Court Opinion

ID: 2924637
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-11 21:04:37.591103+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:39:06.990759
License: Public Domain

NUMBER 13-08-00209-CV

                           COURT OF APPEALS

                 THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                   CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG

MATEO GARCIA, III,                                                      Appellant,

                                         v.

NUECES COUNTY EMPLOYEES
CREDIT UNION,                                                           Appellee.

  On appeal from the 214th District Court of Nueces County, Texas.

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

                  Before Justices Yañez, Garza, and Vela
                  Memorandum Opinion by Justice Garza

      This case involves numerous causes of action pertaining to the collection of

consumer debt owed on various vehicles by appellant, Mateo Garcia III. Garcia appeals

the trial court’s order granting a no-evidence motion for summary judgment filed by

appellee, Nueces County Employees Credit Union (“NCECU”). By one issue, Garcia

contends that he raised a genuine issue of material fact, thereby precluding summary
judgment, as to his claims for: (1) malicious prosecution; (2) violations of the Texas Debt

Collection Act (“TDCA”), see TEX . FIN . CODE ANN . § 392.301(a) (Vernon 2006); and (3)

unreasonable debt collection. We affirm.

                            I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

        The underlying dispute arose out of the actions of NCECU in collecting consumer

debt on various automobile loans obtained by Garcia. NCECU began extending credit to

and executing loan agreements with Garcia in the spring of 1999. In particular, one of the

loans obtained was for a 1995 Pontiac Firebird. The loan agreement for the Firebird was

executed on December 1, 1999; Garcia made his first payment via payroll deduction on

February 4, 2000. The loan agreement provided that Garcia’s minimum monthly payment

was to be at least $146.00 and that the total monthly payment on all of his loans was

$474.00.1

        On or about February 9, 2001, and prior to his last payment made by payroll

deduction, Garcia sold the Firebird to Josephine Luna without receiving permission from

NCECU. Luna agreed to pay Garcia $370.00 per month for the vehicle. Luna continually

made payments to Garcia until the Firebird was repossessed by NCECU on January 28,

2002. NCECU alleged that Garcia made his last payment on the loan for the Firebird on

October 12, 2001, even though $7,175.12 was still owed on the vehicle. NCECU notified

Garcia of the delinquency and demanded that he bring current the payments on the

Firebird. Garcia ignored NCECU’s notices, and NCECU, in turn, repossessed the vehicle.

        Displeased with the repossession of the Firebird, Luna, on February 5, 2002,

        1
        In addition to the Firebird, the record reflects that Garcia also took out loans from NCECU for a 1998
Ford Crown Victoria, a 1989 Nissan Maxim a, and a pickup.

                                                      2
notified Garcia that she intended to pursue a claim against him for numerous violations of

the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act. On April 9, 2002, Luna executed a “WITNESS

STATEMENT” noting the circumstances surrounding her purchase of the Firebird and

stating that she would not have purchased the Firebird had she been made aware that

NCECU had a first priority lien on the vehicle.

        As a result of his dealings with Luna, Garcia was indicted for one count of hindering

secured creditors, see TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 32.33 (Vernon 2003), and one count of

felony theft, see id. § 31.03 (Vernon Supp. 2008).2 The State dismissed the indictment

against Garcia on May 3, 2004, because it was “unable to locate key witnesses.”

        On August 26, 2005, Garcia filed his original petition asserting claims against

NCECU for wrongful debt collection, unreasonable debt collection, malicious prosecution,

extortion, intentional infliction of emotional distress, wrongful repossession, libel, slander,

negligence, assault, wrongful arrest, and for violations of the finance code and the

deceptive trade practices act. However, after granting Garcia an extension on March 29,

2006, the trial court dismissed Garcia’s case for want of prosecution on May 2, 2006.

        On November 15, 2006, Garcia re-filed his petition against NCECU, asserting the

same claims made in the August 26, 2005 petition. On December 18, 2006, the trial court

sustained NCECU’s special exceptions to Garcia’s November 15, 2006 petition. In its

special exceptions, NCECU alleged that Garcia failed to supply sufficient facts to support

the claims contained in his petition.

        2
          On appeal, Garcia alleges that he “violated no known law,” and that he resigned from his job as a
bailiff because he was hum iliated by the charges brought against him and he desired to prevent
“em barrassm ent to his judge.” Garcia further alleges that he was threatened with prosecution if he did not
pay $13,500 to NCECU for the rem aining balance on the Firebird. Garcia executed an affidavit stating that
the $13,500 allegedly owed had “no basis in any fact to [his] knowledge.”

                                                     3
        In response to the trial court’s ruling on NCECU’s special exceptions, Garcia filed

a “Supplemental Petition” on December 29, 2006. Garcia apparently intended for the

“Supplemental Petition” to be an amended petition.3 In this filing, Garcia asserted claims

for: (1) violations of the TDCA under section 392.301 of the finance code, see TEX . FIN .

CODE ANN . § 392.201(a); (2) unreasonable debt collection; (3) malicious prosecution; and

(4) intentional infliction of emotional distress.4

        On February 26, 2007, NCECU filed a traditional motion for summary judgment,

asserting that Garcia’s claims were time-barred. Garcia filed a response to NCECU’s

motion for summary judgment, contending that he was of unsound mind as a result of

NCECU’s actions, thus necessitating the tolling of the limitations period.5 On March 28,

2007, the trial court denied NCECU’s traditional motion for summary judgment.

        Subsequently, NCECU filed a no-evidence motion for summary judgment, noting

that an adequate time for discovery had passed and that Garcia had failed to provide

competent summary judgment evidence as to the elements of the claims asserted in his

        3
            W ith respect to his “Supplem ental Petition,” Garcia noted the following:

        Mateo Garcia respectfully files this Supplem ental Petition. Opposing Counsel pointed out
        that his previous petition had the wrong cause num ber and suggested that it was m isnam ed.
        It was agreed that the cause num ber was incorrect and the nam e could be changed.
        However, there was no intention to elim inate assertion of the doctrine of tolling due to
        unsound m ind. . . . Plaintiff asserts the doctrine of tolling due to unsound m ind.

In addition, the record contains a rule 11 agreem ent between the parties indicating that Garcia’s
“Supplem ental Petition” was m isnam ed and that it was intended to be an am ended petition. See T EX . R. C IV .
P. 11.

        4
           Because the trial court sustained NCECU’s special exceptions to Garcia’s Novem ber 15, 2006
petition and because Garcia did not re-assert m any of the claim s contained in his Novem ber 15, 2006 petition,
we conclude that those claim s not included in Garcia’s Decem ber 29, 2006 “Supplem ental Petition” were
abandoned.

        5
          Attached to Garcia’s response to NCECU’s m otion for sum m ary judgm ent were affidavits executed
by him self and psychologist Barbara Beckham M.D., detailing his unsound m ental state.

                                                        4
December 29, 2006 petition. On November 13, 2007, Garcia filed a response to NCECU’s

no-evidence motion for summary judgment and attached various exhibits, including several

loan agreements he had with NCECU, and affidavits that he executed.

        NCECU filed both objections to and a motion to strike Garcia’s summary judgment

evidence, asserting that: (1) the affidavits Garcia relied upon were conclusory and that he

attempted to offer expert testimony when he was not an expert; (2) there was no evidence

supporting the statements made in the affidavits; (3) the affidavits were not the best

evidence of the alleged causes of action; and (4) the affidavits contained improper legal

conclusions.6 The record does not contain a ruling on NCECU’s objections to and motion

to strike Garcia’s summary judgment evidence.

        The trial court heard arguments on NCECU’s no-evidence motion for summary

judgment on January 24, 2008. On that same day, the trial court granted NCECU’s no-

evidence motion for summary judgment as to all of Garcia’s claims. On February 21, 2008,

Garcia filed a motion for new trial and a motion for sanctions. Garcia alleged that counsel

for NCECU repeatedly lied to the trial court, filed frivolous pleadings, and made frivolous

arguments. On March 19, 2008, the trial court conducted a hearing on Garcia’s motion for

new trial and motion for sanctions; on the same day, the trial court denied Garcia’s motion

for new trial and his motion for sanctions. This appeal ensued.

                                       II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        A party may move for summary judgment under rule 166a(i) on the ground that

there is no evidence of one or more essential elements of a claim or defense on which an

        6
          NCECU’s objections to and m otion to strike Garcia’s sum m ary judgm ent evidence was directed at
both Garcia’s Novem ber 13, 2007 affidavit and his affidavit executed in response to NCECU’s traditional
m otion for sum m ary judgm ent.

                                                    5
adverse party would have the burden of proof at trial. TEX . R. CIV. P. 166a(i); W. Invs., Inc.

v. Urena, 162 S.W.3d 547, 550 (Tex. 2005); Duvall v. Tex. Dep't of Human Servs., 82
S.W.3d 474, 477 (Tex. App.–Austin 2002, no pet.). Unless the non-movant produces

summary judgment evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact on the challenged

elements, the court must grant the motion. TEX . R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Urena, 162 S.W.3d at

548; Duvall, 82 S.W.3d at 477-78.

       In reviewing a no-evidence claim, we view the evidence in a light that tends to

support the finding of the disputed fact and disregard all evidence and inferences to the

contrary. Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 581-82 (Tex. 2006); City of Keller

v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005). If more than a scintilla of evidence exists, it

is legally sufficient. Minyard Food Stores, Inc. v. Goodman, 80 S.W.3d 573, 577 (Tex.

2002). Evidence is more than a scintilla when it rises to the level that would enable

reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions. Duvall, 82 S.W.3d at 478.

But when evidence offered to prove a vital fact is so weak as to do no more than create a

mere surmise or suspicion of its existence, it is no more than a scintilla and, in legal effect,

is no evidence. Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 600 (Tex. 2004); Duvall, 82
S.W.3d at 478. A no-evidence summary judgment is improperly granted if the non-movant

presents more than a scintilla of probative evidence to raise a genuine issue of material

fact. Lampasas v. Spring Ctr., Inc., 988 S.W.2d 428, 432 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.]

1999, no pet.).

                                         III. ANALYSIS

       In his sole issue on appeal, Garcia contends that he produced sufficient evidence

to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to each element of his claims for violations of

                                               6
the TDCA, unreasonable debt collection, and malicious prosecution.7 NCECU counters

by arguing that Garcia failed to raise an genuine fact issue regarding his claims and that

he failed to proffer competent summary judgment evidence.8

A.      Malicious Prosecution

        Garcia argues that NCECU sought out the Nueces County District Attorney’s Office

to harass him into making a payment of $13,5009—which he disputes was not owed—on

his consumer debt by threatening criminal prosecution. Conversely, NCECU asserts that

Garcia violated sections 31.03 and 32.33 of the penal code when he sold the Firebird to

Luna; therefore, the indictment against Garcia was not used for the purpose of harassing

or threatening Garcia into making a payment on his consumer debt. See TEX . PENAL CODE

ANN . §§ 31.03, 32.33.

        1.       Applicable Law

        There are seven elements of a malicious prosecution claim in Texas: (1) the

commencement of a criminal prosecution against the plaintiff; (2) the initiation or

procurement of the prosecution by the defendant; (3) termination of the prosecution in the

plaintiff’s favor; (4) the plaintiff’s innocence; (5) the lack of probable cause for the

        7
           On appeal, Garcia does not address the intentional infliction of em otional distress claim that he
raised in the trial court. See T EX . R. A PP . P. 38.1(e).

         8
           NCECU urges this Court to strike Garcia’s appellate brief because G arcia failed to include
appropriate citations to authority to support his contentions. See T EX . R. A PP . P. 38.1(h). Though Garcia’s
appellate brief could have been better drafted, he has included citations to the record and appropriate authority
for the m ajority of his contentions. Accordingly, we DENY NCECU’s m otion to strike.

        9
         The record does not appear to support Garcia’s allegation that he was ordered to pay $13,500.
Garcia has not directed us to any evidence supporting his affidavit testim ony that NCECU directed him to pay
$13,500.

                                                       7
proceedings; (6) malice in filing the charge;10 and (7) damage suffered by the plaintiff. See

Richey v. Brookshire Grocery Co., 952 S.W.2d 515, 517 (Tex. 1997); see also Coniglio v.

Snyder, 756 S.W.2d 743, 744 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 1988, writ denied).

        2.       Discussion

        In an affidavit filed in response to NCECU’s no-evidence motion for summary

judgment, Garcia noted the following:

               Olga P[o]mpa [a manager at NCECU] threatened to accuse me of a
        crime if I did not pay amounts not owed. The Credit Union’s own records
        show the amounts were not owed. She demanded $13,500 or else I would
        be prosecuted (Craig Hill did also on her behalf). I told her I didn’t owe so
        much. She said I had to pay the entire amount or else be prosecuted for a
        crime. . . . The Credit Union’s own documentation shows I owed at most a
        few hundred dollars at the time I resigned my job but she insisted that I pay
        $13,500—a number with no basis in any fact to my knowledge.

                 ....

               The Credit Union is identified as the “victim” on the Offense Report.
        The Offense Reports [sic] states that the Credit Union brought this case to
        the District Attorney. A note exists from Ogla [sic] P[o]mpa to Craig Hill.
        Several “To Whom It May Concern Letters” also exist. One of these letters
        has the business card of a police officer attached. The Offense Report
        states that the Credit Union provided documents to the District Attorney and
        obviously statements are made in the Offense Report that could have
        originated nowhere other than from the Credit Union (e.g. payment history).

In addition, Garcia attached to his response, among other things, a copy of the loan

agreement for the Firebird. The loan agreement provided:

               SECURITY INTEREST: In return for receiving the benefits of your
        open-end loan advance or other consideration, and by signing on the
        previous page or by endorsing a check you receive for your loan, you grant
        the Credit Union a security interest in the property described as collateral on
        the previous page. This security interest covers not only that property but all

        10
            “Malice is generally defined as ill will, evil m otive, gross indifference, or reckless disregard of the
rights of others.” Thrift v. Hubbard, 974 S.W .2d 70, 80 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 1998, pet. denied). Malice
m ay be established by either direct or circum stantial evidence and m ay be inferred from lack of probable
cause. Id.

                                                         8
         proceeds, substitutions, or replacements, accessions, improvements, all
         proceeds from insurance, and all refunds of unearned premiums. . . .

                 OWNERSHIP OF COLLATERAL: You promise that you will use the
         proceeds of the open-end loan advance to buy the collateral or that you own
         the collateral. You promise that no one else has any interest in or claim
         against the collateral other than those you have already disclosed to the
         credit union. You agree not to sell, lease, or give it as collateral to anyone
         else until you have repaid what you own the Credit Union or the Credit Union
         gives its written permission.

         Garcia also attached a copy of the offense report compiled by the Nueces County

District Attorney’s Office. The report stated that Garcia improperly sold the Firebird to

Luna, and that at the time the Firebird was repossessed, Garcia owed a balance of

$7,175.12 plus a $250.00 charge for the repossession. The report further stated that: (1)

Garcia failed to give the proceeds of the sale of the Firebird to NCECU; (2) that Garcia

failed to return the vehicle to NCECU; (3) Luna lost her money and vehicle as a result of

Garcia’s actions and NCECU’s repossession of the Firebird; and (4) this information was

obtained from NCECU. As a result of Garcia’s actions, the Nueces County District

Attorney’s Office filed charges for hindering a secured creditor (in violation of section 32.33

of the penal code) and felony theft11 (in violation of section 31.03 of the penal code). See

TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . §§ 31.03, 32.33.

         Garcia also provided a copy of a statement he received from NCECU chronicling

his payment history from January 1, 2002 to April 30, 2002. At this time, Garcia owed a

balance of $7,175.12 on the Firebird. The statement did not include the repossession fee,

         11
              Section 31.03 of the Texas Penal Code states, in relevant part, that: “A person com m its an offense
[of theft] if he unlawfully appropriates property with intent to deprive the owner of property.” T EX . P EN AL C O DE
A N N . § 31.03(a) (Vernon Supp. 2008). However, in addressing Garcia’s m alicious prosecution claim , we need
only address the applicability of section 32.33 of the penal code. See T EX . R. A PP . P. 47.1.

                                                          9
and it addressed Garcia’s other loans with NCECU which are not the focus of this issue.12

        Garcia’s summary judgment evidence appears to establish several of the elements

required to advance a claim for malicious prosecution. It is clear from the record that: (1)

criminal charges were brought against Garcia; (2) NCECU provided information to the

Nueces County District Attorney’s Office which resulted in the commencement of the

prosecution against Garcia; and (3) the charges were dismissed in Garcia’s favor. See

Richey, 952 S.W.2d at 517. However, Garcia failed to offer evidence raising an issue of

material fact as to the lack of probable cause for the proceedings or malice. See id.

        Section 32.33 of the penal code provides, in relevant part, that: “A person who has

signed a security agreement creating a security interest in property or a mortgage or deed

of trust creating a lien on property commits an offense if, with intent to hinder enforcement

of that interest or lien, he destroys, removes, conceals, encumbers, or otherwise harms or

reduces the value of the property.” TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 32.33(b). Section 32.33

further provides that:

        A person who is a debtor under a security agreement, and who does not
        have a right to sell or dispose of the secured property or is required to
        account to the secured party for the proceeds of a permitted sale or
        disposition, commits an offense if the person sells or otherwise disposes of
        the secured property, or does not account to the secured party for the
        proceeds of a sale or other disposition as required, with intent to appropriate
        (as defined in Chapter 31) the proceeds or value of the secured property. A
        person is presumed to have intended to appropriate proceeds if the person
        does not deliver the proceeds to the secured party or account to the secured
        party for the proceeds before the 11th day after the day that the secured
        party makes a lawful demand for the proceeds or account. . . .

Id. § 32.33(e) (emphasis added).

        12
          NCECU statem ent provided that Garcia had an outstanding balance of $1,748.51 on the Maxim a
and a balance of $4,680.52 on the Crown Victoria. The pickup did not have an outstanding balance. The
statem ent further provided that the M axim a was sold for $1,400.00, and the Crown Victoria was sold for
$5,000.00.

                                                  10
        Garcia sold the Firebird to Luna even though the loan agreement prohibited him

from doing so; Garcia never accounted to NCECU for the proceeds from the sale of the

Firebird. Therefore, Garcia’s sale of the Firebird appears support a charge for a violation

of section 32.33(e) of the penal code. See id. Furthermore, the charges against Garcia

were dropped because the State had difficulty in locating witnesses. Garcia was not

acquitted of the charges; in fact, no findings were made with regard to Garcia’s guilt or

innocence. However, the record supports a finding that the charges against Garcia were

neither false nor frivolous. Moreover, Garcia’s summary judgment evidence does not raise

a material fact question as to whether NCECU possessed an “ill will, evil motive, gross

indifference, or reckless disregard of the rights of others” in contacting the Nueces County

District Attorney’s Office about Garcia’s alleged criminal violations. See Thrift v. Hubbard,

974 S.W.2d 70, 80 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 1998, pet. denied). Accordingly, we conclude

that Garcia failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to several elements of his

malicious prosecution claim; therefore, NCECU was entitled to judgment as a matter of

law. See TEX . R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Urena, 162 S.W.3d at 548; Duvall, 82 S.W.3d at 477.

B.      Violations of the TDCA

        With respect to his TDCA claim, Garcia contends that NCECU threatened him with

criminal charges in order to collect on consumer debt he owed, which violated the TDCA.

See TEX . FIN . CODE ANN . § 392.301(a). Garcia further contends that the criminal charges

brought against him were false and brought for the sole purpose of extortion. As a result

of NCECU actions, Garcia argues that he suffered extreme mental anguish and financial

loss.   NCECU asserts that Garcia failed to produce competent summary judgment

evidence establishing that he was falsely accused of a crime or was threatened with false

                                             11
accusations of a crime in an attempt to collect on consumer debt he owed.

         1.       Applicable Law

         The TDCA provides remedies for wrongful debt collection practices arising out of

a debtor-creditor relationship. See Ford v. City State Bank of Palacios, 44 S.W.3d 121,

135 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2001, no pet.); see also Peters v. Quinney, No. 03-01-

00043-CV, 2001 Tex. App. LEXIS 8395, at *11 (Tex. App.–Austin Dec. 20, 2001, no pet.)

(mem. op.). Section 392.301 of the finance code provides, in relevant part, that:

         (a) In debt collection, a debt collector[13] may not use threats, coercion, or
         attempts to coerce that employ any of the following practices:

                  ....

                  (2) accusing falsely or threatening to accuse falsely a person of fraud
                  or any other crime;

                  (3) representing or threatening to represent to any person other than
                  the consumer that a consumer is wilfully refusing to pay a
                  nondisputed consumer debt when the debt is in dispute and the
                  consumer has notified in writing the debt collector of the dispute;

                  ....

                  (5) threatening that the debtor will be arrested for nonpayment of a
                  consumer debt without proper court proceedings;

                  (6) threatening to file a charge, complaint, or criminal action against
                  a debtor when the debtor has not violated a criminal law;

                  ....

                  (8) threatening to take an action prohibited by law.

TEX . FIN . CODE ANN . § 392.301(a). Subsection (b) provides that a debt collector is not

         13
            Section 392.001 of the finance code provides that a “debt collector” is a “person who directly or
indirectly engages in debt collection and includes a person who sells or offers to sell form s represented to be
a collection system , device, or schem e intended to be used to collect consum er debts.” T EX . F IN . C OD E A N N .
§ 392.001(6) (Vernon 2006). Neither party disputes NCECU’s characterization as a debt collector.

                                                         12
prevented from:

                 (1) informing a debtor that the debtor may be arrested after proper
                 court proceedings if the debtor has violated a criminal law of this
                 state;

                 (2) threatening to institute civil lawsuits or other judicial proceedings
                 to collect a consumer debt; or

                 (3) exercising or threatening to exercise a statutory or contractual right
                 of seizure, repossession, or sale that does not require court
                 proceedings.

Id. § 392.301(b).

       2.        Discussion

       Garcia asserts that he was a consumer, noting that the loan obtained from NCECU

was “primarily for personal, family, or household use.” Garcia further asserts that NCECU

violated the TDCA when it allegedly threatened him with criminal charges if he did not pay

off his debts.

       The TDCA defines a “consumer” as “an individual who has a consumer debt.” Id.

§ 392.001(1) (Vernon 2006). Consumer debt is “an obligation, or an alleged obligation,

primarily for personal, family, or household purposes and arising from a transaction or

alleged transaction.” Id. § 392.001(2). Garcia directs us to the loan agreements which he

executed with NCECU. The “ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS” section of the loan agreements

provided that: “It is your intention to use this open-end credit plan primarily for personal,

family, or household use.” Garcia also relies on his own affidavit testimony, whereby he

stated that the loan from NCECU was for his own benefit and that the vehicles purchased

with the loan were for his “personal purposes.” The record supports Garcia’s contention

that he was a consumer and that the collateral covered by the loan agreement was for

personal use under the TDCA. See id. § 391.001(1)-(2).

                                                13
        In support of his contention that NCECU violated the TDCA, Garcia points to his

affidavits and the offense report generated by the Nueces County District Attorney’s Office.

Garcia alleges that this summary judgment evidence demonstrated that NCECU “brought

the case to the District Attorney’s Office” and that NCECU repeatedly threatened him with

criminal charges if he did not pay off the remaining balances on the loan agreements he

had with NCECU. Specifically, Garcia, in one of his affidavits, noted that “[t]here was no

crime. Mateo paid for these loans with payroll deduction. . . . He was substantially current.

Further, Appellee was responsible for and had control of Mateo’s payroll deductions.

Appellee never complained about any small delinquency until it started persecuting Mateo.”

(Record citations omitted.) Garcia further noted that: (1) several people tried to make

payments on the loans on his behalf, but NCECU refused to accept the payments; and (2)

the alleged $13,500 owed was not supported by any of NCECU’s records.

        Despite his contentions, Garcia’s summary judgment evidence does not raise a

question of material fact as to whether NCECU violated the TDCA. Garcia has not pointed

to any evidence in the record demonstrating that: (1) NCECU threatened him with a false

criminal complaint or that NCECU caused him to be falsely accused of a crime; (2) NCECU

threatened Garcia with arrest for nonpayment of his debts without proper court

proceedings; or (3) NCECU took an action prohibited by law.14 See TEX . R. APP. P. 38.1(h).

        14
             In arguing that section 392.301(a)(3) applies to this m atter, Garcia states the following:

                 Number 2(b). The statute prohibits representing that a debtor is refusing to pay an
        undisputed debt when he is not. . . . Mateo was paying as evidenced by the Credit Union’s
        own docum ents. Appellee even refused paym ents that were tendered. Further, Appellee
        actually owed Mateo not vice versa . . . . Nevertheless, the Credit Union represented that
        M ateo was not paying on the debt for over a year— there is no specific objection to the
        hearsay nature of this statem ent so this objection is waived.

(Em phasis in original.) At no point on appeal has Garcia cited evidence in the record that NCECU
represented to another person that he refused to pay his disputed consum er debt after he had notified NCECU

                                                        14
We conclude that Garcia has failed to bring forth more than a scintilla of probative

evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact as to his claim that NCECU violated the

TDCA; therefore, NCECU was entitled to judgment as a matter of law on Garcia’s TDCA

claims. See TEX . R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Urena, 162 S.W.3d at 548; Duvall, 82 S.W.3d at

477-78.

C.      Unreasonable Debt Collection

        With respect to his claim for unreasonable debt collection, Garcia argues, in one

paragraph, that “threatening a law enforcement officer with prosecution for a nonexistent

crime and attempting to groundlessly extort money from him when he owes no money is

an unreasonable way to collect a debt” and that “a jury could infer that the described

conduct was willful, wanton, malicious, and for purposes of harassment.” NCECU asserts

that Garcia did not produce competent summary judgment evidence creating a fact issue

on this claim.

        1.       Applicable Law

        Unreasonable debt collection is an intentional tort. EMC Mortgage Corp. v. Jones,

252 S.W.3d 857, 868 (Tex. App.–Dallas 2008, no pet.). The elements are not clearly

defined and the conduct deemed to constitute an unreasonable15 debt collection effort

varies from case to case. Id. “The method of submission of the issue to a jury is as varied

that he was disputing the debt. See id. § 392.301(a)(3) (Vernon 2006); see also T EX . R. A PP . P. 38.1(h). As
such, we consider this sub-issue to be inadequately briefed. See T EX . R. A PP . P. 38.1(h).

        15
           “The com m on, everyday m eaning of ‘unreasonable’ is ‘exceeding the bounds of reason or
m oderation.’” EMC Mortgage v. Jones, 252 S.W .3d 857, 869 (Tex. App.–Dallas 2008, no pet.) (quoting
W EBSTER ’S IN T ’L D IC TIO N AR Y 2507 (3rd ed. 1981)).

                                                     15
as the conduct giving rise to the tort.”16 Id. Essentially, conduct giving rise to the tort

includes “efforts that amount to a course of harassment that was willful, wanton, malicious,

and intended to inflict mental anguish and bodily harm.” See Montgomery Ward & Co. v.

Brewer, 416 S.W.2d 837, 844 (Tex. Civ. App.–Waco 1967, writ ref’d n.r.e.); Connell v.

Rosales, 419 S.W.2d 673, 676 (Tex. Civ. App.–Texarkana 1967, no writ).

        2.       Discussion

        In asserting that NCECU engaged in unreasonable debt collection, Garcia appears

to rely heavily on his arguments pertaining to the issue of TDCA violations. Garcia has not

cited any evidence demonstrating that NCECU’s conduct was willful, wanton, or malicious

in attempting to collect on his debt. See TEX . R. APP. P. 38.1(h). Garcia’s bald allegations

that NCECU engaged in unreasonable debt collection does not create more than a scintilla

of probative evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact. See Ford Motor Co., 135
S.W.3d at 600 (holding that less than a scintilla of evidence exists when the evidence is

so weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise or suspicion of a fact). Furthermore,

we have already rejected Garcia’s assertions that he raised a material fact issue as to

NCECU’s alleged TDCA violations. We therefore conclude that NCECU was entitled to

judgment as a matter of law on Garcia’s unreasonable debt collection claims.

                                              IV. CONCLUSION

        Having concluded that Garcia failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to

the essential elements his claims for malicious prosecution, violations of the TDCA, and

unreasonable debt collection, we overrule his sole issue on appeal. Accordingly, we affirm

        16
          Compare Household Credit Servs., Inc. v. Driscol, 989 S.W .2d 72, 81 n.3 (Tex. App.–El Paso 1988,
writ denied) (subm ission as a form of negligence) with Montgomery W ard & Co. v. Brewer, 416 S.W .2d 837,
844 (Tex. Civ. App.–W aco 1967, writ ref’d n.r.e) (subm ission with instruction defining the level of intentional
conduct required).

                                                      16
the judgment of the trial court.

                                                  DORI CONTRERAS GARZA,
                                                  Justice

Memorandum Opinion delivered and
filed this the 20th day of November, 2008.

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