Court Opinion

ID: 9897582
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-14 19:16:24.222075+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:14:34.810741
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                            APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
     This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
  internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                     SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                     APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                     DOCKET NO. A-2619-20

IN THE MATTER OF THE
ESTATE OF MARK A. RAYNER,
Deceased.
_____________________________

                Argued January 11, 2023 – Decided November 9, 2023

                Before Judges Accurso, Firko, and Natali.

                On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
                Chancery Division, Monmouth County, Docket No. P-
                000454-19.

                William Adam Friedman argued the cause for appellant
                Carol Petty (Gaeta Law Firm, LLC, attorneys; Anthony
                N. Gaeta and William Adam Friedman, on the briefs).

                Allen S. Kaplan argued the cause for respondent
                Colleen Kelly Rayner (Kaplan & Bookbinder,
                attorneys; Allen S. Kaplan, on the brief).

       The opinion of the court was delivered by

FIRKO, J.A.D.

       In this will dispute, plaintiff Carol Petty, the sister of decedent Mark A.

Rayner, appeals from three orders granting summary judgment in favor of
defendant Colleen Kelly-Rayner, decedent's widow.            The orders awarded

defendant the intestate estate, which comprises decedent's entire estate, under

the Pre-Marital Will Statute, N.J.S.A. 3B:5-15, and appointed defendant as

administratrix.    In addition, the court found the Omitted Children Statute,

N.J.S.A. 3B:5-16, would apply to decedent's two after-adopted children in the

event defendant was not the surviving spouse under the Pre-Marital Will Statute,

barring recovery to plaintiff under either statute. Plaintiff also appeals from an

order denying her application for counsel fees and costs.

      Because we conclude there are genuine issues of material fact that

precluded summary judgment as a matter of law under Rule 4:46-2(c), we

reverse the orders granting summary judgment to defendant and remand for a

plenary hearing.    We also vacate and reverse the order denying plaintiff's

application for counsel fees and costs.

                                          I.

      Viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, Templo Fuente De Vida

Corporation v. National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, 224 N.J.

189, 199 (2016), the pertinent facts are as follows.        On January 31, 1989,

decedent executed a will, which is the subject of the matter under review. He

named plaintiff the executrix and sole heir. At the time, plaintiff was decedent's

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                                          2
only living relative. In 2004, plaintiff and decedent "had a falling out" that

lasted for about ten years. The dispute centered on distribution of monies from

their late uncle's estate and decedent, the executor, notifying plaintiff she w ould

not receive a distribution because of debt she owed him and their uncle's estate.

Decedent advised plaintiff she did not deserve any sha re of their uncle's

inheritance. In 2004, decedent threatened to sue plaintiff for monies she owed

him. In response, plaintiff conveyed a rental property located in Tuckerton or

Little Egg Harbor, 1 a major asset in decedent's estate, to him because plaintiff

claimed she could not afford to fight him.

      In 2003, decedent met defendant. They married four years later in 2007—

eighteen years after decedent executed his will—and lived at decedent's

Farmingdale house, which was his pre-marital property and remained titled in

his sole name during the marriage until his death. After marrying, decedent and

defendant adopted a set of twins who were born in September 2009 and have

special needs.    Decedent never revised his will after getting married and

adopting the twins. Defendant's alcoholism led to marital problems between

plaintiff and defendant.

1
  The record is unclear as to whether the property is located in Tuckerton or
Little Egg Harbor. This is not germane to our decision.
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                                         3
      On March 9, 2014, decedent and plaintiff apparently mended their

relationship as evidenced in an email decedent sent to plaintiff. In his March 9,

2014 email to plaintiff, decedent stated he planned to work "[eight] more years"

and retire at "sixty-four-years old." He added:

            Farmingdale house will be sold for about 500K.

            Tuckerton house will be sold for about 489K.

            Dump the Condo for about 150K.

            I am trying to sell the Canada house now but the
            appraisal came in low at 530K.

            I have a buyer for Pelican Bay, SC for my lot but not
            sure if that will get anything more th[a]n 90K. That
            investment cost me about 150K lost.

            Then I will move to Delaware . . . Colleen and kids will
            not come there so that will be the end of the Rayner
            marriage . . .

      On May 13, 2014, decedent sent plaintiff another email stating:

            I make investments so I [c]an retire. . . . I will sell the
            Tuckerton property for 500K and pay off my house here
            in Farmingdale. I will leave you the condo for $125K
            FOR YOU[R] RETIREMENT. You will not be left out
            . . . you['re] my sister . . . blood. I will be fair. Colleen
            known my wishes . . . Colleen gets the Farmingdale
            [m]ansion. 500K in [v]alue. I will not have my
            families fight over money. You are Executor at this
            point. You screw this up you will be without anything.
            Take what I offer you and be happy, otherwise I will

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                                         4
            give the Rayner Estate to the church. All of it. 1.6
            million [d]ollars.

The record does not indicate if decedent ever sold the Tuckerton property and

paid off the mortgage on the Farmingdale property and is devoid of any evidence

as to the values of these properties net of outstanding mortgages and liabilities .

      In February 2015, defendant obtained a temporary restraining order

(TRO) against decedent and moved out of the Farmingdale home and into her

sister's basement with the children. Defendant alleged in the TRO complaint

that decedent threatened her life and the children's lives while he was

intoxicated. She described his behavior as "erratic," and she was fearful because

he kept guns in the house. A few days later, defendant agreed to dismiss the

TRO and enter into a civil restraining order that mandated he stop drinking,

undergo treatment, and have supervised visitation with the children. Defendant

and the children continued to live with her sister and decedent remained in the

Farmingdale home.

      Shortly thereafter, decedent emailed plaintiff about defendant and the

children moving out of the marital home and the TRO she obtained against him.

Decedent explained, "I think [defendant] is still pissed because she is not in my

will, no[ne] of them are. I believe the Rayner money stays with the Rayners.

One day I will tell [you] where everything is so you can come and get what is

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                                         5
yours." Plaintiff tried to talk to decedent about his email, but he answered, "I

don't wish to talk about it right now. Still trying to get kids and [defendant]

back home, but I think she has left for good."

      On May 14, 2015, decedent emailed plaintiff about defendant "playing

this game" and may never come home.              Defendant explained it was not

"practical" for him at the age of fifty-seven to "hold 270K mortgage on a 500K

house at $2[,]800 a month." He added defendant "will try to come after the

Rayner estate but nothing is in her name, and she is not in the will so she loses."

Decedent told plaintiff, "I will try to protect our assets and you are still sole

beneficiary." He later added, "The real estate is safe for now. It's all for you."

And, decedent wrote to plaintiff, "[i]t [ ']s my final wishes in life and [defendant]

cannot change it." Following their separation, decedent "made it clea r" to

plaintiff and his close friends that the marriage was over and defendant wasn't

interested in reconciling.       Decedent also informed plaintiff about his

unemployed status and that he needed money and insurance for his children.

      In June 2015, decedent got a job with Future Technologies, Inc. Decedent

named defendant and the children as the beneficiaries on his employer provided

life insurance policy and defendant as the sole beneficiary on his 401(k) plan,

which were perquisites of his employment. Plaintiff and decedent continued to

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                                         6
communicate through emails without mention of his estate, and periodically he

would express his love for his children and hoped for a reconciliation with

defendant. In August 2015, according to defendant, she filed a complaint for

divorce as "a tough-love tactic" in the hopes decedent would get "scared" and

undergo counseling, but he ultimately refused to do so. On September 13, 2015,

decedent sent plaintiff an email stating "[n]ow she (Colleen) is dragging me back

to court for more money, so I am going to jail because I will not pay anymore

so the Rayner estate is in your hand[s]."

      On September 27, 2015, decedent sent plaintiff an email stating: "I was

served divorce papers this past Friday . . . good thing is the papers say she

(Colleen) can come after what was acquire[d] during marriage. I own all stuff

before marriage and hoping that saves me." On November 27, 2015, decedent

emailed plaintiff, "my wife is using my kids as hostages, and she knows I would

do anything to see my kids. I will try to protect our assets and you are still sole

beneficiary."

      On December 19, 2015, decedent expressed his final wishes to plaintiff in

an email: "I wish I had happy news for you but I don't. The real estate is safe

for now. It's all for you. Of course Colleen is pissed about that but she cannot

do anything. It's my final wishes in life and she cannot change it."

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                                        7
      On December 12, 2016, defendant dismissed her divorce complaint. The

dismissal order indicated the "parties are reconciling" and the matter is

"dismissed without prejudice." Between 2016 through 2019, the parties filed

joint marital income tax returns. In 2017, decedent sent defendant an email

stating in part, "I love you Colleen and our wonderful children . . . . They will

be [heirs] to my estate. My kids will always be protected."

      By 2018, plaintiff's and decedent's relationship was strained.        In a

February 18, 2016 email from decedent to plaintiff, he mentioned "She (Colleen)

was afraid I was going to call the IRS on her and I did threaten to do so because

I was mad. I would never hurt anyone, I love my wife and kids."

      In October 2018, plaintiff informed decedent that she would no longer

communicate with him until he got "serious" about getting help for his alcohol

abuse and taking care of himself. In February 2019, decedent emailed plaintiff,

even though they were not on speaking terms, to inform her that he was flying

to Florida for the Super Bowl. He stated, "If anything happens to me you must

come home and handle the Rayner estate.         [One] million dollars at your

fingertips." Plaintiff lives in Wyoming.

      A month before his death, decedent and defendant entere d into a written

agreement stating they were married but living separate and apart.           The

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                                       8
agreement acknowledged defendant had custody of the children and that her aunt

was purchasing a home for defendant as a "gift" because defendant and the

children had been living in her sister's basement, and defendant required

financial assistance from her aunt.

        At her deposition, defendant testified her aunt was a co -signor on the

mortgage and was not "handing" her a home. Defendant intended to move into

the new home with the children. The agreement provided decedent waived any

interest in the home purchased by defendant's aunt and agreed the home "shall

not be subject to equitable distribution in the event of the divorce or dissolution

of the parties." Defendant also agreed decedent could visit the children with her

permission if he remained alcohol and drug free.

        Defendant regularly brought the children to visit decedent, performed

household chores, brought groceries, and prepared meals for him until she found

him dead in his home on June 3, 2019. At the time of his death, defendant and

the children were still named as beneficiaries on his employer provided life

insurance policy and defendant was still named the sole beneficiary of his 401(k)

plan.

        On August 9, 2019, defendant's attorney sent a letter to plaintiff's attorney

itemizing the probate assets of the estate as follows:

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                                          9
               • Farmingdale house - $516,000 (based on 2019
                 tax assessment, which is 100%)

               • Less outstanding mortgage balance of $278,000

               • 660 Green Street - $391,800

               • Green truck – zero value

               • Pelican Bay, SC – own 7% - Loss

               • Interest in Canada property - $3,000 to $15,000

               • Bank account - $37,000

The record does not indicate any documentation was provided with the letter to

support the values stated.

      As the surviving spouse, defendant filed a caveat objecting to the probate

of decedent's will and for relief under the Pre-Marital Will Statute. In response,

plaintiff filed a verified complaint and order to show cause (OTSC) in the

Chancery Division, Probate Part, seeking to vacate defendant's caveat, declare

the Pre-Marital Will Statute and defendant's elective share under N.J.S.A. 3B:8-

1 inapplicable, appoint plaintiff executrix, and for an award of counsel fees.

Defendant filed a verified answer and counterclaim seeking her intestate share

under the Pre-Marital Will Statute, plaintiff's removal as the nominated

executrix, appointment of herself as executrix, and for an award of counsel fees

and costs.
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                                       10
      The court denied plaintiff's OTSC, allowed the parties to choose a

temporary administrator,      and granted defendant leave to re-file her

counterclaim. In a subsequent case management order, the court appointed an

attorney for the children after determining defendant's interests could be adverse

to theirs and ordered mediation. On behalf of the children, their counsel filed

an answer and counterclaim seeking distribution of the entire estate to them as

intestate heirs in the event defendant's claim to her intestate share was denied

by the court and for the establishment of special needs trusts for each child. The

mediation was unsuccessful.

      The parties moved for summary judgment and both motions were denied

without prejudice as premature pending discovery and an accounting of the non-

probate assets defendant received from decedent.        The parties engaged in

discovery and conducted depositions. Plaintiff propounded interrogatories upon

defendant.   One interrogatory required defendant to "[s]tate whether the

[d]ecedent ever expressed to [the defendant] that he intended to leave his entire

Estate to the [p]laintiff." The response was "no." At her deposition, defendant

was asked a similar question and provided the same answer but later on in the

deposition, changed her answer:

             Q.   I'm going to ask you the question one more time:

                                                                            A-2619-20
                                       11
     Did [defendant] ever communicate to you that he
     was going to leave his estate to [plaintiff]?

A.   Not that I can recall in any serious conversation.

Q.   Okay. Please tell me about the conversations that
     you did not consider serious. What did he say
     regarding leaving his estate [to] [plaintiff]?

A.   If he was drinking he would say I'm going to
     leave everything to my friends.

Q.   Okay. [Plaintiff], did he say [plaintiff]?

A.   I guess so he did. I don't understand. I don't
     understand what you're –

Q.   It's a simple question. You testified initially that
     – I asked you a very simple question which was:
     Did [defendant] ever communicate to you that he
     intended to leave his estate to [plaintiff]? You
     said I cannot recall. I then admonished you and
     reminded you that you're under oath to tell the
     truth. I've taken not[e] that you are wearing a
     mask that says "be not afraid" which indicates a
     biblical reference. So that tells me that you're a
     person who takes oaths and religion seriously and
     you have sworn an oath to tell the truth. You then
     testified that – you have basically said not that
     you recall, but he did not in any conversation in
     a serious way. So that implies that he did at some
     point make a statement that he was leaving his
     estate to his sister. And I'm asking you what he
     said during those conversations which you have
     characterized as not being serious. You then
     testified that he said he'd leave it to his friends
     which isn't leaving it to [plaintiff]. So there are

                                                            A-2619-20
                         12
                   a number of contradictions that I'm offering you
                   the chance under oath to correct. . . .

             A.    Okay. [Defendant] would always say that he's
                   rich and he would say, if we were arguing or
                   having a fight, I'll leave everything to [plaintiff].
                   I'll leave everything to my friends. You'll have
                   nothing. We never sat down and looked at a piece
                   of paper and said, this is what's going to happen.
                   This is what I have, this is what I don't have, ever.

             Q.    But he did say at some point that he would leave
                   his estate to [plaintiff], correct?

             A.    Yes.

      After obtaining information about the non-probate assets, the parties

renewed their motions.      In her initial certification in support of summary

judgment, defendant stated decedent had an "unstable" relationship with

plaintiff, and she was not actively involved in his life. Defendant also certified

she never executed any documents waiving her spousal inheritance rights , as

alleged by plaintiff.

      In support of her renewed summary judgment motion, defendant certified

she received $174,667.18, 2 inclusive of life insurance proceeds, interest, and the

401(k) plan. From that sum, defendant had to pay funeral expenses of $12,614;

2
   The record also shows the amount was $175,314.71, and this is the amount
cited by the court in its opinion.
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                                        13
repair the roof on the former marital home at a cost of $19,500; pay property tax

arrearages on the estate's real properties in the amount of $10,156; and pay

decedent's outstanding debts on the former marital home totaling $7,304.

      Defendant also certified she lost $800 per month in child support

payments from decedent; now pays $2,041 per month for COBRA medical

insurance; and $100 per month for car insurance—expenses that decedent used

to pay. Defendant's monthly out-of-pocket loss is $2,941. Defendant projected

she will incur at least $317,628 in expenses for the children until they reach

eighteen years of age on account of decedent's demise.

      The parties also dispute the value of the probate estate. Plaintiff claims

the estate is worth $850,000, and defendant claims the estate is worth only

$350,000. No real estate appraisals were included in the record to substantiate

these values, and no inheritance tax return was provided.

      Plaintiff countered defendant was estranged from decedent and contested

a reconciliation occurred in December 2016 when defendant dismissed her

divorce complaint. Plaintiff submitted a certification stating decedent "made it

clear" to her that he and defendant "were never getting back together," and

defendant told him she "had no intention of ever reconciling." According to

plaintiff, decedent harbored "animus" towards defendant.         Decedent told

                                                                           A-2619-20
                                      14
plaintiff that "he had not gone through with the divorce because it would h ave

been extremely costly," and he had "serious concerns" defendant would spend

"anything she received from the settlement."

      Regarding the filing of joint tax returns, plaintiff certified decedent told

her it was in his and defendant's "mutual interest to take the deduction for the

children and the business losses" they reported and had "nothing to do with an

eventual reconciliation." Plaintiff certified "it was no surprise" decedent never

prepared a new will after he was married, and he always "made clear to plaintiff"

that he intended to "preserve and leave" as much of the "Rayner Estate" to her

as he possibly could. Plaintiff certified decedent felt "strongly" about what had

been in the "original Rayner family" should be left to "remaining blood kin,"

which is something their "father emphasized" to them. According to plaintiff,

decedent "knew" about his will, "hadn't forgotten about it," and relied upon it to

ensure plaintiff received as much of his Estate as possible. Plaintiff certified

this was decedent's "dying wish," and he was confident defendant's family's

wealth would "protect" her and their children.

      In opposition to defendant's motion, plaintiff submitted a certification

from decedent's friend Paul Thompson. In his certification, Thompson sta ted,

"[a]ccording to Mark (decedent), he and the [d]efendant had come to an

                                                                            A-2619-20
                                       15
agreement whereby he would not make any claims upon her inheritance, in

exchange for which she would agree not to make any claims upon his Estate."

Thompson certified "[t]hese agreements show that Mark (decedent) and the

[d]efendant were not, in fact, reconciling.         Rather they were continuing to

engage with each other on a formal and informal basis to address issues related

to their property and Mark's access to their children." In addition, Thompson

certified that "both during and after his marriage fell apart, Mark often confided

in me . . . regarding his plans for his Estate, which he intended to bequeath

entirely to his sister, . . . [p]laintiff . . . ." Thompson reiterated that after decedent

and defendant separated, he mentioned plaintiff was "getting everything," and

defendant was getting "nothing."

      Plaintiff submitted another certification from decedent's friend Karen

Hogg. In her certification, Hogg claimed decedent "made it clear to [her] and

our mutual friends that he was leaving his entire estate to this sister . . . [p]laintiff

. . . and he never waivered in that commitment."             Hogg certified decedent

"believed" that both of his children and defendant would be "well provided for

by [d]efendant's [a]unt," who is "very wealthy." Hogg certified decedent told

her "on several occasions" that he had "reached an agreement with [d]efendant"

and he would "disclaim any interest in her expected inheritance from her [a ]unt

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                                          16
in exchange for her agreement to disclaim any interest in his Estate." Based on

decedent's statement, Hogg certified decedent made it "perfectly clear to her,"

Hogg's "husband, and all of our friends, that he wanted [plaintiff] to receive his

entire Estate" and wanted plaintiff to serve as "his Executor."

      Defendant submitted a reply certification.        She certified while still

residing with decedent, he "would drink until he passed out" even while

babysitting the children. Defendant stated decedent "went for approximately ten

years without speaking to . . . plaintiff." Regarding the home that her aunt was

supposed to assist financing, defendant stated her aunt "changed her mind" and

is leaving her money to charity instead. Defendant certified decedent refinanced

the mortgage on the Farmingdale house in the amount of $300,000, which

allowed him to "take out some of his equity, which he spent before his death."

According to defendant, she will be "homeless" if plaintiff prevailed on her

motion. Defendant claims decedent "bragged" about how he would take care of

her and the children.

      In an oral decision following argument, the court denied plaintiff's motion

to probate the will and granted defendant's application to serve as administratrix.

The court found as a matter of law that decedent's thirty-year-old will "was not

in contemplation of marriage, nor does it indicate any specific intent not apply."

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                                       17
The court noted that decedent and defendant had been married for twelve years.

The court determined that the non-probate assets defendant received were

insufficient to meet her expenses and the expenses of the two minor special

needs children. The court noted plaintiff's assertion that decedent's non-probate

assets were sufficient to support defendant and two minor special needs children

to completely lack "merit" and "any believability."

      The court observed defendant dismissed the divorce action, reconciled,

defendant and decedent represented to the public they were married, and raised

two children who have "disorders," and may never be able to live independently.

The court stated the two adopted children are treated as naturally born children

under the laws of inheritance. 3

      The court also noted that if defendant's claim had failed under the Pre-

Marital Will Statute, then the children—who were born twenty years after

decedent executed his will—would be entitled to inherit decedent's estate under

the Omitted Children Statute because the will did not mention any future natural

3
   "The entry of judgment of adoption shall establish the same relationships,
rights, and responsibilities between child and the adopting parent as if the child
were born to the adopting parent in lawful wedlock." N.J.S.A. 9:3 -50(b). When
applying this State's intestate law, "an adopted child shall have the same rights
of inheritance as if born to the adopting parent in lawful wedlock." Ibid.

                                                                            A-2619-20
                                       18
born or adopted children. The court determined plaintiff could never inherit any

part of decedent's estate under either the Pre-Marital Will Statute, or the Omitted

Children Statute in the event the Pre-Martial Will Statute did not apply. No

determination was made by the court as to the value of decedent's estate in

reaching its decision. The court permitted the parties to submit counsel fee

applications. Plaintiff sought in excess of $100,000 in counsel fees. Defendant

objected and certified she only earns $15,000 to $18,000 per year.

       Thereafter, the court denied plaintiff's request for counsel fees and costs.

The court found N.J.S.A. 3:B:5-15—the Pre-Marital Will Statute—was

applicable. The court noted the will was dated January 31, 1989, decedent

married October 12, 2007, and has two minor special needs children. The court

stated in its order that there were "[n]o reasonable grounds based on facts for

claim." The court also denied defendant's request for frivolous litigation fees

under N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1(a). 4 The court awarded $9,751 in counsel fees to the

4
    N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1(a) provides:

             A party who prevails in a civil action, either as plaintiff
             or defendant, against any other party may be awarded
             all reasonable litigation costs and reasonable attorney
             fees, if the judge finds at any time during the
             proceedings or upon judgment that a complaint,
             counterclaim, cross-claim or defense of the
             nonprevailing person was frivolous.
                                                                             A-2619-20
                                        19
court appointed attorney for the children and awarded $40,447.50 in counsel

fees to defendant's attorney. Memorializing orders were entered. This appeal

followed.

                                        II.

      Before us, plaintiff contends the court did not consider the facts in her

favor, contrary to the summary judgment standard and that the court disregarded

her certification, the certification of decedent's friends, accompanying exhibits,

and deposition testimony, and erred in refusing to consider decedent's probable

intent under the third exception to the Pre-Marital Will Statute. Plaintiff asserts

defendant repeatedly offered inconsistent discovery responses and testimony

raising issues about credibility that should not have been summarily decided by

the court.   Plaintiff maintains the court found as a fact that decedent and

defendant were engaged in a "multi-year reconciliation" that continued until he

died and that they never agreed to disclaim their interest in each other's estates.

      Plaintiff argues she established that defendant was amply provided for

outside decedent's will through his employer provided life insurance and 401(k)

beneficiary designations in lieu of a testamentary provision. Plaintiff asserts she

should be appointed executrix under the will. She also contends the court abused

its discretion in denying her counsel fee application because reasonable grounds

                                                                             A-2619-20
                                       20
existed for her claims, which the court found were not made in bad faith. We

agree with plaintiff that the court made factual findings on these critical issues

on a disputed record.

                                       A.

      When reviewing an order granting or denying summary judgment, this

court applies "the same standard governing the trial court." Oyola v. Liu, 431

N.J. Super. 493, 497 (App. Div. 2013). We owe no deference to the motion

judge's conclusions on issues of law. Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp. Comm.

of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995). Courts ruling on summary judgment

are required to view the evidence presented in the light most favorable to the

non-moving party to determine whether the materials presented "are sufficient

to permit a rational factfinder to resolve the alleged disputed issue in favor of

the non-moving party." Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520,

540 (1995).

      "An issue of fact is genuine only if, considering the burden of persuasion

at trial, the evidence submitted by the parties on the motion, together with all

legitimate inferences therefrom favoring the non-moving party, would require

submission of the issue to the trier of fact." Ibid. In other words, summary

judgment is properly granted "[w]hen the evidence 'is so one -sided that one party

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                                       21
must prevail as a matter of law.'" Davis v. Brickman Landscaping, Ltd., 219

N.J. 395, 406 (2014) (quoting Brill, 142 N.J. at 540).

      The non-moving party bears the affirmative burden "to make a complete

and comprehensive showing why summary judgment should not be entered."

Lombardi v. Masso, 207 N.J. 517, 556 (2011). To satisfy this burden, the non-

moving party "must 'demonstrate by competent evidential material that a

genuine issue of fact exists.'" Globe Motor Co., v. Igdalev, 225 N.J. 469, 479-

80 (2016) (quoting Robbins v. Jersey City, 23 N.J. 229, 240-41 (1957)). The

court must then determine "whether a rational factfinder could resolve the

alleged disputed issue in favor of the non-moving party," id. at 481 (quoting

Perez v. Professionally Green, LLC, 215 N.J. 388, 405-06 (2013)), bearing in

mind "neither the motion court nor an appellate court can ignore the elements of

a cause of action or the evidential standard governing the cause of action ,"

Bhagat v. Bhagat, 217 N.J. 22, 38 (2014).

                                        B.

                                 Probable Intent

      We turn first to plaintiff's argument on appeal that the court misapplied

the equitable doctrine of probable intent. According to plaintiff, decedent's

probable intent was for her to inherit his estate as contemplated in his will rather

                                                                              A-2619-20
                                        22
than defendant and the two children because decedent provided for defendant

and the children outside of his will by naming defendant the beneficiary on his

life insurance policy and 401(k) plan. Plaintiff argues the court misapplied the

Pre-Marital Will Statute, which created an "absurd result."

      "In interpreting a will, [the court's] aim is to ascertain the intent of the

testator." In re Est. of Payne, 186 N.J. 324, 335 (2006). Our Supreme Court has

adopted the "doctrine of probable intent," which recognizes courts should give

"primary emphasis" to the testator's "dominant plan and purpose" as it appears

"when read and considered in . . . light of the [will's] surrounding facts and

circumstances." Ibid. (quoting Fid. Union Tr. Co. v. Robert, 36 N.J. 561, 564-

65 (1962)). The doctrine of probable intent is also codified in N.J.S.A. 3B:3-

33.1. Subsection (a) addresses wills:

            The intention of a testator as expressed in his [or her]
            will controls the legal effect of his [or her] dispositions,
            and the rules of construction expressed in N.J.S.A.
            3B:3-34 through N.J.S.A. 3B:3-48 shall apply unless
            the probable intent of the testator, as indicated by his
            [or her] will and relevant circumstances, is contrary.

The doctrine of probable intent has "a 'broader and more liberal approach to will

construction . . . .'" In re Est. of Flood, 417 N.J. Super. 378, 381 (App. Div.

2010) (quoting In re Est. of Burke, 48 N.J. 50, 63 (1966)).

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                                        23
      Defendant claims that plaintiff was not on speaking terms with decedent

when he died and had not spoken to him for several years before his death.

Defendant maintains plaintiff has no relationship with the twins and did not

comfort them at decedent's funeral. In addition, defendant asserts she was the

one who found decedent's will and gave it to plaintiff through counsel at her

request, in response to plaintiff's attack on defendant's credibility that she was

hiding information about decedent's estate.

      Plaintiff argues she presented competent evidence to invoke the probable

intent doctrine that the court ignored. Plaintiff's evidence, in addition to the

will, consisted of multiple emails from decedent to her stating defendant is not

named in his will, and certifications from two friends stating decedent intended

to leave plaintiff his estate rather than his spouse and childre n.

      Counsel for the children points out there is nothing in the record to

indicate decedent intended to disinherit his disabled children. The certifications

submitted by plaintiff and defendant's deposition testimony—which is

contradictory in and of itself—are in direct contrast to the statements made in

defendant's certification, raising issues of fact. Plaintiff asserts defendant and

counsel for the children failed to file responding statements to her statement of

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                                        24
undisputed facts as required by Rule 4:46-2(b), and therefore, such facts should

be deemed admitted in analyzing plaintiff's motion for summary judgment.

      The Pre-Marital Will Statute reads in part:

            a. If a testator's surviving spouse married the testator
            after the testator executed the testator's will . . . the
            surviving spouse . . . is entitled to receive, as an
            intestate share, no less than the value of the share of the
            estate the surviving spouse . . . would have received if
            the testator had died intestate, unless:

            (1) it appears from the will or other evidence that the
            will was made in contemplation of the testator's
            marriage to the surviving spouse . . . ;

            (2) the will expresses the intention that it is to be
            effective notwithstanding any subsequent marriage or
            domestic partnership; or

            (3) the testator provided for the spouse or domestic
            partner by transfer outside the will and the intent that
            the transfer will be in lieu of a testamentary provision
            is shown by the testator's statements or is reasonably
            inferred from the amount of the transfer or other
            evidence.

            [N.J.S.A. 3B:5-15(a) (emphasis added).]

Subsection (1) is not applicable here because decedent's will was not made in

contemplation of his marriage to defendant. Subsection (2) is also not applicable

because decedent's will does not express the intention it is to be effective

notwithstanding his marriage to defendant. We now address subsection (3).

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                                       25
                                       C.

                            Pre-Marital Will Statute

                               Subsection (a) (3)

      Plaintiff contends the court improvidently held the $175,314.71 non-

probate assets defendant received from decedent's life insurance policy and

401(k) plan did not satisfy subsection (a)(3) of the Pre-Marital Will Statute, and

thus, the doctrine of probable intent could not be invoked. In plaintiff's view,

the non-probate assets defendant received satisfied subsection (a)(3), and the

court improperly determined there was sufficient information to reject plaintiff's

claim that decedent's will controls.

      To satisfy subsection (a)(3), the testator must have provided for the spouse

by a transfer made outside the will with the intent the transfer was in lieu of a

testamentary provision. N.J.S.A. 3B:15(a)(3). That intent may be shown where

"the testator provided for the spouse or domestic partner by transfer outside the

will and the intent that the transfer be in lieu of a testamentary provision is

shown by the testator's statements or is reasonably inferred from the amount of

the transfer or other evidence." Id.

      Plaintiff contends decedent's statements evinced his "testamentary

scheme" whereby she would receive his probate assets and defendant and the

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                                       26
children would receive his non-probate assets in lieu of a testamentary

provision. She also asserts the evidence supports the inference that "decedent

was adamant that his probate assets pass" to her and not defendant.

      In delivering its decision, the court did not analyze whether the terms of

decedent's will remained his testamentary intent throughout the remainder of his

life. The court's decision is problematic because it focused on defendant's

financial need in light of the fact she is raising two special needs children and

only received $175,314.71 in non-probate assets. On this basis, the court found

defendant was an omitted spouse because she was not provided for sufficiently

pursuant to N.J.S.A. 3B:5-15(a)(3) and was entitled to her intestate share of the

estate. A reading of the court's decision persuades us it was imposing a personal

sense of fairness on the situation as it came to pass. It apparently seemed unfair

to the court that defendant be left without sufficient financial means to support

the children.

      In our review, the analysis of the doctrine of probable intent, the Pre -

Marital Will Statute, and Omitted Children Statute turns on first determining the

value of decedent's estate net of liabilities. Then, the court should analyze and

compare the net value of the estate with the amount of the non -probate assets of

$175,314.71 defendant received. Our review of the record convinces us this task

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                                       27
was not undertaken but is vital before deciding the contested issues of fact

presented.

      Although the parties agreed defendant received $175,314.71 outside the

will, they had wildly divergent views of the value of the decedent's probate

assets consisting largely of the Farmingdale and Tuckerton properties, with

plaintiff asserting they totaled $850,000 and defendant contending they totaled

$350,000. There was nothing in the record direct or extrinsic that supports either

value. Without a finding on the value of the probate assets, the court could not

make a finding as to whether the amount of the transfer of the non -probate assets

was sufficient to allow an inference that the decedent intended to provide for

defendant and the children outside the will under N.J.S.A. 3B:5-15(a)(3).

Because the court resolved critical factual questions on a disputed and

incomplete record, we conclude summary judgment was improvidently granted.

                                        III.

      Plaintiff does not challenge the court's finding that the Omitted Children

Statute would have applied here if the Pre-Marital Will Statute did not. We

briefly note the Omitted Children Statute provides in part:

             a. Except as provided in subsection b., if a testator fails
             to provide in his [or her] will for any of his [or her]
             children born or adopted, the omitted after-born or
             adopted after the execution of his [or her] will, the

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                                        28
omitted after-born or after-adopted child receives a
share in the estate as follows:

(1) If the testator had no child living when he [or she]
executed the will, an omitted after-born or after-
adopted child receives a share in the estate equal in
value to that which the child would have received had
the testator died intestate, unless the will devised all or
substantially all of the estate to the other parent of the
omitted child or to a trust primarily for the benefit of
that other parent and that other parent survives the
testator and is entitled to take under the will.

(2) If the testator had one or more children living when
he [or she] executed the will, and the will devised
property or an interest in property to one or more of the
then-living children, an omitted after-born or after-
adopted child is entitled to share in the testator's estate
as follows:

(a) the portion of the testator's estate in which the
omitted after-born or after-adopted child is entitled to
share is limited to devises made to the testator's then-
living children under the will.

(b) the omitted after-born or after-adopted child is
entitled to receive the share of the testator's estate, as
limited in subparagraph (a), that the child would have
received had the testator included all omitted after-born
and after-adopted children with the children to whom
devises were made under the will and had given an
equal share of the estate to each child.

(c) to the extent feasible, the interest granted an omitted
after-born or after-adopted child under this section
must be of the same character, whether equitable or
legal, present or future, as that devised to the testator's
then-living children under the will.

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                           29
            [N.J.S.A. 3B:5-16.] 5

Defendant characterizes decedent's failure to mention the children in his will as

an omission, implying the children should take under the statute permitting

portions of an estate to pass to omitted children. Id. On remand, the court shall

address whether the Omitted Children Statute—including any subsection—

applies under the circumstances of the case following the plenary hearing and

proofs adduced at the hearing.

                                       IV.

      Despite her unsuccessful challenge, plaintiff filed a Rule 4:42-9(a)(3)

application to have the estate pay for her attorney's fees. Plaintiff contends the

court abused its discretion in denying her fee application because she had

5
   We note that the Omitted Children Statute contains a nearly identical
subsection to the Pre-Marital Will Statute. N.J.S.A. 3B:5-16(b)(2) provides:

            b. Neither subsection a.(1) nor subsection a.(2) applies
            if:

            (1) it appears from the will that the omission was
            intentional; or

            (2) the testator provided for the omitted after-born or
            after-adopted child by transfer outside the will and the
            intent that the transfer be in lieu of a testamentary
            provision is shown by the testator's statements or is
            reasonably inferred from the amount of the transfer or
            other evidence.
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                                       30
reasonable cause to bring her "case of first impression" based on the interplay

between the doctrine of probable intent and the Pre-Marital Will Statute, and her

claims were brought in good faith.

      In a will contest, the allowance of counsel fees and costs under Rule 4:42-

9(a)(3) is discretionary.   In re Reisdorf, 80 N.J. 319, 327 (1979).        "'[F]ee

determinations by trial [judges] will be disturbed only on the rarest of occasions,

and then only because of a clear abuse of discretion. '" Packard-Bamberger &

Co. v. Collier, 167 N.J. 427, 444 (2001) (quoting Rendine v. Pantzer, 141 N.J.

292, 317 (1995)). "While deference will ordinarily be given to discretionary

decisions, such decisions will be overturned if they were made under a

misconception of the applicable law." O'Neill v. City of Newark, 304 N.J.

Super. 543, 550 (App. Div. 1997).

      Because we are remanding for a plenary hearing, we vacate and reverse

the court's orders on the parties' applications for counsel fees and costs.

Following the plenary hearing, the court shall consider anew any request for

counsel fees and costs. We offer no dispositive determination on the factual and

legal issues that may be presented as the matter proceeds on remand.

      In sum, we reverse the orders granting summary judgment to defendant,

and we vacate and reverse the court's orders on counsel fees. The matter is

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                                       31
remanded for a plenary hearing consistent with our opinion. Jurisdiction is not

retained.

      Reversed and remanded.

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