Court Opinion

ID: 2832329
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-08-31 20:10:16.83723+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:45:37.847349
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT KNOXVILLE
                                May 15, 2015 Session

       JIMMY L. HENSLEY V. COCKE FARMER’S COOPERATIVE

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court for Cocke County
                      No. 32157IV     O. Duane Slone, Judge

             No. E2014-01775-COA-R3-CV-FILED-AUGUST 31, 2015

Jimmy L. Hensley brought this action to enforce his agreement with a former employer,
Cocke Farmer’s Cooperative (the co-op), providing for the payment of severance pay to
him in the event his employment was terminated without cause. Each side moved for
summary judgment. The trial court held the agreement to be valid and enforceable.
Accordingly, it granted Hensley summary judgment, awarding him the severance pay set
forth in the agreement. The co-op appeals. We affirm.

       Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
                           Affirmed; Case Remanded

CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., C.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. MICHAEL
SWINEY and JOHN W. MCCLARTY, JJ., joined.

Steven H. Trent and R. Andrew Hutchinson, Johnson City, Tennessee, for the appellant,
Cocke Farmer’s Cooperative.

F. Braxton Terry, Morristown, Tennessee, Jeffrey C. Taylor, Morristown, Tennessee, and
W. Lewis Jenkins, Jr., Dyersburg, Tennessee, for the appellee, Jimmy L. Hensley.

                                       OPINION

                                           I.

       Hensley was employed by the co-op for some thirty-seven years, from 1972 until
his termination on May 20, 2010. During the last fourteen years, he served as the co-op’s
general manager. On February 18, 2010, the parties executed the agreement at issue,
which provides in its entirety as follows:
Termination Agreement for General Manager

This Severance Agreement is to become effective the date of
the last party’s signature

Executive or Manager: Jimmy Hensley
Company: Cocke Farmers Co-op

1. Term of Agreement:

This agreement will commence on the first day of this
agreement and shall terminate on 8-12-2024, unless the terms
of this agreement are extended or shortened by written
agreement of both parties.

2. Executive’s Eligibility for Severance:

Executive will be entitled to severance as defined in Section 3
if company terminates Executive’s employment for reasons
other than :

(A) Executive’s death

(B) Company is merged and change of control occurs.

(C) Disability
If Executive is prevented from performing his duties and is
declared disabled by a board certified doctor, Executive’s
severance shall be twelve months salary and payment of
health insurance premiums equivalent to then current
coverage until Medicare Ins. is obtained.

(D) Cause
Cause being criminal acts pertaining to company or
shareholders, leading to conviction.

3. Severance Package

The severance package will consist of payment equivalent to
then current salary and payment of health insurance

                              2
              premiums equivalent to then current coverage from the
              termination date to 8-12-2024.
              Package will be paid in lieu of any other severance to
              Executive.

              4. At Will Employment Status:

              Executive’s employment with the Company is “At Will.”
              This means that Executive is free to resign at any time and the
              Company is free to terminate employment at any time for any
              reason.

              The fact that Executive is employed “At Will” does not
              relieve Company or Executive of the terms and conditions of
              this agreement.

              5. Acknowledgment:

              Executive acknowledges that he has read and understands the
              agreement and has entered into it freely based on his own
              judgment.

              Company acknowledges it has read and understands this
              agreement and has entered into this agreement freely, based
              on it’s [sic] own judgment.

              The person executing this agreement has the full power and
              authority to execute this agreement on behalf of the Company
              and it’s [sic] Board of Directors.

(Bold font in original.)

       The minutes of the February 18, 2010 meeting of the co-op’s board of directors
(the board) reflect that “a motion was made . . . to approve the submitted agreement
between the Cocke Farmers Co-op and Jimmy Hensley, as manager . . . motion carried.”
The board’s minutes for the March 2010 meeting indicate that “the minutes for the
February meeting were read and approved.”

      At a May 20, 2010 meeting, the board, according to its minutes, passed two
motions, i.e., one “to resend [sic] the motion for a 14 year contract for Jimmy Hensley,”
and another “to dismiss Jimmy Hensley, without cause.” Some two months later,

                                            3
Hensley filed this action asking, in effect, for enforcement of the agreement and an award
to him of the severance pay agreed to by the parties. The co-op answered, asserting,
among other things, that the agreement was ambiguous, unsupported by consideration,
and unenforceable. After discovery, both sides moved for summary judgment.

      On May 2, 2014, the trial court entered an order granting Hensley partial summary
judgment in an order finding and holding as follows:

             1. Jimmy Hensley and Cocke Farmers Cooperative entered
             into a valid and enforceable written agreement dated February
             18, 2010, a copy of which the parties have presented to the
             Court in their motions for summary judgment.

             2. The written agreement is clear and unambiguous.

             3. The agreement was supported by adequate consideration.

             4. It is not disputed by Cocke Farmers Cooperative that the
             person who signed the written agreement had the authority to
             sign the agreement on behalf of Cocke Farmers Cooperative.

             5. The written agreement executed by the parties was not the
             product of fraud or coercion.

             6. At its May 20, 2010, board of directors meeting, Cocke
             Farmers Cooperative discharged Jimmy Hensley without
             cause, as shown by the minutes of the corporation’s board.

             7. Cocke Farmers Cooperative therefore owes Jimmy Hensley
             severance benefits under the written agreement executed by
             the parties.

             IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that the motion for summary
             judgment filed by Cocke Farmers Cooperative, Inc. is
             DENIED and the motion for partial summary judgment filed
             by Jimmy Hensley is GRANTED.

             IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that this matter is scheduled for
             trial . . . on the issue of the amount [of] damages owed to
             Jimmy Hensley by Cocke Farmers Cooperative.

                                            4
(Capitalization in original.)

      On August 14, 2014, the trial court entered a final judgment awarding Hensley
severance pay under the agreement. The court stated, in pertinent part, as follows:

              No genuine dispute exists as to any material fact with respect
              to the benefits owed to Jimmy Hensley by Cocke Farmers
              Cooperative, and judgment should be entered in favor of
              Jimmy Hensley.

              Jimmy Hensley was, at all times material to these
              proceedings, an at will employee of Cocke Farmer’s
              Cooperative and he did not have any employment agreement
              that entitled him to employment for a specific period of time.

                                     *      *      *

              The severance benefits provided for Jimmy Hensley by
              Cocke Farmer’s Cooperative in the Termination Agreement
              for General Manager are severance benefits under Tennessee
              Law and are not liquidated damages.

              The board of directors of the Cocke Farmers Cooperative
              approved the Termination Agreement for General Manager in
              its meeting in February 2010, recorded this fact in its minutes
              for February 2010, and then approved the February 2010
              minutes in its meeting in March 2010.

              None of the challenges now raised by Cocke Farmers
              Cooperative to the amount of payments due to Jimmy
              Hensley apply or change the amount due to Jimmy Hensley.
              The severance benefits provided to Jimmy Hensley are not a
              penalty and are not subject to the defenses of mitigation or
              after-acquired evidence.

              The computation required to ascertain the amount of
              severance benefits due are purely mathematical based on the
              undisputed facts . . .

              The computations to arrive at the figures due to Jimmy
              Hensley are not disputed by any party[.]

                                            5
(Numbering in original omitted.) The trial court ordered the co-op to pay Hensley
$380,236.21 in accrued severance benefits plus pre-judgment interest. The court further
ordered the co-op to pay Hensley $6,125 per month plus his premiums “for health
insurance coverage equivalent to the . . . coverage in force for Jimmy Hensley
immediately prior to his termination,” until August 12, 2024. The co-op timely filed a
notice of appeal.

                                           II.

      The co-op raises the following issues as taken from its brief:

             1. Whether the trial court erred in holding that the alleged
             contract was valid and supported by adequate consideration.

             2. Whether the trial court erred in holding that damages under
             the alleged contract were not a penalty, mitigation did not
             apply, and that [Hensley] was owed damages in the amount
             awarded, if any.

             3. Whether the trial court erred in holding that no material
             facts were in dispute under Rule 56 of the Tennessee Rules of
             Civil Procedure.

                                           III.

       Our standard of review of a grant of summary judgment in an action filed before
July 1, 2011,1 such as this one, is as follows:

             A summary judgment is appropriate only when the moving
             party can demonstrate that there is no genuine issue of
             material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of
             law. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04; Hannan v. Alltel Publ’g Co.,
             270 S.W.3d 1, 5 (Tenn. 2008). When ruling on a summary
             judgment motion, the trial court must accept the nonmoving
             party’s evidence as true and resolve any doubts concerning
             the existence of a genuine issue of material fact in favor of
             the nonmoving party. Shipley v. Williams, 350 S.W.3d 527,
             536 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting Martin v. Norfolk S. Ry., 271
      1
         In 2011, the General Assembly changed the rubric of summary judgment. This action
was filed before the change became effective on July 1, 2011.

                                            6
S.W.3d 76, 84 (Tenn. 2008)). “A grant of summary judgment
             is appropriate only when the facts and the reasonable
             inferences from those facts would permit a reasonable person
             to reach only one conclusion.” Giggers v. Memphis Hous.
             Auth., 277 S.W.3d 359, 364 (Tenn. 2009) (citing Staples v.
             CBL & Assocs., Inc., 15 S.W.3d 83, 89 (Tenn. 2000)). “The
             granting or denying of a motion for summary judgment is a
             matter of law, and our standard of review is de novo with no
             presumption of correctness.” Kinsler v. Berkline, LLC, 320
S.W.3d 796, 799 (Tenn. 2010).

Dick Broad. Co. of Tenn. v. Oak Ridge FM, Inc., 395 S.W.3d 653, 671 (Tenn. 2013).

                                           IV.

                                           A.

        The co-op argues that the agreement is so vague, ambiguous, and indefinite that it
must be held unenforceable. We disagree. In Wager v. Life Care Ctrs. of America, Inc.,
No. E2006-01054-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 4224723 at *10-11 (Tenn. Ct. App. E.S., filed
Nov. 30, 2007), another case involving a contract for an employee’s severance pay, we
stated:

             In interpreting the contract, we must keep in mind several
             basic tenets of contract law. For instance, the language in
             dispute must be examined in the context of the entire
             agreement. Cocke County Bd. of Highway Comm’rs v.
             Newport Utils. Bd., 690 S.W.2d 231, 237 (Tenn. 1985). “All
             provisions of a contract should be construed as in harmony
             with each other, if such construction can be reasonably made,
             so as to avoid repugnancy between the several provisions of a
             single contract.” Rainey v. Stansell, 836 S.W.2d 117, 119
             (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992). Also, words must be given their usual
             and ordinary interpretation. St. Paul Surplus Lines Ins. Co.
             v. Bishops Gate Ins. Co., 725 S.W.2d 948, 951 (Tenn. Ct.
             App. 1986). “A strained construction may not be placed on
             the language used to find ambiguity where none exists.”
             Farmers-Peoples Bank v. Clemmer, 519 S.W.2d 801, 805
             (Tenn. 1975).

                                            7
The language of a contract is ambiguous when its meaning is
uncertain and when it can be fairly construed in more than
one way. Id. “An ambiguity does not arise in a contract
merely because the parties may differ as to interpretations of
certain of its provisions.”      Cookeville Gynecology &
Obstetrics, P.C. v. Southeastern Data Sys., Inc., 884 S.W.2d
458, 462 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994). “Neither the parties nor the
courts can create an ambiguity where none exists in a
contract.” Id.

“The cardinal rule for interpretation of contracts is to
ascertain the intention of the parties and to give effect to that
intention consistent with legal principles.” Rainey, 836
S.W.2d at 118. Of course, the “intention of the parties” refers
to their intention when the contract was made, not their
desired interpretations after a dispute arises. The court will
look to the material contained within the four corners of the
contract to ascertain its meaning as an expression of the
parties’ intent. Bob Pearsall Motors, Inc. v. Regal Chrysler-
Plymouth, Inc., 521 S.W.2d 578, 580 (Tenn. 1975).
Therefore, if a contractual clause, read in the proper context,
unambiguously mandates a particular result, we will not
disturb that result merely because it may be harsh for one
party or the other. As stated in Wright Med. Tech., Inc. v.
Orthomatrix, Inc.,

       [i]f there is no ambiguity, the court must
       interpret the contract as written, rather than
       according to the unexpressed intention of one of
       the parties. Sutton v. First Nat. [Bank] of
       Crossville, 620 S.W.2d 526 (Tenn. Ct. App.
       1981). Courts do not make contracts for the
       parties but can only enforce the contract which
       the parties themselves have made. McKee v.
       Continental Ins. Co., 191 Tenn. 413, 234
S.W.2d 830, 22 ALR2d 980 (1950).

No. W2000-02744-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 523992, *3
(Tenn. Ct. App. W.S., filed May 17, 2001). “The courts will
not make a new contract for parties who have spoken for
themselves, and will not relieve parties of their contractual

                               8
             obligations simply because these obligations later prove to be
             burdensome or unwise.” Vargo v. Lincoln Brass Works,
             Inc., 115 S.W.3d 487, 492 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003) (citations
             omitted).

In the present case, the terms of the agreement are clear, definite, unambiguous, and not
difficult to understand. We affirm the trial court’s judgment that the agreement is not
void for vagueness.

                                           B.

        The co-op further asserts that the agreement fails for lack of sufficient
consideration. The agreement provides for severance pay for Hensley, an employee of
more than thirty-five years, who had been serving as a general manager for fourteen years
at the time the agreement was executed. The severance pay was due in the event Hensley
was terminated without cause. The agreement also provided that Hensley’s employment
status remained “at-will.” The consideration provided by Hensley was his continuing
employment with the co-op. In this regard, Hensley testified by deposition as follows:

             Q. Now, what’s your understanding of the contents of that
             agreement? What do you think that agreement does? What’s
             the purpose?

             A. It’s an agreement for me to be employed by Cocke
             Farmer’s Co-Op until I retired in 2024.

                                     *     *      *

             Q. Now, do you agree that that would be a benefit to you, to
             be guaranteed employment until retirement?

             A. Well, it would have kept me from looking for other jobs
             until I retired.

             Q. Now, what did you give the Co-Op in return?

             A. I stayed and worked.

             Q. Now, did you promise to work for the Co-Op for a specific
             period of time?

                                           9
A. Well, I was going to work there until I retired. I had
planned on working there until I retired.

Q. Were you contractually obligated to do so under the terms
of that agreement?

A. Well, it says that I’d be free to terminate ‒ or, let’s see,
somewhere ‒ under this No. 4, it says it means the executive
is free to resign at any company ‒ “at any time and the
company is free to terminate employee at any time.”

Q. Did you give up any job opportunities to sign that
contract?

A. Once I signed it, I didn’t look for any.

Q. Were you looking before?

A. Yes.

Q. Where were you looking?

A. At other co-ops.

                        *       *      *

Q: . . . did you think that signing this contract would prevent
the board from letting you go?

A. Yes.

Q. And that was your purpose for entering into this contract,
wasn’t it?

A. My purpose was to retire from Cocke Farmer’s Co-Op.

Q. So, it was part of your purpose for signing that contract to
try to guarantee yourself employment with the Co-Op until
the age of 65?

A. Yes.

                               10
(Emphasis added.)

       The co-op cites no authority, nor have we found any, supporting the proposition
that an executive’s continuing employment is insufficient consideration for a contract
providing a severance package as part of his or her compensation arrangement. It
appears that Tennessee appellate courts have not been presented with this precise issue
before. However, our courts have held on numerous occasions that continuing
employment is sufficient consideration to support an employment contract in other
contexts, primarily in construing covenants not to compete. See Cummings Inc. v.
Dorgan, 320 S.W.3d 316, 336 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009) (“As an at-will employee, Dorgan’s
continued employment by Cummings was consideration for his execution of the . . . Non-
Compete Agreement”); Girtman & Assocs., Inc. v. St. Amour, No. M2005-00936-COA-
R3-CV, 2007 WL 1241255 at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. M.S., filed Apr. 27, 2007) (“Continued
future employment of an at-will employee has been deemed to be sufficient consideration
in and of itself to support enforcement of a covenant not to compete”) (citing Central
Adjustment Bureau, Inc. v. Ingram, 678 S.W.2d 28, 33 (Tenn. 1984); Selox, Inc. v.
Ford, 675 S.W.2d 474, 475 (Tenn. 1984); Ramsey v. Mutual Supply Co., 427 S.W.2d
849, 852 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1968)).

       We note that if we were to agree with the co-op’s argument, many severance pay
agreements in Tennessee arguably would be susceptible to invalidation for insufficient
consideration. This would not be a salutary development. See generally Allmand v.
Pavletic, 292 S.W.3d 618, 632 (Tenn. 2009) (observing that “severance provisions are
common and may be viewed favorably as a matter of policy”). The contract specifically
provides that Hensley would remain an “at-will” employee. We affirm the trial court’s
holding that “the agreement [is] supported by adequate consideration.”

                                           C.

       Next, the co-op argues that the amount of severance pay the parties agreed upon is
an unreasonable and unenforceable “penalty.” The co-op cites Guiliano v. Cleo, Inc.,
995 S.W.2d 88, 101 (Tenn. 1999), for its observation that “if the provision and
circumstances indicate that the parties intended merely to penalize for a breach of
contract, then the provision is unenforceable as against public policy.” In this case, the
provision at issue is an enticement to an employee to continue his “at will” employment
– Nothing more and nothing less. Furthermore, nothing in the language indicates that the
subject provisions are intended to “penalize for a breach of contract.”

       Guiliano examined the distinction between a contract for severance pay and one
providing for liquidated damages, stating as follows:

                                           11
              The distinction between liquidated damages and severance
              pay is important in this case. If [the agreement] provides for
              liquidated damages, then recovery is conditioned upon a
              showing that [the employer] breached the contract and that
              the amount of recovery was a reasonable estimation of
              damages. However, if the provision calls for severance pay,
              then recovery by the [employee] is absolute in the event of his
              termination, regardless of whether [the employer] breached
              the contract or whether the amount was a reasonable damage
              assessment.

              The term “liquidated damages” is defined by case law as a
              “sum stipulated and agreed upon by the parties at the time
              they enter their contract, to be paid to compensate for injuries
              should a breach occur.” The stipulated amount represents an
              estimate of potential damages in the event of a contractual
              breach where damages are likely to be uncertain and not
              easily proven.

              In contrast, the recovery of severance pay is not conditioned
              upon a breach of contract or a reasonable estimation of
              damages.       Generally, severance pay is a form of
              compensation paid by an employer to an employee at a time
              when the employment relationship is terminated through no
              fault of the employee. Black’s Law Dictionary 1374 (6th ed.
              1990). The reason for severance pay is to offset the
              employee’s monetary losses attributable to the dismissal from
              employment and to recompense the employee for any period
              of time when he or she is out of work.

Id. at 96-97 (emphasis added; internal citations and footnote omitted).

       Ten years after Guiliano, the Supreme Court reaffirmed and applied its principles
in Allmand, 292 S.W.3d at 630-31. Both Allmand and Guiliano, in answering the
question of whether an employment contract provided for liquidated damages or
severance pay, apply the fundamental principle that “[c]ourts must look at the plain
meaning of the words in a contract to determine the parties’ intent.” Allmand, 292
S.W.3d at 630; Guiliano, 995 S.W.2d at 100 (“courts must focus on the intentions of the
parties based upon the language in the contract and the circumstances that existed at the
time of contract formation”).

                                            12
       The contract at issue here, although barely more than a page long, expressly refers
to “severance agreement” or “severance package” or “severance” four times, not
including the duplicative section headings. The parties’ express language thereby
indicates their intention that the agreement is one for severance pay. The co-op’s
argument that the agreement actually provides for liquidated damages is without merit.
Consequently, the Guiliano case, which states that “if the provision calls for severance
pay, then recovery by the [employee] is absolute in the event of his termination,
regardless of whether . . . the amount was a reasonable damage assessment,” id. at 96, is
of no avail to the co-op. We affirm the trial court’s judgment that “[t]he severance
benefits provided to Jimmy Hensley . . . are severance benefits under Tennessee law and
are not liquidated damages [and] not a penalty.”

                                             D.

        The co-op asserts that Hensley’s recovery should be eliminated or reduced
because of his alleged failure to mitigate his damages. In its brief, the co-op argues that
“[o]ne who is injured by the wrongful or negligent acts of another, whether as a result of
a tort or of a breach of contract, is bound to exercise reasonable care and diligence to
avoid loss or to minimize or lessen the resulting damage[,] and to the extent that his
damages are the result of his active and unreasonable enhancement thereof or are due to
his failure to exercise such care and diligence, he cannot recover.” Again, as Hensley
asserts in his brief, in this case “[t]here was no breach of contract[,] as termination of at-
will employment does not constitute breach of contract.” The agreement does not impose
upon Hensley an obligation to mitigate his damages. The co-op cites no authority
suggesting that mitigation of damages is a concept applicable to the situation where a
party is seeking enforcement of a severance pay agreement.

        Furthermore, even if we were to assume, solely for the purpose of argument, that
mitigation is in some way material to the issues in this case, we have examined the record
and find that the proof does not, in any way, substantiate the co-op’s assertion that
Hensley failed to exercise due diligence in trying to find new employment. He described
his attempts to do so over the period he was unemployed, approximately two years after
the board discharged him. He applied for positions with several companies and spoke
with the co-ops for nearby counties to see if jobs were available. Ultimately, Hensley
went from making $74,342 plus health benefits, working as the general manager or
effectively the “chief executive” of the co-op, to his new job earning $32,500 per year
working in a laboratory testing ketchup for ConAgra Foods. Having noted his efforts,
however, we reiterate our holding that the question of mitigation is not implicated by the
facts of this case. We affirm the trial court’s ruling that the defense of failure to mitigate
damages is inapplicable under the facts and circumstances presented in this case.

                                             13
                                            E.

        Finally, the co-op argues that genuine issues of material fact exist, rendering the
trial court’s summary judgment improper. As already stated, both parties filed a motion
for summary judgment below. Briefly summarized, the co-op argues that the board did
not actually ratify or approve the agreement, despite its minutes stating to the contrary;
and that the board actually terminated Hensley “for cause,” or in the alternative, would
have terminated him for cause if it had known about his alleged “misconduct” before the
board meeting of May 20, 2010 when it fired him, according to the minutes, “without
cause.”

      The Supreme Court’s Special Workers’ Compensation Appeals Panel recently
issued its opinion deciding the co-op’s appeal of Hensley’s separate, earlier-filed
workers’ compensation claim against it. Hensley v. Cocke Farmers Cooperative, No.
E2014-00264-SC-R3-WC, 2015 WL 1929874 (Tenn. Workers’ Comp. filed Apr. 27,
2015). In that opinion, the Court stated,

             Employer’s response in opposition to Employee’s motion [for
             partial summary judgment] was supported by excerpts of the
             depositions of Phillip Morgan, Tommy Lillard, Roger
             Templin and Burl Roberts. Mr. Morgan testified that
             Employee had attempted to intimidate members of the Board
             and had not informed the Board about one hundred tons of
             missing fertilizer. Mr. Lillard testified that there had been an
             allegation made that Employee had an affair with a female
             employee. Mr. Templin testified that Employee had failed to
             timely inform the Board that its Morristown branch had lost
             $118,000. He also mentioned the missing fertilizer incident,
             stating that it had occurred in 2002. Mr. Roberts testified that
             Employee had been terminated for cause, but the Board had
             “give[n] him a break so he could move on down somewhere
             else.”

             The Trial Court granted Employee’s motion. The Trial
             Court’s order stated, “As a matter of law, the official action of
             the Cocke Farmers Co-op is contained in the monthly
             Minutes dated May 20, 2010. Consequently, as a matter of
             law, the Plaintiff, Jimmy Hensley, was discharged without
             cause.”

                                            14
                                       *      *       *

              It is undisputed that Employer is a nonprofit corporation,
              chartered under the laws of this State. Tennessee Code
              Annotated section 48–58–101(b) (2012) provides that “all
              corporate powers shall be exercised by or under the authority
              of, and the affairs of the corporation managed under the
              direction of, its board.” In Tennessee, a corporation speaks
              through the minutes of its board, and the “unofficial
              declarations” of members of the board cannot disprove the
              contents of the minutes. Jones v. Planters Bank of
              Tennessee, 56 Tenn. 455, 460 (1872). See also, First
              Tennessee Bank Nat. Ass’n v. Athletic Indus. Int’l, Inc.,
              1989 WL 37261, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 20, 1989)(stating
              the rule and observing that corporate acts may be proven by
              other evidence when no minutes exist). This rule is consistent
              with the law in other states. See, e.g., Am. Tel. & Tel. Co. v.
              Purcell Co., 606 So. 2d 93, 97 (Miss. 1990); Jones v. State ex
              rel. Indiana Livestock Sanitary Bd., 163 N.E.2d 605, 608
              (Ind. 1960). Applying the rule to the facts of this case, we
              conclude that the Trial Court properly held that the minutes of
              Employer’s board meeting of May 20, 2010 were conclusive
              evidence of the reason for Employee’s termination, and the
              parol testimony of some members of the board did not create
              a genuine issue of fact on the subject.

Id., 2015 WL 1929874 at *2, *4.

       We hold that the co-op board’s minutes conclusively establish that the board
approved the agreement at issue here, and that it terminated Hensley without cause. We
further note that nothing in the allegations or proof regarding Hensley’s alleged
“misconduct” even remotely approaches “cause” as specifically defined in the agreement
as “criminal acts pertaining to company or shareholders, leading to conviction.”
Moreover, the record fully supports the trial court’s findings that “[i]t is not disputed . . .
that the person who signed the written agreement had the authority to sign the agreement
on behalf of Cocke Farmers Cooperative,” and that “[t]he written agreement executed by
the parties was not the product of fraud or coercion.” We affirm the trial court’s grant of
summary judgment in Hensley’s favor, finding no genuine issue of material fact.

                                              15
       Ultimately, this case largely turns on the following fundamental principle, stated
in the Guiliano and Wager opinions cited above, and succinctly summarized by the
Supreme Court as follows:

             Contract law in Tennessee plainly reflects the public policy
             allowing competent parties to strike their own bargains.
             Steven W. Feldman, Tennessee Practice: Contract Law &
             Practice § 1:6, at 17 (2006). Tennessee’s courts are “not at
             liberty to make a new contract for parties who have spoken
             for themselves.” Smithart v. John Hancock Mut. Life Ins.
             Co., 167 Tenn. 513, 525, 71 S.W.2d 1059, 1063 (1934).
             Accordingly, the courts do not concern themselves with the
             wisdom or folly of a contract, Chapman Drug Co. v.
             Chapman, 207 Tenn. 502, 516, 341 S.W.2d 392, 398 (1960),
             and will not relieve a party of its contractual obligations
             simply because the contract later proves to be burdensome or
             unwise. Boyd v. Comdata Network, Inc., 88 S.W.3d 203,
             223 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002); 28 Samuel Williston & Richard
             A. Lord, A Treatise on the Law of Contracts § 70:209, at 232
             (4th ed. 2003) (“Courts are not in the business of rewriting
             contracts to bail out parties who have failed to prudently
             construct their business transactions.”).

Ellis v. Pauline S. Sprouse Residuary Trust, 280 S.W.3d 806, 814 (Tenn. 2009) (italics
in original).

                                           V.

       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Costs on appeal are assessed to the
appellant, Cocke Farmer’s Cooperative. The case is remanded to the trial court for
enforcement of the trial court’s judgment and collection of costs below, pursuant to
applicable law.

                                          _____________________________________
                                          CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., CHIEF JUDGE

                                           16