Court Opinion

ID: 9956874
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-03 06:12:29.792778+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:17:56.644339
License: Public Domain

VACATE AND AFFIRM IN PART, REVERSE IN PART, AND REMAND
and Opinion Filed March 26, 2024

                                    S   In The
                             Court of Appeals
                      Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                No. 05-22-01077-CV

  JOSE LUIS VARELA AS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF
   MARIA SOLEDAD VARELA DE LOPEZ (DECEASED), CARMEN
HERNANDEZ, JOSE HERNANDEZ, MARICELA SILVA, ELIGIO SILVA,
               AND PEDRO ROSTRO, Appellants
                           V.
                ZAVALA PLUS, LLC, Appellee

                On Appeal from the 160th Judicial District Court
                             Dallas County, Texas
                     Trial Court Cause No. DC-19-07336

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

                   Before Justices Goldstein, Garcia, and Miskel
                            Opinion by Justice Garcia

      This is a personal-injury case arising from a bus accident in Mexico. The trial

judge granted defendant Zavala Plus, LLC’s motion to apply foreign law to several

issues in the case and then later granted a take-nothing summary judgment in favor

of Zavala Plus. Plaintiffs appeal, challenging both of these rulings. We affirm in part,

reverse in part, and remand.
                                 I. BACKGROUND

A.    Factual Allegations

      Appellants alleged the following facts in their Third Amended Petition, which

was their live pleading at the time of final judgment

      Appellee Zavala Plus has its principal place of business in Dallas County,

Texas. It operates and does business as a motor-vehicle carrier and common carrier.

It has a U.S. Department of Transportation number and a Texas DMV certificate

number. Its sole owner and manager is its president, Francisco J. Zavala.

      On May 6, 2018, a bus owned by Zavala Plus and driven by Hector Manuel

Aldaba Lozano (Aldaba) was involved in a roll-over accident in Mexico near San

Tiburcio. It was or had been raining, and immediately before the crash Aldaba was

driving the bus over 70 miles per hour on a federal highway with a 55 mile-per-hour

speed limit. At the time of the accident, all 42 passengers on the bus were traveling

to destinations in the United States. The passengers included appellants Carmen

Hernandez, Eligio Silva, Maricela Silva, and Pedro Rostro. Maria Soledad Varela de

Lopez was also a passenger on the bus and was originally a plaintiff in this suit, but

a suggestion of her death was filed before final judgment, and the administrator of

her estate is an appellant as her estate’s representative. Finally, appellant Jose

Hernandez was not a passenger on the bus, but he sued as a plaintiff for loss-of-

consortium damages based on Carmen Hernandez’s alleged injuries.

                                         –2–
B.    Procedural History

      This personal-injury lawsuit began in May 2019 when Maria Soledad Varela

de Lopez sued Zavala Plus. In January 2020, the other appellants joined the suit as

plaintiffs via amended petition. The amended petition also added a second

defendant, Zavala Plus S.A. de C.V. (“Zavala Mexico”), which was allegedly a

Mexican entity. According to Zavala Plus, Zavala Mexico was never served with

citation. Appellants eventually nonsuited all claims against Zavala Mexico.

      In July 2020, Zavala Plus filed a traditional motion for summary judgment

that relied principally on two arguments: (1) Zavala Plus was not operating the bus

at the time of the accident, and the bus driver was not hired, supervised, or employed

by Zavala Plus, and (2) Mexican law applied to all issues in the case, and the

plaintiffs were not entitled to relief under Mexican law. Appellants filed a response,

and the trial judge eventually denied the motion.

      In June 2021, appellants filed a second amended petition. They asserted

negligence and gross-negligence liability theories.

      In July 2021, Zavala Plus filed a motion entitled “Defendant’s Request to

Apply Mexican Law Pursuant to Tex. R. Evid. 203.” Appellants filed a response.

The trial judge conducted a two-day evidentiary hearing on the motion. Zavala

Plus’s expert witness testified that under Mexican law, the laws of the Mexican state

of Zacatecas would govern claims arising from the bus accident. The trial judge later

                                         –3–
signed an order ruling that “the substantive laws of Mexico” would apply to several

liability and damages issues in the case.

      A few days after the trial judge’s choice-of-law ruling, appellants filed a third

amended petition. In that pleading they asserted that Texas substantive law applied

to the case, and they continued to plead their claims as claims for negligence,

negligence per se, and gross negligence. Appellants also filed a motion for

reconsideration of the trial judge’s choice-of-law order. The trial judge eventually

denied the motion for reconsideration.

      In November 2021, Zavala Plus filed a second motion for summary judgment

asserting that (1) appellants’ claims as pleaded under Texas law were not allowed

under Zacatecan law and (2) if the trial judge construed appellants’ live petition to

plead the liability theories available under Zacatecan law, all of those theories failed

because appellants had no evidence that Zavala Plus employed the bus driver.

Appellants filed a response.

      In December 2021, a suggestion of death was filed for plaintiff Maria Soledad

Varela de Lopez. The document requested the substitution of Jose Luis Lopez Varela

in her place as administrator of her estate. In January 2022, Zavala Plus filed a plea

in abatement alleging that Jose Luis Lopez Varela had not adequately shown his

standing and capacity to prosecute the suit on the estate’s behalf. On April 26, 2022,

the trial judge signed an agreed order abating the prosecution of the estate’s claims.

                                            –4–
      On June 30, 2022, the trial judge signed an order granting summary judgment

for Zavala Plus. Appellants filed a request for findings of fact and conclusions of

law solely as to the trial judge’s choice-of-law order and her order denying

appellants’ motion for reconsideration. The trial judge denied the request by written

order. Appellants also timely filed a motion for new trial on August 1. The motion

for new trial was overruled by operation of law on September 13. TEX. R. CIV. P.

329b(c).

      Appellants timely filed a notice of appeal on September 28. On October 13,

the trial judge signed an agreed order lifting the abatement of Lopez’s estate’s

claims. The next day, the trial judge signed a modified order granting Zavala Plus’s

second summary-judgment motion. Substantively, the October 14 order is identical

to the June 30 order.

C.    Appellate Jurisdiction

      Appellants note that the June 30 summary-judgment order was arguably not a

final, appealable judgment because (1) it purported to grant summary judgment on

the entire case, including the abated claims of Lopez’s estate, and (2) under our

precedents, a judicial action in an abated case that has not been reinstated is generally

considered a “legal nullity.” See, e.g., Amrhein v. La Madeleine, Inc., 206 S.W.3d

173, 175 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.). But they posit that any finality problem

was cured when the trial judge later lifted the abatement and then again granted

Zavala Plus summary judgment on the entire case.

                                          –5–
      We conclude that the June 30 summary-judgment order was a final,

appealable judgment. A judgment is final and appealable if it disposes of all parties

and claims then pending in the case. See Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d

191, 195 (Tex. 2001). The June 30 order satisfies this test. Under our Amrhein

opinion, the trial judge erred by granting summary judgment on Lopez’s claims

because the action had been abated as to those claims and had not been reinstated,

but we conclude that this error did not prevent the judgment from being final. See

id. at 204 (“Granting more relief than the movant is entitled to makes the order

reversible, but not interlocutory.”). Although Amrhein refers to a summary judgment

rendered during an abatement as a “legal nullity,” we did not conclude that the

infirmity prevented the judgment from being final or defeated our appellate

jurisdiction—we simply reversed the judgment and remanded for further

proceedings. See 206 S.W.3d at 175; accord Cruz v. Hernandez, No. 05-19-00956-

CV, 2021 WL 1588996, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 23, 2021, no pet.) (mem.

op.). In keeping with our precedents, we conclude that the erroneous granting of

summary judgment against Lopez’s estate during an abatement did not prevent the

judgment from being final and appealable, and we have jurisdiction over this appeal.

      As for the modified summary-judgment order that the trial judge signed on

October 14, 2022, we agree with appellants that the trial court lost plenary power

before signing that order. Appellants’ motion for new trial was overruled by

operation of law on September 13, 2022, so the trial court lost plenary power 30 days

                                        –6–
later, on October 13, 2022. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 329b(e). Accordingly, the October

14 summary-judgment order is void and must be vacated. See Polk v. La Hacienda

Apt., No. 05-22-01236-CV, 2023 WL 2364974, at *1 (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 6,

2023, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“A judgment signed after the trial court’s plenary power

has expired is void.”). We proceed to consider appellants’ appeal as being from the

June 30 summary judgment. See In re C.R.C., No. 05-20-00125-CV, 2022 WL

16549070, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Oct. 31, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op.) (reviewing

timely appeal from final judgment after concluding that subsequent judgment was

signed after plenary power had expired).

                             II. ISSUES PRESENTED

      Appellants present two issues on appeal. Their first issue argues that the trial

judge erred by applying Mexican substantive law to their claims. Their second issue

argues that the trial judge erred by granting summary judgment.

                                  III. ANALYSIS

A.    Issue One: Did the trial judge err by ruling that Zacatecan law governed
      appellants’ claims?

      Before turning to appellants’ substantive choice-of-law arguments, we

address a preliminary argument concerning the trial judge’s failure to make findings

of fact and conclusions of law.

                                        –7–
      1.     Preliminary question: Did the trial judge err by denying
             appellants’ request for findings of fact and conclusions of law?

      We consider appellants’ last argument first: whether the trial judge erred by

denying appellants’ request for findings of fact and conclusions of law on the choice-

of-law issue. Appellants argue that the trial judge had a duty to grant their timely

request for findings and conclusions because the judge’s choice-of-law ruling was

based on an evidentiary hearing. Zavala Plus responds that (1) the judge did not err

because findings and conclusions serve no purpose when the ruling is reviewed de

novo on appeal and (2) alternatively, any error is harmless because the trial judge’s

reasoning is irrelevant on appeal and appellants are not prevented from properly

presenting their case.

      “In any case tried in the district or county court without a jury, any party may

request the court to state in writing its findings of fact and conclusions of law.” TEX.

R. CIV. P. 296. The rule gives parties a right to findings of fact and conclusions of

law in cases finally adjudicated after a conventional trial on the merits before the

court. IKB Indus. v. Pro-Line Corp., 938 S.W.2d 440, 442 (Tex. 1997). A trial judge

may properly issue findings and conclusions in certain other circumstances, but

parties are not entitled to them. Id.

      This case was resolved on summary judgment, not after a conventional trial

on the merits before the court. Thus, even if findings in support of the choice-of-law

ruling would be proper, appellants were not entitled to them as of right. See id.

Accordingly, we reject appellants’ argument.
                                       –8–
      2.     Applicable Law and Standard of Review

      Texas courts apply the rules found in the Restatement (Second) of Conflicts of

Laws to resolve choice-of-law questions. Stevenson v. Ford Motor Co., 608 S.W.3d

109, 116 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2020, no pet.); see also Hughes Wood Prods., Inc. v.

Wagner, 18 S.W.3d 202, 205 (Tex. 2000).

      Under the Restatement approach, we first determine whether Texas has a

statutory choice-of-law rule on point. Stevenson, 608 S.W.3d at 119, 121–23. If there

is no statutory directive and the laws of two or more interested states conflict, we

apply the Restatement’s “most significant relationship” test to determine which

state’s law controls. Id. at 117. In tort cases, Restatement § 145(1) prescribes that the

parties’ rights and liabilities with respect to an issue “are determined by the local

law of the state which, with respect to that issue, has the most significant relationship

to the occurrence and the parties under the principles stated in § 6.” Id. at 118

(quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONFLICT OF LAWS § 145(1) (AM. L. INST.

1971)); see also Hughes Wood Prods., 18 S.W.3d at 205 (noting that, in tort cases,

choice of law is decided on an issue-by-issue basis). Section 145(2) sets forth a non-

exclusive list of forum contacts to be considered in the most-significant-relationship

analysis. Stevenson, 608 S.W.3d at 118. Section 6 provides a list of general policy

factors relevant to the most-significant-relationship determination. Id.

      Beyond §§ 6 and 145, other sections of the Restatement provide more specific

choice-of-law rules for common issues. Texas courts frequently apply those

                                          –9–
provisions. See Hughes Wood Prods., 18 S.W.3d at 206 n.2 (noting that the Texas

Supreme Court “has often applied more specific sections of the Restatement to

address particular choice of law issues”). For example, in personal-injury cases,

§ 146 provides that the parties’ rights and liabilities are governed by the law of the

state where the injury occurred unless § 6 dictates that another state has a more

significant relationship to the occurrence and the parties. RESTATEMENT § 146. As

for damages issues in tort cases, § 171 provides simply that § 145 supplies the rule

for determining the measure of damages. Id. § 171.

      Because the bus accident giving rise to this case happened in Mexico, we note

also that the Restatement assigns a special meaning to the term “state”: “As used in

the Restatement of this Subject, the word ‘state’ denotes a territorial unit with a

distinct general body of law.” Id. § 3. A comment further explains that each state of

the United States is a “state” for Restatement purposes. Id. § 3 cmt. a. Evidence in

the record shows, and appellants do not dispute, that the Mexican legal system is

structured like the United States’ system in that Mexico has both a body of federal

law and a separate body of law in each of the 32 Mexican states. We conclude that

each state of Mexico is a distinct “state” for Restatement purposes.

      The ultimate question of which state’s law governs an issue is a question of

law for the court to decide. Hughes Wood Prods., 18 S.W.3d at 204. Thus, we review

the trial judge’s choice-of-law decision itself de novo. Stevenson, 608 S.W.3d at 116.

However, the forum contacts that must be considered in the most-significant-

                                        –10–
relationship analysis require a factual inquiry. Hughes Wood Prods., 18 S.W.3d at

204; see also RESTATEMENT § 145(2) (calling for consideration of facts including

the parties’ domiciles, residences, nationalities, places of incorporation, and places

of business). Accordingly, when a summary-judgment movant seeks the application

of another state’s law, the movant must satisfy its burden of proof with respect to the

fact questions necessary to the choice-of-law decision. Hughes Wood Prods., 18

S.W.3d at 205. The movant must show that there is no genuine issue of material fact

and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. Evidence favorable to the

nonmovant will be taken as true, and all reasonable inferences must be drawn and

any doubts resolved in the nonmovant’s favor. Id.

      3.     Did the trial judge erroneously ignore a statutory choice-of-law
             directive?

      Appellants argue that the trial judge erred by ignoring a statutory choice-of-

law directive, specifically Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code § 71.031(c).

That section addresses claims for injury or death caused by a wrongful act, neglect,

or default that took place in a foreign state or country. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE ANN. § 71.031(a). Subsection (c) provides, “The court shall apply the rules of

substantive law that are appropriate under the facts of the case.” Id. § 71.031(c).

Appellants acknowledge that we have construed § 71.031(c) to incorporate the

Restatement’s most-significant-relationship test. See Stevenson, 608 S.W.3d at 121–

22.

                                        –11–
      Appellants are correct that the first step in resolving a choice-of-law question

is determining whether Texas has a controlling statute on point. See id. at 117;

RESTATEMENT § 6. Appellants also correctly point out that Zavala Plus did not cite

or rely on § 71.031(c) in its choice-of-law motion. Instead, Zavala Plus relied solely

on the most-significant-relationship test as set forth in the Restatement and as applied

by Texas appellate courts. However, appellants quoted § 71.031(c) on the first page

of their response to Zavala Plus’s choice-of-law motion, and their attorney

referenced the statute at the hearing as well. Thus, there is no reason to assume that

the trial judge ignored § 71.031(c) in making her choice-of-law ruling.

      In any event, appellants do not explain how they could have been harmed by

the alleged error, given that § 71.031(c) simply incorporates the most-significant-

relationship test. See Stevenson, 608 S.W.3d at 121–22. Thus, even if the trial judge

completely overlooked § 71.031(c) and proceeded directly to the most-significant-

relationship test, that oversight was harmless.

      4.     Did the trial judge err by failing to distinguish between Mexican
             federal law and Zacatecan state law?

      Next, appellants argue that the trial judge erred in making her choice-of-law

ruling because Zavala Plus did not adequately prove which body of Mexican law—

Mexican federal law or Zacatecan state law—should apply to this case. Appellants

also point out that the trial judge’s choice-of-law order specified that “the substantive

laws of Mexico” applied to a host of legal issues, and they argue that Zavala Plus

                                         –12–
failed to prove either (1) that Mexican federal law governed these issues or (2) that

Zacatecan law was materially the same as Mexican federal law.

      Zavala Plus responds that its expert witness (1) presented both Mexican

federal law and Zacatecan law to the trial judge and (2) opined that Zacatecan law

would govern this case and Mexican federal law would not because no federal

interest was involved in the controversy.

      We reject appellants’ argument. Zavala Plus is correct that its expert evidence

showed that Zacatecan law rather than Mexican federal law would apply to the issues

in this case. We note that Zavala Plus’s expert on Mexican law acknowledged that

one treatise on Mexican law opines that Mexican federal law applies to accidents

that occur on federal highways in Mexico, but he disagreed with that opinion and

explained why it was wrong. This disagreement does not preclude summary

judgment because the parties do not dispute that all pertinent foreign law was

properly submitted in evidence. See Long Distance Int’l, Inc. v. Telefonos de Mex.,

S.A. de C.V., 49 S.W.3d 347, 351 (Tex. 2001). Resolution of the disagreement

remains a question of law subject to de novo review. Id.

      Moreover, we conclude that the trial judge actually applied Zacatecan law

rather than Mexican federal law in the summary-judgment proceedings. Although

the judge’s choice-of-law order referred generally to “the substantive laws of

Mexico,” her summary-judgment order referred specifically to the Civil Code of

                                       –13–
Zacatecas. Nothing in the record suggests that the trial judge intended to apply

Mexican federal law when she granted summary judgment in this case.

      Based on the record as a whole, we conclude that the trial judge applied

Zacatecan law, as Zavala Plus urged in its second summary-judgment motion, and

did not apply Mexican federal law. Cf. In re Estate of Moore, No. 05-18-00019-CV,

2019 WL 2098477, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 14, 2019, pet. denied) (mem. op.)

(“[I]f an order is ambiguous, it should be considered in light of the record and, in

particular, the motion on which it was granted.”).

      5.     Did the trial judge err in determining that Zacatecan law applied
             to appellants’ claims because Zavala Plus failed to show any
             conflict between Zacatecan law and Texas law?

      In their next two arguments, appellants contend (1) Zavala Plus did not prove

a true conflict between Zacatecan law and Texas law on any issue, and (2) even if

Zavala Plus identified some conflicts, the evidence showed that Zacatecan law and

Texas law are similar. Zavala Plus responds that the evidence showed a conflict

because applying Zacatecan law rather than Texas law would affect the outcome of

appellants’ claims. We conclude that the law of Zacatecas conflicts with the law of

Texas in some relevant respects.

      Texas courts generally determine whether there is a conflict between the laws

of potentially relevant jurisdictions before applying the most-significant-relationship

test. See Stevenson, 608 S.W.3d at 123–24. But cf. B/K Series Invs., LLC v. ECOM

Series Invs., LLC, No. 05-22-00115-CV, 2023 WL 2821876, at *8–9 (Tex. App.—

                                        –14–
Dallas Apr. 7, 2023, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (concluding that Texas law applied to

fraud claim under most-significant-relationship test and thus not analyzing whether

Delaware’s fraud law conflicted with Texas’s). The determination of a foreign

jurisdiction’s law is ultimately a question of law, even though that determination is

generally based on a presentation that “resembles the presentment of evidence.”

Long Distance Int’l, Inc., 49 S.W.3d at 351; see also TEX. R. EVID. 203.

      We conclude that the relevant parts of the record—consisting mostly of

affidavit and deposition testimony from Zavala Plus’s expert witness David Lopez—

showed that the laws of Zacatecas and Texas conflicted on some issues that included

the following:

      •      Zacatecan law would not allow any recovery by appellant Jose
             Hernandez, who was not a passenger on the bus and sued solely
             for loss-of-consortium damages based on alleged injuries to his
             wife, who was a passenger. Texas law would allow Hernandez’s
             claim. See Whittlesey v. Miller, 572 S.W.2d 665, 668 (Tex.
             1978).

      •      Zacatecan law does not recognize joint enterprise as a basis for
             imposing vicarious liability. Texas law does. See Tex. Dep’t of
             Transp. v. Able, 35 S.W.3d 608, 613 (Tex. 2000).

      •      The recoverable damages in a case like this one are more limited
             under Zacatecan law than they are under Texas law. Under
             Zacatecan law, the greatest possible recovery for loss of earning
             capacity is the equivalent of the injured person’s wages for 1,065
             days. This amount, plus past and future medical expenses
             directly and immediately caused by the accident, are recoverable
             under Zacatecan law as “material damages.” Under Zacatecan
             law, other non-pecuniary injuries such as pain and suffering will
             support an award of “moral damages,” but those damages are
             capped at one-third the amount of material damages. Similar caps

                                        –15–
            on recoverable actual damages in personal-injury cases do not
            exist under Texas law.

      •     Mexican law does not allow the recovery of punitive damages
            except in airplane-crash cases. Lopez further opined that if
            Zacatecan courts were to hold that Zacatecas’s law allowed the
            recovery of punitive damages, those damages would be
            considered moral damages and thus subject to the cap of one-
            third of material damages. Texas law allows the recovery of
            punitive or exemplary damages under a broader array of
            circumstances, subject to different caps. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
            REM. CODE ANN. §§ 41.003–.009.

      The liability theories available under Zacatecan law differed from those

available under Texas law in other ways as well. For example, Lopez testified that

Zacatecas would recognize only three potential claims in favor of appellants:

(1) subjective liability, (2) objective liability, and (3) common-carrier liability.

These claims have the following features:

      •     A subjective-liability claimant must show that the defendant
            committed an illicit act, meaning an act that violated a
            substantive law of Mexico such as a traffic regulation or a law
            governing the commercial transportation of passengers. Thus, a
            subjective-liability claim is narrower than a general Texas
            negligence claim, which does not require a showing of an illegal
            act.

      •     A plaintiff can assert an objective-liability claim against a
            defendant who makes use of a dangerous mechanism and causes
            damage to another, even if the defendant’s conduct is not illicit.
            Lopez said that objective-liability claims are akin to strict-
            liability claims in Texas, and that the bus involved in the accident
            at the heart of this case would constitute a dangerous mechanism
            within the meaning of the Zacatecan objective-liability statute.
            Thus, Zacatecan law allows a kind of strict-liability claim to
            persons injured in bus crashes when Texas law would not.

                                       –16–
      •      Finally, Zacatecas law creates a claim specifically against
             common carriers for injuries caused by their drivers and means
             of transport. Lopez described this common-carrier claim as a
             quasi-contract theory. The statute of limitations for subjective-
             liability and objective-liability claims is two years, while the
             statute of limitations for a common-carrier claim is six months.

      Another difference between Zacatecan law and Texas law concerns causation

and damages. Under Zacatecan law, damages can be recovered only if they are a

direct and immediate consequence of the defendant’s act. Under Texas law, by

comparison, recoverable tort damages generally consist of the damages necessary to

place the plaintiff in the position he or she would have occupied absent the

defendant’s tortious conduct, with the caveat that consequential or special damages

must be both foreseeable and directly traceable to the tortious act. See J&D Towing,

LLC v. Am. Alternative Ins. Corp., 478 S.W.3d 649, 655 (Tex. 2016).

      Finally, Lopez testified that the law of respondeat superior vicarious liability

is the same in Zacatecas and Texas.

      We conclude that the law of Zacatecas conflicts with the law of Texas in some

material respects, both as to liability issues and as to damages.

      6.     Did the trial judge err by ruling that Zacatecan law applies to
             numerous issues in this case?

      Next, appellants argue that the trial judge erred by ruling that Zacatecan law

applies to numerous issues in this case. As previously noted, we review this ruling

by applying the summary-judgment standard to any fact questions about contacts

                                        –17–
with the relevant forums and by reviewing the ultimate choice-of-law ruling de novo.

See Hughes Wood Prods., 18 S.W.3d at 204–05.

             a.    The Alleged Inadequacy of Zavala Plus’s Presentation

      Appellants first argue that the trial judge’s choice-of-law ruling was erroneous

because Zavala Plus insufficiently analyzed the contacts identified in Restatement

§ 145 and the policies listed in Restatement § 6 for each discrete issue in the case.

Zavala Plus responds that (1) the record does not support appellants’ contention and

(2) the argument is irrelevant because this Court reviews the ruling de novo.

      We disagree with appellants. Zavala Plus’s choice-of-law motion discussed

both § 145 and § 6 of the Restatement, and it recognized that Texas choice-of-law

rules require an issue-by-issue approach to choice of law. The motion separately

addressed liability issues and damages issues. Appellants cite no authority requiring

choice-of-law motions to meet any particular threshold of legal analysis, and we

have found none. Accordingly, we reject appellants’ argument.

             b.    The § 145 Factors

      We next review the evidence concerning the § 145 factors. See RESTATEMENT

§ 145(2)(a)–(d).

      The place where the injury occurred. There is no dispute that the bus accident

and passenger injuries involved in this case occurred in the state of Zacatecas.

Although appellants characterize this fact as “fortuitous,” we disagree. The

passengers aboard the bus were traveling from Mexico to various points in the

                                        –18–
United States. Thus, the fact that the bus was in Zacatecas when the accident

occurred was not fortuitous, i.e., was not the result of chance rather than design. See

fortuitous, THE NEW OXFORD AMERICAN DICTIONARY (2001).

        The place where the conduct causing the injury occurred. The conduct that

was the most direct and immediate cause of appellants’ injuries was that of the bus

driver, Aldaba,1 and there is no dispute that his conduct that allegedly caused the

accident occurred in the state of Zacatecas.

        Appellants argue that Zavala Plus itself also committed conduct that caused

their injuries and that it did so in Dallas County, Texas. This conduct allegedly

included employing Aldaba, entrusting the bus to Aldaba, failing to properly control

Aldaba, failing to establish an adequate safety program, failing to establish and

enforce adequate policies for its drivers, and negligently supervising and retaining

Aldaba. Zavala Plus responds that (1) appellants’ allegations are generally

unsupported by any evidence and (2) in any event this Restatement factor focuses on

the vehicle operator’s conduct and not on more remote steps.

        We agree with Zavala Plus that this Restatement factor focuses on the

immediate cause of the injuries rather than more remote causes. See Perkins v.

Dynasty Grp. Auto, No. 08-01-00493-CV, 2003 WL 22810452, at *3 (Tex. App.—

    1
      We will refer to the bus driver as Aldaba based on the allegations in appellants’ live petition at the
time of judgment. We note, however, that it is not clear that any evidence of the driver’s identity was ever
adduced in the trial court. We refer to the driver as Aldaba simply for convenience, and this opinion should
not be taken to establish the driver’s identity in future proceedings relating to this accident.
                                                  –19–
El Paso Nov. 25, 2003, no pet.) (mem. op.) (where plaintiffs were injured in auto

accident in Texas, conduct causing the injuries occurred in Texas, even though

defendant originally entrusted vehicle to plaintiffs in Florida). Accordingly, even

though appellants alleged Texas conduct by Zavala Plus that contributed to causing

the accident, we conclude that this factor weighs in favor of the state of Zacatecas.

      The parties’ domicile, residence, nationality, place of incorporation, and

place of business. Zavala Plus concedes that it is organized under the laws of Texas

and has its principal place of business in Texas. Appellants assert that they are

residents of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas, but Zavala Plus disputes that any

appellant resides in Texas. The record supports Zavala Plus’s position. According to

appellants’ live petition, each appellant resides in either Oklahoma or Kansas, and

we see no evidence that any appellant was a Texas resident at the time of the

accident.

      Place where the parties’ relationship, if any, is centered. Appellants argue

that the fourth factor favors Texas because (1) some passengers on the bus (although

not appellants) were traveling to destinations in Texas, (2) no passengers were

traveling to a destination in Mexico, (3) the bus tickets bore Zavala Plus’s name and

logo, and they listed locations and telephone numbers “en USA” (as well as some

“en Mexico”); and (4) Zavala Plus admitted that it sold the tickets.

      Zavala Plus counters that the parties’ relationship was centered in Zacatecas

because (1) appellants pleaded that at least some of them bought their bus tickets in

                                        –20–
Zacatecas on the date of the accident, (2) appellants boarded the bus in Zacatecas,

and (3) the entire trip, ending in the accident, took place in Zacatecas. Zavala Plus

also denies that it admitted that it sold appellants their bus tickets, and after

reviewing the record we agree with Zavala Plus on this point; we see no admission

that Zavala Plus sold appellants their bus tickets.

      Based on the facts and circumstances shown by the record, and considering

only the two jurisdictions proposed by the parties, we conclude that the parties’

relationships were not centered in Texas. Those relationships were commercial

passenger–carrier relationships that began in Mexico and that were contemplated to

end in a state other than Texas. Nothing in the record suggests that Zavala Plus’s

status as a Texas business entity or its headquarters in Texas played any role in

forming the relationships. The fact that other bus passengers may have been

traveling to Texas is irrelevant to appellants’ relationships with Zavala Plus. And

the fact that the bus tickets were marked with a “Zavala Plus” logo and listed several

Zavala Plus locations and telephone numbers in Texas is offset by the fact that the

bus tickets also bore the printed legend “Zavala Plus S.A. de C.V.” across the bottom

and listed several Zavala Plus locations and telephone numbers in Mexico (and in

Oklahoma and Kansas). And, we note, the pre-printed text of the ticket is in Spanish.

      We conclude that this factor has limited applicability in this case. But to the

extent appellants’ relationships with Zavala Plus had an identifiable geographic

center, that center was not in Texas.

                                         –21–
      Conclusion. On the whole, the § 145 factors weigh in favor of Zacatecas as

the state with the most significant relationship with this case.

             c.     The § 6(2) Factors

      Finally we consider the § 145 factors in light of the policy-oriented factors

enumerated in § 6(2), which are:

      (a)    the needs of the interstate and international systems,
      (b)    the relevant policies of the forum,
      (c)    the relevant policies of other interested states and the relative
             interests of those states in the determination of the particular
             issue,
      (d)    the protection of justified expectations,
      (e)    the basic policies underlying the particular field of law,
      (f)    certainty, predictability and uniformity of result, and
      (g)    ease in the determination and application of the law to be applied.

RESTATEMENT § 6(2)(a)–(g).

      Most of these factors require no extended discussion in this case. The

Restatement instructs that factors (d), (e), and (f) have “relative insignificance” in

tort cases. See id. § 145 cmt. b; see also id. § 6 cmts. g–i. We agree; accordingly, we

do not discuss those factors separately—although factor (e) is intertwined with

factors (b) and (c), which we discuss below. We also need not dwell on factor (a),

the needs of the “interstate and international systems.” Regarding that factor, the

Restatement suggests that choice-of-law rules should “further harmonious relations

between states and . . . facilitate commercial intercourse between them.” Id. § 6 cmt.

d. Although appellants argue otherwise, we do not believe the choice between Texas

and Zacatecan law in this personal-injury case arising from a one-vehicle accident

                                         –22–
will significantly affect international relations or commerce. Finally, we discount the

importance of factor (g), which is “ease in the determination and application of the

law to be applied.” Id. § 6(2)(g). The comments indicate that this factor refers to the

goal of making choice-of-law rules simple and easy to apply. See id. § 6 cmt. j. We

do not see how this factor should influence our choice between Texas and Zacatecan

law. We further note, to the extent it is relevant, that determining and applying

Zacatecan law is not so difficult as to weigh in favor of applying Texas law. See

Gutierrez v. Collins, 583 S.W.2d 312, 320 (Tex. 1979) (noting that access to

translations of Mexican statutes and cases was not a significant problem).

      Thus, we focus on factors (b) and (c), which are Texas’s and Zacatecas’s

policies and interests relevant to the issues presented in this controversy. See

RESTATEMENT § 6(2)(b), (c); see also id. § 6(2)(e) (the basic policies underlying a

field of law are relevant to the choice-of-law analysis). A state has a strong interest

in protecting its residents from harm; accordingly, it also has a strong interest in

adopting and enforcing liability rules that will, in its judgment, deter dangerous

conduct within its borders. See In re Oncor Elec. Delivery Co. LLC, 630 S.W.3d 40,

43 (Tex. 2021) (orig. proceeding) (stating that tort law’s fundamental purposes

include deterring wrongful conduct, shifting losses to responsible parties, and fairly

compensating deserving victims); RESTATEMENT § 145 cmt. c (“To some extent, at

least, every tort rule is designed both to deter other wrongdoers and to compensate

the injured person.”).

                                        –23–
      At the same time, however, a state also has a strong economic interest in

protecting its citizens and businesses from excessive liability claims. See Toyota

Motor Co. v. Cook., 581 S.W.3d 278, 287 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2019, no pet.).

Appellants suggest that Zacatecas has no interest in protecting a foreign company

like Zavala Plus from excessive liability, but we disagree. A state has an interest in

protecting non-resident businesses that engage in commerce within the state because

that encourages economic activity that may benefit the state’s residents as well as

the businesses themselves. See Vizcarra v. Roldan, 925 S.W.2d 89, 92 (Tex. App.—

El Paso 1996, no writ) (Mexico’s policy of protecting businesses from excessive

liability claims extended to Texas company that had a warehouse in Juarez and did

business in Mexico).

             d.    Zacatecan law governs the liability issues in this case.

      Zavala Plus’s summary-judgment motion attacked liability elements rather

than damages elements. Accordingly, we focus our choice-of-law analysis on the

liability issues in this case. Cf. Toyota Motor Co.., 581 S.W.3d at 284–92 (analyzing

liability issues, compensatory-damages issues, and punitive-damages issues

separately for choice-of-law purposes);

      Pursuant to Restatement § 6(2)(b) and (c), we examine the interests Texas and

Zacatecas have in supplying the liability rules to govern appellants’ claims.

      First, Zacatecas has a strong interest in regulating traffic and deterring

dangerous driving on its roads. The accident happened in Zacatecas, and appellants’

                                          –24–
physical injuries occurred in Zacatecas; these facts weigh strongly in favor of

applying Zacatecan liability law. See RESTATEMENT § 145(2)(a), (b); see also id.

§ 145 cmt. d (“[S]ubject only to rare exceptions, the local law of the state where

conduct and injury occurred will be applied to determine whether the actor satisfied

minimum standards of acceptable conduct and whether the interest affected by the

actor’s conduct was entitled to legal protection.”); id. § 146.

      Next, the domiciles of the parties, which are relevant under § 145(2)(c), do

not weigh in favor of Zacatecas, but neither do they weigh solely in favor of Texas.

Although Zavala Plus is a Texas company, thus giving Texas some interest in

establishing liability rules to regulate Zavala Plus’s conduct, none of the appellants

are residents of Texas. Thus, the strong state interest in ensuring that its residents are

protected from harm and compensated for their injuries is absent from this case. And

the fact that Zavala Plus’s alleged misconduct in Texas concerned its alleged

operations in a different state further attenuates Texas’s interest in regulating Zavala

Plus’s specific conduct in question.

      Finally, as noted above, the parties’ relationships were not centered in Texas

to the extent that they can be said to have any center at all.

      After considering the § 145 facts, we conclude that the relevant § 6(2) factors

require application of Zacatecan law to the liability issues in this case. This includes

the issue of whether appellant Jose Hernandez, who was not on the bus, can recover

for loss of consortium based on injuries to his wife. See RESTATEMENT § 158(1)

                                          –25–
(stating that § 145 determines whether a particular interest claimed by a person is

entitled to legal protection).

      We also conclude that Zacatecan law governs Zavala Plus’s potential liability

for others’ conduct, such as under a theory of joint enterprise. Appellants pleaded

that Zavala Plus was liable for Zavala Mexico’s conduct under a joint-enterprise

theory, but Lopez testified by affidavit that Zacatecas does not recognize joint

enterprise as a valid theory for imputing liability. The Restatement instructs that

§ 145 governs the choice-of-law determination for liability for alleged “joint torts”

by more than one person, see RESTATEMENT § 172(1), and we have concluded above

that Zacatecas has the most significant relationship to this case for liability issues

pursuant to § 145. Moreover, the Restatement specifies that joint-tort liability is

usually governed by “the local law of the state where the injury occurred,” id.

§ 172(2), further supporting our conclusion that Zacatecan law controls the

availability of a joint-enterprise liability theory against Zavala Plus in this case.

      7.     Conclusion

      The trial judge did not err by ruling that Zacatecan law governs the liability

issues addressed in Zavala Plus’s choice-of-law motion. As discussed below, the

final summary judgment was based entirely on liability issues, so we express no

opinion as to whether the trial judge’s choice-of-law ruling regarding recoverable

damages was correct.

      We overrule appellants’ first issue.

                                          –26–
B.    Issue Two: Did the trial judge err by granting summary judgment in
      favor of Zavala Plus?

      In their second issue, appellants challenge the trial judge’s decision to grant a

take-nothing summary judgment in Zavala Plus’s favor. We sustain appellants’

second issue in part as discussed below.

      1.     Summary of Claims and Summary-Judgment Grounds

      In their live pleading, appellants asserted that Texas law governed all of their

claims, and they asserted the following liability theories against Zavala Plus:

      •      Direct negligence in the form of negligent entrustment, hiring,
             training, and the like.

      •      Vicarious liability for Aldaba’s negligence and negligence per se
             under theories of respondeat superior and agency.

      •      Joint liability with Zavala Mexico, under a joint-enterprise
             theory, for any negligence attributed to Zavala Mexico.

      •      Gross negligence. The only conduct appellants specifically
             identified as grossly negligent was Aldaba’s conduct.

      •      Loss of consortium by appellant Jose Hernandez, based on
             injuries his wife Carmen allegedly suffered in the accident.

As to each of these liability theories, Zavala Plus sought summary judgment on the

ground that the theory was not recognized by Zacatecan law.

      Zavala Plus also moved for summary judgment to the extent the trial judge

might construe appellants’ live pleading as asserting the three liability theories

available to appellants under Zacatecan law. Specifically, Zavala Plus asserted the

following summary-judgment grounds as to those theories:

                                        –27–
 Subjective liability          Appellants had no evidence (1) of a licit or illicit
                               act by Zavala Plus or (2) that any act by Zavala Plus
                               was a direct and immediate cause of appellants’
                               injuries.
 Objective liability           Appellants had no evidence that Zavala Plus was
                               making use of the bus at the time of the accident.
 Common-carrier liability      Appellants had no evidence that the bus driver was
                               Zavala Plus’s employee.

                               Additionally, any such claim by appellants Lopez
                               and Rostro was time-barred by a six-month
                               limitations period.
 Respondeat superior           Appellants had no evidence that Aldaba was Zavala
                               Plus’s employee or that he was acting in the course
                               and scope of employment for Zavala Plus at the
                               time of the accident.

      The trial judge granted Zavala Plus’s motion in every particular. She granted

a traditional summary judgment as to Jose Hernandez’s loss-of-consortium claim,

appellants’ “negligence-based claims pleaded under Texas law” including gross

negligence, and appellants’ claim of joint enterprise. She granted a no-evidence

summary judgment as to respondeat superior liability, common-carrier liability,

subjective liability, and objective liability under Zacatecan law. And she granted a

traditional summary judgment based on the statute of limitations against appellants

Lopez and Rostro on any common-carrier liability claim under Zacatecan law.

      2.     Standard of Review

      We review an order granting summary judgment de novo. See Trial v.

Dragon, 593 S.W.3d 313, 316 (Tex. 2019).

      When we review a traditional summary judgment in favor of a defendant, we

determine whether the defendant conclusively disproved an element of the plaintiff’s
                                      –28–
claim or conclusively proved every element of an affirmative defense. Alexander v.

Wilmington Sav. Fund Soc’y, FSB, 555 S.W.3d 297, 299 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2018,

no pet.). We take evidence favorable to the nonmovant as true, and we indulge every

reasonable inference and resolve every doubt in the nonmovant’s favor. Id. A matter

is conclusively established if ordinary minds could not differ as to the conclusion to

be drawn from the evidence. Id.

      We review a no-evidence summary judgment under the same legal sufficiency

standard as a directed verdict. Merriman v. XTO Energy, Inc., 407 S.W.3d 244, 248

(Tex. 2013). We consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant,

crediting evidence a reasonable jury could credit and disregarding contrary evidence

and inferences unless a reasonable jury could not. Id. The nonmovant bears the

burden of producing summary-judgment evidence sufficient to raise a genuine issue

of material fact as to each challenged element. Id.

      3.     Traditional Summary Judgment

      Appellants make several arguments to support their premise that the

traditional-summary-judgment rulings in Zavala Plus’s favor were erroneous.

             a.     Global Argument

      Appellants first argue that all of the traditional-summary-judgment rulings

were erroneous because they were based on the trial judge’s erroneous choice-of-

law ruling. Because the trial judge correctly ruled that Zacatecan law governs the

liability issues in this case, appellants’ first argument under issue two fails.

                                         –29–
      We note that appellants do not otherwise specifically challenge the summary-

judgment ruling that appellant Jose Hernandez’s loss-of-consortium claim is not

cognizable under Zacatecan law. Accordingly, we uphold the summary judgment

against him.

               b.    Joint Enterprise

      Next, appellants give three reasons the trial judge erred by granting summary

judgment on their theory that Zavala Plus was liable for Zavala Mexico’s conduct

under a joint-enterprise theory, even if Zacatecan law applies. We disagree for the

following reasons.

      First, appellants argue that summary judgment was improper because joint

enterprise is a theory of liability rather than a cause of action. But they cite no

authority for the premise that summary judgment cannot properly be granted on a

theory of imputed liability like joint enterprise. Contrary to their position, we once

reversed a summary judgment in part because the summary-judgment motions failed

to address a pleaded joint-enterprise theory. See Chevez v. Brinkerhoff, No. 05-13-

00572-CV, 2014 WL 7246798, at *8 (Tex. App.—Dallas Dec. 22, 2014, no pet.)

(mem. op.); see also Motloch v. Albuquerque Tortilla Co., Inc., 454 S.W.3d 30, 37

(Tex. App.—Eastland 2014, no pet.) (concluding that “summary judgment was

proper on Motloch’s claim under the joint enterprise theory”). Accordingly, we

reject appellants’ first argument.

                                        –30–
      Second, appellants argue that summary judgment was improper because

Lopez testified that Zacatecan law recognizes a joint-tortfeasor theory of liability for

damages caused by an entity’s agents. Although appellants accurately describe

Lopez’s testimony, Lopez also clearly distinguished between an agency theory of

liability, which is available under Zacatecan law, and the Texas version of joint-

enterprise liability, which is not. Accordingly, we reject this argument.

      Finally, appellants point out that they asserted a joint-venture theory of

liability in their second amended petition and dropped it in their third amended

petition, which was their live petition at the time of judgment. Although this is true,

it is also irrelevant. Joint enterprise and joint venture are two different theories of

liability. See Chevez, 2014 WL 7246798, at *7 n.10 (noting that joint enterprise and

joint venture have different elements). Thus, the fact that appellants nonsuited their

joint-venture theory did not bar Zavala Plus from seeking summary judgment on

appellants’ live joint-enterprise theory.

      Thus, appellants have not shown that the traditional summary judgment on

their joint-enterprise theory was erroneous.

             c.     Gross Negligence

      Next, appellants give two reasons that the trial judge erred by granting

summary judgment on their gross-negligence claims even if Zacatecan law applies.

We reject their arguments for the following reasons.

                                            –31–
      First, appellants contend that Zavala Plus did not ask the trial judge to apply

Zacatecan law to their gross-negligence claims. We disagree. Zavala Plus’s choice-

of-law motion focuses on the Restatement analysis, but it mentions gross negligence

as one of appellants’ claims, argues that appellants’ proper liability claim is one for

objective liability under Mexican law, and asserts that punitive damages are

unavailable under Mexican law. If there was any doubt as to Zavala Plus’s

contention about gross negligence, it was dispelled by Zavala Plus’s summary-

judgment motion, which said, “Gross negligence is not one of the three claims

available to Plaintiffs under Zacatecan law.” (Footnote omitted.)

      Second, appellants argue that Zavala Plus failed to show a conflict between

Texas and Zacatecan law relevant to gross negligence. Again, we disagree. Under

Texas law, gross negligence requires a showing that the tortfeasor acted with greater

culpability than simple negligence, and a gross-negligence finding can support an

award of exemplary damages. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 41.001(11)

(defining gross negligence); id. § 41.003(a)(3) (providing that gross negligence can

support an exemplary-damages award). Lopez testified about the three possible

Zacatecan claims available to appellants on the facts they alleged in this case, and

none of them corresponds to the § 41.001 definition of gross negligence. He also

testified that Mexican law historically does not allow the recovery of punitive

damages, and he opined that punitive damages are not currently allowed under

Mexican law except in airplane-crash cases. Thus, Zavala Plus sufficiently showed

                                        –32–
a conflict between Texas law and Zacatecan law with respect to a claim for gross

negligence to justify a choice-of-law ruling on the matter.

      Thus, appellants have not shown that the traditional summary judgment on

their gross-negligence claims was erroneous.

             d.    Negligence

      Next, appellants argue that the trial judge erred by granting summary

judgment on their negligence claims even if Zacatecan law applies because Zavala

Plus did not show any conflict between Zacatecan law and Texas negligence law.

We disagree.

      Lopez testified that a Texas negligence claim is analogous to a subjective-

liability claim under Zacatecan law. However, he explained in his deposition that

one element of the claim is that the defendant undertook an act or omission contrary

to law. This is not an element of a simple negligence claim under Texas law,

although it would be an element of negligence per se. See Kroger Co. v. Elwood,

197 S.W.3d 793, 794 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam) (“To establish negligence, a party

must establish a duty, a breach of that duty, and damages proximately caused by the

breach.”); Ward v. ACS State & Loc. Sols., Inc., 328 S.W.3d 648, 652 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2010, no pet.) (negligence per se requires proof that the defendant violated a

statute or ordinance designed to protect a class to which the plaintiff belongs, in

addition to proximate cause and damages). Lopez also identified other differences

between a Texas negligence claim and a Zacatecan subjective-liability claim. For

                                        –33–
example, Zacatecan law employs a different causation standard, requiring the

plaintiff’s injury to be a “direct and immediate consequence” of the act complained

of, and it imposes caps on compensatory damages that are not found in Texas law.

Thus, appellants’ argument that there is no “true conflict” between Zacatecan law

and Texas negligence law is incorrect.

      Appellants have not shown that the traditional summary judgment on their

negligence claims was erroneous.

              e.   Common-Carrier-Liability Claims

      Zavala Plus also obtained a traditional summary judgment against appellants

Lopez and Rostro based on the statute of limitations as to any common-carrier-

liability claims they might be deemed to have asserted under Zacatecan law. Zavala

Plus relied specifically on a six-month statute of limitations found in the Zacatecan

Civil Code.

      Appellants argue that this ruling was erroneous because (1) statutes of

limitations are deemed to be procedural rules for choice-of-law purposes and Zavala

Plus asked the trial judge to apply only substantive Zacatecan law, and (2) in any

event, Texas’s procedural rules apply in Texas courts.

      We reject appellants’ arguments. Appellants’ contention that Zavala Plus did

not ask the trial judge to apply “procedural” rules like the Zacatecan six-month

limitations period for common-carrier-liability claims is simply incorrect. Zavala

                                         –34–
Plus’s summary-judgment motion specifically sought summary judgment against

Lopez and Rostro based on that six-month limitations statute.

      As for appellants’ second argument, we conclude that Civil Practice and

Remedies Code § 71.031 prescribes that the Zacatecan six-month limitations period

applies to Lopez’s and Rostro’s common-carrier-liability claims. See Stevenson, 608

S.W.3d at 120 (“Section 71.031 is essentially a codified choice-of-law rule

governing the timeliness of action.”). That section applies when a death or injury

case is brought in Texas court and “the wrongful act, neglect, or default causing the

death or injury [took] place in a foreign state or country.” CIV. PRAC. & REM.

§ 71.031(a). If the plaintiff is the resident of a foreign state or country, the plaintiff

must begin the action “within the time provided by the laws of the foreign state or

country in which the wrongful act, neglect, or default took place.” Id. § 71.031(a)(3).

According to appellants’ live pleading, all appellants were residents of either

Oklahoma or Kansas, and thus they were residents of foreign states. See Owens

Corning v. Carter, 997 S.W.2d 560, 564–65 (Tex. 1999) (treating Alabama residents

as residents of foreign states under § 71.031). Appellants present no argument to

show that § 71.031(a)(3) does not require application of Zacatecas’s statute of

limitations to their common-carrier-liability claims on the facts of this case.

Accordingly, we reject their argument that the Zacatecan limitations statute does not

apply because limitations statutes are “procedural” rather than “substantive.”

                                          –35–
      4.     No-Evidence Summary Judgment

      Next we consider the trial judge’s rulings that there was no evidence to

support respondeat superior liability or any of the three possible Zacatecan claims

against Zavala Plus.

             a.     Threshold Question: Should we construe appellants’ live
                    petition as pleading claims under Zacatecan law?

      As we previously noted, the trial judge ruled that Mexican law applied to

appellants’ claims. A few days later, appellants filed their final live pleading, their

third amended petition, in which they invoked only Texas-law causes of action and

averred that “Texas substantive law applies based on the facts and contacts of this

case.” Nevertheless, Zavala Plus’s summary-judgment motion asserted that Zavala

Plus was entitled to a no-evidence summary judgment to the extent appellants had

pleaded claims under Zacatecan law, and the trial judge granted no-evidence

summary judgment for Zavala Plus on those Zacatecan claims.

      On appeal, appellants assert (1) they pleaded no claims under Zacatecan law,

so the trial judge erred by granting summary judgment on unpleaded claims, and (2)

alternatively, even if the trial judge could consider Zavala Plus’s summary-judgment

attacks on unpleaded Zacatecan-law claims, the trial judge erred on the merits by

sustaining those attacks. Zavala Plus responds that the trial judge properly ignored

the Texas labels that appellants assigned to their claims and properly treated

appellants’ third amended petition as pleading all three Zacatecan claims potentially

available on the alleged facts: subjective liability, objective liability, and common-
                                        –36–
carrier liability. In their reply brief, appellants again assert that unpleaded claims

cannot support summary judgment, and they complain that Zavala Plus is asking this

Court to construe appellants’ live pleading in Zavala Plus’s favor by construing it to

plead claims under Zacatecan law.

      The briefing thus raises a conundrum. Appellants deny that they pleaded any

claims under Zacatecan law, and they urge us to reverse the trial judge’s no-evidence

summary-judgment rulings on that basis. But if we were to accept appellants’

position and conclude that they pleaded only Texas-law claims, the no-evidence

summary-judgment rulings might be erroneous, but we would nevertheless affirm

the take-nothing judgment because we have already concluded that appellants have

not shown error in the traditional summary judgment on their Texas-law claims. We

do not believe this is what appellants intend us to do—particularly because

appellants do argue in the alternative that they raised genuine fact issues to support

their claims under Zacatecan law.

      We conclude that construing the live petition in appellants’ favor means

treating it as pleading the claims properly available under the governing law in light

of the facts pleaded, regardless of the labels appellants assigned to their claims. See

Stone v. Laws. Title Ins. Co., 554 S.W.2d 183, 186 (Tex. 1977) (absent special

exceptions, courts construe a petition liberally in the pleader’s favor); Jones v.

Landry’s Seafood Inn & Oyster Bar-Galveston, Inc., 328 S.W.3d 909, 913 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.) (“[A] court considers the substance, not

                                        –37–
the label, of a claim to determine its nature.”). And we agree with Zavala Plus that

appellants’ allegations in their live pleading, liberally construed, suffice to plead the

claims available to them under Zacatecan law. Accordingly, we address appellants’

alternative merits-based argument that the trial judge erred by granting no-evidence

summary judgment on their claims under Zacatecan law.

             b.     Applicable Law and No-Evidence Grounds

      Lopez testified that Zacatecan law recognizes three possible claims in favor

of accident victims in appellants’ position: (1) subjective liability, (2) objective

liability, and (3) common-carrier liability. He also testified that the law of respondeat

superior is the same in Zacatecas and in Texas. Thus, Zavala Plus would be

vicariously liable for Aldaba’s conduct if at the time of the accident Aldaba was

Zavala Plus’s employee and was acting in the course and scope of employment. See

G&H Towing Co. v. Magee, 347 S.W.3d 293, 296 (Tex. 2011) (per curiam)

(“Generally, a master is vicariously liable for the torts of its servants committed in

the course and scope of their employment.”).

      Each of the three claims available under Zacatecan law requires a plaintiff to

prove that the defendant’s conduct caused injury to the plaintiff. For a subjective-

liability claim, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant committed conduct that

was illicit or against good customs and that the conduct caused damage to another.

Alternatively, the plaintiff can prove that the defendant committed a licit act that

caused damage to another, but in that case the rules for an objective-liability claim

                                         –38–
apply. For an objective-liability claim, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant

was making use of a dangerous mechanism (such as a bus) and thereby caused

damages. And for a common-carrier-liability claim, the plaintiff must prove that the

defendant was a common carrier and that a “shortcoming” of a driver the defendant

employed caused damages. Lopez explained that an employer of Aldaba, the bus

driver, would be liable under respondeat superior for Aldaba’s conduct if Aldaba

was acting within the course and scope of his employment at the time of the accident.

        Zavala Plus’s no-evidence challenges to these claims all involve the questions

of whether appellants could produce any evidence that (1) Aldaba was Zavala Plus’s

employee and (2) he was acting in the course and scope of his employment at the

time of the accident. Appellants contend that they raised genuine fact issues on both

elements; Zavala Plus disagrees. We now turn to that dispute.

                c.      Did the trial judge err by granting summary judgment on
                        appellants’ claims that Zavala Plus was vicariously liable for
                        Aldaba’s conduct under respondeat superior?

        Appellants argue that the following summary-judgment evidence2 raises a

genuine fact issue regarding the elements of (1) Aldaba’s employment status and

(2) course and scope at the time of the accident:

    2
       Zavala Plus argues that appellants have essentially forfeited their challenge to the no-evidence
summary judgment because appellants’ summary-judgment response did not specifically refer to the
evidence that creates a genuine fact issue. See Great Hans, LLC v. Liberty Life Serv. Corp., No. 05-20-
00113-CV, 2021 WL 5822841, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Dec. 8, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that
nonmovant must “specifically identify the supporting proof it seeks to have considered by the trial court
and explain why it demonstrates a fact issue exists”). We conclude that appellants’ response was sufficient
in this regard and reject Zavala Plus’s argument.
                                                  –39–
•   The Mexican police report about the May 6, 2018 accident
    indicates that the bus was the property of “ZAVALA PLUS
    LLC” with an address in Irving, Texas.

•   A “Texas Apportioned License Cab Card” associated with the
    bus listed Zavala Plus as the “Registrant” and as the “Carrier
    Responsible for Safety.” This card listed the “Reg Year” as 2017
    and expired August 31, 2018.

•   An excerpt from a March 2018–March 2019 insurance policy on
    the bus in question that listed Zavala Plus as the insured party.

•   Zavala Plus’s admission that at the time of the accident the bus
    in question was marked as follows on at least one side:
    “OPERATED BY: ZAVALA PLUS US DOT: 1295573 ICC
    MC: 523778 IRVING TX.”

•   Documents from Aldaba’s personnel file that were apparently
    produced in discovery by Zavala Plus. The documents were
    covered with a printed email that apparently originated from
    “Zavala Plus Rio Grande <Zavala_plus@hotmail.com>”. One
    document is a statement by Aldaba dated May 4, 2018—just two
    days before the accident. In the statement, Aldaba acknowledged
    that he made some mistakes in driving buses, including an
    accident in January 2018. He further said that he was suspended
    on January 14, 2018. His statement concluded, “[O]n Sunday
    21/April/2018 I came to meet with the person in charge Nivardo
    Zavala to learn what was going on, because I was not aware of
    the reasons I was out of work since I am interested in my work,
    so I have to provide this written statement in which I accept to
    improve my work being this my last chance in the company
    Zavala Plus.”

•   Zavala Plus’s corporate representative testified that she believed
    that in December 2015 Zavala Plus’s president, Francisco
    Zavala, was using the email address zavala_plus@hotmail.com
    in his role as president.

•   The police report from the accident said that the luggage “was
    given to the citizen Nivardo Zavala Beltran, who declared to be
    the legal representative of said company.” Appellants also filed
    an excerpt of testimony by “Nivardo Zavala” in an October 2017
    trial in a different case. In that testimony, Nivardo Zavala said
                               –40–
             that he worked for Zavala Plus in Mexico as the “mechanics’
             boss.” Appellants also filed a resume of “Nivardo Zavala
             Beltran” that said he was currently a maintenance supervisor for
             Zavala Plus. The resume is undated, but its contents indicate it
             was prepared in or after 2016.

      We conclude that appellants successfully raised a genuine fact issue on the

essential elements of whether bus driver Aldaba was a Zavala Plus employee and

whether he was acting within the course and scope of his employment at the time of

the accident. Specifically, we conclude that the evidence that Zavala Plus owned the

bus in question was sufficient to support presumptions that (1) the bus’s driver,

Aldaba, was a Zavala Plus employee and (2) Aldaba was acting in the course and

scope of his employment for Zavala Plus at the time of the accident. And we

conclude that other summary-judgment evidence also supports these elements.

      Our conclusion follows from our decision in Hunsucker v. Omega Industries,

659 S.W.2d 692 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1983, no writ). In that vehicle-accident case,

Hunsucker claimed that she was forced to hit a guardrail by the erratic driving of an

Omega-owned vehicle, but the Omega vehicle left the scene of the accident, and its

driver was never identified. Id. at 693. Omega won the case on summary judgment.

Id. We reversed the summary judgment as to Hunsucker’s vicarious-liability claim,

holding that Hunsucker’s evidence that Omega owned the vehicle gave rise to

presumptions that its driver was an Omega employee acting in the course and scope

of employment. See id. at 696–98. In the same way, appellants’ evidence that Zavala

Plus owned the bus involved in this accident triggered presumptions that Aldaba was

                                       –41–
a Zavala Plus employee and that he was acting within the course and scope of his

employment at the time of the accident.

      Zavala Plus argues that appellants cannot defeat summary judgment with a

presumption, citing Chavez v. Kansas City Southern Railway Co., 520 S.W.3d 898

(Tex. 2017) (per curiam), for support. But Chavez does not stand for this proposition.

Rather, Chavez holds that a summary-judgment movant may not use a presumption

to shift the burden of presenting evidence onto the nonmovant. Id. at 900. As

illustrated by the Hunsucker case, discussed above, a nonmovant can defeat

summary judgment by adducing evidence that triggers a presumption that material

facts are true. See Hunsucker, 659 S.W.2d at 696–98; see also Brown v. Big D

Transp., Inc., 45 S.W.3d 703, 705–06 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2001, no pet.)

(reversing no-evidence summary judgment because nonmovant was entitled to

presumptions of material facts in its favor).

      The presumptions of employment and course and scope are buttressed by

other evidence in the record. There is evidence that Nivardo Zavala Beltran was a

Zavala Plus employee working in Mexico in October 2017, several months before

the May 2018 accident. There is also evidence that after the accident Beltran went

to the accident scene, declared himself to be the “legal representative of said

company,” i.e., Zavala Plus, and took charge of the bus passengers’ luggage.

Although Zavala Plus argues that the evidence supports no more than mere suspicion

that Beltran still worked for Zavala Plus several months after October 2017, we

                                        –42–
conclude that the evidence of Beltran’s post-accident conduct boosts the probative

force of the evidence beyond mere speculation and suspicion. That is, Beltran’s post-

accident claim to be Zavala Plus’s representative supports a reasonable inference

that Beltran was Zavala Plus’s employee at the time of the accident. And his active

involvement in dealing with the passengers’ luggage supports an inference that

Zavala Plus acted to protect the passenger’s interests because it, and not some other

entity, was responsible for the bus’s operation at the time of the accident. We

conclude that the evidence of Beltran’s conduct supports a reasonable inference that

Aldaba was a Zavala Plus employee acting in the course and scope of his

employment when he drove the bus and got involved in the accident.

      We conclude that the trial judge erred by granting a no-evidence summary

judgment against appellants on their respondeat superior theory.

             d.    Did the trial judge err by granting summary judgment on
                   appellants’ claims against Zavala Plus for common-carrier
                   liability under Zacatecan law?

      Zavala Plus’s sole no-evidence summary-judgment ground attacking

appellants’ common-carrier claims under Article 2037 of the Zacatecan Civil Code

was that appellants had no evidence that the driver of the bus was a Zavala Plus

employee. We have concluded that the evidence raises a genuine fact issue on

whether the driver was a Zavala Plus employee. Accordingly, we conclude that the

trial judge erred by granting a no-evidence summary judgment against appellants on

their claims against Zavala Plus for common-carrier liability under Article 2037.

                                       –43–
              e.     Did the trial judge err by granting summary judgment on
                     appellants’ claims against Zavala Plus for subjective liability
                     under Zacatecan law?

       Zavala Plus obtained no-evidence summary judgment on appellants’

subjective-liability claims under Zacatecan law on the grounds that appellants had

no evidence (1) that Zavala Plus committed a licit or illicit act or (2) that any such

act was the direct and immediate cause of appellants’ injuries.

       As to the first summary-judgment ground, appellants rely on evidence that the

bus driver was driving at an unsafe speed at the time of the accident. Zavala Plus

responds that this is an act by an alleged employee of Zavala Plus and not by Zavala

Plus itself—essentially arguing that the summary judgment was proper at least as to

any claims that Zavala Plus has direct subjective liability, as opposed to vicarious

liability for the bus driver’s subjective liability.

       We have already concluded that appellants raised a genuine issue of material

fact on their respondeat superior theory of vicarious liability. Accordingly, the trial

judge erred to the extent she granted summary judgment against appellants on their

claims that Zavala Plus is vicariously liable for the bus driver’s subjective liability

under Zacatecan law. We do not see any argument by appellants that the trial judge

erred by granting summary judgment on their claims directly against Zavala Plus for

subjective liability, so we do not disturb that portion of the judgment. See Ontiveros

v. Flores, 218 S.W.3d 70, 71 (Tex. 2007) (per curiam).

                                           –44–
      As for the second summary-judgment ground, appellants rely on the police

report about the accident as evidence that the bus driver’s conduct was a direct and

immediate cause of appellants’ injuries. The report indicates that the bus rolled over

in the course of the accident and that an ambulance took passengers to a clinic in

Concepcion del Oro, Zacatecas. This is sufficient evidence to raise a genuine fact

question on the issue of causation of appellants’ injuries.

             f.     Did the trial judge err by granting summary judgment on
                    appellants’ claims against Zavala Plus for objective liability
                    under Zacatecan law?

      Zavala Plus obtained no-evidence summary judgment on appellants’

objective-liability claims under Zacatecan law on the ground that appellants had no

evidence that Zavala Plus was “making use” of the bus at the time of the accident.

      In their opening brief, appellants challenge this summary judgment solely by

arguing that Zavala Plus can be vicariously liable for the bus driver’s conduct under

an objective-liability theory because the driver was “making use” of the bus at the

time of the accident. Zavala Plus does not dispute that it could potentially be held

vicariously liable for an objective-liability claim but denies that it, a corporate entity,

could be directly liable for “making use” of the bus. Although appellants address a

possible direct objective-liability theory in their reply brief, we do not consider

arguments made for the first time in a reply brief. See Veterinary Specialists of N.

Tex., PLLC v. King, No. 05-21-00325-CV, 2022 WL 406095, at *6 (Tex. App.—

Dallas Feb. 9, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op.).

                                          –45–
       We have already concluded that appellants raised a genuine issue of material

fact on their respondeat superior theory of vicarious liability. Accordingly, the trial

judge erred to the extent she granted summary judgment against appellants on their

claims that Zavala Plus is vicariously liable for the bus driver’s objective liability

under Zacatecan law. We do not disturb the portion of the judgment granting

summary judgment on their claims directly against Zavala Plus for objective

liability.

       5.    Did the trial judge err by granting summary judgment on claims
             that had been abated?

       Finally, appellants argue that the trial judge erred by granting summary

judgment on any claims asserted on behalf of the estate of Maria Soledad Varela de

Lopez because the case was abated as to those claims when the trial judge granted

summary judgment. We agree.

       On April 26, 2022, the trial judge signed on order abating the case as to the

estate’s claims. The next day the judge signed an order administratively closing the

case. On May 11, 2022, the judge signed an order vacating the administrative closure

of the case but not lifting the abatement applicable to the estate’s claims. On June

30, 2022, the judge signed a final summary judgment disposing of all claims in the

case. On October 13, 2022, the judge signed an order lifting the abatement, and on

October 14, 2022, the judge signed a modified summary-judgment order that

essentially repeated the substance of the June 30 order.

                                        –46–
      As discussed in Part I of this opinion, the June 30, 2022 summary-judgment

order was a legal nullity to the extent it purported to dispose of the estate’s claims

because the case had been abated as to those claims. See, e.g., Amrhein v. La

Madeleine, Inc., 206 S.W.3d 173, 175 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.). Zavala

Plus argues that the modified summary-judgment order signed on October 14, 2022,

cured the error. But this argument fails because the October 14 order was signed

after the trial judge had lost plenary power to modify the June 30 judgment. Thus,

that order is void and must be vacated. See Polk v. La Hacienda Apt., No. 05-22-

01236-CV, 2023 WL 2364974, at *1 (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 6, 2023, no pet.)

(mem. op.) (“A judgment signed after the trial court’s plenary power has expired is

void.”). As to the June 30, 2022 order, we conclude that the trial judge erred by

granting summary judgment as to the claims asserted on behalf of the estate of Maria

Soledad Varela de Lopez.

      6.     Conclusion

      We sustain appellants’ second issue in part. The trial judge erred by granting

summary judgment against appellant Jose Luis Varela as Representative of the

Estate of Maria Soledad Varela de Lopez. The trial judge did not err by granting

summary judgment against appellant Jose Hernandez. As to the remaining

appellants, we reach the following conclusions:

      •      the trial judge did not err by granting summary judgment on
             (1) appellants’ substantive claims asserted under Texas law,
             (2) appellants’     claims   for    joint-enterprise    liability,
             (3) appellants’ claims under Zacatecan law for direct subjective
                                        –47–
             liability, (4) appellants’ claims under Zacatecan law for direct
             objective liability, and (5) appellant Pedro Rostro’s common-
             carrier-liability claim under Zacatecan law; and

      •      the trial judge erred by granting summary judgment on
             appellants’ claims under Zacatecan law for (1) subjective
             liability on a respondeat superior basis, (2) objective liability on
             a respondeat superior basis, and (3) common-carrier liability,
             except for appellant Pedro Rostro as noted above.

                                 IV. DISPOSITION

      We vacate the trial court’s October 14, 2022 Modified Order on Defendant

Zavala Plus, LLC’s Second Traditional and No-Evidence Motion for Summary

Judgment.

      We reverse the trial court’s June 30, 2022 Order on Defendant Zavala Plus,

LLC’s Second Traditional and No-Evidence Motion for Summary Judgment as to

all claims being prosecuted by appellant Jose Luis Varela as Representative of the

Estate of Maria Soledad de Lopez (Deceased).

      We also reverse the trial court’s June 30, 2022 Order on Defendant Zavala

Plus, LLC’s Second Traditional and No-Evidence Motion for Summary Judgment

as to the following claims:

      •      the claims by appellants Carmen Hernandez, Maricela Silva,
             Eligio Silva, and Pedro Rostro under Zacatecan law for
             subjective liability on a respondeat superior theory, objective
             liability on a respondeat superior theory, and common-carrier
             liability; and

      •      the claims by appellant Pedro Rostro under Zacatecan law for
             subjective liability on a respondeat superior theory and objective
             liability on a respondeat superior theory.

                                        –48–
      We affirm the remainder of the trial court’s June 30, 2022 Order on Defendant

Zavala Plus, LLC’s Second Traditional and No-Evidence Motion for Summary

Judgment. We remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                          /Dennise Garcia/
                                          DENNISE GARCIA
221077F.P05                               JUSTICE

                                      –49–
                                 S
                           Court of Appeals
                    Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                JUDGMENT

JOSE LUIS VARELA AS                          On Appeal from the 160th Judicial
REPRESENTATIVE OF THE                        District Court, Dallas County, Texas
ESTATE OF MARIA SOLEDAD                      Trial Court Cause No. DC-19-07336.
VARELA DE LOPEZ                              Opinion delivered by Justice Garcia.
(DECEASED), CARMEN                           Justices Goldstein and Miskel
HERNANDEZ, JOSE                              participating.
HERNANDEZ, MARICELA
SILVA, ELIGIO SILVA, AND
PEDRO ROSTRO, Appellants

No. 05-22-01077-CV         V.

ZAVALA PLUS, LLC, Appellee

      In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, we VACATE the trial
court’s October 14, 2022 Modified Order on Defendant Zavala Plus, LLC’s
Second Traditional and No-Evidence Motion for Summary Judgment.

       We REVERSE the trial court’s June 30, 2022 Order on Defendant Zavala
Plus, LLC’s Second Traditional and No-Evidence Motion for Summary Judgment
as to the following claims:

      •     all claims being prosecuted by appellant Jose Luis Varela as
            Representative of the Estate of Maria Soledad Varela de Lopez
            (Deceased);

      •     the claims by appellants Carmen Hernandez, Maricela Silva,
            Eligio Silva, and Pedro Rostro under Zacatecan law for
            subjective liability on a respondeat superior theory, objective

                                      –50–
            liability on a respondeat superior theory, and common-carrier
            liability; and

      •     the claims by appellant Pedro Rostro under Zacatecan law for
            subjective liability on a respondeat superior theory and objective
            liability on a respondeat superior theory.

      In all other respects, we AFFIRM the trial court’s June 30, 2022 Order on
Defendant Zavala Plus, LLC’s Second Traditional and No-Evidence Motion for
Summary Judgment. We REMAND the case for further proceedings consistent with
the opinion.

      It is ordered that each party bear its own costs of this appeal.

Judgment entered this 26th day of March 2024.

                                        –51–