Court Opinion

ID: 3187384
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-03-21 21:05:30.220067+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:08:28.828726
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/21/16 P. v. Jones CA2/1
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

THE PEOPLE,                                                          B264689

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. NA024359)
         v.

TERRILL DION JONES,

         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. William
C. Ryan, Judge. Affirmed.
         Richard B. Lennon, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Victoria B. Wilson,
Supervising Deputy Attorney General, and Noah P. Hill, Deputy Attorney General, for
Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                      _________________________________
       Terrill Dion Jones appeals the denial of his Proposition 36 (Three Strikes Reform
Act of 2012) petition to recall his third strike indeterminate life sentence of 25 years to
life in prison. (Pen. Code, § 1170.126.)1 Appellant contends the trial court erred in
determining that appellant was ineligible for recall and resentencing under section
1170.126 based on the court’s factual finding that appellant was armed during the
commission of the crime of possession of a firearm by a felon.2 We disagree and affirm
the denial of appellant’s petition to recall his sentence and resentence him as a second
strike offender.
                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       On April 30, 1995, appellant attempted to enter a nightclub in Long Beach, but
was stopped at the door by two security guards. Appellant left the nightclub, but pulled
up three or four minutes later in a car and motioned for the security guards to leave their
post to talk with him. Another security guard approached appellant’s vehicle and saw the
handle of a handgun under a towel on the passenger seat within appellant’s reach.
Appellant was detained, and police recovered a loaded .38-caliber revolver from the front
passenger seat of appellant’s car.
       In September 1995, a jury convicted appellant of possession of a firearm by a
felon. (§ 12021, subd. (a)(1).) The jury also found true allegations that appellant had
suffered three prior convictions under the “Three Strikes” law (§§ 667, subds. (b)–(i),
1170.12, subds. (a)–(d)) and had served one prior prison term (§ 667.5, subd. (b)). The
trial court sentenced appellant to a third-strike term of 25 years to life in prison pursuant
to the Three Strikes law.3

       1   Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
       2Former section 12021, subdivision (a)(1), now codified as section 29800,
subdivision (a)(1).
       3On December 10, 1996, this court affirmed appellant’s conviction and sentence
in a nonpublished opinion, B099211.

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       On February 15, 2013, appellant filed a petition in the trial court for recall of his
sentence and for resentencing as a second strike offender under Proposition 36.
Following a hearing on appellant’s eligibility for relief under section 1170.126, the trial
court denied the petition on the ground that “during the commission of the current offense
[appellant] was armed with a firearm.” (§§ 667, subd. (c)(2)(C)(iii), 1170.12, subd.
(c)(2)(C)(iii), 1170.126, subd. (e)(2).)
                                       DISCUSSION
       Appellant Is Ineligible for Resentencing Because He Was Armed
       During the Commission of the Offense of Possession of a Firearm by a
       Felon
       A. The Three Strikes Reform Act of 2012
       On November 6, 2012, California voters passed Proposition 36, the Three Strikes
Reform Act of 2012 (the Act), which amended the Three Strikes law with respect to
defendants whose current conviction (the offense for which the third-strike sentence was
imposed) is for a felony that is neither serious nor violent. (People v. Johnson (2015) 61
Cal.4th 674, 679, 681 (Johnson); People v. Burnes (2015) 242 Cal.App.4th 1452, 1457–
1458; People v. Yearwood (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 161, 167–168.) The Act amended
sections 667 and 1170.12, and added section 1170.126, subdivision (b), authorizing a
prisoner serving a third-strike indeterminate life sentence to petition the trial court for
recall of the sentence and for resentencing as a second-strike offender. (Johnson, at pp.
679–680.)
       Not every third-strike offender whose current offense is neither serious nor violent
qualifies for resentencing under the Act, however. The Act disqualifies any inmate
whose current offense was any of several specified crimes or if “[d]uring the commission
of the current offense,” the defendant was armed with a firearm or deadly weapon.
(§§ 667, subd. (e)(2)(C)(iii), 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)(C)(iii) (hereinafter “subdivision (iii)”);
Johnson, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 682; People v. Osuna (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 1020,
1028–1029 (Osuna); People v. Brimmer (2014) 230 Cal.App.4th 782, 791–793.)

                                               3
       B. Appellant Was “Armed with a Firearm” During the Commission of
            the Offense, and Is Therefore Ineligible for Relief Under the Act
       Appellant contends that according to the plain language of the Act, the ineligibility
factors listed in subdivision (iii) must be construed as in addition to, and not simply
coextensive with, the elements of the current offense. He asserts that both the statutory
construction and a grammatical analysis of the statute support this interpretation, and
asserts that because the Act does not disqualify inmates serving sentences for mere gun
possession, a “simple violation of Penal Code section 12021 is not covered.” He further
contends that the reference to being armed with a firearm “during the commission of the
current offense” only makes sense if there is another offense to which the arming
attaches, or is “tethered,” and the arming must have a “facilitative nexus” to that
underlying offense. He concludes that an interpretation of the statute that allows a person
to be considered armed with a firearm while committing the crime of possession of the
same firearm would render the “during the commission” language meaningless. We
disagree.
       The basic flaw in appellant’s argument is his explicit assumption that the crime of
possession of a firearm “always involves arming.” Not so. While being armed with a
firearm invariably involves possession, the reverse is not always true. Former section
12021 “made it a felony for a person previously convicted of a felony to own or have in
his or her possession or under his or her custody or control, any firearm. The elements of
this offense are conviction of a felony and ownership or knowing possession, custody, or
control of a firearm.” (People v. Blakely (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 1042, 1052 (Blakely);
Osuna, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at p. 1029; People v. Snyder (1982) 32 Cal.3d 590, 592.)
“‘A defendant possesses a weapon when it is under his dominion and control. [Citation.]
A defendant has actual possession when the weapon is in his immediate possession or
control. He has constructive possession when the weapon, while not in his actual
possession, is nonetheless under his dominion and control, either directly or through
others. [Citations.]’ [Citation.] ‘Implicitly, the crime is committed the instant the felon
in any way has a firearm within his control.’ [Citation.]” (Osuna, supra, at pp. 1029–

                                              4
1030; see also Henderson v. United States (2015) ___ U.S. ___, ___ [135 S.Ct. 1780,
1784] [actual possession of a firearm exists when a person has direct physical control
over the firearm, whereas constructive possession occurs when a person still has the
power and intent to exercise control over the firearm, while lacking such physical
custody].)
       “‘Armed with a firearm’ has been statutorily defined and judicially construed to
mean having a firearm available for use, either offensively or defensively. (E.g.,
§ 1203.06, subd. (b)(3); Health & Saf. Code, § 11370.1, subd. (a); People v. Bland (1995)
10 Cal.4th 991, 997 (Bland) [construing § 12022].)” (Osuna, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1029; People v. Pitto (2008) 43 Cal.4th 228, 236; People v. Mendival (1992) 2
Cal.App.4th 562, 574 [“It is the availability—the ready access—of the weapon that
constitutes arming”].) However, “[a] firearm can be under a person’s dominion and
control without it being available for use.” (Osuna, at p. 1030.) Accordingly, because
possessing a firearm does not necessarily constitute being armed with a firearm, a
defendant whose current offense is mere possession of a firearm by a felon is not
automatically ineligible for resentencing by virtue of that conviction. (Blakely, supra,
225 Cal.App.4th at p. 1052; People v. Elder (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 1308, 1313 (Elder);
People v. White (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 512, 524 (White).)
       Relying on the Supreme Court’s discussion of arming in the context of section
12022,4 appellant asserts that Bland “explained that arming is found if the weapon is
available for use at any time, ‘during the commission of the offense.’” (See Bland,
supra, 10 Cal.4th at pp. 999, 1001–1003; see also Osuna, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1031.) Thus, according to appellant, the definition of arming includes an underlying
offense beyond the substantive offense of possession alone.

       4Section 12022 provides for the imposition of an additional and consecutive term
for anyone armed with a firearm “in the commission of a felony,” unless arming is an
element of the offense. (Bland, supra, 10 Cal.4th at p. 995.)

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       As other courts have observed in responding to the same argument, however,
appellant “would be correct if we were concerned with imposing an arming
enhancement—an additional term of imprisonment added to the base term, for which a
defendant cannot be punished until and unless convicted of a related substantive offense.”
(People v. Hicks (2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 275, 283 (Hicks); Osuna, supra, 225
Cal.App.4th at p. 1030.) The error in appellant’s reasoning “rests on its conflating the
criterial definition of an ineligible offense (being armed during the commission of such
offense) with the derivative nature of the armed enhancement (which requires being
armed in the commission of an offense).” (Elder, supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at p. 1313; see
also Osuna, at pp. 1031–1032.)
       Appellant criticizes Osuna and cases following it for drawing a distinction
between the phrases “during the commission of the current offense,” used in subdivision
(iii), and “in the commission of a felony” as interpreted by the court in Bland in the
context of section 12022. As Osuna explained: “‘During’ is variously defined as
‘throughout the continuance or course of’ or ‘at some point in the course of.’ (Webster’s
3d New Internat. Dict. (1986) p. 703.) In other words, it requires a temporal nexus
between the arming and the underlying felony, not a facilitative one.” (Osuna, supra,
225 Cal.App.4th at p. 1032.) According to appellant, this is a distinction without a
difference because the two words—“during” and “in”—are frequently used
interchangeably. But the California Supreme Court has explained that the statutory
phrase “in the commission of” used in section 12022 requires that “‘the “arming” take
place during the underlying crime and that it have some “facilitative nexus” to that
offense.’” (Bland, supra, 10 Cal.4th at p. 1002, second italics added; In re Tameka C.
(2000) 22 Cal.4th 190, 197–198 [“Similarly, we have concluded that the phrase ‘in the
commission of’ a felony, as used in section 12022.5, means during and in furtherance of
the felony,” italics added].) Thus, “[t]o trigger the enhancement, the defendant need only
have a gun ‘available for use to further the commission of the underlying felony.’
([Bland,] at p. 999.)” (People v. Becker (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 294, 297, italics added.)

                                             6
       As the courts in Osuna, Elder, Hicks, and Brimmer held, we also conclude that
“armed with a firearm” “during the commission of the current offense” does not require a
facilitative nexus between arming and the underlying offense. Rather, ineligibility for
relief under the Act occurs when the arming is contemporaneous with the current offense,
but does not necessarily further or aid in the commission of that offense. “Since the Act
uses the phrase ‘[d]uring the commission of the current offense,’ and not in the
commission of the current offense ([subdivision (iii)]), and since at issue is not the
imposition of additional punishment but rather eligibility for reduced punishment, we
conclude the literal language of the Act disqualifies an inmate from resentencing if he or
she was armed with a firearm during the unlawful possession of that firearm.” (Osuna,
supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at p. 1032; Elder, supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1312–1313;
Hicks, supra, 231 Cal.App.4th at p. 284; Brimmer, supra, 230 Cal.App.4th at p. 799.)
       In the present case, the evidence adduced at trial established that appellant had a
loaded firearm next to him on the passenger seat of his vehicle. Appellant was thus in
actual, not constructive, possession of a firearm. Because the weapon was available for
use at any time “during the commission of the offense,” appellant was clearly “armed,”
and is ineligible for relief under the Act. (Bland, supra, 10 Cal.4th at pp. 999, 1001–
1003; see also Osuna, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at p. 1031.)
       Appellant acknowledges that appellate courts have consistently rejected his
argument that the factors listed in subdivision (iii) must be tethered to another offense,
and one cannot be “armed” while committing the crime of possession of the same
weapon. He contends, however, that these cases were wrongly decided, and invites us to
hold that “arming” within the meaning of subdivision (iii) requires both that the firearm
be available and have a facilitative nexus to the crime upon which the defendant has been
sentenced. We join the consensus among California courts that the ineligibility factor of
being armed with a firearm during the commission of the current offense applies
whenever the record shows the defendant was in actual physical possession of the
firearm, and therefore decline appellant’s invitation.

                                              7
       Characterizing section 12021 as a “low-level felony,” appellant further argues that
it is inconsistent with the purpose of the Act to construe subdivision (iii) to deny relief to
anyone who had access to a weapon during the commission of a nonviolent crime without
requiring that such access be for the purpose of furthering another criminal act. We
disagree. “In interpreting a voter initiative like [the Act], we apply the same principles
that govern statutory construction. [Citation.]” (People v. Rizo (2000) 22 Cal.4th 681,
685.) “‘“The fundamental purpose of statutory construction is to ascertain the intent of
the lawmakers so as to effectuate the purpose of the law.”’ [Citation.] We begin with the
language of the statute, to which we give its ordinary meaning and construe in the context
of the statutory scheme. If the language is ambiguous, we look to other indicia of voter
intent. [Citations.]” (Johnson, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 682; Blakely, supra, 225
Cal.App.4th at p. 1053.)
       As set forth above, we find that the Act explicitly disqualifies any inmate from
resentencing who was armed with a firearm during the unlawful possession of that
firearm. (Osuna, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at p. 1032.) Moreover, our reading of the Act
comports with the voters’ intent. The intent underlying the Act is “to provide
resentencing relief to low-risk, nonviolent inmates serving life sentences for petty crimes,
such as shoplifting and simple drug possession. (Voter Information Guide, [Gen. Elec.
(Nov. 6, 2012)] text of Prop. 36, § 1, subds. (3), (4) & (5), p. 105.)” (White, supra, 223
Cal.App.4th at p. 526.) “It is clear the electorate’s intent was not to throw open the
prison doors to all third strike offenders whose current convictions were not for serious or
violent felonies, but only to those who were perceived as nondangerous or posing little or
no risk to the public. A felon who has been convicted of two or more serious and/or
violent felonies in the past, and most recently had a firearm readily available for use,
simply does not pose little or no risk to the public.” (Osuna, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1038.) As our Supreme Court has recognized, “‘a firearm that is available for use as a
weapon creates the very real danger it will be used.’ [Citation.]” (Bland, supra, 10
Cal.4th at p. 997; Brimmer, supra, 230 Cal.App.4th at p. 799.) In light of the fact that
appellant was armed with a firearm during the commission of his offense, he does not fall

                                              8
into the category of a low-risk, nonviolent offender, and his crime cannot be deemed a
petty or minor crime for purposes of resentencing under the Act.
      The trial court properly determined that appellant is ineligible for recall and
resentencing under Proposition 36.
                                     DISPOSITION
      The judgment is affirmed.
      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.

                                                 LUI, J.
We concur:

      ROTHSCHILD, P. J.

      JOHNSON, J.

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