Court Opinion

ID: 111899
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-28 17:13:27+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:04:54.419065
License: Public Domain

481 U.S. 1073
107 S. Ct. 2472
96 L. Ed. 2d 364
William Boyd TUCKERv.Ralph KEMP, Warden
No. 86-6955 (A-860)
Supreme Court of the United States
May 29, 1987

On petition for writ of certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.
The application for stay of execution of the sentence of death presented to Justice POWELL and by him referred to the Court is denied.  The petition for writ of certiorari is denied.  The order heretofore entered staying the execution of the sentence of death until 7 p.m., May 29, 1987, will not be extended.
Justice BRENNAN, with whom Justice MARSHALL joins, and with whom Justice BLACKMUN joins as to Part II, dissenting.
* Adhering to my view that the death penalty is in all circumstances cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments, Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 227, 96 S. Ct. 2909, 2950, 49 L. Ed. 2d 859 (1976) (BRENNAN, J., dissenting), I would grant the stay application and the petition for certiorari and would vacate the death sentence in this case.

II

1
Even if I did not hold this view, I would still grant the application for a stay and the petition for certiorari. Petitioner raises a substantial claim that the trial court's instruction to the jury unconstitutionally shifted the burden of proof to petitioner in violation of Francis v. Franklin, 471 U.S. 307, 105 S. Ct. 1965, 85 L. Ed. 2d 344 (1985).

2
Petitioner William Tucker was tried for murder, kidnapping with bodily injury, armed robbery, and aggravated sodomy.  Intent was a crucial issue at trial.  Trial testimony indicated that, on the day of the crime, Tucker was under the influence of drugs and alcohol, which he had been using heavily since his father's death less than three months earlier.  Both the prosecutor and the defense attorney focused their closing remarks on Tucker's state of mind and his ability vel non to form the requisite criminal intent.

3
The trial court's instruction to the jury included the following charge on the burden of proof with respect to the defendant's criminal intent:

4
Ladies and Gentlemen, a crime is the violation of the Statute      of this State in which there shall be a union or joint      operation of act and intention, or criminal negligence.

5
Now, I'm going to give you certain presumptions.  A person is      presumed to be of sound mind and discretion, but the      presumption may be rebutted.  The acts of a person of sound      mind and discretion are presumed to be the product of the      person's will.  A person of sound mind and discretion is      presumed to intend the natural and probable consequences of      his act.  But, these presumptions may be rebutted.  The      person will not be presumed to act with criminal intention,      but the trier of facts, and that's you the jury, may find      such intention upon consideration of the words, conduct,      demeanor and other circumstances connected with the act for      which the accused is prosecuted.  Tr. Transcr. 822-823      (emphasis added).

6
After deliberations, the jury returned a verdict of murder, kidnaping with bodily injury and robbery by intimidation.  After a sentencing hearing, Tucker was sentenced to death.

7
In Francis v. Franklin, supra, the trial court gave a similar instruction to the jury:

8
A crime is a violation of a statute of this State in which      there shall be a union of joint operation of act or omission      to act, an intention or criminal negligence.  A person shall      not be found guilty of any crime committed by misfortune or      accident where it satisfactorily appears there was no      criminal scheme or undertaking or intention or criminal      negligence.  The acts of a person of sound mind and      discretion are presumed to be the product of the person's      will, but the presumption may be rebutted.  A person of sound      mind and discretion is presumed to intend the natural and      probable consequences of his acts, but the presumption may be      rebutted.  A person will not be presumed to act with criminal      intention but the trier of facts, that is, the Jury may find      criminal intention upon a consideration of the words,      conduct, demeanor, motive and all other circumstances      connected with the act for which the accused is prosecuted.      471 U.S., at 311-312, 105 S. Ct., at 1969-1970 (emphasis      added).

9
In Franklin, the Court held that this instruction created a mandatory presumption that shifted to the defendant the burden of proof on the element of intent, thereby depriving him of due process under the Fourteenth Amendment.  The charge given in Tucker's case is virtually identical to the jury instruction in Franklin.

10
Tucker petitioned the District Court for a writ of habeas corpus, raising the Franklin claim for the first time in a federal court.  The District Court denied an evidentiary hearing on this claim solely on its conclusion that the petition constituted an abuse of the writ, because Tucker had filed a previous petition for federal habeas corpus in District Court on January 28, 1982 that did not raise the Franklin claim.  The Court of Appeals agreed.  It concluded that since, in its view, "Franklin did not constitute 'new law[,'] petitioner's Franklin claim should have been raised in his first petition," and that therefore it was an abuse of the writ under Habeas Corpus Rule 9(b), 28 U.S.C. § 2254. --- F.2d ---- Crim. Action No. 87-8357 (CA11, May 27, 1987).  Rule 9(b) allows a federal court to dismiss a second federal petition when "new and different grounds are alleged," if "the judge finds that the failure of the petitioner to assert those grounds in a prior petition constituted an abuse of the writ."  Ibid. 1076

11
In my view, Tucker's failure to raise the Franklin claim in his first petition for federal habeas relief does not constitute abuse of the writ under Rule 9(b).  In Sanders v. United States, 373 U.S. 1, 18, 83 S. Ct. 1068, 1078, 10 L. Ed. 2d 148 (1963), the Court established guidelines for cases involving potential abuse of the writ:

12
"Thus, for example, if a prisoner deliberately withholds one      of two grounds for federal collateral relief at the time of      filing his first application, in the hope of being granted      two hearings rather than one or for some other such reason,      he may be deemed to have waived his right to a hearing on a      second application presenting the withheld ground.  The same      may be true if, as in Wong Doo [v. United States, 265 U.S. 239, 44 S. Ct. 524, 68 L. Ed. 999 (1924) ], the prisoner      deliberately abandons one of his grounds at the first      hearing.  Nothing in the traditions of habeas corpus requires      the federal courts to tolerate needless piecemeal litigation,      or to entertain collateral proceedings whose only purpose is      to vex, harass, or delay." 373 U.S., at 18, 83 S.Ct., at      1068 (emphasis added).

13
The Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit requires a habeas petitioner to demonstrate that "the failure to present the ground in the prior proceeding was neither the result of an intentional abandonment or withholding nor the product of inexcusable neglect" to avoid dismissal of a subsequent petition. Witt v. Wainwright, 755 F.2d 1396, 1397 (CA11 1985), rev'd on other grounds, 469 U.S. 412, 105 S. Ct. 844, 83 L. Ed. 2d 841 (1985), quoted in Fleming v. Kemp, 794 F.2d 1478, 1482 (CA11 1986).

14
In considering the present petition by a man facing execution, the District Court refused to conduct an evidentiary hearing, but made no finding of intentional abandonment, deliberate withholding or inexcusable neglect.1  In my view, this represents an unexplained departure from the standards set forth in Sanders, supra.  Tucker's petition establishes that under Sanders his petition does not constitute abuse of the writ.

15
This Court did not decide Franklin until April 29, 1985.  The Georgia Supreme Court had earlier dismissed Franklin's appeal raising the burden of proof issue in 1980, eight months before Tucker's appeal to that same court.   Franklin v. State, 245 Ga. 141, 153-154, 263 S.E.2d 666 (1980).  Tucker did not raise the Franklin claim at that time.  Thus, Tucker had a perfectly valid reason for his failure to raise the Franklin claim in his first federal habeas petition—it would obviously have been frivolous to do so.  The Georgia Supreme Court repeatedly rejected Franklin claims during the two years in which Tucker had the opportunity to present the claim in state courts, prior to filing his first federal habeas in January 1982.  See, e.g., Rose v. State, 249 Ga. 628, 631, 292 S.E.2d 678, 681 (1982);  Zant v. Gaddis, 247 Ga. 717, 718, 279 S.E.2d 219, 220 (1981), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1037, 102 S. Ct. 579, 70 L. Ed. 2d 483 (1981);  Lackey v. State, 246 Ga. 331, 338, 271 S.E.2d 478, 484 (1980);  Robinson v. State, 246 Ga. 469, 470-471, 271 S.E.2d 786, 788 (1980);  Adams v. State, 246 Ga. 119, 122, 269 S.E.2d 11, 13 (1980);  Bridges v. State, 246 Ga. 323, 324, 271 S.E.2d 471, 472 (1980).  It is unreasonable, therefore, to dismiss this second federal habeas petition on the ground that petitioner's failure to raise in his first petition what was a frivolous claim barred him forever from asserting that claim once Francis made clear that it was viable.

16
The record in this case contains no evidence that the Franklin claim was intentionally abandoned or deliberately withheld.  The affidavit of petitioner's counsel states:

17
"At the time we filed the original petition for writ of      habeas corpus I had no basis for believing that the portion      of the charge concerning intent and state of mind was in any      way constitutionally infirm.  The language of the charge was      taken nearly verbatim from Georgia statutes which had      repeatedly been upheld by the Georgia Supreme Court.  I was      aware of no case that would indicate that this portion of the      jury charge was unconstitutional and I had no reason to      believe that that charge was improper.

18
"We included in the petition for writ of habeas corpus      all claims which appeared to be viable based on our reasoned      and professional judgment of the facts and law.  It was our      intent to include all nonfrivolous claims.  We did not      deliberately withhold this claim or intentionmally abandon      it.  This claim was not included in the petition because in      the exercise of our reasoned professional judgment we were      not aware that it existed."  Affidavits of Robert B. Remar and Eric G. Kocher      (Exhibits E and F in Petition For Writ of Certiorari).2

19
In Franklin we held that a charge identical in all pertinent respects to the one given here violated the Fourteenth Amendment's requirement that the State prove every element of a criminal offense beyond a reasonable doubt.  Here, the Court permits a man to be executed despite the likelihood that his conviction was obtained in violation of this fundamental tenet of our criminal law.  It does so on the untenable ground that petitioner has abused the writ by failing to anticipate that a claim repeatedly held without merit by the State Supreme Court would ultimately be vindicated here.  I dissent.

1
 Both the District Court and the Court of Appeals found that, because Franklin did not represent a substantial break in precedent with Sandstrom v. Oklahoma, 442 U.S. 510, 99 S. Ct. 2450, 61 L. Ed. 2d 39 (1979), Tucker had no excuse for failing to raise the claim in his first petition.

2
 The petitioner himself submitted an affidavit that states:
"At no time did I instruct Mr. Remar or Mr. Kocher to withhold that [Franklin claim].  In fact, we agreed that all claims that my attorneys believed had any merit should be asserted in my habeas corpus petition . . . at no time have I deliberately withheld any claims or intentionally abandoned any claims.  I wanted every claim that my attorneys were aware of to be filed in my original habeas corpus petition."  Affidavit of William Boyd Tucker (Exhibit F in Petition For Writ of Certiorari).