Court Opinion

ID: 4104554
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-12-05 21:06:57.154201+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:01:41.327902
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

CHICAGO BRIDGE & IRON                    )
COMPANY N.V.,                            )
                                         )
                   Plaintiff,            )
                                         )
      v.                                 )   C.A. No. 12585-VCL
                                         )
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC                    )
COMPANY LLC and WSW                      )
ACQUISITION CO., LLC,                    )
                                         )
                   Defendants.           )

                            MEMORANDUM OPINION

                          Date Submitted: November 7, 2016
                           Date Decided: December 5, 2016

David E. Ross, Garrett B. Moritz, ROSS ARONSTAM & MORITZ LLP, Wilmington,
Delaware; Jonathan M. Moses, Kevin S. Schwartz, Andrew J.H. Cheung, Cecilia A. Glass,
Bita Assad, WACHTELL, LIPTON, ROSEN & KATZ, New York, New York; Attorneys
for Plaintiff Chicago Bridge & Iron Company N.V.

Kevin G. Abrams, John M. Seaman, Daniel R. Ciarrocki, April M. Ferraro, ABRAMS &
BAYLISS LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Peter N. Wang, Yonaton Aronoff, Douglas S.
Heffer, Alisha L. McCarthy, FOLEY & LARDNER LLP, New York, New York; Attorneys
for Defendants Westinghouse Electric Company LLC and WSW Acquisition Co., LLC.

LASTER, Vice Chancellor.
      Chicago Bridge & Iron Company N.V. (the “Seller”) sold a subsidiary to an

acquisition vehicle controlled by Westinghouse Electric Company LLC (the “Buyer”). The

transaction was governed by a purchase agreement dated October 27, 2015 (the “Purchase

Agreement” or “PA”). The purchase price consisted of $0 at closing, subject to (i) a post-

closing purchase price adjustment and (ii) potential deferred consideration and earnout

payments.

      The Purchase Agreement contains a dispute resolution mechanism for resolving

disagreements over the purchase price adjustment. The Seller started using the dispute

resolution mechanism, then shifted course and filed this lawsuit. The Buyer has moved for

judgment on the pleadings, arguing that the dispute resolution mechanism establishes a

mandatory path for resolving the parties’ disagreements. This decision grants the Buyer’s

motion.

                         I.     FACTUAL BACKGROUND

      The facts are drawn from the pleadings and the documents they incorporate by

reference. The standard for a motion for judgment on the pleadings calls for drawing all

reasonable inferences in favor of the non-movant. In this case, the standard has little

practical effect, because the plain language of the Purchase Agreement controls.

A.    The Parties Enter Into The Purchase Agreement.

      The Buyer designs nuclear power plants. Through its former subsidiary, CB&I

Stone & Webster, Inc. (the “Company”), the Seller built nuclear power plants.

      In 2008, the Buyer and the Company were hired to design and build two nuclear

power plants. During regulatory review, the Buyer was forced to make changes to the

                                            1
design. The projects suffered delays and severe cost overruns, and disagreements arose

over who bore responsibility. From 2012 through 2015, various participants in the projects

litigated against each other over these issues.

       In summer 2015, the Seller and the Buyer agreed to resolve their part of the dispute

by having the Buyer acquire the Company. They memorialized their deal in the Purchase

Agreement.

B.     The Terms Of The Purchase Agreement

       The Purchase Agreement provided for a purchase price at closing of $0, subject to

a post-closing adjustment and with the prospect of deferred payments in the future. In

exchange, the Buyer agreed to assume all of the Company’s current and potential liabilities,

including any liabilities that might arise from the cost overruns.

       The purchase price provision was complex. Section 1.2(a) of the Purchase

Agreement stated:

       (a) The aggregate consideration for the purchase of the Transferred
       Equity Interests shall be an amount in cash equal to:

              (i)   (A) $0, less (B) the Closing Indebtedness Amount, (C) (x) if
       the amount of the Target Net Working Capital Amount exceeds the Net
       Working Capital Amount, less the amount by which the Target Net Working
       Capital Amount exceeds the Net Working Capital Amount and (y) if the Net
       Working Capital Amount exceeds the Target Net Working Capital Amount,
       plus the amount by which the Net Working Capital Amount exceeds the
       Target Net Working Capital Amount, less (D) the Company Transaction
       Expenses (the amount resulting from the calculation in this Section 1.2(a)(i),
       the “Closing Date Purchase Price”); plus

              (ii)     any Deferred Purchase Price that becomes due and payable to
       [the Seller] . . . ; plus

             (iii) any Net Proceeds Earnout Amounts that become due and
       payable to [the Seller] . . . ; plus

                                              2
              (iv) any Milestone Payments that become due and payable to [the
      Seller] . . . (together with the Closing Date Purchase Price, Deferred Purchase
      Price and Net Proceeds Earnout Amounts, the “Aggregate Purchase Price”).

PA § 1.2(a). Under this framework, the adjustments in Section 1.2(a)(i) affected the

calculation of the purchase price as of closing and generated the Closing Date Purchase

Price. The Deferred Purchase Price, the Net Proceeds Earnout Amounts, and the Milestone

Payments constituted deferred consideration that might be received over time. For

simplicity, this decision refers to the former as the “Closing Date Adjustment” and the

latter as the “Earnout Amounts.” These are labels of convenience and do not alter the

treatment of the amounts under the Purchase Agreement.

      The Purchase Agreement capped the Earnout Amounts. That cap was tied in part to

the Closing Date Adjustment. See PA § 11.1 (definition of “Sharing Band,” definition of

“Net Proceeds Earnout Increase Amount”). The Purchase Agreement did not, however, cap

the Closing Date Adjustment.

      The magnitude of the Closing Date Adjustment could be quite large. The Purchase

Agreement defined the Target Net Working Capital Amount as $1.174 billion. It then

called for the purchase price to be adjusted based on the Net Working Capital Amount so

that the Company would have that amount of cash on its books as of closing. Assuming

the other elements of the formula remained constant, this meant that if the Net Working

Capital Amount was less than the Target Net Working Capital Amount, the Seller had to

pay the Buyer the difference. PA § 1.4(g). If the Net Working Capital Amount was zero,

then the Seller would have to pay the Buyer $1.174 billion. But the calculation was

                                            3
reciprocal, so if the Company had more cash on its books than the Target Net Working

Capital Amount, then the Buyer would pay the difference to the Seller.

      The Purchase Agreement implemented the resolution of the parties’ disputes

through a broad mutual release, which extends to “any and all rights, defenses, claims or

causes of action . . . known and unknown, foreseen and unforeseen, arising prior to or on

the Closing” that the parties had or “may have in the future” against one another. PA §

12.18. The mutual release does not “limit[] the rights of [the Buyer] or the Company . . .

under [the Purchase] Agreement.” Id.

      The parties signed the Purchase Agreement on October 27, 2015. They agreed to a

closing date of December 31, 2015. Between June 30, 2015 and closing, the Seller

contributed approximately $1 billion to the Company to fund ongoing work on the projects.

C.    The Closing Date Adjustment

      As the closing approached, the Seller prepared the Closing Payment Statement,

which had to include a “good faith estimate” of an “Estimated Closing Date Purchase

Price.” PA § 1.4(a). The Closing Payment Statement had to be prepared in accordance with

generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and a set of “Agreed Principles”

identified in Schedule 11.1(a) to the Purchase Agreement. Id. § 1.4(f). On December 28,

2015, the Seller provided the Buyer with a Closing Payment Statement that included an

Estimated Net Working Capital Amount of $1,601,805,000. The Seller’s estimate

exceeded the Target Net Working Capital Amount and suggested a payment from the

Buyer to the Seller of approximately $428 million.

                                            4
       After closing, the Buyer was obligated to provide the Seller with a “Closing

Statement” setting forth the Buyer’s “good faith calculations” of the “Closing Date

Purchase Price.” PA § 1.4(b). The Closing Statement also had to be prepared in accordance

with GAAP and the Agreed Principles. Id. § 1.4(f). On April 28, 2016, the Buyer presented

the Seller with its Closing Statement. The Buyer calculated the Net Working Capital

Amount at closing as negative $976,500,000. This figure was dramatically less than the

Target Net Working Capital Amount and suggested a payment from the Seller to the Buyer

of approximately $2.15 billion.

       The wide gap stemmed from four changes that the Buyer made to the Seller’s

Closing Payment Statement. First, the Buyer reduced by 30% an outstanding receivable on

the Company’s balance sheet called the “claim cost.” The claim cost asset represented

“costs incurred and paid for by the Company for items that would be presented for recovery

from either the project owners or the Buyer as a matter of contractual entitlement or as

claims for overruns for which the Company was not responsible.” Compl. ¶ 29. The Buyer

asserted that the Seller’s estimate of “100 percent collectability” violated GAAP.

       Second, the Buyer adjusted the claim cost receivable to reflect the cost of the design

changes that were mandated during regulatory review. The Buyer established a reserve for

these costs and deducted the amount of the reserve from the Seller’s Closing Payment

Statement.

       Third, the Buyer increased by 30% the estimates of the cost to complete the projects.

The Buyer made this adjustment because it believed that the projects would cost $3.2

billion more to complete than the Seller had initially predicted.

                                             5
       Fourth, the Buyer claimed that the Seller had violated GAAP by omitting a liability

of $432 million that related to the Seller’s acquisition of the Company. The Buyer deducted

this amount.

D.     The Seller Disputes The Buyer’s Closing Date Adjustment.

       Once the Buyer submitted the Closing Statement, the Seller had sixty days to raise

any objections. If the Seller did not raise any timely objections, the Closing Statement

would become “final, conclusive, binding and non-appealable.” Id.

       If submitted, the Seller’s objections would trigger the dispute resolution mechanism

in Section 1.4 of the Purchase Agreement. It required that the Buyer and the Seller negotiate

for thirty days “in good faith” in an effort to resolve the objections. PA § 1.4(c). If the

parties were unsuccessful, then either could submit to “[an] Independent Auditor for review

and resolution in accordance with the terms and provisions hereof, any and all matters that

remain in dispute with respect to the Objections Statement, the Closing Statement and the

calculations set forth therein.” Id. The Purchase Agreement provided that the

determinations of the Independent Auditor were “final, conclusive, binding, non-

appealable and incontestable by the parties hereto and each of their respective Affiliates

and successors and permitted assigns, and . . . [shall] not be subject to dispute for any

reason other than manifest error or fraud.” Id.

       The Purchase Agreement provided that if either party invoked the Independent

Auditor process, then it became mandatory and the parties were required to “use their

commercially reasonable best efforts to cause the Independent Auditor to resolve all such

                                             6
disputes as soon as practicable . . . .” Id. Section 1.4(c) characterized the Independent

Auditor as an “expert and not . . . an arbitrator.” It further stated that

       [i]n resolving any disputed item, the Independent Auditor may not assign a
       value to any item greater than the highest value for such item claimed by
       either [the Buyer] or [the Seller] or less than the lowest value for such item
       claimed by either [the Buyer] or [the Seller]. The Independent Auditor’s
       determinations shall be based solely on written submissions by [the Buyer]
       and [the Seller] that are in accordance with the applicable guidelines and
       procedures set forth herein . . . and on the definitions included herein.

Id. § 1.4(c).

       After the Buyer presented the Seller with its Closing Statement on April 28, 2016,

the Buyer and the Seller agreed to extend the Seller’s sixty-day objections period. During

that time, the Seller raised several objections to the Buyer’s calculations. The Buyer and

the Seller’s discussions regarding the objections continued into the summer.

E.     This Litigation

        On July 21, 2016, shortly before the expiration of the extension to the objections

period, the Seller filed this action against the Buyer. The Seller’s complaint asserts two

counts for declaratory relief. Count I contends that the Buyer’s calculation of the Closing

Date Adjustment breached the express terms of the Purchase Agreement. Count II contends

that the Buyer’s calculation of the Closing Date Adjustment breached the implied covenant

of good faith and fair dealing that inheres in the Purchase Agreement.

       The gist of the Seller’s theory is that other provisions in the Purchase Agreement

foreclose the Buyer from making adjustments to items that appeared on the Company’s

balance sheet or adding liabilities with the avowed goal of complying with GAAP. The

                                                7
Seller observes that in Section 2.6(a) of the Purchase Agreement, the Seller made the

following representation:

       2.6   Financial Statements.

              (a)    [The Seller] has delivered to [the Buyer] the financial
      statements of the Company and its Subsidiaries (adjusted to reflect the
      Business) included as Schedule 2.6(a) of the Seller Disclosure Schedule
      (collectively, the “Financial Statements”). The Financial Statements have
      been prepared in accordance with GAAP, except as otherwise indicated and
      subject to normal and recurring year-end adjustments (which are not material
      to the Business) and the absence of footnotes. The Financial Statements fairly
      present, in all material respects, the financial position and results of
      operations of the Company and its consolidated Subsidiaries (adjusted to
      reflect the Business), as applicable, as of the dates, and for the periods,
      indicated therein.

      ...

              (e)     There are no Liabilities of the Company or any of its
      Subsidiaries, whether accrued, absolute, determined or contingent, except for
      (i) Liabilities disclosed and provided for in the balance sheets included in the
      Financial Statements, (ii) Liabilities incurred in accordance with or in
      connection with this Agreement, (iii) Liabilities incurred in the Ordinary
      Course of Business since June 30, 2015 and (iv) Liabilities that have not had
      and would not be reasonably likely to have, individually or in the aggregate,
      a Material Adverse Effect. None of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries
      maintains any “off-balance sheet arrangement” within the meaning of Item
      303 of Regulation S-K of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

PA § 2.6. In other words, the Seller represented that the Company’s financial statements

complied with GAAP and that the Company had no undisclosed liabilities.

      The Seller next observes that in Section 10.1 of the Purchase Agreement, the parties

agreed that the Seller’s representations and warranties would not survive closing:

      . . . [N]one of the representations, warranties, covenants . . . or agreements
      set forth in this Agreement or any in any certificate, statement or instrument
      delivered pursuant to this Agreement, including any rights arising out of any
      breach of such representations, warranties, covenants or agreements, shall
      survive the Closing (and there shall be no liability for monetary damages

                                             8
       after the Closing in respect thereof); provided that this Section 10.1 shall not
       . . . relieve either party for liability in respect of actual fraud.

Id. § 10.1. The Seller contends that by agreeing to Section 10.1, the Buyer gave up its post-

closing right to challenge any of the figures in its financial statements as non-GAAP

compliant, whether that challenge takes the form of a claim for indemnification, a suit for

breach of representations and warranties, or any other process. The Seller believes that the

Buyer is attempting to circumvent this commitment through the Closing Date Adjustment.

       The Buyer recognizes that it has taken the position that the Seller’s estimates on the

Closing Payment Statement were not GAAP compliant. It also recognizes that the Seller

made the representations in Sections 2.6(a) and (e) and that the survival period for

enforcing those representations has lapsed. But the Buyer insists that it did not give up its

right to raise issues of GAAP compliance during the Closing Date Adjustment process.

The Buyer contends that the Closing Date Adjustment is a separate mechanism that

independently contemplates GAAP compliance. The Buyer cites Section 1.4(f) of the

Purchase Agreement, which states:

       Each of the Closing Payment Statement and the Closing Statement shall be
       (i) in a format substantially similar to the sample calculation with respect to
       Net Working Capital Amount attached to this Agreement as Schedule 1.4(f),
       it being understood that in the event of an inconsistency between such
       illustrative calculation and the Agreed Principles, the Agreed Principles will
       prevail; (ii) prepared and determined from the books and records of the
       Company and its Subsidiaries and in accordance with United States generally
       accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) applied on a consistent basis
       throughout the periods indicated and with the Agreed Principles; and (iii)
       consistent with the provisions of this Agreement relating to the parties’
       respective rights and obligations for the payment or reimbursement of costs
       and expenses.

                                              9
Id. § 1.4(f). The Buyer responds to the Seller’s contention about the no-survival provision

in Section 10.1 by citing Section 10.3, which explicitly carved out and preserved the

Closing Date Adjustment mechanism in Section 1.4(c). Section 10.3 states:

       This Article X shall not (i) operate to interfere with or impede the operation
       of the provisions of Section 1.4(c) providing for the resolution of certain
       disputes relating to the Final Purchase Price between the parties and/or by an
       Independent Auditor or (ii) limit the rights of the parties hereto to obtain an
       injunction or injunctions to prevent breaches of this Agreement, to enforce
       specifically the terms and provisions hereof or to obtain other equitable
       remedies with respect hereto.

Id. § 10.3.

       The Buyer has moved for judgment on the pleadings. The Buyer contends that

regardless of who is right about the disputes, they should be resolved by the Independent

Auditor. The Buyer asks that judgment be entered in its favor so that the parties can proceed

with the dispute resolution mechanism in the Purchase Agreement.

                              II.     LEGAL ANALYSIS

       A motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Rule 12(c) will be granted “only

when no material issue of fact exists and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of

law.” Desert Equities, Inc. v. Morgan Stanley Leveraged Equity Fund, II, L.P., 624 A.2d
1199, 1205 (Del. 1993). “In determining a motion under Court of Chancery Rule 12(c) for

judgment on the pleadings, a trial court is required to view the facts pleaded and the

inferences to be drawn from such facts in a light most favorable to the non-moving party.”

Id. (citation omitted).

       “Judgment on the pleadings . . . is a proper framework for enforcing unambiguous

contracts because there is no need to resolve material disputes of fact.” Lillis v. AT&T

                                             10
Corp., 904 A.2d 325, 329–30 (Del. Ch. 2006) (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted). An agreement is ambiguous if the “provisions in controversy are reasonably or

fairly susceptible of different interpretations or may have two or more different meanings.”

Rhone-Poulenc Basic Chems. v. Am. Motorists Ins., 616 A.2d 1192, 1196 (Del. 1992). “If

the contract’s meaning is unambiguous, the court must grant judgment on the pleadings in

favor of the moving party.” Lillis, 904 A.2d at 330.

       Two precedents deal with the scope of similar dispute resolution mechanisms and

shed light on whether the Purchase Agreement is unambiguous. In OSI Systems, Inc. v.

Instrumentarioum Corp., 892 A.2d 1086 (Del. Ch. 2006), a seller provided a post-closing

estimate of net working capital that was 3% below the target, and the buyer responded with

a post-closing calculation of working capital that was 54% below the target. Id. at 1088–

89. The difference between the statements depended on whether the seller’s initial estimate

was GAAP compliant. The parties disputed whether this was a question for an independent

accountant to resolve under the purchase price adjustment provision or a claim for breach

of a representation to be resolved under the agreement’s indemnification framework.

       Under the transaction agreement at issue in OSI, the seller was required to present a

“Reference Statement” estimating net working capital. The buyer’s subsequent calculation

had to use calculations in accordance with “Transaction Accounting Principles” established

by the agreement, “applied consistently with their application in . . . [the seller’s] Reference

Statement . . . .” Id. at 1087. The Transaction Accounting Principles required compliance

with GAAP. Id. at 1093. The seller expressly represented in the agreement that the

                                              11
Reference Statement was derived from financial statements that adhered to the Transaction

Accounting Principles and hence complied with GAAP. Id. at 1092.

       The transaction agreement provided that any claim for breach of the seller’s

representation regarding the GAAP compliance of the Reference Statement would be

decided by arbitration. The transaction agreement provided that any dispute over the

working capital calculations, however, would be decided using a dispute resolution

mechanism involving an independent accountant. Id. at 1088.

       Chief Justice Strine, then serving as a Vice Chancellor, construed the terms of the

dispute resolution mechanism narrowly and held that the independent accountant had not

been given authority to decide the question of GAAP compliance. Under the transaction

agreement, the independent accountant was empowered only to make a “final

determination, binding on the parties . . . , of the appropriate amount of each of the line

items in the Initial Modified Working Capital Statement as to which [seller] and [buyer]

disagree as set forth in the Notice of Disagreement.” Id. at 1088 (emphasis added). Chief

Justice Strine held that it would enlarge the independent accountant’s role beyond the

contractual delegation of authority to “involve[] the Independent Accounting Firm in an

entirely different and more ambitious role: that of determining that the Transaction

Accounting Principles used in the Reference Statement were not compliant with U.S.

GAAP.” Id. at 1091. In reaching this conclusion, he also noted that the representation

regarding GAAP compliance extended to the Reference Statement, which brought the

dispute over GAAP compliance within the scope of a claim for breach of a representation

or warranty. Id. at 1092.

                                            12
       More recently, in Alliant Techsystems, Inc. v. MidOcean Bushnell Holdings, L.P.,

2015 WL 1897659 (Del. Ch. Apr. 24, 2015), Chancellor Bouchard addressed a similar

issue but under a transaction agreement that called for a different result. As in OSI, the

Alliant transaction agreement contemplated a post-closing working capital adjustment

pursuant to which the seller and the buyer would exchange GAAP-compliant estimates and

calculations and any disputes would be resolved by an independent accountant. As in OSI,

the seller represented that its financial statements were GAAP compliant. As in OSI, the

buyer disputed in its calculations whether certain items on the seller’s working capital

estimate complied with GAAP. As in OSI, the seller argued that the buyer could not raise

GAAP compliance as part of the working capital adjustment and had to seek a remedy for

breach of representation. But unlike in OSI, the “sole remedy” provision in the Alliant

agreement’s breach of representation and warranty section stated that “nothing in this

sentence shall operate to interfere with or impede the operation of the provisions of” the

post-closing working capital adjustment procedure. Id. Also unlike OSI, the transaction

agreement in Alliant contained a separate provision that required the working capital

calculation to be GAAP compliant; it was not part of the representation and warranty

regarding the seller’s financial statements.

       In light of this language, Chancellor Bouchard held that issues of GAAP compliance

in connection with the purchase price adjustment should be resolved by the independent

accountant charged with addressing disputes about the working capital adjustment. The

Chancellor reasoned that so long as the seller used GAAP when submitting its good faith

estimate, then the buyer was obligated to use the same GAAP-compliant method. Id. at *8.

                                               13
But if the seller had not followed GAAP, then the buyer could put forward a GAAP-

complaint calculation. Id. Chancellor Bouchard held that any other construction would

require that the buyer use the seller’s methodology, even if it did not comply with GAAP,

thereby reading the words “calculated in accordance with GAAP” out of the definition of

net working capital.

       As in the current case, the Alliant agreement provided that the independent

accountant would act “as an expert and not as an arbitrator.” The seller argued that as in

OSI, this meant that its determinations should be limited to “pure mathematics” and should

not extend to determinations of GAAP compliance. Chancellor Bouchard rejected this

argument. He observed that courts in Delaware and elsewhere had already interpreted the

scope of similar provisions to encompass assessments of accounting methodology. Id. at

*10 n.74 (collecting cases). He also reasoned that “little, if any, accounting expertise would

be required simply to perform mathematical calculations,” and that if the parties truly

intended for the independent accountant to act as an “expert,” then they necessarily

contemplated that “the accounting firm will resolve the dispute as accountants do—by

examining the corporate books and applying normal accounting principles plus any special

definitions the parties have adopted . . . .” Id. at *10.

       In reaching this outcome, Chancellor Bouchard considered the different holding in

OSI. He distinguished that case based on the different contractual language in the Alliant

agreement which carved out the post-closing adjustment procedure from the

indemnification framework:

                                               14
       The inclusion of [the carve-out] confirms that the parties contemplated that
       there could be circumstances in which a claim covered by the
       indemnification provisions in Article IX also could be the subject of a dispute
       under the Purchase Price Adjustment Procedure governed by Section 2.4. If
       that were not the case, there would have been no reason to include [the carve-
       out] in Section 9.5.

Id. at *9.

       In this case, the Purchase Agreement tracks the Alliant agreement and contains

language that distinguishes this case from OSI. As in Alliant, the Closing Date Adjustment

provision requires that the Closing Payment Statement and the Closing Statement comply

with GAAP. As in Alliant and unlike in OSI, the Seller’s representation regarding the

Company’s financial statements being GAAP compliant did not encompass the Closing

Payment Statement. As in Alliant, the dispute resolution mechanism for the Closing Date

Adjustment provides that the Independent Auditor’s authority extends to “any and all

matters that remain in dispute with respect to the Objections Statement, the Closing

Statement and the calculations set forth therein.” This language is sufficiently broad to

encompass determinations about GAAP compliance. The Purchase Agreement also

contains a carve-out like the one found in Alliant. The survival provision that limits claims

for breaches of representations and warranties states that it “shall not (i) operate to interfere

with or impede the operation of the provisions of Section 1.4(c) providing for the resolution

of certain disputes relating to the Final Purchase Price between the parties and/or by an

Independent Auditor.” The controlling precedent is therefore Alliant, not OSI.

       In a final attempt to analogize this case to OSI, the Seller observes that the size of

the adjustment is potentially quite large, noting that Chief Justice Strine relied on the size

                                               15
of the dispute in OSI as one reason for holding that it should not be referred to the

independent accountant. The Purchase Agreement in this case, however, contains specific

language, absent from OSI, which establishes that the Independent Auditor has authority

to determine GAAP compliance. Moreover, the parties recognized that size could be an

issue for the price adjustments, and they expressly capped the Earnout Amounts. They

chose not to cap the Closing Date Adjustment. The potential size of the adjustment is

therefore not a reason to take the issue away from the Independent Auditor.

       The plain language of the Purchase Agreement thus establishes that the parties’

disputes over the Closing Date Adjustment are to be resolved by the Independent Auditor.

Judgment on the pleadings is granted in favor of the Buyer on the Seller’s claim for breach

of the express provisions of the Purchase Agreement.

       The Seller also has asserted a claim for breach of interstitial provisions to be found

in the Purchase Agreement using the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. “The

implied covenant will not infer language that contradicts a clear exercise of an express

contractual right.” Nemec v. Shrader, 991 A.2d 1120, 1127 (Del. 2010). Because the

Purchase Agreement addresses the matter, there is no gap for the implied covenant to fill.

Judgment on the pleadings is granted in favor of the Buyer on the Seller’s claim for breach

of the implied covenant.

                                III.     CONCLUSION

       The Buyer’s motion for judgment on the pleadings is granted. The parties’ disputes

over the Closing Date Adjustment are for the Independent Auditor to resolve.

                                             16