Court Opinion

ID: 5175981
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-04 20:02:59.900529+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:26:18.825072
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

TYGON PEAK CAPITAL                         )
MANAGEMENT, LLC (f.k.a. TIGER              )
PEAK CAPITAL HOLDINGS, LLC),               )
                                           )
             Plaintiff,                    )
                                           )
      v.                                   )   C.A. No. 2019-0847-MTZ
                                           )
MOBILE INVESTMENTS INVESTCO, )
LLC; MOBILE INVESTORS, LLC;                )
VOICE COMM, LLC; ROCK WAVE                 )
CAPITAL LLC; ROCKWAVE VC                   )
INVESTOR, LLC; DANIEL                      )
GOLDBERG, in his individual capacity )
and in his capacities as President of Rock )
Wave Capital LLC, as representative of )
Rockwave VC Investor, LLC, and as a        )
Board Manager of Mobile Investments        )
Investco, LLC; SEVEN SHORES                )
VOICECOMM, LLC; ANDREW                     )
CAPLAN, in his capacity as Manager of )
Seven Shores Voicecomm, LLC and a          )
Board Manager of Mobile Investors,         )
LLC and Mobile Investments Investco,       )
LLC; OLD MILL PARTNERS 2626,               )
LLC, and CARL THORSBERG, in his            )
capacity as representative of Old Mill     )
Partners 2626, LLC and as a Board          )
Manager of Mobile Investments              )
Investco, LLC,                             )
                                           )
             Defendants.                   )
                       MEMORANDUM OPINION
                     Date Submitted: September 22, 2021
                       Date Decided: January 4, 2022

Marc S. Casarino, Karine Sarkisian, and Kelly Rowe, WHITE AND WILLIAMS
LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Jarrod D. Shaw and Keisha O. Coleman, MCGUIRE
WOODS LLP, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Attorneys for Plaintiff.

Kevin M. Gallagher, Angela Lam, and Christian C.F. Roberts, RICHARDS,
LAYTON, & FINGER, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for Defendants
Mobile Investments Investco, LLC, Mobile Investors, LLC, Voice Comm, LLC, Rock
Wave Capital LLC, Rockwave VC Investor, LLC, Daniel Goldberg, Seven Shores
Voicecomm, LLC, Andrew Caplan, and Carl Thorsberg.
      This action stems from a years-long dispute between a venture capital firm

and its coinvestors in a supply chain management company. Before they acquired

the company, the investors first entered into a term sheet, which provided for

reimbursement of certain transaction expenses, and then an LLC agreement

governing the newly formed investment vehicle that holds the company. The final

structure gave the venture capital firm several perks:    a management services

contract with an accompanying annual management fee, sole ownership of a non-

voting unit class, and veto power over certain transactions via a supermajority

approval provision in the LLC agreement. But the venture capital firm does not

control the investment vehicle.

      The investors’ relationship soured, testing the strength and scope of these

contractual protections. The venture capital firm has not been reimbursed for its

transaction expenses, and has stopped receiving the management fee. The dispute

came to a head when the other investors proposed a 2019 equity offering, which the

venture capital firm alleges was a sham designed to dilute its interest in the

investment vehicle and was improperly offered without the firm’s contractually

required approval. In October 2019, the firm came to this Court seeking to enjoin

the offering.

      In the twenty-six months since, this case and the world around it have

changed. On the eve of the Court’s scheduled TRO hearing, the investors withdrew

                                        1
the proposed equity offering. The venture capital firm filed an amended complaint,

which the investors moved to dismiss. The Court heard oral argument on that motion

nearly a year later, in August 2020.

      A month after that, while the motion was under advisement, the investors

announced a strategic transaction and a new equity offering to finance it. In

response, the venture capital firm filed a second amended complaint. The firm still

seeks its closing costs and management fees, pursuant to the term sheet, management

services contract, and alternative quasi-contract theories. It also presents defamation

and deceptive trade practices claims. Finally, the amended complaint asserts the two

equity offerings violated several provisions in the LLC agreement.

      The defendants moved to dismiss the second amended complaint. I conclude

that while it fails to state tort and quasi-contract claims, certain breach of contract

claims remain viable. For the reasons that follow, the motion to dismiss is granted

in part and denied in part.

                                          2
      I.     BACKGROUND1

      Plaintiff Tygon Peak Capital Management, LLC (“Tygon Peak”)2 is a private

equity firm. Tygon Peak’s Verified Second Amended Complaint (the “Second

Amended Complaint”) stems from its 2018 acquisition (the “Acquisition”) of

defendant Voice Comm, LLC (“Voice Comm”) and ensuing disputes among Tygon

Peak and its coinvestors.

             A.     Tygon Peak Solicits Financing To Acquire Voice Comm.

      Tygon Peak began the process of acquiring the business that would become

Voice Comm in early 2018. Voice Comm offers supply chain management services

for mobile device accessories. Before the Acquisition, Voice Comm’s predecessor

was owned by nonparty Derek Weiss and his affiliates.3

1
  On this motion to dismiss, I draw the following facts from plaintiff’s Verified Second
Amended Complaint, available at Docket Item (“D.I.”) 79 [hereinafter “SAC”], as well as
the documents attached and integral to it. See, e.g., Himawan v. Cephalon, Inc., 2018 WL
6822708, at *2 (Del. Ch. Dec. 28, 2018); In re Gardner Denver, Inc. S’holders Litig., 2014
WL 715705, at *2 (Del. Ch. Feb. 21, 2014).
2
 During many of the relevant events of this case, Tygon Peak was known as Tiger Peak
Capital Holdings, LLC. To avoid confusion, I use “Tygon Peak” throughout, as the parties
have.
3
 Voice Comm’s predecessor was called “Voice Comm L.L.C.” See SAC ¶¶ 33–36. The
entity involved in this case was not formed until August 2018, under the name “Voice
Comm Operations.” See SAC ¶ 33. That entity eventually changed its name to “Voice
Comm LLC” after the Acquisition. The distinction between Voice Comm and its
predecessor is immaterial here, so I use the defined term “Voice Comm” to refer to the
defendant.

                                            3
         In February 2018, Tygon Peak secured a letter of intent to acquire Voice

Comm’s predecessor and began recruiting other investors.                 Tygon Peak first

obtained support from Rock Wave Capital LLC (“Rock Wave Capital”), affiliated

with defendant Daniel Goldberg. On June 11, Tygon Peak and Rock Wave Capital

entered into a term sheet (the “Term Sheet”).4 By its plain language, the Term Sheet

was mostly nonbinding, but the “Confidentiality,” “Expenses,” and “Exclusivity”

provisions were binding.5 The “Expenses” provision provided that Voice Comm

would reimburse Tygon Peak for all expenses incurred in connection with the

Acquisition.6 The Term Sheet also contemplated that Tygon Peak would be entitled

4
    SAC Ex. A [hereinafter, “Term Sheet”].
5
  Id. at 6 (“Non-Binding Terms. Except for the ‘Confidentiality’ and ‘Expenses’ and
‘Exclusivity’ sections of this Term Sheet set forth above, which are intended to be legally
binding on [Rock Wave Capital] and [Tygon] Peak, this Term Sheet is non-binding in all
other respects and shall not constitute an agreement by [Rock Wave Capital] or [Tygon]
Peak to be bound by any other terms or conditions in connection with a proposed
investment transaction, and no offer or binding commitment of any nature whatsoever shall
be implied regarding an investment transaction, unless and until definitive written
documentation providing for a transaction has been executed and delivered by all parties.”
(formatting altered)).
6
  Id. at 5 (“Expenses: At closing, the Target [Voice Comm] will reimburse [Tygon] Peak,
Investco and each Member and their respective affiliates for any costs and expenses of such
persons or entities and their respective affiliates (including fees and expenses of attorneys,
accountants, consultants, and out of pocket expenses of such persons or entities and their
respective affiliates) incurred in connection with the transactions contemplated by this
Term Sheet. If the Closing does not occur, each Member will be responsible for their own
broken deal costs.” (formatting altered)).

                                              4
to an ongoing management fee and a “promote,” or carried interest, as consideration

for the agreement between Tygon Peak and Rock Wave Capital.7

      Tygon Peak also recruited as investors defendants Seven Shores Voicecomm,

LLC (“Seven Shores”), affiliated with defendant Andrew Caplan; and Old Mill

Partners 2626, LLC (“Old Mill”), affiliated with defendant Carl Thorsberg. Seven

Shores and Old Mill became members in Voice Comm, while Rock Wave Capital

invested through an affiliate, Rockwave VC Investor, LLC (“Rockwave VC”).

      The investors engaged Rush Street Capital, LLC (“Rush Street”) to help

source and arrange financing for the Acquisition. Tygon Peak entered into an

agreement with Rush Street and paid Rush Street nearly $300,000; it also incurred

additional costs and expenses in connection with that agreement. To date, Voice

Comm has refused to reimburse Tygon Peak for these costs.

      The parties created several entities to manage Voice Comm. On July 16, they

formed an investment vehicle, defendant Mobile Investments Investco, LLC

(“Investco”).   As of the Acquisition, Investco owned an 80% interest in an

intermediary investment vehicle, defendant Mobile Investors, LLC (“Mobile”).

Weiss’s entity, nonparty KMD Weiss Investments, LLC (“KMD Weiss”) owned the

7
 See id. at 2 (describing Tygon Peak’s “Class A Units” and “Monitoring/Management
Fee”); see also id. at 5 (referencing Tygon Peak’s “promote”).

                                        5
other 20% share in Mobile. On August 3, the parties formed Voice Comm as a

wholly owned subsidiary of Mobile.

         The Acquisition closed on August 31. Tygon Peak and the other investors

secured interests in Voice Comm through Investco Class B shares: Tygon Peak

owned 6.8% of the Class B Units, Rockwave VC owned 61.8%, Seven Shores

owned 26.7%, and Old Mill owned 2.7%. Tygon Peak’s promote manifested as

100% of Investco’s nonvoting Class A units.8 The initial ownership structure is

reflected in the diagram below:

Rock Wave Capital is affiliated with Rockwave VC, but is not depicted on this

diagram because it is not alleged to own any stake in any depicted entity. I refer to

Rockwave VC, Rock Wave Capital, Seven Shores, Old Mill, Investco, and Mobile

as the “Entity Defendants.”

8
    See SAC Ex. B § 2.1(c) [hereinafter “Investco LLC Agr.”]; see also Term Sheet 1.

                                             6
         The investors’ human principals manage Investco and Mobile. Each has a

four-member board of managers (the “Investco Board” and the “Mobile Board,”

respectively), which originally comprised Goldberg, Caplan, and Thorsberg

(together, the “Individual Defendants,” and with the Entity Defendants,

“Defendants”),9 and Tygon Peak’s principal, nonparty Haran Narulla.

               B.    After The Acquisition,         The    Parties    Enter    Several
                     Post-Closing Agreements.

         After the Acquisition closed, the parties entered into three relevant

agreements. The first was an LLC agreement for Investco (the “Investco LLC

Agreement”).10 The Investco LLC Agreement includes several terms designed to

protect Tygon Peak’s interests. These include a supermajority approval provision,

whereby Narulla could veto certain transactions between Investco and its

members;11 and provisions requiring that all members receive twenty-four hours’

9
 At the most recent hearing in this matter, I dismissed Caplan and Thorsberg because
Tygon Peak did not make any claim against them. See D.I. 102 at 9 [hereinafter “Hr’g
Tr.”].
10
     Investco LLC Agr.
11
   See id. § 5.10; see also id., App. A at B-6 (defining “Supermajority of the Board” to
include the “Class A Manager,” defined in Section 5.1(c) to be Tygon Peak’s
representative, Narulla).

                                           7
notice of action by written consent.12 The Investco LLC Agreement also contains

an integration clause.13

         Second, Mobile issued a $13 million promissory note in favor of Voice Comm

(the “Promissory Note”). Voice Comm, Investco, and KMD Weiss executed a

related “Sharing Agreement” the day the Acquisition closed.14                 The Sharing

Agreement gave Investco and KMD Weiss an option to assume a prescribed share

of the Promissory Note if Mobile became insolvent (the “Option”) upon an

12
   Id. § 6.3 (“Written Consent to Action. Any action required or permitted to be taken by
the Members (or by any Members), whether at a meeting or otherwise, may be taken
without a meeting; provided, that twenty-four (24) hours’ advance e-mailed notice of the
action to be taken is first given to all Members, and the action is evidenced by a written
consent or other written instrument dated and signed (whether or not in counterparts and
whether or not through facsimile or e-mail copies) by that Member or those Members (or
its or their designated representative) necessary to authorize or take the action that is the
subject of such written consent.” (formatting altered)); see also id. § 5.8 (“Action Without
a Meeting. Any action required or permitted to be taken by the Board, whether at a regular
or special meeting thereof or otherwise, may be taken without a meeting; provided, that
twenty-four (24) hours’ advance e-mailed notice of the action to be taken is first given to
all Managers, and the action is approved in writing by a written consent or other written
instrument signed by a majority of the Managers (whether or not in counterparts and
whether or not through facsimile or email copies).” (formatting altered)).
13
   Id. § 12.4(a) (“Entire Agreement. This Agreement, together with its schedules and
appendices, and together with the Certificate, constitutes the entire agreement between the
Members with respect to its subject matter, and supersedes any and all other prior
agreements and undertakings with respect to such subject matter among them. No Member
is making any guarantee, promise, or undertaking any obligation to or with respect to the
LLC that is not expressly contained in this Agreement.”).
14
     SAC Ex. H [hereinafter “Sharing Agr.”].

                                               8
affirmative vote by Investco and KMD Weiss.15              Narulla signed the Sharing

Agreement on Investco’s behalf.16

          Finally, Tygon Peak and Mobile entered into a Management Services

Agreement (“MSA”), as contemplated by the Term Sheet.17 The MSA provided that

Mobile would pay Tygon Peak a $300,000 annual management fee (the “Annual

Management Fee”) in exchange for its services advising Mobile, its board, and its

subsidiaries.18        The Annual Management Fee was to be paid in quarterly

installments.19

                 C.     The Parties’ Business Relationship Deteriorates.

          Within a year of the Acquisition’s closing, the parties’ relationship began to

sour. In June 2019, disputes over the MSA arose and Goldberg indicated that Rock

15
   See id. § 2.1(a) (“Grant. The Noteholder [Voice Comm] hereby grants to the Class A
Members [Investco and KMD Weiss] an exclusive, irrevocable right and option,
exercisable by the Class A Members at any time upon the occurrence and continuation of
an Insolvency Event, in the Class A Members’ sole discretion, to acquire, subject to the
terms and upon the conditions set forth in this Section 2, the Class A Pro Rata Portion of
the Noteholder’s right, title and interest in and to the [Promissory Note].”); id. § 2.1(c)
(“Exercise Procedure. The Option may be exercised by the Class A Members upon an
affirmative vote of a majority of the Class A Units, at any time upon the occurrence and
continuation of an Insolvency Event upon delivery by [Investco] of a written exercise
notice to the Noteholder (an ‘Exercise Notice’) providing that the Class A Members have
elected to exercise the Option.”).
16
     See id. at 6.
17
     SAC Ex. C [hereinafter “MSA”].
18
     See id. §§ 1(A)(i)–(xii), 2(B).
19
     See id. § 2(B).

                                             9
Wave Capital would be taking over Tygon Peak’s management duties. By July 1,

Mobile stopped paying Tygon Peak its Annual Management Fee.

         Thereafter, Tygon Peak’s coinvestors began efforts to remove Tygon Peak

from the Voice Comm investment. On an August 16 call, Goldberg informed

Narulla that he was being removed from the Mobile Board. Narulla has since been

removed from the Mobile Board and replaced with Weiss; he is still a member of

the Investco Board.20 Goldberg also expressed his desire to have Tygon Peak bought

out of the investment. Tygon Peak alleges that Goldberg only offered to purchase

Tygon Peak’s shares at a steep discount; negotiations were fruitless. On August 23,

Defendants threatened “alternative steps” to oust Tygon Peak.21

         Tygon Peak alleges Defendants followed through on their threat in several

ways. In October, the Individual Defendants, as managers of the Investco Board,

proposed to issue 800,000 new Class B Units for $1.00 per Unit (the “2019

Offering”). For every 100 new Class B Units issued, Investco would issue one new

Class A Unit. Any Class B Member who purchased new Class B Units would

receive the corresponding number of Class A Units for free. The Investco Board

authorized the 2019 Offering on October 11 by written consent, indicating Investco

20
     See SAC Ex. I at 6.
21
   SAC ¶¶ 89, 91. The Second Amended Complaint uses the defined term “Defendants,”
and does not specify whether Goldberg or the other Individual Defendants made these
threats.

                                         10
was raising money to pay down debt.22 On October 14, the Investco Board sent

notice of the 2019 Offering to its Class B members, including Tygon Peak.23

          While the written consent indicated Investco was raising money to pay down

debt,24 Tygon Peak alleges two different motives. First, Tygon Peak alleges the 2019

Offering was a “sham offering” designed to significantly dilute Tygon Peak’s

Investco interest and promote, as Tygon Peak is the sole holder of Class A Units.25

Tygon Peak also alleges the money raised was earmarked for a secret “add-on”

transaction by Voice Comm.26 While Defendants persistently denied such an add-

on was in the works, Voice Comm ultimately pursued this transaction in 2020 in

what will be described below as the “Tessco Assets” transaction.

          Amid the parties’ disputes, in October 2019, Goldberg made “disparaging

statements” about Tygon Peak and Narulla to two of Voice Comm’s lenders,

Graycliff Partners and Investors Bank.27 During an email exchange among the

lenders, Narulla, and Goldberg, Goldberg told the lenders “about Tygon Peak’s

purported ‘dereliction of duties and responsibilities.’”28 Tygon Peak alleges these

22
     SAC Ex. D 1–2.
23
     See generally SAC Ex. E.
24
     SAC Ex. D 1–2.
25
     SAC ¶ 5.
26
     Id. ¶ 97.
27
     Id. ¶¶ 164–65.
28
     Id. ¶ 165.

                                          11
statements were untrue and harmed its reputation, including its ability to do business

with Graycliff Partners and Investors Bank in the future.

                  D.   Tygon Peak Files This Action And Defendants Withdraw
                       The 2019 Offering.

          On October 24, 2019, Tygon Peak filed its original complaint, along with a

motion for temporary restraining order seeking to enjoin Investco from proceeding

with the 2019 Offering.29 The Court scheduled an expedited hearing on the matter

for November 1.30

          On October 31, one day before the motion was to be heard, Defendants

“agreed to postpone” the 2019 Offering.31 On November 13, the Investco Board

formally withdrew the 2019 Offering by written consent.32 In response, Tygon Peak

filed its first amended complaint on November 25.33          On January 24, 2020,

Defendants moved to dismiss the first amended complaint.34

29
     D.I. 1.
30
     D.I. 3.
31
     D.I. 6; SAC ¶ 120.
32
     SAC Ex. F.
33
     D.I. 24.
34
     D.I. 33.

                                          12
                 E.     Voice Comm Faces Financial Trouble And Acquires New
                        Assets.

         While the parties briefed that motion, Voice Comm saw its already precarious

business deteriorate. In March 2020, Voice Comm defaulted on certain of its loan

obligations to Graycliff Partners. Tygon Peak blames Defendants’ mismanagement

and “bad faith” for these problems.35 Investco later transferred 3% of its interest in

Mobile to Graycliff Partners to settle outstanding obligations (the “Equity Interest

Grant”).

         In the wake of Voice Comm’s financial struggles, Investco and KMD Weiss

sought to exercise the Option under the Sharing Agreement. On April 6, Goldberg

sent Narulla notice that Investco and KMD Weiss intended to exercise the Option.36

They proceeded to do so despite opposition from some of Voice Comm’s creditors

and Tygon Peak.

         By August 2020, the parties had completed briefing Defendants’ first motion

to dismiss, presented oral argument, and filed supplemental briefs at my request.37

That motion was under advisement when Defendants began pursuing the

aforementioned “add-on,” in which Voice Comm acquired certain assets from

Tessco Technologies, Inc. (the “Tessco Assets”). Tygon Peak objects to this

35
     SAC ¶ 127.
36
     SAC Ex. G.
37
     D.I. 57; D.I. 59; D.I. 60; D.I. 61; D.I. 64.

                                                    13
transaction, as well; that objection inspired another amendment to the complaint, and

another motion to dismiss, which is the subject of this decision.

         The Tessco Assets transaction involved several discrete steps. First, to

finance the transaction, Investco raised capital through a new equity offering (the

“2020 Offering”).38 In the 2020 Offering, Investco planned to sell approximately

1,450 new Investco Class B units for $1,000 per share.39 Investco would use the

proceeds to purchase new shares in Mobile, and Mobile would then contribute that

cash to Voice Comm. Voice Comm would complete the transaction by using that

cash to purchase the Tessco Assets.

         Tygon Peak asserts that the Option, Equity Interest Grant, and 2020 Offering

all diluted its Class A units in Investco. The Option and the Equity Interest Grant

diluted Investco’s interest in Mobile from 80% to just over 48%.40 Tygon Peak

specifically alleges the 2020 Offering diluted its Class A interest just as the 2019

Offering would have, even though the 2020 Offering did not entitle the purchasers

38
     See SAC Ex. J at 1; see also SAC Ex. I at 1.
39
  Compare SAC ¶ 149 (alleging the 2020 Offering comprised 1,453.41 new units), with
SAC Ex. J at 1 (indicating the 2020 Offering would comprise 1,459.41 new units).
40
  SAC Ex. J at 1; see also SAC Ex. I at 6. While neither the Option nor the Equity Interest
Grant changed the capital structure of Investco’s Class A membership, Tygon Peak appears
to assert that both occurrences diluted its Class A Investco holdings because they diluted
Investco’s stake in Mobile.

                                              14
of new Class B units to “a corresponding number of Class A Units for free,” as the

2019 Offering did.41

          On September 25, Thorsberg informed Tygon Peak, through Narulla, that

Voice Comm was planning to purchase the Tessco Assets, financed by selling equity

in Investco.42         Throughout October, Narulla requested more information, and

Thorsberg resisted. On October 8, the Individual Defendants, as the Investco Board,

executed a written consent approving the 2020 Offering.43 Narulla did not join the

Investco Board’s written consent.44 The next day, Thorsberg informed Investco’s

Class B unitholders of the 2020 Offering and Tessco transaction by letter.45 Investco

consummated the 2020 Offering, selling the new Class B shares to its existing

members. Voice Comm completed the transaction when it acquired the Tessco

Assets on December 4.

                 F.      Tygon Peak Files Its Second Amended Complaint.

          Tygon Peak responded by adding to its list of grievances in this litigation. On

September 30, while the Court was considering Defendants’ motion to dismiss the

41
   Tygon Peak insists, in a footnote and without explanation, that issuing “approximately
1,450 new Class B Units” diluted Tygon Peak’s Class A interest. See SAC ¶ 7 n.1; see
id. ¶¶ 93, 153–54.
42
     See SAC Ex. I.
43
     SAC Ex. J at 1.
44
     Id. at 3.
45
  Goldberg sent another letter on October 12, with enclosed forms to either waive or
exercise the member’s preemptive rights. See SAC Ex. K.

                                            15
first amended complaint, Tygon Peak sought to file a “supplemental brief” opposing

that motion and incorporating new allegations regarding the 2020 Offering and the

upcoming Tessco Assets purchase.46 The Court denied that motion and directed

Tygon Peak to present its new factual allegations by supplementing its complaint in

accordance with Rule 15(d).47 Tygon Peak filed a motion for leave to file a second

amended complaint on January 21, 2021.48 The Court granted that motion on

February 11.49

         Tygon Peak filed the operative Second Amended Complaint on February 19.50

The Second Amended Complaint contains nine counts. Count I alleges Rock Wave

Capital breached the Term Sheet by failing to reimburse Tygon Peak for closing

expenses related to its engagement of Rush Street. Count II alleges the Entity

Defendants were unjustly enriched by the same conduct. Count III alleges Mobile

breached the MSA by failing to pay Tygon Peak the Annual Management Fee.

Count IV alleges Investco breached several Investco LLC Agreement provisions

through the 2019 Offering, the 2020 Offering, the Option, and other related

transactions. Count V alleges Investco, Rockwave VC, Seven Shores, and Old Mill

46
     D.I. 65.
47
     D.I. 67.
48
     D.I. 71.
49
     D.I. 78.
50
     See generally SAC.

                                         16
breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing through the 2019

Offering and the 2020 Offering. Count VI alleges Voice Comm and Investco

breached the Investco LLC Agreement and the Sharing Agreement when they

exercised the Option. Counts VII alleges Goldberg, Rock Wave Capital, and

Rockwave VC violated the Delaware Deceptive Trade Practices Act; Count VIII

alleges the same defendants defamed Tygon Peak. Count IX seeks a declaratory

judgment.

         On March 4, Defendants moved to dismiss the Second Amended Complaint

(the “Motion”).51 The parties fully briefed the Motion and the Court heard oral

argument on September 22.52

         II.    RULE 12(B)(1)

         Defendants have moved to dismiss the Complaint under Rule 12(b)(1), on

justiciability grounds, and under Rule 12(b)(6), for failure to state a claim. I address

subject matter jurisdiction first, as I can only substantively review the pleadings if I

have jurisdiction to do so.53

         Defendants seek to dismiss Counts I, II, and IX, as well as portions of Counts

IV and V relating to the 2019 Offering, as nonjusticiable. Defendants variously

51
     D.I. 83.
52
     D.I. 101; Hr’g Tr.
53
 See K & K Screw Prods., LLC v. Emerick Cap. Invs., Inc., 2011 WL 3505354, at *6 (Del.
Ch. Aug. 9, 2011).

                                           17
argue these counts are not ripe, moot, or seek advisory opinions. “Because the

requirement of an actual controversy goes directly to the court’s subject matter

jurisdiction over an action, a motion to dismiss based on justiciability grounds is

properly viewed in the context of Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(1)[.]”54 Tygon Peak

bears the burden of pleading sufficient facts to establish the Court’s subject matter

jurisdiction.55 When, as here, defendants’ jurisdictional challenge is “directed to the

face of a complaint,”56 “the Court should accept the material factual allegations in

the complaint as true, and all inferences therefrom should be construed in the non-

moving party’s favor.”57

                A.    Counts I And II Are Ripe For Judicial Review.

         Count I alleges Rock Wave Capital breached the Term Sheet by failing to

cause Voice Comm to reimburse Tygon Peak for certain Acquisition closing costs.58

Count II repackages this allegation as an unjust enrichment claim against all the

54
  Nama Hldgs., LLC v. Related World Mkt. Ctr., LLC, 922 A.2d 417, 435 n.43 (Del. Ch.
2007).
55
     E.g., Hall v. Coupe, 2016 WL 3094406, at *2 (Del. Ch. May 25, 2016).
56
  Zebroski v. Progressive Direct Ins. Co., 2014 WL 2156984, at *3 (Del. Ch.
Apr. 30, 2014).
57
   de Alder v. Upper N.Y. Inv. Co. LLC, 2013 WL 5874645, at *7 (Del. Ch. Oct. 31, 2013)
(footnotes and internal quotation marks omitted) (citing Diebold, 267 A.2d at 588, and
Harman v. Masoneilan Int’l, Inc., 442 A.2d 487, 489 (Del. 1982)); see also, e.g., Janowski
v. Div. of State Police, 981 A.2d 1166, 1169 (Del. 2009); Wilm. Fraternal Order of Police
Lodge #1 v. Bostrom, 1999 WL 39546, at *4 (Del. Ch. Jan. 22, 1999); PPL Corp. v.
Riverstone Hldgs. LLC, 2020 WL 3422397, at *3 (Del. Ch. June 22, 2020)
58
     SAC ¶¶ 169–73.

                                            18
Entity Defendants.59 Defendants argue that these claims are not ripe, asserting that

the Term Sheet requires that Tygon Peak first demand reimbursement, and that the

Second Amended Complaint failed to plead that demand. I conclude that even if

Tygon Peak must plead that it demanded reimbursement, it has sufficiently done so,

and so its claims are ripe.

         To evaluate ripeness, the Court makes a “common sense assessment”:

         A ripeness determination requires a common sense assessment of
         whether the interests of the party seeking immediate relief outweigh the
         concerns of the court in postponing review until the question arises in
         some more concrete and final form. Generally, a dispute will be
         deemed ripe if litigation sooner or later appears to be unavoidable and
         where the material facts are static. Conversely, a dispute will be
         deemed not ripe where the claim is based on uncertain and contingent
         events that may not occur, or where future events may obviate the need
         for judicial intervention.60

The ripeness doctrine conserves scarce judicial resources and “prevents Delaware

courts from exercising jurisdiction over disputes where doing so would result in the

rendering of an advisory or hypothetical opinion.”61

59
     Id. ¶¶ 174–78.
60
  XL Specialty Ins. Co. v. WMI Liquid. Tr., 93 A.3d 1208, 1217–18 (Del. 2014) (footnotes
and internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Stroud v. Milliken Enters., Inc., 552 A.2d
476, 480 (Del. 1989), and Julian v. Julian, 2009 WL 2937121, at *3 (Del. Ch.
Sept. 9, 2009), and Bebchuk v. CA, Inc., 902 A.2d 737, 740 (Del. Ch. 2006), and then
quoting Wal–Mart Stores, Inc. v. AIG Life Ins. Co., 872 A.2d 611, 631–32 (Del. Ch. 2005),
aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 901 A.2d 106 (Del. 2006)).
61
     Solak v. Sarowitz, 153 A.3d 729, 736 (Del. Ch. 2016).

                                             19
         As a threshold matter, the “Expenses” portion of the Term Sheet does not

require that Tygon Peak formally demand reimbursement.62 Defendants admit the

Term Sheet “does not contain a formal demand requirement.”63

         Defendants still argue it is “reasonable to infer that this was a condition

precedent to Voice[]Comm’s obligation.”64 In the absence of a formal contractual

demand requirement, Defendants find no support in Kilcullen v. Spectro Science,

Inc.,65 where the Court dismissed an indemnification claim as unripe based on plain

contractual language requiring such a demand.66 And because Tygon Peak’s many

complaints have consistently and repeatedly alleged Defendants “refused” to

reimburse Tygon Peak for its Rush Street expenses,67 Defendants find no support in

62
   See Term Sheet 5 (“Expenses: At closing, the Target [Voice Comm] will reimburse
[Tygon] Peak, Investco and each Member and their respective affiliates for any costs and
expenses of such persons or entities and their respective affiliates (including fees and
expenses of attorneys, accountants, consultants, and out of pocket expenses of such persons
or entities and their respective affiliates) incurred in connection with the transactions
contemplated by this Term Sheet. If the Closing does not occur, each Member will be
responsible for their own broken deal costs.” (formatting altered)).
63
     D.I. 88 at 18.
64
     See id.
65
     2019 WL 3074569 (Del. Ch. July 15, 2019).
66
  See id. at *7 (addressing language limiting indemnifiable “Losses” to only those that had
been “asserted,” while the claimant’s pleading was “devoid of any allegations of asserted
demands or claims by [the products end users],” and relied instead on the possibility of
“future additional Losses”).
67
     E.g., SAC ¶¶ 5, 64, 66, 176.

                                            20
In the Matter of Estate of Chambers.68 There, the Court addressed a claim that the

respondent, as executor of the subject estate, breached his fiduciary duties by failing

to repay or reimburse the petitioner for certain funeral expenses.69 The Court

concluded the petitioner failed to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) in part because

the petition did not allege that the executor “affirmatively declined to repay or

refund” these expenses or that the estate had been administered and the requests

wrongfully ignored.70 The Court went on to note that these deficiencies rendered

the claim “premature and unripe.”71

           Given the plain meaning of “refusal” and Delaware’s liberal notice pleading

standard, Tygon Peak’s allegations that Defendants have “refused” to reimburse

Tygon Peak encompass both a request for reimbursement, to the extent one is

required, and a denial of that request.72 Because “litigation [over Tygon Peak’s

reimbursement rights] sooner or later appears to be unavoidable” and “the material

68
  2019 WL 4110674 (Del. Ch. Aug. 29, 2019), adopted, 2019 WL 4390445 (Del. Ch.
Sept. 12, 2019).
69
     Id. at *3
70
     Id.
71
     Id.
72
  See, e.g., Refusal, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (“The denial or rejection of
something offered or demanded.”).

                                            21
facts [supporting those claims] are static,”73 Counts I and II are ripe for judicial

review.

                B.     Count IX Is Not Ripe.

         Defendants also contend Count IX’s request for a declaratory judgment

should be dismissed because it seeks an advisory opinion. That count seeks a

declaratory judgment “holding that . . . any agreement or transaction between

Investco and any Manager, Member, or Affiliate, including a share offering or

issuance, requires Supermajority Approval” under Voice Comm’s LLC

Agreement.74

         Under the Delaware Declaratory Judgment Act, “parties to a contract can seek

declaratory judgment to determine any question of construction or validity and can

seek a declaration of rights, status or other legal relations thereunder.”75 “Delaware

courts are statutorily authorized to entertain an action for a declaratory judgment,

provided that an actual controversy exists between the parties.”76 To establish an

“actual controversy,” Tygon Peak must show four factors:

73
     See XL Specialty, 93 A.3d at 1217.
74
     SAC ¶ 216.
75
  Vills. of Five Points Ventures, LLC v. Vills. of Five Points Prop. Owners Ass’n, Inc.,
2020 WL 6689973, at *4 (Del. Ch. Nov. 13, 2020) (quoting Energy P’rs, Ltd. v. Stone
Energy Corp., 2006 WL 2947483, at *6 (Del. Ch. Oct. 11, 2006)).
76
   XL Specialty, 93 A.3d at 1216–17 (footnotes and internal quotation marks omitted)
(citing 10 Del. C. § 6501, and then quoting Stroud, 552 A.2d at 479).

                                          22
           (1) It must be a controversy involving the rights or other legal relations
           of the party seeking declaratory relief; (2) it must be a controversy in
           which the claim of right or other legal interest is asserted against one
           who has an interest in contesting the claim; (3) the controversy must be
           between parties whose interests are real and adverse; (4) the issue
           involved in the controversy must be ripe for judicial determination.77

As explained above, a dispute is not ripe “where the claim is based on uncertain and

contingent events that may not occur, or where future events may obviate the need

for judicial intervention.”78 While declaratory judgments may be used “to advance

the stage at which a matter is traditionally justiciable, the [Declaratory Judgment

Act] is not to be used as a means of eliciting advisory opinions.”79

           In support of its position, Tygon Peak points to KLM Royal Dutch Airlines v.

Checchi,80 where this Court entertained a declaratory judgment claim evaluating the

validity of a shareholder rights plan even though no hostile takeover was pending.81

The complaint in KLM contended the board’s adoption of the rights plan, even

without triggering it, was a breach of fiduciary duty and “presently interfere[ed] with

KLM’s contractual rights.”82 The KLM Court noted the plaintiff “[did] not seek this

77
  Stroud, 552 A.2d at 479–80 (Del. 1989) (quoting Rollins Int’l, Inc. v. Int’l Hydronics
Corp., 303 A.2d 660, 662–63 (Del. 1973)).
78
     XL Specialty, 93 A.3d at 1217.
79
 Anonymous v. State, 2000 WL 739252, at *4 (Del. Ch. June 1, 2000) (internal quotations
omitted) (quoting Stroud, 552 A.2d at 479).
80
     698 A.2d 380 (Del. Ch. 1997).
81
     See id. at 382–83.
82
     Id.

                                              23
Court’s ruling on some future act, but a declaration as to actions already taken by

[the company’s] board.”83 Tygon Peak also cites In re Digex Inc. Shareholders

Litigation,84 where this Court found a declaratory judgment claim for breach of

fiduciary duty was ripe where “the plaintiffs’ claim concern[ed] . . . a vote that has

already occurred,” leaving “the full factual record in its wake.”85

           But unlike the plaintiffs in in KLM and Digex, Tygon Peak does not challenge

“actions already taken”86 by the Investco Board with a resulting “full factual

record.”87 Rather, Tygon Peak seeks a declaration passing on the validity of “any”

hypothetical future offering the Investco Board may propose, and asks the Court to

declare that “any” future agreement or transaction involving any of Investco’s

managers, members, or affiliates would require Tygon Peak’s approval.88 Tygon

Peak’s claim that a future offering would violate the Investco LLC Agreement is

based on “uncertain and contingent events,”89 including the timing and terms of a

83
     Id.
84
     789 A.2d 1176 (Del. Ch. 2000).
85
     See id. at 1206.
86
     KLM, 698 A.2d at 383.
87
     Digex, 789 A.2d at 1206.
88
  SAC ¶ 216; see also id. at 60 (“Declaring that any agreement or transaction between
Investco and any Manager, Member, or Affiliate, including the proposed Issuance, requires
Supermajority Approval.”). The term “Issuance” is not defined in the Second Amended
Complaint, but in the first amended complaint, it referred to the 2019 Offering. See D.I.
24 ¶ 92.
89
     XL Specialty Ins, 93 A.3d at 1217.

                                            24
potential future offering. Tygon Peak does not tie its claim to any particular terms

or point to any pending proposed offering. Even if I were to read the Second

Amended Complaint as alleging the Investco Board soon will propose another

offering, the dispute is not yet ripe because the material facts are not static.90

Uncertain facts include the type of securities offered, the target buyers of such

securities, and, crucially, whether and when the Investco board will seek Tygon

Peak’s approval. Without more concrete facts, I would be forced to opine on the

validity of an entirely hypothetical offering that may or may not resemble the 2019

Offering or the 2020 Offering.

         Because Count IX seeks a declaration “based on uncertain and contingent

events that may not occur,” it is not ripe for judicial review and seeks an advisory

opinion.91 “[A]bsent a pending transaction, there is no need for prompt resolution

of this claim, let alone a need that outweighs the expense of limited judicial

resources.”92 The Motion is granted with respect to Count IX.

                C.     Withdrawing The 2019 Offering Did Not Moot Counts IV
                       and V.

         At oral argument on the Motion, I addressed and rejected Defendants’

argument that withdrawing the 2019 Offering mooted Count IV’s claims stemming

90
     See id.
91
     See id. at 1217–18; Stroud, 552 A.2d at 480.
92
     In re Ebix, Inc. S’Holder Litig., 2014 WL 3696655, at *12 (Del. Ch. July 24, 2014).

                                             25
from the 2019 Offering.93 The same reasoning applies to Defendants’ argument that

withdrawing the 2019 Offering mooted similar claims in Count V. Those claims are

not moot and I consider their substance below.

                 D.       This Court Lacks Subject Matter Jurisdiction Over Count
                          VIII’s Defamation Claim.

         Count VIII alleges Goldberg, Rock Wave Capital, and Rockwave VC

defamed Tygon Peak by making statements to Graycliff Partners and Investors

Bank.94       No party raised the issue of whether this Court has subject matter

jurisdiction to consider this claim until Defendants mentioned it in their reply brief.95

Nevertheless, this Court has a duty to determine whether it has subject matter

jurisdiction over a plaintiff’s claims and can raise the jurisdictional issue sua

sponte.96

93
     See Hr’g Tr. 4–6.
94
     SAC ¶ 205.
95
     See D.I. 95 at 32.
96
   See, e.g., Ct. Ch. R. 12(h)(3) (“Whenever it appears by suggestion of the parties or
otherwise that the Court lacks jurisdiction of the subject matter, the Court shall dismiss the
action.”); Envo, 2009 WL 5173807, at *4 n.10 (“The issue of subject matter jurisdiction is
so crucial that it may be raised at any time before final judgment and by the court sua
sponte.”); IBM Corp. v. Comdisco, Inc., 602 A.2d 74, 77 n.5 (Del. Ch. 1991) (“[U]nlike
many jurisdictions, judges in the Delaware Court of Chancery are obligated to decide
whether a matter comes within the equitable jurisdiction of this Court regardless of whether
the issue has been raised by the parties.”).

                                             26
         “The Court of Chancery is proudly a court of limited jurisdiction.”97 An

independent claim for defamation does not fall within the purview of this Court’s

equitable jurisdiction because “equity will not enjoin a libel.”98 In view of this

Court’s limited ability to redress common-law torts, as well as its inability to

sanction a party solely for speech, defamation and its subcategories of libel and

slander “are seen as denizens of the Superior Court, and are subject to the findings

made there by juries regarding the speech of their peers.”99 The boundaries of

Chancery’s jurisdiction in this area have been carefully drawn, with only one narrow

exception surviving the maxim that equity will not enjoin a libel.100

         Recently, in Smith v. Scott,101 Vice Chancellor Slights reiterated “the Court of

Chancery, in all instances, lacks subject matter jurisdiction to adjudicate the

97
  Perlman v. Vox Media, Inc., 2019 WL 2647520, at *4 (Del. Ch. June 27, 2019); see also
Pike Creek Recreational Servs., LLC v. New Castle Cty., 238 A.3d 208, 212 (Del. Super.
2020) (noting that “Delaware proudly guards the historic and important distinction between
legal and equitable jurisdiction” (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Weston Invs.,
Inc. v. Domtar Indus., Inc., 2002 WL 31011141, at *1 (Del. Super. Sept. 4, 2002))).
98
  Preston Hollow Cap. LLC v. Nuveen LLC, 2019 WL 3801471, at *9 (Del. Ch.
Aug. 13, 2019) (interpreting J.C. Pitman & Sons, Inc. v. Pitman, 47 A.2d 721 (Del. Ch.
1946)); Organovo Hldgs., Inc. v. Dimitrov, 162 A.3d 102, 115 (Del. Ch. 2017).
99
     Preston Hollow, 2019 WL 3801471, at *1.
100
   See Pitman, 47 A.2d at 726. That narrow exception is trade libel. Tygon Peak did not
argue that its defamation claim was actually a trade libel claim, so I do not consider the
issue here.
101
      2021 WL 1592463 (Del. Ch. Apr. 23, 2021).

                                            27
questions of whether a defendant made a false statement about the plaintiff and

whether it did so with actual malice.”102 Smith went on:

            To the extent the parties would have me exercise subject matter
            jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ defamation claim under the “clean-up”
            doctrine, I decline to do so. The “clean-up” doctrine serves the
            important function of avoiding, when appropriate, piecemeal litigation,
            but the historical imperative that a jury, not a judge, should evaluate
            whether a defendant’s statements are defamatory shines even
            brighter.103

In view of this historical imperative, I conclude this Court lacks subject matter

jurisdiction to adjudicate Count VIII and Defendants’ arguments that it fails to allege

defamatory statements. Count VIII is dismissed, subject to Tygon Peak’s right under

10 Del. C. § 1902 to transfer the claim to Superior Court.104

            III.   RULE 12(B)(6)

            The standards governing a motion to dismiss under Court of Chancery Rule

12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim for relief are well settled:

102
   Id. at *14 (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Perlman, 2019
WL 2647520, at *1); see also id. (“Suffice it to say that issues of falsity and malice are for
the collective wisdom of a jury rather than a judge as the sole arbiter of defamation and
libel.” (alterations and internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Perlman, 2019 WL
2647520 at *5)).
103
      Id.
104
      See 10 Del. C. § 1902.

                                              28
         (i) all well-pleaded factual allegations are accepted as true; (ii) even
         vague allegations are “well-pleaded” if they give the opposing party
         notice of the claim; (iii) the Court must draw all reasonable inferences
         in favor of the non-moving party; and ([iv]) dismissal is inappropriate
         unless the “plaintiff would not be entitled to recover under any
         reasonably conceivable set of circumstances susceptible to proof.”105

Thus, the touchstone “to survive a motion to dismiss is reasonable

‘conceivability.’”106       This standard is “minimal”107 and “plaintiff-friendly.”108

“Indeed, it may, as a factual matter, ultimately prove impossible for the plaintiff to

prove his claims at a later stage of a proceeding, but that is not the test to survive a

motion to dismiss.”109 Despite this forgiving standard, the Court need not “accept

conclusory allegations unsupported by specific facts” or “draw unreasonable

inferences in favor of the non-moving party.”110 “Moreover, the court is not required

to accept every strained interpretation of the allegations proposed by the plaintiff.”111

105
      Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 896–97 (Del. 2002) (citations omitted).
106
   Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Cap. Hldgs. LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 537 (Del.
2011).
107
      Id. at 536 (citing Savor, 812 A.2d at 896).
108
   See, e.g., Clouser v. Doherty, 175 A.3d 86 (Del. 2017) (TABLE); In re Trados Inc.
S’holder Litig., 2009 WL 2225958, at *8–9 (Del. Ch. July 24, 2009).
109
      Cent. Mortg. Co., 27 A.3d at 536.
110
    Price v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 26 A.3d 162, 166 (Del. 2011) (citing Clinton
v. Enter. Rent-A-Car Co., 977 A.2d 892, 895 (Del. 2009)), overruled on other grounds by
Ramsey v. Ga. S. Univ. Advanced Dev. Ctr., 189 A.3d 1255, 1277 (Del. 2018).
111
  Trados, 2009 WL 2225958, at *4 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting In re Gen.
Motors (Hughes) S’holder Litig., 897 A.2d 162, 168 (Del. 2006)).

                                               29
                A.     Count I Fails To State A Claim For Breach Of The Term
                       Sheet.

         Count I, for breach of the Term Sheet for failure to reimburse Tygon Peak for

Rush Street’s fees, is pled “against Defendant Rock Wave Capital.”112 It alleges that

“in refusing to cause Voice Comm to reimburse Tygon Peak for amounts paid to,

and expenses incurred in connection with . . . the Rush Street Agreement, Rock

Wave Capital has breached the Term Sheet.”113

         “In order to survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a breach of contract

claim, the plaintiff must demonstrate: first, the existence of the contract, whether

express or implied; second, the breach of an obligation imposed by that contract; and

third, the resultant damage to the plaintiff.”114 Whether Tygon Peak states a claim

for breach of contract turns on questions of contract interpretation. “To determine

what contractual parties intended, Delaware courts start with the text.” 115 In doing

so, the Court aims to “give priority to the parties’ intentions as reflected in the four

corners of the agreement, construing the agreement as a whole and giving effect to

all its provisions.”116 “Delaware adheres to the objective theory of contracts,

112
      SAC Ct. 1.
113
      SAC ¶ 173; see also SAC ¶¶ 64–65.
114
      VLIW Tech., LLC v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 840 A.2d 606, 612 (Del. 2003).
115
      Sunline Com. Carriers, Inc. v. CITGO Petroleum Corp., 206 A.3d 836, 846 (Del. 2019).
116
   Salamone v. Gorman, 106 A.3d 354, 368 (Del. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted)
(quoting GMG Cap. Inv., LLC. v. Athenian Venture P’rs I, L.P., 36 A.3d 776, 779 (Del.
2012)).

                                             30
[meaning that] a contract’s construction should be that which would be understood

by an objective, reasonable third party.”117 The Court will “give effect to the plain-

meaning of the contract’s terms and provisions,” “will read a contract as a whole and

. . . will give each provision and term effect, so as not to render any part of the

contract mere surplusage.”118 “Contract terms themselves will be controlling when

they establish the parties’ common meaning so that a reasonable person in the

position of either party would have no expectations inconsistent with the contract

language.”119

         Defendants seek dismissal of Count I for two primary reasons. First, they

argue that the Term Sheet is no longer operative, due to the integration clause in the

Investco LLC Agreement. Alternatively, even if the Term Sheet continues to bind

the parties, Defendants argue that Tygon Peak sued the wrong defendant, as the Term

Sheet provides that Voice Comm, not Rock Wave Capital, must reimburse Tygon

Peak. After considering the relevant contract language, I conclude that the Term

Sheet remains operative, but I dismiss Count I because Tygon Peak has failed to

117
  Osborn ex rel. Osborn v. Kemp, 991 A.2d 1153, 1159 (Del. 2010) (footnotes and internal
quotation marks omitted) (quoting NBC Universal v. Paxson Commc’ns, 2005 WL
1038997, at *5 (Del. Ch. Apr. 29, 2005)).
118
   Id. at 1159–60 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Kuhn Constr., Inc. v.
Diamond State Port Corp., 990 A.2d 393, 396–97 (Del. 2010)).
119
      Eagle Indus., Inc. v. DeVilbiss Health Care, Inc., 702 A.2d 1228, 1232 (Del. 1997).

                                              31
plead grounds for holding Rock Wave Capital liable for any failure to reimburse

Tygon Peak under the Term Sheet.

                      1.     The Term Sheet Remains Operative, Despite
                             The Integration Clause in the Investco LLC
                             Agreement.

         “A binding completely integrated agreement discharges prior agreements to

the extent that they are within its scope.”120 “Clauses indicating that the contract is

an expression of the parties’ final intentions generally create a presumption of

integration.”121 Integration clauses frequently contain language limiting their scope

to agreements “between the parties,”122 or to those made “with respect to the subject

matter hereof.”123 Ultimately, an integration clause is interpreted just like any other

120
  Quantlab Gp. GP, LLC v. Eames, 2019 WL 1285037, at *4 n. 30 (Del. Ch.
Mar. 19, 2019) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 213(2) (1981)), aff’d, 222
A.3d 580 (Del. 2019) (TABLE).
121
      Addy v. Piedmonte, 2009 WL 707641, at *9 (Del. Ch. Mar. 18, 2009).
122
   See, e.g., id., at *9 n. 46 (“This Agreement: (a) embodies the entire agreement between
the Parties, supersedes all prior agreements and understandings, if any, relating to the
subject matter hereof, and may be amended only by an instrument in writing executed
jointly by the Manager of each Party.”) (alterations and internal quotation marks omitted)
(emphasis added); Hynansky v. Vietri, 2003 WL 21976031, at *4 (Del. Ch. Aug. 7, 2003)
(“This Agreement contains the entire understanding between the parties with respect to the
Partnership and supercedes [sic] all prior written and oral agreements between them.”
(internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis added)).
123
   See, e.g., Finger Lakes Cap. P’rs, LLC v. Honeoye Lake Acq., LLC, 2015 WL 6455367,
at *18 (Del. Ch. Oct. 26, 2015) (“The plain language of the integration clause in the
Revolabs Agreement stated that it superseded all prior agreements with respect to the
subject matter hereof.” (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted)), aff’d in part,
rev’d in part, 151 A.3d 450 (Del. 2016).

                                            32
contract: “[a]n integration clause should be interpreted according to its plain

meaning when its terms are unambiguous.”124

         The integration clause in the Investco LLC Agreement, Section 12.4(a),

provides:

         Entire Agreement. This Agreement, together with its schedules and
         appendices, and together with the Certificate, constitutes the entire
         agreement between the Members with respect to its subject matter, and
         supersedes any and all other prior agreements and undertakings with
         respect to such subject matter among them. No Member is making any
         guarantee, promise, or undertaking any obligation to or with respect to
         the LLC that is not expressly contained in this Agreement.125

By its plain language, this provision does not reach the Term Sheet, which is between

Rock Wave Capital and Tygon Peak.126 Rock Wave Capital is not a member of

Investco, or even a signatory to the Investco LLC Agreement.127 The Term Sheet is

therefore not an agreement “between the Members” of Investco. Because the Term

124
    Focus Fin. P’rs, LLC v. Holsopple, 241 A.3d 784, 823 (Del. Ch. 2020) (citations,
alterations, and internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Barton v. Club Ventures Invs.
LLC, 2013 WL 6072249, at *6 (Del. Ch. Nov. 19, 2013); see also, e.g., James v. United
Med. LLC, 2017 WL 1224513, at *5–6 (Del. Super. Mar. 31, 2017) (applying contract
interpretation principles to the language of an integration clause). Cf. Quantlab, 2019 WL
1285037, at *4 (discussing the role of parol evidence in determining whether a contract is
completely or partially integrated).
125
   Investco LLC Agr. § 12.4(a) (emphasis added); see also Investco LLC Agr., App. A at
3–4 (defining “Members”).
126
      Term Sheet 1, 8.
127
    See SAC ¶¶ 11–17; see also Investco LLC Agr. App. A at B-3–B-4 (defining
“Members”); id. 34–49 (listing signatories). Voice Comm, the entity responsible for
reimbursing Tygon Peak under the Term Sheet, is also not a member of Investco.

                                           33
Sheet is outside Section 12.4(a)’s scope, it is not affected by the Investco LLC

Agreement and remains operative, to the extent its terms are binding.128

                         2.     Rock Wave Capital Is Not Obligated To Cause
                                Voice Comm To Reimburse Tygon Peak Under
                                The Term Sheet.

          Though the Term Sheet was not superseded by the Investco LLC Agreement,

Rock Wave Capital is not responsible for Tygon Peak’s reimbursement thereunder.

Regarding expenses, the Term Sheet provides:

          Expenses: At closing, the Target [Voice Comm] will reimburse
          [Tygon] Peak, Investco and each Member and their respective affiliates
          for any costs and expenses of such persons or entities and their
          respective affiliates (including fees and expenses of attorneys,
          accountants, consultants, and out of pocket expenses of such persons or
          entities and their respective affiliates) incurred in connection with the
          transactions contemplated by this Term Sheet. If the Closing does not
          occur, each Member will be responsible for their own broken deal
          costs.129

The plain language of this provision makes clear that Voice Comm, not Rock Wave

Capital, is responsible for reimbursing Tygon Peak’s expenses.              Tygon Peak

acknowledges this provision, and admits that money reimbursing it for expenses

under the Term Sheet must necessarily come from Voice Comm.130 And Tygon

128
   The Term Sheet is non-binding, except with respect to the “Confidentiality,” Expenses,”
and “Exclusivity” sections. Term Sheet 6. The “Expenses” section is at issue here and is
“intended to be legally binding on [Rock Wave Capital] and [Tygon] Peak.” Id.
129
      Id. 5 (formatting altered).
130
      See Hr’g Tr. 55.

                                             34
Peak does not point to a provision in the Term Sheet that compels Rock Wave

Capital to “cause Voice Comm to reimburse Tygon Peak.”131

         Instead, Tygon Peak relies on agency principles, arguing that Rock Wave

Capital must cause Voice Comm to pay because Voice Comm is Rock Wave

Capital’s subsidiary.132 Tygon Peak argues the Court should “attribute the actions

of a subsidiary company to its parent,” and hold Rock Wave Capital responsible for

Voice Comm’s reimbursement obligations.133 Tygon Peak’s legal theory is a poor

fit for these facts: it is impossible to apply a traditional agency analysis to Rock

Wave Capital and Voice Comm at the time of the Term Sheet, which was signed

before Voice Comm was created.134

131
      See SAC ¶ 173; see also id. ¶¶ 64–65.
132
      See D.I. 92 at 40–41.
133
   See id. (quoting Chrysler Corp. (Delaware) v. Chaplake Hldgs., Ltd., 822 A.2d 1024,
1035 (Del. 2003)).
134
    Compare Term Sheet 8, with SAC ¶ 33; see Boulden v. Albiorix, Inc., 2013 WL
1455826, at *1 (Del. Ch. Apr. 10, 2013) (“[O]ne cannot act as the agent of a nonexistent
principal.”).
       To fill this gap, and to allow a nascent entity to “procure . . . the rights,
instrumentalities and capital by which it is to carry out the purposes set forth in its charter,
and to establish it as fully able to do its business,” Delaware has adopted the doctrine of
promoter liability for preincorporation agreements. See Blish v. Thompson Automatic Arms
Corp., 64 A.2d 581, 584 (Del. Ch. 1948) (citing Henderson v. Plymouth Oil Co., 131 A.
165, 170 (Del. Ch. 1925); see also Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Am. Legacy Found., 903 A.2d
728, 744 (Del. 2006). Under this framework, in certain circumstances, “promoters who
execute a preincorporation contract in the name of a proposed corporation are personally
liable on the contract even though they assume they are acting on behalf of a proposed
corporation, and notwithstanding that they acted solely in contemplation of the formation
of the corporation.” Boulden, 2013 WL 1455826, at *1; see also GS Petroleum, Inc. v. R
& S Fuel, Inc., 2009 WL 1554680, at *2–3 (Del. Super. June 4, 2009) (suggesting that

                                              35
         Tygon Peak’s agency theory is also belied by its allegations. Tygon Peak

concludes Voice Comm is Rock Wave Capital’s subsidiary because Rock Wave

Capital is the “majority owner of Voice[]Comm’s shares”135 with “ultimate control

of Voice[]Comm through its control of the [Investco Board and the Mobile

Board].”136 But Tygon Peak does not allege that Rock Wave Capital owns any

interest, never mind a controlling interest, in Voice Comm, Investco, or Mobile.

Rock Wave Capital’s affiliate, Rockwave VC, holds a majority stake in Investco.

But Tygon Peak has not pled that Rockwave VC and Rock Wave Capital are

indistinguishable, nor that Rockwave VC’s Investco stake translates to control of

Mobile or Voice Comm.137 In short, Tygon Peak has not pled that Rock Wave

Capital controls Voice Comm.

promoters can be released from liability if certain preconditions are satisfied, and citing
treatises); Grunstein v. Silva, 2009 WL 4698541, at *18 (Del. Ch. Dec. 8, 2009) (“The
Defendants argue that entities created after the supposed Partnership Agreement cannot be
subject to that agreement, and point to the general rule that business entities are not liable
for the contracts of their promoters prior to incorporation. However, under Delaware law,
if the subsequently formed entity implicitly adopts the pre-formation agreement by
accepting its benefits with knowledge of its terms, the entity may be bound by that
agreement.”). But Tygon Peak does not assert Rock Wave Capital is liable for failing to
reimburse Tygon Peak as Voice Comm’s promoter. So I do not address Rock Wave
Capital’s promoter liability.
135
      D.I. 92 at 41 (citing SAC ¶¶ 64–65).
136
      SAC ¶ 64.
137
    Rockwave VC holds a 61.8% interest in Investco. Id. ¶ 12. When Tygon Peak originally
filed this action, Investco was Mobile’s 80% majority member. Id. ¶ 9. But as of
September 2020, Investco held only a 48.4% stake in Mobile (which in turn owns Voice
Comm). SAC Ex. I at 6. Even though Rockwave VC could control Investco, Investco is
now a minority member in Mobile, and Tygon Peak offers no other allegations that

                                             36
         To summarize, Count I’s claim against Rock Wave Capital for breach of the

Term Sheet fails. Even though the Term Sheet remains operative, its plain language

requires Voice Comm to reimburse Tygon Peak—not Rock Wave Capital. The

Second Amended Complaint does not plead that Rock Wave Capital has any duty,

by contract or by agency principles, to “cause Voice Comm to reimburse Tygon

Peak.” The Motion is granted with respect to Count I.

                B.        Count II Fails To State A Claim For Unjust Enrichment.

         Count II alleges that allowing the Entity Defendants “to retain the benefit of

the services provided by Rush Street and of Tygon Peak’s payments to Rush Street

and expenses incurred in connection with the Rush Street Agreement would unjustly

enrich [the Entity Defendants] to the detriment of Tygon Peak.”138 Defendants argue

that Count II must be dismissed because this issue is governed by contract, namely

the Term Sheet.139 I agree.

Rockwave VC controls Voice Comm through Investco. That Rockwave VC and Rock
Wave Capital’s common principal, Goldberg, sits on both the Investco Board and the
Mobile Board does not change this result. And Tygon Peak does not allege that Goldberg,
as one of four members on both boards, controls those boards.
138
      SAC ¶ 177.
139
      D.I. 88 at 31–34.

                                            37
         Unjust enrichment is “a theory of recovery to remedy the absence of a formal

contract.”140 “Unjust enrichment is the ‘unjust retention of a benefit to the loss of

another, or the retention of money or property of another against the fundamental

principles of justice or equity and good conscience.’”141 Under Delaware law, the

elements of unjust enrichment are “(1) an enrichment, (2) an impoverishment, (3) a

relation between the enrichment and impoverishment, (4) the absence of

justification, and (5) the absence of a remedy provided by law.”142 If the parties’

relationship is comprehensively governed by contract, a claim for unjust enrichment

will be dismissed because the “contract is the measure of plaintiffs’ right.”143 While

unjust enrichment may be pleaded as an alternative theory of recovery to a breach

of contract claim, the right to do so “does not obviate the obligation to provide

factual support for each theory” independently.144 To survive a motion to dismiss,

140
  Choupak v. Rivkin, 2015 WL 1589610, at *20 (Del. Ch. Apr. 6, 2015) (internal quotation
marks omitted) (quoting ID Biomedical Corp. v. TM Techs., Inc., 1995 WL 130743, at *15
(Del. Ch. Mar. 16, 1995)).
141
    Doberstein v. G-P Indus., Inc., 2015 WL 6606484, at *6 (Del. Ch. Oct. 30, 2015)
(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Kuroda v. SPJS Hldgs., LLC, 971 A.2d 872,
891–92 (Del. Ch. 2009)).
142
      Nemec v. Shrader, 991 A.2d 1120, 1130 (Del. 2010).
143
   Wood v. Coastal States Gas Corp., 401 A.2d 932, 942 (Del. 1979); accord Kuroda, 971
A.2d at 891 (“Thus, when the complaint alleges an express, enforceable contract that
controls the parties’ relationship a claim for unjust enrichment will be dismissed.” (quoting
Bakerman v. Sidney Frank Importing Co., Inc., 2006 WL 3927242, at *18 (Del. Ch.
Oct. 10, 2006) (alterations and internal quotations omitted)).
144
   BAE Sys. Info. & Elec. Sys. Integration, Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 2009 WL
264088, at *8 (Del. Ch. Feb. 3, 2009); see also Doberstein, 2015 WL 6606484, at *6; CMS

                                             38
Tygon Peak’s unjust enrichment claim cannot be duplicative of its accompanying

breach of contract claim.145

         Tygon Peak’s right to reimbursement for expenses generated with Rush Street

is governed by contract, specifically the Term Sheet’s “Expenses” section. Because

I have found that the Term Sheet survives the integration clause in the LLC

Agreement, and because the “Expenses” term is binding, there can be no question

that Tygon Peak’s right to reimbursement is comprehensively addressed in “an

express, enforceable contract that controls the parties’ relationship.”146 In other

words, “the [Term Sheet] is the measure of [Tygon Peak’s] right.”147 The allegations

supporting Count I’s breach of contract claim are substantially duplicated in

Count II’s unjust enrichment claim, and both stem from the same underlying facts.148

Such duplicative claims cannot stand.149

         This conclusion holds even though many of the Entity Defendants named in

Count II are not parties to the Term Sheet. The Term Sheet explicitly provides that

Voice Comm, not any of the other Entity Defendants, will be responsible for

Inv. Hldgs., LLC v. Castle, 2015 WL 3894021, at *17 (Del. Ch. June 23, 2015); Lyons Ins.
Agency, Inc. v. Kirtley, 2019 WL 1244605, at *2 (Del. Super. Mar. 18, 2019).
145
      See, e.g., CMS, 2015 WL 3894021, at *17.
146
      See Kuroda, 971 A.2d at 891.
147
      Wood, 401 A.2d at 942.
148
      Compare SAC ¶¶ 169–73, with id. ¶¶ 174–78.
149
      See CMS, 2015 WL 3894021, at *17.

                                           39
reimbursing Tygon Peak’s expenses.150 It is well-settled that Tygon Peak may not

use a claim for unjust enrichment “to circumvent basic contract principles

recognizing that a person not a party to a contract cannot be held liable to it.”151 The

Motion is granted with respect to Count II.

                C.     Count III States A Claim For Breach Of The MSA.

         Count III alleges Mobile breached the MSA by not paying Tygon Peak the

Annual Management Fee. Specifically, Tygon Peak claims that on July 1, 2019,

“Mobile stopped paying Tygon Peak the management fees to which Tygon Peak is

entitled under the MSA despite acknowledging that ‘the MSA remains in full force

and effect.’”152 Defendants attack Count III by arguing the MSA conditions the

Annual Management Fee on Mobile requesting services from Tygon Peak, and that

because the Second Amended Complaint does not specifically plead that any

services were requested in July 2019, the fee is not owed and nonpayment is not a

breach.153      Tygon Peak contends that the Annual Management Fee “is not

150
      Term Sheet 5.
151
    MetCap Sec. LLC v. Pearl Senior Care, Inc., 2007 WL 1498989, at *6 (Del. Ch.
May 16, 2007) (alterations and internal quotation marks omitted) (citing WSFS v.
Chillibilly’s, Inc., 2005 WL 730060, at *19 (Del. Super. Mar. 30, 2005)); see also Kuroda,
971 A.2d at 891–92 (citing MetCap and holding, “Thus, [plaintiff] cannot use a claim for
unjust enrichment to extend the obligations of a contract to [defendants] who are not parties
to the contract. Accordingly, plaintiff’s claim for unjust enrichment must be dismissed.”).
152
      SAC ¶ 186.
153
      See D.I. 88 at 34–35.

                                             40
conditioned upon and does not vary upon the amount or type of services to be

provided, but rather it is a fixed fee in exchange for Tygon Peak’s commitment to

provide services as and when requested by Mobile or its subsidiaries.”154

          Two sections of the MSA are at issue. Section 2(B) provides, in relevant part:

          In exchange for the services provided to [Mobile] hereunder, as more
          fully described in Section 1 of this Agreement, during the Term,
          [Mobile] will pay or cause to be paid to [Tygon Peak] an annual
          management fee equal to Three Hundred Thousand Dollars ($300,000)
          (the “Annual Management Fee”) in advance in quarterly installments
          upon the last day of each March, June, September and December (with
          the first such quarterly installment hereunder being payable on
          September 30, 2018).155

The referenced Section 1(A) provides:

          [Tygon Peak] agrees that, during the term of this Agreement (the
          “Term”), it will, at the request of the Company’s [Mobile’s] board of
          managers (the “Board”) and/or the boards of managers or boards of
          directors (or similar governing bodies) of the Company’s subsidiaries
          and/or Affiliates . . . provide the Company and its subsidiaries with
          [certain enumerated services].156

          I agree with Tygon Peak. The Annual Management Fee is a flat “annual”

fee.157 Mobile must pay Tygon Peak “in advance in quarterly installments.”158

Section 1(A) defines Tygon Peak’s obligations, and Section 2(B) defines Mobile’s

154
      SAC ¶ 69.
155
      MSA § 2(B) (emphasis added).
156
      Id. § 1(A) (emphasis added); see also id. § 1(A)(i)–(xii) (enumerating services).
157
      See id. § 2(B).
158
      See id.

                                               41
obligations. Neither Section 2(B) nor Section 1(A) specifies that a request for Tygon

Peak’s services is a condition precedent on Mobile’s obligation to pay. 159 Rather,

Mobile must pay “in advance.”160 Section 2(B) indicates Mobile’s payments are “in

exchange” for Tygon Peak’s services, which are in turn outlined in Section 1.161

Section 1(A) refers to services “at the request of [the Mobile Board]” to define the

scope of Tygon Peak’s obligations;162 that phrase does not condition Mobile’s

advance payments.

          Interpreting Section 1(A) as defining the scope of Tygon Peak’s obligations,

rather than as a condition on Mobile’s, does not rob Section 1(A) of meaning as

Defendants suggest. Tygon Peak’s obligations to Mobile are still defined by the

contours of Section 1(A) and any requests Mobile makes for management services.

Mobile’s obligations in Section 2(B) are not so limited. Part of Tygon Peak’s service

is its constant obligation and readiness to respond to the Mobile Board’s requests;163

its flat fee consideration, paid in advance, rightfully reflects that commitment.

159
    In Delaware, “[c]onditions precedent are not favored in contract interpretation because
of their tendency to work a forfeiture.” Stoltz Realty Co. v. Paul, 1995 WL 654152, at *9
(Del. Super. Sept. 20, 1995).
160
      MSA § 2(B).
161
      See id.
162
      Id. § 1(A).
163
      See MSA § 1(A)(i)–(xii).

                                            42
Defendants’ reading ignores that practical and common structure.164 It is also not

clear as a practical matter that a flat fee, paid in advance, could be conditioned on

subsequent requests for services.

      In short, the Annual Management Fee is a fixed retainer, neither conditioned

on nor varying with Mobile’s requests for services. Under that construction, the

Second Amended Complaint’s allegation that Mobile did not make the required

installment payment by July 1 states a claim for breach of contract. The Motion is

denied with respect to Count III.

             D.     Count IV: Breach Of Contract

      Count IV alleges Investco breached three sections of the Investco LLC

Agreement: Section 5.10’s supermajority approval provision, Section 6.3’s advance

notice provision, and Section 5.12’s prohibition on bad faith circumvention of Class

A distributions. Tygon Peak alleges the 2019 Offering, the 2020 Offering, the

Option, and the Equity Interest Grant breached all three provisions. I address each

provision in turn, applying Delaware’s well-understood contract interpretation

principles to the Investco LLC Agreement.165

164
   See, e.g., Reith v. Lichtenstein, 2019 WL 2714065, at *3 (Del. Ch. June 28, 2019)
(describing a “fixed monthly fee” arrangement under a management services agreement).
165
   Kuroda, 971 A.2d at 880–81 (“Limited liability companies are creatures of contract,
and the parties have broad discretion to use an LLC agreement to define the character of
the company and the rights and obligations of its members. Among other things, a
company’s LLC agreement defines when members of the LLC can be liable for breach of
provisions of that agreement. Accordingly, as with any contract, the Court must look to

                                          43
                          1.   Count IV States A Claim For Breach Of Section
                               5.10 Of The Investco LLC Agreement.

         Tygon Peak alleges four potential breaches of Section 5.10:            the 2019

Offering, the 2020 Offering, the Equity Interest Grant, and exercising the Option.

Via a bench ruling at argument, I explained the 2019 Offering did not breach

Section 5.10.166 Here, I focus on the newer bases for Tygon Peak’s claims.

         Section 5.10 states:

         Supermajority Approval Rights. Notwithstanding anything to the
         contrary contained in this Agreement, the LLC shall not, and shall not
         permit any Affiliate of the LLC to, and the Board shall not have the
         authority to, without the approval of a Supermajority of the Board:

         (a) Subject to Section 6.6,167 enter into, amend or modify any
             agreement or transaction between the LLC and any Manager, or
             Member, or any Affiliate of any of them (excluding, for purposes
             of this Section 5.10(a), any Transfer permitted by ARTICLE 8),168

the language of the LLC Agreement to determine the potential liabilities of the parties. In
analyzing a contract on a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court must interpret
ambiguous provisions in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.”).
166
      See Hr’g Tr. 6–9.
167
   This carve out for management agreements is not applicable here. See Investco LLC
Agr. § 6.6 (“Management Agreement. Notwithstanding Section 5.10(a), the Board may
approve a management agreement with one or more of the Members or its Affiliates to
provide services to the LLC without the consent of the Members.” (formatting altered)).
  Article 8, which governs “Transfers of Membership Interests; Member Withdrawal;
168

Admission of Additional/Substitute Members,” is similarly inapplicable. See id. Art. 8.

                                            44
          (b) redeem, repurchase or otherwise acquire any Units or any
              securities directly or indirectly convertible, exercisable or
              exchangeable for Units, except if the holders of Class B Units and
              Class A Units have the right to participate in such redemption,
              repurchase or acquisition with respect to a pro rata number of their
              Class B Units or Class A Units, as the case may be; provided, that
              the proceeds received in connection with the redemption shall be
              distributed to the holders of the redeemed Units in accordance with
              Section 3.1,

          (c) declare or make any distribution with respect to the LLC in
              violation of ARTICLE 3,

          (d) approve a Sale of the LLC if, in connection with such Sale of the
              LLC, the Majority Members exercise their Drag-Along Right in
              bad faith and with the sole purpose of avoiding paying or
              minimizing distributions to holders of Class A Units hereunder, or

          (e) amend the formation documents of the LLC or any of its
              Subsidiaries, including their respective certificates of formation,
              limited liability company or other operating agreements (including
              this Agreement), and any other documents relating to the
              governance and/or ownership of such entity, except as required by
              applicable law or as would not materially and disproportionately
              adversely affect the rights or privileges of the Class A Members
              under this Agreement.169

As defined in the Investco LLC Agreement, “Supermajority of the Board” “means a

majority of the Board that includes the Class A Manager,” namely Tygon Peak’s

principal, Narulla.170

169
      Id. § 5.10(a)–(e) (formatting altered).
170
      See id. § 5.1(c).

                                                45
          Tygon Peak focuses on Section 5.10(a), which requires Narulla’s approval for

transactions with Investco’s managers, members, or any of their “Affiliates,”

broadly defined:

          “Affiliate” means, with respect to any Person: (i) any other Person
          directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by or under common
          control with such Person; and/or (ii) any spouse, ancestor, child
          (including by adoption) or other lineal descendant, sibling or in-law of
          such Person or of any other Person (who is a natural person) who is an
          Affiliate of such Person and described in clause (i) above.171

Thus, the relevant question is whether the 2020 Offering required Investco to “enter

into, amend or modify any agreement or transaction between the LLC and any

Manager, or Member, or any Affiliate of any of them.”172                    If it did, then

consummating it without Narulla’s approval breached Section 5.10(a).

          Through the 2020 Offering, Investco entered into transactions with its Class B

members. As I explained in my partial bench ruling, Section 5.10(a) applies to a

situation where Investco enters into or modifies a bilateral arrangement, agreement,

or transaction with one of its members or managers (or their affiliates).173 In the

2020 Offering, Investco sold new Class B units to its existing members. By the plain

171
    Id. App. A at B-1. “Person” is defined to include both natural people and entities. See
id. App. A at B-4 (“‘Person(s)’ means any individual(s) who is (or are) a natural person,
partnership(s), limited liability company (or companies), limited liability partnership(s),
limited partnership(s), corporation(s), trust(s) and any other association or legal entity.”).
172
      Id. § 5.10(a).
173
      See Hr’g Tr. 8; Investco LLC Agr. § 5.10(a).

                                             46
language of Section 5.10(a), such sales required Investco to enter into transactions

with its members.

         Defendants do not engage with the plain meaning; rather, they argue that the

2020 Offering could not have violated Section 5.10(a) because other provisions of

the Investco LLC Agreement contemplate the Investco Board could issue new

securities through a “preemptive rights sale.”174 This position is inconsistent with

the Investco LLC Agreement’s plain text. Section 5.10 operates “notwithstanding

anything to the contrary contained in this Agreement.”175 Thus, Section 5.10(a)’s

supermajority requirement operates notwithstanding that Section 2.6 contemplates a

preemptive rights sale and that Section 2.1 authorizes Investco to issue new units.

Had the drafters intended to carve out preemptive rights sales from Section 5.10(a),

they could have explicitly done so, as they did for management agreements under

Section 6.6 and transfers of interest under Article 8.176 Section 5.10 prohibits

174
   See D.I. 88 at 37–42 (citing Investco LLC Agr. § 2.6). Section 2.6 provides notice and
other requirements in the event Investco issues “New Securities” in a “Preemptive Rights
Sale.” Investco LLC Agr. § 2.6. Defendants also point to Section 2.1, which authorizes
Investco “to issue an unlimited number of Units and to create new classes of Units.” Id.
§ 2.1; see also Hr’g Tr. 21–23. These provisions are distinguishable from those in
Terramar Retail Centers, LLC v. Marion #2-Seaport Trust, which Defendants cite. 2019
WL 2208465, at *23 (Del. Ch. May 22, 2019), aff’d 222 A.3d 581 (Del. 2019). More
importantly, the language Defendants cite from Terramar addressed the application of the
implied covenant. Id.
175
      Investco LLC Agr. § 5.10.
176
   See id. Defendants also point out that Section 5.10(b) addresses and requires
supermajority approval for certain redemptions and repurchases of stock. See D.I. 88 at
38–40. That certain transactions may be covered by multiple provisions of Section 5.10 is

                                           47
Investco from entering into a transaction with a member without Tygon Peak’s

supermajority approval, even if another section addresses that same transaction.

         Count IV also states a claim that exercising the Option under the Sharing

Agreement breached Section 5.10. Defendants argue that exercising the preexisting

Option did not cause Investco to enter into a new transaction that would trigger

Section 5.10(a).177 Their position is belied by the Sharing Agreement’s terms. While

Tygon Peak does not allege how Investco exercised the Option, the Sharing

Agreement explains the procedure:

not dispositive and suggests that the parties took a “belt and suspenders” approach to
drafting this provision. See, e.g., Lillis v. AT&T Corp., 2007 WL 2110587, at *15 (Del.
Ch. July 20, 2007) (“The clause is best read as a belt-and-suspenders provision, included
to insure that the adjustment would fully preserve the economic position of the options.
Without the clause, a plausible, though incorrect, reading would be that an adjustment must
be made, but it would not have to completely preserve the economic position of the
options.”).
177
      See, e.g., Hr’g Tr. 18–19.

                                            48
          Exercise Procedure. The Option may be exercised by the Class A
          Members [Investco and KMD Weiss] upon an affirmative vote of a
          majority of the Class A Units, at any time upon the occurrence and
          continuation of an Insolvency Event upon delivery by [Investco] of a
          written exercise notice to the Noteholder [Voice Comm] (an “Exercise
          Notice”) providing that the Class A Members have elected to exercise
          the Option. In the event the Class A Members elect to exercise the
          Option, the Class A Members and Noteholder agree to enter into an
          exchange agreement in such form as shall be reasonably agreed by
          the Class A Members and the Noteholder, to effectuate the Exchange
          (the “Exchange Agreement”). The Exchange Agreement shall provide
          for a closing date not more than three (3) days following delivery of the
          Exercise Notice to the Noteholder. For the avoidance of doubt, the
          rights and obligations incident to the Note and the Class A Shares will
          be transferred as of the date of the Exercise Notice and the Noteholder
          and Class A Members will hold the rights of the Note and the Class A
          Shares, respectively, in trust for the other party pending the closing of
          the Exchange.178

Thus, to exercise the Option, Investco needed to “enter into an exchange agreement”

with KMD Weiss and Voice Comm.179 KMD Weiss is a member of Investco, and

Voice Comm is an “Affiliate” of Investco and its members.180 When Investco struck

an “Exchange Agreement” with those entities to facilitate its exercise of the Option,

it triggered Section 5.10(a)’s supermajority approval requirement. And when it

consummated that transaction without Narulla’s approval, it breached that

provision.181

178
      Sharing Agr. § 2(c) (emphasis added).
179
      See id.
180
      See Investco LLC Agr. § 5.10(a); id., App. A at B-1.
181
      See SAC ¶¶ 7 n.1, 131–34.

                                              49
         The Second Amended Complaint does not mention Investco entering into an

“Exchange Agreement” to exercise the Option.182 But the absence of this allegation

is not fatal. “Delaware is a notice pleading jurisdiction. Thus, for a complaint to

survive a motion to dismiss, it need only give general notice of the claim asserted.”183

Tygon Peak enjoys the benefit of all reasonable inferences in its favor.184 It is

reasonable to infer from the Sharing Agreement, attached to the Second Amended

Complaint, that Tygon Peak’s specific allegation that Investco “exercised the

Option”185 means it entered into an exchange agreement, in conformity with the

Sharing Agreement’s procedures. Defendants are on notice of such a claim, even in

the absence of a specific allegation that an exchange agreement was actually reached.

Insofar as it seeks to dismiss this claim, the Motion is denied.

         Finally, Count IV fails to state a claim that the Equity Interest Grant breached

Section 5.10. In the Equity Interest Grant, Investco transferred 3% of its Mobile

stake to Graycliff Partners, a nonparty bank and Voice Comm’s creditor.186

Graycliff Partners is not one of Investco’s members, nor is it a manager. Nor is there

182
      See generally id.
183
   Doe v. Cahill, 884 A.2d 451, 458 (Del. 2005) (footnotes and internal quotation marks
omitted) (citing VLIW Tech., 840 A.2d at 611 then quoting Ramunno v. Cawley, 705 A.2d
1029, 1034 (Del. 1998)); accord Firefighters’ Pension Sys. of City of Kansas City, Missouri
Tr. v. Presidio, Inc., 251 A.3d 212, 262 (Del. Ch. 2021).
184
      Savor, 812 A.2d at 897.
185
      SAC ¶ 151; see also id. ¶¶ 7 n.1, 53, 154.
186
      See id. ¶¶ 129, 150, 189, 192, 194.

                                               50
any allegation that it is an “Affiliate” of any entity or person that is. Tygon Peak

does not address these deficiencies.187 Insofar that it alleges the Equity Interest Grant

violated Section 5.10, Count IV is dismissed.

       In sum, Count IV states a claim for breach of Section 5.10 with respect to the

2020 Offering and exercising the Option; Tygon Peak’s other theories for breach of

Section 5.10 are not viable.

                     2.     Count IV Fails To State A Claim For Breach Of
                            Section 6.3 Of The Investco LLC Agreement.

       Count IV also alleges that the 2019 Offering, the 2020 Offering, and the

related purchase of the Tessco Assets breached Section 6.3 of the Investco LLC

Agreement. Under Section 6.3, if the LLC’s members act by written consent, the

LLC must provide all members with at least twenty-four hours’ advance notice:

187
    See D.I. 92 at 52. Instead, Tygon Peak argues the Equity Interest Grant violates Section
5.10 “because Plaintiff alleged the Equity Interest Grant was through Mobile and that
Mobile is a member.” Id. This argument is a nonsequitur: the Equity Interest Grant
conveyed Mobile shares, but Mobile was not a party to that transaction. See SAC ¶ 150
(alleging the Investco Board resolved to transfer 3% of Investco’s Mobile Class A Units to
affiliates of Graycliff Partners). A transaction between Investco and Graycliff transferring
Mobile shares is not a transaction “between [Investco] and any Manager, or Member, or
any Affiliate of any of them.” See Investco LLC Agr. § 5.10. Tygon Peak also alleges the
Equity Interest Grant was designed to induce Graycliff to amend its debt financing
arrangements with Mobile, but that purpose does not change the fact that the Equity Interest
Grant itself was between Graycliff and Investco. See SAC ¶ 150.

                                            51
            Written Consent to Action. Any action required or permitted to be
            taken by the Members (or by any Members), whether at a meeting or
            otherwise, may be taken without a meeting; provided, that twenty-four
            (24) hours’ advance e-mailed notice of the action to be taken is first
            given to all Members, and the action is evidenced by a written consent
            or other written instrument dated and signed (whether or not in
            counterparts and whether or not through facsimile or e-mail copies) by
            that Member or those Members (or its or their designated
            representative) necessary to authorize or take the action that is the
            subject of such written consent. All such written Member consent(s)
            shall be delivered to the LLC at its principal office. The Board, within
            thirty (30) days after the LLC obtains authorization to the taking of any
            action by a written consent of the Members, shall send a copy thereof
            to that Member (or those Members), if any, who (or whose designated
            representative) did not execute the same (or, otherwise, consent, in
            writing, to the action (or actions) that is (or are) the subject thereof).188

The parties disagree whether the 2019 Offering and the 2020 Offering triggered

Section 6.3’s notice requirement. This issue turns on whether these offerings were

actions “taken by the Members”189 or, as Defendants argue, by the Investco Board.

            The 2019 Offering and 2020 Offering were both executed by the Investco

Board managers, in their capacities as such. The October 11 written consent

authorizing the 2019 Offering is titled, “Written Consent of The Board of Managers

of [Investco].”190 The written consent continues: “The undersigned, constituting a

majority of the members of the Board of Managers . . . do hereby consent to and

adopt the following resolutions without a meeting pursuant to . . . Section 5.8 of the

188
      Investco LLC Agr. § 6.3 (formatting altered) (emphasis added).
189
      Id.
190
      SAC Ex. D at 1.

                                                 52
[Investco LLC Agreement].”191 The written consent authorizing the 2020 Offering

contains similar language: it is also titled “Written Consent of The Board of

Managers of [Investco]” and indicates “[t]he undersigned, constituting a majority of

the members of the [Investco] Board of Managers . . . do hereby consent to and adopt

the following resolutions without a meeting pursuant to . . . Section 5.8 of the

[Investco LLC Agreement].”192

         The “Notice of Proposed Issuance” for the 2019 Offering also states that “the

Board of Managers of [Investco] has approved an issuance,” further indicating that

2019 Offering occurred as the result of board, rather than member, action.193 Indeed,

the Second Amended Complaint pleads that the Investco Board managers, not

Investco’s members, proposed the 2019 Offering.194

         Tygon Peak argues that Investco Board managers “are the Members,”195 and

so the 2019 Offering and 2020 Offering each triggered Section 6.3. This is incorrect.

191
  Id. Section 5.8 of the Investco LLC Agreement provides for a majority of the Investco
Board to act without a meeting. See Investco LLC Agr. § 5.8. I discuss that provision in
more detail below.
192
   SAC Ex. J at 1. As explained in more detail below, Tygon Peak confoundingly declined
to argue the 2020 Offering violated Section 5.8.
193
      See SAC Ex. E at 1.
194
    E.g., SAC ¶ 92 (“Following through on Goldberg’s threats, Investco’s Board of
Managers (through a Written Consent executed by the Investco Board Defendants)
resolved to sell new equity in Investco from which Investco would use the proceeds to
purchase new Class A Units in Mobile.”).
195
      D.I. 92 at 52 (emphasis removed).

                                           53
Investco’s members are entities (Rockwave VC, Seven Shores, and Old Mill, plus

Tygon Peak),196 while its managers are “four (4) natural persons” (Goldberg, Caplan,

Thorsberg, and Narulla).197        Though the human managers may themselves be

members of Investco’s member entities, Delaware law clearly and consistently

respects the “separate juridical existence” of an LLC and its members.198

         The written consents make clear the Individual Defendants acted as Investco

Board managers, not as representatives of Investco’s members, in consenting to the

2019 and 2020 Offerings.199 This is an important distinction in the Investco LLC

Agreement.       Section 6.3 governs “Written Consent to Action” “taken by the

Members,” while Section 5.8 governs “Action Without a Meeting,” i.e., written

consent, by a majority of the Investco Board managers.200 The Investco LLC

196
      SAC ¶¶ 12–13, 17.
197
      See Investco LLC Agr. § 5.1; see also SAC ¶¶ 14–16, 102–05.
198
    See, e.g., Wood v. U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n, 246 A.3d 141, 148 (Del. Ch. 2021) (“The
Delaware Uniform Limited Liability Act . . . makes clear that an LLC has a separate
juridical existence distinct from its members. . . . This means that the LLC has an existence
recognized by law as distinct from that of its members and others just as a corporation is
recognized as having a legal existence separate and apart from its stockholders.” (citations,
alterations, and internal quotation marks omitted) (citing 6 Del C. § 18-201(b), and then
quoting Robert L. Symonds, Jr. & Matthew J. O’Toole, Delaware Limited Liability
Companies § 2.05, at 2-20 (2019))).
199
      SAC Ex. D at 1; SAC Ex. J at 1.
200
    Investco LLC Agr. § 6.3; id. § 5.8. (“Action Without a Meeting. Any action required
or permitted to be taken by the Board, whether at a regular or special meeting thereof or
otherwise, may be taken without a meeting; provided, that twenty-four (24) hours’ advance
e-mailed notice of the action to be taken is first given to all Managers, and the action is
approved in writing by a written consent or other written instrument signed by a majority
of the Managers (whether or not in counterparts and whether or not through facsimile or

                                             54
Agreement specifically enumerates this distinction between member written

consents and manager written consents, and I cannot ignore it here. The Investco

Board’s written consents for both offerings specifically invokes Section 5.8.201

Because that written consent was executed by the Investco Board, not by its

members, it did not trigger Section 6.3’s notice requirement.202

         To the extent Tygon Peak contends Voice Comm’s purchase of the Tessco

Assets breached Section 6.3, that claim also fails. 203 Section 6.3 is in the Investco

LLC Agreement and addresses written consents by Investco’s members. Investco’s

members did not resolve for Investco to purchase the Tessco Assets; rather, Voice

Comm bought them.204 Investco’s role in the Tessco transaction was the 2020

Offering, which, as I have explained, did not violate Section 6.3.

email copies). All such written consents shall be dated and shall be delivered to the LLC
at its principal office. All such written consents shall have the same force and effect as a
requisite vote of the Board at a meeting thereof duly called.” (formatting altered)).
201
      SAC Ex. D at 1; SAC Ex. J at 1.
202
    Section 5.8 also contains a similar twenty-four hour notice requirement. See Investco
LLC Agr. § 5.8. While less specific allegations that Defendants breached the Investco LLC
Agreement by failing to give Tygon Peak twenty-four hour notice of the Offerings might
have stated a claim, Tygon Peak specifically and repeatedly alleged that this failure
breached Section 6.3, not Section 5.8. See, e.g., SAC ¶¶ 114, 190. Tygon Peak has not
alleged a breach of Section 5.8, and does not mention Section 5.8 in either its Second
Amended Complaint or in its brief. See generally id.; D.I. 92. It would unfairly prejudice
Defendants if I permitted a claim for breach of Section 5.8 to survive the Motion, where
Tygon Peak has specifically and exclusively pled a breach of Section 6.3.
203
      See SAC ¶¶ 159, 193.
204
      See id. ¶ 149; SAC Ex. I at 4.

                                            55
         The Motion is granted with respect to Count IV’s claim for breach of

Section 6.3.

                       3.     Count IV States A Claim For Breach Of Section
                              5.12 Of The Investco LLC Agreement.

         Count IV also alleges the 2019 Offering, the 2020 Offering, the Equity Interest

Grant, and exercising the Option breached Section 5.12 of the Investco LLC

Agreement. That provision states:

         No Circumvention of Class A Distributions. Notwithstanding anything
         to the contrary contained in this Agreement, [Investco] shall not take
         any actions in bad faith with the specific intent of circumventing
         distributions to the Class A Members.205

Defendants contend Tygon Peak has failed to allege any of the complained-of

actions were taken with this nefarious intent.

         The pleading standard for a claim of “contractual ‘bad faith’” is laid out in

Clean Harbors, Inc. v. Safety-Kleen, Inc.206 To survive a motion to dismiss, Tygon

Peak “need only allege facts related to the alleged act taken in bad faith, and a

plausible motivation for it. This is a minimal standard, the purpose of which is to

give the defendant notice of the claim being made against it.”207 The pleading

standard for a defendant’s state of mind is rightfully lax, since alleging specific facts

205
      Investco LLC Agr. § 5.12 (formatting altered).
206
      2011 WL 6793718, at *7 (Del. Ch. Dec. 9, 2011).
207
  Id. (internal quotations omitted) (quoting Winston v. Mandor, 710 A.2d 835, 844 (Del.
Ch. 1997)).

                                             56
may be “virtually impossible” at the pleading stage.208 In Desert Equities, Inc. v.

Morgan Stanley Leveraged Equity Fund, II, L.P.,209 the foundational case for the bad

faith pleading standard, our Supreme Court reinstated a claim for bad faith based on

a general allegation that the action in question was taken in bad faith and with

retaliatory intent.210 The Court went on to hold that “a fairly pleaded claim of good

faith/bad faith raises essentially a question of fact which generally cannot be

resolved on the pleadings or without first granting an adequate opportunity for

discovery.”211

            Like the allegations in Desert Equities, and consistent with the pleading

standard laid out in Clean Harbors, the Second Amended Complaint sufficiently

208
  See Desert Equities, Inc. v. Morgan Stanley Leveraged Equity Fund, II, L.P., 624 A.2d
1199, 1208 (Del. 1993).
209
      Id.
210
   See id. In Desert Equities, there were two general allegations, quoted in the opinion,
that the Supreme Court found was sufficient to allege bad faith:
            [T]he General Partner has willfully, wrongfully and in bad faith excluded
            plaintiff from participating in three or more Fund II investments in retaliation
            for plaintiff’s lawsuit against various Morgan defendants.
            ...
            The General Partner has breached this implied covenant by reason of its
            wrongful exclusion of plaintiff from three or more investments of Fund II
            and its bad faith, retaliatory assertion that plaintiff’s litigation concerning
            Fund I is a ‘Material Adverse Effect’ under Section 5.04 of the Partnership
            Agreement.
Id. (quoting complaint). As discussed above, these general allegations resemble those in
the Second Amended Complaint.
211
      Id.

                                                  57
alleges contractual bad faith. Tygon Peak alleges that the 2019 Offering was done

“in bad-faith and with the specific intent of circumventing Tygon Peak’s promote

. . . and stripping Tygon Peak of the rights that are tied to majority ownership of

Class A Units.”212 According to the Second Amended Complaint, the 2019 Offering

was one of the “alternative steps” the Investco Board took in its effort to oust Tygon

Peak after buyout negotiations soured.213 As alleged, the 2019 Offering offered new

Class B units at the disproportionately low price of $1.00 per share,214 and offered

purchasers a corresponding number of Class A units for free.215 It is reasonably

conceivable that the purpose of this transaction was to give away Class A units at a

below market price. Taken together,216 these allegations clear the low bar of

pleading bad faith circumvention of Tygon Peak’s Class A distributions and a

plausible motivation for that conduct.217

212
      SAC ¶¶ 191, 194, 197; see also id. ¶ 116.
213
      See id. ¶¶ 89, 91.
214
   When Tygon Peak initially invested, Investco valued its Class B units at $1,000 per unit.
Id. ¶¶ 45, 47. In the 2020 Offering, the Investco Board also sold Class B units for $1,000
per unit. See id. ¶ 149; SAC Ex. J at 1.
215
      SAC ¶ 93.
216
   Coca-Cola Beverages Fla. Hldgs., LLC v. Goins, 2019 WL 2366340, at *3 (Del. Ch.
June 4, 2019) (“At the pleadings stage, allegations of bad faith conduct should not be
considered piecemeal, but instead should be considered in their totality.” (citing Klein v.
Wasserman, 2019 WL 2296027, at *5 & n.34 (Del. Ch. May 29, 2019))).
217
      See Clean Harbors, 2011 WL 6793718, at *7.

                                              58
         Moreover, the question of whether the 2019 Offering was done in bad faith is

ill suited for resolution on a Rule 12 motion.218 The determination of whether the

October 2019 Offering was done in bad faith to circumvent Class A distributions or,

as Defendants argue, for the innocuous purpose of raising capital and paying down

debt is best resolved on a more developed record.219 As alleged, it is reasonably

conceivable that Defendants undertook the 2019 Offering to deliberately dilute

Tygon Peak’s Class A units and, in doing so, “circumvent[] a distribution to the

Class A Members.”220 On that basis, the Motion is denied with respect to Count

IV’s Section 5.12 claim regarding the 2019 Offering.

         Tygon Peak has also alleged the 2020 Offering, the Equity Interest Grant, and

exercising the Option violated Section 5.12.221 Tygon Peak has broadly asserted

these transactions were intended to “wholly dilute and/or devalue Tygon Peak’s

ownership in Investco and Mobile and strip away the promote and key minority

218
   See Desert Equities, 624 A.2d at 1208. While Desert Equities was decided in the context
of a Rule 12(c) motion for judgment on the pleadings, its reasoning is sensibly applied in
the motion to dismiss context.
219
      See D.I. 88 at 47; Desert Equities, 624 A.2d at 1208.
220
   Investco LLC Agr. § 5.12; see also id. § 3.1 (explaining the distribution waterfall).
Unlike Section 5.10, Section 5.12 is not limited to “enter[ing] into, amend or modify[ing]
any agreement or transaction;” rather, it can be triggered by “any actions.” Compare id.
§ 5.10(a), with id. § 5.12. Thus, the Investco Board’s authorization of the 2019 Offering
by written consent can still violate Section 5.12, despite its later withdrawal.
221
      See SAC ¶¶ 191, 194.

                                              59
rights.”222 Tygon Peak has alleged these transactions diluted Tygon Peak’s Class A

interest; how or whether dilution occurred remains to be seen, but I accept Tygon

Peak’s allegation as true.223 Tygon Peak has pled that these transactions diluted its

Class A interest and that they were undertaken in bad faith. Count IV, as it pertains

to Section 5.12, survives the Motion.

                  E.   Count V Fails To State A Claim For Breach Of The Implied
                       Covenant.

          Count V alleges that in devising the 2019 Offering, the 2020 Offering, and the

“conduct related to [them], Investco, Rockwave VC, Seven Shores, and Old Mill

breached the covenant of good faith and fair dealing that is implied in the Investco

222
      Id. ¶ 49.
223
     Defendants did not seek dismissal for failure to allege dilution or interference with
distributions. That said, when pressed on this issue at argument, Tygon Peak’s counsel
was unable to explain how any 2020 transaction diluted its Class A units. Counsel
acknowledged that it is not apparent from the transaction documents or the facts pled in
the Second Amended Complaint that the 2020 Offering affected Tygon Peak’s Investco
Class A units. See Hr’g Tr. 45–52.
        Dilution aside, it also appears these transactions could circumvent Tygon Peak’s
Class A distributions as required to breach Section 5.12 only indirectly. It appears Class
B has a preferential cash distribution position over Class A. See Investco LLC Agr. § 3.1.
As best I can tell at this stage, the 2020 Offering introduced more Class B units ahead of
Class A in the distribution waterfall; and the Equity Interest Grant and Option reduced
Investco’s stake in Mobile and therefore, perhaps, Investco’s cash available for
distribution. See Investco LLC Agr. §§ 2(b), 1(d).
        I also note that Tygon Peak alleges each transaction benefitted Investco, and in turn
its investors. Exercising the Option allowed Investco to improve its priority within Mobile
when Mobile’s business was faltering. And Tygon Peak alleges that the Tessco Assets
“add-on” financed by the 2020 Offering was “highly accretive” and “enhanced the value
of the company.” SAC ¶¶ 97–98, 152; see also Hr’g Tr. 38–39.

                                             60
LLC Agreement.”224 As evidence that the 2019 Offering and 2020 Offering were

done in bad faith, Tygon Peak points to, among other things, Defendants’ refusals to

reimburse its Rush Street expenses and to pay the Annual Management Fee.225

Defendants argue Tygon Peak cannot state a claim for breach of the implied

covenant because it has not identified a gap in the relevant agreements where the

covenant can operate. I agree.

         “The implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing inheres in every contract

and requires a party in a contractual relationship to refrain from arbitrary or

unreasonable conduct which has the effect of preventing the other party to the

contract from receiving the fruits of the bargain.”226 “To state a claim for breach of

the implied covenant, the Plaintiffs ‘must allege a specific implied contractual

obligation, a breach of that obligation by the defendant, and resulting damage to the

224
      SAC ¶ 198.
225
   SAC ¶ 197 (“Investco and Investco-Members Rockwave VC and Seven Shores devised
the Sham Offerings [the 2019 Offering and 2020 Offering] (after already refusing to
reimburse Tygon Peak for expenses incurred in connection with Rush Street, refusing to
pay the Annual Management Fee, and attempting to buy Tygon Peak out for a nominal
value that would deprive it of its promote) in bad-faith and with the specific intent of
circumventing Tygon Peak’s promote with respect to its Class A Units and stripping Tygon
Peak of the rights that are tied to majority ownership of Class A Units.”).
226
      Kuroda, 971 A.2d at 888 (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                             61
plaintiff.’”227 Additionally, to survive a motion to dismiss, Plaintiffs “must allege

that the [decision] was motivated by an improper purpose.”228

         “[I]mposing an obligation on a contracting party through the covenant of good

faith and fair dealing is a cautious enterprise and instances should be rare,”229

especially “when the contract easily could have been drafted to expressly provide

for it.”230 “It must be clear from what was expressly agreed upon that the parties

who negotiated the express terms of the contract would have agreed to proscribe the

act later complained of had they thought to negotiate with respect to that matter.”231

The implied covenant “cannot be used to circumvent the parties’ bargain, or to create

a free-floating duty unattached to the underlying legal documents.”232

227
   Wiggs v. Summit Midstream P’rs, LLC, 2013 WL 1286180, at *9 (Del. Ch.
Mar. 28, 2013) (quoting Fitzgerald v. Cantor, 1998 WL 842316, at *1 (Del. Ch.
Nov. 10, 1998)).
228
      Sheehan v. AssuredPartners, Inc., 2020 WL 2838575, at *11 (Del. Ch. May 29, 2020).
229
   Superior Vision Servs., Inc. v. ReliaStar Life Ins. Co., 2006 WL 2521426, at *6 (Del.
Ch. Aug. 25, 2006) (quoting Frontier Oil Corp. v. Holly Corp., 2005 WL 1039027, at *28
(Del. Ch. Apr. 29, 2005)).
230
   Airborne Health, Inc. v. Squid Soap, LP, 984 A.2d 126, 146 (Del. Ch. 2009) (quoting
Allied Cap. Corp. v. GC–Sun Hldgs., L.P., 910 A.2d 1020, 1035 (Del. Ch. 2006)).
231
   Lonergan v. EPE Hldgs., LLC, 5 A.3d 1008, 1018 (Del. Ch. 2010) (alterations omitted)
(quoting Katz v. Oak Indus. Inc., 508 A.2d 873, 880 (Del. Ch. 1986)).
232
   Dunlap v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 878 A.2d 434, 441 (Del. 2005) (alterations and
internal quotation marks omitted) (compiling sources and quoting Glenfed Fin. Corp.,
Com. Fin. Div. v. Penick Corp., 647 A.2d 852, 858 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1994)).

                                            62
          An essential predicate for the application of the implied covenant is the

existence of a “gap” in the relevant agreement.233 “The implied covenant provides

a limited gap-filling tool that allows a court to impose contractual terms to which the

parties would have agreed had they anticipated a situation they failed to

[address].”234

          The Amended Complaint does not allege any gap in the Investco LLC

Agreement,235 nor can I discern one. Rather, all the conduct of which Tygon Peak

complains is covered by the parties’ applicable contracts, including the Investco

LLC Agreement, and Tygon Peak has brought corresponding breach of contract

claims.       To the extent Tygon Peak is asserting that the reimbursement and

management fee deficiencies breached the implied covenant, those obligations are

wholly contractual. The obligation to “reimburse Tygon Peak for expenses incurred

in connection with Rush Street”236 is fully laid out in the Term Sheet,237 and the

obligation to pay Tygon Peak the Annual Management Fee is fully addressed by the

MSA.238 Tygon Peak has not identified a gap in these contracts susceptible of being

233
  See Fortis Advisors LLC v. Dialog Semiconductor PLC, 2015 WL 401371, at *4 (Del.
Ch. Jan. 30, 2015).
234
      Gerber v. EPE Hldgs., LLC, 2013 WL 209658, at *10 (Del. Ch. Jan. 18, 2013).
235
      See SAC ¶¶ 196–98.
236
      Id. ¶ 197.
237
      See Term Sheet 5.
238
      See MSA § 2(B).

                                            63
filled by the implied covenant. While Tygon Peak may be dissatisfied with the

contours of those obligations as I have explained them, it cannot invoke the implied

covenant to “rewrite a contract [it] now believes to have been a bad deal.”239

         The thrust of Tygon Peak’s implied covenant claim is the 2019 Offering and

the 2020 Offering, which Tygon Peak asserts were devised without notice to Tygon

Peak and in an effort to dilute Tygon Peak’s interest and undermine its promote. But

Tygon Peak also asserts these problems with the offerings are breaches of the

Investco LLC Agreement, such that there is no room for the implied covenant.

Sections 6.3 and 5.8 explicitly address advance notice, and Section 5.10 explicitly

addresses Tygon Peak’s approval.240 Section 5.12 addresses whether those offerings

were undertaken in bad faith to circumvent Tygon Peak’s distributions; Tygon Peak

has pled that all bad faith efforts to devalue its Class A interest are in violation of

Section 5.12.241 Indeed, the allegations supporting Tygon Peak’s Section 5.12 claim

are repeated nearly verbatim in its implied covenant claim.242

239
      See Nemec, 991 A.2d at 1126.
240
      See SAC ¶¶ 189–90; Investco LLC Agr. §§ 5.8, 5.10, 6.3.
241
    SAC ¶¶ 191, 194. Tygon Peak has not argued that its implied covenant claim is in the
alternative to its claim for breach of Section 5.12.
242
   Compare SAC ¶ 197 (“Investco and Investco-Members Rockwave VC and Seven
Shores devised the Sham Offerings (after already refusing to reimburse Tygon Peak for
expenses incurred in connection with Rush Street, refusing to pay the Annual Management
Fee, and attempting to buy Tygon Peak out for a nominal value that would deprive it of its
promote) in bad-faith and with the specific intent of circumventing Tygon Peak’s promote
with respect to its Class A Units and stripping Tygon Peak of the rights that are tied to
majority ownership of Class A Units.”), with SAC ¶ 191 (“In devising the Sham Offerings

                                            64
         Count V simply reiterates Tygon Peak’s contract claims; it presents no gap in

the applicable contract language to justify application of the implied covenant, nor

“allege[s] a specific implied contractual obligation” that could fill it.243 The Motion

is granted with respect to Count V.

               F.    Count VI Fails To State A Claim For Breach Of The Investco
                     LLC Agreement Or For Breach Of The Sharing Agreement.

         Count VI alleges that “Voice Comm and Investco breached Section 5.10 of

the Investco LLC Agreement and Section 2(c) of the Sharing Agreement by failing

to obtain Supermajority Approval before resolving to exercise the Option under the

Sharing Agreement.”244 I conclude Tygon Peak has failed to state both claims.

         First, as discussed, Section 5.10 prohibits Investco from entering into an

exchange agreement to exercise the Option without obtaining Supermajority

Approval. Count IV states a viable claim that Investco breached that provision. But

Count VI cannot claim Voice Comm breached that provision because Voice Comm

(after already refusing to reimburse Tygon Peak for expenses incurred in connection with
Rush Street, refusing to pay the Annual Management Fee, and attempting to buy Tygon
Peak out for a nominal value that would deprive it of its promote), Investco also breached
Section 5.12 of the Investco LLC Agreement by taking an action in bad-faith and with the
specific intent of circumventing Tygon Peak’s promote with respect to its Class A Units
and stripping Tygon Peak of the rights that are tied to sole ownership of Class A Units.”).
243
      Wiggs, 2013 WL 1286180, at *9.
244
      SAC ¶ 200.

                                            65
is not a party to the Investco LLC Agreement.245 “Delaware does not recognize

breach of contract claims against non-parties to the contract.”246 Insofar as it alleges

Voice Comm breached the Investco LLC Agreement, Count VI fails to state a claim.

         Tygon Peak’s claim for breach of the Sharing Agreement also fails. Tygon

Peak is not a party to the Sharing Agreement; that agreement is between

Voice Comm, which holds the Promissory Note, and Mobile’s “Class A Members”

Investco and KMD Weiss, which gained the Option to share in the Promissory

Note.247 Ordinarily, nonparties do not have standing to enforce a contract absent

some special status, such as that of an intended third-party beneficiary.248 Tygon

Peak does not address this issue in its brief, and it is unclear on what basis it asserts

245
   The parties to that agreement are Investco’s members. See generally Investco LLC Agr.
Voice Comm, effectively a subsidiary of Mobile, in which Investco owns a substantial
interest, is not a party.
246
  77 Charters, Inc. v. Gould, 2020 WL 2520272, at *19 (Del. Ch. May 18, 2020) (quoting
Mesirov v. Enbridge Energy Co., Inc., 2018 WL 4182204, at *10 n.95 (Del. Ch.
Aug. 29, 2018)).
247
      See Sharing Agr. 1.
248
    See United Health All., LLC v. United Med., LLC, 2014 WL 6488659, at *3 (Del. Ch.
Nov. 20, 2014) (“Well-settled within precepts of contract law is recognition that non-
parties to a contract ordinarily have no rights under it. This general principle is subject to
an exception recognizing that intended, but not incidental, third-party beneficiaries of a
contract have legal rights under that contract, despite being non-parties.” (footnotes and
internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting MetCap Sec. LLC v. Pearl Senior Care, Inc.,
2007 WL 1498989, at *7 (Del. Ch. May 16, 2007))); see also Skye Mineral Inv’rs, LLC v.
DXS Cap. (U.S.) Ltd., 2020 WL 881544, at *17 (Del. Ch. Feb. 24, 2020) (“To have
standing to enforce a contract, a plaintiff must be a contract party, assignee or an intended
third-party beneficiary” (applying and citing New York law)).

                                             66
standing to enforce the Sharing Agreement.249 Count VI fails to state a claim for

breach of the Sharing Agreement.250

         The Motion is granted with respect to Count VI.

               G.    Count VII Fails To State A Claim Under The Delaware
                     Deceptive Trade Practices Act.

         Count VII alleges Goldberg, Rock Wave Capital, and Rockwave VC violated

Delaware’s Deceptive Trade Practices Act (the “DTPA”).251 The Second Amended

Complaint’s allegations for this claim are thin. It points to Goldberg’s “disparaging

249
   The only discussion of Count VI in Tygon Peak’s brief is unrelated to the issue of its
standing to enforce the Sharing Agreement. See D.I. 92 at 51 (“Finally, Defendants argue
that Count VI of the Complaint fails because VoiceComm is not a party to the LLC
Agreement. However, Count VI of the Complaint alleges a breach of the Sharing
Agreement, to which VoiceComm is a party.”). Tygon Peak does briefly discuss its claim
that exercising the Option violated the Investco LLC Agreement, see id. at 61, but that
discussion similarly does not address its standing to enforce the Sharing Agreement.
250
   Even if Tygon Peak could assert a claim for breach of the Sharing Agreement, it has not
stated that claim. Tygon Peak argues the Sharing Agreement itself required its approval as
the Class A unitholder. See id. at 18–19. Tygon Peak’s argument conflates its Class A
Investco units and approval rights in Investco, with the “Class A Units” in Mobile that
must vote to exercise the Option.
        Section 2(c) of the Sharing Agreement explains how Mobile’s members Investco
and KMD Weiss, defined as the “Class A Members,” Sharing Agr. 1, can trigger the Option
and recover a share of Voice Comm’s Promissory Note. The first step in that process
requires “an affirmative vote of a majority of the Class A Units.” Id. § 2(c). While the
Sharing Agreement does not define the “Class A Units,” it uses the capitalized term five
times, each time in conjunction with Mobile’s “Class A Members,” specifically Investco
and KMD Weiss. See id. 1, §§ 2(b), 2(c). It is clear that the undefined term “Class A
Units” refers to Investco and KMD Weiss’s Class A units in Mobile. Tygon Peak does not
allege it owns any Mobile “Class A Units.”
251
      See SAC ¶¶ 201–03.

                                           67
statements about Tygon Peak to Graycliff Partners and Investors Bank” regarding

Tygon Peak’s “dereliction of duties and responsibilities.”252 It then concludes:

          In disparaging Tygon Peak’s services by making false or misleading
          representations, to Graycliff Partners and Investors Bank, regarding the
          services Tygon Peak has provided in connection with [the Acquisition],
          Goldberg, Rock Wave Capital, and Rockwave VC have violated
          Delaware’s Deceptive Trade Practices Act, 6 Del. C. § 2531 et seq.253

Tygon Peak does not identify a specific statutory provision in the DTPA that

Goldberg, Rock Wave Capital, and Rockwave VC breached.254 Defendants move to

dismiss Count VII because the Second Amended Complaint is “devoid of any factual

allegations stating a reasonably conceivable violation of the” DTPA and fails to

allege the requisite pattern of deceptive conduct.255 I agree.

          The DTPA prohibits unreasonable interference with the promotion and

conduct of another person’s business through the “disparage[ment] [of] the goods,

services, or business of another by false or misleading representations of fact”

committed “in the course of a business, vocation, or occupation.”256 It “encompasses

252
      Id. ¶ 165; see id. ¶ 202.
253
      Id. ¶ 203 (first italics added).
254
      See generally id.; D.I. 92.
255
      D.I. 88 at 53–54.
256
      6 Del. C. § 2532(a)(8); Grand Ventures, Inc. v. Whaley, 632 A.2d 63, 67 (Del. 1993).

                                             68
two broad areas: (i) false or misleading use of trademarks or other trade identification

and (ii) deceptive advertising.”257 Section 2532 defines deceptive trade practices:

      A person engages in a deceptive trade practice when, in the course of a
      business, vocation, or occupation, that person:

      (1)  Passes off goods or services as those of another;
      (2)  Causes likelihood of confusion or of misunderstanding as to the
           source, sponsorship, approval, or certification of goods or
           services;
      (3) Causes likelihood of confusion or of misunderstanding as to
           affiliation, connection, or association with, or certification by,
           another;
      (4) Uses deceptive representations or designations of geographic
           origin in connection with goods or services;
      (5) Represents that goods or services have sponsorship, approval,
           characteristics, ingredients, uses, benefits, or quantities that they
           do not have, or that a person has a sponsorship, approval, status,
           affiliation, or connection that the person does not have;
      (6) Represents that goods are original or new if they are deteriorated,
           altered, reconditioned, reclaimed, used, or secondhand;
      (7) Represents that goods or services are of a particular standard,
           quality, or grade, or that goods are of a particular style or model,
           if they are of another;
      (8) Disparages the goods, services, or business of another by false or
           misleading representation of fact;
      (9) Advertises goods or services with intent not to sell them as
           advertised;
      (10) Advertises goods or services with intent not to supply reasonably
           expectable public demand, unless the advertisement discloses a
           limitation of quantity;
      (11) Makes false or misleading statements of fact concerning the
           reasons for, existence of, or amounts of, price reductions; or

257
  Delaware Solid Waste Auth. v. E. Shore Envtl., Inc., 2002 WL 537691, at *4 (Del. Ch.
Mar. 28, 2002).

                                          69
         (12) Engages in any other conduct which similarly creates a
              likelihood of confusion or of misunderstanding.258

“The DTPA was designed to prevent patterns of deceptive conduct, not isolated

incidents.”259      Thus, “relief under the statute is dependent on the plaintiff’s

entitlement to injunctive relief.”260 “A claim for injunctive relief must be supported

by the allegation of facts that create a reasonable apprehension of a future wrong.”261

         Among the aforementioned categories of deceptive trade practices, the best fit

for Tygon Peak’s theory is Section 2532(a)(8), addressing conduct that “[d]isparages

the goods, services, or business of another by false or misleading representation of

fact.”262 Even assuming Tygon Peak’s allegations fit into this category, its DTPA

claim would fail because it does not allege a pattern of conduct or any reasonable

apprehension of a future wrong. Rather, Tygon Peak’s complaint references an

isolated incident years ago, namely a 2019 email exchange among Goldberg,

258
      6 Del. C. §§ 2532(a)(1)–(12).
259
   See EDIX Media Gp., Inc. v. Mahani, 2006 WL 3742595, at *12 (Del. Ch.
Dec. 12, 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Grand Ventures, Inc. v.
Whaley, 622 A.2d 655, 661 (Del. Super. 1992), aff’d, 632 A.2d 63).
260
   Agilent Techs., Inc. v. Kirkland, 2009 WL 119865, at *10 (Del. Ch. Jan. 20, 2009); see
State ex rel. Brady v. Pettinaro Enters., 870 A.2d 513, 537 (Del. Ch. 2005) (“[T]he failure
of a party to be able to state a claim for injunctive relief at the time the suit is brought is
fatal to claims under the Deceptive Trade Practices Act.”).
261
  Agilent, 2009 WL 119865, at *10 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Pettinaro,
870 A.2d at 536).
262
      6 Del. C. § 2532(a)(8).

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Narulla, and representatives from Graycliff Partners and Investors Bank. There is

no basis to infer Goldberg’s “statements” continued in a pattern thereafter.263

            Tygon Peak points to Agilent Technologies, Inc. v. Kirkland,264 in which

allegations of “two incidents involving purported factual misrepresentation” were

enough to sustain a DTPA claim.265 But the allegations in Agilent offered more to

support the reasonable apprehension of future harm. In addition to the two discrete

incidents, the claim alleged other facts about the defendant’s “sales strategy”

supporting an inference that the defendant’s “trash talking . . . may have been

frequent.”266 And the wrongful conduct was ongoing: the Agilent Court relied

heavily on this fact in concluding the claimant had a reasonable apprehension of

future harm and thus, its claim could be remedied by injunctive relief.267

            Not so here. The email messages Tygon Peak alleges Goldberg sent were in

a single exchange over two years ago.268 Despite amending its complaint twice since

October 2019, Tygon Peak alleges no facts to suggest Goldberg’s comments are

ongoing. Tygon Peak has no basis to secure injunctive relief against Goldberg, Rock

263
      See SAC ¶¶ 161–65.
264
      2009 WL 119865.
265
      Id. at *10.
266
      Id.
267
      See id.
268
      See SAC ¶¶ 161–65.

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Wave Capital, or Rockwave VC for these statements. The Motion is granted with

respect to Count VII.

        IV.   CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, the Motion is GRANTED in part and DENIED in

part. Counts VIII and IX are dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under

Rule 12(b)(1). Counts I, II, V, VI, and VII are dismissed for failure to state a claim

under Rule 12(b)(6). Count III survives; Count IV survives in part, as described

above. The parties shall submit an order implementing this decision within twenty

days.

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