Court Opinion

ID: 219785
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2011-06-28 00:00:20+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:06:19.334265
License: Public Domain

09-3603-cv
     Aegis v. Port Authority
                                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                        FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                       AMENDED SUMMARY ORDER

     RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO
     A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS
     GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S
     LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH
     THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN
     ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING
     A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY
     COUNSEL.

 1          At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
 2   Daniel Patrick Moynihan Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New York, on the 27th day
 3   of June, two thousand eleven,

 4   Present:
 5            ROGER J. MINER,
 6            PIERRE N. LEVAL,
 7            RICHARD C. WESLEY,
 8                        Circuit Judges.
 9   ________________________________________________

10   AEGIS INSURANCE SERVICES, INC., a/s/o CONSOLIDATED EDISON COMPANY OF
11   NEW YORK, et al.,
12
13                  Plaintiff-Appellants,
14
15                  v.                                                    09-3603-cv
16
17   THE PORT AUTHORITY OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY,
18
19                  Defendant-Appellees,

20   THE CITY OF NEW YORK,
21           Defendant.*

              *
                  The Clerk of the Court is directed to amend the official caption to read as set forth
     above.

                                                          1
 1   ________________________________________________

 2   For Plaintiff-Appellants:          Franklin M. Sachs, Greenbaum, Rowe, Smith & Davis LLP,
 3                                      Iselin, NJ (Mark L. Antin, Gennet, Kallmann, Antin &
 4                                      Robinson P.C., New York, NY, on the brief)
 5
 6   For Defendant-Appellees:           Beth D. Jacob, Schiff Hardin LLP, New York, NY (Donald A.
 7                                      Klein, on the brief), for Defendant-Appellee The Port Authority
 8                                      of New York and New Jersey.

 9                                      Eugene R. Scheiman, Arent Fox LLP, New York, NY (Mark
10                                      A. Bloom, Arent Fox LLP, New York, NY, on the brief) for
11                                      Defendant-Appellee The City of New York.

12   ________________________________________________

13          Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
14   (Hellerstein, J.).
15
16          UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and

17   DECREED that the judgment of the district court is VACATED in part, AFFIRMED in part,

18   and the case REMANDED to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this order.

19          Plaintiffs Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. and its subrogated insurers

20   (collectively, “Con Edison”) appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the

21   Southern District of New York (Hellerstein, J.), granting summary judgment to Defendant The

22   Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (“Port Authority”). Con Edison’s claims against

23   Port Authority arise out of the destruction of the electrical substation housed at the base of 7

24   World Trade Center (“7WTC”) when the building collapsed in the course of the terrorist attacks

25   on September 11, 2001. Con Edison alleged, inter alia, (1) that Port Authority and its agents

26   were negligent in connection with (a) the design and/or construction of 7WTC and (b) the

27   installation and/or maintenance of certain diesel-fuel tanks intended to supply emergency backup

28   power to the building (the “negligence claim”); and (2) that pursuant to a 1968 lease between the

29   parties, Port Authority was in any event contractually obligated (regardless of whether it had

30   acted negligently) to reimburse Con Edison for certain expenses Con Edison incurred in

                                                       2
 1   rebuilding the electrical substation and replacing the substation equipment (the “reimbursement

 2   claim”).2 The district court granted summary judgment to Port Authority. The court concluded

 3   that Con Edison’s right to reimbursement under the lease did not extend to damage to the

 4   substation occurring years after completion of construction, and that the comprehensive nature of

 5   the lease precluded a separate suit by Con Edison against Port Authority based on negligence.

 6   We review a district court’s interpretation of contract provisions, and its award of summary

 7   judgment based thereon, de novo. See Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. Stroh Cos., 265 F.3d 97,

 8   103–04 (2d Cir. 2001). For the reasons discussed below, we affirm the judgment in part and

 9   vacate in part.

10          We presume the parties’ familiarity with the facts, procedural history of this case, and the

11   issues presented on appeal, which we discuss only as necessary to explain our decision.

12   I. Factual Background

13          A. The Lease

14          Pursuant to a Lease Agreement dated May 29, 1968 (the “Lease”), Con Edison leased

15   from Port Authority a trapezoidal parcel of land at Washington and Barclay Streets in lower

16   Manhattan for fifty years. Port Authority built an electrical power substation on the land for Con

17   Edison to operate, to supply electricity to the then-new World Trade Center complex.

18          In Section 17 of the Lease, Port Authority agreed to “insure and keep insured the

19   Substation Building to the extent of 100% of the replacement value thereof against such hazards

20   or risks as may now or in the future be included under the standard [New York] form of fire

            2
              Con Edison also appealed from the district court’s grant of summary judgment to
     Defendant The City of New York. In its January 12, 2006 Opinion and Order, the district court
     concluded that the City was immune from suit under the New York State Defense Emergency
     Act of 1951, N.Y. Unconsol. Law § 9101 et seq. Aegis Insur. Servs. v. Port Auth. of New York
     and New Jersey, 468 F. Supp. 2d 508 (S.D.N.Y. 2006). After oral argument in this appeal, Con
     Edison and the City reached a settlement, and Con Edison’s appeal as it related to any claims
     against the City was dismissed.

                                                     3
1    insurance policy.” Con Edison agreed to “pay the Port Authority annually an amount equal to

2    the insurance premium or premiums paid by the Port Authority” for that coverage. In Section 18

3    of the Lease, Con Edison agreed to repair or rebuild the substation if it were ever damaged or

4    destroyed, and Port Authority agreed to make the proceeds of the insurance coverage “available

5    to [Con Edison] for the foregoing purposes.” Thus, Con Edison was responsible for repairing or

6    rebuilding the substation and for paying the insurance premiums (through Port Authority), and

7    Port Authority would keep the substation insured and would pay any proceeds to Con Edison. In

8    related litigation, Port Authority and its insurers agreed to value the cost of replacing the

 9   substation at $37.58 million.3

10          The lease anticipated that a new office tower—eventually 7WTC—would be built by

11   Port Authority or its designee above the substation. In Section 8(a), Con Edison agreed that “the

12   Port Authority may construct wholly or partially on, above or about the Substation Building

13   additional stories, structures, buildings or improvements of whatsoever design, size and purpose

14   as the Port Authority . . . determine[s],” and, in Section 8(b), Con Edison agreed that Port

15   Authority’s “exercise” of the “foregoing rights” would not give rise to a claim for “eviction . . .

16   nor be made the grounds of any abatement of rental nor any claim or demand for damages,

17   consequential or otherwise.”

18          In Section 16 of the Lease—which is the focus of Con Edison’s claim for

19   reimbursement—Port Authority agreed to reimburse Con Edison in the event that Port

20   Authority’s “acts or omissions . . . in connection with the construction or maintenance” of 7WTC

21   “caused” damage to the substation building or the substation equipment.

            3
              In its July 27, 2009 Opinion and Order, the district court directed Port Authority to
     make available immediately to Con Edison the $37.58 million amount, less a $20 million
     construction advance it had already made available. In re Sept. 11 Litig., 640 F. Supp.2d 323,
     332 (S.D.N.Y. 2009). Port Authority has not appealed from this ruling.

                                                       4
 1          Finally, Section 40 of the Lease, entitled “Premises,” provides in subparagraph (b) that

 2   Port Authority would not be liable for any personal or property damage on the leased premises

 3   (to the lessee or any third party), except when such “damage, injury, or death [is] due to the

 4   negligence of the Port Authority.” J.A.-1892 (emphasis added). Section 40(b) further provides

 5   that “nothing in this subparagraph . . . shall be deemed to relieve the Port Authority of its

 6   obligations [to reimburse Con Edison] under Section 16 hereof.” Id.

 7          B. 7WTC and its Tenants

 8          In 1980, Port Authority exercised its Section 8 rights by contracting with 7 World Trade

 9   Company, L.P. (“7WTCo.”) to build 7 World Trade Center above the substation. Construction of

10   the building was completed in 1987, with Salomon Brothers, an investment bank, as its primary

11   tenant. Salomon Brothers installed certain diesel fuel tanks and generators in the building to

12   supply emergency back-up power to its continuously operating trading floor. In 1996, the City

13   of New York leased space in 7WTC to house the command center of its Office of Emergency

14   Management (“OEM”), and installed a diesel fuel tank and generator on the first and seventh

15   floors to supply emergency power to the command center.

16          C. Events of September 11

17          At 8:46 a.m. and 9:03 a.m. on September 11, 2001, terrorists flew two jet passenger

18   airplanes into Towers One and Two (the “Twin Towers”) of the World Trade Center complex.

19   The Twin Towers burned and collapsed, streaming fire and debris over the complex and over

20   7WTC. 7WTC burned throughout the day. The building’s own diesel fuel tanks assertedly fed

21   the fires. An adjacent water main had burst (leaving no readily available water to fight the fires).

22   Firefighters died inside the Twin Towers. Fearing collapse of 7WTC, the fire chief made the

23   decision to let it burn and establish a perimeter. 7WTC collapsed at 5:20 p.m., destroying Con

24   Edison’s substation (but taking no lives).

                                                       5
 1          In June 2004, Con Edison erected a new substation, as Sections 15 and 18 of the lease

 2   required it to do, and restored permanent electrical services to lower Manhattan. In 2006,

 3   Silverstein Properties, Inc. completed construction of a new, forty-two-story 7WTC above the

 4   substation, which became the first tower of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex.

 5   II. Negligence Claim

 6          The district court interpreted the Lease to preclude Con Edison from maintaining an

 7   action against Port Authority based on Port Authority’s negligence in connection with

 8   construction or maintenance of 7WTC. This was error. Con Edison’s negligence claim arises at

 9   least from Port Authority’s independent duty, as owner of the leased premises, to exercise

10   reasonable care to avoid damage to persons or property thereon, see Duane Reade v. Reva

11   Holding Corp., 30 A.D.3d 229, 236 (1st Dep’t 2006) (concluding that separately pled negligent

12   cause of action by lessee was “legally sufficient because defendants had a common-law duty,

13   independent of any contractual obligation imposed by the lease, to exercise reasonable care in

14   [constructing a second story tower above the leased premises] . . . so as to avoid damaging the

15   demised premises below and interfering with their use”); Sommer v. Fed. Signal Corp., 79

16   N.Y.2d 540, 551 (1992) (“[A] contracting party may be charged with a separate tort liability

17   arising from a breach of a duty distinct from, or in addition to, the breach of contract.” (quoting

18   North Shore Bottling Co. v. Schmidt & Sons, 22 N.Y.2d 171, 179 (1968)), and there is nothing in

19   the parties’ lease revealing an intent to preclude such a claim.

20          Section 40(b) of the Lease, furthermore, implicitly recognized the availability of a

21   negligence action by Con Edison against Port Authority to recover for damage to the leased

22   premises. Section 40(b) is a broad exculpatory clause, relieving Port Authority from liability to

23   Con Edison, or to any third party, for injury to persons or damage to property

24          at any time in or about the [leased] premises, including but not limited to . . . injury,
25          death, or damage from falling material, water, rain, hail, snow, gas, steam, dampness,

                                                      6
 1          explosives, smoke, radiation or electricity . . . from any part of the Facility or from any
 2          other place or quarter.

 3   J.A.-1892. The exculpatory clause, however, contains an exception for cases when “said

 4   damage, injury, and death shall be due to the negligence of Port Authority.” Id. (emphasis

 5   added). Accordingly, we read Section 40(b) as confirmation that Con Edison retained its right to

 6   sue Port Authority for negligent conduct causing damage to the premises. See 747 Third Ave.

 7   Corp. v. Killarney, 225 A.D.2d 375, 377 (1st Dep’t 1996) (reading a virtually identical lease

 8   provision as “implicitly acknowledg[ing] the landlord’s liability for its own negligence”).

 9          The district court interpreted Section 40(b) as contemplating a negligence action against

10   Port Authority only “in certain, very limited, circumstances.” The district court did not explain

11   what it believed those circumstances were, but we can infer from its ruling that they did not

12   include damage resulting from negligence in connection with either the construction of 7WTC or

13   the installation of the diesel fuel tanks in the building (which together allegedly resulted in the

14   massive fire causing the building’s collapse and the destruction of the substation). We do not

15   think such a limited reading of the negligence exception is warranted.

16          In our view, the district court also erred in reading another part of Section 40(b) as

17   intending to preclude a separate negligence action against Port Authority. Section 40(b) further

18   provides that “nothing [in this section] shall be deemed to relieve Port Authority of its

19   obligations under Section 16” (which provides for Con Edison’s right to recover for damage to

20   the substation caused by Port Authority “in connection with the construction or maintenance of

21   [7WTC],” irrespective of any negligence by Port Authority). According to the district court’s

22   understanding, Section 16’s provision for indemnification of Con Edison by Port Authority,

23   irrespective of any negligence by Port Authority, inferentially ruled out any further right of

24   action premised on Port Authority’s negligence at least in designing or constructing the building.

25   We disagree. We find no basis for reading Section 40(b)’s warning that it not be read to

                                                       7
 1   preclude an action under Section 16 as meaning that Section 16 provided Con Edison’s exclusive

 2   basis for recovering against Port Authority—especially in view of Section 40(b)’s specification

 3   that its negation of liability of Port Authority does not apply when damage is “due to the

 4   negligence of Port Authority.”4 As discussed further below, we agree with the district court’s

 5   conclusion that Section 16’s no-fault right of reimbursement is limited in scope to damage that

 6   Con Edison’s property sustains during periods of active construction or maintenance, provided

 7   that damage is caused by the acts or omissions of Port Authority or its agents. It follows from

 8   that conclusion and from Section 40(b), that Section 16 does not preclude Con Edison from

 9   suing Port Authority in tort where Port Authority’s alleged negligence causes Con Edison’s

10   property to sustain damage outside the time of active construction or maintenance. This includes

11   the claim that Port Authority negligently designed or constructed 7WTC in a way that eventually

12   caused damage to Con Edison’s property years after the completion of active construction. In

13   short, we conclude it was error to read the parties’ lease as precluding claims by Con Edison

14   against Port Authority premised on Port Authority’s negligence in connection with the

15   construction of 7WTC or the installation of the diesel fuel tanks in the building.5

            4
               The district court also relied on Section 8 of the Lease in support of its finding that a
     separate negligence claim was barred. According to the district court, this section of the lease
     “expressly disallows any tort damages that may exceed a recovery under Section 16 of the
     lease.” We disagree. Section 8(b) provides that Port Authority’s exercise of its Section 8(a)
     rights to build 7WTC shall not be “construed to be an eviction of the Lessee nor be made the
     grounds of any abatement of rental nor any claim or demand for damages, consequential or
     otherwise.” J.A.-1865 (emphasis added). The provision is at least fairly read to mean that Con
     Edison may not contest, or bring a suit for damages based upon, Port Authority’s “exercise” of
     the right to build 7WTC above the leased premises. However, we do not read Section 8 as
     barring an action for negligence, as expressly authorized in Section 40.
            5
               Port Authority argues, in the alternative, that the terrorist attacks on 9/11, the collapse
     of Towers One and Two, and the fire department’s decision to cease firefighting efforts at 7WTC
     were superseding causes operating to relieve Port Authority of any liability for damage to the
     substation (whether in contract or in tort). We believe this contention should be addressed by the
     district court in the first instance, which, prior to its grant of summary judgment in favor of Port
     Authority, delayed consideration of the question pending further factual development.

                                                      8
 1   III. Notice of Claim

 2          Notwithstanding the Lease’s preservation of Con Edison’s right to sue Port Authority for

 3   damages attributable to Port Authority’s negligence, Port Authority contends that at least certain

 4   claims must be dismissed by reason of Con Edison’s failure to comply with certain requirements

 5   of New York law for suits against the Port Authority. We agree.6

 6          “The Port Authority, a bi-state agency created by a compact between New York and New

 7   Jersey, enjoyed sovereign immunity until 1951, when New York and New Jersey consented to

 8   suits against it” on the condition that certain prerequisites to suit are met. Caceres v. Port

 9   Authority, 631 F.3d 620, 624 (2d Cir. 2011). Section 7107 of New York’s Unconsolidated Laws

10   provides that the Port Authority’s consent to be sued “is granted upon the condition that” any

11   suit be “commenced within one year after the cause of action therefor shall have accrued,” and

12   further, that in any suit for the recovery or payment of money, “a notice of claim shall have been

13   served upon the port authority” by the plaintiff at least sixty days before such suit is commenced.

14   See N.Y. Unconsol. Laws § 7107 (McKinney 2000). Section 7108 details the requried content of

15   the notice of claim:

16          The notice of claim . . . shall set forth (1) the name and post office address of each
17          claimant and of his attorney, if any, (2) the nature of the claim, (3) the time when, the
18          place where and the manner in which the claim arose, and (4) the items of damage or
19          injuries claimed to have been sustained so far as then practicable.

20   § 7108 (emphasis added). Sections 7107 and 7108 constitute jurisdictional prerequisites to a suit

21   against the Port Authority, and failure to comply with them “compels the dismissal of the action

22   for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.” Giannone v. Port Authority, 127 A.D.2d 818, 819 (2d

     Accordingly, we express no view on the merits, if any, of this contention.
            6
              We need not consider Port Authority’s argument that Con Edison failed to provide
     timely and adequate notice of its reimbursement claim, as this argument is mooted by our
     affirmance of the district court’s dismissal of the reimbursement claim based on the terms of the
     Lease.

                                                       9
 1   Dep’t 1987). Taken together, the provisions of Sections 7107 and 7108 require that any such

 2   suit for damages against the Port Authority must be brought within one year of the accrual of the

 3   claim and must be preceded by a notice specifying the nature of the claim at least sixty days

 4   prior to service of the complaint.

 5             In September 2002, Con Edison instituted its suit against Port Authority. The suit alleged

 6   essentially two broad categories of negligence by Port Authority: (i) various forms of negligence

 7   related to the construction and placement of diesel fuel tanks, which assertedly fed the fire that

 8   ultimately consumed 7WTC and caused the destruction of Con Edison’s power station; and (ii)

 9   negligence in connection with design and construction of 7WTC, which allegedly resulted in its

10   collapse as a consequence of the fire.7

11             Con Edison preceded the commencement of the action by serving a notice of claim in

12   June 2002. The notice of claim addressed in considerable detail Port Authority’s alleged

13   negligence as to the diesel fuel tanks and their role in causing the collapse of 7WTC. The June

14   2002 Notice, however, included no mention of an allegation of negligence in the design and

15   construction of the building, which Con Edison later alleged made it vulnerable to collapse as a

16   consequence of the fire. Port Authority therefore contends that, as to the allegations of negligent

17   design or construction of the building, unrelated to the diesel fuel tanks, Con Edison failed to

18   comply with the requirement to provide a prior notice of claim which sets forth the “nature of the

19   claim.”

20             We have identified no case law, specific to Section 7108, addressing the specificity with

21   which a plaintiff must state the “nature” of its claim in order to satisfy the notice of claim

               7
             The district court appears to have ruled in the course of the proceedings below that all
     of Con Edison’s claims, including its negligence claim, accrued on September 11, 2001. Port
     Authority has not argued, at least in this Court, that Con Edison’s negligence claim was untimely
     under Section 7107, and accordingly, we express no view on the question.

                                                       10
 1   requirements of Section 7108. Illumination is provided, however, by precedent for other similar

2    New York notice of claim provisions, such as General Municipal Law Section 50-e, which

3    requires that prior to suit, a notice of claim be submitted to the municipality setting forth “the

4    nature of the claim.” New York courts have explained that the purpose of Section 50-e’s

5    requirement of a notice of claim is to permit the defendant to conduct a proper investigation and

 6   assess the merits of the claim. Carhart v. Village of Hamilton, 190 A.D.2d 973, 974 (3d Dep’t

 7   1993); see O’Brien v. City of Syracuse, 54 N.Y.2d 353, 358 (1981) (“The test of the notice’s

 8   sufficiency is whether it includes information sufficient to enable the city to investigate the

 9   claim.”). Con Edison’s notice describing Port Authority’s negligence in the construction and

10   placement of the diesel fuel tanks gave the Port Authority no warning of need to investigate

11   claims asserting unrelated negligence in the design and construction of 7WTC, notwithstanding

12   that the specification of negligence in the June 2002 Notice included the words “among other

13   things.”8 A theory of liability not mentioned in the notice of claim generally may not be asserted

14   by amendment or later in the litigation. See Olivera v. City of New York, 270 A.D.2d 5, 5–6 (1st

15   Dep’t 2000) (concluding that notice of claim for property damage did not give sufficient notice

16   that motorist was also filing suit for personal injuries and refusing to permit amendment where

17   alteration “would alter the substantive nature of claim”).

18          Con Edison argues that its failure to give sixty days prior notice of its claims of negligent

19   design and construction of the building caused no conceivable harm to Port Authority, in that it

20   pleaded the new theories within three months of its June 2002 Notice. It argues that a few

21   months earlier awareness of its theories would have had no conceivable effect on Port

            8
               Nor do other non-diesel fuel related theories set forth in the notice of claim, such as
     “failing to keep and maintain a proper lookout and watch, . . . failing to set up proper safeguards,
     barriers and fire protection; failing to properly promulgate rules and regulations; failing to set up
     proper and adequate training programs; the negligent and careless training of the personnel of the
     City of New York,” give notice of Con Edison’s claims of negligent design.

                                                      11
 1   Authority’s preparation to defend against, or settle, Con Edison’s claims. Con Edison is very

 2   likely correct that its delay from June to September of 2002 in giving Port Authority notice of its

 3   claims of defective design and construction of the building in no way prejudiced Port Authority

 4   in its preparation to defend against the claims. Nonetheless, this is immaterial. The requirement

 5   imposed by Sections 7107 and 7108 of prior notice of the nature of the claim is a jurisdictional

 6   prerequisite to suit against the Port Authority. Failure to comply is not excused by the fact that it

 7   causes Port Authority no harm. See Lyons v. Port Authority, 228 A.D.2d 250, 251 (1st Dep’t

 8   1996) (“The fact that the Port Authority may not have been prejudiced by the plaintiff’s failure

 9   to comply with the statute is immaterial, since the requirement is jurisdictional and must be

10   strictly construed.” (internal citation omitted)); see also City of New York v. Port Authority, 284

11   A.D.2d 195 (1st Dep’t 2001).

12          We conclude that Con Edison may prosecute its claims for negligence related to

13   “negligent design, approval, inspection, installation, maintenance, operation, conduct and control

14   of” the diesel fuel tanks at 7WTC, as well as any of the more ancillary acts of negligence

15   identified in both the notice of claim and asserted in the Second Amended Complaint. However,

16   claims of negligent design and construction of 7WTC, of which Port Authority was not

17   reasonably notified by the June 2002 Notice, must be dismissed. We leave it to the district court

18   to apply this rule to the various claims asserted in Con Edison’s Second Amended Complaint.

19   IV. Reimbursement Claim

20          In view of our ruling that Con Edison retains its ability to sue for negligence, we find no

21   error in the district court’s conclusion that Section 16, when read in context of the Lease as a

22   whole, provides for a no-fault right to reimbursement that is limited to damage sustained during

23   or in the period reasonably following active construction or maintenance of the building, and that

24   it was not intended to extend to a situation where, as alleged here, an outside event works in

                                                      12
 1   combination with an alleged latent design defect to cause damage to the building and its

 2   substructures years after construction has been completed. We note that the parties each had the

 3   opportunity to present to the court extrinsic evidence in support of their respective interpretations

 4   of the Lease, and we see nothing erroneous in the district court’s finding that further discovery

 5   “would not add to the material facts relevant to interpretation of Section 16.”

 6   V. Conclusion

 7          For the reasons stated above, the judgment of the district court is VACATED in part,

 8   AFFIRMED in part, and the case REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this

 9   order. Port Authority’s motion to strike portions of Con Edison’s reply brief is denied as moot.

10   Each party to the appeal will bear its own costs.

11                                                       FOR THE COURT:
12                                                       CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, CLERK

                                                      13