Court Opinion

ID: 4582190
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-30 09:06:16.609103+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:46:30.068880
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

DONNA LOGAN,                                                          UNPUBLISHED
                                                                      October 29, 2020
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                     No. 348644
                                                                      Wayne Circuit Court
CITY OF SOUTHGATE,                                                    LC No. 18-005560-NO

               Defendant-Appellee.

Before: SWARTZLE, P.J., and JANSEN and BORRELLO, JJ.

JANSEN, J. (dissenting).

        I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that a portion of sidewalk that has a vertical
discontinuity defect of five or more inches, though an open and obvious condition, is not an
unreasonably dangerous condition that would nevertheless give rise to liability. I would reverse
the trial court’s opinion and order granting summary disposition in favor of defendant, City of
Southgate, and remand for further proceedings where a genuine issue of material fact remains
regarding whether the condition of the portion of sidewalk at issue was unreasonably dangerous.
Thus, I respectfully dissent.

        MCL 691.1402a governs the municipal maintenance of sidewalks, and allows for an
injured party to sue a municipality under some circumstances. Specifically, if provides, in relevant
part:

       (1) A municipal corporation in which a sidewalk is installed adjacent to a
       municipal, county, or state highway shall maintain the sidewalk in reasonable
       repair.

       (2) A municipal corporation is not liable for breach of a duty to maintain a sidewalk
       unless the plaintiff proves that at least 30 days before the occurrence of the relevant
       injury, death, or damage, the municipal corporation knew or, in the exercise of
       reasonable diligence, should have known of the existence of the defect in the
       sidewalk.

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       (3) In a civil action, a municipal corporation that has a duty to maintain a sidewalk
       under subsection (1) is presumed to have maintained the sidewalk in reasonable
       repair. The presumption may only be rebutted by evidence of facts showing that a
       proximate cause of the injury was 1 or both of the following:

       (a) A vertical discontinuity defect of 2 inches or more in the sidewalk.

       (b) A dangerous condition in the sidewalk itself of a particular character other than
       solely a vertical discontinuity.

       (4) Whether a presumption under subsection (3) has been rebutted is a question of
       law for the court. [MCL 691.1402a.]

         It is undisputed that defendant had a duty under MCL 691.1402a(3)(a) to maintain its
sidewalks in such a condition that a “vertical discontinuity defect of 2 inches or more” did not
exist. It is also undisputed that defendant breached that duty where the record evidence clearly
shows that the portion of sidewalk at issue in this case had a vertical discontinuity defect of at least
five inches. While I agree with the majority that generally speaking, a vertical discontinuity
between two slabs of sidewalk, when encountered during broad daylight and in dry conditions is
open and obvious, I cannot agree that no special aspects exist in this case that would give rise to
liability.

        This Court has held that “steps and differing floor levels, such as the uneven pavement . .
. are not ordinarily actionable unless unique circumstances surrounding the area in issue made the
situation unreasonably dangerous.” Weakley v City of Dearborn Hts, 420 Mich. App. 382, 385; 612
NW2d 428 (2000), remanded on other grounds 463 Mich. 980 (2001) (citation omitted). I would
conclude in this case that an at least five-inch vertical discontinuity defect is not only a violation
of MCL 691.1402a, but also that the facts in this case present unique circumstances that makes the
defect unreasonably dangerous.

        MCL 691.1402a(3)(a) presumes that a municipality has maintained a sidewalk in
reasonable repair so long as no vertical discontinuity defect greater than 2 inches exists: the five-
inch vertical discontinuity defect in this case is two-and-a half times greater than what the statutory
presumption allows. On this basis alone, the trial court should have concluded that as a matter of
law, plaintiff successfully rebutted the presumption that defendant had maintained the sidewalk in
reasonable repair. MCL 691.1402a(4). Moreover, the record evidence in this case shows that
defendant knew it was in violation of MCL 691.1402a, and yet did nothing to repair or replace the
affected sidewalk, or even warn pedestrians of the defect. Defendant had received four verbal
complaints about this particular sidewalk as early as 2014, nearly four years before plaintiff fell in
2018. Robert Tarabula, defendant’s Director of Public Services, confirmed at his deposition that
defendant had notice of the condition of the sidewalk long before plaintiff’s fall. Tarabula further
agreed that if an individual were to trip over a sidewalk slab that has a vertical discontinuity defect
of more than two inches, that person could sustain “severe” injuries. On the basis of the foregoing,
I would conclude that defendant’s failure to repair or replace the defect, despite having knowing
of the existence of the defect for four years, contributed to the unreasonably dangerous condition
of the sidewalk.

                                                  -2-
       In my view, plaintiff submitted sufficient evidence to rebut the statutory presumption that
defendant had maintained its sidewalk in reasonable repair. The successfully rebutting of this
presumption give rise to a genuine question of material fact regarding whether the condition of the
portion of sidewalk at issue was unreasonably dangerous. I would reverse the trial court’s order
granting summary disposition to defendant, and remand for further proceedings.

                                                            /s/ Kathleen Jansen

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