Court Opinion

ID: 2786123
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-03-13 18:03:27.778177+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:28:35.682518
License: Public Domain

2015 IL App (1st) 132077
                                                                                  FIFTH DIVISION
                                                                                    March 13, 2015

     No. 1-13-2077

     In re MARRIAGE OF                                 ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                                       ) of Cook County.
     DEEPALAKSHMI MOORTHY,                             )
                                                       )
           Petitioner-Appellant,                       )
                                                       ) No. 02D13868
     and                                               )
                                                       )
     CHANNA MALLIK ARJUNA,                             ) The Honorable
                                                       ) Naomi H. Schuster,
           Respondent-Appellee.                        ) Judge, presiding.
     _____________________________________________________________________________

            PRESIDING JUSTICE PALMER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
            Justices Gordon and Reyes concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                              OPINION

¶1          In June 2003, the trial court entered a judgment dissolving the marriage of petitioner,

     Deepalakshmi Moorthy, and respondent, Channa Mallik Arjuna. In May 2011, Moorthy filed a

     petition to modify the amount of child support Arjuna paid for their daughter. Following an

     evidentiary hearing, the trial court entered an order on May 29, 2013, in which it increased the

     amount of child support based on Arjuna's current yearly salary, but the trial court held that

     Arjuna’s proportionate share of the retained earnings from his majority-owned subchapter S

     corporation should not be imputed to him for purposes of calculating his child support

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     obligation. Moorthy appeals that order, contending that the proportionate share of the retained

     corporate earnings should be included in Arjuna’s net income in calculating Arjuna's child

     support obligation. We affirm.

¶2                                             I. BACKGROUND 1

¶3           The parties married in December 2000 and, as noted, had one child, Seema Lakshmi

     Arjuna, born in March 2002. Moorthy filed a petition for dissolution of marriage on August 27,

     2002. The parties do not dispute that the trial court entered a default judgment for dissolution of

     marriage on June 5, 2003. It awarded sole custody of the minor to Moorthy and ordered Arjuna

     to pay $480 in monthly child support based on 20% of his average net monthly income of $2,401

     as an employee of Mahantech Corp. (Mahantech), a company located in West Virginia. The

     parties were ordered to share equally any medical expenses not covered by Moorthy's insurance.

     At the time, Arjuna lived in West Virginia and he continues to reside there, although he

     subsequently remarried and has one child with his current wife, and a stepchild. Moorthy and

     Seema have lived in metropolitan Chicago since the filing of the petition for dissolution.

¶4           On May 26, 2011, Moorthy filed a petition to increase child support pursuant to section

     510 of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (the Act) (750 ILCS 5/510 (West

     2010)) asserting that a substantial change in circumstances occurred. In the petition, Moorthy

     argued that, as eight years had passed since the judgment of dissolution was entered, the minor

     child, who was now nine years old, had increased needs, and Arjuna's income had also increased.

             1
                Initially, we note that Arjuna requests that we strike Moorthy's statement of facts in her opening
     brief as being argumentative and inaccurate. Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(h)(6) requires that an
     appellant's statement of facts provide a accurate and fair recitation of the pertinent facts without argument
     or comment. Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(6) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013). This court may strike a statement of facts where it
     fails to comply with this rule. Szczesniak v. CJC Auto Parts, Inc., 2014 IL App (2d) 130636, ¶ 8. Having
     reviewed Moorthy's statement of facts and the record and report of proceedings in this case, we do not
     find that it contains any such egregious inaccuracies as to hinder our review or warrant the harsh sanction
     of striking it. Hall v. Naper Gold Hospitality LLC, 2012 IL App (2d) 111151, ¶ 15.

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     Moorthy requested that the court order Arjuna to pay increased child support, to pay half of the

     medical insurance for the minor, and to pay a reasonable portion of Moorthy's daycare expenses.

     Arjuna filed a response on July 8, 2011, and the parties engaged in discovery. An evidentiary

     hearing was conducted on April 5, 2012, and May 22, 2012, at which Moorthy and Arjuna

     testified.

¶5                                       A. Arjuna’s Testimony

¶6           Arjuna was called to testify by Moorthy as an adverse witness. Arjuna testified that he

     lives in Charleston, West Virginia, with his current wife, their son, and a stepdaughter. In 2003,

     when the dissolution judgment was entered, Arjuna earned a salary of approximately $45,000 as

     an employee of Mahantech, which is a software consulting and networking services business.

     Arjuna testified that Mahantech was incorporated in Delaware in 1997 or 1998, and a distant

     relative, Gorli Hjrash, purchased the company from the original owners. Arjuna explained that

     the company was losing money and was going to be shut down, but Arjuna decided to buy it so

     that he could take over and run the corporation. He obtained 38% ownership in 2006. He did not

     pay anything for the ownership share because the company "was completely negative" and about

     to be shut down, and because he had been with Mahantech since 1999. In 2007, he acquired 91%

     of Mahantech, with the remaining 9% owned by Hjrash. Arjuna paid $500 for the 91%. He also

     testified that loans were taken out for the business, but he did not know whether he personally

     guaranteed them. He testified that he believed it was less than $200,000, but this had since been

     paid off.

¶7           Arjuna explained that because Mahantech is a subchapter S corporation, it does not pay

     federal corporate taxes on its income. Instead, he receives a schedule K-1 form from the

     company as one of the owners. His federal tax return for 2007 showed K-1 income of $108,433,

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     but he testified that this amount was the K-1 income from Mahantech. He explained that this

     amount was not money that he actually took home. He testified that the money "stays in the

     company" and that "[t]he company paid the tax" under his name. Arjuna testified that an

     accountant handles Mahantech's taxes. He indicated that his accountant calculates the taxes

     owed from Mahantech's income and the taxes are paid by Mahantech but under Arjuna's name

     since the subchapter S corporation does not pay taxes. He testified that his accountant logs on to

     Mahantech's online account with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and inputs the amount of

     money owed, and the money is paid out of Mahantech's bank account. Arjuna conceded that the

     taxes owed for Mahantech's income were his liability and not the corporation's liability. He

     testified that the "S corporation cannot pay the taxes. It has to be paid by the owner of the

     corporation." Arjuna testified that he includes the corporation's K-1 income on his personal tax

     return and the amount shown as total taxes owed on his tax return included the tax on

     Mahantech's income. He testified that on his W-2 form, he received $50,000 in gross income and

     he paid taxes on that as well. His individual tax return also showed that his wife had income of

     $31,759 as a database administrator and income of $35,000 as a contractor for other companies.

     She was previously employed by Mahantech, but she left when Arjuna bought the company

     because he did not want family to be involved. However, she occasionally did some contract

     work for the company.

¶8          Similarly, for 2008, Arjuna testified that his tax return showed that he earned a salary of

     $50,000 with K-1 income of $91,071. Arjuna testified that the 2008 corporate tax return for

     Mahantech showed business income of $102,000.

¶9          In 2009, Arjuna’s tax return showed that he again received a salary of $50,000. He

     testified that the 2009 corporate tax return for Mahantech showed ordinary business income of

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       $129,634. Thus, $117,967 was attributed to Arjuna for his 91% share. Arjuna testified that on

       his 2009 schedule K-1, it showed a nontaxable distribution of $211,077. Arjuna testified that

       under state tax law in West Virginia, a company pays a 2% tax on any money in its bank account

       as of the last business day of the year. Therefore, his accountant advised Arjuna to take the

       money out of Mahantech's account on the last business day of the year, and then put the money

       back into the account on the first business day of the next year in order to avoid paying this tax.

       Arjuna explained that he obtained a cashier's check for the amount, he did not deposit it in his

       own account or anywhere else, and he redeposited the same cashier’s check into the

       corporation’s account on the first business day of the next year. Arjuna therefore held the

       cashier's check in his possession for approximately 48 hours.

¶ 10          With respect to 2010, Arjuna testified that his K-1 income from Mahantech was

       $117,281. The 2010 tax return for Mahantech showed ordinary business income of $129,119. As

       in 2009, the 2010 return also showed a distribution of $116,000, and Arjuna testified that he

       repeated the same action—taking out the amount in the Mahantech account at the end of the year

       in a cashier's check and then redepositing the same check back into the corporate account in the

       new year.

¶ 11          Arjuna testified that his W-2 form from 2011 showed that he received a salary of

       $50,000. He testified that he was unsure whether he would receive the same salary in 2012

       because business was down, and he would pay his employees before himself. A paystub from

       March 31, 2012, showed he earned a monthly income of $4,166.67. He testified that in 2011,

       Mahantech showed ordinary business income of only $25,429, which was significantly less than

       in prior years. The schedule K-1 form for 2011 showed income attributed to him in the amount

       of $21,105. Arjuna also testified that he went through the same procedure as in prior years in

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       obtaining a cashier's check for the amount in Mahantech’s bank account on the last business day

       of the year and redepositing the amount back into the account in the new year. He testified that

       he believed that Mahantech's bank account had a balance of approximately $220,000 on the last

       day of 2011.

¶ 12          Arjuna agreed that in the years 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010, the corporation's earnings

       were greater than its expenses. Arjuna testified that he has never taken any money out of

       Mahantech other than for his salary and to pay taxes, except that in 2010, he took approximately

       $7,000 out to buy a plane ticket to visit his family in India because of a family emergency and he

       did not otherwise have the money to purchase the flight. He testified that the corporation

       currently had no debt, but the company was in the negative when he became owner and he was

       trying to make sure that all the corporation’s obligations were met.

¶ 13          He testified that his salary was decided by the owners when he bought the company.

       When asked if he could increase his salary to $60,000, he testified that he could not because

       Mahantech "needs the working capital. If I had to take the money from the payroll, I cannot. ***

       It is a small company. Every penny counts in the company." He testified that with the $50,000

       salary he receives, he was "living a very simple, I could say loyal [sic] middle class level of

       living because I am devoting myself towards this to give a better life for my kids." He testified

       that he does "have a lot of issues. I want this or that, but I have to sacrifice to make something

       good for the family and the future."

¶ 14          Arjuna testified that Mahantech needed sufficient funds to support payroll and to pay

       employee taxes, unemployment taxes, health benefits, business liability insurance, worker's

       compensation insurance, business auto insurance, business theft insurance, and accounting and

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       tax expenses. The various insurance policies that Mahantech required, such as worker’s

       compensation insurance and business auto insurance, cost approximately $15,000 every year.

¶ 15          Arjuna testified that he had five salaried employees who work as programmers on-site

       with clients to help with computer network problems. He testified that Mahantech had

       approximately $50,000 to $60,000 in employee salary requirements per month. He provided the

       following examples of current employee contracts to which Mahantech was bound: (1) a contract

       for 2012 at a rate of $12,800 per month; (2) a contract with a 40-hour-per-week requirement and

       a salary of $70,000; (3) a contract for $5,000 per month; (4) a contract to pay an employee

       $12,809.55 per month; (5) a contract for $4,000 per month; (6) a contract for $61 per hour, plus

       benefits; (7) a contract to pay an hourly rate of $75 per hour; and (8) a contract to pay $5,000 per

       month, plus benefits. Arjuna testified that Mahantech had to pay the salaries for employees under

       these contracts regardless of whether it had a project for them to work on. Arjuna did not have a

       contract for himself as an employee; he was the only "at-will" employee.

¶ 16          With regard to Mahantech’s expenses and deductions as reflected on the corporation’s tax

       returns, Arjuna testified that, in 2008, the gross sales for Mahantech totaled $1,512,738. The

       company paid salaries and wages in the amount of $551,621. There was a deduction for

       $517,829, which represented professional fees, accounting fees, legal fees, work visa expenses,

       and consulting expenses. Mahantech’s employees were "H1B" employees who were in the

       United States on work visas, and obtaining and maintaining these visas comprised a significant

       expense to Mahantech. The legal expenses were incurred for managing the work visas and for

       applying to a federal minority certification program. Mahantech also had to pay filing fees for

       the work visas, which were $1,000 to $3,000 each time something had to be filed, such as when

       an employee changed client locations. Mahantech also filed applications to sponsor all of its

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       employees, except one, to obtain a three-year extension on their work visas, which last for six

       years, and to obtain green card applications, which were approved. He testified that if Mahantech

       is not able to find a project within a reasonable time period, it was the company's responsibility

       to send the employee and his family back to his home country and pay travel and relocation

       expenses. He denied that he could lay off his work visa employees if there was no work for them.

       He testified, "I cannot lay them off. One thing, if I lay them off, I have to—the company has to

       pay the money for that employee and that employee's spouse and everybody to send back to their

       home country." Also, even if Mahantech was one day late in paying payroll, the employees could

       report Arjuna to the immigration service as he would be violating federal regulations.

¶ 17              In addition, Arjuna testified that Mahantech paid a large amount of money for consulting

       or contract work to another company for that company's employees to work on Mahantech's

       projects with Mahantech's clients. Arjuna testified that he currently was not using any contract or

       consultant labor. He testified that his clients prefer his permanent employees instead of contract

       workers because they were more likely to stay for the duration of a project.

¶ 18              He testified that Mahantech currently had five contracts with other companies. He

       testified that the clients typically pay Mahantech monthly; he sends an invoice at the end of the

       month, and once billing rates are agreed on, the client takes 15 to 30 days to pay. He testified that

       "[m]ost of the time I get paid on time," but sometimes a client delays payment, and in that case,

       Mahantech still had to cover its payroll and other expenses while waiting to receive the client’s

       payment. Arjuna testified that two contracts with customers would end in 2012 and that "this last

       year was getting worse" and Mahantech "may end up negative" or with only a few thousand

       dollars.

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¶ 19          Arjuna explained that Mahantech’s gross receipts decreased in 2011 because a few

       contracts with one local company, Technology Solutions, ended in 2010. He testified that

       Technology Solutions comprised 60% or more of Mahantech's business in 2010, but less than

       5% of its business in 2011, and none of its business in 2012. Technology Solutions, in turn, did

       business with a worker's compensation insurer, but the insurer's business decreased drastically

       after a state-run provider entered the market.

¶ 20          Arjuna also testified that, in the interim between the hearing dates in this case, another

       one of the five remaining contracts for Mahantech expired and was not renewed. Arjuna did not

       yet have a new project for the employee who had worked on the project that ended, but

       Mahantech had to continue paying him, and this money came from its retained earnings.

¶ 21          Arjuna testified that in an effort to increase business, Mahantech became involved in a

       federal program for economically and socially disadvantaged minority business owners called

       section "8(a) certification," which designated federal money for awarding contracts to minority-

       owned companies. It took him two years to obtain the certification. To qualify, the company was

       required to be in business for more than three years, be profitable, and the majority owner of the

       company was required to have a net worth of less than $250,000. Arjuna testified that to remain

       in the program, he had to improve the business and infrastructure and possibly hire someone to

       handle writing requests for proposals for the federal projects. The Small Business Administration

       monitors the company; Arjuna must submit information quarterly and provide a yearly business

       plan. The program also restricted Arjuna from taking out more than $200,000 or $250,000 as a

       bonus or salary from the company. Arjuna incurred expenses attending conferences as part of the

       federal program. Mahantech had not yet been awarded any federal contracts.

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¶ 22          When asked if, as the 91% owner, he was the one who makes decisions for Mahantech,

       Arjuna testified that "according to the company bylaws, I still need to have my other partner to

       come to a final decision." He testified that under the bylaws, he "cannot make 100 percent

       decision. *** I need to consider the other partner." He testified that he "still need[s] to contact

       him [Hjrash], and I need to talk and explain what I'm doing." When asked whether he could

       outvote Hjrash if they had a disagreement, Arjuna answered, "Yes." However, upon subsequent

       questioning by Moorthy's counsel, Arjuna denied that he was restricted in his ability to make

       distributions to himself because of the minority shareholder. He testified, "Not the minority

       shareholders. Obligations and—obligations of the business activity. Business needs the money to

       support the employees."

¶ 23          Regarding his financial disclosure statement that he submitted in this case, Arjuna

       testified that he had $169.47 left each month after paying all of his bills. Regarding Moorthy's

       request that Arjuna contribute to Seema's health insurance, he testified that if it was possible to

       add her to his wife's policy through her state employment, he did not have a problem including

       her on the policy.

¶ 24                                       B. Moorthy’s Testimony

¶ 25          Moorthy testified that she was a software architect and had her own consulting company

       called Kanvig Tech Solutions. She was the only employee. Moorthy testified that, as a single

       mother, she needs a flexible work schedule and she tries to work 40 hours per week, but

       sometimes she works less, and she could go two months without having a job or contract lined

       up. Because she is raising Seema, she restricts herself to working only in the Chicago area.

¶ 26          Moorthy testified that Seema was 10 years old at the time and in fourth grade. Seema

       attends a public school in Chicago and the school day ends at 1:45 p.m. Moorthy does not have

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       family living close enough to her to assist with child care on a daily basis. As a result, Moorthy

       has to find daycare for her between that time and 6 p.m. During the school year, she sends Seema

       to daycare at the school, which costs approximately $450 to $500 per month. How much she

       pays varies depending on how many school days or days off there are in a given month. For

       example, Moorthy testified that she paid $387 for May 2012. Moorthy testified that when she is

       not working, Seema still attends daycare because Moorthy pays for the school daycare ahead of

       time, a job interview for Moorthy may arise, and Moorthy does not want to change Seema's

       schedule.

¶ 27          When there is no school and during the summer, Seema goes to a different daycare or

       Moorthy obtains a nanny. Every other summer, Seema stays with Moorthy's parents in India.

       Moorthy testified that she paid the nanny she hired in the summer of 2011 a rate of $7 per hour,

       and she took care of Seema 10 hours per day during the summer, which totaled $350 per week,

       for approximately two months. Moorthy testified that the nanny usually charges $14 or $17 per

       hour, but charged Moorthy less because she "knows my situation." Moorthy testified that during

       Seema's previous spring break, she could not afford to pay for daycare, so she sent Seema to stay

       with Moorthy's brother who lives in Michigan. Moorthy testified that since the petition to modify

       support was filed, she has spent approximately $3,500 on school-provided daycare, and $6,000

       for other, alternative daycare. However, Moorthy also later testified that her 2010 tax return

       listed child care expenses in the amount of $2,492. Moorthy explained that this included only the

       cost of school daycare. She conceded that her previous testimony that she paid $3,500 for school

       daycare was erroneous.

¶ 28          In addition, Moorthy testified that Seema participates in the following classes or lessons:

       (1) swimming ($100 per month); (2) Kumon classes in math and English ($195 per month); (3)

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       chess ($300 per month); (4) Robot City ($300 per semester); (5) violin ($150 per semester); (6)

       dance; (7) guitar ($150 per semester); and (8) kickball ($175 per semester). Moorthy explained

       that her education in India was "totally different" than Seema's education in the United States,

       "so I [Moorthy] feel like she's not up to the competency level that I was like—the country that

       I'm coming from." Moorthy explained that she has "talked to other Indian families, like whatever

       they are doing, that's what I will be usually doing with my daughter also." She testified that

       Seema was doing fifth-grade subjects and she was in the gifted program at school, but "still she's

       not challenged." Seema attends Kumon classes every Monday and Wednesday all year. The

       classes for chess, robotics, and music are offered at the school and occur when Seema is at the

       school daycare between 1:45 and 6 p.m., but Moorthy still has to pay the cost of the daycare in

       addition to the cost of the classes. Moorthy testified that Seema's swimming, Kumon, and Indian

       dance classes occur on the weekends or evenings, separate from school. Moorthy testified that

       Seema has been doing these activities for many years and Moorthy has paid for them. When

       asked if she contacted Arjuna before deciding to enroll Seema in all of these activities, Moorthy

       responded, "No, I didn't because when I contacted, I mean the previous years, he had never

       returned call to—like all I was asking him is to talk to her. He reject [sic] her—like completely

       he reject her."

¶ 29           Moorthy also pays for health insurance for Seema, which costs $100 per month and

       carries a $7,500 deductible, although she later testified that her financial disclosure statement

       submitted in this case indicated that she pays $263 per month for Seema's health insurance.

¶ 30           Regarding her tax returns, Moorthy testified that in 2010, her company's gross receipts

       were $128,600. She testified that her 2010 income including her W-2 and business income

       totaled approximately $100,000. She received a salary of $30,000 on her W-2 form. With respect

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       to the remaining amount of business income of $67,529, Moorthy testified that she invested it in

       Seema and was trying to give her a better life. Moorthy testified that she believed her company

       tax return for 2011, which was not yet prepared at the time of the hearing, would show income of

       approximately $112,000.

¶ 31          Moorthy testified that she took the following deductions on her tax return: $49,895 for

       automobile expenses for gas to traveling to different job sites in the Chicago area and for repairs;

       $3,114 for medical insurance; deductions for telephone and Internet expenses in connection with

       her business for her cellular telephone, home telephone, fax number, and Internet connection; a

       deduction for utilities related to the use of her home office; and a deduction for officer health

       insurance in the amount of $4,653, which she described as "my health insurance. Probably that

       other insurance is just to do with the company."

¶ 32          Moorthy testified that in addition to the house she currently lives in with Seema, she also

       owns a house in Lake in the Hills, Illinois, which she rents out at $1,075 per month, and it was

       currently occupied. She testified that she has a mortgage on that house and pays $200 extra per

       month for association fees. She also has a mortgage on the house in which she currently lives.

¶ 33          With respect to her financial disclosure statement submitted in this case, Moorthy

       testified that it listed her monthly income as $7,350, which would include her salary and a

       monthly distribution from her company's income. It listed expenses for utilities, telephone, and a

       cleaning service for her home. She listed a $200 per-month expense for furniture and appliance

       repair and replacement, which she explained represents such expenses as purchasing a new sofa

       approximately every three years, painting her daughter's room, and purchasing her daughter a

       new desk when she grows out of her old one. She also listed a $200 per-month expense for

       repairs and maintenance to the property, and testified that, for example, it could be to fix pipes,

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       or for maintenance or repair of the heat and electricity. She recently had to replace the

       dishwasher. She listed $325 for gasoline in driving Seema to various classes. She listed a $50

       expense for books because Seema "loves to read, so we'll be like buying some books for her all

       the time." Moorthy listed a $150 expense for school lunches for Seema. She also listed $500 for

       medical expenses and Moorthy explained that she set aside $500 a month for Seema's deductible

       because of medical issues. Moorthy testified that her disclosure statement showed that she was

       $3,910 "in the red" for each month. Moorthy explained that to cover this discrepancy, she "will

       be pulling that from the company" instead of saving or reinvesting her company's income to

       grow the business.

¶ 34          Following the hearing, Moorthy submitted a written memorandum in support of her

       petition. She asserted that, as defined in section 505 of the Act (750 ILCS 5/505 (West 2010)),

       "net income" should include Arjuna's proportionate share of Mahantech's retained earnings

       because he had control over whether the corporation's earnings were distributed, he identified no

       business purpose for not distributing the earnings, and he also took cashier's checks from

       Mahantech at the end of each year, even though he did not cash them. Taking into account his

       proportionate share of the retained earnings and his W-2 salary from 2007 through 2011,

       Moorthy asserted that his average net income was $106,361 and his child support should be

       $1,772.68 per month.

¶ 35                                      C. The Trial Court’s Ruling

¶ 36          The court issued a written opinion on May 29, 2013. The parties and trial court agreed

       that there was no Illinois case directly on point regarding whether retained earnings of a closely

       held corporation should be included in a supporting parent’s income. Based on cases cited by the

       parties and the court from other jurisdictions, the trial court determined that the following factors

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were relevant in deciding whether the retained earnings of a closely held corporation constitute

income for purposes of calculating a parent's child support obligation: (1) whether the party was

the sole shareholder, (2) whether the party was manipulating income, (2) whether the retained

earnings were excessive, and (4) whether there was a legitimate business purpose for not

distributing the retained earnings. Reviewing the testimony, the trial court held that Arjuna was

the 91% shareholder, earned a salary of $50,000, lived a frugal lifestyle, and had not distributed

any earnings (other than for the plane ticket to India). The court found that the retained earnings

were necessary to meet the company’s payroll of six employees, overhead, immigration costs,

the section 8(a) certification program, and insurance policies that were required and necessary

for the company's stability. The court noted that the company lost a major contract, but was still

required to pay the salaries of its employees or pay to relocate an employee to his home country,

and this that testimony had not been challenged by Moorthy. In addition, the court held that

Arjuna owed a fiduciary obligation to the minority shareholder to act in the best interests of the

corporation. The court found that Arjuna had articulated a legitimate business purpose for not

distributing the earnings. The court found no evidence that Arjuna manipulated his income in

order to reduce his child support obligation, as his W-2 form reflected the same salary of $50,000

per year since 2007. The court specifically held that Arjuna "testified credibly that he is not

keeping the retained earnings in the company for any reason other than a legitimate business

purpose." The court noted that there was no testimony that the amount of retained earnings were

excessive. Based only on his W-2 wages of $50,000, the court determined Arjuna’s child support

obligation should increase to $643 per month, retroactive to the date of filing the petition. In

addition, the court held that Moorthy was to continue to be solely responsible for the costs of

daycare for Seema, as she was "in a far superior position to support the day care arrangements, as

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       she deems necessary based upon her work schedule and the activity schedule that she has

       selected [for] Seema without consultation with Arjuna." Lastly, the court determined that the

       parties were to share the medical insurance costs for the minor equally and ordered Arjuna to pay

       half of the medical insurance premiums for the minor child, retroactive to the date of filing the

       petition.

¶ 37                                            II. ANALYSIS

¶ 38           Section 505(a) of the Act gives the trial court authority to order a parent to pay " 'an

       amount reasonable and necessary for [the] support' of the child." Mayfield v. Mayfield, 2013 IL
114655, ¶ 16 (quoting 750 ILCS 5/505(a) (West 2010)). The court must first determine the

       parties' income and then apportion that income to set the amount of child support paid by the

       noncustodial parent. Id. A party's "net income" under the Act is defined broadly as the " 'total of

       all income from all sources,' " minus various specified deductions. In re Marriage of Rogers, 213
Ill. 2d 129, 136-37 (2004) (quoting 750 ILCS 5/505(a)(3) (West 2002)). Although the Act does

       not define "income," the supreme court in Rogers observed that it is defined in the dictionary as

       " 'something that comes in as an increment or addition ***: a gain or recurrent benefit that is

       usu[ally] measured in money ***: the value of goods and services received by an individual in a

       given period of time.' " Id. at 136-37 (quoting Webster's Third New International Dictionary

       1143 (1986)). In addition, it is also defined as " 'money or other form of payment that one

       receives, usu[ually] periodically, from employment, business, investments, royalties, gifts and

       the like.' " Id. at 137 (quoting Black's Law Dictionary 778 (8th ed. 2004)). As such, "income" for

       purposes of child support determinations may include "a variety of payments [that] will qualify

       as 'income' for purposes of section 505(a)(3) of the Act that would not be taxable as income

       under the Internal Revenue Code," which is designed to achieve different purposes than the child

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       support provisions of the Act. Id. Accordingly, income includes "gains and benefits that enhance

       a noncustodial parent's wealth and facilitate that parent's ability to support a child or children,"

       which are "normally linked to employment or self-employment, investments, royalties, and

       gifts." Mayfield, 2013 IL 114655, ¶ 16 (citing In re Marriage of Rogers, 213 Ill. 2d at 136-37).

¶ 39          Having determined a party's net income based on these parameters, the court must then

       determine the amount of child support; the guidelines provide that the minimum amount for one

       child is "20% of the supporting party's net income." Mayfield, 2013 IL 114655, ¶ 17 (citing 750

       ILCS 5/505(a)(1) (West 2010)). Section 505 "creates a rebuttable presumption [that] the

       specified percentage of a noncustodial parent's income represents an appropriate child support

       award." In re Marriage of Demattia, 302 Ill. App. 3d 390, 393 (1999).

¶ 40          Once initially set by the trial court, a party may seek to have the child support obligation

       modified by showing a substantial change in circumstances pursuant to section 510 of the Act. In

       re Marriage of Eberhardt, 387 Ill. App. 3d 226, 231 (2008) (citing 750 ILCS 5/510 (West

       2006)). "The party seeking relief has the burden of showing a change in circumstances

       substantial enough to warrant a change in support. [Citation.] A change in income is one of the

       grounds for modification." Id. The relevant focus of this inquiry is " 'the parent's economic

       situation at the time the child support calculations are made by the court.' " Id. (quoting In re

       Marriage of Rogers, 213 Ill. 2d at 138). The rebuttable presumption that child support which

       conforms to the guidelines is appropriate is also applicable in modification proceedings. In re

       Marriage of Pratt, 2014 IL App (1st) 130465, ¶ 28.

¶ 41          In analyzing a trial court's determination on appeal, we are mindful that "modification of

       a child support order lies within the trial court's discretion, and we will not disturb its decision

       absent an abuse of discretion." In re Marriage of Heldebrandt, 301 Ill. App. 3d 265, 267 (1998).

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       " 'The findings of the trial court as to net income and the award of child support are within its

       sound discretion and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.' " In re

       Marriage of Pratt, 2014 IL App (1st) 130465, ¶ 22 (quoting In re Marriage of Breitenfeldt, 362
Ill. App. 3d 668, 675 (2005)). The trial court abuses its discretion if "no reasonable person would

       take the trial court's view." In re Marriage of Eberhardt, 387 Ill. App. 3d at 233. Further, we

       "allow the trial court's factual conclusions to stand unless they are against the manifest weight of

       the evidence." Id. " 'A judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence only when an

       opposite conclusion is apparent or when findings appear to be unreasonable, arbitrary, or not

       based on evidence.' " Id. (quoting Bazydlo v. Volant, 164 Ill. 2d 207, 215 (1995)).

¶ 42          While Moorthy argues solely for a de novo standard of appellate review, this standard

       applies only to issues of statutory interpretation and "when there are no factual or credibility

       issues" and only questions of law remain. In re Marriage of Eberhardt, 387 Ill. App. 3d at 231

       (citing In re Marriage of Crook, 211 Ill. 2d 437, 442 (2004), and In re Marriage of Rogers, 213
Ill. 2d at 136-137). Therefore, to the extent the trial court interpreted the Act and made rulings of

       law, we review those portions of its decision de novo, but the trial court's determinations

       regarding net income and child support will be reviewed under the more deferential abuse of

       discretion standard.

¶ 43          Moorthy contends that the touchstone consideration of whether to include retained

       subchapter S corporation earnings as income is whether the obligated party has control over the

       distribution of the funds at issue. Moorthy highlights the fact that the allowable deductions or

       exceptions from "net income" contained in section 505(3) all involve matters over which the

       supporting party does not have control, such as mandatory retirement contributions, insurance

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       premiums mandated by court order, and payments for debts previously incurred. 750 ILCS

       5/505(3) (West 2010).

¶ 44          As explained in In re Marriage of Joynt, 375 Ill. App. 3d 817, 820-21 (2007):

                      "A subchapter S corporation is a pass-through entity utilized for federal

                   tax purposes. [Citation.] Unlike a subchapter C corporation, [a subchapter S

                   corporation] does not pay corporate-level taxes on its income. Instead, the

                   corporation's income is taxed directly to its shareholders based on their ownership of

                   corporate stock, whether or not the income is actually distributed to the shareholders.

                   See I.R.C. §§ 1361 through 1379 (2000) (defining and explaining subchapter S and

                   subchapter C corporations). A subchapter S corporation monitors its retained

                   corporate earnings using an account which is then used to determine each

                   shareholder's basis for taxed but undistributed corporate income. However, retained

                   earnings and profits of a subchapter S corporation are a corporate asset and remain

                   the corporation's property until severed from the other corporate assets and distributed

                   as dividends. [Citation.]"

¶ 45          As the parties and the trial court recognized, no Illinois case law directly on point exists

       in this matter. The parties and the trial court relied on Illinois cases involving the related

       questions of whether other types of income constitute "income" for child support purposes and

       whether retained corporate earnings constitute marital property, which we review below. We

       note that these cases are inapposite as they deal with the question of whether retained earnings

       constitute marital property and not whether retained earnings should be imputed as income for

       purposes of calculating child support. However, we discuss them below because they were cited

       and discussed by the trial court and the parties for analogous purposes. We also review the cases

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       cited by the parties and the trial court from foreign jurisdictions that analyzed whether retained

       corporate earnings can be attributed to a parent for child support purposes.

¶ 46                   A. Illinois Case Law—Retained Earnings and Marital Property

¶ 47          In the case of In re Marriage of Joynt, 375 Ill. App. 3d at 820, the Third District of the

       Illinois Appellate Court held that the retained earnings of a closely held subchapter S corporation

       in which the husband owned 33% of the stock constituted nonmarital property. The court

       reasoned that the husband held a minority percentage of the shares, he was not a controlling

       shareholder, and he could not have unilaterally declared a dividend. Id. Although the income was

       taxed to the shareholder, the subchapter S corporation ultimately paid the taxes via year-end

       payments to the husband. Id. at 821. Expert witness testimony indicated that the retained

       earnings were used for corporate expenses, the husband’s compensation was “reasonable and

       fair,” and there was no evidence to support that he used retained earnings to shelter marital

       income. Id.

¶ 48          On the other hand, this court in In re Marriage of Lundahl, 396 Ill. App. 3d 495, 497

       (2009), found that the retained earnings of the husband's subchapter S corporation constituted

       marital property under the Act. The Lundahl court utilized the factors identified in Joynt in its

       analysis, that is, the nature and extent of the spouse’s stock holdings, whether the spouse had the

       authority to distribute the retained earnings, and the extent to which retained earnings were

       considered in the value of the corporation. Id. at 503 (citing Joynt, 375 Ill. App. 3d at 819). The

       court pointed out that, unlike in Joynt, the husband in Lundahl wholly owned the corporation and

       was the sole shareholder and, therefore, could unilaterally declare dividends. Id. at 503. The

       court held that the retained earnings therefore constituted the husband's income and were not

       assets of the corporation. Id. Further, the court held that, unlike in Joynt, the company's earnings

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       were not retained to pay expenses or used in connection with the corporation, and they were

       taxed to the husband, who paid taxes on the earnings. Id. at 504.

¶ 49                        B. Illinois Case Law—Net Income and Child Support

¶ 50          In the case of In re Marriage of Rogers, 213 Ill. 2d at 137-39, our supreme court

       concluded that yearly gifts that the father obligor received from his parents constituted income

       for purposes of calculating his child support obligation under the Act, even though such gifts

       may not be forthcoming in subsequent years.

¶ 51          In the case of In re Marriage of McGrath, 2012 IL 112792, ¶ 14, our supreme court held

       that net income did not include money that an obligor parent withdraws from a savings account

       that was owned by the obligor.

¶ 52          This district concluded in In re Marriage of Baumgartner, 384 Ill. App. 3d 39, 52, 56-57

       (2008), that the proceeds from the sale of the father obligor’s residence did not constitute income

       for child support purposes because he used it to purchase a new residence and the sale was

       necessitated by him losing his job and relocating to where he obtained employment.

¶ 53          The Second District of the Illinois Appellate Court held in Ivanyi v. Granoff, 171 Ill.

       App. 3d 411, 421 (1988), that the father obligor's interest, dividends, and capital gains were not

       part of his net income even though he reported them on his federal taxes because he did not

       actually or constructively receive the income.

¶ 54          The Second District held in In re Marriage of Harmon, 210 Ill. App. 3d 92, 95-96 (1991),

       overruled on other grounds in In re Marriage of Rogers, 213 Ill. 2d at 139, that the monthly

       interest payments the mother obligor received should not be included in her net income for child

       support purposes as they comprised her share of the marital assets and constituted passive

       income not actually received, regardless of how they were reported for tax purposes. The court

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       noted that the obligor mother had health problems and the father had adequate financial

       resources to support the children alone. Id. at 97.

¶ 55            The Second District also held in In re Marriage of Tegeler, 365 Ill. App. 3d 448, 458

       (2006), that an annual loan the father obligor received for running his farm was not part of his

       net income. The father's tax return showed itemized totals of expenses and his accounting books

       contained detailed lists of expenses, which established a prima facie showing that the expenses

       were legitimate, and the mother failed to rebut this. Id. at 456.

¶ 56                       C. Foreign Jurisdictions–Retained Earnings and Child Support

¶ 57            Of particular usefulness to our analysis is In re Marriage of Brand, 44 P.3d 321 (Kan.

       2002), from the Supreme Court of Kansas. 2 In Brand, the mother filed a motion to modify child

       support, seeking to include in the father’s income distributions from several subchapter S

       corporations of which the father was a minority shareholder. Id., at 323. The subchapter S

       corporation only distributed the amount necessary each year to reimburse its shareholders for

       their share of the corporation’s tax liability and the father could not declare a distribution

       independently of the other shareholders. Id. at 324. The applicable state statute provided that a

       parent’s income included regularly and periodically received income from any and all sources,

       which included self-employment gross income after reasonable business expenses. Id. at 326.

       The court noted that earnings of subchapter S corporations were owned by the corporation, not

       the shareholders, and corporations were not required to distribute the income. Id. at 325. As a

       matter of first impression, the court turned to cases from other jurisdictions, finding that most

       courts do not rely solely on tax returns to determine the amount of income available for support
                2
                  Although cases from foreign jurisdictions are not binding on this court, "comparable court decisions of
       other jurisdictions ‘are persuasive authority and entitled to respect.' " Kostal v. Pinkus Dermatopathology
       Laboratory, P.C., 357 Ill. App. 3d 381, 395 (2005) (quoting In re Marriage of Raski, 64 Ill. App. 3d 629, 633
       (1978)). See Andrews v. Gonzalez, 2014 IL App (1st) 140342, ¶ 23.

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and that "[t]here is no presumption that an individual’s share of a Subchapter S corporation’s

income should be included as income for purposes of calculating child support. Individual

inquiry on a case-by-case basis is necessary to ensure that the appropriate amount of income is

considered 'received' ***." Id. at 328. In refusing to adopt a blanket rule regarding the inclusion

of retained earnings in calculating support, the Brand court observed that "[a] corporation must

sometimes necessarily retain profits, not everyone stands in a position to force distribution of a

corporation’s profits, and not all distributions to shareholders increase their ability to pay

support." Id. at 330. The court concluded that deciding how to characterize corporate earnings

and distributions and whether to deduct ordinary and necessary business expenses from those

earnings were both "highly fact specific" inquiries. Id. Of the many factors to consider, the

analysis should include the proportion of the shareholder’s ownership in the corporation, whether

the shareholder could control distribution or retention of the business’s profits, and the "past

earnings history of the corporation." Id. Significantly, "[i]n those cases where income can be

manipulated because of the ability to control distributions, heightened scrutiny should be

exercised." Id. The court held that, as a minority shareholder, the father was less able to control

retained earnings or distributions, and the mother failed to show that he manipulated corporate

assets or otherwise shielded his income to avoid child support obligations. Id. at 327-28, 330.

The evidence supported that he received disbursements only for the purpose of paying his share

of the corporation’s taxes, and this amount was consequently not available to pay child support.

Id. at 328. The court therefore found no abuse of discretion in the lower court’s determination

that retained earnings and distributions from the subchapter S corporation should not be included

in the father’s income for purposes of calculating child support. Id. at 330.

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       1-13-2077

¶ 58          In a similar case from the Supreme Court of Tennessee, Taylor v. Fezell, 158 S.W.3d
352, 355 (Tenn. 2005), the supporting parent was the sole shareholder and president of a

       subchapter S corporation, which he converted to a C corporation after the divorce, thereby

       eliminating pass-through taxation of the corporation’s income. The trial court calculated the

       father’s modified child support obligation by imputing to him the retained earnings from the

       company as a subchapter S corporation before the divorce, in addition to the wages he earned

       after conversion of the corporation to a C corporation. Id. at 356. Similar to Illinois, the

       Tennessee child support guidelines defined "gross income" as "all income from any source."

       (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 357. For the self-employed, the child support

       guidelines allowed a deduction for reasonable expenses required to produce the income. Id. at

       358. As a matter of first impression, the court held:

                   "[F]or the retained earnings of a corporation to be imputed to the sole or majority

                   shareholder of a corporation, there must be a showing that those retained earnings are

                   excessive or that the income is actually being manipulated. This approach requires

                   trial courts to recognize the independent entity status of a corporation that is properly

                   run by its shareholders. This recognition will require child support determinations to

                   be based on the obligor’s actual income and benefits while protecting the corporate

                   entity’s existence and the development of capitalization necessary to meet its

                   legitimate business purposes." Id.

¶ 59          In determining whether retained earnings are excessive, the Taylor supreme court advised

       that trial courts should examine the level of retained earnings from before the divorce as a

       benchmark or baseline for future retained earnings or capitalization. Id. at 358. As an additional

       component of this analysis, "[e]xpert testimony may be relevant to prove the level of retained

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       earnings that are appropriate for the corporation to carry on its intended purpose, and the court

       should consider post-divorce corporation activities, particularly any unexplained increases or

       reductions of capitalization or retained earnings." Id. Further, the trial court should also "closely

       examine personal expenses and economic benefits provided to the obligor by the corporation and

       should include the value of those extraordinary benefits in the obligor’s income calculation." Id.

       at 359. As there was no evidence in Taylor that the father manipulated his income or that the

       retained earnings were excessive, the court held that it was error to include them in calculating

       his child support obligation, although the trial court should have included the economic value of

       the private use of his company car. Id.

¶ 60          In In re Marriage of Roth, 406 N.W.2d 77, 79 (Minn. Ct. App. 1987), the appellate court

       in Minnesota held, without much explanation, that the trial court should have included profits

       from the father’s closely held subchapter S corporation, of which the father was the sole officer

       and shareholder, in calculating the father’s support obligation. The evidence showed that the

       father charged significant personal expenses to the corporation and utilized corporate assets for

       personal use. Id.

¶ 61          In In re Marriage of Merrill, 587 N.E.2d 188, 191 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992), the appellate

       court in Indiana held that the trial court did not err in including one-half of the retained earnings

       from the father’s closely held corporation in calculating his income for child support purposes.

       The Indiana support guidelines provided that income from any source and income from

       operating a business should be included. Id. Although the retained earnings were reinvested in

       the business to cover inventory and bills and there was testimony regarding the declining

       viability of the business, the court, with little analysis, held that the retained earnings should

       nonetheless be attributed to the father and included in the child support calculation. Id.

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       1-13-2077

¶ 62          In Roberts v. Wright, 1994-NMCA-022, ¶ 9, 117 N.M. 294, 871 P.2d 390, the appellate

       court in New Mexico held that the trial court properly refused to consider the mother’s corporate

       earnings in calculating her support obligation. The mother reinvested one year’s sizeable

       corporate earnings in her closely held corporation, which were significantly more than previous

       years, because a government contract required her to purchase substantial inventory, the contract

       was essential to the corporation’s success, and the market was highly competitive with declining

       profits. Id. ¶ 4. The court held that the evidence established that the reinvestment of retained

       earnings and the purchase of inventory were necessary to retain the important government

       contract and continue to be profitable. Id. ¶ 9.

¶ 63                                   D. Mahantech’s Retained Earnings

¶ 64          In the present case, the trial court considered whether Arjuna was the sole shareholder of

       the subchapter S corporation, whether there was evidence that he was manipulating income to

       reduce his support obligation, whether the corporation’s retained earnings were excessive, and

       whether there was a legitimate business purpose for not distributing the retained earnings. Based

       on our review of the above cases from Illinois and from other jurisdictions, we find no error of

       law in the trial court’s approach. In re Marriage of Eberhardt, 387 Ill. App. 3d at 231. We find

       that the well-reasoned decisions of Brand and Taylor best exemplify the correct approach, that is,

       courts should engage in a case-by-case, fact-specific analysis to determine whether retained

       earnings of a corporation should be imputed to the sole or majority shareholder for purposes of

       calculating child support. In re Marriage of Brand, 44 P.3d at 328, 330; Taylor, 158 S.W.3d at

       358. Relevant factors in this analysis include: (1) the extent of the obligor’s ownership share in

       the corporation, (2) the obligor’s ability to decide whether corporate earnings should be retained

       or distributed, (3) the corporation’s history of retained earnings and distributions, in comparison

                                                          26
       1-13-2077

       to post-divorce corporation activities, (4) whether the retained earnings are excessive, and (5)

       whether there is evidence that income is actually being manipulated. In re Marriage of Brand, 44
P.3d at 330; Taylor, 158 S.W.3d at 358. As noted in Brand, heightened scrutiny is appropriate

       when the obligor has the power to control distributions, but this, in itself, is not dispositive of

       whether a subchapter S corporation’s retained earnings must be included in an obligor's income

       when calculating child support. In re Marriage of Brand, 44 P.3d at 330. As both the Brand and

       Taylor courts aptly observed, it is sometimes necessary for a corporation to retain profits in order

       to secure its continued existence and appropriate capitalization to meet ongoing business

       necessities. In re Marriage of Brand, 44 P.3d at 330; Taylor, 158 S.W.3d at 358. Indeed, it

       would be unfair to the obligor to include in the calculations of income for child support the

       retained earnings necessary for the continuing viability of a corporation and thus not available to

       the obligor.

¶ 65          In addition, having reviewed the evidence presented at the hearing on Moorthy’s motion,

       we find no abuse of discretion regarding the trial court’s conclusions as to Arjuna’s net income

       and the child support determination. In re Marriage of Eberhardt, 387 Ill. App. 3d at 233. The

       trial court’s factual findings were not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Id. at 233.

              We note that there is no prior history of the subchapter S corporation's retained earnings

       because Arjuna did not acquire Mahantech until after the divorce was finalized. While we

       recognize that heightened scrutiny may be warranted where an individual has the ability to

       control distributions (In re Marriage of Brand, 44 P.3d at 330), there was no evidence presented

       that Arjuna was actually manipulating his income or refusing to declare distributions of

       Mahantech’s income in order to avoid an increase in his child support obligation. Rather, the

       evidence indicated that Arjuna obtained majority ownership of the corporation at a time when it

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       1-13-2077

       was not financially successful and he was able to make it more profitable over the years. He

       testified that the retained earnings must be reinvested in the company to ensure its continued

       growth and to cover overhead expenses in the event of a business downturn. He continues to

       draw the same salary of $50,000 per year. His testimony and tax returns outlined the various

       expenses, including employee salaries, taxes, several types of necessary business insurance,

       expenses related to the pursuit of federal government contracts through the section 8(a)

       certification program, and significant amounts dedicated to the immigration and work visa

       concerns of its employees. Although Mahantech’s earnings decreased significantly in 2011, we

       note that this reduction had a legitimate explanation. Taylor, 158 S.W.3d at 358. Arjuna testified

       that a few contracts which constituted 60% of Mahantech's business ended and had yet to be

       replaced, causing a loss of income to the corporation. Further, one employee was without a

       current project to work on, although Mahantech remained responsible for paying that employee’s

       salary. In addition, Arjuna testified that although he was the majority shareholder, he owed a

       duty to the minority shareholder and could not declare a distribution without considering the

       other shareholder.

¶ 66          Significantly, Moorthy failed to offer any evidence or testimony to rebut Arjuna’s

       evidence that the retained earnings were necessary and appropriate business actions and were not

       excessive. Notably, Moorthy did not present the testimony of an accountant or other expert

       regarding whether the level of retained earnings was in line with the corporation’s needs. As

       noted in Taylor, 158 S.W.3d at 358, expert testimony may be helpful and relevant in establishing

       "the level of retained earnings that are appropriate for the corporation to carry on its intended

       purpose, and the court should consider post-divorce corporation activities, particularly any

       unexplained increases or reductions of capitalization or retained earnings." See, e.g., In re

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       Marriage of Joynt, 375 Ill. App. 3d at 818 (accountant testified about the retained earnings and

       other financial information concerning the obligor's closely held subchapter S corporation).

       Moorthy did not call an expert witness to present any evidence that Arjuna was manipulating his

       income or that the retained earnings were excessive, and she did not otherwise provide evidence

       through the examination of Arjuna or any other witness to rebut his testimony regarding

       Mahantech's financial situation. Despite Moorthy's argument to the contrary, our case law

       dictates that "[t]he party seeking relief has the burden of showing a change in circumstances

       substantial enough to warrant a change in support." In re Marriage of Eberhardt, 387 Ill. App.
3d at 231.

¶ 67          Although Arjuna’s individual tax returns showed that he paid taxes on the portion of

       Mahantech’s earnings that were attributable to him through the schedule K-1, his testimony

       indicated that the money to pay these taxes came from Mahantech’s account, it was sent directly

       to the taxing agency, and the amount was not distributed to Arjuna first. An equivalent situation

       occurred in In re Marriage of Brand, 44 P.3d at 328, where the father received a distribution

       from the corporation only for purposes of paying his share of the corporation’s taxes, and the

       court held that this amount was not available to pay child support. We similarly conclude that the

       amounts used to pay Arjuna's proportionate share of the taxes on Mahantech's earnings did not

       constitute disbursements to him that should have been included in the child support calculation.

¶ 68          In addition, we do not find that Arjuna took a "disbursement" from Mahantech’s retained

       earnings or otherwise received income for child support calculation purposes when he obtained a

       cashier’s check at the end of every year for the amount in Mahantech’s bank account. Arjuna

       clarified that he did this at the advice of his accountant in order to avoid paying a state tax on the

       funds in the corporate bank account. He testified that he never deposited the cashier’s checks into

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       his individual account, and each year he redeposited the cashier’s checks into Mahantech’s

       account on the first business day in the new year. Accordingly, the only evidence before the trial

       court was the testimony of Arjuna that he did not actually "receive" the income. As a result, we

       cannot find that the K-1 income can be used for purposes of calculating his child support

       obligation. See In re Marriage of Rogers, 213 Ill. 2d at 136-37 (noting that the dictionary

       definition of "income" includes money that is received by the individual). 3

¶ 69           Moorthy contends that the trial court improperly curtailed her inquiry into Arjuna's

       testimony about the immigration expenses Mahantech was required to cover in the event that it

       terminated an employee. According to the report of proceedings, her attorney was questioning

       Arjuna regarding his testimony that if he laid off any of his foreign workers, Mahantech would

       be responsible for paying that employee's and his family's expenses to return to their home

       country. When counsel asked whether it was actually true that Mahantech was required to pay

       for relocation, Arjuna responded, "It is true. They can file a case against me with immigration to

       put me—make my life miserable." Counsel then stated, "If I were to show you the immigration

       regulations—," but Arjuna's attorney objected based on relevance. The trial court sustained the

       objection and voiced concern that "we're getting into issues of law that you're trying to inquire

       about. He just testified as to what his understanding is, and you're certainly free to call other

               3
                 We recognize that this procedure utilized on the advice of Arjuna's accountant, the paying out of
       the balance of the available funds at the end of every year and redeposit of those funds, raises several
       questions. First, from an accounting standpoint, it may be argued that since a check was issued and then
       redeposited, this could be considered a distribution and then a loan back to the corporation. However,
       while the record reflects that this was done on the advice of Arjuna's accountant in order to avoid West
       Virginia taxation, the record is devoid of any evidence as to how this transaction was characterized on the
       corporate books and records. Further, it is unclear from the testimony in the record as to whether 100% of
       the funds available at the end of the calendar year were distributed to Arjuna or whether 91% was
       distributed to him and 9% to the other shareholder and then redeposited. However, we do not find that
       these questions impact our decision herein. As noted above, the trial court did not err in characterizing the
       funds left in the corporation as retained earnings and that this procedure utilized to avoid West Virginia
       taxes did not result in the receipt of "income" for the purposes of child support calculations. See In re
       Marriage of Rogers, 213 Ill. 2d at 136-137.

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       witnesses if you want to rebut that testimony, but his testimony is to what he understands to be

       his expense. That stands as that. I'll hear from other witness—." We find no error in the trial

       court's ruling as Arjuna was testifying to the facts of his case according to his own

       understanding, he is not a lawyer, and he was not presenting expert legal testimony regarding

       immigration regulations. The trial court did not improperly curtail Moorthy's inquiry; rather, it

       specifically stated that it was willing to hear testimony from other witnesses to rebut Arjuna's

       testimony. Whether to follow up by presenting other witnesses or evidence, as the trial court

       suggested, was a decision for Moorthy's counsel. Further, it is noteworthy that Arjuna was

       extensively cross-examined regarding Mahantech's business expenditures. In any event, even if it

       was an abuse of discretion to curtail the cross-examination in this way, it was on a small point

       and was therefore harmless. Lastly, in the absence of an offer of proof as to the excluded

       testimony, we must consider this issue to be waived.

¶ 70          Having determined that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining Arjuna's

       child support obligation, we need not address Moorthy's related contention that the court should

       resort to income averaging to calculate his obligation. See In re Marriage of Nelson, 297 Ill.

       App. 3d 651, 655 (1998) (where the obligor's income fluctuates, it is appropriate, although not

       mandatory, for the court to average the obligor's net income over consecutive years). The

       evidence showed that Arjuna's income has been the same since 2007 through the time the

       petition was filed, that is, a salary of $50,000 per year. The trial court therefore determined that

       his monthly support obligation was $643, based on that constant figure.

¶ 71                                          E. Child Care Costs

¶ 72          Moorthy also contends on appeal that the trial court erred in denying her request for

       contribution to expenses for daycare and educational and extracurricular activities. Arjuna argues

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       that in Moorthy's petition in the trial court, she asked only for a contribution to daycare expenses,

       but not any extracurricular expenses. A party forfeits an issue on appeal where she fails to raise it

       before the trial court. In re Aaliyah L.H., 2013 IL App (2d) 120414, ¶ 21 (citing Einstein v.

       Nijim, 358 Ill. App. 3d 263, 275 (2005)). However, although Moorthy's petition filed in the trial

       court made a generic request for contribution to daycare expenses, without specifically

       mentioning extracurricular activities, Moorthy testified extensively regarding the various

       extracurricular and educational expenses and the trial court's ruling considered these other costs.

¶ 73          A trial court's determination whether to order the supporting parent to contribute toward

       daycare costs, in addition to paying the statutorily mandated child support amount, is reviewed

       for an abuse of discretion on appeal. In re Aaliyah L.H., 2013 IL App (2d) 120414, ¶ 19 (citing

       In re Marriage of Serna, 172 Ill. App. 3d 1051, 1054 (1988)). The statute authorizes a trial court

       to order the supporting parent to pay an amount in excess of the guidelines. In re Marriage of

       Serna, 172 Ill. App. 3d at 1054 (citing Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 40, ¶ 505(a) (now 750 ILCS 5/505

       (West 2012)). "The Serna court held, in addition to the statutory child support amount under

       section 505 ***, the trial court has discretion to also order the noncustodial parent to pay half of

       the daycare expenses and other reasonable expenses." In re Marriage of Carlson-Urbanczyk,

       2013 IL App (3d) 120731, ¶ 15 (citing In re Marriage of Serna, 172 Ill. App. 3d at 1054). In In

       re Marriage of Carlson-Urbanczyk, the court held that any amount above the statutorily provided

       amount "represents an upward deviation from the statutory amount that must be supported by the

       record." Id. (citing In re Marriage of Demattia, 302 Ill. App. 3d at 394).

¶ 74          We note that Moorthy provides no citation to any controlling statutory authority or case

       law to support her contentions on appeal. " 'A court of review is entitled to have the issues

       clearly defined and to be cited pertinent authority.' " Lake County Grading Co. v. Village of

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       1-13-2077

       Antioch, 2014 IL 115805, ¶ 36 (quoting People ex rel. Illinois Department of Labor v. E.R.H.

       Enterprises, Inc., 2013 IL 115106, ¶ 56). A party fails to fulfill the requirements of Illinois

       Supreme Court Rule 341(h)(7) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013) if she does not present argument along with

       citations to relevant supporting authority. Lake County, 2014 IL 115805, ¶ 36. As a result, we

       find that Moorthy has forfeited these contentions on appeal. Id.

¶ 75          Even if we were to address the issue of daycare expenses despite Moorthy's having

       forfeited it, we would nevertheless conclude that, based on the evidence presented at the hearing,

       there was no abuse of discretion. The trial court held that Moorthy "shall continue to be solely

       responsible for the daycare arrangements" of the minor and that "Moorthy's Petition as it relates

       to the daycare expenses is denied." The order goes on to note that "Moorthy is in a far superior

       position to support the daycare arrangements, as she deems necessary based upon her work

       schedule and the activity schedule that she has selected by [sic] Seema without consultation with

       Arjuna." The trial court's decision not to depart from the guidelines and order Arjuna to pay any

       additional amounts toward daycare was reasonable when considering both his limited income

       and Moorthy's income from her company, and it was not an abuse of discretion.

¶ 76                                         III. CONCLUSION

¶ 77          Based on the above analysis, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion

       when it excluded from its child support calculations Arjuna’s proportionate share of the retained

       earnings from Mahantech. The trial court also did not abuse its discretion in denying Moorthy's

       request for an additional amount for daycare expenses.

¶ 78          Affirmed.

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