Court Opinion

ID: 9363116
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-13 18:57:12.715172+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:28.805131
License: Public Domain

FILED
                             FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                           DEC 5 2022
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                    MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                        U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

RONALD K. HOOKS, Regional Director             No.    21-35252
of the Nineteenth Region of the National
Labor Relations Board, for and on behalf       D.C. No. 3:21-cv-00177-MO
of the NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS
BOARD,
                                               OPINION
                    Petitioner-Appellee,

 v.

NEXSTAR BROADCASTING, INC.,
DBA KOIN-TV,

                    Respondent-Appellant.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                           for the District of Oregon
                  Michael W. Mosman, District Judge, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted October 6, 2021
                               Portland, Oregon

Before: William A. Fletcher, Sandra S. Ikuta, and Daniel A. Bress, Circuit Judges.

                             Opinion by Judge Ikuta;
                           Dissent by Judge W. Fletcher
                                    SUMMARY *

                     National Labor Relations Act / Mootness

    The panel vacated the district court’s order granting a petition of the Regional
Director of the National Labor Relations Board (“Board”) for preliminary injunctive
relief under § 10(j) of the National Labor Relations Act (“NLRA”) in the Board’s
action alleging that Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. committed unfair labor practices in
violation of the NLRA.

   Based on a finding that the Regional Director was likely to succeed on the merits
of the complaint and applying an inference of likely irreparable harm based on
Frankl ex rel. NLRB v. HTH Corp., 650 F.3d 1334 (9th Cir. 2011), the district court
granted a preliminary injunction. After the district court issued the preliminary
injunction, an administrative law judge ruled in favor of the Regional Director,
finding that Nexstar had violated § 8(a)(1) and (5) of the NLRA. The Board affirmed
the ALJ decision and ordered relief for the union.

   The panel first considered whether it had jurisdiction over the case. Because the
Board has resolved the merits of the unfair labor practice complaint, the appeal of
the district court’s grant of a preliminary injunction under § 10(j) is moot, unless an
exception to mootness applies. One exception is where disputes are capable of
repetition, yet evading review. This court has applied this exception in the context
of § 10(j) injunction proceedings using a two-prong analysis. Under the first prong
(evading review), the panel considered whether the action at issue was inherently
limited in duration. The panel held that a § 10(j) injunction proceeding is the type
of case that is inherently limited in duration because the controversy over the
injunction exists only until the Board issues its final merits decision, which typically
occurs before there is time for full judicial review of the request for an
injunction. The panel concluded that the § 10(j) injunction met the first prong. The
panel held that the § 10(j) injunction also met the exception’s second prong, because
there was a reasonable expectation that the complaining party, Nexstar, will be
subject to a petition for a § 10(j) injunction in the future. The panel rejected the
Regional Director’s argument that any new §10(j) injunction would raise a different

   *
     This summary constitutes no part of the opinion of the court. It has been
prepared by court staff for the convenience of the reader.
constellation of facts and legal proceedings, and therefore it was not reasonable to
expect that the dispute over the specific legal issue in this appeal would recur. The
panel concluded that the Board’s issuance of its final order did not render this appeal
moot.

    The panel next considered whether the district court abused its discretion in
granting the preliminary injunction. Under Winter v. NRDC, 555 U.S. 7
(2008), one factor is whether the Regional Director was likely to suffer irreparable
harm in the absence of preliminary relief. The panel noted that this court has rejected
a presumption of irreparable harm in the § 10(j) context, and Frankl considered how
irreparable harm could be established in the § 10(j) context. Frankl established
permissible inferences from the nature of the particular unfair labor practice at issue,
and such permissible inferences are neither mandatory nor binding on a court.

    The panel held that the district court improperly determined that Frankl required
it to presume irreparable harm based on its finding that the Regional Director had a
likelihood of success on the merits on his claims in violation of § 8(a)(1) of the
NLRA. The record showed that the district court inferred there was a likelihood of
success of irreparable harm solely due to its finding of a likelihood of success on the
merits. The panel held that the district court misread Frankl as creating a mandatory
presumption that required it to infer a presumed fact –irreparable harm—until
contrary evidence was introduced. The panel further held that the evidence of likely
success on the merits did not show irreparable harm. Based on the record, the panel
concluded that the district court improperly applied a presumption in making its
irreparable harm determination. Because the district court applied an erroneous
legal standard, the district court abused its discretion in making its irreparable harm
determination, and in granting the preliminary injunction.

   Judge Fletcher dissented. He agreed with the Board that this appeal was moot,
and there was no jurisdiction. The exception to mootness invoked by the majority
did not apply to the appeal because it was far too fact-intensive to be capable of
repetition in the manner required by the exception. If he were to reach the merits,
Judge Fletcher would affirm the district court. The district court faithfully followed
Frankl when it inferred, absent contrary evidence, that Nexstar’s violation of §
8(a)(5) of the NLRA was likely to result in irreparable harm to the union if
preliminary injunctive relief were not granted.
                                  COUNSEL

Charles P. Roberts III (argued), Constangy, Brooks, Smith & Prophete LLP,
Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Steven B. Katz, Constangy, Brooks, Smith &
Prophete LLP, Los Angeles, California; Robert A. Koch and Steven M. Wilker,
Tonkon Torp LLP, Portland, Oregon; for Respondent-Appellant.

Jenevieve Louise Frank (argued) and Elizabeth DeVleming, Attorney; Paul A.
Thomas, Trial Attorney; Laura T. Vazquez, Deputy Assistant General Counsel;
Richard J. Lussier, Assistant General Counsel; Richard A. Bock, Associate General
Counsel; Iva Y. Choe, Acting Deputy General Counsel; Peter Sung Ohr, Acting
General Counsel; National Labor Relations Board, Washington, D.C.; United States
National Labor Relations Board, Seattle, Washington; for Petitioner-Appellee.
IKUTA, Circuit Judge:

      In evaluating a petition for injunctive relief pursuant to § 10(j) of the

National Labor Relations Act (the NLRA), 29 U.S.C. § 167(d), while a charge of

unfair labor practices is pending, a district court must evaluate the propriety of

such relief on a case-by-case basis under the traditional four-factor test, without

applying any presumptions or categorical rules. See Small v. Operative Plasterers’

& Cement Masons’ Int’l Ass’n Loc. 200, AFL-CIO, 611 F.3d 483, 490 (9th Cir.

2010). “[W]hile a district court may not presume irreparable injury,” it may,

however, make permissible inferences based on evidence of violations of labor

law. Frankl v. HTH Corp., 650 F.3d 1334, 1362 (9th Cir. 2011). This case raises

the question whether the district court here made a permissible inference, or relied

on an improper presumption, in holding there was a likelihood of irreparable harm

to union representation because of the continuation of an alleged unfair labor

practice. We conclude that the district court mistakenly believed it was bound by a

mandatory presumption to find a likelihood of irreparable harm, even though it had

previously ruled that such a finding was unsupported by any evidence in the

record. We therefore vacate the district court’s order.

                                           2
                                           I

                                           A

      The NLRA makes it unlawful for an employer to engage in unfair labor

practices, including the failure to bargain in good faith. 29 U.S.C. § 158. Among

other violations, § 8(a)(1) makes it an unfair labor practice for an employer “to

interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise” of the employees’

right to concerted action, id. § 158(a)(1), and § 8(a)(5) makes it an unfair labor

practice for an employer “to refuse to bargain collectively,” id. § 158(a)(5).

      Under 29 C.F.R. § 102.9, any person may file a charge with the Regional

Director designated by the National Labor Relations Board (the Board) as the

Board’s agent for the relevant region, see id. § 102.1(b), (e), alleging that a person

has engaged in an unfair labor practice under the NLRA. After receipt of the

charge, the Regional Director may request that the complainant submit evidence in

support of the charge. Id. § 101.4. If, after an investigation, a charge appears to

have merit, the Regional Director may issue a complaint and notice of hearing

before an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ). Id. §§ 101.8, 101.10(a).

      At the administrative hearing, the parties may call and examine witnesses,

introduce evidence, and submit briefs and proposed findings of fact and

conclusions of law. Id. § 101.10(a). After the ALJ has ruled on the charge, the

                                           3
parties may file an “exception” (i.e., an administrative challenge to the ALJ’s

decision), which causes the Board to review the case de novo. Id. §§ 101.11(b),

101.12(a). After the Board has issued its decision, any person aggrieved by the

final order may petition for judicial review of the decision. Id. § 101.14.1

      While charges are pending, the Regional Director may (with the approval of

the Board’s General Counsel) petition a federal district court for “appropriate

temporary relief or [a] restraining order” before the final adjudication of the charge

under § 10(j). 29 U.S.C. § 160(j).2 In granting an injunction under § 10(j),

“district courts should consider traditional equitable criteria.” See Miller ex rel.

NLRB v. Cal. Pac. Med. Ctr., 19 F.3d 449, 459 (9th Cir. 1994) (en banc),

abrogated on other grounds by Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, 555 U.S. 7

(2008). This consideration is viewed “through the prism of the underlying purpose

      1
        The Board may also petition for judicial enforcement of its final decision if
the respondent does not comply with its orders. Id. § 101.14.
      2
       29 U.S.C. § 160(j) provides:
      The Board shall have power, upon issuance of a complaint as provided in
      subsection (b) charging that any person has engaged in or is engaging in an
      unfair labor practice, to petition any United States district court, within any
      district wherein the unfair labor practice in question is alleged to have
      occurred or wherein such person resides or transacts business, for
      appropriate temporary relief or restraining order. Upon the filing of any such
      petition the court shall cause notice thereof to be served upon such person,
      and thereupon shall have jurisdiction to grant to the Board such temporary
      relief or restraining order as it deems just and proper.

                                           4
of § 10(j), which is to protect the integrity of the collective bargaining process and

to preserve the Board’s remedial power while it processes the charge.” Id. at

459–60. These traditional factors are: (1) the likelihood of the moving party’s

success on the merits; (2) the likelihood that the moving party will suffer

irreparable injury if injunctive relief is not granted; (3) the extent to which the

balance of equities favors the respective parties; and (4) that an injunction is in the

public interest. See Winter, 555 U.S. at 20.

                                           B

      Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. owns and operates numerous local television

stations. In January 2017, Nexstar acquired KOIN-TV, a local television station in

Portland, Oregon, from LIN Television Corporation (LIN). At the time of the

acquisition, employees at KOIN-TV in two bargaining units were represented by

the Broadcasting and Cable Television Workers Sector of the Communications

Workers of America, Local 51, AFL-CIO (referred to here as Local 51 or the

union), pursuant to a collective bargaining agreement (CBA). When it acquired

KOIN-TV, Nexstar adopted the CBA between Local 51 and LIN. By its terms, the

CBA was effective from July 29, 2015, to July 28, 2017. The CBA was extended

by agreement, but finally expired in September 2017.

                                            5
      Nexstar and Local 51 began negotiating for a new agreement in June 2017.

From June 2017 until December 2019, the parties met for over 20 two-day

bargaining sessions. A federal mediator assisted with the negotiations between

March 2018 and December 2019. By December 2019, many issues had been

resolved, but several fundamental disagreements remained. Among other items,

Nexstar would not agree to collect the union’s membership dues and initiation fees

on Local 51’s behalf through deductions from employees’ paychecks. In

particular, Nexstar did not want to collect the initiation fee of three weeks of pay

(an average amount of $3,000), because Nexstar deemed it to be too high

                                           6
compared to the initiation fees of other unions. The parties also could not agree on

the scope of healthcare coverage.3

      Negotiations made little progress through 2019. On January 8, 2020,

Nexstar told the union it was withdrawing its recognition of Local 51, for both

bargaining units, due to Nexstar’s “good faith, reasonable belief” that Local 51 no

longer enjoyed the majority support of the employees in either bargaining unit at

KOIN-TV. Nexstar concluded, based on multiple conversations with employees,

that 14 out of the 27 employees in one bargaining unit, and at least 6 out of the 11

employees in the other bargaining unit, did not support Local 51. On the same day,

Nexstar removed Local 51’s bulletin boards. Nexstar also told employees in the

      3
        During this period, the parties filed numerous unfair labor practice charges
against each other with the Board. Local 51 filed charges against Nexstar
claiming, among other things, that Nexstar (1) had changed past practices by
requiring employees to complete a driving history background check and posting
employees’ work schedules two weeks early, (2) had issued a written warning to a
union representative, Ellen Hansen, for allegedly harassing a coworker during a
conversation, and (3) had, in two instances, failed to give the union certain
information. See Nexstar Broad., Inc., No. 19-CA-240187, 2021 WL 494995 (Jan.
14, 2021); Nexstar Broad., Inc., 370 N.L.R.B. No. 68 (Jan. 7, 2021); Nexstar
Broad., Inc., 369 N.L.R.B. No. 61 (Apr. 21, 2020). Nexstar, in turn, filed unfair
labor practice charges against Local 51 for failing to respond to Nexstar’s request
for information related to bargaining proposals, and for sending out “Welcome to
NABET-CWA” letters to new employees, which misleadingly stated that the CBA
required them to join the union and make payments within thirty days of being
hired, even though the CBA was no longer in effect. The Board sought
enforcement of the charges against Nexstar, but the Board settled or otherwise
resolved the unfair labor practice charges against Local 51.

                                          7
two bargaining units that it intended to give them a 1.5% wage increase after 45

days.4

         In February 2020, Local 51 began gathering evidence to demonstrate that the

union still retained majority support. Ellen Hansen, a union representative, began

asking employees to sign a petition in support of the union, but a Nexstar manager

allegedly interfered with her activities by interrupting her and telling her not to talk

about the union or to hand out union bulletins. According to the Regional

Director, “in the wake of respondent’s abrupt withdrawal of recognition and even

its threats” that employees could not talk about the union or distribute union

bulletins, other “employees were very concerned that they could be retaliated

against or disciplined unlawfully.” Therefore, “while almost all employees were

willing to sign and signify their continued support for the union, many employees

expressed to [Hansen] that they would only do so if their names were anonymous.”

Despite these employee concerns, and in the face of alleged anti-union intimidation

efforts, Local 51 stated that it collected signatures—from 19 out of the 27

employees in one bargaining unit, and 7 out of the 11 employees in the second

bargaining unit—for a petition supporting the union. Because employees had

         4
        In March 2020, Nexstar gave employees a 1.5% wage increase retroactive
to January 1, 2020.

                                            8
expressed a fear of retaliation from Nexstar, Local 51 did not provide the

signatures to Nexstar. Instead, the union asked a Catholic priest to certify that the

petition contained the signatures of a majority of employees in each bargaining

unit.

        Hansen testified that after Nexstar had withdrawn recognition of the union,

fewer employees reached out to her in her capacity as a bargaining representative.

The union’s president, Carrie Biggs-Adams, likewise said she heard from only a

few people in the bargaining unit after Nexstar withdrew its recognition of the

union, but reiterated that employees “expressed repeatedly that people wanted to

continue to have the union” and “didn’t want the [u]nion to go away,” even though

they “were afraid of disciplinary or harassing actions that” Nexstar might take if

they expressed such sentiments openly.

                                           C

        In response to the union’s unfair labor practice charges, the Regional

Director filed a consolidated administrative complaint against Nexstar with the

Board on June 30, 2020, alleging, among other charges, that Nexstar had violated

§ 8(a)(1) (interference with concerted action) and § 8(a)(5) (failure to bargain in

good faith) by withdrawing recognition from the union, making unilateral changes

                                           9
to working conditions, and coercing employees. The ALJ ruled in favor of the

Regional Director on June 11, 2021.5

      On February 2, 2021, while the matter was pending before the ALJ, and

approximately 13 months after Nexstar withdrew its recognition of Local 51, the

Regional Director filed a petition in district court for a preliminary injunction

pursuant to § 10(j) of the NLRA. The petition claimed that Nexstar was engaging

in unfair labor practices under §§ 8(a)(1) and (5), and that without a cease and

desist order and an order reinstating Local 51 while the Regional Director’s

complaint was pending, “employee support for the Union will be forever lost and

Respondent will effectively accomplish its unlawful goal of permanently ridding

its workplace of union supporters.”

      At the hearing on the petition, the district court walked through the criteria

for granting the injunctive relief requested under § 10(j). The requested relief was

reinstating the union and requiring Nexstar to bargain in good faith during the

interim period while the labor action was pending.

      5
        The ALJ issued her decision on June 11, 2021, concluding that Nexstar
violated §§ 8(a)(1) and (5) of the NLRA by withdrawing recognition from, and
refusing to bargain in good faith with, Local 51. See Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc.
d/b/a KOIN-TV, No. 19-CA-248735, 2021 WL 2414030 (June 11, 2021).

                                          10
      On the first factor, likelihood of success on the merits, the district court

stated that the Regional Director was likely to succeed on his claim that Nexstar

violated the NLRA in withdrawing recognition of the union without objective

evidence that the union had lost majority support, and by making unilateral

changes in employment conditions. The district court also stated that the Regional

Director had raised serious questions going to the merits that Nexstar violated the

NLRA in discouraging concerted action.

      The court spent little time on the other two factors. Regarding the third

factor, balance of the equities, the court determined that if the Regional Director

showed irreparable harm, he also showed the equities weighed in his favor.

Because Nexstar had not shown any equities weighing in its favor, and given the

likelihood of success on the merits, the court stated that this factor favored the

Regional Director. As to the fourth factor, the public interest, the court held that

the public interest probably did not favor either side, but it noted that the Regional

Director’s 13-month delay between the unfair labor practice (Nexstar’s withdrawal

of union recognition) and the Regional Director’s petition for an injunction might

affect the evaluation of this factor.

      The district court had more difficulty with the second factor, irreparable

harm. As the district court put it, the Regional Director’s theory of irreparable

                                           11
harm was that, absent an order reinstating the union, the Board would be unable to

issue an effective remedial order at the end of the Board proceedings, because

during the intervening period, there could be such a loss of employee support for

the union that a majority of employees would no longer want the union to be

reinstated. In order to evaluate this claim of irreparable harm, the district court

asked the Regional Director for evidence that employee support for the union was

dwindling.

      In response to this request for evidence, the Regional Director pointed to

Hansen’s testimony that after Nexstar withdrew its recognition of the union,

employees who signed the petition in support of the union were fearful of

retaliation. The district court did not find this evidence persuasive because

Hansen’s testimony showed that the employees were merely hiding their strong

support for the union. The Regional Director ultimately acknowledged that he had

testimonial evidence only of loss of open support of the union.

      The court then explained what evidence of dwindling support of the union

might look like. First, the Regional Director could have submitted two affidavits:

“one that says that support dropped, and another that says that the reason it

dropped was because of loss of union recognition.” Second, the Regional Director

could have supplemented the trial record “with some employee who says, ‘You

                                           12
know, now a year has gone by, and now I really don’t need the union anymore.’”

The court also noted that it would have been simple “to actually have a percipient

witness” or affiant making such a statement.

      The Regional Director acknowledged he had no evidence or statements from

witnesses of the sort requested by the court. Instead, the Regional Director asked

the court to make the inference of irreparable harm suggested by certain Ninth

Circuit cases. According to the Regional Director, the Ninth Circuit has held there

is an inference that an employer’s refusal to engage in bargaining will likely result

in irreparable harm to employee support for their union. The Regional Director

asked the court to rely “on the Board’s assumptions and even the Ninth Circuit’s

assertion that there is a high likelihood, if not an inference, of irreparable harm that

will only get worse by the day absent the prayed for injunctive relief[] in cases like

these.”

      The court concluded that the decision whether to issue an injunction turned

on the question of irreparable harm. The court stated that the record contained no

factual evidence of irreparable harm, and the question was whether it was bound by

Ninth Circuit precedent. It explained:

      . . . I’m going to think about that one for a few days, I think, because the
      record in front of me is not a record that shows factually any irreparable
      harm. There isn’t a factual record showing that. The record is, in fact, to the

                                           13
      contrary, and so that’s troubling to me. The record is also dated, and so
      there’s this -- for example, this intervening event where there’s employee
      support, albeit frightened and anonymous, for the union after withdrawal,
      and then subsequently there’s the granting of the very -- well, to some
      degree, the raise that the union bargained for and didn’t get. So one can
      imagine that might cause diminishment in support. Of course, my problem
      is one can only imagine it, because no one said so on the record, and that’s --
      I just can’t grant injunctions on attorney argument without a showing of any
      factual support for those arguments. So that’s on the one hand.

      On the other hand, the Ninth Circuit has been pretty firm about this. And I
      need to just take another look at whether the Ninth Circuit has essentially
      said that if I find X, Y will follow; X being likelihood of success on a
      withdrawal of support case and Y being irreparable harm.

Therefore, the court took the issue under advisement.

      A week later, on March 29, 2021, the district court entered its opinion and

order. The opinion first stated that during the prior hearing, the court had ruled

from the bench in favor of the Regional Director on “likelihood of success on the

merits, balance of the equities, and public-interest factors,” but had taken “under

advisement the issue of irreparable harm.” On that issue, the court stated:

      I was concerned about Petitioner’s showing of irreparable harm because the
      evidence submitted by Petitioner shows there was majority support for the
      union immediately following Respondent’s withdrawal of recognition. But
      under Frankl v. HTH Corp., in § 8(a)(5) cases when there is a likelihood of
      success on the merits there is an inference of irreparable harm to union
      representation from the continuation of the unfair labor practice. 650
      F.3d 1334, 1362–63 (2011). None of the evidence, including that in the
      supplemental record, shows what support for the union is like now after
      more time has passed since the withdrawal of recognition. In the absence of
      any contrary evidence, I apply the inference stated in Frankl—an inference

                                          14
      that grows in strength the longer the time gap between the withdrawal of
      recognition and the request for injunctive relief. Accordingly, I GRANT
      Petitioner’s Petition for Preliminary Injunctive Relief.

In other words, the court ruled that despite the absence of any evidence in the

record supporting the Regional Director’s claim of irreparable harm, it would apply

the inference derived from Frankl, and conclude there was irreparable harm.

      Nexstar timely appealed, arguing that the district court had improperly

interpreted Ninth Circuit precedent as requiring an automatic inference of a

likelihood of irreparable harm whenever there was a likelihood of success on the

merits in cases alleging the failure to bargain in good faith under § 8(a)(5) of the

NLRA.

      Before this Court could address Nexstar’s appeal of the preliminary

injunction, the Board issued its final decision in the underlying administrative

proceeding on July 27, 2022, finding that Nexstar engaged in unfair labor practices

and ordering it to cease and desist. Nexstar Broad., Inc. d/b/a Koin-TV & Nat'l

Ass'n of Broad. Emps. & Technicians, the Broad. & Cable Television Workers

Sector of the Commc'ns Workers of Am., Loc. 51, AFL-CIO, 371 N.L.R.B. 118

(2022). The Regional Director then moved to dismiss the case as moot, on the

ground that the district court’s preliminary injunction expired by operation of law

                                          15
upon the Board’s final resolution of the administrative case. We ordered both

parties to file supplemental briefing regarding mootness.

                                           II

                                           A

      We first consider whether we have jurisdiction over this case. Because the

Board has now resolved the merits of the unfair labor practice complaint, the

appeal of the district court’s grant of a preliminary injunction under § 10(j) is

moot, unless an exception to mootness applies. See Johansen ex rel. NLRB v.

Queen Mary Rest. Corp., 522 F.2d 6, 7 (9th Cir. 1975) (per curiam).6 The

Supreme Court has recognized an exception to mootness for disputes that are

“capable of repetition, yet evading review.” Kingdomware Techs., Inc. v. United

States, 579 U.S. 162, 170 (2016) (internal quotations and citation omitted). This

exception applies where “(1) the challenged action [is] in its duration too short to

be fully litigated prior to cessation or expiration, and (2) there [is] a reasonable

expectation that the same complaining party [will] be subject to the same action

again.” Id. (quoting Spencer v. Kemna, 523 U.S. 1, 17 (1998)). An issue can be

      6
        Johansen’s brief two-paragraph per curiam decision stated only that the
parties agreed that the Board’s decision on the unfair labor practices complaint
“rendered the resolution of the injunction proceeding moot,” 522 F.2d at 7, and
accordingly did not address exceptions to this mootness rule.

                                           16
“inherently limited in duration such that it is likely always to become moot before

federal court litigation is completed.” Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. Lohn, 511

F.3d 960, 965 (9th Cir. 2007). The exception “is concerned not with particular

lawsuits, but with classes of cases that, absent an exception, would always evade

judicial review.” Protectmarriage.com-Yes on 8 v. Bowen, 752 F.3d 827, 836 (9th

Cir. 2014) (emphasis in original); see also 13C Charles A. Wright & Arthur R.

Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 3533.8 (3d ed. 2013) (listing cases

involving prior restraints on free speech, government investigations, election

disputes, labor-management disputes, and business regulation disputes, among

others, as examples of “rough groupings” of the types of disputes that are covered

by the exception). In such classes of cases, “orderly and effective judicial review

would be precluded if we hewed strictly to the requirement that only a presently

live controversy presents a justiciable question.” Alcoa, Inc. v. Bonneville Power

Admin., 698 F.3d 774, 786 (9th Cir. 2012).

      We have applied this exception to mootness in the context of § 10(j)

injunction proceedings. See Miller, 19 F.3d at 453. In Miller, a district court issued

a preliminary injunction under § 10(j) requiring the employer to recognize and

bargain with a union while an unfair labor practice case was pending before the

Board. After the Board issued its final decision on the merits, we considered

                                          17
whether we had jurisdiction over a cross-appeal of the court’s order. Applying the

two-prong test, Miller concluded that “[t]here is no question that a § 10(j)

injunction meets the first criterion.” Id. at 453. Because “evading review” meant

“evading Supreme Court review,” id., we reasoned that “it may be difficult for a

court of appeals—much less the Supreme Court—to reach a final decision on the

propriety of a § 10(j) injunction before the Board’s adjudication is finished.” Id.

      Miller also concluded that the second prong of the exception was met,

because there was a reasonable expectation that the dispute would recur for both

the employer and the Board. Id. at 454.7 We concluded that because the employer

was a large employer that dealt with multiple unions, there was “a reasonable

expectation that another labor dispute will arise and the Board may again seek

§ 10(j) relief against it.” Id. We further concluded that “it is certain the Board will

continue to litigate § 10(j) injunctions in district courts throughout the circuit,” id.

and “[t]he same issue, arising from confusion over the appropriate standard to be

applied in § 10(j) proceedings, will recur in future litigation,” id. Therefore, we

ruled “that the Board's issuance of its final order does not render this appeal moot.”

Id.

      7
        We refrained from deciding whether the employer or the Board was the
complaining party, defined as “the party who is raising the challenge,” id. 454 at n.
2, because the parties had cross-appealed.

                                            18
      The same analysis applies here. For the first prong (evading review), we

consider whether the action at issue is “inherently limited in duration,” Lohn, 511

F.3d at 965, because the exception was designed to address the type of situation

that inherently evades judicial review, see Protectmarriage.com-Yes on 8, 752 F.3d

at 836 (noting, by means of example, that “a woman can only obtain an abortion so

long as she remains pregnant,” and that a court “can only invalidate a temporary

injunction so long as that injunction remains in effect”).

      We have already determined that a § 10(j) injunction proceeding is the type

of case that is inherently limited in duration because the controversy over the

injunction exists only until the Board issues its final merits decision, which

typically occurs before there is time for full judicial review of the request for an

injunction. Miller, 19 F.3d at 454. For this reason, the appeal of a § 10(j)

injunction has a duration that is “too short to be fully litigated prior to cessation or

expiration.” Kingdomware Techs., 579 U.S. at 170. The history of this case is

consistent with our conclusion in Miller. Here, the Board issued a final merits

decision just 21 months after the Regional Director filed the last of the four

charges. The Supreme Court has indicated that “a period of two years is too short

to complete judicial review,” Kingdomware Techs, 579 U.S. at 170; see also S.

Pac. Terminal Co. v. ICC, 219 U.S. 498, 514–16 (1911) (holding that order that

                                           19
expires by its terms after two years evades review). We have reached the same

conclusion. See, e.g., Alaska Ctr. for Env't v. U.S. Forest Serv., 189 F.3d 851, 855

(9th Cir.1999) (concluding a that two-year special use permit would be of a

“duration . . . too short to allow full litigation before the permit expires.”).8

Because an appeal of a § 10(j) injunction is likely to be mooted by the Board’s

decision “before our review (let alone the Supreme Court’s) could be completed,”

Alcoa, Inc., 698 F.3d at 787, we follow Miller in concluding that the “§ 10(j)

injunction meets the first criterion [evading review],” 19 F.3d at 453.

       The § 10(j) injunction also meets the exception’s second criterion, because

there is a reasonable expectation that the complaining party (“the party who is

raising the challenge,” id. at n.2), here Nexstar, will be subject to a petition for a

§ 10(j) injunction in the future. “The complaining party need only show that it is

reasonable to expect that it will engage in conduct that will once again give rise to

the assertedly moot dispute; it need not show that there is a demonstrated

probability that the dispute will recur.” Id. at 454 (cleaned up). Nexstar, like the

       8
        Moreover, the Board filed for injunctive relief in district court at least 13
months after filing the complaint with the ALJ, which made it more likely that the
Board would issue its final merits decision the district court's order on the § 10(j)
petition could receive full judicial review. Any practice by the Regional Director
of delaying filing a petition for injunctive relief would increase the chances that
there would be insufficient time for complete judicial review.

                                            20
employer in Miller, is a large employer that owns over 200 local television

stations, twenty of which are unionized, and is engaged in recurring collective

bargaining negotiations regarding 40 collective bargaining agreements with

multiple labor unions. Thus, there is “a reasonable expectation that another labor

dispute will arise and the Board may again seek § 10(j) relief against it.” Id.

      In the NLRB’s answering brief, the Regional Director argues that any new

§ 10(j) injunction would raise a different constellation of facts and legal

proceedings, and therefore it is not reasonable to expect that the dispute over the

specific legal issue in this appeal would recur. We disagree. In Miller, we

determined that the “important legal issue” of the correct standard to be applied in

reviewing § 10(j) petitions would “continue to come up, and escape review, unless

we provide it in this case.” Id. at 453. That same “important legal issue” is

implicated here. The parties dispute whether the district court committed legal

error by misinterpreting the rule announced by Frankl in concluding there was a

likelihood of irreparable harm, the second prong of the injunction standard.

Because Frankl is the leading decision regarding the standard to apply in § 10(j)

injunction proceedings, it is reasonable to expect that misinterpretations of the

legal rule announced by Frankl will recur in future cases. As in Miller, “the Board

will continue to litigate § 10(j) injunctions in district courts throughout the circuit”

                                           21
and “[t]he same issue, arising from confusion over the appropriate standard to be

applied in § 10(j) proceedings, will recur in future litigation,” including with

Nexstar. Id. at 454. It is important for the Board and for employers such as

Nexstar to know what criteria will be applied when the Board requests interim

relief under § 10(j). Therefore, Miller’s determination that the employer would be

required to contest the same legal issue in future litigation is equally applicable

here.

        Therefore, we conclude that the Board’s issuance of its final order does not

render this appeal moot. The dispute over standards is within the exception to the

case-and-controversy requirement for actions that are capable of repetition, yet

evading review.9

                                            B

        “We review the grant of an injunction pursuant to § 10(j) of the NLRA for

an abuse of discretion.” Small v. Avanti Health Sys., LLC, 661 F.3d 1180, 1186

(9th Cir. 2011). “The district court abuses its discretion if it relies on a clearly

erroneous finding of fact or an erroneous legal standard.” Id. at 1187 (internal

quotations and citation omitted). We apply “the traditional framework that informs

        9
            Therefore, the NLRB’s motion to dismiss the case as moot is denied (Dkt.
47).

                                            22
our equity jurisdiction” in determining whether to grant a preliminary injunction

under § 10(j). Miller, 19 F.3d at 456. Therefore, “when a Regional Director seeks

§ 10(j) relief, he ‘must establish [(1)] that he is likely to succeed on the merits,

[(2)] that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief,

[(3)] that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and [(4)] that an injunction is in

the public interest.’” Frankl, 650 F.3d at 1355 (quoting Winter, 555 U.S. at 20).

       “[T]he propriety of injunctive relief . . . must be evaluated on a case-by-case

basis in accord with traditional equitable principles and without the aid of

presumptions or a ‘thumb on the scale’ in favor of issuing such relief.” Perfect 10,

Inc. v. Google, Inc., 653 F.3d 976, 980–81 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Monsanto Co.

v. Geertson Seed Farms, 561 U.S. 139, 157 (2010)). The Supreme Court has

“consistently rejected invitations to replace traditional equitable considerations”

with presumptions or categorical rules. eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C., 547

U.S. 388, 392–93 (2006). In eBay, for instance, the Court rejected the Federal

Circuit’s categorical rule that in patent cases “once infringement and validity have

been adjudged,” an injunction can be denied only “in the unusual case, under

exceptional circumstances and in rare instances . . . to protect the public interest.”

Id. at 393–94 (cleaned up). According to the Court, the Federal Circuit erred in its

“categorical grant of such relief” because “the decision whether to grant or deny

                                            23
injunctive relief rests within the equitable discretion of the district courts,” and

“such discretion must be exercised consistent with traditional principles of equity,

in patent disputes no less than in other cases governed by such standards.” Id. at

394. Similarly, in Monsanto, the Court rejected the presumption “that an

injunction is the proper remedy for a NEPA violation except in unusual

circumstances.” Monsanto, 561 U.S. at 157. The Court held that “[n]o such thumb

on the scales is warranted,” id., and that “a court must determine that an injunction

should issue under the traditional four-factor test” for injunctive relief, id. at 158

(emphasis omitted).

      We have previously acknowledged that the Supreme Court decisions

(Winter, eBay, and Monsanto) rejecting presumptions abrogated our prior decisions

that had adopted a presumption of irreparable harm. See Perfect 10, Inc., 653 F.3d

at 980 (holding that our “longstanding rule that ‘[a] showing of a reasonable

likelihood of success on the merits in a copyright infringement claim raises a

presumption of irreparable harm” was effectively overruled because it was “clearly

irreconcilable with the reasoning’ of the Court’s decision in eBay”) (cleaned up).

We reached the same conclusion in the § 10(j) context, and held that Winter

abrogated the rule “that a court may presume irreparable harm in § 10(j) and

§ 10(l) cases if a likelihood of success on the merits in the unfair labor practice

                                           24
proceeding is established.” Frankl, 650 F.3d at 1362 (citing Operative Plasterers’

& Cement Masons’ Int’l Ass’n Loc. 200, AFL-CIO, 611 F.3d at 494).

      Following our rejection of a presumption of irreparable harm in the § 10(j)

context, Frankl grappled with how irreparable harm could be established in such

cases. Frankl confirmed that “a district court may not presume irreparable injury

with regard to likely unfair labor practices generally.” Id. Nevertheless, Frankl

held that “irreparable injury is established if a likely unfair labor practice is shown

along with a present or impending deleterious effect of the likely unfair labor

practice that would likely not be cured by later relief.” Id. This is because

“inferences from the nature of the particular unfair labor practice at issue remain

available.” Id.

      Frankl then suggested conclusions that could logically be drawn from

evidence of different types of unfair labor violations. For instance, Frankl stated

that a violation of § 8(a)(5) (failure to bargain in good faith) may cause an

irreparable injury to union representation because “the result of an unremedied

refusal to bargain with a union, standing alone, is to discredit the organization in

the eyes of the employees, to drive them to a second choice, or to persuade them to

abandon collective bargaining altogether.” Id. (quoting Karp Metal Prods. Co., 51

N.L.R.B. 621, 624 (1943)). “Thus, a finding of likelihood of success as to a

                                           25
§ 8(a)(5) bad-faith bargaining violation in particular, along with permissible

inferences regarding the likely effects of that violation, can demonstrate the

likelihood of irreparable injury.” Id. at 1363. Such a permissible inference could

not be drawn, however, if there were “unusual circumstance indicating that union

support is not being affected or that bargaining could resume without detriment as

easily later as now.” Id.

      Similarly, Frankl noted that a violation of § 8(a)(3) (discrimination against

employees for collective organization) “risks a serious adverse impact on employee

interest in unionization and can create irreparable harm to the collective bargaining

process.” Id. (quoting Pye v. Excel Case Ready, 238 F.3d 69, 74 (1st Cir. 2001));

see also Avanti Health, 661 F.3d at 1191–92 (stating that a failure to bargain in

good faith leads to a “myriad of irreparable harms” and providing examples of four

such adverse effects).

      Frankl’s distinction between an impermissible presumption of irreparable

harm when the Regional Director is likely to succeed in showing a violation under

§ 8(a)(5), and a “permissible inference[] regarding the likely effects of that

violation,” 650 F.3d at 1363, is consistent with the well-established distinction

between a presumption and a permissible inference. “A rule of presumption is

simply a rule changing one of the burdens of proof, i. e., declaring that the main

                                          26
fact will be inferred or assumed from some other fact until evidence to the contrary

is introduced.” United States v. Black, 512 F.2d 864, 868 n.7 (9th Cir. 1975)

(quoting 4 Wigmore, Evidence § 1356, at 857 (Chadbourn rev. 1972)); see also

Fed. R. Evid. 301 (“In a civil case, unless a federal statute or these rules provide

otherwise, the party against whom a presumption is directed has the burden of

producing evidence to rebut the presumption.”).10 Therefore, a “mandatory

presumption instructs the [trier of fact] that it must infer the presumed fact if [one

party] proves certain predicate facts.” Franklin, 471 U.S. at 314. Thus, in an

employment discrimination suit under Title VII, once the plaintiff has carried the

burden of establishing a prima face case of discrimination, the prima facie case

creates “a legally mandatory, rebuttable presumption,” that “the employer

unlawfully discriminated against the employee.” Texas Dep’t of Cmty. Affs. v.

Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 254 & n.7 (1981). This presumption shifts the burden of

proof to the employer, and “if the employer is silent in the face of the presumption,

      10
         The Supreme Court has also distinguished between conclusive and
rebuttable presumptions. Cnty. Ct. of Ulster Cnty., N.Y. v. Allen, 442 U.S. 140, 157
(1979). “A conclusive presumption removes the presumed element from the case
once the State has proved the predicate facts giving rise to the presumption” while
a “rebuttable presumption does not remove the presumed element from the case but
nevertheless requires the jury to find the presumed element unless the defendant
persuades the jury that such a finding is unwarranted.” Francis v. Franklin, 471
U.S. 307, 314 n.2 (1985), holding modified by Boyde v. California, 494 U.S. 370
(1990).

                                           27
the court must enter judgment for the plaintiff because no issue of fact remains in

the case.” Id. at 254.

      By contrast, “[a] permissive inference suggests to the [trier of fact] a

possible conclusion to be drawn if [a party] proves predicate facts, but does not

require the [trier of fact] to draw that conclusion.” Francis, 471 U.S. at 314. In

other words, a permissible inference tells the trier of fact that evidence gives “rise

to a permissive inference available only in certain circumstances,” which “could be

ignored by the [trier of fact] even if there was no affirmative proof offered” in

rebuttal. Ulster Cnty., 442 U.S. at 161. Such a permissible inference “does not

relieve [a party] of its burden of persuasion because it still requires the [party] to

convince the jury that the suggested conclusion should be inferred based on the

predicate facts proved.” Francis, 471 U.S. at 314.

      Whether the presumptive-like device is described as a presumption or a

permissible inference is not significant when it comes to assessing its effect, and

hence its legal validity. See Black, 512 F.2d at 868 (analyzing a burden shifting

statute as a presumption, because it “operates precisely like” a presumption,

although not worded in presumptive language). Rather, courts take a functional

approach and consider whether a presumption device has a “conclusive or

persuasion-shifting effect.” Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 519 (1979)

                                           28
(discussing presumptions in jury instructions); see also Burdine, 450 U.S. at 254 &

n.7 (noting that “[e]stablishment of the prima facie case” in a Title VII case creates

a “legally mandatory, rebuttable presumption.”).

      Because Frankl established permissible “inferences from the nature of the

particular unfair labor practice at issue” which “remain available,” 650 F.3d at

1362, such permissible inferences are, by definition, neither mandatory nor binding

on a court. Nor do they relieve the Regional Director of his burden of persuading

the court that “the suggested conclusion should be inferred based on the predicate

facts proved.” Francis, 471 U.S. at 314. A court making “permissible inferences”

when a Regional Director attempts to demonstrate a likelihood of irreparable harm

may rely on the same evidence the Regional Director used to demonstrate a

likelihood of success on the merits because some evidence may have probative

value for both inquiries. See Frankl, 650 F.3d at 1363 (explaining that in assessing

the likelihood of irreparable harm, the district court may consider “[t]he same

evidence and legal conclusions” that were relevant to likelihood of success on the

merits, “along with permissible inferences”); see also Avanti Health, 661 F.3d at

1195 (same). But the inquiries into likelihood of success on the merits and

likelihood of irreparable harm are distinct even if the same facts can be used to

show both. Thus, a court is free to determine that the Regional Director is likely to

                                          29
succeed on the merits of an unfair labor practice claim, and at the same time is not

entitled to preliminary injunctive relief because there is inadequate evidence that

the union is likely to suffer irreparable harm. A permissible inference, as adopted

in Frankl, does not change the Regional Director’s burden of demonstrating likely

irreparable harm, and the district court must make a finding of irreparable harm

that is based on evidence in the record. The burden of proving the existence of “a

present or impending deleterious effect of the likely unfair labor practice that

would likely not be cured by later relief,” Frankl, 650 F.3d at 1362, remains with

the Regional Director.

      The dissent does not dispute this legal framework or our conclusion that

Frankl does not impose a mandatory presumption of irreparable harm. Indeed, the

dissent agrees that Frankl did not establish “that there is a required inference of

irreparable harm based solely on the type of unfair labor practice at issue.” Dissent

at 23. The dissent notes that such an “inference was ‘available,’” id., but concedes

that it is only permissive, such that “a court may draw an inference based on the

nature of the unfair labor practice,” id. at 19–20 (emphasis added); see also id. at

20 (stating that “courts are permitted to draw an ‘inference’ that [irreparable] harm

is present or impending.”) (emphasis added). And the dissent also agrees that the

“likelihood of irreparable harm must be established separately rather than

                                          30
presumed based solely [] on a finding of a likelihood of success.” Id. at 19.

Finally, the dissent agrees that “independent factual support of likely irreparable

harm is not required when the court finds evidence of certain unfair labor practices,

including failure to bargain in good faith.” Id. at 24. As we explained, supra at 29,

the Regional Director may rely on the same evidence to show both likelihood of

success on the merits and a likelihood of irreparable harm. Although the dissent

makes the unsupported claim that we “effectively overrule Frankl,” Dissent at 25,

the dissent’s characterization of Frankl matches ours. Rather, our dispute with the

dissent is limited to the question whether the district court misinterpreted the legal

framework in this case.

                                           C

      We now turn to the question whether the district court improperly

determined that Frankl required it to presume irreparable harm based on its finding

that the Regional Director had a likelihood of success on the merits on his claims

of violations of § 8(a)(1) (interference with concerted action) and § 8(a)(5) (failure

to bargain in good faith). A review of the district court’s rulings confirms that it

did so.

      First, a walk through the record shows the district court inferred there was a

likelihood of irreparable harm solely due to its finding of a likelihood of success on

                                           31
the merits. At the hearing in which the district court ruled from the bench, the

district court found that there was a likelihood of success on the merits. It then

considered the Regional Director’s argument that support for the union was

dwindling, which the court held was the sole colorable ground supporting the

Regional Director’s claim of irreparable harm.11 But the district court found there

was no evidence in the record supporting this theory; it stated that “the record is, in

fact, to the contrary,” and showed that support for the union was not dwindling.

Given the lack of evidence supporting the Regional Director’s theory of irreparable

harm, the court concluded that it could not “grant injunctions on attorney argument

without a showing of any factual support for those arguments.”

      Instead of denying the motion for § 10(j) relief based on the lack of evidence

of irreparable harm, the district court stated that it would first review Ninth Circuit

caselaw: “And I need to take just another look at whether the Ninth Circuit has

      11
         Although the district court noted that the Regional Director alleged “two
or three ways” there could be irreparable harm, the court concluded that only his
allegation of dwindling support for the union was colorable. The court rejected the
Regional Director’s claim that “national labor policy” would be harmed absent
injunctive relief, stating that the case does not represent “much of anything in that
category of irreparable harm.” And the court determined that the Regional
Director’s second argument (described by the dissent as a separate basis for the
Regional Director’s claim of irreparable harm, Dissent at 13) was “just an
explanation of the second argument” that there would be irreparable harm to the
efficacy of the remedial order due to a “loss of employee support for the union”
absent injunctive relief.

                                           32
essentially said that if I find X, Y will follow; X being likelihood of success on a

withdrawal of support case and Y being irreparable harm.” This formulation—

that a trier of fact must presume irreparable harm based on a likelihood of success

on the merits— constitutes a mandatory presumption. See Black, 512 F.2d at 889.

      The district court’s subsequent written opinion makes clear that it misread

Frankl as creating a mandatory presumption that required it to infer a presumed

fact (here irreparable harm) “until evidence to the contrary is introduced.” Black,

512 U.S. at 868 n.7. The district court first stated the presumption that “under

Frankl v. HTH Corp., in § 8(a)(5) cases when there is a likelihood of success on

the merits there is an inference of irreparable harm to union representation from the

continuation of the unfair labor practice.” The court then acknowledged that the

Regional Director had not presented any evidence supporting his theory of

irreparable harm. Rather, “the evidence submitted by [the Regional Director]

shows there was majority support for the union immediately following [Nexstar’s]

withdrawal of recognition,” and “[n]one of the evidence, including that in the

supplemental record, shows what support for the union is like now after more time

has passed since the withdrawal of recognition.” Although the Regional Director

had not adduced any evidence, a mandatory presumption would require a court to

infer irreparable harm unless “evidence to the contrary is introduced,” Black, 512

                                          33
U.S. at 868 n.7. Consistent with this rule, the court shifted the burden of proof to

Nexstar to come forward with opposing evidence. The court then held that because

Nexstar had not introduced “evidence to the contrary,” it was required to infer

irreparable harm in favor of the Regional Director, stating: “[i]n the absence of

any contrary evidence, I apply the inference stated in Frankl” and granted the

Regional Director’s petition for § 10(j) relief. Cf. Burdine, 450 U.S. at 254 & n.7

(holding in the Title VII context that the plaintiff’s prima facie case creates “a

legally mandatory, rebuttable presumption” that shifts the burden of proof to the

employer, and “if the employer is silent in the face of the presumption, the court

must enter judgment for the plaintiff”). In short, the court interpreted Frankl as

requiring it to infer the presumed fact (irreparable harm) once the Regional

Director had proven likelihood of success on the merits, in the absence of contrary

evidence adduced by Nexstar. See Francis, 471 U.S. at 314. This constitutes a

mandatory presumption. Id.

      The dissent argues that the district court merely applied a permissible

inference, not a mandatory presumption. In the dissent’s reading of the record, the

district court elected to make the “available inference under Frankl,” after it

“looked to see if there was evidence in the record to suggest that the inference

should not be drawn.” Dissent at 23. The district court did not need to find any

                                           34
“independent factual support of likely irreparable harm,” the dissent claims,

because it could rely on evidence of unfair labor practices. Id. at 24. We disagree

with the dissent’s reading of the record. The dissent overlooks the fact that the

district court previously determined that the Regional Director’s evidence of unfair

labor practices was insufficient to show irreparable harm. Specifically, the court

had ruled that there was no evidence in the record “that shows factually any

irreparable harm,” and that “the record is, in fact, to the contrary.” Therefore, even

though evidence of unfair labor practices may support a finding of irreparable

harm in some cases, it did not do so in this case. Because the evidence of likely

success on the merits did not show irreparable harm, we must conclude that the

district court’s ruling in favor of the Regional Director was based on the mistaken

view that Frankl created a mandatory presumption.

      Based on this record, we conclude that the district court improperly applied a

presumption in making its irreparable harm determination. Because the district

applied an erroneous legal standard, see Operative Plasterers’ & Cement Masons’

Int’l Ass’n Loc. 200, AFL-CIO, 611 F.3d at 490, the district court abused its

discretion in making its irreparable harm determination (and by extension, its

                                          35
grant of the preliminary injunction). Therefore, we vacate the district court’s

opinion.12

      VACATED.13

      12
         Nexstar does not challenge the district court’s determination that the
Regional Director established a likelihood of success on the merits, and that the
balance of equities weighed in his favor. Because the district court did not explain
its reasoning in determining that the injunction would be in the public interest, we
do not address this issue.
      13
           Each party will bear their own costs on appeal.

                                           36
                                                                               FILED
Hooks v. Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc., No. 21-35252
                                                                                DEC 5 2022
W. FLETCHER, Circuit Judge, dissenting:                                    MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                             U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

      The National Labor Relations Act (“NLRA” or “Act”) confers subject matter

jurisdiction on federal courts to enjoin putative unfair labor practices while the

National Labor Relations Board (“NLRB” or “Board”) adjudicates disputes

concerning those practices. 29 U.S.C. § 160(j), (l). Because the Board’s

adjudication may take considerable time to conclude, injunctive relief under § 10(j)

“protect[s] the integrity of the collective bargaining process and . . . preserve[s] the

Board’s remedial power while it processes the charge.” Miller ex rel. NLRB v. Cal.

Pac. Med. Ctr., 19 F.3d 449, 459–60 (9th Cir. 1994) (en banc), abrogated on other

grounds by Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7 (2008).

      In this case, the Regional Director of the NLRB (“Regional Director”)

petitioned the district court for a preliminary injunction under § 10(j) of the Act, §

160(j), alleging that Nexstar Broadcasting failed to bargain in good faith;

improperly withdrew recognition from the union representing its employees;

improperly made unilateral changes to employees’ conditions of employment; and

improperly interfered with employees’ rights to union representation. In support of

the petition, the Regional Director submitted the entire administrative record

developed during proceedings before the agency’s Administrative Law Judge

(“ALJ”). Based on a finding that the Regional Director was likely to succeed on
the merits of the complaint and applying an inference of likely irreparable harm

based on our decision in Frankl ex rel. NLRB v. HTH Corp., 650 F.3d 1334 (9th

Cir. 2011), the district court granted a preliminary injunction. After the court

issued the preliminary injunction, the ALJ ruled in favor of the Regional Director,

finding that Nexstar had violated § 8(a)(1) and (5) of the Act. Nexstar

Broadcasting, Inc. D/B/A KOIN-TV, 2021 WL 2414030 (N.L.R.B. Div. of Judges

June 11, 2021).

      Nexstar appealed the ALJ’s decision to the Board. The Board affirmed the

decision and ordered relief for the union. Nexstar Broadcast, Inc., 371 N.L.R.B.

No. 118. The Board then moved in this court to dismiss as moot the appeal from

the district court decision because the preliminary injunction had expired once the

Board resolved the administrative appeal. See Johansen ex rel. NLRB v. Queen

Mary Restaurant Corp., 522 F.2d 6, 7 (9th Cir. 1975) (per curiam). I agree with

the Board that the appeal to us is now moot, and that we no longer have

jurisdiction. My colleagues on this panel disagree. Invoking the “capable of

repetition yet evading review” exception to mootness, they hold that the appeal is

not moot.

      It is established law that when the Board issues a final decision on the merits

for an unfair labor practice complaint, a § 10(j) preliminary injunction proceeding

                                          2
is moot. See Johansen, 522 F.2d at 7. The exception to mootness invoked by my

colleagues does not apply in the appeal before us, for it is far too fact-intensive to

be capable of repetition in the manner required by the exception.
      If I were to reach the merits, I would affirm the district court. We held in

Frankl that in deciding whether to grant preliminary injunctive relief under § 10(j),

a district court may not presume irreparable harm upon a bare showing of

likelihood of success on the merits, but that “inferences from the nature of the

particular unfair labor practice at issue remain available” when determining

whether there is a “present or impending deleterious effect of the likely unfair

labor practice that would likely not be cured by later relief.” Frankl, 650 F.3d at

1362. Specifically, we wrote that “a finding of likelihood of success as to a

§ 8(a)(5) bad-faith bargaining violation in particular, along with permissible

inferences regarding the effect of that violation, can demonstrate the likelihood of

irreparable injury, absent some unusual circumstance indicating that union support

is not being affected or that bargaining could resume without detriment as easily

later as now.” Id. at 1363.

      Here, as in Frankl, the district court found the Regional Director had shown

a “likelihood of success on the merits,” inter alia, based on evidence that Nexstar

had violated § 8(a)(5) of the Act for failure to bargain in good faith. After

                                           3
evaluating the entire record, the district court inferred a likelihood of irreparable

harm, stating: “In the absence of any contrary evidence, I apply the inference stated

in Frankl—an inference that grows in strength the longer the time gap between the

withdrawal of recognition and the request for injunctive relief. Accordingly, I

GRANT Petitioner’s Petition for Preliminary Injunctive Relief.”

      Reaching the merits, my colleagues hold that the district court misread

Frankl. They write that the district court erroneously treated Frankl’s recognition

of an “available” inference of irreparable harm as a mandatory presumption in the

context of a likely § 8(a)(5) violation. I disagree. It is the panel majority that has

misread Frankl. The district court faithfully followed Frankl when it inferred,

absent contrary evidence, that Nexstar’s violation of § 8(a)(5) was likely to result

in irreparable harm to the union if preliminary injunctive relief were not granted.

      I respectfully dissent.

                                    I. Background

      The majority provides an accurate but abbreviated recitation of the facts in

the record. The following is a more detailed recitation.

                                A. Factual Background

                                            4
      This appeal arises in the context of a protracted labor dispute between

Nexstar Broadcasting (“Nexstar”), and National Association of Broadcast

Employees & Technicians, the Broadcasting and Cable Television Workers Sector

of the Communications Workers of America, Local 51, AFL-CIO (“NABET Local

51” or “the union”). Nexstar is headquartered in Irving, Texas. It owns and

operates nearly two hundred television stations across the country. Nexstar

purchased KOIN-TV, a television station in Portland, Oregon, from LIN

Television Corporation in January 2017 as part of a larger acquisition. NABET

Local 51 represents two bargaining units of employees at KOIN-TV.

      LIN Television and the union were parties to multiple collective-bargaining

agreements. The most recent agreement was in effect from July 29, 2015, to July

28, 2017, and was extended to September 8, 2017. After assuming ownership of

KOIN-TV, Nexstar continued to employ most of the station’s employees and

continued its operations largely unchanged. Nexstar thereby took on LIN

Television’s obligation to bargain with the union for a new agreement. See Fall

River Dyeing & Finishing Corp. v. NLRB, 482 U.S. 27, 41 (1987) (“If the new

employer makes a conscious decision to maintain generally the same business and

to hire a majority of its employees from the predecessor, then the bargaining

obligation of § 8(a)(5) is activated.”).

                                           5
      In response to charges of unfair labor practices filed against Nexstar by the

union, the Regional Director issued an administrative complaint on June 30, 2020,

later amended on September 18, 2020. A five-day hearing was held before an ALJ

in November 2020. The following narrative is largely based on evidence adduced

at that hearing.

      Nexstar and the union met for bargaining 42 times between June 2017 and

December 2019. The union’s lead negotiator was its president, Carrie Biggs-

Adams. Nexstar’s lead negotiator was its in-house attorney, Vice President of

Labor and Employment Relations, Charles Pautsch. Material terms at issue

included wages and overtime, vacation and holidays, and health benefits.

      During the bargaining process, both parties filed charges of unfair labor

practices with the NLRB. Many of the charges against Nextstar were meritorious.

The Board found that Nexstar violated § 8(a)(1) and (5) of the NLRA when it

failed to provide information to the union in 2017, Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc.,

367 NLRB No. 117 (2019), and when it made unilateral changes to terms of

employment in 2017 and 2018. Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc., 369 NLRB No. 61

(2020), enforced, NLRB v. Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc., 4 F.4th 801 (9th Cir. 2021).

The Board also found that Nexstar violated § 8(a)(1), (3) and (5) of the NLRA

when it issued a written disciplinary warning to employee and union steward Ellen
                                          6
Hansen in July 2018 and again failed to provide the union with requested

information relevant to bargaining. Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc., 370 NLRB No. 68

(2021). Most recently, the Board held that Nexstar violated § 8(a)(1) and (5) of the

NLRA when once again it failed to provide information to the union, this time

related to its dues collection processing costs. Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc., 370

NLRB No. 72 (2021).

      At least one charge against the union was meritorious. An ALJ found that

the union violated § 8(b)(3) of the Act in January 2019 when it failed to respond to

Nexstar’s request for information. The Regional Director of the NLRB settled

several additional unfair labor practice charges against the union, which stemmed

in part from a "Welcome Letter" issued to new employees in February 2019.

      Negotiations between Nexstar and the union became particularly contentious

in 2019. The parties disagreed strongly about whether Nexstar should deduct from

employees’ paychecks the union’s initiation fee, which Nexstar contended was

“exorbitant,” and about health insurance coverage and premiums. Beginning in

September 2019, Nexstar began making unilateral changes to conditions of

employment by assigning bargaining unit work to non-bargaining unit employees

without notice to the union.

                                          7
      Nexstar provided evidence suggesting that near the end of 2019 KOIN-TV

managers began to doubt that the union retained majority support. Many of the

new employees who had been hired since the expiration of the last collective-

bargaining agreement had elected not to join the union. On December 18, 2019,

KOIN-TV Vice President and General Manager Patrick Nevin received an email

from a manager summarizing conversations he had with several employees about

their dissatisfaction with representation by the union. Nevin and other KOIN-TV

managers described conversations they had with several employees who expressed

a lack of support for the union. One employee testified about his and his

coworkers’ desire to “get rid of” the union.

      On January 8, 2020, Nexstar notified NABET Local 51 in writing that it was

withdrawing recognition of the union as the collective bargaining representative of

the two bargaining units. In a letter to NABET Local 51 President Biggs-Adams,

Nevin asserted that Nexstar had “good-faith reasonable doubt” that the union had

majority support of employees in either of the bargaining units. Nevin wrote that

Nexstar had “substantial objective evidence” of the union’s loss of majority

support. That same day, Nevin held several meetings with employees in both

bargaining units. He informed them of the withdrawal of recognition and told

them that they would soon be receiving a 1.5% wage increase, but that they would

                                          8
not receive it until after a 45-day waiting period. At these meetings, Nevin told

employees that Nexstar had not conducted any formal polling to gauge union

support. Instead, it based its withdrawal of recognition on “a few conversations

with people.”

      In response to Nexstar’s withdrawal of recognition, the union circulated a

petition in the two bargaining units in an attempt to show continuing support for

the union. During the signature drive, several employees expressed fear of

retaliation by Nexstar. To address the employees’ concerns and to protect their

identities, the union brought in a neutral third-party to review the petition and

certify the signatures. On February 18, 2020, a retired Catholic priest verified the

signatures. Those signatures confirmed that the union retained majority support in

both bargaining units. The priest hand-delivered the petition to Nevin.

      Despite documentation of the union’s support, Nexstar refused to meet with

the union for bargaining. It removed the union’s bulletin boards at the station.

Nexstar also made unilateral changes to terms of employment, including altering

the vacation-request system, providing employees with the promised 1.5% wage

increase, and assigning bargaining unit work to non-unit employees.

                                           9
      Union representatives testified that after withdrawal of recognition, KOIN-

TV management threatened bargaining unit employees who discussed union

activities or conditions of employment with each other. Union steward Ellen

Hansen testified that when she approached a fellow employee on a coffee break

and asked about the union, KOIN-TV manager Rick Brown came up behind her

and said: “I wouldn’t talk about that if I were you.” On another occasion, Brown

told Hansen that she was “not to be handing out bulletins” about contract

negotiations because the union was no longer recognized. Brown also threatened

an employee who asked about a raise in a performance review, stating that

employees were not supposed to be talking about their wages with each other and

that all raises could be revoked entirely. In February 2021, an employee requested

the presence of a union steward at a disciplinary hearing. Nexstar denied the

request, citing the company’s lack of recognition of the union.

      Members of the union leadership team testified that they experienced a

decline in members’ engagement with the union after Nexstar withdrew

recognition and ceased collective bargaining. Hansen declared in March 2021 that

no new employees responded to her emails or had in-person conversations about

the union for the past several months. Hansen stated further that in early 2021,

because of fear of retaliation, an employee refused to document an alleged

                                         10
violation of the collective bargaining agreement by Nexstar. She declared that in

the past union employees would routinely contact union leadership multiple times

a week. After Nexstar’s withdrawal of recognition, only one employee asked a

union steward to be present during a disciplinary meeting.

                  B. National Labor Relations Board Proceedings

      NABET Local 51 filed four unfair labor practice charges against Nexstar,

alleging refusal to engage in good-faith bargaining, improper withdrawal of

recognition, threats to employees, and unilateral changes to conditions of

employment. The Regional Director conducted a field investigation and

determined that there was reasonable cause to believe, as alleged in the charges,

that Nexstar violated § 8(a)(1) and (5) of the Act. On June 30, 2020, the Regional

Director filed a Consolidated Complaint against Nexstar. The Regional Director

filed a Second Consolidated Complaint on September 18, alleging two additional

violations.

      The hearing before the ALJ took place over the course of five days between

November 12–18, 2020. In June 2021, the ALJ found for the Regional Director.

She found that Nexstar failed to bargain in good faith and instead engaged in

“surface bargaining”; improperly withdrew recognition from the union; threatened

                                         11
employees engaging in union activities; and made unilateral changes to conditions

of employment. Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. D/B/A KOIN-TV, 2021 WL 2414030

(N.L.R.B. Div. of Judges June 11, 2021). The Board issued its final disposition in

the administrative case on July 27, 2022. It found that the violations occurred and

ordered relief for the union. Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc., 371 N.L.R.B. No. 118.

                            C. District Court Proceedings

      On February 2, 2021, after the administrative hearing but prior to the

issuance of the ALJ’s decision, the Regional Director, Ronald K. Hooks, filed a

petition in the district court for injunctive relief under § 10(j) of the NLRA, 29

U.S.C. § 160(j). In support of the petition, the Regional Director submitted the

entire evidentiary record of the administrative hearing before the ALJ.

      The petition alleged that the Regional Director’s complaint had a substantial

likelihood of success before the Board and that, at the conclusion of its

proceedings, the Board would likely issue a cease-and-desist order against Nexstar.

The petition stated that without preliminary injunctive relief requiring Nexstar to

re-recognize the union and to resume bargaining in good faith and stop coercing

employees from engaging in union activities, “employee support for the Union will

be forever lost and Respondent will effectively accomplish its unlawful goal of

                                          12
permanently ridding its workplace of union supporters.” Contrary to the

contention of my colleagues, Maj. Op. at 23, the Regional Director’s concern about

loss of union support was not the “sole basis” for the claim of irreparable harm.

The Regional Director also contended that the Board’s remedial authority “may be

frustrated” without interim injunctive relief because “employees will permanently

and irrevocably lose the benefit of the Board’s processes and the exercise of

statutory rights for the entire period required for Board adjudication” unless

Nexstar’s unfair labor practices are enjoined pending the Board’s decision.

      “A plaintiff seeking a preliminary injunction must establish [1] that he is

likely to succeed on the merits, [2] that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the

absence of preliminary relief, [3] that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and

[4] that an injunction is in the public interest.” Winter, 555 U.S. at 20. The district

court initially ruled for the Regional Director on three of the four Winter

requirements. It initially refrained from ruling on whether the union had shown a

likelihood of irreparable harm in the absence of a preliminary injunction.

      The district court expressed doubt about whether irreparable harm to the

union was likely to occur if a preliminary injunction were not granted. The court

focused its concern on one type of potential irreparable harm—whether the union

                                           13
would lose support from its employees following Nexstar’s withdrawal of

recognition if injunctive relief were not granted. The court expressed concern that

the Regional Director had not submitted testimony of any employee stating that she

no longer supported the union because recognition had been withdrawn and

bargaining had ended. During a hearing, the court stated:

      The whole question then turns into irreparable harm, and I’m going to
      think about that one for a few days, I think, because the record in front
      of me is not a record that shows factually any irreparable harm. There
      isn’t a factual record showing that. The record is, in fact, to the
      contrary, and so that’s troubling to me.
      ...
      On the other hand, the Ninth Circuit has been pretty firm about this. And I
      need to just take another look at whether the Ninth Circuit has essentially
      said that if I find X, Y will follow; X being likelihood of success on a
      withdrawal of support case and Y being irreparable harm.

      After receiving supplemental briefing, the district court inferred a likelihood

of irreparable harm based on Frankl ex rel. NLRB v. HTH Corp., 650 F.3d 1334

(9th Cir. 2011). The court issued a preliminary injunction on March 29, 2021.

      Nexstar timely appealed and moved to stay the preliminary injunction

pending appeal. A motions panel of our court denied the stay. After issuing its

final decision affirming the decision of the ALJ, the Board moved in this court to

dismiss as moot the appeal from the district court. It is uncontested that the

                                          14
preliminary injunction at issue in the appeal had no force or effect once the Board

decided the administrative appeal. Nexstar opposed the Board’s motion, arguing

that the “capable of repetition yet evading review” exception saves the appeal from

mootness.

                                    II. Mootness

      When the Board issues a final decision on the merits for an unfair labor

practice complaint, a § 10(j) preliminary injunction is moot. Johansen ex rel.

NLRB v. Queen Mary Restaurant Corp., 522 F.2d 6, 7 (9th Cir. 1975) (per

curiam). This mootness rule was established when our court extended Sears,

Roebuck & Co. v. Carpet Layers, 397 U.S. 655 (1970) (per curiam), which

concerned a § 10(l) injunction, to § 10(j) injunctions. See also Barbour v. Cent.

Cartage, Inc., 583 F.2d 335, 337 (7th Cir. 1978) (“[W]hile the language is not as

clear as the language in Section 10(l), the legislative history and policies behind

Section 10(j) indicate that injunctions entered pursuant to it also should last only

until the Board’s adjudication of the unfair labor practice charges.”). My

colleagues conclude that the question at issue in this appeal is not moot, arguing

that it is “capable of repetition yet evading review.” Maj. Op. at 16–22.

                                          15
      The “capable of repetition” exception to mootness applies in only some §

10(j) injunction appeals, such as the appeal in Miller ex rel. NLRB v. California

Pacific Medical Center, 19 F.3d 449, 453 (9th Cir. 1994) (en banc). The district

court in Miller had applied our decisions in Aguayo ex rel. NLRB v. Tomco

Carburator Co.,853 F.2d 853 F.2d 744 (9th Cir. 1988), and Scott ex rel. NLRB v.

El Farra Enterprises., Inc., 863 F.2d 670 (9th Cir. 1988). The question before the

en banc panel in Miller was whether the rule we had previously established in

Tomco and El Farra was correct. We overruled both cases. Miller, 19 F.3d at 457

(“We . . . overrule Tomco and El Farra on this point . . . .”). Unlike the facts in the

case before us, the facts in Miller (and, indeed, in Tomco and El Farra) were

irrelevant to the court’s decisions. In those cases, the question at issue was a pure

question of law. The parties in Miller did not dispute that the “capable of

repetition” exception applied. Id. at 453. We agreed with the parties, writing that

the issue “involve[d] the propriety of the standard applied by district courts in §

10(j) proceedings.” Id.

      Although they misapply it, my colleagues do not contest that the rule

established in Frankl governs this case. This appeal is in stark contrast to Miller,

where the question was whether an established circuit rule should be changed.

Unlike in Miller, the issue in this appeal is highly fact-intensive, and neither party

                                           16
has argued that Frankl should be altered or abandoned. Given the posture of this

case and the fact-dependent application of the Frankl rule, the “capable of

repetition” exception to mootness does not apply.

                                      III. Merits

      Given that my colleagues have reached the merits, I feel compelled to do so

in order to register my strong disagreement with their holding.

                  A. Preliminary Injunctions Under Section 10(j)

      Section 10(j) of the NLRA provides that, upon the Board’s issuance of a

complaint and a petition to the district court for a preliminary injunction, the

district court “shall have jurisdiction to grant to the Board such temporary relief or

restraining order as it deems just and proper.” 29 U.S.C. § 160(j). When

determining whether issuing a preliminary injunction under § 10(j) is “just and

proper,” district courts are to apply the “traditional equitable criteria” governing

injunctive relief. Miller, 19 F.3d at 459. A party seeking a preliminary injunction

under § 10(j) must satisfy the four requirements set forth in Winter.

      “A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy never awarded as of

right.” Winter, 555 U.S. at 24. Courts must evaluate petitions for both preliminary

and permanent injunctive relief on “a case-by-case basis in accord with traditional

                                           17
equitable principles and without the aid of presumptions or a ‘thumb on the scale’

in favor of issuing such relief.” Perfect 10, Inc. v. Google, Inc. 653 F.3d 976,

980–81 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Monsanto, 561 U.S. at 157). In § 10(j) cases,

courts are to analyze the four traditional equitable criteria “through the prism of the

underlying purpose of section 10(j), which is to protect the integrity of the

collective bargaining process and to preserve the Board’s remedial power.”

Frankl, 650 F.3d at 1355 (quoting Scott ex rel. NLRB v. Stephen Dunn & Assocs.,

241 F.3d 652, 661 (9th Cir. 2001), abrogated on other grounds as recognized by

McDermott v. Ampersand Publ’g, LLC, 593 F.3d 950, 957 (9th Cir. 2010)).

                                 B. Irreparable Harm

      In the context of the NLRA, “permitting an alleged unfair labor practice to

reach fruition and thereby render[] meaningless the Board’s remedial authority is

irreparable harm.” Small ex rel. NLRB v. Avanti Health Health Systems, LLC

(“Avanti Health”), 661 F.3d 1180, 1191 (9th Cir. 2011) (alterations in original

omitted) (quoting Frankl, 650 F.3d at 1362). To obtain § 10(j) relief, the Regional

Director must establish that a court’s “failure to issue an injunction ‘likely’ would

cause irreparable harm.” Small ex rel. NLRB v. Operative Plasterers’ & Cement

                                          18
Masons’ Int’l Ass’n Local 200 (“Operative Plasterers”), 611 F.3d 483, 494 (9th

Cir. 2010).

       In Miller, we had held in a § 10(j) case that if the Board “demonstrates that it

is likely to prevail on the merits, we presume irreparable injury.” 19 F.3d at 460.

The Supreme Court’s decision in Winter required us to modify Miller. 555 U.S. at

375. After Winter, likelihood of irreparable harm must be established separately

rather than presumed based solely based on a finding of a likelihood of success.

See Operative Plasterers, 611 F.3d at 490–91; Frankl, 650 F.3d at 1362.

       We have explained in our post-Winter cases that some unfair labor practices

carry with them an inherent possibility of irreparable injury, particularly if the

unfair practice is allowed to continue for a sustained period. We wrote in Frankl:

       [W]hile a district court may not presume irreparable injury with regard
       to likely unfair labor practices generally, irreparable injury is established
       if a likely unfair labor practice is shown along with a present or
       impending deleterious effect of the likely unfair labor practice that would
       likely not be cured by later relief. In making the latter determination,
       inferences from the nature of the particular unfair labor practice at issue
       remain available.

650 F.3d at 1362 (emphasis added). That is, if there is a “present or impending

deleterious effect of [a] likely unfair labor practice that would likely not be cured

by later relief,” that effect, in addition to the likely unfair labor practice, constitutes

                                            19
a likelihood of irreparable harm. Id. In determining whether there is such an

effect, a court may draw an inference based on the nature of the unfair labor

practice. In other words, Frankl instructs that in certain cases petitioners are not

required to provide independent factual support of “a present or impending

deleterious” irreparable harm. For example, in § 8(a)(5) cases, courts are permitted

to draw an “inference” that such harm is present or impending if there is a finding

of a likely unfair labor practice violation and there is no evidence counseling

against the inference. Id.

      In Frankl, we gave as an example the unfair labor practice of failing to

bargain in good faith. We wrote that such failure “has long been understood as

likely causing an irreparable injury to union representation.” Id. We continued:

“[E]ven if the Board subsequently orders a bargaining remedy, the union is likely

weakened in the interim, and it will be difficult to recreate the original status quo

with the same relative position of the bargaining parties. That difficulty will

increase as time goes on.” Id. at 1363. Furthermore, because “the Board generally

does not order retroactive relief, such as back pay or damages,” we explained that

the failure to bargain in good faith may result in “loss of economic benefits” to

employees that is unlikely to be fully remediated by an order by the Board. Id.

We concluded:

                                           20
      Thus, a finding of likelihood of success as to a § 8(a)(5) bad-faith
      bargaining violation in particular, along with permissible inferences
      regarding the likely effects of that violation, can demonstrate the
      likelihood of irreparable injury, absent some unusual circumstances
      indicating that union support is not being affected or that bargaining
      could resume without detriment as easily later as now.

Id.
      In Avanti Health, we extended the reasoning in Frankl to situations where

the employer failed to bargain at all. 661 F.3d at 1193. We stated, “Given the

central importance of collective bargaining to the cause of industrial peace, when

the Director establishes a likelihood of success on a failure to bargain in good faith

claim, that failure to bargain will likely cause a myriad of irreparable harms.” Id.

at 1191. We further described four different types of irreparable harm that were

likely to follow an employer’s refusal to recognize a union and to bargain in good

faith: (1) loss of economic benefits during the period without a collective

bargaining agreement; (2) loss of non-economic union benefits such as

representation in grievance and arbitration procedures; (3) threats to industrial

peace; and (4) weakened employee support for the union. Id. at 1191–92.

                          C. The District Court’s Decision

      In the case before us, the district court asked for supplemental briefing on

the likelihood of irreparable harm. After receiving that briefing, the court inferred

                                          21
(to use the words of Frankl) that there was a “present or impending deleterious

effect of the likely unfair labor practice that would likely not be cured by later

relief.” 650 F.3d at 1362. The court wrote:

      I was concerned about Petitioner’s showing of irreparable harm because
      the evidence submitted by Petitioner shows there was majority support
      for the union immediately following Respondent’s withdrawal of
      recognition. But under Frankl v. HTH Corp., in § 8(a)(5) cases when
      there is a likelihood of success on the merits there is an inference of
      irreparable harm to union representation from the continuation of the
      unfair labor practice. 650 F.3d 1334, 1362–63 ([9th Cir.] 2011). None
      of the evidence, including that in the supplemental record, shows what
      support for the union is like now after more time has passed since the
      withdrawal of recognition. In the absence of any contrary evidence, I
      apply the inference stated in Frankl—an inference that grows in strength
      the longer the time gap between the withdrawal of recognition and the
      request for injunctive relief.

      Nexstar argues in its brief to us that the district court read Frankl to require

an inference of irreparable harm as a “rigid categorical presumption.” Nexstar

argues that the court misinterpreted Frankl “as creating a mandatory structural

inference of irreparable harm based solely on the type of unfair labor practice

alleged.” My colleagues adopt Nexstar’s view, holding that the district court

impermissibly “shifted the burden to Nexstar” of proving that employee support

for the union remained at its pre-withdrawal-of-recognition levels. The district

court did no such thing.

                                           22
      We wrote in Frankl that there are certain types of unfair labor practices that

carry with them the likelihood of irreparable harm, particularly if a practice

continues over a substantial period. Frankl, 650 F.3d at 1362–63; see also Avanti

Health, 661 F.3d at 1193. But we did not write that there is a required inference of

irreparable harm based solely on the type of unfair labor practice at issue. To use

the word we used in Frankl, the inference is merely “available.” Frankl, 650 F.3d

at 1362. It is not mandatory. Nexstar itself argued as much to the district court,

stating that “the Ninth Circuit cases” do not create “some kind of irrebuttable

presumption that in a withdrawal of recognition case, that there will inevitably be

loss of support.”

      The district court did not apply the inference as a “rigid categorical

presumption.” Rather, as instructed by Frankl, it looked to see if there is evidence

in the record to suggest that the inference should not be drawn. Given the court’s

undisputed finding that the Regional Director was likely to succeed on the merits,

and “the absence of any contrary evidence” that irreparable harm would likely

result, the court applied the available inference under Frankl. The district court’s

reference to the “absence of any contrary evidence” is critical, refuting Nexstar’s

argument that the court applied a rigid categorical assumption. The court indicated

                                          23
that if there had been contrary evidence it would have taken that evidence into

account in determining whether to draw the inference.

      My colleagues contend that they can discern that the court applied a rule of

presumption rather than a permissive inference because the district court did not

indicate what evidence it found persuasive, or how it inferred irreparable harm

based on the plaintiff’s predicate facts. But Frankl and Avanti Health both make

clear that independent factual support of likely irreparable harm is not required

when the court finds evidence of certain unfair labor practices, including failure to

bargain in good faith. Frankl, 650 F.3d at 1363 (explaining that “[t]he same

evidence and legal conclusions” used by the Director to establish a likelihood of

success on the merits, “along with permissible inferences regarding the likely

interim and long-term impact of the unfair labor practices” may establish a

likelihood of irreparable harm (emphasis added)). The inference of likely

irreparable harm is based instead on the nature of the underlying labor violation.

Id. at 1362–63; Avanti Health, 661 F.3d at 1191–94.

      Such inferences are permissible when the court considers the entire record

and finds an absence of contrary evidence that would suggest an unusual

circumstance is present. As we stated in Avanti Health: “In sum, a failure to

                                          24
bargain at all is likely to cause irreparable harm ‘absent some unusual

circumstances indicating that union support is not being affected or that bargaining

could resume without detriment as easily later as now.’” 661 F.3d at 1194

(quoting Frankl, 650 F.3d at 1363). This language is almost exactly that used by

the district court in its order granting injunctive relief in this case.

                                       Conclusion

       The district court carefully considered the record and correctly applied the

available inference. It is apparent that my colleagues prefer that an inference of

irreparable harm not be available in § 10(j) cases, even though Frankl specifically

allows such an inference. My colleagues misapply the “capable of repetition yet

evading review” exception to reach the merits of this moot appeal. Once reaching

the merits, they effectively overrule Frankl. However, absent an en banc

overruling of Frankl, we are bound by it.

       I respectfully dissent.

                                             25