Court Opinion

ID: 2654171
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-02-22 01:07:24.989893+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:22:05.695172
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                 Assigned on Briefs at Knoxville December 18, 2013

         HERSCHEL V. LILLARD, JR. v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

                 Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
                     No. 2003-D-3151 Seth W. Norman, Judge

               No. M2013-01406-CCA-R3-PC - Filed February 20, 2014

The Petitioner, Herschel V. Lillard, Jr., appeals the Davidson County Criminal Court’s denial
of his petition for post-conviction relief from his 2010 conviction for first degree felony
murder and resulting life sentence. The Petitioner contends that the trial court erred by
denying him relief because he received the ineffective assistance of counsel. We affirm the
judgment of the trial court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

J OSEPH M. T IPTON, P.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which N ORMA M CG EE O GLE
and R OGER A. P AGE, JJ., joined.

Ryan C. Caldwell, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Herschel V. Lillard, Jr.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Caitlin E.D. Smith, Assistant Attorney
General; Victor S. (Torry) Johnson, III, District Attorney General; and Dan Hamm, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                         OPINION

       This case arises from the 2003 shooting death of Justin Green during a home invasion
for which the Petitioner was convicted. The Petitioner appealed his conviction, and this court
affirmed the conviction and summarized the facts of the case as follows:

              According to the State’s proof at trial, on August 5, 2003, the defendant
       and three accomplices traveled to a home located on Mill Station Drive in
       Nashville. Two of the men entered the home, pointed weapons at its residents,
       and demanded money. During the incident, one of the residents, fifteen-year-
       old Justin Green, was shot and killed. The defendant was subsequently
indicted for first degree felony murder based on his participation in the killing
of the victim during the perpetration of or attempt to perpetrate a robbery.

        At trial, the victim’s mother, Mary Jane Crockett Green, testified that
at about 9:00 p.m. on the night of the shooting, her dog’s “vicious” growling
and barking roused her from bed. When she got up, she saw a man standing
just outside the doorway to her room with a gun “pressed into” the victim’s
chest. Ms. Green then heard gunshots in another part of the house, and
“everybody ran.” After the shots, she saw another man run across the living
room and out of the house. She described the first man, whom she had never
seen before, as “really distinctive looking, . . . easily recognizable, . . . [and]
really, really tall,” with braided hair. The second man, whom she also did not
recognize, stood “a lot” shorter than the first and wore a bandanna around his
face. After the men left, Ms. Green found the victim lying facedown in his
room.

        Chris Crockett, the victim’s brother, testified that he had become
friends with the defendant while the two worked together at a restaurant in
downtown Nashville. Around the time of the shooting, he had received a
settlement of approximately $10,000 as part of a personal injury claim, and he
had stored the funds, in cash, in a box in the living room of the house.
Crockett testified that he told everyone that worked at the restaurant with him,
including the defendant, about the money he had received. He also testified
that he periodically sold marijuana to the defendant from the Mill Station home
and that the defendant had visited him there to purchase marijuana earlier on
the day that the victim was shot.

        Crockett testified that on the night of the shooting, he was playing video
games with the victim when he looked up to see a man holding a gun in his
face. The man holding the gun asked him where the money was, and he
responded by walking the man toward the box where he had stored the cash.
As he neared the box, his mother emerged from her bedroom and began
screaming, and one of the armed men ran toward the victim’s room.
Immediately afterwards, Crockett heard gunfire. Crockett testified that in the
ensuing commotion, he collided with the second armed man, wrestled the
man’s gun away from him, and attempted to fire it. The weapon would not
fire, however, so he retrieved his own weapon from a bedroom and shot at the
two men as they fled. Crockett testified that he did not recognize either
gunman.

                                        -2-
        Detective Joe Williams of the Metropolitan Nashville Police
Department, who was assigned to the homicide unit at the time of the shooting,
testified that he attended the victim’s autopsy and received from the medical
examiner the bullet that had been removed from his body.

      Sergeant Daniel Orr of the Metropolitan Nashville Police Department
Crime Scene Unit described the bullets, spent shell casings, bullet holes, and
weapons that he found at the scene of the shooting, including a nine-millimeter
semi-automatic handgun that was introduced as Exhibit 6.

        Officer Carlos Anderson of the Metro Nashville Police Department
testified that he was the first officer to respond to the scene of the shooting.
The victim was breathing shallowly when he arrived, and he radioed for an
ambulance and attempted CPR. Another officer arrived shortly thereafter, and
the two of them secured the scene while waiting for the homicide unit and the
ID section of the crime scene unit. On cross-examination, Officer Anderson
testified that the victim’s brother, Chris Crockett, told him at the scene that
three people had invaded the home that night.

        Dr. Bruce Levy, the medical examiner for Davidson County, testified
that the victim died from “a single gunshot wound to the right upper-side of his
chest,” with the bullet striking “his right lung, his heart, his left lung, his liver,
and his stomach.”

       Special Agent Steve Scott of the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, an
expert in firearms identification, testified that the bullet removed from the
victim’s body had been fired from the nine-millimeter semi-automatic
handgun, previously identified as Exhibit 6.

       The State’s final witness was Homicide Detective Robert Anderson of
the Metropolitan Nashville Police Department who testified that, during the
course of his investigation, he learned that a man named Phillip Lillard had
been admitted to the emergency room at a local hospital for treatment of a
gunshot wound, and he went to interview him there. He said that Lillard
admitted that he had gone to the Mill Station home where he had been shot.
Lillard also told him that the defendant had accompanied him to the house.

       Detective Anderson testified that the defendant surrendered himself to
the police after a warrant had been issued for his arrest. He identified a video
recording of his interview with the defendant, which was introduced into

                                         -3-
       evidence. During the interview, the defendant initially claimed that he and
       three others, including the two men who entered Crockett’s residence, had
       driven there to buy marijuana. He later admitted, however, that he knew that
       the men intended to rob Crockett and that he had directed them to Crockett’s
       home and allowed them to use his car. The defendant further admitted that he
       had not wanted to enter the house because he knew that Crockett could identify
       him. The defendant said that, after the shooting, he threw one of the other
       men’s guns in a dumpster. Throughout the interview, the defendant insisted
       that he neither needed money nor expected to profit from the robbery.

             The defendant elected not to testify and presented no evidence in his
       defense.

State v. Herschel Van Lillard, Jr., M2010-00869-CCA-R3-CD, slip op. at 1-3 (Tenn. Crim.
App. Aug. 19, 2011), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Nov. 15, 2011). The Petitioner now seeks
post-conviction relief.

       At the post-conviction hearing, the Petitioner testified that he met with counsel three
or four times before the trial. He said that he was released on bond two years after his arrest
and that after his release, he only met with counsel at the courthouse. He said that counsel
provided the State’s discovery package and that they discussed the charges against him, the
possible outcome of a trial, and the possible punishments. He agreed he understood the
information they discussed.

         The Petitioner testified that the State offered twenty-five years for second degree
murder but that counsel did not discuss “percentage or nothing.” He said counsel did not hire
an investigator. He wanted counsel to have his statement to the police suppressed because
he was under the influence of alcohol and marijuana and said he told the police “anything
that . . . could get [him] out of the situation.” He denied that counsel filed a suppression
motion and said that counsel told him the statement could not be suppressed because he made
it voluntarily. He said that he learned a warrant for his arrest existed, that he turned himself
in to the police, and that the interview began twenty minutes later. He said that before he
turned himself in to the police, he was with his mother, stepfather, wife, and children and that
he did what he always did, “get high and drink.” He said that he smoked one-quarter of an
ounce of marijuana, which was seven or eight “blunts,” and that he smoked his last blunt
twenty or thirty minutes before the interview. When asked to describe his mental state, he
said he was “very high,” thought his judgment was clouded, and was unable to think
coherently.

                                              -4-
        The Petitioner testified that his mother saw his photograph on the news and told him
to turn himself in to the police. He told his mother that he wanted to finish smoking
marijuana and drinking before going to the police station and that he would report to the
police station the following day. He said that his mother threatened to take him to the police
station and that he agreed to turn himself in to the police that day. He said he signed a form
at the police station but denied knowing if it was a waiver of rights form. He knew he was
in police custody but did not recall telling the detective he was under the influence of drugs.
He said, though, that he remembered telling the detective he did not know what was going
on. He said he viewed the recorded interview for the first time during the trial. He said
counsel told him that he viewed the recording before the trial.

       The Petitioner testified that he told counsel he was under the influence of drugs and
alcohol during his police interview but could not recall when he told him. He believed he
told counsel around the time counsel successfully argued to reduce his bond. He said that
counsel did not think the trial court would reduce his bond and that he threatened to obtain
another attorney who would argue to reduce his bond if counsel refused to file the motion.
He said he was released two weeks later and did not mention the police interview again until
the start of the second trial. He said the first trial resulted in a hung jury. He said he
attempted to call counsel after he was released on bond but was unable to speak with him.

       The Petitioner testified that counsel did not interview his family. He said he was at
a hotel with his wife and two children before his mother took him to the police station. He
denied that his wife used drugs.

         The Petitioner testified that counsel explained the benefits and pitfalls of testifying
at the trial and that he signed a waiver of his right to testify. He said that although he thought
it was a good idea to tell the jury his version of the events, counsel told him that in criminal
cases, it was best not to testify. He said he had two previous convictions for driving without
a license.

        On cross-examination, the Petitioner testified that counsel’s representation in this
case lasted about seven years and that he had several court appearances because he had three
codefendants. He said that had he testified at the trial, he would have said he was at the
scene with “a couple older guys, who . . . influenced me to go.” He said that the men were
about three or four years older and that he was nineteen years old at the time of the shooting.
He identified one of his codefendants as his cousin Phillip Lillard, who unduly influenced
him, and said Ben Dickens, another codefendant who unduly influenced him, was a family
friend for about five or six years. He said codefendant Lillard was twenty-two years old at
the time of the shooting. He said Arnold Foster, the third codefendant, was a family friend
and was younger than he.

                                               -5-
        The Petitioner testified that he would have told the jury that he had smoked marijuana
daily since he was twelve years old. He said that in the beginning, he did not know the other
men were going to rob the victim who died, who was his friend. He said that he and his
codefendants were going to buy more marijuana but that codefendant Dickens mentioned
robbing the victims instead. He agreed he did not enter the victims’ house because the
victims knew the Petitioner. He denied wanting to rob the victims and denied recalling who
provided directions to the victims’ house. He said that had he testified, he would have told
the jury that he and his codefendants went to the victims’ home to buy drugs but that his
codefendants decided to rob the victims instead. He said that he knew codefendants Dickens
and Lillard had guns that night because they always carried guns. He agreed, though, he told
the police that he and his codefendants initially went to the victims’ home to buy drugs. He
agreed that he told the police that he did not kill or rob anyone and did not want to rob or kill
anyone. He said that he wanted to testify but that he relied on counsel’s knowledge of the
law in deciding not to testify. He agreed he “signed off” on not testifying and was sober
when he made his decision.

       The Petitioner testified that although he was under the influence of drugs at the time
he gave his statement, he walked without assistance and spoke coherently. He agreed that
the police obtained a warrant for his arrest before he turned himself in to the police and that
the police placed him and his car at the scene.

        On redirect examination, the Petitioner testified that he told the police that he told his
codefendants to go the victims’ house and that he threw one of the guns used in the offenses
in the trash. He said that had he been in his “right mind,” he would not have provided a
statement to the police. He stated that he did not want to talk to the police but that his parents
thought it was best he make a statement because he did not kill anyone.

       Shauna Lillard, the Petitioner’s wife, testified that she was present when the Petitioner
turned himself in to the police. She said that earlier that day, she and the Petitioner smoked
marijuana and drank in their hotel room. Although she did not recall the exact amount, she
said they smoked a lot. She said their two young sons were also in the hotel room. She said
that the Petitioner’s mother called, wanting him to turn himself in to the police, that the
Petitioner agreed, and that his mother picked him up at the hotel. She said the Petitioner
drank from the early afternoon until his mother arrived. She thought they drank gin.

       Ms. Lillard testified that she attempted to talk to counsel, that she left numerous
voicemail messages asking counsel to call her, and that counsel did not return her calls. She
said counsel’s wife answered the telephone once. She said counsel did not interview her or
ask about the facts of the case.

                                               -6-
        On cross-examination, Ms. Lillard testified that they lived in the hotel room at the
time of the Petitioner’s arrest. She said that the Petitioner smoked marijuana on the night of
the shooting and that she remembered because it was someone’s birthday. She agreed she
was not present when the Petitioner gave his statement to the police and did not view the
recording of the interview during the trial. She said that although she did not talk much to
counsel about the Petitioner’s case, she did not know much. She learned from the detective
that the Petitioner was involved in a robbery that went wrong, that the Petitioner did not enter
the house, and that two of the Petitioner’s friends went into the house. She said the Petitioner
only told her that codefendant Lillard was shot.

        Caroline Newby, the Petitioner’s mother, testified that she was present when the
Petitioner was booked. She saw the Petitioner on the news and convinced him to turn
himself in to the police. She and her husband picked up the Petitioner at a hotel on Trinity
Lane around 7:00 or 8:00 p.m. She said the Petitioner’s eyes were red when she arrived. She
said that when she spoke to the Petitioner on the telephone, he told her to hurry because he
was paranoid the police were going to find him. She said that when they arrived at the police
station, the Petitioner was “a little jittery . . . like when you get high.” She said he smelled
of marijuana.

        Ms. Newby testified that she spoke to counsel on the telephone about court dates but
that it was difficult to contact him. She denied that they spoke about what occurred the day
she took the Petitioner to the police station and that counsel asked her for information. She
said she wrote counsel notes during the trial, requesting he ask specific questions. She
agreed counsel knew her contact information.

        On cross-examination, Ms. Newby testified that she did not know information about
the shooting. She said, though, the Petitioner stated that he and his codefendants were going
to buy marijuana but that codefendants Lillard and Dickens decided to rob the victims. She
said the Petitioner denied wanting to rob the victims. She agreed no one forced the Petitioner
to associate with the codefendants. She admitted telling the Petitioner that she did not like
codefendant Lillard and that she did not like the Petitioner’s spending time with him.

        Counsel testified that he had practiced law for twenty-seven years. He stated that the
State’s discovery package included the “whole file” and that he shared the information with
the Petitioner. He did not know if the Petitioner shared the discovery with his family but said
he did not provide it to them. He agreed the Petitioner gave a statement to the police and said
he first viewed the recorded statement in the prosecutor’s office. He said that he understood
the Petitioner during the statement and that nothing led him to believe the statement was
subject to suppression based on the Petitioner’s being intoxicated. He agreed the proof
showed that the Petitioner and his car were at the scene, although he did not enter the

                                              -7-
victims’ house. He agreed that the Petitioner’s car was used to transport codefendant Lillard
to the hospital and that codefendant Lillard’s blood was found inside the car.

        Counsel testified that in the Petitioner’s statement to the police, the Petitioner first
denied knowing his codefendants were going to commit a robbery but that the Petitioner later
said he knew but did not want to participate. He agreed he hoped the jury would conclude
that the Petitioner did not have anything to do with the homicide and that his participation
in the robbery was minimal. He said at least one juror agreed with this theory based on the
first jury’s inability to reach a verdict.

       Counsel testified that during the second trial, the State offered twenty-five years
subject to the family’s approval. He agreed the State’s theory of felony murder was not that
the Petitioner was the “triggerman.” He said the Petitioner never mentioned that he had been
drinking or smoking marijuana the night he gave his statement to the police. He said that he
had no difficulty understanding the Petitioner during his recorded statement to the police.
He did not recall the Petitioner’s falling asleep or showing signs of fatigue during the
interview. He said that based on his experience as a criminal defense attorney, it was normal
for someone facing a first degree murder charge to be nervous and paranoid.

        Counsel testified that he and the Petitioner met a few times at the courthouse and
discussed the status of his and the codefendants’ cases. He agreed the Petitioner’s trial was
the last of all the defendants because the Petitioner was released on bond and his
codefendants were in custody pending trial. He agreed he observed the codefendants’ court
proceedings. He said that the Petitioner’s trials went as expected, that there were no
surprises, and that the State presented the same evidence in the Petitioner’s and the
codefendants’ trials. He agreed codefendant Foster pleaded guilty before the Petitioner’s
trial and said codefendant Foster would have testified against the Petitioner had the State
asked. He agreed the State did not present codefendant Foster at the Petitioner’s second trial.

        Counsel testified that he and the Petitioner discussed whether the Petitioner should
testify at the trial, that he advised the Petitioner against testifying, that he advised the
decision was the Petitioner’s, and that he told the Petitioner the trial court would tell him the
decision was his. He said the Petitioner never stated that he was drunk and high when he
turned himself in to the police. He said the Petitioner told him the same version of events
regarding the robbery and shooting to which the Petitioner testified at the post-conviction
hearing.

       On cross-examination, counsel testified that he did not recall if the Petitioner’s car
was seized by the police and agreed that no blood evidence from the car was admitted during
the Petitioner’s trial. He agreed the primary evidence against the Petitioner was his statement

                                               -8-
to the police. He said he did not interview the witnesses who testified at the post-conviction
hearing before the trial to determine what happened the day the Petitioner reported to the
police. He agreed the State did not threaten to revoke any plea offers if the Petitioner sought
to suppress the statement to the police and said the only offer was made during the second
trial. He said that he watched the recorded statement several times looking for a basis to
suppress the statement but that he did not find one. He agreed that intoxication would have
been a basis to suppress the statement if intoxication could have been corroborated by the
Petitioner’s actions, tone, or appearance during the interview.

       Counsel testified that none of the Petitioner’s family told him the Petitioner was
intoxicated at the time he provided his statement. He said the family members called him
several times. He denied discussing the Petitioner’s case with his family.

        The trial court denied post-conviction relief. Regarding the claim that counsel
deprived the Petitioner of his right to testify, the court found that the Petitioner testified at
the hearing that although he wanted to testify, he agreed it was “probably a better idea to
refrain” from testifying “in light of the potential pitfalls[.]” Regarding the claim that counsel
failed to interview and call witnesses at the trial, the court found that none of the witnesses
who testified at the post-conviction hearing would have changed the outcome of the trial.
Regarding counsel’s failure to meet with the Petitioner adequately, the court credited
counsel’s testimony that they met “quite a few times” at the courthouse and found that the
Petitioner’s case was docketed frequently because the case involved three codefendants.

       The trial court found that counsel was unaware that the Petitioner claimed to have
been under the influence of alcohol and marijuana when he made his statement and that
counsel “could not be faulted with the failure to move for . . . suppression.” The court noted
the Petitioner’s alleged daily use of marijuana and stated that it would have been “somewhat
difficult” to obtain a statement from the Petitioner when he was not under the influence.
After reviewing the recorded interview, the court found that it was “evident . . . that the
Petitioner was able to understand his rights and proceed to make a coherent statement.” The
court found that even if counsel had known of the alleged intoxication and filed a motion to
suppress the statement, the motion would not have been successful. This appeal followed.

        The burden in a post-conviction proceeding is on the petitioner to prove his grounds
for relief by clear and convincing evidence. T.C.A. § 40-30-110(f) (2012). On appeal, we
are bound by the trial court’s findings of fact unless we conclude that the evidence in the
record preponderates against those findings. Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 456-57 (Tenn.
2001). Because they relate to mixed questions of law and fact, we review the trial court’s
conclusions as to whether counsel’s performance was deficient and whether that deficiency
was prejudicial under a de novo standard with no presumption of correctness. Id. at 457.

                                               -9-
Post-conviction relief may only be given if a conviction or sentence is void or voidable
because of a violation of a constitutional right. T.C.A. § 40-30-103 (2012).

        Under the Sixth Amendment, when a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is
made, the burden is on the Petitioner to show (1) that counsel’s performance was deficient
and (2) that the deficiency was prejudicial. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687
(1984); see Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 368-72 (1993). In other words, a showing
that counsel’s performance fell below a reasonable standard is not enough because the
petitioner must also show that but for the substandard performance, there is “a reasonable
probability that . . . the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466
U.S. at 694. The Strickland standard has been applied to the right to counsel under article
I, section 9 of the Tennessee Constitution. State v. Melson, 772 S.W.2d 417, 419 n.2 (Tenn.
1989).

        The Petitioner contends that the trial court erred by finding that he received the
effective assistance of counsel. He argues that counsel provided ineffective assistance by
failing to file a motion to suppress his pretrial statement to the police on the ground that he
was intoxicated. The State responds that counsel was not deficient and that the Petitioner
failed to establish prejudice. We conclude that the Petitioner is not entitled to relief.

       The record shows that counsel reviewed the recorded interview several times looking
for grounds to suppress the statement but did not find a basis for suppressing the statement.
Counsel had no difficulty understanding the Petitioner during the interview and saw no
external signs of intoxication such as fatigue, drowsiness, or slurred speech. Neither the
Petitioner nor his family told counsel of the Petitioner’s daily drug use or alcohol
consumption on the night he made his pretrial statement.

        The trial court reviewed the recorded interview and concluded that it was “evident .
. . that the Petitioner was able to understand his rights and proceed to make a coherent
statement.” The recorded interview shows that the Petitioner walked into the interview room
unassisted and without stumbling. The Petitioner was advised of his rights and provided a
statement. His speech was clear and coherent, and he answered the detective’s questions
regarding the shooting. The Petitioner showed no signs of fatigue or drowsiness during the
interview. At no time during the interview did the Petitioner appear to be under the influence
of alcohol or drugs. We cannot conclude that counsel was deficient by failing to file a
motion to suppress the statement. The Petitioner is not entitled to relief.

                                             -10-
        In consideration of the foregoing and the record as a whole, the judgment of the trial
court is affirmed.

                                           ____________________________________
                                           JOSEPH M. TIPTON, PRESIDING JUDGE

                                             -11-