Court Opinion

ID: 5285101
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-07 06:18:10.646253+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:28:24.149423
License: Public Domain

OPINION
Opinion by
Justice Burgess
Rodney Boyett pled guilty to:and was convicted of conspiracy to manufacture methamphetamine in an amount of one gram or more but less than four grams. Boyett was sentenced to five years’ imprisonment and was ordered to pay a $500.00 fine. However, in accordance with the terms of his negotiated plea agreement, Boyett’s sentence was suspended, and he was placed on community supervision for three years.
On appeal, Boyett argues (1) that the trial court erred in overruling his motion to suppress evidence because the arresting officer did not have reasonable suspicion to make a Terry1 stop or probable cause to search his vehicle and (2) that the trial court erred in overruling his motion to suppress allegedly coerced statements made during a subsequent custodial interrogation. We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s denial of Boyett’s motion to .suppress. In his last point of error, Boyett argues that his guilty pl.ea was not supported by legally sufficient evidence. The trial court did not grant Boyett permission to appeal his sufficiency issue. Accordingly, we dismiss Boyett’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence for want of jurisdiction, overrule Boyett’s remaining points of error, and affirm the trial court’s judgment. >
I. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Concluding that Foreman Had Reasonable Suspicion to Stop Boyett and Probable. Cause to Search his Truck
A, Standard of Review
“The standard of review for the trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress is abuse of discretion.” Harris v. State, 468 S.W.3d 248, 254 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2015, no pet.) (citing Oles v. State, 993 S.W.2d 103, 106 (Tex.Crim.App.1999); Freeman v. State, 62 S.W.3d 883, 886 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2001, pet. ref d)). “ ‘In a suppression hearing, the trial court is the sole trier of fact and judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given . their testimony.’ ” Id. (quoting State v. Ballard, 987 S.W.2d 889, 891 (Tex.Crim.App.1999)). Thus, “[w]e ‘ “should afford almost total deference to a trial court’s determination of the historical facts that the record-supports[,] especially when *586the trial court’s fact findings are based on an evaluation of credibility and demean- or.’”” Id. (quoting State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 856 (Tex.Crim.App.2000) (quoting Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex.Crim.App.1997))). However, “[w]e review ‘de novo the [trial] court’s application of the law of search and seizure to those facts.’ ” Id. (quoting Ross, 32 S.W.3d at 856). “The evidence should be viewed ‘in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling.’” Id. (quoting Ballard, 987 S.W.2d at 891; Freeman, 62 S.W.3d at 886).
“Tn a hearing on a motion to suppress evidence, a defendant bears the initial burden of proof to demonstrate that the search and seizure occurred without a warrant.’ ” Id. at 254 (quoting Hitchcock v. State, 118 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2003, pet. ref'd) (citing Bishop v. State, 85 S.W.3d 819, 821 (Tex.Crim.App.2002))). “Once the defendant demonstrates that a warrantless search occurred, the burden shifts to the State to prove that a warrant existed or that an exception, under either the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution or Article I, Section 9, of the Texas Constitution, justified the warrantless search given the totality of the circumstances.” Id. (citing State v. Steelman, 93 S.W.3d 102, 106 n. 5 (Tex.Crim.App.2002); Bishop, 85 S.W.3d at 822; Hitchcock, 118 S.W.3d at 848). In the present case, the parties agree that the search in question was executed without a warrant. Consequently, the State was required to prove the existence of a valid exception to the Fourth Amendment.
B. Evidence Presented at the Hearing on Boyett’s Motion to Suppress Regarding the Circumstances Leading to His Arrest
Boyett and his wife, Jessica Boyett (Jessica), were arrested by Leigh Foreman, an officer with the Paris, Texas, Police Department (Department). Foreman testified about the Department’s experience with methamphetamine cooks from Oklahoma making “pill runs.” In his experience, people involved in manufacturing methamphetamine in Oklahoma travel to the Paris, Texas, area to buy pseudoephed-rine2 pills to avoid detection by the law enforcement authorities where they live.3 Foreman testified that in the five years prior to the suppression hearing, he had investigated from ten to twenty such cases. In every one of the cases he investigated, the defendants were from Oklahoma, and all had a similar buying pattern. Namely, two or more people travelling together would each purchase pseudoephedrine at different pharmacies within a very short time period.
Foreman testified that while on patrol in an unmarked vehicle, he was contacted by Lieutenant Anson Amis, who was tasked with monitoring pseudoephedrine purchases in the area. Foreman testified about the computer program used by Amis to monitor pseudoephedrine purchases in Paris as follows:
*587A. • He has a program that- monitors—the program itself monitors the purchases of pseudoephedrine. Through that system he is allowed to flag people that he think[s] may or may be suspicious, suspicious buying patterns. He contacted me and stated that Jessica Boyett had just purchased pseu-doephedrine at CVS located downtown at 507 Clarksville.
According to Foreman, Amis had the ability to monitor pseudoephedrine purchases in real-time.4 Foreman explained that Amis told him “that over a period of time he had monitored [the Boyetts’] buying pattern” and. “[a]fter observing their buying pattern, he had thought that it was suspicious, and he had flagged them to where he would be notified every time they bought.” Amis thought the Boyetts’ buying pattern was suspicious because they “had the same address on their drivers[’] license[s],” indicating that they were from Rattan, Oklahoma, and had been buying pseudoephedrine “in the Paris area at different pharmacies in a close time-frame together.” Based on his 'experience in investigating such cases, that indicated to Foreman that the Boyetts were being deceptive about purchasing pseudoephed-rine.
Foreman testified that on the day he detained the Boyetts, Amis receivednotice that Jessica had purchased pseudoephed-rine at the CVS Pharmacy located at 504 Commerce Street. He asked Foreman to travel to the CVS Pharmacy located at 3710 Lamar Avenue to see if the Boyetts would attempt to purchase pseudoephed-rine at that location as well. According to Foreman, Amis provided him with the description of and a license plate number for a pickup truck registered in Rodney Boy-ett’s name. Foreman testified that when they arrived at the CVS Pharmacy on Lamar Avenue, they saw the pickup truck Amis had identified as being registered to Boyett.
After -finding Boyett’s truck at the CVS Pharmacy, the officers put the Boyetts under surveillance.. After leaving the pharmacy, the Boyetts travelled to The Home Depot, where they parked and went inside the store for about ten to twenty minutes. The Boyetts then left The Home Depot and traveled to the nearby Wal-mart. Foreman noted that Walmart sells other items used in the manufacture of methamphetamine, such as camp fuel, cold packs, liquid heat, coffee filters, rubber tubing, and peroxide. When the Boyetts left the Walmart parking lot, they trav-elled onto Highway 271, which is the highway that leads back into Oklahoma from Paris. The traffic stop, took place on Highway 271. Foreman testified that based on his training and experience investigating pill run cases, people making such runs make other stops at stores such as The Home- Depot, Atwoods, Tractor Supply, Walmart, Walgreens, and the two CVS locations to buy the other items necessary to manufacture methamphetamine before returning to Oklahoma.
Foreman testified that in the process of surveilling the Boyetts, he “observed a *588traffic violation where they failed to maintain a single lane” “[i]n about the 1100 block of the northeast loop.” He explained, “they were in the right lane, and the vehicles left side tires crossed over the center line into the left lane before going -back.” After observing this alleged traffic violation, Foreman decided to conduct a traffic stop. However, due to the “really heavy” 5:00 p.m. traffic, Foreman waited to conduct the traffic stop until the Boy-etts merged onto the highway that would lead them back to Oklahorfta. Amis and Moore also stopped to assist.
After the stop, Foreman approached Boyett, informed him that he was being stopped for failing to maintain a single lane, asked him for identification, and requested that he step out of the vehicle. In response, to Foreman’s questioning, Boyett stated that he been to CVS, -The Home Depot, and Walmart. Foreman testified that Boyett stated that he had purchased pseudoephedrine at Walmart and that he became quiet, nervous, “and sort of hung his head” after being informed that Foreman knew of Boyett and Jessica’s purchases of pseudoephedrine at different locations in Paris. According to Foreman, Boyett readily admitted that he used methamphetamine. Foreman further testified, “I asked him if he had any ingredients used for the' purpose of manufacturing methamphetamine in the vehicle. He told me that he had liquid heat inside the vehicle.” Because he believed he had probable cause to do so, Foreman then conducted a search of the vehicle and found two boxes of pseudoephedrine, liquid heat, rubber tubing, and three bottles of peroxide. Foreman placed Boyett and Jessica under arrest “for possession of certain chemicals” and transported them to the Paris Police Department.
Boyett testified at the hearing on his motion’’ to’ suppress. According to Boyett, Foreman pulled him over, informed him that he was being stopped for fading to maintain a single lañe, obtained his identification, and then asked whether he used methamphetamine. Boyett stated that he denied using methamphetamine and that he also denied having anything in the car that could be used to make methamphetamine. Boyett testified that despite his answers, Foreman asked him to step out of the vehicle and began searching it without asking for permission or consent.5
C. The Trial Court’s Rulings and Boyett’s Argument
After the hearing; the trial court denied Boyett’s motion to suppress the evidence. In its findings of fact, the trial court determined (1) that Foreman observed “a traffic violation, -to-wit: crossing the left hand side- of the traffic lane, over toward the center, in heavy traffic” and (2) that Foreman’s version of the traffic stop, in which Boyett admitted to using methamphetamine, was true. In his conclusions .of law, the trial court determined that the traffic stop was legally conducted and that “[e]ven had [the trial court] determined that Det. Foreman’s testimony was insufficient to establish reasonable suspicion and probable cause that Mr.-Boyett had committed a traffic violation, Det. Foreman possessed reasonable suspicion to stop” the Boyetts based on his knowledge that they were purchasing items used in the manufacture of methamphetamine.
On appeal, Boyett argues that the stop was illegal because (1) Foreman did not have reasonable suspicion to conduct a *589traffic stop for failing to maintain a single lane as prohibited by Section 545.060 of the Texas Transportation Code, and (2) Foreman did not have reasonable suspicion that Boyett was purchasing items with the intent to manufacture methamphetamine. See Tex. Transp. Code Ann. § 545.060 (West 2011).6 Because we determine that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that .Foreman had reasonable suspicion to stop Boyett based on information indicating that he was. purchasing items with intent to manufacture methamphetamine, we need not address Boyett’s arguments related to. the alleged traffic violation. We also conclude that Boyett failed to establish an abuse of discretion in the trial court’s determination that Foreman had probable cause to search the truck.
D. Foreman Had Reasonable Suspicion to Stop the Boyetts
Law enforcement officers .may stop and briefly detain individuals suspected of criminal activity on less information than is constitutionally required for probable cause to arrest. Terry, 392 U.S, at 21, 88 S.Ct. 1868. To make an investigative stop, the officer must possess a reasonable suspicion based on specific, articulable facts that, in light of the officer’s experience and general knowledge, would lead the officer to reasonably conclude the person detained actually is, has been, or soon will be engaged in criminal activity. United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7-10, 109 S.Ct. 1581, 104 L.Ed.2d 1 (1989); Garcia v. State, 43 S.W.3d 527, 530 (Tex.Crim.App.2001); Zervos v. State, 15 S.W.3d 146, 151 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2000, pet. ref'd). “This is an objective standard that disregards any subjective intent of the officer making the stop....” Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 492, (Tex.Crim.App.2005). The facts used to .support the investigative stop must support more than a mere hunch vor suspicion. Davis v. State, 947 S.W.2d 240, 244. (Tex.Crim.App.1997).
“In evaluating the validity of a stop such as this, we must consider ‘the totality of the circumstances—the whole picture.’ ” Sokolow, 490 U.S, at 8, 109 S.Ct. 1681 (quoting United State v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417, 101 S.Ct. 690, 66 L.Ed.2d 621.(1981)); see United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S, 266, 273, 122 S.Ct. 744, 151 L.Ed.2d 740 (2002). Further, we must be mindful of the following two factors: (1) once a defendant establishes that a search or seizure occurred without a warrant, the burden shifts to the State to establish, by a preponderance of the ; evidence, the reasonableness of such, warrantless search or seizure, and (2) “The use of a preponderance of the evidence standard at. trial to determine the existence of ‘reasonable suspicion’ should not be confused with, the ‘reasonable suspicion’ standard that itself governs the police officer’s , conduct in the field” because “[reasonable suspicion that a crime is, has been, or soqn will be com *590mitted is a standard far short of preponderance of the evidence.” York v. State, 342 S.W.3d 528, 543 n. 86 (Tex.Crim.App.2011) (citing Baldwin v. State, 278 S.W.3d 367, 371 (Tex.Crim.App.2009)); see Meadows v. State, 356 S.W.3d 33, 37 (Tex.App.Texarkana 2011, no pet.).
Also, we do not just look at what the detaining officer knew; rather, in evaluating whether reasonable suspicion exists, “we must evaluate the collective information of all the officers.” Woodward v. State, 668 S.W.2d 337, 344 (Tex.Crim.App.1982) (quoting Wood v. Crouse, 436 F.2d 1077, 1078 (10th Cir.1971) (per curiam) (emphasis in original)). Thus, “the operative circumstances are not only those known to the officer making the stop or arrest. They include those collectively known by the officers or agents cooperating together at the time of the detention.” State v. Jennings, 958 S.W.2d 930, 933 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 1997, no pet.); see also Derichsweiler v. State, 348 S.W.3d 906, 914 (Tex.Crim.App.2011) (“[T]he detaining officer need not be personally aware of every fact that objectively supports a reasonable suspicion to detain; rather, ‘the cumulative information known to the cooperating officers at the time of the stop is to be considered in determining whether reasonable suspicion exists.’”) (quoting Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 147, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972); Hoag v. State, 728 S.W.2d 375, 380 (Tex.Crim.App.1987)); see McBride v. State, 946 S.W.2d 100, 102 (TexApp.-Texarkana 1997, pet. ref'd) (“When several officers are cooperating, their cumulative information is to be considered in determining whether reasonable suspicion exists at the time of the stop in connection with a subsequent search.”). Accordingly,
both the trial and reviewing courts must proceed cautiously when it appears that the detaining officer acted upon nothing other than a radio dispatch or request to apprehend. In that situation, the focus lies upon the information known to the officer who made the broadcast.- While this does not mandate that he testify, the State must nevertheless present evidence justifying said officer’s broadcast or request; in other words, it must be shown that the ■ officer who made the stop or arrest did’ so upon the request of someone who had reasonable suspicion or probable cause. It is not enough to merely show that a stop was made because another officer requested it.
State v. Jennings, 958 S.W.2d 930, 933 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 1997, no pet.) (citations omitted); see Kirby v. State, No. 06-10-00138-CR, 2011 WL 61731, at *2 (Tex.App.-Texarkana Jan. 6, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication)7 (quoting Jennings, 958 S.W.2d at 933) (citations omitted).
Here, the State asserted that Foreman had reasonable suspicion that Boyett was “carrying] supplies that are involved in ... the manufacture of methamphetamine.” We agree. Specifically, we conclude that the information provided to Foreman by Amis, together with the information observed by Foreman corroborating the information provided by Amis, constituted reasonable suspicion justifying Foreman’s stop of the Boyetts’ vehicle and questioning of them about their activities.
Boyett’s detention resulted from what is essentially a profile of methamphetamine manufacturers from Oklahoma making “pill runs” to, Paris, Texas. Although reasonable suspicion cannot be based on the *591mere existence of a profile, where the profiled behavior is unusual and the investigating officer can satisfactorily explain why the behavior is suspicious, behavior conforming to the profile can form the basis of reasonable suspicion. The United States Supreme Court outlined the parameters of reasonable suspicion based on “drug courier profiles” in two cases.8
In Reid v. Georgia, the defendant was detained by a DEA agent based on a “drug courier profile,” which the court described as “a somewhat informal compilation of characteristics believed to be typical of persons unlawfully carrying narcotics.” Reid v. Georgia, 448 U.S. 438, 440, 100 S.Ct. 2752, 65 L.Ed.2d 890 (1980) (per curiam). The Supreme Court held that the detention was illegal because it was not supported by reasonable suspicion. Id.
We conclude that the agent could not as a matter of law, have reasonably suspected the petitioner of criminal activity on the basis of these observed circumstances. Of the evidence relied on, only the fact that the petitioner preceded another person and occasionally looked backward at him as they proceeded through the coneourse relates to their particular conduct. The other circumstances describe a very large category of presumably innocent travelers, who would be subject to virtually random seizures were the Court to conclude that as little foundation as there was in this case could justify a seizure_ Although there could, of course, be circumstances in which wholly lawful conduct might justify the suspicion that criminal activity was afoot, this is not such a case.
Id. at 441, 100 S.Ct. 2752 (citation omitted).
Later, in Sokolow the United States Supreme Court found reasonable suspicion based on otherwise lawful conduct even though the officers’ attention was drawn to the defendant on the basis of a “drug courier profile.”
We do not agree with respondent that our analysis is somehow changed by the agents’ belief that his behavior was consistent with one of the DEA’s “drug courier profiles.” A court sitting to determine the existence of reasonable suspicion must require the agent to articulate the factors leading to that conclusion, but the fact that these facts may be set forth in a “profile” does not somehow detract from their evidentiary significance as seen by a trained agent.
Sokolow, 490 U.S. at 10, 109 S.Ct. 1581. The Court- also noted that “ ‘innocent behavior will frequently provide the basis for a showing of probable cause’” and that “ ‘[i]n making a determination of probable cause9 the relevant inquiry is not whether particular conduct is “innocent” or “guilty,” but the degree of suspicion that attaches to particular types of noncriminal acts.’ ” Id. (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 243-44 n.13, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983)). Justice Marshall dissented and cautioned against “[rjeflexive reliance on a profile of drug courier char*592acteristics” noting that such rebanee “runs a far greater risk than does ordinary, case-by-case police work of subjecting innocent individuals to unwarranted police harassment and detention,” which “is enhanced by the profile’s ‘chameleon-like way of adapting to any particular set of observations.’” Id. at 13, 109 S.Ct. 1581 (Marshall, J., dissenting).10
Accordingly, when Reid, SoIcq-low, and Justice Marshall’s dissenting opinion in Sokolow are read together, they demonstrate that a profile which is so broad that it describes behavior common to everyone will not support reasonable suspicion, but' the fact that a person is detained because he fits a profile will not negate reasonable suspicion either. The existence -of a profile neither adds nor subtracts from the reasonable suspicion. Instead, the key inquiry is whether “the State produces evidence explaining the basis for and significance of the profile and the specific significance attributed by the officer. to the circumstances’ consistency with the profile....” George E. Dix, et ah, 40 Texas Practice, Criminal Practice & Procedure § 13:70 (3d ed.2011). “This may be taken into account as adding to the weight properly attributed to the circumstances relied upon by the officer.” Id.11
*593■ In the present case, several factors stand out which provide the additional information necessary to bridge the gap between the mere “reflexive reliance on a profile of drug courier characteristics” cautioned against in Sokolow and reasonable suspicion. First, the behavior observed was unusual. A specific category of individuals—groups of two or more Oklahoma residents who traveled together to Paris, Texas—purchased' a very specific product—pseudoephedrine—in a very specific but unusual manner—each member of the group purchasing pseudoephedrine at a different store or pharmacy within a short period of time. While it ⅛ possible that a group of two or more innocent people from Oklahoma might travel together to Paris, Texas, and purchase only pseudoephedrine at separate pharmacies within a short period of time, it would be unusual.
Second, the testimony established that Amis suspected the Boyetts were engaging in “pill runs” based on prior purchases. As mentioned above,’Amis had previously flagged the Boyetts on his computer program because they had the - same address on their drivers’ licenses and had been buying pseudoephedrine at different pharmacies in Paris within a short period of time. And Foreman testified that Amis had told him that “[a]fter observing their buying pattern, he had thought that it was suspicious, and he had flagged them to where he' w’ould be notified every time they bought.”12 The fact that the Boyetts engaged in this unusual behavior previously makes it even less probable that it was a random, innocent occurrence when it was repeated on this occasion.
Third, when his computer program notified him that Jessica had purchased pseu-doephedrine on the occasion in question, Amis did not ask Foreman to go to the CVS Pharmacy where she had purchased the pseudoephedrine and detain or arrest them. Instead, he asked Foreman to go to the other CVS Pharmacy to see if Boyett would .attempt to purchase pseudoephed-rine at that location. Although corroboration is not required when an .officer receives information from another officer, Foreman had corroboration when he trav*594eled to the second CVS Pharmacy and Boyett’s pickup truck was present at that location, which tended to confirm Amis’ hypothesis that the Boyetts were on a “pill run,” a pattern with which Foreman was familiar.13 Foreman further, testified, “I knew that [the .Boyetts] both made a purchase that ... I was investigating.” Amis predicted the Boyetts’ future behavior based on his observation of their past behavior. Accordingly, the behavior observed here was not only unusual in and of itself, the fact that it was repeated made it even more unusual.
Fourth, even then, Foreman did not detain the Boyetts, but put them under further surveillance to see what they would do next. As a result of that surveillance, the officers watched the Boyetts travel to two specific locations—The Home Depot and Walmart—that ‘sold the other items they needed to manufacture methamphetamine. And one of those locations, Wal-mart, also' had • a pharmacy that sold pseudoephedrine. This behavior was also consistent with the factors identified by Foreman as typical* of people involved in “pill runs.” It is certainly possible that an innocent person might shop at a CVS Pharmacy, The Home Depot, and Wal-mart all in the same day, but given the information possessed by Foreman and Amis by that time, the probabilities that the Boyetts did so innocently were substantially diminished. Finally, when they were eventually stopped, the Boyetts were on the highway that lead back to Oklahoma and were headed in that direction.
As the Supreme Court stated in Sokolow, “Any one of these factors is not by itself proof of any illegal conduct and is quite consistent with innocent travel. But we think taken together they amount to reasonable suspicion.” Sokolow, 490 U.S. at 9, 109 S.Ct. 1581. Moreover, “ ‘[i]n making a determination of probable cause[,] the relevant inquiry is not whether particular conduct is “innocent” or “guilty,” but the degree of suspicion that attaches to particular types of noncriminal acts.’ ” Id, at 10, 109 S.Ct. 1581 (quoting Gates, 462 U.S. at 243-44 n. 13, 103 S.Ct. 2317). Given the specific and unique character of the factors relied upon by Amis- and Foreman and the fact that those patterns were anticipated, predicted, and repeated leads us to conclude that Foreman had reasonable suspicion based on specific, articulable facts that, in light of his experience and general knowledge, would lead him to reasonably conclude that the Boyetts were, had been, or soon would be engaged in criminal activity.14
E. Foreman Had Probable Cause to Search the Vehicle
Next, an officer may search any area of .a vehicle “[i]f there is probable cause to believe a vehicle contains evidence of criminal activity.’” Arizona v. Gant, *595556 U.S. 332, 347-48, 129 S.Ct. 1710, 173. L.Ed.2d 485 (2009); Harris, 468 S.W.3d at 255 (quoting Gant). “Probable.cause for a search exists where the facts and circumstances within the knowledge of the officer on the scene and of which he has reasonably trustworthy information would lead a man of reasonable caution and prudence to believe that he will find the instrumentality of a crime or evidence pertaining to a crime.” Brown v. State, 481 S.W.2d 106, 110 (Tex.Crim.App.1972); see Moulden v. State, 576 S.W.2d 817, 819 (Tex.Crim.App. [Panel Op.] 1978) (quoting Brown), see also Hards, 468 S.W.3d at 255 (quoting Moulden).
In describing probable cause to search, the Supreme Court has held,
“Probable cause exists where ‘the facts and circumstances within [an officer’s] knowledge and of which [he] had reasonably trustworthy information [are] sufficient in themselves to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that’ an offense has been or is being committed,” Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 175-176, 69 S.Ct. 1302, 93 L.Ed. 1879 (1949) (quoting Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132, 162, 45 S.Ct. 280, 69 L.Ed. 543 (1925)), and that evidence bearing on that offense will be found in the place to be searched.
Safford Unified Sch. Dist. No. 1 v. Redding, 557 U.S. 364, 370, 129 S.Ct. 2633, 174 L.Ed.2d 354 (2009); Moreover, “[p]erhaps the best that can be said generally about the required knowledge coníponent of probable cause for a law enforcement officer’s evidence search is that it raise a ‘fair probability’ or a ‘substantial chance’ of discovering evidence of criminal activity.” Id. at 371, 129 S.Ct. 2633 (quoting Gates, 462 U.S. at 238, 244 n. 13, 103 S.Ct. 2317).
As noted above, Foreman already knew that Boyett had purchased pseudoephed-rine. When Foreman asked Boyett if he used methamphetamine, Boyett admitted that he did. Foreman knew that Boyett had traveled to two other stores which sold products necessary to manufacture methamphetamine. When Foreman asked him if he had in his possession any substances used to manufacture methamphetamine, Boyett stated that he had liquid heat. Looking at these facts under the totality of the circumstances, we conclude that Foreman had probable cause justifying his search of Boyett’s vehicle for substances related to the manufacture of methamphetamine.
Because we determine that Foreman had reasonable suspicion to stop the Boy-etts and probable cause to search their vehicle, we overrule Boyett’s first point of error.
III. Boyett Failed to Establish that the Trial Court Abused its Discretion . in Denying Boyett’s Motion to Suppress His Audio/Video-Recorded Statement
In his second point of error, Boy-ett argues that the trial court should have suppressed his audio/video-recorded statement because it was obtained as a result of an illegal arrest and was coerced. Because we have already concluded that the confession was not obtained as a result of an illegal seizure or search, we focus our attention on whether the confession was coerced.
After administering Miranda15 warnings, Foreman and Detective Tommy Moore interviewed Jessica on the evening of the arrest. In her first'interview, Jessica admitted that she used methamphetamine intravenously and that she had used *596the drug the day before her arrest, but she denied ever cooking or selling the drug. Because she became concerned that she was saying too much, Jessica decided to terminate the interview at 10:34 p.m. after approximately thirty minutes. After a short break and more persuasive and persistent questioning, Jessica’s second interview yielded information that Boyett cooked methamphetamine on their Oklahoma property for their personal consumption and that the liquid heat, peroxide, and pseudoephedrine that they were transporting were going to be used to make methamphetamine.
Boyett was placed “on hold” at the police department during Jessica’s interviews. On the following morning, Foreman and Moore interviewed Boyett after administering Miranda warnings. After Foreman disclosed that Jessica’s interview was fruitful, Boyett admitted that he used methamphetamine, that he used the red phosphorous method of cooking methamphetamine, and that the items found in the truck were going to be used to make methamphetamine.
During the hearing on Boyett’s suppression motion, Jessica testified that after they had been transported to the police department, Moore threatened her and would not allow her to call a lawyer. According to Jessica, Moore stated that she Would go to jail for ten years and would not be able to see her step-children or go home until she cooperated with him and told him what he wanted to hear.' Boyett also testified that he asked for a lawyer many times while he was placed “on hold” overnight, but that he. was repeatedly denied the opportunity to contact a lawyer. According to Boyett, Foreman threatened civil forfeiture proceedings against the truck and told him that he would not get the truck back unless he confessed to wrongdoing during the interview. Foreman denied that he threatened or coerced Jessica or Boyett and stated that they did not unequivocally ask for an attorney.
In its findings of fact, the trial court found that Boyett admitted that the pseu-doephedrine in his possession was “intend-¿d for the purpose of making methamphetamine” and that Boyett’s and Jessica’s testimony that Foreman and Moore threatened them and denied them their right to counsel was not credible. The trial court further found that the recorded statements were admissible.
“ ‘[T]he true test of admissibility is that the confession is made freely, voluntarily and without compulsion or inducement of any sort.’” Harby v. State, 229 S.W.3d 849, 855 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2007, pet. ref'd) (quoting Haynes v. Washington, 373 U.S. 503, 513, 83 S.Ct. 1336, 10 L.Ed.2d 513 (1963)). “Whether the statement was obtained by coercion or improper inducement must be determined under the totality of the circumstances.” Id. “A confession is coerced if the defendant’s will was overborne by the circumstances surrounding the confession.” Id. (citing Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428, 434, 120 S.Ct. 2326, 147 L.Ed.2d 405 (2000); Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 225-26, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973)). “‘[T]he trial court is the “sole and exclusive trier of fact and judge of the credibility of the witnesses” and the evidence presented at a hearing on a motion, to suppress, particularly where the motion is based on the voluntariness of a confession.’ ” Colvin v. State, 467 S.W.3d 647, 657 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2015, pet. ref'd) (quoting Delao v. State, 235 S.W.3d 235, 238 (Tex.Crim.App.2007) (citations omitted)).
The recorded statement demonstrates (1) that Boyett was issued Miranda warnings, which he acknowledged and claimed that he understood, (2) that Boyett never *597indicated that he wanted to 'speak with a lawyer during the interrogation, - (3) that the interrogation was conducted in a calm manner, and (4) that Boyett was relatively quick to confess after hearing that Jessica had admitted that they used methamphetamine. Although Boyett claimed that Foreman threatened civil forfeiture proceedings against the truck, the recording contains no information substantiating this claim. As the sole'judge of witness credibility, the trial court determined that Boy-ett’s testimony was not credible and that he had informed Foreman during the traffic stop that he smoked methamphetamine, diminishing Boyett’s claim that the custodial interrogation yielded- a confession due to any threat. Based on the record before us, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in determining that Boyett’s will was not overborne by the circumstances of his confession. Thus,.we overrule Boyett’s second point of error.
III. Boyett Cannot Challenge the Sufficiency of the Evidence Supporting His Plea
In his last .point of error, Boyett challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his guilty plea. Rule 25.2(a)(2) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure states, “In a plea bargain case ... a defendant may appeal only: (A) those matters that were raised by written motion filed and . ruled on before trial, or (B) after getting the trial court’s permission to appeal,”. Tex.R,App. P. 25.2(a)(2). The appellate record and the trial court’s certification of defendant’s right of appeal are clear that, in this plea bargain case, Boyett reserved only the right to appeal the trial court’s ruling on pretrial matters. Thus, we must dismiss this portion of Boyett’s appeal for want of jurisdiction.16 See Chavez v. State, 183 S.W.3d 675, 680 (Tex.Crim.App.2006).
IV. Conclusion
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968).

. Pseudoephedrine is a necessary component to the manufacture of methamphetamine, and the quantity available for sale to an individual purchaser without a prescription is limited to a specific quantity every thirty days. See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 486.014(b)(2) (West Supp.2015) ("A business establishment may not sell to a person who makes over-the-counter purchases of one or more products containing ... pseudoephedrine ... (2) within any 30-day period, more than nine grams of ... pseudoephedrine— ”),

. We take judicial notice that Paris, Texas, is the county seat of Lamar County and that Lamar County is located on the south bank of the Red River, which separates Texas and Oklahoma.

. See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 486.0141(a), (d) (West Supp.2015):
(a) Before completing an over-the-counter sale of á product containing ... pseu-doephedrine ... a business establishment that engages in those sales shall transmit the information in the record made under Section 486.014(a)(2) to a real-time electronic logging system.
(d) On request of the Department of Public Safety, the administrators of a real-time electronic logging system shall make available to the department a copy of each record of an over-the-counter sale of a product containing ... pseudoephedrine ,.. that is submitted by a business establishment located in this state.

. Although three police vehicles were involved in conducting this stop, there is no audio or video recording of the stop.

. "This statute provides that an operator on a roadway divided into two or more clearly marked lanes for traffic (1) shall drive as nearly as practical entirely within a single lane; and (2) may not move from the lane unless that movement can be made safely.” Bass v. State, 64 S.W.3d 646, 650 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2001, pet. ref’d) (citing Tex, Transp. Code Ann. § 545.060(a) (West 2011)). "In other words, a violation of Section 545.060(a) occurs only when a vehicle fails to stay within its lane and that movement is not safe or is not made safely.” Id. (citing State v. Cemy, 28 S.W.3d 796, 800 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2000, no pet.); Hernandez v. State, 983 S.W.2d 867, 871 (Tex.App.-Austin 1998, pet. ref'd); Aviles v. State, 23 S.W.3d 74, 77 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. ref’d)); Corbin v. State, 33 S.W.3d 90, 94 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2000), rev'd on other grounds, 85 S.W.3d 272 (Tex.Crim.App.2002); see Fowlev. State, 266 S.W.3d 498, 502 (Tex.App.-ForWorth 2008, pet. ref’d).

. Although this unpublished case has no prec-edential value, we may take guidance from it “as an aid in developing reasoning that may be employed.” Carrillo v. State, 98 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex.App.—Amarillo 2003, pet. ref'd).

. Technically, a "drug courier profile” is a phrase which applies to a specific category of people who transport narcotics via public transportation from the place of manufacture to another location where it will be sold. Here, the Boyetts were not transporting narcotics, but their actions in purchasing pseudoephedrine in order to manufacture methamphetamine fit a "profile" of methamphetamine manufacturers engaged in "pill runs.” Thus, the same principles apply to this profile that apply to "drug courier profiles."

. Although the Court for Sokolow addressed reasonable suspicion rather than probable cause, it also held that the cited rule "applies equally well to the reasonable suspicion inquiry.” Sokolow, 490 U.S. at 10, 109 S.Ct. 1581.

. Justice Marshall cited to a collection" of cases demonstrating this danger.
Compare, e.g., United States v. Moore, 675 F.2d 802, 803 (CA6 1982) (suspect was first to deplane), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1068, 103 S.Ct. 1521, 75 L.Ed.2d 945 (1983), with United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 564, 100 S.Ct. 1870, 1882, 64 L.Ed.2d 497 (1980) (last to deplane), with United States v. Buenaventura-Ariza, 615 F.2d 29, 31 (CA2 1980) (deplaned from middle); United States v. Sullivan, 625 F.2d 9, 12 (CA4 1980) (one-way tickets), with United States v. Craemer, 555 F.2d 594, 595 (CA6 1977) (round-trip tickets), with United States v. McCaleb, 552 F.2d 717, 720 (CA6 1977) (nonstop flight), with United States v. Sokolow, 808 F.2d 1366, 1370 (CA9), vacated, 831 F.2d 1413 (1987)) (case below) (changed planes); Craemer, supra, at 595 (no luggage), with United States v. Sanford, 658 F.2d 342, 343 (CA5 1981) (gym bag), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 991, 102 S.Ct. 1618, 71 L.Ed.2d 852 (1982), with Sullivan, supra, at 12 (new suitcases); United States v. Smith, 574 F.2d 882, 883 (CA6 1978) (traveling alone), with United States v. Fry, 622 F.2d 1218, 1219 (CA5 1980) (traveling with companion); United States v. Andrews, 600 F.2d 563, 566 (CA6 1979) (acted nervously), cert. denied sub nom. Brooks v. United States, 444 U.S. 878, 100 S.Ct. 166, 62 L.Ed.2d 108 (1979), with United States v. Himmelwright, 551 F.2d 991, 992 (CA5) (acted too calmly), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 902, 98 S.Ct. 298, 54 L.Ed.2d 189 (1977).
Sokolow, 490 U.S. at 13-14, 109 S.Ct. 1581 (Marshall, J., dissenting).

. The problem with basing reasonable suspicion on the mere existence of a profile is that it could allow an investigating officer to convert ordinary, nonsuspicious behavior into reasonable suspicion by merely testifying that the behavior fits a profile. Therefore, the existence of reasonable suspicion does not depend on the existence of a “profile.” Rather, the existence of reasonable suspicion depends on whether the behavior observed is unusual (although, not necessarily illegal) and whether the officer can explain why it is suspicious. * For- example, in Reid, the behavior observed by the officers was not unusual and did not constitute reasonable suspicion even though the officers testified that it fit a profile. The Supreme Court noted" thát the lower court
thought it relevant that (1) the petitioner had arrived from Fort Lauderdale, which the agent testified is a principal place of origin of cocaine sold elsewhere in the country, (2) the petitioner arrived in the early morning, when law enforcement is diminished, (3) he and his companion appeared to the agent to be trying to conceal the fact that they were travelling together, and (4) they apparently had no luggage other than their shoulder bags.
Reid, 448 U.S. at 440-41, 100 S.Ct. 2752. There was nothing unusual about this behavior. It could have applied to virtually every passenger on the flight from Fort Lauderdale who had carry-on luggage. By contrast, in Sokolow, the behavior observed by the officers was unusual for most people.
When respondent was stopped, the agents knew, inter alia, that (1) he paid $2,100 for *593two airplane tickets from a roll of $20 ¡bills; (2) he travelled under a name that did not match the name under which his telephone number was listed; (3) his original destination was Miami, a source city for illicit drugs; (4) he stayed in Miami for, only 48 hours, even though a round-trip flight from Honolulu to Miami takes 20 hours; (5) he appeared nervous during his trip; and (6) he checked none of his luggage.
Sokolow, 490 U.S. at 3, 109 S.Ct. 1581. It would be unusual for a person to pay $2,100.00 in cash for two airline tickets from a roll of $20.00 bills, or to travel under a name that does not match his telephone number, or to travel twenty hours from Honolulu, Hawaii, to Miami, Florida, with Pnly cairry-on luggage, or to travel from Honolulu to Miami and then return to Honolulu forty-eight hours later, but the fact that someone did all of those things on the same trip was especially •unusual and suspicious. Therefore, even though Reid and Sokolow both involved behavior described by a drug courier profile, only that behavior which was unusual constituted reasonable suspicion. Unusual behavior which is typically associated with drug couriers might fit a profile, but the factor that converts that behavior into reasonable suspicion is .not that it fits a profile, but that it is unusual and that the officer can explain why it is suspicious.

. While we are not told how many pseu-doephedrine purchases the Boyetts had made in the past, how often the purchases were made, how much pseudoephedrine they purchased on those occasions, or the length of time over which those prior purchases occurred, these details are not essential bécause Amis and Foreman merely used that information to flag the Boyetts for further observation. Thus, this is not a case where the offi.cers, observed behavior, and then immediately . shoe-horned that behavior . into a profile; , rather, they observed the behavior and waited to see if it would be repeated.

. See Pipkin v. State, 114 S.W.3d 649, 654 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2003, no pet.) (“Corroboration by the law enforcement officer of any information related by the informant may increase the reliability of the information.”).

. We do not hold that the mere purchase of pseudoephedrine from separate pharmacies in the same city in a short period of time is reasonable suspicion that a person is engaged in the manufacture of methamphetamine. Likewise, we do not hold that a purchase of pseudoephedrine followed by a trip to a retail building materials store is reasonable suspicion in and of itself. We only hold that in this case, those actions, combined with the facts that the Boyetts (1) had previously made such purchases, (2) were being monitored to see if . the conduct would be repeated, (3) actually repeated the behavior, and then (4) acted as the monitoring officer predicted they would based on his experience with previous "pill run” cases was reasonable suspicion to justify the stop.

. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).

. -Boyett .raises additional arguments regarding Jessica’s statements which were not raised before the trial court. He has failed to preserve these issues for our review. See Tex.R.App. P. 33.1.