Court Opinion

ID: 7897795
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-08 21:53:33.673283+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:32:08.840878
License: Public Domain

The opinion of the court was delivered by
Graves, J.:
Do the foregoing facts show the defendant, the Howard Mills Company, to be a public corporation having power to exercise the right of eminent domain? This is the question presented. The defendant insists that this question is answered in its favor by the statute of this state. In support of its claim reference is made to various statutes relating to mills, among which is an act that took effect June 1, 1863, and is still in force, now being chapter 65 of the General Statutes of 1901. Only the first section of this act is given in the brief of the defendant, but the provisions of the chapter as a whole so clearly indicate the class and character of the mills to which the act was intended to apply that it will be given in full. It reads:
“An act relating to mills and millers.

“Be it enacted, by the Legislature of the State of Kansas :

“Section 1. That all water, steam, wind or other mills whose owners or occupiers grind or offer to grind grain for toll or pay, are hereby declared public mills.
“Sec. 2. All public mills shall grind for‘customers, in turn, as the grain shall be brought in, and as well as the condition of the mill will permit.
“Sec. 3. That the owner or occupier of a public mill shall be accountable for the safe-keeping of all grain received for the purpose of being ground, and also for the articles, in which such grain was received, and shall deliver the same, or the flour, meal, malt or other material ordered to be made from such grain, together with the articles in which it was received, to the owners thereof or'their agent, whenever called for.
“Sec. 4. That the owner or occupier of a public mill *604shall not be liable for the loss of any grain so received, nor for the articles in which it was received, unless said articles containing and accompanying such grain be branded or marked with the initials and full surname of the owner thereof, nor-for losses that may happen without the fault or neglect of the said owner or occupier, nor if by unavoidable accidents.
“Sec. 5. That the owner or occupier of a public mill shall while receiving grain to be ground give due attendance to his customers, and assist in unloading grain and loading the material made therefrom, when ground and demanded.
“Sec. 6. There shall always be kept at. a public mill, by the owner and occupier thereof, a half-bushel and peck measure, tried and sealed by the proper authorities, and also proper toll-dishes for the same; and shall keep posted up, in a conspicuous place in their mill, the rates of toll.
“Sec. 7. Every owner or occupier of a public mill who shall desire to convert the same into a private mill shall give at least thirty days’ notice of such intention by a proper advertisement, posted up in a conspicuous place in such mill.
“Sec. 8. That if any owner or occupier of any mill, or their representatives, agent or miller, shall violate any of the provisions of this act, they shall after due conviction thereof before any court having jurisdiction of the same be fined, for every such offense, in a sum not exceeding twenty dollars, at the discretion of the court, with costs for prosecution; said fine to be paid, one-fourth to the party aggrieved, and the balance into the fund for common schools, and moreover be liable at the suit of the party for damages.” (Gen. Stat. 1901, §§ 4085-4092.)
Those familiar with the conditions existing when this law was enacted will remember the practices of mill owners which created the occasion for its passage. It will also be recalled that in those days the power of the legislature to confer the right of eminent domain upon or authorize taxation in aid of railroad corporations was earnestly denied by eminent citizens of the state. The line where the right of a private citizen to hold and enjoy his property ended and the right of a *605corporation to appropriate it for its purposes began was more closely and jealously guarded then than in later years. It was even doubted, when this statute was enacted, whether the legislature had the power, to regulate grist-mills (then owned almost exclusively by private individuals), as was contemplated by that law. To avoid trouble on this account they were declared to be public mills.
It was not until 1871 that the constitutionality of taxation in aid of railroads was settled in this court. (Leavenworth County v. Miller, 7 Kan. 479, 12 Am. Rep. 425; The State, ex rel., v. Nemaha County, 7 Kan. 542.) The opinion of Mr. Justice Valentine in the Leavenworth county case, concurred in by Mr. Chief. Justice Kingman, is probably the most exhaustive' and elaborate of his many able decisions. The dissenting opinion of Mr. Justice Brewer in the Nemaha county case (p. 549) presents in his peculiarly clear and forcible style a most able discussion of the entire question. These facts are mentioned as matters of common knowledge, which may be considered in connection with the statute above quoted. {The State v. Kelly, 71 Kan. 811, 81 Pac. 450, 70 L. R. A. 450.)
The right of eminent domain was first conferred upon corporations, other thaxi railroads, by section 88 of chapter 23 of the General Statutes of 1868, which reads:
“Lands may be appropriated for the use of macadam, plank road and telegraph corporations in the same manner as provided in this article for railway corporations, as far as applicable.”
That section has been amended by adding additional corporations thereto until it now reads:
“Lands may be appropriated for the use of macadam road, plank road, hospital corporation or association, telegraph, hydraulic, irrigating, milling and other manufacturing corporations using power, and for the piping of gas, in the same manner as is provided in this article for railway corporations, as far as applicable.” (Gen. Stat. 1901, § 1366.)
*606It is contended that the words “milling and other manufacturing corporations using power,” used in this statute, when taken in connection with the law as to public mills, completely cover the mill in question. We are unable to concur in this conclusion. Chapter 65 of the General Statutes of 1901 does not seem to refer to mills such as the one owned by the defendant. No such mill was within the state of Kansas when that law was enacted, and probably no member of the legislature passing the act had ever seen such a mill. The language used in the statute applies to, and describes, the old-fashioned grist-mill — a mill operated for the accommodation of the public; a mill upon which the citizens “for miles around” were compelled to depend for the meal and flour from which their daily bread was made; a mill where the customers came on horseback, in ox wagons arid other conveyances, and remained from a few hours to several days for their “turn” to be waited upon, and then received the meal, flour, shorts or bran produced from their grain; a mill where the miller received the grist at the mill door and cared for it-until ground, and then returned it, less the toll taken, on demand, to the owner. In these mills customers’ sacks were lost, grists exchanged, excessive toll taken, and the rights of customers neglected in various ways. The statute in question was intended, as its provisions clearly indicate,- to regulate mills of this kind, and none other. The words' “public mills,” as there used, apply to mills of this character only.
The mill of the defendant company, as described in the agreed statement of facts, belongs to 'an entirely different category. It neither does, nor offers to do, such a grist-mill business. It will be seen that the first section of the law of 1863 declares what mills shall be public mills, and immediately proceeds in the next section to prescribe regulations for “all public mills,” showing quite clearly the class of mills to which the words “public mills” were'intended to apply.
This leaves section 1366 of the General Statutes of *6071901 to be considered. If this section be construed literally, and without reference to' any other rule or law relating to the subject, it may be said to confer the power of eminent domain upon any milling or manufacturing corporation using power, without other condition or limitation; but such an interpretation would lead to results so unreasonable that it cannot be considered. The least that can be said is that by it is meant any milling or other manufacturing corporation whose functions and uses are of the same public character as other corporations upon which this right has been conferred. This brings us to the question, What is such a public use ? The statute gives no answer. The question is perplexing and difficult. Few courts have attempted to give it a clear and definite answer. In the case of Nash v. Clark, 27 Utah, 158, 75 Pac. 371, 1 L. R. A., n. s., 208, 101 Am. St. Rep. 953, it was said:
“There is no fixed rule of law by which this question can be determined. In other words, what is a public use cannot always be determined by the application of purely legal principles. This is evident from the fact that there are two lines of authorities, neither of which attempts to lay down any fixed rule as a guide to be followed in all cases. One class bf authorities, in a general way, holds that by public use is meant a use by the public or its agencies — that is, the public must have the right to the actual use in some way of the property appropriated; whereas the other line of decisions holds that it is a public use within the meaning of the law when the taking is for a use that will promote the public interest, and which use tends to develop the great natural resources of the commonwealth.” (Page 162.)
Many cases have negatively stated the rule sufficiently for the decision in hand, but leave the matter open to modification .whenever local circumstances make a change necessary. As .stated by the Utah court, two rules may be deduced from the decided cases by which to determine whether a giveñ use is public or private. The one which seems to be sustained by the weight of authority was thus stated by the supreme *608court of Minnesota in the case of Minnesota Canal & Power Co. v. Koochiching Co., 97 Minn. 429, 107 N. W. 405, 5 L. R. A., n. s., 638:
“The use is not public unless the public, under proper police regulation, has the right to resort to the property for the use for which it is acquired independently of the mere will or caprice of the person or corporation in which the title of the property would vest upon condemnation.” (Page. 449.)
A more elaborate statement was made by the supreme court of Maine in the case of Brown v. Gerald, 100 Me. 351, 61 Atl. 785, 70 L. R. A. 472, 109 Am. St. Rep. 545, as follows:
“ ‘Property is devoted to a public use when, and only when, the use is one which the public in its organized capacity, to wit, the state, has a right to create and maintain, and therefore one which all the public has a right to demand and share in.’ . . . In a broad sense it is the right in the public to an actual use, and not to an incidental benefit. If it be a railroad company, the public have a right to be transported, and to have their goods carried from place to place, upon payment of reasonable tolls. The company must accommodate them, whether it will or no. If it be a canal or turnpike or bridge, all may travel thereon. If it be a boom company, all who have logs in the river are entitled of right to have the booms used for them. . . . These are the more ordinary kinds of quasioublic corporations, and they illustrate better perhaps than any definition can express the particular personal quality of the use which the public as individuals have by right in the property of such corporations. It is the right of the public as individuals to use, when occasion arises. The use must be for the general public, or some portion of it, and not a use by or for particular individuals.” (Page 372.)
A few of the cases in which practically the same conclusions are reached are: Gaylord v. Sanitary District, 204 Ill. 576, 68 N. E. 522, 63 L. R. A. 582, 98 Am. St. Rep. 235; Coates v. Campbell, 37 Minn. 498, 35 N. W. 366; Board of Health v. Van Hoesen, 87 Mich. 533, 49 N. W. 849, 14 L. R. A. 114; Fallsburg, &c. Co. v. Alex*609ander, 101 Va. 98, 43 S. E. 194, 61 L. R. A. 129, 99 Am. St. Rep. 855; Cozard v. Hardwood Co., 139 N. C. 283, 51 S. E. 932, 1 L. R. A., n. s., 969, 111 Am. St. Rep. 779; Healy Lumber Co. v. Morris, 33 Wash. 490, 74 Pac. 681, 63 L. R. A. 820, 99 Am. St. Rep. 964; Matter of Mayor, etc., of N. Y., 135 N. Y. 253, 31 N. E. 1043, 31 Am. St. Rep. 828; Ulmer v. Railroad Co., 98 Me. 579, 57 Atl. 1001, 66 L. R. A. 387.
This rule was also approved in the case of Irrigation Co. v. Klein, 63 Kan. 484, 65 Pac. 687, where it was said:
“The words 'public use,’ ex vi termini, imply that the public is interested therein, and that in its sovereign organization and capacity the public .retains the right of regulation and control, at least in a limited or qualified degree, over the exercise of any corporate power or function granted in the accomplishment of such public use.” (Page 493.)
The defendant is simply a private corporation authorized by its charter to manufacture flour and feed for sale. The public has no more interest in it than in the corporation from which the land in question is sought to be taken. They are both useful and important business instrumentalities, and contribute to the growth and development of the locality where they are situated. This may also be said, however, of every legitimate business. To a limited extent every honest industry adds to the general sum of prosperity and promotes the public welfare. This is not enough; a business which may invoke the right of eminent domain must be one in which the public has an exceptional and peculiar interest, and one which it might on proper occasion control and manage in the interests of the public. It seems clear that the mill in question does not sustain such a relation to the public, and therefore does not have the power.to exercise the right of eminent domain.
The judgment of the district court in granting a perpetual injunction is affirmed.