Court Opinion

ID: 4125983
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-02-14 20:14:40.088938+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:21:37.901404
License: Public Domain

J-S87022-16

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                       PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellee

                       v.

JAMES RICHARD ARMSTRONG

                            Appellant                  No. 871 MDA 2016

          Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Dated April 25, 2016
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County
             Criminal Division at No(s): CP-36-CR-0002999-2015

BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., SOLANO, J., and PLATT, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY SOLANO, J.:                         FILED FEBRUARY 14, 2017

        Appellant, James Richard Armstrong, appeals from the judgment of

sentence of 3-23 months’ incarceration followed by 3 years’ probation after

his conviction at a stipulated bench trial for driving under the influence

(“DUI”) of a controlled substance that impaired his ability to drive (second

offense), of a controlled substance under Schedule I of the Controlled

Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act (second offense), and of a

metabolite of a controlled substance (second offense)1; he also was

convicted for violations of traffic laws limiting driving on the left side of a

road, requiring drivers to stop at stop signs, and requiring the use of turn

____________________________________________

*
    Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1
    75 Pa.C.S. §§ 3802(d)(2), 3802(d)(1)(i), and 3802(d)(1)(iii), respectively.
J-S87022-16

signals.2 With this appeal, appellate counsel has filed a petition to withdraw

and an Anders3 brief, stating that the appeal is wholly frivolous.         After

careful review, we affirm and grant counsel’s petition to withdraw.

        The facts underlying this appeal are as follows.     On May 15, 2015,

Officer Cramer was dispatched by the Southern Regional Police Department

after receiving a report at about 11:00 A.M. of a reckless driver in a cream-

colored Toyota Celica on Danville Pike in Pequea Township, Lancaster

County. N.T. at 10-13; Stipulation, 4/25/16, at 1 ¶ 2a. After locating the

reported vehicle, Officer Cramer noticed that it was speeding and swerving

abruptly and that it failed to use a turn signal, failed to stop at a stop sign,

and crossed the yellow line at least eight times.

        Officer Cramer stopped the Toyota and approached the vehicle. N.T.

at 13-15.       The officer then observed that the driver, Appellant, had

bloodshot, glassy eyes, and slurred speech.         Appellant “fumbled” through

papers, gave the officer an expired registration and insurance card, and then

rummaged through papers again before locating the correct registration and

insurance card. Throughout this interaction, Appellant “was rambling on and

on and on.” Id. at 15.

____________________________________________

2
    75 Pa.C.S. §§ 3306(a)(1), 3323(b), and 3334(b), respectively.
3
    Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967).

                                           -2-
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       Officer Cramer asked Appellant to exit the vehicle, and Appellant

swayed as he stood. N.T. at 16. The car door hit Appellant as he exited.

Appellant then told the officer that he had consumed Soma and Xanax. Id.4

       Officer Cramer instructed Appellant to do a number of field sobriety

tests, all of which he failed.      N.T. at 17-25.   The field sobriety tests were

conducted on land with a “very very slight slant.” Id. at 34. Officer Cramer

then arrested Appellant and transported him to Lancaster Regional Medical

Center for a blood test. Id. at 25.

       At the hospital, Officer Cramer and Appellant were met by Officer

Redinger, who read the O’Connell warnings5 to Appellant before his blood

was drawn.      Ex. Commonwealth-1 (DL-26 form); N.T. at 26-28.            Officer
____________________________________________

4
 Soma is a muscle relaxer and sedative that has significant impairing effects
on a person’s ability to operate a motor vehicle. Stipulation, 4/25/16, at 4 ¶
16. Xanax is a central nervous system depressant used to treat anxiety and
depression. Its side effects include drowsiness, fatigue, and dizziness, and it
may result in significantly impaired driving. Id. at ¶ 10.
5
 Commonwealth of Pa., Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Traffic Safety v.
O’Connell, 555 A.2d 873 (Pa. 1989).

       [T]he court [in O’Connell] held that when a motorist is
       requested to submit to chemical testing under the provisions of
       the Pennsylvania Implied Consent Law, 75 Pa.C.S. § 1547, the
       law enforcement officer making the request has a duty to explain
       to the motorist that the rights provided by the United States
       Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 . .
       . (1966), are inapplicable to a request for chemical testing under
       the Implied Consent Law.

Commonwealth v. Scott, 684 A.2d 539, 541 n.1 (Pa. 1996).

                                           -3-
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Redinger also gave Appellant Miranda warnings6 prior to interviewing him.

Ex. Commonwealth-2 (Miranda warnings waiver form); N.T. at 49.

        On May 30, 2015, the National Medical Services Laboratory (“NMS”) in

Willow     Grove,    Pennsylvania,      received       a    sealed      package   containing

Appellant’s blood. Stipulation, 4/25/16, at 3 ¶¶ 6, 8. On June 11, 2015, Dr.

Edward Barbieri, an expert in pharmacology, toxicology, and forensic

toxicology,    tested    Appellant’s    blood    for       controlled    substances.    Ex.

Commonwealth-5 (Dr. Barbieri’s curriculum vitae); Stipulation, 4/25/16, at 3

¶¶ 7-9. Dr. Barbieri issued a report detailing that his analysis of Appellant’s

blood found Xanax, marijuana,7 THC,8 Soma, and a Soma metabolite. Ex.

Commonwealth-6 (NMS lab report); Stipulation, 4/25/16, at 3 ¶¶ 9a-e.

        As of the date of his arrest, Appellant was already serving probation

for a DUI conviction9 in York County from 2012.10                    On May 26, 2015, the

____________________________________________

6
    Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
7
  Marijuana was a Schedule I hallucinogen that had not yet been legalized
for medicinal usage in Pennsylvania as of the date of the events at issue.
Stipulation, 4/25/16, at 4 ¶¶ 11-12.
8
    THC is a marijuana metabolite. Stipulation, 4/25/16, at 3 ¶ 9c.
9
  The conviction was for driving after “imbibing a sufficient amount of alcohol
such that the alcohol concentration in the individual’s blood or breath is
0.16% or higher within two hours after the individual has driven,” in
violation of 75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(c) (first offense).
10
  Because Appellant had violated his York County probation three times, he
was still on probation in May 2015 for the 2012 offense. The records from
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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York County court issued a detainer for Appellant. On August 25, 2015, the

York County court sentenced Appellant to confinement for time served for

violating his probation by driving under the influence on the May 15, 2015

occasion that is subject to the charges at issue here. N.T. at 3.

      In this case, trial counsel filed an omnibus pretrial motion on

October 9, 2015, that included a suppression motion challenging the

probable cause to arrest Appellant.               A suppression hearing was held on

April 25, 2016.    At the beginning of the hearing, trial counsel requested a

continuance, because Appellant had “an investigation open with the York

County Probation, as he was violated for this particular case, he believes

wrongfully.” N.T. at 3. Trial counsel asked that proceedings in this action

be continued until that investigation was complete. Id. at 4. When the trial

court asked if “an investigation of York County’s Probation’s Department

[would] have an impact in this case,” trial counsel responded that “the only

real issue is [whether Appellant] has time credit” in the current case, if the

York County investigation resolved in his favor.              Id.   The Commonwealth

opposed the continuance request.                 Id. at 6.   The trial court denied the

                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)

the York County case are not in the certified record, but this Court can take
judicial notice of the proceedings reflected in the York County docket sheets
at Docket No. CP-67-CR-0000588-2013. See Spanier v. Freeh, 95 A.3d
342, 348 (Pa. Super. 2014); Commonwealth v. Wrecks, 931 A.2d 717,
722 (Pa. Super. 2007); Commonwealth v. Greer, 866 A.2d 433, 435 (Pa.
Super. 2005). Pa. R. Evid. 201 (judicial notice of adjudicative facts).

                                            -5-
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continuance, but said it would revisit the time-credit issue at sentencing if

Appellant were convicted. Id.

      During the hearing, Officer Cramer was asked — among other

questions — how Appellant performed on the finger-to-nose field sobriety

test, and the officer asked to review his report.    N.T. at 22.    Appellant’s

counsel objected, but the trial court permitted Officer Cramer to refresh his

recollection with the report.

      During the suppression hearing, Appellant also testified.     He stated

that he told Officer Cramer, “I have anxiety really bad, sorry for being really

anxious, jittery.” N.T. at 55. He also testified that he had taken medication

“at least three hours prior to being stop[ped] by the officer.” Id. at 56. He

further testified that he had informed Officer Cramer, “I may have problems

with doing [the field sobriety tests], but I can do them,” and that he had

lower back problems that made it “uncomfortable” to do the field tests. Id.

at 57-58. Appellant stated that “he signed the form allowing the blood draw

and the Miranda form after the blood had already been drawn,” and not

before the blood was taken. Id. at 63.

      The trial court denied Appellant’s suppression motion.       Following a

stipulated bench trial, Appellant was convicted of all counts. N.T. at 82, 93.

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        At his sentencing hearing later that same day,11 Appellant claimed, “in

regards to sentencing, there is an issue going on currently right now with

another county.       I was already in prison for this crime through a different

county, which is why we were asking for that time to work this out.” N.T. at

94. He said that his trial counsel “tried to get in contact” with York County.

Id. After prompting from the trial court, trial counsel further explained:

        [Appellant] does have an order saying that he should have been
        released from supervision in York County July of 2014. The
        order came down in May of 2015 stating that he has completed
        community service as directed on July 2014, and that all the
        supervision fees would be waived, and that the court costs were
        placed on York County.

        So our contention is that he should receive the jail credit for the
        time that he was incarcerated since he didn’t have bail on this
        case while he was incarcerated in York County with a detainer
        for allegedly violating. . . . So we would ask the Court to
        consider allowing him to have credit dating back to his date of
        incarceration which was May 28.

Id. at 94-95. Appellant added that he believed that he should receive credit

beginning on May 21, 2015.           Id. at 95.   In response, the Commonwealth

stated that it had just become aware of this issue that morning, but it

“would obviously object to any sort of double dipping with the [parole

violation].”    Id.     The trial court then deferred the commencement of

Appellant’s sentence to 8:00 P.M. on Friday, May 31, 2016, “and that should

____________________________________________

11
     Appellant did not request a presentence investigation report.

                                           -7-
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give you, Counsel, an opportunity to clarify the situation, and get back to me

and we can straighten out any time credit issue at that time.” Id. at 96.

        Appellant did not file any post-trial or post-sentence motions.          This

timely direct appeal with appointed appellate counsel followed.

        On August 29, 2016, appellate counsel sent a letter to Appellant,

informing him that she intended to file a petition for leave to withdraw.

Appellate counsel filed an Anders Brief and a petition to withdraw on the

same day. Appellant did not file a pro se response. On September 2, 2016,

the Commonwealth sent a letter to this Court stating that it did not intend to

file a responsive brief.12

        “When presented with an Anders brief, this Court may not review the

merits of the underlying issues without first passing on the request to

withdraw.”      Commonwealth v. Daniels, 999 A.2d 590, 593 (Pa. Super.

2010) (internal citation omitted).          An Anders brief shall comply with the

requirements       set   forth   by   the      Supreme   Court   of   Pennsylvania   in

Commonwealth v. Santiago, 978 A.2d 349 (Pa. 2009):

        [W]e hold that in the Anders brief that accompanies court-
        appointed counsel’s petition to withdraw, counsel must: (1)
        provide a summary of the procedural history and facts, with
        citations to the record; (2) refer to anything in the record that
        counsel believes arguably supports the appeal; (3) set forth
        counsel’s conclusion that the appeal is frivolous; and (4) state
        counsel’s reasons for concluding that the appeal is frivolous.
        Counsel should articulate the relevant facts of record,
____________________________________________

12
     The trial court did not file an opinion.

                                            -8-
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      controlling case law, and/or statutes on point that have led to
      the conclusion that the appeal is frivolous.

Santiago, 978 A.2d at 361. Counsel seeking to withdraw on direct appeal

must meet the following obligations to his or her client:

      Counsel must also provide a copy of the Anders brief to his
      client. Attending the brief must be a letter that advises the
      client of his right to: (1) retain new counsel to pursue the
      appeal; (2) proceed pro se on appeal; or (3) raise any points
      that the appellant deems worthy of the court[‘]s attention in the
      Anders brief.

Commonwealth v. Orellana, 86 A.3d 877, 880 (Pa. Super. 2014) (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted).      “Once counsel has satisfied the

above requirements, it is then this Court’s duty to conduct its own review of

the trial court’s proceedings and render an independent judgment as to

whether the appeal is, in fact, wholly frivolous.”          Commonwealth v.

Goodwin, 928 A.2d 287, 291 (Pa. Super. 2007) (en banc) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Wright, 846 A.2d 730, 736 (Pa. Super. 2004)). Finally,

“this Court must conduct an independent review of the record to discern if

there are any additional, non-frivolous issues overlooked by counsel.”

Commonwealth v. Flowers, 113 A.3d 1246, 1250 (Pa. Super. 2015)

(footnotes and citations omitted).

      In this appeal, we observe that appellate counsel’s August 29, 2016

correspondence to Appellant provided a copy of the Anders Brief to

Appellant and advised Appellant of his right either to retain new counsel or

to proceed pro se on appeal to raise any points he deemed worthy of the

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court’s attention.    Further, appellate counsel’s Anders Brief, at 5-6,

complies with prevailing law in that counsel has provided a procedural and

factual summary of the case with references to the record.            Appellate

counsel additionally advances relevant portions of the record that arguably

support Appellant’s claims on appeal.     Id. at 8-18.    Ultimately, appellate

counsel cites her reasons and “conclusion that the instant appeal is wholly

frivolous.”   Id. at 7.   Counsel has complied with the requirements of

Santiago and Orellana. We therefore proceed to conduct an independent

review to ascertain whether the appeal is indeed wholly frivolous.

      The Anders Brief raises eleven issues for review on appeal:

      [1.   Appellant] raises several issues in his letter to counsel that
      can essentially be grouped together as a credibility issue. . . .

      [2.   Appellant] makes a claim in his letter to Counsel that he
      was “profiled” as a previous DUI offender by the Officer after the
      Officer ran his information during the traffic stop. . . .

      [3.  Appellant] next complains that he was not read his
      Miranda warnings as soon as he was arrested. . . .

      [4.    Appellant] next claims that he asked the Officer during the
      traffic stop if he had his dash camera on, and the Officer told
      him that he did not. . . .

      [5.   Appellant] next asserts that following the traffic stop, the
      blood draw at the hospital and being processed at the police
      station, he was released. [Appellant] believes, by law, he should
      have been held until his “pre-trial.” . . .

      [6.] Next [Appellant] claims that he could not have been
      intoxicated on the date in question because his car was released
      back to him later the same day. . . .

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      [7.   Appellant] claims his “rights were violated” [because]
      there were “mistakes” on the “report.” . . .

      [8.  Appellant] claims that the Officer amended “reports” and
      added charges. . . .

      [9.    Appellant] believes that Officer Cramer should not have
      been permitted to refresh his recollection with his report while
      testifying during the suppression hearing. . . .

      [10. Appellant] claims that he served double time for this case.
      ..
      [11.] Trial Counsel filed a Suppression Motion on behalf of
      [Appellant,] challeng[ing] the probable cause to arrest
      [Appellant].

Anders Brief at 8-16.

      Appellant’s first issue challenges the trial court’s finding that “the

testimony of Officer Cramer [was] entirely credible and that of [Appellant]

lack[ed] any credibility.” N.T. at 82.

      [Appellant] raises several specific instances where he believes
      the Officers were not telling the truth. They include:

            1.   Officer Cramer testified that the car door hit
            [Appellant] as he exited the vehicle, but [Appellant]
            contends that did not happen. [N.T. at] 16, 56.

            2.     Officer Cramer testified the surface that the
            field sobriety tests were conducted on was a “very
            very slight slant”, but [Appellant] testified that it was
            “hilly”. [N.T. at] 34, 58.

            3.    Officer Cramer testified that [Appellant] did not
            state he had any disabilities prior to performing the
            field sobriety tests, but [Appellant] testified he
            informed the officer he had neck and back issues.
            [N.T. at] 56-57.

            4.   Officer Redinger testified that he gave
            [Appellant] his Miranda warnings prior to speaking to

                                     - 11 -
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            him, but [Appellant] testified that he wasn’t given
            Miranda warning until after he was questioned. [N.T.
            at] 49, 62.

            5.    Officer Redinger testified that he read
            [Appellant] his O’Connell warnings before his blood
            was drawn, but [Appellant] testified that he was only
            read them after his blood was drawn. [N.T. at] 26-
            28, 62-63.

Anders Brief at 8-9. All of the challenged statements were made during the

suppression hearing.

      “Our standard of review in addressing a challenge to a trial court’s

denial of a suppression motion is limited to determining whether the factual

findings are supported by the record and whether the legal conclusions

drawn from those facts are correct.” Commonwealth v. Bomar, 826 A.2d

831, 842 (Pa. 2003), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1115 (2004). As an appellate

court, we “defer to the credibility determinations of the trial court, which had

the opportunity to observe the demeanor of witnesses and to hear them

testify.” Id. at 843. Thus, in the current action, we must defer to the trial

court’s credibility determinations adverse to Appellant and to those factual

findings that are supported by testimony in the record. The findings at issue

here have record support.        See N.T. at 16, 26-28, 34, 49.         Hence,

Appellant’s first issue has no merit.

      Appellant’s next claim is that he was “profiled.” Anders Brief at 10.

However, this issue was not preserved in the lower court, and there is

nothing in the certified record supporting this allegation.      See Pa.R.A.P.

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302(a) (“Issues not raised in the lower court are waived and cannot be

raised for the first time on appeal”); see also Pa.R.A.P. 1921 (“The original

papers and exhibits filed in the lower court, paper copies of legal papers filed

with the prothonotary by means of electronic filing, the transcript of

proceedings, if any, and a certified copy of the docket entries prepared by

the clerk of the lower court shall constitute the record on appeal in all

cases”). Therefore, Appellant’s second issue is waived.

      Appellant’s third claim is “that he was not read his Miranda warnings

as soon as he was arrested.” Anders Brief at 11.

      Miranda warnings are necessary any time a defendant is subject
      to a custodial interrogation. As the United States Supreme Court
      explained, “the Miranda safeguards come into play whenever a
      person in custody is subjected to either express questioning or
      its functional equivalent.” Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S.
      291, 100 S.Ct. 1682, 64 L.Ed.2d 297 (1980).

Commonwealth v. Gaul, 912 A.2d 252, 255 (Pa. 2006), cert. denied, 552

U.S. 939 (2007).      However, the warnings are required only prior to

interrogation. Thus, in Commonwealth v. Ventura, 975 A.2d 1128, 1137

(Pa. Super. 2008), appeal denied, 987 A.2d 161 (Pa. 2009), we held that

where a defendant in custody who was not yet being interrogated made

statements prior to receiving Miranda warnings, there was no Miranda

violation because the warnings were not yet required.

      Here, Appellant bases his argument under Miranda on the theory that

the police needed to inform him of his Miranda rights immediately upon his

arrest, but that contention is incorrect.     Police need only to give Miranda

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warnings if and when the defendant is interrogated. See Gaul, 912 A.2d at

255; Ventura, 975 A.2d at 1137. Appellant was in custody after his arrest,

but he was not under interrogation at the time he claims he should have

been given his Miranda warnings.               See N.T. 25.   Accordingly, Appellant’s

third issue raised on appeal is meritless.

       Appellant next contends “that during all traffic stops, there is a law

requiring officers to have their dash cameras on.” Anders Brief at 11. No

party has cited any such law to us, and, after careful review, we agree with

counsel that this issue is without merit.

       Appellant’s fifth assertion is that he “should have been held until his

‘pre-trial.’” Anders Brief at 12. It is not clear whether Appellant’s reference

to his “pre-trial” refers to his preliminary hearing, his pre-trial/suppression

hearing, or some other stage in the pretrial process.13 If an issue raised on

appeal is too vague for the court to identify and address it, then it is waived.

See Commonwealth v. Reeves, 907 A.2d 1, 2 (Pa. Super. 2006), appeal

denied, 919 A.2d 956 (Pa. 2007); Commonwealth v. Butler, 756 A.2d 55,

57 (Pa. Super. 2000) (“When a court has to guess what issues an appellant

is appealing, that is not enough for meaningful review”), aff’d, 812 A.2d 631

(Pa. 2002). We conclude that because we cannot identify the exact nature

____________________________________________

13
   Appellate counsel was also “not sure what [Appellant] means by a ‘pre-
trial.’” Anders Brief at 12.

                                          - 14 -
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of Appellant’s fifth issue, we cannot provide meaningful review, and this

issue therefore is waived.

      Next, Appellant argues that “he could not have been intoxicated on the

date in question because his car was released back to him later the same

day.” Anders Brief at 12. After a thorough review, we find nothing in the

record regarding the release of Appellant’s automobile.     We are precluded

from reviewing facts outside the certified record.       See Pa.R.A.P. 1921;

Commonwealth v. Williams, 715 A.2d 1101, 1103 (Pa. 1998) (“appellate

Courts are limited to considering only those facts that have been duly

certified in the record on appeal”). Appellant does not direct this Court to

any support for his sixth issue, and we therefore conclude that Appellant is

not entitled to relief on this issue.

      Appellant’s seventh allegation is that “his ‘rights were violated,’”

because, in the police report, “his name and address were not in the correct

area, the make of his car was inaccurate and the box for ‘request lab

services’ was not checked ‘yes.’”          Anders Brief at 13.   According to

Pa.R.Crim.P. 109:

      A defendant shall not be discharged nor shall a case be
      dismissed because of a defect in the form or content of a
      complaint, citation, summons, or warrant, or a defect in the
      procedures of these rules, unless the defendant raises the defect
      before the conclusion of the trial in a summary case or before
      the conclusion of the preliminary hearing in a court case, and the
      defect is prejudicial to the rights of the defendant.

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In the current matter, the defects that Appellant avers were not raised at

the preliminary hearing, and Appellant fails to show that the defects were in

any way prejudicial. Appellate counsel asserts that “the defects are certainly

not prejudicial to [Appellant’s] rights.” Anders Brief at 13. Like counsel, we

see no basis to conclude that Appellant was prejudiced by the handful of

typographical and formatting errors that he raises. Thus, this seventh issue

is meritless.

        Appellant’s eighth issue is that the complaint against him should not

have been amended to add charges. Anders Brief at 14. Initially, Appellant

was charged only with driving under the influence of a controlled substance

that impaired his ability to drive (second offense).14   The information was

later amended to include the other two DUI counts and the three traffic

violations of which Appellant was convicted.

        [W]hen presented with a question concerning the propriety of an
        amendment, we consider:

              [w]hether the crimes specified in the original
              indictment or information involve the same basic
              elements and evolved out of the same factual
              situation as the crimes specified in the amended
____________________________________________

14
     The charge was under 75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(d)(2), which provides:

        An individual may not drive, operate or be in actual physical
        control of the movement of a vehicle under any of the following
        circumstances: . . . The individual is under the influence of a
        drug or combination of drugs to a degree which impairs the
        individual’s ability to safely drive, operate or be in actual
        physical control of the movement of the vehicle.

                                          - 16 -
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              indictment or information. If so, then the defendant
              is deemed to have been placed on notice regarding
              his alleged criminal conduct.      If, however, the
              amended provision alleges a different set of events,
              or the elements or defenses to the amended crime
              are materially different from the elements or
              defenses to the crime originally charged, such that
              the defendant would be prejudiced by the change,
              then the amendment is not permitted.

Commonwealth v. Beck, 78 A.3d 656, 660 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citations

omitted). Here, the additional DUI counts and the traffic violations all arose

from the same factual situation that led to Appellant’s arrest. The additional

DUI counts merely added that Appellant was driving under the influence of a

Schedule I controlled substance and its metabolite.15 The traffic charges

merely reflected Appellant’s impaired driving.         As Appellant’s counsel points

out, the amendments did not add anything significantly new:                       “[t]he

Affidavits of Probable Cause are identical; no different set of events is

alleged.” Anders Brief at 15. Appellant has not shown prejudice resulting

from these amendments, and we discern none.                   Appellant therefore is

entitled to no relief on his eighth issue.

       Appellant    suggests     that   Officer    Cramer   should   not   have    been

permitted to refresh his recollection with his report while testifying during

____________________________________________

15
    See 75 Pa.C.S. §§ 3802(d)(1)(i), (iii) (prohibiting operation of a vehicle if
“There is in the individual’s blood any amount of a: (i) Schedule I controlled
substance, as defined in . . . The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and
Cosmetic Act . . . or (iii) metabolite of a substance under subparagraph (i)
. . .”).

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the suppression hearing. Anders Brief at 15 (citing N.T. at 22). Pursuant

to Pa. R. Evid. 612(a): “A witness may use a writing or other item to refresh

memory for the purpose of testifying while testifying, or before testifying.”

Appellant’s premise is thereby negated by our Rules of Evidence, and this

issue is without merit.

        Next, Appellant argues that he “served double time for this case”

because “he already served 92 days while in York County on this case.”

Anders Brief at 15. However, Appellant did not serve time in York County

for the current matter.         The time he served in York County was for a

violation of his probation stemming from the separate DUI that had occurred

in York County more than two years earlier.16        Appellant was still serving

probation for his York County DUI when he committed his Lancaster County

DUI.    The Lancaster County DUI may have triggered the revocation of his

probation in York County, but the time he served in York County was for his

York County offense, not this one. Thus, Appellant did not earn credit for

time served while incarcerated in York County, and Appellant’s penultimate

challenge is meritless.

        Finally, Appellant challenges the trial court’s denial of his suppression

motion. Anders Brief at 16-18. Specifically, Appellant claims that Officer

Cramer had insufficient probable cause to arrest him and that all evidence

____________________________________________

16
     See Docket No. CP-67-CR-0000588-2013.

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acquired subsequent to his arrest therefore should be suppressed, including

the results of his blood test.    Id. at 16.    “The applicable standard for

determining probable cause calls for a totality of circumstances analysis, not

a mechanical consideration of specific factors.” Commonwealth v. Salter,

121 A.3d 987, 995 (Pa. Super. 2015). Here, the police arrested Appellant

after receiving a report of reckless driving, and Officer Cramer actually

witnessed Appellant speeding, swerving, repeatedly crossing a double yellow

line, failing to use a turn signal, and failing to stop at a stop sign. N.T. at

10-13; Stipulation, 4/25/16, at 1 ¶ 2a.        Officer Cramer also observed

Appellant’s bloodshot and glassy eyes, slurred speech, lack of coordination,

and confusion. N.T. at 14-16. Finally, Appellant himself admitted to Officer

Cramer that he had taken Soma and Xanax. Id. at 16. The totality of these

circumstances was more than sufficient to create probable cause to arrest

Appellant.    Thus, the trial court properly denied Appellant’s motion to

suppress the evidence gathered after the arrest.

      Based on the foregoing, we find all of Appellant’s claims meritless

and/or waived. In addition, we have reviewed the certified record consistent

with Flowers, 113 A.3d at 1250, and have discovered no additional

arguably meritorious issues.     Accordingly, we grant appellate counsel’s

petition to withdraw and affirm the judgment of sentence.

      Petition to withdraw granted. Judgment of sentence affirmed.

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J-S87022-16

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 2/14/2017

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