Court Opinion

ID: 9909901
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-14 16:05:38.889411+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:49:28.641781
License: Public Domain

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                                                 RENDERED: DECEMBER 14, 2023
                                                         NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Supreme Court of Kentucky
                                  2022-SC-0288-MR

TYLER M. JORDAN                                                        APPELLANT

                ON APPEAL FROM LEWIS CIRCUIT COURT
V.          HONORABLE BRIAN CHRISTOPHER MCCLOUD, JUDGE
                          NO. 20-CR-00014

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                                APPELLEE

                     MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT

                                     AFFIRMING

      A jury of the Lewis Circuit Court found Appellant Tyler M. Jordan

(“Jordan”) guilty of first-degree rape and first-degree sexual abuse of his fifteen-

year-old step-niece Anna. 1 The jury recommended the maximum sentence of

twenty years on the rape conviction and five years on the sexual abuse

conviction, running consecutively for a total sentence of twenty-five years. The

trial court sentenced in accordance with that recommendation. Jordan now

appeals to this Court as a matter of right. Ky. Const. § 110(2)(b). After careful

review, we affirm.

      1 “Anna” and the other names of minors in this Opinion are pseudonyms used

to protect the privacy of the victim and other children.
                FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      Jordan’s brother Johnathan lived in a home with his wife Jessica, their

three daughters, and Jessica’s three daughters, Anna, Brittany, and Caroline

from a previous relationship. Anna was the oldest of the six girls, all of whom

shared a single bedroom furnished with bunk beds.

      Jordan stayed in the home one or two nights a week, sleeping on a couch

in the living room. In October 2019, when she was fifteen years old, Anna

awoke in the middle of the night and went to the bathroom. As she tried to

return to bed from the bathroom she encountered Jordan standing in a

doorway blocking her. Anna tried to walk past Jordan but he pushed her back,

twisted her around, and pushed her against a wall. He then placed his penis

in her vagina for approximately five to six minutes until Johnathan emerged

from his bedroom. At that point Jordan stopped, walked into the kitchen, and

pretended to be looking for food in the refrigerator. Anna returned to bed.

      On May 15, 2020, shortly before Anna’s sixteenth birthday, Jordan

entered her room while she was cornered, sleeping on the top bunk, and put

his fingers in her vagina. Anna pretended to be asleep in the hopes that

Jordan would leave her alone. A few days before this incident, Jordan had

twice asked Anna if she would have sex with him.

      On May 19, 2020, Jordan and Anna got into an argument over Jordan

allegedly taking money from Anna’s purse, ultimately resulting in Johnathan

grounding Anna. The following day—the day before Anna’s sixteenth

birthday—Anna revealed to her family that Jordan had raped and sexually

                                       2
abused her. Johnathan called the police. Law enforcement took Anna and her

mother to the police department, conducted an investigatory interview, and

arranged for a forensic interview at a child advocacy center. Anna was not

physically examined.

      Law enforcement also spoke with Anna’s sisters, Brittany and Caroline.

Brittany told law enforcement that Jordan had previously cornered her in bed

and asked her to watch pornography with him, and had also stood over her on

a sofa and asked her to “suck his dick” a few days before the May 2020

incident with Anna. Caroline told law enforcement that Jordan had once

cornered her in the kitchen.

      Police located and arrested Jordan approximately one week later. Jordan

denied Anna’s allegations, claiming she invented them because she had been

grounded shortly before her birthday due to their argument over missing

money. He was arrested and ultimately indicted on charges of incest, first-

degree rape, and first-degree sexual assault. The Commonwealth dismissed

the incest charge before trial and proceeded on the remaining rape and sexual

abuse charges.

      At trial, Anna testified consistent with the charges against Jordan, and

also regarding Jordan’s two requests for sex a few days before the May 2020

incident. Brittany and Caroline testified at trial that though they shared a

room with Anna, they never saw or heard Jordan do anything sexual with her.

However, Brittany also testified to the incidents in which Jordan asked her for

oral sex and to watch pornography with him. More particularly, Brittany

                                        3
testified that Jordan approached her while she was laying in bed and asked her

to watch pornography on a tablet, and that he approached her while she was

sleeping on a couch in the living room and asked her for oral sex. Caroline

testified regarding the incident in which Jordan attempted to control her in the

kitchen, stating that Jordan had made her feel so nervous she punched him in

the face. This testimony by Brittany and Caroline was admitted at trial

pursuant to the trial court’s pre-trial ruling denying Jordan’s motion in limine

to exclude it.

      Johnathan testified at trial that Jordan was in jail during a portion of

October 2019. Johnathan also testified that after Jordan’s release he was not

allowed to stay overnight in the home because he had hit his girlfriend in front

of the girls, though he could come and eat at the home. Johnathan further

testified he recalled seeing Jordan at his refrigerator in the middle of the night

one night in October 2019.

      Jordan also took the stand at trial. He testified on direct examination

that he was in jail from September 22 to October 23, 2019, and thereafter

could not stay overnight at Johnathan’s home because he fought with his

girlfriend in front of the girls. He further testified he was again in jail from

December 22, 2019 to March 17, 2020 on domestic violence charges.

      Jordan further testified he also did not stay the night at his brother’s

home in May 2020. According to Jordan, on May 20, 2020 he was at his

brother’s house and had an argument with Anna regarding moving her wallet.

However he denied raping or sexually abusing Anna, asking Brittany for oral

                                          4
sex, or cornering Caroline. He did acknowledge providing Brittany with a

pornographic website in response to her questions about sex.

      Jordan testified Anna and her sisters invented the rape and sexual abuse

allegations because Anna was going to be grounded a week before her sixteenth

birthday. Jordan also presented testimony by Johnathan highlighting a

purported inconsistency insofar as Anna claimed the rape occurred in October

2019 after a playroom was added, while Johnathan testified he did not add the

playroom until the summer of 2020. Jordan further presented testimony that

the bunk bed on which Anna slept was too high for an adult male to reach into,

though Anna testified the bunk bed was only as high as her shoulders and did

not require a ladder for entry.

      The trial court instructed the jury on one count each of first-degree rape

and first-degree sexual abuse, with no lesser-included offense instructions.

The jury found Jordan guilty of both charges. Following the penalty phase,

during which Anna sat at the Commonwealth’s counsel table, the jury

recommended a total sentence of twenty-five years. The trial court imposed a

sentence consistent with that recommendation.

                                     ANALYSIS

      Jordan raises four issues for our review: (1) whether the trial court

abused its discretion in admitting prior bad acts testimony by Brittany and

Caroline; (2) whether the trial court erred in admitting Anna’s testimony

regarding Jordan’s requests for sex given the lack of pre-trial KRE 2 404(c)

      2 Kentucky Rule of Evidence.

                                        5
notice; (3) whether prosecutorial misconduct violated his Due Process rights;

and (4) whether his right to a fair trial was violated when the trial court allowed

Anna to sit at the Commonwealth’s counsel table during the penalty phase of

the trial. We review each issue in turn, providing additional facts as necessary.

   I.      The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion In Admitting KRE
           404(b) Evidence Of Jordan’s Prior Bad Acts Against Brittany And
           Caroline.

        Jordan first argues the trial court abused its discretion in admitting prior

bad acts testimony by Brittany that Jordan asked her for oral sex and to watch

pornography with him, and by Caroline that Jordan cornered her in the

kitchen. Jordan’s allegation of error is preserved by his motion in limine which

the trial court denied by written order. KRE 103(d). The trial court concluded

this testimony was admissible under KRE 404(b) given factual similarities

between the charged conduct against Anna and the prior bad acts against

Brittany and Caroline. We agree.

        KRE 404(b) governs the admissibility of evidence of other crimes, wrongs,

or acts. Under this Rule, such evidence is “not admissible to prove the

character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith.” The

purpose of the Rule is to avoid an unfair inference that a person’s character as

demonstrated by the commission of other bad acts indicates he likely also

engaged in bad acts relevant to the case. As applied to criminal defendants,

the Rule thus aims to avoid an unfair inference that the defendant is guilty of

the charged offense because his character, as demonstrated by the commission

of other bad acts, suggests he likely also committed the charged offense.

                                          6
      However, the Rule provides two exceptions in which evidence of other

crimes, wrongs, or acts may be admissible. First, other bad acts evidence may

be admissible if offered to prove something other than an impermissible

inference on the basis of character, “such as proof of motive, opportunity,

intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or

accident.” KRE 404(b)(1). Second, such evidence may also be admissible if it is

“so inextricably intertwined with other evidence essential to the case that

separation of the two (2) could not be accomplished without serious adverse

effect on the offering party.” KRE 404(b)(2). We review a trial court’s decision

to admit evidence under KRE 404(b) for abuse of discretion. Anderson v.

Commonwealth, 231 S.W.3d 117, 119 (Ky. 2007). That is, we consider whether

the trial court’s ruling was “arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by

sound legal principles.” Commonwealth v. English, 993 S.W.2d 941, 945 (Ky.

1999).

      In Bell v. Commonwealth, 875 S.W.2d 882 (Ky. 1994), we set forth the

three factors that a trial court must consider in determining whether to admit

evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts under KRE 404(b): relevance,

probativeness, and prejudice. As to relevance, the trial court must consider

whether the proffered evidence is relevant for some purpose other than to prove

the defendant’s criminal disposition. Id. at 889. As to probativeness, the trial

court must consider whether there is sufficiently probative evidence the

defendant committed the other crime, wrong, or act. Id. at 890. Finally, in

considering prejudice, the trial court must determine whether the potential

                                        7
prejudice from admission of the proffered evidence substantially outweighs its

probative value. Id. In considering these factors, the trial court “must apply

[KRE 404(b)] cautiously, with an eye towards eliminating evidence which is

relevant only as proof of an accused’s propensity to commit a certain type of

crime.” Id. at 889.

      In the present case, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s

determination that the allegations of Brittany and Caroline were relevant for a

purpose other than merely proving Jordan’s criminal disposition. In the

context of child sex abuse cases, we have previously held that uncharged

incidents of child sexual abuse may be admitted under KRE 404(b) for the

purpose of proving a pattern of conduct. Id. To be admissible for this purpose,

the method of the commission of the charged and uncharged acts must be “so

similar and so unique as to indicate a reasonable probability that the crimes

were committed by the same person.” Id. (quoting Adcock v. Commonwealth,

702 S.W.2d 440, 443 (Ky. 1986)). Similarly, we have held that evidence of

uncharged child sex abuse may be admissible in a child sex abuse case to

prove, among other things, a motive of “sexual gratification” if the uncharged

abuse is “so strikingly similar to the charged offense as to create a reasonable

possibility that (1) the acts were committed by the same person, and/or (2) the

acts were accompanied by the same mens rea.” English, 993 S.W.2d at 945.

      A striking similarity of facts between the charged and uncharged offenses

is thus often the touchstone for analysis of admissibility of uncharged child sex

abuse under KRE 404(b) in child sexual abuse cases. See Billings v.

                                        8
Commonwealth, 843 S.W.2d 890, 892 (Ky. 1992). The similarities must be so

similar as to demonstrate modus operandi. Id. at 893. (“It is entirely

appropriate, we believe, for purposes of assessing the admissibility of evidence

of collateral crimes in the [child sex abuse] context . . . to require that the

details of the charged and uncharged acts be sufficiently similar as to

demonstrate a modus operandi.”). Where the factual similarities rise to a level

of modus operandi, admitting evidence of the uncharged child sexual abuse

does not impermissibly ask the jury to infer that the defendant is guilty simply

because he has previously engaged in other child sexual abuse; rather, it

permissibly allows for an inference of guilt based instead upon the striking

factual similarity between the charged and uncharged acts:

      [T]he probative value of modus operandi evidence [is not] derived
      solely from the presumption that the unproven accusation of crime
      must be true because the accused had committed the same crime
      before. If two or more victims allege strikingly similar facts, it
      tends to show the accused has a mode or method of operation. It
      refutes a contention that the victims are fabricating their
      complaints and tends to prove that the alleged crimes did, in fact,
      occur. This is distinct from an accused’s propensity to commit a
      type of crime. It is only when the acts are dissimilar that use of
      the evidence tends solely to prove an accused’s criminal
      disposition.

Newcomb v. Commonwealth, 410 S.W.3d 63, 74 n.13 (Ky. 2013) (citations

omitted).

      Determining whether charged and uncharged child sex abuse allegations

bear such striking factual similarities as to demonstrate modus operandi and

thus be admissible under KRE 404(b) is “a difficult, fact-specific inquiry” that

requires the trial court to “engage in a searching analysis of the similarities and

                                          9
dissimilarities” between the charged and uncharged conduct. Clark v.

Commonwealth, 223 S.W.3d 90, 96-97 (Ky. 2007). As our jurisprudence in this

area has developed we have considered a number of factual circumstances to

determine whether the requisite similarity is present, including:

      1) The nature of the sex acts themselves;

      2) The number of sex acts;

      3) The relationship between the defendant and the victims;

      4) Any positions of trust held by the defendant vis-à-vis the
         victims;

      5) The ages of the victims;

      6) The methods used by the defendant to engage in the abuse,
         including methods to groom, isolate, or seclude the victims, or
         otherwise prepare for the abuse;

      7) Particular language used by the defendant during the abuse;

      8) Threats of retaliation for disclosure;

      9) The length of time the abuse occurred;

      10)   Whether the acts occurred within the same timeframe;

      11)   The location of the abuse;

      12) Whether the abuse occurred when the defendant was alone
         with the victim or when other people were around; and

      13) Whether the defendant sought reciprocal sexual contact from
         the victims.

See Bell, 875 S.W.2d at 889-90 (nature of the sex acts, number of acts,

methods used, language used, threats, length of time, timeframe, and location);

Lear v. Commonwealth, 884 S.W.2d 657, 659-60 (Ky. 1994) (nature of acts,

relationship, victim age, threats, length of time, and location); Clark, 223

                                         10
S.W.3d at 98 (nature of acts, position of trust, victim age, others absent or

nearby, and requests for reciprocation). Of course there may also be other

factual circumstances relevant to the trial court’s determination, given the

intensely fact-specific nature of the similarity inquiry.

      While the factual similarities must be sufficiently striking to demonstrate

modus operandi, the uncharged act need not be identical to the charged

offense to be admissible under KRE 404(b). Clark, 223 S.W.3d at 97. The

fundamental inquiry is simply whether, in considering the totality of the

circumstances, there are sufficiently striking factual similarities between the

charged and uncharged conduct that the jury would not be asked to infer the

defendant’s guilt simply from the uncharged allegations, but rather to

reasonably infer from the striking factual similarities between the charged and

uncharged conduct that the defendant engaged in the charged offense.

      In the present case, Jordan’s uncharged acts against Brittany and

Caroline bore sufficiently striking factual similarities to his charged rape and

sexual abuse of Anna as to demonstrate modus operandi. A review of the

circumstances surrounding each incident show Jordan had a particular way

and method of cornering his step-nieces to initiate sexual contact. First, Anna,

Brittany, and Caroline all bore the same relationship with Jordan as they were

all his step-nieces, unlike the other girls in the home who were Jordan’s blood

relatives. Second, all three girls were of similar adolescent ages at the time of

the abuse, between twelve and fifteen years of age. Third, all of the incidents

                                        11
occurred at the victims’ home, and all apparently when no one else was

around.

      Finally, and perhaps most importantly, Jordan also repeatedly employed

a method in perpetrating his abuse so unique as to rise to the level of a

signature crime. In each instance of abuse, Jordan physically cornered or

approached his victims while they were vulnerable and isolated, almost

invariably while they were in a state of sleep, near-sleep, or repose. With

respect to the charged allegations, Jordan approached Anna while she was

sleeping in her bed, where he then sexually abused her. Similarly, he

approached and raped Anna in the middle of the night as she returned to her

bed from the bathroom. With respect to the uncharged conduct, Jordan

approached Brittany as she lay in bed to ask her to watch pornography with

him. He approached her as she lay sleeping on the couch to ask her to perform

oral sex. As for Caroline, Jordan cornered her in the kitchen so aggressively

that she found it necessary to punch him in the face to escape. Jordan’s

repetitive use of a technique of physically cornering his victims, usually while

they were sleeping or resting, was sufficiently unique that evidence of the

uncharged conduct did not impermissibly invite the jury to simply infer a

criminal disposition, but rather to permissibly infer from these striking factual

similarities that the victims were not fabricating their allegations.

      Admittedly, there was also some dissimilarity between the charged and

uncharged conduct insofar as Anna alleged rape and digital penetration,

Brittany alleged only requests to view pornography and for oral sex, and

                                        12
Caroline alleged no sexual contact but only that she was aggressively cornered

in the kitchen. However, the mere fact that the nature of the sex acts

themselves may differ from victim to victim does not render uncharged abuse

inadmissible where there are other striking factual similarities. See, e.g., Leach

v. Commonwealth, 571 S.W.3d 550, 556 (Ky. 2019) (uncharged allegation of

kissing and touching of breasts of minor admissible in case involving charge of

sexual touching, digital penetration, and oral sex with minor, given striking

similarity in defendant’s method of secluding victims); Anastasi v.

Commonwealth, 754 S.W.2d 860, 861 (Ky. 1988) (uncharged child rape

admissible in child sexual touching case, given striking factual similarity in

defendant’s method of perpetrating abuse). Nor in good conscience could we

countenance exclusion of this highly relevant evidence simply given slight

differences in Jordan’s sexual tastes from girl to girl or the fortuity of some of

his victims rejecting or escaping his advances. In sum, given the significant

similarities between the charged and uncharged conduct, and in particular the

strikingly unique method employed by Jordan to perpetrate his abuse against

all three victims, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s conclusion

the uncharged conduct was relevant for permissible purposes, including

motive, under KRE 404(b).

      The next factor of the Bell inquiry is probativeness, requiring us to

consider whether the trial court abused its discretion in finding a jury could

reasonably conclude the uncharged conduct occurred and was committed by

Jordan. See Leach, 571 S.W.3d at 554. We perceive no such abuse of

                                        13
discretion. Both Brittany and Caroline made their allegations to law

enforcement during the course of the police investigation. Moreover, the

allegations were consistent with the time frame and nature of Anna’s

allegations. Given the willingness of the victims to make the statements to law

enforcement and the consistencies between the allegations, the trial court did

not abuse its discretion in concluding a jury could believe Jordan engaged in

the uncharged conduct.

      Finally, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s conclusion that

admission of the uncharged acts was not overly prejudicial. “Only if the

potential for undue prejudice substantially outweighs the probative value of the

evidence must it be excluded.” Id. at 554. “Prejudice means that evidence

produces an emotional response that inflames the passions of the triers of fact

or is used for an improper purpose.” Id. (citation omitted).

      Plainly, the allegations by Brittany and Caroline were prejudicial to

Jordan, as they involved claims he presented pornography, solicited sexual

favors, and aggressively cornered a twelve-year-old girl. Bell, 875 S.W.2d at

890 (“[T]here exists universal agreement that evidence [of other bad acts] is

inherently and highly prejudicial to a defendant.”). However, KRE 403 makes

clear that for evidence to be excluded on grounds of prejudice, “the probative

value must be substantially outweighed by the prejudicial effect.” Leach, 571

S.W.3d at 557. Given the striking factual similarities with Anna’s claims, the

allegations by Brittany and Caroline were highly probative of the ultimate issue

in the case—Jordan’s guilt. Their testimony was also limited in duration.

                                       14
Thus, that testimony was relevant for a permissible purpose under KRE 404(b),

probative, and because its prejudicial impact did not substantially outweigh its

probative value, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting it.

   II.      Error, If Any, In Admitting Evidence Jordan Twice Propositioned
            Anna For Sex Was Harmless.

         Jordan next argues the trial court erred in admitting Anna’s testimony

that he twice asked her for sex a few days before the May 2020 incident. More

particularly, Jordan asserts the evidence should not have been admitted

because it was prior bad acts evidence for which the Commonwealth did not

provide pre-trial notice pursuant to KRE 404(c). Jordan’s allegation of error

was preserved by his contemporaneous objection. KRE 103(a)(1). The trial

court overruled that objection, concluding the evidence was not within the

scope of KRE 404. We thus review to determine whether any resulting error

was harmless. See Clark v. Commonwealth, 267 S.W.3d 668, 681 (Ky. 2008)

(finding only harmless error where trial court admitted prior bad acts evidence

for which the prosecution had not provided pre-trial KRE 404(c) notice).

         KRE 404(c) requires that if the prosecution intends to admit KRE 404(b)

evidence as part of its case in chief, “it shall give reasonable pretrial notice to

the defendant of its intention to offer such evidence.” If the prosecution fails to

do so, the trial court may either exclude the evidence or “for good cause shown

may excuse the failure to give such notice and grant the defendant a

continuance or such other remedy as is necessary to avoid unfair prejudice

caused by such failure.” KRE 404(c).

                                         15
      As an initial matter, we question whether Jordan’s propositioning of

Anna for sex a few days before he sexually abused her constitutes a separate

“other” bad act to which KRE 404(b) would apply. For notice to be required

under KRE 404(c), the evidence the prosecution seeks to offer must relate to

some other crime, wrong, or act. KRE 404(b) has no bearing on admission of

evidence of the charged crime itself. Here, Jordan’s propositioning of Anna was

sexual in nature and occurred in close temporal proximity to the charged

offense of sexual abuse. It could thus reasonably be argued that the

propositions were simply part of the overall narrative regarding the sexual

abuse.

      Even were we to conclude that the testimony involved a prior bad act

within the scope of KRE 404(b) however, its admission would at most

constitute harmless error. Jordan’s unsuccessful propositioning of Anna can

be viewed as a description of the circumstances leading to Jordan’s actions and

pales in comparison to the seriousness of the charged offenses of rape and

sexual abuse. As such, that evidence was unlikely to have had any effect on

the jury’s determination of guilt for the far more serious charged offenses. In

addition, the questioning regarding the propositions was fleeting. As such, we

can say with fair assurance that Anna’s testimony regarding the propositions

did not sway the verdicts. Any error in the admission of that testimony would

have been at most harmless. See Winstead v. Commonwealth, 283 S.W.3d 678,

688-89 (Ky. 2009) (“A non-constitutional evidentiary error may be deemed

                                       16
harmless . . . if the reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the

judgment was not substantially swayed by the error.”).

   III.   There Was No Prosecutorial Misconduct Warranting Reversal.

      Jordan next argues reversal is warranted due to a number of alleged

instances of prosecutorial misconduct. Jordan acknowledges that while some

of these alleged errors are preserved for our review, others are not. He thus

requests palpable error review of the unpreserved errors.

      Where alleged prosecutorial misconduct errors are preserved by

objection, we reverse “if proof of the defendant’s guilt was not such as to render

the misconduct harmless, and if the trial court failed to cure the misconduct

with a sufficient admonition to the jury.” Duncan v. Commonwealth, 322

S.W.3d 81, 87 (Ky. 2010). For unpreserved allegations of prosecutorial

misconduct error, we reverse only if the conduct was both flagrant and

palpable error resulting in manifest injustice. RCr 3 10.26; Matheney v.

Commonwealth, 191 S.W.3d 599, 606 & 607 n.4 (Ky. 2006). To determine if

the misconduct is flagrant, we consider “(1) whether the remarks tended to

mislead the jury or to prejudice the accused; (2) whether they were isolated or

extensive; (3) whether they were deliberately or accidentally placed before the

jury; and (4) the strength of the evidence against the accused.” Mayo v.

Commonwealth, 322 S.W.3d 41, 56 (Ky. 2010) (quoting Hannah v.

Commonwealth, 306 S.W.3d 509, 518 (Ky. 2010)).

      3 Kentucky Rule of Criminal Procedure.

                                        17
      A. The Prosecutor Did Not Impermissibly Badger Jordan.

      Jordan first alleges that the prosecutor improperly badgered him in the

following exchange by repeatedly asking him why he asked Brittany for oral

sex, even after Jordan denied doing so:

      Com.: So is the fact that you share no blood relation with
      [Brittany], is that what made you think it was okay to ask her to
      “suck your dick?”

      Jordan: Never did I.

      Com.: Oh, you didn’t?

      Jordan: Never did I.

      Com.: But you did show [Brittany] pornography, is that what you
      just testified to?

      Jordan: No, Sir. What I said was that, I didn’t even get to that
      part, what happened was that in my, I shouldn’t have done it, but
      what I said was, honey, she asked me a question about sex, and I
      didn’t feel comfortable at that point after asking her if they were
      using protection, I didn’t feel comfortable at that point, so what I
      did was I did give her a site to go to, that I did do, and I gave her
      the tablet but it was not on there, if she typed it in, I couldn’t tell
      you. But I did give her a porn site, yes, I did.

      Com.: You gave a thirteen-year-old child a porn website?

      Jordan: Yes, I did.

      Com.: Why? What would possess you to give a thirteen-year-old
      child a pornographic website?

      Jordan: I didn’t feel comfortable in giving her answers to the
      questions she was asking me so. . .

      Com.: You gave a child pornography as some sort of educational
      tool?

      Jordan: It is bad, yes, yes.

      Com.: And what about when you asked the thirteen-year-old to
      “suck your dick,” was that for some kind of educational purpose?

                                        18
      Jordan: I did not do that. I did not do that, Sir. I did not do that.

      Com.: So, it wasn’t for an educational purpose, it was for your
      pleasure?

      Jordan: Sir, I did not do that. I did not do that.

Jordan contends the prosecutor’s questions were designed to make him

look argumentative, and that the trial court failed to control the

examination as required under KRE 611(a)(3) to “protect [him] from

harassment.” Jordan objected at trial to this examination and his

allegation of error is therefore preserved.

      Jordan is correct that the prosecutor asked him four separate

times about propositioning Brittany for oral sex. Yet when considering

the broader context of the cross-examination, each inquiry was fair. The

first time of course was fair because the question had not yet been

asked. The second time was merely a confirmation of Jordan’s answer to

the first inquiry. The prosecutor posed the third question after Jordan

himself pointed to the allegedly educational purpose of providing Brittany

with a pornographic website, to ask whether that was also the purpose of

the request for oral sex. The final time, the prosecutor responded to

Jordan’s denial by asking whether the purpose of the request was

pleasure.

      Cross-examination is an adversarial process designed to reveal the

truth through vigorous, robust, and challenging inquiry. In the course of

cross-examination, an attorney is not bound to simply accept a witness’s

first denial of an accusation, never again to return to the subject. For

                                        19
example, an attorney may properly challenge a denial by pointing to

other facts or inconsistencies. An attorney may pose additional

questions designed to highlight the denial’s lack of credibility. Or an

attorney may, within reasonable limits, return to the subject of the denial

should further development of the testimony otherwise warrant it.

      Of course, counsel should not so needlessly belabor an inquiry as

to cross the line from vigorous advocacy to improper harassment and

badgering. This however was not such a case. The prosecutor’s four

short inquires—one of which was merely confirmation of a previous

answer—were appropriately posed within the context of the testimony as

it developed. We perceive no misconduct in the prosecutor’s cross-

examination.

      B. The Prosecutor’s Cross-Examination Of Jordan Regarding His
         History Of Domestic Violence Was Proper.

      Jordan also alleges the prosecutor engaged in misconduct by making the

following use of Jordan’s criminal record on cross-examination:

      Com.: Your testimony is you were released on October 23 of 2019,
      correct?

      Jordan: Yes.

      Com.: Okay. So you were out of custody in October of 2019,
      weren’t you?

      Jordan: On the 23rd of that month, yes.

      Com.: Okay. It says here you were in there for assault, domestic
      violence?

      Jordan: Yes.

                                       20
      Com.: Alright. And I heard you testify that you were incarcerated
      again a couple of months later in December is that right?

      Jordan: Yes. Yes, from December 22 to March 17 of 2020.

      Com.: I’m looking at this, that was for assault domestic violence
      again?

      Jordan: Yes, Sir.

      Com.: Third or more offense in five years?

      Jordan: Yes.

      Com.: You’ve got a real problem with violence towards women
      don’t you?

      Jordan: No, Sir.

      Com.: Does it make you sexually excited to hurt women?

      Jordan: No, Sir.

      Com.: So you just don’t have respect for women as people then,
      that’s it?

      Jordan: How can you ask me that?

      Com.: No more questions for this Defendant.

      Jordan:    You do understand that domestic violence can be
      considered an argument too?

      Com.: No other questions for this Defendant.

      Court: Mr. Jordan, hush.

The prosecutor referred to a paper copy of Jordan’s criminal record during the

questioning and Jordan objected on grounds that the document was not

entered into evidence. 4 However Jordan did not object on grounds of

      4 Given that Jordan himself raised his criminal history of domestic violence

during his direct examination, we find no reversible error in the prosecutor’s reference
to the unadmitted criminal record while cross-examining Jordan.
                                          21
prosecutorial misconduct and we therefore consider only whether the alleged

misconduct was flagrant and constituted palpable error. Matheney, 191

S.W.3d at 606 & 607 n.4.

      We do not find the cross-examination improper. Notably, Jordan himself

inserted the issue of his domestic violence criminal history into the trial by

pointing to that history, resulting time in jail, and resulting prohibition on

sleeping at Johnathan’s home as reasons he could not have engaged in the

conduct alleged by Anna. Once Jordan raised this alibi on direct examination,

it was fair for the prosecutor to challenge the alibi by highlighting that Jordan’s

domestic physical violence history could be equally consistent with guilt for the

charged offenses involving sexual violence.

      It is widely recognized that physical domestic violence is frequently

motivated by the perpetrator’s desire for power and control over the victim:

      Although social scientists caution that there is no singular profile
      of a domestic abuser’s psychology, they commonly use a
      framework of power and control to explain the coercive nature of
      domestic violence, emphasizing that the intended harm goes
      beyond physical injury. Empirical evidence supports the theory
      that domestic violence is often driven by a desire to control. . . .
      [D]omestic violence is about gaining control over another person[.]

Alafair S. Burke, Domestic Violence as a Crime of Pattern and Intent: An

Alternative Reconceptualiziation, 75 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 552, 569 (2007).

Sexual violence likewise is often motivated by the perpetrator’s desire to

exercise power and control over the victim. See, e.g., id. at 571 (noting that

perpetrators engage in both physical and sexual violence “for the purpose of

obtaining and maintaining power and control”); State v. Thompson, 504 N.W.2d

                                        22
315, 319 (N.D. 1993) (“The crime of rape has at its core the exercise of power

and control over the victim. ‘Rape, then, is a pseudosexual act, a pattern of

sexual behavior that is concerned much more with status, hostility, control,

and dominance than with sensual pleasure or sexual satisfaction.’”) (quoting A.

Nicholas Groth & H. Jean Birnbaum, Men Who Rape: The Psychology of the

Offender at 13 (Plenum 1979)). As such, once Jordan pointed to his history of

domestic violence as a reason he was not guilty, it was not unreasonable for the

prosecutor to ask whether Jordan’s domestic violence could also be equally

consistent with guilt, given that both physical domestic violence and sexual

violence often involve a perpetrator’s efforts to exercise power and control over

his victim. We perceive no misconduct in the prosecutor’s pursuit of that line

of inquiry.

      C. The Prosecutor’s Reference To Opposing Counsel’s Inability To
         Find Inconsistencies In Anna’s Story Was Not Misconduct.

      Jordan next alleges prosecutorial misconduct occurred when the

prosecutor stated in closing argument that despite flipping through numerous

binders during the course of the trial, defense counsel had been unable to

identify any inconsistencies in Anna’s testimony. Jordan contends this

improperly asserted a lack of inconsistency when in fact Anna’s testimony was

not consistent, and also improperly suggested the defense bore the burden of

proving Jordan was innocent. This allegation of error was not preserved and

thus we consider only whether the alleged misconduct was flagrant and

constituted palpable error.

                                        23
      It is axiomatic that “[p]rosecutors are allowed great latitude in opening

statements and closing arguments, which are not evidence.” Newcomb, 410

S.W.3d at 88. Here, the trial court informed the jury before closing statements

that the evidence had closed, and both the court and the prosecutor informed

the jury that counsel’s statements were not evidence. The prosecutor’s

assertion that the defense failed to identify inconsistencies in Anna’s story was

well within the bounds of the “great latitude” afforded to a prosecutor’s

commentary on the evidence in a closing statement. See Slaughter v.

Commonwealth, 744 S.W.2d 407, 412 (Ky. 1987) (“A prosecutor may comment

on tactics, may comment on evidence, and may comment as to the falsity of a

defense position.”). That he included a fanciful reference to defense counsel

flipping through binders does not rise to the level of flagrant misconduct.

Finally, we also do not perceive in the prosecutor’s statement any suggestion

that Jordan bore the burden of proof. In any event, defense counsel stated in

its closing argument that the Commonwealth failed to meet its burden of

proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. As such, we find no prosecutorial

misconduct, much less palpable error, in that statement.

      D. The Prosecutor’s Commentary On The Length Of Jordan’s
         Sentence Was Not Improper.

      For his next allegation of prosecutorial misconduct error, Jordan points

to the prosecutor’s penalty phase opening and closing statements that a five-

year sentence might actually only be two years, or a twenty-five year sentence

only twenty years. Jordan contends these statements improperly suggested

that parole eligibility and credits could make Jordan’s maximum sentence five
                                       24
or twenty years, rather than merely eligible for parole at that time. Again,

because this allegation of error is unpreserved, we consider in our review

whether the statement was flagrant and resulted in palpable error.

      We disagree with Jordan’s contention that the prosecutor’s statements

could reasonably be understood as suggesting Jordan’s maximum sentence

might be twenty years if he was sentenced to twenty-five years, not merely that

he might be eligible for parole in twenty years. The testifying parole and

probation officer was asked about and discussed the options available to the

parole board during review, including deciding that the defendant should serve

out the full remainder of the sentence. The officer also testified he has no way

of knowing what decision the parole board will reach. This testimony made

clear that while parole might result in the defendant being released from prison

sooner than the full term of his sentence, there is no guarantee of such a

release. Jordan’s cross-examination likewise made clear credits are not

guaranteed, as he elicited testimony Jordan would not be entitled to good time

credit and could not be eligible for any credit until he completed the sex

offender treatment program. As such, we see no room for confusion by the jury

that Jordan would surely serve less than the recommended sentence because

of credits and even if he was not granted parole. 5

      5 Jordan’s allegation that error occurred when the Commonwealth failed to elicit

further detail from the parole and probation officer regarding parole eligibility and
credits also fails because Jordan himself of course could have elicited such testimony
or offered another witness to provide it. See Lear, 884 S.W.2d at 661 (“During cross-
examination of the witness, the defense objected to the previous testimony when the
witness was unable to provide information regarding the chances of a prisoner being
released on parole. [Defendant] did nothing to attempt to introduce such evidence
                                          25
      E. The Prosecutor’s Questions Asking Jordan To Say Whether The
         Victims Were Lying Was Improper But Not Flagrant.

      Jordan next alleges prosecutorial misconduct because the prosecutor

asked him whether Anna, Brittany, and Caroline were lying and why they were

lying. Jordan did not object to this line of questioning at trial and the error is

thus unpreserved. We therefore again consider only whether the alleged

misconduct was flagrant and constituted palpable error.

      Unquestionably, the prosecutor’s questions asking Jordan to

characterize the victims as liars were improper. We have long held that a

witness should not be asked such questions:

      A witness should not be required to characterize the testimony of
      another witness . . . as lying. Such a characterization places the
      witness in such an unflattering light as to potentially undermine
      his entire testimony. Counsel should be sufficiently articulate to
      show the jury where the testimony of the witnesses differ without
      resort to blunt force. . . . “A witness’s opinion about the truth of
      the testimony of another witness is not permitted. Neither expert
      nor lay witnesses may testify that another witness or a defendant
      is lying or faking. That determination is within the exclusive
      province of the jury.”

Moss v. Commonwealth, 949 S.W.2d 579, 583 (Ky. 1997) (quoting State v.

James, 557 A.2d 471, 473 (R.I. 1989)). As such, the prosecutor erred in asking

Jordan whether the victims were lying.

      However, we do not find the misconduct to be flagrant as required to

warrant reversal on this unpreserved error. On the one hand, the misconduct

himself. Now he complains that because a witness did not provide the testimony he
desired, it was somehow error to allow testimony which potentially hurt him. He is
unable to provide any citation to authority to support such a theory. Thus we
conclude that there was no reversible error.”).
                                         26
did not tend to mislead the jury because Jordan himself insinuated that Anna’s

allegations were false before he was ever asked if she was lying. The line of

questions regarding lying did not occur until immediately after the following

exchange:

      Com.: Sir, you sat right there yesterday when [Anna] testified,
      didn’t you?

      Jordan: Yes.

      Com.: Okay. You saw her eyes well up with tears?

      Jordan: Yes.

      Com.: Okay. You saw her turn away, right, during her testimony
      at points?

      Jordan: Yes.

      Com.: Right. You watched that child relive the trauma of you
      raping her?

      Jordan: I don’t know what she thinks happened, Sir, but it did
      not happen.

Jordan’s denial of the veracity of Anna’s allegations was thus already before the

jury before he was ever asked if the victims were lying. In addition, while the

prosecutor asked Jordan eight separate times whether the victims were lying,

all the questions occurred with a short span of time and thus were isolated.

      On the other hand, the prosecutor’s questioning was deliberate given

that he repeatedly and purposefully asked Jordan whether the victims were

lying. Also supporting a finding that the conduct was flagrant is the weakness

of the evidence against Jordan. There was no physical evidence, and thus the

case came down to the credibility of Anna’s allegations and Jordan’s denials.

                                       27
      Where, as here, our factors for considering whether prosecutorial

misconduct is flagrant are evenly divided, we consider “the trial as a whole to

determine if the improper comments undermined the essential fairness” of the

trial. Mayo, 322 S.W.3d at 57. Here, we do not find the prosecutor’s line of

questioning so egregious as to have so undermined the fairness of Jordan’s

trial, given its brevity and Jordan’s evident denial of the victims’ veracity in any

event. Nonetheless, we strongly caution prosecutors—and indeed all

attorneys—in the Commonwealth against pursuing lines of questioning

designed to elicit testimony that another witness is lying.

      Separately, we find no merit in Jordan’s suggestion that the prosecutor

engaged in misconduct during this same line of cross-examination by stating

Jordan’s theory of the case did not make sense. Jordan’s theory was that Anna

invented the rape and sexual abuse allegations because she was grounded

before her birthday over an argument she had with Jordan regarding money.

The prosecutor’s pressing of Jordan on cross-examination as to whether that

theory made sense was a fair tactic to challenge the credibility of the theory.

Finally, we also find no merit in Jordan’s argument that during the same line of

questioning, the prosecutor engaged in misconduct by referring to the victims

as “little girls.” The prosecutor’s characterization was fair given that the

victims were between the ages of twelve and fifteen at the time of the abuse.

                                        28
      F. The Prosecutor’s “Send A Message” Closing Argument Was
         Improper But Not Flagrant.

      Finally, Jordan contends prosecutorial misconduct occurred when the

prosecutor used a “reverse send a message” argument in the following portion

of his closing statement:

      Guys, [Anna’s] going to turn eighteen in a couple of months. She’s
      going to graduate high school a couple weeks after that. She’s
      going to go out into the world, and her interactions are going to
      form her basis for what kind of world she thinks this is. When you
      guys go back there and you reach a decision no matter what that
      verdict is, you’re going to send [Anna] a message. If you decide to
      acquit, the message you’re going to send is going to confirm all her
      worst fears, that we don’t believe kids. It doesn’t matter how
      compelling the testimony is, it’s not good enough, we just don’t
      believe it. Right? You can send her that message. You can go
      back there and you can convict, and you can let [Anna] know that
      there is justice in this world. You can let [Anna] known that
      there’s justice for her. [Anna] deserves justice. And Tyler Jordan
      deserves to go to prison for what he did to her. Thank you, guys.

Jordan did not object at trial, and we therefore review this unpreserved issue to

consider whether the misconduct is flagrant and constitutes palpable error.

      We agree with Jordan that this constituted prosecutorial misconduct. As

with his questions as to whether the victims were lying, the prosecutor’s

request that the jury send a message to Anna that she was believed and that

justice would be served contravened our well-established direction to avoid

employing “send a message” arguments. See, e.g., Brewer v. Commonwealth,

206 S.W.3d 343, 351 (Ky. 2006) (“[W]e do find that the Commonwealth’s

exhortation to this jury to ‘send a message’ to the community was improper.

We strongly urge the prosecutors throughout the Commonwealth to use

extreme caution in making similar arguments.”); Golden v. Commonwealth, No.

                                       29
2016-SC-000179-MR, 2017 WL 1536253, at *7 (Ky. Apr. 27, 2017) (“Urging the

jury to fix a sentence that pleases the victim, vindicates her accusations, or

satisfies her perceived plea for justice, is very much akin to the impermissible

arguments for sending similar messages to the community at large. . . . This

type of argument remains prohibited . . . .”).

      Unfortunately defense counsel did not object to the statement, and thus

the trial court was not afforded an opportunity to admonish the jury to

disregard it. However, because we do not find the statement flagrant, it does

not warrant reversal.

      Weighing in favor of not finding the misconduct flagrant, the prosecutor’s

statement did not mislead the jury. Nor did it prejudice Jordan, as it merely

reiterated the widely known fact that a victim at trial wishes to be believed and

to see justice done. The request was also isolated. On the other hand, it was

also a deliberate statement and the evidence against Jordan was not

overwhelmingly strong, weighing in favor of a conclusion that the misconduct

was flagrant. Ultimately, while the factors thus weigh evenly for and against

finding the conduct flagrant, in considering the trial as a whole we do not find

that the statement undermined the essential fairness of the trial. That said,

and again, we nonetheless caution the prosecutors of the Commonwealth that

neither seeking testimony that other witnesses are lying nor using “send a

message” arguments in closing statements are appropriate trial conduct.

However, in sum and in considering the alleged instances of misconduct both

individually and taken together as a whole, we do not find reversal warranted.

                                        30
   IV.      The Trial Court Did Not Err In Allowing Anna To Sit At The
            Commonwealth’s Counsel Table During The Penalty Phase.

         For his final allegation of error, Jordan contends the trial court violated

KRE 615 by allowing Anna to sit at the Commonwealth’s counsel table during

the penalty phase. We disagree.

         KRE 615 addresses the exclusion of witnesses from the courtroom, not

whether a victim may sit at counsel table. KRE 615 (allowing trial courts to

“order witnesses excluded so that they cannot hear the testimony of other

witnesses.”). Anna was not a witness during the penalty phase. As such, KRE

615 had no bearing on her ability to sit at counsel table. Allowing Anna to sit

at counsel table also did not infringe on Jordan’s right to a presumption of

innocence, which was extinguished by the jury’s verdicts against him in the

guilt phase. See Long v. Hamilton, 467 S.W.2d 139, 141 (Ky. 1971) (“A

defendant in a criminal action is presumed innocent of any charge until

convicted.” (emphasis added)). Nor do we otherwise see how Anna sitting at

counsel table during the penalty phase resulted in prejudice to Jordan. As

such, reversal on this ground also is not warranted.

                                    CONCLUSION

         For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the Lewis Circuit

Court.

         VanMeter, C.J.; Bisig, Keller, Lambert, Nickell, Thompson, JJ., sitting.

VanMeter, C.J.; Bisig, Keller, Lambert, JJ., concur. Thompson, J., concurs in

result only. Nickell, J., dissents by separate opinion. Conley, J., not sitting.

                                           31
      NICKELL, J., DISSENTING: I respectfully dissent. The uncharged

misconduct evidence involving the victim’s siblings should have been excluded

because it was insufficiently similar to the charged offenses. By magnifying the

import of the similarities and abstracting the significance of the differences

between the charged offenses and uncharged misconduct, the majority eschews

the exacting standard of “striking similarity” required by our precedents. Thus,

the majority inverts the exclusionary purpose of KRE 404(b) to reflexively admit

the type of improper propensity evidence the rule was designed to exclude. In

my view, this judicial expansion of a uniform rule marks an unwarranted

return to the “scattershot” approach of our pre-Rules jurisprudence. See

Billings v. Commonwealth, 843 S.W.2d 890, 893 (Ky. 1992).

      Because the improper use of uncharged sexual misconduct is extremely

prejudicial, we have consistently required the Commonwealth, as the

proponent of the evidence, to shoulder “a heavy burden” to establish a modus

operandi. Clark v. Commonwealth, 223 S.W.3d 90, 97 (Ky. 2007). “Ultimately,

the Commonwealth must demonstrate that there is a factual commonality

between the prior bad act and the charged conduct that is simultaneously

similar and so peculiar or distinct that there is a reasonable probability that

the two crimes were committed by the same individual.” Commonwealth v.

Buford, 197 S.W.3d 66, 71 (Ky. 2006). The degree of similarity must evince a

“signature crime” and requires proof of

      acts that mark the crime as that of a specific person who may be
      unknown until caught, but who is identified by the distinctive
      nature of his or her acts. Examples include well-known criminals

                                        32
      such as Jack the Ripper; the BTK (bind, torture, kill) strangler; and
      the Unabomber. By their distinct criminal methods, each of them
      signed off on their crimes.

Woodlee v. Commonwealth, 306 S.W.3d 461, 465 (Ky. 2010). “While modus

operandi may not require commonalities as blatant as those listed above,”

these examples illustrate the meaning of “striking similarity.” Id.

      While the majority correctly notes the charged and uncharged sex acts

need not be precisely identical, “[t]he lack of a consistent allegation . . . greatly

undercuts the purported distinct pattern to [a defendant’s] abuse.” Clark, 223

S.W.3d at 98. In the present appeal, the charged offenses involved a forcible

rape and sexual abuse involving digital penetration while the uncharged acts

consisted of: a rebuffed request for oral sex; a rebuffed request to watch

pornography; and menacing without physical contact. As in Clark, these

inconsistencies should weigh heavily against a purported signature crime.

      I agree with the majority that the similarities between the victims’ ages

and their relationship to Jordan are relevant to a finding of modus operandi.

However, in my view, the degree of similarity required by our precedents ceases

at this level. The fact that the charged and uncharged misconduct occurred in

the victims’ house is not particularly distinctive in comparison to

Commonwealth v. English, 993 S.W.2d 941, 945 (Ky. 1999), where “[e]ach

incident occurred . . . presumably in a living room area as opposed to, e.g., a

bedroom.” Id. (emphasis added). In the present appeal, the charged offenses

occurred in a hallway and a bedroom. The uncharged conduct occurred in a

bedroom, in the living room, and in the kitchen.

                                         33
      The majority further ascribes a unique “method” to Jordan’s manner of

approaching and cornering each of the victims “while they were vulnerable and

isolated, almost invariably while they were in a state of sleep, near-sleep, or

repose.” Ante, at 12. However, the act of a sexual predator in approaching a

vulnerable and isolated victim is not necessarily peculiar or unique. See

Woodlee, 306 S.W.3d at 465 (“It is not peculiar or distinct that Appellant was

alone with both victims when he allegedly abused them. . . . Virtually all sexual

offenses occur when the perpetrator and victim are alone.”). Moreover, the

majority’s characterization of Jordan’s purported method cannot withstand the

“searching analysis” and “difficult, fact-specific inquiry” demanded by our

precedents. Clark, 223 S.W.3d at 96-97.

      Our recent decision in Leach v. Commonwealth, 571 S.W.3d 550, 555

(Ky. 2019), is instructive. The defendant in Leach was charged with

sodomizing and sexually abusing his step-niece over a period of three years.

Id. at 553. The trial court permitted the Commonwealth to introduce evidence

that the defendant also sexually abused his second-cousin by marriage. Id. at

555. After recounting the similarities between the victims as well as the factual

differences in the various acts of abuse, we concluded the “[m]ost striking”

similarity was

      the way in which [the defendant] secluded each of the girls in order
      to perpetrate his abuse. In both cases, he devised a game to play
      in the woods behind his house, using a motor vehicle, to get the
      girls alone.

                                        34
Id. at 556. The use of a game to perpetrate the abuse of both girls thus

constituted the distinctive pattern justifying the admission of the uncharged

acts of abuse. Id.

      By contrast, in the present appeal, Jordan did not approach or isolate

the victims in such a specific and distinctive manner. The charged offense of

rape occurred in the middle of the night when Anna woke up to use the

bathroom. Jordan did not speak and immediately forced himself upon her.

The charged offense of first-degree sexual abuse also occurred in the middle of

night while Anna was sleeping in bed. Again, Jordan did not speak and

immediately forced the sexual contact.

      The uncharged act involving pornography occurred while Brittany was in

the shared bedroom. After Jordan came into the room, he verbally requested

that she watch pornography with him. Jordan did not force any physical

contact. The record does not reflect whether this encounter happened during

the day or night. Although Brittany testified that she was “on the bed” at the

time of the encounter, she did not indicate that she was in a state of sleep or

near sleep. While being on a bed may indicate a state of repose, there is no

indication Brittany was unaware of her surroundings or circumstances.

      Admittedly, Brittany was in a state of sleep, near sleep, or repose at the

time Jordan requested that she perform oral sex. However, the remainder of

the encounter was entirely dissimilar from the facts of the charged offenses. In

this instance, Jordan’s approach consisted of a verbal request for oral sex, and

he did not force any physical contact.

                                         35
      The uncharged incident with Caroline occurred in the kitchen. Again,

the record does not reflect whether this encounter happened during the day or

night and there is no evidence that Caroline was in a state of sleep, near sleep,

or repose. While Jordan’s use of his body to block Caroline’s freedom of

movement was similar to the initial circumstances of the charged offense of

rape, the remainder of the encounter was entirely different. Jordan

immediately initiated overwhelming physical contact when Anna attempted to

move past him in the doorway. By contrast, Jordan did not attempt to

overcome Caroline’s resistance and no further physical contact between them

occurred. The fortuity of these differing circumstances does not obviate the

absence of common facts.

      Based on the foregoing standards, I remain unconvinced the uncharged

acts were sufficiently similar to establish modus operandi in the present

appeal. Without such proof of striking similarity, “the inference that the

charged act occurred is necessarily founded on nothing more than the

defendant’s character and predisposition as revealed by the collateral act.”

Billings, 843 S.W.2d at 892. In other words, the uncharged misconduct served

to identify Jordan as the perpetrator solely on the basis of an improper

inference—because he did it before, then he must have done it again. Because

this highly prejudicial evidence was admitted in error over his continuing

objections, Jordan should be entitled to a new trial. See Clark, 223 S.W.3d at

101; Dickerson v. Commonwealth, 174 S.W.3d 451, 469 (Ky. 2005); and

Billings, 843 S.W.2d at 894.

                                       36
       I do not take the exclusion of evidence in child sex abuse cases lightly.

Indeed, the question of whether uncharged misconduct should be admissible

“confront[s] . . . courts with a difficult choice between protecting defendants

against unfair prejudice and impeding the proof of charges by the prosecution.”

Robert G. Lawson, The Kentucky Evidence Law Handbook § 2.30[1][a] (2022

ed.). However, the fair and impartial administration of justice depends on our

consistent interpretation of the evidentiary rules. As Justice Palmore wisely

remarked, “[t]oo broad a judicial discretion tends to dilute the rule of law in

favor of rule by human whim.” Puritan Homes, Inc. v. Abell, 432 S.W.2d 632,

638 (Ky. 1968).

      To resolve the inherent difficulties occasioned by this type of evidence,

the United States Congress enacted FRE 6 413 and 414 to specifically exempt

uncharged sex acts from the general prohibition on propensity evidence in

sexual assault and child molestation cases. Id. at § 2.30[5][b]. This Court has

previously noted that “Kentucky has no similar rule; and KRE 404(b), as

currently written excludes bad acts evidence absent an exception such as

modus operandi.” Woodlee, 306 S.W.3d at 465. Moreover, we have not

explicitly adopted the federal approach, “which has been effective in federal

courts since 1995.” Id. If a majority of this Court is now convinced that

propensity evidence should routinely be admitted in sex abuse cases, then I

believe the proper course would be to amend our rules pursuant to KRE 1102,

rather than to enlarge the scope of KRE 404(b) on an inconsistent, case-by-

      6 Federal Rules of Evidence.

                                        37
case basis. We should not construe the modus operandi exception so broadly

that it swallows the rule. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:

Emily Holt Rhorer
Assistant Public Advocate

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:

Daniel Cameron
Attorney General of Kentucky

Rachel Ann Wright
Assistant Attorney General

                                        38