Court Opinion

ID: 4657585
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-02-04 21:00:40.227087+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:21.033400
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        FEB 4 2021
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.    18-10357

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                4:17-cr-00077-YGR-1
 v.

ARCHIE NED WILLIAMS,                            MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellant.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of California
                Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers, District Judge, Presiding

                           Submitted February 2, 2021**
                             San Francisco, California

Before: THOMAS, Chief Judge, and IKUTA and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges.

      Archie Ned Williams challenges his guilty plea conviction and sentence for

conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery, 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a), Hobbs Act

robbery, id., and brandishing a firearm during and in relation to a crime of

violence, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
§ 1291. Williams agreed to an appeal waiver, so we consider if an exception to the

waiver applies. United States v. Bibler, 495 F.3d 621, 623-24 (9th Cir. 2007).

Because Williams’s conviction and sentence were lawful and there was no plain

error under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11, we enforce the appeal waiver

and dismiss this appeal.

      1.     The district court did not commit a “plain” Rule 11 error during the

plea colloquy for the Hobbs Act robbery counts. See United States v. Vonn, 535

U.S. 55, 61-62 (2002) (reviewing for plain error issue not raised before district

court). The district court restated the elements of the offense set forth in the plea

agreement, which in turn mirrored the Ninth Circuit Model Criminal Jury

Instructions operative when the agreement was signed. Reliance on these

instructions is not “plain” error. United States v. Soto-Barraza, 947 F.3d 1111,

1119 n.6 (9th Cir. 2020). Even if the instructions, and thus the plea agreement,

mistakenly implied that Hobbs Act robbery can be committed by non-violent

pressure inducing an individual to part with property, that mistake did not affect

Williams’s “substantial rights.” United States v. Rusnak, 981 F.3d 697, 708 (9th

Cir. 2020). Williams’s factual proffer went beyond nonviolent pressure; he

admitted he or his coconspirator pointed a gun at a cashier. Thus, any purported

error was harmless. Finally, Williams’s contention that the district judge premised

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his § 924(c) conviction on the conspiracy count lacks support in the record.1

      2.    Williams also challenges as unlawful his conviction and sentence

under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii) for brandishing a firearm during and in relation

to a crime of violence. His argument that his substantive Hobbs Act robbery

conviction under one or more theories is not a crime of violence for purposes of

18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A) is foreclosed. United States v. Dominguez, 954 F.3d

1251, 1260-61 (9th Cir. 2020). The result is the same whether Williams’s Hobbs

Act robbery conviction was pursuant to an aiding and abetting or vicarious co-

conspirator theory of liability. United States v. Henry, 2021 WL 46204, at *7-9

(9th Cir. Jan. 6, 2021) (observing the Ninth Circuit has repeatedly upheld § 924(c)

convictions premised on accomplice liability).

      DISMISSED.

1
  The plea agreement and plea colloquy unequivocally designate as the § 924(c)
predicate “robbery affecting interstate commerce as charged in Count Two.”
Count Two was not for conspiracy. The indictment similarly describes the
§ 924(c) predicate as “Robbery Affecting Interstate Commerce,” without any
reference to conspiracy to commit the same. Finally, the elements under the
§ 924(c) charge in the plea agreement and plea colloquy are clear that the predicate
crime of violence is substantive Hobbs Act robbery, committed by either Williams
or a coconspirator.

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