Court Opinion

ID: 9476586
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 05:59:54.335215+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:45:24.074912
License: Public Domain

RIPPLE, Circuit Judge.
In this case, we are asked to determine whether the district court correctly applied the so-called “two dismissal” rule of Fed.R.Civ.P. 41(a)(1)1 in the rather atypical situa*638tion presented by this litigation. Because we respectfully disagree with the decision of the district court, we reverse its judgment and remand the case for further proceedings.
I
A. Background
The plaintiffs-appellants, Sutton Place Development Company and its principals, Henry and Carol Weiss (collectively referred to as Sutton Place) were involved in the development of a residential condominium in Coral Springs, Florida. The defendant-appellee, Abacus Mortgage Investment Company (Abacus), was one of the companies financing the development of the project. When the project faltered, Abacus served Sutton Place with a notice of default.
B. Subsequent Litigation
1. Illinois Civil Action
Sutton Place reacted to the notice of default by commencing an action in the Illinois state courts. It obtained a temporary restraining order preventing Abacus from proceeding with a foreclosure action; this order was later dissolved. Sutton Place also filed claims for damages against the various defendants, including Abacus. After a change of attorneys, Sutton Place sought a continuance of this action. When the trial judge denied the continuance, Sutton Place, on July 28, 1983, voluntarily dismissed this action as to Abacus.
2. The Florida Foreclosure Action
Once the restraining order in the Illinois action was lifted, Abacus filed its foreclosure action in the Circuit Court of Bro-ward County, Florida. Sutton Place filed a counterclaim alleging wrongdoing similar to that alleged in the Illinois action.
3. The Present Case — Initial Complaint (“Marshall Case”)
On July 21, 1983, a week before Abacus was dismissed from the Illinois state case, Sutton Place filed this case in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. This case was assigned to Judge Marshall. Abacus was not named as a defendant in the original complaint. The defendants were three individuals who had been involved in the financing of the condominium. Two of the three were defendants in the Illinois state court action.
4. Bankruptcy Proceedings
On August 1, 1983, Sutton Place filed petitions under chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. § 1101 et seq. (1982). Under the automatic stay provisions of the Bankruptcy Code, see 11 U.S.C. § 362(a), this filing suspended actions brought against Sutton Place by its creditors.
5. New Federal Litigation Against Abacus (“Moran Case”)
On December 21,1983, Sutton Place filed a breach of contract case against Abacus alone. This case was assigned to Judge Moran.
C. The “Two Dismissal”Problem Emerges
In the bankruptcy proceeding, Abacus obtained an order directing Sutton Place to abate the Moran Case on the ground it was filed without the permission of the bankruptcy court. Sutton Place then asked that this order be modified so that it could dismiss the Moran Case and refile the claim against Abacus in one of the other suits. Abacus agreed not to oppose the motion provided the order state that the modification was for the purpose of dismissing the Moran Case. Sutton Place insisted that the order state it was without prejudice. The following colloquy then took place before the bankruptcy judge:
The Court: How about dismissing it without prejudice to asserting the same *639cause or causes of action in the presently existing lawsuits?
Mr. Neirenberg [Counsel for Sutton Place]: I have no problem with that.
Mr. Pollack [Counsel for Abacus]: Neither do I.
R.134, Ex. 1 at 11-12. Accordingly, the bankruptcy judge entered the following order:
IT IS ORDERED that this Court’s Order of January 17, 1984 directing debtors to abate their action (the “Action”) [referring to the Moran Case] ... is vacated solely to enable debtors to dismiss the Action. This Order is without prejudice to debtors’ rights including the assertion of the cause of action stated in the Action, in any litigation which is now pending.2
R. 129, Ex. 3 at 1-2.
Sutton Place then filed a motion for voluntary dismissal before Judge Moran:
NOW COME the plaintiffs, by their attorneys, and move this Court to voluntarily dismiss this action without prejudice, and in support state as follows:
1. The complaint in this action against the defendant ABACUS MORTGAGE INVESTMENT COMPANY, was filed on December 21, 1983.
2. Service has not been obtained on the defendant.
3. The defendant has not appeared or otherwise pleaded in this action.
4. The plaintiffs elect to voluntarily dismiss this action against the defendant without prejudice.
WHEREFORE, the plaintiffs ask this court to enter an order dismissing this case without prejudice.
Id., Ex. 4 at 1. Abacus had no notice of the motion, other than that which it had by virtue of its counsel’s participation in the bankruptcy hearing.
On May 3, 1984, Judge Moran entered an order in his minute book granting the motion: “Plaintiffs’ motion to voluntarily dismiss this action without prejudice is granted.” Id., Ex. 5.
On May 22, 1984, Sutton Place amended its complaint in the Marshall Case to add Abacus as a defendant. On July 5, 1984, Abacus moved to dismiss the complaint. Among the grounds asserted was the “two dismissal” rule.
D. The Decision of the District Court
Judge Marshall dismissed the complaint against Abacus on the ground that the dismissal by Judge Moran was, because of the “two dismissal” rule of Rule 41(a), a decision on the merits which barred further litigation. He noted:
In all three claims, the same loan documents, parties to the loan transactions, and property are the same. In all three actions, plaintiffs alleged that Abacus wrongfully required plaintiffs to acquire a parcel of land referred to as the Vandia property as a condition to the loan, wrongfully refused promised funding, and wrongfully instituted a foreclosure action against plaintiffs’ property. Because the claim is the same against Abacus, rule 41(a) requires dismissal.
Sutton Place Dev. Co. v. Abacus Mortgage Inv. Co., No. 83 C 5020, mem. op. at 3-4 (N.D.Ill. Feb. 25, 1985); R. 123 at 3-4 [hereinafter cited as Mem. op.].
Judge Marshall noted that Judge Moran’s form of dismissal was an order rather than a notice of dismissal. However, he believed the “two dismissal” rule was still applicable because:
the plaintiffs achieved what a notice of dismissal would have accomplished. To refuse to apply the two dismissal rule because an order dismissed the case would be to permit plaintiffs to circumvent the policy of the rule by moving to dismiss rather than simply filing a notice of dismissal as the rule provides.
Id. at 3.
When asked to reconsider his ruling, the court refused to characterize Abacus’ counsel’s consent to lift the bankruptcy abatement order as a waiver of the “two dismissal” rule. He pointed out that:
*640At the time plaintiffs appeared before the bankruptcy court to modify the order of abatement, they recognized that an alternate procedural course of action was available to them, namely a motion to consolidate and transfer. They freely chose what they perceived to be the better technique of simply dismissing the action pending before Judge Moran and then amending the complaint in this action to add Abacus as a party defendant.
R. 143 at 3.
II
We begin our analysis, as we must, with the language of Rule 41(a). There is no question that, if this case were decided according to the precise language of Fed.R.Civ.P. 41(a)(1), the action of the district court in dismissing the appellant’s case could not stand. “By its own clear terms the ‘two dismissal’ rule applies only when the second dismissal is by notice under Rule 41(a)(1). It does not apply to a dismissal by stipulation nor to an involuntary dismissal nor to dismissal by court order under Rule 41(a)(2).” 9 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2368, at 188 (1971) (footnotes omitted) [hereinafter cited as Wright & Miller]. Here, application for the second dismissal was made by motion and granted by order of Judge Moran. Therefore the language of the rule does not trigger the so-called “two dismissal” exemption upon which the district court relied.
We agree with the district court that there are circumstances when due regard for the underlying policy concerns of the Rule may require that the court depart from the precise language of the Rule. See. e.g., Gioia v. Blue Cross Hosp. Serv., Inc., 641 F.2d 540 (8th Cir.1981) (although dismissal granted by court order, totality of circumstances established that dismissal was pursuant to Rule 41(a)(1) rather than 41(a)(2)). However, it must be remembered that the federal rules are carefully-crafted instruments designed to achieve, by their uniform application, fairness and expedition in the conduct of federal litigation. Therefore, when a party contends that a court should disregard the express language of a carefully-drawn rule of procedure, that party bears a heavy burden of showing that a departure from the plain language is justified. That burden is especially heavy in the case of the “two dismissal” rule because, by disregarding the plain wording of the rule, the court also disregards the over-arching policy concern of the Federal Rules in favor of a decision on the merits. “The basic purpose of the Federal Rules is to administer justice through fair trials, not through summary dismissals as necessary as they may be on occasion.” Surowitz v. Hilton Hotels Corp., 383 U.S. 363, 373, 86 S.Ct. 845, 851, 15 L.Ed.2d 807 (1966). Moreover, as Judge Meskill pointed out for the Second Circuit in Poloron Prod., Inc. v. Lybrand Ross Bros. & Montgomery, 534 F.2d 1012 (2d Cir.1976), “[t]he ‘two dismissal’ rule is an exception to the general principle, contained in Rule 41(a)(1) and honored in equity prior to the adoption of the Federal Rules, that a voluntary dismissal of an action does not bar a new suit based upon the same claim.” Id. at 1017 (citation omitted). We should be especially careful not to extend the scope of such a narrow exception when the purpose for the exception would not be served.3
The purpose- of the “two dismissal” rule, “pointed out in numerous decisions, is to prevent unreasonable abuse and harassment,” American Cyanamid Co. v. McGhee, 317 F.2d 295, 297 (5th Cir.1963), “by plaintiff securing numerous dismissals without prejudice.” Wright & Miller § 2368, at 187 (footnote omitted). The orders of the district court in this case, when evaluated in light of this purpose, simply do not provide an adequate basis for a deviation from the plain wording of the rule. The record makes it quite clear that dismissal of the suit before Judge Moran *641was sought only after the matter had been discussed fully before the bankruptcy judge and opposing counsel. It was clear to all that Sutton Place was seeking dismissal of the suit before Judge Moran — not to harass Abacus but to consolidate its Chicago-based litigation. The bankruptcy judge summarized the understanding of all concerned as follows:
The Court: I am willing, and Mr. Pollack [Abaeus’ Florida counsel] has no problem, and Mr. Farrar has no problem, with granting the motion to vacate the order, which will permit you to dismiss the case referred to in your motion and in that order, and it is without prejudice to your asserting the cause or causes of action in any presently pending litigation, but not to start a new lawsuit.
R. 134, Ex. 1 at 11-12.
While appellee’s counsel did not explicitly waive reliance on the “two dismissal” rule,4 it is clear that he understood the reason for the appellants’ course of action and raised no objection to it. This is hardly the action of a harassed litigant; it certainly affords no justification for deviating from the plain meaning of Rule 41(a)(1) in order to vindicate the Rule’s underlying policy concerns.
Conclusion
Because we believe that the particular fact situation presented by this case does not justify a deviation from the plain wording of Rule 41(a), we reverse the judgment of the district court and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
It Is So Ordered

. Fed.R.Civ.P. 41 provides, in pertinent part:
(a) Voluntary Dismissal: Effect Thereof.
(1) By Plaintiff; by Stipulation. Subject to the provisions of Rule 23(e), of Rule 66, and of any statute of the United States, an action may be dismissed by the plaintiff without order of court (i) by filing a notice of dismissal at any time before service by the adverse party of an answer or of a motion for summary judgment, whichever first occurs, or (ii) by filing a stipulation of dismissal signed by all parties who have appeared in the action. Unless otherwise stated in the notice of dismissal or stipulation, the dismissal is without prejudice, except that a notice of dismissal operates as an adjudication upon the merits when filed by a plaintiff who has once dismissed in any court of the United States or of any state an action based on or including the same claim [emphasis supplied].
(2) By Order of Court. Except as provided in paragraph (1) of this subdivision of this rule, an action shall not be dismissed at the plaintiffs instance save upon order of the court and upon such terms and conditions as the court deems proper. If a counterclaim has been pleaded by a defendant prior to the service upon him of the plaintiffs motion to dismiss, the action shall not be dismissed against the defendant’s objection unless the counterclaim can remain pending for *638independent adjudication by the court. Unless otherwise specified in the order, a dismissal under this paragraph is without prejudice.

. It is not clear whether the bankruptcy judge, at the time he entered the order, was specifically aware of the earlier dismissal of the Illinois state court action.

. Indeed, in Poloron Prod., Inc. v. Lybrand Ross Bros. & Montgomery, 534 F.2d 1012, 1017 (2d Cir.1976), the Second Circuit suggested that ‘‘[w]here the purpose behind the ‘two dismissal' exception would not appear to be served by its literal application, and where that application’s effect would be to close the courthouse doors to an otherwise proper litigant, a court should be most careful not to construe or apply the exception too broadly."

. The district court wrote: "We would not characterize Pollack’s statements at the April 18, 1984 hearing as a waiver of Abacus’ right to raise the two dismissal rule as a defense in this action. ..." Sutton Place Dev. Co. v. Abacus Mortgage Inv. Co., No. 83 C 5020, mem. op. at 3 (N.D.Ill. Sept. 10, 1985); R. 143 at 3. When read in context, it is clear that this statement is the district court’s evaluation of the legal significance of counsel’s statements. Whatever may be the proper standard of review for such a mixed question of law and fact, compare Schuneman v. United States, 783 F.2d 694, 699 (7th Cir.1986) (mixed questions of law and fact "are independently reviewable by an appellate court”) (Eschbach, J.) with Mucha v. King, 792 F.2d 602, 605 (7th Cir.1986) (trial judge has responsibility of "determining not only the historical events that are relevant to how the case should be decided but also the legal significance of those events”) (Posner, J.), this conclusory statement is clearly erroneous. See generally Miller v. Fenton, 474 U.S. 104, 106 S.Ct. 445, 451, 88 L.Ed.2d 405 (1985); Pullman-Standard v. Swint, 456 U.S. 273, 289 n. 19, 102 S.Ct. 1781, 1790-91 n. 19, 72 L.Ed.2d 66 (1982). As the discussion in the text notes, counsel for the appellee was quite aware of the appellants’ course of action and the reasons for it and represented to the bankruptcy court that he would not object.