Court Opinion

ID: 9943343
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-23 08:14:22.194551+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:46:49.283715
License: Public Domain

In The

                               Court of Appeals

                   Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont

                             ________________

                             NO. 09-22-00406-CR
                             ________________

               AARON DOMONIQUE TRAYLOR, Appellant

                                       V.

                     THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
________________________________________________________________________

                 On Appeal from the Criminal District Court
                         Jefferson County, Texas
                        Trial Cause No. 21-37571
________________________________________________________________________

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

      A grand jury indicted Aaron Domonique Traylor for the offense of possession

of a controlled substance, phencyclidine (PCP), in an amount of four grams or more

and less than two hundred grams, a second-degree felony. See Tex. Health & Safety

Code Ann. § 481.115(a), (d). The State also sought to enhance his punishment as a

habitual offender. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 12.42(b). Traylor pled not guilty. A

jury found him guilty, found the enhancements to be true, and assessed punishment

                                        1
at twenty-five years of incarceration. The trial court sentenced him accordingly. In

one issue, Traylor argues the trial court erred by refusing to include his requested

Article 38.23 instruction in the jury charge. We affirm the trial court’s judgment for

the reasons discussed below.

                                    Background

      On the night of March 4, 2021, a little after 10 p.m., Beaumont police officers

Gabriel Fells and Michael Ballard were patrolling the city’s north end. They testified

that they observed a red Buick Encore disregard a stop sign. Fells and Ballard

testified at trial that they initiated a traffic stop based on this violation.

Officer Michael Ballard’s Testimony

      Ballard testified that Fells approached the driver, and Ballard approached the

passenger side of the vehicle. They observed a driver, a passenger in the front of the

vehicle, and another passenger in the backseat. Traylor was the backseat passenger.

Ballard testified they “were on a very non-illuminated street[,]” and “couldn’t really

see that well.”

      Ballard testified that when they approached the vehicle, Traylor was

“defensive, kind of in a confused-like state[.]” Ballard explained that he observed

Traylor was not wearing a seatbelt, a Transportation Code violation, and asked

                                          2
Traylor for identification. When Ballard asked for identification, Traylor

immediately became defensive but said he would provide it.

      Traylor then pulled a Crown Royal bag from his pant leg near his ankle, which

Ballard found unusual. Ballard said the interior of the vehicle was not well lit, and

“[t]he only light was coming from my flashlight or patrol unit.” Ballard explained

that he did not know what was inside the bag, and it was large enough to hold a

weapon, which was concerning to his safety, his partner’s safety, and the others

inside the vehicle. Ballard then had Traylor exit the vehicle and escorted him to the

front of the patrol car. Ballard explained that Traylor did not immediately respond

to his lawful commands to exit the vehicle but eventually exited the vehicle. Ballard

said he told Traylor to walk towards the patrol unit to get him in a well-lit area in

front of their car and camera, so they could see him. Ballard noted that Traylor first

walked the wrong way, but after Ballard escorted him, Traylor complied.

      Ballard testified he then had Traylor place his hands on top of the bumper, so

everyone could see them. Ballard then performed a permissible pat down of Traylor

to check for weapons but did not check inside his pockets. While Ballard patted him

down, Traylor “continued to reach towards his pockets” several times. Ballard

explained he did not know if Traylor “was reaching for some sort of weapon . . . or

maybe he was just intoxicated, maybe not understanding the instructions that were

                                          3
given to him.” At one point, Ballard requested consent to search Traylor’s pockets,

but he refused. Ballard completed the pat down and observed that Traylor exhibited

signs of intoxication including bloodshot eyes, slurred speech, delayed responses,

being confused and had a “thousand-yard stare[,]” which Ballard knew was a sign

of drug intoxication. He also noted that there were beer bottles in Traylor’s seat, and

Traylor claimed he had been to the liquor store. Ballard explained he had previous

contacts with Traylor, and his speech was not always slurred; it was different that

night.

         Ballard ran the identification, and they learned the driver had an active

warrant, so they arrested him. The front seat passenger was also intoxicated. Ballard

testified that because he believed Traylor and the other passenger were intoxicated,

he told them that they could contact “a responsible party” to come get them. Ballard

explained that when they suspect public intoxication, officers have the discretion to

have someone pick the individual up, but he could have arrested Traylor and the

other passenger. The other passenger’s sister picked him up, but Traylor was unable

to reach anyone to come get him although they let him try twice.

         Ballard testified that after Traylor’s second unsuccessful call, “[H]e was

intoxicated in a public place without any responsible party. I believed him to be a

danger to himself or possibly others. So, he was placed under arrest for public

                                          4
intoxication.” Ballard testified he had probable cause to arrest Traylor for public

intoxication. Ballard said they could not release Traylor on the street, given the

potential consequences if he got hurt or caused a wreck. They took Traylor into

custody for public intoxication, and Ballard performed a search incident to arrest to

make sure that Traylor had no contraband or weapons that he would be bringing with

him into the jail. During this search, Ballard found a green package of Newport

cigarettes in Traylor’s front left pocket. The cigarettes caught his attention, because

eleven of them “were dipped in an off-color substance that produced a strong

chemical smell.” Based on his experience and training, Ballard recognized the odor

as PCP or phencyclidine. He also knew from his training and experience that people

use PCP by dipping a cigarette and smoking it.

Officer Fells’s Testimony

      Fells testified at trial he witnessed a vehicle disregarding a stop sign at the

intersection of Delaware and Gulf, which is a traffic offense. Based on that, Fells

conducted a traffic stop and approached the driver’s side of the vehicle. Fells

explained the driver initially said he did not believe he ran the stop sign but

ultimately admitted he ran the stop sign.

      Fells spoke with the rear passenger, who caught his attention, because “he was

irate. He was arguing with my partner.” Fells explained that Traylor questioned

                                          5
whether he had to be secured in the backseat, why he had to give identification, and

disputed his detention. Fells said he educated Traylor on the law and why he was

detained and “eventually gained a bit of compliance.” Fells described Traylor’s

conduct inside the vehicle:

      His demeanor led me to be suspicious that there was something going
      on inside the vehicle that he didn’t want me to know about. A typical
      person sits there, wants me to get out of their life as quickly as they
      possibly can, right? So they just give me their driver’s license and that’s
      it and they call it a day.
      Typically, when someone talks a little bit too much, gets a little irate,
      starts questioning what I’m doing, making furtive movements in
      between his feet, I’m starting to think that there was something going
      on in that vehicle.

Fells testified that Traylor dug around in the Crown Royal bag for longer than it

should have taken him to find his identification and argued with Ballard. Fells

testified his visibility was limited, but he saw Traylor reach toward his ankle area

and did not know if Traylor had a weapon he could use, so officer safety was a

concern.

      Fells said that Ballard identified Traylor and gave him a lawful command to

exit the vehicle. Fells explained that initially, Traylor questioned being asked to step

out of the vehicle, and Fells responded that he was not wearing a seatbelt and was

detained; Traylor went “back and forth” with Ballard for a little longer then exited

the vehicle and was escorted to the front of the patrol vehicle. Fells testified that

                                           6
when a person is detained like Traylor, a Terry frisk is typical, which Fells explained

was “a pat down of the outer garments for any type of weapons that could, you know

hurt me or anybody else.” 1 Fells testified that Ballard patted Traylor down, but

Traylor did not consent to search his pockets. Fells joined Ballard and saw Traylor’s

face. Fells testified that Traylor exhibited slurred speech, bloodshot glassy eyes, and

an inability to follow simple lawful instructions like keeping his hands on the

bumper.

      Fells explained that they made Traylor get out of the car, but the driver stated

he did not want Traylor back in the vehicle because of his behavior, so Traylor did

not have a responsible party to take him, “making him in a public place.” They took

the driver into custody for a Jefferson County warrant, and the other passenger

exhibited the same signs of intoxication as Traylor. Fells explained that in similar

situations, he typically tries to find a responsible party to release the person to, but

if not, he takes them to jail for their safety and the safety of others. Once he suspects

someone is intoxicated, he cannot let them walk to their destination.

      1See  Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27 (1968) (After validly detaining an
individual, a police officer may conduct a reasonable search for weapons for the
officer’s protection if the officer has reason to believe that he is dealing with an
armed and dangerous individual).
                                           7
      Fells testified they gave Traylor and the other passenger an opportunity to find

a responsible party to come get them, which is within the officers’ discretion. The

other passenger found a responsible party to pick him up. Fells said that since Traylor

could not find a responsible party after a couple of attempts, they arrested him for

public intoxication and performed a search incident to arrest. Fells explained this

was a search of the person to make sure they are not bringing contraband or weapons

into the jail and protects the suspect’s personal property.

      While searching Traylor incident to arrest, Ballard located cigarettes dipped

in phencyclidine or PCP. Fells testified that with a dipped cigarette, “You have the

white portion of the cigarette . . . Once you dip it, it turns into like a brownish,

yellowish tint to it; and it also emits a chemical odor.” Fells said eleven cigarettes

were dipped and had a brownish tint to them. He has experience with PCP users and

explained they are irritable, sweat a lot, like to fight, and are aggressive. There was

suspected phencyclidine on the cigarettes, and when they returned to Jefferson

County Correctional Facility, Fells weighed them.

      During his testimony, the State admitted Fells’s bodycam and dashcam

videos, and portions of these were played for the jury. Fells testified the dashcam

video shows the vehicle crossing the street in the distance at the four-way stop at the

                                          8
intersection of Gulf and Delaware, and after going through the intersection, the

driver of the Encore eventually pulled over.

Marsha Cox’s Testimony

      Jefferson County Regional Crime Laboratory Chemist Marsha Cox analyzed

the cigarettes that Ballard took from Traylor before he was jailed. At Traylor’s trial,

she testified the cigarettes contained PCP and weighed slightly over 4.2 grams. Cox

testified that dipped cigarettes have a strong odor and “can have a slight coloration

to it.” Cox testified that the cigarettes could have initially had a brownish tint, but

when she performed the analysis, the cigarettes were not discolored. Cox agreed it

was possible with the passage of time that the cigarettes were no longer discolored.

The report Cox prepared was admitted into evidence during her testimony.

Motion to Suppress

      Traylor filed a Motion to Suppress and argued that tangible evidence,

including the substance alleged to be PCP, was seized without a warrant, probable

cause or “other lawful authority in violation of the rights of . . . Traylor” under the

United States Constitution and Texas Constitution. The trial court carried the motion

through trial and then conducted a hearing outside the jury’s presence. In the hearing,

the trial court asked the defense if it was going to introduce any additional evidence,

and it declined. During the hearing, the defense challenged the original vehicle stop

                                          9
and argued the police officer testified the driver first denied running the stop sign

and that the video seems to show he stopped, so everything that happened after

violated Traylor’s rights. Traylor also complained that officers should not have

arrested him for public intoxication since he was not in public by his choice – he was

detained and placed in the roadway. The trial court denied the Motion to Suppress.

Jury Charge

      During the charge conference, Traylor requested an article 38.23 instruction

and argued: (1) there was conflicting evidence about whether the driver ran the stop

sign based on the officers’ testimony; and (2) the officers’ testimony and the video

evidence created a fact issue about whether Traylor was intoxicated and should have

been arrested for public intoxication. Traylor provided the following proposed

written instruction to include the charge:

      Instruction - Evidence Not To Be Used

      Any evidence obtained by an officer or other person in violation of any
      provision of the Constitution or laws of the State of Texas or of the
      Constitution or laws of the United States shall be disregarded by the
      jury.
      You are instructed that before an officer has the right to make an arrest
      of a defendant[,] the officer must have probable cause that the
      defendant committed a crime[.]

      “Probable Cause” to arrest is the reasonable belief that the person has
      committed a crime[.]

                                         10
      Now, therefore, if you believe, or have a reasonable doubt, that the
      evidence was obtained as a result of an arrest or detention not based on
      probable cause, then and in such event, you shall disregard any such
      evidence so obtained.

The trial court refused the proposed instruction and stated, “As the Court recalls the

evidence, the driver of the car did state he did not run the stop sign but later admitted

to running the stop sign.”

Verdict

      After the jury convicted him and assessed punishment at twenty-five years of

confinement, Traylor timely appealed the trial court’s judgment.

                                     II. Analysis

      In his sole issue, Traylor complains the trial court erred by refusing his

requested jury instruction and definition. Essentially, he challenges the validity of 1)

the officers’ initial stop of the vehicle, and 2) Traylor’s subsequent arrest for public

intoxication resulting in the search incident to arrest where the dipped cigarettes

were located.

Standard of Review

      When reviewing whether the trial court properly charged the jury, we first

determine whether error occurred, and if there was no error, our analysis ends. See

Cortez v. State, 469 S.W.3d 593, 598 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015); Kirsch v. State, 357

S.W.3d 645, 649 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). The jury charge instructs jurors on “all of
                                           11
the law that is applicable to the case.” Vasquez v. State, 389 S.W.3d 361, 366 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2012) (citation omitted); see also Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.14.

If we determine the trial court erred, our harm analysis and the standard of review

employed depends on whether error was preserved as outlined in Almanza v. State.

See 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (op on reh’g).

Law

      When there is a disputed fact issue material to a defendant’s claim of a

constitutional or statutory violation that would render evidence inadmissible, an

article 38.23 exclusionary-rule instruction is required. Madden v. State, 242 S.W.3d

504, 509–10 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article

38.23 provides that where evidence raises an issue, “the jury shall be instructed that

if it believes, or has a reasonable doubt, that the evidence was obtained in violation

of the provisions of this Article, then and in such event, the jury shall disregard any

such evidence so obtained.” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23. A defendant is

entitled to a 38.23 instruction only if the evidence raises a “disputed fact issue.”

Madden, 242 S.W.3d at 509–10. “A defendant’s right to the submission of jury

instructions under Article 38.23(a) is limited to disputed issues of fact that are

material to his claim of a constitutional or statutory violation that would render

evidence inadmissible.” Id. (citation omitted). Under Madden, there are three

                                          12
requirements for the mandatory inclusion of a 38.23 instruction: “(1) [t]he evidence

heard by the jury must raise an issue of fact; (2) [t]he evidence on that fact must be

affirmatively contested; and (3) [t]hat contested factual issue must be material to the

lawfulness of the challenged conduct in obtaining the evidence.” Id. at 510; see

Hamal v. State, 390 S.W.3d 302, 306 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (citations omitted)

(stating same).

      For a traffic stop to comply with the Fourth Amendment, an officer must have

“‘reasonable suspicion.’” Hamal, 390 S.W.3d at 306 (citing York v. State, 342

S.W.3d 528, 536 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)). “Under the Fourth Amendment,

‘reasonable suspicion’ exists when an officer is aware of ‘specific articulable facts

that, when combined with rational inferences from those facts, would lead him to

reasonably suspect that a particular person has engaged or is (or soon will be)

engaging in criminal activity.’” York, 342 S.W.3d at 536 (quoting Garcia v. State,

43 S.W.3d 527, 530 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)) (other citation omitted). The

reasonable suspicion standard is objective, and the officer’s subjective intent is

irrelevant. Id. This standard merely requires “‘some minimal level of objective

justification’” for the stop. Hamal, 390 S.W.3d at 306 (quoting Foster v. State, 326

S.W.3d 609, 614 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)).

                                          13
      A police officer may arrest an individual without a warrant only if probable

cause exists with respect to the individual in question, and the arrest falls within one

of the exceptions set out in the Code of Criminal Procedure. State v. Martinez, 569

S.W.3d 621, 628 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019); Torres v. State, 182 S.W.3d 899, 901

(Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 14.01(b) provides

that an officer may arrest someone absent a warrant if the offense is committed in

his view. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 14.01(b). “Probable cause for a

warrantless arrest under article 14.01(b) may be based on an officer’s prior

knowledge and personal observations, and an officer may rely on reasonably

trustworthy information provided by another person in making the overall probable

cause determination.” Martinez, 569 S.W.3d at 628.

      “A person commits public intoxication if he appears in a public place while

intoxicated to the degree that he may endanger himself or another.” Id. (citing Tex.

Penal Code Ann. § 49.02(a)). A public place means any place to which the public

has access and includes, among other things, streets. See id.; see also Tex. Penal

Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(40). As for the danger element, “it is sufficient that the person

merely rendered himself or others subject to potential danger.” Martinez, 569

S.W.3d at 628 (citing Dickey v. State, 552 S.W.2d 467, 468 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977)).

                                          14
      Absent any specific dispute over historical facts, the determination of whether

probable cause existed was one for the trial court, not one for the jury under article

38.23. See Madden, 242 S.W.3d at 511 (explaining that trial judge decides the

“quality and quantum of facts necessary” to establish “a legal term of art” like

“reasonable suspicion” or “probable cause” and only if one or more necessary facts

is disputed, does the trial judge ask the jury to decide whether officer’s belief in

those facts was reasonable); Garza v. State, 126 S.W.3d 79, 86 (Tex. Crim. App.

2004) (“That appellant ‘disagrees with the conclusion that probable cause was

shown as a matter of law’ is not the same as appellant controverting the facts.”)

(emphasis original, internal quotation omitted).

      Though not clear, liberally construing his brief, Traylor seems to challenge 1)

the original traffic stop, and 2) his arrest for public intoxication which led to the

search incident to that arrest. We will address each in turn. We first note that

Traylor’s proposed instruction and definition were incorrect as it did not point to any

disputed facts that the jury would need to resolve either with respect to the initial

stop or to the arrest for public intoxication. See Madden, 242 S.W.3d at 511

(explaining that the first requirement to obtaining a 38.23 instruction is that one is

requested on a specific historical fact or facts). As the Court of Criminal Appeals

explained in Madden where a requested instruction failed to include specific

                                          15
disputed facts, “Looking just at appellant’s requested jury instruction, neither the

trial judge, the court of appeals, nor ourselves could have any idea of what specific

fact or facts appellant believed were in dispute.” Id. at 511–12.

Application: There was no disputed fact issue with the traffic stop.

      Officers had reasonable suspicion to stop the Buick if they witnessed a

violation of Section 544.010 of the Texas Transportation Code. See Tex. Transp.

Code Ann. § 544.010(a), (c) (requiring driver to bring vehicle to stop at stop sign).

If an officer has a reasonable basis for suspecting a person committed a traffic

offense, he may legally initiate a traffic stop. Garcia v. State, 827 S.W.2d 937, 944

(Tex. Crim. App. 1992); Graves v. State, 307 S.W.3d 483, 489 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d) (citation omitted). As the sole reason for the initial stop,

the officers had to reasonably believe the driver failed to come to a complete stop at

the stop sign located at the intersection of Delaware and Gulf. See Graves, 307

S.W.3d at 489; see also Tex. Transp. Code Ann. § 544.010(a), (c). In the trial court,

Traylor asserted there was a disputed fact issue about whether the driver ran the stop

sign based on the officers’ testimony, thus entitling him to a 38.23 instruction. We

disagree.

      The only witnesses to testify about the stop were Fells and Ballard. Both

testified that the driver did not come to a complete stop at the intersection. Defense

                                          16
counsel vigorously cross-examined Fells about the traffic violation, insinuating that

the vehicle had stopped and pointed to the driver’s initial denial that he ran the stop

sign. Cross-examination is not affirmative evidence putting a fact in dispute, but a

witness’s answers may. See Madden, 242 S.W.3d at 513–14. In the face of cross-

examination, Fells testified that although the driver initially denied running the stop

sign, the driver ultimately admitted he had. Additionally, less than one minute into

the dashcam video, the vehicle is seen in the distance rolling through the intersection

without stopping. As the officers pursue, the dashcam shows four stop signs at the

intersection. Rather than dispute that the driver did not stop, this testimony and video

evidence confirms it.

      During the hearing on the Motion to Suppress, defense counsel also argued

that it appeared to him in the dashcam video that the vehicle stopped. A factual

dispute requiring an article 38.23 instruction “can be raised only by affirmative

evidence, not by mere cross-examination questions or argument.” Oursbourn v.

State, 259 S.W.3d 159, 177 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); see Madden, 242 S.W.3d at

513–14. Defense counsel’s argument about what the video showed is not evidence

and cannot create a factual dispute. There must be some affirmative evidence—here,

the video—showing the driver came to a complete stop in the record before there is

a disputed fact issue. See Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 177–78; Madden, 242 S.W.3d

                                          17
at 514 (noting same in context of speeding). We have reviewed the video, and it does

not affirmatively show the vehicle came to a complete stop. Instead, the video shows

the car rolling through the intersection from a distance without stopping. Absent a

dispute about what the officers observed, Traylor was not entitled to an article 38.23

instruction. See Hamal, 390 S.W.3d at 307; Madden 242 S.W.3d at 510; see also

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23(a). We conclude the evidence failed to raise

a fact issue about the initial vehicle stop and detention to warrant an article 38.23

instruction.

Application: There was no disputed fact issue regarding the public intoxication
arrest.

      We now turn to whether officers had probable cause to arrest Traylor for

public intoxication. Traylor’s proposed instruction and definition does not mention

any disputed facts surrounding the arrest. Rather, his requested instruction and

definition seem to challenge the conclusion that officers had probable cause for that

arrest. A jury instruction is proper “only if there is a contested issue of fact about

obtaining the evidence.” Pierce v. State, 32 S.W.3d 247, 251 (Tex. Crim. App.

2000). There is no issue for the jury to decide when the question is only one of law.

Id.; see also Madden, 242 S.W.3d at 511; Garza, 126 S.W.3d at 86. The officers

both testified that they believed Traylor was intoxicated and specified several signs

of intoxication he exhibited, which no evidence contradicted. The officers also
                                         18
testified that once they removed Traylor from the vehicle, they could not allow him

to walk home on a dark, poorly-lit street in that condition, because it was unsafe for

him and potentially others. The officers also testified that Traylor had no responsible

person to pick him up. Again, no evidence in the record contradicts this.

      At trial, defense counsel again vigorously cross-examined the officers about

whether the video showed Traylor slurring his speech. Not only did officers insist

he did, they pointed to several other signs of intoxication. As explained above, cross-

examination alone does not create a fact issue without answers that do. See Madden,

242 S.W.3d at 513. Counsel also argued the video seemed to show Traylor was not

intoxicated but did not say why or what signs of intoxication the officers identified

that the video contradicted. In Madden, defense counsel likewise argued a dashcam

video created a fact issue. See Madden, 242 S.W.3d at 515–16. In ultimately

concluding the dashcam video did not create a fact issue, the Court of Criminal

Appeals reasoned,

      Only if the video clearly showed that appellant affirmatively did not do
      something that [the officer] said that he did do, and the video clearly
      would have shown that conduct if it had occurred, would there be some
      affirmative evidence of a disputed historical fact. But the video
      recording in this case apparently does not show much of anything with
      clarity.

Id. at 516.

                                          19
      Based upon the officers’ testimony and the videos, the trial court determined

that the videos do not show that Traylor did not exhibit the signs of intoxication. The

only evidence in the record is consistent with the officers’ testimony that Traylor

exhibited multiple signs of intoxication, their testimony that he was on a public street

with no responsible person to retrieve him, and the opinions they expressed that

under the circumstances they thought it would be unsafe to allow him to walk home

in his condition. We conclude the evidence likewise failed to raise a disputed fact

issue regarding Traylor’s arrest for public intoxication and the search incident to that

arrest to warrant an article 38.23 instruction. Absent evidence raising a genuine issue

of material fact disputing the officers’ testimony about the historical facts, there was

nothing for the jury to decide, and the existence of probable cause was a question of

law for the trial court. See Madden, 242 S.W.3d at 511; Garza, 126 S.W.3d at 86;

Pierce, 32 S.W.3d at 251. Thus, the trial court did not err in denying Traylor’s

requested instruction and definition. See Madden, 242 S.W.3d at 505–06. We

overrule his sole issue.

                                   III. Conclusion

      We conclude the evidence did not affirmatively show a disputed fact issue

that placed the constitutional validity of the traffic stop and Traylor’s subsequent

arrest in issue, so he was not entitled to the requested article 38.23 instruction and

                                          20
definition. See id. Having overruled his sole issue, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment.

      AFFIRMED.

                                                 W. SCOTT GOLEMON
                                                      Chief Justice

Submitted on November 13, 2023
Opinion Delivered February 21, 2024
Do Not Publish

Before Golemon, C.J., Horton and Wright, JJ.

                                      21