Court Opinion

ID: 5119398
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-10-19 17:19:12.544602+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:22:12.346707
License: Public Domain

Filed
                                                                                         Washington State
                                                                                         Court of Appeals
                                                                                          Division Two

                                                                                         October 19, 2021

    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                         DIVISION II
 STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                                No. 53464-9-II

                               Respondent,

        v.

 MEHMET BILGI,                                             PUBLISHED IN PART OPINION

                               Appellant.

       CRUSER, J.—Mehmet Bilgi was convicted of attempted rape of a child in the second degree

and communication with a minor for immoral purposes. Bilgi appeals his convictions, arguing that

(1) the trial court erred when it denied his motion to suppress text messages and e-mails obtained

while law enforcement was violating Washington’s privacy act, chapter 9.73 RCW, (2) the trial

court erred when it denied his motions to compel discovery related to the technology used by law

enforcement, and (3) the prosecuting attorney committed misconduct in closing argument.

       In the published portion of this opinion, we hold that (1) the trial court did not err when it

denied Bilgi’s motion to suppress because law enforcement did not intercept Bilgi’s text messages

or e-mails in violation of the privacy act. In the unpublished portion of this opinion, we hold that

(2) the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Bilgi’s motions to compel discovery

and that (3) the prosecuting attorney did not commit reversible misconduct. Therefore, we affirm

Bilgi’s convictions.
No. 53464-9-II

                                              FACTS

                               I. FACTS UNDERLYING THE CHARGES

       Detective Kristl Pohl, working with Washington State Patrol’s (WSP) Missing and

Exploited Children’s Task Force (MECTF), posted an advertisement on Doublelist, a website

similar to Craigslist where people advertise for sexual encounters, as part of MECTF’s thirteenth

“Net Nanny” operation.1 9 Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) at 905. The advertisement

asked, “where is the hook up spots in Puyallup that a yung [sic] hot guy could go?” Clerk’s Papers

(CP) at 156. It included a picture of a young adult male with a Snapchat filter that made his face

resemble a “koala bear.” 11 VRP at 1190. When Pohl answered messages directed to this

advertisement, she assumed the persona of a 13-year-old boy named “Jake.” 9 VRP at 934.2

       Bilgi responded to Pohl’s advertisement with an e-mail message that said, “hey did you

find your guy or spot yet ? hit me up and we can have some fun together.” Ex. 2 at 1. He attached

a picture of an erect penis. Bilgi soon mentioned the possibility of meeting people at

“neighborhood dive bars,” to which Jake responded that he was not old enough to go to bars. Id.

1
  Detective Sergeant Carlos Rodriguez, the supervisor of MECTF, defined the Net Nanny
operation as “a proactive undercover operation . . . looking for people who are offering children
for sex, or any type of exploitation, or people seeking to have sex with kids, or sexually exploited
children.” 9 VRP at 835.
2
   Pohl did not ever use a name to identify herself when messaging Bilgi, but
the State refers to the fictitious child as “Jake” throughout the proceedings.

                                                 2
No. 53464-9-II

When Bilgi asked how old Jake was, Pohl said, “13.” Id. at 3. After initially expressing surprise,

Bilgi responded, “so what do you wanna [sic] do?” Id.3

          After about a week of sending e-mail messages, Bilgi and Pohl switched to communicating

through text messages. Bilgi texted using Google Voice, “a voiceover internet number” that was

not connected to his cellular phone. 9 VRP at 931. He told Jake that he was 27 years old.4 Bilgi

and Jake communicated periodically over the next month, with most of their conversations

involving sexual content. Eventually, Bilgi arranged to meet Jake at a park.

          Prior to arriving at the park, Bilgi texted a picture of his face and a description of his car.

When Bilgi arrived, Pohl texted, “can you roll down ur [sic] windows and wave?” CP at 318.

Officers arrested Bilgi after they saw him roll down his window and wave. Officers later recovered

condoms and personal lubricant from Bilgi’s car.

          The State charged Bilgi with attempted rape of a child in the second degree and

communication with a minor for immoral purposes.

                                       II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

MOTIONS TO SUPPRESS COMMUNICATIONS

          During an interview with defense counsel, Detective Pohl disclosed that she used a

software named Callyo to send text messages to Bilgi from her computer. Pohl explained that

Callyo allows MECTF to sort messages by the phone number they are using and by the suspects’

3
  Pohl inadvertently responded to Bilgi using the e-mail address mamaKK360@gmail.com, an
address that she typically uses when adopting the persona of a mother, not a teenage boy. However,
Bilgi did not “express any concern” about the e-mail name. 9 VRP at 920.
4
    Bilgi was actually 35 years old.
                                                    3
No. 53464-9-II

phone numbers. It also allows the detectives to download all of the messages associated with a

particular suspect’s phone number in a zip file and to open those messages in a spreadsheet.

       After this interview, Bilgi moved to suppress “all evidence relating to the e[-]mail and text

communications of the defendant, including oral testimony about them,” under the privacy act. Id.

at 488. Bilgi argued that his text messages were unlawfully “intercepted and recorded by law

enforcement using specialized computer surveillance software called ‘Callyo.’ ” Id. at 490. The

State responded, “The messages were not intercepted at all. They were sent by the defendant to a

boy he knew as ‘Jake’ at a specific phone number. They were received by ‘Jake’ at that same

number. They were opened and read by ‘Jake.’ ” Supp. CP at 1240.

       At the CrR 3.6 hearing, Detective Sergeant Rodriguez testified that he controls the Callyo

account for the Net Nanny operations. He explained that Callyo, like Google Hangouts, generates

phone numbers for the officers to use to communicate with suspects, but Callyo is a preferable

program because to document communications with Google Hangouts, the officers “would have

to take screen shots . . . as [they] scrolled through [their] computer screen . . . and it was very

tedious.” 4 VRP (May 21, 2019) at 233. With Callyo, they can download the entire conversation

by clicking a button.

       When he first set up the Callyo account, Rodriguez assigned separate usernames to

individuals working on the operation, but now he uses one login and password for the entire

operation because multiple logins “just isn’t efficient.” Id. at 270. Now, if one of the other officers

asks Rodriguez to review their chats, he “can either just move over to their seat and look, or [he]

can do it right from [his] computer.” Id. at 255. The shared login also makes it easier for the officers

to take over for one another. Multiple people can be logged in under the same username at the

                                                   4
No. 53464-9-II

same time, and anybody who logs in has the ability to access and participate in any of the chats.

Rodriguez testified that members of MECTF have “the explicit authority” to read messages sent

through Callyo. Id. at 268.

        Pohl similarly testified that although she was the only person who messaged Bilgi,

“anybody that has the log in and the password to the account could view it.” Id. at 313. She testified

that she sent all of her text messages to Bilgi through the Callyo program, and that even if it was

not specifically discussed, other members of the operation had her permission to access those

messages.

        On the day of Bilgi’s arrest, Detective John Garden was performing surveillance. Garden

testified that he was logged in to Callyo on his iPad, observing the communications between Pohl

and Bilgi as they were occurring. Detective Kathryn Chovil-Peterson, who also performed

surveillance for Bilgi’s arrest, testified that she was “capable of” accessing the chats while she was

waiting for Bilgi to arrive at the arrest location, but she “[did not] recall . . . in Mr. Bilgi’s case if

[she] was monitoring the conversations or not.” Id. at 301-02. Pohl was also logged in to Callyo at

headquarters, and “[s]omebody in the room would have been acting as the incident commander

and would have been the one responsible for passing that information onto the surveillance units.”

Id. at 319.

        Bilgi contended that Garden’s admitted viewing of the messages while he was performing

surveillance constituted a privacy act violation because Garden was not a party to the conversation

and he did not have court authorization to view the messages in real time. Bilgi argued, “It is not

reasonable for a sender of a communication to expect that that private communication will go to a

surveillance software . . . where it will be stored and then transmitted to multiple people . . . in

                                                    5
No. 53464-9-II

different locations, and who are not participating in the conversation in any way.” Id. at 256-57.

The State responded that “once law enforcement lawfully possesses the information, that’s the end

of the inquiry. . . . It’s delivered to one account, which is accessible by law enforcement as a whole

because Carlos Rodriguez gave them the authority to do it.” Id. at 367-68.

        At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court found that the communications between

Bilgi and Pohl were private and that they were recorded on Pohl’s computer, which is an electronic

device. It also found that Bilgi impliedly consented to the recording of his communications on

Pohl’s device.

        The trial court noted that MECTF used a software that “allowed officers to communicate

with multiple subjects at the same time, using the same undercover telephone number for outgoing

messages, and then generate a report containing all the messages from a single incoming number,”

but it found that Bilgi’s “consent is not based in any way on the nature of the software used by the

recipient.” CP at 1202. It further found that both Rodriguez and Pohl consented to other members

of the Net Nanny operation reading their text messages.

        The trial court rejected Bilgi’s argument that his “consent was limited to the intended

recipient, ‘Jake’ (Det. Pohl), such that any other officer who read his messages ‘intercepted’ them.”

Id. at 1203. “It is well-settled in this state that the sender of a text message runs the risk the recipient

will share the content of that message with one or multiple other persons.” Id. Therefore, “Det.

Pohl did not violate the Privacy Act by allowing other members of MECTF to read her

communications with [Bilgi].” Id. at 1204. The trial court denied Bilgi’s motion to suppress his

communications.

                                                     6
No. 53464-9-II

       At trial, the State admitted Bilgi’s text messages to Jake. The jury found him guilty as

charged. Bilgi appeals his convictions.

                                            ANALYSIS

                                   WASHINGTON’S PRIVACY ACT

       Bilgi argues the trial court erred when it denied his motion to suppress because various

members of MECTF intercepted his communications in violation of the privacy act. Bilgi concedes

that he impliedly consented to the recording of his messages on Detective Pohl’s device, but he

contends that MECTF used Callyo to “intercept[ his communications] and broadcast them,

allowing anyone logged into the program to observe the communications as they occurred,” and

that he did not consent to such an interception. Br. of Appellant at 25. Bilgi specifically challenges

the trial court’s legal conclusion that his implied consent to record the messages was not limited

to Jake’s, or Pohl’s, device, as well as the court’s legal conclusion that Pohl could allow other

members of the operation to read the messages without violating the privacy act.5

       We hold that law enforcement did not intercept Bilgi’s text messages in violation of the

privacy act because Bilgi intended to send messages to a fictitious child, and his messages were

received by the account behind that fictitious child.

5
 Bilgi actually assigns error to the trial court’s findings of fact XI and XII, but as he correctly
notes, these findings were conclusions of law “and we treat [them] as such.” State v. Norris, 157
Wn. App. 50, 66, 236 P.3d 225 (2010).

                                                  7
No. 53464-9-II

A.     LEGAL PRINCIPLES

       Under Washington’s privacy act, communications may be intercepted or recorded only if

all parties consent or if law enforcement receives specific court authorization. RCW 9.73.030.6 It

is unlawful “to intercept, or record any . . . [p]rivate communication . . . by any device electronic

or otherwise designed to record and/or transmit said communication . . . without first obtaining the

consent of all the participants in the communication.” RCW 9.73.030(1)(a). The act includes

exceptions for emergencies, threats, and the investigation of specific crimes, but those exceptions

do not apply here. See RCW 9.73.030(2), .210, .230.

       Information obtained in violation of RCW 9.73.030 is inadmissible in a criminal trial.

RCW 9.73.050. This exclusionary rule broadly encompasses “any information obtained while

using unauthorized electronic broadcasts, including visual observations and assertive conduct.”

State v. Fjermestad, 114 Wn.2d 828, 835, 791 P.2d 897 (1990); see also State v. Gearhard, 13

Wn. App. 2d 554, 560, 465 P.3d 336 (explaining that if a recording does not fall within an

exception to the privacy act, “neither the recording nor any testimony about the recorded

conversation [is] admissible evidence”), review denied, 196 Wn.2d 1015 (2020). Further, if

information obtained in violation of the privacy act was used in an application for a search warrant,

and the remaining evidence in support of the warrant is insufficient to support a finding of probable

cause in the absence of the unlawfully obtained information, then any evidence obtained through

the search warrant must also be excluded. State v. Salinas, 121 Wn.2d 689, 697, 853 P.2d 439

(1993). “Failure to suppress evidence obtained in violation of the act is prejudicial unless, within

6
  The legislature reenacted and amended this statute in 2021, but the amendment does not impact
the provisions at issue in this case. See LAWS of 2021, ch. 329, § 21.
                                                 8
No. 53464-9-II

reasonable probability, the erroneous admission of the evidence did not materially affect the

outcome of the trial.” State v. Christensen, 153 Wn.2d 186, 200, 102 P.3d 789 (2004).

       The Washington Supreme Court has identified four factors of a privacy act violation: “(1)

a private communication transmitted by a device, which was (2) intercepted or recorded by use of

(3) a device designed to record and/or transmit (4) without the consent of all parties to the private

communication.” State v. Roden, 179 Wn.2d 893, 899, 321 P.3d 1183 (2014). Bilgi’s challenge

involves the second factor: whether Bilgi’s communications were intercepted.

       We review alleged violations of the privacy act de novo. State v. Racus, 7 Wn. App. 2d

287, 297, 433 P.3d 830, review denied, 193 Wn.2d 1014 (2019). Unchallenged findings of fact are

considered verities on appeal, and the trial court’s conclusions of law must be supported by its

findings of fact. State v. Homan, 181 Wn.2d 102, 106, 330 P.3d 182 (2014); State v. Glant, 13 Wn.

App. 2d 356, 364, 465 P.3d 382, review denied, 196 Wn.2d 1021 (2020). We review the trial

court’s conclusions of law de novo, and unchallenged conclusions of law become the law of the

case. Glant, 13 Wn. App. 2d at 364; Nguyen v. City of Seattle, 179 Wn. App. 155, 163, 317 P.3d

518 (2014).

       1.      DEFINING “INTERCEPT” UNDER THE PRIVACY ACT

       RCW 9.73.030(1) makes it unlawful “to intercept, or record” private communications. In

interpreting the privacy act, “[w]here there is no statutory definition to guide us, words should be

given their ordinary meaning.” Roden, 179 Wn.2d at 904.

       Merriam-Webster defines “intercept” as (a) “to stop, seize, or interrupt in progress or

course or before arrival” or (b) “to receive (a communication or signal directed elsewhere) usually

secretly.”       MERRIAM-WEBSTER           ONLINE        DICTIONARY,         https://www.merriam-

                                                 9
No. 53464-9-II

webster.com/dictionary/intercept (last visited Oct. 12, 2021). Black’s Law Dictionary at 966

defines the verb “intercept” as “[t]o covertly receive or listen to (a communication)” and associates

the term with “covert reception by a law-enforcement agency.” (11th ed. 2019).

        In Roden, an officer “opened, read, and responded to” text messages while the owner of

the cell phone was in custody. 179 Wn.2d at 904. The supreme court found this to be “consistent

with the ordinary definition of ‘intercept’—to ‘stop . . . before arrival . . . or interrupt the progress

or course.’ ” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Webster’s Third New International Dictionary

1176 (2002)). Analogizing sending a text message to mailing a letter, the court reasoned that “the

ordinary meaning of ‘intercept’ would encompass opening and reading a letter in someone else’s

mailbox before they receive it.” Id. at 905. Further, the officer in Roden “did not merely see a

message appear on the iPhone;” he “manipulated” another individual’s phone to access the

message. Id. at 906.

        With the exception of Roden, however, Washington courts have primarily analyzed

interception in the context of oral communications. In State v. Faford, the supreme court held that

a private individual unlawfully intercepted his neighbors’ communications when he used a police

scanner to eavesdrop on their telephone conversations. 128 Wn.2d 476, 479, 910 P.2d 447 (1996).

In Christensen, the parties agreed that a mother violated the privacy act when she “activated the

speakerphone function of the cordless telephone system by pressing a button on the base unit” and

                                                   10
No. 53464-9-II

listened to a conversation between her daughter and her daughter’s boyfriend. 153 Wn.2d at 190,

192.7

        In Fjermestad, an undercover detective wore a body wire, without prior court authorization,

while conducting a drug operation. 114 Wn.2d at 829-30. To ensure officer safety, this device

transmitted audio of the undercover detective’s communications to two other officers who were

positioned nearby. Id. The supreme court held, “RCW 9.73 has no provisions for an undercover

police operation to use electronic eavesdropping devices to transmit conversations without first

obtaining court authorization, no matter how laudable the reasons.” Id. at 836.8

        2.     SHARING RECORDED COMMUNICATIONS

        Washington courts have held that a person impliedly consents to the recording of their

communications on an electronic device when they communicate through e-mail, text messaging,

and some online instant messaging software. State v. Townsend, 147 Wn.2d 666, 675-77, 57 P.3d

255 (2002); Glant, 13 Wn. App. 2d at 366; Racus, 7 Wn. App. 2d at 300. “[A] communicating

party will be deemed to have consented to having his or her communication recorded when the

party knows that the messages will be recorded.” Townsend, 147 Wn.2d at 675.

7
  Since the parties agreed that the action in Christensen constituted an interception under the
privacy act, the court did not engage in any analysis of the term “intercept.” The court commented
that if the State had “argued and proved that [the mother’s] act of listening in to her daughter’s
conversation with Christensen was not an intercept, the resolution of this case might well have
proceeded down a different analytical path.” Christensen, 153 Wn.2d at 197.
8
  The supreme court has also designated the use of a pen register as an “intercept . . . within the
definition of a ‘private communication transmitted by telephone.’ ” State v. Gunwall, 106 Wn.2d
54, 69, 720 P.2d 808 (1986) (quoting RCW 9.73.030(1)(a)). “ ‘A pen register is a mechanical
device, usually installed at a central telephone company facility, that records on paper the numbers
dialed from a particular telephone.’ ” Id. at 63 n.15 (quoting Clifford S. Fishman, Pen Registers
and Privacy: Risks, Expectations, and the Nullification of Congressional Intent, 29 CATH. U. L.
REV. 557, 558 n.3 (1980)). A pen register does not record the contents of any communications. Id.
                                                11
No. 53464-9-II

       When the sender of a written electronic message impliedly consents to the message’s

recording, they bear the risk that the intended recipient will share the message with others. In

Glant, we reasoned that when a person sends e-mail or text messages, “they do so with the

understanding that the messages [will] be available to the receiving party for reading or printing.”

13 Wn. App. 2d at 365. In our view, it is logical to assume they do so with the additional

understanding that the messages will be available to the receiving party for forwarding or sharing

electronically.

       In Roden, the intercepted communications were recorded on the recipient’s phone, and the

supreme court explained that “the privacy act was violated because the detective intercepted [ ]

private communications without [the sender’s] or [the recipient’s] consent and without a court

order.” 179 Wn.2d at 906-07 (emphasis added). This conclusion suggests that the outcome could

have been different if the recipient had willingly shared the recorded messages with the detective.

B.     APPLICATION

       Here, the State conceded that Bilgi’s communications were private, and the trial court

found that Bilgi’s communications were private, that they were recorded on Pohl’s computer,

which was a device designed to record the communications, and that Bilgi impliedly consented to

this recording. Bilgi does not dispute these findings on appeal. Rather, Bilgi contends that his

communications were unlawfully intercepted by Callyo prior to Pohl’s receipt of the

communication and that his communications were unlawfully intercepted by officers who were

not the intended recipients, simultaneous to Pohl’s receipt of the communication. He argues that

his implied consent to the recording was not an implied consent to the interception.

                                                12
No. 53464-9-II

       As a preliminary matter, any argument that Callyo independently intercepted Bilgi’s

communications was not preserved for appeal. In his motion to suppress communications pursuant

to RCW 9.73.050, Bilgi argued only that “[t]he State, and specifically the law enforcement officers

involved in the investigation and arrest of the defendant, violated RCW 9.73.030 when they

illegally intercepted the private e[-]mail and text conversations of the defendant.” CP at 489

(emphasis added). Bilgi did not argue that Callyo unlawfully intercepted his communications.

Regardless, this argument fails on the merits because Callyo is incapable of intercepting a

communication in violation of the privacy act. RCW 9.73.030(1) states, “[I]t shall be unlawful for

any individual, partnership, corporation, association, or the state of Washington, its agencies, and

political subdivisions to intercept, or record” private communications. (Emphasis added.) Callyo

is a computer software, not an actor with agency.

       Bilgi makes two additional arguments. First, he argues that Pohl unlawfully intercepted his

communications because she, in particular, was not his intended recipient. Second, he argues that

the officers with whom Pohl shared Bilgi’s communications as they were being received

unlawfully intercepted his communications because even if Pohl had been his intended recipient,

he did not consent to Pohl sharing his communications with others.

       With respect to Bilgi’s first argument, we disagree that Pohl unlawfully intercepted Bilgi’s

communications because she was not actually a 13-year-old boy named Jake. Bilgi willingly

communicated with the person controlling the account purporting to be Jake, and thus there was

no unlawful interception of his messages by the person behind the account. Bilgi’s displeasure

with the ruse he failed to detect does not constitute a redressable legal harm. Moreover, Bilgi offers

no authority for this novel and expansive application of the privacy act. See B. & B. Farms, Inc. v.

                                                 13
No. 53464-9-II

Matlock’s Fruit Farms, Inc., 73 Wn.2d 146, 152, 437 P.2d 178 (1968) (declaring that where the

petitioner fails to cite authority to support their position, “we will not presume that such authority

exists”).

        Additionally, the viewing of the electronic communications by other officers who, like

Pohl, made up the law enforcement team in control of the account posing as Jake did not constitute

an unlawful interception of Bilgi’s communications. The officers did not covertly receive

messages that were directed elsewhere. Nor is there evidence that other officers “manipulated”

Pohl’s device or opened the messages before they were received by Pohl. Roden, 179 Wn.2d at

906. Bilgi sent messages to a fictitious child, and his messages were received by the account behind

that fictitious child. When an account is held by multiple people, the account holders do not violate

the privacy act by simultaneously receiving messages sent to that account. Jake’s phone number,

which was associated with MECTF’s Callyo account, was Bilgi’s intended recipient. The

messages were received by the intended recipient. The fact that multiple officers were authorized

to access the account does not change this conclusion.

        It is commonly understood that a written communication, once sent to its intended

recipient, can be passed on or shared by the recipient. See Glant, 13 Wn. App. 2d at 365. With the

prevalence of web-based software such as e-mail accounts and Apple IDs, there is also a general

recognition that usernames and passwords may be shared and that multiple people may log in to

the same account at the same time. Even if the person controlling the account in this case had

actually been a 13-year-old boy named Jake, Bilgi had no ability to restrain Jake from sharing his

communications with anyone Jake so chose. Likewise, whether Pohl shared the communications

she received from Bilgi with other officers as she received them, or the other officers with access

                                                 14
No. 53464-9-II

to the account were logged in and read them on their own devices as they were received, there was

no violation of the privacy act.

        Bilgi relies on Faford, Christensen, and Fjermestad, but these cases are distinguishable.

Both Faford and Christensen involved unrecorded oral communications that were intercepted by

a third party without the consent of either of the conversation’s participants.

        In Fjermestad, the trial court suppressed testimony about unrecorded oral communications

that were intercepted, and the defendant was convicted based only on a detective’s simultaneous

visual observations. 114 Wn.2d at 829-30. Therefore, the question on appeal was limited to the

scope of the privacy act’s exclusionary rule. See id. at 834-35. The supreme court did not consider

whether the defendant could have impliedly consented to others hearing his communications. If it

had, the analysis would have focused on the defendant’s expectations of privacy in his in-person

oral communications—a situation that is not comparable to the one presented here. “Generally,

two people in a conversation hold a reasonable belief that one of them is not recording the

conversation.” State v. Kipp, 179 Wn.2d 718, 732, 317 P.3d 1029 (2014). In contrast, when a

written communication is recorded by a recipient’s device, there is a general understanding that

the recipient could share it.

                                          CONCLUSION

        We hold that MECTF did not intercept Bilgi’s communications in violation of the privacy

act when it used a single, shared account for its Net Nanny operation. It is not legally significant

that the account was created using Callyo. Therefore, the trial court properly denied Bilgi’s motion

to suppress all evidence relating to his communications. We affirm Bilgi’s convictions.

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No. 53464-9-II

       A majority of the panel having determined that only the foregoing portion of this opinion

will be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports and that the remainder shall be filed for public

record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040, it is so ordered.

       Bilgi appeals his convictions for attempted second degree rape of a child and

communication with a child for immoral purposes, arguing that the trial court abused its discretion

when it denied his motions to compel discovery relating to Callyo and that the prosecutor

committed reversible misconduct during closing argument. We hold that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion, and none of the prosecuting attorney’s arguments warrant reversal.

                                     ADDITIONAL FACTS

                                      I. PRETRIAL MOTIONS

A.     DISCOVERY MOTIONS

       1.      MOTION TO COMPEL DISCOVERY

       After learning that MECTF used a software called Callyo to text with suspects, Bilgi filed

a motion to compel discovery related to Callyo. The motion requested that the trial court order

WSP to provide a copy of the Callyo program or, in the alternative, to provide defense counsel and

a defense expert “meaningful access” to the program. CP at 99. Bilgi asserted that “[t]he reports

generated by this application [were] the cornerstone of the State’s case against [him].” Id. at 101.

Bilgi further asserted that defense counsel was unable to purchase Callyo herself because she was

not law enforcement and the prosecuting attorney “declined to provide assistance” in facilitating

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No. 53464-9-II

access to the program. Id. at 102. Bilgi argued that he was entitled to investigate the Callyo

program to (1) ensure its reliability and (2) develop a record for a privacy act claim.9

          Bilgi retained a computer forensics expert to investigate the software. Defense counsel then

represented to the trial court that, based on an initial review of 20 patent applications, Callyo

appeared to be “significantly more complicated and significantly more important to the case than

we previously could have recognized.” 5 VRP (Mar. 14, 2019) at 64. These patents illustrated “a

non-exhaustive set of possible embodiments of the technology,” such as monitoring

communications in real time, recording phone calls, accessing personal information connected to

a phone number, configuring a device into a “mobile bug,” and geolocating a suspect. CP at 114,

118 (emphasis added). Later interviews with law enforcement, however, showed only that MECTF

used Callyo to send and download text messages, and to occasionally view one another’s

communications.10

          2.      SUPPLEMENTAL DISCOVERY DEMAND & AMENDED MOTION TO COMPEL

          Bilgi later filed a supplemental discovery demand, demanding Callyo user guides, manuals,

and training materials; confidentiality agreements between the State or law enforcement and

Callyo’s vendor; marketing materials; and “information concerning when the prosecuting attorney

became aware of the use of Callyo.” Id. at 105. He then filed an amended motion to compel

discovery, requesting:

9
    Bilgi does not raise reliability as a basis for his discovery argument on appeal.
10
   In its findings of fact regarding Bilgi’s motions to suppress, the trial court also stated, “This
software program operation has additional features, like GPS [Global Positioning System] location
service and subscriber inquiry service, but there is no evidence that any of those features were used
in this defendant’s case.” CP at 1202 n.1.
                                                   17
No. 53464-9-II

        Callyo master source code, executable program files, user manual, installation
        manual, training manual, administrative manual, confidentiality or nondisclosure
        agreements between the State or law enforcement and the vendor of Callyo,
        requests for proposal and contracts between Washington State Patrol and Callyo,
        marketing materials provided to the State or law enforcement pertaining to Callyo,
        information concerning when the prosecuting attorney became aware of the use of
        Callyo and the existence of confidentiality agreements, and all Callyo files or
        reports pertaining to the case involving Mr. Bilgi.

Id. at 105-06. Bilgi moved the trial court to compel this discovery from Callyo’s vendor if it was

not within the possession or control of the State or WSP. He argued that discovery “pertaining to

the functioning and use of the Callyo program” was necessary to develop various motions to

suppress evidence and to prepare for cross-examination of the State’s witnesses. Id. at 121.

        A supplement to the amended motion to compel discovery added transcripts from

interviews with Detectives Garden and Chovil-Peterson stating that they log in to Callyo to view

communications in real time when they perform surveillance.

        3.     MOTIONS HEARING

        Bilgi argued that for “a surveillance team to monitor the communications as they are

coming in and going out” is an interception in violation of the privacy act, and he requested

“additional discovery to make a full and accurate record of what exactly happened here.” 1 VRP

(Mar. 25, 2019) at 9-10. He explained, “Of particular importance to me under the Privacy Act is,

if there is any sort of documentation of when members of the surveillance team or other law

enforcement officers logged in and were able to view communications as they were occurring.”

Id. at 21.

        The State suggested that Bilgi was overestimating Callyo’s role in the operation and

described Callyo as “a data compilation program that lets you print out text messages.” Id. at 22.

It also argued that “ultimately it doesn’t really matter what else Callyo can do. It only matters what

                                                 18
No. 53464-9-II

Callyo did, and in this case what it did is printed out the text messages.” Id. at 33. Defense counsel

admitted, “I can’t say exactly what [Callyo] did in this case, unless we had access to the

information to have a full and fair investigation of those issues.” Id. at 37.

          The trial court determined that Bilgi was requesting disclosure “beyond that which the

prosecutor is specifically obligated to disclose,” so it analyzed the request under CrR 4.7(e), which

permits additional discovery within the trial court’s discretion. CP at 913. CrR 4.7(e) requires (1)

that the requested information be material to the preparation of the defense and (2) that the request

be reasonable. Id. at 914. The trial court ruled that Bilgi failed to meet the first requirement because

his reliability concerns were “no more than conjecture” and a copy of “the source code of any

software that produced a transcript of the chat . . . does nothing to advance” the privacy issue. Id.

at 915.

          4.     MOTION TO RECONSIDER

          The trial court’s ruling on Bilgi’s discovery motion was based, in part, on its understanding

that the State had turned over not only paper copies of the chats between Detective Pohl and Bilgi,

but also copies of the Callyo reports “in electronic format, (zip files) . . . , which included the .txt

files (metadata). The metadata allows one to see who created the document and when, who last

modified it and when, and who can access or update it, as well as other information relevant to the

foundation for admissibility.” Id. at 911. Bilgi filed a motion to reconsider, explaining that he had

not received the Callyo reports or text messages in a zip or .txt format. Once the State provided

this evidence in its electronic format, the parties agreed that the State was in compliance with the

trial court’s discovery ruling.

                                                   19
No. 53464-9-II

          Bilgi also argued again that “[a]ccess to logs or records indicating who had access to the

livestream of the communications and who was logged into the Callyo program and able to view

the communications is material to the Defendant’s motion to suppress.” Id. at 920. He submitted

a transcript from an interview with Program Specialist Rhonda Tucker, where Tucker admitted

that she accessed Callyo for her role as an analyst. She explained that when she is logged into

Callyo, the phone numbers and messages “pop up” on the screen as the communications come in.

Id. at 944. Tucker confirmed that she “can read that message as it is coming through,” but she does

“[n]ot usually” read the messages. Id. at 945-46.

          The trial court denied Bilgi’s motion to reconsider the ruling in its entirety. Bilgi then

moved this court for discretionary review of the trial court’s orders denying Bilgi’s motions to

compel discovery and for a stay while the orders were reviewed. We denied Bilgi’s emergency

motion for a stay, advising that any issue with the motion to compel could be reviewed on direct

appeal.

          5.     SECOND SUPPLEMENTAL MOTION TO COMPEL DISCOVERY

          Bilgi filed an additional discovery motion, requesting:

          Callyo log files for users involved in the Net Nanny Thirteen Operation during the
          time period between July 26, 2018 (when communications with Mr. Bilgi began)
          and September 11, 2018 (when the Callyo files provided in discovery were
          downloaded from the program); usernames of Callyo users who were involved in
          the Net Nanny Thirteen Operation or Mr. Bilgi’s arrest; Callyo manuals; MD5 hash
          values for all evidence files created, collected, or maintained by the Callyo program
          in connection with Mr. Bilgi’s case; and the identity of the system administrator for
          the Callyo program at Washington State Patrol.

Id. at 995. He argued that interviews with law enforcement established a likely privacy act

violation and that “the additional discovery sought is required for the defendant to conclusively

establish the violation.” Id. at 1001.

                                                   20
No. 53464-9-II

       Bilgi attached a declaration from a digital forensics expert, Steve Simpson, explaining that

if Simpson had access to log files from Callyo, meaning files that record “an action or event

occurring on a computer device, a computer system, a computer network, or a computer

application,” then he could likely create an audit trail, which “documents the sequence of activities

that have affected a specific operation, procedure, or event that occurs within a program or on a

device.” Id. at 955-56. An audit trail could show several things, including “[t]he date, time, and

user name for each instance in which a user accessed text message communications between Mr.

Bilgi and Detective Pohl,” and “[w]hether other features of the Callyo program (e.g. the GPS

location module or mobile bug module) were used in Mr. Bilgi’s case.” Id. at 957.

       Simpson also explained how some of the other requested materials could be helpful, such

as the user manuals, which would show the program’s default settings, “describe what information

users are able to access and how that information is accessed,” and “identify which events are

logged and how a particular program sorts, stores, and names log files.” Id. at 958-59.

       6.      SECOND MOTIONS HEARING

       Bilgi made an offer of proof based on the interviews with Garden, Chovil-Peterson, and

Tucker that Bilgi’s messages had likely been intercepted in violation of the privacy act. However,

he acknowledged, “the witnesses indicate they couldn’t recall -- they didn’t write reports detailing

their specific viewing of communications in Mr. Bilgi’s case.” 3 VRP (May 20, 2019) at 133. Bilgi

again requested additional discovery “to find evidence of a particular violation in this case since

there was not an adequate record . . . , although it’s undisputed that the program is used in that way

[to monitor other officers’ communications in real time].” Id.

                                                 21
No. 53464-9-II

       The State argued that once Bilgi consented to the recording of his messages, he “[ran] the

risk that the person who received them [would] disseminate them in any way that they want[ed]

to, and that means they can show their friends, or have them live streamed if they want to.” Id. at

149.

       The trial court again denied Bilgi’s motion to compel discovery, concluding that he again

failed to show materiality: “the defendant’s general claim that the material may be helpful and the

general speculation that it might yield information do not suffice to establish materiality. The

defendant must present some facts that would tend to show the material sought would be helpful

to the defense being raised at this trial.” CP at 1099.

B.     MOTIONS IN LIMINE

       Bilgi moved in limine to exclude testimony on the general history and statistics of Net

Nanny operations. In reviewing the motions with the parties, the trial court stated that it would

allow the question of how many arrests had been made as a result of the Net Nanny operations,

along with the expected answer of “a hundred plus” arrests. 3 VRP (May 20, 2019) at 197.

Additionally, the trial court would allow defense counsel to draft and propose a limiting instruction

explaining that this testimony is “to be used only for purposes of information or context, and should

not prejudice the defendant in any way.” Id. at 198. In its written order, the trial court denied

Bilgi’s motion to exclude “an estimated number of arrests resulting from the operations,” without

specifying an anticipated number, and it again advised that “defense counsel is allowed to propose

a limiting instruction about the number of arrests.” Supp. CP at 1256.

                                                  22
No. 53464-9-II

                                             II. TRIAL

       At trial, Bilgi’s defense focused on the intent element of attempted rape of a child and

challenged the State’s proof that Bilgi actually intended to have sexual intercourse with a child. In

her opening statement, defense counsel told the jury, “[T]he State is attempting to have you convict

Mr. Bilgi based on what is in Mr. Bilgi’s mind, and the State doesn’t have a magic machine that

allows you to look into people’s minds.” 9 VRP at 819.

       Detective Sergeant Rodriguez testified that as a result of Net Nanny operations, there had

been “200 plus” arrests. Id. at 857. Bilgi did not object to this answer. Nor did he request a

responsive limiting instruction.

       In the State’s closing argument, the prosecuting attorney first advised the jury, “[N]othing

that I’m saying to you is my personal opinion. I represent the State of Washington and I’m speaking

on behalf of the State of Washington. It’s just easier to say ‘I’ than it is to say the ‘State of

Washington’ every single time.” 11 VRP at 1216. Bilgi objected, and the trial court overruled the

objection. Id. at 1217.

       The State then argued, “You were told in opening statement by the defense that the State

has to prove what’s in Mr. Bilgi’s mind. That’s not entirely accurate. What we have to prove is

what he did.” Id. at 1218. Bilgi objected, and the objection was overruled. Id. The State explained

that the law requires proof of a substantial step because “we don’t punish per se thinking about

doing something, or talking about doing something. We punish for doing it.” Id. at 1219. It

summarized by saying,

       [T]he question is going to be: Did the State prove to you that Mr. Bilgi thought that
       he was talking to a 13 year old when he communicated for sexually immoral
       purposes, and did he take a substantial step towards the completion of the crime of
       Rape of a Child, 2.

                                                 23
No. 53464-9-II

Id.

       In reviewing the elements of the crime, the State suggested, “[L]et’s talk about what is not

going to be disputed, so that we can then focus on what really is going to be disputed.” Id. at 1221.

Bilgi objected, claiming that this undermined the presumption of innocence, and the trial court

overruled the objection. The State then argued, without objection, that the jurisdiction, time frame,

and use of electronic communications were not disputed. It reasoned, “So really the only thing that

we are talking about is what was in the defendant’s head, and did he take a substantial step.” Id.

       The State reminded the jury, “What you have is the defendant getting into his car, driving

over an hour, having lubricant and condoms with him when he shows up . . . . It doesn’t seem like

there is really a dispute about whether or not the defendant’s conduct is a substantial step.” Id.

Bilgi objected, and the trial court overruled the objection. The State later argued, “Most of the

evidence that was presented to you by the State was not contested and is not disputed.” Id. at 1223.

Bilgi again objected, and the trial court again overruled the objection.

       Finally, the State recalled Detective Pohl’s e-mail to Bilgi, wherein she stated that Jake

was 13 years old. The State argued to the jury, “So to the extent that you hear argument about

whether or not the State proved that this was a 13 year old, ask yourself what other evidence there

is.” Id. Bilgi objected, claiming that this constituted burden shifting, and the trial court overruled

the objection. The State reiterated that the key question for the jury was “Did Mehmet Bilgi think

that he was coming to that park to have sexual intercourse with a 13-year-old.” Id. at 1224.

       In the defense’s closing argument, counsel suggested that there was insufficient proof of

Bilgi’s intent because he responded to an advertisement with an adult’s picture on a website

intended for adults. Counsel advised the jury,

                                                 24
No. 53464-9-II

       The elements that the State has to prove beyond a reasonable doubt . . . are intent,
       that Mr. Bilgi intended to have sex with a child age 12 or 13. And substantial step,
       that Mr. Bilgi took a substantial step that strongly corroborates that intent to have
       sex, not just sex generally, but sex with a child ages 12 or 13.

Id. at 1238. Counsel described the intent element as “the central focus.” Id.

       Defense counsel argued that Pohl did not “understand the community that she was

operating in on Doublelist” because “Doublelist is a site that is intended for adults 18 and over”

and “a site that has strict posting guidelines.” Id. at 1240-41. Counsel compared Pohl to Rodriguez

and suggested that, unlike Rodriguez, Pohl did not effectively target people who were actually

interested in sex with children because she did not suggest a young age in her advertisement and

she did not use an e-mail address that was consistent with her persona. Defense counsel encouraged

the jury to “consider what Sergeant Rodriguez said about the importance of being clear about what

it is that you are offering” and to compare that with “the fact that Detective Pohl only mentioned

this age of 13 one time.” Id. at 1244-45.

       In its rebuttal, the State told the jury that this case is not “a referendum on Detective Pohl,

. . . what she didn’t do, what she could have done better, what she should have done different. . . .

200-plus arrests from the MECTF in over 15 operations.” Id. at 1253. Bilgi objected to this

statement, without providing a basis for the objection, and the trial court overruled it. Id.

       The jury found Bilgi guilty as charged. Bilgi appeals his convictions.

                                            ANALYSIS

                                            I. DISCOVERY

       Bilgi argues the trial court abused its discretion because it reviewed his discovery requests

under the discretionary provision of the discovery rule, CrR 4.7(e), when he was entitled to

                                                 25
No. 53464-9-II

discovery under the mandatory provisions of the rule, CrR 4.7(a), (c), and (d). We disagree and

hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion.

A.      LEGAL PRINCIPLES

        “The scope of discovery in a criminal case is within the sound discretion of the trial court

and will not be disturbed absent a manifest abuse of discretion.” State v. Norby, 122 Wn.2d 258,

268, 858 P.2d 210 (1993). The trial court abuses its discretion “if its decision is manifestly

unreasonable or exercised on untenable grounds or for untenable reasons.” State v. Finch, 181 Wn.

App. 387, 395, 326 P.3d 148 (2014).

        CrR 4.7(a) addresses the State’s standard discovery obligations, including “any books,

papers, documents, photographs, or tangible objects, which the prosecuting attorney intends to use

in the hearing or trial or which were obtained from or belonged to the defendant.” CrR 4.7(a)(1)(v).

Evidence that the State intends to use in a hearing or trial has “inherent materiality.” State v. Boyd,

160 Wn.2d 424, 437, 158 P.3d 54 (2007). This section also covers “any material or information

within the prosecuting attorney’s knowledge which tends to negate defendant’s guilt as to the

offense charged.” CrR 4.7(a)(3). “The prosecuting attorney’s obligation under this section is

limited to material and information within the knowledge, possession or control of members of the

prosecuting attorney’s staff.” CrR 4.7(a)(4).

        In Boyd, our supreme court held that where a defendant is charged with offenses involving

child pornography based on images on his computer, “adequate representation requires providing

a ‘mirror image’ of that hard drive; enabling the defense attorney to consult with computer experts

who can tell how the evidence made its way onto the computer.” 160 Wn.2d at 436; see also State

v. Grenning, 169 Wn.2d 47, 56, 234 P.3d 169 (2010). The court reasoned, “The evident purpose

                                                   26
No. 53464-9-II

of the disclosure requirement [in CrR 4.7(a)(1)(v)] is to protect the defendant’s interests in getting

meaningful access to evidence supporting the criminal charges in order to effectively prepare for

trial and provide adequate representation.” Boyd, 160 Wn.2d at 432. Where the defendant requests

the evidence “offered to substantiate the criminal charges” against them, they are entitled to

“meaningful access to copies” of the evidence under CrR 4.7(a). Id. at 432-33.

       CrR 4.7(c), entitled “Additional Disclosures Upon Request and Specification,” requires the

prosecuting attorney to disclose, “upon request of the defendant,” “any relevant material and

information regarding . . . [t]he acquisition of specified statements from the defendant.” CrR

4.7(c)(2). We have considered the State’s disclosure obligation under CrR 4.7(c) to be limited “

‘to material and information within the knowledge, possession or control of members of the

prosecuting attorney’s staff.’ ” State v. Vance, 184 Wn. App. 902, 911, 339 P.3d 245 (2014)

(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting State v. Blackwell, 120 Wn.2d 822, 826, 845 P.2d 1017

(1993)).

       CrR 4.7(d) covers the disclosure of material and information in the possession of third

parties. If the defendant requests and designates “material or information in the knowledge,

possession or control of other persons which would be discoverable if in the knowledge, possession

or control of the prosecuting attorney,” then the prosecuting attorney must “attempt to cause such

material or information to be made available to the defendant.” CrR 4.7(d); State v. Salgado-

Mendoza, 189 Wn.2d 420, 430, 403 P.3d 45 (2017). If the prosecuting attorney is unsuccessful,

“and if such material or persons are subject to the jurisdiction of the court,” then the court must

issue subpoenas or orders to obtain the information. CrR 4.7(d). However, the trial court is only

required to issue subpoenas under CrR 4.7(d) if the requested information is material to the

                                                 27
No. 53464-9-II

defense. See Blackwell, 120 Wn.2d at 827-28 (“Assuming the records were shown to be material

to the defense, the trial court should have issued a subpoena pursuant to CrR 4.7(d).”); State v.

Kilgore, 107 Wn. App. 160, 176, 26 P.3d 308 (2001) (“[I]f A.B.’s testimony negated guilt, the trial

court should have subpoenaed A.B.”).

       Finally, CrR 4.7(e)(1) allows the trial court to authorize disclosure of “relevant material

and information not covered by sections (a), (c) and (d).” But unlike sections (a), (c), and (d),

which involve mandatory disclosures, disclosure under (e) is within the trial court’s discretion.

The trial court “in its discretion may require disclosure” of additional relevant material, if the

defendant shows the information’s “materiality to the preparation of the defense” and if “the

request is reasonable.” CrR 4.7(e)(1). The trial court abuses its discretion if it orders discovery

under CrR 4.7(e) without requiring a showing of materiality. Finch, 181 Wn. App. at 396.

       To show materiality under CrR 4.7(e), the defendant must “provide some factual basis

making it reasonably likely that the requested evidence would give rise to information material to

the defense.” Id. It is not enough to make “broad, unsupported” claims that the requested

disclosures “may lead to material information.” Blackwell, 120 Wn.2d at 829.

B.     APPLICATION

       Here, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Bilgi’s discovery motions. The

requested materials did not fall within the prosecutor’s standard disclosure obligations under CrR

4.7(a) because the State was not intending to use documents describing how Callyo operates at

any hearings or at Bilgi’s trial, and these documents did not tend to negate Bilgi’s guilt for the

charged crime. The State used downloaded spreadsheets of Bilgi’s communications to substantiate

the charges against him, and the State satisfied its obligations under Boyd and Grenning when it

                                                28
No. 53464-9-II

provided electronic copies of these conversations. It was not obligated under CrR 4.7(a) to provide

additional documentation detailing how the Callyo software operated.

       Bilgi was not entitled to the requested discovery under CrR 4.7(c) either. Although Callyo

was the software used to record Bilgi’s statements, its executable files, source code, and user

manuals were not relevant to Bilgi’s claims that law enforcement unlawfully intercepted the

communications. The important facts here were that Bilgi’s messages were received by the

intended recipient, that he impliedly consented to their recording, and that he assumed the risk of

their content being shared. The trial court correctly concluded that a copy of “the source code of

any software that produced a transcript of the chat . . . does nothing to advance” the privacy issue.

CP at 915.

       Because the requested discovery would not have been “discoverable if in the knowledge,

possession or control of the prosecuting attorney” under CrR 4.7(a) or (c), the trial court was not

required to issue subpoenas to WSP or Callyo’s vendor under CrR 4.7(d).

       Since Bilgi’s discovery requests did not fall under the State’s standard discovery

obligations, the trial court correctly reviewed the requests under CrR 4.7(e). Bilgi needed to

“provide some factual basis making it reasonably likely that the requested evidence would give

rise to information material to the defense.” Finch, 181 Wn. App. at 396.

       Bilgi submitted several patent applications illustrating “a non-exhaustive set of possible

embodiments of the technology,” CP at 114, but he admitted that he “[could not] say exactly what

[Callyo] did in this case,” 1 VRP (Mar. 25, 2019) at 37. Details on how Callyo could operate were

not material to Bilgi’s privacy act claim, which necessarily challenged how MECTF actually used

                                                 29
No. 53464-9-II

Callyo in his case. Interviews with law enforcement showed only that MECTF used Callyo to send

and download text messages, and to occasionally view one another’s communications.

       Even if Bilgi had gathered additional information showing exactly when specific messages

were viewed by specific officers, this would not have established a privacy act violation. As

discussed above, it is not an unlawful interception to log in to a shared account and view messages

intentionally sent to that account. Bilgi consented to the recording of his written communications,

and Rodriguez and Pohl lawfully permitted others to access and view those messages. Bilgi failed

to show how the requested discovery could give rise to information material to his defense, so the

trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Bilgi’s motions to compel additional discovery.

                                II. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT

       Bilgi also contends that prosecutorial misconduct during closing argument violated his

rights to due process and a fair trial. Specifically, Bilgi claims the prosecuting attorney invoked

the prestige of his office, misstated the law, shifted the burden of proof, and argued facts not in

evidence to appeal to the jury’s passions. We disagree.

A.     LEGAL PRINCIPLES

       Prosecutorial misconduct may deprive a defendant of their constitutional right to a fair trial

under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and article I, section

22 of the Washington Constitution. In re Pers. Restraint of Glasmann, 175 Wn.2d 696, 703-04,

286 P.3d 673 (2012) (plurality opinion). We review the prosecutor’s arguments “ ‘in the context

of the total argument, the issues in the case, the evidence addressed in the argument, and the

instructions given.’ ” State v. Thierry, 190 Wn. App. 680, 689, 360 P.3d 940 (2015) (quoting State

v. Russell, 125 Wn.2d 24, 85-86, 882 P.2d 747 (1994)).

                                                30
No. 53464-9-II

       To establish prosecutorial misconduct, a defendant bears the burden of proving that the

prosecutor’s conduct was both improper and prejudicial. State v. Emery, 174 Wn.2d 741, 760, 278

P.3d 653 (2012). If the defendant objected to the alleged misconduct at trial, as Bilgi did in each

of the instances challenged here, then they may establish prejudice by showing that the misconduct

“had a substantial likelihood of affecting the jury’s verdict.” Id.

       Prosecuting attorneys “ ‘are permitted latitude to argue the facts in evidence and reasonable

inferences’ in their closing arguments.” State v. Dhaliwal, 150 Wn.2d 559, 577, 79 P.3d 432 (2003)

(quoting State v. Smith, 104 Wn.2d 497, 510, 707 P.2d 1306 (1985)). They cannot, however, argue

facts that are not in the record or appeal to the passions and prejudices of the jury. State v. Pierce,

169 Wn. App. 533, 553, 280 P.3d 1158 (2012). They cannot use their “position of power and

prestige to sway the jury” or to “express an individual opinion of the defendant’s guilt, independent

of the evidence actually in the case.” Glasmann, 175 Wn.2d at 706. They cannot misstate the law.

State v. Jones, 13 Wn. App. 2d 386, 403, 463 P.3d 738 (2020).

       It is also “flagrant misconduct to shift the burden of proof to the defendant.” State v. Miles,

139 Wn. App. 879, 890, 162 P.3d 1169 (2007). The prosecuting attorney is not permitted to

“comment on the lack of defense evidence because the defendant has no duty to present evidence.”

State v. Cheatam, 150 Wn.2d 626, 652, 81 P.3d 830 (2003). However, “a prosecutor is entitled to

point out the . . . lack of evidentiary support for the defense theory of the case.” State v. Osman,

192 Wn. App. 355, 367, 366 P.3d 956 (2016).

       In Osman, for example, the defendant was charged with unlawful imprisonment and

assault, and the prosecutor asked the jury, “If a struggle or some type of confrontation didn’t occur

in the car[,] how did that earring come out of her ear and get left on the floor and how did she

                                                  31
No. 53464-9-II

break those fingernails if an encounter did not, and a struggle, did not occur?” Id. Division One

held that this argument did not shift the burden of proof because it focused on the evidence

presented. Id. at 368. Rather than suggesting that “the defense had failed to offer another

reasonable explanation” for the misplaced earring and broken fingernails, “the prosecutor argued

that the evidence did not support any other reasonable explanation.” Id. at 367.

B.      APPLICATION

        1.       PRESTIGE OF THE OFFICE

        Bilgi first challenges the prosecuting attorney’s assertion that he was “speaking on behalf

of the State of Washington” as an improper invocation of the prestige of his office. 11 VRP at

1216. But the prosecuting attorney was representing the State, and he offered this clarification to

avoid having his statements misconstrued as personal opinions. He expressly cautioned the jury,

“[N]othing that I’m saying to you is my personal opinion. I represent the State of Washington and

I’m speaking on behalf of the State of Washington.” Id. It was not improper to offer this

clarification.

        2.       MISSTATING THE LAW

        Next, Bilgi contends that the prosecuting attorney misstated the law on intent when he

argued that the State was not required “to prove what’s in Mr. Bilgi’s mind.” Id. at 1218. However,

we review the prosecutor’s arguments “ ‘in the context of the total argument.’ ” Thierry, 190 Wn.

App. at 689 (quoting Russell, 125 Wn.2d at 85-86). The State repeatedly told the jury that what

Bilgi thought about the arranged meeting was critical to a determination of his guilt. Therefore, in

the context of the State’s entire argument, the brief comment that the State did not have to prove

what was “in Mr. Bilgi’s mind” was not prejudicial. 11 VRP at 1218. Moreover, this comment was

                                                32
No. 53464-9-II

made in response to defense counsel’s opening argument: “[T]he State is attempting to have you

convict Mr. Bilgi based on what is in Mr. Bilgi’s mind, and the State doesn’t have a magic machine

that allows you to look into people’s minds.” 9 VRP at 819.

       3.      SHIFTING THE BURDEN OF PROOF

       Bilgi claims the prosecuting attorney improperly shifted the burden of proof when he told

the jury that reasonable doubt requires a witness “who comes in here and says [Bilgi] didn’t do it”

and when he remarked that there was no evidence indicating Bilgi did not intend to meet up with

a 13-year-old child. 11 VRP at 1230. Bilgi argues these statements “convey the defendant had a

duty to testify, or to present witnesses on his own behalf.” Br. of Appellant at 45. He also claims

it was improper for the prosecutor to suggest that some of the elements of the crime were not

disputed.

       First, it is clear from context that when the prosecuting attorney referenced a witness “who

comes in here and says [Bilgi] didn’t do it,” he was not defining “reasonable doubt.” 11 VRP 1230.

He was merely giving an example of evidence that could generate a reasonable doubt. He

immediately followed this statement with an assertion that reasonable doubt could also arise from

the State failing to present sufficient evidence. This is consistent with the trial court’s instruction

that “[a] reasonable doubt is one for which a reason exists and may arise from the evidence or lack

of evidence.” CP at 1111.

       Second, when the prosecuting attorney asked the jury, “So to the extent that you hear

argument about whether or not the State proved that this was a 13 year old, ask yourself what other

evidence there is,” he was permissibly arguing based on the evidence presented. 11 VRP at 1223.

He did not say that Bilgi should have testified about what he was thinking or that Bilgi should have

                                                  33
No. 53464-9-II

countered the State’s evidence by calling his own witnesses. Like the counsel in Osman, the

prosecuting attorney challenged whether the evidence supported the defense’s theory of the case.

       Third, although it may have been improper to claim that Bilgi did not dispute the State’s

characterization of his conduct as a substantial step, Bilgi did not directly challenge this evidence

in his closing argument—that Bilgi drove to the park with lubricant and condoms in his car. Bilgi

noted that the State needed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he “took a substantial step that

strongly corroborates that intent to have sex, not just sex generally, but sex with a child ages 12 or

13, and that that step was more than mere preparation.” Id. at 1238. But he did not challenge the

State’s assertion that he went to the park for a sexual encounter. He challenged only the State’s

characterization of who he expected to meet and described the intent element as “the central focus.”

Id. Therefore, any impropriety in the State’s suggestion that this element was not controverted was

not prejudicial.

       4.      “200 PLUS” ARRESTS

       Bilgi also claims the State argued facts not in evidence and made an emotional appeal to

the jury when it stated in its rebuttal, “200-plus arrests from the MECTF in over 15 operations.”

Id. at 1253.

       This information was part of the evidence presented. The trial court denied Bilgi’s motion

to exclude questions about “an estimated number of arrests resulting from the operations.” Supp.

CP at 1256. On direct examination, Detective Sergeant Rodriguez testified there had been “200

plus” arrests as a result of Net Nanny operations. 9 VRP at 857.

       The prosecuting attorney did not use this statistic to appeal to the jury’s emotions or to

emphasize the operations’ importance. Rather, he highlighted the success of the operations in

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No. 53464-9-II

response to defense counsel’s suggestion that Detective Pohl did not know what she was doing or

should have conducted her investigation differently. Further, the defense could have proposed a

limiting instruction to guide the jury’s consideration of information related to other Net Nanny

operations, but it did not. Bilgi failed to show that any of the prosecutor’s arguments were both

improper and prejudicial.

                                        CONCLUSION

       The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Bilgi’s motions to compel

additional discovery, and the prosecuting attorney did not commit reversible misconduct.

Therefore, we affirm Bilgi’s convictions.

                                                    CRUSER, J.
 We concur:

WORSWICK, J.

LEE, C.J.

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