Court Opinion

ID: 9348088
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-19 22:08:47.428046+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:42:18.001655
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                  2022-NCSC-64

                                    No. 214A21

                                Filed 17 June 2022

BELMONT ASSOCIATION, INC.

             v.
THOMAS FARWIG and wife, RANA FARWIG and NANCY MAINARD

      Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-30(2) from the decision of a divided panel of

the Court of Appeals, 277 N.C. App. 387 (2021), affirming an order entered on 3

January 2020 by Judge Graham Shirley in Superior Court, Wake County. Heard in

the Supreme Court on 23 March 2022.

      Jordan Price Wall Gray Jones & Carlton, PLLC, by Brian S. Edlin, Hope Derby
      Carmichael, and Mollie L. Cozart, for plaintiff-appellee.

      Thurman, Wilson, Boutwell & Galvin, P.A., by James P. Galvin, for defendant-
      appellants.

      Joshua H. Stein, Attorney General, by Ryan Y. Park, Solicitor General, and
      Nicholas S. Brod, Assistant Solicitor General, for the State of North Carolina,
      amicus curiae.

      Southern Environmental Law Center, by Nicholas Jimenez and Lauren J.
      Bowen, for North Carolina Sustainable Energy Association, amicus curiae.

      J. Ronald Jones Jr. and Bettie Kelley Sousa for Solar Industry Businesses,
      amicus curiae.

      Law Firm Carolinas, by Harmony W. Taylor, for Community Associations
      Institute – North Carolina Chapter, Inc., amicus curiae.
                                  BELMONT ASS’N V. FARWIG

                                         2022-NCSC-64

                                       Opinion of the Court

           HUDSON, Justice.

¶1         Thomas and Rana Farwig and Nancy Mainard (together, the Farwigs or

     defendants) appeal as of right based upon a dissent from a decision of the Court of

     Appeals, in which the majority affirmed the trial court’s grant of summary judgment

     to plaintiff Belmont Association, Inc. (Belmont). The Court of Appeals below affirmed

     the grant of summary judgment to Belmont. On appeal, defendants argue the Court

     of Appeals erred in its interpretation of N.C.G.S. § 22B-20. We agree, reverse the

     decision of the Court of Appeals, and remand for further remand to the trial court for

     entry of summary judgment for defendants on the declaratory judgment claim and

     for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

                       I.   Factual and Procedural Background

¶2         On 9 December 2011, developers recorded the Declaration of Protective

     Covenants for Belmont at Deed Book 14571, page 2528 in the Wake County Public

     Registry. Belmont Association was organized to administer and enforce the covenants

     and restrictions under the Declaration, and all covenants and restrictions contained

     in the Declaration run with the land of all residential units in the Belmont

     subdivision.

¶3         The Declaration, among other things, contained various restrictions on the use

     of property within Belmont. Although many specific uses of property were restricted

     by Article IX of the Declaration, including “animals,” “home businesses,” restrictions
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                                        Opinion of the Court

     on “leases,” “temporary structures,” and “wetlands, conservation areas, and buffers,”

     the use of residential solar panels was not specifically mentioned anywhere in the

     Declaration.

¶4         Nevertheless, Article XI of the Declaration establishes an “Architectural

     Review Committee” (ARC) and describes its functions. Section 3(a) of Article XI

     provides:

                    The [ARC] shall have the right to refuse to approve any
                    Plans for improvements which are not, in its sole
                    discretion, suitable or desirable for the Properties,
                    including for any of the following: (i) lack of harmony of
                    external design with surrounding structures and
                    environment; and (ii) aesthetic reasons. Each Owner
                    acknowledges that determinations as to such matters may
                    be subjective and opinions may vary as to the desirability
                    and/or attractiveness of particular improvements.

¶5         On or about 17 December 2012, defendants purchased Lot 42, located at 4123

     Davis Meadow Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, in the Belmont subdivision. Lot 42 is

     one of the properties subject to the Declaration.

¶6         On or about 5 February 2018, defendants installed solar panels on the roof of

     their house on Lot 42 at a cost of over $32,000. Five months later, the ARC sent

     defendants a notice of architectural violation and asked defendants to submit an

     architectural request form to the ARC. Defendants submitted the architectural

     request form on 20 July 2018 seeking approval of the solar panels along with a

     petition to allow solar panels on the front portion of the roof of homes in Belmont that
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     was signed by twenty-two residents. The documentation noted that solar panels must

     face southward to be effective.

¶7         On 5 September 2018, Belmont denied defendants’ application. While

     acknowledging the Declaration did not specifically address solar panels, Belmont

     cited “aesthetic” problems as the reason for its denial. It further stated that “the

     proposed location of the panels were not consistent with the plan and scheme of

     development in Belmont.” Belmont suggested defendants could move the solar panels

     to a part of the house not visible from the road, but defendants responded that moving

     the solar panels would significantly reduce the energy generated by the panels and a

     shade report showed the location of the panels received the most light.

¶8         On 4 October 2018, defendants appealed the ARC’s denial of their architectural

     request form. On 2 November 2018, Belmont denied defendants’ appeal. Belmont

     demanded defendants remove the solar panels by 7 December 2018. The solar panels

     were not removed by that date and Belmont subsequently sent a notice of hearing.

     Following a 30 January 2019 hearing, at which Thomas Farwig presented a defense

     of defendants’ actions, Belmont voted to impose a fine of $50 per day after 1 March

     2019 if the solar panels were not removed. Belmont began imposing fines on

     defendants on or about 8 March 2019, and defendants began paying the fines to avoid

     foreclosure.

¶9         On 1 April 2019, Belmont filed a Claim of Lien on Lot 42, alleging a debt of
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       $50.00. The next day, Belmont filed its complaint seeking injunctive relief and the

       collection of fines imposed. On 7 June 2019, defendants filed an answer, motion to

       dismiss, and counterclaims against Belmont for declaratory judgment, breach of

       contract, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, slander of title,

       and violation of N.C.G.S. § 75-1.1 et seq. Belmont filed a motion to dismiss, motion for

       judgment on the pleadings, and reply to defendants’ counterclaims. Belmont filed a

       motion for summary judgment on 5 November 2019 following discovery.

¶ 10         After a hearing on 11 December 2019, the Superior Court, Wake County, Judge

       Graham Shirley presiding, granted in part Belmont’s motion for summary judgment

       as to Belmont’s first claim for injunctive relief and defendants’ first counterclaim for

       declaratory judgment. The trial court issued its order on 3 January 2020, in which it

       ruled that N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(d) applied to the action; that “this action involves a deed

       restriction, covenant, or similar binding agreement that runs with the land that

       would prohibit the location of solar collectors as described in N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b)

       that are visible by a person on the ground on a roof surface that slopes downward

       toward the same areas open to common or public access that the façade of the

       structure faces”; and that N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(c) is not applicable “because subsection

       (d) is applicable.” Defendants appealed the trial court’s order granting Belmont’s

       motion for summary judgment to the Court of Appeals.

¶ 11         On appeal to the Court of Appeals, defendants argued the trial court erred in
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                                           Opinion of the Court

       concluding that N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(d) applied because the Declaration did not

       expressly cover solar panels and, furthermore, that it erred in concluding the

       Declaration as applied was not void under N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b).

¶ 12         In a divided opinion authored by Judge Gore, the Court of Appeals affirmed

       the trial court’s order granting in part summary judgment to Belmont. The majority

       held that “[s]ubsection (d) of N.C.[G.S.] § 22B-20 is applicable in this action because

       the Declaration has the effect of prohibiting the installation of solar panels ‘[o]n a roof

       surface that slopes downward toward the same areas open to common or public access

       that the façade of the structure faces.’ ” Belmont Ass’n v. Farwig, 277 N.C. App. 387,

       2021-NCCOA-207, ¶ 21 (third alteration in original). Judge Jackson dissented from

       the majority opinion, arguing that the majority’s holding “ignores precisely what the

       statutory ban forbids” by misconstruing a restriction that effectively prohibits the

       installation of solar panels even if it does not do so expressly. Id. ¶ 22 (Jackson, J.,

       dissenting).

¶ 13         Defendants timely appealed to this Court under N.C.G.S. § 7A-30 on the basis

       of the dissenting opinion.

                                          II.     Analysis

¶ 14         On appeal, defendants argue the Court of Appeals erred in its interpretation

       of N.C.G.S. § 22B-20 in two ways. First, they argue the Court of Appeals erred in its

       application of N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b) by failing to invalidate restrictions that effectively
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                                          Opinion of the Court

       prohibit the installation of solar panels. Second, they argue the Court of Appeals

       erred in its application of N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(d) by failing to require an existing “deed

       restriction, covenant, or similar binding agreement” that affirmatively seeks to

       regulate solar panels in order for plaintiff to avail itself of the exception therein. We

       agree and reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals affirming the trial court’s order

       granting summary judgment to Belmont.

¶ 15         “Our standard of review of an appeal from summary judgment is de novo; such

       judgment is appropriate only when the record shows that there is no genuine issue

       as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of

       law.” In re Will of Jones, 362 N.C. 569, 573 (2008) (cleaned up); see N.C.G.S. § 1A-1,

       Rule 56(c) (2021). “When considering a motion for summary judgment, the trial judge

       must view the presented evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party.”

       Dalton v. Camp, 353 N.C. 647, 651 (2001). “Under a de novo review, the court

       considers the matter anew and freely substitutes its own judgment for that of the

       lower tribunal.” Craig v. New Hanover Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 363 N.C. 334, 337 (2009)

       (cleaned up).

¶ 16         This case presents a question of statutory interpretation of first impression.

       “Statutory interpretation properly begins with an examination of the plain words of

       the statute.” Correll v. Div. of Soc. Servs., 332 N.C. 141, 144 (1992). “If the statutory

       language is clear and unambiguous, the court eschews statutory construction in favor
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                                          Opinion of the Court

       of giving the words their plain and definite meaning.” State v. Beck, 359 N.C. 611,

       614 (2005). “However, where the statute is ambiguous or unclear as to its meaning,

       the courts must interpret the statute to give effect to the legislative intent. Canons of

       statutory interpretation are only employed if the language of the statute is ambiguous

       or lacks precision, or is fairly susceptible of two or more meanings.” JVC Enters., LLC

       v. City of Concord, 376 N.C. 782, 2021-NCSC-14, ¶ 10 (cleaned up).

¶ 17         Section 22B-20 provides as follows:

                           (b)   Except as provided in subsection (d) of this
                    section, any deed restriction, covenant, or similar binding
                    agreement that runs with the land that would prohibit, or
                    have the effect of prohibiting, the installation of a solar
                    collector that gathers solar radiation as a substitute for
                    traditional energy for water heating, active space heating
                    and cooling, passive heating, or generating electricity for a
                    residential property on land subject to the deed restriction,
                    covenant, or agreement is void and unenforceable. As used
                    in this section, the term “residential property” means
                    property where the predominant use is for residential
                    purposes. The term “residential property” does not include
                    any condominium created under Chapter 47A or 47C of the
                    General Statutes located in a multi-story building
                    containing units having horizontal boundaries described in
                    the declaration. As used in this section, the term
                    “declaration” has the same meaning as in G.S. 47A-3 or
                    G.S. 47-1-103, depending on the chapter of the General
                    Statutes under which the condominium was created.

                           (c)    This section does not prohibit a deed
                    restriction, covenant, or similar binding agreement that
                    runs with the land that would regulate the location or
                    screening of solar collectors as described in subsection (b)
                    of this section, provided the deed restriction, covenant, or
                    similar binding agreement does not have the effect of
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                                            Opinion of the Court

                     preventing the reasonable use of a solar collector for a
                     residential property. . . .

                            (d)    This section does not prohibit a deed
                     restriction, covenant, or similar binding agreement that
                     runs with the land that would prohibit the location of solar
                     collectors as described in subsection (b) of this section that
                     are visible by a person on the ground:

                         (1) On the façade of a structure that faces areas open
                             to common or public access;

                         (2) On a roof surface that slopes downward toward the
                             same areas open to common or public access that
                             the façade of the structure faces; or

                         (3) Within the area set off by a line running across the
                             façade of the structure extending to the property
                             boundaries on either side of the façade, and those
                             areas of common or public access faced by the
                             structure.

       N.C.G.S. § 22B-20 (2021).

¶ 18          First, defendants argue the Court of Appeals erred in its interpretation of

       N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b). By its plain terms, N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b) applies not just to “any

       deed restriction, covenant, or similar binding agreement that runs with the land that

       would prohibit . . . the installation of a solar collector” but also to “any deed

       restriction, covenant, or similar binding agreement that runs with the land that

       would . . . have the effect of prohibiting[ ] the installation of a solar collector.” N.C.G.S.

       § 22B-20(b) (emphasis added). Based on the plain and unambiguous meaning of

       subsection (b), the ARC’s restriction of the use of solar panels under provisions of
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                                          Opinion of the Court

       Article XI of the Declaration is void unless there is some exception, because even

       though the Declaration does not expressly prohibit the installation solar panels, the

       provisions of Article XI of the Declaration which treat the installation of solar panels

       as an “improvement” subject to aesthetic regulation by the ARC effectively prohibit

       their installation. Accordingly, under N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b), the restriction is

       prohibited unless there is some exception.

¶ 19         Subsection (c) provides one exception for a “deed restriction, covenant, or

       similar binding agreement [that] does not have the effect of preventing the reasonable

       use of a solar collector for a residential property.” N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(c). Subsection

       (d) provides another exception, which permits a “deed restriction, covenant, or similar

       binding agreement that runs with the land that would prohibit the location of solar

       collectors as described in subsection (b) of this section that are visible by a person on

       the ground” subject to certain restrictions. N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(d) (emphasis added).

       By its plain terms, subsection (d) applies only to such restrictions “that would

       prohibit” solar panels as described in subsection (b).

¶ 20         Here, the restriction at issue prevents the reasonable use of solar panels, and

       accordingly, the exception contained in subsection (c) would not apply. Subsection (d)

       also does not apply here because while it provides an exception to subsection (b)

       allowing restrictions to prevent the installation of solar panels in certain locations,

       that subsection applies only to restrictions “that would prohibit” the installation of
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                                          Opinion of the Court

       solar panels. The language describing restrictions that “have the effect” of prohibiting

       such installation in subsections (b) and (c) is not contained in subsection (d).

       Nevertheless, the Court of Appeals treats this plain language as ambiguous and

       proceeds to read subsection (d) to apply also to restrictions that have such an effect

       even though this language is not contained therein. Belmont Ass’n, ¶¶ 15–20. The

       Court of Appeals reaches this conclusion by looking not only to the text of the statute

       but also to the title of the legislation and the legislative history. Id. ¶¶ 16–17. In so

       doing, the Court of Appeals contravenes our rules of statutory interpretation by

       applying canons of construction where the plain meaning of the statute is clear. It is

       a bedrock rule of statutory interpretation that “[i]f the statutory language is clear

       and unambiguous, the court eschews statutory construction in favor of giving the

       words their plain and definite meaning.” Beck, 359 N.C. at 614. Accordingly, the

       Court of Appeals erred in declining to give the words of subsection (d) their plain and

       definite meaning and by reading the subsection to apply also to restrictions that “have

       the effect” of prohibiting the installation of solar panels based on sources outside the

       text. The Court of Appeals necessarily also erred in concluding that the restriction at

       issue here satisfies subsection (d), because as previously noted, the Declaration does

       not expressly prohibit the installation of solar panels in any manner.

                                       III.    Conclusion

¶ 21         We conclude the Court of Appeals erred in affirming the order granting
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                                   Opinion of the Court

summary judgment in part to Belmont on the basis that the restrictions at issue,

which do not expressly prohibit the installation of solar panels but only have the effect

of doing so as applied by the ARC, fall under the safe harbor exception contained in

N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(d). We hold that the restriction at issue here does have the effect

of prohibiting the installation of solar panels and the reasonable use of solar panels

and, accordingly, the exception contained in subsection (c) of the statute does not

apply. Since neither statutory exception applies, we hold the restriction violates

N.C.G.S. § 22B-(20)(b). Accordingly, defendants are entitled to summary judgment

on the declaratory judgment claim. We reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals

with instructions to remand to the trial court for further proceedings not inconsistent

with this decision.

      REVERSED AND REMANDED.
             Justice MORGAN dissenting.

¶ 22         While I agree with the recognition and recitation by my learned colleagues in

       the majority of the pertinent provisions that govern the principles of statutory

       construction which are germane to this case, I disagree with the majority’s

       application of these established guidelines of interpretation to the facts and

       circumstances existent here. The manner in which these interpretative directives

       were employed in the present case has led, in my view, to an erroneous outcome. I

       would affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals majority that the trial court properly

       granted summary judgment in favor of plaintiff Belmont Association, Inc.

¶ 23         As cited by the Court’s majority, the salient clause of the Belmont residential

       subdivision’s Declaration of Protective Covenants is the authorization for the

       subdivision’s Architectural Review Committee to

                    have the right to refuse to approve any Plans for
                    improvements which are not, in its sole discretion, suitable
                    or desirable for the Properties, including for any of the
                    following: (i) lack of harmony of external design with
                    surrounding structures and environment; and (ii) aesthetic
                    reasons. Each Owner acknowledges that determinations as
                    to such matters may be subjective and opinions may vary
                    as to the desirability and/or attractiveness of particular
                    improvements.

       This Court has been beckoned to consider the Committee’s authorization in light of

       N.C.G.S. § 22B-20 and its governance of protective covenants as they purport to

       regulate the installation of solar panels.

¶ 24         In interpreting a statute, the Court must first ascertain the legislative intent
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                                         Morgan, J., dissenting

       in enacting the legislation. The first consideration in determining legislative intent

       is the words chosen by the Legislature. When the words are clear and unambiguous,

       they are to be given their plain and ordinary meanings. O & M Indus. v. Smith Eng’g

       Co., 360 N.C. 263, 267–68 (2006). “The goal of statutory interpretation is to determine

       the meaning that the [L]egislature intended upon the statute’s enactment.” State v.

       Rankin, 371 N.C. 885, 889 (2018).

¶ 25         The intent of the legislative body which enacted N.C.G.S. § 22B-20 is expressly

       stated in the first passage of the statute, and is contained in the law’s subsection (a):

                    The intent of the General Assembly is to protect the public
                    health, safety, and welfare by encouraging the
                    development and use of solar resources and by prohibiting
                    deed restrictions, covenants, and other similar agreements
                    that could have the ultimate effect of driving the costs of
                    owning and maintaining a residence beyond the financial
                    means of most owners.

       N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(a) (2021).

¶ 26         In determining legislative intent, the words and phrases of a statute must be

       interpreted contextually, in a manner which harmonizes with the other provisions of

       the statute and which gives effect to the reason and purpose of the statute. Burgess

       v. Your House of Raleigh, Inc., 326 N.C. 205, 215 (1990). “All parts of the same statute

       dealing with the same subject are to be construed together as a whole, and every part

       thereof must be given effect if this can be done by any fair and reasonable

       interpretation.” State v. Tew, 326 N.C. 732, 739 (1990).
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                                         Morgan, J., dissenting

¶ 27         Guided by these admonitions of proper statutory construction regarding the

       requirement that all of the provisions of N.C.G.S. § 22B-20 are to be reconciled with

       one another in order to maintain the sanctity of the statute while guided by the

       Legislature’s clear intent embodied in the law’s subsection (a), the next subsection of

       the statute—N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b)—immediately begins with a deferential reference

       to N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(d). Subsection 22B-20(b) states the following, in pertinent part:

                    Except as provided in subsection (d) of this section, any deed
                    restriction, covenant, or similar binding agreement that
                    runs with the land that would prohibit, or have the effect
                    of prohibiting, the installation of a solar collector that
                    gathers solar radiation as a substitute for traditional
                    energy for water heating, active space heating and cooling,
                    passive heating, or generating electricity for a residential
                    property on land subject to the deed restriction, covenant,
                    or agreement is void and unenforceable.

       N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b) (emphasis added).

¶ 28         In ascribing the plain and ordinary meaning to the phrase “[e]xcept as provided

       in subsection (d) of this section,” as these words are individually selected and

       collectively joined by the General Assembly in this introductory passage of N.C.G.S.

       § 22B-20(b), this prelude to the substance of subsection (b) explicitly notes that the

       content of N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b) yields to the operation of N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(d) to the

       extent that N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b) contains conflicting or differing content in an area

       also addressed by N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(d). Such conflict and difference would then be

       resolved by the subservience of subsection (b) to subsection (d) in the given area, and
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                                           Morgan, J., dissenting

       subsection (d) would control. Otherwise, if there is no subject area of conflict or

       difference between N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b) and N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(d), then the

       provisions of N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b) stand alone and are operative.

¶ 29            Before determining if, and to what extent, there is any incompatibility between

       N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b) and N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(d), the intervening subsection of (c) must

       be consulted after subsection (b) and before subsection (d), since the Legislature has

       constructed the statutory enactment in the manner that the Legislature deemed

       appropriate. Reading the five subsections of N.C.G.S. § 22B-201 in sequential order

       comports with the aforementioned dictate of Burgess, that the words and phrases of

       a statute must be interpreted contextually. In pertinent part, N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(c)

       reads:

                      This section does not prohibit a deed restriction, covenant,
                      or similar binding agreement that runs with the land that
                      would regulate the location or screening of solar collections
                      as described in subsection (b) of this section, provided the
                      deed restriction, covenant, or similar binding agreement
                      does not have the effect of preventing the reasonable use of
                      a solar collector for a residential property. If an owners’
                      association is responsible for exterior maintenance of a
                      structure containing individual residences, a deed
                      restriction, covenant, or similar binding agreement that
                      runs with the land may provide that (i) the title owner of
                      the residence shall be responsible for all damages caused
                      by the installation, existence, or removal of solar collectors;
                      (ii) the title owner of the residence shall hold harmless and
                      indemnify the owners’ association for any damages caused

                Subsection 22B-20(e) addresses the “award [of] costs and reasonable attorneys’ fees
                1

       to the prevailing party” and is irrelevant to the dissent’s analysis.
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                    by the installation, existence, or removal of solar collectors;
                    and (iii) the owners’ association shall not be responsible for
                    maintenance, repair, replacement, or removal of solar
                    collectors unless expressly agreed in a written agreement
                    that is recorded in the office of the register of deeds in the
                    county or counties in which the property is situated.

       N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(c). Subsection 22B-20(c), while expressly stating that it does not

       prohibit covenants such as those mentioned in Belmont’s Declaration which plaintiff

       could choose to apply in order to “regulate the location or screening of solar collectors

       as described in subsection (b),” nonetheless could ban the operation of the covenant if

       it would “have the effect of preventing the reasonable use of a solar collector for a

       residential property.” Id. On its face, the Declaration’s covenant language does not

       operate to this extent, and the majority recognizes in its written opinion that this

       exception contained in N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(c) does not apply in the instant case. Hence,

       N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(c) does not impact this case with respect to defendants’ installation

       of solar panels.

¶ 30         Subsection 22B-20(d), which preempts the operation of N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b) to

       the extent that subsection (b) and subsection (d) are incompatible with one another

       due to conflicting or differing content in light of the plain and ordinary meanings of

       the introductory words of N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b), “Except as provided in subsection (d)

       of this section,” which render N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b) subservient to N.C.G.S. § 22B-

       20(d) as described, is composed entirely of the following provisions:

                    This section does not prohibit a deed restriction, covenant,
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                                   Morgan, J., dissenting

              or similar binding agreement that runs with the land that
              would prohibit the location of solar collectors as described
              in subsection (b) of this section that are visible by a person
              on the ground:

                     (1) On the façade of a structure that faces areas open
                         to common or public access;

                     (2) On a roof surface that slopes downward toward
                         the same areas open to common or public access
                         that the façade of the structure faces; or

                     (3) Within the area set off by a line running across
                         the façade of the structure extending to the
                         property boundaries on either side of the façade,
                         and those areas of common or public access faced
                         by the structure.

N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(d). Although under N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b), a covenant such as the

one at issue in the current case which plaintiff could deem to apply to the installation

of solar panels in plaintiff’s potential interpretation of the Declaration would be “void

and unenforceable” because subsection (b) does not allow any such covenant to

operate “that would prohibit, or have the effect of prohibiting, the installation of”

solar panels as performed by defendants in the present case. Subsection 22B-20(d),

however, “does not prohibit” the operation of a covenant “that would prohibit the

location of solar collectors as described in subsection (b) of this section that are visible

by a person on the ground: (1) On the façade of a structure that faces areas open to

common or public access; [or] (2) On a roof surface that slopes downward toward the

same areas open to common or public access that the façade of the structure faces.”

N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(d) (emphasis added).
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                                            2022-NCSC-64

                                         Morgan, J., dissenting

¶ 31         In giving the clear and unambiguous words of N.C.G.S. § 22B-20 their plain

       and ordinary meanings as this Court has directed in O & M Industries, I conclude

       that the principles of statutory construction support plaintiff’s determination to deny

       defendants’ application to install solar panels on their residential home, in plaintiff’s

       words, “because the installation can be seen from the road in front of the home, and

       is not able to be shielded,” with said justification being grounded in two places in

       N.C.G.S. § 22B-20 where the guidelines governing statutory interpretation are

       readily exercised: (1) the introductory clause of N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b)—“Except as

       provided in subsection (d) of this section”—which establishes in clear and

       unambiguous words that subsection (b) yields to the operation of N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(d)

       to the extent that N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b) contains conflicting or differing content in an

       area also addressed by N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(d), wherein subsection (d) would then

       supersede subsection (b) and thus subsection (d) would then control the outcome of

       the issue; and (2) the sole sentence of N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(d) which begins, “This section

       does not prohibit a deed restriction, covenant, or similar binding agreement that runs

       with the land that would prohibit the location of solar collectors as described in

       subsection (b) of this section that are visible by a person on the ground,” and which

       establishes in clear and unambiguous words that restrictions on the placement of

       solar panels which are generally disallowed by subsection (b) are authorized by

       subsection (d) to be allowed in circumstances where, as in the present case, the
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                                              2022-NCSC-64

                                           Morgan, J., dissenting

       placement of the solar panels causes them to be visible from ground level from the

       façade of a structure that faces areas open to common or public access, or on a roof

       surface that slopes downward toward the same areas which are open to common or

       public access that the façade of the structure faces. Here, plaintiff denied defendants’

       application for the installation of solar panels because plaintiff determined that “the

       installation can be seen from the road in front of the home, and is not able to be

       shielded.” There is evidence in the record that defendants placed the solar panels at

       issue on the front area of their home’s roof which sloped southward and was visible

       from the street in front of the home. As I see it, N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(d), which

       supersedes N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b) in this aspect of the statute, therefore lawfully

       empowered plaintiff to deny defendants’ application to install the solar panels.

¶ 32          From my perspective, the application of the well-settled principles of statutory

       interpretation to N.C.G.S. § 22B-20 readily shows that plaintiff had the authority to

       deny   defendants’   application.     This    implementation   of   standard   statutory

       construction would not thwart the intent of the General Assembly which undergirds

       the statute and which was expressed in N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(a), because the interaction

       between and among the various subsections of the law operates to eradicate any

       pervasive or arbitrary prohibitions of the development and use of solar resources by

       limiting the availability of deed restrictions, covenants, and other similar agreements

       that could have the ultimate effect of driving the costs of owning and maintaining a
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                                         Morgan, J., dissenting

       residence beyond the financial means of most owners.

¶ 33         Summary judgment is proper “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to

       interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that

       there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a

       judgment as a matter of law.” N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 56(c) (2021). “A ruling on a motion

       for summary judgment must consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the

       non-movant, drawing all inferences in the non-movant’s favor. The standard of review

       of an appeal from summary judgment is de novo.” Morrell v. Hardin Creek, Inc., 371

       N.C. 672, 680 (2018) (citation omitted).

¶ 34         While I agree with the majority that summary judgment is the proper

       disposition of this case, I would render it in favor of plaintiff instead of defendants.

       Therefore, I would affirm the determination of the Court of Appeals in this case that

       the trial court correctly granted summary judgment for plaintiff.
             Justice BERGER dissenting.

¶ 35         There is a predictable and certain outcome for this case provided the rules of

       statutory construction, as enunciated by the majority, are followed.        Because a

       decision of the Architectural Review Committee is not a “deed restriction, covenant,

       or similar binding agreement” under N.C.G.S. § 22B-20, I respectfully dissent.

¶ 36         The facts and law of this case are not complicated. Defendants purchased a lot

       in a subdivision which was subject to the Declaration of Protective Covenants for

       Belmont properly recorded with the Wake County Register of Deeds. The Declaration

       established an Architectural Review Committee (ARC). Pursuant to the Declaration,

       homeowners were required to request and obtain approval for improvements to their

       properties from the ARC prior to making any such improvements.

¶ 37         A little over five years after purchasing the property, defendants installed solar

       panels on the roof of their house without submitting a request to, or obtaining

       approval from, the ARC. The ARC responded by sending defendants a notice of

       violation.   Ultimately, the ARC rejected defendants’ untimely request but gave

       defendants the option to relocate the solar panels to a part of the house not visible

       from the road. Defendants refused and this action followed.

¶ 38         Defendants argue plaintiff’s denial of their request to install solar panels

       violated N.C.G.S. § 22B-20, entitled “Deed restrictions and other agreements

       prohibiting solar collectors.” Pursuant to that section,

                           (b) Except as provided in subsection (d) of this
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                                          Berger, J., dissenting

                   section, any deed restriction, covenant, or similar binding
                   agreement that runs with the land that would prohibit, or
                   have the effect of prohibiting, the installation of a solar
                   collector that gathers solar radiation as a substitute for
                   traditional energy for water heating, active space heating
                   and cooling, passive heating, or generating electricity for a
                   residential property on land subject to the deed restriction,
                   covenant, or agreement is void and unenforceable. . . .

                          (c) This section does not prohibit a deed restriction,
                   covenant, or similar binding agreement that runs with the
                   land that would regulate the location or screening of solar
                   collectors as described in subsection (b) of this section,
                   provided the deed restriction, covenant, or similar binding
                   agreement does not have the effect of preventing the
                   reasonable use of a solar collector for a residential
                   property. . . .

                         (d) This section does not prohibit a deed restriction,
                   covenant, or similar binding agreement that runs with the
                   land that would prohibit the location of solar collectors as
                   described in subsection (b) of this section that are visible
                   by a person on the ground:

                          (1)   On the façade of a structure that faces areas
                                open to common or public access;

                          (2)   On a roof surface that slopes downward toward
                                the same areas open to common or public access
                                that the façade of the structure faces; or

                          (3)   Within the area set off by a line running across
                                the façade of the structure extending to the
                                property boundaries on either side of the
                                façade, and those areas of common or public
                                access faced by the structure.

       N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b)–(d) (2021).

¶ 39         By its plain language, the statute prohibits “any deed restriction, covenant, or
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                                             2022-NCSC-64

                                          Berger, J., dissenting

       similar binding agreement that runs with the land that would prohibit, or have the

       effect of prohibiting, the installation of a solar collector.” N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(b). It is

       uncontested that defendants’ lot was subject to the Declaration described above. The

       Declaration is the only document in the record that would contain any such “deed

       restriction, covenant, or similar binding agreement.” As the majority notes, “the use

       of residential solar panels was not specifically mentioned anywhere in the

       Declaration.” The majority further acknowledges that “the Declaration does not

       expressly prohibit the installation of solar panels in any manner.” Thus, there is no

       restriction set forth in the Declaration that prohibits or would have the effect of

       prohibiting the installation of solar panels that is at play in this scenario. Rather, it

       was the decision of the ARC that prohibited the installation of the solar panels by

       defendants.

¶ 40         A deed restriction, or “restrictive covenant,” is defined as “[a] private

       agreement . . . in a deed . . . that restricts the use or occupancy of real property, esp.

       by specifying lot sizes, building lines, architectural styles, and the uses to which the

       property may be put.” Restrictive Covenant, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019).

       Further, the term “covenant” is “[a] formal agreement or promise . . . in a contract or

       deed, to do or not do a particular act; a compact or stipulation.” Covenant, Black’s

       Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). And a “covenant running with the land” is “[a]

       covenant intimately and inherently involved with the land and therefore binding
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                                             2022-NCSC-64

                                          Berger, J., dissenting

       subsequent owners and successor grantees indefinitely.” Covenant Running with the

       Land, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019).

¶ 41         A decision by the ARC is not a deed restriction, as it is not an agreement found

       in defendants’ deed; is not a covenant, as it is not an agreement or promise found in

       a contract or deed; and is not an agreement that runs with the land, as it does not

       bind subsequent owners and successor grantees indefinitely. Indeed, counsel for

       defendants conceded at oral argument that a decision by the ARC does not qualify as

       a deed restriction, covenant, or similar binding agreement.

¶ 42         However, the majority, citing no authority and acknowledging that the

       language of the statute is “plain and unambiguous,” simply concludes that the

       decision of the ARC “ha[s] the effect of prohibiting[ ] the installation of a solar

       collector.” The majority claims, in spite of counsel’s concession, that “the provisions

       of . . . the Declaration which treat the installation of solar panels as an ‘improvement’

       subject to aesthetic regulation by the ARC effectively prohibit their installation.” This

       approach, however, ignores the fact that the ARC has the “sole discretion” to approve

       or reject any requested improvement. Stated another way, the establishment of the

       ARC does not effectively preclude any improvement, it merely enables a group of

       individuals to make decisions on “the desirability and/or attractiveness of particular

       improvements.”

¶ 43         The majority looks solely to the effect of the ARC’s decision, not the source of
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                                             2022-NCSC-64

                                          Berger, J., dissenting

       the restriction, and in so doing, ignores the plain language of N.C.G.S. § 22B-20.

¶ 44         However, even assuming the action by the ARC is covered under subsection (b)

       in that it “ha[s] the effect of” prohibiting the installation of solar collectors, the

       majority errs in concluding that subsection (d) does not apply. Here the trial court

       found that the solar collectors on defendants’ property “are visible by a person on the

       ground on a roof surface that slopes downward toward the same areas open to

       common or public access that the façade of the structure faces.” Therefore, as noted

       by Justice Morgan in his dissenting opinion, subsection (d) applies so long as the

       relevant deed restriction or covenant “would prohibit the location of solar collectors

       as described in subsection (b).” N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(d).

¶ 45         According to the majority, the “deed restriction, covenant, or similar binding

       agreement” in this case is “the ARC’s restriction of the use of solar panels under

       provisions of Article XI of the Declaration.” Based upon the majority’s own

       characterization, the ARC’s decision certainly “would prohibit the location of solar

       collectors” within the meaning of subsection (d) since it did in fact prohibit defendants

       from placing solar panels on the street-facing side of their roof. In other words, if the

       majority believes that the ARC’s decision constitutes a “deed restriction, covenant, or

       similar binding agreement” under subsection (b), then logically it must also conclude

       that the decision falls under subsection (d)’s exception.

¶ 46         Despite the majority’s overbroad reading of subsection (b), it narrowly reads
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                                          Berger, J., dissenting

       subsection (d). It appears to limit the application of subsection (d) to situations where

       a deed restriction, covenant, or similar binding agreement contains express language

       prohibiting the installation of solar collectors. Such a result clearly is not what the

       General Assembly intended.        It is puzzling why the majority would interpret

       subsection (b) so broadly but subsection (d) so narrowly. A better reading of the plain

       language is that a restriction which falls under subsection (b) is not void if it meets

       one of the criteria enumerated in subsection (d).

¶ 47         Lastly, even if the majority’s application of subsections (b) and (d) was correct,

       the appropriate remedy still would not be to grant summary judgment in defendants’

       favor. Rather, the case should be remanded to the trial court to determine whether

       subsection (c) applies. The trial court summarily concluded that “subsection (c) . . .

       is not applicable because subsection (d) is applicable.” Thus, the trial court never

       found that the ARC’s decision prevented “the reasonable use of a solar collector”

       under subsection (c). N.C.G.S. § 22B-20(c). This factual determination is for the trial

       court, not an appellate court. Therefore, this case should be remanded to the trial

       court to make this factual determination.

             Chief Justice NEWBY joins in this dissenting opinion.