Court Opinion

ID: 5095611
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-10-01 17:06:43.981186+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:20:47.281913
License: Public Domain

Filed 9/29/21 P. v. Purewal
Received for posting on 9/30/21. Opinion after vacating opinion filed on 5/27/21.
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                     (Sacramento)
                                                            ----

THE PEOPLE,                                                                                  C079406

                   Plaintiff and Respondent,                                     (Super. Ct. No. 12F05261)

         v.

RAJDEV SINGH PUREWAL,

                   Defendant and Appellant.

         Defendant Rajdev Singh Purewal and a codefendant, Sarbjit Singh Sandu,1 were
jointly tried before separate juries and each found guilty of one count of kidnapping to
commit rape (Pen. Code, § 209, subd. (b)(1)—count 1),2 seven counts of forcible oral
copulation in concert (former § 288a, subd. (d)—counts 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, & 20),3 six

1   Sandu is not a party to this appeal.
2   Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
3 This offense has been renumbered and now constitutes a violation of section 287,
subdivision (d)(1).

                                                             1
counts of forcible sodomy in concert (§ 286, subd. (d)—counts 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, & 18), and
six counts of forcible rape in concert (§ 264.1—counts 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, & 19). (People v.
Sandhu (Oct. 1, 2019, C079402 [nonpub. opn.].) With respect to counts 2 through 20, the
jury also found true that defendant and Sandhu kidnapped the victim (§ 667.61, subds.
(d)(2) & (e)(1)), acted in concert (§ 667.61, subds. (d)(5) and (e)(7)), and tied or bound
the victim (§ 667.61, subd. (e)(5)). The trial court sentenced defendant to 482 years to
life; seven years to life for count 1, and consecutive terms of 25 years to life for counts 2
through 20.
       Defendant appeals, arguing: (1) the trial court erred in admitting evidence that he
was reluctant to provide a DNA sample to police and allowing the prosecutor to rely on
that evidence to show consciousness of guilt; (2) the trial court gave the jury
impermissibly one-sided instructions for evaluating his postcrime conduct; (3) the trial
court erred in admitting evidence that he and Sandhu considered stealing or borrowing a
license plate one week before the kidnapping; (4) the trial court’s instructions on oral
copulation in concert and sodomy in concert conflicted with the instructions on aiding
and abetting on the issue of intent, violating his right to due process; and (5) section 209,
subdivision (d) required the trial court to stay his sentence of seven years to life for count
1. We will modify the judgment to stay the sentence on count 1. In all other respects, the
judgment is affirmed.
                                    I. BACKGROUND
A.     The Crimes
       Victim Jane Doe drove home from her part-time job on the evening of January 24,
2012. (People v. Sandhu, supra, C079402.) She pulled into her driveway around 9:00
p.m. (Ibid.) As she was gathering her things, a man opened the driver’s side rear door
and got into the backseat. (Ibid.) He placed what she thought was a gun to her head and
ordered her to drive. (Ibid.) The man told Doe she would not get hurt if she cooperated.
(Ibid.) Doe did as she was told.

                                              2
          The man instructed Doe to pull over after a minute or so. (People v. Sandhu,
supra, C079402.) He ordered her to put up her hands and then bound them with zip ties.
(Ibid.) He then pushed her into the back seat and blindfolded her with a black covering
secured with duct tape. (Ibid.) The man also covered Doe’s mouth with duct tape.4
(Ibid.)
          The man got into the driver’s seat and started driving. (People v. Sandhu, supra,
C079402.) After 10 minutes, the man stopped the car and got into the back seat with
Doe. (Ibid.) A second man got into the car and started driving. (Ibid.) The man in the
backseat made Doe drink two liquids: one that tasted like NyQuil and another that tasted
like vodka. (Ibid.) The car came to a stop after approximately 40 minutes of driving.
(Ibid.) Doe was carried into a building of some kind and ordered to walk up a flight of
carpeted stairs. (Ibid.) She was then pushed onto a bed. (Ibid.)
          The man with the gun ordered Doe to remove her clothes. (People v. Sandhu,
supra, C079402.) The man cut Doe’s zip ties so she could undress and then zip tied her
hands again. (Ibid.) The man with the gun then left the room. (Ibid.) Another man
entered the room sometime later. He spoke with a voice that was somehow disguised to
sound robotic. (Ibid.) He ordered Doe to suck his penis, and she did so, against her will
(count 2). (Ibid.) The man with the robotic voice made Doe orally copulate him two
more times (counts 5 & 8), inserted his penis into her anus multiple times (counts 3, 6, &
9), and inserted his penis into her vagina (count 4). (Ibid.) He then left the room. (Ibid.)
          The man with the gun reentered the room. (People v. Sandhu, supra, C079402.)
He made Doe orally copulate him four times (counts 11, 14, 17, & 20), and inserted his
penis into her anus (counts 12 & 15) and vagina (counts 7, 10, & 13) multiple times.
(Ibid.) The man with the gun then left the room, and the man with the robotic voice

4Doe remained blindfolded throughout her hours-long ordeal. (People v. Sandhu, supra,
C079402.) The duct tape was removed from her mouth at some point. (Ibid.)

                                               3
returned. (Ibid.) The man with the robotic voice then put his penis in Does’ mouth, anus
(count 18), and vagina (counts 16 & 19). (Ibid.)
       When they were done, the man with the gun helped Doe into her clothes and
escorted her to her car. (People v. Sandhu, supra, C079402.) He sat beside Doe in the
back seat and forced her to copulate him as the other man drove. He then made her drink
more of the liquid that tasted like NyQuil. (Ibid.) The car came to a stop after
approximately 40 minutes. (Ibid.) The driver left the car. The man with the gun
removed Doe’s blindfold and zip ties and told her that her phone, which had been taken
from her, was in the cupholder and she could find her way home. (Ibid.) He warned her
that she would get hurt if she told anyone what happened. He then got out of the car and
walked away.
       Doe called her boyfriend, who called 911. (People v. Sandhu, supra, C079402.)
She then drove herself home. She reached home shortly after 2:00 a.m. (Ibid.) Police
officers arrived around 20 minutes later. (Ibid.) An officer took photographs of Doe and
observed red marks on her wrists and duct tape in her hair. (Ibid.)
B.     The Investigation
       Dr. Angela Rosas, a pediatrician specializing in child abuse and adult sexual
assault, completed a sexual assault forensic examination on Doe in the predawn hours of
January 25, 2012. Doe reported that her wrists hurt, and she was experiencing pain in her
vagina and anus. Doe told Dr. Rosas that she believed one of the perpetrators had worn a
condom.
       Dr. Rosas observed abrasions on Doe’s wrists, fresh bruises on her knees, and duct
tape in her hair. Dr. Rosas also observed genital abrasions consistent with sexual contact.
Dr. Rosas could not say, however, whether the contact was consensual or nonconsensual.
Dr. Rosas collected swabs from Doe’s breasts, the right side of her neck, the area outside
her mouth, and her vagina, cervix, and rectum. Dr. Rosas also collected samples of
Doe’s urine and blood.

                                             4
       Doe was interviewed by City of Sacramento Police Detective Terri Castiglia later
that same morning. During the course of the interview, Castiglia asked Doe for
permission to search her phone and computer, which Doe gave. Doe also provided
access to her email and Facebook accounts. At the end of the interview, Doe showed
Castiglia the route she had been ordered to drive by the man with the gun. Police later
returned to the area and found a zip tie on the ground. Police also searched Doe’s car and
found zip ties on the front passenger seat, the back seat, and the back floorboards.
(People v. Sandhu, supra, C079402.) Police found a toy gun on the front passenger’s
seat underneath Doe’s book bag. (Ibid.) The toy had been painted to look real.
       Castiglia interviewed Doe a second time on January 31, 2012. The interview was
precipitated by Doe after she discovered a new email account on her phone. The account,
which was created on the night of the kidnapping, had been used to send photographs
from Doe’s phone to an unfamiliar yahoo.com email address. The photographs were
intimate self-portraits, which Doe had taken before the kidnapping to share with her
boyfriend.
       During the second interview, Doe disclosed that she suspected Sandhu may have
been one of the perpetrators. Sandhu was her cousin’s boyfriend, and Doe had visited his
apartment in Yuba City on two occasions, both times as part of a group. Sandhu had
previously expressed a romantic interest in Doe; an interest she did not reciprocate.
Although Doe had exchanged a few text messages with Sandhu years before, nothing
came of the correspondence. Doe had not communicated with Sandhu by text or email in
the year preceding the kidnapping and had not sent photographs of herself to him.
Nevertheless, she suspected him because he was the only person she knew who lived 30
minutes away and had his own apartment with carpeted stairs. Doe did not know
defendant and had never communicated with him by phone, text, or email.
       Castiglia obtained a search warrant for Sandhu’s apartment in Yuba City. The
search uncovered black zip ties in a nightstand in an upstairs bedroom, bottles of NyQuil

                                             5
in a kitchen cabinet, and a bag containing vinyl gloves and duct tape. The search also
uncovered several cell phones.
       Castiglia interviewed Sandhu and then placed him under arrest. Castiglia obtained
a DNA sample from Sandhu, which was compared with DNA extracted from the
cervical, vaginal, and rectal swabs collected from Doe, and found to match. DNA
analysis also indicated the presence of another contributor, confirming Doe’s account of
having been assaulted by two men.
       Castiglia set out to determine the identity of the second man. She contacted
Sandhu’s girlfriend, who provided the names of Sandhu’s close friends and family
members. Defendant, who is Sandhu’s cousin, was among the men so identified.
Castiglia began contacting the men on the list. Each of them agreed to provide a DNA
sample and was soon eliminated as a suspect. Defendant was another story.
       Castiglia went to defendant’s home in Davis, but he was not home. She left a
business card. Defendant called Castiglia later that day or the next day. Castiglia
requested a meeting. Defendant, a college student, explained that he was busy with
midterms. Nevertheless, he agreed to a meeting.
       The time for the meeting came and went, but defendant was a no show. He called
Castiglia afterwards and explained that he forgot the appointment. Castiglia recorded the
call, which would later be played for the jury. During the call, defendant stated he was
generally aware of the circumstances surrounding Sandhu’s arrest from articles he had
read online, but he was otherwise unfamiliar with the case and was not especially close to
his cousin. Castiglia explained that she was collecting DNA samples from Sandhu’s
close friends and family members in an attempt to identify a second suspect. She asked
whether defendant would be willing to provide a sample, and he demurred, stating, “I
don’t know how comfortable I am with that idea.” Defendant explained that he had spent
time at Sandhu’s apartment in Yuba City and expressed concern that DNA testing might
place him at the scene of the crime. Castiglia responded that the sample would not be

                                             6
compared to anything found in Sandhu’s apartment. She went on to explain that
defendant was one of several men she was contacting and collecting samples from.
       Defendant then said that he was not familiar with the process for collecting DNA
and would like some time to research it. Castiglia offered to explain the process, and
then proceeded to do so. She concluded her explanation by saying defendant’s sample
would be compared to one police already had from a second suspect and then destroyed,
assuming there was no match. The following exchange then took place:
       “[DEFENDANT]: So basically it’s—it’s like— if a— if a person you’re asking
like doesn’t voluntarily do that he’s kind of considered a suspect if— if.
       “[CASTIGLIA]:        Well I’m— I mean I understand your concern.
       “[DEFENDANT]: Uh-huh.
       “[CASTIGLIA]:        But yes, I mean, I would— the thing is if you haven’t done
anything wrong . . .
       “[DEFENDANT]: Mm-hm.
       “[CASTIGLIA]:        . . . there’s nothing to fear is my thing.”
       The conversation continued along these lines for a brief period. The following
exchange then took place:
       “[DEFENDANT]: Um, so you guys have been doing DNA tests so, um, I don’t
know if I’m allowed to ask this, but didn’t my, uh, cousin get arrested on the grounds
of—of DNA evidence or—or?
       “[CASTIGLIA]:        Yeah.
       “[DEFENDANT]: Oh, wow.
       “[CASTIGLIA]:        Yes he did. And—and the thing is that I’ve gone to plenty of
other people and they’ve, um, been more than willing to give up . . .
       “[DEFENDANT]: Mm-hm.
       “[CASTIGLIA]:        . . . a DNA sample.
       “[DEFENDANT]: Yeah.

                                              7
       “[CASTIGLIA]:        So because, you know, when you explain the whole
circumstances and if you know, truly in your heart there’s nothing you’ve done wrong.
       “[DEFENDANT]: Mm-hm.
       “[CASTIGLIA]:        Then there’s really no reason to . . .
       “[DEFENDANT]: Mm-hm.
       “[CASTIGLIA]:        . . . to worry about it so.
       “[DEFENDANT]: Yeah.
       “[CASTIGLIA]:        I mean I’ve—I’ve contacted other family members of
[Sandhu’s] and gotten samples. I’ve contacted his friends and gotten samples. So.
       “[DEFENDANT]: Mm-hm.
       “[CASTIGLIA]:        I mean it would—it concerns me that—that maybe you’re not
wanting to give me a sample because maybe there’s something else that’s going on.
       “[DEFENDANT]: Oh, no—no—no, nothing like that. It’s—it’s—it’s just the
idea of—of—of giving a— a DNA sample is just—is scary to me. I mean, I don’t know,
but I mean bas—like, you know what I mean, from what you’re telling me it—it does
make me feel a little bit more comfortable and everything and—and, um, like I said,
yeah, uh, I mean I didn’t do anything wrong so I mean I shouldn’t have anything to worry
about and so, yeah I mean, I guess sometime next week maybe.”
       Defendant and Castiglia discussed possible times for a meeting, with Castiglia
offering to come to Davis the next day and defendant pushing for the following week.
They ultimately agreed to meet on the following Monday morning, five days from the
date of the call. Defendant did not appear for that meeting either. Just before the
scheduled meeting time, defendant called Castiglia and said that he was not comfortable
meeting. He indicated that he still did not understand the process for collecting DNA and
wanted to conduct further research. He also indicated that a roommate’s family member
had passed away, and he needed to help his roommate. Castiglia offered to come to

                                              8
Davis right away, but defendant said he was not available. He offered to contact
Castiglia when he became available, but he never did.
      In the meantime, police were examining the phones recovered from Sandhu’s
apartment. They found that one of Sandhu’s phones had been used to search for the
beauty supply store where Doe worked. The same phone contained a video of a woman
with her eyes covered with duct tape and her hands tied behind her back with black zip
ties.5 Another phone contained photographs of Doe that appeared to have been taken on
the night she was kidnapped. Police also found a treasure trove of text messages between
Sandhu and defendant.
      Sandhu searched for Doe’s beauty supply store on January 13, 2012.6 Three days
later, on January 16, 2012, Sandhu sent a text message to defendant asking, “U up?”
Defendant responded, “Yeah.” Sandhu then asked, “RU down to do that on
Wednesday?” Defendant responded, “Yes.” Sandhu then wrote, “She gets off at nine.
Gonna B to [sic] late then.” Defendant responded, again, “Yes.”
      On January 17, 2012, Sandhu sent defendant a text message stating, “We need a
license plate.” Defendant responded, “Get Polly’s?” Sandhu replied, “His car’s not
there.” Sandhu then wrote, “Jack Gurdevs”; an apparent reference to stealing a license
plate from someone named Gurdev. Defendant responded, “I can. Will be able to put

5 The video has not been made part of the record on appeal; however, defendant’s
opening brief characterizes the content of the video as “Ms. Doe being sodomized by
someone wearing a latex glove.”
6 A screenshot reflecting the name and address of Doe’s store was also later found on
defendant’s phone.

                                            9
‘em back on. N it’s nuggets. LOL.” Sandhu responded, “LOL, K, cool, yeah, we could
put it back on.”7
          On January 19, 2012, defendant sent Sandhu a text message asking, “Guns still
drying?” On January 24, 2012 (the day of the kidnapping), at approximately 2:30 a.m.,
defendant sent a text message to Sandhu stating, “Cymbalta is for depression, and it’s
delayed release, but one of the side effects is tiredness. Cellebrex [sic] is an arthritis pain
reliever, but fuck those, get some NyQuil and we set.” Sandhu responded, “LOL, K,
cool.” Defendant wrote, “Aite night,” and Sandhu replied, “We can buy it tomorrow aite,
night.”
          That evening, at approximately 7:00 p.m., Sandhu sent defendant a text message
stating, “About to leave. Can you buy the stuff?” An hour later, Sandhu sent defendant a
text message stating, “LOL, cherry?” Defendant responded, “Original is better.” Sandhu
replied, “K.” A short time later, defendant sent Sandhu a text message asking, “Where
are you at?” Sandhu responded, “By u.” Defendant replied, “K.” Moments later,
defendant wrote, “Fuck. They taking forever, it’s been ten min.” Sandhu responded,
“Go ask them. B like WTF?” Defendant replied at 8:30 p.m., “They only have two
people worken [sic].”
          On the evening of January 25, 2012, after the kidnapping, Sandhu sent a text to
defendant asking, “Did you find the toy?” As noted, police found a toy gun on the front
passenger’s seat of Doe’s car.
          Castiglia returned to Davis, armed with search and arrest warrants. A search of
defendant’s house uncovered a bottle of NyQuil in a shared bathroom but little else.
Defendant waived his Miranda8 rights and told Castiglia, again, that he had no firsthand

7 As discussed in greater detail post, there was no evidence that defendant or Sandhu
followed through on the scheme to borrow or steal a license plate.
8   United States v. Miranda (1966) 384 U.S. 436 (Miranda).

                                              10
knowledge of the circumstances giving rise to Sandhu’s arrest. Castiglia obtained a DNA
sample from defendant at the time of his arrest. Subsequent DNA analysis confirmed
that defendant’s sample matched DNA extracted from the swabs collected from Doe’s
neck and breast.
C.     The Trial
       Sandhu and defendant were tried together before two juries in April 2015.
Defendant’s jury heard evidence over the course of eight days. The prosecution’s
witnesses testified substantially as described ante. The jury also heard the evidence
described post.
       During the course of the combined trial, jurors were informed by stipulation that
blood and urine samples collected from Doe after the kidnapping had been analyzed by
the Sacramento County Crime Lab and found to be negative for alcohol, but positive for
doxylamine. Criminalist Michael Toms testified that doxylamine is an antihistamine
commonly found in cold and flu preparations, including NyQuil. Presented with a
hypothetical involving a person forced to consume the same quantities of alcohol and
NyQuil as Doe, at the same times, Toms opined that he would not expect to see alcohol
in blood or urine collected from the person the next morning.
       Detective Eugene Shim, an expert in cell phone and computer forensics, testified
that he analyzed Doe’s phone, and he found no contacts for Sandhu or defendant and no
evidence of incoming or outgoing calls or text messages to or from either one. Shim
testified that an email account bearing Doe’s name had been created on January 24, 2012,
at 9:49 p.m., and used to send photographs to the unfamiliar yahoo.com email account
shortly thereafter. Shim further testified that the newly created email account had not
been used again, while the email address for the unfamiliar yahoo.com email account had
been found on Sandhu’s computer.
       The jury also heard that an incriminating note had been found outside defendant’s
jail cell while awaiting trial in this case. The note was addressed to defendant’s

                                            11
girlfriend, N.B. The note instructed N.B. to hack into Doe’s email and Facebook
accounts and offered detailed instructions on how this might be done. Once N.B. had
hacked her way into Doe’s Facebook account, she was to send defendant a message,
posing as Doe, in which she would offer to recant her statements to police in exchange
for money. Thus, if N.B. were successful in hacking into Doe’s accounts, defendant
would receive a message, ostensibly from Doe, stating, “I will tell the detective I lied and
that we had consensual sex . . . [¶] . . . but [i]f you want my help, I need $25,000.” The
note further instructed N.B. to call Doe and offer as much as $35,000 in exchange for her
recanting her sexual assault allegations.
       Defendant did not testify or present any witnesses. However, defense counsel
extensively cross-examined Doe, and sought to undermine her credibility with evidence
that she fought with her boyfriend in the weeks leading up to the kidnapping and, upon
learning that he had attempted to initiate suggestive conversations with her coworkers,
sent him a text message stating, “Fuck you. I can hide shit too, you fucking slut.”
Defense counsel also elicited evidence that Doe downloaded Pinger, an application that
allows users to send messages and place phone calls from different phone numbers. Doe
testified that she used Pinger only once, to “mess with” her boyfriend.
       Defense counsel also attempted to undermine Doe’s credibility with evidence that
she told Castiglia she “always” deleted intimate photographs from her phone, but failed
to delete the photographs that had been emailed to the unfamiliar yahoo.com email
account, and evidence that she had not warned her cousin, Sandhu’s girlfriend, that she
suspected Sandhu may have been one of the perpetrators.
D.     Closing Arguments
       The jury heard closing argument over the course of two days. The prosecutor’s
closing argument framed the case as a credibility contest between Doe and defendant on
the question of consent. The prosecutor emphasized defendant’s changing story, noting
that he initially told Castiglia he had no information concerning the circumstances

                                             12
surrounding Sandhu’s arrest, and only later proffered a consent defense, upon learning of
the existence of DNA evidence against him. The prosecutor reminded the jury that
several suspects had been contacted during the investigation and all agreed to provide
DNA samples except for defendant.
      The prosecutor theorized that defendant had been the man with the gun and
Sandhu the man with the robotic voice, as Sandhu would have wanted to avoid being
recognized by Doe, with whom he was acquainted. The prosecutor argued there was no
evidence of consent, but extensive evidence that Sandhu and defendant plotted to kidnap
and sexually assault Doe, including physical evidence (such as the toy gun, duct tape, and
zip ties) and electronic evidence (such as the photographs, video, and text messages).
The prosecutor emphasized that there was no evidence of phone calls, text messages, or
other communications between Doe, on one hand, and Sandhu or defendant, on the other,
and no evidence that Doe communicated with Sandhu or defendant using Pinger.
      Defense counsel agreed that the case boiled down to a credibility contest between
Doe and defendant. However, defense counsel found ample reason to question Doe’s
credibility. Defense counsel observed that Dr. Rosa’s sexual assault forensic
examination had been inconclusive as to whether the contact with Doe had been
consensual or nonconsensual. Defense counsel further observed there was no evidence of
alcohol in Doe’s blood or urine and no biological or other evidence that defendant had
ever been in Doe’s car. Defense counsel suggested that Doe had participated in a
consensual ménage à trois with defendant and Sandhu, using Pinger to cover her tracks.
Defense counsel reminded the jury that Doe sent her boyfriend an angry text in the period
preceding the kidnapping, warning that, “I can hide shit, too.” Defense counsel theorized
that Doe “set this whole thing up” in a bid for sympathy from her boyfriend.
      Defense counsel observed that some people use NyQuil recreationally, adding that
the text messages between Sandhu and defendant were not necessarily inconsistent with
an eagerly anticipated consensual encounter. Defense counsel acknowledged that

                                            13
defendant had been reluctant to provide a DNA sample but argued that defendant was
merely confused and dismayed at a consensual encounter gone badly wrong. Defense
counsel noted that defendant’s conduct after being contacted by police demonstrated a
“consciousness of innocence,” as defendant continued his college studies and made no
attempt to flee the country or destroy evidence. As for the jailhouse note, defense
counsel argued that defendant was merely frustrated at being locked up. In summary,
defense counsel concluded, defendant “was forced to live a nightmare when all of a
sudden a consensual sexual encounter turned into some nightmare of forced kidnapping
and forced sexual assault; it never happened.”
    E.   Deliberations and Verdict
         The jury retired for deliberations on Thursday, April 23, 2015, at 2:02 p.m. A
little more than an hour later, the trial court received a jury note requesting the testimony
of Doe and Castiglia, the zip ties found on the ground and in Doe’s car, and the toy gun.
The trial court also received a jury note requesting “DNA evidence (all).” The trial court
released the jury for the day a short time later.
         Deliberations resumed on Friday, April 24, 2015. The trial court arranged for the
zip ties and toy gun to be sent to the jury deliberation room and asked whether jurors
wanted all of Castiglia’s lengthy testimony read back, or just a portion. The trial court
also sought clarification of the jury’s request for “DNA evidence (all).” The jury
responded with a third note a short time later. The third note requested a read back of
Doe’s testimony “from the point where she describes what happened on January 24, 2012
from being taken in her driveway to the point she was returned and released (back in [her
community] in her car).” The court reporter went into the jury deliberation room and
read back the requested testimony.9 That afternoon, at 3:23 p.m., the trial court received

9 The clerk’s minutes do not reveal whether any portion of Castiglia’s testimony was
read back.

                                              14
a fourth jury note stating, “We are at an impasse, we believe we are a hung jury, what are
your further instructions?” The trial court released the jury for the weekend with
instructions to return on Monday.
       The jury returned for further deliberations on Monday, April 27, 2015. At noon,
the trial court received a fifth jury note requesting the videotape of the interview of
defendant following his arrest, the testimony of the officer who responded to the 911 call
on January 25, 2012, and a copy of a PowerPoint presentation summarizing the DNA
evidence. The videotape and PowerPoint presentation were provided, and the testimony
was read back. Towards the end of the day, the trial court received a sixth jury note
requesting copies of the texts between Sandhu and defendant and confirmation of the date
of the recorded telephone call between defendant and Castiglia. The jury was released
for the day a short time later.
       The jury returned for another day of deliberations on Tuesday, April 28, 2015.
The text messages and date of the recorded telephone call (October 12, 2012) were
provided. At 11:58 a.m., the trial court received a seventh jury note, stating “After
review instructions #220, we would like further explanations as to the differences
between reasonable doubt and possible doubt, and how those differences should impact
our decisions. Can you give us examples of reasonable doubt and possible doubt?” The
jury also requested a copy of the video from Sandhu’s phone. A short time later, the trial
court sent a response, encouraging the jury to reread CALCRIM No. 220 and indicating
that a copy of the video had been provided. Later that day, the trial court received an
eighth jury note, requesting clarification of the findings required by CALCRIM No.
3182. The jury was released for the day a short time later.
       The jury returned for further deliberations on Wednesday, April 29, 2015. Around
noon, the trial court received a ninth jury note, requesting a read back of “Doe’s
testimony where she is describing the different sexual acts, the various positions she was

                                             15
in, and the order of the act.” 10 The trial court responded to the jury’s previous note, and
the jury adjourned for the day.11
       The jury returned for further deliberations on Thursday, April 30, 2015. Around
noon, the trial court received word that a verdict had been reached. As noted, the jury
found defendant guilty as charged. The jury was polled, and all jurors affirmed the
verdicts. Nearly a month later, on May 26, 2015, one of the jurors called the trial court to
say that “she now feels that she did not make the right decision in convicting Mr.
Purewal.”
F.     Sentencing
       Defendant appeared for sentencing on May 29, 2015. The trial court sentenced
defendant to seven years to life for the aggravated kidnapping charged in count 1 (§ 209,
subd. (b)(1)), and consecutive terms of 25 years to life for each of the offenses charged in
counts 2 through 20.
       Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.
                                    II. DISCUSSION
A.     Evidence of Defendant’s Reluctance to Provide DNA Sample
       Defendant contends the trial court erred in admitting evidence of his reluctance to
provide a DNA sample and allowing the prosecutor to rely on that evidence in closing
argument. The People concede the error, but argue it was harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt. We agree with the People.

10 The clerk’s minutes identify the ninth jury note as “Request No. 7,” but this appears to
have been an error.
11 The clerk’s minutes do not indicate whether or when the jury received the read back
requested by the ninth jury note.

                                             16
        1.       Additional Background
        Prior to trial, defendant filed a motion in limine to exclude evidence that he failed
to cooperate with Detective Castiglia after his name was brought to her attention. The
motion referred to defendant’s reluctance to provide a DNA sample and sought to
exclude all evidence of his failure to cooperate. The trial court denied the motion
pursuant to Evidence Code section 352.
        During the trial, the prosecutor presented evidence that Castiglia contacted five
male suspects in the course of her investigation, not counting defendant and Sandhu.12
For each suspect, the prosecutor elicited testimony that Castiglia contacted the suspect,
requested and collected a voluntary DNA sample, and eventually eliminated him as a
suspect.
        Later, the prosecutor questioned Castiglia about her attempts to schedule a
meeting with defendant. The prosecutor played the recording of the Castiglia’s telephone
conversation with defendant (summarized ante), and then asked a series of follow-up
questions. As relevant here, the prosecutor briefly questioned Castiglia about her offer to
come to Davis to collect defendant’s DNA sample, stating, “And when you offered to
come right then to get—to take the DNA test, what did he say?” Castiglia responded,
“He wasn’t available to do that.” The prosecutor’s direct examination then moved on to
other matters.
        Defense counsel returned to the subject of collecting a DNA sample on cross-
examination of Castiglia. Defense counsel posed a series of questions confirming the
substance of Castiglia’s recorded conversation with defendant, and then elicited her
agreement that she was not in a position to compel defendant to provide a DNA sample at

12   Some of these suspects had been identified by Sandhu’s girlfriend.

                                              17
the time of the call, and his unwillingness to provide a sample did not mean he was guilty
of anything.
       Defendant’s reluctance to provide a DNA sample came up again in closing
argument. The prosecutor reminded the jury that Castiglia contacted several suspects, all
of whom agreed to provide DNA samples. The prosecutor continued: “Detective
Castiglia detailed out for you about these attempted meetings with Mr. Purewal. He
doesn’t want any part of it. He doesn’t want to give a DNA sample. You heard him say,
hey, can I ask you a question? If I don’t want to provide a DNA sample, am I a suspect?
Am I automatically a suspect? And, hey can I ask you another question? How did you
catch my cousin? Wasn’t it DNA evidence? Oh, it was. Wow. That’s his response:
Wow. I don’t think I want to give a DNA sample. [¶] That’s what he said. And he
doesn’t. He won’t meet with the detectives. He will not provide a DNA sample.”
       The prosecutor continued to recount the investigative steps that led Castiglia to
defendant. She described some of the text messages found on Sandhu’s phone, and then
stated: “Mr. Purewal, after the discovery of those text messages and the photos—this is
after he’s refused to meet with the detective, he’s refused to provide a DNA sample—
after those text messages and photos, that was enough for the arrest and search warrant
for Mr. Purewal. He’s located and he’s followed in the city of Davis. He’s arrested by
detectives. And the DNA sample is taken from him.” The prosecutor then concluded her
argument without making further mention of defendant’s reluctance to provide a DNA
sample.
       2.      Analysis
       Defendant argues the trial court committed constitutional error in admitting
evidence that he refused to provide a DNA sample and allowing the prosecutor to rely on
that implicit assertion of Fourth Amendment rights to show consciousness of guilt. The
People concede the error, and we accept the concession. (People v. Wood (2002) 103
Cal.App.4th 803, 807-810 [trial court erred in allowing animal control officer to testify,

                                            18
over defendant’s objection, that defendant refused officer’s request to enter property
without a warrant]; People v. Keener (1983) 148 Cal.App.3d 73, 78-79 [trial court erred
in admitting evidence of defendant’s refusal to consent to warrantless entry into his
residence]; see also Griffin v. California (1965) 380 U.S. 609, 614 [error for the
prosecutor to comment on the defendant’s exercise of his Fifth Amendment right not to
testify at trial].) Having done so, we can turn directly to the question of prejudice.
       We review federal constitutional errors—including violations of the privilege to be
free from comment upon the assertion of a constitutional right—under the “harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt” standard set forth in Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S.
18, 24. (People v. Wood, supra, 103 Cal.App.4th at p. 810 [applying Chapman standard
to erroneous admission of statement invoking Fourth Amendment right against
warrantless search].) Under Chapman, we “must determine whether it is clear beyond a
reasonable doubt that a rational jury would have rendered the same verdict absent the
error.” (People v. Merritt (2017) 2 Cal.5th 819, 831.) “To find the error harmless we
must find beyond a reasonable doubt that it did not contribute to the verdict, that it was
unimportant in relation to everything else the jury considered on the issue in question.”
(People v. Song (2004) 124 Cal.App.4th 973, 984.)
       The error here was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Defendant’s reluctance
to provide a DNA sample was memorialized in the recording of his telephone
conversation with Castiglia, which was admitted to show consciousness of guilt. But the
telephone conversation showed consciousness of guilt in several ways, some of which
were distinct from defendant’s constitutionally protected assertion of Fourth Amendment
rights. During the course of the conversation, defendant offered excuses for missing an
earlier appointment with Castiglia and reasons why he could not commit to a new
meeting time. He also led Castiglia to believe that he was not close to Sandhu and had no
firsthand knowledge of the circumstances surrounding his cousin’s arrest. These
evasions and untruths, which are not said to have been improperly admitted, conveyed

                                             19
the same information as the improperly admitted evidence that defendant was reluctant to
provide a DNA sample. That defendant refused to cooperate with the police
investigation, for example, was conveyed by the properly admitted evidence that he failed
to appear for appointments with Castiglia. Likewise, that defendant had cause to be
concerned about DNA evidence, and changed his story to account for the presence of his
DNA on swabs collected from Doe, was conveyed by properly admitted evidence that he
offered one version of events to Castiglia and another, very different version at trial, after
lawfully obtained DNA established that he had been in contact with Doe. The
improperly admitted evidence that defendant was reluctant to provide a DNA sample was
thus cumulative of properly admitted evidence on the issue of consciousness of guilt.
And there was more such evidence, quite apart from the incriminating telephone
conversation with Castiglia.
       As previously discussed, the jury also heard evidence that Sandhu and defendant
were searching for the toy gun the day after the kidnapping, an exercise that would likely
have been unnecessary had the toy gun been used as a mere prop in consensual role
playing. More damning, the jury heard evidence that defendant wanted his girlfriend to
hack into Doe’s email and Facebook accounts to compose phony messages exonerating
him. Against this properly admitted evidence, the admittedly improper evidence that
defendant was reluctant to provide a DNA sample, and the prosecutor’s equally improper
comment on that evidence, can only be viewed as nonessential. We therefore conclude
that the evidence concerning defendant’s reluctance to provide a DNA sample, and the
prosecutor’s comment on that evidence, did not contribute to the verdict and was
unimportant in relation to everything else the jury considered on the issue of
consciousness of guilt, as revealed in the record. (People v. Song, supra, 124
Cal.App.4th at p. 984.)
       People v. Schindler (1980) 114 Cal.App.3d 178 (Schindler), on which defendant
relies, does not convince us otherwise. There, the defendant shot and killed her husband

                                              20
and was tried for second degree murder. (Id. at p. 181.) The defense presented
“extensive evidence” that the defendant was suffering from diminished capacity and
acted in self-defense. (Ibid.) Among other things, the defense introduced evidence that
the defendant was afraid of her husband, who had shot and killed a previous wife. (Ibid.)
The evidence was undisputed that the defendant killed her husband, but a defense
psychiatrist testified she did so in a “state of panic” brought about by the husband’s threat
to kill her. (Id. at p. 182.) The prosecutor, in an attempt to rebut the defendant’s
diminished capacity defense, elicited evidence that she exercised her Miranda rights in an
interview shortly after the shooting, and requested, as her attorney, the man who
prosecuted her husband for the murder of his first wife. (Id. at pp. 182-185.) The
prosecutor commented on this evidence in closing argument, arguing that the defendant’s
assertion of rights showed she was not suffering from diminished capacity. (Id. at pp.
184-186.)
       The defendant was convicted, and the court of appeal reversed. (Schindler, supra,
114 Cal.App.3d at pp. 181, 191.) The court found: “The prosecution not only
impermissibly introduced evidence concerning [the] defendant’s exercise of her right [to
remain silent] but also affirmatively used this evidence in argument to convey the
impression that her defense of a ‘panic state’ was fabricated.” (Id. at p. 186.) The court
further found that the prosecution impermissibly used the defendant’s “choice of defense
attorney to impeach her and rebut her defense of diminished capacity.” (Id. at p. 187.)
The court concluded the errors were prejudicial, explaining: “The only issue at trial was
[the] defendant’s intent and mental capacity at the time of the commission of the offense.
The defense evidence was substantial. The rebuttal evidence directly attacked her
defense, and the prosecutor’s argument that the evidence showed she was fabricating her
‘panic’ state was most prejudicial.” (Id. at p. 190.)
       Schindler is distinguishable. There, the prosecutor’s improper evidence and
argument struck at the heart of the defendant’s theory that she was suffering from

                                             21
diminished capacity when she shot and killed her husband. (Schindler, supra, 114
Cal.App.3d at p. 190.) That theory was not only supported by “substantial” defense
evidence, it was also “[t]he only issue at trial.” (Ibid.) Here, by contrast, there was no
evidence that Doe consented to anything that happened that night. Although Doe’s
consent may have been the only issue at trial, her consent could have been manifested in
any number of ways (unlike the defendant’s state of mind in Schindler), and the evidence
that defendant was reluctant to provide a DNA sample was only a small piece of a much
larger body of evidence showing consciousness of guilt. As we have discussed, the
improper evidence was cumulative of properly admitted evidence on the same issue,
which was not the case in Schindler. Furthermore, the inculpatory significance of the
evidence, in the context of all the other evidence received by the jury, was not that
defendant invoked his Fourth Amendment rights, but that he went from denying firsthand
knowledge of the crimes against Doe in conversation with Castiglia to asserting an
inconsistent defense at trial; namely, that she participated in a consensual sexual
encounter with him. On the record before us, we conclude that the erroneous admission
of evidence showing that defendant was reluctant to provide a DNA sample, and the
prosecutor’s impermissible comment on that evidence, were harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt.
       Defendant resists this conclusion, pointing to the jury’s lengthy deliberations.13
Our Supreme Court has “sometimes inferred from unduly lengthy deliberations that the
question of guilt was close.” (People v. Cooper (1991) 53 Cal.3d 771, 837.) But there

13 Defendant also points to the fact that one of the jurors expressed regret about the
verdict weeks later. However, jurors were polled the day they returned their verdict and
all affirmed the verdict in open court. We cannot infer anything about the jury’s
deliberations or the closeness of the case from the fact that a juror had second thoughts
after the fact. (People v. Steele (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1230, 1262 [“Not all thoughts ‘by all
jurors at all times will be logical, or even rational, or, strictly speaking, correct. But such
[thoughts] cannot impeach a unanimous verdict; a jury verdict is not so fragile’ ”].)

                                              22
was nothing to support such an inference in this case. Jurors heard eight days of
testimony from 20 witnesses. They were presented with hundreds of exhibits and
numerous stipulations, many of them dealing with complex scientific and electronic
evidence. Jurors were confronted with 20 counts, 19 of which required additional
findings for each of five special allegations. (§ 667.61, subds. (d)(2), (d)(6), (e)(1),
(e)(5), and (e)(7).) They were also required to parse Doe’s hours-long ordeal into
discrete offenses and determine which were committed by defendant and which by
Sandhu. Under the circumstances, it should come as no surprise that jurors requested
multiple readbacks and items of evidence, and even faced an impasse on the second day
of deliberations. But the jury continued to deliberate, and ultimately reached a verdict
four days later. On the record before us, we cannot say that the jury’s deliberation over
the course of six days (only four of which were full days) supports a conclusion that the
case was close. Given the number and complexity of the counts, and the complicating
presence of a co-defendant, the jury’s lengthy deliberations “could as easily be reconciled
with [its] conscientious performance of its civic duty, rather than its difficulty in reaching
a decision.” (People v. Walker (1995) 31 Cal.App.4th 432, 438-439 [declining to infer
any difficulty in reaching a decision from length of deliberations where jury deliberated
for six and one half hours following a two and one half hour long trial]; People v.
Houston (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 279, 301 [concluding that four days of jury
deliberations suggested “diligence” rather than a close case where the trial involved “over
three dozen witnesses occurring on 10 different days spread over three weeks, as well as
lengthy closing arguments and jury instructions spread over two additional days”].)
       That the jury sought clarification of the reasonable doubt standard does not
convince us that the error was prejudicial. The jury requested an explanation of the
difference between reasonable doubt and possible doubt on the fourth day of
deliberations. The trial court directed the jury to reread CALCRIM No. 220, and the jury
continued to deliberate. The jury then quickly sent another note, seeking clarification of

                                              23
another instruction (CALCRIM No. 3182). While such requests could suggest a close
case (People v. Pearch (1991) 229 Cal.App.3d 1282, 1295), they are just as likely to
suggest that jurors were carefully working their way through the instructions and asking
questions as they arose. But even assuming the case was close (an assumption
undermined by the consistency of the verdict), we would still find that the error was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Given the strength of the prosecution’s case, the
weakness of the defense (which posited that Doe consented to rough sex with a stranger
to garner sympathy from her boyfriend), and the cumulative nature of the improper
evidence, we perceive no reasonable possibility that the verdict would have been more
favorable to defendant had the evidence been excluded. We therefore reject the claim of
error.
B.       Instructions on Postcrime Conduct
         Defendant next challenges the trial court’s instructions on postcrime conduct:
CALCRIM No. 362 (false statements), CALCRIM No. 371 (suppression or fabrication of
evidence), and CALCRIM No. 372 (flight).14 He argues that some or all of these

14  The jury was instructed with CALCRIM No. 362 as follows: “If the defendant made a
false or misleading statement before this trial relating to the charged crime, knowing the
statement was false or intending to mislead, that conduct may show he was aware of his
guilt of the crime and you may consider it in determining his guilt. [¶] If you conclude
that the defendant made the statement, it is up to you to decide its meaning and
importance. However, evidence that the defendant made such a statement cannot prove
guilt by itself.”

     The jury was instructed with CALCRIM No. 371 as follows: “If the defendant tries to
hide evidence or discourage someone from testifying against him, that conduct may show
that he was aware of his guilt. If you conclude that the defendant made such an attempt,
it is up to you to decide its meaning and importance. However, evidence of such an
attempt cannot prove guilt by itself. [¶] If the defendant tried to create false evidence or
obtain false testimony, that conduct may show that he was aware of his guilt. If you
conclude that the defendant made such an attempt, it is up to you to decide its meaning
and importance. However, evidence of such an attempt cannot prove guilt by itself.”

                                              24
instructions violated his right to due process by informing the jury that evidence of his
postcrime conduct could be used to convict, without also explaining that such evidence
could be used to acquit. Specifically, he argues jurors should have been instructed that
evidence he cooperated with police by speaking with Castiglia, and evidence he remained
in Davis rather than fleeing the country, could support an acquittal.15 We are not
persuaded.
       None of the instructions told jurors that defendant’s postcrime conduct could only
be considered to support a finding of guilt. Rather, the instructions informed jurors that
certain types of conduct could demonstrate consciousness of guilt. Each of the
challenged instructions directed jurors to first determine whether the postcrime conduct
occurred, and then determine the significance of that conduct. If, for example, jurors
determined that defendant did not make false statements to Castiglia, they would have no
reason to apply CALCRIM No. 362. Likewise, if jurors determined that defendant did
not attempt to create false evidence or flee, they would have no occasion to apply
CALCRIM No. 371 or CALCRIM No. 372. Nothing in the instructions barred jurors
from considering defendant’s other postcrime conduct. Defendant was thus free to argue
that his willingness to speak with Castiglia and decision to remain in Davis were
evidence of innocence.

    The jury was instructed with CALCRIM No. 372 as follows: “If the defendant fled
immediately after the crime was committed, that conduct may show that he was aware of
his guilt. If you conclude that the defendant fled, it is up to you to decide the meaning
and importance of that conduct. However, evidence that the defendant fled cannot prove
guilt by itself.”
15 Although defendant purports to challenge CALCRIM No. 371, he does not explain
how evidence that he wanted N.B. to hack into Doe’s email and Facebook accounts might
have supported an acquittal.

                                             25
       Furthermore, the instructions plainly informed jurors that they could not rely on
evidence of defendant’s postcrime conduct as the sole basis for finding guilt. As our
Supreme Court has explained, these instructions “made clear to the jury that certain types
of deceptive or evasive behavior on a defendant’s part could indicate consciousness of
guilt, while also clarifying that such activity was not of itself sufficient to prove a
defendant’s guilt, and allowing the jury to determine the weight and significance assigned
to such behavior. The cautionary nature of the instructions benefits the defense,
admonishing the jury to circumspection regarding evidence that might otherwise be
considered decisively inculpatory. [Citations.] We therefore conclude that these
consciousness-of-guilt instructions did not improperly endorse the prosecution’s theory
or lessen its burden of proof.” (People v. Jackson (1996) 13 Cal.4th 1164, 1224
[discussing CALJIC versions of CALCRIM Nos. 361, 371, and 372]; see also People v.
Famalaro (2011) 52 Cal.4th 1, 35 [consciousness of guilt instruction did not violate
federal constitutional rights to due process or a fair trial]; People v. Jurado (2006) 38
Cal.4th 72, 125 [consciousness of guilt instructions were not impermissibly
argumentative or misleading, and did not permit the jury to draw irrational inferences].)
       Defendant directs our attention to Cool v. United States (1972) 409 U.S. 100
(Cool), which, he says, “controls this case.” There, the defense relied almost exclusively
on the testimony of the defendant’s alleged accomplice, which was completely
exculpatory in nature. (Id. at p. 101.) The trial court instructed the jury on accomplice
testimony, in relevant part, as follows: “ ‘I charge you that the testimony of an
accomplice is competent evidence and it is for you to pass upon the credibility thereof. If
the testimony carries conviction and you are convinced it is true beyond a reasonable
doubt, the jury should give it the same effect as you would to a witness not in any respect
implicated in the alleged crime and you are not only justified, but it is your duty, not to
throw this testimony out because it comes from a tainted source.” (Id. at p. 102.)

                                              26
       The United States Supreme Court concluded the instruction on accomplice
testimony was flawed in two respects. (Cool, supra, 409 U.S. at p. 102.) First, the court
explained that “there is an essential difference between instructing a jury on the care with
which it should scrutinize certain evidence in determining how much weight to accord it
and instructing a jury, as the judge did here, that as a predicate to the consideration of
certain evidence, it must find it true beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Id. at p. 104.) Such an
instruction, the court said, “impermissibly obstructs the exercise of [the right to present
accomplice testimony] by totally excluding relevant evidence unless the jury makes a
preliminary determination that it is extremely reliable.” (Ibid.) Furthermore, the court
found, “the instruction . . . has the effect of substantially reducing the Government’s
burden of proof.” (Ibid.)
       None of these deficiencies are present in the instructions here. As we have
discussed, the instructions did not tell jurors they could convict on the basis of postcrime
conduct alone. Rather, they told jurors that evidence of false statements, attempts to
create false evidence, and flight may show consciousness of guilt, but do not, by
themselves, prove guilt. (CALCRIM Nos. 361, 371, and 372.) As such, defendant’s
analogy to Cool is inapt. (See People v. Peterson (2020) 10 Cal.5th 409, 456
[distinguishing Cool where, as here, challenged instruction could not be said to have “put
a thumb on the scale of the jury’s deliberations by informing them they could return a
guilty verdict based entirely on one piece of the prosecution’s evidence”].) We therefore
reject the claim of instructional error.

                                              27
C.     Admission of License Plate Evidence
       Defendant next argues the trial court erred in admitting, over defense objection, a
series of text messages suggesting that defendant and Sandhu contemplated stealing or
borrowing a license plate a week before the kidnapping. 16 We perceive no error.
       Evidence Code section 350 provides that only relevant evidence is admissible.
Evidence is relevant if it has some “tendency in reason to prove or disprove any disputed
fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action.” (Evid. Code, § 210.)
“The test of relevance is whether the evidence tends ‘ “logically, naturally, and by
reasonable inference” to establish material facts such as identity, intent, or motive.’ ”
(People v. Carter (2005) 36 Cal.4th 1114, 1166.) A trial court has broad discretion in
determining the relevance of evidence. (Id. at pp. 1166-1167.)
       Even relevant evidence may be excluded if its “probative value is substantially
outweighed by the probability that its admission will (a) necessitate undue consumption
of time or (b) create substantial danger of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of
misleading the jury.” (Evid. Code, § 352.) We review for abuse of discretion a trial
court’s ruling to admit or exclude relevant evidence under Evidence Code section 352.
(People v. Hamilton (2009) 45 Cal.4th 863, 929-930.) An abuse of discretion is
“established by ‘a showing the trial court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary,
capricious, or patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.’ ”
(People v. Carrington (2009) 47 Cal.4th 145, 195.)
       Defendant argues the text messages were irrelevant and inflammatory. He
emphasizes that there was no evidence anyone actually followed through on a plan to

16 As noted ante, the series began with a text message from Sandhu to defendant stating,
“We need a license plate.” Defendant responded, “Get Polly’s?” Sandhu replied, “His
car’s not there.” Sandhu then wrote, “Jack Gurdevs.” Defendant responded, “I can. Will
be able to put ‘em back on. N it’s nuggets. LOL.” Sandhu replied, “LOL, K, cool, yeah,
we could put it back on.”

                                             28
borrow or steal a license plate and claims that any connection between the text messages
and charged crimes was speculative. We disagree.
       The evidence showed that Sandhu searched for Doe’s place of employment on
January 13, 2012. Sandhu exchanged one series of text messages with defendant on
January 16, 2012, confirming that defendant was “down” to do something on
Wednesday, noting that, “She gets off at nine.” Sandhu and defendant exchanged the
challenged text messages on January 17, 2012, discussing the possibility of stealing or
borrowing a license plate. Defendant sent Sandhu a text message inquiring whether the
guns were “still drying” on January 19, 2012. Defendant and Sandhu exchanged
additional text messages on the day of the kidnapping, covering such topics as NyQuil,
the side effects of other medications, and their impatience with some sort delay. The
evidence thus showed that Sandhu and defendant discussed the possibility of stealing a
license plate around the time they were researching Doe’s place of employment, painting
a toy gun, and considering the side effects of various medications.
       The substance and timing of the challenged text messages, considered in the
context of the other communications between Sandhu and defendant in the period
preceding the charged crimes, raised a reasonable inference that Sandhu and defendant
considered kidnapping Doe in a car disguised with stolen plates, and thus had a tendency
in reason to show planning. Evidence that Sandhu and defendant were planning a
kidnapping in a car disguised with stolen plates was relevant and admissible to show that
they committed a kidnapping, albeit in a different car, one week later. (People v. Case
(2018) 5 Cal.5th 1, 39-40 [evidence that the defendant was planning to commit one
robbery was relevant and admissible to show that he later committed another robbery];
see also People v. Balcom (1994) 7 Cal.4th 414, 424 [“Evidence that the defendant
possessed a plan to commit the type of crime with which he or she is charged is relevant
to prove the defendant employed that plan and committed the charged offense”].) That
Sandhu and defendant may have changed their planning with respect to the car used to

                                            29
carry Doe away does not render evidence of their original plan irrelevant or inadmissible.
On the record before us, the trial court could reasonably conclude that the challenged
messages were relevant to show planning to commit the charged crimes and were
nowhere near as inflammatory as the crimes themselves. We therefore find no abuse of
discretion in the admission of this evidence. And because there was no abuse of
discretion, there was no violation of defendant’s right to due process and a fair trial.
(People v. Panah (2005) 35 Cal.4th 395, 482, fn. 31; People v. Benavides (2005) 35
Cal.4th 69, 95.)

D.     “In Concert” Instructions
       Defendant next challenges the trial court’s instructions on oral copulation in
concert (counts 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, & 20) and sodomy in concert (counts 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, &
18). He argues the trial court’s in concert instructions (CALCRIM Nos. 1016 and 1031)
conflicted with the court’s instructions on aiding and abetting (CALCRIM Nos. 400 and
401). He notes the in concert instructions define oral copulation and sodomy as general
intent offenses, while the aiding and abetting instruction requires a specific intent to assist
the perpetrator. He argues the supposed conflict on the issue of intent allowed jurors to
find him guilty of oral copulation and sodomy in concert without finding that he intended
to aid and abet Sandhu in the commission of the crimes, and thus violated his right to due
process. Defendant’s argument lacks merit.
       The trial court instructed the jury on aiding and abetting with CALCRIM Nos. 400
and 401 as follows: “A person may be guilty of a crime in two ways. One, he may have
directly committed the crime. I will call that person the perpetrator. Two, he may have
aided and abetted a perpetrator, who directly committed the crime. [¶] A person is guilty
of a crime whether he committed it personally or aided and abetted the perpetrator.”
(CALCRIM No. 400.) “To prove that the defendant is guilty of a crime based on aiding
and abetting that crime, the People must prove that: [¶] (1) The perpetrator committed

                                              30
the crime; [¶] (2) The defendant knew that the perpetrator intended to commit the
crime; [¶] (3) Before or during the commission of the crime, the defendant intended to
aid and abet the perpetrator in committing the crime; [¶] AND [¶] (4) The defendant’s
words or conduct did in fact aid and abet the perpetrator’s commission of the crime. [¶]
Someone aids and abets a crime if he knows of the perpetrator’s unlawful purpose and he
specifically intends to, and does in fact, aid, facilitate, promote, encourage, or instigate
the perpetrator’s commission of that crime. [¶] If all of these requirements are proved,
the defendant does not need to actually have been present when the crime was committed
to be guilty as an aider and abettor.” (CALCRIM No. 401.)
       The trial court instructed the jury on oral copulation in concert with CALCRIM
No. 1016, which provides, in part, as follows: “To prove that the defendant is guilty of
this crime, the People must prove that: [¶] (1) The defendant personally committed oral
copulation and voluntarily acted with someone else who aided and abetted its
commission; [¶] OR [¶] (2) The defendant voluntarily aided and abetted someone else
who personally committed oral copulation.” The trial court instructed the jury on
sodomy in concert with CALCRIM No. 1031, which tracks CALCRIM No. 1016.
       The trial court’s in concert instructions thus provided two ways defendant could be
found guilty: He could either be found to have personally committed the offense and
voluntarily acted with someone else who aided and abetted its commission, or he could
be found to have voluntarily aided and abetted someone else who personally committed
the offense. (CALCRIM Nos. 1016 and 1031.) Defendant appears to focus on the
second way he could have been found guilty of an in concert sexual offense, through
aiding and abetting. To find guilt under an aiding and abetting theory, the jury would

                                              31
have been required to find that defendant voluntarily aided and abetted Sandhu, who
personally committed oral copulation or sodomy.17
       Reading the instructions as a whole, as we must, we are satisfied that a reasonable
jury would have had no difficulty discerning the requisite intent for finding guilt for an in
concert offense under an aiding and abetting theory. (People v. Wilson (2008) 44 Cal.4th
758, 803-804.) Each of the challenged in concert instructions referred the jury back to
the aiding and abetting instructions, which made clear that to find that defendant aided
and abetted in the commission of a crime, the jury had to find beyond a reasonable doubt
that he had the intent to aid and abet the perpetrator in committing the crime: “Before or
during the commission of the crime, the defendant intended to aid and abet the
perpetrator in committing the crime.” (CALCRIM No. 401; see also CALCRIM Nos.
1016 and 1031.) In order to find defendant guilty of an in concert offense under an
aiding and abetting theory, the jury would have had to find that he a specific intent to
encourage, facilitate, or instigate Sandhu’s commission of the offense. (CALCRIM No.
401.) Contrary to defendant’s contention, therefore, the jury could not have found him
guilty of an in-concert offense on an aiding and abetting theory unless jurors found that

17 To find defendant guilty under the first theory, the jury would have been required to
find that he personally committed oral copulation or sodomy (both general intent crimes)
and that he voluntarily acted with Sandhu who aided and abetted its commission. The in
concert instructions refer the jury to the aiding and abetting instructions, which make
clear that it must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt that “[b]efore or during the
commission of the crime, the defendant intended to aid and abet the perpetrator in
committing the crime.” (CALCRIM No. 401; see also CALCRIM Nos. 1016 and 1031.)
To find defendant guilty under this theory, then, the jury would have had to conclude that
defendant committed the sexual offense and that Sandhu had the specific intent to aid and
abet him. Defendant’s argument that he could have been found guilty of an in concert
sexual offense without having the requisite specific intent to aid and abet does not appear
to apply to this basis for criminal liability, for under this theory, defendant would have
been aided and abetted by Sandhu, rather than defendant aiding and abetting him.

                                             32
he had the specific intent to encourage, facilitate, or instigate Sandhu as the perpetrator of
the offense.
       The trial court correctly instructed the jury that to find defendant guilty for oral
copulation and sodomy in concert, the prosecution was required to prove that defendant
either personally committed the offense while voluntarily acting with someone else
(Sandhu) who aided and abetted its commission, or that defendant specifically intended
to encourage, facilitate, or instigate Sandhu’s commission of the offense. These
instructions properly informed the jury of the intent required for the in concert sexual
offenses. (See People v. Keovilayphone (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 491, 496-497.) We
therefore reject defendant’s claim of instructional error.
E.     Sentence for Aggravated Kidnapping
       Finally, defendant argues his sentence of seven years to life for aggravated
kidnapping to commit rape (§ 209, subd. (b)(1)—count 1) should have been stayed
pursuant to section 209, subdivision (d), which prohibits punishment for the same act
(here, kidnapping) that constitutes a violation of both section 209, subdivision (b) and
section 667.61. (§ 209, subd. (d).) The People concede the issue, and we accept the
concession. (See People v. Adams (2018) 28 Cal.App.5th 170, 192-194 [sentence for
aggravated kidnapping must be stayed based on section 667.61, subdivision (d)(2)
qualifying circumstances].)

                                              33
                                  III. DISPOSITION
       The judgment is modified to stay the sentence on count 1. As so modified, the
judgment is affirmed. The trial court is directed to prepare an amended abstract of
judgment and to forward a certified copy to the Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation.

                                                        /S/

                                                 RENNER, J.

We concur:

/S/

BLEASE, Acting P. J.

/S/

HOCH, J.

                                            34