Court Opinion

ID: 9838845
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-08 14:06:01.205254+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:02:08.586928
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: SEPTEMBER 1, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
                          NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                   Commonwealth of Kentucky
                          Court of Appeals

                             NO. 2022-CA-0748-MR

DAVID TAYLOR                                                       APPELLANT

                     APPEAL FROM CLAY CIRCUIT COURT
v.                 HONORABLE OSCAR GAYLE HOUSE, JUDGE
                          ACTION NO. 20-CR-00025

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                                APPELLEE

                       OPINION AND ORDER
                           AFFIRMING
        AND STRIKING ARGUMENT II FROM APPELLANT’S BRIEF

                                 ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: CETRULO, ECKERLE, AND GOODWINE, JUDGES.

ECKERLE, JUDGE: David Dwayne Taylor (“Taylor”) killed his uncle Carl

Roberts (“Roberts”). After a jury found Taylor guilty of First-Degree

Manslaughter and sentenced him to imprisonment for 16 years, Taylor appeals as a

matter of right.
                                   BACKGROUND

             Roberts perished when Taylor cut Roberts’s neck with Roberts’s own

machete, severing his carotid artery and jugular vein. At his trial, Taylor admitted

to killing Roberts, stating, “I done what I had to . . . I took his life.” Taylor

claimed he was acting in self-defense.

             The facts leading up to the killing are not largely disputed. On

February 28, 2020, Taylor was released from the Clay County Detention Center.

Taylor was limping and recently had hernia surgery. After visiting his mother,

Taylor found out he could stay at his mother’s residence. Roberts, his uncle, had

just that day moved into the same residence with his on-and-off girlfriend, Freda

Smith (“Smith”).

             Taylor had previously stolen a four-wheeler from Roberts’s son some

six years prior. Taylor served jail time as a result and believed Roberts was

holding a grudge. Taylor had heard stories about Roberts’s paranoia and

potentially violent past. Taylor also knew Roberts got high on drugs and became

increasingly paranoid. Roberts also carried around a machete and liked to throw it

at trees and telephone poles, as evidenced by a Facebook video that was introduced

at trial.

             Taylor eventually ended up at his mother’s residence with Roberts and

Smith. Taylor testified that he ate some food. Taylor also had a marijuana joint,

                                           -2-
and though he planned on smoking it the next day, he gave half of it to Roberts

after Roberts indicated he wanted some of it. Smith was asleep when the events

leading to Roberts’s death occurred.

            Roberts eventually told Taylor that he was hurt by Taylor stealing the

four-wheeler. Taylor apologized and went to the kitchen to get some food. Upon

returning to the room where Roberts still remained, Taylor noticed Roberts honing

the machete. Taylor asked to look at it, and Roberts led Taylor outside. Taylor

then claimed Roberts threw the machete right past Taylor’s face and into a tree.

Taylor believed Roberts was beginning to feel the effects of the marijuana he had

allegedly smoked.

            The toxicology reports had no indications that Roberts was under the

influence of marijuana, but Roberts’s blood did indicate that he had taken

Neurontin. Roberts’s urine indicated past methamphetamine use, but no

indications of active intoxication from methamphetamine.

            Regardless, Taylor testified that Roberts said, “You’re gonna die,

bastard, for stealing my son’s four-wheeler.” According to Taylor, Roberts had the

machete in his hand, so Taylor began to fight Roberts to protect both of them.

            In the ensuing melee, Taylor claimed that Roberts said, “You’re

gonna die, bastard,” and that Roberts was on top of Taylor. Taylor claimed he

rolled Roberts off of him and informed Roberts that he needed to quit because one

                                        -3-
of them was going to die. Eventually, Taylor obtained control of the machete, but

Roberts was cut in the process. Taylor claimed that Roberts said, “You cut me,

you bastard, you’re gonna die.” Fighting continued, with head-butting, biting,

clawing, and wrestling occurring. Taylor claimed his shoulder was dislocated

during the melee. Eventually, Taylor testified that he knew he had to kill Roberts

if he wanted to remain alive. So, Taylor claimed he did “what I had to do” and

“took his life” by cutting Roberts’s throat and neck. Taylor did not flee the scene.

             Neighbors testified to what they heard and saw. Brittany Smith, who

was next door, heard someone yelling for help and heard a fracas. She heard a

person yelling repeatedly for help and specifically heard the person say, “Help,

Little Man is going to kill me.” Little Man is Taylor’s nickname. The voice

sounded like an older man’s voice. She also went over to see what was happening

and noticed Taylor on top of something. She heard gasping and choking noises but

did not get closer because a dog kept her at bay.

             Terry Allen (“Allen”) was also nearby and heard a person screaming,

“help me, he’s trying to kill me.” When he approached, Allen witnessed Taylor on

top of Roberts, and he witnessed Roberts attempting to scoot out from underneath

Taylor. He saw Taylor work the machete back and forth across Roberts’s neck,

followed by Roberts’s arm lowering.

                                         -4-
                When the police arrived and surveyed the scene, they found Roberts’s

back was covered in mud and his pants were partially pulled down. Roberts’s neck

was cut from the front all the way back to the cervical spine. Taylor was covered

in blood, and his back was not as dirty as Roberts’s.

                A jury found Taylor guilty of First-Degree Manslaughter. Taylor

appeals as a matter of right.

                                         ANALYSIS

                Taylor raises two allegations of error in his Appellant’s Brief: (1) the

Trial Court gave an erroneous instruction on Second-Degree Manslaughter; and (2)

the Trial Court gave an erroneous instruction on Reckless Homicide. In his Reply

Brief, Taylor summarily requests that we dismiss the second issue. Accordingly,

we therefore STRIKE Argument II in toto from Appellant’s Brief. RAP1

11(B)(1).2

      I.     Preservation of Second-Degree Manslaughter Claim

                Regarding Taylor’s remaining claim, the Commonwealth, in a

prefatory statement, questions whether the issue is preserved. The Commonwealth

notes that Taylor proffered proposed instructions at the beginning of trial, and there

1
    Kentucky Rules of Appellate Procedure.
2
  Though we find that Argument II is “so totally lacking in merit that it appears to have been
taken in bad faith[,]” RAP 11(B), and we elect to strike that argument, we find no indication that
counsel acted in bad faith.

                                               -5-
is no discussion on the record after the presentation of proof about the jury

instructions. The Commonwealth thus argues that we cannot know if Taylor’s

“counsel changed positions or agreed to the instructions as written.” Appellee’s

Brief at 6.

                Regarding preservation, our Supreme Court has spoken firmly and

clearly. “Under the plain language of [RCr3 9.54(2)], a party can preserve his

objection to jury instructions in one of three alternative ways: (1) by offering an

instruction; (2) by motion; or (3) by making a specific objection before the court

instructs the jury.” Jerome v. Commonwealth, 653 S.W.3d 81, 85 (Ky. 2022)

(alteration added). “The rule does not require any additional objection or filing so

long as one of these three is satisfied.” Id. In the instant case, Taylor submitted

jury instructions that contained different wording for the Second-Degree

Manslaughter charge than was given by the Trial Court. Accordingly, we will

analyze whether the Trial Court’s wording was in error and, if so, whether Taylor’s

wording was correct.

      II.    Second-Degree Manslaughter Instruction

                Taylor argues that the Trial Court erred by not giving his version of a

Second-Degree Manslaughter instruction. The Trial Court’s instructions on this

offense read:

3
    Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure.

                                            -6-
                  INSTRUCTION NO. 4

                  SELF PROTECTION

Even though the defendant, David Taylor, might
otherwise be guilty of murder under Instruction No. 2 or
First Degree Manslaughter under Instruction No. 3, if at
the time he killed Carl Roberts (if he did so), he believed
that Carl Roberts was then and there about to use
physical force upon himself, he was privileged to use
such physical force against Carl Roberts as he believed to
be necessary in order to protect himself against it, but
including the right to use deadly physical force in so
doing only if he believed it to be necessary in order to
protect himself from death or serious physical injury at
the hands of Carl Roberts.

                  INSTRUCTION NO. 5

       SECOND[-]DEGREE MANSLAUGHTER

Provided, however, if you believe from the evidence
beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant, David
Taylor, was mistaken in his belief that it was necessary to
use physical force against Carl Roberts in protection of
himself or in his belief in the degree of force necessary to
protect himself;

AND

That when he killed Carl Roberts (if he did so), he was
aware of and consciously disregarded a substantial and
unjustifiable risk that he was mistaken in that belief, and
that his disregard of that risk constituted a gross deviation
from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person
would have observed in the same situation, then you shall
not find the defendant guilty of Murder under Instruction
No. 2 or First[-]Degree Manslaughter under Instruction
No. 3, but you shall find him guilty of Second[-]Degree
Manslaughter under this Instruction.

                            -7-
In comparison, Taylor’s proposed instruction read:

            If you do not find David Taylor guilty of Manslaughter in
            the First Degree under Instruction No. ____, you will
            find David Taylor Not Guilty of Manslaughter in the
            Second Degree under this Instruction unless you believe
            from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt all of the
            following:

            That in this county on or about February 28, 2020, and
            before the finding of the Indictment herein, David Taylor
            killed Carl Roberts through the use of a knife;

            That in so doing, he was acting wantonly as that term is
            defined under Instruction No. ___,

            That in so doing, he was not privileged to act in self-
            protection as defined in Instruction No. ____ (A).

Taylor’s proposed self-protection instruction relating to Second-Degree

Manslaughter read:

            C. WANTON OR RECKLESS BELIEF
            QUALIFICATION – Provided further, however, that if
            you believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt
            that David Taylor was mistaken in his belief that it was
            necessary to use physical force against Carl Roberts in
            self-protection, or mistaken in his belief of the degree of
            force necessary to protect himself,

            AND EITHER

            (1) That when he killed Carl Roberts, he was aware of
            and consciously disregarded a substantial and
            unjustifiable risk that he was mistaken in that belief, and
            that his disregard of that risk constituted a gross deviation
            from the standard of care that a reasonable person would
            have observed in the same situation, then if you would
            otherwise find the Defendant guilty of Murder under

                                        -8-
               instruction No. ___, or manslaughter in the First Degree
               under Instruction No. ____, you shall not find him guilty
               of that offense but shall instead find him guilty of
               Manslaughter in the Second Degree under this Instruction
               __ (C)(1)[.4]

               Taylor argues that the Trial Court’s instruction erred by not providing

for a “traditional” Second-Degree Manslaughter finding; in other words, it failed to

include a finding of Second-Degree Manslaughter without self-defense or

imperfect self-defense. Taylor further claims a proper instruction on Second-

Degree Manslaughter should have included the following elements: (1) that in

Clay County; (2) on or about February 28, 2020; (3) Taylor; (4) killed Carl Roberts

through the use of a knife; and (5) that in so doing he was acting wantonly.

               RCr 9.54(1) places a duty upon “the court to instruct the jury in

writing on the law of the case[.]” That duty includes instructing on lesser-included

offenses; however, “[a]n instruction on a lesser included offense is required if the

evidence would permit the jury to rationally find the defendant not guilty of the

primary offense, but guilty of the lesser offense.” Thomas v. Commonwealth, 170

S.W.3d 343, 349 (Ky. 2005) (citations omitted).

               Under the relevant portion of KRS5 507.040(1), a “person is guilty of

manslaughter in the second degree when he wantonly causes the death of another

4
  This separate instruction on self-protection was included twice in substantially the same form in
Taylor’s proposed instructions.
5
  Kentucky Revised Statutes.

                                               -9-
person . . . .” Read in conjunction with the justification statute, KRS 503.120,

there are two theories that could result in a conviction for Second-Degree

Manslaughter:

             (1) the defendant acted without an intent to kill but with
             an awareness and conscious disregard of a substantial
             and unjustifiable risk that his action would result in the
             victim’s death . . . ; and

             (2) the defendant acted either with or without an intent to
             kill but under an actual but mistaken belief that the
             circumstances then existing required the use of physical
             force (or deadly physical force) in self-protection, and
             with an awareness and conscious disregard of a
             substantial and unjustifiable risk that such belief was
             mistakenly held.

Saylor v. Commonwealth, 144 S.W.3d 812, 819 (Ky. 2004) (citations omitted).

             Here, Taylor unequivocally testified that he acted intentionally and in

self-protection when killing Roberts, placing him at best within the second Saylor

category of Second-Degree Manslaughter. The physical and eyewitness evidence

likewise supported that Taylor intentionally killed Roberts. Accordingly, the

evidence did not support Taylor’s novel theory of “traditional” Second-Degree

Manslaughter where he would have acted without an intent to kill but with an

awareness and conscious disregard of a substantial and unjustifiable risk that his

action would result in the victim’s death. Indeed, “instructions not supported by

the evidence should not be given[.]” Malone v. Commonwealth, 364 S.W.3d 121,

130 (Ky. 2012) (citing Houston v. Commonwealth, 975 S.W.2d 925 (Ky. 1998)).

                                        -10-
               Ostensibly recognizing such, Taylor’s Reply Brief on appeal gives a

version of the evidence that even he describes as “improbable,” where the jury

might be able to believe that Taylor was wanton in his belief that he must or should

wrestle Roberts for the machete. Reply Brief at 3. This “improbable” version of

the events requires us to refrain from simply picking and choosing what parts of

Taylor’s testimony to believe, and also to turn a blind eye to Taylor’s consistent

testimony that he intentionally killed Roberts as an act of self-protection. But a

lesser-included offense instruction should only be given after consideration of the

“the totality of the evidence,” Hudson v. Commonwealth, 385 S.W.3d 411, 416

(Ky. 2012), and when “it is justified by the evidence.” Martin v. Commonwealth,

571 S.W.2d 613, 615 (Ky. 1978).

               Here, Taylor wanted an instruction on a theory that was not justified

by an evidentiary foundation and did not comport with the totality of the evidence.

Said another way, the duty to prepare and give instructions on the whole law of the

case “does not require an instruction on a theory with no evidentiary foundation.”

Houston, 975 S.W.2d at 929 (citation omitted). Thus, the Trial Court did not err.6

6
   We must note here that Taylor conflates the wantonness in his wrestling for the machete with
the ultimate wantonness in his belief in the need to employ deadly physical force. We need not
address this distinction further because the question sub judice is whether the Trial Court’s jury
instructions were correct and supported by the evidence. Given that Taylor repeatedly stated he
thought Roberts was going to kill him, and Taylor admitted intentionally almost cutting off
Roberts’s head, Judge House’s decision to give the imperfect self-defense instruction was the
only reasonable option for second-degree manslaughter theories. Taylor, after doing “what I had
to do” and “t[aking] his life” by intentionally dealing the fatal blow, even went on to graphically

                                               -11-
               Likewise, we find meritless Taylor’s argument that the instructions

were faulty because they did not specifically include certain elements, such as the

county in which the events occurred. First, the instructions given were

substantially similar to those given and approved of in Saylor. 144 S.W.3d at 818.

Second, the instructions for Second-Degree Manslaughter began with the word

“Provided, however,” which, when read in context of the jury instructions in the

entirety, necessarily included the aforementioned elements. Accordingly, the

instructions met the “bare bones” requirement, see Sutton v. Commonwealth, 627

S.W.3d 836, 851 (Ky. 2021); the jury would not reasonably be confused about the

instructions, and the Trial Court did not err.

                                       CONCLUSION

               We have reviewed the jury instructions as they relate to Second-

Degree Manslaughter and find none of the alleged errors Taylor complains of rises

to the level of reversible error. Accordingly, as to Argument I we AFFIRM the

judgment and sentence, and as to Argument II we STRIKE that argument in toto

from Appellant’s Brief.

               ALL CONCUR.

discuss what it was like to watch the victim pass away into death. He was fully aware of his
actions and his intent to terminate Roberts’s life, almost obsessively. The Trial Court would not
be justified in giving an instruction on an “improbable” version of the events that ignores the
totality of the evidence.

                                              -12-
ENTERED: _September 1, 2023_
                                  JUDGE, COURT OF APPEALS

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:            BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Julia K. Pearson                 Daniel Cameron
Frankfort, Kentucky              Attorney General of Kentucky

                                 Matthew R. Krygiel
                                 Assistant Attorney General
                                 Frankfort, Kentucky

                               -13-