Court Opinion

ID: 9889923
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-11 19:07:32.418207+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:48:54.323067
License: Public Domain

STATE OF LOUISIANA

                                 COURT OF APPEAL

                                    FIRST CIRCUIT

                                   NO. 2023 CA 0226

                                 L. KEVIN COLEMAN

                                        VERSUS

              STATE FARM FIRE AND CASUALTY COMPANY

                                                 Judgment Rendered:      OCT 112023

                                    On Appeal from the
                                22nd Judicial District Court
t       C                   In and for the Parish of St. Tammany
                                     State of Louisiana
                                Trial Court No. 2022- 10502

                       Honorable Richard A. Swartz, .fudge Presiding

    L. Kevin Coleman                             Plaintiff A
                                                           - ppellant,
    Mandeville, LA                               Pro Se

    Jeffrey E. Richardson                        Attorneys for Defendant -Appellee,
    David A. Strauss                             State Farm Fire and Casualty
    Jacques P. Jandrieu                          Company
    New Orleans, LA

                                         MEMEM

                BEFORE: McCLENDON, RESTER, AND MILLER, JJ.
HESTER, J.

        In this appeal involving the interpretation of an insurance contract, plaintiff,

L. Kevin Coleman, appeals a judgment denying his motion for summary judgment

and granting a motion for summary judgment in favor of defendant, State Farm Fire

and Casualty Company on the grounds that Coleman' s damages did not exceed the

applicable hurricane deductible.           For the following reasons, we affirm.

                         FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        On August 29, 2021, Hurricane Ida made landfall in South Louisiana causing

damage to Coleman' s residence premises located at 111 Chinchuba Gardens Drive

in Mandeville, Louisiana.          At all relevant times, Coleman' s home was covered by a

homeowner' s insurance policy issued to Coleman by State Farm. On September 16,

2021,   Coleman reported a claim outlining his damages to State Farm, including

damage from trees that fell on his fences, driveway, and a wooden pier in the back

of his property.

        Thereafter, State Farm inspected the property and, in its estimate, concluded

that the damages incurred by Coleman totaled $ 5, 578. 13',                   and did not exceed the

 12, 160. 002 hurricane deductible in the policy. As part of its estimate, State Farm

determined $ 500. 60 as the cost for the removal of tree debris. Coleman responded

by letter rejecting the estimate presented by State Farm. He attached to the letter an

estimate from Ziegler Tree and Timber Co. estimating that the removal for all the

fallen trees and stumps from Coleman' s property would cost $32, 500.00. State Farm

replied, pointing to Section I - Additional Coverages in the policy, contending that

regardless of which estimate for tree debris removal was used, the policy provided a

I State Farm' s estimate concluded that the value of the damaged part of Coleman' s property at the
time of the loss, calculated as the estimated cost to repair or replace such property less a deduction
to account for pre -loss depreciation, was $ 3, 477. 78 for the pier, $417.46 for the fence, $ 856. 30 for
tree removal, $ 500. 60 for removal of tree debris, $     141. 26 for hauling away debris in a pickup truck
 including dump fees),   and $   184. 73 for concrete labor, for a total of $5, 578. 13.

2 $ 12, 160. 00 is 5% of the Coverage A policy limit.

                                                      2
 1, 000. 00 limit for the removal of tree debris and stumps, and even if State Farm

acknowledged that Coleman met the $ 1, 000. 00 limit, the coverage would not exceed

the policy' s hurricane deductible.

      In response, Coleman filed a " Petition for Declaratory Judgment, Damages,

Statutory Penalties and Attorney Fees" seeking a judgment declaring that " debris"

as used in the policy includes trees and any parts thereof.           Coleman also sought

damages due under the policy, statutory penalties pursuant to La. R.S. 22: 1892, and

attorney fees.        The district court, in accordance with Act 318, issued a case

management order directing that all Hurricane Ida related claims to be submitted for

mediation before a specially appointed master. 4n June 2, 2022, Coleman filed a

 Motion for Summary Judgment for Part of the Relief Prayed for" stating that while

the case is pending and subject to the case management order, the present motion

will greatly assist in streamlining the process set forth in the order. In his motion,

Coleman sought summary judgment declaring that:

       A. " debris" as used in provision 1,      entitled " Debris   Removal"   under

             Section I —Additional Coverages ( the " debris clause") of the policy

            includes trees and any parts thereof and that same are not otherwise
            excluded as " debris;"
       B. when a tree is " debris"      of damaged covered property the policy
            requires that the entire felled tree be removed and properly disposed
            of, and not just a selected piece thereof,
       C. provision 1( b) of the debris clause which begins " We will also
            pay..."   is not a limitation upon the amount of [money] recoverable
            under the debris clause but is instead an addition thereto;
       D. no other policy provision limits the amount available under the
          debris clause to pay for the removal of debris of covered property;
            and

       E.   defendant' s failure and/ or refusal to pay for debris removal was
            arbitrary and capricious.

       State Farm opposed Coleman' s motion for summary judgment and filed

 State Farm' s Cross -Motion for Partial Summary Judgment," contending that

Coleman' s damages do not exceed the hurricane deductible in the policy.                In so

arguing,    State Farm contends that the policy contains a $ 1, 000. 00 limit for the

removal of tree debris and stumps.

                                             3
      The parties' motions for summary judgment came were heard on September

15, 2022.   Thereafter, the district court issued written reasons for judgment and

signed a judgment on November 22, 2022, denying Coleman' s motion for summary

judgment, granting State Farm' s motion for summary judgment, and dismissing

Coleman' s petition with prejudice.    It is from this judgment that Coleman appeals,

contending that the district court erred in failing to interpret the policy broadly in

favor of coverage and in failing to find provision ( 1)( b) was an addition to coverage,

not a limitation.   Coleman further contends that the district court erred in failing to

find State Farm' s failure to pay for the tree debris removal was arbitrary and

capricious in violation of La. R.S. 22: 1892.

                              STANDARD OF REVIEW

      A motion for summary judgment shall be granted only if the motion,

memorandum, and supporting documents admitted for purposes of the motion show

there is no genuine issue as to material fact and the mover is entitled to judgment as

a matter of law.     See La. Code Civ. P. art. 966( A)( 3).     In determining whether

summary judgment is appropriate, appellate courts review evidence de novo under

the same criteria that govern the district court' s determination.      See Huggins v.

Amtrust Ins. Co. of Kansas, Inc., 2020- 0516 ( La. App. 1 st Cir. 12/ 30/ 20), 319

So. 3d 362, 366. We may only consider evidence that is admissible under the express

provisions of La. Code Civ. P.       arts.   966 &   967.   Huggins, 319 So. 3d at 365.

Summary judgment is appropriate for determining issues relating to insurance

coverage, which is a question of law. See La. Code Civ. P. art. 966( E).       See also

Bosse v.    Access Home Insurance Company, 2018- 0482 ( La. App.                l st Cir.

12117118), 267 So. 3d 1142, 1145, and Doiron v. Louisiana Farm Bureau Mut.

Insurance Company, 98- 2818 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 2118/ 00), 753 So. 2d 357, 362 n.2.

Summary judgment declaring a lack of coverage under an insurance policy may not

be rendered unless there is no reasonable interpretation of the policy under which

                                              4
coverage could be afforded.        Reynolds v. Select Properties, Ltd., 93- 1480 ( La.

4111194), 634 So. 2d 1180, 1183.

                                  LAW AND ANALYSIS

      An insurance policy is a contract between the parties and is subject to the basic

rules of contract interpretation found in La. Civ. Code arts. 2045, et seq.

Interpretation of a contract is the determination of the parties' common intent, as

reflected by the policy' s wording, and it is the parties' intent that determines the

extent of coverage.    La. Civ. Code art. 2045; Bosse, 267 So. 3d at 1146. When the

policy' s wording is clear, no further interpretation may be made in search of the

parties' intent, and the policy must be enforced as written. La. Civ. Code art. 2046;

Bosse,     267 So. 3d at   1145- 46.   If, after applying the other general rules of

construction, an ambiguity remains, the ambiguous contractual provision is to be

construed against the insurer who issued the policy and in favor of coverage for the

insured.    See La. Civ. Code art. 2056.         Under this rule of " strict construction,"

equivocal provisions seeking to narrow an insurer' s obligation are strictly construed

against the insurer.   For the rule of strict construction to apply, the policy must be

susceptible to two or more interpretations, and the alternative interpretations must

be reasonable.     Bonin v. Westport Insurance Corporation, 2005- 0886 ( La.

5/ 17/ 06), 930 So. 2d 906, 911.    The determination of whether a contract is clear or

ambiguous is a question of law. McMath Construction Company, Inc. v. Dupuy,

2003- 1413 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 11/ 17/ 04), 897 So. 2d 677, 681, writ denied, 2004- 3085

 La. 2/ 18/ 05), 896 So. 2d 40.   An insurance contract must be construed according to

the entirety of its terms and conditions as set forth in the policy and as modified by

any endorsement made a part of the policy. La. R.S. 22: 881. An insurance policy

should not be interpreted in an unreasonable or a strained manner so as to enlarge or

to restrict its provisions beyond what is reasonably contemplated by its terms or so

as to achieve an absurd conclusion.       Pecoraro v. Louisiana Citizens Insurance

                                             R
Corporation, 2018- 161 ( La. App. 5th Cir. 10/ 17/ 18), 258 So. 3d 212, 215.                   Absent

a conflict with statutory provisions or public policy, insurers are entitled to limit their

liability and to impose reasonable conditions upon the obligations they contractually

assume.           Louisiana Insurance Guaranty Association v. Interstate Fire &

Casualty Co., 93- 0911 ( La. 1114194), 630 So. 2d 759, 763.

             The sole issue herein is the interpretation of the insurance policy to determine

to what extent the policy covers expenses incurred for the removal of tree debris.

Section I of the policy is titled " Property Coverages" and within Section I there are

three main types of coverage: Coverage A addresses " DWELLING," Coverage B

addresses "         PERSONAL PROPERTY,"                   and Coverage C addresses " LOSS OF

USE."          In addition to Coverages A, B, and C, Section I also provides for additional

coverages related to the insured' s own property. The relevant provision regarding

debris removal is contained in the Section I- Additional Coverages section of the

policy and provides:

       1.    Debris Removal.          We will pay the reasonable expenses you incur in the
             removal of debris of covered property damaged by a loss insured.                       This

             expense is included in the limit applying to the damaged property.                     The

             following coverages and limits also apply:

             a. When the amount payable for the property damage plus the debris removal
             exceeds the limit for damaged property, an additional 5% of that limit is
             available for debris removal expense.                 This additional amount of insurance
             does not apply to SECTION I —ADDITIONAL COVERAGES, Trees,
                                      3
             Shrubs, and Landscaping.

3 The section under Additional Coverages for Trees, Shrubs, and Landscaping provides coverage
for specific perils not associated with this specific claim, i.e., trees felled by a windstorm. This
section provides:

  Trees, Shrubs, and Landscaping. We will pay for accidental direct physical loss to
outdoor:

  a.        trees, shrubs, live or artificial plants, and lawns;
  b.        artificial grass, and

  c.        hardscape property used for aesthetic purposes not permanently affixed to realty;
            on the residence premises, caused by the following perils: Fire or lightning,
            Explosion, Riot or civil commotion, Aircraft, Vehicles... Vandalism or malicious
            mischief, or Theft.

            The limit for this coverage, including the removal of debris, will not exceed 5%   of

            the amount shown in the Declarations for COVERAGE A- DWELLING. We will
            not pay more than $ 750 for any one outdoor tree, shrub, plant, or hardscape item,
                                                          n
      b. We will also pay up to $ 1, 000 total for each loss to cover the reasonable
      expenses you incur in the removal of tree debris and stumps from the
      residence premises, unless otherwise excluded. This coverage applies when:

       1) the tree has caused a loss insured to Coverage A property; or

       2)    the tree debris felled by windstorm, hail, or weight of snow or ice
            blocks:

       a) the driveway, on the residence premises, and prevents land motor
            vehicle access to or from the dwelling; or

       b) a ramp designed to assist persons with disabilities, on the residence
          premises, and prevents access to or from a building structure.

      Coleman argues that State Farm made a judicial admission that a fallen tree is

a type of debris covered by Section 1, and the district court erred in its conclusion

that " the debris itself must be comprised of covered property. In this case[,] the trees

were not covered property damaged by a loss insured." In the alternative, Coleman

argues that subsection 1( b) was ambiguous per se and should have been interpreted

in his favor as the plaintiff/policy holder. Specifically, Coleman contends that 1( b)

cannot be interpreted to create a specific limitation for a specific type of debris

removal and is instead an addition thereto as the subsection begins with " We will

also pay."

      An " ambiguity"       in an insurance policy is said to exist when the pertinent

provision can be reasonably construed in two different ways.                    McCarthy v.

Berman, 95- 1456 ( La. 2/ 28/ 96), 668 So. 2d 721, 726.            Our review of the policy

reveals no ambiguity.      While the policy provides coverage for expenses related to

the removal of tree debris, it is subject to specific conditions and limitations, and the

maximum amount of coverage for each loss is $ 1, 000. 00.             Under the introductory

paragraph in the Additional Coverages section of the policy titled "Debris Removal"

the policy states that "[ t] he following coverages and limits also apply." ( Emphasis

     including debris removal expense. This coverage may increase the limit otherwise
     applicable.   We will not pay for any loss to property grown for business purposes.
                                                7
added).    Subsection 1( b) directly addresses the scope of coverage for the removal of

tree debris and stumps and provides coverage up to $ 1, 000.00 total for each loss to

cover the reasonable expenses incurred in the removal of tree debris and stumps from

the residence premises. The policy then gives the two circumstances' when it covers

the removal of tree debris, but limits the coverage to $ 1, 000. 00 regardless of which

circumstance occurs. Furthermore, the declarations page of the policy lists a liability

limit of $1, 000. 00 for tree debris removal.

         It is well established that, in contract interpretation, the more specific

provision controls the general.        Aikman v. Thomas, 2003- 2241 ( La. App. Ist Cir.

9117104), 887 So. 2d 86, 90.          The tree debris removal provision falls within the

broader paragraph dealing with general debris removal.                    Subsection 1( b)     then

provides a specific provision for a specific type of debris removal, namely tree debris

and stumps. "     We will also pay" refers to an additional payment beyond the amount

paid for debris removal that does not consist of trees and stumps. As the coverage

for the removal of tree debris and stumps is unambiguously limited to $ 1, 000. 00,

there is no reasonable interpretation of the policy under which coverage could be

afforded beyond $ 1, 000. 00 for the removal of tree debris and stumps.'             Additionally,

because the policy limits the coverage of tree removal to $ 1, 000. 00, regardless of

which estimate is used by State Farm, Coleman' s recoverable damages do not

exceed the applicable hurricane deductible. Therefore, we find no error in the district

court' s grant of summary judgment dismissing Coleman' s claims.

a The two circumstances are: 1.    the tree has caused a loss insured to Coverage A property or 2.
the tree felled by windstorm, hail or weight of snow or ice blocks the driveway or a ramp
designated to assist persons with a disability access to a building.
s
    Considering our conclusion that the policy unambiguously limits the coverage for the removal
of tree debris to $ 1, 000. 00, we pretermit discussion of Coleman' s judicial admission argument and
find no merit to Coleman' s second assignment of error contending that State Farm was arbitrary
and capricious in its failure to pay for the tree debris removal.
                                                  8
                                   CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, the November 22, 2022 judgment of the district

court is affirmed. All costs of the appeal are assessed to plaintiff-appellant, L. Kevin

Coleman.

      AFFIRMED.

                                           9
L. KEVIN COLEMAN                              STATE OF LOUISIANA

                                              COURT OF APPEAL
VERSUS
                                              FIRST CIRCUIT

STATE FARM FIRE AND                           NUMBER 2023 CA 0226
CASUALTY COMPANY

MILLER, J., concurring.

      While I agree with the majority' s interpretation of the policy — that the

removal of tree debris and stumps is capped at $ 1, 000. 00 for each loss — I write

separately to emphasize that Mr. Coleman failed to attach competent summary

judgment evidence to genuinely place at issue the amount of covered damages. State

Farm values the claim at $ 5, 578. 13 as evidenced by its repair estimate. This amount

is well below the hurricane deductible of $12, 160. 00. Because Mr. Coleman failed

to set forth any evidence countering this amount, either in support of his own motion

or in opposition to State Farm' s motion for summary judgment, we are unable to

conclude that the deductible has been met and payment is due under the policy.