Court Opinion

ID: 7114873
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-24 12:30:44.381168+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:13:20.882332
License: Public Domain

Sherwin, J.
This is a suit on a benefit certificate issued to Lewis Collver May 16, 1906. He died in October, 1908. The evidence tended to show that Collver was intoxicated when he died and that his intoxication was the cause of his death. The defendant’s answer alleged as complete defenses that Collver became intemperate in the use of intoxicating liquor after the certificate had been issued to him; that his death resulted indirectly from his intemperate use of intoxicating liquor; and that there were breaches of warranties made in Collver’s application. In her reply the plaintiff denied generally anl alleged that the defendant knew of the habits of Collver with respect to the use of intoxicating liquor and that with such notice the defendant collected dues and assessments from him, and by so doing waived objection to’ his use of intoxicating liquor. Section 14 of the appellant’s by-laws is as follows: “If any member of this society, heretofore or hereafter adopted, shall become intemperate in the use of intoxicating liquors or in the use of drqgs or narcotics or if his death shall result directly or indirectly from his intemperate use of intoxicating liquors, drugs or narcotics, then the benefit certificate held by said Neighbor shall by such acts become and be absolutely null and void, and all payments made thereon, shall be thereby forfeited.” Section 5 of the benefit certificate also provides that it shall become absolutely null and void if the member become intemperate in the use of intoxicating liquor,, or if his death shall *618result directly or indirectly from the use of intoxicating liquor.
1. insurance: agaSJstiiability: evidence: direcverdict. I. Collver contracted that there should be no liability on the certificate issued to him if his death resulted directly or indirectly from the use of intoxicating liquor, and, there being evidence before the jury which would have justified a finding that his death was ...... caused by intoxication, it was error to direct a verdict for the plaintiff. Ury v. Modern Woodmen of America, 149 Iowa, 706.
In his application for membership, Collver stated that he was a total abstainer from the use of intoxicating liquor; that he had been a total abstainer for four years; and that he had not been intoxicated for four years. He warranted his answers to be literally true, and agreed that if any answer was not literally true the certificate should be void. The certificate issued to Collver was also signed by him and it provided on the same subject as follows: “This benefit certificate is issued and accepted only upon the following express warranties, conditions and agreements: That the application for membership in this society made by said member, a copy of which is hereto attached and made a part hereof, ... is true in all respects, and that the literal truth of such application and each and every part thereof shall be held to be a strict warranty and to form the only basis of the liability of this society to such member and to his beneficiary. . . . That if said application shall not be literally true in each and every part thereof, then this benefit certificate shall . . . be absolutely void.”
The uncontradicted evidence shows that Collver was intoxicated in July, 1904, less than two years before the application was made and the certificate issued, and the appellant claims that the statements by Collver that he abstained entirely from the use of intoxicating liquor and had so abstained from its use for four years was false and *619avoided the certificate. Collver was competent to make the exact contract that we have set out, and his beneficiary is bound by the terms thereof. The defendant might also lawfully require true answers to' all of the questions asked him and refuse to insure him except upon condition that he disclose the true facts relative to his use of intoxicating liquor, and the length of time he had been a total abstainer.
2. Same: stipulations: ness II. After having contracted that his statements and disclosures should be strict warranties, which, if not true, should invalidate the certificate, his beneficiary cannot question the materiality of the answers. Ross v Brotherhood, 120 Iowa, 692; Provident Society v. Dees, 120 Ky. 285 (86 S. W. 522); Spence v. Insurance Co., 236 Ill. 444 (86 N. E. 104, 19 L. R. A. (N. S.) 88); National Union v. Arnhorst, 74 Ill. App. 482; Baumgart v. M. W. of A., 85 Wis. 546 (55 N. W. 713); New York Life Ins. Co. v. Fletcher, 117 U. S. 519 (6 Sup. Ct. 837, 29 L. Ed. 934); Goddard v. Insurance Co., 108 Mass. 56 (11 Am. Rep. 307); Richardson v. Maine Ins. Co., 46 Me. 394 (74 Am. Dec. 459).
3. Same. If it was true, then, that Collver was intoxicated in July, 1904, his statement that he had totally abstained from the use of intoxicating liquor for four years was false and a breach of his warranty. The answer cannot, in our judgement, be construed to mean that he had abstained from the intemperate use of liquor as urged by the appellee. The plain intent of the questions was to ascertain whether Collver used liquor at all, and, if he did not, how long he had so abstained. There is nothing in Ury v. M. W. of A., supra, contrary to the view expressed above. The evidence tended to show that Collver was intemperate in the use of intoxicating liquor for about two years before his death.
*620„ , 4. Same: by* laws: stipulations as to ígentsS: o£ waiver. *619The evidence also showed that such use of liquor was known to the head officer of the local camp and to some extent, at least, to the clerk of the camp. Notwithstanding *620such knowledge on the part of the officers, the clerk of the local camp continued to receive dues A and assessments from the insured and sent them to the defendant. The appellee contends that the defendant waived any objection to Collver’s use of liquor by receiving assessments and dues with knowledge of his habits. The rule contended for by appellee would undoubtedly be applicable but for the fact that the contract before us contains provisions which have not heretofore been considered by us in discussing the question of waiver in similar eases. The cases of our own relied upon by the appellee are Alexander v. Grand Lodge, 119 Iowa, 519; Trotter v. Grand Lodge, 132 Iowa, 513.
The by-laws in force when the insured became a member provided as follows: “No local camp nor any officer thereof shall have the right or power to waive any of the provisions of the by-laws of this society. The clerk of a local camp is hereby made and declared to be the agept of such camp, and not the agent of the head camp, and no act or omission on his part shall have the effect of creating a liability on the part of this society or of waiving any right or immunity belonging to it.”
Does the stipulation that the clerk of the local camp shall be the agent of said camp only, and not the agent of the head camp, relieve the defendant from the consequences ordinarily following knowledge on the part of the local camp? We are of the opinion that this question must be answered in the negative. The defendant is an insurance order, consisting wholly of local camps." Its membership is obtained solely and entirely through these local camps, or lodges, and the defendant itself is only the instrument through which its constituent members are enabled to cooperate for the common good. The. local lodge is the working arm of the organization, and through oit alone does the member ever come into touch with the order at large. It selects the membership of the order and, in a sense, *621determines who its beneficiaries shall be. It is a constituent part of the general organization and is therefore vitally interested in the conduct of its affairs and in the rejection of proposed members and the exclusion of members, who are incapacitated from continuing as such because of their habits or conduct. The local camp is the instrument through which the resources of the general organization are gathered and through which the discipline necessary for the general good is exercised, and, without its agency and cooperation, the general organization could not exist in its present form. It is therefore apparent that the local camp or lodge is in fact an agent of the general organization, and, where such is the case, the weight of authority is that a denial of the legal effect of the acts and omissions of such agent in performing the duties of the agency will not relieve the general organization from responsibility therefor. Where an agency actually exists, the party creating it cannot destroy its effect by a stipulation that it does not exist. Here the stipulation was that the clerk of the local camp should be considered the agent of such camp only, and not the agent of the head camp. But the local camp was clearly the agent of the head camp, and, as the local camp could only act through its clerk, the act of its clerk was its own act, and hence the act of the defendant, its principal. In Supreme Lodge v. Withers, 177 U. S. 260 (20 Sup. Ct. 611, 44 L. Ed. 762), the supreme lodge denied the agency of the local lodge because of a stipulation similar to the one in question here. There the clerk had failed to forward a payment made by the member. The court said: “There seems to have been an attempt on the part of the defendant to invest Mr. Chadwick (the local officer) with the power and authority of an agent, and at the same time repudiate his agency. But the refusal to acknowledge him as an agent does not make him the less so if the principal assumes to control his conduct. It is as if a creditor should instruct his debtor to pay his claim *622to a third person and at the same time declare that such third person was not his agent to receive the money. The position of the secretary must be determined by his actual power and authority, and not by the name which the defendant chooses to give him. To invest him with the duties of an agent and deny his agency is a mere juggling with words. The defendant cannot thus play fast and loose with its own subordinates. ... We think it should not be given effect, when manifestly contrary to the facts in the case and opposed to the interests of justice.” The same question was before the court in Partridge v. Insurance Co., 17 Hun (N. Y.) 95, where it was said: “Such a clause is no part of the contract. It is an attempt to reverse the law of agency and say that a party is not bound by his agent’s acts.” See, also, Schunck v. Fond, 44 Wis. 369; Winter v. Lodge, 96 Mo. App. 14 (69 S. W. 662); Wagner v. Knights, 128 Mich. 660 (87 N. W. 903); Insurance Co. v. Wilkinson, 13 Wall. 222 (20 L. Ed. 617).
That in organizations of this kind the local camps or lodges and their officers are the agents of the central body is well settled by this and other courts. Alexander v. Grand Lodge, supra; Trotter v. Grand Lodge, supra; Bailey v. Association, 71 Iowa, 689; Tobin v. Aid Society, 72 Iowa, 262; Ancient Order v. Drake, 66 Kan. 538 (72 Pac. 239); Supreme Lodge v. Withers, supra; 3 Colley’s Briefs, 2373.
In Pringle v. Modern Woodmen, 76 Neb. 384 (107 N. W. 756), the contract provided that it should become void if the member was thereafter convicted of a felony. A member was so convicted; but, after arrest and before conviction, he deposited with the clerk of the local camp a sum of money to be applied on future assessments. The fact of his conviction was known to the local camp and its officers, but, notwithstanding this, they forwarded the assessments to the head camp, where the money was retained by *623the head camp until after the member’s death, when it was tendered back to his family and the tender refused. It was held that forfeiture bad been waived, the court saying, “It is the duty of an agent to communicate to bis principal every fact effecting the transaction intrusted to bis care which comes to bis knowlege, in the course of or during its performance, and this duty, in an action between the principal and the adverse party, the agent is conclusively presumed to have obeyed, except when, in extreme cases, it is shown that the agent with knowledge of the opposite party has repudiated bis agency or has acted fraudulently.”
5. Same. The stipulation that no local camp nor any officer thereof shall have power to waive any of the provisions of the by-laws is not in any -way controlling, for the reason that neither the local camp nor its officers attempted to make such waiver. The waiver here was that of the defendant itself with full knowledge of all the facts, while the clause in question simply withholds from the agent the power to expressly change or modify the contract, and does not relate to waiver by the acts of the defendant itself, or to a waiver implied by law from a given state of facts. Bennett v. Insurance Co., 203 Ill. 439 (67 N. E. 971); Woodman v. Colman, 68 Neb. 660 (94 N. W. 818).
We reach the conclusion that the defendant waived the conditions of the certificate, relative to Collver’s use of intoxicating liquor, after its issue. For the reasons already stated, however, the case must be reversed, and it is so ordered. — Reversed.