Court Opinion

ID: 4098627
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-11-16 04:35:37.875789+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:46:16.442777
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                              September 2016 Term

                                                                 FILED
                                                            November 15, 2016
                                   No. 15-0919                   released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                               RORY L. PERRY, II CLERK

                                                             SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                  OF WEST VIRGINIA

                    MOUNTAIN VALLEY PIPELINE, LLC,

                        Defendant Below, Petitioner

                                       V.

              BRIAN C. MCCURDY AND DORIS W. MCCURDY,
                        Plaintiffs Below, Respondents

                Appeal from the Circuit Court of Monroe County

                       Honorable Robert A. Irons, Judge

                           Civil Action No. 15-C-19

                                 AFFIRMED

                           Submitted: October 11, 2016

                            Filed: November 15, 2016

Charles S. Piccirillo                   Derek O. Teaney
K. Brian Adkins                         Appalachian Mountain Advocates, Inc.
Shaffer & Shaffer, PLLC                 Lewisburg, West Virginia
Madison, West Virginia                  Attorney for Respondents
Attorneys for Petitioner

JUSTICE DAVIS delivered the Opinion of the Court.
CHIEF JUSTICE KETCHUM dissents and reserves the right to file a dissenting
opinion.

JUSTICE LOUGHRY concurs and reserves the right to file a concurring opinion.
                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

              1.     Pursuant to W. Va. Code § 54-1-3 (1923) (Repl. Vol. 2016), a company

may enter private land it desires to appropriate for the purpose of surveying said property

only when that company is invested with the power of eminent domain.

              2.     Under W. Va. Code § 54-1-1 (1931) (Repl. Vol. 2016), a company is

invested with the power of eminent domain only when: (1) it is organized under the laws of,

or is authorized to transact business in, West Virginia, and (2) the purpose for which said

company desires to appropriate land is for a public use as authorized by W. Va. Code § 54-1­

2 (2006) (Repl. Vol. 2016).

                                             i
Davis, Justice:

              In this appeal, petitioner and defendant below, Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC

(“MVP”), challenges an order entered by the Circuit Court of Monroe County that granted

declaratory judgment to Bryan and Doris McCurdy (“the McCurdys”), respondents and

plaintiffs below, declaring that MVP has no right to enter their property to survey the area

as a potential location for a natural gas pipeline MVP plans to construct. The circuit court

based its decision on its finding that MVP’s pipeline is not being constructed for a public use

in West Virginia. In addition, the circuit court granted the McCurdys both a preliminary and

a permanent injunction prohibiting MVP from entering their property. After considering the

parties’ briefs and oral arguments, as well as the relevant law, we find no error. Therefore,

we affirm the rulings of the Circuit Court of Monroe County.

                                              I.

                     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

              MVP1 is in the process of seeking approval from the Federal Energy

Regulatory Commission (“FERC”) to construct and operate a nearly 300-mile natural gas

transmission pipeline from Wetzel County, West Virginia, to Pittsylvania County, Virginia.

              1
                 The record indicates that MVP is a Delaware company registered with the
West Virginia Secretary of State to Conduct business in West Virginia. MVP’s principal
office is in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. According to the circuit court, MVP is a joint venture
between affiliates of EQT Corporation, NextEra Energy, Inc., WGL Holdings, Inc., Vega
Energy Partners, Ltd., EQT Midstream Partners, LP, and NextEra US Gas Assets, LLC.

                                              1

MVP is a pipeline company that will not directly own the gas to be transported. However,

nearly ninety-five percent of the gas to be transported is owned by affiliates of MVP.2

              The proposed pipeline, known as the Mountain Valley Pipeline (“MVP’s

pipeline”), will serve the primary purpose of moving gas from the producing regions of

northern West Virginia to markets in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeast regions of the United

States. MVP asserts that nearly all of the gas to be transported in MVP’s pipeline will be

produced in West Virginia, and further contends that MVP’s pipeline will provide needed

capacity for additional development of natural gas in West Virginia. MVP’s pipeline

currently has two main delivery points: The Transco pool in Pittsylvania County, Virginia,

which serves the entire east coast; and the Columbia WB pipeline, which, similar to MVP’s

pipeline, is a natural gas transportation pipeline. An agreement has been reached whereby

MVP’s pipeline will deliver gas to Roanoke Gas Company, a local distribution company that

serves consumers in Virginia. However, no agreements have been reached that would

provide gas to any consumers in West Virginia. Although MVP avers that such agreements

are likely, there is no absolute right for local distribution companies or consumers to access

MVP’s pipeline, and there currently is no definitive evidence that any West Virginia

consumers or non-MVP affiliated natural gas producers would benefit from MVP’s pipeline.

              2
                  See note 1, supra, for a list of MVP affiliates.

                                                 2

              On October 27, 2014, MVP submitted a request to FERC to initiate the

pre-filing process that will lead to an application for the issuance of a certificate of public

convenience and necessity for MVP’s pipeline. At the time of the entry of the circuit court

order herein appealed, MVP had not yet filed its formal application with FERC for a

certificate of public convenience and necessity; however, MVP avers that its application has

now been filed.

              Respondents, plaintiffs below, Bryan and Doris McCurdy (“the McCurdys”),

own approximately 185 acres of land in Monroe County, West Virginia, along the proposed

route for MVP’s pipeline. They have lived on a portion of their property, which consists of

three tracts, since 1984. The proposed route for MVP’s pipeline will cross all three of the

McCurdys’ tracts and, according to the circuit court, would come near to their barn and their

residence.

              In February 2015, the McCurdys were contacted by an MVP agent who

requested access to their property to conduct surveys that are necessary to complete MVP’s

application process for obtaining the certificate of public convenience and necessity. The

McCurdys declined to consent to the surveys. MVP then sent the McCurdys a letter, dated

February 24, 2015, providing notice of MVP’s intention to take legal action to obtain access

                                              3

to the property pursuant to W. Va. Code § 54-1-3 (1923) (Repl. Vol. 2016)3 unless the

McCurdys acquiesced to the surveys by March 9, 2015.

              Thereafter, on March 18, 2015, the McCurdys filed suit against MVP in the

Circuit Court of Monroe County seeking a declaratory judgment that MVP has no right to

enter their property for surveying purposes and further seeking both a preliminary and a

permanent injunction prohibiting MVP from entering their property. MVP removed the suit

to federal district court, but the federal court ultimately determined that it lacked subject

matter jurisdiction because the amount in controversy was less than $75,000. Accordingly,

the district court remanded the case to the Circuit Court of Monroe County for further

proceedings. Following an evidentiary hearing, the circuit court, by order entered on August

19, 2015, granted declaratory judgment to the McCurdys, and also granted them preliminary

and permanent injunctions. In doing so, the circuit court concluded that W. Va. Code § 54-1­

3 does not authorize MVP to enter the McCurdys’ property because MVP is not vested with

the power of eminent domain insofar as its pipeline is not for a public use. The circuit court

based its conclusion on the fact that no West Virginia consumer would use any of the gas to

be transported in MVP’s pipeline. The circuit court further enjoined MVP from entering the

              3
                 As will be discussed in more detail below, pursuant to W. Va. Code § 54-1-3
(1923) (Repl. Vol. 2016), “[a]ny incorporated company . . . invested with the power of
eminent domain under [chapter 54], . . . may enter upon lands for the purpose
of . . . surveying . . . .”

                                              4

McCurdys’ property under color of Chapter 54 of the West Virginia Code without the

McCurdys’ express permission. This appeal followed.

                                              II.

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

              The circuit court’s order herein appealed by MVP granted to the McCurdys

declaratory judgment as well as preliminary and permanent injunctive relief. With respect

to a declaratory judgment, this Court has held that “[a] circuit court’s entry of a declaratory

judgment is reviewed de novo.” Syl. pt. 3, Cox v. Amick, 195 W. Va. 608, 466 S.E.2d 459

(1995).

              Our review of the circuit court’s grant of a preliminary injunction has three

parts:

                     “‘In reviewing the exceptions to the findings of fact and
              conclusions of law supporting the granting of a temporary or
              preliminary injunction, we will apply a three-pronged deferential
              standard of review. We review the final order granting the
              temporary injunction and the ultimate disposition under an abuse
              of discretion standard, West v. National Mines Corp., 168
W. Va. 578, 590, 285 S.E.2d 670, 678 (1981), we review the
              circuit court’s underlying factual findings under a clearly
              erroneous standard, and we review questions of law de novo.’
              Syllabus Point 4, Burgess v. Porterfield, 196 W. Va. 178, 469
S.E.2d 114 (1996).” Syl. pt. 1, State v. Imperial Marketing, 196
W. Va. 346, 472 S.E.2d 792 (1996).

                                              5

Syl. pt. 1, Camden-Clark Mem’l Hosp. Corp. v. Turner, 212 W. Va. 752, 575 S.E.2d 362

(2002). As to the circuit court’s award of a permanent injunction, our review is for an abuse

of discretion:

                        Unless an absolute right to injunctive relief is conferred
                 by statute, the power to grant or refuse or to modify, continue,
                 or dissolve a temporary or a permanent injunction, whether
                 preventative or mandatory in character, ordinarily rests in the
                 sound discretion of the trial court, according to the facts and the
                 circumstances of the particular case; and its action in the
                 exercise of its discretion will not be disturbed on appeal in the
                 absence of a clear showing of an abuse of such discretion.

Syl. pt. 11, Stuart v. Lake Washington Realty Corp., 141 W. Va. 627, 92 S.E.2d 891 (1956).

                 Finally, we note that, to the extent our resolution of this appeal involves the

interpretation of statutes, our review is de novo: “Where the issue on an appeal from the

circuit court is clearly a question of law or involving an interpretation of a statute, we apply

a de novo standard of review.” Syl. pt. 1, Chrystal R.M. v. Charlie A.L., 194 W. Va. 138, 459
S.E.2d 415 (1995). With due regard for the foregoing standards, we proceed to our analysis

of the issues raised on appeal.

                                                III.

                                          DISCUSSION

                 The circuit court’s decision in this case was based upon its determination that

MVP could only enter the McCurdys’ property for a public use pursuant to W. Va. Code

                                                 6

§ 54-1-3. On appeal MVP argues that a finding of public use is not required for a mere

survey, and, assuming arguendo that it is, MVP’s pipeline is for a public use. We address

these issues in turn.

                               A. Public Use Requirement

              This case turns on the language of W. Va. Code § 54-1-3. The circuit court

reasoned that, because W. Va. Code § 54-1-3 authorizes only companies invested with the

power of eminent domain to enter property against the will of the property owner, it must

first be determined that MVP is invested with that power. Noting that W. Va. Code § 54-1-1

(1931) (Repl. Vol. 2016) invests the power of eminent domain in corporations such as MVP

only for public use, the circuit court found that MVP could enter the McCurdys’ land to

conduct a survey only if MVP’s pipeline is for a public use. MVP contends that surveying

does not require a finding of public use. We disagree.

              Pursuant to W. Va. Code § 54-1-3,

                      [a]ny incorporated company or body politic, invested with
              the power of eminent domain under this chapter, by its officers,
              servants and agents may enter upon lands for the purpose of
              examining the same, surveying and laying out the lands, ways
              and easements which it desires to appropriate, provided no
              injury be done to the owner or possessor of the land; but no
              company or body politic, under the authority of this section,
              shall throw open fences or inclosures on any land, or construct
              its works through or upon the same, or in anywise injure the
              property of the owner or possessor, without his consent, until it

                                             7

              shall have obtained the right so to do in the manner provided in
              this chapter.

(Emphasis added). We find no ambiguity in the relevant language above. Thus, we are

obligated to apply its plain terms: “A statutory provision which is clear and unambiguous

and plainly expresses the legislative intent will not be interpreted by the courts but will be

given full force and effect.” Syl. pt. 2, State v. Epperly, 135 W. Va. 877, 65 S.E.2d 488

(1951). See also Foster Found. v. Gainer, 228 W. Va. 99, 110, 717 S.E.2d 883, 894 (2011)

(“Statutes whose language is plain must be applied as written.”). Under the plain language

of W. Va. Code § 54-1-3, an “incorporated company” that is “invested with the power of

eminent domain under this chapter [Chapter 54], . . . may enter upon lands for the purpose

of examining the same, surveying and laying out the lands . . . .” (Emphasis added). Thus,

MVP may enter upon the McCurdys’ land to conduct a survey only if MVP is invested with

the power of eminent domain under Chapter 54 of the West Virginia Code.

              Whether an incorporated company is invested with the power of eminent

domain is governed by W. Va. Code § 54-1-1 (1931) (Repl. Vol. 2016), which provides:

                     The United States of America, the State of West Virginia,
              and every corporate body politic heretofore or hereafter created
              by the Constitution or statutes of the State, and every
              corporation heretofore or hereafter organized under the laws of,
              or authorized to transact business in, the State, for any purpose
              of internal improvement for which private property may be
              taken or damaged for public use as authorized in section two
              [§ 54-1-2] of this article, shall have the right of eminent domain,
              and may exercise the same to the extent and in the manner

                                              8

               provided in this chapter, and subject to the restrictions and
               limitations provided by law.

(Emphasis added). Pursuant to the plain language of W. Va. Code § 54-1-1, a corporation,

such as MVP, that is authorized to transact business in West Virginia4 “for any purpose of

internal improvement for which private property may be taken or damaged for public

use[,] . . . shall have the right of eminent domain . . . .”5 (Emphasis added). West Virginia

Code § 54-1-2 (2006) (Repl. Vol. 2016), in turn, provides in relevant part that “[t]he public

uses for which private property may be taken or damaged are as follows:. . . . For

constructing, maintaining and operating pipelines,. . . for transporting . . . natural gas . . . by

means of pipes. . . when for public use . . . .” (Emphasis added).

               The foregoing statutes must be strictly construed. See State ex rel. Firestone

Tire & Rubber Co. v. Ritchie, 153 W. Va. 132, 138, 168 S.E.2d 287, 290 (1969) (“Eminent

domain statutes are strictly construed.” (citing State by State Road Comm’n v. Bouchelle,

137 W. Va. 572, 73 S.E.2d 432 (1952))). In accordance with the plain language of the

foregoing provisions, we now hold that, pursuant to W. Va. Code § 54-1-3 (1923) (Repl. Vol.

2016), a company may enter private land it desires to appropriate for the purpose of

               4
                   See note 1, supra.
               5
               This Court previously has determined that “[a] pipe line for transporting
natural gas for the public use is an ‘internal improvement’ within the meaning of our
constitution.” Carnegie Nat. Gas Co. v. Swiger, 72 W. Va. 557, 567, 79 S.E. 3, 7 (1913)
(citing West Virginia Transp. Co. v. Volcanic Oil & Coal Co., 5 W. Va. 382, 388 (1872)).

                                                9

surveying said property only when that company is invested with the power of eminent

domain. We additionally hold that, under W. Va. Code § 54-1-1 (1931) (Repl. Vol. 2016),

a company is invested with the power of eminent domain only when: (1) it is organized under

the laws of, or is authorized to transact business in, West Virginia; and (2) the purpose for

which said company desires to appropriate land is for a public use as authorized by W. Va.

Code § 54-1-2.

              Having determined that a public use is required for MVP to enter and survey

the McCurdys’ land, we next examine whether MVP’s pipeline is for a public use.

                                       B. Public Use

              After conducting a hearing in this matter, the circuit court applied the fixed and

definite use test to conclude that MVP’s pipeline was not being constructed for a public use.

MVP argues that the circuit court wrongly applied the fixed and definite use test, which is

based on several older cases that no longer are controlling. The McCurdys assert that the

trial court did not err in concluding that MVP’s pipeline is not for public use under long

standing West Virginia precedent pertaining to public use.

              We are cognizant that, at this point in time, MVP seeks only to survey the

McCurdy land. However, as demonstrated by our analysis of the relevant statutes above, and

                                              10

the interrelationship of those statutes, the determination of public use is the same for

purposes of entering the land for a survey and for taking the land under eminent domain.

Thus, it is of no moment that the cases discussed below address public use in the context of

eminent domain.

              We begin our analysis with a review of the fixed and definite use test. The test

first was articulated in 1883 in Syllabus points 6, 7, 8, and 9, of Varner v. Martin:

                     6. In such a case, where the title and control of the
              property to be condemned is in private hands or in a corporation,
              three qualifications are necessary to impose upon it such a
              public use as will justify the taking of such private property
              without the consent of the owner.

                     7. The use, which the public is to have of such property,
              must be fixed and definite. The general public must have a right
              to a certain definite use of a private property on terms and for
              charges fixed by law; and the owner of the property must be
              compelled by law to permit the general public to enjoy it. It will
              not suffice, that the general prosperity of the community is
              promoted by the taking of private property from the owner and
              transferring its title and control to another, or to a corporation to
              be used by such other or by such corporation as its private
              property uncontrolled by law as to its use. Such supposed
              indirect advantage to the community is not in contemplation of
              law a public use.

                     8. This use of the property, which in such case the public
              must have, must be a substantially beneficial use, which is
              obviously needful for the public to have, and which it could not
              do without except by suffering great loss or inconvenience.

                    9. And when the title of property is thus transferred by
              condemnation to an individual or to a corporation, the necessity

                                               11

              for such condemnation must be obvious. It must obviously
              appear from the location of the property proposed to be
              condemned, or from the character of the use, to which it is to be
              put, that the public could not, without great difficulty, obtain the
              use of this land or of other land, which would answer the same
              general purpose, unless it was condemned. And in such case, the
              courts will judge of the necessity for confirming such
              condemnation.

21 W. Va. 534 (1883). The Varner Court applied this test to find that construction of a road

for the sole purpose of providing a private landowner with access to his private property for

his own enjoyment thereof was not a public use.

              The fixed and definite use test then was referred to in Pittsburg, W. & K.R. Co.

v. Benwood Iron Works, 31 W. Va. 710, 8 S.E. 453 (1888), wherein this Court found that a

railroad company’s construction of a switch track between a steel plant and the railroad’s

main line was not a public use. The Court explained that the railroad company’s

              object is to condemn the land of the defendants for the purpose
              of enabling it to lay a siding, switch, branch-road or lateral work
              from the main track to the Wheeling Steel-Works, a few
              hundred feet distant, for the purpose, as stated in the original
              petition, “of transporting freights to and from said steel-works
              over the petitioner’s said railroad.” This clearly was for the
              private accommodation of both the railroad and steel-works, and
              to make the private business of both more profitable. This was
              not for a public, but was for a private, use, and the taking of the
              property under these circumstances would be the taking of
              private property for private use, which is clearly prohibited.

Benwood, 31 W. Va. at 734, 8 S.E. at 467.

                                              12

              Subsequently, in Charleston Natural Gas Co. v. Lowe & Butler, Trustees, 52
W. Va. 662, 44 S.E. 410 (1901), this Court again cited the fixed and definite use test and

found that supplying the City of Charleston with natural gas for the use of the city and its

citizens was a public use. In this regard, the Lowe Court held:

                      Supplying an incorporated city or town and its inhabitants
              with natural gas for the purposes of heating and illumination, by
              a corporation organized under the general laws of the State, and
              occupying the streets and alleys of such city or town for the
              purpose by means of the location therein of its pipes,
              connections, boxes, valves and other fixtures, under an
              ordinance of the city or town, is a public use, for which such
              company may take private property . . . upon which to locate its
              pipe line.

Syl. pt. 1, in part, id. The Lowe Court further held that the gas company was “bound to

furnish gas to every inhabitant of such city or town who applies therefor and complies with

the regulations prescribed by the ordinances of the town, or fixed by contract between the

council and the company.” Syl. pt. 2, in part, id. In reaching its conclusions, however, the

Lowe Court discussed the difficulty of defining the concept of “public use”:

                      In Salt Co. v. Brown, 7 W. Va. 191 [(1874)], Judge Paul
              said: “What then constitutes a public use, as contradistinguished
              from a private use? The most extended research will not likely
              result in the discovery of any rule or set of rules or principles of
              certain and uniform application, by which this question can be
              determined in all cases. Eminent jurists and distinguished
              writers upon public law, do not express concurrent or uniform
              views upon this subject. It is a question from its very nature, of
              great practical, perhaps of insuperable difficulty, to determine
              the degree of necessity, or the extent of public use, which
              justifies the exercise of this extraordinary power upon the part

                                              13

              of a state, by which the citizen, without his will, is deprived of
              his property.[”]

                     What is a public use is incapable of exact definition.

Id. at 666-67, 44 S.E. at 411-12.

              The fixed and definite use test was again applied in Hench v. Pritt, 62 W. Va.
270, 57 S.E. 808 (1907), wherein the Court concluded that a timbering company’s

construction of a private railway for use in getting its timber to market was for the company’s

private use and benefit, and was not for a public use:

              The petition in case at bar clearly shows that the plaintiffs are
              seeking to obtain this right of way in order to enable themselves
              to transport their timber from their land to their mill, clearly
              showing that it is for their private use and benefit, and in order
              to give it the semblance of being for public use they show that
              the other owners of timber along the route may be enabled also
              to market their timber over the same road. It in no way appears
              that the general public will derive any benefit from it other than
              the development of private property and interests. The proposed
              road is not to be a common carrier nor one which will be of use
              to the community at large, to be used by the public in general,
              but simply a private way for the convenience of the projectors
              and builders thereof for the shipment of their logs and timber to
              market.
62 W. Va. at 276, 57 S.E. at 810.

              Finally, in Carnegie Natural Gas Co. v. Swiger, 72 W. Va. 557, 79 S.E. 3

(1913), the Court was asked, inter alia, whether a proposed pipeline was for a public use.

                                              14

The Swiger Court considered earlier cases and summarized the fixed and definite use test

thusly:

              (1) That the use which the public is to have of the property taken
              must be fixed and definite, and on terms and charges fixed by
              law; (2) that such public use must be a substantial beneficial
              one, obviously needful for the public, which it cannot do
              without, except by suffering great loss or inconvenience; (3) that
              the necessity for condemnation must be apparent and that the
              public need must be an imperious one.

Id. at 570, 79 S.E. at 9. The Swiger Court found the fixed and definite use test was met

because Carnegie Natural Gas Co. was a public service corporation that had a duty to provide

gas to individuals “along the entire line traversed;” the public would substantially benefit

from the ability to use natural gas for light, heat, and power; and the rights of way sought

were necessary to move the natural gas from the “source of supply to the places of

consumption.” Id. at 571-72, 79 S.E. at 9.

              Observing that the most recent application of the fixed and definite use test was

in 1913, MVP contends that this Court’s recent decisions analyzing public use do not follow

the fixed and definite use test. See W. Va. Dep’t of Transp. v. Contractor Enters., Inc., 223
W. Va. 98, 672 S.E.2d 234 (2008) (determining construction of public highway and

associated material storage waste site was public use); Retail Designs, Inc. v. W. Va. Div. of

Hwys., 213 W. Va. 494, 583 S.E.2d 449 (2003) (finding public use in keeping access road

between state highway and real property used for commercial, industrial, or mercantile

                                             15

purpose); Charleston Urban Renewal Auth. v. Courtland Co., 203 W. Va. 528, 509 S.E.2d
569 (1998) (involving city’s exercise of eminent domain to acquire land owned by private

company located in downtown area). In general, we find these cases are not instructive to

the instant matter because they all involve condemnation by a government entity and not a

private company such as MVP. However, one of the cases, Charleston Urban Renewal

Authority v. Courtland Co., does warrant discussion.

              In Charleston Urban Renewal Authority v. Courtland Co., this Court, referring

to earlier cases that applied the fixed and definite use test, observed that “[t]here was a time

when this Court’s cases took a more narrow view of what could constitute a ‘public

use . . . .’” Id. at 536, 509 S.E.2d at 577. The Court then remarked that,

                     [u]nder these narrow definitions of a “public use,” the
              taking of land by an urban redevelopment authority like CURA
              [Charleston Urban Renewal Authority], as part of creating a
              “unified business district”– say, for sale to a hotel
              builder–would not be a “public use.”

                     However, this narrow view of what may constitute a
              “public use” has broadened over time.

Id. Although Courtland signals this Court’s recognition of a broadening of the definition of

“public use,” it is important to note that, in West Virginia, this broadening has occurred in

cases involving government action to combat certain social plights, especially where the

Legislature has determined that government action is necessary. This fact is evident from

the Courtland Court’s observation that

                                              16

             [t]his broadening [of the definition of “public use”] was
             recognized in State ex rel. City of Charleston v. Coghill, 156
W. Va. 877, 880-81, 207 S.E.2d 113, 116 (1973), where this
             Court stated:

                            Prior decisions of this Court have
                    continuously enlarged the sphere of permissible
                    government action in what was formerly
                    considered exclusively the private sector. In
                    Chapman v. Housing Authority, 121 W. Va. 319,
                    3 S.E.2d 502 (1939) this Court held valid the
                    West Virginia Housing Act which had as its
                    primary purpose slum clearance. In State ex rel.
                    West Virginia Housing Development Fund v.
                    Copenhaver, supra, [153 W. Va. 636, 171 S.E.2d
545 (1969)] this Court held constitutional Chapter
                    31, Article 18, Section 1 et seq. of the Code of
                    West Virginia, 1931, as amended, which provided
                    for the West Virginia Housing Development
                    Fund. The Fund had as its purpose an increase in
                    the amount of housing available to West Virginia
                    residents. Similarly in County Court v. Demus,
                    supra, [148 W. Va. 398, 135 S.E.2d 352 (1964)]
                    this Court reviewed the Industrial Development
                    Bond Act, Chapter 13, Article 2C, Section 1 et
                    seq. of the Code of West Virginia, 1931, as
                    amended, which permitted a county or
                    municipality to acquire property for the purpose
                    of leasing it for industrial purposes, and this Court
                    again found the legislation to be without
                    constitutional infirmities. These cases clearly
                    establish the broad sphere of permissible
                    governmental activity in areas where the
                    Legislature determines that government action is
                    a necessary supplement to private enterprise to
                    alleviate social problems.

Courtland, 203 W. Va. at 536, 509 S.E.2d at 577 (emphasis added). See also Kelo v. City

of New London, 545 U.S. 469, 477, 125 S. Ct. 2655, 2661, 162 L. Ed. 2d 439 (2005)

                                             17

(applying a broader standard for public use in a case where the Supreme Court “granted

certiorari to determine whether a city’s decision to take property for the purpose of economic

development satisfies the ‘public use’ requirement of the Fifth Amendment” of the United

States Constitution” (emphasis added));6 Daniels v. Area Plan Comm’n of Allen Cty., 306
F.3d 445, 460 (7th Cir. 2002) (observing that “[e]ven though the Supreme Court has required

the existence of a public use to justify a taking, the burden on the state is remarkably light,”

but nevertheless finding no public use where a local plan commission sought to vacate a

              6
                Even though the Kelo Court applied a broad meaning to the term “public use”
under the facts therein presented, the Court nevertheless expressly recognized that even a city
could not take property for conferring a private benefit on a private party:

              [T]he City would no doubt be forbidden from taking petitioners’
              land for the purpose of conferring a private benefit on a
              particular private party. See [Hawaii Hous. Auth. v. Midkiff, 467
U.S. 229, 245, 104 S. Ct. 2321, 2331, 81 L. Ed. 2d 186 (1984)]
              (“A purely private taking could not withstand the scrutiny of the
              public use requirement; it would serve no legitimate purpose of
              government and would thus be void”); Missouri Pacific R. Co.
              v. Nebraska, 164 U.S. 403, [17 S. Ct. 130, 41 L. Ed. 489]
              (1896). Nor would the City be allowed to take property under
              the mere pretext of a public purpose, when its actual purpose
              was to bestow a private benefit. The takings before us,
              however, would be executed pursuant to a “carefully
              considered” development plan. [268 Conn. 1, 54, 843 A.2d 500,
              536 (2004)]. The trial judge and all the members of the
              Supreme Court of Connecticut agreed that there was no
              evidence of an illegitimate purpose in this case. Therefore, as
              was true of the statute challenged in Midkiff, 467 U.S., at 245,
              [104 S. Ct. at 2331], the City’s development plan was not
              adopted “to benefit a particular class of identifiable individuals.”

Kelo v. City of New London, Conn., 545 U.S. 469, 477-78, 125 S. Ct. 2655, 2661-62, 162
L. Ed. 2d 439 (2005) (footnotes omitted).

                                              18

covenant and to redevelop deteriorated residential property as commercial property without

express legislative authority (emphasis added)). Indeed, the Courtland Court clarified that

                     [t]his opinion addresses only the degree of deference to
              be given to determinations by public bodies like CURA in their
              exercise of eminent domain. We do not address the exercise of
              eminent domain by private entities such as utilities that exercise
              the power of eminent domain pursuant to a legislative grant; nor
              do we hold that such private entities are to be afforded the same
              degree of deference in their exercise of eminent domain that is
              afforded to eminent domain actions by public bodies.

Courtland, 203 W. Va. at 537 n.6, 509 S.E.2d at 578 n.6 (emphasis added). Accordingly,

Courtland does not counsel a broadening of the meaning of “public use” in the case sub

judice.

              MVP additionally argues that this Court has observed that condemnations of

rights-of-way to provide energy have consistently been considered by this Court as serving

a public use. See Handley v. Cook, 162 W. Va. 629, 632, 252 S.E.2d 147, 148 (1979). MVP

fails to recognize, however, that implicit in the foregoing statement is that the energy is being

provided in West Virginia, as demonstrated by the cases cited by Handley to support the

                                               19

statement, which involve companies providing energy in West Virginia.7 See Handley, 162
W. Va. at 632 n.3, 252 S.E.2d at 148 n.3.

              Nevertheless, we note that, in finding that a power company supplying power

to a single customer, a West Virginia coal mining company, was a public use, the Handley

Court did not expressly apply the fixed and definite use test. The Handley Court reasoned

that,

                      [t]he Legislature in order to make power available has
              conferred upon electric power companies the right of eminent
              domain, and has thereby necessarily imposed upon them, as
              public service corporations, the right and duty of performing a
              public service. The condemner, Appalachian Power Company,
              must supply electrical service to those who desire it and are able
              to pay for it; the company cannot arbitrarily discontinue service
              or increase the rates charged; and, the company’s provision of
              service is dependent upon the will of the Legislature and, in
              turn, the Public Service Commission. Relators [land owners]

              7
                 See Shepherdstown Light & Water Co. v. Lucas, 107 W. Va. 498, 148 S.E. 847
(1929) (providing electricity to West Virginia consumers in Shepherdstown, West Virginia);
Brooke Elec. Co. v. Beall, 96 W. Va. 637, 123 S.E. 587 (1924) (power company organized
as a public utility corporation and operating as a common carrier); West Virginia & Maryland
Power Co. v. Racoon Valley Coal Co., 93 W. Va. 505, 117 S.E. 891 (1923) (power company
providing electricity to West Virginia consumers along its lines); Pittsburgh & West Virginia
Gas Co. v. Cutright, 83 W. Va. 42, 97 S.E. 686 (1918) (public service corporation
transporting and serving public with natural gas); Carnegie Nat. Gas Co. v. Swiger, 72
W. Va. 557, 79 S.E. 3 (1913) (pipeline company/public service corporation providing public
with natural gas); Pittsburgh Hydro-Elec. Co. v. Liston, 70 W. Va. 83, 73 S.E. 86 (1911)
(providing electricity for public uses in West Virginia); Charleston Nat. Gas Co. v. Lowe &
Butler, Trs., 52 W. Va. 662, 44 S.E. 410 (1901) (supplying Charleston, West Virginia, and
its inhabitants with natural gas). Two additional cases cited in Handley did not find a public
use. Instead, they remanded for a new trial. See Brooke Elec. Co. v. Paull, 96 W. Va. 645,
123 S.E. 590 (1924); Brooke Elec. Co. v. Beall, 96 W. Va. 637, 123 S.E. 587 (1924).

                                             20

              contend that service to one customer does not serve a public
              need; however, it is the nature of the use rather than the number
              of persons served which is the paramount consideration.
              Waynesburg Southern R.R. Co. v. Lemley, 154 W. Va. 728, 178
S.E.2d 833 (1971). Furthermore we find no distinction between
              residential and commercial users; seeking to separate the two as
              to which is deserving of “public use” treatment in the provision
              of utility services is unavailing to the relators. Appalachian
              Power Company makes available electrical power to all,
              individuals and businesses alike, and would be hard pressed to
              deny high voltage power to anyone along the proposed line who
              needed it. Undoubtedly, relators themselves are power users
              and would be horrified if their power service had not been
              forthcoming due to a recalcitrant adjacent landowner.
162 W. Va. at 632-33, 252 S.E.2d at 149 (second emphasis added). While the foregoing

quote indicates that the elements of the fixed and definite use test appear to be met, the Court

did not expressly apply the test. Additionally, the Foregoing Court, in dicta, added to the

public use analysis by including consideration of the “nature of the use rather than the

number of persons served.” 162 W. Va. at 633, 252 S.E.2d at 149. Still, under Foregoing,

at least one West Virginia entity must derive a significant benefit for a taking to be for a

public use.

              While the Courtland and Handley cases may call into question the fixed and

definite use test, the continued viability of that test is a question we need not decide today.

What is patently clear is that private property may not be taken for a private use. See Gomez

v. Kanawha Cty. Comm’n, 237 W. Va. 451, ___, 787 S.E.2d 904, 912 (2016) (“Private

property can constitutionally be taken by eminent domain only for a ‘public’ use.”); Handley

                                              21

v. Cook, 162 W. Va. 629, 632, 252 S.E.2d 147, 148 (observing that “private property cannot

be taken for private use”); Syl. pt. 1, Hench v. Pritt, 62 W. Va. 270, 57 S.E. 808 (“Under our

Constitution private property cannot be taken for private use, either with or without

compensation.”); Pittsburg, W. & K.R. Co. v. Benwood Iron Works, 31 W. Va. at 734, 8 S.E.

at 467 (“[T]he taking of private property for private use. . . is clearly prohibited.”); Syl. pt.

1, Varner v. Martin, 21 W. Va. 534 (“Under our Constitution private property can not be

taken with or without compensation for private use.”). See also W. Va. Const. art. III, § 9

(establishing how private property may be taken); Kelo v. City of New London, 545 U.S. at

477-78, 125 S. Ct. at 2661-62, 162 L. Ed. 2d 439 (“‘A purely private taking could not

withstand the scrutiny of the public use requirement; it would serve no legitimate purpose

of government and would thus be void.’” (quoting Hawaii Hous. Auth. v. Midkiff, 467 U.S.
229, 245, 104 S. Ct. 2321, 2331, 81 L. Ed. 2d 186)).

              MVP has been unable to identify even a single West Virginia consumer, or a

West Virginia natural gas producer who is not affiliated with MVP, who will derive a benefit

from MVP’s pipeline. As noted above, the circuit court expressly found that MVP “is not

regulated as a utility by any West Virginia agency.”8 MVP is a private company seeking to

              8
               Because MVP is a private company, its efforts to use eminent domain are
subject to greater scrutiny than that of a government entity. See, e.g., Texas Rice Land
Partners, Ltd. v. Denbury Green Pipeline-Texas, LLC, 363 S.W.3d 192, 197 (Tex. 2012)
(“While [statutory] provisions plainly give private pipeline companies the power of eminent
domain, that authority is subject to special scrutiny by the courts.”). Cf. 2A Nichols on
                                                                              (continued...)

                                               22

survey property for the ultimate purpose of exercising the right of eminent domain. Mr.

Shawn Posy (“Mr. Posy”), an employee of EQT who was MVP’s sole witness before the

circuit court, confirmed in his testimony that “[t]he primary purpose of [MVP’s pipeline] is

to deliver gas to the Transco pool.”9 In fact, the only benefit to West Virginia that has been

asserted by MVP in this appeal is the benefit to producers and shippers of the natural gas that

              8
              (...continued)
Eminent Domain, Ch. 7, § 7.05[2][a] (3d ed. 2016) (commenting that the use of eminent
domain by corporations labeled “public service corporations” is “restricted and subject to
more scrutiny than similar use of eminent domain by a governmental entity”). Indeed, the
Varner Court cautioned that,

              unless carefully guarded there is great danger, [of] . . . private
              persons or private corporations, claiming . . . to condemn lands
              nominally for the public use, but really for their own private use
              in violation of the rights of private property, as designed to be
              protected by the Constitution. The courts have therefore in such
              cases thrown around the owners of private property safeguards,
              which we should be careful not to permit to be broken down.

21 W. Va at 555-56. See also Syl. pt. 2, Gauley & S.R. Co. v. Vencill, 73 W. Va. 650, 80 S.E.
1103 (1914) (“Before a corporation, though thus chartered and organized, can lawfully
condemn private property, it must appear, when denied, that the use is public, and not merely
private.”); Pittsburg, W. & K.R. Co. v. Benwood Iron Works, 31 W. Va. 710, 735, 8 S.E. 453,
467 (“The mere declaration in a petition, that the property is to be appropriated to public use
does not make it so; and evidence, that the public will have a right to use it, amounts to
nothing in the face of the fact, that the only incentive to ask for the condemnation was a
private gain, and it was apparent, that the general public had no interest in it. We would do
nothing to hinder the development of the State nor to cripple railroad companies in assisting
such development, but at the same time we must protect the property-rights of the citizens.
Whatever corporations may be entitled under a proper construction of the law they will
receive; but they must not be permitted to take private property for private use.”).
              9
                The Transco pool is located in Pittsylvania County, Virginia, and serves the
east coast of the United States.

                                              23

is located in West Virginia. Significantly, however, the owners of that natural gas are

affiliates of MVP. On this point, Mr. Posy testified as follows:

              Q.     And there’s no question at all, is there, that the bulk of
              this gas is coming from under the land of many, many West
              Virginians in north-central, West Virginia?

              A.     That’s correct.

(Emphasis added). Although the gas is coming from “under the land” of West Virginians,

Mr. Posy’s testimony was clear that the gas is owned by affiliates of MVP:

              Q.     You testified that MVP doesn’t directly hold title to any
              gas in the pipeline. Do any of the principals in MVP own the
              gas that’ll be shipped?

              A.     I believe the parent company does.

              Q.    Parent company does. Are there any other affiliates that
              own the gas?

              A.     Well, when I say parent, I meant affiliates.

MVP is a joint venture between affiliates of EQT Corporation, NextEra Energy, Inc., WGL

Holdings, Inc., Vega Energy Partners, Ltd., EQT Midstream Partners, LP, and NextEra US

Gas Assets, LLC. Moreover, the evidence in this case further demonstrated that up to ninety-

five percent of the gas that will be shipped through MVP’s pipeline will be owned and

produced by MVP’s affiliated companies:

              Q.     What percentage of the gas that’s going to run through
              the MVP pipeline do you think is coming from affiliates or
              parents or people with relationships to MVP?

              A.     With my understanding, you know, 85 to 95 percent.

                                             24

              There simply is nothing in the record presented in this case to demonstrate

anything other than speculative public use resulting from MVP’s pipeline. MVP contends

that there is a possibility and potential that some of the gas would reach West Virginia

consumers; however, MVP has not entered any agreements for the same. On this topic, Mr.

Posy testified:

                     Q.     What firm commitments do you have from [Local
              Distribution Companies (LDCs)] in West Virginia?

                     A.    I personally am not aware of firm commitments,
              other than - a firm commitment is more of a shipper firm
              commitment, not an end-use commitment.

                     Q.     Understood. Nonetheless, a tap is going to have
              to go on your intrastructure; is that correct?

                      A.     Yes.

                    Q.     What taps for LDCs have you committed to in
              West Virginia?

                      A.     Specifically at this point, I am aware of none.

Similarly, although local producers and shippers of natural gas may submit “tap requests” to

MVP in order to ship their natural gas using MVP’s pipeline, MVP retains the right to refuse

such requests in accordance with federal law. The record reflects no firm agreements to ship

natural gas through MVP’s pipeline for anyone other than MVP affiliated companies. Thus,

this case represents exactly the type of private taking for private use that is prohibited.

                                              25

              While there is evidence that consumers outside of West Virginia will benefit

from receiving natural gas via MVP’s pipeline, the circuit court correctly found that the State

of West Virginia may exercise the right of eminent domain or authorize the exercise of that

right only for the use and benefit of West Virginians:

              The sovereign’s power of eminent domain, whether exercised by
              it or delegated to another, is limited to the sphere of its control
              and within the jurisdiction of the sovereign. A state’s power
              exists only within its territorial limits for the use and benefit of
              the people within the state. Thus, property in one state cannot be
              condemned for the sole purpose of serving a public use in
              another state.

Clark v. Gulf Power Co., 198 So. 2d 368, 371 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1967). See also Adams

v. Greenwich Water Co., 138 Conn. 205, 214, 83 A.2d 177, 182 (1951) (observing that “no

state is permitted to exercise or authorize the exercise of the power of eminent domain except

for a public use within its own borders” (and collecting cases)); Square Butte Elec. Co-op.

v. Hilken, 244 N.W.2d 519, 525 (N.D. 1976) (recognizing that “although other states may

also be benefited, the public in the state which authorizes the taking must derive a substantial

and direct benefit . . ., something greater than an indirect advantage”).10 In this vein, the

              10
                MVP may nevertheless gain authorization to enter upon and survey the
McCurdys’ land from FERC. The federal court that considered this very case on removal,
but ultimately remanded, found that

              [the McCurdys] represented in their motion to reconsider, and
              [MVP] acknowledged at oral argument on this matter, that the
              terms of a conditional FERC Certificate would grant [MVP] the
              right to enter and survey [the McCurdys’] property.
              Furthermore, [MVP] represented that it plans to use West
                                                                                     (continued...)

                                              26

Court of Appeals of Kentucky recently concluded that a pipeline was not in public service

to Kentuckians where no gas would reach Kentucky consumers. See Bluegrass Pipeline Co.,

LLC v. Kentuckians United to Restrain Eminent Domain, Inc., 478 S.W.3d 386, 392 (Ky. Ct.

App. 2015) (concluding that “the NGLs [(natural gas liquids)] in Bluegrass’s pipeline are

being transported to a facility in the Gulf of Mexico. If these NGLs are not reaching

Kentucky consumers, then Bluegrass and its pipeline cannot be said to be in the public

service of Kentucky”).

             Based upon the analysis set out above, we find no error in the circuit court’s

conclusion that MVP’s pipeline is not for a public use.

             10
               (...continued)
             Virginia eminent domain law to gain access to property within
             the pipeline’s proposed corridor, but ultimately plans to use
             federal eminent domain law to condemn property and build the
             pipeline. As a result, a potential ruling in [the McCurdys’] favor
             would not doom the pipeline. [The McCurdys] are entitled to
             seek the relief which state law affords them, even if that relief
             is rendered moot by a conditional FERC Certificate.

McCurdy v. Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC, No. CIV. A. 1:15-03833, 2015 WL 4497407,
at *7 (S.D.W. Va. July 23, 2015).

                                            27

                                            IV.

                                     CONCLUSION

              Because the circuit court correctly concluded that MVP could enter the

McCurdys’ land to survey the same only if the MVP pipeline was for a public use, and

because we find no error in the circuit court’s conclusion that the MVP pipeline is not being

constructed for a public use in West Virginia, we affirm the August 19, 2015, order of the

Circuit Court of Monroe County.

                                                                                  Affirmed.

                                             28