Court Opinion

ID: 4463817
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-12-12 20:02:34.448126+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:53:41.867805
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/12/19

                            CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                             FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                       DIVISION THREE

 THE PEOPLE,

     Plaintiff and Respondent,                       G055874

         v.                                          (Super. Ct. No. 15NF1695)

 DONALD LEVAN CLARK,                                 OPINION

     Defendant and Appellant.

                 Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, David A.
Hoffer, Judge. Affirmed.
                 Cathryn L. Rosciam, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
                 Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, A. Natasha Cortina,
Lynne G. McGinnis and Steven T. Oetting, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
                                   *          *          *
              A jury convicted defendant Donald Levan Clark of human trafficking of a
                                                                     1
minor (Pen. Code, § 236.1, subd. (c)(1) (section 236.1(c)); count 1), attempted pimping
of a minor (§§ 664, subd. (a), 266h, subd. (b)(1); count 2), and pandering (§ 266i, subd.
(a); count 3). The court sentenced defendant to a total state prison term of 16 years as
follows: (1) the middle term of eight years on count 1, which was doubled to 16 years
pursuant to the “Three Strikes” law; (2) the middle term of two years on count 2, which
was doubled to four years pursuant to the Three Strikes law; and (3) the middle term of
four years on count 3, which was doubled to eight years pursuant to the Three Strikes
law. Sentences on counts 2 and 3 were stayed pursuant to section 654. The court also
struck defendant’s prison prior, ordered defendant to register as a sex offender, and
required defendant to pay a $300 sex offender fine, $120 in court operations fees, and a
$90 criminal conviction assessment.
              Defendant raises six primary issues on appeal. First, he contends there was
insufficient evidence to sustain his conviction for human trafficking of a minor because
the victim was not a real person or minor. Second, he claims there was insufficient
evidence to sustain his conviction for attempted pimping. Third, he argues the court
improperly admitted prejudicial evidence that he was pimping and pandering other
women. Fourth, he contends the People’s expert witness improperly opined defendant
was guilty of the charged crimes and usurped the jury’s fact-finding function. Fifth, he
claims his confrontation and due process rights were violated because he could not
effectively cross-examine the People’s expert witness. Finally, he argues the court erred
by failing to instruct the jury on an essential element of human trafficking of a minor.
              We disagree with all of defendant’s contentions on appeal and affirm the
judgment in full. In doing so, we part company with our colleagues in People v. Shields
(2018) 23 Cal.App.5th 1242 (Shields) and the majority in People v. Moses (2019) 38
1
              All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise
stated.

                                             2
Cal.App.5th 757, review granted November 26, 2019, S258143 (Moses). Section
236.1(c) has two distinct prongs. The statute is violated when a person either (1) causes,
induces, or persuades a person who is a minor to engage in a commercial sex act (the
Completed Act Prong) or (2) attempts to cause, induce, or persuade a person who is a
minor to engage in a commercial sex act (the Attempted Act Prong.) Shields and the
majority in Moses held that a violation of the Attempted Act Prong of section 236.1(c)
requires the target to be an actual minor, not a fictional minor impersonated by a police
officer. We respectfully disagree with the court’s reasoning in both cases and hold that a
person violates the Attempted Act Prong of section 236.1(c) by engaging in the
prohibited conduct whether the target is an actual minor or not.

                                          FACTS
The Incident
               Happy Medina, an Anaheim police officer, worked as an investigator for
the Orange County human trafficking task force and investigated crimes related to human
trafficking. As part of his duties, he maintained a Facebook page posing as a fictional 17-
year-old female named Jessica Bryant. Jessica’s Facebook page suggested she was a
prostitute and included posts related to pimping and prostitution.
               On May 25, 2015, defendant sent a message to Jessica using a Facebook
account. After Jessica responded, defendant replied, “My name is P Famous Da Great.”
He asked her, “How’s your situation?” She responded, “Hoes don’t get holiday pay.” He
then asked her how old she was, and she said 17 years old. Defendant asked when she
would turn 18, and she responded, “Not soon enough.” He told her he would be 25 years
old in the following month.
               On May 27, 2015, defendant sent another Facebook message to Jessica. He
said, “I’m waiting on you.” Jessica responded she had “ten toes on the ground,” which
was a reference to prostitution. She also asked what defendant wanted from her, and he

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responded, “Your loyalty, dedication and your trust.” Defendant promised to give her the
same. Jessica then asked about defendant’s “price tag,” and he said it was $2,500. At
trial, Medina explained this referred to a “choose up fee,” which is a fee a prostitute pays
to a new pimp to work with him. When Jessica told defendant his fee was too high, he
responded he was “hoeless” but “2500 was [his] fee in 2011 when [he] was seven deep,
so [he was] not [going to] change it now.” She asked defendant how much he expected
her to make a night, and he answered, “500 plus.” Defendant gave his phone number to
her and told her to call him. Medina searched the phone number online and found an
advertisement with defendant’s phone number on a Web site advertising prostitution
services.
              On May 29, 2015, defendant contacted Jessica again and said
“S.M.M.F.P.F.H.” Medina interpreted this to mean “shake my mother fucking P Famous
head.” Jessica told defendant she was considering working with a different pimp who
would take 10 percent of the choose up fee, which was $250. Defendant said he was
willing to do the same.
              On May 31, 2015, Jessica asked defendant, “W Yo’ plans for me? Track
shit or da back page?” Defendant responded both but that he prefers the track, which is
an area where prostitutes solicit business. Defendant told Jessica to “choose up,” “come
to [Los Angeles],” and “stay down for his crown” (i.e., give him her loyalty). Defendant
called her a “hoe” and said it would just be the two of them until he had the opportunity
to “knock another bitch.” Jessica asked defendant for a photograph, and he sent a
photograph showing him lying on a bed with money on his chest and stomach. He also
sent a photograph of him smiling and asked Jessica for a photograph. Medina sent a
manipulated photograph of a female and repeated she was 17 years old. Defendant
answered, “C.T.F.U. [crack the fuck up] Yeah. Okay, lil’ hoe.”
              Over the next few days, Jessica told defendant she had a fight with her
mother and had an aunt who was on her death bed. She said she was going to go to San

                                             4
Diego. Defendant said, “Come to me.” On June 10, 2015, defendant contacted Jessica
and asked where she was. She said she was back home from San Diego, and defendant
responded he was still waiting on her and encouraged her to go to Los Angeles. Jessica
asked if defendant would help her buy a car because she was only 17 years old. He
agreed and said, “Just come down.”
              Jessica later sent a message to defendant and tried to negotiate a better
choose up fee. Defendant said he wanted $500. After Jessica responded this was not
what they had originally discussed, defendant called her a “hoe” and “fake ass bitch.”
Jessica then told him to “have a nice life” and suggested she had intended to send a $250
choose up fee to defendant. He told her to bring the money to him before he “find[s]
[her] and beat[s her] ass.” He also said he had “knocked two hoes the night prior” and
had “another one planning to come from Oregon soon.” Defendant then said she could
bring the choose up fee to him in person or send it through PayPal. He explained she
could get a PayPal account at a 7-Eleven store and gave specific instructions about how
she could get a PayPal card.
              On June 13, 2015, defendant contacted Jessica again. At one point,
defendant said he did not “have any other hoes at that time and . . . wanted [her].” He
told Jessica she could send the choose up fee by getting a card at a CVS or Walmart store
and sent a photograph of a PayPal card. They eventually agreed Jessica would go to a
Walmart store and arrange a wire transfer. During this conversation, Jessica mentioned
she had a 16-year-old friend named Kimmie. Defendant responded, “Tell Kimmie to
choose up as well.” He said he expected both of them to be with him by his birthday and
told Jessica to send a $400 choose up fee for both of them.
              On June 17, 2015, defendant and Jessica exchanged messages again.
Medina then had a female officer call defendant and pretend to be Jessica. They talked
about how long it would take Jessica to pay off the choose up fee and how much she
could charge for certain sex acts. When Jessica asked how much she could make for a

                                             5
“blow job,” defendant said she could make at least $60. She also asked if he would
provide the condoms, and defendant agreed. Jessica eventually said she and Kimmie
were at a Walmart store where they were arranging to send the choose up fee to
defendant. She said she would go to Los Angeles to meet defendant the next day, and
defendant gave her instructions on how to take a bus to Union Station where he would
pick her up. Jessica reminded defendant she was 17 years old and Kimmie was 16 years
old. Defendant said he “[did not] care about none of that.” After the call, Medina wired
the money to defendant and asked if defendant received the money. Although defendant
suggested he received the money, he was arrested the next day before he actually picked
up the money.

The Court’s Evidentiary Rulings
             At trial, the court admitted three categories of evidence at issue in this
appeal. First, the court admitted defendant’s text messages with third parties. Medina
testified about each of these conversations. In one conversation, defendant encouraged a
woman in Oregon to come to Los Angeles and work for him. He told her his choose up
fee was $2,500 and said she could make $1,000 a night in Las Vegas. He also told her he
had been pimping for five years and had worked in more than seven states.
             In another conversation, defendant communicated with a woman named
“Lele,” a prostitute who formerly worked for defendant. Defendant told Lele to “[g]et a
fee and come home.” Defendant also told her he had three other women and “the Snow
Bunny” coming over on his birthday. Medina explained a “snow bunny” is a white
prostitute and believed this was a reference to Jessica. When Lele indicated she was not
interested in working for defendant, he threatened her and said he had other girls working
for him.
             Defendant exchanged messages with another woman named Destiny, a
prostitute who formerly worked for defendant. Destiny complained about how defendant

                                             6
treated her while he was her pimp. Defendant told her he was a pimp and tried to
convince her to work for him again.
              Defendant also had conversations with several unidentified women. In one
conversation with a woman he met on Facebook, defendant told her he was a pimp and
encouraged her to be his prostitute. In another conversation, defendant told a woman to
come to the track and work for him. He also communicated with a woman named
“Passion.” He told her to stop using that name and asked her to choose a “Young
Compton P.” In another conversation, he told a woman, “If you make 200 tonight, we
gonna get you some heels tomorrow.” Defendant also told her to be mindful of the time
she was taking with each sex purchaser because “any extra time is more money.”
              Finally, defendant exchanged messages with another pimp. They talked
about certain prostitution areas and referred to each other as “P.”
              In admitting the text messages, the court required the People to redact
certain information, including references to defendant being on parole and a “concession”
regarding defendant’s “past.” The court found the text messages were probative of
defendant’s intent in communicating with Jessica who was a fictional minor. The court
explained: “[T]he jury has got to decide whether there is an innocent explanation for this
or whether . . . these communications on Facebook [with Jessica] indicate an attempt to
induce somebody to engage in commercial sex.” The court further stated: “[Y]ou’ve got
to be able to look at [defendant’s conversations with Jessica] in context to understand
what the intent is behind them. And I think the only way to do that is to know the whole
context . . . . These text messages are tremendously probative on that point . . . .”
According to the court, defendant used “language [in the text messages] and discuss[ed]
things which would show that he’s really immersed in . . . the culture of prostitution.
There are even instances where he basically just says I’m a pimp, and I think that those
give context to what he might be talking about in these . . . Facebook discussions with
somebody who he allegedly believed was underage.”

                                              7
              In weighing the probative value and prejudicial effect of the text messages,
the court noted there was a risk the text messages “might convince the jury to find
[defendant] guilty” based on his past conduct. The court acknowledged it was a “close
question” but ultimately found the prejudicial impact and probative value were in “equal
poise.”
              Second, the court admitted defendant’s posts on his Facebook and
                                                             2
Instagram accounts, which included photographs and memes related to pimping and
pandering. The court found the evidence was “highly relevant” to show “what
[defendant’s] intent was when he was speaking with the fictitious Jessica . . . encouraging
her to work for him.” The court also found the probative value outweighed the
prejudicial impact and required the parties to agree upon redactions.
              Third, the court admitted certain photographs and videos retrieved from
defendant’s cell phone. The court excluded all photographs that were duplicates of
defendant’s posts on Facebook and Instagram. The court also excluded all photographs
depicting defendant with large amounts of money. The court admitted a photograph of
defendant holding around $200 while lying on a bed. Because defendant had sent this
photograph to Jessica, the court found it was relevant. The court also admitted two
additional photographs: (1) a photograph that said “Fly Guy P Famous the Great and
Stay Down, Bitch”; and (2) a photograph of defendant with several memes, including one
                                                 3
meme that said “Faggotville Population: You.” The court found these photographs
show defendant was “involved in the lifestyle of pimping” and contained many of the
terms Medina had defined for the jury.

2
              Medina explained that a meme is a picture with a word or description on it.
3
              Based on our review of the record, it appears the court admitted additional
photographs retrieved from defendant’s cell phone. Plaintiff generally identifies these as
“photo[graphs] . . . mostly of pimping and prostitution-related memes, and photo[graphs]
of [defendant] displaying cash.”

                                             8
              With respect to the videos, the court excluded two videos but admitted one
video that showed defendant counting $60 while talking about “big racks,” a reference to
making money through prostitution. Although the video was prejudicial, the court found
it was “powerfully probative” because it gave “meaning to the conversations that
[defendant had] with [Jessica].” Because the video did not show defendant committing a
crime and involved a small amount of money, the court held the prejudicial impact did
not substantially outweigh the probative value.
              The court also excluded another video depicting defendant with a large sum
of money in his hands but allowed the People to play the audio. The court redacted
portions of the audio and admitted the remainder because “the discussion of pimping and
the culture of pimping is more relevant than it is prejudicial.” According to the court, the
audio “allows the People when combined with all other evidence including the text
messages and the photographs to present their case the defendant is deeply involved in
the lifestyle of pimping without creating the potential for the jury to find the defendant
guilty because of other pimping . . . .”

                                       DISCUSSION

Defendant’s Conviction for Human Trafficking of a Minor
              Relying principally on Shields, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th 1242, defendant
argues the evidence is insufficient to sustain his conviction for human trafficking of a
minor because Jessica was not a minor — she was a fictitious person. He contends the
People had to prove Jessica was an actual minor under 18 years of age because they
charged him with the completed offense of human trafficking of a minor. The People
disagree, claiming the plain language of section 236.1(c) does not require an actual
minor. They argue the statute “incorporate[s] attempts into the definition of the criminal
offense and thus provide[s] punishment for those attempts.” Because the commission of

                                              9
an attempt does not require proof of any specific element of the completed crime, the
People contend the attempt prong of section 236.1(c) can be violated when there is no
actual minor. The People also argue a finding that no actual minor is required comports
with the electorate’s intent in enacting Proposition 35, the Californians Against Sexual
Exploitation Act (CASE Act).
              The People have the better argument. We hold that the electorate, in
adopting the CASE Act, defined the single crime of human trafficking of a minor in two
separate ways — an attempted act and a completed act — each of which it chose to
                   4
punish identically. The phrase “attempt to commit a crime” is a well-established term of
art in the criminal law. It is also well-established that the defense of factual impossibility
is foreclosed when the proscribed unlawful act is charged as an attempt. Thus, where the
act is attempted, but not completed, defendant may not rely on factual impossibility as a
defense. Accordingly, the existence of an actual minor is not required where defendant is
charged with an attempt under the statute.
              We start with the words of the statute. Section 236.1(c) provides: “A
person who causes, induces, or persuades, or attempts to cause, induce, or persuade, a
person who is a minor at the time of commission of the offense to engage in a
commercial sex act, with the intent to effect or maintain a violation of [s]ection 266,
266h, 266i, 266j, 267, 311.1, 311.2, 311.3, 311.4, 311.5, 311.6, or 518 is guilty of human

4
               We do not rely on the supposed intent of the electorate as being helpful in
our interpretation of the statute. We rely only on the actual words chosen by the
electorate and relevant law in our interpretation of those words. Although the People cite
ballot materials showing the electorate passed Proposition 35 with the intent to make the
crime of human trafficking of a minor easier to prove, to allow law enforcement to track
and prevent online sex offenses and human trafficking, and to provide greater
punishment, those purposes are not helpful in determining how section 236.1(c) is to be
interpreted or applied.

                                              10
            5
trafficking.” Plainly, the statute has two distinct prongs. The statute is violated when a
person either (1) causes, induces, or persuades a person who is a minor to engage in a
commercial sex act (the Completed Act Prong) or (2) attempts to cause, induce, or
persuade a person who is a minor to engage in a commercial sex act (the Attempted Act
Prong). The punishment for violation of either prong is identical, and includes a state
prison term of 5, 8, or 12 years (§ 236.1(c)(1)), or 15 years to life if the offense involves
force, fear, fraud, deceit, violence, duress, menace, or threat of unlawful injury to the
victim or to another person (§ 236.1(c)(2)). Here, the People pursued defendant’s
conviction under the Attempted Act Prong of the statute — the prong that has generated
confusion and the interpretation of which results in our departure from the reasoning of
our colleagues in Shields, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th 1242 and the majority opinion in Moses,
supra, 38 Cal.App.5th 757, review granted.
                The factual backgrounds in both Shields and Moses are, for purposes of
analyzing the issue before us, essentially identical. In Shields, the defendant became
friends with a fictional 17-year-old prostitute through her Facebook page, which was
created by an undercover officer. (Shields, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 1244.)
Defendant’s relationship and conversations with the fictional minor ultimately led to his
arrest. (Id. at p. 1247.) In reversing his conviction, the court held the third element of the
offense — the victim must be under 18 years of age — could not be satisfied because the
victim was not an actual minor. (Shields, at p. 1256.) In Moses, the defendant also
communicated with a fictional 17-year-old prostitute through an Internet site. (Moses,
supra, 38 Cal.App.5th at pp. 759-760, review granted.) Those conversations with the
fictional minor also ultimately led to his arrest. (Id. at p. 760.) As in Shields, the
majority of another panel of this court likewise reversed the conviction because the

5
               The enumerated statutes define various sex crimes including procuring a
minor for prostitution, pimping, pandering, abduction of a minor for prostitution, sale and
distribution of obscene matter, obscene live conduct, and extortion.

                                              11
victim was not an actual minor. (Moses, at p. 759.) We disagree with the analysis in
Shields and the majority opinion in Moses.
              We begin with a seemingly simple definition. Section 21a defines the
phrase “attempt to commit a crime” thusly: “An attempt to commit a crime consists of
two elements: a specific intent to commit the crime, and a direct but ineffectual act done
toward its commission.” The Penal Code guides our interpretation of its provisions.
Section 7, subdivision (16) provides that “[w]ords and phrases must be construed
according to the context and the approved usage of the language; but technical words and
phrases, and such others as may have acquired a peculiar and appropriate meaning in
law, must be construed according to such peculiar and appropriate meaning.” (Italics
added.) The phrase “attempt to commit a crime” (§ 21a) as used in the criminal law, is
one of those words that has “acquired a peculiar and appropriate meaning in law,” and
accordingly “must be construed according to such peculiar and appropriate meaning.”
(§ 7, subd. 16; cf. In re Estate of Kirby (1912) 162 Cal. 91, 93 [word “murder” is a
technical word that “has acquired a peculiar and appropriate meaning in the law”].)
“[W]hen a word used in a statute has a well-established legal meaning, it will be given
that meaning in construing the statute. This has long been the law of California: ‘The
rule of construction of statutes is plain. Where they make use of words and phrases of a
well-known and definite sense in the law, they are to be received and expounded in the
same sense in the statute.’” (Arnett v. Dal Cielo (1996) 14 Cal. 4th 4, 19.) As used
throughout the Penal Code, therefore, an “attempt to commit a crime” embodies both “a
specific intent to commit the crime, and a direct but ineffectual act done toward its
commission.” (§ 21a.)
              Despite the ubiquitous use of the attempt to commit a crime language in the
Penal Code as having the meaning ascribed to it in section 21a, the court in Shields, and
the majority opinion in Moses, held the phrase had a different meaning in section
236.1(c). Those courts held that the attempt to commit the crime of causing, inducing, or

                                             12
persuading a person who is a minor at the time of commission of the offense to engage in
a commercial sex act meant something more than required by section 21a — the
existence of an actual minor. In effect, those courts rewrote the Attempted Act Prong of
section 236.1(c) to require proof of an element of the completed crime, in derogation of
section 21a which does not require such proof. (Shields, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at p.
1250 [referring to the “false premise that section 236.1(c) criminalizes an attempt to
commit a crime”]; Moses, supra, 38 Cal.App.5th at p. 761 [“We find the Shields analysis
persuasive concerning the distinction between a traditional ‘attempt’ crime and the
discrete crime described in section 236.1(c)”], review granted.)
              Defendant has not identified any section of the Penal Code that uses the
word “attempt” or the phrase “attempt to commit a crime” to mean something other than
the definition in section 21a. And we are aware of only one such instance. Section 240
defines the crime of assault this way: “An assault is an unlawful attempt, coupled with a
present ability, to commit a violent injury on the person of another.” (Italics added.) In
considering this statutory definition of assault, our Supreme Court noted that despite the
definition’s use of the word “attempt,” the crime of assault is recognized to be a general
intent crime, thus making the definition of “assault” seemingly inconsistent with the
statutory definition of “attempt” which requires a specific intent. (People v. Colantuono
(1994) 7 Cal. 4th 206, 216, abrogated by statute on another ground as stated in People v.
Conley (2016) 63 Cal. 4th 646, 660, fn. 4, italics added.) The Court explained that “the
Legislature of 1872 used the reference [to attempt] only in its ordinary sense, not as the
term of art we currently conceptualize, i.e., a failed or ineffectual effort to commit a
substantive offense.” (Ibid.) Here, we do not have a historical anomaly “developed at an
earlier day than the doctrine of criminal attempt in general . . . .” (Colantuono at p. 216.)
We have instead language chosen by the electorate in 2012, some 26 years after the
enactment of the statutory definition of “attempt” (Stats. 1986, ch. 519 § 1), and the even
earlier adoption of similar language at common law. (See, e.g., People v. Anderson

                                             13
(1934) 1 Cal. 2d 687, 689 [“An attempt to commit a crime consists of two elements, viz.,
the intent to commit it, and a direct, ineffectual act done toward its commission”].)
              Accordingly, applying the well understood definition of “attempt to commit
a crime,” as we must, (§ 7, subd. (16)) to the Attempted Act Prong of section 236.1(c),
we see that the Attempted Act Prong of the statute is violated when a person specifically
intends to take a direct act to cause, induce, or persuade a minor to commit a commercial
sex act intending to effect or maintain a violation of one of the enumerated sex offenses,
and actually takes the intended direct act. That the minor does not exist means only that
the attempt failed — a violation of the Attempted Act Prong of section 236.1(c) is
complete when the intended act is taken, even though it fails.
              Our recognition that the Attempted Act Prong of section 236.1(c)
constitutes but one of two separate means by which the statute may be violated brings
with it the additional recognition that factual impossibility is not a defense to the
Attempted Act Prong of the statute. “[F]actual impossibility is not a defense to a charge
of attempt.” (People v. Peppars (1983) 140 Cal. App. 3d 677, 688.) And this concept has
been employed routinely by law enforcement officers in the course of enforcing sex
crimes against minors. (See People v. Korwin (2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 682, 688
[defendant guilty of attempting to communicate with fictitious minor portrayed by police
officer in violation of § 288.3, subd. (a)]; People v. Reed (1996) 53 Cal. App. 4th 389, 396
(Reed) [defendant found guilty of attempted lewd conduct as to a fictitious child victim
portrayed by a police officer].) Under these principles, guilt under the Attempted Act
Prong of section 236.1(c) is not dependent upon the existence of an actual minor.
              As we have noted, Shields and the majority opinion in Moses concluded
that a violation of the Attempted Act Prong of section 236.1(c) requires the existence of
an actual minor victim — a police officer could not be used as a decoy to establish the
offense. The majority opinion in Moses relied heavily on the analysis in Shields. But the
dissenting opinion in Moses disagreed with the Shields analysis and concluded that it was

                                              14
“inconsistent with how our Supreme Court and appellate courts have interpreted similar
criminal statutes penalizing attempts.” (Moses, supra, 38 Cal.App.5th at p. 768, (dis.
opn. of Aronson, J.), review granted.) The dissenting opinion in Moses further concluded
that the Shields analysis “requiring an actual minor victim, contradicts the stated findings
and purposes of the CASE Act.” (Id. at p. 774 (dis.opn. of Aronson, J.) We agree with
Justice Aronson’s well-reasoned dissent in Moses.
              The fundamental point of our disagreement with Shields, and the majority
opinion in Moses, is what seems to us to be an unsupported assumption in both cases that
simply because section 236.1(c) requires the victim or the attempted victim to be a minor,
an actual minor victim must necessarily be present under the Attempted Act Prong of the
statute. This unsupported assumption ignores the reality that the electorate chose to
punish both the attempt and the completed crime equally. The successful persuasion of a
minor to commit a commercial sex act, and the attempt to persuade a minor to commit a
commercial sex act, are equally blameworthy in the eyes of the statute. This choice by
the electorate does not require a rewriting of the law of attempt. It simply requires that
the elements of the Attempted Act Prong and the Completed Act Prong be recognized as
differing, and that the defenses available under each prong may differ. Specifically,
factual impossibility may be a defense under the Completed Act Prong (the victim turns
out to be an adult), but not under the Attempted Act Prong (attempt is punished even in
absence of an actual minor victim).
              The opinion in Shields, and the majority opinion in Moses, rely upon what
those courts believed was the “plain meaning” of section 236.1(c) (Moses, supra, 38
Cal.App.5th at pp. 761, 765-766, review granted) and the structure of CALCRIM No.
1244 (Shields, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1254-1256), to conclude that an actual minor
must be the victim under both prongs of the statute. In doing so, both courts failed to
give any consideration to the “plain meaning” of an “attempt to commit a crime,” a
phrase that has a “peculiar and appropriate meaning in law” (§ 7, subd. (16)), or the fact

                                             15
that the statute punishes a violation of the Attempted Act Prong and the Completed Act
Prong identically. As to reliance on the “plain language” rationale, we note that section
288, subdivision (a) provides: “[A] person who willfully and lewdly commits any lewd
or lascivious act, . . . upon or with the body, or any part or member thereof, of a child
who is under the age of 14 years, with the intent of arousing, appealing to, or gratifying
the lust, passions, or sexual desires of that person or the child, is guilty of a felony and
shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for three, six, or eight years.” The
“plain language” of section 288, subdivision (a) requires a minor victim under the age of
14. Yet an actual minor child is not required when defendant is charged with attempting
to commit a lewd act on a child under the age of 14. (Reed, supra, 53 Cal.App.4th at p.
396.) The law recognizes that factual impossibility is not a defense to the attempt. The
only difference between Reed, and cases like it, and the instant case is that here the crime
of attempt is made part of section 236.1(c), making the attempted act equally
blameworthy to the completed act and making equal the punishment for both the
attempted act and the completed act. The difference does not lie in a “plain reading” of
the statute. It lies instead in the electorate’s choice to punish both the attempted act and
the completed act equally.
              Finally, on the “plain reading” point, as Justice Aronson pointed out in his
dissent in Moses, the recent case of People v. Korwin, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th 682, is
persuasive. In Korwin, the court construed section 288.3, subdivision (a) which provides:
“Every person who contacts or communicates with a minor, or attempts to contact or
communicate with a minor, who knows or reasonably should know that the person is a
minor, with intent to commit an offense specified in Section 207, 209, 261, 264.1, 273a,
286, 287, 288, 288.2, 289, 311.1, 311.2, 311.4 or 311.11, or former Section 288a,
involving the minor shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for the term
prescribed for an attempt to commit the intended offense.” (Italics added.) The Korwin
court held that the attempt prong of the statute did not require that an actual minor be the

                                              16
victim. The attempt prong of the statute was violated by communications with a
fictitious minor portrayed by a police officer. (Korwin, at p. 688.) Here again, the
attempted act prong and the completed act prong are punished equally, and the Korwin
court held the statute “incorporates attempt into the crime itself.” (Ibid.)
              Although infrequent, and as also noted by the dissenting opinion in Moses,
other statutes have incorporated attempt as part of the substantive crime itself, and have
                                                                 6
punished both the attempt and the completed crime identically, and courts considering
these statutes have held that section 21a applies to the attempt prong. (Moses, supra, 38
Cal.App.5th at p. 771 (dis. opn. of Aronson, J.) [§ 136.1, subd. (a) [“prevents or
dissuades” a witness from testifying, or “attempts to prevent or dissuade” a witness from
testifying], review granted; §§ 4530, subd. (a), 4532, subd. (a)(1) [“escapes or attempts to
escape”].) To those examples, we would add section 288.3 as noted above.
              Another argument made in the majority opinion in Moses, is that section
236.1, subdivision (f) somehow precludes an interpretation that the Attempted Act Prong
incorporates an attempt as defined in section 21a. Subdivision (f) provides: “Mistake of
fact as to the age of a victim of human trafficking who is a minor at the time of the
commission of the offense is not a defense to a criminal prosecution under this section.”
Although somewhat murky, the Moses court appeared to reason that because mistake of
fact is normally a defense to the crime of attempt, and because subdivision (f) precludes
reliance on a mistake of age defense, the attempt referred to in section 236.1(c) is not a
section 21a attempt. But as pointed out in the dissenting opinion in Moses, section
236.1(c) “is a statement of public policy barring the mistake of age defense in cases
where there is an actual minor victim. The defense would still be available for human
trafficking crimes not involving actual minors, unless precluded on other grounds.”

6
             Section 664, which generally prescribes punishments for the crime of
attempt under section 21a, applies only “where no provision is made by law for the
punishment of . . . attempts.” (§ 664.)

                                             17
(Moses, supra, 38 Cal.App.5th at pp. 773-774 (dis. opn. of Aronson, J.), review granted.)
And, as also pointed out by Justice Aronson in his dissenting opinion, in Reed, supra, 53
Cal. App. 4th 389, the court held that a mistake of fact about the existence of minor
victims was not a defense to the crime of attempting to molest them because although the
victims were fictional and created by undercover detectives (Moses, at p. 774 (dis. opn. of
Aronson, J.), “if the circumstances had been as defendant believed them to be, he would
have found in the room he entered two girls under fourteen available for him to engage in
lewd and lascivious conduct with them.” (Reed, at p. 397.) Thus, a defense often utilized
in attempt cases may be precluded in certain types of cases as a matter of public policy.
Although the mistake of age defense is unavailable, the prosecution still has the burden to
prove that defendant specifically intended to take a direct act to cause, induce, or
persuade a minor to commit a commercial sex act intending to effect or maintain a
violation of one of the enumerated sex offenses, and actually took the direct act, even
though the direct act was ineffectual.

The Jury Was Properly Instructed
              Defendant argues that if we do not reverse his human trafficking of a minor
conviction for insufficiency of the evidence we should nevertheless reverse for a new
trial because the jury was improperly instructed. His argument is a rehash of his
insufficiency argument and fails for the same reasons. Specifically, he argues that the
court failed to instruct the jury that the statute requires an actual minor to exist. He also
argues it was error for the court to instruct the jury that factual impossibility was not a
defense to the Attempted Act Prong of section 236.1(c). These are the same arguments
we rejected above.
              At trial, the court considered CALCRIM No. 1244, which includes, under
both the Attempted Act Prong and the Completed Act Prong of section 236.1(c), the
requirement that the victim be under the age of 18. But recognizing that factual

                                              18
impossibility is not a defense to an attempted crime, the court modified the instruction to
read in relevant part as follows: “The defendant is charged in count one with attempting
to cause, induce, or persuade a minor to engage in a commercial sex act. [¶] To prove
that the defendant is guilty of this crime, the People must prove that: [¶] 1. The
defendant attempted to cause, induce, or persuade a minor to engage in a commercial sex
act; [¶] And [¶] 2. When the defendant acted, he intended to commit a violation of
pimping or pandering.” “To prove that the defendant attempted to cause, induce, or
persuade a minor to engage in a commercial sex act, the People must prove that: [¶] 1.
The defendant took a direct but ineffective step toward causing, inducing, or persuading a
minor to engage in a commercial sex act; [¶] And [¶] 2. When the defendant acted, the
defendant intended to cause, induce, or persuade the minor to engage in a commercial sex
act.”
                 The court also instructed on factual impossibility as follows: “Factual
impossibility is not a defense to attempt crimes. It is not a defense to count 1, human
trafficking of a minor, and count 2, attempted pimping of a minor, that the alleged victim,
‘Jessica,’ was not actually a minor under 18 years of age at the time of the commission of
the offenses.”
                 At the time of trial, Shields had not yet been issued, and, of course, Moses
was issued even later. The court was perhaps prescient in anticipating our opinion. It
noted that the only difference between the instant case and a case involving attempted
child molestation was that here the attempt was written into the statute. It instructed
accordingly. As explained above, we conclude the court correctly instructed under the
principles we have enunciated in this opinion.

Defendant’s Conviction for Attempted Pimping of a Minor
                 Defendant contends the evidence is insufficient to sustain his conviction for
attempted pimping because his conduct did not go beyond “mere preparation.”

                                               19
Defendant argues he encouraged Jessica to work for him but he did not “put[] a concrete
criminal plan into action” because he did not pick up the choose up fee, take physical
steps to meet her, or post online advertisements for her services. We disagree. Ample
evidence supports the attempted pimping conviction.
              “In addressing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a
conviction, the reviewing court must examine the whole record in the light most
favorable to the judgment to determine whether it discloses substantial evidence —
evidence that is reasonable, credible and of solid value — such that a reasonable trier of
fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citation.] The appellate
court presumes in support of the judgment the existence of every fact the trier could
reasonably deduce from the evidence.” (People v. Kraft (2000) 23 Cal. 4th 978, 1053.)
“[I]t is the exclusive province of the trial judge or jury to determine the credibility of a
witness and the truth or falsity of the facts upon which a determination depends.
[Citation.] We resolve neither credibility issues nor evidentiary conflicts; we look
for substantial evidence.” (People v. Maury (2003) 30 Cal. 4th 342, 403.)
              Pimping of a minor under section 266h, subdivision (b) includes three
elements: (1) the defendant knew the person was a prostitute; (2) the defendant derived
support in whole or in part from the money or proceeds the person earned as a prostitute;
                                                     7
and (3) the person was under 18 years old. (Ibid.) All that is needed to be convicted of
attempted pimping of a minor is “a specific intent to commit the crime, and a direct but
ineffectual act done toward its commission.” (§ 21a.) “The act must go beyond mere
preparation, and it must show that the perpetrator is putting his or her plan into action, but
the act need not be the last proximate or ultimate step toward commission of the
substantive crime.” (People v. Kipp (1998) 18 Cal. 4th 349, 376.) “‘[A]cts which

7
              There are two additional ways by which the second element of section
266h, subdivision (b) may be satisfied. (See CALCRIM No. 1150.) Because the jury
was not instructed on those alternative, we do not address them.

                                              20
indicate a certain, unambiguous intent to commit that specific crime, and, in themselves,
are an immediate step in the present execution of the criminal design will be sufficient.’”
(People v. Jones (1999) 75 Cal. App. 4th 616, 627.)
              Here, defendant does not dispute he had the specific intent to commit
pimping of a minor. Substantial evidence also supports the jury’s finding that
defendant’s acts went beyond mere preparation. Defendant repeatedly told Jessica to
come to Los Angeles to work for him as a prostitute. He negotiated a choose up fee, gave
Jessica specific instructions on how to send the money to him, and told her she could
make $500 per night. He also told her he intended to have her on “the track” as well as
online. He further arranged to meet her and told her how to take a bus to Los Angeles
where he would pick her up. These acts show defendant did more than merely encourage
Jessica to work for him. He arranged for her to work as a prostitute on his behalf and put
the transaction into action. The only reason he never picked up the choose up fee is
because he was arrested before he could do so.
              Defendant relies on Reed, supra, 53 Cal. App. 4th 389 and People v.
Herman (2002) 97 Cal. App. 4th 1369 (Herman), but neither of those cases involved an
attempted pimping conviction. In Reed, the court affirmed the defendant’s conviction for
attempting to commit a lewd act on a child. (Reed, at pp. 399-401.) The defendant had
several conversations with an undercover police officer who pretended to be the mother
of two daughters. (Id. at pp. 393-394.) The defendant explained the sex acts he would
perform on the children and arranged to meet them at a hotel. (Id. at pp. 393-395.) He
was arrested when he arrived at the hotel with sex toys. (Id. at p. 395.) The court found
“[h]is act of walking . . . into the room he expected to contain the girls was clearly a step
beyond mere preparation for the crime . . . .” (Id. at p. 399.)
              Likewise, in Herman, the court affirmed the defendant’s conviction for
attempting to commit a lewd act on a child. (Herman, supra, 97 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1372,
1392.) The defendant called a payphone where certain children congregated. (Id. at

                                             21
p. 1374.) He spoke to them on the phone and asked if they would perform sexual acts for
money. (Ibid.) After they said they were not interested, the defendant drove to the
location where the children were located, pulled out money and held it in front of them,
and invited them into his car. (Ibid.) In holding the defendant’s conduct went beyond
mere preparation, the court reasoned: “If defendant had merely telephoned victims and
proposed lewd conduct at some indefinite time and place, it would have been possible to
construe his conduct as that of an ‘obscene phone caller’ who derives all the gratification
he seeks from the call itself and who therefore contemplates no physical encounter with
the victim. But when a caller follows up lewd telephonic propositions by acting
deliberately to meet his victims in person, whereupon he offers incentives to participate
in the suggested acts and proposes that they immediately accompany him to a place
where such acts may presumably take place, a rational person could easily conclude
beyond a reasonable doubt that ‘a crime [was] about to be committed absent an
intervening force.’” (Id. at p. 1390.)
              Defendant contends Reed and Herman found a defendant’s plan “mature[s]
from ‘mere preparation’ . . . to an ‘unequivocal first act in carrying out the intended
crime’ . . . when the defendant arrive[s] at the location” where the crime would be
committed. He claims his conduct “is more appropriately analogized to the planning
stages of Reed’s initial correspondence with the undercover officer or Herman’s initial
phone call with the minors . . . .” Contrary to defendant’s suggestion, Reed and Herman
do not limit the types of acts that constitute the initiation of a criminal offense. “No clear
marker divides acts that are merely preparatory from those initiating the criminal
act. . . . ‘[T]he more clearly the intent to commit the offense is shown . . . “the more
likely that steps in the early stages of the commission of the crime will satisfy the overt
act requirement”’ of an attempt.” (People v. Crabtree (2009) 169 Cal. App. 4th 1293,
1322.)

                                              22
              People v. Garton (2018) 4 Cal.5th 485, which defendant cites, also is
distinguishable. In Garton, our Supreme Court found the defendant’s actions did not
satisfy the overt act element of attempted murder. (Id. at p. 515.) The defendant loaded
his car with weapons and equipment and drove toward the state line with accomplices
with the intent to murder someone in Oregon. (Id. at p. 511.) In finding the defendant’s
actions did not support an attempted murder conviction, the court focused on attempted
murder case law and noted the importance of the defendant’s “geographic proximity to
the victim.” (Ibid.) Because the defendant “had not arrived near the anticipated crime
scene, sent his accomplices off to murder [the victim], or taken other action sufficient to
accomplish the [victim’s] murder from afar,” the court held his actions did not satisfy the
overt act element. (Id. at p. 513.) The same geographic proximity concerns and temporal
gap do not exist here because defendant was arrested on the day he was planning to meet
Jessica in Los Angeles.
              We accordingly find substantial evidence supported the jury’s finding that
defendant’s acts went beyond mere preparation.

Sexual Offender Registration
              Defendant contends we should strike the requirement that he register as a
sex offender and strike all the fines and fees associated with his convictions. Because we
do not reverse the attempted pimping conviction and human trafficking of a minor
conviction, there is no basis to reverse the registration order or fees.

Admission of Evidence Regarding Defendant’s Pimping and Pandering
              Defendant contends the court improperly admitted evidence that he pimped
and pandered other women. The evidence included his text messages with third parties,
screenshots of his Facebook and Instagram accounts, photographs and videos from his
cell phone, and expert testimony about these items. He asserts all of this evidence was

                                              23
improper character evidence under Evidence Code section 1101. He also claims the court
should have excluded the evidence under Evidence Code section 352 because the
evidence likely caused the jury to prejudge him, evoked an emotional bias against him,
and tempted the jury to convict him based on his prior conduct. He further contends “the
focus of the entire trial became about the fact that [defendant] was a pimp.” Defendant
accordingly argues we should remand the case for a new trial because his due process
rights were violated. We disagree. The evidence was admissible to prove defendant’s
intent. Although the evidence was prejudicial, it also was highly probative, and we
cannot conclude that no reasonable judge would have admitted the evidence.
              Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (a) provides: “Except as
provided in this section and in Sections 1102, 1103, 1108, and 1109, evidence of a
person’s character or a trait of his or her character (whether in the form of an opinion,
evidence of reputation, or evidence of specific instances of his or her conduct) is
inadmissible when offered to prove his or her conduct on a specified occasion.”
Subdivision (b) provides several exceptions: “Nothing in this section prohibits the
admission of evidence that a person committed a crime, civil wrong, or other act when
relevant to prove some fact (such as motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,
knowledge, identity, [or] absence of mistake or accident . . .) other than his or her
disposition to commit such an act.” (Id., subd. (b).) We review the admission of
evidence under Evidence Code section 1101 for an abuse of discretion. (People v.
Foster (2010) 50 Cal. 4th 1301, 1328.)
              Here, the disputed evidence was relevant to the issue of defendant’s intent.
At trial, defendant’s counsel argued defendant had no intention of pimping or pandering a
minor. Instead, counsel argued defendant was entrapped because Jessica flattered him
and “appeal[ed] to friendship [and] sympathy.” Evidence of defendant’s pimping activity
was admissible to rebut these claims. As the court noted, a key “issue in this case is
whether . . . defendant actually intended to have or to persuade the purported 17-year-old

                                             24
to engage in commercial sex acts or whether he was just acting a part.” The evidence
gave “meaning to the conversations that [defendant had] with [Jessica].”
              People v. Scally (2015) 243 Cal. App. 4th 285 is on point. In Scally, we held
the defendant’s text messages with third parties were admissible under Evidence Code
section 1101, subdivision (b), because the evidence was relevant to the defendant’s
intent. (Scally, at pp. 292-293.) The defendant was charged with pimping and pandering.
(Id. at p. 291.) At trial, the defendant suggested he was innocent because the prostitute
victim was his girlfriend. (Id. at p. 292.) In finding the defendant’s text messages were
admissible, we explained “the prosecution was entitled to . . . show[] that defendant is
steeped in the pimping culture, thus undermining the claim that defendant was merely an
innocent bystander.” (Id. at pp. 292-293.)
              Defendant contends Scally is distinguishable because it “did not address the
issue . . . about the inherent similarity between permissive evidence of motive and intent,
and impermissive character evidence.” Relying on People v. Gibson (1976) 56
Cal. App. 3d 119, defendant argues “[t]he present case requires an analysis on that point
because any inference of motive or intent that could be drawn from the evidence that
[defendant] had pimped and pandered other women was inextricably intertwined with an
inference of bad character . . . .” While Gibson acknowledged “[o]ther-crimes evidence,
admitted to prove a defendant’s motive, is much closer to its use as character trait
evidence than when it is offered solely to prove defendant’s intent” (Gibson, at p. 129),
the “absolute rule of exclusion [in Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (a)] does not
apply to prior conduct . . . which is relevant to prove more than mere criminal
predisposition.” (People v. Alcala (1984) 36 Cal. 3d 604, 631, superseded by statute on a
different point as stated in People v. Hovarter (2008) 44 Cal. 4th 983, 1017, fn. 14.) As
explained above, the evidence was relevant to prove more than defendant’s criminal
predisposition and provided context to the conversations defendant had with Jessica.

                                             25
              Defendant also suggests the People “blurred” the “fine distinction . . .
between permissible and impermissible uses of the evidence” by asking the jury to find
defendant guilty because he was a pimp. He further claims, “the trial became more about
the fact that [defendant] was a pimp than it did about his conduct with Jessica.” While
the People referred to defendant’s prior conduct and general pimping, we see no attempt
to use the evidence to show bad character or propensity. Instead, the People argued the
evidence showed defendant’s intent was to pimp and pander.
              Finally, defendant argues the court should have excluded the evidence
under Evidence Code section 352. Evidence may be excluded under Evidence Code
section 352 “if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability that its
admission will (a) necessitate undue consumption of time or (b) create substantial danger
of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury.” (Ibid.) “[T]he
trial court [has] broad discretion when weighing the probative value and prejudicial effect
of proffered evidence” (People v. Gurule (2002) 28 Cal. 4th 557, 654), and that exercise
of discretion “will not be disturbed on appeal unless the prejudicial effect of evidence so
admitted clearly outweighed its probative value.” (People v. Anderson (2001) 25 Cal. 4th
543, 591.)
              Here, the court correctly found it was a “close question” as to whether the
disputed evidence should be excluded under Evidence Code section 352. On the one
hand, the evidence was highly probative of defendant’s intent in communicating with
Jessica. Because defendant used language that is unique to the pimping subculture, the
evidence provided the jury with context necessary to understand defendant’s
communications with Jessica. On the other hand, the evidence was prejudicial because
there was a risk the jury could find defendant guilty based on his prior conduct. It also
could evoke an emotional bias against defendant. Recognizing the prejudicial nature of
the evidence, the court exercised its discretion by requiring redactions to defendant’s text

                                             26
messages and posts on Facebook and Instagram, excluding certain videos, and excluding
photographs of defendant with large amounts of money.
              Under the abuse of discretion standard, a “‘“decision will not be reversed
merely because reasonable people might disagree. ‘An appellate tribunal is neither
authorized nor warranted in substituting its judgment for the judgment of the trial
judge.’”‘ [Citations.] Taken together, these precepts establish that a trial court does not
abuse its discretion unless its decision is so irrational or arbitrary that no reasonable
person could agree with it.” (People v. Carmony (2004) 33 Cal. 4th 367, 377.) Given our
review of the disputed evidence, we cannot conclude that no reasonable judge would
have admitted the evidence. We accordingly need not address the parties’ arguments as
to whether defendant was prejudiced by admission of the evidence.

Medina’s Expert Testimony
              Defendant contends Medina should not have been allowed to opine that
defendant pimped and pandered Jessica and other women. He claims this testimony was
improper because it was “tantamount to an opinion that [defendant] was guilty of the
charged crimes.” He also argues Medina’s response to the People’s hypothetical question
was improper because he did not explain the reasons for his opinion. Finally, defendant
contends the admission of Medina’s improper testimony violated defendant’s right to a
jury trial and his due process rights. He accordingly requests that we remand the case for
a new trial. Even assuming the court erred by admitting Medina’s testimony, any error
was harmless.

              Applicable Law and Standard of Review
              As a general rule, “‘expert opinion testimony is admissible only if the
subject matter of the testimony is “sufficiently beyond common experience that the
opinion of an expert would assist the trier of fact.”‘“ (People v. Vang (2011) 52 Cal. 4th
27
1038, 1044.) The evidence may go to the ultimate issue in the case. (Evid. Code, § 805
[“‘Testimony in the form of an opinion that is otherwise admissible is not objectionable
because it embraces the ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact’”].) But “‘[a]
witness may not express an opinion on a defendant’s guilt. [Citations.] The reason for
this rule is not because guilt is the ultimate issue of fact for the jury, as opinion testimony
often goes to the ultimate issue. [Citations.] “Rather, opinions on guilt or innocence are
inadmissible because they are of no assistance to the trier of fact. To put it another way,
the trier of fact is as competent as the witness to weigh the evidence and draw a
conclusion on the issue of guilt.”‘“ (Vang, at p. 1048.) Whether opinion testimony was
properly admitted rests within the sound discretion of the trial court and “‘will not be
disturbed on appeal unless a manifest abuse of discretion is shown.’” (People v. McAlpin
(1991) 53 Cal. 3d 1289, 1299.)

              Disputed Testimony
              In arguing Medina improperly opined defendant was a pimp and pandered
Jessica and other women, defendant points to the following 10 examples of his testimony.
              1. “Q[:] P Famous Da Great indicated to you he could possibly be
involved in the pimping subculture? [¶] A[:] Yes. That alone, but when I went to his
page, that began to form the opinion he could be a pimp.”
              2. “Q[:] When [defendant] said ‘I’m waiting on you,’ did that indicate
anything to you? [¶] A[:] Yes. At that point, again, I was starting to form the opinion
that he may be, in fact, trying to pander me.”
              3. “Q[:] You and [defendant] continued to have a conversation; Is that fair
to say? [¶] A[:] Yes, we did. [¶] Q[:] And could you summarize what the gist of that
entire conversation was? [¶] A[:] The gist of the entire conversation in my opinion was
[defendant’s] efforts to pander me and secure me to work for him as a prostitute.”

                                              28
              4. “Q[:] Can you remind the jury what ‘flossing’ is? [¶] A[:] Bragging
who you are in that subculture. [¶] Q[:] The selfies you found on [defendant’s] phone,
were any consistent with flossing? [¶] A[:] Yes, I believe they were. [¶] Q[:] How so?
[¶] A[:] They were consistent in that there were pictures of [defendant] with money
fanned across his chest or hands indicative of showing the results of his pimping.” The
court sustained defendant’s objection and stated, “Showing his results of pimping that
part is stricken. The rest will remain.”
              5. “Q[:] And in reviewing those videos, do they have a general theme? [¶]
A[:] Yes, they did. [¶] Q[:] What was that general theme? [¶] A[:] A lot of flossing, a
lot of bragging from [defendant] about his pimping.”
              6. “Q[:] The audio we just heard, can you summarize and translate it for
us? [¶] A[:] The audio to me it’s just flossing. It’s just an audio of [defendant] bragging
about his pimping and the benefits and how well he’s doing as a pimp. There’s a lot of
references to the terminology we talked about. The verbiage is consistent with the
pimping and pandering subculture. Everything in the audio I would begin to form the
opinion [defendant] was in fact a pimp.” The court sustained defendant’s objection and
stated: “The last part providing an opinion, that part will be stricken, but the rest of the
answer remains.”
              7. “Q[:] Did you find any text messages consistent with the defendant
appearing to be pandering or encouraging other women to prostitute for him? [¶] A[:]
Yes. [¶] Q[:] Approximately how many? [¶] A[:] The majority of the conversations
that I read had to do with pandering another person.”
              8. “Q[:] Do you recall a conversation with the defendant and someone
who appeared to be named Destiny? [¶] A[:] Yes. [¶] Q[:] Based upon your reading
of those conversations, who did she appear to be in relation to the defendant? [¶] A[:] I
think he was trying to pander her as well.” The court overruled defendant’s objection.

                                              29
              9. “Q[:] Moving on to a conversation [with someone else], do you recall
seeing a conversation with someone that appears to be someone he met on Facebook who
he is pandering? [¶] A[:] Yes. It sounds familiar, but I would have to see the text
message.” The court sustained defendant’s objection and required the People to rephrase
the question. “Q[:] Do you recall seeing text messages with different individuals where
the defendant appeared to have met this person from Facebook and he was encouraging
them to prostitute for him? [¶] A[:] Yes.”
              10. “Q[:] The entirety of the conversation with the girl in Oregon, what
was that conversation in general about? [¶] A[:] Pandering the girl in Oregon,
attempting to get her to work for him as a prostitute.” The court sustained defendant’s
objection and struck the answer.
              Based on a hypothetical constructed from the facts of the instant case,
Medina also opined defendant “is absolutely attempting to traffic and encourage these
people to be prostitutes on his behalf.” Defendant argues Medina did not explain the
reasons for this opinion.
              Based on our review of the record, defendant did not object to all of the
above testimony in the trial court proceedings, but even if he did and even assuming the
court erred, any error was harmless. We cannot reverse the judgment unless it is
reasonably probable there would have been a different outcome had the error not
occurred. (People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal. 2d 818.) Here, there was abundant evidence
against defendant. Although Medina was the only witness who testified at trial, he
testified about his interactions with defendant. During their conversations, defendant
used language unique to the pimping and pandering subculture. He was aware Jessica
was a minor and repeatedly told her to come to Los Angeles to work for him as a
prostitute. He also negotiated a choose up fee, gave instructions on how she could send
the money to him, and told her how to meet him in Los Angeles.

                                             30
              The court also instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 332, which advised
the jurors they did not have to accept Medina’s expert opinion as true or correct. The
court further instructed the jury with CALCRIM Nos. 200 and 226, which explained the
jury’s duty to decide the credibility of witnesses and issues based on its independent
assessment of the evidence. Considering these instructions and the entire record, it is not
reasonably probable defendant would have obtained a more favorable result absent the
disputed testimony. (See People v. Leonard (2014) 228 Cal. App. 4th 465, 493 [finding
trial court’s admission of expert’s testimony that the defendant was a specific type of
pimp was harmless error given the brief testimony and overwhelming evidence against
the defendant].)

Confrontation and Due Process Challenge
              Defendant next argues his Sixth Amendment confrontation rights and his
Fourteenth Amendment due process rights were violated because he could not effectively
cross-examine Medina. He claims he “did not have the ability to challenge the reliability
of [Medina’s] assertions,” and Medina testified about information that was not provided
in discovery. We disagree.
              Medina’s challenged testimony included the following.
              1. Younger prostitutes refer to prostitution as “a game” while the more
seasoned prostitutes refer to prostitution as “a life.” The court overruled defendant’s
foundation objection and objection pursuant to People v. Sanchez (2016) 63 Cal. 4th 665.
              2. Over 90 percent of prostitutes who spoke to Medina indicated they were
involved in prostitution before they turned 18 years old. The court overruled defendant’s
hearsay and confrontation clause objections.
              3. Choose up fees commonly range from $1,500 to $2,500. The court
overruled defendant’s foundation objection.

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              4. It is common for female prostitutes to bring up the subject of a choose
up fee before the pimp. The court overruled defendant’s speculation objection.
              5. Prostitutes typically make $500 to $5,000 per day. The court overruled
defendant’s hearsay and confrontation clause objections.
              6. Impersonating Jessica, Medina communicated with other pimps who
terminated the communications when they found out Jessica was a minor. The court
overruled defendant’s confrontation clause objection.
              7. Medina found several online advertisements that included defendant’s
phone number and were consistent with prostitution. Defendant objected to this
testimony and moved for a mistrial because the People only produced one advertisement
during discovery. Defendant argued he could not confront Medina about the various
advertisements he found. Medina later testified about one advertisement he found with
defendant’s phone number. Defendant renewed his motion for a mistrial, and the court
denied the motion because Medina’s testimony on the issue was “very brief” and it was
clear he was referring to a single advertisement once questioning resumed.
              8. Jessica had friends on Facebook who were human trafficking victims.
On cross-examination, defendant asked Medina to provide the names of those victims.
The court sustained the People’s objection because it was concerned with disclosing the
names of minor victims.
              Here, the first six categories of disputed testimony concerned Medina’s
general knowledge in his field of expertise. The background information Medina relayed
to the jury did not include testimonial hearsay or case-specific facts about defendant.
(See People v. Sanchez, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 676 [“[A]n expert’s testimony concerning
his general knowledge, even if technically hearsay, has not been subject to exclusion on
hearsay grounds”].) Defendant does not dispute this. Instead, defendant suggests he was
“unable to effectively challenge the reliability of the information on which [Medina]
relie[d].” He claims “[l]aw enforcement experts [like Medina] are different from

                                            32
scientific or medical experts, whose expertise is based on reliable and provable scientific
principles that are documented in publicly available text books, journal articles and other
publications.” According to defendant, “[a] law enforcement officer’s expertise . . . is
typically based on information learned during the course of investigations and
conversations[, which] makes it nearly impossible for defense counsel to confront the
reliability of any assertions the expert makes . . . .”
              If we were to accept defendant’s assertions, a law enforcement officer
could never be an expert witness. We do not adopt such a broad and impractical rule.
Contrary to defendant’s argument, he could have challenged the reliability of the
information on which Medina relied. On cross-examination, defendant could have
probed the basis for Medina’s opinions.
              We also disagree with defendant’s contention the court erred by denying
his motion for mistrial. Defendant’s motion was based on Medina’s initial testimony that
he searched for defendant’s phone number online and found “links to other
advertisements that [he] believe[d] were consistent with prostitution.” While the parties
do not dispute the People produced only one advertisement during discovery, defendant
concedes “[b]oth counsel agreed the best way to approach the issue was for the
prosecutor to focus her questioning on the ad[vertisement] that was provided in
discovery.” Medina then testified about one advertisement he found related to
defendant’s phone number. Based on this record, there was no error.
              Defendant also contends the court erred by prohibiting him from asking
Medina about Jessica’s Facebook friends. Given the personal privacy concerns at issue,
the court did not abuse its discretion by preventing disclosure of the names of minors
who were human trafficking victims. (See People v. Virgil (2011) 51 Cal. 4th 1210, 1251
[“‘[N]ot every restriction on a defendant’s desired method of cross-examination is a
constitutional violation. Within the confines of the confrontation clause, the trial court
retains wide latitude in restricting cross-examination that is repetitive, prejudicial,

                                               33
confusing of the issues, or of marginal relevance’”].) Although defendant claims he
could not cross-examine “Medina on a topic that would have provided a specific example
of Medina embellishing his testimony,” defendant did have the opportunity to question
Medina’s credibility. On cross-examination, he could have sought to undermine
Medina’s testimony by asking how many of Jessica’s friends were victims of human
trafficking or questioning how Medina knew they were victims. Regardless, there was no
prejudicial error because defendant concedes Medina “walked back his assertion that
Jessica was friends with victims (plural) and testified that he could think of ‘one’ person
who was a friend of Jessica’s on Facebook who was a minor and a prior victim . . . .”
              Defendant relies on Davis v. Alaska (1974) 415 U.S. 308 to support his
claim of constitutional error, but it is distinguishable. In Davis, the trial court barred the
defendant from cross-examining a minor about his confidential juvenile offender record
to show possible bias. (Id. at pp. 313-314.) The United States Supreme Court found the
defendant’s confrontation rights were violated because he was not allowed to impeach the
minor’s credibility. (Id. at pp. 313-321.) The case did not involve the same privacy
concerns as here. And, as explained above, defendant did have the opportunity to
question Medina’s credibility.
              Finally, defendant relies on Pennsylvania v. Ritchie (1987) 480 U.S. 39 to
argue his due process rights were violated because he “was not provided with sufficient
discovery from which he could effectively cross examine Medina on the assertions he
was making.” In Ritchie, the defendant was charged with committing sexual acts on his
daughter. (Id. at p. 43.) Before trial, the defendant served the state’s child protection
services agency with a subpoena requesting the record of its investigation. (Ibid.) The
trial court rejected the request. (Id. at p. 44.) The United States Supreme Court
remanded the case for the trial court to conduct a review of the documents. (Id. at p. 58.)
While there were specific documents that could have been produced in camera in Ritchie,
defendant acknowledges there were no documents the People could produce in the instant

                                              34
case. To state the obvious, an expert does not have to produce documents supporting his
testimony when there are none.

No Cumulative Error
             Defendant contends the cumulative effect of the individual errors compels
reversal. Because we reject defendant’s contentions of error on appeal, there was no
cumulative error.

                                     DISPOSITION

             The judgment is affirmed.

                                                IKOLA, J.

I CONCUR:

MOORE, J.

                                           35
O’LEARY, P.J., Dissenting.
              The majority holds the existence of an actual minor or real person is not
required to sustain a conviction for human trafficking of a minor under Penal Code
section 236.1, subdivision (c) (section 236.1(c)), where defendant is charged with an
attempt under the statute. From this holding, I respectfully dissent. In all other respects,
I concur in the majority opinion.
              Like the majority, I place substantial reliance on the words of the statute in
reaching my conclusion that evidence of an actual minor is necessary to sustain a
conviction under section 236.1(c). The wording of the statute bears repeating: “A person
who causes, induces, or persuades, or attempts to cause, induce, or persuade, a person
who is a minor at the time of commission of the offense to engage in a commercial sex
act, with the intent to effect or maintain a violation of [s]ection 266, 266h, 266i, 266j,
267, 311.1, 311.2, 311.3, 311.4, 311.5, 311.6, or 518 is guilty of human trafficking.” I
agree with the majority, the statute has two distinct prongs, (1) the Completed Act Prong,
and (2) the Attempted Act Prong. The statute is violated when the elements of either
prong are established. An essential element of each prong is a victim who is a minor.
There is no dispute that no such victim exists in this case. The victim was an Anaheim
police officer who worked as an investigator for the Orange County Human Trafficking
Task Force.
              The majority holds a defendant may be convicted under the Attempted Act
Prong when the “victim” is not a minor. The majority reasons factual impossibility is
foreclosed when the proscribed unlawful act is charged as an attempt. (Maj. opn. ante, at
p. 12.) I agree a defendant may be convicted of an attempt to commit an offense when
the defendant has the specific intent to commit the offense but is unaware one of the
essential elements of the offense is lacking. A common factual scenario demonstrating
this theory is found in receiving stolen property cases. Where the defendant has the

                                              1
specific intent to receive property believing it to be stolen, even though it is not, the
defendant is guilty of attempted receiving stolen property. (People v. Wright (1980)
105 Cal.App.3d. 339.) But Clark was not charged with or convicted of attempted human
trafficking (§§ 664/236.1), he was convicted of a straight violation of section 236.1(c).
The Shields court noted the language of section 236.1(c) requires the victim to be a
“person who is a minor at the time of the commission of the offense.” (People v. Shields
(2018) 23 Cal.App.5th 1242, 1255-1257.) Relying on the plain language of the statute, it
held this requirement constitutes an essential element of a subdivision (c) violation.
Without this necessary element, the statute cannot be violated. (Shields, supra,
23 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1255-1256.) I agree.
              Section 236.1(c) seeks to punish the offender who is unsuccessful in an
attempt to cause, induce, or persuade a minor to engage in a commercial sex act. This
second prong applies to circumstances such as when defendant’s efforts are thwarted
because successful contact is never made with the minor. It would also apply to
circumstances demonstrating a defendant attempted to cause, induce, or persuade a minor
to engage in an act of commercial sex, but the defendant’s acts were ineffectual and the
minor never engaged in a commercial sex act. Based on the words of the statute, such
attempts would be sufficient to violate the Attempted Act Prong of the statute. The
statute equally punishes completed and attempted crimes involving minors.
              The majority asserts the conclusion an actual minor victim must necessarily
be present under the Attempted Act Prong is “an unsupported assumption,” which
“ignores the reality that the electorate chose to punish the attempted and the completed
crimes equally.” (Maj. opn. ante, at p. 15.) Not so. This interpretation is supported by
simply reading the plain unambiguous language of the statute, which clearly defines the
victim under both prongs as being “a person who is a minor at the time” of the offense.
(§ 236.1(c).) Had the drafters of the initiative sought to include as potential victims,

                                               2
persons other than minors, different wording would have been used. For example, the
statute could have prohibited the same acts when directed towards a minor, or a person
who the defendant subjectively believes is a minor. Without a minor, it is factually
impossible to violate the Attempted Act Prong of the statute, because the victim’s age is a
necessary element of both prongs of the statute.
              This factual impossibility does not mean defendant did not commit a crime.
I agree with the Shields court’s holding that when criminal defendant’s intended victim is
an imaginary person or a law enforcement officer posing as a minor, the crime is an
attempt of section 236.1(c). (Shields, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 1256.) I cannot join
with the majority’s decision to rewrite the statute to include factual impossibility as a
defense under the Completed Act Prong but not the Attempted Act Prong (Maj. opn.
ante, at p. 15.), so that it comports with the majority’s view of what the voters intended.
Courts may not under the guise of statutory construction, rewrite unambiguous language
and ignore the plain meaning rule. (California Teachers Assn. v. Governing Bd. of Rialto
Unified School Dist. (1997) 14 Cal. 4th 627, 633 [court lacks power to rewrite statute to
make it ““conform to a presumed intention which is not expressed’”].)
              Here, it is not the defendant’s unsuccessful efforts to cause, induce, or
persuade a minor to engage in a commercial sex act that prevents the act from being
completed, it is the nonexistence of a minor, a necessary element of each prong.
Accordingly, I would reverse the conviction on count 1.

                                           O’LEARY, P. J.

                                              3