Court Opinion

ID: 9635455
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-22 13:50:59.26486+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:29:14.752447
License: Public Domain

OPINION ANNOUNCING THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT:1
This is an appeal from the lower court’s denial of a motion to dismiss the charges on grounds of double jeopardy. A pre-trial order denying a motion to dismiss on grounds of double jeopardy is a final, appealable order. Commonwealth v. Buechele, 298 Pa.Super. 418, 444 A.2d 1246 (1982).
This case presents a difficult question that arises out of an unusual fact pattern. Appellant, John J. McSorley, Jr., was arrested on November 14, 1981 and charged with operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol.2 After arraignment on December 14, 1981 McSor-ley received a letter dated January 18, 1982 from Dr. Vincent F. Miraglia.3 Dr. Miraglia was the Director of the Main Line Council on Alcoholism. The Council operated a safe driver clinic for Montgomery County. The letter di*525rected appellant that he was required to attend the driving school. The appellant testified that he interpreted this letter as directing him to report for the Montgomery County Accelerated Rehabilitative Disposition Program (hereinafter, “ARD”). In addition to the wording, see infra note 2, the letter came under the letterhead of the District Attorney’s ARD/DUI (driving under influence) Division. The letter also stated that McSorley was required to pay a Fifty Dollar ($50.00) fee for the program.
*524Dear Mr. McSorley:
You are directed by the Montgomery County District Attorney’s Office to attend the Safe Driving Clinic.
You are to report to the Montgomery County Court House on the following dates and time for classes and interview.
Monday, February 1, 1982 at 7:30 p.m. Interview/Class at 8:00 p.m.
Monday, February 8, 1982 at 8:00 p.m.
Monday, February 15, 1982 at 8:00 p.m.
Monday, February 22, 1982 at 8:00 p.m.
You are required to pay a fee of $50.00 for the interview and four classes; make check or money order payable to the Main Line Council on Alcoholism.
*525Appellant then received a letter dated January 25, 1982 from Joseph M. Iacovitti, Chief of the ARD Division of the Montgomery County District Attorney’s Office. This letter gave appellant a general description of the ARD alternative. The letter instructed McSorley to complete an enclosed questionnaire to determine his eligibility and to return it within ten (10) days in order to be considered for the program. It is not clear from the record exactly when appellant received this letter. However, appellant completed the questionnaire and hand delivered it on February 1, 1982 — the same evening he appeared for his first session of the safe driving clinic.
Thereafter, appellant attended the remainder of the classes of the safe driving clinic. On February 22, 1982, after the last session, McSorley received a certificate signed by Dr. Miraglia stating that he had successfully completed the requirements of the clinic. Appellant next received a letter dated February 25, 1982 from Mr. Iacovitti. This correspondence stated that McSorley was ineligible for ARD because of two prior arrests in Philadelphia County. The case was then scheduled for trial.
The record demonstrates that appellant attended the safe driving clinic believing he was in ARD. He felt that successful completion of the clinic would result in dismissal of the charges against him. Before each of appellant’s four sessions at the county courthouse he jotted down “ARD” on the visitors’ log under “Nature of Business.” McSorley was acting under his own understanding of the situation since he did not consult a lawyer during any aspect of the *526proceedings until after receiving the February 25 letter rejecting him for the program.
At appellant’s hearing on this motion to dismiss, Mr. Iacovitti’s testimony demonstrated that the district attorney’s office never intended to recommend McSorley for ARD. Nevertheless, the January 18 letter directing McSor-ley to appear at the classes was sent only after Dr. Miraglia received notification from the district attorney’s office that McSorley had been accepted into the program. This was the usual administrative method of informing the clinic about ARD participants. There was no indication why this notice was sent from the district attorney’s office. Therefore, we assume it was an administrative error.
Appellant contends that his payment of a fifty dollar ($50.00) fee and attendance at the safe driving program was a restriction on his freedom and deprivation of his liberty. Accordingly, appellant maintains that the deprivation amounts to an order of sentence for double jeopardy purposes. Therefore, dismissal of the case would be necessary to protect appellant from multiple punishment.
The Commonwealth maintains that appellant’s attendance at the safe driving program was a voluntary act on his part. The Commonwealth did not “direct” appellant to enter the safe driving clinic because the Commonwealth is without power to direct any defendant to enter the ARD program. Therefore, appellant was never subjected to punishment flowing from a conviction and jeopardy did not attach.
The prohibition against double jeopardy protects a defendant from multiple punishments for successive prosecutions for the same offense. Abney v. United States, 431 U.S. 651, 97 S.Ct. 2034, 52 L.Ed.2d 651 (1977). Jeopardy attaches when the jury is empaneled and sworn. Crist v. Bretz, 437 U.S. 28, 98 S.Ct. 2156, 57 L.Ed.2d 24 (1978). In a non-jury trial, jeopardy attaches when the court has begun to hear evidence. Commonwealth v. Klobuchir, 486 Pa. 241, 405 A.2d 881 (1979); Serfass v. United States, 420 U.S. *527377, 95 S.Ct. 1055, 43 L.Ed.2d 265 (1975) (with the swearing of the first witness).
After extensive research, it appears that double jeopardy-provisions have yet to be applied to Pennsylvania’s diversion program. Indeed, our search has not revealed any case where a criminal defendant was prosecuted after successfully completing ARD.
When a criminal defendant agrees to diversion the proceedings are deferred with the state reserving the right to prosecute if the defendant violates any of the conditions of the program. Pa.R.Crim.P. 184. Where the defendant successfully meets the conditions of the program, the charges against the defendant will be dismissed and he is usually entitled to have his arrest record expunged. Pa.R. Crim.P. 185; Commonwealth v. Armstrong, 495 Pa. 506, 434 A.2d 1205 (1981).
Nevertheless, the caselaw does not give a clear picture of how ARD effects the status of a criminal defendant. In Commonwealth v. McDevitt, 57 Pa.Commw.Ct. 589, 427 A.2d 280 (1981), the court held that by accepting ARD a defendant knowingly waives his right to prove his innocence or risk conviction by entering a plea. The court also held that admission into ARD is an offense for purposes of classifying the defendant an habitual offender even though formal convictions cannot be obtained under the program. Id. at 591, 427 A.2d at 282. On the other hand, the fact of a witness’ admission into ARD is not a “conviction” for impeachment purposes. Commonwealth v. Krall, 290 Pa. Super. 1, 434 A.2d 99 (1981). In Commonwealth v. Knepp, 307 Pa.Super. 535, 453 A.2d 1016 (1982), this Court went as far to say that admission into ARD is not equivalent to a conviction “under any circumstances” since charges are deferred.4 Additionally, a lower court has held that successful completion of ARD is not equivalent to a finding of *528innocence. Commonwealth v. McKellin, 9 D. & C.3d 572 (1979).
Against this background, the lower court ruled that McSorley had not been put in prior jeopardy and had not suffered any punishment from ARD or any other criminal penalty. Also, the court held that there was not any valid evidence that McSorley had been accepted into the ARD program.
At first glance, it would appear that appellant’s double jeopardy claim should fail because jeopardy had not yet attached. However, we find the law of our sister state of Ohio5 to be most helpful. In State v. Urvan, 446 N.E.2d 1161, 4 Ohio App.3d 151 (1982), the court was faced with a similar double jeopardy claim. In that case, the defendant was charged in Medina County, Ohio under an allied offense statute6 with receiving stolen property. The defendant was recommended for and successfully completed the diversion program in Medina County. As a result, the receiving charge was dismissed. One week later, the defendant was indicted in Cuyahoga County for grand theft relating to the same events as the Medina County charge.7 The defendant filed a motion to dismiss the Cuyahoga charge on grounds of double jeopardy.
The court pointed out that
Any view of diversion processes not at war with their purposes must include a conception of them (when successfully completed) as the equivalent of served or probated time with the consequent expiation of the crime---Moreover, if the program is to make logical sense and traffic at all in fair treatment, the state’s election to pursue the crime of stolen property forecloses its right to undertake pursuit of the grand theft charge through a *529second agent (Cuyahoga County). Jeopardy must attach as a result of the activity of the first (Medina County).”
Id. 446 N.E.2d at 1166, 1167.
The court interpreted the diversion process in terms of a contractual relationship between the state and the defendant. Id. at 1167. Just as in this Commonwealth, to participate in a diversion program a defendant must waive any statute of limitations and any constitutional or statutory speedy trial rights. Pa.R.Crim.P. 178. The defendant agrees to whatever conditions the state establishes with the expectation that the charges will be dismissed when he meets those conditions.
As the Urvan court points out “if pre-trial diversion programs are to be effective, the state must live up to its obligations.” Id at 1167. True, diversion programs give district attorney discretion over which cases are proposed for ARD. Commonwealth v. Boerner, 268 Pa.Super. 168, 407 A.2d 883 (1979). However, the decision to divert a defendant “comes after the prosecutor has fully discharged all discretionary functions and after the prosecutorial die has been cast.” Dearborne v. State, 575 S.W.2d 259, 263 (Tenn.1980). In placing a defendant into a diversion program, the state covenants to dismiss the charges once the defendant satisfies the conditions of the program. Unless the defendant violates one of those conditions, the state cannot prosecute him. Just as the terms of a plea bargaining arrangement are binding on the state, Commonwealth v. Landi, 280 Pa.Super. 134, 421 A.2d 442 (1980), so must the terms of a diversion agreement bind the state. To hold otherwise, would create a disincentive for defendants to enter diversion programs. “For the state to be allowed to ... bring a second prosecution ... after all the terms of the diversion contract have been met, violates the spirit and the letter of constitutional double jeopardy policy and the spirit of the legislative policy in the state.” Urvan, id., 446 N.E.2d at 1168.
*530In applying these principles to the case at hand, we first must determine whether appellant was participating in the ARD program. It is clear that the procedures outlined in Pa.R.Crim.P. 175, et seq., were not followed. Nevertheless, appellant was justified in relying on the January 18 letter.8 A reasonable person faced with the same circumstances would not have acted differently. Dr. Miraglia’s letter was sent pursuant to authorization by the Montgomery County District Attorney’s Office. As the Urvan court noted, the state cannot avoid its obligations by pretending that it acts disparately. Urvan, id, at 1167. What the State of Ohio “knew and did in Medina County ... it knew in legal contemplation in Cuyahoga County and was bound in both places by applicable federal and state constitutional principles. Whether the state acts by design or inadvertence makes no difference.” (Footnote omitted.) (Emphasis added.) Id. at 1167. We find this reasoning applicable in this case where the “inadvertence” occurred within the District Attorney’s Office of Montgomery County. What the district attorney’s office knew and did with its right hand (sending the notification that appellant could reasonably have interpreted as evidencing his acceptance into ARD), it cannot take away with its left hand (by claiming that appellant was ineligible). A reasonable reading of both the January 18 and January 25 letters might well have indicated to appellant that a successful completion of the program would result in a dismissal of the charges against him. Appellant detrimentally relied on this reasonable interpretation. Under the circumstances, we hold that appellant was implicitly accepted into ARD.
Although the Commonwealth is restrained from prosecuting appellant at this time, we cannot dismiss the proceedings against the appellant. Appellant has completed the safe driving clinic which is ordinarily only one phase of an ARD agreement that would be given to a defendant under *531similar charges. Therefore, we enter an order staying the proceedings against appellant and remanding with directions to divert appellant into ARD and impose whatever remaining conditions as would be imposed on a defendant under similar circumstances. Jurisdiction relinquished.
CIRILLO, J. files concurring opinion.
McEWEN, J. files dissenting opinion.

. The opinion is entitled "Opinion Announcing the Judgment of the Court" because while a majority of the panel agrees with the judgment, a majority does not join in the opinion.

. § 3731 of Pennsylvania Motor Vehicle Code. Appellant was also charged with violating § 3310(a) of the Code — following too closely.

. Relevant parts of the letter provided:

. Interestingly, the Knepp court did cite McDevitt, supra, as holding that ARD was a “conviction” for habitual offender purposes. Knepp, supra, 307 Pa.Superior Ct. at 541, 453 A.2d at 1018.

. Ohio’s diversion program, R.C. 2935.36, is virtually identical to Pennsylvania's. Pa.R.Crim.P. 175, et seq.

. R.C. 2941.25. The statute refers to allied offenses of "similar import.” An accused may be tried for both, but may be convicted and sentenced for only one. The prosecutor has the choice of which offense to pursue. Urvan, supra, 446 N.E.2d at 1166.

. Either county could have had venue over the entire sequence, but Medina County acted first.

. Of course, if appellant had shown the letter to an attorney familiar with ARD procedures this confusion would have been avoided. However, defendants should not be forced to retain counsel for minor offenses just so as they can understand the county bureaucracy. Instead, counties should structure their procedures and correspondence so that lay people will not be disadvantaged.