Court Opinion

ID: 5464827
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-09 19:47:23.159423+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:33:03.256741
License: Public Domain

Curia, per Woodworth, J.
There are several questions arising in this cause, which I think unnecessary to consider, inasmuch as a decision upon them, either way, would not vary the conclusion at which I have arrived. I will first examine the objections taken to the defence. The mortgage was prior to the judgment; it was to secure $750, according to the condition of a bond executed to the mortgagees. The bond produced was executed to the mortgagees. ' The reference in the mortgage is not of a bond to them solely; and the addition of two other names is not, therefore, contradictory. The mortgage does not profess to set out the bond particularly. What is stated is matter of description merely, not an affirmation of the *precise form of the bond. The material fact alleged is, that there was a bond to secure $750, to the persons named as mortgages. *19But whether to them solely or jointly with others is not averred. [1]
*19-1It is well settled that even a mistake in a recital to a bond does not vitiate, for it is no direct affirmation and is not an *19-2essential part. (5 Cowen, 529; 9 John. 90; 8 John. 457.) In what manner, and at what time the bond was payable, is no where alleged; that necessarily depended on the instrument referred to.[1] The legal presumption is, that this was the bond intended, at least until some doubt was raised, But there is no room for presumption; the fact is *19-3es*a^s^e<^ by parol testimony, which, was properly admitted. The condition of the bond recites the giving of a ^ ® note for $750, payable to ¡Noble, or bearer. Here the same principle, that makes the bond admissible under the description in the mortgage, is applicable. The note is substantially described ; the substitution of bearer, for order, according to the doctrine before advanced, is immaterial. It was a misdescription merely. There is satisfactory evidence that this was the note, against which the makers were to be secured. They have taken it up, and were entitled to the benefit of the mortgage, as a valid security.
Whether the proceedings on foreclosure of the mortgage have been regular; or whether the right of the plaintiff is. thereby barred, it seems to me unnecessary to consider. I will, however, remark, that the proceedings appear to have been conducted regularly ; and as to any remaining right in the judgment creditor, after the statute foreclosure, it may be observed, that question does not arise in this cause. If it be conceded that no regular foreclosure has taken place, it appears to me the defence at law is nevertheless perfect, on the ground that the defendants are the lessees of the assignee of the mortgagees in possession.
The deed from Obadiah Boies and Asahel Lyman, to Bufus Boies, was in the usual form of foreclosure, reciting the mortgage and sale. By this act, Bufus Boies acquired all the right and interest of his co-mortgagees in the mortgage, as well as the land; the right to the debt, as well as the pledge, was transferred. They could not, after this, assert any legal claim, and if not, allowing the proceedings to toreclose to have been defective and inoperative,» still Bufus Boies necessarily acquired all their interest .in the mortgage. If Bufus Boies did not obtain an absolute title to the land, it operated as a good assignment of the mortgage, and placed him on the same ground as though he had been sole mortgagee.
The deed from Bufus Boies to Lynde, was intended to convey the title to the land. If it did not perform .that office, still it is enough for the defendants to show, that it may operate as an assignment.
*20The Question of foreclosure makes no difference between these parties. Boies conveys all his right, title ana interest. It is difficult to conceive what remaining interest he had; his lien on the land by virtue of the mortgage, which was an interest, passed to Lynde; and thereby he acquired the right of an assignee. The intention was, to pass a greater interest. If that failed, it is no objection to the operation of the instrument as an assignment. Valeat quanturn vahrepotest.
But it is contended, that the evidence offered by the plaintiff, to prove that the conveyance made by Boies to Lynde was for the purpose of securing a usurious loan, made by Lynde to Noble, ought to have been received. Boyes agreed to convey, on receiving his money, to any person Noble should direct; and in pursuance of this agreement, Noble procured Lynde to advance the money. The answer is, that the defendants cannot be affected by the question of usury, between Noble and Lynde; it not appearing that they had any knowledge of, or in any way participated in it. (10 John. 185.) Although no regular foreclosure of the mortgage be proved, yet the assignee of the mortgagee being in possession, may protect his possession by it. (10 John. 480.) The defendants are lessees of the assignee of the mortgagee; and are entitled to the protection of bona fide purchasers, so that whether there be usury or not, is, to them, immaterial. I£ there be no usury, they have no occasion to put their defence on the ground of being bona fide purchasers. It is enough, that they are in possession under the assignee, who is protected against the judgment. If, however, by means of the foreclosure, Boies acquired a title, the defendants may safely waive both the preceding grounds, and rest on an outstanding title in Boies, which defeats the action.
As to the effect .of the prior execution; according to the case, Ex parte Lawrence, (4 Cowen, 417,) the levy on sufficient personal property was an extinguishment of the judgment; and the judgment ceased to be a lien. But if it be admitted that a bona fide purchaser, without notice, would, notwithstanding, be protected, Merrit is not entitled *21to that character. In the first place, White and Noble had actual notice. It is not proved that the money advanced by Noble to White, was the money of Merrit. It is true, Noble so declared; but that is not evidence. That Merrit, sometime before, advanced the money to Noble, for the purpose of being so applied, is no evidence against third persons, that in truth the money received was the money of Merrit. He was not the purchaser at the sheriff’s sale, although the deed proceeded from the sheriff. It was substantially a purchase from White by Noble, the agent of the lessor of the plaintiff. The general rule is, that notice to the agent, is notice to the principal. Amb. 626; 1 Ves. 62; 2 Mad. 257. On this ground, therefore, no title was acquired under the sheriff’s deed.
The motion to set aside the nonsuit must be denied.
Motion denied.

 In Dillingham v. Estill, (3 Dana’s Rep. 21,) the plaintiff sued for a breach of warranty of soundness, contained in a bill of sale of two slaves; the defendant pleaded that the following writing—“ I, Benjamin Estill, (the vendee,) release said Dillingham from, any responsibility of said negroes, as witness, my hand—Benjamin Estill”—was executed simultaneously with the bill of sale, &o.; averring, that it was intended as an integral part of the bill of sale, and to operate as a defeasance or release of the warranty. The court of appeals overruled a demurrer to the plea; holding, that however incongruous and extraordinary such an entire contract might be, both writings must be construed together, if they were in fact cotemporary. It was argued that the writings could not be connected by parol testimony, or by averment merely. The court, in respect to this, said—“It has been decided that one writing cannot be connected with another, unless it in some way refers to it. But if that here relied on was cotemporaneous with the bill of sale, it can be understood as referring to it without any parol proof. For, surely, if a vendor of slaves make a bill of sale with warranty, and, at the same time, the vendee deliver to him a writing, stipulating that he shall not be responsible for ‘the said negroes,’ the latter agreement, without any extraneous proof) might be understood to refer to the former, and to mean, that the vendor should not be responsible on his formal warranty. It would not be inconsistent with either of the writings, or with any rule of evidence, to prove hat they were given at the same time; and, indeed, as that given by the appellee (the vendee) has no date, the fact of identity as to date, is far from being intrinsically improbable.” (Id. 23.) Even if the date had been different, parol testimony might have been received, it seems, to show that both were executed at the same time.
In actions on promissory notes, writings connected therewith, by direct reference, or necessary implication, are admissible by way of showing it conditional, &c. (See Davlin v. Hill, 2 Fairf. Rep. 434; Hunt v. Livermore, 5 Pick. Rep. 395.) And parol evidence, consistent with the material parts of the two writings, and tending to connect them, seems allowable. (See the cases, supra. Also Heywood v. Perrin, 10 Pick. 228.)
The date and subscribing witnesses of two writings being identical, the court presumed one to be the consideration of the other, nothing appearing on their face to counteract that presumption. (Aldridge v. Birney, 7 Monroe, 344, 347.)
Where an agreement or disposition of property can only operate by writing, an instrument referring to another must describe it so clearly, that, by the description, it may be identified. For, to allow parol evidence to connect two instruments together, where there is no reference to a foreign instrument, or where the description of it is insufficient, would be to give it an effect independent of the writing, and contrary to the provisions of law which require' the whole to be in writing. (See Brodie v. St. Paul, 1 Ves. Jun. 330; Smart v. Prujean, 6 Ves. 566; Coles v. Trecothick, 9 id. 249; Boydell *19-1v. Drummond, 11 East, 153; Per Holroyd, J., in Kenworthy v. Schofield, 2 Barn. & Cress. 948; Clinan v. Cooke, 1 Scho. & Lef. 22; Tawney v. Crowther, 1 Bro. C. C. 161, 318; Givins v. Calder, 2 Dess. Eq. R. 188; Parkhurst v. Van Courtlandt, 1 John. Ch. Rep. 273; S. C. on appeal, 14 John Rep. 15.)
But this rule is not to be so interpreted as to exclude evidence for the purpose of applying the terms of the reference; in other words, evidence tending to show what the reference means. The description must be compared with the instruments to which it may possibly refer; if the description is in some respects erroneous, the erroneous part may be rejected, agreeable to the doctrine falsa demonstrate, &c.; in short, the reference is to be dealt with as you deal with other descriptions, in applying them to the object or subject intended. In Hodges v. Horsefall, 1 Russ. & Mylne, 116, an instrument, purporting to be an agreement for a lease, contained a clause for the erection of additions, according to a plan agreed upon; it appeared that three distinct plans existed for making the additions alluded to; and an objection was made that parol evidence was inadmissible to determine what plan was meant. Lord Lyndhurst, in giving judgment, said—“I am of opinion, on the authority of all the cases, and especially the case in 1 Scho. & Lef. 22, where Lord Redesdale has considered the subject very fully, that, as the written agreement refers specifically to a plan, if there be parol evidence clear and satisfactory to identify the particular plan, that evidence may be properly admitted for the purpose of so identifying it.” See also Saunderson v. Jackson, 2 Bos. & Pull. 238, 239, and the observations of the Lord Chancellor in Dillon v. Harris, 4 Bligh, N. S. 343. In Shortreede v. Check, 1 Adol. & Ellis, 57, assumpsit was brought upon a guarantee, in which the consideration was stated in the following form: “ Yon will be so good as to withdraw the promissory note; and I,” &c. A promissory note, payable to the plaintiff, and made by the defendant’s son, was produced on the trial by the plaintiff, and no evidence was given of the existence of any other note. A motion was made for a new trial, on the ground that the description of the note was not sufficiently explicit to ascertain what note was meant, without the admission of parol evidence. Held, that there being no evidence of any other note to which the agreement could apply, the one produced was to be regarded as that intended, and so the agreement was held sufficient within the statute of frauds. Had it turned out that there were two notes, there might have been a difficulty, it was said, in explaining which was meant.
Where a mortgage of chattels purported on its face to have been given to secure the plaintiff for his liability on a note given to A., the date of which was specified, and the amount, hut the one produced on the trial by the plaintiff, though agreeing with the description in other respects, varied from the amount specified, (the one described being for $236, and the one produced for $256;) held, that the plaintiff might show that the note produced was the only note'he had signed as surety for the mortgagee, and so *19-2identify it as the one intended by the description. (Johns v. Church, 12 Pick. Rep. 557.) In Pennsylvania, where there was a reference in an assignment to a note, describing it by its date, amount, time of payment, the name of the maker, and the person in whose favor it was drawn; held, that the testimony of the assignor, showing that no note drawn in favor of the person named ever existed, but that another note, drawn by such person, and corresponding with the description in other particulars, did exist, and that this was the one intended, was admissible. (Commercial Bank v. Clapier, 3 Rawle’s Rep. 335.) This case, however, seems to go on the equity doctrine of correcting mistakes, which power is exercised in that state by courts proceeding, inform at least, as courts of law. Hence, direct evidence of intention, as an independent fact, was perhaps proper.
In Vermont, ejectment was brought by one who claimed in virtue of a mortgage, purporting to have been given to secure a note of $440. The plaintiff produced a note “agreeing with the one described,” except that the sum was $449, instead of $440. He then proposed to prove by parol, that “the note produced was the one intended to have been described,” and that the variance was through the mistake of the scrivener. The court rejected the evidence and directed a verdict for the defendant; and the decision was afterwards sustained, on review. Edgill v. Stanford, 3 Verm. Rep. 207. The suit was in a court of law, and the evidence offered was designed obviously to show mistake or intention as an independent fact; as such, it was irrelevant to the point of interpretation. It might perhaps have been held otherwise had the evidence proposed been of circumstances collateral to the question of intent, and had the reference to the note been sufficiently descriptive of the one produced to have enabled the court to see, by the aid of such evidence, that this was the one intended, notwithstanding the falsa demonstraiio as to the amount.

 Where one writing refers to another, either tacitly or expressly, both are to bo construed together; and one may correct an erroneous description contained in the other, or even vary or add to, as well as explain it. Two writings executed at the same time, in relation to the same subject matter, have, in many cases, been deemed one instrument, with a view to the construction of either. The reference from one writing to another may be quite indirect, or by implication only. That they are contemporaneous and kindred in respect to subject matter, is frequently inferrible from circumstances appearing in the writings themselves. See Jackson, ex dem. Livingston v. Freer, 17 Johns. Rep. 29; Cowen and Hill’s Notes to Phillipps’ Evidence, part 2, pp. 517, 518.