Court Opinion

ID: 8190915
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 23:13:54.455087+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:40:33.963586
License: Public Domain

Winslow, C. J.
It is very well established that, in the absence of some statutory provision, an adult servant assumes the ordinary risks of his employment, and that the rule requiring the employer to furnish the servant a safe place to work has no proper application to such operations as building or mining and the like, where the working place is constantly changing and the servant is assisting in making the change himself. In the present case, however, the jury have found on sufficient evidence that the plaintiff was assured by the shift boss before he went into that part of the drift where he was hurt that the place was safe. The question presented on the merits is, therefore, whether the evidence was sufficient to justify the jury in finding that the plaintiff could lawfully rely upon that assurance and thus be excused from making any independent examination of the roof of the drift himself before going in to shovel out the rock. We do not have *181to go to other states for authorities on this question. This court has held that where an employee enters on a task attended by dangers which are just as obvious and apparent to him as to the master, he assumes the risk, notwithstanding an assurance by the master or his representative that there is no danger. Showalter v. Fairbanks, M. & Co. 88 Wis. 376, 60 N. W. 257. This court has also held upon ample authority that “if the employee has no actual knowledge of the danger, and it is not obvious to the sense but only to be ascertained by careful examination or test, and the master or superintendent having superior knowledge of the situation, or assuming to have such knowledge, assures the employee of safety, and the employee, relying on such assurance, goes to work, he will not be held as matter of law to have assumed the risk.” Holloway v. H. W. Johns-Manville Co. 135 Wis. 629, 116 N. W. 635. If he will not be held to have assumed the risk, for a stronger reason he will not be held as matter of law to have been guilty of contributory negligence. According to the plaintiff's evidence here, the shift boss went into the dangerous place with his candle, and came out and ordered the plaintiff to go in and shovel up the debris on the floor, telling him that the place was as safe as his home. It is quite plain that it would take some examination of the roof with the aid of a light to ascertain what the condition was. It was clearly a question for the jury to pass upon, whether, in view of the order and the assurance, the plaintiff was excused from making any independent examination of the roof himself.
A number of detail errors are assigned which will now be considered.
1. The plaintiff examined Boalich, the shift boss, on the trial as an adverse witness, under sec. 4068 of the Statutes, and at the conclusion of the examination the court refused to allow the defendant’s counsel to cross-examine him. This was error under the recent case of Guse v. Power & M. M. *182Co. 151 Wis. 400, 139 N. W. 195. Boalich was, however, called as a witness by the defendant, and fully examined. It is not now suggested that the defendant has been deprived of the benefit of any testimony by reason of the fact that no cross-examination was permitted when Boalich was called by the plaintiff. It seems clear that no prejudice resulted from the erroneous ruling.
2. Against objection, the plaintiff was allowed to state that he believed the shift boss when he told him that the place was safe. This was entirely right. If, as we have held, there was room for the jury to find that the plaintiff could lawfully rely on the assurance of safety, then it was entirely proper for the plaintiff to testify to the fact of such reliance.
3. A controversy between counsel arose during the argument of plaintiff’s counsel to the jury with regard to the propriety of certain of the counsel’s remarks, the exact purport of which remarks does not certainly appear. The controversy arose in this way: One Sever had acted as interpreter between the plaintiff and the defendant’s officers when the plaintiff went to the defendant’s offices in July, 1910, and made a statement as to the circumstances under which the accident happened. In this statement, which was introduced in evidence on the trial, no mention was made of the assurance of safety, and it was claimed that it contradicted the plaintiff’s evidence on the trial in other particulars. It was claimed by the plaintiff (who was a Croatian) that Sever talked a different language or dialect called Krain, and that he (plaintiff) could only understand a part of what Sever said. Upon the argument to the jury plaintiff’s counsel made some statement with regard to the interpreter, the exact purport of which does not appear, but which was evidently a statement intended to discredit his testimony on the ground that he was or might have been in the pay or employ of the defendant. Counsel for the defendant interrupted the argument with an objection at this point and charged that counsel had stated *183that the interpreter was the defendant’s paid interpreter and under its control, of which fact there was no evidence. A colloquy followed between the court and both counsel, in the course of which counsel for plaintiff denied the correctness of defendant’s version of his statement, and startéd to tell what he did say, when he was interrupted by the court, but finally succeeded in stating that he did not say to the jury that the interpreter was paid by the defendant. At last the trial court stated to the jury, on defendant’s request, that there was no presumption that the defendant either hired, employed, or secured the interpreter. Defendant’s counsel then asked the court to go further and state to the jury that there was no evidence that the interpreter was secured or paid by the defendant, and this request was refused by the trial judge in the following words:
“I don’t think I will so instruct the jury. I will say in respect to the matter that the jury may draw such inference from the testimony in respect to the matter as they think proper and think just in that particular, and the fact that there is testimony that this man came to see this other man and that the man now representing the defendant, Mr. Norris, was present at the time the statement was procured. Now I think that is a fair way to leave the whole matter.”
The testimony referred to by the trial judge was the plaintiff’s testimony that he never knew the man Sever until he (Sever) came to see him and he did not know who brought him; that he (Sever) came from Hibbing, Minnesota, and talked to him; that he (plaintiff), together with one Scoban, a fellow workman, who was also hurt, went to the defendant’s office and that Sever went with them and did the interpreting for both of them, in the presence of one of the defendant’s attorneys. In view of the fact that there is no authoritative statement in the record as to just what was said by the plaintiff’s counsel, and the further fact that the defendant’s version of the statement is challenged as incorrect by the plaint*184iff’s counsel, we are unable to see bow we can say there was error here, much less prejudicial error. If it was a fact, as claimed by plaintiff, that the interpreter was a total stranger to him and came from Minnesota to see him without request from him, and then accompanied him to the defendant’s office and.acted as interpreter, not only for the plaintiff but also for Scoban, the other injured employee, in making statements wanted by the defendant company, we are'unable to say that there might not be some inferences which could properly be drawn by the jury to the effect that the visit of the interpreter to the plaintiff and his subsequent action was in some way due to some request or inducement coming to him from the defendant.
4. Sever was a witness and was asked what in his judgment would be the chance for any part of plaintiff’s statement not to have been understood by him (the plaintiff). The witness Scoban (who was another Croatian, speaking a somewhat different dialect) was also asked whether he thought plaintiff could understand everything Sever said to him at the time the statement was made. Objections by the plaintiff to these questions were sustained by the court, and error is now assigned upon these rulings. The questions may be said to be very near the border line of admissibility. Had they been permitted to be answered, we should have been slow to pronounce the rulings erroneous. Yet it is very apparent that the opinion of either witness as to how perfectly Jaleopac understood what Sever said to him can only be an opinion based on very uncertain premises and can amount to little more than a guess. Even if the ruling be technically erroneous (a point we do not decide), it cannot be held to be substantially prejudicial.
5. The witness Sever was not present at the trial, but his deposition, which, after due notice, had been taken by the defendant in the office of the warden of the federal prison at Leavenworth, Kansas, was read. Plaintiff’s counsel were not present at the taking of the deposition, so there was no cross-*185examination of tbe witness. After tbe testimony of tbe witness was read by defendant, plaintiff’s counsel offered tbe notice and certificate in evidence. Objection was made by defendant’s counsel to tbe offer on tbe ground tbat tbey were offered for tbe sole purpose of showing to tbe jury tbe fact tbat tbe deposition was taken in tbe office of tbe warden of tbe penitentiary, and thus allowing tbe jury to draw tbe inference tbat tbe witness was a convict, whereas there were two proper ways to prove tbat fact, namely, by cross-examination of tbe witness himself and by introduction of tbe record of conviction. Tbe court overruled tbe objection and allowed tbe notice and certificate to be read to tbe jury. In making tbe ruling tbe court said with regard to tbe recital showing tbat tbe deposition was taken in the prison, “Ob, I think it is proper merely to refer to it as a circumstance in connection with tbe taking of tbe deposition, tbat is all.” Later tbe court said: “It is not evidence, strictly speaking, but I think tbe facts set forth there are proper to bring to tbe attention of tbe jury as showing tbe circumstances under which tbe deposition was taken, tbat is all.”
We should have been much better satisfied bad tbe court ruled otherwise. But even if tbe ruling should be held to be erroneous, tbe question whether it affirmatively appears tbat any substantial right of tbe defendant has been affected by tbe ruling remains to be considered. Sec. 3072m, Stats. While tbe discussion of tbe objection was proceeding in tbe trial court in tbe absence of tbe jury, defendant’s counsel said, “Of course, tbe plaintiff in this case is not responsible for tbe fact tbat tbe man vjas incarcerated in the ‘prison. Tbe only place where be could give notice would be notice within tbe walls of tbe prison, because they wouldn’t let him out.” This seems to be an explicit admission tbat tbe fact was tbat Sever was imprisoned for crime. Doubtless if another trial were ordered tbe plaintiff would produce tbe record and thus satisfy tbe technical requirements of tbe law as to proof of tbe fact. Under such circumstances, it would seem almost *186absurd to say that any substantial right of the defendant bad been invaded by the ruling, even conceding it to be abstractly erroneous. To send the case back to allow this fact to be proven by record evidence seems futile. Our conclusion is that it does not appear that any substantial right of the defendant was affected by the ruling.
6. The objection that the damages are excessive must be overruled. The plaintiff, a strong, healthy man of about thirty-seven years of age, earning $2.30 a day, lost his left leg four inches below the knee and was unable to walk without the aid of crutches nearly three years later when the action was tried. The evidence certainly tended strongly to show that he is permanently incapacitated for labor. He was in the hospital for two months and was being treated for three months after that period. He still suffers some pain in bad weather, and doubtless this condition will also be permanent. Under the circumstances we are not able to pronounce the damages excessive.
No other contentions require treatment.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.