Court Opinion

ID: 4193466
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-08-04 18:01:24.196737+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:39:32.951999
License: Public Domain

Case: 16-11772       Date Filed: 08/04/2017      Page: 1 of 34

                                                                                 [PUBLISH]

                 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                           FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                             ________________________

                                    No. 16-11772
                              ________________________

                         D.C. Docket No. 1:00-cr-00001-JAL-3

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                         Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                           versus

PEDRO RAFAEL CARABALLO-MARTINEZ,

                                                                      Defendant-Appellant.

                              ________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Southern District of Florida
                            ________________________

                                      (August 4, 2017)

Before HULL, MARCUS, and CLEVENGER, * Circuit Judges.

HULL, Circuit Judge:

       *
         Honorable Raymond C. Clevenger, III, United States Circuit Judge for the Federal
Circuit, sitting by designation.
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       Pedro Caraballo-Martinez (“Caraballo”) appeals the district court’s denial of

his renewed motion for a sentence reduction under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). Upon

review of the record and the parties’ briefs, and with the benefit of oral argument,

we conclude that the district court had authority to entertain Caraballo’s renewed

§ 3582(c)(2) motion but did not err in denying it. Thus, we affirm.

                                    I. BACKGROUND

A.     Criminal Convictions

       On December 13, 1999, Caraballo and two codefendants carried out a

violent abduction and ransom scheme, kidnapping a mother and her two young

children. Caraballo, a native of Venezuela, first entered the United States in 1995

and was in this country illegally at the time of the crimes.

       Specifically, Caraballo and the two other men abducted Wilma Christine

Aragao, her nine-year-old son Alceau, and her one-year-old son Alexander from

the parking garage at the condominium building where the family lived.1 The men

used a stun gun to incapacitate Mrs. Aragao and Alceau. The violent struggle

caused Mrs. Aragao to drop her infant son onto the parking garage’s concrete floor,

causing him to suffer bruises and lacerations on his face.

       Caraballo and a codefendant then viciously beat Mrs. Aragao. According to

medical records, Mrs. Aragao’s cheekbone was fractured in three places, her jaw

       1
        The facts underlying Caraballo’s crimes of conviction were detailed in his presentence
investigation report (“PSI”), and the district court adopted those facts at sentencing.
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bone was pushed into her face so as to become painful and difficult to move, and

her right eye socket was completely shattered, causing an internal hemorrhage in

that area of her face. Mrs. Aragao also suffered nerve damage in her right eye

socket, resulting in a lack of sensation to this part of her face and an inability to

fully open her right eye. She suffered multiple additional lacerations to her face

during the beating and “countless” burn marks and bruises to her upper torso from

repeated application of the stun gun.

      Caraballo and the two other assailants then took Mrs. Aragao and her two

young sons to a rented house, where the mother was separated from her sons. The

assailants tied Mrs. Aragao to a lawn chair, blindfolded her, stuffed a piece of cloth

in her mouth, and put her in a bedroom closet. The men restrained the nine-year-

old, Alceau, in a similar fashion and put him in another bedroom closet. While

tied up in the dark closet, Mrs. Aragao could hear her two young children crying.

      The assailants forced Mrs. Aragao to write a letter to her husband requesting

a $70,000 ransom. She also called her husband multiple times, at the kidnappers’

instruction, to convey instructions from them. Law enforcement officers

eventually traced these calls to the rented house where the victims were being kept

and rescued them on December 17, 1999, after being held hostage for four days.

Caraballo was arrested during the rescue.

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      On June 2, 2000, after a 16-day trial, a jury convicted Caraballo and his two

codefendants of: (1) conspiracy to commit hostage taking, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 1203(a) (Count 1); (2) hostage taking, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1203(a) (Count

2); (3) conspiracy to commit carjacking, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 371, 2119

(Count 3); (4) carjacking, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2119(2) (Count 4); and

(5) using and carrying a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) (Count 5).

B.    Original Sentence

      The presentence investigation report (“PSI”) assigned Caraballo a total

offense level of 43 and a criminal history category of I, resulting in an advisory

Guidelines sentence of life imprisonment. The total offense level of 43 included a

base offense level of 24 and these increases: (1) six levels because a ransom

demand was made, under U.S.S.G. § 2A4.1(b)(1); (2) four levels because the

victim (Mrs. Aragao) sustained permanent or life-threatening bodily injury, under

§ 2A4.1(b)(2); (3) two levels because a dangerous weapon was used, under

§ 2A4.1(b)(3); (4) two levels because the defendant knew or should have known

that the victim was vulnerable, under § 3A1.1(b)(1); (5) two levels for obstruction

of justice, under § 3C1.1; and (6) three levels under the multiple-count adjustment.

      Caraballo made written objections to the PSI, including objections to the

enhancements for demanding a ransom, victim injury, and obstructing justice.

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       Caraballo’s sentencing hearing, conducted jointly with his codefendants,

began on August 29, 2000, and took place over three days. The district court heard

argument on, and ultimately overruled, each of Caraballo’s written objections.

One of Caraballo’s codefendants raised a new objection—that the two-level

enhancement for the use of a dangerous weapon under U.S.S.G. § 2A4.1(b)(3) was

inappropriate in light of the five-year consecutive sentence for the 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(c) firearm conviction. The district court overruled the objection, finding that

the § 2A4.1(b)(3) enhancement was “appropriate” as to all three codefendants.

       The district court adopted the PSI’s factual findings and Guidelines

calculations with respect to Caraballo. It then determined that Caraballo’s

Guidelines sentence was life imprisonment. The district court stated that it had

considered the parties’ statements, the PSI, the victims’ statements, and the

evidence presented at the sentencing hearing. The district court then sentenced

Caraballo to life imprisonment on Counts 1 and 2, 60 months on Count 3, 300

months on Count 4, all to run concurrently, and 60 months on Count 5, to run

consecutively. 2

       2
         Counts 1 and 2 carried statutory maximum terms of life imprisonment, while Count 3
carried a statutory maximum of five years’ imprisonment and Count 4 carried a statutory
maximum term of 25 years’ imprisonment. Thus, the advisory Guidelines range for Counts 3
and 4 were capped at their respective statutory maximums. Similarly, Count 5 had an advisory
Guidelines range of five years, to run consecutively.
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C.    Direct Appeal

      On direct appeal in 2001, this Court affirmed Caraballo’s and his

codefendants’ convictions and sentences. United States v. Ferreira, 275 F.3d 1020,

1030 (11th Cir. 2001). On appeal, Caraballo challenged certain aspects of his

sentence (e.g., the six-level increase for a ransom demand), but he did not

challenge the two-level increase for use of a dangerous weapon under U.S.S.G.

§ 2A4.1(b)(3). See id. at 1022 & n.1. The United States Supreme Court denied

Caraballo’s petition for a writ of certiorari. Caraballo-Martinez v. United States,

537 U.S. 926, 123 S. Ct. 321 (2002).

D.    Retroactive Application of Amendment 599

      As of November 1, 2000, the United States Sentencing Commission adopted

Amendment 599 to the Sentencing Guidelines. U.S.S.G. App. C, Vol. II, Amend.

599. Amendment 599 changed the language in the application note for U.S.S.G.

§ 2K2.4, the relevant Sentencing Guideline for convictions under 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(c). Id. The amended language clarified that when a defendant is convicted

and sentenced under § 924(c), the defendant cannot also receive a Guideline

enhancement for use of a weapon during the commission of the underlying offense.

Id. (“If a sentence under this guideline is imposed in conjunction with a sentence

for an underlying offense, do not apply any specific offense characteristic for

possession, brandishing, use, or discharge of . . . [a] firearm when determining the

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sentence for the underlying offense.”); see also United States v. Brown, 332 F.3d

1341, 1344-45 (11th Cir. 2003) (acknowledging and explaining Amendment 599).

Amendment 599 was made to apply retroactively. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(d).

      On October 10, 2014, Caraballo filed a pro se motion for sentence reduction

under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) based on the retroactive application of Amendment

599. Caraballo pointed out that the application of Amendment 599 would reduce

his total offense level from 43 to 41, resulting in an advisory Guidelines range of

324 to 405 months’ imprisonment, instead of life, on Counts 1 and 2.

E.    July 10, 2015 Order Denying First § 3582(c)(2) Motion

      In a July 10, 2015 order, the district court concluded that Caraballo was

eligible for relief under Amendment 599 and that it had discretion to reduce

Caraballo’s sentence. The district court then decided that, in its discretion, the 18

U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors did not warrant a sentence reduction, and it denied

Caraballo’s § 3582(c)(2) motion.

      The district court pointed out that Caraballo had “participated in a heinous

and brutal crime that involved serious physical violence against a mother and two

of her children.” The district court determined that Caraballo’s life sentence “is

necessary to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law,

. . . to provide just punishment . . . [, and] to adequately deter similar criminal

conduct and to protect the public.” The district court took Caraballo’s post-

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conviction good conduct into consideration but found it “wholly insufficient to

justify a reduction in sentence” given that Caraballo “continues to evade any

substantial responsibility for the horrific crime and continues to express[] little

remorse for the harm that he has caused.”

      Caraballo did not appeal the denial of his initial § 3582(c)(2) motion.

F.    October 20, 2015 Renewed § 3582(c)(2) Motion

      On October 20, 2015, three months after the denial of his first § 3582(c)(2)

motion, Caraballo, through counsel, filed a “renewed” motion for sentence

reduction based on Amendment 599. Caraballo included a signed personal

statement expressing his remorse and accepting responsibility for his actions.

Caraballo asked for an evidentiary hearing to “properly determine the sincerity of

his remorse.”

      The government opposed Caraballo’s renewed § 3582(c)(2) motion, arguing

that it (1) was barred by the law-of-the-case doctrine and (2) was filed more than

three months after the district court denied his first § 3582(c)(2) motion and was

thus untimely under the 14-day time limit in Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure

35 (“Rule 35(a)”).

      On April 11, 2016, the district court denied Caraballo’s renewed

§ 3582(c)(2) motion. The district court reasoned (1) that its July 10, 2015 denial of

Caraballo’s first § 3582(c)(2) motion was a decision on the merits, (2) that the

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order therefore constituted a “resentencing,” (3) that Rule 35(a)’s 14-day time limit

applied, and (4) that Caraballo’s renewed challenge to the sentence was

procedurally barred under Rule 35(a) and this Circuit’s precedent in United States

v. Phillips, 597 F.3d 1190 (11th Cir. 2010) and United States v. Anderson, 772

F.3d 662 (11th Cir. 2014). Because Caraballo’s renewed motion was filed 102

days, not 14 days, after the first § 3582(c)(2) order, the district court concluded it

lacked the authority to consider it.

      Alternatively, the district court held that, even if it did have the authority to

consider Caraballo’s renewed § 3582(c)(2) motion, and even after considering

Caraballo’s newly raised expressions of remorse, it would impose the same

sentence of life imprisonment for the reasons detailed in its July 10, 2015 order.

The district court reasoned, in part:

      Having considered Defendant’s expression of remorse – which relates
      to his history and characteristics – and having weighed all of the
      remaining § 3553(a) factors, the Court finds that Defendant’s sentence
      of life is sufficient, but not greater than necessary, to reflect the
      seriousness of the offense (which was heinous), promote respect for
      the law, provide just punishment of the offense, afford adequate
      deterrence to criminal conduct, protect the public from further crimes
      of the defendant and provide the defendant with needed educational or
      vocational, training, medical care or other correctional treatment.

Caraballo timely appealed.

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                              II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

      “In a § 3582(c)(2) proceeding, we review de novo the district court’s legal

conclusions regarding the scope of its authority under the Sentencing Guidelines.

We review de novo questions of statutory interpretation.” Phillips, 597 F.3d at

1194 n.9 (quoting United States v. Moore, 541 F.3d 1323, 1326 (11th Cir. 2008)).

If § 3582(c)(2) applies, we review a district court’s decision to grant or deny a

sentence reduction only for abuse of discretion. United States v. Hamilton, 715

F.3d 328, 337 n.8 (11th Cir. 2013).

                                    III. SECTION 3582(c)

      As background, we first discuss § 3582(c) in general and the limits of a

§ 3582(c)(2) proceeding. As explained in Phillips, § 3582(c) provides that a

federal court “may not modify a term of imprisonment once it has been imposed,”

except in these limited circumstances:

      (1) where the Bureau of Prisons has filed a motion and either
      extraordinary and compelling reasons warrant a reduction or the
      defendant is at least 70 years old and meets certain other
      requirements, see 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A); (2) where another
      statute or Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 35 expressly permits a
      sentence modification, see id. § 3582(c)(1)(B); or (3) where a
      defendant has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a
      sentencing range that was subsequently lowered by the Commission
      and certain other requirements are met, see id. § 3582(c)(2).

597 F.3d at 1195 (citing 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)). 3

      3
          Section § 3582(c) provides in full:
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       This case involves the last of these exceptions—a district court’s limited

authority under § 3582(c)(2) to reduce a term of imprisonment “where a defendant

has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a sentencing range that was

subsequently lowered by the [Sentencing] Commission and certain other

requirements are met.” Id. (citing 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2)).

       The Supreme Court in Dillon v. United States clarified how § 3582(c)(2)

provides only a narrow exception to the general rule of finality. See Dillon v.

United States, 560 U.S. 817, 824-28, 130 S. Ct. 2683, 2690-92 (2010). “By its

(c) Modification of an imposed term of imprisonment.--The court may not modify a term of
imprisonment once it has been imposed except that--
(1) in any case--
        (A) the court, upon motion of the Director of the Bureau of Prisons, may reduce the term
        of imprisonment (and may impose a term of probation or supervised release with or
        without conditions that does not exceed the unserved portion of the original term of
        imprisonment), after considering the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that
        they are applicable, if it finds that--
                (i) extraordinary and compelling reasons warrant such a reduction; or
                (ii) the defendant is at least 70 years of age, has served at least 30 years in prison,
                pursuant to a sentence imposed under section 3559(c), for the offense or offenses
                for which the defendant is currently imprisoned, and a determination has been
                made by the Director of the Bureau of Prisons that the defendant is not a danger to
                the safety of any other person or the community, as provided under section
                3142(g);
        and that such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the
        Sentencing Commission; and
        (B) the court may modify an imposed term of imprisonment to the extent otherwise
        expressly permitted by statute or by Rule 35 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure;
        and
(2) in the case of a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a
sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission pursuant to
28 U.S.C. 994(o), upon motion of the defendant or the Director of the Bureau of Prisons, or on
its own motion, the court may reduce the term of imprisonment, after considering the factors set
forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable, if such a reduction is consistent
with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.
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terms, § 3582(c)(2) does not authorize a sentencing or resentencing proceeding.

Instead, it provides for the ‘modification of a term of imprisonment’ by giving

courts the power to ‘reduce’ an otherwise final sentence in circumstances specified

by the Commission.” Id. at 825, 130 S. Ct. at 2690 (alterations omitted). The

Supreme Court explained that the statute’s text, “together with its narrow scope,

shows that Congress intended to authorize only a limited adjustment to an

otherwise final sentence and not a plenary resentencing proceeding.” Id. at 826,

130 S. Ct. at 2691. Thus, the Supreme Court explained that “a district court

proceeding under § 3582(c)(2) does not impose a new sentence in the usual sense.”

Id. at 827, 130 S. Ct. at 2691.

      Further, under § 3582(c)(2), “the court may reduce the term of

imprisonment, after considering the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the

extent that they are applicable.” 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). “Any [§ 3582(c)(2)]

reduction must be consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the

Sentencing Commission.” Dillon, 560 U.S. at 821, 130 S. Ct. at 2688 (citing 18

U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2)). The Supreme Court in Dillon also concluded that, because

§ 3582(c)(2) “sentence-modification proceedings . . . are not constitutionally

compelled,” those proceedings “do not implicate the Sixth Amendment right to

have essential facts found by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 828, 130 S.

Ct. at 2692.

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       Finally, because § 3582(c)(2) only authorizes the reduction of sentences that

are “based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered,” if a

defendant receives a sentence modification under § 3582(c)(2), subsequent

reduction based on the same amendment to the Guidelines is not available—the

modified sentence is no longer based on the outdated Guidelines range.

       With this background about § 3582(c)(2), we turn to Rule 35(a).

                  IV. RULE 35(a), PHILLIPS, AND ANDERSON

       Rule 35(a) provides: “Within 14 days after sentencing, the court may correct

a sentence that resulted from arithmetical, technical, or other clear error.” Fed. R.

Crim. P. 35(a) (emphasis added). The upshot of this rule is that, when no other

statutory exception to sentence finality applies, a court may modify a sentence only

within 14 days after sentencing. The threshold question here is whether the 2015

denial of Caraballo’s initial § 3582(c)(2) motion constituted a “sentencing” 4 and “a

sentence” for the purposes of Rule 35(a) and § 3582(c)(2). If it was, then

Caraballo’s renewed § 3582(c)(2) motion was untimely under Rule 35(a)’s 14-day

time limit, and the district court did not otherwise have authority to consider it. If

it wasn’t, then Rule 35(a) did not apply, and § 3582(c)(2) provided the district

court with statutory authority to consider the motion.
       4
         The rule defines “sentencing” as “the oral announcement of the sentence.” Fed. R. Crim.
P. 35(c). While the district court did not make an oral announcement of its decision on
Caraballo’s initial § 3582(c)(2) motion or even hold a hearing, we have held that, under such
circumstances, “the imposition of the [new] sentence occurred . . . when the district court’s
written order was entered.” See Phillips, 597 F.3d at 1199 n.20.
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      As to what constitutes a “sentencing” or “a sentence” for these purposes,

both Caraballo and the government rely on our prior decisions in Phillips and

Anderson but read them differently. We examine those two decisions in detail.

A.    Phillips and Rule 35(a)

      In Phillips, on December 5, 2008, the district court granted the defendant

Phillips’s § 3582(c)(2) motion based on Amendment 715 to the Guidelines and

reduced Phillips’s sentence from 360 months to 324 months’ imprisonment on his

drug convictions. 597 F.3d at 1191-92. The district court did not change Phillips’s

consecutive 60-month prison sentence on his firearms conviction. Id.

Undisputedly, though, in reducing Phillips’s imprisonment from 360 to 324

months, the district court imposed a different sentence.

      On December 19, 2008, ten business days later, the government filed a

motion for reconsideration, pointing out that the district court had used the

Guidelines from the wrong year and that, under the correct Guidelines, Phillips’s

original Guidelines range had not changed or been lowered. Id. at 1193. Notably,

the motion at issue in Phillips was filed by the government to correct a clear error.

The motion was not filed by the defendant seeking to reduce his sentence further.

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       On January 26, 2009, the district court recognized its clear error, 5 granted

the government’s motion, set aside its December 5 order reducing Phillips’s

sentence to 324 months, and stated that Phillips’s “original sentence of 360 months

imprisonment, with a consecutive term of 60 months, therefore remains in place as

imposed at his 1989 sentencing.” Id. at 1193-94.

       Reversing that grant of the government’s motion, this Court held that the

district court’s imposition of a different 324-month sentence on December 5 was a

“sentencing,” that Rule 35(a) applied to that sentencing, that the government’s

December 19 motion for reconsideration was not filed within Rule 35(a)’s seven-

day time limit, 6 and, thus, that the district court “lacked jurisdiction” to vacate its

December 5 order reducing Phillips’s sentence to 324 months. Id. at 1197-99.

       In considering the government’s motion to correct a clear error and modify

the sentence back up to 360 months, the Phillips Court looked to § 3582(c)(1)(B),

which allows a court to modify an imposed term of imprisonment to the extent

“expressly permitted by statute or by Rule 35 of the Federal Rules of Criminal

Procedure.” Id. at 1195 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(B)). The Phillips Court

determined that the “unambiguous language of § 3582(c)(1)(B) indicates that,

       5
        In Phillips, none of the parties disputed that the district court used the wrong year of the
Guidelines and clearly erred in imposing the new 324-month sentence on December 5, 2008.
597 F.3d at 1194.
       6
        An older version of Rule 35(a) provided only a seven-day window to correct a sentence.
The rule was amended in 2009 to provide for a fourteen-day time limit. Phillips, 597 F.3d at
1196 n.11.
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absent other express statutory authority, modification of an imprisonment sentence

can only be done pursuant to Rule 35.” Id. In Phillips, this Court explained that

“[n]o party claims any other statutory authority is applicable here” and thus “we

focus on Rule 35.” Id.

      As to Rule 35(a), the Phillips Court concluded: (1) that Rule 35(a)

“significantly restricts how and when a district court may modify an imprisonment

sentence”; (2) that “under Rule 35(a), a court can correct a sentence only for

‘arithmetical, technical, or other clear error’”; and (3) that the district court “must

do so within seven days.” Id. at 1195-96 (quoting Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(a)).

      Further, the Phillips Court said the seven-day time limit in Rule 35(a) is

“jurisdictional.” Id. at 1196 (citing United States v. Diaz-Clark, 292 F.3d 1310,

1319 (11th Cir. 2002)). Therefore, “a court’s modification of a sentence outside of

this seven-day period is an action taken without the requisite jurisdiction, and is a

legal nullity.” Id. at 1197 (quoting Diaz-Clark, 292 F.3d at 1317).

      The Phillips Court then tackled the “pivotal issue” in that case—whether the

time limit in Rule 35(a) may apply not only to an original sentencing proceeding

but also to a different sentence imposed in a § 3582(c)(2) proceeding. Id. This

Court held that, “[w]hile a § 3582(c)(2) proceeding is not a plenary or de novo

sentencing, it is still a sentencing proceeding” because a district court considering a

§ 3582(c)(2) motion will look at similar § 3553(a) factors and undertake a similar

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analysis to that used during a plenary sentencing. Id. at 1198. Therefore, the

Phillips Court narrowly ruled that “if a district court grants a defendant’s

§ 3582(c)(2) motion, modifies the original sentence, and imposes a different term

of imprisonment, the district court is again ‘sentencing’ the defendant.” Id. at 1199

(emphasis added). “A sentencing, whether imposing the initial sentence or a

subsequent different sentence, is a sentencing.” Id. (emphasis added).

      Because the December 5 order granted Phillips’s § 3582(c)(2) motion and

imposed a different sentence (324 months instead of 360), the Phillips Court

concluded: (1) that the December 5 order was a “sentencing” with a different

“sentence”; (2) that the seven-day time limit in Rule 35(a) applied; and (3) that the

district court lacked jurisdiction to grant the government’s December 19 motion to

correct the clear error and modify Phillips’s 324-month sentence back up to 360

months. Id.

      Importantly for Caraballo’s case, Phillips involved only the factual situation

in which a district court granted a § 3582(c)(2) motion on the merits and imposed a

new sentence with a different term of imprisonment. We next turn to Anderson,

which involved the factual situation of a denial of a defendant’s § 3582(c)(2)

motion, where this Court distinguished Phillips and held that the denial was not a

new sentence or sentencing, and thus that neither the time limit in Rule 35(a) nor

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any other statutory restriction applied to bar the defendant’s subsequent successive

§ 3582(c)(2) motion.

B.     Anderson and Rule 35(a)

       In Anderson, in 2011, the district court denied Anderson’s § 3582(c)(2)

motion to reduce his sentence because Guidelines Amendment 750 did not lower

his applicable Guidelines range of 360 months to life imprisonment. 7 772 F.3d at

665. On appeal, this Court affirmed, concluding that Amendment 750 did not

lower Anderson’s Guidelines range because his drug convictions involved at least

15 kilograms of crack cocaine, but Amendment 750 only increased the minimum

amount of crack cocaine necessary to receive a base offense level of 38 from 4.5

kilograms to 8.4 kilograms. Id.

       Two years later, in 2013, Anderson filed a renewed § 3582(c)(2) motion

based on Amendment 750, which the district court also denied, finding “no change

in circumstance” since its previous ruling that Amendment 750 did not lower his

Guidelines range. Id. at 665. Anderson appealed again. Id.

       7
          In Anderson, the defendant’s base offense level was 42 because his drug offenses
involved more than 15 kilograms of crack cocaine. Anderson, 772 F.3d at 664. After a four-
level enhancement, his total offense level of 46 and a criminal history category of III yielded an
advisory Guidelines range of life imprisonment. Id. The district court sentenced Anderson to
life imprisonment. Id.
         In 2006, Anderson filed a § 3582(c)(2) motion based on Amendment 505, which lowered
his base offense level to 38, his total offense level to 42, and his Guidelines range to 360 months
to life imprisonment. Id. The district court determined life imprisonment remained appropriate.
Id. In 2008, Anderson filed a § 3582(c)(2) motion based on Amendment 706, but even with that
amendment, Anderson’s Guidelines range remained 360 months to life imprisonment. Id. at
664-65.
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       On appeal, this Court held that the district court had jurisdiction in 2013 to

consider Anderson’s renewed § 3582(c)(2) motion because the earlier 2011 denial

was not a new sentence but a “procedural denial,” and thus that the 2011 denial did

not trigger the 14-day time limit in Rule 35(a) or otherwise deprive the district

court of jurisdiction to consider a successive § 3582(c)(2) motion. Id. at 667-68.

       The Anderson Court distinguished the grant of a § 3582(c)(2) motion in

Phillips from the procedural denial in Anderson. Id. The Anderson Court said that

where the district court denies a § 3582(c)(2) motion because the Guidelines

amendment does not lower the defendant’s Guidelines range in the first place, the

denial is merely “procedural.” Id. In such procedural denials, “there is no new

sentence because the statute does not give the district court jurisdiction to modify a

defendant’s sentence.” Id. at 668 (emphasis added).

       The Anderson Court reasoned that the district court’s 2011 denial of

Anderson’s first § 3582(c)(2) motion was merely a procedural denial because the

district court had determined that Amendment 750 did not lower Anderson’s

Guidelines range. Id. And “because Anderson’s motion was not granted . . . he

has not been newly sentenced pursuant to § 3582(c)(2).” Id. at 667. The Anderson

Court concluded that because it was a procedural denial with no new sentence,

instead of a grant, “Phillips does not apply . . . , and the district court’s jurisdiction

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[in 2013] was not limited by the strictures of [Rule 35(a)] after it entered the first

order.” Id. at 668.

       In addition to determining that Rule 35(a) did not apply to such procedural

denials, the Anderson Court also examined whether there were any statutory

restrictions on filing successive § 3582(c)(2) motions based on the same

Guidelines amendment. Id. at 666-67. In Anderson, this Court rejected the

government’s argument that a federal prisoner may bring only one motion under

§ 3582(c)(2) based on the same Guidelines amendment. Id. The Anderson Court

expressly held that “§ 3582(c)(2) contains no language that places a limitation on

the district court’s jurisdiction to consider successive motions based on the same

amendment to the Sentencing Guidelines.” Id. at 667. “Thus, because there is no

clearly expressed jurisdictional limitation on a district court’s ability to hear

successive motions based on the same amendment, this Court holds that it would

be improper to read one into the [§ 3582(c)(2)] statute.” Id. In addition, Anderson

said: “[F]or whatever other restrictions may be placed on the district court’s ability

to consider a successive motion based on the same amendment, none of these

potential restrictions are articulated in jurisdictional terms in the statute itself.” Id.

       Having concluded that the district court had jurisdiction to consider the

renewed § 3582(c)(2) motion in 2013, this Court in Anderson turned to whether

the law-of-the-case doctrine nevertheless applied to bar Anderson’s renewed

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§ 3582(c)(2) motion based on the same Amendment 750. Id. at 668. As explained

in Anderson, the law-of-the-case doctrine “provides that ‘an appellate decision

binds all subsequent proceedings in the same case not only as to explicit rulings,

but also as to issues decided necessarily by implication on the prior appeal.’” Id.

(alteration omitted) (citing 18B Wright, Miller & Cooper, Federal Practice &

Procedure § 4478, at 668-70 (2d ed. 2002)). The Anderson Court recognized that

“the law-of-the-case doctrine may be raised by the court sua sponte.” Id. at 668-

69. The law-of-the-case doctrine is an “important feature” in fulfilling the courts’

“compelling interest in continuity, finality, and efficiency both within cases and

within the greater judicial system.” Id. Under the law-of-the-case doctrine, the

previous findings of fact and conclusions of law decided in Anderson’s first appeal

would be binding and constitute the law of the case in Anderson’s subsequent

§ 3582(c)(2) proceeding based on Amendment 750. Id.

      This Court also noted that one exception to the law-of-the-case doctrine is

where the earlier appellate decision was clearly erroneous and would create a

manifest injustice. Id. While acknowledging that the district court erred in failing

to properly use certain drug equivalency tables, the Anderson Court concluded

“there is no manifest injustice to be found” because Amendment 750 “did not

affect Anderson’s base offense level” and, thus, “any error on the part of the

district court was harmless.” Id. at 669-70. For these reasons, this Court affirmed

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the district court’s order denying Anderson’s renewed § 3582(c)(2) motion. Id. at

670.

       We would stop our discussion here but for some dicta in Anderson we must

also address.

                            V. DICTA IN ANDERSON

       In dicta, the Anderson Court not only distinguished the grant of a different

sentence in Phillips but also ventured further to discuss what it termed a “denial on

the merits.” Id. at 667. The Anderson Court defined a “denial on the merits” as

when an amendment does lower a defendant’s Guidelines range but the district

court denies the § 3582(c)(2) motion “based on various factors.” Id. at 667-68. As

to such “denial[s] on the merits,” the Anderson Court then discussed whether the

Phillips holding—that Rule 35(a) provided the only authority for modifying a grant

resulting in a different sentence—“also extends to cases in which the district court

denies a defendant’s § 3582(c)(2) motion on the merits after considering the

§ 3553(a) factors.” Id. at 667.

       The Anderson Court stated that “[a] district court’s denial on the merits is

still, in essence, a new sentence, because in these cases the district court recognizes

that the relevant Sentencing Guidelines [a]mendment applies to the defendant to

reduce his [G]uidelines range, yet chooses to resentence the defendant to the same

term of imprisonment after considering various factors.” Id. (emphasis added).

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After stating that a merits denial is “in essence, a new sentence,” the Anderson

Court added: “Thus, the district court’s authority to consider a defendant’s

successive motion is likewise limited in this circumstance to Rule 35(a)’s fourteen-

day time limitation.” Id.

      The government claims Anderson controls Caraballo’s case because the

district court denied his § 3582(c)(2) motion on the merits. The government relies

on Anderson’s statement that “a district court’s denial on the merits is still in

essence, a new sentence” that is “limited” by Rule 35(a)’s 14-day time limit.

Caraballo argues that this statement in Anderson is pure obiter dictum because

Anderson involved only a procedural denial of a § 3582(c)(2) motion and did not

involve a denial on the merits.

      Of course, if that statement was part of Anderson’s holding, the prior panel

precedent rule would compel us to follow it. See United States v. Hunter, 172 F.3d

1307, 1310 (11th Cir. 1999) (Carnes, J., concurring). Conversely, if this language

was dicta, we would not be bound by it. See, e.g., McNely v. Ocala Star-Banner

Corp., 99 F.3d 1068, 1077 (11th Cir. 1996) (“[W]e are not required to follow dicta

contained in our own precedents.”).

      Further, “dicta is defined as those portions of an opinion that are not

necessary to deciding the case then before us.” United States v. Kaley, 579 F.3d

1246, 1253 n.10 (11th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). The holding

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of a case comprises both “the result of the case and those portions of the opinion

necessary to that result.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). But the “holding”

of a prior decision can reach only as far as the facts and circumstances presented to

the Court in the case which produced that decision. United States v. Aguillard, 217

F.3d 1319, 1321 (11th Cir. 2000) (per curiam); see also Edwards v. Prime, Inc.,

602 F.3d 1276, 1298 (11th Cir. 2010) (“We have pointed out many times that

regardless of what a court says in its opinion, the decision can hold nothing beyond

the facts of that case.”) (collecting cases).

      We agree with Caraballo that Anderson’s statement—about a denial of a

§ 3582(c)(2) motion on the merits—is dicta. The facts of Anderson involved only

a procedural denial of a § 3582(c)(2) motion where the district court concluded that

a Guidelines amendment did not lower the defendant’s Guidelines range and that it

therefore lacked statutory authority under § 3582(c)(2) to modify the original

sentence at all. 772 F.3d at 665. The Anderson Court itself said that such

procedural denials do not impose a new sentence that would be subject to Rule

35(a). Id. at 667-68.

      As explained above, Anderson did discuss the different factual situation

where the district court concludes that an amendment does lower the defendant’s

Guidelines range and the district court has statutory authority to reduce a sentence,

but the district court still denies the § 3582(c)(2) motion to reduce a sentence based

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on the § 3553(a) factors. As noted, the Anderson Court described that different

factual situation as a “denial on the merits.” Id. at 667. While Anderson

contrasted those two factual situations, Anderson’s statement about whether such a

denial “on the merits” would be “in essence, a new sentence” is pure dicta. See id.

That factual situation and legal question were not before the Anderson Court, and

its volunteered answer to that question was not necessary to its holding. Rather,

Anderson’s holding was only that a procedural denial—where the district court

finds that an amendment does not lower the defendant’s Guidelines range—is not a

new sentence for purposes of Rule 35(a)’s time limit and § 3582(c)(2). Id. at 668.

      Having determined that our existing precedent does not bind us, we turn to

whether the denial of Caraballo’s first § 3582(c)(2) motion, albeit on the merits,

was a “sentencing” or “a sentence” for purposes of Rule 35(a) and § 3582(c)(2).

     VI. DISTRICT COURT HAD AUTHORITY TO CONSIDER THE
                  RENEWED § 3582(c)(2) MOTION

      For several reasons, we conclude that under the facts and circumstances here

(1) the district court’s denial of Caraballo’s first § 3582(c)(2) motion on the merits

did not produce a different sentence, or even re-impose the original sentence, and

(2) the district court thus had authority to consider Caraballo’s renewed

§ 3582(c)(2) motion based on the same Guidelines amendment.

      First, there is no express jurisdictional limitation prohibiting Caraballo’s

renewed § 3582(c)(2) motion. The statute itself does not prohibit successive
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§ 3582(c)(2) motions. As Anderson concluded, § 3582(c)(2) “contains no

language that places a limitation on the district court’s jurisdiction to consider

successive motions based on the same amendment to the Sentencing Guidelines.”

772 F.3d at 667. Anderson held that it would be improper to read a jurisdictional

limitation on successive motions into the § 3582(c)(2) statute. Id.

       Anderson is consistent with Supreme Court precedent that requires Congress

to “clearly state[] that a threshold limitation on a statute’s scope shall count as

jurisdictional” before a court can treat the limitation as such. See Arbaugh v. Y&H

Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 515–16, 126 S. Ct. 1235, 1245 (2006). Recognizing this

“bright line” test, other circuits have similarly held that the § 3582(c)(2) statute

does not contain an explicit jurisdictional limitation on successive § 3582(c)(2)

motions based on the same amendment. See United States v. May, 855 F.3d 271,

274-75 (4th Cir. 2017); United States v. Taylor, 778 F.3d 667, 670 (7th Cir.

2015);8 United States v. Trujillo, 713 F.3d 1003, 1006-07 (9th Cir. 2013); United

States v. Weatherspoon, 696 F.3d 416, 421-22 (3d Cir. 2012).

       While Anderson concluded that the § 3582(c)(2) statute does not contain an

express jurisdictional limitation on successive § 3582(c)(2) motions based on the

same amendment, the Court in Anderson did implicitly use another type of
       8
         Although the Fourth and Seventh Circuit courts have ruled that there is no explicit
jurisdictional limitation in § 3582(c)(2) and that district courts have subject matter jurisdiction to
consider successive § 3582(c)(2) motions, both circuits have concluded that there are other
potential non-jurisdictional limitations on successive § 3582(c)(2) motions, which we discuss
later.
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restriction—the law-of-the-case doctrine—to affirm the denial of a successive

§ 3582(c)(2) motion based on the same amendment. Anderson, 772 F.3d at 668-

70. Here though, Caraballo did not appeal the denial of his first § 3582(c)(2)

motion, and thus there is no prior appellate ruling that triggers the law-of-the-case

doctrine here. Further, the government does not make a law-of-the-case argument

on appeal.

      Second, Rule 35(a) does not apply to the denial of Caraballo’s first

§ 3582(c)(2) motion and did not limit the district court’s authority to consider

Caraballo’s renewed § 3582(c)(2) motion. Although Amendment 599 lowered

Caraballo’s Guidelines range to 324 to 405 months’ imprisonment instead of life

on Counts 1 and 2, the district court declined to exercise its discretion to reduce

Caraballo’s original sentence, based on its evaluation of the § 3553(a) factors. As

Caraballo emphasizes, in the adjudication of his first § 3582(c)(2) motion, there

was never a written pronouncement of a sentence or even a reiteration of the

previously imposed sentence. Rather, Caraballo aptly points out what the district

court said in its order denying Caraballo’s first § 3582(c)(2) motion:

      Accordingly, it is ORDERED and ADJUDGED that Defendant’s
      Motion for Retroactive Sentence Reduction Pursuant to Title 18
      U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) and Amendment 599 to the United States
      Sentencing Guidelines (D.E. 351) is DENIED.

Therefore, the life imprisonment sentence that Caraballo is serving is the one

originally imposed upon him when he was convicted. That sentence was not
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modified by the district court in response to Caraballo’s first § 3582(c)(2) motion.

The denial here meant only that the sentence imposed at the time of conviction

continued and was not reduced. Cf. Phillips, 597 F.3d at 1199 (holding that “if a

district court grants a defendant’s § 3582(c)(2) motion, modifies the original

sentence, and imposes a different term of imprisonment, the district court is again

‘sentencing’ the defendant”).

       To construe the particular ruling in Caraballo’s case as a “sentencing” or the

imposition of “a sentence” for purposes of Rule 35(a) and § 3582(c)(2) is neither a

reasonable interpretation of Rule 35(a) nor a reasonable description of what

happened with respect to Caraballo’s first § 3582(c)(2) motion. In addition, the

Supreme Court emphasized in Dillon the limited scope of § 3582(c)(2) proceedings

and that “a district court proceeding under § 3582(c)(2) does not impose a new

sentence in the usual sense.” Dillon, 560 U.S. at 827, 130 S. Ct. at 2691. This is a

further reason why we conclude that the denial of Caraballo’s first § 3582(c)(2)

motion was not a “sentencing” or “a sentence” for purposes of Rule 35(a) and

§ 3582(c)(2) and thus that denial did not trigger the 14-day time limit in Rule 35(a)

or jurisdictionally bar the court from considering a successive § 3582(c)(2)

motion.9

       9
        Although the Seventh Circuit held there is no express jurisdictional limitation in the
§ 3582(c)(2) statute, the Seventh Circuit also concluded that federal prisoners have only one
opportunity, or “one bite at the apple,” to request a sentence modification based on the same
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       Before concluding, we point out what we do not decide here. The

government has argued only that the district court lacked jurisdiction to consider

Caraballo’s successive § 3582(c)(2) motion based on the same Guidelines

amendment. For the reasons outlined above, we reject that argument. In this

appeal, the government has not argued that other non-jurisdictional restrictions

might limit a successive or renewed § 3582(c)(2) motion based on the same

Guidelines amendment.

       For completeness, we note that the Fourth Circuit has concluded that there is

a non-jurisdictional “implied prohibition” of motions for reconsideration of a prior

Guidelines amendment. United States v. Beard, 745 F.3d 288, 292 (7th Cir. 2014) (stating “[i]n
other words, prisoners have only one bite at the apple per retroactive amendment”). The Beard
defendant in 2008 filed a § 3582(c)(2) motion based on the Guidelines amendment lowering
certain crack cocaine offense levels. Id. at 290. The district court denied that § 3582(c)(2)
motion because Beard was sentenced to a ten-year statutorily mandated minimum that had not
changed. Id. In 2012, Beard filed his second § 3582(c)(2) motion requesting that the district
court sentence him under the Fair Sentencing Act’s new mandatory minimums. The district
court denied Beard’s § 3582(c)(2) motion. He filed a motion for reconsideration, which was also
denied. Id.
        The denial of the motion for reconsideration was the sole basis for Beard’s appeal. Id. at
291. In addition to its “one bite at the apple” ruling, the Seventh Circuit said Beard’s motion for
reconsideration was “nothing more in substance than a renewed motion under § 3582(c)(2).” Id.
And “[o]nce the district judge makes a decision, Rule 35 applies and curtails any further power
of revision, unless the Commission again changes the Guidelines and makes that change, too,
retroactive.” Id. at 292. Although the Seventh Circuit cited Rule 35, there was no analysis of
Rule 35(a)’s language or why it applied. The Seventh Circuit appears instead to be imposing a
non-jurisdictional case processing rule as to successive § 3582(c)(2) motions. See id. at 291
(stating that Beard presented the question of whether § 3582(c)(2) contains a jurisdictional bar on
successive motions or if the statute “imposes only a non-jurisdictional case processing rule”).
We note that if Rule 35 applies to a denial of a prior § 3582(c)(2) motion, it would in fact give a
second bite at the apple, if the bite is taken within 14 days.
        In any event, as we explain later, there are non-jurisdictional limitations on successive or
renewed § 3582(c)(2) motions, but we narrowly rule here that there is no jurisdictional limitation
when a district court denies, as opposed to grants, an initial § 3582(c)(2) motion and does not
impose a different sentence.
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denial of a § 3582(c)(2) motion. May, 855 F.3d at 275 (stating that § 3582(c)(2)

does not expressly authorize or prohibit a motion for reconsideration in

§ 3582(c)(2) cases but concluding that an “implied prohibition” exists).10

       Although the Fourth Circuit agrees that there is no express jurisdictional

limitation in the § 3582(c)(2) statute, the Fourth Circuit has concluded that “the

clear intent of § 3582 [is] to constrain postjudgment sentence modifications.” Id.

(quoting United States v. Goodwyn, 596 F.3d 233, 236 (4th Cir. 2010)). Given

“§ 3582(c)(2)’s silence on a district court’s authority to grant motions for

reconsideration, coupled with sentence finality interests,” the Fourth Circuit stated

that this “implied prohibition” is “non-jurisdictional and thus subject to waiver.”

Id.; see also Goodwyn, 596 F.3d at 235-36 (construing a successive § 3582(c)(2)

motion as a “motion for reconsideration” and reversing the district court’s grant of

the “motion for reconsideration” of a prior grant of a § 3582(c)(2) motion because

§ 3582(c)(2) does not authorize motions for reconsideration). The government has

not asked that we construe Caraballo’s renewed § 3582(c)(2) motion as a motion

       10
         The Fourth Circuit cites Anderson and Beard as also comporting with its “implied
prohibition” ruling in May. See 855 F.3d at 275. But Beard involved Rule 35, and Anderson’s
holding permitted a successive § 3582(c)(2) motion where the district court’s denial of the first
§ 3582(c)(2) motion was deemed a procedural denial. We do not read these two decisions the
way the Fourth Circuit did in May.

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for reconsideration and has not made the arguments addressed by the Fourth

Circuit in May, and thus we do not address or decide them either. 11

VII. THE DISTRICT COURT DID NOT ABUSE ITS DISCRETION IN
      DENYING CARABALLO’S RENEWED § 3582(c)(2) MOTION

       Because the district court had authority to rule on Caraballo’s renewed

§ 3582(c)(2) motion, we next consider whether the district court abused its

discretion in denying that motion.

       Under § 3582(c)(2), the district court must undertake a two-step process.

Dillon, 560 U.S. at 826-27, 130 S. Ct. at 2691. First, the district court must

       11
            The Ninth and Third Circuits’ decisions in Trujillo and Weatherspoon are cited in May
and Beard as adopting a similar implied prohibition on successive § 3582(c)(2) motions. See
May, 855 F.3d at 275 (indicating that its conclusion that there is an implied, non-jurisdictional
prohibition on § 3582(c)(2)-based motions for reconsideration “comports with the decisions of
. . . our sister circuits” and citing Trujillo and Weatherspoon); Beard, 745 F.3d at 291-92 (stating
that Trujillo and Weatherspoon stand for the proposition that the § 3582(c)(2) statute created a
non-jurisdictional rule “under which successive motions are prohibited and should be denied as
outside the scope of the statute”).
          However, Trujillo and Weatherspoon were much more limited. While acknowledging
that there is no express jurisdictional limitation on successive § 3582(c)(2) motions within the
statute itself, those courts refused to address the government’s arguments regarding
non-jurisdictional bars to such motions because the government waived those arguments by
failing to timely raise them. See Trujillo, 713 F.3d at 1007-08 (“Holding as we do that the
district court had jurisdiction to entertain Trujillo’s second motion under § 3582(c)(2), we need
not address the validity or applicability of non-jurisdictional restrictions of such motions urged
by the government . . . . Those non-jurisdictional challenges were waived by the government’s
failure to object in the district court.”); Weatherspoon, 696 F.3d at 422 (“Having assured
ourselves that the District Court had subject matter jurisdiction to consider Weatherspoon’s
second § 3582(c)(2) motion, we will not further consider the government’s arguments that
Weatherspoon was barred from filing a second § 3582(c)(2) motion based on the same
Guidelines amendment. The government did not raise these arguments before the District Court
and therefore they are waived.”).
          We follow the example of our sister circuits in Trujillo and Weatherspoon and decline to
address the validity or applicability of other potential non-jurisdictional bars to successive
§ 3582(c)(2) motions because the issue is not now before us.
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determine if the defendant is eligible for relief, i.e., whether a retroactive

Guidelines amendment actually lowers his applicable Guidelines range. Id. If so,

the district court must then “consider any applicable § 3553(a) factors and

determine whether, in its discretion, the reduction authorized . . . is warranted in

whole or in part under the particular circumstances of the case.” 12 Id. at 827, 130

S. Ct. at 2692.

       As to step one, the parties and the district court agree that Amendment 599

applies retroactively, that Amendment 599 lowered Caraballo’s Guidelines range,

and that Caraballo was eligible for a sentence reduction under § 3582(c)(2).

       As to step two, the district court, after explicitly weighing all of the pertinent

§ 3553(a) factors, found that Caraballo’s life sentence “is sufficient, but not greater

than necessary,” to address those statutory factors. In so holding, the district court

referred back to the reasons it gave in denying Caraballo’s initial motion for a

sentence reduction in July 2015. In that order, the district court clearly and

thoroughly explained that life imprisonment remained an appropriate sentence

based on the serious and heinous nature of Caraballo’s crimes, the need for

adequate deterrence, and the need to protect the public from future crimes. See

       12
          The § 3553(a) factors include: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the
history and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need for the sentence imposed to, inter alia,
reflect the seriousness of the offense, provide just punishment, afford adequate deterrence, and
protect the public; (3) the kinds of sentences available; (4) the applicable sentencing range under
the Guidelines; (5) any pertinent Sentencing Commission policy statement; and (6) the need to
avoid unwarranted disparities among defendants. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
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United States v. Williams, 557 F.3d 1254, 1256 (11th Cir. 2009) (per curiam)

(explaining that district courts must consider the § 3553(a) factors when analyzing

a § 3582(c)(2) motion, but need not articulate the applicability of each factor “as

long as the record as a whole demonstrates that the pertinent factors were taken

into account by the district court”) (quotation marks omitted).

      To the extent Caraballo argues that the district court erred in denying him an

evidentiary hearing on the subject of his remorse, district courts are not required to

hold hearings in § 3582 proceedings or to even have the defendant present.

Phillips, 597 F.3d at 1198 n.18. In addition, the record reflects that the district

court did take this new revelation into account.

      To the extent Caraballo argues that the district court did not give sufficient

weight to his post-conviction conduct when it weighed the § 3553(a) factors, the

district court is not required to consider such conduct, and the record reflects that

the district court did weigh the § 3553(a) factors and Caraballo’s post-conviction

conduct when denying his motion. See Williams, 557 F.3d at 1256-57 (noting that,

in considering § 3582(c)(2) motions, district courts “may” consider a defendant’s

post-sentencing conduct but that the decision of whether to reduce a defendant’s

sentence lies within the sound discretion of the district court).

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                              VIII. CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s denial of Caraballo’s

renewed motion for a sentence reduction under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2).

      AFFIRMED.

                                         34