Court Opinion

ID: 9363732
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-17 16:00:15.781826+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:33.703431
License: Public Domain

21-724-cv
     Smarter Tools Inc. v. Chongqing Senci Import & Export Trade Co., Ltd.

 1                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
 2                           FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
 3                             ____________________
 4
 5                                   August Term, 2021
 6
 7   (Submitted: April 26, 2022                             Decided: January 17, 2023)
 8
 9                                   Docket No. 21-724
10
11                                 ____________________
12
13   SMARTER TOOLS INC.,
14
15                             Plaintiff-Appellant,
16
17                      v.
18
19   CHONGQING SENCI IMPORT & EXPORT TRADE CO., LTD.,
20   CHONGQING AM PRIDE POWER & MACHINERY CO. LTD.,
21
22                            Defendants-Appellees.
23
24                                 ____________________
25
26   Before: POOLER, WESLEY, and PÉREZ, Circuit Judges.
27
28         Smarter Tools Inc. (“STI”) appeals from the February 26, 2021 judgment of

29   the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Alison J.

30   Nathan, J.) denying STI’s petition to vacate an arbitral award and granting
 1   Chongqing SENCI Import & Export Trade Co., Ltd.’s and Chongqing AM Pride

 2   Power & Machinery Co. Ltd.’s (collectively, “SENCI”) cross-petition to confirm

 3   that award. The district court agreed with STI that the arbitrator exceeded his

 4   authority by failing to provide a reasoned award as requested by the parties. See

 5   Smarter Tools Inc. v. Chongqing SENCI Imp. & Exp. Trade Co., No. 18-cv-2714

 6   (AJN), 2019 WL 1349527, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 26, 2019). The district court

 7   remanded to allow the arbitrator to issue a reasoned award. Id. at *5. On remand,

 8   the arbitrator issued a final amended award, which STI again challenged in

 9   district court on the grounds that the award was not reasoned and that it

10   reflected a manifest disregard of the law, and which SENCI again cross-

11   petitioned to confirm. The district court denied STI’s petition to vacate the award

12   and granted SENCI’s cross-petition to confirm the award. See Smarter Tools Inc. v.

13   Chongqing SENCI Imp. & Exp. Trade Co., No. 18-cv-2714 (AJN), 2021 WL 766258, at

14   *3 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 26, 2021).

15         STI’s primary argument on appeal is that the district court erred in

16   remanding for the arbitrator to issue a reasoned award, in contravention of the

17   doctrine of functus officio and the Federal Arbitration Act. Absent a finding of

18   ambiguity, or a minor clerical error, STI argues, once the district court
                                               2
 1   determined that the arbitrator exceeded its authority by failing to issue a

 2   reasoned award, the only remedy available was vacatur. STI also argues that the

 3   arbitrator’s amended award was again not reasoned and reflected a manifest

 4   disregard of the law. We disagree.

 5         Affirmed.

 6                                 ____________________

 7                            MICHAEL H. GLADSTONE, McCandlish Holton, P.C.
 8                            (Brennan C. Morrissett, on the brief), Richmond, VA, for
 9                            Plaintiff-Appellant.
10
11                            C. ALEXEI BRENOT, Chiao & Wu, LLP, Pasadena, CA,
12                            for Defendants-Appellees.
13
14
15   POOLER, Circuit Judge:

16         Smarter Tools Inc. (“STI”) appeals from the February 26, 2021 judgment of

17   the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Alison J.

18   Nathan, J.) denying STI’s petition to vacate an arbitral award and granting

19   Chongqing SENCI Import & Export Trade Co., Ltd.’s and Chongqing AM Pride

20   Power & Machinery Co. Ltd.’s (collectively, “SENCI”) cross-petition to confirm

21   that award. The district court agreed with STI that the arbitrator exceeded his

22   authority by failing to provide a reasoned award as requested by the parties. See
                                              3
 1   Smarter Tools Inc. v. Chongqing SENCI Imp. & Exp. Trade Co., No. 18-cv-2714

 2   (AJN), 2019 WL 1349527, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 26, 2019) (“Smarter Tools I”). The

 3   district court remanded to allow the arbitrator to issue a reasoned award. Id. at

 4   *5. On remand, the arbitrator issued a final amended award, which STI again

 5   challenged in district court on the grounds that the award was not reasoned and

 6   that it reflected a manifest disregard of the law, and which SENCI again cross-

 7   petitioned to confirm. The district court denied STI’s petition to vacate the award

 8   and granted SENCI’s cross-petition to confirm the award. See Smarter Tools Inc. v.

 9   Chongqing SENCI Imp. & Exp. Trade Co., No. 18-cv-2714 (AJN), 2021 WL 766258, at

10   *3 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 26, 2021) (“Smarter Tools II”).

11         STI’s primary argument on appeal is that the district court erred in

12   remanding for the arbitrator to issue a reasoned award, in contravention of the

13   doctrine of functus officio and the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”). Absent a

14   finding of ambiguity, or a minor clerical error, STI argues, once the district court

15   determined that the arbitrator exceeded its authority by failing to issue a

16   reasoned award, the only remedy available was vacatur. STI also argues that the

17   arbitrator’s amended award was again not reasoned and reflected a manifest

18   disregard of the law. We disagree.
                                                4
 1                Affirmed.

 2                                    BACKGROUND

 3         STI, a Virginia corporation, buys and resells tools and power products.

 4   SENCI, two Chinese corporations, makes and sells gas-powered generators.

 5   Beginning in 2011, and running through June 2013, STI entered into a series of

 6   contracts with SENCI to purchase thousands of gas-powered inverter generators,

 7   AP2000is, from SENCI. In all, STI ordered and received 17,212 generators for a

 8   total purchase price of $6,337,256.57.

 9         SENCI sells multiple types of AP2000i generators, including one that is

10   certified by the Environmental Protection Agency, but not by the California Air

11   Resources Board (“CARB”), that can be sold in every state other than California;

12   and a second that is certified by both the EPA and CARB and can be sold in

13   every state including California. A dispute arose between the parties as to

14   whether the generators STI ordered were to be CARB compliant. STI stopped

15   selling AP2000i generators in California because the ones supplied by SENCI

16   were not CARB compliant. STI was subsequently fined $507,000 by CARB for

17   selling non-compliant generators. Relations between the parties broke down, and

                                              5
 1   it is undisputed that STI owed SENCI $2,402,680.43 for generators on which it

 2   had accepted delivery, but for which it did not pay.

 3         The purchase orders for the AP2000i generators contain an arbitration

 4   clause providing that any dispute arising from the contracts would be resolved

 5   by arbitration, to be conducted in New York City under the International

 6   Commercial Dispute Resolution Procedure of the American Arbitration

 7   Association. Consistent with that requirement, in April 2016, SENCI commenced

 8   an arbitration against STI to collect the monies it was owed. STI counterclaimed,

 9   alleging that many of the generators were defective and failed to comply with

10   state and federal regulations. STI claimed damages for the fine paid to CARB, as

11   well as the costs associated with storing and returning unsaleable generators, lost

12   profits, and damage to STI’s goodwill. The parties engaged in discovery, and the

13   arbitrator held a hearing. The parties agreed that the arbitrator should provide a

14   reasoned award.

15         The arbitrator rendered an award on February 23, 2018. After setting out a

16   brief description of the parties and the proceedings, the original award excluded

17   the testimony of STI expert witness Herbert Zukerman, along with five exhibits

18   related to that testimony, because neither the testimony nor the exhibits
                                              6
 1   “constitute proper rebuttal evidence or testimony, or are otherwise subject to

 2   valid grounds for objection.” App’x at 286. The arbitrator went on to make two

 3   findings. First, the arbitrator stated that:

 4                Having heard all of the testimony, reviewed all of the
 5                documentary evidence and exhibits, I find that SENCI’s
 6                claims are well-founded and supported by the evidence.

 7   App’x at 288. The arbitrator then found that:

 8                Having heard all of the testimony, reviewed all of the
 9                documentary proofs and exhibits, I do not find support
10                for STI’s claims, as set forth in the cross-claims and
11                counterclaim, nor do I find the testimony of Expert
12                Witness Zukerm[a]n given on October 9, 2017 to be
13                credible. Therefore, I find that Mr. Zukerman’s
14                testimony . . . is not credible, does not constitute proper
15                rebuttal evidence testimony and must be excluded.

16   App’x at 288-89. The arbitrator awarded SENCI $2,402,680.43 and denied all of

17   STI’s claims against SENCI.

18         STI petitioned to vacate the award in March 2018 on the grounds that the

19   award was not reasoned, and that the arbitrator manifestly disregarded the law.

20   SENCI cross-petitioned to confirm the award. The district court agreed with STI

21   that the award did “not meet the standard for a reasoned award because it

22   contains no rationale for rejecting STI’s claims.” Smarter Tools I, 2019 WL 1349527,

                                                    7
 1   at *3. The district court noted that the arbitrator gave “no reason . . . for this

 2   finding other than the negative credibility determination as to STI’s expert

 3   witness, Zukerman.” Id. “While this credibility determination does provide a

 4   rationale for rejecting STI’s calculations of its lost profits and goodwill, it does

 5   not provide a basis for a dismissal of STI’s claims in their totality.” Id. Noting that

 6   the arbitrator said nothing about STI’s arguments that SENCI agreed to deliver

 7   CARB-compliant generators, the district court stated that while “the arbitrator

 8   was not obliged to discuss each piece of evidence presented by STI, he must at

 9   least provide some rationale for the rejection of STI’s overall argument for

10   S[EN]CI’s liability” for the award to be considered reasoned. Id. In failing to issue

11   a reasoned award, the district court held, “the arbitrator exceeded his authority

12   in issuing an award that does not meet the standard of a reasoned opinion.” Id. at

13   *4.

14         Rather than vacate the award, the district court instead chose “to remand

15   to the arbitrator for clarification of his findings.” Id. at *5. Vacatur, it noted,

16   “must be strictly limited in order to facilitate the purpose underlying arbitration:

17   to provide parties with efficient dispute resolution, thereby obviating the need

18   for protracted litigation.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
                                                 8
 1         Following remand, the arbitrator issued a final amended award on January

 2   22, 2020. The amended award provides the same relief as the original award but

 3   offers an explanation for why STI’s claims failed. The arbitrator found that “[t]he

 4   evidence actually presented conclusively established that the Purchase Orders

 5   were prepared by STI,” and that, under a related agreement, STI was responsible

 6   for how the generators were to be branded, including providing the design of the

 7   boxes and the warning labels and other tags that were to be placed on the

 8   generators. App’x at 228. The arbitrator further found that other than a witness’s

 9   “unsupported proclamations that STI intended to order EPA and [CARB]

10   certified generators, STI presented no evidence during the Arbitration that STI

11   actually did so.” App’x at 229. Rather, “the evidence presented clearly proved

12   that STI never ordered EPA and [CARB] certified generators from Senci.” App’x

13   at 229. The arbitrator further stated that:

14                STI presented no credible evidence contradicting the
15                express language of the Purchase Orders wherein STI
16                never specified that it sought [EPA-and CARB-certified
17                generators]. Instead the evidence presented
18                unequivocally includes STI’s specific admission of that
19                undisputed fact.

                                                   9
 1   App’x at 229. STI again sought to vacate the amended award, and SENCI again

 2   sought to confirm it. The district court found that “[u]nlike the initial final

 3   award, the final amended award provides a rationale for rejecting STI’s

 4   counterclaims—namely, that the evidence did not show that STI had ordered

 5   EPA- and CARB-certified generators.” Smarter Tools II, 2021 WL 766258, at *1.

 6   Finding the amended award reasoned and not reflecting a manifest disregard of

 7   the law, the district court granted SENCI’s cross-petition to confirm and

 8   dismissed STI’s petition to vacate. See id. at *1-3. This appeal followed.

 9                                      DISCUSSION

10         We review a district court’s decision to confirm or vacate an arbitration

11   award as beyond the arbitrator’s powers de novo as to legal issues, and for clear

12   error as to factual findings. See T.Co Metals, LLC v. Dempsey Pipe & Supply, Inc.,

13   592 F.3d 329, 339 (2d Cir. 2010). A district court’s authority to vacate an award “is

14   strictly limited in order to facilitate the purpose underlying arbitration: to

15   provide parties with efficient dispute resolution, thereby obviating the need for

16   protracted litigation.” Id. at 342 (internal quotation marks omitted). The party

17   moving to vacate an award “bears the heavy burden of showing that the award

                                               10
 1   falls within a very narrow set of circumstances delineated by statute and case

 2   law.” Wallace v. Buttar, 378 F.3d 182, 189 (2d Cir. 2004).

 3         “[A]n extremely deferential standard of review” is appropriate in the

 4   context of arbitral awards “[t]o encourage and support the use of arbitration by

 5   consenting parties.” Porzig v. Dresdner, Kleinwort, Benson, N. Am. LLC, 497 F.3d

 6   133, 139 (2d Cir. 2007). Indeed, “[o]nly a barely colorable justification for the

 7   outcome reached by the arbitrators is necessary to confirm the award.” D.H. Blair

 8   & Co. v. Gottdiener, 462 F.3d 95, 110 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks

 9   omitted). The award should be confirmed “if a ground for the arbitrator’s

10   decision can be inferred from the facts of the case.” Id. STI sought to vacate the

11   original award on the ground that the arbitrator failed to produce a reasoned

12   award as required by the parties’ agreement. The district court agreed that the

13   award was not a reasoned award. STI argues that, at that point, both the doctrine

14   of functus officio and the FAA barred the district court from ordering a remand

15   for a reasoned award. STI also argues that the resulting amended award was

16   again not reasoned and reflected a manifest disregard of the law. We address

17   each of these arguments in turn.

18         I.     The Original Award
                                               11
 1         “The functus officio doctrine dictates that, once arbitrators have fully

 2   exercised their authority to adjudicate the issues submitted to them, their

 3   authority over those questions is ended, and the arbitrators have no further

 4   authority, absent agreement by the parties, to redetermine those issues.” T.Co

 5   Metals, 592 F.3d at 342 (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). “The

 6   traditional rationale underlying this rule is that it is necessary to prevent re-

 7   examination of an issue by a nonjudicial officer potentially subject to outside

 8   communication and unilateral influence.” LLT Int’l, Inc. v. MCI Telecomms. Corp.,

 9   69 F. Supp. 2d 510, 515 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) (internal quotation marks omitted).

10         This Circuit recognizes several exceptions to this doctrine. For example,

11   when an arbitration award is ambiguous, the district court may remand to the

12   arbitrators for clarification. See N.Y. Bus Tours, Inc. v. Kheel, 864 F.2d 9, 12 (2d Cir.

13   1988) (“When an arbitration award provides no clear instruction as to how a

14   court asked to enforce the award should proceed, the court should remand to the

15   arbitrator for guidance.”); Ams. Ins. Co. v. Seagull Compania Naviera, S.A., 774 F.2d

16   64, 67 (2d Cir. 1985) (“Although judicial review of an arbitration award is very

17   narrowly limited, a court should not attempt to enforce an award that is

18   ambiguous or indefinite.” (citations omitted)). We also “recogniz[e] an exception
                                                12
 1   to functus officio where an arbitral award fails to address a contingency that later

 2   arises or when the award is susceptible to more than one interpretation.” Gen. Re

 3   Life Corp. v. Lincoln Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 909 F.3d 544, 548 (2d Cir. 2018) (internal

 4   quotation marks omitted).

 5         Ours is not the only Circuit to recognize such exceptions. The Third Circuit

 6   recognizes at least three:

 7                (1) an arbitrator can correct a mistake which is apparent
 8                on the face of his award, (2) where the award does not
 9                adjudicate an issue which has been submitted, then as
10                to such issue the arbitrator has not exhausted his
11                function and it remains open to him for subsequent
12                determination, and (3) where the award, although
13                seemingly complete, leaves doubt whether the
14                submission has been fully executed, an ambiguity arises
15                which the arbitrator is entitled to clarify.

16   Colonial Penn Ins. Co. v. Omaha Indem. Co., 943 F.2d 327, 332 (3d Cir. 1991)

17   (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see also Green v. Ameritech Corp.,

18   200 F.3d 967, 977 (6th Cir. 2000) (noting that “[t]he doctrine of functus officio

19   contains several exceptions”).

20         While the issue of whether a court may remand for an arbitrator to

21   produce a reasoned award is an open question in our Circuit, several of our cases

22   contain dicta indicating that, in similar circumstances, remand is the proper

                                                13
 1   remedy. In Landy Michaels Realty Corp. v. Local 32B-32J, Service Employees

 2   International Union, AFL-CIO, the panel found itself without jurisdiction to

 3   review the appeal of a district court order remanding to the arbitrator to correct a

 4   miscalculation of damages. See 954 F.2d 794, 797 (2d Cir. 1992). The parties

 5   agreed that the arbitrator miscalculated the damages, and the district court

 6   remanded to the arbitrator to reconsider the damages award. In dismissing for

 7   lack of jurisdiction, we noted that:

 8                If this case were within our appellate jurisdiction at this
 9                time, we would face the substantial question whether
10                the district court’s remand order exceeded the limited
11                scope of review available to a court asked to enforce or
12                vacate an arbitration award. Though some narrow
13                authority to return a matter to an arbitrator may exist where
14                the arbitration task has not been fully performed or where the
15                uncertainty of an award requires clarification, that authority
16                does not extend to obliging the arbitrator to revisit an
17                issue because of a court’s disagreement with its
18                resolution.

19   Id. (emphasis added).

20         Similarly, in Siegel v. Titan Industrial Corp., we observed that district courts

21   have the power to remand to the arbitrator “to clarify the meaning or effect of an

22   award.” 779 F.2d 891, 894 (2d Cir. 1985). Thus:

                                               14
 1                Where, as here, an arbitrator’s award appears to have
 2                been reached on the basis of a precise mathematical
 3                calculation, it is desirable, and in some cases may be
 4                necessary, to know the basis for the calculations
 5                underlying the award. A remand for clarification in
 6                such circumstances would not improperly require
 7                arbitrators to reveal their reasons, but would instead
 8                simply require them to fulfill their obligation to explain
 9                the award sufficiently to permit effective judicial
10                review.
11
12   Id. In Hardy v. Walsh Manning Securities, L.L.C., we recognized that we may

13   “remand to the [arbitrator] for purposes broader than a clarification of the terms

14   of a specific remedy. That is, we have the authority to seek a clarification of

15   whether an arbitration panel’s intent in making an award evidences a manifest

16   disregard of the law.” 341 F.3d 126, 134 (2d Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks

17   and alterations omitted); see also Tully Constr. Co./A.J. Pegno Constr. Co., J.V. v.

18   Canam Steel Corp., No. 13 Civ. 3037, 2015 WL 906128, at *20 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 2,

19   2015) (remanding to the arbitrator for the “purposes of issuing a ‘reasoned

20   award’” and concluding “the doctrine of functus officio presents no impediment

21   to that approach”).

22         This is consistent with the approach suggested by our sister Circuits that

23   have considered the issue. In Green v. Ameritech Corp., the Sixth Circuit vacated a

                                                15
 1   district court’s finding that the arbitrator failed to provide a reasoned award, but

 2   noted that had it affirmed, remand would be the proper remedy. See 200 F.3d at

 3   977-78. The Sixth Circuit stated:

 4                [I]n this case the district court adjudged the arbitrator’s
 5                task incompletely executed. Remanding to [the
 6                arbitrator] under these circumstances would not
 7                implicate any of the concerns underlying the functus
 8                officio doctrine, as he would simply be completing his
 9                duties by clarifying his reasoning, not reopening the
10                merits of the case. Therefore, if the district court were
11                correct in its conclusion that [the arbitrator] failed to
12                explain his award, the proper remedy would have been
13                a remand to the same arbitrator for clarification.

14   Id. (citation omitted); see also Cat Charter, LLC v. Schurtenberger, 646 F.3d 836, 842

15   n.9 (11th Cir. 2011) (in dicta, “not[ing] approvingly that a sister circuit, when

16   faced with a nearly identical factual scenario, deemed the doctrine inapplicable

17   and remand to the original arbitrators appropriate” (citing Green, 200 F.3d at

18   976–78)).

19         Where, as here, a district court determines that the arbitrator failed to

20   produce an award in the form agreed to by the parties, remand for a properly

21   conformed order is a permissible choice. It simply makes no sense to redo an

22   entire arbitration proceeding over an error in the form of the award issued after

                                               16
 1   the hearing. See Gen. Re Life Corp., 909 F.3d at 549 (finding exception to the

 2   functus officio doctrine to promote “the twin objectives of arbitration: settling

 3   disputes efficiently and avoiding long and expensive litigation”). Nor does a

 4   remand in such circumstances undermine the functus officio doctrine’s purpose,

 5   which is to prevent arbitrators from changing their rulings after issuance due to

 6   outside influence by an interested party. See, e.g., Colonial Penn, 943 F.2d at 331-32

 7   (“The policy underlying this general rule is an unwillingness to permit one who

 8   is not a judicial officer and who acts informally and sporadically, to re-examine a

 9   final decision which he has already rendered, because of the potential evil of

10   outside communication and unilateral influence which might affect a new

11   conclusion.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics

12   & Allied Workers Int'l Union, AFL–CIO, CLC, Loc. 182B v. Excelsior Foundry Co., 56

13   F.3d 844, 847 (7th Cir. 1995) (“Once they return to private life, arbitrators are less

14   sheltered than sitting judges, and it is feared that disappointed parties will

15   bombard them with ex parte communications and that the arbitrators, not being

16   professional judges or subject to the constraints of judicial ethics, will yield . . .

17   .”).

                                                17
 1         Indeed, the rationale for a remand under these circumstances is consistent

 2   with this Circuit’s exception to the functus officio doctrine for remand of an

 3   ambiguous award for clarification. 1 It is well-settled in this Circuit that, “when

 4   asked to confirm an ambiguous award, the district court should instead remand

 5   to the arbitrators for clarification.” Gen. Re Life Corp., 909 F.3d at 549. An

 6   arbitrator may issue a clarification of an ambiguous award if: “(1) the final award

 7   is ambiguous; (2) the clarification merely clarifies the award rather than

 8   substantively modifying it; and (3) the clarification comports with the parties’

 9   intent as set forth in the agreement that gave rise to arbitration.” Id. That aligns

10   with what occurred here: the original award was found not to provide the

11   reasoned award the parties bargained for; in its amended award, the arbitrator

           1
             There is some confusion as to whether the district court found the
     arbitrator exceeded his authority. Compare Smarter Tools I, 2019 WL 1349527, at *4
     (“Because the parties here agreed that the award should be ‘reasoned,’ the
     arbitrator exceeded his authority in issuing an award that does not meet the
     standard of a reasoned opinion.”), with Smarter Tools II, 2021 WL 766258, at *1
     (“The Court held that the arbitrator did not exceed his authority or manifestly
     disregard the law, but that the brief award—which did not even mention STI's
     argument that SENCI had promised to deliver CARB-compliant generators—
     failed to provide a ‘reasoned award’ as the parties had contracted for in their
     arbitration agreement.”). We need not reconcile these two statements, as we find
     the district court properly remanded here regardless of whether the arbitrator
     exceeded his authority or not.
                                              18
 1   clarified the original award by including a rationale for rejecting STI’s

 2   counterclaims; and this clarification is consistent with the parties’ intent that the

 3   arbitrator issue a reasoned award.

 4          II.    FAA Sections 10 and 11

 5          Nor are we persuaded by STI’s argument that vacatur was the only option

 6   available to the district court under the FAA. “Section 10 lists grounds for

 7   vacating an award, while § 11 names those for modifying or correcting one.” Hall

 8   St. Assocs., L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc., 552 U.S. 576, 582 (2008).

 9          Section 10(a)(4) of the FAA provides that arbitrators’ awards may be

10   vacated “where the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or so imperfectly executed

11   them that a mutual, final, and definite award upon the subject matter submitted

12   was not made.” 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4). Because the FAA establishes a strong

13   presumption in favor of enforcing an arbitration award, and an award is

14   presumed valid unless proved otherwise, the court’s inquiry under Section

15   10(a)(4) “focuses on whether the arbitrators had the power, based on the parties’

16   submissions or the arbitration agreement, to reach a certain issue, not whether

17   the arbitrators correctly decided that issue.” Westerbeke Corp. v. Daihatsu Motor

18   Co., 304 F.3d 200, 220 (2d Cir. 2002). Our Court has “consistently accorded the
                                                 19
 1   narrowest of readings” to Section 10(a)(4). ReliaStar Life Ins. Co. of N.Y. v. EMC

 2   Nat'l Life Co., 564 F.3d 81, 85 (2d Cir. 2009). Vacatur was necessary where, for

 3   example, the arbitrators exceeded their powers by determining the rights of a

 4   corporation not party to the arbitration, see, e.g., Orion Shipping & Trading Co. v. E.

 5   States Petroleum Corp. of Pan., S.A., 312 F.2d 299, 300–01 (2d Cir. 1963), or awarded

 6   for events not governed by the arbitration agreement, see, e.g., In re Arb. Between

 7   Melun Indus., Inc. & Strange, 898 F. Supp. 990, 994-95 (S.D.N.Y. 1990).

 8         Applying the strong presumption in favor of enforcing an arbitration

 9   award, the arbitrator’s failure to render a reasoned award does not fall within a

10   narrow reading of Section 10(a)(4) and did not require vacatur of the original

11   award. The question was whether the arbitrator’s original award was reasoned;

12   there was no question that the arbitrator here had the power to reach the issues

13   addressed.

14         Rather, the failure to provide a reasoned award best fits under Section 11

15   of the FAA, which allows a court to “make an order modifying or correcting the

16   award . . . [w]here the award is imperfect in matter of form not affecting the

17   merits of the controversy.” 9 U.S.C. § 11(c); see also Com. Risk Reinsurance Co. v.

18   Sec. Ins. Co. of Hartford, 526 F. Supp. 2d 424, 431 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) (“To the extent
                                               20
 1   the Award may reflect a deficiency not touching the merits to the controversy

 2   regarding liability, the Court has authority to correct it so as to ‘effect the intent

 3   thereof and promote justice between the parties.’” (quoting 9 U.S.C. § 11)).

 4   Where, as here, the parties agree that the arbitrator will produce a reasoned

 5   award, the failure to provide one renders the award “imperfect in matter of form

 6   not affecting the merits of the controversy.” 9 U.S.C. § 11(c). Remand for the

 7   arbitrator to produce an award in a form consistent with the parties’ agreement

 8   both “effect[s] the intent” of the parties and “promote[s] justice” between them,

 9   consistent with Section 11. See id. § 11. We thus find no error in the district court’s

10   decision to remand for the production of a reasoned award, rather than vacating

11   the original award and forcing the parties to begin anew.

12         STI next argues that the amended award was not a reasoned award. A

13   reasoned award includes “something short of findings of fact and conclusions of

14   law but more than a simple result.” Leeward Constr. Co. v. Am. Univ. of Antigua–

15   Coll. of Med., 826 F.3d 634, 638, 640 (2d Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks and

16   alterations omitted). It requires “something more than a line or two of

17   unexplained conclusions, but something less than full findings of fact and

18   conclusions of law on each issue raised before the panel.” Id. at 640. “A reasoned
                                               21
 1   award sets forth the basic reasoning of the arbitral panel on the central issue or

 2   issues raised before it. It need not delve into every argument made by the

 3   parties.” Id.

 4          Judged against that standard, the amended award is a reasoned award.

 5   The arbitrator provided both reasons and a rationale for denying STI’s claims,

 6   including (1) the record evidence supports a finding that STI ordered, and

 7   stipulated to having ordered, EPA-certified generators; (2) STI did not submit

 8   evidence the arbitrator found credible to support its claim that the generators it

 9   ordered were to be both EPA and CARB certified; and (3) that STI’s evidence that

10   the parties agreed to additional contract terms that were not in the purchase

11   orders was simply not credible.

12          III.     Manifest disregard of the law

13          STI’s arguments that the district court also erred in not concluding that the

14   arbitrator acted in manifest disregard of the law are similarly groundless. We

15   review de novo the district court’s application of the manifest disregard standard

16   to an arbitration award. See T.Co Metals, 592 F.3d at 339. “A litigant seeking to

17   vacate an arbitration award based on alleged manifest disregard of the law bears

18   a heavy burden, as awards are vacated on grounds of manifest disregard only in
                                              22
 1   those exceedingly rare instances where some egregious impropriety on the part

 2   of the arbitrator is apparent.” Id. (internal quotation marks, citations, and

 3   alterations omitted). An arbitration award manifestly disregards the law only if

 4   “(1) the arbitrators knew of a governing legal principle yet refused to apply it or

 5   ignored it altogether, and (2) the law ignored by the arbitrators was well-defined,

 6   explicit, and clearly applicable to the case.” Porzig, 497 F.3d at 139.

 7         An award should be enforced, “despite a court’s disagreement with it on

 8   the merits, if there is a barely colorable justification for the outcome reached.” T.Co

 9   Metals, 592 F.3d at 339. A “barely colorable justification” exists so long as the

10   arbitrators had reasoning on which they “could have justifiably rested their

11   decision.” Willemijn Houdstermaatschappij, BV v. Standard Microsystems Corp., 103

12   F.3d 9, 13–14 (2d Cir. 1997) (finding that an offered justification satisfied the

13   “barely colorable” standard because it presented no error “that an average

14   person qualified to serve as an arbitrator should have instantaneously perceived

15   and corrected”).

16         STI argues that the arbitrator failed to apply the provisions of the UN

17   Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (the “CISG”)

18   pertaining to oral contracts and specification of goods by display of a model or
                                                23
 1   exemplar, and that this failure constitutes a manifest disregard of the law. This

 2   argument is not supported by the record. As the district court aptly concluded,

 3   “[t]he arbitrator was free to determine that STI’s evidence of an oral contract was

 4   not credible or was not enough to support an inference that SENCI agreed to

 5   product specifications not included in the purchase orders.” Smarter Tools II, 2021

 6   WL 766258, at *2. The amended award more than satisfies the “barely colorable

 7   justification” standard.

 8                                    CONCLUSION

 9         We have examined the remainder of STI’s arguments and find them to be

10   without merit. For the reasons given above, we affirm.

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