Court Opinion

ID: 7803267
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-24 19:02:26.039583+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:29:36.312367
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

MONICA KING ANDERSON,                  )
Individually and as Personal           )
Representative of the ESTATE OF        )
WILLIAM KING, STEPHANIE                )
KING, HEATHER GUERKE, and              )   C.A. No. N18C-04-158 VLM
AMBER WITHROW,                         )
                                       )
            Plaintiffs,                )
                                       )
      v.                               )
                                       )
GI ASSOCIATES OF DELAWARE,             )
P.A., ADVANCED ENDOSCOPY               )
CENTER, LLC and NATWARLAL              )
RAMANI, M.D.,                          )
                                       )
            Defendants.                )

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

                             Submitted: May 9, 2022
                          Date Decided: August 24, 2022

                           ON REMAND AND
 Upon Consideration of Defendants GI Associates of Delaware, P.A., Advanced
  Endoscopy Center, LLC and Natwarlal Ramani, M.D.’s Motion for Summary
                                Judgment,
                                DENIED.

Timothy E. Lengkeek, Esq. of Young Conaway Stargatt & Taylor, Wilmington,
Delaware. Attorney for Plaintiffs.

Lorenza A. Wolhar, Esq. and Bradley J. Goewert, Esq. of Marshall Dennehey
Warner Coleman & Goggin, Wilmington, Delaware. Attorneys for Defendants.

MEDINILLA, J.
                                   I.    INTRODUCTION

       This is a unique case. In 2011, William King was directed by his doctor to

return for a colonoscopy in three to five years. Mr. King complied and returned as

instructed. Due to malignant growths from advanced colon cancer, the follow-up

colonoscopy could not be performed by his doctor.                      Mr. King died from

complications of cancer within four months on August 2, 2016. Collectively referred

to as Plaintiffs, his estate, wife, and daughters1 filed medical negligence and

wrongful death claims in April of 2018 against Defendants GI Associates of

Delaware, P.A., Advanced Endoscopy Center, LLC and Natwarlal Ramani, M.D.

(collectively “Defendants”).

       The litigation to date involves the sole issue of whether the statute of

limitations under 18 Del. C. § 6856 bars Plaintiffs’ claims as a matter of law. Upon

Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment that seeks to bar these claims, this

dispute has been considered by both the Superior Court2 and the Supreme Court,3

returning to this Court on remand.4 Upon consideration of all relevant pleadings,

1
  Mr. King is survived by his wife, Monica King Anderson and his three daughters, Stephanie
King, Heather Guerke and Amber Withrow.
2
  See GI Associates v. Anderson, 2020 WL 2070342 (Del. Super. Apr. 28, 2020), rev’d and
remanded en banc 247 A.3d 674, 677 (Del. 2021).
3
  See GI Associates v. Anderson, 247 A.3d 674 (Del. 2021).
4
  J. Rocanelli issued her ruling on April 28, 2020. This matter was reassigned to this judicial
officer upon J. Rocanelli’s retirement.
                                                2
oral arguments, and the record, this Court finds that Plaintiffs’ claims are not barred,

and Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment must be DENIED.

                II.    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

    A. History of William King’s Medical Treatment

       Defendant Natwarlal Ramani, M.D. (“Dr. Ramani”) performed multiple

colonoscopies on decedent William King (“Mr. King”) who had a high risk for colon

cancer.5 During seven years of treatment from 2004 to 2011, Dr. Ramani had

consistently recommended that Mr. King return for a repeat colonoscopy in no more

than three years.6

       In April of 2011, Mr. King underwent a colonoscopy performed by Dr.

Ramani, who found benign tumors in his colon.7 During a follow-up appointment

on April 26, 2011, instead of recommending no more than three years, Dr. Ramani

directed Mr. King to return for another colonoscopy in three to five years.8 Mr. King

complied. When Mr. King returned on March 23, 2016,9 Dr. Ramani attempted to

5
  Anderson, 247 A.3d at 677; see also Defendants’ Opening Brief in Support of Their Motion for
Summary Judgment, D.I. 87, at 3 [hereinafter Defendants’ Opening Brief] (noting that Mr. King
was previously diagnosed with colon cancer in 2007).
6
  Plaintiffs assert a repeat colonoscopy was recommended in one to two years in both 2004 and
2009, recommended in one year in both 2005 and 2007, and recommended in two to three years
in 2006. See Amended Complaint, D.I. 6, ¶¶ 8-18.
7
  Anderson, 247 A.3d at 677.
8
  Id. at 678.
9
   Although both Courts previously identified March 26, 2016, as the date of the attempted
colonoscopy, both parties provide March 23, 2016, as the correct date. See Plaintiffs’ Brief in
Opposition to Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment, D.I. 90, at 1 [hereinafter Plaintiffs’
Answering Brief]; Defendants’ Opening Brief, at 3. Accordingly, the Court will use March 23,
2016, exclusively as the date of the attempted follow-up colonoscopy.
                                              3
perform the follow-up colonoscopy but could not, due to advanced colon cancer.10

It appears that the cancer metastasized between April 11 and June 23, 2016.11

Despite surgical intervention, Mr. King died of complications related to this cancer

on August 2, 2016.12

     B. Procedural History

       Plaintiffs filed their Complaint on April 16, 2018,13 alleging wrongful death

due to medical negligence.           Defendants filed an initial Motion for Summary

Judgment on January 22, 2020, arguing Plaintiffs were barred under 18 Del. C. §

6856 because the date of injury was the same as the date of the alleged negligent act,

rendering the filing of the Complaint untimely.14 Plaintiffs claimed they timely filed

under the Continuous Negligent Medical Treatment Doctrine (“CNMT Doctrine”).15

On April 28, 2020, J. Rocanelli agreed with Plaintiffs that the CNMT Doctrine

applied and denied summary judgment.16

10
   Anderson, 247 A.3d at 679.
11
   Plaintiffs’ Answering Brief, at 8; Plaintiffs’ Supplemental Rule 26(B)(4) Expert Witness
Disclosures, at 2.
12
   Plaintiffs’ Answering Brief, at 2; Defendants’ Opening Brief, at 3.
13
   Plaintiffs utilized the 90-day tolling provision under 18 Del. C. § 6856(4) and sent a Notice of
Intent to Defendants on January 26, 2018, in order to investigate the claims against Defendants.
14
   Anderson, 247 A.3d at 677.
15
   Id.
16
   See Anderson, 2020 WL 2070342, rev’d and remanded en banc 247 A.3d 674, 677 (Del.
2021).
                                                 4
       On February 15, 2011, on interlocutory appeal, the Supreme Court reversed

the ruling that the CNMT Doctrine applied,17 and remanded for further

proceedings.18 Both sides were given an opportunity to file briefs in accordance with

the Supreme Court’s decision. Defendants filed this pending Motion for Summary

Judgment on February 15, 2022. Plaintiffs filed their response on March 17, 2022.

Oral arguments were held on May 9, 2022. This matter is now ripe for decision.

                           III.    PARTIES’ CONTENTIONS

       Defendants maintain that Plaintiffs are barred under 18 Del. C. § 6856 because

the date of the injury should be determined to be the date that Mr. King’s cancer

“should have been diagnosed,” which would be “on (or before) April 26, 2014.”19

Alternatively, if the date of injury is after April 26, 2014, Defendants contend

entitlement to relief as a matter of law because the “alleged breach in the standard

of care caused no harm and is, therefore, of no consequence to the outcome.”20

       Plaintiffs argue summary judgment is not appropriate because the date of

injury should instead be determined based on Mr. King’s occurrence of metastatic

cancer. Specifically, that “injury occurred. . . when Mr. King’s colon cancer

17
   The Supreme Court also rejected the Plaintiff’s contention that the Supreme Court should adopt
a limited time-of-discovery rule in cancer cases. The Supreme Court also did not address the
constitutional arguments raised before J. Rocanelli, indicating they were not ripe unless there is a
determination that Plaintiffs are barred by the statute of limitations. See Anderson, 247 A.3d at
685.
18
   See id. at 685–86.
19
   Defendants’ Opening Brief, at 2.
20
   Id.
                                                 5
metastasized to his liver sometime after [his] April 7, 2016 [colon surgery],”21 where

following the surgery, a CT scan on April 11, 2016 did not show the presence of

metastatic cancer but a CT scan performed on June 23, 2016, did.22 Thus, Plaintiffs

maintain the injury occurred during this timeframe and the filing of the Complaint

is timely under § 6856. As to Defendant’s alternative argument, Plaintiffs maintain

that proximate cause is established through their expert’s opinion that Dr. Ramani’s

failure to perform a colonoscopy in 2014 led to metastasized cancer, resulting in

complications and Mr. King’s death.23

                           IV.     STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The burden of proof on a motion for summary judgment under Superior Court

Civil Rule 56 falls on the moving party to demonstrate that there is no genuine issues

as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter

of law.24 If the moving party satisfies its initial burden, the non-moving party must

sufficiently establish the existence of one or more genuine issues of material fact.25

Summary judgment will not be granted if there is a material fact in dispute or if “it

seems desirable to inquire thoroughly into [the facts] in order to clarify the

21
   Plaintiffs’ Answering Brief, at 12.
22
   Id. at 8.
23
   Id. at 14.
24
   See Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(c).
25
   See Quality Elec. Co., Inc. v. E. States Const. Serv., Inc., 663 A.2d 488, 1995 WL 379125, at
*3–4 (Del. 1995); Moore v. Sizemore, 405 A.2d 679, 681 (Del. 1979).
                                               6
application of the law to the circumstances.”26 All facts and reasonable inferences

must be considered in a light most favorable to the non-moving party.27

                                     V.    DISCUSSION

       On remand, this Court is instructed to make factual determinations as to when

the date of injury occurred and apply § 6856 to that finding. The Supreme Court’s

directive is narrow and straight forward: find the occurrence of injury to determine

if the law bars Plaintiffs’ claims. Because the Supreme Court also made other rulings

on the interlocutory appeal, its holding must be fully considered for additional

guidance.

     A. The Supreme Court’s Ruling

       When Plaintiffs filed their Complaint, they originally relied, in part, on the

CNMT Doctrine to argue that the alleged negligent advice given by the Defendant

doctor in April 2011 was part of a continuum of negligent treatment determined

wrongful on March 23, 2016, when Mr. King returned for his colonoscopy and Dr.

Ramani was unable to perform it. They argued this last act should be the date under

the statute of limitations. This argument failed.

26
  Ebersole v. Lowengrub, 180 A.2d 467, 469–70 (Del. 1962).
27
  See Nutt v. A.C. & S. Co., Inc., 517 A.2d 690, 692 (Del. Super. 1986) (citing Mechell v. Plamer,
343 A.2d 620, 621 (Del. 1975)); Allstate Auto Leasing Co. v. Caldwell, 394 A.2d 748, 752 (Del.
Super. 1978).
                                                7
       Instead, the Supreme Court found that “Plaintiffs’ claim collapse[d] into a

single act of alleged medical negligence [on April 26, 2011]”28 and reversed the

Superior Court’s ruling that the statute of limitations began running on March 23,

2016, under the CNMT Doctrine.

       Defendants therefore maintained that the date of injury should mirror the date

of this negligent act on April 26, 2011. This argument was also rejected.

       The Supreme Court held that due to the “unique facts of this case, however,

the trial court has made a factual finding that ‘Mr. King’s injury did not arise at the

time of the alleged breach of the standard of care.’”29 It determined the finding was

supported by the evidence and that the “injury occurred later, sometime after Dr.

Ramani gave his allegedly negligent advice. This is an unusual case, therefore where

the date of the negligent act and the occurrence of the injury do not coincide.”30

Having established one negligent act, this Court must now make factual

determinations as to the occurrence of injury under the Medical Negligence Act.

     B. Relevant Caselaw and the Development of the Medical Negligence Act

       In 1968, Layton v. Allen31 established the discovery rule in the State of

Delaware. In Layton, the plaintiff underwent a surgical operation to repair an

28
   Anderson, 247 A.3d at 681.
29
   Id. (quoting Anderson, 2020 WL 2070342 at *3).
30
   Id.
31
   246 A.2d 794 (Del. 1968).
                                             8
abdominal hernia.32 Seven years later, the plaintiff began having abdominal pain

due to a surgical instrument that was left in the plaintiff’s abdomen.33 At that time,

Delaware did not have a specific statute of limitations for medical negligence suits.

Rather, the Layton Court considered the statute of limitations for personal injury

actions34 and held the date of injury for an “inherently unknowable injury” was the

date “the harmful effect first manifests itself and becomes physically

ascertainable.”35

       Almost a half century ago, on April 26, 1976, the Medical Negligence Act

became effective as 18 Del. C. § 6856.36 After reviewing the legislative history of §

6856, including the Report of the Delaware Medical Malpractice Commission, the

Supreme Court in Dunn v. St. Francis Hospital, Inc. determined the Medical

Negligence Act intended “to codify the ‘inherently unknowable’ injury rule” of

Layton.37 In so doing, the Court held that “the phrase ‘injury occurred’ [in the

statute] refers to the [same] date when the wrongful act or omission occurred,”38 and

rejected the Layton ruling that the statute of limitations ran from the time the injury

32
   Id. at 795.
33
   Id. at 796.
34
   When Layton was decided the relevant statute was 10 Del. C. § 8118. The statute is now
found at 10 Del. C. § 8107.
35
   Layton, 246 A.2d at 798.
36
   See 18 Del. C. § 6856.
37
   401 A.2d 77, 79 (Del. 1979).
38
   Id. at 80.
                                              9
was discovered.39 As such, today a personal injury claim arising out of medical

negligence generally must be brought within two years, or three if the case falls into

the Layton-like “inherently unknowable injury.”40

       Based on the submitted authority, it appears that in the last three decades the

Supreme Court has applied Dunn to only two significant medical negligence cases

involving misdiagnoses of cancer, namely Meekins v. Barnes41 and Dambro v.

Meyer.42 Both held that the statute of limitations began to run at the time the injury

occurred—when the doctor failed to diagnose the cancer.43                      Meekins further

established that the statute of limitations cannot begin to run based on a theoretical

occurrence and instead requires an “affirmative happening or event” to create a cause

of action.44

       In these post-Layton decisions, the Courts’ interpretations of § 6856

consistently held that the date of injury always mirrored the negligent act. Until

now. In accordance with the Supreme Court, “[t]he text of § 6856 does not mandate

39
   Id. at 81.
40
   The statute states in relevant part:
         Solely in the event of personal injury the occurrence of which, during such period
         of 2 years, was unknown to and could not in the exercise of reasonable diligence
         have been discovered by the injured person, such action may be brought prior to
         the expiration of 3 years from the date upon which such injury occurred, and not
         thereafter[.] See 18 Del. C. § 6856.
41
   745 A.2d 893 (Del. 2000).
42
   974 A.2d 121 (Del. 2009).
43
   See Dambro, 974 A.2d at 131; Meekins, 745 A.2d at 897.
44
   Meekins, 745 A.2d at 898.
                                                10
that the date of negligence and the occurrence of injury must be deemed to

coincide.”45 So what is an occurrence of injury under § 6856?

     C. Occurrence of Injury under The Medical Negligence Act

       As under any statute of limitations consideration, the date matters. The

Medical Negligence Act under § 6856 states in relevant part:

       [n]o action for the recovery of damages upon a claim against a
       healthcare provider for personal injury, including personal injury
       which results in death, arising out of medical negligence shall be
       brought after the expiration of two years from the date upon which such
       injury occurred….46
       Although used within the statute, the General Assembly chose not to define

“personal injury” or “injury” within the Medical Negligence Act. Under § 6850,

however, “[a]ny legal term or word of art used in this chapter, not otherwise defined,

shall have such meaning as is consistent with the common law.”47 Merriam-Webster

defines “injury” as a “hurt, damage, or loss sustained.”48 Similarly, Black’s Law

Dictionary defines “personal injury” as “. . . any harm caused to a person, such as a

broken bone, a cut, or a bruise; bodily injury.”49

       In a tort claim as this, “[a] cause of action . . . accrues at the moment when an

injury, although slight, is sustained in consequence of the wrongful act of another. .

45
   Anderson, 247 A.3d at 685.
46
   18 Del. C. § 6856 (emphasis added).
47
   18 Del. C. § 6850.
48
   Injury, MERRIAM-WEBSTER DICTIONARY, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/injury
(last visited Aug. 22, 2022).
49
   Personal Injury, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (11th ed. 2019).
                                           11
. .”50 So when did Mr. King sustain harm to his person as a result of the alleged

wrongful conduct of Defendants under the Medical Negligence Act?

     D. Occurrence of Injury in This Case

       This Supreme Court already determined there was a single negligent act on

one day in 2011 attributable to the Defendant doctor. In heeding the doctor’s

instructions to return in five years, injury occurred in 2016. Which injury? Perhaps

at first blush, the one that caused his death. But this record suggests that Mr. King

experienced various injuries before his death from the alleged medical negligence.51

       Yet, § 6856 seeks “the date upon which such injury occurred. . . .”52 The

law’s request for a finite determination presumes medical accuracy exists in support.

Perhaps in certain medical negligence actions, law and medicine do synchronize to

provide “the date.” But here, aside from evidence of other injuries, several dates

have already been presented by the parties. The first two dates (April 26, 2011 and

March 23, 2016) were rejected as an occurrence of injury and as a negligent act,

respectively. Now, the parties submit two new dates for consideration (i.e., upon a

50
   Kaufman v. C.L. McCabe & Sons, Inc., 603 A.2d 831, 834 (Del. 1992).
51
   Though not argued as dates of injury, the factual record supports findings of other significant
dates of injury to include when malignant tumors were discovered that prevented the follow-up
colonoscopy on March 23, 2016, the diagnosis of carcinomatosis on July 24, 2016, and sepsis,
acute kidney and respiratory failure on August 2, 2016. See Plaintiffs’ Supplemental Rule
26(B)(4) Expert Witness Disclosures, at 2; Plaintiffs’ Brief in Opposition, at 1–2.
52
   18 Del. C. § 6856 (emphasis added).
                                               12
timeframe of the patient’s metastasis versus a hypothetical date of when his doctor

should have diagnosed the cancer).

       Indeed, that four dates have been submitted for review should serve as a signal

under Rule 56 that genuine issues of material fact exist here as to the medical

significance of these injuries. To the extent this Court is asked to make factual

findings to determine a date of injury and apply § 6856, this Court considers only

the proposed dates submitted by the parties, although the record reflects multiple

potential dates of injury.

              1. No Evidence That Hypothetical Date Serves as Date of Injury

       Without providing any expert opinion in support, Defendants now argue the

date of injury is on or before April 26, 2014, when the cancer should have been

diagnosed. Defendants’ reliance on this date is based on Plaintiffs’ expert opinion

that if the colonoscopy had been performed on or before this date (three years after

Dr. Ramani found the benign tumors), then the cancer, if diagnosed at that time,

would have been more treatable.53 This argument focuses on the act of the doctor

instead of the injury to the patient.

       Although the Supreme Court already distinguished this case from Dunn,

Meekins, and Dambro, Defendants maintain “this case is just like [those three

53
  See Transcript of Deposition of Dr. Steven Moss, dated October 14, 2019, at 72:5-7
[hereinafter Transcript of Dr. Steven Moss] (emphasis added).
                                              13
cases]” and therefore “[t]he ‘time of injury’ commenced the running of the statute

of limitations on April 26, 2014.”54 They assert this is the only logical outcome

because those three cases establish that the date of injury is “the date that the cancer

could have been diagnosed but was not.”55 Not so.

       First, as the Supreme Court noted on appeal, Dunn, Meekins, and Dambro all

found those dates of injury coincided with the negligent conduct.56 Second, in those

three cases the Courts determined the injury occurred on either a date of a negligently

performed surgery or misdiagnosis of cancer. Neither are applicable here.

       In Dunn, the doctor performed a back surgery on the plaintiff, entering on the

wrong side of his back.57 Nearly seven years later, Dunn learned the pain he had

been experiencing for the prior years may have been due to the surgeon’s

negligence.58 The Dunn Court found that the time of injury coincided with the

negligently performed surgery and Dunn was barred by the statute of limitations.59

Nothing in Dunn supports Defendants’ assertion that the time of injury was April

26, 2014. Not only is Dunn inapposite to the present matter, but the Supreme Court

has already determined that this result is not supported by the facts of this case.60

54
   Defendants’ Opening Brief, at 12.
55
   Id.
56
   Anderson, 247 A.3d at 685.
57
   Dunn, 401 A.2d at 78.
58
   Id.
59
   Id. at 80.
60
   Anderson, 247 A.3d at 685.
                                          14
      Meekins and Dambro are similarly unhelpful to Defendants. Both cases

involved a doctor’s failure to diagnose breast cancer.61 Here, there is no assertion

that Dr. Ramani ever misdiagnosed Mr. King’s cancer. Dr. Ramani found only

benign tumors on April 26, 2011, and nothing in the record suggests this was

incorrect. The next appointment occurred on March 23, 2016, when Dr. Ramani

diagnosed Mr. King with colon cancer. Again, this diagnosis is not disputed.

      Moreover, although distinguishable for other reasons, this Court does find

Meekins helpful in one regard. There, the Court rejected the plaintiff’s assertion that

the Court should determine the statute of limitations date based on a theoretical

examination that never occurred. The plaintiff argued unsuccessfully that the statute

of limitations did not begin to run until six months after her misdiagnosis because

the doctor should have ordered another mammogram for her at that time.62 The

Court rejected the “commencement of the statute of limitations period . . . on the

theoretical six-month period,”63 and elaborated that “[t]here was no cause of action

that actually arose [on this theoretical date] because no affirmative happening or

event of medical negligence occurred at that time.”64

61
   See Dambro, 974 A.2d 121; Meekins, 745 A.2d 893.
62
   Meekins, 745 A.2d at 895 (emphasis added).
63
   Id. at 898.
64
   Id.
                                            15
          Defendants’ similar argument fails absent proof of injury. No event occurred

between April 26, 2011 (when Dr. Ramani told Mr. King to return in three to five

years) and March 23, 2016 (when Mr. King returned). Just as the Meekins Court

rejected the argument based on a theoretical act of negligence, this Court cannot find

the existence of the occurrence of an injury in 2014. Absent any evidence of injury

in 2014, or that injury would have occurred had the doctor acted and examined Mr.

King, it would be speculative to simply create a theoretical date of injury out of thin

air.      Therefore, even if applicable, neither Meekins nor Dambro supports

Defendants’ assertion that there was an occurrence of injury on or before April 26,

2014.

          Most importantly, Defendants’ reliance that injury occurred on or before April

26, 2014, fails factually. The Court cannot make such a factual finding where the

only medical proffer as to this date is that if the cancer had been diagnosed, it would

have been treatable. That a 2014 cancer possibly could have been detected—and

treated—does not equate to the occurrence of an injury. The most that can be said

about the hypothetical April 26, 2014 date (if Mr. King had presented to Dr. Ramani

at year three) is that if the cancer had been diagnosed and treated, then Mr. King

would be alive today.65 In this wrongful death case, under § 6856, Mr. King would

have had no action because it cannot be said he had suffered “personal injury which

65
     See Transcript of Dr. Steven Moss, at 72:8-13, 77:21-78:2.
                                                 16
results in death, arising out of medical negligence . . . .”66 For these reasons, the

Court finds no support under 18 Del. C. § 6856, case law, or this record that would

allow it to determine an occurrence of injury existed on or before April 26, 2014.

               The Court next considers Plaintiffs’ assertion that the date of injury

coincides with the occurrence of metastatic cancer.

               2. Evidence of Occurrence of Injury Exists upon Metastasis

       Plaintiffs argue summary judgment is improper where the plain meaning of

“personal injury” in 18 Del. C. § 6856 supports a determination that the date of injury

occurred upon the metastasis of Mr. King’s cancer which resulted in physical

injury67 and caused his death.68 Their evidence is as follows: Dr. Moss opined that

there was no metastasis in 201469 and colon cancer would have been treatable if

discovered on colonoscopy at that time.70 He specified that Mr. King suffered injury

where the metastasis occurred between April 11 and June 23, 2016, and a further

injury occurred in July 2016 when Mr. King developed carcinomatosis.71

66
   See 18 Del. C. § 6856.
67
   Plaintiffs’ Answering Brief, at 7. Plaintiffs define “personal injury” as ‘“a hurt or damage
done a man’s person . . . .”’ See id. (quoting Personal injury, Black’s Law Dictionary (6th ed.
1990)).
68
   Id. at 8.
69
   Transcript of Dr. Steven Moss, at 73:6-14, 81:7-14.
70
   Id. at 72:5-7.
71
   Plaintiffs’ Supplemental Rule 26(B)(4) Expert Witness Disclosures, at 2–3.
                                                17
       Defendants argue that under Dambro, metastasis cannot be used as the date

of injury.72 Their reliance on this authority is misplaced. In Dambro, it is true that

the Supreme Court rejected the plaintiff’s argument that injury did not occur until

the cancer metastasized.73 But, in Dambro, there was an actual event when the

patient presented for a mammogram and the doctor misdiagnosed her cancer.

Therefore, the Court merely reiterated the prior holdings of Dunn and Meekins that

the phrase “injury” refers to the date when the wrongful act or omission occurred.74

And it determined the injury occurred when the plaintiff was misdiagnosed which

resulted in a delay in treatment.75

       Where there is no evidence of misdiagnosis here, and the Supreme Court has

already determined that the dates of negligence and injury do not coincide, Dambro

should not be interpreted to mean that the occurrence of metastasis can never be

determined to be an occurrence of injury. Rather, Dambro is simply distinguishable.

It does not preclude this Court from finding that the occurrence of injury is based

upon the metastasis of colon cancer.

       Under Rule 56, all facts and reasonable inferences must be considered in a

light most favorable to Plaintiffs. Defendants presented no evidence to challenge

72
   Defendants’ Reply Brief in Support of Their Motion for Summary Judgment, D.I. 91, at 5–6.
73
   Dambro, 974 A.2d, at 131–32.
74
   Id.
75
   Id. at 132.
                                             18
the medical opinion of Plaintiffs’ expert. Accordingly, as between the two dates

provided by the parties, the Court accepts Plaintiffs’ argument that Mr. King suffered

an occurrence of injury of metastatic disease between April 11 and June 23, 2016.

        Applying the earliest date of the development of this injury, as provided by

Plaintiffs, then the occurrence of the injury began on April 11, 2016. Because a

timely Notice of Intent was provided under 18 Del. C. 6856(4), Plaintiffs timely filed

within the tolled limitations period on April 16, 2018. Whether the onset of the April

11, 2016 injury was the personal injury that resulted in Mr. King’s death, or whether

the cause of death resulted from other occurrences of injuries after the diagnosis of

cancer on March 23, 2016, Plaintiffs are not precluded from pursuing their claims

because even if the Court inquired more into the injurious nature of these dates, for

purposes of the statute of limitations under 18 Del. C. § 6856, Plaintiffs’ claims were

timely filed.76

     E. Proximate Cause

        Lastly, Defendants assert that any harm occurring after the three-year mark of

April 26, 2014, cannot be causally linked to Dr. Ramani’s alleged negligent conduct.

76
  Although Plaintiffs were unsuccessful in convincing the Supreme Court that the March 23, 2016,
date was the last act in the continuum of negligent care, Plaintiffs did not argue that this date, albeit
not an act, evidenced an injury. While there was no negligence attributable to Dr. Ramani on that
date, there is evidence to support a finding of some injury, namely malignant growths on Mr.
King’s colon that prevented performance of the 2016 follow-up colonoscopy. Thus, even though
Plaintiffs abandon this date, had this Court found the date of injury to be March 23, 2016,
independent of the CNMT Doctrine, Plaintiffs’ claims would have been timely filed.
                                                   19
Defendants argue that if the harm occurred beyond the three-year follow-up period

as recommended by Plaintiffs’ expert, then “performing a colonoscopy at the 3-year

mark made no difference in this case and a causal connection between breach and

harm or injury is not established.”77 Defendants have not provided any authority to

support their position and the Court is not persuaded.

       Delaware courts have established that to prove causation in a negligence

action, the plaintiff must show a “causal nexus” between the injury and the

defendant’s conduct.78 Under Delaware law, liability cannot be asserted in a medical

negligence action “unless expert medical testimony is presented as to the alleged

deviation from the applicable standard of care . . . and as to the causation of the

alleged personal injury or death[.]”79 Delaware courts have found that “[a] breach

must be the cause or a cause of the injury.”80 Causation is ordinarily an issue of fact

to be decided by the trier of fact.81

       Dr. Moss provided medical opinions as to both the standard of care and the

proximate cause of Mr. King’s death.82 He opined that because Dr. Ramani breached

the standard of care when he told Mr. King to return in three to five years “the

77
   Defendants’ Opening Brief, at 14.
78
   Money v. Manville Corp. Asbestos Disease Compensation Trust Fund, 596 A.2d 1372, 1376
(Del. 1991).
79
   18 Del. C. § 6853(e).
80
   Frey v. Goshow-Harris, 2009 WL 2963789, at *7 (Del. Super. Sept. 16, 2009) (citing 18 Del.
C. § 6853 (e)).
81
   Money, 596 A.2d at 1375.
82
   See Plaintiffs’ Supplemental Rule 26(B)(4) Expert Witness Disclosures, at 1–3.
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colorectal cancer was not appropriately detected”83 and this breach caused a delay

in Mr. King’s care.84 He opined that “the fact that [Mr. King] had colorectal cancer

surgery was because a cancer had developed secondary to a breach of care” 85 and

that Mr. King would likely be alive if a colonoscopy were performed in 2014.86

Further, he stated that this delay negatively impacted Mr. King’s prognosis87 and

resulted in growth and development of the tumor between 2014 and 2016.88 Finally,

this delay resulted in “metastatic colon cancer and carcinomatosis [that are] both

proximate causes of Mr. King’s death.”89

       Viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, a genuine issue of material

fact exits as to the “causal nexus” between Dr. Ramani’s alleged negligence and Mr.

King’s death. Dr. Moss has opined that the harm would not have occurred but for

Dr. Ramani’s alleged negligent conduct. As causation is generally a question to be

decided by the finder of fact, the Court finds Defendants’ argument, without more,

is premature.

83
   Transcript of Dr. Steven Moss, at 59:23-60:1.
84
   Id. at 74:11-24.
85
   Id. at 59:19-21.
86
   See id. at 72:8-13, 77:21-78:2.
87
   Id. at 74:11-24.
88
   Id. at 82:19-23.
89
   Plaintiffs’ Supplemental Rule 26(B)(4) Expert Witness Disclosures, at 3.
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                                     CONCLUSION

      For the reasons stated, Defendants have failed to establish they are entitled to

summary judgment under Rule 56 as a matter of law. Under 18 Del. C. § 6856,

Plaintiffs’ claims remain timely filed. Plaintiffs establish the existence of genuine

issues of material fact as to whether the subsequently discovered fatal injuries were

causally related to the negligent act. Therefore, Defendants are not entitled to

judgment as a matter of law and Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment must

be DENIED.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                    /s/ Vivian L. Medinilla
                                                    Vivian L. Medinilla
                                                    Judge

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