Court Opinion

ID: 623441
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-02-23 19:14:48+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:11:45.627574
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                                                                             Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       February 23, 2012
                                  TENTH CIRCUIT                          Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                             Clerk of Court

BP PIPELINES (NORTH AMERICA)
INC., a Maine corporation; CCPS
TRANSPORTATION, LLC, a limited
liability company,

             Plaintiffs – Appellees,

v.                                                     Nos. 09-5081 & 10-5087
                                                 (D.C. No. 4:06-CV-00569-GKF-PJC )
C.D. BROWN CONSTRUCTION, INC.,                             (D. N.D. Okla.)
an Oklahoma corporation,

             Defendant – Appellant,

SHIDLER TELEPHONE COMPANY, an
Oklahoma corporation,

             Defendant.

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before LUCERO, McKAY, and O'BRIEN, Circuit Judges.

      While burying telephone cable for Shidler Telephone Company (Shidler), C.D.

Brown Construction (Brown) struck an underground oil pipeline owned by CCPS

      *
         This order and judgment is an unpublished decision, not binding precedent. 10th
Cir. R. 32.1(A). Citation to unpublished decisions is not prohibited. Fed. R. App. 32.1.
It is appropriate as it relates to law of the case, issue preclusion and claim preclusion.
Unpublished decisions may also be cited for their persuasive value. 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A).
Citation to an order and judgment must be accompanied by an appropriate parenthetical
notation B (unpublished). Id.
Transportation (CCPS) and operated by BP Pipelines North America (BP) (hereinafter

CCPS and BP will collectively be referred to as BP). BP brought a negligence suit

against Brown for the costs it incurred in repairing the pipeline and cleaning up the

resulting oil spill. The jury found total damages to be $1.4 million and determined

Brown was 75% at fault. Judgment was entered in favor of BP for $1,050,000. BP

moved for attorneys’ fees under Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 12, § 940, which allows for an award

of attorneys’ fees to a prevailing party “[i]n any civil action to recover damages for the

negligent or willful injury to property and any other incidental costs related to such

action.” The district court granted the motion and awarded BP fees totaling $341,406.

          Brown brought two separate appeals. In Appeal No. 09-5081, it argues BP’s claim

for remediation damages was a contribution claim which should have been dismissed

under Okla. Stat. tit. 12, § 832(H)(2)(1995)1 because Brown had been released from

liability by a settlement agreement in a related state court lawsuit brought by the affected

landowner. In Appeal No. 10-5087, Brown claims BP is not entitled to fees under § 940

or, in the alternative, it was not entitled to certain fees. We disagree on all counts and

affirm.

              I.   THE OKLAHOMA UNDERGROUND FACILITIES DAMAGE
                               PREVENTION ACT

          The Oklahoma legislature enacted the Underground Facilities Damage Prevention

          1
          This statute provides in relevant part: “When a release . . . or a similar agreement
is given in good faith to one of two or more persons liable in tort for the same injury or
the same wrongful death . . . [i]t discharges the tort-feasor to whom it is given from all
liability for contribution to any other tort-feasor.”

                                             -2-
Act (the Underground Facilities Act), Okla. Stat. tit. 63, §§ 142.1- 142.12 (2004), to

protect, inter alia, underground facilities within the state from damage as a result of

excavation.2 See Jones v. Okla. Natural Gas Co., 894 P.2d 415, 418 (Okla. 1994). The

Act requires all operators of underground facilities to register the location of their

underground facilities with a statewide notification center—the Oklahoma One-Call

System or “Call OKIE.” Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 63, §§ 142.2(8), 142.3. (R. (Appeal No. 09-

5081) Appellant’s Appx. Vol. II at 1025.) Prior to digging, an excavator must contact

Call OKIE and provide it with the following information: (1) the name of the individual

providing the notice; (2) the location of the proposed area of excavation; (3) the name,

address and telephone number of the excavator; (4) the excavator’s field telephone

number, if one is available; (5) the type and extent of the proposed work; (6) whether or

not the discharging of explosives is anticipated; and (7) the date and time when work is to

begin. Id. at §§ 142.5, 142.6(A), (D). With this information, Call OKIE creates an

“OKIE ticket” which is sent to all operators with underground facilities “in or near the

proposed area of excavation.” Id. § 142.6(A). (R. (Appeal No. 09-5081) Appellant’s

Appx. Vol. II at 1027-28.)

       Upon receiving an OKIE ticket, an operator has forty-eight hours in which to

“locate and mark or otherwise provide the approximate location of [its] underground

facilities . . . in a manner as to enable the excavator to employ hand-dug test holes to

       2
        “‘Excavate’ means to dig, compress or remove earth, rock or other materials in
or on the ground by use of mechanized equipment or blasting, . . . .” Okla. Stat. Ann. tit.
63, § 142.2(5).

                                             -3-
determine the precise location of the underground facilities in advance of excavation.”

Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 63, § 142.6(B). If an excavator fails to provide notice of a proposed

excavation, it is liable for any damage resulting to the underground facilities as a result of

that excavation. Id. § 142.6(A). An excavator is also liable for the repair of the

underground facility if it “damages or cuts an underground facility, as a result of

negligently failing to comply with the provisions of the [Underground Facilities Act] or

as a result of failing to take measures for the protection of an underground facility.” Id. §

142.10(B).

                            II.   FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       In 2004, Shidler hired Brown to replace the entire telephone system in Wynona,

Oklahoma, and the surrounding area. The project required Brown to bury a main line

west from Wynona along County Road 320 with a “drop” line from the main line to each

residence. (R. (Appeal No. 09-5081) Appellant’s Appx. Vol. II at 698.) Brown was

responsible for locating all underground facilities prior to digging.

       In early October 2004, Brown made several telephone calls to Call OKIE

concerning the proposed excavation. Because BP operated a crude oil pipeline in the

area of the proposed excavation, it received the OKIE tickets generated from these calls.

According to the tickets, the proposed project would cross BP’s pipeline once at County

Road 320. The tickets did not indicate, however, that Brown would be burying cable

south of County Road 320. Rather than mark its pipeline with flags, BP met with Brown

twice to discuss the project. In the first discussion, Brown agreed to contact BP when it

came close to crossing the pipeline at County Road 320 so BP could be present for the

                                            -4-
crossing. In the second discussion, BP met Brown at the location where the excavation

was to cross BP’s pipeline. The parties determined the depth of BP’s pipeline and agreed

the telephone cable could be placed over the pipeline so long as it was encased in steel.

Brown never informed BP during these conversations that it would be burying cable on

property south of County Road 320.

       On October 19, 2004, Brown was burying drop line cable south of County Road

320 on property belonging to Cara Mae Edwards and Terry Don Kennedy (the

landowners) when it struck and punctured BP’s pipeline, spilling over 2,000 barrels of

oil. The pipeline was shut down and eventually repaired. BP hired Conestoga-Rovers &

Associates (CRA) to remediate and restore the property. BP expended $1,457,190.90 to

repair the pipeline and to clean up the property.

       On June 21, 2006, the landowners filed suit against Brown, BP and CRA in

Oklahoma state court. Their complaint was titled “Petition for Nuisance” and alleged

that as a result of the pipeline break, their “property was saturated with a substantial

amount of crude oil, contaminating [their] property thereby destroying soil, water, and

livestock.”3 (R. (Appeal No. 09-5081) Appellant’s Appx. Vol. I at 294-95.) They further

       3
          The landowners’ complaint was attached to BP’s response to Brown’s motion to
reconsider the district court’s ruling on BP’s damages. According to BP, because the
district court denied Brown’s request for leave to file its motion to reconsider, BP’s
response was moot and therefore the landowners’ complaint is not a part of the record in
this case. BP is mistaken. As we explain below, Brown requested leave to file a motion
to determine BP’s damages. The district court denied that motion. Therefore, Brown
filed a motion to reconsider. The court did not deny Brown leave to file the motion to
reconsider and in fact allowed BP to respond to the motion. The court never ruled on
Brown’s motion to reconsider. Nevertheless, that motion, as well as BP’s response to it,

                                            -5-
alleged “[t]hat as a direct, sole and proximate result of the negligence of . . . BP . . . [they]

incurred extensive property damage, endangered their health, and destroyed the comfort

and security of their own property” and “[CRA] failed to restore [their] property to its

previous condition.”4 (R. (Appeal No. 09-5081) Appellant’s Appx. Vol. I at 295.)

Brown filed a third-party complaint in the state court action against CRA for contribution

and indemnity.

                         III.   PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       On October 18, 2006, believing Brown had failed to notify Call OKIE that it

would be excavating in the area of the pipeline strike, BP sued Brown5 in federal court

alleging negligence and negligence per se. BP claimed it was damaged as a result of

Brown’s negligence “by having to repair the Pipeline and to remediate and restore the

areas impacted by the Pipeline strike . . . .” (R. (Appeal No. 09-5081) Appellant’s Appx.

Vol. I at 4.) BP also alleged that “[i]f and to the extent [it] might be found to be liable to

[the] Landowners or any other third party for any damages that [the] Landowners or any

other third party claim to have sustained as a result of [Brown’s] negligent strike of the

Pipeline, [it is] entitled to contribution from [Brown] pursuant to [Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 12,

is a part of the record in this case. Consequently, the state court complaint attached to
BP’s response is also a part of the record.
       4
           The state court complaint was later amended to correct a defendant’s name.
       5
        BP also sued Shidler, who filed a motion for summary judgment alleging Brown
was an independent contractor and therefore it could not be held liable for Brown’s
negligence. The district court agreed and granted Shidler’s motion. BP has not appealed
from that determination.

                                              -6-
] § 832 and/or indemnity . . . .”6 (Id. at 7.)

A.     Brown and BP’s Motions for Summary Judgment Motion

       Brown filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing it was entitled to judgment

on BP’s negligence and negligence per se claims because it complied with the

Underground Facilities Act by providing timely notice to Call OKIE of its proposed

excavation. It claimed the pipeline strike was the direct result of BP’s failure to mark its

pipeline upon receiving the Call OKIE tickets. In a footnote, Brown stated it was not

addressing BP’s contribution claim because it would fail as a matter of law if the court

ruled in its favor on the negligence claims.

       BP responded to Brown’s motion, arguing it did not mark its pipeline because

Brown’s OKIE tickets had not identified the area of the pipeline strike as an area covered

by the proposed excavation. Had the OKIE tickets adequately identified the proposed

excavation, BP claimed, Brown would not have struck the pipeline. Later, BP filed its

own motion for partial summary judgment, arguing Brown’s failure to comply with the

Underground Facilities Act directly caused the pipeline rupture. It alleged Brown’s

OKIE tickets had only indicated it was installing underground cable along County Road

320; the tickets had not mentioned the drop to the landowners’ residence where the

pipeline strike occurred.

B.     Settlement of Landowners’ State Court Lawsuit

       While Brown’s summary judgment motion was pending in federal court, the

       6
         BP also brought a claim for trespass and indemnification. These claims are not
at issue on appeal.

                                                 -7-
landowners entered into a “Confidential Settlement Agreement and Release of All

Claims” (Settlement Agreement) with BP, Brown, CRA and Shidler in the state case.7

(R. (Appeal No. 09-5081) Appellant’s Appx. Vol. I at 308.) The Settlement Agreement

says the state court lawsuit was filed “as a result of [BP, Shidler, Brown and CRA’s]

alleged negligence and nuisance . . . on or about October 19, 2004 . . . .” (Id. at 308.) It

also provides that BP, Shidler, Brown and CRA were to pay $235,000 to the landowners

as consideration for their dismissal with prejudice of that lawsuit. Of this total, BP and

Brown were to each pay $100,000.

       The Settlement Agreement also acknowledges Brown’s third-party claims against

CRA for contribution and indemnity and that BP potentially had similar claims against

CRA. The Settlement Agreement releases and/or waives these claims with the following

provisions:

       (c) [Brown] hereby agrees to release [CRA] from any and all claims that it
       has asserted or could have asserted against [CRA]. . . and dismiss with
       prejudice [its] claims for indemnity and contribution against [CRA] in both
       the [state case] and in the action filed in the United States District Court for
       the Northern District of Oklahoma, case number 2006-CIV-00569-GFK-
       PJC [this case] and fully discharge and release [CRA] for the same.

       (d) BP . . . hereby agree[s] to waive any potential claims for indemnity and
       contribution against [CRA] in both the [state case] and in the action filed in
       the United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma, case
       number 2006-CIV-00569-GFK-PJC [this case] and fully discharge and
       release [CRA] for the same.

(R. (Appeal No. 09-5081) Appellant’s Appx. Vol. I at 310.)

       7
         While the Settlement Agreement is labeled “confidential,” the parties did not file
it under seal or redact any portions of it.

                                             -8-
       Additionally, the Settlement Agreement releases any potential claims BP and

Brown had against each other for indemnity or contribution “for the monies paid herein.”

(R. (Appeal No. 09-5081) Appellant’s Appx. Vol. I at 311.) The Agreement states:

       (e) The Parties specifically understand and agree that the settlement of this
       action includes all of these claims mentioned above and specifically any
       potential actions between [BP, Brown, CRA and Shidler] by way of
       indemnity, contribution, contractual obligation or subrogation in this action
       for the monies paid herein.

(R. (Appeal No. 09-5081) Appellant’s Appx. Vol. I at 310-11.)

       The Agreement concludes with the following provision:

       IT IS FURTHER AGREED that this Release shall be final and binding
       upon all parties, their heirs, successors and assigns of whatever nature and
       description and that no claim, be it derivative or otherwise, may ever be
       made against the parties released with respect to the matters covered by this
       Release . . . .

(R. (Appeal No. 09-5081) Appellant’s Appx. Vol. I at 312.)

C. Brown’s Reply in Support of its Summary Judgment Motion, Brown’s Motion to
Determine Damages and Brown’s Motion to Reconsider

       Several weeks after the parties executed the Settlement Agreement in state court,

Brown filed its reply brief in support of its summary judgment motion in federal court,

again claiming it had complied with the Underground Facilities Act and the pipeline

break was due to BP’s failure to mark its pipeline. This time, however, with respect to

BP’s contribution claim, Brown argued it should be dismissed under Okla. Stat. tit. 12, §

832(H)(2) because Brown had obtained a release in the state court case. After holding a

hearing, the district court denied Brown’s motion for summary judgment as to BP’s

negligence and negligence per se claims but granted it as to the contribution claim.

                                           -9-
         Brown requested leave to file a motion to determine BP’s damages. In its

proposed motion, Brown argued BP’s damages on its negligence claims were limited to

its lost oil and the cost of repairing the damaged pipeline. Relying on Conoco Inc. v.

ONEOK, Inc., it claimed BP could not recover the costs it paid to CRA to remediate the

site because these costs were only recoverable under a contribution claim and that claim

had been dismissed by the district court’s summary judgment. 91 F.3d 1405 (10th Cir.

1996).

         The court held another hearing wherein it explained it had granted summary

judgment in favor of Brown on BP’s contribution claim believing that claim related only

to the $100,000 the landowners received from BP in the state court case, which had been

discharged by the Settlement Agreement. Both parties agreed that any contribution claim

BP may have had for the $100,000 it paid to the landowners in the state court case was

released and discharged by the Settlement Agreement. However, the parties disputed

whether the approximately $1.5 million BP incurred to remediate the spill site was also

discharged by the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Brown on BP’s

contribution claim–Brown saying it was; BP claiming it was not. The court determined

that regardless of whether these remediation damages were properly characterized as part

of BP’s negligence claims or its contribution claim, it had never intended by its summary

judgment ruling to foreclose BP from seeking these damages. Therefore, it denied

Brown’s request for leave to file a motion to determine BP’s damages and amended its

summary judgment order to reflect it did not pertain to BP’s claim for remediation

damages.

                                           - 10 -
       Brown filed a motion to reconsider the ruling regarding the remediation damages.

Again relying on Conoco, Brown argued BP could only seek reimbursement for its

remediation damages via a contribution claim. It argued that claim had been

extinguished by the court’s grant of summary judgment to Brown and/or the Settlement

Agreement—either under its express terms or due to operation of Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 63,

§ 832(H)(2). Therefore, Brown again claimed BP’s damages should be limited to those it

incurred in repairing the pipeline and for its lost product.

       On that same day, the court held a pretrial conference hearing wherein it brought

up Brown’s motion to reconsider. It said it believed the Conoco case was distinguishable

and the Settlement Agreement’s terms pertained only to the settlement money the

landowners received, not to the remediation damages sought by BP in this case. In the

end, however, the court withdrew its grant of summary judgment to Brown on BP’s

contribution claim for procedural reasons as Brown had not raised any argument

concerning that claim until its reply brief. It allowed BP time to file a response to

Brown’s motion to reconsider.

       In its response, BP argued its claim for remediation damages arose directly from

Brown’s breach of its duty under the Underground Facilities Act to provide BP with

notice of its proposed excavation so as to prevent damage to BP’s pipeline. BP claimed

this is a “quintessential negligence claim.” (R. (Appeal No. 09-5081) Appellant’s Appx.

Vol. I at 279.) It also argued: (1) Conoco was distinguishable; (2) the state court

Settlement Agreement did not address or release its claim for remediation damages in this

case; and (3) § 832(H)(2) did not apply. The court never ruled on Brown’s motion to

                                            - 11 -
reconsider; its failure to do so was an implicit denial. See Hill v. SmithKline Beecham

Corp., 383 F.3d 111, 116 (10th Cir. 2004).

D. Trial

       The case proceeded to trial on a single claim of negligence/negligence per se. At

trial, Brown tried to show it was not negligent or, in the alternative, BP was contributorily

negligent in failing to mark its pipeline and to follow its own rules and procedures.

Brown also attempted to show the remediation damages sought by BP were excessive

and unreasonable. At the close of BP’s case, Brown moved for judgment as a matter of

law under Rule 50(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. It renewed its claim that

the remediation damages could only be sought via a contribution claim and therefore

BP’s damages on its negligence claim were limited to recovering its lost profits and the

costs of the pipeline repair. It further claimed it had satisfied its duties under the

Underground Facilities Act. The court denied the motion. The jury found damages

totaling $1.4 million and concluded Brown and BP were 75% and 25% at fault,

respectively. Consequently, the court entered judgment in favor of BP in the amount of

$1,050,000.

E.     BP’s Motion for Attorneys’ Fees

       BP filed a motion for attorneys’ fees under Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 12, § 940, which

allows an award of attorneys’ fees to a prevailing party “[i]n any civil action to recover

damages for the negligent or willful injury to property and any other incidental costs

related to such action.” Brown opposed the motion. Relevant here, it argued BP was not

entitled to an award of attorneys’ fees under § 940 because BP failed to recover any

                                             - 12 -
damages to its property, i.e., its pipeline. While BP sought damages for the repair of its

pipeline, the only evidence of damages it presented to the jury was the costs it incurred in

remediating the surrounding property–property BP did not own. According to Brown,

because the damages award was based on damage to the property of third-parties (the

landowners), BP did not prevail on a claim of damages to its property as required for an

award of fees under § 940. In the alternative, Brown claimed BP was not entitled to any

of the fees requested which were represented by “block billing,” i.e., time entries in

which BP billed for work on both the instant action and the state court lawsuit but failed

to specify the time spent on each. Because of the lack of clarity in these time entries,

Brown argued BP had failed to satisfy its burden of showing the amount of fees requested

was reasonable.

       BP’s motion for attorneys’ fees was referred to a magistrate judge, who

determined BP was entitled to fees under § 940. As to the fees represented by block

billing, the magistrate determined much of the time expended in the state case was also

necessary for the instant case, rejecting Brown’s argument that all time represented by

block billing should be excluded. Nevertheless, because of the imprecise nature of the

block billed time entries, the magistrate concluded BP was not entitled to all of the time it

claimed. Therefore, the magistrate judge recommended a 40 percent reduction in the fees

represented by block billing.

       Brown objected to the magistrate’s recommendation, again claiming BP was not

entitled to an award of attorneys’ fees under § 940 because it had not presented any

evidence at trial of damages to its pipeline–and therefore it did not recover for injury to

                                            - 13 -
its property. It also objected to the 40 percent reduction for block billing, claiming it was

insufficient and the entire amount of fees represented by block billing should have been

deducted.

       The district judge reviewed Brown’s objections de novo, but found them lacking.

In doing so he noted BP’s evidence of its pipeline repair costs, including five invoices

relating to the repair of the pipeline. Moreover, BP incurred costs in recovering the oil–

its tangible property–which had to be removed from the site and transported to BP’s tank

farm in Cushing, Oklahoma. While Brown characterized these costs as remediation

costs, the judge determined they were also properly characterized as damages to BP’s

property due to Brown’s negligence. As to the 40 percent reduction for block billing, the

court determined it was reasonable and appropriate. The court adopted the magistrate’s

recommendation and awarded BP fees totaling $341,406.

                                    IV.    DISCUSSION

A.     Appeal No. 09-5081

       Brown alleges the district court erred in allowing BP’s claim for remediation

damages to go to the jury because those damages are only recoverable by way of a

contribution claim, citing Conoco. And, under Okla. Stat. tit. 12, § 832(H)(2), when one

of two or more persons liable in tort for the same injury obtains a release in good faith,

that tortfeasor is discharged from all liability for contribution to any other tortfeasor.

Because Brown obtained a release in good faith from the landowners in the Settlement

Agreement, it claims it cannot be held liable for contribution to BP for the remediation

damages.

                                             - 14 -
       BP says the remediation damages it seeks in this case are those it directly incurred

in cleaning up the site of the oil leak pursuant to its duties under state and federal law.

Because it is not seeking any of the money it paid to the landowners in the state court

lawsuit, its claim against Brown is not a contribution claim but rather a direct negligence

claim. Therefore, according to BP, Okla. Stat. tit. 12, § 832(H)(2) does not apply. As to

the Settlement Agreement, BP claims the parties mutually released each other only from

any claims for contribution with respect to the landowners’ nonremediation-related

damages. The Agreement does not express any intent by the parties to affect BP’s claim

against Brown for the remediation damages in the instant lawsuit.8

       Neither party objects to applying Oklahoma substantive law in this case. “[A]

federal district court’s state-law determinations are entitled to no deference and are

       8
         BP also claims Brown did not preserve the arguments it raises on appeal because
(1) Brown failed to raise them either in a motion for summary judgment or a Rule 50(b)
motion at the close of all the evidence and (2) Brown never requested a jury instruction
barring BP’s claim for remediation damages or objected to the court’s instructions
allowing remediation damages. We disagree. The record is replete with instances where
Brown raised its appellate arguments with the district court, including in its (1) reply to
BP’s response to Brown’s motion for summary judgment, (2) motion for leave to file a
motion to determine BP’s damages, (3) motion to reconsider the denial of the motion for
leave and (4) Rule 50(a) motion for judgment as a matter of law at the close of BP’s
evidence. It also raised them in the pretrial order and objected to the court’s proposed
jury instruction allowing the jury to award BP remediation damages in the event it found
in BP’s favor. Indeed, the district court noted the persistency of Brown’s arguments at
the pretrial conference and at trial.
       Contrary to BP’s claim, Brown was not required to raise its arguments in a Rule
50(b) motion in order to preserve them for appeal. Rule 50 motions challenge the
sufficiency of the evidence rather than questions of law. Ruyle v. Cont’l Oil Co., 44 F.3d
837, 841 (10th Cir. 1994). Brown’s arguments are questions of law. “A party who
properly raises an issue of law before the case goes to the jury need not include the issue
in a motion for a directed verdict in order to preserve the question on appeal.” Id.
(quotations omitted)

                                            - 15 -
reviewed de novo.” Blanke v. Alexander, 152 F.3d 1224, 1228 (10th Cir. 1998). The

parties’ arguments turn on whether BP’s claim for remediation damages against Brown is

properly characterized as a negligence claim or a contribution claim.

       By all measures BP’s claim for remediation damages against Brown appears to be

a direct negligence/negligence per se claim. BP alleged: (1) Brown had a duty under the

Underground Facilities Act to provide operators of underground facilities like BP with

adequate notification of its proposed excavation so as to prevent damage to the operator’s

underground facilities; (2) Brown breached that duty by failing to inform Call OKIE it

would be excavating in the area where the pipeline strike occurred; (3) BP was injured by

Brown’s breach in that it incurred costs in repairing its pipeline and cleaning up the oil

spill; and (4) Brown’s breach was the proximate cause of BP’s injury in that had Brown

provided Call OKIE with the requisite information, Brown would not have struck BP’s

pipeline. See Lockhart v. Loosen, 943 P.2d 1074, 1079 (Okla. 1997) (“[T]he three

essential elements of a prima facie case of negligence are: (1) a duty owed by the

defendant to protect the plaintiff from injury, (2) a failure to properly perform that duty,

and (3) the plaintiff’s injury being proximately caused by the defendant’s breach.”); see

also Busby v. Quail Creek Golf & Country Club, 885 P.2d 1326, 1329 (Okla. 1994)

(when the defendant violates a statute, he is negligent per se if the other elements of

negligence are present and (1) the injury was caused by the statutory violation, (2) the

injury was of a type intended to be prevented by the statute and (3) the injured party was

of the class of persons meant to be protected by the statute).

       On the other hand, BP’s claim against Brown for the remediation damages does

                                            - 16 -
not fit the typical contribution claim. A contribution claim results when a joint tortfeasor

pays more than his proportionate share to a third-party injured as a result of the tort. See

Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 12, § 832(A), (B); see also Barringer v. Baptist Healthcare of Okla.,

22 P.3d 695, 698 (Okla. 2001). The paying tortfeasor has a right to recover from the

other tortfeasor his proportionate share so as to prevent the paying tortfeasor from paying

more than his share. See Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 12, § 832(B); see also Barringer, 22 P.3d at

698. In this case, BP is not a joint tortfeasor who paid the remediation damages to an

injured third-party and is now seeking to be reimbursed by Brown for its share of those

damages. Rather, BP is the injured party and is seeking redress for its injuries. The fact

the jury determined BP was 25% at fault, while reducing its total damages, does not

affect its injured party status. See Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 23, § 13 (“In all actions . . . for

negligence resulting in . . . injury to property, contributory negligence shall not bar a

recovery, unless any negligence of the person so injured . . . is of greater degree than any

negligence of the . . . corporation causing such damage, or unless any negligence of the

person so injured . . . is of greater degree than the combined negligence of any persons,

firms or corporations causing such damage.”); see also, Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 23, § 14

(“Where such contributory negligence is shown on the part of the person injured . . . the

amount of the recovery shall be diminished in proportion to such person’s contributory

negligence.”).

       Despite every indication that BP’s claim against Brown is a straightforward

negligence claim, Brown argues it is one for contribution, relying on our Conoco case.

There, Conoco owned and operated a gasoline and fuel oil pipeline which ran north and

                                              - 17 -
south through Del City, Oklahoma. Two years after Conoco installed its pipeline,

ONEOK installed a natural gas pipeline running east and west through Del City. In 1976,

Conoco’s pipeline ruptured, releasing gasoline and fuel oil to the surrounding area.

Conoco repaired its pipeline and cleaned up the leak site without seeking reimbursement

from ONEOK. Fifteen years later, in 1991, a landowner near the leak site discovered

gasoline in his water well. The State of Oklahoma investigated and determined the 1976

leak was the source of the gasoline. The State ordered Conoco to remediate the leak

because state waters and other properties had been polluted.

         In 1993, the Moores, whose property was also within the vicinity of the 1976 leak,

filed suit against Conoco alleging the leak polluted their soil and underground water.

Conoco then filed a third-party complaint against ONEOK, alleging the 1976 leak was

caused by ONEOK’s pipeline resting on top of Conoco’s pipeline and causing a dent at

the location of the rupture. Conoco settled with the Moores and proceeded to trial against

ONEOK. During the jury instruction conference, Conoco requested the jury be instructed

it could find ONEOK liable under both a contribution and unjust enrichment theory with

respect to the costs Conoco incurred in cleaning up the oil spill per the State’s orders and

in settling with the Moores. The district court concluded the cleanup costs would be

submitted solely under an unjust enrichment theory while the settlement costs would be

submitted solely under a contribution theory. The jury determined Conoco and ONEOK

were equally negligent and Conoco was entitled to contribution from ONEOK for fifty

percent of the settlement costs. It found in favor of ONEOK on the unjust enrichment

claim.

                                            - 18 -
       On appeal, Conoco claimed the district court erred in not submitting the state-

ordered cleanup costs to the jury under a contribution theory. We agreed, saying:

       Conoco committed a tort and the State of Oklahoma suffered an injury
       when the gasoline and fuel oil from the 1976 leak polluted state waters.
       The parties stipulated that the State ordered Conoco to remediate the 1976
       leak site. [ONEOK] contends, however, that the expenses incurred by
       Conoco to remediate the leak were Conoco’s own damages and therefore
       form the basis of an independent claim rather than a contribution claim.
       We disagree. The costs Conoco incurred in complying with the State’s
       order were the direct result of a tort committed against state waters, and
       Conoco presented evidence at trial that [ONEOK] was jointly and severally
       liable for the leak that caused the pollution. We therefore hold that the jury
       should have been instructed under a contribution theory on the state-
       ordered remediation costs.

91 F.3d at 1409 (emphasis added) (citation omitted).

       Conoco is distinguishable. There were three categories of damages Conoco

incurred as a result of the pipeline rupture: (1) the costs incurred in repairing its pipeline

and cleaning up the oil spill immediately after its pipeline ruptured; (2) the costs incurred

in settling with the Moores for damages the leak caused to their soil and groundwater;

and (3) the costs Conoco incurred as a result of the State ordering it to clean up and

remediate the site after oil from the leak was found in State waters. The case involved

the latter two categories of damages and this Court determined that both categories

should have been submitted to the jury under a contribution theory. That is because both

categories involved injury to a third party–the Moores and the State. Conoco paid for

these damages but also believed ONEOK was liable. Therefore, it sought reimbursement

from ONEOK for ONEOK’s share of these damages. That is a typical contribution

claim. On the other hand, in this case, BP did not pay the remediation damages as a

                                            - 19 -
result of injury to a third-party but instead incurred these damages as the injured party.

Therefore, this case involves the first category of damages–an issue Conoco did not

address and which constitute BP’s own injury.

        We recognize that BP, like Conoco, may have owed a duty to the State not to

pollute its waters. See Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 27A, § 2-6-105(A) (“It shall be unlawful for

any person to cause pollution of any waters of the state or to place or cause to be placed

any wastes in a location where they are likely to cause pollution of any air, land or waters

of the state. Any such action is hereby declared to be a public nuisance.”). However,

unlike in Conoco, there is no evidence the oil in this case reached State waters and

therefore no evidence the State was an injured party as a result of the oil spill.9

        Although BP’s claim against Brown in this case certainly appears to be a direct

negligence action, we need not resolve the issue. Whether it is a negligence or

contribution action, the result is the same–neither Okla. Stat. tit. 12, § 832(H)(2) nor the

Settlement Agreement bar it.

        Assuming, without deciding, that BP’s claim is a direct negligence claim, Brown’s

argument under Okla. Stat. tit. 12, § 832(H)(2) fails. That statute provides in relevant

part:

        When a release . . . or a similar agreement is given in good faith to one of two or
        more persons liable in tort for the same injury or the same wrongful death . . . [i]t

        9
         Both parties also say BP was strictly liable to clean up the oil spill under 33
U.S.C. § 2702(a) of the Oil Pollution Act. We are not persuaded. That statute is
applicable only to the discharge of oil “into or upon the navigable waters or adjoining
shorelines” of the United States. See 33 U.S.C. § 2702(a). Nothing in this case suggests
that the oil spill reached either navigable waters or an adjoining shoreline.

                                             - 20 -
       discharges the tort-feasor to whom it is given from all liability for contribution to
       any other tort-feasor.

(Emphasis added.) Because the statute only discharges a released tortfeasor from

contribution liability, it does not apply where BP is pursuing a direct negligence claim

against Brown.

       The same result occurs even if BP’s claim is one for contribution. The statute

discharges a tortfeasor to whom a good faith release is given (Brown) from all liability

for contribution to any other tortfeasor (BP) who is liable in “tort for the same

injury . . . .” In the landowners’ case, Brown and BP were liable in tort for the injuries

incurred by the landowners which, according to their state court amended complaint,

were extensive property damage (including the contamination and destruction of soil,

water and livestock), the endangerment of their health, and “the [destruction of] the

comfort and security of their own property.” (R. (Appeal No. 09-5081) Appellant’s

Appx. Vol. I at 306.) The release obtained by Brown from the landowners pertained to

only the landowner’s injuries, which are separate and apart from the injuries BP claims in

this case–the repair of the damaged pipeline and cleanup of the spill. Consequently, even

if BP’s claim against Brown sounds in contribution, the release Brown obtained in the

state court lawsuit does not bar a contribution claim by BP against Brown in this case

under Okla. Stat. tit. 12, § 832(H)(2).

       Finally, whether BP’s claim is considered a negligence claim or one for

contribution, the Settlement Agreement does not help Brown. The terms of a release are

contractual and its language governs its interpretation. Kay Pharmacal Co. v. Dalious

                                           - 21 -
Constr. Co., 276 P.2d 756, 758 (Okla. 1954). By its plain terms, the Agreement only

releases Brown from claims by BP for “indemnity, contribution, contractual obligation or

subrogation in this action for the monies paid herein.” (R. (Appeal No. 09-5081)

Appellant’s Appx. Vol. I at 311 (emphasis added).) If BP’s claim for remediation

damages against Brown is a direct negligence action, the Settlement Agreement does not

immunize Brown from liability as it only releases Brown from contribution claims by BP.

On the other hand, even if BP’s claim is one for contribution, the Agreement does not

discharge Brown because BP does not seek the “monies paid herein” (i.e., the money it

paid to the landowners to settle their state court case after the cleanup was completed) but

rather the money it spent to fix its pipeline and clean up the spill.

       Moreover, the Agreement says nothing about releasing Brown from BP’s claims in

this case. Notably, the Agreement contains provisions wherein Brown and BP agree to

release or waive any claims they have against CRA in both the state and federal case.

There is no similar reference to the federal case in the provision releasing Brown and BP

from their claims against each other. Furthermore, the Agreement states it shall be “final

and binding upon all parties and that no claim, be it derivative or otherwise, may ever be

made against the parties released with respect to the matters covered by this Release.”

(R. (Appeal No. 09-5081) Appellant’s Appx. Vol. I at 312 (emphasis added).) It is clear

from this provision that the Agreement is limited to matters covered–which relate to the

landowners’ claims in the state court case–not BP’s separate action against Brown in this

                                            - 22 -
case.10

          Neither § 832(H)(2) nor the Settlement Agreement bar BP’s claim against Brown

in this case, regardless of whether it is properly termed a negligence or contribution

action.

B.        Appeal No. 10-5087

          Brown argues the district court erred in concluding BP was entitled to an award of

attorneys’ fees under § 940. In the alternative, even assuming BP was entitled to an

award of fees under § 940, Brown says the amount of the fee award is unreasonable

because BP was not entitled to any fees represented by block-billing.

          1.     Entitlement to Fees

          Brown claims that in order to qualify for fees under § 940, a plaintiff must win an

award of money damages for injury to its own property. While BP sought damages for

the repair of its pipeline and therefore this case involved a claim for injury to its property,

Brown argues that is not enough. It contends BP must have also prevailed on that claim,

          10
          Brown alleges BP is not entitled to any damages because (1) it failed to present
evidence at trial demonstrating the costs it incurred in repairing its pipeline and (2) the
only damages proven were the remediation damages which BP is not entitled to because
its claim is a contribution claim barred by the Settlement Agreement and Okla. Stat. tit.
12, § 832(H)(2). We have already rejected the latter argument. As to the former, which
Brown repeats in Appeal No. 10-5087, Brown acknowledges the jury received invoices
containing the costs BP incurred to repair the pipeline. It nevertheless argues there was
no testimony explaining these invoices and they amounted to only a “handful of
documents out of the hundreds in evidence.” (Appellent’s Reply Br. at 23.) The jury
was instructed it was to determine the facts based on the evidence and the evidence to be
considered included the exhibits admitted into evidence. The jury is presumed to have
followed these instructions. See Questar Pipeline Co. v. Grynberg, 201 F.3d 1277, 1287
(10th Cir. 2000). BP’s claim the jury did not understand the invoices because they were
admitted without explanation is speculative at best.

                                             - 23 -
i.e., actually recovered damages for injury to its property, and it did not. Rather, the trial

revolved around BP’s claim for recovery of the money BP spent to remediate the

landowners’ property. Indeed, according to Brown, the only item of damages BP ever

mentioned at trial was the cost to remediate the land–$1,457,190.90. That amount was

paid to CRA and did not include any pipeline repair work. And BP presented no

testimony regarding damages to its pipeline or any argument requesting such damages.

Its damages expert only opined on whether the $1,457,190.90 in remediation costs was

reasonable and clarified he was referring to the cleanup costs. He also testified these

costs were incurred for the benefit of the landowners. While Brown admits exhibits were

sent to the jury which supposedly evidenced damage to BP’s pipeline and oil, it says

nothing indicates the jury awarded damages based on them. Brown says these exhibits

were a few among hundreds–most of which pertained to the remediation costs. There

was no testimony concerning them and therefore there was no basis for the jury to believe

these exhibits were anything other than invoices concerning the remediation.

       BP argues § 940 applies, entitling it to fees, and it presented sufficient evidence

from which the jury could and did award it damages for injury to its pipeline and oil. BP

established it owned the pipeline and Brown ruptured it, causing the release of over 2,000

barrels of oil. Because the spilled oil could not be used, BP incurred costs in recovering

it and transporting it to its plant in Cushing, Oklahoma. To fix its pipeline, BP had to dig

up the pipeline, repair it and rebury it. The jury heard evidence regarding the work

performed on the pipeline and BP’s damages expert discussed the cost of the work on the

pipeline itself including cutting out the damaged pipeline, welding in the new pipe and x-

                                            - 24 -
raying the new pipe. Nevertheless, BP claims the cost of repairing the pipeline included

more than just these costs; it also included the cost of mobilizing emergency response

crews, securing the property, excavating to access the pipeline, removing the

contaminated soil from the excavation, obtaining clean backfill, and backfilling and

sodding the area. The fact these costs were referred to as cleanup or remediation costs

does not alter the fact they were necessary to repair the pipeline. As to the pre-admitted

exhibits, BP says they were submitted to the jury and the jury was instructed to consider

all the evidence.

       “In diversity cases, attorney fees are a substantive matter controlled by state law,”

Combs v. Shelter Mutual Ins. Co., 551 F.3d 991, 1001 (10th Cir. 2008), in this case

Oklahoma law. Whether BP is entitled to fees under § 940 is a question of law. See

Finnell v. Seismic, 67 P.3d 339, 342 (Okla. 2003). Our review is de novo. Combs, 551

F.3d at 1001.

       Oklahoma follows the American rule, which holds that attorney fees are not

recoverable from an opposing party unless specifically allowed by statute or contract.

Finnell, 67 P.3d at 343. Here, BP relies on § 940 as the basis for an award of fees. That

statute provides in relevant part:

       In any civil action to recover damages for the negligent or willful injury
       toproperty and any other incidental costs related to such action, the
       prevailing party shall be allowed reasonable attorney’s fees, court costs and
       interest to be set by the court and to be taxed and collected as other costs of
       the action.

“Attorneys’ fees under . . . § 940 are available only to prevailing parties in actions for the

negligent or willful injury to property.” Truelock v. City of Del City, 967 P.2d 1183,

                                           - 25 -
1189 (Okla. 1998) (quotations omitted). This statute does not apply to all property rights

but only to “those actions for damages for the negligent or willful physical injury to

[tangible] property.” Woods Petroleum Corp. v. Delhi Gas Pipeline Corp., 700 P.2d

1011, 1013 (Okla. 1985); see also Parks v. Am. Warrior, Inc., 44 F.3d 889, 892 (10th Cir.

1995).

         There is no question BP suffered injury to its pipeline as a result of Brown’s

negligence in failing to inform BP it would be excavating in the area of the pipeline

strike. And Brown does not seriously contest that BP sought damages for the cost of

repairing its pipeline. But Brown says BP did not prevail on its property damages claim

because there was no evidence at trial concerning the costs to repair the pipeline. Rather,

the only evidence and argument concerning damages at trial concerned the cost to clean-

up the oil spill and remediate the landowners’ property.

         We disagree. For one, BP presented evidence of physical injury to its pipeline and

the costs of that repair. The evidence showed Brown ruptured the pipeline, causing the

release of over 2,000 barrels of oil. A BP employee testified BP repaired the pipeline,

which included having to dig up the pipeline, remove the damaged pipeline, weld in the

new pipe, and x-ray the pipeline to ensure the new parts were secure. BP’s damages

expert referred to some of the invoices reflecting the repair of the pipeline, in particular

the invoice from Fechner Pump & Supply, Tulsa Gamma Ray, and Earl-Le Dozer

Service. These costs were included in the $1,457,190.90, as evidenced by a cost sheet

presented to the jury which set forth the costs and to whom they were paid in arriving at

the $1,457,190.90 figure. The parties stipulated BP paid this amount for the remediation

                                             - 26 -
work. While the parties’ stipulation stated these costs were for “remediation,” they

obviously included the costs to repair the pipeline. (R. (09-5081) Appellant’s App. Vol.

II at 645.)

       The jury was instructed that damages could include: (1) “[a]ll costs associated

with cleaning up the oil spill, including but not limited to, the costs of recovering the oil,

securing the property, testing the soil, excavating and storing contaminated material,

loading, transporting and disposing of contaminated material, obtaining backfill,

backfilling the area, sodding the area and restoring the property, and related activities”;

and (2) “[t]he cost of repairing the pipeline.” (Id. at 658 (emphasis added).) While it is

unclear how the jury reached its damages award, as it was approximately $58,000 less

than the stipulated amount, there is no evidence, other than mere speculation by Brown,

the award did not include the costs to repair the pipeline. Therefore, BP did prevail on its

claim for damages to its pipeline. Of course, the jury’s damages award included other

damages (as the costs to repair the pipeline did not total $1.4 million). But Brown never

requested BP’s fees be apportioned between the property damages and the so-called

remediation damages; its claim has always been BP is not entitled to any fees under §

940.

       In any event, Brown’s argument assumes the remediation or clean-up costs are not

“damages for the negligent or willful injury to [BP’s] property, [i.e. pipeline].” It is

mistaken. “Oklahoma law generally provides that an injured party is to be compensated

for all detriment proximately caused by the negligence of another. Stated otherwise, an

injured party is to be placed in as near a position as possible to that which he would have

                                            - 27 -
been, but for the negligence of the other party.” Brennan v. Aston, 84 P.3d 99, 101 (Okla.

2003). But Oklahoma has yet to apply this rule to the rupture of a pipeline, which not

only causes damage to the pipeline but also causes oil to be lost and to be released onto

the surrounding property. “In the absence, therefore, of an authoritative pronouncement

from the state’s highest court, our task is to regard ourselves as sitting in diversity and

predicting how the state's highest court would rule” following “any intermediate state

court decision unless other authority convinces us that the state supreme court would

decide otherwise.” Daitom, Inc. v. Pennwalt Corp., 741 F.2d 1569,1574 (10th Cir.

1984).

         While the Oklahoma Supreme Court has not directly decided this issue, it has

indicated the general principle that a tortfeasor is liable for all damages proximately

caused by his negligence applies to an award of fees under § 940. See Finnell, 67 P.3d at

344-45 n. 29. In Finnell, landowner Bill Finnell entered into a contract with Jebco

Seismic, Inc., giving Jebco permission to conduct a seismic survey on the Finnell’s

property in return for $5,200 plus damages to specified crops. Jebco hired PGS Onshore,

Inc. (PGS) to do the survey. When Finnell discovered the survey had caused more

damage than covered by the contract, he demanded payment from Jebco. Jebco refused

and Finnell filed suit. Jebco filed a third-party petition against PGS. Ultimately, the

complaint was amended to add Finnell’s wife as a plaintiff and PGS as a defendant. Id.

at 341-42.

         Prior to trial, Jebco and PGS admitted liability and a jury awarded the Finnell’s

$26,000 in damages. The Finnells then sought attorney fees under § 940. Jebco and PGS

                                             - 28 -
argued this was a contract claim, not a claim for physical injury to property. The

Oklahoma Supreme Court disagreed. It said (1) the complaint had the factual allegations

sufficient to give the defendants’ notice of the tort claim, (2) Oklahoma has recognized

the same set of facts may support both a contract and tort claim, (3) the jury instructions

did not limit the cause of action to contract and (4) “[t]he same quantum of monetary

recovery is plaintiffs’ due whether their claim be deemed actionable in contract or in

tort.” Id. at 344-345. Discussing the nature of the damages, the court noted: “The

measure of a promise-based obligation's breach is the amount which will compensate the

injured party for all the detriment proximately caused by the breach . . . . Tort reparations

include compensation for all proximately caused harm, whether foreseeable or not.” Id.

at 345 n. 29. Because the jury could have found Jebco and PGS liable in tort for physical

injury to property, the court concluded § 940 applied.11 Id.

       11
          Although unpublished and therefore not binding precedent, see 10th Cir. R.
32.1(A), we nevertheless find Hertz Corp. v. Gaddis-Walker Elec. Inc., highly
persuasive. 125 F.3d 862, Nos. 96-6022, 96-6136, 1997 WL 606800 (10th Cir. 1997)
(unpublished). There, Hertz hired Gaddis-Walker to move two power stations used to
supply power to Hertz’s computer equipment, which in turn was used to process rental
car reservations. To facilitate the move, Hertz planned to shut down its computer system
for eight hours. However, after Gaddis-Walker moved the power stations, it improperly
rewired them. The improper rewiring caused damage to Hertz’s computers which forced
Hertz’s business to remain shut-down longer than the planned eight hours. Hertz filed
suit against Gaddis-Walker alleging negligence and seeking property damages and lost
profits. Hertz prevailed at trial and the court awarded attorneys’ fees under § 940.

        On appeal, Gaddis-Walker argued Hertz was only entitled to recover attorneys’
fees for its property damages claim and not for its lost profits under § 940. Id. at *8. We
disagreed. We rejected Gaddis-Walker’s attempt to separate Hertz’s negligence claim
into a property damages claim and a lost profits claim. Id. at *9. Rather, we determined
only one claim was at issue—negligence—and that negligence caused both Hertz’s
property damages and its lost profits as the lost profits were a direct and foreseeable

                                           - 29 -
       From Finnell, it appears that the Oklahoma Supreme Court would conclude the

proper measure of damages not only includes the costs to repair the pipeline but also to

recover and remove the spilled oil from the surrounding property and to restore that

property to its pre-negligence state. Therefore, BP’s damages in this case included not

only the costs to repair its pipeline but also the so-called remediation costs. The jury was

instructed as such and Brown does not dispute that BP presented evidence concerning the

remediation costs and the jury’s damages award included these costs. As a result,

regardless of whether BP actually recovered the costs it incurred in repairing the pipeline,

it obviously recovered the costs it incurred in recovering its oil and remediating the

surrounding property. Because these costs constitute “damages for the negligent . . .

injury to BP’s property [i.e., its pipeline],” BP prevailed on its property damages claim

and is entitled to fees under § 940.12

result of Gaddis-Walker’s negligence. Id.

        Similarly, Brown’s argument in this case is essentially that BP had two claims,
one for property damage and one for remediation costs. However, only one claim went
to the jury—negligence/negligence per se. And that negligence caused BP to incur
property damages to its pipeline, as well as damages in cleaning up the oil spill.
       12
          Brown relies on Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Brantley, 510 F.3d 1256 (10th Cir. 2007).
There, Weyerhauser filed suit against Brantley seeking to have him and his cattle
removed from his property. Brantley asserted ownership over the property via adverse
possession or in the alternative claimed he had a prescriptive grazing easement on the
property. The court found in favor of Weyerhauser and awarded it $10,000 in lost profit
damages because it was unable to resume timber operations due to Brantley’s grazing
activities. The court also awarded Weyerhauser its fees under § 940. On appeal,
Brantley argued the court erred in awarding fees because Weyerhauser only recovered its
lost profits and did not recover any damages for physical injury to property. Id. at 1268.
We agreed. Although Weyerhaeuser had alleged trespass, which is a willful injury to
property rights by physical invasion, the Oklahoma Court of Appeals had held § 940 does

                                            - 30 -
       2.     Amount of Fees

       Brown says the court erred by awarding 60 percent ($58,816) of the fees

represented by block billing. It argues that in order to recover fees, BP had the burden of

proving the reasonableness of “each dollar, each hour, above zero.” (Appellant’s Op. Br.

(Appeal No. 10-5087 at 21) (quoting Jane L. v. Bangerter, 61 F.3d 1505, 1510 (10th Cir.

1995).) BP did not present any evidence as to what, if any, portion of the block billing

represented time spent on this case, as opposed to the state court action wherein BP was

not the prevailing party and not entitled to fees. And the district court itself found it

could not determine which portion of the block billing was reasonable and necessary for

this case. Therefore, Brown says BP failed to meet its burden and it was not entitled to

any of the fees represented by block billing.

       BP claims the district court properly determined BP was entitled to 60% of the

fees represented by block billing. At the hearing to determine the amount of fees, BP’s

attorney testified that the issues and activities in the state and federal case significantly

not apply where the plaintiff recovers only nominal damages on a trespass claim. Id.
And, while Weyerhaeuser had presented evidence that Brantley’s cattle damaged trees on
the property, the district court did not award damages on that basis. Id. Therefore,
because Weyerhaeuser only recovered damages for lost profits and not for physical injury
to its property, it was not entitled to fees under § 940. Id. at 1268-69.
        Weyerhaeuser is distinguishable. Weyerhaeuser did not recover any property
damages. And there is no indication that the lost profits damages (which were awarded)
flowed from physical injury to Weyerhaeuser’s property as opposed to Brantley’s
unlawful presence on the property. In this case, on the other hand, there is no indication
the jury’s damages award did not include the costs BP incurred in repairing its pipeline
(property damage) as these costs were included in the stipulated amount. In any event,
the damages award certainly included the costs BP incurred to clean up the oil spill and
remediate the surrounding property—costs which flowed directly from the physical
injury to BP’s pipeline.

                                             - 31 -
overlapped because the central issue in both cases was who was at fault for the pipeline

strike. In fact, the discovery was the same in both cases and most of the depositions

taken were used in both cases. Therefore, the work performed on the state case was

inextricably intertwined with and necessary for the federal case. Consequently, the court

properly granted BP a percentage of the fees represented by block billing.

       Our review is for abuse of discretion. Combs, 551 F.3d at 1001. “‘Block billing’

refers to the time-keeping method by which each lawyer and legal assistant enters the

total daily time spent working on a case, rather than itemizing the time expended on

specific tasks.” Harolds Stores, Inc. v. Dillard Dep’t Stores, Inc., 82 F.3d 1533, 1554

n.15 (10th Cir. 1996); see also Flying J Inc. v. Comdata Network, Inc., 322 Fed. Appx.

610, 617 (10th Cir. 2009) (unpublished) (“So-called block billing consists of attorneys

recording large blocks of time for tasks without separating the tasks into individual

blocks or elaborating on the amount of time each task took.”).13 In this case, the block

billing represented time spent on two different cases (the instant case and the state court

lawsuit), rather than different tasks in the same case.

       Like the district court, we have not uncovered any Oklahoma cases addressing

block billing. However, Oklahoma requires its attorneys to keep detailed time records

showing the work performed. State ex rel. Burk v. City of Oklahoma City, 598 P.2d 659,

663 (Okla. 1979); see also Finnell, 67 P.3d at 346 (applying Burk to determination of

       13
          Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent. 10th Cir. R. App. P. 32.1(A).
We mention Flying J as we would an opinion from another circuit, persuasive because of
its reasoned analysis.

                                            - 32 -
reasonable fees under § 940). From these detailed records, the court must determine a

“baseline fee by multiplying hours expended times the attorney’s hourly rate.” Finnell,

67 P.3d at 346. The use of block billing makes it difficult to determine a baseline fee

when the block billing covers work on two different claims, one for which attorneys’ fees

are allowed by § 940 and one for which attorneys’ fees are not permitted. It also makes it

difficult in cases such as this where the block billing covers work on two different cases,

only one of which allows a fee award.

       While Oklahoma has not addressed the latter situation, it has addressed the former

and allows for the fees to be apportioned between the fee-eligible claim and the non-fee-

eligible claim. See Sisney v. Smalley, 690 P.2d 1048, 1051 (Okla. 1984). Indeed, in

Sisney, the Oklahoma Supreme Court rejected the defendant’s argument that the plaintiff

was not entitled to any fees because her claims included one which was fee-eligible and

one which was not. 690 P.2d at 1051. The court said apportionment was the appropriate

remedy. Id.

       This Court has addressed block billing and recognizes its shortcomings. See

Flying J, Inc., 322 Fed. Appx. at 617 (stating “[u]se of this rather imprecise practice may

be strong evidence that a claimed amount of fees is excessive”); see also Robinson v. City

of Edmond, 160 F.3d 1275, 1284 (10th Cir. 1998) (“The use of billing practices [such as

block billing] that camouflage the work a lawyer does naturally and quite correctly raise

suspicions about whether all the work claimed was actually accomplished or whether it

was necessary. This concern is particularly important in a situation where a party is

seeking to have his opponent pay for his own lawyer’s work.”). Nevertheless, we have

                                           - 33 -
never mandated a reduction or a denial of a fee request based on block billing. Cadena v.

Pacesetter Corp., 224 F.3d 1203, 1215 (10th Cir. 2000). “[T]he decision whether block

billing indicates an unreasonable claim should remain with the district court who should

be allowed to exercise its discretion accordingly.” Flying J Inc., 322 Fed. Appx. at 617.

       Based on the above, we cannot say the district court abused its discretion in

awarding BP 60% of the fees represented by block billing. Neither Oklahoma nor this

Court has prohibited an award of fees when those fees are represented by block billing.

Brown says Sisney is not controlling because that case involved claims arising in the

same case, where the court awarding fees is intimately familiar with the parties, attorneys

and the complete course of litigation. Here, the district court did not preside over or

make any decisions in the state court action. While Sisney is distinguishable in that

sense, we do not believe the difference matters, especially under the facts of this case.

       The magistrate held a hearing concerning the reasonableness of BP’s fee request.

At the hearing, BP’s counsel testified there was “a lot of overlap” between the state and

federal court cases and indeed, Brown used the state court lawsuit in the federal court

action to demonstrate the costs BP incurred to remediate the landowners’ property were

unreasonable because the landowners were dissatisfied with the remediation. (R. (Appeal

No. 10-5087) Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 648.) He also said that the work recorded for

both cases, such as discovery, would have been done even had the state court action

never been filed. Similarly, BP’s attorneys’ fees expert testified the state and federal

court actions were interrelated as the operative facts were the same in each case–the

pipeline strike and who caused it. In addition to this testimony, the record shows Brown

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issued the same discovery requests to BP in both the state and federal cases and the

depositions of many of the witnesses were designated for use in both cases. Moreover,

the parties’ witness and exhibits lists were similar in both cases. And the parties

participated in a mediation conference in an attempt to settle both cases. Therefore, there

was more than sufficient evidence for the district court to determine the federal and state

court actions overlapped. The fact the court did not preside over the state court action is

not determinative in light of these facts. Due to this overlap, it was not unreasonable for

the district court to conclude BP should be compensated for a portion of the time (60%)

represented by block billing.

       We AFFIRM the judgment in Appeal No. 09-5081 and AFFIRM the award of

attorneys’ fees in Appeal No. 10-5087.

                                          Entered by the Court:

                                          Terrence L. O’Brien
                                          United States Circuit Judge

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