Court Opinion

ID: 9894808
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-03 05:09:03.973825+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:10:46.444957
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     November 2, 2023
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                    No. 361620
                                                                     Livingston Circuit Court
JEROME WALTER KOWALSKI,                                              LC No. 08-017643-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: BOONSTRA, P.J., and GADOLA and YATES, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

         In 2013, a jury found defendant guilty of two counts of first-degree murder, MCL 750.316,
and two counts of possessing a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL
750.227b. Former Judge Theresa Brennan sentenced defendant to serve two consecutive life-
without-parole sentences for the first-degree murder convictions and two years’ imprisonment for
the felony-firearm convictions. In 2019, after many unsuccessful appeals to this Court and our
Supreme Court, defendant’s convictions and sentences were ultimately vacated because of judicial
misconduct. Defendant stipulated to a new trial. Defendant now appeals by leave granted1 the
trial court’s pretrial order denying his motion to dismiss the charges with prejudice. We affirm
the trial court’s decision.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

        This is the fourth time this case has come before this Court. The facts are not in dispute in
this appeal. Our Supreme Court set forth the relevant background facts for this case in People v
Kowalski, 492 Mich 106, 110-111; 821 NW2d 14 (2012):

             In May 2008, the brother and sister-in-law of defendant, Jerome Walter
       Kowalski, were found dead in their home. Defendant was charged with both

1
 People v Kowalski, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered October 24, 2022 (Docket
No. 361620).

                                                -1-
       murders. Testimony elicited at defendant’s preliminary examination and Walker1
       hearing indicates that police questioned defendant about the killings four times over
       the course of several days: first at defendant’s home, next at the Brighton Police
       Station, then at the Ann Arbor Police Department, and finally at a Michigan State
       Police post.

               During the third interview session, defendant acquiesced to the
       interviewer’s statement that there was a “fifty percent chance [he killed his brother],
       but a fifty percent chance [he] didn’t.” Defendant discussed having a “blackout”
       and “blurred” memory and stated, “I thought I had a dream Thursday, but it was
       the actual shooting.”

               Defendant confessed to the murders during the last interview session, which
       followed a night in jail. Defendant stated that he went to his brother’s home, walked
       into the kitchen, and murdered his brother and sister-in-law after a brief verbal
       exchange. The record suggests that defendant initially described shooting his
       brother in the chest from a distance of several feet, although he eventually changed
       his account after a Detective illustrated through role-playing that defendant’s first
       version of events did not corroborate the evidence recovered from the victims’
       house. At this point in the pretrial proceedings, defendant’s confession is the
       primary evidence implicating him in the murders.

       __________________________________________________________________
       1
           People v Walker (On Rehearing), 374 Mich 331; 132 NW2d 87 (1965).

       __________________________________________________________________

        Defendant was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. Years later, it was
discovered that the judge who had presided over defendant’s trial, former Judge Theresa Brennan,
failed to disclose her romantic relationship and communication with a key witness during trial.
The circumstances surrounding her failure to disclose are at the heart of this appeal.

        Shortly before defendant’s trial in 2013, the Livingston County Prosecutor received a letter
from a local attorney that alleged Judge Brennan had failed to disclose her social relationships with
two police officers who were witnesses in the case. This letter was given to defendant and his trial
counsel on the same day it was received. Defendant then moved for Judge Brennan to recuse
herself on the basis of “an allegation with respect to the Court being socially friends, social friends
with two prospective witnesses of significance to this case.” Judge Brennan refused to recuse
herself, reasoning that her friendship with the two witnesses did not affect her ability to handle
defendant’s case. Defendant appealed this decision to Circuit Court Judge David J. Reader.

        Defendant framed his challenge on the “appearance of impropriety,” acknowledging that
“[w]e don’t have any actual showing in this situation that Judge Brennan is, in fact, prejudice [sic]
with respect to” defendant. Judge Reader acknowledged that judges had friendships with many
different individuals and were members of the community. The assistant prosecutor in the case
stated that

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       the record in the lower Court was that there is no actual bias. There’s no . . . actual
       facts that have been placed on the record. There has been nothing to indicate
       concern that there may have been facts known prior to the letter that was received
       this morning and weren’t acted on before. And so in light of all of that, we just
       really want to get this trial rolling on Monday.

Judge Reader affirmed Judge Brennan’s decision, reasoning that a mere “social friendship with
two officers” was insufficient to order recusal. Judge Reader stated that he himself was aware of
the friendships and that it was “well known by the legal community here in this . . . area.”

       In 2018, the Judicial Tenure Commission (JTC) filed a complaint against former Judge
Brennan. The Master found that, at the time of defendant’s trial, former Judge Brennan had been
romantically involved with one of the officers involved in the case, Detective Sean Furlong, and
had failed to disclose this to defendant.2 During an Attorney General investigatory hearing,
Detective Furlong testified that he, former Judge Brennan, and other prosecutors had often spent
time together in group settings. Furlong testified that the prosecutor had known that he and former
Judge Brennan were friends and that “it wasn’t a secret.” He explained that, after the letter was
received, the prosecutor did not ask him any questions about his relationship with former Judge
Brennan because the prosecutor “was well aware for years how close friends Theresa and I were.
That wasn’t a surprise for her.”

        In her testimony at the JTC proceedings, former Judge Brennan testified that, in the years
leading up to defendant’s trial, she, two detectives, and many other individuals would often visit
the bar together and engage in other group activities. When asked who knew about her relationship
with the detective, former Judge Brennan replied, “The prosecutor knew I was friends with [the
Detective].” Former Judge Brennan explained which prosecutors had known of her friendship
with Detective Furlong, which included the prosecutor in defendant’s trial, Pam Maas. In June
2019, our Supreme Court removed former Judge Brennan after conducting a de novo review of
the JTC’s recommendation. In re Brennan, 504 Mich 80, 86; 929 NW2d 290 (2019). The Court
adopted the JTC’s findings of fact based on evidence that former Judge Brennan “socialized with
Furlong, that she allowed him to use her cottage, that Furlong had been a dinner guest at her home,
and that [Brennan]’s husband sometimes gave Furlong his University of Michigan football season
tickets at [Brennan]’s urging, as well as evidence of the number of telephone calls and texts
between [Brennan] and Furlong.” Id. at 93.

        On January 8, 2019, upon stipulation by both the prosecutor and defendant, the trial court
granted defendant’s motion for relief from judgment, vacated defendant’s convictions and
sentences, and ordered a new trial. However, in April 2022, defendant moved to dismiss his
charges with prejudice for two reasons. First, defendant argued that the prosecutor and others had
known about former Judge Brennan and Detective Furlong’s romantic relationship but had chosen
to intentionally conceal it from defendant, thereby violating the duty under Brady v Maryland, 373
US 83; 83 S Ct 1194; 10 L Ed 2d 215 (1963), to disclose impeachment evidence. Defendant

2
  Many other instances of misconduct were at issue in the JTC proceedings, but they are not
relevant to this appeal.

                                                -3-
contended that the proper remedy for such “willful and egregious” misconduct was dismissal of
all charges, not retrial. Secondly, defendant argued that double jeopardy also barred retrial because
of the prosecution’s egregious misconduct. The trial court denied defendant’s motion to dismiss,
reasoning that there was no binding authority to support either of defendant’s positions.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        A trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. People
v Lewis, 302 Mich App 338, 341; 839 NW2d 37 (2013). The trial court abuses its discretion when
it chooses an outcome falling outside the range of principled outcomes. Id. This Court reviews
de novo constitutional issues, People v Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich 38, 47; 826 NW2d 136 (2012),
such as those involving a Brady violation, People v Dimambro, 318 Mich App 204, 212; 897
NW2d 233 (2016), or double jeopardy, People v Ream, 481 Mich 223, 226; 750 NW2d 536 (2008).

                                         B. DISCUSSION

        Defendant argues that he is entitled to relief based on the prosecutor’s Brady violation and
the Double Jeopardy Clause. We disagree. We note that defendant frames this case as one of first
impression in this Court. He argues that other jurisdictions allow for dismissal of charges when
faced with egregious prosecutorial misconduct and that the Michigan Constitution should likewise
be interpreted to bar retrial in such circumstances. However, defendant’s framing of this issue is
misguided and he relies on precedent that addresses circumstances distinguishable from his case.

         As an initial matter, we believe that there exists a strong argument that defendant waived
any challenge to his remedy by stipulating to retrial. But in his reply brief, defendant argues for
the first time that he did not make a “knowing waiver” because he stipulated to a new trial based
on “the probability of actual bias by the judge” which was “not a waiver of double jeopardy rights
as to undisclosed prosecutorial misconduct.” Specifically, defendant argues that he stipulated to
the new trial before receiving the transcript of Detective Furlong’s interview with the Attorney
General in which he disclosed evidence of prosecutorial misconduct.

        Waiver is “the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.” People v
Buie, 298 Mich App 50, 57; 825 NW2d 361 (2012). Constitutional rights may be waived if the
waiver is made “intelligently, understandingly and voluntarily.” Id. “One who waives his rights
under a rule may not then seek appellate review of a claimed deprivation of those rights, for his
waiver has extinguished any error.” People v Carter, 462 Mich 206, 215; 612 NW2d 144 (2000)
(citation omitted). When defense counsel expresses satisfaction with the trial court’s decision,
counsel’s action will be deemed to constitute a waiver. Id. at 214-215.

         In the present case, defendant explicitly agreed that retrial was the appropriate remedy. At
the time of his stipulation, former Judge Brennan and Detective Furlong’s romantic relationship
was known. The JTC Master’s Report was released in December 2018. Defendant stipulated to
retrial in January 2019. But defendant did not receive the transcript of Detective Furlong’s
interview with the Attorney General until June 2019. In this interview, Detective Furlong largely

                                                -4-
confirmed what was already known from the Master’s Report. However, defendant argues that he
learned of two additional pieces of information from this interview that further support his claim
of prosecutorial misconduct: (1) Maas did not ask Detective Furlong about his relationship with
Judge Brennan following defendant’s recusal motion (thereby violating her duty to inquire under
Brady), and (2) Maas asked Detective Furlong to sit at counsel table during defendant’s trial as a
“favor” because Maas knew Furlong was friends with the judge. The Court does not find that
Detective Furlong’s interview was so revelatory as to invalidate defendant’s stipulation to retrial.
More importantly, there is no indication that the stipulation was not made knowingly, intelligently,
voluntarily, or understandingly.

        Regardless of waiver, we hold that, on the merits, defendant is not entitled to dismissal.
When the prosecution suppresses material evidence from the defendant, it violates his right to due
process of law, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution. Brady, 373 US at 87.
See also People v Burger, 331 Mich App 504, 516-517; 953 NW2d 424 (2020). The test for a
Brady violation has three elements: “(1) the prosecution has suppressed evidence; (2) that is
favorable to the accused; and (3) that is material.” Id. at 517, quoting People v Chenault, 495
Mich 142, 150; 845 NW2d 731 (2014). Evidence that is favorable to the accused can be
exculpatory evidence or impeachment evidence. Strickler v Greene, 527 US 263, 281-282; 119 S
Ct 1936; 144 L Ed 2d 286 (1999). “Moreover, the rule encompasses evidence known only to
police investigators and not to the prosecutor. In order to comply with Brady, therefore, the
individual prosecutor has a duty to learn of any favorable evidence known to others acting on the
government’s behalf in this case, including the police.” Id. quoting Kyles v Whitley, 514 US 419,
421-422; 115 S Ct 1555; 131 L Ed 2d 490 (1995) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
Suppression of evidence may be intentional or inadvertent. Id. at 281-282. “When the reliability
of a witness may well be determinative of guilt or innocence, nondisclosure of evidence affecting
credibility falls within this general rule [of Brady].” People v Abcumby-Blair, 335 Mich App 210,
218; 966 NW2d 437 (2020) (alteration in original) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        The crux of defendant’s argument is that the prosecutor and others in the prosecutor’s
office knew about former Judge Brennan and Detective Furlong’s romantic relationship but
intentionally failed to disclose this to defendant, thus violating Brady. Defendant contends that
even if the prosecutor did not know the “full extent” of the relationship, the prosecutor had a duty
(1) to inquire, and (2) to share known facts. Defendant asserts that the prosecutor failed to do
either. Although a Brady violation may have occurred in this case, we cannot conclude that
defendant is entitled to dismissal.

        The evidence shows that the prosecutor withheld impeachment evidence from the
defendant. Detective Furlong testified that Maas did not ask him about his relationship with Judge
Brennan because she “was well aware for years how close friends [the judge] and I were.” While
this may show that, at the time, Maas was only aware of their close friendship, and not romantic
relationship, close personal friendships can pose a serious risk of actual bias such that the judge is
disqualified from presiding over a case. MCR 2.003(C)(1)(b) (“The judge, based on objective and
reasonable perceptions, has either (i) a serious risk of actual bias impacting the due process rights
of a party…, or (ii) has failed to adhere to the appearance of impropriety standard set forth in
Canon 2 of the Michigan Code of Judicial Conduct”).

                                                 -5-
         Further, prosecutors have a duty to learn of any favorable evidence “known only to police
investigators and not the prosecutor”. Strickler, 527 US at 281. While the prosecutor may not
have known the extent of the relationship, Detective Furlong most certainly did. No matter what
Maas thought she knew of the relationship, she had a duty to learn of the actual extent of the
relationship as known by Detective Furlong. Furlong’s testimony indicates that the prosecutor
failed to ask him anything about the relationship in response to defendant’s recusal motion.
Because prosecutors have a duty to learn of any evidence known only to police, who might in turn
testify on the prosecution’s behalf, responsibility for evidence within Detective Furlong’s control
is imputed to the prosecution. See id. at 281-282.

       The prosecutor also had independent knowledge of the relationship as evidenced by
Furlong’s testimony to the Attorney General. Detective Furlong revealed that he would have
conversations with prosecutor Maas about his trips to Judge Brennan’s cottage and his multiple
lunches with Judge Brennan. Maas’s knowledge is evidenced by her decision to seat Furlong at
counsel table when he was not the officer in charge of the case. Detective Furlong himself thought
this was a “bizarre” request and interpreted it as a “favor” due to his close relationship with Judge
Brennan. This decision can only be interpreted as an attempt to exploit Furlong’s relationship with
Judge Brennan to gain an advantage at trial. Therefore, defendant has met the first element of his
Brady claim.

       The second Brady element, that the suppressed evidence must have been favorable to the
defendant, can include exculpatory evidence as well as impeachment evidence. Strickler, 527 US
at 281-282. Evidence of Judge Brennan’s relationship with Detective Furlong would have been
favorable to the defense because Detective Furlong’s testimony could have been impeached by
questioning his relationship with Judge Brennan. Thus, defendant has met the second prong of
Brady.

      The third element–materiality–is often the most difficult element to analyze. See Strickler,
527 US at 282. To establish that the suppressed evidence was material, a defendant must show
that,

       there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the
       defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A ‘reasonable
       probability’ is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.
       This standard does not require demonstration by a preponderance that disclosure of
       the suppressed evidence would have resulted ultimately in the defendant’s
       acquittal.... The question is whether, in the absence of the suppressed evidence, the
       defendant received a fair trial, understood as a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of
       confidence. In assessing the materiality of the evidence, courts are to consider the
       suppressed evidence collectively, rather than piecemeal. [Dimambro, 318 Mich
       App at 219, quoting Chenault, 495 Mich at 150–151 (citations and quotation marks
       omitted).]

        We know that defendant did not receive a fair trial because of former Judge Brennan’s
misconduct. But had the prosecutor disclosed her knowledge of the personal relationship, which
was known or should have been known through a proper inquiry, there is a reasonable probability
that the result of defendant’s trial would have been different. It is clear that the defendant could

                                                -6-
have used this information to bolster his recusal motion, and if Judge Brennan would have
remained the presiding judge on the case, could have used this information to impeach the
prosecution’s star witness, Detective Furlong. As to the recusal motion, it is almost certain that
had the prosecution disclosed what Detective Furlong knew of the relationship, Judge Brennan
would have been forced to recuse herself and defendant would have received a fair trial before an
impartial judge.

       We conclude that the prosecutor violated her duty under Brady by failing to disclose her
personal knowledge of the relationship and by failing to inquire into the relationship when
defendant moved for Judge Brennan’s recusal.

         However, we cannot conclude that this warrants dismissal because the remedy for a Brady
violation is a new trial, and defendant concedes as much. See, e.g., Kyles v Whitley, 514 US 419,
421-422; 115 S Ct 1555; 131 L Ed 2d 490 (1995); People v Christian, 510 Mich 52, 91; 987 NW2d
29 (2022). In addition, the remedy for prosecutorial misconduct is generally a new trial. See,
e.g., People v Aceval, 282 Mich App 379, 389-393; 764 NW2d 285 (2009). This remedy is proper
because, when evaluating a Brady violation or other prosecutorial misconduct, the issue is one of
a fair trial for the defendant. See Burger, 331 Mich App at 517; Aceval, 282 Mich App at 391.
See also People v Abraham, 256 Mich App 265, 272; 662 NW2d 836 (2003). In Aceval, we
explained that

       [i]t does not follow that a due process violation should bar retrial, because such a
       remedy would be unduly broad and would fail to address the specific harm the
       defendant has suffered. Specifically, barring retrial on the basis of due process
       grounds would amount to “punishment of society for [the] misdeeds of a
       prosecutor” because it would permit the accused to go free. [Id. (second alteration
       in original.)]

Therefore, Aceval held that, although the prosecutor’s and trial court’s misconduct violated the
defendant’s right to due process, a new trial was the appropriate remedy. Id. at 392. While we
noted that “both the trial court’s and the prosecutor’s conduct was plainly reprehensible, the
blameworthiness of either is not the critical factor, because the primary inquiry is the misconduct’s
effect on the trial.” Id. at 392-393.

        Defendant’s position ignores that the misconduct is not the primary inquiry. Rather, it is
the fairness of the trial. Defendant provides no binding authority to support his position that retrial
should be barred. Defendant raises the Michigan Rules of Professional Conduct, but even
assuming the prosecutor and others violated these rules, “the remedy for their wrongs is
accomplished in other forums, such as the Attorney Discipline Board and the Judicial Tenure
Commission.” Id. at 392. They have no bearing on the outcome of this appeal because the rules
“do not confer upon a defendant any type of constitutional right or remedy.” Id.

       We similarly reject defendant’s argument that double jeopardy would be implicated if he
were to be retried. Defendant argues prosecutorial misconduct can lead to dismissal of charges
under the Double Jeopardy Clause. Defendant’s position on double jeopardy is misplaced.

                                                 -7-
        Both “[t]he Michigan and federal constitutions provide that no person shall twice be put in
jeopardy for the same offense.” People v Dawson, 431 Mich 234, 250; 427 NW2d 886 (1988).
Double jeopardy limits the state generally to having only one attempt at obtaining a conviction.
Id. The purpose behind double jeopardy is the long-held belief that the government “should not
be allowed to make repeated attempts to convict an individual for an alleged offense, thereby
subjecting him to embarrassment, expense and ordeal and compelling him to live in a continuing
state of anxiety and insecurity, as well as enhancing the possibility that even though innocent he
may be found guilty.” Id. at 251 (quotation marks and citation omitted). “Where the trial ends
before a verdict—where a mistrial is declared—the Double Jeopardy Clause may bar a retrial.”
Id. However, even when there is a mistrial, double jeopardy allows for retrial in numerous
circumstances, such as when a mistrial is because of a hung jury or “where the prosecutor or judge
made an innocent error.” Id. at 252. Retrial is also permitted when it is the defendant who moves
for or consents to a mistrial. Id. at 253. But double jeopardy “bars retrial where prosecutorial
conduct was intended to provoke the defendant into moving for a mistrial.” Id.

       Defendant relies on our following statement in Aceval:

       This is not to suggest however, that prosecutorial misconduct can never invoke the
       constitutional protection against double jeopardy. On that issue, we offer no
       opinion because, as Judge MURPHY notes in his concurrence, “there is no indication
       whatsoever that the prosecutor committed the misconduct for the purpose of
       avoiding or preventing an acquittal, nor can it be said that an acquittal was likely to
       occur if the prosecutor refrained from the misconduct or that the prosecutor
       believed such was the case.” [Aceval, 282 Mich App at 391 n 5.]

However, this language was dicta, and it is not binding precedent. See People v Warner, 339 Mich
App 125, 138; 981 NW2d 733 (2021). Defendant also relies on authority addressing instances in
which the prosecutor’s actions caused a mistrial in some fashion. In the present case, a jury found
the defendant guilty, but his convictions were eventually vacated. Accordingly, a different set of
legal standards governs. It has long been held that retrial is not barred by double jeopardy when a
defendant obtains postconviction relief. See, e.g., Tibbs v Florida, 457 US 31, 39-40; 102 S Ct
2211; 72 L Ed 2d 652 (1982); Burks v United States, 437 US 1, 13-15; 98 S Ct 2141; 57 L Ed 2d
1 (1978). “This Court has consistently held that the Double Jeopardy Clause imposes no limitation
upon the power of the government to retry a defendant who has succeeded in persuading a court
to set his conviction aside, unless the conviction has been reversed because of the insufficiency of
the evidence.” Oregon v Kennedy, 456 US 667, 676 n 6; 102 S Ct 2083; 72 L Ed 2d 416 (1982)
(emphasis added).

                                                -8-
         Insufficiency of the evidence is not an issue in this case. Defendant obtained
postconviction relief, and his retrial is not barred by double jeopardy. Therefore, we conclude that
the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying defendant’s motion to dismiss his charges
with prejudice.

       Affirmed.

                                                             /s/ Mark T. Boonstra
                                                             /s/ Michael F. Gadola
                                                             /s/ Christopher P. Yates

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