Court Opinion

ID: 2717037
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-11 07:06:46.649884+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:26:30.395366
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                              AT NASHVILLE
                                      July 17, 2014 Session

                                 IN RE JACKSON G. ET AL.

                  Appeal from the Chancery Court for Hickman County
                    No. 12-CV-4849     James G. Martin, III, Judge

                   No. M2013-02577-COA-R3-PT - Filed August 4, 2014

The father of two minor children appeals the trial court’s decision to terminate his parental
rights. The trial court terminated the father’s parental rights upon finding two grounds of
abandonment, failure to visit and failure to support, and finding that terminating the father’s
parental rights would be in the children’s best interests. We affirm.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed

F RANK G. C LEMENT, J R., P.J., M.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which R ICHARD
H. D INKINS and W. N EAL M CB RAYER, J.J., joined.

Douglas Thompson Bates, IV, Centerville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Allen G.1

Melanie Totty Cagle, Centerville, Tennessee, for the appellees, Daniel E. and Mary E.

                                              OPINION

       Mary E. (“Mother”) and Allen G. (“Father”) are the parents of Jackson G., born
January 2008, and Juniper G., born May 2009. Mother and Father began dating while they
were both working at a Sonic restaurant near Centerville, Tennessee. Mother and Father
moved in together and lived in a romantic relationship for two years. Father ended their
relationship and moved out of the home while Mother was pregnant with Juniper. Three
months later, Father moved back into the home with Mother as a roommate; Mother and
Father did not resume a romantic relationship. A year later, Mother and Father were evicted
from the home for failure to pay rent, and they have not resided together since.

        1
          This court has a policy of protecting the identity of children in parental termination cases by
initializing the last names of the parties.
       On June 29, 2010, Mother filed a petition to establish parentage, set child support, and
establish a Permanent Parenting Plan. The juvenile court ruled that Father was the biological
and legal father of the children and ordered Father to pay $249 per month in child support.
The court also adopted a Permanent Parenting Plan that split parenting time almost equally
between Mother and Father; however, the children continued to reside with Mother because
Father did not have appropriate housing.

       Father’s support of and involvement in the children’s lives diminished following the
entry of the juvenile court’s order. Father made the first two child support payments before
ceasing payments in November 2010. The State, on behalf of Mother, filed two petitions for
criminal contempt in 2011 against Father for failure to pay child support; Father agreed to
a payment plan in both instances, but he failed to pay in accordance with either plan.

       Father’s visits with the children also became infrequent and not in accordance with
the Permanent Parenting Plan. Father’s last visit with the children occurred on August 7,
2011. Father did not contact or visit the children again until March 26, 2013, which was
months after the commencement of these proceedings.

        On September 27, 2012, Mother and Dan E., whom Mother married in November
2011, filed a petition to terminate Father’s parental rights and for Dan E. to adopt both
children, alleging two grounds for termination: (1) failure to visit; and (2) failure to support
financially. Mother and Dan E. also alleged that terminating Father’s parental rights would
be in the children’s best interests. Thereafter, the case was set to be tried on July 3, 2013.

       Four witnesses testified at trial: Mother; her husband, Dan E.; Father; and his friend,
Micah Tidwell. Mother testified that Father had not provided any support for the children
since October 2010 and that his last visit with the children prior to the filing of these
proceedings was on August 7, 2011. She also testified that the children are in a safe and
loving home that she and her husband Dan E. provide for them. She testified that the children
love their step-father, who they refer to as “dad”, and Dan E. testified that he wishes to adopt
the children.

        Father testified that his failure to support and to visit the children was due in part to
depression he experienced from August 2011 to mid-2012, but he did not seek treatment or
counseling. He also testified that he had experienced a previous episode of severe depression
prior to his relationship with Mother. As he explained, after attempting suicide in 2002, he
was admitted to a facility in Middle Tennessee for four days, and although he was provided
medication and counseling during his stay, after his release he did not continue treatment or
take the medication that had been provided. He also admitted that he did not seek treatment
for his depression at any time relevant to these proceedings.

                                               -2-
       Father testified that he did not have the means to support the children and described
his employment history as follows. Shortly after Father began dating Mother, he left Sonic
and started working as a door-to-door salesman for a Kirby Vacuum Cleaners franchise
owned by David Wallace. Father lost this job in December 2010 and did not work again until
July 2011, when he started working for another Kirby franchisee, Junior Gray. Father did not
receive an income from Mr. Gray or any other source during this time period. In December
2012, Father went back to work for Mr. Wallace. Father’s job with Mr. Wallace requires him
to travel to the Midwest on a weekly basis.

       As for not visiting his children, Father contended at trial that Mother prevented him
from visiting the children based on one conversation with Mother in the fall of 2011. Father
stated that he approached Mother while she was working at Sonic and asked to see the
children, to which she replied that he needed to catch up on his child support payments
before visiting the children. Mother refuted Father’s testimony, stating that she told him that
the child support did not matter and that he should just visit the children.

       Father and his friend Micah Tidwell, who he had worked for at Sonic, testified
regarding Father’s housing situation. Father testified that after he and Mother were evicted
from their home, Father “slept over” at four different friends’ houses from time to time
before becoming a fixture on Mr. Tidwell’s couch starting in late 2011; Father continues to
reside with Mr. Tidwell when Father is not traveling for work. Father does not pay Mr.
Tidwell rent or utilities, and he has no plans to obtain his own housing. Mr. Tidwell
confirmed the housing arrangement with Father. Upon the close of proof on July 3, 2013, by
agreement of the parties closing arguments were set for August 13, 2013, at which time
counsel for all parties and the guardian ad litem made closing arguments.

        One month later, on September 18, 2013, the trial court entered its final order in which
it found Father not to be a credible witness, that Father abandoned his children by willfully
failing to visit and by willfully failing to support them financially, and that terminating his
parental rights was in the children’s best interests. Accordingly, the court entered judgment
terminating Father’s parental rights. Father filed a timely notice of appeal.2

       Father presents four issues for our review: (1) whether the trial court’s failure to enter
an order within 30 days renders the judgment void; (2) whether the trial court erred in finding
that Father abandoned the minor children pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-
113(g)(1) by willfully failing to visit the children and by willfully failing to support the
children; (3) whether the trial court erred in finding that terminating Father’s parental rights

        2
          The trial court also granted Dan E.’s request for adoption, which ruling is dependent on the outcome
of this appeal and is not an issue in this appeal.

                                                     -3-
is in the children’s best interests; and (4) whether the trial court abused its discretion in
allocating both the entire guardian ad litem fee and portions of Mother’s litigation costs to
Father.

                                   S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

        To terminate parental rights, a court must determine by clear and convincing evidence
the existence of at least one of the statutory grounds for termination and that termination is
in the best interest of the child. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c) (2013); In re Adoption of
Angela E., 402 S.W.3d 636, 639 (Tenn. 2013) (citing In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546
(Tenn. 2002)). When a trial court has made findings of fact, we review the findings de novo
on the record with a presumption of correctness unless the preponderance of the evidence is
otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); In re Adoption of Angela E., 402 S.W.3d at 639 (citing
In re Taylor B.W., 397 S.W.3d 105, 112 (Tenn. 2013)). We next review the trial court’s order
de novo to determine whether the facts amount to clear and convincing evidence that one of
the statutory grounds for termination exists, and if so, whether the termination of parental
rights is in the best interests of the children. In re Adoption of Angela E., 402 S.W.3d at 639-
640 (citing Taylor B.W., 397 S.W.3d 105, 112 (Tenn. 2013)). Clear and convincing evidence
is “evidence in which there is no serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of the
conclusions drawn from the evidence.” Id. at 640 (internal citations omitted).

                                           A NALYSIS

                       I. T ENNESSEE C ODE A NNOTATED § 36-1-113(k)

       Father asks us to vacate the trial court’s decision to terminate his parental rights
because the trial court did not comply with the timing requirements of Tennessee Code
Annotated § 36-1-113(k). Father relies on the provision that the trial court “shall enter an
order that makes specific findings of fact and conclusions of law within thirty (30) days of
the conclusion of the hearing.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(k). We find Father’s reliance
on this statue for the purpose of vacating the trial court’s judgment is misplaced.

       The statute reads as follows:

       The court shall ensure that the hearing on the petition takes place within six (6)
       months of the date that the petition is filed, unless the court determines an
       extension is in the best interests of the child. The court shall enter an order that
       makes specific findings of fact and conclusions of law within thirty (30) days
       of the conclusion of the hearing. If such a case has not been completed within
       six (6) months from the date the petition was served, the petitioner or

                                               -4-
       respondent shall have grounds to request that the court of appeals grant an
       order expediting the case at the trial level.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(k).

       Our first observation is that the statute does not afford the remedy Father seeks, that
of vacating the trial court’s judgment merely because it was entered more than thirty days
following the conclusion of the hearing or more than six months after the petition was served
on Father. Moreover, a remedy is provided in the statute, that being a request to expedite the
proceedings, and the record is silent as to whether Father sought that remedy. Further, our
courts have addressed this issue before and none have vacated a trial court judgment due to
untimeliness. For example, in In re Isobel V.O., we rejected the same request upon the
following reasoning:

       Father additionally asserts that the trial court erred by failing to enter an order
       within 30 days of the conclusion of the hearing of the matter as required by
       Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113[(k)], and requests that this Court
       fashion “some appropriate remedy” in the absence of a statutory remedy.
       Before turning to the substantive issues presented for our review, we address
       Father’s assertion that the trial court’s procedural error provides a basis for
       reversal . . . .

       In this case, Father does not assert that the trial court failed to make findings
       of fact and conclusions of law. Indeed, the trial court’s order in this case
       contains numerous findings and conclusions of law. Rather, Father asserts the
       trial court erred by failing to enter its order within 30 days as provided by the
       statute. We repeatedly have held that the time frame contained in the statute
       reflects the legislature’s intent that parental termination cases be handled in an
       expeditious manner and is not mandatory. In re Zada M., No. E2010-02207-
       COA-R3-PT, 2011 WL 1361575, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 11, 2011) (no
       perm. app. filed) (citing In re M.R.W., No. M2005-02329- COA-R3-PT, 2006
WL 1184010 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 3, 2006)). We decline Father’s request that
       this Court fashion a remedy for the trial court’s failure to enter an order within
       30 days as a matter best left to the legislature. We next turn to whether clear
       and convincing evidence supports the termination of parental rights in this
       case.

In re Isobel V.O., No. M2012-00150-COA-R3-PT, 2012 WL 5471423, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Nov. 8, 2012).

                                               -5-
        In furtherance of the statutory directive, our courts have recognized that delays in the
final resolution of parental termination proceedings affect the parties’ rights to “a prompt,
just adjudication of their interests and rights.” In re Ella M.I., No. M2013-01543-COA-R3-
PT, 2014 WL 1778275, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 30, 2014). We also recognize that this
directive is not limited to the trial courts; indeed, the General Assembly has additionally
instructed the appellate courts to expedite appeals of termination proceedings. See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-124.3 Nevertheless, the statute does not require nor contemplate vacating
a trial court’s judgment based merely on the untimely filing of the trial court’s findings of
fact and conclusions of law. Moreover, a trial court’s failure to enter an order within the time
limit prescribed by Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(k) does not result in the loss of
the trial court’s jurisdiction. In re M.R.W., No. M2005-02329-COA-R3-PT, 2006 WL
1184010, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 3, 2006).

        The petition was filed on September 27, 2012. The trial began on July 3, 2013, and
was continued following the close of the proof until closing arguments could be heard on
August 13, 2013. The trial court entered its final order with specific findings of fact and
conclusions of law on September 18, 2013. Although the final order with the trial court’s
specific findings was entered 35 days after the conclusion of the trial, not 30 days as the
statute directs, we find no justification to vacate the judgment due to this modest delay. See

       3
           Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-124 provides:

       (a) In all cases where the termination of parental rights or adoption of a child is contested
       by any person or agency, the trial court shall, consistent with due process, expedite the
       contested termination or adoption proceeding by entering such scheduling orders as are
       necessary to ensure that the case is not delayed, and such case shall be given priority in
       setting a final hearing of the proceeding and shall be heard at the earliest possible date over
       all other civil litigation other than child protective services cases arising under title 37,
       chapter 1, parts 1, 4 and 6.

       (b) In all cases that are appealed from the decision of a trial court, the appellate court shall,
       consistent with its rules, expedite the contested termination of parental rights or adoption
       case by entering such scheduling orders as are necessary to ensure that the case is not
       delayed, and such case shall be given priority over all other civil litigation in reaching a
       determination on the status of the adoption, other than child protective services cases arising
       under title 37, chapter 1, parts 1, 4 and 6.

       (c) It is the intent of the general assembly that the permanency of the placement of a child
       who is the subject of a termination of parental rights proceeding or an adoption proceeding
       not be delayed any longer than is absolutely necessary consistent with the rights of all
       parties, but that the rights of the child to permanency at the earliest possible date be given
       priority over all other civil litigation other than child protective services cases arising under
       title 37, chapter 1, parts 1, 4 and 6.

                                                     -6-
In re Ella M.I., 2014 WL 1778275, at *4) (finding that a much lengthier delay between the
hearing and entry of the final order was not a basis for vacating the court’s order). Moreover,
this record provides no indication that any party sought to expedite the proceedings prior to
the commencement of the final hearing or thereafter. For the foregoing reasons we find no
basis to vacate the order as Father requests.

       For the above reasons, we find no reason to vacate the judgment on this ground and
follow the lead stated in In re Isobel V.O., 2012 WL 5471423, at *4, and turn our attention
to whether the record contains clear and convincing evidence that supports the termination
of Father’s parental rights in this case.

                                II. G ROUNDS FOR T ERMINATION

       The trial court found that the petitioners proved two grounds upon which Father’s
parental rights could be terminated: (1) abandonment for willful failure to visit; and (2)
abandonment for willful failure to support financially.

       Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g) authorizes the initiation of termination of
parental or guardianship rights on grounds, which are cumulative and non-exclusive,
including: “(1) Abandonment by the parent or guardian, as defined in § 36-1-102.” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1) (2013). The definition of “abandonment,” as applicable here,
which must be willful, means:

       For a period of four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding the filing
       of a proceeding or pleading to terminate the parental rights of the parent(s) or
       guardian(s) of the child who is the subject of the petition for termination of
       parental rights or adoption, that the parent(s) or guardian(s) either have
       willfully failed to visit or have willfully failed to support or have willfully
       failed to make reasonable payments toward the support of the child[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) (2013).

       A parent’s willful conduct is an essential element of the statutory definition of
abandonment. In re C.T.B., No. M2009-00316-COA-R3-PT, 2009 WL 1939826, at*4 (Tenn.
Ct. App. July 6, 2009); In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 863 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).
“Willful” conduct, as used in the statute, consists of acts or failures to act that are intentional
or voluntary rather than accidental or inadvertent. Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 863 (citations
omitted). “Conduct is ‘willful’ if it is the product of free will rather than coercion.” Id. A
parent’s failure to visit or support a child is “willful” when a parent “is aware of his or her
duty to visit or support, has the capacity to do so, makes no attempt to do so, and has no

                                                -7-
justifiable excuse for not doing so.” Id. at 864 (citing In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 654
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2004)).

                                      A. Failure to Visit

        The trial court found that Father willfully failed to visit his children from May 27,
2012, to September 27, 2012, which is the four month period preceding the filing of Mother
and Dan E.’s petition to terminate Father’s parental rights. It is undisputed that Father last
visited the children on August 7, 2011, and at no time visited the children during the relevant
time period. The issue here is whether his failure to visit was willful.

        Father contends that his failure to visit the children was not “willful” as required by
the statute. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) (2013). Father first argues that his
depression from August 2011 to mid-2012 did not allow him to visit the children. Father
testified that he did not want his depression to be a bad influence on the children since he was
unable to get out of bed, maintain a proper sleep schedule, shower, or eat properly during the
relevant time period. Father’s second argument is that his conversation with Mother at Sonic
in the fall of 2011 prevented him from seeing the children. Father left Sonic that day
believing that Mother would allow him to visit with the children only if he caught up on his
child support payments; at the time, Father was almost a year behind.

        The record clearly and convincingly supports the trial court’s determination that
Father willfully failed to visit the children during the relevant period. A key finding by the
trial court was that Father was not a credible witness as it pertained to the extent of his
claimed depression and his recollection of his conversation with Mother at the Sonic when
she allegedly refused to allow him to visit the children. This is because considerable
deference is accorded to the trial court’s factual findings on issues of witness credibility.
Woodward v. Woodward, 240 S.W.3d 825, 828 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007).

        The trial court found that Father’s testimony was not credible as it pertained to his
self-diagnosed depression from July 2011 until mid-2012, when he did not visit the children,
and that his depression did not prevent him from waking up, eating, showering, or driving
as far as Clarksville to work with Mr. Gray on a daily basis. The trial court found that
Father’s testimony was in direct conflict with Father’s abilities to function as evidenced by
his daily routine while working for Mr. Gray. As for the conversation at Sonic with Mother,
which was a mere one time, three-minute conversation, the court found Father’s recollection
of the conversation not credible and also found it insufficient to thwart Father from visiting
the children for the following two years. The trial court determined that Mother’s recollection
of the Sonic conversation was credible.

                                              -8-
        Because of the trial court’s credibility determinations, as well as the evidence in the
record, the record fully supports the trial court’s rejection of Father’s arguments that his
failure to visit the children was not willful and the finding that Father’s failure to visit the
children was the product of his own free will. Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 863.

        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s finding that Father willfully
failed to visit the children during the relevant time period.

                              B. Failure to Support Financially

        The trial court found that the petitioners also proved the ground of abandonment for
failure to support the children financially. Father does not dispute that he did not pay child
support during the relevant time period; instead, he insists his failure to support was not
willful.

        Father testified that he was financially unable to pay child support during the relevant
time period. While Father did work for Mr. Gray during the relevant time period, Father did
not receive an income from Mr. Gray or any other source. Father testified that he did not
want to work a nine to five job because the Kirby Vacuum business was “all that he knew.”
Father and Mr. Tidwell, the manager of Sonic, both testified that they discussed the
possibility of Father going back to work at Sonic, but Father was concerned about switching
to a job with decreased earning potential and having his wages garnished due to his debts.
Mr. Tidwell expressed concerns about housing one of his employees if Father did go back
to work at Sonic.

        “A parent who fails to support a child because he or she is financially unable to do so
is not willfully failing to support the child.” In re M.B., No. M2005-02120-COA-R3-PT,
2006 WL 1082827, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 25, 2006) (quoting In re Adoption of Muir,
No. M2002-02963-COA-R3-CV, 2003 WL 22794524, at *5 n.7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 25,
2003)). In cases where we find that a parent is financially unable to pay child support, the
parent is in a situation where they do not have the earning capacity to support themselves and
pay child support. For example, in In re Jaleia M.R., the mother appealed the termination of
her parental rights on the ground of willfully failing to support. In re Jaleia M.R., No.
M2010-00761-COA-R3-PT, 2011 WL 1166838, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 29, 2011). The
mother’s friends, who were caring for the child at the time, brought the proceedings to
terminate the mother’s parental rights and adopt the child. Id. at *2. The mother worked at
a video store during the relevant four month period and earned the minimum hourly wage.
Id. at *6. While the mother did not pay support during the four month period, most of her
income would go to the needs of her family living with her, which included her three other
children that were not involved in the proceedings. Id. We found that the mother did not

                                              -9-
willfully fail to financially support her child due to her low income and attempt to support
her family of four. Id. The mother’s complete inability to support the child led us to conclude
that mother’s failure to support was not willful as required by Tennessee Code Annotated §
36-1-102(1)(A)(i). Id.

        The facts of this case, however, are distinguishable from those in Jaleia M.R. For
starters, unlike the mother in Jaleia M.R. who was attempting to support other minor
children, Father had no obligation, legal or moral, to support anyone but the two children at
issue in this case, and he failed to do so. Although Father was not earning an income during
the relevant time period, he voluntarily remained at a job where he earned no pay despite
having the option to work at Sonic, or elsewhere, to earn an income. Mr. Tidwell testified
that he was willing to re-employ Father at Sonic; however, he did not want Father to continue
to live with him while he was a Sonic employee. He also testified that he thought the low
earning potential of a job at Sonic was one of Father’s excuses to not work. Moreover, Father
testified that he did not want a job, such as Sonic, where most of his paycheck would be
garnished to pay creditors.

       Father was aware of the juvenile court’s 2010 order that required him to pay child
support; Father followed the order for the first two child support payments. Thereafter, he
made no support payments. Moreover, in response to two contempt petitions for non-
payment of support, Father agreed to two payment plans in 2011and, yet, failed to comply
with either order or the initial support order.

       The trial court found it unreasonable for Father to voluntarily remain at a job with no
income for 18 months while having the ability to obtain a job with an income during the
relevant time period. The record contains evidence that clearly and convincingly supports this
finding. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s finding that Father willfully failed to support
the children financially during the relevant period.

                           III. B EST INTERESTS OF THE C HILDREN

        The General Assembly has provided a list of factors for the court to consider when
conducting an analysis of the best interests of the children. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(i)(1)-(9) (2013). The nine statutory factors, which are well known and need not be
repeated here, are not exclusive or exhaustive, and other factors may be considered by the
court. In re M.A.R., 183 S.W.3d 652, 667 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). Moreover, not every
statutory factor need apply; a finding of but a few significant factors may be sufficient to
justify a finding that termination of the parent-child relationship is in the children’s best
interests. See id. The children’s best interests are to be determined from the perspective of
the children rather than the parent. See State Dep’t of Children’s Servs. V.L.H., No. M2007-

                                              -10-
00170-COA-R3-PT, 2007 WL 2471500, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 31, 2007) (citing White
v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 194 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004)).

        The trial court found that terminating Father’s parental rights would be in the
children’s best interests. The trial court was concerned that Father would create instability
within the children’s lives. Father failed to pay the vast majority of his court ordered child
support payments and failed to visit the children over a two-year period. While Father did
resume visitation with the children on March 26, 2013, the trial court determined that these
visits were not frequent enough or long enough to establish a meaningful relationship with
the children. Father’s new job with Mr. Wallace requires him to be out of the state for the
majority of the week, and Father had no plan to obtain suitable housing for the children to
reside with him. The court was also troubled by Father’s failure to seek treatment of his
mental condition and the resulting adverse impact on the children’s future with him. We
share the same concerns.

       The children are in a loving home with Mother and Dan E. The children have
established a loving relationship with Dan E. The children call Dan E. “dad,” make Dan E.
Father’s Day cards, and make Dan E. tuck them into bed at night. The children are in a stable
family where they can rely on both Mother and Dan E. to be available when needed.

       The trial court found that terminating Father’s parental rights is in the children’s best
interests; the record fully supports this finding. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s
determination that termination of Father’s parental rights is in the children’s best interests.

                           IV. A WARD OF D ISCRETIONARY C OSTS

        Father’s final issue on appeal is whether the trial court abused its discretion in
allocating both the entire guardian ad litem fee and portions of Mother’s costs for litigation
to him. A court’s decision to allocate guardian ad litem fees, litigation costs, and other
discretionary fees is solely within the court’s discretion. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 54.04(2). Trial
judges are afforded a great deal of discretion when considering a motion for discretionary
costs, and appellate courts will apply an abuse of discretion standard when reviewing the
court’s decision to grant or deny motions to allocate these costs. Massachusetts Mut. Life Ins.
Co. v. Jefferson, 104 S.W.3d 13, 35 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002); In re Linville, No. M2000-01097-
COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 1785991, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 7, 2000). A trial court’s
decision to grant discretionary costs will be upheld as long as it is not clearly unreasonable.
Jefferson, 104 S.W.3d at 35. A trial court abuses its discretion when it applies an incorrect
legal standard or reaches a clearly unreasonable decision, either of which causes an injustice
to the complaining party. Woodlawn Mem’l Park, Inc. v. Keith, 70 S.W.3d 691, 698 (Tenn.
2002); Jefferson, 104 S.W.3d at 35.

                                              -11-
        We find no abuse of discretion of the trial court’s decision to assess the guardian ad
litem fee and portions of Mother’s litigation costs to Father. The trial court found that Mother
was the prevailing party, that Father is able to bear the costs more than Mother, and that
Father was in a better financial position than he was before and that Mother is in the same
financial position as she was before. We affirm the trial court’s decision to assess costs to
Father.

                                      I N C ONCLUSION

       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed, and this matter is remanded with costs
of appeal assessed against Father.

                                                        ______________________________
                                                        FRANK G. CLEMENT, JR., JUDGE

                                              -12-