Court Opinion

ID: 9400406
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-08 12:10:49.421482+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:45.033812
License: Public Domain

PRESENT: All the Justices

CITY OF HAMPTON
                                                              OPINION BY
v. Record No. 210988                                    JUSTICE CLEO E. POWELL
                                                              JUNE 8, 2023
REESE WILLIAMSON

                 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF HAMPTON
                               Michael A. Gaten, Judge

       The City of Hampton (the “City”) appeals the circuit court’s decision to grant a petition

for a writ of mandamus. This case turns on whether Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3) establishes

an extensive discovery mechanism for a grievant prior to a grievance panel hearing. For the

reasons set forth below, we hold that it does not.

                                         I. BACKGROUND

       Reese Williamson (“Williamson”) served as a firefighter with the City from 2002 to

2020. On June 1, 2020, Williamson made a remark while watching a recap of the nightly news

with a colleague. Another firefighter, who was not present at the time, learned of Williamson’s

comment and interpreted it as offensive and racist. Although Williamson claims that he

apologized to that firefighter, he was subsequently terminated for purportedly violating the

personnel manual, harassing behavior, dealing with citizens and other employees in a rude or

disrespectful manner, making inflammatory statements, and engaging in behavior offensive to

the City’s residents.

       Williamson availed himself of the City’s grievance procedures, believing that his

termination was a result of a “letter-writing campaign to smear” his reputation. Williamson

progressed through the several steps of the grievance process, eventually reaching the fourth and
final step – a grievance panel hearing. Prior to the scheduled hearing, Williamson requested that

the City produce “all correspondence in any form received by the City from any source which

addresses the conduct charged against Mr. Williamson in connection with this action.”

Williamson later clarified his request to the City, asking that it produce “all correspondence,

emails, or texts” received by “any city employee from any source complaining about the

statement Mr. Williamson allegedly made which forms the basis for this disciplinary action,” and

“any document which formed the basis for the disciplinary action” against Williamson.

       The City informed Williamson that it did “not intend to use any documents” he requested

and provided him with a list of witnesses it intended to call and a grievance binder that included

the documents that had been furnished to the grievance panel. The City acknowledged to

Williamson that it was withholding 17 pages of documents that might be responsive to his

request. The next day, the City informed Williamson that it would not use any documents or

exhibits at the grievance panel hearing, intending only to rely on the testimony of witnesses

whose names had already been provided.

       Williamson sought a writ of mandamus in the circuit court, requesting it to compel the

City to comply with Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3) and provide him with access to and copies

of the requested documents in the City’s possession. The City demurred, contending that it had

complied with any ministerial duty imposed by the statute. At a subsequent hearing, the circuit

court concluded that the statute should be read “liberally” and determined that Williamson was

entitled to all of the relevant documents he requested under seal. The circuit court entered an

order memorializing its ruling, ordering that the City “provide the materials requested by the

Petitioner, specifically the 17 pages of correspondence previously withheld by the Respondent.”

       The City appeals.

                                                 2
                                            II. ANALYSIS

       On appeal, the City argues that the circuit court erred in granting the writ of mandamus,

claiming that Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3) does not require it to furnish documents to a

grievant if it does not intend to use those documents in the grievance proceeding. 1 Williamson

takes the position that the statute expressly grants him access to relevant files possessed by the

City that are intended to be used by either party.

       To determine whether a writ of mandamus lies here, we are tasked with construing Code

§ 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3). Since the determination whether a writ of mandamus is an appropriate

remedy and the interpretation of a statute are questions of law, we review the circuit court’s

decision de novo. Moreau v. Fuller, 276 Va. 127, 133 (2008); John C. Holland Enterprises, Inc.

v. Southeastern Pub. Serv. Auth. of Virginia, 273 Va. 716, 720 (2007).

       “Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy employed to compel a public official to perform

a purely ministerial duty imposed upon him by law.” Richlands Med. Ass’n v. Commonwealth,

230 Va. 384, 386 (1985). To compel performance of a purely ministerial duty, there must be no

other adequate remedy at law and “a clear and unequivocal duty imposed by law upon the officer

to perform the act.” May v. Whitlow, 201 Va. 533, 537 (2008). We have explained that “[a]

ministerial act is ‘one which a person performs in a given state of facts and prescribed manner in

obedience to the mandate of legal authority without regard to, or the exercise of, his own

       1
          The City initially asserts that the only ministerial duty created by Code § 15.2-
1507(A)(10)(b)(3), if any, is that it must adopt the rules as expressed in the statute. The City,
however, concedes that its grievance procedures mirror the required provisions outlined in the
statute. The City must abide by those legally enforceable provisions. Accordingly, the analysis of
whether Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3) imposes a ministerial duty does not end with the official
adoption of the statutorily-mandated procedures.

                                                 3
judgment upon the propriety of the act being done.’” Richlands Med. Ass’n, 230 Va. at 386.

Simply put, mandamus does not lie to compel a public official to perform a discretionary act.

       As a preliminary matter, Code § 15.2-1506 mandates that each locality in Virginia with

“more than fifteen employees shall have a grievance procedure for its employees.” The various

components and features that must be included in the grievance procedures are primarily

outlined in Code § 15.2-1507. One component is the requirement that “qualifying grievances”

should advance to a panel or administrative hearing. Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(a). Another

component is the requirement that localities “shall adopt rules for the conduct of panel or

administrative hearings as a part of their grievance procedures,” and those rules “shall include”

various provisions. Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b). One such provision is Code § 15.2-

1507(A)(10)(b)(3), which requires

               [t]hat the local government provide the panel or hearing officer
               with copies of the grievance record prior to the hearing, and
               provide the grievant with a list of the documents furnished to the
               panel or hearing officer, and the grievant and his attorney, at least
               10 days prior to the scheduled hearing, shall be allowed access to
               and copies of all relevant files intended to be used in the grievance
               proceeding[.]

(Emphasis added.)

       By its plain language, Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3) requires a locality to furnish

certain materials to the panel or hearing officer. It further provides that the locality “shall” allow

the grievant access to certain files in advance of a grievance proceeding. The inclusion of the

word “shall” indicates that the production is obligatory, not discretionary. See Black’s Law

Dictionary 1653 (11th ed. 2019) (“shall” means “[h]as a duty to; more broadly, is required to”).

Accordingly, since a locality is obligated to produce certain documents in advance of a grievance

proceeding, a ministerial duty exists.

                                                  4
        The scope of the City’s obligation hinges on the interpretation of the latter portion of the

operative provision, which mandates that a grievant be allowed “access to and copies of all

relevant files intended to be used in the grievance proceeding.” Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3).

The phrasing raises the question – intended to be used by whom? The answer, in our view, is the

locality.

        “When construing a statute, our primary objective is to ascertain and give effect to

legislative intent, as expressed by the language used in the statute.” Cuccinelli v. Rector &

Visitors of the Univ. of Va., 283 Va. 420, 425 (2012) (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted). “To best ascertain that intent, when the language of a statute is unambiguous, we are

bound by the plain meaning of that language.” Blake v. Commonwealth, 288 Va. 375, 381 (2014)

(alteration and internal quotation marks omitted). “Although our focus is generally on the plain

meaning of unambiguous statutory language, we must also consider that language in the context

in which it is used.” Potter v. BFK, Inc., 300 Va. 177, 182 (2021).

        The logical conclusion of Williamson’s argument is that Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3)

creates a one-way discovery mechanism for grievants, applicable prior to a grievance panel

hearing. Thus, to better elucidate the plain meaning of the statute and the context in which it is

used, an understanding of discovery is necessary. The word “discovery” connotes finding

something that one previously did not know existed, as it “is the process by which facts resting

within the knowledge of one party are disclosed to another party in a suit or proceeding in court.”

Temple v. Mary Washington Hosp., Inc., 288 Va. 134, 140 (2014). Discovery serves as an

effective tool because it enables parties “to obtain evidence in the sole possession of one party

and unobtainable by opposing counsel through independent means.” Rakes v. Fulcher, 210 Va.

542, 545 (1970). This tool often encourages settlement, “reduce[s] the issues so as to shorten

                                                  5
time consumed in trial and . . . prevent[s] surprise.” City of Portsmouth v. Cilumbrello, 204 Va.

11, 14 (1963). Because of these benefits, discovery is typically a mechanism that both parties are

able to utilize. See Wardius v. Oregon, 412 U.S. 470, 475 (1973) (“[I]n the absence of a strong

showing of state interests to the contrary, discovery must be a two-way street.”).

       However, there is no common law right to discovery. Ronald J. Bacigal & Corrina

Barrett Lain, Va. Prac. Crim. Procedure § 14:2 (2022-2023 ed.); Rex v. Holland, 100 Eng. Rep.

1248 (1792). Nor is there a general constitutional right to discovery. Lowe v. Commonwealth,

218 Va. 670, 679 (1977) (“There is no general constitutional right to discovery in a criminal

case.”); Gunter v. Virginia State Bar ex rel. Seventh Dist. Comm., 241 Va. 186, 190 (1991) (“If

‘[t]here is no general constitutional right to discovery in a criminal case,’ there is none in a civil

case.”) (citation omitted). Although due process does require, in criminal cases, that the

prosecution disclose exculpatory evidence to the accused, Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87

(1963), this requirement has not been extended to administrative hearings. See Gunter, 241 Va.

at 190 (noting that an attorney does not have a “procedural due process right to discovery in a

disciplinary proceeding”); see also Detweiler v. Commonwealth Dept. of Rehab. Servs., 705 F.2d

557, 560 (4th Cir. 1983) (“Provision for compulsory process for witnesses is not an essential

element of due process at an employee’s grievance hearing.”).

       Against this backdrop, it is apparent that Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3) does not impose

a full-scale discovery obligation. Instead, this subsection defines a fairly limited opportunity for

a grievant to obtain materials from the locality. Specifically, a locality must (1) give copies of the

grievance record to the panel or hearing officer, (2) provide the grievant with a list of the

documents given to the panel or hearing officer, and (3) allow the grievant “access to and copies

of” relevant files intended to be used in the proceeding. Id. Each enumerated obligation is

                                                   6
imposed upon the locality for the benefit of the grievant. The absence of an explicit reciprocal

obligation upon the grievant necessarily implies that, apart from the limited opportunity

discussed below, discovery is not part of this statutory scheme.

       The absence of a discovery obligation is further supported by a comparison to the state’s

grievance procedure found in Code § 2.2-3000 et seq. It is worth noting that “[a]t times we

consider statutes relating to the same subject matter to help provide meaning to the statute before

us.” Dowling v. Rowan, 270 Va. 510, 519 (2005). It is evident that these two statutory schemes

relate to the same subject matter – the establishment of grievance procedures. Furthermore, the

state’s grievance procedure is specifically referenced in Code § 15.2-1507. It serves to provide

default provisions for localities who “fail[] to adopt a grievance procedure required by Code

§ 15.2-1506 or fail[] to certify it as provided” in the statute. Code § 15.2-1507(A). Accordingly,

reviewing Code § 2.2-3003(E) is informative. Code § 2.2-3003(E) explicitly states that

               [a]bsent just cause, all documents, as defined in the Rules of the
               Supreme Court of Virginia, relating to the actions grieved shall be
               made available, upon request from a party to the grievance, by the
               opposing party, in a timely fashion. Upon such a request a party
               shall have a duty to search its records to ensure that all such
               relevant documents are provided.

       The difference in language between the related statutes is quite telling. Code § 2.2-

3003(E) demonstrates that when the General Assembly intends to create a full-fledged discovery

mechanism, it knows how to do so. The General Assembly’s use of different language in Code

§ 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3) indicates that it did not intend to establish an extensive discovery

mechanism for grievants in local grievance matters. See Zinone v. Lee’s Crossing Homeowners

Ass’n, 282 Va. 330, 337 (2011) (“[W]hen the General Assembly has used specific language in

one instance but omits that language or uses different language when addressing a similar subject

elsewhere in the Code, we must presume that the difference in the choice of language was

                                                 7
intentional.”). See also Morgan v. Commonwealth, 301 Va. ___, 881 S.E.2d 795, 799 (2022)

(explaining that “Courts must rely on this presumption because under these circumstances, it is

evident that the General Assembly knows how to include . . . language in a statute to achieve an

intended objective, and therefore, omission of such language in another statute represents an

unambiguous manifestation of a contrary intention.”) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting

Brown v. Commonwealth, 284 Va. 538, 545 (2012) and Halifax Corp. v. Wachovia Bank, 268

Va. 641, 654 (2004)). Therefore, we conclude that the lack of a discovery mechanism supports

the City’s interpretation that it is only required to produce the documents that it intends to use in

the grievance procedure.

       Even under Williamson’s interpretation, Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3) only permits

him “access to and copies of all relevant files intended to be used in the grievance proceeding.”

(Emphasis added.) The “intent to use” a file presupposes a knowledge of both its existence and

its content. As a practical matter, without knowing the content even of pages identified by a

locality as being “potentially responsive,” a grievant could not know which of those files he

intended to use at the grievance proceeding. Similarly, the locality could not know which files

the grievant intended to use. Therefore, the only workable interpretation of the “intended to be

used” language is that a locality is obligated to produce the documents that it intends to use.

       A contrary interpretation would enable a grievant to engage in an unwarranted fishing

expedition, a tactic we disapprove of. See Hedrick v. Warden of the Sussex I State Prison, 264

Va. 486, 522 (2002) (“[A] habeas corpus petitioner is not allowed to embark upon a ‘fishing

expedition’ of the Commonwealth Attorney’s files.”). Moreover, as the present case

demonstrates, such a fishing expedition would create a legal paradox. By casting a wide net,

Williamson would likely receive files that he might use at the grievance proceeding. At the same

                                                  8
time, it is equally likely that he would also receive files that he would not use.2 As Williamson is

clearly not entitled to the latter type of files, Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3) cannot logically be

interpreted in a manner that would lead to such a result. At best, the grievant might be allowed

“access to and copies of” files produced by the City in the grievance record, plus any additional

files not included in the grievance record but intended to be used by the City at the hearing. To

the extent that this is a broader view than that espoused by the City, this view was complied with

in this case.

        Williamson attempts to bolster his argument by insisting that Code § 15.2-

1507(A)(10)(b)(3) be read in pari materia with Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(4). Specifically, he

argues that because subsection (b)(4) provides for a “full and equal opportunity” to present

evidence at the hearing, then the (b)(3) subsection must provide for a discovery procedure.

Again, we disagree. Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(4) applies to the conduct of the panel hearing.

While it does provide for the full and equal opportunity to present evidence, it has no bearing on

the source of that evidence. It affirms the notion that these proceedings do not have to mirror

those of a court proceeding as it relates to burdens of proof and an orchestrated presentation of

evidence.

        We acknowledge that this may, at times, lead to unfair practices. 3 A locality, however,

still must satisfactorily demonstrate the rationale behind its employment decision. If a locality

declines to utilize files it may have actually relied upon in making an employment decision, that

        2
          For the sake of argument, even if Williamson’s requests are considered limited, his
interpretation of the statute does not preclude future grievants from initiating broad, one-way
discovery requests, all under the guise that they “intend to use” those documents at the grievance
hearing.
        3
          For example, a locality with exculpatory evidence would not be required to produce this
evidence to a grievant if it did not intend to use it at the hearing.

                                                 9
is its prerogative. Consequently, the locality risks not being able to persuade the panel or hearing

officer that its decision was justified. Moreover, a grievant’s inability to access all of a locality’s

files does not dictate a losing outcome because “[t]he grievance procedures presuppose that the

grievant will have evidence to support his position.” Burdeau v. Trustees of California State

Colleges, 507 F.2d 770, 775 (9th Cir. 1974).

       Turning to this case, Williamson availed himself of the post-termination proceedings that

he is entitled to by progressing through the City’s grievance procedures. In preparation for the

final step, the grievance hearing, the City provided Williamson with its list of witnesses and a

grievance binder with the documents furnished to the grievance panel. Regardless of whether the

City intends to use the documents in the grievance binder, as it originally suggested, or rely

solely on witness testimony, it has clearly met its obligation under Code § 15.2-

1507(A)(10)(b)(3). Thus, mandamus does not lie.

                                          III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court erred in granting the writ. Accordingly, the

circuit court’s judgment is reversed, and the petition for a writ of mandamus is dismissed.

                                                                        Reversed and final judgment.

JUSTICE KELSEY, with whom JUSTICE CHAFIN joins, dissenting.

       Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3) states that “the grievant and his attorney . . . shall be

allowed access to and copies of all relevant files intended to be used in the grievance

proceeding.” Reversing the circuit court, the majority construes the statute to say that “the

grievant and his attorney . . . shall be allowed access to and copies of all relevant files intended to

                                                  10
be used ^by the City, but not by the grievant,^ in the grievance proceeding.” But the statute does

not say that. Perhaps so, the majority responds, but the context of the statute requires that we

read it that way. I think just the opposite is true.

                                                   I.

        Lieutenant Reese Williamson worked as a supervisory firefighter for the City of Hampton

and had been with the Hampton Division of Fire and Rescue for 18 years. One evening, Lt.

Williamson and a fellow supervisory firefighter watched a news program reporting on a violent

attack on firefighters in another city who were attempting to extinguish burning buildings and

cars lit on fire by protestors. The protesters pelted the firefighters with Molotov cocktails, rocks,

bricks, and bottles. Finding themselves defenseless, the firefighters used their fire hoses to push

the violent mob away from the scene in order to continue fighting the fires.

        While watching the news program, Lt. Williamson and his colleague discussed what they

might do if they were to find themselves in such a situation. During that conversation, Lt.

Williamson said, “I would only do that if ordered to.” J.A. at 3. Lt. Williamson forthrightly

admits that he made that remark and stands by it. The remark “was predicated solely in the

context of the previous night’s news coverage,” which as Lt. Williamson points out, “depicted

protesters violently attacking unarmed and unprotected firefighters who were attempting to

extinguish fires set by those protesters, and who, lacking any other means of protection, utilized

fire hoses as non-lethal means of self-defense from ongoing violent attack and injury.” Id. at 3

n.1.

        Sometime later, one of Lt. Williamson’s subordinates, Tracey Williams, learned about Lt.

Williamson’s remark. When Lt. Williamson heard that his remark had offended Williams, Lt.

Williamson personally apologized “for any unintended offense that remark [had] caused.” Id. at

                                                   11
3. Despite the apology and the fact that Williams had not personally heard the remark nor had

been present during the conversation, he “engaged in a campaign of letter writing to Hampton’s

Fire Chief, to the City Manager, and to others attacking Lt. Williamson as a racist for making

this comment.” Id. at 4. The campaign, Lt. Williamson believed, was “a calculated effort to

have [him] terminated from the Fire Department.” Id. at 5.

       In response, the City “opened up an EEO investigation” and obtained accusatory letters

and statements from “employees” and “witnesses.” Id. at 52. Relying upon these documents,

the City ended Lt. Williamson’s 18-year career as a firefighter with the City. After he was fired,

“Lt. Williamson came into possession of a series of draft letters, apparently written by Firefighter

Williams, which reflect Williams’[s] effort to undertake a letter-writing campaign to smear Lt.

Williamson’s reputation and to label him as a racist.” Id. at 5.

       The City does not deny this characterization of what happened. To be sure, the City

concedes that the EEO documents included “statements and complaints from fellow employees”

accusing Lt. Williamson of “harassing or discriminatory behavior.” Oral Argument Audio at

4:33 to 4:45. The City reviewed the EEO investigator’s report, the letters, and written witness

statements obtained during the investigation. These documents “were considered as part of the

City’s determination as to whether an EEO violation had occurred and whether to terminate Mr.

Williamson.” Id. at 2:48 to 3:00.1 In short, the City admits that it “did use those documents or

       1
         An EEO investigation examines alleged violations of equal employment opportunity
law, including the nondiscrimination provisions of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and
the Virginia Human Rights Act. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-2, 2000e-8 (outlining Title VII’s
nondiscrimination provisions and procedures following the filing of a complaint); 29 C.F.R.
§§ 1601.7, 1601.15 (requiring the investigation of a charge alleging a violation of Title VII’s
nondiscrimination provisions); Code § 2.2-3907 (outlining the procedures for an investigation of
discrimination under the Virginia Human Rights Act); 1 VAC §§ 45-20-30, -55, -80 (regulating
state procedures for investigating a discrimination complaint and cooperating with the federal
EEOC and other federal agencies).
                                                12
essentially the report of the [EEO] investigator which referenced those documents to make the

determination” to fire Lt. Williamson. Id. at 4:49 to 5:00; see also id. at 11:32 to 11:37

(acknowledging that the statements were “certainly taken into account”).

       The termination notice from the Fire Chief stated, among other things, that Lt.

Williamson had engaged in unspecified “[h]arassing behavior” and had made various

unidentified “inflammatory statements,” J.A. at 4, not simply one isolated remark. None of the

“statements and complaints from fellow employees” accusing Lt. Williamson of “harassing or

discriminatory behavior,” Oral Argument Audio at 4:33 to 4:45, “have [ever] been substantively

disclosed to Lt. Williamson in any form,” J.A. at 5. From Lt. Williamson’s perspective, he was

fired not because of a single remark to a colleague in a private conversation but because he had

been accused of being a racist by Williams (and anonymous others) in undisclosed allegations

upon which the City had concededly relied.

       During the City’s grievance process, Lt. Williamson’s counsel requested access to the

accusatory letters and witness statements upon which the City had based its decision. In

response, the City assured counsel that there were “several character letters that will be included

in the grievance binder.” Id. at 13. The City also confirmed that “[w]itness statements will also

be included in that binder.” Id. Lt. Williamson’s counsel then specifically asked for any

documents (regardless of whether they were included in the grievance binder) that “formed the

basis for the disciplinary action taken against [Lt.] Williamson.” Id.

       A few days later, Lt. Williamson’s counsel received the grievance “binder” that the City

had earlier promised to send. Id. at 17. The grievance binder did not include any of the letters or

witness statements that the City had earlier stated would be in it. In an email, Lt. Williamson’s

counsel asked the City: “To be clear: do such documents exist, and if so, are they being

                                                13
purposefully withheld from us?” Id. The City promptly responded affirmatively to both

questions and then explained why it would not allow Lt. Williamson or his counsel to see these

documents.

       The City claimed that these documents were exempt from the Virginia Freedom of

Information Act, Code § 2.2-3705.3(3), and that nothing in the City’s grievance policy required

the City to provide these documents. “Accordingly,” the City stated, “we are withholding 17

pages which may be responsive to your request but are subject to the above exemption.” J.A. at

15. In the same letter, the City also advised Lt. Williamson’s counsel that the City intended to

call Williams and two other firefighters as witnesses at the evidentiary hearing before the citizen

grievance panel. The letter continued: “The City may use any documents contained in the

grievance binder during the grievance.” Id. (emphasis added). No mention was made, however,

of the City’s earlier representation that the letters and witness statements that Lt. Williamson had

requested were to be included in the “grievance binder.” Id. at 13. And the City offered no

response to the “stated intention” of Lt. Williamson’s counsel “to use those documents at the

time of his grievance panel hearing,” id. at 8, for cross-examination of the City’s designated

witnesses, including Williams, see id. at 10.

       Asserting that the City had a nondiscretionary statutory duty to provide these documents

to him prior to the hearing, Lt. Williamson filed a mandamus petition in circuit court. Lt.

Williamson relied on Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3), which states in pertinent part that a

“grievant and his attorney . . . shall be allowed access to and copies of all relevant files intended

to be used in the grievance proceeding.” Lt. Williamson’s counsel argued that the requested

documents (particularly Williams’s letters and statements) were clearly “relevant” because the

City had based its termination decision on them and because the City had intended to call

                                                 14
Williams as a witness to support this decision. J.A. at 56-61. And if the City were to decide not

to call Williams as a witness, Lt. Williamson’s counsel stated, “I intend to call [Williams]

because I think that what he started is relevant to what happened to my client.” Id. at 58. Lt.

Williamson’s counsel did not recite any admissibility rules that authorized his intended use of

these documents at the grievance hearing. He did not need to do so. Because grievance hearings

“are not intended to be conducted like proceedings in courts,” the technical requirements of

formal “rules of evidence do not necessarily apply.” Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(9).

       In response, the City made several arguments. It first claimed that Code § 15.2-

1507(A)(10)(b)(3) only required that the City provide Lt. Williamson with pre-hearing access to

documents that the City intended to use at the grievance hearing. The City then walked back its

earlier representations to Lt. Williamson’s counsel that the “grievance binder” would include

“several character letters” and “[w]itness statements.” J.A. at 13. Lt. Williamson may be

entitled to access the “grievance record,” the City clarified, but the grievance record did not

include, nor was it supposed to include, any of these documents. Id. at 19. 2

       2
           I question the City’s about-face on this issue. In the circuit court, the City conceded
“that its grievance procedures mirror the required provisions outlined in the statute.” Ante at 3
n.1; see also J.A. at 23, 53. But on appeal, the City’s briefs never mention any of its written
grievance procedures. I think I know why. “A copy of the grievance file,” the City’s policy
states, “shall be provided to the panel members,” and the grievant “shall” be provided with the
“list of the documents furnished to the panel.” City of Hampton, Grievance Procedures, in
Personnel Policies Manual ch. 3, at 15 (2017) (emphasis added), https://hampton.gov/Document
Center/View/850/3---Grievance-Procedures?bidId=. The policy recognizes that the City has an
obligation to maintain “Grievance Records” and defines these records as containing all
documents in the “grievance case file.” Id. at 19 (emphasis added). This grievance file “shall
contain copies of all forms, memoranda, letters, waivers, and/or summaries of all meetings and
decisions rendered concerning the case.” Id. (emphases added). To avoid any confusion on the
issue, the policy clarifies that the grievance file includes “all additional data” related to the case
as it “progresses through the various steps of the grievance procedure.” Id. Put simply, the
City’s own grievance policy treats “grievance file” and grievance record” as synonymous
concepts.
                                                  15
       The City completed its argument by pointing out that a writ of mandamus can be issued

only to enforce a ministerial statutory duty. Because the City had no duty at all (much less a

ministerial one) to produce the requested documents, mandamus could not lie as a matter of law.

And even if a ministerial duty arguably did exist, the public policy of the Commonwealth

required that the documents remain “confidential.” See id. at 52-53. The bottom line, the City

argued, is that the City has to provide a grievant with access to “documents that the City is going

to put on in its case,” id. at 60 (emphasis added), not documents intended to be used by the

grievant during cross-examination of the City’s witnesses or to be offered by the grievant in his

case-in-chief.

       The circuit court rejected the City’s argument. Stopping short of finding a constitutional

due-process violation, the court based its holding solely on a “statutory due process” violation of

Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3). See J.A. at 63-64. Whether Lt. Williamson should have been

fired, the court made clear, was not the issue before the court. “That’s up to the citizen’s panel to

decide.” Id. at 63. The court’s final order specifically identified “17 pages” of documents that

were responsive to Lt. Williamson’s request but wrongfully withheld by the City. Id. at 71. The

court ordered that these documents be provided to Lt. Williamson and “placed under seal” to

protect potential “privacy interest[s].” Id. at 63-64.

                                                  II.

       On appeal, Lt. Williamson argues that the circuit court correctly read the text of the

statute and understood how it fit within the larger legal context. He also contends that the “shall”

mandate in the statute imposes a ministerial, not discretionary, duty on the City to produce the

requested documents and that no public policy precluded the circuit court from issuing the writ

of mandamus to enforce that duty. I agree with Lt. Williamson on both points.

                                                 16
                                                 A.

                                                 1.

       For a long time, public employees could be fired for a good reason, a bad reason, or for

no reason at all. Over time, however, courts debated whether a public employee’s contractual

right to continued employment (if that is what the public employee truly had) was an intangible

form of property and thus could not be taken away by the government without some measure of

due process. See Board of Regents of State Colls. v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 576-78 (1972). In the

seminal decision, Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, the United States Supreme Court

acknowledged the debate and said, “If a clearer holding is needed, we provide it today.” 470

U.S. 532, 541 (1985). Loudermill held that a for-cause employee is constitutionally entitled to

“some kind of a hearing” before being fired, id. at 542 (quoting Board of Regents of State Colls.,

408 U.S. at 569-70 & n.7; Perry v. Sindermann, 408 U.S. 593, 599 & n.5 (1972)), and to “oral or

written notice of the charges against him, an explanation of the employer’s evidence, and an

opportunity to present his side of the story,” id. at 546. After being fired, the employee is

entitled to fair “post-termination administrative procedures.” Id. at 547-48; see also Gilbert v.

Homar, 520 U.S. 924, 929 (1997).

       This constitutional imperative is the reason for the statutory procedures protecting public

employees in Virginia. Seeking to satisfy the demands of due process, the General Assembly in

1973 directed localities to adopt grievance procedures to address employee disputes. See 1973

Acts ch. 256, at 326-27. The stated purpose of the Act was to require localities to provide an

“immediate and fair method” of resolving grievances. See id. at 326 (codifying former Code

§ 15.1-7.1, the predecessor statute to current Code § 15.2-1506). Toward this end, Code § 15.2-

1507(A)(10)(b) directs localities to promulgate “rules for the conduct of panel or administrative

                                                 17
hearings.” While the locality can wordsmith these rules however it chooses, the statute sets

several baselines that the locality’s rules “shall include.” Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b). One

baseline is

               [t]hat the local government provide the panel or hearing officer
               with copies of the grievance record prior to the hearing, and
               provide the grievant with a list of the documents furnished to the
               panel or hearing officer, and the grievant and his attorney, at least
               10 days prior to the scheduled hearing, shall be allowed access to
               and copies of all relevant files intended to be used in the grievance
               proceeding . . . .

Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3) (emphases added).

       The second dependent clause of Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3) governs this case. The

character letters and witness statements were “relevant” documents because the City relied on

them as a basis for firing Lt. Williamson. See Oral Argument Audio at 2:48 to 3:00, 4:49 to

5:00, 11:32 to 11:37. The City stated that it would call Williams and two other firefighters as

witnesses at the panel grievance hearing. And if the City chose not to call Williams as a witness,

Lt. Williamson’s counsel made clear that he would call him as an adverse witness. Finally, Lt.

Williamson’s counsel requested these documents because he intended to use them to cross-

examine Williams and the other designated witnesses. It necessarily follows that under the

“shall” command in the second dependent clause of Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3), Lt.

Williamson and his counsel should have been “allowed access to and copies” of these highly

relevant documents.

       The City argues that my reading of the second dependent clause of Code § 15.2-

1507(A)(10)(b)(3) is overly literal. The context of the entire subsection, the City claims,

requires that we construe the second dependent clause to say that the grievant “shall be allowed

access to and copies of all relevant files intended to be used ^by the City, but not by the

grievant,^ in the grievance proceeding.” Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3) (adding careted insert).
                                                 18
According to the City, its interpolation merely makes clear what was true (albeit ambiguously

silent) all along: The grievant has no right to see a document that the City relied upon as a basis

for firing him if the City decides not to use the requested document at the grievance hearing.

       My colleagues in the majority reluctantly accept the City’s view. Even though it may

“lead to unfair practices,” the majority concludes, the legislature apparently intended to grant

local governments the “prerogative” to engage in such practices. See ante at 9-10. I find that

hard to believe. The General Assembly articulated the proper context for Code § 15.2-1507 by

requiring in Code § 15.2-1506 that the City provide an “immediate and fair method” for

resolving grievances. The animating constitutional context, moreover, requires the government

to give a tenured employee “oral or written notice of the charges against him, an explanation of

the employer’s evidence, . . . an opportunity to present his side of the story,” and fair “post-

termination administrative procedures.” Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 546-48. As is true to all

discussions of procedural due process, the ultimate “touchstone” is “fundamental fairness,”

Walker v. Forbes, 292 Va. 417, 423 (2016) (citation omitted), an ancient aspiration “whose

meaning can be as opaque as its importance is lofty,” Lassiter v. Department of Soc. Servs. of

Durham Cnty., 452 U.S. 18, 24 (1981); see also Breithaupt v. Abram, 352 U.S. 432, 436 (1957).

       How could it be fair for the government to fire an employee based on anonymous

accusations of a pattern of “[h]arassing behavior” and various “inflammatory statements,” J.A. at

4, and then refuse to tell the fired employee who his accusers were and what they accused him of

saying or doing? Even more difficult to answer, how could it be fair to put the chief accuser on

the witness stand without giving the fired employee an opportunity to cross-examine him with

his prior statements? 3 If the statute is meant to provide an “immediate and fair method” of

       3
           We took this line of questioning to its logical extreme during oral argument: “If the
                                                 19
resolving a grievance, Code § 15.2-1506, I do not see how the City’s contextual argument

supports its reading of Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3).

                                                  2.

       Seeking support elsewhere, the majority relies on a canon of construction historically

known as expressio unius est exclusio alterius. The majority concludes that the “difference in

language” between Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3), which governs local government employees,

and Code § 2.2-3003(E), which governs state employees, “indicates that [the legislature] did not

intend to establish an extensive discovery mechanism for grievants in local grievance matters.”

Ante at 7. Because the General Assembly knew how “to create a full-fledged discovery

mechanism” with the language it used in Code § 2.2-3003(E), the “lack of a discovery

mechanism” in Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3) “supports the City’s interpretation that it is only

required to produce the documents that it intends to use in the grievance procedure.” Ante at 7-8.

“A contrary interpretation,” the majority warns, “would enable a grievant to engage in an

unwarranted fishing expedition.” Ante at 8.

       The problem with this logic is that although its first premise is true, the majority’s

conclusion does not follow from it. We all agree that the General Assembly’s use of more

specific language in the state grievance statute is intentional and that its “full-fledged discovery

mechanism,” ante at 7, should not be imported to the locality grievance statute. I am not

suggesting that it should be. What litigators call “full-fledged discovery” is just that — a wide-

City had a document that absolutely, positively guaranteed that [Lt. Williamson] would have
won his case, but the City decided not to use [the withheld document], he would never get it
under this particular statutory scheme, is that correct?” Oral Argument Audio at 1:11 to 1:33.
“That would be our position,” the City’s counsel stated, “if we just chose not to use that
document.” Id. at 1:34 to 1:40. I respect the consistency of counsel’s answer but disagree with
the flawed premise underlying it.
                                                 20
open effort to discover anything and everything arguably relevant to the case, regardless of

whether you intend to use it at an evidentiary hearing. Nothing in the locality grievance

provision comes close to that. Under Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3), a local government

employee has access only to documents that are intended to be used at the grievance hearing. If

neither side intends to use the documents at the hearing, they are not discoverable.

       The “expressio unius est exclusio alterius” doctrine, more easily remembered as the

“negative-implication” canon, Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The

Interpretation of Legal Texts 107-11 (2012), has no application to this scenario. When properly

applied to two different statutes within the same category of law, the doctrine operates no

differently than when it applies to an interpretative question within a single statute. A single

statute that specifically mentions only X, Y, and Z can be reasonably presumed (though subject

to rebuttal) to exclude A, B, or C.4 Applying the doctrine to different statutes, we can similarly

presume that the mention of X, Y, and Z in a broad statute implies that Z is excluded in a

narrower statute that addresses only X and Y. We have many examples in Virginia law doing

just that. 5 But we have no cases endorsing the fallacy that a broad statute addressing X, Y, and Z

implies that a narrower statute cannot possibly address X alone.

       4
          See, e.g., Stoots v. Marion Life Saving Crew, Inc., 300 Va. 354, 365-66 (2021) (finding
that the exclusion of an exception for gross negligence in a good-faith requirement in one
subsection implied that gross negligence could not be equated with bad faith when another
subsection in the same statute included an exception for gross negligence to the good-faith
requirement); In re Brown, 295 Va. 202, 223-24 (2018) (finding that the express reference to test
results completed by the Department of Forensic Science in the actual-innocence-testing statute
implies that test results from private laboratories cannot be considered).
       5
         See, e.g., Fines v. Rappahannock Area Cmty. Servs. Bd., 301 Va. 305, ___, 876 S.E.2d
917, 925 (2022) (finding that the General Assembly did not intend to create community service
boards as bodies corporate and politic when they are defined as a mere “public body” in
comparison to behavioral health authorities that are defined by the General Assembly in a
separate statute as both “a public body and a body corporate and politic”); Williams v. Matthews,
248 Va. 277, 283-84 (1994) (finding that the General Assembly’s omission of an express
                                                 21
       The state grievance statute is a broadly worded statute authorizing plenary discovery, and

the locality grievance statute is a narrowly worded statute authorizing limited discovery. Under

the negative-implication canon, the availability in a state grievance proceeding of “full-fledged

discovery” at the level of a “fishing expedition,” ante at 7-8, would shut down any attempt to

interpret the limited language of the locality grievance statute to do the same. But Lt.

Williamson is not arguing for that interpretation, and I would not accept the argument if he had

made it.

       The unavailability of plenary discovery, which is available only to state employees, is no

reason for denying limited discovery to local government employees. The negative-implication

canon “properly applies only when the unius (or technically, unum, the thing specified) can

reasonably be thought to be an expression of all that shares in the grant or prohibition involved.”

Scalia & Garner, supra, at 107 (emphases in original). The canon does not apply to matters that

“go beyond the category to which the negative implication pertains.” Id. at 108.

       To understand the relationship of the state grievance statute to the locality grievance

statute, the more apt interpretative canon is the “cardinal rule of construction that statutes dealing

with a specific subject must be construed together in order to arrive at the object sought to be

accomplished.” Prillaman v. Commonwealth, 199 Va. 401, 406 (1957) (citation omitted).

Known as the in pari materia rule, this canon of construction applies only when the statutes are

“not inconsistent with one another” and “relate to the same subject matter.” Mitchell v. Witt, 98

Va. 459, 461 (1900). When this is true, different statutes “should be construed together” even if

authorization for forced entry to execute pretrial detinue seizure was intentional when other
statutes dealing with creditors’ rights expressly authorized forcible entry).
                                                 22
“they contain no reference to one another, and were passed at different times.” Prillaman, 199

Va. at 406 (quoting Mitchell, 98 Va. at 461).

       While not an inflexible rule, the principal value of the “in pari materia” canon is to

recognize that “apparent inconsistencies” can be and “should be ironed out whenever that is

possible.” Commonwealth v. Sanderson, 170 Va. 33, 38 (1938). Put another way, “[a] statute

should be construed, where possible, with a view toward harmonizing it with other statutes.”

Blue v. Virginia State Bar ex rel. First Dist. Comm., 222 Va. 357, 359 (1981). “If apparently

conflicting statutes can be harmonized and effect given to both of them, they will be so

construed.” Stafford Cnty. v. D.R. Horton, Inc., 299 Va. 567, 575 (2021) (citation omitted).

       In some cases, the inconsistencies are quite real, not merely apparent, and thus cannot be

“ironed out.” Sanderson, 170 Va. at 38-39. 6 But the difference in language between Code

§ 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3) and Code § 2.2-3003(E) is not one of those inconsistencies. When the

General Assembly enacted the locality grievance statute, it underscored the modern salience of

the in pari materia rule. The legislature warned localities that if they fail to provide an

“immediate and fair method” for resolving grievances, Code § 15.2-1506, they will be “deemed

to have adopted a grievance procedure that is consistent with” the state grievance procedure,

Code § 15.2-1507(A) (citing Code § 2.2-3000 et seq.). That state grievance procedure requires a

state government employer to timely provide a grievant, upon request, with “all documents . . .

relating to the actions grieved.” Code § 2.2-3003(E). Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3) is not

nearly as broad but is still harmonious with Code § 2.2-3003(E) because both statutes provide a

       6
         See, e.g., Lillard v. Fairfax Cnty. Airport Auth., 208 Va. 8, 13 (1967); City of Richmond
v. Board of Supervisors of Henrico Cnty., 199 Va. 679, 685 (1958); Fairfax Cnty. v. City of
Alexandria, 193 Va. 82, 92 (1951); Gaskill v. Commonwealth, 185 Va. 440, 443-44 (1946);
Board of Supervisors of Henrico Cnty. v. Commonwealth ex rel. City of Petersburg, 116 Va. 311,
313 (1914); Justice v. Commonwealth, 81 Va. 209, 211 (1885).
                                                 23
grievant with some measure of fair access to relevant documents necessary to mount a defense to

the government employer’s accusations.

          To be clear, my view does not equate these two different provisions or treat the lesser as

synonymous with the greater. Instead, it harmonizes the different language in both grievance

statutes by focusing on the shared policy of fairness underlying them. “Several acts in pari

materia, and relating to the same subject are to be taken together, and compared in the

construction of them, because they are considered as having one object in view, and as acting

upon one system.” 1 James Kent, Commentaries on American Law 433 (1826); see also Earl T.

Crawford, The Construction of Statutes 433-34 (1940). In this way, the rule “rests on two sound

principles: (1) that the body of the law should make sense and (2) that it is the responsibility of

the courts, within the permissible meanings of the text, to make it so.” Scalia & Garner, supra,

at 252.

          Guided by these principles, the literal text of the locality grievance statute, Code § 15.2-

1507(A)(10)(b)(3), can easily be read consistently with the state grievance statute, Code § 2.2-

3003(E). The underlying policy is clearly stated for both the state grievance statute and the

locality grievance statute — the implementation of “an immediate and fair method” for resolving

employment disputes. Code §§ 2.2-3000(A), 15.2-1506. To the extent that the wording

differences between the two create “apparent inconsistencies,” the differences can effortlessly be

“ironed out” without doing any harm at all to the text of either. See Sanderson, 170 Va. at 38.

          That cannot be said of the City’s interpretation, however. Under the City’s view, it can

base a termination decision on written accusations by accusers anonymous to the employee and

never make these written statements available to the fired employee. No textual or contextual

symmetry exists between this view of the locality grievance statute and the parallel requirements

                                                   24
of fairness in the state grievance statute. The City’s view, adopted by the majority, implies that

the locality grievance statute and the state grievance statute are leges diversae — not in pari

materia.

                                                 3.

       Asserting what appears to be an appellate factual finding, which, if true, would constitute

an alternative holding that would moot entirely our legal debate, the majority discredits the stated

intention of Lt. Williamson’s counsel to use the requested documents at the grievance hearing on

the ground that he did not have sufficient knowledge of their existence and contents. See ante at

8. 7 This assertion, in my opinion, should play no role in our analysis.

       To begin with, the City never made this assertion in the circuit court. At no point has the

City ever claimed that Lt. Williamson’s counsel did not know enough about the requested

documents to justify his stated intention to use them at the grievance hearing. The City’s entire

argument (adopted as the majority’s principal legal ruling) has been that it did not matter what

Williamson’s counsel knew or did not know about the documents, and they were not going to be

produced because the City decided not to use them at the grievance hearing. The circuit court,

therefore, was never asked to test the bona fides of counsel’s stated intention — and I consider it

       7
         The intended inference from this argument is that the City did not know how to respond
because it “could not know which files the grievant intended to use.” Ante at 8. But that is not
what happened. The City answered Lt. Williamson’s request for the documents by saying (I am
paraphrasing here), “Yes, these documents exist, 17 pages of them, the very letters and written
statements that you have requested and that we are purposefully withholding.”
        The majority ends its discussion on this point by concluding: “Therefore, the only
workable interpretation of the ‘intended to be used’ language is that a locality is obligated to
produce the documents that it intends to use,” ante at 8, not the documents the grievant intends to
use. That is quite a leap in logic. Why would the only “workable interpretation” of the statute
be that no grievant could ever obtain an undisclosed document (even if he knew the document’s
author, date, title, and specific contents) because this one grievant, Lt. Williamson, in this one
case did not have the same level of specific knowledge?
                                                 25
inappropriate for us to do so on appeal. Worse still, the City never made this assertion on appeal

either on brief or during oral argument. Its first appearance in this case will be in the Court’s

opinion reversing the circuit court and entering final judgment in the City’s favor.

       Even if the issue were properly before us, I would reject the majority’s factual finding

that Lt. Williamson’s counsel did not have sufficient knowledge of the documents or their

contents, see ante at 8, to support his stated intention to use them at the grievance hearing. The

record reveals that the City never filed any pleadings challenging the factual allegations in Lt.

Williamson’s mandamus petition, never requested an evidentiary hearing, and never objected to

the court making a final ruling based upon the proffered uncontested facts. After the court

explained its demurrer ruling from the bench, the court asked both counsel, “Our next steps?”

J.A. at 63. In response, the City’s counsel did not state any intention to file a responsive

pleading contesting the proffered facts. See Rule 3:8(b) (stating that a defendant “must, unless

the defendant has already done so, file an answer” after losing a demurrer argument). Instead,

the City’s counsel simply preserved for appeal her previous argument about the legal irrelevance

of a grievant’s intended use of the documents and then volunteered that the City was “certainly

willing to submit the documents under seal.” J.A. at 63.

       In his mandamus petition, Lt. Williamson stated that the City “refused to produce the

documents requested, notwithstanding the obvious relevance to the proceeding, and Lt.

Williamson’s stated intention to use those documents at the time of his grievance panel hearing.”

Id. at 8. Both Lt. Williamson and the City identified those “documents” as the 17 pages of

“character letters” and “witness statements” that the City had refused to produce in response to

Lt. Williamson’s request. See id. at 13, 15. The City concedes that it relied on these documents

as a basis for firing Lt. Williamson. See Oral Argument Audio at 2:48 to 3:00, 4:49 to 5:00,

                                                 26
11:32 to 11:37. The circuit court’s final order directed the City to specifically produce the “17

pages” of documents that the City had wrongfully withheld. Id. at 71.8 If this were a “fishing

expedition” as the majority seems to think, ante at 8, the trawler left the harbor looking for 17

specific fish in an open sea and concededly caught each of them, only to now be told that it was a

catch-and-release fishing trip. 9

                                                 B.

        The City argues in the alternative that even if Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3) required the

City to provide the documents upon which it had based its termination decision, the circuit court

erred in issuing a writ of mandamus to enforce that right. The City begins its argument by

correctly reciting the strict rules governing writs of mandamus. See Appellant’s Br. at 5-6.

Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy that can only be issued to enforce a ministerial, not

        8
          Lt. Williamson had already seen drafts of some of the letters. As noted earlier,
sometime after he was fired, Lt. Williamson “came into possession of a series of draft letters,
apparently written by Firefighter Williams, which reflect Williams’[s] efforts to undertake a
letter-writing campaign to smear [his] reputation.” J.A. at 5.
        9
          At this stage of the analysis, the majority has sequenced from its principal holding (that
a grievant has no right as a matter of law to any discovery of any City documents that he intends
to use at trial) to what appears to be an alternative factual finding (even if such a right existed,
Lt. Williamson did not have enough knowledge of the existence or contents of the documents to
make a bona fide discovery request). In a footnote at the end of this sequence, the majority adds
an additional “for the sake of argument” explanation. Ante at 9 n.2. If Lt. Williamson’s
understanding of the statute were correct, the majority reasons, future grievants might abuse this
limited discovery process by asserting “one-way discovery requests, all under the guise that they
‘intend to use’ those documents at the grievance hearing.” Ante at 9 n.2. I find this argument
particularly unconvincing. If that fear were a legitimate reason for refusing to recognize this
limited right to discovery, then, all the more so, it would be reason enough to shut down plenary
discovery ubiquitously allowed in civil cases. By its very nature, the discovery process “has a
significant potential for abuse.” Seattle Times Co. v. Rhinehart, 467 U.S. 20, 34-36 (1984), cited
with approval in Shenandoah Publ’g House, Inc. v. Fanning, 235 Va. 253, 260-62 (1988). Even
so, “[m]any legal rights may be the subjects of abuse, but cannot be denied for that reason”
because the mere “possibility of the abuse of a legal right affords no ground for its denial.”
Guthrie v. Harkness, 199 U.S. 148, 155-56 (1905). I thus reject the majority’s view that because
any right to a limited form of discovery under Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3) could be subject to
abuse, the right should not exist at all for anyone, whether scrupulous or unscrupulous.
                                                 27
discretionary, duty. See Howell v. McAuliffe, 292 Va. 320, 351 (2016). Even when such a

ministerial duty exists, the writ should not be issued if doing so would be contrary to “substantial

justice” or “be harmful to the public interests.” Richmond-Greyhound Lines, Inc. v. Davis, 200

Va. 147, 151-52 (1958). In addition, the writ “may not be used as a substitute or guise for an

appeal,” In re Commonwealth, 278 Va. 1, 14 (2009), and may not be issued when there are other

adequate remedies at law, Howell, 292 Va. at 351 n.17.

       After reciting these principles, the City focuses only on two arguments. First, the City

argues that Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3) only requires the City to produce documents that it

intends to use at the grievance hearing. Whether to use some documents but not others, the City

continues, is a discretionary decision. At this stage of the argument, however, this is circular

reasoning. If the City’s interpretation of the statute were correct, then the City would have the

discretion to use or not use any documents at the grievance hearing. If the City incorrectly

interprets the statute, as the circuit court correctly concluded, then the City has no discretion at

all and instead has a ministerial duty to provide all relevant documents intended to be used in the

grievance proceeding.

       Because I agree with the circuit court’s interpretation, I too conclude that Code § 15.2-

1507(A)(10)(b)(3) imposes a ministerial duty on the City. I see no grounds to suggest otherwise.

The City concedes that it relied on the withheld documents as a basis for terminating Lt.

Williamson’s employment, and Williamson has asserted in his mandamus petition that he

intended to use them for cross-examination purposes at the grievance hearing. Given that

concession and Williamson’s assertion, the City had no discretionary power to ignore the

unqualified “shall” command in subsection (A)(10)(b)(3). “A ministerial act,” we have often

said, “is an act that one performs in obedience to a legal mandate and in a prescribed manner,

                                                  28
without regard to his own judgment as to the propriety of the act to be done.” Howell, 292 Va. at

351 (citation omitted). The duty of disclosure in Code § 15.2-1507(A)(10)(b)(3), as the circuit

court correctly interpreted it, does not invite the City to make its “own judgment as to the

propriety of the act to be done,” Howell, 292 Va. at 351.

       In its second argument against the issuance of a writ of mandamus, the City pivots to

public-policy concerns. The City claims an adverse ruling in this case will

               dampen the willingness of employees to come forward to make
               complaints or give statements about discriminatory behavior that
               they witness in the public workspace. Many employees, if not given
               the expectation of confidentiality, would not be willing to speak
               honestly about the behavior or comments of their supervisors or
               coworkers.

Appellant’s Br. at 7. I do not dispute that this concern is real — but it proves too much. Exactly

the same could be said of complaining witnesses in criminal cases or whistleblowers in civil

cases. Yet no public policy invests the courts with carte blanche authority to anonymize these

witnesses as the price for their testimony. And in most cases they face considerably more risk

than co-workers complaining about each other to their employer.

       In this case, the principal accuser (Williams, a former co-worker and subordinate) is

known to Lt. Williamson. What he does not know is the specific allegations of racism that

Williams has asserted against him in letters and statements to City officials and the EEO

investigator. Nor does Lt. Williamson know the identity of others who have made similar

accusations. All Lt. Williamson knows is that the City relied upon these letters and witness

statements as a basis for firing him. See Oral Argument Audio at 2:48 to 3:00, 4:49 to 5:00,

11:32 to 11:37. In the hierarchy of public-policy concerns applicable to this case, the most

important is the constitutional duty to provide fair “post-termination administrative procedures,”

Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 547-48, and the statutory duty to provide an “immediate and fair

                                                29
method” for resolving grievances, Code § 15.2-1506. It can hardly be contrary to “substantial

justice” or “be harmful to the public interests,” Richmond-Greyhound Lines, Inc., 200 Va. at

151-52, to require the City to comply with these duties. 10

                                                III.

       In sum, the statute provides that “the grievant and his attorney . . . shall be allowed access

to and copies of all relevant files intended to be used in the grievance proceeding.” Code § 15.2-

1507(A)(10)(b)(3). In my opinion, the City’s successful interpolation — ^by the City, but not by

the grievant^ — is an invalid amendment to, not a valid interpretation of, the statute.

       I respectfully dissent.

       10
          The City’s public-policy concern is wholly hypothetical in this case. At no point
during this grievance process, the circuit court proceeding, or on appeal has the City proffered
that any attempts have been made by Lt. Williamson or anyone else to threaten, intimidate, or
harass any informant that the City had previously relied upon to justify its decision to fire Lt.
Williamson. In an abundance of caution, the circuit court stated from the bench that the City’s
documents would “be placed under seal.” J.A. at 64. To the extent that a safeguard was
necessary, it sufficiently addresses the City’s concerns. I offer no opinion, however, on whether
this precautionary measure was required or permitted. See generally Daily Press, LLC v.
Commonwealth, 301 Va. ___, ___, 878 S.E.2d 390, 398 (2022).
                                                 30