Court Opinion

ID: 4622521
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 02:49:36.921576+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:56:12.089172
License: Public Domain

CLARENCE WHITMAN & SONS, INC., PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Clarence Whitman & Sons, Inc. v. CommissionerDocket Nos. 10316, 15888.United States Board of Tax Appeals11 B.T.A. 1192; 1928 BTA LEXIS 3661; May 7, 1928, Promulgated *3661  1.  Legal and accounting fees paid in connection with organizing a corporation held not to be deductible as ordinary and necessary expenses in computing income of the year when paid.  2.  Taxes paid in connection with the organization of a corporation and the issue of its capital stock held to be deductible in computing net income for the year when such payment was made.  3.  Under section 331 of the Revenue Acts of 1918 and 1921, assets acquired by a corporation from an individual who retains ownership of more than 50 per centum of its stock may not be included in its invested capital at more than their cost to such individual.  4.  Good will which cost such individual nothing, which grew up in his business over a period of years, and which was acquired by the corporation for its stock, may not be included in invested capital at its value when acquired by such corporation as an allowance for development.  5.  The allowance for development permitted by section 331 to be added to the cost of assets refers to amounts expended in development of the assets and not recovered by exhaustion or otherwise.  6.  The purpose of section 331 was to exclude unrealized appreciation from*3662  invested capital, where a reorganization or change of ownership of a business took place after March 3, 1917, and an ownership or interest of 50 per centum or more continued in the same persons.  7.  Intangible assets, which were the principal factor contributing to the production of the income, were excluded from invested capital.  Held, that the Commissioner committed error in refusing to compare petitioner with representative concerns under sections 327 and 328 of the Revenue Acts of 1918 and of 1921.  Frank S. Bright, Esq., for the petitioner.  M. N. Fisher, Esq., and P. L. Peyton, Esq., for the respondent.  PHILLIPS *1192  These two proceedings, which have been consolidated, are for a redetermination of deficiencies in income and profits taxes for the period from June 3, 1918, to December 31, 1918, amounting to $10,799.26, and for the calendar years 1919, 1920, and 1921, amounting to $21,187.99, $21,552.47, and $6,824.35, respectively.  FINDINGS OF FACT.  Petitioner is a New York corporation with principal offices at 21 East 26th Street, New York, N.Y.During a period of several years prior to April 1, 1913, Clarence Whitman, *3663  individually and in partnership with others, had built up *1193  an established business in white goods and fancy cotton goods, with the products of mills in New England, and his name and trade-marks had acquired a very high reputation in the trade.  His business was that of a commission merchant.  It was operated for many years under the firm name of Clarence Whitman & Co., a partnership.  The products of various mills were sold under consignment by the partnership under its own name.  The names of the mills did not appear in the sale of the goods.  The partnership collected the money due on sales and guaranteed collection of the accounts.  On April 1, 1913, Clarence Whitman & Co., Inc., was incorporated under the laws of the State of New York, the charter limiting its life to five years.  On or about April 2, 1913, the partnership sold and transferred to this corporation all of its property and assets.  As part of that transaction, Clarence Whitman entered into an agreement with the corporation that during its corporate existence the corporation should have the exclusive right to use his name as a business name in connection with the textile commission or converting business*3664  within the United States and certain other parts of the world, and that he would not during such period use or permit the use of his name in connection with any other textile commission or converting business.  The corporation's right to corporate existence expired on or about March 31, 1918, and it thereupon proceeded to liquidate its affairs.  Clarence Whitman & Sons, Inc., the petitioner, was incorporated on or about April 20, 1918, with an authorized capital stock of $5,000, consisting of 50 shares of the par value of $100 each.  Five shares were issued.  On or about May 29, 1918, the authorized capital stock of petitioner was increased from $5,000 to $1,750,000, classified into common stock, preferred stock, and first preferred stock.  The common stock consisted of 10,000 shares of the par value of $100 each and included the $5,000 in par value of common stock theretofore authorized.  The preferred stock and first preferred stock consisted of the remaining 7,500 shares of the par value of $100 each.  During May, 1918, petitioner solicited and obtained from three mills a transfer of their accounts from the defunct corporation to itself.  On June 3, 1918, Clarence Whitman*3665  covenanted and agreed with petitioner that it should have the exclusive right to use his name as a business name, in connection with its business throughout the world, and that he would not use or willingly permit the use of his name in connection with a competing business.  He also transferred to petitioner all the good will attaching to his name.  He further agreed to purchase and did purchase $650,000 par value preferred stock of petitioner for a like amount of cash.  On June 3, 1918, in *1194  consideration of the said transfer of good will and in consideration of the said agreements, petitioner issued $1,000,000 par value of its common stock to Clarence Whitman.  The par value of petitioner's stock outstanding on June 3, 1918, and at the beginning of the years 1919, 1920, and 1921, was $1,650,000.  In computing petitioner's invested capital for the taxable periods here involved the Commissioner has refused to allow any amount on account of the assets acquired in exchange for the common capital stock of $1,000,000 par value issued to Clarence Whitman.  The trade-name and good will which Clarence Whitman transferred to petitioner on June 3, 1918, had a cash value at that*3666  time of at least $412,500.  During 1918 petitioner paid $1,038.40 for Federal and State tax stamps which were required by law to be affixed to its stock certificates and canceled.  It also paid New York State tax of $882.50 which was imposed on the original issue of its stock.  It also paid $5,725.13 for legal and accounting services performed and fees and expenses incurred in connection with its organization and $87.10 for corporate books.  In computing taxable income the respondent refused to allow any part of such payments to be deducted.  OPINION.  PHILLIPS: It is alleged that the respondent erred (1) in refusing to allow, as a deduction from income, amounts expended in the organization of petitioner, (2) in refusing to include in invested capital the value of intangibles acquired for stock and, in the alternative, (3) in determining that no abnormality existed in the capital or income of petitioner.  (1) The Commissioner refused to allow as a deduction any part of the payments made by petitioner for legal and accounting services in connection with its organization.  We have heretofore had occasion to consider this question and have held that such expenditures are not ordinary*3667  and necessary expenses of operation, to be charged off as an expense of conducting the business of the year when paid and deducted in computing the taxable income of this year.  ; ; ; . It appears, however, that a part of the amounts disallowed represents payments of taxes and it is immaterial that such payments were made in connection with a capital transaction. ; . Net income for 1918 should be reduced by the amount of such payments.  See *1195  (2) In support of its claim for a substantial valuation of the intangible assets which it acquired upon organization, the petitioner has submitted evidence which establishes that Clarence Whitman built up a very successful business in white and fancy cotton goods, which were marketed in his name and under trade-marks and trade-names which he owned. *3668  The stability of the business and the value of the trade-names and good will had been fully established over a period of several years at the time petitioner was organized and the evidence fully sustains a value in excess of $412,500, the amount claimed by petitioner, which is 25 per cent of the par value of the capital stock outstanding during the taxable year and the maximum value at which intangibles paid in for stock might be included in invested capital.  These intangibles, however, were received from Whitman in exchange for petitioner's stock and it becomes necessary to consider the effect of section 331 of the Revenue Act of 1918 which provides: SEC. 331.  In the case of the reorganization, consolidation, or change of ownership of a trade or business, or change of ownership of property, after March 3, 1917, if an interest or control in such trade or business or property of 50 per centum or more remains in the same persons, or any of them, then no asset transferred or received from the previous owner shall, for the purpose of determining invested capital, be allowed a greater value than would have been allowed under this title in computing the invested capital of such previous*3669  owner if such asset had not been so transferred or received: Provided, That if such previous owner was not a corporation, then the value of any asset so transferred or received shall be taken at its cost of acquisition (at the date when acquired by such previous owner) with proper allowance for depreciation, impairment, betterment or development, but no addition to the original cost shall be made for any charge or expenditure deducted as expense or otherwise on or after March 1, 1913, in computing the net income of such previous owner for purposes of taxation.  Section 331 of the Revenue Act of 1921 contains the same provisions.  There seems to be no question that the intangibles for which stock was issued to Whitman cost him nothing and that he was the owner of an interest or control of 50 per centum or more in the petitioner.  Counsel points to the clause "with proper allowance for depreciation, impairment, betterment, or development" and argues as follows: The first two changes "depreciation" and "impairment" would reduce the value of the asset under the cost to the previous owner and the last two changes "betterment" and "development" would increase the value of the*3670  asset over the original cost.  It is significant that the relation between the first two words is the same as that between the last two words.  "Depreciation" conveys the thought of a gradual lessening in value while "impairment" generally indicates a sudden injury or taking away or diminution in value, quantity, etc., see Webster's Dictionary.  On the other hand "betterment" means adding to or improving in quantity or value and includes sudden expenditures and cash outlays *1196  in connection with the asset while "development" is, in its ordinary use, analogous to "evolution"; it is a gradual unfolding of the processes; a gradual advance or growth through a series of progessive changes.  * * * * * * Having proven that the value of the good will of Clarence Whitman transferred to the new corporation was worth $1,000,000, representing the allowance for development of the value of the good will through the years, it is respectfully submitted that the Board must allow as part of the invested capital of that corporation the statutory proportion of the $1,000,000 to which it is entitled.  The Revenue Act of 1917 was the first to impose an excess-profits tax.  The underlying*3671  theory of such a tax was to provide a reasonable return upon the capital invested in the business before subjecting the excess income to such tax.  One of the greatest difficulties in the practical application of such a tax was so to limit the invested capital that inflated values would not be taken into account and at the same time to prevent excessive taxation in other cases, where the application of the statutory provisions would work injustice and inequality.  These considerations gave rise to such provisions as sections 326(a)(4) and (5), 327, 328, and 331 of the Revenue Act of 1918.  . Section 208 of the Revenue Act of 1917, which was the forerunner of section 331 of the 1918 Act, provided: SEC. 208.  That in case of the reorganization, consolidation, or change of ownership of a trade or business after March third, nineteen hundred and seventeen, if an interest or control in such trade or business of fifty per centum or more remains in control of the same persons, corporations, associations, partnerships, or any of them, then in ascertaining the invested capital of the trade or business no asset transferred*3672  or received from the prior trade or business shall be allowed a greater value than would have been allowed under this title in computing the invested capital of such prior trade or business if such asset had not been so transferred or received, unless such asset was paid for specifically as such, in cash or tangible property, and then not to exceed the actual cash, or actual cash value of the tangible property paid therefor at the time of such payment.  Section 331 of the Revenue Act of 1918, as it appeared in the bill (H.R. 12683) introduced into the House of Representatives by its Committee on Ways and Means, read: In the case of the reorganization, consolidation, or change in ownership of a trade or business after March 3, 1917, if an interest or control in such trade or business of fifty per centum or more remains in the same persons, or any of them, then no asset transferred or received from the predecessor trade or business shall, for the purpose of determining invested capital, be allowed a greater value than would have been allowed under this title in computing the invested capital of such prior trade or business if such asset had not been so transferred or received.  *3673  Accompanying the bill was a report from this Committee which stated with reference to this section: *1197  In the case of the reorganization, consolidation, or change of ownership of a trade or business after March 3, 1917, if an interest or control in such trade or business of 50 per cent or more remains in the same persons or any of them, in such case no asset transferred or received from the predecessor trade or business shall, in computing invested capital, be allowed a greater value than would have been allowed in computing the invested capital of the prior trade or business if such asset had not been so transferred or received.  This provision was in the bill as it passed the House.  It was referred by the Senate to its Committee on Finance.  When the bill was reported by this Committee, the language of section 331 had been changed to read:  In the case of the reorganization, consolidation, or change of ownership of a trade or business, or change of ownership of property, after March 3, 1917, if an interest or control in such trade or business or property of 50 per centum or more remains in the same persons, or any of them, then no asset transferred or received from*3674  the previous owner shall, for the purpose of determining invested capital, be allowed a greater value than would have been allowed under this title in computing the invested capital of such previous owner if such asset had not been so transferred or received: Provided, That if such previous owner was not a corporation, then the value of any asset so transferred or received shall be taken at its cost of acquisition (at the date when acquired by such previous owner) with proper allowance for depreciation, impairment, betterment or development, but no addition to the original cost shall be made for any charge or expenditure deducted as expense or otherwise since March 1, 1913, in computing the net income of such previous owner for the purposes of taxation.  The report (No. 617) submitted with the bill by the Committee had attached a copy of the report of the Committee on Ways and Means from which we have quoted above.  The report of the Committee on Finance contains no specific reference to or explanation of the change made in section 331, but, speaking of the general purposes of the bill, that report said: The committee refrains also from recommending any radical change in the*3675  method of computing invested capital, although a number of important improvements are suggested in this connection.  Speaking generally, assets are valued, for the purpose of determining invested capital, at the price paid in acquiring them without recognition of subsequent appreciation.  The change in the language of section 331 was adopted by the Senate and, except for a change not material here, was accepted by the House and incorporated in the Act.  The intention of Congress seems to be clearly expressed that, in the circumstances stated, a successor corporation should stand in the stead of the predecessor owner for the purpose of determining invested capital.  Had the draft proposed by the House been adopted there could have been no reasonable question that this was so in the case of a corporate reorganization.  But that draft left in doubt the effect of the incorporation of the business of an individual.  The individual was not subject to excess-profits tax and there were no provisions under which to determine the value of his assets for invested capital.  *1198  The amendment made by the Senate appears to have been to make clear that when an individual incorporated*3676  his business after March 3, 1917, his assets were to go into the invested capital of the corporation at a value which should not exceed the amount he then had invested therein.  When the Act speaks of an allowance for betterment and development, it is our opinion that it refers to so much of the cost of betterment or development as has not theretofore been recovered by the individual by an allowance on account thereof; for example, so much of the amount spent in developing a mine as had not been recovered by way of an allowance for the exhaustion thereof.  Throughout all of Title III of the Act and the reports of the Committees thereon, there is the manifest intent to prevent the increase of invested capital by unrealized appreciation, and to exclude any appreciation in the case of a reorganization of a business after March 3, 1917, where the ownership of 50 per centum remained the same.  We are of the opinion that it excluded from the invested capital of petitioner any increase or appreciation in value of the good will, trade-marks and other intangibles which had taken place without cost to the preceding owner.  (3) We come then to consider petitioner's claim that it falls within*3677  section 327 of the Revenue Act of 1918 and is entitled to have its tax computed under section 328.  These intangible assets which the petitioner had acquired from Whitman gave it a volume of business and a reputation which had been built up over a period of many years.  The petitioner was a newly organized corporation with no business and no good will of its own.  When it acquired the trade-names, trade-marks and good will of Whitman, it acquired a business with annual sales of over $10,000,000 and annual net profits which had exceeded $300,000 in each of the several past years.  This business was first established by Whitman under his own name in 1874.  The testimony is that at the time petitioner took over this business Whitman had built up one of the finest white line goods in the country.  The evidence concerning the volume of sales and the profits of the predecessor partnership and predecessor corporation establishes that the business and profits were no temporary matter, but firmly established, and this is confirmed in the subsequent operations of the petitioner.  It was these intangible assets which were the principal cause of the large income which petitioner enjoyed during*3678  the taxable years and on which the deficiencies in question are based.  Because of its manner of organization these assets may not be included in the computation of its invested capital.  We have held that a taxpayer does not fall within the provisions of sections 327 and 328 merely because assets are used in the business which may not be included in invested capital.  . The exclusion must be such *1199  as to create an abnormal condition.  Where, as here, the asset excluded is the most substantial part of its capital and is the principal contributing factor in the production of taxable income of the petitioner, it is our opinion that such an abnormality exists.  ; ; ; ; ; . Reviewed by the Board.  Decision will be entered under Rule 62.