Court Opinion

ID: 4102679
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-11-28 21:00:32.757515+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:45:38.840383
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                     For the First Circuit

No. 15-1491

    IN RE: ARIAD PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. SECURITIES LITIGATION

JOSEPH BRADLEY; PENSION TRUST FUND FOR OPERATING ENGINEERS; CITY
 OF FORT LAUDERDALE POLICE & FIRE RETIREMENT SYSTEM; AUTOMOTIVE
     INDUSTRIES PENSION TRUST FUND; WILLIAM A. GAUL, D.M.D.,

                     Plaintiffs, Appellants,

    NABIL ELMACHTOUB, individually and on behalf of all others
 similarly situated; JAMES L. BURCH, individually and on behalf
      of all others similarly situated; GREATER PENNSYLVANIA
   CARPENTERS' PENSION FUND, individually and on behalf of all
    others similarly situated; JIMMY WANG, individually and on
             behalf of all others similarly situated,

                           Plaintiffs,

                               v.

 ARIAD PHARMACEUTICALS, INC; HARVEY J. BERGER; FRANK G. HALUSKA;
 TIMOTHY P. CLACKSON; EDWARD M. FITZGERALD; JEFFERIES & COMPANY,
 INC.; WAYNE WILSON; JAY R. LAMARCHE; BMO CAPITAL MARKETS CORP.;
  ATHANASE LAVIDAS; COWEN AND COMPANY, LLC; RBC CAPITAL MARKETS,
   LLC; JP MORGAN SECURITIES LLC; LEERINK SWANN LLC; NORBERT G.
 RIEDEL; MASSIMO RADAELLI; ROBERT M. WHELAN, JR.; UBS SECURITIES
                               LLC,

                     Defendants, Appellees,

  DAVID E. I. PYOTT; MIKE R. BOWLIN; JOHN T. CARDIS; WESLEY W.
    VONSCHACK; ROBERT A. INGRAM; WILLIAM J. LINK; MICHAEL A.
                  MUSSALLEM; BARBARA J. MCNEIL,

                           Defendants.
          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

          [Hon. William G. Young, U.S. District Judge]

                              Before

                       Howard, Chief Judge,
                   Souter, Associate Justice,*
                      Lipez, Circuit Judge.

     John C. Browne, with whom Kristin Ann Meister, Bernstein
Litowitz Berger & Grossmann, LLP, Ariana J. Tadler, Arvind Khurana,
Melissa Ryan Clark, Milberg LLP, Johnathan Gardner, Carol
Villegas, Labaton Sucharow LLP, Glen DeValerio, and Berman
DeValerio were on brief, for appellants.
     John F. Sylvia, with whom Andrew N. Nathanson, Matthew D.
Levitt, Rebecca L. Zeidel, and Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky
and Popeo, P.C. were on brief, for appellees ARIAD Pharmaceuticals,
Inc., Harvey J. Berger, Frank G. Haluska, Timothy P. Clackson,
Edward M. Fitzgerald, Wayne Wilson, Jay R. Lamarche, Athanase
Lavidas, Norbert G. Reidel, Massimo Radaelli, and Robert M. Whelan,
Jr.
     Brian E. Pastuszenski, with whom Mark Holland, Brian C.
Devine, and Goodwin Procter LLP were on brief, for appellees
Jefferies & Company, Inc., BMO Capital Markets Corp., Cowen and
Company, LLC, RBC Capital Markets, LLC, JP Morgan Securities LLC,
Leerink Swann LLC, and UBS Securities LLC.

                        November 28, 2016

     * Hon. David H. Souter, Associate Justice (Ret.) of the
Supreme Court of the United States, sitting by designation.
            HOWARD, Chief Judge.        When a company's stock declines,

a shareholder lawsuit often follows.           This case is no exception.

Following a drop in the share price of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,

investors   filed   suit    against    the   company    and   four   corporate

officers    (together      "ARIAD"),    alleging     securities      fraud     in

violation of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange

Act of 1934 ("Exchange Act"), 15 U.S.C. §§ 78j(b) and 78t(a), as

well as the Securities and Exchange Commission's ("SEC") Rule 10b-

5, 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5.        The complaint also raised claims under

Sections 11 and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933 ("Securities

Act"), 15 U.S.C. §§ 77k and 77o, against ARIAD, its directors, and

various    underwriters     involved    in   the   company's    January      2013

offering    of   common    stock.      The   district   court   stopped       the

litigation in its tracks by dismissing the complaint in its

entirety.    See In re ARIAD Pharm., Inc., 98 F. Supp. 3d 147 (D.

Mass. 2015).     The plaintiffs timely appealed.

            We   affirm    the   district     court's    dismissal     of    the

securities fraud counts, except with respect to one particular

alleged misstatement for which we find the allegations set forth

in the complaint sufficient to state a claim.            We also affirm the

disposition of the plaintiffs' claims under Sections 11 and 15,

albeit on different grounds than those articulated by the district

court.

                                    - 3 -
                                I.     Facts

          Fairly read, the complaint alleges the following.             ARIAD

Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a publicly traded company headquartered

in Cambridge, Massachusetts.           At all times relevant to this

litigation, Defendant-Appellee Harvey Berger served as ARIAD's

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"), Defendant-Appellee

Edward Fitzgerald served as the company's Executive Vice President

and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), Defendant-Appellee Frank

Haluska served as its Senior Vice President and Chief Medical

Officer, and Defendant-Appellee Timothy Clackson served as its

President of Research and Development, Senior Vice President, and

Chief Scientific Officer.

          In 2008, ARIAD embarked on the development of ponatinib,1

a tyrosine kinase inhibitor ("TKI") designed to treat patients

suffering from chronic myeloid leukemia ("CML").                 As with any

experimental drug, the development process entailed a series of

clinical trials.   See N.J. Carpenters Pension & Annuity Funds v.

Biogen IDEC Inc., 537 F.3d 35, 39 (1st Cir. 2008) (discussing

typical three-phase trial structure).             The first trial, dubbed

"PACE 1," was intended to determine the maximum tolerable dose

("MTD") of ponatinib.     After settling on 45mg as the MTD, ARIAD

began a second trial, "PACE 2."          The purpose of this follow-on

     1  ARIAD   markets   and   sells        ponatinib   under   the   moniker
"Iclusig."

                                     - 4 -
study was to determine the safety, efficacy, and durability of

ponatinib, in order to support its limited approval for CML

patients   who     are    resistant    to   or   intolerant    of    other   TKI

treatments.      In November 2012, with PACE 2 on-going, ARIAD began

to screen subjects for its third clinical trial, "EPIC," which was

designed to compare ponatinib directly against the leading CML

drug on the market, Gleevec.

             In July 2012, ARIAD began the process of submitting a

rolling application to the FDA for limited approval to market

ponatinib.     In conjunction with the application, ARIAD submitted

a July 2012 Interim Report consisting of data from the on-going

PACE 2 trial, with a cut-off date of July 23, 2012.                  The Center

for Drug Evaluation and Research ("CDER"), located within the FDA,

subsequently analyzed the data and issued a series of reports of

its own (collectively the "CDER Report").

             By October 2012, ARIAD and the FDA began corresponding

in earnest about potential approval of ponatinib for limited

applications.      As part of this process, ARIAD submitted a proposed

label.     The    FDA,    however,    rejected   ARIAD's   proposal,      citing

concerns     about       adverse     cardiovascular   events        and   dosage

reductions.      On December 14, 2012, after some additional back-and-

forth, ARIAD announced that the FDA had approved the marketing of

ponatinib on a limited basis.          It was not all good news, however,

as the FDA required ARIAD to include a "black box" warning on

                                       - 5 -
ponatinib's label about the risk of adverse cardiovascular events.

Following disclosure of these developments, ARIAD's per share

stock price fell from $23.88 to $18.93.

           In the wake of the black box warning, ARIAD nevertheless

continued to publicly project confidence in ponatinib.                But more

troubling news arose in October 2013.          First, on October 9, ARIAD

informed investors that, based on additional data from an August

2013 Interim Report, it was pausing enrollment in all clinical

studies   of    ponatinib    due   to   increased   instances    of    medical

complications in the PACE 2 trial.            Days later, on October 18,

ARIAD issued a Form 8-K and accompanying press release indicating

that it had agreed to halt the EPIC trial entirely.              Finally, on

October 31, ARIAD announced that it was "temporarily suspending

the marketing and commercial distribution" of ponatinib at the

direction of the FDA.         The market reacted harshly, and ARIAD's

stock price fell to $2.20 per share.              The instant shareholder

lawsuit followed.

                        II.    Procedural History

           On the defendants' motion, the district court dismissed

the complaint in its entirety.          As to the Exchange Act claims, the

court   found   that   the   complaint     sufficiently   alleged     material

misrepresentations     or    omissions    about   ponatinib,    but   that   it

failed to give rise to a "strong inference" of scienter as required

by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 ("PSLRA").

                                    - 6 -
For the Securities Act claims, the district court held that the

complaint did not plausibly allege any material misrepresentations

or omissions in relation to ARIAD's January 2013 common stock

offering.

                 We review the grant of a motion to dismiss for failure

to state claim de novo.2          See Aldridge v. A.T. Cross Corp., 284
F.3d 72, 78 (1st Cir. 2002).         In doing so, we assume the truth of

"the raw facts" set forth in the complaint.         In re Bos. Sci. Corp.

Sec. Litig., 686 F.3d 21, 27 (1st Cir. 2012).             By contrast, we

need       not     credit   the   plaintiffs'    "legal   conclusions    or

characterizations."         Id.

                            III. Exchange Act Claims

                 Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act "forbids the 'use or

employ, in connection with the purchase or sale of any security

. . . , [of] any manipulative or deceptive device . . . ."        Tellabs

Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 318 (2007)

(alteration in original) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b)).            The SEC

has implemented this provision via Rule 10b-5, which proscribes,

among other things, "any untrue statement of a material fact" or

omission of any "material fact necessary in order to make the

statements made . . . not misleading."          17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5.   To

       2
       Because our review is de novo, we need not specifically
address each of the plaintiffs' quibbles with the district court's
analysis. See Fire & Police Pension Ass'n of Colo. v. Abiomed,
Inc., 778 F.3d 228, 241 & n.5 (1st Cir. 2015).

                                     - 7 -
state a claim under Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5, a plaintiff must

plead the following elements:     (1) a material misrepresentation or

omission; (2) scienter; (3) a connection with the purchase or sale

of a security; (4) reliance; (5) economic loss; and (6) loss

causation.    ACA Fin. Guar. Corp. v. Advest, Inc., 512 F.3d 46, 58

(1st Cir. 2008) (citing Dura Pharm., Inc. v. Broudo, 544 U.S. 336,

341-42 (2005)).

             The only two elements implicated by this appeal are the

existence     of   a   material   misrepresentation      and    scienter.

Ultimately, because we find that the complaint fails to adequately

plead scienter with respect to most of the alleged misstatements,

we need not determine whether those statements contained any

misrepresentations or, if so, whether such misrepresentations were

material.

             We have, however, recognized that "the materiality and

scienter inquiries are linked."      Abiomed, 778 F.3d at 240.       This

is because the marginal materiality of an omitted fact "tends to

undercut the argument that defendants acted with the requisite

intent . . . in not disclosing" it.       Id. at 242 (citation omitted).

Accordingly, we must bear in mind that a fact is material where

there is "a substantial likelihood that" its disclosure "would

have been viewed by the reasonable investor as having significantly

altered the total mix of information made available."          Basic Inc.

v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224, 231-32 (1988) (citation omitted).

                                  - 8 -
              The Supreme Court has described scienter as "a mental

state    embracing   intent    to     deceive,   manipulate,    or    defraud."

Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 319 (citation omitted).                   The plaintiffs

correctly point out that scienter also encompasses "a high degree

of recklessness."     Miss. Pub. Emps.' Ret. Sys. v. Bos. Sci. Corp.,

649 F.3d 5, 20 (1st Cir. 2011) (citation omitted).               But, in this

context, recklessness requires "an extreme departure from the

standards of ordinary care, . . . which presents a danger of

misleading buyers . . . that is either known to the defendant or

is so obvious the actor must have been aware of it."            Id. (citation

omitted).

              At the pleading stage, the PSLRA requires plaintiffs to

"state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference

that    the   defendant    acted    with"   scienter.    15    U.S.C.   §   78u-

4(b)(2)(A) (emphasis added).           "To qualify as 'strong' . . . an

inference of scienter must be more than merely plausible or

reasonable—it must be cogent and at least as compelling as any

opposing inference of nonfraudulent intent."            Tellabs, 551 U.S. at

314.    We have found this exacting standard satisfied where the

complaint "contains clear allegations of admissions, internal

records or witnessed discussions suggesting that at the time they

made    the   statements    claimed    to   be   misleading,   the    defendant

officers were aware that they were withholding vital information

or at least were warned by others that this was so."                 Bos. Sci.,

                                      - 9 -
686 F.3d at 31.        In imposing this heightened pleading standard,

Congress recognized and accepted the "[i]nherent" risk of leaving

"without remedy some wrongs that discovery or trial might have

disclosed."     Id. at 32.

              Here, ARIAD's alleged misstatements fall into two broad

categories:      (1) those made before the FDA's December 14, 2012

limited approval of ponatinib and the corresponding disclosures;

and (2) those made after such approval.           We address each of these

categories in turn below, and, with the exception of one pre-

approval statement, we agree with the district court that the

complaint fails to give rise to the required strong inference of

scienter.      We also find the plaintiffs' allegations of insider

trading insufficient to resuscitate the inadequate fraud claims.

A.     Pre-Approval

              The first alleged misstatement identified during the

pre-approval period occurred in a December 11, 2011 press release

about the PACE 2 trial data. The release indicated that "[i]nitial

safety data show ponatinib to be well tolerated."               It went on to

list    the    rates    of    some     adverse   events,     including     rash,

thrombocytopenia,       dry    skin,     abdominal   pain,     headache,    and

pancreatitis, but it did not mention the rate of cardiovascular

events.       As required by the PSLRA, the complaint purports to

explain "why the statement [wa]s misleading," 15 U.S.C. § 78u-

4(b)(1), by referencing the CDER Report based on data collected

                                     - 10 -
through July 23, 2012.      The complaint identifies several similar

statements by ARIAD about the safety of ponatinib between December

2011 and mid-July 2012.     The plaintiffs claim that each of these

statements was materially misleading in light of the data reflected

in the CDER Report.

          But the plaintiffs' theory of fraud suffers from a

glaring omission.      The complaint contains conclusory allegations

that the defendants possessed "contemporaneous[]" knowledge of

various facts in the CDER Report, including the 8% rate of serious

cardiovascular events, "based on their continuous monitoring of

the PACE 2 trial data."         The plaintiffs do not, however, allege

any specific facts about when the defendants learned of these

adverse events or even when the adverse events occurred.         Rather,

they   impermissibly     seek    to   establish   fraud   by   hindsight,

suggesting that, as early as December 2011, the defendants must

have known about adverse events occurring up until the July 23,

2012 cut-off date.     Not only does this theory defy logic, it also

ignores our caselaw's instruction that "[a] statement cannot be

intentionally misleading if the defendant did not have sufficient

information at the relevant time to form an evaluation that there

was a need to disclose certain information and to form an intent

not to disclose it."     Biogen, 537 F.3d at 45; see also id. at 50

(finding complaint insufficient to support inference of scienter

where the plaintiffs "failed to allege when" the relevant adverse

                                   - 11 -
events "became known"); Auto. Indus. Pension Tr. Fund v. Textron

Inc., 682 F.3d 34, 39 (1st Cir. 2012) (affirming dismissal where

"warnings by subordinates or expressions of concern by executives"

were "notably absent").

            The complaint's allegations about access to the PACE 2

data do not fill this gap.        Only one such allegation relates to

the   pre-approval    period,   and   it   stands    for   the   unremarkable

proposition that, as of May 9, 2012, ARIAD was "in the process of

collecting, QCing, [and] processing the data."             The paragraph is

silent on the crucial questions of when the serious adverse events

occurred and when the defendants became aware of them.

            In addition to statements about ponatinib's safety, the

complaint also cites various allegedly misleading statements about

dose reductions.       For example, on December 12, 2011, Haluska,

ARIAD's    Chief   Medical   Officer,      told    investors,    "we   haven't

quantified yet the number of dose interruptions or dose reductions"

in the PACE 2 study.      The plaintiffs' theory of fraud follows a

familiar   pattern:     this    statement    was    purportedly    misleading

because of the defendants' contemporaneous knowledge of certain

facts in the CDER Report, including the fact that 73% of patients

required   a   dose   interruption    or   dose    reduction.     Subsequent

paragraphs contain similar allegations.            We are, however, left to

guess as to precisely when the defendants became aware of the dose

reductions.

                                  - 12 -
              For these reasons, we have little trouble concluding

that the complaint fails to create a compelling inference of

scienter with respect to statements made before the July 23, 2012

cut-off date for the CDER Report.                  Indeed, the plaintiffs come

close    to   conceding   as    much    by    alleging      that    the   defendants

possessed knowledge of the relevant adverse events and dosage

reductions "[b]y no later than July 23, 2012."

              Arguably,   the   analysis       could   be    different      for   time

periods after that date if the defendants were familiar with the

data that ARIAD provided to the FDA.                But the complaint contains

no such allegation.        In fact, aside from a conclusory statement

that    Haluska   "participated        in    the   creation"       of   ARIAD's   July

submission, the complaint fails to indicate whether and to what

extent the defendants were involved in collecting or reviewing the

relevant data.      Accordingly, we find the plaintiffs' allegations

insufficient to state a claim with respect to the purported

misstatements from July 23 through October 2012.

              On October 25, 2012, the FDA sent an email to unspecified

individuals at ARIAD rejecting the company's proposed label for

ponatinib due to inadequate safety disclosures.                    The agency cited

the 8% rate of serious cardiovascular events in the PACE 2 trial

data, as well as the 73% dose reduction rate.                A follow-up meeting

was held on November 1, 2012, which included FDA personnel,

Haluska, and Clackson, ARIAD's Chief Scientific Officer, among

                                       - 13 -
others.   After that meeting, the FDA directed ARIAD to submit a

revised label with a black box warning.

          In light of these later communications with the FDA, the

plaintiffs'   allegations   are    sufficient    to   support   a   strong

inference of scienter with respect to one particular material

misstatement.3   On December 11, 2012, an investment bank published

a report on ARIAD based on a breakfast meeting the previous day

with Chairman and CEO Berger, Haluska, and Clackson, among others.

The report stated, in pertinent part, that "management continues

to be optimistic about ponatinib's prospects for approval in the

U.S. . . . with a favorable label."        It further indicated that the

drug's "profile continues to look very benign, with few worrisome

     3 The plaintiffs point to two other purported misstatements
between October 25 and December 11, 2012. The complaint fails to
create an inference that these statements were knowingly false.
     First, the plaintiffs cite Berger's November 7 response on an
analyst conference call, "I can't speak to what the label [for
ponatinib] is going to look like." Because ARIAD was, at the time,
in negotiations with the FDA about the label, this statement was
literally true. Nor was it materially misleading for Berger to
omit certain details of the company's interactions with the FDA.
See Abiomed, 778 F.3d at 244 (citing the need for "give and take"
with the regulator).
     Second, the plaintiffs take issue with ARIAD's November 9,
2012 Form 10-Q, which indicated that there had been "no material
changes to the risk factors" included in the prior Form 10-K. Even
assuming that this statement was materially misleading, the
plaintiffs point to no allegation that Berger or CFO Fitzgerald,
the two defendants who signed the document, were involved in the
October 25 or November 1 communications with the FDA. Accordingly,
the complaint fails to support a compelling inference of scienter.

                                  - 14 -
signals."      The report cited pancreatitis as "the most prevalent"

serious adverse event (occurring in 5% of patients) and noted "low

rates of cardiovascular issues."

              Assuming these allegations are true, it was knowingly or

recklessly misleading for Haluska and Clackson to express optimism

about ponatinib's chances for approval with a "favorable label"

weeks after learning that the FDA had rejected ARIAD's proposed

label.      While management may have held out hope of achieving this

result, the expression of that hope without disclosure of recent

troubling developments created an impermissible risk of misleading

investors.       See Zak v. Chelsea Therapeutics Int'l, Ltd., 780 F.3d
597, 610 (4th Cir. 2015) (finding "a strong inference that the

defendants either knowingly or recklessly misled investors by

failing to disclose critical information received from the FDA .

. . , while releasing less damaging information that they knew was

incomplete").      Similarly, after the FDA specifically noted the 8%

rate   of    serious    cardiovascular    events,    it   was    knowingly   or

recklessly misleading for ARIAD to cite pancreatitis as the most

prevalent serious adverse event.           See Aldridge, 284 F.3d at 83

("[T]he fact that the defendants published statements when they

knew     facts    suggesting    the     statements   were       inaccurate   or

misleadingly incomplete is classic evidence of scienter.").

              ARIAD    fails   to   develop    any   argument      that   these

misstatements were not material, and, in any event, we have little

                                      - 15 -
difficulty concluding that disclosure of the FDA's concerns or the

rate of serious cardiovascular events with respect to ARIAD's

leading product would have altered the total mix of information

available to investors. For these reasons, we reverse the district

court's dismissal of the Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 claims

predicated upon this December 11, 2012 press release.4

B.      Post-Approval

               The plaintiffs' post-approval allegations rely on the

same type of fraud by hindsight theory that doomed the majority of

their pre-approval claims.              It is undisputed that, on December 14,

2012,       ARIAD    disclosed     to    investors    the   8%     rate   of   serious

cardiovascular events as well as the FDA's requirement of a black

box     warning.         The     complaint   nonetheless         identifies    various

subsequent          statements    about    ponatinib      that    were    purportedly

misleading for failure to disclose an increase in the rate of

adverse       events     after     the    July     2012   cut-off     date.      More

specifically, the rate of serious cardiovascular events is said to

have increased from 8% to 11.8%.                     The alleged misstatements

occurred between March 1 and August 9, 2013, but the plaintiffs

rely on data collected through an unspecified date in August to

claim that those statements were fraudulent. Because the complaint

        4
       Because the district court dismissed the Section 10(b) and
Rule 10b-5 claims, it also dismissed the derivative Section 20(a)
claims without any additional analysis. We vacate that dismissal
with respect to the December 11, 2012 release.

                                          - 16 -
fails to indicate when the adverse events occurred, let alone when

the defendants became aware of them, it fails to create a strong

inference of scienter.

           Nor do the plaintiffs' allegations of access to post-

approval data get them over the PSLRA's pleading hurdle.     To be

sure, these allegations are more extensive and detailed than their

pre-approval counterparts. But the plaintiffs still fail to allege

specifically when the defendants became aware of any adverse

events.   See Police Ret. Sys. of St. Louis v. Intuitive Surgical,

Inc., 759 F.3d 1051, 1063 (9th Cir. 2014) (affirming dismissal

despite alleged access to undisclosed data absent "allegations

linking specific reports and their contents to the executives").

And, more fundamentally, the defendants self-evidently could not

have been aware of adverse events that had not yet occurred.   The

complaint is silent with respect to the rate of adverse events at

the time that each of the alleged misstatements was made.      This

omission is fatal where, as here, the collection of data may have

continued after the last of the purported misstatements and the

total increase was a relatively modest 3.8%.5

     5 The plaintiffs cite the FDA's finding that, "[i]n some
patients," adverse events "occurred as early as 2 weeks" after
taking ponatinib. But the agency's indication that some patients
experienced adverse events as early as two weeks into therapy tells
us nothing about whether the rate of overall adverse events had
increased and, if so, by how much as of the relevant dates.

                              - 17 -
C.   Insider Trading

           The plaintiffs seek to bolster their fraud claims with

allegations of insider trading by the officer defendants.                As an

initial matter, while such insider trading may be "probative of

scienter," it is not sufficient to establish an inference of

scienter on its own.     Greebel v. FTP Software, Inc., 194 F.3d 185,

197-98 (1st Cir. 1999).

           Here, during the pre-approval period, the complaint

alleges that Haluska, Clackson, and Fitzgerald sold "irregular

amounts of shares."6     These three defendants made their last pre-

approval   trades   on   May   2,   August    15,   and   October   1,   2012,

respectively.   Thus, both Haluska and Clackson ceased pre-approval

sales more than a month and a half before the October 5 high-point

of ARIAD's share price.        Accordingly, the timing of their trades

"does not appear very suspicious."           Id. at 206.    Fitzgerald, the

defendant who traded closest to that date, was ARIAD's CFO and the

least likely of the three to have been privy to material non-

public information about the clinical trials.                Moreover, the

defendants' trades are readily explainable by the steady increase

in ARIAD's share price during the class period, which "create[d]

     6 We note at the outset that the defendants' use of 10b5-1
trading plans, see 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b5-1(c), is not dispositive
in light of the plaintiffs' allegation that those plans were
executed after the beginning of the fraudulent scheme. See Emps.'
Ret. Sys. of Gov't of the V.I. v. Blanford, 794 F.3d 297, 309 (2d
Cir. 2015).

                                    - 18 -
a substantial incentive for holders to sell" regardless of any

material non-public information.                Local No. 8 IBEW Ret. Plan & Tr.

v. Vertex Pharm., Inc., No. 15-2250, 2016 WL 5682548, at *7 (1st

Cir. Oct. 3, 2016).

            Plaintiffs' insider trading allegations with respect to

the post-approval period do not fare any better.                      For one thing,

the   post-approval       trades,       by     definition,    occurred     after    the

December 14, 2012 disclosure of the black box warning and the

corresponding      decline      in     share    price.       Additionally,      Berger,

Fitzgerald, Haluska, and Clackson are all alleged to have entered

into the operative 10b5-1 plans within days of that disclosure.

At this early date, any information about an undisclosed increase

in the rate of serious adverse events would likely have been

minimal.    Where, as here, the complaint is otherwise devoid of

facts supporting the defendants' knowledge of material non-public

information,      these   alleged       insider      sales    are    insufficient   to

salvage the plaintiffs' fraud claims.

                          IV.    Securities Act Claims

            The second set of claims allege violations of Section 11

of the Securities Act stemming from a January 2013 common stock

offering.       The Securities Act "was designed to provide investors

with full disclosure of material information concerning public

offerings." Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder, 425 U.S. 185, 195 (1976).

Section    11    advances       this    goal    by   creating       virtually   strict

                                         - 19 -
liability for any "untrue statement" or misleading omission of

material fact in a registration statement.             15 U.S.C. § 77k(a).

            The right to sue under Section 11 is limited to "any

person acquiring such security."          Id.    Thus, "an action . . . may

be maintained only by those who purchase securities that are the

direct subject of the prospectus and registration statement."

Plumbers'    Union    Local   No.    12   Pension     Fund    v.   Nomura   Asset

Acceptance Corp., 632 F.3d 762, 768 n.5 (1st Cir. 2011) (citation

omitted).    But, in order to state a claim, the plaintiffs "need

not have purchased shares in the offering." In re Century Aluminum

Co. Sec. Litig., 729 F.3d 1104, 1106 (9th Cir. 2013).                   Rather,

"those who purchased shares in the aftermarket have standing to

sue provided they can trace their shares back to the relevant

offering."      Id.    (citing      cases);     see   also,    e.g.,   Krim   v.

pcOrder.com, Inc., 402 F.3d 489, 495-96 & n.28 (5th Cir. 2005)

(citing cases).      This requirement is satisfied where, for example,

"all of a company's shares have been issued in a single offering

under the same registration statement." Century, 729 F.3d at 1106;

see also Nomura, 632 F.3d at 766 (involving alleged misstatements

in   offering   documents     for     "trust     certificates      representing

mortgage-backed securities," each of which was associated with one

of two challenged registration statements).

                                     - 20 -
              This      "statutory    standing"7    inquiry    becomes       more

complicated where, as here, the company has issued shares under

multiple registration statements.              In these circumstances, "the

plaintiff must prove that [his or] her shares were issued under

the allegedly false or misleading registration statement, rather

than some other registration statement."                Century, 729 F.3d at

1106.       The parties disagree about the import of this requirement

at   the     pleading    stage.      The   plaintiffs   cite   cases   for   the

proposition that mere "general allegations" that their shares are

traceable to the offering in question are sufficient to avoid

dismissal. The defendants counter that these cases fail to account

appropriately for the Supreme Court's decisions in Bell Atlantic

Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007) and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662 (2009).          Because we agree with the defendants on this

point, we affirm the dismissal of the Section 11 claims.8

        7
       The parties refer to this issue as statutory standing, and
the district court correctly noted that it does not implicate
Article III. See Cooperman v. Individual Inc., 171 F.3d 43, 47
n.3 (1st Cir. 1999).     Rather, the defendants' attack on the
sufficiency of the complaint is appropriately analyzed under Fed.
R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). See Century, 729 F.3d at 1109.
        8
       The complaint also includes derivative claims under Section
15. See Shaw v. Dig. Equip. Corp., 82 F.3d 1194, 1201 n.2 (1st
Cir. 1996), superseded by statute on other grounds, 15 U.S.C.
§ 78u-4(b)(2).    Because the Section 11 claims were properly
dismissed, we affirm the dismissal of the derivative claims as
well.

                                      - 21 -
               Twombly teaches that, in order to survive a motion to

dismiss, a complaint must include "enough facts to state a claim

to relief that is plausible on its face." 550 U.S. at 570.           This

standard requires more than a mere "formulaic recitation of the

elements of a cause of action."               Id. at 555; see also Iqbal, 556
U.S.    at    681     (holding   that     "conclusory"    allegations         are   "not

entitled to be assumed true").                Accordingly, "allegations that

merely       parrot    the   relevant      legal    standard    are     disregarded."

Manning v. Bos. Med. Ctr. Corp., 725 F.3d 34, 43 (1st Cir. 2013).

Moreover, "[w]here a complaint pleads facts that are 'merely

consistent with' a defendant's liability, it 'stops short of the

line    between       possibility    and    plausibility       of    "entitlement    to

relief."'"       Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at

557).

               We find this binding precedent difficult to square with

the     plaintiffs'          contention      that     general        allegations      of

traceability, without more, are sufficient at the pleading stage.

Indeed, traceability is an element of a Section 11 claim.                           See,

e.g., Nomura, 632 F.3d at 768 n.5; Century, 729 F.3d at 1106.                       And,

almost by definition, a general allegation that a plaintiff's

shares are traceable to the offering in question is nothing more

than a "formulaic recitation" of that element.                      Twombly, 550 U.S.

at 555.       Accordingly, we agree with the other circuit that has

squarely       addressed      this   issue     and    hold     that    such    general

                                        - 22 -
allegations alone are not sufficient to avoid dismissal.                            See

Century, 729 F.3d at 1107; see also Yates v. Mun. Mortg. & Equity,

LLC, 744 F.3d 874, 901 (4th Cir. 2014) (reaching same result under

the analogous, though not identical, Section 12(a)(2)).

               The question now becomes whether the complaint sets

forth   sufficient         facts   to     plausibly    suggest   that   the       shares

purchased by the plaintiffs were issued as part of the January

2013 offering.        The plaintiffs could have met this bar by pleading

that    they    "purchased        their    shares    directly    in   the   secondary

offering itself."          Century, 729 F.3d at 1106.            But the complaint

expressly precludes this possibility, instead alleging that the

named plaintiffs all bought their shares "on the open market."

Accordingly, they must plead sufficient facts to suggest that

"their shares, although purchased in the aftermarket, can be traced

back to the secondary offering."               Id.     About 15.3 million shares

were issued in connection with the January 2013 offering, but an

additional 166 million were already outstanding at that time.

Moreover, only one of the named plaintiffs bought on the day of

the offering and none of them paid the offering price.                      See Yates,
744 F.3d    at    900   n.13    (noting     price   difference).          In    these

circumstances, the complaint fails to give rise to a plausible

inference that the plaintiffs' shares were issued as part of the

January       2013   offering.            Indeed,    the   "'obvious    alternative

explanation' is that they could instead have come from the pool of

                                          - 23 -
previously issued shares."         Century, 729 F.3d at 1108 (quoting

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 567).9

                            V.     Conclusion

           For   the   foregoing    reasons   we   REVERSE   the   district

court's dismissal of the Section 10(b), Rule 10b-5, and Section

20(a) claims predicated upon the December 11, 2012 press release.

We otherwise AFFIRM the dismissal of the fraud claims.         Similarly,

we AFFIRM the dismissal of the Section 11 and Section 15 claims.

The case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.   The parties shall bear their own costs.

     9 The complaint fails to allege traceability sufficient to
state a Section 11 claim for any member of the purported class;
accordingly, we need not address the lead plaintiffs' contention
that they should be permitted to pursue such a claim on behalf of
the class irrespective of their individual statutory standing.

                                   - 24 -