Court Opinion

ID: 9890605
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-13 18:01:24.396223+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:25:36.773686
License: Public Domain

FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                            OCT 13 2023
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MARK PETERSON,                                   No. 22-35767

              Plaintiff-Appellant,               D.C. No. 1:18-cv-03136-TOR

 v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
CITY OF YAKIMA, a local governmental
entity; et al.,

              Defendants-Appellees.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Eastern District of Washington
                     Thomas O. Rice, District Judge, Presiding

                    Argued and Submitted September 11, 2023
                              Seattle, Washington

Before: HAWKINS, W. FLETCHER, and R. NELSON, Circuit Judges.

      Plaintiff-appellant Mark Peterson brings several challenges to the district

court’s rulings in favor of defendants-appellees, the City of Yakima, Tony O’Rourke,

Anthony Doan, and Mark Soptich (collectively, “defendants”). Peterson challenges

the district court’s responses to jury questions concerning Peterson’s state-law

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
malicious prosecution claim; the jury instructions given for Peterson’s First

Amendment retaliation claim; the court’s grant of partial summary judgment in favor

of Doan and Soptich on Peterson’s First Amendment retaliation claim; and several

evidentiary rulings before and during trial. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §

1291. We hold that the district court erred in answering questions from the jury

concerning the malicious prosecution claim. We affirm the district court in all other

respects.

      The parties are familiar with the facts in this case, and we recount them only as

necessary to explain our decision.

      1. The district court erred when it answered the jury’s questions regarding

Peterson’s state law malicious prosecution claim. The court misstated Washington

state law when it responded to the jury’s first question, saying that “instituting”

malicious prosecution means “to start the prosecution by filing the complaint.”

Under Washington law, a person can be liable for instituting a malicious prosecution

without filing a complaint. See, e.g., Bender v. Seattle, 664 P.2d 492 (Wash. 1983);

see also Terusaki v. Matsumi, 180 P. 468 (Wash. 1919). The court relied on that

misstatement of Washington law in its responses to the jury’s next two questions. The

effect of the court’s responses was to eliminate the possibility of judgment against the

defendants who took actions that might have led to the filing of the complaint but who

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did not themselves file the complaint. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for further

proceedings on Plaintiff’s malicious prosecution claim.

      2. The district court’s jury instructions for the §1983 First Amendment

retaliation claim were not erroneous. Though the instruction contained superfluous

language, the redundancy did not misstate the law nor did it appear to mislead the

jury. Cf. United States v. Farrar, 2022 WL 212835, at *3 (9th Cir. Jan. 24, 2022).

      3. We affirm the grant of partial summary judgment to Doan and Soptich. In

ruling on a prior appeal in this case, we stated, “The record . . . certainly contains

evidence that could support a fact finder’s determination that both Appellants did in

fact have knowledge of Peterson’s protected activities.” Peterson v. City of Yakima,

830 F. App’x 528 (9th Cir. 2020). Peterson contends that the district court ignored

that statement and thereby violated the “law of the case.” See Askins v. U.S. Dep’t of

Homeland Sec., 899 F.3d 1035, 1042 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting Musacchio v. United

States, 577 U.S. 237, 244–45 (2016)). We made that statement when dismissing the

appeal for lack of jurisdiction, expressly leaving evidentiary decisions to the district

court. None of the evidence Peterson presents creates a triable issue as to whether

Doan or Soptich was motivated by Peterson’s protected activity.

      4. We affirm the five evidentiary rulings that Peterson challenges. We review

rulings concerning evidentiary and discovery issues for abuse of discretion. Jauregui

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v. City of Glendale, 852 F.2d 1128, 1132 (9th Cir. 1988). “[W]e reverse only if an

erroneous ruling more likely than not affected the verdict.” Erickson Prods., Inc. v.

Kast, 921 F.3d 822, 829 (9th Cir. 2019).

      First, Peterson contends that the district court erred when it held that Monell

liability cannot be based on ratification of the actions of unnamed parties. The court

did not so hold. The court excluded the proffered evidence on the ground that it

would “run afoul of due process” to admit evidence supporting a theory not “apparent

on the face of the Complaint.” The court did not abuse its discretion in so doing. See

AE ex. rel. Hernandez v. County of Tulare, 666 F.3d 631, 637 (9th Cir. 2012).

      Second, Peterson contends that the district court erred by indicating that

unredacted emails, rather than their redacted counterparts, would likely be admitted

into evidence. Peterson cannot challenge this ruling because it was not final, Adkins

v. Mireles, 526 F.3d 531, 542 (9th Cir. 2008), and he was not aggrieved by the

decision. Tennison v. Circus Circus Enterprises, Inc., 244 F.3d 684, 689 (9th Cir.

2001) (“[W]here a district court makes a tentative in limine ruling excluding evidence,

the exclusion of that evidence may only be challenged on appeal if the aggrieved party

attempts to offer such evidence at trial.”).

      Third, Peterson contends that the district court improperly excluded

“comparator” evidence of two other Yakima businesses that were noncompliant with

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the fire code. These businesses were not true “comparators” because the owners did

not refuse entry to inspectors.

      Fourth, Peterson contends that the district court should not have excluded

certain emails sent to O’Rourke by the City’s economic development manager about

Peterson’s consideration for membership on an “implementation committee.” While

the emails may indicate awareness of Peterson’s protected activity, the trial court has

“considerable discretion” in rejecting relevant evidence that is cumulative. United

States v. Elksnis, 528 F.2d 236, 239 (9th Cir. 1975).

      Finally, Peterson contends that the district court improperly denied the use of

deposition transcripts to impeach assistant city attorney Mark Kunkler, and O’Rourke.

Kunkler’s deposition testimony was not inconsistent with his trial testimony. See

United States v. Higa, 55 F.3d 448, 453 (9th Cir. 1995). Peterson failed to lay a

proper foundation for the introduction of O’Rourke’s deposition testimony. United

States v. Hibler, 463 F.2d 455, 461 (9th Cir. 1972).

      5. We deny Peterson’s request for assignment to a different district judge on

remand. There is no basis for reassignment.

      AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED for further

proceedings.

      Each side to bear its own costs.

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