Court Opinion

ID: 2808901
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-06-16 20:35:03.396652+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:30:10.980318
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                                    January 2015 Term
                                    _______________                           FILED
                                                                        June 16, 2015
                                                                         released at 3:00 p.m.
                                      No. 14-0757                      RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
                                                                     SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                    _______________                       OF WEST VIRGINIA

                               STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA,

                                Plaintiff Below, Respondent

                                            v.

                         MICHAEL BLATT and KIM BLATT,

                            Defendant Below, Petitioner

       ____________________________________________________________

                    Appeal from the Circuit Court of Wayne County

                         The Honorable Darrell Pratt, Judge

                         Case Nos. 14-M-015 and 14-M-016

                                REVERSED

       ____________________________________________________________

                                 Submitted: May 12, 2015

                                   Filed: June 16, 2015

Charles K. Garnes, Jr., Esq.                     Patrick Morrisey, Esq.
Campbell Woods, PLLC                             Attorney General
Huntington, West Virginia                        Derek A. Knopp, Esq.
Counsel for the Petitioner                       Assistant Attorney General
                                                 Charleston, West Virginia
                                                 Counsel for the Respondent

JUSTICE BENJAMIN delivered the Opinion of the Court.

CHIEF JUSTICE WORKMAN and JUSTICE LOUGHRY concur in part, dissent in
part, and reserve the right to file separate opinions.
                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

              1.     “This Court reviews the circuit court’s final order and ultimate

disposition under an abuse of discretion standard. We review challenges to findings of

fact under a clearly erroneous standard; conclusions of law are reviewed de novo.” Syl.

pt. 4, Burgess v. Porterfield, 196 W. Va. 178, 469 S.E.2d 114 (1996).

              2.     “The authority to order a dog killed pursuant to W. Va.Code § 19–

20–20 (1981), stems solely from a criminal proceeding, and a private cause of action may

not be brought for the destruction of a dog under this section.” Syl. pt. 4, Durham v.

Jenkins, 229 W. Va. 669, 735 S.E.2d 266 (2012).

              3.     For a magistrate or circuit court to determine that a person has

committed the crime described in W. Va. Code § 19-20-20 (1981), it must find, beyond a

reasonable doubt, that the person (1) owned, kept, or harbored (2) any dog (3) known to

the person (4) to be vicious, dangerous, or in the habit of biting other people. However,

the magistrate or circuit court need not determine that a crime has been committed

pursuant to W. Va. Code § 19-20-20 (1981) to proceed, at its discretion, to order the

destruction of a dog pursuant to that statute. To order the destruction of a dog pursuant to

this statute, the magistrate or circuit court must determine that there is satisfactory proof

that the dog is dangerous, vicious, or in the habit of biting or attacking other persons or

other dogs or animals.

                                              i
             4.     “The Double Jeopardy Clause in Article III, Section 5 of the West

Virginia Constitution, provides immunity from further prosecution where a court having

jurisdiction has acquitted the accused. It protects against a second prosecution for the

same offense after conviction. It also prohibits multiple punishments for the same

offense.” Syl. pt. 1, Conner v. Griffith, 160 W. Va. 680, 238 S.E.2d 529 (1997).

                                            ii
Benjamin, Justice:

              The Circuit Court of Wayne County ordered that Tinkerbell, a female pit

bull terrier be destroyed pursuant to West Virginia’s vicious dog statute, W. Va. Code §

19-20-20 (1981), after she injured a neighbor child who was playing in the yard of

Michael and Kim Blatt. Tinkerbell is the family pet of the Blatts.

              The circuit court’s decision ordering that Tinkerbell be destroyed relied on

a presumption that pit bull dog breeds are inherently vicious. Because extensive debate

exists over whether scientific evidence and social concerns justify breed-specific

presumptions, we conclude that courts may not, upon judicial notice, rely solely upon a

breed-specific presumption in ordering the destruction of a dog pursuant to W. Va. Code

§ 19-20-20. The adoption of breed-specific presumptions with regard to this statute is the

prerogative of the Legislature, not the judiciary. In the absence of a breed-specific

presumption, we determine that neither the remaining findings of fact in the circuit

court’s destruction order nor the facts presented in the record provide satisfactory proof

that Tinkerbell must be euthanized. Consequently, we reverse the circuit court’s

destruction order.

                I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

                                             1

                Eight-year-old L.L.1 was injured by a dog named “Tinkerbell” (nicknamed

“Tink”), a two-year-old female pit bull terrier or pit bull terrier mix,2 owned by L.L.’s

neighbors, petitioners Michael and Kim Blatt. The State brought charges against both Mr.

and Ms. Blatt, alleging that the they violated W. Va. Code § 19-20-20 by knowingly

harboring a dog that is vicious, dangerous or in the habit of biting or attacking other

persons. The circuit court conducted two hearings, the first on June 17, 2014, and the

second on June 30, 2014, and entered two orders following those hearings. Although the

circuit court found the Blatts not guilty of harboring a vicious dog, the court nevertheless

       1
        Consistent with this Court’s practice in cases involving juveniles, we refer to the
children in this case using their initials. See W. Va. R. Appellate Procedure 40(e).
       2
           In using the term “pit bull,” this Court is cognizant that

                        [l]ike the familiar generic terms spaniel and retriever,
                which refer not to one, but to several recognized canine
                breeds characterized by common phenotype, origin, or
                traditional use, the term pit bull describes a subgroup of the
                larger terrier breed group. Within the subgroup of dogs
                commonly referred to as “pit bulls,” the American Kennel
                Club (“AKC”) registers the Staffordshire bull terrier and the
                American Staffordshire terrier, and the United Kennel Club
                (“UKC”) registers the Staffordshire bull terrier and the
                American Pit Bull terrier. Neither organization recognizes a
                “pit bull” breed or group.

Kristen E. Swann, Note, Irrationality Unleashed: The Pitfalls of Breed-Specific
Legislation, 78 UMCK L. Rev. 839, 840 (2010) (footnotes omitted); accord Safia Gray
Hussain, Note, Attacking the Dog-Bite Epidemic: Why Breed-Specific Legislation Won’t
Solve the Dangerous-Dog Dilemma, 74 Fordham L. Rev. 2847, 2851–52 (2006).

                                                2

ordered the destruction of Tinkerbell, finding her to be vicious. Testimony at the two

hearings produced the following evidence.3

              In May 2012, an animal rescue organization, River City Bully Buddies,

acquired Tinkerbell from a high-kill animal shelter in Mercer County on the

recommendation of volunteers at the shelter. Tinkerbell was about six months old when

she was acquired by the rescue organization. Tinkerbell lived with the founder of the

rescue organization, Capri Billings, and her three minor children from May 2012 until

August 2013. Ms. Billings described the dog as “very loving, playful” but that the dog is

“very high energy”—a trait Ms. Billings testified is “typical of many dogs.” Ms. Billings

also testified that while Tinkerbell was in her family’s care, they “never had any

problems with her at all.”

              The Blatts first met and interacted with Tinkerbell at an adoption event

sponsored by River City Bully Buddies. Kim Blatt testified that Tinkerbell was “the

greeter” at these events and that the dog was not troubled by children touching her ears

and tail. The Blatts later contacted Ms. Billings about adopting Tinkerbell. Before the

       3
         During the June 17, 2014, hearing, Michael Blatt appeared in person and by
counsel Darren Queen, and Kim Blatt appeared in person and by counsel Alison R.
Gerlach. The Blatts obtained new counsel, Charles K. Garnes, for the June 30, 2014,
destruction hearing. Mr. Garnes also appeared for this appeal. In both hearings below, the
State was represented by Prosecuting Attorney Thomas M. Plymale and Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney Gary L. Michaels.

                                             3

Blatts were permitted to adopt the dog, the family had an hour-and-a-half to two-hour

“meet-and-greet” with Ms. Billings and Tinkerbell to, as Ms. Billings testified, “make

sure there’s good energy flow.” The Blatts then fostered Tinkerbell for a two-week period

to ensure that the dog and the family were a good match. The Blatts ultimately adopted

Tinkerbell in August 2013.

              In the months that followed, Tinkerbell was regularly with the Blatts’ nine-

and six-year-old children. The family walked Tinkerbell in the neighborhood on a leash,

and the dog slept in bed with the children. Ms. Blatt testified that in addition to spending

time with her own children, Tinkerbell also interacted with several of her nieces and

nephews. Ms. Blatt stated that the family “never had any problem with [Tinkerbell]” and

that she never witnessed the dog display any aggressive behavior.

              On the afternoon or evening of March 31, 2014, L.L. and his sister were

playing together in the Blatts’ side yard with the Blatts’ two children. The children threw

a ball while Mr. Blatt grilled hamburgers on the back porch. During this time Tinkerbell

was confined to the inside of the house and the fenced-in front yard. Mr. Blatt testified, “I

just had [the dog] in the house. There was really no reason. I just, you know, she was in

the house. I had food and I didn’t, just didn’t think anything of it.” He later stated that the

dog had been confined to the house to allow a wound on her paw to heal.

                                              4

             Upon arriving at the Blatt residence, Mr. Blatt’s mother accidently left the

front gate open and Tinkerbell got out of the fenced-in front yard. The dog proceeded to

run to the back of the house where the family and friends were playing. The dog, which

according to Mr. Blatt “loves to fetch and chase balls and sticks,” found a ball the

children had been playing with and began to bury it. The Blatts’ nine-year-old child,

N.B., testified as to what happened next:

                     Q [Counsel for the Blatts] . . . Tell me what you guys
             were doing.
                     A [N.B.]      Well, [L.L.] was on the ground. Tink
             came around in the back yard where we all were. She found a
             ball, popped it, was trying to bury it. Then, [L.L.] tried to go
             grab it. He was, like, to throw it. But, Tink went up to get the
             ball. She has no hands, so she used her mouth. She nipped,
             bit, nipped him to get the ball down. So she actually didn’t
             mean - - hurt him a little too much.
                     Q     Okay. She was going after the ball?
                     A     Yeah.

N.B. further explained upon questioning by the State:

                     And [L.L.] was on the deck, too, but he came down.
             When he came down, he dropped the ball. I went up on the
             deck. That’s when I was on the deck. And Tink got the ball.
             Before [L.L.] got the ball, Tink got it. And she popped it, and
             she was trying to bury it. And the boy grabbed it out of her
             mouth, went like this (indicating), and the dog tried to get the
             ball, but she accidently nipped the boy.
                     ....
                     [S]he was trying to get the ball. He was like this,
             (indicating), and she was jump - - when he was like this,
             (indicating), Tink got on his shoulders and tried to get the ball
             down.

                                            5

When asked about his use of the word “nip,” N.B. said, “It means that she did not mean

to bite him. She just wanted to get the ball down.” N.B. was the only eye-witness to the

bite who testified; L.L. was not questioned during the proceedings below.

              After the dog bit L.L.,4 he held his hands against his face, which was

bleeding, and he cried for his parents. Meanwhile, N.B. testified that “[Tinkerbell] got

down, hunkered down on the ground. Then, she ran right into the house, and she hid

under the bar stools.” Mr. Blatt also testified as to Tinkerbell’s behavior directly after the

bite, stating, “What I observed was, after I heard the scream, I turned to look and see

what happened. Everybody rushed over; and Tinkerbell ran in the house and hid under a

chair. The back door was standing wide open. She, lickety-split, was gone.”

              While Mr. Blatt’s mother’s husband, a nurse, attended to L.L., Mr. Blatt

went to get L.L.’s parents. L.L.’s father, Jason Owen, testified:

                    Me and my wife were sitting at the computer when a
              knock came on the door. Answered the door. It was Mr. Blatt.
              He said, “[L.L.] would like to see one of you two guys,”

       4
         The Blatts stipulated during the June 17, 2014, hearing that the dog bit L.L. once.
During both hearings before the circuit court, the State did not dispute that the dog bit
L.L. one time. N.B. was cross-examined regarding his testimony characterizing the bite
as a “nip.” He was asked, “So, when you say, you use the word ‘nip’, that’s what your
parents told you to use, right?” N.B. replied in the affirmative, explaining, “It means that
she did not mean to bite him.” We note that Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary
838 (11th ed. 2005), defines “nip” as follows: “to catch hold of and squeeze tightly
between two surfaces, edges, or points : PINCH, BITE .”

                                              6

              because he was at Mr. Blatt’s house playing with the kids.
              And he said, “My dog got out and it seems like he bumped
              [L.L.] in the face and, you know, so he would like to see one
              of you.”
                      So, my wife proceeded to walk over. And I was
              standing there. I watched my wife and son come down the
              driveway. And my wife said, “This isn’t cool.” And then
              when [L.L.] got there, his face was ripped and stuff like that.
              And a few minutes later my daughter came in screaming
              because of what happened. She was terrified.
                      So, at that time, Mr. Blatt was already at home, and I
              walked over there. I’m, like, “What happened?” I said,
              “What’s going on?” And, like, I said, “Your dog bit my son’s
              face off.” And I think, I believe it was Kim, said, “It was only
              his lip.” I said, “It was his face.” And then I walked back
              home, and then we ended up taking him to the hospital.

Mr. Blatt testified:

                     I was unaware that it was a bite at first. I was on the
              porch. The kids were over in the side yard. The kid put his
              hands over his face. Yes, there was blood. I did not see it. So
              I didn’t know what happened. I ran to get the parents, of
              course.

When asked by his counsel if he was “plotting in some way to minimize or try to stop

trouble when [he] told them that the kid had gotten his nose bumped, or whatever,” Mr.

Blatt said, “No, sir. I was just trying to get them united. The boy was screaming for his

parents.”

              L.L.’s mother, Tara Schmidt, testified, “I had somebody come and get me

and take [L.L.] to the hospital, because my husband had to stay home with the little kids.”

At the hospital, L.L. received five stitches to his upper lip and nine stitches to his bottom

lip to close the laceration caused by the bite. Hospital records indicate that L.L.

                                             7

experienced pain and bleeding but that the degree of bleeding was minimal and the

degree of pain was minimal. Photographs in the record show swelling and redness around

the laceration and an abrasion near L.L.’s right eye.

              Following the incident with L.L., Tinkerbell was seized by Animal Control

Officer Phillip Hickey with the Huntington-Cabell-Wayne Animal Shelter. Mr. Hickey

described Tinkerbell’s demeanor as follows: “Quite honestly, the behavior was - - it was

mild demeanored [sic] when I picked up the dog. I was, frankly, just shocked that it had

shown aggression, but that happens.” Mr. Hickey described Tinkerbell as “Pit Bull, or

mostly Pit Bull.” He testified that during training in connection with his employment, he

was taught that pit bull breeds are aggressive by nature, but he stated that Tinkerbell’s

mild behavior was atypical in that she did not appear aggressive.

              Once Tinkerbell was seized by Animal Control and taken to the animal

shelter, she was subject to a quarantine period. Wayne County Health Department

Registered Sanitarian and Epidemiologist, Carl Farley, ensured that following a

quarantine period, the dog was in good health. Mr. Farley described Tinkerbell as a “Pit

Bull Dog Terrier.”

              Gregory Iseli, Assistant Director of the Huntington-Cabell-Wayne Animal

Shelter testified that while he never physically observed Tinkerbell, he would describe

                                             8

her, based on photographs, as a “Pit Bull.” Mr. Iseli also provided testimony as to the

nature of pit bull dogs, stating, “Normally, [pit bulls are] more aggressive than other

breeds. Not saying all of them are, but most cases that I have dealt with . . . you have a

harder time handling them.” Following quarantine, Tinkerbell was released to the Blatts.

                 L.L.’s father testified that sometime after his son was bitten, he went to the

Blatts’ home and met Tinkerbell for the first time. He said that when he petted her, “the

tail wagged a little bit, but not a whole lot. But, she pretty much was more hyper than

aggressive.” L.L.’s father described the dog’s demeanor at that time as “not vicious, but a

little hyper.”

                 The State brought charges against the Blatts pursuant to W. Va. Code § 19­

20-20, which provides that it is unlawful for a person to own, keep, or harbor any dog

known by that person to be vicious, dangerous or in the habit of biting or attacking other

persons. If a dog is found to be vicious, dangerous, or in the habit of biting or attacking

other persons or other dogs or animals pursuant to that statute, a circuit court or

magistrate court may order the destruction of that dog.

                 A bench trial was held on June 17, 2014. During the trial, the circuit court

ruled that “I can’t find beyond a reasonable doubt that these Defendants . . . knew that

dog to be vicious, or dangerous, or in the habit of biting or attacking people.” The circuit

                                                9

court then decided to hold an additional hearing to determine whether it should order the

destruction of the dog. In the June 30, 2014, destruction hearing, the circuit court took

judicial notice of the evidence presented in the June 17, 2014, hearing and made the

following findings:

              [I]t’s my belief and I’m going to find that this is a Pit Bull
              Terrier, or a mixed breed of Pit Bull Terrier, that generally
              accepted by this [c]ourt, and also in other states and also the
              West Virginia Supreme Court, as being inherently vicious and
              unpredictable.
                      ....
                      Also, findings that I made in the June 17th hearing that
              Tinkerbell did bite this child, and the child was in a place
              where the child should have been and had a right to be,
              playing with other children, lawfully there. Indication was
              that there was a possibility that the child was grabbing at a
              ball at the same time the dog was, which in my opinion, the
              child should be given the benefit of the doubt there, not the
              dog.
                      In my opinion, and also will find, that one attack such
              as this one is sufficient to declare a dog to be vicious and
              dangerous, and in the habit of biting people. And the
              testimony given today was that this dog was going after a ball
              at the same time that the child was. The child wasn’t trained
              on how to deal with a vicious dog, so the child was bitten.
                      So I think there’s satisfactory proof that Tinkerbell is a
              vicious dog, is a dangerous dog, and in the habit of biting
              persons.
                      I’m going to order and direct that this dog be turned
              over to the Humane Officers of the Cabell-Wayne-Huntington
              Animal Shelter and this dog be euthanized.

              After the hearings, the circuit court entered two orders. The order acquitting

the Blatts’ was entered on July 10, 2014 (“the acquittal order”). In that order, the circuit

court made the following findings of fact:

                                             10

                      That the dog, “Tinkerbell”, is a Pitt [sic] Bull Terrier
              or Pitt [sic] Bull Terrier mix-breed;
                      That Pit Bull Terriers are inherently vicious and
              aggressive dogs;
                      That the dog “Tinkerbell” had not previously
              demonstrated a vicious demeanor while living at the Blatt
              home;
                      That State presented no evidence of prior complaints
              about this dog and the Animal Control Officers testified that
              this dog seemed to have a “mild demeanor” when picked-up
              and while housed at the shelter;
                      That “Tinkerbell” escaped the fenced yard when
              someone left the gate open.
                      That “Tinkerbell” bit the minor child, in an
              unprovoked attack, while the child was playing in a side yard,
              where he had a right to be safe and secure.

The circuit court then made the following conclusions of law in the acquittal order:

                     Thereupon, the Court proceeded to take testimony and
              evidence in this matter, and the Court does hereby find that
              the evidence presented in this case identified the dog as a Pitt
              [sic] Bull Terrier or Pit Bull Terrier mix breed; that the
              [c]ourt and other Courts in this State, and many other States
              have found this breed of dog to be of a vicious and aggressive
              nature; that this dog did bite a child in the face; that the attack
              was unprovoked; Therefore, the [c]ourt finds that the dog,
              “Tinkerbell” is a vicious dog, and a dangerous dog, and in the
              habit of biting persons.
                     The [c]ourt finds that this is a criminal proceeding for
              requiring proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendants
              knew the dog to be “vicious, dangerous, or in the habit of
              biting or attacking other persons.” Given the evidence
              presented in this case that there were no prior attacks by the
              dog and no prior acts of aggression, the [c]ourt finds that the
              State has not proven beyond a reasonable doubt that
              defendants knew the dog to be vicious.
                     ....
                     It is ORDERED that the Defendants are ADJUDGED
              Not Guilty of the criminal offense of knowingly owning and
              keeping a vicious animal.

                                              11
             The court entered an order ordering the destruction of Tinkerbell on July 7,

2014 (“the destruction order”). The destruction order states the following, in pertinent

part:

             1. The [c]ourt denies the Defendant’s oral motion to dismiss
             and finds that the current case is distinguished from Durham
             v. Jenkins, 229 W.Va. 669, 735 S.E.2d 266, 2012, in that the
             current case was brought pursuant to a criminal prosecution
             by the Office of the Wayne County Prosecuting Attorney and
             not a private citizen
             ....
             3. The [c]ourt takes judicial notice of all evidence and
             testimony from the criminal trial conducted on June 17, 2014
             in 14-M-015 and 14-M-016. In that all witness [sic] described
             and identified the dog as a Pitt Bull [sic] or Pitt Bull [sic] mix
             bred [sic].
             4. The [c]ourt takes judicial notice of the decision in Wayne
             County Circuit Court case of 09-CM-AP-004, 09-CM-AP­
             005, and 09-CM-AP-006, that declared a city ordinance valid
             that prohibited citizens from possessing pit-bulls inside the
             City limits because of the nature and danger of the breed of
             dogs, and notes that the West Virginia Supreme Court of
             Appeals upheld the Court’s decision in Steve Hardwick and
             Sharon Nalley v. Town of Ceredo, Memorandum Decision
             No. 11-1048, 2013.
             5. The [c]ourt FINDS that [c]ourts in Maryland, Alabama,
             Florida, Pennsylvania, [and] Kansas have found that the breed
             of dog known commonly as a pit-bull terrier is dangerous and
             aggressive and are unpredictable in nature, and present a
             unique public health hazard. Therefore, the [c]ourt FINDS
             that there is a presumption that pit-pull terrier breeds are
             dangerous, aggressive, a public health hazard and are
             unpredictable in nature.
             6. Based upon the expert testimony, presented by Animal
             Control Officers in Criminal Case Number: 14-M-015 and

                                            12

              14-M-016,5 the [c]ourt FINDS that the dog in this case
              known as “Tinkerbell” or “Tink” is a pit-bull terrier or a mix
              pit-bull terrier, and as a breed pit-bull terriers that [sic] are
              inherently vicious and unpredictable.
              ....
              8. The [c]ourt FINDS that ‘Tinkerbell” did bite a child and
              caused [sic] severe injuries to the child; that the child was
              playing in an area where the child was permitted to be when
              he was attacked by “Tinkerbell”, and the attack was
              unprovoked.
              9. The [c]ourt FINDS that one unprovoked attack of a child is
              sufficient evidence of satisfactory proof that the dog is
              vicious, dangerous and in the habit of biting people.
              10. The [c]ourt FINDS satisfactory proof that “Tinkerbell” is
              vicious, dangerous, and in the habit of biting people.
              11. Therefore, the Court ORDERS the Defendants to deliver
              “Tinkerbell” to the Cabell-Huntington-Wayne [sic] Animal
              Shelter to euthanize “Tinkerbell”.6

(Footnotes added). The court entered a stay of destruction order to allow the Blatts to

appeal the court’s decision. The court ordered that the Blatts be responsible for the costs

       5
         No witness during either hearing in this case was found by the circuit court to
qualify as an expert, and no witnesses gave testimony described by the witness as his or
her expert opinion. It appears that the persons the circuit court described as experts were
Gregory Iseli and Phillip Hickey. The Blatts’ counsel did not object to the testimony of
these individuals regarding Tinkerbell’s breed classification, and the Blatts do not now
challenge on appeal the circuit court’s characterization of these witnesses as experts.
       6
          The destruction order provided that Tinkerbell be held at the shelter in June
2014. The Blatts filed their notice of appeal in July 2014. Rule 29 of the West Virginia
Rules of Appellate Procedure permits a party to file a motion “for expedited relief in
connection with an action pending before this Court.” “The motion for expedited relief
shall set forth in specific detail the reasons for the request.” W. Va. R. Appellate
Procedure 29. Given the harm that may befall a dog held for a lengthy period of time in a
shelter, see Mcneely & Lindquist, infra Part III.B.2, at 100 n.25 (discussing how a dog
named Beans suffered from a number of health problems as a result of being caged at the
animal shelter for an extended period of time), we encourage parties to cases such as
these to file motions to expedite pursuant to Rule 29.

                                             13

associated with maintaining the dog at the shelter during the appeal. The Blatts appealed

the destruction order to this Court.

                             II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

              Our standard of review is well settled: “This Court reviews the circuit

court’s final order and ultimate disposition under an abuse of discretion standard. We

review challenges to findings of fact under a clearly erroneous standard; conclusions of

law are reviewed de novo.” Syl. pt. 4, Burgess v. Porterfield, 196 W. Va. 178, 469 S.E.2d
114 (1996).

                                       III. ANALYSIS

                      A. Destruction hearing and double jeopardy

              W. Va. Code § 19-20-20 (1981) provides:

                      Except as provided in section twenty-one [§ 19-20-21]
              of this article,7 no person shall own, keep or harbor any dog
              known by him to be vicious, dangerous, or in the habit of
              biting or attacking other persons, whether or not such dog
              wears a tag or muzzle. Upon satisfactory proof before a
              circuit court or magistrate that such dog is vicious, dangerous,
              or in the habit of biting or attacking other persons or other
              dogs or animals, the judge may authorize the humane officer
              to cause such dog to be killed.

       7
         Pursuant to W. Va. Code § 19-20-21 (1981), any person may keep “a dog which
is generally considered to be vicious, for the purpose of protection,” but the person must
acquire a special license to do so from the county assessor and secure the animal as
directed by the statute.

                                            14

(Footnote added). Pursuant to W. Va. Code § 19-20-19, “A person who violates any of

the provisions of this article for which no specific penalty is prescribed is guilty of a

misdemeanor . . . .” The elements of the crime described in W. Va. Code § 19-20-20 are

that a person (1) own, keep, or harbor (2) any dog (3) known to the person (4) to be

vicious, dangerous, or in the habit of biting other people. As with any crime, if one of the

elements of the crime cannot be proved beyond a reasonable doubt, then the person

charged with the crime must be acquitted.

              In the case at bar, the Blatts were found not guilty of violating W. Va. Code

§ 19-20-20 because the circuit court determined that they did not know their dog was

vicious. In other words, the circuit court found that the third element of the crime—

knowledge—was not satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt. Following the acquittal, the

circuit court conducted a destruction hearing to determine whether the dog should be

destroyed.

              The Blatts argue that the circuit court erred by holding a destruction hearing

and proceeding to order the destruction of the dog despite having acquitted the Blatts of

violating W. Va. Code § 19-20-20. The Blatts also assert that the destruction hearing

violated double jeopardy principles.

                                            15

              With regard to whether the circuit court erred by holding a destruction

hearing, the Blatts rely on language in Durham v. Jenkins, 229 W. Va. 669, 673, 735
S.E.2d 266, 270 (2012), which states, “For a magistrate or circuit court to obtain

authority to order a dog killed, the magistrate or judge must first find, upon conducting a

criminal proceeding, that a crime described in the first sentence of § 19-20-20 has been

committed.” We determine that this language in Durham is overly restrictive in light of

the statute and our actual broader holding in Durham interpreting that statute, which

states that “[t]he authority to order a dog killed pursuant to W. Va.Code § 19–20–20

(1981), stems solely from a criminal proceeding.” Syl. pt. 4, in part, Durham, 229 W. Va.
669, 735 S.E.2d 266 (emphasis added). Specifically, a conviction in a criminal

proceeding is not a prerequisite to the separate consideration of whether a dog should be

destroyed. Thus, to clarify the application of this statute and our holding in Durham, we

now hold that for a magistrate or circuit court to determine that a person has committed

the crime described in W. Va. Code § 19-20-20 (1981), it must find, beyond a reasonable

doubt, that the person (1) owned, kept, or harbored (2) any dog (3) known to the person

(4) to be vicious, dangerous, or in the habit of biting other people. However, the

magistrate or circuit court need not determine that a crime has been committed pursuant

to W. Va. Code § 19-20-20 (1981) to proceed, at its discretion, to order the destruction of

a dog pursuant to that statute. To order the destruction of a dog pursuant to this statute,

the magistrate or circuit court must determine that there is satisfactory proof that the dog

is dangerous, vicious, or in the habit of biting or attacking other persons or other dogs or

                                            16

animals. Accordingly, we determine that the circuit court did not err by engaging in a

proceeding collateral to the criminal matter to determine whether Tinkerbell should be

destroyed pursuant to W. Va. Code § 19-20-20.

              Similarly, the destruction hearing did not violate double jeopardy

principles. The double jeopardy clause of the West Virginia constitution “provides

immunity from further prosecution where a court having jurisdiction has acquitted the

accused.” Syl. pt. 1, in part, Conner v. Griffith, 160 W. Va. 680, 238 S.E.2d 529 (1997);

see also W. Va. Const. art. III, § 5 (“No person shall . . . be twice put in jeopardy of life

or liberty for the same offence.”); U.S. Const. amend. V (“No person shall . . . be subject

for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb . . . .”). At the time of the

destruction hearing, the prosecution of the Blatts had ended, and the destruction hearing

did not place them in jeopardy of life or liberty for the offense of knowingly owning,

keeping, or harboring a dog that is vicious, dangerous, or in the habit of biting or

attacking other persons. Therefore, we conclude that the circuit court did not err by

conducting a destruction hearing collateral to the criminal proceeding.

                                B. Errors of Fact and Law

                  1. The Circuit Court’s Breed-Specific Presumption

              The circuit court’s two orders made factual findings that “Pit Bull Terriers

are inherently vicious and aggressive dogs” and that “there is a presumption that pit-bull

                                             17

terrier breeds are dangerous, aggressive, a public health hazard and are unpredictable in

nature.” The Blatts assert that this “breed-specific bias is improper and against the

applicable statutes and case law of the State of West Virginia.” The State argues that the

circuit court’s presumption is not clearly erroneous. We agree with the Blatts.

              In making its breed-specific findings, the circuit court relied on the fact that

this Court affirmed in a memorandum decision an order from the circuit court

recognizing such a presumption. The circuit court also relied on the fact that other

jurisdictions have adopted breed-specific presumptions.

              The memorandum decision of this Court described by the circuit court is

Hardwick v. Town of Ceredo, No. 11-1048, 2013 WL 149628 (W. Va. 2013)

(memorandum decision). In that case, the petitioners appealed their convictions for

violating a municipal ordinance prohibiting ownership of pit bull terriers within the Town

of Ceredo. The petitioners argued that “the ordinance assumes a dog to be vicious based

merely upon its breed without any further evidence,” Hardwick, at *1, and they argued

that this made the ordinance unconstitutional. The circuit court’s order concluded that the

ordinance was a legitimate exercise of the City’s police powers, finding:

                     That each Defendant’s dogs are of the breed that is
              typically referred to generically as pit bull dogs which are
              aggressive by nature, have been known as attack animals with
              strong massive heads and jaws, and have been found to
              represent a public health hazard. The majority of jurisdictions
              have accepted the proposition that dogs of this type have a

                                             18
              propensity to be aggressive and attack without provocation
              and it is well established that such dogs have gotten a lot of
              notoriety as being dangerous to public health and safety.

Id. at *2. This Court affirmed the petitioners’ convictions, adopting the circuit court’s

order.

              Upon our review of Hardwick, we find that it does not support the circuit

court’s adoption of a presumption that pit bull breeds are inherently vicious or dangerous

under W. Va. Code § 19-20-20. First, the legislation challenged in Hardwick was a city

ordinance of the Town of Ceredo. The ordinance itself created the presumption regarding

the nature of pit bull breeds; it was not a judicially created presumption. Second, this

Court, in deciding Hardwick, did not address a breed-specific presumption outside of the

context of the particular ordinance at issue. Third, the ordinance did not speak to the traits

described in W. Va. Code § 19-20-20: dangerousness, viciousness, or being in the habit

of biting or attacking other people or dogs. The ordinance spoke only to the

aggressiveness of pit bull breeds. Hardwick simply does not support the circuit court’s

finding that pit bull breeds are, as a matter of law, inherently vicious or dangerous within

the context of W. Va. Code § 19-20-20. More importantly, Hardwick does not stand as

authority that a specific dog is dangerous, vicious, or in the habit of biting or attacking.

              To further support adopting a breed-specific presumption, the circuit court

also relied on a finding that “[c]ourts in Maryland, Alabama, Florida, Pennsylvania, [and]

                                              19

Kansas have found that the breed of dog known commonly as a pit-bull terrier is

dangerous and aggressive and are unpredictable in nature, and present a unique public

health hazard.” The circuit court does not cite to any specific statutes or case law from

these jurisdictions to support its point.

              With regard to authority from other jurisdictions, we have said that “cases

referred to from other jurisdictions . . . are, of course, not of controlling force or effect or

binding in authority upon this Court. They are, however, entitled to great respect and

should be regarded as persuasive authority.” Burless v. W. Va. Univ. Hosps., Inc., 215 W.

Va. 765, 774 n.9, 601 S.E.2d 85, 94 n.9 (2004) (quoting Edlis, Inc. v. Miller, 132 W. Va.
147, 167, 51 S.E.2d 132, 141–42 (1948)). With this in mind, we have examined the

relevant law in the jurisdictions mentioned by the circuit court, and we find that it does

not support the circuit court’s adoption of a breed-specific presumption.

              In Maryland, the Court of Appeals has said with regard to pit bulls, “the

extreme dangerousness of this breed, as it has evolved today, is well recognized.”

Matthews v. Amberwood Associates Ltd. Partnership, Inc., 719 A.2d 119, 127 (Md.

1998) (determining liability in tort for a dog attack). However, in Maryland, the fact that

a dog is of a certain breed, standing alone, cannot provide sufficient proof that a specific

dog is dangerous. See Ward v. Hartley, 895 A.2d 1111, 1117 n.7 (Md. Ct. Spec. App.

2006); McDonald v. Burgess, 255 A.2d 299, 303 (Md. 1969); Md. Code Ann., Cts. &

                                              20

Jud. Proc. § 3-1901(b) (West 2014). Furthermore, the Court of Appeals has not applied

any breed-specific presumption in determining whether a dog’s behavior warrants

criminal action against an owner or the destruction of the dog. The Court of Appeals has

recognized that the control or banning of pit bull breeds is accomplished pursuant to

legislation. Matthews, 719 A.2d at 127 n.4 (“A number of states or municipalities,

recognizing the unique danger pit bull dogs pose to their citizens, have enacted legislation

that classify pit bull dogs as vicious, thus enabling them to control or ban this breed’s

presence in their communities.”).

              Like Maryland, Kansas has only acknowledged the validity of breed-

specific presumptions encapsulated within local ordinances. See Hearn v. City of

Overland Park, 772 P.2d 758, 768 (Kan. 1989) (determining that a local ordinance

containing a pit-bull-specific presumption did not violate the plaintiffs’ equal protection

rights).

              In Alabama, the supreme court has held that in tort actions, “an owner or

keeper of an animal will be charged with knowledge of the propensities of the breed of

animal he or she owns.” Humphries v. Rice, 600 So. 2d 975, 978 (Ala. 1992). However,

the Alabama court has not extended this to permit a presumption that a specific breed is

“dangerous” for purposes of determining tort liability. See Gentle v. Pine Valley

Apartments, 631 So. 2d 928, 932 (Ala. 1994) (citing favorably Lundy v. California

                                            21

Realty, 170 Cal. App. 3d 813, 216 Cal. Rptr. 575 (1985), which refused to take judicial

notice that the German Shepherd Dog breed is inherently dangerous). As with Maryland

and Kansas, Alabama’s supreme court has not applied a breed-specific presumption in

determining whether a dog’s behavior warrants criminal action against an owner or the

destruction of the dog.

              Florida and Pennsylvania are set apart from Maryland, Alabama, and

Kansas in that Florida and Pennsylvania both have legislation that criminalizes the

ownership of a dangerous dog when all of the elements of the crimes described in the

relevant statutes are satisfied. Fla. Stat. § 767.13(2) (1994); 3 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 459-505-A

(2008). However, neither the Florida Statutes nor the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes

contain any provision providing that there is a presumption that particular breeds are

dangerous. While the Florida judiciary has upheld ordinances containing presumptions

regarding pit bull breeds, see, e.g., State v. Peters, 534 So. 2d 760 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.

1988), these presumptions have not been applied to the state’s dangerous dog legislation.

In Pennsylvania, the Legislature has gone so far as to forbid the enactment of local

ordinances that prohibit or limit specific dog breeds. 3 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 459-507-A(c)

(2008) (“A local ordinance . . . may not prohibit or otherwise limit a specific breed of

dog.” (in part)). In the realm of tort liability, Florida’s courts have explicitly refused to

find that pit bull breeds are inherently vicious. See, e.g., Olave v. Howard, 547 So. 2d
349, 350 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1989) (“We are not prepared to say, as appellant requests,

                                             22

that any dog with a trace of pit bull ancestry is under the law deemed vicious.” (quoting

Bessent By & Through Bessent v. Matthews, 543 So. 2d 438, 439 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.

1989))).

              In addition to examining the law in the jurisdictions referenced by the

circuit court and determining that it does not support the adoption of a breed-specific

presumption with regard to W. Va. Code § 19-20-20, we also find that it is pertinent to

examine whether the language of W. Va. Code § 19-20-20 supports the presumption and

whether the circuit court could take judicial notice of the presumption.

              Initially, we observe that W. Va. Code § 19-20-20 does not explicitly or

implicitly provide for a breed-specific presumption. We have recognized that courts “are

obliged not to add to statutes something the Legislature purposely omitted.” Williamson

v. Greene, 200 W. Va. 421, 426, 490 S.E.2d 23, 28 (1997) (emphasis omitted) (quoting

Banker v. Banker, 196 W. Va. 535, 546–47, 474 S.E.2d 465, 476–77 (1996)). By adding

language to a statute omitted by the Legislature, the judiciary acts as a “superlegislature,”

which is prohibited by the Constitution of West Virginia. State ex rel. Cnty. Court of

Marion Cnty. v. Demus, 148 W. Va. 398, 401, 135 S.E.2d 352, 355 (1964) (“[T]he courts

of this state are forbidden by [Article V of the West Virginia Constitution] to exercise

legislative authority of any kind.”); see also syl. pt. 2, Huffman v. Goals Coal Co., 223
W. Va. 724, 679 S.E.2d 323 (2009) (“This Court does not sit as a superlegislature,

                                             23

commissioned to pass upon the political, social, economic or scientific merits of statutes

pertaining to proper subjects of legislation. It is the duty of the Legislature to consider

facts, establish policy, and embody that policy in legislation. It is the duty of this Court to

enforce legislation unless it runs afoul of the State or Federal Constitutions.”).

              Although a court may not read into a statute language purposefully omitted,

courts of this state are not required to “insulate themselves from all knowledge of

happenings and events in the world about them, and pretend ignorance to that which

among the mass of citizens is common knowledge,” State ex rel. City of Charleston v.

Sims, 132 W. Va. 826, 847, 54 S.E.2d 729, 741 (1949); they “may, and should, take

notice . . . of current events of a public nature.” Id.; see also syl. pt. 3, Brown v. Bottom

Creek Coal & Coke Co., 94 W. Va. 287, 118 S.E. 284 (1923) (“The courts of this state

take judicial notice of the laws of the United States, and the proclamations of the

President of the United States made in pursuance thereof, and of public notoriety or

general public interest.”); Boggs v. Settle, 150 W. Va. 330, 338, 145 S.E.2d 446, 451

(1965) (“While courts are permitted to take judicial notice of certain facts, it is well

settled that a trial judge is not permitted to base a finding upon facts which are merely

matters of his personal knowledge . . . .”); Rider v. Cnty. Court of Braxton Cnty., 74 W.

Va. 712, 722, 82 S.E. 1083, 1086 (1914) (Robinson, J., dissenting) (“That courts may

take judicial notice of matters of common knowledge and current history . . . all will

concede.”); Peyroux v. Howard, 32 U.S. 324, 342 (1833) (“It cannot certainly be laid

                                              24

down as a universal, or even as a general proposition, that the court can judicially notice

matters of fact. Yet it cannot be doubted, that there are many facts, particularly with

respect to geographical positions, of such public notoriety, and the knowledge of which is

to be derived from other sources than parol proof; which the court may judicially

notice.”). Thus, for this Court to uphold the circuit court’s presumption regarding pit bull

breeds, the presumption that pit bull breeds are inherently vicious and dangerous must be

a matter of common knowledge.

              The inquiry into whether breed-specific presumptions are appropriate or

justifiable has been the subject of numerous court cases and scholarly publications. Those

opposing such presumptions argue that any dog, regardless of its breed, “can become

dangerous under the right set of circumstances[; thus,] banning particular breeds will not

achieve the result that communities desire—to reduce the number of dog bites and the

injuries sustained from such bites.” Heather K. Pratt, Comment, Canine Profiling: Does

Breed-Specific Legislation Take a Bite Out of Canine Crime?, 108 Penn. St. L. Rev. 855,

876 (2004) (footnote omitted). Others question whether “there [is] a rational relationship

between public safety and subjecting dogs . . . to unusual restrictions based on their

appearance [instead of] their behavior.” Swann, supra note 2, at 851. Those in favor of

pit-bull-specific presumptions rely on what are “allegedly immutable pit bull

                                            25

characteristics,” Id. at 852, tied to the breed’s “genetic constitution,” Id. at 835,8 or the

fact that pit bulls were bred as fighting dogs. Id. at 841 (“Thanks to the perverse

ingenuity of those who cultivated aggressiveness in the breed, the pit bull now epitomizes

a paradox: man’s best friend turned natural enemy of humanity.” (internal quotation

marks omitted)).9 Similar positions have been taken with regard to other breeds,

       8
         While there is research that “suggests genetics contribute to the likelihood a dog
will exhibit aggression,” Swann, supra note 2, at 853, environmental and experiential
factors may also contribute to the behavioral predispositions of different breeds. Id. at
853 & n.129; see also Nardi v. Gonzalez, 630 N.Y.S.2d 215, 217 (City Court of Yonkers
N.Y. 1995) (suggesting that a German Shepherd dog, depending on training, can be a
trusted guard dog or vicious).
       9
        Writer Devin Berstien has noted that pit bull breeds have been associated with a
predisposition for aggression because they were originally bred as fighting dogs. Devin
Burstein, Breed Specific Legislation: Unfair Prejudice & Ineffective Policy, 10 Animal L.
313, 325 (2004). However, Burstein asserts that “aggression toward humans was a trait
despised by those breeding pit fighting dogs.” Id.; see also Hussain, supra note 2, at
2852–53 (“[B]ecause the human handler had to be in the fighting ring with the dog to
hold it in its starting position and to separate fighting dogs if necessary, aggression
towards humans was not tolerated.”).

      Additionally, we note that the perception of pit bull breeds has changed
dramatically over time.

                     In the early part of the twentieth century, pit bulls were
              considered the epitome of the all-American dog. The first war
              dog, Stubby, was a pit bull. Pete the Pup from “the Little
              Rascals” was an American Staffordshire Terrier, one of the
              three breeds comprising pit bulls. Teddy Roosevelt kept his
              pet pit bull in the White House. However, the pit bulls’
              wholesome image was tarnished in the late 1980s after a
              series of highly publicized attacks. Extensive media coverage
              of severe attacks and deaths inflicted by pit bulls pushed
              public fear of the dogs to public hysteria, and their popularity
                                                                              (continued . . .)

                                             26

including German Shepherds and Rotweillers. See Mcneely & Lindquist, infra Part

III.B.2, at 109.

               In view of the disagreement surrounding breed-specific presumptions, it is

clear to us that the viciousness or dangerousness of any breed within the meaning of W.

Va. Code § 19-20-20 is not a simple factual matter of which a magistrate or circuit court

can take judicial notice. See Rivers v. New York City Hous. Auth., 694 N.Y.S.2d 57, 58

(N.Y. App. Div. 1999) (concluding that the court below had erred by taking judicial

notice of “the vicious nature of pit bulls”); Carter v. Metro North Assocs., 680 N.Y.S.2d
239, 240 (N.Y. App. Div. 1998) (“On the subject of the propensities of pit bull terriers as

a breed there are alternative opinions that preclude judicial notice such as was taken by

the Court.”); Tracey v. Solesky, 50 A.3d 1075, 1091 (Md. 2012) (Greene, J., dissenting)

(“[W]hy should appellate courts even consider taking judicial notice of facts relating to

dog bite statistics that are clearly in dispute?”); cf. syl. pt. 2, Johnston v. Mack Mfg. Co.,

65 W. Va. 544, 64 S.E. 841 (1909) (“The habits and propensities of domestic animals are

matters of common knowledge to all men, and expert testimony to prove the vicious

propensities of a particular kind of animals in general, after they become a certain age, is

               began to grow among those looking for tough guard or status
               dogs that could be trained to attack. Pit bulls have become the
               current villains of the dog world . . . .

Hussain, supra note 2, 2853–54 (footnotes omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                             27
inadmissible for the purpose of proving that the owner of an animal of that class had

knowledge of his vicious propensity.”). Given the conflicting positions with regard to

breed-specific presumptions and the public policy underlying such presumptions, it is

apparent to us that the Legislature is far better equipped than the judiciary to consider the

adoption of a breed-specific presumption applicable to W. Va. Code § 19-20-20. The

Legislature is capable of scrutinizing the plethora of scientific and statistical evidence10

associated with the propensities for viciousness or dangerousness in any individual breed.

With regard to pit bull breeds specifically, the Legislature is also better able to delineate

the particulars of a breed-specific presumption, such as what dog breeds or breed mixes

qualify as pit bulls11 and how those dogs should be identified to be subject to the

       10
           “Although pit bulls are implicated in a disproportionate number of serious and
fatal attacks, critics contend that these statistics are incorrect and misleading . . . .”
Hussain, supra note 2, at 2870. Critics assert that some dogs are prescribed to the “pit
bull” category generally instead of a specific breed, and dogs may be classified as a pit
bull breed based on subjective identifications that may be incorrect. Id. Critics also
contend that “statistics may not accurately convey the danger posed by” pit bulls breeds
because of the difficulty in ascertaining the actual population of different dog breeds in
the examined areas. Id. at 2870–71; see also Swann, supra note 2, at 851–52 (suggesting
that a disproportionately high pit bull population countervails the inference that multiple
bite incidents involving pit bulls indicates that pit bulls are inherently dangerous); Larry
Cunningham, The Case Against Dog Breed Discrimination by Homeowners’ Insurance
Companies, 11 Conn. Ins. L.J. 1, 17–37 (2004) (describing in great detail how dog-bite
statistics may not accurately present the nature of the dog bite problem because of how
data is collected, what data is collected, and how data is analyzed).
       11
            See supra text accompanying note 2.

                                             28

presumption.12 Thus, we conclude that the circuit court clearly erred by adopting a

presumption that pit bull breeds are vicious, dangerous, aggressive, a public health

hazard, and unpredictable in nature within the meaning of W. Va. Code § 19-20-20.13

              2. The Circuit Court’s Legal Conclusion that Tinkerbell is
                 Vicious, Dangerous, and in the Habit of Biting People

              The circuit court concluded that Tinkerbell is “vicious, dangerous, and in

the habit of biting people” within the meaning of W. Va. Code § 19-20-20. Aside from its

finding of a breed-specific presumption, the circuit court relied on its findings that

“‘Tinkerbell’ did bite a child,” that the dog “caused severe injuries to the child,” and that

“one attack such as this one is sufficient to declare a dog to be vicious and dangerous, and

in the habit of biting people.” The Blatts dispute the determination that Tinkerbell is

vicious, dangerous, and in the habit of biting people, arguing that the circuit court’s

       12
           “Other breeds share some of the hallmark features of pit-bull-type dogs,” which
can make establishment of parameters for determining what dogs are subject to a breed-
specific presumption difficult. Swann, supra note 2, at 854–55; see also Hussain, supra
note 2, at 2852 (stating that “variations among and within” the pit bull breeds recognized
by the American Kennel Club and the United Kennel Club make it difficult “to determine
whether a particular dog should be characterized as a pit bull and to differentiate between
pit bulls and other breeds”).
       13
          While the case before the Court is not an appeal of a conviction under W. Va.
Code § 19-20-20, we believe it is important to recognize that the application of a breed-
specific presumption in a criminal proceeding prosecuted pursuant to this statute would
be unconstitutional. This Court has held that “‘“[i]t is unconstitutional to shift the burden
of proof to a defendant on any element of a crime[ ].”’ State v. Jenkins, 191 W.Va. 87,
93, 443 S.E.2d 244, 250 (1994) (quoting Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510[] (1979)).”
Pullin v. State, 216 W. Va. 231, 235, 605 S.E.2d 803, 807 (2004).

                                             29

conclusion of law is unsupported by the facts presented below. The State argues that the

circuit court’s decision was proper and that “one unprovoked attack of a child is

sufficient evidence that the dog is vicious.” Upon our de novo review, we determine that

the circuit court’s conclusion that Tinkerbell is vicious, dangerous, and in the habit of

biting people under W. Va. Code § 19-20-20 is error.

              The authority of the Legislature to enact a statute that regulates personal

property—in this case, dogs14 that are vicious, dangerous, or in the habit of biting or

attacking people or animals—is derived from the State’s police power. See, e.g.,

Quesenberry v. Estep, 142 W. Va. 426, 436, 95 S.E.2d 832, 838 (1956) (“The police

power of the State is vested in the legislative branch of the government. It may be

employed or delegated by the legislature subject only to the control of the courts to the

extent that they may properly act, and under the police power the legislature may provide

for the protection of the safety, health, morals, and general welfare of the people.”). The

destruction of dogs that are vicious, dangerous, or in the habit of biting or attacking

people or animals pursuant to W. Va. Code § 19-20-20 is justified by the State’s interest

in protecting the public from such animals. See Woods v. Cottrell, 55 W. Va. 476, 482, 47

       14
          Dogs are declared to be personal property in West Virginia by W. Va. Code §
19-20-1 (1975). See also syl. pt. 5, Carbasho v. Musulin, 217 W. Va. 359, 362, 618
S.E.2d 368, 371 (2005) (“Dogs are personal property and damages for sentimental value,
mental suffering, and emotional distress are not recoverable for the negligently inflicted
death of a dog.”).

                                            30
S.E. 275, 278 (1904) (“The legislature may determine when that which is otherwise

property shall cease to be such if kept against law. It is subject to police power.”);

Peoples Program for Endangered Species v. Sexton, 476 S.E.2d 477, 479 (S.C. 1996)

(“Property in dogs is of an imperfect or qualified nature and dogs may be subjected to

peculiar and drastic police regulation by the state . . . .”); Sentell v. New Orleans &

Carrollton R.R. Co., 166 U.S. 698, 704 (1897) (“Even if it were assumed that dogs are

property in the fullest sense of the word, they would still be subject to the police power of

the State, and might be destroyed or otherwise dealt with, as in the judgment of the

legislature is necessary for the protection of its citizens. That a State, in a bona fide

exercise of its police power, may interfere with private property, and even order its

destruction, is as well settled as any legislative power can be which has for its objects the

welfare and comfort of the citizen.”); 4 Am. Jur. 2d Animals § 19 (2015) (“Legislators

may permit dogs to be destroyed or otherwise regulated for the safety and protection of

citizens.”). However, the Court has long recognized that this type of exercise of the

police power—the destruction of property without compensation—is “harsh in operation

. . . and hence subject to strict[] limitations.” State ex rel. Austin v. Thomas, 96 W. Va.
628, 633, 123 S.E. 590, 592 (1924); see also State v. Goodwill, 33 W. Va. 179, 185, 10
S.E. 285, 287 (1889), overruled on other grounds by White v. Raleigh Wyo. Min. Co., 113
W. Va. 552, 168 S.E. 798 (1933) (“[I]n cases of great emergency, engendering overruling

necessity, property may be taken or destroyed without compensation.”).

                                             31

              As we recognized above, W. Va. Code § 19-20-20 does not contain a

breed-specific presumption, and neither magistrates nor circuit courts may take judicial

notice of a breed-specific presumption under this statute. Thus, a circuit court or

magistrate is limited to considering a dog’s past behavior in determining whether that dog

poses a risk of future harm to the public such that the risk warrants exercising the State’s

police power to destroy the dog. Cf. State v. George K., 233 W. Va. 698, 708, 760 S.E.2d
512, 522 (2014) (“The examination of crimes that have allegedly been committed

indicates whether the incompetent defendant poses a future risk of harm.”).15 That risk is

expressed in the terms of viciousness, dangerousness, or whether a dog is in the habit of

biting or attacking people or animals. Where a dog’s behavior does not constitute a risk

of future harm, the State may not exercise its police power to destroy that dog. See

Goodwill, 33 W. Va. at 185, 10 S.E. at 287 (“[I]f [the Legislature] passes an act

ostensibly for the public health or safety, and thereby destroys or takes away the property

of a citizen . . . then it is for the courts to determine whether it is a proper and reasonable

       15
          In a dissent to the majority decision in Martin v. Williams, Judge Haymond
suggested that the power to abate a public nuisance—“an act or condition that unlawfully
operates to hurt or inconvenience an indefinite number of persons,” Hark v. Mountain
Fork Lumber Co., 127 W. Va. 586, 595, 34 S.E.2d 348, 354 (1945)—should never be
exercised “when the power to regulate will accomplish the same end without the
destruction of property.” 141 W. Va. 595, 627, 93 S.E.2d 835, 852 (1956) (Haymond, J.,
dissenting) (internal quotation marks omitted). See also State Fire Marshal v. Sherman,
277 N.W. 249, 251 (Minn. 1938) (“When the police power of the state is exerted against
property, it is ordinarily to regulate its use, not to destroy it. Destroying or depriving the
owner thereof is a last resort, unless the property is of such nature that its use or
possession cannot be other than for evil.”).

                                              32

exercise of the power, and, if not, declare it void.”). With this in mind, we proceed by

examining the circuit court’s conclusions that Tinkerbell is vicious, dangerous, and in the

habit of biting people.

              Initially, we determine that the facts presented during the two hearings

below do not support the circuit court’s conclusion that Tinkerbell is “in the habit of

biting people” within the meaning of W. Va. Code § 19-20-20. Upon examining the

entirety of the appendix record, we can find evidence of only one instance in which

Tinkerbell has bitten any human: the bite giving rise to this case. Thus, we conclude that

the circuit court’s finding that Tinkerbell is in the habit of biting—a “habit” requiring

repeated behavior—is in error.

              In proceeding to evaluate the viciousness and dangerousness of Tinkerbell

pursuant to W. Va. Code § 19-20-20, we note that while these concepts have not been

significantly explored under this statute, they have been examined by this Court and the

courts in other jurisdictions with regard to tort liability. In syllabus point 2 of Jividen v.

Law, 194 W. Va. 705, 461 S.E.2d 451 (1995), we held that to maintain an action for strict

liability in tort for an injury caused by an animal, the injured party must show that the

animal had “a dangerous or vicious propensity” and that the owner knew of that

propensity. Although this Court has not explicitly delineated behavior establishing a

dangerous or vicious propensity in this context, it did state in Jividen that “[w]hile we are

                                             33

aware of authority to the contrary, . . . traits like rambunctiousness and friskiness are

insufficient to impose strict liability.” 194 W. Va. at 715, 461 S.E.2d at 461. In syllabus

point 2 of Butts v. Houston, 76 W. Va. 604, 86 S.E. 473 (1915), the Court held that in

tort, viciousness can be determined by repeated vicious acts committed by the animal at

issue upon the person or property of others.

              Other jurisdictions have recognized that the dangerousness or viciousness

of an animal in tort actions can be established from the incident giving rise to the cause of

action, even where that incident occurs during play. For instance, the Supreme Court of

Hawaii has held:

                      The owner or keeper of a domestic animal is bound to
              take notice of the general propensities of the class to which it
              belongs, and also of any particular propensities peculiar to the
              animal itself of which he has knowledge or is put on notice;
              and insofar as such propensities are of a nature likely to cause
              injury he must exercise reasonable care to guard against them
              and to prevent injuries which are reasonably to be anticipated
              from them. In this respect, a vicious or dangerous disposition
              or propensity may consist of mere mischievousness or
              playfulness of the animal, which, because of its size or nature,
              might lead to injury, for it is the act of the animal, rather than
              its state of mind, which charges the owner or keeper with
              liability.

Syl. pt. 6, Farrior v. Payton, 562 P.2d 779 (Haw. 1977); see also Alex v. Armstrong, 385
S.W.2d 110, 114–15 (Tenn. 1964) (“‘[T]he law makes no distinction between an animal

dangerous from viciousness and one merely mischievous or dangerous from

playfulness.’” (quoting Owen v. Hampson, 62 So. 2d 245, 248 (Ala. 1952))). However,

                                               34

not all jurisdictions impose liability for injuries resulting from playfulness. See, e.g.,

Bitonti v. McGeever, 2 N.Y.S.3d 882, 884 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2015) (“[E]vidence of ‘normal

canine behavior’ . . . is insufficient to demonstrate vicious propensities . . . .”); Clark v.

Brings, 169 N.W.2d 407, 412–13 (Minn. 1969) (determining that a bite inflicted by a cat

during play did not constitute evidence of viciousness).

              While dangerousness and viciousness are concepts that have been explored

in tort actions in both this and other jurisdictions, we observe that these actions are

designed to compensate an injured party and do not involve the destruction of personal

property and the lawful exercise of the police power. Comparing the operation of these

concepts in tort to the operation of the concepts pursuant to W. Va. Code § 19-20-20 is

like comparing apples to oranges. If this Court applied those concepts equally, all dogs

that cause injury during play, regardless of whether the injury was caused inadvertently,

could be found to be dangerous or vicious under the statute and could be subject to

destruction.16 As we discuss more fully below, this result would be contrary to the

legislative intent behind the statute. Thus, the tort cases discussing viciousness and

dangerousness are not particularly persuasive in determining what animal behavior

       16
          We note that the dangerous dog statutes in Florida and Pennsylvania provide
explicit direction as to what constitutes behavior that would warrant destroying a dog.
The standards set forth in the destruction statutes are not equivalent to those applied in
tort cases. Thus, while an incident involving a dog may give rise to liability for damages
in these jurisdictions, the incident may not warrant criminal sanction or the destruction of
a dog. See Fla. Stat. §§ 767.04, .11, .13; 3 Pa. Cons. Stat. §§ 459-101 to -1101.

                                             35

constitutes viciousness or dangerousness within the meaning of W. Va. Code § 19-20­

20.17

              In determining whether Tinkerbell is vicious under the statute, we look to

the common understood meaning of the word. The word “vicious” is commonly

understood to mean “dangerously aggressive.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary

1393 (11th ed. 2005); see also Cynthia A. Mcneely & Sarah A. Lindquist, Dangerous

Dog Laws: Failing to Give Man’s Best Friend a Fair Shake at Justice, 3 J. Animal L. 99,

105 (2007) (“[S]ome aggressive dog behaviors are normal, and even desirable by

humans.” (citing Otto H. Sigmund, D.V.M, Merck Veterinary Manual, at 1176–77 (Susan

B. Aiello, D.V.M, ed., 8th ed. 1998))). The circuit court concluded that Tinkerbell is

vicious, and it premised this finding on the presumption that pit bulls are inherently

vicious and aggressive and that Tinkerbell is a pit bull. The circuit court’s only finding of

fact that supports its conclusion that Tinkerbell is vicious is its breed-specific

presumption. Because we determined in Part III.B.1, supra, that this finding of fact was

in error, it cannot support the circuit court’s conclusion that Tinkerbell is vicious.

              Further, upon our review of the facts in the record, we do not believe that

the evidence establishes satisfactory proof that Tinkerbell’s behavior constituted an

        17
         We emphasize that our review herein is strictly limited to the meaning of
dangerousness and viciousness within the meaning of W. Va. Code § 19-20-20.

                                              36

“unprovoked attack” that was “intended to dominate or master” the injured child. See

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 24 (11th ed. 2005) (defining “aggression”). We

believe it just as likely, if not more so, that the child was accidently bitten during what

both the dog and child perceived as the course of play. Mr. Blatt testified that Tinkerbell

loves to fetch and chase balls, and the only witness to the incident who testified, N.B.,

stated that L.L. took the ball from the dog, that L.L. held the ball as if to throw it, and that

the dog “accidently” bit L.L. in an attempt to get the ball. None of the witnesses at either

hearing testified that they observed any aggressive behavior on Tinkerbell’s part before

or after the bite.18 Moreover, both Mr. Blatt and N.B. testified that Tinkerbell ran into the

Blatts’ home directly after L.L. was bitten. Thus, because the facts do not adequately

       18
         Published works on dog behavior suggests that “[a]n aggressive dog considering
biting will have raised hackles, curled lips, and bared teeth.” Mcneely & Lindquist,
supra, at 105 (citing John W.S. Bradshaw & Helen M.R. Nott, Social and
Communication Behaviour of Companion Dogs, in The Domestic Dog: It’s Evolution,
Behaviour and Interactions with People, at 118 (James Serpell ed., Cambridge Univ.
Press 1995). Furthermore, while we reiterate our conclusion in Part III.B.1, supra,
regarding breed-specific presumptions, we do note that some courts supporting such
presumptions have taken judicial notice that “pit bull terriers are known to have the
capacity to continue an attack until forced to stop,” Cleveland v. Johnson, 825 N.E.2d
700, 704 (Cleveland Mun. Ct., Ohio 2005) (citing City of Akron v. Tipton, 559 N.E.2d
1385, 1387 (Akron Mun. Ct., Ohio 1989), and that “the Pit Bull bites to kill.” Starkey v.
Twp. Of Chester, 628 F. Supp. 196, 197 (E.D. Pa. 1986) (holding that an ordinance
providing that pit bulls are dangerous was constitutional because the Township could
reasonably determine that pit bulls are dangerous based on testimony from the
Township’s Health Officer.). In the present case, there is no evidence that Tinkerbell had
raised hackles, curled lips, or bared teeth directly prior to biting L.L., and the evidence
shows that Tinkerbell retreated from L.L. directly after administering a single bite.

                                              37

support the circuit court’s conclusion that Tinkerbell is vicious or aggressive, the court’s

conclusion is in error.

              Finally, we determine that the facts do not support the circuit court’s

conclusion that Tinkerbell is dangerous. Any dog may certainly be considered

“dangerous” in that all dogs are “able or likely to inflict injury or harm.” Merriam­

Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 315 (11th ed. 2005); see Pratt, supra Part III.B.1, at 858

(“[A]ny dog can be dangerous.”); Hussain, supra note 2, at 2848 (“[A]ll breeds of dog

can and do inflict severe injury and death . . . .”). Indeed, “[i]t is common knowledge that

horses buck, cattle roam, cats stray and dogs bite.” Blaha v. Stuard, 640 N.W.2d 85, 88

(S.D. 2002); see Sylvester v. Maag, 26 A. 392 (Pa. 1893) (“[I]t is the original nature of

the horse to run and for a dog to bite.”). The fact that biting is part of a dog’s nature

should be a surprise to no one; as nine-year-old witness N.B. aptly noted, dogs have no

hands, and so they must use their mouths to take hold of things. Because biting involves

sharp teeth and pressure, an object or person on the receiving end of a bite may be

harmed. See Mcneely & Lindquist, supra at 136 (“Dogs generally cause harm by using

their elongated snouts and numerous sharp teeth to bite. . . . A dog also can engage

crushing power with his jaws . . . .”).

              Surely, the Legislature, in enacting W. Va. Code § 19-20-20, did not intend

to deem every dog as dangerous for engaging in behavior that is a part of its inherent

                                            38

nature: biting. See syl. pt. 2, in part, Click v. Click, 98 W. Va. 419, 127 S.E. 194 (1925)

(“It is . . . the duty of a court to disregard a [statutory] construction . . . when such

construction would lead to injustice and absurdity.”). Even the State’s counsel conceded

during oral argument that he did not believe the Legislature intended that every dog that

bites a child be destroyed. Instead, we find that the statute requires circuit courts and

magistrates to examine the facts and circumstances surrounding an incident involving a

dog—in this case, a bite—to determine whether a dog is dangerous and deserving of

destruction pursuant to the statute.

              Upon reviewing the facts and circumstances surrounding the bite in this

case, we conclude that they do not support the circuit court’s determination that

Tinkerbell is dangerous within the meaning of W. Va. Code § 19-20-20. The facts do not

establish satisfactory proof that Tinkerbell exhibited behavior outside that which might

be expected of a dog during play. While this incident clearly illustrates that Tinkerbell—

or any dog—can cause harm, we do not believe that the facts in the record establish the

likelihood that Tinkerbell poses such a risk of future harm to the public that the risk

would warrant her destruction.19 To the extent that the circuit court determined otherwise,

the court has erred.

       19
         As we observed above, every dog can be dangerous. The harm dogs can pose
can range from injuries occurring as the result of normal dog behavior to vicious attacks
causing death, and this spectrum of harm is not limited by a dog’s breed. See Pratt, supra
                                                                           (continued . . .)

                                            39

                                   IV. CONCLUSION

              Because the circuit court’s July 7, 2014, destruction order is fundamentally

premised on errors of fact and law, we conclude that the order must be reversed.20 The

Clerk shall issue our mandate forthwith.

Part III.B.1, at 858 (citing to an incident in which a Pomeranian, a small lap dog, killed a
six-month-old child). In this case, L.L. suffered an injury requiring that he receive
fourteen stitches. Instances like this highlight how important it is that dog owners educate
themselves and others, especially children, on the harm—accidental or otherwise—that
dogs can inflict on humans and how to avoid those dangers.

              As with intra-human relationships, the essential ingredient to
              defusing conflict that predictably and understandably occurs
              with cohabitation of any species is to pay closer attention to
              what the other side is attempting to communicate, and to
              understand his or her motivation and needs. We cannot
              require dogs to study and understand our behavior before
              choosing to act on their perceptions; thus, we humans as the
              “higher species” must educate ourselves on the true nature of
              the dogs with whom we have lived for thousands of years,
              with the goal of better protecting ourselves and our canine
              friends.

Mcneely & Lindquist, supra, at 104.
       20
          Our consideration of this matter is limited to the statutory issue before us and
our conclusion is not intended in any way to minimize the physical and related
consequences of L.L.’s injuries. Specifically, our conclusion does not preclude any civil
action related to L.L.’s injuries.

       We also find it pertinent to note that

                     [i]n an obvious effort to further ensure the protection
              of the public, the Legislature has also recently provided for a
                                                                            (continued . . .)

                                                40

                                                                            Reversed.

             private cause of action by which persons injured by a dog
             may seek to have that dog euthanized. W. Va. Code § 19­
             20D-1 et seq. This article provides that the action must be
             brought before a magistrate court, it lists a number of
             elements necessary for maintaining the action, and it states
             that a petitioner must prove his or her case by clear and
             convincing evidence. W. Va. Code § 19-20D-2.

Robinson v. City of Bluefield, 234 W. Va. 209, ___ n.5, 764 S.E.2d 740, 748 n.5 (2014)
(Benjamin, J., concurring) (emphasis omitted).

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