Court Opinion

ID: 4195277
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-08-11 16:07:38.984003+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:47:27.452239
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                          COURT OF APPEALS

BRANG, INC., doing business as 5 CORNERS                          FOR PUBLICATION
PARTY STORE,                                                      August 10, 2017
                                                                  9:00 a.m.
              Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                 No. 333007
                                                                  Montcalm Circuit Court
LIQUOR CONTROL COMMISSION,                                        LC No. 2015-020793-AA

              Defendant-Appellee.

Before: HOEKSTRA, P.J., and MURPHY and K. F. KELLY, JJ.

MURPHY, J.

        This appeal concerns the enforcement of Mich Admin Code, R 436.1011(6)(e), which
precludes an establishment licensed by defendant Liquor Control Commission (LCC) from
“[a]llow[ing] narcotics paraphernalia to be used, stored, exchanged, or sold on the licensed
premises.” The question posed to us regards the proper identification of products or merchandise
that fall under the umbrella of “narcotics paraphernalia,” as that term is employed in Rule
436.1011(6)(e). Plaintiff Brang, Inc. (the store), appeals by leave granted1 the circuit court’s
order affirming the LCC’s affirmation of a determination by an LCC hearing commissioner that
recovered items that had been displayed and on sale in the store constituted narcotics
paraphernalia in violation of Rule 436.1011(6)(e). We hold that Rule 436.1011(6)(e) is
unconstitutionally vague with respect to the meaning of “narcotics paraphernalia.” Accordingly,
we reverse and remand for further proceedings.

                                     I. BACKGROUND

       On September 16, 2013, the LCC issued a complaint against the store, alleging that, on
August 8, 2013, LCC investigators had discovered numerous items in the store that were
available for purchase by customers, which merchandise the LCC characterized as narcotics

1
 Brang, Inc v Liquor Control Comm, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered August
23, 2016 (Docket No. 333007).

                                              -1-
paraphernalia under and in violation of Rule 436.1011(6)(e).2 A violation hearing before an
LCC hearing commissioner was held on December 11, 2013, and the two LCC investigators who
conducted the inspection of the store on August 8, 2013, testified on behalf of the LCC. Based
on their experience and under the totality of the circumstances, including product placement in
glass cases, product price, function, design, and size, and product location in conjunction to other
items, the investigators opined that the merchandise at issue constituted narcotics paraphernalia.
According to the investigators, stickers indicating that the items were for tobacco use only did
not mean that the merchandise was not narcotics paraphernalia. The investigators seized the
products, packaged them up, and transported them back to an LCC district office.

        One of the store’s owners testified that the items were merely tobacco accessories and
that they were kept in glass cases because they were expensive, with some of the products being
very small and susceptible to easy shoplifting if not protected by encasement. He further
indicated that there was over 100 pounds of loose tobacco on sale in the store, including in the
glass cases. The owner also testified that the township liquor inspector, who was unaffiliated
with the LCC, along with local law enforcement, had often been in the store and voiced no
concerns or anything about the merchandise now being described as narcotics paraphernalia.
The owner claimed that the items were not for use in association with narcotics. A document,
described as an LCC interpretive statement, and which was accessible on the LCC’s website, was
admitted into evidence at the hearing. The interpretive statement, before setting forth a non-
exhaustive list of items that could be characterized as narcotics paraphernalia, provided that
“[n]arcotics paraphernalia can best be described as any equipment, product, or materials used in
concealing, producing, processing, preparing, injecting, ingesting, inhaling or otherwise
introducing into the human body controlled substances, which are unlawful under state, federal

2
  As contained in the complaint, the alleged violations of Rule 436.1011(6)(e) were separated
into 27 numbered paragraphs that grouped certain products together that had been confiscated
from the store by the LCC. The 27 paragraphs, or charges, identified and classified the
following items or products as narcotics paraphernalia: (1) 46 assorted metal pipes; (2) 12 glass
tube pipes; (3) three bowl wood pipes; (4) five wood metal folding pipes; (5) two magnet pipes;
(6) 13 one hitter pipes; (7) three splitter lighters and five “splitters-EZ-split”; (8) three glass
pipes and two yellow glass pipes; (9) three stone pipes and one pipe head; (10) one pack of four
glass tubes with four accessories; (11) one dish of assorted glass screens, one pack of assorted
rubber accessories, one pack of assorted glass screens in baggies, one dish metal screen, and one
pack of five metal pipe fittings; (12) 69 assorted glass pipes; (13) 12 glass tube pipes; (14) 29
glass bongs; (15) two “vehicle glass and plastic/metal bong/pipe system”; (16) two medium glass
pipes; (17) three boxes of “Toke Token Papers and 1 box of Randy’s wired papers (both
opened)”; (18) one open box of letter postal scales and 15 box pocket scales; (19) eight grinders;
(20) one Tootsie Roll storage container with false bottom; (21) one magic flight kit; (22) one
“stok vaporizer” and three “eclipse Vake kits”; (23) four open boxes of Zig Zag wraps; (24) two
theme bongs; (25) eight large glass bongs; (26) three colored plastic bongs; and (27) “1 dish
chicken bones 2 pipes, 1 dish 9mm 1 pipe, 1 dish 12 glass pipes, 1 dish 9 glass pipes, 1 dish of
31 [3-inch] glass pipes, 1 dish of 13 [4-inch] and [6-inch] glass pipes and 1 dish of 21 glass pipes
8mm.”

                                                -2-
or local law.” The interpretive statement’s references to some of the listed items, e.g., water
pipes and pipe screens, contain exceptions when the items are sold in conjunction with loose
tobacco or tobacco products.

        On January 10, 2014, the LCC commissioner issued an order finding that the evidence
substantiated all of the 27 paragraphs of allegations, or charges, contained in the LCC complaint
against the store. The commissioner imposed a fine of $50 for each of the 27 charges, totaling
$1,350, ordered a one-day suspension of the store’s liquor license, and directed that the seized
items be disposed of in accordance with the law. The store then requested a violation appeal
hearing, and a three-member LCC Appeal Board (the Board) granted the request. A violation
appeal hearing was conducted over two days on September 9 and December 9, 2014. The Board
remanded the case back to the hearing commissioner, indicating that it had concerns whether the
merchandise constituted narcotics paraphernalia in light of the evidence, the developments in the
law regarding medical marijuana under the Michigan Medical Marihuana Act (MMMA), MCL
333.26421 et seq., and the definition of “drug paraphernalia” under the Public Health Code
(PHC), MCL 333.1101 et seq.3

        On remand on March 25, 2015, a hearing was again conducted by the hearing
commissioner, and the parties agreed to incorporate the record from the prior evidentiary
hearing. In addition, the LCC presented the testimony of one of its investigators who had not
previously testified and who had a background working as a police officer, in which position he
gained extensive knowledge and experience regarding narcotics and narcotics paraphernalia. He
did indicate that he had never smoked tobacco and had no specialized training with respect to
tobacco use. The investigator did however opine that, based on his background, training, and
experience and under a totality of the circumstances, all of the seized merchandise, except for the
rolling papers, was primarily, if not exclusively, used in association with narcotics, not tobacco,
and constituted narcotics paraphernalia. The hearing commissioner concluded that the evidence
substantiated 25 of the 27 charges in the complaint, dismissing the two charges pertaining to
rolling papers. He again imposed a $50 fine for each violation and a one-day license suspension,
along with directing the disposal of the seized items.

3
  MCL 333.7453(1) provides that “a person shall not sell or offer for sale drug paraphernalia,
knowing that the drug paraphernalia will be used to plant, propagate, cultivate, grow, harvest,
manufacture, compound, convert, produce, process, prepare, test, analyze, pack, repack, store,
contain, conceal, inject, ingest, inhale, or otherwise introduce into the human body a controlled
substance.” MCL 333.7451 states that “drug paraphernalia” is “any equipment, product,
material, or combination of equipment, products, or materials, which is specifically designed for
use in planting; propagating; cultivating; growing; harvesting; manufacturing; compounding;
converting; producing; processing; preparing; testing; analyzing; packaging; repackaging;
storing; containing; concealing; injecting, ingesting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing into the
human body a controlled substance[.]” MCL 333.7451(a) through (m) set forth a non-exhaustive
list of examples, with each example providing that the item must be “specifically designed” for
use in connection with controlled substances.

                                                -3-
       Once again, an appeal to the Board ensued, and this time the Board, in a 2-to-1 ruling,
affirmed the hearing commissioner’s decision following a hearing on October 6, 2015,
concluding that he did not err with respect to his findings of fact and conclusions of law. The
store appealed to the circuit court, and the court affirmed the Board’s ruling, stating that the
seized merchandise met “the plain language definition of drug paraphernalia.” The store now
appeals by leave granted.

                      II. THE CREATION AND AUTHORITY OF THE LCC

         The Legislature “may by law establish a liquor control commission which, subject to
statutory limitations, shall exercise complete control of the alcoholic beverage traffic within this
state, including the retail sales thereof.” Const 1963, art 4, § 40. Currently in place, statutorily
speaking, is the Michigan Liquor Control Code of 1998 (the Code), MCL 436.1101 et seq.
Except as otherwise provided by the Code, the LCC “shall have the sole right, power, and duty to
control the alcoholic beverage traffic and traffic in other alcoholic liquor within this state,
including the manufacture, importation, possession, transportation and sale thereof.” MCL
436.1201(2). Under MCL 436.1215(1), the LCC is authorized to “adopt rules and regulations
governing the carrying out of [the Code] and the duties and responsibilities of licensees in the
proper conduct and management of their licensed places.” Rules of the LCC must be
promulgated pursuant to the Administrative Procedures Act of 1969 (APA), MCL 24.201 et seq.
MCL 436.1215(1).

                                  III. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

        Findings and decisions of the LCC are reviewable pursuant to Const 1963, art 6, § 28.
Semaan v Liquor Control Comm, 425 Mich 28, 40-41; 387 NW2d 786 (1986); Kotmar, Ltd v
Liquor Control Comm, 207 Mich App 687, 689; 525 NW2d 921 (1994). And Const 1963, art 6,
§ 28, provides as follows:

                 All final decisions, findings, rulings and orders of any administrative
         officer or agency existing under the constitution or by law, which are judicial or
         quasi-judicial and affect private rights or licenses, shall be subject to direct review
         by the courts as provided by law. This review shall include, as a minimum, the
         determination whether such final decisions, findings, rulings and orders are
         authorized by law; and, in cases in which a hearing is required, whether the same
         are supported by competent, material and substantial evidence on the whole
         record.[4]

4
    Also, MCL 24.306, which is part of the APA, provides:
                 (1) Except when a statute or the constitution provides for a different scope
         of review, the court shall hold unlawful and set aside a decision or order of an
         agency if substantial rights of the petitioner have been prejudiced because the
         decision or order is any of the following:

                                                  -4-
We review de novo the construction of an administrative rule. City of Coldwater v Consumers
Energy Co, __ Mich __, __; 895 NW2d 154 (2017); slip op at 5.

        With respect to this Court’s review of the circuit court’s examination of agency action,
we must determine whether the circuit court applied correct legal principles and whether the
circuit court misapprehended or grossly misapplied the substantial evidence test in relation to the
agency’s factual findings. Hanlon v Civil Serv Comm, 253 Mich App 710, 716; 660 NW2d 74
(2002). “This latter standard is essentially a clearly erroneous standard of review[.]” Id. This
Court gives great deference to a circuit court’s review of the factual findings made by an
administrative agency, but substantially less deference, if any, is accorded to the circuit court’s
decisions on matters of law. Mericka v Dep’t of Community Health, 283 Mich App 29, 36; 770
NW2d 24 (2009).

           IV. ADMINISTRATIVE RULES – PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION

         Just as with statutes, the foremost rule in construing an administrative rule, and our
primary task, is to discern and give effect to the administrative agency’s intent. City of
Coldwater, __ Mich at __; slip op at 5. This Court begins with an examination of the language
in the administrative rule, which provides the most reliable evidence of the agency’s intent, and
if the language is unambiguous, the rule must be enforced as written, absent any further judicial
construction. Id. at __; slip op at 5-6. We may go beyond the words of the administrative rule to
ascertain the agency’s intent only when the rule is ambiguous. Id. at __; slip op at 6. This Court
must give effect to every clause, phrase, and word in an administrative rule and avoid a
construction that would render any part of the rule surplusage or nugatory. Id. We generally
defer to the construction of an administrative rule given by the agency charged with
administration of the rule when the rule is ambiguous; “[h]owever, this deference does not mean
that a reviewing court abandons its ultimate responsibility to give meaning to . . . administrative

                (a) In violation of the constitution or a statute.
                (b) In excess of the statutory authority or jurisdiction of the agency.

                (c) Made upon unlawful procedure resulting in material prejudice to a
       party.

              (d) Not supported by competent, material and substantial evidence on the
       whole record.

               (e) Arbitrary, capricious or clearly an abuse or unwarranted exercise of
       discretion.

                (f) Affected by other substantial and material error of law.

              (2) The court, as appropriate, may affirm, reverse or modify the decision
       or order or remand the case for further proceedings.

                                                   -5-
rules.” City of Romulus v Dep’t of Environmental Quality, 260 Mich App 54, 65; 678 NW2d
444 (2003) (citation omitted). And such deference is not accorded to the agency when the
administrative rule is unambiguous or when the agency’s interpretation is clearly wrong. Id. at
65-66.

        Section 32(1) of the APA provides that the “[d]efinitions of words and phrases and rules
of construction prescribed in any statute that are made applicable to all statutes of this state also
apply to rules unless clearly indicated to the contrary.” And MCL 8.3 states that “[i]n the
construction of the statutes of this state, the rules stated in sections 3a to 3w shall be observed,
unless such construction would be inconsistent with the manifest intent of the legislature.” MCL
8.3a provides:

                All words and phrases shall be construed and understood according to the
         common and approved usage of the language; but technical words and phrases,
         and such as may have acquired a peculiar and appropriate meaning in the law,
         shall be construed and understood according to such peculiar and appropriate
         meaning.

                              V. DISCUSSION AND RESOLUTION

        Again, Rule 436.1011(6)(e) precludes an establishment licensed by the LCC from
“[a]llow[ing] narcotics paraphernalia to be used, stored, exchanged, or sold on the licensed
premises.” There is no administrative rule defining “narcotics paraphernalia.” And the LCC’s
interpretive statement simply cannot be utilized or relied upon to resolve this case. See MCL
24.232(5).5 An interpretative statement is not a rule. MCL 24.207(h). We hold that the term
“narcotics paraphernalia,” standing alone as it does in Rule 436.1011(6)(e) absent any
parameters, is unconstitutionally vague.6

5
    MCL 24.232(5) provides:

                 A guideline, operational memorandum, bulletin, interpretive statement, or
         form with instructions is not enforceable by an agency, is considered merely
         advisory, and shall not be given the force and effect of law. An agency shall not
         rely upon a guideline, operational memorandum, bulletin, interpretive statement,
         or form with instructions to support the agency's decision to act or refuse to act if
         that decision is subject to judicial review. A court shall not rely upon a guideline,
         operational memorandum, bulletin, interpretive statement, or form with
         instructions to uphold an agency decision to act or refuse to act.
6
  The store does not specifically frame its argument in terms of a constitutional vagueness
challenge; however, the store’s complaints about Rule 436.1011(6)(e), e.g., that there is no
definition of “narcotics paraphernalia” and that there are inadequate standards or principles
governing its application, are essentially in the nature of a vagueness challenge.

                                                 -6-
        “In order to find a law unconstitutionally vague, there must be a showing that (1) it is
overbroad, impinging on First Amendment freedoms; (2) it does not provide fair notice of the
conduct proscribed; or (3) it is so indefinite that it confers unstructured and unlimited discretion
on the trier of fact to determine whether an offense has been committed.” Kotmar, 207 Mich
App at 696 (examining the constitutionality of an LCC rule) (citation omitted). The instant case
does not concern possible intrusions on First Amendment freedoms; rather, our focus is on
whether Rule 436.1011(6)(e) provides fair notice and whether it is too indefinite. “Vagueness
challenges to . . . administrative rules which do not involve First Amendment freedoms must be
examined in light of the facts at hand.” Ron’s Last Chance, Inc v Liquor Control Comm, 124
Mich App 179, 182; 333 NW2d 502 (1983) (citation omitted). Due process requires the
existence of reasonably precise standards to be employed by administrative agencies in
performing their delegated legislative tasks. Adkins v Dep’t of Civil Service, 140 Mich App 202,
213-214; 362 NW2d 919 (1985). In Allison v City of Southfield, 172 Mich App 592, 595-596;
432 NW2d 369 (1988), this Court observed:

               A statute or, in this case, a regulation is violative of due process on the
       ground of vagueness when it either forbids or requires the doing of an act in terms
       so vague that men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning
       and differ as to its application. Essentially, the doctrine of vagueness ensures that
       a regulation give its readers fair notice of what types of conduct are prohibited. . .
       . Even if one of the evils sought to be prevented by the vagueness doctrine is the
       vesting of unstructured discretion and the resultant arbitrary and discriminary
       enforcement of the law, the doctrine is not triggered unless the wording of the
       promulgation is itself vague. [Citations and quotation marks omitted.]

        Agency standards must and need only be as reasonably precise as the subject matter
permits or requires. Mich Waste Sys v Dep’t of Natural Resources, 147 Mich App 729, 739; 383
NW2d 112 (1985) (citations omitted); Adkins, 140 Mich App at 214. “A purpose of this
requirement is to close the door to favoritism, discrimination and arbitrary uncontrolled
discretion on the part of administrative agencies, and provide adequate protection to the interests
of those affected.” Adkins, 140 Mich App at 214 (citations omitted). “[S]tandards must be
sufficiently broad to permit efficient administration . . ., but not so broad that the people are
unprotected from uncontrolled or arbitrary power in the hands of administrative officials.” Mich
Waste Sys, 147 Mich App at 739 (citation omitted).

         Former United States Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart once famously observed, “I
know it when I see it,” in regard to identifying “hard-core pornography,” while adding that he
would not attempt to define the term and questioning whether he even could “succeed in
intelligibly doing so.” Jacobellis v Ohio, 378 US 184, 197; 84 S Ct 1676; 12 L Ed 2d 793 (1964)
(Stewart, J., concurring). Our visceral reaction is similar when it comes to identifying “narcotics
paraphernalia,” giving us pause to find the term unconstitutionally vague and initially making us
wonder whether the language may be as reasonably precise as the subject matter requires.
However, on further and careful reflection and for the reasons expressed below, we conclude that
the term “narcotics paraphernalia” is simply too vague for purposes of fair enforcement, and
reasonably precise standards could indeed be easily crafted in a promulgated rule to avoid the
vagueness problem.

                                                -7-
        First, we find it problematic and confusing that the LCC treats the term “narcotics
paraphernalia” as effectively being interchangeable with the term “drug paraphernalia,” such that
the LCC necessarily views marijuana paraphernalia as violative of Rule 436.1011(6)(e), as
evidenced by the interpretive statement and the positions of the three LCC investigators, the
hearing commissioner, and the Board. The LCC has used the language “narcotics paraphernalia”
ever since Rule 436.1011 first became effective on February 3, 1981, see 1979 Annual Admin
Code Supp, R 436.1011, and at that time our Legislature did not include marijuana in the PHC’s
definition of “narcotic drug,” see MCL 333.7107; 1978 PA 368, effective September 30, 1978.7
All narcotics are drugs, but not all drugs are narcotics. See MCL 333.7107; Merriam-Webster’s
Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed) (defining “narcotic” as “a drug [such as opium or morphine] that
in moderate doses dulls the senses, relieves pain, and induces profound sleep but in excessive
doses causes stupor, coma, or convulsions”); Stedman’s Medical Dictionary (20th ed) (defining
“narcotic” as “[a] drug which, used in moderate doses, produces stupor, insensibility, or sound
sleep”).8 In Michigan v Long, 463 Mich 1032, 1044 n 10; 103 S Ct 3469; 77 L Ed 2d 1201
(1983), the United States Supreme Court commented:

              At the time that the 1963 Michigan Constitution was enacted, it is clear
       that marijuana was considered a narcotic drug. See 1961 Mich Pub Acts, No. 206
       § 1(f). Indeed, it appears that marijuana was considered a narcotic drug in
       Michigan until 1978, when it was removed from the narcotic classification.

        Given this background, and although we appreciate that the definition of “narcotic drug”
in MCL 333.7107 specifically pertains to Article 7 of the PHC (controlled substances), see MCL
333.7101(1) (“for purposes of this article . . .”), we cannot help but question and it escapes us
why the LCC, if it indeed intended to capture marijuana paraphernalia within Rule
436.1011(6)(e), did not simply use the term drug paraphernalia. To be clear, we are not ruling
that the LCC did not intend to encompass marijuana paraphernalia in crafting Rule 436.1011,

7
  In part, MCL 333.7107 provides today, and provided in 1978, that a “narcotic drug”
encompasses:
              (a) Opium and opiate, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation
       of opium or opiate.

              (b) Any salt, compound, isomer, derivative, or preparation thereof which
       is chemically equivalent or identical with any of the substances referred to in
       subdivision (a), but not including the isoquinoline alkaloids of opium.

8
  In United States v Miller, 179 F3d 961, 965 n 7 (CA 5, 1999), the Fifth Circuit of the United
States Court of Appeals noted that “[w]e assume that the Government is aware
that marijuana is not a narcotic and that references in its brief are meant to include all drugs, and
not just narcotics[.]” In an opinion in People v Summit, 183 Colo 421, 430; 517 P2d 850 (1974),
the dissent stated that “[a]s candidly conceded by the majority opinion, the overwhelming weight
of eminent scientific authority points to the conclusion that marijuana is not a Narcotic drug.”

                                                 -8-
although that is certainly arguable for the reasons expressed above. Instead, we are simply
recognizing that the decision to specifically reference “narcotics” paraphernalia in Rule
436.1011(6)(e), while ostensibly intending to bar all “drug” paraphernalia, leads to the very
indefiniteness, uncertainty, and lack of fair notice and precision that the void-for-vagueness
doctrine seeks to eliminate.

        Moreover, aside from serious concerns about the soundness and validity of including
marijuana paraphernalia under Rule 436.1011(6)(e), the same indefiniteness, uncertainty, and
lack of fair notice and precision exist with respect to paraphernalia connected to other drugs that
are not technically recognized as narcotics in the field of medicine and under the PHC.
Additionally, the interpretive statement, which the LCC advises licensees to review, speaks in
terms of paraphernalia that is used in connection with unlawful controlled substances. Rule
436.1011(6)(e) does not indicate whether narcotics paraphernalia includes paraphernalia used in
association with a controlled substance that, in some cases, might be used by an individual in a
lawful manner. Thus, the impact or effect of the MMMA on what constitutes narcotics
paraphernalia for purposes of Rule 436.1011(6)(e) creates further uncertainty and confusion,
assuming that marijuana can be viewed as a narcotic in the first place under the rule.

        The primary reason that we hold that Rule 436.1011(6)(e) is unconstitutionally vague is
that it fails to supply any parameters, guidance, standards, criteria, or quantifiers in regard to
identifying “narcotics paraphernalia,” other than those necessarily arising out of the term itself,
thereby making it susceptible to arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement. The Legislature, in
outlawing the sale of drug paraphernalia under the PHC, astutely required proof that a vendor
know that the merchandise is to be used in relation to a controlled substance, MCL 333.7453(1),
and that the product be “specifically designed” for use in connection with a controlled substance,
MCL 333.7451. No such precision is found in Rule 436.1011(6)(e). In relevant part, the
dictionary broadly defines “paraphernalia” as “articles of equipment” or “accessory items.”
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed). Articles of equipment or accessory items
relative to the use of narcotics could encompass such items as pipes for smoking, scales, rolling
papers, razor blades, spoons, baggies, syringes, pacifiers, lighters, mirrors, elastics, etc., all of
which can generally be used for legal purposes, but which can also be employed in the use of
narcotics, differing with respect to the likelihood of a narcotic-related use or whether the
manufacturer intended or envisioned such a use.

        Rule 436.1011(6)(e) simply does not provide any criteria or guidance to determine, for
example, whether a pipe that can actually be used to smoke tobacco and to smoke a narcotic drug
constitutes narcotics paraphernalia, thereby causing persons of common intelligence to guess at
whether the pipe violates the rule. Does an item need to be primarily or predominantly used in
connection with a narcotic in order to be designated as narcotics paraphernalia, or can rare or
occasional use suffice? Is it pertinent for identifying narcotics paraphernalia whether the
manufacturer specifically designed a product for use in relationship to a narcotic, or is the
manufacturer’s intent irrelevant? Does a licensee’s knowledge, or lack thereof, regarding an
item’s use or intended use play any role in the equation? Rule 436.1011(6)(e) provides no
insight or answer to these questions. And although it is true that the LCC investigators testified
at times that certain products were almost always or primarily used in connection with narcotics,
Rule 436.1011(6)(e) itself contains no such standard, quantifier, or demand, resulting in
indefiniteness, uncertainty, and a lack of fair notice and precision that even the Board found

                                                -9-
concerning. In sum, Rule 436.1011(6)(e) is unconstitutionally vague and is thus void and
unenforceable by the LCC. Accordingly, we reverse the rulings of the circuit court, the Board,
and the hearing commissioner, and remand for entry of an order dismissing the LCC complaint
against the store.

        Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent this opinion. We do not retain
jurisdiction. Having fully prevailed on appeal, the store is awarded taxable costs under MCR
7.219.

                                                          /s/ William B. Murphy
                                                          /s/ Joel P. Hoekstra
                                                          /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly

                                             -10-