Court Opinion

ID: 9395269
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-17 17:00:49.12772+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:06.852496
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                        FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MAY 17 2023
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

PAMELA HERNANDEZ ORTEGA,                        Nos. 21-940
                                                     22-924
                Petitioner,
                                                Agency No. A213-082-558
 v.

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney                    MEMORANDUM*
General,

                Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                               Submitted May 9, 2023**
                                 Pasadena, California

Before: HURWITZ and R. NELSON, Circuit Judges, and KANE,*** District
Judge.

      In these consolidated petitions for review, Pamela Hernandez Ortega, a

native and citizen of Mexico, seeks review of orders of the Board of Immigration

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
            The Honorable Yvette Kane, United States District Judge for the
Middle District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
Appeals (“BIA”) dismissing her appeal from a decision by an Immigration Judge

(“IJ”) denying her applications for asylum and related relief from removal and

denying her motions to remand and reopen. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252. We dismiss in part and deny in part the petition for review in No. 21-940

and deny the petition for review in No. 22-924.1

      “Where, as here, the BIA agrees with the IJ decision and also adds its own

reasoning, we review the decision of the BIA and those parts of the IJ’s decision

upon which it relies.” Duran-Rodriguez v. Barr, 918 F.3d 1025, 1027–28 (9th Cir.

2019). We review the agency’s factual findings for substantial evidence, Conde

Quevedo v. Barr, 947 F.3d 1238, 1241 (9th Cir. 2020), and review constitutional

and legal questions de novo, Roy v. Barr, 960 F.3d 1175, 1181 (9th Cir. 2020). We

review the BIA’s decision to deny a motion to remand or reopen for abuse of

discretion and will not reverse unless the BIA acted arbitrarily, irrationally, or

contrary to law. Movsisian v. Ashcroft, 395 F.3d 1095, 1097–98 (9th Cir. 2005).

      1.     We lack jurisdiction to consider Hernandez Ortega’s claims that

changed circumstances excused her failure to file an asylum application within one

year of her arrival in the United States under 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2) and that she is

eligible for special rule cancellation under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(2)(A). She did not

1
 Accordingly, we deny the motions to stay removal (Dkt. No. 3 in both No. 21-
940 and No. 22-924) as moot.

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present those claims to the agency and therefore failed to administratively exhaust

them. See Barron v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 674, 677 (9th Cir. 2004). Because the

untimeliness of her asylum application was dispositive, the BIA was not required

to address her other asylum-related contentions. See INS v. Bagamasbad, 429 U.S.

24, 25 (1976) (per curiam).

      2.     The agency did not abuse its discretion in concluding that Hernandez

Ortega’s state court conviction for assault with a deadly weapon was a particularly

serious crime, rendering her ineligible for both statutory withholding of removal

and withholding of removal under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). See 8

U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(d)(2). The agency considered the

relevant factors, see Bare v. Barr, 975 F.3d 952, 961–62 (9th Cir. 2020), and “we

cannot reweigh evidence to determine if the crime was indeed particularly

serious,” see Konou v. Holder, 750 F.3d 1120, 1127 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting

Blandino-Medina v. Holder, 712 F.3d 1338, 1343 (9th Cir. 2013)). Further, the

record supports the BIA’s conclusion that Hernandez Ortega failed to produce

testimony or evidence “directly attributing” her conviction to her PTSD and

anxiety. See Benedicto v. Garland, 12 F.4th 1049, 1062 (9th Cir. 2021) (mental

illness not relevant to particularly-serious-crime analysis unless evidence shows

that the conviction was directly attributable to the illness).

      3.     Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s denial of CAT deferral of

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removal because Hernandez Ortega failed to establish that it is more likely than not

that she will be tortured by or with the acquiescence of the Mexican government if

she returned to Mexico. See Salguero Sosa v. Garland, 55 F.4th 1213, 1221–22

(9th Cir. 2022).

      4.     The BIA did not act arbitrarily, irrationally, or contrary to law in

denying Hernandez Ortega’s motion to remand because the unexplained, nunc pro

tunc reduction of her state court sentence did not undermine the IJ’s uncontested

conclusion that she was time-barred from seeking asylum.

      5.     The BIA did not act arbitrarily, irrationally, or contrary to law in

denying Hernandez Ortega’s motion to reopen based on her failure to support the

motion with “previously unavailable, material evidence.” See INS v. Abudu, 485

U.S. 94, 104 (1988). In seeking reopening, Hernandez Ortega offered mental

health records that she argued established her incompetency and undermined the

IJ’s particularly-serious-crime determination. But Hernandez Ortega was

represented by counsel at all but one appearance before the agency at which she

asserted that she was entitled to appointed counsel based on her incompetence.

The IJ found no bona fide doubt as to her ability to represent herself and invited

her to present additional information bearing on that issue, but Hernandez Ortega

thereafter retained new counsel and did not again assert her incompetency at

subsequent hearings, on direct appeal to the BIA, or in her motion to remand.

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      These circumstances do not establish the unavailability of the mental health

records Hernandez Ortega offered in support of her motion to reopen. The

administrative record does not indicate that her counsel, whose effectiveness

Hernandez Ortega has not challenged, sought to obtain mental health records or

opinions that were otherwise previously unavailable. See Dada v. Mukasey, 554

U.S. 1, 14 (2008) (citing 1 C. Gordon, S. Mailman, & S. Yale-Loehr, Immigration

Law and Procedure § 3.05[8][c], at 3-76.34 (rev. ed. 2007) (evidence not

considered previously unavailable merely because the petitioner could have but

chose not to present evidence earlier)).

      6.     Hernandez Ortega has not established that the agency violated her due

process rights by preventing her from raising arguments in support of her claims

for relief from removal. To establish a due process violation, Hernandez Ortega

must demonstrate (1) that her removal proceedings were “so fundamentally unfair

that [she] was prevented from reasonably presenting h[er] case” and (2) “prejudice,

which means that the outcome of the proceeding may have been affected by the

alleged violation.” Lacsina Pangilinan v. Holder, 568 F.3d 708, 709 (9th Cir.

2009) (quoting Ibarra-Flores v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d 614, 620–21 (9th Cir. 2006)).

      Hernandez Ortega has not established fundamental unfairness. She was

almost always represented by counsel, and her motion to reopen did not assert a

claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. See Benedicto, 12 F.4th at 1062 (“The

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proper way to raise and exhaust an ineffective assistance of counsel claim in this

situation is through a motion to reopen before the agency.”). The IJs did not

prohibit her from introducing evidence or impede or curtail her testimony. And to

the extent she argues that the agency misapplied case law to the facts of her case,

that argument is, at bottom, an “abuse of discretion claim[] recast as [a] due

process violation[] . . . .” See Sanchez-Cruz v. INS, 255 F.3d 775, 779 (9th Cir.

2001). Moreover, Hernandez Ortega has failed to establish prejudice from any

asserted due process violation.

      NO. 21-940: PETITION FOR REVIEW DISMISSED IN PART AND
      DENIED IN PART.

      NO. 22-924: PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED.

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