Court Opinion

ID: 2981974
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 19:58:16.215079+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:37:57.547089
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            File Name: 13a0712n.06

                                            No. 12-6119

                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                              )
                                                       )
                                                                                  FILED
        Plaintiff – Appellee,                          )
                                                                              Aug 02, 2013
                                                       )                DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
v.                                                     )
                                                       )    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
WILLIAM J. GALLION;                                    )    STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
SHIRLEY CUNNINGHAM,                                    )    THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
                                                       )    KENTUCKY
        Defendants,                                    )
                                                       )
JOSEPH C. GALLION,                                     )
                                                       )
        Appellant.                                     )

        Before: GILMAN, GRIFFIN, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

        JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Petitioner-appellant Joseph Gallion (“Gallion”)

appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to vacate or stay a final order of forfeiture. Gallion

argues that the Government’s attempt to provide notice of the forfeiture proceedings did not meet

statutory requirements or the constitutional standard of Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust

Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950). The district court found that the Government’s efforts were

sufficient and determined that Gallion’s claim could not succeed in any case because he had actual

notice of the forfeiture proceedings. On appeal, Gallion contests the findings of the district court on

notice and for the first time raises a jurisdictional argument. For the following reasons, we AFFIRM

the order of the district court.
                                       I. BACKGROUND

       Joseph Gallion is the son of attorney William Gallion. William Gallion, along with his

partner Shirley Cunningham, was convicted of wire fraud after defrauding clients of tens of millions

of dollars. See United States v. Cunningham, 679 F.3d 355, 362–71 (6th Cir. 2012). The fraud

conviction stemmed from a $200-million-dollar settlement that the attorneys negotiated on behalf

of 431 clients who had been injured by the diet drug known as “fen-phen.” Id. at 362–64. The

Kentucky Bar Association began an investigation of the settlement in January 2002 and the two

attorneys were eventually disbarred and then convicted in federal court. Id. at 366.

       Following the conviction, the district court granted a preliminary order of forfeiture requiring

the defendants to pay $30 million to the Government. The order specified various properties to be

forfeited to satisfy the judgment, but granted a stay of the forfeiture as to the substitute assets

included in the order.1 The preliminary order was amended on July 24, 2009, to include as substitute

assets two properties related to Joseph Gallion—a house located at 614 E. Cambridge Lane and an

adjacent vacant lot at 602 E. Cambridge Lane, both in the city of Nicholasville, Kentucky.

       On August 18, 2009, the district court entered judgment against the defendants, sentencing

William Gallion to a total term of 25 years of imprisonment and ordering that William Gallion and

Shirley Cunningham pay $127 million in restitution to their clients. The judgment also incorporated

the amended preliminary forfeiture order that listed the properties related to Joseph Gallion.

       1
         “Substitute assets, as defined by 21 U.S.C. § 853(p), are not directly traceable to the
underlying offenses for which [the criminal defendant] was indicted, but could be used to satisfy a
judgment under certain circumstances (detailed in the statute),” United States v. Parrett, 530 F.3d
422, 424 (6th Cir. 2008), including where the property “has been transferred or sold to, or deposited
with, a third party[.]” 21 U.S.C. § 853(p)(1)(B).

                                                  2
       After the defendants appealed, the Government provided notice to third parties that might

have an interest in the specified properties. According to the Government, it ultimately sent notice

by certified mail to eighteen potential claimants, including Joseph Gallion, advising them of the

process required to file a petition to request an ancillary hearing to contest the forfeiture. The

Government states that it sent the notice directly to the attorneys of potential claimants where it was

aware that a claimant was represented by an attorney—for example, it sent notice to attorney Stephen

O’Brien who had requested to be notified on behalf of William Gallion’s girlfriend, Melissa Green.

The Government then posted notice of the forfeiture on an official government website for thirty

consecutive days beginning on June 10, 2010.

       Joseph Gallion was the record owner of the house at 614 E. Cambridge Lane (“the house”)

and he was the sole registered agent of an entity called WJG Holdings, LLC (“WJG”), which owned

the lot next door at 602 E. Cambridge Lane (“the lot”). In the initial motion to amend the

preliminary-forfeiture order, the Government acknowledged that the house was held in Joseph

Gallion’s name, but contended that evidence existed to prove that Joseph Gallion was “merely a

nominee owner” and that William Gallion had purchased and was the true owner of the property.

The Government sent notice via certified mail to Joseph Gallion as the registered agent of WJG at

the address on file with the Kentucky Secretary of State, but the notice was returned as undeliverable.

It also sent notice to an attorney, Michael Dowling, who had represented William Gallion during the

criminal trial, and who—according to the Government brief—had called the prosecutors and advised

them that he represented Joseph Gallion in the forfeiture proceedings. Joseph Gallion, however,

never filed a petition as to the house, and WJG never filed a petition as to the lot.

                                                   3
        Six other individuals and entities did file petitions, all of which were either settled or

ultimately denied in a September 10, 2010 memorandum and order. For example, Patricia

Cunningham, who married Shirley Cunningham in 2004, filed a petition claiming that she had

superior title to eight different properties that had been specified in the preliminary forfeiture order.

After a May 24, 2010 ancillary hearing, the district court granted the government’s motion to dismiss

the petition. The court found that Shirley Cunningham had “used his resources (including fees taken

from his former clients/victims) for the various purchases that followed the 2001 settlement.” Sept.

10, 2010 Order at 24, R. 128 at PageID# 23225. Among other reasons for denying the petition, the

district court held that the “relation-back doctrine” of United States v. Stowell, 133 U.S. 1, 16–17

(1890), applied to the forfeiture of substitute assets. Sept. 10, 2010 Order at 25 (citing United States

v. McHan, 345 F.3d 262, 272 (4th Cir. 2003)). Because Ms. Cunningham’s interest in the properties

had not vested prior to the commission of the acts giving rise to the forfeiture, the court determined

that her interest had not vested prior to the date the government had acquired its interest in the

property. Therefore her claim could not succeed.

        The final sequence of events forms the basis of Joseph Gallion’s jurisdictional argument: On

May 1, 2012, a Sixth Circuit panel affirmed the sentence and judgment of the district court as to

William Gallion and Shirley Cunningham. The two defendants were granted an extension of time

to file a motion for rehearing en banc, which they eventually filed on May 30. On June 27, the

request for rehearing in the criminal appeal was denied. The mandate was not issued until July 6.2

        2
         “The mandate is the document by which this Court relinquishes jurisdiction and authorizes
the originating district court or agency to enforce the judgment of this Court.” United States v.
Campbell, 168 F.3d 263, 267 (6th Cir. 1999) (quoting Sixth Circuit Internal Operating Procedure
41). “The mandate issues 21 days after the entry of judgment and consists of a certified copy of the
original judgment, a copy of any opinion and any directions concerning costs.” Id.

                                                    4
        Before the mandate issued, however, the Government moved in the district court for a “Final

Decree and Order of Forfeiture” (“Final Order”) for all of the property for which no petition had been

filed and successfully settled by third parties. The motion included the properties at 602 and 614 E.

Cambridge Lane. On June 18, still some three weeks before the mandate issued from the Sixth

Circuit, the district court granted this Final Order. On June 27, the same day that the request for

rehearing in the criminal appeal was denied, the United States Marshals seized the house at 614 E.

Cambridge Lane and evicted Joseph Gallion. That day, the defendants in the criminal appeal,

William Gallion and Shirley Cunningham, filed an ultimately unsuccessful motion for withdrawal

of the Final Order, arguing that the district court should not have lifted the stay on the forfeiture until

the motion for rehearing en banc had been decided.

        Several weeks after the mandate issued, Joseph Gallion filed the motion that forms the basis

of the appeal we now consider. He denominated the motion as a “Motion to Vacate and/or Stay” the

final order of forfeiture as to the house at 614 E. Cambridge Lane, and he requested a delayed

ancillary proceeding to contest the forfeiture and permission to occupy the house until any appeals

were exhausted in the matter. He argued that the Government had failed to give him the notice of

the forfeiture proceedings required under the Constitution, the forfeiture statutes, and the Federal

Rules of Criminal Procedure. The district court eventually denied the motion, agreeing with the

Government that it had provided Gallion with sufficient notice. Gallion appealed, and it appears that

the Government has agreed to allow him to continue to live in the house until the instant appeal has

concluded.

                                                    5
                                  II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        The parties in this case have belatedly determined that the proper method of moving to

re-open a forfeiture judgment for lack of notice is by filing a 60(b) motion under the Federal Rules

of Civil Procedure. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.2(a) advisory committee’s note (2000). In the

proceedings below, neither party advised the district court that Gallion’s motion should be treated

as a 60(b) motion. In their appellate briefing, however, the parties have framed the issue as whether

relief is appropriate under Rule 60(b). We will therefore treat the district court’s order as a Rule

60(b) denial of relief.

        Rule 60(b) provides, in pertinent part, that:

        On motion and upon such terms as are just, the Court may relieve a party or a party’s
        legal representative from a final judgment, order or proceeding for the following
        reasons: (1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect; . . . (4) the
        judgment is void; . . . or (6) any other reason that justifies relief.

Where a defendant argues that he or she should be granted relief on the basis of excusable neglect,

the district court must also consider “three equitable factors”: “(1) whether culpable conduct of the

defendant led to the default, (2) whether the defendant has a meritorious defense, and (3) whether

the plaintiff will be prejudiced.” Burrell v. Henderson, 434 F.3d 826, 831–32 (6th Cir. 2006). “A

motion under Rule 60(b) must be made within a reasonable time.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(c)(1).

        We review a district court’s denial of a Rule 60(b) motion under an “abuse of discretion”

standard. Abrahamsen v. Trans-State Exp., Inc., 92 F.3d 425, 428 (6th Cir. 1996). “Under this

standard, we defer to the district court’s ringside view of the proceedings,” Brown v. Tennessee

Dep’t of Fin. & Admin., 561 F.3d 542, 545 (6th Cir. 2009), and we will reverse only upon the

“definite and firm conviction that the trial court committed a clear error of judgment,” Davis by

                                                  6
Davis v. Jellico Cmty. Hosp. Inc., 912 F.2d 129, 133 (6th Cir. 1990) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

       The district court’s findings of fact are reviewed under a “clearly erroneous standard” and

“the question of whether those facts are sufficient to constitute a proper criminal forfeiture is

reviewed de novo.” United States v. O’Dell, 247 F.3d 655, 679 (6th Cir. 2001).

                                    III. LEGAL STANDARD

A. Criminal forfeiture procedure

       “To obtain title to property through criminal forfeiture, the government must give third

parties a chance to assert competing interests in the property.” United States v. Erpenbeck, 682 F.3d
472, 475 (6th Cir. 2012). To do so, 21 U.S.C. § 853 and Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.2

prescribe a two-track criminal-forfeiture procedure.

       As soon as possible after a verdict or a guilty plea, a district must enter a “preliminary order

of forfeiture,” which sets forth the amount of any money forfeiture and lists any specific property to

be forfeited. Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.2(b). That preliminary order becomes final as to the defendant

“[a]t sentencing—or at any time before sentencing if the defendant consents[.]” Fed. R. Crim. P.

32.2(b)(4)(A). If the defendant appeals either the conviction or the forfeiture order, “the court may

stay the order of forfeiture on terms appropriate to ensure that the property remains available pending

appellate review.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.2(d).

       The preliminary order is entered “without regard to any third party’s interest in the property,”

Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.2(b)(2)(A), and the district court considers whether third parties may have

superior interest in the property using separate “ancillary proceedings.” After the preliminary order

is entered, § 853(n) requires the government to provide notice of the proceedings to third parties,

                                                  7
giving them thirty days to file a petition asserting their claims. 21 U.S.C. § 853(n)(1)–(2); 18 U.S.C.

§ 1963(l)(2). “If anyone files a petition, the court must hold an ancillary hearing to determine the

bona fides of his alleged interest.” Erpenbeck, 682 F.3d at 475 (citing § 853(n)(2)). “If no one files

a petition within the statutory time frame, ‘clear title’ vests in the United States, extinguishing all

other parties’ interests in the property.” Id. (quoting 21 U.S.C. § 853(n)(7)).

       If a third party does file a petition for an ancillary proceeding, the court may dismiss the

petition for lack of standing or for failure to state a claim; may allow discovery; and may consider

motions for summary judgment. Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.2(c). After the ancillary proceedings end, the

court enters a final order of forfeiture (“Final Order”) that accounts for any third-party rights. Fed.

R. Crim. P. 32.2(c)(2).

B. Notice Standard

       This court recently clarified the constitutional-notice standard that governs the rights of third

parties in the forfeiture process. See Erpenbeck, 682 F.3d at 476. “Due process requires the

government to provide ‘notice reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise

interested parties of the pendency of’ a legal action that will determine their rights to property, and

to ‘afford them an opportunity to present their objections.’” Id. (quoting Mullane v. Central Hanover

Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950)). Under this “reasonably calculated” standard, the

government must “attempt to provide direct notice of the proceeding” to individuals or entities that

“the government knows or reasonably should know” are interested parties. Id. (emphasis added).

       Various federal rules governing the forfeiture process codify the standard. Under the

Supplemental Rule for Admiralty or Maritime Claims and Asset Forfeiture Actions (“Supplemental

Rule”) G(4)(b)(iii)(A), notice to third parties “must be sent by means reasonably calculated to reach

                                                  8
the potential claimant.” And Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.2(b)(6)(A) requires that where “the court orders

the forfeiture of specific property, the government must publish notice of the order and send notice

to any person who reasonably appears to be a potential claimant with standing to contest the

forfeiture in the ancillary proceeding.” The notice “must describe the forfeited property, state the

times under the applicable statute when a petition contesting the forfeiture must be filed, and state

the name and contact information for the government attorney to be served with the petition.” Fed.

R. Crim. P. 32.2(b)(6)(B).

        Finally, while the government must attempt to provide direct notice, “[a] potential claimant

who had actual notice of a forfeiture action may not oppose or seek relief from forfeiture because

of the government’s failure to send the required notice.” Supplemental Rule G(4)(b)(v) (emphasis

added); Erpenbeck, 682 F.3d at 476 (citing United States v. Puig, 419 F.3d 700, 703–04 (8th Cir.

2005)); United States v. One Star Class Sloop Sailboat, 458 F.3d 16, 22 (1st Cir. 2006) (“A putative

claimant’s actual knowledge of a forfeiture proceeding can defeat a subsequent due process

challenge, even if the government botches its obligation to furnish him with notice.”).

                                          IV. DISCUSSION

A. Jurisdiction

        Gallion argues that the district court lacked jurisdiction when it entered the Final Order

because, at that time, the mandate had not yet issued in the appeal of the underlying criminal case.

His argument rests on the general rule that the filing of a notice of appeal “confers jurisdiction on

the court of appeals and divests the district court of its control over those aspects of the case involved

in the appeal.” Taylor v. KeyCorp, 680 F.3d 609, 616 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting Griggs v. Provident

Consumer Disc. Co., 459 U.S. 56, 58 (1982) (per curiam)). Under this rule, “the filing of a timely

                                                    9
and sufficient notice of appeal transfers jurisdiction from the district court to the court of appeals

with respect to any matters involved in the appeal . . . until the district court receives the mandate

of the court of appeals.” United States v. Krzyske, 857 F.2d 1089, 1093 (6th Cir. 1988)).

        The Government responds with a reference to Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.2. Rule 32.2 explicitly

provides for a district court’s jurisdiction over ancillary third-party proceedings during the pendency

of an appeal:

        (d) Stay Pending Appeal. If a defendant appeals from a conviction or an order of
        forfeiture, the court may stay the order of forfeiture on terms appropriate to ensure
        that the property remains available pending appellate review. A stay does not delay
        the ancillary proceeding or the determination of a third party’s rights or interests. If
        the court rules in favor of any third party while an appeal is pending, the court may
        amend the order of forfeiture but must not transfer any property interest to a third
        party until the decision on appeal becomes final, unless the defendant consents in
        writing or on the record.

Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.2(d) (emphasis added).

        The advisory committee notes to Rule 32.2(d) provide further guidance:

        Subdivision (d) makes clear . . . that a district court is not divested of jurisdiction
        over an ancillary proceeding even if the defendant appeals his or her conviction. This
        allows the court to proceed with the resolution of third party claims even as the
        appellate court considers the appeal. Otherwise, third parties would have to await
        the conclusion of the appellate process even to begin to have their claims heard.

Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.2(d) advisory committee’s note (2000) (emphasis added); see also United States

v. Christunas, 126 F.3d 765, 768 (6th Cir. 1997) (holding, prior to the adoption of Rule 32.2 in 2000,

that a district court may retain “limited authority to decide matters not inconsistent with the pendency

of the appeal, i.e., third party claims”).

        Rule 32.2(d)’s provision for continued jurisdiction over ancillary proceedings is consistent

with the concept that “a timely notice of appeal . . . does not divest a district court of jurisdiction

                                                  10
over matters collateral to the main cause of action.” AAA Venetian Blind Sales, Inc. v. Beaulieu of

Am., Inc., 124 F.3d 196 (6th Cir. 1997) (unpublished table decision) (holding that a district court

may proceed in determining and awarding attorney fees after the notice of appeal has been filed); see

Griggs, 459 U.S. at 58. In the context of a criminal forfeiture, a third-party claim on a defendant’s

forfeited assets is not an “aspect[] of the case involved in the appeal.” Griggs, 459 U.S. at 58. Rule

32.2(c)(4) states as much when it notes that the ancillary proceeding in which the district court would

resolve a third party’s petition is “not part of sentencing.” Accordingly, a district court need not wait

for the mandate to issue before addressing third-party claims through such a proceeding.

        Gallion protests that we should distinguish the Final Order from the ancillary proceedings

that precede it. The ancillary proceedings relate to the question of third-party ownership of assets,

and therefore they may be collateral. But the Final Order itself, he argues, is tied directly to the issue

of the forfeitability of the defendant’s assets in the defendant’s pending appeal, which suggests that

the district court must regain jurisdiction over the defendant and the core issues of conviction and

sentence before it can enter the Final Order.

        We are unconvinced. A Final Order, as was ultimately entered in this case, decides only the

claims of third parties—not defendants. According to Rule 32.2, the district court’s preliminary

forfeiture order becomes final as to the defendant “[a]t sentencing—or at any time before sentencing

if the defendant consents.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.2(b)(4)(A). Thus, at sentencing, “[a] preliminary

forfeiture order terminates all issues presented by the defendant and leaves nothing to be done except

to enforce by execution what has been determined.” Christunas, 126 F.3d at 768. In fact, a separate

Final Order becomes necessary only if a third party files a petition asserting an interest in the

property. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.2(c)(2) (“If no third party files a timely petition, the preliminary

                                                   11
order becomes the final order of forfeiture . . . .”). As a result, a defendant wishing to appeal a

forfeiture must appeal the original preliminary order as entered in the judgment, and cannot appeal

the later-issued Final Order. Christunas, 126 F.3d at 768–69.

        Thus, Gallion errs in asserting that the Final Order is “tied directly” to the issue of

forfeitability of the defendant’s assets. It is not. The continuing validity of the Final Order as to the

third parties does depend on affirmance of the preliminary order as to the defendant. But the test of

whether an issue is collateral to a claim on appeal, and therefore whether a district court may retain

jurisdiction, runs in the other direction: it considers whether the action by the district court would

“alter the status of the case as it rests before the Court of Appeals.” Dayton Indep. Sch. Dist. v. U.S.

Mineral Prods. Co., 906 F.2d 1059, 1063 (5th Cir. 1990) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Gallion has not explained how the entry of the Final Order in this case—which determines only his

rights (and other third parties’ rights) to the forfeited property—could or would alter the status of his

father’s criminal appeal. It follows that the district court had jurisdiction to enter the Final Order

prior to the issuance of the mandate.

        The First Circuit reached the same conclusion under similar circumstances in United States

v. Hurley, 63 F.3d 1, 23-24 (1st Cir.1995). In that case, the court considered whether a notice of

appeal divested the district court of jurisdiction over a motion for substitution of assets:

        Under these circumstances, we see no reason why the taking of the appeal should
        divest the district court of authority to enter an order forfeiting substitute property.
        Appellants do not provide any reason to think that this would interfere with, or
        contradict, the court of appeals’ consideration of the original judgment of a
        conviction and sentence, including the initial forfeiture order. Avoiding such
        interference and inconsistency is the purpose of the general rule barring district court
        proceedings during the pendency of an appeal. There is no reason to extend this ban
        further than its own rationale.

                                                   12
        Of course, the substitute assets order, if one is eventually made, may give rise to new
        issues for appeal, but a new appeal can be taken directly from this order. Similarly,
        a decision of the appeals court on the original conviction could undermine the
        substitute assets order (e.g., by overturning the conviction itself or the initial
        forfeiture), but a substitute assets order can then be undone or overturned. After all,
        determination of counsel fees in a section 1983 case presents the same problem and
        is resolved in precisely this manner.

Hurley, 63 F.3d at 23–24 (internal citations omitted). Here, as in Hurley, the Final Order may give

rise to new issues of appeal, but Gallion can take—and has taken—an appeal directly from the order.

Id. at 24. And it is true that a reversal of the district court’s judgment in his father’s criminal appeal

could have undermined the Final Order; but if that had happened, the Final Order could have been

subsequently “overturned or undone” to reflect the new status quo. Id.

        Gallion raises the specter of duplicative litigation, contending that a finding of jurisdiction

in cases like this would put a third party in the position of pursuing a costly and unripe appeal to

block an eviction. This may be true, but it is for just this reason that the criminal-forfeiture statute

authorizes district courts to “restrain or stay the sale or disposition of the property pending the

conclusion of any appeal of the criminal case giving rise to the forfeiture, if the [third party]

demonstrates that proceeding with the sale or disposition of the property will result in irreparable

injury, harm, or loss to him.” 21 U.S.C. § 853(h).

        Moreover, the language of § 853(h) itself clarifies that the district court “has the authority

to decide whether to allow the government to dispose of forfeited property pending an appeal.”

United States v. Messino, 907 F. Supp. 1231, 1233 (N.D. Ill. 1995). If the district court has the

discretion to stay the sale of forfeited property, presumably it also has the discretion to allow the sale

of the property. “The logical corollary is that the district court retains jurisdiction over forfeiture

matters while an appeal is pending.” Id. While the better practice here may have been for the district

                                                   13
court to wait a few weeks to enter the Final Order—a prudent delay so as to avoid the possibility that

the Final Order would later have to be amended—we conclude that the court had jurisdiction to act

when it did.

B. Sufficiency of notice

        Gallion’s argument as to the sufficiency of the notice also fails, but barely. There is no

question that the Government could have avoided this litigation through basic attention to detail in

its service of notice to Gallion. And, even after the original oversight, the Government could have

presented a far stronger case through the simple act of attaching an affidavit in support of the factual

allegations in its brief. Instead, an enormous amount of time and money have been wasted, and the

fraud victims have been forced to contend with further delay in the determination of assets available

for restitution. Notwithstanding this exasperating sequence of events, we ultimately conclude that

the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying relief on the (unnecessarily) close questions

of law now presented.

        In the order below, the district court agreed with the Government that the notice to attorney

Michael Dowling was “reasonably calculated” to apprise Gallion of the forfeiture proceedings and

therefore satisfied the various applicable statutory- and constitutional-notice standards. In addition,

the court made a factual finding that Gallion had received actual notice of the forfeiture proceedings

and therefore could not contest the reasonableness of the Government’s efforts. Gallion argues that

the court improperly interpreted the evidence to arrive at the “reasonably calculated” conclusion and

applied the wrong “actual notice” standard. He then argues that the lack of notice renders his failure

to file a timely third-party petition “excusable” for the purpose of Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b), citing United

                                                   14
States v. Estevez, 845 F.2d 1409, 1412 (7th Cir. 1988) (finding, in a case where notice had been

insufficient, that the failure to file a timely response “plainly was excusable”).

       The Government contends that it gave Gallion sufficient notice of the forfeiture proceedings

in early 2009 by sending notice via certified mail to Dowling, who had previously appeared on behalf

of William Gallion during the criminal trial. The Government’s brief stated that Dowling had

“contacted the undersigned on multiple occasions inquiring about the forfeiture process;” had

“specifically referenced [Joseph Gallion], his house, and advised of his representation;” had “made

it well known to the undersigned that he had a close relationship with the Gallion family;” and had

“specifically asked to be noticed.” R. 1343 at PageID# 24310. The Government also stated that it

had sent notice directly to Joseph Gallion in his role as registered agent for WJG Holdings. That

notice, however, was not sent to Gallion’s home at 614 E. Cambridge Lane, but to the address listed

for him as corporate agent at the Kentucky Secretary of State’s Office, and was returned as not

deliverable.

       Gallion argues the Government cannot rely on notice to Dowling because the Government

did not include an affidavit about Dowling’s alleged phone calls to the prosecuting attorney and

therefore no evidence exists to support the allegation that Dowling represented Joseph Gallion. And

in any case, Gallion argues, Dowling’s response to service of the forfeiture notice should have

disabused the Government of its belief about the representation. On the acknowledgement-of-

receipt-of-notice form that Dowling signed and returned on March 23, 2010, Dowling wrote: “At

this time I do not represent any entity.” Dowling had written that statement in the space allocated

on the form for “Relationship to Entity / Authority to Receive Service of Process.” The Government

contends that the statement was not inconsistent with Dowling’s telephone statements to the

                                                  15
prosecutors because “entity” does not mean “individual,” so Dowling’s statement could not have

meant that he did not represent Joseph Gallion.

       Though it is a close question, we agree with the district court that the Government’s efforts

in this case were “reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances,” Mullane, 339 U.S. at 314, to

apprise Joseph Gallion of the forfeiture proceeding. We agree with Gallion that our decision in

Erpenbeck required the Government to undertake some effort to notify him directly of the forfeiture

proceedings. Erpenbeck, 682 F.3d at 476. Publication, alone, would not have been sufficient here,

where the Government knew that a specific person—Joseph Gallion—was an interested party. Id.

(citing Mullane, 339 U.S. at 318–19). We note, however, that pursuant to Mullane, the Government

did attempt to serve Joseph Gallion with notice directly by mailing the notice to him at the address

he had provided to the Kentucky Secretary of State as registered agent of WJG Holdings.

       Because the first mailing was returned as undeliverable, however, the Government was

required to take “additional reasonable steps to notify [Gallion], if practicable to do so.” Jones v.

Flowers, 547 U.S. 220, 234 (2006). The question in such a situation is “whether there were any such

available steps.” Id. “[I]f there were no reasonable additional steps the government could have

taken upon return of the unclaimed notice letter, it cannot be faulted for doing nothing.” Id.

       The Government here did not simply sit on its hands. In addition to attempting direct service

on Gallion, the Government also attempted service on Dowling, who it reasonably believed to be

Gallion’s attorney. If Dowling had been representing Joseph Gallion in the forfeiture proceeding,

there is little question the notice would have been sufficient. See Supplemental Rule G(4)(b)(v)

(“Notice may be sent to the potential claimant or to the attorney representing the potential claimant

with respect to the seizure of property . . .” (emphasis added)); Commissioner v. Stewart, 186 F.2d
16
239, 242 (6th Cir. 1951) (finding service on attorney is sufficient to show actual notice and therefore

obviate a lack-of-notice claim).

       But even if Dowling did not represent Joseph Gallion at the time, the unique facts of this case

suffice to conclude that the Government met its duty under Jones by serving Dowling as well as

attempting the direct service on Gallion. As an initial matter, we agree with the Government and the

district court that Dowling’s note—“At this time I do not represent any entity”—was cryptic and

does not require the finding that Gallion proposes—i.e., that Dowling “by law” notified the

Government that he could not accept service on behalf of Joseph Gallion. Furthermore, in addition

to the Government’s unsupported statements in its brief,3 there is evidence in the record that would

support the inference that service on Dowling would be reasonably calculated to reach Joseph

Gallion. Dowling testified during William Gallion’s bond hearing and later wrote a letter to the

court about the bond decision, stating that he was a personal friend of the defendants. And while in

that letter Dowling also offered to personally pledge all his assets for bond, it was Joseph Gallion

who a month later committed his ownership of the house at 614 E. Cambridge as surety. Dowling

then represented William Gallion during portions of the criminal trial. See, e.g., R. 827 (noting the

charge of contempt of court against Dowling for improper contact with a witness). Given that

Dowling was a “personal friend” and attorney of Gallion’s father, in a case where Gallion had been

directly involved from the beginning, it was not error for the district court to find—under all of the

circumstances—that the Government’s actions were a reasonable attempt to provide notice.

Moreover, we note that while the Government has offered facts on which inferences can be based,

       3
        Generally, “arguments in a Government brief, unsupported by documentary evidence, are
not evidence.” United States v. Stevens, 500 F.3d 625, 628 (7th Cir. 2007).

                                                  17
Gallion has offered no evidence at all to explain why Dowling would not have communicated the

notice to him, nor does he expressly deny that Dowling actually did.

        For similar reasons, though it is also a close question, we cannot reverse the district court’s

finding of actual notice. This holding is a finding of fact, to which we apply a “clearly erroneous”

standard of review. See Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, N.C., 470 U.S. 564, 573 (1985); Patmon

& Young Prof’l Corp. v. C.I.R., 55 F.3d 216, 217 (6th Cir. 1995). The standard “plainly does not

entitle a reviewing court to reverse the finding of the trier of fact simply because it is convinced that

it would have decided the case differently.” Anderson, 470 U.S. at 573. And the standard attaches

not just to credibility determinations, but also to factual findings based on physical or documentary

evidence “or inferences from other facts.” Id. at 574.

        Gallion argues that the district court erred in finding that Gallion’s alleged actual notice of

the forfeiture proceedings was sufficient to provide the Government with an affirmative defense to

the charge of insufficient notice. He argues that the actual notice required is notice that would allow

him to successfully request an ancillary proceeding, which is notice that the “clock was ticking” on

the 30-day period within which to file a petition. Erpenbeck, 682 F.3d at 475. Gallion is correct in

his argument that “actual notice,” under these circumstances, must be notice that would be sufficient

to apprise the third party of the specific information necessary to timely contest the forfeiture. A

court could not find “actual notice” of the forfeiture proceedings by determining that a third party

found out about the forfeiture proceeding at a time when it was too late to do anything about it.

        Still, applying this proper definition of actual notice, we cannot hold the district court’s

determination to be clearly erroneous. Under 18 U.S.C. § 1963(l)(2), the response period for third-

party petitions begins to run “within thirty days of the final publication of notice or his receipt of

                                                   18
notice . . . , whichever is earlier.” The Government posted notice of the forfeiture on an official

government website for thirty consecutive days beginning on June 10, 2010, which means

that—barring actual notice—on August 9, 2010, Gallion’s opportunity to file his petition would have

been extinguished. Unsupported statements in the Government’s brief aside,4 the facts on which the

district court based its actual-notice finding would have left Gallion more than adequate time to

submit a petition. For example, the district court’s finding of actual notice is based, at least in part,

on the inference that Dowling would have passed—and did in fact pass—the notice along to Gallion.

Dowling signed the receipt-of-notice form on March 23, 2010. In light of all the circumstances in

this case, we cannot find clearly erroneous the inference that Dowling would have provided the

notice to Gallion within four and half months of having received it.

        The district court also supports its finding based on the petition by Melissa Green, William

Gallion’s girlfriend—the timing of which is instructive. The Government served Green in the same

manner as Joseph Gallion, serving notice on the attorney who called and requested to be served on

her behalf. According to Green’s petition, which is in the record in this case, Green was served

“through her Counsel” on March 11, 2010. On April 6, 2010, Green filed the petition in which she

asserted, among other interests, an interest in multiple properties in Nicholasville. She lived in one

of the properties, which was owned by WJG Holdings—the same company for which Joseph Gallion

        4
         The Government’s brief stated that Joseph Gallion had “contacted the undersigned
(Assistant United States Attorney Wade Napier)” on June 27, 2012 regarding the seizure of the house
and during the call had “acknowledged that he had known all along that the house was listed in the
forfeiture order;” “stated that he was calling from Melissa Green’s residence and was aware at the
time when she and other third parties filed claims;” and “stated that upon entry of the preliminary
order of forfeiture naming the house, he consulted with an attorney regarding the forfeiture process.”
R. 1343 at PageID# 24314.

                                                   19
was the registered agent. An ancillary hearing was held for Green’s claim, as well as other related

claims, on May 24, 2010. The petition was ultimately denied on September 10, 2010.

        Under the unique facts of this case, the inference that Joseph Gallion must have learned of

the forfeiture proceeding from Dowling, Green, his father, or his father’s attorneys is at the very least

plausible. See Anderson, 470 U.S. at 573–74 (“If the district court’s account of the evidence is

plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety, the court of appeals may not reverse it even

though convinced that had it been sitting as the trier of fact, it would have weighed the evidence

differently.”). We therefore affirm the finding of actual notice.

        Finally, because Gallion has argued that lack of notice requires relief under Rule 60(b), we

pause briefly to address why he is incorrect on this point. It is true that lack of notice may render the

failure to timely contest excusable. See Estevez, 845 F.2d at 1412. But to grant relief on the basis

of excusable neglect, a court is required to consider equitable factors, including “whether the

defendant has a meritorious defense,” Burrell, 434 F.3d at 831–32, and whether the motion was

“made within a reasonable time.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(c)(1).

        The equitable considerations undergirding relief in a Rule 60(b) request do not favor granting

relief in this case. Estevez, which Gallion cites for the proposition that lack of notice renders a

default excusable, does not support such a finding for Gallion. In Estevez, the Government had

conceded a key equitable factor—the presentation of a meritorious defense. Estevez, 845 F.2d at

1411. The Government has not conceded anything in this case, and Gallion’s presentation of his

meritorious defense is so thin as to be nonexistent. Gallion simply states that he is the owner and

occupant of the property. He fails to address the merits issues that he would face at an ancillary

hearing—such as whether there is any argument that the relation-back rule does not apply to

                                                   20
substitute assets, or whether his ownership of the property vested prior to the fraudulent acts at issue

(which it almost assuredly did not). And in Estevez, unlike here, the petitioner acted promptly once

notified of the pending forfeiture. The two-year delay before Gallion filed the motion to vacate does

not suggest vigilance. See Di Vito v. Fid. & Deposit Co. of Md., 361 F.2d 936, 939 (7th Cir. 1966)

(“[T]he relief provided by Rule 60(b) is equitable in character and to be administered upon equitable

principles . . . [a]nd, equity aids the vigilant.” (citation omitted)).

        Though the equities do not lend support to Gallion’s argument that a Rule 60(b) claim should

have been granted, we note that the district court did not rule on these questions below. But because

the district court did not err in finding that the notice was sufficient, there is no need to undertake

a fuller analysis of these issues or to remand for further consideration of them.

                                          V. CONCLUSION

        For the above reasons, we cannot find that the district court abused its discretion in denying

relief on the motion. We therefore AFFIRM the order of the district court.

                                                    21