Court Opinion

ID: 9372451
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-21 17:07:31.244047+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:35.508655
License: Public Domain

J-A24031-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA            :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                         :        PENNSYLVANIA
                     Appellant           :
                                         :
                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :
                                         :
 HECTOR RIOS                             :   No. 2195 EDA 2021

           Appeal from the Order Entered September 29, 2021
 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                    No(s): CP-51-CR-0002156-2020

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., BENDER, P.J.E., and SULLIVAN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY SULLIVAN, J.:                     FILED FEBRUARY 21, 2023

     The Commonwealth appeals from the order granting the suppression

motion filed by Hector Rios (“Rios”). We affirm.

     The suppression court summarized the factual history relevant to this

appeal as follows:

           On December 10, 2019, at approximately 8:20 P.M.,
     Philadelphia Police Officer Theodore [Brown] (“Officer Brown”)
     responded to a radio call concerning a person with a weapon at
     Nazareth Hospital . . .. The call relayed a general description of a
     Hispanic male wearing a red hat, red pants, and driving a silver
     BMW. [When he arrived a]t the scene, Officer Brown, an 18-year
     veteran at the time, testified he observed a male wearing a red
     hat and matching the radio call description, driving towards the
     exit of the parking lot. Specifically, Officer Brown saw this male
     as he pulled into the Nazareth Hospital parking lot.

           Once inside the parking lot, Officer Brown . . . turned his
     vehicle around and got behind [Rios’s] vehicle. When Officer
     Brown exited his vehicle and approached [Rios’s] vehicle, [Rios’s]
     vehicle had already been stopped by fellow officers[,] and [Rios]
     was standing outside the driver’s door.       [Rios] was not in
     [handcuffs]. Officer Brown brought [Rios] to the rear of the BMW
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     and asked him to place his hands on the trunk of the vehicle.
     Officer Brown could not recall whether he escorted [Rios], or
     whether [Rios] simply walked with him to the rear of the vehicle.
     Once at the rear of [Rios’s] vehicle, [Officer Brown] asked whether
     [Rios] had any weapons on his person, [to] which [Rios] replied[,]
     “No.” Officer Brown completed a brief frisk around [Rios’s]
     waistband.

          Officer Brown escorted [Rios] to the rear of his police vehicle
     and waited with him. The rear of Officer Brown’s police car was
     approximately two . . . car lengths away from the door of the
     BMW.

            Officer Brown testified that [Rios] was “cooperative” and
     “polite.” They stood behind the police vehicle for approximately
     [ten] minutes and engaged in a brief conversation for paperwork
     purposes. Officer Brown stated [Rios’s] overall behavior was not
     alarming. Officer Brown stated he was physically holding onto
     [Rios] while they stood at the rear of the police car; however,
     [Rios] made no effort to run or break free. Officer Brown stated
     he felt secure standing next to [Rios]. There were no civilians in
     the area. . . ..

           The [c]omplainant [who reported that Rios had threatened
     her] was in an emergency department waiting room when officers
     arrived. The [c]omplainant told Sergeant [Zaqueo] Velez that
     [Rios] threatened to get a gun, come back, and do something to
     her following a domestic dispute. The [c]omplainant further told
     Sergeant Velez that [Rios’s] firearm was in his car, under the
     steering column in a hole cut in the dash or a slit. Sergeant Velez
     subsequently radioed the officers outside to look in the car for the
     firearm in the location given by the [c]omplainant. The officers
     outside relayed back to Sergeant Velez that they had looked
     around, but they did not see anything. Sergeant Velez then
     walked out to the vehicle. Per Sergeant Velez, [Rios] was already
     inside of a police vehicle when he walked out to the car to look for
     the weapon about which the [c]omplainant told him.

           There was no contraband in plain view inside [Rios’s] car,
     per Sergeant Velez. Ultimately, Sergeant Velez found a hole cut
     underneath the steering column of [Rios’s] BMW. He stuck his
     hand into the cut hole, up to his wrist, and felt a metal object he
     perceived to be a firearm. He subsequently pulled out a firearm.

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             The officers did not obtain a search warrant prior to
       searching the vehicle. Moreover, [Rios] did not consent to the
       search of his vehicle.

Suppression Court Opinion, 3/9/22, at 2-4 (paragraph numbers and citations

to the record omitted).

       The police arrested Rios and charged him with violations of the Uniform

Firearms Act and other offenses.1 Rios filed a suppression motion challenging

the warrantless search of his car and the recovery of the gun. The suppression

court held a hearing at which Officer Brown and Sergeant Velez testified. See

N.T., 9/14/21, at 7-45.         The Commonwealth asserted that the sergeant

properly recovered the gun because the police had probable cause and exigent

circumstances to conduct a warrantless search of Rios’s car. See id. at 53-

57; see also Commonwealth v. Alexander, 243 A.3d 177, 207 (Pa. 2020)

(holding that the Pennsylvania Constitution requires a warrantless vehicle

search be supported by probable cause and exigent circumstances).

Alternatively, the Commonwealth argued that police conducted a proper

protective search of the car for weapons based on reasonable suspicion that

Rios was armed and dangerous.             See N.T., 9/14/21, at 57-58; see also

Commonwealth v. Morris, 644 A.2d 721, 723-24 (Pa. 1994) (adopting

Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032 (1983), holding that permitted protective

searches of vehicles for weapons).
____________________________________________

1 See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6105(a), 6106(a)(1), 6108. The criminal complaint
also charged Rios with terroristic threats, simple assault and recklessly
endangering another person, see 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2706, 2701, 2705, but the
municipal court dismissed those charges for lack of evidence.

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       The suppression court rejected the Commonwealth’s arguments and

granted Rios’s suppression motion.             Specifically, the suppression court

concluded that the police had probable cause to believe that Rios had

committed a crime but no exigent circumstances justified Sergeant Velez’s

warrantless search of Rios’s vehicle. Additionally, the court determined that

a protective search did not apply because the police had already detained Rios

and other officers had searched the vehicle before the sergeant searched the

vehicle for a second time and found the gun. See N.T., 9/29/21, at 8-9. The

Commonwealth timely appealed pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 311(d), and both it and

the suppression court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

       The Commonwealth raises the following issue for our review:

             Did the lower court err in suppressing a gun police found in
       [Rios’s] car after a legal stop on the ground that they did not first
       obtain a warrant, where the police were justified in conducting a
       protective safety search of the car . . .?

Commonwealth’s Brief at 4.2

       Our review of an order granting a suppression motion is governed by

the following standards:

             [A]n appellate court is required to determine whether the
       record supports the suppression court’s factual findings and
       whether the inferences and legal conclusions drawn by the
       suppression court from those findings are appropriate. [Where
       the defendant] prevailed in the suppression court, we may
       consider only the evidence of the defense and so much of the
       evidence for the Commonwealth as remains uncontradicted when
____________________________________________

2The Commonwealth has abandoned its claims that Sergeant Velez conducted
a proper warrantless search under Alexander. See Commonwealth’s Brief at
7 n.2. Rios did not file an appellee’s brief.

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      read in the context of the record as a whole. Where the record
      supports the factual findings of the suppression court, we are
      bound by those facts and may reverse only if the legal conclusions
      drawn therefrom are in error. However, where the appeal of the
      determination of the suppression court turns on allegations of
      legal error, the suppression court’s conclusions of law are not
      binding on an appellate court, whose duty it is to determine if the
      suppression court properly applied the law to the facts.

Commonwealth v. Cartagena, 63 A.3d 294, 298 (Pa. Super. 2013) (en

banc) (internal citation omitted).

      “[I]t is hornbook law that the [F]ourth [A]mendment to the United

States Constitution as well as Article I, § 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution

protect citizens from ‘unreasonable searches and seizures.’” Commonwealth

v. Simmons, 17 A.3d 399, 402-03 (Pa. Super. 2011) (internal citation

omitted). “Warrantless searches and seizures . . . are unreasonable per se,

unless conducted pursuant to specifically established and well-delineated

exceptions to the warrant requirement.” See id.

      A protective search of a vehicle for weapons is one such exception to

the warrant requirement.      In Long, the United States Supreme Court

extended the principles of a protective “frisk” exception to an automobile. See

Long, 463 U.S. at 1049 (discussing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), and

holding that Terry applied to persons as well as property, such as a vehicle);

see also Morris, 644 A.2d at 723 (adopting Long). Under the protective

search exception, police may search the passenger compartment of a vehicle,

and containers therein, where a weapon may have been placed or hidden.

See Long, 463 U.S. at 1049. The validity of a protective search of a vehicle

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turns on whether a reasonably prudent officer would be warranted in the belief

that his or her safety or the safety of others was in danger, that is, whether

the police possess specific and articulable facts to sustain a reasonable

suspicion that the person is dangerous and may gain control of a weapon.

See id. As the United States Supreme Court reasoned in Long:

       Just as a Terry suspect on the street may, despite being under
       the brief control of a police officer, reach into his clothing and
       retrieve a weapon, so might a Terry suspect in a [vehicle stop]
       break away from police control and retrieve a weapon from his
       automobile. In addition, if the suspect is not placed under arrest,
       he will be permitted to reenter his automobile, and he will then
       have access to any weapons inside. Or . . . the suspect may be
       permitted to reenter the vehicle before the Terry investigation is
       over, and again, may have access to weapons. In any event, we
       stress that a Terry investigation . . . involves a police
       investigation at close range, when the officer remains particularly
       vulnerable in part because a full custodial arrest has not been
       effected, and the officer must make a quick decision as to how to
       protect himself and others from possible danger . . ..

Long, 463 U.S. at 1051-52 (internal citations and quotations omitted).

       The facts and circumstances giving rise to an officer’s reasonable belief

that a person is dangerous and could gain control of a weapon versus exigent

circumstances justifying a warrantless vehicle search based upon probable

cause may overlap. Compare Commonwealth v. Perry, 798 A.2d 697, 703

(Pa.   Super.   2002)   (plurality)   (finding   probable   cause   and   exigent

circumstances when the occupants of a vehicle attempt to elude police and

stopped their vehicle in the middle of a road, the officers’ specific knowledge

of a shooting that had occurred, and eyewitness identifications of the car’s

occupants as being involved in the shooting) with In re O.J., 958 A.2d 561,

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566 (Pa. Super. 2008) (en banc) (holding that driver’s dangerous driving,

failure to immediately stop for police, and rapid and furtive hand movements

over a console that was left partially open were factors that supported the

officer’s belief that the driver weapon may have been secreted in the console

and justified a protective search) and Cartagena, 63 A.3d at 307 (holding

that the Commonwealth did not prove a reasonable basis for a protective

search based on evidence of the driver’s nervousness during a late night stop

of a vehicle with heavily tinted windows). Yet, the exceptions permitting a

warrantless search to discover or preserve evidence with probable cause and

exigent circumstances under Alexander and a search to ensure officer safety

under Long and Morris are distinct, and it is the Commonwealth’s burden to

establish that the police did not recover the challenged evidence in violation

of the defendant’s rights. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 581(H).

     The Commonwealth here argues that the police search of the vehicle

was permissible as a protective search of Rios’s car for weapons.        See

Commonwealth’s Brief at 9. The Commonwealth notes, correctly, that “Terry,

Long, and Morris speak to a wholly different body of law than” the

requirement, under Alexander, that a warrantless search be conducted with

probable cause and exigent circumstances. Id. at 10. The Commonwealth

asserts the reports from a known complainant that Rios previously hid a gun

in his car that he threatened to retrieve during an argument gave rise to

specific and articulable facts for police to believe that Rios was armed and

dangerous. See id. at 13. The Commonwealth claims that the police thus

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had reasonable suspicion to search Rios’s vehicle for a weapon and that the

suppression court erred when finding that Rios did not pose an immediate

threat because he had been separated from his car and detained. See id. at

13-14. Further, the Commonwealth argues that the suppression court erred

by conflating the officer safety concerns allowing a protective search for

weapons with Alexander’s requirements for exigent circumstances. See id.

     The suppression court, in its Rule 1925(a) opinion, concluded          that

Sergeant Velez’s search of Rios’s car exceeded the scope of the protective

safety search exception. The court distinguished Morris, finding:

     When Officer Brown arrived at Nazareth Hospital, [Rios] had
     already been removed from his vehicle. Officer Brown conducted
     a brief frisk of [Rios], and no weapons were found on him. Officer
     Brown testified [Rios’s] actions were not alarming, as compared
     to Morris, who failed to comply with [an] officer’s direction to put
     his hand on the st[ee]ring wheel. Officer Brown testified [Rios]
     was cooperative. There was no testimony of contraband, or
     weapons in plain view, as compared to Morris, where [a] metal
     pipe was visible as soon as the police opened [Rios’s] car door.
     Furthermore, in the instant case, the officers had already
     done a search of the vehicle and had not found anything
     until Sergeant Velez searched the vehicle again, while [Rios]
     was in [or by] the police car, and recovered the hidden firearm.

Suppression Court Opinion, 3/9/22, at 9 (emphasis added).

     Following our review, we are constrained to conclude that the

Commonwealth fails to address the critical point in the trial court’s opinion,

namely, that Sergeant Velez searched the vehicle after a previous, but

unsuccessful, protective search. See Suppression Court Opinion, 3/9/22, at

3-4; see also N.T., 9/14/21, at 37-40 (indicating that the sergeant testified

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he obtained information from the complainant, ordered the first search of

Rios’s car, “tried to describe” where the gun was, but the other officers

reported they did not find “any type of access” to where to the gun was

located, whereupon he walked outside to the car, entered the vehicle, and

found the gun in the steering column). We acknowledge the Commonwealth’s

legal and policy arguments in support of reversal, and we agree that

Pennsylvania law recognizes a protective search of a vehicle for weapons as a

settled exception to the warrant requirement that is independent of

Alexander.    We do not dispute that vehicle stops are among the most

dangerous types of interactions involving the police. We also acknowledge

that the mere fact that an officer detains an individual away from a vehicle

will not diminish the threat posed by a suspected dangerous individual were

he to have access to a weapon upon returning to his vehicle. See Long, 463

U.S. at 1051-52; In re O.J., 958 A.2d at 563.           The Commonwealth’s

arguments may justify the first protective search of Rios’s vehicle, which

police conducted after Sergeant Velez received information to believe that Rios

was armed and dangerous and at the sergeant’s direction.

      However, it is the second search that is at issue here, and the

Commonwealth provides no meaningful discussion of the search of Rios’s

vehicle that was conducted after the previous unsuccessful search.         The

Commonwealth only once refers to the fact that there were two searches of

Rios’s car, see Commonwealth’s Brief at 6-7, and it offers no legal argument

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or citation to a decision concerning a second or subsequent Terry search.3

Thus, we conclude that the Commonwealth has not adequately developed its

argument on appeal, and, accordingly, it has waived its arguments in support

of the lawfulness of the second search. See Commonwealth v. Kane, 10

A.3d 327, 331 (Pa. Super. 2010) (noting that this Court will not act as counsel

and will not develop arguments on behalf of an appellant). Accordingly, we

affirm the order suppressing the gun as the fruit of the unlawful second search

of Rios’s car.

       Order affirmed.

____________________________________________

3 We have yet to find a published Pennsylvania case addressing a scenario
similar to this case. However, other courts, and at least one unpublished
decision from this Court, have considered second or subsequent Terry
searches and reached differing conclusions. Cf. United States v. Osbourne,
326 F.3d 274, 278 (1st Cir. 2003) (declining to find a subsequent frisk
unreasonable per se and holding that a second frisk was proper based on
information that the defendant always carried a gun, was involved in gang
activity and police were attempting to detain multiple occupants of a car);
State v. Flowers, 734 N.W.2d 239, 255 (Minn. 2007) (noting that the basis
for an initial detention and vehicle search for weapons had dissipated by the
time of a second search); State v. Pierce, 77 P.3d 292, 296 (N.M. 2003)
(concluding that a second frisk constituted an impermissible search for drugs
on the defendant’s person); Balentine v. State, 71 S.W.3d 763, 770 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2002) (holding that a defendant’s behavior after a first frisk gave
rise to a belief that the defendant may be armed to justify a second frisk); cf.
also Commonwealth v. Powell, 222 A.3d 816, 2019 WL 4949373, at *5
(Pa. Super. Oct. 2019) (unpublished memorandum) (rejecting a claim that a
second frisk was improper noting that the defendant continued to touch his
jacket after a first frisk); Pa.R.A.P. 126 (permitting citation to unpublished
memorandum of this Court filed after May 2019).

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 2/21/2023

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