Court Opinion

ID: 1055693
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-08 20:59:34.820653+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:17:59.216433
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT NASHVILLE
                                  February 20, 2004 Session

  CLIFFORD MICHAEL JOHNSON v. NISSAN NORTH AMERICA, INC.

            Extraordinary Appeal from the Circuit Court for Rutherford County
                          No. 47732    J. S. Steve Daniel, Judge

                     No. M2003-01165-COA-R10-CV - Filed May 26, 2004

        Former employee of Nissan North America, Inc. filed this action against Nissan alleging
retaliatory discharge following his filing of a workers’ compensation claim. A discovery dispute
ensued wherein Nissan objected claiming the requests were not relevant and that it would violate the
Americans with Disabilities Act if it provided the discovery. The trial court modified the discovery
and ordered Nissan to: 1) list every employee terminated between August 2000 and January 2002
and the reason for the termination; 2) identify which of these employees filed workers’ compensation
claims or received workers’ compensation benefits within one year preceding their respective
termination; and 3) identify each employee that Nissan or its agents either conducted surveillance
on or requested that surveillance be conducted on between August 2000 and January 2002. We
reverse, finding that the plaintiff failed to make a compelling showing of relevance and failed to
establish that the value of the discovery sought, which pertained to information contained in the
personnel and medical records of current and former employees of Nissan, outweighed the privacy
interests of those individuals who were not parties to this action.

   Tenn. R. App. P. 10 Appeal by Permission; Judgment of the Circuit Court is Reversed

FRANK G. CLEMENT, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which WILLIAM C. KOCH , P.J.,
M.S., and WILLIAM B. CAIN , J., joined.

Larry G. Trail and Van A. French, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, for the appellant, Nissan North
America, Inc.

Joy L. Davis, Franklin, Tennessee, for the appellee, Clifford Michael Johnson.

                                             OPINION

       This is a Tenn. R. App. 10 extraordinary appeal which arises from a dispute concerning the
scope of discovery. Clifford Michael Johnson (Johnson), a former employee of Nissan North
America, Inc. (Nissan), filed a complaint for retaliatory discharge against Nissan alleging that he was
wrongfully terminated in retaliation for filing a workers’ compensation claim. Johnson submitted
interrogatories to which Nissan objected to four.1 Johnson filed a motion to compel discovery. After
a hearing, the trial judge ruled that Nissan did not have to answer interrogatory 9, modified
interrogatories 6 and 8, reduced the time frame by changing the dates of “January 1, 2000 and
January 1, 2003" to “August 2000 and January 2002,” but otherwise ruled that interrogatories 6, 7,
and 8 must be answered as modified. Specifically, the trial judge ordered Nissan to:

       1)       list every employee terminated between August 2000 and January 2002 and the
                reason for the termination;

       2)       identify which of these employees filed workers’ compensation claims or received
                workers’ compensation benefits within one year preceding their respective
                termination; and

       3)       identify each employee that employer or its agents either conducted surveillance on
                or requested that surveillance be conducted on between August 2000 and January
                2002.

        Nissan raised two principal objections. First, Nissan argues that the requests are not relevant
to Johnson’s claim of retaliatory termination, relying on Tenn. R. Civ. P. 26 which only authorizes
discovery that is “relevant to the subject matter involved in the pending action.” Johnson’s claim,
Nissan asserts, is individual in nature and not on behalf of any purported class, not a claim that he
was treated differently than other Nissan employees in a similar situation, or that the company’s rules

       1
        Nissan ob jected to the following four interrogatories:
       6.       List all employees terminated since between January 1, 2000 and January 1, 2003, and the
                reason for said termination.
       7.       Identify which, if any, of said employees in your answer to Interrogatory No. 6, which had
                filed a worker’s [sic] com pensation claim or received worker’s [sic] compe nsation bene fits
                within the period of one year preceding their respective termination.
       8.       List each emp loyee in which you, your attorney and/or your agents have conducted or
                requested surveillance between January 1, 2000 and January 1, 2003. With regard to each
                employee, list the dates surveillance was performed, the name of the investigator, whether
                any photographs or videotapes were conducted or taken during the surveillance, the location
                of any such photographs, videotapes, and reports, or other documents that were created or
                made as a result of any surveillance.
       9.       Identify which, if any, of the emp loyees listed in answer to Interrogatory N o. 8 above had
                ever filed a worker’s [sic] compensation claim and for each identify the following:
                a.        Date of hire;
                b.        Date and type of injury;
                c.        Date of last medica l payment;
                d.        Total amounts paid to date and in reserve for each claim;
                e.        Status of claim (open, closed, settled, pending settlement, etc.); and
                f.        Amounts o f payments to emplo yee, if settled and d ate of settlement.

                                                        -2-
or procedures had a “disproportionately adverse effect” on other employees who filed a workers’
compensation claim. Nissan submits that the issue in this case is whether Johnson was terminated
for violating work restrictions or whether the reasons given were simply pretextual. As such, Nissan
contends its reasons for termination of other employees or whether surveillance was conducted are
irrelevant to Johnson’s claim. Nissan relies on Steinkerchner v. Provident Life & Accident Insurance
Co., No. 01-A-01-9910-CH-00039, 1999WL 734545 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sep. 22, 1999) wherein this
court held that if the discovery request is broad and based upon the belief that it will lead to the
discovery of admissible evidence, the justification for the broad discovery must be more than mere
accusations and suspicion. Thus, Nissan argues that mere speculative and conclusory allegations that
it targeted other employees for termination who filed workers’ compensation claims does not justify
the broad discovery it is compelled to provide.

        Second, Nissan objected arguing that it would be violating the Americans with Disabilities
Act of 1990 (ADA) if it provides the discovery, which may subject Nissan to lawsuits by current and
former employee whose information concerning medical benefits or workers’ compensation claims
is released for such information is confidential and Nissan, as an employer, has a duty to keep it
confidential. While there are exceptions to the confidentiality requirements, Nissan insists the
discovery at issue does not qualify as an exception.

        Johnson countered arguing that Steinkerchner is distinguishable. Johnson asserts that his
allegations of bad faith are not speculative as they were in Steinkerchner because Chancellor Corlew,
when ruling on a motion in Johnson’s underlying workers’ compensation case, held that Nissan acted
in bad faith when dealing with Johnson.2 Thus, Johnson argues that he should be given more latitude
with respect to discovery. Moreover, Johnson asserts that to effectively prepare his case he must be
able to discover how Nissan’s policy has been applied to other employees, the type of employee
targeted, Nissan’s motivation for termination, and the number of employees terminated for cause as
opposed to other terminations.

                                           Standard of Review

        Discovery disputes address themselves to a trial court's discretion, Benton v. Snyder, 825
S.W.2d 409, 416 (Tenn.1992); Payne v. Ramsey, 591 S.W.2d 434, 436 (Tenn.1979); Harrison v.
Greeneville Ready-Mix, Inc., 220 Tenn. 293, 302-03, 417 S.W.2d 48, 52 (1967). Accordingly, we
use the "abuse of discretion" standard of review.

                While the "abuse of discretion" standard limits the scope of our review of
        discretionary decisions, it does not immunize these decisions completely from
        appellate review. Duncan v. Duncan, 789 S.W.2d 557, 561 (Tenn. Ct. App.1990).

        2
          The ruling referenced by Johnson is found in the opinion letter of Chancellor Robert E. Corlew dated
December 17, 2002. Chancellor Corlew presided over Johnson’s workers’ compensation claim, but not the instant
lawsuit.

                                                     -3-
       Even though it prevents us from second-guessing the trial court, White v. Vanderbilt
       Univ., 21 S.W.3d 215, 223 (Tenn. Ct. App.1999), or from substituting our discretion
       for the trial court's discretion, Myint v. Allstate Ins. Co., 970 S.W.2d 920, 927
       (Tenn.1998); State ex rel. Vaughn v. Kaatrude, 21 S.W.3d 244, 248
       (Tenn.Ct.App.2000), it does not prevent us from examining the trial court's decision
       to determine whether it has taken the applicable law and the relevant facts into
       account. Ballard v. Herzke, 924 S.W.2d 652, 661 (Tenn.1996). We will not hesitate
       to conclude that a trial court "abused its discretion" when the court has applied an
       incorrect legal standard, has reached a decision that is illogical, has based its decision
       on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or has employed reasoning that
       causes an injustice to the complaining party. Clinard v. Blackwood, 46 S.W.3d 177,
       182 (Tenn.2001); Buckner v. Hassell, 44 S.W.3d 78, 83 (Tenn. Ct. App.2000); In re
       Paul's Bonding Co., 62 S.W.3d 187, 194 (Tenn. Crim. App.2001); Overstreet v.
       Shoney's, Inc., 4 S.W.3d 694, 709 (Tenn. Ct. App.1999).

Boyd v. Comdata Network, Inc. 88 S.W.3d 203, 211-212 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002).

     We review the trial court's underlying factual findings using the preponderance of the evidence
standard in Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); however, we review the trial court’s legal determinations de novo
without a presumption of correctness. Brown v. Birman Managed Care, Inc., 42 S.W.3d 62, 66
(Tenn.2001); Burlew v. Burlew, 40 S.W.3d 465, 470 (Tenn.2001). A trial court "abuses its
discretion" when it makes an error of law. Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81, 100, 116 S. Ct. 2035,
2047, 135 L. Ed. 2d 392 (1996).

                                               Analysis

        Discovery rules are accorded broad and liberal treatment for mutual knowledge of all the
relevant facts gathered by both parties is essential to proper litigation, Hickman v. Taylor 329 U.S.
495, 507, 67 S. Ct. 385, 392 (U.S. 1947); however, though the scope of discovery is broad, it does
have limits. Miller v. Doctor’s General Hospital, 76 F.R.D. 136, 139 (W.D. Okl. 1977). “The basic
positive touchstone is relevance, including the reasonable possibility that the information sought
would lead to admissible evidence.” Miller at 139. The Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure strike
a balance between two important policies. “The first, and perhaps more important, policy is that
discovery should enable the parties and the courts to seek the truth so that disputes will be decided
by facts rather than by legal maneuvering.” (citations omitted) White v. Vanderbilt University, 21
S.W.3d 215, 223 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999). “The second policy is that the discovery rules should not
permit less diligent lawyers to benefit from the work of their more diligent opponents.” (citations
omitted) Id. at 223.

       Analyzing whether a discovery request is proper requires the balancing of numerous
considerations. “There is no sharp line of demarcation which separates the field in which discovery
may be freely pursued from that in which it is forbidden.” Cyc. Fed Proc. § 25.34 3rd Ed. (2001).

                                                  -4-
These considerations include, “relevancy or reasonable possibility of information leading to
discovery of admissible evidence; privilege; protection of privacy, property and secret matters; and
protection of parties or persons from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or
expense.” Id. at § 25.34.

        A typical analysis involves whether the discovery is relevant to the subject matter involved
in the pending action, whether it relates to the claim or defense of the party seeking discovery or to
the claim or defense of any other party. 3 However, in this case we not only have the relevancy
analysis; we also have confidentiality issues along with a balancing of interests between the rights
of the plaintiff, who seeks information to prove his case, and the privacy rights of non-parties, who
are current and former employees of Nissan. We begin our analysis with an assessment of the
confidentiality issue and the privacy interests of the non-parties.

        Nissan insists that the order of the circuit court “requires Nissan to act in a manner violative
of federal law, in particular, the [ADA]” for it, as an employer, is under an obligation to keep
employee personnel and medical records confidential. Nissan specifically relies on an informal
opinion of the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC) that provides, “[T]he ADA’s
confidentiality provisions concerning employee medical records are absolute.” It also provides, “[I]n
a state civil action, an employer could run afoul of the ADA if it permitted the discovery of an
employee’s medical file that was being maintained pursuant to the statute.” Further it states, “[A]n
employer will risk being sued under the ADA by an employee whose medical records it fails to keep
confidential. . . .” 8 NDLR ¶ 395 (Feb. 12 1996).

        Though valid to an extent, Nissan’s reliance on the ADA is overstated for the confidentiality
requirement referenced above only pertains to persons with “disabilities” as defined under the ADA
and only to employees’ medical files that are maintained pursuant to the ADA. Disability is defined
under the ADA as “a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the
major life activities of such individual.” 42 U.S.C.A. §12102(2)(A). The ADA confidentiality
requirements apply to all medical records and tests “covered by the ADA.” However, that does not
mean that the ADA confidentiality requirements apply to any and all medical records and tests of
employees; it only applies to those which are covered by the ADA. The informal EEOC opinion
relied on by Nissan confirms this dichotomy. “The ADA . . . makes a distinction between an
employee’s non-medical personnel file and the employee’s medical file. An employer is precluded

         3
           “The boundaries defining information that is relevant to the subject matter involved in the action are
necessarily vague and it is practically impossible to state a general rule by which they can be drawn.” W right, Miller &
Marcus, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil 2d § 2008 , p. 107 (1994 ). Relevancy is to be construed liberally and
with common sense instead of “narrow legalisms.” Id. at § 20 08, p . 107 . W hile “a req uest for discovery should be
considered relevant if there is any possibility that the inform ation so ught may be relevant to the subject matter of the
action,” discovery of informa tion that has no conc eivab le bearing on the case should not be allowed. Id. at § 2008, p.
107,108. “Whether information sought is reaso nably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence m ust,
of course, be determined on a case-by-case basis.” Robert Banks, Jr. & June F. Entman, Tenn essee Civil Pro cedure §
8-1(f), p. 497 (1999).

                                                           -5-
from placing in an employee’s ‘standard’ personnel file any medical records covered by the ADA.
The employee’s separately maintained medical file is subject to the confidentiality requirements of
the ADA.” 8 NDLR ¶ 395 (Feb. 12 1996). The EEOC informal opinion further states that the
confidentiality provisions apply “assuming the records are being held by an employer in accordance
with the ADA.” Id., ¶ 395. As noted by the EEOC, a file maintained in accordance with the ADA
is not the same as the so-called “standard” personnel file. Accordingly, to the extent Nissan has
maintained files in accordance with the ADA, which by definition limits the files to employees who
meet the ADA definition of “disabled,” then Nissan is correct in its assertion that the ADA’s
confidentiality provisions concerning those employees’ medical records apply.

        The fact that the ADA statutory confidentiality provisions are limited does not mean that all
other medical and personnel records of employees are unprotected. To the contrary, courts have
repeatedly limited discovery of such records and information on the basis of privacy interests.
Generally stated, discovery of personnel records requires a compelling showing of relevance because
of the privacy interests involved. Miller v. Federal Express Corp., 186 F.R.D. 376, 384 (W.D. Tenn.
1999). Even where company records are shown to be relevant,

       Courts have been reluctant to permit discovery, when the requested disclosures
       would intrude upon the privacy interests of other, non-party employees. These Courts
       have concluded that the personnel files of an entire class of employees should not be
       produced, even in an employment discrimination proceeding, absent a compelling
       showing of relevance. See, e.g., Gehring v. Case Corp., 43 F.3d 340, 342- 43 (7th
       Cir.1994) (privacy interests was proper basis upon which to disallow counsel from
       "root[ing] through the personnel files."), cert. denied, 515 U.S. 1159, 115 S. Ct. 2612,
       132 L. Ed. 2d 855 (1995). As a consequence, a party seeking the discovery of
       personnel information must demonstrate, notwithstanding the breadth of discovery,
       that the value of the information sought would outweigh the privacy interests of the
       affected individuals. See, Whittingham v. Amherst Coll., supra at 127-28; Miles v.
       Boeing Co., 154 F.R.D. at 115. On the other hand, "[i]n Title VII litigation, in which
       plaintiffs are required to demonstrate pretext, courts have customarily allowed a wide
       discovery of personnel files." Coughlin v. Lee, supra at 1159, citing Trevino v.
       Celanese Corp., 701 F.2d 397, 405-06 (5th Cir.1983); Burns v. Thiokol Chem. Corp.,
       483 F.2d 300, 303-07 (5th Cir.1973); Weahkee v. Norton, 621 F.2d 1080, 1082 (10th
       Cir.1980); Rich v. Martin Marietta Corp., 522 F.2d 333, 344-45 (10th Cir.1975);
       Marshall v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 576 F.2d 588, 592 (5th Cir.1978). We think
       the proper balance, between the privacy interests of non-party third persons, and the
       discovery interests of a party litigant, is to assure that only those portions of the
       pertinent personnel files, which are clearly relevant to the parties' claims, are open
       to disclosure and, then, subject to an appropriate Confidentiality Order as the
       circumstances require.

Onwuka v. Federal Express Corporation, 178 F.R.D. 508, 517 (D. Minn. 1997).

                                                -6-
        Whether the discovery at issue is relevant includes an assessment of whether the others are
similarly situated to the party seeking the discovery. Allen v. Howmedica Leibinger, 190 F.R.D. 518,
524 (W.D. Tenn. 1999). In Miller v. Federal Express Corp., 186 F.R.D. 376 (W.D. Tenn., 1999)
the plaintiff charged that she was discriminated against based on her race. Specifically, she alleged
that “she was disciplined more harshly than other similarly situated white managers.” Id. at 381. The
court examined three interrogatories to determine if the plaintiff was similarly situated to other
employees whose information she had requested:

               Interrogatory 17 asks defendant to "identify all managers and supervisors at
       the Memphis Hub who, since January 1, 1993, have received any form of discipline
       related to either 'conduct' or 'employee relations' issues." This interrogatory also asks
       that defendant provide the name, race, and job title of each manager/supervisor, the
       date of disciplinary action, a description of the action taken, and whether any appeal
       was filed and the final disposition of any such appeal. Interrogatory 19 asks
       defendant to "identify each and every person in management at the Memphis Hub
       who filed internal EEO grievances and who subsequently received favorable
       outcomes to said since January 1, 1993." Interrogatory 20 asks defendant to "identify
       each and every person listed in Interrogatory No. 19 who have (sic) been promoted
       since or after the date of filing an internal EEO grievance."

Id., 186 F.R.D. at 383.

       Miller held that the interrogatories were over broad, but could lead to the discovery of
admissible evidence because the discovery may identify a smaller set of managers within the over
broad request that were in fact similarly situated to the plaintiff. That court’s analysis provides
guidance to finding a balance between the broad scope of discovery and the need to protect against
over broad requests.

               In this Title VII disparate treatment case, information concerning the
       treatment of comparable employees is doubtlessly relevant to a plaintiff's claim that
       she received harsher discipline on account of her race. However, for an employee to
       be considered comparable or "similarly situated" to the plaintiff, "the plaintiff and the
       employee must be similar in 'all of the relevant aspects.' " Ercegovich v. Goodyear
       Tire & Rubber Co., 154 F.3d 344, 351 (6th Cir.1998). In the context of an allegation
       of disciplinary discrimination, the comparables to be similarly situated "must have
       dealt with the same supervisor, have been subject to the same standards and have
       engaged in the same conduct without such differentiating or mitigating circumstances
       that would distinguish their conduct or the employer's treatment of them for it."
       Mitchell v. Toledo Hosp., 964 F.2d 577, 583 (6th Cir.1992). This is not to say,
       however, that another employee's situation must be identical to serve as a
       comparable. Ercegovich, 154 F.3d at 353.

                                                 -7-
                  Plaintiff is not similarly situated to all management-level employees at the
         Hub who were themselves subject to discipline for "conduct" or "employee relations"
         issues or who filed internal EEO grievances. In this case, only those
         management-level employees at the Hub who received disciplinary sanctions as a
         result of violations of the "Acceptable Conduct Policy/leadership failure" and who
         later failed to apologize for their behavior and failed to cooperate with defendant's
         internal investigation would be "similar in 'all of the relevant aspects' " to plaintiff for
         purposes of admissibility at trial. Similarly, management-level employees sanctioned
         for disciplinary reasons prior to November 30, 1995 would not be similarly situated
         to plaintiff because they were not subject to the disciplinary standard in place after
         circulation of the Logue/Willoughby memorandum. Consequently, Interrogatories 17,
         19, and 20, as currently formulated, are over broad.

                 Although over broad, these interrogatories arguably could lead to the
         discovery of other admissible evidence by revealing a smaller set of managers who
         were disciplined after November 30, 1995 for leadership failure and who also failed
         to apologize and to cooperate in the investigation. Nevertheless, the need for broad
         discovery should not necessitate unreasonably broad discovery requests. Cf. Scales
         v. J.C. Bradford and Co., 925 F.2d 901, 906 (6th Cir.1991) (noting in a Title VII
         disparate treatment case that the "desire to allow broad discovery is not without limits
         and the trial court is given wide discretion in balancing the needs and rights" of the
         parties). Plaintiff's need for relevant disciplinary information can be adequately
         addressed by limiting Interrogatories 17, 19, and 20 to those managers in Director
         Henry Bartosch's area, if any, who were disciplined between November 30, 1995 and
         February 14, 1997 for "violation of the Acceptable Conduct Policy/leadership
         failure." Although these individuals may not be "similar in all relevant respects" such
         that information concerning them would be admissible at trial, the information about
         managers who were disciplined for leadership failure could lead to additional
         information about their cooperation during the investigative process which may
         ultimately lead to admissible information.

Id., 186 F.R.D. 383-384.

        In Scales v. J.C. Bradford and Co., 925 F.2d 901, 906-7 (6th Cir.1991), Ms. Scales contended
that the district court's ruling limiting her discovery made it impossible for her to prove her Title VII
gender discrimination claim. While holding that information concerning an employer's general
employment practices is relevant even to a Title VII individual disparate treatment claim and that a
plaintiff should not normally be denied the information necessary to establish that claim, the court
concluded that this desire to allow broad discovery is not without limits and the trial court is given
wide discretion in balancing the needs and rights of both plaintiff and defendant. Id. at 906, citing
Trevino v. Celanese Corp., 701 F.2d 397 (5th Cir.1983). The focus of Ms. Scales' complaint was on
the treatment she received from J.C. Bradford while working in its municipal bond department in

                                                    -8-
Nashville. Finding that the employment decisions were made locally, the Scales court concluded that
discovery should be limited to the unit in Nashville and denied Ms. Scales’ request to discover J.C.
Bradford’s practices in other units and other regions. Id. at 906-7.

        In Steinkerchner v. Provident Life & Accident Insurance, No. 01-A-01-9910-CH-00039, 1999
WL 734545, *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 22, 1999), an insured requested the identity of “every
Tennessee resident” to whom Provident had issued a disability policy, upon which a claim for
disability benefits has been made and subsequently denied in whole or in part. The court found
Steinkerchner’s basis for the discovery to be “speculative” and therefore insufficient. The court
reasoned:

                Although the complaint makes vague allegations that the denial of benefits
        was part of a course of conduct, at his deposition Dr. Steinkerchner admitted that he
        had no information about other policyholders' dissatisfaction with Provident. Dr.
        Steinkerchner's speculative accusations about a course of conduct do not suffice to
        demonstrate the relevance of Provident's handling of other claims. He has been
        unable to identify the particular course of conduct he alleges exists, merely itemizing
        actions taken in handling of his claim. Thus, we find that the requested information
        is unlikely to lead to relevant evidence.

Steinkerchner v. Provident Life & Accident Insurance Co., No. 01-A-01-9910-CH-00039, 1999 WL
734545, *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 22, 1999).4

         The compelling reason offered by Johnson is that information about “every employee”
terminated by Nissan over a sixteen month period is necessary to show how Nissan’s work
restrictions policy is enforced on employees whose illness is not the result of a work injury. He
contends that such information is material to the interpretation of the work restriction policy and
whether the policy is enforced fairly. 5 We find Johnson’s justification to compel discovery most

         4
           The Steinkerchner court also concluded that the issues in that case were limited to Provident's handling of Dr.
Steinkerchner's claim for emp loyment disab ility insurance ben efits and to the ad equacy of P rovid ent's reasons for denying
the claim. Id. at *3. The court further found that Provident's conduct regarding the unique insurance claims of others was
not relevant to whe ther it pro perly ha ndled the claim at issue. Id. at *3. We need not and do not make a determination
whether Johnson’s claim is similarly limited or whether Nissan’s surveillance of other employees and/or termination of
other emp loyees is relevant or reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. Our ruling is based
upon the failure of Johnson to establish compelling evidence to justify the discovery of confidential information of non-
party employees of Nissan. Accordingly, we do not preclude discovery in the event Johnson, through other means of
disco very can justify such discovery.

         5
           A cause of action for retaliatory discharge pertaining to the filing of a workers’ compe nsation claim consists
of four elements: 1) the plaintiff was an employee of defendant at the time of the injury; 2) the plaintiff made a claim for
workers’ compensation benefits; 3) the defendant terminated the p laintiff’s employm ent; and 4) the claim for workers’
compensation bene fits was a substantial factor in defendant’s motivation to terminate the plaintiff’s employme nt.
Anderson v. Sta ndard Cash Register, 857 S.W .2d 5 55, 5 58 ( Tenn. 19 93). The plaintiff has the burden of pro ving a

                                                             -9-
tenuous because he merely alleges, “It is strongly suspected by Plaintiff that other employees were
similarly targeted by Nissan, and that records kept by Nissan in the normal course of business will
confirm that a correlation exists between the employees upon which surveillance was ordered and the
company’s records regarding payment of worker’s [sic] compensation claims.” (emphasis added)
Johnson similarly avers in his brief that he has “limited knowledge of dozens of other employees that
were similarly targeted during the month of his termination in January 2002, all of which had filed
workers’ compensation claims and were working within some type of work related medical
restrictions” (emphasis added). Due to the fact that the identity of the alleged similarly targeted
individuals and the facts which underlie their situations remain a secret within the exclusive
knowledge of the plaintiff, which prevents us from making our own determination of the validity of
his conclusions, we view Johnson’s averments as little more than conclusory speculation.

         Our analysis leads us to conclude that the scope of discovery is over broad, though as in Miller
v. Federal Express Corp. we acknowledge that some of the information Johnson seeks to discover
may have relevance to his case and/or may lead to the discovery of admissible evidence; yet, his basis
for the discovery is merely what is “strongly suspected” by Johnson, which is speculative and
conclusory. Furthermore, Johnson has failed to make a compelling showing of relevance and has
failed to establish that the value of the information sought would outweigh the privacy interests of
the affected individuals to justify discovery of the personnel and medical records of non-parties. As
stated in Gehring v. Case Corp., 43 F.3d 340, 342-3 (7th Cir.1994), the privacy interests of non-
parties is a proper basis upon which to disallow counsel from rooting through personnel files of non-
parties.

       Therefore, we vacate the trial court’s order of April 9, 2003 compelling discovery and remand
this matter to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

         Costs are assessed against Appellee, Clifford Michael Johnson.

                                                                 ___________________________________
                                                                 FRANK G. CLEMENT, JR., JUDGE

 causal link between the claim for benefits and the termination. Id. at 558-9.

                                                          -10-