Court Opinion

ID: 4670634
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-23 18:20:38.532557+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:04.096085
License: Public Domain

Filed
                                                                                        Washington State
                                                                                        Court of Appeals
                                                                                         Division Two

                                                                                         March 23, 2021

    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                         DIVISION II
 STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                                No. 53801-6-II

                               Respondent,

        v.                                                    UNPUBLISHED OPINION

 WILLIAM MANUEL ALVAREZ-CALO,

                               Appellant.

       MAXA, J. – William Manuel Alvarez-Calo appeals the trial court’s refusal to consider on

remand an argument that his convictions for first degree felony murder and second degree

burglary merged. In an earlier appeal, this court affirmed Alvarez-Calo’s convictions but

remanded for the trial court to strike all references in the judgment and sentence to a vacated

attempted first degree robbery conviction and to reexamine the imposition of certain legal

financial obligations (LFOs). On remand, the trial court declined to consider Alvarez-Calo’s

argument that the second degree burglary conviction should merge with the first degree felony

murder conviction.

       We hold that (1) the trial court did not err by declining to consider Alvarez-Calo’s merger

argument, (2) Alvarez-Calo did not receive ineffective assistance counsel when defense counsel

failed to argue that he was entitled to make his merger argument on remand, and (3) Alvarez-

Calo’s claims asserted in his statement of additional grounds (SAG) have no merit. Accordingly,
No. 53801-6-II

we affirm the trial court’s refusal to consider Alvarez-Calo’s argument that his first degree

burglary conviction should merge with the first degree felony murder conviction.

                                              FACTS
Background

       In November 2016, a jury found Alvarez-Calo guilty of first degree felony murder, first

degree burglary, and attempted first degree robbery. The convictions arose from the November

2012 murder of a man in Lakewood.

       At sentencing, the trial court ruled that the attempted first degree robbery conviction

merged with the first degree felony murder conviction and the judgment and sentence reflected

that ruling. However, the judgment and sentence noted that the jury had returned a finding that

Alvarez-Calo was armed with a firearm when he committed the attempted first degree robbery,

and the trial court did not remove this reference.

       Alvarez-Calo also argued that his first degree burglary conviction should merge with the

first degree felony murder conviction. The trial court did not merge these two convictions, but

the court did find that they constituted the same criminal conduct. Therefore, Alvarez-Calo’s

offender score was reduced from 2 to 1.

       The trial court imposed a total of 370 months of confinement. The court also imposed as

LFOs the criminal filing fee and the DNA collection fee, and ordered that interest would accrue

on all LFOs.

       Alvarez-Calo appealed his convictions on multiple grounds, and he also raised multiple

claims in a statement of additional grounds. State v. Calo, No. 49794-8-II, slip op. at 1 (Wash.

Ct. App. Dec. 27, 2018) (unpublished), http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/D2%2049794-8-

II%20Unpublished%20Opinion.pdf. In addition, he appealed the trial court’s failure to remove

all references to the merged attempted first degree robbery conviction from the judgment and

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No. 53801-6-II

sentence. Id. Finally, Alvarez-Calo challenged the imposition of the criminal filing fee, the

DNA collection fee, and interest on nonrestitution LFOs. Id. at 1-2. Alvarez-Calo did not

challenge the trial court’s decision not to merge the first degree burglary conviction with the first

degree felony murder conviction.

       This court affirmed Alvarez-Calo’s convictions. Id. at 2, 61. However, the court held

that the judgment and sentence must be amended to strike all references to the vacated attempted

first degree robbery conviction, including reference to the special verdict on that charge. Id. at

22. The court “remand[ed] to the trial court with directions to amend the judgment and sentence

to reflect only the first degree murder and first degree burglary convictions and special verdicts

related only to those convictions.” Id. In addition, the court remanded for the trial court to

address imposition of the criminal filing fee and DNA collection fee under the 2018 amendments

to the LFO statues. Id. at 60-61. The court also remanded for the trial court to strike all interest

on nonrestitution LFOs after June 7, 2018. Id. at 61.

Proceedings on Remand

       On remand, the trial court held a brief hearing with Alvarez-Calo present. The court

formally found that Alvarez-Calo was indigent, struck the criminal filing fee and DNA collection

fee, and ordered that interest would not accrue on nonrestitution LFOs. The trial court entered an

order correcting the judgment and sentence to reflect these rulings. The court also entered an

order vacating the attempted first degree robbery conviction. Both orders stated that “[a]ll other

terms and conditions of the original Judgment and Sentence shall remain in full force and effect.”

Clerk’s Papers at 51, 130.

       At the hearing, Alvarez-Calo himself asked the trial court to merge his first degree felony

murder and first degree burglary convictions. The court responded that the merger issue was not

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No. 53801-6-II

before the court at that time. Defense counsel did not argue the merger issue and in fact stated

that the two convictions did not merge.

       Alvarez-Calo appeals the trial court’s refusal to consider his argument that the first

degree felony murder and first degree burglary convictions should merge.

                                           ANALYSIS

A.     TRIAL COURT AUTHORITY TO CONSIDER THE MERGER ARGUMENT

       Alvarez-Calo argues that the trial court erred when it declined to consider his request to

merge his first degree burglary conviction with his first degree felony murder conviction. We

disagree.

       1.   Merger Doctrine

       The merger doctrine is a rule of statutory construction that courts use to assist in

determine whether separate convictions violate double jeopardy. In re Pers. Restraint of Knight,

196 Wn.2d 330, 336-37, 473 P.3d 663 (2020). “ ‘Under the merger doctrine, when the degree of

one offense is raised by conduct separately criminalized by the legislature, we presume the

legislature intended to punish both offenses through a greater sentence for the greater crime.’ ”

Id. at 337 (quoting State v. Freeman, 153 Wn.2d 765, 772-73, 108 P.3d 753 (2005)). When two

convictions merge, the remedy is to vacate the lesser offense. See State v. Muhammad, 194

Wn.2d 577, 628, 451 P.3d 1060 (2019).

       However, RCW 9A.52.050 – the burglary antimerger statute – provides, “Every person

who, in the commission of a burglary shall commit any other crime, may be punished therefor as

well as for the burglary, and may be prosecuted for each crime separately.” Under this statute, a

trial court has discretion to refuse to merge a burglary conviction with a conviction for an offense

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No. 53801-6-II

committed in the commission of the burglary even if the two offenses constitute the same

criminal conduct. State v. Lessley, 118 Wn.2d 773, 781, 827 P.2d 996 (1992).

        Here, Alvarez-Calo’s first degree burglary conviction raised the degree of his first degree

felony murder conviction. Therefore, the merger doctrine potentially applied. But the burglary

antimerger statute gave the trial court discretion whether to merge the two convictions. At the

original sentencing, the trial court declined to order merger. At the hearing on remand, Alvarez-

Calo asked the court to not apply the antimerger statute and to vacate the first degree burglary

conviction under the merger doctrine.

        2.   Scope of Sentencing on Remand

        The trial court’s authority to address sentencing issues on remand is limited by the scope

of the appellate court’s mandate. State v. Kilgore, 167 Wn.2d 28, 42, 216 P.3d 393 (2009).

“[T]he defendant may raise sentencing issues on a second appeal if, on the first appeal, the

appellate court vacates the original sentence or remands for an entirely new sentencing

proceeding.” State v. Toney, 149 Wn. App. 787, 792, 205 P.3d 944 (2009). In this situation, the

trial court has discretion to consider issues that the defendant did not raise at the initial

sentencing or in the first appeal. State v. Davenport, 140 Wn. App. 925, 932, 167 P.3d 1221

(2007). For example, in Toney we held that the trial court properly exercised its discretion to

conduct a full resentencing proceeding when our opinion unequivocally remanded for

resentencing. 149 Wn. App. at 792-93.

        Conversely, the defendant may not raise sentencing issues on a second appeal “when the

appellate court remands for the trial court to enter only a ministerial correction of the original

sentence.” Id. at 792.

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No. 53801-6-II

       Here, the scope of this court’s remand controls. This court did not vacate the original

sentence or remand for resentencing. Instead, the court remanded for a limited purpose: for the

trial court to amend the judgment and sentence to reflect only the first degree felony murder and

first degree burglary convictions, to consider whether to impose the criminal filing fee and DNA

collection fee under the 2018 amendments to the LFO statutes, and to strike the accrual of

interest on nonrestitution LFOs. None of those tasks required or allowed Alvarez-Calo to make

new sentencing arguments or to obtain a full resentencing.

       Alvarez-Calo argues that he should be able to raise new sentencing issues on remand

because this court required the trial court to exercise discretion in deciding not to impose the

criminal filing fee and DNA collection fee. That exercise of discretion certainly would have

allowed Alvarez-Calo to appeal the trial court’s LFO decisions if Alvarez-Calo had been

aggrieved by those decisions. State v. Barberio, 121 Wn.2d 48, 50, 846 P.2d 519 (1993) (stating

that an issue becomes appealable “if the trial court, on remand, exercised its independent

judgment, reviewed and ruled again on such issue”). But Alvarez-Calo provides no authority for

the proposition that this court’s remand for the exercise of discretion on narrow LFO issues

allowed him to raise unrelated sentencing issues.

       Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not err when it declined to consider Alvarez-

Calo’s merger argument.

B.     INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

       Alvarez-Calo argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel when defense

counsel failed to raise the issue of merger on remand. However, as discussed above, the trial

court had no authority to address the issue of merger on remand. Therefore, defense counsel was

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No. 53801-6-II

not ineffective for failing to raise the issue. We reject Alvarez-Calo’s ineffective assistance of

counsel claim.

C.      SAG CLAIMS

        In his SAG, Alvarez-Calo asserts that the trial court erred by refusing to consider the

issue of merger on remand and that he received ineffective assistance of counsel on remand.

These arguments are addressed above and we need not consider them further.

        In a supplemental SAG, Alvarez-Calo asserts that he is entitled to a full resentencing

hearing to show that his sentence was disproportionately higher than his codefendant’s sentence.

For the reasons stated above, Alvarez-Calo was not entitled to a resentencing. Therefore, we

reject this assertion.

                                          CONCLUSION

        We affirm the trial court’s refusal to consider on remand Alvarez-Calo’s argument that

his first degree burglary conviction should merge with the first degree felony murder conviction.

        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,

it is so ordered.

                                                     MAXA, J.

 We concur:

 SUTTON, A.C.J.

 GLASGOW, J.

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