Court Opinion

ID: 4277533
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-05-22 21:02:47.958465+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:50:33.192521
License: Public Domain

The summaries of the Colorado Court of Appeals published opinions
  constitute no part of the opinion of the division but have been prepared by
  the division for the convenience of the reader. The summaries may not be
    cited or relied upon as they are not the official language of the division.
  Any discrepancy between the language in the summary and in the opinion
           should be resolved in favor of the language in the opinion.

                                                                   SUMMARY
                                                                 May 17, 2018

                                2018COA75

No. 17CA1534, People In the Interest of I.B.-R. — Juvenile
Court — Dependency and Neglect — Termination of the Parent-
Child Legal Relationship; American Indian Law — ICWA —
Notice

     In this dependency and neglect case, a division of the court of

appeals considers the duty and content of notice to the Bureau of

Indian Affairs (BIA) under the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978

(ICWA), 25 U.S.C. §§ 1901-1963 (2012). The division concludes

that where a parent reports a connection to an unknown Native

American tribe in a state with no designated tribal agents, the

department of human services must notify the BIA of the parent’s

report, and the notice the department sends to the BIA must

include the state that the parent identified. Because the notice to

the BIA in this case omitted the state that the parent identified, the
division remands the case to the trial court for the limited purpose

of ensuring compliance with ICWA.
COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS                                           2018COA75

Court of Appeals No. 17CA1534
Weld County District Court No. 16JV231
Honorable Elizabeth B. Strobel, Judge

The People of the State of Colorado,

Petitioner-Appellee,

In the Interest of I.B.-R., A.B.-R., M.B.-R., and A.R., children,

and Concerning J.S.R., C.M.H. f/k/a C.M.R., and S.B.-R.,

Respondents-Appellants

                         ORDER OF LIMITED REMAND

                                     Division A
                        Loeb, C.J., Ashby and Welling, JJ.
                                   PER CURIAM

                            Announced May 17, 2018

Bruce T. Barker, County Attorney, David S. Anderson, Assistant County
Attorney, Greeley, Colorado, for Petitioner-Appellee

Keren C. Weitzel, Guardian Ad Litem

Van Gaasbeek Law, Christine Van Gaasbeek, Fort Collins, Colorado, for
Respondent-Appellant J.S.R.

Henson Law, LLC, Patrick R. Henson, Denver, Colorado, for Respondent-
Appellant C.M.H.

Pamela K. Streng, Georgetown, Colorado, for Respondent-Appellant S.B.-R.
¶1    In this dependency and neglect proceeding, C.M.H. (mother),

 formerly known as C.M.R., appeals the trial court’s judgment

 terminating her parent-child relationships with her children,

 I.B.-R., A.B.-R., M.B.-R., and A.R. J.S.R., who is the father of A.R.,

 appeals the judgment terminating his parent-child relationship with

 A.R. S.B.-R., who is the father of A.B.-R. and I.B.-R., appeals the

 judgment terminating his parent-child relationships with A.B.-R.

 and I.B.-R.

¶2    One of J.S.R.’s contentions is that the trial court and the Weld

 County Department of Human Services (the Department) did not

 comply with the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (ICWA), 25 U.S.C.

 §§ 1901-63 (2012), after he asserted Native American heritage.

¶3    We agree that, although the Department notified some tribes

 and the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the notice was inadequate.

 Further, the trial court did not make the required inquiry of the

 participants as to all of the children after the Department initiated

 the proceeding to terminate parental rights. Therefore, we remand

 the case to the trial court for the limited purpose of ensuring

 compliance with ICWA.

                                    1
              I.    ICWA’s Inquiry and Notice Provisions

¶4    ICWA’s provisions are for the protection and preservation of

 Indian tribes and their resources and to protect Indian children who

 are members of or are eligible for membership in an Indian tribe.

 25 U.S.C. § 1901(2), (3) (2012). ICWA recognizes that Indian tribes

 have a separate interest in Indian children that is equivalent to, but

 distinct from, parental interests. B.H. v. People in Interest of X.H.,

 138 P.3d 299, 303 (Colo. 2006); see also Mississippi Band of

 Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield, 490 U.S. 30, 52 (1989). Accordingly,

 in a proceeding in which ICWA may apply, tribes must have a

 meaningful opportunity to participate in determining whether the

 child is an Indian child and to be heard on the issue of ICWA’s

 applicability. B.H., 138 P.3d at 303.

¶5    To ensure tribes have an opportunity to be heard, Colorado’s

 ICWA-implementing legislation provides that in dependency and

 neglect proceedings, the petitioning party must make continuing

 inquiries to determine whether the child is an Indian child.

 § 19-1-126(1)(a), C.R.S. 2017; see also B.H., 138 P.3d at 302.

¶6    The federal regulations and guidelines implementing ICWA

 impose a duty of inquiry and notice on trial courts. 25 C.F.R.

                                    2
 23.107(a) (2017); Bureau of Indian Affairs, Guidelines for

 Implementing the Indian Child Welfare Act, 81 Fed. Reg. 96,476

 (Dec. 30, 2016), https://perma.cc/3TCH-8HQM (2016 Guidelines);

 see also Notice of Guidelines, 81 Fed. Reg. 96,476 (Dec. 30, 2016).

 The trial court must ask each participant on the record at the

 beginning of every emergency, voluntary, or involuntary child

 custody proceeding whether the participant knows or has reason to

 know that the child is an Indian child. 25 C.F.R. § 23.107(a); see

 also People in Interest of L.L., 2017 COA 38, ¶ 19. A proceeding to

 terminate parental rights is a separate child custody proceeding

 under ICWA. See 25 U.S.C. § 1903(1) (2012); see also § 19-1-

 126(1); People in Interest of C.A., 2017 COA 135, ¶ 10. Accordingly,

 the court must inquire at the commencement of the termination

 proceeding, and all responses should be on the record. 25 C.F.R.

 § 23.107(a).

¶7    When there is reason to know or believe that a child involved

 in a child custody proceeding is an Indian child, the petitioning

 party must send notice of the proceeding to the potentially

 concerned tribe or tribes. B.H., 138 P.3d at 302; see also 25 U.S.C.

 § 1912(a) (2012); § 19-1-126(1)(b). The BIA publishes a list of

                                   3
 designated tribal agents for service of ICWA notice in the Federal

 Register each year and makes the list available on its website. 2016

 Guidelines, pp. 19-20; see also 82 Fed. Reg. 12,986-13,009 (Mar. 8,

 2017). If the identity or location of the tribe cannot be determined,

 notice must be given to the BIA. B.H., 138 P.3d at 302; see 25

 U.S.C. § 1912(a).

¶8    The 2016 Guidelines recommend the following steps when the

 reporting party has not identified a specific tribe:

            If only the Tribal ancestral group (e.g.,
            Cherokee) is indicated, then . . . State agencies
            or courts [should] contact each of the Tribes in
            that ancestral group (see . . . the published list
            of ICWA designated agents) to identify whether
            the parent or child is a member of any such
            Tribe. If the State agency or court is unsure
            that it has contacted all the relevant Tribes, or
            needs other assistance in identifying the
            appropriate Tribes, it should contact the BIA
            Regional Office. Ideally, State agencies or
            courts should contact the BIA Regional Office
            for the region in which the Tribe is located, but
            if the State agency or court is not aware of the
            appropriate BIA Regional Office, it may contact
            any BIA Regional Office for direction.

 2016 Guidelines, p. 18. Thus, “courts [and state agencies] are not

 required to become experts in tribal genealogy.” In re J.T., 693 A.2d
283, 289 (Vt. 1997) (father’s statement that his father was a

                                    4
 “full-blooded Mohican” did not require court to resolve whether he

 might be affiliated with the federally recognized Mohegan tribe or

 the unrecognized Mahican tribe; court’s duty was only to notify the

 BIA). Instead, the BIA is available to assist in identifying

 appropriate tribes. 2016 Guidelines, p. 18; accord In re Trever I.,

 973 A.2d 752, 758-59 (Me. 2009) (child welfare agency properly

 investigated father’s vague claim of Indian heritage by notifying BIA

 of supporting information).

                        II.    Procedural History

¶9     The Department filed a petition in dependency and neglect in

 April 2016. That same month, J.S.R. told the Department he had

 Cherokee heritage on his father’s side. A month later, he told the

 trial court his father’s lineage descended from a tribe in Arkansas,

 but he did not know which tribe. The Department did not notify

 any tribe or the BIA of the dependency and neglect proceeding.

¶ 10   The Department filed a motion to terminate mother’s, J.S.R.’s

 and S.B.-R.’s parental rights in November 2016. In December

 2016, the Department sent notice of the termination proceeding to

 the three federally recognized Cherokee Tribes. Each of the tribes

 responded that A.R. was not a member or eligible for membership.

                                    5
¶ 11   The Department also notified the BIA. The notice stated that

 J.S.R. had indicated he had Cherokee heritage, but it did not

 mention his reported affiliation to an unknown tribe in Arkansas.

 The BIA replied that the notice indicated the child’s possible tribal

 affiliation was Cherokee, the Certificate of Mailing showed the

 Cherokee Tribes had been notified, and the BIA does not research

 or determine tribal enrollment for tribes.

¶ 12   The trial court terminated all three parents’ parental rights in

 July 2017. Although the court held eight hearings in the eight

 months following the initiation of the termination proceeding in

 November 2016, it made no further inquiry regarding the children’s

 possible Indian status at any time.

                             III.   Analysis

¶ 13   J.S.R. contends that the Department failed to comply with

 ICWA’s notice requirements because it did not send notice to any

 tribes in Arkansas. We agree in part.

¶ 14   There are no federally recognized tribes with designated tribal

 agents in Arkansas. See Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible to

 Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs,

 82 Fed. Reg. 4915-02 (Jan. 17, 2017). Nevertheless, J.S.R.

                                    6
 contends that ICWA required the Department to research whether

 any federally recognized tribes are located at least partially in that

 state. In particular, he asserts that an investigation would have

 revealed that the Osage Nation, a federally recognized tribe with its

 designated tribal agent in Oklahoma, identifies its territory to

 include land in the state of Arkansas. See Historic Preservation |

 Osage Nation (Apr. 9, 2018), https://perma.cc/C7V7-RN2M. (We

 note that J.R.’s opening brief characterizes Arkansas as included in

 “Osage lands,” while the website describes the area as part of its

 “ancestral lands.”)

¶ 15   ICWA does not, however, require courts or departments of

 human services to ferret out tribal connections from such vague

 information as the name of a state with no designated tribal agents.

 See In re Desiree F., 99 Cal. Rptr. 2d 688, 695 (Cal. Ct. App. 2000).

 Instead, that burden shifts to the BIA, which presumably has the

 resources and expertise necessary for the task. See id.; see also

 2016 Guidelines, p. 18.

¶ 16   But the notice in this case did not alert the BIA that J.S.R.

 had reported a tribal connection to Arkansas. This omission

 frustrated the BIA’s ability to fully discharge its responsibility under

                                    7
 ICWA to identify potentially relevant tribes. Therefore, we must

 remand the case to the trial court to ensure compliance with ICWA.

                       IV.   Remand Instructions

¶ 17   On remand, the trial court shall direct the Department to (1)

 procure the appearance of all the parents, if possible, so that the

 court may inquire of each of them on the record and (2) inquire of

 such persons with whom it has contact who may have knowledge of

 the children’s possible Native American ancestry.

¶ 18   The court shall then hold a hearing and ask the participants

 to state on the record whether they know or have reason to know or

 reason to believe that any of the children is an Indian child. 25

 C.F.R. § 23.107; see also 2016 Guidelines, p. 11; § 19-1-126(1)(b).

 At the hearing, the Department shall make a record of its efforts to

 determine whether the children are Indian children. See

 § 19-1-126(1)(a). The court shall then issue an order detailing its

 findings.

¶ 19   If any participant provides reason to know or believe that any

 of the children may be affiliated with a particular tribe, the trial

 court should proceed in accordance with the ICWA notice

 requirements and direct the Department to send notice to the

                                    8
 applicable tribe or tribes. Otherwise, based on the information that

 J.S.R. has already provided regarding A.R., the court shall direct

 the Department to send notice to the BIA indicating J.S.R.’s

 reported tribal connection to Arkansas.

¶ 20   The trial court must afford the tribes or the BIA a reasonable

 amount of time to respond to notices and must proceed in

 accordance with 25 U.S.C. § 1912(a), which provides that (1) no

 foster care placement hearing or termination of parental rights

 proceeding shall be held until at least ten days after receipt of

 notice by the tribe; and (2) a tribe shall be granted twenty additional

 days to prepare for such proceeding if the tribe so requests.

¶ 21   After the expiration of the timeframe under 25 U.S.C.

 § 1912(a) or a reasonable additional time deemed appropriate by the

 trial court, the court shall enter factual findings and legal

 conclusions regarding the application of ICWA.

¶ 22   If the trial court determines that any of the children is an

 Indian child, within 7 days of issuance of the trial court’s order

 making such determination, the Department shall file notice with

 this court along with a copy of the trial court’s order. The appeal

 shall then be recertified to permit a division of this court to issue an

                                    9
 opinion vacating the termination judgment as to the Indian child or

 children and remanding the case to the trial court with directions to

 proceed in accordance with ICWA as to that child or children. The

 appeal shall be recertified as to any non-Indian children.

¶ 23   If the trial court determines none of the children is an Indian

 child, within 7 days of issuance of the trial court’s order making

 such determination, the Department must file notice with this court

 along with a copy of the trial court’s order, and the appeal shall be

 recertified. A supplemental record consisting of the court record

 created on remand, including the trial court’s order, is due 14 days

 after recertification. However, within 7 days of the matter being

 recertified, if any party wishes to supplement the record with

 transcripts of hearings that occurred on remand, that party must

 file a supplemental designation of transcripts with the trial court

 and this court. If supplemental transcripts are designated, the

 complete supplemental record, including the court record, will be

 due 21 days after the filing of the supplemental designation of

 transcripts.

¶ 24   Within 14 days of the filing of the supplemental record, any

 parent may file a supplemental brief, not to exceed 3500 words,

                                   10
 limited to addressing the trial court’s ICWA determination. If

 M.B.-R.’s father, although not currently a party to this appeal,

 wishes to file a brief addressing the ICWA determination, he may do

 so, but his brief must be accompanied by a notice of appeal

 indicating his intent to appeal the ICWA determination. Within 14

 days of any supplemental brief by a parent, any other party may file

 supplemental response brief not to exceed 3500 words.

¶ 25   This court further orders that the Department notify this court

 in writing of the status of the trial court proceedings in the event

 that this matter is not concluded within 28 days from the date of

 this order, and that the Department shall do so every 28 days

 thereafter until the trial court issues its order on remand.

                                        BY THE COURT:
                                        Loeb, C.J.
                                        Ashby, J.
                                        Welling, J.

                                   11