Court Opinion

ID: 9366695
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-27 18:08:10.486146+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:54.390385
License: Public Domain

J-S43016-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    IN THE INTEREST OF: B.G.P., A              :       IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    MINOR                                      :            PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                                               :
    APPEAL OF: K.P., MOTHER                    :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :       No. 2204 EDA 2022

                Appeal from the Decree Entered August 31, 2022,
              in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County,
              Juvenile Division at No(s): CP-51-AP-0000476-2022.

BEFORE: DUBOW, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and NICHOLS, J.

MEMORANDUM BY KUNSELMAN, J.:                              FILED JANUARY 27, 2023

        K.P. (Mother) appeals from the decree entered by the Philadelphia Court

of Common Pleas, which terminated her rights to her 10-month-old daughter

B.G.P. a/k/a/ K.P.-I. (the Child), pursuant to the Adoption Act. See 23

Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(2), (a)(5), and (b).1,         2   After review, we affirm.

        The record provides the following relevant factual and procedural

history. The family came to the attention of the Philadelphia Department of

Human Services (DHS) in 2019 after receiving a report that one of the Child’s

siblings died while in Mother’s care. DHS learned that Mother was co-sleeping
____________________________________________

1We clarify that the caption of this case, B.G.P., reflects the initials of the
Child’s name as listed on the Child’s birth certificate. We note, however,
another name (K.P.-I.) has also been used. As mentioned below, this Child
has been the subject of two prior appeals. In those cases, we listed the Child’s
name as K.P.-I.

2   S.C. (Father) voluntarily relinquished his parental rights.
J-S43016-22

with the sibling, an infant, and that the sibling died from suffocation. Mother

had been warned of the dangers of co-sleeping, and she was reportedly

intoxicated on the night of the incident.

       In November 2021, DHS received a general protective services report

indicating that Mother had given birth to the Child at issue. The report stated

that Mother and the Child tested positive for phencyclidine (PCP), and that

Mother said she suffered from bi-polar disorder. DHS visited Mother to assess

the home and discuss the report, but Mother refused to cooperate with DHS.

That day, Mother attempted to remove the Child from the hospital, but was

escorted out and restricted from returning.       DHS obtained an order of

protective custody, and the Child was placed in foster care. DHS petitioned

for dependency and created a single case plan to aid with reunification.

       In December 2021, the juvenile court held an adjudicatory hearing. The

court adjudicated the child dependent. Mother’s visits were suspended after

the court rendered a finding that she posed “a grave threat.”3       The court

allowed Mother to resume visits once she participated in treatment for 90

days, at which time the visits would we supervised and bi-weekly. Mother

appealed that order; this Court affirmed the juvenile court’s decision. See In

the Interest of: K.P.-I., 284 A.3d 928 (Table), 2022 WL 3572931 (Pa.

Super. August 19, 2022) (non-precedential decision).
____________________________________________

3 In dependency cases, where reunification remains the goal, this Court has
stated that parental visitation of the child may not be denied or reduced unless
it poses a grave threat to the child. See In re C.J., 729 A.2d 89, 95 (Pa.
Super. 1999).

                                           -2-
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        In March 2022, the juvenile court held a permanency review hearing

and found Mother’s compliance to be minimal.         The court also rendered a

finding that “aggravating circumstances” exist following the termination of

Mother’s rights to the Child’s siblings.4 In June 2022, the single case plan was

revised. Mother’s objectives were to secure housing, employment, drug and

alcohol treatment, mental health treatment, and to participate in five random

drug screens. The court also ordered Mother not to have abusive contact with

caseworkers, caregivers, or medical staff treating the Child. Mother filed a

second appeal to contest the aggravating circumstances finding. This Court

affirmed the juvenile court’s order. See In the Interest of: K.P.-I., --A.3d -

-, 2022 WL 17544185 (Pa. Super. December 9, 2022) (non-precedential

decision).

____________________________________________

4   The Juvenile Act provides that “aggravating circumstances” exist when:

           (2) The child or another child of the parent has been the
           victim of physical abuse resulting in serious bodily injury,
           sexual violence or aggravated physical neglect by the
           parent.

                                           […]

           (5) The parental rights of the parent have been involuntarily
           terminated with respect to a child of the parent.

42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6302 (Definitions).

When aggravating circumstances exist, the juvenile court does not need to
ascertain whether the local children and youth agency made reasonable
efforts to reunify the family. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6351(b).

                                           -3-
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       On August 31, 2022, the court held a hearing on DHS’s petition to

terminate Mother’s rights. The court granted the petition on the same day.

Mother timely filed this appeal.

       Mother presents the following issues, which we restate for ease of

disposition.5

              1. Whether the trial court erred and/or abused its
                 discretion by terminating the parental rights of
                 Mother, pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(2), where
                 Mother presented evidence that she has remedied her
                 situation by maintaining housing, taking parenting
                 classes and mental health treatment and working two
                 jobs and has the present capacity to care for her
                 Child?

              2. Whether the trial court erred and/or abused its
                 discretion by terminating the parental rights of
                 Mother, pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(5), where
                 evidence was provided to establish that the Child was
                 removed from the care of the Mother and Mother is
                 now capable of caring for her Child?

              3. Whether the trial court erred and/or abused its
                 discretion by terminating the parental rights of Mother
                 to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(b) where evidence was
                 presented that Mother was denied visitation and the
                 chance to bond with her Child?

Mother’s Brief at 7.

       We begin with our well-settled standard of review:

          The standard of review in termination of parental rights
          cases requires appellate courts to accept the findings of fact
____________________________________________

5 In an apparent oversight, Mother also appeals the decree under Section
2511(a)(1) and (a)(8). However, the record indicates that the trial court
explicitly found that DHS did not meet its burden under Section 2511(a)(1);
moreover, DHS did not petition for termination under Section 2511(a)(8).

                                           -4-
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         and credibility determinations of the trial court if they are
         supported by the record. If the factual findings are
         supported, appellate courts review to determine if the trial
         court made an error of law or abused its discretion. A
         decision may be reversed for an abuse of discretion only
         upon demonstration of manifest unreasonableness,
         partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will. The trial court's
         decision, however, should not be reversed merely because
         the record would support a different result. We have
         previously emphasized our deference to trial courts that
         often have first-hand observations of the parties spanning
         multiple hearings.

In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013) (citations and quotation marks

omitted).

      Our Supreme Court has repeatedly stated that in termination cases,

deference to the trial court is particularly crucial. In re Adoption of L.A.K.,

265 A.3d 580, 597 (Pa. 2021); see also Interest of S.K.L.R., 265 A.3d 1108,

1124 (Pa. 2021) (“When a trial court makes a ‘close call’ in a fact-intensive

case involving…the termination of parental rights, the appellate court should

review the record for an abuse of discretion and for whether evidence supports

that trial court’s conclusions; the appellate could should not search the record

for contrary conclusions or substitute its judgment for that of the trial court.”).

The abuse-of-discretion standard in termination cases “is a highly deferential

standard and, to the extent that record supports the court’s decision, we must

affirm even though evidence exists that would also support a contrary

determination.” In re P.Z., 113 A.3d 840, 849 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation

omitted).

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      Termination of parental rights is governed by Section 2511 of the

Adoption Act, which requires a bifurcated analysis.

         Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the parent. The party
         seeking termination must prove by clear and convincing
         evidence that the parent's conduct satisfies the statutory
         grounds for termination delineated in section 2511(a). Only
         if the court determines that the parent's conduct warrants
         termination of his or her parental rights does the court
         engage in the second part of the analysis pursuant to section
         2511(b): determination of the needs and welfare of the
         child[.]

In re C.M.K., 203 A.3d 258, 261-262 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citation omitted).

      Clear and convincing evidence is evidence that is so “clear, direct,

weighty and convincing as to enable the trier of fact to come to a clear

conviction, without hesitance, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.” In re

C.S., 761 A.2d 1197, 1201 (Pa. Super. 2000) (en banc) (quoting Matter of

Adoption Charles E.D.M., II, 708 A.2d 88, 91 (Pa. 1998)).

      We may uphold a termination decision if any proper basis exists for the

result reached. C.S., 761 A.2d at 1201. We need only agree with the orphans’

court as to any one subsection of Section 2511(a), as well as Section 2511(b),

in order to affirm. In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384 (Pa. Super. 2004) (en

banc).

      We therefore address Mother’s first appellate issue, which challenges

the court’s termination under Section 2511(a)(2).           Section 2511(a)(2)

provides:

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         (a) General rule.--The rights of a parent in regard to a
         child may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the
         following grounds:

                                      […]

         (2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect
         or refusal of the parent has caused the child to be without
         essential parental care, control or subsistence necessary for
         his physical or mental well-being and the conditions and
         causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or
         will not be remedied by the parent.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(2).

      To satisfy the requirements of Section 2511(a)(2), the moving party

must prove “(1) repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal;

(2) that such incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal caused the child to be

without essential parental care, control or subsistence; and (3) that the causes

of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will not be

remedied.” C.M.K., 203 A.3d at 262 (citation omitted).

      The trial court directs us to the transcript of the proceedings for its

findings under this subsection. The court stated:

         In this case, it was within [Mother’s] ability to take the
         necessary steps to complete certain objectives in order to
         have visitation with her Child. [Mother] failed to do so since
         the inception of this case. She has been combative with any
         provider that the court has received any evidence of.

         She has been combative in court. She has been combative
         toward the judge. She has been combative toward her
         counsel. [Mother] has not demonstrated any ability or any
         indication that her continued demonstration of her
         incapacity, abuse, or neglect to provide this Child with
         essential parental care would change even if additional time
         was given to [Mother].

                                     -7-
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         [Mother] has been the sole reason that her Child remains in
         care at this point. [Mother] has not engaged in her case
         plan objectives. Counsel for the city was correct. The
         documents produced by [Mother’s] counsel do not show that
         she completed [the parenting goal] as prescribed by the
         court.

         She did a four hour parenting course. And despite what
         [Mother] is saying, this is not similar to high school. The
         reason [Mother] has been ordered for parenting for multiple
         occasions is because the court found on prior occasions she
         did not have the necessary skills to parent her children – to
         provide for them. So [DHS] has more than met its burden
         under Section 2511(a)(2).

         [Mother] has not engaged in her mental health objectives.
         The discharge from NET makes that clear.          Even the
         document produced by [Mother’s] counsel shows that she
         did not successfully complete that. And in fact, in as early
         as February [2022, Mother] was still testing positive while
         she was receiving treatment.

N.T. at 50-51.

      The trial court added to these findings when it addressed its rationale

under Section 2511(a)(5); however, we restate them here because such

findings are also relevant under Section 2511(a)(2).        The court further

determined:

         Her behavior in fact demonstrates that [Mother] has not
         complied with anything.

         And that there would not be any benefit of any additional
         time provided to [Mother,] as she has had since December
         [2021] to come into compliance. The Child was taken at
         birth [in November 2021]. Mother has not demonstrated
         the ability to do anything to change the current situation.
         And she’s not any closer to reunification today than she was
         at the time that the Child came into her care.

N.T. at 53.

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      On appeal, Mother argues that past incapacity alone is not sufficient

basis for involuntary termination. See Mother’s Brief at 16 (citing In re

Adoption of A.N.D., 520 A.2d 31 (Pa. Super. 1986)). She argues that she

substantially completed her single case plan objectives, and that she can

provide a safe home for herself and the Child. Id. Thus, she concludes that

she has the present capacity to parent and that termination under Section

2511(a)(2) was improper.

      Upon review, we conclude Mother’s argument is without merit.         The

record supports the trial court’s determination that Mother made no

substantial effort to reunify with the Child. Mother never attended the court-

ordered assessment to help DHS and the court understand her dual diagnosis

needs. Mother only took one drug screen. Although Mother attended a dual

diagnosis program, she was discharged in May 2022 because her behavior

became a danger to the staff.      Similarly, Mother failed to complete the

parenting program offered through the Achieving Reunification Center. In her

Brief, Mother cites to no example of her compliance or evidence suggesting

that the trial court’s findings were without record support. For these reasons,

we conclude the trial court did not error or abuse its discretion when it

concluded DHS proved termination was warranted under Section 2511(a)(2).

      Having concluded that the trial court’s decision was proper under

Section 2511(a)(2), we need not address Mother’s second issue involving

Section 2511(a)(5). In re: B.L.W., supra. We may move directly to Mother’s

                                     -9-
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third appellate issue, which concerns Section 2511(b) – the second step in the

bifurcated termination analysis.

      Section 2511(b) of the Adoption Act provides:

         (b) Other considerations.--The court in terminating the
         rights of a parent shall give primary consideration to the
         developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare
         of the child. The rights of a parent shall not be terminated
         solely on the basis of environmental factors such as
         inadequate housing, furnishings, income, clothing and
         medical care if found to be beyond the control of the parent.
         With respect to any petition filed pursuant to subsection
         (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not consider any efforts by
         the parent to remedy the conditions described therein which
         are first initiated subsequent to the giving of notice of the
         filing of the petition.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(b).

      This Court has explained that:

         [S]ection 2511(b) focuses on whether termination of
         parental rights would best serve the developmental,
         physical, and emotional needs and welfare of the child.
         In In re C.M.S., 884 A.2d 1284, 1287 (Pa. Super. 2005),
         this Court stated, “Intangibles such as love, comfort,
         security, and stability are involved in the inquiry into the
         needs and welfare of the child.” In addition, we instructed
         that the trial court must also discern the nature and status
         of the parent-child bond, with utmost attention to the effect
         on     the     child  of    permanently     severing     that
         bond. Id. However, in cases where there is no evidence
         of a bond between a parent and child, it is reasonable to
         infer that no bond exists. In re K.Z.S., 946 A.2d 753, 762-
         63 (Pa. Super. 2008). Accordingly, the extent of the bond-
         effect analysis necessarily depends on the circumstances of
         the particular case. Id. at 763.

In re Adoption of J.M., 991 A.2d 321, 324 (Pa. Super. 2010).

                                     - 10 -
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      Concerning the bond, the question is not merely whether a bond exists,

but whether termination would destroy this existing, necessary and beneficial

relationship. See C.M.K., 203 A.2d at 264 (citation omitted); see also K.Z.S.,

946 A.2d at 764 (holding there was no bond worth preserving where the child

had been in foster care for most of the child’s life, which caused the resulting

bond to be too attenuated). Moreover, the court is not required to use expert

testimony to resolve the bond analysis. In re Z.P., 994 A.2d at 1121 (citing

In re K.K.R.-S., 958 A.2d 529, 533 (Pa. Super. 2008)). And a parent’s own

feeling of love and affection for the child does not preclude the termination.

Id. Finally, we emphasize that “[w]hile a parent’s emotional bond with her

and/or her child is a major aspect of the Section 2511(b) best-interest

analysis, it is nonetheless only one of many factors to be considered by the

court when determining what is in the best interest of the child.”       In re

N.A.M., 33 A.3d 95, 103 (Pa. Super. 2011) (citation omitted).

      The trial court set forth its findings under Section 2511(b) as follows:

         [Mother] has not seen this Child since December 8, 2021.
         There is no indication that there is any parent/child bond
         between [Mother] and this eleven month-old Child, who has
         spent [her] life in care. […] I do not find that the Child
         would suffer any irreparable harm by severing parental
         rights in this case.

N.T. at 53.

      In her Brief, Mother argues that she was never permitted to live or visit

with the Child. See Mother’s Brief at 18. She argues that she should have

been provided with ongoing visits, and that the court should ordered parent-

                                     - 11 -
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child interactive therapy so that she could continue to have visitation and a

bond with the Child. Id. at 18-20.

      Upon review, we conclude Mother’s argument merits no relief.          Her

reasoning omits the fact that visitation was afforded to Mother, so long as she

engaged in mental health and drug and alcohol treatment for 90 days. Mother

chose not to do so. Furthermore, after the court found the existence of a

“grave threat” and “aggravating circumstances,” the Agency was relieved of

providing reunification efforts. The Section 2511(b) analysis depends on the

circumstances of a particular case. See J.M., 991 A.2d at 324. Had this case

not involved “grave threat” and “aggravating circumstances” findings – which

have been already affirmed by this Court – then a 90-day suspension of

visitation might have been improper. But even then, we note that this aspect

of the bifurcated analysis focuses on the needs and welfare of the child, not

the conduct of the parent. See id.; see also C.M.K., 203 A.3d at 261-262.

When turning our attention to the best interests of the Child, we observe that

there was no evidence of a bond, and thus it was reasonable for the trial court

to infer that none exists, and that the Child would not suffer irreparable harm

if the parental rights were severed. The court was well within its discretion to

determine that termination would best serve the Child’s needs and welfare.

      In sum, we discern no abuse of discretion, nor error of law, when the

Court granted the petition filed by DHS and terminated Mother’s rights under

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(2) and (b).

      Decree affirmed.

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        Judge Nichols joins the Memorandum.

        Judge Dubow did not participate in the consideration or decision of this

case.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 1/27/2023

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