Court Opinion

ID: 4540568
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-06-11 15:00:11.635719+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:49:28.361646
License: Public Domain

18-3023
     Adar Bays, LLC v. GeneSYSID, Inc. FKA RX Sales, Inc.

 1                                     In the
 2                    United States Court of Appeals
 3                           For the Second Circuit
 4                                  ____________
 5
 6                               August Term 2019
 7
 8     (Submitted: February 26, 2020          Questions Certified: June 11, 2020)
 9
10                               Docket No. 18-3023
11                                 _____________
12
13                                ADAR BAYS, LLC
14
15                                Plaintiff-Appellee,
16
17                                        – v. –
18
19                       GENESYS ID, INC. FKA RX SALES, INC.
20
21                                Defendant-Appellant
22                                 ______________
23
24     B e f o r e:
25
26     PARKER, LIVINGSTON, NARDINI, Circuit Judges.
27
28                                  _____________
29

                                          1
 1        Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the
 2     Southern District of New York (Carter, J.), granting summary judgment
 3     in favor of Adar Bays, LLC, the holder of a Convertible Redeemable
 4     Note securing a loan to GeneSYS ID, Inc. The loan was in default and
 5     the Defendant made an affirmative defense of usury. The district court
 6     held that the Note’s interest rate did not violate the New York State
 7     criminal usury law, N.Y. Penal Law § 190.40. Because the resolution of
 8     this appeal turns on questions of New York law for which no controlling
 9     decisions of the New York Court of Appeals exist, we CERTIFY two
10     questions to the Court of Appeals.
11
12        ___________
13
14        KEVIN KEHRLI, Garson, Segal, Steinmetz, Fladgate LLP, New York,
15             NY, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
16
17        JONATHAN URETSKY, Phillipson & Uretsky, LLP, New York, NY, for
18             Defendant-Appellant.
19        ___________
20
21        BARRINGTON D. PARKER, Circuit Judge:
22
23        This appeal arises from an action brought by Adar Bays, LLC, against

24   GeneSYS ID, Inc., to collect on a Convertible Redeemable Note (“Note”)

25   issued in connection with a loan from Adar Bays to GeneSYS, which had

26   defaulted. The Note permitted Adar Bays to convert any outstanding loan

27   balance into GeneSYS common stock at a 35% discount from the stock’s

28   market price. The primary issue presented is whether this conversion

                                         2
 1   option meant that the Note’s interest rate exceeded the 25% cap set by New

 2   York’s criminal usury law, N.Y. Penal Law § 190.40.

 3         In the court below, GeneSYS moved to dismiss the complaint on the

 4   ground that the Note was usurious. Adar Bays cross-moved for summary

 5   judgment. The United States District Court for the Southern District of

 6   New York (Carter, J.) granted Adar Bays’ motion, holding that the Note’s

 7   conversion option did not result in a criminally usurious interest rate.

 8         The first issue presented is whether the Note violates New York’s

 9   criminal usury law because it contains a conversion option with a 35%

10   discount that, if treated as interest, raises the interest rate above the

11   statutory maximum (25%). Adar Bays, on the other hand, contends that

12   upon conversion, the transaction becomes an equity investment to which

13   usury laws do not apply. The second issue presented is, if the interest rate

14   does violate § 190.40, whether the Note is void ab initio, as it would be if

15   New York’s civil usury law, N. Y. Gen. Oblig. Law § 5-511, applied. If the

16   Note is void, GeneSYS would be relieved of its obligation to repay the

17   money it borrowed.

                                             3
 1         Because the resolution of both issues turns on questions of state law

 2   for which no controlling decisions of the New York Court of Appeals exist,

 3   we certify two questions to the Court of Appeals. See 22 N.Y.C.R.R.

 4   § 500.27(a) and 2d Cir. R. 27.2(a). Although the parties did not request

 5   certification, we may seek it nostra sponte and we do so here. Corsair Special

 6   Situations Fund, L.P. v. Pesiri, 863 F.3d 176, 182-83 (2d Cir. 2017). 1

 7                                     BACKGROUND

 8         GeneSYS is a publicly held corporation in New York that owns

 9   several companies which produce various types of medical supplies. Its

10   shares are traded in the over-the-counter market. In May 2016, GeneSYS

11   borrowed $35,000 from Adar Bays. The transaction was at arm’s length and

12   both parties were represented by counsel. The loan was documented by a

13   Securities Purchase Agreement and Convertible Redeemable Note that

14   obligated GeneSYS to repay any outstanding balance by May 2017. The

15   Note contained a stated annual interest rate of 8% as well as significant

     1Unless otherwise indicated, in quoting cases, all internal quotation marks,
     alterations, emphases, footnotes, and citations are omitted.

                                              4
 1   prepayment penalties. The Note also provided that Adar Bays, at its sole

 2   discretion, was entitled, at any time after 180 days from the Note’s

 3   issuance, to convert any or all of the outstanding balance into shares of

 4   GeneSYS common stock at a conversion price set at 65% of the lowest

 5   trading price of the common stock as reported on the National Quotations

 6   Bureau OTCQB exchange market for the twenty prior trading days. The

 7   Note also provided that GeneSYS was to instruct its transfer agent to hold

 8   in reserve stock amounting to three times the number of shares required if

 9   the Note were fully converted to facilitate any conversion by Adar Bays.

10         In May 2016, the Note was issued and GeneSYS directed Adar Bays

11   to disburse $2,000 for its attorney’s fees and to disburse the remaining

12   $33,000 to GeneSYS. Adar Bays complied with those directions and the

13   Note was fully funded. Six months later, in November 2016, Adar Bays

14   submitted a notice to GeneSYS to convert $5,000 of the amount outstanding

15   into common stock. GeneSYS acknowledged receipt of the notice but

16   refused to honor it. In December 2016, Adar Bays sent GeneSYS a notice of

                                           5
 1   default. To date, GeneSYS has not delivered any shares or repaid any of the

 2   outstanding principal or any interest. 2

 3         Adar Bays sued in February 2017, alleging, essentially, breach of

 4   contract. GeneSYS moved to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Fed. R. Civ.

 5   P. 12(c) on the ground that the Note was void as usurious, and Adar Bays

 6   moved for summary judgment on all claims. The district court granted

 7   summary judgment in favor of Adar Bays and denied GeneSYS’s motion to

 8   dismiss. Though immaterial to the issues presented here, the district court

 9   also held that the liquidated penalties clause and daily penalties clause in

10   the Note were invalid. This appeal followed.

11                                        DISCUSSION

12                                               I.

13         N.Y. Penal Law § 190.40 provides that a loan is criminally usurious

14   when the parties knowingly provided for an interest rate of 25% or more.

     2On GeneSYS’s 10-Q for the period ending September 30, 2016, the company
     stated that it had “terminated its transfer agent on September 6, 2016, preventing
     further toxic conversions and bringing all parties to the table to discuss a
     satisfactory settlement.”

                                             6
 1   With exceptions not relevant here, a corporation may assert criminal usury

 2   as an affirmative defense to efforts to collect on a loan. N.Y. Gen. Oblig.

 3   Law § 5-521; see, e.g., Blue Wolf Capital Fund II, L.P. v. Am. Stevedoring, Inc.,

 4   105 A.D.3d 178, 182 (N.Y. 1st Dep’t 2013).

 5         New York’s civil usury laws operate somewhat differently. The civil

 6   usury statute prohibits loans at rates exceeding 16% per year. N.Y. Gen.

 7   Oblig. Law § 5-501. Corporations cannot assert a civil usury defense. N.Y.

 8   Gen. Oblig. Law § 5-5-521. Section 5-511 provides that all contracts

 9   “whereupon or whereby there shall be reserved or taken, or secured or

10   agreed to be reserved or taken, any greater sum, or greater value, for the

11   loan or forbearance of any money, goods, or other things in action, than is

12   prescribed in section 5-501, shall be void.” There is no parallel provision in

13   the criminal usury law for voiding a loan found to be criminally usurious.

14         When a note is not usurious on its face, usury is not presumed and

15   the debtor must prove all the elements of usury, including usurious intent.

16   “[A] heavy burden rests upon the party seeking to impeach a transaction

17   for usury.” Gandy Mach. Inc. v. Pogue, 106 A.D.2d 684, 685 (N.Y. 3d Dep’t

                                              7
 1   1984). Moreover, a debtor asserting a defense of usury must establish the

 2   elements of usury “by clear and convincing evidence.” Blue Wolf Capital

 3   Fund II, 105 A.D.3d at 183 (citing Giventer v. Arnow, 333 N.E.2d 366, 369

 4   (N.Y. 1975)). Finally, usury laws only apply to loans. If there is no loan,

 5   “there can be no usury, however unconscionable the contract may be.”

 6   Seidel v. 18 E. 17th St. Owners, Inc., 598 N.E.2d 7, 11-12 (N.Y. 1992).

 7         GeneSYS principally argues that the 35% discount that applies if

 8   Adar Bays elects to convert any outstanding debt into stock violates

 9   § 190.40 because that discount rate is the Note’s “real” interest rate. This is

10   so, according to GeneSYS, because Adar Bays enjoyed a unilateral right to

11   convert at that rate, which was fixed when the Note was issued and did not

12   fluctuate with market conditions. Thus, for each $1.00 of principal that

13   Adar Bays requests be converted into shares, GeneSYS is required to

14   deliver stock worth $1.35. 3 In other words, GeneSYS argues, a conversion

     3One question which might be fairly asked about this accounting is what value
     GeneSYS is actually transferring to Adar Bays. The issuance of further stock,
     which GeneSYS may do essentially by corporate fiat, does not cost GeneSYS
     anything, even though those shares may be worth something if sold. Of course,
     by issuing and then transferring the requisite stock to satisfy the debt, GeneSYS

                                              8
 1   option allowing Adar Bays to recover the balance as shares at a fixed 35%

 2   discount is interest, separate from the stated 8% rate that applies to cash

 3   repayments. More simply: the interest on a cash repayment is 8% per

 4   annum, and the “interest” on a ‘converted stock repayment’ is 35%, the

 5   latter, according to GeneSYS, rendering the note usurious under Section

 6   190.40. GeneSYS also argues that the Court should read § 190.40 in para

 7   materia with § 5-511 and hold the Note void.

 8         Adar Bays takes the position that the 35% discount is not interest

 9   because at the time of contracting, the point at which the usury

10   determination is made, it would be entirely speculative whether Adar Bays

     may have rational concerns about subsequent sales by Adar Bays flooding the
     market in its securities and thus perhaps reducing GeneSYS’s stock price. But
     that decline in stock price, if it is a “transfer of value” at all, comes at the expense
     of GeneSYS’s existing shareholders (including Adar Bays if it is unable or
     unwilling to sell some or all of its newly transferred shares), who are now left
     holding a less valuable security. GeneSYS thus may be rightly concerned with
     the perceptions of equity investors as to its appeal as an investment and the
     impact of those perceptions on its ability to seek capital from equity markets in
     the future. However, the value of those concerns to GeneSYS is only uncertainly
     related to the “$1.35 in value for every $1 of principal” accounting which
     GeneSYS posits. Perhaps the value to GeneSYS is irrelevant in the usury analysis,
     but, if that is true, the possibility that the shares transferred could become
     worthless due to bankruptcy or other events remains as an obstacle to the neat
     calculus which GeneSYS puts forth.

                                                9
 1   would ever exercise its conversion option. Once that speculation is

 2   removed—if and when Adar Bays elects to convert some or all of the

 3   balance—that transaction becomes an equity investment, which is not

 4   subject to the usury laws. 4 See, e.g., LG Capital Funding, LLC v. Sanomedics

 5   Int’l Holdings, Inc., No. 508410/2014, 2015 WL 7429581, at *10 (N.Y. Sup. Ct.

 6   Nov. 23, 2015).

 7         This is not the first case in our Circuit to present this issue; however,

 8   previous cases have not resolved it. See, e.g., Blue Citi LLC v. 5Barz Int’l Inc.,

 9   No. 18-cv-3044, 2020 WL 1043452 (2d Cir. Mar. 4, 2020); LG Capital Funding,

10   LLC v. On4 Communications, Inc., No. 18-3019, 2020 WL 1074501 (2d Cir.

11 A.K. Marsh. 6, 2020). The New York courts to have considered this issue have

     4 Although not subject to New York’s usury laws, such an equity transaction may
     still be subject to regulation and enforcement actions under federal securities
     laws. See, e.g., Press Release, Securities and Exchange Commission, SEC Settles
     with Rhino Advisors, Thomas Badian (Feb. 27, 2003),
     https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2003-26.htm (describing enforcement actions
     taken by the SEC in a transaction involving a similar note and describing the
     SEC’s concern with such notes).

                                             10
 1   generally rejected the view that a conversion option with a discounted rate

 2   should be treated as interest. 5

 3         In Sanomedics, for example, the court concluded that a convertible

 4   option did not make the note in question usurious:

 5         [U]sury laws apply only to loans or forbearances, not
 6         investments. Although the initial transactions were loans, which
 7         were clearly not usurious . . . the Securities Purchase Agreement
 8         provided that, upon conversion, [Defendant] was selling
 9         securities . . . to [Plaintiff] as an ”investor.” . . . While a loan may
10         not be disguised as an investment as a cover for usury, . . . upon
11         conversion at [P]laintiff’s election . . . [Defendant’s] debt to
12         [P]laintiff [would] become an investment, upon which [P]laintiff
13         took the risk that the stock could be completely worthless.
14
15   2015 WL 7429581 at *10. But the reasoning of other decisions of New York

16   courts complicates this conclusion. In Blue Wolf Capital Fund II, for example,

17   the Appellate Division wrote that “[t]o determine whether a transaction is

18   usurious, courts look not to its form but to its substance or real character. If

19   an instrument provides that the creditor will receive additional payment in

20   the event of a contingency beyond the borrower’s control, the contingent

     5See, e.g., Sanomedics, 2015 WL 7429581, at *10; AJW Partners, LLC v. Cyberlux
     Corp., No. 603098/07, 2008 WL 4514171, at *5 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Sept. 19, 2008).

                                             11
 1   payment constitutes interest within the meaning of the usury statutes.” 105
2 A.D.3d at 183.

 3         The district courts of this Circuit have generally concluded that a

 4   conversion option at a discounted rate does not violate usury laws. 6 In Blue

 5   Citi LLC v. 5Barz International Inc., for example, the district court noted that

 6   usury laws apply only to loans, not to equity investments. 338 F. Supp. 3d at

 7   335. “Once a loan’s principal is converted to shares, the transaction takes

 8   on the character of an equity investment. . . .” Id. In Union Capital, LLC v.

 9   Vape Holdings Inc., the district court wrote:

10         [Defendant] argues that, in considering the effective interest rate,
11         the Court should also include the potential profit [Plaintiff]
12         might reap by converting shares at a 42% discount. The Court
13         disagrees. [Plaintiff] simply held an option to convert shares, and

     6See, e.g., EMA Fin., LLC v. Joey New York, Inc., No. 17-cv-9706 VSB, 2019 WL
4600863 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 22, 2019); LG Capital Funding v. PositiveID Corp., No. 17-
     cv-1297 NGG SJB, 2019 WL 4564882 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 20, 2019); EMA Fin., LLC v.
     AIM Expl., Inc., No. 18-cv-145 ER, 2019 WL 689237 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 19, 2019); Blue
     Citi LLC v. 5Barz Int’l Inc., 338 F. Supp. 3d 326 (S.D.N.Y. 2018); LG Capital Funding,
     LLC v. AIM Expl., Inc., No. 17-cv-3118 DAB, 2018 WL 4119149 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 29,
     2018); Adar Bays, LLC v. 5Barz Int’l, Inc., No. 16-cv-6231 NRB, 2018 WL 3962831
     (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 16, 2018); LG Capital Funding, LLC v. 5Barz Int’l, Inc., 307
F. Supp. 3d 84 (E.D.N.Y. 2018); Adar Bays, LLC v. AIM Expl., Inc., 285 F. Supp. 3d
698 (S.D.N.Y. 2018); Union Capital, LLC v. Vape Holdings Inc., No. 16-cv-1343 RJS,
     2017 WL 1406278 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2017); Beaufort Capital Partners LLC v.
     Oxysure Sys., Inc., No. 16-cv-5176 JPO, 2017 WL 913791 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 7, 2017).

                                              12
 1         it could have elected to obtain repayment in cash, which would
 2         clearly not have been usurious. Moreover, even if [Plaintiff]
 3         chose to convert the loan principal into shares, any potential
 4         profit [Plaintiff] might realize would still be dependent on the
 5         market price at the time of conversion and so, therefore, would
 6         be too uncertain to incorporate into an interest rate calculation.
 7         Furthermore, even if the discount rate could be considered[,] a
 8         usury defense could no longer be applied against the loan once
 9         the Note principal was converted into equity in [Defendant].
10
11   2017 WL 1406278 at *5. 7 Despite the number of cases from New York state

12   and federal courts confronting this issue, no definitive resolution has

13   emerged. Because such a resolution hinges on an interpretation of New

14   York law having important public policy implications, with potential

15   applications to many different types of financial transactions, we seek the

16   guidance of the New York Court of Appeals. This case, we believe, frames

17   the dispositive issues.

     7 Indeed, as alluded to in Union Capital, 2017 WL 1406278 at *12–13, investors in
     notes of the type at issue in this case may still face the risk that, upon disclosure
     of the loan or other financial issues faced by the borrower, the market for equity
     in the borrowing company can become so illiquid that the converting lender
     cannot find a counterparty for any sales and is left holding the proverbial bag. In
     that sense, unlike a payment of cash, the lender, even in loans like the one at
     issue here, takes on additional risk by choosing to convert principal to equity.

                                              13
 1          Accordingly, we certify the following question to the Court of

 2   Appeals: Whether a stock conversion option that permits a lender, in its sole

 3   discretion, to convert any outstanding balance to shares of stock at a fixed discount

 4   should be treated as interest for the purpose of determining whether the transaction

 5   violates N.Y. Penal Law § 190.40, the criminal usury law.

 6                                          II.

 7         Civil usury is governed by N.Y. Gen. Oblig. Law § 5-501 et seq. 8

 8   Section 5-501 provides that no person shall charge, take or receive any

 9   money, goods or things in action as interest on the loan of any money,

10   goods or things in action at a rate exceeding 16% per annum. Section 5-511

11   states that contracts providing for loans with an interest of “any greater

12   sum, or greater value . . . than is prescribed in section 5-501 shall be void.”

13         Criminal usury, on the other hand, is governed by N.Y. Penal Law §

14   190.40, which provides that a lender is guilty of criminal usury when “he

     8N.Y. Gen. Oblig. Law § 5-521 provides that “[n]o corporation shall hereafter
     interpose the defense of usury in any action” but provides that this exclusion
     “shall not apply to any action in which a corporation interposes a defense of
     criminal usury as described in section 190.40 of the penal law.”

                                              14
 1   knowingly charges, takes or receives any money or other property . . . at a

 2   rate exceeding twenty-five per centum per annum.” Unlike § 5-511,

 3   § 190.40 contains no provision for voiding contracts that violate the

 4   provision.

 5         District courts in this Circuit have noted that “[i]t is an open question

 6   under New York law whether a criminally usurious loan is void ab initio or

 7   whether a successful defense based on criminal usury results merely in the

 8   cancellation of the interest obligation or in a revised obligation to pay a

 9   non-usurious rate.” Adar Bays, LLC v. 5 Barz Int’l, Inc., 2018 WL 3962831, at

10   *4; see also Union Capital, 2017 WL 1406278, at *8; Blue Wolf Capital Fund II,

11 105 A.D.3d at 182.

12         GeneSYS, relying on § 5-511, argues that if the conversion discount

13   rate is determined to be interest, then the Note is usurious because it

14   violates § 190.40, and, consequently, is void ab initio. Adar Bays takes the

15   position that this result would require reading a provision into § 190.40

16   that the Legislature chose not to include.

                                            15
 1         There is no authoritative guidance on this issue from the Court of

 2   Appeals and the existing case law is unclear. 9 The New York Court of

 3   Appeals has, however, in circumstances distinct from this case, recognized

 4   that “a borrower may be estopped from interposing a usury defense” when

 5   its own, intentional actions resulted in the lending contract being declared

 6   void, because otherwise the borrower would “achieve a total windfall”

 7   from his deceptive actions. See Seidel, 598 N.E.2d at 11. In Seidel, the Court

 8   of Appeals was confronted with a loan where the borrower was involved

 9   in drafting the document and negotiating the interest rate, and the lender

10   relied upon the borrower’s representations that the transaction was not

11   usurious. Id. Here, GeneSYS, advised by counsel, agreed to the 35%

12   discount rate, executed the Note and pocketed the loan proceeds. When

13   Adar Bays attempted to exercise the conversion option, GeneSYS revealed

14   it had already terminated its transfer agent and refused to deliver any

     9For our part, we have noted that “the consequences to a lender of voiding a
     usurious loan transaction are harsh,” and that New York courts thus “have been
     reluctant to extend them beyond cases that fall squarely under the statutes.” In re
     Venture Mortgage Fund, L.P., 282 F.3d 185, 189 (2d Cir. 2002) (quoting Rossi v.
     Hood (ex rel. Estate of Dane), 55 A.D.2d 224, 225 (N.Y. 3d Dep’t 1976)).

                                             16
 1   shares or repay any of the outstanding debt. Should the Note now be

 2   declared void, GeneSYS will walk away with the entirety of the loan—

 3   achieving what could be viewed as a ”total windfall” at the expense of

 4   Adar Bays.

 5         Given these considerations and the lack of statutory authority or

 6   precedent from the New York Court of Appeals, we certify the following

 7   question to the Court of Appeals: If the interest charged on a loan is determined

 8   to be criminally usurious under N.Y. Penal Law § 190.40, whether the contract is

 9   void ab initio pursuant to N.Y. Gen. Oblig. Law § 5-511.

10                                   CERTIFICATION

11         Pursuant to the rules of the New York Court of Appeals, “[w]henever

12   it appears to . . . any United States Court of Appeals . . . that determinative

13   questions of New York law are involved in a case pending before that court

14   for which no controlling precedent of the Court of Appeals exists, the court

15   may certify the dispositive questions of law to the Court of Appeals.” 22

16   N.Y.C.R.R. § 500.27(a); see also 2d Cir. R. 27.2(a) (“If state law permits, the

                                            17
 1   court may certify a question of state law to that state’s highest court.”). We

 2   conclude that certification of these two questions is appropriate.

 3         Our decision to certify questions to the Court of Appeals is

 4   discretionary, and when exercising that discretion we consider whether: (1)

 5   “the New York Court of Appeals has not squarely addressed an issue and

 6   other decisions by New York courts are insufficient to predict how the

 7   Court of Appeals would resolve it”; (2) “the statute’s plain language does

 8   not indicate the answer”; (3) “a decision on the merits requires value

 9   judgments and important public policy choices that the New York Court of

10   Appeals is better situated than we to make”; and (4) “the questions

11   certified will control the outcome of the case.” See Penguin Grp. (USA) Inc.

12   v. Am. Buddha, 609 F.3d 30, 42 (2d Cir. 2010). Each of these factors weighs in

13   favor of certification in this case.

14         The New York Court of Appeals has not addressed either question

15   certified here, and similar questions have not “been litigated in New York

16   courts often enough that sufficient precedents exist for us to make a

17   determination concerning their proper outcome.” Commodity Futures

                                            18
 1   Trading Comm’n v. Walsh, 618 F.3d 218, 231 (2d Cir. 2010). Neither of the

 2   questions is resolved by the text of the relevant statutes. Both questions

 3   turn on policy determinations that the Court of Appeals is best suited to

 4   make, including the balance of interests of short-term lenders and high-risk

 5   debtors. The answers to these questions will have important ramifications

 6   for New York’s financial community. Finally, the questions certified will

 7   control the outcome of the case. See Penguin Grp. (USA) Inc., 609 F.3d at 42.

 8   Because these factors weigh in favor of certification, we certify the

 9   questions formulated above and restated below.

10                                     CONCLUSION

11         We hereby certify the following questions to the New York Court of

12   Appeals:

13            1. Whether a stock conversion option that permits a lender, in its sole

14               discretion, to convert any outstanding balance to shares of stock at a

15               fixed discount should be treated as interest for the purpose of

16               determining whether the transaction violates N.Y. Penal Law

17               § 190.40, the criminal usury law.

                                             19
 1            2. If the interest charged on a loan is determined to be criminally

 2               usurious under N.Y. Penal Law § 190.40, whether the contract is

 3               void ab initio pursuant to N.Y. Gen. Oblig. Law § 5-511.

 4         We invite the Court of Appeals to reformulate these questions as it

 5   sees fit or expand them to address any other issues of New York law that

 6   would assist this Court in determining whether discounted conversion

 7   rates are interest pursuant to N.Y. Penal Law § 190.40 and whether N.Y.

 8   Gen. Oblig. Law § 5-511 can be read to void criminally usurious loans.

 9         It is hereby ORDERED that the Clerk of this Court transmit to the

10   Clerk of the New York Court of Appeals this opinion as our certificate,

11   together with a complete set of briefs, appendices, and the record filed in

12   this case by the parties. This panel retains jurisdiction for purposes of

13   resolving this appeal once the New York Court of Appeals has responded

14   to our certification.

                                             20
1                                   CERTIFICATE

2        The foregoing is hereby certified to the New York Court of Appeals

3   pursuant to 22 N.Y.C.R.R. § 500.27(a) and 2d Cir. R. 27.2(a), as ordered by

4   the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.

                                         21