Court Opinion

ID: 8268402
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-16 19:15:56.516781+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:43:26.548346
License: Public Domain

Magie, Chief-Justice
(dissenting).
I find myself unable to concur in the affirmance of the decree in this cause, and deem it my duty to briefly state the reasons which impel me to dissent from the decision of the learned vice-chancellor who advised the decree and the views of so large a majority of my associates in this court who approved his decision.
If the adjudication of the court of the Territory of Utah, to which effect is given by the decree, was one affecting the personal rights and obligations of Mrs. Felt, against whom it was made, it is indisputable that it was not an adjudication which we are compelled to recognize by the imperative provision of the constitution of the United States, because she was neither served with process within the jurisdiction of that court nor did she appear in the proceedings. Pennoyer v. Neff 95 U. S. 714.
But the contention is twofold, viz. — -first, that the adjudication in question was one affecting, not personal rights or liabilities but a status or res, the marriage relation between the parties, and that in such a case jurisdiction to adjudicate is acquired by substituted or constructive service by publication or the like, pursuant to the law of the forum, and that an adjudication in respect to such status after jurisdiction has been thus acquired will be one which the constitution of the United States requires other states to recognize and accept; or second, if that is not so, that in such a case, when the substituted - or constructive 'notice provided for by the law of the forum is supplemented by actual *612notice to the party against whom relief is sought, in time to give opportunity to appear and contest, an adjudication made thereon, although the notice was given in another state and the party has not appeared, must be recognized in this state on grounds of interstate comity.
I am unable to discover from the opinion below whether the learned vice-chancellor rested his conclusion upon the first argument or the second, but I do not deem either of them sound or supportable.
The theory that an action for divorce is in all cases a mere action in rem is in my judgment a misconception. When both parties are domiciled in the jurisdiction in which the action is brought it resembles an action in rem, because the status or condition which it attacks is wholly within that jurisdiction, but where the parties are domiciled in different states the status is not exclusively within the jurisdiction of the courts of one domicile.
Marriage undoubtedly creates a status by means of a contract entered into between husband and wife under the sanction of the state. Unlike other contracts, this may not be rescinded or abrogated by the consent of the parties, but only in a mode or by judicial proceedings, also sanctioned by the state. There is, therefore, an interest in the preservation or the rescission of the marital contract and the status which was created by it, not only in. the parties who contracted but in the state in which they are domiciled. If the parties have acquired different domiciles an interest of each state in the preservation or destruction of the marital status exists.
While it may be conceded that a husband, acquiring in good faith as in this ease a different domicile from that of his wife, may appeal to the courts of his domicile and obtain such relief as its laws afford, yet it does not follow that the adjudication giving such relief will properly operate upon the marital contract and status in respect- to either the state of the wife’s domicile or the wife herself. If a divorce proceeding bears in any case a resemblance to a proceeding in rem the analogy fails when the husband and wife have different domiciles, because the *613rem is not wholly within the jurisdiction in which the husband seeks relief, but exists, also, in the place of the wife’s domicile, in which she has a status as a married woman under the protection of the state. As to that the court of the husband’s domicile acquires no jurisdiction, and its adjudication cannot claim any extra-territorial effect within the constitutional provision.
In the view thus expressed, I have the support of the decisions of courts of the highest authority. Beginning with the masterly discussion of the subject by Judge Folger, in People v. Baker, 76 N. Y. 78, the court of appeals of New York in many successive cases have maintained the doctrine I contend for. O’Dea v. O’Dea, 101 N. Y. 23; Jones v. Jones, 108 N. Y. 415; DeMeli v. DeMeli, 120 N. Y. 485; Williams v. Williams, 130 N. Y. 193; Matter of Kemball, 155 N. Y. 62. Like views are expressed by the courts of Massachusetts, North Carolina and Pennsylvania. Hanover v. Turner, 14 Mass. 227; Lyon v. Lyon, 2 Gray 367; Blackinton v. Blackinton, 141 Mass. 432; Irby v. Wilson, 1 Dev. & B. Eq. 568; Harris v. Harris, 115 N. C. 587; Arrington v. Arrington, 102 N. C. 491; Colvin v. Reed, 55 Pa. St. 375; Reel v. Elder, 62 Pa. St. 308. The opposite view is maintained by other courts and supported by authors of high repute. But for the reason above given, I think the jurisdiction of the oourts of a foreign state to pronounce a definite judgment upon the status of a resident of this state, who has not been served with process or appeared to the action, cannot be admitted without an abandonment of fundamental principles. Nor can I perceive the least ground for a distinction between adjudications abrogating the marriage contract and dissolving the marital relation and adjudications respecting the incidental rights and duties which arise out of that relation, such as alimony, dower, curtesy, custody of children. Yet we have declared that our act will not justify a decree for alimony against a defendant not domiciled here and who had not been served with process here, nor entered appearance in the suit. Lynde v. Lynde, 9 Dick. Ch. Rep. 473; S. C., 10 Dick. Ch. Rep. 591; Hervey v. Hervey, 11 Dick. Ch. Rep. 166; S. C., 11 Dick. Ch. Rep. 424. In some of the states which recognize an extra-ter*614ritorial effect in divorce decrees obtained in proceedings where the defendant is domiciled elsewhere and only brought in by constructive service of process, the like effect is given to the decrees in respect to these incidents of the marital status, in others such effect is, I think inconsistently, denied.
The contention that the Utah decree of divorce in this case ought to be recognized here on grounds of interstate comity, because it appears that notice of the pendency of the proceeding there was actually given to the wife in this state in time to have enabled her to appear and contest against the adjudication, remains to be considered.
In Doughty v. Doughty, 1 Stew. Eq. 581, Chief-Justice Beasley, after pointing out that jurisdiction in divorce suits arising out of the status and domicile of one of the parties would not impart to the judgment therein such efficiency as would result if the proceeding was strictly in rem, and that an appeal to interstate comity ought not to prevail when the judgment sought to be thus accredited has been rendered in violation of the fundamental axiom that the parties, before their rights are adjudged, should have an opportunity to be heard, suggested that an actual notice to the party residing abroad while adding nothing to the judicial right to take cognizance of the cause, might, nevertheless, impart a quality to the judgment that would serve as a credential to it in a foreign jurisdiction.
The view thus suggested was entirely unnecessary for the decision of that case. The tentative way in which it was expressed justly leads to the conclusion that it was not intended to exhibit the deliberate and matured opinion of that distinguished jurist. The question is res integra here and the soundness of the view expressed may bé considered.
The first observation I make upon this view is that neither in the suggestion of the chief-justice nor in the opinions of the courts which have adopted it is the manner and sufficiency of such a supplemental notice determined. How is the existence of sufficient notice to be determined ? Shall it be by legislation of the domicile of jurisdiction or the foreign domicile in which the defendant resides ? Is auy legislation essential to give effect *615to notice actually given ? If not will oral notice or notice by letter of the pendency of the suit suffice? Obviously, the fact on which comity is urged to recognize the validity of a foreign judgment respecting one of the relations of life of the utmost importance to human society is left in the vaguest and most' uncertain condition. -
It may further .be observed that the question is whether jurisdiction to adjudicate, not in respect to the party domiciled within the state in which the proceeding is pending but in respect to the status of the party domiciled in the foreign state and under the protection of its laws, exists. In this aspect, to hold that jurisdiction was acquired by mere notice served without the jurisdiction would violate all the fundamental principles on which jurisdiction to adjudicate on individual rights is based, viz., that, as Chief-Justice Beasley declared, parties before their rights are adjudged shall have an opportunity to be heard, and this must mean an opportunity afforded by legal process or appearance and not by unofficial, unaccredited and uncertain notification.
If I could find any force to be attributed to this Utah decree by virtue of the notice given to Mrs. Felt in New Jersey, I should still be unwilling to recognize it, because, in my judgment, comity does not require us to do so. The public policy of this state on the subject and causes of divorce is clearly expressed in our statutes. Contracts lawful and enforceable in another state will not be enforced here against our citizens if they are in contravention of the plain public policy of the state. Flagg v. Baldwin, 11 Stew. Eq. 219. In like manner, comity will not require us to recognize a foreign decree dissolving the marital relation of a citizen for a cause contrary to the public policy here adopted. This decree is based, among others, on the ground of cruel treatment, causing mental distress — a cause which it is needless to say is not within those which our public policy recognizes.
But, apart from this reason, I am of opinion that comity will not require us to recognize this Utah decree because of the actual service of notice on Mrs. Felt here. Poverty, sickness, *616distance or other circumstances might prevent her availing herself of an opportunity to contest the proceedings. When there is service in the place of the forum and the law prescribes the effect thereof, such circumstances can have no place in judicial consideration and the effect presented must be attributed. But when the notice is not within the forum and has no prescribed effect, it is as it were nothing and does not, in a legal sense, afford the party an opportunity to be heard. Such is the conclusion reached in many of the cases heretofore cited, and which, therefore, need not be further mentioned.
The result is that I feel constrained to vote to reverse the decree below.
I have not felt deterred from this course by either of the two considerations that have affected my brethren.
It must be admitted that the view I take, reduced to its practical results, produces a condition of things which is anomalous and unfortunate. Upon the concession I have made, respondent is, in Utah, free from the bonds of matrimony while appellant is his wife here. It may be that respondent is capable of forming another marital relation elsewhere than in New Jersey, which we may be compelled to recognize, and it may also be that cohabitation with such substituted wife may be cause for divorce on the part of the first wife. These unfortunate results must be charged to the diversities and deficiencies of our laws on the subject of marriage and divorce. They afford a powerful argument in favor of uniformity of such laws either by committing the matter to the control of the congress by an amendment of the constitution of the United States, or by a voluntary assimilation of the laws of our states and territories. But the results, however deplorable, ought not to lead us to the abandonment of fundamental principles of universal application and importance.
Nor am I affected by the fact that our legislative policy permits the entry of decrees of divorce against non-resident defendants upon constructive or substituted notice. Upon my construction of such legislation a decree so made is limited in its effect; it adjudicates upon the status of the party within the *617jurisdiction and lias no extra-territorial effect as to the non-resident party who has not appeared or been served. These effects I attribute to like decrees of other jurisdictions upon similar legislation. What comity requires me to concede to those decrees is all that I demand should be conceded to our decrees of the same sort.
For affirmance — Yan Sycicel, Dixon, Garrison, Lippincott, Gummere, Ludlow, Collins, Bogert, 'Hendrickson, Adams, Nixon, Yredenburgh — 12.
For reversal — The Chief-Justice — 1.