Court Opinion

ID: 2817859
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-07-16 20:19:17.836067+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:30:45.867132
License: Public Domain

Filed 7/16/15 P. v. Montanez CA2/8
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION EIGHT

THE PEOPLE,                                                          B255385

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. VA118492 & VA125240)
         v.

MIGUEL ANGEL MONTANEZ,

         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.
Raul A. Sahagun, Judge. Affirmed.

         Dan Mrotek, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.

         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Scott A. Taryle and John Yang,
Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

                                              __________________
       A jury convicted defendant Miguel Angel Montanez of first degree murder. On
appeal, he contends: (1) it was error to give CALCRIM No. 316; (2) the trial court had a
sua sponte duty to instruct on voluntary manslaughter as a lesser included offense of
murder; and (3) trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to sentencing errors.
We affirm.

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Defendant and Leonel Santiago were charged by amended information with the
first degree murder of Danny Renteria.1 Gun use and a gang enhancement were alleged;
in addition, defendant was charged with being a felon in possession of an assault weapon
and a gang enhancement was alleged as to that count as well.2 Prior to trial, defendant
pled no contest to only the felon in possession charge and admitted the gang enhancement
as to that charge. Defendant and Santiago were jointly tried by separate juries on the
murder charge. During the trial, Santiago pled no contest to voluntary manslaughter and
admitted a prior strike. The trial continued as to defendant.

A.     People’s Case

       Viewed in accordance with the usual rules on appeal (People v. Zamudio (2008)
43 Cal. 4th 327, 357-358), the evidence established that defendant and co-defendant
Santiago were members of the same criminal street gang, but from different cliques.
Santiago was several years older than defendant and in 2007 he was in prison when
defendant became romantically involved with Vanessa Lira, who was a good friend of
Santiago’s sister. Lira was also murder victim Danny Renteria’s first cousin. Early in
her relationship with defendant, Lira told him that she was raped by her cousin Danny

1     Because the victim and several witness have the last name “Renteria,” we refer to
them by their first names to avoid confusion.

2      The original information was dismissed when the People were not ready for trial,
but the case was re-filed two months later.

                                              2
when she was a little girl. Defendant cried and told Lira that he loved her, but they never
discussed the subject again. In gang culture, pedophiles are “green lighted,” which
means anyone can shoot them. After Santiago was released from prison in early August
2010, he spent more time with defendant than anyone else. In an exchange of text
messages on August 20, 2010, defendant told Lira he was “going on a mission,” which
was a phrase defendant often used. Lira did not know where he was going, but told him
to be safe, as she usually did.
       At about 12:15 a.m. on Saturday, August 21, 2010, Danny was fatally shot while
sitting on the front porch of the Bellflower home in which he lived with his mother
(Veronica), father (Antonio) and brother. A short picket fence separates their property
from the sidewalk. Jose Angel Gomez lived across the street. For several hours before
the shooting, Gomez had noticed two men loitering across the street from the Renteria
house. Gomez did not witness the shooting, but upon hearing gunshots, he ran out of his
house, saw Danny lying on the ground and two men running away. Gomez did not see
whether the man in the lead had a gun or what car he got into, but Gomez saw a gun in
the hand of the man bringing up the rear. That man pointed the gun at Gomez and said,
“Don’t do it. Don’t do it,” then got into the driver’s seat of a white Honda, which fled the
scene followed closely by another, darker colored car.
       The shots were heard by another neighbor as well as Danny’s mother and father,
all of whom testified. While trying to render aid to his son, Antonio saw someone in a
white shirt running away; moments later, he saw a dark car followed by a lighter colored
car fleeing the scene. As she ran out behind Antonio, Veronica saw two men on the
sidewalk side of her picket fence. Those men ran north and got into two different cars,
one light and one dark. As those cars drove past her, the light car was behind the dark
car.
       Danny was shot three times, including one fatal head shot and two non-fatal shots
to the lower back and right upper arm. The bullets that caused the head and lower back
wounds were recovered and booked into evidence. The only other bullet in evidence was
found the next day, lodged in the front door of the house across the street from the

                                             3
Renteria home. All three bullets were .45 caliber and fired from the same weapon, most
likely a single-action revolver. No weapon was ever found.
       Confederate Santiago’s DNA was found on a beer bottle and cigarette butt
recovered from the area where Gomez saw the two men loitering; Santiago’s fingerprints
were on the beer bottle and on the driver’s side door of a stolen white Honda Accord
found parked in front of defendant’s home in Norwalk the day after the shooting. Two
months after the murder, Santiago was arrested for an unrelated bank robbery. In an
October 22, 2010 interview, Santiago told detectives he was with defendant when
defendant shot Danny. In Santiago’s version of events, Santiago was unarmed and
accompanied defendant out of a sense of loyalty.
       After recordings of Santiago’s October 22, 2010 interview and a November 10,
2010 follow-up interview were played to the Santiago jury only, Santiago pled no contest
to voluntary manslaughter and admitted a gang enhancement in exchange for a 26-year
prison sentence which included this case and the robbery convictions for which he was
already in custody. An additional condition was that Santiago testify truthfully in
defendant’s case. Santiago testified that he did not know what defendant planned to do
when, on August 20, 2010, Santiago agreed to do defendant a favor.3 Driving a stolen
white Honda Accord, Santiago followed defendant, who was driving an Infiniti, to a
location in Bellflower. They arrived at about 8:00 or 9:00 p.m., parked, and waited
several hours. During that time, defendant showed Santiago a chrome .45 revolver;
defendant explained his cousin had been raped and he was going to “handle it.” Later,
when Danny came out and sat in a chair on the porch of the Renteria house, Santiago
followed as defendant crossed the street, stepped over a small fence, walked up to the
porch and asked Danny his name. As soon as Danny said his name, defendant shot him.
At the first shot, Santiago turned and ran towards his parked car. As he was running,
Santiago heard three or four more shots. When he turned around, Santiago saw defendant

3     At the time, Santiago incorrectly believed defendant’s surname was “Martinez”
not “Montanez;” Santiago also knew defendant as “Mikey” and “Spooky.”

                                             4
about 18 feet behind him, also running towards their cars. When a man came out of the
corner house holding what Santiago thought might be a gun, defendant pointed his own
gun at the man and said, “Don’t be a hero.” No shots were exchanged. Santiago drove
home and did not talk to defendant again until the next day. Recordings of Santiago’s
October 22 and November 10 interviews, which were generally consistent with his trial
testimony, were played for the jury.4

B.     Defense Case

       In 2009, V.M. was 15 and Danny was 20 years old when they became acquainted
in a telephone chat room. They met in person just once. On that occasion, they had sex
in Danny’s truck. Afterwards, they remained friends and stayed in contact by text and
telephone. V.M. never told anyone, including her then boyfriend, about her relationship
with Danny. When contacted by police about Danny’s murder, V.M. falsely denied
knowing Danny.
       Fernando Partita had been friends with Danny since middle school. He was with
Danny at a skate park when Danny and two men got into a dispute over $2 Danny had
borrowed from one of the men. After Partita gave Danny $5, which Danny gave to the
man, the man’s companion tried to goad Danny into a fight, but the argument dissipated
and both pairs of men went their separate ways. Partita was with Danny at a Laker game
when Danny and his cousin got into a physical altercation. Danny once asked Partita if
Partita wanted to buy some heroin that Danny and his cousin had acquired. Partita did
not know when these three events occurred.

C.     Verdict

       Defendant was found guilty of first degree murder; the jury found true a principal
used and discharged a firearm enhancement but found not true a personal firearm use
enhancement and a gang enhancement. Defendant was sentenced to 32 years to life in

4      On cross-examination, Santiago testified that his plea deal required him to testify
truthfully, which meant consistent with his recorded statements.

                                             5
prison, comprised of 25 years to life for the murder conviction, plus a consecutive 7 years
for the felon in possession conviction (comprised of the 3 year upper term plus an upper
term of 4 years for the gang enhancement). He timely appealed.

                                     DISCUSSION

A.     Instructional Errors

       1.     CALCRIM No. 316

       Defendant contends it was error to give CALCRIM No. 316, which, as given
without objection, reads:

       “If you find that a witness has been convicted of a felony, you may consider that
       fact only in evaluating the credibility of the witness’s testimony. The fact of a
       conviction does not necessarily destroy or impair a witness’s credibility. It is up
       to you to decide the weight of that fact and whether that fact makes the witness
       less believable. [¶] If you find that a witness has committed a crime or other
       misconduct, you may consider that fact only in evaluating the credibility of the
       witness’s testimony. The fact that a witness may have committed a crime or other
       misconduct does not necessarily destroy or impair a witness’s credibility. It is up
       to you to decide the weight of that fact and whether that fact makes the witness
       less believable.” (Italics added.) 5

Defendant’s argument goes like this: the jury’s “not true” finding on the personal gun
use enhancement must mean the jury disbelieved Santiago’s version of events and instead
believed Santiago was the shooter; therefore, it must have found defendant guilty of the
killing on an aiding and abetting theory; the jury should have been allowed to consider
Santiago’s voluntary manslaughter plea as evidence that defendant was guilty of aiding

5      The jury was also instructed: “. . . In evaluating a witness’s testimony, you may
consider anything that reasonably tends to prove or disprove the truth or accuracy of that
testimony. Among the factors that you may consider are: [¶] . . . [¶] Has the witness
been convicted of a felony? . . . ” (CALCRIM No. 226.) And: “During the trial, certain
evidence was admitted for a limited purpose. You may consider that evidence only for
that purpose and for no other.” (CALCRIM No. 303.)

                                            6
and abetting a voluntary manslaughter and not murder; CALCRIM No. 316, considered
together with CALCRIM Nos. 226 and 303 (set forth in footnote No. 7), improperly
precluded the jury from doing so. We disagree.
       We do not agree with defendant’s factual premises. First, a “not true” finding on
the personal gun use enhancement did not necessarily mean the jury convicted him on an
aiding and abetting theory. (See People v. Garrison (1989) 47 Cal. 3d 746, 781 [failure to
reach a verdict on personal use enhancement did not demonstrate that murder verdict was
based solely on aiding and abetting theory].) In addition, a disposition by plea does not
necessarily reflect a defendant’s true culpability for a crime because it is the result of a
bargain. Here, Santiago pled no contest to voluntary manslaughter and admitted a gang
enhancement in exchange for a 26 year prison sentence which included this case and the
robbery convictions for which he was already in custody. There is no indication
Santiago’s plea to the crime accurately demonstrated his involvement in the shooting.
Instead, it was a bargained-for disposition to which both Santiago and the prosecution
agreed.
       Further, because Santiago’s plea was relevant only to his credibility and not to
whether defendant committed murder or voluntary manslaughter, the jury was properly
instructed and we find no error.6
       First, the standard of review: challenges to given instructions are subject to review
“to the extent [the defendant’s] substantial rights were affected. [Citation.]” (People v.
Lucas (2014) 60 Cal. 4th 153, 281, fn. 47; Pen. Code, § 1249 [“The appellate court may

6       Even if the jury had concluded that Santiago were the shooter, that fact does not
tend to prove that defendant was more likely to have committed voluntary manslaughter
than murder. There was no evidence that defendant had the intent consistent with either
forms of voluntary manslaughter.
        In his Reply Brief, defendant also argues Santiago’s voluntary manslaughter plea
was relevant because the “not true” finding on the gang enhancement necessarily means
the jury did not believe defendant was the instigator or that Santiago and defendant
jointly participated in a revenge killing. Whether the jury believed the killing was for the
benefit of the gang or was fueled by personal revenge does not make Santiago’s
voluntary manslaughter plea relevant to anything other than his credibility as a witness.

                                               7
also review any instruction given, refused or modified, even though no objection was
made thereto in the lower court, if the substantial rights of the defendant were affected
thereby.”]) Defendant contends his substantial right to present a defense was affected by
the challenged instruction. We turn next to the substantive law.
        “ ‘Relevant evidence’ means evidence, including evidence relevant to the
credibility of a witness or hearsay declarant, having any tendency in reason to prove or
disprove any disputed fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action.”
(Evid. Code, § 210.) Only relevant evidence is admissible. (§ 350.) The test of
relevancy is whether it tends logically, naturally and by reasonable inference to establish
material facts such as identity, intent or motive. (People v. Lee (2011) 51 Cal. 4th 620,
642.)
        Evidence of a witness’s felony conviction is admissible because it is relevant to
his or her credibility.7 But the crime of which one co-participant is convicted is not
generally relevant to determining what crime was committed by the other participant.
This is because an aider and abettor is a principal in the crime. (Pen. Code, § 31.) Since
aiders and abettors are liable for their own actions as well as their accomplice’s actions, it
is often unnecessary to decide who was the direct perpetrator and who was the aider and
abettor. (People v. Garcia (2002) 28 Cal. 4th 1166, 1173.) An aider and abettor may be
convicted even if the direct perpetrator is not: “ ‘ “[T]he fact that certain defendants may
escape conviction for their crimes is not any legal or logical reason why another
defendant, where substantial evidence has been introduced to sustain his conviction,
should be exonerated and be permitted to escape punishment for his crime.” [Citation.]’
[Citation.] ” (Id. at p. 1178, quoting People v. Palmer (2001) 24 Cal. 4th 856, 861.)

7      See California Constitution, article 1, section 28(f)(4) [“Any prior felony
conviction of any person in any criminal proceeding, whether adult or juvenile, shall
subsequently be used without limitation for purposes of impeachment . . . .”]; Evid. Code,
§ 788 [“For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, it may be shown by the
examination of the witness or by the record of the judgment that he has been convicted of
a felony . . . .”]; Evid. Code, § 787 [“Subject to Section 788, evidence of specific
instances of his conduct relevant only as tending to prove a trait of his character is
inadmissible to attack or support the credibility of a witness.”].

                                              8
       An aider and abettor may also be found guilty of a greater or lesser offense than
the actual perpetrator of a homicide, depending on the individual mental state of each.
(People v. McCoy (2001) 25 Cal. 4th 1111, 1122 [aider and abettor may be guilty of
greater crime]; People v. Nero (2010) 181 Cal. App. 4th 504, 507 [aider and abettor may
be guilty of lesser crime].) This is because, although each participant’s criminal liability
depends both on his own actions and the actions of the other person, it depends only on
his own mens rea, not the other person’s. (McCoy, at p. 1118; see People v. Jennings
(2010) 50 Cal. 4th 616, 641-642 [“Aider and abettor liability is premised on the combined
acts of all the principals, but also on the aider and abettor’s own mens rea.”].)
       People v. Wilson (2008) 43 Cal. 4th 1 (Wilson), is instructive. In that case,
Sadewater drove Wilson to a market that Wilson intended to rob; during the course of the
robbery, Wilson fatally shot the store clerk. Wilson and Sadewater were charged with
attempted robbery and first degree murder. Wilson was convicted of murder and the jury
found the robbery-murder special-circumstance allegation to be true. In a separate trial, a
jury convicted Sadewater of being an accessory after the fact and attempted robbery, but
acquitted her of murder. On appeal from convictions of attempted robbery and special
circumstance murder, Wilson contended that the trial court had a sua sponte duty to
instruct on the lesser included offense of first degree premeditated murder and second
degree murder because Sadewater’s conviction suggested that her jury believed the
attempted robbery and the earlier killing were separate crimes. Our Supreme Court was
unpersuaded: “But whatever the jury might have thought in that trial, it is not evidence in
this case. (See People v. Palmer (2001) 24 Cal. 4th 856, 858 [citation] [‘If substantial
evidence supports a jury verdict as to one defendant, that verdict may stand despite an
apparently inconsistent verdict as to another defendant’].)” (Wilson, at p. 17.)
       While Wilson involved evidence of a conviction, in this case the jury received
evidence that Santiago pled no contest to voluntary manslaughter for the killing of Danny
Renteria in exchange for a 26 year sentence. There was no error in giving CALCRIM
No. 316, because Santiago’s no contest plea to voluntary manslaughter was relevant only
to his credibility, and was not relevant to whether defendant committed murder or

                                              9
voluntary manslaughter. That question depended solely on proof of defendant’s mens rea
and in no way on Santiago’s plea.8

       2.     Voluntary Manslaughter Instructions

       Defendant contends the trial court had a sua sponte duty to instruct on voluntary
manslaughter as a lesser included offense of murder. He argues the following evidence
supports such an instruction: the unexplained several year gap between the killing and
when defendant learned of the rape; Santiago’s testimony that he was driving the white
Honda that night, coupled with neighbor Gomez’s testimony that he saw the man with a
gun drive away in the white Honda, tends to prove that Santiago, not defendant, was the
shooter; that Danny came out on the porch that night was the result of “luck,” not
planning. We disagree.
       Trial courts have a sua sponte duty to instruct on all lesser necessarily included
offenses supported by the evidence, including voluntary manslaughter as a lesser
included offense of murder. (People v. Breverman (1998) 19 Cal. 4th 142, 148-149.) The
duty arises only if there is substantial evidence raising a question as to whether all of the
elements of the charged offense are present. (People v. Anderson (2006)
141 Cal. App. 4th 430, 446.) On appeal, we independently determine whether a voluntary
manslaughter instruction should have been given. (People v. Manriquez (2005)
37 Cal. 4th 547, 584.)

8        The converse of defendant’s argument is helpful to understand its fallacy. A
prosecutor would not be able to introduce evidence that Defendant A pled guilty to
premeditated murder in order to prove that Defendant B had also committed murder
rather than manslaughter. (People v. Cummings (1993) 4 Cal. 4th 1233, 1322 [one
defendant’s guilty plea is inadmissible to prove that another defendant participated in the
crime]; see United States v. Halbert (1981) 640 F.2d 1000, 1004 [“As a principle of
general acceptance, guilty plea or conviction of a codefendant may not be offered by the
government and received over objection as substantive evidence of the guilt of those on
trial.”].) Doctrinally, we see no difference to introduction of such evidence by the
defense.

                                              10
       First degree murder is a willful, deliberate, and premeditated killing with malice
aforethought. (Pen. Code, §§ 187, 189.)9 Malice may be express or implied. “It is
express when there is manifested a deliberate intention unlawfully to take away the life of
a fellow creature. It is implied, when no considerable provocation appears, or when the
circumstances attending the killing show an abandoned and malignant heart.” (§ 188.) In
the absence of malice, an unlawful killing is manslaughter, not murder. (§ 192.) It is
voluntary manslaughter when it is committed “upon a sudden quarrel or heat of passion.”
(§ 192, subd. (a).) To reduce murder to manslaughter, the heat of passion must have been
the result of provocation by the victim. (People v. Steele (2002) 27 Cal. 4th 1230, 1252.)
Notwithstanding that the provocation may occur over a period of time (People v.
Wharton (1991) 53 Cal. 3d 522, 569, citing People v. Berry (1976) 18 Cal. 3d 509 [13
days]; People v. Borchers (1958) 50 Cal. 2d 321 [two weeks]), if “ ‘sufficient time has
elapsed between the provocation and the fatal blow for passion to subside and reason to
return, the killing is not voluntary manslaughter . . . .’ [Citations.]” (People v. Hach
(2009) 176 Cal. App. 4th 1450, 1459 [five days between argument and killing was a
sufficient cooling off period].)
       In People v. Hudgins (1967) 252 Cal. App. 2d 174, 181, for example, the court
found no evidence warranting voluntary manslaughter instructions where the evidence
showed the defendant broke into a house and shot the man he believed was his wife’s
paramour. “There was no evidence of a sudden quarrel, but only proof of a violent attack
by an armed man upon one who was unarmed and who made a futile attempt to save his
own life. There was no sudden heat of passion, but only evidence of a persistent,
brooding jealousy which spurred appellant to a decision to arm himself and lie in wait for
a victim. All the evidence indicated it was not a sudden, impetuous decision, acted upon
without time and opportunity for reflection and the cooling off of suddenly aroused
emotion. It was a decision reached after long deliberation and meditation, and careful
preparation to carry into execution the threats appellant had repeatedly uttered. Upon

9      All future undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.

                                             11
these facts the killing was not manslaughter; it was, at the least, murder of the second
degree.”
       Here, as in Hudgins there was no evidence of sudden quarrel or heat of passion.
On the contrary, the evidence showed only that, years after learning that his girlfriend had
been sexually assaulted by her cousin Danny, defendant armed himself and lay in wait
across the street from Danny’s home for several hours, until Danny came outside. And
when the unarmed Danny did so, defendant shot him multiple times, including one fatal
head shot. Contrary to defendant’s argument, neither the time gap between defendant’s
discovery of the sexual assault and the killing, Gomez’s testimony that a man with a gun
got into a light-colored Honda (the car Santiago admitted he was driving that night), nor
the chance occurrence of Danny coming out onto the porch that night, is evidence of a
sudden quarrel or heat of passion.

       3.     Harmless Error

       Since we find no error, we need not address defendant’s contention that the
instructional errors he asserts were prejudicial.

B.     Defendant Did Not Receive Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       Defendant admitted being a felon in possession of an assault weapon (former
§ 12280, subdivision (b) [punishable by 16 months, two or three years]) and admitted that
offense was committed “for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with any
criminal street gang, with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in any criminal
conduct by gang members.” (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(A) [punishable by two, three or four
years].)10 Without defense objection, the trial court made the following three sentencing
choices:

10     Former section 12280, subdivision (b) was repealed and replaced by section
30605, subdivision (a), which reads: “Any person who, within this state, possesses any
assault weapon, except as provided in this chapter, shall be punished by imprisonment in

                                             12
       (1) The three year upper term on the felon in possession conviction based on
           defendant’s prior criminal record. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.421(b)(2).);

       (2) The four year upper term for the gang enhancement “because the manner in
           which the crime was carried out indicates planning, sophistication. Indeed, the
           defendant was lying in wait before he murdered the victim. . . . [¶] The court
           also notes the defendant was the – in a position of leadership and indeed led
           Mr. Santiago in this crime.” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.421(a)(4), (8)); and

       (3) Consecutive sentences for the murder and felon in possession convictions
          without stating any reasons.

       On appeal, defendant contends he was denied the effective assistance of counsel as
a result of trial counsel’s failure to object to (1) the trial court’s use of facts relating to the
murder to impose the upper term on the gang enhancement, and (2) use of the same facts
both as a basis for the upper term on the gang enhancement and for consecutive sentences
on the murder and the felon in possession charges. We find no error.
       To establish ineffective assistance, the defendant must show: (1) counsel’s
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing
professional norms, and (2) it is reasonably probable that the verdict would have been
more favorable absent counsel’s error. “ ‘If the record does not shed light on why
counsel acted or failed to act in the challenged manner, we must reject the claim on
appeal unless counsel was asked for and failed to provide a satisfactory explanation, or
there simply can be no satisfactory explanation.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Hernandez
(2004) 33 Cal. 4th 1040, 1052-1053.) In the absence of a sound legal basis for objection,
counsel’s failure to object cannot establish ineffective assistance of counsel. (People v.
Cudjo (1993) 6 Cal. 4th 585, 616; People v. Zavala (2008) 168 Cal. App. 4th 772, 780 [no
ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to make a futile confrontation clause
objection].) As we shall explain, there was no basis for trial counsel to have objected to
the sentence in this case.

a county jail for a period not exceeding one year, or by imprisonment pursuant to
subdivision (h) of Section 1170.” Section 30605 became operative on January 1, 2012.

                                                13
       The aggravating circumstances that may be considered by the court in selecting
among the low, middle and upper term are listed in California Rules of Court, rule 4.421.
Relevant here are the following:
           “The crime involved great violence, great bodily harm, threat of great
            bodily harm, or other acts disclosing a high degree of cruelty, viciousness,
            or callousness.” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.421(a)(1).)
           “The victim was particularly vulnerable.” (Cal. Rules of Court,
            rule 4.421(a)(3).)
           “The defendant induced others to participate in the commission of the
            crime or occupied a position of leadership or dominance of other
            participants in its commission.” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.421(a)(4).)
           “The manner in which the crime was carried out indicates planning,
            sophistication, or professionalism.” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.421(a)(8).)
           “The defendant’s prior convictions as an adult or sustained petitions in
            juvenile delinquency proceedings are numerous or of increasing
            seriousness.” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.421(b)(2).)

Any circumstance in aggravation may also be considered in deciding whether to impose
concurrent or consecutive terms, but neither an element of the crime nor a fact used to
impose the upper term may also be used to impose consecutive sentences. (Cal. Rules of
Court, rule 4.425(b).) The existence of a single aggravating factor is sufficient to support
a sentencing choice. (People v. Black (2007) 41 Cal. 4th 799, 813 [selection of upper
term]; People v. Quintanilla (2009) 170 Cal. App. 4th 406, 413 [upper term and
consecutive sentences].)11
       Here, the trial court did not err in relying on the planning and leadership factors to
select the upper term for the gang enhancement. While the gang enhancement may be
proven by evidence that the defendant committed the offense in association with another
gang member, the aggravating factor requires more than that. The aggravating factor
requires the defendant be the instigator or in a position of leadership. In this case, from
the evidence that defendant was in possession of the gun during the several hours he was

11    Black, supra, was later overruled on other grounds by Cunningham v. California
(2007) 549 U.S. 270.

                                             14
with Santiago that night, and that he showed Santiago the firearm, the trial court could
reasonably conclude that defendant induced Santiago to accompany him as moral support
for his continued possession of the firearm as well as the murder. That Santiago was
older than defendant did not require the trial court to conclude that Santiago was the
leader. Additionally, the trial court could conclude that defendant’s obtaining a gun in
advance indicated planning, sophistication or professionalism.
       The trial court did not state its reason for selecting consecutive sentences. But the
“lying in wait” reference (an apparent allusion to the aggravating circumstance of acts
disclosing a high degree of cruelty, or callousness), although not factually applicable to
the gang enhancement or the felon in possession charge, was a sufficient ground for
imposing consecutive sentences, as was the vulnerability of the victim. On this record,
defense counsel was not ineffective in failing to object to the trial court’s stated reasons
for its sentencing choices.

                                      DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed.

                                                  RUBIN, J.
WE CONCUR:

              BIGELOW, P. J.

              FLIER, J.

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