Court Opinion

ID: 9573421
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-21 20:54:56.273559+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:40:54.103109
License: Public Domain

GREENE, Judge.
Wilson Cycle Center, Inc. (Wilson Cycle), d/b/a Carolina Motorsports, and Carolina Motorsports of Wilson, Inc. (collectively, Defendants) appeal a judgment dated 27 September 1999 awarding damages to Lee Cycle Center, Inc., (Lee Cycle) d/b/a Wilson Cycle Center (WCC), and Lee Motor Company, Inc. (Lee Motor) (collectively, Plaintiffs).1
Lee Cycle filed a complaint against Defendants alleging Defendants breached an October 1994 asset purchase agreement between Defendants and Lee Cycle (the agreement). Defendants filed an answer denying most of Lee Cycle’s allegations, however, admit- . ting it had entered into the agreement with Lee Cycle. On 19 March 1998, Lee Cycle filed a motion to amend its complaint to allow Lee Motor to intervene in the action. On 23 March 1998, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss Plaintiffs complaint pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). The trial court, however, allowed Lee Cycle to amend its complaint and denied Defendants’ motions, allowing Defendants thirty days to file responsive pleadings. Lee Cycle amended its complaint adding Lee Motor as a plaintiff and further alleged: John F. Lee (Lee) is the president and sole shareholder of Plaintiffs; Lee signed the agreement and promissory note on behalf of Lee Cycle; and Lee Cycle performed all the obligations to Defendants and received all the benefits from Defendants.
In a non-jury trial, Plaintiffs presented evidence that in October 1994, Lee, on behalf of Lee Motor, entered into the agreement with Wilson Cycle. Lee testified the agreement was entered into on behalf of Lee Motor because Lee Cycle was not incorporated at the time of the agreement. The agreement provided Lee Motor would pay $187,500.00 “plus the cost of the new motorcycle[,] ATV[,] personal watercraft[,] Yamaha generator and lawnmower inventory” to Wilson Cycle for:
*4(a) The trade name, “Wilson Cycle Center” or any similar sounding derivative thereof; and
(b) All new motorcycles; “all terrain vehicles” (Hereinafter “ATVs”): personal watercraft; Yamaha generators and lawnmowers; all new accessories and parts, as defined herein; any noncur-rent parts and accessories, as defined herein (any used inventory is specifically excluded under this Agreement); and
(d) Any used motorcycles, personal watercraft, ATV[]s, new or used mopeds as agreed upon between the parties ....
Wilson Cycle further agreed that Wilson Cycle, along with M. Ellis and D. Ellis, would not
directly or indirectly own, manage, operate, control, be employed by or be connected with, in any manner, with any new motorcycle or new personal watercraft sales dealer within a thirty-five (35) mile radius of the present location of [Wilson Cycle’s] principal place of business for a period of five years.
The agreement also purported to “bind and inure to the benefit of the parties . . . and their respective heirs, successors and assigns.” The parties also included an attorney’s fees provision in the agreement obligating the breaching party pay “all costs, attorney[’]s[] fees or other expenses arising out of any suit or action brought to enforce any rights conferred” under the agreement.
In January 1995, the parties finalized the agreement. On behalf of Lee Cycle, Lee executed a check as down payment on the agreement in the amount of $80,290.73 and signed a promissory note (the promissory note) for the remaining debt owed on the agreement to be paid in sixty monthly installments beginning 20 February 1996. On 22 March 1995, Plaintiffs contacted Defendants concerning Defendants’ display of a sign with the name “Wilson Cycle Center” printed on it and a sign advertising Yamaha products for sale. After “several months” and “[sjeveral repeated requests,” Defendants removed the sign advertising Yamaha products.
In May 1995, Defendants contacted Plaintiffs about certain orders Defendants made prior to the agreement in which Defendants
had taken deposits on personal watercraft prior to receiving the personal watercraft from Sea-Doo. And, [Plaintiffs] made an *5agreement with [Defendants] (the verbal agreement), that [Defendants] could bring their customers that they had deposits from to [Plaintiffs’] store and [Plaintiffs] would deliver the units for them. But, [Defendants] would get the profits from the sale because [Defendants] had presold the units.
As it turned out, . . . [Defendants] would come and get the units without bringing the customers, and for whatever various reasons, the customer was never available to come get the personal watercraft when [Defendants] would come and get it. And, [Plaintiffs], in good faith, agreed to let [Defendants] carry the personal watercrafts [Defendants] had deposits on, assuming that [Defendants] were selling [the watercrafts] to the people that [Defendants] had told [Plaintiffs] [Defendants] had deposits from.
Plaintiffs were told a particular watercraft was being sold to Richard Hurst (Hurst), and in fact, the same watercraft, with the same vehicle identification number, was sold to Jerry Temple (Temple) in Wilson on 4 June 1995. Defendants sold the watercraft to Temple for $6,201.00 after Plaintiffs believed they were selling it to Hurst for $4,666.50. Defendants also continued to use the trade name “Wilson Cycle Center” on receipts, business envelopes, and billing statements as late as June 1995. On 7 August 1995, Defendants officially changed the corporate name of Wilson Cycle Center, Inc. to Carolina Motorsports of Wilson, Inc.
In or about March 1996, Defendants opened a Carolina Motorsports in Kinston, located outside the geographic boundary established in the agreement, selling new and used motorcycles, personal watercraft, ATVs, boats, and other recreational vehicles. Defendants, however, continued to advertise Carolina Motorsports in Wilson as buying and selling motorcycles, without making any distinction as to whether the motorcycles were new or used.
In February 1997, Plaintiffs hired Ed Stutzman (Stutzman) of Invisible Audit to make a purchase from Carolina Motorsports in Wilson. Stutzman went to Carolina Motorsports in Wilson, “less than two miles from [WCC].” Stutzman asked M. Ellis if Defendants had any “new Yamaha[]s for sale” and M. Ellis informed him that Defendants “had a new one in the back which was being sent to [their] Kinston store.” M. Ellis showed Stutzman a Yamaha Tlmberwolf all terrain vehicle and told Stutzman he was running a special on it for $3,750.00. Stutzman gave M. Ellis a deposit and M. *6Ellis informed Stutzman that he would have to deliver the vehicle to Stutzman in Greenville because Carolina Motorsports in Wilson had “sold out,” and, thus, “the paper work for the (new) Timberwolf would have to be written up at the Kinston store.” M. Ellis wrote Stutzman a receipt for the deposit and “proceeded to cross out the name, address and phone number at the top of the receipt which read[] ‘Wilson Cycle Center, Inc., P.O. Box 4445, 237-7076, Wilson, NC 27893’ with a permanent black marker.” M. Ellis “then stamped in red ink ‘Carolina Motorsports’ under the name, address and phone number he had crossed out. He then wrote Kinston in black ink to the right of the Carolina Motorsports stamp.” Later that day, Stutzman went back to Carolina Motorsports in Wilson and paid the rest of the purchase price for the Timberwolf. M. Ellis wrote Stutzman a receipt and again marked through the business name, address, and telephone number and wrote in “Carolina Motorsports Kinston, NC.” M. Ellis, however, told Stutzman he could not take delivery of the vehicle at the Wilson store and instead allowed Stutzman to take delivery of the Timberwolf 17.4 miles from Carolina Motorsports in Wilson. A week later, Stutzman received an invoice and training certificate from Defendants’ Kinston store.
At the close of Plaintiffs’ evidence and the close of all the evidence, Defendants renewed their 12(b)(6) motion alleging Plaintiffs failed to state a cause of action based on a lack of standing or subject matter jurisdiction and made motions for directed verdict. The trial court denied Defendants’ motions. On 15 September 1999, Plaintiffs’ attorney submitted an affidavit stating he had expended about 129 hours on this case and “[bjased on the time, effort and expertise required in connection with this matter, it is [his] belief that a fee in the amount of $30,000.00 would be fair and reasonable, plus costs.” The trial court found as fact:
that Plaintiff Lee Motor . . . entered into the Purchase Agreement with [WCC] . . . ; that. . . Lee Cycle . . . was and is the beneficiary and Obligor of the Promissory Note supporting [the] [agreement....
. . . [I]n addition to the . . . [agreement, the parties entered into [the] verbal agreement whereby Plaintiff[s] [were] to deliver to Defendants] certain pre-sold Sea Doo personal water craft to allow Defendants] to consúmate said sales and Plaintiff[s] did in fact deliver to Defendants] a 1995 Sea Doo bearing serial number *7ZZNA4015L495 on or about May 6, 1995, for sale to . . . Hurst; but that. Defendants], instead sold said vehicle to . . . Temple on or about June 4, 1995, at a profit of $1,000.00; and that
Fifth, Defendants have further breached the . . . agreement with Plaintiffs as follows:
(a) Defendants continue to use the name “Wilson Cycle Center”;
(b) Defendants competed with Plaintiff[s] in violation of the covenant not to compete, particularly maintaining a business within thirty-five (35) miles of Defendants location on Highway 301 North of Wilson, North Carolina, which was, for all intents and purposes an extension of the Kinston location of the business ....
(1) New parts were kept and sold in the Wilson store;
(2) A new motorcycle (Big Dog) was delivered to the Wilson store and kept on premises;
(3) Other Yamaha products (ATV[s]) were sold from the Wilson location;
(4) Radio and newspaper ads advertise the Wilson store;
(5) Both the Kinston and Wilson locations were operated under the same corporate name; and that
Sixth, [the trial court] finds a[s] fact that ATV[]s are not included] within the definition of “motorcycle[,]”[] and the only advertising which violated the agreement between the parties [were] ads in the Wilson market which advertised the Wilson store as a sight for sales of either new product or ads which did not designate whether product was new or used ....
The trial court concluded as a matter of law that Defendants had breached the agreement with Plaintiffs and awarded Plaintiffs $10.00 as damages and $22,575.00 for attorney’s fees for breach of the agreement. The trial court also concluded Defendants breached the verbal agreement and awarded Plaintiffs $1,000.00 as compensatory damages for breach of the verbal agreement. Defendants moved for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict and for a new trial. The trial court, however, denied Defendants’ motions.
*8The issues are whether: (I) the trial court abused its discretion in permitting Lee Cycle to amend its complaint; (II) the trial court erred by concluding Defendants breached the agreement; (III) the trial court erred in denying Defendants’ motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict; (IV) the trial court erred in denying Defendants’ motion for a new trial; and (V) there was a statutory basis for the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees to Plaintiffs.
I
Defendants argue the trial court erred in allowing Lee Cycle to amend its complaint to include Lee Motor as a plaintiff. In support of this argument, Defendants contend: (A) Lee Cycle’s failure to initially name Lee Motor as a plaintiff resulted in the lack of subject matter jurisdiction and (B) Lee Cycle was not permitted to bring a breach of contract action because Lee Cycle was not in privity of contract with Defendants. We disagree.
A

Subject matter jurisdiction

This Court has held that a plaintiff’s failure to join a party does not result in “a lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter of the proceeding.” Stancil v. Bruce Stancil Refrigeration, Inc., 81 N.C. App. 567, 573, 344 S.E.2d 789, 793, disc. review denied, 318 N.C. 418, 349 S.E.2d 601 (1986). A plaintiff is permitted to request to amend a complaint to add a party, Goodrich v. Rice, 75 N.C. App. 530, 533-34, 331 S.E.2d 195, 197 (1985), and a trial court’s ruling on the plaintiff’s motion to amend its complaint will not be disturbed on appeal, absent an abuse of discretion, Walker v. Sloan, 137 N.C. App. 387, 402, 529 S.E.2d 236, 247 (2000). In this case, despite Lee Cycle’s failure to name Lee Motor as a plaintiff, the trial court had subject matter jurisdiction over the action. We cannot hold the trial court abused its discretion by permitting Lee Cycle to amend its complaint and add Lee Motor as a plaintiff.
B

Privity of contract

To withstand a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim in a breach of contract action, a plaintiff’s allegations must either show it was in privity of contract, or it is a direct beneficiary of the contract. See Chandler v. Jones, 173 N.C. 427, 429, 92 S.E. 145, 146 (1917). Privity has been defined as “ ‘a [derivative interest founded on, or *9growing out of, contract, connection, or bond of union between parties; mutuality of interest.’ ” Murray v. Nationwide Mutual Ins. Co., 123 N.C. App. 1, 15, 472 S.E.2d 358, 366 (1996) (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1199 (6th ed. 1990)), disc. review denied, 345 N.C. 344, 483 S.E.2d 172 (1997). If a plaintiff is an intended beneficiary to a contract, the law implies privity of contract. Id.
In this case, viewing Plaintiffs’ allegations in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, see Ford v. Peaches Entertainment Corp., 83 N.C. App. 155, 156, 349 S.E.2d 82, 83 (1986) (in ruling on a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, a trial court must determine “whether the facts alleged in the complaint, when viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, give rise to a claim for relief on any theory”), disc. review denied, 318 N.C. 694, 351 S.E.2d 746 (1987), Plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged privity of contract: Plaintiffs’ complaint alleges Lee Cycle and Lee Motor are owned by the same sole shareholder; Lee, president of Lee Cycle and Lee Motor, signed the agreement and executed the promissory note; and Lee Cycle performed all the obligations of the agreement and received all the benefits from the seller. These allegations are sufficient to establish “a derivative interest founded on, or growing out of, contract, connection, or bond of union betwéen the parties.” Accordingly, the trial court properly denied Defendants’ motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.
II
Defendants argue the trial court’s findings of fact are not supported by the evidence and do not support the conclusions of law that Defendants breached the agreement and damaged Plaintiffs. We disagree.
Appellate review of findings of fact “made by a trial judge, without a jury, is limited to . . . whether there is competent evidence to support the findings of fact.” Starco, Inc. v. AMG Bonding and Ins. Services, 124 N.C. App. 332, 335, 477 S.E.2d 211, 214 (1996). A trial court’s conclusions of law, however, axe reviewable de novo on appeal. Id. at 336, 477 S.E.2d at 215. “For a breach of contract the injured party is entitled as compensation therefore] to be placed, insofar as this can be done by money, in the same position he would have occupied if the contract had been performed.” Perfecting Serv. Co. v. Product Dev. & Sales Co., 259 N.C. 400, 415, 131 S.E.2d 9, 21 (1963). Additionally, nominal damages are allowed where a legal right has been invaded but there has been no substantial loss or in*10jury to be compensated. Potts v. Howser, 274 N.C. 49, 61, 161 S.E.2d 737, 747 (1968).
In this case, there is competent evidence to support the trial court’s findings of fact Defendants breached both the agreement and the verbal agreement. Evidence presented at trial shows: Defendants continued to use the name “Wilson Cycle Center”; Defendants continued to advertise they sold motorcycles and watercraft in their Wilson store; and Defendants led Plaintiffs to believe they were delivering a pre-sold Sea Doo watercraft to Hurst when Defendants instead later sold it to Temple for approximately $1,000.00 over what they indicated Hurst would be paying. Accordingly, $1,000.00 in damages to Plaintiffs puts the parties in the position they would have been in had the verbal agreement not been breached. In addition, the trial court did not err in awarding Plaintiffs $10.00 in nominal damages. The trial court’s findings of facts establish Defendants breached the agreement, thus, Plaintiffs were entitled to some damages, despite not obtaining substantial injury as a result of the breach. Therefore, the trial court’s findings of fact are supported by competent evidence and support the trial court’s conclusions of law.
Ill
Defendants next argue the trial court erred in denying Defendants’ motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. We disagree.
In order to prevail on a claim for breach of contract, a plaintiff’s evidence must show a valid contract existed between the parties, the defendant breached the terms of the contract, the facts constituting the breach, and damages resulted from the breach. Claggett v. Wake Forest University, 126 N.C. App. 602, 608, 486 S.E.2d. 443, 446 (1997).
In this case, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, see Smith v. Price, 315 N.C. 523, 527, 340 S.E.2d 408, 411 (1986) (on a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, the evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party), Plaintiffs produced substantial evidence to support every element of a breach of contract claim, see Cobb v. Reitter, 105 N.C. App. 218, 220, 412 S.E.2d 110, 111 (1992) (moving party entitled to judgment notwithstanding the verdict only if the non-moving party is unable to produce substantial evidence of the elements of its claim for relief). Plaintiffs established a contract existed between Lee *11Motor and Defendants and we have stated in Part I of this opinion that Lee Cycle was permitted to sue on this contract. Furthermore, evidence existed Defendants breached the agreement by using the name “Wilson Cycle Center,” by advertising the sale of motorcycles and watercraft within the prohibited area, and by breaching the verbal agreement. Accordingly, this evidence is substantial evidence Defendants breached the agreement with Plaintiffs. See id. (substantial evidence is evidence a reasonable mind might accept to support a conclusion). The trial court, therefore, did not err in denying Defendants’ motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict.
IV
Defendants next argue the trial court erred in denying their motion for a new trial. We disagree. The trial court’s ruling on a motion for a new trial is within the trial court’s sound discretion and will not be reversed on appeal absent a showing that errors of law occurred at trial or the trial court’s ruling amounted to a substantial miscarriage of justice. Allen v. Beddingfield, 118 N.C. App. 100, 101-02, 454 S.E.2d 287, 289, disc. review denied, 340 N.C. 109, 456 S.E.2d 310 (1995). Because we have stated in parts I, II, and III of this opinion that the trial court did not commit any errors of law and Plaintiffs presented substantial evidence Defendants breached the agreement, we cannot say, based on this record, the trial court’s decision not to grant Defendants a new trial was an abuse of discretion or resulted in a miscarriage of justice.
V
Defendants finally argue the trial court erred in awarding Plaintiffs attorney’s fees without a statutory basis for such an award. We agree.
It is well established in this State that “[e]ven in the face of a carefully drafted contractual provision indemnifying a party for such attomey[’]s[] fees as may be necessitated by a successful action on the contract itself, our courts have consistently refused to sustain such an award absent statutory authority therefor.” Stillwell Enterprises, Inc. v. Interstate Equipment Co., 300 N.C. 286, 289, 266 S.E.2d 812, 814-15 (1980);2 see Delta Env. Consultants of N.C. v. Wysong & Miles Co., 132 N.C. App. 160, 167, 510 S.E.2d 690, 695, disc. *12review denied and appeal dismissed, 350 N.C. 379, 536 S.E.2d 70 (1999) (successful litigant cannot recover attorney’s fees as costs absent an express statutory basis for such an award). In this case, despite a contractual provision in the agreement providing the breaching party pay attorney’s fees in the event the non-breaching party brings suit to enforce the agreement, there is no express statutory authority permitting the award of attorney’s fees in breach of contract cases.
Plaintiffs first contend N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-21.2 provides the statutory basis for the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees. We disagree. This section provides:
Obligations to pay attorney[’]s[] fees upon any note, conditional sale contract or other evidence of indebtedness . . . shall be valid and enforceable, and collectible as part of such debt, if such note, contract or other evidence of indebtedness be collected . . . after maturity....
N.C.G.S. § 6-21.2 (1999). Thus, section 6-21.2 allows (1) the party owed the debt (2) to recover attorney’s fees (3) after the debt has matured (4) provided it is written in the note, conditional sale contract, or other evidence of indebtedness. N.C.G.S. § 6-21.2; see First Citizens Bank & Tr. Co. v. 4325 Park Rd. Assocs., Ltd., 133 N.C. App. 153, 157, 515 S.E.2d 51, 54 (attorney’s fees in the event of default by the maker of a promissory note), disc. review denied, 350 N.C. 829, 539 S.E.2d 284 (1999); RC Associates v. Regency Ventures, Inc., 111 N.C. App. 367, 373-74, 432 S.E.2d 394, 398 (1993) (one purpose of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-21.2 “is to allow the debtor a last chance to pay the outstanding balance to avoid litigation and the award of attorney’s fees”).
In this case, the parties owed the debt, Defendants, are not seeking to recover attorney’s fees. In any event, the debt has not matured. Accordingly, section 6-21.2 cannot form the statutory basis to award Plaintiffs attorney’s fees, thus, the trial court erred in awarding Plaintiffs attorney’s fees.
Plaintiffs alternatively contend that N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-20 provides the statutory basis for the attorney’s fees award. We disagree. Section 6-20 provides for the trial court to allow “costs” in its discretion. N.C.G.S. § 6-20 (1999). Assessable costs in civil cases are limited to those items listed in section 7A-305. Sara Lee Corp. v. Carter, 129 N.C. App. 464, 474, 500 S.E.2d 732, 738, reversed on other grounds, *13351 N.C. 27, 519 S.E.2d 308 (1999). Attorney’s fees are permitted under section 7A-305 only “as provided by law.” N.C.G.S. § 7A-305(d) (1999); see Records v. Tape Corp. and Broadcasting System v. Tape Corp., 18 N.C. App. 183, 187, 196 S.E.2d 598, 602 (attorney’s fees “are not recoverable ... as an item ... of costs, absent express statutory authority for fixing and awarding them”), cert. denied, 283 N.C. 666, 197 S.E.2d 880 (1973). Thus, section 6-20 does not authorize a trial court to include attorney’s fees as a part of the costs awarded under that section, unless specifically permitted by another statute.
Affirmed in part, and reversed in part.
Judge JOHN concurs.
Judge TYSON concurs in part and dissents in part with separate opinion.

. We note Plaintiffs also filed suit against Mark L. Ellis (M. Ellis) and Daniel Ellis (D. Ellis), individually, however, the trial court dismissed Plaintiffs’ action as to M. Ellis and D. Ellis.

. Our Supreme Court has carved out an exception to this general rule, permitting the enforcement of attorney’s fees provisions contained in separation agreements. Bromhal v. Stott, 341 N.C. 702, 704, 462 S.E.2d 219, 221 (1995).