Court Opinion

ID: 4425956
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-15 18:00:21.365973+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:33:56.848420
License: Public Domain

Case: 17-20679    Document: 00515077635      Page: 1   Date Filed: 08/15/2019

        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                             United States Court of Appeals
                                                                      Fifth Circuit

                                  No. 17-20679                      FILED
                                                              August 15, 2019
                                                               Lyle W. Cayce
STEVEN KURT BAUGHMAN,                                               Clerk

             Plaintiff - Appellant

v.

RON HICKMAN; DOCTOR MARCUS GUICE, Medical Doctor; LICENSED
VOCATIONAL NURSE K. JOHNSON; HARRIS COUNTY, TEXAS;
DEPUTY DURHAM; LICENSED VOCATIONAL NURSE JANE DOE;
HENRI MADIKO, Licensed Vocational Nurse; DEPUTY RICHARD PRUITT;
DAVID SOLCE, Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine; MEDICAL DOCTOR M.
HAQUE; STEPHEN WILLIAMS, Medical Doctor,

             Defendants - Appellees

                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Southern District of Texas

Before HIGGINBOTHAM, SMITH, and SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judges.
LESLIE H. SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judge:
      A pretrial detainee sued Harris County, Texas and county jail officials
for allegedly violating his constitutional rights by being deliberately indifferent
to his health, safety, and medical needs. He also sued a prison nurse for
retaliation and Harris County for negligence under Texas law. The district
court dismissed some of the claims on the pleadings and granted summary
judgment for the defendants on all others. We AFFIRM.
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                                 No. 17-20679
              FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      Steven Baughman was in custody of the Harris County, Texas Sheriff’s
Office at the time the events relevant to this suit took place. On November 11,
2015, sheriff deputies transported him to a hospital from which he was
discharged the next day. Deputy Sheriff Richard Pruitt picked Baughman up
at the hospital in a sheriff’s-office van to return him to jail. Baughman alleges
that during this ride, Deputy Pruitt drove recklessly and caused Baughman,
who was handcuffed, shackled, and not secured by a seatbelt, to be thrown out
of his seat and injured when the van lurched after hitting a pothole or speed
bump.
      Baughman further claims that once back at the jail, he sought medical
attention but was rebuffed by the jail’s medical staff. Those responsible are
said to be Nurse Henri Madiko, unknown Nurse Jane Doe, Deputy Bryan
Durham, and Drs. Stephan Williams and M. Haque. Baughman also alleges
that Drs. Williams and Haque, along with another sheriff-office doctor, David
Solce, generally denied him appropriate treatment.
      Finally, Baughman claims that two and a half weeks after the van ride,
another nurse, Kellie Johnson, refused to administer his medication and then
retaliated against him after he filed an administrative complaint against her.
      Proceeding pro se, Baughman sued Deputy Pruitt, Nurse Madiko, Nurse
Jane Doe, Deputy Durham, Dr. Williams, Dr. Solce, and Nurse Johnson in
their individual capacities. He also sued the jail’s interim Executive Director
for Health Services Dr. Marcus Guice and the former sheriff of Harris County
Ron Hickman for their supervisory roles. He brought his suit under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983, claiming deliberate indifference to his health, safety, and medical
needs. Baughman also asserted a retaliation claim against Nurse Johnson.
Seeking county liability, he further sued Harris County along with Dr. Guice
and Sheriff Hickman in their official capacities. Last, Baughman asserted a
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negligence claim under the Texas Tort Claims Act against Harris County.
Baughman requested a declaration that his rights had been violated along with
injunctive relief and damages.
      Deputy Pruitt, Nurse Madiko, Deputy Durham, Sheriff Hickman, Harris
County, Dr. Guice, and Nurse Johnson filed a joint motion for summary
judgment. Drs. Williams and Haque filed separate motions to dismiss under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Nurse Jane Doe and Doctor Solce
were never served, but the district court evaluated the claims against them
under the Prison Litigation Reform Act. The district court dismissed all of the
federal claims and declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the
Texas-law claim. The district court also dismissed Baughman’s motions for
appointment of counsel and a stay.
      Baughman appealed, contending the district court erred when it
dismissed his claims and refused to appoint counsel. He also filed a motion for
appointment of counsel in this court. Drs. Williams and Haque filed a motion
in this court for leave to file a sur-reply or alternatively to strike portions of
Baughman’s reply brief. These motions have been carried with the case.

                                 DISCUSSION
      The district court dismissed some of the claims as failing to state a claim
and granted summary judgment on others. “A dismissal for failure to state a
claim under Rule 12(b)(6) is reviewed ‘de novo, accepting all well-pleaded facts
as true and viewing those facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.’”
Whitaker v. Collier, 862 F.3d 490, 496-97 (5th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted). A
provision of the Prison Litigation Reform Act incorporates similar analysis by
allowing dismissal if the suit is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim.
28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i)-(ii). A separate provision requiring a district court

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to screen prisoner cases before docketing them allows dismissal for similar
reasons. § 1915A(b)(1).
      Our review of the grant of summary judgment is “de novo, viewing ‘all
facts and evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party’” and
ensuring “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material
fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Burell v.
Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 820 F.3d 132, 136 (5th Cir. 2016) (citations omitted).

I.    Deliberate indifference claims
      Baughman relies on the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments for his
deliberate indifference claims. The Eighth Amendment ensures the safety of
convicted prisoners while due process under the Fourteenth Amendment
protects pretrial detainees. See Hare v. City of Corinth, 74 F.3d 633, 639 (5th
Cir. 1996) (en banc). In an affidavit Baughman filed in October 2017, he
explained that he had been “awaiting trial since April 2, 2014.” The proper
analysis of each category of claims is the same, as our “Fourteenth Amendment
case law concerning pretrial detainees [is based] on the Supreme Court’s
Eighth Amendment precedent concerning prisoners.” Garza v. City of Donna,
922 F.3d 626, 634 (5th Cir. 2019) (citing Hare, 74 F.3d at 643-44). The district
court analyzed the case using pretrial detention cases, and we will as well.
      We classify a pretrial detention due process claim according to whether
it concerns a “condition of confinement” or an “episodic act or omission.”
Olabisiomotosho v. City of Houston, 185 F.3d 521, 526 (5th Cir. 1999) (citation
omitted). As is clear from our earlier explanation of the facts underlying
Baughman’s suit, he is making claims based on episodic acts or omissions. For
such claims, “we employ different standards depending on whether the liability
of the individual defendant or the municipal defendant is at issue.” Id. Both
standards require Baughman to “establish that the official(s) acted with
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subjective deliberate indifference.” Id. (citation omitted).      Resolving some
arguably conflicting articulations of the required mental state for subjective
deliberate indifference, the en banc court stated this test: “(1) ‘the official must
both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a
substantial risk of serious harm exists,’ and (2) ‘he must also draw the
inference.’” Williams v. Hampton, 797 F.3d 276, 281 (5th Cir. 2015) (en banc)
(quoting Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837 (1994)).
      The “official conduct must be ‘wanton,’ which is defined to mean
‘reckless.’” Alderson v. Concordia Par. Corr. Facility, 848 F.3d 415, 420 (5th
Cir. 2017). Subjective deliberate indifference “is an extremely high standard
to meet.” Domino v. Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice, 239 F.3d 752, 756 (5th Cir.
2001).     County as opposed to individual liability has the additional
requirement that the “violation resulted from a [county] policy or custom
adopted and maintained with objective deliberate indifference.” Garza, 922
F.3d at 634 (citation omitted).

      A.     Van ride
      Baughman claims that the van driver, Deputy Pruitt, “operated the van
recklessly . . . rapidly accelerating, rapidly braking, weaving in and out of
traffic and fail[ing] to keep a proper look-out” with Baughman in the back on
a steel bench where he was handcuffed, shackled, and not protected by a
seatbelt. Baughman’s affidavit identifies the cause of his actual injury was the
vehicle’s hitting a pothole or speed bump because the driver failed to keep a
proper lookout. The “explosive impact from striking the road hazard injured
[P]laintiff’s back and catapulted [P]laintiff from the steel bench causing him to
strike the ceiling of the security cage with the back of his head and neck, just
before throwing him forward against the front wall of the security divider, as
Deputy Pruitt hit the brakes.” Baughman in his complaint asserted that the
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deputy had acknowledged that “other prisoners have been injured during
transport, in a similar fashion.”
      Baughman contends his case is similar to a precedent in which we
recognized sufficient allegations of deliberate indifference to survive sua sponte
dismissal by the district court during the initial screening of a prisoner’s case.
Rogers v. Boatright, 709 F.3d 403, 408 (5th Cir. 2013); see 28 U.S.C. § 1915A
(requiring review by the district court “as soon as practicable” of certain types
of civil complaints by prisoners, and dismissal if justified). In that case, a
corrections officer “was driving the van recklessly, darting in and out of traffic
at high speeds while [the inmate] was caged in the back . . . [seated] on a
narrow bench . . . shackled in leg irons and handcuffs . . . [with] no seatbelt;”
the officer “was driving so fast that he had to brake hard to avoid hitting a
vehicle in front of him;” the inmate “was thrown head-first into the end of the
cage;” and one officer told another “that other inmates similarly had been
injured.” Id. at 406, 409.
      Baughman also discusses a case from another circuit, Brown v. Fortner,
518 F.3d 552 (8th Cir. 2008). There, three prison vans were traveling in a
convoy and collided with each other after going 75 miles per hour in a 55 mile-
per-hour zone and “pass[ing] other vehicles at inappropriate times.” Id. at 556.
The driver in the second van had not buckled the seatbelt of the plaintiff-
inmate, who was shackled, and he ignored pleas of multiple inmates to slow
down, even “turn[ing] up the radio” after one request. Id. There was no
evidence, however, that the driver of the third van “was asked to slow down
and refused” or knew that the plaintiff-inmate in the second van was not in a
seatbelt. Id. at 560. Finding that knowledge was the “critical difference
between” the drivers of the two vans, the Eighth Circuit held there was enough
evidence at the summary judgment stage to show the driver of the second van
was deliberately indifferent but not the driver of the third. Id. at 560-61.
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      In the present case, Deputy Pruitt moved for summary judgment.
Unlike in our Rogers decision, which we held was improperly dismissed at the
screening stage, Baughman had to demonstrate genuine issues of material fact
that ultimately could allow a finding that Deputy Pruitt was subjectively –
actually – “aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a
substantial risk of serious harm exists” from the manner in which he was
driving the van, and that the deputy must also have drawn that inference yet
continued to drive dangerously. Williams, 797 F.3d at 281 (citation omitted).
      The evidence here on summary judgment included an Internal Affairs
Investigative Report of March 1, 2016, a little more than three months after
the November 12, 2015 van ride. That report concluded that the accusations
against Pruitt for his driving were “unfounded.”          Baughman’s affidavit
acknowledged that he did not remember much about the event, as he had been
given morphine and hydrocodone before the van ride and felt “knocked out.”
Affidavits from Deputy Pruitt and from the other officer in the van, Deputy
Barnett, stated that neither officer could recall the specific ride. Medical
records from the treatment Baughman received the day of the incident
“indicated there was no evidence of injury and the overall findings [of his
condition] were consistent with degenerative change.” He had many medical
problems well before this incident, perhaps affected by his weighing over 420
pounds.
      Baughman’s evidence largely came from a sworn statement he gave in
December 2015. He states he was made to sit on a prison van bench that had
no seatbelts. Pruitt was not shown to have any responsibility for the fact there
were no seatbelts. Baughman stated generally that a deputy “drove in a
reckless manner when he accelerated and decelerated rapidly.” He then stated
that the van hit a speed bump or pothole, causing Baughman to be propelled

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from his seat. The statement does not detail further how the driving was
reckless.
      As to whether this is enough evidence of to create a fact issue of
recklessness, we start with Deputy Pruitt’s affidavit which identifies the route
he took that day as including time on Interstate Highway 10. Speeding up and
speeding down on an expressway (or on any road), even if done “rapidly,” is not
evidence of recklessness, nor is the inability to avoid a pothole or speed bump.
At most, the sworn statement from someone sitting in the back of a van claimed
that the van was being driven with rapid speed changes (though not
necessarily speeding), and when the van hit something in the road, the
passenger was thrown from his seat. This is not evidence of driving in a
manner creating a substantial risk of serious harm.
      Further, the driver’s subjective knowledge of reckless conduct is not
addressed at all in the sworn statement.        Though Baughman’s complaint
stated that deputy Pruitt “acknowledged other prisoners have been injured” in
similar fashion, there is no mention of that in the sworn statement. Unlike in
Brown, there is no evidence that Baughman asked to have a seatbelt fastened
and Pruitt refused, or that he asked the deputy to slow down, or other evidence
that would be some support for the deputy’s awareness.
      We conclude that there is insufficient information about Pruitt’s driving
and no evidence to allow a finding of Pruitt’s actual knowledge that the manner
in which he was driving created a substantial risk of harm. Merely negligent
driving by Deputy Pruitt would not support a violation of a constitutional right.
With the evidentiary burden on him at the summary judgment stage,
Baughman has failed to marshal evidence in support of this claim.

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      B.    Post-van ride incident
      After his return to the jail, Baughman fell asleep in his cell for several
hours. His complaint alleges that when he awoke later that evening, he was
“in pain so severe he could not get out of his bunk,” that he “was literally crying
in pain,” and that he “was not even able to roll onto his side due to the pain.”
Baughman alleges that after he got the attention of an officer, Nurse Madiko
and two trustees arrived and carried Baughman to the medical unit.
      Once there, Baughman alleges he “was not seen by a physician, was not
questioned by a physician, and was not given a physical examination or even
touched.” He asserts Nurse Jane Doe simply “shouted from the nurses station
that Dr. Haque had already written . . . a prescription,” commented that
Baughman also had a bottom bunk pass, and instructed security personnel to
remove Baughman. In response, Nurse Madiko and Deputy Durham ordered
Baughman to get off the stretcher. Baughman admits he then “cause[d] a
disturbance” that drew the attention of a supervising officer.           Baughman
alleges that officer then ordered medical staff to attend to Baughman, after
which Baughman was sent back to a hospital.                 Baughman’s complaint
emphasizes the “severe” and readily apparent nature of the pain he
experienced before and while at the medical unit. The district court held
Baughman failed to state a claim against any of the defendants.
      For an episodic act claim relying on an alleged denial or delay of medical
care, Baughman can show deliberate indifference by demonstrating that an
official “refused to treat him, ignored his complaints, intentionally treated him
incorrectly, or engaged in any similar conduct that would clearly evince a
wanton disregard for any serious medical needs.” Perniciaro v. Lea, 901 F.3d
241, 258 (5th Cir. 2018) (citation omitted).        “A disagreement about the
recommended medical treatment is generally not sufficient to show deliberate
indifference, but the denial of recommended medical treatment is often
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sufficient to show deliberate indifference.” Carlucci v. Chapa, 884 F.3d 534,
538 (5th Cir. 2018).      We of course examine each defendant’s actions
individually. See Meadours v. Ermel, 483 F.3d 417, 421-22 (5th Cir. 2007).
      The complaint recognizes Jane Doe knew that a “doctor had already
written [Baughman] a prescription for Tylenol and issued him a bottom bunk
pass” and that such knowledge formed the basis for her order that Baughman
leave the medical area.   That is, Baughman’s allegations demonstrate Jane
Doe was cognizant of his medical condition and treatment. Her purported
orders for Baughman to leave the medical unit simply indicate a decision he
did not need further medical attention. The agreement to this course of action
by Nurse Madiko, who the complaint alleges accompanied and observed
Baughman from his cell to the medical area, is similar. Baughman, in effect,
disputes the nurses’ decision on the medical attention he should have received,
which is insufficient to state a claim. Carlucci, 884 F.3d at 538.
      Regarding Doctors Williams and Haque, the complaint at most implies
they were aware of Baughman’s arrival to the medical unit but did not attend
to him. This is not the same as alleging the doctors “‘refused to treat him,
ignored his complaints, intentionally treated him incorrectly, or engaged in
any similar conduct that would clearly evince a wanton disregard for any
serious medical needs.’” Perniciaro, 901 F.3d at 258 (citation omitted). To the
contrary, Baughman asserts nurses interacted with him and never notified a
doctor that Baughman needed evaluation. Last, Baughman’s complaint about
Deputy Durham, a non-medically trained lay person, is that he observed
Baughman in pain yet deferred to the decisions of multiple medical personnel.
This fails to state a claim against Deputy Durham. See Hester v. Donahoo, 47
F.3d 425 (5th Cir. 1995); 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.3.

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      C.    Subsequent medical treatment
      Baughman also alleges Drs. Solce, Williams, and Haque generally
“denied [him] adequate pain medication” and “access to physical therapy.” The
district court held Baughman failed to state a claim.        We agree as these
“conclusory allegations . . . will not suffice to prevent a motion to dismiss.”
Beavers v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 566 F.3d 436, 439 (5th Cir. 2009) (citation
omitted).
      Baughman further alleges that in a January 2016 meeting regarding his
back pain, Dr. Haque told him to not “expect to receive pain management . . .
or other services you could get if you weren’t in jail;” that “pain is all in the
mind and we must all learn to live with it;” and that the jail had “a limited
budget and . . . so many prisoner[s’] problems . . . to deal with.” Baughman
alleges these statements “demonstrate a deliberately indifferent attitude and
intent to deny adequate medical care.” The district court dismissed these
allegations for failure to state a claim. Again, we agree. Factual assertions
concerning Dr. Haque’s “attitude” and “intent” are not sufficient to allege he
actually “refused to treat [Baughman], ignored his complaints, intentionally
treated him incorrectly, or engaged in similar conduct.” Alderson, 848 F.3d at
422 (citation omitted).

      D.    Incidents involving Nurse Johnson
      Baughman alleges that about two and a half weeks after the van ride,
Nurse Johnson visited his cell to administer pain medication and demanded
Baughman come to the door of the cell to receive it from her.         Baughman
asserts his pain was so great he was unable to walk, and Johnson responded
that if he “wanted his medication . . . he needed to crawl to the door to get” it.
An officer allegedly offered to give Baughman his medication in his cell, but
Johnson refused to employ that option and left. Later, the complaint claims
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the officer escorted Baughman toward the jail’s medical unit to obtain his
medicine. They encountered Johnson and her pill cart in the hall. Johnson
again allegedly refused Baughman his medicine. The district court granted
summary judgment in Johnson’s favor.           Johnson has raised qualified
immunity, placing the burden on Baughman to “demonstrate genuine issues of
material fact” regarding whether a violation of clearly established law
occurred. Michalik v. Hermann, 422 F.3d 252, 262 (5th Cir. 2005).
      Johnson acknowledges she did not dispense Baughman’s medicine at his
cell nor later when she encountered him in the hall. She asserts, however, she
“did not feel comfortable entering [Baughman’s] cell” nor administering his
medication while he was unrestrained in the hallway.         She swore in an
affidavit that she “followed the Jail procedures” for “high security” in
demanding Baughman receive the medication through an opening in his cell
and refusing to dispense it later when Baughman “was not properly restrained”
in the hall. She further swore Baughman could go to the medical unit to receive
his medication, which Baughman’s allegations also imply.
      There is evidence in the record that Johnson was disciplined after
Baughman filed a grievance over these incidents and that she was ordered to
review the sheriff’s office policies on the administration of medications.
Baughman has not cited any evidence, though, that Johnson actually violated
jail policy. Indeed, in her affidavit, which she swore out after the ordered
review of the policies, she maintained that she had followed the appropriate
jail procedures.    Baughman has failed to demonstrate a genuine issue of
material fact disputing that Johnson was hesitant to administer his medicine
because of security concerns and jail policy. Refusing to give Baughman his
medicine under these circumstances, especially when he could otherwise
obtain it at the jail’s medical unit, does not “show deliberate indifference to
serious medical needs.” Alderson, 848 F.3d at 422.
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      E.    Official capacity defendants; Dr. Guice and Sheriff Hickman in
            their individual capacities
      Baughman contends the County, Dr. Guice, and Sheriff Hickman are
liable “in their Official Capacities and Individual Capacities for policies at the
[jail].” Because an underlying constitutional violation is required to impose
liability on the governmental body or supervisory liability on Dr. Guice and
Sheriff Hickman as individuals, Baughman’s failure to demonstrate a
constitutional violation regarding Deputy Pruitt, Nurse Jane Doe, Nurse
Madiko, Deputy Durham, and Drs. Solce, Williams, and Haque disposes of any
purported liability of Harris County, Dr. Guice, and Sheriff Hickman on those
claims. See Brumfield v. Hollins, 551 F.3d 322, 327-29, 331-32 (5th Cir. 2008).
      We resolved the claim against Nurse Johnson, however, by applying
qualified immunity and shifting the evidentiary burden to Baughman. The
benefits of that doctrine’s application to Nurse Johnson do not extend to the
County.    See Owen v. City of Independence, 445 U.S. 622, 635-38 (1980).
Further, Dr. Guice’s and Sheriff Hickman’s actions in their individual
capacities were not part of our prior analysis. We consider, then, if Baughman
has sufficient evidence to support claims against the County and Dr. Guice and
Sheriff Hickman individually.      These claims, whether seeking official or
individual liability, require Baughman to connect the existence of a policy,
widespread and settled practice, or a failure to train to a constitutional
violation. Brumfield, 551 F.3d at 327-29, 331-32.
      Baughman hinges his claims on allegations the jail’s medical personnel
routinely ignore prisoners’ complaints, summarily turn them away when they
seek medical attention, and refuse them pain treatment and therapy. Aside
from the previously mentioned comments by Dr. Haque, which are insufficient,
Baughman’s allegations are not supported by specific facts. He directs us to
review a few hundred pages of district court filings. “Although we liberally

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construe briefs of pro se litigants and apply less stringent standards . . . pro se
parties must still brief the issues and reasonably comply with the standards of
Rule 28.” Grant v. Cuellar, 59 F.3d 523, 524 (5th Cir. 1995). These claims
were properly dismissed.

II.     Retaliation claims
        Baughman filed a grievance with the jail several days after the incidents
involving Nurse Johnson. He alleges that she then retaliated by ordering his
wheelchair be taken from his cell and by complaining to jail officials that
medical personnel were improperly entering his cell to administer pain
medication. The district court granted summary judgment to Johnson and the
County Defendants.
        The First Amendment protects a detainee from retaliation for filing
grievances against prison officials. See DeMarco v. Davis, 914 F.3d 383, 388
(5th Cir. 2019). To sustain such a claim, a detainee “must establish (1) a
specific constitutional right, (2) the defendant’s intent to retaliate against
[him] for his . . . exercise of that right, (3) a retaliatory adverse act, and (4)
causation.” Id. (citation omitted). Even if an act might be “motivated by
retaliatory intent,” it is not a constitutional violation if the effects of it “are so
de minimis that they would not deter the ordinary person from further exercise
of his rights.” Morris v. Powell, 449 F.3d 682, 686 (5th Cir. 2006). As in the
deliberate indifference context, Baughman must tie a Section 1983 First
Amendment claim to a county policy or lack of training to trigger official
liability or individual liability for Dr. Guice and Sheriff Hickman. Brumfield,
551 F.3d at 331; Thompkins v. Belt, 828 F.2d 298, 303-04 (5th Cir. 1987).
        Baughman does not even allege any harm from Johnson’s purported
retaliatory acts.      The circumstances in which Nurse Johnson ordered his
wheelchair be taken are unclear. Nonetheless, there is no evidence as to the
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result of such an order. Examples of what is not said is whether another
wheelchair was not timely found or that Baughman had to maneuver through
the jail without one. There is also no evidence that Johnson’s alleged reporting
of medical personnel who entered Baughman’s cell had any consequence for
Baughman.

III.     Supplemental jurisdiction; motions for counsel and leave to file sur-reply
         With all federal claims dismissed and diversity lacking, the district court
refused to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Baughman’s state law claim.
Such a refusal is generally not an abuse of discretion. Heggemeier v. Caldwell
Cnty., 826 F.3d 861, 872 (5th Cir. 2016).          In the absence of “exceptional
circumstances,” it is not an abuse of the district court’s discretion not to appoint
counsel. Naranjo v. Thompson, 809 F.3d 793, 801 (5th Cir. 2015). We also
exercise our discretion not to appoint counsel now. Cooper v. Sheriff, Lubbock
Cnty., 929 F.2d 1078, 1084 (5th Cir. 1991).
         AFFIRMED. All pending motions are DENIED.

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