Court Opinion

ID: 9364573
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-19 17:08:53.584226+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:38.920426
License: Public Domain

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                                   2023 PA Super 10

    IN RE: ADOPTION OF: A.M.W., A              :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    MINOR                                      :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                                               :
    APPEAL OF: M.J.G.                          :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :   No. 519 MDA 2021

                 Appeal from the Decree Entered March 31, 2021
                In the Court of Common Pleas of Bradford County
                        Orphans’ Court at 18 ADOPT 2020

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., OLSON, J., DUBOW, J., KUNSELMAN, J., NICHOLS,
        J., MURRAY, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., McCAFFERY, J., and SULLIVAN, J.

OPINION BY MURRAY, J.:                                FILED JANUARY 19, 2023

       M.J.G. (Former Stepfather) appeals from the decree dismissing his

petition to adopt A.M.W. (Child) and granting the adoption petition filed by

E.B. (Current Stepfather), joined by A.G. (Mother).1 After careful review, and

consideration of our Supreme Court’s recent decision in In the Interest of

K.N.L., --- A.3d ---, 2022 WL 10719028 (Pa. Oct. 19, 2022), we vacate and

remand for the trial court to reconsider Former Stepfather’s standing, appoint

counsel for Child, and for further proceedings consistent with this decision.

____________________________________________

1 Generally, when a party seeks to appeal from two separate decisions entered
on the same docket, the party must file two separate notices of appeal. Dong
Yuan Chen v. Saidi, 100 A.3d 587, 589 n.1 (Pa. Super. 2014). Here, Former
Stepfather filed one notice of appeal indicating he was appealing from two
decrees entered the same day. Appellees Current Stepfather and Mother did
not object, and the appeal period has expired. Therefore, we decline to quash
the appeal. See Gen. Elec. Credit Corp. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 263
A.2d 448, 453 (Pa. 1970).
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      Child was born in December 2009. Child’s biological father is not and

has not been part of Child’s life. Mother and Former Stepfather were in a

relationship during Mother’s pregnancy with Child and later married. They

divorced in January 2017.    Mother and Current Stepfather married in May

2019. In February 2021, the parties filed competing petitions to adopt Child.

Former Stepfather summarized his relationship with Child as follows:

      I was in a monogamous relationship with [Mother] at the time of
      [Child]’s birth until our marriage. I was stepfather until [Mother]
      and I divorced on January 6, 2017. During that time, I helped
      teach [Child] to walk and to talk and I was her only father figure
      until [Current Stepfather] came into the picture. Her biological
      father was not involved whatsoever. [Child] has always called me
      “dad”, “daddy”, or words to that effect. I financially supported
      [Child] both before and after my divorce from [Mother] and I have
      provided health and dental insurance for most of her life, including
      at present. [Mother] publicly [sic] held me out as [Child]’s father.
      Prior to and even after our divorce, we discussed adoption and
      [Mother] gave me her consent to adopt[.]

Former Stepfather’s Brief in Support of Adoption Petition, 3/11/21, Exhibit G.

      In 2016, Former Stepfather and Mother executed a Post-Nuptial

Agreement which included provisions regarding custody and child support of

Child (as well as their biological child born during their marriage).    Id. at

Exhibit C, ¶¶ 4-5. The Post-Nuptial Agreement states: “The parties shall share

legal custody of [the children]. … The parties agree [Former Stepfather] shall

have shared physical custody of the children when [Former Stepfather]

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returns from Italy.”2 Id. at Exhibit C, ¶ 4.       Former Stepfather exercised

custody of pursuant to the terms of the Post-Nuptial Agreement and

maintained regular contact with Child through video calls. Id. at Exhibit G.

In June 2020, he filed a petition seeking partial physical custody of Child.3 Id.

        On June 2, 2020, Mother and Current Stepfather filed a petition to

terminate the parental rights of Child’s biological father.      The trial court

appointed counsel to represent Child in the termination proceedings.          On

December 14, 2020, the court granted the petition and terminated the

parental rights of biological father.

         In February 2021, Former Stepfather and Current Stepfather (joined by

Mother), filed competing petitions to adopt Child.       By opinion and decree

entered March 31, 2021, the trial court dismissed Former Stepfather’s

petition. The trial court reasoned:

        In this case, [Mother]’s rights are intact. She is remarried and
        her husband, [Current Stepfather,] wishes to adopt[,] and
        [Mother] has consented to such. Given these facts, the court
        cannot … find that consent of the surviving natural mother is not
        required and bestow an ex-husband/stepfather the right to
        proceed in an adoption, even though he may have “in loco
        parentis” status.4

____________________________________________

2 Former Stepfather is in the United States Air Force and was on active duty
in Italy at the time.

3   The status of the petition is unclear from the record.

4 A person stands in loco parentis with respect to a child when he or she
“assum[es] the obligations incident to the parental relationship without going
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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Trial Court Opinion, 3/31/21, at 3-4 (emphasis and footnote added). That

same day, the trial court held an adoption hearing and granted Current

Stepfather’s petition to adopt. This timely appeal followed.5

        In a memorandum filed February 14, 2022, a divided panel of this Court

affirmed. On February 22, 2022, Former Stepfather filed an application for

reargument en banc.            On March 30, 2022, this Court granted Former

Stepfather’s     application    for   reargument   and   withdrew   the   original

memorandum.          Pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 2140, Former Stepfather filed a

supplemental brief expanding on the issue of Child’s right to counsel and

raising two new issues. Mother and Current Stepfather filed a reply brief. The

case was argued before this Court en banc on September 14, 2022.

        Former Stepfather raises seven issues in his original brief, and two

additional issues in his supplemental brief. Our review of the following three

issues is dispositive:

        [1.] Whether the trial court erred and abused its discretion in
        dismissing Appellant’s petition for adoption on the basis that
        Appellant lacked standing[?]

        [2.] Whether the trial court erred in failing to rule on Appellant’s
        [p]etition to [i]ntervene?

        [3.] Whether the trial court abused its discretion in failing to
        appoint legal counsel and/or [a] guardian ad litem [GAL] for the
____________________________________________

through the formality of a legal adoption.” K.X. v. S.L., 157 A.3d 498, 505
(Pa. Super. 2017) (citations omitted).

5   Former Stepfather and the trial court have complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

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      [now twelve-year]-old [C]hild upon receiving two competing
      adoption petitions?

Former Stepfather’s Original Brief at 4 (reordered).

      We review Former Stepfather’s issues in the context of the Pennsylvania

Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2101, et seq. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court

has pronounced:

      [A]doption is purely a statutory right, unknown at common law.
      In re Adoption of E.M.A., 487 Pa. 152, 409 A.2d 10, 11 (1979).
      To effect an adoption, the legislative provisions of the Adoption
      Act must be strictly complied with. [Id.] Thus, our analysis is
      focused entirely on the relevant statutory provisions.

      The Adoption Act provides that “[a]ny individual may be adopted,
      regardless of his age or residence.”         23 Pa.C.S. § 2311.
      Similarly, “[a]ny individual may become an adopting parent.”
      [Id.] § 2312. Section 2701 sets forth the requisite contents of
      a petition for adoption filed by a prospective adoptive parent[.]

In re Adoption of R.B.F., 803 A.2d 1195, 1199 (Pa. 2002).

      A petition for adoption shall set forth:

      …

      (7) That all consents required by [S]ection 2711 (relating to
      consents necessary to adoption) are attached as exhibits or the
      basis upon which such consents are not required.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2701(7).

      With respect to consent,

      (a) General rule.-- Except as otherwise provided in this part,
      consent to an adoption shall be required of the following:

          (1)   The adoptee, if over 12 years of age.

          (2)   The spouse of the adopting parent, unless they join in
                the adoption petition.

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        (3) The parents or surviving parent of an adoptee who has
        not reached the age of 18 years.

     (b) Husband of natural mother.-- The consent of the husband
     of the mother shall not be necessary if, after notice to the
     husband, it is proved to the satisfaction of the court by evidence,
     including testimony of the natural mother, that the husband of the
     natural mother is not the natural father of the child. Absent such
     proof, the consent of a former husband of the natural mother shall
     be required if he was the husband of the natural mother at any
     time within one year prior to the birth of the adoptee.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2711(a)(1-3) and (b).

     The Adoption Act further addresses appointment of counsel:

     (a) Child.-- The court shall appoint counsel to represent the child
     in an involuntary termination proceeding when the proceeding is
     being contested by one or both of the parents. The court may
     appoint counsel or a guardian ad litem to represent any
     child who has not reached the age of 18 years and is
     subject to any other proceeding under this part whenever
     it is in the best interests of the child. No attorney or law firm
     shall represent both the child and the adopting parent or parents.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2313(a) (emphasis added).

     We recognize “the interpretation and application of a statute is a

question of law that compels plenary review to determine whether the court

committed an error of law.” Wilson v. Transport Ins. Co., 889 A.2d 563,

570 (Pa. Super. 2005). “As with all questions of law, the appellate standard

of review is de novo and the appellate scope of review is plenary.” In re

Wilson, 879 A.2d 199, 214 (Pa. Super. 2005) (en banc).

     We review an adoption determination for an abuse of discretion. In re

K.D., 144 A.3d 145, 151 (Pa. Super. 2016). This Court will not find an abuse

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of discretion “merely because a reviewing court would have reached a different

conclusion.” Id. (citation omitted). Rather, “[a]ppellate courts will find a trial

court abuses its discretion if, in reaching a conclusion, it overrides or

misapplies the law, or the record shows that the trial court’s judgment was

either manifestly unreasonable or the product of partiality, prejudice, bias or

ill will.” Id. (citation omitted).

      Moreover,

      [i]n both custody and adoption matters, our paramount concern
      is the best interests of the child.          This “best interests”
      determination is made on a case-by-case basis, and requires the
      weighing of all factors[,] which bear upon a child’s physical,
      intellectual, moral, and spiritual well-being.

In re Adoption of A.S.H., 674 A.2d 698, 700 (Pa. Super. 1996) (citations

omitted). See also 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2902(a).

      In his first issue, Former Stepfather maintains the trial court erred and

abused its discretion in dismissing “[Former Stepfather’s] petition for adoption

on the basis that [he] lacked standing.” Former Stepfather’s Original Brief at

12. He also raises related arguments that the trial court erred in failing to

rule on his petition to intervene in Current Stepfather’s adoption case and in

granting Current Stepfather’s petition to adopt. Id. at 31. Former Stepfather

contends he has standing to intervene and adopt because he “stands in loco

parentis to [Child].” Id. at 13; see also id. at 32. Former Stepfather argues

our decision in In the Interest of N.S., 845 A.2d 884 (Pa. Super. 2004)

supports his position. Id. He states:

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      [Former Stepfather] was [C]hild’s stepfather, raised [C]hild, and
      financially supported [C]hild. Following the divorce of [Former
      Stepfather] and [M]other in January 2017, and with [M]other’s
      agreement, [Former Stepfather] continued to share legal and
      physical custody rights of [C]hild[.] … It is undisputed that
      [Former Stepfather] stood in loco parentis to [Child] since birth
      and continued to stand in loco parentis at the time of the trial
      court’s decision[.]

Id. at 14.

      Former Stepfather also contends the trial court abused its discretion “in

finding [he] could not proceed to a hearing on the merits without the express

consent of mother, the existing legal parent.” Id. at 15. See also id. at 15-

24.   Lastly, he maintains that because he stands in loco parentis, Current

Stepfather “lacked standing to proceed with his petition absent [Former

Stepfather’s] consent.” Id. at 24.

      The trial court explained its disagreement as follows:

      If the facts argued by [Former Stepfather] were found to be true
      and for the purposes of this matter, they are considered so, he
      has established that he stands in loco parentis to [Child]. A person
      who acts in loco parentis:

             … puts himself into the situation of assuming the
             obligations incident to the parental relationship
             without going through the formality of a legal
             adoption. The status of in loco parentis embodies two
             ideas: first, the assumption of a parental status, and
             second, the discharge of parental duties.

      In re: Wims[, 685 A.2d 1034, 1036 (Pa. Super. 1996] (citations
      omitted). This will certainly be beneficial to [Former Stepfather]
      in his custody matter.

      In this case, the [Mother’s] rights are intact. She is remarried and
      her husband, [Current Stepfather,] wishes to adopt and [Mother]
      has consented to such. Given these facts, this Court cannot

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       expand In re Adoption J.E.F.[, 902 A.2d 402 (Pa. 2006)] and
       find that consent of the surviving natural mother is not required
       and bestow an ex-husband/step-father the right to proceed in an
       adoption, even though he may have “in loco parentis” status.

Trial Court Opinion, 3/29/21, at 3-4. We are constrained to disagree.

       On October 19, 2022, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court decided In re

KNL, --- A.3d ---, 2022 WL 10719028 (Pa. Oct. 19, 2022).6 The Supreme

Court “granted discretionary review to examine whether the lower courts

applied appropriate standards for evaluating, and rejecting, a former

caregiver’s asserted in loco parentis status for purposes of standing to

intervene in a proceeding to adopt a child in the custody of a foster care

agency, pursuant to the Adoption Act.” Id. at *1. Ultimately, the Supreme

Court determined the trial court had misapplied the law, and the “proper

standing inquiry reviews whether a non-foster-parent third party seeking to

pursue a petition to adopt a child in the custody of an agency has a genuine

and substantial interest in formalizing a permanent parental relationship with

the adoptee-child, which surpasses the interest of ordinary, unrelated

strangers.” Id. at *18.

____________________________________________

6 Although KNL was decided after Appellant filed this appeal, it is well settled
that “Pennsylvania appellate courts apply the law in effect at the time of the
appellate decision. This means that we adhere to the principle that a party
whose case is pending on direct appeal is entitled to the benefit of changes in
law which occur before the judgment becomes final.” Commonwealth v.
Chesney, 196 A.3d 253, 257 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citations omitted).

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     This case is distinguishable insofar as there is no agency involved. The

trial court found that because Mother’s parental rights are intact and she

consented to Current Stepfather’s adoption of Child, her consent was required

to confer Former Stepfather with the right to intervene. The trial court did

not address “whether a non-foster-parent third party seeking to pursue a

petition to adopt a child ... has a genuine and substantial interest in

formalizing a permanent parental relationship with the adoptee-child ....” Id.

     The Pennsylvania Supreme Court observed:

     Standing relates to the capacity of an individual to pursue a
     particular legal action, and requires the petitioning litigant be
     adversely affected, or aggrieved, in some way. Traditionally, this
     requirement is met where an individual demonstrates he or she
     has a substantial interest in the subject matter of the litigation
     that must be direct and immediate, rather than remote, and which
     distinguishes his interest from the common interest of other
     citizens. In Pennsylvania, the doctrine of standing is a judicially-
     created tool intended to winnow out litigants with no direct
     interest in the matter, and to otherwise protect against improper
     parties. Consequently, where the General Assembly expressly
     prescribes the parties who may pursue a particular course of
     action in Pennsylvania courts, legislative enactments may further
     enlarge or distill these judicially-applied principles. Standing is a
     threshold issue and must be resolved before proceeding to the
     merits of the underlying action. As is the case in custody matters,
     standing within an adoption proceeding is a conceptually distinct
     legal question from the central, substantive issue of the child's
     best interests.

K.N.L., 2022 WL 10719028, at *8 (citations omitted).

     In addition:

     Issues of standing generally raise pure questions of law for which
     we employ de novo review of a trial court’s decision. As well, a
     challenge to asserted in loco parentis status in a particular context
     typically involves a fact-intensive inquiry and may implicate mixed

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       questions of law and fact. Where factual findings and credibility
       determinations are at issue, we will accept them insofar as they
       are supported by the record. In matters arising under the
       Adoption Act, as well as appeals of child custody and dependency
       decisions, our plenary scope of review is of the broadest type; that
       is, an appellate court is not bound by the trial court’s inferences
       drawn from its findings of fact and is compelled to perform a
       comprehensive review of the record for assurance the findings and
       credibility determinations are competently supported.

Id. at *5.

       In K.N.L., the child was in the custody of the Philadelphia Department

of Human Services (DHS), and the parental rights of the child’s biological

parents were terminated, as were the custodial and visitation rights of the

child’s former caregiver. Id. at *1. When the child’s foster parents sought to

adopt the child, the biological aunt intervened, and the foster parents

withdrew their adoption petition. Id. Thereafter, the former caregiver’s son

(who became the appellant), sought to intervene.7 Id. at *2. The appellant

filed a petition to adopt the child, claiming in loco parentis status.        Id.

Following a hearing, the juvenile court concluded the appellant lacked standing

because he was not currently assuming parental obligations of the child, and

did not have the written consent of DHS, who was the child’s current legal

guardian. Id. at *4. This Court affirmed the juvenile court. Id. at *5. In

granting allowance of appeal, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court focused on the

juvenile court’s denial of the appellant’s petition “to intervene in the adoption

____________________________________________

7 He was also the biological mother’s former “romantic partner and longtime
friend.” Id. at *2.

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of the child despite uncontroverted proof that [he] stood in loco parentis for

the subject child by assuming the role of parent and discharging parental

duties[.]” Id. (citation omitted).

      Ultimately, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court rejected the juvenile

court’s conclusion that the appellant’s current in loco parentis status and DHS

consent was necessary to establish appellant’s standing. Id. at *9, *11. The

High Court observed that the legal basis for the “general rule restricting

standing” to individuals currently in loco parentis was “not apparent,” and

“decline[d] to recognize [prior Superior Court cases] as the source of any

requirement that in loco parentis status must be current to establish

standing.”    Id. at *9.     With respect to the Adoption Act’s consent

requirements, the Court concluded that in its prior decisions, it

      squarely rejected any purported relationship between the
      threshold issue of a party’s standing, and the substantive impact
      of the [Adoption] Act’s consent requirements. Also [the Supreme
      Court] rejected … that an agency’s refusal of the consent to adopt
      … could still bar standing for everyone else. Instead, with respect
      to the Section 2711 consent requirements, [our Supreme] Court
      [had previously] unanimously declared this provision, by its plain
      language, never purports to speak to standing, much less does
      the provision suggest that the consequence of withholding consent
      is to eliminate standing. Instead, the [Adoption] Act contemplates
      the adoption court, not the agency, will perform an analysis of a
      conferred or withheld consent of a relevant party as part of an
      overall substantive evaluation of the child’s best interests in the
      merits of proceeding on an adoption petition, and this
      substantive inquiry necessarily follows, but has no relation to,
      the preliminary inquiry into standing. We reiterate: the agency’s
      withheld consent is not a bar to standing and has no part in that
      analysis; rather, it is an issue to be considered subsequently and
      substantively within the paramount context of the child’s best

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      interests, her individual needs and welfare, in relation to the
      petition.

      ….

      Accordingly, nothing in the [Adoption] Act precludes any party
      from filing a petition for adoption, nor is there anything to preclude
      the trial court from entertaining multiple adoption petitions and
      then determining the best interests of the child.

Id. at *11-12 (citations and footnote omitted, emphasis in original).

      After determining that the juvenile court erred in its analysis of

appellant’s standing, the Court concluded:

      A proper standing inquiry reviews whether a non-foster-parent
      third party seeking to pursue a petition to adopt a child in the
      custody of an agency has a genuine and substantial interest
      in formalizing a permanent parental relationship with the
      adoptee-child, which surpasses the interest of ordinary,
      unrelated strangers.

Id. at *18 (emphasis added).

      We recognize the lack of agency involvement in this case. Nonetheless,

we conclude that K.N.L. is applicable. In determining that Former Stepfather

lacked standing, the trial court focused on the absence of Mother’s consent.

Trial Court Opinion, 3/31/21, at 3-4 (stating the trial court could not “find that

consent of the surviving natural mother is not required and bestow an ex-

husband/step-father the right to proceed in an adoption, even though he may

have ‘in loco parentis’ status.”). This was error. Accordingly, we vacate the

trial court’s decree holding that Former Stepfather lacked standing to

intervene and granting Current Stepfather’s petition to adopt.

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      Former Stepfather additionally claims the trial court erred by failing to

appoint legal counsel and/or a guardian ad litem (GAL) for Child. See Former

Stepfather’s Original Brief at 35-39; Former Stepfather’s Supplemental Brief

at 2-11.

      Prior to reaching the merits of this claim, we address whether it is

properly before us. In In re Adoption of K.M.G., 240 A.3d 1218 (Pa. 2020),

our Supreme Court held the issue of appointment of counsel for a child in

contested termination cases was not waivable and could be raised sua sponte

by an appellate court.   While K.M.G. addressed appointment of counsel in

termination proceedings, see id. at 1223, we find its analysis instructive to

the circumstances presented in this case. The Supreme Court emphasized:

      [C]hildren do not have … the ability or opportunity to assert the
      denial of their right to counsel. Given the critical importance and
      permanency of termination proceedings, as well as children’s
      inability to navigate the termination process themselves, we hold
      that appellate courts should engage in sua sponte review to
      determine if orphans’ courts have appointed counsel to represent
      the legal interests of children in contested termination
      proceedings, in compliance with Subsection 2313(a).

Id. at 1235. See also In re T.S., 192 A.3d 1080, 1087 (Pa. 2018) (issue of

whether orphans’ court erred in not appointing counsel for children is non-

waivable where “[t]here was no attorney representing solely the children’s

legal interests who could have raised their rights in the trial court, and the

children plainly could not have done so themselves.”); In the Interest of

D.N.G., 236 A.3d 361, 365-66 (Pa. Super. 2020) (declining to find waiver

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where biological mother raised challenge to effectiveness of child’s counsel for

first time on appeal). Consistent with the foregoing, we decline to find waiver.

      Instantly, the trial court appointed counsel to represent Child in the

termination proceedings involving Child’s biological father, who had no

relationship with Child. See Order, 10/2/20. The trial court did not appoint

counsel for Child in the adoption proceedings, despite finding that during

Former Stepfather and Mother’s “relationship and marriage, [Former

Stepfather] was [Child’s] only father figure.” Trial Court Opinion, 3/31/21, at

1.

      In addition, Child is over the age of 12 and must consent to adoption.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2711(a)(1). The record reflects Child has a lifelong relationship

with Former Stepfather. The record is less clear about Child’s relationship

with Current Stepfather. See Former Stepfather’s Brief in Support of Adoption

Petition, 3/11/21, at Exhibits B, E-G; Trial Court Opinion, 3/31/21, at 1-2.

Former Stepfather shares legal and physical custody of Child and pays child

support. Former Stepfather’s Brief in Support of Adoption Petition, 3/11/21,

at Exhibit C.

      The trial court does not reference Child’s views about adoption, or

examine whether adoption is in Child’s best interests. See A.S.H., 674 A.2d

at 700; 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2902(a). It is unclear whether or to what extent Child

has been advised of the implications of adoption, or how adoption by Current

Stepfather could impact Former Stepfather’s custody. See K.N.L., 2022 WL

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10719028, at *13 (observing that the rights of a person in loco parentis to

custody or visitation “automatically” terminate upon adoption). Mother and

Former Stepfather have a biological child, but the trial court does not discuss

the implications of adoption with respect to the siblings.      Also, there are

financial benefits available to children with a parent in the military.       See

Former Stepfather’s Supplemental Brief at 5.       While it is unclear whether

Former Stepfather’s custody and child support factor in Child’s eligibility for

benefits, adoption by Current Stepfather would foreclose the possibility.

       In K.M.G., our Supreme Court observed “the critical role of a child’s

attorney, zealously advocating for the legal interests of the child who

otherwise would be denied a voice in the [ ] proceedings.” K.M.G., 240 A.3d

at 1234; see also 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2313(a).         The Supreme Court recently

addressed the role of counsel for a child in termination and adoption

proceedings relative to a child’s preferences and best interests:

      Generally, an attorney acting as a child’s legal counsel must, at a
      minimum, attempt to ascertain the child’s preference and
      advocate on the child’s behalf. Admittedly, that inquiry may be
      no simple task.        First, discerning a child’s preference will
      necessarily be a fact-intensive and nuanced process, based upon
      an attorney’s observations and interactions with the child.
      Moreover, minors, as a class of individuals, fall within a wide range
      of ages, maturity levels, and emotional capacity that all factor into
      a child’s ability to express a preference. As a result, ascertaining
      a child’s preferred outcome may involve various circumstance-
      appropriate strategies. At one end of the spectrum, an attorney
      may represent an older, mature child who understands precisely
      what a termination proceeding entails and may articulate in clear,
      even binary, terms his preference for the outcome of the
      proceedings. By contrast, an attorney may represent a very
      young, less mature, child, who is unable to express any

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      understanding of the proceedings or articulate a preference as to
      their outcome.

      Yet, in the middle of this range may be a child who understands
      to some degree what is at stake in the proceedings, and who is
      capable of expressing some preference, but who is unable to do
      so in a fully informed and articulate fashion. In these instances,
      an attorney must make reasonable, but at the same time prudent,
      efforts to discern the child’s desires. And[] not only age and
      maturity may inform the analysis. There may be circumstances
      surrounding a termination proceeding that hamper determining a
      child’s clear preference.

In re P.G.F., 247 A.3d 955, 966 (Pa. 2021) (footnote omitted).

      This Court has emphasized not only the importance of the appointment

of counsel, but that counsel be effective in advocacy, particularly when the

child is near the age where their consent is required for adoption. See D.N.G.,

230 A.3d at 366-68. In D.N.G., DHS sought to terminate biological mother’s

parental rights. Id. at 363. The then-11-year-old child informed counsel he

did not wish to be adopted; counsel relayed his position to the family court

but took no further action to advocate for child. Id. at 366. On appeal, this

Court vacated the termination of mother’s parental rights and remanded

based on counsel being ineffective. Id. at 367-68. We opined:

      While legal representation in this context necessarily involves
      talking to the child client and reporting the child’s preferences to
      the court, it is in no way limited to those two actions. To the
      contrary, … [counsel] was required to advocate on behalf of
      D.N.G. and provide zealous client-directed representation of
      D.N.G.’s legal interests.

      …

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     We agree with [m]other’s assertion that [counsel’s] advocacy was
     inadequate. It was [counsel’s] principal obligation as legal counsel
     to ascertain D.N.G.’s legal interest and promote it.

     …

     Furthermore, counsel declined to present any legal argument in
     his client’s favor.
     …

     Most importantly, [counsel] failed to cast the most meaningful
     legal argument in his arsenal, i.e., the probability that his soon-
     to-be-twelve-year-old client would refuse to consent to any
     contemplated adoption. Indeed, by terminating parental rights
     notwithstanding D.N.G.’s express desire not to be adopted, the
     family court risked transforming D.N.G. into an orphan without
     any true purpose.

     In sum, based upon our review of the record, we conclude that
     [counsel’s] representation did not satisfy the mandate of §
     2313(a), because he neglected to advocate for his client’s legal
     interest. … [I]t is not possible for legal counsel to zealously
     represent his client’s legal interest merely by engaging in one
     discussion with the child on the eve of trial and then summarizing
     that conversation for the family court. Rather than simply
     reporting a preference to the family court, it was [counsel’s]
     obligation to engage in client-directed advocacy on behalf of
     D.N.G. with regard to the child’s preferred outcome. Therefore,
     we hold that D.N.G. was deprived of his statutory right to counsel
     to advance his legal interest, a deprivation that continues in this
     appeal.

Id. at 366-67 (citations and footnote omitted).

     A scenario similar to the instant matter arose in In re: Adoption of

R.A.B.,   1364   EDA   2007   (Pa.    Super.   May   9,   2008)   (unpublished

memorandum). The decision is non-precedential, but instructive. In R.A.B.,

the mother, in agreement with her partner (R.B.), conceived a child by

artificial insemination. Id. at 1-2. The relationship between mother and R.B.

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ended when the child was three; the mother subsequently married, and her

husband sought to adopt the child. Id. at 2. R.B. successfully intervened in

the proceedings, and after an 8-day trial, the orphans’ court granted the

husband’s adoption petition. Id. R.B. appealed, and this Court vacated and

remanded based on our concern that application of the Adoption Act had

“eliminated” R.B.’s custodial rights. Id. at 7-9. We explained:

     [A]t the time the trial judge granted the petition of R.B. to adopt
     [the child], there were already two persons with legally
     enforceable parental rights. Thus, the decision of the trial court
     to grant R.B.’s petition to adopt [the child] either created a
     situation where [the child] has three legal parents, or effectively
     eliminated [R.B.]’s parental rights without due consideration for
     the consequences. The failure to address those consequences is
     of particular significance to any consideration and resolution of the
     best interests of [the child], since, as recognized by counsel
     appointed to represent the interest of [the child], the
     experts produced by the respective parties were adamant that
     [R.B.]’s relationship with [the child] should be maintained.

Id. at 9 (emphasis added).

     Like the parties in R.A.B., Former Stepfather and Mother have a custody

agreement. However, unlike the child in R.A.B., Child in this case is over the

age of 12 and does not have counsel. Mindful of the “effective[] eliminat[ion

of Former Stepfather’s] parental rights without due consideration for the

consequences,” In re Adoption of R.A.B. at 9, we conclude that legal

representation is warranted for the advocacy of Child’s preferences and best

interests. In re P.G.F., supra.

     For the above reasons, we are constrained to vacate the trial court’s

decree dismissing Former Stepfather’s petition to intervene and adoption

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petition and granting Current Stepfather’s adoption petition. In addition to

remanding for a determination of Former Stepfather’s standing, we remand

for appointment of counsel for Child, to “serve the critical role of a child’s

attorney, zealously advocating for the legal interests of the child.” K.M.G.,

supra at 1234.      We further recognize the Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s

holding that while one attorney may act as GAL and legal counsel, the attorney

may only do so when “the child’s legal interests [i.e., the child’s preferred

outcome] do not conflict with the attorney’s view of the child’s best interests.”

Id. at 1224. Thus, the trial court may appoint a GAL and legal counsel if it

determines that Child’s preferences are contrary to counsel’s view of Child’s

best interests.

      Decree vacated. Case remanded for further proceedings. Jurisdiction

relinquished.

      President Judge Panella, Judges McLaughlin and McCaffery join the

opinion.

      Judges Nichols and Sullivan concur in the result.

      Judge Dubow files a concurring opinion in which President Judge Panella,

Judges Nichols and Sullivan join.

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     Judge Kunselman files a dissenting opinion in which Judge Olson joins.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 1/19/2023

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