Court Opinion

ID: 9436890
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-03 03:11:03.049225+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:47:28.248859
License: Public Domain

MURPHY, Circuit Judge.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of possessing a firearm after a prior felony conviction. On appeal, he argues that the trial court erred by instructing the jury, based on his stipulations, that two elements of the offense with which he was charged had been proved. This court affirms.
Defendant Robert Mason was charged in a one-count indictment with possession of a firearm after prior conviction of a felony, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). At trial, Mason stipulated that he had previously been convicted of a felony and that the firearm he was charged with possessing had been transported in interstate commerce.
At the close of evidence, the judge instructed the jury that to sustain its burden of proof, the government was required to prove: (1) the defendant had previously been convicted of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year; (2) the defendant knowingly possessed the firearm described in the indictment; and (3) the possession was in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce. In addition, the court instructed the jury as follows:
*472The parties stipulate that the first and third elements have been met, that is, that the defendant has previously been convicted of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year and that the possession of the firearm was in or affecting commerce. Therefore, the government need not offer proof as to these elements, and' you should consider them proven by the government.
Defendant did not object to the jury instructions at trial. The jury returned a verdict of guilty and Mason was sentenced to seventy-eight months imprisonment, to be followed by three years supervised release.
Notwithstanding his stipulations, Mason on appeal argues that the district court erred by instructing the jury that the first and third elements of the crime with which he was charged had been proved. He contends that the district court improperly invaded the province of the jury by removing the stipulated elements from the jury’s consideration.
Because no objection was raised at the time of trial, this court reviews the district court’s instructions to the jury only for plain error. United States v. Kennedy, 64 F.3d 1465, 1478 (10th Cir.1995). Rule 52(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, which governs an appeal from criminal proceedings, provides that “[pjlain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the court.” Because the court finds no error in the trial court’s instructions to the jury, the court need not determine whether the claimed error was plain or affected substantial rights. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 1776-77, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993).
The defendant relies upon the Sixth Circuit’s decision in United States v. Jones, 65 F.3d 520 (6th Cir.1995), vacated and reh’g en banc granted, 73 F.3d 616 (6th Cir.1995),1 to support his argument that the district court improperly invaded the province of the jury by removing the stipulated elements from the jury’s consideration. In Jones, the Sixth Circuit held that it is plain error for a trial court to instruct a jury that an essential element of a crime has been established when the defendant has stipulated to the facts which prove that element. Id. at 522-23. The defendant in Jones, like the defendant in this case, had been charged with possession of a firearm after prior conviction of a felony and had stipulated that he was a convicted felon. Id. at 521. The court, relying on general language from court of appeals and Supreme Court precedent, declared that “stipulated evidence remains evidence for the jury’s consideration,” and that a trial judge “override[s] or interfere[s] with the jurors’ independent judgment” when it instructs the jury that an element of the crime has been established, notwithstanding the defendant’s stipulation to that element. Id. at 522. (emphasis in original) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
As the dissent in Jones indicates, however, none of the cases cited by the Jones majority involved , a stipulation to an element of the crime. Id. at 524-25 (Matia, J., dissenting). Rather, in each of the cases upon which the Jones majority relies, the trial court removed the consideration of an issue from the jury based on the strength or singularity of the government’s evidence. See, e.g., United States v. Mentz, 840 F.2d 315 (6th Cir.1988). By relying on such cases, the Jones majority fails to distinguish between evidence and facts.
When the only evidence tends to establish an elemental fact, or when the parties stipulate to evidence tending to establish an elemental fact, the jury must still resolve the existence or nonexistence of the fact sought to be proved. In contrast, the jury need not resolve the existence of an element when the parties have stipulated to the facts which establish that element. In the latter circumstance, the judge has not removed the consideration of an issue from the jury; the parties have. More specifically, by stipulating to elemental facts, a defendant waives his right to a jury trial on that element. If such a partial waiver runs afoul of the Sixth *473Amendment, then traditional, wholesale waivers manifest in bench trials and guilty pleas must necessarily violate the right to a jury trial.2
By holding that a defendant may not waive the right to a jury trial on a particular element by stipulating to the facts that prove that element, the Jones decision deprives defendants like Mason of the strategic benefit of a sterile stipulation in lieu of stark evidence of both the number and character of prior felony convictions. See Jones, 65 F.3d at 526 (Matia, J., dissenting). If the jury is allowed to ignore facts that have been proved by stipulation, prosecutors will have little incentive to enter stipulations. Instead, “the government will be forced to introduce into evidence every previous felony conviction a defendant has, lest the jury choose to ‘disbelieve’ either a stipulation or any one such conviction the government might select.” Id. (Matia, J., dissenting). In this case, if Mason had not stipulated to a prior felony conviction, the prosecution likely would have sought to introduce evidence3 of his multiple felony convictions, including his conviction for assault with a deadly weapon. This result would have been far more prejudicial to Mason than the following antiseptic stipulation: “It is hereby stipulated and agreed between the parties that the defendant, Robert Lee Mason, had been previously convicted in a court of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year.”
Perhaps the most disturbing aspect of Jones is its underlying premise: jury nullification.4 While we recognize that a jury in a criminal case has the practical power to render a verdict at odds with the evidence or the law, a jury does not have the lawful power to reject stipulated facts. Such a power, if exercised, would conflict with the jurors’ sworn duty to apply the law to the facts, regardless of outcome. See United States v. Trujillo, 714 F.2d 102, 105 (11th Cir.1983).
In addition to relying on Jones, Mason argues that the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Gaudin, — U.S. -, 115 S.Ct. 2310, 132 L.Ed.2d 444 (1995), mandates a finding of plain error in this case. We disagree. In Gaudin, a criminal prosecution for making false statements in a matter within the jurisdiction of a federal agency, the Court held that the Sixth Amendment required the trial judge to submit the question of the materiality of the defendant’s allegedly false statements to the jury. Id. at -, 115 S.Ct. at 2320. The defendant had not stipulated to the materiality of his statements. Gaudin holds that “[t]he Constitution gives a criminal defendant the right to demand that *474a jury find him guilty of all the elements of the crime with which he is charged.” Id. at -, 115 S.Ct. at 2314. Our holding simply reaffirms that a defendant may waive this right to a jury determination on a particular issue when it is in his interest to do so. Because the district court’s instructions to the jury were consistent with Mason’s right to a jury determination of every element of his crime and his decision to waive that right, this court finds no error.5
The judgment of conviction is AFFIRMED.

. Although the panel’s Jones opinion is no longer binding precedent in the Sixth Circuit or persuasive authority in the instant case, this court addresses Jones both because the defendant relied upon it and because its reasoning, left unanswered, threatens to mislead the trial courts.

. The dissent relies on this court’s dicta in United States v. Wacker, 72 F.3d 1453 (10th Cir.1995), for the proposition that a stipulation to a prior felony conviction in a § 922(g) prosecution does not "seek to preclude the jury from deciding the prior conviction element of the crime.” Id. at 1473. In Wacker, the court distinguished between those § 922(g) cases in which the defendant stipulates to a prior felony conviction in an attempt to hide his felony status from the jury and those cases in which the defendant seeks only to avoid the prejudice that would result from the presentation of evidence of the nature and number of his prior felony convictions. The Wacker court’s recognition that the prosecution may not reject a defendant’s offer to stipulate when the defendant's sole purpose is to avoid prejudice is in no way inconsistent with our holding that a defendant, by stipulating to elemental facts, waives his right to a jury trial on that element.
In addition to Wacker, the dissent relies on this court’s decisions in Johnson v. Cowley, 40 F.3d 341 (10th Cir.1994), and United States v. Benally, 756 F.2d 773 (10th Cir.1985), for the proposition that a stipulation to an element is not a waiver of a jmy trial on that element. The dissent’s reliance on these decisions is misplaced. Cowley holds that a trial court is not required to engage in an independent inquiry to ensure that a stipulation to an element is knowing and voluntary. 40 F.3d at 346. Benally, which the dissent concedes is distinguishable, merely holds that it is reversible error for a trial court to instruct the jury that an element has been proved where the defendant has stipulated to the testimony a witness would have given if called. 756 F.2d at 778. Neither case addresses the issue of whether a stipulation to an element constitutes a waiver of a jury determination on that element.

. Generally, the government supplies such proof by means of a certified copy of the judgment which expressly reflects the nature of the crime.

. The view that juries may disregard the parties' stipulations based on jury nullification is explicit in the Jones concurrence: "[J]uries, in the exercise of their power of nullification, are free to ignore or reject facts that are ‘proved’; whether proved by the introduction of evidence or by stipulation.” Jones, 65 F.3d at 524 (Ryan, J., concurring) (emphasis added).

. We note that our holding is consistent with the panel’s decision in United States v. Sherman, 576 F.2d 292 (10th Cir.), cert. denied sub nom. Cerase v. United States, 439 U.S. 913, 99 S.Ct. 284, 58 L.Ed.2d 259 (1978), and with the decisions of other circuits holding, without analysis, that it is not error for a trial court to instruct a jury that an essential element of a crime has been established when the defendant has stipulated to the facts establishing the element. See United States v. Houston, 547 F.2d 104, 107 (9th Cir.1976) (per curiam); United States v. Sims, 529 F.2d 10, 11 (8th Cir.1976) (per curiam).