Court Opinion

ID: 4034917
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-19 19:04:09.499799+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:36:53.907735
License: Public Domain

Filed 9/19/16

                            CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                            SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                    DIVISION FIVE

THE PEOPLE,                                      B267529

        Plaintiff and Respondent,                (Los Angeles County
                                                 Super. Ct. No. ZM013385)
        v.

ROBERT EARL WHITE,

        Defendant and Appellant.

        APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Henry J.
Hall, Judge. Affirmed.
        Vanessa Place, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
        Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Steven D. Matthews,
Supervising Deputy Attorney General, Ryan M. Smith, Deputy Attorney General, for
Plaintiff and Respondent.
                               _______________________
         The issue in this case is whether a defendant’s various mental conditions,1
including frotteuristic disorder, exhibitionist disorder, bipolar disorder, and anti-social
disorder, which two experts opined would likely result in future acts of sexual battery,
satisfy the requirement of the Sexually Violent Predator Act (SVPA) (Welf. & Inst. Code,
§ 6600, et seq.)2 that a defendant “will engage in sexually violent criminal behavior.”
We hold that the trial court properly interpreted the statutory language of the SVPA in
finding that under the circumstances in this case sexual battery constitutes sexually
violent criminal behavior.
         Following a bench trial, the trial court found defendant and appellant Robert
White to be a Sexually Violent Predator (SVP). The court’s written statement of decision
examined two portions of section 6600, subdivision (a)—the requirement that defendant
suffered a conviction of a “sexually violent offense,” and the additional requirement that
due to his mental disorder defendant is likely to engage in predatory “sexually violent
criminal behavior.” The court determined that two requirements are not synonymous,
and the latter provision is broader than the former.
         Defendant contends that (1) the trial court incorrectly defined the SVPA’s
requirement of “sexually violent criminal behavior”; and (2) assuming the trial court used
the correct definition, the phrase “sexually violent criminal behavior” is void for
vagueness. We affirm.

         1   Additional disorders are described in the summary of the experts’ testimony
below.

         2
         Statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless otherwise
specified.

                                                2
                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Defendant’s Criminal History and Institutional Behavior3

       Defendant was the subject of a sustained juvenile delinquency petition for assault
with a deadly weapon in 1975. Defendant pleaded guilty in 1979 to assault to commit
rape after walking up behind a woman on the street, grabbing her breast and crotch,
restraining her, and telling her he would kill her if she did not let him touch her. He then
“hump[ed]” her, and made motions to unzip his pants. The victim screamed. Defendant
fled and was ultimately chased down by a neighbor.
       In 1981, defendant was charged with indecent exposure, disorderly conduct,
soliciting a lewd act, and immoral acts before a child. He was convicted of immoral acts
before a child. The record does not contain any official description of this offense.
Defendant said he had been urinating in public.
       In April 1983, defendant was convicted of indecent exposure. Defendant
approached a female stranger in a parking lot, unzipped his pants, exposed his penis, and
asked, “do you want some of this?”
       In October 1983, defendant was charged with annoying or molesting a child,
assault to commit rape, rape, fighting, disorderly conduct, and soliciting a lewd act. The
charges were dismissed. According to a report, a woman was getting into her parked car

       3 The description of defendant’s criminal history and institutional behavior is
drawn from the testimony of Dr. William Damon, Ph.D., one of the experts at trial. In
addition to the offenses set forth in this opinion, Dr. Damon testified that defendant had
multiple other convictions that were not pertinent to the SVP determination. Dr. Damon
reviewed the following documents in connection with his current evaluation of
defendant: the Department of State Hospital’s records, including abstracts of judgments,
charging documents, probation officers’ reports, and police reports; reports from the
California State Prisons, including prison mental health, medical records, and disciplinary
reports; and state hospital medical, psychiatric, and disciplinary records.
       Defendant’s statements in this portion of the opinion refer to what he said to Dr.
Damon during the SVP investigation.

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when defendant suddenly approached her on his bike and said, “Do you want to suck my
big dick?” She was afraid, did not respond, and got into her car. Defendant then said,
“Do you want to see my big dick?” She was extremely fearful and quickly left. When
police found defendant, he initially lied about what he had been doing, but then said that
he knew they were stopping him because he had “made comments about her ass.”
        In December 1984, defendant was charged with sexual battery and convicted of
battery after approaching two different women in a grocery store and fondling their
buttocks. The store manager and employees saw this occur through a two-way mirror.
Defendant was on probation at the time. He initially denied touching the women, but
later claimed his suitcase bumped into one of the women. Three days before this
incident, police investigated defendant for touching a female victim on her buttocks, but
no charges were brought because the victim was unwilling to sign a complaint report.
        In July 1998, defendant was convicted of sexual battery after walking into a
children’s clothing store with his hand in his pocket. He approached the female store
clerk while she was behind the register. The clerk feared that he had a weapon in his
pocket. As she walked to the front of the cash register, defendant pinned her against the
counter with his body with her back towards him. She could feel something poking her
in the buttocks. Defendant grabbed the left side of her buttocks, moved his hand up her
left side, and grabbed her breast. When the clerk turned around, defendant let her go and
walked to the back of the store. She remained in the front of the store. Defendant walked
toward the clerk and bumped into her, causing her to knock over some items on the
display table. She believed that she would have been raped if it was not for a nearby
restaurant with an open patio to the rear of the store. Defendant was on parole at the time
of this offense. He initially denied the incident, later stated he bumped into a woman at a
store and should have apologized, and finally said that he just slapped a woman on the
butt.
        In May 1999, defendant was arrested for sexual battery and convicted of battery.
Defendant walked through a grocery store with his hand in his pocket. He deliberately
bumped into a female stranger as she walked down the aisle. She believed that she felt

                                             4
his penis through his clothing. She continued to walk through the store. While in the
checkout line, defendant walked up to her from behind and intentionally bumped his
body into her buttocks. Defendant was on parole at the time.
       In October 2000, while on parole, defendant was charged with battery and making
criminal threats. Defendant was drinking with a man at the man’s residence. The two
got into an argument. Defendant punched the man in the face and then fled. The man
drove to locate defendant. Once defendant was located, he grabbed the man by the
throat. The man fled in fear for his life. The next day, defendant returned to the man’s
house and threatened the man’s wife by saying, “the first chance I get I’m going to rape
you and fuck the shit out of you.”
       Defendant was convicted of sexual battery in 2001, for rubbing his erect penis
against a woman on a bus. While standing, he leaned into a woman and pushed his erect
penis into her shoulder. She leaned away but he continued to press his penis into her
shoulder. After she exited the bus, defendant stood behind a female juvenile and began
pressing his erect penis into her buttocks area. The juvenile did not feel anything because
she had her sweatshirt wrapped around her waist.
       Defendant incurred 47 serious prison rules violations while incarcerated, including
six sex offenses, three acts of physical aggression, three threatening acts, two instances of
possessing weapons, and 11 instances of verbal aggression. The sexual incidents include
asking to masturbate in front of a female intern, exposing his erect penis, and
masturbating in front of female staff. Defendant was sent to Coalinga State Hospital in
2008 after a parole violation.
       At Coalinga, defendant engaged in instances of indecent exposure, verbal sexual
aggression, verbal non-sexual aggression, and property damage. Between April 2009 and
June 2011, there were 13 indecent exposures, 11 acts of physical aggression, and 33
threats. Between July 2011 to November 2013, there were 12 exposures, 22 acts of
physical aggression, 36 threats, 10 instances of verbal sexual aggression, 46 verbal non-
sexual aggression, 39 property damage, and 14 instances of contraband possession. From
December 2013 through July 2015, there were two exposures documented, one act of

                                              5
physical aggression, three threats, two acts of verbal sexual aggression, four acts of non-
sexual verbal aggression, two property damage, and two instances of possession of
contraband. There were additional acts of misconduct including frequent sexual
comments to female staff, grabbing his clothed penis, and exposing himself to a female
medical technician.

Defendant’s psychiatric diagnoses

       Dr. William Damon

       Dr. Damon, holder of a Ph.D in clinical psychology, has prepared SVP evaluations
in various capacities with the Department of State Hospitals since 2007. Dr. Damon
evaluated defendant in 2008, 2009, 2011, 2014, and 2015. Defendant was interviewed by
Dr. Damon in 2008, 2014, and 2015.
       Dr. Damon concluded that defendant suffers from frotteuristic disorder in a
controlled environment, exhibitionist disorder in a controlled environment, severe alcohol
use disorder in a controlled environment, severe cocaine use disorder in sustained
remission in a controlled environment, severe phencyclidine use disorder in sustained
remission in a controlled environment, mild cannabis use disorder in a controlled
environment, and antisocial personality disorder.
       Dr. Damon described frotteuristic disorder as including at least six months of
intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges or behaviors involving touching or rubbing
against a non-consenting person, and causing stress or impairment in important areas of
function. Defendant “has a longstanding pattern of approaching females and touching or
grabbing their breasts, vaginal areas or buttocks or touching, rubbing or humping his
penis into their bodies.” Defendant’s behavior has spanned 22 years, including while in
the community on supervised release.
       Exhibitionism involves recurrent sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving
exposing the genitals to a non-consenting person. Defendant “has a longstanding pattern

                                             6
of exposing his genitals to females,” including while in the community on supervised
released and while in the state hospital. Defendant has a “unique presentation.” In Dr.
Damon’s experience there were “maybe two other [men] that have committed some kind
of sexual offense at the hospital, but none anywhere near the frequency of [defendant].”
       Anti-social personality disorder is “a pattern of disregard for and violation of the
rights of others, occurring since age 15 and including at least three of the following: [¶]
Failure to follow lawful behaviors, deceitfulness, impulsivity or failure to plan ahead,
aggressiveness, disregard for the safety of self or others, irresponsibility, lack of remorse.
[¶] And the individual needs to have shown signs of conduct disorder prior to age 15.”
Defendant “has numerous charges and convictions that have indicated that he’s
repeatedly failed to perform or follow lawful behaviors. [¶] In terms of deceitfulness
he’s used multiple aliases, birth dates, social security numbers. [¶] His reports of his sex
crimes have differed vastly from the narratives of his victims. [¶] He admitted selling
bogus drugs and forging checks. [¶] He admitted feigning thought disorder symptoms
and suicidal ideation for secondary gain in institutional settings. [¶] And in [Dr.
Damon’s] recent interview of [defendant] he’s denied sex offending behavior and
substance use despite it being indicated in the records . . . .” Defendant continued to
engage in antisocial behaviors in the community on supervised release, in prison, and in
the state hospital. He admittedly has poor impulse control. He is aggressive, including
five sexual offenses that have led to convictions for violent or aggressive behavior.
Defendant has fought in prison, including assaulting an officer and assaulting a peer. At
the state hospital, he grabbed a nurse by the neck, hit a nurse in the face, and grabbed a
nurse and attempted to spit at her. Defendant reports to having remorse about his sex
offending behavior but continued to engage in it at the state hospital.
       Dr. Damon expressed the opinion that defendant’s “frotteuristic disorder and
exhibitionistic disorder predispose him to commit criminal sexual acts. [¶] He has
continued to offend despite detections, sanctions, despite being on supervised release and
despite being in highly structured environments. [¶] He’s re-offended shortly after
sanction. His desire to engage in sex offending behavior has overcome barriers like

                                              7
victim distress, potential presence of witnesses in public settings, available consensual
sexual partners. [¶] His substance use disorders I think further decrease his ability to
control his behavior. [¶] And his antisocial personality disorder affects his emotional
capacity because it makes him less likely to respond appropriately to other people’s fear
and distress.”
       On the issue of reoffending, Dr. Damon administered two approved actuarial tests.
Defendant’s scores on both tests placed him in the high risk of offending group.
       Defendant is not amenable to treatment and has not been attending sex offender
groups while in the state hospital, claiming they do not apply to him since he is not a
rapist or child molester. Defendant is predatory as all of his victims have been strangers
or, in the hospital, casual acquaintances.
       Dr. Damon opined that defendant is “likely to engage in sexually violent criminal
behavior.” Damon came to this conclusion based on six factors: (1) defendant has a
“sexual disorder that predisposes him to hands-on offending”; (2) his history of violence
(defining violence as “aggressive behavior”) while on supervised release, in prison, and
in the state hospital; (3) “he’s highly sexually preoccupied”; (4) “he’s impulsive and has
difficultly regulating his behavior”; (5) he has emotional dysregulation and easily feels
disrespected, especially by women; and (6) “he continues to use substances which is
likely to increase his impulsivity and self-centeredness and decrease his judgment.”
       Dr. Damon also believed that defendant “will not necessarily stop with just
touching or rubbing a potential victim” given defendant’s “sexual impulse,” aggression,
and behavioral regulation. Dr. Damon believes that defendant’s frotteurism is escalating,
and believes it is possible for defendant to go out and rape someone or force somebody to
orally copulate him.

       Dr. Nancy Webber

       Dr. Nancy Webber is a clinical and forensic psychologist with a Ph.D. in
psychology, who has been a contract evaluator for SVP determinations since January

                                             8
2007. She performed evaluations on defendant in 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015.
She interviewed defendant in 2008, 2011, and 2015.
       Dr. Weber diagnosed4 defendant with frotteuristic disorder in a controlled
environment, exhibitionist disorder in a controlled environment, bipolar disorder,
antisocial personality disorder, and various substance abuse disorders. Defendant’s
mental health disorders predispose him to committing sexual crimes in a violent,
predatory manner. He has a defect in his ability to mediate between impulses and
actions, causing him to repeatedly reoffend despite receiving punishment. Defendant has
“considerable impulsiveness” and aggressiveness.
       Defendant is very poor at predicting his own behavior and does not know what
triggers his inappropriate behaviors. Defendant does not intend to do these things but has
difficulty controlling his behavior. He lacks remorse or rationalizes his actions. He has
“cognitive distortions” and has “made statements such as if he does something sexually
inappropriate with a women [sic] and she doesn’t get angry it must mean . . . she doesn’t
object to it.”
       Dr. Webber evaluated defendant’s risk of reoffending using several actuarial
assessments. He scored high on each of these assessments.
       Dr. Webber expressed the opinion that defendant is at risk of engaging in sexually
violent predatory behavior because (1) he has a history of engaging in sexually violent
behavior; (2) he is sexually preoccupied and “sees the world through sexual lenses”;
(3) he reacts in a “rageful manner” when he feels slighted, wronged, or when his sexual
advances are rejected; (4) he has poor control over his anger and escalates quickly, acting
out verbally, physically, and sexually; (5) he feels entitled to get what he wants when he
wants it; (6) he has poor coping skills; and (7) close monitoring in a highly supervised
environment with staff trained to de-escalate situation has not “been sufficient to curb his
sexual acting out and anger.”

       4Dr. Weber based her diagnoses on her review of the same materials and history
considered by Dr. Damon.

                                             9
       Dr. Hy Malinek

       Dr. Hy Malinek, Ph.D., called as a witness by defendant, has been a contract
evaluator for the Department of State Hospitals for 19 years. Dr. Malinek originally
evaluated defendant in 2008. He concluded at that time that defendant met the criteria for
a SVP, but has since changed his opinion.
       Dr. Malinek diagnosed defendant with antisocial personality disorder because of
his lengthy criminal history, including sexual offenses, robbery, and burglary. “He has
certainly shown a commitment to a lifestyle of criminality instability, substance abuse,
anger.” His support for defendant’s diagnosis of frotteurism is waning because defendant
has not exhibited frotteuristic behaviors in 14 years, even though his exhibitionism has
continued. Dr. Malinek believes there would be some evidence of defendant’s
frotteurism in the last 14 years if the disorder was still active. Defendant does not care
about the consequences of his actions and has continued to be aggressive and have
persistent exhibitionistic activity.
       Dr. Malinek views defendant as a “uniquely difficult and challenging case”
because of defendant’s “behaviors, his history, his conduct at the hospital, whether this
meets the legal statutory requirement for civil commitment.” At a 2011 SVP probable
cause hearing, Dr. Malinek opined that defendant was predisposed to committing
sexually violent offenses because defendant was so “decontrolled” that he may not stop
with frotteurism. Dr. Malinek later changed his opinion because subsequent research
shows the escalation from frotteurism to rape is rare, and defendant “has never
recidivated with a qualifying offense since 1979 and he has been intermittently in the
community and committed sexual offenses, not SVP.” Dr. Malinek believes that if
defendant’s behaviors were to escalate to rape, “we would have had some evidence of it
given that he has been so defiant, discontrolled and so much disregard for the law and he
has not.” Dr. Malinek no longer believes that frotteurism is a condition that predisposes
defendant to committing sexually violent offenses. There is no inherent link between sex
offenses and anger issues. In Dr. Malinek’s opinion, defendant is not an SVP. If sexual

                                             10
battery were a qualifying offense, Dr. Malinek would not be sure whether or not
defendant would qualify as an SVP, because he is unsure whether defendant’s frotteurism
is still active.

Trial Court’s Ruling

        The trial court found defendant to be an SVP. In a 28 page written statement of
decision and order, the court found that “while there is little substantial evidence in case
at bench that [defendant] will commit such sexually violent offenses as rape or other
forcible penetrative sex acts or that he will molest children, there is overwhelming
evidence that he will commit physically assaultive sexual offenses. The commission of
these has their roots in his frotteurism, anti-social personality disorder and related
psychopathology, and various substance abuse disorders.” The court did not believe the
case raised “the issue of the absolute limits of the phrase ‘sexually violent criminal
behavior’ and whether that phrase may be extended to include ‘hands off’ acts. . . .
[F]rotteuristic acts, which really are a form of assault, and, even in their most benign
form would constitute sexual battery, a crime . . . , are not ‘nuisance’crimes. They have
very real and long-term consequences for their victims.” Considering defendant’s
“frotteuristic acts in the Santa Monica clothing store and, to a lesser degree, the bus in
Los Angeles, and his repeated threats to kill his victims or force them into other sexual
acts, even while incarcerated, there can be no reasonable doubt that there is a serious and
well-founded risk that he will engage in sexually violent predatory behavior in the
future.”

                                       DISCUSSION

        Defendant presents two issues on appeal. First, he contends the trial court erred in
interpreting the SVPA. Specifically, defendant argues the phrase “sexually violent
criminal behavior” is synonymous with “sexually violent offense.” According to

                                              11
defendant, “the requirement that the person be likely to engage in a sexually violent
criminal behavior corresponds with the requirement that a person have a qualifying
criminal offense insofar as the behavior contemplated is that which is deemed sexually
violent under the law.” Because defendant’s frotteuristic disorder makes him likely to
commit sexual battery, an offense is not included in the definitions of a “sexually violent
offense” within the meaning of the SVPA, he does not qualify for commitment as an
SVP.
       Second, citing Johnson v. United States (2015) 576 U.S.___ [135 S. Ct. 2551]
(Johnson), defendant argues that if the two terms are not synonymous, “sexually violent
criminal behavior” is undefined and unconstitutionally vague.
       We conclude the opinions of Dr. Damon and Dr. Webber constitute substantial
evidence that defendant is likely, at a minimum, to continue to engage in forcible acts of
sexual battery as a result of his frotteuristic disorder and other mental disorders. We
further conclude that forcible frotteuristic acts of sexual battery, in light of defendant’s
specific record of conduct combined with his diagnosed mental disorders, qualify in this
case as “sexually violent criminal behavior.” While there are several forms of sexual
battery, including a misdemeanor version that does not require unlawful restraint (Pen.
Code, § 243.4, subd. (e)(1)), defendant’s likely behavior significantly exceeds the amount
of violence necessary for the felony subdivision of the statute (Pen. Code, § 243.4,
subd. (a)). (See People v. Grant (1992) 8 Cal. App. 4th 1105, 1111 [unlawful restraint
need not be physical]; People v. Arnold (1992) 6 Cal. App. 4th 18, 31 [creation of a
coercive atmosphere can constitute unlawful restraint].) The form of sexual battery
involving unlawful restrained engaged in by defendant satisfies the requirement of
violence in the phrase “sexually violent criminal behavior.” We further conclude
“sexually violent criminal behavior” is not vague and the phrase does not violate due
process.

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Standard of Review

       We conduct a de novo review of questions of statutory interpretation. (People v.
Prunty (2015) 62 Cal. 4th 59, 70.) The fundamental task of statutory interpretation is to
determine the Legislature’s intent so as to effectuate the law’s purpose. (Kleffman v.
Vonage Holdings Corp. (2010) 49 Cal. 4th 334, 340.) “We begin with the statute’s text,
assigning the relevant terms their ordinary meaning, while also taking account of any
related provisions and the overall structure of the statutory scheme. (See People v. Cottle
(2006) 39 Cal. 4th 246, 254.) Essential is whether our interpretation, as well as the
consequences flowing therefrom, advances the Legislature’s intended purpose. (See
People v. Zambia [(2011] 51 Cal.4th [965,] 976.)” (People v. Hubbard (2016) 63 Cal. 4th
378, 386.) “‘Ordinarily, where the Legislature uses a different word or phrase in one part
of a statute than it does in other sections or in a similar statute concerning a related
subject, it must be presumed that the Legislature intended a different meaning.
(Committee of Seven Thousand v. Superior Court (1988) 45 Cal. 3d 491, 507.)’
(Campbell v. Zolin (1995) 33 Cal. App. 4th 489, 497.)” (Rashidi v. Moser (2014) 60
Cal. 4th 718, 725.)

The Intent and Purpose of the SVPA

       The Legislature issued the following statement of intent and purpose in enacting
the SVPA: “The Legislature finds and declares that a small but extremely dangerous
group of sexually violent predators that have diagnosable mental disorders can be
identified while they are incarcerated. These persons are not safe to be at large and if
released represent a danger to the health and safety of others in that they are likely to
engage in acts of sexual violence. The Legislature further finds and declares that it is in
the interest of society to identify these individuals prior to the expiration of their terms of
imprisonment. It is the intent of the Legislature that once identified, these individuals, if
found to be likely to commit acts of sexually violent criminal behavior beyond a

                                              13
reasonable doubt, be confined and treated until such time that it can be determined that
they no longer present a threat to society.
        “The Legislature further finds and declares that while these individuals have been
duly punished for their criminal acts, they are, if adjudicated sexually violent predators, a
continuing threat to society. The continuing danger posed by these individuals and the
continuing basis for their judicial commitment is a currently diagnosed mental disorder
which predisposes them to engage in sexually violent criminal behavior. It is the intent
of the Legislature that these individuals be committed and treated for their disorders only
as long as the disorders persist and not for any punitive purposes.” (Stats. 1995, ch. 763,
§ 1.)

Basis for Commitment as an SVP

        In its current form the SVPA provides in part: “‘Sexually violent predator’ means
a person who has been convicted of a sexually violent offense against one or more
victims and who has a diagnosed mental disorder that makes the person a danger to the
health and safety of others in that it is likely that he or she will engage in sexually violent
criminal behavior.” (§ 6600, subd. (a)(1).) The three elements required for an SVP
commitment are: (1) conviction of “a sexually violent offense”; (2) a diagnosed mental
disorder that makes a person a danger to the health and safety of others; and (3) the
mental disorder makes it likely the defendant will engage in “sexually violent criminal
behavior.” (Ibid.)
        The second and third elements of the SVPA require a link between a finding of
future dangerousness and “a currently diagnosed mental disorder characterized by the
inability to control dangerous sexual behavior.” (Hubbart v. Superior Court (1999) 19
Cal. 4th 1138, 1158 (Hubbart).) Commitment as an SVP requires proof that a defendant
“is likely to engage in future predatory acts” of sexually violent criminal behavior.
(People v. Hurtado (2002) 28 Cal. 4th 1179, 1190 (Hurtado).) A person is likely to
engage in sexually violent criminal behavior if “the person charged as a sexually violent

                                              14
predator poses a substantial danger, that is, a serious and well-founded risk, of
committing a sexually violent predatory crime if released from custody.” (People v.
Roberge (2003) 29 Cal. 4th 979, 988-989 (Roberge).)
       Defendant’s 1979 conviction of assault with intent to commit rape satisfies the
requirement of a conviction of a sexually violent offense as defined in section 6600,
subdivision (b).5 Defendant’s diagnoses of frotteuristic disorder, exhibitionist disorder,
bipolar disorder, and anti-social disorder, collectively satisfy the second element of a
diagnosed mental condition making him a danger to the health and safety of others. What
is at issue here is whether defendant’s frotteurism and other disorders, which in the
opinion of two doctors are likely to cause him to commit acts of sexual battery, qualifies
as “sexually violent criminal behavior.”
       The SVPA includes a definition of “sexually violent offense.” (§ 6600, subd. (b).)
It does not contain a definition of “sexually violent criminal behavior.” It appears case
law has not specifically addressed the meaning of “sexually violent criminal behavior,”
and in particular, whether it means something different than a “sexually violent offense.”
Presumably the issue has not arisen because persons subject to commitment as an SVP
are deemed likely to commit the type of sexually violent criminal behavior that is
consistent with their prior convictions of a “sexually violent offense.” (See Reilly v.
Superior Court (2013) 57 Cal. 4th 641, 649–650 [defendant previously convicted of
engaging in lewd and lascivious conduct and committed as an SVP deemed by two
evaluators as “still an SVP”]; Cooley v. Superior Court (2002) 29 Cal. 4th 228, 236–238
(Cooley) [defendant with multiple convictions of lewd conduct with a minor under the
age of 14 diagnosed with “the qualifying mental disorder pedophilia, and was likely to

       5 Section 6600, subdivision (b), provides in pertinent part as follows: “‘Sexually
violent offense’ means the following acts when committed by force, violence, duress,
menace, fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the victim or another person, or
threatening to retaliate in the future against the victim or any other person, and that are
committed on, before, or after the effective date of this article and result in a conviction
or a finding of not guilty by reason of insanity, as defined in subdivision (a): . . . any
felony violation of Section . . . 220 of the Penal Code, committed with the intent to
commit a violation of Section 261 . . . of the Penal Code.”

                                             15
engage in sexually violent criminal behavior on his release”]; Roberge, supra, 29 Cal.4th
at p. 983 [defendant with multiple forcible rape convictions diagnosed with several
mental disorders and likely to reoffend]; Hurtado, supra, 28 Cal.4th at pp. 1183–1184
[defendant with multiple convictions of sodomy and lewd and lascivious acts on minors,
diagnosed with pedophilia, had a likely and considerable risk of reoffending]; Hubbart,
supra, 19 Cal.4th at pp. 1149–1150 [defendant convicted of various violent sex offenses
involving six victims in two cases and diagnosed with a paraphilia had a high risk of
reoffending].)

Interpretation of “Sexually Violent Criminal Behavior”

       We disagree with defendant’s primary contention that “sexually violent criminal
behavior” is the equivalent of “sexually violent offense.” We begin with the plain
language of the Legislature, focusing first on its distinct phraseology of the first and third
elements under the SVPA as found in the statement of legislative intent and in the
statutory language. This differentiation in phrases indicates they are not synonymous.
       The Legislature’s statement of intent and the language of the SVPA distinguish
between the predicate requirement of a conviction of a “sexually violent offense” and
third requirement of the likelihood of a defendant engaging in “sexually violent criminal
behavior.” While a statutorily defined predicate conviction of a sexually violent offense
is required, the focus on a defendant’s likely future conduct is more broadly stated in
terms of behavior, specifically avoiding reference to a discrete number of statutorily
defined criminal offenses. Rather than limiting the range of conduct to the offenses
defined as a violent sexual offenses, the Legislature chose instead to look at predatory
behavior, subject to the limitation that the conduct be sexual, violent, and criminal.
Persons who are likely to engage in such behavior as a result of a mental disorder present
a continuing threat to public safety, as expressed in the Legislature’s statement of intent.
       “The fundamental rule of statutory construction is that a court should ascertain the
intent of the Legislature so as to effectuate the purpose of the statute as a whole.

                                              16
[Citations.] A corollary rule is that every word and phrase employed is presumed to be
intended to have meaning and perform a useful function [citation]; a construction
rendering some words in the statute useless or redundant is to be avoided. [¶] Where the
same word or phrase might have been used in the same connection in different portions
of a statute but a different word or phrase having different meaning is used instead, the
construction employing that different meaning is to be favored. [Citations.] [¶] Finally,
where general words follow a specific enumeration of particular classes of persons or
things, the general words will be presumed as applicable to persons or things of the same
general nature or class as those enumerated. [Citations.]” (Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v.
Superior Court (1984) 154 Cal. App. 3d 14, 20-21.)
       Defendant’s interpretation of the statute would deprive the term “criminal
behavior” of its independent meaning. Had the Legislature intended to restrict the
institutionalization of individuals to those who only pose a risk of committing the
selected offenses, it would have done so. As the Legislature chose to use two different
terms, we cannot interpret these terms to have the same meaning.
       The term “sexually violent criminal behavior” is linked to the clause of the SVPA
requiring a diagnosed mental disorder. We read the two portions of the statute in context.
“[A] finding of ‘likely [to] engage in sexually violent criminal behavior’ is expressly
dependent on the existence of a statutorily defined mental disorder: ‘a diagnosed mental
disorder that makes the person a danger to the health and safety of other in that it is likely
that he or she will engage in sexually violent criminal behavior.’ [Citation.]” (Cooley,
supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 248.) An individual’s mental illness, as defined by the SVPA,
affects the individual’s “volitional capacity that predisposes the person to the commission
of criminal sexual acts in a degree constituting the person a menace to the health and
safety of others.” (§ 6600, subd. (c).) The mental illness makes the individual likely to
commit certain actions, or predisposes them to behave in certain ways. (People v.
Williams (2003) 31 Cal. 4th 757, 769; Cooley, supra, at p. 249.) “The SVPA thus
consistently emphasizes the themes common to valid civil commitment statutes, i.e., a
current mental condition or disorder that makes it difficult or impossible to control

                                             17
volitional behavior and predisposes the person to inflict harm on himself or others, thus
producing dangerousness measured by a high risk or threat of further injurious acts if the
person is not confined. (Hubbart, supra, 19 Cal.4th [at pp.] 1152–1164 [rejecting
substantive due process challenge to California SVPA statute, noting that the statute
validly requires a mental disorder producing dangerousness]; see Kansas v. Hendricks
(1997) 521 U.S. 346, 358 (Hendricks) [upholding similar Kansas SVPA].)” (People v.
Superior Court (Ghilotti) (2002) 27 Cal. 4th 888, 920.) The inquiry into behaviors is not
an inquiry into whether an individual’s behavior may trigger future prosecutions, but
whether the behaviors indicate a mental illness that predisposes a person to act in certain
ways that put the public at risk.
       The SVPA is similar to the Kansas statute before the Supreme Court in Hendricks,
supra, 521 U.S. 346. As the Hendricks court observed, commitment under the Kansas
act “requires proof of more than a mere predisposition to violence; rather, it requires
evidence of past sexually violent behavior and a present mental condition that creates a
likelihood of such conduct in the future if the person is not incapacitated. As we have
recognized, ‘[p]revious instances of violent behavior are an important indicator of future
violent tendencies.’ [Citations.]” (Hendricks, supra, at pp. 357–358, italics added.)
       Having construed the SVPA, we have no difficulty in upholding the trial court’s
finding that the opinions of Dr. Damon and Dr. Webber, combined with defendant’s
unrelenting history of frotteuristic behavior, make it likely he will engage, at a minimum,
in acts of forcible sexual battery. Aggressive frotteurism as exhibited by defendant
involves assaulting individuals in a predatory, sexualized manner, without their consent,
leading the victims to believe that they are going to be raped. This is undoubtedly
sexually violent criminal behavior.6 (See, e.g., People v. Valdez (2001) 89 Cal. App. 4th
6 As noted by one court, “a woman or a young girl, so closely confined on a
crowded subway car that she cannot move, who suddenly feels the erect penis of a
stranger repeatedly ground into her body is unlikely to perceive that event as nothing
more than a minor annoyance. [Fn. omitted.]” (State v. Michael R. (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2014)
986 N.Y.S.2d 868.)

                                             18
1013, 1016 [sexual battery is crime of violence for the purposes of the mentally
disordered offender statute].) The Legislature views such conduct as sexual in nature, as
Penal Code section 290, subdivision (c), requires individuals convicted of felony sexual
battery under Penal Code section 243.4, subdivision (a), to register as sex offenders. As
the trial court noted, other states have found that sexual battery of the type exhibited by
defendant constitutes an act of sexual violence. (See, e.g., Kansas v. Crane (2002) 534
U.S. 407 [upholding a determination that a repeat sexual batterer with exhibitionism and
anti-social personality disorder with some control over his actions could be civilly
committed and noting that Kansas’s scheme required that an individual be likely to
engage in repeated acts of sexual violence].)
       The trial record supports a finding that defendant is violent, unable to control his
behaviors, and has intense sexual fantasies about touching non-consenting women. Even
while institutionalized defendant exposes himself with some regularity, believing that
women are looking at his crotch and want to see his penis. He asks women to perform
acts of oral copulation on him as he approaches them in a threatening manner. He is also
prone to rages when rejected. The prosecution experts at trial agreed that defendant’s
disorders prevent him from controlling his violent sexual behaviors. His behaviors
extended to non-consensual touching by instilling fear of rape. Over an extended number
of years, defendant has exhibited behaviors consistent with aggressive frotteurism,
including restraining women to grab their buttocks and genetalia and “humping” them
from behind.
       Our interpretation of the SVPA and application to this case is consistent with what
our Supreme Court has identified as the purpose of the statutory scheme. The SVPA has
a “narrow and important purpose—confining and treating mentally disordered individuals
who have demonstrated their inability to control specific sexually violent behavior
through the commission of similar prior crimes.” (Hubbart, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 1164;
accord, People v. McKee (2010) 47 Cal. 4th 1172, 1194 [the purpose of the SVPA scheme
is “‘to establish “civil commitment proceedings” in order to provide “treatment” to
mentally disordered individuals who cannot control sexually violent criminal

                                             19
behavior’”].) “[T]he Act targets sexual offenders who suffer from a diagnosed ‘volitional
impairment’ making them ‘dangerous beyond their control.’ (Hendricks, supra, 521 U.S.
[at p.] 358.]” (Hubbart, supra, at p. 1157.) “The SVPA also establishes the requisite
connection between impaired volitional control and the danger posed to the public.”
(Hubbart, supra, at p. 1158.) “[T]he SVPA plainly requires a finding of dangerousness.
The statute then ‘links that finding’ to a current diagnosed mental disorder characterized
by the inability to control dangerous sexual behavior. (Hendricks, supra, 521 U.S. [at
p.] 358.)” (Hubbart, supra, at p. 1158.) Defendant’s mental disorders and conduct
satisfy each of the purposes.
       Although civil commitment based on frotteurism is not common, courts in other
jurisdictions have upheld civil commitments for sex offenders suffering from the
disorder. (In re Thompson (Kan.Ct.App., July 22, 2016, No. 114,617) 2016 WL
3961541, at *2; In re Ritchie (2014) 50 Kan. App. 2d 698, 708–709; State v. William W.
(2013) 962 N.Y.S.2d 43, 44; In re Hanenberg (N.D. 2010) 777 N.W.2d 62, 66; In re
Detention of Hodges (Iowa 2004) 689 N.W.2d 467, 468–469; In re Care and Treatment
of Kennedy (2003) 353 S.C. 394, 398–400.) Each case is, of course, fact specific, but
there is no blanket rule prohibiting civil commitment of a sex offender who suffers from
frotteurism.

“Sexually Violent Criminal Behavior” is not Void for Vagueness

       Defendant also contends that the term “sexually violent criminal behavior” is
vague on its face, arguing that that judges and juries would be free to determine ad hoc
what constitutes a sexually violent criminal behavior. We disagree. “. . . California
courts have rejected numerous constitutional challenges to the SVPA and have resolved

                                            20
various statutory interpretation questions arising from the statutory scheme. [Citations.]”
(Turner v. Superior Court (2003) 105 Cal. App. 4th 1046, 1055.) 7
       “The Fifth Amendment provides that ‘[n]o person shall . . . be deprived of life,
liberty, or property, without due process of law.’ Our cases establish that the
Government violates this guarantee by taking away someone’s life, liberty, or property
under a criminal law so vague that it fails to give ordinary people fair notice of the
conduct it punishes, or so standardless that it invites arbitrary enforcement. [(Kolender v.
Lawson (1983) 461 U.S. 352, 357–358)]. The prohibition of vagueness in criminal
statutes ‘is a well-recognized requirement, consonant alike with ordinary notions of fair
play and the settled rules of law,’ and a statute that flouts it ‘violates the first essential of
due process.’ [(Connally v. General Constr. Co. (1926) 269 U.S. 385, 391)]. These
principles apply not only to statutes defining elements of crimes, but also to statutes
fixing sentences. [(United States v. Batchelder (1979) 442 U.S. 114, 123)].” (Johnson,
supra, 135 S.Ct. at pp. 2556–2557.)
       Our Supreme Court “has recognized ‘the strong presumption that legislative
enactments “must be upheld unless their unconstitutionality clearly, positively, and
unmistakably appears. [Citations.] A statute . . . cannot be held void for uncertainty if
any reasonable and practical construction can be given to its language.”’ (Walker v.
Superior Court (1988) 47 Cal. 3d 112, 143.) Therefore, ‘a party must do more than
identify some instances in which the application of the statute may be uncertain or

       7 Among the cases rejecting constitutional challenges to various portions of the
SVPA include the following: Hubbart, supra, 19 Cal.4th at pages 1151–1170 [SVPA’s
definition of “diagnosed mental disorder,” requirement of current dangerousness, and
lack of guarantee of treatment do not violate due process; statutory scheme also does not
violate equal protection]; People v. Lopez (2004) 123 Cal. App. 4th 1306 at pages 1312–
1313 [SVPA’s definition of “substantial sexual conduct” is not unconstitutionally vague
by failing to define “masturbation”]; and People v. Buffington (1999) 74 Cal. App. 4th
1149 at pages 1153–1154 [rejecting argument that SVPA violates due process on the
theory that proof that a defendant is “likely” to engage in sexually violent criminal
behavior dilutes the requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the disorder
makes defendant likely to engage in sexually violent criminal behavior does not violate
due process].

                                               21
ambiguous; he must demonstrate that “the law is impermissibly vague in all of its
applications.” [Citation.]’ (Evangelatos v. Superior Court (1988) 44 Cal. 3d 1188,
1201.) Stated differently, ‘“[a] statute is not void simply because there may be difficulty
in determining whether some marginal or hypothetical act is covered by its language.”
[Citation.]’ (People v. Ervin (1997) 53 Cal. App. 4th 1323, 1329.)” (People v. Morgan
(2007) 42 Cal. 4th 593, 605–06.)
       Due process arguments based on vagueness that are essentially indistinguishable
from defendant’s contention have been rejected by several courts in other jurisdictions.
(U.S. v. Carta (1st Cir. 2010) 592 F.3d 34, 43 [rejecting due process challenge for
vagueness to 18 U.S.C. § 4248—the federal civil commitment provision for sex
offenders—as to language that a defendant has “serious difficulty in refraining from
sexually violent conduct” resulting from a “serious mental illness, abnormality, or
disorder”; the “terms are sufficiently explicit to give notice and prevent arbitrary
enforcement, and the present statute also passes muster”]; accord, United States v.
Abregana (D. Hawaii 2008) 574 F. Supp. 2d 1123, 1142 [the term “sexually violent
conduct” has a plain meaning].) “Other courts addressing void for vagueness challenges
to civil commitment statutes employing similar terms have found them to be
constitutionally sufficient. [(See In re K.A.P. (Pa.Super.Ct.2007) 916 A.2d 1152, 1159;
Westerheide v. State (Fla.2002) 831 So. 2d 93, 106; Martin v. Reinstein
(Ariz.Ct.App.1999) 195 Ariz. 293; In Re Young (1993) 122 Wash.2d 1)].” (U.S. v.
Abregana, supra, at p. 1141.) We agree with the sound reasoning of these authorities.
       Defendant’s reliance on Johnson, supra, 135 S. Ct. 346, is misplaced. The
Johnson court held that the portion of the Armed Career Criminal Act of 1984 (18 U.S.C.
§ 924(e)(2)(B)) defining “violent felony” as “any felony that ‘involves conduct that
presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another’” is unconstitutionally
vague. The court identified two features rendering the provision vague. First, “the
residual clause leaves grave uncertainty about how to estimate the risk posed by a crime.
It ties the judicial assessment of risk to a judicially imagined ‘ordinary case’ of a crime,
not to real-world facts or statutory elements.” (Id. at p. 2557.) Second, “the residual

                                             22
clause leaves uncertainty about how much risk it takes for a crime to qualify as a violent
felony. It is one thing to apply an imprecise ‘serious potential risk’ standard to real-world
facts; it is quite another to apply it to a judge-imagined abstraction.” (Id. at p. 2558.)
       That portion of the SVPA requiring evidence that a defendant is likely to engage
in sexually violent criminal behavior suffers from neither of the defects identified in
Johnson. There is no uncertainty regarding the risk involved in sexually violent criminal
behavior. Under the SVPA, “a person is ‘likely [to] engage in sexually violent criminal
behavior’ if at trial the person is found to present a substantial danger, that is, a serious
and well-founded risk, of committing such crimes if released from custody. [Fn.
omitted.]” (Roberge, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 988.) The required factual determination
lacks the uncertainty deemed fatal to the statute in Johnson. Conduct that is violent and
sexual is well-defined in the Penal Code, and as noted above, includes the form of sexual
battery engaged in by defendant. The SVPA is not vague in regard to the likely behavior
of the defendant—it must be predatory, sexual, and violent. These terms have common
meanings that require no further definition and fall far short of unconstitutional
vagueness.
       We have two final points as to why the reasoning of Johnson has no application to
this case. First, “from a legal point of view there is nothing inherently unattainable about
a prediction of future criminal conduct.” (Schall v. Martin (1984) 467 U.S. 253, 278.)
The Johnson court made clear that the “dozens of federal and state criminal laws use
terms like ‘substantial risk,’ ‘grave risk,’ and ‘unreasonable risk,’” are “[n]ot at all”
subject to “constitutional doubt,” because “we do not doubt the constitutionality of laws
that call for the application of a qualitative standard such as ‘substantial risk’ to real-
world conduct; ‘the law is full of instances where a man’s fate depends on his estimating
rightly . . . some matter of degree,’ [(Nash v. United States (1913) 229 U.S. 373, 377)].”
(Johnson, supra, 135 S.Ct. at p. 2561.) The SVPA’s requirement of a sexually violent
criminal offense, linked to a diagnosed mental disorder, is the type of qualitative standard
deemed permissible in Johnson. Second, the Supreme Court in Hendricks rejected a due
process challenge to a Kansas civil commitment statute which required proof that

                                               23
“persons who, due to a ‘mental abnormality’ or a ‘personality disorder, are likely to
engage in ‘predatory acts of sexual violence.’ Kan. Stat. Ann. § 59–29a01 et seq.
(1994).” (Hendricks, supra, 521 U.S. at p. 350, 360.) Nothing in Johnson indicates the
Supreme Court intended to suggest Hendricks was incorrectly decided or that there is a
due process issue in statutes akin to the SVPA.
       Contrary to defendant’s contentions, the term “sexually violent” provides
sufficient notice to the public regarding what conduct might trigger a civil commitment.
Defendant contends that the trial court’s definition of “sexually violent” was focused on a
hypothetical traumatic risk to a victim, claiming that possessing child pornography could
be an act of sexual violence under this definition. This mischaracterizes the trial court’s
findings, which explicitly stated that defendant’s frotteurism demonstrated that he is
likely to engage in a form of sexual battery which is predatory, sexual, violent, and
criminal in nature. “Sexually violent criminal behavior” does not include the type of
“hands off” offenses described by defendant. Simply pointing to marginal, hypothetical
cases, that arguably may not be covered by the statute, is insufficient to show that the
SVPA is unconstitutionally vague.

                                      DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed.

              KRIEGLER, J.

We concur:

              TURNER, P.J.                                      BAKER, J.

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