Court Opinion

ID: 6221415
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-14 17:01:06.619081+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:57:21.987603
License: Public Domain

Case: 20-1481     Document: 12    Page: 1   Filed: 02/11/2022

   United States Court of Appeals
       for the Federal Circuit
                   ______________________

                INTUITIVE SURGICAL, INC.,
                        Appellant

                             v.

                     ETHICON LLC,
                        Appellee

   ANDREW HIRSHFELD, PERFORMING THE
    FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES OF THE UNDER
       SECRETARY OF COMMERCE FOR
 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND DIRECTOR OF
 THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK
                   OFFICE,
                   Intervenor
             ______________________

                         2020-1481
                   ______________________

     Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark
 Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. IPR2018-
 01248.
                  ______________________

                 Decided: February 11, 2022
                  ______________________

    STEVEN KATZ, Fish & Richardson P.C., Boston, MA, ar-
 gued for appellant. Also represented by RYAN PATRICK
 O'CONNOR, JOHN C. PHILLIPS, San Diego, CA.
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2                     INTUITIVE SURGICAL, INC.   v. ETHICON LLC

    ANISH R. DESAI, Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP, New
 York, NY, argued for appellee. Also represented by
 ELIZABETH WEISWASSER; PRIYATA PATEL, CHRISTOPHER
 PEPE, Washington, DC.

     SARAH E. CRAVEN, Office of the Solicitor, United States
 Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, VA, argued for
 intervenor. Also represented by THOMAS W. KRAUSE,
 FARHEENA YASMEEN RASHEED, MOLLY R. SILFEN.
                 ______________________

 Before O’MALLEY, CLEVENGER, and STOLL, Circuit Judges.
 O’MALLEY, Circuit Judge.
     Intuitive Surgical, Inc. (“Intuitive”) appeals from a fi-
 nal written decision of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board
 (“Board”) upholding the patentability of claims 24–26 of
 U.S. Patent No. 8,479,969. See Intuitive Surgical, Inc. v.
 Ethicon LLC, No. IPR2018-01248, 2020 WL 594140
 (P.T.A.B. Feb. 6, 2020).
     The threshold question is whether Intuitive is author-
 ized by statute to pursue this appeal. That question turns
 on whether the Board erred in finding Intuitive estopped
 from maintaining this inter partes review (“IPR”) proceed-
 ing and terminating Intuitive as a party under 35 U.S.C.
 § 315(e)(1). Id. at *4. We hold that the Board did not err
 and, thus, dismiss Intuitive’s appeal. Accordingly, we do
 not reach the merits of the Board’s final written decision
 upholding the patentability of claims 24–26 of the ’969 pa-
 tent.
                       I. BACKGROUND
     The ’969 patent is entitled “Drive Interface for Opera-
 bly Coupling a Manipulatable Surgical Tool to a Robot.” It
 relates to a robotically controlled endoscopic surgical in-
 strument, which is a commonly used tool in minimally in-
 vasive surgery procedures.
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 INTUITIVE SURGICAL, INC.   v. ETHICON LLC                   3

     On June 14, 2018, Intuitive filed three petitions—
 IPR2018-01247 (“the Timm/Anderson IPR”), IPR2018-
 01248 (“the Prisco/Cooper IPR”), and IPR2018-01254 (“the
 Giordano/Wallace IPR”)—to challenge the patentability of
 certain claims of the ’969 patent. All three IPRs challenged
 the patentability of claim 24 but relied on different prior
 art references in doing so. The Board instituted the
 Timm/Anderson and Giordano/Wallace IPRs in January
 2019, then instituted the Prisco/Cooper IPR the following
 month.
     In the Timm/Anderson IPR, Intuitive argued that
 claim 24 would have been obvious over U.S. Patent
 No. 6,783,524 (“Anderson”) in view of U.S. Patent
 No. 7,510,107 (“Timm”). 1 Intuitive also argued that claims
 25 and 26 would have been obvious over Anderson and
 Timm, in further view of U.S. Patent No. 6,699,235 (“Wal-
 lace”). 2 In the Giordano/Wallace IPR, Intuitive argued that
 claim 24 would have been obvious over U.S. Patent Appli-
 cation Publication No. 2008/0167672 (“Giordano”) in view
 of Wallace. 3 On January 13, 2020, the Board issued final

     1   Anderson, entitled “Robotic Surgical tool with Ul-
 trasound Cauterizing and Cutting Instrument,” describes
 a robotic surgical tool with an end effector that includes an
 ultrasound probe tip for cutting and cauterizing tissue.
 Timm, entitled “Cable Driven Surgical Stapling and Cut-
 ting Instrument with Apparatus for Preventing Inadvert-
 ent Cable Disengagement,” describes a handheld surgical
 stapler with active and passive articulation joints.
     2   Wallace, entitled “Platform Link Wrist Mecha-
 nism,” claims a robotically controlled surgical stapler and
 discloses the same robotic elements and similar non-robotic
 elements as the ’969 patent.
     3   Giordano, entitled “Surgical Instrument with
 Wireless Communication Between Control Unit and Re-
 mote Sensor,” discloses an articulation pivot and an
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4                     INTUITIVE SURGICAL, INC.   v. ETHICON LLC

 written decisions in both the Timm/Anderson and
 Giordano/Wallace IPRs, upholding the patentability of
 claim 24 in the face of the prior art cited there. 4 The
 Timm/Anderson IPR also upheld the patentability of
 claims 25 and 26.
     In the Prisco/Cooper IPR, Intuitive argued that claims
 24–26 are anticipated by U.S. Patent No. 8,545,515
 (“Prisco”). 5 The Prisco/Cooper IPR remained ongoing as of
 the January 13, 2020, final written decisions in the
 Timm/Anderson and Giordano/Wallace IPRs. On January
 21, 2020, Ethicon filed a motion to terminate Intuitive as a
 party to the Prisco/Cooper IPR, arguing that Intuitive was
 estopped from proceeding with that IPR under 35 U.S.C.
 § 315(e)(1) by virtue of the January 13, 2020, decisions in
 the companion IPRs. On February 6, 2020, the Board is-
 sued a final written decision concurrently terminating In-
 tuitive as a petitioner to the Prisco/Cooper IPR pursuant to
 § 315(e)(1) and upholding the patentability of claims 24–26
 on the merits. Specifically, the Board concluded that
 § 315(e)(1) estopped Intuitive from maintaining the
 Prisco/Cooper IPR after final written decisions on the pa-
 tentability of claims 24–26 were issued in the other pro-
 ceedings. Among other things, the Board concluded that
 § 315(e)(1) did not preclude estoppel from applying where
 simultaneous petitions were filed by the same petitioner on
 the same claim.

 articulation control, which allow the surgical tool to bend
 relative to the shaft.
     4   In a companion opinion issued contemporaneously
 with this opinion on this same date, we affirm the Board’s
 decisions in both of those IPRs.
     5   Prisco, entitled “Curved Cannula Surgical Sys-
 tem,” claims flexible endoscopic surgery instruments that
 extend into the surgical site through a curved cannula.
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 INTUITIVE SURGICAL, INC.   v. ETHICON LLC                   5

     Intuitive timely appeals to this court.
                        II. DISCUSSION
      Only a party to an IPR may appeal a Board’s final writ-
 ten decision. See 35 U.S.C. § 141(c) (“A party to an inter
 partes review . . . who is dissatisfied with the final written
 decision . . . may appeal.”). Section 319 of Title 35 repeats
 that limitation. And 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4)(A) makes clear
 that we may review a Board’s decision only “at the instance
 of a party.” Despite this limitation, Intuitive argues it may
 pursue an appeal from the Board’s patentability determi-
 nation in this IPR. It bases this assertion on its claim that
 the Board misinterpreted 35 U.S.C. § 315(e)(1) when it con-
 cluded Intuitive was estopped from maintaining the
 Prisco/Cooper IPR. It argues that § 315(e)(1) estoppel
 should not apply to simultaneously filed petitions. Intui-
 tive argues, moreover, that it may appeal the merits of the
 Board’s final written decision on the patentability of claims
 24–26 because, even if the Board’s estoppel decision is not
 erroneous, Intuitive was once “a party to an inter partes
 review” and is dissatisfied with the Board’s final decision
 within the meaning of § 319. As explained in sections B
 and C below, we find Intuitive’s arguments unpersuasive.
                                A.
     Neither the parties nor the U.S. Patent and Trademark
 Office (“PTO”) dispute our jurisdiction to review the
 Board’s estoppel decision. Section 1295(a)(4)(A) of Title 28
 provides us with jurisdiction over “an appeal from a deci-
 sion of . . . the Patent Trial and Appeal Board . . . with re-
 spect to a[n] . . . inter partes review under title 35.” We
 have held that the plain language of § 1295(a)(4)(A) per-
 mits appeal where the adverse judgment is a “decision of
 the Board . . . ‘with respect to’ an inter partes review pro-
 ceeding . . . [and] also final, as the judgment terminate[s]
 the IPR proceeding” with respect to a party. Arthrex, Inc.
 v. Smith & Nephew, Inc., 880 F.3d 1345, 1348 (Fed. Cir.
 2018). A decision is considered final “when it terminates
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6                     INTUITIVE SURGICAL, INC.   v. ETHICON LLC

 the litigation between the parties . . . and leaves nothing to
 be done but to enforce by execution what has been deter-
 mined.” St. Louis, I.M. & S. Ry. Co. v. S. Express Co., 108
 U.S. 24, 28–29 (1883).         In the proceedings here,
 § 1295(a)(4)(A) permits us to review the Board’s estoppel
 decision because the Board’s decision to terminate Intui-
 tive as a party to the Prisco/Cooper IPR is a “decision” of
 the Board “with respect to” an IPR that is also “final” in
 terminating the proceeding with respect to Intuitive.
      Though we may not review Board decisions reconsider-
 ing and terminating an institution decision, we are not pre-
 cluded by the § 314(d) statutory appeal bar from reviewing
 the Board’s § 315(e)(1) estoppel decision.           Subsec-
 tion 314(d) poses no barrier to review of Board decisions
 “separate and subsequent . . . to the institution decision.”
 Facebook, Inc. v. Windy City Innovations, LLC, 973 F.3d
 1321, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (holding that Board joinder de-
 cisions are reviewable because they concern the “manner
 in which the already-instituted IPR proceeded”); see also
 Uniloc 2017 LLC v. Facebook, Inc., 989 F.3d 1018, 1027
 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (concluding that § 314(d) did not bar re-
 view of the Board’s denial of a request for estoppel where
 “the alleged estoppel-triggering event occurred after insti-
 tution”). In Uniloc, we reasoned that an estoppel-trigger-
 ing event subsequent to the institution decision “could not
 have affected the decision to initiate the administrative
 proceeding” and was thus not so “closely tied” to institution
 as to preclude judicial review under § 314(d). 989 F.3d at
 1026. Here, too, any purported estoppel-triggering event—
 specifically, issuance of the Giordano/Wallace and
 Timm/Anderson final written decisions—occurred long af-
 ter the Board’s decision to institute the Prisco/Cooper IPR.
 Accordingly, this separate and subsequent event, which
 had the effect of terminating Intuitive as a party but did
 not constitute a reconsideration of the decision to institute
 the IPR, does not prevent our review of the Board’s appli-
 cation of § 315(e)(1).
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 INTUITIVE SURGICAL, INC.   v. ETHICON LLC                    7

                                B.
     We now consider the merits of Intuitive’s challenge to
 the Board’s § 315(e)(1) determination to terminate Intui-
 tive as a party to the Prisco/Cooper IPR.              Subsec-
 tion 315(e)(1) states that “[t]he petitioner in an inter partes
 review of a claim in a patent under this chapter that results
 in a final written decision . . . may not request or maintain
 a proceeding before the Office with respect to that claim on
 any ground that the petitioner raised or reasonably could
 have raised during that inter partes review.” 35 U.S.C.
 § 315(e)(1) (emphases added). Intuitive argues that the
 Board erred in its interpretation of § 315(e)(1). Statutory
 interpretation is a question of law that we review de novo.
 VirnetX Inc. v. Apple Inc., 931 F.3d 1363, 1369 (Fed. Cir.
 2019).
      Specifically, Intuitive alleges that the Board erred be-
 cause Intuitive could not “reasonably have raised” its
 grounds from the Prisco/Cooper IPR in the simultaneously
 filed Timm/Anderson and Giordano/Wallace petitions. It
 argues that the 14,000-word limit imposed on petitions ne-
 cessitated three separate petitions to present all the prior-
 art combinations on which it wished to rely. 6 Intuitive
 adds that it could not have later raised its grounds from
 the Prisco/Cooper IPR because new grounds cannot be
 added after institution. Intuitive also argues that allowing
 the continuation of the simultaneously submitted petitions
 is not incompatible with the purpose of § 315(e)(1)—which
 aims to obviate abusive IPR conduct—because simultane-
 ous filings are not “as abusive” as successive filings. Ap-
 pellant’s Br. 75.
     We are unpersuaded. The Board did not err in finding
 Intuitive estopped from maintaining the Prisco/Cooper

     6   37 C.F.R. § 42.24(a)(i) limits petitions requesting
 inter partes review to 14,000 words.
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8                     INTUITIVE SURGICAL, INC.   v. ETHICON LLC

 IPR. After reviewing the statutory text, “considered along-
 side its context, purpose, and history,” see Gundy v. United
 States, 139 S. Ct. 29 2116, 2123, reh’g denied, 140 S. Ct.
 579 (2019), we hold that § 315(e)(1) estops a petitioner as
 to invalidity grounds for an asserted claim that it failed to
 raise but “reasonably could have raised” in an earlier de-
 cided IPR, regardless of whether the petitions were simul-
 taneously filed and regardless of the reasons for their
 separate filing.
      The plain language of § 315(e)(1) is clear that estoppel
 is triggered when an IPR proceeding results in a final writ-
 ten decision, compelling the conclusion that Intuitive was
 estopped as to the Prisco/Cooper IPR once the
 Giordano/Wallace and Timm/Anderson IPRs concluded
 with final written decisions. We cannot ignore this statu-
 tory language simply because the petitions were filed on
 the same day and were instituted within days of each other.
     It is undisputed that all three IPRs challenged the
 same claim of the ’969 patent. It is also undisputed that
 Intuitive filed all three petitions on the same day. It fol-
 lows, therefore, that Intuitive actually knew of the Prisco
 prior art at the time it filed the other two petitions and
 knew which claims it wanted to challenge based on that
 art. Certainly, Intuitive reasonably could have raised its
 grounds from the Prisco/Cooper IPR in either the
 Giordano/Wallace or Timm/Anderson IPRs. Yet, it did not.
     Intuitive concedes, as it must, that it knew of the pre-
 cise grounds it wanted to assert in the last of the three IPRs
 to be instituted when it filed and pursued its first two peti-
 tions all the way to final written decisions. It asserts, how-
 ever, that it should be relieved of the estoppel it would
 otherwise face under § 315(e)(1) because it could not “rea-
 sonably” have asserted the claims in the Prisco/Cooper IPR
 any sooner. This is so, according to Intuitive, for two rea-
 sons: (1) the Board’s 14,000 word limit on petitions made it
 impossible to raise all grounds in the first two IPRs and
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 INTUITIVE SURGICAL, INC.   v. ETHICON LLC                    9

 (2) because the Board prohibits amending petitions after
 institution, it could not have asserted the Prisco/Cooper
 grounds “during” the IPR within the meaning of
 § 315(e)(1), as defined by our decision in Shaw Industries
 Group, Inc. v. Automated Creel Systems, Inc., 817 F.3d
 1293 (Fed. Cir. 2016). We are unpersuaded.
      We reject the proposition that the three petitions could
 not have been more concisely written to fit in only two pe-
 titions. First, as the master of its own petition, Intuitive
 could have made its challenges more pointed and specific
 so as to fit all of its grounds in two petitions satisfying the
 word limits. Second, Intuitive had alternative avenues
 that would have allowed it to file three full-length petitions
 while avoiding the consequences of § 315(e)(1), despite the
 word limit. A petitioner may seek to consolidate multiple
 proceedings challenging the same patent—whether filed on
 the same day or not—if the Board institutes review on mul-
 tiple petitions by a single petitioner. See 35 U.S.C. § 315(d)
 (permitting the Director to consolidate separate IPRs chal-
 lenging the same patent). A petitioner may also file multi-
 ple petitions where each petition focuses on a separate,
 manageable subset of the claims to be challenged—as op-
 posed to subsets of grounds—as § 315(e)(1) estoppel applies
 on a claim-by-claim basis. See 35 U.S.C. § 315(e)(1). Intu-
 itive failed to take advantage of either of these statutory
 routes to avoid estoppel. It did not seek to consolidate the
 three proceedings; it did not divide its petitions according
 to subsets of claims. And, while it did request a consoli-
 dated hearing (a request the Board granted), it did not ask
 that the cases proceed to final written decision on the same
 timetable. Because the Prisco/Cooper IPR was accorded a
 later filing date than the first two IPRs, and the Board sub-
 sequently issued separate scheduling orders with different
 timelines for each IPR, Intuitive knew that final decision
 in the Prisco/Cooper IPR would most likely post-date the
 final written decision for the first two IPRs. Intuitive’s
 word-limit grievance, therefore, is largely a problem of its
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 10                    INTUITIVE SURGICAL, INC.   v. ETHICON LLC

 own making. 7 With these choices left unpursued, we can-
 not conclude that Intuitive could not “reasonably have
 raised” its grounds from the Prisco/Cooper IPR in the other
 proceedings.
     Intuitive’s reliance on Shaw is similarly unpersuasive.
 As an initial matter, we find Intuitive’s one-sentence cita-
 tion to Shaw inadequate to preserve meaningful reliance
 on that decision. Even if the argument were not forfeited,
 moreover, it is easily rejected on the merits. To be sure,
 Shaw stood for the proposition that estoppel does not bar
 challenges to grounds asserted in a petition but on which
 the Board refused institution. Shaw did not, however, di-
 rectly speak to the impact of estoppel on grounds never
 raised in petitions. Several district courts attempted to de-
 termine Shaw’s impact on such grounds and split on the
 question. Compare Cobalt Boats, LLC v. Sea Ray Boats,
 Inc., No. 2:15-cv-21, 2017 WL 2605977, at *2–3 (E.D. Va.
 June 5, 2017) (determining that estoppel applies to
 grounds not included in a petition that the petitioner rea-
 sonably could have raised), and SiOnyx, LLC v. Hamama-
 tsu Photonics K.K., 330 F. Supp. 3d 574, 602 (D. Mass.
 2018) (explaining that “reasonably could have raised” in-
 cludes “any patent or printed publication that a petitioner
 actually knew about or that ‘a skilled searcher conducting
 a diligent search reasonably could have been expected to
 discover’”), with Koninklijke Philips N.V. v. Wangs All.
 Corp., No. 14:cv-12298, 2018 WL 283893, at *4 (D. Mass.
 Jan. 2, 2018) (“It would seem, then, that the phrase ‘inter
 partes review’ . . . refers only to the period of time after re-
 view is instituted.”), and Lighting Sci. Grp. Corp. v. Shen-
 zhen Jiawei Photovoltaic Lighting Co., No. 16-cv-3886-

      7  It is notable that, by the end of the proceedings, the
 focus of the three IPRs boiled down to a challenge to the
 independent claim and only three combinations of prior
 art.
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 INTUITIVE SURGICAL, INC.   v. ETHICON LLC                  11

 BLF, 2017 WL 2633131, at *5 (N.D. Cal. June 19, 2017)
 (determining that Verinata Health, Inc. v. Ariosa Diagnos-
 tics, Inc., No. 12-cv-05501- SI, 2017 WL 235048 (N.D. Cal.
 Jan 19, 2017) interprets § 315(e) to apply only to grounds
 raised in the IPR petition and instituted by the Board).
     Recognizing this split among the lower courts, and the
 need for clarity on the question, we recently took the oppor-
 tunity to make clear that, to the extent Shaw held that es-
 toppel can only apply to instituted grounds for a given
 claim because those grounds were the only ones raised
 “during” the IPR, and not to grounds for that same claim
 that a petitioner could have “reasonably raised” but did
 not, that aspect of Shaw has been abrogated by subsequent
 Supreme Court case law. Cal. Inst. of Tech. v. Broadcom
 Ltd., No. 2020-2222, 2021-1527, 2022 WL 333669, at *9–11
 (Fed. Cir. Feb. 4, 2022) (citing SAS Inst., Inc. v. Iancu, 138
 S. Ct. 1348 (2018)) (overruling Shaw and clarifying “that
 estoppel applies not just to claims and grounds asserted in
 the petition and instituted for consideration by the Board,
 but to all claims and grounds not in the IPR but which rea-
 sonably could have been included in the petition”).
     Contrary to Intuitive’s arguments, moreover, applying
 estoppel in these circumstances is not only consistent with
 SAS, but it also furthers the legislative purposes of
 § 315(e)(1). Subsection 315(e)(1) has been understood to
 discourage “abusive serial challenges to patents” and pro-
 vide “faster, less costly alternatives to civil litigation to
 challenge patents.” 157 Cong. Rec. S936, S952 (daily ed.
 Feb. 28, 2011) (statement of Sen. Grassley). Here, Intuitive
 has already twice failed to invalidate claim 24 of the ’969
 patent in the Giordano/Wallace and Timm/Anderson IPRs
 and is not entitled to another bite at the apple via the
 Prisco/Cooper IPR.
                                C.
     Intuitive finally asserts that, even if the Board was cor-
 rect to conclude that Intuitive was estopped from pursuing
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 12                   INTUITIVE SURGICAL, INC.   v. ETHICON LLC

 the Prisco/Cooper IPR, Intuitive still has the right to ap-
 peal the Board’s merits determination because it was once
 a party to that IPR. That contention reflects a misunder-
 standing of both § 315(e)(1) and § 319.
     Subsection 315(e)(1) expressly states that, once the
 Board issues a final written decision addressing the pa-
 tentability of the claims of a patent, “[t]he petitioner . . .
 may not request or maintain a proceeding” challenging
 those same claims before the Board on grounds that it
 “raised or reasonably could have raised during that inter
 partes review.” That means that, regardless of when the
 Board memorializes its conclusion that § 315(e)(1) bars a
 proceeding, the estoppel is effective as of the issuance of
 the prior written decision. To read § 315(e)(1) otherwise
 would eviscerate the “maintain a proceeding” language in
 the statute.
     The question here is whether Intuitive—which was no
 longer a party to the Prisco/Cooper IPR once the Board is-
 sued the Giordano/Wallace and Timm/Anderson final writ-
 ten decisions—has satisfied the statutory requirements
 attendant to the right to appeal from the Prisco/Cooper
 merits determination. Sections 141(c) and 319 of Title 35
 set forth who is statutorily authorized to appeal a final
 written decision of the Board. As noted above, § 141(c)
 states that only a “party to an inter partes review” has the
 right to appeal a final written decision of the Board. Simi-
 larly, § 319 states that only a “party dissatisfied with the
 final written decision” of the Board may appeal. Thus, only
 parties to an IPR fall within the zone of interests protected
 by the law invoked—i.e., the right to appeal a final written
 decision of the Board. Mylan Pharms. Inc. v. Rsch. Corp.
 Techs., Inc., 914 F.3d 1366, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (statutory
 right to appeal limited to those Congress authorized to take
 an appeal). Once § 315(e)(1) prohibited Intuitive from
 maintaining this IPR, Intuitive ceased to be a party under
 § 141 and § 319, placing it outside the zone of interest es-
 tablished by the congressionally authorized right to appeal
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 INTUITIVE SURGICAL, INC.   v. ETHICON LLC                  13

 in those provisions. Id. (citing Lexmark Int’l, Inc. v. Static
 Control Comps., Inc., 572 U.S. 118, 129 (2014)). 8
                       III. CONCLUSION
     We have considered Intuitive’s remaining arguments
 and find them unpersuasive. For the reasons discussed
 above, we affirm the Board’s conclusion that Intuitive was
 estopped from maintaining the Prisco/Cooper IPR once the
 final written decisions in the Timm/Anderson and
 Giordano/Wallace IPRs issued. Because Intuitive may not
 challenge the Board’s final written decision in the IPR at
 issue here as a non-party, we have no jurisdiction to review
 the merits of the Board’s decision. Accordingly, we dismiss
 Intuitive’s appeal.
                        DISMISSED

     8    Intuitive also argues it may pursue this appeal be-
 cause it satisfies the minimum standing requirements of
 Article III of the U.S. Constitution. But that contention,
 even if true, confuses constitutional standing concepts with
 the question of whether one satisfies the statutory require-
 ments attendant to the right to appeal.