Court Opinion

ID: 6216542
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-08 19:19:40.072403+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:57:08.834850
License: Public Domain

Filed
                                                                                           Washington State
                                                                                           Court of Appeals
                                                                                            Division Two

                                                                                           February 8, 2022

    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                          DIVISION II
 SKAMANIA COUNTY, a political subdivision                              No. 55075-0-II
 of the State of Washington,

                 Respondent/Cross Appellant,

         v.

 MITCHELL DEAN PATTON and STACI LEE                             UNPUBLISHED OPINION
 PATTON, a married couple,

                 Appellants/Cross Respondents.

       CRUSER, J. – Mitchell Patton dug two holes in a road approach leading up to Canyon Creek

Road, a county road in Skamania County. Skamania County asked Patton to repair the damage,

believing that it owned a right-of-way to the southwest of Canyon Creek Road where the road

approach was located. Mr. Patton refused to fill in the holes because he believed that he dug the

holes on his own land and that the County did not have any property interest in the land southwest

of Canyon Creek Road. The County filled in the holes and filed suit against Mitchell and Staci

Patton (Patton). The County alleged that Mr. Patton had created a nuisance when he dug the holes

and requested that Patton pay for the repairs to the land. Patton cross-claimed, asserting quiet title,

inverse condemnation, and due process claims.

       The County moved for summary judgment on its nuisance claim, relying on a 1916 deed

in which the previous owners of Patton’s land conveyed the disputed land to the County for a road.
No. 55075-0-II

Patton argued that the 1916 deed contained a reverter clause that had already been triggered prior

to the events set forth above, and as such the County no longer owned the property when Mr.

Patton dug the holes.

       The trial court concluded that the County owned the disputed land that was southwest of

Canyon Creek Road where the holes were dug, determining the parties did not intend the land

granted in the 1916 deed to revert to the previous owners. Despite concluding the County owned

the disputed land, the court denied the County’s motion for summary judgment because it

concluded the County’s nuisance claim failed.

       The County amended its complaint to include intentional trespass, statutory trespass, and

negligent trespass claims. The County then moved for summary judgment on all its claims and

Patton’s counterclaims. The court granted summary judgment in favor of the County on each of

its claims as well as on Patton’s counterclaims.

       Patton appeals the two summary judgment orders. Patton argues that the trial court erred

when it (1) concluded the 1916 deed did not contain a reverter clause, (2) dismissed the due process

claim, (3) found in favor of the County on all three trespass claims, and (4) did not deny the

County’s second motion for summary judgment as untimely.

       We hold that (1) the 1916 deed conveyed the disputed land to the County in fee simple

absolute, (2) Patton’s due process claim is without merit, (3) the County proved all three of its

trespass claims, and (4) the trial court did not err when it determined that the County’s second

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No. 55075-0-II

motion for summary judgment was timely.1 We also hold that the County is entitled to attorney

fees on its statutory trespass claim as allowed under RCW 4.24.630(1) and on the due process

claim because the Patton’s appeal of the due process claim was frivolous. Accordingly, we affirm

the trial court and award attorney fees to the County in accordance with this opinion.

                                              FACTS

                                          I. 1916 TO 2014

       In 1916, Phillip and Alyce Buslach signed a “Waiver of Claim for Damages and Consent

to Locate Road.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 664. In that document, the Buslachs:

       consent[ed] that . . . road [State Road No. 8] be established as described in the
       petition herein and as examined and surveyed, and forever relinquish to Skamania
       County, Washington, a Right-of-Way Sixty feet in width over and across . . .
       [Patton’s Parcel].2 Said Right of Way [sic] hereby sought to be secured as
       surveyed[,] shown and indicated by the Records of said Road in the office of the
       Engineer in and for said county. It is agreed by Skamania County that all the present
       Road lying and being outside of the lines of the present highway shall revert to the
       present owners of the land. . . .
               Giving and granting unto said Skamania County, Washington, the said,
       Right-of-Way, with full power and authority to examine, survey, lay out and
       establish said Road as proposed, and to perpetually maintain the same as a County
       Road.

Id. (emphasis added).

1
  The County also cross appealed, arguing that the court erred when it dismissed the County’s
nuisance claim. However, the County later conceded that the nuisance claim would be moot if this
court affirmed the trial court’s rulings on its trespass claims. We accept the County’s concession
and do not review the nuisance claim because we affirm the trial court’s rulings on the trespass
claims.
2
  For clarity, instead of using the legal description, “S.W. 1/4 of the S.W. 1/4 of Section Four (4),
Township One (1) North, Range Five (5) East, W.M.” for the parcel that was eventually transferred
to Mr. Patton, we will refer to this parcel of land as Patton’s Parcel. CP at 664.
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No. 55075-0-II

          In 1937, the State had drawn up construction plans for the road that eventually became

Canyon Creek Road. The Buslachs transferred additional land within Patton’s Parcel to the State

of Washington for the road. The 1937 construction plan shows there was an existing right-of-way

located within Patton’s Parcel southwest of Canyon Creek Road, where the road approach is now

located.

          By 1994, the State had built the road that would become Canyon Creek Road and

transferred to the County all the rights and interest it had in the real property located on the Patton’s

Parcel.

                                      II. UNDERLYING INCIDENT

          In 2015, Mr. Patton was displeased that a neighbor was using the road approach located

within Patton’s Parcel to access Canyon Creek Road. Ms. Patton asked the County to research who

had the right to use the road approach. The County informed Ms. Patton over e-mail, in person,

and in a letter that the County owned the right-of-way where the road approach was located. The

County provided Patton with deeds, surveys, and maps to support the County’s conclusion that it

owned the right-of-way.

          In 2016, Mr. Patton dug two holes, using a backhoe, within the road approach to prevent

others from using the road approach and installed “ ‘no trespassing’ ” signs. Id. at 419. The County

asked Patton to repair the damage, claiming that a recent survey demonstrated that the road

approach was completely located within the land that was transferred to the County in 1916.

Approximately three weeks later the damage had not been repaired, so the County repaired the

damage itself. The County requested that Patton reimburse the County for the repairs. Patton

refused to pay for the repairs.

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No. 55075-0-II

                                     III. PROCEEDINGS BELOW

A. CLAIMS AND COUNTERCLAIMS

       The County filed suit against Patton, alleging that Mr. Patton created a nuisance when he

dug holes within the road approach and installed “ ‘No Trespassing’ ” signs. Id. at 4. The County

requested that the court permanently enjoin and restrain Patton from damaging or otherwise

interfering with the County’s right-of-way. The County also asked to be reimbursed for the costs

of the repairs to the right-of-way and for a warrant for abatement.

       In response, Patton asserted that the County did not have any legal rights to the property

where Mr. Patton dug the holes. Patton brought counterclaims of quiet title, inverse condemnation,

and due process.

B. CROSS MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

       The County and Patton filed cross motions for summary judgment on the County’s

nuisance claim. Patton argued that any interest the County may have had in the disputed land was

lost by the time Mr. Patton dug the holes because the 1916 deed contained the following clause: “

‘It is agreed by Skamania County that all the present Road lying and being outside of the lines of

the present highway shall revert to the present owners of the land.’ ” Id. at 76. Patton contended

that the clause was a reverter clause and that the deed provided for a conditional grant of the land.

Patton argued that under the reverter clause, the County lost its interest in the land when the land

granted in the deed was not used for a highway. According to Patton, because the land southwest

of Canyon Creek Road, including the road approach, was not within the lines for Canyon Creek

Road, it was not being used for a highway, therefore, ownership of the land southwest of Canyon

Creek Road belonged to the owner of Patton’s Parcel, Mr. Patton.

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No. 55075-0-II

        The County argued that the Buslachs, prior to 1916, conveyed a separate tract of land to

the County in fee simple absolute for an earlier road. Then, in 1916, the Buslachs conveyed

additional land for State Road No. 8, also in fee simple absolute. The County maintained that the

“ ‘shall revert’ ” language in the 1916 deed was not a conditional grant or a reverter clause. Id. at

748. Rather, it was a promise by the County to give back to the Buslachs the land the Buslachs

granted to the County prior to 1916, if the County did not need that land for State Road No. 8.

        The trial court determined that the County owned the right-of-way, explaining:

                In reading the 1916 deed and reverter clause as a whole, it is clear that the
        parties intended that the purpose was to release Skamania’s interest in those
        portions of the “road then in existence” that were outside of the new 60 feet right
        of way granted for the creation of State Road No. 8.

Id. at 255.

        The court concluded that any of the land designated for State Road No. 8 was not the land

the 1916 deed referenced as reverting to the property owners. The court explained that Patton’s

reading of the “reverter clause” conflicted with the document as a whole because the 1916 deed

transferred a 60-foot-wide right-of-way to the County. Id.

        Despite determining that the County owned the right-of-way, the court concluded that the

County could not bring a nuisance claim because the County had already abated the nuisance. The

court denied the County’s motion for summary judgment.

C. THE COUNTY’S AMENDED COMPLAINT

        The County moved to amend its complaint, which the court granted, to include claims of

intentional trespass, statutory trespass, and negligent trespass. The County then moved for

summary judgment on its three trespass claims and Patton’s counterclaims.

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No. 55075-0-II

       The court found in favor of the County on all three trespass claims, and it dismissed all of

Patton’s counterclaims. The court explained that it dismissed Patton’s due process claim because

it had concluded the land in dispute was the County’s land and Patton could not identify an

underlying property right requiring the County to advise Patton prior to completing work on land

that is merely adjacent to Patton’s property.

       After a bench trial on damages, the trial court found that each of the 2 holes that Mr. Patton

dug were 18 inches by 23 inches by 9 inches and the total cost of restoration was $801.20. The

trial court also awarded treble damages because the County prevailed on its statutory trespass claim

under RCW 4.24.630.

       Patton appeals.

                                   STANDARD OF REVIEW

       An appellate court reviews de novo a trial court’s grant or denial of summary judgment.

Ranger Ins. Co. v. Pierce County, 164 Wn.2d 545, 552, 192 P.3d 886 (2008). An appellate court

conducts the same inquiry as the trial court and will affirm the trial court’s order of summary

judgment if there is “no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law.” Price v. Gonzalez, 4 Wn. App. 2d 67, 72, 419 P.3d 858 (2018); CR 56(c).

       There is a genuine issue of material fact if reasonable minds can differ on a fact that

controls the outcome of the litigation. Ranger Ins. Co., 164 Wn.2d at 552. The party that moves

for summary judgment has the initial burden of demonstrating there are no genuine issues of

material fact. Right-Price Recreation, LLC v. Connells Prairie Cmty. Council, 146 Wn.2d 370,

381, 46 P.3d 789 (2002). However, if “reasonable minds could reach but one conclusion from the

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No. 55075-0-II

admissible facts in evidence, summary judgment should be granted.” Visser v. Craig, 139 Wn.

App. 152, 158, 159 P.3d 453 (2007).

                                          DISCUSSION

                             I. OWNERSHIP OF THE DISPUTED LAND

       Patton argues that the trial court erred in interpreting the 1916 deed. According to Patton,

the trial court interpreted the 1916 deed as having two conveyances of land, (1) land from the

Buslachs to the County and (2) land from the County to the Buslachs. Patton contends that because

the 1916 deed did not identify the specific land that the County was giving to the Buslachs, the

second conveyance violated the statute of frauds, making the trial court’s interpretation

unreasonable.

       We conclude that the County is entitled to summary judgment on ownership of the disputed

land because reasonable minds cannot differ as to the intent of the 1916 deed.

A. LEGAL PRINCIPLES

       The interpretation of a deed is a mixed question of law and fact. Pelly v. Panasyuk, 2 Wn.

App. 2d 848, 864, 413 P.3d 619 (2018). “ ‘[I]t is a factual question to determine the intent of the

parties with the court then apply[ing] the rules of law to determine the legal consequences of that

intent.’ ” Rinehold v. Renne, 198 Wn.2d 81, 92, 492 P.3d 154 (2021) (alteration in original)

(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Niemann v. Vaughn Cmty. Church, 154 Wn.2d 365,

374-75, 113 P.3d 463 (2005)).

       Generally, a reviewing court determines the parties’ intent “from the language of the deed

as a whole.” Newport Yacht Basin Ass’n of Condo. Owners v. Supreme Nw., Inc., 168 Wn. App.

56, 64, 277 P.3d 18 (2012). “[T]he language of the written instrument is the best evidence of the

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No. 55075-0-II

intent of the original parties to a deed.” Id. at 65. The focus is on the objective manifestation of the

agreement, rather than unexpressed subjective intent. Pelly, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 865. Interpretations

that give lawful effect to every provision are favored over interpretations that render language

meaningless or ineffective. Id.

        “It is the almost universal rule that, in order to make an estate conditional, the words used

in the deed must clearly indicate such an intent, either by express terms or by necessary implication

from the language used.” King County v. Hanson Inv. Co., 34 Wn.2d 112, 119, 208 P.2d 113

(1949). Washington courts do not favor conditional estates; if the language in the conveyance is

unclear that a conditional estate was what the parties intended, courts will generally construe a fee

simple absolute. Niemann, 154 Wn.2d at 373 n.6.

B. ANALYSIS

        As an initial matter, we are unpersuaded by Patton’s argument that the trial court

interpreted the 1916 deed as containing two conveyances. The trial court determined that the land

referenced in the disputed clause was not in the 60-foot-wide strip of land that the Buslachs were

granting the County; rather, the disputed clause referenced land that the County already owned.

The court determined that the language just denoted an intention of the parties that the County

would release any interest they had in other land back to the Buslachs; in other words, it was a

promise by the County to convey back to the Buslachs the land that the Buslachs had previously

granted if that land was not used for State Road No. 8. Patton’s argument that the court’s ruling

requires that the 1916 deed be read as containing a conveyance by the County to the Buslachs is

unpersuasive. Rather, the court merely interpreted the deed as containing a fee simple absolute

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No. 55075-0-II

conveyance and that the deed also include a promise by the County to convey land to the Buslachs

in the future if the land was not used.

       In addition, we are unpersuaded by Patton’s argument that the only reasonable

interpretation is that 1916 deed was a conditional grant of land and the disputed clause is a reverter

clause. Washington courts do not favor conditional estates. Niemann, 154 Wn.2d at 373 n.6. If the

language in the conveyance is unclear as to whether a conditional estate was intended, then we

will generally construe a fee simple absolute. Id. Here, it is not clear that the original parties

intended the 1916 deed to be a conditional conveyance, nor is it clear what the condition would

be, when the condition would be met, or who would receive the land if the condition was met.

       Accordingly, the only remaining interpretation is the trial court’s interpretation that the

1916 deed was fee simple absolute and the language referenced in the disputed clause was

referencing land that the County already owned and might later convey to the Buslachs. Id.

       We conclude that reasonable minds can reach but one conclusion that parties intended that

the 1916 deed convey the land to the County in fee simple absolute and that the land referenced in

the disputed clause was land that the County already owned in 1916.3

3
  In Patton’s opening brief, Patton makes a passing reference to the 1916 deed not containing
enough information to locate the right-of-way that was granted in 1916. To the extent that Patton
is arguing that that the description of the land must be included in the 1916 deed, the claim fails.
Multiple documents can contain the necessary terms for a land conveyance, and the 1916 deed
explains that the description of the land that was conveyed was at the “office of the Engineer.” CP
at 664; Berg v. Ting, 125 Wn.2d 544, 551, 886 P.2d 564 (1995). To the extent Patton is challenging
the trial court’s conclusion that the 1916 deed conveyed the land southwest of Canyon Creek Road,
we decline to consider this argument because Patton failed to assign error or support such a position
with argument and citation to authority. RAP 10.3(a)(4), (6).
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No. 55075-0-II

                                          II. DUE PROCESS

       Patton argues that the County violated Patton’s procedural and substantive due process

rights by filing and pursuing a nuisance claim, after the County had abated the nuisance.

       We hold that the County is entitled to judgment as a matter of law in its favor on Patton’s

due process claim.

A. LEGAL PRINCIPLES

       1. Due Process

       The Washington State Constitution provides, “No person shall be deprived of life, liberty,

or property, without due process of law.” CONST. art. I, § 3. Washington’s “due process protection

against ‘the arbitrary exercise of the powers of government’ has both procedural and substantive

components.” Chong Yim v. City of Seattle, 194 Wn.2d 682, 688-89, 451 P.3d 694 (2019) (quoting

State v. Cater’s Motor Freight Sys., Inc., 27 Wn.2d 661, 667, 179 P.2d 496 (1947)).

       Under procedural due process, when the state seeks to deprive an individual of a protected

interest that individual must receive notice of the deprivation and be provided an opportunity to be

heard in order to guard against erroneous deprivation. State v. Beaver, 184 Wn.2d 321, 336, 358

P.3d 385 (2015). “We consider the following factors to determine what procedural due process is

required: (1) the private interest affected, (2) the risk that the relevant procedures will erroneously

deprive a party of that interest, and (3) any countervailing governmental interests involved.”

Jespersen v. Clark County, 199 Wn. App. 568, 586, 399 P.3d 1209 (2017) (citing Mathews v.

Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S. Ct. 893, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18 (1976)).

                                                  11
No. 55075-0-II

       The substantive component of due process protects against government actions that are

arbitrary and capricious even if the decision to take those actions is pursuant to constitutionally

adequate procedures. Chong Yim, 194 Wn.2d at 688-89.

       2. Nuisance

       A civil action can be filed as a remedy for a public nuisance. RCW 7.48.200. Abating the

nuisance “does not prejudice the right of any person to recover damages for its past existence.”

RCW 7.48.180. If the plaintiff secures a judgment in their favor, the plaintiff may also “have an

order allowing a warrant to issue to the sheriff to abate and to deter or prevent the resumption of

such nuisance.” RCW 7.48.020. “Such motion shall be allowed . . . unless it appear[s] . . . that the

nuisance has ceased, or that such remedy is inadequate to abate or prevent the continuance of the

nuisance, in which latter case the plaintiff may have the defendant enjoined.” RCW 7.48.020.

B. ANALYSIS

       Patton argues that chapter 7.48 RCW grants individuals a protected interest in being free

from nuisance lawsuits if the nuisance has already ceased. We disagree.

       As an initial matter, we note that Patton’s attempt to confine the County’s nuisance claim

to an abatement claim is not well taken. A complaint only needs to set forth “(1) a short and plain

statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief and (2) a demand for judgment

for the relief to which the pleader deems the pleader is entitled.” CR 8(a). Complaints “are to be

liberally construed; their purpose is to facilitate [a] proper decision on the merits, not to erect

formal and burdensome impediments to the litigation process.” State v. Adams, 107 Wn.2d 611,

620, 732 P.2d 149 (1987). Although the County’s complaint could be clearer, when read as a

whole, it is clear that the County’s suit was not limited to merely obtaining a warrant of abatement;

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No. 55075-0-II

instead, four different types of relief were sought by the County. Additionally, it is clear that the

County was not seeking abatement because it clearly stated in the complaint that it had already

abated the nuisance.

         Although Patton is correct that for a plaintiff to obtain a warrant of abatement,4 the

nuisance needs to be ongoing and there needs to be a hearing, RCW 7.48.180 plainly states that

“[t]he abatement of a nuisance does not prejudice the right of any person to recover damages for

its past existence.”5 Patton’s contention that RCW 7.48.020 guarantees a right to be free from a

nuisance suit after the nuisance was abated is unsupported.

         Patton also contends that the County’s action of bringing a nuisance claim when the

nuisance has been abated deprived Patton of any possible defense and allows the government to

sanction a citizen “based upon rumor and anecdote, because any proof of the violation was

obscured by the County.” Br. of Appellant at 27. Again, we disagree.

         Even though the nuisance was abated, Patton was nevertheless able to submit photos and

declarations by individuals who had firsthand knowledge. Additionally, we note that Patton’s

defense regarding the size of the holes was successful; the trial court found that the holes were the

size that Mr. Patton testified to. Furthermore, Patton, as the defendant, is not required to bring any

evidence. To the extent Patton complains that the abatement of the nuisance “obscured” the

4
    See RCW 7.48.020.
5
 Patton relies on Twitchell v. Kerrigan, 175 Wn. App. 454, 306 P.3d 1025 (2013) to argue the
County could not bring a nuisance suit after a nuisance was abated, but this reliance is misplaced.
Twitchell neither states nor implies either that a nuisance claim fails, or that a nuisance suit should
not have been filed, once the nuisance has been abated.
                                                  13
No. 55075-0-II

County’s proof of the violation, Patton would then easily prevail on the nuisance claim because

the County, as the plaintiff, would lack the proof necessary to meet its burden.6

       Patton also cites to Gnecchi v. State, 58 Wn.2d 467, 364 P.2d 225 (1961). But Gnecchi

lends no support to Patton’s argument and it is unclear why Patton believes Gnecchi is relevant to

this case. In Gnecchi, the plaintiff challenged the government’s authority to suspend his license

without a hearing. Id. at 468-69. Gnecchi concluded that even though the plaintiff did not have a

hearing prior to the suspension, he had a hearing at the superior court, before the suspension

became final; therefore, the plaintiff’s due process rights were satisfied even though the hearing

was after the original suspension. Id.at 470-71. Here, Patton, like Gnecchi, was provided multiple

opportunities to be heard.7

       We hold that the County is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on Patton’s due

process claim.8

6
  Patton also argues that the County acted without lawful authority when it repaired the holes that
Mr. Patton made because it did not obtain a survey, a resolution, and the necessary maps, plan,
and specifications from a road engineer as required by RCW 36.75.050. Even assuming the Patton
is correct that the County exceeded its authority, Patton fails to explain why that is legally
significant in this case.
7
  We note that Patton’s brief is particularly unclear on this point. To the extent that Patton argues
that Gnechhi requires Patton to have been heard prior to the County filing its nuisance suit or filling
in the holes, Patton fails to identify any relevant language or principle in Gnecchi that would
support such an assertion.
8
 Patton also argues that the trial court erred in denying Patton’s motion for attorney fees and costs
under 42 U.S.C. § 1988. Because Patton did not prevail on the due process claim, Patton does not
qualify for fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s decision to deny
Patton attorney fees and costs.
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No. 55075-0-II

                                            III. TRESPASS

       Patton argues that the County’s three trespassing claims fail because Mr. Patton did not

intentionally harm another person’s land, the damage to the land was insubstantial, and Mr. Patton

did not breach a duty as is necessary for a negligent trespass claim.

       We conclude that the County is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on its intentional,

statutory, and negligent trespass claims.

A. INTENTIONAL TRESPASS

       1. Legal Principles

       To establish intentional trespass, the plaintiff must prove “ ‘(1) an invasion of property

affecting an interest in exclusive possession, (2) an intentional act, (3) reasonable foreseeability

that the act would disturb the plaintiff’s possessory interest, and (4) actual and substantial

damages.’ ” Ofuasia v. Smurr, 198 Wn. App. 133, 149, 392 P.3d 1148 (2017) (internal quotation

marks omitted) (quoting Grundy v. Brack Family Tr., 151 Wn. App. 557, 567, 213 P.3d 619

(2009)). Intent “ ‘denote[s] that the actor desires to cause consequences of his act, or that he

believes that the consequences are substantially certain to result from it.’ ” Bradley v. Am. Smelting

& Ref. Co., 104 Wn.2d 677, 682, 709 P.2d 782 (1985) (quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS

§ 8A (AM. LAW INST. 1965)).

       “One who intentionally enters land in the possession of another is subject to liability to the

possessor of the land as a trespasser, although he acts under a mistaken belief of law or fact,

however reasonable.” RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 164 (AM. LAW INST. 1965).

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No. 55075-0-II

       2. Intent

       Patton argues that he did not intend to invade the County’s land; therefore, he did not

commit intentional trespass. We disagree.

       Whether Mr. Patton intended to go on to another person’s land or he honestly believed that

he owned the land is not relevant to an intentional trespass claim. Intentional trespass requires

proof of “ ‘(1) an invasion of property affecting an interest in exclusive possession [and] (2) an

intentional act.’ ” Ofuasia, 198 Wn. App. at 149 (quoting Grundy, 151 Wn. App. at 567). It is well

recognized that “a trespass ‘can be committed despite the actor’s mistaken belief that she has a

legal right to enter the property.’ ” Commil USA, LLC v. Cisco Sys., Inc., 575 U.S. 632, 646, 135

S. Ct. 1920, 191 L. Ed. 2d 883 (2015) (quoting Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer &

Ulrich, LPA, 559 U.S. 573, 583, 130 S. Ct. 1605, 176 L. Ed. 2d 519 (2010)) (citing RESTATEMENT

(SECOND)   OF   TORTS § 164, and cmt. e (AM. LAW INST. 1965)). Washington case law further

explains that the intent element concerns whether “ ‘the actor desires to cause consequences of his

act, or that he believes that the consequences are substantially certain to result from it.’ ” Bradley,

104 Wn.2d at 682 (quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 8A (AM. LAW INST. 1965)).9

Patton’s claim fails.

       Here, the evidence demonstrates that Mr. Patton entered onto and dug holes in the right-

of-way using a backhoe to prevent others from using it. Id. Therefore, we hold that the County

proved the intent element of its intentional trespass claim.

9
 Patton also argues Patton cannot be held liable for intentional trespass because ownership could
not be determined prior to judgment. However, Patton fails to cite any authority to support this
proposition.
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No. 55075-0-II

        3. Actual and Substantial Damage

        Patton argues that he did not cause actual and substantial damage when he dug two “small

ditches” and erected two “ ‘no trespassing’ ” signs. Br. of Appellant at 41. We disagree.

        Patton cites to several cases in support of his position, none of which are persuasive. For

example, Patton relies on Stewart v. Hoffman, 64 Wn.2d 37, 43, 390 P.2d 553 (1964), but it is not

clear that Stewart involved an appeal of a trespass claim. Rather, it was an appeal from a judgment

that fixed boundaries and quieted title to a tract of land. Id. at 37. Moreover, nothing in Stewart

can be construed as setting a minimum amount of damage that must be shown to establish

substantial damages in an intentional trespass case.

        Patton also relies on Wallace v. Lewis County, 134 Wn. App. 1, 17, 137 P.3d 101 (2006),

but that case dealt with whether the depreciation of a property’s value satisfies the actual and

substantial damage element of a continuing intentional trespass, or whether such depreciation is

only relevant in a claim of permanent trespass. This court held that value depreciation is only

relevant in permanent trespass claims. Id. Wallace does not aid Patton’s argument.

        Bradley, 104 Wn.2d at 679, which dealt with an intrusion of microscopic, airborne

particles, and Grundy, 151 Wn. App. at 568, which dealt with “ ‘minor water intrusion,’ ” “

‘occasional debris,’ ” and “ ‘yellowed and dead grass,’ ” are factually distinguishable in that they

involved damage that in no way compares to the raw removal of land by a backhoe that occurred

here.

        As the Bradley court explained when discussing the intrusion of airborne particles, such

particles are “transitory or quickly dissipate” and do not interfere with an owner’s possessory right;

the proper cause of action is nuisance. 104 Wn.2d at 691. However, when the substance

                                                 17
No. 55075-0-II

accumulates and does not pass away, then a trespass has occurred. Id. The court noted though that

without some sort of actual and substantial damage requirement “every landowner within a

hundred miles of a manufacturing plant” could sue a factory owner for trespass. Id. at 692. If such

suits were allowed, then manufacturers would be harassed with lawsuits that did not serve any

useful purpose. Id. To prevent these potential useless lawsuits, Washington adopted the actual and

substantial damage element. Id.

       Patton also relies on a Black’s Law Dictionary definition of substantial damages that states

that “ ‘substantial damages’ ” are “ ‘[c]onsiderable in amount and intended as [a real]

compensation for a real injury.’ ” Br. of Appellant at 42 (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 392 (6th

ed. 1990)). But Patton does not explain how this definition defeats the conclusion that he caused

either substantial or “considerable” damage when he utilized a backhoe to dig two deep holes in

the right-of-way.

       Here, the damage Mr. Patton inflicted on the land was sufficient to meet the trespass

element of actual and substantial damage. The injury to the land caused over $800 in damages. A

piece of heavy equipment, a backhoe, was used both to inflict the damage and to repair it. Mr.

Patton testified that the purpose of the holes was to prevent others from using the road, and he

succeeded in damaging the land to the point that vehicles could not pass over the right-of-way.

The damage Mr. Patton caused to the County’s right-of-way was actual and substantial.

       The County is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on its intentional trespass claim.

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No. 55075-0-II

B. STATUTORY TRESPASS

       Patton argues that because he did not intentionally trespass and did not have reason to know

that he was trespassing, he could not have acted “wrongfully,” as required for statutory trespass

under RCW 4.24.630.

       We conclude that Mr. Patton acted wrongfully because he had reason to know that he

lacked authorization to dig the holes.

       1. Legal Principles

       RCW 4.24.630 provides that when a person “goes onto the land of another and . . .

wrongfully causes waste or injury to the land” that person is “liable to the injured party for treble

the amount of the damages caused by the removal, waste, or injury.” “[A] person acts ‘wrongfully’

if the person intentionally and unreasonably commits the act or acts while knowing, or having

reason to know, that he or she lacks authorization to so act.” RCW 4.24.630.

       2. Analysis

       The record does not support Patton’s claim that he did not have reason to know that he

lacked authorization to dig the holes. In 2015, the County had been corresponding with Patton

regarding the road approach. A County representative and Ms. Patton corresponded over e-mail

and met in person to discuss ownership of the road approach; the representative also sent a formal

letter to Ms. Patton. In that correspondence, the County maintained that it owned the right-of-way.

The County representative signed a declaration asserting that he provided Ms. Patton deeds,

surveys, and maps that, in the County’s view, demonstrated that the County owned the land on

which the holes were dug. The record also indicates that, in 2015, Patton was aware that the County

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No. 55075-0-II

had previously performed work on the right-of-way in 2005. Mr. Patton had reason to know that

he lacked the authorization to dig holes in the road approach.

       The County is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on its statutory trespass claim.

C. NEGLIGENT TRESPASS

       Patton argues that he had no duty to investigate ownership beyond the assessor’s records,

a professional survey, and WSDOT maps.

       The County, however, has not taken the position that a duty to investigate is an element of

negligent trespass and readily acknowledges that it is not. Rather, the County contends that it need

only show that the Pattons failed to exercise “reasonable care not to damage the County right of

way” and “not to obstruct public rights of way.” Br. of Resp’t at 30. We agree with the County.

       1. Legal Principles

       Negligent trespass occurs when a person, acting with negligence, intrudes into or onto the

property of another. Hurley v. Port Blakely Tree Farms L.P., 182 Wn. App. 753, 771-72, 332 P.3d

469 (2014). The elements of negligence are: (1) duty, (2) breach, (3) injury, and (4) proximate

cause. Id.at 771. In negligence actions, “[A]n individual[ ] is held to a general duty of care, that of

a ‘reasonable person under the circumstances.’ ” Keller v. City of Spokane, 146 Wn.2d 237, 243,

44 P.3d 845 (2002) (quoting DAN B. DOBBS, THE LAW OF TORTS § 228, at 580 (2000)).

       2. Analysis

       The exact nature of Patton’s argument on this point is unclear. To the extent Patton argues

that he had only a duty to investigate, and that he did not breach that duty, a duty to investigate is

not an element of negligent trespass. The County needed to show only that Mr. Patton breached a

general duty of care that would be exercised by a reasonable person under the circumstances. Id.

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No. 55075-0-II

        To the extent Patton argues that he exercised the ordinary care that a reasonable person

would exercise because he conducted an investigation that went beyond what he was required to

do, we are unpersuaded. Mr. Patton breached his duty of care when he dug holes in the right-of-

way to a County road that, based on deeds, surveys, maps, and the fact that the County previously

worked on the road, he had reason to know belonged to the County. Id. These holes damaged the

road approach and the County was forced to repair that land at a cost of over $800.

        Accordingly, we conclude that the County is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on its

negligent trespass claim.

                            IV. SECOND MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

        Patton argues that the County’s second motion for summary judgment should have been

denied as untimely because the County’s motion, functionally, was a motion for reconsideration.

This is so, Patton claims, because the trial court had previously ruled on claims of trespass and due

process. We disagree.

A. THE TRESPASS CLAIMS

        Contrary to Patton’s contention, the trial court had not previously considered any trespass

claims. Although the County briefly mentioned trespass in a previous motion for reconsideration,

there is nothing in the record indicating that the trial court ruled on the merits of any trespass claims

prior to the County amending its complaint. Therefore, the trial court did not err in considering the

County’s second motion for summary judgment.10

10
  We note that on appeal, Patton does not challenge the addition of the trespass claims brought in
the amended complaint. If the trial court properly allowed the County to amend its complaint, it
would make little sense for us to conclude that the trial court was not permitted to entertain the
County’s motion for summary judgment on the trespass claims brought in its amended complaint.
                                                   21
No. 55075-0-II

B. THE DUE PROCESS CLAIM

       Likewise, Patton’s assertion that the trial court had previously ruled on the due process

claim is incorrect. The trial court clearly stated in multiple hearings prior to the County’s second

summary judgment motion that it had not ruled on the Patton’s due process claim, and it is clear

from the record that the trial court’s use of the term “due process” related solely to the County’s

nuisance claim.

       The trial court did not err in considering the County’s second motion for summary

judgment because nothing in the County’s motion asked the trial court to reconsider rulings the

trial court previously made.

                                  V. ATTORNEY FEES ON APPEAL

       The County asks for attorney fees on appeal on its statutory trespass claim under RCW

4.24.630(1), and on Patton’s unsuccessful due process claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

       Because the County prevailed on its statutory trespass claim we award the County attorney

fees on that claim, and because Patton’s due process appeal was groundless and unreasonable, we

award the County attorney fees on that claim as well.

                                                22
No. 55075-0-II

A. LEGAL PRINCIPLES

          Under RAP 18.1(a), a party may request attorney fees on appeal if “applicable law grants

to a party the right to recover reasonable attorney fees or expenses on review.”

          RCW 4.24.630(1) provides that an individual who commits statutory trespass “is liable for

reimbursing the injured party for the party’s reasonable costs, including but not limited to

investigative costs and reasonable attorneys’ fees and other litigation-related costs.”

          When the defendant is the prevailing party in a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim, “the court may, in

its discretion, award fees based upon a finding that the plaintiff’s action was frivolous,

unreasonable, or without foundation.” Wash. St. Republican Party v. Pub. Disclosure Comm’n,

141 Wn.2d 245, 289, 4 P.3d 808 (2000).11 A frivolous action is one that “cannot be supported by

any rational argument on the law or facts.” Orwick v. Fox, 65 Wn. App. 71, 90, 828 P.2d 12 (1992).

“[T]he presence of reasonable allegations in a suit does not immunize the plaintiff against paying

for the fees that his frivolous claims imposed.” Fox v. Vice, 563 U.S. 826, 834, 131 S. Ct. 2205,

180 L. Ed. 2d 45 (2011).

B. ANALYSIS

          1. Statutory Trespass Fees

          Because the County prevails on its appeal of its statutory trespass claim, it is entitled to

attorney fees under RCW 4.24.630(1). We award the County fees on this claim.

          2. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Fees

          The County argues that it is entitled to attorney fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 because Patton

should have known the § 1983 due process claim was frivolous after the trial court declared that

11
     The statutory authority for attorney’s fees in a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim is 42 U.S.C. § 1988.
                                                  23
No. 55075-0-II

the County owned the disputed land. We agree, and hold that the County is entitled to attorney

fees on appeal on the due process claim.

        A simple reading of chapter 7.48 RCW shows that the County was authorized to bring its

nuisance claim. The County alerted Patton to the dispositive statute, RCW 7.48.180, in its motion

below. Patton merely ignores RCW 7.48.180, and makes no attempt to show that RCW 7.48.180

is inapplicable or that the County misapprehends it.

        Patton’s appeal of the due process claim is frivolous, and we therefore grant the County’s

request for reasonable attorney fees for defending this claim.12

                                           CONCLUSION

        We conclude that the 1916 deed conveyed the disputed land to the County in fee simple

absolute. Additionally, we conclude that Patton’s due process claim was without merit and the

appeal of the claim was frivolous, the County proved its trespass claims, and the trial court did not

err when it allowed the County to file its second motion for summary judgment.

        Accordingly, we affirm the trial court and award attorney fees to the County on the

statutory trespass claim, and on Patton’s due process claim.

        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,

it is so ordered.

12
   Patton also asks for attorney fees and expenses under RAP 18.1 and the Civil Rights Act.
Because Patton does not prevail on any of the issues on appeal, we decline to award Patton any
attorney fees.
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No. 55075-0-II

                      CRUSER, J.
 We concur:

WORSWICK, P.J.

MAXA, J.

                 25