Court Opinion

ID: 4672828
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-30 17:00:43.885956+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:09.432278
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                       File Name: 21a0075p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                             ┐
 KENNETH A. NATHAN, Chapter 7 Trustee for the
                                                             │
 Bankruptcy Estate of Nicole Massey,
                                                             │
                                 Plaintiff - Appellant,       >        No. 20-1761
                                                             │
                                                             │
        v.                                                   │
                                                             │
 GREAT LAKES WATER AUTHORITY,                                │
                            Defendant-Appellee.              │
                                                             ┘

                          Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
                      No. 2:19-cv-10131—Paul D. Borman, District Judge.

                                     Argued: March 2, 2021

                               Decided and Filed: March 30, 2021

                 Before: GILMAN, GIBBONS, and SUTTON, Circuit Judges.

                                      _________________

                                            COUNSEL

ARGUED: Nanette L. Cortese, THE CORTESE LAW FIRM, Bingham Farms, Michigan, for
Appellant. Kay Rivest Butler, STARR, BUTLER, ALEXOPOULOS & STONER, PLLC,
Southfield, Michigan, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Nanette L. Cortese, THE CORTESE LAW
FIRM, Bingham Farms, Michigan, Scott P. Batey, BATEY LAW, Bingham Farms, Michigan,
for Appellant. Kay Rivest Butler, William R. Thomas, STARR, BUTLER, ALEXOPOULOS &
STONER, PLLC, Southfield, Michigan, for Appellee.

       GIBBONS, J. delivered the opinion of the court in which GILMAN and SUTTON, JJ.,
joined. GILMAN, J. (pp. 21–22), delivered a separate concurring opinion.
 No. 20-1761                 Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                         Page 2

                                      _________________

                                           OPINION
                                      _________________

       JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. This case involves numerous claims initiated
by Nicole Massey against her former employer, Great Lakes Water Authority. After Massey
filed bankruptcy proceedings, Kenneth Nathan, the Chapter 7 trustee of Massey’s bankruptcy
estate, was substituted as plaintiff. Nathan alleges that Great Lakes subjected Massey to a hostile
work environment through sexual harassment, retaliated against Massey for opposing sexual
harassment, and retaliated against Massey for taking leave guaranteed by the Family and Medical
Leave Act. The district court granted summary judgment to Great Lakes on each of Nathan’s
claims. We affirm.

                                                I.

       Nicole Massey began working for the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department as a
security guard in 2004. Massey alleges that she was harassed during her time at Detroit Water.
According to Massey, Massey’s supervisors and co-workers discussed “her medical condition”;
commented on “her weight, the size of her breast, her looks and body [odor]”; and referred to her
as the “Queen of FMLA.” DE 21-4, Human Rights Form, PageID 664. The Chief of Security,
Barnett Jones, had a female supervisor check to see if Massey was wearing a bra by putting her
hand inside Massey’s shirt in 2012. Another one of Massey’s supervisors, Sergeant Tonya
McNair, repeatedly denied Massey FMLA leave for Massey’s asthma.               On one occasion,
McNair’s denial of leave to Massey resulted in Massey’s hospitalization. McNair also refused to
grant a leave request after Massey started her period on the job and bled through her clothes,
which led to further harassment by McNair and Massey’s co-workers.

       In 2015, the City of Detroit contracted with Great Lakes Water Authority to replace
Detroit Water as the operator of the City’s water and sewer systems. Great Lakes “is not a
department or an agency of the City of Detroit. [It] is a separate legal entity and a separate
employer.” DE 15-1, Offer Ltr., PageID 479. To ensure a smooth transition from Detroit
Water, Great Lakes extended offers of employment to many of the Detroit Water employees.
 No. 20-1761                 Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                       Page 3

Massey and the other employees who accepted Great Lakes’ offer, including Jones and McNair,
were officially terminated from Detroit Water on December 31, 2015, and immediately re-hired
in their same positions by Great Lakes on January 1, 2016.

       A few months after starting at Great Lakes, Massey had a conversation with one of her
co-workers, Daniel Yarnall. During this conversation, Massey complained about McNair’s
refusal to grant Massey leave after she started her period and about her co-workers’ comments
making fun of the size of her breasts and calling her stinky and messy. Yarnall felt the
conversation was “inappropriate” for the workplace, so to “protect himself,” he wrote a letter to
management detailing his conversation with Massey. DE 21-8, Yarnall Investigation Rep.,
PageID 697–98. In response to Yarnall’s letter, McNair wrote to Jones and told him that she
would take disciplinary action against Massey for having an inappropriate conversation in the
workplace. The record suggests that Great Lakes did not investigate the substance of any of
Massey’s allegations, instead choosing to investigate Massey for possible harassment of Yarnall.

       In July 2016, McNair evaluated Massey’s performance as part of a yearly evaluation
process. During the evaluation meeting, McNair told Massey that she was going to give Massey
a score of 69 (presumably out of 100) because Massey’s uniform looked “sloppy” and because
Massey “needed a more supportive bra.” DE 21-2, Massey Dep., PageID 615–16. Around that
same time, one of Massey’s co-workers, Rachel Rice, also told Massey that Massey’s “breasts
were so big, it looked like [Massey] could trip over them.” Id. at 616.

       In September 2016, Massey was transferred to a different Great Lakes facility, which
meant that McNair was no longer her supervisor. After the transfer, Lieutenant Arnold Sheard
became Massey’s second-level supervisor and Sergeants Keith McLain and Ernest Stevenson
became her immediate supervisors.

       In June 2017, Sheard was conducting a uniform inspection, and he told Massey that she
looked “sloppy,” and that her breasts were “drooping.” Id. at 614. Then, in July, Sheard told
Massey that she “needed a more supportive bra.” Id. Sheard denies using the word bra but
admits to telling Massey that “perhaps she needed a garment that would assist her wearing a
shirt, wearing her vest under her shirt.” DE 14-14, Sheard Dep., PageID 300. When asked what
 No. 20-1761                 Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                     Page 4

he meant by the word garment, he responded: “I am married. My wife wears a number of
garments that will help support her to wear anything she wants to wear.” Id. at 300−01. Sheard
contends that this comment stemmed from his concern that Massey’s decision to wear her
bulletproof vest on top of her shirt obstructed access to her gun and taser because the vest
extended over her waist. Around the same time, Sheard also “joked” with Massey by saying,
“You’re fired, ha, ha I’m just playing.” DE 21-2, Massey Dep., PageID 618.

       At some point after Sheard became Massey’s supervisor (Massey does not remember
exactly when), Massey went to Vallorie Parks-Turner, a human resources generalist in the Great
Lakes HR department, and reported that she was being sexually harassed. Parks-Turner opened
an investigation into the harassment and spoke with witnesses. At the end of the investigation,
HR manager Terri Conerway had a conversation with Jones and Sheard “about how to better
communicate” with Massey. DE 14-13, Parks-Turner Dep., PageID 279.

       In September 2017, Massey’s co-workers laughed at her as she entered a meeting and
called her “sloppy.” DE 21-2, Massey Dep., PageID 628. One of the co-workers also said “I
wish the bitch would say something” as Massey took her seat. Id. Massey believes that the
laughter and the sloppy comment were in reference to her breasts. During that same meeting,
another co-worker told the class that Massey used FMLA leave too much, and the class started
clapping. After that meeting, Massey overheard Stevenson telling the co-worker who made the
FMLA comment: “Don’t worry, shortly we’ll be getting rid of her.” Id. A few weeks later,
Sheard told Massey that she was one minute late for work and that if she was one minute late
again, he would fire her.

       On October 29, 2017, Massey was driving a Great Lakes van around one of Great Lakes’
facilities to make sure the facility grounds were secure. Security footage shows that Massey’s
van did not have any visible front-end damage when she began her shift that day. But at 12:22
pm, security footage shows that the front end of Massey’s van was damaged. Massey was the
only person with access to the van between the start of her shift and 12:22 pm.

       Around 12:45 pm, Massey called one of her supervisors and reported that the heat in her
van was not working and that the van was leaking antifreeze. The supervisor instructed her to
 No. 20-1761                 Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                         Page 5

leave the van where it was and to fill out an incident report. Massey did so. Massey’s report
read: “I . . . observed temp gauge in vehicle 381006 was all the way on the H ‘hot’. Upon further
inspection I observed orange antifreeze leaking from the front of the vehicle. I then notified
Fusion D. Woodmore and Sgt. McLain immediately. Unknown as to when or why it began
leaking.” DE 14-29, Investigation File, PageID 353.

       Massey’s shift replacement, Nicholas Purcell, also wrote an incident report. In relevant
part, Purcell wrote:

       [I] went out to see if I could figure out ware [sic] the unit was leaking. I observed
       a coolant stain on the gravel pad in front of the vehicle, as well as new damage on
       the front of the vehicle. 1. front clip appears pulled out and away from fenders on
       both sides. 2. there is a bend in the A/C condenser lower left side.
       Vehicle appears to have been “run aground” on something like a parking breaker
       or railroad tie. A quick check of the area and just about ten feet directly in front
       of the vehicle are two railroad ties that appear to have been recently pushed a
       proximately [sic] one foot forward. I notified fusion officer, Barry Meeks of my
       findings and I am taking pictures as instructed. [V]ehicle is unusable as the
       heavily leaking radiator will cause the vehicle to overheat causing severe damage
       to the engine.

Id. at 354. Purcell later found a portion of the van’s front grill on the ground near some bent
rebar and a smashed traffic cone.

       The next day, a facilities manager inspected the vehicle and found “accident damage to
the front end of the van.” DE 14-27, Banka Email, PageID 340. Specifically, the “front bumper
cover [was] damaged and loose,” and “the radiator [had] been punctured and [was] leaking.” Id.
In light of this damage, the manager requested an accident report.

       Lieutenant Sheard opened an investigation into the damage to the van to determine
whether Massey had falsified her incident report by failing to report that she had been in an
accident. According to Massey, Sheard called her on November 1 asking about the damage to
the van. Massey told him that she “was unaware of any accident.” DE 21-2, Massey Dep.,
PageID 612. Throughout this litigation, Massey has continued to maintain that, while it is
possible that she was in an accident on October 29, she certainly was not aware that she had been
in an accident when she turned in her incident report.
 No. 20-1761                 Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                       Page 6

       On November 3, Massey underwent a previously scheduled breast-reduction surgery.
Massey elected to have this surgery because she was tired of being harassed about the size of her
breasts and because she was experiencing pain in her back and shoulders. Massey had been
making statements to co-workers for years that she wanted to have a breast-reduction surgery
because of harassment at work.

       Massey testified that she was approved for FMLA leave for this surgery from October 30
through November 17. However, there is no record that anyone at Great Lakes knew about her
FMLA leave for her surgery, and the only FMLA document in the record relates to Massey’s
approved intermittent leave for her asthma, not leave for a surgery.

       On November 15, Massey was called into a meeting with Jones, Stevenson, and another
lieutenant. The purpose of the meeting was to inform Massey that Sheard had determined that
she falsified her incident report. Pursuant to the Great Lakes employee handbook, falsifying an
incident report is a fireable offense.   In comparison, if Massey had truthfully reported an
accident, the worst punishment she would likely have faced would have been a suspension.
Upon the advice of her union representative, Massey refused to sign the corrective-action form
acknowledging wrongdoing during that meeting. Great Lakes then suspended Massey pending
discharge and officially terminated her employment on December 16, 2017.

       After she was fired, Massey filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission, alleging sexual harassment and retaliation. The EEOC issued a Right-to-Sue Letter
on November 7, 2018. Massey then filed suit in the Eastern District of Michigan alleging (1)
sexual harassment in violation of Title VII and the Michigan Elliot-Larsen Civil Rights Act
(“ELCRA”), (2) gender discrimination in violation of Title VII and the ELCRA, (3) retaliation
for opposing sexual harassment in violation of Title VII and the ELCRA, and (4) retaliation for
exercising her rights under the FMLA. After the suit was initiated, Massey filed for bankruptcy.

       Great Lakes filed a motion for summary judgment as to all of Nathan’s claims. The
district court granted Great Lakes’ motion in full. Nathan appealed.
 No. 20-1761                      Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                                   Page 7

                                                        II.

        This court reviews a grant of summary judgment de novo. Maben v. Thelen, 887 F.3d
252, 258 (6th Cir. 2018). “Summary judgment is proper ‘if the movant shows that there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.’” Id. (citing FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a)).

                                                        III.

        Nathan claims that the district court erred in granting summary judgment to Great Lakes
on Massey’s Title VII and ELCRA sexual harassment and retaliation claims, and on her FMLA
retaliation claim.1 For the reasons discussed below, we affirm the district court’s grant of
summary judgment to Great Lakes.

                                                        A.

        Nathan first claims that Great Lakes subjected Massey to a hostile work environment in
violation of Title VII and the ELCRA by failing to remedy known sexual harassment perpetrated
against Massey by her supervisors and co-workers. Both Title VII and the ELCRA prohibit
employment discrimination “because of . . . sex.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1); MICH. COMP.
LAWS § 37.2202(1)(a).           Sexual harassment in the workplace constitutes discrimination in
violation of these provisions “[w]hen the workplace is permeated with discriminatory
intimidation, ridicule, and insult that is sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of
the victim’s employment and create an abusive working environment.” Oncale v. Sundowner
Offshore Servs., 523 U.S. 75, 78 (1998) (quoting Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21
(1993)); Wasek v. Arrow Energy Servs., 682 F.3d 463, 468 (6th Cir. 2012) (recognizing that the
analysis is the same under Title VII and the ELCRA). We have broken this standard into five
elements:

        (1) [The plaintiff] belonged to a protected group, (2) she was subject to
        unwelcome harassment, (3) the harassment was based on [sex], (4) the harassment

        1
          Although Nathan also pled Title VII and ELCRA gender-discrimination claims in his complaint, he did
not discuss those claims in his response to Great Lakes’ motion for summary judgment in the district court or in his
briefs before this court. Therefore, Nathan has abandoned his gender-discrimination claims. See Brown v. VHS of
Mich., Inc., 545 F. App’x 368, 372 (6th Cir. 2013).
 No. 20-1761                 Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                         Page 8

       was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of employment and
       create an abusive working environment, and (5) the defendant knew or should
       have known about the harassment and failed to act.

Waldo v. Consumers Energy Co., 726 F.3d 802, 813 (6th Cir. 2013) (second alteration in
original) (quoting Williams v. CSX Transp. Co., 643 F.3d 502, 511 (6th Cir. 2011)).

       Nathan identifies five instances of harassment at Great Lakes that he contends
demonstrate that Massey was discriminated against because of her sex.             First, Massey’s
supervisor Sergeant McNair told Massey that she “needed a more supportive bra” while giving
Massey a score of 69 on a performance evaluation. DE 21-2, Massey Dep., PageID 615–16.
Second, another supervisor, Lieutenant Sheard, told Massey that she “needed a more supportive
bra.” Id. at 614. Third, Lieutenant Sheard told Massey that she “looked sloppy” in her uniform
and that her “breasts looked like they were drooping.” Id. Fourth, a co-worker told Massey that
her “breasts were so big, it looked like [Massey] could trip over them.” Id. at 616. Fifth, another
co-worker told Massey that she looked “sloppy” and said “I wish the bitch would say something”
while making fun of Massey with other co-workers. Id. at 628.

       After considering this harassment, the district court granted Great Lakes’ motion for
summary judgment because it concluded that (1) the harassment at Great Lakes was not based on
Massey’s sex, and (2) the harassment was not sufficiently severe or pervasive. Although the
district court’s analysis of the “based on sex” element was flawed, we affirm its grant of
summary judgment to Great Lakes on these claims because Nathan has not presented sufficient
evidence that the harassment Massey faced was “severe or pervasive,” as defined by this circuit’s
law.

                                                1.

       The district court erred in granting summary judgment to Great Lakes on the “based on
sex” element of Nathan’s hostile work environment claims. Harassment is based on sex when an
employee is “exposed to disadvantageous terms or conditions of employment to which members
of the other sex are not exposed.” Oncale, 523 U.S. at 80 (quoting Harris, 510 U.S. at 25
(Ginsburg, J., concurring)). This standard requires Nathan to show that “but for” Massey’s sex,
 No. 20-1761                  Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                        Page 9

she would not have been harassed in the way that she was. Williams v. General Motors Corp.,
187 F.3d 553, 565 (6th Cir. 1999).

       A reasonable jury could find that Massey’s supervisors and co-workers would not have
harassed Massey about her breasts “but for” Massey’s sex. As Nathan points out, Massey’s
breasts are “a distinguishing feature and characteristic of her body as a woman.” CA6 R.16,
Appellant Br., at 20.      Massey’s co-workers specifically chose this feature of Massey’s
appearance to target with their continued ridicule. A reasonable jury could infer from that choice
that these comments would not have been made but for Massey’s sex. See Cecil v. Louisville
Water Co., 301 F. App’x 490, 499 (6th Cir. 2008) (noting that “gender-specific” language
relating to the plaintiff’s clothes and sexuality created an issue of fact as to whether harassment
was based on sex).

       To counter this conclusion, Great Lakes argues that the harassment was not based on
Massey’s sex because it “merely . . . ha[d] sexual content or connotations.” CA6 R.20, Appellee
Br., 33. Great Lakes is correct that harassment is not “automatically discrimination because of
sex merely because the words used have sexual content or connotations.” Oncale, 523 U.S. at
80. For that reason, if Massey were, for example, complaining that a co-worker told a few
vulgar jokes in her presence that referenced a woman’s breasts, Great Lakes might be entitled to
summary judgment. See, e.g., Baugham v. Battered Women, Inc., 211 F. App’x 432, 439 (6th
Cir. 2006). In that case, it would be difficult for a jury to infer that the co-worker would not
have made similar jokes to a man, at least without some additional evidence of gender-selective
joking. See id. But here, unlike in the case of vulgar jokes, a jury could easily infer that
Massey’s alleged harassers would not have made similar comments to a man because the
harassers chose to specifically target Massey’s breasts with their ridicule.

       It is, of course, entirely possible that someone might also ridicule a man because of the
size of his breasts. That too could constitute harassment based on sex. See Smith v. City of
Salem, 378 F.3d 566, 574–75 (6th Cir. 2004) (holding that Title VII prohibits sex stereotyping);
see also Bostock v. Clayton County, 140 S. Ct. 1731, 1741 (2020) (noting that firing a man for
being insufficiently masculine would be discrimination based on sex). But simply because a
man could be discriminated against based on his sex with similar comments does not mean that a
 No. 20-1761                  Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                         Page 10

reasonable jury could not infer that Massey’s colleagues’ and supervisors’ multiple references to
her breasts exposed her to harassment to which male employees at Great Lakes “[were] not
exposed.”    See Oncale, 523 U.S. at 80 (quoting Harris, 510 U.S. at 25 (Ginsburg, J.,
concurring)); accord Bostock, 140 S. Ct. at 1741 (“Nor is it a defense for an employer to say it
discriminates against both men and women because of sex.”).

       The district court reached the opposite conclusion because it believed that the case law in
this circuit “requires harassment born out of either sexual desire or general animus—not just the
use of sex-specific terms.” DE 29, Order, PageID 928. However, the district court erred by
turning sufficient conditions into necessary ones. It is true that the Supreme Court has held that
harassment based on sexual desire is harassment based on sex. Oncale, 523 U.S. at 80. And in
Williams, this court held that “non-sexual conduct may be illegally sex-based where it evinces
‘anti-female animus.’” 187 F.3d at 565 (quoting Lipsett v. Univ. of Puerto Rico, 864 F.2d 881,
905 (1st Cir. 1988)). But these are not the only two paths to a successful sexual-harassment suit.
See Graves v. Dayton Gastroenterology, Inc., 657 F. App’x 485, 489 (6th Cir. 2016) (describing
these two paths as the “typical[]” paths to proving sexual harassment); see also Smith, 378 F.3d
at 574 (recognizing sex stereotyping as another basis for liability). It would be inconsistent with
the foundational holding of Williams—“[a]ny unequal treatment of an employee that would not
occur but for the employee’s [sex]” constitutes harassment based on sex—to limit recovery to
cases involving sexual desire or animus. Williams, 187 F.3d at 565; see also Gallagher v. C.H.
Robinson Worldwide, Inc., 567 F.3d 263, 272 (6th Cir. 2009) (“The district court, in evaluating
the ‘based on sex’ element, focused too narrowly on the motivation for the harassers’ offensive
conduct rather than on the effects of the conduct on the victim-recipient.”).

       The district court also over-emphasized the fact that two of Massey’s harassers, Sergeant
McNair and Rachel Rice, were women. In Oncale, the Supreme Court articulated three ways for
factfinders to infer that someone of the same sex as the plaintiff was discriminating against the
plaintiff: (1) through evidence that the harasser was sexually attracted to the plaintiff, (2) through
evidence of sex-specific and derogatory terms, or (3) through evidence that the harasser treated
employees of the same sex worse than other employees. 523 U.S. at 80–81. The district court
concluded that Massey had no proof of any of these pathways to liability. Contrary to the district
 No. 20-1761                    Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                      Page 11

court’s assertion, however, Rice and McNair used “sex specific and derogatory terms” for
Massey. Rice told Massey that Massey’s “breasts were so big, it looked like [she] could trip
over them.” DE 21-2, Massey Dep., PageID 616. And McNair told Massey that she “needed a
more supportive bra” at the same time that she was giving Massey a score of 69 on a
performance evaluation.       Id. at 615–16.    The sex-specific and derogatory nature of these
comments means that the sex of the harassers does not change the outcome of this case.

          Finally, contrary to the district court’s assertion, it is irrelevant whether the harassers
were also motivated to harass Massey because of her size. See DE 29, Order, PageID 929 (“The
comments here . . . suggest a problem with Massey’s size.”). Title VII does not ask whether sex
was the only cause of harassment, whether it was a direct cause of harassment, or even whether it
was a proximate cause of harassment; it asks only whether the plaintiff’s sex was a “but for”
cause of harassment. See Bostock, 140 S. Ct. at 1739; see also Williams, 187 F.3d at 565 (“To
establish that the harm was “based on her sex, Williams ‘must show that but for the fact of her
sex, she would not have been the object of harassment.’” (quoting Henson v. City of Dundee,
682 F.2d 897, 904 (11th Cir. 1982)). There can be multiple “but for” causes of harassment, and
the district court should not have relied on the fact that the harassers’ comments also suggest
discrimination based on size to find that the discrimination was not based on sex. Bostock,
140 S. Ct. at 1739 (“When it comes to Title VII, the adoption of the traditional but-for causation
standard means a defendant cannot avoid liability just by citing some other factor that
contributed to its challenged employment decision.”).

          At bottom, this case presents a simple question: When a woman is subjected to
derogatory comments about her breasts, could a reasonable jury find that those comments were
based on her sex? We conclude that the answer is yes. For that reason, the district court erred in
granting Great Lakes’ motion for summary judgment on the “based on sex” element of Nathan’s
claims.

                                                  2.

          The district court, however, correctly granted Great Lakes’ motion for summary
judgment on the “severe or pervasive” element of Nathan’s hostile work environment claim.
 No. 20-1761                 Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                        Page 12

Harassment is “severe or pervasive” when it “alter[s] the conditions of the victim’s employment
and create[s] an abusive working environment.” Harris, 510 U.S. at 21 (quoting Meritor Savs.
Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 67 (1986)). This element has a subjective prong and an
objective prong. Id.

       Nathan has provided sufficient evidence that Massey subjectively perceived the
environment at Great Lakes to be abusive. Massey testified that the harassment made it difficult
for her to sleep and that it was “tak[ing] over a big part of [her] life on a daily basis.” DE 21-2,
Massey Dep., PageID 655. She also stated that one of the reasons that she chose to get breast-
reduction surgery was the harassment at Great Lakes. Great Lakes disputes this fact and argues
that Massey actually chose to get the surgery because of back and shoulder pain, not because she
was tired of being harassed. But that is a dispute for trial, not for summary judgment. Taking
the evidence in the light most favorable to Massey, a reasonable jury could find that a person
who struggled sleeping and who decided to have an invasive surgery because of the harassment
that she was facing at work subjectively found her work environment to be abusive.

       As to the objective prong, however, Nathan has not provided sufficient evidence that the
environment at Great Lakes was objectively hostile. To determine whether a work environment
was objectively hostile, courts must consider “all the circumstances,” Harris, 510 U.S. at 23,
from the perspective of “a reasonable person in the plaintiff’s position,” Oncale, 523 U.S. at 81.
A non-exhaustive list of the relevant circumstances includes the “frequency of the discriminatory
conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive
utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.”
Harris, 510 U.S. at 23. The district court correctly concluded that a consideration of these
factors demonstrates that a reasonable jury could not find that the environment at Great Lakes
was objectively hostile.

       We start with the frequency of the harassment.         Nathan has evidence of only five
instances of sex-based harassment over a roughly fifteen-month period of time. This court has
found comparable patterns of harassment insufficient to survive summary judgment in the past.
See Burnett v. Tyco Corp., 203 F.3d 980, 985 (6th Cir. 2000) (holding that a “a single battery
coupled with two merely offensive remarks over a six-month period [did] not create an issue of
 No. 20-1761                 Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                      Page 13

material fact”); Clay v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 501 F.3d 695, 708, 715 (6th Cir. 2007)
(deciding that fifteen incidents of mostly “offensive utterances” over a two-year period were not
severe or pervasive); cf. Williams, 187 F.3d at 563 (finding harassment to be severe or pervasive
when there were more than a dozen incidents, many of which involved sexually aggressive
behavior, over a period of one year).

         In his briefs, Nathan argues that Massey testified during her deposition that she was
harassed “daily.” CA6 R.16, Appellant’s Br., at 13. If true, that fact would likely be sufficient
to show that the environment at Great Lake was objectively hostile. See Abeita v. TransAmerica
Mailings, Inc., 159 F.3d 246, 252 (6th Cir. 1998) (focusing on the “plaintiff’s assertion that
[harassing comments] were commonplace, ongoing, and continual” in finding that a reasonable
jury could conclude that harassment was severe or pervasive). But the portion of the record to
which Nathan cites to support this assertion does not actually say that Massey was harassed
daily. And we have found no support for this statement elsewhere in the record. In fact, at
another point in her deposition, Massey explicitly testified that the five instances of harassment
discussed above were the only sex-based harassment she remembers experiencing at Great
Lakes.

         Nathan also repeatedly references alleged harassment that occurred while Massey worked
for Detroit Water, such as a supervisor’s placing her hand inside of Massey’s shirt to determine
whether she was wearing a bra and another supervisor’s refusal to grant Massey leave and
mocking Massey after she started her period and bled through her clothes. Despite referencing
this harassment in his briefs, Nathan has presented no argument as to how this court could hold
Great Lakes responsible for harassment that occurred at Detroit Water. Indeed, at oral argument,
Nathan’s counsel conceded that Nathan is not attempting to hold Great Lakes responsible for
harassment that occurred at Detroit Water. Oral Argument at 7:30–8:20. Counsel instead argued
that these incidents are merely relevant to show “animus” supervisors held towards Massey and
Massey’s “psychological state.”         Id.   It is true that these instances were perpetrated by
individuals who continued to work with Massey after she was hired by Great Lakes and that the
harassment in both workplaces was similar.           However, that does not make Great Lakes
responsible for harassment that occurred during Massey’s tenure at Detroit Water. Therefore,
 No. 20-1761                      Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                                Page 14

while these incidents may be considered as part of the “constellation of . . . circumstances”
surrounding Massey’s harassment at Great Lakes, see Oncale, 523 U.S. at 82, they do not, in and
of themselves, provide a basis for imposing liability on Great Lakes.

         We turn next to the severity of the harassment. A review of our case law shows that the
harassment at Great Lakes was less severe than harassment that this court has found to be
insufficient to survive summary judgment in the past. For example, in Morris v. Oldham County
Fiscal Court, the harasser told the plaintiff several inappropriate jokes, made a verbal sexual
advance toward the plaintiff, referred to the plaintiff as “Hot Lips[,]” and made “isolated
comments about [the] plaintiff’s state of dress.” 201 F.3d 784, 790 (6th Cir. 2000). Yet this
court found that the plaintiff had not presented sufficient evidence to survive summary judgment.
Id.

         Bowman v. Shawnee State University provides an even more extreme example. 220 F.3d
456 (6th Cir. 2000). In that case, this court concluded that three instances of physically invasive
conduct, including a supervisor’s grabbing the plaintiff’s buttocks and saying that “she
controlled [plaintiff’s] ass and she would do whatever she wanted with it,” coupled with repeated
unwanted sexual advances, did not constitute severe or pervasive harassment. Id. at 458–59,
464. Although Bowman may set the outer limits on what conduct a reasonable person could not
believe creates a hostile work environment, the harassment Massey experienced is within that
limit.

         The third circumstance the Supreme Court has instructed us to consider is the nature of
the harassment—i.e. whether the harassment was “physically threatening or humiliating, or a
mere offensive utterance.” Harris, 510 U.S. at 23. Unlike in Morris and Bowman, no one at
Great Lakes ever physically threatened Massey or placed their hands on her.2 Additionally,
much of the harassment occurred in the context of uniform inspections and performance
evaluations, meaning that the interactions between Massey and her supervisors were necessarily

         2
            The notable exception to this occurred while Massey was employed by Detroit Water, not Great Lakes. A
supervisor at Detroit Water had another female employee physically reach into Massey’s shirt to check that she was
wearing a bra. However, as explained above, Nathan has not explained how we could properly find Great Lakes
liable for that harassment.
 No. 20-1761                  Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                       Page 15

one on one. Although “[c]ommon experience teaches that . . . personal gender-based remarks
that single out individuals for ridicule . . . have a greater impact on their listeners” than
“generalized statements,” EEOC v. Fairbrook Med. Clinic, P.A., 609 F.3d 320, 328–29 (4th Cir.
2010) (internal quotation marks omitted), the lack of an audience for these personal remarks
reduces their humiliating nature. Similarly, although the supervisors may have chosen poor
words to convey their point, the fact that their comments regarding Massey’s bra were conveying
work-related information about her uniform renders them less severe than comments with no
conceivable work purpose.

       Finally, we consider whether the harassment unreasonably interfered with Massey’s work
performance. To show unreasonable interference, Nathan “need not prove that [Massey’s]
tangible productivity has declined as a result of the harassment” but he must show that the
harassment “made it more difficult to do the job.” Williams, 187 F.3d at 567 (quoting Davis v.
Monsanto Chem. Co., 858 F.2d 345, 349 (6th Cir. 1988)). Here, Massey experienced some of
the harassment during meetings and a class, which could have affected her ability to process the
information conveyed during those meetings. Nathan has also presented evidence that Massey
was disciplined after discussing the harassment with a co-worker. Furthermore, much of this
harassment was perpetuated by supervisors, which would likely change a reasonable person’s
relationship with her supervisor and, therefore, her ability to approach her supervisor about
work-related issues.    Although Nathan’s arguments regarding this factor are minimal, a
reasonable jury could arguably find that the location and timing of the harassment, the discipline
for discussing the harassment, and the supervisory position of some of the harassers would have
made it “more difficult” for a reasonable person in Massey’s shoes to fulfill her job duties.

       Before considering these four factors together, we must also define the “constellation of
surrounding circumstances.” See Oncale, 523 U.S. at 82. The surrounding circumstances in this
case include the harassment that Massey experienced at Detroit Water and Massey’s allegation
that when Great Lakes learned of Massey’s sexual-harassment complaints through Yarnall’s
letter, it chose to investigate and possibly punish Massey for voicing those complaints in the
workplace instead of investigating the underlying conduct. Both of these circumstances could
influence how a reasonable person “in [Massey’s] position,” see Oncale, 523 U.S. at 82, would
 No. 20-1761                   Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                    Page 16

have understood the harassment at Great Lakes, so they should be considered in determining the
objective hostility of the workplace.

          Even after taking these surrounding circumstances into account, however, we hold that a
reasonable person would not have found the Great Lakes environment to be hostile, as that term
is defined by our case law. Given the relatively low number of incidents at Great Lakes, the
harassment Massey faced was closer to “isolated incidents” than a pattern of conduct that altered
“the conditions of [Massey’s] employment.” Morris, 201 F.3d at 790. These isolated incidents
were also less severe than incidents that this court has found insufficient to survive summary
judgment in the past, even when considered in light of the harassment at Detroit Water. See,
e.g., Bowman, 220 F.3d at 464.          Additionally, Massey was never physically threatened.
Although a reasonable jury may be able to find that the harassment unreasonably interfered with
Massey’s work performance, that factor alone is not sufficient to support the finding that the
environment at Great Lakes was objectively hostile in this case. Therefore, we affirm the district
court’s grant of summary judgment to Great Lakes on Nathan’s hostile work environment
claims.

                                                B.

          Nathan next claims that Great Lakes retaliated against Massey in violation of Title VII
and the ELCRA by firing Massey because she complained about sexual harassment. Title VII
and the ELCRA prohibit retaliation against employees who oppose discriminatory employment
practices. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a); MICH. COMP. LAWS § 37.2701(a). To establish a prima facie
case of retaliation, Nathan must show that: “(1) [Massey] engaged in activity protected by Title
VII; (2) this exercise of protected rights was known to [Great Lakes]; (3) [Great Lakes]
thereafter took adverse employment action against [Massey]; and (4) there was a causal
connection between the protected activity and the adverse employment action.”           Dixon v.
Gonzales, 481 F.3d 324, 333 (6th Cir. 2007); Wasek, 682 F.3d at 472 (“[T]he ELCRA
[retaliation] analysis is identical to the Title VII analysis.”).   If Nathan presents sufficient
evidence of all of the elements of his prima facie case, “the burden of production of evidence
shifts to the employer to ‘articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason’ for its actions.”
Dixon, 481 F.3d at 333 (quoting Morris, 201 F.3d at 792–93). If Great Lakes provides such a
 No. 20-1761                   Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                        Page 17

reason, Nathan must then show that Great Lakes’ “proffered reason was not the true reason for
the employment decision.” Id. (quoting Texas Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248,
256 (1981)).

         Nathan claims that Massey was fired because she complained that she was being sexually
harassed by Sheard.      As evidence, he points to the temporal proximity between Massey’s
complaints and her termination, Massey’s testimony that Sheard joked about firing Massey in
July of 2017, Sheard’s later comment that he would fire Massey if she was ever one minute late
for work again, and Stevenson’s comment to another employee that Great Lakes would be
“getting rid of her” soon. DE 21-2, Massey Dep., PageID 618, 631.

         Great Lakes counters that it actually fired Massey for falsifying an incident report, not for
complaining of sexual harassment. Specifically, Great Lakes claims that Massey failed to note in
an incident report that she had been in an accident in a company car, even though she knew that
she had been in an accident.

         Nathan admits that on October 29, 2017, Massey was driving a company car, the car was
in an accident while she was driving it, and Massey turned in an incident report that did not
inform her supervisors that the car had been in an accident. However, he claims that Massey did
not know that she had been in an accident and that Great Lakes could not have actually believed
that Massey had falsified the report because it never interviewed her to learn her side of the
story.

         The district court found that Nathan had produced sufficient evidence to satisfy the first
three elements of his prima facie case. However, the court held that Nathan had not provided
sufficient evidence to satisfy the fourth element of his prima facie case—causation.
Alternatively, the court concluded that even if Nathan had successfully presented a prima facie
case, his claims would still fail because Great Lakes honestly believed that Massey had falsified
her incident report.

         Even assuming that Nathan could make out a prima facie case of retaliation, Great Lakes
is entitled to summary judgment because it held an honest belief that Massey falsified her report.
If an employer holds an “honest belief” that an adverse employment action is justified for a
 No. 20-1761                  Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                      Page 18

legitimate reason, summary judgment in their favor is appropriate. Clay, 501 F.3d at 715. “The
honest-belief rule is, in effect, one last opportunity for the defendant to prevail on summary
judgment. The defendant may rebut the plaintiff's evidence of pretext, by demonstrating that the
defendant’s actions, while perhaps ‘mistaken, foolish, trivial, or baseless,’ were not taken with
discriminatory intent.” Id. at 714−15 (quoting Smith v. Chrysler Corp., 155 F.3d 799, 806 (6th
Cir. 1998)). The burden is on the employer to show that its belief was honestly held. Id. at 714.

       In this case, Great Lakes presented evidence that, based on the damage to the vehicle,
Massey would have known that she was in an accident. For example, a section of the van’s grill
was ripped off of the front of the van and it appeared that the “vehicle had been ‘run-a-ground’
on something such as a parking breaker or a railroad tie, then when the driver backed off of the
object [it] pulled the front clip out.” DE 16-1, Report, PageID 489. Massey also indicated in her
incident report that she “observed orange anti[-]freeze leaking from the front of the vehicle,” and
surveillance footage shows that there was visible front-end damage to the van. DE 14-29,
Investigation File, PageID 353, 384. It was reasonable for Great Lakes to infer that a driver who
had to back off of an object which had caused significant damage to her car would have known
that she had been in an accident, especially when the driver admitted to looking at the front of
the vehicle after the accident. Considered alongside Sheard’s unrebutted testimony that he
honestly believed that Massey falsified her report, this evidence is sufficient to carry Great
Lakes’ burden that it honestly believed that Massey falsified her report.

       Nathan attacks this conclusion by pointing to what Great Lakes did not know. For
example, Great Lakes never received a statement from Massey, so it did not know whether there
was some reason that she may not have known that she was in an accident. And Sheard testified
that he did not know exactly what Massey knew when she filed her report. Nathan also points
out that the worst punishment Massey would have faced for simply being in an accident and
reporting it would have been a suspension. So, as the argument goes, Massey would have been
motivated to be truthful in her incident report.

       These critiques of Great Lakes’ decision do not change the conclusion in this case. For
one thing, Great Lakes tried to get Massey’s side of the story, but she refused to make a
statement. For another, “[a]n employer’s pre-termination investigation need not be perfect in
 No. 20-1761                  Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                       Page 19

order to pass muster under the [honest-belief] rule.”       Loyd v. St. Joseph Mercy Oakland,
766 F.3d 580, 591 (6th Cir. 2014). And although Massey is correct that Sheard testified that he
did not know exactly what Massey knew, he also testified that he had an honest belief that, based
on all of the evidence he found during his investigation, Massey falsified her report. Massey has
provided no evidence to counter this conclusion or to show that a reasonable jury could find that
Great Lakes committed an error that was “too obvious to be unintentional.”             Id. (citation
omitted). For those reasons, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Great
Lakes on Nathan’s Title VII and ELCRA retaliation claims.

                                                C.

       Nathan also argues that Great Lakes retaliated against Massey for taking FMLA leave.
An employer shall not “interfere with, restrain, or deny the exercise of or the attempt to exercise,
any right provided” by the FMLA. 29 U.S.C. § 2615(a)(1). To establish a prima facie case of
FMLA retaliation, Nathan must show that:

       (1) [Massey] was engaged in an activity protected by the FMLA; (2) [Great
       Lakes] knew that she was exercising her rights under the FMLA; (3) after
       learning of [Massey’s] exercise of FMLA rights, [Great Lakes] took an
       employment action adverse to her; and (4) there was a causal connection between
       the protected FMLA activity and the adverse employment action.

Donald v. Sybra, Inc., 667 F.3d 757, 761 (6th Cir. 2012). If Nathan establishes his prima facie
case, the burden of production shifts to Great Lakes to show that there was “a legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason” for the adverse action. Id. If Great Lakes satisfies this burden, the
burden shifts back to Nathan to show that Great Lakes’ stated reason was pretextual. Id. at 761–
62.

       The district court found that Nathan had not produced proof regarding the second and
fourth elements of his prima facie case. The court also concluded that, even if Nathan could
meet his prima facie burden, he could not prove pretext for the same reasons that he could not
prove pretext on the Title VII and ELCRA claims.

       On appeal, Nathan presents little developed argument that he established his prima facie
case. However, even assuming that he could make out a prima facie case, he admits that the
 No. 20-1761                 Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                     Page 20

pretext analysis for his FMLA claim is the same as the pretext analysis for the Title VII and
ELCRA claims. Given that Nathan cannot establish pretext in the Title VII and ELCRA context,
he cannot establish pretext in the FMLA context. Therefore, we affirm the district court’s grant
of summary judgment to Great Lakes on Nathan’s FMLA retaliation claim.

                                              IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to
Great Lakes as to all of Nathan’s claims.
 No. 20-1761                   Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                      Page 21

                                         _________________

                                         CONCURRENCE
                                         _________________

        RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge, concurring. The closest issue in this case is
whether Massey’s hostile-work-environment claim should have been allowed to go to a jury.
I have no qualm with any other aspect of the lead opinion’s analysis of the issues. As for the
hostile-work-environment claim, I write separately to note that the outcome might have been
different if the doctrine of successor liability had been raised and found applicable.

        Sixth Circuit precedent, as the lead opinion aptly explains, constructs a high hurdle for
conduct to amount to “severe or pervasive” harassment for purposes of Title VII liability. Based
on that precedent, the five verbal-harassment incidents experienced by Massey over a roughly
15-month period of time at Great Lakes are insufficient to clear that hurdle and reach a jury.

        But the analysis might have been different if we had been urged to take into full account
the particularly humiliating and invasive incidents that Massey experienced before Detroit Water
transitioned into Great Lakes. Namely, (1) when Massey’s male supervisor commanded a
female employee to reach under Massey’s shirt to feel for a bra, and (2) when Massey requested
leave because she had started her period and blood had soaked through her clothes, but her
supervisor denied her leave, told her that she stank, and other coworkers and supervisors later
mocked her for the incident by laughing at her and laying down towels and plastic on chairs.

        That the harassment experienced by Massey spanned two different employers should not
automatically exclude full consideration of the incidents that occurred during Massey’s time with
Detroit Water. The record, albeit sparse on the logistics of the Detroit Water-to-Great Lakes
transition, indicates that the facilities and employees of Detroit Water were transferred via
agreement to Great Lakes at the end of 2015. In fact, the employees at Detroit Water were
terminated on December 31, 2015 and then immediately rehired the following day, January 1,
2016, as Great Lakes employees. In other words, employees and supervisors (including the HR
team) retained their positions and titles after the transition.
 No. 20-1761                  Nathan v. Great Lakes Water Authority                       Page 22

       This raises the question of whether the doctrine of successor liability is applicable here.
An entity assuming not only assets but also employees from a predecessor employer faces the
risk of liability regarding the workforce that it is inheriting. The successor-liability doctrine
ensures that the harassment experienced by an employee cannot be summarily erased for
purposes of Title VII liability simply because the conduct occurred at a predecessor employer.
Equal Employment Opportunity Comm’n v. MacMillan Bloedel Containers, Inc., 503 F.2d 1086,
1091 (6th Cir. 1974) (“We hold only that Title VII per se does not prohibit the application of the
successor doctrine, but rather mandates its application. Title VII was designed to eliminate
discrimination in employment and the courts were given broad equitable powers to eradicate the
present and future effects of past discrimination.”).     Indeed, “[f]ailure to hold a successor
employer liable for the discriminatory practices of its predecessor could emasculate the relief
provisions of Title VII by leaving the discriminatee without a remedy or with an incomplete
remedy.” Id. See also Cobb v. Cont. Transp., Inc., 452 F.3d 543, 553–54 (6th Cir. 2006) (noting
that “this Court extended successor liability from the labor law context to Title VII,” and
outlining a balancing test for determining whether the application of successor liability would be
equitable).

       This case appears to be one in which successor liability might apply. But we cannot
explore the application of the doctrine further because the appellant did not raise, brief, or argue
the issue. I therefore reluctantly concur in affirming the district court’s adverse ruling on the
hostile-work-environment claim.