Court Opinion

ID: 4558310
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-08-25 06:08:25.835637+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:27:34.372026
License: Public Domain

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
08/25/2020 01:08 AM CDT

                                                         - 739 -
                             Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
                                  28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
                                        MOSS v. ASSOCIATED UNDERWRITERS
                                                Cite as 28 Neb. App. 739

                                Marjorie Moss, appellee, v. Associated
                                Underwriters, Inc., et al., appellants.
                                                     ___ N.W.2d ___

                                          Filed August 18, 2020.   No. A-19-380.

                 1. Corporations: Equity: Liability. Proceedings seeking disregard of a
                    corporate entity, that is, piercing the corporate veil to impose liability
                    on a shareholder for a corporation’s debt or other obligation, are equi-
                    table actions.
                 2. Equity: Appeal and Error. In an appeal of an equity action, an appel-
                    late court tries factual questions de novo on the record, reaching a con-
                    clusion independent of the findings of the trial court.
                 3. Evidence: Appeal and Error. Where credible evidence is in conflict
                    on a material issue of fact, the appellate court considers and may give
                    weight to the circumstances that the trial judge heard and observed the
                    witnesses and accepted one version of the facts rather than another.
                 4. Damages. As a general rule, a party may not have double recovery for
                    a single injury, or be made more than whole by compensation which
                    exceeds the actual damages sustained.
                 5. Actions. Where several claims are asserted against several parties for
                    redress of the same injury, only one satisfaction can be had.
                 6. Corporations: Liability: Appeal and Error. Generally, a corporation
                    is viewed as a complete and separate entity from its shareholders and
                    officers, who are not, as a rule, liable for the debts and obligations of
                    the corporation.
                 7. Corporations: Fraud. A court will disregard a corporation’s identity
                    only where the corporation has been used to commit fraud, violate a
                    legal duty, or perpetrate a dishonest or unjust act in contravention of the
                    rights of another.
                 8. Corporations. A corporation’s identity as a separate legal entity will
                    be preserved, as a general rule, until sufficient reason to the con-
                    trary appears.
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          Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
               28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
                  MOSS v. ASSOCIATED UNDERWRITERS
                          Cite as 28 Neb. App. 739

 9. Corporations: Proof: Fraud. A plaintiff seeking to pierce the cor-
    porate veil must allege and prove that the corporation was under the
    actual control of the shareholder and that the shareholder exercised such
    control to commit a fraud or other wrong in contravention of the plain-
    tiff’s rights.
10. Corporations: Liability: Proof: Fraud: Debtors and Creditors. A
    plaintiff seeking to impose liability for a corporate debt on a shareholder
    has the burden to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the
    corporate identity must be disregarded to prevent fraud or injustice to
    the plaintiff.
11. Trial: Evidence: Witnesses: Appeal and Error. All conflicts in the
    evidence, expert or lay, and the credibility of the witnesses are for the
    fact finder and not for the appellate court.
12. Corporations: Words and Phrases. Horizontal veil piercing occurs
    when a limited liability entity is considered to be the alter ego of another
    limited liability entity with the same owner.
13. Corporations: Debtors and Creditors. Under the concept of horizontal
    veil piercing, a creditor with a claim against one of the limited liability
    entities seeks to disregard corporate separateness between the entities to
    reach assets belonging to both.
14. Appeal and Error. An appellate court is not obligated to engage in an
    analysis that is not necessary to adjudicate the case and controversy
    before it.
15. Costs: Appeal and Error. The decision of a trial court regarding taxing
    of costs is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.
16. Costs. Costs of litigation and expenses incident to litigation may not
    be recovered unless provided for by statute or a uniform course of
    procedure.

  Appeal from the District Court for Sarpy County: Michael
A. Smith, Judge. Affirmed in part, and in part reversed.

   Kathryn J. Derr, of Berkshire & Burmeister, for appellants.

  John P. Weis and Andrew Wurdeman, Senior Certified Law
Student, of Wolfe, Snowden, Hurd, Ahl, Sitzmann, Tannehill &
Hahn, L.L.P., for appellee.

   Pirtle, Riedmann, and Bishop, Judges.
                              - 741 -
        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
               MOSS v. ASSOCIATED UNDERWRITERS
                       Cite as 28 Neb. App. 739

  Riedmann, Judge.
                       INTRODUCTION
   The appellants appeal the judgment of the district court in
favor of Marjorie Moss on her claims of piercing the corporate
veil and successor liability. We reverse the award of $22,000
of taxable costs awarded to Moss. However, finding no error
in the court’s decision to pierce the corporate veil and hold the
appellants jointly and severally liable, we otherwise affirm the
district court’s judgment.
                         BACKGROUND
   Moss was an employee of Associated Underwriters, Inc.
(AU), and her employment was terminated in 2009. She filed
a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of
Nebraska alleging employment discrimination. In June 2015,
a jury awarded her a judgment in the amount of $257,361.56
plus interest, attorney fees, and costs of $138,720.92 for a total
of $396,082.48.
   After Moss was unable to recover from AU on the fed-
eral court judgment, she commenced the instant action in
October 2016 in the district court for Sarpy County against
AU; Relinco, Inc.; C-Tek Insurance Agency, Inc. (C-Tek); Roll
the Bones, LLC; C-Notes, LLC; and Gregory Gurbacki, indi-
vidually (collectively the appellants). In the causes of action
relevant to the issues presented on appeal, Moss sought to hold
the appellants liable for the federal court judgment against AU
under the theories of piercing the corporate veil and succes-
sor liability.
   A bench trial was held in November 2018. At the out-
set of trial, C-Notes was dismissed as a defendant, and trial
proceeded against the remaining defendants. The evidence
presented revealed that AU was incorporated in 1979 and
operated as an independent insurance broker with contracts to
sell property and liability insurance through several insurance
companies. In 2007, Gurbacki and another individual became
shareholders, officers, and directors of AU. Gurbacki became
the sole shareholder in 2011.
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
              MOSS v. ASSOCIATED UNDERWRITERS
                      Cite as 28 Neb. App. 739

   To fund the original stock purchase of AU, Gurbacki and his
co-owner obtained a loan for $5.9 million. Security State Bank,
along with several other banks, took over the loan in 2008. The
loan was refinanced in 2010 and was personally guaranteed by
Gurbacki. In December 2015, AU sold substantially all of its
assets to Farmers National Company for $400,000 and ceased
all business activity.
   Roll the Bones was formed as a Nebraska limited liability
company in 2008. Gurbacki was one of two original mem-
bers, and he became the sole member in 2010. Roll the Bones
obtained a loan of approximately $440,000 in 2008 to purchase
a piece of real property. The note was guaranteed by AU and
Gurbacki, individually. Roll the Bones initially made interest-
only payments, using funds from the initial investments. Once
that money was depleted, AU made the $500 per month pay-
ments, because it had guaranteed the note, and C-Tek made
some payments on the note as well. The real property was
sold in a foreclosure sale in 2015, leaving a deficiency bal-
ance owed to the bank. C-Tek paid the deficiency to the bank.
Thereafter, Roll the Bones had no further business operations
or assets.
   Relinco was the largest producing asset of AU, operating
under a managing general agent agreement with Travelers
Indemnity Company. In 2011, Relinco was spun off into its
own corporation for the sum of $300,000 plus the assump-
tion of approximately $862,000 in debt directly related to
the Relinco business. Gurbacki is the sole shareholder of
Relinco. In 2012, Relinco was added as a co-borrower on AU’s
Security State Bank loan. Relinco began paying management
fees to AU of $33,000 per month in order to provide cash
for AU to make the loan payments. Relinco also loaned addi-
tional money to AU beyond the management fees. Travelers
Indemnity Company ended its contract with Relinco, causing
Relinco to close in October 2014. As of December 2014, AU
owed Relinco $529,000.
   Gurbacki Insurance Services, Inc., was incorporated in 2004
and changed its name to C-Tek in 2013. Gurbacki and his wife
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
               MOSS v. ASSOCIATED UNDERWRITERS
                       Cite as 28 Neb. App. 739

each originally owned 33 percent of the shares of C-Tek stock,
with the remaining shares divided between their two adult
sons. As of January 2016, however, Gurbacki relinquished his
shares of C-Tek, leaving his wife as the majority shareholder.
Prior to December 1, 2015, C-Tek brokered insurance through
AU for which it paid AU a commission.
   In June 2014, AU and Relinco began to have difficulty mak-
ing the loan payments to Security State Bank. Thereafter, as
part of a restructuring settlement, C-Tek agreed to guarantee
the loan to help AU. According to Gurbacki’s wife, adding
C-Tek as a guarantor was the best option, because Gurbacki
was personally obligated on the loan and because they wanted
to get the loan paid in order to protect Gurbacki’s assets in the
event of foreclosure. In January 2015, AU and Relinco began
making interest-only payments, and as of June, the balance
of the loan remained more than $4.2 million. In November,
AU, Relinco, and C-Tek entered into a forbearance agree-
ment with Security State Bank, wherein the bank agreed to
accept $800,000 in satisfaction of the debt, and in exchange,
Gurbacki, his wife, and C-Tek were released from the note.
The $800,000 that AU paid was comprised of $400,000 from
the sale of AU’s assets to Farmers National Company and
$400,000 from C-Tek.
   Chris Best, a certified public accountant, testified at trial,
and his report was received into evidence. He testified that AU
“was grossly inadequately capitalized” as of June 2015. As of
June 30, AU had assets of approximately $279,000 and liabili-
ties greater than $5 million.
   Best opined that from a general accounting principle and
best business practices point of view, AU, Relinco, and C-Tek
were under the control of Gurbacki and did not treat each other
as separate entities. According to Best, there were an inor-
dinate number of intercompany transactions with companies
making payments for other companies, assets being recorded
in the books of one account and being transferred to another
account, and the booking of intercompany receivables and
payables. Then, when AU ultimately sold its assets to Farmers
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
               MOSS v. ASSOCIATED UNDERWRITERS
                       Cite as 28 Neb. App. 739

National Company, there were significant remaining balances
in those intercompany accounts, so the companies were never
made whole in terms of what they should have received from
AU or AU should have received from the other companies. In
Best’s 40 years of experience, he has never seen commingling
of accounts, interdependency of one entity on the operations of
another entity, and interrelationship of companies in the man-
ner and to the extent he saw here.
   Specifically, with respect to C-Tek, Best opined that although
it was a separate entity, the parties did not treat it as such. He
explained that typically a corporation that is a separate entity
does not pay the expenses of another entity and certainly does
not make loan payments for that entity. He stated that the gen-
eral ledger of C-Tek for the year ending December 31, 2018,
shows more than 60 transactions in which AU paid expenses or
made payments on notes for C-Tek. He testified he has never
seen that done in any other company he has worked on; thus,
in his opinion, that was very unusual and not in the ordinary
course of business.
   With regard to the Security State Bank loan, Best explained
that the bank continued to add entities and take security
interests in order to prevent AU from defaulting on the loan.
Relinco’s assets, which were previously unencumbered, were
pledged to the bank, and then C-Tek was brought in. Those
actions were done so that AU did not default, which would
result in the obligation falling to Gurbacki, personally. Best
agreed that the forbearance agreement was a benefit to AU and
Gurbacki, who was a personal guarantor on the loan, noting
that the agreement itself indicates the parties’ acknowledgment
that it was a personal benefit to Gurbacki.
   Certified public accountant William Kenedy works for the
accounting firm who prepared the tax returns for the corpora-
tions for years other than 2012 and 2013. He testified that in
his experience, it is not uncommon to see companies owned
by related parties making intercompany loans back and forth
between entities. He opined that it is extremely common to see
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
               MOSS v. ASSOCIATED UNDERWRITERS
                       Cite as 28 Neb. App. 739

intercompany transactions such as loans from one business to
the other or one company buying goods or services from the
other and having payables back and forth. In his opinion, if
the companies have kept track of the intercompany loans, their
actions do not constitute commingling of assets. He explained
that commingling occurs where there are “two businesses
operating out of one set of books,” which is not the case here.
He did not believe that the level of intercompany transactions
between AU, Relinco, and C-Tek was unusually high.
   Subsequent to trial, the district court entered a written order.
The court found that AU was grossly undercapitalized and
insolvent at all relevant times. Even more evident to the court
was the disregard of the corporate entities of AU, Relinco,
C-Tek, and Roll the Bones. The court concluded that there
were repeated instances of shifting of corporate assets and
liabilities, with no real discernible benefit to any of the cor-
porations. Further, it determined that there was evidence of
corporate assets being made available for the use of Gurbacki
or for the other entities he owned, as well as business dealings
done in disregard of the business entities.
   The court held that Gurbacki exercised control over all of
the corporations; therefore, the corporate entities should be
disregarded in order to avoid injustice. Accordingly, the court
found in Moss’ favor as to the seventh cause of action (count 7)
and the eighth cause of action (count 8) of the complaint, alleg-
ing piercing the corporate veil claims, as well as the successor
liability claim alleged in the fifth cause of action (count 5).
Judgment was entered against Gurbacki, AU, Relinco, C-Tek,
and Roll the Bones, jointly and severally, in the amount of
$396,082.48.
   The appellants filed a motion to set a supersedeas bond,
requesting that the district court set bond in the amount of
$3,000. After holding a hearing on the motion, the court found
that Gurbacki failed to prove that he was insolvent but that
Moss met her burden of showing that Gurbacki was dissipating
or diverting assets outside of the ordinary course of business
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
               MOSS v. ASSOCIATED UNDERWRITERS
                       Cite as 28 Neb. App. 739

to avoid payment of a judgment. The court therefore deter-
mined that bond should be set at an amount sufficient to pay
the judgment of $396,082.48, estimated interest of $27,000,
and taxable court costs of approximately $22,000. Thus,
the appellants were ordered to pay a total supersedeas bond
of $445,000.
   The appellants filed their notice of appeal, and as part of
their appeal, they filed a motion to reduce the amount of the
supersedeas bond. This court deducted the $22,000 the district
court had included as taxable court costs and reduced the total
bond amount to $423,000.
                  ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   The appellants assign, restated and renumbered, that the dis-
trict court erred in (1) awarding a monetary judgment in favor
of Moss against AU; (2) finding Gurbacki is the alter ego of
AU on count 7; (3) finding Relinco, C-Tek, and Roll the Bones
are the alter egos of Gurbacki on count 7; (4) finding Relinco,
C-Tek, and Roll the Bones are the alter egos of AU on count 8;
(5) finding Relinco, C-Tek, Roll the Bones, and Gurbacki are
successors of AU on count 5; (6) setting a supersedeas bond for
Gurbacki in the amount of $423,000; and (7) awarding Moss
costs in the amount of $22,000.
                    STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1-3] Proceedings seeking disregard of a corporate entity,
that is, piercing the corporate veil to impose liability on
a shareholder for a corporation’s debt or other obligation,
are equitable actions. Christian v. Smith, 276 Neb. 867, 759
N.W.2d 447 (2008). In an appeal of an equity action, an appel-
late court tries factual questions de novo on the record, reach-
ing a conclusion independent of the findings of the trial court.
Id. Where credible evidence is in conflict on a material issue of
fact, the appellate court considers and may give weight to the
circumstances that the trial judge heard and observed the wit-
nesses and accepted one version of the facts rather than another.
Torres v. Morales, 287 Neb. 587, 843 N.W.2d 805 (2014).
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
               MOSS v. ASSOCIATED UNDERWRITERS
                       Cite as 28 Neb. App. 739

                            ANALYSIS
Monetary Judgment Against AU.
   The appellants first argue that the district court erred in
imposing a monetary judgment against AU. They claim that
when considering the federal court judgment in Moss’ favor
and the judgment in the instant case, AU is now liable to Moss
on two separate judgments. We disagree.
   [4,5] As a general rule, a party may not have double recovery
for a single injury, or be made more than whole by compensa-
tion which exceeds the actual damages sustained. Vowers &
Sons, Inc. v. Strasheim, 254 Neb. 506, 576 N.W.2d 817 (1998).
Where several claims are asserted against several parties for
redress of the same injury, only one satisfaction can be had.
Id. However, since a party does not receive a double recovery
until he or she has been made more than whole by damage
payments, there can be no double recovery when a party has
not fully recovered his or her losses. See Blue Cross and Blue
Shield v. Dailey, 268 Neb. 733, 687 N.W.2d 689 (2004).
   The rule against double recovery does not prevent entry of
a second judgment, only double collection of the judgment.
And in the present case, Moss has not recovered any damages
from AU pursuant to the federal court judgment. The district
court here held the appellants jointly and severally liable
for the total judgment amount; thus, any or all of the appel-
lants may be held liable for the entire damage. See Shipler v.
General Motors Corp., 271 Neb. 194, 710 N.W.2d 807 (2006)
(under joint and several liability, either tort-feasor may be held
liable for entire damage). But Moss would not be permitted to
recover more than the total amount of the judgment. Because
Moss has not fully recovered her losses, there is no danger of
double recovery at issue here, and there was nothing prevent-
ing the district court from entering judgment in her favor. We
therefore reject this assigned error.
Alter Ego and Piercing Corporate Veil.
   With regard to the corporate veil claims, the appellants
assign that the district court erred in finding that Gurbacki
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
               MOSS v. ASSOCIATED UNDERWRITERS
                       Cite as 28 Neb. App. 739

is the alter ego of AU on count 7; finding that Relinco, C-Tek,
and Roll the Bones are the alter egos of Gurbacki on count 7;
and finding that Relinco, C-Tek, and Roll the Bones are the
alter egos of AU on count 8. The district court, however, did
not make a finding that Relinco, C-Tek, and Roll the Bones are
the alter egos of Gurbacki. Rather, the district court generally
found in Moss’ favor on count 7 and count 8 of the complaint.
In count 7, she sought to pierce the corporate veil of AU
and hold Gurbacki personally liable for the judgment against
AU. In count 8, Moss alleged that the corporate defendants,
either through Gurbacki or on their own, exercised control
over the financial and business practices of one another and
that in order “[t]o prevent the misuse of the corporate forms
of the Corporate Defendants to commit fraud and promote
injustice, the Corporate Defendants’ corporate and LLC veils
must be pierced to hold each Corporate Defendant individually
liable for the debts and/or liabilities of the other Corporate
Defendants to [Moss].” Based upon the evidence and theory
presented at trial, we interpret this as a request to pierce the
corporate veil of AU to hold the other corporate defendants
liable. Thus, the question before us is whether the district court
erred in finding that the corporate veil of AU should be pierced
to hold Gurbacki personally liable and the other corporate
defendants jointly and severally liable. We find no error in the
court’s decision.
   [6-8] Generally, a corporation is viewed as a complete and
separate entity from its shareholders and officers, who are not,
as a rule, liable for the debts and obligations of the corpora-
tion. Christian v. Smith, 276 Neb. 867, 759 N.W.2d 447 (2008).
A court will disregard a corporation’s identity only where the
corporation has been used to commit fraud, violate a legal
duty, or perpetrate a dishonest or unjust act in contravention of
the rights of another. Id. A corporation’s identity as a separate
legal entity will be preserved, as a general rule, until sufficient
reason to the contrary appears. Id.
   [9,10] A plaintiff seeking to pierce the corporate veil must
allege and prove that the corporation was under the actual
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
               MOSS v. ASSOCIATED UNDERWRITERS
                       Cite as 28 Neb. App. 739

control of the shareholder and that the shareholder exercised
such control to commit a fraud or other wrong in contraven-
tion of the plaintiff’s rights. Id. A plaintiff seeking to impose
liability for a corporate debt on a shareholder has the burden
to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the corporate
identity must be disregarded to prevent fraud or injustice to the
plaintiff. Id.
   Some of the relevant factors in determining whether to dis-
regard the corporate entity on the basis of fraud are (1) grossly
inadequate capitalization, (2) insolvency of the debtor corpora-
tion at the time the debt is incurred, (3) diversion by the share-
holder or shareholders of corporate funds or assets to their own
or other improper uses, and (4) the fact that the corporation
is a mere facade for the personal dealings of the shareholder
and that the operations of the corporation are carried on by the
shareholder in disregard of the corporate entity. Id.
   The first element of the test, inadequate capitalization,
means capitalization very small in relation to the nature of
the business of the corporation and the risks entailed. Id.
Inadequate capitalization is measured at the time of incorpo-
ration. Id. A corporation which was adequately capitalized
when formed but which has suffered losses is not necessarily
undercapitalized Id. Undercapitalization presents a question of
fact that turns on the nature of the business of the particular
corpora­tion. Id.
   In the case at hand, the record does not establish any
evidence regarding undercapitalization at the time AU was
incorporated in 1979. However, in United States Nat. Bank
of Omaha v. Rupe, 207 Neb. 131, 296 N.W.2d 474 (1980),
the Nebraska Supreme Court noted that the corporation was
grossly undercapitalized when the sole shareholder acquired it.
Here, Gurbacki acquired AU in 2007. Best testified that as of
June 15, 2015, when Moss obtained her judgment, AU “was
grossly inadequately capitalized.” He admitted, however, that
he did not have an opinion as to the corporation’s status as of
2007. There was no evidence as to AU’s capitalization at the
time it was formed, and other than requiring unconventional
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
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               MOSS v. ASSOCIATED UNDERWRITERS
                       Cite as 28 Neb. App. 739

financing when purchased and being refinanced shortly there-
after, there was no evidence as to the corporation’s capital-
ization status as of 2007. Therefore, while we agree AU was
undercapitalized as of 2015, we conclude that the district
court’s finding that AU was undercapitalized “at all relevant
times” was in error.
    The second factor used to determine whether a corporation’s
identity should be disregarded is whether the corporation was
insolvent at the time the debt was incurred. Christian v. Smith,
276 Neb. 867, 759 N.W.2d 447 (2008). A corporation is insol-
vent if it is unable to pay its debts as they become due in the
usual course of its business, or if it has an excess of liabilities
of the corporation over its assets at a fair valuation. Id. Whether
a corporation is insolvent is usually a question of fact. Id. Here,
it is undisputed that AU was insolvent in June 2015 when Moss
obtained judgment against it. At trial, Gurbacki admitted that
AU was insolvent at that time and that its debts exceeded its
assets because of the Security State Bank loan. According to
Best, at that time, AU’s liabilities exceeded its assets by more
than $4 million.
    The third factor of the test to determine whether the corpo-
rate veil should be pierced is evidence of a diversion by the
shareholder or shareholders of corporate funds or assets to their
own or other improper uses. Id. When a principal shareholder
appropriates and uses corporate funds and property for his
personal purposes and thereby defrauds and causes damages
to creditors, the shareholder can be held individually liable for
corporate debt. Id.
    In Carpenter Paper Co. v. Lakin Meat Processors, 231 Neb.
93, 435 N.W.2d 179 (1989), the Supreme Court held that Lakin
Meat Processors, Inc., was a mere corporate shell, an alter
ego of Charles E. Lakin, the majority shareholder, and that it
must therefore disregard the corporate entity. In reaching this
conclusion, the court noted that Lakin controlled the corpora-
tion’s every move and ran it as he saw fit and that the claimed
­separate identity was simply a series of complicated and inno-
 vative books and accounts. The Supreme Court found that
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              MOSS v. ASSOCIATED UNDERWRITERS
                      Cite as 28 Neb. App. 739

there was a unity of interest as far as Lakin and Lakin Meat
Processors were concerned and reiterated that the separate
entity concept of the corporation may be disregarded where
the corporation is a mere shell, serving no legitimate business
purpose, and is used as an intermediary to perpetuate fraud
on the creditors. The Supreme Court concluded that Lakin’s
manipulations of the business permitted him to, and he did,
terminate the corporation for his own financial well-being to
the prejudice of the corporation’s creditors.
   Likewise, in the instant case, Gurbacki was in control of the
corporations and there are multiple instances where Gurbacki
used AU’s assets for his personal benefit. The evidence estab-
lishes that Roll the Bones secured a loan in 2008 in order to
purchase a parcel of land. AU and Gurbacki, individually,
guaranteed the note. The loan was refinanced in 2013. AU
made payments on the note for Roll the Bones, and AU paid
the deficiency after the land was sold in a foreclosure sale,
without receiving any benefit from Roll the Bones. Gurbacki
admitted that AU made the $500 per month payments for a
while because it had guaranteed the note. Using AU’s assets to
pay Roll the Bones’ obligation resulted in a personal benefit to
Gurbacki, because he could have been held personally liable on
the guarantee if Roll the Bones defaulted on its note.
   In addition, Best testified that the general ledger of C-Tek
for the year ending December 31, 2018, showed more than
60 transactions in which AU was paying the expenses of or
making payments on notes for C-Tek without receiving any
benefit in return. Best testified that typically a corporation
that is considered a separate entity does not pay the expenses
of another entity and certainly does not make loan payments
for that entity. Best further explained that the forbearance
agreement, through which the Security State Bank loan was
satisfied by using assets of C-Tek to the benefit of AU, was
also a personal benefit to Gurbacki because he was a personal
guarantor on that loan, and after the $800,000 was paid using
funds from AU and C-Tek, Gurbacki was released from any
obligation on the note.
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             28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
               MOSS v. ASSOCIATED UNDERWRITERS
                       Cite as 28 Neb. App. 739

   Finally, if the corporation is a facade for the personal deal-
ings of the shareholder and the operations of the corporation
are carried on by the shareholder in disregard of the corporate
entity, the shareholder may be individually liable for corpo-
rate debt. Christian v. Smith, 276 Neb. 867, 759 N.W.2d 447
(2008). The separate entity concept of the corporation may be
disregarded where the corporation is a mere shell, serving no
legitimate business purpose, and is used as an intermediary to
perpetuate fraud on the creditors. Id.
   Here, it is clear that Gurbacki was in control of AU, Relinco,
C-Tek, and Roll the Bones. With regard to control, the appel-
lants argue only that Gurbacki did not exercise control over
C-Tek after January 2016. Thus, we need not discuss Gurbacki’s
control over C-Tek prior to that date or his control over the
other corporations. And despite the fact that Gurbacki was no
longer a shareholder of C-Tek after January 2016, we conclude
that he continued to exercise control over the financial deci-
sions of the company.
   Gurbacki’s wife testified multiple times that Gurbacki han-
dled all of the financial aspects of C-Tek. Further, at the time
of trial, Gurbacki was driving a luxury vehicle provided by
C-Tek, despite the fact that he no longer had any ownership in
the corporation, and his wife was unsure of the details of the
transaction, other than that he had had the vehicle for less than
3 years. At trial, Gurbacki was asked whether he was the one
who made the financial decisions for C-Tek, and he responded
that he worked with accountants and professional services for
C-Tek, but that he and his wife would discuss the decisions and
would talk about it “to this day.”
   Significantly, according to Best, from a general ­accounting
principle and best business practices point of view, the cor-
porations did not treat each other as separate entities. He
testified that there was an inordinate number of intercompany
transactions and that in his 40 years of work, he had never
seen commingling of accounts, interdependency of one entity
on the operations of another entity, and interrelationship of
companies the way he saw here. He said there were companies
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making payments for other companies, assets being recorded
in the books of one account and being transferred to another
account, and the booking of intercompany receivables and
payables. Then, when AU ultimately sold its assets to Farmers
National Company, there were significant remaining balances
in those intercompany accounts, so those companies were
never made whole in respect to what they should have received
from AU or what AU should have received from the other
companies.
   Specifically, AU paid off a note payable for C-Tek, made
loan payments and credit card payments for C-Tek, and paid
accounting and advertising expenses for C-Tek. Similarly, AU
made note payments for Roll the Bones and paid certain
expenses for Roll the Bones, including commissions and legal
and accounting fees. Best explained that the corporations could
claim to be separate entities, but they did not treat themselves
that way. He pointed to the Security State Bank loan, where the
assets of Relinco were pledged and then C-Tek was added as
a guarantor on the note, to prevent AU from defaulting on the
note and leaving the obligation to Gurbacki personally.
   [11] We recognize that Best’s testimony was contradicted by
the testimony of Kenedy. According to Kenedy, it is common
to see intercompany transactions and the evidence here did not
prove the commingling of assets. However, all conflicts in the
evidence, expert or lay, and the credibility of the witnesses are
for the fact finder and not for the appellate court. See Pierce
v. Landmark Mgmt. Group, 293 Neb. 890, 880 N.W.2d 885
(2016). Although the district court’s order did not mention Best
by name in its findings, the court’s findings were more con-
sistent with Best’s opinions than Kenedy’s; we therefore give
weight to the district court’s assessment of the witnesses and
give weight to Best’s opinions. Accordingly, when consider-
ing the evidence presented at trial, we conclude that three of
the four factors set forth in Christian v. Smith, 276 Neb. 867,
759 N.W.2d 447 (2008), are met here. As a result, the district
court did not err in piercing the corporate veil of AU to hold
Gurbacki liable for the judgment against AU.
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               MOSS v. ASSOCIATED UNDERWRITERS
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   [12,13] The appellants also challenge the district court’s
decision to hold Relinco, C-Tek, and Roll the Bones liable for
AU’s judgment. They argue that they were unable to locate
a case in which the Nebraska courts have imposed liability
between sister corporations, a concept known as horizontal
veil piercing. One court has defined horizontal veil piercing
as occurring when a limited liability entity is considered to be
the alter ego of another limited liability entity with the same
owner. See In re Petters Company, Inc., 561 B.R. 738 (D.
Minn. 2016). In this situation, a creditor with a claim against
one of the limited liability entities seeks to disregard corporate
separateness between the entities to reach assets belonging to
both. Id.
   Although not referring to this concept by name, the Supreme
Court referenced such a situation in Hayes v. Sanitary &
Improvement Dist. No. 194, 196 Neb. 653, 664, 244 N.W.2d
505, 511-12 (1976), stating that
      “the notion of separate corporate existence of parent and
      subsidiary or affiliated corporations will not be recog-
      nized where one corporation is so organized and con-
      trolled and its business conducted in such a manner as to
      make it merely an agency, instrumentality, adjunct, or alter
      ego of another corporation. The fiction of separate corpo-
      rate identity of two corporations will not be extended to
      permit one of the corporations to evade its just obligations
      or to promote fraud or illegality or injustice.”
(Emphasis supplied.)
   In Graham Graphics v. Baer Mktg. Internat., 10 Neb. App.
382, 631 N.W.2d 550 (2001), this court relied on the above-
quoted language to hold a corporation liable for the debt of a
related corporation. The debtor was a subsidiary of the defend­
ant Baer Marketing International, Inc. According to Baer Baer
Marketing International, the proper defendant was actually an
affiliated corporation, Baer Imports, Inc.; thus, the focus of our
inquiry was which sister corporation was the proper defend­
ant. In affirming the trial court’s decision, we highlighted that
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               MOSS v. ASSOCIATED UNDERWRITERS
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the same company and same nucleus of individuals controlled
Baer Marketing International and Baer Imports and concluded
that the corporations were so closely tied and the management
and financing so commingled that following the corporate
form as Baer Marketing International suggested would lead to
injustice. Id.
   Similarly, in the present case, Gurbacki controlled AU,
Relinco, C-Tek, and Roll the Bones. As discussed above, he
intermixed and commingled the assets of the corporations, and
their assets were used to benefit Gurbacki, personally, and each
other. Gurbacki disregarded the corporate entities; thus, follow-
ing the corporate form now to the detriment of Moss would
lead to injustice. Accordingly, the district court did not err in
holding Relinco, C-Tek, and Roll the Bones liable for the judg-
ment against AU.
   [14] Having concluded that the district court did not err
in its findings regarding piercing the corporate veil, we need
not consider whether the court’s decision regarding successor
liability was erroneous. An appellate court is not obligated to
engage in an analysis that is not necessary to adjudicate the
case and controversy before it. Mays v. Midnite Dreams, 300
Neb. 485, 915 N.W.2d 71 (2018).
Supersedeas Bond and Costs.
   In their final assignments of error, the appellants assert
that the district court erred in setting a supersedeas bond for
Gurbacki in the amount of $423,000 and awarding Moss costs
in the amount of $22,000. With respect to the amount of the
supersedeas bond, the appellants challenge the district court’s
factual finding under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1916(1) (Reissue
2016) that Gurbacki was dissipating or diverting assets out-
side the ordinary course of business to avoid the payment
of a judgment. Given that we have now resolved the appeal,
however, the issue of the proper amount of a supersedeas bond
has become moot. See McCullough v. McCullough, 299 Neb.
719, 736, 910 N.W.2d 515, 528 (2018) (“[b]ecause we have
resolved the appeal the order sought to be stayed, the setting
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               MOSS v. ASSOCIATED UNDERWRITERS
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of the supersedeas bond is a moot issue . . . , and we need
not review the district court’s finding of fact”).
   The appellants also seek a final ruling regarding the amount
of taxable court costs the district court required them to pay. As
indicated above, as part of their appeal, the appellants filed a
motion to reduce the amount of the supersedeas bond, and this
court deducted the $22,000 the district court had included as
taxable court costs.
   [15] When the district court sets the amount of a supersedeas
bond, the court may include in its calculations “the taxable
court costs in the district court” and “estimated amount of the
costs of appeal.” § 25-1916(1)(a). The decision of a trial court
regarding taxing of costs is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.
City of Falls City v. Nebraska Mun. Power Pool, 281 Neb. 230,
795 N.W.2d 256 (2011).
   [16] The Supreme Court has held that costs of litigation and
expenses incident to litigation may not be recovered unless
provided for by statute or a uniform course of procedure. Id.
Applying this principle, the Supreme Court has held that expert
witness fees and expenses of making copies of depositions and
enlargements of exhibits are not taxable court costs. See id.
Similarly, this court has applied this principle in holding that
photocopy, fax, and postage expenses are not taxable costs.
See In re Estate of Snover, 4 Neb. App. 533, 546 N.W.2d
341 (1996).
   In the instant case, at the hearing, counsel for Moss entered
into evidence his own affidavit. In that affidavit, counsel
asserted that Moss “has incurred approximately $22,500.00 in
fees and expenses.” Attached to the affidavit as an exhibit is
a list of fees and costs incurred by Moss from October 2016,
when her complaint was filed, to December 2018, just after
the trial. These costs include expert witness fees, photocopy
and postage expenses, and deposition costs. The district court
included $22,000 in taxable court costs in its calculation of
Gurbacki’s supersedeas bond. Because expert witness fees and
photocopy, fax, and postage expenses are not taxable costs,
the record does not support an inclusion of these costs in the
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              MOSS v. ASSOCIATED UNDERWRITERS
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amount awarded. Accordingly, the district court abused its
discretion in awarding Moss $22,000 in taxable costs, and we
reverse the judgment in that regard.
                        CONCLUSION
   We conclude that the district court abused its discretion in
awarding $22,000 in taxable costs to Moss. The court did not
err in piercing the corporate veil to hold the appellants liable
for the judgment against AU, so the district court’s judgment is
otherwise affirmed.
                   Affirmed in part, and in part reversed.