Court Opinion

ID: 4555435
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-08-13 20:00:55.887371+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:44:08.910743
License: Public Domain

FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                              AUG 13 2020
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                            U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ALEXIS JOEL AMAYA,                               No.   18-17124

              Petitioner-Appellant,              D.C. No. 4:16-cv-05069-PJH

 v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
SCOTT FRAUENHEIM, Warden,

              Respondent-Appellee.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Northern District of California
                Phyllis J. Hamilton, Chief District Judge, Presiding

                           Submitted August 11, 2020**
                             San Francisco, California

Before: HAWKINS and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges, and BATAILLON,***
District Judge.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
              The Honorable Joseph F. Bataillon, United States District Judge for
the District of Nebraska, sitting by designation.
      Alexis Amaya appeals the district court’s denial of his federal habeas

petition brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Amaya was convicted in state court

of two counts of sexual penetration of a child aged ten or younger. We have

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c), and we affirm.

      1. The first question presented by Amaya’s appeal is whether the state court

unreasonably held that the admission of evidence of Child Sexual Abuse

Accommodation Syndrome (CSAAS) did not violate his federal due process rights.

We conclude that it did not. A federal court “shall not” grant a writ of habeas

corpus to a state prisoner with respect to any claim adjudicated on the merits in

state court unless the state court’s decision was “contrary to, or involved an

unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the

Supreme Court of the United States” or “resulted in a decision that was based on

an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the

State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). This standard of review “demands

that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt.” Woodford v. Visciotti,

537 U.S. 19, 24 (2002) (per curiam).

      The Supreme Court “has not yet made a clear ruling that admission of

irrelevant or overtly prejudicial evidence constitutes a due process violation

sufficient to warrant issuance of the writ,” and “[a]bsent such ‘clearly established

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Federal law,’ we cannot conclude that the state court’s ruling was an ‘unreasonable

application.’” Holley v. Yarborough, 568 F.3d 1091, 1101 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting

Carey v. Musladin, 549 U.S. 70, 77 (2006)). And in Brodit v. Cambra, 350 F.3d

985, 991 (9th Cir. 2003), a case with similar facts, we affirmed the denial of a

petition for habeas relief under § 2254 where the defendant argued that CSAAS

testimony (also given by a witness who had no knowledge of the underlying facts)

deprived the defendant of due process. See also United States v. Bighead, 128 F.3d

1329 (9th Cir. 1997) (per curiam); United States v. Antone, 981 F.2d 1059 (9th Cir.

1992) (upholding admissibility of CSAAS evidence for credibility purposes in

non-habeas proceedings). For the purpose of determining whether introducing

CSAAS evidence withstands habeas review under § 2254, that is enough.

Marshall v. Lonberger, 459 U.S. 422, 438, n.6 (1983) (“[T]he Due Process Clause

does not permit the federal courts to engage in a finely tuned review of the wisdom

of state evidentiary rules.”).1

       Here, the trial court instructed the jury with a model instruction to consider

the testimony of Miriam Wolf, a licensed clinical social worker who testified about

how children generally afflicted with CSAAS commonly do not report an assault

       1
              Accordingly, Amaya’s argument that admission of CSAAS evidence
is prejudicial under the standard imposed by Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619
(1993) fails.
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for a period of time. Wolf also testified she did not interview any witnesses or

know any facts about the case. The prosecution urged the jury to consider Wolf’s

testimony when evaluating Doe’s credibility. The trial court instructed the jury not

to consider the testimony for the purpose of determining whether Amaya molested

her. See CALCRIM No. 1193.

      Amaya argues that it is reasonably likely the jury used CSAAS evidence as

circumstantial, and perhaps direct proof of molestation. But we presume the jury

followed the trial court’s instruction. Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 210

(1987). Further, despite hearing the CSAAS evidence, the jury was deadlocked

after first receiving and deliberating on the case.

      Amaya also argues that because this case had no contemporaneous witness

testimony and no physical evidence and therefore boiled down to a he-said, she-

said credibility determination, evidence of Doe’s credibility would necessarily

amount to evidence of Amaya’s guilt. We are not persuaded.

      First, this mirrors an argument the Brodit court considered and rejected.

Brodit, 350 F.3d at 994 (“This case mainly rested, after all, on a swearing contest

between the child and Petitioner. There was no eyewitness and there was only

minimal physical evidence of abuse.”). Second, credibility is not the same as

accuracy. The jury could have accepted the evidence of CSAAS and still made a

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finding that Doe was credible in her testimony that she was a victim of assault, but

it could have simultaneously found that her descriptions of the victim or the

manner in which the assault took place were inaccurate based on rebuttal testimony

from Amaya. And third, Amaya himself introduced the testimony of four brothers,

three sisters, one sister-in-law, two friends, and his wife to bolster his own

credibility.

       When asked to determine whether an evidentiary jury instruction runs so

afoul of due process that federal habeas relief is warranted, “[t]he only question for

us is whether the ailing instruction by itself so infected the entire trial that the

resulting conviction violates due process.” Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 72

(1991) (quoting Cupp v. Naughten, 414 U.S. 141, 147 (1973) (internal quotation

marks omitted)). Amaya has failed to make this showing.

       2. We next consider Amaya’s argument that the state trial court violated his

Sixth or Fourteenth Amendment rights by permitting supplemental closing

arguments after the jury pronounced itself deadlocked. Our analysis is guided by

similar principles, and we conclude that Amaya has not demonstrated entitlement

to federal habeas relief on this basis.

       Amaya cites no Supreme Court authority, nor are we aware of any, that finds

supplemental closing arguments violate a defendant’s Sixth or Fourteenth

                                             5
Amendment rights. And we are mindful that we cannot “refine or sharpen a

general principle of Supreme Court jurisprudence into a specific legal rule that

[The Supreme] Court has not announced.” Marshall v. Rodgers, 569 U.S. 58, 64

(2013). The trial court, in permitting supplemental closing arguments and allowing

Amaya’s counsel to proceed first, did not depart from California law, which allows

both practices. See CAL. PENAL CODE § 1094 (permitting discretion to alter order);

Cal. R. Ct. 2.1036(a) (permitting additional closing arguments); People v. Young,

67 Cal. Rptr. 3d 899, 903 (Ct. App.), as modified on denial of reh’g (2007)

(holding that the trial court was authorized to reopen closing arguments).

      Moreover, a review of the record reveals the trial court made no remarks that

could be viewed as coercive, nor did the trial court issue any supplemental jury

instructions at the conclusion of additional closing arguments. Additionally, the

trial court stated that it was the jury’s indication that additional argument would be

helpful that prompted the supplemental closing arguments, and that if the jury had

                                           6
indicated additional arguments would not be helpful, the trial court would not have

permitted them.2

      Applying our precedent, we find that the district court correctly denied

Amaya’s federal habeas petition.

      AFFIRMED.

      2
             Amaya’s brief includes a claim regarding ineffective assistance of
counsel. We decline to extend the certificate of appealability to include this claim
because Amaya has not made a “substantial showing of the denial of a
constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). Counsel’s performance does not fall
below an objectively reasonable standard by failing to make an objection that
would be futile. See James v. Borg, 24 F.3d 20, 27 (9th Cir. 1994) (collecting
cases).
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