Court Opinion

ID: 9723557
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-26 10:20:03.747079+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:24:49.736871
License: Public Domain

DAVID T. PROSSER, J.
¶ 53. (concurring). The sole purpose of statutory interpretation is to ascertain the intent of the legislature. Stockbridge School Dist. v. Dep't of Pub. Instruction, 202 Wis. 2d 214, 219, 550 N.W.2d 96 (1996). The language and legislative history of Wisconsin's subdivision statutes leave me no choice but to affirm the circuit court on the record in this case. My analysis of the statutes is set out in Sections I-VI of this concurrence.
¶ 54. I write separately because my analysis of the law is different from the analysis in the majority opinion. In particular, there is no need for the court to overrule Gordie Boucher Lincoln-Mercury v. Madison Plan Commission, 178 Wis. 2d 74, 503 N.W.2d 205 (1993). As explained in Sections VII and VIII, the majority opinion relies too heavily on selected passages from the broad declarations of policy in the subdivision chapter, as opposed to specific grants of authority in the chapter. It loses sight of the statutory scheme and avoids any effort to harmonize the statutes on extraterritorial subdivision regulation with the statute on extraterritorial zoning. Consequently, the opinion pro*96motes intergovernmental conflict, not intergovernmental cooperation. In addition, the majority opinion fails to digest the extensive background and history of the subdivision chapter or to recognize limits to the content of local subdivision ordinances and extraterritorial planning.
¶ 55. Although the majority opinion is correct in affirming the rejection of the disputed plat, its analysis is at odds with the intent of the legislature. This requires me to disavow both the majority's interpretation of subdivision regulation and its decision to oven-rule Gordie Boucher.
HH
¶ 56. Wisconsin has always followed its own course in regulating the subdivision of land. It has differed from states influenced by the Standard City Planning Enabling Act developed by the United States Department of Commerce in 1928. The Standard Act authorized municipal controls over subdivisions, but these controls were more limited than the controls tha]b have evolved in Wisconsin and they maintained a clear distinction between planning and zoning.
¶ 57. Regulating the platting of land has a long history in this state. The first applicable regulations on this subject "are contained in the Laws of Michigan of 1833. Similar provisions are contained in the Revised Statutes of 1839 of the territory of Wisconsin and in the first statutes of the state, Revised Statutes of 1849." 35 Op. Att'y Gen. 437, 439 (1946). As early as 1882 the legislature required that the streets and alleys in new subdivisions be platted to conform to existing streets and alleys. § 1, ch. 52, Laws of 1882.
¶ 58. Chapter 236 of the Wisconsin Statutes, entitled "Platting Lands and Recording and Vacating *97Plats," represents the sum of this state's subdivision enactments over the years.. The chapter was comprehensively revised in 1955. See ch. 570, Laws of 1955. Individual sections of the chapter have been refined since then, and it is the current law that governs this case.
¶ 59. Several of the law's key provisions originated before 1955. For instance, cities have had extraterritorial plat approval authority since 1909. The legislature provided that when land was divided within "one and one-half miles" of a first, second, or third class city, the owner of the land had to "cause the streets and alleys shown on the map ... to be laid out and platted to the satisfaction of the common council of such cities." § 1, ch. 121, Laws of 1909. Any map or plat that did not receive such approval could not be recorded. Id. Extraterritorial plat approval authority is presently found in Wis. Stat. §§236.02(5), 236.10(l)(b), and 236.45(3) (1999-2000).1 The extraterritorial jurisdiction of first, second, and third class cities has been extended to three miles. Wis. Stat. § 236.02(5).
¶ 60. In 1945 the legislature created Wis. Stat. § 236.143, relating to the subdivision of land outside the limits of incorporated cities or villages in counties having a population of 500,000. This section, now repealed, was important, in part because it gave the state's most populous county power to "regulate, restrict, and in specific areas prohibit the division or subdivision of land within the county outside the limits of incorporated cities or villages." § 2, ch. 218, Laws of 1945 (emphasis added). The section supplemented the county's already-existing zoning power. See Wis. Stat. *98§ 59.97 (1945). Today, municipalities, as well as counties and towns, have authority to "prohibit the division of land" under Wis. Stat. § 236.45(2)(a) when the prohibition will carry out the purposes of this section.
¶ 61. Former section 236.143 also contained a "Declaration of Legislative Intent."2 Many phrases in this declaration were borrowed from phrases in the zoning statute for cities. See Wis. Stat. § 62.23(7)(a), (c) (1945).3 Much of the language in that declaration was *99later repeated in present Wis. Stat. §§ 236.01 and 236.45(1) as part of the 1955 revision of chapter 236. One phrase that was repeated is the phrase "further the orderly layout and use of land." The majority heavily relies on the "use of land" passage to support its analysis.4
*100I — I HH
¶ 62. The League of Wisconsin Municipalities maintained an active interest in land use in the early decades of the twentieth century. As an example, in April 1937 the League published an article in its monthly magazine entitled "A Platting Manual For Wisconsin Municipalities," written by Arthur J. Rabuck. Rabuck stated that the purpose of his manual was "to discuss the public interest in land subdivision and methods of promoting and protecting that interest." Arthur J. Rabuck, A Platting Manual For Wisconsin Municipalities, The Municipality, Apr. 1937, at 77. Rabuck gave multiple reasons for a growing interest in land subdivision. Among the reasons he listed were the following:
Premature subdivision of land and the haphazard scattering of homes are certain sources of economic waste due to the enormous costs for water, sewers, drainage, streets, police and fire protection, lighting and other services which will sooner or later be demanded. The large municipalities will also be confronted with the problem of rehabilitating large areas which are being depopulated and are rapidly depreciating in value due to the movement to the outskirts.
The revision of the state platting law in 1935 is also a reason for renewed interest in the regulation of the subdivision of land.
Encouragement of local planning and zoning by state and federal governments has resulted in a pronounced interest in planning on the part of local officials. Numerous Wisconsin municipalities are now doing some planning work. Planning, zoning, and subdivision regulation go hand in hand. Some of the *101greatest strides in planning accomplishment have been made by means of control over the subdivision of land. A majority of the planning mistakes of the past can be traced directly to faulty subdivision practices.
Id. (emphasis added).
¶ 63. Rabuck urged municipalities to develop comprehensive plans. He noted the extraterritorial jurisdiction already existing in the law. He acknowledged that zoning was the most effective way of reserving land "for its most appropriate use, but in the absence of zoning regulations much good can be accomplished by discouraging the subdivision of land . ..." Rabuck, supra, at 77-79. Under the heading "Improvements May Be Required," Rabuck wrote that "much good can be accomplished ... by requiring the owner or subdivider to carry more of the burden of his speculative efforts." Rabuck, supra, at 79.
¶ 64. The League's interest in subdivision regulation was heightened when Robert D. Sundby served as its legal counsel in the 1950s.
III
¶ 65. The University of Wisconsin Law School was a leading center for the study of land use in the years before and after the 1955 revision of the subdivision chapter. This focus was inspired by Professor Jacob H. Beuscher (1907-1967), a charismatic scholar and advocate who had a major impact on Wisconsin land use law. Beuscher influenced generations of lawyers and planners with his law-in-action theories, as expounded in the Wisconsin Law Review and other publications.
¶ 66. In a memorial edition of the Law Review published after Beuscher's death, then United States Senator Gaylord Nelson wrote that Beuscher "drafted *102the statute creating the Regional Planning Commissions. ... He completed the monumental task of revising our eminent domain statute. He was the backbone of our long effort to develop wise land use policies in Wisconsin." In Memoriam Professor Jacob H. Beuscher, 1967 Wis. L. Rev. 794, 799 (Essay by Gaylord Nelson). In the same issue, Professor Daniel Mandelker wrote that Beuscher:
always fought for an extension of the public influence over our natural inheritance of land, water, and environment. . .. He taught us that legal principles in the field of land use planning gain meaning only from the context in which they are applied, and that the relationship between the legal structure and the way in which that structure is used is more important than abstract disputation about legal principle that has no contact with reality.
Id. at 7 (Essay by Daniel R. Mandelker).
¶ 67. Articles about land use control appeared regularly in the Wisconsin Law Review circa 1950. See, e.g., Ronald D. Keberle, Note, Land Use—Control by Contract, 1950 Wis. L. Rev. 701; William Rosenbaum, Note, Control of Land Through Contractual Provisions Designed to Prevent Waste, 1950 Wis. L. Rev. 716; Leon Fieldman & Robert Junig, Note, Sales of Land—Platting Approval in Land Divisions, 1950 Wis. L. Rev. 750. The latter article declared that:
Private interests, in the creation of land subdivisions, substantially determine the character of a community's development. The creation of new parcels of land is the critical point in determining how the city will grow .... If the subdivider's plan is not in accord with community interests, the community is usually barred from rectifying it by prohibitive costs... .
*103Most serious trouble can be averted if the public interest is represented at the creation of the new subdivision.
Fieldman & Junig, supra, at 750.
¶ 68. The student authors argued that both "the quality and quantity of new subdivisions should come under government scrutiny at this initial stage." Id. They explained that quality "refers to the way in which the land is subdivided, quantity, to how much land is subdivided." Id.
¶ 69. The students examined Wisconsin's subdivision statutes and concluded that chapter 236 was not adequate. They stated that "The important requirement for planning is that land-divisions be approved by governing bodies. . . . [G]overnment approval should be a condition precedent to every new division of land." Id. at 757. They argued that the statutes should set standards on which planning bodies could base their approval or disapproval. "Of course, the most important basis for disapproval is a conflict with land use plans." Id. at 758.
¶ 70. In the early 1950s, Professor Beuscher undertook a study of subdivision law. Frank L. Bixby, Note, Wis. Const. Art. VIII, § 1—Partial Exemption of Value as an Inducement to Proper Subdivision, 1953 Wis. L. Rev. 141, 141 n.2. Shortly thereafter, Beuscher's former student and faculty colleague, Marygold Shire Melli, produced a comprehensive scholarly study entitled Subdivision Control in Wisconsin, which made the case for a thoroughgoing revision of Wisconsin's subdivision statutes. 1953 Wis. L. Rev. 389.
¶ 71. On the first page of her 68-page article, Melli explained that:
Subdivision control, the regulation of the division of raw land into building lots, is a vital component of *104land-use control.... [C]ontrol of [the subdivision] process has become recognized as an integral part of any land-use planning scheme....
Subdivision control is, of course, only one of the instruments used by a community to regulate the use of privately owned land in the public interest. It is closely related to zoning control in that both are preventative measures intended to avert community blight and deterioration by requiring that new development proceed in defined ways and according to prescribed standards. ...
[Subdivision control is recognized as a legitimate land-use tool....
Marygold Shire Melli, Subdivision Control in Wisconsin, 1953 Wis. L. Rev. 389, 389.
¶ 72. So timely and persuasive was Melli's article that the Wisconsin Legislative Council's Judiciary Committee commenced a study on the "Subdivision and Platting of Land." The Legislative Council hired Melli, and its Judiciary Committee created an Advisory Committee on Subdivision and Platting, chaired by Robert D. Sundby, legal counsel for the League of Wisconsin Municipalities.5 According to the Legislative Council's report to the 1955 legislature, "All sections recommended by the advisory committee were prepared originally by a drafting subcommittee consisting of Mr. Sundby, the chairman of the committee, and M.S. Melli, *105the legislative council staff member assigned to the committee." Report of the Wisconsin Legislative Council, Volume iy Conclusions and Recommendations of the Judiciary Committee on the Subdivision and Platting of Land, at 9 (Jan. 1955) (hereinafter 1955 Report).
¶ 73. The Legislative Council report contained a lengthy analysis of the background and deficiencies of the existing subdivision chapter, together with a draft bill with notes accompanying each section.6 The report set out six explicit objectives of the study and the draft legislation. 1955 Report, supra, at 11-23. These included: Objective I: To formulate legislation which would provide some control over the quality of subdivision, and Objective V: To evaluate all of the burdens placed upon the subdivider with particular regard to the individual's rights to the use of his land. Id. (emphasis added).
¶ 74. Although the report did not emphasize municipal control over land use in adjacent unincorporated land, it acknowledged that "[cjontrol over the way in which a land owner divides up his land, i.e., control over *106the type of development he may make, is one of the most contested areas of subdivision control." Id. at 12. The report stated:
Minimum standards for the quality of subdivisions raise an important question regarding the extent of control. If the subdivision statute is intended to control land use development, then it follows theoretically that perhaps all divisions of land, at least those which create parcels big enough to be built upon, should be controlled. ...
Under present law, local units of government may control all divisions of land. § 236.143(2) of the present law grants power to them to regulate the division or subdivision of land. ...
The committee recommends that the present law be retained, i.e., that the local units of government have the option of controlling all land divisions. See § 236.45 of the proposed revision. . ..
The committee also recommends changes in the definition of subdivision which should increase the extent of control of the state statute to a limited degree. ... The committee recommends 2 changes in this definition: an increase from one to 5 years in the time involved and an enlargement of the purpose of division to sale or building development.
Id. at 14-15 (emphasis added).
¶ 75. The Legislative Council bill was introduced as Senate Bill 20. Robert Sundby and Jacob Beuscher testified in both houses in support of the bill. Senate Bill 20 passed with few changes to become Chapter 570, Laws of 1955.
*107IV
¶ 76. Chapter 236 of the statutes was amended by four different bills in the 1957 session of the legislature. Chapters 88, 237,245, & 599, Laws of 1957. These were the first of many refinements to the chapter following the comprehensive revision in 1955. Among the first changes was an amendment to condition a municipality's extraterritorial jurisdiction on its adoption of a "subdivision ordinance or an official map." See § 2, ch. 599, Laws of 1957; Wis. Stat. § 236.10(1)(b)2.
¶ 77. In 1959 Marygold Melli co-authored a law review article with planner Robert S. Devoy. The article was entitled Extraterritorial Planning and Urban Growth, 1959 Wis. L. Rev. 55. Melli explained that "preparation for the future growth of the community is called land use planning; it should consist not only of the plans and policies for the future, but also of the means to protect those plans." Id. at 55.
¶ 78. Extraterritorial planning controls are "powers given to cities and villages providing them with some control over the type of development in unincorporated areas on their immediate fringe." Id. at 56. This is an unusual type of power, she reasoned, "since a municipal corporation is generally required to act within its own boundaries." Id.
Ideally, if extraterritorial planning is to be fully effective it should embrace all the controls available to the community. Therefore, it should be based upon a comprehensive, enforceable master plan and should include the power to zone, to control subdivision, to establish building setbacks, and to protect plans for future streets, playgrounds, parks and other recreational facilities.
In Wisconsin, a municipality may adopt a master plan covering any area beyond the municipal bound*108aries related to the development of the municipality. In addition, specific grants of extraterritorial power have been made by the legislature for subdivision approval and official maps to cover certain limited areas. Zoning remains the major field in which no extraterritorial power has been granted.
Id. (emphasis added).
¶ 79. Melli argued in favor of extraterritorial zoning. "The principal shortcoming of extraterritorial controls in Wisconsin results from the fact that there is no extraterritorial zoning authority. The power to zone, to control the actual use to be made of the land, is probably the most important single land use control." Id. at 66.
¶ 80. Melli acknowledged that "the power to control new subdivisions and to map new streets is much less effective" without a concomitant power to zone. Id. Nonetheless, she stated that the right to approve the way in which undeveloped land is divided for urban use was one of the most important powers a municipality possessed. Id. at 59. She noted that cities "may exercise subdivision control for 3 miles outside their corporate limits." Id. "The principal limitation on subdivision approval as a land use control is its territorial scope." Id. at 60.
¶ 81. Melli's article was accompanied by an article by Robert D. Sundby entitled The Elimination and Prevention of Urban Blight, 1959 Wis. L. Rev. 73. In the course of his article, Sundby stated that among the factors that contribute to urban blight are "the overcrowding of land, poor layout and use of land, and inadequate provision for water, sewerage, and drainage." Id. at 92. "These factors may be controlled by the adoption and enforcement of adequate subdivision regulations." Id. He added:
The state law regulates only subdivisions where the act of division creates 5 or more parcels or building *109sites of 1 1/2 acres or less in area, or where 5 or more such parcels are created by successive divisions within a period of five years. The state law is therefore subject to considerable evasion through the process of division and redivision. However, the statute authorizes cities, villages, towns, and counties to adopt local subdivision ordinances, provides that such ordinances may include provisions regulating divisions of land into parcels larger than 11/2 acres or divisions of land into less than 5 parcels. Thus, municipalities are given ample authority to control any division whatsoever for purposes of sale or building development.
Id. at 92-93.
¶ 82. In the years following the 1955 revision of chapter 236, the Legislative Council's Urban Problems Committee studied the need for additional land use controls in unincorporated areas. Part of this discussion was recounted later by then court of appeals Judge Robert D. Sundby in Gordie Boucher Lincoln-Mercury v. Madison Plan Commission, 178 Wis. 2d 74, 503 N.W.2d 205 (1993). Writing for the court, Sundby noted that the legislature had approved a statute on extraterritorial zoning, Wis. Stat. § 62.23(7a). See ch. 241, Laws of 1963. However, that statute did not give a municipality unilateral authority to zone land in an unincorporated town within the municipality's extraterritorial jurisdiction. Rather, the statute "require [d] that extraterritorial zoning be a cooperative effort of the city plan commission and the town in which the zoning ordinance will be in effect." Gordie Boucher, 178 Wis. 2d at 100-101. Judge Sundby wrote that the Urban Problems Committee "rejected a proposal giving populous counties authority to adopt comprehensive zoning ordinances which would apply throughout the unincorporated areas without the approval of the individual *110towns." Id. at 101. Hence, he concluded, "[w]hile ch. 236 . . . and sec. 236.45 . . . confer broad regulatory authority upon local governing bodies, that authority relates to the quality of the subdivision or land division and not to the use to which the lots in the subdivisión or land division may be put." Id. (emphasis added).
V
¶ 83. In 1967, the year that he died, Professor Beuscher authored a remarkable summation of his views on "Land Use Controls." His report, which was published as part of the Wisconsin Development Series by the Wisconsin Department of Resource Development, focused on legal means to achieve land use planning goals. Beuscher spelled out his law-in-action philosophy with disarming candor:
[M]any planners and lawyers tend to compartmentalize governmental powers first into the major areas of: power of eminent domain, power of taxation, power of appropriation, and police power. Then the major plan implementation police power tools, such as zoning, subdivision control, and official mapping, are broken out and often dealt with as if they existed apart from the whole fabric of governmental power. So that comprehensive areawide planning may be successfully implemented, the entire range of police power controls must be effectively coordinated one with another ... to deal in the public's interest. In short, a more unitary concept of the entire range of sovereign powers of the state must be developed.
J.H. Beuscher, Land Use Controls I-1 (Dep't of Res. Dev., Wis. Dev. Series, 1967).
¶ 84. Professor Beuscher took pains to educate his readers on the scope of land use planning goals, including placement of development and pacing of de*111velopment, as well as the preservation of open space. Id. at 1-2. "It seems clear," he wrote, "that the placing of development and the control of alternative uses of land are necessary from an economic standpoint to insure the wisest use of scarce resources and adequately to protect the health, safety and general welfare of the community." Id. at 1-3. "Governmental services and facilities must be provided to each new subdivision and to each new resident of the community. Since there is a limit to the availability of tax dollars .. . the pacing of development becomes critically important in rapidly growing urban regions. . . . [T]he process of growth must be paced over time." Id.
¶ 85. Beuscher pointedly advocated many changes in the planning statutes to effect more complete control of development. But in the absence of such changes, he urged tough-minded utilization of the tools at hand. "The time for a return to simple fundamentals is long overdue. The focus should not be on the niceties, the subtleties, the particular limitations and potentials of individual legal tools. The focus should be on the accomplishment of the community objectives themselves as expressed in properly prepared development plans." Id. at II-2. Why "must it be one control tool or another or one government power or another?" he asked. "Why not greater use of two or more in combination?" Id. at II-3.
¶ 86. In Section IV of his Report, Beuscher discussed the Master Plan — the "physical plan" contemplated in Wis. Stat. § 62.23(2). Then he asked:
Is a master plan a mere guide to the local planning agency and governing body, or is it in some respects in and of itself a legally binding land use control?
Wis. Stat. § 62.23, reflecting the philosophy of the Standard Planning Act of 1928, seems on its face to *112contain the answer when it provides in subsection (3) that: "The purpose and effect of the adoption and certifying of the master plan or part thereof shall be solely to aid the city plan commission and the council in the performance of their duties.". The fact that no public hearing on the proposed master plan is required and that it need be approved only by the plan commission and not by the local legislative body seems to be further evidence that the plan is intended only for informal guidance, not for regulatory control.
Nevertheless, from the outset adoption of a master plan has had one regulatory effect. Once the plan is adopted by the plan commission, the local governing body may not act finally on a variety of specified public improvement projects until the matter has first been referred to the plan commission and until the commission after consideration has reported.
In rewriting Wis. Stats. Chapter 236, the subdivision code, in 1955, the Legislature provided:
Approval of the preliminary or final (subdivision) plat shall be conditioned upon compliance with: ... (c) any local master plan or official map;. . .
The extent or validity of the requirement that a subdivision plat comply with a local master plan has not been tested before the Wisconsin Supreme Court. Involved is the technical issue of whether the Legislature intended to delegate to the plan commission a legislative and a regulatory function so far as concerns master plans. If the Legislature had this intention, was the delegation valid under the 14th Amendment of the Federal Constitution, which imposes an obligation on states that property not be taken "without due process of law."
Beuscher, supra, at IV-23.
*113¶ 87. Beuscher counseled that it would "strengthen [the case for the plan] if the local governing body indicated its approval of the master plan." Id. "Undoubtedly, also as a practical matter, it would help to show that, though not required by the statute, a public hearing on the proposed master plan was, as a matter of fact, held after due notice before either the plan commission or the governing body or both." Id.
¶ 88. Returning to subdivision regulation, Beus-cher emphasized that besides zoning, "[a] subdivision control ordinance is another important device which can be used to regulate and order the placing of development." Id. at VII-13.
The private developer seeks the benefit of recording his lots for ease of sale; he contemplates that the public will assume the long-run maintenance of streets, sewers, and water lines; he will undoubtedly affect the community tax base and alter existing governmental service ' functions and their costs; and the initial decisions of location, lot size, street width, type of housing, will undoubtedly establish an indelible pattern of land use that will affect the community for generations to come. In addition, the state is interested in secure real estate descriptions to prevent fraud and conflict; and mortgage lenders are interested in the long-term stability of the new neighborhood which is being established. For any or all of these reasons, the body public is justified in regulating the process of subdividing and in establishing those reasonable conditions upon which plat approval will be granted.
. . . Difficulties arise in determining what are reasonable conditions. . .. Courts will be moved to accept those conditions which sound planning and empirical and analytical evidence justify. They will reject those conditions which appear to overreach, rely *114on erroneous or incomplete data, or which are simply stalling tactics designed to slow down or prevent development.
. . . Theoretically, one could argue that all costs associated with the development should be borne by the private developer and passed on to his buyers, who after all are seeking to profit from his decision to subdivide. There should be no hidden subsidy to the developer or to his buyers in the form of community absorption of development costs. Practically, it is not possible to push the conditions for plat approval this far. First of all, it is often very difficult to determine the true costs of development. After the major cost items of street, water, and sewer have been settled, cost determination can become a very speculative process. . . . Therefore, the conditions imposed for plat approval must be reasonable; but the definition of reasonableness may be expanded by comprehensive planning and the presentation of data that justify the particular challenged set of conditions or condition.
Id. at VII-13, 14 (emphasis added).
VI
¶ 89. Today, to entitle the plat of a subdivision within the extraterritorial plat approval jurisdiction of a municipality to be recorded, it must have the approval of (1) the town board, (2) the governing body of the municipality (if the municipality has adopted a subdivision ordinance or an official map), and (3) the county planning agency. Wis. Stat. § 236.10(l)(b).
¶ 90. A landowner seeking to subdivide land submits a proposed plat to all authorities whose approval is required. Wis. Stat. §§ 236.11, 236.12. Approval of the preliminary or final plat shall he conditioned upon compliance with: (a) the provisions of chapter 236, (b) any municipal, town or county ordinance, and (c) a *115comprehensive plan. Wis. Stat. § 236.13(1). The law was slightly different before January 1, 2000. The former subsection (c) required compliance with any local master plan consistent with any plan adopted under Wis. Stat. § 236.46 or official map adopted under Wis. Stat. § 62.23.
¶ 91. Wisconsin Stat. § 236.11(l)(b) contains the flip side of Wis. Stat. § 236.13(1). It provides that if "the final plat conforms substantially to the preliminary plat as approved. . . and to local plans and ordinances adopted or authorized by law, it is entitled to approval." Wis. Stat. § 236.11(l)(b) (emphasis added).7 Implicit in this formulation is a counter principle: If a plat does not conform to local plans and ordinances adopted as authorized by law, it is not entitled to approval.
¶ 92. The purpose of subdivision regulation is broadly stated in Wis. Stat. §§ 236.01 and 236.45(1) and includes "to further the orderly layout and use of land."8 Wis. Stat. §§ 236.01, 236.45(1).
¶ 93. Local governments are authorized to adopt "ordinances governing the subdivision or other division of land which are more restrictive than the provisions of this chapter." Wis. Stat. § 236.45(2) (emphasis added). These "more restrictive" ordinances apply to divisions and subdivisions of land in a municipality's extraterritorial plat approval jurisdiction. Wis. Stat. § 236.45(3).
¶ 94. A "more restrictive" ordinance may apply to any division of land, either greater than or less than 5 parcels. Wis. Stat. § 236.45(2)(a). It may "prohibit the *116division of land" in areas where such prohibition will carry out the purposes of the section. Id. Wisconsin Stat. § 236.45 and any subdivision ordinance adopted under it "shall be liberally construed in favor of the municipality . . . and shall not be deemed a limitation or repeal of any requirement or power granted or appearing in this chapter or elsewhere, relating to the subdivision of lands." Wis. Stat. § 236.45(2)(b).
¶ 95. Given the plain language of the chapter and the extensive legislative history behind this language, it cannot reasonably be argued that Madison violated either the letter or the spirit of the statute when it failed to approve the Woods' plat. The Woods' land was and still is zoned as agricultural land. Both this land and much of the surrounding land are still used as agricultural land. Thus, the proposed commercial use of the Woods' land is in fact inconsistent with the City's master plan. Moreover, the City raised legitimate quality questions about the provision of sewers and the adequacy of roads if the land were put to commercial use. In short, the proposed subdivision violated the City's master plan and its subdivision ordinance. The Woods are not in a position to challenge Madison's subdivision ordinance as applied because their position is so vulnerable to criticism. The City was not overreaching in this case.
VII
¶ 96. Clearly, the City of Madison has adopted the strategy suggested by Professor Beuscher and utilized every possible tool short of extraterritorial zoning to enforce its position on land use planning. It has adopted a very far-reaching subdivision ordinance. The legisla*117ture has directed courts to liberally construe this ordinance and similar ordinances, as'well as all the provisions of chapter 236.
¶ 97. There is a point, however, at which the legislature's grant of authority to Madison and other municipalities to actually control land use extraterrito-rially comes to an end, unless these municipalities have exercised lawful authority to zone the land. The court of appeals concluded in the Gordie Boucher case that this point had been reached.
¶ 98. In Gordie Boucher, the City of Madison Plan Commission was asked to approve a certified survey map (CSM) of a land division in Madison's extraterritorial plat approval jurisdiction. It refused to do so on grounds that Gordie Boucher's plans for an automobile dealership on a proposed 12.2 acre site on part of the subdivided property was inconsistent with the City's Peripheral Area Development Plan, which created a Permanent Open Space District. Gordie Boucher, 178 Wis. 2d at 80-82.
¶ 99. The court of appeals explained that the proposed Gordie Boucher land was part of a 41.25 acre parcel that was being subdivided into four lots. The specific lot in question was adjacent to U.S. Highway 151 on the west and to an established landfill on the east. It had been zoned C-2 commercial for more than 30 years. Id. at 82. The town of Burke had conditionally approved the CSM and the Dane County Zoning and Natural Resources Committee had conditionally approved the CSM. Id. at 82-83. But the Madison Plan Commission balked and rejected the CSM. Id. at 83.
¶ 100. Although the Plan Commission gave five reasons for its action, the essence of its disapproval was that (1) the proposed survey was not consistent with the City's Master Plan, including the Peripheral Area *118Development Plan, the Land Use Plan, and the Parks and Open Space Plan, and (2) the certified survey map was inconsistent with the Plan Commission's policy for agriculture and non-agriculture land divisions. The Plan Commission relied exclusively on the master plan rationale when the case reached the court of appeals. Id.
¶ 101. The circuit court, Moria Krueger, Judge, rejected the City's reasons on grounds that Madison was effectively attempting to rezone the lot to agriculture through planning and subdivision ordinances when the lot had been zoned commercial for many years. The circuit court ruled that the City's Master Plan could not override Dane County's zoning ordinance. Id. at 90.
¶ 102. The court of appeals agreed. In a unanimous opinion written by Judge Sundby, the court ruled that:
[T]he legislature has not given the city's master plan, a planning tool, pre-eminence over county zoning, a regulatory tool... . There is no authority for the commission's contention that a county zoning ordinance is subordinate to the city's master plan. We reject the commission's contention; it has no support in the statutes or case law.
Id. at 90-91.
¶ 103. This analysis was and is unassailable. It does not require reliance on treatises unrelated to the peculiarities of Wisconsin law. It is fundamental Wisconsin law.
¶ 104. There can be no dispute that the legislature has given Wisconsin municipalities expansive subdivision regulatory powers to encourage broad land use objectives and sometimes to enforce them. It has given municipalities substantial planning authority, even be*119yond three miles of the municipality. But it has not authorized municipalities to — in effect — rezone land by means of extraterritorial subdivision regulation and/or extraterritorial planning. It has not given municipalities power to veto uses of land that are consistent with lawful existing zoning, absent reasonable quality concerns or subdivision defects. That is what Gordie Boucher held, and there is no reason to overrule the case.
¶ 105. The very existence of extraterritorial zoning, as set out in Wis. Stat. § 62.23(7a), constitutes a clear expression of legislative intent. This court is not at liberty to ignore the mechanism the legislature has designed for extraterritorial zoning.9
*120VIII
¶ 106. The majority opinion heavily relies on selected passages in two legislative declarations of policy to support , its conclusion that a municipality may control the ultimate use of land in its extraterritorial plat approval jurisdiction through the rejection of new plats. In particular, the majority points to the following language: (1) The purpose of chapter 236 and the purpose of section 236.45 is, in part, "to further the orderly layout and use of land." Majority op., ¶¶ 13,17 (quoting Wis. Stat. §§ 236.01 and 236.45(1), respectively); (2) "The regulations provided for by this section shall be made with reasonable consideration .-. . of the character of the municipality, town or county ... for encouraging the most appropriate use of land." Majority op., ¶ 17 (quoting Wis. Stat. § 236.45(1)).
¶ 107. This reliance is suspect for several reasons. First, sections or subsections that are labeled as declarations of purpose or declarations of legislative intent are different from sections or subsections that clearly *121grant power. As an example, Wis. Stat. §§ 236.01 and 236.45(1) should be compared to Wis. Stat. § 62.23(7)(a), a provision which clearly grants power.
¶ 108. Second, the language in the declarations is conditional language. To illustrate, both declarations list a purpose to "further the orderly layout and use of land." To "further" something is to "help the progress of' or "advance" something. The American Heritage Dictionary of The English Language 737 (3d ed. 1992). It does not imply control of something. Moreover, the word "orderly" modifies "use," just as "orderly" modifies "layout." Furthering the orderly use of land is different from controlling the use of land.
¶ 109. Looking at the other language relied upon, we see the terms "reasonable consideration" and "encouraging the most appropriate use of land." "Reasonable" implies that not all "consideration" will pass muster. "Encourage" is a conditional verb like "further," different from "control" or "effect." These words do not connote the unlimited subdivision regulatory authority the majority appears to embrace. This is especially evident when all the passages relied upon are returned to the context from which they have been taken.10
¶ 110. Third, the very existence of conditional words in the declarations recognizes the limits on subdivision regulation and the need to harmonize it with zoning, both extraterritorial and otherwise. Zoning, like subdivision regulation, is an exercise of the police power. When a municipality is given statutory *122authority to pass a subdivision ordinance to "promote the public health, safety, and general welfare of the community" — words reflective of the police power — the municipality is not thereby, given authority to include explicit zoning in the subdivision ordinance.
¶ 111. The certified question before this court is stated by the majority: "Does Wis. Stat. ch. 236 authorize a municipality to reject a preliminary plat under its extraterritorial jurisdictional authority based on a subdivision ordinance that considers the plat's proposed use?" Majority op. at ¶ 2. The key word in this question is "reject." The obvious answer to the question is "sometimes," depending upon the facts and whether the rejection is "reasonable." There is no absolute "yes" or "no" answer. A municipality may not seek to compel a particular land use that contradicts a validly enacted zoning ordinance by arbitrarily rejecting a plat under the extraterritorial component of its subdivision ordinance. This is the core teaching of the Gordie Boucher case.11
¶ 112. "Consider" is not the key word in the certified question. The majority opinion observes that "any regulation relating to the 'quality' of a subdivision must necessarily consider 'the most appropriate use' of land. We cannot fathom how an ordinance can consider the most appropriate use of land if it cannot consider the use of land." Majority op. at ¶ 30 (emphasis added). Of course, a platting authority may consider the use of land, but it may not impose an authorized end by an *123unauthorized means. The certified question is not the correct question because it is not a question susceptible to a precise answer.
¶ 113. Judge Robert Sundby was an architect of the Wisconsin subdivision statute. He was a zealous advocate of municipalities. The majority's failure to acknowledge Judge Sundby's pivotal role in reforming chapter 236 of the Wisconsin Statutes is surprising. In Gordie Boucher, Judge Sundby faithfully applied the provisions of chapter 236, including Wis. Stat. § 236.45 in pari materia with Wis. Stat. § 62.23(7a).
¶ 114. Even scholars who have sought to minimize the distinction between subdivision control and zoning have understood and respected the distinction. Marygold Melli wrote forthrightly that "Zoning relates to the type of building development which can take place on the land; subdivision control relates to the way in which the land is divided and made ready for building development." Melli, Subdivision Control in Wisconsin, 1953 Wis. L. Rev. 389, 389.
¶ 115. Professor Beuscher, a tireless advocate for land use planning, nonetheless was careful to recognize property rights:
Though planning and plan implementation of necessity focus on public needs and desires, it is important to be aware of and understand private property rights which exist and are protected by both the federal and state constitutions. The goal of the courts as arbiter between the public actions which are in conflict with or encroach upon alleged private property rights has been to strike a balance — a balance which will on one hand allow needed public programs to be carried out and at the same time preserve as large a sphere as possible within which the private decision-maker and private property rights may be exercised.
*124Beuscher, Land Use Controls, supra, at I-2.
¶ 116. Beuscher also wrote that "it must be conceded that literal application of the requirement that the subdivision comply with the approved master plan would violate the 14th Amendment in some instances .. . because the regulatory impact on the particular landowner [would be] so great as to constitute an invalid taking of property in his case." Id. at IV-23. "If the plan commission stands pat and refuses to approve the plat and the council does not buy or condemn the land, the owner may be left in the position of not being able to earn a fair return on his land; and a court would probably declare the application of the master plan unconstitutional." Id. (emphasis added). A subdivision ordinance may be unconstitutional as applied to specific facts.12
¶ 117. The City of Madison has repeatedly shown hostility to unapproved development in its extraterritorial plat approval jurisdiction. Consequently, a subdi-vider in Madison's extraterritorial jurisdiction will have to submit meticulous quality plats if it hopes to prevail in-the face of City opposition.
¶ 118. I am authorized to state that JUSTICE JON E WILCOX and JUSTICE DIANE S. SYKES join this concurrence.

 All subsequent references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 1999-2000 version unless otherwise indicated.

 The 1945 declaration states:
The purpose of this section is to promote the public health, safety and the general welfare of the community and the regulations authorized to he made are designed to lessen congestion in the streets and highways and further the orderly layout and use of land; to secure safety from fire, panic and other dangers; to promote health and the general welfare; to provide adequate light and air; to prevent the overcrowding of land; to avoid undue concentration of population; to facilitate adequate provision for transportation, water, sewerage, schools, parks, playgrounds and other public requirements; to facilitate the further resubdivision of larger tracts into smaller parcels of land. The regulations provided for by this section shall he made with reasonable consideration, among other things, of the character of the county with a view of conserving the value of buildings placed upon land, providing the best possible environment for human habitation, and for encouraging the most appropriate use of land throughout the county.
Wis. Stat. § 236.143(1) (1945) (emphasis added).

 Wisconsin Stat. § 62.23(7)(a) and (c) read as follows:
(a) Grant of power. For the purpose of promoting health, safety, morals or the general welfare of the community, the council may by ordinance regulate and restrict the height, number of stories and size of buildings and other structures, the percentage of lot that may be occupied, the size of yards, courts and other open spaces, the density of population, and the location and use of buildings, structures and land for trade, industry, residence or other purposes provided that there shall be no discrimination against temporary structures. This subsection and any ordinance, *99resolution or regulation, heretofore or hereafter enacted or adopted pursuant thereto, shall he liberally construed in favor of the city and as minimum requirements adopted for the purposes stated. It shall not he deemed limitation of any power elsewhere granted.
(c) Purposes in view. Such regulations shall be made in accordance with a comprehensive plan and designed to lessen congestion in the streets; to secure safety from fire, panic and other dangers; to promote health and the general welfare; to provide adequate light and air; to prevent the overcrowding of land; to avoid undue concentration of population; to facilitate the adequate provision of transportation, water, sewerage, schools, parks and other public requirements. Such regulations shall he made with reasonable consideration, among other things, of the character of the district and its peculiar suitability for particular uses, and with a view to conserving the value of buildings and encouraging the most appropriate use of land throughout such city.
Wis. Stat. § 62.23(7)(a), (c) (1945).

 According to the drafting file on chapter 218, Laws of 1945, the chapter resulted from passage of 1945 Assembly Bill 359, introduced by Rep. Milton F. Burmaster of Milwaukee County. The drafting file shows that the bill was requested by Milwaukee County and was prepared from a draft written by C. Stanley Perry, assistant corporation counsel for Milwaukee County. Reflecting Perry's original draft, the bill stated that one of the purposes of section 236.143 was to "further the orderly layout in use of land." Perry later drafted an amendment to Assembly Bill 359. The amendment changed the language to "orderly layout and use of land." Id. (emphasis added). This is the history of the "and use of land" language that now appears in Wis. Stat. §§ 236.01 and 236.45(1).

 Robert Sundby was a 1949 graduate of the University of Wisconsin Law School. He was elected to the Order of the Coif. 1949 Wis. L. Rev. 823. He served on the Wisconsin Law Review with Marygold Shire [Melli] and Daniel Mandelker. 1949 Wis. L. Rev. 5. Like his classmates, he was likely a student of Jacob Beuscher.

 The 1955 Report stated that "the committee was very fortunate in having the advice and assistance of an advisory committee consisting of representatives of a number of organizations interested in the subject matter of the study." Preface to the Report of the Wisconsin Legislative Council, Volume IV Conclusions and Recommendations of the Judiciary Committee on the Subdivision and Platting of Land, (Jan. 1955). Wisconsin towns did not have an official representative on the advisory committee. The report further stated that "there were a number of individuals who attended committee meetings and contributed much to the committee considerations." Id. Professor J.H. Beuscher of the University of Wisconsin Law School was listed among these individuals. Id.

 The language on "local plans and ordinances" was added to the law by a Dane County legislator, Representative Jonathan Barry, in 1980. See ch. 238, Laws of 1979.

 For the history of this language, see footnote 3 of this concurrence.

 Wisconsin Stat. § 62.23(7a) establishes exacting, special procedures by which a city may zone land in its extraterritorial zoning jurisdiction. In addition to complying with any applicable general zoning requirements found in § 62.23(7), a city's governing body must, by adoption of a resolution that specifies the area to be zoned, promptly declare through precise notice requirements its intention to prepare a comprehensive zoning ordinance. Wis. Stat. § 62.23(7a)(a).
More important, when a city plan commission formulates a zoning restriction, a joint extraterritorial zoning committee is established. This committee consists of three members of the city plan commission and three town members from any town affected by the proposal. Wis. Stat. § 62.23(7a)(c). The joint committee prepares the zoning plan and regulations, or amendments thereto, in conjunction with the city plan commission. Id. However, only the members of the joint committee may vote on matters relating to the extraterritorial zoning plan and regulations. Id. Accordingly, "The governing body shall not adopt the proposed plan and regulations, or amendments thereto, unless [the proposals] receive a favorable vote of a majority of the 6 members of the joint committee." Id. In short, the statute enables the governing body of a city to adopt only zoning that *120has been recommended by the joint committee, and only after public notice and a public hearing on the proposal. § 62.23(7a)(e).
As a practical matter, the statute provides that a town's land may not be zoned extraterritorially unless at least one representative of the affected town concurs with a city's proposed plan or regulations. No unilateral action by the city is permitted. Had the City of Madison attempted to rezone land within the Woods' plat by exercising its subdivision regulation authority, without undergoing the processes of § 62.23(7a), it would necessarily have contravened both the letter and the spirit of this specific, enabling statute. The harmonization of a city's extraterritorial subdivision authority with these extraterritorial zoning provisions was respected by the Gordie Boucher decision, but ignored by the majority in this case.

 "[I]t is . . . well established that courts must not look at a single, isolated sentence or portion of a sentence, but at the role of the relevant language in the entire statute." Alberte v. Anew Health Care Servs., 2000 WI 7, ¶ 10, 232 Wis. 2d 587, 605 N.W.2d 515 (citing Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41, 51 (1987)).

 A municipality may condition its approval of a plat on the plat's compliance with the municipality's master plan, but the municipality may not enforce a master plan that exceeds its authority. In addition, a municipality may not block an otherwise valid subdivision until, say, the subdivider donates 75 percent of the land to the public.

 The Woods have not advanced an argument relating to the constitutionality of Madison's rejection of their plat and, therefore, the parties did not brief this issue.