Court Opinion

ID: 2959765
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-17 17:02:49.273013+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:25:20.154469
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

IN RE RIVERBED TECHNOLOGY,            )      CONSOLIDATED
INC. STOCKHOLDERS LITIGATION          )     C.A. No. 10484-VCG

                       MEMORANDUM OPINION

                      Date Submitted: August 7, 2015
                     Date Decided: September 17, 2015

Peter B. Andrews and Craig J. Springer, of ANDREWS & SPRINGER, LLC,
Wilmington, Delaware; Seth D. Rigrodsky, Brian D. Long, Gina M. Serra, and
Jeremy J. Riley, of RIGRODSKY & LONG, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; OF
COUNSEL: Jason M. Leviton, Stephen P. Harte, and Joel A. Fleming, of BLOCK
& LEVITON LLP, Boston, Massachusetts; Kent A. Bronson, Arvind Khurana, and
Roy Shimon, of MILBERG LLP, New York, New York, Attorneys for Plaintiffs.

Tamika Montgomery-Reeves and Bradley D. Sorrels, of WILSON SONSINI
GOODRICH & ROSATI, PC, Wilmington, Delaware; OF COUNSEL: David J.
Berger, Katherine L. Henderson, and David A. Brown, of WILSON SONSINI
GOODRICH & ROSATI, PC, Palo Alto, California, Attorneys for the Riverbed
Defendants.

William M. Lafferty and Ryan D. Stottmann, of MORRIS NICHOLS ARSHT &
TUNNELL LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; OF COUNSEL: Mark E. McKane, PC
and Ashley Littlefield, of KIRKLAND ELLIS LLP, San Francisco, California,
Attorneys for the Project Homestake Holdings, LLC, Project Homestake Merger
Corp., and Thoma Bravo, LLC.

Joseph L. Christensen, of JOSEPH CHRISTENSEN P.A., Wilmington, Delaware,
Attorney for Objector Sean J. Griffith.

GLASSCOCK, Vice Chancellor
      As a bench judge in a court of equity, much of what I do involves problems

of, in a general sense, agency: insuring that those acting for the benefit of others

perform with fidelity, rather than doing what comes naturally to men and women—

pursuing their own interests, sometimes in ways that conflict with the interests of

their principals. In this task, I am generally aided by advocates in an adversarial

system, each representing the interest of his client. Of course, these counsel are

themselves agents, but their actions are generally aligned with that of their

principals in a way that does not require Court involvement. The area of class

litigation involving the actions of fiduciaries stands apart from this general rule,

however, especially in litigation like the instant case, involving the termination of

ownership rights of corporate stockholders via merger. Such cases are particularly

fraught with questions of agency: among others, the basic questions regarding the

behavior of the fiduciaries that are the subject of the litigation; questions of meta-

agency involving the adequacy of the actions of the class representative—the

plaintiff—on behalf of the class; and what might be termed meta-meta-agency

questions involving the motivations of counsel for the class representative in

prosecuting the litigation. At each remove, there may be interests of the agent that

diverge from that of the principals.       This matter, involving the deceptively

straightforward review of a proposed settlement, bears a full load of such freight.

                                          2
       This matter is before me to approve a settlement on behalf of a class

consisting of the common stockholders (the ―Class‖)1 of Riverbed Technology,

Inc. (―Riverbed‖ or the ―Company‖). The litigation arises from a transaction in

which Thoma Bravo, LLC (―Thoma Bravo‖) and Teachers‘ Private Capital, an

affiliate of Ontario Teachers‘ Pension Plan, acquired all outstanding shares of

Riverbed at a price of $21 per share, cash, valuing the Company at approximately

$3.6 billion (the ―Merger‖). The Plaintiffs initially sought to enjoin the Merger,

alleging that the sales process undervalued the Company and was tainted by

conflicts of interest.2 The Plaintiffs also raised a number of disclosure claims,

some of which were mooted by the definitive proxy (the ―Mooted Disclosures‖).

Shortly after the filing of the definitive proxy, I granted expedition on the claims

regarding disclosure of potential conflicts of interest held by Goldman Sachs, one

of the financial advisors. Approximately ten days later, the parties executed a

Memorandum of Understanding, and ultimately entered into the Stipulation and

Agreement of Compromise, Settlement and Release (the ―Settlement‖) pursuant to

1
  The Class is defined to include ―any and all record and beneficial owners of Riverbed common
stock during the period beginning on December 14, 2014, and ending with the consummation of
the Merger.‖ See Stipulation and Agreement of Compromise, Settlement and Release § 1(a).
2
  For example, in the Amended Complaint, the Plaintiffs noted prominently that approximately a
year earlier, Riverbed‘s board of directors rejected an offer from hedge fund Elliot Management
Corporation (together with its affiliates, ―Elliot‖) for $21 per share as inadequate. Am.
Complaint ¶¶ 4–5. Around the time of Elliot‘s offer, the Company had been valued by analysts
at $25 per share, and in the year preceding the transaction, the Company‘s stock price was as
high as $20.87 per share. Ultimately, however, the Company had negative results in more recent
quarters and received the $21 price from Thoma Bravo following an auction process wherein no
topping bidders emerged.

                                              3
which the Company made supplemental disclosures in an SEC filing prior to the

stockholder vote (the ―Supplemental Disclosures‖).

       A. Class Certification

       I first address the certification of the Class. This is a stockholder action that

alleges breaches of fiduciary duties, raising identical issues with respect to each

member of the very numerous Class. For the reasons set out in multiple decisions

of this Court, this Class and its representation by experienced Plaintiffs‘ counsel

meets the requirements of Rule 23(a).3 This action also satisfies Rule 23(b)(1)–(2);

this Court has recognized that actions challenging the exercise of fiduciary duties

in corporate transactions are properly certifiable under Rule 23(b)(1), and Rule

23(b)(2) is satisfied because the Plaintiffs seek final relief with respect to the Class

as a whole.4 The only remaining question regarding certification of the Class

representatives involves whether the representatives and their counsel had adequate

incentives to pursue faithfully the interests of the Class, which is subsumed in the

analysis of the Settlement, discussed below.

       B. Objectors’ Standing

       Before turning to the substantive analysis of the agency considerations at

issue, both in the class action context generally and in the specific Settlement here,

3
   Rule 23 requires a showing of numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of
representation. Ct. Ch. R. 23(a).
4
  See, e.g., Allen v. El Paso Pipeline GP Co., L.L.C., 2014 WL 2086371, at *2 (Del. Ch. May 19,
2014).

                                              4
I note that no stockholder owning stock on or before the date the Merger was

announced made a timely objection.5 However, one objector, Sean J. Griffith (the

―Objector‖), a law school professor who has written academically on the agency

problem addressed here,6 bought stock in the Company for the specific purpose of

making an objection. He filed a brief opposing the Settlement and was represented

by counsel at the settlement hearing.

       The Plaintiffs urge me to find that a party taking exception to a potential

settlement must be a stockholder before the underlying transaction is announced.

This argument is made despite the fact that Mr. Griffith is clearly a member of the

Class who will be affected by the Settlement, and that it is the Settlement itself that

5
  Sam Kazman, who held his Riverbed stock through an account with Fidelity, filed an untimely
objection, arguing that the settlement should not be approved because he only received notice on
the final day for filing objections. The Defendants have provided information showing that the
notice process complied with my Order. As Vice Chancellor Laster recently noted in Activision,
those who hold stock through nominees do so at the risk of missing notice of corporate actions.
In re Activision Blizzard, Inc. S’holder Litig., 2015 WL 2438067, at *29 (Del. Ch. May 21,
2015). In the absence of a deviation from the Court-ordered notice, which was reasonably
calculated to inform stockholders of this action, and in light of the difficulties inherent in holding
stock through a nominee, Mr. Kazman‘s objection to the process by which he was given notice is
unpersuasive.
         A second former stockholder, Dr. Mark Stuart Day, sent a letter of objection on July 30,
2015, ostensibly motivated by reading a Wall Street Journal article about this settlement. That
letter indicates that Day lacked a sufficient incentive to make a timely and substantive objection
and conveyed Day‘s position that the ―settlement is of no benefit to an ordinary shareholder like
[him], and serves only to enrich the people filing the original suit(s).‖ While that letter raises an
interesting question of the adequacy of an incentive for individual stockholders to object to
settlements with which they disagree, it does not affect my analysis of the consideration given
and received in this settlement under Delaware law. Plaintiffs, however, responded to Dr. Day‘s
letter; Day‘s reply was submitted on August 7, 2015, and I consider the matter submitted for
decision as of that date.
6
  Jill E. Fisch et al., Confronting the Peppercorn Settlement in Merger Litigation: An Empirical
Analysis and a Proposal for Reform, 93 Tex. L. Rev. 557 (2015).

                                                  5
is the ―transaction‖ he seeks to challenge. The Plaintiffs opine that if objectors in

Mr. Griffith‘s position are permitted to be heard, ―professional‖ objectors with

nefarious strike-suit motives will pop up like mushrooms after a two-day rain.

This Court has tools, however, including application of the doctrine of unclean

hands, to deal with that problem, should it occur. At any rate, given that Mr.

Griffith is a member of the Class and thus interested in the Settlement, I find that

he is entitled to oppose the Settlement.

       B. Consideration of the Proposed Settlement

       In light of the agency problems inherent in representative litigation,

mentioned above and discussed in more detail below, it falls to this Court to

determine whether a proposed class action settlement is fair to the Class. This

Court and our Supreme Court have recognized that the evaluation of fairness

involves consideration of the ―balance [of] the value of all the claims being

compromised against the value of the benefit to be conferred on the Class by the

settlement.‖7 But, more broadly, ―[t]he Court of Chancery plays a special role

when asked to approve the settlement of a class or derivative action. It must

balance the policy preference for settlement against the need to insure that the

interests of the class have been fairly represented.‖8 This does not require the

7
  In re MCA, Inc. S’holders Litig., 598 A.2d 687, 691 (Del. Ch. 1991); see also Brinckerhoff v.
Texas E. Prod. Pipeline Co., 986 A.2d 370, 384 (Del. Ch. 2010).
8
  Barkan v. Amsted Indus., Inc., 567 A.2d 1279, 1283 (Del. 1989) (emphasis added).

                                              6
settlement to be the best possible outcome for the Class conceivable by the Court.

It does require the Court to ensure that divided loyalties have not influenced the

actions of the Class representative and counsel, and that the settlement reached is

reasonable in light of the facts alleged and the record developed, and in light of the

proposed release of claims.

             1. The Agency Problems

                    a. The Interests of the Class Representative and Counsel

      Settlements in class actions present a well-known agency problem:             A

plaintiff‘s attorney may favor a quick settlement where the additional effort

required to fully develop valuable claims on behalf of the class may not generate

an additional fee as lucrative to the plaintiff‘s attorney as accepting a quick and

moderate fee, then pursuing other interests. The interest of the principal—the

individual plaintiff/stockholder—is often so small that it serves as scant check on

the perverse incentive described above, notwithstanding that the aggregate interest

of the class in pursuing litigation may be great—the very problem that makes class

litigation appropriate in the first instance.

      This agency problem is, in part, ameliorated—but not entirely eliminated—

by requiring counsel for both sides to refrain from negotiating fees until a

settlement of the underlying matter is reached. I am assured that this hygienic

procedure was followed scrupulously here.        Nonetheless, the agency problem

                                            7
remains, as both sides are necessarily aware that the common benefit doctrine will

permit the plaintiffs to seek an award of fees.

       Nothing in this discussion should be read as a criticism of plaintiffs‘ counsel

in class actions, either collectively or with reference to the individuals here. In

fact, the proper functioning of our system of common-law review of corporate

actions could not occur absent an active plaintiffs‘ bar, and much conduct by

corporate fiduciaries inimical to the interests of the stockholders—the core agency

problem—would never see the light of day if not for the efforts of counsel and the

risks they take in the prosecution of cases for a contingency fee, on behalf of the

stockholders.9 It has also been my experience that counsel appearing on behalf of

a class take their professional responsibilities to that class seriously. Nonetheless,

in reviewing settlements, the incentives that operate on the representatives and

their counsel bear examination.

                     b. The Incentives of the Defendants

       The adversarial system provides little comfort that mal-alignments between

the interests of the class and its counsel resulting from perverse incentives will be

revealed and addressed, because the defendants‘ interest is largely subsumed

within that of the successor entities‘ interest, which is commonly in the

consummation of the deal and the termination of any further litigation threat.

9
  The role of the Court in assigning a proper incentive for such litigation is discussed in the
context of the fee award request, below.

                                              8
Where the defendants‘ interest may be captured via a broad release, inexpensive

disclosures and a modest—in light of the value of the merger—fee award, there is

little incentive for the defendants to engage in further litigation even if the claims

are weak; and every reason to go forward to obtain via settlement what one

member of this Court has termed ―deal insurance,‖ the broadest release possible.10

       In combination, the incentives of the litigants may be inimical to the class:

the individual plaintiff may have little actual stake in the outcome, her counsel may

rationally believe a quick settlement and modest fee is in his best financial interest,

and the defendants may be happy to ―purchase,‖ at the bargain price of disclosures

of marginal benefit to the class and payment of the plaintiffs‘ attorney fees, a broad

release from liability.

                       c. The Lack of an Adversary

       It is the agency problem just described (among other factors) that, despite

this Court‘s general encouragement of settlement rather than litigation, mandates

scrutiny of settlements by this Court in class actions.11                    In a case involving

individual litigants as opposed to a class action, of course, it is the plaintiffs who

10
    In re Intermune, Inc., S’holder Litig., C.A. No. 10086-VCN (Del. Ch. Jul. 8, 2015)
(TRANSCRIPT).
11
   See, e.g., Mannix v. PlasmaNet, Inc., 2015 WL 4455032, at *4 (Del. Ch. July 21, 2015); In re
Activision Blizzard, Inc. S’holder Litig., WL 2438067, at *12 (Del. Ch. May 21, 2015) (The
potential divergence between the personal interests of the attorneys conducting the litigation and
the interests of the class or corporation they represent means that ―the Court of Chancery
must . . . play the role of fiduciary in its review of these settlements . . . .‖ (quoting In re Resorts
Int'l S'holders Litig. Appeals, 570 A.2d 259, 266 (Del.1990)).

                                                   9
must scrutinize the claims being given up, the value of the settlement, and, in the

case of a broad release, the potential value of unknown claims being surrendered in

connection with the settlement. In the class action arena, it falls to the Court to

consider the fairness of that exchange.12

       The interests of the individual litigants and their counsel may not be fully

aligned with the class, as I have described. Moreover, members of the class, who

are the potential losers if the settlement is improvidently approved, may, like the

class representative, have but a small stake in the outcome; they may not have

sufficient incentive to make appearance and objection worthwhile.13 This typically

leaves the judge to attempt to address the practical equitable factors involved,

without the valuable assistance of true adversarial presentations. In this particular

case, however, I had the benefit of such a presentation. I now turn to the equities

of the settlement proposed.

                      d. Considerations in this Matter

12
   In re Philadelphia Stock Exch., Inc., 945 A.2d 1123, 1137 (Del. 2008) (―On a motion to
approve a settlement, the trial court is not required to try the case or decide the issues on the
merits. Rather, ‗the court's function is to consider the nature of the claim, the possible defenses
thereto, the legal and factual circumstances of the case, and then to apply its own business
judgment in deciding whether the settlement is reasonable in light of these factors.‘‖ (quoting
Polk v. Good, 507 A.2d 531, 535 (Del. 1986))); In re Countrywide Corp. Shareholders Litig.,
2009 WL 2595739, at *3 (Del. Ch. Aug. 24, 2009) (―In assessing the fairness of the Proposed
Settlement in relation to the release of such claims the Court focuses its evaluation primarily on
the probable validity of the claims, and the apparent difficulty of enforcing them.‖), aff'd sub
nom. Arkansas Teacher Ret. Sys. v. Caiafa, 996 A.2d 321 (Del. 2010).
13
   See infra note 5.

                                                10
       This case, like many stockholder actions settled in this Court, was resolved

by the Defendants agreeing to make additional disclosures to the stockholders,

which in theory enable the plaintiff Class to exercise its franchise in a better-

informed manner. While such disclosures are in some instances material to the

class members in exercising their voting franchise, and are thus valuable,14 in other

cases their value is dubious. In return, the Plaintiffs agreed to forgo the substantive

process claims alleged in the complaint and to release all claims arising from the

merger. The concern of this Court must be the agency problem described above, in

light of the Defendants‘ interest in making a few low-cost disclosures and

consenting to a modest fee request in return for release of what might be valuable

claims both under fiduciary common law and Federal statutory law. That is the

setting under which my analysis must occur.

               3. Fairness of this Settlement

       The Plaintiffs and the Defendants agree that settlement is appropriate here.

The Plaintiffs first point to the Supplemental Disclosures it obtained for the

Class.15 The definitive proxy disclosed only that one of the financial advisors,

14
   But see Jill E. Fisch et al., Confronting the Peppercorn Settlement in Merger Litigation: An
Empirical Analysis and a Proposal for Reform, 93 Tex. L. Rev. 557 (2015).
15
   For purposes of determining the fairness to the Class of the settlement, I consider only the
Supplemental Disclosures, which were the consideration flowing to the Class in exchange for the
Defendants‘ release. The Plaintiffs also seek credit for a handful of Mooted Disclosures, that is,
the deficient disclosure claims raised in the complaints that were mooted by filing of the
definitive proxy. I consider those in connection with the Plaintiffs‘ request for attorney‘s fees,
discussed below.

                                               11
Goldman Sachs, had at least a prior business relationship with the purchasers; the

Supplemental Disclosures explicitly showed that Goldman had present

engagements with the purchasers and their affiliates. Moreover, the Supplemental

Disclosures informed the stockholders, for the first time, of the substantial nature

of Goldman‘s relationship with these entities. Specifically, Goldman had received

approximately $25 million in fees from one of the purchasers (or its affiliates)16

within the two years leading up to the Merger here; by contrast, Goldman received

approximately $30 million for its services in the Merger.17 The Supplemental

Disclosures also included several less substantive disclosures, such as the

(conservative) tax rates used by the financial advisors in their fairness opinions.

Those are less substantial, in my view, as they merely disclose facts making the

transaction more attractive to the Class.18

       While the disclosures involving Goldman are negative disclosures of the

type this Court has in the past found of value to the Class, I note that, of the shares

16
   Griffith argued that I should discount the force of this disclosure since it conflated the
purchasers, their affiliates, and their portfolio companies.
17
   Griffith argued that these conferred no benefit to the Class, as the previous disclosures already
made clear that Goldman ―has provided certain . . . services to [the Company, as well as the
purchasers, and their affiliates] from time to time for which [it] has received, and may receive,
compensation.‖ Griffith contends that ―may receive‖ suggests continuing engagement, and that
the disclosure that Goldman was providing services as of December 14, and the amount of fees
received in the previous two years for those services, did not alter the total mix of information
available to stockholders.
18
   While it is possible that ―positive‖ disclosures may add materially to the total mix of
information considered by a stockholder, a board of directors has every reason to make such
positive disclosures in support of an action it has recommended; little judicial oversight is needed
with respect to such disclosures.

                                                12
voting, 99.48% voted in favor of the Merger despite the disclosures.              This

demonstrates to me, even without resort to the academic literature that questions

the value of disclosures to the Class, that the disclosure here was not of great

importance. To use the expression first made in this context by Chancellor Allen,

the Plaintiffs have achieved for the Class a peppercorn,19 a positive result of small

therapeutic value to the Class which can support, in my view, a settlement, but

only where what is given up is of minimal value.

      The Plaintiffs, through counsel at oral argument and in the briefing, argue

strenuously that although the fiduciary duty claims in the complaint were robust,

their expert informed the Plaintiffs that he could not opine that the Merger price

was unfair to the Class. In light of that representation, therefore, while viable

(according to the Plaintiffs) fiduciary duty claims are being released, they are not

claims that could have resulted, if pursued, in a benefit to the Class. Further,

Plaintiffs‘ counsel testified that he is expert in the area of Federal securities

litigation, that he examined the record with an eye toward potential Federal claims,

and that none appeared viable. In light of that, according to the Plaintiffs, the

―give‖ from the Class in connection with the Settlement is basically nil.

      The Objector made two arguments against acceptance of the Settlement.

First, he argued that the Supplemental Disclosures are essentially valueless. I have

19
   See Solomon v. Pathe Commc'ns Corp., 1995 WL 250374, at *4 (Del. Ch. Apr. 21, 1995),
aff'd, 672 A.2d 35 (Del. 1996).

                                          13
already found, however, that the Supplemental Disclosures had tangible, although

minor, value to the Class. At oral argument, the Objector pursued a second course:

arguing that there may be valuable unknown claims extinguished by the release

and that the lack of a full record should cause me to reject the Settlement, leaving

the parties to pursue further litigation or attempt to reach a settlement with a much

narrower release. This, in light of the rather meager benefit achieved by the

Settlement for the Class, as well as the broad release bargained for, is a serious

objection. In another factual scenario it might well carry the day. However, under

the specific facts here, I find the Settlement appropriate, in light of the following.

       I note first that, given the past practice of this Court in examining

settlements of this type, the parties in good faith negotiated a remedy—additional

disclosures—that has been consummated, with the reasonable expectation that the

very broad, but hardly unprecedented, release20 negotiated in return would be

approved by this Court. I note that this factor, while it bears some equitable weight

here, will be diminished or eliminated going forward in light of this Memorandum

Opinion and other decisions of this Court.21 I also note that this is a case in which

20
   The breadth of the release here is a matter of dispute between the parties and the Objector;
they debate whether it is so broad as that described by judges in this jurisdiction as ―inter-
galactic.‖ Whether this particular release is indeed inter-galactic, or only, say, solar-systemic,
Jovian or just global, it is a broad release of existing claims arising from the merger, known and
unknown.
21
   See generally In re Susser Holdings Corp. S’holder Litig., C.A. No. 9613-VCG (Del. Ch. Sept.
15, 2015) (TRANSCRIPT); Acevedo v. Aeroflex Holding Corp., C.A. No. 9730-VCL (Del. Ch.

                                               14
Plaintiffs‘ counsel carefully considered Federal claims and found them not viable.

Importantly, any potential fiduciary duty damages claims—the claims that the

Objector strongly urges should be investigated before a general release is

entered—would face the same shortcoming which dooms the claims specifically

raised in the Amended Complaint: the lack of an expert opinion that the Merger

was at an unfair price.22 Finally, I note that the Objector has no interest in taking

over the litigation, and that no other member of the Class has filed a timely

objection, let alone sought to pursue further fiduciary claims.

       In light of the unique circumstances described above, if I may describe what

has been achieved for the Class as a peppercorn, what has been released looks

more like a mustard seed. That fact notwithstanding, the breadth of the release is

troubling. It is hubristic to believe that upon this record I can properly evaluate,

and dismiss as insubstantial, all potential Federal and State claims. If it were not

for the reasonable reliance of the parties on formerly settled practice in this Court,

which I have found above, the interests of the Class might merit rejection of a

settlement encompassing a release that goes far beyond the claims asserted and the

results achieved. However, in the specific circumstances presented, I find the

Settlement fair to the Class, and approve it.

Jul. 8, 2015) (TRANSCRIPT); In re Intermune, Inc., S’holder Litig., C.A. No. 10086-VCN (Del.
Ch. Jul. 8, 2015) (TRANSCRIPT).
22
   Damages is not an element of a breach of fiduciary duty claim; nonetheless, as a practical
matter, such a claim is of little value where damages are not provable.

                                             15
        D. Attorney’s Fees

        Finally I turn to attorney‘s fees. This Court follows the American Rule on

fees, under which each party bears its own. Exceptions exist, however, and to the

extent that the Plaintiffs have achieved a benefit, via prosecution of litigation

meritorious when filed, shared by the owners of the company—the class of

common stockholders23—the Plaintiffs are entitled to share the reasonable costs of

the litigation with the Class.24 Here, the Plaintiffs seek, and Defendants do not

oppose, a fee of $500,000. I have already found that a tangible, if minor, Class

benefit was achieved by way of one of the Supplemental Disclosures. It is clear

that this result was entirely caused by this litigation, as recited in the Stipulation

and Agreement of Compromise, Settlement and Release. However, that result is

too modest a benefit to justify the fee sought here.

        The Plaintiffs also contend that the Mooted Disclosures, that is, those

disclosures in the definitive proxy that were made after the seven individual

complaints alleged deficiencies in the preliminary proxy, should be considered in

my award of attorney‘s fees. The most significant of the Mooted Disclosures

23
   See In re First Interstate Bancorp Consol. S’holder Litig., 756 A.2d 353, 357–60 (Del. Ch.
1999) (discussing the appropriate source of fees for benefit to a stockholder class under the
―common fund‖ and ―corporate benefits‖ doctrines).
24
   See, e.g., id. at 362 (stating that ―it is more fair to require [the successor entity] to pay a fee to
plaintiffs‘ counsel than to deny them any fee at all. Because no other source of payment is
available, this court will regard the assets of [the successor entity] as ‗being a fund belonging to
the stockholders in common.‘‖ (quoting Richman v. DeVal Aerodynamics, Inc., 185 A.2d 884,
885 (Del. Ch. 1962))).

                                                  16
included inputs to the free cash flow projections for 2014–2019 derived by

management and relied upon by the financial advisors; management‘s capital

expenditure projections for 2014–2019; and the financial advisors‘ treatment of

stock-based compensation in their fairness opinions.                      To the extent those

disclosures were of value to the Class, they can support a fee award, but only if the

litigation itself was both meritorious when filed25 and the cause of the disclosures.

          Under Delaware law, a presumption of causation arises by chronology; that

is, where claims against a defendant are mooted while litigation is pending, the

actions mooting the claims are presumed to have resulted from the litigation.26

This presumption makes good sense, since the defendant taking the action is in the

best position to know—and thus demonstrate—its own motivation for acting as it

did.      I question whether such a presumption should obtain in the situation

presented here, however. Here, the disclosures were made in the definitive proxy.

It is true that the initial complaints in this case were commenced before the

definitive proxy was filed, mooting some claims. It is also true that these cases

were pending even before the preliminary proxy was filed, and necessarily

contained much in the way of boilerplate of the type ubiquitously pled in

connection with public-company mergers; and that the information disclosed in the

definitive (but not the preliminary) proxy was of the kind that prudent fiduciaries

25
     Implicitly, I have already found the action meritorious by granting the Motion to Expedite.
26
     See, e.g., Grimes v. Donald, 755 A.2d 388 (Del. 2000) (TABLE).

                                                  17
typically disclose. The Defendants have chosen not to contest causation here,

however, and it would be unwise to depart from the general rule absent the aid of

an adversarial presentation. I assume, therefore, that the Mooted Disclosures were

the result of this litigation. In light of the sequence of events, involving little in the

way of litigation, the Mooted Disclosures equitably may sustain but a modest

award, however.

       I evaluate the Plaintiffs‘ fee request—$500,000—under the well-known

Sugarland factors.27          I have considered each of those, but the following

adumbration addresses mainly the most important: the benefit conferred.28 It is,

necessarily, a matter of judicial discretion to evaluate a therapeutic, non-monetary

benefit of the type conferred here, the effort required to achieve the benefit, and the

appropriate fee in light of those considerations.                  The judge making such an

evaluation must be mindful that he serves as a simulacrum for a market, and that

his decision will incentivize the amount and quality of litigation that will follow in

27
   See, e.g., In re Plains Res. Inc., 2005 WL 332811, at *3 (Del. Ch. Feb. 4, 2005) (―The factors
are: (i) the amount of time and effort applied to the case by counsel for the plaintiffs; (ii) the
relative complexities of the litigation; (iii) the standing and ability of petitioning counsel; (iv) the
contingent nature of the litigation; (v) the stage at which the litigation ended; (vi) whether the
plaintiff can rightly receive all the credit for the benefit conferred or only a portion thereof; and
(vii) the size of the benefit conferred.‖ (citing Sugarland Indus., Inc. v. Thomas, 420 A.2d 142,
149–50 (Del. 1980))).
28
   See, e.g., In re Anderson Clayton S’holders' Litig., 1988 WL 97480, at *1 (Del. Ch. Sept. 19,
1988).

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similar cases;29 that he must therefore compensate without providing an unsavory

windfall; that consistency in awards by this Court is of value, and, again, that

expectations reasonably based upon prior Court practice are entitled to equitable

consideration.30

       Here, the benefit achieved via the Supplemental Disclosures (involving

banker conflicts) was minor but tangible. While the litigation settled before trial, it

was not insubstantial, and clearly produced the benefits discussed.                      A brief

overview of the progress of the litigation follows.

       The Merger was announced on December 15, 2014 and the preliminary

proxy was filed on January 7, 2015. On January 20, the definitive proxy was filed.

Following competing motions and argument, lead counsel was appointed on

January 27. On February 5, the Plaintiffs filed their Motion to Expedite; that

Motion designated the January 15 Amended Complaint as its operative

complaint—that is, a complaint filed before the definitive proxy. I heard argument

on the Motion to Expedite on February 13, at which time the Defendants made

clear that the majority of the disclosure claims alleged in the Amended Complaint

and argued in the opening brief in support of the Motion to Expedite were moot

29
   Whether we are setting this ―market‖ efficiently, in light of the near-ubiquity of litigation in
connection with public company mergers, remains an open question.
30
   I note particularly recent bench decisions by Chancellor Bouchard. See Assad v. World
Energy Solutions, Inc., C.A. No. 10324-CB (Del. Ch. Aug. 20, 2015) (TRANSCRIPT); In re TW
Telecom, Inc. S’holders Litig., C.A. No. 9845-CB (Del. Ch. Aug. 20, 2015) (TRANSCRIPT).

                                                19
because they were disclosed in the definitive proxy. I reserved my decision to

consider closely the few remaining non-mooted claims, and decided on February

16 to allow narrow expedited discovery on the nature of alleged conflicts of

interest held by Goldman, and the related question of why a second financial

advisor was hired and whether that was related to potential conflicts of interest on

the part of Goldman. The parties engaged in discovery, including two depositions,

as well as document requests which included bank books and Board minutes. On

February 26, the parties reached an agreement in principle and the Company filed

an 8-K with the Supplemental Disclosures.

      This action was brought on a contingency basis, and according to the

Plaintiffs the $500,000 requested would represent an implied hourly rate of

$712.95 through the execution of the memorandum of understanding. It is my task

to set a fee that adequately incentivizes litigation of benefit to a stockholder class,

appropriate in light of the benefit achieved and the other Sugarland considerations,

and consistent, to the extent possible, with awards in cases presenting similar

circumstances.    In consideration of the modest benefit conferred, albeit after

considerable effort, I find that the Supplemental Disclosures merit a fee of

$200,000. The Mooted Disclosures, in light of the value to the Class and the

minimal effort involved, support a fee of $100,000. Together with costs, I find an

                                          20
aggregate award of $329,881.61 appropriate.         A review of the remaining

Sugarland factors does not convince me to depart from this determination.

      D. Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, I approve the Settlement and grant the fee request

in the amount above. An appropriate Order has been entered separately.

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