Court Opinion

ID: 9364585
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-19 18:00:37.941406+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:39.250397
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                        FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JAN 19 2023
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MA GUADALUPE PARRA SANTACRUZ, No.                      20-72819

                Petitioner,                     Agency No. A208-926-475

 v.

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney                    MEMORANDUM*
General,

                Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                    Argued and Submitted November 16, 2021
                        Submission Vacated June 9, 2022
                         Resubmitted January 11, 2023
                              Pasadena, California

Before: BERZON and RAWLINSON, Circuit Judges, and ANTOON,** District
Judge. Concurrence by Judge RAWLINSON.

      Ma. Guadalupe Parra Santacruz, a native and citizen of Mexico, petitions for

review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (BIA’s) order dismissing her appeal

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable John Antoon II, United States District Judge for the
Middle District of Florida, sitting by designation.
from an Immigration Judge’s decision denying her application for asylum,

withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture (CAT).1

We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252 and review “denials of asylum,

withholding of removal, and CAT relief for substantial evidence.” Yali Wang v.

Sessions, 861 F.3d 1003, 1007 (9th Cir. 2017). We grant the petition and remand.2

      1.     The agency’s adverse credibility determination is not supported by

substantial evidence. Mrs. Parra provided detailed, complex, and coherent

testimony about the kidnapping and eventual murder of her son, her fruitless

attempts to compel a serious police investigation, and threats she received from

both government officials and suspected cartel members as she investigated the

case herself. The inconsistencies highlighted by the agency are either trivial in light

of other evidence, adequately explained by Mrs. Parra, or not inconsistent at all.

The agency’s determination that certain parts of Mrs. Parra’s testimony were

implausible is itself implausible. Finally, while Mrs. Parra and her older son did lie

to border officials about whether they had previously resided in the United States

and whether they knew the whereabouts of Mrs. Parra’s husband—who was then

      1
            On May 25, 2022, this Court severed and dismissed Petitioners David
Villasenor Parra and Joram Villasenor Parra from this petition for review. Dkt. No.
43.
      2
            Mrs. Parra’s argument that the Immigration Judge lacked jurisdiction
over her removal proceedings because of deficiencies in her Notice to Appear is
foreclosed by this Court’s en banc decision in United States v. Bastide-Hernandez,
39 F.4th 1187, 1193 (9th Cir. 2022) (en banc).

                                          2
living illegally in the United States—these misrepresentations are explainable by a

fear of persecution and an understandable desire to protect Mrs. Parra’s husband

from deportation. The statements do little to undermine the core of Mrs. Parra’s

testimony under the totality of circumstances. See Alam v. Garland, 11 F.4th 1133,

1135 (9th Cir. 2021) (“[U]nder the REAL ID Act, credibility determinations are

made—and must be reviewed—based on the ‘totality of the circumstances and all

relevant factors,’ not a single factor.”).

      2.     The agency’s determination that Mrs. Parra did not establish a nexus

between the harm she fears and her membership in her proposed family-based

social groups is also unsupported by substantial evidence. Contrary to the agency’s

suggestion, Mrs. Parra never alleged that her son was “kidnapped and killed other

than for criminal reasons.” Instead, she alleged both past persecution and a fear of

future persecution on account of her status as a family member who “openly

reported and/or independently investigated [those] criminal acts.” Mrs. Parra’s

testimony that she was repeatedly threatened by suspected cartel members and

government officials who urged her to drop her investigative efforts is sufficient to

establish a nexus between the harm she fears and her proposed social groups.

Because the BIA did not reach the question whether Mrs. Parra’s proposed

particular social groups were cognizable, we do not address that issue.

      3.     The agency’s determination that Mrs. Parra failed to meet her burden

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of proof to demonstrate eligibility for relief under CAT was improper. The agency

erred by failing to consider Mrs. Parra’s significant country conditions evidence,

including newspaper articles, a State Department country report, and signed

declarations from two expert witnesses. See Aguilar-Ramos v. Holder, 594 F.3d

701, 705 (9th Cir. 2010). The agency must reconsider Mrs. Parra’s CAT claim in

light of that evidence and the remainder of this disposition, including the rejection

of the agency’s adverse credibility determination. Id. at 706.

      For these reasons, we grant the petition and remand for further proceedings

consistent with this disposition. See INS v. Ventura, 537 U.S. 12, 16–18 (2002)

(per curiam).

      Petition GRANTED; REMANDED.

                                          4
                                                                        FILED
Parra Santacruz v. Garland, Case No. 20-72819                            JAN 19 2023
Rawlinson, Circuit Judge, concurring:                                MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                      U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

      I agree with the majority’s conclusion that this case should be remanded for

the agency to conform its adverse credibility determination to our recent decision

in Alam v. Garland, 11 F4th 1133, 1135 (9th Cir. 2021) (requiring that credibility

determinations be made “based on the totality of the circumstances and all relevant

factors”) (citation omitted).

      I also agree that the Immigration Judge had jurisdiction to conduct the

proceedings as determined in our recent en banc decision, United States v. Bastide-

Hernandez, 39 F.4th 1187, 1193 (9th Cir. 2022) (en banc).

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