Court Opinion

ID: 4542831
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-06-19 16:00:36.575488+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:48:05.277646
License: Public Domain

Case: 19-1765    Document: 48     Page: 1   Filed: 06/19/2020

        NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

   United States Court of Appeals
       for the Federal Circuit
                  ______________________

    DROPBOX, INC., ORCINUS HOLDINGS, LLC,
               Plaintiffs-Appellants

                             v.

       SYNCHRONOSS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.,
               Defendant-Appellee
             ______________________

             2019-1765, 2019-1767, 2019-1823
                 ______________________

     Appeals from the United States District Court for the
 Northern District of California in Nos. 5:18-cv-03685-LHK,
 5:18-cv-06199-LHK, Judge Lucy H. Koh.
                  ______________________

                  Decided: June 19, 2020
                  ______________________

     GREGORY H. LANTIER, Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale
 and Dorr LLP, Washington, DC, argued for plaintiffs-ap-
 pellants. Also represented by RICHARD ANTHONY CRUDO;
 ELIZABETH BEWLEY, Boston, MA.

     NICHOLAS HUNT JACKSON, Dentons US LLP, Washing-
 ton, DC, argued for defendant-appellee. Also represented
 by MARK LEE HOGGE, RAJESH CHARLES NORONHA; KEVIN R.
 GREENLEAF, Lovettsville, VA; SARAH S. ESKANDARI, San
 Francisco, CA.
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 2          DROPBOX, INC. v. SYNCHRONOSS TECHNOLOGIES, INC

                  ______________________

 Before PROST, Chief Judge, WALLACH and HUGHES, Circuit
                         Judges.
 HUGHES, Circuit Judge.
     Dropbox, Inc., and its wholly owned subsidiary, Orci-
 nus Holdings, LLC, appeal the district court’s decision
 holding three of their patents ineligible under 35 U.S.C.
 § 101. We agree with the district court that the patents
 claim abstract ideas, and that the claims provide no in-
 ventive concept transforming the abstract idea into patent-
 able subject matter. We therefore affirm the district court’s
 decision.
                               I
      In June 2018, Dropbox filed suit against Synchronoss
 Technologies, Inc., alleging infringement of three patents.
 Dropbox, Inc. v. Synchronoss Techs., Inc., 371 F. Supp. 3d
 668, 677 (N.D. Cal. 2019). The three asserted patents, U.S.
 Patent Numbers 6,178,505, 6,058,399, and 7,567,541, re-
 late to, respectively, “Secure Delivery of Information in a
 Network,” “File Upload Synchronization,” and a “System
 and Method for Personal Data Backup for Mobile Customer
 Premises Equipment.” See ’505 Patent, title; ’399 Patent,
 title; ’541 Patent, title.
     Because Orcinus Holdings owns the ’541 patent, Drop-
 box amended its complaint to remove the ’541 patent, and
 Orcinus Holdings filed a suit asserting the ’541 patent
 against Synchronoss. Dropbox, 371 F. Supp. 3d at 677–78;
 Orcinus Holdings, LLC v. Synchronoss Techs., Inc.,
 379 F. Supp. 3d 857, 861 (N.D. Cal. 2019). Synchronoss
 moved to dismiss the claims, arguing that the patents are
 invalid due to their ineligibility under 35 U.S.C. § 101.
 Dropbox, 371 F. Supp. 3d at 678. The district court agreed
 with Synchronoss, issuing orders holding all three patents
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 DROPBOX, INC. v. SYNCHRONOSS TECHNOLOGIES, INC              3

 invalid for failing to claim eligible subject matter. See id.
 at 700; Orcinus Holdings, 379 F. Supp. 3d at 883.
     Dropbox 1 timely appealed. We have jurisdiction over
 the consolidated appeals under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).
                               II
     We review a district court’s dismissal for failure to
 state a claim under the law of the regional circuit—here,
 the Ninth Circuit. Bascom Glob. Internet Servs., Inc. v.
 AT&T Mobility LLC, 827 F.3d 1341, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2016).
 The Ninth Circuit reviews the grant of a motion to dismiss
 de novo. Skilstaf, Inc. v. CVS Caremark Corp., 669 F.3d
 1005, 1014 (9th Cir. 2012). In evaluating a motion to dis-
 miss, the district court need not “assume the truth of legal
 conclusions merely because they are cast in the form of fac-
 tual allegations.” Fayer v. Vaughn, 649 F.3d 1061, 1064
 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting W. Min. Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d
 618, 624 (9th Cir. 1981)). “[C]onclusory allegations of law
 and unwarranted inferences are insufficient to defeat a mo-
 tion to dismiss.” Adams v. Johnson, 355 F.3d 1179, 1183
 (9th Cir. 2004).
      “Patent eligibility under 35 U.S.C. § 101 is ultimately
 an issue of law we review de novo. [But] [t]he patent eligi-
 bility inquiry may contain underlying issues of fact.” Berk-
 heimer v. HP Inc., 881 F.3d 1360, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2018).
 For example, “[w]hether a claim ‘supplies an inventive con-
 cept that renders a claim “significantly more” than an ab-
 stract idea to which it is directed is a question of law’ that
 may include underlying factual determinations.” Charge-
 Point, Inc. v. SemaConnect, Inc., 920 F.3d 759, 773 (Fed.
 Cir. 2019) (quoting BSG Tech LLC v. Buyseasons, Inc., 899

     1    As did Orcinus Holdings; we refer to Orcinus col-
 lectively with its parent company as Dropbox.
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 4          DROPBOX, INC. v. SYNCHRONOSS TECHNOLOGIES, INC

 F.3d 1281, 1290 (Fed. Cir. 2018), in turn quoting Alice
 Corp. Pty. v. CLS Bank Int’l, 573 U.S. 208, 218 (2014)).
     “Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful pro-
 cess, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or
 any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a pa-
 tent therefor, subject to the conditions and requirements of
 this title.” 35 U.S.C. § 101. But the Supreme Court has
 “long held that this provision contains an important im-
 plicit exception: Laws of nature, natural phenomena, and
 abstract ideas are not patentable.” Alice, 573 U.S. at 216.
      “To determine whether claimed subject matter is pa-
 tent-eligible, we apply the two-step framework explained
 in Alice.” Koninklijke KPN N.V. v. Gemalto M2M GmbH,
 942 F.3d 1143, 1149 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (citation omitted). In
 the first step, we “determine whether the claims at issue
 are directed to a patent-ineligible concept” such as an ab-
 stract idea. Alice, 573 U.S. at 218. If the claims are not
 directed to an abstract idea, the claims are patent eligible.
 If the claims are directed to an abstract idea, we proceed to
 the second step, in which we “examine the elements of the
 claim to determine whether it contains an inventive con-
 cept sufficient to transform the claimed abstract idea into
 a patent-eligible application.” Id. at 221 (internal quota-
 tion marks omitted).
     Because the patents lack common features, we discuss
 each patent’s eligibility individually. We then address an
 issue common to all three patents: the sufficiency of Drop-
 box’s factual allegations of the patents’ inventiveness.
                              A
     The ’505 patent, entitled “Secure Delivery of Infor-
 mation in a Network,” was filed on March 4, 1998, and
 claims priority from March 1997 provisional applications.
 ’505 Patent, cover sheet. The district court found the ’505
 patent “generally relate[d] to data security” and “specifi-
 cally directed to ‘providing only as much authentication
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 and encryption security as is required for a given user, a
 given path through the network [to a given information re-
 source], and a given [information] resource.’” Dropbox, 371
 F. Supp. 3d at 675 (quoting ’505 Patent at col. 5 l. 67–col. 6
 l. 3) (alterations in original).
     The district court found independent claim 1 repre-
 sentative, id. at 694; claim 1 recites
     1. Apparatus that provides an information resource
     in response to a request from a user, the request
     including an identification of the user according to
     a mode of identification and the apparatus com-
     prising:
     access control information including
     a sensitivity level associated with the resource and
     a trust level associated with the mode of identifica-
     tion; and
     an access checker which permits the apparatus to
     provide the resource only if the trust level for the
     mode of identification is sufficient for the sensitiv-
     ity level of the resource.
 ’505 Patent at col. 49 ll. 2–13. Dropbox argues on appeal
 that the district court should have separately considered
 the eligibility of dependent claim 8, Appellants’ Br. 37–38;
 claim 8 recites
     8. The apparatus set forth in any one of claims 1
     through 4 wherein:
     the access request is transferred via a path in a net-
     work; and
     the access control information further includes
     a path trust level associated with the path and
     an encryption trust level associated with an en-
     cryption method,
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     the access checker further permitting the appa-
     ratus to provide the resource only if either the path
     trust level is sufficient for the sensitivity level or
     the access request has been encrypted with an en-
     cryption method whose encryption trust level is
     sufficient for the sensitivity level.
 ’505 Patent at col. 49 ll. 54–67.
      The district court found claim 1 representative because
 “all the claims are substantially similar in that they are
 apparatus claims for a device providing data security asso-
 ciated with a user in response to a request for data from
 the user.” Dropbox, 371 F. Supp. 3d at 695. The court re-
 jected Dropbox’s arguments that claim 8 has distinctive de-
 tails because “[c]laim 8 is encapsulated in claim 1’s
 requirement that the access checker allow access to a data
 resource only if prerequisite security levels are met.” Id.
      On the merits, the district court held that claim 1 was
 directed to “(1) associating a security level with a data re-
 source, (2) associating a security level with a mode of iden-
 tification of a user, and then (3) ensuring that the user’s
 security level is sufficiently high to meet the security level
 of the data resource to access the data resource.” Id. Such
 a focus constituted an abstract idea because “the claim does
 not provide any limits that curb how the apparatus per-
 forms these functions” and “invokes computers merely as
 tools to execute fundamental data access control princi-
 ples,” “fall[ing] squarely within the [abstract] category of
 controlling access to data.” Id. at 696. The district court
 then found that claim 1 lacked an inventive concept be-
 cause it claimed generic elements, in “purely functional
 terms,” to “implement the abstract idea.” Id. at 698–99.
     Whether we consider claim 1 alone, or both claim 1 and
 claim 8, we agree with the district court that the claims of
 the ’505 patent are ineligible. Both claim 1 and claim 8 are
 directed to abstract ideas. “At step one of the Alice frame-
 work, we ‘look at the focus of the claimed advance over the
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 prior art to determine if the claim’s character as a whole is
 directed to excluded subject matter.’” Koninklijke, 942
 F.3d at 1149 (quoting Affinity Labs of Tex., LLC v.
 DIRECTV, LLC, 838 F.3d 1253, 1257 (Fed. Cir. 2016)).
 Claim 1 and claim 8’s claimed advance, the “access
 checker” element, see Appellants’ Br. 24, offers nothing but
 a functional abstraction. The specification—which refers
 not to an “access checker,” but to an “access filter” to per-
 form access checking—does little to instead define this ab-
 straction as a technological solution.            Instead, the
 specification largely treats the “access filter” as a black box.
 E.g., ’505 Patent at col. 2 l. 55–60 (describing the access
 filter as “a set of software and hardware components in the
 computer system which checks all requests from outside
 the internal network for information stored inside the in-
 ternal network and only sends a request on into the inter-
 nal network if it is from a source[] that has the right to
 access the information”). The technical aspects of the ac-
 cess filter, where present, are discussed only in terms of
 non-limiting embodiments. This is not enough to modify
 the focus of the claims. “[W]hen analyzing patent eligibil-
 ity, reliance on the specification must always yield to the
 claim language in identifying [the] focus [of those claims].”
 ChargePoint, 920 F.3d at 766.
     Claim 8’s additional elements of a “path in a network,”
 a “path trust level,” and an “encryption trust level” redirect
 the focus of the claims towards a technological problem.
 But the claims still recite no technological solution. The
 access checker “black box” just considers additional factors.
 See, e.g., ’505 Patent at col. 19 ll. 37–50. “Improving secu-
 rity . . . can be a non-abstract computer-functionality im-
 provement if done by a specific technique that departs from
 earlier approaches to solve a specific computer problem.”
 Ancora Techs., Inc. v. HTC Am., Inc., 908 F.3d 1343, 1348
 (Fed. Cir. 2018), as amended (Nov. 20, 2018) (emphasis
 added). This is not a “specific technique” for improving a
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 computer, but a change in the abstraction providing the
 fundamental principles for access filters.
     Dropbox makes much of passages in the specification
 asserting that the ’505 patent solved a technological prob-
 lem. But that is not enough. The patent has to describe
 how to solve the problem in a manner that encompasses
 something more than the “principle in the abstract.” See
 ChargePoint, 920 F.3d at 769 (explaining that an invention
 may not be patent eligible if the “claims ‘were drafted in
 such a result-oriented way that they amounted to encom-
 passing the ‘principle in the abstract’ no matter how imple-
 mented’” (quoting Interval Licensing LLC v. AOL, Inc., 896
 F.3d 1335, 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2018))); see also Finjan, Inc. v.
 Blue Coat Sys., Inc., 879 F.3d 1299, 1305 (Fed. Cir. 2018)
 (“[A] result, even an innovative result, is not itself patent-
 able.”). And, that solution has to be evident from the
 claims. See ChargePoint, 920 F.3d at 766.
     Moving to step two, neither claim 1 nor claim 8 recites
 an inventive concept that would render its subject matter
 patent eligible. The district court’s findings on claim 1—
 that it recites conventional elements in a purely functional
 manner, without implementation detail even in the speci-
 fication, see Dropbox, 371 F. Supp. 3d at 698—apply to
 claim 8 with equal force. The additional elements of “path
 trust level” and “encryption trust level” in claim 8 merely
 provide additional criteria for the “access checker” to con-
 sider. Cf. id. at 695 (holding claim 1 representative of claim
 8 because “[c]laim 8 similarly requires performance of the
 same basic process and is linked to the same idea as claim 1
 because claim 8 discloses the access checker restricting ac-
 cess to the data resource based on the path the resource
 takes through the network [and the encryption level]”).
     When implemented, these elements may well provide a
 more “economically secure way to transmit data to a user
 over a network.” Appellants’ Br. 42. The problem here,
 compared to the patents in BASCOM and Amdocs, arises
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 from the manner in which the patent claims the “inventive
 concept.” See BASCOM Glob. Internet Servs. v. AT&T Mo-
 bility LLC, 827 F.3d 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2016); Amdocs (Isr.)
 Ltd. v. Openet Telecom, Inc., 841 F.3d 1288 (Fed. Cir. 2016).
 Our cases have consistently held that an “inventive con-
 cept” exists when a claim “recite[s] a specific, discrete im-
 plementation of the abstract idea” where the “particular
 arrangement of elements is a technical improvement over
 [the] prior art.” BASCOM, 827 F.3d at 1350. This focus on
 specificity dovetails with concerns about preemption. See
 Amdocs, 841 F.3d at 1306 (finding claims eligible at step
 two because “they describe a specific, unconventional tech-
 nological solution, narrowly drawn to withstand preemp-
 tion concerns, to a technological problem”). Claims 1 and 8
 of the ’505 patent, when read in light of the specification,
 do not withstand this requirement for a specific, discrete
 implementation of the abstract idea. At best, the claims
 recite the application of an abstract idea using conven-
 tional and well-understood techniques specified in broad,
 functional language. But we have held that the abstract
 idea to which a claim is directed cannot supply the in-
 ventive concept, and, moreover, if a claim amounts to
 merely “the application of an abstract idea using conven-
 tional and well-understood techniques, the claim has not
 been transformed into a patent-eligible application of the
 abstract idea.” BSG Tech LLC v. Buyseasons, Inc., 899
 F.3d 1281, 1290–91 (Fed. Cir. 2018).
     We therefore affirm the district court’s decision holding
 the ’505 patent invalid as ineligible under § 101.
                              B
     The ’399 patent, entitled “File Upload Synchroniza-
 tion,” was filed on August 28, 1997, and issued May 2, 2000.
 ’399 Patent, cover sheet. The district court found the pa-
 tent “directed to combining the user interface of an inter-
 active connection, like a website, with a file upload
 connection, such as an FTP (file transfer protocol)
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 connection” or “[i]n layman’s terms . . . combining a user-
 friendly website interface with a file upload connection so
 that users who are not tech-savvy can easily upload data to
 a service provider.” Dropbox, 371 F. Supp. 3d. at 673–74.
 The district court found claims 1, 25, 43, and 46 representa-
 tive. Id. at 675 n.1. On appeal, Dropbox focuses on only
 claims 1 and 25. See, e.g., Appellants’ Br. 51, 54. Claim 1
 recites
      1. A method of synchronizing an interactive connec-
      tion and a non-interactive data transfer connection
      between a client and a service provider, compris-
      ing:
      creating an interactive connection;
      creating a data transfer connection; and
      generating a single session ID for the two connec-
      tions, which ID associates between the two connec-
      tions.
 ’399 Patent at col. 11 ll. 58–64. Claim 25 recites
      25. Apparatus for uploading data files, comprising:
      a file upload connection server;
      an interactive connection server; and
      a synchronizer which synchronizes the operation of
      respective connections formed by the file upload
      connection server and by the interactive connection
      server.
 Id. at col. 13 ll. 19–24.
      The district court found claim 1 “simple” and directed
 to “the abstract idea of exchanging data using a computer,”
 in part because claim 1 recites elements in only “very
 broad, functional terms.” Dropbox, 371 F. Supp. 3d. at 687.
 According to the court, the patent’s claimed advance—gen-
 erating a single session ID linking the interactive
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 connection and the data transfer connection—“is simply a
 label by which the connections are identified[,] . . . hardly
 a specific improvement on computer functionality or a
 nongeneralized computer activity” but “the well-known
 and abstract concept of data recognition.” Id. at 688. The
 court found that, although claim 25 “tacks onto” claim 1 a
 “synchronizer” limitation, the limitation recites only “the
 process of identifying the data exchanged[,] . . . an abstract
 idea involving the recognition of data.” Id. at 688–89. The
 court further held that the claims’ elements did not provide
 an inventive concept individually or in combination. Id.
 at 690–91.
     We again agree with the district court’s analysis.
 Claims 1 and 25 are directed to an abstract idea. Dropbox
 has conceded the abstract character of all claimed elements
 except the limitations of (1) the “generating a single ses-
 sion ID for the two connections, which ID associates be-
 tween the two connections” step in claim 1, and (2) the
 “synchronizer which synchronizes the operation of respec-
 tive connections formed by the file upload connection
 server and by the interactive connection server” element in
 claim 25. Dropbox alleges that the district court ignored
 the “importance of the specifically disclosed synchroniza-
 tion process between, for example, a WWW session and an
 FTP session, which enabled large uploads to take place in
 a secure and user-friendly manner.” Appellants’ Br. 48–
 49.
     Whatever result the patent attributes to the synchro-
 nizer and session ID matters little because the ’399 patent
 claims its improvements in an abstract manner. To be pa-
 tent eligible, software inventions must make “non-abstract
 improvements to existing technological processes and com-
 puter technology.” Koninklijke, 942 F.3d at 1150 (empha-
 sis added).      To claim a technological solution to a
 technological problem, the patent must actually claim the
 technological solution. Neither a single session ID associ-
 ating between the two connections nor a synchronizer
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 synchronizing the operation amount to a non-abstract im-
 provement—that is, a technological solution. “The ‘novelty’
 of any element or steps in a process, or even of the process
 itself, is of no relevance in determining whether the subject
 matter of a claim falls within the § 101 categories of possi-
 bly patentable subject matter.” Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S.
 175, 188–89 (1981).
      Nothing in the claims—or the specification’s definition
 of the claimed elements—delineates the session ID or the
 synchronizer in a manner providing a specific technique for
 how these “combin[e] the advantages of the FTP and WWW
 sessions while avoiding their respective drawbacks,” as
 Dropbox suggests. Appellants’ Br. 24. Instead, the claims
 and written description relate to the functional result of
 the claimed abstractions. See, e.g., ’399 Patent at col. 3.
 ll. 38–42 (“In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the
 service provider includes a synchronizing process which
 supplies the unique session ID and synchronizes the oper-
 ation of the FTP server and the WWW server.” (emphasis
 added)), col. 4 ll. 34–37 (“Preferably, said synchronizer
 generates a single session ID for two associated sessions,
 each on a different one of said servers.”). Even if it did pro-
 vide meaningful detail, “a specification full of technical de-
 tails about a physical invention may nonetheless conclude
 with claims that claim nothing more than the broad law or
 abstract idea underlying the claims, thus preempting all
 use of that law or idea.” ChargePoint, 920 F.3d at 769.
     Nor do claims 1 or 25 recite an inventive concept. Ac-
 cording to Dropbox, the ’399 patent describes a result of an
 “unconventional hybrid creation: one that combined the ad-
 vantages of prior-art technologies without their disad-
 vantages.” Appellants’ Br. 53. But the ’399 patent does not
 meaningfully claim or even describe this “hybrid creation.”
 Dropbox does not point to anything in the patent—much
 less the claims—that shows how the “single session ID” or
 “synchronizer” embody this purported inventive concept
 rather than the application of the abstract “synchronizer”
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 and “session ID” to otherwise routine and conventional
 technology. Just like with the ’505 patent, the claims
 merely apply an abstract idea using conventional and well-
 understood techniques; such claims do not contain an in-
 ventive concept at step two. See, e.g., BSG Tech, 899 F.3d
 at 1290–91.
      We affirm the district court’s decision holding the
 ’399 patent invalid as ineligible under § 101.
                              C
      The ’541 patent, entitled “System and Method for Per-
 sonal Data Backup for Mobile Customer Premises Equip-
 ment,” was filed on October 19, 2005, and claims priority
 from an October 2004 provisional application. ’541 Patent,
 cover sheet. The district court explained the ’541 patent as
 directed to “uploading and downloading data from a [mo-
 bile device, such as a cellphone, PDA, or iPod] to a server
 by way of a mobile network.” Orcinus Holdings, 379 F.
 Supp. 3d at 862. The parties agree independent claim 1 is
 illustrative. See Appellants’ Br. 21–22; Appellee’s Br. 14–
 15. Claim 1 recites
     1. A method for backing up data stored on a mobile
     customer premises equipment comprising the steps
     of:
     storing data at the mobile customer premises
     equipment;
     formatting the data stored at the mobile customer
     premises equipment into fields by determining
     data fields, identifying which portions of said data
     correspond to a respective data field, and tagging
     said data[;]
     transmitting the data with a user ID from the mo-
     bile customer premises equipment across a mobile
     network to a server for storage;
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 14          DROPBOX, INC. v. SYNCHRONOSS TECHNOLOGIES, INC

      retrieving said data from said server across a mo-
      bile network in response to one of an expiration of
      time and request from said mobile customer prem-
      ises equipment by transmitting said data to said
      mobile customer premises equipment; and
      transmitting said data to said mobile customer
      premises equipment by transmitting the data in
      more than one information signal and sequentially
      numbering each of said information signals.
 ’541 Patent at col. 10 l. 52–col. 11 l. 4.
      According to the district court, “[c]laim 1 is straight-
 forward” and “abstract because first, it only discloses gen-
 eralized steps to carry out generic computer functions, and
 second, because there are long-standing practices analo-
 gous to the claimed steps.”              Orcinus Holdings,
 379 F. Supp. 3d at 874. In a short, alternative analysis, the
 district court found claim 1 abstract because it recited es-
 sentially the same process as a person manually transfer-
 ring data from one mobile device to another, with the
 person herself acting as the “server.” Id. at 878–79. In its
 longer, main analysis, the district court focused on how the
 features corresponded to generalized steps carrying out ge-
 neric computer functions. The district court pointed out
 how the specification itself declares each element of the
 claim to be a generic computer component. Id. at 874–75.
 The district court found that the patent fails to provide spe-
 cific explanations or technical details describing how it im-
 proves the functionality of the generic components; it
 therefore found claim 1 directed to an abstract idea because
 “claim 1 discloses well-known steps to be executed on ge-
 neric computing devices.” Id. at 877. The court further
 found that none of the components individually claimed an
 inventive concept because they were all concededly generic.
 Id. at 879–80. Nor, per the court, did the elements do so as
 an ordered combination, because they were arranged in a
 conventional manner. Id. at 881.
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     We agree with the district court once more. Claim 1 is
 directed to an abstract idea. The nature of the “claimed
 advance” of the patent—which Dropbox asserts to be “a
 unified tag and data structure,” including transmitting
 data with an accompanying user ID and “remote server
 synchronization for wirelessly backing up data,” Appel-
 lants’ Br. 20–21—reveals an abstract idea at the heart of
 claim 1. “‘[G]eneralized steps to be performed on a com-
 puter using conventional computer activity’ are abstract[.]”
 RecogniCorp, LLC v. Nintendo Co., 855 F.3d 1322, 1326
 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (quoting Enfish, LLC v. Microsoft Corp.,
 822 F.3d 1327, 1338 (Fed. Cir. 2016)), cert. denied, 138
 S. Ct. 672 (2018). “Formatting” data, “tagging” data,
 “transmitting” data, and “retrieving” data are generalized
 steps to be performed on a computer using conventional
 computer activity. Their combination may allow “wireless
 backup of cellphone data.” Appellants’ Br. 56 (emphasis
 omitted). But the claim provides less of “a specific means
 or method” than “a result or effect that itself is the abstract
 idea and merely invokes generic processes and machinery.”
 Two-Way Media Ltd. v. Comcast Cable Commc’ns, LLC,
 874 F.3d 1329, 1337 (Fed. Cir. 2017).
     Nor do these data tagging and remote synchronization
 steps yield an inventive concept. The ’541 patent itself
 teaches that the two allegedly inventive concepts were rou-
 tine and conventional. ’541 Patent at col. 3 ll. 24–29, 34–
 36. Dropbox argues that the combination of the two con-
 cepts is inventive because “[t]he ’541 patent’s data struc-
 ture allows the data to be formatted in a way that makes
 data transfer reliable and efficient.” Appellants’ Br. 60.
 But “[t]o save a patent at step two, an inventive concept
 must be evident in the claims.” Two-Way Media, 874 F.3d
 at 1338 (emphasis added). But no data structures—much
 less any inventive data structures—are evident in the
 claims. “[F]ormatting the data . . . into fields . . . and tag-
 ging said data” as recited in claim 1 does not describe an
 inventive data structure.        The specification itself
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 contradicts Dropbox’s claim that the patent teaches an in-
 ventive data structure, explaining that the data structure
 “may be defined by a [mobile device] manufacturer,” and
 that methods known in the art (such as XML or html) “may
 be used to create the data structure.” ’541 Patent at col. 3
 ll. 36–37, col. 6 ll. 60–61.
     We affirm the district court’s decision holding the
 ’541 patent invalid as ineligible under § 101.
                              D
      Dropbox argues, for all three patents, that it pled suf-
 ficient factual allegations of an inventive concept to defeat
 a motion to dismiss. The district court rejected this argu-
 ment, holding that the complaints failed to allege “fact
 questions that cannot be resolved on a Rule 12 motion” for
 all three patents. Dropbox, 371 F. Supp. 3d at 693; see id.
 at 699–700; Orcinus Holdings, 379 F. Supp. 3d at 882. The
 district court explained that “the 5 paragraphs of the
 amended complaint to which [Dropbox] cites in [its] oppo-
 sition vaguely allege how the ’505 Patent [for example] is
 an advancement over the prior art.”           Dropbox, 371
 F. Supp. 3d at 699. According to the district court, Drop-
 box presented “no specific factual allegations or references
 to the [patent] specification[s]—which might disclose that
 the invention is an improvement over the prior art . . . .”
 Id. For both the ’505 and ’399 patents, the district court
 held that the unsupported factual allegations constituted
 merely “attorney arguments . . . attempting to manufac-
 ture a factual question,” and therefore were not sufficient
 to defeat a motion to dismiss. Id. at 700; see id. at 693.
 Regarding the ’541 patent, the district court also found that
 Dropbox’s attorney argument could not establish a factual
 dispute preventing dismissal “because the purported im-
 provements over the prior art have not been captured in
 the claim language.” Orcinus Holdings, 379 F. Supp. 3d at
 882.
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 DROPBOX, INC. v. SYNCHRONOSS TECHNOLOGIES, INC              17

      We agree with the district court that Dropbox’s com-
 plaint asserts only conclusory allegations insufficient to
 survive a motion to dismiss. Dropbox’s allegations restate
 the claim elements and append a conclusory statement
 that “nothing in the specification describes these concepts
 as well-understood, routine, or conventional.” E.g., First
 Amended Complaint ¶¶ 20–27, Dropbox, Inc. v. Syn-
 chronoss Techs., Inc., No. 5:18-cv-03685-LHK, ECF No. 49
 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 22, 2018). The allegations claim that each
 of the patents solves given technological problems, but
 never provide more support than a conclusory statement
 that “the inventions described and claimed . . . solved these
 problems,” improved the art, “represented a significant ad-
 vance over existing approaches[,] and were not well-known,
 routine, or conventional in the field” at the time of patent-
 ing. E.g., id. ¶¶ 50–51. These pleadings provide no more
 than a series of legal conclusion about the § 101 analysis.
 When considering a motion to dismiss, courts “must take
 all the factual allegations in the complaint as true”—but
 “are not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched
 as a factual allegation.” Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265,
 286 (1986).
      “[A]ny allegation about inventiveness, wholly divorced
 from the claims or the specification” does not defeat a mo-
 tion to dismiss; only “plausible and specific factual allega-
 tions that aspects of the claims are inventive are sufficient.”
 Cellspin Soft, Inc. v. Fitbit, Inc., 927 F.3d 1306, 1317 (Fed.
 Cir. 2019) (emphasis added), cert. denied sub nom. Garmin
 USA, Inc. v. Cellspin Soft, Inc., 140 S. Ct. 907 (2020). The
 complaint in Cellspin identified how the specific techniques
 recited in the claims were inventive. See id. at 1317–18.
 Dropbox’s complaint, on the other hand, merely provides a
 conclusory allegation that “[t]he inventions described and
 claimed in the ’505 [p]atent [for example] solved these
 problems,” e.g., Complaint ¶ 50, or that “[t]he ’541 [p]atent
 [for example] describes and claims a number of novel and
 inventive approaches to data backup . . . captured in” the
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 18         DROPBOX, INC. v. SYNCHRONOSS TECHNOLOGIES, INC

 claims of the patent, Complaint ¶ 23, Orcinus Holdings,
 LLC v. Synchronoss Techs., Inc., No. 5:18-cv-06199-LHK,
 ECF No. 1 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 10, 2018). These sorts of conclu-
 sory pleadings are insufficient to survive a motion to dis-
 miss.
                              III
     We have considered the parties’ remaining arguments
 and find them unpersuasive. We affirm the district court’s
 decisions holding the ’505, ’399, and ’541 patents invalid as
 ineligible under § 101.
                        AFFIRMED