Court Opinion

ID: 4415865
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-07-11 16:48:14.829634+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:27:34.484349
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Cody, 2019-Ohio-2824.]

                               COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                              EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

STATE OF OHIO,                                   :

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,             :
                                                     Nos. 107595, 107607, and 107664
                 v.                              :

JOHN CODY,                                       :

                 Defendant-Appellant.            :

                                JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                 JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
                 RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: July 11, 2019

            Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                               Case No. CV-12-565050-A

                                           Appearances:

                 Dave Yost, Ohio Attorney General, and Brad L. Tammaro,
                 Assistant Attorney General, for appellee.

                 John Cody, pro se.

LARRY A. JONES, SR., J.:

                   Pro se defendant-appellant, John Donald Cody (“Cody”), a.k.a. Bobby

Thompson, appeals the trial court’s decision to deny his postconviction petition.

Finding no merit to the appeal, we affirm.
               In 2013, Cody was convicted of one count each of engaging in a

pattern of corrupt activity, complicity to commit theft, tampering with records,

complicity to tamper with records, and identity fraud; seven counts of complicity to

commit money laundering, and 11 counts of identity fraud after bilking Ohio donors

of approximately $2 million in a sham charity scam. The trial court imposed a total

sentence of 28 years in prison and ordered that Cody spend every Veterans Day in

solitary confinement.

               Cody filed a direct appeal. In State v. Thompson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 100797, 2015-Ohio-2261, this court found that the state of Ohio did not have

jurisdiction over the 11 counts of identity fraud contained in Counts 13 through 23

and vacated his convictions on those counts. This court also held that the trial

court’s decision to sentence Cody to solitary confinement each Veterans Day was

contrary to law but overruled his assignment of error that challenged the admission

of certain evidence. Id. at ¶ 29-30.

               While his appeal was pending, Cody filed a postconviction petition.

In his petition, Cody raised five claims: (1) ineffective assistance of counsel; (2) lack

of jurisdiction related to money laundering and identity theft charges; (3) the state’s

failure to provide full discovery; (4) issues with regard to his detention prior to and

during trial; and (5) prosecutorial misconduct before and during trial.

               The state filed a memorandum contra, motion for summary

judgment, and proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law. The trial court
granted the state’s motion for summary judgment, denying Cody’s postconviction

petition. The court also adopted the state’s findings of fact and conclusions of law.

               Cody    appealed    the   denial   of   his   postconviction    petition.

State v. Cody, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102213, 2015-Ohio-2764. Cody raised nine

assignments of error, claiming: (1) trial counsel was ineffective because counsel

refused to pursue certain witnesses that would have established that Cody was

working for the CIA; and did not pursue a line of defense that Cody was medically

incompetent to stand trial or assist in his defense due to beatings he received in jail;

(2) the trial court abused its discretion by denying his petition based on his

argument that Counts 3-9 and 13-23 of the indictment should have been dismissed;

(3) exculpatory evidence was withheld from him; (4) the trial court should have held

a hearing on his claim that his sentence was discriminatory, disproportionate, and

excessive; (5) the trial court erred when it did not hold a hearing on his claims

against the prosecutor; (6) the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in

favor of the state; (7) the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to the state

without holding an evidentiary hearing to determine Cody’s credibility; and (8) and

(9) the trial court erred in adopting the state’s findings of fact and conclusions of

law.

               This court upheld the denial of his postconviction petition, finding

that (1) his petition was barred by res judicata (assignments of error 1, 2, and 3); (2)

Cody did not show he was entitled to a hearing on his postconviction petition

(assignments of error 4 and 5); (3) the trial court did not err in granting summary
judgment without holding a hearing (assignments of error 6 and 7); and (4) the trial

court did not err in adopting the state’s proposed findings of fact and conclusions of

law (assignments of error 8 and 9).

               Cody subsequently appealed this court’s decision to the Ohio

Supreme Court, which declined his discretionary appeal. State v. Cody, 143 Ohio

St.3d 1501, 2015-Ohio-4468, 39 N.E.3d 1271. He also filed a petition for a writ of

certiorari in the Supreme Court of the United States that was denied. Thompson v.

Ohio, 136 S.Ct. 2023, 195 L.Ed.2d 228 (2016).

               In 2017, Cody filed an App.R. 26 application to reopen his appeal with

this court, claiming ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. This court denied his

application. State v. Cody, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100797, 2017-Ohio-1543. The

Ohio Supreme Court and United States Supreme Court declined jurisdiction. State

v. Cody, 150 Ohio St.3d 1411, 2017-Ohio-6964, 78 N.E.3d 910 and Cody v. Ohio, 138

S.Ct. 668, 199 L.Ed.2d 556 (2018).

               Cody also filed a complaint in federal court against 15 defendants

alleging multiple causes of action, including denial of access to courts, retaliation,

denial of due process, denial of equal protection, unlawful search and seizure of

property, subjection to cruel and unusual punishment, violations of the Americans

with Disabilities Act, and numerous state law claims. See Cody v. Slusher, N.D.Ohio

No. 1:17-CV-00132, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 90716 (June 13, 2017). His federal case

was recently dismissed without prejudice. See Cody v. Slusher, N.D.Ohio No. 1:17-

CV-00132, (June 24, 2019).
               As it pertains to the instant appeal, on May 11, 2018, Cody filed a

“Motion to Correct Record.” The trial court denied his motion on May 15, 2018.

Cody did not timely appeal the court’s denial; instead he later filed a motion for leave

to file a delayed appeal. We denied his motion and dismissed his appeal as untimely.

State v. Cody, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107471. The Ohio Supreme Court declined

jurisdiction. State v. Cody, 153 Ohio St.3d 1506, 2018-Ohio-4285, 109 N.E.3d 1261.

               Cody subsequently filed a “Petition to Vacate Judgment of Conviction

and Sentence made 12.16.2013,” which was virtually identical to his May 11, 2018

“Motion to Correct Record.” The trial court denied his petition, which became the

basis for Cody’s notice of appeal in 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107664.

               On June 13, 2018, Cody filed a “Motion for Leave to File (Delayed)

Motion for New Trial.” On July 5, 2018, Cody filed a “Petition to Vacate or Set Aside

Judgment of Conviction or Sentence,” which is identical in substance to his June 13,

2018 motion for leave.

               Thompson filed two other notices of appeal with this court, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga Nos. 107595 and 107607. In appeal No. 107595, Cody appeals the trial

court’s denial of his “Motion for Leave to File (Delayed) Motion for New Trial.” In

appeal No. 107607, Cody appeals the trial court’s denial of his “Petition to Vacate or

Set Aside Judgment of Conviction or Sentence.” This court consolidated the three

appeals for briefing and disposition.

               On appeal, Thompson raises numerous assignments of error, which

are difficult to decipher. For clarity, we have broken his arguments down to two
assigned errors. In the first assignment of error, Cody argues that he was not

properly informed of his sentence on Count 1, engaging in a pattern of corrupt

activity. In the second assignment of error, Cody argues that there is “new evidence”

that is both “material” and “outcome determinative” and he should be granted a new

trial and postconviction relief.

Law of the Case

               In his first assignment of error, Cody claims that the trial court was

without jurisdiction to sentence him on Count 1, engaging in a pattern of unlawful

activity; therefore his sentence is void and should be vacated. As mentioned, Cody

filed a “Motion to Correct Record,” on May 11, 2018, that the trial court denied. He

did not timely appeal the court’s decision. Instead, Cody filed a motion for leave to

file a delayed appeal with this court. We denied his motion and dismissed his

appeal. Cody, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107471, motion No. 519649 (July 25, 2018).

               On August 6, 2018, Cody filed a motion titled “Petition to Vacate

Judgment of Conviction and Sentence made 12.16.2013,” which is virtually identical

to his May 11, 2018 “Motion to Correct Record.” The only difference between the

two motions was the cover page and a conclusory paragraph that Cody added to his

August 2018 petition. On August 14, 2018, the trial court denied his petition and

Cody is appealing that denial (appeal No. 107664).

               The law-of-the-case doctrine provides that the decision of a reviewing

court in a case remains the law of that case on the legal questions involved for all

subsequent proceedings in the case at both the trial and reviewing levels. Nolan v.
Nolan, 11 Ohio St.3d 1, 3, 462 N.E.2d 410 (1984). The rule is necessary to ensure

consistency of results in a case, to avoid endless litigation by settling the issues, and

to preserve the structure of superior and inferior courts as designed by the Ohio

Constitution. Id. “Adverse rulings by the trial court in response to the repeated

filings of substantively identical motions in no way constitutes a legitimate legal

basis for a continuation of [a] properly concluded case.” State v. Hill, 6th Dist. Lucas

No. L-16-1086, 2016-Ohio-8529, ¶ 8 – 9.

               In addition, as discussed above, this court upheld Cody’s convictions

in his direct appeal (except for Counts 13 – 23). “When an appellate court affirms

the convictions in an appellant’s first appeal, the propriety of those convictions

becomes the law of the case, and subsequent arguments seeking to overturn them

are barred.” State v. Ellis, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105705, 2017-Ohio-8581, ¶ 11,

citing State v. Poole, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94759, 2011-Ohio-716, ¶ 11.

               Because the trial court denied Cody’s motion to correct the record and

this court dismissed his appeal of that decision as untimely, an identical successive

motion to correct the record is prohibited. Thus, the trial court did not err in

denying Cody’s August 6, 2018 motion to vacate his conviction and sentence.

               Moreover, under the doctrine of res judicata, “a valid, final judgment

rendered upon the merits bars all subsequent actions based upon any claim arising

out of the transaction or occurrence that was the subject matter of the previous

action.” State v. Patrick, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99418, 2013-Ohio-5020, ¶ 7, citing

Grava v. Parkman Twp., 73 Ohio St.3d 379, 382, 653 N.E.2d 226 (1995). A trial
court may dismiss a petition on the basis of res judicata if an issue was or should

have been raised on direct appeal. State v. Dowell, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 86232,

2006-Ohio-110, ¶ 10, citing State v. Perry, 10 Ohio St.2d 175, 226 N.E.2d 104 (1967).

Even if the denial of Cody’s motion was before us in a properly pled postconviction

petition, Cody’s claim would be barred by res judicata.

               In Cody, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102213, 2015-Ohio-2764, where this

court denied his postconviction petition, Cody argued that the trial court was

without jurisdiction to sentence him on Counts 3 – 9 and Counts 13 – 23. Id. at ¶ 20.

This court noted that in his direct appeal, Cody raised a jurisdictional challenge as

to the identity fraud counts, Counts 13 to 23, and stated that Cody “certainly could

have raised any argument with respect to jurisdiction on the money laundering

convictions, Counts 3-9, in that appeal as well if he wanted to challenge the trial

court’s jurisdiction and venue. Because he did not, his claim is barred by res

judicata.” Id. at ¶ 22.

               Likewise, Cody could have raised an argument on direct appeal with

respect to Count 1, engaging in a pattern of unlawful activity. He did not; therefore,

his claim is barred by res judicata.

                Therefore, pursuant to the law-of-the-case doctrine and res judicata,

Cody’s argument that his sentence on Count 1 should be vacated is barred and appeal

No. 107664 is not well taken.

               The first assignment of error is overruled.
Motion for a New Trial and Postconviction Petition

              In the second assignment of error, Cody contends that the trial court

erred in denying his motion for a new trial and motion for postconviction relief. As

previously stated, Cody filed nearly identical motions on June 13 and July 5, 2018,

both of which the trial court denied.

      Motion for New Trial

              As it pertains to this case, Crim.R. 33(A)(2) and (A)(6) provide that a

new trial may be granted on motion of the defendant based on misconduct of the

prosecuting attorney or “[w]hen new evidence material to the defense is discovered,

which the defendant could not with reasonable diligence have discovered and

produced at the trial.” Crim.R. 33(B) provides that a motion for new trial upon the

ground of newly discovered evidence must be filed within 120 days after the verdict

was rendered unless “it is made to appear by clear and convincing proof that the

defendant was unavoidably prevented from the discovery of the evidence upon

which he [or she] must rely” within the 120-day period.

              A trial court’s decision on a Crim.R. 33 motion for a new trial will not

be reversed absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Schiebel, 55 Ohio St.3d 71, 564

N.E.2d 54 (1990), paragraph one of the syllabus. “A trial court abuses its discretion

when it makes a decision that is unreasonable, unconscionable, or arbitrary.” State

v. Darmond, 135 Ohio St.3d 343, 2013-Ohio-966, 986 N.E.2d 971, ¶ 34, citing State

v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157, 404 N.E.2d 144 (1980).
               A defendant will be granted leave to file a delayed motion for new trial

based on newly discovered evidence only if he or she has “demonstrate[d] by clear

and convincing evidence that he [or she] was unavoidably prevented from

discovering the new evidence within the time period provided by Crim.R.

33(B).” State v. Sawyer, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 25911, 2005-Ohio-6486, ¶ 11.

      The standard of ‘clear and convincing evidence’ is defined as “that
      measure or degree of proof which is more than a mere ‘preponderance
      of the evidence,’ but not to the extent of such certainty as is required
      ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ in criminal cases, and which will produce
      in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the
      facts sought to be established.

State v. Gray, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92646, 2010-Ohio-11, ¶ 18. Thus, the trial

court could have only properly granted Cody’s request for leave to file his motion for

new trial if it found Cody clearly and convincingly demonstrated that he was

unavoidably prevented from discovering the facts upon which he based his motion

for new trial within 120 days of the verdict.

               In addition, a motion for a new trial based on newly discovered

evidence will only be granted if the defendant shows:

      [T]hat the new evidence (1) discloses a strong probability that it will
      change the result if a new trial is granted, (2) has been discovered
      since the trial, (3) is such as could not in the exercise of due diligence
      have been discovered before the trial, (4) is material to the issues, (5)
      is not merely cumulative to former evidence, and (6) does not merely
      impeach or contradict the former evidence.

State v. Smith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100588, 2014-Ohio-4799, ¶ 10; State v.

Barnes, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95557, 2011-Ohio-2917, ¶ 23.
       Postconviction Relief

                The postconviction petition filed in this case is not Cody’s first

postconviction petition. See Cody, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102213, 2015-Ohio-2764.

The instant petition was filed more than four years after Cody’s convictions. His

petition is untimely under both the current and prior version of R.C. 2953.21.1 R.C.

2953.23(A)(1) authorizes a trial court to address the merits of an untimely filed

petition for postconviction relief only if both of the following apply:

       (a) Either the petitioner shows that the petitioner was unavoidably
       prevented from discovery of the facts upon which the petitioner must
       rely to present the claim for relief, or, subsequent to the period
       prescribed in division (A)(2) of section 2953.21 of the Revised Code or
       to the filing of an earlier petition, the United States Supreme Court
       recognized a new federal or state right that applies retroactively to
       persons in the petitioner’s situation, and the petition asserts a claim
       based on that right.

       (b) The petitioner shows by clear and convincing evidence that, but
       for constitutional error at trial, no reasonable factfinder would have
       found the petitioner guilty of the offense of which the petitioner was
       convicted or, if the claim challenges a sentence of death that, but for
       constitutional error at the sentencing hearing, no reasonable
       factfinder would have found the petitioner eligible for the death
       sentence.

                ‘“[A] trial court’s decision granting or denying a postconviction

petition filed pursuant to R.C. 2953.21 should be upheld absent an abuse of

       1The  prior version of R.C. 2953.21, which was effective at the time of Cody’s
convictions in 2013, stated a postconviction petition had to be filed within 180 days “after
the date on which the trial transcript is filed in the court of appeals in the direct appeal of
the judgment of conviction.” The current version states a postconviction petition has to
be filed within 365 days “after the date on which the trial transcript is filed in the court of
appeals in the direct appeal of the judgment of conviction.”
discretion; a reviewing court should not overrule the trial court’s finding on a

petition for postconviction relief that is supported by competent and credible

evidence.”’ State v. Sidibeh, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 12AP-498, 2013-Ohio-2309,

¶ 7, quoting State v. Gondor, 112 Ohio St.3d 377, 2006-Ohio-6679, 860 N.E.2d 77,

¶ 58.

The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Cody’s motions

              Cody submitted the following in support of his motions: (1) various

statements purportedly made by the prosecutor that Cody claims show the state

knew he was involved with the CIA; (2) Cody’s 19-page affidavit; (3) Cody’s

curriculum vitae; (4) the CIA’s response to Cody’s Freedom of Information Act

request dated January 29, 2018; (5) a 1973 redacted letter from a law firm based in

Hawaii that purports to list the name “John Cody” as one of the firm’s associates;

(6) various transcripts and court filings; and (7) a letter from the Office of

Government Information Services dated April 19, 2018, explaining the CIA’s

response to Cody’s Freedom of Information Act request.

              We have reviewed Cody’s motions and evidence in support of his

motions. None of the documents attached to Cody’s request for leave clearly and

convincingly demonstrate that he was unavoidably prevented from discovering the

evidence on which he relies; therefore, he was required to file his request for leave

either within 120 days of the verdict (for a motion based on newly discovered

evidence) or within 14 days of the verdict (for any of the other permissible reasons
enumerated in Crim.R. 33(A)). Cody’s request for leave to file his motion for new

trial is untimely under Crim.R. 33.

               Cody’s postconviction petition is likewise untimely. Cody has not

shown that he was unavoidably prevented from discovering any purported new

evidence.

               Therefore, the trial court’s decision to deny the untimely Crim.R.

33 motion and postconviction petition are affirmed and the second assignment of

error is overruled.

               Judgment affirmed.

      It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment

into execution.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

LARRY A. JONES, SR., JUDGE

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, P.J., and
MARY J. BOYLE, J., CONCUR