Court Opinion

ID: 2954346
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-16 23:41:41.102074+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:00:40.820355
License: Public Domain

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

                BEFORE THE COURT FOR EN BANC CONSIDERATION

                                      NO. 03-10-00108-CV

                        S & P Consulting Engineers, PLLC, Appellant

                                                 v.

  Sherman Baker, Denessa Baker, Aundi Bennett, David Cervantes, Melissa Cervantes,
   Quincy Davis, Mary Davis, Antonio Gonzales, Sandra Gonzales, Anthony Grimes,
     Jessica Grimes, Maria Herrera, Oliver Koenig, Heather Koenig, Bryan Parks,
 Nicoshia Parks, Angela Partida, Gilbert Partida, David Pena, Jessica Pena, Diane Perez,
   Joe Perez, Angel Ramirez, Frances Ramirez, Melissa Rebolloso, Tammy Lynn Ross,
     Catalino Serrano, Juana Serrano, Joseph Silva, JoAnna Silva, Daniel Sustaita,
             Samantha Sustaita, Lydia Torres, and Maria Zuniga, Appellees

      FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF HAYS COUNTY, 207TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
         NO. 08-0942, HONORABLE CHARLES R. RAMSAY, JUDGE PRESIDING

                                          OPINION

               S & P Consulting Engineers, PLLC, appeals the trial court’s denial of S & P’s motion

to dismiss for failure to file a certificate of merit within thirty days of filing the petition. We

conclude that, under the applicable law, appellees were required to file a certificate of merit with

their petition regarding all claims for damages arising out of the provision of professional services
by a design professional. See former Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 150.002(a).1 Because

appellees did not file a certificate of merit regarding such claims with their first petition making

claims against S & P, we reverse the trial court’s denial of the motion to dismiss the case. See id.

§ 150.002(d).2 Because appellees, in choosing not to file a certificate of merit, may have relied on

previous cases in both this Court and others interpreting section 150.002 of the Texas Civil Practice

and Remedies Code differently and because the trial court may have relied on that same authority in

declining to dismiss this case, we remand this cause for further proceedings in the interest of justice.3

Background

                 This suit arises from alleged mistakes and misrepresentations in the platting of a

residential subdivision in which appellees4 purchased lots. Appellees allege that, in 2002, many lots

        1
         Act of May 27, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 208, § 2, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 369, 370,
amended by Act of May 29, 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., ch. 789, § 2, 2009 Tex. Gen. Laws 1991, 1992
(now codified at Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 150.002(a), (b) (West Supp. 2009)); see also
Act of May 12, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 189, § 2, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 348, 348.
        2
            Id. (now codified at Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 150.002(e)).
        3
          Although this appeal was originally submitted to a panel of this Court comprised by Chief
Justice Jones and Justices Pemberton and Waldrop, the panel’s proposed resolution of this issue
brought it into conflict with a holding of the panel in Consolidated Reinforcement, L.P. v. Carothers
Executive Homes, Ltd., 271 S.W.3d 887, 893 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, no pet.). The panel in this
case on its own motion referred this appeal to the Court sitting en banc to resolve the conflict. See
Tex. R. App. P. 41.2(c) (providing that although en banc consideration is disfavored, it can be
ordered when necessary to secure or maintain uniformity of court’s decisions). Justice Waldrop is
no longer a member of the Court and takes no part in this opinion. Justice Patterson, who was a
member of this Court when the determination was made to consider the case en banc, has completed
her term in office and takes no part in this opinion.
        4
          Appellees are Sherman Baker, Denessa Baker, Aundi Bennett, David Cervantes, Melissa
Cervantes, Quincy Davis, Mary Davis, Antonio Gonzales, Sandra Gonzales, Anthony Grimes,
Jessica Grimes, Maria Herrera, Oliver Koenig, Heather Koenig, Bryan Parks, Nicoshia Parks, Angela
Partida, Gilbert Partida, David Pena, Jessica Pena, Diane Perez, Joe Perez, Angel Ramirez, Frances

                                                   2
in the subdivision were within a flood plain requiring homeowners to buy flood insurance. The plat

obtained and filed by the developer, however, showed the entire subdivision to be outside that flood

plain. Appellees allege that S & P was responsible for certifying the plat for parts of the subdivision.

Appellees allege that the developer and its successors knew that homes in the subdivision were

within the flood plain, but represented that the homes were not in the flood plain. Appellees contend

that they purchased homes relying on representations that the homes were not in the flood plain.

They allege that, “[i]n the fall of 2005,” some appellees received notices advising them that they had

to buy insurance because their homes were in the flood plain. Although the developer’s successor

offered to pay for the insurance and the development has gained removal from the flood plain,

appellees contend that the removal may be temporary and that the risks and potential costs and losses

associated with the flood plain designation still loom.

                In May 2008, appellees sued several parties, including Clarence L. Littlefield

and Southwest Engineers, Inc., alleging claims for deceptive trade practices and fraud. On

November 5, 2009, appellees filed a Third Amended Petition that added S & P as a defendant.5

Appellees allege that the misrepresentations regarding the flood plain violated the deceptive trade

practices act and constitute statutory and common-law fraud.6 On December 19, 2009, S & P

answered and moved to dismiss, contending that appellees’ failure to file a certificate of merit

Ramirez, Melissa Rebolloso, Tammy Lynn Ross, Catalino Serrano, Juana Serrano, Joseph Silva,
JoAnna Silva, Daniel Sustaita, Samantha Sustaita, Lydia Torres, and Maria Zuniga.
        5
        Appellees assert without contradiction that S & P was first added to this lawsuit in October
2009 by a third-party complaint.
        6
          Appellees also alleged negligence and negligent misrepresentation, but expressly made
those claims only against defendants other than S & P.

                                                   3
regarding the claims against S & P in their Third Amended Petition required dismissal of appellees’

claims against S & P. Appellees responded that a certificate of merit was required only in actions

alleging negligence, that plaintiffs did not allege negligence or negligent misrepresentation against

S & P, and, therefore, that no certificate of merit was required for the claims against S & P. The

district court denied the motion to dismiss on February 5, 2009, and this appeal followed.

Standard of review and issues on appeal

               We review a trial court’s order denying a motion to dismiss for failing to file a

certificate of merit under an abuse of discretion standard. Kniestedt v. Southwest Sound & Elecs.,

Inc., 281 S.W.3d 452, 454 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2007, no pet.). A trial court abuses its

discretion when it reaches a decision so arbitrary and unreasonable as to amount to a clear and

prejudicial error of law. BMC Software Belg., N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 800 (Tex. 2002).

We review a trial court’s ruling on a question of law de novo because a “trial court has no

‘discretion’ in determining what the law is or applying the law to the facts,” Walker v. Packer,

827 S.W.2d 833, 840 (Tex. 1992), and therefore “abuses its discretion” if it

misinterprets or misapplies the law. Perry Homes v. Cull, 258 S.W.3d 580, 598 (Tex. 2008);

Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 840.

               S & P challenges the trial court’s interpretation of the effective date and meaning of

amendments to section 150.002. S & P contends that the suit should be dismissed under either the

2009 amendments or the 2005 amendments. Appellees argue that the 2009 amendments, applicable

to cases commenced on or after September 1, 2009, do not apply because this case was filed before

the effective date of the statute. Appellees assert that S & P conceded at trial that the 2005 version

                                                  4
of the statute does not apply to their claims, and they argue that, even if S & P did not waive the right

to argue for application of the 2005 version of the statute, the 2005 version did not require a

certificate for non-negligence claims.

The history of section 150.002

                The evolution of civil practice and remedies code section 150.002 provides context

for our analysis. As enacted in 2003, the statute required plaintiffs filing claims against licensed

engineers to file an affidavit, called a certificate of merit, from a third party licensed or registered

in the same area of practice as the defendant “[i]n any action for damages alleging professional

negligence by a design professional in cases alleging negligence.” Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg.,

R.S., ch. 204, § 20.01, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 896-97 (codified as Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code

Ann. § 150.002(a) (since revised)). The statute required the certificate to “set forth specifically at

least one negligent act, error, or omission claimed to exist and the factual basis for such claim.” Id.

                Section 150.002(a) was amended in 2005 to change the nature of the allegations for

which a certificate of merit was required. See Act of May 27, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 208, § 2,

2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 369, 370.7 The amendment omitted the language limiting the requirement to

claims “alleging professional negligence” and broadened the scope of cases in which a certificate

of merit is required. Id. (codified at § 150.002(a)(since amended)). It provided in relevant part as

follows:

        7
         There was another amendment in 2005, but its provisions do not control the issues in this
appeal. See Act of May 12, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 189, § 2, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 348, 348
(broadening scope of covered actors, changing “design professional” to “licensed or registered
professional,” and adding registered professional land surveyor to list of those covered by statute).

                                                   5
       In any action or arbitration proceeding for damages arising out of the provision of
       professional services by a design professional, the plaintiff shall be required to file
       with the complaint an affidavit of a third-party licensed architect or licensed
       professional engineer competent to testify, holding the same professional license as,
       and practicing in the same area of practice as the defendant, which affidavit shall set
       forth specifically at least one negligent act, error, or omission claimed to exist and
       the factual basis for each such claim.

Id. (emphasis added). The 2005 amendments also made the denial of a motion to dismiss under

section 150.002 appealable immediately as an interlocutory order. Id. (codified as Tex. Civ. Prac.

& Rem. Code Ann. § 150.002(e) (renumbered in 2009 as section 150.002(f))). This version of the

statute was expressly made applicable to “a cause of action that accrues on or after the effective date

of this Act,” which was September 1, 2005. See id., §§ 4, 5.

               Section 150.002(a) was amended again in 2009, effective September 1, 2009. Act

of May 29, 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., ch. 789, § 2, 2009 Tex. Gen. Laws 1991, 1992 (codified at Tex.

Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 150.002(a) (West Supp. 2009)). The revisions did not change the

requirement that a certificate be filed in “any action” for damages arising out of the provision of

professional services, but added more detail regarding the qualifications of the expert. See Tex. Civ.

Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 150.002(a). The 2009 amendments also gave the portion of the statute

dealing with the contents of the certificate its own subsection and provide much greater detail:

       The affidavit shall set forth specifically for each theory of recovery for which
       damages are sought, the negligence, if any, or other action, error, or omission of the
       licensed or registered professional in providing the professional service, including
       any error or omission in providing advice, judgment, opinion, or a similar
       professional skill claimed to exist and the factual basis for each such claim.

Id. § 150.002(b). These amendments, however, apply

                                                  6
        only to an action or arbitration filed or commenced on or after the effective date
        [Sept. 1, 2009] of this Act. An action or arbitration filed or commenced before the
        effective date of this Act is governed by the law in effect immediately before the
        effective date of this Act, and that law is continued in effect for that purpose.

Act of May 29, 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., ch. 789, § 3, 2009 Tex. Gen. Laws 1991, 1992.

Which version of the statute applies?

                S & P contends that the 2009 amendments apply to the appellees’ claims against it

because it was not a party to this case—and, therefore, the “action” did not “commence” against

it—until after September 1, 2009. Appellees argue that the action commenced when they filed their

original petition in 2008, that the statute in effect then did not require plaintiffs to file a certificate

of merit for non-negligence claims, and that they were not required to file a certificate with respect

to any defendant added to this case at any time thereafter.

                Our primary objective in statutory construction is to give effect to the legislature’s

intent through the language of the statute. State v. Shumake, 199 S.W.3d 279, 284 (Tex. 2006). We

rely on the plain meaning of the statutory text, unless a different meaning is supplied by legislative

definition or is apparent from context, or such construction leads to absurd results. City of Rockwall

v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621, 625-26 (Tex. 2008); see also Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.011 (West

2005). We resort to rules of construction or extrinsic aids only when the words of the statute are

ambiguous. Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 437 (Tex. 2009). We then

presume that the entire statute is intended to be effective and that a just and reasonable result is

intended. Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.021(2), (3) (West 2005). We may consider the object sought

to be attained, the circumstances under which the statute was enacted, former provisions, and the

                                                    7
consequences of a particular construction. Id. § 311.023 (West 2005). We may consider the

legislative history of a statute regardless of whether the statute is considered ambiguous on its face.

Id. § 311.023(3).

               Whether the 2009 amendments apply depends on when an action commences

consistent with the enabling language of the 2009 amendment of the statute. Neither the revised

statute nor its enabling language specifies whether an action commences for all persons with the

filing of the original petition or whether an action commences for each defendant the first time it is

named as a defendant. We look to the rules of civil procedure for some guidance and context for

interpreting the words “action” and “commence.” See Acker v. Texas Water Comm’n, 790 S.W.2d
299, 301 (Tex. 1990) (“A statute is presumed to have been enacted by the legislature with complete

knowledge of the existing law and with reference to it.”). Rule 22 states that “[a] civil suit in the

district or county court shall be commenced by a petition filed in the office of the clerk.” Tex. R.

Civ. P. 22. Thereafter, “additional parties, necessary or proper parties to the suit, may be brought

in,” indicating that these new parties are being added to an action that has already commenced. See

id. R. 37. The next procedural rule, though not substantively applicable to the addition of these

appellants, sheds some light on when the drafters of the rules of procedure considered an action to

commence with respect to later-added parties. See id. R. 38. Rule 38 appears to use the word

“action” as a substitute for “suit” as used in rules 22 and 37, providing in part as follows:

       At any time after commencement of the action a defending party, as a third-party
       plaintiff, may cause a citation and petition to be served upon a person not a party to
       the action who is or may be liable to him or to the plaintiff for all or part of the
       plaintiff’s claim against him. . . . A third-party defendant may proceed under this
       rule against any person not a party to the action who is or who may be liable to him

                                                   8
       or to the third-party plaintiff for all or part of the claim made in the action against the
       third-party defendant.

Id. R. 38(a) (emphasis added). This rule does not state or indicate that these new petitions

commence new actions or suits against the new parties; rather, the subsequent petitions by

defendants against new parties become part of an action that has already commenced. While these

rules are not conclusive regarding the legislature’s intent in drafting the enabling language of the

2009 version of section 150.002, they provide a context indicating that the filing of the original

petition commences the action with respect to all parties regardless of when they are brought into

the action.

               The dissent argues that, when the legislature desires to make statutory amendments

inapplicable to existing cases, it does so expressly. The dissent notes that the first 2005 amendment

of section 150.002 illustrates this with its enabling language:

       This Act applies only to an action filed on or after the effective date of this Act. An
       action filed before the effective date of this Act, including an action filed before that
       date in which a party is joined or designated after that date, is governed by the law
       in effect immediately before the change in law made by this Act, and that law is
       continued in effect for that purpose.

Act of May 12, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 189, § 4, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 348, 348 (emphasis added).

The dissent contrasts that with the enabling language of the 2009 amendment that lacks the

emphasized phrase. See Act of May 29, 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., ch. 789, § 3, 2009 Tex. Gen. Laws

1991, 1992.

               We are not persuaded, however, that the absence of the italicized language in the 2009

amendment’s enabling language signifies that the legislature intended the opposite meaning from

                                                   9
the enabling language of the 2005 amendment. Had the legislature intended that result, it could have

expressly stated that intent by substituting the word “excluding” into the italicized phrase.8 This is

not an instance in which we are examining the significance of the legislature’s removal of language

from an existing statute. Here, the legislature used different enabling language to describe the set

of cases to which different versions of the statute applied. Examining the meaning of the italicized

phrase within the context of the first 2005 amendment should help illustrate whether its omission

in 2009 should be given significance. Juxtaposing the two key phrases—“an action filed before the

effective date of the statute” from the main clause and the italicized “an action filed before that date

in which a party is joined or designated after that date”—highlights the fact that the second phrase

is essentially identical to the first until the modifying portion “in which a party is joined or

designated after that date.” The set of actions commenced before the effective date of the statute

includes those in which a party is later designated. We conclude that the italicized phrase was meant

merely to emphasize that inclusion, and that the omission of the italicized phrase in the 2009

enabling language is not legally significant.9

       8
           The following enabling language would more clearly express the intent inferred by the
dissent:

        This Act applies only to an action filed on or after the effective date of this Act. An
        action filed before the effective date of this Act, excluding an action filed before that
        date in which a party is joined or designated after that date, is governed by the law
        in effect immediately before the change in law made by this Act, and that law is
        continued in effect for that purpose.

The legislature did not make that exclusion, however, nor did it evince that intent in any other
express manner.
       9
          A simplified example may help illustrate the point. If the legislature passed a law in 2005
that said, “The justices of the court, including the justices of the court with brown hair, must wear

                                                   10
                We conclude that, for purposes of the effective date of the 2009 version of section

150.002, an action commences when the original petition is filed. For this purpose, the action does

not recommence with the filing of an amended petition even if that petition names a new defendant

for the first time. The action from which this appeal arises commenced with the filing of the original

petition against the original defendants in May 2008, and S & P is merely an additional party who

has been brought into that action. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 37; see also Tex. R. Civ. P. 38(a).10 Because

robes on the bench,” and then passed an amended statute in 2009 that said, “The justices of the court
must wear robes on the bench,” a reader in 2009 would conclude that a brown-haired justice must
wear a robe even though no longer expressly and uniquely directed to do so.
        10
           Our holding in this case that an action commenced, for purposes of determining the
effective date of the statute, when the first petition was filed against the first defendant is not
inconsistent with this Court’s holding that the “original petition” in an action is, for purposes of a
medical expert report statute, the first petition that names a particular defendant. See Hayes v.
Carroll, 314 S.W.3d 494, 501 (Tex. App.—Austin May 14, 2010, pet. pending).

         In Hayes, we considered a statute requiring the filing of an expert report “not later than the
120th day after the date the original petition was filed.” See id. at 499 (quoting Tex. Civ. Prac. &
Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(a) (West Supp. 2009)). The claimant filed an amended petition adding
new medical defendants, with expert reports applicable to each new defendant attached to the
amended petition, 175 days after the original petition. The new defendants moved to dismiss,
arguing that the new expert reports were late because they were served more than 120 days after the
original petition filed against the original defendants. Id. In other words, the new defendants
contended that the expert reports describing the new defendants’ responsibility were due 55 days
before they were named as defendants. Accepting the new defendants’ interpretation would have
caused the expert-report statute to function as an undeclared but de facto statute of limitations for
all claims against other potential defendants. Instead, finding no indication the legislature enacted
a disguised statute of limitations, this Court concluded that the expert report supporting a health care
liability claim must be filed 120 days after the first petition naming a particular defendant. Id. at 501.
This interpretation gave meaning to the statute and avoided unintended consequences.

         The context of the issue in this case is different. For one, the statute at issue here requires
the filing of a certificate “with the complaint” rather than the “original petition” as in Hayes.
Further, the issue here is when an “action” is “commenced” rather than what “original petition” starts
the deadline for an expert report ticking. More critically, instead of determining whether a claim is
unnecessarily barred by an unintended use of a statute, we are considering which version of a statute

                                                   11
the suit was filed before the effective date of the 2009 amendments, those amendments do not apply

to this case.

                The enabling language of the 2009 amendment states that an action filed before its

effective date “is governed by the law in effect immediately before the change in law made by this

Act, and that law is continued in effect for that purpose.” Act of May 12, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch.

189, § 4, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 348, 348. We must now determine what the applicable law in effect

was. Section 150.002 was previously amended in 2005. That version of the statute applies in “a

cause of action that accrues on or after the effective date of this Act,” which, for the relevant

requirements, was September 1, 2005. See Act of May 27, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 208, §§ 4, 5,

2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 369, 370.11 A cause of action for fraud does not accrue until the plaintiff

discovers or, in the exercise of reasonable care and diligence, should have discovered the fraud.

Murphy v. Campbell, 964 S.W.2d 265, 270 (Tex.1997). For purposes of this analysis, based on

appellees’ live petition, appellees allege that they did not discover the alleged fraud until “the fall

of 2005” when some of them began receiving notices stating that their properties were in the flood

the legislature wanted to be applicable on the facts before us. In this case, S & P would have us
change the rules in the middle of the case when the enabling language plainly demonstrates the
opposite intent. While one could argue that an “action is commenced” with an “original petition,”
we do not interpret statutory language in a vacuum. Context is critical, as are the consequences of
a particular construction. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.023 (West 2005). Given the disparate
context and consequences, we conclude that our determination that an action commences, for
purposes of the effective date of the 2009 amendments of section 150.002, on the date of filing of
the first petition against any defendant is not controlled by or inconsistent with our interpretation of
the term “original petition” in Hayes.
        11
            As set out above in footnote 7, Section 150.002 was amended twice in May 2005, but the
first set of amendments addressed issues that are not raised in this appeal. To the extent possible,
the two sets of amendments must be harmonized. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.025 (West
2005). To the extent they cannot be harmonized, the latter amendment controls. See id.

                                                  12
plain designation that required flood insurance. Although “fall” is not a precise date, we take judicial

notice that, in its strict and colloquial sense, fall begins in Texas after September 1. See Webster’s

Third New International Dictionary 818 (Phillip Gove Ed. 2002) (defining “fall” and referring to

“autumn,” id. at 149). Consequently, the 2005 version of the statute applies to this appeal.12

The 2005 amendment of § 150.002 requires a certificate of merit for non-negligence claims13

                Section 150.002(a), as amended in 2005, required a plaintiff to file a certificate of

merit in “any action or arbitration proceeding for damages arising out of the provision of professional

services by a licensed or registered professional.” 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws at 370. The 2005

amendment removed the original language that expressly limited the certificate requirement to cases

alleging professional negligence, but left untouched the requirement that the certificate allege a

       12
           This determination is based on the record before us in this appeal. This determination
does not bar courts in the future from concluding, based on amended pleadings or subsequently
adduced evidence, that the facts require application of a different version of the statute to particular
appellees.
       13
           Appellees assert that S & P conceded in the trial court’s hearing on the motion to dismiss
that the statute as amended in 2005 did not require a certificate of merit to be filed for non-
negligence claims. That concession is not in the appellate record. It is noted in a letter brief from
appellees’ counsel to the court attached to appellees’ brief as Appendix C. It was not made part of
the clerk’s record in this appeal. There is no reporter’s record of the hearing in the record. There
is no context presented for the concession—i.e., was it unconditional, or was it merely a statement
that courts had held that the certificates were not required for non-negligence claims? Any
concession may have been based on this Court’s holding in Consolidated Reinforcement, L.P. v.
Carothers Executive Homes, Ltd., 271 S.W.3d 887, 893 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, no pet.), which
we overrule in this opinion. Without a clear delineation of the nature of appellant’s counsel’s
statement at the hearing, we will not hold that S & P waived the right to argue that a certificate of
merit is required for non-negligence claims. The parties, including appellees, have fully briefed the
issue on appeal. We will address the merits of the issue of whether a certificate of merit was
required for non-negligence claims in this case.

                                                  13
“negligent act, error, or omission.” See id.14 The removal of the limitation to negligence cases from

the introductory phrase significantly changed the context of the unchanged phrase prescribing the

content of the certificate. The Author’s/Sponsor’s Statement of Intent in the Senate Research

Center’s bill analysis is consistent with this conclusion. It provides in relevant part as follows:

       C.S.H.B. 1573 also eliminates ambiguities in Chapter 150, Civil Practice and
       Remedies Code, regarding certificates of merit for design professionals. The major
       areas of clarification are to ensure that the need to file a certificate of merit
       exists when a suit is being filed against an architecture or engineering business, not
       simply in suits against individual design professionals; the design professional
       signing the certificate has the same professional license as the defendant; the suit is
       for damages arising out of the providing of any professional services, except a
       suit or action for the payment of fees for professional services, rather than only
       suits alleging professional negligence; and that failure to file an affidavit under this
       section shall result in dismissal of the case against the defendant.

Senate Comm. on Bus. & Commerce, Bill Analysis, Tex. H.B. 1573, 79th Leg., R.S. (2005)

(emphases added). The plain language of the statute, the history of the statute, and the intent of the

       14
         The relevant passage of the 2005 amendment of civil practice and remedies code section
150.002 provided as follows:

       Sec. 150.002 CERTIFICATE OF MERIT. (a) In any action or arbitration
       proceeding for damages arising out of the provision of professional services [alleging
       professional negligence] by a design professional, the plaintiff shall be required to
       file with the complaint an affidavit of a third-party licensed [registered] architect or
       licensed professional engineer competent to testify, holding the same professional
       license as, and practicing in the same area of practice as the defendant, which
       affidavit shall set forth specifically at least one negligent act, error or omission
       claimed to exist and the factual basis for each such claim . . . .

2005 Tex. Gen. Laws at 370. (When an existing statute is amended by passage of an act, the session
laws illustrate that as follows: “New material in the text of amended provisions is set in italic type;
material deleted from the text of amended provisions is enclosed in brackets and set in strikeout
type.” 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws preface III. Unchanged text is set in plain type.)

                                                  14
drafter all show that the statute, as amended in 2005, required that a certificate be filed in any

action—regardless of whether it was for negligence—so long as it arose out of the provision of

professional services.15

                The majority of a panel of this Court held in Consolidated Reinforcement that “non-

negligence causes of action do not require an affidavit” under the 2005 amendments. 271 S.W.3d

at 893. The panel majority pinned its decision on the unchanged language requiring that the

certificate “shall set forth specifically at least one negligent act, error, or omission claimed to exist.”

Citing a rule of grammatical construction that an adjective preceding a series of nouns generally

modifies every noun in the series, this Court concluded that the word “negligent” modified all three

nouns in the “negligent act, error, or omission” phrase. See id. at 893. That panel majority opinion

did not attempt to harmonize its interpretation of that phrase with the revised language of the statute

expressly requiring a certificate in “any action” arising from the provision of professional services,

        15
           A bill analysis for the 2009 amendment also is consistent with the view that the 2005
legislature intended to expand the scope of cases in which certificates of merits must be filed beyond
negligence cases:

        The amendment requires an explanation for each theory of recovery sought, not just
        one example of negligence. This issue arose out of a couple of 2007 court cases from
        the San Antonio 4th Court of Appeals, which said that although the statute was
        broadened in 2005 from “negligence” actions to “any action arising out of the
        provision of professional services,” the affidavit requirement still spoke only to
        negligence. Therefore, the court did not agree that it applied to actions other than
        negligence, despite clear language in the statute and the fact that it was
        specifically amended to broaden it in 2005 (HB 1573).

House Comm. on Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence, Bill Analysis, Tex. S. B. 1201, 81st Leg., R.S.
(2009). This analysis and the 2009 amendments were written after this Court’s 2008 opinion in
Consolidated Reinforcement. 271 S.W.3d at 887.

                                                    15
nor did that panel majority opinion address the legislative intent expressed in the bill analysis.

Instead, the Consolidated Reinforcement majority effectively repealed the 2005 amendment of

section 150.002 that expanded the scope of cases in which certificates are required, citing two cases

as instructive. See id. (citing Kniestedt, 281 S.W.3d at 454; Gomez v. STFG, Inc., No. 04-07-00223-

CV, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 7860 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Oct. 3, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.)).

                The San Antonio court stated the following in Kniestedt:

        The plain wording of the statute leads us to conclude that the legislature intended for
        the affidavit requirement to apply only to actions alleging negligence; otherwise, it
        would not have specified that the “affidavit shall set forth specifically at least one
        negligent act, error, or omission claimed to exist.”
281 S.W.3d at 455. Finding that its plaintiff alleged an intentional tort, the Kniestedt court held that

no certificate was required for this non-negligence claim. Id. The court did not evaluate the

significance of the change in context of the “negligent act, error, or omission” phrase due to the 2005

amendment, nor did it address the legislative history or intent of the 2005 amendment. Three months

later, a different panel of the San Antonio court issued Gomez. See 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 7860.

The Gomez panel noted that the appellant conceded at oral argument that, under Kniestedt, the

plaintiff was not required to file a certificate of merit for non-negligence claims. See id. at *8. The

panel’s opinion that no certificate was needed turned, however, on the fact that the plaintiff had not

alleged misconduct in the provision of professional engineering services—not on whether the

plaintiff alleged negligence claims. See id. at *5-7. The Gomez opinion did not otherwise explore

the meaning or import of the “negligent act, error, or omission” phrase.

                                                  16
               Other courts of appeals also followed these opinions. The Thirteenth Court of

Appeals relied on Gomez in declining to require dismissal for the failure of the plaintiff to file a

certificate of merit for non-negligence claims. See Landreth v. Las Brisas Council of Co-Owners,

Inc., 285 S.W.3d 492, 500 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2009, no pet.). The court stated that Gomez

held that “non-negligence claims are outside the scope of professional services.” Id. The First Court

of Appeals cited the opinions in Kniestedt, Consolidated Reinforcement, and Landreth and opined

that “the 2005 version of section 150.002 does not apply in a suit other than one for negligent acts,

errors, or omissions arising out of the provision of professional services.” Curtis & Windham

Architects, Inc. v. Williams, 315 S.W.3d 102, 108 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.).

The court reasoned as follows:

       The Williamses’ claims for damages for breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, deceptive
       trade practices, unjust enrichment, and the filing of a frivolous lawsuit against them
       and their request for a declaratory judgment do not implicate a negligent act, error,
       or omission by C & W. It simply makes no sense to require an affidavit of a licensed
       or registered professional setting forth “at least one negligent act, error, or omission
       claimed to exist and the factual basis for each such claim” when, in fact, a plaintiff’s
       causes of action do not concern negligence.

Id. at *14. The Corpus Christi and Houston courts did not discuss in their opinions whether

“negligent” might modify only “act,” address the meaning of the 2005 deletion of the “professional

negligence” limitation from the opening phrase of the statute, or mention the author’s express intent

for the 2005 amendments.

               The Fort Worth Court of Appeals acknowledged the tension between the

“straightforward interpretation” of the “negligent act, error, or omission” phrase and the legislative

                                                 17
history and intent, but nevertheless reached the same conclusion reached in Kniestedt and its

progeny:

        Even though the bill analysis on the amendment provides that the statute was
        amended to clarify, among other things, that the section applies when “the suit is for
        damages arising out of the providing of any professional services, except a suit or
        action for the payment of fees for professional services, rather than only suits alleging
        professional negligence,” the statute after amendment, by its plain language,
        nevertheless continues to require the expert affiant to set forth “at least one negligent
        act, error, or omission claimed to exist and the factual basis for each such claim.” To
        require such an affidavit outside the context of a negligence cause of action would
        require an affidavit that had no relevance to the suit and would render the statute
        meaningless.

See Parker County Veterinary Clinic, Inc. v. GSBS Batenhorst, Inc., No. 02-08-380-CV, 2009 Tex.

App. LEXIS 8986, at *8 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Nov. 9, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.). The Fort Worth

court rejected the dissent’s argument in Consolidated Reinforcement that the word “negligent”

modifies only “act,” choosing to agree with the majority in Consolidated Reinforcement that under

the rules of grammatical construction, the word “negligent” modifies each of the nouns that follow

it. Id. at *9.

                 We respectfully disagree with the holdings that followed and relied on the initial

ruling in Kniestedt. We conclude that their holding that the 2005 amendments did not expand the

scope of cases in which a certificate of merit is necessary beyond negligence cases incorrectly gives

a general rule of grammatical construction primacy over all other tenets of statutory construction.

Their holding improperly rejects an alternate interpretation that would give effect to the plain

meaning of the amended language in a way that better reflects the intent demonstrated by the

amendment and the express intent of the legislature.

                                                   18
                 We are mindful that words and phrases must be “construed according to the rules of

grammar and common usage,” and acknowledge authority preferring that a single adjective

preceding a list of nouns modifies each of the nouns. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.011(a);

Consolidated Reinforcement, 271 S.W.3d at 893. However, we are also instructed that words must

be “read in context,”16 that it is presumed that “the entire statute is intended to be effective,”17 and

that we may consider, among other matters, the “(1) object sought to be attained; (2) circumstances

under which the statute was enacted; (3) legislative history; (4) common law or former statutory

provisions, including laws on the same or similar subjects; [and] (5) consequences of a particular

construction.”18 We start by looking at the plain language of a statute before resorting to rules of

construction. See Fitzgerald v. Advanced Spine Fixation Sys., Inc., 996 S.W.2d 864, 866 (Tex.

1999); Hunt Constr. Group, Inc. v. Konecny, 290 S.W.3d 238, 245 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2008, pet. denied).

                 The legislature’s intent to broaden the scope of cases in which a certificate is required

is evident in the plain language of the statute, in the nature of the change made by the amendment,

and in the legislative history. Section 150.002(a), as amended in 2005, plainly requires the filing of

a certificate of merit “[i]n any action or arbitration proceeding for damages arising from the

provision of professional services by design professionals.” 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws at 370 (emphasis

added). This language does not limit the scope of cases for which a certificate is required to any

       16
         Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.011(a) (West 2005); City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d
621, 625-26 (Tex. 2008).
        17
             Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.021(2) (West 2005).
        18
             Id. § 311.023.

                                                    19
theory of recovery. The fact that the new language replaces language requiring a certificate only in

“any action for damages alleging professional negligence” emphasizes the intent to broaden the

scope of cases in which a certificate is necessary. See id.

                Like the Fort Worth court, we acknowledge the tension between the amended

language broadening the scope of cases in which certificates are required and the unamended

language requiring that the certificate specify a “negligent act, error, or omission.” See Parker

County Veterinary Clinic, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 8986, at *8-9. If the “negligent act, error, or

omission” phrase is read to require a statement of negligence regardless of the type of claims, the

statute requires irrelevant or irresponsible allegations of negligence by plaintiffs not alleging

negligence. The Kniestedt court resolved this conflict by deciding that the statute continued to

require certificates only in cases where negligence was alleged. See 281 S.W.3d at 455.

                We resolve that apparent conflict differently, however, in a way that gives meaning

to all parts of the statute and does not effectively repeal the amended statutory language. The

amended introductory language requiring plaintiffs to file a certificate of merit in any type action for

damages can be harmonized with the unamended language by reading the word “negligent” as

modifying only “act” in the clause requiring a certificate “to set forth specifically at least one

negligent act, error, or omission.” This reading permits a plaintiff bringing a negligence claim to

allege a negligent act (or an error or omission) that supports a negligence claim, but leaves room for

a plaintiff bringing a non-negligence claim to allege a non-negligent act or omission underlying the

claim. This interpretation gives meaning to the plain language of the amended statute requiring a

certificate in any action for damages. The plain language of the statute permits this reading, and the

revised context created by the amendment as well as the express intent of the legislature require this

                                                  20
departure from the general rule of construction regarding a single adjective preceding a

series of nouns.19

                The majority of this Court sitting en banc respectfully disagrees with the majority on

the Consolidated Reinforcement panel. We overrule the contrary holdings in Consolidated

Reinforcement, 271 S.W.3d at 893, we decline to follow cases from other courts holding that

“negligent” must modify all three nouns in the contents phrase,20 and we conclude that the word

“negligent” modifies only the word “act.” Consequently, under the 2005 amendments, a certificate

of merit had to be filed in any action for damages arising out of the provision of professional services

by a design professional—not just in actions alleging negligence—and the certificate of merit must

specify (1) a negligent act, (2) an error, or (3) an omission, on which the claim is based.

                Under this interpretation, appellees were required to file a certificate of merit in this

case. Appellees allege that S & P was responsible for certification of the development plat for four

phases of the development. They complain that the representations in and regarding the plat

constitute violations of the deceptive trade practices act, statutory fraud, and common-law fraud.

These claims relate to S & P’s performance of professional services. Under section 150.002(a) as

       19
           As discussed above, even if the amended language did not clearly demonstrate that the
interpretation of the “negligent act, error, or omission” phrase had changed, the author of the 2005
amendment plainly expressed his intent that it should. Senate Comm. on Bus. & Commerce, Bill
Analysis, Tex. H.B. 1573, 79th Leg., R.S. (2005) (certificates of merit must be filed “the suit is for
damages arising out of the providing of any professional services . . . rather than only suits alleging
professional negligence”); see also House Comm. on Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence, Bill Analysis,
Tex. S. B. 1201, 81st Leg., R.S. (2009) (courts failed to broaden scope of cases in which certificates
of merit must be filed despite “clear language in the statute and the fact that it was specifically
amended to broaden it in 2005 (HB 1573).”).
       20
        See generally Natex Corp. v. Paris Indep. Sch. Dist., 326 S.W.3d 728, 733(Tex.
App.—Texarkana Nov. 1, 2010, pet. filed).

                                                   21
amended in 2005, appellees were required to file a certificate of merit regarding these claims.

Appellees undisputedly did not file a certificate of merit on these claims, and the statute indicates

that dismissal is appropriate. See 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws at 370 (formerly codified at Tex. Civ. Prac.

& Rem. Code Ann. § 150.002(d)).

                However, because the parties and the trial court were proceeding under the authority

of an opinion we overrule here, we conclude that justice requires a different result. See Tex. R. App.

P. 43.3. We will adapt the grace period designed for cases filed within 10 days of the limitations

period and employ it here. Id. (formerly codified at Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 150.002(b),

now at id. § 150.002(c) (in cases in which the original petition is filed within 10 days of the

expiration of the limitations period, plaintiffs may file affidavit within 30 days of the filing of the

petition)). We reverse the order denying the motion to dismiss and remand the cause to the trial

court for further proceedings. Appellees shall have thirty days from the date this judgment is

mandated in which to file a certificate of merit satisfying the requirements of the statute as amended

in 2005. Consistent with former section 150.002(b), failure to timely file a satisfactory certificate

shall result in dismissal.

                                               David Puryear, Justice

Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Puryear, Pemberton, Henson, Rose, and Goodwin;
  Dissenting opinion by Justice Henson

Reversed and Remanded

Filed: February 18, 2011

                                                  22