Court Opinion

ID: 9555047
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-10 16:08:37.130444+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:40:58.196127
License: Public Domain

J-S08011-23

                                   2023 PA Super 154

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  ROBERT DAVID SHEETS                          :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 580 MDA 2022

       Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered March 10, 2022
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County Criminal Division at
                     No(s): CP-36-CR-0001797-2019

BEFORE:      OLSON, J., McCAFFERY, J., and COLINS, J.*

OPINION BY OLSON, J.:                                  FILED: AUGUST 10, 2023

       Appellant, Robert David Sheets, appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered on March 10, 2022. We affirm.

       The Commonwealth charged Appellant with two counts of attempted

murder, as well as other crimes. The case proceeded to a jury trial in January

2022. During Appellant’s trial, the following evidence was presented.

       The victim in this case, Justin Murphy (hereinafter “the Victim”), testified

that, prior to the events of the case, he and Appellant were friends and would

“hang out every now and then.” N.T. Trial, 1/4/22, at 109. According to the

Victim, at 10:00 or 10:30 p.m. on August 14, 2017, Appellant came to his

home. When the Victim opened the door and allowed Appellant into his home,

he noticed that Appellant “seemed very strange” and paranoid and “kept

looking out the windows, walking back and forth.” Id. at 111.
____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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      The Victim testified that Appellant “said he needed gas.” At the time,

the Victim had “close to $400.00” in his wallet; the Victim then opened his

wallet in front of Appellant and gave Appellant $10.00. Appellant also asked

to use the Victim’s cell phone and, since the Victim “wasn’t sure if [Appellant]

would bring [the cell phone] back or not[, the Victim] offered [to] ride with

[Appellant] down the street to get gas and come back home.” Id. at 111-112.

      The Victim testified:

        We left my house and we began driving just very randomly
        through Quarryville, through New Providence, a couple of
        local towns. I was getting very annoyed. I wanted to go
        back home and go to bed. I had to go to work the next day.
        I couldn’t figure out what was going on or why he was acting
        so erratically. . . . We just kept driving and turning around
        at random intersections. And this went on probably like a
        half hour or so and then we wound up at a house in
        Conestoga.

Id. at 113.

      As the Victim testified, Appellant pulled into a driveway of a house,

parked the car, and told the Victim to get out of the car. The Victim got out

of the car and Appellant began speaking with an unknown male who was at

the premises. After a few minutes, Appellant and the male approached the

Victim and Appellant told the Victim: “come with me, there’s something I

want to show you in the woods.” Id. at 116. As the Victim testified:

        We went down in the woods and that’s when [Appellant] told
        me to stand there and he came up behind me with his arms
        behind me and, like, in a motion to snap my neck. I spun
        around and at that point in time it was like out of nowhere,
        he just had a pistol to my chest point-blank. He pulled the

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        trigger. I see a big flash of fire and just everything – I
        blacked out immediately.

Id. at 118.

      The Victim testified that, immediately before he fell unconscious, he saw

Appellant reach into his back pocket and take his wallet. Id.

      As the Victim testified, he remembered waking up in the late morning

of the following day, when it was “very hot” outside. Id. at 119. He testified:

        I tried crawling around to get up to move to walk away and
        at that point I couldn’t move. So I decided I would holler for
        help. So I remember hollering for help. And it wasn’t very
        long after that that [Appellant], I guess he had heard my cry
        for help and he was the one that responded.

        I remember him walking down to where I was at and I
        remember thinking to myself, what did I just do. I didn’t
        think he would hear my cry for help. I thought maybe
        somebody else would. . . .

        [Appellant] said I thought I did you in last night. He says,
        now I’m going to take care of you for good, something to that
        effect. Like now I’m going to do you in. And I remember
        just saying, like, Bobby, please or, like, Bobby, don’t. I tried
        to say something quick, but it didn’t matter. . . .

        [Appellant] had a gun, a pistol in one hand, he had a hatchet
        in the other. And I just remember a lot of blood. I was struck
        twice on the top of my head with the hatchet, down the left
        side of my neck. I remember the gunshots going off twice.
        The first one just grazed the back of my head. It didn’t go
        in. The second one went in behind my ear. The bullet went
        down my jawbone and got lodged underneath my tongue. At
        that point I passed out again.

Id. at 119-120.

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      The Victim testified that he did not know how long he was unconscious,

but when he woke up again it was “almost dark” outside. Id. at 121. He

testified:

         So I remember just being in the cornfield. It rained. It
         thunderstormed that night. It was hot. It was horrible. And
         I . . . remember kind of, like, waking up and I’d give myself
         a number, like number [ten], and I’d try to run through [ten]
         sets of cornrows and I’d fall back down and I’d pass out again.
         And I’d keep trying to do it over. I had no clue if I was going
         in circles. You know, which direction I was heading through
         the cornfield. This went on for what seemed to be forever. I
         guess it was a matter of hours before I did manage to escape
         the cornfield. It was the following day. It was daylight then.
         It was approximately [4:00] or 4:30 [in the afternoon] when
         I did get out of the cornfield to find help.

Id. at 122.

      A homeowner found Appellant at 4:30 p.m. on August 16, 2017 and

called 911. Id. at 92-101 and 123.

      The Victim was transported to Lancaster General Hospital, where Dr.

Daniel Wu treated him. Dr. Wu testified that the Victim was suffering from:

a bullet wound behind his ear, with the bullet “lodged underneath his tongue;”

a bullet wound in the front of his chest, with “bullet fragments [in] the area of

[the Victim’s] spine;” “about 1.7 liters of blood in his right lung;” rib fractures

from the path of the bullet; a broken jaw bone from the path of the bullet;

scalp lacerations, which were “between [three] and [five] centimeters, which

would be about [two] inches;” and, a neck laceration, which was “measured

as around [seven to eight] centimeters, which is about [three to four] inches.”

N.T. Trial, 1/5/22, at 192-195.     Dr. Wu also testified that the Victim was

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suffering from rhabdomyolysis, acute blood anemia, and subcutaneous gas in

the chest. Id. at 195.

      Dr. Wu testified that the Victim’s injuries were life-threatening and, “if

[the Victim] didn’t receive the treatment when he did, [the Victim] could []

have died from [his] injuries.” Id. at 198.

      The Victim told the police that Appellant was the individual who had shot

him and the police began searching for Appellant. Appellant’s aunt, Donna

Rentz, testified that, on August 17, 2017, Appellant showed up unannounced

at her Maryland home and asked that she provide him with a telephone

number. Id. at 227. Ms. Rentz testified that she knew the police were looking

for Appellant and she asked Appellant to turn himself in. She testified that

Appellant twice told her “I can’t, Aunt Donna, I can’t.” Id. at 229.

      Police officer Andrew Snow of the Fairfax County, Virginia, Police

Department testified that, on August 19, 2017, a license plate reader alerted

him to the fact that Appellant’s vehicle was traveling on a nearby, Virginia

road. Id. at 233. He testified that he activated his lights and siren and, as

he began to catch up to Appellant’s vehicle, “the vehicle began to accelerate

rapidly.”   Id. at 234.   Officer Snow testified that this led to a 30-mile,

cross-county chase, where “[w]e were consistently over [100] miles an hour

and frequently over 110 miles an hour.” Id. at 235. The high-speed chase

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finally ended when “one of [the police] cruisers went across the median and

conducted a PIT” maneuver.1 Id. at 236.

       After his arrest, Appellant spoke with Pennsylvania State Police Trooper

First Class Michael A. Snyder. Appellant told Trooper Snyder: “I’m afraid for

my family. . . . I did what I had to do. The mob made me do it.” Id. at

270-271.

       The jury found Appellant guilty of two counts of attempted murder and

one count of robbery.2 On March 10, 2022, the trial court sentenced Appellant

to serve an aggregate term of 25 to 60 years in prison for his convictions.

Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal. He raises the following claims to this

Court:

         1. Was the evidence insufficient to sustain [Appellant’s]
         conviction for two separate attempted murder counts in that
         the evidence failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt
         that [Appellant] attempted to murder [the Victim]?

         2. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in sentencing
         [Appellant] on two counts of criminal homicide wherein the
         evidence showed that this was one continuing event?

         3. Did the trial court err and abuse its discretion by imposing
         an unreasonable and manifestly excessive sentence that
____________________________________________

1  Officer Snow testified that the acronym “PIT” “stands for Precision
Immobilization Technique.” N.T. Trial, 1/5/22, at 236. He testified: “[i]t’s a
maneuver we use to end a pursuit or high speed chase. . . . We’re taking . .
. the front quarter panel of our cruiser, placing it on the rear quarter panel of
the vehicle we’re pursuing and essentially getting it off its axis enough that it
begins to spin.” Id. at 236-237.

2 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 901(a) and 3701(a)(1)(i), respectively.

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         failed to adhere to the general sentencing principles set forth
         in 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9721(b), in that the [trial court] imposed a
         sentence that exceeded what was necessary to protect the
         public, failed to consider [Appellant’s] background and
         character fully, and imposed a sentence that was well beyond
         what was necessary to foster the rehabilitative needs of
         [Appellant]?

         4. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in imposing
         [Appellant’s sentence] wherein the [trial] court failed to state
         any reasons on the record for the sentence imposed?

Appellant’s Brief at 5 (some capitalization omitted).3

       First, Appellant claims that the evidence was insufficient to convict him

of either count of attempted murder.

       We review Appellant’s sufficiency of the evidence challenge under the

following standard:

         The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the
         evidence is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial
         in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there is
         sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every
         element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In applying
         the above test, we may not weigh the evidence and substitute
         our judgment for [that of] the fact-finder. In addition, we
         note that the facts and circumstances established by the
         Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of
         innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant's guilt may be
         resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak
         and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact
         may be drawn from the combined circumstances. The
         Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every
         element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means
         of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying the
         above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all
         evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the
         trier of fact while passing upon the credibility of witnesses
____________________________________________

3 For ease of discussion, we have re-numbered Appellant’s claims on appeal.

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          and the weight of the evidence produced, is free to believe
          all, part or none of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Callen, 198 A.3d 1149, 1167 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citations

and quotation marks omitted).

      As we have held, the elements of attempted murder are as follows:

          Criminal attempt is separately codified at 18 Pa.C.S.A § 901,
          which states, “A person commits an attempt when, with
          intent to commit a specific crime, he does any act which
          constitutes a substantial step toward the commission of that
          crime.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 901(a).

          Criminal attempt is a specific-intent crime. Thus, attempted
          murder requires a specific intent to kill. Commonwealth v.
          Robertson, 874 A.2d 1200, 1207 (Pa. Super. 2005) (“For
          the Commonwealth to prevail in a conviction of criminal
          attempt to commit homicide, it must prove beyond a
          reasonable doubt that the accused with a specific intent to
          kill took a substantial step towards that goal.”).

Commonwealth v. Palmer, 192 A.3d 85, 88 (Pa. Super. 2018) (brackets

omitted).    “Specific intent to kill can be established through circumstantial

evidence, such as the use of a deadly weapon on a vital part of the victim's

body.” Commonwealth v. Montalvo, 956 A.2d 926, 932 (Pa. 2008).

      On appeal, Appellant contends that the evidence is insufficient to

support     either   of   his   attempted   murder   convictions   because   the

Commonwealth failed to prove that Appellant damaged the Victim’s vital

organs or that the Victim suffered life threatening injuries. Appellant’s Brief

at 20. Further, Appellant claims that the Commonwealth failed to show that

Appellant had any motive to kill the Victim. Id. at 20-21. These claims fail.

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      At the outset, Appellant’s claims immediately fail because, to sustain an

attempted murder conviction, the Commonwealth was not required to prove

that Appellant actually damaged the Victim’s vital organs, that Appellant

caused the Victim to suffer life-threatening injuries, or that Appellant had a

motive to kill the Victim. Rather, as explained above, the evidence is sufficient

to support an attempted murder conviction where the Commonwealth proves,

beyond a reasonable doubt, that Appellant took a substantial step towards an

intentional killing. See Commonwealth v. Anderson, 650 A.2d 20, 23 (Pa.

1994).   Regardless, the evidence was sufficient to support Appellant’s two

attempted murder convictions.

      With respect to Appellant’s first attempted murder conviction, the

evidence establishes that Appellant tried to snap the Victim’s neck and, when

that failed, Appellant shot the Victim point-blank in the chest and left the

Victim to die. Further, when Appellant learned that the Victim was still alive

the next day, Appellant told the Victim “I thought I did you in last night.” N.T.

Trial, 1/4/22, at 120.

      The evidence is sufficient to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that

Appellant took a substantial step towards an intentional killing. To be sure,

Appellant used a deadly weapon, a gun, to fire a bullet, point-blank, into the

Victim’s chest.   Since the chest is a vital part of the human body, this

constitutes   circumstantial   evidence     of   Appellant’s   intent   to   kill.

Commonwealth v. Blakeney, 946 A.2d 645, 652 (Pa. 2008) (holding that

the chest is a vital part of the human body); see also Montalvo, 956 A.2d at

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932 (“[s]pecific intent to kill can be established through circumstantial

evidence, such as the use of a deadly weapon on a vital part of the victim's

body”). Moreover, Appellant admitted that he possessed the specific intent to

kill the Victim when Appellant bemoaned the fact that he had not killed the

Victim the prior night.

       As to Appellant’s second attempted murder conviction, the evidence

establishes that, when Appellant learned the Victim was still alive the next

day, Appellant told the Victim “I’m going to take care of you for good.” N.T.

Trial, 1/4/22, at 120. Appellant then struck the Victim with a hatchet twice in

the scalp and once in the neck and shot the Victim twice in the head with a

gun.   Thus, and again, the Commonwealth proved that Appellant took a

substantial step towards an intentional killing through Appellant’s own words

as well as Appellant’s use of a deadly weapon on the vital parts of the Victim's

body. See Montalvo, 956 A.2d at 933 (holding that the neck is a vital part

of the human body); Commonwealth v. Poplawski, 130 A.3d 697 (Pa.

2015) (holding that the head is a vital part of the human body).

       Appellant’s first claim thus fails.

       Next, Appellant claims that the trial court “abuse[d] its discretion [when

it] sentenc[ed Appellant] on two counts of attempted homicide [when] the

evidence showed that this was one continuing event.” Appellant’s Brief at 17.

In essence, Appellant claims that his double jeopardy rights were violated

when the trial court convicted him of and sentenced him for two counts of

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attempted     murder, as       his acts        constituted “one   continuing event.”4

Appellant’s claim fails.

         The double jeopardy protection of the Fifth Amendment of
         the United States Constitution has been made applicable to
         the States through the Fourteenth Amendment. That clause
         provides: “nor shall any person be subject for the same
         offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.” The
         constitutional prohibition of double jeopardy has been held to
         consist of three separate guarantees: (a) protection against
         a second prosecution for the same offense after an acquittal;
         (b) protection against a second prosecution for the same
         offense after conviction; and (c) protection against multiple
         punishments for the same offense. The double jeopardy
         provision does not restrain the legislature in its role in
         defining crimes and fixing penalties. Its intendment is to
         prevent courts from imposing more than one punishment
         under the legislative enactment and restraining prosecutors
         from attempting to secure that punishment in more than one
         trial. Where consecutive sentences are imposed at a single
         trial, double jeopardy prevents the court from exceeding its
         legislative authorization by imposing multiple punishments
         for the “same offense.”

Commonwealth v. Frisbie, 485 A.2d 1098, 1100 (Pa. 1984) (citations,

emphasis, and some punctuation omitted).

       “For multiplicity purposes, the relevant inquiry is defining the proper

unit of prosecution. To determine the correct unit of prosecution, the inquiry
____________________________________________

4 Both merger and double jeopardy claims “implicate[] the legality of [an
appellant’s] sentence.” See Commonwealth v. Baldwin, 985 A.2d 830, 833
(Pa. 2009) (“[w]hether [a]ppellant's convictions merge for sentencing is a
question implicating the legality of [a]ppellant's sentence”); Commonwealth
v. Crissman, 195 A.3d 588, 590-591 (Pa. Super. 2018) (holding that double
jeopardy claims implicate the legality of an appellant’s sentence). We note
that “challenges to an illegal sentence can never be waived and may be raised
sua sponte by this Court.” Commonwealth v. Simmons, 262 A.3d 512, 515
(Pa. Super. 2021) (en banc) (quotation marks and citations omitted).

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should focus on whether separate and distinct prohibited acts, made

punishable by law, have been committed.” Commonwealth v. Davidson,

938 A.2d 198, 221 (Pa. 2007). Indeed, as the Pennsylvania Supreme Court

has held: “[w]hen a criminal act has been committed, broken off, and then

resumed, at least two crimes have occurred and sentences may be imposed

for each. To hold that multiple assaults constitute only one crime is to invite

criminals . . . to brutalize their victims with impunity.” Commonwealth v.

Belsar, 676 A.2d 632, 634 (Pa. 1996).

      In the case at bar, Appellant committed two separate, complete, acts of

attempted murder against the Victim. First, at approximately 11:30 p.m. on

August 14, 2017, Appellant led the Victim into the woods, where Appellant

tried to snap the Victim’s neck and then shot the Victim point-blank in the

chest with a gun, leaving the Victim to die. Multiple hours later, in the late

morning of August 15, 2017, the Victim awoke from his unconsciousness and,

when Appellant was alerted to the Victim’s presence, Appellant told the Victim

“I thought I did you in last night. . . . [N]ow I’m going to take care of you for

good.” N.T. Trial, 1/4/22, at 120. Appellant then struck the Victim with a

hatchet twice in the scalp and once in the neck, shot the Victim twice in the

head with a gun, and again left the Victim to die.

      Here, the first attempted murder was complete at the time Appellant

shot the Victim in the chest. Multiple hours later, and after Appellant had

broken off his assault upon the Victim, Appellant resumed his crimes by

committing (and completing) a second attempt at murdering the Victim.

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Therefore, since Appellant took a substantial step towards an intentional killing

by shooting the Victim in the chest and leaving him for dead, broke off his

assault upon the Victim, and then only resumed his criminal acts upon the

Victim hours later – after he believed he had already murdered the Victim –

“two [attempted murders] have occurred and sentences may be imposed for

each.” See Belsar, 676 A.2d at 634. Appellant’s claim to the contrary fails.

      Appellant’s final two claims on appeal challenge the discretionary

aspects of his sentence. These claims are waived, as Appellant did not raise

the claims at sentencing or in a post-sentence motion. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 720;

Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“[i]ssues not raised in the lower court are waived and cannot

be raised for the first time on appeal”); Commonwealth v. Cartrette, 83

A.3d 1030, 1042 (Pa. Super. 2013) (en banc) (“issues challenging the

discretionary aspects of a sentence must be raised in a post-sentence motion

or by presenting the claim to the trial court during the sentencing proceedings.

Absent such efforts, an objection to a discretionary aspect of a sentence is

waived”).

      Judgment of sentence affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 8/10/2023

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