Court Opinion

ID: 7327871
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-25 22:02:22.131831+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:20:11.852778
License: Public Domain

2022 IL App (3d) 190151

                                  Opinion filed July 25, 2022
      ____________________________________________________________________________

                                                     IN THE

                                     APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                               THIRD DISTRICT

                                                       2022

      THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF                         )       Appeal from the Circuit Court
      ILLINOIS,                                          )       of the 10th Judicial Circuit,
                                                         )       Peoria County, Illinois,
              Plaintiff-Appellee,                        )
                                                         )       Appeal No. 3-19-0151
              v.                                         )       Circuit No. 18-CF-94
                                                         )
      ABRIECE DAVONTE OWENS,                             )       Honorable
                                                         )       Paul P. Gilfillan,
              Defendant-Appellant.                       )       Judge, Presiding.
      ____________________________________________________________________________

            JUSTICE McDADE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
            Justices Hauptman and Holdridge concurred in the judgment and opinion.
      ____________________________________________________________________________

                                                  OPINION

¶1          After a jury trial in the circuit court of Peoria County, defendant, Abriece Davonte

     Owens, was found guilty of home invasion, residential burglary, and unlawful possession of a

     stolen motor vehicle. On appeal, he challenges his convictions, arguing that plain error occurred

     when the trial court ordered that he be placed in shackles (or handcuffs) during his cross-

     examination by the State. Alternatively, he argues that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing

     to object to the trial court’s order. For the reasons that follow, although we find the trial court

     abused its discretion and error occurred, Owens is still not entitled to the relief requested. We,

     therefore, affirm his convictions.
¶2                                                   FACTS

¶3           On March 6, 2018, the State charged Owens by indictment with four counts of home

     invasion (720 ILCS 5/19-6(a)(3) (West 2018)) (counts I and II), (id. § 19-6(a)(2)) (counts III and

     IV)); one count of armed robbery (id. § 18-2(a)(2) (count V)); one count of residential burglary

     (id. § 19-3(a)) (count VI), and one count of possession of a stolen motor vehicle (625 ILCS 5/4-

     103(a)(1) (West 2018)) (count VII). Additionally, the State charged Owens with unlawful

     possession of a weapon by a felon (UPWF) (720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(a) (West 2018)) (count VIII).

     The UPWF charge was severed from the other charges prior to trial. 1

¶4           Owens was initially represented by a member of the public defender’s office, and his case

     was set for trial in December 2018. However, a motion in limine, filed just before the trial was

     set to commence, delayed the proceeding. Before the motion could be heard, Owens filed a

     pro se motion to dismiss counsel, preferring to represent himself. That motion was granted, and

     although he was only then provided with a copy of the State’s discovery, the trial judge made it

     clear that he would not change the date for trial.

¶5           On the day of trial, Owens appeared in court and indicated that he had not had sufficient

     time to prepare and was not ready for trial. The court persisted in going forward that day,

     indicating to Owens that he should be prepared to pick a jury that afternoon, review the State’s

     discovery that evening, and be ready to begin again the next day. Thereafter, Owens participated

     in choosing a jury. Although Owens knew he was to return the next morning, he failed to appear.

             1
              The record indicates that the State initially charged defendant with eight counts on March 6,
     2018. However, “to correct a name,” the State added counts IX-XV, which were eventually renumbered
     as counts I-VII, on March 27, 2018. The State dismissed seven of the eight original counts but kept the
     UPWF charge as an additional charge.
                                                          2
     The court received an e-mail from a correctional officer indicating that Owens refused to leave

     his jail cell.

¶6            After considering several possible avenues to pursue, the court called the assistant public

     defender who had initially been assigned to the case to inquire whether she would be willing to

     resume her representation of Owens. She acceded to that request and agreed to travel to the jail

     to consult with him. Owens then appeared before the court via video and explained that he had

     discussed filing additional pretrial motions with his attorney and generally complained about her

     not complying with his wishes. After the court addressed what it characterized as Owens’s

     stalling tactics, it explained the risk Owens was taking in going forward without an attorney and

     the disadvantage he was creating for himself. Owens finally agreed to allow the assistant public

     defender to resume her representation by saying, “You can put Ms. Justice back in” and stating

     that he would be in court with her the next day. After conferring with Owens later that day,

     defense counsel and the prosecutor appeared before the court. At that time, defense counsel

     moved for, and the court granted, a mistrial. A new trial was scheduled for about a month later.

¶7            At trial, the State’s evidence showed that a person entered the home of Roger and

     Barbara Kleist on February 8, 2018. Barbara responded to a knock on the door around 8:30 p.m.

     and opened the door, thinking it was her daughter. She identified Owens as the young man who

     was at the door pointing a gun at her. He told her to sit in a chair. She stated that she heard him

     in the bedroom going through drawers. He emerged from the room wearing a mask, duct taped

     Barbara to the chair, went upstairs and returned with Roger, whom he also restrained. Roger was

     not able to identify Owens at trial. He testified that the man took his car keys and wallet. After

     waiting to be sure the man had left, he got himself free and contacted the police. Officer

     Elizabeth Blair responded to the home. She took the description of the person who attacked the

                                                       3
       Kleists and broadcasted it over the radio. The Kleists reported that their blue Chevy Malibu was

       missing from the garage and provided the plate number.

¶8            The Kleist’s car was equipped with an OnStar security tracking service. Detective Brian

       Terry of the Peoria police asked dispatch to contact OnStar and track the car. Terry drove toward

       the tracked location of the car and found it had gone off the road near a cattle farm in Lewistown.

       The car was running and in gear, with the windows open and the doors closed. Terry opened the

       driver’s side door to turn off the car and left the door open. Owens was already in custody. A gun

       was retrieved from the car and placed in evidence.

¶9            Deputy Troy Chisum testified that he was on US 24 responding to the dispatch when he

       saw a person whom he identified as Owens driving a blue car with the matching plate numbers.

       He did a U-turn to give pursuit. OnStar remotely shut down the car, and it veered off the road.

       Owens tried to flee on foot, but he was apprehended by another deputy. Owens was interviewed

       at the police station, and his interview was recorded. In it, he admits to the home invasion and

       corroborates the Kleists’ testimony.

¶ 10          Testifying in his own defense, Owens said he was walking to his brother’s home when he

       came across a blue Chevy with the keys still in it and the engine running. He decided to drive the

       car away. He testified that the mask, glove, gun, and brown coat were in the car when he got into

       it. He also discovered a wallet in the console but threw it out the window in case he got stopped

       by police. He was driving that car toward Quincy on US 24 when he passed a Fulton County

       Sheriff’s Department officer and saw the officer do a U-turn in the rearview mirror. Owens sped

       up, but the car began to swerve and then it headed off the road, toward a barn. Once the car came

       to a rest, he got out and ran. Owens admitted that his trial testimony was different from what he

                                                        4
       said on the recording. He explained that, after five hours at the station, he told the police what he

       thought they wanted to hear.

¶ 11          While being cross-examined, Owens answered several questions posed by the prosecutor

       before stating: “I been—sitting in the county for 362 days, man. I didn’t come here to deal with

       this. You can just send me back to my cell.” Despite the court’s order that he answer the

       questions, Owens persisted in his refusal to answer. Nonetheless, in response to a question posed

       by the prosecutor, Owens asked “[w]hy am I being charged with possession of a weapon by a

       felon?” and later remarked, “[s]ee, I’m done talking to you, man. Send me back to county.” At

       this time, the court removed the jury and instructed Owens that he was not entitled to refuse to

       answer the prosecutor’s questions. The court directed defense counsel to conference with Owens.

¶ 12          Following a brief break and still outside the presence of the jury, the court described

       Owens’s attitude as “one of defiance and refusal to answer questions or to proceed any further

       with cross-examination.” The court remarked that Owens had attempted “to throw an additional

       wrench into the works” by mentioning being charged with UPWF, despite knowing that the

       charge was to be kept from the jury. At this time, defense counsel requested a mistrial because

       the jury now knew about the severed UPWF charge and about the period of time Owens had

       spent in custody. The court denied defendant’s motion for a mistrial and stated:

                      “Now, I will say this. [Defendant], as we move forward here today

                and if you are allowed the opportunity to take the stand again, which is

                what normal procedure would be, I want you to know that if things go

                south from here, and that is with your actions or behavior, and if you

                remain present in the courtroom or are removed from the courtroom due

                                                         5
to your own actions, you are going to waive your right to be present for

the rest of the trial.

      You will waive your right on your own to consult with your

attorney to cross-examine witnesses, although she will remain and do her

best to cross-examine witnesses in your absence. Trial will proceed in

your absence, as well as potential jury deliberations, receipt of the

verdict, and potential sentencing thereafter.

      Did you just hear and understand what I said, [defendant]?

      Show that defendant Mr. Owens is staring at the Court and

willfully refusing to answer that very straightforward question.

      Also, during the break, the deputy approached me indicating that

the defendant’s attitude is also changed for the worse while in the

presence of the deputy, such that the defendant at the present time is

shackled at the wrists. And the defendant mentioned words to the effect

to the officer, who mentioned to me, that, ‘You might as well leave the

shackles on my wrists.’

      That is the exact intention of the Court, so I will take up the

defendant on his offer to remain shackled. There is no way that I am

going to put anybody in this courtroom at risk for this defendant’s

obstinate and obstructionist behavior and the prevention of this case from

being tried to conclusion today.

      Now, with that said, [defense counsel], does your client intend on

taking the stand and answering questions?”

                                        6
       Defense counsel indicated that defendant shook his head no.

¶ 13          Next, the court rejected the State’s request to strike the entirety of Owens’s testimony and

       directed the State to continue its cross-examination. The court ordered Owens to answer the

       State’s questions when proceedings resumed or be held in contempt and sentenced to jail time.

       The court ordered defendant to remain at his counsel’s table, shackled and flanked by officers,

       during questioning.

¶ 14          After the jury returned to the courtroom, the court stated:

                      “All right. As the jury knows, we’re in the midst of cross-

                examination of the defendant by the state’s attorney. As opposed to

                putting the defendant on the witness stand, I’m going to keep the

                defendant at his defense counsel table in his present position.

                      And I’m asking the defendant not to stand or to move in any way

                other than as he presents himself to the jury at this point. My point being

                I’m going to allow the questions to continue from the state’s attorney,

                who will be up here, and the questions to be asked of him at counsel

                table in his present form, in his seated position.”

       When defendant refused to answer the first question posed by the prosecutor, the court excused

       the jury, and the following exchange occurred:

                      “THE COURT: All right. During that question, as soon as the question

                was asked and a response was being awaited [sic] for by [defendant],

                [defendant] purposely brought his hands above the table, in contravention of

                this Court’s order, to show the jury his shackles.

                                                         7
                      THE DEFENDANT: You didn’t tell me not—you didn’t tell me

                not to move my hands. You told me to stay seated. I stayed seated.

                      THE COURT: All right. I’ve heard your explanation. I find it to be

                one hundred percent bogus and a continuation of your efforts to obstruct

                justice in this case. You are sentenced to 90 days in jail as a result of

                your behavior right there for direct criminal contempt. Order to follow.

                      All right. Keep your hands under the table please.

                      Bring the jury back in.

                      If [defendant] chooses to keep his hands above the table, officer,

                do not force him to keep them below the table.

                      Bring the jury in.”

       Owens persisted in his refusal to answer questions, stating, “I would like to go back to my cell.”

       The court sent the jury to lunch and admonished Owens that, if he refused to return to the

       courtroom following lunch, he would be tried in absentia. The court noted that Owens refused to

       put his hands underneath the table when the jury came in for the second time. Owens also

       indicated to the court that he would persist in his refusal to answer the State’s questions.

       Moments before the jury returned, the court stated, “[Owens], keep your hands below the table.

       The Court finds for the same reasons that you should be shackled at the wrists. So keep them

       below the table, the purpose being so the jury doesn’t see that. That’s a court order.”

¶ 15          When proceedings resumed, Owens refused to answer questions. At this point, the parties

       rested, and the court denied defense counsel’s motion for a directed verdict. The jury found

       Owens guilty on counts III and IV (home invasion), count VI (residential burglary), and count

       VII (unlawful possession of a stolen motor vehicle). The jury found him not guilty on counts I

                                                         8
       and II (home invasion) and count V (armed robbery). Following the verdict, the court dismissed

       count VIII, the UPWF charge.2

¶ 16           On March 19, 2019, Owens filed a motion for a judgment of acquittal notwithstanding

       the verdict or for a new trial (motion for a new trial), arguing, among other things, that the court

       erred when it ordered that Owens be handcuffed in the jury’s presence. On March 20, 2019, the

       circuit court denied Owens’s motion for a new trial and sentenced him to 46 years in the Illinois

       Department of Corrections on count III, a consecutive 6-year term on count VI, and a concurrent

       3-year term on count VII. Owens filed a timely notice of appeal on March 22, 2019.

¶ 17                                                 ANALYSIS

¶ 18           On appeal, Owens seeks reversal of his convictions, arguing (1) that the trial court

       committed plain error in failing to hold a formal Boose hearing (see People v. Boose, 66 Ill. 2d

       261 (1977)) before handcuffing him during his trial testimony and (2) that trial counsel was

       ineffective for not objecting to him being handcuffed. We affirm his convictions.

¶ 19           Before proceeding with our analysis, we note that this is the second version of our

       decision in this case. In the original opinion, we reached the same result but upon different

       reasoning, stating, inter alia, that the decision in People v. Allen, 222 Ill. 2d 340 (2006), created

       “precedential ambiguity” relative to cases pertinent on this issue. That statement was erroneous.

       Shortly after to our decision and relevant to it, the supreme court decided People v. Moon, 2022

       IL 125959, and Owens subsequently filed a petition for rehearing. We granted the petition and

       ordered additional briefing from the parties. That earlier decision has now been withdrawn and

       this opinion is issued in its stead. Our corrected analysis is found below (infra ¶¶ 29-35).

               2
               Based on this record, this court presumes the dismissal of count VIII was at the State’s request;
       however, this discussion was held off the record.
                                                           9
¶ 20                              I. Shackling Without a Formal Boose Hearing

¶ 21                                       A. Whether Error Occurred

¶ 22          A trial court should not physically restrain (or shackle) a defendant in court unless upon a

       showing of manifest need. Boose, 66 Ill. 2d at 265-66. The court should state on the record its

       reasons for shackling the defendant “and provide defense counsel with an opportunity to offer

       reasons” against shackling his or her client. People v. Urdiales, 225 Ill. 2d 354, 416 (2007). The

       court’s failure to follow the procedure as established in Boose and subsequently codified in

       Illinois Supreme Court Rule 430 (eff. July 1, 2010) is a violation of the defendant’s due process

       rights. People v. Reese, 2017 IL 120011, ¶ 49.

¶ 23          Owens’s conduct throughout the prosecution in the circuit court seems sufficient to try

       the patience of a saint, and we do not require judges to be saints. They are, however, charged

       with the responsibility of ensuring that trials over which they preside are fair and comport with

       due process. To this end, our supreme court has created a body of procedural rules to assist

       judges in meeting that responsibility. As the court itself has stated, these rules “are not

       suggestions [or aspirations]; rather, they have the force of law, and the presumption must be that

       they will be obeyed and enforced as written.” People v. Campbell, 224 Ill. 2d 80, 87 (2006).

¶ 24          Rule 430 requires the court to conduct a separate hearing, outside the presence of the

       jury, to determine whether shackling the defendant is necessary. Reese, 2017 IL 120011, ¶ 48;

       Ill. S. Ct. R. 430 (eff. July 1, 2010). Following the hearing, the court must make specific findings

       on the 10 factors enumerated in Rule 430, weighing the defendant’s right to due process against

       the manifest need for shackling him. Ill. S. Ct. R. 430 (eff. July 1, 2010). The manifest need must

       outweigh the defendant’s right to be free from restraints. Id. Whether there is a need for

                                                         10
       shackling is a determination within the discretion of the circuit court, and its finding will not be

       reversed absent an abuse of discretion. Urdiales, 225 Ill. 2d at 416.

¶ 25          Here, the State concedes that no formal Boose hearing took place. Instead, the State

       asserts “that the record clearly provides a showing of need for [the] restraint, therefore a formal

       Boose hearing was not required.” We disagree. First, we can only discern one factor on which

       the trial court relied to physically restrain Owens. After the deputy reported his opinion that

       Owens’s “attitude is also changed for the worse” and that Owens had said words to the effect of

       “[y]ou might as well leave the shackles on my wrists,” the trial court made no inquiry that can be

       gleaned from the record regarding why the shackles were put on or whether their placement was

       warranted. Instead, it merely said that was its “exact intention” and it would “take up the

       defendant on his offer to remain shackled.” In amplification of this statement, the court stated

       that there was no way the court would “put anybody in this courtroom at risk,” not of physical

       harm but “for defendant’s obstinate and obstructionist behavior and the prevention of this case

       from being tried to conclusion today.” In short, the court abdicated its responsibility under Boose

       and Rule 430. See Allen, 222 Ill. 2d at 349 (noting “abdication of the trial court’s responsibility

       [under Rule 430] is not acceptable”).

¶ 26          Second, while “evidence of any threats made by [a] defendant to harm others, cause a

       disturbance, or to be self-destructive” is a factor to be considered under Rule 430 (Ill. S. Ct. R.

       430(6) (eff. July 1, 2010)), Owens’s alleged statement does not establish this factor. The

       statement is unverified and was not subjected to the kind of examination that Boose intended to

       foster. Additionally, nothing in the record showed that Owens’s obstinance would lead to a

       physical disturbance or would place any persons in the courtroom at risk. Moreover, “a single

       reason for shackling [a defendant] has generally been held to be insufficient justification for the

                                                        11
       restraint.” Urdiales, 225 Ill. 2d at 416. The court articulated no finding relevant to any of the

       nine other factors enumerated in Rule 430 to support its decision. See Allen, 222 Ill. 2d at 348

       (finding an abuse of discretion where “no other ‘Boose factors’ supported” the court’s decision).

¶ 27          And third, the State cites no authority—and we have found none—to support its

       assertions that a Boose hearing is unnecessary where the record establishes an unarticulated need

       for shackling a defendant. Boose and Rule 430 are derived from defendants’ due process rights.

       In re Benny M., 2017 IL 120133, ¶ 29. The error occurs not because the need was not manifest

       but because the defendant was denied the required safeguards of his due process rights. See

       Allen, 222 Ill. 2d at 349 (holding “the trial court’s failure to follow the procedures set forth in

       Boose *** constitutes a due process violation”). The trial court did not provide defense counsel

       an opportunity to argue against shackling Owens or offer an alternative. That alone is an abuse of

       the court’s discretion, and thus, error occurred. Id.

¶ 28                                 B. Whether Reversible Error Occurred

¶ 29          Having found error, we must now determine whether it amounted to reversible error.

       Owens concedes that he forfeited review of this issue by not raising a timely objection to the trial

       court’s shackling decision. He, however, argues that Boose violations are per se reversible errors.

       He contends that our supreme court has “equated” second-prong plain error with structural error.

       Because structural errors require automatic reversal, all second-prong errors require the same.

       But even assuming that all instances of second-prong plain error satisfy the standard for

       structural error, Owens’s argument still fails. It turns on whether all instances of a Boose

       violation amount to second-prong plain error. In his response to our request for additional

       briefing, Owens offers no answer to this question.

                                                         12
¶ 30          Structural error is a unique designation granted “only in a ‘very limited class of cases.’ ”

       (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d 173, 198 (2009) (quoting

       Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 8 (1999)). “In such cases, the error ‘necessarily render[s] a

       criminal trial fundamentally unfair or an unreliable vehicle for determining guilt or innocence.’ ”

       (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Rivera, 227 Ill. 2d 1, 20 (2007) (quoting

       Washington v. Recuenco, 548 U.S. 212, 218-19 (2006)). The fact of the error alone requires

       “automatic reversal.” Neder, 527 U.S. at 8. That is so because “harmless-error review would not

       apply to an error considered ‘structural’ in nature.” Rivera, 227 Ill. 2d at 19. “The violation of a

       supreme court rule does not mandate reversal in every case”; some violations are subject to

       harmless-error review. Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d at 193. Our supreme court has applied this doctrine to

       Boose, holding that Rule 430 violations are subject to the harmless-error analysis—not per se

       reversible—and, therefore, not structural error. Reese, 2017 IL 120011, ¶¶ 49-50.

¶ 31          Allen applies the same principle in the context of the plain-error doctrine. See Allen, 222

       Ill. 2d at 359 (concluding that Boose violations are not per se reversible). The doctrine “is a

       narrow and limited exception to the general waiver rule.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

       People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 177 (2005). Defendants may obtain redress for unpreserved

       errors that are “clear and obvious” and “that may have deprived [them] of a fair trial.” People v.

       Williams, 2022 IL 126918, ¶ 55. A fair trial is denied where (1) the evidence “is so closely

       balanced that the jury’s guilty verdict may have resulted from the error” or (2) “the error is so

       serious that the defendant was denied a substantial right.” Herron, 215 Ill. 2d at 178-79.

       Defendants bear the burden of persuasion under either prong, but the focus in the second prong is

       on the severity of the error itself—not its prejudicial effect. Id. at 187. Defendants “cannot obtain

       relief on an unpreserved error under the plain-error doctrine if [they] would not have been

                                                        13
       entitled to relief on the same error if preserved.” Williams, 2022 IL 126918, ¶ 49. Similarly,

       defendants cannot claim that an error is per se reversible under the plain-error doctrine unless it

       falls within the class of cases designated as involving structural error. People v. Averett, 237 Ill.

       2d 1, 13 (2010).

¶ 32           Owens contends that Moon requires a different understanding of the second prong. But

       Moon addresses a narrow question of first impression: whether “the failure to properly swear the

       jury—that is, administer the trial oath—is structural error.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

       Moon, 2022 IL 125959, ¶ 14. Because that error was not preserved, the defendant had to avail

       himself of the plain-error doctrine. Id. ¶ 17. To successfully allege structural error under the

       doctrine, the defendant had to show that the error was “comparable” to the class of cases

       “identified” by the United States Supreme Court as involving structural error. 3 Id. ¶ 30. An

       otherwise serious error but (1) failing to create “a complete denial of counsel or trial by a biased

       adjudicator,” (2) “subject to harmless-error review,” (3) “not necessarily render[ing] a trial

       fundamentally unfair or unreliable,” and (4) “not affect[ing] the framework of the trial process”

       will not be designated as structural. Averett, 237 Ill. 2d at 13-14. Owens’s Boose violation does

       not satisfy any of the Averett requirements. Nor is it “an error of such gravity that it” “deprives

       [Owens] of a basic protection afforded at common law” or “guaranteed in our state constitution.”

       Moon, 2022 IL 125959, ¶ 64.

¶ 33           Owens need not allege or prove structural error, however, to obtain reversal for second-

       prong plain error. Relief will be granted where a defendant shows that the error “affected the

       fairness of [his] trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process.” (Internal quotation

               3
                Those cases “include a complete denial of counsel, denial of self-representation at trial, trial
       before a biased judge, denial of a public trial, racial discrimination in the selection of a grand jury, and a
       defective reasonable doubt instruction.” Averett, 237 Ill. 2d at 13 (citing Recuenco, 548 U.S. 212 at 218
       n.2)).
                                                             14
       marks omitted.) Allen, 222 Ill. 2d at 359. A defendant must prove “that his presumption of

       innocence, ability to assist his counsel, or the dignity of the proceedings was compromised.” Id.

       at 353. Owens has failed to do so.

¶ 34          Owens was not shackled until he became obstructive and uncooperative during his own

       cross-examination by the State. He was the last witness, and he had ample prior opportunity to

       assist his attorney; he even testified on direct examination without any difficulty. But on cross-

       examination he voluntarily and without any claim of right or justification and contrary to the trial

       court’s explicit directives refused to answer the State’s questions. The record does not show that

       he was unable to assist his attorney while he was in shackles for the brief duration until the

       parties rested and the jury returned its verdict. The record also does not show that the dignity of

       the trial was affected by his restraints. Its dignity was already offended by the conduct of Owens

       himself. Owens was only handcuffed during his cross-examination and later restricted to sitting

       at counsel table in response to his conduct. Finally, the record does not show that his

       presumption of innocence was compromised. His own obstructive actions provided the jury with

       a probable explanation for his shackling unrelated to his actual guilt or innocence of the charges

       or his actual level of threat in the courtroom. We are also unable to determine on this record

       whether the jury would have had sufficient opportunity to actually discern that he was in

       manacles. In fact, his hands and handcuffs were concealed until Owens twice disregarded the

       trial court’s order to keep them beneath the tabletop. Each time he exposed them, the court

       immediately removed the jury from the courtroom, admonished Owens before ultimately holding

       him in contempt, and terminated his cross-examination by the State.

                                                        15
¶ 35           Given the Averett requirements and the standard set in Allen, we hold that the trial court’s

       failure to conduct a formal Boose hearing is not reversible error, and we affirm Owens’s

       convictions.

¶ 36                                   II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

¶ 37           Alternatively, Owens alleges that his trial counsel was ineffective for not objecting to the

       trial court’s decision to handcuff him during trial. Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are

       reviewed under the two-prong test established in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).

       People v. Johnson, 2021 IL 126291, ¶ 52. To prevail on such a claim, a defendant must show

       that counsel’s performance was both deficient and prejudicial. People v. Curry, 178 Ill. 2d 509,

       518-19 (1997). The parties disagree as to what standard applies to find prejudice. Owens argues

       that prejudice is inherent and therefore the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the

       trial court’s decision to shackle him did not influence the jury’s verdict. In response, the State

       argues that Owens must show that there was a reasonable probability that the outcome would

       have been different at trial.

¶ 38           Ordinarily, to establish prejudice, a defendant must demonstrate that there is a reasonable

       probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.

       Johnson, 2021 IL 126291, ¶ 52 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). However, prejudice may be

       presumed where (1) the defendant “ ‘is denied counsel at a critical stage,’ ” (2) counsel

       “ ‘entirely fails to subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful adversarial testing,’ ” or

       (3) counsel is called upon to represent a client in circumstances under which no lawyer could

       provide effective assistance. People v. Cherry, 2016 IL 118728, ¶ 25 (quoting United States v.

       Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 659-61 (1984)). Owens does not make a Cronic claim of ineffective

       assistance of counsel. Instead, he argues that, because shackling a defendant at trial without a

                                                         16
       Boose hearing amounts to structural error, affecting the fairness of his trial, Strickland prejudice

       must be presumed and the State bears the burden of persuasion. We disagree. As previously

       noted, the supreme court has held in Allen that a Boose hearing violation does not automatically

       constitute reversible error; rather an actual showing “that it prevented [the defendant] from

       obtaining a fair trial” is required. Allen, 222 Ill. 2d at 353-54. Therefore, Strickland prejudice

       cannot be presumed, and defendants are required to prove it to establish a successful claim of

       ineffective assistance of a counsel.

¶ 39          We find the strength of the State’s evidence was such that there was no reasonable

       probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different if counsel had objected to

       Owens being shackled. At trial, the evidence showed that an armed assailant entered the Kleists’

       home, restrained them, and took possession of their car. After Roger contacted the police, the

       responding officer asked dispatch to contact OnStar and track the car. Owens was apprehended

       while attempting to flee the stolen car after it had been stopped by the OnStar system. Barbara

       later identified him as the person who entered her home at gun point and restrained her. The

       State also presented the jury with Owens’s video-recorded confession to the crimes charged. The

       jury subsequently heard and observed him during his testimony refuting the recorded statement,

       presumably choosing not to find him credible. There is nothing in the record supporting a

       conclusion that the jury would have found differently if his counsel had objected to the shackles

       or even if the shackles had not ever been affixed. Therefore, we find no prejudice, and Owens’s

       ineffective assistance claim fails.

¶ 40                                             CONCLUSION

¶ 41          The judgment of the circuit court of Peoria County is affirmed.

¶ 42          Affirmed.

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                                 No. 3-19-0151

Cite as:                 People v. Owens, 2022 IL App (3d) 190151

Decision Under Review:   Appeal from the Circuit Court of Peoria County, No. 18-CF-94;
                         the Hon. Paul P. Gilfillan, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys                James E. Chadd, Douglas R. Hoff, and Ginger Leigh Odom, of
for                      State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
Appellant:

Attorneys                Jodi Hoos, State’s Attorney, of Peoria (Patrick Delfino, Thomas
for                      D. Arado, and Jessica A. Theodoratos, of State’s Attorneys
Appellee:                Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

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