Court Opinion

ID: 5079228
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-10-01 11:54:08.164527+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:20:08.254100
License: Public Domain

COMBS, Justice,
dissenting.
I respectfully dissent and would suppress the evidence on which the conviction was based.
At the suppression hearing Detective Keith Howard admitted that he and four or five other officers were present when they received information about the anonymous tipster.1 They received the information at approximately 3:00 p.m. and waited at the hotel parking lot until 5:30 when the white Corvette returned. Detective Howard admitted that he had on many occasions obtained search warrants from district judges and that he had never experienced any difficulties. He was asked:
Q So, in fact, in the two and a half hour time period that elapsed between the time Sergeant Jackson said he got this phone call and the time Mr. Rag-lin actually pulled into the lot, you had two and a half hours you could have gone and petitioned a district court judge for a search warrant for the automobile; could you not?
A No, ma’am.
Q You couldn’t?
A No.
Q Why not?
A We didn’t feel like we had enough probable cause at the time though we knew that the drug dog, if he alerted on the vehicle, would establish enough probable cause for us to obtain that search warrant. So really, you’re only talking the dog alerted less than five minutes after Mr. Rag-lin pulled up, but as far as enough probable cause for an affidavit prior to that time, we did not feel we had enough probable cause for that affidavit, so we did not petition any judge.
If the officers admittedly lacked probable cause before the barking of the drug dog, I believe that their actions invaded the protections set forth in Section 10 of Kentucky’s Constitution.2
*496The majority acknowledges that the telephone tip was not sufficient to create probable cause, or even reasonable suspicion justifying an investigatory stop. It goes on, however, to conclude that reasonable suspicion did arise when “much of the information in the tip was corroborated by the police investigation and surveillance,” and when “appellant and his Corvette returned to the scene, where he proceeded to open the Oldsmobile and transfer property to it”. What did the police establish? That the described Corvette was registered to the appellant and the Oldsmobile to his brother; and that the appellant drove to the parking lot and transferred “property” from his own car to his brother’s. There is absolutely nothing in these facts to warrant a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity or to corroborate the anonymous, un-sworn report that the appellant possessed cocaine.3
Just as the police did not have reasonable suspicion before the dog signaled, they did not have probable cause after the bark. There was no reasonable justification for accosting the appellant or for subjecting his auto to a sniff search.4 To say that this search can provide probable cause for an incremental search begs the question, and renders meaningless the guarantees of Section 10. Under the majority rationale, had the police arrived to find the Corvette parked unoccupied, they might properly have taken the dog to the car and, upon a signal, searched the vehicle. Under the. same rationale, any individual anonymously traduced may be stopped on the street and, if the dog reacts, searched.
Even assuming that the circumstances did establish probable cause, I cannot agree that the search was proper absent a warrant. There is a tremendous constitutional difference between a search with and a search without a valid warrant. Surely the clause of § 10 prescribing the conditions for the issuance of a search warrant has some meaning. To hold that a search may proceed without a warrant given probable cause would avoid the warrant process, and eviscerate the warrant clause. Read as a whole, § 10 prohibits a search except upon a prior finding by a detached magistrate of probable cause supported by oath or affirmation. Clearly distinguishable, a warrantless search circumvents both the magistrate and the requirement of an oath/affirmation, and invites after-the-fact rationalizing. While exigencies may in some cases justify an exception to the warrant requirement, in the instant case there was nothing (save perhaps mere inconvenience) to prevent the police from suing for a warrant. We ought to demand a demonstration of compelling reasons for proceeding without a warrant, lest for want of vigilance the exception devour the rule.
By our holding today we take one more step toward an Orwellian society wherein no citizen is secure in her/his person or possessions, and the right to privacy and freedom from unreasonable searches are but haunting bygones.

. No evidence was introduced as to his/her reliability or lack thereof.

. “Section 10. Security from search and seizure; conditions of issuance of warrant. The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and possessions, from unreasonable *496search and seizure; and no warrant shall issue to search any place, or seize any person or thing, without describing them as nearly as may be, nor without probable cause supported by oath or affirmation.”

. I am not persuaded by the majority’s reliance on Alabama v. White, for two reasons. One, the United States Supreme Court interprets the Fourth Amendment, whereas this court interprets Kentucky Constitution, § 10. Two, White is distinguishable on its facts. The Court noted that White’s departure from an apartment was within a time frame predicted by the anonymous informant, and that the caller had accurately predicted White’s destination and her future behavior, demonstrating a "special familiarity” with her affairs. It was held that in the totality of circumstances an investigatory stop was proper, there being reason to believe that the caller was honest and well-informed, the Court noting that even then the sufficiency of corroboration was a “close question.” In the present case, such corroboration of the informant’s veracity, reliability, and basis of knowledge is conspicuously absent.

. Contrary to prevailing views, I insist that the use of dogs and technological devices to detect items concealed with a reasonable expectation of privacy constitutes a species of search. I sorely dread the day when police will routinely patrol neighborhoods and with impunity search every person, vehicle, or house at whom or at which the dog barks or the beeper beeps.