Court Opinion

ID: 4910196
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-10 15:11:01.639334+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:13:03.722080
License: Public Domain

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

                                              No. 123,069

               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                          STATE OF KANSAS,
                                              Appellee,

                                                    v.

                                        JAIME A. GRANADOS,
                                             Appellant.

                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

        Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; JEFFREY SYRIOS, judge. Opinion filed September 10,
2021. Probation revocation reversed, sentence vacated, and case remanded with directions.

        Kasper Schirer, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.

        Julie A. Koon, assistant district attorney, Marc Bennett, district attorney, and Derek Schmidt,
attorney general, for appellee.

Before WARNER, P.J., CLINE, J., and WALKER, S.J.

        PER CURIAM: Jaime A. Granados appeals the district court's revocation of his
probation and imposition of his underlying 32-month prison sentence. Granados contends
that the district court erred by revoking his probation because it did not make the
necessary findings to bypass the imposition of the otherwise mandatory intermediate
sanctions for his probation violation. In the end, because the record on appeal supports
Granados' contention that the district court failed to make the required particularized
findings to immediately revoke Granados' probation, we reverse the revocation of
Granados' probation and remand to the district court for a new disposition hearing.

                                                     1
                                          FACTS

       On August 4, 2017, in Sedgwick County criminal case No. 17CR2336, the State
charged Granados with possessing methamphetamine, a severity level 5 nonperson
felony. At the time these charges were filed, Granados was serving an 18-month
probation term for his possession of methamphetamine conviction in an earlier Sedgwick
County criminal case, No. 17CR478.

       Eventually, Granados entered into a plea agreement with the State in 17CR2336.
Under this plea agreement, Granados agreed to plead guilty to possessing
methamphetamine in 17CR2336 in exchange for the State's promise to do the following:
(1) to recommend that the district court allow him to remain on probation in 17CR478;
and (2) to recommend that the district court sentence him to probation on a consecutive
prison sentence in 17CR2336.

       On September 7, 2017, Granados pled guilty to possessing methamphetamine in
case 17CR2336 in accordance with the plea agreement. But before his scheduled
sentencing hearing, Granados allegedly left the residential center where he was residing.
As a result, the State charged Granados with aggravated escape from custody, a severity
level 8 nonperson felony, in Sedgwick County criminal case No. 17CR3384.

       It is unclear from the record on appeal when law enforcement ultimately arrested
Granados on the escape charge. But on April 2, 2018, Granados pled guilty to aggravated
escape from custody as part of a plea agreement with the State in 17CR3384. Under this
plea agreement, in exchange for Granados' aggravated escape from custody guilty plea,
the State agreed to recommend that the district court durationally depart to impose a 10-
month prison sentence upon Granados that would run consecutively to any sentence the
district court imposed upon Granados at his sentencing in 17CR2336 and at his probation

                                            2
violation hearing in 17CR478, assuming the district court revoked Granados' probation in
that case.

       On May 17, 2018, the district court held a combined hearing on Granados' pending
probation violations in 17CR478, sentencing for methamphetamine possession in
17CR2336, and sentencing for escape in 17CR3384. At the outset of the hearing,
Granados stipulated to violating his probation in 17CR468 as alleged in the State's
motion to revoke probation. The district court then revoked Granados' probation in
17CR478, ordering Granados to serve his underlying 23-month prison sentence for his
original methamphetamine possession conviction.

       Next, the district court granted Granados' motion to durationally depart in
17CR3384, ordering him to serve a term of 10 months' imprisonment for his aggravated
escape from custody conviction, consecutive to the methamphetamine possession
sentence in case 17CR478.

       Finally, for his possession of methamphetamine conviction in 17CR2336, the
district court granted Granados 18 months' probation in community corrections from a
32-month prison sentence, which was consecutive to his other two convictions.

       In summary, in cases 17CR478 and 17CR3384 the district court ordered Granados
to serve a combined controlling term of 33 months in prison, to be followed by 18
months' supervised probation in case 17CR2336 after Granados' release from prison.
Granados was then remanded to prison to serve the 33 months. Although the record
indicates the district court may have inadvertently misidentified the correct case numbers
when imposing Granados' new sentences in cases 17CR2336 and 17CR3384, all parties
agree, and the sentencing journal entries reflect, that the above summary accurately
reflects the outcome of the May 17, 2018 hearing.

                                             3
       After Granados completed his prison sentences in 17CR478 and 17CR3384 in late
August 2019, he reported to his assigned community corrections intensive supervision
officer (ISO) to begin his 18-month probation term in 17CR2336. Although Granados
initially reported to his ISO, he missed a scheduled meeting on September 3, 2019. Then,
on September 5, 2019, Granados missed a 4 p.m. meeting with his ISO, despite having
called that morning to reschedule this meeting from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. After this, Granados
stopped reporting to his ISO altogether. Additionally, the post office returned a letter
from the ISO to Granados notifying him of a mandatory meeting on September 18, 2019,
citing an "insufficient address" as the reason for its inability to deliver the letter.

       In response, upon the State's request, the district court issued a warrant for the
arrest of Granados. This warrant stated that Granados violated his probation by failing to
report to his ISO as directed on September 5, 2019, and September 18, 2019, by not
attending his meetings with his ISO on those dates. About four months later, on
January 27, 2020, law enforcement arrested Granados on the warrant.

       Following his arrest, the district court scheduled Granados' probation violation
hearing in case 17CR2336 for February 7, 2020. But the day before this scheduled
hearing, Granados bonded out of jail. He then failed to appear at his February 7, 2020
probation violation hearing. As a result, the district court issued an alias warrant for
Granados' arrest. A little over a month later, on March 10, 2020, Granados' bondsman
located and returned Granados to the Sedgwick County Jail.

       Ultimately, Granados' 17CR2336 probation violation hearing occurred on June 16,
2020. At this hearing, the State relied on the ISO's testimony about Granados failing to
attend his September 2019 meetings to support its request to revoke Granados' probation
in 17CR2336. The State then contended that the district court should revoke Granados'
probation because he had absconded, was a threat to public safety, and was a threat to his
own welfare.

                                                4
       Granados opposed the State's motion, arguing that the State failed to establish that
he had violated his probation conditions by not attending his September 2019 meetings
with his ISO. Moreover, he argued that even assuming that he did violate his probation
conditions by not attending his September 2019 meetings with his ISO, the district court
should allow him to remain on probation because his drug addiction could be better
addressed on probation as opposed to in prison.

       The district court rejected Granados' arguments. In doing so, it first found that
although the State failed to establish that Granados violated his probation conditions by
not reporting as directed to the September 19, 2019 meeting with his ISO, the State had
established that Granados violated his probation conditions by not reporting as directed to
the September 5, 2019 meeting with his ISO. In making this finding, the district court
relied on Granados' phone conversation with his ISO about rescheduling his meeting
from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. on September 5, 2019. Based on this phone conversation, the
district court concluded that Granados knew about his September 5, 2019 meeting but
failed to report as directed.

       At the conclusion of the hearing, the district court revoked Granados' probation in
17CR2336, finding that the immediate revocation of Granados' probation was warranted
for three reasons: (1) because Granados had absconded on probation, (2) because
Granados posed a threat to the public's safety, and (3) because Granados posed a threat to
his own welfare. The district court therefore ordered Granados to serve his underlying 32-
month prison sentence.

       Granados has timely appealed the revocation of his probation and imposition of
his underlying 32-month prison sentence in 17CR2336.

                                             5
                                         ANALYSIS

       On appeal, Granados argues that the district court erred when it revoked his
probation in 17CR2336 without first imposing intermediate sanctions upon him because
the district court's findings to permit bypassing those sanctions were inadequate. In
making this argument, he first contends that the district court's finding that he absconded
while on probation was error because "missing a single appointment, as a matter of law,
does not amount to absconding." Next, Granados contends that the district court's
findings that he posed a threat to the public's safety and his own welfare were statutorily
inadequate because the district court failed to find these findings with particularity. As a
result, Granados asks us to reverse the revocation of his probation and imposition of his
underlying 32-month prison sentence in 17CR2336.

       In response, the State contends that Granados' argument about the district court's
absconder finding is irrelevant because "[t]he district court did not make absconder
findings to bypass intermediate sanctions." It further argues that the district court made
the necessary particularized findings to immediately revoke Granados' probation in
17CR2336 based on the threat he posed to the public's safety and his own welfare.
Accordingly, the State asks this court to affirm the district court's revocation of Granados'
probation in 17CR2336.

       As we will explain, we believe Granados' arguments about the inadequacy of the
district court's findings supporting the immediate revocation of his probation are
persuasive. Consequently, we are compelled to reverse the district court's revocation of
Granados' probation and imposition of Granados' underlying 32-month prison sentence in
17CR2336 and remand to the district court for a new disposition hearing.

       In a contested probation violation hearing, the State most prove each of an
offender's alleged probation violations by a preponderance of the evidence. State v.

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Dunham, 58 Kan. App. 2d 519, 528, 472 P.3d 604 (2020). On appeal, our task is to
review an offender's challenge concerning the revocation of his or her probation to
determine if the district court has abused its discretion. State v. Coleman, 311 Kan. 332,
334, 460 P.3d 828 (2020). A district court abuses its discretion when its revocation of an
offender's probation was based on an error of law, an error of fact, or an otherwise
unreasonable basis. State v. Dominguez, 58 Kan. App. 2d 630, 633, 473 P.3d 932 (2020).
To the extent Granados' probation revocation challenge requires us to interpret the
probation violation statutes, interpretation of a statute is a question of law over which we
exercise de novo review. State v. Caruthers, 22 Kan. App. 2d 910, 911, 924 P.2d 1278
(1996).

Absconder findings

       Granados committed the crime of methamphetamine possession at issue in
17CR2336 in June 2017. Because the 2016 version of K.S.A. 22-3716—the statute
governing probation violation proceedings—was in effect when Granados committed his
underlying crime, the 2016 version of K.S.A. 22-3716 controlled what probation
violation sanctions the district court could impose upon Granados for not reporting as
directed to his September 5, 2019 meeting with his ISO. See Coleman, 311 Kan. at 337
(holding that version of K.S.A. 22-3716 in effect when offender commits his or her
underlying crime controls that offender's later probation violation proceedings).

       K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3716(c)(1)(A)-(D) states that upon the district court's
finding that an offender violated the terms of his or her probation, the district court must
impose either a 2-day or 3-day jail sanction and then an additional 120-day or 180-day
prison sanction before revoking that offender's probation. However, the district court may
bypass the imposition of the two-tier intermediate sanction scheme by invoking one of
subsection (c)(8)'s or subsection (c)(9)'s exceptions allowing for the immediate

                                              7
revocation of an offender's probation even if the offender had never previously violated
his or her probation.

       In this case, it is undisputed that the district court had not imposed a second-tier
120-day or 180-day intermediate sanction upon Granados before his June 16, 2020
probation violation hearing, although the journal entry of probation violation in the
record states, apparently incorrectly, that Granados had previously served a 60-day
sanction. Consequently, in order to bypass the 120/180-day second-tier intermediate
sanction required by the statute, the district court had to invoke one of K.S.A. 2016 Supp.
22-3716(c)(8)'s or (c)(9)'s exceptions allowing for the immediate revocation of Granados'
probation and imposition of Granados' underlying 32-month prison sentence.

       One of these exceptions, K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3716(c)(8)(B)(i), allows the
district court to immediately revoke an offender's probation without first imposing any
intermediate sanctions if the offender absconds while on probation. Although the State
argues that the district court "clearly did not make a finding that [Granados] was an
absconder for the purposes of bypassing [K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3716(c)(1)(A)-(D)'s]
intermediate sanctions," we believe the State's contention is plainly incorrect. In
explaining its decision for revoking Granados' probation in 17CR2336 at the June 16,
2020 probation violation hearing, the district court referred to Granados as absconding
three times. Also, in the journal entry of Granados' probation violation hearing, the
district court noted that it was revoking his probation, in part, because he had
"[a]bsconded." Hence, we find no merit in the State's argument that the district court did
not bypass the imposition of intermediate sanction provisions of K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-
3716(c)(1)(A)-(D) based on a finding that Granados was an absconder.

       Despite the preceding problem with the State's argument, our Supreme Court has
held that the district court may invoke K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3716(c)(8)(B)(i)'s
absconder exception to bypass the imposition of subsection (c)(1)(A)-(D)'s intermediate

                                              8
sanctions only (1) when the State proves by a preponderance of the evidence that the
offender absconded and (2) when the district court makes a specific finding that the
offender absconded. State v. Dooley, 308 Kan. 641, Syl. ¶ 3, 423 P.3d 469 (2018)
(Dooley II). And in order to prove that an offender absconded, "the State must show that
the probation violator engaged in some course of action (or inaction) with the conscious
intent to hide from or otherwise evade the legal process." 308 Kan. at 657.

       In Dooley II, the State produced evidence at a probation violation hearing that
Dooley had admitted use of various drugs including amphetamine, methamphetamine,
opiates, Adderall, and Xanax; had failed to report to a halfway house (Oxford House) in
Dodge City; and failed to report to Dodge City Community Corrections. Though the State
had charged that failing to report to Oxford House and community corrections constituted
absconding, and Dooley in fact stipulated to absconding from supervision, the district
court did not explicitly state that it was revoking Dooley's probation for absconding,
although the journal entry of the hearing stated that his probation was being revoked in
part because he was an absconder. A panel of our court found that this was adequate
evidence of absconding and affirmed the district court's decision to revoke on that basis.
State v. Dooley, No. 111,554, 2016 WL 1545172 (Kan. App. 2016) (unpublished
opinion) (Dooley I).

       After granting a petition for review, our Supreme Court disagreed, and remanded
the case to the district court with instructions to either impose intermediate sanctions or to
bypass the intermediate sanctions based upon a finding, supported by substantial
evidence, that Dooley absconded from supervision. Dooley II, 308 Kan. at 658.

       At the evidentiary hearing on remand, Dooley testified that, despite admitting that
he had absconded at the earlier hearing and had not reported to his community
corrections officer as directed, he did not leave Kansas or Dodge City and was not hiding
from police or corrections officers. Dooley told the district court he was living in a

                                              9
homeless shelter or truck-stop hotel in Dodge City at the time he was required to report
and did not have the full admission fee to enter the halfway house. Dooley testified that
he avoided his appointments and did not keep his supervising officer aware of his
whereabouts because he was afraid of going to prison. Dooley finally was arrested after
he showed up at the community corrections office about one month after he was
originally scheduled to report. The district court found that this evidence showed that
Dooley had absconded and once again bypassed intermediate sanctions and ordered him
to serve his underlying sentence.

       When Dooley appealed his probation revocation, a divided panel of our court
upheld the district court's finding that Dooley had absconded. State v. Dooley,
No. 120,863, 2019 WL 6223343 (Kan. App. 2019) (unpublished opinion) (Dooley III).
Once again our Supreme Court granted review. In a recently announced decision, the
Supreme Court affirmed the district court's decision and announced a somewhat more
expansive definition of absconding than it had previously embraced: "If a violator's
actions demonstrate an intent to evade probation supervision because the probationer hid
or secretly left the jurisdiction or because a pattern of violations permits the inference
that the probationer is intentionally evading the legal process, then the probationer has
absconded from supervision." (Emphasis added.) State v. Dooley, 313 Kan. 815, Syl. ¶ 2,
491 P.3d 1250 (2021) (Dooley IV).

       But even after Dooley IV, it is clear that a district court may not invoke K.S.A.
2016 Supp. 22-3716(c)(8)(B)(i)'s absconder exception to bypass the imposition of
subsection (c)(1)(A)-(D)'s intermediate sanctions simply because an offender failed to
report to his or her ISO. Instead, the district court may invoke this exception only if there
is evidence that the offender willfully avoided detection from the law, or if there is a
"pattern of violations" which allows an inference that a violator is evading legal process.
See State v. Huckey, 51 Kan. App. 2d 451, 458, 348 P.3d 997 (2015) (rejecting State's

                                             10
contention that Huckey absconded on probation absent evidence that Huckey "had fled or
hidden himself or deliberately acted to avoid arrest, prosecution, or service of process").

       As applied to our case, for the district court to have validly bypassed K.S.A. 2016
Supp. 22-3716(c)(1)(A)-(D)'s otherwise mandatory intermediate sanctions under
subsection (c)(8)(B)(i)'s absconder exception, the State needed to present some evidence
at Granados' June 16, 2020 probation violation hearing indicating that he "engaged in
some course of action (or inaction) with the conscious intent to hide from or otherwise
evade the legal process," see Dooley II, 308 Kan. at 657, or engaged in a "pattern of
violations" leading to the same conclusion, see Dooley IV, 313 Kan. 815, Syl ¶ 2. It is
readily apparent to us that the State presented no such evidence at Granados' June 16,
2020 probation violation hearing.

       To reiterate, the district court found that Granados violated the conditions of his
probation in just one way: He failed to report to the September 5, 2019 meeting with his
ISO after changing the meeting time. In his brief, Granados concedes that he technically
violated the terms of his probation by missing his appointment with his ISO on that date.
Additionally, the record on appeal indicates that Granados' ISO did not know his exact
whereabouts from when Granados failed to attend his September 5, 2019 meeting to
when law enforcement arrested Granados on the 17CR2336 probation violation warrant
on January 27, 2020. Thus, the evidence before the district court supported that Granados
did not remain in touch with his ISO for more than four months after failing to report to
his September 5, 2019 meeting. Notably, when the court revoked Granados' probation, it
was aware of Granados' aggravated escape from custody conviction and failure to appear
at his initial 17CR2336 probation violation hearing.

       Even so, we conclude that the evidence before the district court did not support
that Granados had absconded from his 17CR2336 probation. At the June 16, 2020
probation violation hearing, Granados' ISO never testified that he believed Granados was

                                             11
trying to evade him by not reporting as directed to his September 5, 2019 meeting. To the
contrary, he simply testified that he had no contact with Granados following their
September 5, 2019 phone call in which Granados told him that he would be at the
probation office for a meeting at 4 p.m. Although the fact that Granados indicated that he
would be at the probation office for the 4 p.m. meeting suggests that he knowingly
missed his probation meeting, this fact, standing alone, does not establish that Granados
purposely missed his probation meeting. Much more crucial, in our view, is the testimony
of Granados' ISO at the probation violation hearing that Granados remained in
compliance with his 17CR478 and 17CR3384 conditions of postrelease supervision
following his release from prison. Granados' ISO explained that when he had contact
with Granados' parole officer, that officer told him that Granados was attending "his
group."

       Simply put, because Granados continued to comply with his 17CR478 and
17CR3384 postrelease reporting conditions, the evidence does not support that Granados
was intentionally hiding or avoiding legal process as meant under our Supreme Court's
most recent definition of "abscond." Instead, Granados' ISO's testimony supports that on
September 5, 2019, Granados failed to report as directed to his ISO and then failed to
remain in touch with his ISO thereafter. This makes Granados' case quite comparable to
the facts in our court's Huckey decision—a case where a panel of our court reversed the
district court's immediate revocation of Huckey's probation under the absconder
exception because Huckey's "fail[ure] to report for more than 4 months," in and of itself,
did not "support a finding that [Huckey] had fled or hidden himself or deliberately acted
to avoid arrest, prosecution, or service of process." 51 Kan. App. 2d at 458. And we
cannot find that missing a single meeting with his ISO, all the while complying with his
obligations on postrelease supervision, constitutes the "pattern of violations" as
contemplated by Dooley IV.

                                             12
       As a result, at Granados' June 16, 2020 probation violation hearing, the State failed
to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Granados absconded while on probation
under the criteria of Dooley IV and Huckey. Hence, insufficient evidence supports the
district court's finding that Granados was an absconder. And, in turn, the district court
abused its discretion by bypassing K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3716(c)(1)(A)-(D)'s otherwise
mandatory intermediate sanctions under subsection (c)(8)(B)(i)'s absconder exception.

Public safety and offender welfare findings

       As noted above, in addition to its absconder finding, the district court revoked
Granados' probation and imposed Granados' underlying 32-month prison sentence in
17CR2336 because it found that Granados' continued probation threatened the public's
safety as well as Granados' own welfare.

       Under K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9), the district court may immediately
revoke an offender's probation without first imposing any intermediate sanctions upon the
offender if it "finds and sets forth with particularity the reasons for finding that the safety
of members of the public [would] be jeopardized or that the welfare of the offender
[would] not be served by such [intermediate sanction]."

       Relying on K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)'s language that the district court
must make any public safety or offender welfare findings with particularity, our Supreme
Court has determined that to immediately revoke an offender's probation under either
subsection (c)(9)'s public safety or offender welfare exceptions, the district court must
make specific findings, as opposed to general findings, concerning why the public's
safety or the offender's welfare necessitates the immediate revocation of the offender's
probation. Dooley II, 308 Kan. at 652. This means that "[b]road generalizations about
public safety and offender welfare that could easily apply to all similar cases" are
insufficient to meet K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)'s particularized findings

                                              13
requirement. State v. Duran, 56 Kan. App. 2d 1268, Syl. ¶ 3, 445 P.3d 761 (2019). Thus,
if our analysis means that we "must infer from the [district court's] findings the
particularized reasons why public safety would be jeopardized or the offender's welfare
would not be served," then the district court's findings do not comply with K.S.A. 2016
Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)'s particularized findings requirement. Duran, 56 Kan. App. 2d 1268,
Syl. ¶ 2.

       Here, Granados argues that the district court's findings to support its decision to
immediately revoke his probation based on the threat he posed to the public's safety and
his own welfare constituted the exact type of broad generalizations our caselaw prohibits.
The State counters that the district court's public safety and offender welfare findings
were adequate, explaining:

               "A fair reading of the record indicates that the district court not only expressly
       found that [Granados] was not amenable to probation and public safety would be
       jeopardized, it articulated its reasons for such a conclusion—namely, that defendant's
       behavior in the instant case and his other criminal cases indicated that he was not
       concerned with utilizing the resources provided to him through probation and instead ran
       from his responsibilities."

We disagree. We believe a fair reading of the district court's findings to support the
immediate revocation of Granados' probation under K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)
supports Granados' position, not the State's position.

       Ironically, when it rejected Granados' request to remain on probation, the district
court acknowledged the legal standard it was required to follow. The court noted that to
revoke Granados' probation without imposing an intermediate sanction under K.S.A.
2016 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9), it needed to find with particularity that Granados posed a
threat to the public safety or his own welfare. In fact, it explicitly stated that it was
"familiar with the case law that implicit comments" and "[b]road statements about

                                                    14
continued drug usage and past behavior" are insufficient to invoke K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-
3716(c)(9)'s public safety and offender welfare exceptions.

       But then the district court went on to explain that it would not impose intermediate
sanctions upon Granados because of Granados' criminal history and previous failures to
"tak[e] advantage of [resources]." Although not entirely clear, it seems the district court
believed that Granados had not taken advantage of earlier opportunities and resources
while on probation because he had absconded. In any case, the district court concluded
that because of Granados' criminal history and history of running from resources,
Granados was taking those resources "from others that need[ed] that help," which
resulted in hurting the community and himself.

       In our opinion the district court's findings about Granados' prior conduct did not
adequately address why Granados posed a current threat to the public safety or his own
welfare. Once again, the sole probation violation supporting the district court's revocation
of Granados' probation was that he failed to report to his ISO as directed by missing his
September 5, 2019 meeting. As we have explained in the preceding section, there was no
evidence before the district court that Granados had absconded from his 17CR2336
probation as meant under our Supreme Court's definition of "abscond." Thus, to the
extent the district court found that Granados had not taken advantage of earlier
opportunities on probation by absconding, insufficient evidence supported this finding.
The district court's analysis simply compounded its earlier error.

       In addition, the district court's findings were not particularized. By relying on
Granados' criminal history and prior failures to take advantage of opportunities and
resources on probation to revoke Granados' 17CR2336 probation, the district court, in
effect, found that Granados was not amenable to probation. But this amenability finding
did not address why Granados currently posed a risk to the public safety and his own
welfare should he be allowed to remain on probation. To put it differently, the district

                                             15
court's amenability finding relied entirely on conduct Granados engaged in before he
committed the failure to report probation violation at issue in this case. In fact, the district
court's amenability finding relied entirely on conduct Granados engaged in before he
started serving his prison sentences in 17CR478 and 17CR3384.

       Likewise, this amenability finding did not specifically detail why Granados
currently posed a threat to the public safety or his own welfare should he be allowed to
remain on probation. Again, in explaining its reasoning for immediately revoking his
probation under K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9), the district court relied on Granados'
criminal history and history of running from resources; it concluded that this history
proved that Granados was taking resources from others in the community that needed
those resources, which therefore meant that Granados' continued probation threatened the
public's safety and his own welfare.

       In making this nonamenability finding, however, the district court made broad
generalizations about Granados' amenability to probation that could apply to virtually any
offender with past probation violations. Seemingly, the district court's decision to
immediately revoke Granados' probation hinged on three assumptions that could apply to
numerous offenders in Granados' situation: (1) The assumption that Granados would
violate his 17CR2336 probation again should he be allowed to remain on probation based
on Granados' criminal history and history of running from resources, (2) the assumption
that Granados' continued probation in 17CR2336 would result in Granados wasting
public resources, and (3) the assumption that Granados' continued probation in
17CR2336 would result in taking limited public resources from others who needed those
public resources.

       But even if we ignored the preceding problems with its public safety and offender
welfare findings under K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9), the district court's emphasis on
the resources that Granados would have allegedly wasted had he remained on probation

                                              16
still did not support its immediate revocation of Granados' probation. Once more, K.S.A.
2016 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9) states that the district court may immediately revoke an
offender's probation if it "finds and sets forth with particularity the reasons for finding
that the safety of members of the public [would] be jeopardized or that the welfare of the
offender [would] not be served by such [intermediate sanction]." (Emphasis added.) Even
under the assumption that Granados' continued probation would have resulted in him
using limited public resources, we believe Granados' use of those limited public resources
had nothing to do with public safety or Granados' welfare. Simply put, the possibility that
Granados would waste limited public resources should he remain on probation in
17CR2336 did not put either the public's safety or his own welfare at risk. Similarly, to us
the possibility that Granados' continued probation in 17CR2336 prevented other people
from accessing limited public resources has very little to do with the public's safety or
Granados' welfare.

       As a result, we hold that the district court's findings in support of its immediate
revocation of Granados' 17CR2336 probation under K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)
without the use of intermediate sanctions are inadequate. Consequently, the district court
abused its discretion by bypassing K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3716(c)(1)(A)-(D)'s
intermediate sanctions under subsection (c)(9)'s public safety and offender welfare
exceptions.

       Thus, to summarize, we reverse the revocation of Granados' probation and vacate
the imposition of his underlying 32-month prison sentence in 17CR2336 because the
district court did not make the necessary particularized findings to bypass the imposition
of intermediate sanctions upon Granados for his single probation violation. Because
Granados has not challenged the fact that he violated his probation by not reporting as
directed to his September 5, 2019 meeting with his ISO, we remand to the district court
for a new dispositional hearing only. See State v. Clapp, 308 Kan. 976, 991, 425 P.3d 605
(2018) (reversing and remanding for new dispositional hearing only when offender did

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not prove that district court abused its discretion by finding that he violated his probation
terms).

       Probation revocation reversed, sentence vacated, and case remanded with
directions.

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