Court Opinion

ID: 5688933
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-12 15:20:22.566436+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:40:05.139559
License: Public Domain

Tom, J.P., and Nardelli, J.,
dissent in part in a memorandum by Tom, J.P., as follows: The majority’s position comes perilously close to exemplifying the adage that no good deed goes unpunished. The attempt to assist a guest in locating the *304bathroom, while unsuccessful, should not be rewarded with the imposition of tort liability under the factual circumstances of this case. Plaintiffs have not demonstrated, by competent proof, that their claim against Leann Cheek has any merit. Therefore, I respectfully dissent and would affirm so much of the order as dismissed the complaint as against said defendant.
The essential facts are undisputed. Having received permission to use the Bannister house in Sag Harbor for the weekend, defendants Leann Cheek and Dolores McAuliffe invited Joseph Rugieri and James Toner for dinner. The house, as described by witnesses and as depicted in photographs contained in the record, is a small, single-story bungalow with a covered deck along the back side of the dwelling. Shortly after his arrival at about 6:30 p.m., Mr. Rugieri, age 72, accompanied Ms. Cheek, age 71, to the basement to ascertain that the water heater was properly adjusted to assure a sufficient supply of hot water. They reached the basement through the only access door, located off the kitchen.
Dinner was served on the deck, which is reached by a door off the living room. After the meal, Mr. Rugieri left the table and entered the house to use the bathroom, located adjacent to the living room. Observing that he had walked through the living room, passed the bathroom door, and entered the kitchen, defendant Cheek told him to come “this way and left,” motioning to him to “[c]ome back towards me and then this way left,” as she pointed toward the bathroom door. She returned her attention to her companions at the dinner table and immediately heard thumping sounds. Upon investigation, she found the door to the basement open, with the light on and Mr. Rugieri lying unconscious at the foot of the basement stairs. Mr. Rugieri was rendered incapacitated as the result of his injuries and is described in plaintiffs’ bill of particulars as being “extremely confused and agitated” with “short and long term memory deficits” and a “short attention span.”
This action was commenced by plaintiffs, his present guardians, against the Bannisters, as owners of the property, for failure to maintain the premises in reasonably safe condition. Recovery is sought against defendants Leann Cheek and Dolores McAuliffe on the theory that they violated their duty towards their guest “by giving him erroneous instructions concerning the location of the bathroom and in directing said plaintiff, who was unfamiliar with the premises, to a place that was dangerous without warning him of the danger.”
In her verified answer to the complaint, defendant McAuliffe stated that she watched Mr. Rugieri leave the table and observed *305that he had opened the door to the basement. She and defendant Cheek and Mr. Toner all “called out to him that was not the door to the bathroom but rather to the cellar. He seemed not to hear us, appeared to be searching for something inside, probably the light, and then plunged down the cellar steps of the premises to the basement floor.”
At her examination before trial, defendant Cheek testified that, other than stating his intention to go to the bathroom before leaving the table, she could not remember Mr. Rugieri saying anything else. Although she did not recall the exact time, it was still light outside, and the lights in the living room and the kitchen were both on. At defendant McAuliffe’s examination before trial, she also testified that she did not remember Mr. Rugieri saying anything at all upon leaving the table.
This matter is before this Court on appeal from the denial of plaintiffs’ motion to vacate their default in appearance in opposition to defendants’ motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint. Supreme Court properly declined to grant the relief sought by plaintiffs as against defendant Cheek. It is well settled that a plaintiff who moves to vacate a default is required to demonstrate the merit of the complaint by providing an affidavit of merit from an individual with personal knowledge of the facts (see Hunter v Enquirer/Star, Inc., 210 AD2d 32, 33 [1994]). “The affidavit submitted from such individual must make sufficient factual allegations; it must do more than merely make conclusory allegations or ‘vague assertion[s]’ ” (Peacock v Kalikow, 239 AD2d 188, 190 [1997]).
Plaintiffs’ theory of liability against Leann Cheek is that she negligently directed Mr. Rugieri to the basement stairs, where he sustained injury. However, the record is devoid of any evidence to support this claim. The evidence reflects that when Ms. Cheek observed that Mr. Rugieri had already passed the bathroom and was in the kitchen, she motioned and told him to “[c]ome back towards me and then this way left” pointing towards the bathroom door. There was nothing about these instructions. Ms. Cheek, by words and motion, properly directed Mr. Rugieri towards the bathroom door.
The failure of Mr. Rugieri to follow the directions, resulting in his injury, cannot serve as a basis to impute liability to Ms. Cheek, who imparted coherent and specific directions. To hold her accountable under these facts, this Court would have to embrace the proposition that a party who undertakes to warn of an imminent, potential danger may be held liable in the event that such warning is unsuccessful in preventing injury. The majority proposes such a rule even where, as here, the advice is *306both accurate and, if heeded, would have led the injured party to safety. The result would be to render the advisor absolutely liable, even where the sole cause of injury is the negligence of the injured party. Having received proper directions, which is uncontroverted on this record, Rugieri is wholly responsible for the injuries sustained as a result of his failure to follow those directions, for whatever reason.
In support of liability against Ms. Cheek, plaintiffs rely on outmoded decisions, none of which supports their position.* In Guenzberg, this Court found that while the trial court erroneously found plaintiff to be an invitee, the judgment could be upheld, even though she was only a licensee. We stated: “Defendant’s liability was established by his affirmative act in carelessly directing plaintiff to the powder room. Having undertaken to give a direction to a person unfamiliar with the surroundings, defendant was under a duty to give specific instructions, particularly in view of the physical arrangement of the premises and the many doors in the alcove to which he pointed. Defendant, chargeable with the knowledge that a misunderstanding of his direction would lead plaintiff to a place of danger, failed to warn plaintiff of the danger of opening the door to the cellar—a danger which plaintiff was unlikely to discover for herself.” (Id.)
Guenzberg is distinguishable from this matter on several grounds. First, there is no evidence that defendant Cheek gave any directions to Mr. Rugieri that were erroneous. Second, Mr. Rugieri was not “unlikely to discover” the danger posed by the basement stairs because he had already negotiated those same steps earlier that evening on his way to inspect the water heater. Finally, there is no indication that the configuration of the small house was confusing with “many doors” located in close proximity (cf. Cole v Lamattina, 13 AD2d 993 [1961] [door leading to cellar located adjacent to door leading to bar]).
Similarly, in Grossel v Lehrman (28 AD2d 1138 [1967]), the Second Department granted a new trial, holding that the “plaintiff made out a prima facie case of defendants’ negligence and her own freedom of [sic] contributory negligence.” The Court stated: “While in some instances a social guest who *307proceeds into darkness may be guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law, where, as at bar, plaintiff gives proof that her injury resulted solely as a consequence of following such instructions in the use of defendants’ premises and entry into a dimly illuminated area, the issues of negligence and contributory negligence should both be submitted to the jury to decide (Guenzberg v. Heyman, 5 A D 2d 766).” (Id. [citations omitted].) In contrast, the only evidence of any directions being given to Mr. Rugieri are the respective statements of defendants Cheek and McAuliffe, who attempted to warn him that he was at the wrong door and guide him towards the bathroom.
Also inapposite is Quinlan v Cecchini (41 NY2d 686 [1977]), in which a young guest returned to a dark house with which she was unfamiliar and, without any warning from her host, entered an unilluminated landing through a side door, falling down the unprotected basement steps, located only inches away. Notably, Mr. Rugieri did not “proceed[ ] into darkness” (Grossel, 28 AD2d at 1138) but was in an illuminated kitchen; there is no proof that he was induced to enter a dangerous area, and he was not entirely unfamiliar with the location of the basement steps, having traversed them previously.
In this matter, the location and condition of the basement stairs were not unknown to Mr. Rugieri (see Schurr v Port Auth. of N.Y. & N.J., 307 AD2d 837 [2003] [stationary escalator]; cf. Fisher v Kavoussi, 90 AD2d 597, 598-599 [1982] [latent defect]). Thus, the circumstances do not implicate the duty to warn. In any event, there is no question that a warning was, in fact, issued by the other diners, as the pleadings and uncontroverted deposition testimony make clear.
In support of the motion plaintiffs also submitted an unsigned, undated statement allegedly made by Mr. Toner who was not deposed, having died a year before this action was commenced. This statement constitutes pure hearsay with no probative value and cannot serve to demonstrate the merit of plaintiffs’ claim.
That Mr. Rugieri has no recollection of the circumstances surrounding his fall does not relieve him of the obligation to put in a prima facie case. While plaintiffs assert that they are subject to a reduced burden of proof due to their ward’s impaired memory based on Noseworthy v City of New York (298 NY 76 [1948]), this Court has held that Noseworthy does not relieve a plaintiff of the necessity to establish that the defendant’s “negligence was ‘a substantial cause of the events which produced the injury’ ” (Lynn v Lynn, 216 AD2d 194, 195 [1995], quoting Derdiarian v Felix Contr. Corp., 51 NY2d 308, 315 [1980]). Moreover, we noted that where, as here, there are no witnesses to *308the accident, Noseworthy is inapplicable since both the injured party and the defendants have no knowledge of the events surrounding the accident and, thus, are “ ‘similarly situated insofar as accessibility to the facts ... is concerned’ ” (id., quoting Wright v New York City Hous. Auth., 208 AD2d 327, 332 [1995]).
Accordingly, so much of the order as dismissed the complaint as against defendant Cheek should be affirmed.

 Guenzberg v Heyman (5 AD2d 766 [1958], lv denied 4 NY2d 676 [1958]), Cole v Lamattina (13 AD2d 993 [1961]) and Grossel v Lehrman (28 AD2d 1138 [1967]) were decided before the adoption of comparative negligence in New York (CPLR art 14; L 1974, ch 742 [eff Sept. 1, 1974]; see also Prosser and Keeton, Torts § 62, at 432-433 [5th ed]). Thus, the decisions reflect the imperative to conclude that the plaintiff was not responsible in any way for the injuries sustained in order to permit recovery.