Court Opinion

ID: 9961263
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-18 15:10:38.65841+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:20:31.817523
License: Public Domain

IMPORTANT NOTICE
        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED OPINION

THIS OPINION IS DESIGNATED “NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.”
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PROMULGATED BY THE SUPREME COURT, RAP 40(D), THIS
OPINION IS NOT TO BE PUBLISHED AND SHALL NOT BE
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THE ACTION.
                                                  RENDERED: APRIL 18, 2024
                                                     NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

               Supreme Court of Kentucky
                               2023-SC-0036-MR

BRUCE CARR                                                          APPELLANT

                ON APPEAL FROM JACKSON CIRCUIT COURT
v.                HONORABLE OSCAR G. HOUSE, JUDGE
                          NO. 20-CR-00045-001

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                             APPELLEE

                  MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT

                                  AFFIRMING

      Bruce Carr appeals from his convictions by the Jackson Circuit Court

after a jury trial for criminal complicity to commit murder. On appeal, Carr

argues the trial court erred by not granting him a directed verdict and allowing

the introduction of evidence of his methamphetamine use. Finding no error, we

affirm.

                   I. FACTUAL AND LEGAL BACKGROUND

      The victim, Elijah Rader, was an elderly man who lived in a camper

without electricity or running water in rural Jackson County. Rader owned a

2007 Hummer 8300 that would become the focus of the theft which would

result in his murder.

      On January 31, 2020, a friend stopped by Rader’s camper and noticed

that his Hummer was missing and that his cell phone was still inside the
camper. Police responded and over the next few days discovered transactions

were occurring on one of Rader’s bank accounts. Video of one of these

transactions showed Jesse Gibson using Rader’s card at the Walmart in

London, Kentucky. Video from a gas station in Tennessee showed Gibson with

another male and a female together with Rader’s Hummer. The Hummer was

finally located in Jasper, Florida, where Gibson and Brittany Marcum were

arrested. Upon his return to Kentucky, Gibson informed the Kentucky State

Police where they could locate Rader’s body. Rader had been shot in the back

with a shotgun. Gibson also told police that Carr was the shooter and had

forced Gibson “to do everything” at gunpoint even though none of the video

evidence gathered showed any attempts by Gibson to flee or seek help.

      In April 2022, Bruce Carr and Melissa Gulley were located and arrested

in Clayton, Wisconsin. During questioning, Carr acknowledged he was holding

the shotgun when his group first approached Rader’s trailer to confront him

and steal his Hummer. Ultimately, Gibson and Gulley both pled guilty to

complicity to commit murder while Carr proceeded to trial on charges of

murder and theft of the Hummer.

      Gibson testified he brought the shotgun used in the murder to a meeting

with Carr and Gulley where they all used methamphetamine and mutually

agreed to steal Rader’s Hummer and leave Kentucky. According to Gibson, it

was Carr’s idea to forcibly take the Hummer from Rader. At the time, both

Gibson and Gulley were wanted by law enforcement and Carr was in a

relationship with Gulley. Gibson claimed there had been no discussion of

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killing Rader prior to taking the Hummer but Carr made the decision out of

fear that Rader would identify them to authorities.

      Gulley testified Gibson showed up with the shotgun, he and Carr

discussed stealing the Hummer and she decided to go along with them to

Rader’s trailer. Gulley acknowledged Gibson offered the shotgun to Carr and

the three of them waited for Rader to return home. When Rader returned,

Gulley knocked on his camper door to ask to use the phone and then Carr and

Gibson approached with Carr holding the shotgun. Gibson instructed Rader to

hand him the keys to the Hummer and all four got into the vehicle. They made

several stops including one to Rader’s other camper where they stole tools they

later traded for cash and drugs. During this time, Carr guarded Rader in the

back seat of the Hummer with the shotgun. Later, Gibson drove the party down

a logging road where Carr and Rader got out. Gibson and Gulley continued

driving and turned the vehicle around. Gibson heard a gunshot and when they

returned to pick up Carr, he had blood on his hands.

      Gulley stayed with a friend that night and was picked up the next

morning by Gibson, Carr and Marcum. After a night in a motel, all four drove

towards Florida. According to Gulley, she and Carr became separated from

Gibson and Marcum at a Walmart in Georgia when Carr went for a walk after

becoming paranoid while he was “high.” Carr contacted his family in Wisconsin

who arranged for bus tickets to Wisconsin for Gulley and Carr. They stayed in

Wisconsin with Carr’s family until they were arrested.

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      The trial court granted Carr’s motion for a directed verdict on the theft

charge. The jury was instructed on murder (with Carr as the shooter), criminal

complicity to commit murder (with Gibson as the shooter), and alternatively

criminal facilitation to commit murder.

      The jury found Carr guilty of criminal complicity to commit murder and

the trial court sentenced Carr in accordance with the jury’s recommendation to

the minimum sentence of twenty years in prison. Carr appeals his conviction

and sentence as a matter of right.

                             II. LEGAL ANALYSIS

      Carr argues: (1) the trial court should have granted his motion for a

directed verdict because there was insufficient evidence to find that he

intended for Rader to be killed; and (2) he was unduly prejudiced by evidence of

his methamphetamine use.

A. Was Sufficient Evidence Presented of Carr’s Intent to Support his
   Conviction?

      Carr’s counsel moved for a directed verdict at the close of the

Commonwealth’s case and again at the close of the defense’s case. Counsel

also objected to the jury being given an instruction on complicity arguing that

the Commonwealth had built its case on Carr being the shooter and had not

introduced sufficient evidence of Carr’s intent under the complicity theory.

In considering whether a motion for directed verdict should be granted, “[t]he

trial court must draw all fair and reasonable inferences from the evidence in

favor of the party opposing the motion, and a directed verdict should not be

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given unless the evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction.”

Commonwealth v. Sawhill, 660 S.W.2d 3, 5 (Ky. 1983).

       As stated in Commonwealth v. Benham, 816 S.W.2d 186, 187 (Ky. 1991):

       If the evidence is sufficient to induce a reasonable juror to believe
       beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty, a directed
       verdict should not be given. For the purpose of ruling on the
       motion, the trial court must assume that the evidence for the
       Commonwealth is true, but reserving to the jury questions as to
       the credibility and weight to be given to such testimony.

       On appeal, the denial of a directed verdict motion is reviewed to

determine whether “under the evidence as a whole, it would be clearly

unreasonable for a jury to find guilt, only then the defendant is entitled to a

directed verdict of acquittal.” Lamb v. Commonwealth, 510 S.W.3d 316, 325

(Ky. 2017) (quoting Benham, 816 S.W.2d at 187).

       Carr argues that under the instruction given to the jury on criminal

complicity, 1 he could only be guilty if he “possessed the intent that Gibson

commit the criminal act of murdering Rader,” citing our opinion in

Commonwealth v. Norse, 177 S.W.3d 691, 699 (Ky. 2005). According to Carr,

his participation in the theft of the Hummer was not sufficient evidence to

substantiate complicity in Rader’s murder citing to Marshall v. Commonwealth,

60 S.W.3d 513, 518 (Ky. 2001), where we stated “although intent that a victim

       1 The complicity instruction made Carr’s conviction dependent on the jury

finding: (a) “. . . Jesse Gibson killed Elijah Rader by shooting him with a gun;” (b) “that
before the killing . . . [Carr] had aided or counseled Jesse Gibson to kill Elijah Rader”;
and (c) “that in so doing, [Carr] intended that Elijah Rader would be killed.”

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be killed may be inferred from conduct or knowledge, such intent may not be

predicated on the mere intent to participate in the underlying felony.”

      In contrast, the Commonwealth argues that there was sufficient evidence

introduced of Carr’s intent that Rader should die for the jury to make its

determination.

      In considering this issue we must address what is required for a

conviction of murder by complicity. Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) 502.020

describes the theory under which a person can be found guilty of “complicity to

the act,” which applies when the principal actor’s conduct constitutes the

criminal offense:

      (1) A person is guilty of an offense committed by another person
      when, with the intention of promoting or facilitating the commission
      of the offense, he:

         (a) Solicits, commands, or engages in a conspiracy with such
         other person to commit the offense; or

         (b) Aids, counsels, or attempts to aid such person in planning
         or committing the offense[.]

(Emphasis added.)

      In Tharp v. Commonwealth, 40 S.W.3d 356, 361 (Ky. 2000), we stated:

      In the context of criminal homicide, a defendant can be found
      guilty by complicity of an intentional homicide (intentional murder
      or manslaughter in the first degree) under KRS 502.020(1) only if
      there is evidence that he/she either actively participated in the
      actions of the principal . . . with the intent that the victim’s death
      (or serious physical injury per KRS 507.030(1)(a)) would result.

(Emphasis added) (footnote omitted).

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      Since the jury obviously determined that it was not Carr who fired the

fatal shot into Rader’s back, we can confine our analysis to whether there was

evidence from which the jury could determine that Carr intended Rader’s death

“would result” from his active participation with the actions of the group. In

such contexts we have determined:

      [I]ntent may be inferred from the actions of a defendant or from the
      circumstances surrounding those actions. Intent may also be
      inferred from knowledge. However, although intent that a victim be
      killed may be inferred from conduct or knowledge, such intent may
      not be predicated on the mere intent to participate in the
      underlying felony.

Marshall, 60 S.W.3d at 518 (citations omitted).

      There was certainly sufficient evidence of Carr intentionally and actively

participating “in the underlying felony” regarding the original conspiracy to

steal the Hummer, but the real issue is whether his intent regarding Rader’s

murder may be inferred from the full circumstances leading up to Rader’s

death. We know that Carr was along for every step leading up to Rader’s

murder and through Rader’s burial, the concealment and attempted

destruction of the shotgun, and his flight with Gibson, Marcum, and Gulley

from Kentucky through Tennessee and into Georgia before he was left behind.

      Based on the execution-style murder of Rader, there is no doubt that he

was intentionally killed. While Carr’s intent that Rader be killed while Gibson

wielded the shotgun may be marginally less obvious, “the fact-finder has wide

latitude in inferring intent from evidence of the defendant’s conduct and

knowledge, and/or the surrounding circumstances.” Id.

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      At trial, the jury heard sufficient evidence from which it could infer that

Carr intended Rader’s death even if he was not the person who shot him. This

included testimony about Carr’s conduct during the whole course of events,

which included his active participation in planning and implementing the

robbery, concealing Rader’s body, driving off with his Hummer, and using his

card to access money. It was reasonable for the jury to infer that Carr agreed

with Gibson’s decision to murder Rader to conceal their crimes, and it would

have been inappropriate for the trial court to resolve this issue by granting a

directed verdict.

B. Did the Court Err by Allowing Testimony Regarding Carr’s Use of
   Methamphetamine? — Preserved

      During Gibson’s testimony he told the jury that he brought

methamphetamine with him to his initial meeting with Carr and began

describing getting high with him and Gulley. Carr’s counsel objected and at a

bench conference explained:

      Counsel: I just object, this is another bad act of possession of
      drugs that hasn’t been noticed by the Commonwealth.

      Judge: So, he’s not being prosecuted, he’s not being prosecuted
      for it.

      Defense Counsel: So, I just object to this line of question, it’s
      irrelevant, it’s not noticed, it’s putting him in a bad light, it’s a bad
      light, it’s a . . .

      Judge: Overruled.

      Carr argues that testimony regarding his use of methamphetamine was

irrelevant under Kentucky Rules of Evidence (KRE) 401 which requires that

evidence be relevant before it can be admitted, and further, that even if such
                                          8
evidence was relevant, it should have been excluded pursuant to KRE 403

because of the undue prejudice resulting from its admission.

      Carr also directs us to KRE 404(b) which excludes evidence of other

crimes or bad acts unless the evidence falls within certain enumerated

exceptions. The Commonwealth asserts that such testimony was “fleeting” and

“not otherwise emphasized” by the Commonwealth and therefore harmless in

that it could not have caused the jury’s verdict, citing to Winstead v.

Commonwealth, 283 S.W.3d 648, 688-89 (Ky. 2009). Before determining

whether the admission of such testimony was harmless error, we will first

decide whether error was committed at all.

      We review the trial court’s decision to admit such evidence for abuse of

discretion. Burke v. Commonwealth, 506 S.W.3d 307, 318 (Ky. 2016).

      KRE 404(b), which concerns character evidence regarding “other crimes,

wrongs, or acts[,]” provides as follows:

      Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove
      the character of a person in order to show action in conformity
      therewith. It may, however, be admissible:

         (1) If offered for some other purpose, such as proof of motive,
             opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity,
             or absence of mistake or accident; or

         (2) If so inextricably intertwined with other evidence essential to
             the case that separation of the two (2) could not be
             accomplished without serious adverse effect on the offering
             party.

      Of note, “the list provided in KRE 404(b)(1) is illustrative rather than

exhaustive.” Kelly v. Commonwealth, 655 S.W.3d 154, 165 (Ky. 2022). It is

usually fairly easy to determine whether evidence is relevant and probative.
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Typically, the more challenging part of this evaluation is weighing “the

prejudicial nature of the ‘other bad acts’ evidence versus its probative value.”

Leach v. Commonwealth, 571 S.W.3d 550, 554 (Ky. 2019).

      To justify its exclusion, “[t]he prejudice must go beyond that which is

merely detrimental to a party’s case and be of such character that it ‘produces

an emotional response that inflames the passions of the triers of fact or is used

for an improper purpose.’” Kelly, 655 S.W.3d at 165 (quoting Robert G.

Lawson, The Kentucky Evidence Law Handbook, § 2.25[3][d], at 135 (4th ed.

2003)).

      Illicit drug use would be evidence of another crime, generally prohibited

by KRE 404(b), but KRE 404(b)(1) allows for the admission of evidence

regarding other crimes, “[i]f offered for some other purpose, such as proof of

motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence

of mistake or accident[.]” To determine the admissibility of “bad act evidence,”

we have adopted the three-prong test described in Bell v. Commonwealth, 875

S.W.2d 882, 889–891 (Ky. 1994), which evaluates the proposed evidence in

terms of: (1) relevance, (2) probativeness, and (3) its prejudicial effect.

      KRE 404(b) would be applicable if the evidence of drug use were

introduced with the intention of showing that Carr was acting in conformity

with his character to commit one bad action (methamphetamine use) when the

charged bad act (complicity to commit murder) occurred (i.e., “prove the

character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith”).

                                         10
Kentucky Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. v. Rodgers, 179 S.W.3d 815, 819 (Ky.

2005).

      The Commonwealth was not offering testimony of drug use to show Carr

was predisposed to criminal behavior. The evidence offered that Carr used

drugs immediately prior to Rader’s murder went instead to his potential

“motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, [or] plan” under KRE 404(b)(1). We

can safely determine that the evidence presented of Carr’s drug usage was both

relevant and probative under the facts of this case and the presentation of such

drug usage had limited, if any, prejudicial effect. This conclusion is reinforced

by the fact the jury determined that Carr was not the principal actor in the

murder of Rader.

      The evidence here was also of such a nature as to be “inextricably

intertwined with other evidence essential to the case.” KRE 404(b)(2). Excluding

all mention of drug use would have seriously altered testimony about: (1) the

circumstances regarding the formulation of the plan to rob Rader; (2) one of the

motivations for the crime; (3) what the parties did with some of the proceeds of

their robbery; and (4) the circumstances of how Carr was separated from

Gibson after the murder. In sum, the res gestae of the case involved Carr’s

drug use. Carr’s drug use was inextricably intertwined with the events

surrounding Carr’s murder and the trial court did not err in allowing testimony

regarding Carr’s drug usage during the times attendant thereto.

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                               III. CONCLUSION

      We affirm Carr’s conviction and sentence by the Jackson Circuit Court.

All sitting. All concur.

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:

Molly Mattingly
Assistant Public Advocate

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:

Russell M. Coleman
Attorney General of Kentucky

Bryan D. Morrow
Deputy Solicitor General

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