Court Opinion

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Date Created: 2015-10-13 21:58:28.283004+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:46:48.612557
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Opinions of the United
2004 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit

10-12-2004

Carver v. Plyer
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 04-1076

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Recommended Citation
"Carver v. Plyer" (2004). 2004 Decisions. Paper 239.
http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2004/239

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                                                             NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                          FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                               ____________

                                    NO. 04-1076
                                   ____________

                   JEAN CARVER; CHARLES KIMBLE BOOZ

                                                         Appellants
                                         v.

       THOMAS PLYER; EDWARD C. DEX; QUAKERTOWN BOROUGH;
       ST. LUKE’S HOSPITAL; JOANNE E. HULLINGS; TERESA BOHRER

                                   ____________

                  On Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                             (D.C. Civil No. 03-cv-00375)
                  District Judge: Honorable Clarence C. Newcomer
                                    ____________

                  Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                 October 7, 2004

      BEFORE: SLOVITER, VAN ANTWERPEN and COW EN, Circuit Judges

                             (Filed October 12, 2004 )
                                   ____________

                                     OPINION
                                   ____________

VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judge

      Jean Carver (“Carver”) and Charles Kimble Booz (“Appellants”) brought suit

against Quakertown Borough, two Quakertown Borough policemen, St. Luke’s Hospital,
    and two of its employees (“Appellees”) under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Appellants alleged that

    Appellees detained and treated Carver without her consent in violation of her due process

    rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. The District Court entered summary judgment

    in favor of the hospital and its employees.1 Appellants now assert that the District Court

    abused its discretion in failing to give them notice that it was considering a motion for

    summary judgment; erred in granting summary judgment as to certain state law claims

    after dismissing Appellants’ federal claims; and erred in finding that the hospital and its

    employees were not state actors for purposes of section 1983. We affirm.

                         I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

           Since we write only for the parties we will state only the relevant facts. On

    October 4, 2002, police officers Todd Plyer and Edward Dex brought Carver from her

    home to St. Luke’s Hospital (“St. Luke’s”) after learning from her fiancé that she had

    ingested a bottle of ibuprofen. Carver initially denied having overdosed and on that basis,

    Dr. Joanne Hullings (“Hullings”) determined that she was not in need of treatment.

    However, Carver later told Hullings that she had ingested a bottle of Klonopin, and, on

    that basis, Hullings decided Carver needed her stomach pumped.

           At some point, Carver attempted to flee the hospital on foot. Plyer and Dex, then

    in the process of leaving, chased Carver down and brought her back to the hospital in

       1
1       A settlement agreement was reached between Carver, Quakertown Borough, and the
2   two Quakertown policemen, Todd Plyer and Edward Dex, on January 5, 2004.
3   Consequently, the District Court dismissed the case with prejudice pursuant to Local Rule
4   41.1(b).

                                                  2
handcuffs. They then assisted a nurse, Teresa Bohrer, in putting Carver into four point

restraints, while Carver attempted to kick the officers and bite the hospital staff. Hullings

administered an injection of Haldol to calm Carver down and then had her stomach

pumped. Blood tests later revealed Carver had recently consumed significant quantities

of amphetamines, barbiturates, and alcohol. Carver subsequently signed a voluntary

consent form for inpatient treatment at the psychiatric ward.

        On February 5, 2003, Carver pled guilty to three counts of simple assault against

the policemen and Bohrer, four counts of disorderly conduct, and one count of public

drunkenness. She was sentenced to prison for a term of four to twenty-three months.

        On January 24, 2003, Carver filed suit against Plyer, Dex, Quakertown Borough,

St. Luke’s Hospital, Bohrer, and Hullings. The hospital and its employees moved to

dismiss, or, in the alternative, for summary judgment. The motion for summary judgment

was granted by the District Court on May 5, 2003. On January 5, 2004, the District Court

dismissed the suit with prejudice after Quakertown Borough, Plyer, and Dex reached a

settlement agreement with Carver. Subsequently, Carver filed a motion to enforce the

terms of the settlement agreement, which was denied by the District Court on January 26,

2004.

                              II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Premature grants of summary judgment by a District Court are reviewed for abuse

of discretion. See Radich v. Goode, 886 F.2d 1391, 1393 (3d Cir. 1989). Review of the

                                              3
     actual grant of summary judgment is plenary. See Robertson v. Allied Signal, Inc., 914

     F.2d 360, 366 (3d Cir. 1990).

                                           III. DISCUSSION

            As a preliminary matter, we respond to Appellees’ uncontested arguments that

     Carver cannot maintain an appeal against Quakertown Borough, Plyer, Dex, Hullings, and

     Bohrer. We agree. With regard to Quakertown Borough, Plyer, and Dex, Appellants’

     Notice of Appeal indicated an appeal of the District Court’s denial of their motion to

     enforce the settlement agreement. 2 However, Appellants did not raise this, or any, issue

     in their brief concerning these parties. It may be that the omission was due to the fact that

     the terms of this settlement agreement have since been fulfilled. Regardless, when an

     appellant fails to raise an issue in an appellate brief, even if it was listed in the Notice of

     Appeal, it is deemed waived. See Ghana v. Holland, 226 F.3d 175, 180 (3d Cir. 2000).

        2
 1           The original Notice of Appeal filed on January 8, 2004 stated that appellant, Jean
 2   Carver, was appealing “from the May 02, 2003 entered order [sic] that granted summary
 3   judgment to St Lukes Hospital [sic].” After the appeal was filed, an Amended Notice of
 4   Appeal was filed on January 28, 2004 stating that Plaintiffs Jean Carver and Charles
 5   Kimble Booz were appealing from the May 2, 2003 order “and the January 26, 2004
 6   Order denying Plaintiffs’ Locale [sic] Procedural Rule 41.1 motion to reinstate the case
 7   under [sic].”
 8           The May 2, 2003 Order of the District Court contained a statement that “Judgment
 9   is entered in favor of St. Luke’s Hospital, Joanne E. Hullings and Terri Bohrer and
10   against the Plaintiffs.” Nevertheless, sufficient reasons were not given for entering
11   judgment as to less than all the parties as required by Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b), and it appears
12   from the docket that a separate document entering judgment was never filed as required
13   by Fed. R. Civ. P. 58(a)(1). Accordingly, we believe the May 2, 2003 Order of the
14   District Court did not become final and appealable until the District Court entered its
15   Order dismissing the entire action with prejudice on January 5, 2004.

                                                    4
    Accordingly, any issues concerning the action of the District Court denying the motion to

    enforce the settlement agreement are deemed waived.

           Similarly, any issues concerning the District Court’s order granting summary

    judgment as to Hullings and Bohrer are not properly before us, as Appellants have failed

    to list either party in their Notice of Appeal or Amended Notice of Appeal. While the

    Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure do not specifically require that all appellees be

    named in the Notice of Appeal,3 we have previously held that where an appellant fails to

    name an appellee in a Notice of Appeal, the omission deprives this court of jurisdiction as

    to that appeal. See Carter v. Rafferty, 826 F.2d 1299, 1304 (3d Cir. 1987).

           We now consider whether the District Court abused its discretion when it

    considered St. Luke’s motion for summary judgment without expressly notifying

    Appellants that it would do so, and without providing them with an opportunity to

    conduct further discovery or holding a hearing on the matter. Appellants correctly

    maintain that it is reversible error for a District Court to convert a motion to dismiss to a

    motion for summary judgment without notifying the parties and giving them an

    opportunity to present material to the court. See Rose v. Bartle, 871 F.2d 331, 342 (3d

    Cir. 1989). However, motions for summary judgment that are presented to the court as

    motions in the alternative constitute sufficient notice to a non-moving party that the court

    may convert a motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment. See Hilfirty v.

       3
1       Rule 3(c)(1)(B), Fed. R. App. P., requires that a Notice of Appeal “designate the
2   judgment, order, or part thereof being appealed . . . .”

                                                  5
Shipman, 91 F.3d 573, 578-79 (3d Cir. 1996).

       In the instant case, St. Luke’s filed a motion entitled, “Motion to Dismiss

Plaintiffs’ First Amended Complaint/Motion for Summary Judgment.” Thus, by virtue of

the title alone, Appellants were on notice that the District Court might entertain a motion

for summary judgment. Furthermore, Appellants’ own response to St. Luke’s motion,

which was entitled “Plaintiff’s [sic] Reply to Defendants . . . Motion to Dismiss the

Plaintiff’s [sic] First Amended Complaint/Motion for Summary Judgment,” and which

included a section discussing the appropriate standard of review for summary judgment

and fifteen pages of exhibits, removes any doubt whatsoever that Appellants were aware

that St. Luke’s had moved for summary judgment. Thus, we find that the District Court

did not abuse its discretion in converting St. Luke’s motion to dismiss to a motion for

summary judgment without expressly notifying Appellants.

       Nor did the District Court abuse its discretion in not providing Appellants with an

opportunity to conduct further discovery or in not holding a hearing. Appellants cite Rose

for the proposition that a District Court must provide an opportunity to conduct discovery

and hold a hearing when converting a motion to dismiss to a motion for summary

judgment. However, Appellants’ attempt to apply Rose here is misplaced. In Rose, the

court held that the District Court erred in converting the motion because the only notice

the non-moving party had was an ambiguous court order that referenced the court’s

intended consideration of a motion made pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). See Rose,

                                             6
871 F.2d at 341.

       In contrast to Rose, Appellants had clear notice that the District Court was

considering a motion for summary judgment because St. Luke’s motion was entitled as

such. Moreover, if Appellants truly needed additional time for discovery, they had ample

time in which they could have requested it. St. Luke’s motion to dismiss/motion for

summary judgment was filed on M arch 17, 2003, and the court did not rule on it until

May 5, 2003. Yet they failed to submit any such request to the District Court.

       As to Appellants’ claim that they were entitled to a hearing with respect to the

motion for summary judgment, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not support their

contention. While we have observed that Rule 56 appears to anticipate a hearing prior to

a ruling on a motion for summary judgment, Season-All Industries, Inc. v. Turkiye Sise

Ve Cam Fabrikalari, A.S., 425 F.2d 34, 39 (3d Cir. 1970), we stated quite explicitly in

Rose that Rule 56 includes only two prerequisites to a summary judgment ruling. See

Rose, 871 F.2d at 340. These prerequisites are that the parties have at least 10 days notice

before the court considers the motion and an opportunity to submit evidence in support or

against the motion. Id. While in some cases a hearing might be viewed as a requirement,

the number of such instances is small because, under Fed. R. Civ. P. 78, courts are

permitted to rule on motions without oral hearings. Id.

       We also find that the District Court did not err in entering summary judgment

against Appellants as to certain state law claims after dismissing Appellants’ federal

                                             7
claims. Federal courts have discretion to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over pendant

state claims, and the elimination of the federal claims in a case does not deprive the courts

of this power. See New Rock Asset Partners, L.P. v. Preferred Entity Advancements,

Inc., 101 F.3d 1492, 1505 (3d Cir. 1996).

       Appellants’ assertion that a federal court cannot exercise jurisdiction over

supplemental state claims once it determines it lacks subject matter jurisdiction, Ray v.

Eyster, 132 F.3d 152, 155 (3d Cir. 1997), is not applicable here because the District Court

did not decide that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the federal claims. Rather, it

dismissed them because it concluded, as we do in the discussion that follows, that the

hospital defendants were not state actors.

       Turning now to the final issue raised in this appeal, we hold that St. Luke’s is not a

state actor for purposes of section 1983 under any of the possible tests used to determine

whether one’s conduct is attributable to the state. Appellants’ strongest argument here is

that St. Luke’s became a state actor under the “joint action” theory when it acted in

conjunction with police to restrain and treat Carver without her consent. In Adickes v.

S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 151 (1970), the Supreme Court held that a private party

can be held liable under section 1983 for attempting to deprive an individual of his or her

constitutional rights if the private party “jointly engaged with state officials in the

prohibited action.” Adickes was then remanded so the lower court could determine if a

store had acted jointly with a policeman in having a white woman arrested for attempting

                                               8
    to have lunch with a group of black students. Id. at 148.

           In spite of Adickes, the Fifth, Seventh, and Tenth Circuits have held that the use of

    police officers to assist in “the exercise of self-help” does not create a sufficient

    conspiracy with a private person to deprive an individual of their rights. Bass v.

    Parkwood Hosp., 180 F.3d 234 (5th Cir. 1999), citing Spencer v. Lee, 864 F.2d 1376,

    1381 (7th Cir. 1989). In Bass, the court held there was no such conspiracy when police

    officers were used to detain an individual at a mental hospital after he voluntarily went

    there and allegedly told a doctor he wanted to poison his co-workers at a potluck meal.

    Id. at 239.

           Similarly, in Pino v. Higgs, 75 F.3d 1461, 1466-67 (10th Cir. 1996), the court held

    that a doctor who authorized commitment of a patient he suspected would harm herself

    was not a state actor even though the patient was brought in involuntarily by police and

    the doctor authorized police to transport her to an institution. The court said that the

    doctor could not be held liable under section 1983 because a “state is not responsible for

    decisions that ‘ultimately turn on medical judgments made by private parties according to

    professional standards not established by the state.’” Id., citing Blum v. Yaretsky, 457

    U.S. 991, 1008 (1982). 4

       4
1       It appears that the Pino court actually indirectly performed the “state compulsion”
2   analysis, under which a private person can be considered a state actor if a statute compels
3   him or her to do something. The statement regarding medical judgments quoted above
4   concerned a New Mexico statute and whether it compelled a doctor to commit a patient or
5   whether it merely authorized a doctor to do so. Id. Still, Pino is relevant here because it
6   too concerned a situation in which a doctor relied on the assistance of police officers to

                                                   9
           Following the reasoning of the courts in Bass and Pino, the central question here is

    whether St. Luke’s conspired with police to detain and force treatment on Carver. But

    even taking the facts as asserted by Appellants, albeit unsubstantiated,5 once Hullings

    initially decided not to treat or detain her, the police left the hospital and were not present

    when Hullings decided to treat Carver. Thus, St. Luke’s cannot be said to have acted

    jointly with police to treat and detain her. Nor can it be said that St. Luke’s acted jointly

    with the state when police officers assisted hospital staff in restraining Carver once

    Hullings decided to treat her because the decision to treat was made prior to police

    spotting and then thwarting Carver’s escape. Even if police were present when Hullings

    decided to treat Carver, there is simply no evidence to substantiate the allegation that the

    police somehow conspired with hospital staff to detain and treat her.

           We also reject Appellants’ argument that St. Luke’s became a state actor under the

    “state compulsion” theory. Under this theory, Appellants contend St. Luke’s was a state

    actor because it was compelled to treat Carver by the Pennsylvania Mental Health

    Procedures Act (“MHPA”), 50 P.S. § 7301 et seq. Specifically, Appellants aver that the

    MHPA compels a certain course of action by hospital staff because it “delegates police

7   treat a patient.
       5
1       Appellants’ Statement of Facts indicates that Officer Dex was not present when
2   Hullings ultimately decided to treat Carver. However, Officer Dex’s police report, which
3   accompanied Appellants’ response to Appellees’ motion to dismiss/motion for summary
4   judgment indicated that he was present at that time. As Appellants submitted no other
5   evidence, such as an affidavit from Carver, which would have supported their version of
6   the facts, we accept the report for the purposes of this appeal.

                                                  10
powers to perform such mental health services as intakes, involuntary commitments, and

provide forced treatment to persons who are perceived as a clear danger to themselves,

others, or property.” Appellant’s Br. at 18. We disagree.

       In Janicsko v. Pellman, 774 F.Supp. 331, 337-38 (M.D. Pa. 1991), aff’d. 970 F.2d

899 (3d Cir. 1992), which we recently cited with approval in Benn v. Universal Health

Systems, Inc., 371 F.3d 165, 171 (3d Cir. 2004), the court held that although the MHPA

contains language which states that a mental health professional “shall” treat an

individual if it is determined that emergency treatment is necessary, the actual

determination of whether treatment is necessary is sufficiently discretionary so as not to

compel any particular action. Id. We adopted this reasoning and accordingly hold that St.

Luke’s was not compelled by the MHPA to commit and treat Carver and cannot therefore

be considered a state actor in this case.

       We affirm the judgment of the District Court.

                                            11