Court Opinion

ID: 7015849
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-24 04:20:06.328741+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:10:23.101042
License: Public Domain

Mr. JUSTICE BURMAN, dissenting: The defendant was charged by indictment with murder and, in a bench trial, she was found guilty of voluntary manslaughter and sentenced to serve a prison term of one to three years. On appeal, the defendant contends that she was denied due process and a fair trial when the trial court erroneously allowed a witness, who remained in the courtroom subsequent to the trial judge granting a motion to exclude witnesses, to testify in rebuttal. In support of this assertion, the defendant maintains that (1) the State consciously knew that the witness, the defendant's sister-in-law, Roxy Brewer, was present in violation of the trial court’s exclusionary rule; (2) the admission of Mrs. Brewer’s testimony was improper because it did not rebut any evidence introduced by the defendant; and (3) the defendant was further prejudiced since the rebuttal testimony consisted of prima facie evidence of an offense for which she was not charged. Although my colleagues believe that the defendant was sufficiently prejudiced so as to warrant a reversal, I am of the opinion that the three contentions posited in support of the defendant’s basis of appeal are without merit and her conviction should be affirmed. With regard to the defendant’s initial claim, she relies on judicial authority for the propositions that (1) a party who desires to offer the testimony of a witness who violated the exclusionary rule must be without fault for such violation (People v. Bridgeforth, 51 Ill. 2d 52, 63, 281 N.E.2d 617, 623; People v. Viskniskki, 255 Ill. 384, 391, 99 N.E. 621, 624), and (2) the defendant must show prejudice as a result of the trial court’s decision to allow a witness, who violated the exclusionary rule, to testify (People v. Hill, 97 Ill. App. 2d 385, 402, 240 N.E.2d 373, 381). Although I do not in theory controvert the legal precepts emanating from the above-mentioned decisions, I do believe that when such principles of law are applied to the factual scenario at bar, such decisions are not dispositive of the defendant’s initial assertion. Concerning the first judicial tenet, the Bridgeforth and Viskniskki decisions are factually distinguishable from the instant case since in the former actions, the witnesses which the respective trial courts excluded were called in the particular defendant’s case-in-chief and not as rebuttal witnesses. Moreover, the State’s conduct during the course of the instant trial clearly indicates that it was not responsible for Mrs. Brewer’s failure to obey the exclusionary rule. While the defendant indicates in her brief that Mrs. Brewer was not originally listed as a person whom the State might call in the instant case, it has been held that rebuttal witnesses do not have to be listed by the State in order to be eligible to testify. (E.g., People v. Hawkins, 18 Ill. App. 3d 1005, 311 N.E.2d 226 (abstract opinion), rev'd on other grounds, 61 Ill. 2d 23, 329 N.E.2d 221; People v. Clark, 9 Ill. App. 3d 998, 1002, 293 N.E.2d 666, 669.) Notwithstanding the above judicial edict, it is important to note that on July 11, 1973, the State moved to file and the defendant’s counsel acknowledged an amended list of witnesses which included Mrs. Brewer’s name. Besides evincing defense counsel’s awareness that Mrs. Brewer might be called as a potential witness, the record also demonstrates that there was not a concerted effort by the State to violate the exclusionary order. Although Mrs. Brewer testified on cross-examination that she first learned •that she would be a witness on the day she in fact testified, there is no indication from her testimony at trial that she was cognizant that she would be called as a rebuttal witness. Moreover, in spite of the State’s abstinence from calling Mrs. Brewer as a witness during the presentation of its case-in-chief, the record is devoid of any evidence indicating that the State originally planned to call Mrs. Brewer as a rebuttal' witness. On the contrary, since she was not present at the scene of the altercation leading to the death of the defendant’s husband and could only testify to auxiliary matters, the State considered Mrs. Brewer a potential witness and it was only after the defendant testified that the State decided to ask her to testify. Therefore, in light of the above reasoning, it is inconceivable to conclude that the State wilfully intended to violate the trial court’s exclusionary order. I also believe that Mrs. Brewer’s rebuttal testimony did not prejudice the defendant. In the first place, it appears that such testimony was not the paramount consideration in the trial court’s determination of the defendant’s guilt. As previously mentioned, since Mrs. Brewer was not present at the time of the altercation between the defendant and her husband, she could not expound about what transpired on March 10, 1972. Rather, her testimony was confined to auxiliary matters which included the reference to a prior occasion where the defendant had threatened her husband with a butcher knife. Although Mrs. Brewer graphically described such event, her testimony was refuted by tire defendant on surrebuttal when she indicated that (1) Mrs. Brewer never saw her with a knife in her hand on the date in question and (2) Mrs. Brewer never took a knife away from her on that date. Moreover, the trial court itself appeared to discount the alleged prejudice of such testimony when, ■in reaching its verdict in this bench trial, it (1) rejected the defendant’s assertion that her husband was “impaled on the knife as a result of his own thrust or endeavor” and (2) found that the “defendant performed the act which caused the death of her husband.” Thus, it is apparent that the focál point for the trial court’s decision was not Mrs. Brewer’s testimony. The lack of prejudice inherent in Mrs. Brewer’s testimony is further exemplified by defense counsel’s failure to pursue his initial objéction to Mrs. Brewer’s testimony subsequent to thé latter taking the stand. While the defendant maintains in her brief that she was prejudiced in part because “Mrs. Brewer heard all the preceding testimony and could structure her own testimony to its best advantage,” the conduct of defense counsel both during and following the trial evince the contrary. As the record reveals, when defense counsel made the objection to the rebuttal testimony of Mrs. Brewer, the trial judge indicated that he would hear the testimony and resolve the issue of its admissibility after counsel submitted legal authority concerning that point. However, counsel for the defendant never proffered such authority during the remainder of the trial nor did he even raise the issue of the admissibility of this rebuttal testimony in the defendant’s closing argument nor at the time of the court’s pronouncement of finding and sentence, even though the court delayed such pronouncement one week so that a submission of authority could be made. Therefore, in light of defense counsel's abstention coupled with (1) the substantive content of the rebuttal testimony as well as (2) the trial court’s own remarks concerning the defendant’s guilt, Mrs. Brewer’s rebuttal testimony was proper and did not prejudice the defendant so as to warrant a reversal of the trial court’s judgment. Regarding the defendant’s second assertion, she contends that Mrs. Brewer’s testimony was improperly admitted since (1) it did not rebutt any evidence introduced by the defendant and (2) the State did not lay a proper foundation on cross-examination for impeachment by a prior inconsistent statement. I am not in accord. It is well settled in Illinois that the purpose of rebuttal testimony is to explain, repel, contradict, or disprove evidence produced by the defendant in his case-in-chief (e.g., People v. DeHoyos, 31 Ill. App. 3d 12, 17, 332 N.E.2d 643, 647; People v. Green, 26 Ill. App. 3d 662, 668, 325 N.E.2d 316, 321) and may properly contradict the defendant’s testimony as to a material issue. (People v. Allen, 27 Ill. App. 3d 1054, 1064, 327 N.E.2d 387, 895; People v. McGhee, 20 Ill. App. 3d 915, 922, 314 N.E.2d 313, 319). Moreover, as the majority concedes and neither side controverts, the admission of rebuttal testimony is a matter left to the discretion of the trial court and its exercise thereof will not be disturbed on review unless an abuse of discretion is shown. (People v. Gentry, 19 Ill. App. 3d 861, 863, 312 N.E.2d 441, 443; People v. Schulz, 1 Ill. App. 3d 212, 218, 273 N.E.2d 736, 740, supplemented, 1 Ill. App. 3d 219, 276 N.E.2d 350.) Further, evidence properly admissible in a party’s case-in-chief may, however, be offered in rebuttal within the sound discretion of the trial court, and, where the evidence tends to explain, repel, contradict or disprove the evidence of the defendant, the fact that it may have been offered in chief does not preclude its admission in rebuttal. E.g., People v. Daugherty, 43 Ill. 2d 251, 255, 253 N.E.2d 389, 391; People v. Hawkins, 18 Ill. App. 3d 1005, 311 N.E.2d 226 (abstract opinion), rev'd on other grounds, 61 Ill. 2d 23, 329 N.E.2d 221. Applying these legal precepts to the case at bar, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Mrs. Brewer’s testimony. Besides refusing the defendant’s assertions that (1) she did not remember receiving a box of candy at work and (2) that she called the police after the altercation with her husband, Mrs. Brewers testimony most importantly rebutted the defendant’s version concerning her prior relationship with her husband. As revealed in the record, the defendant testified that on the night in question, she had no intention of killing nor inflicting serious harm to her husband. She expounded that even though her husband had struck or beaten her on prior occasions, she had never threatened him nor would do anything to harm him. However, Mrs. Brewer’s testimony placed the defendant’s remarks into a different factual perspective since it evinced the latter’s prior threats as well as violent tendencies towards her husband. As noted by the majority, Mrs. Brewer testified that in the latter part of February, 1972, she overheard a quarrel between the Wallers wherein the defendant threatened to kill her husband with a butcher knife if he again called her a “bitch.” She further related that she subsequently took the knife from the defendant and threw it into the kitchen sink. While the defendant concedes that she would not have raised an objection if such testimony was elicited in the State’s case-in-chief, I believe that in light of the above enunciated legal precepts coupled with the judicial tenet that prior threats made by an accused to do violence to a person eventually slain are admissible to show malice and criminal intent (People v. Slaughter, 29 Ill. 2d 384, 390, 194 N.E.2d 193, 196, redd on other grounds, 39 Ill. 2d 278, 235 N.E.2d 561; People v. Lion, 10 Ill. 2d 208, 217, 139 N.E.2d 757, 762), the admission of such testimony to the defendant’s intent to commit the crime for which she was charged, namely, murder, it was proper in rebuttal. There is also no propriety to the defendant’s contention that the State failed to lay a proper foundation on cross-examination regarding her prior threats. Although the defendant relies on judicial authority (People v. Henry, 47 Ill. 2d 312, 265 N.E.2d 876) as well as the fact that she was not asked on cross-examination whether (1) she had ever threatened to stab her husband nor (2) if Mrs. Brewer ever intervened in an argument she had with her husband, it must be remembered that a defendant may not claim for the first time on review that testimony as to a prior threat by a defendant toward the decedent was not admissible because there was no foundation. (People v. Slaughter, 29 Ill. 2d 384, 391, 194 N.E.2d 193, 197, rev'd on other grounds, 39 Ill. 2d 278, 235 N.E.2d 561.) While the defendant made numerous objections to various portions of Mrs. Brewer’s testimony, the record is devoid of any objection lodged by defense counsel during Mrs. Brewer’s rebuttal testimony that the State did not lay a proper foundation concerning the defendant’s prior threats. Even assuming arguendo that such an objection was proffered, the purpose of laying a proper foundation for impeachment by a prior inconsistent statement, namely, “to protect the witness against unfair surprise” and to permit his explanation of the prior statement (People v. Henry, 47 Ill. 2d 312, 321, 265 N.E.2d 876, 882), was still afforded the defendant in the instant case. As previously mentioned, even though the defendant never denied threatening her husband in the latter part of February, 1972, she did testify on surrebuttal that (1) Mrs. Brewer never saw her with a knife in her hand on that date nor (2) did she remove a knife from her hand on that occasion. Taking into consideration this attempt to refute Mrs. Brewers testimony, I therefore believe that the defendant was not unfairly surprised nor was she precluded from explaining the statements of Mrs. Brewer. Hence, it cannot be said that that portion of Mrs. Brewer’s testimony prejudiced the defendant. The defendant’s final contention is also insufficient to warrant a reversal of her conviction. While the defendant maintains that Mrs. Brewer’s testimony establishes a prima facie case for the offense of aggravated assault (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1973, ch. 38, par. 12 — 2) and thus violates the edict stemming from People v. Hicks, 133 Ill. App. 2d 424, 433, 273 N.E.2d 450, 457, wherein, it was held that improper rebuttal testimony pertaining to matters outside of the defendant’s evidence and relating to crimes distinct from that charged resulted in “prejudicial error which prevented [the] defendant from obtaining a fair trial,” such underlying rationales are inapplicable to the case at bar. Firstly, the Hicks decision is factually distinguishable from the instant case since in the former action, the testimony ruled improper (1) related to a series of threats against third parties which were divergent from the circumstances for which the defendant was being prosecuted and (2) pertained to the defendant’s general character and reputation and not to the issue of the intent of the defendant. Secondly, although I have no objection to arguing in the alternative, this final assertion is totally irreconcilable with the intimation made by the defendant in support of her second contention, namely, that Mrs. Brewer’s testimony went directly to the issue of the defendant’s intent to commit the offense for which she was charged. As the defendant concedes in her brief, the sole purpose of Mrs. Brewer’s rebuttal testimony was to demonstrate the defendant had violent tendencies and had previously threatened her husband. Moreover, the defendant did not controvert the judicial precept sanctioning the admissibility of an accused’s prior threats as evincing malice and criminal intent. Further, the defendant acknowledges that had the State introduced Mrs. Brewer’s testimony in its case-in-chief, she would have no objection. The logical inference to be derived from such comments is a cognition on the defendant’s part that such rebuttal testimony did not exemplify the offense of aggravated assault, but was proffered to directly refute the defendant’s claim that she loved her husband and would never do anything to harm him. Therefore, for the foregoing reasons, the defendant’s final contention is without merit and, coupled with the inadequacies of' her other arguments, her conviction should have been sustained.