Court Opinion

ID: 9393236
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-09 18:02:25.496588+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:51.743279
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/9/23 In re K.F. CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                  IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                     (Sacramento)
                                                            ----

    In re K.F., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court                                       C096968
    Law.

    SACRAMENTO COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF                                                (Super. Ct. No. JD240587)
    CHILD, FAMILY AND ADULT SERVICES,

                     Plaintiff and Respondent,

             v.

    M.F.,

                     Defendant and Appellant.

            Appellant M.F. (father), father of the minor, appeals from the juvenile court’s
order terminating parental rights and freeing the minor for adoption. (Welf. & Inst. Code,
§§ 366.26, 395.)1 Father contends the juvenile court and the Sacramento County

1           Undesignated statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.

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Department of Child, Family and Adult Services (Department) failed to comply with the
requirements of the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA). (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.) The
Department concedes the error. We will conditionally reverse and remand for limited
ICWA proceedings.
                                     BACKGROUND
       A detailed recitation of the facts and non-ICWA related procedural history is
unnecessary to our resolution of this appeal.
       The Department filed a dependency petition on behalf of the minor pursuant to
section 300, subdivisions (a) and (b)(1). At the time, the minor lived with the paternal
grandmother, who informed the social worker that the minor may be a member of or
eligible for membership in the Cherokee Tribe.
       The Department reported mother denied any Indian heritage. Father’s counsel
filed a Parental Notification of Indian Status form (ICWA-020) on father’s behalf but did
not check any of the boxes or otherwise indicate whether father might have Indian
heritage. The paternal grandmother stated the paternal great-grandmother was “1/16”
Cherokee but “there is not enough blood for [father] to be registered with a tribe.” The
paternal grandmother also stated the family had never lived on a reservation or received
any services from the Tribe. When asked whether she could identify a specific Cherokee
tribe, she stated she did not have any additional information.
       On May 19, 2020, the social worker contacted the Office of Tribal Affairs by
telephone and e-mail and requested information on the minor’s Indian heritage; however,
the office was unable to provide any information. The social worker also left a message
with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). As of June 10, 2020, no additional information
had been received by the social worker.
       At the detention hearing on June 12, 2020, the court made several findings. First,
the court found there was insufficient evidence to determine if the minor was an Indian
child within the meaning of the ICWA, but added, “However, information having been

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received that this child may have Indian heritage[,] the Department [] shall notice any
federally recognized tribes and the [BIA].” Next, the court found there was a reason to
believe the minor may be an Indian child and ordered the Department to conduct further
inquiry as required by section 224.2, subdivision (e). Finally, the court found that, as to
father, there was no evidence that the minor may be an Indian child within the meaning
of the ICWA.
       At the jurisdiction/disposition hearing on August 21, 2020, the parties agreed that
the paternal grandmother could be the minor’s guardian. The court sustained the
allegations in the petition, exercised jurisdiction over the minor, adjudged the minor a
dependent child, and then terminated dependent status and issued letters of guardianship.
       On July 22, 2021, the paternal grandmother filed a section 388 petition requesting
the court modify the permanent plan of legal guardianship to a permanent plan of
adoption. The Department filed a report in support of paternal grandmother’s request.
The report included a statement that the ICWA “does not apply.”
       On October 13, 2021, the court granted paternal grandmother’s petition and set the
matter for a disposition hearing.
       On October 26, 2021, the social worker interviewed father, at which time father
denied any Indian ancestry.
       Both parents and the paternal grandmother were present for the disposition hearing
on November 10, 2021. The court adjudged the minor a dependent child, terminated
paternal grandmother’s guardianship, and set the matter for a review hearing, a relative
placement hearing, and a de facto status hearing. The ICWA was not discussed.
       On December 15, 2021, the court granted paternal grandmother’s request for
de facto parent status. At the relative placement hearing the following month, the court
ordered the minor placed with the paternal grandmother. The ICWA was not discussed at
either hearing.

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       The permanency review report filed April 18, 2022, stated the ICWA “does not
apply.” The Department recommended the court terminate the parents’ reunification
services and set the matter for a section 366.26 hearing to move towards a permanent
plan of adoption by the paternal grandmother.
       Counsel for each parent, the paternal grandmother, and her counsel were present
for the permanency review hearing on May 18, 2022. Over the parents’ objections, the
court adopted the Department’s recommended findings and orders, terminated the
parents’ services, and set the matter for a section 366.26 hearing with a permanent plan of
adoption. Again, the ICWA was not discussed.
       On June 28, 2022, the Department filed a status report stating the Department was
“unaware of any information before the Court that would indicate [the minor] is an Indian
Child” as defined by the ICWA. The September 2022 selection and implementation
report stated the ICWA “does not apply.”
       The ICWA was not discussed at the September 14, 2022 selection and
implementation hearing. The court adopted the recommended findings and orders and
terminated parental rights, confirming adoption as the appropriate permanent plan.
                                      DISCUSSION
       The Department concedes it failed its initial and continuing duty to inquire of the
paternal relatives and to provide formal notice as required by the ICWA. We agree and
accept the Department’s concession.
       The ICWA’s purpose is to protect the interests of Indian children and promote the
stability and security of Indian tribes by establishing minimum standards for, and
permitting tribal participation in, dependency actions. (25 U.S.C. §§ 1901, 1902,
1903(1), 1911(c), 1912; In re Isaiah W. (2016) 1 Cal.5th 1, 7-8.) The juvenile court and
the Department have “an affirmative and continuing duty to inquire” whether a child is,

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or may be, an Indian child. (§ 224.2, subd. (a); Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.481(a);2 see
In re K.M. (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 115, 118-119.) If, after the petition is filed, the
juvenile court knows or has reason to know that an Indian child is involved (25 U.S.C.
§ 1912(a)), notice of the pending proceeding and the right to intervene must be sent to the
tribe or the BIA if the tribal affiliation is not known. (See § 224.2, subds. (d) & (f);
§ 224.3; rule 5.481(b), (c); In re Robert A. (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 982, 989.) “At that
point, the social worker is required, as soon as practicable, to interview the child’s
parents, extended family members, the Indian custodian, if any, and any other person
who can reasonably be expected to have information concerning the child’s membership
status or eligibility. [Citations.]” (In re Michael V. (2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 225, 233; see
rule 5.481(a)(4)(A); § 224.2, subd. (b).)
       ICWA notices must include all the following information, if known: the child’s
name, birthplace, and birth date; the name of the tribe in which the child is enrolled or
may be eligible for enrollment; names and addresses of the child’s parents, grandparents,
great-grandparents, and other identifying information; and a copy of the dependency
petition. (§ 224.3, subd. (a)(5)(A)-(D); In re Mary G. (2007) 151 Cal.App.4th 184, 209.)
       No one disputes that the Department failed to seek information regarding the
paternal grandmother’s report that the paternal great-grandmother had Cherokee Indian
heritage. The Department’s duty of ICWA inquiry extends to the minor’s extended
family, if known. (§ 224.2, subd. (b); rule 5.481(a)(4).) Here, information regarding the
minors’ extended family was known based on the paternal grandmother’s statement that
the paternal great-grandmother was one-sixteenth Cherokee Indian. Notwithstanding
paternal grandmother’s additional statements that “there is not enough blood for [father]
to be registered with a tribe,” and that the paternal family never lived on a reservation or

2      Undesignated rules references are to the California Rules of Court.

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received any services from the Tribe, and despite that the paternal grandmother could not
identify a particular Cherokee Tribe, the record is silent as to whether the Department
took any steps to ascertain whether the paternal great-grandmother was still living and, if
so, to contact her, or to determine other relatives on the paternal side who might have
knowledge regarding Indian ancestry. The Department failed in its duty of inquiry.
       Deficiencies in ICWA inquiry and notice are reviewed for harmless error. Those
deficiencies “may be deemed harmless error when, even if proper notice had been given,
the child would not have been found to be an Indian child.” (In re D.N. (2013) 218
Cal.App.4th 1246, 1251.) However, error is not presumed. It is father’s obligation to
present a record that affirmatively demonstrates error. (In re D.W. (2011) 193
Cal.App.4th 413, 417-418.) Father has done so here. If we conclude the juvenile court
did not comply with the ICWA provisions, we “reverse only if the error is prejudicial.”
(In re A.L. (2015) 243 Cal.App.4th 628, 639.) In light of the Department’s concession,
and given the state of the record, we cannot say with certainty that there was no prejudice
to any relevant tribes.
       The Department either did not take sufficient affirmative steps to investigate the
minor’s possible Indian ancestry or did not document its efforts to do so, and the juvenile
court failed to ensure that an adequate investigation had been conducted. In the absence
of evidence of the Department’s efforts to fulfill its continuing duty of inquiry, we cannot
say the failure of ICWA compliance was harmless. A failure to conduct a proper ICWA
inquiry requires reversal of the orders terminating parental rights and a limited remand
for proper inquiry and any required notice. (In re A.B. (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 832, 839;
In re D.T. (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 1449, 1454-1456.) We must therefore remand for
limited proceedings.
                                      DISPOSITION
       The juvenile court’s judgment is conditionally reversed and remanded for the
limited purpose of compliance with the ICWA, including the trial court’s entry of

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findings related to the ICWA at the conclusion of the inquiry. If, after proper and
complete inquiry the minor is found not to be an Indian child within the meaning of the
ICWA, the judgment shall be reinstated. However, if a tribe determines the minor is an
Indian child as defined by the ICWA and the court determines the ICWA applies, the
court is ordered to conduct a new selection and implementation hearing and proceed in
accordance with the ICWA.

                                                       KRAUSE                , J.

We concur:

      ROBIE                 , Acting P. J.

      EARL                  , J.

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