Court Opinion

ID: 9396027
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-19 05:06:56.120214+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:13.510003
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

ESTATE OF SHAUN M. TSCHIRHART, by                                    UNPUBLISHED
DEBORAH TSCHIRHART, Personal                                         May 18, 2023
Representative,

               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                    No. 361649
                                                                     Oakland Circuit Court
CITY OF TROY, ALEXANDER YARBROUGH,                                   LC No. 2018-165013-NO
NICHOLAS YARBROUGH, MARY ALLEMAN,
SUSAN O’CONNOR, and ALEXIS CALHOUN,

               Defendants-Appellees.

Before: LETICA, P.J., and BORRELLO and RIORDAN, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In this wrongful death by drowning case, plaintiff, Deborah Tschirhart, as personal
representative of the Estate of Shaun M. Tschirhart, the decedent, appeals as of right the order
denying her motion to amend the complaint and the dismissal of the case in favor of defendants,
city of Troy, Alexander Yarbrough, Nicholas Yarbrough, Mary Alleman, Susan O’Connor, and
Alexis Calhoun. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for proceedings consistent with
this opinion.

                      I. BASIC FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         This case was previously before this Court in Estate of Tschirhart v City of Troy,
unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued December 17, 2019 (Docket Nos.
345411; 345715). In the consolidated case, defendants appealed the trial court’s decision denying
summary disposition premised on MCR 2.116(C)(7) (governmental immunity) and (C)(8) (failure
to state a claim), in this case alleging wrongful death arising from a drowning in a public swimming
pool. This Court delineated the facts as follows:

              This action arises from the drowning death of plaintiff’s 32-year-old
       disabled son in a swimming pool at the Troy Community Center, a facility operated
       by defendant city of Troy. The decedent, who had a history of epilepsy, was a

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       participant in the Friendship Club, a recreational program for disabled adults
       provided by the city of Troy. He was participating in a Friendship Club swimming
       outing when he drowned. Defendants Alexander Yarbrough and Nicholas
       Yarbrough were lifeguards on duty at the time of the decedent’s death. Defendant
       Alexis Calhoun was the pool manager. Defendants Susan O’Connor and Mary
       Alleman were employed as Friendship Club attendants.

                Plaintiff’s complaint alleges that the decedent submerged himself in the
       pool and likely suffered an epileptic seizure. He was under water for approximately
       50 seconds before anyone noticed that he was in danger. When Alleman saw that
       the decedent was in danger, she poked him with a Styrofoam tube, but he failed to
       respond. Alleman then entered the water and the decedent was eventually removed
       from the pool. According to plaintiff, approximately 90 seconds elapsed before
       defendants Alexander Yarbrough, Nicholas Yarbrough, and Alexis Calhoun
       initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The decedent was transported by
       ambulance to the hospital where he was pronounced dead. The medical examiner
       determined that the decedent’s cause of death was “drowning due to epileptic
       seizures disorder.” Plaintiff brought this action for wrongful death, alleging that
       defendants were grossly negligent in failing to supervise the decedent and timely
       intervene when he failed to resurface. Defendants city of Troy, the Yarbroughs,
       Alleman, and Calhoun moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7)
       and (8), alleging that they were entitled to immunity under the governmental tort
       liability act (GTLA), MCL 691.1401 et seq., and that plaintiff failed to plead facts
       in avoidance of immunity. Defendant O’Connor filed a separate motion for
       summary disposition under subrule (C)(7). Plaintiff argued in response that
       summary disposition was premature because discovery had not been conducted.
       The trial court agreed and denied defendants’ motions. Defendants [c]ity of Troy,
       the Yarbroughs, Alleman, and Calhoun appeal as of right in Docket No. 345411,
       and defendant O’Connor appeals as of right in Docket No. 345715. [Id. at slip op
       2.]

        Addressing the merits, this Court concluded that summary disposition was appropriate in
favor of defendant city of Troy because the city was immune regardless of an employee’s gross
negligence. And, this point was conceded by plaintiff on appeal. Id. at slip op 3. This Court
further held that governmental immunity applied to the allegations of gross negligence on the part
of defendant employees. Even assuming that the conduct of defendant employees constituted
gross negligence, it was concluded that their actions did not constitute the proximate cause of the
decedent’s death in light of Ray v Swager, 501 Mich 52, 63; 903 NW2d 366 (2017) and Beals v
Michigan, 497 Mich 353, 376-377; 871 NW2d 5 (2015). Estate of Tschirhart, unpublished per
curiam opinion, slip op 3-8. Despite concluding that defendants were entitled to summary
disposition in their favor, we remanded the matter to the trial court to allow plaintiff to amend her
complaint under MCR 2.118, stating:

              Plaintiff argues that, if this Court holds that the trial court erred by denying
       defendants’ summary disposition motions, she should be permitted the opportunity
       to amend her complaint. MCR 2.116(I)(5) provides that “[i]f the grounds asserted
       are based on subrule (C)(8), (9), or (10), the court shall give the parties an

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       opportunity to amend their pleadings as provided by MCR 2.118, unless the
       evidence then before the court shows that amendment would not be justified.”
       Because summary disposition was warranted under subrule (C)(7), plaintiff was not
       entitled as a matter of right to the opportunity to amend her pleadings. The trial
       court may, however, grant plaintiff leave to amend in accordance with
       MCR 2.118(A)(2). In this case, it is unclear whether there are other facts that could
       support a valid claim. Under the circumstances, we believe that remand to provide
       plaintiff with an opportunity to file an amended complaint is appropriate.

               In sum, we conclude that plaintiff’s complaint failed to allege sufficient
       facts that defendants’ conduct constituted gross negligence that was a factual cause
       of the decedent’s death. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s orders denying
       defendants’ motions for summary disposition. However, we remand to afford
       plaintiff an opportunity to seek leave to amend her complaint under MCR 2.118.

      Plaintiff filed an application for leave to appeal our decision. In a written order, our
Supreme Court vacated our decision in part, stating:

               On November 9, 2021, the Court heard oral argument on the application for
       leave to appeal the December 17, 2019 judgment of the Court of Appeals. On order
       of the Court, the application is again considered. MCR 7.305(H)(1). In lieu of
       granting leave to appeal, we VACATE that part of the Court of Appeals opinion
       holding that, as a matter of law, a lifeguard’s delay, even if it constitutes gross
       negligence, cannot be a “cause in fact” of a person’s drowning. As we cautioned
       in Beals v Michigan, 497 Mich 363, 377[; 871 NW2d 5] (2015), this Court rejects
       the notion that “a governmental employee’s failure to intervene can never constitute
       the proximate cause of an injury.” Rather, whether summary disposition is
       appropriate will depend on “the facts presented in [the] case . . . .” Id. at 377-378.
       We offer no opinion on the Court of Appeals’ rulings that plaintiff failed to plead
       facts in avoidance of governmental immunity and that plaintiff shall be afforded an
       opportunity to seek leave to amend her complaint, as those issues are beyond the
       scope of plaintiff’s application for leave to appeal. We REMAND this case to the
       Oakland Circuit Court for further proceedings not inconsistent with this order.
       [Tschirhart v City of Troy, 508 Mich 983; 966 NW2d 343 (2021).]

        In the trial court, plaintiff moved for leave to file an amended complaint. Plaintiff relied
on MCR 2.118(A)(2), noting that leave to amend shall be freely given when justice so requires.
Plaintiff further alleged that grounds to deny leave, including delay, prejudice, and futility did not
apply. Defendants opposed the amendment, asserting that it was futile and contending that
plaintiff failed to state a claim in avoidance of immunity and failed to identify viable claims and
duties against defendant city’s employees. It was contended that defendants had no obligation to
prevent a drowning but were merely required to attempt a rescue of a swimmer in distress.
Defendants also alleged that count VI of the proposed amended complaint, alleging gross
negligence against defendant city of Troy, should be stricken because summary disposition was
previously granted in favor of defendant city, and plaintiff did not appeal the ruling.

       The trial court denied the motion to amend, stating:

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       The defendant [sic] argues, among other things, to be cognizable, defendant [sic]
       must have an affirmative duty to prevent a particular harm. And plaintiff, in her
       pleadings - - she’s the representative - - in any event, plaintiff’s pleadings state that
       defendant [sic] did have an affirmative duty to prevent plaintiff from - - I should
       say the decedent - - from drowning.

             Specifically, number one, that the defendant [sic] had a duty to prevent [the
       decedent] from drowning before entering the pool.

                And I don’t mean this disrespectfully, but the Court does agree that it is
       linguistically nonsensical to say that. I’ll just leave it at that. I don’t need any
       further explanation. I agree with the defendants’ characterization. You can’t - -
       I’ll leave it at that.

               The second would be the defendant [sic], per plaintiff, that the defendant
       [sic] had a duty to prevent plaintiff from drowning after entering the pool.

                And that’s this Court’s ruling on that, with all due respect, the Court finds
       that is not a basis for an amendment. This is, this characterization, or this proposed
       amendment, in this Court’s opinion, is but the original complaint all over again. If
       the plaintiff’s criticism specifically is that the defendant [sic] did nothing while [the
       decedent] was drowning, well, that criticism is precisely the plaintiff’s original
       criticism.

               The appellate courts corrected this Court by stating that the complaint that
       was filed and pled originally was not actionable, and the appellate court authorized
       or conceived, must have conceived of a feasible claim and permitted plaintiff to
       seek leave to amend the complaint to articulate such a conceivable claim. And in
       this Court’s opinion, and respectfully, the Court finds that one has not yet been pled
       by plaintiff.

               I’m repeating myself, but plaintiff has not pled anything different than what
       is in the original complaint, it’s just through different words. So, for that reason,
       respectfully, the Court denied plaintiff’s motion for leave to amend the complaint.

The trial court entered an order denying plaintiff’s motion for leave to file an amended complaint,
citing the reasons stated on the record. From this decision, plaintiff appeals.

                                  II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        A trial court’s decision addressing a motion to amend the complaint is reviewed for an
abuse of discretion. Wolfenbarger v Wright, 336 Mich App 1, 14; 969 NW2d 518 (2021); Sanders
v Perfecting Church, 303 Mich App 1, 9; 840 NW2d 401 (2013). An abuse of discretion occurs
when the trial court’s determination falls outside the scope of reasonable and principled outcomes.
Charter Twp of Ypsilanti v Dahabra, 338 Mich App 287, 292; 979 NW2d 725 (2021). To the
extent a court rule is in question, the appellate court reviews the interpretation of a court rule, a
question of law, de novo. Tyler v Findling, 508 Mich 364, 369; 972 NW2d 833 (2021).

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                                         III. ANALYSIS

        Plaintiff asserts that the trial court improperly denied the motion to amend the complaint.
We agree that the trial court erred, in part, by denying plaintiff’s motion to amend the complaint
pertaining to defendant employees. Because plaintiff did not appeal the dismissal of defendant
city of Troy and previously conceded that this party should be dismissed, the claim of gross
negligence in count VI of the proposed amended complaint naming defendant city of Troy was
improper.

        “Michigan is a notice-pleading state.” Johnson v QFD, Inc, 292 Mich App 359, 368; 807
NW2d 719 (2011). In Michigan, the primary purpose of a pleading is to provide notice of the
nature of the claim or defense sufficient to allow the opposite party to take a responsive position.
Dalley v Dykema Gossett, PLLC, 287 Mich App 296, 305; 788 NW2d 679 (2010). Under
MCR 2.111(B)(1), a complaint must include “[a] statement of the facts, without repetition, on
which the pleader relies in stating the cause of action, with the specific allegations necessary
reasonably to inform the adverse party of the nature of the claims the adverse party is called on to
defend[.]” To determine the exact nature of a plaintiff’s claims, this Court will go beyond the
procedural labels in the complaint and read the complaint as a whole to ascertain the exact nature
of the claims. Johnson, 292 Mich App at 368.

       MCR 2.118 governs amended and supplemental pleadings, and provides:

       (A) Amendments.

       (1) A party may amend a pleading once as a matter of course within 14 days after
       being served with a responsive pleading by an adverse party, or within 14 days after
       serving the pleading if it does not require a responsive pleading.

       (2) Except as provided in subrule (A)(1), a party may amend a pleading only by
       leave of the court or by written consent of the adverse party. Leave shall be freely
       given when justice so requires.

       (3) On a finding that inexcusable delay in requesting an amendment has caused or
       will cause the adverse party additional expense that would have been unnecessary
       had the request for amendment been filed earlier, the court may condition the order
       allowing amendment on the offending party’s reimbursing the adverse party for the
       additional expense, including reasonable attorney fees.

       (4) Amendments must be filed in writing, dated, and numbered consecutively, and
       must comply with MCR 2.113. Unless otherwise indicated, an amended pleading
       supersedes the former pleading.

The purpose of this rule is to facilitate the amendment of pleadings except where prejudice to the
opposing party would occur. Ben P Fyke & Sons, Inc v Gunter Co, 390 Mich 649, 656-658; 213
134 (1973). Generally, a motion to amend should be granted. Id. A denial of the amendment
motion should occur for only particularized reasons

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       “In the absence of any apparent or declared reason -- such as undue delay, bad faith
       or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies
       by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue
       of allowance of the amendment, futility of amendment, etc. -- the leave sought
       should, as the rules require, be ‘freely given.’ ” [Ben P Fyke, 390 Mich at 656
       quoting Foman v Davis, 371 US 178, 182; 83 S Ct 227, 230; 9 L Ed 2d 222, 226
       (1962).]

See also Charter Twp of Pittsfield v Washtenaw Co Treasurer, 338 Mich App 440, 458-459; 980
NW2d 119 (2021) (“Because a court should freely grant leave to amend a complaint when justice
so requires, a motion to amend should ordinarily be denied only for particularized reasons.”). A
trial court may deny leave to amend because of undue delay, undue prejudice to the defendant, or
futility. Id. at 459.

        To protect the policy favoring amendment, the trial court should exercise its discretion by
making specific findings in support of the motion. Ben P Fyke, 390 Mich at 656-657. When a
trial court considers whether the opposing party will suffer prejudice, it refers to the deprivation
of a fair trial or surprise; it does not consider the impact on the result of the trial. Id. The timing
of the offered amendment is considered, not the impact on the merits if amendment is denied. Id.
at 657-658.

        When deciding plaintiff’s motion to amend the complaint, the trial court concluded the
Court of Appeals corrected the trial court’s erroneous ruling regarding summary disposition, and
plaintiff essentially in its proposed amended complaint raised the same allegations set forth in the
first complaint. Thus, the trial court denied the motion to amend determining that it would be
futile because the same claims were pleaded albeit “through different words.”

        We conclude the trial court employed an erroneous rationale and abused its discretion by
denying plaintiff’s motion to amend with regard to defendant’s employees. Wolfenbarger, 336
Mich App at 14. The general rule is that leave to amend shall be freely granted. Defendants did
not claim or identify any undue delay or undue prejudice arising from the proposed amended
complaint. Therefore, leave should have been freely granted unless it could be shown that
amendment would be futile. Ben P Fyke & Sons, Inc, 390 Mich at 656.

        With regard to futility, the trial court erred in denying amendment by only relying on the
opinion issued by the Court of Appeals, and failing to consider the subsequent Supreme Court
order, which stated in pertinent part:

       In lieu of granting leave to appeal, we VACATE that part of the Court of Appeals
       opinion holding that, as a matter of law, a lifeguard’s delay, even if it constitutes
       gross negligence, cannot be a “cause in fact” of a person’s drowning. As we
       cautioned in Beals v Michigan, 497 Mich 363, 377[; 871 NW2d 5] (2015), this
       Court rejects the notion that “a governmental employee’s failure to intervene can
       never constitute the proximate cause of an injury.” Rather, whether summary
       disposition is appropriate will depend on “the facts presented in [the] case . . . .”
       Id. at 377-378. We offer no opinion on the Court of Appeals’ rulings that plaintiff
       failed to plead facts in avoidance of governmental immunity and that plaintiff shall

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       be afforded an opportunity to seek leave to amend her complaint, as those issues
       are beyond the scope of plaintiff’s application for leave to appeal. We REMAND
       this case to the Oakland Circuit Court for further proceedings not inconsistent with
       this order. [Tschirhart, 508 Mich at 983.]

In light of the Supreme Court order, a lifeguard’s delay, even if it constitutes gross negligence can
be a cause in fact of a person’s drowning, a governmental employee’s failure to intervene can
constitute the proximate cause of an injury, and the propriety of summary disposition under the
circumstances is contingent upon the facts of the case.

       Defendants submit that plaintiff failed to properly plead a duty, gross negligence, and facts
in avoidance of governmental immunity. But, Michigan is a notice-pleading state, Johnson, 292
Mich at 358, where the function of a pleading is to give notice of the nature of the claim in a
manner that allows the opposing party to respond, Dalley, 287 Mich App at 305. Under
MCR 2.111(B)(1), a complaint must include “[a] statement of the facts, without repetition, on
which the pleader relies in stating the cause of action, with the specific allegations necessary
reasonably to inform the adverse party of the nature of the claims the adverse party is called on to
defend[.]”

       The amended complaint alleged that the decedent had a history of epilepsy, was known to
have seizures, and defendants’ employees were aware of these facts. It was further asserted that
video surveillance demonstrated that the decedent was in an area of the pool, the depth of the pool
would allow a drowning to occur without a life jacket, the decedent submerged completely
underwater because of a seizure, and this seizure occurred near defendants O’Connor (the
swimming trainer) and Alleman (an aide).          Despite the decedent’s presence under water,
“defendants” allegedly did not recognize the decedent’s “dire situation” or render aid. Instead,
defendant Alleman purportedly picked up a Styrofoam tube and poked the decedent with it. The
amended complaint submitted that the failure to check on the decedent and to merely poke his
body “demonstrated a clear, willful disregard, and a substantial lack of concern” for the decedent’s
well-being. It was further alleged that the decedent’s body was “eventually” removed from the
pool but it still took another 1½ minutes before chest compressions were administered. Plaintiff
claimed that there was a “complete lack of preparedness and awareness” on the part of defendants,
and the conduct “was so reckless as to demonstrate a substantial lack of concern for whether” the
decedent suffered injury or death.

         Under the circumstances, plaintiff sufficiently pleaded that the decedent was a participant
in defendants’ swimming program, that he had a history of seizures, that he was in the pool without
a life jacket or life-saving protection, that he went under water, that Alleman did not immediately
respond to the submersion but merely poked the decedent with a pool noodle, that “eventually”
the decedent was removed from the pool, and that there was a delay in providing chest
compressions to the decedent. Plaintiff further alleged that the conduct amounted to gross
negligence because it demonstrated a substantial lack of concern for whether injury or death
results. Under Michigan’s notice-pleading rules, plaintiff sufficiently alleged that defendants’
actions or omissions were the proximate cause of the death and that defendant city’s employees
were nonetheless responsible because the action or inaction was the product of gross negligence,
allegations in avoidance of governmental immunity. It is noteworthy that, if as defendants allege,
a video of the drowning existed, it was not submitted in the lower court record. Further, the motion

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for summary disposition was not premised on MCR 2.116(C)(10). Therefore, no assessment was
made that despite the allegations raised, a claim of gross negligence could not be established in
light of any video.

        Defendant O’Connor alleged that she was appropriately dismissed from the lawsuit by this
Court and in accordance with the Supreme Court order because the Supreme Court order
concluded that lifeguards could not be a cause in fact of a person’s drowning. Because O’Connor
was not a lifeguard, she submits that amendment of the complaint with regard to her was
appropriately denied. However, no answer was ever filed to the complaint, and O’Connor does
not deny that she was an employee of defendant city of Troy. The Supreme Court order addressed
lifeguards specifically but then noted that “a governmental employee’s” failure to intervene can
constitute the proximate cause of an injury. In light of the Supreme Court statement in its order,
O’Connor could be deemed the proximate cause of the injury contingent upon the facts presented
in the case. Therefore, O’Connor’s challenge lacks merit. Tschirhart, 508 Mich at 983.

        Defendants also contend that it is “simply nonsense” that plaintiff alleged facts that
separated the duty to prevent the drowning from facts before entry into the pool and facts that
failed to prevent the drowning after entry into the pool. We do not control the manner of plaintiff’s
pleadings, and leave to amend a pleading shall be freely granted. Defendants may later move to
dismiss allegations in the complaint that purportedly do not give rise to a duty or are characterized
as nonsensical under MCR 2.116(C)(8).

        We recognize that defendants repeatedly submitted that there was no duty to prevent a
drowning and the only actual duty was to intervene in a perilous situation. Defendants, however,
failed to cite any authority in support of that position. Further, defendants failed to recognize the
semantics of the presentation of its theory. Specifically, plaintiff seemingly submitted that the
grossly negligent response to the intervention in the perilous situation caused the drowning, not
that defendants owed a duty to prevent any drowning. It seemed that plaintiff alleged that the
decedent was in the pool, defendant city’s employees did not observe the decedent submerge under
water, the employees did not immediately respond but merely poked the decedent with a pool
noodle, and the employees delayed in the removal of the decedent from the pool and in providing
chest compressions. In short, plaintiff did seemingly allege that the employees response to the
perilous situation was grossly negligent.

         Finally, defendants alleged that the pleadings were insufficient because the amended
complaint did not allege where the defendant lifeguards and aides were during the incident and
what they were doing. Defendants further asserted that plaintiff must have acquired a video of the
incident because of the references to the timing of the incident. It is unclear whether plaintiff
acquired any video and used it to prepare the complaints because it was not submitted in the record.
Again, Michigan is a notice-pleading state. Whether a video, sworn statements, or deposition
testimony would support plaintiff’s pleadings was not at issue in the trial court. Rather, the issue
was whether plaintiff sufficiently pleaded the claims raised in the proposed amended complaint.
We conclude that she did with regard to defendant city’s employees. Yet, defendants appeared to
argue that the facts will not demonstrate gross negligence, even though, at this time, the inquiry
was the sufficiency of the pleading only. In light of the Supreme Court order, the trial court abused
its discretion by denying the motion to amend the complaint with regard to defendant employees.

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And for the reasons we have discussed, it was appropriate to deny the request to amend the
complaint pertaining to defendant city.

       Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for proceedings consistent with this
opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. No taxable costs, no party having prevailed in full.

                                                        /s/ Anica Letica
                                                        /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                        /s/ Michael J. Riordan

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