Court Opinion

ID: 4587239
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-17 21:08:39.392443+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:49:37.477827
License: Public Domain

No. 19-1082 – Sheehan v. Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc., WEI Mortgage
Corp., and Seneca Trustees, Inc.
                                                                               FILED
                                                                          November 17, 2020
                                                                                released at 3:00 p.m.
Workman, Justice, dissenting:                                               EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                                                            SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                 OF WEST VIRGINIA

              The majority’s holding that allows a security interest for a lien on a

manufactured home to be perfected by “[s]atisfying the requirements of Snuffer v.

Spangler, 79 W. Va. 628, 92 S.E. 106 (1917)[]” is in direct conflict with, and ignores, the

Legislature’s establishment of a single means to perfect such security interest. Specifically,

under the Uniform Commercial Code, West Virginia Code § 46-9-303 (2007) and West

Virginia Code § 46-9-311(b) (2007 & Supp. 2020), where the manufactured home is

registered with and has a certificate of title issued by the West Virginia Division of Motor

Vehicles (“DMV”), the sole means of perfecting a security interest in a manufactured home

against third parties is to have the lien placed on the vehicle’s certificate of title pursuant

to West Virginia Code § 17A-4A-1 (2017). In this case, despite the respondent creditors’ 1

(hereinafter “the respondents”) argument that their lien interest in the manufactured home

was perfected by the recording of a Deed of Trust referencing the property “together with

all improvements erected on the property and fixtures that are a part of the property[,]” 2

the respondent simply failed to follow the applicable statutes discussed in greater detail

      The respondent creditors are Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc., WEI
       1

Mortgage Corporation, and Seneca Trustees, Inc.
       2
        It is an undisputed fact for the purposes of this case that the manufactured home is
physically affixed to the real estate.

                                              1
infra. This failure to properly record their lien interest in the manufactured home on the

certificates of title 3 was fatal to the respondents’ claim that they have any perfected security

interest under the salient statutes. As such, they are not entitled to a superior priority as a

creditor in the bankruptcy proceeding.

                To find otherwise, as the majority has done, allows the respondents, who are

sophisticated lenders, to benefit from their failure to follow the legislatively prescribed

methods for lien perfection on a manufactured home. The result will necessarily increase

the transaction costs for other parties, including consumers, engaging in these types of

transactions because rather than searching for a lien in the place prescribed by the statute,

a search will also have to be conducted in other locations where a lien might be recorded.

                A fundamental precept of any secured transaction is that for a lender to

acquire a valid interest in collateral against third parties, the claim against the collateral

must be perfected. 4 To ascertain the appropriate means for perfecting a lien interest against

       3
         The titles remain active and have not been cancelled pursuant to the procedure set
forth in West Virginia Code §17A-3-12b (2017), which is discussed in greater detail infra.
       4
           This Court recognized in Daniel v. Stevens, 183 W. Va. 95, 394 S.E.2d 79 (1990),
that
                        [o]ne of the purposes of the filing requirements of
                article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code, like that of any
                recording statute, is to protect third parties by providing notice
                of the existing interest in the collateral to subsequent potential
                creditors of and purchasers from the debtor. A concomitant
                purpose is to protect the creditor who has perfected a security
                                                2
collateral one must determine the type of collateral at issue, which, in this case, is a double

wide manufactured home.

              Critical to any analysis of whether a perfected security interest exists on this

manufactured home is the fact that certificate of titles were issued by the DMV for the

double wide manufactured home. 5 For purposes of perfecting a security interest in goods

covered by a certificate of title, under the UCC,     6
                                                          “[e]xcept as otherwise provided in

sections 9-303 through 9-306, the following rules determine the law governing perfection,

              interest, by giving such creditor priority over almost all
              subsequent third-party claimants to the collateral, because the
              creditor has taken action which would put a reasonably
              diligent searcher on notice of the prior interest in the
              collateral. Landon v. Stroud, 147 Ariz. 208, 211, 709 P.2d 565,
              568 (Ct.App.1985), review denied (Ariz. Nov. 13, 1985). See
              also syl. pt. 2, American National Bank & Trust Co. v. National
              Cash Register Co., 473 P.2d 234 (Okla.1970) (framers of
              Uniform Commercial Code, by adopting “notice filing”
              system, intended to protect perfected security interests and at
              the same time give subsequent potential creditors and other
              interested persons general information and procedures
              adequate to enable ascertainment of factual details) . . . .
183 W. Va. at 84-85, 394 S.E.2d at 100-101 (emphasis added).
       5
         Because it was a double wide manufactured home, two separate certificates of
title were issued by the DMV.
       6
         It is important to note that neither party argues that the statutes involved are
ambiguous. This Court has held that in deciding the meaning of a statutory provision,
“[w]e look first to the statute’s language. If the text, given its plain meaning, answers the
interpretive question, the language must prevail and further inquiry is foreclosed.”
Appalachian Power Co. v. State Tax Dep’t of W. Va., 195 W. Va. 573, 587, 466 S.E.2d
424, 438 (1995);
                                              3
the effect of perfection or nonperfection and the priority of a security interest in collateral

. . . .” W. Va. Code § 46-9-301 (2007). Specifically, West Virginia Code § 46-9-303

“applies to goods covered by a certificate of title” and provides:

                        (b) When goods covered by certificate of title. Goods
                become covered by a certificate of title when a valid
                application for the certificate of title and the applicable fee are
                delivered to the appropriate authority. Goods cease to be
                covered by a certificate of title at the earlier of the time the
                certificate of title ceases to be effective under the law of the
                issuing jurisdiction or the time the goods become covered
                subsequently by a certificate of title issued by another
                jurisdiction.

                        (c) Applicable law. The local law of the jurisdiction
                under whose certificate of title the goods are covered governs
                perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the
                priority of a security interest in goods covered by a certificate
                of title from the time the goods become covered by the
                certificate of title until the goods cease to be covered by the
                certificate of title.

(Some emphasis added). The majority’s examination of the applicable UCC provisions

ends here.

                The majority fails to examine West Virginia Code § 46-9-311(b) (2020

Supp.), which provides that “a security interest in property subject to a statute, regulation

or treaty described in subsection (a) 7 may be perfected only by compliance with those

requirements, and a security interest so perfected remains perfected notwithstanding a

change in the use or transfer of possession of the collateral.” (emphasis and footnote

       7
           West Virginia Code § 46-9-311(a) includes property such as manufactured homes.

                                                4
added). Neither party cited, discussed or relied upon this statute; however, its unequivocal

meaning is that the failure to follow the relevant statutory requirements for perfecting a

security interest is fatal to the perfection. The majority’s decision that complying with

these statutory provisions was not the exclusive means for perfection of a security interest

is legally incorrect.

               Following the directive of the UCC, see W. Va. Code § 46-9-311(b), in

examining the specific statutes that govern perfecting a security interest in a manufactured

home, our focus turns to the provisions of West Virginia Code § 17A-4A-1 to -16 (2017),

entitled “Liens and Encumbrances on Vehicle to be Shown on Certificate of Title; Notice

to Creditors and Purchasers.” 8 West Virginia Code § 17A-4A-1 requires the DMV to show

all liens and encumbrances on the face of any certificate of title it issues as follows:

                       The division upon receiving an application for a
               certificate of title to a vehicle, trailer, semitrailer, pole trailer,
               factory-built home or recreational vehicle for which a
               certificate of title is required under article three of this chapter,
               all of which are hereinafter in this article referred to as vehicles,
               showing liens or encumbrances upon the vehicle, shall, upon
               issuing to the owner thereof a certificate of title therefor, show

       8
         The parties and the bankruptcy court describe the “vehicle” at issue as a
“manufactured home.” A “manufactured home” clearly falls within any of the following
statutory definitions of a motor vehicle provided in West Virginia Code § 17A-1-1(2017
& Supp. 2020), including: a factory-built home as defined in West Virginia Code § 17A-l-
l(pp); a manufactured home as defined in West Virginia Code § l 7A-l-l(qq); a mobile home
as defined in West Virginia Code § 17A-1-1(rr); or a house trailer as defined in West
Virginia Code § 17A-1-l(ss). The respondents’ suggestion that the manufactured home at
issue is not a vehicle within the confines of the foregoing statutory definitions is legally
untenable.

                                                 5
             upon the face of the certificate of title all liens or
             encumbrances disclosed by the application.

(Emphasis added). West Virginia Code § 17A-4A-4(a) further establishes that

             [a] purchase money lien or encumbrance upon any vehicle
             shall be perfected on the date and at time of delivery to the
             division of motor vehicles of either the application for a
             certificate of title with all supporting documents, or a
             completed notice of lien form in a format determined by the
             division.

(Emphasis added).

             According to West Virginia Code § 17A-4A-3(a) and (b):

             a) A certificate of title, when issued by the division showing a
             lien or encumbrance, shall be considered from and after the
             filing with the division of the application therefor or the notice
             of lien authorized in section four of this article adequate notice
             to the state and its agencies, boards and commissions, to the
             United States government and its agencies, boards and
             commissions, to creditors and to purchasers that a lien against
             the vehicle exists.

             (b) Notwithstanding any other provision of this code to the
             contrary, and subject to the provisions of subsection (c) of this
             section, any lien or encumbrance placed on a vehicle by the
             voluntary act of the owner shall be void as against: (i) Any lien
             creditor who, without knowledge of the lien, acquires by
             attachment, levy or otherwise a lien thereupon, unless the lien
             or encumbrance is noted on the certificate of title, a filed
             application for certificate of title or the notice of lien authorized
             in section four of this article; and (ii) any purchaser who,
             without knowledge of the lien or encumbrance, purchases the
             vehicle, unless the lien or encumbrance is noted on the
             certificate of title, a filed application for certificate of title or
             the notice of lien authorized in section four of this article:
             Provided, That a purchaser under this subsection who
             purchases the vehicle without knowledge of the lien or
             encumbrance and contemporaneously obtains actual physical

                                              6
              possession of the vehicle and the certificate of title for the
              vehicle without the lien or encumbrance noted on the
              certificate of title, receives the vehicle free and clear of the lien
              or encumbrance.

(Emphasis added).

              The import of the foregoing statutory language is that the only way to perfect

a secured interest in a lien on a manufactured home is through a certificate of title issued

by the DMV showing the lien, which provides “adequate notice to . . . creditors and to

purchasers that a lien against the vehicle exists.” Id; see In re Johnson, 105 B.R. 352, 356

(1989) (finding that a mobile home was a “motor vehicle” within the meaning of West

Virginia title registration statutes and holding that “the sole effective means of perfecting a

security interest in such a mobile home against third parties is to have the lien placed on

the vehicle’s certificate of title pursuant to § 17A-4A-1.”) (emphasis added)). When a lien

is perfected according to the relevant DMV statutes, it has priority over all other liens

involving the vehicle. See W. Va. Code § 17A-4A-5 (2017) (declaring that “[t]he liens

shown upon a certificate of title issued by the department pursuant to applications for same

shall have priority over any other liens against such vehicle, however created and

recorded, except as otherwise provided in this article.” (emphasis added)); see also Ford

Motor Credit Co., LLC v. Hicks, No. 5:10-cv-00811, 2012 WL 1906419, at *9 (S.D. W.Va.

May 25, 2012) (district court, on review of bankruptcy court decision, recognized that

“[w]ith respect to perfection, goods covered by a certificate of title, like the motor vehicle

in this case, ‘become covered by a certificate of title when a valid application for the

                                               7
certificate of title and the applicable fee are delivered to the appropriate authority.’ W.

Va. Code § 46-9-303(b); see also W. Va. Code §§ 46-9-309(1), 46-9-311(a).”) (emphasis

added).

              Having established that there is only one way to perfect a security interest in

a lien on a manufactured home, the question becomes: what occurs when the manufactured

home becomes affixed to real property? That this can and does occur was contemplated

by the Legislature when it enacted West Virginia Code § 17A-3-12b(a). The statute

provides, in relevant part:

              The commissioner may cancel a certificate of title for a mobile
              or manufactured home affixed to the real property of the owner
              of the mobile or manufactured home. The person requesting
              the cancellation shall submit to the commissioner an
              application for cancellation together with the certificate of title.
              . . . The commissioner shall return one copy of the cancellation
              certificate to the owner and shall send a copy of the
              cancellation certificate to the clerk of the county commission
              to be recorded and indexed in the same manner as a deed, with
              the owner’s name being indexed in the grantor index. . . . The
              clerk shall return a copy of the recorded cancellation certificate
              to the owner, unless there is a lien attached to the mobile or
              manufactured home, in which case the copy of the recorded
              cancellation certificate shall be returned to the lienholder.
              Upon its recording in the county clerk’s office, the mobile or
              manufactured home shall be treated for all purposes as an
              appurtenance to the real estate to which it is affixed and be
              transferred only as real estate and the ownership interest in the
              mobile or manufactured home, together with all liens and
              encumbrances on the home, shall be transferred to and shall
              encumber the real property to which the mobile or
              manufactured home has become affixed.

                                               8
By providing for the cancellation of the certificate of title, the Legislature provided a way

for personal property, i.e., a manufactured home affixed to real property, to cease being

treated as personal property under the DMV statutes, and instead to be treated as real

property governed by the rules for securing liens to real estate. See W. Va. Code § 38-1-

1a (2011) (providing for deed of trust used for lien on real estate) and W. Va. Code § 40-

1-9 (2019) (providing that deeds of trust are invalid as to creditors and subsequent

purchasers for valuable consideration until recorded). Had the certificate of title issued by

the DMV been cancelled, there would be no question that lien interest in the manufactured

home could have been secured by the relevant Deed of Trust – but these are not the facts

in the instant case.

               Here, there was no compliance (or even attempted compliance) by the

respondents with any of the foregoing statutes. The certificates of title issued on the

manufactured home remain active, having never been cancelled. The majority ignores the

respondents’ lack of compliance, choosing to embrace the respondents’ argument that they

did not comply with these statutes for three reasons. First, the respondents argue that there

is no statute that specifically provides that following the statutory scheme embraced in the

UCC and DMV statutes is the sole way to perfect a security interest in a manufactured

home. This argument wholly disregards W. Va. Code § 46-9-311(b), which provides, in no

uncertain terms, that “a security interest in property subject to a statute . . . described in

                                              9
subsection (a) [which includes manufactured homes] may be perfected only by compliance

with those requirements . . . .” (Emphasis added).

              Second, the respondents contend in a rather circular argument that because

the manufactured home is physically affixed to real estate it is no longer a “vehicle” as

defined by West Virginia Code § 17A-1-1. This argument, however, completely overlooks

the facts in this case that two certificates of title were issued on the manufactured home,

no liens were ever recorded on the certificates of title, and both certificates of title remain

active, having never been cancelled. See W. Va. Code § 17A-3-12b. According to the

respondents, none of these facts matter. The respondents essentially argue that the entire

statutory scheme for perfecting a lien on the double wide manufactured home can be

wholly disregarded simply by affixing the manufactured home to real property, because

then the manufactured home is no longer a “vehicle” and, presumably, the DMV

certificates of title magically disappear.

              Third, the respondents contend that because West Virginia Code § 17A-3-

12b provides that “[t]he [DMV] commissioner may cancel a certificate of title for a mobile

or manufactured home affixed to the real property of the owner of the mobile or

manufactured home[,]” suggests that “the process is optional while the reference to a

manufactured home already ‘affixed’ to real estate indicates that cancellation of the title is

                                              10
not necessary for affixing a manufactured home to real estate.” This very narrow reading

of the statute is premised upon the respondents’ assumption that

              [i]f notation of a lien on a certificate of title is not required for
              perfection of a security interest in a manufactured home that is
              not a vehicle as defined by WV Code §17A-1-l(a), it follows
              that cancellation of the certificate of title under WV Code
              §17A-3-12b(a) is not required for the manufactured home to be
              affixed.
However, this assumption clearly ignores the express language of West Virginia Code §

17A-3-12b and the UCC provisions governing perfection of a security interest in such

property.

              It is unfortunate that the majority chooses to embrace the respondents’

arguments that the statutory law in West Virginia does not dictate only one means for

perfecting a security interest in a manufactured home. Relying upon case law from 1917

to rectify the respondents’ failings, the majority adopts the respondents’ argument that the

manufactured home can also be considered affixed to the real estate through application of

West Virginia common law as set forth in Snuffer. See 79 W. Va. 628, 92 S.E. 106. Thus,

according to the majority, a security interest in a lien on a manufactured home affixed to

the real estate can also be secured by the recording the deed of trust under common law.

              In Snuffer, decided long before enactment of the UCC and the DMV statutes,

the Court developed the following test in order to determine whether certain machinery

                                               11
located on property in Raleigh County and used in the operation of a woolen factory was

part of the real estate or “mere personal chattel”:

              we conclude that personal property used in connection with
              real estate is fixtures and part of the realty, when the following
              conditions concur: First[,][i]t must be attached to the real
              estate, and by this we do not mean that it has to become so
              attached as to do serious damage to the realty, or to the property
              itself in order to remove it, but that it must be so attached as
              that the two, the real estate and the fixtures, work together to
              one end; second[,] [i]t must be reasonably necessary and
              adapted to the purposes for which the real estate is being used;
              and, [t]hird[,] [i]t must be the intention of the party placing
              such property upon the real estate to make it a part thereof. If
              the first two of these elements concur—that is, its attachment
              to the real estate and it adaptability to the purposes for which
              the real estate is being used—it will be presumed that the party
              attaching it intended that it should be a part of the real estate,
              unles[s] a contrary intention appears from the conduct of the
              parties in relation to it.
Id. at 634, 637-38, 92 S.E. at 109 and 110. 9

              The problem with the majority’s reliance upon Snuffer to resolve the current

issue is that neither Snuffer, nor the Sanders memorandum decision referenced infra,

involved perfection of a secured interest, i.e. a secured transaction. Undoubtedly the

       9
         This Court continued to adhere to the principles of Snuffer recently in a
memorandum decision. See Sanders v. Brown, No. 18-0017, 2018 WL 6119215 (W. Va.
Nov. 21, 2018). In Sanders, like its predecessor Snuffer, the issue before the Court did not
involve secured transactions and priority of secured interests in liens. Instead, the issue in
Sanders was who owned the manufactured home that was affixed to the real estate at issue
in the case.

                                                12
principles enunciated by the Court in Snuffer are still viable where the issues do not involve

areas expressly governed by specific statutes, in this case the UCC and DMV statutes

concerning perfection and priority of a security interest in a manufactured home. However,

this Court has consistently held that “[i]t has been a mainstay of Anglo-American

jurisprudence that the common law gives way to a specific statute that is inconsistent with

it; when a statute is designed as a revision of a whole body of law applicable to a given

subject, it supersedes the common law.” State ex rel. Riffle v. Ranson, 195 W. Va. 121,

128, 464 S.E.2d 763, 770 (1995). It is clear that the common law has been superceded by

the statutes as discussed supra. Therefore, the majority’s holding, excusing respondents’

noncompliance with the statutory scheme for perfecting a security interest in a

manufactured home affixed to real estate, undermines relevant UCC and DMV statutes and

is plainly wrong.

              For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent, and I have been authorized

to state that Chief Justice Armstead joins me in dissenting from the majority’s decision.

                                             13