Court Opinion

ID: 2728252
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 21:30:46.247498+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:40:45.557558
License: Public Domain

Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be                              FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before                            Jan 22 2013, 8:50 am
any court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,                               CLERK
                                                                      of the supreme court,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.                          court of appeals and
                                                                             tax court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                                     ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:

EDWARD R. HANNON                                            JAMES S. STEPHENSON
Steuerwald Hannon Zielinski &                               IAN L. STEWART
  Witham, LLP                                               Stephenson Morow & Semler
Danville, Indiana                                           Indianapolis, Indiana

                                IN THE
                      COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

JACQUELINE R. CLEMENTS,                             )
                                                    )
       Appellant-Counterclaim Plaintiff,            )
                                                    )
               vs.                                  )   No. 54A05-1205-PL-272
                                                    )
CLINTON COUNTY, INDIANA, BY AND                     )
THROUGH THE BOARD OF                                )
COMMISSIONERS OF THE COUNTY OF                      )
CLINTON, TED R. JOHNSON, BARBARA                    )
CONNER, MICHAEL W. CONNER and                       )
WILLIAM CLINTON,                                    )
                                                    )
       Appellees-Counterclaim Defendants.           )

                     APPEAL FROM THE MONTGOMERY CIRCUIT COURT
                             The Honorable Harry A. Siamas, Judge
                                Cause No. 54C01-0907-PL-240

                                         January 22, 2013

                 MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

BAILEY, Judge
                                            Case Summary

        Jacqueline R. Clements (“Clements”) appeals the trial court’s denial of her motion to

correct error, which challenged the dismissal of her counterclaims against Clinton County by

and through the Clinton County Board of Commissioners (“the Board”), and her complaint

against Ted R. Johnson (“Johnson”), Michael W. Conner (“Michael”), and William Clinton

(“Clinton”) (collectively, “the County”), and Barbara Conner (“Barbara”) (altogether, “the

Defendants”).

        We affirm.

                                                   Issues

        Clements and the Defendants present numerous issues for our review. We restate

these as one issue: whether the trial court erred when it granted summary judgment to the

Defendants on Clements’s claims for malicious prosecution.1

                                   Facts and Procedural History2

        Clements was the Clinton County Auditor from August 2004 to November 2008.

During her term in office, changes were made to the Indiana Administrative Code that

required changes to the County’s tax assessment software. Clements, in her capacity as

Auditor, was involved in the process of identifying, bidding, and recommending to the Board

1
 The Defendants argued before the trial court, and argue on appeal, that Clements’s claims must fail
because she did not provide appropriate notice under the Indiana Tort Claims Act. The trial court did not
address this issue, and because we affirm the trial court’s decision on other grounds, we likewise do not
address the question of notice.
2
 Much of the factual background of this case is set forth at length in Clinton County ex rel. Bd. of
Comm’rs of Cnty. of Clinton, et al. v. Clements, 945 N.E.2d 721 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied, in
which this Court affirmed the trial court’s order granting Clements summary judgment on the Board’s
allegations against her. We reproduce here only those facts relevant to our analysis of the instant appeal.

                                                      2
software programs that would comport with the changes in the Indiana Administrative Code.

          The County already had a software system in place, but, separate from any required

changes related to the Indiana Administrative Code, the existing system lacked certain

features that Clements and others deemed desirable. Clements and others with the County

investigated other software programs. Among these software programs was a product from

Nikish Software Corp. (“Nikish”), which Clements and others recommended that the Board

select.

          The Board eventually selected the software package Clements recommended, with a

final price to the Board of $99,500. After delays in the development and implementation of

the software and the production of apparently inaccurate results from the Nikish system,

relations between the Board and Nikish soured sometime during 2008. Also around this

time, the County’s prior software vendor informed the County of the availability of an update

for the prior software that was expected to cost significantly less than the Nikish system.

          Subsequent to this, the Board sought to cancel the contract with Nikish. On May 20,

2009, the Board filed suit against Nikish and Clements. On June 26, 2009, the Board filed its

first amended complaint, alleging breach of contract and fraud against Nikish; alleging

negligence, fraud, and intentional interference with contractual relations against Clements;

seeking declaratory judgment against Nikish concerning ownership of the software system;

and seeking compensation under the Indiana Civil Action by Crime Victim Statute.

Clements filed her answer and counterclaims on June 20, 2009, and alleged that the Board

had initiated the litigation against her in bad faith and had engaged in abuse of process and

                                               3
malicious prosecution.

       In March 2010, Clements filed a motion for summary judgment on the allegations the

Board had brought against her, arguing that she was entitled to immunity under the Indiana

Tort Claims Act (“ITCA”) for discretionary actions taken during her term as County Auditor.

The trial court agreed, and also concluded that the evidence produced by the Board did not

support a conclusion that she had engaged in fraud. Clements had also sought attorney’s fees

and costs, but the trial court denied her request. On appeal, this Court affirmed the trial

court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Clements, but reversed the trial court’s denial

of Clements’s request for attorney’s fees and costs.

       After this Court’s decision, the Board filed its petition seeking transfer of jurisdiction

over the appeal to the Indiana Supreme Court. Our supreme court denied the petition to

transfer on September 2, 2011, after which the matter returned to the trial court for

consideration of Clements’s counterclaims.

       On October 7, 2011, Clements moved the trial court for leave to file an amended

counterclaim, which would dismiss her allegation of bad-faith litigation as having been

resolved upon appeal and leave standing her allegations of abuse of process and malicious

prosecution. The trial court granted Clements’s motion on October 12, 2011.

       On November 2, 2011, the Board filed a motion to dismiss Clements’s amended

counterclaim for failure to state a claim under Indiana Trial Rule 12(B)(6), arguing that the

Board was immune from liability under the Indiana Tort Claims Act. The trial court agreed

and entered an order dismissing Clements’s amended counterclaim.

                                               4
       Clements then filed her second amended counterclaim against the Board, which

incorporated into it a complaint against Johnson, Clinton, and Michael Conner, and Barbara

Conner, each as individuals not entitled to receive Indiana Tort Claims Act-compliant notices

for varying reasons. Clements’s claims against the Defendants no longer differentiated

between abuse of process and malicious prosecution, and instead alleged that each of the

Defendants committed the tort of malicious prosecution.

       On January 9, 2012, the Defendants filed a motion to dismiss Clements’s second

amended counterclaim and complaint. The Defendants argued in the motion that Clements

had failed to seek leave of the trial court to amend her counterclaim a second time, that none

of the individuals against whom Clements sought relief had previously been a named party to

the litigation and thus were not proper parties, that her claims for malicious prosecution were

barred by immunity under the Indiana Tort Claims Act as to the Board and all individual

defendants, and that Clements’s claims failed for failure to file a tort notice as required under

the Tort Claims Act. Clements responded on January 24, 2012.

       On January 27, 2012, the Defendants filed a reply brief. In support of their arguments,

the Defendants designated evidentiary material in the form of a transcript of deposition

testimony offered by Barbara Conner. Clements filed her surreply on February 17, 2012, and

designated additional evidentiary material, including portions of depositions from Clinton,

Johnson, and Michael Conner.

       On March 23, 2012, the trial court granted the Defendants’ motion to dismiss

Clements’s second amended counterclaim and complaint. On April 19, 2012, the trial court

                                               5
designated its order as a final judgment pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 54(B). On April 23,

2012, Clements filed her motion to correct error; on April 25, 2012, the Defendants filed

their response.

       On April 27, 2012, the trial court entered an order denying Clements’s motion to

correct error. This appeal followed.

                                  Discussion and Decision

                                     Standard of Review

       Clements appeals the trial court’s denial of her motion to correct error. We generally

review an order on a motion to correct error for an abuse of discretion. Singh v. Lyday, 889

N.E.2d 342, 348 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied. An abuse of discretion occurs when the

trial court’s decision was against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it.

Id.

       Clements’s motion to correct error challenged the trial court’s entry of an order

dismissing her second amended complaint under Trial Rule 12(B)(6). Ordinarily, we review

such orders de novo and without deference to the trial court’s decision. Shi v. Yi, 921

N.E.2d 31, 36 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). Here, however, both the Defendants and Clement

designated various evidentiary materials to their briefing on the Rule 12(B)(6) motion. “If,

on a motion, asserting the defense … to dismiss for failure of the pleading to state a claim …

matters outside the pleading are presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion shall

be treated as one for summary judgment and disposed of as provided in Rule 56.” Ind. Trial

Rule 12(B). We therefore review the trial court’s order dismissing Clements’s second

                                               6
amended complaint pursuant to our standard of review for orders granting summary

judgment.

      Our standard of review for a trial court’s ruling on a motion for summary
      judgment is well settled. Summary judgment is appropriate only where there is
      no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment
      as a matter of law. Ind. Trial Rule 56(c); Mangold ex rel. Mangold v. Ind.
      Dep’t of Natural Res., 756 N.E.2d 970, 973 (Ind. 2001). All facts and
      reasonable inferences drawn from those facts are construed in favor of the
      nonmovant. Id. Our review of a summary judgment motion is limited to those
      materials designated to the trial court. Id.

Crosson v. Berry, 829 N.E.2d 184, 192 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied.

      Upon appellate review of a trial court’s entry of summary judgment, we presume the

validity of a trial court’s entry of summary judgment. Williams v. Tharp, 914 N.E.2d 756,

762 (Ind. 2009). A party challenging summary judgment on appeal must therefore bear the

burden of proving that the movant was not entitled to the entry of summary judgment. Id.

      We will affirm a trial court’s entry of summary judgment if the judgment can
      be sustained on any theory or basis in the record. Town of Plainfield [v. Paden
      Eng’g Co.], 943 N.E.2d [904,] 908 [(Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied]. We
      review a decision on summary judgment carefully, however, to ensure that a
      party was not properly denied his day in court. Haire v. Parker, 957 N.E.2d
      190, 195 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied. The trial court’s findings and
      conclusions upon entry of summary judgment are not binding upon our review,
      though they “offer valuable insight into the trial court's rationale for its review
      and thus facilitate appellate review.” Raisor v. Jimmie’s Raceway Pub, Inc.,
      946 N.E.2d 72, 75 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011).

McEntee v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 970 N.E.2d 178, 182 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012).

                                   Waiver and Prejudice

      We turn first to Clements’s argument that the trial court’s entry of summary judgment

was erroneous because the County failed to timely plead affirmative defenses. Clements

                                              7
advances two grounds for this argument. First, she argues that the County waived its ITCA-

based affirmative defenses because it failed to plead those defenses prior to her filing of the

second amended counterclaim. Second, Clements contends that even if the County did not

waive its affirmative defenses, its decision to advance those defenses relatively late in the

proceedings prejudiced her case. Clements therefore argues that the County could not

properly rely upon its ITCA immunity defense when it sought to dismiss her counterclaims.

As a result of either approach, she claims that the trial court erred when it granted summary

judgment to the County on the basis of its ITCA immunity defenses.

       The County moved to dismiss Clements’s counterclaims against it under Trial Rule

12(B)(6). The rule provides:

       Every defense, in law or fact, to a claim for relief in any pleading, whether a
       claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim, shall be asserted in the
       responsive pleading thereto if one is required; except that at the option of the
       pleader, the following defenses may be made by motion: …

       (6)    Failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted….

T.R. 12(B).

       The defense of failure to state a claim may be asserted in a responsive pleading, such

as an answer to a complaint, or separately by motion. Id. A motion to dismiss under Rule

12(B)(6) made separately from a responsive pleading must be submitted to the court “before

pleading if a further pleading is permitted” or within twenty days after service of the prior

pleading where no responsive pleading is required. Id. However, “[a] defense of failure to

state a claim upon which relief can be granted … may be made in any pleading permitted or

ordered under Rule 7(A) or by motion for judgment on the pleadings, or at the trial on the

                                              8
merits.” T.R. 12(H)(2). Whether a defense under Rule 12(B) has been submitted to the trial

court by pleading or on motion, the defense “shall, upon application of any party or by order

of court, be determined before trial unless substantial justice requires the court to defer

hearing until trial.” T.R. 12(D).

       Generally, an affirmative defense must be submitted in a responsive pleading at the

earliest possible opportunity. T.R. 8(C); City of South Bend v. Dollahan, 918 N.E.2d 343,

349 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (observing that Rule 8(C) “provides that a party seeking to raise an

affirmative defense must specifically plead said offense in its responsive pleading”), trans.

denied. “While TR. 8(C) appears to impose an absolute duty to raise an affirmative defense

in a responsive pleading, Indiana courts have modified the mandatory nature of the rule by

interpreting it in conjunction with TR. 15(B).” Elkhart Cnty. Farm Bureau Coop. Ass’n, Inc.

v. Hochstetler, 418 N.E.2d 280, 282 (Ind. Ct. App. 1981). Trial Rule 15(B) provides:

       When issues not raised by the pleadings are tried by express or implied consent
       of the parties, they shall be treated in all respects as if they had been raised in
       the pleadings.

“‘Either party may timely demand strict adherence to the predetermined route (pleadings) or,

if deviation is permitted, the time necessary to prepare to meet the new issue. But when the

trial has ended without objection as to the course it took, the evidence then controls.’”

Hochstetler, 418 N.E.2d at 282 (quoting Indianapolis Transit Sys., Inc. v. Williams, 148 Ind.

App. 649, 658, 269 N.E.2d 543, 550 (1971)).

       Later decisions of this Court have extended this to matters raised on summary

judgment, and have identified the critical issue to be “‘not whether the defendant could have

                                               9
raised his affirmative defense earlier, but ‘whether the defendant’s failure to raise the

affirmative defense earlier prejudiced the plaintiff.’” Dollahan, 918 N.E.2d at 350 (quoting

Borne by Borne v. Nw. Allen Cnty. Sch. Corp., 532 N.E.2d 1196, 1199 (Ind. Ct. App. 1989),

trans. denied). This is consistent with the guidance of this Court and our Supreme Court that

trial rules are not to serve as traps “‘to be set by counsel to catch unsuspecting litigants,’” and

with our Supreme Court’s rejection of “the gaming view of our legal system.” Binder v.

Benchwarmers Sports Lounge, 833 N.E.2d 70, 75 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (quoting Smith v.

Johnston, 711 N.E.2d 1259, 1264 (Ind. 1999)).

       Here, Clements argues that the County failed to timely plead its immunity defense

under the ITCA in response to her claims for malicious prosecution, and thus waived the

defense. Yet unlike in Dollahan or Hochstetler, the proceedings here concerning Clements’s

counterclaims against the County had not yet moved beyond the pleading stage: Clements

appeals from a motion to correct error following an order dismissing her claims after a

motion under Trial Rule 12(B)(6), which was adjudicated as a summary judgment motion

under Trial Rule 56 due to both parties’ designation of evidentiary materials. Thus, we

cannot conclude that the County waived any affirmative defenses by failing to plead them

before Clements had filed her second amended counterclaim.

       Nor do we think Clements was in any manner prejudiced as a result of the County’s

timing in challenging her counterclaims based upon immunity under the ITCA. Clements

argues that by failing earlier to plead the affirmative defense of immunity or to move to

dismiss on that basis, the County’s delay prejudiced her because she forewent defamation

                                                10
counterclaims that would have survived a challenge based upon immunity under the ITCA.

Clements claims this is so because the County’s failure to plead immunity until the time of

her second amended complaint led her to refrain from alleging defamation within the

applicable limitation period provided by the statute of limitation.

        Yet Clements points to no facts establishing that she was prejudiced by, for example,

being precluded from bringing a counterclaim because of a lack of evidence or knowledge

necessary to properly plead a defamation claim. Rather, her claim of prejudice amounts to

summary assertions that she would have pleaded a defamation claim had she known the

County would assert immunity to her claims of abuse of process and malicious prosecution.

This is not sufficient to rise to the level of prejudice required to preclude the County’s

assertion of immunity under the ITCA as an affirmative defense against Clements’s

counterclaims, and we therefore decline to reverse the trial court’s decision on that basis.

                    Intentional Misrepresentation and the Tort Claims Act

        Finding no error in the trial court’s decision that the County was not precluded from

raising affirmative defenses under the ITCA, we now turn to whether the trial court erred

when it held that the County’s affirmative defense entitled it to judgment as a matter of law

on Clements’s malicious prosecution claim.3

        The ITCA applies to suits and claims in tort against governmental entities and

employees. Ind. Code §§ 34-13-3-1 & 34-30-7-1. The ITCA affords state and local
3
  Clements’s counterclaims alleged malicious prosecution as to Johnson, Michael Conner, and Clinton as
individuals. The trial court’s decision at summary judgment concluded that these individuals were acting
in their capacities as agents or employees of the Board, and thus were entitled to immunity under the
ITCA. Clements makes no argument that this aspect of the trial court’s entry of summary judgment was in
error. Therefore, we also treat Johnson, Michael, and Clinton as agents or employees of the Board.

                                                  11
government agencies immunity from certain tort claims in the wake of the Indiana Supreme

Court’s decision in Campbell v. State, 259 Ind. 55, 284 N.E.2d 733 (1972), “which abolished

sovereign immunity in Indiana for most purposes.” Cantrell v. Morris, 849 N.E.2d 488, 495

(Ind. 2006).

       Indiana Code section 34-13-3-3 enumerates twenty-four bases for immunity from tort

claims brought against governmental entities. Among these are immunity from liability for

“[t]he initiation of a judicial or an administrative proceeding” and from liability for a

“[m]isrepresentation if unintentional.” I.C. §§ 34-13-3-3(6) & (14).

       Whether a governmental entity is immune from liability under the ITCA is a
       question of law for the court to decide. Gibson v. Evansville Vanderburgh
       Bldg. Comm'n, 725 N.E.2d 949, 952 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000), trans. denied.
       Because the ITCA is in derogation of the common law, we construe it
       narrowly against the grant of immunity. Greater Hammond Community
       Servs., Inc. v. Mutka, 735 N.E.2d 780, 781 (Ind. 2000). The party seeking
       immunity bears the burden of establishing that its conduct comes within the
       ITCA. Peavler, 528 N.E.2d at 46.

Mangold ex rel. Mangold v. Ind. Dept. of Natural Res., 756 N.E.2d 970, 975 (Ind. 2001).

       Clements argues on appeal that the trial court improperly construed the immunity

provisions of the ITCA such that the court concluded that the County was immune from her

claim for malicious prosecution predicated on an act of misrepresentation. “[A] cardinal rule

of statutory construction … is to ‘ascertain the intent of the drafter.’” Siwinski v. Town of

Ogden Dunes, 949 N.E.2d 825, 829 (Ind. 2011) (quoting State v. Carmel Healthcare Mgmt.,

Inc., 660 N.E.2d 1379, 1386 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996), trans. denied). Where the language of a

statute is clear and unambiguous, there is no room for judicial construction. Id. at 828.

Where ambiguity exists that lends the statute to more than one interpretation, we interpret the

                                              12
statute “to effect the intent of the legislature.” Id. We must consider the statute in its entirety

and construe any ambiguity to be “consistent with the entirety of the enactment.” Id. Doing

so “allows us to better understand the reasons and policies underlying the Act.” Id. We

ascertain the legislature’s intent “‘by giving effect to the ordinary and plain meaning of the

language used.’” Id. at 829 (quoting Clifft v. Ind. Dep’t of State Revenue, 660 N.E.2d 310,

316 (Ind. 1995)).

       This Court and our supreme court have interpreted subsection 6 to provide broad

immunity to government units and their employees from suits for claims of malicious

prosecution, including immunity from claims over the initiation of legal actions that

encompassed apparent acts of bad faith, including both criminal and civil proceedings. See

Clifford v. Marion Cnty. Prosecuting Att’y, 654 N.E.2d 805, 809-10 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995)

(applying immunity from suit for malicious prosecution to child support enforcement

matters). As the Clifford court observed, “[i]n view of the fact that the primary tort which

arises from initiating legal proceedings necessarily includes the element of bad faith, the

presence of bad faith cannot remove the conduct from the very protection envisioned by the

Act.” Id. at 809.

       Subsection 14 provides immunity to governmental bodies and their employees for

“[m]isrepresentations if unintentional.”             This Court has held that negligent

misrepresentations fall within the immunity afforded by the statute. Gibson v. Evansville

Vanderburgh Bldg. Comm’n, 725 N.E.2d 949, 954-55 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000) (citing United

States v. Neustadt, 366 U.S. 696 (1961)) (holding that “our legislature intended to immunize

                                                13
actions falling under the commonly understood definition of negligent misrepresentation”),

trans. denied. But we have declined to extend immunity for government employees who

have committed a material misrepresentation of a past or existing fact, which

misrepresentation was untrue and known to be untrue or recklessly made, and upon which

misrepresentation another party relied and was induced thereby to act to his detriment. Parke

Cnty. v. Ropak, Inc., 526 N.E.2d 732, 736-36 (Ind. Ct. App. 1988), trans. denied.

       Here, Clements and the County dispute the import of a specific passage of our opinion

in Ropak:

       We do not believe the legislature intended by the language of subsection (13)
       to grant immunity for intentional misrepresentation so long as the factual
       setting of the misrepresentation fits within another subsection of the statute.
       Rather, subsection (13) provides that a government entity will be immune from
       liability for misrepresentation only where the misrepresentation was
       unintentional; conversely, no immunity will apply to any intentional
       misrepresentation, regardless of the factual setting.

Id. at 738 (addressing what is now subsection 34-13-3-3(14) of the ITCA immunity statute)

(emphasis in original).

       At summary judgment, the trial court concluded that the County was entitled to

immunity from Clements’s malicious prosecution claim under the judicial or administrative

process immunity afforded by subsection 34-13-3-3(6). Clements argues that because the

County’s allegations in its complaint against her were intentionally-made false statements—

that is, she characterizes these misrepresentations as “intentional misrepresentations”—

subsection 34-13-3-3(14), which provides immunity from suit for unintentional

misrepresentations, permits her claim for malicious prosecution to move forward. The trial

                                             14
court rejected this argument, holding that intentional misrepresentation is a tort akin to fraud

and that Clements had not properly stated a claim for the tort, the misrepresentation

exception did not operate to save her malicious prosecution claim, and thus her claim against

the County failed. Clements argues this was an erroneous interpretation of the statute.

       Clements’s argument pushes both the ITCA and our decision in Ropak too far. We

cannot agree with Clements’s argument that the legislature meant for a “[m]isrepresentation

if unintentional,” I.C. § 34-13-3-3(14), to abolish the distinction between the tort of

intentional misrepresentation and any other false statement made intentionally and with

knowledge of its falsity. As this Court observed in Ropak, the ITCA precludes immunity for

government entities where “the nature of the action is intentional misrepresentation,” that is,

“actionable, factual misrepresentations.” Ropak, 526 N.E.2d at 738, 739. We find no

ambiguity in the statute, nor do we find any reason to diverge from our conclusions in Ropak

in this regard.

       Moreover, Clements’s pleadings and arguments do not indicate how any

representation of the County outside of court filings—which come within the gamut of

actions contemplated by the tort of malicious prosecution—were false and induced her

detrimental reliance upon those representations. That is, she presents no allegations that

amount to “actionable, factual misrepresentations.” Id. at 739. The trial court was therefore

correct in granting the County summary judgment on that basis.

       Just as we observed in Ropak that “a defendant cannot shield himself from liability

under the ITCA by characterizing his action as something it is not,” id. at 738, so too a

                                              15
plaintiff cannot shield himself from the effects of immunity by characterizing his claim as

something it is not. Clements complains of the sort of dishonesty that Indiana courts have

previously concluded were part-and-parcel of the tort of malicious prosecution; she neither

pled an action for, nor designated evidentiary material supportive of a claim of intentional

misrepresentation. We therefore cannot conclude that the trial court erred when it granted

summary judgment to the County (that is, the Board and other county employees whom

Clements alleges engaged in malicious prosecution within the scope of their employment or

agency on behalf of the Board) on the basis of the malicious prosecution privilege and

rejected Clements’s arguments concerning any claimed intentional misrepresentations.

                          Immunity under the ITCA for Barbara

       We turn next to Clements’s arguments that the trial court erred when it granted

summary judgment in favor of Barbara Conner. Clements argues that the trial court

erroneously concluded that Barbara was entitled to immunity under the ITCA, and that the

trial court erred when it concluded that Clements’s claim for malicious prosecution must fail

as a result. We affirm the trial court on a slightly different basis—whether Barbara was

entitled to summary judgment on Clements’s claim for malicious prosecution.

       The tort of malicious prosecution “rests on the notion that the plaintiff … has been

improperly subjected to legal process.” City of New Haven v. Reichhart, 748 N.E.2d 374,

378 (Ind. 2001). To recover under a claim for malicious prosecution, a plaintiff must

establish that (1) the defendant instituted or caused to be instituted an action against the

plaintiff; (2) the defendant acted with malice in doing so; (3) the defendant had no probable

                                             16
cause to institute the action; and (4) the original action was terminated in the plaintiff’s favor.

Id.

       The designated materials that the parties submitted in proceedings surrounding the

County’s motion to dismiss the second amended complaint are, we think, dispositive as to the

malice element of the tort. “Malice ‘in fact’ must be shown here; malice ‘in law’ such as is

required in defamation actions is not sufficient.” Satz v. Koplow, 397 N.E.2d 1082, 1085

(Ind. Ct. App. 1979). Malice may be inferred from a lack of probable cause necessary to

bring suit. Kroger Food Stores, Inc. v. Clark, 598 N.E.2d 1084, 1087 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992),

trans. denied. Personal hatred or a desire for revenge is not necessary to establish malice,

though neither is such evidence precluded from consideration. Satz, 397 N.E.2d at 1085.

Failure to make a proper inquiry into underlying facts on the part of the defendant in such an

action, which defendant initiated the original suit giving rise to the action for malicious

prosecution, is not enough to sustain an action for malicious prosecution. Mirka v. Fairfield

of America, Inc., 627 N.E.2d 449, 451-52 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994), trans. denied. Rather, that

failure must be culpable, that is, malice that rises above the level of mere negligence. Id.

       Clements’s second amended counterclaim alleged with respect to Barbara’s conduct:

           13. B. Conner, after leaving the employment of Clinton County, engaged in
               conduct to establish the Tax Committee, and although not a member of
               the Tax Committee, participated in numerous meetings of said
               Committee and during said meeting, conveyed false information with
               respect to the workings of Nikish Software and as to the operations of
               the Treasurer’s Office.

           14. B. Conner’s motivation for working to establish the Committee was to
               maliciously initiate and further the institution of a groundless lawsuit
               against Clements in order to personally harm Clements because

                                                17
              Clements did not support B. Conner in B. Conner’s efforts to become
              Clinton County Treasurer.

          15. M. Conner was a member of the Board of Commissioners at the time
              Clements was sued. He is also the husband of B. Conner…. M.
              Conner, in conspiracy with his wife [and others] put in motion the plan
              to sue Clements in order to harm her.

       ***

          24. B. Conner is sued individually and not as an employee of Clinton
              County. The acts and conduct for which she is being sued occurred
              after she had left the employment of Clinton County and thus she too is
              not entitled to a Tort Claim Notice.

       ***

          26. The actions of … B. Conner [and other defendants] constitute
              malicious prosecution. As a direct and proximate result of their
              malicious prosecution, Clements has been damaged in that she has lost
              opportunities of employment, has suffered extreme emotional distress,
              has had severe and lasting damage done to her reputation and good
              name, all of which is compensable under the law and for which each
              defendant is jointly and severely [sic] responsible.

(Appellant’s App. at 106-10.)

       Along with their brief in reply to Clements’s opposition to the motion to dismiss, the

Defendants designated as evidentiary material portions of deposition testimony Barbara gave.

That testimony indicated that in September 2008, before her employment with the County

Treasurer’s office ended, Barbara initiated the creation of a committee to review the results

of the software the County had purchased from Nikish to handle property tax assessment

matters. Barbara testified that she requested certain individuals be part of the committee, met

with the committee once before the end of her employment, and provided documents she

received from the Indiana Department of Local Government Finance (“DLGF”) concerning

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discrepancies in Clinton County tax bills and collections. Barbara testified that while

Michael agreed with her that forming the committee was a good idea, she intentionally kept

Michael from being involved because of his personal difficulties with Clements, though she

also did not request that Clements be part of the committee. When asked why she decided to

convene the committee, she testified that there were problems with the results generated by

the Nikish-provided software, and stated, “I wanted to show this committee that I was in

balance when I left” employment with the County. (Appellant’s App. at 256.)

       Even construed in a light most favorable to Clements as the non-movant, this

evidentiary material satisfied the County’s and Barbara’s burden of production to establish a

lack of question of material fact both as to Barbara’s status as an employee of the County at

the time of the alleged conduct (thus entitling her to immunity under the ITCA), as well as

her involvement in any intended malicious prosecution of Clements. Given this evidentiary

material, the burden shifted to Clements to provide materials that would show the existence

of a genuine issue of material fact as to the elements of her claim.

       We cannot conclude that she carried this burden as to her claim against Barbara. In

support of her surreply to the County’s responsive brief, Clements designated as evidentiary

material portions of deposition testimony from defendants Clinton, Johnson, and Michael

Conner. Clinton’s deposition testimony provided evidence that Barbara had met with the

software committee on multiple occasions—“probably about six times.” (Appellant’s App.

at 284.) Clinton’s testimony also provided evidence that Barbara had provided documents

related to problems with the Nikish system at the committee’s request. Clinton testified that

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“there was questions [sic] that we had, then we’d would go [sic] back and try to look at

information,” and “[w]e asked for them at that point. She said she had had, kept records of

some other things that were issues that she heard were problems still … but we interviewed

her for different questions as far as relating to this.” (Appellant’s App. at 285.)

       Clinton’s testimony corresponded with deposition testimony from both Barbara and

Michael Conner. Michael indicated that Barbara was not “involved in that issue of

transitioning back from Nikish to Manatron … unless she was called and referred upon,”

which occurred only on occasion. (Appellant’s App. at 292.)

       Johnson’s deposition testimony supported Barbara’s testimony that her employment

with the treasurer’s office ended at the end of September 2008. Johnson further testified that

concerns with the Nikish software had arisen as early as February 2007, and that it was “well

before November” that a committee was formed “to make recommendations to the

commissioners on what to do about the Nikish contract.” (Appellant’s App. at 289-90.)

       Taking all the designated materials together and construing them in a light most

favorable to Clements as the non-movant, we cannot conclude Clements successfully

overcame her burden of demonstrating the existence of any questions of material fact

respecting her claim against Barbara for malicious prosecution. The designated evidence

gives rise to an inference that Barbara was involved with the committee’s activities after the

end of her employment with the Treasurer’s Office. However, it does not establish any

question of material fact as to malicious intent on Barbara’s part. Indeed, even taken in a

light most favorable to Clements, the designated materials submitted by Clements do not give

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rise to any inferences in her favor as to the question of malice and indicate that Barbara is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law on Clements’s claim against her.

       We therefore affirm the trial court’s entry of summary judgment and order dismissing

Clements’s complaint against Barbara.

                                        Conclusion

       The trial court did not err when it dismissed Clements’s complaint against the

Defendants.

       Affirmed.

VAIDIK, J., and BROWN, J., concur.

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