Court Opinion

ID: 8483893
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-15 17:08:35.200563+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:49:49.309818
License: Public Domain

J-S28007-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    ALIEK QUASIM CARR                          :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 646 MDA 2022

          Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered April 23, 2021
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Lycoming County Criminal Division at
                        No(s): CP-41-CR-0002119-2017

BEFORE: OLSON, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and KING, J.

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.:                           FILED: NOVEMBER 15, 2022

       Appellant, Aliek Quasim Carr, appeals from the April 23, 2021 judgment

of sentence that imposed an aggregate term of incarceration of 6 to 24

months’ (minus 1 day) after the trial court convicted Appellant, in a non-jury

trial, of manufacture, delivery, or possession with the intent to manufacture

or deliver a controlled substance and criminal use of a communication facility.1

We affirm.

       The trial court summarized the factual history as follows:

____________________________________________

1  35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30) and 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 7512(a), respectively.
Appellant’s sentencing order was dated April 23, 2021, but was not entered
on the trial court docket until May 7, 2021. The trial court imposed a sentence
of 6 to 24 months’ (minus 1 day) incarceration for Appellant’s conviction of
manufacture, delivery, or possession with the intent to manufacture or deliver
a controlled substance and the same sentence to run concurrently for his
conviction of criminal use of a communication facility. Trial Court Order,
5/7/21.
J-S28007-22

     Officer Clinton Gardner [(“Officer Gardner”)] of the Williamsport
     Bureau of Police and Detective Devin Thompson [(“Detective
     Thompson”)] of the South Williamsport Police Department
     testified on behalf of the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth
     also submitted a copy of the application for [a] search warrant for
     [Appellant’s] black [“flip” cellular telephone].        The evidence
     established the following. On October 21, 2017, [Officer] Gardner
     was working alone in full uniform in a marked police vehicle in the
     area of High Street and Sixth Avenue near [a gas station and
     convenience store in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Officer] Gardner
     knew the area to be a high crime area, where he had conducted
     multiple narcotics related arrests. When [Officer] Gardner [drove
     his police vehicle] into the parking lot[,] he noticed a heavier[-]set
     black male with a noticeable limp, later identified as [Appellant],
     pumping gas into a vehicle with [an] Illinois [license plate.
     Appellant] looked over at [Officer] Gardner multiple times, and
     walked over to a nearby vehicle [(a white van)] and began talking
     to an individual[ in the white van]. [Officer] Gardner knew that a
     heavier[-]set black male with a limp matching [Appellant’s]
     description [] recently fled from a narcotics[-]related stop with a
     fellow officer. [Officer Gardner interpreted Appellant’s movement
     toward the white van as an effort by Appellant to separate himself
     from the vehicle bearing the Illinois license plate. Officer] Gardner
     then parked his [police] vehicle, so as to not block [Appellant’s
     vehicle], and walked over to [Appellant. Officer] Gardner asked
     [Appellant] "what was going on and what he was doing in the
     area." [Appellant] responded he was in town for court and to see
     friends. Upon [Officer] Gardner asking [Appellant] what his name
     was, [Appellant] provided [Officer] Gardner with his Pennsylvania
     identification [card], which had a Philadelphia[, Pennsylvania]
     address. [Officer Gardner returned to his police vehicle with
     Appellant’s identification card and, using the police vehicle’s
     on-board computer system, searched for any outstanding
     warrants issued against Appellant. After Officer Gardner returned
     Appellant’s identification card to him (as discussed in more detail
     infra), Appellant] then walked back to his vehicle and finished
     pumping gas as [Officer] Gardner spoke with him and continued
     to ask him questions. [Appellant] confirmed that the vehicle was
     a rental. During the interaction, [Officer] Gardner did not indicate
     to [Appellant] that he was not free to leave, he did not brandish
     his firearm, and he did not restrict [Appellant’s] movements in any
     way. [Officer] Gardner then asked if [Appellant] had anything
     illegal on his person. [Appellant] began digging through his
     pockets, which [Officer] Gardner asked him not to do. While

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     [Appellant] was digging through his pockets, [Officer] Gardner
     observed a [pocketknife], a second cell[ular tele]phone [(the
     black “flip” telephone)], and an unknown amount of [United
     States] currency. [Officer] Gardner [then] asked [Appellant] why
     he had two cell[ular tele]phones and asked if there was anything
     illegal in the [vehicle].

     [Officer] Gardner then asked if he could search the [vehicle]. At
     first, [Appellant] gave [Officer] Gardner permission to search the
     driver[’s] side [of the vehicle], but then withdrew consent prior to
     [Officer] Gardner starting his search. [Officer] Gardner then
     informed [Appellant] he would be calling a [narcotics] canine to
     the scene based on his observations. [Officer] Gardner's purpose
     for calling a canine [officer] was: [Appellant’s] presence in [a]
     high narcotics trafficking area, [Appellant] matching the
     description of an individual that fled during a narcotics[-]related
     stop, [Appellant] having a Philadelphia address, which in [Officer]
     Gardner's experience is common for drug traffickers in [the
     Williamsport] area, the possession of two cell[ular tele]phones,
     the bundle of [United States] currency on [Appellant’s] person,
     and [Appellant’s] use of a rental vehicle, which in [Officer]
     Gardner's experience was common among narcotics traffickers
     because [rental vehicles] cannot be forfeited. [Officer] Gardner
     [testified that he] believed[,] at that point[, Appellant] was
     detained and would have to wait for a canine [officer] to arrive.
     After being informed that a canine would be called, [Appellant]
     offered consent to search [his vehicle,] and [Officer] Gardner
     explained that [Appellant] did not have to provide consent and
     that he was not forcing [Appellant] to [permit a] search [of] the
     vehicle.    [Appellant] still agreed to grant [Officer] Gardner
     consent[. D]uring the search, [Officer] Gardner found small
     rubber bands, [which in Officer Gardner’s experience were]
     commonly used in the packaging of heroin[,] in the sunglass visor
     [of the vehicle]. When asked why he had the bands, [Appellant]
     stated [the bands were] for his hair, but [Officer Gardner observed
     that Appellant] had a shaved head at the time.

     [After Officer Gardner searched Appellant’s vehicle, but before the
     arrival of the narcotics canine, Officer] Gardner searched
     [Appellant’s] person. The search of [Appellant’s person] yielded
     two cell[ular tele]phones and ninety-five dollars in mostly
     twenty[-]dollar denominations in two separate bundles. [Officer]
     Gardner testified that the use of two cell[ular tele]phones,
     twenty[-]dollar denominations, and separate bundles of
     [currency] were all factors consistent with narcotics trafficking.

                                    -3-
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      [Detective] Thompson then arrived with his canine [officer] and
      was informed of the ongoing situation. The [narcotics] canine
      alerted several times to the rear portion of the middle console [of
      the vehicle]. [Police] officers then [removed] the rear portion of
      the console to find a grey[-]colored satchel that contained a worn
      prescription bottle containing fifty oxycodone pills with
      [Appellant’s] name on [the bottle]. Based on [Officer] Gardner's
      training and experience and because of the location [where the
      prescription] bottle was stored, [its] worn condition[,] and the pills
      having different insignias/stamps, [Officer Gardner concluded] the
      pills were for illegal sale. [Appellant] was then taken into custody
      and searched further.

      [Officer] Gardner then obtained a search warrant for [Appellant’s]
      black [“flip” cellular tele]phone. The search warrant [described]
      the items to be searched as "any electronically stored information
      and records, including all call logs, [short message service
      (“SMS”)] and [multimedia messaging service (“MMS”)] messages,
      [electronic mail messages (“emails”)], contacts list, photographs,
      videos, or any other electronic storage devices contained within
      the above mentioned [cellular tele]phone. In relation to 10/14/17
      to 10/21/17 as described below[.] CG#74 [(Officer Gardner’s
      initials and police badge number)]." The items to be seized were
      "any and all information relating to violations of the Controlled
      Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act[, 35 P.S. §§ 780-101
      to 780-144,] and [18] Pa.C.S.A [§ 7512] (criminal use of a
      communication facility) from 10/14/2017 to 10/21/2017." From
      the search[, police] officers took twenty[-]six photographs of
      incoming/outgoing messages.

Trial Court Opinion, 12/31/19, at 1-4 (extraneous capitalization, original

brackets, and record citations omitted).

      On November 3, 2017, law enforcement personnel filed a criminal

complaint against Appellant, charging him with the aforementioned crimes.

Appellant waived his right to arraignment on December 19, 2017, and

requested that the matter be scheduled for trial. On January 4, 2018, the

Commonwealth filed a criminal information against Appellant setting forth the

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aforementioned criminal charges.               The trial court subsequently placed

Appellant’s case on the March 2018 trial list. Upon Appellant’s request, and

without objection from the Commonwealth, Appellant’s trial was continued to

October 2018, due to Appellant having undergone a medical procedure. Due

to Appellant’s travel restrictions, which were the result of his medical

rehabilitation, Appellant’s trial was continued three additional times. On May

31, 2019, the trial court, having been notified by Appellant’s counsel that plea

negotiations were unsuccessful, and the matter should be set for trial, granted

Appellant’s continuance and scheduled the matter to proceed to a pre-trial

conference on July 9, 2019.

       On June 27, 2019, Appellant filed a motion seeking permission to file an

omnibus pre-trial motion to suppress evidence nunc pro tunc.2 The trial court

scheduled argument on Appellant’s request for leave to file a suppression

motion nunc pro tunc for July 9, 2019, as part of the previously scheduled

pre-trial conference. The trial court granted Appellant’s request, and on July

11, 2019, Appellant filed an omnibus pre-trial motion to suppress evidence

____________________________________________

2 Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 579 states that an omnibus pre-trial
motion “shall be filed and served within 30 days after arraignment, unless
opportunity therefor did not exist, or the defendant or defense attorney, or
the attorney for the Commonwealth, was not aware of the grounds for the
motion, or unless the time for filing has been extended by the court for cause
shown.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 579(A). Appellant was required to seek the trial court’s
permission to file an omnibus motion nunc pro tunc in July 2019, because it
was more than 30 days after Appellant waived his arraignment on December
29, 2017.

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nunc pro tunc (“omnibus motion”).3             On October 14, 2019, the trial court

entertained substantive argument on Appellant’s omnibus motion, and

thereafter granted the parties’ requests to submit briefs on the matter.

Appellant submitted a brief in support of his omnibus motion on November 7,

2019, and the Commonwealth submitted a brief in opposition to the omnibus

motion on November 26, 2019. On December 31, 2019, the trial court denied

Appellant’s omnibus motion.

       The trial court conducted a pre-trial conference on July 14, 2020.4 On

October 2, 2020, Appellant pleaded not guilty to the aforementioned charges

and waived his right to a trial-by-jury. Appellant subsequently filed a motion

seeking the return of property seized by law enforcement.            The trial court

granted that motion on January 27, 2021, having been notified that the

Commonwealth no longer contested the return of the seized property.5

       On January 27, 2021, the trial court, in a non-jury trial, convicted

Appellant of the two aforementioned criminal charges. On April 23, 2021,

Appellant was sentenced to an aggregate term of incarceration of 6 to 24

____________________________________________

3 The trial court granted Appellant’s motion to file an omnibus motion nunc
pro tunc in an order that was dated July 9, 2019, but was not entered on the
trial court docket until July 26, 2019.

4Appellant’s pre-trial conference was delayed until July 14, 2020, due to the
COVID-19 global pandemic.

5 The seized property included $6,400.00 in United States currency, two
prescription bottles, and two cellular telephones. Appellant’s Motion for
Return of Property, 10/15/20, at ¶2.

                                           -6-
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months, less one day, and was ordered to pay all costs of prosecution and

perform 100 hours of community service.6 Trial Court Order, 5/7/21. On April

28, 2021, Appellant filed a post-sentence motion.        The trial court denied

Appellant’s post-sentence motion on July 2, 2021. Appellant filed a notice of

appeal on July 26, 2021.

       This Court docketed Appellant’s notice of appeal at 1063 MDA 2021. In

a September 22, 2021 per curiam order, this Court directed Appellant to file

a Pa.R.A.P. 3517 docketing statement by October 4, 2021, and advised

Appellant that if a docketing statement were not filed, his appeal would be

dismissed. In an October 29, 2021 per curiam order, this Court dismissed

Appellant’s appeal for failure to file a Rule 3517 docketing statement, and the

certified record was returned to the trial court. On January 6, 2022, Appellant

filed a motion with this Court to reinstate his appeal on the grounds that notice

of this Court’s aforementioned per curiam orders had not been provided to

Appellant’s counsel.7      In a January 18, 2022 per curiam order, we denied

Appellant’s request because this Court no longer had jurisdiction to reinstate

____________________________________________

6 Appellant received credit for time served from November 17, 2017, to
December 19, 2017. Trial Court Order, 5/7/21. The trial court also ordered
that Appellant remain released on bail pending his appeal, and directed that
Appellant not travel outside the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania without court
approval. Id.

7 The service list attached to each of this Court’s aforementioned per curiam
orders reflects that notice of each order was forwarded to Appellant’s counsel
via the PaCFile system.

                                           -7-
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Appellant’s appeal pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5505, which states that courts

may only modify dispositional orders within 30 days.

      On remand, the Commonwealth filed a motion to revoke Appellant’s bail

because his “appeal was no longer pending.”          Commonwealth’s Motion to

Revoke Bail, 3/25/22, at ¶7. On March 25, 2022, Appellant filed a petition

pursuant   to   the   Post   Conviction   Relief   Act   (“PCRA”),   42   Pa.C.S.A.

§§ 9541-9546.     In his PCRA petition, Appellant asked the PCRA court to

reinstate his direct appeal rights. PCRA Petition, 3/25/22, at ¶9. On April 25,

2022, the trial court granted the Commonwealth’s motion to revoke

Appellant’s bail and directed Appellant to begin serving his sentence, effective

that same day. Trial Court Order, 4/25/22. In that same order, the PCRA

court granted Appellant’s petition for collateral relief and ordered that

Appellant could file a notice of appeal nunc pro tunc within 30 days of said

order. In so doing, the court stated,

      [O]n March 25, 2022, counsel for [Appellant] filed a [PCRA
      petition] seeking relief in the form of permission to appeal nunc
      pro tunc.       This matter is currently scheduled for a
      conference/argument on June 6, 2022. However, in order for
      [Appellant] to be eligible for PCRA relief, he must actually be
      serving a sentence.

      At the time of the hearing on today’s date, counsel for the
      Commonwealth indicated that he had no objection to the [PCRA
      court] addressing [Appellant’s] PCRA petition at this time, and
      that [the Commonwealth was] agreeable to the requested relief
      being granted, so that [Appellant] may file his [direct] appeal nunc
      pro tunc. Additionally, the Commonwealth indicated that [it did]
      not object to [Appellant’s] bail being modified to make him
      [s]upervised [b]ail [e]ligible pending determination of his appeal.

                                      -8-
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Id. at 1-2. Thereafter, Appellant filed a notice of appeal on April 28, 2022.

On May 4, 2022, Appellant was directed to file a concise statement of errors

complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Appellant filed his

Rule 1925(b) statement on May 9, 2022. On May 13, 2022, the trial court

filed its Rule 1925(a) opinion, relying on its July 2, 2021, and December 31,

2019 opinions.

       Appellant raises the following issue for our review: “Whether the trial

court erred in denying Appellant’s [omnibus] motion to suppress evidence

seized from his person and from a vehicle he was operating?” Appellant’s

Brief at 5 (extraneous capitalization omitted).8

       Preliminarily we must discuss the procedural posture of this case as the

question of whether the PCRA court had judicial power to permit Appellant to

file a direct appeal nunc pro tunc implicates our jurisdiction. Commonwealth

v. Gaines, 127 A.3d 15, 17 (Pa. Super. 2015) (en banc). In the case sub

judice, Appellant filed a PCRA petition requesting permission to file a direct

appeal nunc pro tunc. Section 9543 of the PCRA states, inter alia, that in

order to be eligible for relief, a petitioner must plead and prove by a

preponderance of the evidence that he or she is “currently serving a sentence

of imprisonment, probation[,] or parole for the crime” for which he or she was

convicted. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(1)(i). This eligibility requirement – that

____________________________________________

8 In a letter filed with this Court on July 27, 2022, the Commonwealth stated
that it would not file a brief in this matter.

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the petitioner is currently serving a sentence of imprisonment, probation, or

parole – “implicates only the petitioner’s ability to obtain a remedy through

[PCRA] proceedings, not the jurisdiction of the PCRA court to act on a

petition.”   Commonwealth v. Fields, 197 A.3d 1217, 1222 (Pa. Super.

2018) (en banc).     Thus, in the case sub judice, if the PCRA court lacked

statutory authority to grant Appellant relief in the form of permission to file

an appeal nunc pro tunc, Appellant’s subsequent notice of appeal was void ab

initio, and we are without jurisdiction to address the underlying merits of this

appeal.

      Here, prior to filing his PCRA petition, Appellant was released on bail

pending the outcome of his direct appeal (1063 MDA 2021), which this Court

dismissed on October 29, 2021. Thus, at the time Appellant filed his PCRA

petition, Appellant was not yet serving his term of incarceration but was still

subject to a form of punishment and supervision by the judicial system as his

sentence had not yet been completed. See Commonwealth v. Orman, 408

A.2d 518, 520 (Pa. Super. 1979) (stating that, a petitioner, who is released

on bail, is still “in custody” for purposes of filing a writ of habeas corpus); see

also Commonwealth v. Fisher, 703 A.2d 714, 717 (Pa. Super. 1997)

(stating that, “the PCRA’s requirement of ‘currently serving’ is consistent with

the federal habeas corpus provision[] requiring that a petitioner be ‘in custody’

in order to obtain [] relief”); compare with Commonwealth v. Hart, 911

A.2d 939, 942 (Pa. Super. 2006) (stating, “[a]s soon as his sentence is

completed, the petitioner becomes ineligible for relief, regardless of whether

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he was serving his sentence when he filed the petition” (emphasis added)).

Therefore, within the procedural posture of the case sub judice, Appellant

satisfied the Section 9543(a)(1)(i) eligibility requirement - petitioner is

currently serving a sentence of imprisonment, probation, or parole - for

purposes of seeking collateral relief under the PCRA. Consequently, the PCRA

court had the judicial power to reinstate Appellant’s direct appeal rights. Thus,

we have jurisdiction to reach the merits of this appeal.

      Appellant’s issue challenges the trial court’s denial of his omnibus

motion, which sought to suppress physical evidence uncovered during a

search of Appellant’s person and vehicle. Appellant’s Brief at 11-20.

      An appellate court’s standard and scope of review of a challenge to the

denial of a suppression motion is well-settled.

         An appellate court's standard of review in addressing a
         challenge to the denial of a suppression motion is limited to
         determining whether the suppression court's factual
         findings are supported by the record and whether the legal
         conclusions drawn from those facts are correct. [When] the
         Commonwealth prevailed before the suppression court, we
         may consider only the evidence of the Commonwealth and
         so much of the evidence for the defense as remains
         uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as a
         whole. Where the suppression court's factual findings are
         supported by the record, the appellate court is bound by
         those findings and may reverse only if the [suppression]
         court's legal conclusions are erroneous. Where the appeal
         of the determination of the suppression court turns on
         allegations of legal error, the suppression court's legal
         conclusions are not binding on the appellate court, whose
         duty it is to determine if the suppression court properly
         applied the law to the facts. Thus, the conclusions of law of
         the [suppression] court are subject to plenary review.

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       Commonwealth v. Hoppert, 39 A.3d 358, 361-[3]62
       (Pa. Super. 2012)[, appeal denied, 57 A.3d 68 (Pa. 2012)].

       Moreover, “appellate courts are limited to reviewing only the
       evidence presented at the suppression hearing when examining a
       ruling on a pre-trial motion to suppress.” Commonwealth v.
       Stilo, 138 A.3d 33, 35-36 (Pa. Super. 2016)[.]

Commonwealth v. Wright, 224 A.3d 1104, 1108 (Pa. Super. 2019) (original

brackets and ellipsis omitted), appeal denied, 237 A.3d 393 (Pa. 2020).

                                  Police Interaction

       At the foundation of his challenge, Appellant contends he was subjected

to an investigative detention when “he was interrogated by Officer Gardner”

and that this investigative detention was not supported by reasonable

suspicion. Appellant’s Brief at 12.

       The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, made

applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, and Article I,

Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution protects individuals from unlawful

searches and seizures.9 Our Supreme Court has long held that although the

____________________________________________

9   The Fourth Amendment provides,

       The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
       papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,
       shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon
       probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly
       describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to
       be seized.

U.S. CONST. amend. IV. The Pennsylvania Constitution provides,

                                          - 12 -
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Pennsylvania Constitution provides broader protection from unreasonable

searches and seizures than the United States Constitution, the Terry doctrine,

announced in the seminal case of Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), “sets

forth    the   reasonableness      standard    for   Article I,   [Section] 8   of   the

Pennsylvania Constitution.” Commonwealth v. Hicks, 208 A.3d 916, 925

and 940 (Pa. 2019) (stating, “the Terry doctrine unequivocally requires

something suggestive of criminal activity before an investigative detention

may occur” (emphasis omitted)).

        The Hicks Court explained the distinction between a mere encounter

and an investigative detention as follows:

        [W]arrantless interactions between citizens and police officers fall
        into three categories, distinguished one from another by
        consideration of whether the citizen has been “seized” within the
        meaning of the Fourth Amendment, the intrusiveness and extent
        of the seizure, and the justification therefor. The first type of
        interaction - a mere encounter - does not constitute a seizure. It
        generally involves a request for information and requires no
        particular suspicion of criminality because it carries no official
        compulsion to stop or to respond. During a mere encounter, as
        long as the person to whom questions are put remains free to
        disregard the questions and walk away, there has been no
        intrusion upon that person's liberty or privacy as would under the

____________________________________________

        The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and
        possessions from unreasonable searches and seizures, and no
        warrant to search any place or to seize any person or things shall
        issue without describing them as nearly as may be, nor without
        probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation subscribed to by
        the affiant.

PA CONST. art. I, § 8.

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      Constitution     require   some   particularized   and    objective
      justification.

      We recognize only two types of lawful, warrantless seizures of the
      person, both of which require an appropriate showing of
      antecedent justification: first, an arrest based upon probable
      cause; second, a[n investigative detention] based upon
      reasonable suspicion. Here, we are concerned with this latter type
      of seizure - interchangeably labeled an “investigative detention,”
      a “Terry stop,” or, when coupled with a brief pat-down search for
      weapons on the suspect's person, a “stop and frisk.”

      To maintain constitutional validity, an investigative detention
      must be supported by a reasonable and articulable suspicion that
      the person seized is engaged in criminal activity and may continue
      only so long as is necessary to confirm or dispel such suspicion.
      The asserted grounds for an investigative detention must be
      evaluated under the totality of the circumstances. So long as the
      initial detention is lawful, nothing precludes a police officer from
      acting upon the fortuitous discovery of evidence suggesting a
      different crime than that initially suspected[.] However, an
      unjustified seizure immediately violates the Fourth Amendment
      rights of the suspect, taints the evidence recovered thereby, and
      subjects that evidence to the exclusionary rule.

Hicks, 208 A.3d at 927-928 (citations, original quotation marks, and original

brackets omitted). The reasonable suspicion standard allows “a police officer

to stop an individual based upon [‘]specific and articulable facts[’] and

[‘]rational inferences from those facts[’] that warrant a belief that the

individual is involved in criminal activity.” Id. at 932 (citation and original

quotation marks omitted).

      For purposes of the Fourth Amendment, a person is “seized”
      when, “in view of all the circumstances surrounding the incident,
      a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to
      leave.” United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554 []
      (1980). When a police officer “accosts an individual and restrains
      his freedom to walk away, he has ‘seized’ that person.” Brown[
      v. Texas], 443 U.S. [47,] 50 [(1979),] quoting Terry, 392 U.S.
      at 16[.] In assessing the impression that would be given to a

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      reasonable person, a court must determine “whether, taking into
      account all of the circumstances surrounding the encounter, the
      police conduct would ‘have communicated to a reasonable person
      that he was not at liberty to ignore the police presence and go
      about his business.’” Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 437 []
      (1991)[,] quoting Michigan v. Chesternut, 486 U.S. 567, 569 []
      (1988)[.]

Hicks, 208 A.3d at 926-927.

      The question of whether a seizure occurred presents a pure question of

law and, thus, is subject to plenary review. Commonwealth v. Lyles, 97

A.3d 298, 302 (Pa. 2014).      “In evaluating the level of interaction, courts

conduct an objective examination of the totality of the surrounding

circumstances.” Id. “The pivotal inquiry is whether, in light of the facts and

circumstances[,] a reasonable [citizen], innocent of any crime, would have

thought he[, or she,] was being restrained had he[, or she,] been in the

defendant's shoes.”    Commonwealth v. Hampton, 204 A.3d 452, 458

(Pa. Super. 2019).    Factors considered in the totality-of-the-circumstances

analysis include: (1) demeanor of the police officer and tone of voice; (2)

manner of expression used by the police officer in addressing the citizen; (3)

whether the police officer informs the citizen that he or she is suspected of

criminal activity; (4) the location and time of the interaction; (5) the visible

presence of weapons on the police officer’s person; and (6) the content of the

questions asked or statements made by the police officer. Commonwealth

v. Parker, 161 A.3d 557, 363 (Pa. Super. 2017)

      “[A] seizure does not occur where [police] officers merely approach a

person in public and question the individual or request to see identification.”

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Lyles, 97 A.3d at 303; see also Commonwealth v. Cost, 224 A.3d 641,

650 (Pa. 2020) (stating, a police “officer's mere request for identification does

not, by itself, transform what would otherwise be a mere encounter into an

investigatory detention”).    Police officers “may request identification or

question an individual so long as the [police] officers do not convey a message

that compliance with their requests is required[ and the] individual still

maintains the right to ignore the police [officers] and go about his[, or her,]

business.”   Lyles, 97 A.3d at 303 (citations and original quotation marks

omitted). Within the totality of the circumstances assessment, “the retention

by [a] police [officer] of an identification card to conduct a warrant check will

generally be a material and substantial escalating factor” that in certain

instances may transform a mere encounter into an investigative detention.

Cost, 224 A.3d at 651; see also Commonwealth v. Anderson, 276 A.3d

282, 299 (Pa. Super. 2022) (en banc).

      Here, Appellant asserts that he was “subjected to an investigative

detention when he was interrogated by Officer Gardner concerning who he

was, where he was from[,] and what he was doing in Williamsport.”

Appellant’s Brief at 12. The trial court found,

      [Appellant] was subjected to an investigatory detention when
      [Officer] Gardner informed him a [narcotics] canine would be
      brought to the scene. At that moment, a reasonable person would
      not believe he was free to leave, which in fact [Officer] Gardner
      testified [Appellant] was not permitted to leave at that point.

                                     - 16 -
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Trial Court Opinion, 12/31/19, at 6 (record citation omitted).10

       The record demonstrates that on October 21, 2017, while in police

uniform and driving a marked patrol vehicle, Officer Gardner observed

Appellant, who he described as a black male having a slight limp when he

walked, as Officer Gardner drove his police vehicle into the parking lot of a

gas station and convenience store. N.T., 10/14/19, at 4-5. Officer Gardner

described the parking lot as located in “a high-narcotics trafficking area” based

upon his experience and the number of narcotics-related arrests he conducted

in that area. Id. at 4. Officer Gardner’s observation of Appellant matched

the description of a “black male, heavier set[,] with a limp” who fled a

narcotics-related traffic stop, according to information a fellow police officer

communicated to Officer Gardner prior to October 21, 2017.           Id. at 5-6.

Officer Gardner testified that when he first observed Appellant, he was

pumping gas into his vehicle at a filling station in the parking lot of the gas

station. Id. at 5. After looking at Officer Gardner multiple times, Appellant

walked to another vehicle that was parked near-by in the same parking lot

and appeared to be talking with someone in the near-by vehicle. Id. Without

activating his police vehicle lights or sirens, Officer Gardner parked his vehicle

in such a way as to not block the movement of Appellant’s vehicle. Id. at 6.
____________________________________________

10  The Commonwealth conceded that Appellant was subjected to an
investigative detention when Officer Gardner informed Appellant that he was
calling a narcotics canine to the scene. See Commonwealth’s Brief in
Opposition to Appellant’s Motion to Suppress, 11/26/19, at unnumbered page
8.

                                          - 17 -
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Upon exiting his police vehicle, Officer Gardner, in full uniform and armed,

approached Appellant. Id. at 6, 18. Officer Gardner, upon approach, asked

Appellant his purpose for being in Williamsport, to which Appellant indicated

that he was in Williamsport to visit friends and “for court.” Id. Officer Gardner

“explained to [Appellant] that [a fellow police officer] had a male run from him

recently” and then asked Appellant his name. Id. at 6. Appellant provided

Officer Gardner with a Pennsylvania identification card. Id. at 6, 18. Upon

receiving Appellant’s identification card, Officer Gardner noted that Appellant

had a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania address. Id. at 6. Officer Gardner returned

to his police vehicle with Appellant’s identification card and, using the vehicle’s

on-board computer system, searched for outstanding warrants issued against

Appellant.    Id. at 19.     Officer Gardner then walked back to Appellant and

returned his identification card to him.11 Id.

       At this point, Appellant walked back to his vehicle, located near a gas

pump, and Officer Gardner followed him.            Id. at 7, 19.    Noticing that

Appellant’s vehicle had an out-of-state license plate, Officer Gardner asked

Appellant if the vehicle was rented, and Appellant confirmed that the vehicle

was, in fact, a rental vehicle. Id. at 7. Officer Gardner then asked Appellant

____________________________________________

11  Although Officer Gardner testified that he “assumed” he returned
Appellant’s identification card to him, he did not recall specifically doing so.
Because we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth, as the prevailing party, it may be inferred that Officer
Gardner returned Appellant’s identification card to him. N.T., 10/14/19, at
19.

                                          - 18 -
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if “he had anything illegal on his person” because he noticed that Appellant

had “a [pocketknife] clipped to his front right pant[s] pocket.” Id. Appellant

“began digging through his pockets” and continued to do so despite Officer

Gardner’s request that he stop.       Id.     Officer Gardner testified that, as

Appellant was “digging through his pockets,” he observed a second cellular

telephone (a black “flip” cellular telephone), in Appellant’s possession, in

addition to a different cellular telephone seen in Appellant’s possession earlier.

Id. at 7, 20-21.     When asked why he had a second cellular telephone,

Appellant did not provide an answer. Id. at 7-8. It was at this point that

Officer Gardner asked Appellant if he had anything illegal in his vehicle and

whether Appellant would consent to a search of the vehicle. Id. at 8. Officer

Gardner testified that Appellant initially provided consent to search the driver’s

side of the vehicle but then withdrew his consent. Id. at 8-9, 21. Officer

Gardner, thereupon, informed Appellant that he would be requesting a canine

officer to the scene that was trained to detect, inter alia, the presence of

narcotics. Id. at 8, 21. Officer Gardner considered Appellant “detained” at

this point. Id. at 21 (stating, “[a]t that point he was, in my mind, detained”).

Officer Gardner testified that Appellant then stated there was nothing illegal

in the vehicle and consented to a search of the vehicle. Id. at 8, 21-22.

      Officer Gardner, upon conducting a human search of Appellant’s vehicle,

found “heroin packing bands and a clear plastic bag” in the sunglass

compartment located above the front windshield of the vehicle. Id. at 11, 22.

When asked why he possessed these small, black rubber bands, Appellant

                                     - 19 -
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informed him they were for use in his hair, which Officer Gardner noted

Appellant did not have any hair. Id. at 11-12. Officer Gardner then conducted

a search of Appellant’s person, recovering two cellular telephones and two

bundles of United States currency.12 Id. at 12, 22.

        Thereafter, the narcotics canine arrived with his handler, Detective

Thompson. Id. at 12, 25. Officer Gardner informed Detective Thompson that

Appellant initially consented to a search of his vehicle, withdrew that consent,

and upon learning that a narcotics canine was requested to the scene,

consented to a search of the vehicle. Id. at 26-27; see also id. at 12-13

(setting forth similar testimony by Officer Gardner).     The narcotics canine

alerted the police officers to the possible presence of narcotics in the “rear

portion of the center console[.]”13 Id. at 13. Upon further search, the police

officers found a “gray-colored satchel” containing a prescription bottle, having

____________________________________________

12Officer Gardner retrieved a total of $95.00 in United States currency, the
majority of which was in $20.00 denominations. The two bundles were
comprised of $60.00 and $35.00, respectively. N.T., 10/14/19, at 12.

13   Detective Thompson described the canine search of the vehicle as follows,

        “I typically do [a search] twice. [The canine officer] was first
        deployed on an on-lead search of the [vehicle. The canine officer]
        quickly alerted to the rear area of the center console towards the
        back seats. I brought [the canine officer] back out of the car,
        unhooked him from the lead, let him do a second interior search
        not connected to me as the handler and he, again, quickly alerted
        to the same location.

N.T., 10/14/19, at 27.

                                          - 20 -
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a well-worn label indicating the bottle belonged to Appellant, with 50

oxycodone tablets in the bottle. Id. at 13, 23. Thereupon, Appellant was

taken into custody and transported to the police station for further

questioning. Id. at 14. A search warrant was subsequently obtained for the

search of Appellant’s black “flip” cellular telephone. Id. at 14-15.

      Upon review, we concur with the trial court, and the record supports,

that Officer Gardner had reasonable suspicion to subject Appellant to an

investigatory detention. We conclude as a matter of law, however, that based

upon the individual circumstances of the case sub judice, the investigative

detention of Appellant began when Officer Gardner obtained Appellant’s

identification card and returned to his police vehicle with the identification card

to conduct an inquiry after informing Appellant that a fellow police officer “had

a male run from him recently[.]”

      The record demonstrates that Officer Gardner, armed with the

knowledge that a male matching Appellant’s description recently fled a

narcotics-related traffic stop, approached Appellant and inquired about his

presence in Williamsport. Officer Gardner was in full police uniform, which

included a visible firearm.     Upon hearing Appellant’s explanation, Officer

Gardner informed Appellant that a fellow police officer “had a male run from

him recently[,]” objectively implying that the male was a person-of-interest

to the fellow police officer. Officer Gardner then asked Appellant his name, to

which Appellant responded by providing Officer Gardner an identification card.

Noting that Appellant lived in Philadelphia, Officer Gardner took the

                                      - 21 -
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identification card and returned to his police vehicle to conduct an inquiry

using the police vehicle’s on-board computer system. There is no evidence,

however, that, prior to returning to his police vehicle with the identification

card, Officer Gardner explained to Appellant why he retained Appellant’s

identification card and what he intended to do with it upon his return to the

police vehicle.

      An objective assessment of the totality of the circumstances in the case

sub judice demonstrates that Appellant was not free to terminate his

encounter with Officer Gardner once the police officer retained Appellant’s

identification card and returned to the police vehicle to conduct a warrant

search and further inquiries. It was at this moment that Appellant’s mere

encounter with Officer Gardner was transformed into an investigative

detention. See Lyles, 97 A.3d at 304 (stating, a mere “encounter involving

a request for identification could rise to a detention when coupled with

circumstances of restraint of liberty, physical force, show of authority, or some

level of coercion beyond the [police] officer's mere employment, conveying a

demand for compliance or that there will be tangible consequences from a

refusal”); see also Cost, 224 A.3d at 651 (noting that, “[o]nce the

identification is handed over to police and they have had a reasonable

opportunity to review it, if the identification is not returned to the detainee it

is difficult to imagine that any reasonable person would feel free to leave

without it” (original brackets omitted)); Anderson, 276 A.3d at 300 (finding

that, a police officer’s request for identification coupled with investigatory

                                     - 22 -
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questions, i.e., whether the person was on parole or had anything illegal on

his person, “clearly demonstrated a ‘substantial escalating factor’ within the

totality assessment that [the person] was, indeed subjected to an

investigative detention”); Parker, 161 A.3d at 364 n.9 (recognizing that an

investigatory detention occurs when a police officer informs a citizen that he

is talking to the citizen because he fits the description of a suspect in a nearby

criminal incident and immediately asks for identification).

      Although, as a matter of law, Appellant’s mere encounter with Officer

Gardner, based upon the facts as supported by the record, transformed into

an investigative detention earlier in time than originally determined by the

trial court (or conceded to by the Commonwealth), we concur that Officer

Gardner had reasonable suspicion of criminal activity when he initiated this

investigative detention. Officer Gardner articulated that the area in which he

encountered Appellant was a “high-narcotics trafficking area” in which he

previously conducted a number of narcotics-related arrests.           Appellant’s

appearance, according to Officer Gardner, matched that of a “black male,

heavier[-]set with a limp” that recently fled a narcotics-related traffic stop

conducted by a fellow police officer. In particular, Officer Gardner observed

Appellant walking in the parking lot with a limp. Officer Gardner further stated

that, while he was driving his police vehicle into the gas station parking lot,

he noticed that Appellant demonstrated suspicious behavior in that he “looked

over at [Officer Gardner] multiple times” before walking away from his vehicle

in an effort, as it appeared to Officer Gardner, to distance himself from his

                                     - 23 -
J-S28007-22

vehicle.    Finally, upon reviewing Appellant’s identification card, Officer

Gardner noted that Appellant resided in Philadelphia. Officer Gardner knew

from his law enforcement experience that individuals from Philadelphia came

to Williamsport “for the sole purpose of narcotics trafficking.” In viewing the

totality of the circumstances, Officer Gardner’s investigative detention of

Appellant was based upon specific and articulable facts, and rational

inferences from those facts, which warranted a belief that Appellant may have

been involved in criminal activity. Therefore, we discern no error in the trial

court’s conclusion that reasonable suspicion supported the investigative

detention of Appellant.

                            Consent to Search Vehicle

       Next, Appellant asserts that his consent to search his vehicle was not

given voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently and, therefore, any items seized

as a result of this search should have been suppressed.14 Appellant’s Brief at

13-14.

       It is well-settled that,

       [a] search conducted without a warrant is deemed to be
       unreasonable and therefore constitutionally impermissible, unless
       an established exception applies. One such exception is consent,
       voluntarily given. The central Fourth Amendment inquiries in
       consent cases entail assessment of the constitutional validity of

____________________________________________

14 To the extent that Appellant asserts that the evidence seized from a search
of his vehicle was the product of an illegal investigatory detention unsupported
by reasonable suspicion (see Appellant’s Brief at 13-14), we find this
argument moot in light in of our discussion supra.

                                          - 24 -
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      the citizen[-]police encounter giving rise to the consent; and,
      ultimately, the voluntariness of consent.

Commonwealth v. Strickler, 757 A.2d 884, 888 (Pa. 2000) (citations

omitted). When “a lawful interaction precede[s] an alleged consent, the court

must then determine whether the [Commonwealth] has adequately proven

that the consent was made voluntarily and was not the product of duress or

coercion.” Commonwealth v. Reid, 811 A.2d 530, 545 (Pa. 2002), cert.

denied, 540 U.S. 850 (2003).          A “court must review the totality of

circumstances surrounding a consent to determine whether it was made

voluntarily” and in so doing “should evaluate the characteristics of the accused

[(i.e., the accused’s age, education, and prior criminal history)], the

interaction between the accused and the police, and assess how a reasonable

person in the accused's shoes would have reacted to that interaction.” Reid,

811 A.2d at 546 (footnote omitted).

      [T]he following factors [] are pertinent to a determination of
      whether consent to search is voluntarily given: 1) the presence or
      absence of police excesses; 2) whether there was physical
      contact; 3) whether police directed the citizen's movements; 4)
      police demeanor and manner of expression; 5) the location of the
      interdiction; 6) the content of the questions and statements; 7)
      the existence and character of the initial investigative detention,
      including its degree of coerciveness; 8) whether the person has
      been told that he is free to leave; and 9) whether the citizen has
      been informed that he is not required to consent to the search.

Commonwealth v. Kemp, 961 A.2d 1247, 1261 (Pa. Super. 2008), relying

on Strickler, 757 A.2d at 898-899. Ultimately, the “Commonwealth bears

the burden of establishing that a consent is the product of an essentially free

                                     - 25 -
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and unconstrained choice - not the result of duress or coercion, express or

implied, or a will overborne - under the totality of the circumstances.”

Strickler, 757 A.2d at 901.

      We concluded supra that Officer Gardner possessed reasonable

suspicion to support the investigative detention he initiated by securing

Appellant’s identification card and returning with it to his police vehicle to

undertake informational searches.          When asked by Officer Gardner,

thereafter, Appellant denied the presence of contraband in his vehicle. N.T.,

10/14/19, at 8. Officer Gardner then asked Appellant if he would consent to

a search of the vehicle. Id. Appellant initially consented to a search of the

driver’s side of the vehicle but then withdrew his consent. Id. Officer Gardner

then informed Appellant that he intended to request a narcotics canine to

conduct a search of the vehicle. Id. at 8-9. Appellant then provided consent

to search the vehicle. Id. at 8-10. Officer Gardner explained to Appellant

“multiple times he did not have to provide consent, [and that] I was not forcing

him to [consent to a] search [of] the vehicle.” Id. at 8. Specifically, Officer

Gardner testified that,

      Once he learned that I was calling a [canine officer,] or that I was
      requesting a [canine officer,] is when he said you can go ahead
      and search [the vehicle]. Officer Minnier was also on scene at that
      point. I reiterated to [Appellant], like I said, multiple times I said,
      you know, you already said no [to a search of the] driver’s side
      [of the vehicle]. I said you don’t have to provide consent, I’m not
      forcing you to provide consent, it’s up to you and he, again, stated
      that he understood and that I may search [the vehicle].

Id. at 10.

                                      - 26 -
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      Based upon the totality of the circumstances, we concur with the trial

court that Appellant’s “consent was part of a lawful police interaction and was

voluntarily given to [Officer] Gardner despite [Officer] Gardner informing him

multiple times that he did not have to consent.”      See Trial Court Opinion,

12/31/19, at 10.    Importantly, it may be inferred that, because Appellant

initially provided limited consent, but subsequently withdrew his consent, he

understood (1) he did not need to consent to a search of the vehicle, and (2)

he was able to withdraw or limit the scope of the consent to search the vehicle

even after providing it. In viewing the evidence presented in the light most

favorable to the Commonwealth as the prevailing party at the suppression

hearing, Officer Gardner informed Appellant multiple times that he was not

compelled to give consent.    Moreover, while Appellant agreed to permit a

search of the vehicle after Officer Gardner advised that he intended to

summon a narcotics canine to the scene, we do not find Officer Gardner’s

reference to the canine officer to be so coercive that it vitiates the voluntary

nature of Appellant’s consent. Rather, Appellant’s knowledge that a narcotics

canine would be brought to the scene provided Appellant with a full

understanding of the scope and method of the ensuing search to which he

would be subjected.    Ultimately, Appellant consented to the canine search

without limitation, either in terms of the area of the vehicle to be searched or

the method by which the search would be conducted, i.e., human search

verses canine search. As such, we conclude that Officer Gardner’s statements

informing Appellant of an impending canine search did not diminish the

                                     - 27 -
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voluntary nature of Appellant’s consent. See Commonwealth v. Valdivia,

195 A.3d 855, 862-870 (Pa. 2018) (holding that, a police officer’s failure to

inform a defendant that a search was to be conducted by a canine officer,

rather than by a human police officer, goes to the scope of the permitted

search and does not invalidate the voluntariness of the consent absent

additional evidence that the police officer acted stealthily, secretly, or

deceitfully).   Moreover, because Appellant provided consent for the police

officers to conduct a human search of his vehicle, the recovery of the “heroin

packing bands,” together with the clear plastic bag, from the vehicle’s

sunglass compartment was constitutionally sound.

      Appellant argues, alternatively, that, even if his consent to search the

vehicle is deemed voluntary, he did not authorize the use of a narcotics canine

to search the interior of the vehicle. Appellant’s Brief at 17 (stating, “Appellant

never gave consent to a [canine] search at all[, rather his] consent was limited

to the driver[’s] side of the vehicle”).

      As our Supreme Court in Valdivia, supra, explained,

      a determination of the scope of consent given for police to conduct
      a search requires consideration of what a reasonable person in the
      position of the defendant would have believed he or she was
      allowing, based on the exchange that occurred between police and
      the individual. The scope of a search, in turn, is limited by the
      terms of its authorization. To be justified by consent, the scope
      of the search actually made should be no broader than the scope
      of consent given.

Valdivia, 195 A.3d at 865 (citations and quotation marks omitted). As the

Valdivia Court recognized, “a search by a trained narcotics [canine] is itself

                                      - 28 -
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a search [that] is distinct from a search conducted by a human [police]

officer.” Id. at 866.

      In the instant case, as discussed supra, Appellant initially provided

consent but limited the search to the driver’s side of the vehicle. Appellant

then withdrew this consent. Officer Gardner next informed Appellant that a

narcotics canine would be requested. Thereafter, Appellant provided consent

to search his vehicle without limitation as to the area to be searched or the

method by which the search would be conducted. We concur with the trial

court, and the record supports, that at the time Appellant provided consent to

search his vehicle, a reasonable person in Appellant’s position would have

been aware that a narcotics canine may be employed in a search of the

vehicle. See Trial Court Opinion, 12/31/19, at 10-11. Therefore, the canine

search of the interior of Appellant’s car was within the scope of consent

voluntarily provided, and Appellant’s challenge is without merit.     See cf.

Valdivia, 195 A.3d at 867 (concluding that, a reasonable person in Valdivia’s

position would not have understood that the search was to be conducted by a

narcotics canine when the canine officer, or its handler, was not present prior

to consent and the interaction between Valdivia and the police officer did not

“suggest that a canine was going to be used to conduct the search”

(emphasis added)). Because a canine search of Appellant’s vehicle fell within

the scope of the consent provided, the discovery of, and seizure of, the

prescription bottle, which bore a label indicating Appellant’s name and

contained a controlled substance, was constitutionally sound.

                                    - 29 -
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                          Search of Appellant’s Person

       Next, Appellant argues that the warrantless search of his person, which

he contends occurred incident to his arrest,15 was illegal because “the arrest

was conducted without probable cause to believe that Appellant was guilty of

an offense.”     Appellant’s Brief at 14.      As such, Appellant asserts that the

seizure of two cellular telephones and $95.00 in United States currency was

illegal and the trial court erred by not suppressing this evidence. Id.

       In denying Appellant’s request to suppress the evidence seized from his

person, the trial court stated,

       The doctrine of inevitable discovery applies here. The testimony
       is clear that [Officer] Gardner seized [Appellant’s cellular
       telephones] and currency prior to finding the [prescription bottle]
       in the vehicle. Therefore, based on [this Court’s decision in
       Commonwealth v. Van Winkle, 880 A.2d 1280 (Pa. Super.
       2005),] as long as the [prescription] bottle in [Appellant’s] vehicle
       was validly seized pursuant to a proper search, seizure of
       [Appellant’s cellular telephones] and currency should not be
       suppressed under the doctrine of inevitable discovery.
       Additionally, factoring into [the trial court’s] decision are the facts
       that [Officer] Gardner was already aware of the [cellular
       telephones] and currency, due to [Appellant] taking the items out
       of his pants pocket and displaying them voluntarily and the

____________________________________________

15 Appellant’s assertion that he was taken into police custody at the time of
the search of his person is misplaced. The record demonstrates, as discussed
infra, that when Officer Gardner searched Appellant’s person, Appellant was
only detained as part of an on-going investigatory detention.             See
Commonwealth v. Dix, 207 A.3d 383, 388 (Pa. Super. 2019) (stating that,
“[a] custodial detention occurs when the nature, duration and conditions of an
investigative detention become so coercive as to be, practically speaking, the
functional equivalent of an arrest” (citation and brackets omitted)), appeal
denied, 217 A.3d 790 (Pa. 2019).

                                          - 30 -
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     information seized from within the [cellular “flip” telephone] was
     not taken until after a search warrant was obtained.

Trial Court Opinion, 12/31/19, at 8. For the reasons that follow, we agree

with the trial court that the items recovered from the search of Appellant’s

person were not subject to exclusion under doctrine of inevitable discovery.

     A search conducted without a warrant is deemed to be
     unreasonable and[,] therefore[,] constitutionally impermissible,
     unless an established exception applies.       Exceptions to the
     warrant requirement include the consent exception, the plain view
     exception, the inventory search exception, the exigent
     circumstances exception, the automobile exception[,] the stop
     and frisk exception, and the search incident to arrest exception.

Commonwealth v. Simonson, 148 A.3d 792, 797 (Pa. Super. 2016)

(quotation marks and citations omitted), appeal denied, 169 A.3d 33 (Pa.

2017).

     We first address the nature of the challenged search of Appellant’s

person and whether that search falls within one of the recognized exceptions

to the warrant requirement.    Officer Gardner searched Appellant’s person

sometime after the investigative detention commenced but before the canine

search of Appellant’s vehicle occurred.      At this time, Officer Gardner

considered Appellant “detained” but not subject to custodial arrest.      Even

though Officer Gardner observed a knife clipped to Appellant’s pocket when

this citizen-police encounter began, Officer Gardner did not conduct an

immediate search for weapons, nor does it appear from the record that Officer

Gardner perceived an immediate threat from a weapon concealed on

Appellant’s person.   In view of these circumstances, we conclude that

                                   - 31 -
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Appellant was subjected to an evidentiary search and not a brief “pat-down”

or “weapons frisk” aimed at protecting a police officer during an investigative

detention.

      We also exclude application of the remaining exceptions to the warrant

requirement. The plain view or plain feel doctrine does not support the search

of Appellant’s person. Cellular telephones and United States currency have

lawful uses, and their connection to criminal activity is not immediately

ascertainable through brief visual observation or tactile manipulation. See

Commonwealth v. Luczki, 212 A.3d 530, 547 (Pa. Super. 2019) (stating

that, the “plain view doctrine permits the warrantless seizure of an object

when: (1) a[ police] officer views the object from a lawful vantage point; (2)

it is immediately apparent [from the surrounding circumstances] that the

object is incriminating; and (3) the [police] officer has a lawful right of access

to the object” (citation and original quotation marks omitted)). Moreover, the

facts surrounding the search of Appellant’s person do not implicate the

inventory search exception, the exigent circumstances exception, or the

automobile exception. Lastly, as the record demonstrates, Officer Gardner

searched Appellant before the canine search of Appellant’s vehicle yielded the

prescription bottle and during a point in the encounter when Officer Gardner

considered Appellant “detained,” but not subject to custodial arrest. Thus, the

search incident to arrest exception does not justify Officer Gardner’s conduct.

See Commonwealth v. Wright, 742 A.2d 661, 665 (Pa. 1999) (stating that,

“[a] warrantless search incident to an arrest is valid ‘only if it is substantially

                                      - 32 -
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contemporaneous with the arrest and confined to the immediate vicinity of

the arrest.’”), quoting Shipley v. California, 395 U.S. 881 (1969).

Therefore, as the trial court concluded, the Commonwealth, in the case sub

judice, can only avoid suppression through application of the inevitable

discovery doctrine.

       The inevitable discovery doctrine, in limited instances, permits the

admissibility of evidence that was illegally obtained (i.e., obtained via a

warrantless search without exception) if the Commonwealth “can establish by

a preponderance of the evidence that the illegally obtained evidence ultimately

or   inevitably    would      have    been     discovered   by   lawful   means[.16]”

Commonwealth v. King, 259 A.3d 511, 522 (Pa. Super. 2021) (emphasis

added); see also Commonwealth v. Perel, 107 A.3d 185, 194 (Pa. Super.

2014), appeal denied, 124 A.3d 309 (Pa. 2015). This Court has cautioned,

however, that “the inevitable discovery doctrine is not a substitute for the

warrant requirement[, and the Commonwealth] must demonstrate that the

evidence would have been discovered absent the police misconduct not

simply that [law enforcement] somehow could have lawfully discovered it.”

Perel, 107 A.3d at 196 (emphasis in original). The Perel Court reiterated

that when law enforcement officers obtain evidence through apparent

misconduct,       “the   Commonwealth          only   can   avoid   suppression   by

____________________________________________

16 Black’s Law Dictionary defines the term “inevitable” as, inter alia, that which
is “incapable of being avoided.” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 698 (5th ed. 1979).

                                          - 33 -
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demonstrating a source truly independent from both the tainted evidence and

the police or investigative team which engaged in the misconduct.” Id. at 195

(citation and original quotation marks omitted); see also Commonwealth v.

Foy, 248 A.3d 485, at *4 (Pa. Super. filed Jan. 15, 2021) (unpublished

memorandum) (stating, the inevitable discovery doctrine “does not apply if

the [police] officers who would have allegedly inevitably discovered the

evidence were the same [police] officers who obtained it through improper

actions”). Simply stated, the inevitable discovery doctrine requires a showing

of a truly independent, lawful path to discovery of the evidence that was

actually undertaken.

       In the case sub judice, after informing Appellant that he was requesting

a narcotics canine to the scene, Officer Gardner considered Appellant to be

“detained” at this point.17 N.T., 10/14/19, at 21 (indicating that Appellant

would have to wait there until the narcotics canine arrived and was not free

to leave). Appellant then provided voluntary consent to search his vehicle,

and upon doing do, Officer Gardner discovered small black rubber bands,

which he described as “heroin packaging bands” based upon his narcotics

investigation experience. Id. at 11, 22. When asked about the rubber bands,

Appellant informed Officer Gardner that the bands were for use in his hair.

____________________________________________

17 Because Officer Gardner only further detained Appellant as part of an
on-going investigatory detention and did not arrest Appellant, it may be
inferred, and the record supports, that Officer Gardner did not have probable
cause to arrest Appellant at this point in time.

                                          - 34 -
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Id. at 12. Officer Gardner remarked that Appellant did not have hair on which

to use the bands and stated that Appellant did not provide an answer to Officer

Gardner’s observation.     Id.   The Commonwealth presented no further

evidence that Officer Gardner discovered additional items during his search of

the vehicle that suggested Appellant was engaged in narcotics trafficking.

Officer Gardner then conducted a search of Appellant’s person, discovering

two cellular telephones and $95.00 in United States currency on his person.

Id. Officer Gardner previously observed these seized items when Appellant,

while reaching into his pockets, displayed the second cellular telephone and

an unknown amount of currency to Officer Gardner voluntarily.        Id. at 7.

Approximately 10 to 20 minutes after the search of Appellant’s person, a

canine search of the vehicle occurred and a prescription bottle having a label

bearing Appellant’s name was discovered.      Id. at 12-13. The prescription

bottle contained 50 oxycodone tablets, having different insignias and stamps

on them. Id. at 13, 16. Appellant was then taken into police custody. Id. at

14 (stating, Appellant “was taken into custody and transported to City Hall to

be searched further”).

      Appellant’s cellular telephones and currency were admissible pursuant

to the inevitable discovery doctrine. Appellant consented to a search of his

vehicle, and we have rejected his challenge to the voluntary nature of his

consent.   As such, law enforcement possessed valid grounds to search

Appellant’s vehicle and discover the prescription bottle. This discovery gave

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Officer Gardner sufficient probable cause to formally arrest Appellant. 18 As

such, Officer Gardner was permitted to conduct a search of Appellant’s person

incident to this arrest. Under these circumstances, as in Van Winkle, law

enforcement officials would have ultimately and inevitably discovered the

cellular telephones and currency on Appellant’s person and lawfully seized

these items through procedures independent from and untainted by the prior

unsupported search of Appellant’s person.          See Van Winkle, 880 A.2d at

1285 (holding that, the inevitable discovery exception allowed admission of

currency discovered on Van Winkle’s person where contraband was validly

seized during an ensuing, and constitutionally justified, vehicle search and

discovery of the contraband would have led to a search of Van Winkel’s person

incident to his arrest); see also Perel, 107 A.3d at 196. Therefore, the trial

court did not err in denying Appellant’s request to suppress these items.

                        Search Warrant for Cellular Telephone

____________________________________________

18

       Probable cause is made out when the facts and circumstances
       which are within the knowledge of the officer at the time of the
       stop, and of which he has reasonably trustworthy information, are
       sufficient to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that
       the suspect has committed or is committing a crime. The question
       we ask is not whether the officer's belief was correct or more likely
       true than false. Rather, we require only a probability, and not a
       prima facie showing, of criminal activity. In determining whether
       probable cause exists, we apply a totality of the circumstances
       test.

Commonwealth v. Calabrese, 184 A.3d 164, 166-167 (Pa. Super. 2018),
citing Commonwealth v. Martin, 101 A.3d 706, 721 (Pa. 2014).

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       Finally, Appellant contends that the seizure of information obtained from

a search of his cellular “flip” telephone pursuant to a warrant was illegal

because the search warrant was invalid.19          Appellant’s Brief at 19-20.

Appellant asserts that “the items to be searched for and seized [from his

cellular telephone] are not identified [in the search warrant] with sufficient

specificity.” Id. at 20. Appellant argues that,

       [t]he problem with the description of the items to be seized in the
       case at bar is that [the search warrant] allows the searching
       [police] officer to rummage through Appellant’s data on his
       [cellular telephone] between October 14, 2017[,] and October 21,
       2017[,] to determine what conversations or other information
       relate to violations of the Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and
       Cosmetic Act or the Pennsylvania Crimes Code[ (specifically,
       criminal use of a communication facility, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 7512(a))].

Appellant’s Brief at 20.

       In denying Appellant’s omnibus motion on this ground, the trial court

explained,

       The search warrant at issue lists the items to be searched as: "Any
       electronically stored information and records, including all call
       logs, [SMS] and [MMS] messages, emails, contacts list,
       photographs, videos, or any other electronic storage devices
       contained within the [black “flip” cellular tele]phone. In relation
       to 10/14/17 to 10/21/17 as described below[.] CG#74."
       Commonwealth's Exhibit [] 1[,] 10/26/17, at 4. The portion
       [handwritten] stating “[i]n relation to 10/14/[17] to 10/21/17 as
____________________________________________

19  To the extent that Appellant argues that the evidence seized from
Appellant’s cellular telephone was illegal because the search of his cellular
telephone was the product of: (1) an illegal investigative detention; (2) an
illegal search of his vehicle; and (3) the illegal seizure of the prescription
bottle, we find this argument moot for the reasons discussed supra. See
Appellant’s Brief at 19.

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       described below[.] CG#74" refers to the items to be seized, which
       states "[a]ny and all information relating to violations of the
       Controlled Substance, Drug Device and Cosmetic Act and [the
       Pennsylvania Crimes Code] (criminal use of a communication
       facility[, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 7512]) from 10/14/2017 to 10/21/2017."
       The accompanying affidavit is clear that based on [Officer]
       Gardner's observations and evidence seized[,] the search warrant
       is for believed narcotics trafficking. The items to be searched and
       seized are [specifically limited] to only information related to the
       "violation of the Controlled Substances, Drug, Device and
       Cosmetic Act and [the Pennsylvania Crimes Code] (criminal use of
       a communication facility[, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 7512])." This specificity
       is sufficient and narrowly tailored.       Additionally, the search
       warrant is contained within a distinct set of dates to keep [police]
       officers from conducting a fishing expedition. Therefore [the trial
       court] finds the search warrant was appropriately specific in what
       information could be looked at, what information was being looked
       for, and what information could be subsequently seized.

Trial Court Opinion, 12/31/19, at 14-15 (caselaw citations and extraneous

capitalization omitted).

       Recently, our Supreme Court reiterated that,

       [the Pennsylvania] Constitution requires that all warrants,
       including warrants to search a digital space, [such as a cellular
       telephone,] (1) describe the place to be searched and the items
       to be seized with specificity and (2) be supported by probable
       cause to believe that the items sought will provide evidence of a
       crime.

Commonwealth v. Green, 265 A.3d 541, 553 (Pa. 2021).20 As the Green

Court held, a warrant for the search of a cellular telephone must describe

____________________________________________

20Appellant challenges only the first requirement for a valid warrant to search
a cellular telephone. See Appellant’s Brief at 19-20. Therefore, we limit our
review to whether the trial court erred in finding that the search warrant
described the place to be searched and the items to be seized with specificity.
Green, 265 A.3d at 553.

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nearly as may be, i.e., as specifically and as reasonably possible, those items

to be searched. Id.; see also PA. CONST. art. I, § 8 (stating, “no warrant to

search any place or to seize any person or things shall issue without describing

them as nearly as may be, nor without probable cause, supported by oath or

affirmation subscribed to by the affiant”). It is well-established that,

       in any assessment of the validity of the description contained in a
       warrant, a court must initially determine for what items probable
       cause existed. The sufficiency of the description must then be
       measured against those items for which there was probable cause.
       Any unreasonable discrepancy between the items for which there
       was probable cause and the description in the warrant requires
       suppression.   An unreasonable discrepancy reveals that the
       description was not as specific as was reasonably possible.

Commonwealth v. Grossman, 555 A.2d 896, 900 (Pa. 1989).

       In the case sub judice, Appellant does not challenge the search of his

cellular telephone on the grounds that Officer Gardner lacked probable cause

to believe Appellant utilized his cellular telephone for the purpose of trafficking

narcotics.21   Rather, Appellant asserts that the warrant did not specifically

detail what information could be obtained from a search of his cellular

telephone based on the suspicion that Appellant was using this cellular

telephone for purpose of trafficking narcotics. The search warrant specifically

____________________________________________

21 In addition to the numerous factors supporting a belief that Appellant was
trafficking narcotics, as discussed supra, Officer Gardner testified that, based
upon his experience and training in narcotics interdiction, a narcotics trafficker
commonly possessed two cellular telephones, one for personal use and one
for use in trafficking narcotics. N.T., 10/14/19, at 9. Appellant was found to
be in possession of two cellular telephones at the time of his arrest.

                                          - 39 -
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identified that the search was being requested for a black “flip” cellular

telephone found on Appellant’s person on October 21, 2017.         The search

warrant described that the search was for all call logs, SMS and MMS

messages, emails, contract lists, photographs, videos, and any other

information stored on the cellular telephone that may be related to a violation

of the Controlled Substance, Drug, Device, and Cosmetic Act or 18 Pa.C.S.A.

§ 7512. The search was specifically limited to obtaining the aforementioned

evidence for the eight days prior to and including the date of the incident,

namely October 14, 2017, through October 21, 2017. We concur with the

trial court, and the record supports, that the description of the item to be

searched and the possible information to be seized was sufficiently specific

and narrowly tailored. See Grossman, 555 A.2d at 900; see also Green,

265 A.3d at 553.

      For the reasons set forth herein, we discern no error of law or abuse of

discretion in the trial court order denying Appellant’s omnibus motion to

suppress evidence uncovered during a search of Appellant’s person and

vehicle.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 11/15/2022

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