Court Opinion

ID: 3062675
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-14 20:03:20.770281+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:45:08.209986
License: Public Domain

Filed 10/14/15 Prang v. Los Angeles County Assessment Appeals Bd. CA2/8
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California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION EIGHT

JEFFREY PRANG in his capacity as Los                                    B260580
Angeles County Assessor,
                                                                        (Los Angeles County
         Plaintiff and Appellant,                                       Super. Ct. No. BS145750)
                v.

LOS ANGELES COUNTY ASSESSMENT
APPEALS BOARD NO. 3,

         Defendant and Respondent;

OCCIDENTAL PETROLEUM
CORPORATION et al.,

         Real Parties in Interest and Appellants.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.
James C. Chalfant, Judge. Affirmed.

         Mark J. Saladino, County Counsel, Albert Ramseyer, Deputy County Counsel for
Defendant and Appellant County of Los Angeles.

         Cahill Davis & O’Neall, C. Stephen Davis, Cris K. O’Neall and Andrew W.
Bodeau, for Real Parties in Interest and Appellants Occidental Petroleum Corp. and
Swiftlite Aircraft Corp.
                                       __________________________
       Occidental Petroleum Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiary Swiftlite
Aircraft Corporation (collectively Oxy) own a fleet of five corporate jets which are
hangared in Los Angeles County. As such, the Los Angeles County Tax Assessor
assessed Oxy for personal property tax based on the value of the jets. Oxy took the
position that its property tax obligation for the jets must be reduced, because the jets
spend sufficient time in different states and countries to have acquired tax situs in those
other jurisdictions. The assessor agreed that Oxy’s tax should be apportioned if its jets
had acquired tax situs in other jurisdictions, but believed Oxy had not made a factual
showing sufficient to establish any tax situs other than California.
       Oxy disputed the determination before Los Angeles County Assessment Appeals
Board No. 3 (the board). After a hearing, the board ruled in favor of Oxy, determining
that Oxy’s property tax burden must be reduced for the time its planes spent in 31
different jurisdictions. The assessor brought a petition for writ of administrative
mandate, challenging (1) the board’s legal determination; (2) the absence of any actual
board finding that the 31 jurisdictions constituted tax situses for Oxy’s jets; and (3) the
lack of evidence to support any such findings.
       The trial court granted the writ. The court (1) clarified the law regarding the
quantum of contacts necessary to establish alternative tax situs; (2) concluded that the
board had not made findings as to whether Oxy had established any jurisdiction as an
alternative tax situs; and (3) remanded the matter to the board for new findings in light of
the trial court’s statement of decision.
       Both parties appeal, although, for the most part, neither party questions the trial
court’s discussion of the governing law. The assessor contends only that the trial court
erred in concluding that the tax situs of the jets is to be determined on a fleet-wide basis,
rather than plane-by-plane. Oxy argues that the board’s findings were sufficient or that

                                              2
necessary findings can be implied and, therefore, there is no need to remand to the
board.1 We disagree with both parties and affirm.

                                       DISCUSSION

1.     Governing Legal Principles

       Before discussing the detailed factual and procedural history of the case, it is
useful to understand the law governing property taxation of the planes at issue. Oxy’s
corporate jets are considered general aviation aircraft, as opposed to commercial aircraft
or fractionally-owned aircraft (both of which are taxed differently). General aviation
aircrafts are taxed as personal property in the county in which they are hangared.
(NetJets Aviation, Inc. v. Guillory (2012) 207 Cal. App. 4th 26, 34 (NetJets).) However, if
a taxpayer can establish that its personal property has acquired a tax situs in a jurisdiction
other than where it is domiciled, the domiciliary state must reduce its tax to include only
such property values as are not subject to the potential of taxation elsewhere. (Ice
Capades, Inc. v. County of Los Angeles (1976) 56 Cal. App. 3d 745, 752 (Ice Capades).)
This is a requirement imposed by the due process and commerce clauses of the United
States Constitution. (Netjets at p. 49.)
       The issue is one of tax situs in the other jurisdiction, not taxation itself. A
taxpayer can establish the necessity of apportionment simply by showing that another
jurisdiction could impose a property tax on the property. (Flying Tiger Line, Inc. v.
County of Los Angeles (1958) 51 Cal. 2d 314, 319 (Flying Tiger).) Indeed, the term “tax
situs” simply means that the location in question has sufficient contacts to confer
jurisdiction to tax. (Zantop Air Transport, Inc. v. County of San Bernardino (1966)
246 Cal. App. 2d 433, 437.)

1      In its briefs on appeal, Oxy argues in passing that the board was correct on the
law, but does not assign as error any part of the trial court’s differing interpretation of
controlling authority.

                                               3
       Many cases have considered the issue of the “quantum of contact of property and
its owner with a state necessary to establish a tax situs.” (Ice Capades, supra,
56 Cal.App.3d at p. 753.) While the determination is ultimately one of fact, there are
certain guiding principles which can be distilled from the case law. To comport with the
commerce and due process clauses, any tax imposed must be fairly related to services
provided by the state. (NetJets, supra, 207 Cal.App.4th at p. 48.) To do so, the tax must
have relation to “ ‘opportunities, benefits or protection conferred or afforded’ ” by the
taxing state. (Braniff Airways, Inc. v. Nebraska State Bd. of Equalization & Assessment
(1954) 347 U.S. 590, 600 (Braniff).)
       When the issue is one of tax situs over movable personal property, such as aircraft,
a mere transitory stay in another state is not sufficient to establish tax situs. (Ice
Capades, supra, 56 Cal.App.3d at p. 754.) Both the length of time that the property is in
the other state and the intent of its presence are significant to tax situs. (Id. at p. 753.) If
the intent is merely that the property remain in the other location for a short period and
then move on, or return home, it is not enough for tax situs. (Ibid.) In order to establish
situs, the property must have a “more or less permanent location as distinguished from a
transient or temporary one. However, permanency in the sense that it must be fixed like
real property is not essential to the establishment of a taxable situs for personal property.
It seems to be sufficient when, in the ordinary course of business, that property is present
and being used and employed with a consistent continuity and not spasmodically and
temporarily.” (Reeves v. Island Creek Fuel & Transportation Co. (Ky.App. 1950)
230 S.W.2d 924, 927 (Reeves).)
       Also significant to the determination is the nature of the property owner’s contact
with the other jurisdiction. “The nature of the contact is relevant to the ‘opportunities,
benefits, or protection’ which must be afforded by a state if it is to have power to tax.”
(Ice Capades, supra, 56 Cal.App.3d at pp. 753-754.)
       The question of tax situs can be especially complicated when the taxpayer owns a
quantity of virtually identical property – such as railroad cars, cargo containers, or
airplanes. Suppose a taxpayer nearly always has a fixed quantity of railroad cars on

                                                4
routes in another state, but the precise cars that are in that state vary. The Supreme Court
concluded that a tax situs existed in the second state, because the taxpayer’s freight cars
were “habitual[ly] employ[ed]” on fixed routes and regular schedules there. (Central R.
Co. v. Pennsylvania (1962) 370 U.S. 607, 613.) Thus, the domiciliary state could not tax
on the “daily average of freight cars” in the second tax situs. (Id. at p. 614.) However,
regular travel on fixed routes is not a necessary prerequisite to establishing a tax situs.
“Habitual employment within the State of a substantial number of cars, albeit on irregular
routes, may constitute sufficient contact to establish a tax situs permitting taxation of the
average number of cars so engaged.” (Id. at p. 615.) The use of the term “habitual
employment” should not be understood to mean that a taxpayer’s property acquires tax
situs in every location the taxpayer and its property “habitually” visit. “ ‘Habitual
employment’ during the tax year of similar items of [taxable personal] property requires
that the aggregate of the property be considered in determining the contact with the
jurisdiction. It is not, of itself, a basis of tax situs.” (Ice Capades, supra, 56 Cal.App.3d
at p. 754, fn. 2.)

2.     The Proceedings Before the Board

       Oxy, as noted above, has five corporate jets. It operates those jets as a single,
integrated fleet. It operates the jets around the world, flying to locations within and
outside the U.S., where it has business interests. There is no dispute that Oxy’s fleet is
subject to property taxation in California, where the fleet is hangared. The issue is
whether Oxy could establish tax situs in any other state or country.
       Based on a somewhat simplified understanding of the law discussed above, Oxy
argued before the board that its fleet had tax situs in every location where it had a
significant business interest and its jets made at least one landing.2 Oxy’s evidence

2     Oxy had also argued, in the alternative, that its fleet had tax situs in every location
where its jets made at least one landing without regard to the presence of a significant
business interest. This was based on authority relating to taxation of fractionally-owned
                                              5
before the board fell broadly within two categories: (1) evidence identifying 31 locations
and showing that Oxy had a significant business interest there irrespective of the presence
of its aircraft; and (2) evidence supporting Oxy’s calculations of the tax burden that
should be apportioned with respect to each of the 31 locations. This latter category of
evidence began with more than 1000 pages of flight logs, recording every flight taken by
Oxy’s jets within the 2003-2011 tax years at issue. From this raw data, Oxy created, on
a jet-by-jet and year-by-year basis, spreadsheets identifying all trips to each of the 31
business locations, and calculating the total number of days each jet spent in each
location in each year (jet-by-jet/year-by-year spreadsheets). This data, in turn, was used
to create a single page spreadsheet, identifying for each year the total number of days
each jet was in any of these 31 business locations, and calculating a proportionate
reduction in the tax assessed (tax apportionment spreadsheet).3 We here note that what
was missing from Oxy’s calculations – although present in its raw flight logs and jet-by-
jet/year-by-year spreadsheets – was anything demonstrating the frequency of Oxy’s jets’
trips to each location claimed as a tax situs. One cannot easily determine from Oxy’s
data how often and over what period Oxy’s jets flew to any particular purported tax situs.
       In response, the assessor took a much stricter view of tax situs, and argued that
Oxy’s jets did not spend long enough in any other jurisdiction to have acquired tax situs
anywhere but California. The assessor created an exhibit showing the percentage of the
year spent by Oxy’s jets in each location, but only for the most commonly visited

aircraft. (See Rev. & Tax. Code, § 1161, subd. (b); NetJets, supra, 207 Cal.App.4th at
p. 51.) Oxy no longer pursues this theory on appeal.

3       Thus, for example, the jet with tail number 961V spent 94 days at some of the 31
identified business locations Oxy claimed as tax situses in 2008. 94 days is 25.8 percent
of a year; so Oxy sought a 25.8 percent reduction in the property tax owed for that jet for
that year. The assessor did not take issue with Oxy’s math, but with its determination of
tax situses.

                                              6
locations.4 Again, one cannot determine from the assessor’s data how often and over
what period Oxy’s jets flew to any location that Oxy claimed as a tax situs.

3.     The Board’s Decision

       The board ordered the assessor to reduce the tax on the planes in accordance with
Oxy’s tax apportionment spreadsheet. However, the board never actually made findings
that Oxy had established a tax situs in each of the 31 locations for which Oxy claimed
apportionment. Indeed, the board’s language in this regard is somewhat guarded. The
board found that “Oxy presented information that met the burden of showing that the
subject property is at times beyond the reach of the taxing power of its domicile,” (italics
added) but did not state that this was true with respect to all 31 claimed tax situses.
Indeed, to the extent the board focused on the evidence pertaining to any specific claimed
tax situs, it only mentioned Oxy’s contacts with six such locations, and otherwise referred
to only Oxy’s general exhibits showing where it had contacts, employees or paid property
taxes (on property other than its jets).5 We observe that Oxy did not have employees or
pay property taxes in all of the jurisdictions in which it sought tax situs.6

4        For example, the assessor’s chart shows that in 2008, one of Oxy’s jets spent
14.52 percent of the year in United Arab Emirates, while a second jet spent 4.66 percent
of its time there and a third only 1.92 percent.

5      Before the board, Oxy presented Exhibit O, which identifies other states where it
paid property taxes on some of its property. Oxy’s witness admitted that it was not
assessed, and did not pay, property taxes for the aircraft at issue to any jurisdiction other
than California.

6      Oxy sought, and the board granted, apportionment with respect to the location of
Cyprus. The board did not mention Cyprus specifically in its ruling, but apparently relied
on Oxy’s general exhibits. Oxy has no employees in Cyprus and paid no property tax in
Cyprus. Nor does Oxy have any subsidiaries or assets in Cyprus. Oxy’s only evidence
regarding its contacts with Cyprus states that one member of Oxy’s board of directors,
“the Lead Independent Director, maintains offices on the island of Cyprus.” There is
nothing in the board’s opinion that shows it actually considered whether this evidence
                                               7
4.     The Trial Court’s Decision

       The assessor obtained trial court review by means of a petition for writ of
administrative mandate. The assessor argued that the board had misunderstood the
governing law. The assessor also argued that the board’s conclusion was not supported
by its findings, nor was its determination supported by substantial evidence.
       The trial court ultimately agreed in large part with the assessor. The court rejected
Oxy’s legal theory, apparently adopted by the board, that substantial business contacts
plus a single flight are sufficient to establish tax situs. Instead, the court reviewed the
applicable law and determined that the issue of tax situs is determined by whether a
portion of Oxy’s fleet is “regularly, habitually and/or continuously employed” in another
jurisdiction. Stated differently, the issue is whether the planes “regularly visited” the
other jurisdictions and for how long. The trial court concluded that the presence of Oxy
offices in another jurisdiction is relevant to the tax situs determination. But it is relevant
only because in determining whether the planes’ contact with the other jurisdiction is
transitory or regular, a relatively permanent Oxy business location in the other
jurisdiction is a factor that would tend to show a need for its planes to visit regularly. But
a permanent business location alone does not transform an infrequently visited location
into a tax situs.7
       The court also concluded that the board never determined whether there was a
sufficient quantum of contact between Oxy’s jets and each of the 31 locations to establish
tax situses there. The court noted not only an actual absence of findings in this regard,
but also recognized that the evidence cited by the board “shows that Oxy maintains

established a significant business interest sufficient to establish a tax situs, even under
Oxy’s version of the law.

7     The trial court also specifically concluded that whether Oxy paid property taxes in
another jurisdiction was irrelevant to the tax situs determination unless the property tax
paid was for the jets themselves.

                                               8
offices in various jurisdictions and flies its planes to those locations. It does not indicate
how frequently a plane flies to any particular location, and each location must be treated
separately for evaluation of its tax situs status.”
       The trial court did, however, note that Oxy may well have provided the board with
sufficient evidence from which it could make the necessary tax situs determination. The
court recognized that the flight logs could establish “the number of flights and aircraft
days spent at each location.” However, Oxy did not proceed on this basis; Oxy
presumed that every business location was a tax situs, and thus assumed the frequency of
its trips was irrelevant to the issue of tax situs.8
       Both parties appeal. The assessor contends the trial court erred in holding that the
determination of tax situs is to be made on a fleet-wide, rather than jet-by-jet, basis. Oxy
contends that the board’s findings are sufficient and there is no need to remand for the
board to make further findings.

5.     Standard of Review

       Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5 sets forth the procedure for the review of a
final administrative decision. “The inquiry in such a case shall extend to the questions
whether the respondent has proceeded without, or in excess of, jurisdiction; whether there
was a fair trial; and whether there was any prejudicial abuse of discretion. Abuse of
discretion is established if the respondent has not proceeded in the manner required by
law, the order or decision is not supported by the findings, or the findings are not
supported by the evidence.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5, subd. (b).) We review questions

8       Our review of the administrative record suggests that it was Oxy’s position below
that the frequency of its trips was of no concern to the tax situs determination. Oxy’s
counsel argued to the board, “Under the Ice Capades case . . . the law is such that if there
are business locations in which the tax payer is doing business out of state and its
personal property travels to those locations, that is sufficient for apportionment of those
stays out of state for property tax purposes.” Indeed, Oxy concedes in its respondent’s
brief on appeal that it “measured the number of flights to a particular location to calculate
the apportionment, not to establish situs as such.” Oxy’s counsel agreed that this was it
position at oral argument on appeal.
                                                9
of law de novo. (Auerbach v. Los Angeles County Assessment Appeals Board No. 2
(2008) 167 Cal. App. 4th 1415, 1420 (Auerbach).) As to whether the findings are
supported by the evidence, this is a case in which no fundamental vested right is at issue.
Thus our task is the same as the trial court’s – we review the administrative findings to
determine if they are supported by substantial evidence in the administrative record.
(Midstate Theatres, Inc. v. County of Stanislaus (1976) 55 Cal. App. 3d 864, 874 (Midstate
Theatres).)
       We must also determine whether the administrative agency’s findings support its
decision. (Auerbach, supra, 167 Cal.App.4th at p. 1420.) An administrative agency’s
findings must bridge the analytic gap between the raw evidence and its ultimate decision
or order. (Midstate Theatres, supra, 55 Cal.App.3d at p. 887.) The requirement of
findings helps the administrative body draw legally relevant sub-conclusions in support
of its ultimate decision. (Ibid.) Its effect is to facilitate orderly analysis and minimize the
likelihood that the agency will randomly leap from evidence to conclusions. (Orinda
Assn. v. Board of Supervisors (1986) 182 Cal. App. 3d 1145, 1161.) Findings enable the
reviewing court to trace and examine the agency’s mode of analysis. (Ibid.)

6.     The Assessor’s Appeal: Tax Situs Is To Be Determined Fleet-Wide

       In its appeal, the assessor argues that the trial court erred in concluding that the
determination of tax situs is to be made based on the contacts of Oxy’s entire fleet of jets,
rather than on a jet-by-jet basis. The assessor cites no law for this proposition, and all
authority is to the contrary.9 Indeed, the entire body of law based on “habitual
employment” is based on the idea that a taxpayer’s property can be habitually employed

9       The assessor relies only on statements in the State Board of Equalization’s
Assessors’ Handbook, which, in the assessor’s own words, “suggest[] by implication that
the apportionment of a general aircraft assessment is considered on an aircraft by aircraft
basis.” But Oxy does not dispute that each aircraft is to be assessed individually; the
issue is solely whether the determination that any individual aircraft may or may not
claim a tax situs in a particular jurisdiction is to be based on that single aircraft’s contacts
or the fleet’s contacts with that jurisdiction.
                                              10
in the other jurisdiction, even though no single piece of property regularly is. “[I]f the
nondomiciliary owner habitually employs movable property in the jurisdiction for all or a
greater part of the tax year, the property acquires a tax situs although any one item of the
property mix may be present for only a short predetermined period. [Citations.]” (Ice
Capades, supra, 56 Cal.App.3d at p. 754. See also Sea-Land Service, Inc. v. County of
Alameda (1974) 12 Cal. 3d 772, 778 [“While no specific container may be in the county
for a substantial period of time, [taxpayer]’s containers are physically present in the
county on every day of the year. Such habitual presence of containers creates a taxable
situs, even though the identical containers are not there every day and even though none
of the containers is continuously within the county.”]; Braniff, supra, 347 U.S. at pp. 600-
601 [upholding a determination of tax situs based on the taxpayer’s frequent landings in
the jurisdiction “even though the same aircraft do not land every day”]; Reeves, supra,
230 S.W.2d at p. 927 [“courts generally adhere to the rule that property sent into a state
by a nonresident, to be used or employed permanently there, must bear its fair share of
the burden of taxation, although no one unit of such property is ever more than
temporarily located within the taxing state”].) As explained by Justice Traynor,
“Random excursions of migratory property into a state do not render the property taxable
there, but if there is habitual use of such property in a state, the average amount thus
habitually used is taxable there, even though the specific items are not continuously the
same.” (Flying Tiger, supra, 51 Cal.2d at p. 327 (dis. opn. of Traynor, J.).)
       We also find the assessor’s policy argument unavailing. The assessor argues that
fleetwide determinations will undermine the policy in favor of uniform assessments, in
that the owner of a fleet will be assessed on a different basis than the owner of a single
aircraft. But a fleetwide determination of tax situs enables uniform assessments.
Suppose a taxpayer with a single aircraft establishes a tax situs in Nevada based on
regular weekly trips of that aircraft to that state. A second taxpayer makes the same
weekly trips to Nevada, but does so with a rotating fleet of over 50 jets. No one jet
makes more than a single annual trip to Nevada; considered on a jet-by-jet basis, the
taxpayer with the fleet cannot establish a tax situs in Nevada. But, as far as Nevada is

                                             11
concerned, each taxpayer is burdening Nevada’s resources in precisely the same amount
– a weekly trip taking advantage of Nevada’s opportunities, protections and benefits. If
the taxpayer with a single jet has a tax situs in Nevada, the taxpayer with a fleet has one
as well. Any other result would be inequitable.

7.     Oxy’s Appeal:

       a.     The Board Did Not Make Adequate Findings

       Turning to Oxy’s appeal, Oxy first argues that the trial court erred in concluding
the board’s findings were inadequate. We disagree; the issue before the board was
whether Oxy had established a tax situs under governing law in each of the 31 claimed
jurisdictions. The board did not make that determination. Instead, at Oxy’s instigation,
the board found only that Oxy had business contacts at each jurisdiction and landed its
jets there at least once. But such a finding is insufficient to establish tax situs.
       Oxy argues, however, that findings can be inferred where supported by the
evidence. This is true; we can infer a finding if it is consistent with the judgment and
“results by necessary implication from the express findings which were made.” (Golde v.
Fox (1979) 98 Cal. App. 3d 167, 179.) Oxy suggests that we can infer that, by concluding
Oxy was entitled to the allocations set forth in its tax apportionment spreadsheet, the
board impliedly found that each location encompassed by that spreadsheet was a tax
situs. But implied findings must be supported by the evidence. (Id. at p. 180.) Oxy
argues that the “undisputed evidence of situs” satisfies the substantial evidence standard.
       Our review of the evidence in connection with one claimed tax situs – Georgia –
convinces us that we should not imply that the board found one or more tax situses in the
various states. Review of the jet-by-jet/year-by-year spreadsheets shows that in 2008, an
Oxy jet flew to Georgia for one day. In March 2009, one Oxy jet flew to Georgia for one
day; and in December 2009, it flew to Georgia for two days. The next year, it made a
single one-day trip to Georgia. In short, over three years, Oxy jets made a total of four
trips to Georgia, for a total of five days. Oxy explained its contacts with Georgia in the

                                               12
single sentence: “OxyChem [a subsidiary] operates a chemical plant in Augusta,
Georgia.”10 If the board had actually found that Oxy established a tax situs for its jets in
Georgia based on four short trips over three years, we would conclude that such a finding
was unsupported by the evidence. We do not suggest that the presence of a subsidiary’s
plant in Georgia is irrelevant (Ice Capades, supra, 56 Cal.App.3d at pp. 733-734); it may
explain Oxy’s reason for regular and consistent flights into Georgia and may put into
context whether Georgia has provided Oxy’s planes the “opportunities, benefits or
protection” necessary for tax situs. Nevertheless, four flights over three years, with a
total stay of five days, is as a matter of law, transitory, no matter the nature of Oxy’s
other contacts with Georgia.
       In short, Georgia – a location for which the board ordered tax allocation – is not,
on the evidence, a tax situs. As such, we cannot imply a board finding that it was.
Moreover, this confirms that the board did not, in fact, review the necessary evidence and
make individual location-by-location determinations of whether each of the 31 claimed
tax situses was, in fact, a tax situs. The trial court did not err in remanding the matter to
the board for necessary findings.
       Oxy next suggests that if this court concludes that the board did not make the
necessary findings on tax situs, we can do so on appeal. We decline the invitation.
While we acknowledge that the necessary data for determining the critical factor of flight
frequency is present in the administrative record, in the form of the flight logs and jet-by-
jet/year-by-year spreadsheets, we see no reason to go spelunking for it. Oxy has failed to
brief in this court exactly what it failed to brief before the board – a location-by-location
analysis of the frequency and regularity of its fleet’s contacts with each location.

10    From 2003 through 2011, the number of employees of Oxy and its subsidiary in
Georgia ranged from a low of 6 to a high of 13.

                                              13
       b.        The Statement of Decision Need Not be Modified

       Oxy’s final contention on appeal is that, in two respects, the trial court put
improper or misleading statements in its statement of decision. Because the court ordered
the board to issue new findings “in light of” the court’s statement of decision, Oxy
challenges two distinct sentences in the statement of decision as possibly causing
confusion on remand.
       First, Oxy challenges the trial court’s purported statement that Oxy’s evidence
“does not indicate how frequently a plane flies to any particular location.” Oxy argues
that its evidence, in the form of the raw flight logs, did, in fact, indicate how frequently a
plane flies to any particular location. Oxy takes the court’s statement out of context.
Later in its opinion, the court noted that “it appears that Oxy presented sufficient
evidence from which tax situs can be determined,” and specifically referenced the flight
log data. In any event, the court did not state that Oxy’s evidence does not indicate
frequency; the court stated that the evidence cited by the board did not indicate
frequency. This is correct; in discussing its findings, the board did not rely on the flight
logs at all.11
       Second, Oxy challenges the trial court’s purported statement: “The mere existence
of an Oxy business location, the fact that Oxy flies there, and the number of plane trips
made by Oxy planes is not adequate evidence to determine that each of the 31 locations
has the right to an apportionment of property tax increment.” We have italicized the
word “that,” because Oxy omitted it from the trial court’s quote. Oxy argues that the
court’s statement suggests that Oxy’s evidence of business location and number of trips is
not sufficient evidence from which tax situs can be determined. But the court did not say

11     Oxy suggests that the trial court failed to notice that Oxy’s evidence contained the
raw data from which frequency could be extrapolated – and this failure caused the trial
court to incorrectly conclude that the board did not make tax situs findings based on
frequency. To the contrary, the court noted that, in reaching its conclusions, the board
did not expressly rely on any evidence regarding frequency. This supported the court’s
conclusion that the board did not, in fact, make the necessary findings regarding tax situs.
                                              14
that; the court said evidence of business location and number of trips is not sufficient
evidence to establish that tax situs exists. This is indisputably correct. Oxy has a
business location in Georgia to which it has flown four times in three years. This is
enough evidence from which tax situs can be determined; it can be determined that there
is no tax situs for Oxy’s fleet in Georgia.

                                      DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed. The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.

                                                   RUBIN, J.
WE CONCUR:

              BIGELOW, P. J.

              FLIER, J.

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