Court Opinion

ID: 4504012
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-02-03 18:00:47.232335+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:48:41.112330
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

_________________________________________
                                          )
CIGAR ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, et al., )
                                          )
      Plaintiffs,                         )
                                          )
              v.                          )                   Case No. 1:16-cv-01460 (APM)
                                          )
U.S. FOOD AND DRUG                        )
ADMINISTRATION, et al.,                   )
                                          )
      Defendants.                         )
_________________________________________ )
                                          )
EN FUEGO TOBACCO SHOP LLC, et al.,        )
                                          )
      Plaintiffs,                         )
                                          )
             v.                           )                   Case No. 1:18-cv-01797 (APM)
                                          )
U.S. FOOD AND DRUG                        )
ADMINISTRATION, et al.,                   )
                                          )
      Defendants.                         )
_________________________________________ )

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION
I.     INTRODUCTION

       On April 25, 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) issued a proposed

rule announcing its intent to “deem” cigars and certain other tobacco products subject to the federal

Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. §§ 301, et seq., as amended by the Family Smoking

Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 (“TCA”). To “deem” a tobacco product meant that

the FDA would subject that product to a host of new regulatory requirements comparable to the

statutory and regulatory requirements already imposed under the TCA against cigarettes, cigarette

tobacco, roll-your-own tobacco, and smokeless tobacco. Among the new proposed requirements
for newly deemed products was a health-warnings labeling regime for packaging and

advertisements. With respect to cigar products, the proposed rule put forward two alternatives.

Under “Option 1,” the FDA would make all categories of cigar products subject to the TCA; under

“Option 2,” the FDA would regulate “only a subset of cigars,” excluding “premium cigars” from

the scope of the Rule. Generally speaking, “premium cigars” are hand-rolled, made with a higher-

grade tobacco, and are more expensive. FDA’s selection of Option 2 would mean that premium

cigars would be excluded from the warnings label requirement.

       Industry groups representing premium cigar retailers and manufacturers submitted

comments expressing concerns about the proposed rule. These commenters objected to the

regulation of premium cigars and asserted, among other things, that premium cigars do not pose

the same public health concerns as mass-market cigars and other tobacco products because

premium cigar consumers are only occasional users of the product and use the product differently.

The public health effects of this difference in use, the commenters argued, are borne out by studies

showing that premium cigar users have far lower disease and mortality rates than consumers of

cigarettes and other tobacco products. And because of these differences in use, the commenters

maintained, the same health warnings regime proposed for mass-market cigars and other tobacco

products was not warranted for premium cigars.

       The FDA rejected these arguments, concluding in its final rule that no evidence put forward

during the notice-and-comment period supported exempting premium cigars from regulation.

Accordingly, the FDA’s final rule, known as the “Deeming Rule,” selected Option 1: “deeming”

all cigars, including premium cigars, to be subject to the TCA, and imposing health warnings

requirements on all cigar products.

                                                 2
          Plaintiffs in this case—a premium cigar retailer, a premium cigar manufacturer, and a non-

profit association that represents premium cigar retailers and manufacturers—brought this action

in January 2018 against the FDA and its Commissioner, and the U.S. Department of Health and

Human Services (“HHS”) and its Secretary (collectively, “Defendants”), challenging the Deeming

Rule’s warnings label regime for premium cigars on three primary bases: (1) the warnings label

regime infringes on Plaintiffs’ First Amendment rights; (2) the FDA imposed the new warnings

label regime in violation of the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”); and (3) the promulgation

of the Deeming Rule violated the Appointments Clause.

          For the reasons set forth below, the court finds that the FDA’s subjecting of premium cigars

to warnings requirements to be arbitrary and capricious in violation of the APA, insofar as the

agency failed to provide a reasoned explanation for this action. The court thus declares unlawful

and vacates that portion of the Deeming Rule that mandates premium cigars display designated

public health warnings on packaging and advertisements. The court does not reach Plaintiffs’ First

Amendment and Appointments Clause challenges.

II.       BACKGROUND

          A.     Statutory and Regulatory Background

          The court starts with a brief overview of the relevant statutory and regulatory backdrop for

this case.

          In 2009, Congress enacted the TCA to empower the FDA to regulate and set national

standards regarding the manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of tobacco products. Family

Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, Pub. L. No. 111-31, § 3, 123 Stat. 1776, 1781–82

(2009).      Congress acknowledged the “inherent[] dangerous[ness]” of tobacco products and

nicotine and the strong public interest in regulating tobacco products and their advertising and

                                                   3
promotion. Id. § 2. Congress also expressed its interest in reducing youth tobacco use, particularly

in light of judicial findings that major U.S. tobacco companies specifically targeted and marketed

their products to youth. Id. § 2(15). Congress further recognized that no other federal agency

except the FDA “possesses the scientific expertise needed to implement effectively all provisions

of the [TCA].” Id. § 2(45).

       In light of these findings, the TCA authorized the Secretary of HHS to regulate the

manufacture, distribution, and marketing of tobacco products. Id. § 901, codified at 21 U.S.C.

§ 387a (entitled “FDA authority over tobacco products”). The legislation immediately subjected

“all cigarettes, cigarette tobacco, roll-your-own tobacco, and smokeless tobacco” to a panoply of

statutory and regulatory requirements. 21 U.S.C. § 387a(b). It also reserved future application of

the TCA to “any other tobacco products that the Secretary [of HHS] by regulation deems to be

subject to this chapter.” Id. (emphasis added). Congress defined “tobacco product” to mean “any

product made or derived from tobacco that is intended for human consumption, including any

component, part, or accessory of a tobacco product (except for raw materials other than tobacco

used in manufacturing a component, part, or accessory of a tobacco product).” Id. § 321(rr)(1).

       B.      Regulatory Background

               1.      The Proposed Deeming Rule

       In the years following Congress’s enactment of the TCA, cigar products were largely free

from FDA regulation because cigars were not expressly listed in the Act’s definition of “tobacco

product.” That unregulated status would soon change. On April 25, 2014, the FDA issued a

proposed rule that would make, or “deem,” cigars, pipe tobacco, and e-cigarettes subject to the

TCA. See Deeming Tobacco Products To Be Subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic

Act, as Amended by the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act; Regulations on

                                                 4
the Sale and Distribution of Tobacco Products and Required Warning Statements for Tobacco

Products, 79 Fed. Reg. 23,142 (Apr. 25, 2014) (“Proposed Deeming Rule”). As a “deemed”

product, cigars would become subject to a host of regulatory requirements comparable to those

imposed on cigarettes and other tobacco products.

       The FDA did not, however, immediately announce an intention to deem all cigar products.

Rather, in the Proposed Deeming Rule, the FDA offered “two alternatives for the scope of the

deeming provisions and, consequently, the application of the additional specific provisions.” Id.

at 23,143. Under “Option 1,” the FDA would deem all types of cigars meeting the statutory

definition of “tobacco product”—including premium cigars—to be subject to the TCA. Id. Under

“Option 2,” the FDA would deem “only a subset of cigars” and “exclude from the scope of [the]

proposed rule certain cigars that we refer to as ‘premium cigars.’” Id. To effectuate this carve-

out, FDA suggested the following definition for “covered cigar”:

               [A]ny cigar as defined in this part, except a cigar that: (1) is wrapped
               in whole tobacco leaf; (2) contains a 100 percent leaf tobacco binder;
               (3) contains primarily long filler tobacco; (4) is made by combining
               manually the wrapper, filler, and binder; (5) has no filter, tip, or non-
               tobacco mouthpiece and is capped by hand; (6) has a retail price
               (after any discounts or coupons) of no less than $10 per cigar
               (adjusted, as necessary, every 2 years, effective July 1st, to account
               for any increases in the price of tobacco products since the last price
               adjustment); (7) does not have a characterizing flavor other than
               tobacco; and (8) weighs more than 6 pounds per 1000 units.

Id. at 23,150. The eight identified characteristics contained in the definition of “covered cigar”

were included as a way to exclude premium cigars from regulation. The FDA noted that, while it

had proposed a definition with respect to Option 2, it remained “concerned that any attempts to

create a subset of premium cigars that are excluded from regulatory authority might sweep other

cigar products under its umbrella.” Id. The FDA therefore sought comment as to how to refine

                                                  5
this definition “to ensure that the exclusion would apply only to those cigars that, because of how

they are used, may have less of a public health impact than other types of cigars.” Id.

         The FDA also sought comment on the “relative merits of Option 1 versus Option 2.” Id.

at 23,145. In so doing, it aimed “to determine whether all cigars should be subject to deeming and

what provisions of the proposed rule may be appropriate or not appropriate for different kinds of

cigars.” Id. at 23,143. Though the FDA maintained that “all cigars are harmful and potentially

addictive,” it noted that “it has been suggested that different kinds of cigars may have the potential

for varying effects on public health, based on possible differences in their effects on dual use,

youth initiation[,] and frequency of use by youth and young adults.” Id. at 23,143. To that end,

the FDA sought comments that “tak[e] into account what is appropriate for the public health,

including possible benefits to the public health or possible negative public health consequences of

adopting one Option or the other.” Id. at 23,145.

                  2.       Comments on the Proposed Deeming Rule

         Numerous members of the public submitted comments on the Proposed Deeming Rule.

Among them was Cigar Rights of America (“CRA”), a non-profit association that represents

consumers and manufacturers of premium cigars. 1 See Joint Appendix Vol. 3, ECF No. 81-2

[hereinafter J.A. Vol. 3], at 304. 2 CRA advocated for Option 2, arguing that premium cigars should

be exempted from FDA regulation and from the warnings regime described in the Proposed

Deeming Rule. See id. at 304–38. According to CRA, the premium cigar consumer is “different

from the typical tobacco consumer,” and therefore the same concerns attendant to cigarette and

other tobacco product use—namely youth initiation and nicotine addiction—are not present with

1
  Though not a plaintiff in this case, CRA is a plaintiff in the related case, Cigar Association of America et al. v. FDA
et al., 16-cv-1460.
2
  Unless otherwise noted, all ECF citations reference the docket in Cigar Association, 16-cv-1460.

                                                           6
premium cigar use. Id. at 307. CRA cited a number of studies supporting its claims and concluded

that “the proposed warnings lack a sound evidentiary basis.” Id. at 322.

       Other cigar retailers and manufacturers, as well as advocacy groups representing premium

cigar consumers, echoed CRA’s arguments in their own comments on the Proposed Deeming Rule.

Because “premium cigar consumers are much older than other tobacco consumers,” one

commenter opined, “there is simply no basis for any conclusion that regulating premium cigars

will meaningfully impact youth access to, or use of, tobacco products.” Id. at 254 (comment from

Holt’s Cigar Holdings, Inc.). Others contested the statistics regarding youth use cited in the

Proposed Deeming Rule and cited contrary studies showing that underage premium cigar use is

minimal, thereby warranting “a more measured degree of regulation.” Id. at 350 (comment from

International Premium Cigar & Pipe Retailers Association (“IPCPR”)). Commenters also pointed

out that “usage data show that premium cigars products are consumed infrequently,” at a “much

lower rate” than other tobacco products, and are consumed “often in a celebratory nature, by

adults.” Id. at 348 (same). In light of these usage patterns, commenters insisted, “FDA’s final

regulations should not take a one-size-fits-all approach to the regulation of a diverse suite of

tobacco products, and should instead impose regulatory requirements for premium cigars

consistent with recognized public health differences.” Id. at 349 (same).

               3.     The Final Deeming Rule

       On May 10, 2016, the FDA promulgated the final Deeming Rule. It adopted Option 1,

deeming all categories of cigars, including premium cigars, to be subject to the TCA. See Rule

Deeming Products To Be Subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as Amended by

the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act; Restrictions on the Sale and

Distribution of Tobacco Products and Required Warning Statements for Tobacco Products,

                                                7
81 Fed. Reg. 28,974, 29,020 (May 10, 2016) (codified at 21 C.F.R. pts. 1100, 1140, 1143)

(“Deeming Rule”).

        The Deeming Rule sets out, among other things, comprehensive warnings requirements for

cigar product packaging and advertisements. All cigar product packages must display one of the

following six health warnings statements:

                 (i) WARNING: Cigar smoking can cause cancers of the mouth and
                 throat, even if you do not inhale.

                 (ii) WARNING: Cigar smoking can cause lung cancer and heart
                 disease.

                 (iii) WARNING: Cigars are not a safe alternative to cigarettes.

                 (iv) WARNING: Tobacco smoke increases the risk of lung cancer
                 and heart disease, even in nonsmokers.

                 (v)(A) WARNING: Cigar use while pregnant can harm you and
                 your baby.[3] . . .

                 (vi) WARNING: This product contains nicotine. Nicotine is an
                 addictive chemical.

21 C.F.R. § 1143.5(a)(1). These health warnings must be displayed on a rotating basis. See id.

§ 1143.5(c). On cigar packages, each of the six health warnings statements “must be randomly

displayed in each 12-month period, in as equal a number of times as is possible on each brand of

cigar sold in product packaging and be randomly distributed in all areas of the United States in

which the product is marketed.” Id. § 1143.5(c)(1). On cigar advertisements, the health warnings

statements “must be rotated quarterly in alternating sequence in each advertisement for each brand

of cigar.” Id. § 1143.5(c)(2). Each cigar company must submit for FDA approval a plan for

3
 This warning statement can be replaced with an alternative warning stating, “SURGEON GENERAL WARNING:
Tobacco Use Increases the Risk of Infertility, Stillbirth and Low Birth Weight.” 21 C.F.R. § 1143.5(a)(1)(v)(B).

                                                       8
rotating warnings twelve months before advertising or commercially marketing a cigar product.

Id. § 1143.5(c)(3).

       The Deeming Rule also specifies the placement and size of the required health warnings.

With respect to packaging, each warning statement must “appear directly on the package” and

must be “located in a conspicuous and prominent place on the two principal display panels of the

package,” comprising “at least 30 percent of each of the principal display panels.”              Id.

§ 1143.5(a)(2). For cigars that are sold individually and not in a product package, the health

warnings statement must be posted at the retailer’s point-of-sale on an 8.5x11-inch “clear, legible,

and conspicuous” sign. Id. § 1143.5(a)(3). As to print and other visual advertisements, the

warnings statement must be located in the “upper portion of the area of the advertisement” and

occupy “at least 20 percent of the area of the advertisement.” Id. § 1143.5(b)(2). FDA announced

May 10, 2018, as the effective date of the warnings label requirement. Id. § 1143.13.

       The final Deeming Rule addressed those comments that advocated for excluding premium

cigars from the Rule’s requirements. The FDA stated that it “concluded that deeming all cigars,

rather than a subset, more completely protects the public health.” 81 Fed. Reg. at 29,020. The

FDA found that: “(1) All cigars pose serious negative health risks, (2) the available evidence does

not provide a basis for FDA to conclude that the patterns of premium cigar use sufficiently reduce

the health risks to warrant exclusion, and (3) premium cigars are used by youth and young

adults.” Id. Though the FDA admitted that most of the studies it relied on “do not explicitly

pertain to premium cigars,” it concluded that, because premium cigars “share the same

characteristics” as traditional, large cigars “and are generally smoked in similar ways,” studies

about the health effects of smoking traditional, large cigars are equally applicable to premium

cigars. Id.

                                                 9
        The FDA dismissed commenters’ contentions that different patterns of use for premium

cigar users support exempting the product from regulation altogether. “The fact that some

premium cigar smokers might smoke such products infrequently or report that they do not inhale,”

the FDA stated, “does not negate the adverse health effects of tobacco smoke or demonstrate that

cigars do not cause secondhand smoke-related disease in others.” Id. According to the FDA, even

though commenters cited studies indicating that some cigar smokers may absorb less tobacco

smoke through cigars, those same studies “also show that all cigar smoking is harmful.” Id. at

29,024. The agency concluded that “all cigars are potentially addictive” and “cigar use of all types

can lead to negative health effects.” Id. at 29,022; see also id. at 29,024.

        Specifically in response to commenters’ argument that the proposed warning labels for

premium cigars “lack a sound scientific basis” because of different consumption rates, inhalation

patterns, and demographics of premium cigar users, the FDA merely remarked that it “finds there

is a strong scientific basis to require health warnings on cigar packages and in cigar advertisements

(as well as on signs for unpackaged cigars), which was extensively discussed in the [Proposed

Deeming Rule].” Id. at 29,062 (citing 79 FR 23,142 at 23,167 through 23,170).

                4.       The Premium Cigar Rulemaking

        Just over a year later, the FDA re-opened the door it seemed to have shut on proponents of

not regulating premium cigars. In July 2017, the FDA announced a new comprehensive plan for

tobacco regulation. Press Release, FDA announces comprehensive regulatory plan to shift

trajectory of tobacco-related disease, death, at 1 (July 27, 2017) (hereinafter “July 2017 Press

Release”). 4 As part of that announcement, the FDA said it intended to issue an advanced notice

of proposed rulemaking (“ANPRM”) seeking additional information concerning how “premium”

4
 Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-announces-comprehensive-regulatory-
plan-shift-trajectory-tobacco-related-disease-death.

                                                    10
cigars might be defined and how the patterns of use may impact public health. Id. At the same

time, the Agency delayed many of the compliance deadlines of the Deeming Rule’s premarket

approval and substantial equivalence requirements, but it did not stay imposition of the health

warnings requirements. Id.

       The FDA issued the ANPRM regarding premium cigars the following year. The FDA’s

new premium cigar rulemaking sought “new and different information, data, and analysis not

submitted in response to FDA’s proposed deeming rule . . . that could inform FDA’s regulation of

premium cigars.” See Regulation of Premium Cigars, 83 Fed. Reg. 12,901, 12,902 (Mar. 26,

2018). The agency observed that while it had received comments in response to the Proposed

Deeming Rule claiming that the health risks associated with the use of premium cigars were not

significant because of the patterns of premium cigar use, these comments ultimately failed to

provide an adequate scientific basis for excluding those products from regulation. Id. Thus, the

FDA invited submission of “new and different” comments, data, research results, and other

information, id., related to three topics: (1) the “definition of premium cigars”; (2) usage patterns

of premium cigars; and (3) “[p]ublic health considerations associated with premium cigars,” id. at

12,903. The FDA also asked the public to submit studies or information regarding the Deeming

Rule’s current health warnings mandates and requested comment on “whether any additional or

alternative warning statements would be appropriate.” Id. at 12,904. The rulemaking remains

ongoing.

       B.      The Cigar Association Litigation

       On July 15, 2016, a group of plaintiffs, led by the Cigar Association of America, filed suit

in this District against the FDA, HHS, and others. See Compl., Cigar Ass’n of Am. v. FDA, No.

16-cv-01460 (D.D.C.), ECF No. 1.          Plaintiffs in Cigar Association are three non-profit

                                                 11
associations that represent cigar manufacturers, importers, distributors, suppliers, and consumers,

as well as premium cigar and tobacco retail shops (collectively “Cigar Association Plaintiffs”).

Id. ¶¶ 9–11. The Cigar Association Plaintiffs’ nine-count complaint challenged the Deeming

Rule as well as a separate rule 5 on a number of grounds. As relevant here, the Cigar Association

Plaintiffs alleged that (1) the FDA’s decision not to select Option 2, i.e., excluding premium

cigars from the Deeming Rule, is unlawful under the APA (Count V); and (2) the warning label

requirements for all cigar products contravene the APA (Count VI) and the First Amendment

(Count VII). Id. ¶¶ 82–160. Notably, although the Cigar Association Plaintiffs challenged the

deeming of premium cigars, they did not assert the narrower claim that, even if deemed for other

regulatory purposes like pre-market approval, the warnings label requirement as applied to

premium cigars was unlawful. See generally id.

        After the Plaintiffs filed their opening brief for summary judgment, the FDA announced,

as discussed above, its intention to issue an ANPRM concerning premium cigars. See July 2017

Press Release; see also Cigar Ass’n, 315 F. Supp. 3d 143, 156–57 (D.D.C. 2018). Partly in

response to that intended rulemaking, the Plaintiffs thereafter opted to defer litigating their

premium cigar-specific claim, i.e., the claim that the agency’s selection of Option 1 over Option 2

was an arbitrary and capricious agency action. See Joint Report Regarding Briefing Schedule,

ECF No. 53; Cigar Ass’n, 315 F. Supp. 3d at 157–58. Briefing proceeded on Plaintiffs’ other

claims, including the claims asserting that the warnings regime as to all cigars violated the First

Amendment and the APA. See ECF Nos. 120, 124, 125, 128, 129, 132.

5
  The other rule, also promulgated in May 2016, but not at issue here, is known as the “User Fee Rule.” See
Requirements for the Submission of Data Needed To Calculate User Fees for Domestic Manufacturers and Importers
of Cigars and Pipe Tobacco, 81 Fed. Reg. 28,707 (May 10, 2016); 21 C.F.R. § 1150.5. That Rule assesses “user fees”
on manufacturers and importers of cigars and pipe tobacco, but not other newly deemed products, like e-cigarettes.
See 81 Fed. Reg. at 28,711–12.

                                                       12
       On May 15, 2018, the court granted in part and denied in part the Cigar Association

Plaintiffs’ cross-motions for partial summary judgment. See Cigar Ass’n, 315 F. Supp. 3d at 189.

As relevant here, the court ruled that the health warnings requirement was lawful as to all cigar

products under both the First Amendment and the APA. See id. at 159–75. Specifically, as to

the First Amendment claim, applying the test set forth in Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary

Counsel of the Supreme Court of Ohio, 471 U.S. 626 (1985), the court held that the health

warnings requirement was reasonably related to a substantial government interest and not unduly

burdensome. See Cigar Ass’n, 315 F. Supp. 3d at 163–74. The court also held that the decision

to impose warnings as to all cigars was not arbitrary and capricious. See id. at 159–63. Finally,

because the Cigar Association plaintiffs had opted to defer litigating the Option 1 versus Option

2 issue, the court did not address the question whether the agency’s recent announcement that it

was seeking additional information about regulating premium cigars rendered the FDA’s decision

to regulate premium cigars arbitrary and capricious. Id. at 175–77.

       Thereafter, to enable an immediate appeal, the court entered judgment in favor of

Defendants as to those claims challenging the warnings requirement. The court, however,

enjoined enforcement of the warnings regime pending the outcome of appeal. See Cigar Ass’n

of Am. v. U.S. Food & Drug Admin., 317 F. Supp. 3d 555, 563–64 (D.D.C. 2018). The

Cigar Association matter remains under review before the D.C. Circuit. See Cigar Ass’n of Am.

v. FDA, 18-5195 (D.C. Cir.).

       C.      The En Fuego Litigation

       Plaintiffs in the instant case are three entities: (1) En Fuego Tobacco Shop LLC, “a

premium cigar retailer and lounge with locations” around Texas; (2) Cuba Libre Enterprises LLC

(doing business as El Cubano Cigars), “a manufacturer of handmade premium cigars” based in

                                               13
Texas; and (3) the Texas Cigar Merchants Association, “a Texas-incorporated not-for-profit

association representing premium cigar manufacturers and retailers in the State of Texas.”

Am. Compl., Case No. 18-cv-1797, ECF No. 20 [hereinafter Am. Compl.], ¶¶ 20–22 (collectively,

“Plaintiffs”). These Plaintiffs originally brought this action in January 2018 in the District Court

for the Eastern District of Texas against the FDA and its Commissioner, and HHS and its Secretary,

challenging the Deeming Rule on various grounds as it applies only to premium cigars.

See generally Compl., ECF No. 1; see also Am. Compl. The court in Texas transferred the case

here based on the Fifth Circuit’s “first-to-file rule” in March 2018, see Mot. to Transfer,

ECF No. 18, and after some litigation on the transfer, this court consolidated the En Fuego case

with the Cigar Association litigation, see Mem. Op. and Order of January 11, 2019, Case No. 18-

cv-1797, ECF No. 78.

       The En Fuego Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint contains eight counts. Taken together, those

counts challenge (1) the Deeming Rule’s health warnings mandate as its relates to premium cigars

under the First Amendment (Counts I–III), the TCA (Count V), and the APA (Count VI); (2) the

Deeming Rule’s warnings plan pre-approval requirement under the First Amendment (Count IV);

and (3) the manner of the Deeming Rule’s promulgation under the Appointments Clause (Counts

VII and VIII). Am. Compl. ¶¶ 64–149. Plaintiffs moved for summary judgment and a permanent

injunction, see Pls.’ Mot. for Summ. J. , ECF No. 120 (hereinafter “Pls.’ Mot.”), and Defendants

filed a cross-motion for summary judgment, see Defs.’ Cross Mot. for Summ. J., ECF. No. 124

(hereinafter “Defs.’ Mot.”). These motions are now ripe for review.

III.   LEGAL STANDARD

       When reviewing agency action under the APA, “summary judgment is the mechanism for

deciding whether as a matter of law an agency action is supported by the administrative record and

                                                14
is otherwise consistent with the APA standard of review.” Louisiana v. Salazar, 170 F. Supp. 3d
75, 83 (D.D.C. 2016) (citing Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 415

(1971)). The district court “sits as an appellate tribunal,” reviewing the entire case as a question

of law. Am. Bioscience, Inc. v. Thompson, 269 F.3d 1077, 1083 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (collecting cases).

Accordingly, the court need not engage in lengthy factfinding and as a general rule, judicial review

is limited to the administrative record.        “It is black-letter administrative law that in an

[Administrative Procedure Act] case, a reviewing court should have before it neither more nor less

information than did the agency when it made its decision.” CTS Corp. v. EPA, 759 F.3d 52, 64

(D.C. Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted; alteration in original); see also 5 U.S.C. § 706

(“[T]he court shall review the whole record or those parts of it cited by a party . . . .”).

        The APA “sets forth the full extent of judicial authority to review executive agency action

for procedural correctness.” FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., 556 U.S. 502, 513 (2009).

It requires courts to “hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions” that

are “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.”

5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). “This is a ‘narrow’ standard of review as courts defer to the agency’s

expertise.” Ctr. for Food Safety v. Salazar, 898 F. Supp. 2d 130, 138 (D.D.C. 2012) (quoting

Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983)).

The court’s review, however, is not toothless. The court must satisfy itself that the agency has

“examine[d] the relevant data and articulate[d] a satisfactory explanation for its action including a

rational connection between the facts found and the choice made.” State Farm, 463 U.S. at 43

(internal quotation marks omitted). When an agency “has failed to provide a reasoned explanation,

or where the record belies the agency’s conclusion, [the court] must undo its action.” County of

Los Angeles v. Shalala, 192 F.3d 1005, 1021 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (quoting BellSouth Corp. v. FCC,

                                                  15
162 F.3d 1215, 1222 (D.C. Cir. 1999)). “Moreover, an agency cannot fail to consider an important

aspect of the problem or offer an explanation for its decision that runs counter to the evidence

before it.” Dist. Hosp. Partners, L.P. v. Burwell, 786 F.3d 46, 57 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (cleaned up).

If the issuing agency has “failed to address significant comments raised during the rulemaking,”

the regulation will be deemed arbitrary and capricious. Ass’n of Private Sector Colleges & Univs.

v. Duncan, 681 F.3d 427, 441 (D.C. Cir. 2012); see also Select Specialty Hosp.-Bloomington, Inc.

v. Burwell, 757 F.3d 308, 312 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (noting that when “an agency’s failure to state its

reasoning or to adopt an intelligible decisional standard is [ ] glaring[,] [ ] we can declare with

confidence that the agency action was arbitrary and capricious” (quoting Checkosky v. SEC, 23
F.3d 452, 463 (D.C. Cir. 1994)). After-the-fact rationalizations “advanced to remedy inadequacies

in the agency’s record” or in the agency’s explanation will not suffice. City of Brookings Mun.

Tel. Co. v. FCC, 822 F.2d 1153, 1165 (D.C. Cir. 1987).

IV.      DISCUSSION

         A.       Claim Preclusion

         Before turning to the merits of Plaintiffs’ claims, the court starts with a threshold issue:

claim preclusion. 6 Defendants argue the court’s ruling in Cigar Association bars the En Fuego

Plaintiffs’ claims. Defs.’ Mot. at 11. Under the doctrine of claim preclusion, “a final, valid

judgment on the merits precludes any further litigation between the same parties on the same cause

of action.” Stanton v. D.C. Court of Appeals, 127 F.3d 72, 78 (D.C. Cir. 1997). To determine

when claim preclusion applies, courts look to see if the suit’s prior litigation “(1) involv[ed] the

same claims or cause of action, (2) between the same parties or their privies, and (3) there has been

6
  Although Defendants frame this threshold issue in terms of “res judicata,” Defs.’ Mot. at 11, that label is inexact,
as res judicata includes two preclusive doctrines—claim preclusion and issue preclusion. See Taylor v. Strugell, 553
U.S. 880, 892 (2008). Because Defendants only assert claim preclusion, the court refers only to that term and eschews
the term res judicata.

                                                         16
a final, valid judgment on the merits, (4) by a court of competent jurisdiction.” Smalls v. United

States, 471 F.3d 186, 192 (D.C. Cir. 2006). In this case, Defendants assert that the first claim

preclusion prong is satisfied because, “[a]t their core, both [Cigar Association and En Fuego]

involve constitutional and administrative law challenges to the FDA’s decision to require cigar

products to carry health warnings.” Defs.’ Mot. at 12. As to the second prong, Defendants argue

that the En Fuego Plaintiffs are in privity with two of the Cigar Association Plaintiffs, the

International Premium Cigar and Pipe Retailers Association (“IPCPR”) and Cigar Rights of

America (“CRA”).       Defendants emphasize that En Fuego Plaintiff Texas Cigar Merchants

Association is the official state association of Cigar Association Plaintiff IPCPR, and that Plaintiffs

En Fuego and El Cubano Cigars in this case were members of IPCPR when the Cigar Association

action was “filed, briefed, and argued.” Id. at 13.         These relationships satisfy the privity

requirement, Defendants say. Finally, for the third prong, Defendants point out that a final

judgement was entered in Cigar Association on Counts VI and VII. Relatedly, Defendants contend

that the rule against claim splitting, which “requires that all claims arising out of a single wrong

be presented in one action,” forecloses the En Fuego Plaintiffs’ claims. Id. at 14 (quoting Dorsey

v. Jacobson Holman PLLC, 764 F. Supp. 2d 209, 212 (D.D.C. 2011)).

       Defendants’ claim preclusion defense founders on the second prong: they have not

established privity between the En Fuego Plaintiffs and the Cigar Association Plaintiffs based on

the former’s membership in the latter. Although the D.C. Circuit appears not to have grappled

with this issue, commentators have warned that “great care should be taken before binding all

members to an association loss.” 18A Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice & Procedure

§ 4456 (2d ed. 2017). An association “may choose to conduct a particular suit with an eye to its

interests in other suits and other questions,” making it unfair to bind a member to the association’s

                                                  17
litigation result. Id. Mindful of this concern, some commentators and courts have distinguished

between a member who “actively participates” in the association’s litigation and one who does

not. “Any member who actively participated in the first action should [ ] be barred, without

insisting on the same degree of involvement that is required by ordinary standards of participation

and control. Other members, however, should not be precluded . . . .” Id. (footnote omitted); see

also Cal. Cosmetology Coal. v. Riley, 871 F. Supp. 1263, 1267 (C.D. Cal. 1994) (“Under federal

law, mere membership in a trade association alone does not create the privity necessary to bind

the member to a judgment against an organization.”), aff’d 110 F.3d 1454 (9th Cir. 1997). The

court adopts that approach here. Defendants bear the burden of establishing claim preclusion, see

Taylor v. Sturgell, 553 U.S. 880, 907 (2008), but have offered no evidence of litigation-related

activity by any En Fuego Plaintiff in the Cigar Association matter. Their mere membership in or

affiliation with the Cigar Association Plaintiffs IPCPR and CRA therefore does not foreclose their

present claims.

       Citing the Supreme Court’s decision in Taylor, Defendants argue that “[e]ven if Plaintiffs

were not members or affiliates of those associations, their claims would still be barred, because in

Cigar Association they were ‘adequately represented by someone with the same interests who

[was] a party,’” and a “party bound by a judgment may not avoid its preclusive force by relitigating

through a proxy.” Defs.’ Reply in Further Supp. of Defs.’ Mot., ECF No. 132, at 5 (quoting Taylor,
553 U.S. at 894–95) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). But neither of these

circumstances apply here. The Supreme Court has found that a nonparty’s claims are precluded

based on adequate representation in a prior action “only if, at a minimum: (1) The interests of the

nonparty and her representative are aligned; and (2) either the party understood herself to be acting

in a representative capacity or the original court took care to protect the interests of the nonparty.”

                                                  18
Taylor, 553 U.S. at 900 (citation omitted). This exception to the general rule against nonparty

claim preclusion applies “in certain limited circumstances,” such as class actions and suits brought

by trustees, guardians, and other fiduciaries. Id. at 894 (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted). Here, Defendants point to nothing other than IPCPR’s and CRA’s status as associations

to establish that they were acting in a representative capacity for certain En Fuego Plaintiffs. As

discussed above, the En Fuego Plaintiffs’ mere membership or affiliation with the Cigar

Association Plaintiffs is not enough to come within the “limited circumstances” of the adequate-

representation exception. Nor have Defendants established that the En Fuego Plaintiffs are

“proxies” for IPCPR and CRA. That exception requires a showing that the person that did not

participate in the earlier litigation is “the designated representative of a person who was a party to

the prior adjudication.” Id. at 895. Defendants have come forward with no evidence to establish

such relationship between the En Fuego Plaintiffs and the Cigar Association Plaintiffs.

Defendants’ claim preclusion defense thus fails.

       B.       Challenge to the Health Warnings Requirement

       The court now turns to the merits. Plaintiffs challenge the Deeming Rule’s health warnings

requirement for premium cigar packaging and advertisements on three primary grounds. First,

Plaintiffs argue that the warnings label regime, including the mandated agency preapproval of a

label-rotation plan, as applied to premium cigars violates the First Amendment. Pls.’ Mot. at 14–

33. Second, Plaintiffs contend that the FDA’s adoption of the warnings requirement for premium

cigars was not the product of reasoned decisionmaking and thus is arbitrary and capricious and

violates the APA. Id. at 33–42. Third, Plaintiffs indirectly challenge the warnings mandate by

asserting that the Deeming Rule, in its entirety, was unconstitutionally issued by the FDA’s

Associate Commissioner for Policy in violation of the Appointments Clause. Id. at 42–44.

                                                 19
Because the court agrees with Plaintiffs that the FDA’s rulemaking was not the product of reasoned

decisionmaking and therefore violates the APA, the court does not reach Plaintiffs’ First

Amendment and Appointments Clause arguments. See Nw. Austin Mun. Util. Dist. No. One v.

Holder, 557 U.S. 193, 197 (2009) (“Our usual practice is to avoid the unnecessary resolution of

constitutional questions.”); see also Qassim v. Trump, 927 F.3d 522, 530 (D.C. Cir. 2019) (stating

that “courts must ‘avoid the premature adjudication of constitutional questions’ and ‘not . . . pass

on questions of constitutionality . . . unless such adjudication is unavoidable’” (emphasis added)

(quoting Matal v. Tam, 137 S. Ct. 1744, 1755 (2017))). 7 In light of this ruling, the court also need

not reach the First Amendment challenge to the warnings plan preapproval requirement, as the

court invalidates the warnings requirement for premium cigars.

                 1.       Reasoned Decisionmaking

        “One of the basic procedural requirements of administrative rulemaking is that an agency

must give adequate reasons for its decisions.” Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro, 136 S. Ct.
2117, 2125 (2018). An agency therefore “must examine the relevant data and articulate a

satisfactory explanation for its action including a ‘rational connection between the facts found and

the choice made.’” State Farm, 463 U.S. at 43 (quoting Burlington Truck Lines v. United States,

371 U.S. 156, 168 (1962)). Although an agency “need not address every comment” made during

the notice and comment period, “it must respond in a reasoned manner to those that raise

significant problems.” City of Waukesha v. EPA, 320 F.3d 228, 257 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (quoting

Reytblatt v. Nuclear Regulatory Comm’n, 105 F.3d 715, 722 (D.C. Cir. 1997)). And while the

7
  Because the court finds that the health warnings requirement was not the product of reasoned decisionmaking, the
court need not address Plaintiffs’ other APA claims that (1) the FDA’s enforcement of the warnings regime on
premium cigars is arbitrary and capricious in light of the recently opened, ongoing rulemaking regarding of premium
cigars, Defs.’ Mot. at 33–34, and (2) the FDA neglected to make statutorily required findings that imposing health
warnings on premium cigars would reduce tobacco use, id. at 40–42.

                                                        20
agency action under review is “entitled to a presumption of regularity[,] . . . that presumption is

not to shield [an] action from a thorough, probing, in-depth review.” Citizens to Preserve Overton

Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 415 (1971), abrogated on other grounds by Califano v. Sanders,

430 U.S. 99 (1977). “Where the agency has failed to provide a reasoned explanation, or where the

record belies the agency’s conclusion, [the court] must undo its action.” County of Los Angeles,
192 F.3d at 1021 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

       Plaintiffs maintain that the FDA’s extension of warning labels to premium cigars was

insufficiently explained in light of comments arguing that the labels are “particularly ill-suited” to

premium cigars. Pls.’ Mot. at 38; Pls.’ Reply in Further Supp. of Pls.’ Mot. and Opp’n to Defs.’

Mot., ECF No. 128 [hereinafter Pls.’ Reply], at 28. As the court sees it, Plaintiffs’ argument is

essentially two-fold. First, the agency failed to supply a reasoned explanation to substantiate

applying health warnings to premium cigar products because the warnings themselves are factually

unfounded for such products. Second, the agency did not adequately justify the need for health

warnings for premium cigars because premium cigar consumers already appreciate the risks of

regular use. In support of both arguments, commenters to the Proposed Rule presented evidence

supporting that premium cigars have different usage patterns than other cigar and tobacco

products, they are almost never used by youth, and they are instead used by older, higher income,

and better educated consumers. See, e.g., J.A. Vol. 3 at 307, 310 (CRA comment citing evidence

indicating that the premium cigar consumer is “different from the typical tobacco consumer,”

including studies showing that premium cigar users tend to be far older than users of other tobacco

products, and studies showing that youth overwhelmingly prefer machine-made or filtered cigars

over premium cigars). In Plaintiffs’ view, these demographic differences and usage patterns

establish that (1) premium cigars present insufficient public health concerns and thus render the

                                                 21
warnings inaccurate as to premium cigars, and (2) consumers would not benefit from warnings

because they already use the product “in a manner showing [] consumers understand the risks of

excessive use,” Pls.’ Mot. at 28; see also Pls.’ Reply at 15. The FDA grappled with the first of

these arguments but not the second.

       The Final Deeming Rule rejected commenters’ arguments that the patterns of use and

demographic data for premium cigars support exempting the product from regulation. “The fact

that some premium cigar smokers might smoke such products infrequently or report that they do

not inhale,” the FDA explained, “does not negate the adverse health effects of tobacco smoke or

demonstrate that cigars do not cause secondhand smoke-related disease in others.” 81 Fed. Reg.

at 29,020. Though commenters had cited studies indicating, for example, that some cigar smokers

may absorb less tobacco smoke through cigars, the agency determined that those same studies

“also show that all cigar smoking is harmful.” Id. at 29,024. The FDA concluded that “all cigars

are potentially addictive,” and “cigar use of all types can lead to negative health effects.” Id. at

29,022. Because “[a]ll cigars produce toxic cigar smoke” and “[a]ny cigar use exposes the mouth

and throat to tobacco smoke,” health risks still exist regardless of how often consumers use

premium cigars. Id. at 29,024–05. Elsewhere, the agency addressed concerns from commenters

that “questioned whether large cigars, particularly premium cigars, should be required to carry an

addiction warning because users do not inhale the cigar smoke.” Id. at 29,069. The agency

answered: “Regardless of whether cigar smokers inhale, they are still subject to the addictive

effects through nicotine absorption . . . . Therefore, consumers using premium and other cigars

can become addicted to cigars given the absorption of nicotine.” Id. Such responses demonstrate

that the agency understood the doubts expressed about the warnings’ accuracy with respect to

premium cigars and addressed those concerns in a reasoned manner.

                                                22
       The same cannot be said, however, of the agency’s response to commenters’ assertions

that, in light of usage patterns and user demographics, warnings are unnecessary to inform

premium cigar users about health risks. Critical to understanding the court’s different conclusion

is the manner in which FDA framed the issue of regulating cigar products. At the outset, the

Proposed Deeming Rule submitted that differences between premium cigars and other types of

cigars might warrant a different approach with respect to each category of product. “[I]t has been

suggested that different kinds of cigars may have the potential for varying effects on public health,”

the agency wrote, “based on possible differences in their effects on dual use, youth initiation and

frequency of use by youth and young adults.” 79 Fed. Reg. at 23,143. “Accordingly,” the agency

said, it “is seeking comment on these options to determine whether all cigars should be subject to

deeming and what provisions of the proposed ruled may be appropriate or not appropriate for

different kinds of cigars.” Id. (emphasis added). Thus, the agency sought comment not only on

the global question of whether or not to deem premium cigars but also whether particular types of

regulation were appropriate for premium cigars. Once the FDA structured the Proposed Deeming

Rule in this way, it became incumbent on the agency to address, if challenged, the propriety of

subjecting a defined category of cigar product to a particular form of regulation, “articulat[ing]

with reasonable clarity its reasons for decision, and identify[ing] the significance of the crucial

facts.” Greater Bos. Television Corp. v. FCC, 444 F.2d 841, 851 (D.C. Cir. 1970). For purposes

of this case then, the FDA had to explain not only why it deemed premium cigars but also why

health warnings for premium cigar packaging and advertising are appropriate. See Pls.’ Reply at

27. The agency failed to do so.

       In response to comments questioning the need for warning labels for premium cigars, the

agency in the final Deeming Rule responded as follows: “FDA finds there is a strong scientific

                                                 23
basis to require health warnings on [premium] cigar packages and in cigar advertisements (as well

as on signs for unpackaged cigars), which was extensively discussed in the [Proposed Deeming

Rule].” 81 Fed. Reg. at 29,062 (citing 79 Fed. Reg. 23142 at 23,167–70). The circularity of this

response is evident. Rather than analyzing the behavior of premium cigar consumers, consumer

understanding of the risks associated with premium cigar products, or potential gaps in consumer

knowledge that warnings might address, the FDA directed readers to the Proposed Deeming Rule.

But the Proposed Deeming Rule itself makes clear that the agency was actively contemplating

whether health warnings should be required for premium cigars at all. See 79 Fed. Reg. at 23,150.

“[A]lthough all cigars are harmful and potentially addictive,” the Proposed Deeming Rule

explains:

              [I]t has been suggested that different kinds of cigars (e.g., small
              cigars, cigarillos, large cigars, premium cigars) may have the
              potential for varying effects on public health, if there are differences
              in their effects on youth initiation, the frequency of their use by
              youth and young adults, and other factors. In addition, the
              proportion of cigar smokers showing clear signs of dependence
              remains unknown, and usage patterns indicate that cigar only use
              beginning in adulthood is less likely to produce addiction than the
              use of cigarettes.

Id. Accordingly, the Proposed Deeming Rule sought “comment on whether all cigars should be

subject to deeming and what additional restriction(s) may or may not be appropriate for different

kinds of cigars.” Id. The FDA’s citation back to the Proposed Deeming Rule therefore leads right

back to the original question whether warning labels are necessary for premium cigars. This

obviously will not do for reasoned decisionmaking.

       This finding is underscored by an inspection of the actual pages of the Proposed Deeming

Rule on which the FDA relied in the final Deeming Rule when explaining the rationale for warning

labels for premium cigars. As noted, the agency answered commenters by saying that there “is

                                                24
strong scientific basis to require health warnings on cigar packages and in cigar advertisements,”

and it cited back to the Proposed Deeming Rule at “79 FR 23142 at 23167 through 23170” in

support. 81 Fed. Reg. at 29,062. But that portion of the Proposed Deeming Rule says little about

users’ misconceptions or knowledge gaps about the health risks of premium cigar products.

Instead, these pages primarily discuss the scientific studies supporting the accuracy of each of the

proposed warnings, with almost no discussion of the necessity for these warnings for premium

cigars. The FDA does not, for example, explain on those pages why informational concerns

generally attendant to cigar or other tobacco consumption obtain with respect to premium cigars.

Nor does this portion of the Deeming Rule cite any study indicating a lack of information about

the health consequences of premium cigar use on the part of the public in general or premium cigar

users in particular.

        The most that can be said about this portion of the Proposed Deeming Rule is that it relies

upon evidence to justify the warnings regime that does not apply to premium cigars and their users.

The FDA touted the importance of warning labels to: (1) “help consumers better understand and

appreciate the risks and characteristics of tobacco products”; and (2) “help correct current

misperceptions about newly deemed products.” Hr’g Tr., ECF No. 151, at 61; see also 79 Fed.

Reg. at 23,163 (“FDA believes it is critical to include a warning on all such [tobacco] products to

help consumers better understand and appreciate the addictive nature of these products.”). The

FDA was particularly focused on youth misimpressions about the health risks of cigar and tobacco

products. See 79 Fed. Reg. at 23,146. The various studies the agency cited to support these

objectives do not, however, implicate such concerns with respect to premium cigars.

        For example, in support of the proposition that “youth perceive cigars in a more positive

light than cigarettes and believe they are less harmful,” the Proposed Deeming Rule offers two

                                                25
different studies. See 79 Fed. Reg. at 23,169. The first study, by the Office of the Inspector

General, involved a self-administered survey of 230 teenagers as well as various focus groups that

included a mix of teenage cigar users and teenage non-users. See Office of Inspector General,

Youth Use of Cigars: Patterns of Use and Perceptions of Risk, OEI-06-98-00030 (1999). While

some teens who participated in the focus groups reported anecdotally that they had smoked

traditional, large cigars, and even one teenager reported purchasing an expensive cigar at one point,

the study did not differentiate overall between the types of cigars teenagers used, or which

perceptions about the harmfulness of cigars were held by which groups of teenagers—those who

used large, traditional cigars; those who used small cigars or cigarillos; or non-smoking teenagers.

Id. The second study, also a survey, suffers from the same flaw. It noted that the study subsumed

multiple types of cigars under the term “cigar,” and thus it did not differentiate between types of

cigars used by the participants, nor did it indicate which beliefs were held by students who smoke

and students who do not smoke. R. Malone, V. Yerger, & C. Pearson, Cigar Risk Perception in

Focus Groups of Urban African American Youth, 13 J. of Substance Abuse 549 (2001). The study

thus offers no insight into youth perceptions of premium cigars.

       Other studies cited within these pages of the Proposed Deeming Rule do not help the FDA’s

cause. For instance, in support of the finding that “some cigar smokers believe that cigars are a

safe alternative to cigarettes,” see 79 Fed. Reg. at 23,169, the Proposed Rule cites a cross-sectional

health risk survey that divided participants into non-users, cigarette-only users, cigar-only users,

and dual users. But the cigar-only user category included not only users of large cigars, but also

cigarillos and little cigars. See A. Brooks et al., Cigars, Cigarettes, and Adolescents, 32 Am. J. of

Health Behavior 640, 642 (2008). Yet another study, cited to support the contention that cigar

smokers exhibit an “optimistic bias” in estimating their own risk for developing cancer, see 79

                                                 26
Fed. Reg. at 23,168, is a general summary of findings from a June 1998 American Cancer Society

Conference, see F. Baker et al., Health Risks Associated With Cigar Smoking,” 284 J. of the Am.

Med. Ass’n 735, 737 (2000). Those findings in turn cite a telephonic survey that did not

distinguish between cigar types, another article about cigarette use only, and a third article that

surveyed a random sample of individuals regarding 32 different hazards. See F. Baker et al., Risk

perception and cigar smoking behavior (1998); J. Stretcher et al., Do cigarette smokers have

unrealistic perceptions of their heart attack, cancer, and smoke risk?, 18 J. Behavior Med. 45

(1995); N.D. Weinstein, Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: conclusions

from a community-wide sample, 10 J. Behavioral Med. 481 (1987). The cited studies thus draw

no conclusions about general public or consumer perceptions about the health risks of premium

cigars. Accordingly, they provide little weight to justify the FDA’s extension of warning labels to

premium cigars. See 79 Fed. Reg. at 23,143 (seeking comments as to “what provisions of the

proposed ruled may be appropriate or not appropriate for different kinds of cigars”).

       The only study cited in the Proposed Deeming Rule that arguably supports the FDA’s

position is a qualitative study conducted by Health Canada that assessed the impact of cigar, pipe,

and smokeless tobacco health warnings on consumers. See id. at 23,166 (citing Health Canada,

Tobacco Control Programme, Health Warning Messages on Smokeless Tobacco, Cigars, and Pipe

Products: A Qualitative Study With Consumers, H4097-02-5029 (2003) [hereinafter Health

Canada Study]). That study found that “[m]ost large cigar smokers thought their product was less

addictive than cigarettes, or not addictive at all because they smoked for pleasure, or smoked less

daily.” Health Canada Study at 6; see also id. at 36–39 (noting that all cigar users perceived cigars

to be less harmful because they do not inhale and because tobacco is natural and therefore contains

fewer chemicals and additives). Yet this study, too, appears to group pipe tobacco users with large

                                                 27
cigar users. See id. at 21, 36–37. And more to the point, the FDA does not rely on this study, as

it was neither among the studies identified in the pages of the Proposed Deeming Rule that the

Final Deeming Rule cross-referenced, nor identified in litigation. It is not the task of a reviewing

court to go “rummaging through the record” in search of a basis for upholding the agency’s action.

Conn. Power & Light Co. v. Nuclear Regulatory Comm’n, 673 F.2d 525, 534–35 (D.C. Cir. 1982)

(internal quotation marks omitted); see also Owner-Operator Indep. Drivers Ass’n, Inc. v. Federal

Motor Carrier Safety Admin., 494 F.3d 188, 206 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (“This court may ‘not attempt

itself to make up for [] deficiencies: We may not supply a reasoned basis for the agency’s action

that the agency itself has not given.’” (quoting State Farm, 463 U.S. at 43)).

       In summary, the FDA failed to articulate a reasoned basis for requiring warning labels for

premium cigars. Despite its professed interest in “help[ing] correct current misperceptions about

newly deemed products,” Hr’g Tr. at 61, the agency did not separately consider whether users or

prospective users of premium cigars in fact harbor misconceptions about the product or otherwise

remain in the dark about the health risks attendant to premium cigar use. Instead, the agency

focused only on the general “health risks of premium cigars,” 81 Fed. Reg. at 29,020–27, and

assumed that its findings as to the “established data on the health effects . . . of traditional large

cigars” are not only “applicable to . . . premium cigars, given that they share the same

characteristics and are smoked in similar ways,” 81 Fed. Reg. at 29,020, but also that these health

effects are a sufficient basis for requiring warning labels. That approach was inadequate. “By

failing to analyze” whether consumers are in fact misinformed or underinformed as to premium

cigar health effects, “the agency has failed to offer the rational connection between facts and

judgment required to pass muster under the arbitrary and capricious standard.” State Farm, 463
U.S. at 56; see also Getty v. Fed. Savs. & Loan Ins. Corp., 805 F.2d 1050, 1057 (D.C. Cir. 1986)

                                                 28
(holding that an agency must provide more than “conclusory statements” to prove it “consider[ed]

[the relevant] priorities”).

        In reaching this conclusion, the court is mindful of what it has already held. In Cigar

Association, this court determined that the Deeming Rule’s warnings requirements survived

First Amendment and APA scrutiny.            See Cigar Ass’n, 315 F. Supp. 3d at 163, 174–75.

Cigar Association did not, however, present the issue the court decides here, which is whether the

FDA adequately justified regulation as to a particular subset of cigar product—the premium cigar.

The agency asked for comments not only on whether to regulate premium cigars at all but whether

the various types of regulation set forth in the Proposed Deeming Rule were appropriate for

particular products. In framing the question that way, it was incumbent upon the agency to explain

not only why it decided to deem premium cigars—i.e., why it selected Option 1 over Option 2—

but also why the health warnings regime was appropriate for the distinct category of premium

cigars products. The FDA failed in this latter task and therefore fell short of its obligation to

“adequately explain its result” in violation of the APA. Pub. Citizen, Inc. v. FAA, 988 F.2d 186,

197 (D.C. Cir. 1993).          The court’s decision in Cigar Association does not foreclose that

determination.

        C.       Remedy

        The only remaining question then is the appropriate remedy. When a court concludes that

agency action is unlawful, “the practice of the court is ordinarily to vacate the rule.” Ill. Pub.

Telecomms. Ass’n v. FCC, 123 F.3d 693, 693 (D.C. Cir. 1997); Sierra Club v. Van Antwerp, 719
F. Supp. 2d 77, 78 (D.D.C. 2010) (“[B]oth the Supreme Court and the D.C. Circuit Court have

held that remand, along with vacatur, is the presumptively appropriate remedy for a violation of

the APA.”). “[A]lthough vacatur is the normal remedy, [courts] sometimes decline to vacate an

                                                  29
agency’s action.” Allina Health Servs. v. Sebelius, 746 F.3d 1102, 1110 (D.C. Cir. 2014). That

decision depends on the “seriousness of the [rule]’s deficiencies (and thus the extent of doubt

whether the agency chose correctly) and the disruptive consequences of an interim change that

may itself be changed.” Allied-Signal, Inc. v. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm’n, 988 F.2d 146,

150–51 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Standing Rock

Sioux Tribe v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs, 282 F. Supp. 3d 91, 103–04 (D.D.C. 2017) (declining

to vacate when agency “largely complied” with statute and could likely substantiate prior

conclusions on remand).

       Neither of these factors warrant deviating from the ordinary remedy of vacatur in this case.

The D.C. Circuit has said that the “fail[ure] to address” an important aspect of the problem is a

“major shortcoming[].” Humane Soc’y of United States v. Zinke, 865 F.3d 585, 614 (D.C. Cir.

2017). It has repeatedly vacated agency actions with that flaw. See, e.g., id. at 615; SecurityPoint

Holdings, Inc. v. TSA, 867 F.3d 180, 185 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (“[T]he court must vacate a decision

that ‘entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the problem.’”) (quoting State Farm, 463
U.S. at 43); Wedgewood Village Pharmacy v. DEA, 509 F.3d 541, 552–53 (D.C. Cir. 2007)

(vacating after failure to consider an important aspect of the problem). Here, vacatur is appropriate

because FDA did not supply a reasoned explanation for imposing the very requirement—health

warnings for premium cigars—that commenters challenged. See Fox Television Stations, Inc. v.

FCC, 280 F.3d 1027, 1052–53 (D.C. Cir. 2002).

       Nor would vacatur be particularly disruptive. This is not a case in which “[t]he egg has

been scrambled and there is no apparent way to restore the status quo ante.” Sugar Cane Growers

Co-op. of Fla. v. Veneman, 289 F.3d 89, 97 (D.C. Cir. 2002). Indeed, the warnings requirements

for premium cigars have not yet gone into effect. Allowing these requirements to take effect during

                                                 30
remand, on the other hand, could be exceptionally disruptive for Plaintiffs and the premium cigar

industry, requiring manufacturers and retailers to undertake significant compliance expenses. See,

e.g., J.A. Vol. 3 at 323–38. Moreover, the FDA’s ongoing premium cigar rulemaking—which

explicitly seeks information about health warnings requirements for premium cigars, see 83 Fed.

Reg. at 12,904—creates the distinct possibility that the agency’s approach to premium cigars and

their labeling “may itself be changed,” Allied-Signal, 988 F.2d at 151. The court therefore

concludes that preserving the status quo is appropriate.

V.     CONCLUSION

       For the reasons set forth above, Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 120,

is granted and Defendants’ Cross-Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, ECF No. 124, is denied.

The Deeming Rule’s warnings requirement for premium cigars is hereby vacated, and this portion

of the Rule is remanded to the agency for further proceedings consistent with this Memorandum

Opinion. A separate final, appealable order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

Dated: February 3, 2020                                     Amit P. Mehta
                                                     United States District Court Judge

                                                31