Court Opinion

ID: 8212447
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-06 21:00:22.164201+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:42:10.450160
License: Public Domain

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                                               UNPUBLISHED

                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                                 No. 20-1650

        JULIE ANN HAMSTEAD,

                     Plaintiff – Appellant,

        v.

        TROOPER D. R. WALKER, individually,

                     Defendant – Appellee,

        and

        WEST VIRGINIA STATE POLICE; THE CITY OF RANSON, WEST VIRGINIA;
        SARGEANT KEITH SIGULINSKY, in his official capacity; CITY OF CHARLES
        TOWN, West Virginia; MASTER PATROLMAN JASON NEWLIN, in his official
        capacity; THE WEST VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS; RODNEY D.
        HEDRICK, SR., in his official capacity; AB, an unknown individual known as the
        West Virginia Department of Highways “Muscle Man” on the 2016 Ranson-Charles
        Town Green Corridor Fairfax Boulevard Project; JEFFERSON CONTRACTING,
        INC., a corporation; JEFFERSON ASPHALT PRODUCTS COMPANY, a
        corporation; DALE DEGRAVE; ALLEN SHUTTS; JOHN TIMOTHY MORRIS;
        KELLY HALBERT, RN; THE CHARLES TOWN GENERAL HOSPITAL, d/b/a
        Jefferson Medical Center; KYLE REED KOPPENHAVER, in his official capacity,

                     Defendants.

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia, at
        Martinsburg. John Preston Bailey, District Judge. (3:18-cv-00079-JPB)

        Submitted: August 31, 2022                                      Decided: October 5, 2022
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        Before AGEE, RICHARDSON, and RUSHING, Circuit Judges.

        Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

        ON BRIEF: Braun A. Hamstead, HAMSTEAD & ASSOCIATES, L.C., Charles Town,
        West Virginia, for Appellant. Montè L. Williams, Morgantown, West Virginia, Mark G.
        Jeffries, STEPTOE & JOHNSON PLLC, Bridgeport, West Virginia, for Appellee.

        Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

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        PER CURIAM:

               Plaintiff Julie Hamstead sued West Virginia State Trooper D.R. Walker, raising

        various claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and West Virginia common law. Many of her claims

        were dismissed at the pleading stage, but three proceeded to discovery, after which the

        district court granted summary judgment to Trooper Walker. Hamstead challenges that

        summary judgment ruling and the dismissal of five of her claims at the Rule 12(b)(6) stage.

        For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

                                                    I.

                                                    A.

               As Hamstead’s appeal concerns both claims dismissed at the Rule 12(b)(6) stage

        and at summary judgment, we begin by reciting the allegations in her Second Amended

        Complaint, accepting them all as true and reading them in the light most favorable to her.

        See Wag More Dogs, LLC v. Cozart, 680 F.3d 359, 364–65 (4th Cir. 2012).

               Hamstead owned various commercial real estate properties in Charles Town, West

        Virginia. On April 25, 2018, she observed that workers with Jefferson Asphalt were

        beginning work on a project that she opposed near her properties. She drove to a nearby

        parking lot at the American Public University (“APU”) where several workers were

        congregated so she could ask them questions about the project. Shortly after arriving,

        Hamstead’s vehicle and a Jefferson Asphalt work truck collided. The police were called,

        and Trooper Walker was one of three officers who responded.

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               From this point forward, Hamstead alleged that all of the construction workers

        conspired with the police to blame the accident on her and fabricate evidence to support

        that assignment of fault. As construction workers told police that Hamstead caused the

        accident, she began protesting those allegations to Trooper Walker, but he told her that he

        did not care and ordered her to “shut up” multiple times. J.A. 134–35. “In order to better

        hear what was being said and to exercise her right to defend herself against false charges

        by the conspiring defendants,” Hamstead “turned toward the group” of workers standing

        with the other two police officers. J.A. 135. At that point, she alleged Trooper Walker

        arrested her and used excessive force in doing so. Trooper Walker allegedly grabbed her

        arm, twisted it behind her, and picked her up by it; “smashed” her face against a nearby

        work truck; and then “slammed” her face down into the ground. J.A. 135–36. Trooper

        Walker then placed her in the back seat of his cruiser, where Hamstead alleged that he

        “turned up the already blaring hard rock music that was playing with the windows closed.”

        J.A. 136.

              After she was arrested, Hamstead alleged that officers and the group of construction

        workers then conspired to have a red dump truck parked next to Trooper Walker’s cruiser.

        She alleged this arrangement allowed them to fabricate evidence to make it look like she

        caused the prior accident, when in fact it was a Jefferson Asphalt worker who hit her car.

        She asserted that all her allegations were corroborated by APU surveillance footage.

              Shortly after her arrest, Trooper Walker took Hamstead to the hospital for a

        precautionary evaluation. During the ride, he did not fasten Hamstead’s seat belt and

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        allegedly subjected her to a “rough ride” by driving at reckless speeds. J.A. 144. He also

        “chided [her] with words to the effect of ‘don’t show your ass’ at the hospital.” J.A. 141.

               After Hamstead was discharged from the hospital, Trooper Walker took her to the

        nearby State Police Barracks and made her sit on a cold metal chair while he sat at his desk

        singing “sex songs,” eating food, and making “strange noises behind his desk[] until he

        decided it was time to ‘call the Magistrate.’” J.A. 144. During the drive to the Magistrate

        Court, he again did not fasten her seat belt and subjected her to a “rough ride” by driving

        at reckless speeds. Id. He also allegedly touched her knee in a sexually harassing manner.

               Once before the Magistrate, Trooper Walker presented a Criminal Complaint

        charging Hamstead with three misdemeanors under West Virginia law: disorderly conduct,

        obstructing an officer, and destruction of property. The Magistrate found probable cause

        for each charge, but released Hamstead on her personal recognizance. At a later bench trial,

        the Magistrate found her guilty of disorderly conduct and obstruction, but acquitted her of

        the destruction of property charge.

               Hamstead appealed her convictions to the Circuit Court for Jefferson County, West

        Virginia. Before trial, however, Hamstead accepted the State’s offer to plead nolo

        contendere to the disorderly conduct charge in exchange for dismissing the obstruction

        charge. The circuit court judge accepted her plea, convicted her of the disorderly conduct

        offense, and imposed a fine and court costs as punishment.

                                                      B.

               Hamstead at first sued Trooper Walker and a host of other individuals, corporate

        entities, and governmental entities in West Virginia state court. Her First Amended

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        Complaint asserted these state law claims: malicious prosecution; abuse of process; battery;

        negligence; the tort of outrage (commonly known as intentional infliction of emotional

        distress); respondeat superior, negligent hiring, training, and supervision; and “Obstruction

        of Justice.” She also asserted myriad § 1983 claims against Trooper Walker, but only in

        his official capacity. Several defendants, with the consent of all others, removed the suit to

        federal court, invoking the court’s federal question jurisdiction.

               Upon Trooper Walker’s motion, the district court dismissed the First Amended

        Complaint with prejudice for failure to state a claim. So Hamstead moved to reopen the

        case and for leave to amend. The district court granted the motion in part, permitting her

        to refile the abuse of process, outrage, and all § 1983 claims so long as they were brought

        against Trooper Walker in his individual capacity. The court denied leave to amend for all

        other claims either because “they were not recognized causes of action or it was [already]

        determined Trooper Walker was entitled to qualified immunity.” J.A. 119.

               Trooper Walker then moved to dismiss Hamstead’s Second Amended Complaint,

        which the district court granted in part. Relevant here, it dismissed the abuse of process

        claim and several § 1983 claims, but it permitted three claims to proceed to discovery: (1)

        an excessive use of force claim under § 1983; (2) an unlawful search and seizure claim

        under § 1983; and (3) the state law outrage claim.

               After discovery, Trooper Walker moved for summary judgment as to all three

        claims and Hamstead cross-moved for summary judgment only as to the unlawful search

        and seizure claim. In a thorough and well-reasoned opinion, the district court granted

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        summary judgment to Trooper Walker in toto, finding that Hamstead largely produced no

        admissible evidence that could create a genuine issue of material fact for trial.

               Hamstead timely noted an appeal. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

                                                     II.

               We begin with Hamstead’s appeal of those claims dismissed at the pleading stage:

        her state law malicious prosecution and abuse of process claims; and her § 1983 claims of

        retaliatory arrest and deprivations of her due process rights under the Fourteenth

        Amendment. We review the district court’s dismissal orders de novo. Wag More Dogs,

        LLC, 680 F.3d at 364. At the Rule 12(b)(6) stage, Hamstead needed to allege sufficient

        facts to “nudge [her] claims across the line from conceivable to plausible.” Id. at 365

        (cleaned up). As explained below, Hamstead failed to do so for each challenged claim.

                                                     A.

               Two of the claims dismissed at the pleading stage––Hamstead’s state law malicious

        prosecution claim and her retaliatory arrest claim brought under § 1983––required her to

        allege that Trooper Walker arrested her without probable cause. See Reichle v. Howards,

        566 U.S. 658, 664–65 (2012) (explaining that a police officer is entitled to qualified

        immunity from a retaliatory arrest claim brought under § 1983 because the Supreme Court

        “has never recognized a First Amendment right to be free from a retaliatory arrest that is

        supported by probable cause”); Syl. Pt. 1, Goodwin v. City of Shepherdstown, 825 S.E.2d

        363, 364 (W. Va. 2019) (listing as an element of a malicious prosecution claim that the

        prosecution be initiated “without probable cause”). We agree with the district court that

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        Hamstead’s conviction of disorderly conduct arising from her nolo contendere plea

        precluded her from relitigating whether probable cause existed to arrest her for that offense,

        though for slightly different reasons. See United States v. Smith, 395 F.3d 516, 519 (4th

        Cir. 2005) (“We are not limited to evaluation of the grounds offered by the district court to

        support its decision, but may affirm on any grounds apparent from the record.”).

               The district court correctly found that it could take judicial notice of the fact that

        Hamstead was convicted of disorderly conduct, and that Federal Rule of Evidence 410

        would permit that fact to be admitted into evidence at trial. See, e.g., Olsen v. Correiro,

        189 F.3d 52, 62 (1st Cir. 1999). While the district court further found that Rule 410 would

        allow a factfinder to infer from that conviction that Trooper Walker had probable cause to

        arrest her, we need not go so far. Rather, under West Virginia law, the criminal judgment

        against Hamstead precludes her from relitigating probable cause, and federal statutory law

        requires us to give her criminal judgment that same issue-preclusive effect in this case.

               Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1738, federal courts must afford the same issue or claim-

        preclusive effect to a state court judgment that a state court would afford. Marrese v. Am.

        Acad. of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 470 U.S. 373, 380–81 (1985); see 28 U.S.C. § 1738. In

        doing so, we first “must look to state law to determine the preclusive effect of the state

        court judgment.” In re Genesys Data Techs., Inc., 204 F.3d 124, 128 (4th Cir. 2000).

        Second, if the state would afford issue- or claim-preclusive effect to the judgment, we

        “must determine if Congress created an exception to § 1738.” Id.

               Applying that analytical framework, first, the West Virginia Supreme Court of

        Appeals’ case law establishes that a conviction arising from a nolo contendere plea

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        precludes a civil rights plaintiff from arguing her arrest was not supported by probable

        cause. That court has held that all convictions––“whether as a result of a plea of guilty[ or]

        nolo contendere, or . . . [after a trial]”––“stand on the same footing.” West Virginia v. Evans,

        508 S.E.2d 606, 610 (W. Va. 1998) (citation omitted). The court elaborated on the issue-

        preclusive effect of such a judgment in clear terms: “A judgment of conviction . . . is

        conclusive evidence of probable cause for believing the accused guilty of the offense

        charged to him, unless the conviction was procured by fraud[.]” Jarvis v. W. Va. State

        Police, 711 S.E.2d 542, 551 (W. Va. 2010) (emphasis added) (citation omitted). Thus, a

        West Virginia court would have precluded Hamstead from relitigating probable cause had

        this suit remained in state court. 1 Cf. Hamstead v. Harvey, No. 21-0410, 2022 WL 856610,

        at *6 (W. Va. Mar. 23, 2022) (holding that Hamstead was precluded from relitigating

        probable cause in a civil suit arising out of the April 25 incident). And Congress has not

        directed an exception to § 1738’s command when adjudicating claims brought under 42

        U.S.C. § 1983, see Allen v. McCurry, 449 U.S. 90, 96–98 (1980), or state law, see Kremer

        v. Chem. Constr. Corp., 456 U.S. 461, 481–82 (1982). Thus, Hamstead is precluded from

        relitigating probable cause as to the disorderly conduct offense. We therefore affirm the

               1
                Hamstead has not alleged that her “conviction was procured by fraud.” Jarvis, 711
        S.E.2d at 551. She claimed her arrest was procured through the fabrication of evidence, but
        she never alleged that her conviction––which arose from her decision to plead nolo
        contendere––was procured by fraud. See Stephens v. DeGiovanni, 852 F.3d 1298, 1320
        (11th Cir. 2017) (holding that a civil plaintiff who pleaded nolo contendere to and was
        convicted of an offense was precluded from relitigating probable cause under Florida law,
        which mirrors West Virginia law, because he did not allege that “he was coerced into
        pleading nolo contendere by any means”).
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        dismissal of her § 1983 retaliatory arrest claim, and of the state law malicious prosecution

        claim to the extent it was premised upon that offense. 2

               In cases in which an individual was arrested for multiple violations of state law,

        some courts hold that an officer’s probable cause to arrest the individual for one offense

        does not preclude a subsequent malicious prosecution claim as to the other offenses of

        arrest. See, e.g., Williams v. Aguirre, 965 F.3d 1147, 1160–62 (11th Cir. 2020). We need

        not decide if that is an accurate statement of West Virginia law because, even if it were,

        we conclude for the reasons stated by the district court that Hamstead’s First Amended

        Complaint failed to plausibly allege all of the required elements for a malicious prosecution

        claim. J.A. 99–100; see Syl. Pt. 1, Goodwin, 825 S.E.2d at 368 (listing all of the elements).

        We therefore affirm the district court’s dismissal of this count in its entirety.

                                                      B.

               Next, Hamstead challenges the dismissal of her claim that Trooper Walker’s failure

        to preserve the bodycam and dashcam footage from April 25 constituted a violation of her

        due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. For the spoliation of evidence to

        constitute a due process violation, Hamstead was required to first allege that the bodycam

        and dashcam footage was “material,” in that it possessed “exculpatory value that was

        apparent before [it] was destroyed, and [was] of such a nature that [she was] unable to

        obtain comparable evidence by other reasonably available means.” California v. Trombetta,

               2
                While the district court did not rely upon Hamstead’s conviction to dismiss her
        malicious prosecution claim from her First Amended Complaint, again, we “may affirm on
        any grounds apparent from the record.” Smith, 395 F.3d at 519.
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        467 U.S. 479, 489 (1984). We agree with the district court that Hamstead failed to allege

        materiality because she could have obtained comparable evidence by other readily

        available means. That is, she could have called the construction workers, Trooper Walker,

        and the other police officers present at the scene to testify at trial and cross-examine them

        about the events that Trooper Walker’s bodycam and dashcam may have recorded. See

        United States v. Parker, 72 F.3d 1444, 1452 (10th Cir. 1995); United States v. Matthews,

        373 F. App’x 386, 390–91 (4th Cir. 2010). Thus, this claim was properly dismissed. 3

                                                     C.

               Finally, Hamstead brought an abuse of process claim under West Virginia law,

        which “[g]enerally . . . consists of the willful or malicious misuse or misapplication of

        lawfully issued process to accomplish some purpose not intended or warranted by that

        process.” Syl. Pt. 2, Wayne Cty. Bank v. Hodges, 338 S.E.2d 202, 202–03 (W. Va. 1985)

        (citations omitted). She claimed that Trooper Walker abused the legal process by filing the

        charges against her based upon false evidence and with the intent to cover up his excessive

        use of force in arresting her. We affirm the dismissal of this claim because Hamstead did

        not allege “that Trooper Walker used the judicial process for an improper purpose after he

        filed the criminal complaint against her.” J.A. 203; see Preiser v. MacQueen, 352 S.E.2d

        22, 28 n.8 (W. Va. 1985) (explaining that a defendant cannot be held liable for abuse of

               3
                 Hamstead also challenged the dismissal of a second due process claim, which
        alleged Trooper Walker fabricated evidence as a post-hoc justification for her arrest. But
        she waived appellate review of this claim by providing no developed legal argument in her
        Opening Brief to support it. See, e.g., Grayson O. Co. v. Agadir Int’l LLC, 856 F.3d 307,
        316 (4th Cir. 2017) (“A party waives an argument by . . . failing to develop its argument–
        –even if its [opening] brief takes a passing shot at the issue.” (cleaned up)).
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        process if he “has done nothing more than carry out the process to its authorized conclusion,

        even though with bad intentions” (emphasis added) (citations omitted)).

                                                    III.

               As noted earlier, three of Hamstead’s claims proceeded to discovery: (1) excessive

        use of force under § 1983; (2) unlawful search and seizure under § 1983; and (3) the tort

        of outrage under West Virginia common law. Having reviewed the district court’s

        summary judgment order de novo in accordance with the framework of review that Federal

        Rule of Civil Procedure 56 demands, see Jacobs v. N.C. Admin. Off. of the Cts., 780 F.3d

        562, 568–69 (4th Cir. 2015) (detailing that framework), we agree with the district court

        that Trooper Walker was entitled to summary judgment as to each claim.

                                                     A.

               Hamstead’s excessive use of force claim relied largely on her accusations that

        Trooper Walker “smashed the right side of her face into [the] work truck” and then

        “slammed [her] face down into the ground.” J.A. 135–36. But Hamstead “present[ed] no

        evidence to support her allegation[s],” J.A. 1019, “not even . . . her own sworn testimony,”

        J.A. 1022. A nonmoving party cannot rely upon accusation alone to create a genuine issue

        of material fact. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1), (e); see also Hodgin v. UTC Fire & Sec. Ams.

        Corp., 885 F.3d 243, 252 (4th Cir. 2018) (“[The nonmoving] party must produce evidence

        that goes beyond conclusory or speculative allegations and relies on more than a mere

        scintilla evidence to withstand summary judgment.” (cleaned up)).

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               The undisputed record evidence showed that throughout the incident, Hamstead was

        “irate” and “yelling and screaming profanity.” J.A. 272, 280. Trooper Walker told her

        several times she could not intervene in the other officers’ interviews of the construction

        workers present on the scene, and he admitted to having told her to “shut up.” But

        Hamstead continued in her efforts to intervene. When Trooper Walker again tried to stop

        her from doing so, and told her she needed to “shut [her] mouth,” Hamstead responded,

        “Arrest me, go ahead, just arrest me.” J.A. 277, 289–90. So he did, believing he had

        probable cause to do so for disorderly conduct and obstruction. But Hamstead resisted his

        efforts at every turn, “swatt[ing]” away Trooper Walker’s hands and “kicking and hollering

        and screaming” while trying to “pull[] away from him.” J.A. 278, 281. To aid his efforts,

        the undisputed evidence showed that Trooper Walker “put her up against the truck” for

        leverage, and when that failed, he “put her on the ground,” which was ultimately successful.

        J.A. 290. 4

               Having reviewed the Graham factors, we agree with the district court that Trooper

        Walker’s use of efficient means to bring about Hamstead’s arrest––even though she

               4
                 For the first time on appeal, Hamstead points to an affidavit she prepared for her
        state criminal trial in 2017 that contains some assertions arguably contradicting the above-
        outlined facts. See J.A. 938–49. Hamstead did not provide that affidavit to the district court
        even though it existed long before she filed her opposition to Trooper Walker’s summary
        judgment motion. She therefore cannot now rely on that affidavit to demonstrate the
        presence of a genuine issue of material fact. “Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(e),
        if [Hamstead] wanted certain evidence considered in opposition of [Trooper Walker’s]
        summary judgment motion, [she] was required to point it out to the district court.” Brown
        v. Flowers, 196 F. App’x 178, 182 (4th Cir. 2006); accord, e.g., Whitlock v. Duke Univ.,
        829 F.2d 1340, 1343 (4th Cir. 1987) (rejecting the plaintiff’s request to consider for the
        first time on appeal evidence that he had access to, but did not submit to the district court,
        when opposing the defendants’ motion for summary judgment).
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        incurred minor injuries as a result––was objectively reasonable. See Graham v. Connor,

        490 U.S. 386, 395–97 (1989) (explaining that an officer is entitled to qualified immunity

        from an excessive use of force claim under § 1983 if his use of force was objectively

        reasonable, and setting forth the factors guiding that reasonableness analysis); Pegg v.

        Herrnberger, 845 F.3d 112, 120 (4th Cir. 2017) (“An efficient, lawful arrest of a resisting

        suspect that causes the suspect to suffer only de minimis injuries does not constitute

        excessive force.”). He is therefore entitled to qualified immunity from this claim and, in

        turn, summary judgment.

                                                     B.

               Hamstead’s unlawful search and seizure claim arising under § 1983 concerned

        Trooper Walker’s seizure of her driver’s license. According to her allegations, he either

        seized the license himself or ordered one of the construction workers at the site to seize it

        from her car without probable cause. During discovery, Trooper Walker acknowledged

        that at one point he had Hamstead’s license, but he could not recall how he came into

        possession of it. He added that the last time he saw Hamstead’s license was on his desk,

        but he again could not explain its disappearance. No other witness from the April 25

        incident, including Hamstead, could explain how Trooper Walker came into possession of

        her license or how the license was lost.

               The only evidence Hamstead presented was an affidavit she wrote that purported to

        explain how Trooper Walker obtained her license, how he lost it, and his motivations for

        losing it. As the district court correctly found, those statements were inadmissible as lay

        witness opinions because they were neither founded upon her personal observations nor

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        grounded in any record evidence. J.A. 1026–32; see United States v. Perkins, 470 F.3d 150,

        156 (4th Cir. 2006) (“[S]peculative opinion testimony by lay witnesses––i.e., testimony

        not based upon the witness’s perception––is generally considered inadmissible.”).

               All told, then, there is no record evidence that would permit a reasonable juror to

        conclude that Trooper Walker either (a) directed or condoned an allegedly unlawful search

        of Hamstead’s purse for her license, see Presley v. City of Charlottesville, 464 F.3d 480,

        487 (4th Cir. 2006); or (b) intentionally deprived Hamstead of some cognizable property

        interest in her license, see Pink v. Lester, 52 F.3d 73, 75 (4th Cir. 1995) (“[N]egligent

        deprivations of . . . property are not actionable under [§ 1983].”). We therefore affirm the

        district court’s holding that Trooper Walker was entitled to qualified immunity from this

        claim and its ultimate award of summary judgment to him.

                                                     C.

               Finally, Hamstead argued that the totality of Trooper Walker’s conduct on April 25

        was outrageous and caused her severe emotional harm. Under West Virginia law, the tort

        of outrage requires, among other things, proof that the defendant’s conduct was “atrocious,

        intolerable, and so extreme and outrageous as to exceed the bounds of decency.” Loudin v.

        Nat’l Liab. & Fire Ins., 716 S.E.2d 696, 705 (W. Va. 2011) (citations omitted). The conduct

        at issue must be both objectively and subjectively outrageous. Hatfield v. Health Mgmt.

        Assocs. of W. Va., 672 S.E.2d 395, 404 (W. Va. 2008). Whether a defendant’s conduct is

        objectively outrageous is a question of law for the court to decide. Id.

               We agree with the district court that, even when reading the evidence in the light

        most favorable to Hamstead, Trooper Walker’s conduct on April 25 was not objectively

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        outrageous. The only allegations that Hamstead substantiated at the summary judgment

        stage were that Trooper Walker told her to shut up and to not “act like an ass” at the hospital,

        J.A. 296; drove her in his cruiser without buckling her seat belt; made her listen to rock

        and country music with sometimes suggestive lyrics; and ate food at his desk while she sat

        in front of him in a cold metal chair in the barracks. 5 This conduct was, at most, “annoying,

        harmful of [Hamstead’s] . . . expectations, uncivil, mean-spirited, or negligent,” but that

        does not an outrage claim make. Courtney v. Courtney, 413 S.E.2d 418, 423 (W. Va. 1991);

        see Pegg, 845 F.3d at 122 (collecting West Virginia cases showing the type of conduct that

        supports an outrage claim).

                                                     IV.

               For these reasons, the judgment of the district court is

                                                                                         AFFIRMED.

               5
                 As the district court explained, no reasonable jury could believe Hamstead’s claim
        that the police officers and construction workers “conspired” to fabricate evidence and
        procure false charges against her. J.A. 1044–47; see Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380
        (2007) (explaining that summary judgment is appropriate when one party’s story “is
        blatantly contradicted by the record[] so that no reasonable jury could believe it”).
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