Court Opinion

ID: 4645199
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-21 18:12:23.257408+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:50.749072
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State ex rel. Merrill v. State Dept of Natural Resources, 2020-Ohio-6811.]

                                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                  ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                           LAKE COUNTY, OHIO

 STATE ex rel. ROBERT MERRILL,                             :            OPINION
 TRUSTEE, et al.,
                                                           :
                   Plaintiffs-Appellees,                                CASE NO. 2019-L-164
                                                           :
 HOMER S. TAFT, et al.,
                                                           :
                   Intervening Plaintiffs-
                   Appellees,                              :

          - vs -                                           :

 STATE OF OHIO, DEPARTMENT OF                              :
 NATURAL RESOURCES, et al.,
                                                           :
                   Defendants-Appellees,
                                                           :
 NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION,
 et al.,                                                   :

                   Intervening Defendants-                 :
                   Appellees,
                                                           :
 GEORGE SORTINO,
                                                           :
                   Appellant.

 Civil Appeal from the Lake County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 04 CV 001080.

 Judgment: Affirmed.

 James F. Lang, Fritz E. Berckmueller, and Lindsey E. Sacher, Calfee, Halter & Griswold,
 L.L.P., The Calfee Building, 1405 East Sixth Street, Cleveland, OH 44114 (For Plaintiffs-
 Appellees).

 Homer S. Taft, 20220 Center Ridge Road, Suite 300, P.O. Box 16216, Rocky River, OH
 44116 (Intervening Plaintiff-Appellee).
 L. Scot Duncan, 1530 Willow Drive, Sandusky, OH 44870 (Intervening Plaintiff-Appellee
 and for Intervening Plaintiff-Appellee Darla Duncan).

 Dave Yost, Ohio Attorney General, State Office Tower, 30 East Broad Street, 16th Floor,
 Columbus, OH 43215; Anne Marie Sferra and Daniel C. Gibson, Bricker & Eckler, LLP,
 100 South Third Street, Columbus, OH 43215 (For Defendants-Appellees).

 Neil S. Kagan, 213 West Liberty Street, Suite 200, Ann Arbor, MI 48104; Peter A.
 Precario, 2 Miranova Place, Suite 500, Columbus, OH 43215 (For Intervening
 Defendants-Appellees).

 Dennis E. Murray, Sr., Margaret M. Murray, and Donna J. Evans, Murray & Murray Co.,
 LPA, 111 East Shoreline Drive, Sandusky, OH 44870 (For Appellant).

TIMOTHY P. CANNON, P.J.

       {¶1}    Appellant, George Sortino (“Sortino”), appeals from the judgment entry

entered in the Lake County Court of Common Pleas granting appellees’ motion to enforce

a settlement agreement and for civil contempt. Sortino’s argument is that the settlement

agreement entered into during a class action proceeding, which was not appealed, is

defective.    Therefore, he argues that he is not bound as a class member by the

agreement’s prohibition on bringing future actions against appellees related to the class

action and that he is free to proceed with a separate class action suit filed in Erie County.

We affirm the judgment.

       {¶2}    The facts and circumstances leading to the present appeal began with the

filing of a class action suit in 2004 by a class of plaintiffs comprised of all littoral property

owners along Lake Erie’s Ohio coast (the “Merrill Class”). Sortino was, at all relevant

times, a littoral property owner along Lake Erie’s Ohio coast; however, the parties dispute

whether Sortino was aware of the class action suit prior to settlement. The suit sought

mandamus and declaratory relief, as well as the return of funds collected for submerged

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land lease payments. For a complete factual history of the case, see State ex rel. Merrill

v. Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources, 130 Ohio St. 3d 30, 2011-Ohio-4612.

       {¶3}   After remand from the Ohio Supreme Court, the trial court issued an order

to brief class issues and ultimately issued an order extending class certification under

Civ.R. 23(B)(2). That decision was affirmed by this court in State ex rel. Merrill v. Ohio

Dept. of Natural Resources, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2012-L-113, 2014-Ohio-1343, appeal not

accepted, 140 Ohio St. 3d 1416, 2014-Ohio-3785.

       {¶4}   A motion for preliminary approval of the class action settlement, approval of

notice to class members, and scheduling of settlement hearing—along with stipulations—

was filed on May 27, 2016. Individual notice was given to the 683 class members entitled

to refunds. The remaining class members did not receive individual notification, but notice

was published in local newspapers in each of the affected counties with instructions on

how to file claims—as approved by the trial court. A website was also established to

submit claims and receive information on the settlement. At the status hearing conducted

on June 14, 2016, the trial court concluded that it had subject matter jurisdiction over the

matter and scheduled a settlement hearing.

       {¶5}   On September 1, 2016, the trial court issued a journal entry reflecting that

nearly 100 identical letters had been received objecting to the preliminary approval of the

class action settlement. Thereafter, counsel for the putative class filed a motion for final

approval of the class action settlement, and the trial court held a settlement approval

hearing on October 21, 2016.

       {¶6}   The order and final judgment approving the settlement in the class action

was filed on October 24, 2016, and a notice of final appealable order was issued on

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October 26, 2016. The notice was sent by regular mail to all represented parties,

including counsel for the Merrill Class.       The settlement provided for compensatory

damages and attorney’s fees, but it did not specifically grant any equitable relief. The

agreement also stated that the Lake County Court of Common Pleas retained exclusive

jurisdiction over the matter. The order and final judgment were not appealed.

       {¶7}   On January 31, 2018, Sortino brought suit against appellees in the Erie

County Court of Common Pleas (the “Erie Action”) seeking to separately litigate the

claims that were settled in the previous class action in Lake County in 2016. He brought

the claim on behalf of “Sortino and the putative members of the Merrill class who did not

receive individualized notice of the settlement, as required under Civ.R. 23(B)(3).” On

May 29, 2018, appellees filed a motion to enforce the settlement and for civil contempt in

Lake County. The Erie Action was eventually stayed on September 19, 2018, pending

the resolution of appellees’ Lake County motion to enforce and for contempt.

       {¶8}   A hearing on the motion was held on August 17, 2018, and the trial court

granted appellees’ motion to enforce the settlement and for civil contempt on November

7, 2019, which was stayed pending the present appeal. The trial court considered the

merits of Sortino’s challenges to the class action and held, in pertinent part, as follows:

              Initially [Sortino] argues that Merrill could only be properly filed in the
              Court of Claims, because it has exclusive jurisdiction over claims
              seeking money damages against the state of Ohio. * * * Because this
              court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to hear the case, its judgment
              in the matter is void. While acknowledging that judgments rendered
              by courts lacking either subject matter or personal jurisdiction are
              void, the court does not believe this is a serious argument. The Merrill
              parties were not seeking an award of damages. Instead, they were
              seeking injunctive and declaratory relief, remedies which are clearly
              within this court’s power to grant. * * *

                                               4
Second, Sortino claims that because money was awarded, Class
Two had to be certified under Civ. R. 23(B)(3) instead of (B)(2). * * *
The court believes this assertion is simply not true. The court
acknowledges that the Supreme Court has held that “individualized
monetary claims belong in Rule 23(b)(3).” * * * And it is also true that
“[i]n the context of a class action predominantly for money damages
we have held that absence of notice and opt out [rights] violates due
process.” * * * But it has not laid down a blanket rule that money can
never be awarded to a Civ.R. 23(B)(2) class. * * * To the contrary,
“holding that no monetary relief could be recovered in a (B)(2) class
flies in the face of long established circuit-court precedent.” * * *

The heart of Sortino’s argument, however, seems to be that the
settlement dramatically changed the claims asserted by, and the
relief provided to, class members. He argues that if the case had not
settled, “the Merrill court would have been required to issue a
declaration on the question of an unconstitutional taking, and ODNR
would have been compelled to seek out each property owner to settle
or to commence appropriation proceedings * * * .” * * * Instead of
approving the settlement under Civ.R. 23(B)(2), the court should
have held a hearing to carefully consider whether it should be
recertified under Civ.R. 23(B)(3). If it had been so recertified, he
claims that individual notification of the settlement and the right to opt
out would have been mandatory. * * * The court finds that this
argument has some appeal on its face, but ultimately fails. Initially,
the court notes that classes certified under Civ.R. 23(B)(2) are
mandatory. Members are not afforded a right to opt out, nor even
necessarily afforded notice of the action. * * * A (B)(3) class, on the
other hand, is not mandatory, and “class members are entitled to
receive ‘the best notice that is practicable under the circumstances’
and to withdraw from the class at their option.” * * *

To begin, the court finds that Sortino’s entire argument is based on
the false assumption that if the Merrill parties had not settled, this
court would have found in favor of the plaintiffs on Count Two and
issued a mandamus requiring the state to either agree to individual
settlements with class members or to initiate land appropriation
proceedings with them. While that may have happened, it is far from
a certainty. And if it had not, none of the class members would have
received any compensation for their taking claim. In fact, that
uncertainty was a major factor driving the parties’ decision to settle
the case.

As to recertifying the class, the court notes that it addressed and
approved both how class members would be notified of the
settlement and the fact that they would not have opt-out rights at the

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hearing it conducted on June 14, 2016. Therefore, contrary to
Sortino’s claim, it considered and specifically found that certification
under Civ.R. 23(B)(2) was appropriate, despite the fact that the
settlement included a proposed monetary payment on the Count
Two claims.

Furthermore, assuming arguendo that the court had decided to
recertify this under Civ.R. 23(B)(3), Sortino’s assertion that
individualized notice would have been required is wrong. Instead, he
would have been entitled to receive only “the best notice that is
practicable under the circumstances.” * * * Given the fact that the
Count Two class was variously estimated to include somewhere
between 12,000 to 15,500 members, the expense of individualized
notice could have easily fully exhausted any funds remaining after
the Count One class members were reimbursed. Under those
circumstances, individualized notice would not have been
practicable, and it is highly unlikely this court would have ordered it.

Most importantly, however, Sortino argues that certification was
improper under Civ.R. 23(B)(2) because the settlement provided
Count Two class members with no injunctive relief. Instead,
monetary relief not only predominated the settlement, it was the sole
relief granted by the court.       And that relief was individualized
depending on a set of factors unique to each class member. As a
result, certification under Civ.R. 23(B)(3) was mandatory.

The court again disagrees. As just noted, certification under Civ.R.
(B)(2) is only impermissible when money damages are exclusively or
predominantly the final relief sought by the plaintiffs. * * * “[M]oney
damages predominate when they are not incidental to declaratory
and injunctive relief, i.e., when the damages do not ‘flow directly from
liability to the class as a whole on the claims forming the basis of the
injunctive or declaratory relief.’” * * *

Further, it was not improper to maintain the class under Civ.R.
23(B)(2) even though class members received separate amounts of
compensation, because that compensation was not based on
circumstances unique to each class member. Instead, it was capable
of computation by objective standards, was not dependent on
intangible, subjective differences of each class member’s
circumstances, did not require additional hearings on the merits,
neither introduced new or substantial legal or factual issues, nor
entailed complex individualized determinations. * * * As a result,
class certification was appropriate under Civ.R. 23(B)(2), and
Sortino’s arguments are, again, without merit. * * *

                               6
              As a class member, he is deemed to have “fully, finally, and forever
              released, waived, discharged, and dismissed each and every” one
              of the claims he now brings in his Erie County lawsuit. Therefore, he
              is forever enjoined from prosecuting those claims, pursuant to this
              court’s final order. And this court has the authority to enforce that
              order against him.

       {¶9}   Sortino filed a timely notice of appeal and raises four assignments of error

for review. Appellees have raised one cross-assignment of error for review. We begin

with the cross-assignment of error, which states:

              The trial court erred in even considering the merits of Sortino’s
              impermissible collateral attack on the Final Judgment approving the
              Settlement.

       {¶10} Appellees’ cross-assignment of error challenges the trial court’s

consideration of the merits of Sortino’s arguments for not being bound by the Merrill Class

settlement agreement. Appellees claim that Sortino’s Erie Action is an impermissible

collateral attack on the settlement in Merrill. Appellees argue that, as a class member in

that case, Sortino is precluded by the doctrines of res judicata and waiver from

challenging the settlement.

       {¶11} When challenged on direct appeal, “‘[t]he determination of whether a

settlement is fair, adequate and reasonable is committed to the sound discretion of the

trial court and will not be disturbed on appeal in the absence of some demonstration that

the trial court abused its discretion.’” West v. Carfax, Inc., 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2008-

T-0045, 2009-Ohio-6857, ¶11, quoting In re Kroger Co. Shareholders Litigation, 70 Ohio

App.3d 52, 68 (1st Dist.1990). However, when the challenge is collateral rather than

direct, “the appropriate collateral review involves an examination of procedural due

process and nothing more. As long as procedural safeguards are established by the law

and employed, absent class members’ objections to the determinations of the certifying

                                             7
court may be properly remedied on appeal within the forum state’s judicial system and to

the United States Supreme Court.” Fine v. Am. Online, Inc., 139 Ohio App. 3d 133, 140

(9th Dist.2000) (emphasis sic), citing Epstein v. MCA, Inc., 179 F.3d 641, 648 (9th

Cir.1999).

       {¶12} Civ.R. 23 establishes the procedures and requirements for certifying,

litigating, and settling class actions in Ohio. As reflected in the record, the judgment entry

subject to appeal, and the procedural history, the trial court in Merrill complied with the

requirements contained in Civ.R. 23. The trial court ordered briefings and conducted

hearings to determine the proper class certification, jurisdiction, and fairness of the

settlement. The classification issue was also appealed and affirmed by this court. To the

extent Sortino disagrees with the conclusions of the court in Merrill, his remedy would

have been to appeal those rulings directly.

       {¶13} The trial court’s judgment entry addressing the merits of Sortino’s attacks

on the Merrill class action proceedings provided a thorough analysis of the process;

however, it also addressed the merits of the arguments made by Sortino as discussed

below. To the extent the trial court’s entry addressed matters outside of an examination

of procedural due process, appellees’ cross-assignment of error has merit.

       {¶14} Sortino’s first assignment of error states:

              [1.] The trial court committed prejudicial error in determining that the
              court had subject matter jurisdiction, as opposed to the Court of
              Claims, in order to approve a settlement in which the State of Ohio
              paid monetary funds to a large number of Class Members to settle
              the claim asserting an unconstitutional taking of their property, based
              merely upon the fact that the parties were not seeking damages in
              their Amended Complaint.

                                              8
       {¶15} “‘A determination as to whether the trial court has subject-matter jurisdiction

* * * is a question of law reviewed de novo.’” In re Smith, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2014-P-

0056, 2015-Ohio-5522, ¶13, quoting JP Morgan Chase Banks v. Ritchey, 11th Dist. Lake

No. 2014-L-089, 2015-Ohio-1606, ¶16. “Because subject-matter jurisdiction goes to the

power of the court to adjudicate the merits of a case, it can never be waived and may be

challenged at any time.” Pratts v. Hurley, 102 Ohio St. 3d 81, 2004-Ohio-1980, ¶11

(citations omitted). “If a court possesses subject-matter jurisdiction, any error in the

invocation or exercise of jurisdiction over a particular case causes a judgment to be

voidable rather than void.” Bank of Am., N.A. v. Kuchta, 141 Ohio St. 3d 75, 2014-Ohio-

4275, ¶19, citing Pratts, supra, at ¶12.

       {¶16} A void judgment is considered a legal nullity that can be collaterally

attacked. Larney v. Vlahos, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2015-T-0103, 2016-Ohio-1371, ¶6,

citing Clark v. Wilson, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2000-T-0063, 2000 WL 1050524, *2 (July

28, 2000). In contrast, a voidable judgment must be challenged through a “direct attack

on the merits.” Id.

       {¶17} The court of claims has exclusive jurisdiction over civil actions against the

state for money damages that sound in law. R.C. 2743.02 and 2743.03. This relationship

was discussed in GLA Water Mgt. Co. v. Univ. of Toledo, 196 Ohio App. 3d 290, 2011-

Ohio-5034 (6th Dist.):

              Section 16, Article I of the Ohio Constitution provides that “[s]uits may
              be brought against the state, in such courts and in such manner, as
              may be provided by law.” In the Court of Claims Act, the General
              Assembly provided the framework for bringing such suits. R.C.
              2743.02(A)(1) provides:

                      “The state hereby waives its immunity from liability * * * and
                      consents to be sued, and have its liability determined, in the

                                              9
                      court of claims created in this chapter in accordance with the
                      same rules of law applicable to suits between private parties
                      * * *.”

                 R.C. 2743.03(A) creates the court of claims and defines its
                 jurisdiction, stating:

                      “(1) * * * The court of claims is a court of record and has
                      exclusive, original jurisdiction of all civil actions against the
                      state permitted by the waiver of immunity contained in section
                      2743.02 of the Revised Code * * *.

                      “(2) If the claimant in a civil action as described in division
                      (A)(1) of this section also files a claim for a declaratory
                      judgment, injunctive relief, or other equitable relief against the
                      state that arises out of the same circumstances that gave rise
                      to the civil action described in division (A)(1) of this section,
                      the court of claims has exclusive, original jurisdiction to hear
                      and determine that claim in that civil action.”
Id. at ¶19-23.

       {¶18} R.C. 2743.03(A)(2) proceeds to state: “This division does not affect, and

shall not be construed as affecting, the original jurisdiction of another court of this state

to hear and determine a civil action in which the sole relief that the claimant seeks against

the state is a declaratory judgment, injunctive relief, or other equitable relief.” (Emphasis

added). “‘A suit that seeks the return of specific funds wrongfully collected or held by the

state is brought in equity.’” Borchers v. Grand Lake St. Marys State Park, Ct. of Cl. No.

2005-05485-AD, 2005-Ohio-6115, ¶10, quoting Santos v. Ohio Bur. of Workers’ Comp.,

101 Ohio St. 3d 74, 2004-Ohio-28, syllabus. (Emphasis added.)

       {¶19} In the matter sub judice, Sortino initially argues that because the settlement

in Merrill contained an award of damages for an unconstitutional taking of property and

attorney fees, it was no longer within the jurisdiction of the common pleas court and was

required to be removed to the court of claims. Appellees dispute that the payments made

                                              10
in accordance with the settlement were damages and also dispute that any admission of

a taking was part of the settlement. The settlement agreement supports appellees’

interpretation.

       {¶20} R.C. 2743.03(A)(2) specifically reserves original jurisdiction to the common

pleas court for civil suits seeking equitable relief. The statute, as well as all relevant case

law submitted by the parties, references the remedies sought rather than the ultimate

disposition. Sortino states in his brief, “There is no question that the Lake County Court

of Common Pleas had jurisdiction over [the] claims. The Merrill Plaintiffs sought (1) a

declaratory judgment; (2) an order instructing ODNR to institute appropriation

proceedings; and (3) the return of submerged land lease payments that were illegally

collected by ODNR.” The fact that the parties agreed to enter into a settlement rather

than litigate the claims does not change the fact that the suit was brought seeking

equitable relief, and Sortino points to no case law establishing that a court is divested of

subject-matter jurisdiction after seeking the equitable remedies allowing the common

pleas court to exercise jurisdiction.

       {¶21} Sortino’s first assignment of error is without merit.

       {¶22} Sortino’s second and third assignments of error state:

              [2.] The trial court committed prejudicial error when it approved the
              settlement of the parties which provided relief to the class members
              in the form of monetary damages, but did not provide those class
              members with any individual notice nor any right to opt out, as
              required under Civ.R. 23(B)(3) and the overarching protection of
              jurisdictional due process.

              [3.] The trial court committed prejudicial error when it held that class
              member, Sortino, and all other of his similarly situated class
              members, who did not receive notice and were not afforded the right
              to opt out of the settlement, were bound by the terms of the
              settlement and that they were forever barred from any rights to

                                              11
              individually pursue any claim against the State of Ohio for the claims
              that were settled in favor of the State of Ohio in this action.

       {¶23} Sortino’s second and third assignments of error challenge the certification

of the class under Civ.R. 23(B)(2), the subsequent notification requirements, and the

binding nature of the settlement without an opt-out option. He argues that the class

should have been recertified under Civ.R. 23(B)(3), which requires additional notice and

opt-out alternatives, once a monetary award was included in the settlement. While

Sortino argues that the Civ.R. 23(B)(2) certification and binding nature of the settlement

violate his right to substantive due process, these challenges relate to the procedures

and determinations made by the trial court in the Merrill class action settlement, which

was not appealed. Therefore, as discussed above, a review of Sortino’s second and third

assignments of error are reviewable in the present appeal only to the extent of insuring

procedural due process.

       {¶24} “Certification under Civ.R. 23(B)(2) depends upon what type of relief is

primarily sought, so where the injunctive relief is merely incidental to the primary claim for

money damages, Civ.R. 23(B)(2) certification is inappropriate.” Wilson v. Brush Wellman,

Inc., 103 Ohio St. 3d 538, 2004-Ohio-5847, ¶17 (emphasis added). Again, “[a] suit that

seeks the return of specific funds wrongfully collected or held by the state is brought in

equity.” Borchers, supra, at ¶10, citing Santos, supra, at the syllabus (emphasis added).

       {¶25} This court, in Asset Acceptance LLC v. Caszatt, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2009-

L-090, 2010-Ohio-1449, discussed the Ohio Supreme Court’s approach where the relief

sought is disputed:

              As the Supreme Court of Ohio stated, “[d]isputes over whether the
              action is primarily for injunctive or declaratory relief rather than a
              monetary award neither promote the disposition of the case on the

                                             12
              merits nor represent a useful expenditure of energy. Therefore, they
              should be avoided. If the Rule 23(a) prerequisites have been met and
              injunctive or declaratory relief has been requested, the action usually
              should be allowed to proceed under subdivision (b)(2). * * * The court
              has the power under subdivision (c)(4)(A), which permits an action
              to be brought under Rule 23 ‘with respect to particular issues,’ to
              confine the class action aspects of a case to those issues pertaining
              to the injunction and to allow damage issues to be tried separately.”
Id. at ¶71, quoting Hamilton v. Ohio Sav. Bank, 82 Ohio St. 3d 67, 87 (1998) (quotation

omitted).

       {¶26} Hamilton is analogous to the matter sub judice. There, mortgagors brought

a class action against the mortgagee bank, challenging the bank’s method for calculating

interest on mortgage loans. After the court of common pleas denied certification, the

Eighth District Court of Appeals affirmed as to subclasses with retired mortgage loans

and reversed as to subclasses with outstanding mortgage loans. The Ohio Supreme

Court held that class certification under Civ.R. 23(B)(2) should have been granted with

respect to all subclasses, stating:

              [W]e disagree that subclasses two and four seek primarily money
              damages. Their primary object is to terminate Ohio Savings’ alleged
              practice of overcharging interest and/or misamortizing its loans.
              Without such relief, they would achieve only the recoupment of
              overpaid interest to date. The fact that money damages are also
              sought in addition to injunctive relief does not defeat certification
              under Civ.R. 23(B)(2).

Hamilton, supra, at 86-87, citing 5 Moore, Federal Practice, Section 23.43[3][a], at 23-

196 to 23-197 (3d Ed.1997).

       {¶27} Sortino admits the initial determination to certify the class under Civ.R.

23(B)(2) was correct. He provides no case law or justification supporting the principal

that a trial court must reconsider its certification for a second time based on the terms of

a settlement. Here, the trial court ordered the parties to submit briefs on the issue of class

                                             13
certification. It considered the certification issue and concluded—based on the relief

sought by the Merrill Class in their complaint—that certification under Civ.R. 23(B)(2) was

appropriate. We find no error or defect in the procedure used by the trial court in reaching

that conclusion. Therefore, the alternative means of providing notice and requirement to

allow class members to opt-out is inapplicable to the present matter, and the Civ.R.

23(B)(2) certification was procedurally sufficient. Because the certification under Civ.R.

23(B)(2) was sufficient, Sortino is bound by the terms of the settlement and prohibited

from bringing future actions against appellees based on the settled claims.

       {¶28} Sortino’s second and third assignments of error are without merit.

       {¶29} Sortino’s fourth assignment of error states:

              [4.] The trial court committed prejudicial error when it found Sortino
              in contempt of court for prosecuting the claims that he asserted in
              the case filed in Erie County Court of Common Pleas, because
              Sortino had not released those claims due to the defective notice
              provisions in the Merrill settlement.

       {¶30} Sortino’s fourth assignment of error challenges the trial court’s finding that,

as a result of him being included in the Merrill class, he was bound by the terms of the

settlement agreement and therefore in contempt for filing the Erie Action.

       {¶31} Once again, the class certification and determination of class members in

the Merrill case was not appealed. Further, Sortino admits that he was a member of the

class in Merrill. His only challenge is to the determination of class designation under

Civ.R. 23 for purposes of the appropriate notice requirements, which are not reviewable

outside of direct appeal. As discussed above, the trial court correctly determined that

Sortino was a member of the Civ.R. 23(B)(2) certified Merrill class. Therefore, he was

                                            14
bound by the prohibition against bringing future actions, and he was in contempt of the

settlement agreement by filing the Erie Action.

      {¶32} Sortino’s fourth assignment of error is without merit.

      {¶33} The judgment of the Lake County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J.,

MATT LYNCH, J.,

concur.

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