Court Opinion

ID: 6342521
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-20 09:13:10.127652+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:16:33.646039
License: Public Domain

IN THE
                         TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

                                No. 10-21-00074-CR

                          IN RE ROBIN SEAN DAVIS

                               Original Proceeding

                                  ______________

                          From the 413th District Court
                             Johnson County, Texas
                               Cause No. F-50644

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Relator Robin Sean Davis brings this original proceeding seeking a writ of

mandamus to compel the trial court to vacate its order of September 22, 2020 denying

his motion to dismiss, to enter an order granting the motion to dismiss, and to dismiss

the indictment against him with prejudice. In one issue, Davis argues that the trial

court abused its discretion because he is being held in violation of the Interstate

Agreement on Detainers Act (IADA).
                                         Background

        Davis, serving a nine-year sentence in Oklahoma, submitted a formal request on

February 11, 2020 under the IADA seeking transfer to Texas to resolve pending charges

of unlawful possession of a firearm, theft of a firearm, and theft of property. A bench

warrant was signed on February 13, 2020, and Davis was released by Oklahoma to

Texas and incarcerated in the Johnson County jail on February 25, 2020. Davis was

arraigned on March 4, 2020 and counsel was appointed. At Davis’s request, and the

State’s approval, the trial court set the case for trial on April 27, 2020.

        On March 13, 2020, the Governor of the State of Texas declared a state of disaster

in response to the immediate threat of a COVID-19 pandemic. The Governor of the

State of Tex. Proclamation No. 41,3720, 45 Tex. Reg. 2087, 2094-95 (2020). In response to

the Governor’s declaration, the Texas Supreme Court, in conjunction with the Texas

Court of Criminal Appeals, issued a series of emergency orders.

        The First Emergency Order issued on March 13, 2020, stated in part that—
        subject only to constitutional limitations—all Texas courts were
        authorized to “modify or suspend any and all deadlines and procedures,
        whether prescribed by statute, rule or order, for a stated period ending no
        later than 30 days after the Governor's state of disaster has been lifted.”
        First Emergency Order Regarding the COVID-19 State of Disaster, Misc.
        Docket No. 20-9042 (Tex. Mar. 13, 2020), Misc. Docket No. 20-007 (Tex.
        Crim. App. Mar. 13, 2020).          This order also authorized certain
        individuals—“not including a juror”—to participate remotely in hearings,
        depositions, “or other proceeding[s] of any kind.” Id. Less than a week
        later, a Third Emergency Order issued, stating that “[c]ourts must not
        conduct non-essential proceedings in person” that were “contrary to local,
        state, or national directives, whichever is most restrictive, regarding
        maximum group size.” Third Emergency Order Regarding the COVID-19
        State of Disaster, Misc. Docket No. 20-9044 (Tex. Mar. 19, 2020), Misc.
        Docket No. 20-008 (Tex. Crim. App. Mar. 19, 2020).

In re Davis                                                                           Page 2
Ex parte Pace, No. 03-20-00430-CR, 2021 WL 728168, at *7 (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 25,

2021, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). As a result of the emergency

orders, trial did not commence on April 27.

                In April, the Texas Supreme Court issued a Twelfth Emergency
        Order containing the same authorization to Texas courts to “modify or
        suspend any and all deadlines and procedures” and amending the first
        order to clarify that Texas courts were authorized to “[a]llow or require
        anyone involved in any hearing, deposition, or other proceeding of any
        kind—including but not limited to a party, attorney, witness, court
        reporter, or grand juror, but not including a petit juror—to participate
        remotely, such as by teleconferencing, videoconferencing, or other
        means.” Twelfth Emergency Order Regarding the COVID-19 State of Disaster,
        Misc. Docket No. 20-9059 (Tex. Apr. 27, 2020). But by May, the Texas
        Supreme Court issued its Seventeenth Emergency Order that, among
        other things, allowed for petit jurors “to participate remotely, such as by
        teleconferencing, videoconferencing, or other means.”            Seventeenth
        Emergency Order Regarding the COVID-19 State of Disaster, Misc. Docket
        No. 20-9071 (Tex. May 26, 2020). And as our sister court of appeals has
        noted, the Texas Supreme Court has specified various guidelines by which
        jury trials should be conducted. See Ex parte Sheffield, 611 S.W.3d 630, 635
        (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2020, pet. filed).

Id. The Twelfth Emergency Order precluded in-person proceedings until June 1, 2020

and extended until July 15, 2020 any deadlines that would have expired between March

13, 2020 and June 1, 2020.

        On June 30, 2020, Davis filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus with the trial

court seeking dismissal of the indictment against him or the setting of a reasonable bail

as the State did not bring him to trial within the timeframe set in the IADA. Davis’s

petition was denied by the trial court on July 16, 2020. Davis appealed the trial court’s

ruling, which was filed in this Court on July 30, 2020 under Cause Number 10-20-00203-

In re Davis                                                                            Page 3
CR. Davis’s appeal was transferred to the Seventh Court of Appeals pursuant to a

transfer order.

        While his appeal was pending in the Seventh Court of Appeals, Davis filed a

Motion to Dismiss with Prejudice for Failure to Comply with Interstate Agreement on

Detainers on August 24, 2020 in the trial court. Davis’s motion asserted that he had not

been provided a trial within 120 days as required by the IADA and that the indictment

against him should be dismissed. 1 The trial court held an evidentiary hearing via video

conference on September 22, 2020 and denied Davis’s motion the same day. 2 The trial

court specifically noted:

        The Court would note in Article 51.14, Article VI(a), of the Texas Code of
        Criminal Procedure, it provides as follows: (a) In determining the
        duration and expiration dates of the time period provided in Articles III
        and IV of this agreement, the running of said time periods shall be tolled
        whenever and for as long as the prisoner is unable to stand trial, as
        determined by the Court having jurisdiction of the matter. The Texas
        Supreme Court has issued emergency orders during the COVID-19
        pandemic in Texas which prohibits the Trial Court from trying jury trials.
        And the Court would find that the time periods as set out in the Interstate
        Agreement on Detainers has been tolled because of the emergency orders
        of the Texas Supreme Court.

1
 Davis’s motion to dismiss alleges violations of the IADA; it does not raise a constitutional speedy trial
violation. To the extent Davis’s petition can be interpreted as raising such a constitutional claim, it was
not properly briefed under Rule 38.1(i). TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i).

2
 The State argues that the trial court’s order on Davis’s motion to dismiss is a nullity because the trial
court lacked jurisdiction once the clerk’s record was filed with the Seventh Court of Appeals. See TEX. R.
APP. P. 25.2(g). While an appeal of a pre-trial habeas action may entitle a defendant to a stay of further
proceedings in the trial court, it does not deprive the trial court of jurisdiction. See Trimboli v. MacLean,
735 S.W.2d 953, 954 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1987, no pet.). An appeal from the denial of a pre-trial
habeas petition is not an interlocutory appeal in the related criminal proceeding, but rather a separate and
distinct proceeding. See Greenwell v. Ct. of App. for Thirteenth Jud. Dist., 159 S.W.3d 645, 650 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2005).

In re Davis                                                                                           Page 4
        The Supreme Court’s Twenty-Second Emergency Order was issued on August 6,

2020 and was in effect at the time Davis filed his motion to dismiss. See Twenty-Second

Emergency Ord. Regarding the COVID-19 State of Disaster, 609 S.W.3d 129 (Tex. 2020). The

Twenty-Second Emergency Order extended the suspension of deadlines until

September 30, 2020, and precluded jury trials unless certain provisions were met,

including:

              a.     be at the request of the judge presiding over the case;

              b.     ensure adequate social distancing and other restrictions and
              precautions are taken to ensure the health and safety of court staff,
              parties, attorneys, jurors, and the public;

              c.     take all reasonable steps to protect the parties' constitutional
              and statutory rights;

              d.     require the admonishment of petit jurors as appropriate to
              ensure that proper attention is given by each juror and that outside
              influence is removed; and

              e.    permit the Office of Court Administration to observe the
              processes used during the proceeding in order for the Office of
              Court Administration to prepare its report to the Court and to
              develop best practices for other courts' use.

Id. at 131

        The Seventh Court of Appeals dismissed Davis’s appeal on November 9, 2020,

noting that a petition for writ of mandamus is the proper method for raising a claim

regarding violation of the IADA rather than a petition for habeas corpus. Ex parte Davis,

No. 07-20-00227-CR, 2020 WL 6576157 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Nov. 9, 2020, no pet.)

(mem op., not designated for publication). Mandate was issued on January 26, 2021.

Davis filed his present petition for writ of mandamus on March 20, 2021.

In re Davis                                                                             Page 5
                                          Issue One

AUTHORITY

        Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy, available in a criminal case when the

relator can establish: (1) he has no adequate remedy at law, and “(2) that what he seeks

to compel is a ministerial act, not involving a discretionary or judicial decision.” In re

Meza, 611 S.W.3d 383, 388 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020) (orig. proceeding); see also In re State ex

rel. Ogg, 618 S.W.3d 361, 363 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021) (orig. proceeding). We will assume

without deciding that Davis has no adequate remedy at law.

        The ministerial act prong is satisfied if the record establishes “a clear right
        to the relief sought,” which means that “the facts and circumstances
        dictate but one rational decision under unequivocal, well-settled (i.e., from
        extant statutory, constitutional, or case law sources), and clearly
        controlling legal principles.”

Meza, 611 S.W.3d at 388 (footnoted citations omitted).

        A trial court’s denial of a pre-trial motion to dismiss is reviewed for an abuse of

discretion. See Williams v. State, 464 S.W.2d 842, 844-45 (Tex. Crim. App. 1971); Getts v.

State, 156 S.W.3d 593, 594 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2003), aff’d, 155 S.W.3d 153 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2005). Any legal components of the trial court’s decision are reviewed de novo.

State v. Munoz, 991 S.W.2d 818, 821 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); see also Walker v. State, 201

S.W.3d 841, 845 (Tex. App.—Waco 2006, pet. ref’d) (“We conduct a de novo review of the

legal question of whether there has been compliance with the requirements of the

IAD.”).

        The IADA is a congressionally sanctioned compact between participating states

that enables a party state to obtain custody of an out-of-state prisoner for prosecution.

In re Davis                                                                               Page 6
Hopper v. State, 520 S.W.3d 915, 924 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017); Davila v. State, 623 S.W.3d 1,

7, (Tex. App.—Austin 2020, pet. ref’d).        The IADA imposes duties that ensure a

prisoner’s quick return to the sending state. Hopper, 520 S.W.3d at 924.

        Texas has codified the IAD in the Code of Criminal Procedure. If a
        defendant is serving a term of imprisonment in another state and the State
        of Texas files a detainer in that other state, both the State of Texas and the
        defendant have a right to demand the transfer of the defendant to Texas
        for a final disposition of the Texas charge. If the defendant initiates a
        demand under the IAD, then the State of Texas must bring the defendant
        to trial within 180 days after the prosecuting officer and the appropriate
        court receive the defendant's demand. If the State of Texas initiates a
        demand under the IAD, then the State of Texas must bring the defendant
        to trial within 120 days of his arrival in Texas.

Id. at 924–25 (footnoted citations omitted); see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 51.14. If

a case is not brought to trial within the applicable time, the court where the indictment

is pending “shall enter an order dismissing the same with prejudice.” TEX. CODE CRIM.

PROC. ANN. art. 51.14, art. IV(e). The time frames are, however, subject to a “reasonable

continuance.” Lasker v. State, 577 S.W.3d 583, 590 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2019,

pet. ref’d); see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 51.14, art. III(a) (“for good cause shown

in open court, the prisoner or his counsel being present, the court having jurisdiction of

the matter may grant any necessary or reasonable continuance.”).

        Article VI(a) of the IADA provides: “In determining the duration and expiration

dates of the time periods provided in Articles III and IV of this agreement, the running

of said time periods shall be tolled whenever and for as long as the prisoner is unable to

stand trial, as determined by the court having jurisdiction of the matter.” TEX. CODE

CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 51.14, art. VI(a).

In re Davis                                                                              Page 7
DISCUSSION

        Time under the IADA began to run on February 13, 2020 when Davis’s request

for a detainer was received by the State. Davis requested a jury trial on the charges

against him.     At the time of the hearing on Davis’s motion to dismiss, the State

announced that it was ready for trial. However, because of the Texas Supreme Court’s

emergency orders, trials were precluded through September 30 absent special

circumstances. Therefore, 180 days had not passed on August 24 when Davis filed his

motion to dismiss. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that the

time under the IADA was tolled at least until October 1, 2020. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.

ANN. art. 51.14, art. III(a); art. VI(a).

        Davis argues that the provisions of Article III(a) apply only to a party’s physical

or mental ability to stand trial, citing Birdwell v. Skeen, 983 F.2d 1332, 1340-41 (5th Cir.

1993). Article III(a) has never been analyzed by the United States Supreme Court, and

numerous other jurisdictions have construed the article broadly to cover other

circumstances that might render an individual unable to stand trial beyond “his literal

incompetency.” See Lasker v. State, 586 S.W.3d 408, 412 n.9 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019)

(Yeary, J., dissenting) and cases cited therein.      A broad reading of Article III(a)

persuades us that the extraordinary circumstances occasioned by the COVID-19

pandemic and the measures taken to prevent its spread, created a unique situation that

rendered Davis unable to stand trial.

        At the hearing on Davis’s motion to dismiss, the trial court additionally complied

with the requirements of Article III(a) when it noted on the record, with Davis and

In re Davis                                                                           Page 8
counsel present, that the continuance of Davis’s trial was based upon good cause and

that it was reasonable and necessary. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 51.14, art. III(a).

         Finally, there is nothing in the record to reflect that the trial court would have

been able to conduct a jury trial in compliance with the Twenty-Second Emergency

Order.

                                        Conclusion

         We conclude that there was good cause for a continuance of the trial and that

Davis failed to establish a clear right to mandamus relief. Accordingly, the petition for

writ of mandamus filed on March 29, 2021 by Robin Sean Davis is denied.

                                           MATT JOHNSON
                                           Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,
       Justice Johnson, and
       Justice Smith
Petition denied
Opinion delivered and filed May 18, 2022
Do not publish
[OT06]

In re Davis                                                                          Page 9