Court Opinion

ID: 9928763
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-31 22:02:49.654341+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:53:34.856967
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

PVH POLYMATH VENTURE                    )
HOLDINGS LTD,                           )
                                        )
              Plaintiff,                )
                                        )
     v.                                 ) C.A. No. 2023-0502-BWD
                                        )
TAG FINTECH, INC., a Delaware           )
corporation,                            )
                                        )
             Defendant.                 )

                              FINAL REPORT

                        Final Report: January 31, 2024
                       Date Submitted: January 26, 2024

Jody C. Barillare, MORGAN, LEWIS & BOCKIUS LLP, Wilmington, Delaware;
OF COUNSEL: Jason R. Scherr, MORGAN, LEWIS & BOCKIUS LLP,
Washington, D.C.; Attorneys for Plaintiff PVH Polymath Venture Holdings Ltd.

David L. Finger, FINGER & SLANINA, LLC, Wilmington, Delaware; Attorneys
for Defendant TAG Fintech, Inc.

DAVID, M.
       On October 9, 2023, I issued an oral post-trial report1 in this Section 220

proceeding, ordering defendant TAG Fintech, Inc. (“TAG” or the “Company”) to

produce certain books and records to plaintiff PVH Polymath Venture Holdings Ltd.

(“Plaintiff” or “Polymath”). The October 9 report permitted Plaintiff to move for an

award of attorneys’ fees within thirty days.

       This report grants Plaintiff’s Motion for an Award of Attorneys’ Fees and

Expenses. Throughout this action, TAG sought to evade its statutory obligations to

produce books and records, including by needlessly complicating and delaying the

proceedings. TAG’s glaringly egregious litigation conduct, detailed herein, warrants

fee-shifting.

I.     BACKGROUND

       A.       Polymath Serves A Demand To Inspect TAG’s Books And Records.

       TAG is a privately held Delaware corporation that serves as a holding

company for TAG Innovation (Private) Limited (“TAG-Pakistan”), a Pakistani

entity.2    TAG’s business, operated through TAG-Pakistan, uses e-commerce

technology to deliver banking services like employee salary processing, Visa-

1
  The parties stipulated to submit this action to me for a final decision pursuant to Court of
Chancery Rule 144(h). See Stipulation and Order for Final Resolution by the [Magistrate]
in Chancery, Dkt. 12.
2
 PVH Polymath Venture Hldgs. Ltd. v. TAG Fintech, Inc., C.A. No. 2023-0502-BWD, at
56:22-57:3 (Oct. 9, 2023) (TRANSCRIPT) [hereinafter, “Post-Trial Report Tr.”], Dkt. 70.
                                              1
network virtual and physical cards, bill payment, and person-to-person payments.3

From TAG’s inception through May 2022, non-party Talal Ahmad Gondal served

as TAG’s sole director and CEO.4

         In April 2021, Polymath, an entity incorporated under the laws of the Republic

of Cyprus, became TAG’s first non-founder stockholder when it acquired TAG

Class A and Class B common stock pursuant to two Stock Purchase Agreements.5

Hamervate Limited, another Cyprus entity, is Polymath’s sole director and owns all

of Polymath’s shares in trust for non-party Abhishek Gupta.6 Gupta is the sole

beneficial owner of Polymath shares, makes all decisions for Polymath, and signed

the Stock Purchase Agreements on Polymath’s behalf.7

         On December 19, 2022, Polymath sent TAG a letter demanding to inspect the

Company’s books and records pursuant to 8 Del. C. § 220 (the “Initial Demand”).8

The Initial Demand recounts that on October 28, 2020, the State Bank of Pakistan

(“SBP”) issued a license for TAG-Pakistan to operate as an electronic money

3
  Id. at 59:5-10; Verified Compl. for Inspection of Books and Records [hereinafter,
“Compl.”] ¶ 14, Dkt.1.
4
    Post-Trial Report Tr. at 57:6-7.
5
    Id. at 57:11-14, 58:14-15.
6
    Id. at 57:15-21.
7
    Id. at 57:22-58:13.
8
    Id. at 58:24-59:3; Compl., Ex. E [hereinafter, “Initial Demand”].
                                               2
institution in Pakistan.9 In February 2022, however, TAG submitted a forged letter

to the SBP, which appeared to come from a Hong Kong investment advisory firm

promising to commit additional funding to TAG-Pakistan.10 After the forgery was

discovered, the SBP revoked TAG-Pakistan’s business license.11 Premised on those

allegations, the Initial Demand sought books and records to investigate (1) whether

TAG’s board of directors (the “Board”) and senior management had engaged in

misconduct, (2) the independence and disinterestedness of the Board, (3) the count

and valuation of Polymath’s shares of TAG common stock, and (4) whether pre-suit

demand would be excused prior to commencing a derivative action.12

         The Initial Demand stated that it was from “Polymath Venture Holdings

Ltd.”—in other words, it omitted the “PVH” in Polymath’s full legal name. 13 On

December 27, 2022, TAG rejected the Initial Demand because “Polymath Venture

Holdings Ltd.” was not a record stockholder.14

         On January 12, 2023, Polymath sent TAG a revised books and records demand

that included Polymath’s correct legal name (the “Demand”).15                The Demand

9
    Post-Trial Report Tr. at 59:13-24; Initial Demand at 3.
10
     Post-Trial Report Tr. at 60:1-5; Initial Demand at 3.
11
     Post-Trial Report Tr. at 60:24-61:3; Initial Demand at 3.
12
     Post-Trial Report Tr. at 62:13-63:12; Initial Demand at 2.
13
     Post-Trial Report Tr. at 63:13-16; Initial Demand at 1.
14
     Post-Trial Report Tr. at 63:17-23; Compl., Ex. F.
15
     Post-Trial Report Tr. at 63:23-64:2; Compl., Ex. G [hereinafter, “Demand”], Dkt. 1.
                                               3
attached a declaration stating that Gupta was authorized “to speak and represent on

[Polymath’s] behalf for purposes of claims of stock ownership.”16

         On January 20, 2023, TAG rejected the Demand, citing “serious concerns”

that Gupta lacked authority to make the Demand on behalf of Polymath based on

“public information from the registration system of Cyprus . . . indicat[ing] that there

is only one director of Polymath, an entity named Hamervate Limited.”17 In

response, Plaintiff explained that Hamervate Limited acts at Gupta’s direction and

also reminded TAG’s principals that they knew him personally and had dealt with

him directly on numerous occasions, including when Polymath signed the Stock

Purchase Agreements.18

         B.     Polymath Sues To Compel Inspection And TAG Raises Defenses.

         On May 8, 2023, Polymath initiated this action through the filing of a Verified

Complaint for Inspection of Books and Records (the “Complaint”).19 On June 5,

2023, TAG filed an answer to the Complaint (the “Answer”).20 As previewed in the

parties’ correspondence, the Answer asserted that the Demand was “invalid because

16
     Post-Trial Report Tr. at 64:6-12; Demand at Ex. 1.
17
     Post-Trial Report Tr. at 64:24-65:4; Compl., Ex. H at 1-2.
18
     Compl., Ex. I.
19
     Post-Trial Report Tr. at 65:6-7; Compl. at 1.
20
  Post-Trial Report Tr. at 65:8-9; Def’s. Ans. to Verified Compl. for Inspection of Books
and Records [hereinafter, “Ans.”], Dkt. 14.
                                               4
Abhishek Gupta is neither a director nor an officer of Plaintiff and was not

authorized by Plaintiff to make such demand on its behalf.”21

          The Answer also raised another, more surprising, defense—that TAG-

Pakistan was “subject to an injunction from a Pakistani court which prohibits

disclosure of its documents to third parties.”22

          According to TAG, when the Company received the Initial Demand in

December 2022, it sent TAG-Pakistan a document preservation notice.23

Purportedly in response to that notice, on January 7, 2023, Gondal’s brother, Ijlal

Gondal, filed a civil suit in Lahore, Pakistan District Court, seeking to enjoin the

production of TAG-Pakistan’s confidential information to third parties, including

Plaintiff.24 The same day, the Pakistan District Court issued an ex parte injunction

restraining TAG-Pakistan and Gondal “from any illegal activity regarding the

subject matter of the suit, till next date of hearing” (the “First Injunction”).25 The

First Injunction included the caveat that “this order shall not effect [sic] the

legal/judicial proceedings of any other department or Court.”26 Neither TAG nor

21
     Ans. at 17.
22
     Id. at 18.
23
     Post-Trial Report Tr. at 65:14-16.
24
     Id. at 65:22-66:3; see also Pl.’s Mot. to Compel, Ex. G, Dkt. 22.
25
  Post-Trial Report Tr. at 66:4-10; see also Pl.’s Mot. to Compel, Ex H [hereinafter, “First
Injunction”] ¶ 3.
26
     Post-Trial Report Tr. at 66:10-12; see also First Injunction ¶ 3.
                                                5
TAG-Pakistan appeared before the Pakistan District Court to oppose the First

Injunction.27

         C.     The Motion to Compel
         In discovery, Plaintiff served TAG with document requests and

interrogatories to discover the degree to which TAG exercises control over TAG-

Pakistan and to identify the location of documents in TAG-Pakistan’s possession

responsive to the Demand. TAG objected to those requests on the grounds that the

Company was “prevented from disclosing [such] information pursuant to the [First]

Injunction.”28

         On June 29, 2023, Plaintiff filed a motion to compel (the “Motion to

Compel”).29 At a July 7, 2023 hearing on the Motion to Compel, I explained that

“[t]he language of the [First Injunction] [wa]s not entirely clear,”30 and that, “[i]n

27
     Post-Trial Report Tr. at 66:13-15; see also First Injunction ¶ 4.
 Post-Trial Report Tr. at 67:6-9; see also Pl.’s Mot. to Compel, Ex. C ¶¶ 3, 9, 11, 13, 18,
28

Dkt. 22.
29
     Post-Trial Report Tr. at 66:24-67:1; see also Pl.’s Mot. to Compel at 1.
30
   PVH Polymath Venture Hldgs. Ltd. v. TAG Fintech, Inc., C.A. No. 2023-0502-BWD, at
35:20-21 (July 7, 2023) (TRANSCRIPT) [hereinafter, “July 7, 2023 Tr.”], Dkt. 28; see also
id. at 35:1-19
         The plaintiff[] argue[s] that the injunction does not apply to plaintiff’s
         discovery requests because producing discovery to a stockholder plaintiff in
         a books and records action brought against a Delaware corporation isn’t
         illegal activity, and the order specifically states that the order shall not affect
         judicial proceedings in any other court. But the company argues that the
         Pakistani injunction does apply and that, although ‘Orders passed at the civil
         court level are not always well drafted, . . . the practice is that if an application
                                                  6
assessing the company’s defenses in this action, I [would] have to decide the impact

of the injunction on the parent company’s ability to produce books and records from

its Pakistani subsidiary[,]”31 which I preferred to do on a full record. I therefore

declined to compel production at that time, noting that TAG would be precluded

from asserting it does not control TAG-Pakistan32 and that “targeted discovery into

the location of potentially responsive documents after trial could be needed.”33

         After that, TAG and TAG-Pakistan entered their appearances before the

Pakistan District Court, and Ijlal Gondal sought permission to withdraw and refile

         has been allowed, the order is read with the contents of the injunction
         application when construing the injunction order of a court.’ The company
         also argues that the language stating that the order shall not affect judicial
         proceedings of any other court appears in every injunction and isn’t intended
         to limit the effect of the injunction as it applies to sharing information in this
         proceeding.
(omission in original).
31
     Id. at 35:23-36:5.
32
     See id. at 36:8-22
         As to the requests that seek information intended to demonstrate the degree
         of control that TAG Fintech, the Delaware parent company, exercises over
         the Pakistani subsidiary, those requests are denied because the company has
         agreed that it doesn’t intend to argue, separate from its argument about the
         Pakistani injunction, that the parent company lacks access to the subsidiary’s
         books and records. Since those are not live issues, these requests are not
         relevant to the parties’ claims and defenses, and they’re denied on that basis.
         But of course, the parent company will be estopped from arguing at trial that
         it doesn’t possess or control TAG-Pakistan’s documents, subject to its
         arguments about the Pakistani injunction.
33
     Id. at 37:11-13.
                                                 7
his action.34 On July 24, 2023, Ijlal Gondal refiled his action to obtain a new

injunction more clearly prohibiting the defendants in that action “from sharing

information and documents of [TAG-Pakistan] to anyone else/in any proceedings;

till further orders” (the “Second Injunction”).35

         D.      TAG Levels Ups Its Aggressive Tactics.

         On June 28, 2023, the Court entered a Stipulation and Scheduling Order (the

“Scheduling Order”) setting a pre-trial conference for August 17, 2023 and a one-

day trial for August 24, 2023.36 The Scheduling Order required the parties to

exchange witness lists by June 19, 2023 and to complete discovery by June 29,

2023.37

         On July 24, 2023—almost a month after the discovery deadline—TAG

produced an expert opinion to show that under the law of the Republic of Cypress,

Gupta lacked authority to make the Demand or to initiate litigation on behalf of

Polymath.38 The next day, TAG filed a Notice of Foreign Law Pursuant to Chancery

34
     Post-Trial Report Tr. at 68:21-22.
35
  Id. at 68:24-69:6; see also Defs.’ Pre-Trial Ans. Br [hereinafter, “AB”], Ex. E at 1, Dkt.
38 (emphasis added).
36
     Dkt. 21 at 6.
37
   Id. ¶ 3(d); id. ¶¶ 3(f), 8. The reference to “paragraph (f)” appears to be a typo intended
to mean Paragraph 3(d).
38
     Dkt. 33 ¶ 13.
                                             8
Rule 44.1, stating that TAG intended to introduce the corporate law of the Republic

of Cyprus.39

         On July 26, 2023, Plaintiff filed a Motion in Limine to Bar Evidence

Regarding Cyprus Law.40 On August 3, 2023, I issued a letter report granting that

motion because “TAG ha[d] not demonstrated good cause why it should be

permitted to advance th[e expert] opinion” after the discovery deadline and because

TAG’s Rule 44 disclosure was untimely.41 The August 3, 2023 letter report warned

that “[t]o litigate efficiently under a summary schedule, the parties need to cooperate

with one another to tee up issues for resolution” because “[t]here isn’t time for

‘overly aggressive litigation strategies’ and games of ‘gotcha.’”42

         TAG failed to heed that warning. Instead, it leveled up its aggressive tactics.

At 11:15 p.m. the night before the pre-trial conference, TAG filed a letter informing

the Court that TAG had rescinded Polymath’s shares under the Stock Purchase

Agreements.43 TAG claimed “[t]his raise[d] a substantial question as to whether the

39
     Dkt. 30, Ex. A.
40
     Dkt. 33.
41
  Post-Trial Report Tr. at 71:24-72:8; PVH Polymath Venture Hldgs. Ltd. v. TAG Fintech,
Inc., C.A. No. 2023-0502-BWD, at 5 (Aug. 3, 2023), Dkt. 37.
42
  Id. (quoting Pettry v. Gilead Scis., Inc., 2020 WL 6870461, at *30 (Del. Ch. Nov. 24,
2020) (footnotes omitted).
43
     Dkt. 43 at 2.
                                            9
rescission of those shares render[ed] Plaintiff’s claim moot[,]” and requested that

trial be postponed to permit discovery into this new argument.44

           TAG’s delay tactic was rejected at the pre-trial conference the next morning

because:

           The authority issues that were raised in the letter that was filed last night
           are the same issues that were raised in the company’s notice of foreign
           law that was filed back on July 25th. So the decision to take this action
           and file a letter at 11:15 p.m. on the eve of the pretrial conference and
           one week before the trial certainly appears to me to be strategic and not
           a good faith effort to provide the other side with notice of the relevant
           issues for trial.45

           During the pre-trial conference, the parties could not agree on whether to

present live testimony at trial the following week.46 Plaintiff argued that the

44
     Id.
45
  PVH Polymath Venture Hldgs. Ltd. v. TAG Fintech, Inc., C.A. No. 2023-0502-BWD, at
23:3-12 (Aug. 17, 2023) (TRANSCRIPT) [hereinafter, “Aug. 17, 2023 Tr.”], Dkt. 52; see
also id. at 23:13-24:9
           The argument that’s presented in that letter is that Polymath breached a
           representation in its purchase agreement with TAG, which gives TAG the
           right to rescind the agreement or otherwise voided the agreement, and, as a
           result, Polymath no longer has standing to seek books and records under
           Section 220. Any standing argument is waived given that TAG could have
           raised this argument nearly a month ago but didn’t. . . . There are also legal
           issues that haven’t been briefed, like the impact of purportedly losing
           stockholder status after a Section 220 complaint has been filed. My
           understanding under the case law is that the relevant inquiry is whether a
           plaintiff is a stockholder at the time of the complaint, not whether they lose
           stockholder status after the complaint is filed. I’m not ruling on that issue
           because the argument is waived, but that is my understanding of the case law.
46
     Id. at 24:12-25:9.
                                                10
Scheduling Order, which required the parties to “[e]xchange lists identifying

potential witnesses each party may introduce at trial through affidavit, if any,”

precluded the presentation of live witnesses.47 TAG insisted that the Scheduling

Order did not explicitly preclude the presentation of live witnesses even though TAG

still had not identified any witnesses.48 After additional briefing and another status

conference, trial was briefly postponed to accommodate the exchange of witness

lists and depositions.49

47
     Id. at 10:11-17.
48
     Id. at 15:1-24; see also id. at 16:15-17:12
         [W]hen are you going to let the Court know and the other side know what
         witnesses are going to be presented? I mean, we’re at the pretrial conference,
         and I’m hearing that you are not sure which witnesses are going to testify.
         There is a reason that parties negotiate a case schedule that anticipates the
         exchange of witnesses. The way I interpret the case schedule here is that
         witnesses were supposed to be exchanged back in June, on June 19th. So
         we’re one week before trial, and I’m hearing that the parties haven’t agreed
         on a list of witnesses. That doesn’t make sense to me. I understand the
         company’s interpretation of this schedule is that at the time it was being
         negotiated, the plaintiffs were pushing for a trial on a paper record and the
         company wanted live witnesses. But it’s not a reasonable interpretation of
         this schedule that if the parties couldn’t agree on whether or not there would
         be live witnesses, then the company could wait until the day before trial or
         show up the day of trial and identify their witnesses. That’s not how
         litigation works.
See also id. at 18:7-10 (“[A]nother problem with the parties not exchanging witness lists
in June is that now whichever witnesses are identified, the plaintiffs don’t have an
opportunity to depose them.”).
49
     Dkts. 45, 47-49.
                                                   11
         E.     The Trial

         On September 28, 2023, the Court held a one-day trial.50 Two fact witnesses

testified. Plaintiff also produced a third witness to authenticate documents because

TAG refused to stipulate to the authenticity of most documents.51 Despite conceding

the propriety of Plaintiff’s purpose for the Demand, TAG spent most of its trial time

putting on merits-based defenses to the allegations of wrongdoing raised in the

Demand.

         On October 9, 2023, the Court heard oral argument in lieu of post-trial

briefing.52 After the argument, I issued an oral post-trial report (the “Post-Trial

50
     Dkt. 58.
51
  PVH Polymath Venture Hldgs. Ltd. v. TAG Fintech, Inc., C.A. No. 2023-0502-BWD, at
87:10-88:20 (Sept. 28, 2023) (TRANSCRIPT) [hereinafter, “Sept. 28, 2023 Tr.], Dkt. 60
         THE COURT: [L]et me just ask you, the documents that were just
         authenticated by Mr. Muktar, it strikes me that most, if not all, of those
         documents would likely be in the possession or the custody of the company.
         So I just wanted to ask you, what efforts, if any, did the company take to
         confirm whether copies of these documents resided in their records before
         the company determined whether to stipulate to the authenticity of those
         documents?
         [COUNSEL]: I cannot answer the question directly. I don’t have a direct
         answer. What I can say is these documents were produced in discovery.
         ...
         THE COURT: What I’m trying to understand is whether the company has
         any basis to challenge the authenticity of these documents, given that it seems
         very likely to me that the company has copies of these documents. . . . I’m
         trying to understand . . . whether the parties made a good-faith effort to
         stipulate to the authenticity of these documents or if this was really just a
         tactic to impose additional costs in these proceedings.
52
     Dkt. 58.
                                               12
Report”), concluding that Plaintiff was entitled to inspect certain categories of

TAG’s books and records.

         The Post-Trial Report found that Plaintiff had met its burden to establish

Gupta’s authority to make the Demand on behalf of Polymath53 and that Plaintiff’s

purposes for making the Demand were proper.54 The Post-Trial Report further found

that the Second Injunction did not foreclose inspection of TAG-Pakistan’s books and

records, explaining:

         Courts in and outside of Delaware have, on several occasions,
         addressed whether parties to litigation in the U.S. can obtain relief from
         document production obligations by invoking foreign laws. The case
         law, including the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Société Nationale
         Industrielle Aérospatiale v. U.S. District Court for the Southern District
         of Iowa, 482 U.S. 522, makes clear that an American Court has the
         power to require a party to produce documents in accordance with its
         rules or laws, although the court must make a discretionary
         determination about whether to do so on the facts of the case.

         In In re Activision Blizzard, Inc., 86 A.3d 531, . . . Vice Chancellor
         Laster followed the principles set out in Aérospatiale and the

53
     Post-Trial Report Tr. at 71:1-18; see also id. at 73:7-76:6
         I find that plaintiff has met his burden to demonstrate that Gupta was
         authorized to make the demand on Polymath’s behalf, and the failure to
         produce a formal board resolution authorizing the demand or initiation of this
         lawsuit does not alter that conclusion. As numerous cases from this Court
         make clear, a stockholder plaintiff seeking books and records under Section
         220 is not required to produce written proof, such as a formal board
         resolution, evidencing its authority to make the demand. . . . Based on all of
         the authority that I just cited, the credible testimony presented at trial is
         sufficient to satisfy the plaintiff’s burden to demonstrate that Mr. Gupta was
         authorized to act on behalf of Polymath to make the demand.
54
     Id. at 76:7-79:19.
                                               13
         Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law. Section 442 of the
         Restatement makes clear that a Delaware Court may order a person
         subject to its jurisdiction to produce documents, even if the information
         is outside of the United States, and that the failure to comply may result
         in sanctions.55

Guided by the principles outlined in Activision and Section 442 of the Restatement,56

the Post-Trial Report explained that “[f]our of the five factors set forth in Section

442 of the Restatement weigh[ed] heavily in favor of requiring a books and records

production notwithstanding the [Second Injunction].”57 The Post-Trial Report also

55
     Id. at 82:12-83:13.
56
     Id. at 83:17-84:6
         (1) the importance to the . . . litigation of the documents or other information
         requested; (2) the degree of specificity of the request; (3) whether the
         information originated in the United States; (4) the availability of alternative
         means of securing the information; (5) the extent to which noncompliance
         with the request would undermine important interests of the United States,
         or compliance with the request would undermine important interests of the
         state where the information is located.
(quoting In re Activision Blizzard, Inc., 86 A.3d 531, 541 (Del. Ch. 2014)).
57
     Id. at 84:22-85:1; see also id. at 85:2-24
         On the first factor, the documents ordered to be produced are not only
         important to the litigation—they are, in fact, the final relief sought in this
         books and records proceeding. So, in other words, this whole matter is about
         documents. As to the second factor, in crafting a final order, I must order
         production only of those documents that are necessary and essential to
         accomplishing the proper purposes stated in the demand. So the documents
         ordered to be produced will be specific. On the fourth factor, there are no
         alternative means available for accessing this information. On the fifth
         factor, Delaware has a paramount interest in enforcing the statutory rights of
         stockholders in Delaware corporations under the Delaware General
         Corporation Law, including the right to access books and records under
         Section 220. It’s not clear if the third factor, whether the information
                                                  14
considered whether TAG had made a good faith effort to secure permission from the

Pakistan District Court to make the documents available, but found the opposite—

that TAG had “not made a good faith effort to seek relief from the Pakistani

injunction,” and it was “highly likely that Mr. Gondal caused or coordinated with

his brother to seek the first injunction, and following my ruling on the motion to

compel, caused or coordinated the withdrawal of the first injunction to seek a

clarified order with the second injunction.”58 The Post-Trial Report concluded that

TAG could not withhold TAG-Pakistan’s books and records based on the Second

Injunction, but in the interest of judicial economy, it afforded TAG an additional

fourteen days from entry of a final order to seek relief from the Pakistan District

Court.59

         originated in the United States, favors production of the documents, but all
         other factors clearly do.
58
     Id. at 86:11-18; see also id. at 86:19-87:5
         I note that Talal Gondal is the CEO of TAG-Pakistan, oversees litigation at
         TAG-Pakistan, is relying on the advice of TAG-Pakistan’s Pakistani counsel
         in determining not to violate the injunction, and is represented by the same
         counsel as TAG-Pakistan and Ijlal Gondal in other pending litigation. Mr.
         Gondal testified that he has not discussed the Pakistani injunctions with his
         brother, but I do not find that testimony credible. And neither TAG nor TAG-
         Pakistan opposed either injunction.
59
     Id. at 87:6-11.
                                                   15
          At trial, Plaintiff sought an award of costs and attorneys’ fees.60 The Post-

Trial Report permitted Plaintiff to move for attorneys’ fees within thirty days.61

          F.     The Motion to Enforce
          On October 19, 2023, the Court entered a Final Order and Judgment (the

“Final Order”) implementing the Post-Trial Report.62

          Six days later, on October 25, 2023, Plaintiff moved to enforce the Final

Order, complaining that TAG had not produced bank statements required by the

Final Order (the “Motion to Enforce”).63 The next day, TAG agreed to permit

Plaintiff to inspect bank statements in person at TAG’s Abu Dhabi office.64 Plaintiff

objected to an in-person inspection, but on November 1, 2023, sent a representative

to inspect printed bank records in person in Abu Dhabi.65

60
   Id. at 93:18-94:1 (arguing fee-shifting was warranted because “TAG unnecessarily
prolonged production of documents in response to Plaintiff’s inspection[,] knowingly
asserted frivolous claims,” “wrongfully refused Plaintiff’s inspection rights, refused to
produce a single document, and forced Plaintiff to bring this litigation at significant
expense”).
61
     Id. at 94:2-7.
62
     Dkt. 63.
63
     Dkt. 65 at 2.
64
     Dkt. 68, Ex. A at 1, 3.
65
     See Nov. 13, 2023 Tr. at 7:16-8:3
          TAG explains that notwithstanding plaintiff’s request for an electronic
          production of bank account records, TAG insisted on plaintiff sending a
          representative to TAG’s offices in Abu Dhabi because, in TAG’s view,
          Section 220 anticipates copying and inspection in the corporation’s physical
          offices. TAG doesn’t suggest that it would have been burdensome to send
          an electronic copy of the production or offer any justification whatsoever for
                                               16
         Later that day, TAG filed an opposition to the Motion to Enforce, claiming

the motion was moot.66 On November 6, 2023, Plaintiff filed a reply, explaining

that TAG still had not produced bank records from newly discovered accounts.67 On

November 9, 2023, TAG filed a sur-reply, blaming Plaintiff for TAG’s failure to

produce account statements required under the Final Order.68 At a hearing on

November 13, 2023, I granted the Motion to Enforce69 and shifted fees incurred in

         increasing the burden on plaintiff other than TAG thinks it has a right under
         the statute to insist on in-person inspection.
See also id. at 11:2-5 (“[T]he fact that TAG insisted that plaintiff send a representative in
person to its offices in Abu Dhabi to inspect the books and records is concerning.”).
66
     Dkt. 67 ¶ 3.
67
     Dkt. 71 ¶ 16.
68
     Dkt. 74 ¶ 5.
69
     See Nov. 13, 2023 Tr. at 9:24-10:18
         [P]laintiff has identified several categories of documents required to be
         produced under the final order and judgment that have not yet been produced.
         TAG’s explanation for why some of those documents, including certain bank
         account statements, have not been produced does not justify its
         noncompliance with the final order. For example, TAG points the finger at
         plaintiff’s representative and suggests that the representative should have
         asked for a more comprehensive set of bank records when he came to inspect
         the documents at TAG’s offices in Abu Dhabi. That’s wrong. TAG is
         obligated to produce all of the documents listed in the final order and
         judgment. It’s not the obligation of plaintiff’s representative conducting the
         inspection to ask whether TAG has additional bank records that it’s
         withholding. Those documents are required to be produced under the final
         order.
                                              17
connection with that motion,70 but declined to appoint a receiver to coerce

compliance with the Final Order at that time.71

         G.     The Fee Motion
         On November 29, 2023, Plaintiff filed its Motion for an Award of Attorneys’

Fees and Expenses (the “Fee Motion”).72 On December 15, 2023, TAG filed its

Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion for an Award of Attorneys’ Fees and Expenses.73

On January 26, 2024, Plaintiff filed a reply in further support of the Fee Motion.74

II.      ANALYSIS

         Plaintiff seeks an award of fees and costs incurred in connection with this

litigation. “Delaware courts follow the American Rule that ‘each party is generally

expected to pay its own attorneys’ fees regardless of the outcome of the litigation.’”

Pettry, 2020 WL 6870461, at *29 (quoting Shawe v. Elting, 157 A.3d 142, 149 (Del.

2017)). An exception exists in equity, however, when a party litigates in bad faith.

70
   See id. at 12:14-18 (“Plaintiff is entitled to its reasonable fees incurred in connection
with this motion, which TAG mooted in part by permitting inspection of some documents
at its offices and which prompted TAG to request additional bank records from TD
Canada.”).
71
  See id. at 13:2-5 (“I’m going to defer ruling on the request for appointment of a receiver
and, instead, I’m going to order the parties to meet and confer on the outstanding requests
by the end of this week.”).
72
     Dkt. 82.
73
   Def.’s Opp’n To Pl.’s Mot. For An Award Of Attorneys’ Fees And Expenses
[hereinafter, “Opp’n”], Dkt. 85.
74
     Dkt. 87.
                                            18
Rice v. Herrigan-Ferro, 2004 WL 1587563, at *1 (Del. Ch. July 12, 2004). This

Court has recognized that in “extraordinary circumstances,” “overly aggressive

litigation strategies” employed to improperly resist a books and records demand may

warrant fee-shifting. Pettry, 2020 WL 6870461, at *29-30 (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted). A party seeking to shift fees must satisfy “the stringent

evidentiary burden of producing ‘clear evidence’ of bad faith . . . .” Dearing v.

Mixmax, Inc., 2023 WL 2632476, at *5 (Del. Ch. Mar. 23, 2023) (ORDER) (quoting

Beck v. Atl. Coast PLC, 868 A.2d 840, 851 (Del. Ch. 2005)). To warrant fees, a

litigant’s conduct must be “glaring[ly] egregious.”    Seidman v. Blue Foundry

Bancorp, 2023 WL 4503948, at *6 (Del. Ch. July 7, 2023). Regrettably, TAG’s

conduct throughout this litigation rises (or sinks) to the level of glaring

egregiousness.

         Despite conceding that Plaintiff stated a proper purpose for making the

Demand,75 TAG refused to produce documents in response, forcing Plaintiff “to file

suit to ‘secure a clearly defined and established right[]’” to inspect books and

records. Pettry v. Gilead Scis., Inc., 2021 WL 3087027, at *1 (Del. Ch. July 22,

2021) (quoting McGowan v. Empress Ent., Inc., 791 A.2d 1, 4 (Del. Ch. 2000)).

75
     Post-Trial Report Tr. at 70:2-10; Opp’n ¶¶ 4-5.
                                              19
         Rather than consider Plaintiff’s Demand in good faith, TAG asserted that

Gupta lacked authority to make the Demand on behalf of Polymath under Cyprus

law, insisting that live testimony was needed to resolve this issue at trial.76 The

defense was pretextual; TAG’s principals knew Gupta personally and had negotiated

with him directly when Polymath invested in TAG.77

         TAG also tried to evade its statutory obligation to produce books and records

by hiding behind foreign injunctions that, at best, TAG’s principals made a strategic

decision not to oppose, and at worst, they colluded to obtain.78 TAG blocked

relevant discovery on that basis, as well.79

         TAG then claimed in briefing and at trial that “there [we]re no documents

responsive to the requests [in the Demand] that ha[d] not already been produced

(save for those subject to the Pakistan Injunction).”80            TAG’s position was

demonstrably false, and TAG continued to withhold responsive documents even

after entry of the Final Order.81

76
     See Post-Trial Report Tr. at 71:19-23; Opp’n ¶ 9.
77
     See n.53, supra.
78
     See n.58, supra.
79
   See Seidman, 2023 WL 4503948, at *7 (shifting fees where, among other conduct, the
defendant “took aggressive positions in discovery”); Pettry, 2021 WL 3087027, at *2
(same).
80
     See Sept. 28, 2023 Tr. at 113:12-114:11; see also AB at 16.
81
  See Myers v. Acad. Sec., Inc., 2023 WL 6380449, at *2 (Del. Ch. Oct. 2, 2023) (shifting
fees where the defendant raised baseless defenses designed to deprive plaintiff of his
inspection rights), R&R adopted, 2023 WL 6846984 (Del. Ch.); Martin v. Med-Dev Corp.,
                                              20
         Throughout the litigation, TAG also sought to needlessly complicate and

delay the proceedings,82 including by (1) producing an expert opinion attempting to

inject new issues under Cyprus law after the discovery deadline;83 (2) purporting to

unilaterally cancel Plaintiff’s shares on the eve of the pre-trial conference and

seeking to postpone trial on that basis;84 (3) insisting on the presentation of live

testimony at trial when, under the circumstances, the disputed issues could easily

have been resolved on the papers;85 (4) refusing to stipulate to the authenticity of

most documents at trial;86 and (5) requiring Plaintiff to inspect the Company’s books

and records in person in Abu Dhabi.87

2015 WL 6472597, at *21 (Del. Ch. Oct. 27, 2015) (explaining that a party’s “dogged
pursuit of . . . borderline frivolous or near frivolous [issues] me[t] th[e] standard [for bad
faith] because it utterly lacked any legal or factual bases”).
TAG argues that it “had a good faith basis in law and fact for asserting its defenses.” Opp’n
¶ 6. In Gilead, the Court rejected a similar argument that the defendant “vigorously
defended the lawsuit . . . on the ‘good-faith belief that the case law and factual record
developed through discovery supported its arguments[,]” explaining that “this court has
shifted fees based on litigation conduct without launching a fact-intensive investigation
into the offending party’s state of mind. . . . [W]here this court shifts fees to curb and
correct for overly vexatious litigation behavior, a showing of glaringly egregious litigation
conduct is enough.” Pettry, 2021 WL 3087027, at *2 (footnotes and internal quotation
marks omitted).
82
  Id. at *1 (quoting RBC Cap. Mkts., LLC v. Educ. Loan Tr. IV, 2016 WL 703852, at *3
(Del. Super. Feb. 17, 2016)).
83
     See n.38, supra.
84
     See n.43, supra.
85
     See n.48, supra.
86
     See n.51, supra.
87
     See nn.64-65, supra.
                                             21
      These positions, taken together, are glaringly egregious and warrant fee-

shifting. See Myers, 2023 WL 6380449, at *2 (shifting fees where the defendant’s

litigation strategies, in the aggregate, “reflect[ed] an unfortunate pattern of

unreasonable positions designed to unnecessarily complicate the proceedings”);

Auriga Cap. Corp. v. Gatz Props., 40 A.3d 839, 881 (Del. Ch. 2012) (shifting fees

where, “[r]ather than focus on only bona fide arguments, [defendant] and his counsel

simply splattered the record with a series of legally and factually implausible

assertions” in a strategy to “exhaust” the plaintiffs), aff’d sub nom. Gatz Props., LLC

v. Auriga Cap. Corp., 59 A.3d 1206 (Del.); see also Pettry, 2021 WL 3087027, at

*2 (noting that “[p]erhaps one of these positions, standing alone, could be forgiven

as merely an aggressive defense,” but “collectively, these positions rise to the level

of glaringly egregious litigation conduct”).

      Having concluded that fee shifting is warranted under the circumstances, I

consider the reasonableness of Plaintiff’s fee request.

      “Delaware law dictates that, in fee shifting cases, a judge determines
      whether the fees requested are reasonable.” The Court “has broad
      discretion in determining the amount of fees and expenses to award.”
      The Court reviews a fee application pursuant to the factors set forth in
      Rule 1.5(a) of the Delaware Lawyers’ Rules of Professional Conduct.
      “Determining reasonableness does not require that this Court examine
      individually each time entry and disbursement.” Nor does it “require
      the Court to assess independently whether counsel appropriately
      pursued and charged for a particular motion, line of argument, area of
      discovery, or other litigation tactic.” “For a Court to second-guess, on
      a hindsight basis, an attorney’s judgment” as to whether work was

                                          22
       necessary or appropriate “is hazardous and should whenever possible
       be avoided.”

Seidman, 2023 WL 4503948, at *8 (citations and footnotes omitted). TAG does not

dispute the reasonableness of the fees and expenses set forth in the Affidavit of Jody

C. Barillare in Support of Plaintiff’s Motion for an Award of Attorneys’ Fees and

Expenses (the “Affidavit”). Those fees, I find, “are within the range of what a party

reasonably could incur over the course of . . . pursuing an adversary engaged in a

‘mix of open defiance, evasion and obstruction.’” Aveta Inc. v. Bengoa, 2010 WL

3221823, at *6 (Del. Ch. Aug. 13, 2010) (citation omitted).

       Accordingly, Plaintiff is entitled to fees and expenses in the amount set forth

in the Affidavit.88

III.   CONCLUSION

       For the reasons explained above, the Fee Motion is granted. The parties are

directed to submit an appropriate form of implementing order.

88
  On January 10, 2024, I entered with modifications an Order Granting Plaintiff’s Rule 88
Request for Fees and Costs Incurred in Connection with Polymath’s Motion to Enforce
§ 220 Order (the “January 10 Order”). See Dkt. 86. The January 10 Order stated that the
Court would consider Plaintiff’s request for $8,562 incurred in connection with the meet-
and-confer process and $734.50 incurred for an attorney to physically appear at TAG’s
Abu Dhabi offices as part of the Fee Motion. Id. at 3. I have considered the reasonableness
of those fees and determined that they also should be included within the amount of fees
and expenses to which Plaintiff is entitled.
                                            23