Court Opinion

ID: 4206133
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-09-25 21:01:21.192394+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:36:41.757070
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 MARTIN SCAHILL, et al.,

         Plaintiffs,
                 v.                                         Civil Action No. 16-2076 (JDB)
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, et al.,

         Defendants.

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiffs Martin Scahill and HRH Services, LLC filed this suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983,

challenging conditions placed on a liquor license issued to HRH for its restaurant, the Alibi, by the

District of Columbia Alcoholic Beverage Control Board (“Board”). The conditions essentially

prevent Scahill from entering the premises or playing any role in the business, which plaintiffs

claim violates a number of their constitutional rights.        Currently before the Court is [10]

defendants’ motion to dismiss for lack of standing and for failure to state a claim. For the following

reasons, the motion will be granted, and plaintiffs’ claims will be dismissed.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       The following facts are taken from plaintiffs’ complaint. In January 2015, HRH Services,

owned by Rachel and Richard Traverso, applied to the ABC Board for a “New Retailer’s Class

CR License” for the Alibi restaurant. Am. Compl. [ECF No. 9] ¶¶ 11–12. The Board approved

the liquor license on May 18, 2016, subject to certain conditions that restricted Scahill’s

involvement in HRH’s business. Id. ¶ 13; see also Board Order No. 2016–280 (“Board Order”)

                                                  1
[ECF No. 10-1] at 23, 36.1 Scahill is not an owner of HRH or the Alibi, but is the guarantor on

the Alibi’s lease. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 12, 41. In addition, Scahill is the former owner of My Brother’s

Place, the restaurant that previously occupied the space in which the Alibi is located, and was the

applicant listed on a prior liquor license application filed by Melles Hospitality Group. Id. ¶ 13.

        Under the terms of the liquor license, awarded to HRH by the Board, HRH must execute

and maintain a barring notice against Scahill prohibiting him from entering or accessing the Alibi

for five years, and must notify D.C. police within 24 hours if any violation of the barring notice

occurs. Id. ¶ 13; Board Order at 24, 36. HRH is also prohibited from transferring ownership of

the Alibi to Scahill, and from permitting Scahill to obtain an interest in the business, in the Alibi,

or in the license. Am. Compl. ¶ 13; Board Order at 24, 36. Finally, HRH is prohibited from

employing Scahill in any capacity, either in its business or at the Alibi; from giving Scahill access

to or control over the business’s financial accounts; and from allowing Scahill to “volunteer” for

the organization. Am. Compl. ¶ 13; Board Order at 36–37. Any violation of these conditions

could result in revocation of the liquor license. Am. Compl. ¶ 13; Board Order at 37.

        On May 31, 2016, HRH moved the Board for reconsideration of these conditions, which

the Board denied on June 29, 2016. Am. Compl. ¶¶14–15. Scahill filed a petition for review of

the Board’s order with the D.C. Court of Appeals on July 27, 2016. Id. ¶ 16.2 On October 6, 2016

the Board issued a Notice of Status and Show Cause Hearing to HRH, alleging that Scahill had

been seen at the Alibi on June 10, 2016, in violation of the conditions placed on the liquor license.

Id. ¶ 17. The Notice charged HRH with failing to follow the Board’s order, and threatened to

revoke HRH’s license. Id. Plaintiffs allege that the Board’s action was in retaliation for their

        1
           The Board’s order is attached to defendants’ motion to dismiss as Exhibit A.
        2
           This appeal is ongoing. See Scahill v. D.C. Alcoholic Beverage Control Bd., No. 16–AA–755 (D.C. filed
July 28, 2016).

                                                       2
appeals. Id. HRH and Scahill then filed this lawsuit on October 18, 2016. Id. ¶ 18. Allegedly in

retaliation for filing this suit, the Board issued a second Notice of Status and Show Cause hearing

to HRH on November 7, 2016, asserting that Scahill had been seen at the Alibi on July 8, 2016.

Id. ¶ 19.

         Plaintiffs bring claims against the Board, the District of Columbia, and ten unnamed “John

Doe” defendants under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief as well as

damages. Plaintiffs allege that the conditions placed on the liquor license violate their First

Amendment rights to freedom of speech and freedom of association, and that the Board issued the

show cause orders to HRH in retaliation for plaintiffs’ exercise of their First Amendment rights.

In addition, plaintiffs claim that the order violates their Fifth Amendment rights to liberty, due

process, and freedom of movement, and that the Board’s order violates the unconstitutional

conditions doctrine. Id. ¶¶ 20–52. Defendants—the District of Columbia and the Board—filed a

motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6), arguing that

plaintiffs lack standing and have failed to state a claim.3

                                                 II. DISCUSSION

         To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must “contain sufficient factual matter,

accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556

U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A

plaintiff’s “[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative

         3
           The initial complaint in this case, which included the John Doe defendants, was filed on October 18, 2016.
Compl. [ECF No. 1]. However, the John Doe defendants were never identified and served. Although it is unclear
from the face of the complaint, see Am. Compl. ¶ 10, the Court deems the complaint as naming the John Does in their
personal rather than their official capacity. So construed, it appears that plaintiffs have failed to effect service within
the 90 days required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m). The Court will therefore issue a show cause order as
to why the claims against the John Doe defendants should not be dismissed, without prejudice, for failure to effect
service. See Brown v. District of Columbia, 514 F.3d 1279, 1286 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (holding that plaintiff must be
“actually [or] constructively on notice as to [an] impending sua sponte dismissal” under Rule 4(m)).

                                                            3
level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. “‘Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,

supported by mere conclusory statements,’ are therefore insufficient to withstand a motion to

dismiss.” BEG Invs., LLC v. Alberti, 144 F. Supp. 3d 16, 21 (D.D.C. 2015) (quoting Iqbal, 556

U.S. at 678). “A court need not accept a plaintiff’s legal conclusions as true nor must a court

presume the veracity of any legal conclusions that are couched as factual allegations.” Id. (citing

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). Nor must a court accept as true a plaintiff’s factual allegations

“insofar as they contradict exhibits to the complaint or matters subject to judicial notice.” Kaempe

v. Myers, 367 F.3d 958, 963 (D.C. Cir. 2004).

       Defendants argue that plaintiffs lack standing to challenge the conditions imposed on the

liquor license because HRH voluntarily stipulated to these conditions, as reflected in the Board’s

order and findings of fact. Defendants also claim that the Board is non sui juris (meaning it cannot

be sued independently), and that plaintiffs have failed to allege an unconstitutional custom or

policy that would enable them to bring suit against the District. See Mot. to Dismiss at 2–3. On

the merits, defendants argue that plaintiffs have failed to allege enough facts to support any of their

claims. Id. at 2. The Court will consider each argument in turn.

       A. JUDICIAL NOTICE

       At the outset, the Court must briefly discuss which documents it may consider in evaluating

the motion to dismiss. Defendants’ arguments regarding standing depend heavily on findings in

the Board’s order imposing the license conditions, which defendants have attached to their motion

to dismiss. See Board Order. Defendants have also provided the Board’s order denying the motion

for reconsideration, a D.C. Court of Appeals order denying HRH’s petition for review of the

Board’s order, and Scahill’s petition for review of the Board’s order. See Exs. B–D, Mot. to

Dismiss [ECF Nos. 10-2 to 10-4]. Plaintiffs argue that defendants “improperly” attached these

                                                  4
documents to their motion to dismiss, and that the Court may not consider in particular the Board’s

principal order, as it is outside the pleadings and not “integral” to the complaint. The Court

disagrees, for several reasons.

       The argument that the Board’s principal order imposing the license conditions is not

“integral” to plaintiffs’ complaint is entirely unsupportable—the complaint quotes this order at

length, and it is the basis for most of plaintiffs’ claims. See, e.g., Am. Compl. ¶¶ 13, 22–25, 31–

32, 34–36, 40–45, 48–52. As the Board’s order is appended to the motion to dismiss, referred to

in the complaint, integral to plaintiffs’ claims, and undisputed as to its authenticity, the order may

be considered here. See Kaempe, 367 F.3d at 965.

       In addition, the Board’s order, the order denying the motion for reconsideration, and the

documents from the D.C. Court of Appeals are public records relevant to plaintiffs’ complaint and

subject to judicial notice on a motion to dismiss. See EEOC v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch.,

117 F.3d 621, 624 (D.C. Cir. 1997); Grant v. Dep’t of Treasury, 194 F. Supp. 3d 25, 28 n. 2 (D.D.C.

2016) (noting that “the Administrative Judge’s Initial Decision, Treasury’s Final Agency Decision,

and [the Merit System Protection Board]’s Final Order are official, public documents subject to

judicial notice”); BEG Invs., 144 F. Supp. 3d at 19 n.3 (taking judicial notice of ABC Board orders

which were official public documents, pertinent to plaintiff’s claims, and attached to defendant’s

motion to dismiss); Hinton v. Corr. Corp. of Am., 624 F. Supp. 2d 45, 46 (D.D.C. 2009) (noting

that on a motion to dismiss, courts may consider “documents upon which the plaintiff’s complaint

necessarily relies even if the document is produced not by the plaintiff in the complaint but by the

defendant in a motion to dismiss” (internal quotations omitted)).

       Finally, the Court may consider matters outside the pleadings in resolving challenges to its

subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1). See Advance Am. v. FDIC, —F. Supp. 3d—,

                                                  5
2017 WL 2869918, at *2 (D.D.C. 2017). A lack of standing constitutes “a defect in [the Court’s]

subject matter jurisdiction,” Haase v. Sessions, 835 F.2d 902, 906 (D.C. Cir. 1987), and in

considering jurisdiction, the court “may rest its decision on its own resolution of disputed facts.”

Advance Am., 2017 WL 2869918, at *2 (citing Herbert v. Nat’l Acad. of Sci., 974 F.2d 192, 197

(D.C. Cir. 1992)). Because defendants challenge plaintiffs’ standing here, the Court may look to

matters outside the pleadings, including the Board’s orders, to determine whether plaintiffs have

standing to allege their claims. Accordingly, the Court will take judicial notice of the Board’s

order and of the other orders attached to defendants’ motion to dismiss.

       B. STANDING

       A plaintiff “bears the burden of showing that he has standing,” Summers v. Earth Island

Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 493 (2009), and “must demonstrate standing for each claim he seeks to press

and for each form of relief that is sought,” Town of Chester v. Laroe Estates, Inc., 137 S. Ct. 1645,

1650 (2017) (citation omitted). “The ‘irreducible constitutional minimum of standing contains

three elements’: (1) injury-in-fact, (2) causation, and (3) redressability.” Commuter Rail Div. of

Reg’l Transp. Auth. v. Surface Transp. Bd., 608 F.3d 24, 30 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (quoting Lujan v.

Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992)). Plaintiffs must plead or prove each element of

standing “with the requisite ‘degree of evidence required at the successive stages of the litigation.’”

In re Science Applications Int’l Corp. Backup Tape Data Theft Litig. (“SAIC”), 45 F. Supp. 3d

14, 23 (D.D.C. 2014) (quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561). Thus, at the motion to dismiss stage,

“[p]laintiffs must plead facts that, taken as true, make the existence of standing plausible.” Id.

(emphasis in original). When considering standing, the Court “must be ‘careful not to decide the

questions on the merits for or against the plaintiff, and must therefore assume that on the merits

                                                  6
the plaintiffs would be successful in their claims.’” In re Navy Chaplaincy, 534 F.3d 756, 760

(D.C. Cir. 2008) (quoting City of Waukesha v. EPA, 320 F.3d 228, 235 (D.C. Cir. 2003)).

       1. HRH’s Standing

       Defendants assert briefly that plaintiffs have not suffered an injury in fact because they

have not shown that the conditions imposed on the license actually harmed them. Mot. to Dismiss

at 11. Defendants also argue, based on the evidence from the Board’s order that HRH voluntarily

executed a barring notice against Scahill, that the conditions in the liquor license are a “self-

inflicted injury” caused by HRH and not fairly traceable to the Board. Id. at 11–12. Scahill’s

injuries, in turn, are therefore traceable to HRH rather than to the Board. Id. at 12. In other words,

defendants argue that plaintiffs have a causation problem. See, e.g., Ellis v. Comm’r of IRS, 67

F. Supp. 3d 325, 336 (D.D.C. 2014) (“[I]t is well-settled in this jurisdiction that self-inflicted

injuries—injuries that are substantially caused by plaintiff’s own conduct—sever the causal nexus

needed to establish standing.”).

        As it turns out, there is no need to decide this issue as it relates to HRH, because another

court has already done so. After the Board denied HRH’s motion for reconsideration, HRH

appealed the Board’s order to the D.C. Court of Appeals under the District of Columbia

Administrative Procedure Act’s (“DCAPA”) judicial review provision. See D.C. Code § 2–510(a).

The court issued a show cause order “directing [HRH] to show cause why the petition for review

should not be dismissed for lack of standing.” HRH Servs., Inc. v. D.C. Alcoholic Beverage

Control Bd., No. 16–AA–758 (D.C. Oct. 13, 2016) (Ex. C, Mot. to Dismiss [ECF 10–3]). HRH

filed a response, but the court ultimately dismissed the petition for lack of standing. Id. While the

court did not lay out every step of its reasoning, it noted that the Board had required HRH to

                                                  7
“enforce the barring notice it had issued against Martin Scahill, a person not affiliated with the

business according to [HRH’s] own statements below.” Id. (emphasis added).4

        The DCAPA only allows review of agency actions when a party has suffered “a legal

wrong, or [is] adversely affected or aggrieved.” D.C. Code § 2–510(a). The D.C. Court of Appeals

has interpreted this language to require the same elements of standing that federal courts apply

under Article III of the U.S. Constitution. See Mallof v. D.C. Bd. of Elections and Ethics, 1 A.3d

383, 394–95, 394 n.51 (D.C. 2010); see also Friends of Tilden Park, Inc. v. District of Columbia,

806 A.2d 1201, 1206 (D.C. 2002) (“Congress did not establish this court under Article III of the

Constitution, but we nonetheless apply in every case the constitutional requirement of a case or

controversy and the prudential prerequisites of standing.” (quoting Speyer v. Barry, 588 A.2d

1147, 1160 (D.C. 1991)) (internal quotation marks omitted)). In particular, the party seeking

review must show that it suffered an injury in fact, Mallof, 1 A.3d at 394, which is determined by

“look[ing] to federal standing jurisprudence,” Friends of Tilden Park, 806 A.2d at 1206 (citation

and internal quotation marks omitted). The D.C. Court of Appeals relied on the injury-in-fact

requirement in its order dismissing HRH’s petition. HRH Servs., No. 16–AA–758 (“A party has

not been . . . aggrieved by agency action unless [there is] some actual or threatened ‘injury in fact’

from the challenged agency action.” (citation omitted)).

        Because another court has already determined that HRH lacks Article III standing to

challenge the Board’s order, this Court must determine whether issue preclusion (collateral

estoppel) prevents HRH from asserting standing on claims related to the order. See Nat’l Ass’n of

Home Builders v. EPA, 786 F.3d 34, 41 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (“Issue preclusion applies to threshold

        4
            The Court of Appeals’ order was summary in nature, but this does not affect the following preclusion
analysis. See Yamaha Corp. of Am. v. United States, 961 F.2d 245, 254 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (“In issue preclusion, it is
the prior judgment that matters, not the court’s opinion explicating the judgment.”).

                                                        8
jurisdictional issues like standing . . . .”). Defendants did not raise this question in their motion to

dismiss. But because issue preclusion “belongs to courts as well as to litigants, even a party’s

forfeiture of the right to assert it—which has not happened here because the defendant[s] remain[]

free to file an answer—does not destroy a court’s ability to consider the issue sua sponte.” Stanton

v. D.C. Court of Appeals, 127 F.3d 72, 77 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (emphasis in original); see U.S. Bank

Nat’l Ass’n v. Poblete, —F. Supp. 3d—, 2016 WL 1089217, at *11 (D.D.C. Mar. 18, 2016)

(applying same rule to collateral estoppel); Amore ex rel. Estates of Amore v. Accor, S.A., 484 F.

Supp. 2d 124, 129 (D.D.C. 2007) (same); Burlington Res. Oil & Gas Co. v. U.S. Dep’t of the

Interior, 21 F. Supp. 2d 1, 4 n. 4 (D.D.C. 1998) (same).

        Three things must be true for issue preclusion to apply: “‘[1], the same issue now being

raised must have been contested by the parties and submitted for judicial determination in the prior

case[; 2], the issue must have been actually and necessarily determined by a court of competent

jurisdiction in that prior case[; and] [3], preclusion in the second case must not work a basic

unfairness to the party bound by the first determination.’” Martin v. Dep’t of Justice, 488 F.3d

446, 454 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (alterations in original) (quoting Yamaha Corp., 961 F.2d at 254).5

        Each of these requirements was satisfied here. The D.C. Court of Appeals issued a show

cause order on the precise issue in question, and HRH filed a brief in its own defense. See HRH

Servs., No. 16–AA–758. The standing question was therefore “contested” and “submitted for

judicial determination.” Martin, 488 F.3d at 454. It is also clear that the standing issue was

        5
            “[I]t is unclear whether the law of collateral estoppel is procedural or substantive for the purposes of
applying federal or D.C. law . . . .” Melara v. China N. Indus., Corp., 658 F. Supp. 2d 178, 182 n.6 (D.D.C. 2009)
(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). But cf. Stanton, 127 F.3d at 77 (“We give judgments of other courts
the same preclusive effect as would the issuing court—in this case, the D.C. Court of Appeals.”). However, “the rules
of each jurisdiction are substantially similar. . . . The extra consideration required under federal law—whether
applying collateral estoppel would work a basic unfairness—would not affect its application in this case,” as shown
by the unfairness analysis below. Melara, 658 F. Supp. 2d at 182 n.6 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted);
accord Williams v. Johnson, 701 Supp. 2d 1, 19 n.8 (D.D.C. 2010); see Walker v. FedEx Office & Print Servs., Inc.,
123 A.3d 160, 164 (D.C. 2015) (applying D.C. law of collateral estoppel).

                                                         9
“actually and necessarily determined”: the court dismissed the petition for review because—and

only because—it concluded that HRH lacked standing. HRH Servs., No. 16–AA–758. And there

is no doubt that the D.C. Court of Appeals is a court of competent jurisdiction to review D.C.

agency orders. See D.C. Code § 2–510(a) (authorizing D.C. Court of Appeals to hear petitions for

review of agency orders); Lightfoot v. Cendant Mortg. Corp., 137 S. Ct. 553, 560 (2017) (“A court

of competent jurisdiction is a court with the power to adjudicate the case before it.”). Finally, a

finding of preclusion here does not “work a basic unfairness” to HRH. Martin, 488 F.3d at 454.

Because the D.C. Court of Appeals specifically asked HRH to address the standing issue if it

wished to avoid dismissal, HRH’s “incentives to litigate the point now disputed were no less

present in the prior case.” Id. at 455. “[N]or are the stakes of the present case of ‘vastly greater

magnitude,’” since both cases challenge the same Board order, with the same potential set of

consequences for HRH should it lose. Id. Therefore, collateral estoppel applies. HRH lacks

standing to bring any claims that directly challenge the Board’s order.

       This is not the end of the matter, however. Since the Court finds that Scahill has standing,

see infra at p. 17, most of plaintiffs’ claims can go forward. See Carpenters Indus. Council v.

Zinke, 854 F.3d 1, 9 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (“If constitutional standing ‘can be shown for at least one

plaintiff, we need not consider the standing of the other plaintiffs to raise that claim.’” (quoting

Mountain States Legal Found. v. Glickman, 92 F.3d 1228, 1232 (D.C. Cir. 1996))). But HRH’s

standing bar does signal last call for its unconstitutional conditions claim. At first, it is unclear

whether plaintiffs bring this claim only with respect to HRH, or with respect to both HRH and

Scahill. The complaint alleges that the Board’s unconstitutional conditions injured Scahill as the

guarantor on the lease for the Alibi. Am. Compl. ¶ 52. Yet the heading for this count in the

complaint indicates that only HRH is asserting an unconstitutional conditions claim, not Scahill.

                                                 10
Id. at 14. And whereas Counts I and II state that both “[p]laintiffs reallege and incorporate by

reference” the prior allegations in the complaint, id. ¶¶ 20, 29, Count IV states that only “Plaintiff

HRH Services LLC” does so, id. ¶ 47 (emphasis added).6 Moreover, in order to assert a claim

under the unconstitutional conditions doctrine, a plaintiff must allege that the government has

conditioned receipt of a benefit on the curtailment of the plaintiff’s constitutional rights. See Autor

v. Pritzker, 740 F.3d 176, 183 (D.C. Cir. 2014). Plaintiffs do not allege that Scahill has received

or been denied any government benefit. Id. ¶¶ 47–52. Because of this, and because the complaint

states on its face that the unconstitutional conditions claim only applies to HRH, the Court

determines that this claim has been brought with respect to HRH alone. Since HRH does not have

standing, Count IV of the complaint will be dismissed.

         2. Scahill’s Standing

         The D.C. Court of Appeals’ decision dismissed only HRH’s case for lack of standing, and

therefore the decision does not preclude Scahill’s standing to challenge the license conditions.7

         6
            The due process claim in Count III, which Scahill alone brings, likewise states that only “Plaintiff Scahill”
does the re-alleging and incorporation there. Am. Compl. ¶ 38.
          7
            Scahill has brought his own appeal of the Board’s order to the D.C. Court of Appeals. See Scahill, No. 16–
AA–755. According to plaintiffs, Scahill argues “that the ABC Board exceeded its statutory authority, failed to
comply with the D.C. Administrative Procedures Act, and acted arbitrarily and capriciously.” Pls.’ Opp’n [ECF No.
11-1] at 5 n.2. Plaintiffs were not required, as a matter of exhaustion doctrine, to see Scahill’s appeal through before
bringing their Section 1983 claims in this Court. See Dist. Props. Assocs. v. District of Columbia, 743 F.2d 21, 27
(D.C. Cir. 1984). But this unusual procedural posture creates a different concern. Though defendant did not raise the
issue, there is a colorable argument for abstaining as to the constitutional claims regarding the order itself, under
Railroad Commission of Texas v. Pullman Co., 312 U.S. 496 (1941). See Askew v. Hargrave, 401 U.S. 476, 478
(1971) (holding that abstention may be called for when a state-court case brings state-law “claims, [which,] if
sustained, will obviate the necessity of determining the [constitutional] question”); see also Bellotti v. Baird, 428 U.S.
132, 143 n.10 (1976) (“[A]bstention may be raised by the court [s]ua sponte.”); Justice v. Superior Court, 732 F.2d
949, 950 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (applying Pullman abstention to the District of Columbia).
          However, abstention is not warranted here. Most importantly, for Pullman abstention to apply, the state law
at issue must be “uncertain.” Harman v. Forssenius, 380 U.S. 528, 534 (1965). “If the state statute in question . . . is
not fairly subject to an interpretation which will render unnecessary or substantially modify the federal constitutional
question, it is the duty of the federal court to exercise its properly invoked jurisdiction.” Id. at 534–35. There is no
information before the Court indicating what Scahill’s exact claims are in relation to D.C. law, and whether they are
viable. It is therefore not clear whether the code provisions Scahill invokes are uncertain. Without such knowledge,
it would be improper to abstain. It is also relevant that the District of Columbia did not raise the abstention issue itself.
See Ohio Bureau of Emp’t Servs. v. Hodory, 431 U.S. 471, 480 (1977) (noting, in context of Younger abstention, that
“[i]f the State voluntarily chooses to submit to a federal forum, principles of comity do not demand that the federal

                                                            11
However, his standing may be difficult to establish, because the Board’s order does not directly

regulate Scahill. The parties do not address this specific issue with respect to standing, but as

standing is necessary to the Court’s jurisdiction, the Court has an obligation to consider it. See,

e.g., Lee’s Summit v. Surface Transp. Bd., 231 F.3d 39, 41 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (“When there is doubt

about a party’s constitutional standing, the court must resolve the doubt, sua sponte if need be.”).

Standing is “substantially more difficult to establish” when the plaintiff is not “the object of the

government action or inaction” challenged. Pub. Citizen, Inc. v. Nat’l Highway Traffic Safety

Admin., 489 F.3d 1279, 1289 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Lujan, 504 U.S at 562). Where not directly

regulated by a challenged government regulation, a plaintiff must show that there is a “substantial

probability” that he will be harmed as a result of the rule. See Stillwell v. Office of Thrift

Supervision, 569 F.3d 514, 518 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting St. John’s United Church of Christ v.

FAA, 520 F.3d 460, 462 (D.C. Cir. 2008)).

         The Board’s order requires the license holder—HRH—to maintain the barring notice

against Scahill and to enforce it through the measures the Board sets out. See Am. Compl. ¶ 13;

Board Order at 36–37. On the face of the order, then, there are no consequences for Scahill if

HRH does not comply with these conditions. Moreover, the Board has not ordered HRH to do

anything to Scahill that it could not otherwise do legally—absent the order, HRH would be free to

maintain a barring notice against Scahill, decline to employ him, and otherwise decline to associate

with him.

court force the case back into the State’s own system”). Finally, abstention in this case would only partially serve the
judicial economy interests it normally protects, since plaintiffs’ First Amendment retaliation claims would not be
affected by the D.C. Court of Appeals’ ruling in any event and therefore would not be stayed. See BEG Invs., LLC
v. Alberti, 34 F. Supp. 3d 68, 79 (D.D.C. 2014) (refusing to abstain because some of plaintiff’s claims would remain
unaffected by the state-court decision).

                                                          12
        That being said, while Scahill may not be the primary object of the Board’s order, he is

certainly a secondary object. The basic purpose of the license conditions is to keep Scahill and

HRH apart, when they apparently wish to work together. The effect of the Board’s order is that

Scahill cannot set foot in the Alibi (without risking arrest), cannot work there, and cannot obtain

an interest in the business. Scahill also alleges that he is the guarantor on the Alibi’s lease, and

that the order barring him from the premises prevents him from playing a role in the business and

managing the liability to which he is exposed as the guarantor. Am. Compl. ¶ 41. This could

constitute harm, and while this harm is contingent on HRH complying with the terms of the

Board’s order, the consequence of HRH’s non-compliance—revocation of its license—suggests

that HRH is likely to enforce the terms of the Board’s order, making this harm a “substantial

probability.”8 At this stage, plausibility is all that is required. See SAIC, 45 F. Supp. 3d at 23.9

        The second question is whether Scahill’s alleged injuries are “fairly traceable” to the

Board. A defendant need not be the “but-for cause” of a plaintiff’s injuries; an action may be fairly

traceable to the defendant even if defendant’s action indirectly caused plaintiff’s harm, although

this makes the burden of establishing standing heavier. See, e.g., Massachusetts v. EPA, 549 U.S.

497, 524 (2007) (causation may be established where defendant caused an “incremental” part of

the alleged injury); Cmty. for Creative Non-Violence v. Pierce, 814 F. 2d 663, 669 (D.C. Cir.

1987) (causation may be established where a defendant’s actions are “a substantial factor

motivating the third parties’ actions”). When a third party bears some responsibility for the

plaintiff’s harm, standing may be established where, for example, “the record present[s] substantial

         8
           The fact that allegations have been made in the Board’s show cause orders that HRH has not been enforcing
the terms of the Board’s order does not, at the motion to dismiss stage, affect the likelihood of harm.
         9
           It would create quite the catch-22 to deny HRH standing because the D.C. Court of Appeals apparently
believed that Scahill (rather than HRH) was the one injured by the Board’s order, while at the same time determining
that Scahill doesn’t have standing because HRH (rather than he) was the one harmed.

                                                        13
evidence of a causal relationship between the government policy and the third-party conduct,

leaving little doubt as to causation and the likelihood of redress.” Nat’l Wrestling Coaches Ass’n

v. Dep’t of Educ., 366 F.3d 930, 941 (D.C. Cir. 2004).

       This is where the Board’s order comes in. According to the Board’s findings of fact, Scahill

was a minority owner of My Brother’s Place, the bar that preceded the Alibi at 237 2nd Street in

Northwest D.C. The Board’s records showed that My Brother’s Place owed approximately

$16,500 in fines for repeated violations of law, including multiple incidents of selling alcohol to

large numbers of minors. Board Order at 1–3, ¶¶ 7–29, 32. When the bar’s license lapsed in 2013,

these fines were still unpaid. Id. at 2, ¶¶ 35, 49. After My Brother’s Place closed, Scahill created

a business named HRH, LLC t/a My Place in 2012, ostensibly for the purpose of starting a

restaurant with his then-fiancée, Rachel Traverso. Id. ¶¶ 37–39. When this plan fell through,

Melles Hospitality Group, LLC, t/a The Alibi Restaurant & Lounge (MHG), a company in which

Scahill also had an ownership interest, assumed the lease at 237 2nd Street. Id. MHG then applied

for a liquor license at this location. Id. ¶ 39. When the Board issued a notice raising concerns

about Scahill’s fitness for licensure based on the outstanding fines and violations that had occurred

at My Brother’s Place, MHG withdrew its application. Id. ¶¶ 52–67.

       Rachel Traverso created the current business named HRH in 2014. Id. ¶ 69. This HRH

(the current plaintiff) then filed for a liquor license for the Alibi at the 237 2nd Street location,

identifying both Rachel and Richard Traverso, her father, as the sole owners of the business. Id.

¶¶ 53–54. But Scahill apparently worked for the business several days a week, id. ¶¶ 71–77, and

the Board therefore sought evidence that HRH, not Scahill, was the “true and actual owner” of the

Alibi; that this was not a fraudulent attempt by Scahill to obtain a license; and that Scahill had in

fact separated from the business, id. ¶¶ 79–80. Richard Traverso then executed a barring notice

                                                 14
against Scahill on January 27, 2016, two days before the hearing on the license took place, which

prohibits Scahill from entering the Alibi for five years. The Traversos presented the barring notice

at the hearing as evidence that HRH had separated itself from Scahill, indicated that they were

willing to enforce the barring notice by calling the police, and noted that, while the barring notice

was in effect, it would prevent Scahill from working at the restaurant. Id. ¶¶ 83–88. The Traversos

proposed that conditions be added to the license in order to ensure enforcement of this barring

notice “if the Board deem[ed] necessary,” but did not specify the conditions or propose language

for the conditions. Id. ¶ 90.

       Significantly, plaintiffs do not allege any facts in their complaint that dispute these Board

findings; indeed the complaint does not mention HRH’s role in the barring notice or imposition of

the conditions at all. Plaintiffs argue in their opposition brief that it is “disputed” whether HRH

voluntarily agreed to the license conditions, Pls. Opp’n at 11, but there is nothing in the complaint

that states this. In light of these facts, the standing issue becomes an even closer question. Based

on the Board’s order, and absent factual allegations that dispute the Board’s findings, it appears

that HRH played a role in bringing about the conditions imposed on the license. At the same time,

however, it appears that the Board suggested HRH might not receive a license if HRH did not take

steps to bar Scahill from the business. The Board also had some independent role in crafting and

imposing the conditions: the Board was only to impose conditions on the license if it decided they

were “necessary,” and came up with the conditions and the language of the conditions itself. Board

Order ¶ 93.

       “Standing is defeated only if it is concluded that the injury is so completely due to the

plaintiff’s own fault as to break the causal chain.” 13A C. Wright, A. Miller & E. Cooper, Federal

Practice & Procedure: Jurisdiction § 3531.5 (3d ed. 2004); see also Petro-Chem Processing, Inc.

                                                 15
v. EPA, 866 F.2d 433, 438 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (“[T]o the extent that this injury is self-inflicted, it is

so completely due to the [complainant’s] own fault as to break the causal chain.” (internal

quotations omitted) (alteration in original)). The D.C. Circuit appears to find self-inflicted injury

mainly in those cases where the plaintiff’s claimed injury was clearly independent of agency

action. See, e.g., Grocery Mfrs. Ass’n v. EPA, 693 F.3d 169, 177 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (plaintiffs’

costs and liabilities associated with introducing a new fuel were not traceable to EPA regulation

because the regulation only permitted, but did not require “or even encourage,” covered entities to

introduce the new fuel); Bhd. of Locomotive Eng’rs & Trainmen v. Surface Transp. Bd., 457 F.3d

24, 28 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (union’s inability to bargain over a particular transaction was due to the

terms of the union’s collective bargaining agreement with the railroad, and not traceable to the

agency’s action); Petro-Chem Processing, 866 F.2d at 438 (potential liability from unsafe disposal

of hazardous waste was not traceable to agency action because agency did not require use of the

disposal method at issue).

         Here, the Board issued an order requiring HRH to comply with the conditions of the

license, or else the license would be revoked. The extent to which HRH voluntarily agreed to the

specific conditions as imposed is unclear from the Board’s order. But this is not a case in which

plaintiffs’ claimed injury occurred completely independently of the agency action.                          Indeed,

plaintiffs allege (albeit in a somewhat conclusory fashion) that, “[a]t all times relevant, HRH

Services LLC was coerced by the D.C. government to bar Mr. Scahill.” Am. Compl. ¶ 7. Based

on both the order and plaintiffs’ complaint, it is plausible that HRH felt pressured to cut Scahill

out of the business by the Board’s suggestion that Scahill was unfit for licensure, or that the Board

imposed conditions on the license that went beyond what HRH thought it was agreeing to.10

         10
           Indeed, to conclude otherwise would be to decide the merits of part of plaintiffs’ claims, which the Court
“must be careful not to decide” when analyzing standing. In re Navy Chaplaincy, 534 F.3d at 760 (citation omitted).

                                                         16
       Assuming at this stage that HRH did not voluntarily agree to the license conditions, if

Scahill is harmed because HRH enforces the license conditions that the Board’s order compels it

to enforce, there can be little doubt that the Board’s order was a “substantial factor” motivating

HRH’s conduct. Thus, Scahill has plausibly alleged that his alleged injuries are fairly traceable to

defendants.

        Lastly, with respect to redressability, to the extent that Scahill alleges that the Board’s

order infringes on his constitutional rights by effectively preventing him from associating with or

working for HRH, from obtaining an interest in the business, and from going to the Alibi, the Court

can redress this harm by enjoining the Board’s order and awarding Scahill damages. Accordingly,

Scahill has plausibly alleged standing to challenge the license conditions.

       3. Retaliation Claims

       Finally, the Court notes that defendants do not appear to challenge plaintiffs’ standing to

bring their First Amendment retaliation claims. The D.C. Court of Appeals’ standing decision

only dealt with HRH’s challenge to the Board’s order itself, not to the alleged retaliation, which

in any case occurred after that court dismissed HRH’s petition for review. And the argument that

HRH voluntarily agreed to the license conditions has no bearing on whether the Board took

retaliatory action against plaintiffs for appealing the Board’s order and filing this suit. Even if

HRH had agreed to the license conditions, and plaintiffs challenged the order anyway, any later

action the Board may have taken against plaintiffs because of plaintiffs’ exercise of their First

Amendment rights would constitute an injury fairly traceable to defendants. Moreover, this injury

would be redressable through an injunction against defendants or damages awarded to plaintiffs.

The Court is therefore satisfied that plaintiffs have standing to bring their retaliation claims.

       C. PROPER DEFENDANTS

                                                  17
       1. The Board

       Defendants claim that the Board cannot be sued as an independent entity; in other words,

only the District can be held liable for the Board’s actions. “Certain government entities are not

suable because they are not entities ‘which Congress has authorized to be sued.’” Miango v.

Democratic Republic of the Congo, No. CV 15-1265 (ABJ), 2017 WL 1091873, at *5–6 (D.D.C.

Mar. 22, 2017) (quoting Blackmar v. Guerre, 342 U.S. 512, 515 (1952)). “[I]n the absence of

explicit statutory authorization, bodies within the District of Columbia government are not suable

as separate entities.” Sibley v. U.S. Supreme Court, 786 F. Supp. 2d 338, 344 (D.D.C. 2011)

(alteration in original) (internal quotations omitted); see also Braxton v. Nat’l Capital Hous. Auth.,

396 A.2d 215, 216–17 (D.C. 1978) (noting that “[c]ases in this jurisdiction have consistently found

that bodies within the District of Columbia government are not suable as separate entities” unless

Congress established the entity as sui juris).

       There appears to be no explicit statutory language in the D.C. Code authorizing the Board

to sue or be sued. Plaintiffs have not identified any, nor have they identified language authorizing

suit by implication. Compare D.C. Code § 25–201, Establishment of the Alcoholic Beverage

Control Bd. (no mention of suability), with D.C. Code § 38–1202.01, Establishment of Bd. of

Trustees and Univ. (noting that the Board has the power to “[s]ue and be sued”), and D.C. Code

§ 1–911.01, Civil Enf’t (“The Retirement Board may sue and be sued under this chapter as an

entity.”). See also Armstrong v. D.C. Pub. Library, 154 F. Supp. 2d 67, 71 (D.D.C. 2001) (finding

that “the Board of Library Trustees has not been granted the authority to sue or defend suits”

because there was no explicit authorizing language in the statute). Plaintiffs contend that the Board

is sui juris because it contested HRH’s petition to the Court of Appeals for review of the Board’s

order—but judicial review of the Board’s orders is specifically authorized by statute. See D.C.

                                                 18
Code § 2–510, DCAPA (naming the D.C. Court of Appeals as the proper court to review agency

orders); id. § 25–826 (authorizing judicial review of the Board’s orders pursuant to the DCAPA).

The DCAPA permits judicial review of agency action generally, and it is clear that not all D.C.

agencies or entities may independently sue and be sued. Thus, because plaintiffs concede that it

is unclear that the ABC Board is suable, Pls.’ Opp’n at 7 n.3, and because explicit statutory

authorization is required and is lacking, the Court concludes that the Board may not be sued

independently. Accordingly, the Court will treat claims against the Board as claims against the

District of Columbia and dismiss the Board as a defendant.11

         2. The District

         Defendants next argue that plaintiffs have failed to sufficiently allege municipal liability

that would enable them to hold the District liable. Mot. to Dismiss at 12. In order to establish

municipal liability, a plaintiff must “identify a municipal ‘policy’ or ‘custom’ that caused the

plaintiff’s injury,” Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 403 (1997) (quoting Monell v.

N.Y.C. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978)), and show that the “policy or custom itself

[was] ‘the moving force behind the constitutional violation,’” Carter v. District of Columbia, 795

F.2d 116, 122 (D.C. Cir. 1986) (quoting Monell, 436 U.S. at 694). “A municipality can establish

a policy or custom in several ways,” including “by acting through a municipal policymaker.” BEG

Invs., 144 F. Supp. 3d at 24 (citing Baker v. District of Columbia, 326 F.3d 1302, 1306 (D.C. Cir.

2003)). The relevant question here, then, is whether the Board’s order imposing the license

conditions and its subsequent show cause orders constitute actions taken by a municipal policy

maker. If so, the District can be held liable for the Board’s actions.

         11
            Because defensive issue preclusion applies even in subsequent suits brought against different parties, this
does not affect the standing analysis for HRH. See United States v. Mendoza, 464 U.S. 154, 158 (1984); Walker, 123
A.3d at 164.

                                                         19
       Courts look to state law—or in this case District of Columbia law—to determine whether

an individual or agency is an authorized policy maker. McMillian v. Monroe Cty., 520 U.S. 781,

786 (1997). Where a challenged decision or action is “properly made by that government’s

authorized decision makers, it surely represents an act of official government ‘policy’ as that term

is commonly understood.” Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 481 (1986). The Board

is a municipal agency “tasked with approving, changing, suspending, and revoking liquor licenses

for establishments serving alcoholic beverages in the District,” BEG Invs., LLC v. Alberti, 85 F.

Supp. 3d 13, 19 (D.D.C. 2015). It appears from D.C. law that the Board has final authority to issue

orders imposing conditions on liquor licenses, to issue show cause orders on violations, and to

hold hearings on these violations, including license revocation hearings. See D.C. Code §§ 25–

104, 447. There is no indication that the Board’s exercise of these powers is conditioned on

approval by other government officials or agencies, meaning that the actions plaintiffs challenge

are the actions of D.C.’s authorized decision maker with respect to liquor licensing. Indeed, at

least one other court in this district has found, based on the Board’s powers under D.C. law, that

the Board is a municipal policy maker whose orders can give rise to municipal liability under

Monell. See BEG Invs., 144 F. Supp. 3d at 26–27. This Court is likewise satisfied that D.C. may

properly be named as a defendant. To sufficiently allege municipal liability here, plaintiffs need

only allege enough facts to show that it is plausible that the Board’s orders violated their

constitutional rights, a question to which the Court will now turn.

       D. FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM

       1. Count I: Speech, Association, and Retaliation Claims

       Plaintiffs claim that the conditions imposed on the license violate Scahill’s First

Amendment rights by prohibiting him from entering into a business relationship with HRH, and

                                                20
that defendants also violated their rights to petition the courts by retaliating against plaintiffs after

they petitioned for review of the Board’s order and filed this lawsuit. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 24–26.12

               a. Association

         “[Supreme Court] decisions have referred to constitutionally protected ‘freedom of

association’ in two distinct senses[,] . . . freedom of intimate association and [] freedom of

expressive association.” Roberts v. U.S. Jaycees, 468 U.S. 609, 617–18 (1984). Intimate

association protects one’s ability to “enter into and maintain certain intimate human relationships,”

particularly those associated with family, such as “marriage, childbirth, the raising and education

of children, and cohabitation with one’s relatives.” Id. at 617, 619 (internal citations omitted).

Freedom of expressive association, on the other hand, protects the right to “associate for the

purpose of engaging in those activities protected by the First Amendment—speech, assembly,

petition for the redress of grievances, and the exercise of religion.” Id. at 618. Neither protection

recognizes “a generalized right of ‘social association.’” City of Dallas v. Stanglin, 490 U.S. 19,

25 (1989).

              Plaintiffs do not allege that the Board’s order infringes on Scahill’s ability to “enter into

and maintain [protected] intimate human relationships,” Jaycees, 468 U.S. at 617, nor have they

alleged that he is engaged in or wishes to engage in any kind of expressive speech, see, e.g., Boy

Scouts of Am. v. Dale, 530 U.S. 640, 648 (2000) (“[T]o come within [the] ambit [of expressive

association], a group must engage in some form of expression.”). Rather, plaintiffs specifically

allege that Scahill’s association rights have been violated because the Board’s order prohibits him

         12
             In their opposition, plaintiffs also claim that the Board’s order violates HRH’s speech rights by compelling
HRH to notify the police any time Scahill violates the terms of the barring notice. See Pls. Opp’n at 10–11. But the
Court has already determined that HRH does not have standing to challenge the Board’s order. Regardless, plaintiffs
do not allege this violation in their complaint or identify particular speech upon which defendants have infringed. Am.
Compl. ¶¶ 24, 26. While plaintiffs’ complaint must be liberally construed, plaintiffs may not amend their complaint
in their briefs. See Kingman Park Civic Ass’n v. Gray, 27 F. Supp. 3d 142, 160 n.7 (D.D.C. 2014); Arbitraje Casa de
Cambio, S.A. de C.V. v. U.S. Postal Serv., 297 F. Supp. 2d 165, 170 (D.D.C. 2003).

                                                          21
from “entering into any type of business relationship” with HRH. Am. Compl. ¶ 24 (emphasis

added). But business relationships are generally not protected by the First Amendment, as such

relationships are “remote from the concerns giving rise to” the constitutional protections for

intimate and expressive association. Jaycees, 468 U.S. at 620. Indeed, plaintiffs concede that

“there is only minimal constitutional protection of the freedom [of] commercial association.” Pls.’

Opp’n at 15 (quoting Jaycees, 468 U.S. at 634).

       But plaintiffs appear to argue that an exception should be made in Scahill’s case because

courts have recognized the right of individuals and organizations to commercially associate with

a particular attorney. See Pls.’ Opp’n at 15–16 (citing Denius v. Dunlap, 209 F.3d 944, 953 (7th

Cir. 2000); VanCamp v. McNesby, No. 3:08-cv-166-RS-MD, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 121576, at

*6 (N.D. Fla. June 20, 2008)). But courts have recognized the right to associate with counsel

because this furthers other constitutional rights, including the First Amendment rights to speech,

assembly, and petition. See Martin v. Lauer, 686 F.2d 24, 32 (D.C. Cir. 1982); see also Denius,

209 F.3d at 953–54 (citing cases). Plaintiffs have failed to explain how this exception helps

Scahill, as they do not allege that Scahill wishes to associate with HRH for purposes of consulting

counsel, or to engage in speech, assembly, or petition.13 The other two cases plaintiffs cite are

likewise unavailing, because in each the plaintiffs were specifically engaged in expressive conduct;

these cases have nothing to do with commercial association rights. See Citizens United v. FEC,

558 U.S. 310, 343 (2010); NAACP v. Alabama ex rel. Patterson, 357 U.S. 449, 466 (1958).

            Because plaintiffs have not alleged an intimate or expressive association affected by the

Board’s order, and have not cited a single case that suggests the business relationship they have

       13
            Sitting at the bar and speaking with the bartender about one’s troubles does not count.

                                                          22
alleged is a protected association, the Court finds that plaintiffs have failed to state a claim for

violation of Scahill’s First Amendment associational rights. Hence, that claim will be dismissed.

            b. Retaliation

        “To establish a claim for retaliation under the First Amendment, an individual must prove

(1) that he engaged in protected conduct, (2) that the government took some retaliatory action

sufficient to deter a person of ordinary firmness in plaintiff’s position from speaking again; and

(3) that there exists a causal link between the exercise of a constitutional right and the adverse

action.” Doe v. District of Columbia, 796 F.3d 96, 106 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks

omitted). “To satisfy the causation link, a plaintiff must allege that his or her constitutional speech

was the ‘but for’ cause of the defendants’ retaliatory action.” Id. at 107.

        Plaintiffs allege that defendants retaliated against them on two separate occasions for

exercising their right to petition the courts. First, plaintiffs claim that the Board issued a Notice of

Status and Show Cause Hearing to HRH on October 6, 2016. It is unclear whether plaintiffs allege

that the Board issued the first notice in response to HRH’s motion for reconsideration, filed on

May 31, 2016, or in response to Scahill’s petition for review filed with the D.C. Court of Appeals

on July 27, 2016. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 14–17; see also Pls.’ Opp’n at 13 (seeming to suggest that

plaintiffs only allege retaliation in response to Scahill’s petition for review). The Board issued

another notice to HRH on November 7, 2016, allegedly in response to plaintiffs filing this present

lawsuit on October 18, 2016. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 16–19. Although the notices state that they were

issued because Scahill was previously seen on the Alibi’s property on June 10, 2016 and July 8,

2016, in direct violation of the license conditions, plaintiffs allege that the notices were actually

retaliatory. Id.

                                                  23
       In moving for reconsideration of the Board’s order, filing a petition for review, and then

filing this suit, plaintiffs have clearly engaged in “protected conduct.” Doe, 796 F.3d at 106; see

also Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri, 564 U.S. 379, 382 (2011) (noting that “[a]mong other rights

essential to freedom, the First Amendment protects ‘the right of the people . . . to petition the

Government for a redress of grievances’” (quoting U.S. Const. amend. I)). However, the alleged

retaliatory actions—the issuance of the notices—were only taken against HRH, the license holder,

not against Scahill, a fact which plaintiffs fail to acknowledge in either the complaint or their brief.

Plaintiffs have not alleged that the Board took any retaliatory action against Scahill, and plaintiffs

have consistently maintained that Scahill is not an owner of HRH or the Alibi. See, e.g., Am.

Compl. ¶ 12. Without more, plaintiffs have failed to plausibly allege a retaliation claim with

respect to Scahill. The Court will therefore consider only HRH’s retaliation claim; Scahill’s

retaliation claim will be dismissed.

       Defendants argue that HRH has not alleged that its First Amendment activity was actually

chilled by the alleged retaliation, and that this therefore defeats HRH’s claim. Indeed, as

defendants point out, the fact that HRH has continued this suit indicates that HRH has not been

deterred from the exercise of its rights. Mot. to Dismiss at 17–18. At least one court in this district

has dismissed a complaint where the plaintiff failed to allege that the alleged retaliatory conduct

actually deterred him from exercising his First Amendment rights. See Hatfill v. Ashcroft, 404 F.

Supp. 2d 104, 118–19 (D.D.C. 2005). But while “a plaintiff’s actual response to a defendant’s

conduct . . . ‘provides some evidence of the tendency of that conduct to chill First Amendment

activity,’” the plaintiff’s response is not dispositive of this element. See Hartley v. Wilfert, 918 F.

Supp. 2d 45, 54 (D.D.C. 2013) (citation omitted). The standard, as articulated by the D.C. Circuit,

is whether the retaliatory action is “sufficient to deter a person of ordinary firmness in plaintiff’s

                                                  24
position from speaking again,” not whether the plaintiff was actually deterred. See Doe, 796 F.3d

at 106 (citation omitted). Here, it is certainly plausible—indeed it seems likely—that issuing an

order to show cause threatening to revoke a business’s liquor license would cause a person (or

business) of ordinary firmness to drop the suit against the Board, even if plaintiff did not do so in

this case. Thus, the fact that HRH was not actually deterred from pursuing this suit is not fatal to

its claim.

        With respect to causation, at the motion to dismiss stage the “temporal proximity of the

protected behavior and the alleged retaliation can suggest that there was a causal relationship

between the two.” Saint-Jean v. District of Columbia, 846 F. Supp. 2d 247, 259 (D.D.C. 2012)

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted); see Singletary v. District of Columbia, 351 F.3d

519, 525 (D.C. Cir. 2003). There is no hard and fast rule as to how close in time the protected

action and the alleged retaliation must be, but when plaintiffs rely on temporal proximity alone to

establish causation, the alleged retaliation must take place “very close” in time to the protected

conduct. Woodruff v. Peters, 482 F.3d 521, 529 (D.C. Cir. 2007).

        To the extent that plaintiffs argue that the Board took retaliatory action against HRH in

October 2016 for HRH’s May 2016 motion for reconsideration, these events, standing alone, are

too distant in time to raise a plausible inference of retaliation. See, e.g., Taylor v. Solis, 571 F.3d

1313, 1322 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (finding two-and-a-half month interval insufficient to support

inference of retaliation based on temporal proximity alone). However, plaintiffs also allege that

defendants issued the first notice two-and-a-half months after Scahill’s petition for review was

filed, but four months after Scahill was allegedly seen at the Alibi. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 16–17; Pls.’

Opp’n at 13. Hence, HRH is claiming that it was retaliated against for Scahill’s protected conduct,

i.e., Scahill’s filing of a petition for review. HRH must therefore allege facts that make it plausible

                                                  25
that the Board was retaliating for Scahill’s conduct, rather than because it had cause to believe that

HRH violated the terms of the license conditions. But plaintiffs do not address this in their

complaint, and neither party addresses this issue in their briefs. In addition to this disconnect, the

alleged retaliatory action against HRH in response to Scahill’s conduct took place two and a half

months later, at the outer limits of the time period based on which courts will typically find

plausible retaliation due to temporal proximity alone. See, e.g., BEG Invs., 144 F. Supp. 3d at 22–

23 (noting that a period of one month or less “typically suffices” to raise a plausible inference of

retaliation) (citing cases).

        Plaintiffs argue that the Board is only authorized to bring charges within 30 days of the

occurrence of a violation, and that the fact that the violation occurred four months before issuance

of the notice is evidence that the Board’s motives were illegitimate. See Am. Compl. ¶ 26; Pls.’

Opp’n at 14. Were this an accurate statement of the law, plaintiffs might have a point.14 But the

D.C. Code states that a notice shall issue “[w]ithin 30 days of receiving evidence supporting a

reasonable belief that any licensee . . . is in violation of the provision of this title or the regulations

issued under it.” D.C. Code § 25–447(c) (emphasis added). Plaintiffs have not made any

allegations about when the Board learned (or when they think the Board learned) of the alleged

violations; their argument about when the Board is required to take action thus lends no support to

their claims. Plaintiffs must provide enough “by way of factual content to ‘nudge’ [a] claim of

[retaliation] ‘across the line from conceivable to plausible.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 683 (quoting

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). However, all that plaintiffs are left with here in support of their claims

is the allegation that the Board took action against HRH because of something someone else did

        14
          Or would they? Would a person of ordinary firmness be deterred from pursuing a lawsuit because the
Board then seeks to investigate her for an alleged violation that the Board is legally prohibited from considering?
When any punishment would thus certainly be reversed upon petition to the D.C. Court of Appeals? It seems unlikely.

                                                        26
two and a half months previously. While it may be conceivable that the Board issued the first

notice against HRH in retaliation, based on the bare facts plaintiffs have alleged, it is not plausible.

HRH has therefore failed to state a retaliation claim based on the Board’s first notice.

        The second notice, meanwhile, was issued against HRH less than a month after Scahill

filed this suit. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 18–19. Courts in this Circuit have held that “[c]ausation ‘may be

inferred—especially at the pleading stage—when the retaliatory act follows close on the heels of

the protected activity.’” BEG Invs., 144 F. Supp. 3d at 22 (emphasis added) (quoting Smith v. De

Novo Legal, LLC, 905 F. Supp. 2d 99, 104 (D.D.C. 2012)). Normally, the relatively close

proximity between the protected conduct and the issuance of the second notice would alone raise

“a plausible inference of retaliation.” Id. at 22–23 (citing cases finding proximity of one month

sufficient). And certainly, “[t]aken as true, these allegations are consistent with” plaintiffs’

retaliation claim. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 681 (emphasis added). “But given more likely explanations,

they do not plausibly establish this purpose.” Id.

        Prior to sending out its second notice, the Board had imposed conditions on HRH’s liquor

license and had already issued one notice based on a supposed sighting of Scahill at the Alibi—a

notice that, as discussed above, cannot plausibly be deemed retaliatory. And, as defendants point

out, “[p]laintiffs do not deny [in their complaint] that Scahill was present at [t]he Alibi on the dates

identified by the Board.” Mot. to Dismiss at 18. On the facts as plaintiffs present them, it remains

quite likely that in issuing the second notice the Board was acting lawfully, justified by the desire

to enforce its order when tipped off for the second time that HRH might be in violation of it. “As

between that ‘obvious alternative explanation’ for the” second notice “and the purposeful,

invidious” retaliation plaintiffs ask the Court “to infer, [retaliation] is not a plausible conclusion.”

Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 682 (citation omitted). The same goes for plaintiffs’ claim of retaliation through

                                                  27
“continued harassment by investigators with the D.C. Alcoholic Beverage Regulation

Administration”—a claim which, at any rate, cannot be evaluated because plaintiffs provided no

timeframe for the alleged harassment. Am. Compl. ¶ 26. HRH’s retaliation claim will therefore

be dismissed.15

        2. Count II: Freedom of Movement and Liberty

             a.   Freedom of Movement

        Plaintiffs allege in Count II that the license conditions infringe on Scahill’s Fifth

Amendment due process right to travel and move freely in the District of Columbia by barring him

from the Alibi. Am. Compl. ¶ 31. The Supreme Court has “specifically declined to decide whether

the right to interstate travel . . . has its analogue in intrastate travel.” Hutchins v. District of

Columbia, 188 F.3d 531, 537 (D.C. Cir. 1999). The D.C. Circuit, likewise, has not definitely

concluded that such a right exists, although it appears to have assumed that such a right could exist

in the abstract. Id. at 537–40. To the extent that courts have recognized such a right, however, the

right has been construed to protect an individual’s right to move about on public streets or to move

between places, not a right to be in a particular place or to access a particular place at any given

time. See, e.g., Hannemann v. S. Door Cty. Sch. Dist., 673 F.3d 746, 756 (7th Cir. 2012) (ban

prohibiting student from being on school grounds did not implicate right to intrastate travel

because student did not allege that the ban inhibited the student’s ability to move from place to

place within the county or to access substantial portions of the county); Williams v. Town of

        15
            Even if HRH could plausibly allege causation through proximity here, they have another problem: as with
the first notice, there is a misalignment between the plaintiff who engaged in the protected action and the plaintiff
against whom the Board allegedly retaliated. The Board’s notices, and therefore the alleged retaliation, were aimed
at HRH as the holder of the liquor license. But, at the time the Board sent the second notice, Scahill was the only
plaintiff involved in this suit. He did not amend his complaint to include HRH until December 28, 2016, well after
the Board sent the second notice. Compare Compl. at 1, with Am. Compl. at 1. Under plaintiffs’ own asserted facts,
then, the Board was retaliating against HRH for protected activity that Scahill had taken. Because HRH did not
actually engage in protected conduct, it cannot plausibly plead the protected conduct prong of its retaliation claim.

                                                        28
Greenburgh, 535 F.3d 71, 75 (2d Cir. 2008) (“[I]t is clear that the right [to intrastate travel] protects

movement between places and has no bearing on access to a particular place.” (emphasis in

original)); Johnson v. City of Cincinnati, 310 F.3d 484, 498 (6th Cir. 2002) (“[W]e find that the

right to travel locally through public spaces and roadways enjoys a unique and protected place in

our national heritage.”); Lutz v. City of York, 899 F.2d 255, 268 (3d Cir. 1990) (“The right or

tradition we consider may be described as the right to travel locally through public spaces and

roadways.”).

         Here, Scahill essentially claims that the Board’s order infringes on his ability to be at the

Alibi, but this claim does not implicate the right to intrastate travel, assuming that right exists.

Plaintiffs do not allege that the Board’s order inhibits Scahill’s ability to move generally around

D.C. or to move about on the public streets, or that the order prohibits him from accessing other

parts of the District. Nor has Scahill alleged that the barring notice prohibits him from socializing

with friends and family, or entering into meaningful employment at establishments other than the

Alibi. See Hannemann, 673 F.3d at 756. In short, Scahill has failed to allege any infringement of

this right, and the freedom of movement claim will therefore be dismissed.

              b. Liberty

         Plaintiffs next allege that the conditions imposed on the license infringe on their Fifth

Amendment “right to liberty.” Am. Compl. ¶ 32.16 Plaintiffs are no more specific than this, but

because plaintiffs separately raise procedural due process claims in Count III, the Court will

construe this claim as raising a substantive due process claim that the conditions infringe on some

fundamental liberty right. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 38–46 (procedural due process claim). The

“substantive component” of the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause “bars certain, arbitrary,

         16
           Because HRH has no standing to assert this claim, the allegation is technically limited to an infringement
on Scahill’s liberty interests. However, the claim fails in any case, for the reasons laid out below.

                                                         29
wrongful government actions regardless of the fairness of the procedures used to implement them.”

Zinermon v. Burch, 494 U.S. 113, 125 (1990) (internal quotation marks omitted). The difference

between a substantive due process challenge and a procedural due process challenge is significant:

an individual’s liberty may be curtailed, for example, when one is put in prison, but this is

constitutionally permissible if the individual has been afforded procedural due process.

Government infringement of a substantive fundamental right, however, is analyzed under strict

scrutiny, and is therefore rarely upheld. See Hutchins, 188 F.3d at 536 (explaining this difference).

Courts are thus reluctant to create new fundamental rights, and typically analyze claimed rights at

a fairly specific level of generality. Id. at 538; see also Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 302 (1993)

(“Substantive due process analysis must begin with a careful description of the asserted right, for

the doctrine of judicial self-restraint requires us to exercise the utmost care whenever we are asked

to break new ground in this field.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Plaintiffs must therefore

allege that they have been deprived of a specific liberty interest that is constitutionally cognizable.

See, e.g., Doe v. District of Columbia, 206 F. Supp. 3d 583, 604 (D.D.C. 2016).

        Here, plaintiffs have failed to identify, either in the complaint or in their brief, any specific

fundamental liberty interest—beyond the right to intrastate travel, analyzed above—that they

claim is implicated by the license conditions. Indeed, plaintiffs do not raise any arguments on this

claim in their opposition to defendant’s motion to dismiss, and the Court will not argue plaintiffs’

case for them. Without some indication from plaintiffs which liberty interests they are relying on,

the Court cannot accept their claim. This claim will therefore be dismissed. See, e.g., Webb v.

Smith, No. CIV-15-213-DLR, 2016 WL 7666119, at *3 (D. Utah Jan. 22, 2016) (dismissing

substantive due process claim for failure to identify a specific liberty interest at issue).

        3. Count III: Procedural Due Process Claim

                                                   30
       This claim is alleged by Scahill only. Scahill argues that defendants deprived him of both

liberty and property interests without affording him appropriate procedural protections required

by the Due Process Clause. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 40–41. Defendants do not appear to dispute that

Scahill was not at the Board hearing and that he was not formally summoned to appear at the

hearing; Scahill claims that this deprived him of his right to a pre-deprivation notice and hearing.

See Am. Compl. ¶ 43; see also Mot. to Dismiss at 24–25.

       Unfortunately for Scahill, this claim, too, is a stretch. To state a claim for denial of

procedural due process, Scahill must allege that the government deprived him of a “liberty or

property interest to which [he] had a legitimate claim of entitlement, and that the procedures

attendant upon that deprivation were constitutionally insufficient.” Roberts v. United States, 741

F.3d 152, 161 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted). The liberty

interests Scahill alleges he was deprived of are “his constitutional rights to free[] speech, free[]

association, freedom to travel, and liberty.” See Am. Compl. ¶ 40. In the opposition brief,

however, Scahill only argues that the Board’s order infringes on his liberty interest in traveling

freely in D.C., and in associating with HRH. See Pls.’ Opp’n at 20. In other words, Scahill appears

to be incorporating his First and Fifth Amendment claims into a procedural due process claim.

       As the Court has already explained in addressing those claims, however, Scahill has not

alleged sufficient facts to show a deprivation of these rights. The Board’s order does not appear

to act on Scahill’s speech rights at all, and he has failed to show that any potential business

relationship with HRH is protected by the First Amendment. Likewise, he has not shown that the

Board’s order infringes on his right to intrastate travel, and to the extent that he claims that the

Board has infringed on some other liberty interest, he has not identified that interest here. He

                                                31
therefore cannot bring a procedural due process claim on the basis that he was deprived of these

rights without proper notice and a hearing.

       The property interest that Scahill asserts is based on his role as guarantor on the Alibi’s

lease, which he claims exposes him to “hundreds of thousands of dollars of liability.” Id. ¶ 41. In

imposing conditions on the license requiring HRH to bar him from the property, Scahill alleges

that the Board deprived him of “his right to protect this liability.” Id. Property interests are

“created and their dimensions are defined by existing rules or understandings that stem from an

independent source such as state law—rules or understandings that secure certain benefits and that

support claims of entitlement to those benefits.” Bd. of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth, 408

U.S. 564, 577 (1972). “As the Supreme Court has repeatedly stated, ‘the range of interests

protected by procedural due process is not infinite.’” Gen. Elec. Co. v. Jackson, 610 F.3d 110,

119 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (quoting Roth, 408 U.S. at 570)). “[I]t is not enough that one has ‘an abstract

need or desire’ for the asserted property”; rather, to assert a due process claim, one must “‘have a

legitimate claim for entitlement to it.’” Id. (quoting Roth, 408 U.S. at 577).

       While Scahill has alleged a potential personal liability stemming from the Alibi, he has not

identified any source, either in state law or under the terms of the lease agreement, that gives him

a property interest in HRH or the Alibi on which the Board’s order may have infringed. Plaintiffs

have made clear that Scahill is not an owner of the Alibi, nor does he have an ownership interest

in HRH or the license. Am. Compl. ¶ 12. His claim is essentially that in barring him from the

Alibi, the Board is preventing him from overseeing the business or property in a way that would

keep him from being exposed to liability. But Scahill cites no case suggesting that this is sufficient

to create a property interest. Cf. Odal Typographers, Inc. v. City of New York, 560 F. Supp. 558,

560 (S.D.N.Y. 1983) (guarantors of corporate debt did not have a property interest in corporation’s

                                                 32
continued ability to pay its debt that would support a § 1983 claim). Indeed, plaintiffs’ opposition

brief does not even address defendants’ argument that Scahill failed to allege a property interest.

See Mot. to Dismiss at 24; Pls.’ Opp’n at 18–21.

       The complaint does not allege, for example, that Scahill’s role as guarantor gives him the

right to have any role in the running of the business or the management of the property in the first

place. The Alibi’s owners could—and according to the Board’s order, did—themselves bar him

from the restaurant. Scahill therefore appears only to have a general interest—“an abstract need

or desire”—in the responsible management of the restaurant, or in being permitted to oversee the

management of the restaurant. However, many could claim such an interest without giving rise to

a property interest in the business protected under the Due Process Clause. Employees, for

example, could lose money and would certainly be harmed if HRH’s liquor license were revoked

or the restaurant closed. Nonetheless, Scahill has not sufficiently alleged that he has a property

interest that is grounded in state law and therefore protected by the Due Process Clause.

Accordingly, this claim must be dismissed.

                                                CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the District’s motion to dismiss will be granted. While plaintiffs

alleged enough facts to support Scahill’s standing at this stage, HRH’s claim of standing is

precluded by the D.C. Court of Appeals’ prior order. This eliminates plaintiffs’ unconstitutional

conditions claim, which only applied to HRH. Plaintiffs have also failed to allege sufficient facts

to support the rest of their claims. Accordingly, the District’s motion will be granted, and

plaintiffs’ complaint will be dismissed.17 A separate order will issue on this date.

       17
            Defendant’s motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ original complaint [ECF No. 8] will be denied as moot.

                                                         33
                                             /s/
                                      JOHN D. BATES
                                 United States District Judge

Dated: September 25, 2017

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