Court Opinion

ID: 4124193
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-02-07 21:09:36.150133+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:45:56.045267
License: Public Domain

FIFTH DIVISION
                                DILLARD, P. J.,
                             REESE and BETHEL, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                                                                    January 31, 2017

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A16A1495. ISSA v. THE STATE.

      DILLARD, Presiding Judge.

      Following trial, a jury convicted Ahmed Issa on one count of conspiracy to

commit armed robbery, one count of burglary, four counts of aggravated assault, three

counts of attempt to commit armed robbery, three counts of false imprisonment, and

one count of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. Issa appeals

his convictions and the denial of his motion for new trial, challenging the sufficiency

of the evidence supporting his attempt-to-commit-armed-robbery convictions and

arguing that the trial court erred in (1) denying his motion for severance; (2) finding

that the aggravated-assault counts were not fatally flawed; (3) improperly instructing

the jury on aggravated assault; (4) denying a mistrial when a State’s witness testified

that Issa exercised his right to remain silent; (5) allowing the State to ask leading
questions on direct examination; (6) failing to apply the rule of lenity when

sentencing him as a recidivist on the attempted-armed-robbery convictions; and (7)

denying his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. For the reasons set forth infra,

we affirm.

      Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict,1 the evidence shows

that in November of 2008, C. D. was taking accounting courses at a local college and

living at a home in Roswell, which he shared with his older brother, F. D., who was

attending another local college, and his younger sister M. D., who was in high school.

On November 11, 2008, C. D. arrived home late after classes and went straight to

bed; but a few hours later, he was shaken out of his slumber by a masked intruder

brandishing a handgun. A struggle immediately ensued, and the gun fired, injuring

C. D.’s finger. Nevertheless, C. D. valiantly continued to fight off the masked

intruder, during which time the gun fired a second time, striking the intruder in the

leg. But after a second intruder (who was also masked) entered his bedroom, C. D.

desisted in his efforts to subdue the first intruder.

      Down the hall, C. D.’s younger sister, M. D., awoke to the sounds of C. D.

screaming and gunshots. She jumped out of bed and sprinted toward C. D.’s bedroom,

      1
          See, e.g., Powell v. State, 310 Ga. App. 144, 144 (712 SE2d 139) (2011).

                                            2
but was immediately stopped by the second intruder who ordered her to lie on the

floor. Meanwhile, the first (and now wounded) intruder—who was in a considerable

amount of pain—began yelling at the second intruder to shoot C. D., but M. D.

begged him to spare C. D.’s life. At the same time, C. D.’s older brother, F. D.—who

had also been asleep in his own bedroom on the same hall—similarly awoke to the

eery sounds of fighting, gunshots, and his younger sister’s screams. But as F. D.

exited his bedroom and rushed toward the danger, the second armed intruder stopped

him and ordered him to lie on the floor as well. The two intruders then used telephone

cords to bind the hands and feet of all three siblings and dragged them into the hall.

      Once the siblings were tied and lying bound in the hall, the intruders began

violently kicking and hitting them while demanding to know where “the money and

dope” were located. The siblings repeatedly denied having either drugs or large

amounts of money, but the intruders did not believe them until C. D. revealed that the

safe in his bedroom contained only documents. At this point, the first intruder begged

the second intruder to leave the house so that he could seek immediate medical

treatment for his wounded leg. But instead of departing, the second intruder dragged

M. D. from the hall into her bedroom, shut the door, and raped her. A few minutes

later, the second intruder ceased his sexual assault of M. D. at the behest of his

                                          3
wounded accomplice, who continued to complain that he was in severe pain and

needed to leave.

      Subsequently, the two intruders forced all three siblings downstairs and began

loading electronics and other valuables from the home into C. D.’s car, with their plan

being to take F. D. with them and force him to withdraw money from an ATM. But

coincidentally, as the intruders had nearly completed loading C. D.’s car, fire-

department vehicles arrived across the street in response to a neighbor’s 911 call

about possible heart issues. Seeing the flashing emergency lights, and believing that

the police had been alerted to the home invasion, the two intruders fled out the back

door of the home post haste and scaled a wooden fence marking the boundary of the

backyard. After waiting a few minutes to make sure that the intruders had indeed left

the scene, the siblings untied themselves and raced across the street to inform the fire-

department personnel about the home invasion.

      Upon determining that none of the siblings’ injuries were life-threatening, the

fire-department personnel called the police, who arrived within a few minutes and

began collecting evidence, including blood from inside the home and from one of the

wooden-fence slats. The siblings were then transported to a nearby hospital where an

                                           4
emergency-room physician treated C. D. for the bullet wound to his finger and a cut

to the back of his head, and also performed a rape-kit examination on M. D.

      Because the siblings could not identify either of the masked intruders, the

police detective who interviewed F. D. asked if he knew of any reason someone

would want to break into his home or if he had noticed anything strange relating to

their home recently. Upon considering the question, F. D. recalled that several days

before the home invasion, he did, in fact, have an odd encounter with a woman whom

he met over the summer but had not spoken with since that time. Her name was

Destiny Forrester, and the two encountered each other in a Decatur nightclub one

evening before departing for Forrester’s apartment, where they then engaged in

sexual relations. After that night, F. D. went out with Forrester a few more times, but

ceased contacting her when it appeared that she was not interested in dating him.

Then, out of the blue (and several nights before the home invasion), Forrester sent F.

D. a text message at around 10:00 p.m., asking if she could come over to his house.

F. D. agreed, provided her with directions, and she arrived an hour or so later. But

immediately upon entering the home, Forrester seemed distant and not interested in

having intimate relations, as F. D. had assumed. Instead, she was focused on looking

around the home and spent an inordinate amount of time constantly reading and

                                          5
composing text messages. When F. D. asked with whom she was texting, Forrester

claimed that it was her roommate. Shortly thereafter, she asked to see the backyard

and left abruptly when F. D. refused her request.

      Based on this information, the detective obtained an order for Forrester’s

mobile-phone records, and a review of those records showed that the person with

whom she was texting on the night in question was Kenneth Trusty. Next, the

detective interviewed Forrester, and she ultimately admitted that she, her boyfriend

(Darius Cook), and Trusty, who was Cook’s roommate, planned to rob F. D. on the

night she went to his home, believing him to be a drug dealer. In addition, Forrester

further admitted that she spoke to Cook and went to his apartment early on November

12, 2008, at which time she learned that Trusty and another man, whom she did not

know, broke into F. D.’s home in an attempt to rob him, and that the other man was

shot during the incident. With this additional information, and later after matching the

blood found on one of the wooden-fence slats with a DNA sample already in CODIS,2

the detective determined that the name of Trusty’s accomplice was Ahmed Issa and

      2
        CODIS, the Combined DNA Indexing System, is a database of DNA profiles
linked among the states through the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

                                           6
that, mere hours following the home invasion, Issa sought and received medical

treatment at Grady Hospital for a gunshot wound to his leg.

      Thereafter, the State charged Trusty, Issa, and Cook, via the same indictment,

with one count of conspiracy to commit armed robbery,3 and charged Trusty and Issa

with one count of burglary,4 one count of rape,5 four counts of aggravated assault,6

three counts of attempt to commit armed robbery7 (one count as to each victim), three

counts of kidnapping with bodily injury8 (one count as to each victim), three counts

of false imprisonment9 (one count as to each victim), two counts of possession of a

firearm during the commission of a felony,10 and two counts of possession of a

firearm by a convicted felon.11 Issa filed a motion to sever, which was denied, and the

      3
          See OCGA § 16-4-8.
      4
          See former OCGA § 16-7-1 (a) (2011).
      5
          See former OCGA § 16-6-1 (a) (1) (2010).
      6
          See former OCGA § 16-5-21 (a) (2) (2009).
      7
          See OCGA §§ 16-4-1; 16-8-41 (a).
      8
          See former OCGA § 16-5-40 (a), (b) (4) (2008).
      9
          See OCGA § 16-5-41 (a).
      10
           See OCGA § 16-11-106 (b).
      11
           See former OCGA § 16-11-131 (b) (2011).

                                          7
case then proceeded to a joint trial of Trusty and Issa,12 during which the foregoing

evidence was admitted. At the trial’s conclusion, the jury convicted Issa of all charges

except the rape and kidnapping offenses.13

      Subsequently, Issa obtained new counsel and filed a motion for new trial. After

conducting a hearing on the matter, the trial court merged the conspiracy and

attempted-armed-robbery convictions for sentencing, vacated both the burglary and

possession-of-a-firearm-during-the-commission-of-a-felony convictions, but denied

Issa’s motion in all other respects. This appeal follows.

      1. In his initial enumeration of error, Issa challenges the sufficiency of the

evidence supporting his convictions generally and specifically argues that the

evidence was insufficient to support his convictions on the attempted-armed-robbery

charges. We disagree.

      At the outset, we note that when a criminal conviction is appealed, the evidence

must be viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, and the appellant no longer

      12
         Cook had not been apprehended at the time of trial and, thus, was not tried
with his co-defendants.
      13
         The jury convicted Trusty of all charges except the kidnapping charges
relating to F. D. and C. D. and the possession-of-a-firearm-by-a-convicted-felon
charge, which was nolle prossed. We affirmed his convictions in Case No. A16A0701
in an unpublished opinion.

                                           8
enjoys a presumption of innocence.14 And in evaluating the sufficiency of the

evidence, we do not weigh the evidence or determine witness credibility but only

decide whether “a rational trier of fact could have found the defendant guilty of the

charged offenses beyond a reasonable doubt.”15 Accordingly, the jury’s verdict will

be upheld so long as “there is some competent evidence, even though contradicted,

to support each fact necessary to make out the State’s case[.]”16 With these guiding

principles in mind, we turn first to Issa’s more specific challenge.

      Under OCGA § 16-4-1, “[a] person commits the offense of criminal attempt

when, with intent to commit a specific crime, he performs any act which constitutes

a substantial step toward the commission of that crime.” And under OCGA § 16-8-41

(a), “[a] person commits the offense of armed robbery when, with intent to commit

theft, he or she takes property of another from the person or the immediate presence

      14
        See English v. State, 301 Ga. App. 842, 842 (689 SE2d 130) (2010); see also
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (III) (B) (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).
      15
        Joiner v. State, 299 Ga. App. 300, 300 (682 SE2d 381) (2009); see also
Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319 (III) (B).
      16
         Miller v. State, 273 Ga. 831, 832 (546 SE2d 524) (2001) (punctuation
omitted).

                                          9
of another by use of an offensive weapon . . . .” Here, Count 8 of the indictment

charged Issa with criminal attempt to commit armed robbery, alleging that he

      performed an act which constituted a substantial step toward the
      commission of armed robbery, to wit: holding [C. D.] at gunpoint and
      demanding money and drugs, and then gathering up items of his
      personal property and placing them into the victim’s car with intent to
      commit theft and take property from the person and immediate presence
      of [C. D.] by use of an offensive weapon . . . .

And changing only the names of the victims, Counts 9 and 10 charged Issa with

criminal attempt to commit armed robbery against F. D. and M. D., respectively.

      Citing to the specific language in the indictment, Issa contends that the

evidence was insufficient to support his attempted-armed-robbery convictions

because the State failed to prove which victim owned which property. This argument

is a nonstarter. As we have previously explained, robbery is “a crime against

possession, and is not affected by concepts of ownership.”17 Indeed, the gravamen of

the offense of armed robbery is “the taking of items from the possession of another

by use of an offensive weapon, and not the identification of the specific owner of the

      17
          Creecy v. State, 235 Ga. 542, 543 (5) (221 SE2d 17) (1975); accord Ward
v. State, 304 Ga. App. 517, 522 (1) (a) (696 SE2d 471) (2010); Harp v. State, 302 Ga.
App. 17, 18 (690 SE2d 424) (2010)

                                         10
item taken.”18 Thus, if property is taken from “the immediate presence or the actual

or constructive possession of more than one victim, the defendant may be charged

with the robbery of each victim.”19

      As for the indictment, the general rule that allegations and proof must

correspond is “based upon the requirements (1) that the accused is definitely informed

of the charges against him so he can present his defense and not be surprised by the

evidence at trial, and (2) that he is protected against another prosecution for the same

offense.”20 And here, the indictment sufficiently alleged the elements of attempted

armed robbery. Indeed, there can be no reasonable doubt that Issa was “sufficiently

informed of the charges against him and also protected from subsequent prosecution

      18
         Ham v. State, 303 Ga. App. 232, 237 (1) (b) (692 SE2d 828) (2010)
(punctuation omitted); see McKisic v. State, 238 Ga. 644, 646 (2) (234 SE2d 908)
(1977) (“The identity of the person alleged to have been robbed is not an essential
element of the crime and need not be proved by direct evidence.”); Ward, 304 Ga.
App. at 522 (1) (b) (same).
      19
        Harp, 302 Ga. App. at 18 (punctuation omitted); see Green v. State, 265 Ga.
App. 126, 128 (2) (592 SE2d 901) (2004) (“If two victims are robbed, the defendant
may be charged with the robbery of each victim.”).
      20
         Ham, 303 Ga. App. at 237 (1) (b) (punctuation omitted); accord Veasey v.
State, 322 Ga. App. 591, 594 (1) (b) (745 SE2d 802) (2013); Green v. State, 292 Ga.
451, 452 (738 SE2d 582) (2013) (“The purpose of an indictment is to inform the
accused of the charges against him and to protect the accused against another
prosecution for the same offense.”).

                                          11
for the same crime.”21 Additionally, the evidence presented at trial showed that two

men, ultimately identified as Trusty and Issa, broke into the victims’ home, held all

three victims at gunpoint while demanding drugs and money, and began loading

electronics and other valuables from the home into the victims’ vehicle before fleeing

the premises based on their mistaken belief that law-enforcement officers had arrived

on the scene. Consequently, the evidence was sufficient to support Issa’s three

attempted-armed-robbery convictions.22

      21
        Ham, 303 Ga. App. at 237 (1) (b) (punctuation omitted); accord Veasey, 322
Ga. App. at 594 (1) (b); see Haley v. State, 289 Ga. 515, 529 (3) (b) (712 SE2d 838)
(2011) (holding that indictment sufficiently informed defendant of the charge against
him so as to enable him to prepare a defense, and thus, there is no claim that he was
surprised at trial).
      22
         See Nyane v. State, 306 Ga. App. 591, 592 (1) (703 SE2d 53) (2010) (holding
that evidence defendant approached victim with a handgun while attempting to obtain
money from convenience-store cash register, but fled without taking cash, was
sufficient to support convictions for attempted armed robbery); see also Ham, 303
Ga. App. at 237 (1) (b) (holding that evidence supported the defendant’s convictions
on charges of armed robbery of both victims, despite no proof of which victim owned
the property taken, when evidence showed that both victims “were subjected to the
robbers’ exercise of actual force by the use of an offensive weapon so as to induce the
relinquishment of the property”); Harp, 302 Ga. App. at 18 (holding that evidence
was sufficient to support convictions for two counts of armed robbery when money
was taken from one victim’s immediate presence at gunpoint and given to second
victim, and second victim was then forced to surrender the money to defendant at
gunpoint).

                                          12
      Issa also generally contends that there was only slight evidence connecting him

to the home invasion at issue, and thus his convictions should be reversed. But it is

well-settled that “circumstantial evidence of identity may be sufficient to enable a

rational trier of fact to find a defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.”23 And

having reviewed the entirety of the record, we conclude that there was indeed

sufficient evidence to support his remaining convictions.24

      2. Issa contends that the trial court erred in denying his pre-trial motion to sever

his trial from that of his co-defendant, Trusty, arguing that his convictions were a

result of the prejudicial spillover effect of evidence, including other bad acts, against

Trusty. Again, we disagree.

      The decision of whether or not to grant or deny a motion to sever is within the

discretion of the trial court,25 which it should exercise by considering the following

three factors:

      23
        Patch v. State, 337 Ga. App. 233, 236-37 (1) (786 SE2d 882) (2016)
(punctuation omitted).
      24
           See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319 (III) (B).
      25
          Jones v. State, 318 Ga. App. 26, 36 (5) (733 SE2d 72) (2012); see Kidwell
v. State, 264 Ga. 427, 432 (10) (444 SE2d 789) (1994) (“Since the grant or denial of
a motion to sever is left in the discretion of the trial court, its ruling will only be
reversed for an abuse of discretion . . . .”).

                                           13
      (1) whether the number of defendants will create confusion of the law
      and evidence applicable to each defendant; (2) whether there is a danger
      that evidence admissible against one defendant will be considered
      against another despite cautionary instructions to the contrary; and, (3)
      whether the defenses of the co-defendants are antagonistic to each
      other.26

Importantly, the burden is on the defendant requesting the severance to do more than

“raise the possibility that a separate trial would give him a better chance of

acquittal.”27 Specifically, to prevail on a motion to sever, the defendant must “make

a clear showing of prejudice and a consequent denial of due process.”28

      Here, the number of defendants (two) was small enough that the danger of

confusing the jury was minimal, especially as both Issa and Trusty were charged with

jointly participating in nearly all of the offenses arising out of the same crime scheme,

      26
         Jones, 318 Ga. App. at 36 (5) (punctuation omitted); accord McClendon v.
State, 299 Ga. 611, 615 (3) (791 SE2d 69) (2016).
      27
        Jones, 318 Ga. App. at 36 (5) (punctuation omitted); see Kidwell, 264 Ga. at
432 (10) (“The burden is on the defendant requesting the severance to “make a clear
showing of prejudice . . . .”).
      28
         Jones, 318 Ga. App. at 36 (5). (punctuation omitted); see Kidwell, 264 Ga.
at 432 (10).

                                           14
i.e., the home invasion.29 Additionally, both Issa and Trusty denied ever entering the

victims’ home; and although Trusty testified at trial, he did not implicate Issa in doing

so. Thus, their defenses were not antagonistic to one another.30 And while the State

presented evidence of other similar bad acts committed by Trusty, before it did so, the

trial court explicitly instructed the jury that such evidence “pertains to Mr. Trusty

only and not to the other accused,” and that “[t]his evidence may be considered by the

jury for the sole issue or purpose against the party for which the evidence is limited

and not for any other purpose.”31 Finally, as for the alleged spillover effect of the

evidence generally, “the mere fact that the evidence against [Trusty] might have been

      29
         See McClendon, 299 Ga. at 615 (3) (holding that trial court did not abuse
discretion in denying motion to sever because trial of three defendants would not
create confusion) Jones, 318 Ga. App. at 36 (5) (holding that trial court did not abuse
discretion in denying motion to sever given that trial of only two defendants would
not create confusion).
      30
         See McClendon, 299 Ga. at 615 (3) (holding that trial court did not abuse
discretion in denying motion to sever because co-defendants’ defenses were not
antagonistic); Jones, 318 Ga. App. at 36 (5) (same).
      31
          See White v. State, 315 Ga. App. 54, 62 (7) (726 SE2d 548) (2012) (holding
that similar-transaction evidence against co-defendant did not require severance given
that trial court instructed jury that such evidence only pertained to co-defendant).

                                           15
stronger than the evidence against [Issa] does not mandate severance.”32 Given these

particular circumstances, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Issa’s

motion to sever.

       3. Issa also contends that the trial court erred in ruling that the aggravated-

assault counts in the indictment were not fatally flawed. Yet again, we disagree.

       As noted supra, the purpose of an indictment is “to enable the defendant to

prepare his defense intelligently and to protect him from double jeopardy.”33 And an

indictment is technically correct and sufficient if it “states the offense in the terms and

language of the Code or in language so plain that jurors understand the nature of the

charged offense.”34 Consequently, the true test of the sufficiency of an indictment

       is not whether it could have been made more definite and certain, but
       whether it contains the elements of the offense intended to be charged,

       32
        White v. State, 281 Ga. 276, 280 (3) (637 SE2d 645) (2006); see White, 315
Ga. App. at 63 (7) (noting that it is not enough for the defendant to show that she
would have a better chance of acquittal at a separate trial or that the evidence against
a co-defendant is stronger, rather the defendant must show clearly that a joint trial
prejudiced her defense, resulting in a denial of due process).
       33
         State v. Austin, 297 Ga. App. 478, 478 (677 SE2d 706) (2009) (punctuation
omitted); accord Ham, 303 Ga. App. at 237 (1) (b); See Green, 292 Ga. at 452 (“The
purpose of an indictment is to inform the accused of the charges against him and to
protect the accused against another prosecution for the same offense.”).
       34
            Austin, 297 Ga. App. at 478.

                                            16
      and sufficiently apprises the defendant of what he must be prepared to
      meet, and, in case any other proceedings are taken against him for a
      similar offense, whether the record shows with accuracy to what extent
      he may plead a former acquittal or conviction.35

      In this matter, Count 4 of the indictment charged Issa with aggravated assault

with a deadly weapon, alleging that he “did unlawfully commit an assault upon the

person of [C. D.] by shooting him with a handgun, a deadly weapon . . . .” Counts 5

through 7 also charged him with aggravated assault with a deadly weapon upon each

of the three victims, alleging that he “did unlawfully commit an assault upon the

person of [the victim] by pointing at [the victim] with a handgun, a deadly weapon.”

All four counts essentially follow the language of former OCGA § 16-5-21 (a) (2),

which provided that a person commits aggravated assault when he assaults “[w]ith

a deadly weapon or with any object, device, or instrument which, when used

offensively against a person, is likely to or actually does result in serious bodily

      35
           Id. at 478-79 (punctuation omitted).

                                          17
injury.”36 And an indictment that is “substantially in the language of the Code is

sufficient in form and substance.”37

      Issa, nevertheless, argues that the aggravated-assault counts charged no crime

at all and were, thus, void, because they failed to allege the elements of simple

assault, i.e., that he attempted to commit a violent injury to the person of another or

that he committed an act which placed another in reasonable apprehension of

immediately receiving a violent injury.38 But this contention lacks merit. As the

Supreme Court of Georgia has explained, “[i]t is not necessary that an indictment

charging a defendant with aggravated assault specify the manner in which the simple

assault was committed, but it must set forth the aggravating aspect.”39 Accordingly,

because the indictment “used the language of the statute, included the essential

      36
           See former OCGA § 16-5-21 (a) (2) (2009).
      37
        Austin, 297 Ga. App. at 480 (punctuation omitted); see also State v. Wyatt,
295 Ga. 257, 260 (2) (759 SE2d 500) (2014) (noting that “an indictment couched in
the language of the statute alleged to have been violated” is not subject to a general
demurrer” (punctuation omitted)).
      38
           See OCGA § 16-5-20 (a).
      39
         Chase v. State, 277 Ga. 636, 638 (1) (592 SE2d 656) (2004); accord State
v. Wyatt, 295 Ga. 257, 261 (2) (a) (759 SE2d 500) (2014).

                                          18
elements of the offense, and was sufficiently definite to advise [Issa] of what he must

be prepared to confront, it was not void.”40

      4. In a related enumeration of error, Issa contends that the trial court erred by

improperly instructing the jury on aggravated assault, arguing that the court failed to

also instruct the jury as to the elements of simple assault. However, this contention

is belied by the record and, thus, lacks merit.

      Initially, it is important to note that Issa did not object to any portion of the trial

court’s jury charges, and under OCGA § 17-8-58, “[a]ny party who objects to any

portion of the charge to the jury or the failure to charge the jury shall inform the court

of the specific objection and the grounds for such objection before the jury retires to

deliberate.”41 The failure to so object precludes “appellate review of such portion of

the jury charge, unless such portion of the jury charge constitutes plain error which

affects the substantial rights of the parties.”42 In such cases, as the Supreme Court of

      40
        Johnson v. State, 286 Ga. 432, 434 (687 SE2d 833) (2010); see Austin, 297
Ga. App. at 480 (holding that an indictment that is substantially in the language of the
Code is sufficient in form and substance).
      41
           OCGA § 17-8-58 (a).
      42
        OCGA § 17-8-58 (b); see also Alvelo v. State, 290 Ga. 609, 614 (5) (724
SE2d 377) (2012) (holding that OCGA § 17-8-58 (b) requires an appellate court to
review for plain error an alleged jury-instruction error to which no objection was

                                            19
Georgia has explained, “the proper inquiry is whether the instruction was erroneous,

whether it was obviously so, and whether it likely affected the outcome of the

proceedings.”43 Consequently, because Issa failed to object whatsoever to the jury

charges, our review is limited to consideration in this regard.44

      It is, of course, well established that “the charge to the jury is to be taken as a

whole and not out of context when making determinations as to its correctness.”45

And in this matter, the trial court provided the jury with the following instruction

pertaining to aggravated assault:

      The offenses charged in Counts IV, V, VI, and VII are aggravated
      assault, and they will apply to all of those four charges in the indictment

raised at trial); Wheeler v. State, 327 Ga. App. 313, 318 (3) (758 SE2d 840) (2014)
(same).
      43
        Alvelo, 290 Ga. at 615 (5) (punctuation omitted); accord Wheeler, 327 Ga.
App. at 318 (3).
      44
         See OCGA § 17-8-58 (b); see also State v. Alvarez, 299 Ga. 213, 214 (1)
(790 SE2d 66) (2016) (noting that when trial counsel fails to object to a jury charge,
appellate courts must review the issue under the plain-error doctrine); Wheeler, 327
Ga. App. at 318 (3); King v. State, 317 Ga. App. 834, 836-37 (1) (733 SE2d 21)
(2012).
      45
         Minor v. State, 328 Ga. App. 128, 132 (2) (a) (761 SE2d 538) (2014)
(punctuation omitted); see Drayton v. State, 297 Ga. 743, 748-49 (2) (b) (778 SE2d
179) (2015) (explaining that before a jury charge will be considered reversible error,
it must be considered in the context of the jury instructions as a whole).

                                          20
      and will be the same definition of the crime charged but different
      alleged victims.

      Georgia law provides a person commits the offense of aggravated
      assault when that person assaults another person with a deadly weapon.
      To constitute such an assault actual injury to the alleged victim need not
      be shown. It is only necessary that the evidence show beyond a
      reasonable doubt that a defendant attempted to cause violent injury to
      the alleged victim [sic] under the intention of committing an act that
      placed the victim within reasonable fear of receiving a violent injury.

      The State must also prove as a material fact of aggravated assault in this
      case that the assault was made with a deadly weapon. A firearm, when
      used as such, is a deadly weapon as a matter of law.

      As previously noted, Issa argues that the trial court erred by failing to instruct

the jury on simple assault as being part of the offense of aggravated assault. But the

transcript clearly shows that the court instructed the jury as to both forms of simple

assault in its aggravated-assault instruction. In doing so, rather than using the

disjunctive “or” between the two definitions, the court seemed to combine the two

definitions. But even assuming that the seemingly incorrect word “under” was not a

transcription error, it was at worst a slip of the tongue. And the general rule is that

“the existence of a mere verbal inaccuracy in a jury instruction, resulting from a

                                          21
palpable ‘slip of the tongue’ and which could not have misled or confused the jury

will not provide a basis for reversal of a defendant’s conviction.”46 Furthermore, in

addition to the charge quoted above, the trial court had earlier instructed the jury in

its charges that “[t]he burden of proof rests upon the State to prove every material

allegation of the indictment and every essential element of the crime charged beyond

a reasonable doubt.” The court also provided the jury with a copy of the indictment

for review during its deliberations. Given these instructions as a whole, the trial

court’s aggravated-assault instruction did not constitute plain error.47

      5. Issa also contends that the trial court erred in denying a mistrial after a

State’s witness testified that Issa exercised his right to remain silent upon being

arrested and after the State’s prosecutor referenced Issa’s failure to testify during

closing arguments. Again, we disagree.

      46
        Green v. State, 291 Ga. 287, 294 (8) (a) (728 SE2d 668) (2012) (punctuation
omitted); accord Madison v. State, 329 Ga. App. 856, 865 (2) (766 SE2d 856) (2014);
Williams v. State, 303 Ga. App. 222, 230-31 (6) (692 SE2d 820) (2010).
      47
         See Flournoy v. State, 294 Ga. 741, 743-44 (2) (755 SE2d 777) (2014)
(holding that even when a jury instruction is defective, such a defect is cured when
the court provides the jury with the indictment and instructs jurors that the burden of
proof rests upon the State to prove every material allegation of the indictment and
every essential element of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt); Wheeler,
327 Ga. App. at 319-20 (3) (same).

                                          22
       It is axiomatic that a defendant’s “exercise of his rights to remain silent and to

be represented by counsel is not to be used as evidence against him.”48 That said, an

improper comment on these rights “does not necessarily require reversal.”49 In fact,

the grant or denial of a mistrial is within the trial court’s sound discretion, and “the

appellate court will not interfere with the trial court’s exercise of that discretion

unless it is clear that a mistrial was essential to preserve the right to a fair trial.”50

       In this matter, during its direct examination of the lead police detective, the

State’s prosecutor recounted the detective’s investigation that lead to him discovering

that Issa sustained a gunshot wound on the night in question and then asked, “What

was your next step?” The detective responded, “I had previously, before taking

       48
         Jefferson v. State, 312 Ga. App. 842, 852 (6) (720 SE2d 184) (2011); see
Whitaker v. State, 283 Ga. 521, 524 (3) (661 SE2d 557) (2008) (noting that the fact
that a defendant has exercised the right to remain silent is not to be used against the
defendant at trial).
       49
         Jefferson, 312 Ga. App. at 852 (6); see Whitaker, 283 Ga. at 524 (3) (noting
that [a]n improper comment on the defendant’s silence does not necessarily require
a reversal).
       50
         Whitaker, 283 Ga. at 524 (3) (punctuation omitted); see Jefferson, 312 Ga.
App. at 852-53 (6) (explaining that “[t]he grant or denial of a mistrial is within the
trial court’s sound discretion, and the appellate court will not interfere with the trial
court’s exercise of that discretion unless it is clear that a mistrial was essential to
preserve the right to a fair trial.” (punctuation omitted)).

                                            23
photos for Ahmed Issa, I had taken warrants out for him for the incident at [the

victims’ home]. And once he was arrested, he refused to talk to us, but I also had a

—” At this point, Issa’s counsel immediately objected and moved for a mistrial. But

after a lengthy discussion outside the presence of the jury, the trial court found that

the detective’s remark was not prompted by the State prosecutor’s question and,

therefore, denied Issa’s motion. Once the jury returned, the court gave a curative

instruction, directing the jury to ignore the detective’s last response. And following

a juror’s question regarding which remark to ignore, the court clarified and

confirmed, via a show of hands and general verbal agreement, that the jury would not

construe the comment against the accused.

      Issa argues that the trial court erred in refusing to grant a mistrial based on the

lead detective’s testimony. But testimony about the defendant remaining silent is not

deemed to be prejudicial if “it is made during a narrative on the part of the authorities

of a course of events and apparently was not intended to, nor did it have the effect of,

being probative on the guilt or innocence of the defendant.”51 Rather, to warrant a

      51
         Whitaker, 283 Ga. at 524 (3) (punctuation omitted); see Parks v. State, 281
Ga. App. 679, 681 (2) (637 SE2d 46) (2006) (holding that comment on defendant’s
silence was not reversible error because, inter alia, it did not have the effect of being
probative on guilt or innocence).

                                           24
reversal of a defendant’s conviction, “the evidence of the election to remain silent

must point directly at the substance of the defendant’s defense or otherwise

substantially prejudice the defendant in the eyes of the jury.”52 And here, the

detective’s remark was not directed to any particular statement or defense offered by

Issa, but was instead made during the detective’s explanation of the course of his

investigation. Furthermore, there is no indication that the remark had the effect of

being probative on the issue of guilt or innocence, and the trial court promptly gave

a curative instruction to the jury. Under these particular circumstances, the court did

not abuse its discretion in refusing to grant a mistrial.53

      Nevertheless, Issa argues that the prejudicial effect of the detective’s comment

was compounded during the State’s closing argument, when the prosecutor was

attacking the account Issa allegedly provided hospital staff to explain his gunshot

wound. Specifically, the prosecutor argued:

      52
         Whitaker, 283 Ga. at 524 (3) (punctuation omitted); see Parks, 281 Ga. App.
at 681 (2) (same).
      53
         See Whitaker, 283 Ga. at 524 (3) (holding that trial court did not abuse its
discretion in denying a mistrial and instead giving a curative instruction when an
improper comment on a defendant’s silence was not directed to any particular
statement or defense offered by the defendant, was made during the witness’s
explanation of the course of events, and did not have the effect of being probative on
the issue of guilt or innocence); Jefferson, 312 Ga. App. at 853 (6) (same).

                                           25
      If he could tell a story to the doctor’s to protect his own skin, that’s
      exactly what he’s going to do now. He knows the charges that he’s
      facing are really serious, so he’s going to come up with a story. Well,
      actually he didn’t even come up with a story, as far as you know. All
      you know is that the defense attorney, Mr. Sheppard, gave you a theory.

Issa’s counsel objected, claiming that the prosecutor was making an improper

comment about Issa’s decision not to testify, but the trial court disagreed that the

comment could be construed in such a way and overruled the objection.

      Issa argues that the trial court erred in overruling his objection to this part of

the State prosecutor’s closing argument. But in determining whether a prosecutor has

improperly commented on an accused failure to testify,

      we must evaluate whether the prosecutor’s manifest intention was to
      comment on the accused’s failure to testify or whether the remark was
      of such a character that a jury would naturally and necessarily take it to
      be a comment on the accused’s failure to testify.54

Importantly, it is not impermissible for the State to “comment on the general failure

of the defense to produce any evidence, since counsel for the State may argue that

      54
         Jennings v. State, 282 Ga. 679, 681-82 (4) (653 SE2d 17) (2007)
(punctuation omitted); accord Dingler v. State, 293 Ga. App. 27, 31 (3) (666 SE2d
441) (2008).

                                          26
evidence showing guilt has not been rebutted or contradicted.”55 Here, the State

prosecutor’s comments were not directed at Issa’s decision not to testify, but were

instead directed at the defense’s failure to adequately explain the State’s evidence.56

Accordingly, again, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying a mistrial.

      6. Issa further contends that the trial court erred in allowing the State to ask its

own witness leading questions. Once again, we disagree.

      During the State’s case, it called Destiny Forrester as a witness. The State’s

prosecutor immediately asked Forrester, “You don’t want to be here, do you?”

Forrester responded, “No, I don’t want to.” Then, with the very next question, the

prosecutor asked Forrester if she was afraid of the defendants, and she responded

affirmatively. Over the course of the next few minutes of the direct examination, the

prosecutor asked Forrester several leading questions, and Trusty’s counsel eventually

      55
          Dingler v. State, 293 Ga. App. 27, 31 (3) (666 SE2d 441) (2008)
(punctuation omitted); see Ponder v. State, 268 Ga. 544, 545 (2) (491 SE2d 363)
(1997) (holding that it was permissible for prosecutor to comment on the general
failure of the defense to produce any evidence).
      56
         See Ponder, 268 Ga. at 545 (2) (finding that prosecutor’s comment that
defendant failed to offer evidence in his own defense, was not an inappropriate
comment on defendant’s failure to testify but was directed at defense counsel’s failure
to explain the State’s evidence.); Dingler, 293 Ga. App. at 31 (3) (same).

                                           27
objected. But the trial court overruled the objection, stating “The witness has already

testified she don’t want to be here, so I will give her some leeway and let her lead.”

      Issa argues that allowing the State to ask leading questions of its own witness

constituted reversible error. But a trial court has discretion to permit leading

questions on direct examination when “a witness is reluctant, hostile, or overly

nervous.”57 Moreover, it would be a rare case in which “the trial court’s exercise of

discretion on this issue would warrant reversal.”58 And here, at the very start of the

direct examination, Forrester testified that she did not want to testify and that she was

afraid of the defendants, thus demonstrating both reluctance and nervousness.

Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the State to

conduct its direct examination of Forrester with leading questions.59

      57
         Culler v. State, 277 Ga. 717, 721 (5) (594 SE2d 631) (2004); accord Spencer
v. State, 328 Ga. App. 1, 5 (3) (761 SE2d 464) (2014); see OCGA § 24-6-611 (c)
(“When a party calls a hostile witness, an adverse party, or a witness identified with
an adverse party, interrogation may be by leading questions.”).
      58
        Fugate v. State, 263 Ga. 260, 265 (10) (431 SE2d 104) (1993); accord
Spencer, 328 Ga. App. at 5 (3).
      59
         See Fugate, 263 Ga. at 265 (10) (holding that the State could ask leading
questions of its witness, a co-defendant who had entered a plea, after witness initially
refused to answer questions in violation of her plea agreement); Spencer, 328 Ga.
App. at 5 (3) (same).

                                           28
      7. Issa next contends that the trial court erred in failing to apply the rule of

lenity when sentencing him as a recidivist on the attempted-armed-robbery

convictions. Specifically, Issa argues that his sentence on these convictions is void

because there is an ambiguity between the recidivist statute, the armed-robbery

statute, and the criminal-attempt statute. Yet again, we disagree.

      We first note, as our Supreme Court has explained, that the rule of lenity finds

its roots in the vagueness doctrine, “which requires fair warning as to what conduct

is proscribed.”60 More precisely, the rule of lenity “ensures that if and when an

ambiguity exists in one or more statutes, such that the law exacts varying degrees of

punishment for the same offense, the ambiguity will be resolved in favor of a

defendant, who will then receive the lesser punishment.”61 Nevertheless, if after

applying the traditional canons of statutory construction “the relevant text remains

unambiguous, the rule of lenity will not apply.”62

      60
        McNair v. State, 293 Ga. 282, 283 (745 SE2d 646) (2013) (punctuation
omitted); accord Gordon v. State, 334 Ga. App. 633, 634 (780 SE2d 376) (2015).
      61
         Gordon, 334 Ga. App. at 634 (punctuation omitted); see McNair, 293 Ga. at
283 (noting that the rule of lenity provides that statutory ambiguity is resolved in
favor of the defendant, who will then receive the lesser punishment).
      62
         Gordon, 334 Ga. App. at 634-35; see McNair, 293 Ga. at 284 (stating that
the rule of lenity does not apply when the statutory provisions are unambiguous).

                                         29
      Turning now to the statutes at issue, OCGA § 17-10-7 (a), in part, provides:

      . . . any person who, after having been convicted of a felony offense in
      this state or having been convicted under the laws of any other state or
      of the United States of a crime which if committed within this state
      would be a felony and sentenced to confinement in a penal institution,
      commits a felony punishable by confinement in a penal institution shall
      be sentenced to undergo the longest period of time prescribed for the
      punishment of the subsequent offense of which he or she stands
      convicted, provided that, unless otherwise provided by law, the trial
      judge may, in his or her discretion, probate or suspend the maximum
      sentence prescribed for the offense.

Under OCGA § 16-8-41 (b), “[a] person convicted of the offense of armed robbery

shall be punished by death or imprisonment for life or by imprisonment for not less

than ten nor more than 20 years.” And under OCGA § 16-4-6 (a), “[a] person

convicted of the offense of criminal attempt to commit a crime punishable by death

or by life imprisonment shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than one year

nor more than 30 years.”

      In this matter, after the jury rendered its verdict, the State introduced evidence

that Issa had previously been convicted of felony offenses. The trial court then

imposed separate sentences of 30 years for each of the three attempted-armed-robbery

convictions.

                                          30
      On appeal, Issa argues that the interplay between the three foregoing statutes

created an ambiguity that renders his sentence void. But only a few years ago, this

Court held “that the construction of OCGA § 17-10-7 (a) as applied to the armed

robbery statute is clear: the longest period of time prescribed for punishment of armed

robbery is life imprisonment.”63 And we further concluded that there was “no

ambiguity in the application of OCGA § 17-10-7 (a) to the sentencing provisions in

the armed robbery statute.”64 Similarly, here, there is no ambiguity in the application

of OCGA § 17-10-7 (a) to the sentencing provision for attempted armed robbery,

which—under OCGA § 16-4-6 (a)—carries a maximum sentence of 30 years given

the fact that a completed armed robbery carries a maximum sentence of life

imprisonment.65 In light of these circumstances, the sentence imposed by the trial

      63
         Mack v. State, 323 Ga. App. 821, 823 (748 SE2d 299) (2013); see Worley v.
State, 265 Ga. 251, 252 (1) (“The armed robbery statute clearly specifies that a person
convicted of armed robbery can be sentenced to prison for life . . . .”); Lester v. State,
309 Ga. App. 1, 5 (2) (710 SE2d 161) (2011) (concluding that life imprisonment was
the longest authorized punishment for a conviction of armed robbery).
      64
        Mack, 323 Ga. App. at 823; see also Worley, 265 Ga. at 253 (2) (holding that
the armed robbery statute can be reconciled with OCGA § 17-10-1 and its sentencing
provision is not unconstitutionally void for vagueness).
      65
           See OCGA § 16-8-41 (b).

                                           31
court for Issa’s attempted-armed-robbery convictions falls within the statutory range

and is not void.

      8. Finally, Issa contends that the trial court erred in denying his claim of

ineffective assistance of counsel. Once again, we disagree.

      In order to prevail on his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, we apply

the two-pronged test established in Strickland v. Washington,66 which requires Issa

to demonstrate that his trial counsel’s performance was “deficient and that the

deficient performance so prejudiced [him] that there is a reasonable likelihood that,

but for counsel’s errors, the outcome of the trial would have been different.”67 In

addition, there is a strong presumption that trial counsel’s conduct falls within the

broad range of reasonable professional conduct, and a criminal defendant must

overcome this presumption.68 Unless clearly erroneous, this Court “will uphold a trial

      66
           466 U.S. 668, 687 (III) (104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984).
      67
         Chapman v. State, 273 Ga. 348, 349-50 (2) (541 SE2d 634) (2001); see
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687 (III); Ashmid v. State, 316 Ga. App. 550, 556 (3) (730
SE2d 37) (2012).
      68
         Chapman, 273 Ga. at 350 (2); see Cammer v. Walker, 290 Ga. 251, 255 (1)
(719 SE2d 437) (2011) (“A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is judged by
whether counsel rendered reasonably effective assistance, not by a standard of
errorless counsel or by hindsight.” (punctuation omitted)).

                                         32
court’s factual determinations with respect to claims of ineffective assistance of

counsel; however, a trial court’s legal conclusions in this regard are reviewed de

novo.”69 Bearing these guiding principles in mind, we turn now to Issa’s specific

claim.

         Faced with testimony from all three victims that one of the perpetrators

suffered a gunshot wound to the leg during the home invasion, testimony from an

emergency-room physician that he treated Issa for a gunshot wound to the leg several

hours after the home invasion, and Issa’s blood found on a wooden fence slat in the

back yard of the subject home, Issa’s counsel argued in his closing that his client went

with others to the victims’ home but abandoned the robbery plan, was then shot by

one of the other perpetrators, and remained in the back yard for some time after being

wounded. And in a further effort to explain why all three victims testified that the

perpetrator who struggled with C. D. was shot, Issa’s counsel posited that this

unknown perpetrator faked being wounded after the gun fired during the struggle and

continued this charade while in the home, knowing that doing so would implicate a

wounded Issa still waiting in the back yard.

         69
              Sowell v. State, 327 Ga. App. 532, 539 (4) (759 SE2d 602) (2014).

                                             33
      Issa now contends, as he did in his motion for new trial, that his trial counsel’s

argument during closing was so absurd that it amounted to ineffective assistance. But

during the hearing on Issa’s motion for new trial, his trial counsel testified that in

light of the strong—albeit circumstantial—evidence against his client, he believed

that his theory of a third perpetrator, who faked being shot after the struggle with C.

D., distanced Issa from the egregious crimes that occurred inside the victims’ home

and best explained why Issa’s blood was found outside on the fence but was not

conclusively matched with any of the blood found inside the home. And this is

exactly the kind of strategic decision that, generally, cannot and will not “serve as the

basis for an ineffective assistance claim.”70 Indeed, a strategy that “presents

alternative defense theories—all of which are better for the defendant than the

prosecution theory of the case—generally falls within the broad range of reasonable

professional conduct.”71 And counsel’s reasoned explanation for his strategy here was

      70
        Maurer v. State, 320 Ga. App. 585, 595 (6) (g) (740 SE2d 318) (2013)
(punctuation omitted).
      71
           State v. Mobley, 296 Ga. 876, 881 (770 SE2d 1) (2015).

                                           34
“not so unsound that no reasonable lawyer would have pursued it.”72 Thus, the trial

court did not err in denying Issa’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.

      For all the foregoing reasons, we affirm Issa’s convictions and the denial of his

motion for new trial.

      Judgment affirmed. Reese and Bethel, JJ., concur.

      72
          Maurer, 320 Ga. App. at 595 (6) (g); see Mobley, 296 Ga. at 881 (holding
that trial counsel did not render ineffective assistance by positing mutual combat
defense as an alternative in murder case, even if doing so might have impaired
principal defense of justification); State v. Reynolds, 332 Ga. App. 818, 822-23 (775
SE2d 187) (2015) (holding that trial counsel’s strategy of explaining that defendant
was at the scene of crime to deal drugs rather than commit robbery was not
unreasonable).

                                         35