Court Opinion

ID: 4310168
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-09-06 16:07:18.262066+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:43:37.759642
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                       Docket No. 43124

STATE OF IDAHO,                                     )
                                                    )        Boise, September 2017 Term
      Plaintiff-Respondent,                         )
                                                    )        Filed: September 6, 2018
v.                                                  )
                                                    )        Karel A. Lehrman, Clerk
CHARLES ANTHONY CAPONE,                             )
                                                    )
      Defendant-Appellant.                          )

       Appeal from the District Court of the Second Judicial District of the State of
       Idaho, Latah County. Hon. Carl B. Kerrick, District Judge.

       The judgment and the order of the district court are affirmed.

       Silvey Law Office, Ltd., Boise, for appellant.

       Honorable Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General, Boise, for respondent.

            _______________________________________________

                                   ON THE BRIEFS
HORTON, Justice.
       This is an appeal from felony convictions for first degree murder, failure to notify
coroner or law enforcement of death, and conspiracy to commit failure to notify coroner or law
enforcement of death. The charges were brought against Charles Capone following the
disappearance of Rachael Anderson in April of 2010. Capone was convicted of all charges
following a sixteen-day jury trial. In this appeal, Capone challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence to support his conviction and asserts that the district court erred in the admission of
certain evidence and by denying his motion for new trial. We affirm.
                  I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       Capone and Anderson were married in September of 2009. The two separated that
December and Anderson filed for divorce. Anderson began receiving harassing phone calls
following the separation and her car was vandalized multiple times. At the time, Capone owned
Palouse Multiple Services, a repair shop in Moscow, Idaho. Capone repaired Anderson’s car

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after it was vandalized. Capone was working on Anderson’s car on Friday, April 16, 2010. At the
time, Anderson was driving a white Yukon that belonged to a friend of Capone.
       Anderson drove the Yukon to Capone’s shop to pick up her car. Anderson became upset
when she learned her car was not ready. Anderson went to run some errands while Capone
continued to work on the car. Anderson bought some beer with Capone’s debit card and then,
according to Capone, ran off with a man named Vince. No one saw or heard from Anderson after
her visit with Capone. Anderson was reported missing after she failed to show up for work the
following Monday.
       On April 20, 2010, Capone was interviewed by the police. During this interview, Capone
admitted that he had made the harassing phone calls to Anderson’s phone. The following day,
the Anderson family’s search for her led to their discovery of the Yukon in Lewiston.
Anderson’s purse was inside the vehicle.
       On May 6, 2010, Capone was arrested for a federal firearm violation unrelated to
Anderson’s disappearance. While incarcerated on this charge, Capone made several
incriminating statements to cellmates Brent Glass and Joshua Voss about his role in Anderson’s
disappearance.
       After an investigation that lasted for three years, on May 1, 2013, Capone and David
Stone were charged with first degree murder and related crimes in connection with Anderson’s
disappearance. Following a preliminary hearing where both Capone and Stone were bound over
on all charges, Stone entered into a plea agreement with the State in which he agreed to testify
against Capone in exchange for dismissal of the murder charge against him.
       Before trial, the State filed a motion in limine regarding several evidentiary issues. The
State sought to prevent Capone from introducing evidence of prior felony convictions to impeach
the testimony of Glass and Voss. Pursuant to Idaho Rule of Evidence 404(b), the State also gave
notice of its intent to use evidence of a past strangulation attempt and federal firearm crimes by
Capone. After hearing argument, the district court ruled that Glass and Voss’s prior felony
convictions for burglary were not relevant to their credibility and reserved its ruling on the
admissibility of the 404(b) evidence until trial.
       At trial, the State relied heavily on Stone’s testimony. Stone testified that he was at
Capone’s shop on April 16, 2010. Capone went outside to talk with Anderson. Stone heard a
noise and went outside to find Capone strangling Anderson. Anderson was still moving and
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Stone asked Capone what he was doing. Capone instructed Stone to get a tarp. Stone went inside
and searched for a tarp. When he came back out, Anderson was dead. Stone testified that he and
Capone wrapped Anderson’s body in the tarp and a chain and drove to Lewiston, where they
threw her body into the river from a bridge.
          The jury found Capone guilty of all charges. Following the verdict, Capone learned of a
statement Stone made to Tyler Byers while the two were cellmates in July of 2013. Stone told
Byers that they would not find Anderson’s body in the river because she was not in the river.
Capone filed a motion for a new trial based on this newly discovered information. After hearing
the motion, the district court found that the new evidence did not merit a new trial as it was
merely impeachment evidence and likely would not produce an acquittal. Capone timely
appealed his conviction and the denial of his motion for a new trial.
                                  II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
          “This Court exercises free review over whether a jury was given proper instructions.”
State v. Severson, 147 Idaho 694, 710, 215 P.3d 414, 430 (2009). “Generally Idaho’s appellate
courts will not consider error not preserved for appeal through an objection at trial.” State v.
Perry, 150 Idaho 209, 224, 245 P.3d 961, 976 (2010).
          [W]hen an error has not been properly preserved for appeal through objection at
          trial, the appellate court’s authority to remedy that error is strictly circumscribed
          to cases where the error results in the defendant being deprived of his or her
          Fourteenth Amendment due process right to a fair trial in a fair tribunal.
Id. (citation omitted).
          “Whether evidence is relevant is an issue of law, which we review de novo.” State v.
Russo, 157 Idaho 299, 308, 336 P.3d 232, 241 (2014). “The denial of a motion for a new trial is
reviewed for an abuse of discretion.” State v. Stevens, 146 Idaho 139, 144, 191 P.3d 217, 222
(2008).
                                         III. ANALYSIS
          Capone advances several arguments on appeal. Capone first argues that there was
insufficient evidence to corroborate Stone’s accomplice testimony as required by Idaho Code
section 19-2117. Next, Capone argues that the failure to instruct the jury regarding the
corroboration requirement constitutes fundamental error. Capone next asserts that the district
court erred by admitting 404(b) evidence of Capone’s prior convictions and an alleged physical
altercation between Capone and Anderson. Capone also argues that the district court erred when

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it found Glass and Voss’s felony burglary convictions were not relevant to their credibility. Even
if the individual errors are determined to be harmless, Capone contends that the doctrine of
cumulative error requires reversal. Finally, Capone contends that the district court erred when it
denied his motion for a new trial. These arguments will be addressed in turn.
A. There was sufficient evidence to corroborate Stone’s testimony.
       Capone argues that Stone was an accomplice to the crimes of murder and failure to notify
coroner or law enforcement of death and thus, Idaho law requires that his testimony be
corroborated. The State concedes that Stone was an accomplice to the crime of failure to notify
coroner or law enforcement of death and conspiracy to commit that crime, but contends that
Stone was not an accomplice to the murder. We will first consider whether Stone was an
accomplice to murder, then consider whether there was sufficient corroborating evidence for the
crimes where Stone was an accomplice.
           1. Stone was not an accomplice to the murder.
       Capone argues that Stone was an accomplice to the murder because while Anderson was
still alive Capone instructed him to go and get a tarp and Stone followed that command. The
State argues that Stone was merely a bystander and did not take any action that would make him
an accomplice to murder. The State is correct.
       Idaho Code section 19-2117 states in pertinent part, “[a] conviction cannot be had on the
testimony of an accomplice, unless he is corroborated by other evidence, which in itself, and
without the aid of the testimony of the accomplice, tends to connect the defendant with the
commission of the offense . . . . ” I.C. § 19-2117. Accomplice is defined by Idaho Criminal Jury
Instruction 313 as:
       a person who intends to promote or assist in the commission of a crime and who
       either directly commits the acts constituting the crime or who, before or during its
       commission, aids, assists, facilitates, promotes, encourages, counsels, solicits,
       invites, helps or hires another to commit the crime. Mere presence at,
       acquiescence in, or silent consent to, the planning or commission of a crime is not
       [in the absence of a duty to act] sufficient to make one an accomplice.
“Where the evidence raises a genuine issue as to whether a witness is an accomplice, the district
court must submit the issue to the jury for resolution and instruct the jury accordingly.”
Matthews v. State, 136 Idaho 46, 50, 28 P.3d 387, 391 (Ct. App. 2001); ICJI 313. “However, if it
is clear from the evidence that a witness is an accomplice of the defendant, the trial court should
decide that the witness is an accomplice as a matter of law and instruct the jury accordingly.” Id.
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       “Mere presence at the place of a crime or acquiescence in its commission, without
participation, does not constitute a crime.” State v. Scroggins, 110 Idaho 380, 386, 716 P.2d
1152, 1158 (1985). “Some aiding, abetting or actual encouragement on the part of the person
charged is essential to make that person an accomplice.” Id. “To be an aider and abettor one must
share the criminal intent of the principal; there must be a community of purpose in the unlawful
undertaking.” Id.
       Here, Stone testified that he was in Capone’s shop when he heard a noise outside. Stone
walked out of the shop and witnessed Capone strangling Anderson. Stone asked Capone what he
was doing at which point Capone told him to get a tarp. When Stone left, Anderson was still
moving and when he came back she was no longer moving. There is nothing in the record that
suggests that Stone did anything to aid, abet, or encourage Capone to commit murder. Because
Stone was not an accomplice to the murder, Stone’s testimony concerning the murder was not
required to be corroborated.
             2. There was sufficient evidence presented at trial to corroborate Stone’s
                testimony for failure to notify coroner or law enforcement of death and
                conspiracy to commit failure to notify coroner or law enforcement of death.
       Capone next argues that there was not sufficient corroborating evidence of Stone’s
testimony to support his convictions for failure to notify coroner or law enforcement of death and
conspiracy to commit failure to notify coroner or law enforcement of death. In support of this
argument, Capone points to evidence in the record which appears to contradict Stone’s
testimony.
       As previously noted, Idaho Code section 19-2117 requires accomplice testimony to be
corroborated. “The corroborating evidence offered need only connect the defendant with the
crime.” State v. Aragon, 107 Idaho 358, 364, 690 P.2d 293, 299 (1984). “While the corroborating
evidence must be independent of the accomplice’s testimony . . . it need not be sufficient in and
of itself to convict the defendant.” Id. “Corroborating testimony may be slight and need only go
to one material fact.” Id. “[C]orroboration may be entirely circumstantial.” State v. Swenor, 96
Idaho 327, 329, 528 P.2d 671, 673 (1974). “Corroboration may be furnished by a defendant’s
own words or conduct.” Id.
       Stone was an accomplice to the crimes of failure to notify coroner or law enforcement of
death and conspiracy to commit that crime. Stone testified that after Capone killed Anderson, he
assisted in rolling Anderson in a tarp, wrapping that tarp with a chain, and then throwing
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Anderson’s body from a bridge. A shop owner in Moscow testified that Capone purchased a new
tarp the following day. Evidence was admitted that Capone told Voss that Anderson had gone
away before and always came back, but this time she was not coming back. Capone also told
Glass that Anderson was not doing anything “but pushing up daisies,” and that he buried her so
deep, “they’ll never find her.” We hold that this was sufficient evidence to corroborate Stone’s
testimony regarding the crimes of failure to notify coroner or law enforcement of death and
conspiracy to commit that crime.
B. Because there was sufficient evidence to corroborate Stone’s testimony for crimes in
   which he was an accomplice, we do not consider whether the district court erred in
   failing to give a corroboration instruction.
       Capone next argues that the district court erred when it failed to give a jury instruction
regarding corroboration. Capone did not object to the failure to give a corroboration instruction
at trial. The State argues that even if the district court erred in failing to give a corroboration
instruction that such an error does not rise to the level of fundamental error.
       As discussed above, there was sufficient evidence presented at trial to corroborate
Stone’s testimony. Because there is sufficient evidence to corroborate Stone’s testimony, any
error that may have occurred by failing to give a corroboration instruction is harmless. In State v.
Scroggins, 110 Idaho 380, 386, 716 P.2d 1152, 1158 (1985), the defendant was convicted based
largely on testimony from an accomplice. Id. Affirming the defendant’s conviction, we noted
that the accomplice’s testimony was corroborated. Id. “Therefore, the district court’s failure to
give the accomplice instruction, even if it were erroneous, was harmless and hence does not give
cause for reversal.” Id. Because there was sufficient evidence to corroborate Stone’s testimony,
the failure to give the accomplice instruction was harmless error.
C. Evidence of the attempted strangulation should not have been admitted.
       Capone next argues that the district court erred when it admitted evidence of his past
crimes or wrongs. Capone argues that evidence of a past strangulation attempt and that he was
not allowed to have firearms due to past felony convictions was improperly admitted. The State
responds that although these issues were addressed during a motion in limine, the district court
reserved its final ruling for trial and because Capone did not object to the admission of this
evidence at trial he did not properly preserve the issues for appeal. Alternatively, the State argues
that this evidence was admissible under Idaho Rule of Evidence 404(b) to show motive.

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        Idaho Rule of Evidence 404(b) 1 provides:
        Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character
        of a person in order to show that the person acted in conformity therewith. It may,
        however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity,
        intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or
        accident….”
“The admissibility of evidence offered pursuant to Rule 404(b) requires a two-step analysis.”
Russo, 157 Idaho at 308, 336 P.3d at 241. “First, the evidence ‘must be sufficiently established
as fact and relevant as a matter of law to a material and disputed issue other than the character or
criminal propensity of the defendant’ ” Id. (quoting State v. Pepcorn, 152 Idaho 678, 688, 273
P.3d 1271, 1281 (2012)). “Second, the court must determine pursuant to Rule 403 that ‘the
probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice.’ ” Id. (quoting Pepcorn, 152 Idaho at 689, 273 P.3d at 1282).
        Capone alleges that evidence of an attempted strangulation in December 2009, as well as
evidence of his inability to possess firearms due to past felony convictions was used as
inadmissible propensity evidence and did not fit within any of the exceptions listed in Idaho Rule
of Evidence 404(b). These two categories of evidence will be considered separately below.
             1. Admission of the prior attempted strangulation was harmless error.
        Capone argues that the district court erred when it allowed Jennifer Norberg to testify
regarding his earlier attempted strangulation of Anderson. The State argues that the evidence was
relevant to his motive to kill Anderson. Capone is correct that the district court erred when it
admitted this evidence, however this error was harmless.
        “Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a
person in order to show that the person acted in conformity therewith.” I.R.E. 404(b). However,
the evidence may be admitted if it is relevant to motive. I.R.E. 404(b). “Whether evidence is
relevant is an issue we review de novo.” State v. Russo, 157 Idaho 299, 308, 336 P.3d 232, 241
(2014). “Motive is a well-accepted method of proving the ultimate facts necessary to establish
the commission of a crime, without reliance upon an impermissible inference from bad
character.” Id. (quoting Am. Jur. 2d Evidence § 439 (2008)). “Evidence of motive is relevant
‘when the existence of a motive is a circumstance tending to make it more probable that the
person in question did the act’ ” Id. (quoting Am. Jur. 2d Evidence § 439 (2008)).
1
 We note that the rule was amended, effective July 1, 2018. We will refer to the version in effect at the time of
Capone’s trial.
                                                       7
        Here, the State asserts that the evidence of the attempted strangulation was relevant to
show the reason for the pending divorce. While the divorce may be relevant to Capone’s motive
to kill Anderson, the underlying cause of that divorce is not relevant. The district court erred
when it found that Norberg’s testimony was relevant to Capone’s motive.
        The State argues that even if the district court erred, the error was harmless because
testimony of strangulation was admitted without objection through other witnesses. The State is
correct.
        “In harmless error review the burden of persuasion is on the State to demonstrate that the
constitutional violation did not affect the outcome of the case.” Perry, 150 Idaho at 225, 245
P.3d at 977. In this case, Capone made a number of statements to Glass and Voss about
Anderson not coming back and how she was pushing up daisies. Specifically Capone told Glass
that the pending strangulation charge was no big deal and that he barely choked her. This
statement combined with the other evidence presented at trial would have led to Capone’s
conviction without Norberg’s testimony regarding the earlier attempted strangulation. As such,
we are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that any error committed by the district court in
admitting this evidence did not contribute to the verdicts. Id. at 227, 245 P.3d at 979.
            2. Capone failed to preserve his objection to evidence of the federal firearms
               charge for appeal.
        Capone contends that the district court erred when it allowed testimony during trial
relating to his charge for possessing a firearm as a convicted felon. Capone argues that the
district court made a conclusive ruling in response to the motion in limine that this evidence was
not admissible and then erred when it allowed this evidence later. The State asserts that the
ruling in the motion in limine was specifically limited to events around the May 6, 2010, arrest
and that Capone failed to preserve this issue by not objecting to the admittance of this evidence
during trial.
        “Where no advance ruling has been obtained, counsel must continue to object as the
evidence is presented.” State v. Hester, 114 Idaho 688, 700, 760 P.2d 27, 39 (1988). “We have
said before that when a trial judge elects to hear the foundation for the evidence instead of ruling
definitively on a motion in limine, counsel opposing the evidence must continue to object as the
evidence is presented.” Schwan’s Sales Enterprises, Inc. v. Idaho Transp. Dept., 142 Idaho 826,
833, 136 P.3d 297, 304 (2006).

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         Here, the district court did not rule on the admissibility of evidence relating to Capone’s
federal firearms charge. Capone asserts that the ruling regarding his May 6, 2010, arrest covers
all evidence related to his federal firearms charge. The district court ruled, “[t]he defense motion
to exclude statements made to the police on May 6, 2010 in their case in chief is granted.” We
are unable to conclude that this holding barred the State from presenting evidence of the federal
firearms charge. Although Capone objected to some testimony regarding the firearms charge, he
did not object when Glass testified about Capone’s inability to possess firearms. He therefore
failed to preserve this issue for appeal.
D. Glass and Voss’s burglary convictions were relevant to their credibility.
         The State’s motion in limine seeking to prevent Capone from using Glass and Voss’s
former burglary convictions to impeach their credibility contended that such convictions were
not relevant to their credibility. After hearing the motion, the district court agreed. Capone
argues that the district court erred when it held that the convictions were not relevant. Capone is
correct that the district court erred, however, we hold that the error was harmless.
         Idaho Rule of Evidence 609 allows prior felony convictions to be used to impeach a
witness’s credibility when the conviction is relevant to credibility and the probative value of the
evidence does not outweigh the prejudicial effect. I.R.E. 609. “Evidence of a conviction under
this rule is not admissible if a period of more than ten years has elapsed since the date of the
conviction or of the release of the witness from the confinement imposed for that conviction,
whichever is the later date…” unless the court determines that the probative value substantially
outweighs the prejudicial effect. I.R.E. 609(b). 2 In order to determine if evidence of a prior
conviction should be admitted under Idaho Rule of Evidence 609, courts apply a two-step
approach: “(1) whether the evidence is relevant to the credibility of the witness; and (2) whether
the probative value of the evidence outweighs the unfair prejudicial effect to the party offering
the witness.” State v. Bush, 131 Idaho 22, 30, 951 P.2d 1249, 1257 (1997). Here, the district
court found that the burglary convictions were not relevant to the credibility of the witnesses and
did not reach the question of prejudice.
         “Whether evidence is relevant is an issue of law, which we review de novo.” Russo, 157
Idaho at 308, 336 P.3d at 241. “The determination whether evidence of a particular felony

2
 As with Rule 404(b), this rule was amended effective July 1, 2018. We will refer to the version in effect at the time
of Capone’s trial.
                                                          9
conviction is relevant to credibility depends on the particular facts and circumstances of each
case and must therefore be decided on a case-by-case basis.” Bush, 131 Idaho at 31, 951 P.2d at
1258. In State v. Ybarra, 102 Idaho 573, 634 P.2d 435 (1981), this Court identified three
categories of felonies and discussed the relevancy of each category to credibility. The first
category contains crimes “such as perjury, [that] are intimately connected with” credibility.
Ybarra, 102 Idaho at 580, 634 P.2d at 442. Burglary fits into the second category with crimes
such as robbery. Id. Crimes in this second category are, “somewhat less relevant” to credibility.
Id. The third category contains, “[a]cts of violence” and these crimes “generally have little or no
direct bearing on honesty and veracity.” Id. at 581, 634 P.2d at 443.
       In Ybarra, the district court ruled that the State could use a prior felony conviction for
burglary to impeach the defendant should he choose to testify. Id. at 580, 634 P.2d at 442. Ybarra
appealed, arguing that burglary was not relevant to credibility. Id. This Court stated, “[a]s to
Ybarra’s argument that burglary is not relevant to credibility, the law is generally against him.”
Id. Affirming the district court’s decision, this Court stated:
       On the other hand robbery, larceny, and burglary, while not showing a propensity
       to falsify, do disclose a disregard for the rights of others which might reasonably
       be expected to express itself in giving false testimony whenever it would be to the
       advantage of the witness. If the witness had no compunction against stealing
       another’s property or taking it away from him by physical threat or force, it is
       hard to see why he would hesitate to obtain an advantage for himself or friend in a
       trial by giving false testimony. Furthermore, such criminal acts, although
       evidenced by a single conviction, may represent such a marked break from
       sanctioned conduct that it affords a reasonable basis of future prediction upon
       credibility…
Id. at 581, 634 P.2d at 443(quoting Ladd, Credibility Test Current Trends, 89 Univ. Pa. L. Rev.
166 (1940)).
       Here, the district court did not explain why the burglary convictions were not relevant to
credibility. We hold that the district court erred when it determined that Glass and Voss’s prior
felony convictions were not relevant to credibility. Although the district court erred, such error
was harmless. Both Glass and Voss testified that they were incarcerated at the time Capone made
incriminating statements to them. In light of the jury’s awareness of their incarceration and
Stone’s testimony that he saw Capone commit the murder, we are convinced beyond a
reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the verdicts.
E. The doctrine of cumulative error does not require reversal.

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       Capone asserts that even if there is not any one error that requires reversal, the
combination of errors during trial deprived him of his right to due process and require reversal
under the doctrine of cumulative error.
       “The cumulative error doctrine refers to an accumulation of irregularities, each of which
by itself might be harmless, but when aggregated, show the absence of a fair trial in
contravention of the defendant’s constitutional right to due process.” Dunlap v. State, 141 Idaho
50, 65–66, 106 P.3d 376, 391–92 (2004) (quoting State v. Sheahan, 139 Idaho 267, 286, 77 P.3d
956, 975 (2003). “In order to find cumulative error, this Court must first conclude that there is
merit to more than one of the alleged errors and then conclude that these errors when aggregated,
denied the defendant a fair trial.” Id. “The presence of errors, however, does not by itself require
the reversal of a conviction, since under due process a defendant is entitled to a fair trial, not an
error-free trial.” State v. Parker, 157 Idaho 132, 149, 334 P.3d 806, 823 (2014).
       The State presented powerful evidence of Capone’s guilt. Stone testified as to witnessing
the murder, and Glass and Voss testified as to statements that Capone made suggesting his
involvement in Anderson’s murder. The jury heard extensive evidence regarding the
deterioration of Anderson and Capone’s relationship. We are convinced beyond a reasonable
doubt that the two errors that we have determined the trial court committed did not contribute to
the verdicts. State v. Perry, 150 Idaho 209, 227, 245 P.3d 961, 979 (2010)
F. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Capone’s motion for new
   trial based on newly discovered evidence.
       Following Capone’s conviction, new evidence was discovered regarding a statement
Stone made prior to trial. In March 2015, Tyler Byer was arrested for DUI. While in jail, Byer
told police about a statement Stone had made while Stone and Byer were housed in the same jail
cell in July of 2013. Stone told Byer that they would never find Anderson’s body in the river
because her body was not in the river. After Capone learned of this new evidence, he moved for
a new trial. The district court denied the motion finding that the newly discovered evidence was
not material and could have been used only for impeachment purposes. The district court
reasoned that, because the new evidence was hearsay, it could only have been used to impeach
Stone’s testimony. Capone argues that Byer’s testimony could have been introduced as
substantive evidence under the party-opponent exception to the hearsay rule.

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       “Newly discovered evidence warrants a new trial only if the defendant demonstrates: (1)
the evidence is newly discovered and was unknown to the defendant at the time of trial; (2) the
evidence is material, not merely cumulative or impeaching; (3) it will probably produce an
acquittal; and (4) failure to learn of the evidence was not due to a lack of diligence on the part of
the defendant.” State v. Ellington, 151 Idaho 53, 72, 253 P.3d 727, 746 (2011) (quoting State v.
Stevens, 146 Idaho 139, 144, 191 P.3d 217, 222 (2008)). “Motions for a new trial based on newly
discovered evidence are disfavored and should be granted with caution, reflecting the importance
accorded to considerations of repose, regularity of decision making, and conservation of scarce
judicial resources.” Stevens, 146 Idaho at 144, 191 P.3d at 222. “This Court reviews a denial of a
motion for new trial for an abuse of discretion.” Ellington, 151 Idaho at 72, 253 P.3d at 746.
       In this case, the district court found that the first and the fourth prongs of the test were
met by the defendant. However, the district court found that the evidence could be used for
impeachment only, and that the new evidence likely would not produce an acquittal.
       Capone argues that Stone’s testimony was admissible under the party-opponent exception
to the hearsay rule found in Idaho Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2). Capone is mistaken. Stone was
not a party to the case; he was merely a witness. Because Stone was not a party to the action
which pitted the State against Capone, his statement to Byer was not admissible as an admission
of a party-opponent. Because Stone’s prior statement could not be brought in as substantive
evidence, the district court did not abuse its discretion when it held that Capone failed to
demonstrate that the new evidence was material and not merely cumulative or impeaching.
       We can find no error in the district court’s determination that Capone also failed to
demonstrate that the new evidence would probably have produced an acquittal. Capone spent a
full day impeaching Stone with inconsistent statements he had made to police before November
of 2013. At trial, Stone repeatedly stated that he had been living a lie and consistently lied to
others about Anderson’s disappearance before November 2013 when he decided to tell the police
the truth. Stone’s statement to Byer was made during the time in which Stone admitted to having
lied about what happened to Anderson. For these reasons, we hold that the district court did not
abuse its discretion when it denied Capone’s motion for a new trial.
                                     IV. CONCLUSION
       We affirm the judgment of the district court and its order denying Capone’s motion for
new trial.

                                                 12
       Chief Justice BURDICK, Justice BRODY and Justice Pro Tem RYAN CONCUR.
JONES, J. sat, but did not participate due to his untimely death.

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