Court Opinion

ID: 1070134
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-09 19:37:10.888243+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:53:42.484911
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Willis, Bray and Clements
Argued at Alexandria, Virginia

JOSEPH CARL JOHNSON
                                          MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v.   Record No. 0324-00-4                  JUDGE RICHARD S. BRAY
                                             DECEMBER 28, 2000
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

          FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF RAPPAHANNOCK COUNTY
                 William Shore Robertson, Judge

          Cindy Leigh Decker, Assistant Public Defender
          (Paul A. Maslakowski, Senior Public Defender,
          on brief), for appellant.

          John H. McLees, Jr., Senior Assistant
          Attorney General (Mark L. Earley, Attorney
          General, on brief), for appellee.

     A jury convicted Joseph Carl Johnson (defendant) of first

degree murder and related use of a firearm, violations of Code

§§ 18.2-32 and -53.1, respectively.   On appeal, defendant

complains the trial court erroneously refused to instruct the jury

on voluntary intoxication as a defense to first degree murder.

Finding no error, we affirm the conviction.

     The parties are fully conversant with the record, and this

memorandum opinion recites only those facts necessary to a

disposition of the appeal.

     * Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not
designated for publication.
     Defendant requested the court to instruct the jury:

                If you find that the defendant was so
           greatly intoxicated by the voluntary use of
           alcohol that he was incapable of
           deliberating or premeditating, then you
           cannot find him guilty of murder in the
           first degree. Voluntary intoxication is not
           a defense to second-degree murder or
           voluntary manslaughter.

Concluding that the evidence established "mere drinking of

alcohol" by defendant at the time of the offense, the court

refused the instruction.

     "The standard governing our review of a trial judge's

decision to refuse a proffered jury instruction is well-settled.

'If any credible evidence in the record supports a proffered

instruction . . . , failure to give the instruction is reversible

error.'"   Hartigan v. Commonwealth, 31 Va. App. 243, 257, 522

S.E.2d 406, 412 (1999) (quoting Boone v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App.

130, 132, 415 S.E.2d 250, 251 (1992)).    "Although the Commonwealth

prevailed at trial, the appropriate standard for review requires

that we view the evidence with respect to the refused instruction

in the light most favorable to the defendant."    Graham v.

Commonwealth, 31 Va. App. 662, 680, 525 S.E.2d 567, 575 (2000)

(quoting Boone, 14 Va. App. at 131, 415 S.E.2d at 251).

     "[W]hen a person voluntarily becomes so intoxicated that he

is incapable of deliberation or premeditation, he cannot commit

a class of murder that requires proof of a deliberate and

premeditated killing."     Wright v. Commonwealth, 234 Va. 627,

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629, 363 S.E.2d 711, 712 (1988).   However, "'so long as [an

accused] retains the faculty of willing, deliberating and

premeditating, though drunk, he is capable of committing murder

in the first degree.'"    Hatcher v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 811,

814, 241 S.E.2d 756, 758 (1978) (quoting Johnson v.

Commonwealth, 135 Va. 524, 531, 115 S.E. 673, 675-76 (1923)).

Thus, "[t]o justify an instruction on voluntary drunkenness, the

evidence must show more than the mere drinking of alcohol."       Id.

Willful concealment of involvement in an offense "suggest[s a]

command of . . . faculties and . . . deliberation by an accused.

Lilly v. Commonwealth, 255 Va. 558, 579, 499 S.E.2d 522, 536-37

(1998), rev'd on other grounds, 527 U.S. 116, 119 S. Ct. 1887,

144 L.Ed.2d 117 (1999).

     The instant record disclosed that defendant frequently

abused alcohol and had been "drinking" for several hours prior

to the offense.   At approximately 3:00 p.m., the victim, Willie

Steve Nichols, Jr., arrived at defendant's home, and the two

soon engaged in increasingly "heated" arguments.   Immediately

prior to the homicide, defendant retrieved a rifle from his

home, "lean[ing]" the weapon against a nearby tree upon his

return to continue the dispute.    As the men stood "face to

face," defendant produced another firearm, a handgun, from

"behind his back" and shot Nichols in the head from a distance

of "less than 12 inches," fatally wounding him.    Defendant then

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proceeded into the house, murmuring, "the f'er shouldn't have

been f'ing with me," and hid the murder weapon.

     Major C.A. Williams, a Rappahannock County Chief Deputy

Sheriff, arrived at the scene shortly thereafter.   He testified

defendant initially resisted arrest but "calmed down" en route

to the sheriff's office.   Williams described defendant's speech

and gait as "normal."   During an interview with Detective E.P.

Junger, approximately six hours following the shooting,

defendant responded appropriately, in writing, to the several

inquiries appearing on a preprinted "Miranda rights form,"

specifically noting he had consumed "[s]everal beers today," and

properly executed the related waiver.   Junger detected

"virtually no odor of alcohol upon [defendant's] breath,"

described his speech as "clear and coherent," "his eyes . . .

clear and unglazed."    Upon questioning, defendant denied

involvement in the offense, insisting he had previously "left

the residence in the company of a lady."

     Such evidence established defendant had consumed alcohol

prior to the offense, but failed to suggest resulting impairment

sufficient to preclude deliberation or premeditation.     To the

contrary, immediately prior to the offense, defendant withdrew

from the dispute, retreated to the safety of his home, armed

himself with a rifle, and returned to the fray, carefully

concealing a handgun.   Moments later, he fired upon the victim

at point-blank range, fled to his home and secreted the weapon.

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Arrested and questioned several hours later, defendant lied to

conceal guilt, while appearing coherent, rational and otherwise

unimpaired by alcohol.

     Accordingly, the trial court correctly refused the disputed

instruction, and we affirm the conviction.

                                             Affirmed.

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