Court Opinion

ID: 157756
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-08-14 05:06:10+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:52:00.846624
License: Public Domain

F I L E D
                                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                   Tenth Circuit

                                                                                  MAR 31 1999
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                    TENTH CIRCUIT                             PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                        Clerk

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

           Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                               No. 97-2399
 v.                                                      (D.C. No. 97-CR-128-JC)
                                                              (New Mexico)
 GILBERTO SALCIDO-LUZANIA,

           Defendant-Appellant.

                                 ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before PORFILIO, HOLLOWAY, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

       Defendant-Appellant Gilberto Salcido-Luzania (Salcido) was convicted by a jury of

conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute more than 100 kilograms of marijuana, in

violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and possession with intent to distribute more than 100

kilograms of marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B). The district

court sentenced Salcido to two concurrent terms of 121 months’ imprisonment, inter alia.

Judgment was entered on December 7, 1997. Salcido timely appealed the judgment and

       *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law
of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the citation
of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms
and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
convictions. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.

                                               I

       On January 26, 1997, United States Border Patrol agents learned of a possible

intrusion 30 miles west of Columbus, New Mexico, on the border with Mexico. II App. at

27. The agents went to the area of the possible intrusion and intercepted a white four-wheel

drive Chevrolet pickup truck with a camper shell that was attempting to access Interstate 10

through a hole in the fence. Id. at 30, 126. Three persons who were in the truck ran away

from the vehicle.     The first individual stopped, Sam Hernandez, was immediately

apprehended. II App. at 30-31. The agents caught two others, Martin Ramirez and Ruben

Gutierrez, several miles from the stop, using a Forward Looking Infrared Device (FLIR).

II App. at 45-47. The fourth individual, Andres Porras, escaped that night but later turned

himself in to the authorities. Salcido was not present. The truck contained over 1,200

pounds of marijuana. III App. at 275-76. With Hernandez, Ramirez and Gutierrez, and in

the area around the truck, there were radio scanners, a radio, big thick gloves, wire cutters,

a flashlight with a red lens, night vision goggles, binoculars and clothing. II App. at 31, 48,

62-63, 126 and 135.

       Ramirez, Gutierrez, Hernandez and Porras all agreed to plea agreements whereby they

would testify against Salcido. Aplt. Brief Addendum “A” - “D” (Ramirez, Gutierrez,

Hernandez and Porras plea agreements). Ramirez testified that he originally met Salcido in

1992 in Deming, New Mexico. Ramirez knew Salcido by his nickname, “El Cuervo” or the

                                              2
Crow. After serving a 51-month sentence for a federal marijuana conviction, Ramirez

returned to Deming and again met Salcido. In December 1996, Ramirez and Salcido

discussed the possibility of transporting marijuana. II App. at 108, 110. Ramirez agreed to

transport marijuana for Salcido. II App. at 113-14. Salcido provided the transport and the

drugs and Ramirez, along with Hernandez and Gutierrez, would pick up the transport vehicle,

a Chevrolet pickup with a camper shell, from Salcido in an area 30 miles west of Deming and

30 miles south of Interstate 10. II App. at 114-16. Ramirez, Gutierrez, Hernandez and

Salcido each had hand-held Maxon radios and kept in radio contact the night of the

December transport. Salcido paid $20,000 to the entire transport team. II App. at 117-21.

       Ramirez further testified that Salcido requested him to transport the instant load in

January 1997. Ramirez agreed to transport the marijuana on January 26, 1997, the same day

as the Super Bowl. II App. at 122. At approximately 11:00 a.m. on January 26, Ramirez

went to Salcido’s home to pick up two Motorola radios which the defendant provided to be

used that night. II App. at 125, 127. The transport proceeded nearly identically to the

December 1996 load except that Porras joined the transport team. II App. at 121-25. The

transport went according to plan until United States Border Patrol agents spotted them.

Ramirez testified that after he was arrested he told Customs Service Agent J. R. Long about

Salcido’s participation in the drug transportation scheme. Ramirez stated he implicated

Salcido without the benefit of counsel or a plea agreement. II App. at 128-29.

       At trial, Ramirez was asked whether the person he knew as the Crow was seated in

                                             3
the courtroom. Ramirez identified defendant at counsel’s table as the Crow. II App. at

137-38.

       Gutierrez, pursuant to his plea agreement, also testified against Salcido. Gutierrez

was introduced to Salcido by Ramirez in December 1996. II App. at 191. Salcido asked

Gutierrez to smuggle marijuana for Salcido. II App. at 192-95. Salcido offered to pay him,

Ramirez and Hernandez $100 a kilogram for marijuana transported. II App. at 195.

Gutierrez testified about the details of the December shipment similarly to the testimony of

Ramirez. II App. at 196-204. Gutierrez then testified about the January 1997 shipment,

stating that the procedure for the shipment was the same as the December 1996 shipment

except that the team would start in the afternoon instead of the evening. When they got to

the border they were at the same spot where they had been in December. II App. at 206, 209.

Gutierrez stated that during the transaction he and Ramirez contacted Salcido via the radios

Salcido had given to the team. II App. at 209. In his testimony Gutierrez identified Salcido

and described his clothing - stripped shirt, white shirt, and green pants. Id. at 214.

       Hernandez also testified against Salcido. He stated that he was asked by Gutierrez to

participate in the marijuana transportations in December 1996 and January 1997. II App. at

170-71. Hernandez did not recall any references to Salcido or to a man named the Crow.

II App. at 172-73. His testimony primarily consisted of an admission that he was to act as

a lookout for the drug transports. II App. at 172.

       Porras testified against Salcido but, like Hernandez, stated he did not know Salcido

                                              4
personally. II App. at 177. Porras testified that he agreed to help transport the marijuana in

December 1996 but did not do so because he was working in Albuquerque. II App. at 178.

However, Porras did participate in the January load by taking Ramirez, Gutierrez and

Hernandez to a drop-off point and then waited for the three individuals to appear with the

truck carrying the marijuana. II App. at 181-82. Porras further testified that Ramirez and

Gutierrez made references to someone called the Crow who was also involved, but Porras

did not know anything else about him. II App. at 180-81.

       Salcido offered an alibi defense. I App. (Doc. 110)(Defendant’s Written Notice of

Alibi). He presented three witnesses, his brother Feliciano Salcido, Francisco Duran and

Israel Saenz-Garcia, who each testified that on January 26, 1997, Salcido was at La Cueva,

a drinking establishment, from approximately 11:00 a.m. until after 10:00 p.m. III App. at

327, 329 (Feliciano Salcido); 355-56 (Francisco Duran); 370-373 (Saenz). However, each

alibi witness conceded they did not keep tabs on everyone at La Cueva the entire day.

III App. at 336-37 (Feliciano Salcido); 356 (Duran); 378, 380-81 (Saenz). Duran and Saenz

said defendant Salcido left to go buy meat around 12:00 or 1:00 and Duran was not watching

him all day. Id. at 356.

       A fourth alibi witness, Socorro Tarango, was called by the government during its case

in chief. He had known the defendant for ten years and knew defendant’s nickname was

“Cuervo,” which is translated as “Crow.” III App. at 251-52. Tarango said Gilberto Salcido

was at La Cueva, arriving about 11:00 a.m. or 11:30 a.m., on Super Bowl Sunday. Id. at 254-

                                              5
56. Salcido went to get food about 12:00 to 1:00 p.m. and was gone about one hour. Id. at

257. Tarango recalled the halftime of the game about 5:30 p.m. or 6:00 p.m. At one point

Tarango said defendant was at La Cueva until halftime and Tarango did not know where

defendant went then. Id. at 262. Later Tarango testified defendant was at La Cueva during

the Super Bowl. Id. at 268. However, Tarango later said he was not absolutely certain that

defendant was there from half-time on. Id. at 269.

       At the beginning of the trial, defense counsel Acosta asked that the witnesses be

sequestered (See Fed. R. Evid. 615). The trial judge allowed witnesses to be in court through

opening statement but then required their sequestration. II App. at 8. The judge admonished

Luna County Sheriff Investigator Gary Leyba, after he testified, to not speak with others who

might yet be witnesses concerning his or their testimony. II App. at 105-06. The night

before Tarango, Duran and Saenz were to testify for the defense, Leyba and Customs Service

Agent J. R. Long appeared at Tarango’s, Duran’s and Saenz’s respective homes to

“interview” them. III App. at 264; 305-06; 373-82. Saenz testified that the agents told him

they had spoken to other witnesses, whose story did not match Saenz’s. III App. at 374.

They further told Saenz he had time to withdraw his story because the government could

“still file charges of something” against Saenz. III App. at 375. Salcido’s counsel did not

object to the testimony of the witnesses contacted and did not request an evidentiary hearing

on an alleged violation of the court’s sequestration order.

                                             6
                                               II

        Salcido asserts five claims of error. First, he says the testimony of Ramirez and

Gutierrez was given pursuant to a plea agreement promising leniency and that this exchange

of leniency for testimony violates 18 U.S.C. § 201(c)(2). Second, the district court erred in

denying his motion for acquittal because the government’s evidence admitted at trial was

insufficient to support the convictions of Salcido. Third, the alleged violation of Rule 615

prejudiced Salcido so that a new trial is required. Fourth, the district court abused its

discretion in admitting evidence of prior uncharged conduct in violation of Rule 404(b) of

the Federal Rules of Evidence. Fifth, the prosecution engaged in misconduct by commenting

on Salcido’s failure to call an additional alibi witness. We address each claim of error in

turn.

                                                A

        Salcido’s first claim of error concerns 18 U.S.C. § 201(c)(2). This statute provides

in part:

        Whoever . . . directly or indirectly, gives, offers, or promises anything of value
        to any person, for or because of the testimony under oath or affirmation given
        or to be given by such person as a witness upon a trial, hearing, or other
        proceeding, before any court . . . authorized by the laws of the United States
        to hear evidence and take testimony . . . shall be fined under this title or
        imprisoned for not more than two years, or both.

18 U.S.C. § 201(c)(2). It is undisputed that Ramirez, Gutierrez, Hernandez and Porras

agreed to testify against Salcido in exchange for leniency, pursuant to plea agreements.

                                                7
       Without citing the case in his brief, Salcido in essence asks us to apply the holding in

United States v. Singleton, 144 F.3d 1343 (10th Cir. 1998), in which a panel of our circuit

held that testimony of a co-defendant, given in exchange for a promise of leniency by the

government, violates the plain language of 18 U.S.C. § 201(c)(2) and should have been

suppressed and that failure to do so was not harmless error. This court en banc vacated the

panel decision, Singleton, 144 F.3d at 1361, and on January 8, 1999, rejected the principal

ruling of the panel decision, holding instead that 18 U.S.C. § 201(c)(2) “does not apply to the

United States or an Assistant United States Attorney functioning within the official scope of

the office.” United States v. Singleton, 165 F.3d 1297, 1298 (10th Cir. 1999)(en banc). Our

en banc decision expressly rejects Salcido’s argument. 1 We, of course, must follow our

court’s authoritative recent en banc ruling which is dispositive on this issue.

                                              B

       Next, Salcido asserts that the district court erred in denying his motion for acquittal

because the government did not present sufficient evidence to support his convictions. At

       1
         The government notes in its brief, Brief of Appellee at 8-9, that the Singleton panel
held that, along with violating 18 U.S.C. § 201(c)(2), a government prosecutor who
promises leniency to a co-defendant in exchange for testimony violates Rule 3.4(b) of the
Kansas Rules of Professional Conduct. Singleton, 144 F.3d at 1358-59. United States
Attorneys are required by law to be licensed to practice in a state and comply with that
state’s rules of professional conduct. See 28 U.S.C. § 530B(a).
        The order granting en banc rehearing of Singleton withdrew the panel decision in full
and the parties did not raise the Kansas rule for consideration by the en banc court.
Moreover, in the instant appeal Salcido does not premise his claim of error on the
New Mexico rule of professional conduct that parallels Kansas Rule 3.4(b). For these
reasons we do not discuss the New Mexico rule.

                                              8
the close of the government’s case-in-chief, Salcido orally and by written motion moved the

court for a judgment of acquittal, which the district court denied. III App. at 312, 316-17.

Salcido failed to renew his motion for judgment of acquittal at the close of all of the

evidence.

       As a general rule, the failure to renew a motion for judgment of acquittal waives a

sufficiency claim on appeal. See United States v. Guerrero, 517 F.2d 528, 530 (10th Cir.

1975). However, we have recognized that we may reviewsua sponte the sufficiency of the

evidence “as plain error-under circumstances strongly implying a fundamental defect or

error of sufficient magnitude to undermine our confidence that justice was served.” United

States v. Santistevan, 39 F.3d 250, 256 (10th Cir. 1994).

       Here, the government does not press a waiver argument on appeal but instead directly

rebuts Salcido’s sufficiency claim. Therefore, we review Salcido’s sufficiency claim but

review for plain error.2

       To sustain a conviction for conspiracy under 21 U.S.C. § 846, the government must

prove beyond a reasonable doubt that “the defendant knew at least the essential objectives

of the conspiracy and knowingly and voluntarily became a part of it.”      United States v.

Johnson, 42 F.3d 1312, 1319 (10th Cir. 1994). The “agreement constituting a conspiracy

       2
        The normal review standard for a sufficiency claim is de novo and we “ask only
whether, taking evidence – both direct and circumstantial, together with the reasonable
inferences drawn therefrom – in the light most favorable to the government, a reasonable
jury could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Voss, 82
F.3d 1521, 1524-25 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. (1996).

                                             9
may be inferred from the acts of the parties and other circumstantial evidence indicating

concert of action for the accomplishment of a common purpose.” Id.

       A conviction pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) is warranted if the government proves

beyond a reasonable doubt that a defendant: (1) knowingly possessed, (2) a controlled

substance, (3) and intended to distribute it. See United States v. Johnson, 57 F.3d 968, 971

(10th Cir. 1995). Constructive possession is sufficient to support a conviction, see United

States v. Jones, 49 F.3d 628, 632 (10th Cir. 1995), which may be found “if a person

knowingly has ownership, dominion or control over the narcotics and the premises where the

narcotics are found.” Id. (quoting United States v. Coslet, 987 F.2d 1493, 1495 (10th Cir.

1993)).

       We are not persuaded the district court committed error in denying Salcido’s motion

for judgment of acquittal. The government offered the testimony of several witnesses from

which the jury could infer that Salcido organized, facilitated and paid for, or intended to pay

for, the shipments of marijuana in December 1996 and January 1997, working with others.

This testimony establishes the “knowingly possesses” element of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and

the elements of the conspiracy charge. We note that Salcido attacks the testimony of

Ramirez and Gutierrez, who identified him as a participant in the criminal scheme, as lacking

credibility. We reject this attack because we “may neither weigh conflicting evidence nor

consider credibility of witnesses” in reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim. United

States v. Bornfield, 145 F.3d 1123, 1132 (10th Cir. 1998).

                                              10
                                              C

       At the beginning of the trial, defense counsel invoked Fed. R. Evid. 615 for

sequestration of the witnesses. II R. at 8. Salcido argues that the government violated the

judge’s directions given under the rule and that the violation caused Salcido prejudice.

Because Salcido did not object or request an evidentiary hearing during the trial on this claim

of error, we review his claim for plain error. Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); see also United States

v. Ortega-Chavez, 682 F.2d 1086, 1089-90 (5th Cir. 1982).

       Rule 615 provides in pertinent part: “At the request of a party the court shall order

witnesses excluded so they cannot hear the testimony of other witnesses[.]” The rule is also

construed to prohibit witnesses from discussing their testimony, or what has occurred at trial,

with other witnesses who have not yet testified. See United States v. Greschner, 802 F.2d
373, 375-76 (10th Cir. 1986). Here the judge gave instructions applying this interpretation.

The rule’s purpose is obvious – to prevent the shaping of testimony by hearing what other

witnesses say. See Taylor, 388 F.2d 786, 788 (9th Cir. 1967).

       We agree with Salcido that the government violated Rule 615. In particular, the

district court specifically admonished Investigator Leyba not to speak with other witnesses

who may yet testify about his testimony. II App. at 105-06. Yet that night Leyba, a narcotics

investigator with the sheriff’s office, II R. at 96, along with Agent Long, another witness in

the case, visited Tarango, Duran and Saenz, three of Salcido’s alibi witnesses. Though the

government claims that Agents Leyba and Long merely questioned the alibi witnesses on

                                              11
matters unrelated to the agents’ testimony, Saenz testified he was told by the government

agents that they had talked with “three or four guys” and that their testimony was not the

same as Saenz was giving. III App. at 374, 376. Moreover, Saenz stated the agents said they

could charge him if he “didn’t tell the truth.” Id. at 376. This type of contact is conduct such

as Rule 615 is designed to guard against.

       However, the burden lies with Salcido to show the government’s violation caused him

“probable prejudice” for a reversible violation to be established. Burks v. Oklahoma Pub.

Co., 81 F.3d 975, 980 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 302 (1996); United States v.

Pritchard, 781 F.2d 179, 183 (10th Cir. 1986). To show probable prejudice, Salcido must

show Agents Long’s and Leyba’s contacts had an apparent effect or influence on the

witnesses’ testimony. See Greschner, 802 F.2d at 376; see also United States v. Buchanan,

787 F.2d 477, 485 (10th Cir. 1986)(no prejudice was found because the witnesses did not

discuss substantive aspects of the case, the discussion did not appear to affect the witnesses’

testimony, and defense counsel fully questioned the offending witness on cross-examination).

We hold that Salcido has failed to show plain error and prejudice. Despite the fact that Saenz

and Duran were improperly contacted, they testified as alibi witnesses for Salcido. Their

testimony exculpating Salcido was, however, rejected by the jury.

       The improper contact of Tarango presents a significantly more difficult situation.

Tarango had been scheduled to testify as an alibi witness for Salcido but, after being

contacted by the government, he was called as a government witness. His testimony, which

                                              12
the government prosecutor emphasized in closing argument, III App. at 404,3 stated that

Salcido was not present at La Cueva for about one hour at approximately noon on that

Sunday, January 26, 1997. III App. at 257.

       Despite our concerns, we cannot conclude that plain error exists. First, a close review

of the trial transcript indicates that the alibi witnesses were not able to definitely place

Salcido at La Cueva during the relevant time period. Saenz in fact stated that Salcido left

La Cueva around one o’clock p.m. for about an hour to buy meat and beer, which is

essentially consistent with Tarango’s testimony. III App. at 371. Second, Salcido’s counsel

had the opportunity to attack Tarango’s credibility both on cross-examination and in closing

argument. III App. at 265; III App at 420. We conclude that Salcido has not met his burden

to show “probable prejudice,” using a plain error standard of review.4

                                              D

       The fourth claim of error concerns evidence the district court admitted regarding prior

uncharged acts of misconduct. We review the admission of the evidence for abuse of

discretion. United States v. Johnson , 42 F.3d 1312, 1315 (10th Cir. 1994). Before trial,

Salcido moved the court to exclude evidence that in 1992 Ramirez and Gutierrez became

       3
          “Perhaps the key alibi witness in this case is one we called. A friend, a good friend
of the Defendant’s, Socorro Tarango at one point testified, ‘I didn’t see [defendant Salcido]
after half time [of the Super Bowl game].’”
       4
        While prejudicial error was not found by the trial judge, he could have sanctioned
Leyba or others for failure to comply with the court’s specific directive. See also United
States v. McMahon, 104 F.3d 638 (4th Cir. 1997).

                                              13
associated with Salcido. The district court did not rule on the evidence’s admissibility but

took the matter under advisement. Aple. Supp. App. at 9. At trial, the only evidence

pertaining to the 1992 meeting was testimony by Ramirez that he met Salcido in 1992 before

he left to serve his 51-month prison sentence. We fail to see how the admission of this

evidence was an abuse of discretion.

       As part of his pretrial motion in limine, Salcido also moved to exclude evidence of the

December 1996 load because it allegedly violated Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b). The

district court expressly denied Salcido’s motion, ruling that the December 1996 load was

evidence of Salcido’s modus operandi, knowledge of the drug distribution scheme, and

intent. Aple. Supp. App. at 5, 9. Rule 404(b) prohibits the admission of evidence of prior

uncharged misconduct that is offered to show character in conformity therewith. However,

evidence of prior uncharged misconduct, or bad character evidence, is admissible if it

satisfies the four-prong test of Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681, 691-92 (1988).

Evidence of bad character is admissible if: (1) the evidence is offered for a proper purpose

under Rule 404(b); (2) the evidence is relevant; (3) the evidence’s prejudicial effect does not

substantially outweigh its probative value; and (4) if requested, the district court gave a

limiting and curative instruction. Id. at 691-92; Bornfield, 145 F.3d at 1131.

       The district court admitted evidence of the December 1996 load to show Salcido’s

modus operandi, knowledge and intent. Admission of the December 1996 load for these

purposes was proper under Rule 404(b). See United States v. Conway , 73 F.3d 975, 981

                                              14
(10th Cir. 1995)(evidence of defendant’s three prior crack cocaine arrests was admissible in

subsequent narcotics prosecution as probative of common plan, knowledge and intent);

United States v. Easter, 981 F.2d 1549, 1554 (10th Cir. 1992)(evidence of prior crack

cocaine deals between co-conspirators admissible to show plan, scheme, and knowledge).

       The evidence is clearly relevant because it tends to show Salcido organized and

executed the January 1997 load using the December 1996 load as a model, using the same

location for breaking through the fence at the border. See Fed. R. Evid. 401. The evidence

is especially relevant as it occurred merely one month prior to the January 1997 transport.

“The Tenth Circuit has long recognized the relevance of previous wrongs and crimes in the

context of narcotics violations. This is particularly true when the uncharged conduct is close

in time and similar in method to the charged crime.” Conway, 73 F.3d at 981. For these

reasons, Salcido cannot show, pursuant to Fed. R. Evid. 403, that the admission of the

evidence had a prejudicial effect that substantially outweighed its probative value.       See

Conway, 73 F.3d at 981; Easter, 981 F.2d at 1554.

       Finally, while Huddleston requires a limiting instruction if requested, the fact that no

curative or limiting instruction was given was not error because Salcido never requested such

an instruction. See United States v. Jefferson, 925 F.2d 1242, 1258-59 (10th Cir. 1991);

United States v. Record, 873 F.2d 1363, 1376 (10th Cir. 1989). Thus, the district court did

not abuse its discretion in admitting the evidence.

                                              E

                                              15
       Salcido’s last claim of error concerns alleged prosecutorial misconduct. Salcido

asserts that the prosecution’s alleged comment on Salcido’s failure to call additional alibi

witnesses amounted to reversible error. The test for determining whether a prosecutor’s

comment is reversible error is “whether the language used was manifestly intended or was

of such character that the jury would naturally and necessarily take it to be a comment on the

failure of the accused to testify.” Knowles v. United States, 224 F.2d 168, 170 (10th Cir.

1955); see also United States v. Gomez-Olivas, 897 F.2d 500, 503 (10th Cir. 1990). We

reject this claim of error.

       First, Salcido does not cite any portion of the trial transcript where the prosecution

allegedly commented on Salcido’s failure to call additional alibi witnesses.             The

responsibility is with the party claiming error to reference evidence in the record that

supports his claim. Our independent review of the record indicates no prosecutorial

misconduct. The record indicates that the government prosecutor and defense counsel argued

to the court, before closing arguments, whether the prosecution could comment on the fact

that Salcido failed to call potential witnesses who were at La Cueva on January 26, 1997.

III App. at 390-91. The district judge ruled that such comment was permissible. III App. at

392. But the prosecution in fact never commented on Salcido’s failure to call additional alibi

witnesses to the jury. Thus the prosecution never engaged in the conduct Salcido claims

                                             16
resulted in reversible error.5

       Accordingly, the judgment and convictions are AFFIRMED.

                                          Entered for the Court

                                          William J. Holloway, Jr.
                                          Circuit Judge

       5
         Even if the prosecution had made such comments, our circuit’s case law supports the
proposition that a prosecutor may comment on the defendant’s failure to call an additional
witness. See United States v. Mitchell, 613 F.2d 779, 782 (10th Cir. 1980); see also United
States v. Keller, 512 F.2d 182, 186 (3d Cir. 1975)(prosecutor may comment on defendant’s
failure to call witness who could corroborate testimony of defendant’s witness).

                                            17