Court Opinion

ID: 9393493
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-10 15:04:09.187772+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:53.626737
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                          Docket No. 49229

STATE OF IDAHO,                                   )
                                                  ) Filed: May 10, 2023
          Plaintiff-Respondent,                   )
                                                  ) Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk
v.                                                )
                                                  )
RANDAL GARY TOWELL,                               )
                                                  )
          Defendant-Appellant.                    )
                                                  )

          Appeal from the District Court of the Fifth Judicial District, State of Idaho, Twin
          Falls County. Hon. Benjamin J. Cluff, District Judge.

          Judgment of conviction for three counts of lewd conduct with a child under
          sixteen and two counts of sexual abuse of a minor under sixteen, affirmed.

          Eric D. Fredericksen, State Appellate Public Defender; Kimberly A. Coster,
          Deputy Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant.

          Hon. Raúl R. Labrador, Attorney General; Andrew V. Wake, Deputy Attorney
          General, Boise, for respondent.
                    ________________________________________________

GRATTON, Judge
          Randal Gary Towell appeals from his judgment of conviction for three counts of lewd
conduct with a child under sixteen and two counts of sexual abuse of a minor under sixteen. We
affirm.
                                                  I.
                       FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
          Towell started sexually abusing his child when she was eleven years old. At fourteen
years old, the child disclosed the abuse to two of her friends, who told the child to “try and get
some proof” of the abuse. Later, when Towell began another sexual advance, the child started an
audio-recording application on her cell phone. After this incident of sexual abuse, the child
messaged one of her friends via social media. In response, the friend drove to the child’s house
and she climbed out of her bedroom window and got into her friend’s vehicle. The friend then

                                                  1
drove the child to a hospital. Although the child hesitated for a while before going into the
hospital, she ultimately went to the emergency room, described multiple incidents of sexual
abuse to a physician, and underwent a physical examination. The child also gave her cell phone
to one of her friends to charge the cell phone’s battery. The friend retrieved the audio recording
of the incident from the cell phone and sent a copy of the recording to the police. Three days
later, the child was interviewed at a Child at Risk Evaluation Services (CARES) facility. Other
children who lived in Towell’s home were also interviewed at CARES.
       The State charged Towell with three counts of lewd conduct with a child under sixteen,
Idaho Code § 18-1508, and two counts of sexual abuse of a minor under sixteen, I.C. § 18-1506.
Prior to trial, the State moved in limine to “exclude evidence from the interviews performed by
[the] CARES [facility] with individuals other than” the child, contending that this evidence was
irrelevant. The other individuals were foster children who also lived in the home. At a hearing
on the motion, Towell indicated he had no objection and “had not intended to introduce those
portions of the CARES interview.” The district court granted the motion.
       At trial, a detective testified that he attended the CARES interview. When asked if he
was referring to the child’s CARES interview, the detective responded, “So there was [the
child’s] and the other children as well.” Both the State and Towell objected. The district court
sustained the objections and instructed the jury to “disregard the last question and answer.”
Towell moved for a mistrial, contending that the district court’s pretrial order excluded evidence
of the other CARES interviews. The district court denied the motion for a mistrial.
       The examining physician also testified at trial. When the State asked the physician to
relate what the child told the physician, Towell raised a hearsay objection. The district court
overruled the objection, holding that the statements were admissible under the hearsay exception
for statements made for a medical purpose. Ultimately, the jury found Towell guilty of all the
charged offenses. Towell appeals.
                                                II.
                                           ANALYSIS
       Towell asserts the district court erred in denying his motion for a mistrial and in
admitting the child’s statements to the physician pursuant to the exception in Idaho Rule of
Evidence 803(4). The State responds that Towell has not shown error in the denial of his motion
for a mistrial. The State further responds that Towell has failed to show error in the admission of

                                                2
the child’s statements to the physician because the child had a medical purpose and that, if there
was error, the error was harmless. We affirm. The detective’s stricken reference to other
CARES interviews was not reversible error and any error in admitting the child’s statements to
the physician was harmless.
A.     Motion for a Mistrial
       Towell asserts that the detective’s testimony regarding the other CARES interviews
violated the district court’s pretrial order, that this testimony was unfairly prejudicial, and that
the jury instruction to disregard this testimony was not sufficient to cure the prejudicial effect.
The State responds that the detective’s testimony did not violate the pretrial order, that Towell
failed to preserve his argument regarding prejudice, and that any prejudice was cured by the jury
instruction. We hold that the district court did not err in interpreting its own order and that the
detective’s stricken testimony, for which the district court provided a curative instruction, does
not warrant a new trial.
       In criminal cases, motions for mistrial are governed by Idaho Criminal Rule 29.1. A
mistrial may be declared upon motion of the defendant when there occurs during the trial, either
inside or outside the courtroom, an error or legal defect in the proceedings or conduct that is
prejudicial to the defendant and deprives the defendant of a fair trial. I.C.R. 29.1(a). The
threshold inquiry in evaluating the denial of a motion for mistrial is whether the State introduced
error or whether conduct prejudicial to the defendant occurred at trial. See I.C.R. 29.1(a); State
v. Shepherd, 124 Idaho 54, 57, 855 P.2d 891, 894 (Ct. App. 1993).
       Towell’s sole basis for his claim of error is that the detective’s stricken testimony
referring to interviews of “the other children” violated the district court’s pretrial order granting
the State’s motion to exclude evidence “from the interviews performed by St. Luke’s CARES
with individuals other than” “the named victim in this case.” The district court rejected Towell’s
interpretation of its in limine order, explaining:
       It was the State’s own motion to exclude the CARES interviews of any other
       individuals other than the victim. The Court’s express order in that order--the
       Court’s ruling in that order was that the State’s motion to exclude evidence from
       interviews performed by St. Luke’s CARES of individuals other than the alleged
       victim in the case is granted.
               The Court’s order does not say the fact that other CARES interviews were
       performed is--is barred from court. So in this instance, neither the question nor
       the answer violated the Court’s order regarding the State’s previous motion in
       limine.

                                                     3
                Now, that still does not address the issue regarding [the detective’s]
        answer, which the Court does find to not be relevant, and so it was appropriate for
        the State to move to strike. It was appropriate for [the prosecutor] to object to the
        answer.
The rules of construction applicable to contracts and written documents apply to the
interpretation of court orders. Sun Valley Ranches, Inc. v. Prairie Power Co-op, Inc., 124 Idaho
125, 131, 856 P.2d 1292, 1298 (Ct. App. 1993). Whether an order is ambiguous is a question of
law. Suchan v. Suchan, 113 Idaho 102, 106, 741 P.2d 1289, 1293 (1986). If the order is
ambiguous, this Court must accept the trial court’s interpretation of its own order unless the
interpretation is clearly erroneous. Id. at 108, 741 P.2d at 1295.
        Even if there is some abstract ambiguity in the district court’s order regarding whether
the word “from” referred to the contents of the CARES interview of the other children or the fact
of the interview, the district court’s interpretation of its own order is not clearly erroneous.
Neither the State nor Towell argued to the district court as part of the motion in limine that the
fact interviews occurred should be excluded. To the contrary, the State’s motion asserted, in
relevant part: “CARES interviewed [Towell’s] other children and foster children and inquired
about other, unrelated, possible sexual acts. Under I.R.E. 401, this evidence is irrelevant and
does not have any tendency to make any fact more or less probable than it would be without the
evidence.” The State’s motion, which was the subject of the district court’s order, addressed the
contents of the interview. Understood in this way, as the district court indicated it did, there is
no clear error by the district court.
        As to Towell’s argument that the alleged violation of the district court’s pretrial order
entitled him to a mistrial, Towell provides no authority to support the proposition that such, by
itself and without a violation of a rule of law, is a basis for a mistrial. As observed by another
state, “the contention that an argument violated an order granting a motion in limine does not, in
fact, address the necessary issue of whether the argument was actually proper or improper under
the law.” People v. Ward, 862 N.E.2d 1102, 1142 (Ill. App. Ct. 2007), abrogated on other
grounds by People v. Ayres, 88 N.E.3d 732 (Ill. 2017). Even so, the district court did not err in
denying Towell’s motion for a mistrial.

                                                 4
       In reviewing the denial of a motion for mistrial in a criminal case,1 the appellate court
focuses on the continuing impact on the trial of the incident that triggered the mistrial motion.
State v. Urquhart, 105 Idaho 92, 95, 665 P.2d 1102, 1105 (Ct. App. 1983). The denial of a
motion for mistrial will be disturbed on appeal only if the incident giving rise to the motion,
viewed retrospectively, constituted reversible error. Id. Error is not reversible unless it is
prejudicial. State v. Stell, 162 Idaho 827, 830, 405 P.3d 612, 615 (Ct. App. 2017).                 In
determining whether the error that forms the basis for a motion for a mistrial is reversible, we
apply the harmless error test.2 State v. Smith, 170 Idaho 800, 810, 516 P.3d 1071, 1081 (2022).
This standard requires weighing the probative force of the record, as a whole, while excluding
the erroneous evidence and at the same time comparing it against the probative force of the error.
Id. The State bears the burden of demonstrating that the error is harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt. Id. The reviewing court must take into account what effect the error had or reasonably
may have had on the jury (in the context of the total setting) and in relation to all else that
happened, which necessarily includes the evidence presented. Kotteakos v. United States, 328
U.S. 750, 764 (1946).

1
        It appears the standard of review is different if the trial court grants a motion for mistrial.
In such cases, an abuse of discretion standard applies. See State v. Manley, 142 Idaho 338, 342,
127 P.3d 954, 958 (2005); State v. Hoyle, 140 Idaho 679, 683, 99 P.3d 1069, 1073 (2004); State
v. Brackett, 160 Idaho 619, 628, 377 P.3d 1082, 1091 (Ct. App. 2016). And, in civil cases, the
standard of review of a motion for mistrial, regardless of whether it is granted or denied, is also
an abuse of discretion. See Herrett v. St. Luke’s Magic Valley Reg’l Med. Ctr., Ltd., 164 Idaho
129, 132, 426 P.3d 480, 483 (2018) (noting that decision to grant or deny motion for mistrial is
discretionary); Ballard v. Kerr, 160 Idaho 674, 716, 378 P.3d 464, 506 (2016) (declining to
apply Urquhart standard of review in civil case). The reason for the differing standards is
unclear.
2
        In his appellate reply brief, Towell asserts the State argues reversible error under an
incorrect standard and “conflates [the] harmless error standard, which places the burden on the
State to prove the objected-to error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, with the reversible
error standard for reviewing the denial of a mistrial motion.” (Citation omitted). We recognize
that prior case law placed the burden on the appellant to show reversible error. See State v.
Hedger, 115 Idaho 598, 601, 768 P.2d 1331, 1334 (1989); State v. Richardson, 168 Idaho 25, 31
n.4, 478 P.3d 754, 760 n.4 (Ct. App. 2020). However, the Idaho Supreme Court in Smith (which
the Court issued after Towell filed his opening brief) clarified that the analysis for reversible
error under the mistrial standard involves the same analysis for harmless error, including that the
burden shifts to the State if the defendant shows error. State v. Smith, 170 Idaho 800, 810, 516
P.3d 1071, 1081 (2022). In doing so, Smith implicitly overruled the prior case law holding that
the burden remained with the appellant. Consequently, the State does not argue under an
incorrect standard.
                                                  5
       We first address the State’s assertion that Towell’s “argument regarding the associated
prejudice [from the detective’s testimony] is unpreserved” because Towell did not argue below,
as he does on appeal, that he was prejudiced by the false implication that other children alleged
Towell abused them without permitting them to inform the jury otherwise. As the State notes,
appellate court review is limited to the evidence, theories, and arguments that were presented
below. See State v. Garcia-Rodriguez, 162 Idaho 271, 275, 396 P.3d 700, 704 (2017). In
response, Towell asserts that his argument regarding prejudice is preserved because the district
court “issued a ruling finding the error was ‘not prejudicial.’” In support of his position, Towell
relies on the proposition that a party preserves an issue for appeal if the trial court issues an
adverse ruling. See State v. Miramontes, 170 Idaho 920, 925, 517 P.3d 849, 854 (2022). The
preservation point in the context of a motion for mistrial does not fit neatly within the standard of
review relative to such a motion because the mistrial standard from Urquhart is one applied by
an appellate court, not a standard utilized by a trial court. The Urquhart standard of review
encompasses the entire record, including evidence and conduct occurring after a trial court
decides a motion for a mistrial. See Urquhart, 105 Idaho at 95, 665 P.2d at 1105 (holding that
the “focus is upon the continuing impact on the trial”) (emphasis added). Nevertheless, the
district court correctly noted that Towell did not “indicate[ ] in any manner in which the fact that
other kids were interviewed is prejudicial.” Instead, Towell only asserted, without elaboration,
that “once the bell is rung, it can’t be undone.” As noted, Towell’s prejudice argument on appeal
is that the detective’s “false suggestion of additional allegations or disclosures by other sexual
abuse victims was highly inflammatory and plainly prejudicial.”                That argument was not
advanced to the district court. Towell’s assertion that he preserved the argument by “t[ying] his
claim of prejudice” to the district court’s pretrial order is without merit.
       To the extent the district court’s denial of Towell’s motion for mistrial, i.e., the district
court’s adverse ruling, is evaluated at the time it was made based on the arguments that were
presented, we conclude there was no error. As the district noted, there was no “error or legal
defect in the proceedings” or conduct that was prejudicial to Towell that deprived him of a fair
trial based on the stricken testimony from the detective. See I.C.R. 29.1 (providing that mistrial
may be declared on motion of defendant when there is “an error or legal defect in the
proceedings, or conduct that is prejudicial to the defendant and deprives the defendant of a fair
trial”). Immediately after the detective’s testimony and the parties’ objections, the district court

                                                   6
instructed the jury to “disregard the last question and answer.” We normally presume that a jury
will follow an instruction to disregard inadmissible evidence unless there is an overwhelming
probability that the jury will be unable to follow the trial court’s instructions and a strong
likelihood that the effect of the evidence would be devastating to the defendant. Greer v. Miller,
483 U.S. 756, 766 n.8 (1987); State v. Johnson, 163 Idaho 412, 422, 414 P.3d 234, 244 (2018).3
       Towell contends there is such a probability in this case because the State, in its opening
argument to the jury, represented that CARES is “a group of dedicated professionals who
interview child sex abuse victims.”       Building on this representation, Towell asserts the
detective’s testimony regarding the other CARES interviews “improperly, and falsely, suggested
there were allegations that [Towell] had abused” the other children in the home.4 This is not the
only inference, much less the most reasonable inference, that can be drawn. There was other
testimony at trial, to which Towell did not object, that the Idaho Department of Health and
Welfare removed all of the other children from the home following the child’s allegations against
Towell and that this was done to “make sure” that “the children are safe.” The jury could infer

3
        Towell asserts the curative instruction was insufficient under a different standard,
specifically, that “where evidence presents a close question for the jury, a curative instruction
might be insufficient to remedy the prejudicial effect of damaging evidence.” State v. Ruiz, 159
Idaho 722, 725, 366 P.3d 644, 647 (Ct. App. 2015). The State relies on the standard articulated
above. This reveals a split in this Court’s case law regarding the standard for a curative
instruction. In three published cases, we have applied the standard relied on by Towell. See
Ruiz, 159 Idaho at 725, 366 P.3d at 647; State v. Watkins, 152 Idaho 764, 768, 274 P.3d 1279,
1283 (Ct. App. 2012); State v. Keyes, 150 Idaho 543, 545, 248 P.3d 1278, 1280 (Ct. App. 2011).
The Idaho Supreme Court in Johnson, however, adopted the test more commonly applied by this
Court. See State v. Johnson, 163 Idaho 412, 422, 414 P.3d 234, 244 (2018); see, e.g., State v.
Maldonado, 164 Idaho 702, 706, 435 P.3d 14, 18 (Ct. App. 2018); State v. Hernandez, 163 Idaho
9, 13, 407 P.3d 596, 600 (Ct. App. 2017); State v. Norton, 151 Idaho 176, 193, 254 P.3d 77, 94
(Ct. App. 2011); State v. Hill, 140 Idaho 625, 631, 97 P.3d 1014, 1020 (Ct. App. 2004). By
doing so, the Idaho Supreme Court resolved the split in our case law and implicitly abrogated
Ruiz, Watkins, and Keyes to the extent those cases applied a different standard for determining
the effectiveness of curative instructions.
4
        Towell also asserts that the prejudicial effect of the detective’s stricken testimony was
“exacerbated” by the physician’s testimony that Towell was a “predator.” We disagree. The
physician’s testimony made it clear that she considered a person to be a “predator” if the person
sexually assaulted just one child. With this meaning of the word “predator,” the prejudicial
effect of this label remains the same regardless of the number of children. Even if the jury
disregarded the curative instruction and inferred that there were additional allegations of child
sex abuse, the prejudicial effect from this inference would not gain force by dint of Towell being
labeled a “predator.”
                                                7
from this that the CARES interviews were conducted as a matter of course to ensure the other
children were safe and not because of additional allegations. In addition, the detective’s passing
reference to the other CARES interviews was not repeated by the State’s other witnesses or in
closing argument. There is not an overwhelming probability that the jury was unable to follow
the district court’s instruction to disregard the detective’s stricken testimony regarding other
interviews. As such, Towell has not overcome the presumption that the jury followed the
curative instruction. Because the alleged error--the detective’s statement--was stricken and the
jury is presumed to have disregarded it, there is no evidence to evaluate in a reversible error
analysis. We, therefore, deny relief on Towell’s mistrial claim.
B.     Hearsay
       Towell asserts the district court erred in admitting the child’s statements to the physician
because, according to Towell, the State failed to show that the child had a medical purpose in
making the statements. The State responds that the district court correctly found that the child
made the statements to the physician with a medical purpose and that, if there was error, it was
harmless. We hold that the district court did not err in admitting the testimony and, even
assuming error in the admission of the statements, any error was harmless.
       1.      The hearsay statements are admissible
       The district court did not err by permitting Dr. Reese to testify under I.R.E. 803(4). The
Idaho Supreme Court has held that the trial court has broad discretion to admit hearsay evidence
under one of the exceptions and the appellate courts will not overturn that exercise of discretion
absent a clear abuse. State v. Christensen, 166 Idaho 373, 378, 458 P.3d 951, 956 (2020). When
a trial court’s discretionary decision is reviewed on appeal, the appellate court conducts a multi-
tiered inquiry to determine whether the trial court: (1) correctly perceived the issue as one of
discretion; (2) acted within the boundaries of such discretion; (3) acted consistently with any
legal standards applicable to the specific choices before it; and (4) reached its decision by an
exercise of reason. State v. Herrera, 164 Idaho 261, 270, 429 P.3d 149, 158 (2018).
       While hearsay statements are generally not admissible, I.R.E. 803(4) provides an
exception to that general rule where the out-of-court statements were made for medical diagnosis
or treatment. Such statements are not excluded by the hearsay rule regardless of whether the
declarant is available as a witness. Such statements must be made for purposes of medical
diagnosis or treatment; describe medical history, past or present symptoms, pain, sensations or

                                                8
the source thereof; and be reasonably pertinent to diagnosis or treatment. State v. Kay, 129 Idaho
507, 518, 927 P.2d 897, 908 (Ct. App. 1996). The trial court considers the totality of the
circumstances in evaluating whether a child’s statements were made for medical diagnosis or
treatment. Id. A non-exclusive list of the guiding factors would include:
          [T]he child’s age; whether the child understands the role of the physician in
          general; whether the child was suffering pain or distress at the time; whether the
          child’s statements were inappropriately influenced by others, as by leading
          questions from the physician or a previous suggestive interrogation by another
          adult; whether the examination occurred during the course of a custody battle or
          other family dispute; the child’s ability and willingness to communicate freely
          with the physician; the child’s ability to differentiate between truth and fantasy in
          the examination itself and in other contexts; whether the examination was
          initiated by an attorney (which would suggest that its purpose was for litigation
          rather than treatment); and the timing of the examination in relation to the trial.
Id. So long as there is little reason to doubt the child’s motivation, a trial court may infer the
criteria of I.R.E. 803(4) are satisfied. Id.
          Here, the district court, applying these considerations and reviewing the totality of
circumstances, acted well within its discretion by admitting the hearsay evidence under
I.R.E. 803(4). When the child victim (N.T.) spoke to Dr. Reese, she was fourteen years old.
This Court has held that a child as young as four years old can be expected to realize that health
care is the focus of statements made to a physician at a hospital. Kay, 129 Idaho at 519, 927 P.3d
at 909. N.T. did not elect to make abuse disclosures directly to law enforcement and did not
have her friends take her to a police station. Instead, albeit with some reluctance due to potential
consequences, she went to a hospital. There N.T. described the circumstances to Dr. Reese who
testified that she made her medical decision based on the history provided by N.T. and her
physical examination. Dr. Reese explained that the statements from the child, including the
source of the abuse, helped in the medical diagnosis. N.T. also disclosed, as a consequence of
the abuse, self-cutting, wishing she was dead, and thinking of suicide, all of which Dr. Reese
considered in her medical diagnosis and treatment plan.            Towell’s attempt to suggest an
accusatory, as opposed to medical, motivation ignores the totality of circumstances and is
inappropriately “myopically” focused. See Christensen, 166 Idaho at 378, 458 P.3d at 956. For
these reasons, the district court did not err by admitting the hearsay statements under I.R.E.
803(4).

                                                   9
       2.      Any error is harmless
       Even if the district court erred in admitting the statements, any such error is harmless.
Error is not reversible unless it is prejudicial. Stell, 162 Idaho at 830, 405 P.3d at 615. Where a
criminal defendant shows an error based on a contemporaneously objected-to, nonconstitutional
violation, the State then has the burden of demonstrating to the appellate court beyond a
reasonable doubt the error did not contribute to the jury’s verdict. State v. Montgomery, 163
Idaho 40, 46, 408 P.3d 38, 44 (2017). Thus, we examine whether the alleged error complained
of in the present case was harmless. See id. Harmless error is error unimportant in relation to
everything else the jury considered on the issue in question, as revealed in the record. State v.
Garcia, 166 Idaho 661, 674, 462 P.3d 1125, 1138 (2020). This standard requires weighing the
probative force of the record, as a whole, while excluding the erroneous evidence and at the same
time comparing it against the probative force of the error. Id. If the error’s effect is minimal
compared to the probative force of the record establishing guilt beyond a reasonable doubt
without the error, then the error did not contribute to the verdict rendered and is harmless. Id.
The reviewing court must take into account what effect the error had, or reasonably may have
had, on the jury in the context of the total setting and in relation to all else that happened, which
necessarily includes the evidence presented. Kotteakos, 328 U.S. at 764.
       We first consider the probative force of the error. As the State notes, the physician’s
testimony regarding what the child told the physician is “largely duplicative of [the child’s] prior
testimony.” For example, the physician related that the child said that Towell “would just grab
[her] butt or give [her] a hug or a kiss.” The child testified to the same effect at trial. Towell
asserts that the “hearsay statements improperly corroborated [the child’s] testimony, by serving
as a [sic] prior consistent statements.” The hearsay statements relayed by the physician were not
“corroboration” in the strict sense because the statements were not from a third party. Cf. State
v. Harris, 132 Idaho 843, 847-48, 979 P.2d 1201, 1205-06 (1999) (addressing impact of
testimony from third party defense witness). But Towell’s argument reflects a concern in our
case law that, when credibility is crucial to a case, even cumulative evidence can result in
reversible error. See id. (holding that exclusion of defense witness was not harmless error
because it was “a case of the alleged victim’s word against the defendant’s word” and defense
witness would have corroborated defendant’s testimony that top was down on his convertible,
contrary to victim’s assertion that top was up). When the credibility of a witness is at issue,

                                                 10
evidence of prior consistent statements by the witness may have a bolstering effect. See State v.
Jones, 125 Idaho 477, 488, 873 P.2d 122, 133 (1994), overruled on other grounds
by Montgomery, 163 Idaho 40, 408 P.3d 38; see also Cook v. State, 157 Idaho 775, 781, 339 P.3d
1179, 1185 (Ct. App. 2014) (applying Jones in the post-conviction context). Generally, any
bolstering effect, standing alone, is insufficient to show reversible error when the jury had an
opportunity to observe the witness. See Jones, 125 Idaho at 488, 873 P.2d at 133; see also Cook,
157 Idaho at 781, 339 P.3d at 1185 (applying Jones in post-conviction context). Here, the
physician’s testimony bolstered the victim’s credibility by providing prior consistent statements.
But, because the jury observed the child’s trial testimony, the bolstering effect is not sufficient to
show reversible error by itself.
       We recognize that not all the hearsay statements to the physician were duplicated by the
child’s testimony. Specifically, the physician testified that the child: (1) mentioned that Towell,
after sexually abusing her, would say “I didn’t mean to” and “I know I shouldn’t do these
things”; (2) shared secrets with Towell, including that the child’s “mom didn’t know [Towell]
was still a smoker”; (3) said that Towell would delete photographs she took in her bedroom and
that Towell said “he didn’t want any pictures of him in her room”; and (4) “felt trapped in that
she admitted to self-cutting and wishing she was dead and thinking of suicide in the past.” The
child did not make these specific statements during her trial testimony. However, the first two
statements are largely cumulative. The child testified that Towell, after one incident of abuse,
came back about “five minutes later to say, ‘I’m sorry.’” This apology is largely synonymous
with Towell reportedly saying, “I didn’t mean to,” or, “I know I shouldn’t do these things.” In
addition, the recording of Towell’s interview with the detective shows Towell informing the
detective that the child caught Towell smoking and that he asked the child to not tell her mother.
Because other evidence duplicated the information in these two statements, the probative force of
the first two statements was minimal. The third and fourth statements about Towell deleting
pictures could indicate a desire to avoid proof that he had been in the child’s room and about the
child feeling suicidal could appeal to the passions of the jury.          Consequently, these two
statements carried some probative force. However, the probative force of the other evidence in
the record is high.
       The child testified that Towell started the last incident of abuse by tickling her. The child
interrupted the tickling by telling Towell that a person had messaged her on social media. With

                                                 11
this ruse, the child managed to start the audio-recording application on her cell phone. The child
testified that Towell “grabbed [her] and threw [her] back on the bed to get back on top of [her]”
and began tickling her again. The child told Towell to stop tickling her. She testified that
Towell put her “hands above [her] head” and “started like rubbing his penis on [her] vagina.”
(The child later clarified that this contact occurred over clothing.) According to the child, this
continued for three-to-four minutes and Towell “would grunt like these weird noises.” At one
point, Towell’s “belt was getting into [the child’s] skin” and the child told Towell that “it hurt.”
The child also told Towell to “stop” and “get off,” but, “after a little bit, [the child] stopped
saying anything because it wasn’t going to work anyways.” The child testified that the incident
ended when she pushed Towell off by using her legs.
       The audio on the recording, which is approximately six minutes in length, corroborates
the child’s testimony. At the beginning, Towell says the word “tickle” and the child says “stop”
repeatedly. After about a minute, sounds consistent with a bedsprings squeaking can be heard.
Later, the squeaking sounds become more rhythmic and Towell begins making grunting and
sighing noises. Near the end, the child says “ow” several times.
       In contrast, Towell’s account of the same incident differed markedly from the child’s
testimony. At trial, the State entered a recording of a detective’s interview with Towell. During
the interview, Towell said that the child “flip[ped] [him] off.”        According to Towell, he
responded by grabbing the child’s finger, the child pulled her hands up, and both of them fell
over onto the bed. Towell said that he was straddling the child, with one of his legs between the
child’s legs. The detective asked Towell if the part on the bed was “a quick, thirty seconds or
whatever” and that he responded with “yeah” and “it wasn’t long.”            Notably absent from
Towell’s account is any mention of tickling or explanation for why the bedsprings would be
squeaking for the length of time heard on the audio recording. The audio recording also does not
contain any statements regarding the child “flipping” Towell off. In short, the audio recording
confirms the child’s testimony and undermines Towell’s account.
       In addition, during the interview, Towell also discussed an event that occurred months
earlier without being prompted by the detective to address that specific event. According to the
child, Towell sexually abused her on the day of that event. As the State notes, Towell’s decision
to describe his interactions with the child on that day indicate “his consciousness of guilt and his
suspicion that [the child] had alleged abuse on that day.”

                                                12
       Other witnesses supported the child’s testimony.         For instance, the child’s mother
testified that, in addition to tickling the child, Towell kissed the child on the lips once when she
was thirteen or fourteen. The mother also testified that the child sat on Towell’s lap once and
also told the mother that Towell had “touched [the child’s] butt or something.” Finally, two of
the child’s friends indicated that the child had disclosed the abuse to them prior to the last
incident. Weighing the probative value of the error against the probative value of the record as a
whole without the error, we are satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not
contribute to the jury’s verdict. Thus, even assuming the district court erred in admitting the
child’s hearsay statements to the physician, the error is harmless.
                                                IV.
                                         CONCLUSION
       Towell has failed to show that he is entitled to a new trial based on the stricken testimony
of the detective. The district court did not err in admitting the child’s hearsay statements. In any
event, any error was harmless. Consequently, Towell’s judgment of conviction for three counts
of lewd conduct with a child under sixteen and two counts of sexual abuse of a minor under
sixteen is affirmed.
       Judge BRAILSFORD CONCURS.
       Chief Judge LORELLO CONCURS IN THE RESULT.

                                                 13