Court Opinion

ID: 2970495
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 16:14:44.074141+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:18:54.004506
License: Public Domain

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                                                                           &LWLQJ Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390, 399-401, 43 S.Ct. 625, 67
FLWDWLRQRPLWWHG,EHOLHYHWKDWWKLVFRXUWOLNHWKH6XSUHPH      L.Ed. 1042 (1923); Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510, 534-535,
&RXUW PXVW SURFHHG ZLWK FDXWLRQ EHIRUH H[SDQGLQJ              45 S.Ct. 571, 69 L.Ed. 1070 (1925); Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 152-153,
SUHYLRXVO\ UHFRJQL]HG OLEHUW\ LQWHUHVWV WR HQFRPSDVV            93 S.Ct. 705, 35 L.Ed.2d 147 (1973); Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205,
VLWXDWLRQVWKDWKDYHQRW\HWEHHQHQFRXQWHUHG                       231-233, 92 S.Ct. 1526, 32 L.Ed.2d 15 (1972); Stanley v. Illinois, 405
                                                                     U.S. 645, 651, 92 S.Ct. 1208, 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972); Ginsberg v. New
$ 5LJKWWRLQWUDVWDWHWUDYHO                                        York, 390 U.S. 629, 639, 88 S.Ct. 1274, 20 L.Ed.2d 195 (1968); Griswold
                                                                     v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 85 S.Ct. 1678, 14 L.Ed.2d 510 (1965); Poe
  $V WKH PDMRULW\ UHFRJQL]HV WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW KDV           v. Ullman, 367 U.S. 497, 542-544, 549-553, 81 S.Ct. 1752, 6 L.Ed.2d 989
                                                                     (1961) (Harlan, J., dissenting); Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1, 12, 87
GHVFULEHGWKHFRQWRXUVRIWKHULJKWWRWUDYHODVIROORZV            S.Ct. 1817, 18 L.Ed.2d 1010 (1967); May v. Anderson, 345 U.S. 528,
                                                                     533, 73 S.Ct. 840, 97 L.Ed. 1221 (1953); Skinner v. Oklahoma ex rel.
                                                                     Williamson, 316 U.S. 535, 541, 62 S.Ct. 1110, 86 L.Ed. 1655 (1942).
    -RKQVRQHWDOY&LW\RI&LQFLQQDWL         1R      1R           -RKQVRQHWDOY&LW\RI&LQFLQQDWL        

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FUHGLEO\EHUHDGWRVXJJHVWWKDWWKHright to participate in child     WUDGLWLRQDQGLPSOLFLWLQWKHFRQFHSWRIRUGHUHGOLEHUW\
rearing does not extend to grandparents. See, e.g., Moore,             VXFKWKDWQHLWKHUOLEHUW\QRUMXVWLFHZRXOGH[LVWLIWKH\
431 U.S. at 504 ("Ours is by no means a tradition limited to           ZHUH VDFULILFHG  6HFRQG ZH KDYH UHTXLUHG LQ
respect for the bonds uniting the members of the nuclear               VXEVWDQWLYHGXHSURFHVVFDVHVDFDUHIXOGHVFULSWLRQRIWKH
family. The tradition of uncles, aunts, cousins, and especially        DVVHUWHGIXQGDPHQWDOOLEHUW\LQWHUHVW
grandparents sharing a household along with parents and
children has roots equally venerable and equally deserving of        :DVKLQJWRQ Y *OXFNVEHUJ  86   
constitutional recognition.") (emphasis added) (footnote             LQWHUQDOTXRWDWLRQPDUNVDQGFLWDWLRQVRPLWWHGVHHLGDW
omitted).                                                            KROGLQJWKDW³WKHDVVHUWHGµULJKW¶WRDVVLVWDQFHLQFRPPLWWLQJ
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                               C.                                    'XH3URFHVV&ODXVH´

  Neither the Supreme Court nor this court, however, has                7KLV QHHG IRU D ³FDUHIXO GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH DVVHUWHG
addressed the specific issue of whether a grandmother has a          IXQGDPHQWDO OLEHUW\ LQWHUHVW´ DSSHDUV UHSHDWHGO\ LQ WKH
fundamental freedom of association right to participate in the       6XSUHPH&RXUW¶VGHFLVLRQVLQYROYLQJVXEVWDQWLYHGXHSURFHVV
upbringing of her grandchildren.                                     ,Q *OXFNVEHUJ IRU H[DPSOH WKH &RXUW ZDV IDFHG ZLWK D
                                                                     FKDOOHQJHWRDSURKLELWLRQRQSK\VLFLDQDVVLVWHGVXLFLGH7KH
   Our decision in Bazzetta v. McGinnis, 286 F.3d 311, 316           &RXUWH[SUHVVO\UHMHFWHGIUDPLQJWKHLVVXHLQWHUPVRIZKHWKHU
(6th Cir. 2002), provides some guidance. There, we                   LQGLYLGXDOVKDYH³DOLEHUW\LQWHUHVWLQGHWHUPLQLQJWKHWLPH
examined the constitutional validity of a prison regulation that     DQG PDQQHU RI RQH¶V GHDWK´ ³D ULJKW WR GLH´ ³D OLEHUW\ WR
prohibited prisoners from receiving visits from their minor          FKRRVHKRZWRGLH´RU³DULJKWWRFRQWURORIRQH¶VILQDOGD\V´
siblings, nieces and nephews. We struck down the regulation          ,GDWLQWHUQDOTXRWDWLRQPDUNV RPLWWHG,QVWHDGWKH
because it was unrelated to legitimate penological goals. Id.        &RXUWH[SODLQHGWKDW³WKHTXHVWLRQEHIRUHXVLVZKHWKHUWKH
Implicit in our analysis was the recognition that an inmate’s        µOLEHUW\¶ VSHFLDOO\ SURWHFWHG E\ WKH 'XH 3URFHVV &ODXVH
ability to visit with his or her minor siblings, nieces and          LQFOXGHVDULJKWWRFRPPLWVXLFLGHZKLFKLWVHOILQFOXGHVDULJKW
nephews involves constitutionally protected associational            WRDVVLVWDQFHLQGRLQJVR´,GDW
rights. See id. at 317 ("Close analysis is especially
appropriate when, as is the case here, the challenged                   7KH6XSUHPH&RXUWVLPLODUO\UHMHFWHGEURDGGHILQLWLRQVRI
restrictions interfere with family relationships . . . specially     WKHDVVHUWHGOLEHUW\LQWHUHVWLQ5HQRY)ORUHV86
protected by the Constitution."). The right to participate in          ZKHUH LW XSKHOG WKH FRQVWLWXWLRQDOLW\ RI
the upbringing of one’s grandchild occupies a basic position         UHJXODWLRQV SURPXOJDWHG E\ WKH ,PPLJUDWLRQ DQG
in our society’s hierarchy of values and is of a more intimate       1DWXUDOL]DWLRQ6HUYLFHWKDWDGGUHVVHGWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHVDQG
                                                                     WHUPVXQGHUZKLFKGHWDLQHGMXYHQLOHDOLHQVFRXOGEHUHOHDVHG
 and therefore more fundamental  nature than the right to          SHQGLQJWKHLUGHSRUWDWLRQKHDULQJV,QSDUWLFXODUWKH&RXUW
visit one’s nieces or nephews. Therefore, a logical extension        IUDPHGWKHLVVXHLQWHUPVRI³WKHDOOHJHGULJKWRIDFKLOGZKR
of Bazzetta’s reasoning suggests that Johnson has a                  KDVQRDYDLODEOHSDUHQWFORVHUHODWLYHRUOHJDOJXDUGLDQDQG
fundamental freedom of association right to participate in the       IRUZKRPWKHJRYHUQPHQWLVUHVSRQVLEOHWREHSODFHGLQWKH
upbringing of her grandchildren.                                     FXVWRG\RIDZLOOLQJDQGDEOHSULYDWHFXVWRGLDQUDWKHUWKDQRI
                                                                     D JRYHUQPHQWRSHUDWHG RU JRYHUQPHQWVHOHFWHG FKLOGFDUH
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                      BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB                                     Bazzetta’s implicit conclusion, that a prisoner has a right to
                                                                          receive certain family members as visitors, is in some tension
                          ',66(17                                         with this court’s prior conclusion in Thompson v. Ashe, that
                      BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB                                   a plaintiff had "no fundamental right to visit his family
                                                                          members on [a public housing development’s] property." 250
   521$/'/((*,/0$1&LUFXLW-XGJHGLVVHQWLQJ7KH                     F.3d at 406-07.
PDMRULW\KDVFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHRUGLQDQFHLQTXHVWLRQYLRODWHG
WKHSODLQWLIIV¶IXQGDPHQWDOULJKWVWRLQWUDVWDWHWUDYHODQGWR              In Thompson, the plaintiff challenged the constitutionality
IUHHGRPRIDVVRFLDWLRQ7RWKHFRQWUDU\,DPRIWKHRSLQLRQ             of a "no trespass" list, which kept him from visiting family
WKDWWKLVFRXUWKDVSUHYLRXVO\KHOGWKDWQRIXQGDPHQWDOULJKW             members in a public housing development.  ,G  7KH
WR LQWUDVWDWH WUDYHO H[LVWV  0RUHRYHU , GR QRW VKDUH WKH      7KRPSVRQ FRXUW DGGUHVVHG WKH LVVXH DV IROORZV  )LUVW LW
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ULJKWV7KHRUGLQDQFHZDVWKXVVXEMHFWWRWKHORZHUVWDQGDUG             ³6XSUHPH&RXUWKDVDFFRUGHGFRQVWLWXWLRQDOSURWHFWLRQWR´
RI UDWLRQDO EDVLV UHYLHZ ZKLFK , EHOLHYH LW PHW  , DOVR      ,G QRWLQJ WKDW WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW ³KDV DFFRUGHG
FRQFOXGH WKDW WKH RUGLQDQFH GLG QRW YLRODWH WKH 'RXEOH            FRQVWLWXWLRQDO SURWHFWLRQ WR PDUULDJH WKH EHJHWWLQJ DQG
-HRSDUG\&ODXVHRIWKH)LIWK$PHQGPHQWDQLVVXHWKDWWKH                 EHDULQJ RI FKLOGUHQ FKLOG UHDULQJ DQG HGXFDWLRQ DQG
PDMRULW\ KDG QR QHHG WR UHDFK  )RU DOO RI WKHVH UHDVRQV ,   FRKDELWDWLRQ ZLWK UHODWLYHV´ FLWDWLRQV RPLWWHG  7KH
ZRXOGUHYHUVHWKHMXGJPHQWRIWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW                         7KRPSVRQFRXUWWKHQQRWHGWKDWWKHSODLQWLIIGLGQRWFODLPDQ
                                                                          DVVRFLDWLRQ LQWHUHVW WR ZKLFK WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW KDG
                ,)81'$0(17$/5,*+76                                    SUHYLRXVO\ DFFRUGHG FRQVWLWXWLRQDO SURWHFWLRQ ± LH
    7KHPDMRULW\FRQFOXGHVWKDWWKHRUGLQDQFHLQIULQJHGXSRQ              FRKDELWDWLRQ ZLWK UHODWLYHV ± and that the "Court has not
WKHULJKWVRIERWK-RKQVRQDQG$X)UDQFHWRLQWUDVWDWHWUDYHO            extended constitutional protection to mere visitation with
-RKQVRQ¶VULJKWWRDVVLVWLQUDLVLQJKHUJUDQGFKLOGUHQDQG$X            family members." Id. (emphasis added). Without further
)UDQFH¶VULJKWWRYLVLWKLVDWWRUQH\$FFRUGLQJWRWKHPDMRULW\         explanation, the Thompson panel concluded that the plaintiff
HDFKRIWKHVHULJKWVFRQVWLWXWHVDIXQGDPHQWDOOLEHUW\LQWHUHVW          did not have a fundamental right to visit his family members.
, UHVSHFWIXOO\ GLVDJUHH    %HIRUH GLVFXVVLQJ HDFK RI WKHVH        Put more succinctly, Thompson concluded that the plaintiff
SXUSRUWHG ULJKWV LQ GHWDLO , EHOLHYH WKDW D IHZ JHQHUDO         had no fundamental right to visit his family members because
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                                                                          the Supreme Court had not yet articulated such a right. That
  7KH6XSUHPH&RXUW¶VDSSURDFKWRGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUD                   the Supreme Court’s recognition of a right establishes that
SDUWLFXODUULJKWLVSURWHFWHGE\WKH)RXUWHHQWK$PHQGPHQW¶V               right’s existence for lower courts, however, tells us nothing
'XH 3URFHVV &ODXVH HVWDEOLVKHV WKH IUDPHZRUN IRU P\                about the existence of rights that the Court has not yet
DQDO\VLV                                                                 addressed. Unless one accepts the indefensible premise that
                                                                          the absence of a Supreme Court opinion on the existence of
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                                                                                                                          7KRPSVRQ GRHV QRW VSHFLI\
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a particular right means that a particular right does not exist,   DSSO\´ VHH DOVR 1XQH]  )G DW  ILQGLQJ 6DQ
there is simply no reason to infer the absence of a                'LHJR¶VRUGLQDQFH³SUREOHPDWLF´EHFDXVHLWGLGQRW³SURYLGH
fundamental right to visit a family member based on the            H[FHSWLRQV IRU PDQ\ OHJLWLPDWH DFWLYLWLHV ZLWK RU ZLWKRXW
fortuity that the Supreme Court has not yet addressed the          SDUHQWDOSHUPLVVLRQ´
issue.
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ERXQGE\7KRPSVRQ¶VFRQFOXVLRQ±DVRSSRVHGWR%D]]HWWD¶V            ,Q VWULNLQJGRZQWKH2UGLQDQFHZHGRQRWIRUHFORVHWKH
LPSOLFLW FRQFOXVLRQ ± LI -RKQVRQ KDG PHUHO\ DVVHUWHG D     SRVVLELOLW\ WKDW D QDUURZHU YHUVLRQ RI WKH 2UGLQDQFH
IXQGDPHQWDOULJKWWRYLVLWKHUGDXJKWHURUJUDQGFKLOGUHQWK     VXSSRUWHGE\DFOHDUHUUHFRUGFRXOGZLWKVWDQGVWULFWVFUXWLQ\
&LU5FVHHDOVR8QLWHG6WDWHVY6PLWK)G     7HPSRUDU\ H[FOXVLRQ LV DQ H[WUHPH PHDVXUH EXW ZH
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   The issue before this court, however, is whether Johnson        RI LWV FLWL]HQV LQ KLJK FULPHV DUHDV  :KLOH ZH KDYH HYHU\
has a fundamental associational right to participate in the        FRQILGHQFHWKDWWKH&LW\DFWHGLQWKHXWPRVWJRRGIDLWKDQG
education and rearing of her grandchild. Unlike the plaintiff      ZLWK WKH EHVW LQWHQWLRQV LQ HQDFWLQJ WKH 2UGLQDQFH WKH
in Thompson, Johnson has been an active participant in the         2UGLQDQFH LQ LWV SUHVHQW        IRUP GRHV QRW ZLWKVWDQG
lives and activities of her grandchildren, with the consent and    FRQVWLWXWLRQDOVFUXWLQ\
support of the children’s mother. Thompson itself recognized
the distinction between participating in child rearing and                                            9,,
merely visiting one’s family. See Thompson, 250 F.3d at 407
(acknowledging that "[t]he Court has accorded constitutional         )RUWKHIRUHJRLQJUHDVRQVZH$)),50WKHMXGJPHQWRIWKH
protection to . . . child rearing and education") (citing Pierce   GLVWULFWFRXUW
v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510, 534-35, 45 S.Ct. 571, 69
L.Ed. 1070 (1925)). Moreover, to the extent that Thompson
can be read to proclaim the absence of a fundamental right to
participate in child-rearing it conflicts with Supreme Court
precedent and cannot bind this court. See Pierce, 268 U.S. at
534-35 (recognizing a fundamental child-rearing right);
Meyer, 262 U.S. at 398 (noting that "without doubt" the
liberty interest guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment
denotes the right to "establish a home and bring up children").

  Accordingly, we find that Johnson does have a fundamental
freedom of association right to participate in the upbringing
of her grandchildren.
                                                                       
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$QGDVDKRPHOHVVLQGLYLGXDO$X)UDQFHODFNHGDFFHVVWRD                                             D.
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REYLRXVO\SULYLOHJHGQDWXUHRIKLVFRQYHUVDWLRQVLWFDQQRWEH             Our analysis of Au France’s claim  that the Ordinance
VDLG WKDW $X )UDQFH¶V DFFHVV WR WKH &LW\¶V SUHGRPLQDQWO\       infringes on his freedom of association right to visit his
XQHQFORVHGSXEOLFSKRQHVDOOHYLDWHGKLVSUREOHPRIDFFHVV             attorney  is more straightforward. Much of our system of
$QXUEDQVWUHHWFRUQHUVLPSO\GRHVQRWSURYLGHDVXIILFLHQW             law is based upon the presumption that one of the most
JXDUDQWHHRISULYDF\DQGDUHDOLVWLFDOO\HIIHFWLYHJXDUGDJDLQVW        important relationships for "safeguarding of individual
GLVFORVXUHRISULYLOHJHGDQGFRQILGHQWLDOLQIRUPDWLRQWREH             freedom" is that between an individual and his or her
FRQVLGHUHGDYLDEOHDOWHUQDWLYH(YHQLI$X)UDQFHVHFXUHGD           attorney. See Roberts, 468 U.S. at 617-618. It simply cannot
ZKROO\HQFORVHGSXEOLFSKRQHKHLVKRPHOHVVDQGWKXVLQDOO          be denied that an individual’s relationship with his or her
OLNHOLKRRG ODFNV WKH PRQH\ IRU DQ\WKLQJ PRUH WKDQ D VKRUW      attorney "acts as a critical buffer between the individual and
FRQYHUVDWLRQZLWKKLVDWWRUQH\7KXVWKH2UGLQDQFHQRWRQO\           the power of the State." See id. Accordingly, we find that Au
EORFNHG$X)UDQFH¶VSK\VLFDODFFHVVWRKLVDWWRUQH\¶VRIILFH           France has a fundamental freedom of association right to visit
LWHIIHFWLYHO\EORFNHGDOODFFHVVWRKLVDWWRUQH\:KLOHWKLVD        his attorney.
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