Court Opinion

ID: 9399080
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-01 20:05:05.132676+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:38.784331
License: Public Domain

2023 IL App (2d) 220345-U
                                         No. 2-22-0345
                                     Order filed June 1, 2023

      NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent
      except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________

                                             IN THE

                              APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                              SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE                ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS,                           ) of Lake County.
                                       )
      Plaintiff-Appellee,              )
                                       )
v.                                     ) No. 16-CF-139
                                       )
LARRY R. LOTZ,                         ) Honorable
                                       ) Daniel B. Shanes,
      Defendant-Appellant.             ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

       JUSTICE JORGENSEN delivered the judgment of the court.
       Presiding Justice McLaren and Justice Schostok concurred in the judgment.

                                            ORDER

¶1     Held: Defendant’s pretrial home confinement while released on bond was not “home
             detention” that would qualify for sentencing credit, because the confinement’s
             terms and conditions were set by the trial court, which was not a “supervising
             authority” per the definition of “home detention.” Even if defendant had not
             forfeited any argument that the 2021 amendments to the governing statutes
             qualified him for sentencing credit, we would hold that the amendments did not
             apply retroactively to defendant’s sentence.

¶2     Defendant, Larry R. Lotz, appeals from an order of the circuit court of Lake County

denying his motion seeking sentencing credit for days spent on electronic home monitoring (EHM)

and under a 24-hour curfew. He argues that he is entitled to sentencing credit under section 5-4.5-
2023 IL App (2d) 220345-U

100(b) of the Unified Code of Corrections (Unified Code) (730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-100(b) (West 2018)),

which requires credit “for time spent in home detention.” We affirm.

¶3                                     I. BACKGROUND

¶4     On January 15, 2016, defendant shot and killed his wife of 40 years. He was taken into

custody that day and later indicted on three counts of first-degree murder under various theories

(720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1), (2), (3) (West 2016)). Bond was set at $3 million, with defendant required

to pay 10%. Additional conditions included: “[Defendant] shall be monitored by pretrial bond

services and pay $100 fee—no alcohol—no drugs—random testing at discretion of pretrial—24

hour curfew—refrain from possessing a firearm or other dangerous weapons—surrender

passport[.]”

¶5     On May 2, 2016, defendant’s sons posted a $300,000 cash bond, and defendant was

released. The bail bond order, which defendant signed, provided that, immediately following his

release, defendant “shall [r]eport to the Pretrial Bond Supervision Unit of the Lake County Court

Probation Department [(the probation department)] and follow all the rules and conditions of the

Pretrial bond release program[.]” In addition, the bail bond order provided that defendant was

required to (1) submit to random drug and alcohol testing, (2) refrain from possessing or

consuming drugs and alcohol, (3) abide by a 24-hour curfew, (4) refrain from possessing firearms

or weapons, and (5) surrender his passport to the clerk.

¶6     On May 3, 2016, the State filed a motion to modify defendant’s bond. The State noted that

defendant’s bond required that he be monitored by the probation department and abide by a 24-

hour curfew. The State requested that defendant additionally be placed on EHM. Defendant filed

a response, objecting to EHM. The response noted that defendant was hospitalized upon his

release from custody. The response further noted that “[d]efendant agrees with the conditions of

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the bond that were set at the preliminary hearing stage and [has] complied with all terms of the

bond set by the preliminary hearing judge.”

¶7     The State and defense counsel appeared before the trial court on May 5, 2016, and May 12,

2016. Defense counsel advised the court at each appearance that defendant was in the hospital

with no imminent discharge date. The State expressed concern over the fact that the probation

department was unable to have contact with defendant. The court commented:

              “He is in a hospital. [The probation department] is monitoring it.

              Let me make something else clear. The Court’s order on bond is that since the

       Defendant has posted on the previously set three million dollar bond, that he is to comply

       with all conditions of [the probation department], along with all of the other conditions of

       bond which the Court has imposed, which means that if he is not in the hospital, at some

       point when he’s not in the hospital, if [the probation department] wants him to come in

       every day, he comes in every day. If [the probation department] wants to stop by wherever

       he is living ten times a day, he answers the door ten times a day.

              [The probation department] has the discretion to monitor him as they deem fit based

       upon the evidence based practices employed by the Lake County Circuit Court, which

       includes the risk assessment and other instruments that we use.

              So, I understand what ordinarily might happen with levels of monitoring and

       people’s risk assessment, and I also understand what the charges are. [The probation

       department] in Lake County has an excellent record of doing what needs to be done to

       monitor people.”

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2023 IL App (2d) 220345-U

The court continued the matter for a hearing on the State’s motion. The court instructed defense

counsel that, within 24 hours of defendant’s release from the hospital, defendant was to report to

court.

¶8       On May 23, 2016, defendant was released from the hospital. The next day, the court heard

the parties’ arguments on the State’s motion to modify defendant’s bond. Defendant advised the

trial court that he was living at his son’s house and had already legally changed his “IDs, [his]

driver’s license, everything to that address.” Defense counsel informed the court that all firearms

had been removed from the residence and that “[t]he family can have somebody with ***

defendant 24-hours a day as well.” Defense counsel raised the possibility that an electronic

monitor would interfere with certain medical tests. The court continued the matter until the next

day for the parties to obtain “[the probation department’s] perspective on monitoring the defendant

at the son’s house with the efficacy of the [electronic] monitor and the defendant’s ability to pursue

testing and treatment with the monitor.” The court told defendant that he was under 24-hour

curfew and not allowed to leave his son’s home.

¶9       The parties returned the next day. Defense counsel advised the trial court that the probation

department could monitor defendant at his son’s house because it was in the “Lake County portion

of Barrington.” Defense counsel also advised the court that the electronic monitoring unit could

be removed for a particular medical test if necessary. The court then advised defendant:

                “Having reviewed the matter, I still think the appropriate bond is $3 million which

         is a lot of money which you and your family have apparently come up with and you posted.

         That’s how our constitution works. I’ll continue to allow you to live with your son. It’s in

         Lake County. It’s fine. Same as many, many other people who are dealing with criminal

         charges. You will still be allowed to seek treatment so long as it complies with the bond

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       conditions. And at least for me constitutionally, more important, be able work with your

       legal counsel to investigate and prepare a defense should this case go to trial. As [defense

       counsel] took great pains to point out a number of times that involves evaluations and

       assessments.

              As a condition of bond, the Court will order that you comply with [EHM]. As I

       told you yesterday, I expect you to be at home unless you are at an approved/preapproved

       location for treatment, for an evaluation to prepare your defense in this case. [The

       probation department] will work with you, like they do everybody else, to know where you

       are when a person’s not in jail and monitor your compliance with the bond conditions.”

Thereafter, the following colloquy occurred:

              “THE COURT: ***

                      So, bottomline [sic], rules you need to know on the ground: You are to be

       at home.

              THE DEFENDANT: In the house?

              THE COURT: In the house, 24 hours a day, seven days a week unless you are—

       you have permission ahead of time to be at the doctor or get an evaluation; whatever the

       specific thing is, preapproved ahead of time. That is a very important part of this.

              THE DEFENDANT: Okay.

              THE COURT: [The probation department] will go over all the details of this with

       you.

              THE DEFENDANT: I spoke with my parole officer yesterday. He said as long as

       I call and tell him when the appointment is and get a validation from the doctor that I can

       fax to him and call him when I get home.

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               THE COURT: That is the typical way they do it. Whatever they tell you to do, you

       do.

               THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

               THE COURT: Okay. All the other orders, including defendant not to be in

       possession of firearm or dangerous weapons, remain in effect. That includes anywhere in

       the house in which he’s residing. You’ve already accomplished that. All the other usual

       bond conditions also remain in effect.”

¶ 10   On August 28, 2019, following a bench trial, the trial court found defendant guilty of

second-degree murder (720 ILCS 5/9-2(a)(2) (West 2016)). On November 6, 2019, the court

sentenced him to 16 years’ imprisonment. The court awarded defendant sentencing credit for 178

days spent in presentencing custody: January 15, 2016, through May 2, 2016, and August 28, 2019,

through November 6, 2019. The court did not include the time defendant was released on bond.

¶ 11   Following the denial of his motion to reduce his sentence, defendant timely appealed. On

appeal, defendant argued that his 16-year sentence was excessive. We affirmed. See People v.

Lotz, 2021 IL App (2d) 191073-U.

¶ 12   On July 21, 2022, defendant filed an “Amended Motion for Credit for Time Served.”

Defendant argued that he was entitled to sentencing credit under section 5-4.5-100(b) of the

Unified Code (730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-100(b) (West 2018)) for time spent on EHM and “home

detention.”

¶ 13   Following a hearing on September 7, 2022, the trial court, relying on People v. Donahue,

2022 IL App (5th) 200274, found that defendant was not entitled to sentencing credit under section

5-4.5-100(b) of the Unified Code for time spent released on bond between May 2, 2016, and

August 28, 2019. This timely appeal followed.

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2023 IL App (2d) 220345-U

¶ 14                                        II. ANALYSIS

¶ 15   Defendant argues that he is entitled to sentencing credit for time spent on EHM under a 24-

hour curfew, based on section 5-4.5-100(b) of the Unified Code (730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-100(b) (West

2018)), which requires sentencing credit “for time spent in home detention.” The State responds

that, under Donahue, defendant is not entitled to sentencing credit, because he was on “home

supervision” (725 ILCS 5/110-10(b)(14) (West 2018)) as a condition of his bail bond rather than

“home detention.” We consider the issue de novo. See Donahue, 2022 IL App (5th) 200274, ¶ 10.

¶ 16   We first set forth the language of the relevant statutory provisions. At the time of

defendant’s sentencing, section 5-4.5-100(b) of the Unified Code (730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-100(b) (West

2018)) provided as follows:

                 “(b) CREDIT; TIME IN CUSTODY; SAME CHARGE. Except as set forth in

       subsection (e), the offender shall be given credit on the determinate sentence or maximum

       term and the minimum period of imprisonment for the number of days spent in custody as

       a result of the offense for which the sentence was imposed. The Department shall calculate

       the credit at the rate specified in Section 3-6-3 (730 ILCS 5/3-6-3 [(West 2018)]). Except

       when prohibited by subsection (d),[1] the trial court shall give credit to the defendant for

       time spent in home detention on the same sentencing terms as incarceration as provided in

       Section 5-8A-3 [(730 ILCS 5/5-8A-3 (West 2018))]. The trial court may give credit to the

       defendant for the number of days spent confined for psychiatric or substance abuse

       treatment prior to judgment, if the court finds that the detention or confinement was

       custodial.” (Emphasis added.)

       1
           It is undisputed that subsection (d) does not apply here.

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2023 IL App (2d) 220345-U

Section 5-8A-3(a) of the Electronic Monitoring and Home Detention Law (Home Detention Law)

(see 730 ILCS 5/5-8A-1 et seq. (West 2018)), referenced in section 5-4.5-100(b) of the Unified

Code, determines when a “home detention program” is appropriate. See id. § 5-8A-3(a). Section

5-8A-4 of the Home Detention Law, entitled “[p]rogram description,” states: “The supervising

authority may promulgate rules that prescribe reasonable guidelines under which an electronic

monitoring and home detention program shall operate.” Id. § 5-8A-4. The Home Detention Law

defines “[h]ome detention” as “the confinement of a person convicted or charged with an offense

to his or her place of residence under the terms and conditions established by the supervising

authority.”   Id. § 5-8A-2(C).    It defines “[s]upervising authority” as “the Department of

Corrections, the Department of Juvenile Justice, probation department, sheriff, superintendent of

municipal house of corrections or any other officer or agency charged with authorizing and

supervising electronic monitoring and home detention.” Id. § 5-8A-2(E).

¶ 17   The issue here is whether defendant was on “home detention” for purposes of receiving

sentencing credit under section 5-4.5-100(b) of the Unified Code (730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-100(b) (West

2018)). We agree with the trial court that, under Donahue, he was not. In Donahue, the defendant

was released on a bail bond with terms imposed by the trial court, which placed him on EHM and

required him to remain in his residence (with exceptions for work or other approved reasons).

Donahue, 2022 IL App (5th) 200274, ¶ 4. The Fifth District Appellate Court held that the

defendant was not entitled to sentencing credit for his time while released on bond, because he was

on “home supervision” under the bail provisions of section 110-10(b)(14) of the Code of Criminal

Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/110-10(b)(14) (West 2018)) rather than “home detention” under

section 5-4.5-100(b) of the Unified Code (730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-100(b) (West 2018)). Donahue, 2022

IL App (5th) 200274, ¶¶ 10-24, 32. The court determined that “home supervision pursuant to a

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2023 IL App (2d) 220345-U

bail agreement is distinct from home detention under the Home Detention Law.” Id. ¶ 28; see also

People v. Smith, 2014 IL App (3d) 130548, ¶ 35 (holding that “home confinement pursuant to an

appeal bond does not qualify as custody entitling one to credit against his sentence under the

statute”). We agree with Donahue’s reasoning and conclusion.

¶ 18   Defendant’s attempt to distinguish Donahue is unpersuasive. Defendant argues that, unlike

the Donahue defendant, he “was not allowed to work” and EHM was “ordered over his objection.”

However, as the trial court noted in denying defendant’s motion for additional sentencing credit,

defendant was retired; thus, “[t]o the extent that he didn’t go to work, it’s a function of he didn’t

have work to go to.” In addition, the court rejected defendant’s claim that he did not agree to the

bond conditions. It found that “to the extent that *** defendant’s agreement matters,” defendant

agreed to the bond conditions implicitly, by not exonerating the bond, and explicitly, by signing

the bail bond order. We agree.

¶ 19   In addition, defendant emphasizes that he “was advised to be in the home, ‘not the yard[,]’

with a 24 hours [sic] curfew.” Thus, according to defendant, he was under “ ‘[h]ome detention’ ”

in that he was “confine[d] *** to his *** place of residence.” See 730 ILCS 5/5-8A-2(C) (West

2018). To be sure, as a condition of his bail bond, defendant was subject to EHM and required to

remain in his residence under a 24-hour curfew with limited exceptions. Arguably, then, he was

confined to his place of residence. However, even if we were to disagree with Donahue’s

conclusion that releasing a defendant on bond with the condition that he remain in his home does

not equate to “home detention” for purposes of sentencing credit (see Donahue, 2022 IL App (5th)

200274, ¶ 24), defendant fails to acknowledge that the definition of “ ‘[h]ome detention’ ” also

requires that the “confinement” be “under the terms and conditions established by the supervising

authority” (see 730 ILCS 5/5-8A-2(C) (West 2018)).

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2023 IL App (2d) 220345-U

¶ 20   In Smith, in addition to holding that the defendant’s home confinement while released on

an appeal bond did not qualify as “custody” for purposes of sentencing credit under section 5-4.5-

100(b) of the Unified Code, the court also rejected the defendant’s argument that his home

confinement while released on bond equated to “home detention” under that same section. Smith,

2014 IL App (3d) 130548, ¶¶ 40, 43. Examining the Home Detention Law’s plain language, the

court noted that “[t]o satisfy the definition of home detention, the confinement must be ‘under the

terms and conditions established by the supervising authority.’ ” Id. ¶ 42 (quoting 730 ILCS 5/5-

8A-2(C) (West 2012)). The court observed that the defendant’s confinement was supervised by a

private traffic school, which was not a “supervising authority” under the Home Detention Law.

Id. ¶¶ 41-42 (citing 730 ILCS 5/5-8A-2(E) (West 2012)). Moreover, even if the defendant’s home

confinement was supervised by the probation department (as the defendant claimed), “[i]t was the

trial court that ‘established’ the ‘terms and conditions’ of [the] defendant’s release.” Id. ¶ 43.

Thus, as the trial court was not a “supervising authority” under the statute, the defendant’s home

confinement while released on bond did not meet the definition of “home detention.” Id. ¶ 42.

¶ 21   Similarly, in Donahue, in addition to holding that the defendant was not entitled to

sentencing credit because he was on “home supervision” rather than “home detention,” the court

held further that, even if it accepted an “equivalence between home supervision as a condition of

a pretrial bond and home detention” (Donahue, 2022 IL App (5th) 200247, ¶ 29), “the defendant

was not on ‘home detention’ under the statute because it was the trial court, not the probation

department, that established the terms and conditions of his bond, including the condition of

[EHM].” Id. ¶ 32. The court concluded: “Without being placed into a pretrial [EHM] by a

supervising authority, the defendant cannot maintain that he was on ‘home detention’ pursuant to

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2023 IL App (2d) 220345-U

the Home Detention Law. As a result, the defendant is not entitled to sentencing credit under

section 5-4.5-100(b) of the [Unified] Code.” Id.

¶ 22   So too, here. Although the probation department (a “supervising authority” under the

Home Detention Law (see 730 ILCS 5/5-8A-2(E) (West 2018))) supervised defendant, it was the

trial court, not the probation department, that established the bond’s terms and conditions, which

included EHM and a 24-hour curfew.           Based on Smith and Donahue, defendant’s home

confinement was not “home detention” under the Home Detention Law’s plain language, because

the terms and conditions of that confinement were imposed by the trial court, which is not a

“supervising authority” (see id.). Thus, defendant was not entitled to sentencing credit for the time

spent released on bond.

¶ 23   We note that the legislature amended section 5-4.5-100(b) of the Unified Code effective

July 1, 2021. See Pub. Act 101-652, § 10-281 (eff. July 1, 2021) (amending 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-

100)). It now provides:

               “(b) CREDIT; TIME IN CUSTODY; SAME CHARGE. Except as set forth in

       subsection (e), the offender shall be given credit on the determinate sentence or maximum

       term and the minimum period of imprisonment for the number of days spent in custody as

       a result of the offense for which the sentence was imposed. The Department shall calculate

       the credit at the rate specified in Section 3-6-3 (730 ILCS 5/3-6-3). The trial court shall

       give credit to the defendant for time spent in home detention on the same sentencing terms

       as incarceration as provided in Section 5-8A-3 (730 ILCS 5/5-8A-3). Home detention for

       purposes of credit includes restrictions on liberty such as curfews restricting movement for

       12 hours or more per day and electronic monitoring that restricts travel or movement.

       Electronic monitoring is not required for home detention to be considered custodial for

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       purposes of sentencing credit. The trial court may give credit to the defendant for the

       number of days spent confined for psychiatric or substance abuse treatment prior to

       judgment, if the court finds that the detention or confinement was custodial.” (Emphasis

       added.) 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-100(b) (West 2020).

¶ 24   The definitions of “[h]ome detention” and “[s]upervising authority” (Pub. Act 101-652,

§ 10-281 (eff. July 1, 2021) (amending 730 ILCS 5/5-8A-2)) were also amended at that time and

now provide:

               “ ‘Home detention’ means the confinement of a person convicted or charged with

       an offense to his or her place of residence under the terms and conditions established by

       the supervising authority. Confinement need not be 24 hours per day to qualify as home

       detention, and significant restrictions on liberty such as 7pm to 7am curfews shall qualify.

       Home confinement may or may not be accompanied by electronic monitoring, and

       electronic monitoring is not required for purposes of sentencing credit.” (Emphasis

       added.) 730 ILCS 5/5-8A-2(C) (West 2020).

               “ ‘Supervising authority’ means the Department of Corrections, the Department of

       Juvenile Justice, probation department, a Chief Judge’s office, pretrial services division or

       department, sheriff, superintendent of municipal house of corrections or any other officer

       or agency charged with authorizing and supervising electronic monitoring and home

       detention.” (Emphasis added.) Id. § 5-8A-2(E).

¶ 25   Although defendant references the 2021 amended version of section 5-4.5-100(b) of the

Unified Code in his opening brief, he does not claim that it applies to him retroactively. (He does

not reference the amended definitions of “home detention” or “supervising authority.”) Indeed, in

his reply brief, he expressly states that “[t]his [c]ourt need not utilize the 2021 amendment” to

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section 5-4.5-100(b), because the prior version was “sufficiently clear” that he was under “home

detention.” Thus, defendant has forfeited any claim that the 2021 amendments to sections 5-4.5-

100(b), 5-8A-2(C), and 5-8A-2(E) apply retroactively. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Oct. 1,

2020) (“[p]oints not argued are forfeited”); Vancura v. Katris, 238 Ill. 2d 352, 369 (2010) (“[T]his

court has repeatedly held that the failure to argue a point in the appellant’s opening brief results in

forfeiture of the issue.”).

¶ 26    Forfeiture aside, we agree with the State that, even if we were to conclude that the 2021

amendments can be read as now requiring credit against a defendant’s sentence for “pre-trial home

supervision as a condition of bond[,]” the amendments do not apply retroactively to defendant. 2

¶ 27    We find guidance in People v. Carter, 2022 IL App (1st) 210261, ¶¶ 138-39, which

concerned a 2021 amendment to section 5-4.5-100 that removed the restriction against credit for

time spent in home detention by a defendant convicted of criminal sexual assault (see Pub. Act

101-652, § 10-281 (eff. July 1, 2021) (amending 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-100)). The issue in Carter was

whether the amendment applied retroactively to the defendant and so granted him credit previously

denied. Carter, 2022 IL App (1st) 210261, ¶¶ 137, 139. The court held that the amendment did

not apply retroactively. Id. ¶ 147. The court noted first that the amendment did not “suggest[ ]

*** a specific temporal reach.” Id. ¶ 145. Thus, “[the amendment’s] temporal reach [was]

provided by default according to section 4 of the Statute on Statutes [(5 ILCS 70/4 (West 2020)].”

Id. The court noted that, under section 4, “ ‘a punishment mitigated by a new law is applicable

only to judgments after the new law takes effect.’ ” Id. ¶ 146 (quoting People v. Hansen, 28 Ill.

2d 322, 341 (1963)). Because the amendment had “a mitigating effect on the punishment for

        2
            Because the amended statute does not apply, we need not decide whether a trial judge is
        a supervising authority.

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defendants imprisoned for criminal sexual assault” (id. ¶ 147) by lifting the bar against sentencing

credit for their home detention, the amendment applied only to judgments entered after it took

effect. Id. Likewise, if the amendments in question here have the mitigating effect defendant

claims, section 4 of the Statute on Statutes would make them inapplicable to him, because he was

sentenced before they went into effect. See id.; 5 ILCS 70/4 (West 2018).

¶ 28                                   III. CONCLUSION

¶ 29   For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Lake County.

¶ 30   Affirmed.

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