Court Opinion

ID: 9517717
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-07 00:29:45.451676+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:12:45.696611
License: Public Domain

DUNCAN, Circuit Judge:
Abimael Antonio Diaz-Calderon, Elmer De Paz Garcia, Saul Solis Diaz, and Angel Augustin Hernandez appeal their convictions and sentences arising out of a conspiracy to import cocaine into the United States from Guatemala. For the reasons that follow, we affirm all of the appellants’ convictions and affirm the sentences of Diaz-Calderon and Diaz. We vacate the sentences of Garcia and Hernandez, and remand for resentencing.
I.
On December 11, 2004, TACA Airlines flight number 584 arrived at Washington-Dulles International Airport (“Dulles”) from Guatemala carrying a courier employed by Hyattsville, Maryland-based Nor Oriente Express. The courier was transporting a number of duffel bags filled with various items from Guatemala to the United States. When the United States Customs and Border Protection service inspected these bags, officers discovered three separate packages of cocaine hidden in separate individually wrapped car seat cushions. Each cushion was addressed to a specific individual in Maryland: one containing 281 grams of cocaine was addressed to Avigail Morataya, one containing 78 grams was addressed to Jorge Meija, and one containing 543 grams was addressed to Gunder Diaz.
After removing and weighing each of the packages of cocaine, customs officers combined the entire quantity of drugs in a *335single bag for storage and transport. Then, in order to identify the intended recipients of the packages, special agents with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) arranged for a controlled delivery of the seat cushions through—and with the cooperation of—Nor Oriente Express in Maryland. In setting up the operation, ICE agents replaced the packages of cocaine with packages of a “sham” substance that appeared similar to cocaine, but only contained trace amounts of the drug. Agents then refashioned each of the seat cushions to appear as it had before discovery of the cocaine.
On December 12, 2004, as the ICE agents were setting up the controlled delivery, appellant Diaz entered the facility and asked for the package addressed to Jorge Meija. Diaz was told the package was not ready and that he would have to return later. Over the following three hours, appellants Garcia, Diaz-Calderon, and Diaz appeared at Nor Oriente Express separately and asked for the packages addressed to Gunder Diaz, Avigail Morataya and Jorge Meija, respectively. Each was arrested after signing for the package under the assumed name.
After arresting appellant Diaz-Calderon, ICE agents found several documents in his possession, including a letter that indicated three packages that he requested would be arriving for him in a car seat cushion. The second document was a handwritten note that contained the address listed on the package Diaz-Calderon retrieved.
After ICE agents arrested appellant Diaz and he waived his Miranda rights, Diaz told agents that Lucero Lopez, who was arrested while waiting for Diaz at Nor Oriente Express, paid him $20 to retrieve the package addressed to Jorge Meija. Diaz admitted that he thought the package contained drugs and knew that what he was doing was illegal because he had to use an assumed name and Lopez did not want to retrieve the package.
After appellant Garcia was arrested and waived his Miranda rights, he cooperated with ICE agents by arranging to hand off the Gunder Diaz package to Hernandez, the person who directed him to retrieve it. Shortly thereafter, Hernandez appeared, along with another individual, to retrieve the package from Garcia. ICE agents promptly arrested Hernandez. During an ensuing interview at the scene, Hernandez denied knowledge of the package, claimed that it contained fan belts, and said that it was for a friend whose phone number he did not know. Believing that Hernandez was lying, ICE agents terminated the interview. However, as Hernandez was led away, he admitted that Lucero Lopez sent him to pick up the package and he had lied out of fear that Lopez would determine that Hernandez “was giving him up basically.” J.A.620.
In March 2005, the government filed a Second Superceding Indictment that charged each appellant with a single count of conspiracy to import cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 952(a) & 963, unlawful importation of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 952(a), and unlawful distribution of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). The district court conducted a bench trial in July 2005 at which it found each appellant guilty of one count of conspiracy to import cocaine and dismissed the remaining charges.
The district court sentenced Diaz-Calderon to 63 months imprisonment after attributing to him the entire amount of cocaine in all three car seat cushions. The district court sentenced Garcia to 21 months, Hernandez to 24 months, and Diaz to 21 months, after attributing 78 grams of cocaine, which was the smallest individual quantity contained in any of the three seat *336cushions, to each appellant. Appellants timely appealed both their convictions and sentences. The government cross-appealed the sentences of Garcia and Hernandez.
Appellants raise two primary arguments on appeal.1 First, appellants challenge the sufficiency of the evidence on numerous points regarding their convictions for conspiracy to import a controlled substance. Second, appellants challenge the quantity of drugs used by the district court to calculate each of their sentences. We consider each argument in turn.
II.
Appellants first raise arguments regarding the sufficiency of the evidence underlying their convictions. Our review of a challenge to the sufficiency of evidence is extremely deferential. Indeed,
[w]e must uphold a ... verdict if there is substantial evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the Government, to support it. Substantial evidence is that evidence which a reasonable finder of fact could accept as adequate and sufficient to support a conclusion of a defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
United States v. Cardwell, 433 F.3d 378, 390 (4th Cir.2005) (quotations omitted). With this standard in mind, we turn to appellants’ arguments.
A.
Appellants first argue that the government did not offer sufficient evidence to prove that the cocaine at issue was imported from Guatemala, as alleged in the indictment. Appellants find insufficiency in the fact that the customs officer, who testified at trial, could only circumstantially connect the Nor Oriente courier with TACA flight 584 from Guatemala. However, the circumstances relied on by that officer sufficiently establish that the cocaine entered the United States from Guatemala.
The customs officer testified that TACA regularly operated flight 584 between Guatemala and Dulles; that flight 584 arrived at Dulles on December 11, 2004; and that passengers from that flight were the only individuals clearing customs at the time the cocaine was discovered in the courier’s bags. J.A. 457-60. Even without viewing this evidence in a light most favorable to the government, these facts clearly support the conclusion that the Nor Oriente Express courier, along with the packages of cocaine, arrived on flight 584 from Guatemala.
B.
Appellants Garcia, Hernandez, and Diaz next argue that the government failed to offer sufficient evidence to prove that they knowingly entered a conspiracy to import cocaine. Each argues that he had no knowledge of the criminal enterprise because he was unaware of the true contents of the package he handled. The record, however, demonstrates that these appellants either knew or were willfully blind to the conspiracy.
In order to prove a conspiracy charge, the government must establish, inter alia, that the defendant knowingly agreed to engage in unlawful activity. United States v. Cropp, 127 F.3d 354, 361 (4th Cir.1997); United States v. Clark, 928 F.2d 639, 641-42 (4th Cir.1991). The government can establish knowledge by showing that a defendant either actually knew of the con*337spiracy, Cropp, 127 F.3d at 361, or was willfully blind to it by “purposely clos[ing] his eyes to avoid knowing what was taking place around him.” United States v. Ruhe, 191 F.3d 376, 384 (4th Cir.1999) (quoting United States v. Schnabel, 939 F.2d 197, 203 (4th Cir.1991)). Because the circumstances of each appellant’s involvement differed slightly, we will consider the knowledge of each individually.
With respect to Diaz, the government presented clear evidence of willful blindness. After his arrest, Diaz admitted to believing that the package he retrieved from Nor Oriente contained illegal drugs. Diaz, however, took no steps to confirm or deny such suspicions and did not let them prevent him from retrieving the package. On these facts, it is clear that Diaz “suspected [illegality;] realized its probability; but ... refrained from obtaining the final confirmation because he wanted ... to be able to deny knowledge.” Ruhe, 191 F.3d at 384 (citation omitted). Therefore, we are unpersuaded by his argument on this point.
With respect to Hernandez, the record contains a plethora of evidence that establishes his actual knowledge of the conspiracy. Put simply, we find it implausible that Hernandez had no knowledge of the conspiracy, and yet (1) engaged and directed Garcia in the retrieval of a package containing 543 grams of cocaine; (2) appeared almost immediately after Garcia phoned him to take possession of the package; and (3) had sufficient fear of Lucero Lopez to spin a series of incredible—and eventually admitted—lies to ICE agents. The more reasonable and plausible interpretation of these facts is that Hernandez was an integral member of the conspiracy with actual knowledge of its illicit nature. Therefore, we find no merit to his argument.
Finally, with respect to Garcia, the totality of the circumstances surrounding his retrieval of the Gunder Diaz package was sufficient for the district court to conclude his willful blindness to the conspiracy. We find to be determinative the fact that Garcia retrieved an internationally shipped package using a false name at the direction of Hernandez, who had no apparent connection to the package and who, by all accounts, was capable of retrieving it himself. Further damning is the fact that Garcia and Hernandez had arranged a rendezvous point several miles from Nor Oriente Express because Garcia believed that Hernandez did not want the package delivered to his apartment. Taken together, we believe these facts establish, at the very least, that Garcia “purposely closed his eyes to” both the illegality of his actions and the enterprise in which he was involved. Ruhe, 191 F.3d at 384 (quotations omitted).2
We do, however, recognize that, although the evidence against Garcia is damning, it does not inexorably lead to a conclusion of willful blindness. A finder of fact conducting a plenary review of this evidence in the first instance might very well reach a conclusion different from ours. We, however, are not afforded the luxury of such broad review. Rather, we are constrained to view the “evidence in the light most favorable to the government” specifically to determine whether it supports the defendant’s guilt. United States v. Wilson, 198 F.3d 467, 470 (4th Cir.1999) (quotations omitted). When we do so, we *338are left with no doubt that a reasonable trier of fact could find willful blindness where an individual retrieves a package under an assumed name for a third party, who could have retrieved the package himself, without inquiring as to the necessity or legality of his actions. Therefore, we find no merit to Garcia’s argument.
C.
Appellants next challenge their convictions by arguing that they could not have participated in a conspiracy to import because any such conspiracy concluded prior to their involvement. This argument fails in light of United States v. Lowry, in which we held that “importation of controlled substances ... is a ‘continuous crime’ that is not complete until the controlled substance reaches its final destination.” 675 F.2d 593, 596 (4th Cir.1982) (quotation omitted). The fact that the cocaine, or the substitute therefor, remained sealed in the car seat cushions throughout the times relevant to this appeal—-with none of the appellants directly handling or attempting to remove it—supports a conclusion that the drugs never reached their final destination. Therefore, the conspiracy to import was ongoing at the time of appellants’ involvement and we reject their argument.3
D.
Appellants next challenge the government’s use of substitute cocaine in the controlled delivery of the seat cushions, arguing that there was insufficient evidence of the amount or composition of the substance to support their convictions. In essence, appellants argue that the government could secure their conviction only if it proved that the car seat cushions contained actual cocaine when retrieved by appellants. This argument fails, however, because each appellant’s conspiracy conviction flows from his agreement to accomplish an illegal goal, rather than its actual—or even possible—accomplishment.
“The law of conspiracy ... permit[s] the imposition of criminal sanctions for [an] agreement alone, plus an overt act in pursuit of it, regardless of whether the crime agreed upon actually is committed.” United States v. Feola, 420 U.S. 671, 694, 95 S.Ct. 1255, 43 L.Ed.2d 541 (1975); see United States v. Giry, 818 F.2d 120, 126 (1st Cir.1987) (“[T]he crime of conspiracy ... is complete upon the agreement to do an unlawful act as implemented by one or more overt acts.” (quotations omitted)). Indeed, factual impossibility is not a defense to a charge of conspiracy. United States v. Jimenez Recio, 537 U.S. 270, 275, 123 S.Ct. 819, 154 L.Ed.2d 744 (2003); United States v. Dixon, 449 F.3d 194, 202 (1st Cir.2006); United States v. Burke, 431 F.3d 883, 886 (5th Cir.2005); United States v. Belardo-Quinõnes, 71 F.3d 941, 944 (1st Cir.1995); United States v. Clemente, 22 F.3d 477, 480-81 (2d Cir.1994). In the context of drug crimes, these principles leave a defendant culpable for conspiracy even if no illegal substance was ever involved. Burke, 431 F.3d at 886; United States v. Murray, 527 F.2d 401, 411-12 (5th Cir.1976).
These well-established principles negate the relevance of any failure on the part of the government to prove the quantity or composition of the substitute cocaine. Put simply, each appellant’s conviction rests on *339his agreement to import cocaine and action taken in furtherance thereof, rather than any specific aspect of the actual substance involved.
III.
Appellants next argue that the district court erred in the quantity of drugs it used to calculate their sentences. On cross-appeal, the government contends that the district court erred by attributing too small a quantity of drugs to Garcia and Hernandez. Normally, we review challenges to the determination of drug quantities for clear error. United States v. Kiulin, 360 F.3d 456, 461 (4th Cir.2004). However, here, the parties do not dispute the amount of drugs at issue and, instead, focus on whether the district court properly applied the guidelines in the attribution of drug quantities for sentencing purposes. Where we are confronted solely with an issue of “guidelines application, our standard of review approaches de novo.” United States v. Fullilove, 388 F.3d 104, 106 (4th Cir.2004).
Under the guidelines, the sentence of a defendant convicted of a drug importation crime is calculated based on the quantity of drugs that he personally “aided, abetted, counseled, commanded, induced, procured, or willfully caused” to be imported into the United States. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 (a)(1)(A) (2004). In other words, a defendant is responsible for the full amount of drugs “with which he was directly involved.” § lB1.3(a)(l)(A), application note 2; Fullilove, 388 F.3d at 106-07. A defendant’s lack of knowledge or foresight of a specific quantity of drugs is irrelevant for sentencing purposes where such a direct connection exists.4 See § 1B1.3, illustration (a)(1) (noting that a defendant who carries a suitcase filled with a controlled substance “is accountable for the controlled substance in the suitcase regardless of his knowledge or lack of knowledge of the actual type or amount of that controlled substance”); United States v. Imariagbe, 999 F.2d 706, 707-08 (2d Cir.1993) (holding defendant hable for full amount of heroin in suitcase even though he believed he was carrying a significantly smaller quantity). With this background in mind, we turn to appellants’ arguments.
The district court properly attributed to Diaz-Calderon the full 902 grams of cocaine contained in all three car seat cushions. The letter found in Diaz-Calderon’s possession at the time of his arrest directly linked him to all three packages and justified calculating his sentence based on the cocaine contained therein. Therefore, we find no error in Diaz-Calderon’s sentence.5
*340The district court, however, erred by attributing to both Hernandez and Garcia the 78 grams of cocaine that was the “smallest amount of drugs ... in any of the three packages,” rather than the 543 grams in the package that both handled. J.A. 890-91; see also J.A. 879. The court applied the smaller amount out of concern that the uneven distribution of cocaine across the three packages would result in divergent sentences for Hernandez, Garcia and Diaz for what the court viewed as essentially the same conduct (i.e., retrieving a package of cocaine with no specific knowledge of its contents). See J.A. 879, 890-91. In other words, the court viewed each of these appellants as similarly culpable—and deserving of a similar sentence— because none was aware of or could have foreseen the actual amount of cocaine in the packages that they handled. Id. The sentencing guidelines, however, do not support that analysis.
As previously noted, a defendant is culpable for the entire amount of drugs with which he is directly involved, regardless of knowledge or foresight. See § 1B1.3, comment 2, illustration (a)(1); Imariagbe, 999 F.2d at 707-08. Given that both Hernandez and Garcia directly handled the Gunder Diaz package, the district court should have sentenced them based on the full 543 grams contained therein without considering their knowledge or foresight. Such quantity would have yielded a base offense level of 26 and a guidelines range of 63 to 78 months,6 rather than the base offense level of 16 and the resulting 21 to 27 month range used by the district court. Therefore, we conclude that the district court calculated the sentences of both Hernandez and Garcia based on a misapplication of the sentencing guidelines. Both sentences are vacated as unreasonable and remanded for resentencing. See United States v. Green, 436 F.3d 449, 457 (4th Cir.2006) (holding that if a “sentence is based on an error in construing or applying the Guidelines, it will be found unreasonable and vacated”).7
Finally, with respect to Diaz, we conclude that the district court properly calculated his sentence based on the 78 grams of cocaine that was contained in the Jorge Meija package that he retrieved from Nor Oriente Express. His direct involvement with that package was sufficient to justify calculating his sentence based on the amount of drugs contained therein.
IV.
Based on the foregoing, we affirm each appellant’s conviction; affirm .the sentences of Diaz and Diaz-Calderon; and vacate the sentences of Hernandez and Garcia, and remand each to the district court for resentencing.

AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED AND REMANDED IN PART.

. We have reviewed each of appellants’ arguments not discussed herein and find each without merit.

. Because we conclude that "the evidence supports an inference of deliberate ignorance,” we do not agree with our dissenting colleague that the stringency of the willful blindness doctrine prevents its application on these facts. Ruhe, 191 F.3d at 384 (quotations omitted).

. This conclusion also forecloses appellants' argument that venue was improper in the Eastern District of Virginia. In drug importation cases, venue is appropriate in any jurisdiction through which the drugs pass. Lowry, 675 F.2d at 596. Given that the drugs at issue here passed through the Eastern District of Virginia by arriving at Dulles, venue was appropriate in that jurisdiction.

. Issues of foreseeability do play a role in calculating a drug conspiracy sentence where a defendant lacks a direct connection to certain quantities of drugs involved in the enterprise. See § 1B1.3 (a)(1)(B) (calculating base offense level for conspiracy based on "all reasonably foreseeable acts and omissions of others in furtherance of ... jointly undertaken criminal activity’’); United States v. Snow, 462 F.3d 55, 72 (2d Cir.2006) ("The defendant need not have actual knowledge of the exact quantity of narcotics involved in the entire conspiracy; rather, it is sufficient if he could reasonably have foreseen the quantity involved.”). Such concerns are not at issue here because the district court held that none of the appellants could have foreseen any of the drug quantities involved and the government does not challenge this finding on appeal.

. We also find no merit to Diaz-Calderon’s argument that the 902 grams of cocaine used by the district court at sentencing was not found by the finder of fact beyond a reasonable doubt, and therefore its use violated the principles set forth in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), and its progeny. The district court sat as finder of fact here and specifically found that Diaz-Calderon was responsible for the *340entire amount of cocaine beyond a reasonable doubt. J.A. 862-64.

. Both Hernandez and Garcia were assigned a criminal history score of I.

. We note that the district court is not without recourse on remand to address its equitable concerns. The district court retains the discretion to select a sentence that varies from the prescribed guidelines range in order to serve the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C.A. § 3553(a) (West 2000 & Supp.2005), so long as the court "articulate[s] the reasons for the sentence imposed,” the sentence falls within the statutorily prescribed range, and the sentence is reasonable. United States v. Hillyer, 457 F.3d 347, 351 (4th Cir.2006).