Court Opinion

ID: 810014
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-10-15 14:14:11+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:00:36.556006
License: Public Domain

[PUBLISH]

             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                 FILED
                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT               U.S. COURT OF
                      ________________________                 APPEALS
                                                          ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                           OCTOBER 10, 2012
                               No. 09-15961                   JOHN LEY
                         ________________________

                D. C. Docket No. 05-01215-CV-KOB-HGD

ANTHONY BOYD,

                                                         Petitioner-Appellant,

                                  versus

COMMISSIONER, ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF ALABAMA,

                                                      Respondents-Appellees.

                         ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Northern District of Alabama
                      _________________________
                            (October 10, 2012)

Before BARKETT, MARCUS and WILSON, Circuit Judges.

MARCUS, Circuit Judge:
      In this death case, Anthony Boyd has filed a federal petition for writ of

habeas corpus challenging the validity of his 1995 conviction and death sentence

imposed in Alabama for the capital murder of Gregory Huguley. The district court

denied Boyd’s petition in its entirety, concluding, for a variety of reasons, that the

claims Boyd had raised in his original state petition for post-conviction relief, as

well as the claims raised in his amended petition were procedurally barred from

federal review, but that even if reviewed on the merits, they would fail. After

thorough review, we affirm.

                                          I.

A.    The Murder and Boyd’s Trial

      The Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals summarized the basic facts of the

murder this way:

      The victim of this crime was Gregory Huguley. The participants in this
      capital murder are the defendant, Anthony Boyd, Shawn Ingram, Marcel
      Ackles and Quintay Cox. All of these participants played an active role
      in the abduction and the murder of the victim. All were coconspirators
      and accomplices.

      On July 31, 1993, Anthony Boyd, along with Shawn Ingram and Marcel
      Ackles, were looking for Gregory Huguley, a/k/a ‘New York,’ because
      Gregory Huguley had gotten cocaine from them several days before and
      he had failed to pay up. The charge for the cocaine was $200.00. These
      men were later joined by Quintay Cox, who provided a 9-millimeter
      Mack 11 automatic pistol. These men continued their search for
      Gregory Huguley and in the early evening of July 31, 1993, they spotted

                                           2
‘New York’ on 15th Street in Anniston, Alabama. At this time they
were riding in a blue van that Marcel Ackles had rented. The van
approached ‘New York’ and then stopped. Shawn Ingram took the
Mack 11 automatic pistol and walked over to ‘New York’ and told him
to come here. ‘New York’ hesitated and then Shawn grabbed ‘New
York’ and pushed him into the van and onto the floor by the first bench
seat. After leaving the scene of the abduction, Quintay Cox [was] let out
at Cooper Homes and [was] instructed to follow the others. The first
stop of the defendant and the participants was at a gasoline station,
where Marcel Ackles got out and purchased some gasoline in a plastic
container. Then all of the participants, including the defendant and the
victim, proceeded to a baseball field in the Munford community in North
Talladega County, Alabama. During this trip Gregory Huguley was
made to lie down on the floor board of the van by defendant Boyd and
co-defendant, Shawn Ingram. He kept saying to his abductors, ‘Do not
kill me. I will get your money.’ When the participants arrived at the
baseball field between 7:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m., Shawn Ingram made
‘New York’ lie down on a bench. Then Marcel Ackles taped ‘New
York’s hands and mouth and the defendant, Anthony Boyd, taped his
feet, all with duct tape. Then ‘New York’ was taped to the bench. At
this time, Shawn Ingram doused gasoline on ‘New York.’ Then he made
a two-foot trail of gasoline from the bench where ‘New York’ was lying.
Then he lit the trail of gasoline which led to ‘New York’ and caused him
to be caught on fire. The defendant and the other participants watched
‘New York’ burn for 10 to 15 minutes until the flame went out. During
the burning ‘New York’ rolled over a few feet. Then at this point in
time he died as a result of the burning. Then the defendant and Shawn
Ingram left in the van and returned to Anniston, and Quintay Cox and
Marcel Ackles returned to Anniston in Quintay’s car. On the way back
to Anniston, Marcel said to Quintay, ‘We are all in this together. If one
goes down, all go down.’ They arrived back in Anniston around 7:45
to 8:00 p.m.

The murder of the victim, Gregory Huguley, was of the intentional
killing type while the defendant committed murder during kidnapping
in the first degree. The defendant possessed all of the requisite intent to

                                    3
      sustain a conviction as charged in the indictment. He was an active and
      full participant in the death of the victim, Gregory Huguley.

Boyd v. State, 715 So. 2d 825, 832 (Ala. Crim. App. 1997) (alterations in

original).

      At the guilt phase, the State presented forensic evidence, along with the

testimony of eyewitnesses to the events highlighted by the Alabama Court of

Criminal Appeals. Several witnesses testified that prior to the murder, they had

watched Huguley being forced into a van, and three of them specifically identified

Boyd as one of the people in the van. Two witnesses testified to hearing that the

victim owed Boyd and his co-defendants money for drugs and that they had to

“get” him. A co-defendant, Quintay Cox, revealed that the defendants had

actually been looking for another person named “Dexter” before they located

Huguley. Cox then provided the details surrounding Huguley’s kidnaping and

murder, and explained that Boyd had participated fully, riding in the van with the

others, taping together Huguley’s feet before another co-defendant, Ingram,

doused Huguley with gasoline and set him on fire, and then watching Huguley

burn to death on a baseball field. Cox further testified that after the murder, Boyd

                                          4
exclaimed, “Well, we all in this together now.”1 Still another witness relayed that

Boyd later confessed to having participated in Huguley’s murder.

       Boyd’s defense team attempted to establish an alibi for Boyd at the time of

the murder. Anniston Police Officer Nigel Raines was called to testify that he

chased Boyd one evening in July of 1993, but he could not determine the exact

date of the encounter. Three witnesses said that they had been at a party with

Boyd on the night of the murder, but admitted that they did not see him until 10 or

11 p.m. that night. Still another witness, Felecia Parker, could not recall what

time she saw him at the party. However, one witness, Felicia Jones, did offer an

alibi for the time of the murder, testifying that she had seen Boyd at the party a

few minutes after she arrived at 7 p.m. Another witness was called in an effort to

impeach the testimony of Sharon Ackles, one of the State’s eyewitnesses to the

kidnaping; this defense witness claimed that Ackles had never left the area of her

       1
         Although the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals attributed this comment to Marcel
Ackles, the trial transcript reflects the following colloquy:

       [Prosecution]: Did you or Anthony either one say anything about what had
                      happened?

       [Cox]:        Well, Anthony said when we was in the car he said, “Well, we all
                     in this together now.”

       [Prosecution]: He say anything else?

       [Cox]:        No.

                                              5
house on the day of the murder but only walked up and down the block in front of

the house, and thus could not have seen the kidnaping.

      The jury found Boyd guilty of capital murder on March 16, 1995. At the

penalty phase, the State presented no additional evidence. The defense offered

fourteen witnesses who provided positive character testimony, describing how

Boyd had worked with the children in his neighborhood and had been a positive

influence on them and, indeed on people in the community. These witnesses

included his mother, grandmother, stepfather, stepbrother, and two women with

whom he had children. Several witnesses asked the jury to spare Boyd’s life.

      The jury returned a verdict recommending a sentence of death by a vote of

ten to two. After a sentencing hearing, and in accordance with the

recommendation of the jury, the trial court sentenced Boyd to death by

electrocution. In its sentencing memorandum, the trial court found two statutory

aggravating circumstances: (1) that the crime was committed while the petitioner

was engaged in the commission of a kidnaping, see Ala. Code § 13A-5-49(4); and

(2) that the crime was especially heinous, atrocious and cruel compared to other

capital offenses, see id. § 13A-5-49(8). The trial court also found as a statutory

mitigating factor that the petitioner had no significant prior criminal history, see

id. § 13A-5-51(1), but found no other statutory or non-statutory mitigating factors.

                                           6
Thereafter, the trial court denied Boyd’s motion for a new trial or reconsideration

of his sentence.

B.    Direct Appeal

      The petitioner appealed his conviction to the Alabama Court of Criminal

Appeals, which affirmed the judgment and the sentence. Boyd v. State, 715 So. 2d

825, 851 (Ala. Crim. App. 1997). Boyd then petitioned for review by the Alabama

Supreme Court, offering the same claims he had raised on direct appeal.

      The Alabama Supreme Court adopted the opinion of the Alabama Court of

Criminal Appeals, affirming Boyd’s conviction and the ensuing death sentence.

Ex parte Boyd, 715 So. 2d 852 (Ala. 1998). That court also reviewed the record

for evidence of passion or prejudice in the imposition of the death sentence and

found none. Finally, it concluded that the trial court and the Court of Criminal

Appeals properly weighed the mitigating and aggravating circumstances and that

Boyd’s death sentence was proportional to the penalties imposed in similar cases.

Id. at 856.

      The United States Supreme Court denied Boyd’s petition for writ of

certiorari. Boyd v. Alabama, 525 U.S. 968 (1998).

C.    State Post-Conviction Relief

                                         7
      On October 20, 1999, Boyd, now employing new counsel, filed a motion for

relief from his conviction and sentence pursuant to Rule 32 of the Alabama Rules

of Criminal Procedure. We set out the rest of the procedural history surrounding

Boyd’s state collateral attack because it is central to understanding the issues

raised in this appeal. The State moved to dismiss several of Boyd’s claims;

thereafter Boyd filed motions for discovery. In January 2002, the State moved to

amend its answer to the petition and filed an amended answer. On March 15,

2002, the trial court set a hearing date (June 14, 2002) for all pending motions.

Some thirty-one months after filing the first petition, on May 15, 2002, Boyd filed

an amended petition. At no time, however, did he move the court for leave to

amend, nor did the trial court ever grant the petitioner leave to amend his Rule 32

petition. In the amended petition, he reasserted the claims he had set out in his

original one, but added several new ones. As for some of the original claims, he

provided more detail.

      Boyd raised three claims in both his original and amended petitions that are

particularly relevant. First, in the original petition, he argued ineffective

assistance based on his trial counsel’s failure to investigate mitigation evidence for

the penalty phase. According to the petitioner, his counsel should have obtained

information relevant to his medical history, educational history, employment and

                                           8
training history, family and social history, correctional history, and any religious

or cultural influences. Boyd argued that this information would have “revealed a

host of mitigating factors.” While conceding that trial counsel had called

numerous witnesses at the penalty phase to testify about his character, the

petitioner complained that counsel never interviewed them prior to offering their

testimony. Boyd also listed the names of several other witnesses whom trial

counsel failed to call even though they could have testified about Boyd’s

widespread, positive impact on the community, his leadership abilities and how he

mentored young children in his community.

       Boyd also added new penalty-phase ineffectiveness claims in the amended

petition. Boyd asserted for the first time that trial counsel was ineffective at

sentencing because the mitigation expert utilized by defense counsel needed more

time to investigate. He also suggested that trial counsel should have investigated

whether chemical pollution in the Anniston area might have caused a drop in his

IQ, and, thereby, an increase in his propensity toward criminality.

      Boyd also claimed in his original petition that his trial counsel was

ineffective at the guilt phase in failing to adequately investigate and challenge the

State’s capital murder charge. Specifically, Boyd urged that his counsel failed to

thoroughly investigate each available avenue of defense, improperly relied on the

                                           9
State’s version of events, failed to interview the defense’s witnesses prior to trial,

failed to uncover exculpatory evidence, failed to contest the constitutionality of his

arrest, and failed to object to irrelevant and prejudicial evidence introduced during

the trial. The petitioner also claimed that his trial counsel failed to adequately

examine or cross-examine several witnesses.

      Boyd raised this claim again in his amended petition, asserting for the first

time however that, among other things, six alibi witnesses were not interviewed,

were spoken to only briefly or were not asked about events during the alleged time

of the victim's death. He also proffered a brief summary of the putative testimony

these witnesses would have given.

      Finally, Boyd argued in his original petition that the State had violated

Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), by failing to disgorge exculpatory

evidence. He claimed that the State failed to provide exculpatory statements made

by Boyd while he was in police custody and at the District Attorney’s office prior

to being charged. He also claimed the State failed to turn over exculpatory

evidence learned from interviews with the petitioner’s co-defendants, Quintay

Cox, Shawn Ingram and Marcel Ackles. Boyd also suggested the State failed to

provide the defense with conflicting accounts made by several of the State’s

witnesses and also failed to disclose some unspecified deals purportedly made

                                          10
with some of the State’s witnesses who had criminal records.2 Still other claims

were raised in the original and amended petitions, and we touch on them, briefly,

below.

       On June 14, 2002, a hearing was held on the State’s motion to dismiss.

After the hearing, Boyd submitted an offer of proof and affidavits in support of the

claims contained in his amended petition. On July 8, 2002, the State objected to

the offer of proof and the amended petition, observing that the petitioner was

unnecessarily dilatory in making these claims and presenting the offer of proof.

The State argued that the trial court would be well within its discretion to deny any

amendment because of Boyd’s lack of diligence.

       The state trial court had scheduled an evidentiary hearing for October 23-

24, 2002. However, on August 28, 2002, the trial court dismissed Boyd’s original

       2
          In the amended petition, Boyd added new Brady claims. This time, he asserted that, on
the evening of July 31, 1993, Officer Raines chased Boyd for trespassing in the Glen Addie
housing project, but no logs or reports that would have helped establish a timeline were
produced. He also claimed that on the night of July 31, 1993, and into the early morning of
August 1, 1993, an incident when Boyd was present occurred at the Executive Inn in Oxford,
Alabama, that caused the Anniston Police Department to be dispatched to that location, but that
the State again failed to produce logs which would have established the time of the altercation.
Boyd further accused the State of having failed to turn over the investigating officers’ field notes,
which, he claims, he had a right to inspect. Finally, Boyd noted that the State informed the court
that it had a tape recording of the petitioner threatening Roderick Dye if he testified, but the State
never produced this tape or evidence of other threats supposedly made by Boyd to various
witnesses.

                                                 11
Rule 32 petition without any reference to the upcoming hearing. Notably, the

court never ruled on the claims contained in Boyd’s amended Rule 32 petition.

      The petitioner appealed the trial court’s determination to the Alabama Court

of Criminal Appeals, but was denied relief there as well. Boyd v. State, 913 So.

2d 1113 (Ala. Crim. App. 2003). The Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals first

addressed Boyd’s claim that the trial court had erred in dismissing his Rule 32

petition without considering the additional facts and claims he presented in his

amended petition. The Court of Criminal Appeals agreed that the trial court did

not consider or rule on the additional facts and additional claims he presented in

the amended petition. It noted, however, that Boyd had never moved the court for

leave to file an amended petition, that the trial court had never entered an order

granting Boyd leave to do so, that Boyd had never objected in any way to the trial

court’s failure to rule on his amended petition, and that the trial court had never

taken any action suggesting that it had granted Boyd leave to file an amended

petition, or even that it would consider the claims presented in an amended

petition. Because Boyd had failed to invoke any ruling on the amended pleading

and voiced no dissatisfaction with or objection to the trial court’s failure to rule

until his case arrived in the appellate court, where the matter was raised for the

first time, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals concluded that any of the

                                          12
allegations he raised only for the first time in his amended petition had not been

preserved for review, and thus were not properly before the Court of Criminal

Appeals. Id. at 1123-24.

      The state appellate court did consider the claim in Boyd’s original petition

that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to adequately

investigate and present mitigation evidence critical at the penalty phase. Boyd had

made numerous unsupported claims offering little or no specificity, in violation of

Alabama Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.6(b) (“Rule 32.6(b)”). The court found

that Boyd’s petition did not suggest an alternate defense that counsel should have

pursued during the penalty phase. Nor did Boyd disclose any mitigating factor

that would have been revealed had counsel properly investigated and prepared for

the penalty phase. Nor, finally, did petitioner disclose the substance of the

expected testimony of any of the potential mitigation witnesses. Id. at 1138-39.

      The court also found that to the extent Boyd claimed potential mitigation

witnesses would have attested to Boyd’s positive impact in his community, this

testimony would have been cumulative. Id. at 1139. Because Boyd failed to

allege how his trial counsel was deficient or, indeed, how the outcome of the trial

would have been different had his counsel performed differently, the appellate

                                         13
court concluded that Boyd failed to state a claim of ineffective assistance of

counsel under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Id.

      The appellate court also considered the petitioner’s guilt-phase ineffective-

assistance-of-counsel claim raised in the original petition. It agreed with the trial

court’s findings -- that the claim was properly dismissed pursuant to Rule 32.6(b)

because the claim was insufficiently specific and because the defense put on by

trial counsel was a reasonable one. Boyd’s claim did not disclose any critical

exculpatory evidence that trial counsel should have uncovered, nor any specific

piece of evidence that went uncovered based on ineffective assistance, nor did it

offer any reason why Boyd’s arrest and pretrial detention were unlawful, nor did

Boyd even suggest how counsel had failed to adequately cross-examine witnesses

or what information had been omitted as a result of inadequate cross-examination.

Indeed, Boyd had not so much as suggested what kind of defense counsel should

have investigated or mounted. Id. at 1131-32. The appellate court also found that

Boyd had not alleged how the outcome of his trial would have been different had

counsel performed differently. Thus, it concluded once again that petitioner failed

to state a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel under Strickland.

      Finally, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals addressed Boyd’s claim

found in his original petition that the prosecution violated Brady v. Maryland.

                                          14
First, it found that the Brady claims were procedurally barred because Boyd could

have, but did not raise these claims at trial or on direct appeal. Moreover, the

court determined that, in any event, these claims were insufficiently specific as

required by Rule 32.6(b) because Boyd failed to allege the substance of his

purportedly exculpatory statements or those of his co-defendants, nor did he

identify any specific witnesses who supposedly had criminal records or gave

conflicting accounts or what agreements were allegedly made with them. Finally,

the appellate court agreed with the trial court’s findings that the petitioner’s Brady

claim based on the prosecutor’s failure to turn over exculpatory statements made

by Boyd himself while in police custody failed to state an independent ground for

relief.

          Thereafter, the Alabama Supreme Court denied Boyd’s petition for writ of

certiorari on May 27, 2005.

D.        Federal Habeas

          On June 3, 2005, Boyd filed this federal habeas petition in the United States

District Court for the Northern District of Alabama. The district court denied

Boyd’s habeas petition in its entirety. As for the argument that the state court

erred in dismissing claims found in his original petition for lack of specificity, the

district court determined, for the most part, that the state court’s resolution of these

                                            15
claims was not on the merits, and thus these claims were procedurally barred. As

for Boyd’s claim that the state court erred by failing to consider evidence he

submitted or to address the merits of the claims that he raised in his amended

petition, the district court concluded that because the state court refused to

consider them under state procedural law, these claims were also procedurally

barred. The district court nevertheless went on to review all of the claims in the

amended petition and concluded, for one reason or another, that each claim failed

on the merits or was procedurally barred.

      Thereafter, the district court granted Boyd’s application for a certificate of

appealability (“COA”) on one issue: whether the district court improperly

concluded that the petitioner’s amended Rule 32 petition was procedurally barred.

Boyd sought to expand the COA in this Court, and we granted the application to

consider one additional issue: whether his Rule 32 claims were pled with

sufficient specificity to meet the requirements of Alabama’s Rule 32.6(b). See

Order, No. 09-15961 (11th Cir. Aug. 25, 2010).

      This timely appeal follows.

                                          II.

      Boyd filed his federal habeas petition in 2005 (after AEDPA’s effective date

of April 24, 1996); section 2254(d) governs this proceeding. Wilcox v. Fla. Dep’t

                                          16
of Corr., 158 F.3d 1209, 1210 (11th Cir. 1998). Under § 2254(d), a federal court

may grant habeas relief only where the state court decision was (1) “contrary to, or

involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as

determined by the Supreme Court of the United States”; or was (2) “based on an

unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the

State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).

      A state court decision is “contrary to” clearly established law if the court

arrived at a conclusion opposite to one reached by the Supreme Court on a

question of law or the state court confronted facts that were “materially

indistinguishable” from relevant Supreme Court precedent but arrived at a

different result. Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405 (2000). A state court

decision is an “unreasonable application” of clearly established law if the state

court unreasonably extends or fails to extend a clearly established legal principle

to a new context. Id. at 407-09.

      A state court’s factual findings are presumed correct unless rebutted by the

petitioner with clear and convincing evidence. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). Moreover,

for a state court’s resolution of a claim to be an adjudication on the merits, so that

the state court’s determination will be entitled to deference for purposes of federal

habeas corpus review under AEDPA, all that is required is a rejection of the claim

                                          17
on the merits, not an opinion that explains the state court’s rationale for such a

ruling. Wright v. Sec’y for the Dep’t of Corr., 278 F.3d 1245, 1255 (11th Cir.

2002).

      We review de novo whether a district court properly ruled on a procedural

bar issue. Kelley v. Sec’y for the Dep’t of Corr., 377 F.3d 1317, 1345 (11th Cir.

2004).

                                          III.

A.    The Effect of Dismissal under Rule 32(b)(6) on the Original Petition

      For starters, the parties devoted large sections of their briefs addressing

whether the state court’s rejection of the claims found in Boyd’s original petition

was a ruling on the merits or a procedural ruling. For the most part, the state court

rejected these claims because it determined that Boyd’s claims did not provide a

“clear and specific statement of the grounds upon which relief is sought, including

full disclosure of the factual basis of those grounds,” as required by Rule 32.6(b).

The district court largely concluded that these claims were procedurally barred.

      Since the district court issued its opinion, however, we have held repeatedly

that a state court’s rejection of a claim under Rule 32.6(b) is a ruling on the merits.

See Frazier v. Bouchard, 661 F.3d 519, 525 (11th Cir. 2011) (“[B]ecause a

dismissal . . . for failure to sufficiently plead a claim under Rule 32.6(b) requires

                                          18
an evaluation of the merits of the underlying federal claim, the Court of Criminal

Appeals’s determination was insufficiently ‘independent’ to foreclose federal

habeas review. Accordingly, the district court was not barred from considering the

merits of the relevant claim.” (footnote omitted)); Borden v. Allen, 646 F.3d 785,

812 (11th Cir. 2011) (“A ruling by an Alabama court under Rule 32.6(b) is . . . a

ruling on the merits.”); Powell v. Allen, 602 F.3d 1263, 1272-73 (11th Cir. 2010)

(“The Rule 32 court, affirmed by the state appellate court, found that [petitioner]

failed to plead facts on which an ineffective assistance claim could be based and,

for that reason, denied [petitioner’s] claim and request for an evidentiary hearing.

We thus review the Rule 32 court’s rejection of [petitioner’s] claim as a holding

on the merits.”).3 As we explained in Borden:

       [T]he Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals, in disposing of claims in the
       . . . Petition under Rule 32.6(b), necessarily considered the sufficiency
       of such claims, focusing in on the factors for determining whether the
       petition presented a case sufficient to warrant relief under Strickland v.
       Washington, 466 U.S. 668 [] (1984). In short, the Alabama Rules of
       Criminal Procedure authorize summary dismissal of claims under Rule
       32.7(d) for failure to fact plead with sufficient specificity as required by
       Rule 32.6(b) and the form petition, much as the § 2254 Rules and the §
       2255 Rules permit summary dismissal of claims under Rule 4 for failure
       to fact plead under Rule 2 and the federal form petition. Because such

       3
         We have also concluded that a dismissal for facial insufficiency under Florida’s criminal
procedure rules is a ruling on the merits. See Pope v. Sec’y for Dep’t of Corr., 680 F.3d 1271,
1286 (11th Cir. 2012) (“[J]ust as under our federal procedural rules, a Florida state court’s
dismissal of a post-conviction claim for facial insufficiency constitutes -- at least for purposes of
the procedural default analysis -- a ruling ‘on the merits’ that is not barred from our review.”).

                                                 19
      dismissals under the federal rules constitute rulings on the merits, we
      hold that a summary dismissal of a federal claim by Alabama courts for
      failure to comply with Rule 32.6(b) is similarly a ruling on the merits.

646 F.3d at 812-13. The district court erred in concluding that it was procedurally

barred from reviewing the merits of the claims raised in Boyd’s original Rule 32

petition. Thus, we review them on the merits.

B.    The Merits of the Original Petition

      Under Alabama Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.3 (“Rule 32.3”), “[t]he

petitioner shall have the burden of pleading and proving by a preponderance of the

evidence the facts necessary to entitle the petitioner to relief.” Under Rule

32.6(b), “[t]he petition must contain a clear and specific statement of the grounds

upon which relief is sought, including full disclosure of the factual basis of those

grounds. A bare allegation that a constitutional right has been violated and mere

conclusions of law shall not be sufficient to warrant any further proceedings.” To

underscore that final point, Alabama Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.7(d) (“Rule

32.7(d)”) allows the state collateral court to dismiss the petition “[i]f the court

determines that the petition is not sufficiently specific.”

      As we’ve noted, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals concluded that the

claims embodied in Boyd’s original petition were insufficiently specific to satisfy

the requirements of Rule 32.6(b). Boyd takes issue with the state court’s treatment

                                           20
of three of those claims: that counsel was ineffective at the penalty phase, and at

the guilt phase, and that the state violated Brady v. Maryland. We remain

unpersuaded; the state court’s rejection of each claim was neither contrary to nor

an unreasonable application of clearly established Supreme Court law.

      1.     Ineffectiveness at Penalty Phase

      Boyd claimed that trial counsel were ineffective during the penalty phase

for failing to properly investigate and present mitigation evidence, in violation of

Strickland. It is now hornbook law that to succeed on an ineffective-

assistance-of-counsel claim, a petitioner must show that: (1) “counsel’s

representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness,” and (2) “there

is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result

of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 694.

We “may decline to reach the performance prong of the ineffective assistance test

if convinced that the prejudice prong cannot be satisfied.” Waters v. Thomas, 46

F.3d 1506, 1510 (11th Cir. 1995). Moreover, where, as here, a claim implicates

AEDPA and Strickland, our review is “doubly deferential.” See Harrington v.

Richter, __ U.S. __, 131 S. Ct. 770, 788 (2011) (“Establishing that a state court’s

application of Strickland was unreasonable under § 2254(d) is all the more

difficult. The standards created by Strickland and § 2254(d) are both highly

                                          21
deferential, and when the two apply in tandem, review is doubly so.” (citations and

quotations omitted)).

      In this case, Boyd’s petition baldly asserts: (1) that effective preparation

would have “revealed a host of mitigating factors,” without saying what those

factors are, other than his “widespread positive impact in his community, his

leadership abilities, and the manner in which he guided the young children around

him away from trouble,” again, without providing any explication, specificity or

detail; (2) that trial counsel never interviewed character witnesses nor told them

the purpose of their testimony, again without saying what further testimony

preparation would have revealed; and finally, (3) that trial counsel failed to call

numerous other (named) potential character witnesses to testify on Boyd’s behalf,

still again offering no explanation about how this additional testimony would have

cut against the aggravators in this case, let alone how the result would likely have

been different. Taking these vague and conclusory allegations together, the

Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals determined that Boyd’s claim fell far short,

on its face, of establishing either Strickland’s performance or prejudice prong.

Having reviewed the bare claims in Boyd’s original petition, we find ample

support in the record for the state court’s conclusion that Boyd failed to establish

that counsel performed deficiently, or a reasonable probability that any of the

                                          22
alleged mitigation evidence would have resulted in a different outcome at

sentencing. Therefore, we agree with the district court that the Alabama court’s

dismissal of this claim as facially insufficient was neither contrary to nor an

unreasonable application of Strickland.4

       4
         Indeed, in Borden this Court faced a petition almost identical to Boyd’s. There, we
soundly rejected the petitioner’s ability to satisfy Strickland’s prejudice prong on facial
insufficiency grounds, just as the Alabama court did here:

       [T]here are simply no facts presented in the Amended Petition that would warrant
       a finding of prejudice and therefore habeas relief -- only “bare allegation[s] . . .
       and mere conclusions of law,” Ala. R. Crim. P. 32.6(b). The following quotes
       from Borden’s Amended Petition are illustrative of the level of specificity with
       which he pled his claims in support of a finding of prejudice under Strickland:
       “Trial counsel’s deficient performance prevented the jury and the trial court from
       hearing and considering an abundance of mitigating evidence . . . .”; “Mr. Borden
       was entitled to have all aspects of his background, family life, medical history,
       school records, and any other life-experience that may be considered mitigating
       evidence presented to the jury and judge at the penalty phase of his capital trial”;
       “effective preparation and investigation by defense counsel would have revealed a
       host of mitigating factors, which should have been presented at Mr. Borden’s
       penalty phase”; “Mr. Borden’s parents both possessed information that would
       have been useful to Mr. Borden’s defense”; “other people . . . would have been
       able to present a complete portrait of Mr. Borden, which would have lessened his
       culpability for the crime, revealed numerous mitigating circumstances, and led the
       jury to impose a lesser sentence of life without possibility of parole”; a review of
       the records and interviews with “potential witnesses who were willing to testify . .
       . could have established numerous mitigating factors that could have swayed the
       jury to a finding of life in prison rather than death”; and, with regard to the
       specific allegation that counsel should have called Borden’s treating physicians at
       the penalty phase, “[m]ental health testimony would have played an important part
       in Mr. Borden’s mitigation case, given the reduced level of mental health
       deficiency necessary to create a mitigating condition.”

       . . . Nowhere in his Amended Petition does Borden plead facts that would tend to
       show that he was prejudiced by his counsel’s allegedly deficient performance.
       Indeed, we have no substantive factual allegations that we may properly assess.

Borden, 646 F.3d at 821-22 (emphases added; footnote omitted).

                                               23
       Just as in Borden, Powell, and Price, Boyd asserts at the highest order of

abstraction that further penalty phase preparation would have resulted in

additional mitigating testimony, but fails to detail what this testimony was or

explain how it would have affected the outcome. The most specific claim he

makes is the suggestion that some of these new witnesses could have testified

about Boyd’s widespread positive impact in his community. But the allegations

do not explain how this evidence would have changed the sentencing outcome;

how this evidence would have led to statutory mitigators; how it would have

undermined the aggravating circumstances; or how it would have changed the

portrait of Boyd that was painted at trial.

       In short, because Boyd’s petition completely failed to detail what mitigating

evidence should have been developed, and, failed to provide the kind of evidence

that may warrant relief under Strickland, we cannot say that the Alabama appellate

court’s rejection of this claim was contrary to or an unreasonable application of

Strickland.

        Similarly, in Powell, the Alabama state courts also applied Rule 32.6(b) to deny the
petitioner’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims. Powell, 602 F.3d at 1275. Again we
rejected the claim, observing that the petitioner failed to allege in any way what mitigating
circumstances trial counsel had failed to uncover. Id. See also Price v. Allen, 679 F.3d 1315,
1325-26 (11th Cir. 2012) (rejecting a Strickland claim where “the allegations regarding the
evidence that his friends, family members and school records would have revealed . . . [were] too
general and conclusory to be able say that there is a reasonable probability that this evidence
would have changed the outcome of Price’s sentencing.”).

                                               24
      2.     Ineffectiveness at Guilt Phase

      Boyd also argues that his trial counsel were ineffective during the guilt

phase by failing to adequately investigate the capital murder charge. Once again,

we conclude that the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals’s dismissal of this claim

because it was facially insufficient under Strickland -- and in particular, under the

Strickland prejudice prong -- was neither contrary to nor an unreasonable

application of clearly established Supreme Court law.

      Boyd alleged, again at the highest level of abstraction, that trial counsel

failed to investigate every avenue of defense, performed no independent

investigation, failed to uncover exculpatory evidence, failed to challenge the

constitutionality of Boyd’s detention, failed to cross-examine eyewitness and

expert testimony, and failed to object to prejudicial evidence. That is all he says.

As the state courts found, Boyd’s petition did not disclose the “critical exculpatory

evidence” that should have been uncovered by his counsel; did not disclose “one

specific piece of evidence that went undiscovered”; did not disclose any reason

why Boyd’s arrest and pretrial detention were unlawful; did not offer how counsel

failed to adequately cross-examine witnesses or the information that was omitted

as a result of the inadequate cross-examination; and did not suggest any other kind

of defense that trial counsel should have investigated or presented. Boyd, 913 So.

                                          25
2d at 1131-32. Boyd failed to say what a better investigation or trial performance

by counsel might have revealed or how it might have made the outcome different.

The Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals’s conclusion was neither contrary to nor

an unreasonable application of clearly established Supreme Court law.

      3.     Brady

      Finally, Boyd claims that the prosecution failed to turn over exculpatory

evidence, in the form of statements of co-defendants and agreements with defense

witnesses, which would have cast doubt on the prosecution’s case while bolstering

Boyd’s defense, all in violation of Brady v. Maryland. In Brady, the Supreme

Court held that “the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an

accused . . . violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to

punishment.” 373 U.S. at 87. A Brady violation has three components: “[1] The

evidence at issue must be favorable to the accused, either because it is

exculpatory, or because it is impeaching; [2] that evidence must have been

suppressed by the State, either willfully or inadvertently; and [3] prejudice must

have ensued.” Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281-82 (1999). Evidence is not

considered to have been suppressed if “the evidence itself . . . proves that [the

petitioner] was aware of the existence of that evidence before trial.” Felker v.

Thomas, 52 F.3d 907, 910 (11th Cir. 1995). The prejudice or materiality

                                          26
requirement is satisfied if “there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence

been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been

different.” United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682 (1985); see also Kyles v.

Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 433 (1995). Materiality is determined by asking whether

the government’s evidentiary suppression undermines confidence in the guilty

verdict. See Kyles, 514 U.S. at 434, 436-37 & n.10.

      For starters, while Boyd argues that the district court erroneously found the

claims to be procedurally barred because of the state court’s dismissal under Rules

32.3 and 32.6, he never mentions that they were also found to be procedurally

barred because he never raised the claim at trial or on direct appeal, as required by

Alabama Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.2(a)(3) and (a)(5) (“Rule 32.2(a)(3) and

(a)(5)”). We have squarely held that claims barred under Rule 32.2(a)(3) and

(a)(5) are procedurally defaulted from federal habeas review. See Brownlee v.

Haley, 306 F.3d 1043, 1066 (11th Cir. 2002) (“The district court correctly

determined that the claims . . . are procedurally defaulted under Rules 32.2(a)(3)

and (5) because they were not raised either at trial or on appeal.”); see also

Holladay v. Haley, 209 F.3d 1243, 1254 & n.9 (11th Cir. 2000) (finding claims

                                          27
dismissed under Rule 32.2(a)(5) to be procedurally defaulted in federal court).

Boyd’s Brady claims are procedurally barred.5

       But even if the Brady claims, somehow, were not procedurally barred, the

state court did not act contrary to or unreasonably apply clearly established

Supreme Court law in rejecting them. As for the first one -- that Boyd’s own

statement to police was suppressed -- this is not Brady material. Boyd was

obviously present during this questioning and thus aware of anything he may have

said. Evidence is not suppressed if “the evidence itself . . . proves that [the

petitioner] was aware of the existence of that evidence before trial.” Felker, 52

F.3d at 910.

       As for the remaining claims, Boyd fails to show “a reasonable probability

that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding

would have been different.” Bagley, 473 U.S. at 682. Again he has failed to say

what exculpatory and impeachment evidence taken from his co-defendants the

State had developed, what conflicting statements by the defense’s witnesses the

State possessed, or what defense agreements the State had made with some of its

witnesses. He does not even name any of the alleged witnesses or co-defendants.

       5
        We add that Boyd has raised no argument that these rules are not “independent and
adequate” state grounds for a procedural-bar determination.

                                              28
His allegations do not begin to explain how he was prejudiced, and we cannot say

that the state court’s dismissal of them was contrary to or an unreasonable

application of federal law.

      In the face of Boyd’s complete failure to demonstrate prejudice, the state

court’s rejection of Boyd’s Brady claims was not contrary to or an unreasonable

application of clearly established Supreme Court law.

                                         IV.

A.    The Effect of the State Court’s Procedural Bar of the Amended Petition

      Boyd also argues the district court wrongly concluded that the claims he

raised in his amended Rule 32 petition were procedurally barred from federal

habeas review. As a general rule, a federal habeas court may not review state court

decisions on federal claims that rest on state law grounds, including procedural

default grounds, that are “independent and adequate” to support the judgment. See

Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 729 (1991). In Card v. Dugger, 911 F.2d

1494 (11th Cir. 1990), we established a three-part test to help us determine

whether a state court’s procedural ruling constitutes an independent and adequate

state rule of decision. First, the last state court rendering a judgment in the case

must clearly and expressly say that it is relying on state procedural rules to resolve

the federal claim without reaching the merits of the claim. Id. at 1516. Second,

                                          29
the state court decision must rest solidly on state law grounds, and may not be

“intertwined with an interpretation of federal law.” Id. Finally, the state

procedural rule must be adequate; i.e., it may not be applied in an arbitrary or

unprecedented fashion. Id. The state court’s procedural rule cannot be

“manifestly unfair” in its treatment of the petitioner’s federal constitutional claim

to be considered adequate for purposes of the procedural default doctrine. Id. at

1517. In other words, a state procedural rule cannot bar federal habeas review of a

claim unless the rule is “firmly established and regularly followed.” Ford v.

Georgia, 498 U.S. 411, 423-24 (1991) (quoting James v. Kentucky, 466 U.S. 341,

348 (1984)); Cochran v. Herring, 43 F.3d 1404, 1408 (11th Cir. 1995). Boyd

takes issue with the first and third prongs of the test, so we only address them, and

conclude that the procedural bar test has been met.

      1.     State Court’s Express Statement

      To begin with, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals expressly said that it

was refusing to consider the claims in Boyd’s amended petition because “Boyd has

failed to preserve this issue for review,” 913 So. 2d at 1123, further explaining

that “Boyd never moved for leave to file the amended petition, and the circuit

court never entered an order granting Boyd leave to do so,” id. at 1124. It then

said: “[T]o the extent that Boyd, in his brief on appeal, cites to and relies on

                                          30
allegations he raised only in his amended petition and not in his original petition --

the dismissal of which is before us for review -- we note that those allegations are

not properly before us, and we will not consider those allegations in our resolution

of this appeal.” Id.; see also id. at 1126 n.7 (“[W]e will consider only the factual

allegations contained in Boyd’s original petition in our analysis of whether the

circuit court correctly dismissed Boyd’s claims, because those allegations

contained only in Boyd’s amended petition, and not in his original petition, are not

properly before us.”); id. at 1140 n.10 (noting that Brady claims and factual

allegations therefor raised only in amended petition would not be reviewed).

      The Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals could not have been any clearer in

explaining that the claims raised in Boyd’s amended petition were not considered

precisely because they were procedurally barred. “Failing to preserve” is

quintessential procedural bar language. See, e.g., Ferguson v. Sec’y for Dep’t of

Corr., 580 F.3d 1183, 1212 (11th Cir. 2009) (describing a claim as procedurally

barred when a petitioner failed to “preserve[] the issue for appellate review”); Judd

v. Haley, 250 F.3d 1308, 1312 (11th Cir. 2001) (describing a claim as procedurally

                                          31
barred when the petitioner had “failed to preserve [an issue] for the record”).6

Thus, the first prong of the procedural bar test has been met.

       2.      Firmly Established and Regularly Followed

       The Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals hinged its procedural dismissal on,

among other things, Boyd’s failure to move the court for leave to file an amended

petition, or to receive any indication from the circuit court that it had accepted his

amended petition. The record clearly reflects that Boyd never sought any kind of

leave to amend, and, never obtained any leave to amend.7 On appeal, Boyd

claims, without any support in Alabama law, that he was entitled to file his

amended petition without leave of court and that the Alabama appellate court erred

in relying on any such rule.

       6
         As for Boyd’s suggestion in his blue brief that the state appellate court resolved the
claims in his amended petition on the merits, there is no support for this in the state court
decision, and Boyd conceded as much at oral argument.
       7
          In fact, even at the hearing on the State’s original motion to dismiss, Boyd never asked
the trial court for leave to file his amended petition, nor did he even so much as mention that he
had filed one. This is particularly salient because (1) the trial judge explicitly asked which
motions needed to be addressed -- to which the petitioner responded that there were four,
consisting of “two motions for funds for experts” and “two other motions, discovery motions”;
(2) the State argued that Boyd was “probably going to ask for permission to amend the petition at
some point”; and, indeed, (3) the amended petition was filed some thirty-one months after the
original one. The most that can be said is that Boyd’s counsel may have referred in his argument
to new facts only mentioned in the amended petition, but never, in words or substance, did he ask
for leave to amend the petition.

                                                 32
       However, it is plain that under Alabama law, amendments to Rule 32

petitions are not filed as a matter of right. Rule 32.7(b) says that “[a]mendments

to pleadings may be permitted at any stage of the proceedings prior to the entry of

judgment,” and Rule 32.7(d) says that “[l]eave to amend shall be freely granted.”

(Emphases added). The Alabama courts have interpreted the rule in this way:

       [A]mendments should be freely allowed and . . . trial judges must be
       given discretion to allow or refuse amendments . . . . The trial judge
       should allow a proposed amendment if it is necessary for a full
       determination on the merits and if it does not unduly prejudice the
       opposing party or unduly delay the trial. The grant or denial of leave to
       amend is a matter within the sound discretion of the trial judge . . . .

Talley v. State, 802 So. 2d 1106, 1107-08 (Ala. Crim. App. 2001) (emphasis

added) (quoting Cochran v. State, 548 So. 2d 1062, 1075 (Ala. Crim. App. 1989)

(quotations omitted)).

       In Ex parte Rhone, 900 So. 2d 455 (Ala. 2004), the Alabama Supreme Court

approved the very language used by the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals in

Talley and said that this language -- dating back to 1989 -- is “consistent with this

Court’s prior decisions, as well as with Rule 32.7.” Id. at 458.8 In Rhone, the

court expressly said that the right to amend a Rule 32 petition is not “unfettered,”

       8
          Thus, for example, in Ex parte Nesbitt, 850 So. 2d 228 (Ala. 2002), the Alabama
Supreme Court relied on Rule 32.7(b) and (d), as well as the language in Talley, to hold that the
circuit court had properly granted leave for a petition to file an amended postconviction petition,
that this petition related back to a timely original petition, and, thus, that the claims were not
barred by a two-year limitations period.

                                                33
since “[t]he right to amend is limited by the trial court’s discretion to refuse an

amendment based upon factors such as undue delay or undue prejudice to the

opposing party.” Id. at 459; see also Cochran, 548 So. 2d at 1075 (“The grant or

denial of leave to amend is a matter within the sound discretion of the trial judge .

. . .”). As the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals explained in Cochran, “[t]he

clear import of the language used in Rule [32.7](b) is that a petitioner does not

have an absolute right to amend his petition prior to the entry of judgment.” 548

So. 2d at 1075.

      In short, under Alabama law, a trial court has the discretion to grant or deny

leave to amend; these amendments should be freely granted, but only if the

amendment is necessary and if it is not unduly prejudicial. Rule 32.7(b) -- as it

exists now and when Boyd filed his amended petition -- plainly says that

amendments “may” be permitted; it does not use the word “shall.” This

necessarily means, as the Alabama courts have repeatedly said, that a petitioner

must seek permission from the court in order to file an amended petition.

Similarly, Rule 32.7(d) says that “leave” to amend shall be freely granted; if,

however, the right to amend were unfettered, no such leave would be needed.

      Thus, while Boyd claims that there is no authority in Alabama law for a rule

requiring leave to amend, and therefore that his amended petition was

                                          34
automatically accepted by the trial court upon filing, his argument is refuted by the

plain language of Rule 32.7 and by Alabama’s controlling case law. Since

Alabama’s rules of procedure and its case law are clear that Boyd had no

unfettered right to amend his petition, and because he failed to seek leave to do so,

failing even to highlight the matter for the trial judge, we conclude that the “leave”

requirement has been “‘firmly established and regularly followed’” for purposes of

our procedural default analysis. See Ford, 498 U.S. at 423-24. Thus, the third

prong of the “independent and adequate state ground” test has been met. The

Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals’s procedural dismissal was based on

independent and adequate state grounds.9

        9
         Boyd’s suggestion that the “leave” rule serves no legitimate state interest is
unconvincing. In the first place, it is for Alabama to decide whether its leave rules serve a
prudential purpose. And in the second, as the Alabama Supreme Court has explained, “[t]he
rationale for requiring a party to raise an issue before the trial court in order to preserve the issue
for appeal has a strong policy basis.” Ex parte Elba Gen. Hosp. & Nursing Home, Inc., 828 So.
2d 308, 314 (Ala. 2001). That is:

        [F]airness to all parties requires a litigant to advance his contentions at a time
        when there is an opportunity to respond to them factually, if his opponent chooses
        to . . . . The principal rationale, however, is judicial economy. There are two
        components to judicial economy: (1) if the losing side can obtain an appellate
        reversal because of error not objected to, the parties and public are put to the
        expense of retrial that could have been avoided had an objection been made; and
        (2) if an issue had been raised in the trial court, it could have been resolved there,
        and the parties and public would be spared the expense of an appeal.

State v. Beaird, 981 So. 2d 386, 392 (Ala. 2007) (quotations omitted).

                                                  35
      In Coleman v. Thompson, the Supreme Court held that when a state

prisoner has defaulted his federal claims in state court based on an independent

and adequate state procedural ground, the federal court is barred from reviewing

the claims “unless the prisoner can demonstrate cause for the default and actual

prejudice as a result of the alleged violation of federal law, or demonstrate that

failure to consider the claims will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice.”

501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991). Boyd has made no attempt to overcome the procedural

default by showing either adequate cause for or actual prejudice arising from the

default, or by claiming that a failure to consider the claim would result in a

fundamental miscarriage of justice. Thus, we agree with the district court that we

are precluded from considering the claims found in Boyd’s amended petition. See

Bailey v. Nagle, 172 F.3d 1299, 1306 (11th Cir. 1999).

B.    The Claims in the Amended Petition

      But even if we were to conclude that the claims raised in the amended

petition were not procedurally barred on federal habeas review, he still would not

be entitled to relief. As an initial matter, Boyd has not argued to us the merits of

the claims found in his amended petition. Notably, in his application for a COA,

he asserted that if his original Rule 32 claims were not specific, then his amended

Rule 32 claims were. See Application for COA at 11 (“Even if Mr. Boyd’s

                                          36
original Rule 32 petition was insufficiently vague -- which it was not -- he cured

any such purported defects by filing his Amended Rule 32 Petition. The Amended

Rule 32 Petition sets forth in even greater detail the factual and legal bases for Mr.

Boyd’s claims. (See Amended Rule 32 Petition, attached as Exhibit E).”).

However, although we granted him a COA on the issue of specificity, he did not

argue in his blue brief the claims found in his amended petition. Nor, moreover,

did he argue all of the claims found in the original petition -- instead, he only

raised portions of his ineffectiveness and Brady claims, which we’ve already

examined. See Isaacs v. Head, 300 F.3d 1232, 1238 (11th Cir. 2002) (observing

that a habeas petitioner had abandoned on appeal all but eight of the issues for

which he had received a COA); Atkins v. Singletary, 965 F.2d 952, 955 n.1 (11th

Cir. 1992) (noting that a habeas petitioner abandons claims not raised on appeal).

      Nonetheless, out of an abundance of caution, we have reviewed all of the

claims found in Boyd’s amended petition, and have determined that none has any

merit. To illustrate, we examine a few of those claims here.

      1.     Guilt-Phase Ineffectiveness

      Among other things, Boyd argues in his amended petition that trial counsel

were ineffective because they failed to investigate Boyd’s alibi defense. The

petitioner cites five witnesses who allegedly would have provided him with an

                                          37
alibi for the time of the murder. However, this proffered testimony is slender, and

at times, wholly inconsistent. Thus, for example, Willie Maud Watson says that,

between 4:00 and 5:00 p.m., Boyd, Ackles and Cox came to her house and she

asked them to go to Catherine Jones’s house to put up balloons for a party.

Somewhat supportive of this statement, Felecia Parker says that Boyd and others

came over to Catherine Jones’s house at some unstated time and put up balloons

for the party. She adds they finished and went out on the porch just as the sun was

going down (at about 7:45 p.m.).

      Yet contrary to Watson’s statement, Sylvester McGrew claims that

sometime after 5:00 p.m., he saw Officer Raines chase Boyd, and after the chase,

McGrew walked with Boyd to Catherine Jones’s house. And contrary to all of

these claims, Felicia Jones says that after 5:00 p.m., she met Boyd, alone, at

Watson’s house. She adds that they stayed at the house until “after dark” -- so,

from sometime before to sometime after 7:45 p.m. Obviously, Boyd could not

have been at Catherine Jones’s house at dusk and at Watson’s house from late

afternoon until after dark. In addition, it seems remote indeed that during exactly

the same time period, Boyd got into a foot chase with a police officer in the Glen

Addie housing project.

                                         38
      Petitioner also offers a statement by Sylvester Boyd, but it is of little value

as well. He says that he and Boyd went to the Glen Addie Community Center

sometime in the “early afternoon” on July 31, 1993. They stayed an

hour-and-a-half and returned home after getting a drink at a nearby convenience

store. Based on this statement, Boyd and Sylvester could have left the Community

Center shortly after 1:30 p.m., gotten their drinks and gone home well before the

offense occurred. Or it could have been later. But Sylvester makes no mention of

Anthony Boyd being chased out of the project by Officer Raines. Thus, if the

chase did, in fact, occur on July 31, Sylvester was with his brother earlier in the

afternoon, rather than later.

      In short, none of these witnesses can account for Boyd’s whereabouts at the

time of the murder, except for Parker and Jones, and their statements directly

collide. And while the petitions proffered that Raymond Lee Edwards would

testify to seeing Ingram in the Glen Addie project at about 7:30 p.m. on July 31,

1993, this assertion is nothing more than a bare allegation without evidentiary

support. No statement by Edwards has been located anywhere in the record.

      In the face of the conflicts within the statements, no reasonable possibility

appears that the outcome of this case would have been any different had this

information been presented at trial. This is particularly true since the evidence of

                                          39
guilt at trial was relatively strong. In addition to the testimony of co-defendant

Quintay Cox, the State called another witness who testified that Boyd had

admitted that he and some others had killed the victim at the ball park. Three

other witnesses testified to seeing Boyd in a blue van into which they observed the

victim being forced. Still others testified to hearing Boyd say that the victim owed

money for drugs and that they had to get him.

      Furthermore, as the state court observed, trial counsel mounted a vigorous

defense, including alibi testimony, and the testimony proffered by the petitioner in

the amended petition would be merely cumulative. In short, the “new” alibi

evidence is contradictory, cumulative, and weak when compared to the evidence

adduced at trial. So, even if we were to consider this later proffer and assume that

trial counsel performed deficiently by failing to present it (and there is no

indication of that), there is no reasonable probability of a different outcome.

      2.     Penalty-Phase Ineffectiveness

      Boyd also says that defense counsel’s representation during the penalty

phase of the trial was deficient because counsel failed to investigate or present

readily available mitigation testimony. Boyd claims that trial counsel was

ineffective because the mitigation expert hired by defense counsel said she was

unable to do all the work she needed to do without being given more time.

                                          40
However, Boyd does not say what else the mitigation expert could have done with

additional time, nor does he explain how he was prejudiced by this failure to have

more time to prepare. Thus, the petitioner has failed to establish the prejudice

required to make out a claim of ineffective assistance under Strickland.

       Boyd additionally claims that trial counsel should have investigated whether

chemical pollution (the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls or “PCBs”) in the

Anniston, Alabama area might have caused a drop in his IQ and thereby increased

his tendency toward criminality. The petitioner makes only the barest assertion

that pollution could have caused some sort of damage to him. Other than citing to

an article discussing findings that “may support” a link between PCB exposure

and criminality through lower IQ, Boyd provides no evidence about the existence

of an actual link between those factors, about the concentration of PCBs in

Anniston, about Boyd’s exposure to PCBs, about the detection of PCBs in his

blood, or about his IQ. Most notably, he also fails to explain how an investigation

of PCBs would have satisfied the Strickland prejudice prong. Plainly this claim

fails too.

       What’s more, in Boyd’s case, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals held

that the manner of investigation and presentation of evidence concerning

mitigating circumstances was designed to present a reasonable case in favor of

                                         41
mitigation and that counsel was not ineffective. 913 So. 2d at 1138-39. Boyd has

given us no reason to doubt this conclusion. As the state courts observed, during

the penalty phase, the mitigation expert provided the petitioner with valuable

assistance in locating and preparing witnesses for the penalty phase of the trial.

Id. at 1139. In addition, the trial court cited the number of witnesses called by the

petitioner’s trial counsel that revealed a substantial investigation by counsel. Id. at

1136-38. The trial court noted that the defense theme was that Boyd’s youth, lack

of significant criminal history, his involvement in his community sports programs

and with his children, and his friendliness to co-workers, family members and

friends warranted life in prison without parole. Id. at 1137. They found this

approach to be reasonable. As the record further shows, several defense witnesses

at the penalty phase, including Teresa Gilbert, Velma Northard, Roderick

Henderson, James Brown, Durane Allen, Barbara Franklin, William Butler, and

Walter Garrett testified about Boyd’s positive influence on them and on children

in the community. Id. at 1136-38. Moreover, the trial court found two statutory

aggravating circumstances: that the crime was committed while the petitioner was

engaged in the commission of a kidnaping and that the crime was especially

heinous, atrocious and cruel compared to other capital offenses. Boyd has not

                                          42
alleged how the outcome of the penalty phase would have been different had his

trial counsel performed differently.

      We previously have affirmed findings of no prejudice where, as here, (1) the

new mitigation evidence did not establish any statutory mitigating factors, (2) the

new mitigation evidence did not reduce the weight of the statutory aggravating

factors, and (3) the jury had heard some non-statutory mitigation of the same

character the new mitigation presented, just in less detailed form. Boyd, 592 F.3d

at 1298, 1300-01; Robinson v. Moore, 300 F.3d 1320, 1346-48 (11th Cir. 2002);

see also Rutherford v. Crosby, 385 F.3d 1300, 1315-16 (11th Cir. 2004). Just as in

those cases, Boyd has failed to satisfy Strickland.

      3.     Brady Claims

      It is also abundantly clear that Boyd’s additional Brady claims, new to his

amended petition, lack merit. His main Brady claim seems to be based on

Anniston Police Department logs from a police visit to a hotel in Oxford,

Alabama, during the “night of July 31, 1993 and in the early morning of August 1,

1993,” where and when Boyd was supposedly present during an altercation

between Stalitha Garrett and Angie Page. Boyd has not shown how his presence

in Oxford late during “the night of July 31, 1993 and in the early morning of

                                         43
August 1, 1993” -- well after the crime was committed around dusk -- would

“undermine[] confidence in the outcome of the trial.” Kyles, 514 U.S. at 434.

      As for his claim that he did not receive “any of the investigating officers’

field notes,” this claim is too vague to warrant relief. Boyd has offered no

information about what was contained in the notes, and thus it is impossible to tell

what may or may not have been suppressed. This claim therefore fails. See

Strickler, 527 U.S. at 281-82 (requiring valid Brady claims to be based upon

evidence favorable to the accused and to have resulted in prejudice).

      Finally, Boyd argued that the prosecution “informed the Court at trial that it

had a ‘Nagra tape’ of Mr. Boyd threatening Roderick Dye if he testified,” in

addition to the State having “indicated [that] it had evidence of other threats made

to various witnesses in this case” that it failed to produced. Boyd has not shown

how information suggesting that he threatened others if they testified against him

could possibly be “favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory, or

because it is impeaching”; nor is it at all apparent how Boyd was prejudiced

because he lacked tapes in which he purportedly threatened other people. See id.

      The remainder of Boyd’s claims, also stated at the highest order of

abstraction -- and ranging from additional ineffectiveness claims to due process

claims to Enmund, Apprendi and Ring claims -- similarly have no merit. Because

                                         44
these claims are not properly before us, and because we can mine no merit from

them in any event, we conclude that Boyd is not entitled to habeas relief.

      We, therefore, affirm the district court’s judgment denying the petitioner

habeas relief.

      AFFIRMED.

                                         45