Court Opinion

ID: 4172540
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-05-30 16:03:49.445215+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:47:06.892115
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 17a0299n.06

                                          No. 16-3540

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                                  FILED
                                                                                May 30, 2017
                                                                            DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
CHRISTINE FORGUES,                              )
                                                )
     Plaintiff-Appellant,                       )          ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                )          UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v.                                              )          COURT FOR THE NORTHERN
                                                )          DISTRICT OF OHIO
SELECT PORTFOLIO SERVICING, INC.,               )
                                                )
                                                                   OPINION
     Defendant-Appellee.                        )
                                                )

Before: BOGGS, SILER, and MOORE, Circuit Judges.

       KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. This case arises from a dispute between

Christine J. Forgues (“Forgues” or “Appellant”) and Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc. (“SPS” or

“Appellee”), the servicer of Forgues’s mortgage loan. Forgues alleges numerous violations of

both the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”) and the Fair Credit Reporting Act

(“FCRA”). Most of Forgues’s claims were dismissed upon a motion by SPS, and the remaining

claims were disposed of on summary judgment.          Forgues now appeals the district court’s

dismissal of certain of her FDCPA claims and the district court’s entry of summary judgment on

one FCRA claim. Specifically, Forgues raises five issues: (1) whether the district court properly

dismissed Forgues’s claims under 15 U.S.C. § 1692e; (2) whether the district court properly

concluded that claim preclusion applied to Forgues’s Truth In Lending Act (“TILA”) rescission

claim; (3) whether the district court failed to apply 15 U.S.C. § 1635 according to its terms when

it denied Forgues a private right of action based on TILA rescission; (4) whether the district
No. 16-3540, Forgues v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc.

court properly dismissed Forgues’s claim under 15 U.S.C. § 1692g; and (5) whether the district

court properly granted summary judgment on Forgues’s claim under 15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2(b).

For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                                I. FACTS AND PROCEDURE

A. Factual History

       Christine J. Forgues and her now deceased husband entered into a mortgage loan for a

property at 15109 Merrimeade Drive in Cleveland, Ohio, on March 23, 2007. R. 1 (Compl. at 4)

(Page ID #4). Forgues and her husband signed a promissory note. R. 8-1 (Foreclosure Compl. at

10–30) (Page ID #106–126). The mortgage was assigned to Deutsche Bank on May 14, 2010,

and the Forgueses eventually defaulted on the terms of the note and mortgage. Id. at Page ID

#99–106.

       According to Forgues, she mailed Chase Bank USA, NA (the then-servicer of the loan) a

“TILA Notice of Rescission,” evidencing her desire to rescind the loan, on January 7, 2010. R. 1

(Compl. at ¶ 16) (Page ID #4). On March 29, 2012, Deutsche Bank filed a foreclosure action

against Forgues (and her deceased husband) in the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas.

R. 8-1 (Foreclosure Compl. at 1) (Page ID #97). The state court never received an answer from

Forgues, and a default judgment was entered against Forgues on February 12, 2013. R. 8-3

(Order at 1) (Page ID #143). On April 12, 2013, a state-court magistrate found that Forgues

owed $142,144.25 plus 9.8% interest from October 1, 2009, and issued a judgment decree in

foreclosure. R. 8-4 (Mag. Order at 1–3) (Page ID #144–146). Forgues filed no objections to the

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No. 16-3540, Forgues v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc.

magistrate’s order and the order was adopted by the court on May 1, 2013. R. 8–5 (Foreclosure

Entry) (Page ID #157–162). Forgues never appealed.

       On June 1, 2013, SPS became the servicer of Forgues’s loan. R. 1-2 (Compl. at Ex. B)

(Page ID #30). After numerous failed attempts at potential loan modification, SPS received from

Forgues “a series of notices purporting to dispute the debt she had previously sought to modify.”

Appellee Br. at 4.

       On June 30, 2015, Forgues filed a motion for relief from judgment in state court on the

grounds that her loan and mortgage had been rescinded. R. 8-7 (Mot. for Relief) (Page ID #181–

93). The state court denied the motion, and the Ohio Court of Appeals for the Eighth District

affirmed the judgment. R. 8-8 (Order) (Page ID #216–20); Deutsche Bank Nat’l Tr. Co. v.

Forgues, No. 103613, 2016 WL 3571273, at *1 (Ohio Ct. App. June 30, 2016).

B. Procedural History

       Forgues filed her two-count Complaint in the instant case on August 19, 2015. R. 1

(Compl. at 1) (Page ID #1). Count One alleges six discrete violations of the Fair Debt Collection

Practices Act:   (1) that SPS contacted Forgues at times known to be inconvenient to the

consumer, in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1692c; (2) that SPS’s conduct toward Forgues was

harassing or abusive, in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1692d(5); (3) that SPS engaged in unfair

practices, in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1692f(1); (4) that SPS failed properly to validate the subject

debt, in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1692g; (5) that SPS furnished certain deceptive forms, in

violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1692j(a); and (6) that SPS engaged in false, deceptive, or misleading

representations or means in connection with its debt-collection efforts, in violation of 15 U.S.C.

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No. 16-3540, Forgues v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc.

§§ 1692e(2), 1692e(8), and 1692e(10). Id. at 15–20 (Page ID #15–20). Count Two alleges two

violations of the Fair Credit Reporting Act: (1) that SPS furnished inaccurate and derogatory

information to Credit Reporting Agencies (“CRAs”) without first providing notice that the

information was disputed, in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2(a)(1)–(3); and (2) that SPS failed

reasonably to investigate disputes regarding SPS’s credit reporting, in violation of 15 U.S.C.

§ 1681s-2(b). Id. at 20–24 (Page ID #20–24).

       SPS moved to dismiss the Complaint on October 5, 2015. R. 8 (Mot. to Dismiss) (Page

ID #72). Forgues filed a brief in opposition, and SPS filed a reply. R. 9 (Br. in Opp.) (Page ID

#127); R. 15 (Reply) (Page ID #356). On December 8, 2015, the district court granted in part

and denied in part Defendant’s motion to dismiss the Complaint. R. 21 (Opinion on Mot. to

Dismiss) (Page ID #396). The district court granted the motion on the FDCPA claims under 15

U.S.C. §§ 1692e(2), 1692e(8), and 1692f, and the FCRA claim regarding SPS’s alleged failure to

report that the debt was disputed. Id. The district court further held that claims based on

Forgues’s alleged 2010 rescission of the loan were barred by the doctrine of res judicata, as the

defense of rescission should have been raised during the state-court foreclosure proceedings. Id.

at 6–8 (Page ID #401–03). Forgues’s claims under 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692e(10), 1692g, and 1692j,

and the FCRA claim relating to furnishing incorrect credit information were also dismissed as

failing to state a claim. The district court denied SPS’s motion to dismiss the FDCPA claims

under 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692c and 1692d, and the FCRA claim relating to SPS’s alleged failure to

conduct a reasonable investigation of Forgues’s CRAs disputes. Id. at Page ID #404–410.

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No. 16-3540, Forgues v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc.

       On January 5, 2016, Forgues filed a motion seeking to amend the district court’s

December 8, 2015 opinion. R. 26 (Mot. to Amend) (Page ID #424). The district court denied

the motion but permitted Forgues’s newly retained counsel (Forgues was previously

unrepresented) to revisit the claim under § 1692e(8). R. 48 (Opinion at 1) (Page ID #862); R. 36

(Opinion at 3–4) (Page ID #486–487). Forgues’s new counsel filed a motion to amend the

district court’s previous order as it related to the § 1692e(8) claim, and the district court once

again denied the motion. R. 47 (Mot. to Further Reconsider) (Page ID #774); R. 57 (Mot. to

Amend Opinion at 1) (Page ID #1198).

       SPS filed a motion for summary judgment on all of Forgues’s remaining claims on March

14, 2016. R. 43 (Mot. for S.J.) (Page ID #545). Plaintiff filed an opposition, and SPS filed a

reply. R. 49 (Br. in Opp. to S.J.) (Page ID #869); R. 51 (Reply) (Page ID #996). The district

court granted summary judgment on all of the remaining claims on April 20, 2016. R. 62 (S.J.

Opinion) (Page ID #1215). Forgues timely appealed.

                                        II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

       We review a district court’s dismissal of a suit for failure to state a claim de novo.

United States ex rel. Sheldon v. Kettering Health Network, 816 F.3d 399, 407 (6th Cir. 2016).

“A motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) is designed to test the sufficiency of the

complaint. ‘The district court must construe the complaint in a light most favorable to the

plaintiff, accept all of the factual allegations as true, and determine whether the plaintiff

undoubtedly can prove no set of facts in support of his claims that would entitle him to relief.’”

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No. 16-3540, Forgues v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc.

Riverview Health Inst. LLC v. Med. Mut. of Ohio, 601 F.3d 505, 512 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting

Columbia Nat. Res., Inc. v. Tatum, 58 F.3d 1101, 1109 (6th Cir. 1995)).

       We also review de novo a district court’s decision to grant a motion for summary

judgment. Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp., Inc., 814 F.3d 769, 775 (6th Cir. 2016).

A district court’s grant of summary judgment is upheld “only where no genuine dispute of

material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id. See

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). We have defined a dispute of material fact as genuine “if the evidence is

such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the non-moving party.” Ford v. Gen.

Motors Corp., 305 F.3d 545, 551 (6th Cir. 2002) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,

477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986)).

       “The district court, and this Court in its review of the district court, must view the facts

and any inferences reasonably drawn from them in the light most favorable to the party against

whom judgment was entered.” Kalamazoo Acquisitions, L.L.C. v. Westfield Ins. Co., 395 F.3d

338, 342 (6th Cir. 2005) (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574,

587 (1986)). As we have previously noted, “at the summary judgment stage[,] the judge’s

function is not himself to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter but to

determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.”      Jackson, 814 F.3d at 775 (quoting

Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249); see also Arban v. W. Publ’g Corp. 345 F.3d 390, 400 (6th Cir. 2003)

(“This court does not weigh the evidence, evaluate the credibility of witnesses, or substitute its

judgment for that of the jury.”).

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No. 16-3540, Forgues v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc.

B. Forgues’s Claims Under 15 U.S.C. § 1692e Were Properly Dismissed

       Forgues first argues that the district court improperly dismissed her claims under

15 U.S.C. § 1692e because SPS falsely claimed that Forgues would have been eligible for a

“loan modification” and then suggested a “Deed in Lieu of Foreclosure” instead. According to

Forgues, SPS did not have the power to communicate those options to Forgues because SPS was

neither a lender nor a creditor in relation to her mortgage loan. SPS responds that while the

district court never made any findings that SPS was a lender or a creditor, the issue is irrelevant

because SPS was in privity with Deutsche Bank for the purposes of the state-court foreclosure

judgment.

       Under the FDCPA, debt collectors are prohibited “from the use of ‘any false, deceptive,

or misleading representation or means in connection with the collection of any debt.’” Wallace

v. Wash. Mut. Bank, F.A., 683 F.3d 323, 326 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1692e).

In order for a statement to violate the FDCPA, the statement must be “a materially false or

misleading statement.” Duffey v. Nationstar Mortg., 614 F. App’x 330, 334 (6th Cir. 2015).

We apply the “least sophisticated consumer” test to determine whether the defendant’s actions

were misleading. Wallace, 683 F.3d at 326. “The materiality standard simply means that in

addition to being technically false, a statement would tend to mislead or confuse the reasonable

unsophisticated customer.” Id. at 326–27.

       Forgues believes that SPS’s offer of a potential loan modification followed by the offer of

a deed in lieu of foreclosure constituted false, deceptive, or misleading means of collecting or

attempting to collect a debt. The district court concluded that “SPS is within its rights as a

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No. 16-3540, Forgues v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc.

mortgage servicer to offer loan modifications and other alternatives to foreclosure.” R. 21

(Opinion at 11) (Page ID #406). We agree with the district court. It is perfectly proper for a

mortgage servicer during the process of servicing a mortgage to offer a consumer options for loss

mitigation. Nothing about SPS’s statements to Forgues related to potential loan modification

was materially false or misleading such that the statements would mislead or confuse the

reasonable unsophisticated consumer. Neither party has pointed us to any case that dictates

otherwise. Therefore, we conclude that the district court correctly dismissed Forgues’s claim

under § 1692e(10).

C. Res Judicata Applies to Forgues’s TILA Rescission Claim

       Forgues next claims that the district court erred in applying res judicata to her claims

based on her alleged 2010 TILA rescission letter. The district court dismissed Forgues’s FDCPA

claims under 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692e(2), 1692f, and 1692e(8), and her FCRA claim under 15 U.S.C.

§ 1681s-2(b), pursuant to the doctrine of res judicata.       Each of these claims related to an

allegation that Forgues had rescinded her mortgage loan in 2010, and that any debt-collection

activity by SPS was in relation to a loan that no longer existed. According to the district court:

       Plaintiff’s arguments as to rescission of her mortgage are barred by claim
       preclusion. The state foreclosure proceeding default judgment is a final decision
       on the merits of the foreclosure case. The foreclosure litigation involved the same
       parties as in this litigation. The question of rescission could have been raised as a
       defense to the foreclosure action. Indeed, in moving to vacate the default
       judgment, Plaintiff did argue that the mortgage had been rescinded. Nevertheless,
       that motion was denied and the default judgment stands, precluding this court
       from relitigating the question of whether the 2010 letter rescinded the mortgage.

R. 21 (Opinion) (Page ID #401–402) (footnotes omitted).

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No. 16-3540, Forgues v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc.

       “Under Ohio law, the doctrine of res judicata consists of the two related concepts of

claim preclusion . . . and issue preclusion.” Ohio ex rel. Boggs v. City of Cleveland, 655 F.3d

516, 519 (6th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). Claim preclusion, which SPS

asserts in this case, means that “a valid, final judgment rendered upon the merits bars all

subsequent actions based upon any claim arising out of the transaction or occurrence that was the

subject matter of the previous action.” Grava v. Parkman Twp., 653 N.E.2d 226, 229 (Ohio

1995). A federal court conducting a claim-preclusion analysis “must give the same preclusive

effect to a state-court judgment as that judgment receives in the rendering state.” Abbott v.

Michigan, 474 F.3d 324, 330 (6th Cir. 2007). Changes in the law do not necessarily eliminate

the preclusive effect of a prior decision. Harrington v. Vandalia-Butler Bd. of Educ., 649 F.2d

434, 438–39 (6th Cir. 1981).

       Forgues argues that these claims are not barred by res judicata because “SPS is a debt

collector falsely passing itself off as a creditor attempting to collect a debt for a person (presently

Deutsche Bank) that is not ‘the creditor’ under the FDCPA.” Appellant Br. at 11. Forgues

further argues that “the District court improperly treated Deutsche Bank as a judgment-creditor,

and erroneously put Defendant SPS in a creditor’s shoes as its privy, for the purposes of res

judicata.” Id. at 12. SPS argues in response that Forgues never alleged in her Complaint that

Deutsche Bank was a debt collector, and that the district court made no findings as to whether

Deutsche Bank was or was not a debt collector. Appellee Br. at 12. “Regardless, this issue is

irrelevant because the District Court did not premise the preclusive effect of the judgment on a

finding that Deutsche Bank and/or SPS were not debt collectors.” Id. Regarding whether SPS is

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No. 16-3540, Forgues v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc.

in privity with Deutsche Bank, Appellee notes that “SPS would have been bound by the state

court judgment if it had been in Forgues’ favor. This is all that is required to establish privity for

purposes of res judicata under Ohio law.” Id. at 13.

        We affirm the district court’s conclusion that res judicata bars consideration of any

claims arising from the alleged 2010 rescission.1 The state court decided the foreclosure action

on the merits, both actions involve the same parties or their privies, and the question of rescission

is an affirmative defense or counterclaim that could have been raised in the initial state-court

proceeding. Forgues never appeared in the initial state-court foreclosure action, and she never

appealed the default judgment that was entered against her. Forgues raised her alleged 2010

rescission in her state-court Rule 60(B) motion. The motion was denied and the Ohio Court of

Appeals affirmed. SPS is also correct that Forgues’s Complaint fails to allege a lack of privity

between Deutsche Bank and SPS, and the district court’s finding of privity was appropriate. We

hold only that in this particular case, and on these specific facts, the doctrine of res judicata bars

consideration of any claims that are based on Forgues’s alleged 2010 mortgage rescission.

        Forgues makes two additional arguments in opposition to the application of res judicata:

(1) that state-court judgments “must yield” to the FDCPA, and (2) that the district court

misinterpreted the Supreme Court’s decision in Jesinoski v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc.,

135 S. Ct. 790, 792 (2015). We dispense with Forgues’s argument that state-court judgments

        1
          The district court concluded that Forgues’s TILA rescission claims are barred by claim preclusion. R. 21
(Mot. to Dismiss Opinion at 6) (Page ID #401).

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No. 16-3540, Forgues v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc.

must yield to the FDCPA because it merely restates her previous arguments about whether

Deutsche Bank is a debt collector and whether the bank and SPS are in privity.

         In Jesinoski v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., the Supreme Court held that TILA

requires only written notice, and not the filing of an actual lawsuit, within the three-year period

for exercising the right of rescission. Id. Forgues argues that she sent the required notice of her

intent to rescind her mortgage to Chase on January 7, 2010, within the three-year window. The

district court disagreed, concluding that “Plaintiff has not alleged that any TILA disclosures were

missing when the Forgueses closed the mortgage. If there were no missing TILA disclosures,

then Plaintiff and her late husband only had three days—not three years—to send a notice of

rescission.” R. 21 (Mot. to Dismiss Op.) (Page ID #402).2 We conclude that the district court

was correct in finding that Forgues failed to plead facts sufficient to state a lack of TILA

disclosures, thus providing her with only three days within which to send a notice of rescission.

We therefore conclude that Jesinoski does not apply to alter the preclusive effect of the state-

court foreclosure judgment. Accordingly, the district court correctly dismissed Forgues’s claims

that arise from her alleged 2010 rescission.

         2
          Although the parties have not raised issue preclusion as a bar to any of Forgues’s claims, we would be
remiss to ignore the Ohio Eighth District Court of Appeals’s careful conclusions that “Forgues has failed to allege,
much less demonstrate, that the bank failed to provide her with the necessary notifications to entitle her to the three-
year period” and that “she only had three days within which to unilaterally rescind her mortgage under the Truth in
Lending Act.” Deutsche Bank Nat’l Trust Co., 2016 WL 3571273, at *2–3. The Ohio Court of Appeals also
concluded that “Forgues cannot rely on Jesinoski as a basis to collaterally attack the final foreclosure judgment
entered against her.” Id. at *1.

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No. 16-3540, Forgues v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc.

D. The District Court Correctly Dismissed Forgues’s Claims Under 15 U.S.C. § 1692e(8)

       Forgues argues that the district court improperly dismissed as meritless her claims arising

under 15 U.S.C. § 1692e(8). We disagree with Forgues’s characterization of the district court’s

dismissal of these claims. The district court dismissed Forgues’s claims under § 1692e(8) as

barred by res judicata because they were based on Forgues’s alleged 2010 mortgage-loan

rescission and noted that even if res judicata did not apply, those claims would still be dismissed

under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) because Forgues failed to plead facts sufficient to

sustain an allegation that her 2010 letter could have acted as a rescission. R. 21 (Opinion at 5)

(Page ID #400). These claims are therefore subject to res judicata and the district court’s

dismissal was proper.

E. The District Court Properly Dismissed Forgues’s Claim Under 15 U.S.C. § 1692g

       Forgues next argues that the district court improperly dismissed her claim under

15 U.S.C. § 1692g that SPS failed properly to validate her debt after being notified by Forgues

that the debt was disputed. Forgues believes that SPS “misallocated the burden to Plaintiff (1) to

have alleged that the initial communications from SPS failed to give notice of the 30-day

requirement, and (2) to have shown that the 30-day window can be tolled for this length of time.”

Appellant Br. at 23. SPS argues that “Forgues’[s] Complaint simply did not allege that SPS

failed to provide the notice required under § 1692g or that Forgues submitted her notices of

dispute within the 30-day statutory time limit. It was Forgues’ burden to allege facts which

could plausibly support a claim that a violation of § 1692g occurred, and she failed to do so.”

Appellee Br. at 19–20. SPS further notes that Forgues’s only pleaded violations were that SPS

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No. 16-3540, Forgues v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc.

serviced the loan as of June 2013 “and that Forgues began sending notices of dispute in March of

2015, nearly two years later. Assuming these facts to be true, . . . Forgues did not plausibly

plead the elements of a claim that SPS failed to respond to a timely dispute of the debt under

§ 1692g.” Id. at 20.

       Section 1692g requires that a debt collector’s initial communication with a consumer

state that, inter alia, the consumer has a thirty-day period in which to request validation of the

debt. If the consumer informs the debt collector in writing that any portion of the debt is

disputed within the thirty-day period, “the debt collector shall cease collection of the debt, or any

disputed portion thereof, until the debt collector obtains verification of the debt or a copy of a

judgment . . . .” 15 U.S.C. § 1692g(b).

       Forgues pleaded that SPS became the loan servicer in June 2013 and that she began

sending dispute notices in March 2015, well outside the thirty-day window. We find no reason

to excuse Forgues’s failure plausibly to plead a violation of § 1692(g) and therefore affirm the

district court’s conclusion that “Plaintiff’s requests seeking validation are well outside of the

thirty-day window and are no longer viable.” R. 21 (Opinion at 11) (Page ID #406).

F. Summary Judgment on Forgues’s Claim Under 15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2(b) Was Proper

       Forgues’s fifth and final argument is that the district court’s grant of summary judgment

to SPS on her FCRA claim arising under 15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2(b) was improper. Forgues argues

that SPS conducted an unreasonable investigation into a notice of dispute that was received from

a credit-reporting agency and that “[t]he district court erred where it disregarded the facts and the

law asserted in the record that the statutory term ‘account’ is tied to whether or not SPS had a

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No. 16-3540, Forgues v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc.

‘permissible purpose’ to request Ms. Forgues’ credit reports.” Appellant Br. at 24–25. SPS

responds that “Forgues contends that her mortgage loan is not a bank account, and thus did not

fall within [the 15 U.S.C. § 1693a(2) definition], so SPS’s investigation was inherently

unreasonable because it failed to recognize that Forgues had no ‘account’ on which SPS could

report.    Forgues’ convoluted argument on this point is inconsistent with the FCRA . . . .”

Appellee Br. at 21.

          Pursuant to § 1681s-2(b)(1), after receiving a notice of dispute, a furnisher must:

          (A) conduct an investigation with respect to the disputed information;

          (B) review all relevant information provided by the consumer reporting agency
              pursuant to section 1681i(a)(2) of this title;

          (C) report the results of the investigation to the consumer reporting agency;

          (D) if the investigation finds that the information is incomplete or inaccurate,
              report those results to all other consumer reporting agencies to which the
              person furnished the information and that compile and maintain files on
              consumers on a nationwide basis; and

          (E) if an item of information disputed by a consumer is found to be inaccurate
              or incomplete or cannot be verified after any reinvestigation under
              paragraph (1), for purposes of reporting to a consumer reporting agency
              only, as appropriate, based on the results of the reinvestigation promptly—

                     (i)     modify that item of information;
                     (ii)    delete that item of information; or
                     (iii)   permanently block the reporting of that item of
                             information.

15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2(b). An investigation by a furnisher must be reasonable. Boggio v. USAA

Fed. Sav. Bank, 696 F.3d 611, 616 (6th Cir. 2012). “[H]ow thorough an investigation must be to

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No. 16-3540, Forgues v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc.

be ‘reasonable’ turns on what relevant information was provided to a furnisher by the CRA

giving notice of a dispute.” Id. at 617.

        The district court concluded that the record lacked “any evidence that Defendant’s

investigation was anything other than reasonable under the circumstances,” and that “Plaintiff

has no grounds for relief under Section 1681s-2(b).” R. 62 (S.J. Opinion at 17) (Page ID #1231).

In this appeal, Forgues does not actually dispute the underlying investigation conducted by SPS,

but instead rests on her argument that she never had an “account” with SPS as defined under the

FCRA.3 The two main cases Forgues cites, Bersaw v. Northland Group, Inc., No 14-cv-128-JL,

2015 WL 1097402, at *3 (D.N.H. Mar. 11, 2015), and Pintos v. Pacific Creditors Ass’n, 504

F.3d 792 (9th Cir. 2007), were decided on other issues, and Pintos has been abrogated and

superseded in pertinent part. See Pintos v. Pacific Creditors Ass’n, 565 F.3d 1106 (9th Cir.

2009). In response, SPS directs us to a number of district-court cases that have applied the same

logic that the district court applied in this case. Appellee Br. at 22–24; See, e.g., Valle v. RJM

Acquisitions, LLC, No. 3:12-CV-00957, 2015 WL 739855, at *3 (D. Conn. Feb. 19, 2015)

(rejecting an argument that a student loan was not an “account” under the FCRA and concluding

        3
          Forgues urges us to rely on the definition of “account” in 15 U.S.C. § 1681a(r)(4), which incorporates by
reference the definition of account in § 1693a of the Electronic Funds Transfer Act (“EFTA”). Under the EFTA, an
“account” is

        [A] demand deposit, savings deposit, or other asset account (other than an occasional or incidental
        credit balance in an open end credit plan as defined in section 1602(i) of this title), as described in
        regulations of the Bureau, established primarily for personal, family, or household purposes, but
        such term does not include an account held by a financial institution pursuant to a bona fide trust
        agreement.

15 U.S.C. § 1693a(2).

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No. 16-3540, Forgues v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc.

that a debt collector could obtain a consumer credit report in order to collect the outstanding

debt).

         We agree with the district court that Forgues’s “arguments stem from the mistaken belief

that use of the word account in any documents related to a credit report is necessarily the same as

the statutory definition of ‘account’ in the Fair Credit Reporting Act.” R. 62 (S.J. Opinion at 16)

(Page ID #1230). Forgues is incorrect that, because a mortgage is not defined as an “account”

for the purposes of the FCRA, SPS was not permitted to access her credit reports or provide

credit-reporting agencies any information about her mortgage. As the district court correctly

concluded when it first addressed this issue on Forgues’s motion to amend, “[t]here is no

affirmative requirement that credit reports only include ‘accounts’ as defined in the statute.

Indeed, such a restriction would be nonsensical, as it would exclude standard lines of credit from

credit reports.” R. 57 (Mot. to Amend Opinion at 4 n.16) (Page ID #1201). Forgues’s argument

about the definition of “account” misses the mark. SPS was never required to investigate

whether Forgues’s mortgage was an account under the FCRA. Instead, SPS was required to

conduct a reasonable investigation into Forgues’s disputed debt. Whether Forgues’s mortgage

loan is defined as an “account” under the FCRA has no bearing on the reasonableness of SPS’s

investigation into her disputed debt. Because SPS has provided unrebutted evidence that its

investigation into Forgues’s disputed debt was reasonable, the district court correctly concluded

that SPS is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. We therefore affirm the district court’s grant

of summary judgment on this FCRA claim.

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No. 16-3540, Forgues v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc.

                                     III. CONCLUSION

       For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

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