Court Opinion

ID: 8501321
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-22 22:49:29.549131+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:50:40.238424
License: Public Domain

Robert E. Littlefield, Jr., United States Bankruptcy Judge *17Currently before the Court is Endurance American Insurance Company's ("Endurance") Motion to Reconsider and/or Vacate the Dismissal Order, Convert to Chapter 7, and to hold the Debtor in Contempt (the "Motion"). The Court has jurisdiction over this proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(a), (b)(1), and (b)(2).
PROCEDURAL HISTORY AND FACTS
The Debtor filed a voluntary chapter 13 petition on April 21, 2015, and the Debtor's Schedule C claims an inherited Individual Retirement Account ("inherited IRA") in the approximate value of $800,000 as exempt pursuant to New York Civil Practice Law and Rules § 5205(c). After considerable litigation regarding the Debtor's exemption, including two attempts at mediation with Chief Bankruptcy Judge Margaret Cangilos-Ruiz, Endurance filed a motion seeking, among other relief, to preserve the Debtor's inherited IRA. (ECF No. 152.) The Court entered an Interim Order resolving the inherited IRA portion of that motion on February 2, 2018. (ECF No. 163.) The Interim Order permitted the Debtor only to receive her required minimum distribution ("RMD") from the inherited IRA and directed the Debtor to provide Endurance with specific documentation regarding the inherited IRA. Further, the Court expressly retained jurisdiction "regarding the interpretation, implementation and enforcement" of the Interim Order and "to hear and determine any matters or disputes arising from or related to this Order." On March 19, 2018, the Debtor filed a Notice of Voluntary Dismissal, which the Court 'So Ordered' the same day. (ECF Nos. 166, 167.)
Endurance filed this Motion on April 2, 2018, and, after learning new facts through the state court process, filed a declaration in further support of its Motion on April 12, 2018. Endurance's supplemental declaration includes Charles Schwab's response to an information subpoena that indicates the Debtor depleted the entirety of her inherited IRA nearly two years prior to dismissal of her case. Based on the additional submission, the Court advanced the scheduled hearing on the Motion and issued a Sua Sponte Order to Show Cause for Contempt. Over the course of evidentiary hearings held on April 16, 2018 and April 17, 2018, the Debtor confirmed that she transferred the entirety of her Charles Schwab inherited IRA to a Fidelity Investments *18inherited IRA on or about April 2016. (Trial Tr. 20:11-12, 27:3-4, April 16, 2018; Trial Tr. 28:11-17, April 17, 2018.) By that time, the Debtor indicated she had also depleted two Charles Schwab investment accounts worth approximately $200,000. (Trial Tr. 32:20-33:4, April 16, 2018; Trial Tr. 29:14-30:7, April 17, 2018.) All of the Debtor's actions relating to the three Charles Schwab accounts were taken without Court approval.
After the Debtor transferred the inherited IRA, she continued to withdraw funds from her Fidelity account for the remainder of her case. According to a Fidelity account statement for February 2018, the Debtor's inherited IRA had a balance of $630,659.18 on February 1, 2018, and she withdrew $6,000 that month.1 (Debtor's Ex. 3.) The Debtor testified that she withdrew all of the remaining funds within the Fidelity account after her dismissal and transferred $300,000 to her son, Matthew, and $25,000 to her other son, David. (Trial Tr. 31:1-5, 62:4-8, April 17, 2018.) At the time of the second evidentiary hearing, she estimated that she still had between $200,000 and $210,000 in her possession-$170,000 in a bank account and $30,000 to $40,000 in cash. (Trial Tr. 14:7-11, 18:22-19:2, April 17, 2018.) The Court has not heard testimony or received evidence that accounts for the remaining funds withdrawn from the Fidelity inherited IRA. When asked about her intent, the Debtor testified that part of the reason why she withdrew the funds from her inherited IRA was to put the money beyond the reach of Endurance and her other creditors. (Trial Tr. 51:6-13, 52:12-17, April 17, 2018.) After completion of the two evidentiary hearings, the United States Trustee, Laurie Todd,2 and the Chapter 13 Trustee all filed submissions in support of the Motion, and the Debtor filed opposition.
The Court directed the Debtor to produce account statements for her inherited IRA in advance of the adjourned hearing on April 26, 2018. Prior to the hearing, the Debtor produced yearly statements for 2015, 2016, and 2017, but the Debtor did not produce a monthly statement for March 2018. At the hearing on April 26, 2018, the Debtor submitted the March 2018 statement and it contradicts the Debtor's testimony that she closed her Fidelity inherited IRA after her case was dismissed. Instead, the statement establishes that the Debtor withdrew $17,000 on March 9, 2018, and withdrew $600,296.44 on March 15, 2018.3 Based on the March 2018 statement, the Debtor's violation of the Interim Order is far worse than anticipated after the evidentiary hearings.
STANDARD
Reconsideration pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e), *19made applicable to this proceeding pursuant to Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9023, is warranted "when there has been a clear error or manifest injustice in an order of the court or if newly discovered evidence is unearthed." Bace v. Babitt (In re Bace) , 2012 WL 2567153, at *13, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 92441 at *35 (S.D.N.Y. May 10, 2012) (quoting Key Mech. Inc. v. BDC 56 LLC , 2002 WL 467664, at *3, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5005 at *2-3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 26, 2002) ). The moving party "must show that the court overlooked factual matters or controlling precedent that might have materially influenced its earlier decision." Bace , 2012 WL 2567153, at *13, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 92441 at *35.4
ARGUMENTS
Endurance argues that the Court should reconsider and/or vacate the dismissal order as the Court was not aware that the Debtor dissipated more than $1,000,000 of estate assets during her case without Court approval, of which more than $600,000 was in direct violation of the Interim Order limiting the Debtor's access to her inherited IRA. Additionally, Endurance, with the support of the other parties, asserts that it should have had an opportunity to respond to the Debtor's request for voluntary dismissal because the Supreme Court's decision in Marrama v. Citizens Bank, 549 U.S. 365, 127 S.Ct. 1105, 166 L.Ed.2d 956 (2007), abrogated Second Circuit precedent such that the right to voluntarily dismiss a case is no longer absolute. In response, the Debtor disputes Endurance's interpretation of Marrama and argues that Marrama did not affect the Debtor's absolute right to dismiss a chapter 13 case.
DISCUSSION
I. 11 U.S.C. § 1307(b)
Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 1307(b), "[o]n request of the debtor at any time, if the case has not been converted under section 706, 1112, or 1208 of this title, the court shall dismiss a case under this chapter." In 1999, when presented with two competing motions, a trustee's motion to convert and a debtor's motion to dismiss, the Second Circuit held in Barbieri v. RAJ Acquisition Corp. (In re Barbieri ), 199 F.3d 616 (2d Cir. 1999), that the Debtor's right to voluntarily dismiss a chapter 13 case under 11 U.S.C. § 1307(b) is absolute. Until Barbieri is overruled or abrogated, lower courts within this Circuit are bound by that decision. See Procel v. United States Trustee (In re Procel) , 467 B.R. 297, 305 (S.D.N.Y. 2012). Therefore, the threshold issue before the Court is not whether Barbieri 's holding is correct but rather, to what extent, if any, did Marrama overrule or abrogate Barbieri . If Barbieri has not been overruled or abrogated, the right to voluntarily dismiss remains absolute and the Court must deny the Motion.
II. Marrama v. Citizens Bank , 549 U.S. 365, 127 S.Ct. 1105, 166 L.Ed.2d 956 (2007)
In Marrama , a chapter 7 debtor misrepresented the value of certain real estate and concealed that he transferred it during the year preceding his bankruptcy filing. Marrama, 549 U.S. at 368, 127 S.Ct. 1105. Once the Chapter 7 Trustee discovered the transfer and indicated his intention to recover the property as an avoidable transfer, the debtor attempted to convert to chapter 13 pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 706(a). Id. at 368-69, 127 S.Ct. 1105. This provision states that "[t]he debtor may convert *20a case under this chapter ... to a case under chapter 13 of this title at any time ...." Notwithstanding the seemingly absolute language within that provision, as well as the legislative history referring to conversion under § 706(a) as an absolute right, the Supreme Court determined that a debtor's right to convert is not absolute. Id. at 371, 127 S.Ct. 1105.
To reach this conclusion, the Supreme Court considered the interplay between §§ 706(a), 706(d), and 1307(c). See id. at 371-73, 127 S.Ct. 1105. First, the Court noted that a chapter 7 debtor's right to convert in § 706(a) is expressly limited by § 706(d), which prohibits conversion to "another chapter of this title unless the debtor may be a debtor under such chapter." Id. at 371-72, 127 S.Ct. 1105. Second, based on this limitation, the Court looked to § 1307(c), pursuant to which a chapter 13 case may be converted to chapter 7 on a number of grounds, including bad faith. Id. at 372-74, 127 S.Ct. 1105. Taking § 706(d) and § 1307(c) together, the Supreme Court reasoned that a chapter 7 debtor who proceeds in bad faith cannot "be a debtor" under chapter 13 because a case may be converted back from chapter 13 to chapter 7 for bad faith pursuant to § 1307(c). Id. at 374-75, 127 S.Ct. 1105. For these reasons, the Supreme Court held that the § 706(a) right to convert is subject to a bad faith exception. Id.
III. Marrama did not overrule or abrogate Barbieri
In the present matter, none of the parties argue that Marrama overruled Barbieri . Instead, Endurance, and the supporting parties, primarily rely on In re Armstrong, 408 B.R. 559 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2009), to argue that Marrama abrogated Barbieri such that the right to dismiss a chapter 13 case is absolute only if the debtor has not proceeded in bad faith.5 Armstrong concluded, in relevant part, that Marrama abrogated Barbieri by: (1) expanding § 105(a) beyond Barbieri's limited view; (2) holding that the anti-waiver provision in § 706(a) does not prevent a debtor from forfeiting the right through bad faith conduct; and (3) concluding that the right to convert is not absolute notwithstanding the § 706(a) stating that the debtor may convert "at any time." See Armstrong, 408 B.R. at 570-72. For the following reasons, this Court respectfully disagrees with Armstrong's analysis.
First, Armstrong states that Marrama "took a much more expansive view of section 105(a) and recognized that bankruptcy courts' need to exercise their inherent authority and their authority under § 105(a) to prevent abuse of the bankruptcy process." Id. at 570. Armstrong reasoned that Barbieri's refusal to rely on § 105(a) to deny the debtor's request for voluntary dismissal is now incorrect based on Marrama's broader interpretation of § 105(a). Id. However, Marrama's analysis of § 105(a) is not nearly as broad as Armstrong suggests. Confined only to one sentence, Marrama states that a bankruptcy judge's broad authority "is surely adequate *21to authorize an immediate denial of a motion to convert filed under section 706 in lieu of a conversion order that merely postpones the allowance of equivalent relief and may provide a debtor with an opportunity to take action prejudicial to creditors." Marrama , 549 U.S. at 375, 127 S.Ct. 1105.
This analysis is limited to a § 706(a) conversion and is predicated on the express limitation contained in § 706(d), which, in the eyes of the Supreme Court, rendered conversion to chapter 13 an exercise in futility because the case could have been immediately converted back to chapter 7 for bad faith. See id. at 368, 375, 127 S.Ct. 1105 ("We granted certiorari to decide whether the Code mandates that procedural anomaly."). In contrast, the Bankruptcy Code's only limitation on the right to dismiss a chapter 13 case, contained within § 1307(b) itself, is that "the case has not been converted." In this regard, there is no other code provision equivalent to § 706(d) that makes dismissal a pointless endeavor. See Procel , 467 B.R. at 306. Without an equivalent provision, the Court does not read Marrama to abrogate Barbieri's conclusion that § 105(a) "does not authorize the Court to disregard the plain language of 1307(b)." Barbieri , 199 F.3d at 621.
Second, Armstrong mistakenly placed emphasis on the fact that § 1307(b) contains non-waiver language that is identical to the language within § 706(a), which Marrama concluded does not prevent a debtor from forfeiting the right to convert by proceeding in bad faith. Armstrong, 408 B.R. at 571. By analogy, Armstrong argued that forfeiture of the right to dismiss under § 1307(b) for bad faith should be recognized since the non-waiver language is the same in both provisions. See id. However, the Court does not find this argument relevant because Barbieri did not rely on § 1307(b)'s non-waiver language to hold that the right to voluntarily dismiss is absolute.
Third, Armstrong reasoned that Marrama abrogated Barbieri's analysis of § 1307(b)'s plain language since the Supreme Court held that the right to convert under § 706(a) is not absolute despite also containing the phrase "at any time." Armstrong , 408 B.R. at 572. However, this conclusion fails to recognize that § 1307(b) also contains the directive "shall" and that Barbieri relied on that, together with the phrase "at any time," to conclude that § 1307(b) is mandatory. Barbieri , 199 F.3d at 619. Taking into consideration the mandatory nature of the word "shall" and its absence from § 706(a), this Court cannot find that Marrama has any impact on the Second Circuit's § 1307(b) plain language analysis.
Additionally, while not based on Marrama , Armstrong claimed that Barbieri's plain language analysis has also been called into question through the enactment of 11 U.S.C. § 1307(e), which states that the court "shall dismiss a case or convert a case under this chapter to a case under chapter 7 of this title ..." if the debtor fails to file a tax return. Based on the mandatory language in § 1307(e), Armstrong argued that the right to dismiss may no longer be absolute as a court may be required to convert a case when presented with competing § 1307(b) and § 1307(e) motions. See Armstrong , 408 B.R. at 572. While it is uncertain what would happen in that hypothetical scenario, it is clear that § 1307(e)'s enactment does not "affect the interaction between § 1307(b) and § 1307(c) as described in Barbieri ." Procel , 467 B.R. at 307.
To summarize, the Court cannot conclude, by analogy, that Marrama abrogated Barbieri when the statutes are not analogous. The linchpin of the Marrama *22decision was § 706(d)'s limitation on the right to convert, and, without an equivalent provision limiting the right to dismiss pursuant to § 1307(b), this Court simply cannot hold that Marrama's analysis has any impact on Barbieri . See Marrama , 549 U.S. at 374, 127 S.Ct. 1105 ("The text of § 706(d) therefore provides adequate authority for the denial of [the debtor's] motion to convert."). For all of the foregoing reasons, Barbieri is still good law and continues to bind the Court.
Beyond Barbieri , the parties argue, in equity, that the Debtor simply cannot be allowed to abuse the bankruptcy process and escape the Court's jurisdiction without consequence. The Court agrees that the Debtor's conduct during the pendency of her case seeps bad faith and believes that this case could serve as the posterchild for a bad faith exception to a debtor's right to dismiss a case. After nearly twenty-three years on the bench, this Court cannot recall another case involving more egregious post-petition conduct than the Debtor's conduct in this case. But for Barbieri , this Court would find In re Rosson , 545 F.3d 764 (9th Cir. 2008), and other similar cases, to be persuasive and would conclude that a bad faith exception to § 1307(b) exists to allow bankruptcy judges to prevent bad faith chapter 13 debtors from abusing the bankruptcy system. While an unwilling debtor cannot be forced to stay in chapter 13, that does not necessarily mean that a bad faith actor should be allowed to totally exit this Court's jurisdiction with ill-gotten gains. In such an instance, a conversion would be more appropriate. However, Barbieri is an impenetrable roadblock that prevents the Court from finding such an exception.
IV. Reconsidering and/or vacating the dismissal order is not warranted
Reluctantly, the Court has no choice but to deny the Motion to reconsider and/or vacate the dismissal order pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 59(e) and/or 60(b). Under either provision, Endurance's argument is that the Court should have allowed Endurance the ability to respond to the Debtor's request for voluntary dismissal. However, such a response would be futile since Barbieri still controls. The Debtor's nefarious conduct cannot serve as the basis for reconsideration of the dismissal order under either Rule 59(e) or 60(b). Unless and until Congress amends § 1307(b) or Barbieri is reconsidered by the Second Circuit or overruled by the Supreme Court, this Court's hands are tied.
CONCLUSION
For all of the foregoing reasons, the portion of Endurance's Motion requesting that the Court reconsider dismissal and convert the Debtor's case to chapter 7 is DENIED. The balance of the Motion seeking to hold the Debtor in contempt may proceed together with the Court's adjourned Sua Sponte Order to Show Cause for Contempt.
It is SO ORDERED.

Pursuant to paragraphs one (1) and six (6) of the Interim Order, the Debtor was permitted only to withdraw her RMD in accordance with Internal Revenue Service requirements. While it is not clear exactly what the Debtor's RMD was for 2018, the Court estimates that her RMD on a monthly basis was approximately $3,000. The Court's estimate is based on the Debtor's 1099-R forms for the years 2014 and 2016, which show gross distributions from her inherited IRA of $33,411.82 and $36,402.34, respectively. Based on this monthly estimate, the Debtor withdrew approximately $3,000 more than permitted in February 2018.

Laurie Todd ("Todd") is the Debtor's sister and has her own bankruptcy case, No. 15-11083, pending before the Court. On March 23, 2018, the Court entered a Memorandum-Decision and Order holding that Todd's inherited IRA is not exempt.

Even if the Debtor were to argue that the Interim Order permitted her to withdraw her total annual RMD at once, and not on a monthly basis, the Debtor does not dispute that she violated the Interim Order by withdrawing the entirety of her Fidelity account prior to dismissal of her case.

Endurance also cites generally to the entirety of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b), made applicable to this proceeding pursuant to Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9024, as a basis to vacate the dismissal order.

Endurance and the supporting parties also rely on cases from other circuits decided after Marrama, which hold that the right to dismiss under § 1307(b) is not absolute. See, e.g., In re Jacobsen, 609 F.3d 647 (5th Cir. 2010) ; In re Rosson , 545 F.3d 764 (9th Cir. 2008) ; In re Mitrano , 472 B.R. 706 (E.D. Va. 2012) ; In re Pustejovsky , 577 B.R. 671 (Bankr. W.D. Tex. 2017) ; In re Brown , 547 B.R. 846 (Bankr. S.D. Ca. 2016) ; In re Cyncynatus , No. 12-10111, 2013 WL 3864310, 2013 Bankr. LEXIS 2998 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio July 24, 2013) ; In re Kotche , 457 B.R. 434 (Bankr. D. Md. 2011) ; In re Caola , 422 B.R. 13 (Bankr. D.N.J. 2010) ; In re Chabot , 411 B.R. 685 (Bankr. D. Mont. 2009) ; In re Letterese , 397 B.R. 507 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 2008).