was finalized.
                                         -4-

[*4] pay any amount of unemployment compensation because of his reinstatement,

* * * [MV] shall reimburse him for such amounts as he may be required to repay.”

Petitioner admitted at trial that NYDOL did not require him to repay any of the

unemployment compensation he had received.

      The backpay agreement provided that MV would pay petitioner $11,933,

“less applicable taxes and other payroll deductions, in full settlement of his arbi-

tration case.” That sum represented the difference between the gross backpay

($18,404) and the unemployment compensation he had received to date ($6,471).

On September 6, 2014, MV issued petitioner a check for $11,933 minus applicable

taxes and payroll deductions.

      Petitioner filed for 2014 a delinquent Federal income tax return on Form

1040EZ, Income Tax Return for Single and Joint Filers With No Dependents. The

IRS selected his return for examination after receiving third-party information re-

ports showing income he had failed to report. On February 27, 2017, the IRS is-

sued him a timely notice of deficiency reflecting the unreported income, and he

timely petitioned this Court for redetermination.

                                      OPINION

      The IRS’ determinations in a notice of deficiency are generally presumed

correct, and the taxpayer bears the burden of proving them erroneous. Rule
                                        -5-

[*5] 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933). Petitioner does not

contend that the burden of proof shifts to respondent under section 7491(a) as to

any issue of fact.

      Absent stipulation to the contrary, appeal of this case would lie to the U.S.

Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. See sec. 7482(b)(1)(A). That court has

held that, in order for the presumption of correctness to apply in unreported in-

come cases, the Commissioner must establish some evidentiary foundation linking

the taxpayer to the income-producing activity. See, e.g., Llorente v. Commission-

er, 649 F.2d 152, 156 (2d Cir. 1981), aff’g in part, rev’g in part and remanding 74

T.C. 260 (1980). Once the Commissioner has produced evidence linking the tax-

payer to an income-producing activity, the burden of proof shifts to the taxpayer to

prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the Commissioner’s determinations

are arbitrary or erroneous. Helvering v. Taylor, 293 U.S. 507, 515 (1935); Tokar-

ski v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. 74, 76-77 (1986).

      Gross income “means all income from whatever source derived,” including

“unemployment compensation.” Secs. 61(a), 85(a). For 2014 the IRS received

from Empire a Form W-2 reporting that it had paid petitioner during 2014 wages

of $1,678. Respondent also introduced two relevant documents that confirm this

information: (1) a copy of the notice of deficiency issued to petitioner for 2014
                                        -6-

[*6] and (2) petitioner’s Wage and Income Transcript for 2014. We find that these

documents sufficiently connect petitioner to an income-producing activity. See,

e.g., Banister v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2008-201 (holding that a notice of

deficiency indicating third-party payers paid the taxpayer specific amounts in

question satisfied the minimal evidentiary burden), aff’d, 418 F. App’x 637 (9th

Cir. 2011).3

      At trial petitioner did not deny receiving wages of $1,678, but asserted, re-

ferring to Empire, that he “did not know who these guys are.” We did not find pe-

titioner’s testimony credible. We conclude that he has failed to carry his burden of

proving respondent’s determination erroneous and hence that he received during

2014 unreported taxable wages of $1,678.

      For 2014 the IRS received from NYDOL a Form 1099-G reporting that it

had paid petitioner unemployment compensation of $7,756, from which it had

      3
        Section 6201(d) provides that, “if a taxpayer asserts a reasonable dispute
with respect to any item of income reported on an information return * * * and the
taxpayer has fully cooperated with the Secretary,” the IRS may not rely solely on
the information return to satisfy its burden of production. Petitioner has not al-
leged a “reasonable dispute” concerning the Form W-2, and he wholly failed to
cooperate with IRS representatives during the examination and trial preparation.
See Parker v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2012-66, 103 T.C.M. (CCH) 1321, 1323
(finding section 6201(d) inapplicable where the taxpayer “did not bring any fact-
ual dispute over any item of income to the IRS’ attention within a reasonable
time” but instead raised frivolous arguments).
                                         -7-

[*7] withheld Federal income tax of $775. Petitioner does not dispute having

applied for and received unemployment compensation, and the parties to the

backpay agreement explicitly acknowledged that he had done so. Rather, he

argues that he should not have to pay tax on this income because MV “took it

away” by offsetting it against his gross backpay.

      Petitioner is mistaken. The arbitrator specifically ruled that any income pe-

titioner received “that is in any way related to the loss of employment * * * consti-

tutes a deduction in the calculation of a make whole remedy.” This offset is ne-

cessary to prevent the windfall that would result if petitioner were to receive full-

time gross pay for the 21-week period, plus unemployment compensation that he

would not have received if had been employed full time.

      The backpay agreement accordingly provided that the amount due to peti-

tioner was gross backpay for the 21-week period, “less $6,471 that * * * [he]

received from New York State in unemployment benefits.” In effect, the unem-

ployment benefits petitioner received replaced a portion of the (larger) backpay

award that he would otherwise have received. Instead of receiving a taxable back-

pay award of $18,404, he received two income streams totaling $18,404. Both

income streams were taxable. We accordingly sustain respondent’s determination

that petitioner received taxable unemployment compensation of $7,756 in 2014.
                                       -8-

[*8] In the notice of deficiency the IRS gave petitioner credit for the $354 and

$775 of Federal income tax that Empire and NYDOL had withheld. The sum of

those amounts is $1,129. The amount ultimately in dispute in this case is thus

only $289 (the deficiency of $1,418 less withholding credits of $1,129).

      To reflect the foregoing,

                                             Decision will be entered for

                                      respondent.