Court Opinion

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                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                        FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                          _________________

                                                        X
                                 Plaintiffs-Appellees, -
 MICHELLE BAZZETTA, et al.,
                                                         -
                                                         -
                                                         -
                                                             No. 04-1823
          v.
                                                         ,
                                                          >
 KENNETH MCGINNIS, Director of Michigan                  -
                                                         -
                                                         -
 Department of Corrections; MICHIGAN

                              Defendants-Appellants. -
 DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,

                                                         -
                                                        N
                         Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
                     No. 95-73540—Nancy G. Edmunds, District Judge.
                                            Argued: June 8, 2005
                                Decided and Filed: September 13, 2005
            Before: CLAY and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; OBERDORFER, District Judge.*
                                            _________________
                                                 COUNSEL
ARGUED: Lisa C. Ward, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing, Michigan, for
Appellants. Deborah A. LaBelle, LAW OFFICES OF DEBORAH LaBELLE, Ann Arbor,
Michigan, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Lisa C. Ward, Leo H. Friedman, OFFICE OF THE
ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing, Michigan, for Appellants. Deborah A. LaBelle, Patricia A.
Streeter, LAW OFFICES OF DEBORAH LaBELLE, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Michael J. Barnhart,
Detroit, Michigan, for Appellees.
                                            _________________
                                                OPINION
                                            _________________
       OBERDORFER, District Judge. This case marks another chapter in a ten-year controversy
between incarcerated felons, their visitors, and the Michigan Department of Corrections (“MDOC”).
In 1995, MDOC issued regulations affecting prisoners’ visitation privileges, including a permanent
ban on virtually all visitation for prisoners found guilty of two or more substance abuse violations.
After a bench trial, the district court ruled that MDOC’s visitation limitations, including the

        *
          The Honorable Louis F. Oberdorfer, United States District Judge for the District of Columbia, sitting by
designation.

                                                        1
No. 04-1823              Bazzetta, et al. v. McGinnis, et al.                                              Page 2

substance abuse regulation, violated the prisoners’ constitutional rights under the First and Eighth
Amendments and their Fourteenth Amendment substantive and procedural due process rights. A
panel of this court affirmed the district court’s judgment and the district court issued an order of
compliance enjoining the MDOC from implementing the regulations. The Supreme Court granted
the MDOC’s petition for certiorari on the prisoners’ First, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment
substantive due process claims and reversed this court’s affirmance in Overton v. Bazzetta, 539 U.S.
126 (2003). The Court did not grant certiorari with respect to the plaintiffs’ Fourteenth Amendment
procedural due process claim, nor otherwise address it directly. On remand, the district court
declined to dissolve its injunctive order of compliance, ruling that its procedural due process holding
was not disturbed by the Supreme Court’s decision.
        MDOC appeals the district court’s refusal to dissolve the injunction, arguing that although
the Supreme Court did not grant certiorari on this court’s procedural due process holding, it
implicitly foreclosed any facial procedural due process challenges to the substance abuse regulation.
Thus, at issue is whether the district court abused its discretion in failing to dissolve its injunctive
order in light of Overton. For the reasons stated below, we hold that the district court abused its
discretion because its procedural due process ruling is inconsistent with Overton. Accordingly, we
REVERSE the district court’s opinion and order denying MDOC’s motion for summary judgment
and granting the plaintiffs’ motion to enforce compliance. Our reversal is without prejudice to any
claim by an individual prisoner that the regulation, as applied to that prisoner, imposes an “atypical
and significant hardship,” thus implicating a protected liberty interest.
                                             I. BACKGROUND
        In 1995, MDOC issued regulations limiting the visitation rights of prisoners, in part to
control the widespread use of drugs and alcohol. Overton, 539 U.S. at 129-130. Among other
limitations, the regulations authorize the Director of the MDOC to restrict permanently all visits for
a prisoner who is found guilty administratively of “[t]wo or more violations of the major misconduct
charge of substance abuse,” e.g. possession of narcotics, alcohol, unauthorized prescription drugs,
or drug paraphernalia, or for failure to submit to a drug test. Bazzetta v. McGinnis, 286 F.3d 311,
321 & n.2 (6th Cir. 2002) (internal quotations omitted). According to the substance abuse
regulation, prisoners whose visits have been permanently restricted nevertheless receive visits from
“attorneys or [their] representative[s], [or] qualified clergy and staff from the Office of the
Legislative Corrections Ombudsman . . . .” Bazzetta v. McGinnis, 148 F. Supp. 2d 813, 833 (E.D.
Mich. 2001). Inmates may also request that the visitation ban be lifted after six months or two years,
depending on the underlying infractions. Id. Reinstatement of visitation privileges is within the
warden’s discretion. Id.
         In August 1995, the plaintiffs, a class of prisoners incarcerated by MDOC, and their
prospective visitors, challenged the substance abuse regulation on its face.1 Id. at 815. They
asserted that the permanent ban on visitors for two violations of the drug abuse policy: (1) infringed
the prisoners’ First Amendment right of intimate association and was not reasonably related to a
valid penological objective; (2) constituted cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by the Eighth
Amendment; and (3) violated the prisoners’ Fourteenth Amendment procedural due process rights.
Id. at 845-58. The case proceeded to a bench trial and, on April 19, 2001, the district court held that
the regulations violated the prisoners’ rights under the First, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments.
Id.

        1
           The Plaintiffs also challenged regulations that: (1) excluded, from family members with whom inmates were
entitled to non-contact visits, any minor nieces and nephews and children as to whom parental rights had been
terminated; (2) required all children visiting an inmate to be accompanied by a family member or legal guardian; and
(3) prohibited former inmates from visiting inmates. These regulations are not the subject of the instant appeal.
No. 04-1823            Bazzetta, et al. v. McGinnis, et al.                                       Page 3

         In addressing the plaintiffs’ procedural due process claim, the court first asked whether
Michigan prisoners have a liberty interest in visitation that had been infringed by the substance
abuse regulation. Id. at 857. The court noted that a liberty interest arises from two distinct sources--
from the implicit guarantees of the Due Process Clause itself, or as a result of state action. Id. The
court addressed only whether the prisoners derive a liberty interest from the state-issued substance
abuse regulation. Id. Accordingly, it analyzed the regulations under the formulation established by
the Supreme Court in Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472 (1995)--that a liberty interest arises where the
state’s regulations impose “freedom from restraint which, while not exceeding the sentence in such
an unexpected manner as to give rise to protection by the Due Process Clause of its own force,
nonetheless impose[] [an] atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary
incidents of prison life.” Id. at 484.
        In determining that the substance abuse regulation imposes an “atypical and significant
hardship,” the court considered (1) the effect of the restraint on the length of prison confinement;
(2) the extent to which the prisoners’ confinement is altered from routine prison conditions; and (3)
the duration of the restraint. Bazzetta, 148 F. Supp. 2d at 857 (citing Jones v. Baker, 155 F.3d 810,
814 (6th Cir. 1998) (Gilman, J., concurring)). It acknowledged that the regulations do not affect the
length of confinement but found that they create “an unusually harsh and punitive environment for
the prisoners restricted.” Id. at 858. Further, it found significant that the restriction on visitation is
permanent--“[a]lthough the regulations provide for the possibility of review after two years, there
are many instances where no such review occurs, or where reinstatement of privileges after two
years is denied.” Id.
         Recognizing a liberty interest in visitation that had been infringed by the permanent
visitation ban, the court then asked “ ‘whether the procedures attendant upon that deprivation were
constitutionally sufficient.’ ” Id. at 857 (citing Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 472 (1983)). It found
many procedural problems with the implementation of the permanent visitation ban--notably that:
(1) there are no written criteria to guide the Director of the MDOC’s decision whether to impose the
ban, resulting in inconsistent enforcement, id. at 836-37; (2) prisoners are not entitled to a hearing
on the imposition of the permanent ban or an opportunity to challenge the ban based on unusual or
extenuating circumstances, id. at 838, n.39; and (3) there are no ascertainable criteria for the
restoration of visiting privileges, without any apparent uniform standard being applied, id. at 839.
The court thus determined that “[t]he inconsistency and uncertainty of enforcement, the absence of
any criteria for reinstatement, and the failure to provide any opportunity to be heard are all
procedural deprivations of constitutional dimension.” Id. at 858.
        On April 16, 2002, a panel of this court affirmed the district court judgment for the plaintiffs.
Bazzetta v. McGinnis, 286 F.3d 311, 324 (6th Cir. 2002). The district court subsequently issued an
order of compliance on May 16, 2002, directing MDOC to comply with the terms of the court’s
judgment and enjoining the Department from enforcing the regulations “or any rule, policy, or
procedure which bans, restricts, prevents or limits visitation based on prior or future misconducts
for controlled substance violations.” JA 75. In response to the district court’s order, MDOC lifted
the regulations on visitation privileges on all inmates subject to the permanent ban. JA 189.
        MDOC filed and the Supreme Court granted a petition for certiorari. The Court limited its
review, however, to “whether the regulations violate the substantive due process mandate of the
Fourteenth Amendment, or the First or Eighth Amendments . . . .” Overton, 539 U.S. at 128. On
the merits, the Court reversed, ruling that the regulations did not facially infringe the prisoners’ First
Amendment rights of intimate association or violate their Fourteenth Amendment substantive due
process rights. Id. at 131-36. In so holding, the Court stated that it was not implying that “any right
to intimate association is altogether terminated by incarceration” but it noted that “[w]e must accord
substantial deference to the professional judgment of prison administrators, who bear a significant
responsibility for defining the legitimate goals of a corrections system and for determining the most
No. 04-1823                Bazzetta, et al. v. McGinnis, et al.                                                    Page 4

appropriate means to accomplish them.” Id. at 131-32; see also id. at 134 (“Withdrawing visitation
privileges is a proper and even necessary management technique to induce compliance with the rules
of inmate behavior, especially for high-security prisoners who have few other privileges to lose.”).
The Court also held that the withdrawal of visitation privileges did not “fall below the standards
mandated by the Eighth Amendment.” Id. at 137.
        The Overton Court did not grant certiorari on the issue of whether the regulations violated
the prisoners’ procedural due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. In the context of its
Eighth Amendment discussion, however, the Court noted that the “withdrawal of visitation
privileges for a limited period as a regular means of effecting prison discipline . . . . is not a dramatic
departure from accepted standards for conditions of confinement. Cf. Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S.
472, 485, 115 S. Ct. 2293, 132 L. Ed. 2d 418 (1995).” Id. The Court admonished that “[i]f the
withdrawal of all visitation privileges were permanent or for a much longer period, or if it were
applied in an arbitrary manner to a particular inmate, the case would present different
considerations.” Id. at 137. It concluded, however, that “[a]n individual claim based on indefinite
withdrawal of visitation or denial of procedural safeguards . . .would not support [a] ruling . . . that
the entire regulation is invalid.” Id.
        On August 26, 2003, MDOC moved for peremptory reversal of the district court’s order of
compliance and dismissal of the case. A panel of this court denied the motion so that the district
court could consider the validity of the order in the first instance. Bazzetta v. McGinnis, 2003 WL
22434575, at *1 (6th Cir. Oct. 24, 2003). A separate panel of this court remanded the case to the
district court “for further consideration in light of the Supreme Court opinion.” Bazzetta v.
McGinnis, 2003 WL 22071463, at *1 (6th Cir. Aug. 28, 2003). This panel specifically noted that
the Supreme Court preserved “any argument that an individual claim based on indefinite withdrawal
of visitation or denial of procedural safeguards would pass muster under the First and Eighth
Amendments . . . .” Id. (internal quotations omitted).
       Meanwhile, MDOC reinstated the regulation permitting permanent visitation restrictions for
two major misconduct substance abuse violations, with a few minor revisions. JA 161-62. MDOC
voluntarily chose not to reinstate the restrictions on individual prisoners that were removed due to
the May 16, 2002 order of compliance. Id.
         On October 15, 2003, MDOC moved for summary judgment in the district court on the
plaintiffs’ procedural due process claims. JA 53-77. The plaintiffs countered with a motion to
enforce compliance. JA 78-91. On December 23, 2003, the district court denied MDOC’s motion
for summary judgment, granted the plaintiffs’ motion to enforce compliance and confirmed
MDOC’s obligation to present a proposal to cure the procedural due process violations arising from
the imposition of the substance abuse regulation. JA 185-198. The district court acknowledged that
MDOC had revised the regulation but found that it failed to correct the significant procedural
problems associated with the implementation of the permanent ban on visitation. Id. Further, the
district court rejected MDOC’s mootness claim, holding that “‘[i]t is well settled that a defendant’s
voluntary cessation of a challenged practice     does not deprive a federal court of its power to
determine the legality of the practice.’”2 Id. at 189 (quoting Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw
Envtl. Serv., 528 U.S. 167, 189 (2000) (internal quotations omitted)).
       Despite the district court’s December 23, 2003 order, MDOC continued to issue permanent
bans on visitation to inmates committing two major misconduct substance abuse violations. On

         2
          The court also held that the case was ripe for review because there is no factual development needed to
discover how the regulation will be implemented, no indication that the MDOC will change its position regarding the
enforcement of the regulation, and the hardship to the prisoners to wait until their visitation rights are revoked is great.
JA 190-91.
No. 04-1823           Bazzetta, et al. v. McGinnis, et al.                                       Page 5

February 11, 2004, upon further motions, the district court issued a supplemental order confirming
its December 23, 2003 ruling and denying MDOC’s motion for an evidentiary hearing. JA 299-301.
The court, however, certified the question of whether its order was fully consistent with the Supreme
Court’s decision in Overton for interlocutory appeal, in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). Id.
at 301.
         On February 20, 2004, MDOC petitioned for permission to appeal, representing that the
district court had certified the question for review as “whether prisoners have a liberty interest in
visitation.” A panel of this court denied the petition as unnecessary, holding that MDOC, in reality,
was seeking to appeal the district court’s “order refusing to dissolve the injunctive relief previously
ordered by the court [namely, the May 16, 2002 order of compliance] pursuant to its finding that the
plaintiffs’ procedural due process rights were violated.” JA 328-29. Thus, the panel treated the
petition as a notice of appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291(a)(1). Id. We now entertain that appeal.
                                           II. ANALYSIS
A.      Standard of Review for Procedural Due Process Claims
        The Fourteenth Amendment protects an individual from deprivation of life, liberty or
property, without due process of law. “[T]hose who seek to invoke its procedural protection must
establish that one of these interests is at stake.” Wilkinson v. Austin, 125 S. Ct. 2384, 2393 (2005).
Accordingly, a procedural due process analysis addresses two questions. “[T]he first asks whether
there exists a liberty or property interest which has been interfered with by the State, the second
examines whether the procedures attendant upon that deprivation were constitutionally sufficient.”
Kentucky Dep’t of Corr. v. Thompson, 490 U.S. 454, 460 (1989) (citations omitted).
        In evaluating a claimed liberty interest by prison inmates, courts are mindful that
imprisonment necessarily “carries with it the circumscription or loss of many significant rights.”
Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 524 (1984). The “curtailment of certain rights is necessary, as a
practical matter, to accommodate a myriad of ‘institutional needs and objectives’ of prison facilities,
chief among which is internal security.” Id. at 524 (internal citations omitted). Accordingly, not
every “action taken for a punitive reason encroaches upon a liberty interest under the Due Process
Clause . . . .” Sandin, 515 U.S. at 484.
        Prisoners, however, retain a “residuum of constitutionally protected liberty,” Thompson, 490
U.S. at 466 (Marshall, J., dissenting); see Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. 215, 224 (1976) (“Our cases
hold that a convicted felon does not forfeit all constitutional protections by reason of his conviction
and confinement in prison.”), that emanates from two discrete sources: (1) state law can establish
a protectible liberty interest, or (2) the Constitution can create a liberty interest when a condition or
restraint is so egregious as to implicate the Due Process Clause itself. See Austin, 125 S. Ct. at 2393.
        Here, MDOC argues that the Supreme Court’s decision in Overton implicitly held that the
substance abuse regulation neither creates a protectible liberty interest nor implicates the guarantees
of the Due Process Clause itself. MDOC claims that because the Overton Court foreclosed finding
a liberty interest on the face of the regulation, when it determined that it did not constitute a
“dramatic departure from acceptable standards for conditions of confinement,” Overton, 539 U.S.
at 137, the district court lacks authority to continue to enjoin its implementation of the substance
abuse regulation, absent additional procedural safeguards. Accordingly, MDOC argues, the district
court erred in refusing to dissolve its May 16, 2002 order of compliance.
       The plaintiffs counter that the Supreme Court did not grant certiorari on the procedural due
process issue and, thus, could not have overruled the holding of the district court that the substance
abuse regulation established a liberty interest in visitation. In fact, the plaintiffs argue, the Overton
Court expressly preserved their right to assert an “as applied” challenge to the regulation, such as
No. 04-1823           Bazzetta, et al. v. McGinnis, et al.                                      Page 6

the one sustained by the district court in this case. Moreover, they contend that even if the Supreme
Court’s decision foreclosed finding a state-created liberty interest arising from the substance abuse
regulation, the prisoners’ liberty interest in visitation is implicit in the Due Process Clause.
        We review a district court’s denial of a request to dissolve an injunction for abuse of
discretion. See Pinette v. Capitol Square Review & Advisory Bd., 30 F.3d 675, 678 (6th Cir. 1994),
aff’d, 515 U.S. 753 (1995). However, a district court’s improper application of governing law
constitutes an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Colahan, 635 F.2d 564, 566 (6th Cir. 1980);
see also Mascio v. Pub. Employees Ret. Sys. of Ohio, 160 F.3d 310, 311 (6th Cir. 1998) (noting that
a district court’s decisions on injunctive relief are seldom disturbed unless it relied on clearly
erroneous findings of fact, improperly applied governing law, or used an erroneous legal standard).
B.     Overton’s Implicit Holding
         Plaintiffs first argue that the district court did not improperly apply governing law, i.e.
Overton, by refusing to dissolve its May 16, 2002 injunctive order because the Overton Court did
not grant certiorari on the procedural due process issue. Further, they claim that nothing in the
Court’s decision indirectly undermined the district court’s finding that the substance abuse
regulation violated the prisoners’ procedural due process rights. We agree that the Court did not
grant certiorari or otherwise expressly address the procedural due process issue. Nonetheless, we
find that the Court implicitly ruled on this issue, in a manner inconsistent with the holding of the
district court.
        In the context of analyzing the “unusual” component of the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition
against cruel and unusual punishment, the Overton Court held that the substance abuse regulation
was a “regular means of effecting prison discipline” which did not constitute “a dramatic departure
from accepted standards for conditions of confinement.” This statement is antithetical to the district
court’s finding a liberty interest in prison visitation because the regulation imposes on prisoners an
“atypical” hardship in comparison to the ordinary incidents of prison life. See supra page 5.
         Furthermore, the Overton Court cited Sandin in support of its statement that the regulation
was not a “dramatic departure.” In Sandin, the only issue was the prisoners’ right to procedural due
process protection before placement in segregated confinement for 30 days, imposed as discipline
for disruptive behavior. The Sandin Court observed that it had previously employed a methodology
for identifying state-created liberty interests that emphasized “the language of a particular [prison]
regulation” instead of “the nature of the deprivation.” 515 U.S. at 481. The Court abandoned this
methodology, significantly limiting the authority of courts to find liberty interests stemming from
positive state law in the prison context. Instead, it stated that the relevant inquiry must focus on the
nature of the deprivation imposed on a prisoner, holding that if the nature of the deprivation does
not impose an “atypical and significant hardship . . . in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison
life,” prisoners will not have a liberty interest in avoiding the deprivation. “Applying this refined
inquiry, Sandin found no liberty interest protecting against a 30-day assignment to segregated
confinement because it did not present a dramatic departure from the basic contours of the
conditions of [the inmate’s] sentence.” Austin, 125 S. Ct. at 2394 (internal quotations omitted).
        We extrapolate from Overton and Sandin that the substance abuse regulation is neither a
“dramatic departure,” nor an “atypical and significant hardship” in relation to the ordinary incidents
of prison life. Thus, although the issue was not directly before the Overton Court, Court precedent
and dictum has signaled against our finding a liberty interest on the face of the substance abuse
regulation.
No. 04-1823            Bazzetta, et al. v. McGinnis, et al.                                        Page 7

C.      “As Applied” Procedural Due Process Challenge
        The plaintiffs claim, however, that the district court did not rule that the regulation on its face
violated the prisoners’ procedural due process rights. Instead, they assert, the district court found
that the regulation, “as applied” to Michigan prisoners, triggered a state-created liberty interest.
Citing the Overton Court’s language that an individual prisoner could bring a “claim based on
indefinite withdrawal of visitation or denial of procedural safeguards,” and that “if faced with
evidence that MDOC’s regulation is treated as a de facto permanent ban on all visitation for certain
inmates, we might reach a different conclusion in a challenge to a particular application of the
regulation,” the plaintiffs maintain that Overton expressly preserved their right to bring “as applied”
claims.
        In arguing that their challenge, as sustained by the district court, does not attack the
substance of the regulation, but merely its implementation, the plaintiffs misconstrue both the nature
of the district court’s ruling and the difference between a facial and as applied procedural due
process challenge. The district court held that the substance abuse regulation, on its face, created
a liberty interest because it imposed an “atypical and significant hardship” on all prisoners subject
to the restriction. See Bazzetta, 148 F. Supp. 2d at 858. While the court cited examples of the
treatment of particular inmates in its findings of fact to illustrate what it perceived as the general
procedural deficiencies in the implementation of the regulation, id. at 836-43, it did not make factual
findings as to the application of the regulation to any particular prisoner sufficient to support an as
applied procedural due process claim.
        As detailed above, the Overton Court subsequently foreclosed a facial procedural due process
challenge under the standard set forth in Sandin. The Court’s decision in Overton does not preclude
individual prisoners from challenging a particular application of the substance abuse regulation on
First Amendment, Eighth Amendment or Fourteenth Amendment grounds but such “[a]n individual
claim based on indefinite withdrawal of visitation or denial of procedural safeguards, . . . [does] not
support the ruling . . . that the entire regulation is invalid.” Overton, 539 U.S. at 137; see also Jones
v. Baker, 155 F.3d at 816 (Gilman, J., concurring) (noting that Sandin’s principal directive is that
“courts should look to see if the particular inmate has been deprived of a state-created interest of
‘real substance’ ”) (citing Sandin, 515 U.S. at 478); McClary v. Kelly, 4 F. Supp. 2d 195, 199
(W.D.N.Y. 1998) (“At its core, Sandin instructs courts to look at the nature and extent of the
particular deprivation in deciding whether a protected liberty interest is implicated.”).
D.      Implicit Guarantees of Due Process Clause
        Finally, the plaintiffs argue that regardless of whether the substance abuse regulation creates
a liberty interest, such an interest emanates from the Due Process Clause itself because the
permanent ban on visitation impinges on the prisoners’ constitutional right to intimate association.
         In addition to state-created liberty interests, the Constitution itself can create protectible
liberty interests, but only if corrections officials impose restraints upon the prisoner which “exceed
[the prisoner’s] sentence in such an unexpected manner as to give rise to protection by the Due
Process Clause of its own force.” Sandin, 515 U.S. at 2300. In Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480 (1980),
for example, the Supreme Court held that a prisoner has a liberty interest in not being involuntarily
committed to a mental hospital that is implicit in the Due Process Clause, thus triggering
constitutional procedural protections. Id. at 489-90; see also Washington v. Harper, 494 U.S. 210
(1990) (concluding that a protectible liberty interest was implicated where a prisoner was
involuntarily administered psychotropic drugs).
       The “Due Process Clause does not protect every change in the conditions of confinement
having a substantial adverse impact on the prisoner,” though. Sandin, 515 U.S. at 478. In fact, a
No. 04-1823                Bazzetta, et al. v. McGinnis, et al.                                                      Page 8

prison inmate does not have a liberty interest in transfer from one prison to another “for whatever
reason or for no reason at all,” within the State or to another State, regardless of differing conditions
in the prisons. Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. 215, 228 (1976). Even a transfer to a maximum security
facility with more burdensome conditions is “within the normal limits or range of custody which the
conviction has authorized the State to impose.” Id. at 225. This is true even though such a transfer
operates as a “real hardship” on the inmate who is “effectively separated by the transfer from his
only contact with the world outside the prison.” Montanye v. Haymes, 427 U.S. 236, 242, n.4 (1976)
(internal quotations omitted). Analysis of “the nature of the interest involved . . . compels the
conclusion” that such a transfer, even with its changed conditions of confinement, “does not deprive
an inmate of any liberty interest protected by the Due Process Clause in and of itself.” Olim v.
Wakinekona, 461 U.S. 238, 248 (1983).
         This court has not addressed the issue of whether an incarcerated felon has a constitutionally
protected liberty interest in prison visitation pursuant to the Due Process Clause.3 There is no
question that inmates retain many of the protections of the First Amendment, such as rights to free
expression, Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 407 (1989); to petition the government for the
redress of grievances, Johnson v. Avery, 393 U.S. 483 (1969), and to free exercise of religion,
O’Lone v. Estate of Shabazz, 482 U.S. 342, 348 (1987). But even “[i]n the First Amendment context
. . . some rights are inconsistent with the status of a prisoner,” Shaw v. Murphy, 532 U.S. 223, 229
(2001), and a prisoner retains only those rights “that are not inconsistent with his status as a prisoner
or with the legitimate penological objectives of the corrections system.” Pell v. Procunier, 417 U.S.
817, 822 (1974).
         We know of no circuit court that has found an implicit due process right to prison visitation.
In fact, the Sandin decision perpetuated the Court’s general resistance to directly reading the Due
Process Clause without support from a positive source of law, absent evidence of a “grievous loss.”
Although the substance abuse regulation at issue here is “severe,” see Overton, 539 U.S. 134, we
decline to hold that, on its face, it rises to the level of egregious conduct necessary to implicate the
implicit guarantees of the Due Process Clause.
                                                III. CONCLUSION
       For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the district court abused its discretion in refusing to
dissolve its May 16, 2002 order of compliance in light of the decision of the Supreme Court in
Overton. We REVERSE the district court’s December 23, 2003 opinion and order denying
MDOC’s motion for summary judgment and granting the plaintiffs’ motion to enforce compliance
and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Our reversal is without
prejudice to any claim by an individual prisoner that the regulation, as applied to that prisoner,
imposes an “atypical and significant hardship,” thus implicating a protected liberty interest.

         3
           In Thompson, the Supreme Court held that whatever rights may be retained by prisoners they do not have an
implicit due process right to “unfettered visitation.” 490 U.S. at 460; see also Spear v. Sowders, 71 F.3d 626, 629-30
(6th Cir. 1995) (“It is clear that a prisoner does not have a due process right to unfettered visitation . . . . A fortiori, a
citizen simply does not have a right to unfettered visitation of a prisoner that rises to a constitutional dimension.”)
(citations omitted).