Court Opinion

ID: 4533387
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-05-11 20:38:00.242369+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:45:21.123032
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DEANNE C. DeWITT FREISE & ERIC L.                )         No. 79213-0-I
FREISE, husband & wife,                          )         (consolidated with No.
                                                 )         79214-8)
                      Respondents,               )
                                                 )
              v.                                 )
                                                 )         DIVISION ONE
EAST BEACH HOLDINGS, LLC;                        )
ANDERSON VACATION PROPERTY,                      )
LLC, a Washington State limited liability        )
company; JUDITH L. ANDERSON and                  )
ROBERT L. ANDERSON, as Co-Personal               )         UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Representatives of the ESTATE OF                 )
ROBERT N. ANDERSON,                              )
                                                 )
                     Appellants,                 )
                                                 )
REDMOND FUNDING GROUP, LLC;                      )
WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A., a national               )
association; WASHINGTON MUTUAL                   )
BANK, a federal association, (now JP             )
MORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., a national              )
association),                                    )
                                                 )
                      Defendants.                )
                                                 )

        ANDRUS, A.C.J. — Appellants, Anderson Vacation Property and the Estate

 of Robert N. Anderson (collectively “Anderson”) and East Beach Holdings LLC,

 challenge the summary judgment order invalidating an easement that granted,

 among other things, vehicular access across property owned by Deanne & Eric

   Citations and pin cites are based on the Westlaw online version of the cited material.
No. 79213-0-I/2

Freise. Because the easement permitted driving over a septic drainfield, violating

state and county law, we affirm.

                                              FACTS

        In 1977, Robert Hastings applied for a short plat from Island County for

property located on the southeast side of Whidbey Island near Clinton. The county

approved and recorded the short plat on July 26, 1978, as Island County Short Plat

No. 77/100.3.13/29/3E (the “Short Plat”). Hastings divided the lot into four adjacent

tracts, as depicted below:

        Presently, the Freises own Tract B, East Beach owns Tract C, and

Anderson owns Tract D. In addition, East Beach and Anderson each own an

undivided one-half interest in Tract A, which is a parking lot. 1 The very steep bank

restricts the size of Tracts B, C, and D, requiring careful allotment of the useable

1
  See Chambers v. Rosengren, No. 54162-5-I, 2005 WL 1303531 (Wash. Ct. App. May 23, 2005)
(unpublished; previous owner of Tract C and Anderson litigated whether the Short Plat conveyed
fee interest in Tract A to owners of Tracts C and D). The Freises were not a party to this litigation.

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No. 79213-0-I/3

space to three different functions—area for homes; area for on-site sewage

systems, including septic drainfields and reserved area for a replacement drainfield

if the original one fails; and area for access to the homes.

       The county’s plat approval in 1978 imposed conditions. Although Hastings

contemplated an easement to provide access and utilities to the Tracts, the county

short plat administrator accepted the Planning Department recommendation that

the “[e]asement should be for pedestrian access only.” Hastings’ attorney agreed

to this condition:

       Mr. Hastings is very opposed to installing a roadway to each of the
       Tracts within the area short platted. This would damage the bluff and
       make the Tracts nearly unusable. It is proposed that the short plat,
       together with pedestrian accesses as set forth in the Easement
       Agreements, are more than adequate to service the Tracts.

       The solution was to create Tract A as a parking lot for owners of Tracts C

and D, and then, as a part of the Short Plat, grant Tract C a limited pedestrian

access easement over Tract B and grant Tract D a limited pedestrian access

easement over both Tracts B and C for ingress and egress (the “Original

Easement”). The Short Plat further provided that the owners of Tracts B and C

could use the property over which the Original Easement existed for the installation

and maintenance of septic tank drainfields and for any other purpose that did not

“unreasonably interfere with the easement rights herein created.”

       Tract B was the first lot to be improved, and Island County approved its

septic drainfield “as-built” in 1980. The licensed designer-installer of Tract B’s

system testified that, based on county Department of Health dictates, it was

necessary to place Tract B’s drainfield within the Original Easement.          Island

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No. 79213-0-I/4

County setbacks for on-site sewage disposal systems from March of 1976 to

January of 1986 also required the sewage disposal systems for Tract B to be

located in the Original Easement. Tract B was very small, and the installer had to

set the on-site sewage system back from the property lines, the house foundation

wall, the potable water pipeline, the shoreline in front of the home, and the steep

slope behind it. “If that system had not been placed where it was, including being

in the easement, the lot would not have been buildable.”

       Regulations and ordinances in effect in 1977 and 1978 also restricted the

activities that could occur on top of Tract B’s drainfield. Specifically, “[t]he area to

be used for sewage disposal shall be selected and maintained so that it is free

from encroachment by buildings and other structures. The area shall not be

subject to vehicular traffic and shall not be covered with an impervious surface.”

Former WAC 246-96-100(2) (emphasis added); see also WAC 246-272A-

0210(5)(b)(iii) (“Persons shall design and/or install a soil dispersal component[2]

only if . . . [t]he area is not subject to . . . [v]ehicular traffic [among other things].”);

Island County Code 8.07D.120(E)(2)(c) (same). And “[h]eavy equipment shall not

be driven over the trenches during backfilling or after completion of the absorption

field.” Former Island County Code 807A.260 Protection of Disposal Field.

       In late 1991, the first owners of Tract B—the Hannahs—complained to

Island County that Tract D’s owner—Carter—was driving over their drainfield. In

2
  “‘Soil dispersal component’ means a technology that releases effluent from a treatment
component into the soil for dispersal, final treatment and recycling.” WAC 246-272A-0010(2).

                                            -4-
No. 79213-0-I/5

response, the environmental health specialist for the Island County Health

Department issued Carter a cease and desist letter:

          In 1996, when Anderson acquired Tract D from Carter, the then-owners of

Tracts B, 3 C, and D entered into an “Easement Agreement,” recorded under

Auditor’s File No. 96-006672 on April 22, 1996 (the “1996 Easement”). This

easement allowed Tract C and D owners to drive vehicles across Tract B and Tract

C and over their drainfields. It also included provisions requiring (1) Tract C and

D owners to compensate Tract B for damages to Tract B’s drainfield, (2) Tract D’s

3
    The Hannahs had already sold Tract B to Bryant.

                                               -5-
No. 79213-0-I/6

owner to compensate Tract C for damages to Tract C’s drainfield, and (3) Tract C

and D owners to agree not to damage Tract B’s drainfield or to interfere

unreasonably with the use of Tract B’s drainfield. The 1996 Easement, however,

omitted the sentence from the Original Easement which restricted use to

pedestrian access, and it was never reviewed or approved by Island County as an

amendment to the Short Plat.

       In 2015, the current owners of East Beach—then only tenants of Tract C—

began driving their golf cart across Tract B’s drainfield. The Freises sued East

Beach and Anderson to quiet title to Tract B. Specifically, the Freises alleged the

1996 Easement encumbering Tract B authorized illegal activity—driving on the

septic drainfield—thereby violating Washington and Island County public policy to

protect the health, safety, and welfare of their citizens. They also alleged the 1996

Easement unlawfully altered the Short Plat’s conditions, which had limited access

to pedestrians only.

       In its answer and counterclaim, Anderson alleged it had “submit[ted] the

disputes among the parties to mediation,” per the dispute resolution clause in the

1996 Easement.         Anderson, however, never moved to compel mediation or

arbitration.

       After obtaining a preliminary injunction to stop vehicular access over the

easement, the Freises moved for summary judgment. They sought to make

permanent the preliminary injunction, thereby prohibiting Anderson and East

Beach from driving across the pedestrian-access-only easement. They also asked

the court to declare the 1996 Easement void because it violated an express

                                        -6-
No. 79213-0-I/7

condition of the Short Plat, without Island County’s approval, and because its terms

violated Island County ordinances and the Washington Administrative Code

(WAC). The Freises presented undisputed declarations from Susan Wagner,

MPH, with the Island County Health Department, and John Clark with the Island

County Planning Department, both of whom testified that the 1996 Easement

would not be approved by the county were it submitted for approval because it

allowed driving over drainfields. Clark further testified that he had advised East

Beach that “Island County does not allow driving motorized vehicles, including golf

carts, over drainfields in general and over the drainfield in question in particular.”

       The trial court granted the Freises’ motion and issued a permanent

injunction.

       Anderson and East Beach moved for reconsideration under CR 59(a)(4)

and (7), arguing the court erred by voiding the 1996 Easement.              Anderson

submitted a declaration from a septic system designer, Jerry Stonebridge, who

testified that alternate septic systems could be installed that would allow vehicular

use of the Original Easement while providing adequate septic service. The Freises

opposed reconsideration and moved to strike Stonebridge’s declaration, arguing it

was redundant and irrelevant. The court granted the motion to strike Stonebridge’s

declaration and denied Anderson’s and East Beach’s motions for reconsideration.

       Anderson and East Beach appeal.

                                     ANALYSIS

       Anderson and East Beach contend the trial court lacked authority to enter

summary judgment against them because the dispute resolution clause in the 1996

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No. 79213-0-I/8

Easement required the parties to resolve their disputes via mediation and

arbitration. They also challenge the permanent injunction, maintaining the Short

Plat and Original Easement gave priority to vehicular access over septic drainfield

use, and the Freises’ septic drainfield interferes with their easement rights. They

further argue the trial court erred by invalidating the Original Easement’s provisions

allowing for moving van and construction vehicle access to Tracts C and D, by

declaring the 1996 Easement void, and by rejecting their claim that the Freises are

estopped from challenging the validity of the 1996 Easement. Finally, they contend

the trial court abused its discretion by striking Stonebridge’s declaration and

denying their motions for reconsideration.

      A. Standard of Review

       We review summary judgment orders de novo, performing the same inquiry

as the trial court. Wilkinson v. Chiwawa Cmtys. Ass’n, 180 Wash. 2d 241, 249, 327
P.3d 614 (2014). A court may grant summary judgment if there is no genuine issue

of any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

CR 56(c); Wilkinson, 180 Wash. 2d at 249. Judgment as a matter of law is warranted

“if reasonable people could reach one conclusion based on the evidence when

viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” O.S.T. v.

Regence BlueShield, 181 Wash. 2d 691, 703, 335 P.3d 416 (2014).

      B. The Dispute Resolution Clause in the 1996 Easement

       Anderson and East Beach maintain the trial court did not have authority to

enter summary judgment because the 1996 Easement contained an alternative

                                        -8-
No. 79213-0-I/9

dispute resolution (ADR) clause requiring resolution of claims through mediation

or arbitration. We disagree.

       Section 14 of the 1996 Easement provided:

              Dispute Resolution. ln the event there is any dispute
       concerning questions of law or of fact relating to this Agreement, or
       the duties and obligations of the Owners, which is not disposed of by
       agreement by the Owners, it is agreed that one or more of the
       Owners may submit the dispute to mediation. If mediation should fail
       to resolve the dispute, any Owner may submit such dispute to the
       Island County Superior Court for binding arbitration in accordance
       with the mandatory arbitration rules then in effect.

       Whether the 1996 Easement required the Freises to mediate or arbitrate

their claims is a question of law, reviewed de novo, and the Freises—as the party

claiming this dispute is not subject to ADR—bear the burden of proof. McKee v.

AT & T Corp., 164 Wash. 2d 372, 383, 191 P.3d 845 (2008); Yaw v. Walla Walla

School Dist. No. 140, 106 Wash. 2d 408, 414, 722 P.2d 803 (1986) (where school

district and employee agreed to mediation, case involved determination of contract

rights); Dave Johnson Ins., Inc. v. Wright, 167 Wash. App. 758, 769, 275 P.3d 339

(2012) (contract interpretation is question of law reviewed de novo).

       First, an agreement to mediate a dispute does not divest superior courts of

subject matter jurisdiction. Harting v. Barton, 101 Wash. App. 954, 960, 6 P.3d 91

(2000). Mediation is “[a] method of nonbinding dispute resolution involving a

neutral third party who tries to help the disputing parties reach a mutually

agreeable solution.” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1176 (11th ed. 2019). In some

cases, parties may agree to make mediation a condition precedent to initiating

litigation, but in such circumstances, failing to fulfill such a condition precedent

                                       -9-
No. 79213-0-I/10

does not divest the court of jurisdiction over the parties’ disputes. Harting, 101
Wash. App. at 961.

         There is no language in the 1996 Easement making mediation compulsory

or indicating that it is a condition precedent to litigation. A condition precedent is

an event that must occur before the usual judicial remedies are available. Tacoma

Northpark, LLC v. NW, LLC, 123 Wash. App. 73, 79, 96 P.3d 454 (2004). When a

mediation provision is not unequivocally identified as a condition precedent to

litigation, courts generally do not presume it to be one. Bombardier Corp. v. Nat’l

R.R. Passenger Corp., 298 F. Supp. 2d 1, 4 (D.D.C. 2002). The trial court correctly

concluded that mediation did not divest it of jurisdiction over the Freises’ claims or

preclude it from resolving the Freises’ summary judgment motion.

         Second, the trial court similarly correctly concluded the 1996 Easement did

not mandate arbitration in this case. The arbitration clause provided that an

“Owner may submit such dispute to the Island County Superior Court for binding

arbitration in accordance with the mandatory arbitration rules then in effect.”

(Emphasis added.) Under the Uniform Arbitration Act, 4 the court decides whether

a controversy is subject to an agreement to arbitrate. RCW 7.04A.060(2). Section

8 of the 1996 Easement, entitled “Remedies in the Event of Breach and Right to

Lien,” provided:

         (a) General Remedies. A non-breaching Owner shall be entitled to
         any remedy available under a statute, in law or in equity. In the event
         of any violation, or threatened violation, of any of the rights or
         obligations set forth herein, any Owner shall have the right to enjoin
         such violation, or threatened violation, in a court of competent
         jurisdiction.

4
    Chapter 7.04A RCW.

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No. 79213-0-I/11

The parties clearly indicated their agreement to resort to superior court when

seeking injunctive relief.    The phrase “may submit [a] dispute . . . for binding

arbitration” in section 14, must be interpreted in light of the “shall have the right to

enjoin . . . in a court of competent jurisdiction” in section 8(a). The only way to

reconcile these two provisions is to conclude that the parties’ participation in

arbitration was optional, not mandatory, when the remedy sought was an

injunction, as the Freises sought here.

       Although the Freises did not allege that Anderson and East Beach were

violating the 1996 Easement, Anderson filed several counterclaims against the

Freises, including a claim that the Freises were breaching the 1996 Easement by

contending that “portions of such Agreement not to their liking are contrary to

code.” Anderson sought temporary and permanent injunctive relief from the court,

“including an order compelling [the Freises] to remove their partial obstruction of

the driveway easement at issue and to restore the driveway, and [to] compel[] them

to stop trespassing.” Anderson specifically pleaded that “[t]his [c]ourt has personal

and subject matter jurisdiction over this Counterclaim, and venue is appropriate.”

       The Freises raised the invalidity of the 1996 Easement as an affirmative

defense to Anderson’s counterclaims. Because Anderson sought to enjoin the

Freises from engaging in conduct alleged to be a violation of the 1996 Easement,

and the parties had agreed that such relief could be obtained in superior court, the

trial court did not err in reaching the issue of the 1996 Easement’s validity rather

than referring that issue to arbitration.

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No. 79213-0-I/12

       Moreover, the “binding arbitration” subject to “mandatory arbitration rules”

referred to in the 1996 Easement is a procedure that does not exist in Island

County. Island County has not instituted mandatory arbitration of civil actions

under chapter 7.06 RCW. Anderson, arguing that the lack of mandatory arbitration

rules is not fatal, relies on RCW 7.04A.110(1), to argue that the court could have

appointed an arbitrator even though the method of arbitration the parties chose

does not exist. But the court will appoint an arbitrator only “on [the] motion of a

party to the arbitration proceeding.” RCW 7.04A.110(1). Anderson made no such

motion here. We conclude the trial court did not err in deciding the Freises’ motion

for summary judgment.

      C. The Original Easement in the Short Plat

       Anderson and East Beach next argue that under the Original Easement, as

set out in the Short Plat, they had the right to some, albeit limited, vehicle ingress

and egress, and the Freises’ septic drainfield interferes with that access right. The

trial court concluded that the language of the Original Easement purporting to

permit the use of the easement for moving or construction vehicles was void and

the only permissible use is for pedestrian access. The language of the Original

Easement, supplemented by undisputed extrinsic evidence, supports the trial

court’s conclusion.

       In construing the language of a short plat, the controlling consideration is

the dedicator’s intent as found in the plat itself. Cummins v. King County, 72 Wash. 2d
624, 626, 434 P.2d 588 (1967). To ascertain the dedicator’s intent, plats are

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No. 79213-0-I/13

construed as a whole and every part of the instrument should be given effect. Id.

at 627. We must avoid rejecting any part of the plat as meaningless. Id.

       The interpretation of an easement is a mixed question of law and fact.

Sunnyside Valley Irrig. Dist. v. Dickie, 149 Wash. 2d 873, 880, 73 P.3d 369 (2003).

What the original parties intended is a question of fact, and the legal consequence

of that intent is a question of law. Id.; see also Nw. Props. Brokers Network, Inc.

v. Early Dawn Estates Homeowner’s Ass’n, 173 Wash. App. 778, 790, 295 P.3d 314

(2013). The intent of the original parties to an easement is determined from the

document as a whole.          Sunnyside Valley, 149 Wash. 2d at 880; see also

RESTATEMENT (THIRD)    OF   PROP.: SERVITUDES § 4.1(1) (AM. LAW INST. 2000) (“A

servitude should be interpreted to give effect to the intention of the parties

ascertained from the language used in the instrument, or the circumstances

surrounding creation of the servitude, and to carry out the purpose for which it was

created.”).

       If the plain language of a plat or easement is unambiguous, extrinsic

evidence will not be considered. Sunnyside Valley, 149 Wash. 2d at 880; see also

Selby v. Knudson, 77 Wash. App. 189, 194, 890 P.2d 514 (1995). But if a plat or

easement is ambiguous, extrinsic evidence is allowed to show the intentions of the

original parties, the circumstances of the property when the easement was

conveyed, and the practical interpretation given the parties’ prior conduct or

admissions.   Sunnyside Valley, 149 Wash. 2d at 880; see also M.K.K.I., Inc v.

Krueger, 135 Wash. App. 647, 654, 145 P.3d 411 (2006); RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF

PROP.: SERVITUDES § 4.1 cmt. d (parties intention “ascertained from the servitude’s

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No. 79213-0-I/14

language interpreted in light of all the circumstances. Relevant circumstances

include the location and character of the properties burdened and benefited by the

servitude [and] the use made of the properties before and after creation . . . .”).

The instrument is ambiguous when its terms are uncertain or capable of being

understood as having more than one meaning. M.K.K.I., 135 Wash. App. at 654; see

also Selby, 77 Wash. App. at 194-95.

       Paragraph 2 of the Original Easement provided:

       An easement is hereby established over Tract “B” for the use and
       benefit of the owners of Tract C and Tract D, as described in this
       Short Plat. Additionally, an easement is established over Tract C for
       the benefit of the owners of said Tract D as described in this Short
       Plat. Said easements to be for pedestrian access for the owners,
       families and guests of said Tracts C and D. Said easements may be
       used for vehicular ingress and egress only on a limited basis. The
       type of vehicular ingress and egress that is to be included within the
       limitations of this easement are as follows:            (a) emergency
       equipment such as fire, police, ambulance; (b) vehicles used in
       moving when it is impracticable to move such goods by hand and
       when the loaded vehicle does not exceed __ lbs. gross weight;
       (c) construction vehicles used in conjunction with construction,
       repairs, remodeling or improving the bulkhead or residences on said
       Tracts C and D, provided such vehicles do not exceed __ lbs. gross
       weight.

(Emphasis added.) Paragraph 6 provided:

       The owners of Tract B and C may utilize the real property over which
       the abovementioned easement exists for any purpose that is not
       inconsistent with the easement right herein created. Specifically, the
       owners of Tract B and C may utilize the property over which the
       easement exists for the purposes of the installation and maintenance
       of septic tank drainfields, for yard, or for other purposes that do not
       unreasonably interfere with the easement rights herein created.

       Anderson and East Beach contend that under paragraph 6, the Freises’

septic drainfield “unreasonably interferes” with their right to use the easement for

moving or construction vehicles and, as a result, their vehicular access rights trump

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No. 79213-0-I/15

the Freises’ right to maintain a drainfield under the easement. There are two

problems with this interpretation of the Original Easement.

       First, paragraph 6 of the Original Easement explicitly permitted the owner

of Tract B to install a septic drainfield under the easement. The phrase “do not

unreasonably interfere with the easement rights” corresponds to “any purpose”; it

does not restrict the Freises’ right to use the easement for a drainfield. Contrary

to Anderson’s and East Beach’s argument, the Freises’ maintenance of the septic

drainfield within the Original Easement is consistent with the plain language of the

document.

       Second, based on the undisputed evidence before the trial court, any

provision of the Original Easement purporting to grant to Anderson and East Beach

the right to drive nonemergency vehicles in the easement was correctly deemed

invalid by the trial court. Subsections (b) and (c) of paragraph 2 appear to permit

vehicle use in the easement for moving items too heavy to be moved by hand or

for constructing, repairing, or remodeling houses on Tracts C and D. But they also

appear to place weight restrictions on any moving or construction vehicles. The

weight restrictions, however, were left blank.

       Anderson and East Beach argue that, by leaving the weight restriction

blank, the only permissible interpretation is that there is no weight restriction. The

Freises, however, argue that any amount of gross weight would violate state and

county laws. We agree with the Freises and the trial court that subsections (b) and

(c) of paragraph 2 are ambiguous and, as a result, we may consider extrinsic

evidence as to the meaning of these clauses in the Short Plat.

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No. 79213-0-I/16

       This extrinsic evidence is undisputed.        The Island County Planning

Department approved the Original Easement for pedestrian access only, with the

sole exception being emergency vehicle use. Hastings agreed a pedestrian-only

easement was adequate and, in fact, necessary given the lot restrictions. Because

of the Island County setbacks for on-site sewage disposal systems during the time

that Tract B’s system was built, the sewage disposal system for Tract B had to be

located in the Original Easement, and if it had not been, the lot would have been

unbuildable. The Rosengrens, the previous owners of Tract C, acknowledged in

their building permit application that their access was by a “walkway from Hastings

Road.” And Tract B’s former owner, Pat Hannah, testified that when his wife

complained about Tract D’s former owner, William Carter, driving over their

drainfield, the Health Department sent Carter a cease and desist letter.

       The Freises also submitted unrebutted testimony from Leonard Madsen,

former assistant planning director for the Island County Planning Department,

regarding the provisions relating to moving and construction vehicles in the

Original Easement.     According to Madsen, the Short Plat Administrator who

finalized Hastings’ application did not complete or rewrite the language Hastings

provided regarding moving and construction vehicles. As a result, Madsen testified

there was an “unfortunate ambiguity” that confused readers regarding the “very

clear and stated intent of the Planning Department—that the limited access-utility

easement is for ‘pedestrian access only,’ except for the very limited and likely very

rare use by official, emergency vehicles.” Madsen stated that the blanks regarding

the permissible weights of moving and construction vehicles could not be filled in

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No. 79213-0-I/17

because “although Mr. Hastings may have wanted to have something stated in

those blanks, no standard or regulatory authorization existed then or now for

‘acceptable’ vehicular traffic over a drainfield.” He opined:

       Any driving, including driving by vehicles for “moving, construction,
       repairs, remodeling or removing the bulkhead or residences” was
       then and is now illegal and against public policy, because it compacts
       the drainfield and leads to its failure and attendant consequences.

               In addition, the two incomplete clauses [in subsections (b) and
       (c) of the Original Easement] are so non-specific that they are vague,
       ambiguous, and unmanageable and lead to never-ending evasions
       of the law and public policy. Because no weight limit is set forth,
       some might incorrectly argue that any vehicle that passes over the
       easement is an authorized user of the easement simply by carrying
       hand tools or a moving sign. Clearly that was neither the existing
       law nor the intent of the Planning Department and the approved
       Short Plat.

       Madsen concluded that leaving out the maximum allowable gross weights

meant the proposal for allowing nonemergency vehicles was never adopted and

endorsed by the regulators or authorized by the Short Plat. This testimony is

consistent with the applicable regulations and ordinances—specifically, “[t]he [On-

Site Sewage System (OSS)] owner is responsible for operating, monitoring, and

maintaining the OSS to minimize the risk of failure, and to accomplish this purpose,

shall . . . [p]rotect the OSS area and the reserve area from . . . [s]oil compaction,

for example by vehicular traffic or livestock.” WAC 246-272A-0270(1)(g)(iii); see

also Island County Code 8.07D.280(A)(7)(c).

       We must interpret easements to avoid their invalidity. RESTATEMENT (THIRD)

OF   PROP.: SERVITUDES § 4.1 & cmt. j. Based on the regulations and county

ordinances, along with Madsen’s unrebutted testimony, the vehicular use

contemplated by subsections (b) and (c) violates state and county law. Because

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No. 79213-0-I/18

the tracts were limited in their capacity for access, on-site sewage disposal, and

home sites, we conclude the only valid exception to the Original Easement’s

pedestrian-only access is for emergency vehicles. Thus, the trial court did not err

in invalidating subsections (b) and (c) of the Original Easement.

       D. The 1996 Easement

        If the only valid exception to the Original Easement’s pedestrian-only

access is for emergency vehicles, it logically follows that the 1996 Easement

granting general passenger vehicle access is similarly void. Because the parties

sought to contract for something prohibited by law, we conclude the trial court did

not err by declaring the 1996 Easement void. 5

        Whether the 1996 Easement is an illegal servitude—one that is prohibited

by statute or governmental regulation—is a question of law reviewed de novo. See

Nw. Props. Brokers Network, Inc., 173 Wash. App. at 789; RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF

PROP.: SERVITUDES § 3.1 cmt. c. The freedom of landowners to contract for

easements as they wish “may not exceed limits set by legislation, state and federal

5
  The trial court concluded the 1996 Easement was void for lack of consideration. We disagree.
The agreement included new mutual promises for repairing damage to and maintaining the Original
Easement and drainfields—protections in addition to those provided in the Original Easement. See
Trotzer v. Vig, 149 Wash. App. 594, 605-06, 203 P.3d 1056 (2009) (“‘Consideration is any act,
forbearance, creation, modification or destruction of a legal relationship, or return promise given in
exchange.’”) (quoting King v. Riveland, 125 Wash. 2d 500, 505, 886 P.2d 160 (1994))). But “[t]his
court may affirm the trial court’s ultimate decision on any grounds established by the pleadings and
supported by the record.” Verbeek Props., LLC v. GreenCo Envtl., Inc., 159 Wash. App. 82, 90, 246
P.3d 205 (2010).
         Furthermore, while the 1996 Easement contains a severability clause, the essential part of
the 1996 Easement was the right to drive passenger vehicles over Tract B to Tracts C and D.
Unenforceability of the essential part of the agreement renders the entire agreement
unenforceable. RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS §§ 183 cmt. c, 184 (AM. LAW INST. 1981).
The purpose of an easement agreement is that the “parties enter[] into contractual promises with
the other or with each other to perform acts with respect to the easement.” 17 WILLIAM B. STOEBUCK
& JOHN W. WEAVER, WASHINGTON PRACTICE: REAL ESTATE: PROPERTY LAW § 7.3 (May 2019 Update).
Because the easement is void, the portions of the agreement relating to repair and maintenance
are irrelevant and severability is pointless.

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No. 79213-0-I/19

constitutions, and public policy.” RESTATEMENT (THIRD)          OF   PROP.: SERVITUDES

§ 3.1 cmt. a.

       The 1996 Easement expressly allows vehicular traffic over Tract B’s septic

drainfield. But Washington State regulations and Island County Code both provide

that on-site sewage systems must be protected from soil compaction, which can

be caused by vehicular traffic, or even livestock. WAC 246-272A-0270(1)(g)(iii);

Island County Code 8.07D.280(A)(7)(c); see also WAC 246-272A-0210(5)(b)(iii)

(“Persons shall design and/or install a soil dispersal component only if . . . [t]he

area is not subject to . . . [v]ehicular traffic [among other things].”).

       The Freises presented declarations from Susan Wagner, MPH with the

Island County Health Department and John Clark with the Island County Planning

Department, both of whom testified that the 1996 Easement would not be approved

by the county were it submitted for approval today because it allows driving over

drainfields. Wagner also testified that “[a]ny driving compacts soil, especially when

the ground is wet. Drainfields do not last forever and there are significant public

health and safety reasons[—such as diseases, like dysentery, resulting from direct

exposure to pathogens—]for protecting [drainfields] from damage and premature

failure.” And Clark further testified that he had advised East Beach that “Island

County does not allow driving motorized vehicles, including golf carts, over

drainfields in general and over the drainfield in question in particular.” Therefore,

the 1996 Easement is illegal because it is prohibited by both Washington State

regulations and Island County Code.

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No. 79213-0-I/20

       In addition, the 1996 Easement, which expanded access to passenger

vehicles across Tract B, substantially changed the Short Plat’s provision for

pedestrian access only. “Changes that permit something expressly prohibited by

the notes on [a] short plat, are ineffective unless the plat is formally amended as

provided for in RCW 58.17.215.” Hanna v. Margitan, 193 Wash. App. 596, 608, 373
P.3d 300 (2016). It is undisputed that the parties to the 1996 Easement failed to

seek an amendment to the Short Plat pursuant to RCW 58.17.215. It is therefore

ineffective for this reason as well.

       Even viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Anderson and East

Beach as the nonmoving parties, we conclude the trial court did not err by granting

the Freises’ motion for summary judgment. The 1996 Easement is void as a matter

of law because it granted vehicular access over septic drainfields in violation of

Washington State regulations, in violation of Island County ordinances, and in

violation of the Original Easement memorialized in the Short Plat without having

complied with the requirements of RCW 58.17.215. 6

      E. Permanent Injunction

       Next, Anderson and East Beach argue the trial court erred by granting the

Freises’ request for a permanent injunction because the Freises had not

demonstrated that driving across their drainfield had caused any damage. We are

unpersuaded by this argument.

6
  We reject Anderson’s argument that the Freises should be equitably estopped from seeking to
invalidate an agreement that their predecessor-in-interest entered into. We disagree. Anderson
could not have reasonably relied on the 1996 Easement given its unlawful provisions.

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No. 79213-0-I/21

       We review for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s decision to grant an

injunction and its decision regarding the terms of the injunction. Kucera v. Dep’t

of Transp., 140 Wash. 2d 200, 209, 995 P.2d 63 (2000). “A trial court necessarily

abuses its discretion if the decision is based upon untenable grounds, or the

decision is manifestly unreasonable or arbitrary.” Id. In seeking a permanent

injunction, the Freises must show (1) that they have a clear legal or equitable right,

(2) that they have a well-grounded fear of immediate invasion of that right, and

(3) that the acts complained of are either resulting in or will result in actual and

substantial injury to them. Id. (quotations and citations omitted).       Because

injunctions are addressed to the equitable powers of the court, these criteria must

be examined in light of equity including balancing the relative interests of the

parties and, if appropriate, the interests of the public. Tyler Pipe Indus., Inc. v.

Dep’t of Revenue, 96 Wash. 2d 785, 792, 638 P.2d 1213 (1982).

       The Freises showed they had a clear legal or equitable right in protecting

their septic drainfield from compaction and deterioration. They also established a

well-grounded fear of immediate invasion of that right—especially, given the

animosity demonstrated by the East Beach litigants and their refusal to abide by

the Freises’ request to stop driving on their drainfield.

       The Freises also presented declaration testimony from Susan Wagner,

MPH, with the Island County Health Department.              Her testimony more than

supports the proposition that continued vehicle traffic over Tract B’s septic

drainfield will result in actual and substantial injury to the Freises. Wagner testified

that a drainfield needs adequate oxygen to “breath[e]” to support the bacteria

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No. 79213-0-I/22

growth—specifically, aerobic bacteria—that processes the liquid waste and

sewage. Without sufficient aerobic bacteria, she testified, the unprocessed waste

products will eventually overwhelm the system, clog soil pores, and “cause

inadequately treated waste water to leach into nearby surface and ground waters.”

According to Wagner,

              [s]urfacing untreated waste water allows direct contact with
      pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites. Adequate oxygen
      cannot get into the ground where it is needed if the ground over the
      drainfield is compacted or covered by an impervious surface, such
      as a slab or compacted gravel and soils.

             ....

              Any driving compacts soil, especially when the ground is wet.
      Drainfields do not last forever and there are significant public health
      and safety reasons for protecting them from damage and premature
      failure. It is well understood in the public health field that inadequate
      treatment of sewage allows bacteria, viruses, and other disease-
      causing pathogens to enter surface and ground water. Hepatitis,
      dysentery, and other disease may result from direct exposure to
      pathogens.

      Based on this evidence, we conclude the court did not abuse its discretion

in permanently enjoining all vehicular traffic—except emergency vehicles—over

the Original Easement within Tract B.

     F. Stonebridge Declaration and Motions for Reconsideration

      Finally, Anderson argues the trial court erred in striking the declaration of

septic designer Jerry Stonebridge and in denying its and East Beach’s motions for

reconsideration. We reject both arguments.

      We review the trial court’s ruling on a motion to strike evidence for an abuse

of discretion. Billings v. Town of Steilacoom, 2 Wash. App. 2d 1, 33, 408 P.3d 1123

(2017). And a motion for reconsideration based upon CR 59 is addressed to the

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No. 79213-0-I/23

sound discretion of the trial court, whose judgment will not be reversed absent a

showing of manifest abuse. Wilcox v. Lexington Eye Inst., 130 Wash. App. 234, 241,

122 P.3d 729 (2005).

      When it sought reconsideration, Anderson submitted a declaration signed

by Jerry Stonebridge, a state and county licensed designer and installer of on-site

sewage systems with over 40 years of experience. He had been traveling out of

the country at the time of the summary judgment proceeding, so Anderson could

not obtain a signature from Stonebridge at that time. Nevertheless, East Beach

had previously submitted, as an exhibit to its response to the Freises’ summary

judgment motion, documents authored by Stonebridge in which he developed

various “scenarios for an alternate septic system that would allow motorized use

of the driveway while providing adequate septic service.”

      The Freises moved to strike Stonebridge’s subsequent declaration as

redundant because the content of his testimony had already been submitted to the

court and considered by it on summary judgment. They also argued the evidence

was immaterial because whether the drainfield could be relocated based on

updated technologies was not relevant to the legal issues of whether state and

county law prohibited vehicular access over their existing drainfield. The court

struck the declaration because the information contained in the Stonebridge

declaration was neither new nor material.

      We see no abuse of discretion here.         While the narrative portion of

Stonebridge’s declaration and some of his drawings were not included in the

materials submitted at summary judgment, the three scenarios were included. The

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No. 79213-0-I/24

information had already been presented in different format to the court, and we

conclude the court did not abuse its discretion in striking the declaration because

it was not newly discovered evidence under CR 59(a)(4).

      Because the trial court did not err in granting the Freises’ motion for

summary judgment and in imposing a permanent injunction, we necessarily

conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying the motions for

reconsideration.

      Affirmed.

WE CONCUR:

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