Court Opinion

ID: 9399648
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-05 23:00:53.179298+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:31.077565
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                      File Name: 23a0119p.06

                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                            ┐
 WILLIAM GLENN ROGERS,
                                                            │
                                Petitioner-Appellant,       │
                                                             >        No. 19-5427
                                                            │
       v.                                                   │
                                                            │
 TONY MAYS, Warden,                                         │
                               Respondent-Appellee.         │
                                                            ┘

                              On Petition for Rehearing En Banc
        United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee at Nashville.
            No. 3:13-cv-00141—Waverly D. Crenshaw, Jr., Chief District Judge.

                              Argued En Banc: March 8, 2023

                              Decided and Filed: June 5, 2023

  Before: SUTTON, Chief Judge; MOORE, CLAY, GIBBONS, GRIFFIN, KETHLEDGE,
 STRANCH, THAPAR, BUSH, LARSEN, NALBANDIAN, READLER, MURPHY, DAVIS,
                            and MATHIS, Circuit Judges.

                                     _________________

                                           COUNSEL

ARGUED EN BANC: Kelley J. Henry, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER,
Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellant. J. Matthew Rice, OFFICE OF THE TENNESSEE
ATTORNEY GENERAL, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellee. ON SUPPLEMENTAL
BRIEF: Kelley J. Henry, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Nashville,
Tennessee, Kimberly S. Hodde, HODDE & ASSOCIATES, Nashville, Tennessee, David R.
Esquivel, Angel Lasley, BASS, BERRY & SIMS PLC, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellant. J.
Matthew Rice, Richard D. Douglas, OFFICE OF THE TENNESSEE ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellee. ON AMICUS BRIEF: Michael R. Wajda, OFFICE OF
THE KENTUCKY ATTORNEY GENERAL, Frankfort, Kentucky, for Amicus Curiae.

      THAPAR, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which SUTTON, C.J., GIBBONS,
GRIFFIN, KETHLEDGE, BUSH, LARSEN, NALBANDIAN, READLER, MURPHY and
 No. 19-5427                              Rogers v. Mays                                   Page 2

DAVIS, JJ., joined, and MATHIS, J., joined in part. MATHIS, J. (p. 23), delivered a separate
opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part. MOORE, J. (pp. 24–38), delivered a separate
dissenting opinion in which CLAY and STRANCH, JJ., joined, and MATHIS, J. joined in part.

                                        _________________

                                             OPINION
                                        _________________

          THAPAR, Circuit Judge. In 1996, nine-year-old Jacqueline Beard left her mother’s
watchful gaze to pick blackberries. William Glenn Rogers made sure she never returned. After
stalking Jackie for days, he kidnapped, raped, and murdered her. Then he disposed of her body
in the woods, where hunters found her remains four months later.

          At trial, a jury found Rogers guilty and sentenced him to death. Since then, Rogers has
spent more than two decades challenging his conviction and sentence. In a thoughtful and
exhaustive opinion, Chief Judge Waverly Crenshaw denied Rogers’s federal habeas petition. We
affirm.

                                                  I.

                                                 A.

          Jackie was a “friendly, happy, and well-liked child.” Rogers v. State, 2012 WL 3776675,
at *9 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 30, 2012) (quoting State v. Rogers, 2004 WL 1462649, at *10
(Tenn. Crim. App. June 30, 2004)). Even though she was just nine years old, she played three
instruments: guitar, organ, and drums. And she put her musical talents to good use—every year,
she sang a solo in church.

          But that all changed on July 3, 1996. Jackie, her brother, and a friend were playing at a
local mudhole when Rogers approached. From the beginning, Rogers preyed on the children’s
innocence. To earn the children’s trust, he claimed to be an undercover police officer and
offered to take them swimming. He also told the children that he would bring them fireworks.
But the children did not go with him. Instead, Jackie ran home to get her mom.
 No. 19-5427                              Rogers v. Mays                                  Page 3

        In the meantime, Rogers made good on his promise by bringing fireworks to the children
at the mudhole. When Jackie returned with her mom, Rogers continued to impersonate an
undercover police officer. During their conversation, Rogers warned Jackie’s mom about all the
“sickos in the world.” Id. at *1. But Jackie’s mom rejected Rogers’s offer to take the children
swimming and brought the children home.

        Unfortunately, that was not the last time that Jackie saw Rogers. Only a few days later,
Rogers showed up at Jackie’s home, claiming to be looking for lost keys.            After a brief
discussion, Jackie’s mom sent Rogers away. But Rogers would not be deterred.

        That afternoon, Jackie went outside to pick berries. Her mom told her to be back in
fifteen minutes. When fifteen minutes passed, her mom went outside to get her, but Jackie was
nowhere to be found. That led Jackie’s mom to organize a small search party to look for her
missing daughter. Sadly, the group did not find Jackie either. So Jackie’s mom called 911 to
report her daughter missing.

        Rogers arrived at his house later that evening. According to his wife, Rogers’s shirt had
blood on it. His pants were also streaked with mud, as if he had tried to wipe them off. Later,
when Rogers’s wife got in their car, she saw small fingerprints dragging down the passenger-side
windshield.

        The police investigation immediately focused on Rogers. Eventually, Rogers confessed
to vehicular homicide. In a series of inconsistent statements, Rogers claimed that he accidentally
ran over Jackie, drove to a bridge, and tossed her body into the river below. But that turned out
to be a lie. Jackie’s body did not end up in the river.

        Four months after Jackie disappeared, hunters discovered her remains in a park. It
happened to be the same park Rogers visited with his wife just days before Jackie went missing.
On their way home, Rogers and his wife stopped for a picnic, and Rogers told his wife that he
had just discovered an area so remote “you could bury a body back here and nobody would ever
find it.” Id. at *2.
 No. 19-5427                             Rogers v. Mays                                    Page 4

       Along with Jackie’s remains, the police found some of her clothes, including her shorts
and an inside-out shirt. In the crotch of Jackie’s shorts, investigators identified what turned out
to be sperm, but they could not obtain a DNA profile from it.

                                                B.

       The State of Tennessee charged Rogers with multiple crimes, including first-degree
murder. A jury convicted him on all counts, and the case proceeded to the penalty phase. State
v. Rogers, 188 S.W.3d 593, 601 (Tenn. 2006).

       During the penalty phase, Tennessee introduced evidence of Rogers’s prior convictions
for two counts of aggravated assault. And Jackie’s family members told the court how Jackie’s
murder had devastated their family. Wracked by nightmares and guilt, Jackie’s mom could not
sleep. She lost her job. Jackie’s brothers—Joshua and Jeremy—were in pain too. Jeremy was
hospitalized for post-traumatic stress disorder and placed in juvenile homes.

       Next, Rogers presented mitigation evidence about his difficult and abusive upbringing.
Rogers’s stepfather beat him—in at least one instance, he used a baseball bat. He also rubbed
Rogers’s face in urine and excrement when Rogers wet the bed or soiled his pants. When Rogers
tried to run away, his mother and stepfather chained him to his bed. They also prevented Rogers
from seeing his biological father and deprived Rogers of food. In addition, Rogers claimed that
several adults, including his stepfather’s brother, sexually abused him.

       Seeking to avoid the death penalty, Rogers also presented psychological and psychiatric
evidence. One of his expert witnesses, Dr. Mark Cunningham, testified that a lengthy sentence
would likely prevent Rogers from committing any more violence. On cross, though, he admitted
that Rogers had escaped before from prison and would be a “significant risk” if allowed back
into society. Rogers, 2012 WL 3776675, at *15 (quoting Rogers, 2004 WL 1462649, at *15).

       Ultimately, the jury sentenced Rogers to death. The jury found four aggravating factors
beyond a reasonable doubt:

   1. Jackie was under twelve years old when she was killed, and Rogers was over eighteen;
   2. Rogers had previously been convicted of one or more violent felonies;
   3. Rogers killed Jackie to avoid, interfere with, or prevent his arrest; and
 No. 19-5427                               Rogers v. Mays                                    Page 5

   4. Rogers knowingly killed Jackie while he had a substantial role in committing or
      attempting to commit a rape or kidnapping.

See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-204(i)(1)–(2), (6)–(7). Weighing those factors against Rogers’s
mitigating evidence, the jury imposed the death penalty. See id. § 39-13-204(g)(1).

          After losing his appeals, Rogers filed for state post-conviction relief. But the Tennessee
trial and appellate courts rejected all of his claims. Rogers, 2012 WL 3776675, at *32, *60.
Rogers then petitioned for a federal writ of habeas corpus, which Chief Judge Waverly Crenshaw
denied.     Rogers v. Westbrooks, 2019 WL 1331035, at *117 (M.D. Tenn. Mar. 25, 2019).
Nonetheless, Chief Judge Crenshaw granted a certificate of appealability, which a panel of this
court expanded. Id. at *118; Rogers v. Mays, 814 F. App’x 984, 988 (6th Cir. 2020) (order).
Relevant here, that same panel then granted habeas relief on one ineffective-assistance-of-
counsel claim and reversed and remanded another. Rogers v. Mays, 43 F.4th 530, 567–68 (6th
Cir. 2022). Judge Helene White dissented in part. Id. at 568–69 (White, J., concurring in part
and dissenting in part). We granted rehearing en banc. Rogers v. Mays, 54 F.4th 443 (6th Cir.
2022) (order).

                                                  II.

          Federal habeas review “intrudes on state sovereignty to a degree matched by few
exercises of federal judicial authority.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 103 (2011) (citation
omitted).     As a result, habeas is “an extraordinary remedy, reserved for only extreme
malfunctions in the state criminal justice system.” Brown v. Davenport, 142 S. Ct. 1510, 1524
(2022) (cleaned up).

          To receive relief, habeas petitioners must clear several hurdles, two of which are relevant
here: the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) and the procedural-
default doctrine. We begin with the claims that fail under AEDPA.

                                                  A.

          Rogers first claims that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate and
challenge the sperm evidence found in the crotch of Jackie’s shorts.
 No. 19-5427                             Rogers v. Mays                                     Page 6

       Before the state court, Rogers had to show that counsel performed deficiently and that he
suffered prejudice as a result. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). But before
this court, he must clear a higher bar if the claim “was adjudicated on the merits in State court
proceedings.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). So to determine the proper standard of review, we must first
decide whether the state court adjudicated this claim on the merits.

                                                 1.

       Federal courts presume that every claim presented to a state court has been adjudicated
on the merits. Richter, 562 U.S. at 99. To rebut that presumption, the petitioner must show
“very clearly” that the state court overlooked his claim. Johnson v. Williams, 568 U.S. 289, 303
(2013). Rogers has not done that. Instead, he litigated this case all along as if the state court had
adjudicated this claim.

       First, in his state post-conviction petition, Rogers claimed that counsel failed to
adequately investigate and challenge the rape evidence. He noted that expert testimony about
sperm in Jackie’s shorts affected both his convictions in the guilt phase and “the finding of the
felony murder/rape aggravator in the penalty phase.” R. 26-14, Pg. ID 9764. In other words,
Rogers presented one ineffective-assistance claim that applied to both of the jury’s decisions:
first, to convict Rogers, and second, to impose the death penalty.

       Indeed, that is exactly how the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals adjudicated this
claim. It concluded that trial counsel performed deficiently but that Rogers had not suffered
prejudice because he had not “established that the jury’s verdicts [we]re unreliable.” Rogers,
2012 WL 3776675, at *47. By using the word “verdicts,” the court was referring to the jury’s
guilt and penalty determinations. But even assuming one could read the state court’s opinion
differently, our conclusion would not change. Why? Because under Richter and Johnson we
presume Rogers’s claim has been adjudicated on the merits unless the state-court decision “very
clearly” overlooked Rogers’s penalty-phase claim. Johnson, 568 U.S. at 303; see Richter, 562
U.S. at 99. And Rogers certainly has not overcome that strong presumption.

       Instead, even on federal habeas review, Rogers has continued to concede that the state
court adjudicated this claim. First, in his federal habeas petition, he listed it as an adjudicated
 No. 19-5427                                Rogers v. Mays                                     Page 7

claim. Then, in both his original and supplemental briefs before our court, he admitted that “the
state court addressed this claim on the merits.” Appellant Br. 142; see Appellant Supp. Reply
Br. 1 (“The parties agree that it is reasonable to conclude that the state court resolved the
issue.”).

          The dissent sees it differently. It claims that the state court did not address the sentencing
portion of Rogers’s ineffective-assistance claim. But the dissent does not give the state court due
respect under AEDPA. Nor does it accord with the Supreme Court’s instruction that litigants,
not judges, know their cases best. Johnson, 568 U.S. at 306. If a habeas petitioner believes a
state court overlooked his claim, he should move for reconsideration on those grounds.
Otherwise, federal courts should treat it as adjudicated. See id. (stating that the petitioner
“knows her case better than anyone else, and the fact that she does not appear to have thought
that there was an oversight makes such a mistake most improbable”). Like the petitioner in
Johnson, Rogers neither moved the state court for reconsideration nor argued in subsequent
proceedings that the state court had overlooked the claim.

          Thus, Rogers’s claim was “adjudicated on the merits.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).

                                                    2.

          Because Rogers’s claim was adjudicated on the merits, AEDPA permits relief only if the
state court’s decision (1) “was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly
established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court” or (2) “was based on an
unreasonable determination of the facts.” Id. Rogers argues both legal and factual error. We
address each argument in turn.

          Contrary to, or Unreasonable Application of, Clearly Established Federal Law. Rogers
argues that the state court’s decision was both “contrary to” and an “unreasonable application of”
clearly established law from the Supreme Court. Id. § 2254(d)(1). He is mistaken on both
counts.

          First, the state court’s decision was not contrary to Strickland. A state-court decision is
“contrary to” clearly established federal law only if it (1) applies a rule that directly conflicts
 No. 19-5427                             Rogers v. Mays                                    Page 8

with a rule prescribed by the Supreme Court or (2) confronts a case with materially identical
facts to a Supreme Court decision and decides the case differently. Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S.
362, 405–06 (2000) (O’Connor, J., delivering the opinion of the Court in relevant part) (Terry
Williams). But the state court did neither here. The state court accurately quoted Strickland’s
rules at length as it recited the ineffective-assistance standard. Rogers, 2012 WL 3776675, at
*32–34. And Strickland did not involve materially identical or even similar facts. That case did
not involve a failure to investigate forensic evidence of rape—in fact, it was not a rape case at
all. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 671–72, 675–76.

       Second, the state court did not unreasonably apply Strickland.             See 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d)(1). A state-court decision satisfies this standard only if it applies Supreme Court
precedent in a way that no fair-minded judge could accept. Richter, 562 U.S. at 102–03. This
inquiry turns in part on how general the clearly established federal rule is. “The more general the
rule, the more leeway” state courts get to apply it. Id. at 101 (quoting Yarborough v. Alvarado,
541 U.S. 652, 664 (2004)). And when we apply the highly deferential AEDPA standard to the
already deferential Strickland standard, we give the state-court decision double deference.
Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 190 (2011). Under that doubly deferential standard, the
state-court decision passes muster.

       The “benchmark” for an ineffective-assistance claim is whether counsel’s actions “so
undermined” the trial that it could not have produced a just result. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686.
So Strickland’s prejudice component requires the petitioner to show a reasonable probability that
the trial would have gone differently but for counsel’s errors. Id. at 694. “A reasonable
probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id.

       Here, the state court faithfully applied the Strickland prejudice standard. The court
carefully recounted the evidence presented at trial along with the evidence Rogers claimed
should have been presented and concluded that the new evidence would not have made a
difference. Rogers, 2012 WL 3776675, at *44–47.

       First, the court considered the testimony of Mark Squibb, a government scientist who
tested Jackie’s shorts for semen. Squibb performed an acid phosphatase test, which returned
 No. 19-5427                             Rogers v. Mays                                    Page 9

positive results in four areas, indicating “semen stains or possible semen stains.” R. 25-8, Pg. ID
4560. Next, he cut a sample from each of those four areas for confirmatory tests. Those
confirmatory tests came back positive on three samples. Thus, Squibb concluded that semen was
present on at least three samples and labeled the fourth inconclusive.

       During the trial, the jury also heard the limitations of this evidence. For example, Squibb
thought the semen was human, but he was not certain. Likewise, Meghan Clement, another
forensic scientist, testified at trial that she could not obtain a DNA profile from the samples cut
out of Jackie’s shorts. She offered four explanations: (1) the DNA had degraded over time, (2)
there was not enough DNA, (3) there was more than one person’s DNA, or (4) something like
dirt had contaminated the DNA.

       At the post-conviction proceeding, Clement gave more information about her
unsuccessful DNA testing. And both Squibb and Clement testified in more detail about how to
interpret the results of an acid phosphatase semen test. Squibb clarified that he obtained “weak
positive” results from the acid phosphatase tests on Jackie’s shorts. Rogers, 2012 WL 3776675,
at *46 (quotation marks omitted); R. 26-10, Pg. ID 8362. Plus, Squibb tested the samples for
P30—an antigen found only in semen—but came up empty.

       In addition, when Squibb looked at the samples under a microscope, he confirmed only a
few sperm heads. This was important because sperm and semen are not the same thing—rather,
sperm (a cell) is one component of semen (a fluid). And Rogers has a theory that purports to
explain the presence of a few sperm heads, but not semen.

       Rogers believes that sperm could have ended up in Jackie’s shorts by a means other than
rape: the laundry. He bases his theory on a 1996 Canadian study, which he claims his counsel
should have presented. Basically, Rogers theorizes that the washing-machine study and his other
evidence about the experts’ testing are so persuasive that, if the jury had heard the evidence, it
would not have sentenced him to death. But the state court properly found this theory too
speculative to prove prejudice. Indeed, the washing-machine study would not have made any
difference unless the jury accepted the following chain of inferences: (1) Jackie’s mom used the
same or similar detergent and wash cycle as in the Canadian study, (2) someone in Jackie’s
 No. 19-5427                                  Rogers v. Mays                                          Page 10

house was sexually active and deposited semen onto his own clothing, (3) that clothing was
washed with Jackie’s, (4) sperm jumped from that person’s clothing to Jackie’s in the washing
machine, (5) that same sperm happened to land in the crotch of the shorts Jackie wore the day
she was murdered, and (6) an identifiable amount of that sperm remained in Jackie’s shorts for
months while they sat out in the woods.

        Even Rogers’s own trial counsel testified that he was not sure he “could have gotten a
jury to swallow” the washing-machine theory. Rogers, 2012 WL 3776675, at *24. That gave
him good reason not to present it. As any good trial lawyer knows, presenting far-fetched
theories risks your credibility with the jury, not just on one issue but on the entire case. One
wonders why a good lawyer would take such a risk to challenge evidence that was already
inconclusive. See R. 26-9, Pg. ID 8154–55 (Rogers’s counsel testifying that he “wasn’t as
concerned” once he heard that the DNA testing was inconclusive).                        Indeed, our caselaw
recognizes an attorney may actually be deficient for pursuing a “far-fetched” theory. McFarland
v. Yukins, 356 F.3d 688, 709 (6th Cir. 2004) (citing Griffin v. McVicar, 84 F.3d 880, 890 (6th
Cir. 1996)).1

        To be sure, Clement testified that she had presented the washing-machine study in a
previous child-rape case where the defendant was found not guilty.                     But that case further
demonstrates why presenting the washing-machine study here would have had pitfalls. There,
investigators were able to develop a DNA profile from sperm they found in six pairs of the girl’s
underwear. An acid phosphatase test came back negative, yet investigators found sperm not just
in the crotch but “all over.” R. 26-10, Pg. ID 8325. If sperm truly does transfer between clothes
in the washing machine, it would be all over, not concentrated in one area of one item. But here,
Squibb identified sperm only in the crotch of Jackie’s shorts where an acid phosphatase test
identified “semen stains or possible semen stains.” R. 25-8, Pg. ID 4559–60. And he did not

        1The   dissent argues that we “patently contradict[] the state court opinion.” Dissent at 25 n.1. But the
dissent misunderstands both AEDPA and our opinion. AEDPA does not require us to defer to state-court decisions
when we deny relief. In contrast, we may grant relief only if the petitioner overcomes AEDPA deference. See 28
U.S.C. § 2254(d). And even if the dissent’s interpretation of AEDPA were proper, it would not change anything
because the state court did not conclude that Rogers’s counsel was deficient for failing to pursue a far-fetched
theory. Rather, the state court reasoned that “Trial Counsel should have done a more thorough job attacking
Squibb’s testimony.” Rogers, 2012 WL 3776675, at *47. Our only point is that the washing-machine theory is far-
fetched.
 No. 19-5427                              Rogers v. Mays                                 Page 11

find any sperm on Jackie’s shirt. Nor could investigators develop a DNA profile from the sperm.
So, as the state court reasonably concluded, the evidence did not support the washing-machine
theory. Rogers, 2012 WL 3776675, at *47. Indeed, the evidence cut against it.

          After thoroughly cataloguing all this evidence, the state court concluded that Rogers’s
counsel should have challenged the state’s forensic evidence more forcefully. Id. But it also
concluded that Rogers had not suffered prejudice from counsel’s deficiency. Id. According to
the state court, the additional evidence would not have made any difference because it only
emphasized what the jury already knew: testing did not conclusively show the sperm came from
Rogers. Id. That was a reasonable application of the fact-bound Strickland prejudice standard.

          Rogers next faults the state court for saying that he could not “eliminate or completely
discredit the State’s proof that sperm heads were found in the crotch area of [Jackie’s] shorts.”
Id. He claims that four words in that sentence—“eliminate or completely discredit”—were
contrary to Strickland. But, as the Supreme Court has repeatedly held, we may not flyspeck
state-court opinions. See Johnson, 568 U.S. at 300 (“[F]ederal courts have no authority to
impose mandatory opinion-writing standards on state courts.”); Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S.
722, 739 (1991) (similar). This makes sense. After all, AEDPA instructs us to look for “a
decision”—not a few words or a stray thought—“that was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) (emphasis
added).     The goal is to protect against “extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice
system,” not to create a grading system for state-court opinion writing. Davenport, 142 S. Ct. at
1524 (citation omitted).

          Taking the state court’s 75-page opinion as a whole and reading those words in context,
the state court’s decision closely tracks the legal standard prescribed by the Supreme Court. To
show prejudice, Rogers would have had to “undermine confidence in the jury’s sentence of
death.” Pinholster, 563 U.S. at 190. That is difficult when the State presented uncontroverted
evidence that Rogers was the last person to see Jackie alive and that sperm was found
concentrated in the crotch area of her shorts. The jury already knew that DNA testing did not
conclusively identify Rogers as the source of the sperm. So the state court properly concluded
 No. 19-5427                             Rogers v. Mays                                    Page 12

that neither the additional details about the testing nor the washing-machine theory would have
made any difference to Rogers’s sentence.

       The dissent disagrees. Applying de novo review, the dissent faults us for not discussing
the history and details of the death penalty in Tennessee and far-afield Supreme Court precedent.
But we need not discuss those materials because AEDPA narrowly focuses us on whether the
state court contradicted or unreasonably applied clearly established federal law. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d)(1).

       Even on its own terms, the dissent falters. As Judge White thoughtfully pointed out, if
the jury discounted the rape altogether, it “would still have been confronted with the
premeditated and calculat[ed] kidnapping and murder of a 9-year-old whose shirt had been
removed and whose shorts contained sperm in the inside crotch—albeit from an unknown
source.” Rogers, 43 F.4th at 568 (White, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). The jury
listened to Rogers’s own wife testify that she saw small fingerprints drag down the passenger
side windshield of the car. It listened to testimony that Rogers admitted to killing Jackie and
disposing of her body. These “highly inflammatory and disturbing” facts would have most likely
resulted in the same sentence. Id.

       Thus, the state court’s conclusion that Rogers could not undermine the jury’s sentence
was not an unreasonable application of Strickland.

       Unreasonable Determination of Fact. Rogers argues that the state court’s discussion of
the rape evidence was based on several unreasonable determinations of fact. Specifically, he
claims that the state appellate court omitted or misdescribed facts that would have helped
demonstrate prejudice. But this challenge largely repackages a legal argument as a factual one.
See Bergman v. Howard, 54 F.4th 950, 961 (6th Cir. 2022), cert. denied, --- S. Ct. ---, 2023 WL
3158441 (May 1, 2023).

       Appellate courts seldom make factual findings—rather, they decide whether “historical
facts” satisfy a “legal test.” Id. (citation omitted). Strickland is the classic example of this. The
Strickland inquiry requires the appellate court to apply the legal standard—undermining
confidence in the jury’s verdict—to the facts found by the trial court. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at
 No. 19-5427                             Rogers v. Mays                                    Page 13

694; Bergman, 54 F.4th at 962. So when a habeas petitioner challenges a state-court decision
that applies the law to given facts, he makes a legal challenge that we review under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d)(1). Bergman, 54 F.4th at 962.

        That is exactly what Rogers does. Most of his purported factual arguments are claims
that the state court omitted or misdescribed subsidiary details in making its legal determination.
See, e.g., Appellant Br. 151 (arguing that habeas relief is appropriate “[b]ecause the [state]
court’s determination of the merits of this issue was based upon inaccurate facts and
inferences”).    But judgments about which facts satisfy the Strickland standard are legal
questions. Thus, Rogers must show that the state court’s decision was either “contrary to” or an
“unreasonable application of” clearly established law from the Supreme Court. 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d)(1). He has not done so.

        First, Rogers claims that the court omitted important information about the peer-review
process that showed that Squibb’s testing was unreliable. But the peer-review process actually
bolsters Squibb’s testing. Squibb testified that his colleagues spot-checked his work. True, they
did not check every single sperm head Squibb identified, but they verified at least some of the
sperm heads on two samples. If anything, that increases the confidence in Squibb’s analysis.

        Second, Rogers claims that the state court should have recounted Clement’s unsuccessful
attempts to identify semen in Jackie’s shorts years after trial. But the state court did note that in
its detailed statement of the facts. See Rogers, 2012 WL 3776675, at *29 (“In addition to trying
to extract DNA from the cloth samples in 2009, Clement also performed a ‘presumptive test for
acid phosphatase as well as a test for the presence of P30, which is an antigen found in seminal
fluid and those revealed negative results.’ The laboratory also examined the cloth samples
microscopically, but did not find spermatazoa [sic] present.”). And in its analysis, the court
referred to “the scientific and technical evidence produced at the [post-conviction] hearing.” Id.
at *46 (alteration in original).

        The state court did not act unreasonably by describing that evidence more generally than
Rogers would have liked. At some point, the state court must decide what details from the
voluminous record are important enough to include in its discussion. We review that decision
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for reasonableness—we are not permitted to nitpick the opinion-writing practices of busy state
courts. See Johnson, 568 U.S. at 300; Coleman, 501 U.S. at 739. And here, the state court
reasonably decided not to repeat details about Clement’s testing. It was also not an unreasonable
application of Strickland to conclude that that testing’s negative results did not show prejudice.

       Third, Rogers argues that the state court unreasonably portrayed Clement as agreeing
with Squibb’s finding of semen. But Rogers is incorrect. The state court wrote that “Clement
agreed at the post-conviction hearing with Squibb’s finding of sperm heads.” Rogers, 2012 WL
3776675, at *47. And that accurately represents her testimony, in which she stated, “Oh yes,
there were definitely sperm heads present.”           R. 26-10, Pg. ID 8347.       Far from being
unreasonable, the state court’s opinion was accurate.

       In sum, the state court’s decision was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of,
clearly established federal law. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). Therefore, Rogers is entitled to no relief
on this claim.

                                                 B.

       Rogers brings two other claims subject to AEDPA’s deferential standard. First, he claims
the Tennessee Supreme Court unreasonably concluded there was sufficient evidence to convict
him of rape and felony murder in perpetration of a rape. Second, he claims that the court
unreasonably excluded exculpatory evidence. The district court and a panel of our court both
rejected these claims. We do too.

       Sufficiency of Evidence of Rape. Sufficient evidence supports a conviction if, “viewing
the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307, 319 (1979). In Rogers’s direct appeal, the Tennessee Supreme Court concluded that
sufficient evidence supported Rogers’s child-rape conviction. Rogers, 188 S.W.3d at 617. Now,
Rogers claims the court unreasonably applied Jackson by failing to discuss penetration, one
element of child rape under Tennessee law. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-522(a).
 No. 19-5427                                    Rogers v. Mays                                            Page 15

        Rogers presented this claim to the Tennessee Supreme Court on direct review. Thus, we
consider only the evidence before that court at the time it decided the claim—the trial evidence.
See Pinholster, 563 U.S. at 180–81. Viewing this evidence through the Jackson prism, the
Tennessee Supreme Court reasonably concluded there was sufficient evidence to convict Rogers
of raping Jackie. First, there was the sperm in Jackie’s shorts. Second, Rogers was the last one
to see Jackie alive, which would allow the jury to infer that he was the source of the sperm.
Finally, her shirt was inside out, which the jury could have reasonably inferred was because
Rogers pulled it off.2 See Rogers, 188 S.W.3d at 617. In short, the Tennessee Supreme Court’s
conclusion was not only reasonable but correct.

        Exclusion of Evidence.           The Constitution gives states “broad latitude” to exclude
evidence in criminal trials. Holmes v. South Carolina, 547 U.S. 319, 324 (2006) (citation
omitted). But the Supreme Court carved out a narrow, fact-specific exception to this principle in
Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 (1973). In Chambers, the defendant was accused of
shooting a police officer but consistently denied it. Id. at 287. Another man, Gable McDonald,
confessed to shooting the officer and then recanted his confession. Id. at 287–88. The defendant
called McDonald as a witness at trial, but the court refused to let the defendant treat McDonald
as an adverse witness. Id. at 291–92. The court also excluded the testimony of three other
witnesses who would have corroborated McDonald’s confession. Id. at 292–93. The Supreme
Court held that these two evidentiary decisions—the refusal to deem McDonald an adverse
witness and the exclusion of the three witnesses’ testimony—together violated the defendant’s
due-process rights. Id. at 302. In sum, “the holding of Chambers—if one can be discerned from
such a fact-intensive case”—is narrow. Montana v. Egelhoff, 518 U.S. 37, 53 (1996) (plurality
op.).   Multiple erroneous evidentiary rulings excluding reliable, direct evidence of actual
innocence in a criminal case can, in combination, violate due process. Id.

        Here, the Tennessee Supreme Court did not contradict or unreasonably apply the narrow
holding of Chambers. Rogers attempted to introduce evidence that Jeremy allegedly had sex

        2Rogers    argues that animals or other nonsexual causes could explain why Jackie’s shirt was inside out. But
we must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the jury’s verdict. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. Here, that means
inferring that Jackie’s shirt was inside out because Rogers pulled it off her.
 No. 19-5427                              Rogers v. Mays                                  Page 16

with his sister at least five years before she disappeared (when Jeremy was, at most, seven years
old and Jackie was, at most, three years old). That theory was based solely on comments
Jeremy—who suffered from mental illness—could not remember making. Rogers, 188 S.W.3d
at 611–12. The state court excluded that evidence because, if the incident even happened, it was
“remote in time and irrelevant and possibly confusing to the jury.” Id. at 612. Even assuming
the state court should have admitted that evidence, that is a single evidentiary error, not the kind
of cumulative error at issue in Chambers.

          In addition, that evidence would not establish Rogers’s innocence. Rogers’s theory was
that someone else (most likely Jeremy) had sex with Jackie. But, even if Jeremy had sex with his
sister years before she disappeared, Rogers gives us no reason to believe sperm stays in clothing
for that long. So this evidence does not show that the sperm in Jackie’s shorts came from
Jeremy. Rogers might have attempted to connect this evidence to the sperm in Jackie’s shorts by
asking Jeremy if he had sex with his sister shortly before her abduction. But when Rogers had
the opportunity to ask that question, he declined. Finally, the evidence here is much weaker than
the evidence in Chambers because Jeremy could not remember telling anyone that he had sex
with his sister.

          Because this case does not implicate the narrow holding of Chambers, the state court did
not contradict or unreasonably apply clearly established federal law in excluding evidence about
Jeremy and Jackie’s alleged sexual history. So Rogers is not entitled to relief on this claim
either.

                                                III.

          Rogers brings four other ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claims that he concedes
he did not raise before the state courts. Because he could have brought these claims during his
initial post-conviction proceedings, Tennessee law prohibits him from raising them in a
subsequent petition. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-106(g). Thus, these claims are procedurally
defaulted, and Rogers has not shown why we should excuse his default.

          We may excuse a prisoner’s procedural default when he shows cause and prejudice.
Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 492 (1986). To demonstrate cause, a “prisoner must show that
 No. 19-5427                                  Rogers v. Mays                                            Page 17

some objective factor external to the defense impeded counsel’s efforts to comply with the
State’s procedural rule.” Shinn v. Ramirez, 142 S. Ct. 1718, 1733 (2022) (cleaned up).

        Ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel can qualify as an objective factor to
excuse the procedural default of a claim of ineffective assistance at trial in narrow
circumstances. See Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1, 17 (2012). But the habeas petitioner must
make three showings. First, that the state either prohibits or makes it “virtually impossible” to
raise ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claims on direct appeal. Trevino v. Thaler, 569 U.S.
413, 417 (2013) (citation omitted).3 Second, that the petitioner received ineffective assistance of
counsel in the initial state post-conviction proceedings. Martinez, 566 U.S. at 17. Third, that the
petitioner has a substantial claim that counsel rendered ineffective assistance at trial. Id. at 13–
14; see also Davila v. Davis, 582 U.S. 521, 530 (2017) (“[T]he Court in Martinez was principally
concerned about trial errors—in particular, claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.”).

        Rogers’s claims all rise and fall on the third requirement:                   substantiality.     To be
substantial, an ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim must, among other things, be
supported by evidence. Martinez, 566 U.S. at 15–16. Rogers’s claims are not substantial
because (1) the state-court record is undeveloped and (2) we cannot consider the evidence he
developed in federal court.

                                                       A.

        At the outset, we must identify what evidence Rogers can use to support his claims
subject to Martinez.

        Generally, petitioners using Martinez may not rely on new evidence introduced in federal
court. Shinn, 142 S. Ct. at 1728. That is because petitioners should bring and develop their
claims in state court first. Id. at 1731–32. If they do not, they bear the consequences, including
strict limits on their ability to introduce new evidence in federal court. Id. at 1734.

        3Our court has held that Trevino applies in Tennessee, and we have no occasion to reconsider that holding
here. See Sutton v. Carpenter, 745 F.3d 787, 790 (6th Cir. 2014).
 No. 19-5427                             Rogers v. Mays                                 Page 18

        Rogers argues that he should not be held responsible for the undeveloped state-court
record. See Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 420, 433 (2000) (Michael Williams). We disagree. If
post-conviction counsel negligently fails to develop the state-court record, that failure is
attributed to the petitioner—in this case, Rogers. Shinn, 142 S. Ct. at 1734–35; see also Michael
Williams, 529 U.S. at 439–40 (attributing counsel’s negligent failure to develop the state-court
record to the petitioner).

        Recognizing this, Rogers suggested at oral argument that the state-court record is not
developed for other reasons. But he has not explained what those reasons are, so any such
argument is forfeited. Buetenmiller v. Macomb Cnty. Jail, 53 F.4th 939, 946 (6th Cir. 2022).
Moreover, it is not clear what those other reasons could be. Martinez requires Rogers to argue
that his state post-conviction counsel negligently failed to develop the state-court record.
See Martinez, 566 U.S. at 12–14. And Shinn holds Rogers responsible for that undeveloped
record. Shinn, 142 S. Ct. at 1735. Since Rogers’s claim finds no support in the state-court
record, he can support this claim only through a federal evidentiary hearing.

        AEDPA prohibits the federal court from holding an evidentiary hearing unless Rogers’s
claim relies on (1) a new rule of retroactive constitutional law or (2) “a factual predicate that
could not have been previously discovered through the exercise of due diligence.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(e)(2)(A). In addition, he must provide clear and convincing evidence of innocence.
Id. § 2254(e)(2)(B). Finally, he must persuade the habeas court to exercise its discretion to
permit an evidentiary hearing. Shinn, 142 S. Ct. at 1734.

        Rogers has forfeited any argument that he is entitled to an evidentiary hearing under
§ 2254(e)(2)’s demanding standard. In his opening brief (filed before Shinn), Rogers admitted
that his procedurally defaulted claims rely on evidence outside of the state-court record.
Appellant Br. 162–63 (“Mr. Rogers will rely upon, and urges the Court to consider, evidence
outside the state court record.”). Nevertheless, he did not argue that he satisfied § 2254(e)(2).
Nor did he make that argument in his supplemental briefs, both of which were filed after Shinn.
Accordingly, any argument that he satisfies § 2254(e)(2) is forfeited. See Island Creek Coal Co.
v. Wilkerson, 910 F.3d 254, 256 (6th Cir. 2018).
 No. 19-5427                                    Rogers v. Mays                                            Page 19

        In sum, a petitioner who has procedurally defaulted his claims of ineffective assistance by
trial counsel may in some limited circumstances rely on Martinez to excuse his procedural
default. But he must provide evidence to show his claims are substantial. And that evidence
must come from the state-court record unless the petitioner can satisfy the stringent requirements
of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2).

                                                         B.

        These high barriers doom Rogers’s four ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claims.
Because the state-court record is undeveloped and Rogers has not satisfied § 2254(e)(2), he has
not produced any facts we can consider.                 Thus, he has not met Martinez’s substantiality
requirement for any of those claims and cannot overcome his procedural default.

                                                         1.

        First, Rogers argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to develop mitigating
evidence about his personal background, difficult childhood, and possible brain damage. 4 But to
prove this claim, he must point to evidence in the state-court record, which he has not done. See
R. 26-8, Pg. ID 8022 (state post-conviction court observing that “no proposed mitigation
evidence was presented during the evidentiary hearing”). Thus, his only alternative is to meet
§ 2254(e)(2). See Shinn, 142 S. Ct. at 1734. He has not done that either. As a result, this claim
does not excuse Rogers’s procedural default.

                                                         2.

        Second, Rogers argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to develop evidence
that Jackie’s brother, Jeremy, was the source of the sperm in her shorts. But the state-court
record does not support this claim. As discussed, the evidence that Jeremy and Jackie allegedly
had sex years before her disappearance neither was reliable nor did it show that Jeremy was the

        4The   district court denied relief on this claim because Rogers procedurally defaulted it on appeal in post-
conviction proceedings. Rogers, 2019 WL 1331035, at *108–09; see West v. Carpenter, 790 F.3d 693, 694 (6th Cir.
2015) (holding that Martinez does not excuse claims defaulted on appeal in post-conviction proceedings). A panel
of our court disagreed. Rogers, 43 F.4th at 555 & n.10. But we need not decide when it was procedurally defaulted
because, even if the claim was procedurally defaulted during his initial post-conviction proceedings (in which case
Martinez could apply), he has not identified any supporting facts we can consider. See Martinez, 566 U.S. at 16.
 No. 19-5427                            Rogers v. Mays                                  Page 20

likely source of sperm. As a result, the state-court record does not support Rogers’s claim of
prejudice. And that is all the evidence we can consider—we cannot look at the additional
evidence Rogers produced in federal court—because he has not satisfied § 2254(e)(2). See id.
Thus, this claim also fails.

                                                 3.

        Third, Rogers argues that trial counsel was ineffective for presenting Dr. Mark
Cunningham’s testimony. Dr. Cunningham testified that Rogers probably would not pose a
threat in prison. Rogers, 2012 WL 3776675, at *15. But on cross-examination, Dr. Cunningham
admitted that Rogers had escaped before from prison and would pose a “significant risk” to the
community if he escaped again. Id. (citation omitted). According to Rogers, counsel’s decision
to present that testimony was objectively unreasonable because the evidence of his previous
escape and risk to the public was so damaging. The district court and a panel of this court
rejected that argument. So do we.

        Under Strickland, we “strongly” presume counsel performed effectively. Strickland, 466
U.S. at 690. To rebut this presumption, Rogers must show that counsel’s actions fell outside the
“wide range” of competent assistance.      Id.    But the evidence shows that counsel made a
reasonable, strategic decision to call Dr. Cunningham. For starters, Dr. Cunningham’s testimony
that Rogers would not be a danger in prison was an important piece of the defense’s case that the
jury should spare Rogers’s life. Though important, that testimony was also risky because of
Rogers’s previous escape from prison and Dr. Cunningham’s assessment that Rogers would be a
“significant risk” if he were allowed back into society. Rogers, 2012 WL 3776675, at *15
(quoting Rogers, 2004 WL 1462649, at *15). And the trial court explicitly warned counsel that
he was pursuing a risky strategy, but counsel decided to present Dr. Cunningham’s testimony
anyway.

        Because of the potential upside of Dr. Cunningham’s testimony and counsel’s knowing
acceptance of the risks, Rogers has failed to overcome the “strong presumption” that counsel
exercised reasonable judgment.      Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689.      Because this claim is not
substantial, Martinez will not excuse his procedural default. See 566 U.S. at 14.
 No. 19-5427                                     Rogers v. Mays                                           Page 21

                                                         4.

         Finally, Rogers argues that counsel was ineffective for failing to contest venue and juror
bias in his motion for a new trial. At the outset, it is not even clear that a petitioner may rely on
Martinez to overcome a procedural default of claims that counsel ineffectively prepared or
presented a motion for a new trial. Compare Richardson v. Superintendent Coal Twp. SCI, 905
F.3d 750, 761–62 (3d Cir. 2018) (holding that Martinez applies to claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel at the motion-for-new-trial stage), with Milam v. Davis, 733 F. App’x 781,
784, 786 (5th Cir. 2018) (per curiam) (holding that Martinez does not apply to claims of
ineffective assistance of appellate counsel at the motion-for-new-trial stage).

         Nevertheless, we need not decide that question today because, even if Martinez applies at
the motion-for-new-trial stage, we cannot excuse Rogers’s procedural default. Like two of his
other procedurally defaulted ineffective-assistance claims, this claim is “wholly without factual
support.” See Martinez, 566 U.S. at 16. Rogers failed to present his only evidence supporting
this claim to the state court. See R. 111, Pg. ID 12941–42 (relying on a declaration given five
years after state proceedings ended). So we cannot consider it. See Shinn, 142 S. Ct. at 1734.

         Rogers also failed to adequately present this claim in his habeas petition. Rule 2(c) of the
Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases requires that the petition “specify all the grounds for relief
available to the petitioner” and “state the facts supporting each ground.” Rogers violated this
rule by devoting just one sentence to this claim in his amended habeas petition. See R. 14, Pg.
ID 93 (“In violation of the Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution,
counsel rendered ineffective assistance of counsel during the Motion for New Trial
proceedings.”). This provides yet another reason we cannot excuse his procedural default.5

         5Rogers   complains that the warden invoked Rule 2(c) too late in the day. Although he never uses the word
“forfeiture,” he seems to be making a forfeiture argument. But the warden has not forfeited this argument. Indeed,
he presented this argument in his en banc briefing, which acts as a supplement to his briefing before the panel. See
United States v. Campbell, 26 F.4th 860, 888 (11th Cir. 2022) (en banc) (Pryor, C.J., concurring) (noting that the
appellee may “raise alternative arguments in support of the district court’s judgment before the en banc court that it
failed to raise before the panel . . . [because] we review the issues anew after granting en banc rehearing as if we
were hearing the appeal directly from the district court”); see also 6th Cir. R. 35(b) (“A decision to grant rehearing
en banc vacates the previous opinion and judgment of the court, stays the mandate, and restores the case on the
docket as a pending appeal.”).
 No. 19-5427                          Rogers v. Mays                              Page 22

                                      *      *      *

       Jackie’s mom has been waiting almost 27 years for closure. To justify further delay,
Rogers would have had to carry a heavy burden. He has not. We affirm.
 No. 19-5427                              Rogers v. Mays                                   Page 23

                                  _________________________

                                  CONCURRENCE/DISSENT
                                  _________________________

       MATHIS, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part. I concur in Parts I, II
(except footnote 1), III(A), and III(B)(1–3) of the majority opinion. Because I agree with Judge
Moore that the Martinez-Trevino exception applies to ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims at
the motion-for-new-trial phase in Tennessee, I dissent from Part III(B)(4) of the majority opinion
for the reasons stated in Part II of Judge Moore’s dissent. Therefore, I would remand the case to
the district court for further consideration, including a determination of whether Rogers’s claim
that his counsel was ineffective at the motion-for-new-trial phase is substantial in light of Shinn
v. Ramirez, 142 S. Ct. 1718 (2022).

       I do not believe Habeas Rule 2(c) bars Rogers’s claim for ineffective assistance of
counsel at the motion-for-new-trial phase. “A prime purpose of Rule 2(c)’s demand that habeas
petitioners plead with particularity is to assist the district court in determining whether the State
should be ordered to ‘show cause why the writ should not be granted.’” Mayle v. Felix, 545 U.S.
644, 656 (2005) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2243). “Rule 2(c) therefore helps put a state on notice of
what claims a petitioner brings so it can properly respond to them.” Kelley v. Burton, 792 F.
App’x 396, 397 (2020). The warden was on notice of this claim, having addressed it both before
the district court and before this court. In fact, the warden did not raise Rule 2(c) as a potential
bar to the claim before this court until he filed his supplemental brief.
 No. 19-5427                            Rogers v. Mays                                  Page 24

                                      _________________

                                           DISSENT
                                      _________________

       MOORE, Circuit Judge, dissenting. A Tennessee jury sentenced William Glenn Rogers
to death believing that he had raped nine-year-old Jackie Beard when, in fact, his trial counsel
had deficiently failed to challenge the sole evidence that allowed the jury to reach that
conclusion. Since then, every court to consider Rogers’s claim has concluded that his trial
counsel performed deficiently in failing to challenge the semen evidence that was the only
evidence of sexual penetration presented to Rogers’s sentencing jury. Because penetration is a
necessary element of rape under Tennessee law, the jury could not have concluded that Rogers
raped Beard absent that evidence.

       The majority decides that it was not an unreasonable application of clearly established
federal law for the state court to find that Rogers was not prejudiced by his counsel’s failure to
challenge the semen evidence. Because it is beyond question that child rape is a particularly
heinous crime, and because the Supreme Court has held that such a uniquely aggravating crime
will inevitably distort the judgment of a jury, I cannot agree regarding the sentencing phase. I
would therefore reverse the district court’s denial of habeas relief as to Rogers’s claim that his
trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective in failing adequately to challenge the semen
evidence and would remand to the district court with instructions to conditionally grant a writ of
habeas corpus vacating Rogers’s death sentence on that ground.

       Likewise, because I believe that the Martinez-Trevino exception can excuse the
procedural default of a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel at the motion-for-a-new-trial
stage, I would reverse the district court’s findings on that issue and remand with instructions to
determine whether Rogers can overcome his procedural default of that claim.           I therefore
respectfully dissent.
 No. 19-5427                                    Rogers v. Mays                                            Page 25

  I. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL FOR FAILING ADEQUATELY TO
                   CHALLENGE THE SEMEN EVIDENCE

        Rogers argues that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance of counsel by failing
to investigate the serological evidence and conduct an adequate cross-examination regarding this
evidence.     To demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner must show “that
counsel’s performance was deficient” and “that the deficient performance prejudiced the
defense.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Deficient performance requires a
showing “that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’
guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” Id. To show prejudice, Rogers must
demonstrate “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of
the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694. This probability must be “sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. “The combined effect of Strickland and § 2254(d) is
‘doubly deferential’ review.” Foust v. Houk, 655 F.3d 524, 533 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting Cullen
v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 190 (2011)).

A. Deficient Performance

        The majority quickly brushes aside the fact that every court that has considered this issue
has found that Rogers’s counsel performed deficiently. Rogers v. Westbrooks (“Rogers IV”), No.
3:13-cv-00141, 2019 WL 1331035, at *30 (M.D. Tenn. Mar. 25, 2019); Rogers v. State (“Rogers
III”), M2010-01987-CCA-R3-PD, 2012 WL 3776675, at *47 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 30, 2012);
R. 26-8 (Order at 59–60) (Page ID #7921–22). The deficient performance of Rogers’s counsel is
also undisputed before this court.1 Appellee Br. at 39 n.3. In finding that Rogers’s counsel’s
performance was deficient, the state postconviction court explained:

        1Curiously,   the majority suggests that, had Rogers’s counsel robustly cross-examined the state’s witnesses
regarding the serological evidence, Rogers’s counsel might have performed deficiently “for pursuing a ‘far-fetched’
theory.” Majority Op. at 10 (quoting McFarland v. Yukins, 356 F.3d 688, 709 (6th Cir. 2004)). This patently
contradicts the state court opinion, which explained that Rogers’s trial counsel performed deficiently in failing to
“present evidence attacking Mr. Squibb’s conclusion that the presence of sperm cells necessarily indicated the
presence of semen,” including “the washing machine study.” Rogers III, 2012 WL 3776675, at *46 (quoting R. 26-
8 (Order at 60) (Page ID #7922)). Indeed, the state court specifically indicated that trial counsel’s failure in that
regard was “most relevant” to its finding of deficient performance. Id. (quoting R. 26-8 (Order at 60) (Page ID
#7922)). The majority posits that this argument misunderstands AEDPA. Maj. Op. at 10 n.1. But it is the majority
that has misunderstood. My point is not that the majority ought to defer to the state court under AEDPA, but instead
that the Supreme Court has long held that—whether deference under § 2254(d) applies or not—the court of
 No. 19-5427                                     Rogers v. Mays                                           Page 26

         The testimony of Ms. Clement and Mr. Squibb at the [postconviction] hearing
         reveals certain deficiencies in Mr. Warner’s cross-examination of those witnesses
         at trial. Mr. Squibb’s testing produced evidence favorable to the petitioner, but
         counsel did not present some of this evidence to the jury. For instance, the jury
         did not hear there were very few (or “rare,” the term used by the TBI lab to denote
         fewer than ten) sperm heads found on the microscopic slides developed from the
         victim’s shorts. Mr. Squibb was also not asked about his testing for semen in
         great detail; the jury heard no information about the mechanics of the acid
         phosphatase test (color changes, timing, etc.) or that Mr. Squibb’s acid
         phosphatase test yielded a “weak” positive result. The jury heard nothing about
         the P30 antigen as it related to seminal fluid or that Mr. Squibb’s testing yielded
         negative results for P30. The jury also did not hear that very little DNA was
         derived from the stains taken from the victim’s shorts. Perhaps most relevant,
         counsel for the petitioner did not present evidence attacking Mr. Squibb’s
         conclusion that the presence of sperm cells necessarily indicated the presence of
         semen. Given Ms. Clement’s testimony and the publication of the washing
         machine study in the Canadian forensic journal—an article published some four
         years before the trial in the instant case—such evidence was available to counsel.

R. 26-8 (Order at 59–60) (Page ID #7921–22).                     This court “give[s] due deference to the
conclusions of the trial judge on the effectiveness of counsel, because ‘[t]he judge, having
observed the earlier trial, should have an advantageous perspective for determining the
effectiveness of counsel’s conduct and whether any deficiencies were prejudicial.’” Foster
v. Wolfenbarger, 687 F.3d 702, 708 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S.
500, 506 (2003)). For the reasons articulated by the postconviction court, I believe that Rogers’s
counsel’s performance was deficient.

conviction is best-placed to assess trial counsel’s performance. Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 506 (2003).
The Kentucky Supreme Court’s opinion on this point deferred to the findings of the trial court. See Rogers III, 2012
WL 3776675, at *46 (quoting R. 26-8 (Order at 60) (Page ID #7922)). And the Supreme Court has explained that
the court of conviction “ha[s] an advantageous perspective for determining the effectiveness of counsel’s conduct
and whether any deficiencies were prejudicial.” Massaro, 538 U.S. at 506. This court has previously held that a
state trial court’s determination that counsel performed deficiently is entitled to “due deference” because that court
is best positioned to understand counsel’s deficiencies in light of the evidence and arguments presented at trial.
Foster v. Wolfenbarger, 687 F.3d 702, 708 (6th Cir. 2012). I would therefore not second-guess the state trial court’s
assessment of Rogers’s counsel’s deficient performance.
 No. 19-5427                            Rogers v. Mays                                   Page 27

B. Prejudice

       1. AEDPA Deference

       As an initial matter, the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals failed to address whether
trial counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced Rogers at the sentencing phase of his trial.
See Rogers III, 2012 WL 3776675, at *47. AEDPA deference does not apply to exhausted
claims that were not adjudicated on the merits in state court. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). “This rule
extends to portions of a claim not addressed by the state courts.” Williams v. Anderson, 460 F.3d
789, 796–97 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 534 (2003)). Because the
sentencing-phase portion of Rogers’s claim was not adjudicated on the merits in state court, this
court ought to review de novo whether Rogers was prejudiced by his trial counsel’s deficient
performance.

       The majority rejects this position, arguing that the state court did address the sentencing-
phase portion of Rogers’s claim because it referred in passing to “the jury’s verdicts.” Maj. Op.
at 6 (quoting Rogers III, 2012 WL 3776675, at *47). But in the very next sentence of its
opinion, the state court explained that the semen evidence combined with evidence that Rogers
was the last person to see Beard alive “leaves us confident in the jury’s verdict.” Rogers III,
2012 WL 3776675, at *47 (emphasis added). And the rest of the state court’s analysis focuses
on the culpability phase of Rogers’s trial, largely relying on the reasoning of the lower court,
which emphasized the jury’s decision “to convict the petitioner.” Id. at *46 (emphasis added).
The state court opinion does not contain even a single sentence analyzing the impact of trial
counsel’s deficient performance on the sentencing phase of Rogers’s trial. Rogers has therefore
met his burden of showing that the state court “very clearly” overlooked the sentencing-phase
portion of his claim. Johnson v. Williams, 568 U.S. 289, 303 (2013).

       But even if the majority’s theory that a passing reference to “verdicts” is sufficient to
transform paragraphs of analysis regarding the culpability phase of Rogers’s trial into a decision
on the merits regarding the sentencing phase of that trial, Rogers can still overcome the
relitigation bar imposed by 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). That is because the state court unreasonably
 No. 19-5427                              Rogers v. Mays                                  Page 28

applied Strickland in concluding that Rogers was not prejudiced by his trial counsel’s deficient
performance. In so holding, the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals explained:

       [T]he fact remains that Squibb found sperm heads on the fabric samples taken
       from the crotch area of the victim’s shorts. Clement agreed at the post-conviction
       hearing with Squibb’s finding of sperm heads. The victim’s mother testified at
       trial that the victim had put the shorts on right before leaving her house and
       disappearing. While Clement’s testimony at the post-conviction hearing
       established that it is possible for sperm heads to arrive on clothing while being
       laundered in a washing machine, she also testified that the experiments in which
       such transfer occurred involved washing new clothing with “a pair of underwear
       worn by someone who had consensual relations.” Thus, proof of these
       experiments would not have been relevant at trial unless the defense had also been
       able to establish at least some probability that the victim’s shorts had been washed
       with an item containing semen. No such probability was established at the
       postconviction hearing. Therefore, we cannot conclude that Trial Counsel’s
       performance in his cross-examination of Squibb prejudiced the Petitioner.
       In sum, Trial Counsel should have attacked the State’s proof regarding the
       semen/sperm issue with more vigor. The Petitioner, however, has not established
       that the jury’s verdicts are unreliable as a result of this failure because there has
       been no showing that the defense would have been able to eliminate or
       completely discredit the State’s proof that sperm heads were found in the crotch
       area of the victim’s shorts. That proof, together with the substantial proof at trial
       that the Petitioner was the last person to see the victim alive, leaves us confident
       in the jury’s verdict. Accordingly, the Petitioner is not entitled to relief on this
       basis.

Rogers III, 2012 WL 3776675, at *47.

       In determining prejudice, courts look at “the totality of the evidence before the judge or
jury.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695. “[A] verdict or conclusion only weakly supported by the
record is more likely to have been affected by errors than one with overwhelming record
support.” Id. at 696; see Foster, 687 F.3d at 710. To establish felony murder in perpetration of a
rape, the state was required to prove that Rogers killed Beard “in the perpetration of or attempt to
perpetrate . . . rape.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(a)(2) (1996). And to establish rape, the state
was required to prove that there was “unlawful sexual penetration.” Id. § 39-13-522(a). Sexual
penetration is defined by Tennessee law as “sexual intercourse . . . or any other intrusion,
however slight, of any part of a person’s body or of any object into the genital or anal openings
of the victim’s . . . body.” Id. § 39-13-501(7).
 No. 19-5427                            Rogers v. Mays                                  Page 29

       The only evidence of penetration was the sperm heads on Beard’s shorts, and Rogers’s
counsel’s undisputed deficiencies directly relate to this evidence. As the Tennessee courts
acknowledged, if counsel had not been deficient, the jury would have been able to hear that there
were very few (fewer than ten) sperm heads on the slides developed from the shorts, that the acid
phosphatase test yielded only a weak positive result, that the P30 antigen test was negative, that
very little DNA could be taken from the sperm, that sperm does not necessarily indicate the
presence of semen, and that sperm can be transferred between different items of clothing in the
washing machine. Rogers III, 2012 WL 3776675, at *46. Together this evidence calls into
question whether there was semen on the shorts—which, again, was the only evidence of
penetration presented by the prosecution.     The Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals thus
unreasonably applied Strickland when it found that this deficiency did not prejudice Rogers.

       The state court reasoned that there was no prejudice because the defense could not have
“eliminate[d] or completely discredit[ed] the State’s proof that sperm heads were found in the
crotch area.” Rogers III, 2012 WL 3776675, at *47. This is plainly an unreasonable application
of Strickland because Rogers did not need to “eliminate or completely discredit” the semen
evidence to undermine confidence in the jury verdict.           The majority criticizes this as
“flyspeck[ing]” a state-court opinion. Maj. Op. at 11.       But there is a difference between
requiring a state court to recite magic words in an opinion and requiring that a state court
reasonably apply federal constitutional standards as announced by the Supreme Court. By
insisting that Rogers “eliminate or completely discredit” the semen evidence, the state court held
Rogers’s ineffective assistance claim to a higher standard than required by the Supreme Court,
which has repeatedly announced that a petitioner need only demonstrate “a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have
been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694; see also Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 534.

       The state court’s misapplication of the Strickland standard matters because Rogers can
demonstrate a reasonable probability that the result of his sentencing proceeding would have
been different absent his counsel’s errors without having to “eliminate or completely discredit”
the semen evidence. This is not a case in which there was substantial other evidence pointing to
rape. Compare Higgins v. Renico, 470 F.3d 624, 634 (6th Cir. 2006) (holding that the failure to
 No. 19-5427                             Rogers v. Mays                                  Page 30

cross-examine key witness was prejudicial because without this testimony, the state’s case was
“far from overwhelming”), with Poindexter v. Mitchell, 454 F.3d 564, 572 (6th Cir. 2006)
(holding that the failure to cross-examine witness about inconsistencies in testimony was not
prejudicial because multiple eyewitnesses testified that they saw the defendant commit the
crime). Because penetration—a necessary element of the rape conviction—was “only weakly
supported by the record,” it was “more likely to have been affected by errors than [a conclusion]
with overwhelming record support.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 696.

       Indeed, the state trial court itself acknowledged that whether there was sufficient
evidence to support a rape conviction was a “close call.” R. 24-5 (Order at 6) (Page #1173).
Therefore, because counsel’s performance was undisputedly deficient by failing to undermine
the only evidence of penetration, and because penetration is a necessary element of a rape
conviction under Tennessee law, I believe that it was an unreasonable application of Strickland
for the state court to hold that counsel’s deficient performance did not render the rape conviction
unreliable.

       2. Sentencing-Phase Prejudice Analysis

       Once a petitioner’s claim overcomes the relitigation bar imposed by 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d),
federal courts apply de novo review, because no deference is owed to a state-court decision
premised upon an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law. See Rice v. White,
660 F.3d 242, 252 (6th Cir. 2011). De novo review compels the conclusion that Rogers was
prejudiced by his counsel’s deficient performance at the sentencing phase of his trial. That is
because the rape of a nine-year-old child is so grievous that in the absence of a rape conviction,
there is a reasonable probability that at least one juror would have weighed the aggravating and
mitigating factors differently when deciding whether to impose the death penalty.

       The Tennessee Code authorizes the death penalty only if the aggravating factors “have
been proven by the state beyond a reasonable doubt” and “have been proven by the state to
outweigh any mitigating circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-
204(g)(1)(A)–(B)). If, after deliberations, “the jury still cannot agree as to sentence, the trial
judge shall dismiss the jury and such judge shall impose a sentence of imprisonment for life.”
 No. 19-5427                               Rogers v. Mays                                     Page 31

Id. § 39-13-204(h)(1) (1996). Thus, if there is a reasonable probability that the rape-related
aspect of the offense impacted the way that at least one juror weighed the aggravating and
mitigating factors, the error was prejudicial.

        The majority is silent as to the impact of § 39-13-204(g)(1)(B) on this court’s analysis of
the prejudice question, but the requirement that the state prove that the aggravating factors
outweigh any mitigating circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt is central to understanding
why Rogers was prejudiced by his counsel’s errors. The rape of a child is a particularly
significant aggravating factor—much more so than many of the other aggravators.                     An
aggravating factor that is accorded such significant weight will thus have a significant impact on
this weighing calculus. Because child rape is viewed by our society as uniquely heinous, there is
a reasonable probability that at least one juror would have weighed the aggravating and
mitigating factors differently absent trial counsel’s errors.

        The majority further ignores that the Supreme Court has made clear that a child-rape
conviction completely distorts the weighing of aggravating and mitigating factors in a way that
cannot readily be rectified. See Kennedy v. Louisiana, 554 U.S. 407, 439 (2008). Child rape is
“a crime that in many cases will overwhelm a decent person’s judgment” in a way that makes it
difficult for a jury to balance the other aggravating and mitigating factors. Id. The majority
contends that even absent the rape conviction, the underlying facts of the offense are
“inflammatory and disturbing” enough to “result[] in the same sentence.” Majority Op. at 12.
Of course, the murder of a child is alone disturbing. But the combination of the rape and murder
of a nine-year-old child is so disturbing that it is significantly likely that the child rape conviction
would have “overwhelm[ed]” at least one juror’s judgment in a way that affected their weighing
of the aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Kennedy, 554 U.S. at 439. Although there
were multiple aggravating factors in this case, the rape of a child is by far the most significant
one. Both crimes are heinous. But raping and murdering a child is far worse than murder alone.

        The uniquely aggravating nature of child rape is heightened by the fact that at the time of
Rogers’s trial, the Supreme Court had not yet prohibited the imposition of the death penalty for
cases of child rape that did not result in the death of the victim—a fact also unacknowledged by
the majority. See Kennedy, 554 U.S. 407. The rape of a child was the last non-homicide crime
 No. 19-5427                             Rogers v. Mays                                    Page 32

against a person for which the death penalty was authorized. Id. Indeed, child rape continued to
be a permissible capital offense for more than thirty years after the Supreme Court held the death
penalty could not be imposed in cases of rape of adults. See Coker v. Georgia, 433 U.S. 584
(1977). This fact plainly demonstrates the extent to which society at the time of Rogers’s
sentencing hearing reviled the act of child rape. It is true that Tennessee did not, at that time,
have the death penalty for child rape, in large part because such a law had previously been
invalidated by the Tennessee Supreme Court for imposing a mandatory—and thus
constitutionally impermissible—death penalty for child rape. See Collins v. State, 550 S.W.2d
643, 646 (Tenn. 1977). But the efforts—spanning decades—of elected Tennessee legislators to
impose the death penalty for perpetrators of child rape confirm that at least some Tennesseans at
the time of Rogers’s sentencing proceedings believed that child rape provided independent
grounds to impose the death penalty. This further compels my conclusion that there is a
reasonable probability that during the sentencing phase at least one juror would have weighed the
aggravating and mitigating factors differently absent the child-rape conviction.

       The prosecution’s sentencing phase strategy also demonstrates how critical the rape
aggravator was in securing Rogers’s death sentence. During closing argument, the prosecution
repeatedly focused on the rape conviction, emphasizing that Rogers killed Beard:

       because he intended to rape this child, which he did. Because he raped the child,
       he had to remove her from this county, and take her some place where he would
       hope that she would never, ever be found . . . . And the reason for that, ladies and
       gentlemen, because of this aggravator, which is so powerful in and of itself that
       will convince you—convict this man and sentence him to death, because he did
       not want to see her come through that door back here, walk up that aisle right
       here, wearing her Minnie Mouse shirt and those teal shorts and those little sandals
       that she had on, walk up here, take the oath and get in that chair and point the
       finger of guilt to this man. That’s why, that’s why he killed her. And ladies and
       gentlemen, that is enough in of itself to sentence him to death.

R. 25-17 (Tr. at 7–8) (Page ID #5952–53). The prosecution’s repeated emphasis on the rape of a
child and Rogers’s efforts to conceal that rape, and the prosecutor’s statements that this alone
warrants the death sentence, confirm that, in this case, the rape conviction was prejudicial.

       The strength of the mitigating evidence also strengthens my conclusion that, absent the
rape aggravator, there is a reasonable probability that at least one juror would have weighed the
 No. 19-5427                                    Rogers v. Mays                                            Page 33

aggravating and mitigating factors differently. During the sentencing phase of Rogers’s trial,
several witnesses testified about the horrific physical abuse that Rogers experienced as a child.
Rogers III, 2012 WL 3776675, at *10–14. The most significant mitigation witness was Rogers’s
sibling Sam,2 who testified that their stepfather “often” “slapp[ed],” “hit[]” and “punch[ed]”
them, starting from the time that Rogers was four or five years old. R. 25-13 (Tr. at 112–13,
138–39) (Page ID #5383–84, 5409–10). Sam explained that Rogers was often chained to the
bed, for up to days on end. Id. at 119–22 (Page ID #5390–93). If Rogers soiled the bed or his
pants, their stepfather would rub Rogers’s face in the soiled pants or mattress. Id. at 124–25, 130
(Page ID #5395–96, 5401).             Their stepfather would also lock himself and Rogers in the
bathroom, and Sam believed that he was forcibly giving Rogers enemas. Id. at 133–36 (Page ID
#5404–07). Other witnesses testified about the emotional and sexual abuse that Rogers endured.
Rogers III, 2012 WL 3776675, at *11–13.                       Two experts also testified that Rogers’s
psychological disorders stemmed from the abuse and trauma he endured.                             Id. at *13–14.
Because of the substantial weight of the mitigating factors, removing the rape aggravator from
the jury’s consideration reasonably may have changed the sentencing calculus for at least one
juror.

         To the extent that the majority implies that the facts may have led the jury to suspect rape
from the existence of sperm heads on Beard’s shorts, this implication does not affect our
analysis. The Tennessee death-penalty scheme directs jurors to weigh only statutory aggravating
circumstances against all mitigating factors. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 34-12-204(g). And these
aggravating circumstances must be proven “beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.

         As explained above, even under AEDPA’s deferential standard, I am not confident that,
in the absence of his counsel’s errors, Rogers would have been convicted of rape. Eliminating
the statutory aggravator for rape would have removed the most powerful aggravating factor and
would have likely caused the jury to weigh the aggravating and mitigating factors differently at
sentencing. Murdering a child is an unspeakably tragic crime. But raping and then murdering a

         2The  warden’s brief, the state-court decisions, and the district-court decision all refer to Sam as Mildred
Rogers, which was Sam’s prior name. Sam has since changed their name to Samuale Danielle Roger (no “s”). R.
25-13 (Tr. at 90) (Page ID #5361); R. 112-6 (Roger Decl. at 1) (Page ID #13577).
 No. 19-5427                                     Rogers v. Mays                                            Page 34

child is altogether more heinous.             This compels my conclusion that there is a reasonable
probability that, to at least one juror, this difference mattered. I would therefore reverse the
district court’s decision with respect to this claim and remand to the district court with
instructions to grant Rogers’s habeas petition on this claim with respect to the sentencing phase.

          II. APPLICATION OF THE MARTINEZ-TREVINO EXCEPTION TO CLAIMS
                OF INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL AT THE
                         MOTION-FOR-A-NEW-TRIAL STAGE

         Rogers also argues that the Martinez-Trevino exception applies to his procedurally
defaulted claim that his counsel was ineffective by failing to raise certain arguments in the
motion for a new trial. The principal question before this court is whether the Martinez-Trevino
exception can apply to claims of ineffective assistance of counsel at the motion-for-a-new-trial
stage.3 The majority declines to answer this question, contending that Rogers’s “claim is ‘wholly
without factual support’” and thus holding that we need not decide that question. Majority Op. at
21 (quoting Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1, 16 (2012)). Because I believe that we ought to
conclude that the Martinez-Trevino exception applies to claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel at the motion-for-a-new-trial stage and remand to the district court for further
consideration, I cannot agree.

         In the district court, Rogers’s habeas counsel presented extensive and compelling
evidence related to the application of the Martinez-Trevino exception to his procedurally
defaulted claims. However, after the parties in this case had completed initial briefing and oral
argument, the Supreme Court decided Shinn v. Ramirez, 142 S. Ct. 1718 (2022), which held that
“a federal habeas court may not conduct an evidentiary hearing or otherwise consider evidence
beyond the state-court record based on ineffective assistance of state postconviction counsel.”
142 S. Ct. at 1734. Because of the limited briefing at the en banc stage, this court has not had the
benefit of complete briefing from the parties regarding the effects of Shinn on the proper
disposition of this case. Rogers’s supplemental brief, for example, does not address this issue.
Given the dearth of guidance from the parties on this issue, I believe it is imprudent for this court

         3For the reasons thoughtfully explained in Judge Mathis’s opinion, I agree that Habeas Rule 2(c) does not
bar Rogers’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel at the motion-for-a-new-trial phase, contrary to the majority’s
assertion.
 No. 19-5427                             Rogers v. Mays                                   Page 35

to determine the extent to which Shinn may or may not foreclose the evidence that was presented
to the district court related to the application of the Martinez-Trevino exception. I would
therefore instead decide that the Martinez-Trevino exception applies to claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel at the motion-for-a-new-trial stage and remand to the district court for
further consideration in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Shinn.

         Turning to the issue of whether the Martinez-Trevino exception can apply to Rogers’s
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel at the motion-for-a-new-trial stage, I first briefly
review the existing framework of the exception.          Federal habeas courts are barred from
considering federal constitutional claims that were defaulted in state court unless the prisoner can
demonstrate cause for the default and actual prejudice that resulted or a fundamental miscarriage
of justice. Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991). Although ineffective assistance of
counsel on direct appeal may constitute cause to excuse the default, ineffective assistance of
postconviction counsel typically “cannot constitute cause to excuse the default in federal
habeas.” Id. at 757. In Martinez, the Court established a “narrow exception” to this rule:
“[i]nadequate assistance of counsel at initial-review collateral proceedings may establish cause
for a prisoner’s procedural default of a claim of ineffective assistance at trial.” 566 U.S. at 9.
The Court has subsequently extended Martinez to states in which the “state procedural
framework, by reason of its design and operation, makes it highly unlikely in a typical case that a
defendant will have a meaningful opportunity to raise a claim of ineffective assistance of trial
counsel on direct appeal.” Trevino v. Thaler, 569 U.S. 413, 429 (2013).

         The Martinez-Trevino exception can excuse procedural default when a petitioner claims
that trial counsel was ineffective. Martinez, 566 U.S. at 17. But it does not apply when a
petitioner claims that appellate counsel was ineffective. Davila v. Davis, 137 S. Ct. 2058, 2064
(2017). Neither this court nor the Supreme Court has addressed whether the Martinez-Trevino
exception can apply when the underlying ineffective assistance occurred in a motion for a new
trial.

         Several courts have addressed whether the Martinez-Trevino exception applies to
ineffective-assistance-of-post-sentencing-counsel claims, but these courts have arrived at
different answers. The Third Circuit has held that, on federal habeas review, a court may
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consider a defaulted claim that a post-sentencing lawyer was ineffective.             Richardson v.
Superintendent Coal Twp. SCI, 905 F.3d 750, 756 (3d Cir. 2018). The Third Circuit reasoned
that “the line dividing trial from appeal falls naturally at the notice of appeal” and because
“[p]ost-sentencing motions precede the notice of appeal, . . . they fall on the trial side of the
line.”    Id.   The Third Circuit further explained that “[s]entencing and post-sentencing
proceedings also differ categorically from appeals” because “[c]ounsel direct sentencing and
post-sentencing arguments to the same trial court,” and post-sentencing counsel “may also
develop the record by proffering new evidence, which the trial court may hear at an evidentiary
hearing.” Id. at 761. It also determined that the equitable principles in Martinez apply when the
underlying ineffective-assistance claim relates to a post-sentencing proceeding because “[m]any
states do not entertain ineffective-assistance claims on direct appeal.” Id. at 762. Declining to
apply the Martinez-Trevino exception to these claims would thus “prevent state and federal
courts from ever looking at meritorious ineffective-assistance-of-post-sentencing-counsel
claims.” Id.

         The Fifth Circuit has reached the opposite conclusion, albeit in a nonprecedential
opinion. Milam v. Davis, 733 F. App’x 781, 786 (5th Cir. 2018) (per curiam). Without further
analysis, the Fifth Circuit held that a federal court could not hear a petitioner’s claim that
“appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise [certain claims], in a motion for new trial or
on direct appeal,” id. at 782, because “the Supreme Court has held that Martinez does not extend
to ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claims,” id. at 786 (citing Davila, 137 S. Ct. at
2065).

         I find the Third Circuit’s thorough analysis to be persuasive. As the Third Circuit
explained was true in Pennsylvania, motions for a new trial in Tennessee courts “differ
categorically from appeals.” Richardson, 905 F.3d at 761. Motions for a new trial are heard
before the same court that presided over the trial, and the court may allow new testimony from
witnesses. Tenn. R. Crim. P. 33(a), (c)(1). These similarities suggest that claims stemming from
a motion for a new trial are more similar to claims that trial counsel was ineffective than claims
that appellate counsel was ineffective.
 No. 19-5427                                      Rogers v. Mays                                              Page 37

         As the Third Circuit explained, the notice of appeal is the appropriate transition point
between trial and appeal. In Tennessee, the filing of a notice of appeal is addressed jointly by the
Rules of Criminal Procedure and the Rules of Appellate Procedure. See Tenn. R. Crim. P.
37(d)(1) (instructing the defendant to “file a timely notice of appeal with the clerk in accordance
with Rule 4(a), Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure”); Tenn. R. App. P. 3–4. But a motion
for a new trial is treated as separate from the appeals process. See Fahey v. Eldridge, 46 S.W.3d
138, 141 (Tenn. 2001) (“[I]n order to preserve errors for appeal, the appellant must first bring the
alleged errors to the attention of the trial court in a motion for a new trial.”).

         Additionally, the equitable considerations that guided the decisions in Martinez and
Trevino apply with equal force to ineffective-assistance claims related to a motion for a new trial.
In Martinez, the Supreme Court acknowledged that an exception was necessary so that the
underlying ineffective-assistance claim “will have been addressed by one court.” 566 U.S. at 11.
Davila thus differentiated ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claims from ineffective-
assistance-of-appellate-counsel claims, because when a claim relates to ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel, “at least ‘one court’ will have considered the [underlying trial error] on the
merits.” Davila, 137 S. Ct. at 2067 (quoting Martinez, 566 U.S. at 11). This is because “[i]f trial
counsel preserved the error by properly objecting,” but appellate counsel dropped the ball, then
“that claim of trial error ‘will have been addressed by . . . the trial court.” Id. (quoting Martinez,
566 U.S. at 11). But “[i]f an unpreserved trial error was so obvious that appellate counsel was
constitutionally required to raise it on appeal, then trial counsel likely provided ineffective
assistance by failing to object to it in the first instance,” and “the prisoner likely could invoke
Martinez or Coleman to obtain review of trial counsel’s failure to object.” Id. at 2067–68.

         If the Martinez exception does not apply to claims that counsel was ineffective on a
motion for a new trial in Tennessee, certain claims may never be heard. In Tennessee, motions
for a new trial are the preferred procedural mechanism for bringing trial errors to the attention of
the trial court. Indeed, trial counsel4 must renew their objections in a motion for a new trial

         4As  this court explained in Sutton v. Carpenter, “[i]n a typical Tennessee case, it is likely that trial counsel
will file the motion for new trial because Tennessee requires appointed trial counsel to continue representation
throughout a defendant’s direct appeal, and permits withdrawal only on a showing of good cause.” 745 F.3d 787,
793 (6th Cir. 2014) (footnote omitted) (citing TENN. SUP. CT. R. 13(e)(5); TENN. CODE ANN. § 40-14-205(a)).
 No. 19-5427                              Rogers v. Mays                                     Page 38

within thirty days of sentencing in order to properly preserve those issues for appellate review.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3(e); Tenn. R. Crim. P. 33(b); State v. Harbison, 539 S.W.3d 149, 164 (Tenn.
2018) (“Grounds not raised in a motion for new trial are waived for the purposes of appeal.”).
Motions for a new trial in Tennessee preserve the trial objections and are the mechanism by
which trial counsel are expected to allow the “trial court” to address claims of “trial error.”
See Davila, 137 S. Ct. at 2067. Thus, if counsel is ineffective at this stage, all trial issues will be
waived. Tenn. R. App. P. 3(e); see also Harbison, 539 S.W.3d at 164. Accordingly, application
of the Martinez-Trevino exception to ineffective-assistance claims at the Tennessee motion-for-
a-new-trial stage is necessary to ensure that all of a defendant’s trial claims can be heard in at
least one court.

       Reaching this conclusion would not expand the Martinez-Trevino exception to a new
category of cases. Rather, I would simply clarify that claims of ineffective assistance at the
Tennessee motion-for-a-new-trial phase fit neatly within the larger bucket of trial claims, which
are already recognized as within the scope of the Martinez-Trevino exception. I would therefore
hold that, in a state such as Tennessee, the Martinez-Trevino exception applies to claims that
counsel was constitutionally ineffective on a motion for a new trial, and remand to the district
court for further consideration.

                                              III. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, I would reverse the district court’s denial of habeas relief as to
Rogers’s claim that his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective in failing adequately to
challenge the semen evidence and remand to the district court with instructions to grant
conditionally a writ of habeas corpus vacating Rogers’s death sentence on that ground. I would
also hold that the Martinez-Trevino exception can excuse the procedural default of a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel at the motion-for-a-new-trial stage and would remand to the
district court with instructions to determine whether Rogers can overcome his procedural default
of that claim. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.