Court Opinion

ID: 860148
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-04-26 22:42:06.68211+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:40:02.674817
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
                                  NO. 92-CA-00052-SCT
REGENCY NISSAN, INC.
v.
WILLIAM H. JENKINS AND EMBERS WHOLESALE AUTOMOBILES, INC.
DATE OF JUDGMENT:                 10/1/91
TRIAL JUDGE:                      HON. JAMES A. GRAVES, JR.
COURT FROM WHICH                  HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
APPEALED:
ATTORNEY FOR                      ELBERT E. HALEY, JR.
APPELLANT:
ATTORNEYS FOR                     C. VICTOR WELSH, III
APPELLEES:
                                  WILLIAM W. ABBOTT, JR.
                                  CURTIS G. KIRBY, JR.
NATURE OF THE CASE:               CIVIL - OTHER
DISPOSITION:                      AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART AND
                                  REMANDED IN PART - 8/22/96
MOTION FOR REHEARING              11/9/95
FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:                   8/29/96

     EN BANC.

     BANKS, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. The matter before the court involves a judgment in the amount of $15,140.82, representing treble
damages under the Odometer Disclosure Act, 15 U.S.C. §1989 (1988), for alleged fraudulent
representations by the defendant, appellant herein, Regency Nissan, Inc. (Regency), the retail used
car dealer who sold a truck to Jenkins. We reject Regency's contention that it was entitled to a
directed verdict and the other claimed trial errors in evidentiary and instruction rulings and affirm.

                                                  I.

¶2. On April 11, 1989, William Jenkins traveled from his home in Philadelphia, Mississippi to
Jackson, Mississippi in his 1979 Chevrolet pick-up truck and visited Regency, a retail car dealership,
where he became interested in a 1987 Dodge Dakota truck with an odometer reading of 51,236
miles. Jenkins noticed that the vehicle had a broken windshield, broken radio, a missing headlight and
no inspection sticker. Regency promised to fix those problems if Jenkins bought the truck. With that
assurance, Jenkins paid $8,546.94 for the Dakota, with the assurance that the odometer reading was
accurate. Although Jenkins objected to taking the truck without the repairs completed and without an
inspection sticker attached, he agreed to purchase the Dodge truck on the representation of the
Regency salesperson that he already had a buyer for Jenkins's own Chevrolet truck.

¶3. After buying the truck, Jenkins observed that the oil change sticker in the frame of the passenger
door which indicated an oil change on March 7, 1989 and mileage of 90,171 miles. Additional
problems allegedly arose with the truck, which indicated to Jenkins that the odometer reading was
inaccurate and that major defects existed with the vehicle, including such items as the oil pump,
pistons, rod bearing, and the camshaft. The motor required an overhaul and the emergency brakes
and speedometer cable, which was dragging on the ground, were repaired. There was evidence that
the original passenger door had been cut off, a new door welded onto the frame, and the replacement
door painted the same color as the truck. The truck had three different brands of tires, all requiring
replacement; it also required a front-end realignment and two transmission repairs.

¶4. On June 12, 1989, Jenkins filed suit in the First Judicial District of Hinds County against
Regency, alleging that he had purchased the Dodge pick-up truck with a fraudulent odometer
reading. He requested relief under a federal act, the civil enforcement provision of the Odometer
Disclosure Subchapter of the Motor Vehicle Information and Costs Saving Act, 15 U.S.C. §1989
(1988). (1)

¶5. In response to this action, Regency filed an answer, counterclaim, and third-party claim. In its
counterclaim, Regency alleged that Jenkins's action was frivolous and that the complaint violated the
Mississippi Litigation Accountability Act of 1988, Miss. Code Ann. § 11-51-1 (Supp. 1988). The
third-party Complaint named as the third-party defendant Embers Wholesale Automobiles, Inc.,
(Embers), the wholesaler from whom Regency had purchased the truck. In turn, Embers filed another
third-party complaint against others from whom they had purchased the truck. These additional third-
party defendants were Paul Baugh d/b/a Star Motors (Star), and Frank G. Weaver and Harry
Schermer d/b/a Hwy 49 Motors (Hwy 49). Regency, in turn, also filed a third-party complaint against
Star and Hwy 49. The initial owner of the truck was Frank G. Weaver, another third-party defendant.
Embers also sought indemnity from these additional defendants on the basis of their prior ownership
of the truck.

¶6. After all claims and responsive pleadings were filed in trial court, the following parties appeared
in the action. The parties are listed in descending order of their ownership of the 1987 Dodge Dakota
pick up truck:

     (1) Plaintiff/Appellee - William H. Jenkins;

     (2) Defendant/Appellant - Regency Nissan, Inc., who answered, filed a third-party complaint,
     and appeared at trial;

     (3) Third-party defendant/Appellee - Embers Wholesale Automobiles, Inc., who answered, filed
     a third-party complaint, and appeared at trial;
     (4) Third-part defendant - Harry Schermer, d/b/a Highway 49 Motors, who answered, appeared
     at trial pro se, but did not present evidence, question witnesses or argue or appeal;

     (5) Third-party defendant - Paul Baugh d/b/a Star Motors, who did not answer or appear at trial
     or appeal; and

     (6) Third-party defendant - Frank G. Weaver, the truck's original owner, who did not answer or
     appear at trial or appeal.

¶7. Before trial, Regency filed a motion in limine to suppress admission of an oil change sticker that
indicated that the Dakota's mileage was substantially higher than shown on the odometer. Regency's
position was that this document was neither admissible authentic nor as a hearsay exception. Jenkins
argued that he offered this sticker to show notice that the mileage was inaccurate rather than to prove
the truth of the matter asserted, i.e., that the car had more than 90,000 miles on it. Overruling
Regency's hearsay objection, the trial court found the sticker was admissible and reserved its ruling
on the authentication objection until trial.

¶8. At trial, Jenkins offered the sticker into evidence. Jenkins admitted that the oil sticker could have
been on the replacement passenger door that was put on the Dakota to replace the original door. The
parties entered into a stipulation concerning the oil change sticker. Jenkins's interpretation of the
stipulation is that the odometer was tampered with before Regency's ownership; Regency's
interpretation of the stipulation is that Regency did not tamper with the odometer. Over objection,
Jenkins told the jury he would have been willing to pay only $3,500 for the vehicle with its mileage
and problems, had he known the "truth." The trial court admitted the sticker into evidence despite
hearsay and authentication objections.

¶9. As to a $1,000 repair bill on the car paid by Jenkins, offered to show damages and produced by
Jenkins the day before trial, the trial court allowed it into evidence for use in refreshing Jenkins's
memory because Jenkins had only received the bill the day before trial. The trial court excluded
entirely the other bills offered by Jenkins for lateness of production.

¶10. Shortly before Jenkins rested, Regency introduced a title history of the truck showing that the
Dakota had 51,236 miles when Jenkins purchased it; 51,186 miles when Regency purchased it; 51,
176 miles when Embers purchased it; 51,160 when Harry Schermer of Hwy 49 motors purchased it;
and 51,144 when Star Motors purchased the vehicle from the original owner. Regency moved for a
directed verdict. That motion was denied and the matter was presented to the jury resulting in the
aforementioned verdict in favor of Jenkins. Regency appeals raising the following issues:

A) WAS THE VERDICT AGAINST THE OVERWHELMING WEIGHT OF THE
EVIDENCE AND DID THE COURT ERR IN FAILING TO GRANT A DIRECTED
VERDICT?

B) DID THE COURT ERR IN FAILING TO GRANT THE MOTION IN LIMINE AND IN
ALLOWING INTO EVIDENCE PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT 4 (THE OIL STICKER)?

C) DID THE COURT ERR IN FAILING TO SUSTAIN REGENCY'S OBJECTION TO
APPELLANT'S EVIDENCE AND TESTIMONY REGARDING THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF FAIR MARKET VALUE?

D) DID THE COURT ERR IN GRANTING INSTRUCTION P-4 (PLAINTIFF'S DAMAGE
INSTRUCTION) AND BY GRANTING A MODIFICATION TO SAME?

E) DID THE COURT ERR IN FAILING TO DIRECT A VERDICT OR IN FAILING TO
REFORM THE VERDICT IN FAVOR OF REGENCY AGAINST EMBERS AND
SCHERMER ET AL., AS WELL AS FAILING TO DIRECT A VERDICT AGAINST
SCHERMER, IN LIGHT OF PEREMPTORY INSTRUCTIONS D-21 AND D-24?

F) DID THE COURT ERR IN GRANTING ATTORNEY'S FEES TO THE ATTORNEY
FOR THE PLAINTIFF/APPELLEE AND IN GRANTING THE AMOUNT AWARDED?

                                                  II.

                                                  a.

¶11. To be found liable for a violation of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act under
15 U.S.C. §§1981 to 1991 (1988), the plaintiff must show that the seller had an intent to defraud. 15
U.S.C. §1989 (1988). The plaintiff may satisfy the requirements of the Act by showing that the dealer
did one of two things. The plaintiff may show that the defendant car dealer represented a car as
having a certain mileage when the dealer had actual or constructive knowledge that the odometer
reading was less than the actual miles traveled. Nieto v. Pence, 578 F.2d 640, 641 (5th Cir. 1978);
Moore v. H. Gene Simmons, Inc., 543 So. 2d 186, 187 (Miss. 1989); 15 U.S.C. §1989(b).
Alternatively, the plaintiff may show that the dealer failed to disclose that the mileage was unknown
if, by using reasonable care, the dealer would have had reason to know that the actual mileage
exceeded the odometer reading. Nieto, 578 F.2d at 641. A reckless disregard in failing to determine
if the odometer reading is incorrect is also sufficient to prove intent to defraud. Haynes v. Manning,
917 F.2d 450, 452-53 (10th Cir. 1990).

¶12. Constructive knowledge may be proved by a contradictory odometer statement from another
source (See Landrum v. Goddard, 921 F.2d 61, 62 (5th Cir. 1991)) or by the vehicle's overall
condition as compared to the mileage shown on the odometer. See Nieto, 578 F.2d at 642. Contrary
to other types of fraud claims, the plaintiff's burden of proof is a preponderance of the evidence.
Landrum, 921 F.2d at 62-63.

                                                  b.

¶13. This Court's standard of review is limited when determining the sufficiency of the evidence on a
motion for a directed verdict. When contradictory testimony exists, this Court will "defer to the jury,
which determines the weight and worth of testimony and credibility of the witness at trial." Odom v.
Roberts, 606 So. 2d 114, 118 (Miss. 1992). This Court "will not reverse a jury verdict unless it is
against the overwhelming weight of evidence and credible testimony." Gifford v. Four-County Elec.
Power Ass'n, 615 So. 2d 1166, 1171 (Miss. 1992). Regency, who moved for a directed verdict, was
required to meet this standard with the evidence and inferences drawn therefrom viewed in a light
most favorable to Jenkins. Eaton v. Porter, 645 So. 2d 1323, 1325-26 (Miss. 1994).

¶14. Factual disputes arise when "one party swears to one version of the matter in issue and another
says the opposite." Clark v. Moore Memorial United Methodist Church, 538 So. 2d 760, 762
(Miss. 1989). A directed verdict is inappropriate when questions of fact exist. Illinois Central R.R.
v. White, 610 So. 2d 308, 314 (Miss. 1992).

¶15. The plaintiff's evidence in this case consists of three items. The first is an oil sticker, allegedly
located on the passenger side door. This sticker reveals a mileage of more than 90,000. Jenkins
allegedly discovered the sticker only after he had purchased the truck from Regency and had taken
the vehicle home. Jenkins did not know whether the sticker was applicable to his truck or was from
the truck from which the replacement door was obtained.

¶16. Second, Jenkins testified as to the worn condition of the truck's individual parts. Jenkins, who
was a military tank mechanic in the Korean conflict, did testify as to the worn condition of various
parts. Charles Hobby of Embers testified that wear to the engine would suggest high mileage, but he
did not estimate the Dakota's mileage based on its engine wear.

¶17. In Levine v. Parks Chevrolet, Inc., 331 S.E.2d 747, 748 (N.C. Ct. App. 1985), plaintiff's expert,
a mechanic, testified that the car's condition clearly showed that the odometer was wrong.
Furthermore, the mechanic sufficiently testified that any mechanic could have determined that the
odometer was wrong based simply on the car's condition. Levine, 331 S.E. 2d at 748.

¶18. This Court holds that the evidence regarding wear on the replaced auto parts and the general
testimony concerning wear as an indicator of high mileage are sufficient to establish an inference of
mileage significantly in excess of the odometer reading on the vehicle. Further, the oil change sticker
created a disputed question of fact regarding whether Regency had constructive knowledge that the
actual mileage exceeded the odometer reading, whether reasonable care would have put Regency on
notice that the actual mileage exceeded the odometer reading, or whether Regency exhibited a
reckless disregard in failing to determine the inaccuracy of the odometer reading. The jury concluded
Regency should have known the odometer reading was less than the actual mileage of the car.
Sufficient evidence exists to support the jury verdict, in that Regency should have examined the
motor to see if its age and condition were consistent with the odometer reading. Restated, the
evidence is sufficient to establish that Regency had constructive knowledge that the odometer reading
was less than the actual miles traveled. Nieto, 578 F.2d at 641; Moore, 543 So. 2d at 187; Levine,
331 S.E.2d at 751.

                                                     c.

¶19. There were two objections to the admission of the oil sticker: hearsay and authentication.

¶20. Regency objected to the sticker on grounds of hearsay,(2) in that the declarant who wrote the
mileage on the sticker did not testify at the trial and the sticker was a written assertion offered to
prove the truth of the matter asserted - that the vehicle had 90,000 miles. Jenkins countered, and the
trial court agreed, that the sticker was not offered to prove that 90,000 miles was the actual mileage
of the car, but to show that Regency had notice that the vehicle's odometer was wrong.
¶21. As Jenkins argues, out of court statements offered to prove notice rather than the truth of the
matter asserted are not hearsay. Gayten v. State, 595 So. 2d 409, 414 (Miss. 1992). The court must
closely examine the factual circumstances of each case to ensure that the truth of the matter asserted
is not the true issue. Jenkins was required to prove either (1) Regency represented to him the mileage
on the Dakota was 51,236 while it had actual or constructive knowledge that the actual mileage was
greater than this; or (2) Regency failed to disclose to Jenkins that the actual mileage was unknown
and use of reasonable care would have put Regency on notice that the actual mileage exceeded the
odometer reading; or (3) Regency exhibited a reckless disregard in failing to determine the inaccuracy
of the odometer reading. See Nieto v. Pence, 578 F.2d 640, 641 (5th Cir. 1978); Moore v. H. Gene
Simmons, Inc., 543 So. 2d 186, 187 (Miss. 1989); Haynes v. Manning, 917 F.2d 450, 452-53 (10th
Cir. 1990).

¶22. Here Jenkins finds evidentiary support for the inference that the actual mileage exceeded that
shown by the odometer in the general condition of the vehicle. The oil sticker was offered solely to
show that Regency had constructive knowledge or notice that the odometer reading was less than the
actual mileage or that it acted in reckless disregard, he has no proof that the actual mileage is greater
than 51,236. As such, it was not hearsay.

¶23. Authentication, under M.R.E. 901,(3) requires sufficient evidence to show that the document is
what it is claimed to be. Cox v. State, 586 So. 2d 761, 767 (Miss. 1991). This Court has held in a
prior odometer case that authentication of documents submitted for admission must be proved.
Moore v. H. Gene Simmons, Inc., 543 So. 2d 186, 187-88 (Miss. 1989).

¶24. Jenkins testified that the sticker was on the door when it left Regency. While he did not see it,
his testimony, in essence was that he did not place a new door or a sticker on the truck and that a
sticker could not have been placed there after he left Regency with the vehicle. Leaving his credibility
for jury assessment, as we must, we must assume that the sticker was in fact there. Thus the sticker
was authenticated in the only way relevant to its evidentiary purpose, notice to Regency. It was
properly admitted.

                                                   d.

¶25. Regency contends that no fair market value for the truck in its condition was established and
that instruction P-4 as to damages was erroneously given because it failed to require the jury to find
damages with reference to fair market value. The relevance of fair market value is that actual
damages are determined by the difference between the sales price of the car and the fair market value
of the car, in addition to other damages "proximately caused by Defendant's acts." Gonzales v. Vans
Chevrolet, Inc., 498 F. Supp. 1102, 1103 (D. Del. 1980).

¶26. Regency objected to Jenkins's testimony regarding his valuation of the vehicle given the
knowledge of the problems that had occurred since his purchase. Jenkins stated he would have paid
only $3,500 for the truck at the time he purchased it had he known of the "actual" mileage and the
truck's problems. Regency states that Jenkins should not have been allowed to testify to the value of
his own property at the time of purchase. Regency further argues that Jenkins's stating what he would
have paid is not evidence of fair market value.

¶27. Individuals may testify as to the value of their own property. Thomas v. Global Boat Builders
& Repairmen, Inc., 482 So. 2d 1112, 1116 (Miss. 1986); Whitfield v. Whitfield, 40 Miss. 352, 356
(1866). We have not indicated whether this estimate of value must be rationally based. Nor have we
required any predicate other than that of ownership. Curiously, in Thomas, we have indicated that an
owner is somehow not qualified to express an opinion as to the value of property after it has been
damaged, without further qualification. Id. Undoubtedly this latter pronouncement proved confusing
at trial because, when Jenkins was asked the fair market value of his truck, an objection was
interposed based on Jenkins's qualifications and sustained based on the lack of a proper "predicate."
After several subsequent tries and a bench conference, Jenkins was finally allowed to testify as to
what he would pay for it. Later, on cross-examination, Jenkins was asked whether he "put a value on
this Dodge truck of $3,500," to which Jenkins responded in the affirmative. The examiner continued
by asking Jenkins the basis for his value and Jenkins, in response, over objection which was
overruled, related that he had been offered $1,500 to $1,800 for it by a dealer six or seven months
after he bought it.

¶28. In the colloquy concerning jury instructions, the instruction P-4 was offered. That instruction as
submitted directed the jury to assess damages by comparing the purchase price with the fair market
value of the vehicle. The initial objection was that it did not specify a particular time as to the value
of the truck. A modification was offered inserting "at the time of purchase." It was then noted that
there was no testimony as to "fair market value" and there followed a discussion of the import of the
testimony concerning the offer and whether it was admitted for the limited purpose of establishing a
basis for Jenkins's opinion. This discussion included an offer by Jenkins to call another witness, one
who was present at the courthouse and could be called without appreciable delay, to further establish
fair market value. Finally, the trial court ruled that the testimony concerning the offer was for a
limited purpose and that he would give the instruction striking the words "fair market." There was no
objection at that time. Later, after completing the consideration of the plaintiff's instructions, the
defendant interposed an objection to the instruction as modified because "there was no testimony as
to damages."

¶29. In fact, there was testimony as to damages and the evidence was sufficient to allow a fair-
minded jury to assess damages in this case. Jenkins was competent under our precedents to give "fair
market" value without further qualification. He was asked what it was worth and to state the actual
value. The objection went to competence and then to predicate, rather than to the relevance based on
the absence of the words "fair market." Eventually he was allowed to answer the question couched in
terms of what he would pay. It was then affirmed with him on cross-examination that his testimony as
to what he would pay was the value that he placed on it. With every reason to depress value, his
testimony was to the effect that the value he placed was approximately double what a dealer offered
him. There was no suggestion that he was talking about anything other than a fair market value.
There was no contradictory evidence of fair market value. Thus, we conclude that the elimination of
the words "fair market" from the instruction did not, impermissibly mislead the jury.

                                                   e.

¶30. Regency complains that the jury failed to follow the peremptory instruction, D-21, telling the
jury that if they found Regency liable they should also find all other defendants jointly and severally
liable.(4) The trial court also gave another instruction, D-24, directing the jury to return a verdict
against Highway 49 Motors (the predecessor-in-title to Embers) if the jury found Embers should pay
Regency for Jenkins's judgment against Regency.(5) During deliberation, the jury asked if it could
make all defendants equally responsible. The trial judge responded, in writing, negatively; he referred
the jury to several instructions, including D-21 and D-24.(6) The jury disregarded instructions D-21
and D-24 and found only Regency liable.

¶31. Regency argues that the jury's action constitutes error. Regency states that under implied
warranties of merchantability, Embers would have a duty to indemnify Regency for damages under
Mississippi's version of the Uniform Commercial Code because if the odometer reading was altered,
the truck would not pass without objection in the trade. Miss. Code Ann. §75-2-314 (1972).

¶32. Cases interpreting 15 U.S.C. §1989, however, state that this Act imposes separate and
individual liability for each person who violates the Act and, therefore, provides no right of
recoupment. See, e.g., Ferris v. Haymore, 967 F.2d 946, 956 (4th Cir. 1992). The Ferris Court
stated:

     In reliance upon the plain language and the remedial purpose of the statute, federal courts have
     held that odometer tampering defendants are separately liable under this statute and not entitled
     to assert cross-claims against each other for indemnity or contribution. See Charnetsky v. Gus
     Paulos Chevrolet, Inc., 754 F. Supp. 188, 190-91 (D. Utah 1991); Mataya v. Behm Motors,
     Inc., 409 F. Supp. 65, 70 (E.D. Wis. 1976); Stier v. Park Pontiac, Inc., 391 F. Supp. 397, 401
     (S.D. W.Va. 1975); cf. Alley v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 767 F.2d 138, 141-42 (5th Cir. 1985).

Id. at 955-56.

¶33. The Ferris Court addressed the rationale prohibiting indemnity in this case by stating:

     Granting recoupment under the section to a guilty defendant would substantially dilute not only
     the section's punitive but also its deterrent force by spreading among several fraudulent parties
     what are in truth relatively small damages awards . . . There is affirmative evidence that
     Congress intended the full punitive force of the statute to be felt by every person who defrauds
     the public through deceptive odometer manipulation -- joint wrongdoers no less so than others.
     "[J]udicial notions of fairness and equity must yield to the prophylactic policies of the treble-
     damage remedy." Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Milliken & Co., 690 F.2d 380, 393 (4th Cir.
     1982), cert. denied, 461 U.S. 914, 103 S. Ct. 1893, 77 L. Ed. 2d 283 (1983).

Id. at 957.

¶34. Therefore, Regency's peremptory jury instructions were incorrect statements of the law. It
follows that the failure of the jury to follow these incorrect instructions is not error. Walker v.
Dickerson, 183 Miss. 642, 647, 184 So. 438, 439 (1938).

                                                    f.

¶35. Regency attacks the award of attorneys' fees in this case. The statute under which this claim is
brought, 15 U.S.C. § 1989, authorizes attorneys' fees to successful litigants. Under our law,
attorneys' fees are awarded on the basis of the information before the court, and the court's own
opinion derived from "experience and observation." Miss. Code Ann. § 9-1-41 (1991 rev.). The
standard for review of the award of attorneys' fees is abuse of discretion, and such awards must be
supported by credible evidence. Young v. Huron Smith Oil Co., 564 So. 2d 36, 40 (Miss. 1990).

¶36. Jenkins supported his claim with sixteen pages of itemized expenses, consisting of handwritten
time sheets, and typed summaries restating the time sheets, for legibility. In total, Jenkins's attorney
billed 82.50 hours at $140 per hour, for a total of $11,550 plus expenses of $164.91 for a grand total
of $11,714.91. Regency argued that by the different handwriting on the time sheets, different people,
including non-lawyers, did work, but that everyone's work was billed at $140 hourly. Regency argued
individual points on the bills, stated that Jenkins's attorney had spent too much time on certain things
and should have used computerized research capabilities. The trial court awarded Jenkins $7,500.

¶37. Regency now argues that under the standards of several Fifth Circuit decisions, Jenkins is not
entitled to $7,500.(7) However, Regency does not demonstrate how the court specifically erred in its
calculations or estimations of the fee. In contrast, Jenkins did support his award request with bills,
and the judge adjusted it downward to $7,500. Since Regency cannot demonstrate how the trial court
abused its discretion, its assignment of error is without merit.

¶38. For the foregoing reasons the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.

¶39. AFFIRMED.

HAWKINS, C.J., LEE, P.J., SULLIVAN, PITTMAN AND McRAE, JJ., CONCUR.
PRATHER, P.J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY
ROBERTS AND SMITH, JJ.

     PRATHER, PRESIDING JUSTICE, DISSENTING:

¶40. Because the oil sticker was improperly admitted into evidence, I respectfully dissent. The sticker
was hearsay; it was not adequately authenticated.

¶41. If, as the majority opinion states, the oil sticker was offered solely to show that Regency had
constructive knowledge or notice that the odometer reading was less than the actual mileage, then
there was no proof that the actual mileage was greater than 51,236. The oil sticker was the only
evidence contradicting the odometer reading. Clearly, Jenkins needed the oil sticker to be accepted as
proof that the car had actually traveled 90,000 miles -- that is, to prove the truth of the matter
asserted. Consequently, the sticker was inadmissible hearsay and should have been excluded. This
error requires reversal and remand for a new trial.

¶42. Moreover, the admission of the sticker was also improper because it was not adequately
authenticated. I agree with the majority that authenticity of documents submitted for admission must
be proven. See Moore v. H. Gene Simmons, Inc., 543 So. 2d 186, 187-88 (Miss. 1989). However, I
do not believe that it was proven with regard to the oil sticker in the case sub judice.

¶43. Jenkins argues, without citing case law, that his claim of finding the sticker on the door of his
vehicle was sufficient to meet the authentication requirement. Nonetheless, the oil sticker could not
have been properly admitted without establishing "who wrote the note and when it was written."
Frierson v. State, 606 So. 2d 604, 606-07 (Miss. 1992).

¶44. Furthermore, Jenkins did not prove the document was what he claimed it to be a document
placed on the door of his vehicle indicating that it had been driven for 90,000 miles. Jenkins saw the
sticker only after he got home to Philadelphia, Mississippi. Jenkins offered no proof to show the
sticker was on the door of the vehicle while it was on Regency's lot, and he did not offer proof that
the sticker represented the mileage of the Dakota rather than the mileage on the vehicle from which
the replacement door was obtained. He might have solved this problem by having the original owner
of the Dakota testify as to the circumstances of placement of the sticker, but he failed to do so. The
trial court erred in admitting the oil sticker into evidence because Jenkins failed to authenticate it.
This error requires reversal and remand for a new trial.

¶45. Based on the foregoing reasons, the oil sticker in this case was improperly admitted. I would
reverse and remand for a new trial. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.

¶46. ROBERTS AND SMITH, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION.

                                ON MOTION FOR REHEARING

     EN BANC.

     BANKS, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶47. This matter is before the Court on a motion for rehearing. On consideration of that motion, the
majority opinion previously issued is modified with respect to the disposition of the appeal of the
failure to grant Regency Nissan judgment against Embers.

¶48. Notwithstanding what we say in the original opinion concerning federal law, this is a case in
which a peremptory instruction was given without objection. The question whether federal law
preempts any contractual or common law rights to indemnity was not raised in opposition to the
instruction or otherwise. The jury failed to follow the instruction. The trial court, without
explanation, failed to correct that transgression on the face of Regency's unopposed motion to do so.
It appears that the failure of the jury may be attributable to the fact that no form of the verdict
instruction was offered giving effect to the peremptory instruction against Embers and in favor of
Regency. Under the circumstances, Regency is entitled to judgment.

¶49. We remand to the trial court for entry of judgment. We note further that Embers was granted a
similar peremptory instruction against other third parties should Regency be granted a verdict against
it. Embers is likewise entitled to judgment. As to the cross-claims filed in the trial court then, this
case shall be reversed and remanded for entry of judgment as here indicated.

¶50. AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART.

PRATHER AND SULLIVAN, P.JJ., PITTMAN, ROBERTS AND SMITH, JJ., CONCUR.
McRAE, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED IN PART BY
LEE, C.J. MILLS, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.

     McRAE, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:

¶51. I cannot join the majority in rendering judgment for Regency where that judgment is based upon
an erroneous application of federal law. Because the Odometer Disclosure Act preempts any right of
indemnification or joint and several liability under state law, this Court should not be obliged to
reverse the jury verdict and grant Regency the right to indemnity based solely on state procedural
rules of waiver.

¶52. Allowing Regency the right of indemnification is directly contrary to Odometer Disclosure Act.
The federal statute clearly prohibits recoupment by imposing separate liability for each person who
violates the Act. See, e.g., Ferris v. Haymore, 967 F.2d 946, 956 (4th Cir. 1992) (holding multiple
defendants not entitled to indemnity under statute in order to preserve full punitive force of Act). The
majority, in Cooper v. General Motors Corp., No. 92-CA-01334-SCT (Miss. May 23, 1996), bent
over backwards to hold that a state cause of action was impliedly preempted by the Automobile
Safety Act, yet they will not recognize express federal preemption where the jury verdict and
judgment for the plaintiff was entirely consistent with applicable federal law. Apparently, the majority
is not the least bit concerned with being consistent in its review of federal preemption.

¶53. The majority holding clearly implicates a question of federal law as the procedural bar ultimately
results in the erroneous application of the Odometer Disclosure Act. See International
Longshoreman's Ass'n v. Davis, 476 U.S. 380, 393 (1986) (holding that party did not waive claim
of preemption since underlying question of federal law should have uniform application); see also
Brown v. Hotel Employees, 468 U.S. 491, 503 (1984) ("[i]f the state law regulates conduct that is
actually protected by federal law, ... pre-emption follows ... as a matter of substantive right.").

¶54. Because Regency's peremptory instructions were contrary to the Odometer Disclosure Act,
there was no error in the jury's failure to follow them. Walker v. Dickson, 183 Miss. 642, 647, 184
So. 438, 439 (1938). Regency is not entitled to judgment as a matter of federal law. Accordingly, I
dissent.

LEE, C.J., JOINS THIS OPINION IN PART.

1. This act permits actions to be brought in the federal district courts or in any other court of
competent jurisdiction and provides that, upon violation, damages in the amount of three times actual
damages, or $1,500, whichever is greater, together with costs of the action and with reasonable
attorney fees as determined by the court, may be awarded. 15 U.S.C. §1989 (1988).

2. Hearsay is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing,
offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. M.R.E. 801(c).

3. M.R.E. 901(a) is "central to the concept of relevancy," in that if an item cannot be shown to be
genuine, the item is irrelevant. M.R.E. 901 Comment.
4. D-21, the first peremptory instruction in question, states:

     The Court instructs the jury that in the event you find for the Plaintiff, William H. Jenkins,
     against Regency Nissan, Inc. under any theory of law, then you shall find similarly for Regency
     Nissan, Inc. against Paul Baugh, Frank G. Weaver, Embers Wholesale Automobiles, Inc., and
     Harry Schermer, and award unto Regency Nissan, Inc. Judgment against them, individually,
     jointly and severally, in a like sum as may be awarded from Regency Nissan, Inc. in favor of
     Plaintiff.

5. D-24, the second peremptory instruction in question, reads as follows:

     The Court instructs the Jury that if you find that Regency Nissan, Inc., is entitled to judgment
     against Embers Wholesale Automobiles, Inc., then you should also return a similar verdict in
     favor of Embers Wholesale Automobiles, Inc., against Harry Schermer, d/b/a Highway 49
     Motors, and the form of your verdict shall be as follows:

     "We, the jury, find in favor of Embers Wholesale Automobiles, Inc., against the Defendant,
     Harry Schermer d/b/a Highway 49 Motors in the amount of $ ."

6. The jury asked, "For clarification to us - can we make all defendants equally responsible in damage
responsibility? The trial court answered "No - Please see instructions P-6 (Plaintiff's damage
instruction) and D-21 and D-24."

7. Regency uses the standards in Halferty v. Pulse Drug Co., 821 F.2d 261 (5th Cir. 1987) to give
guidelines in determining attorneys' fees. They require a trial court to ascertain the nature and extent
of service provided; value fees by the customary rate of pay and quality of work; adjust compensation
on the basis of any of twelve factors which are significant. Id. 821 F.2d at 272, n.14.

The twelve factors are: 1) the time and labor involved; 2) the novelty of the case; 3) the skill of the
attorney; 4) the preclusion of other employment by that attorney; 5) the customary fee for this type of
case; 6) the nature of compensation being fixed fee or contingency; 7) the time limitations imposed by
the client; 8) the amount of award involved; 9) the experience of attorneys involved; 10) the
undesirability of the case; 11) the nature and length of the professional relationship between the
attorney and client; 12) awards in similar cases. Id. 821 F.2d at 271-72, n.12.