Court Opinion

ID: 9563575
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-21 18:42:12.075185+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:17:55.803909
License: Public Domain

*195WOLLHEIM, J.,
dissenting.
ORS 166.090 provides, in part:
“(1) A telephone caller commits the crime of telephonic harassment if the caller intentionally harasses or annoys another person:
* * * *
“(b) By causing such other person’s telephone to ring and causing such other person to answer it, knowing that the caller has been forbidden from so doing by a person exercising lawful authority over the receiving telephone.” (Emphasis added.)
The majority holds that an “answer” by a machine satisfies the statutory requirement that the caller cause the victim to answer the telephone. I do not agree that the plain words of the statute allow such a result and, thus, I respectfully dissent.
The statutory language provides that a person commits the crime of telephonic harassment by “causing such other person’s telephone to ring and causing such other person to answer it.” (Emphasis added.) We held in State v. Lopez, 151 Or App 138, 141, 949 P2d 1237 (1997), that the phrase “causing such other person to answer it” is unambiguous and means that the victim must “tak[e] the receiver off the hook * * * and say[ ] hello.” In that case, the victim did not physically answer the telephone. She either declined to answer it, after recognizing the defendant’s telephone number on her caller identification box, or had her husband answer the telephone for her. We said that an essential element of the crime of telephonic harassment is that the victim answer the telephone. Id. at 140. In reasoning that the state had failed to establish that the defendant had caused the victim to answer the telephone, we said:
“The state argues that the term ‘answer’ is ambiguous and should be interpreted consistently with the legislative intent. The state suggests that the requirement of answering was inserted by the legislature to ensure that some harm occurred. Here, the state contends that the harm occurred whether or not the victim actually picked up the receiver. In other words, the state asserts that any response *196to a call, including through an answering machine, viewing caller identification, or even someone answering for the alleged victim, that results in a harm, should be deemed ‘answering’ for purposes of the statute.
“Conversely, defendant argues that the term ‘answer’ is clear on its face and any resort to the legislative intent is unnecessary and inappropriate. We agree. If the intent of the legislature is clear from the text and context of the statute, we do not resort to further statutory construction. PGE v. Bureau of Labor and Industries, 317 Or 606, 611, 859 P2d 1143 (1993). Words of common usage should be given their ‘plain, natural and ordinary meaning.’ Id. at 611.
“The common understanding of the phrase ‘answering the telephone’ is the physical process of taking the receiver off the hook, placing it to one’s ear and saying, ‘Hello.’
“We decline to adopt the ‘agency theory’ promoted by the state. If the victim is not subjected to the message or voice of the harasser, regardless of whether a harm occurs, the victim cannot be considered to have answered the telephone. Thus, as the facts indicate here, the victim’s husband answered the telephone for her during the time charged in the crime or she recognized the number on her caller identification box and refused to answer. The trial court erred in concluding that the jury could find that the victim answered the telephone as required by ORS 166.090(l)(b).” 151 Or App at 141.
The gist of our holding in Lopez is that a telephone is not “answered” by the victim for purposes of ORS 166.090(l)(b) when the victim has someone else answer the telephone or refuses to answer after recognizing a number on a caller identification box.1
In Martin v. City of Albany, 320 Or 175, 181, 880 P2d 926 (1994), the Supreme Court held that the legislature’s choice of verb tense can be a significant indicator of the legislature’s intention. Similarly here, the choice of the parallel clauses, “causing * * * to ring,” and “causing * * * to answer,” in the quoted portion of the statute implies sequential and *197uninterrupted conduct. The telephone of the “other person” is caused to ring, and the telephone is caused to be answered by such other person. There is no place in that sequence for an answering machine. I conclude that listening to a message that has been recorded on an answering machine is not “answering the telephone” within the meaning of the statute.
The state makes several arguments concerning the nature of the communication, if any, required to complete the crime of telephonic harassment. In Lopez, we said in dictum that a victim cannot be considered to have answered the telephone if the victim “is not subjected to the message or voice of the harasser.” 151 Or App at 141. The state contends that the crime of telephonic harassment is not dependent on any communication or verbalization by the harasser, that it is completed when the harasser dials the victim’s number and the telephone is answered. So, for example, in an appropriate circumstance, if the caller dials, the victim answers, and the victim immediately hangs up, that can constitute the completed crime of telephonic harassment. See ORS 166.090-(l)(a). Those points are interesting, but beside the point. Under ORS 166.090(l)(b), the telephone must be answered. The majority is concerned that interpreting “answer” to exclude answering machines is contrary to modern methods of telephone communications. However, answering machines were not new technology at the time ORS 166.090 was enacted. If the legislature had wanted to include them as part of the telephone or as a method of answering, it could have done so. For now, however, ORS 166.090(l)(b) requires a traditional “answer” of the telephone.
As in Lopez, I conclude that although defendant’s conduct cannot constitute the crime of telephonic harassment, his conduct does constitute the lesser-included offense of attempted telephonic harassment. Lopez, 151 Or App at 142. Accordingly, I would reverse the conviction for telephonic harassment and remand for entry of a conviction for the lesser-included offense.

 Compare ORS 166.090(l)(a), which requires that the caller cause “the telephone of the other person to ring, such caller having no communicative purpose,” but contains no requirement of an answer. See State v. Allison, 325 Or 585, 941 P2d 1017 (1997).