Court Opinion

ID: 40351
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 20:43:26+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:56:02.873818
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                                                                      Fifth Circuit
                                                                     F I L E D
                         REVISED JANUARY 6, 2006
                                                                    December 13, 2005
                 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                  Charles R. Fulbruge III
                         FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT                            Clerk

                                 No. 04-11357

      UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                          Plaintiff-Appellee,

           versus

      CREADELL BURNS,

                                          Defendant-Appellant.

           Appeal from the United States District Court
                for the Northern District of Texas

Before GARWOOD, PRADO and OWEN, Circuit Judges.

GARWOOD, Circuit Judge:

      Creadell Burns seeks to appeal his sentence on the ground that

the   district   court   erred    by   treating   the   Federal    Sentencing

Guidelines as mandatory.     Finding that Burns entered into a valid

appeal waiver that encompasses this appeal, we dismiss Burns’s

appeal.
                         Proceedings Below

     On November 13, 2002, Burns and six co-defendants were

indicted in the United States District Court for the Northern

District of Illinois.   The twenty-two count indictment charged

Burns with one count of devising and participating with others in

a scheme to defraud banks (count one) and four counts of specific

instances of bank fraud and aiding and abetting (counts 11

through 14), all in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344 and § 2.    On

August 4, 2003, Burns was taken into federal custody in the

Northern District of Texas.   On September 30, 2003, Burns

indicated he wanted to plead guilty, waived his right to a trial

in the Northern District of Illinois, and consented to the

disposition of his case in the Northern District of Texas.    On

June 8, 2004, the case was transferred to the Northern District

of Texas.

     On July 21, 2004, in exchange for the dismissal of the

remaining counts, Burns pleaded guilty to a single count of bank

fraud (count 11 of the indictment) pursuant to a June 22, 2004

written plea agreement containing the following appeal waiver:

     “BURNS waives his rights, conferred by 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and
     18 U.S.C. § 3742, to appeal from his conviction and
     sentence. He further waives his right to contest his
     conviction and sentence in any collateral proceeding,
     including proceedings under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 and 28 U.S.C.
     §2255, on any ground, except for claims of ineffective
     assistance of counsel. BURNS, however, reserves the rights
     (a) to bring a direct appeal of (i) a sentence exceeding the
     statutory maximum punishment, (ii) an upward departure from
     the guideline range deemed applicable by the district court,

                                 2
     or (iii) an arithmetic error at sentence, and (b) to
     challenge the voluntariness of his plea of guilty or this
     waiver.”

     After the guilty plea was accepted and entered, Burns, in

his September 2004 objections to the Presentence Report,

objected, under Blakely v. Washington, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004),

which had been handed down June 24, 2004, to the use of the

Federal Sentencing Guidelines (Guidelines) to determine his

sentence.   At sentencing on November 3, 2004, the district court

overruled Burns’s objection based on this court’s July 12, 2004

decision in United States v. Pineiro, 377 F.3d 464 (5th Cir.

2004), vacated, 125 S. Ct. 1003 (2005), that Blakely did not apply

to the Guidelines.    With an offense level of 15 and a criminal

history category of I, the applicable Guidelines range for Burns

was 18 to 24 months’ imprisonment and three to five years’

supervised release.    The district court, following the

Guidelines, sentenced Burns to a twenty-four month term of

imprisonment and a three-year term of supervised release.    Burns

was also ordered to pay restitution, jointly and severally with

his co-offenders, in the amount of $500,137.03.    The remaining

counts of the indictment were then dismissed as to Burns pursuant

to the plea agreement.    Burns at no time sought to withdraw his

plea.   On November 4, 2004, Burns timely filed his notice of

appeal.

                                  3
     Burns’s appeal relies on the Supreme Court’s January 12,

2005 decision in the consolidated cases of United States v.

Booker and United States v. Fanfan, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005), which,

among other things, held that Blakely did apply to the

Guidelines.   In his original brief, Burns argued that his appeal

waiver did not apply to his appeal “because a defendant cannot

waive a right that did not exist at the time of the supposed

waiver.”   Pointing to the appeal waiver, the government promptly

filed a motion to dismiss, which was denied by a motions panel of

this court without comment.   The government then filed a motion

for reconsideration in light of United States v. McKinney, 406
F.3d 744 (5th Cir. 2005).    In denying the government’s motion for

reconsideration, the motions panel noted that the McKinney

opinion was not on point because the defendant in McKinney had

not challenged the validity of his appeal waiver, but had instead

argued that an explicit exception to his appeal waiver was

applicable.   The motions panel also noted that this court has not

yet addressed the specific argument raised by Burns.

     Burns, who was taken into federal custody on August 3, 2003,

has now completed his term of imprisonment, and is currently on

supervised release.   Because the statute under which he was

convicted did not require a term of supervised release, he now

seeks remand for partial resentencing as to supervised release

under advisory Guidelines.

                                  4
                               Jurisdiction

     The district court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231,

and this court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

                                Discussion

     The imposition of a sentence under the then-mandatory

Guidelines is what this court has termed Fanfan error.             See

United States v. Martinez-Lugo, 411 F.3d 597, 600 (5th Cir.

2005).   Burns argues that the district court committed Fanfan

error by following the Guidelines’ then-mandatory requirement to

sentence Burns to at least three years of supervised release

following any sentence to imprisonment for more than one year for

a Class B felony,1 see U.S.S.G. §§ 5D1.1, 5D1.2(a)(1), where no

statute required any term of supervised release for the offense

of conviction (although three years’ supervised release following

imprisonment is and was statutorily authorized for the offense of

conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 3583(a) & (b)(1)).           He seeks only

vacation of his term of supervised release and remand to the

district court to determine whether a term of supervised release

is appropriate and, if so, of what length.

A.   Standard of Review

     Because Burns objected below to the use of the Guidelines to

determine his sentence, review of this error would be under the

     1
        The offense of conviction, violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344, provides for
a statutory maximum term of imprisonment of 30 years, and is hence a Class B
felony. 18 U.S.C. § 3559(a)(2).

                                      5
harmless error standard.    United States v. Walters, 418 F.3d 461,

463-64 (5th Cir. 2005).    Before review for harmless error,

however, we first address the government’s argument that Burns

validly waived his right to bring this appeal.    See United States

v. Cortez, 413 F.3d 502 (5th Cir. 2005); McKinney.    Whether an

appeal waiver is valid is a question of law that receives de novo

review.   See United States v. Melancon, 972 F.2d 566, 567 (5th

Cir. 1992).

B.   The right to appeal a sentence conferred by 18 U.S.C. § 3742

     There is no constitutional right to appeal a criminal

sentence.   See Jones v. Barnes, 103 S. Ct. 3308, 3312 (1983); see

also United States v. Melancon, 972 F.2d 566, 567 (“The right to

appeal is a statutory right, not a constitutional right.”).

Congress has, however, provided a federal criminal defendant with

a limited statutory right to appeal his sentence, as follows:

     “(a) Appeal by a defendant.—A defendant may file a
     notice of appeal in the district court for review of an
     otherwise final sentence if the sentence—
     (1) was imposed in violation of law;
     (2) was imposed as a result of an incorrect application
     of the sentencing guidelines; or
     (3) is greater than the sentence specified in the
     applicable guideline range to the extent that the
     sentence includes a greater fine or term of
     imprisonment, probation, or supervised release than the
     maximum established in the guideline range, or includes
     a more limiting condition of probation or supervised
     release under section 3563(b)(6) or (b)(11) than the
     maximum established in the guideline range; or
     (4) was imposed for an offense for which there is no
     sentencing guideline and is plainly unreasonable.”

                                  6
      18 U.S.C.A. § 3742.

These four statutory grounds are the only grounds provided for a

defendant to appeal an otherwise final sentence.

      A sentence imposed pursuant to Fanfan error would normally

be appealable under section 3742(a)(1) as a sentence “imposed in

violation of law,” or, arguably, under section 3742(a)(2) as a

sentence “imposed as a result of an incorrect application of the

sentencing guidelines.”2       With certain specified exceptions,

however, Burns expressly waived the rights conferred by section

3742 to appeal his sentence.         Burns does not argue that any of

the exceptions stated in the plea agreement to its appeal waiver

provisions is applicable.3        He does not claim that his guilty

plea is invalid or seek to set it aside.            Burns also does not

      2
       Because Burns waived his rights under both of these provisions, we need
not decide under which provision his appeal would have otherwise been allowed.
Our published cases that have allowed similar appeals under Booker or Fanfan have
not explicitly identified which statutory provision authorizes the appeal. See,
e.g., United States v. Martinez-Lugo, 411 F.3d 597, 600 (5th Cir. 2005); United
States v. Pennell, 409 F.3d 240 (5th Cir. 2005). In considering a different
constitutional challenge to a sentence, the Supreme Court noted that, “if
respondent’s constitutional claim . . . were sound, her sentence would have been
‘imposed in violation of law’” and therefore her appeal would be authorized under
section 3742(a)(1). United States v. Ruiz, 122 S. Ct. 2450, 2454 (2002).

      One unpublished opinion of this court does address the statutory ground for
a Booker appeal, finding it properly brought under section 3742(a)(1). See
United States v. De Los Santos, No. 03-40990, 2005 WL 2662459 (5th Cir. Oct. 19,
2005). The De Los Santos case addressed the section 3742 ground because the
appeal waiver in that case included an explicit exception for the defendant’s
right “to appeal an illegal sentence as set forth in [18 U.S.C. § 3742(a)(1) ].”
De Los Santos, 2005 WL 2662459 at *1 (emphasis added).          Considering this
exception to the appeal waiver, we stated: “We construe any ambiguity in the plea
agreement against the Government. De Los Santos’s Booker challenge falls within
the broad exception in the appeal waiver allowing an appeal of an ‘illegal
sentence.’” Id. (citations omitted).
      3
        And certainly no such exceptions are facially applicable or apparent on
the record.

                                       7
argue that his plea agreement, or his appeal waiver in general or

as a whole, is invalid.4       Instead, Burns argues that the appeal

waiver should not, or may not validly, apply to waive appeal of

the Fanfan error which he asserts because at and before his

sentencing there was no right to be sentenced under advisory,

non-mandatory guidelines as subsequently provided for in Justice

Breyer’s Booker remedial opinion.

      4
        Nor would such an argument prevail.     See, e.g., McKinney at 745-46;
Cortez. The July 21, 2004 plea colloquy demonstrates that the magistrate judge
complied with all of the requirements of Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal
Procedure. The court informed Burns, “You have the right to appeal the sentence
that the court imposes, unless you waive that right.” Burns stated that he
understood. The court went over Burns’s plea agreement with him, including the
appeal waiver:

      The court: “And 11 is your waiver of rights to appeal or otherwise
      challenge your sentence. In paragraph 11 you are waiving your rights
      conferred by 28 U.S.C., Section 1291, and 18 U.S.C., Section 3742, to
      appeal any sentence — conviction and sentence in this matter, as well as
      you’re waiving your right to bring any action under habeas corpus
      petition, which is under 28 U.S.C. 2241 and 2255.      However, you have
      reserved your right to challenge on a habeas corpus petition a claim of
      ineffective assistance of counsel.    In addition, you’ve reserved your
      right to bring a direct appeal of a sentence which exceeds the statutory
      maximum, an upward departure from the guideline range deemed most
      applicable by Judge Kinkeade, arithmetic errors at sentencing, and a
      challenge to the voluntariness of your plea of guilty. Do you understand
      you have the right to appeal, and bring collateral proceedings under 2241
      and 2255?”

      Burns: “Yes, sir.”

      The court: “And do you wish to waive those rights except in these limited
      circumstances?”

      Burns: “Yes, sir.”

      Burns consented in writing to the magistrate judge conducting the Rule 11
hearing. The magistrate judge on July 21, 2004, recommended acceptance of the
plea, and on August 12, 2004, the District court accepted the plea and adjudged
Burns guilty.

                                       8
C.   Burns’s argument that he could not validly waive appeal of

the Fanfan issue.

     Burns claims that it was impossible for him to have validly

waived his right to appeal the Fanfan error here complained of

because Booker/Fanfan had not been decided at the time of his

plea.   In support, Burns cites the following statement made by

this court in Williams v. Alabama, 341 F.2d 777 (5th Cir. 1965):

“A waiver, in any kind of a case, is an intentional

relinquishment of an existing right. ‘The right . . . allegedly

waived must be in existence and be known to exist by the party

possessing it . . . .’” Id. at 780–81 (quoting Chambers & Co. v.

Equitable Life Assurance Soc., 224 F.2d 338, 345 (5th Cir. 1955).

     In Williams, the appellant-prisoner (Williams) appealed the

dismissal of his petition for habeas corpus.     Id. at 778.   It was

clear from the record that Williams had been denied the

assistance of counsel at his arraignment.   Id. at 780.

Nonetheless, the State of Alabama apparently assumed that

Williams’s waiver (at trial) of his right to counsel acted as a

retroactive waiver of his right to counsel at arraignment.      Id.

This court, in rejecting Alabama’s assumption of a retroactive

waiver by Williams, noted that “[a] present or future right can

be waived, but not a right already lost. . . .    Williams’s waiver

of counsel at his trial could not operate prospectively to

deprive him of a right to counsel on appeal . . . ; nor could his

                                 9
waiver operate retrospectively to deprive him of a right he was

no longer in a position to exercise. ”     Id. at 781.   In sum, our

Williams opinion rejected the implicit waiver of one right based

on the explicit waiver of a different right at a different stage

in the trial.   That situation is not presented in this case

because Burns explicitly waived his right to appeal, a future and

known right of which he was advised that, as we noted in

Williams, can be waived.

      The only other case that Burns cites in support of his

position is the recent Supreme Court decision in Halbert v.

Michigan, 125 S. Ct. 2582 (2005).     Halbert was an indigent

defendant who was convicted in Michigan state court on his plea

of nolo contendere.   Id. at 2595.    After sentencing, Halbert

asked the trial court to appoint counsel to help him with his

application for leave to appeal his sentence.    The trial court

twice denied his request, noting the second time “that Halbert

‘does not have a constitutional . . . right to appointment of

appellate counsel to pursue a discretionary appeal.’” Id. at 2590

(quoting the Michigan trial court).     Proceeding without counsel,

Halbert filed an application for leave to appeal, but the

Michigan intermediate court of appeal denied his application.

Id.   Halbert, again pro se, then filed an application to the

Michigan Supreme Court, which also denied his application.     The

narrow issue before the Supreme Court in Halbert was whether the

                                10
State of Michigan could constitutionally deny appointed appellate

counsel to indigents who had been convicted by plea and who

sought the assistance of counsel in preparing their application

for leave to appeal.   The Supreme Court held that Michigan’s

denial of appointed counsel to indigents for this stage of the

proceedings was unconstitutional.     Id. at 2590–95.

     The presently relevant issue from Halbert is Michigan’s

contention that Halbert had waived his right to appointed counsel

to assist in requesting leave to appeal by pleading nolo

contendere.   Id. at 2594.   The Court dismissed Michigan’s waiver

argument with the following comments:

     “At the time he entered his plea, Halbert, in common
     with other defendants convicted on their pleas, had no
     recognized right to appointed appellate counsel he
     could elect to forgo. Moreover, as earlier observed,
     the trial court did not tell Halbert, simply and
     directly, that in his case, there would be no access to
     appointed counsel. See supra, at 2589; cf. Iowa v.
     Tovar, 541 U.S. 77, 81, 124 S. Ct. 1379, 158 L. Ed. 2d 209
     (2004) (‘Waiver of the right to counsel, as of
     constitutional rights in the criminal process
     generally, must be a “knowing, intelligent ac[t] done
     with sufficient awareness of the relevant
     circumstances.”’ (quoting Brady v. United States, 397
U.S. 742, 748, 90 S. Ct. 1463, 25 L. Ed. 2d 747 (1970))).”
125 S. Ct. at 2594.

Footnote seven in the Halbert majority opinion also relates to

the waiver analysis, stating in relevant part: “No conditional

waiver — ‘on[e] in which a defendant agrees that, if he has . . .

a right, he waives it’ — is at issue here.    Further, nothing in

Halbert’s plea colloquy indicates that he waived an ‘unsettled,’

                                 11
but assumed, right to the assistance of appointed appellate

counsel, post-plea.”       Id. at 2594 n.7 (citations omitted).5

      Justice Thomas, joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist and

Justice Scalia, dissented in Halbert.           In a footnote, Justice

Thomas expressed his concern about the majority’s treatment of

Michigan’s waiver argument:

      “Moreover, the majority’s failure to make clear which
      sources of law are to be considered in deciding whether
      a right is ‘no[t] recognized,’ ante, at 2594, and hence
      nonwaivable, is bound to wreak havoc. For instance,
      suppose that a defendant waived the right to appeal his
      sentence after the regional Court of Appeals had held
      that the principle of Blakely v. Washington did not
      apply to the United States Sentencing Guidelines, but
      before this Court held the contrary in United States v.
      Booker. The defendant could claim that, in his
      circuit, the Sixth Amendment right against the
      application of the Guidelines was ‘no[t] recognized,’
      and hence that the right was nonwaivable.” Halbert,
125 S. Ct. at 2604 n.2 (Thomas, J., dissenting)
      (internal citations omitted).

      5
        Halbert’s note eight reflects the majority’s concern with the impact of
a broad waiver rule on indigent defendants and their right to counsel:

      “We are unpersuaded by the suggestion that, because a defendant may
      be able to waive his right to appeal entirely, Michigan can
      consequently exact     from   him  a   waiver   of   the  right   to
      government-funded appellate counsel.       Many legal rights are
      ‘presumptively waivable,’ and if Michigan were to require defendants
      to waive all forms of appeal as a condition of entering a plea, that
      condition would operate against moneyed and impoverished defendants
      alike.   A required waiver of the right to appointed counsel’s
      assistance when applying for leave to appeal to the Michigan Court
      of Appeals, however, would accomplish the very result worked by
      Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 770.3a (West 2000):         It would leave
      indigents without access to counsel in that narrow range of
      circumstances in which, our decisions hold, the State must
      affirmatively ensure that poor defendants receive the legal
      assistance necessary to provide meaningful access to the judicial
      system.” Id. at 2594 n.8 (citations omitted).

                                      12
     Although Burns’s situation does match the scenario described

by Justice Thomas, there are significant differences between this

case and Halbert.   The majority’s waiver analysis in Halbert does

not address the issue raised by Burns.    In Halbert, the Court

dealt with an implicit waiver that, according to Michigan,

necessarily followed from Halbert’s nolo contendere plea.     In

contrast, this case involves a plea agreement with an explicit

waiver of the right to appeal.   Moreover, the explicit waiver by

Burns was part of the consideration for the government’s

agreement to dismiss the remaining charges in the indictment.

Another significant difference is that the Halbert case

implicated the criminal defendant’s right to counsel, which is a

“fundamental constitutional right[]” for which the “‘courts

indulge every reasonable presumption against waiver.’”     Johnson

v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464, 58 S. Ct. 1019, 1023 (1938)

(speaking of the right to counsel and quoting Aetna Ins. Co. v.

Kennedy, 301 U.S. 389, 393, 57 S. Ct. 809, 811 (1937) (speaking of

the right to jury trial)).   The waiver that Burns challenges, in

contrast, deals only with his right to appeal his sentence.

Unlike the defendant’s right to counsel, the right to appeal is

not a fundamental constitutional right.    See Jones v. Barnes, 103
S. Ct. at 3312; see also Melancon, 972 F.2d at 567.   Yet another

difference between Halbert and this case is that the Michigan

statute found unconstitutional in Halbert implicated concerns

                                 13
with ensuring equal access to the judicial system for indigent

defendants.    Halbert, 125 S. Ct. at 2594 n.8.

D.    The relevant circumstances

      “Waivers of constitutional rights[6] not only must be

voluntary but must be knowing, intelligent acts done with

sufficient awareness of the relevant circumstances and likely

consequences.”     Brady v. United States, 90 S. Ct. 1463, 1469

(1970).    In determining the validity of a waiver, the court must

“consider[] all of the relevant circumstances surrounding it.”

Id.   In Brady, the defendant (Brady) had pleaded guilty, at least

in part due to 18 U.S.C. § 1201(a), which made the death penalty

applicable only to those defendants who pleaded not guilty.

After Brady was convicted and sentenced, section 1201(a) was held

unconstitutional in United States v. Jackson, 88 S. Ct. 1209

(1968).    Following the Jackson decision, Brady sought section

2255 relief claiming that his guilty plea was not valid “because

§ 1201(a) operated to coerce his plea.”           Id. at 1466.     The Court

noted that Brady had been “advised by competent counsel” and that

      6
       As previously noted, the right at issue in Burns is not a constitutional
right, but if his waiver would be valid for a constitutional right, then it is
a fortiori valid for a statutory right. This is not to imply that a waiver of
the right to appeal is afforded no protection. On the contrary, the right to
appeal “‘is a right which is fundamental to the concept of due process of law,’
and therefore has constitutional implications.” United States v. Mendiola, 42
F.3d 259, 260 n.1 (5th Cir. 1994) (quoting Arrastia v. United States, 455 F.2d
736, 739 (5th Cir. 1972)). Indeed, Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal
Procedure was amended in 1999 to ensure that a defendant’s waiver of certain
appellate rights is “voluntarily and knowingly made.” Fed.R.Crim.P. 11, Advisory
Committee Notes, 1999 Amendments. In this case, the requirements of Rule 11 were
carefully followed. See supra note 4.

                                      14
Brady’s plea had been “intelligently made.”             Id. at 1473.

Significantly, the Court stated:

      “The rule that a plea must be intelligently made to be
      valid does not require that a plea be vulnerable to
      later attack if the defendant did not correctly assess
      every relevant factor entering into his decision. . . .
      More particularly, absent misrepresentation or other
      impermissible conduct by state agents, a voluntary plea
      of guilty intelligently made in the light of the then
      applicable law does not become vulnerable because later
      judicial decisions indicate that the plea rested on a
      faulty premise.” Id.

This court, in three unpublished opinions, has relied on Brady to

dismiss the same argument that Burns raises here.7               All of the

other regional circuits have also relied on Brady — or on cases

that rely on Brady — to reject arguments similar to the ones that

Burns raises here.8      Admittedly, none of the other circuits

      7
        In United States v. Guinyard, the panel stated, “The record reflects that
Guinyard knowingly waived his right to appeal his sentence. . . . The fact that
Booker was decided after Guinyard entered his guilty plea does not invalidate the
plea.” United States v. Guinyard, No. 04-11133, 2005 WL 2404790, *2 (5th Cir.
Sep. 29, 2005) (citing Brady). In United States v. Bochas, the defendant argued
that “his appeal waiver should not be enforced . . . because, under [Booker], the
sentencing guidelines have been rendered advisory rather that mandatory. This
argument is unavailing because ‘a voluntary plea of guilty intelligently made in
the light of the then applicable law does not become vulnerable because later
judicial decisions indicate that the plea rested on a faulty premise.’” United
States v. Bochas, 131 Fed.Appx. 968, 969–70 (5th Cir. May 20, 2005) (quoting
Brady). In United States v. Morales-Pineda, the defendant argued “that his
appeal waiver, to which he agreed before the Supreme Court issued its decision
in [Booker], was based on the erroneous advice that the guidelines were mandatory
and that the district court was required to issue a sentence in conformity with
those guidelines. However, this argument is unavailing. See Brady v. United
States, . . . .” United States v. Morales-Pineda, 132 Fed.Appx. 528, 529 (5th
Cir. May 26, 2005).

      8
       See United States v. Sahlin, 399 F.3d 27 (1st Cir. 2005); United States
v. Morgan, 406 F.3d 135 (2d Cir. 2005); United States v. Lockett, 406 F.3d 207
(3rd Cir. 2005); United States v. Blick, 408 F.3d 162 (4th Cir. 2005); United
States v. Bradley, 400 F.3d 459 (6th Cir. 2005); United States v. Bownes, 405
F.3d 634 (7th Cir. 2005); United States v. Killgo, 397 F.3d 628 (8th Cir. 2005);
United States v. Cardenas, 405 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir. 2005); United States v. Green,
405 F.3d 1180 (10th Cir. 2005); United States v. Rubbo, 396 F.3d 1330 (11th Cir.

                                       15
considered this argument in light of Halbert and the footnote in

Justice Thomas’s dissent.        However, considering the

aforementioned distinguishing aspects of Halbert and the fact

that the Halbert majority cited approvingly to Iowa v. Tovar, 124
S. Ct. 1379 (2004), and its reliance on the “sufficient awareness

of the relevant circumstances” analysis of Brady, see Halbert,
125 S. Ct. at 2594, we deem it highly unlikely that Halbert’s

narrow analysis of Michigan’s waiver argument would lead any of

the other circuits to change their position on the argument

presented here.

      The terms of Burns’s waiver expressly include all of the

rights to appeal conferred by 18 U.S.C. § 3742 as well as those

conferred by 28 U.S.C. § 1291.         Burns, knowing the appellate

rights he had, waived all those rights with several specific

exceptions, none of which are applicable, or even claimed to be

applicable, here.9

2005).   So far as we are aware, the District of Columbia Circuit has not
addressed the matter.
      9
         Burns also knew at the July 21, 2004 Rule 11 hearing that the Supreme
Court’s Blakely decision had struck down the State of Washington’s statutory
sentencing guidelines on constitutional grounds that were more than arguably
applicable to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, and that at least one circuit
court had held that Blakely did so apply. United States v. Booker, 375 F.3d 508
(7th Cir. July 9, 2004). Moreover, Burns raised a Blakely objection to the use
of the Guidelines to determine his sentence. While Burns was also then aware of
this court’s July 12, 2004 holding in Pineiro that Blakely did not apply to the
Guidelines, nonetheless, in Pineiro we stated that “[t]his court assuredly will
not be the final arbiter of whether Blakely applies to the federal Guidelines.”
377 F.3d at 465. Even though Burns demonstrated his knowledge of Blakely and its
potential impact on the Guidelines, he waived his right to appeal his sentence,
subject to certain concededly inapplicable exceptions. That Burns did not know
whether or how the Supreme Court would apply its Blakely holding to the
Guidelines does not invalidate his appeal waiver.      Moreover, Burns did not

                                      16
                                Conclusion

     We join the other circuits in holding that an otherwise

valid appeal waiver is not rendered invalid, or inapplicable to

an appeal seeking to raise a Booker or Fanfan issue (whether or

not that issue would have substantive merit), merely because the

waiver was made before Booker.       Apart from being made pre-Booker,

Burns’s waiver is clearly otherwise valid, voluntary, knowing and

intelligent, and applicable to the Fanfan issue which constitutes

his sole ground of appeal.       Accordingly, Burns’s appeal is

dismissed.

                             APPEAL DISMISSED

attempt to withdraw his guilty plea and the accompanying appeal waiver (or to
amend the terms of his appeal waiver) when the district court overruled his
Blakely objection. Instead, he seeks to now unilaterally modify the appeal
waiver in his plea agreement while retaining the benefit of the government’s
concessions.

                                     17