Court Opinion

ID: 4520767
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-03-30 20:03:20.508005+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:24:19.363754
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

THE CHEMOURS COMPANY,          )
                               )
              Plaintiff,       )
                               )
     v.                        ) C.A. No. 2019-0351-SG
                               )
DOWDUPONT INC., CORTEVA, INC., )
AND E.I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS )
AND COMPANY,                   )
                               )
              Defendants.      )

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

                      Date Submitted: December 18, 2019
                        Date Decided: March 30, 2020

Joel Friedlander, Jeffrey Gorris, Christopher Foulds, and Christopher P. Quinn, of
FRIEDLANDER & GORRIS P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; OF COUNSEL: William
Savitt, of WACHTELL, LIPTON, ROSEN & KATZ, New York, New York,
Attorneys for Plaintiff The Chemours Company.

Robert S. Saunders, Jennifer C. Voss, Arthur R. Bookout, and Jessica R. Kunz, of
SKADDEN, ARPS, SLATE, MEAGHER & FLOM LLP, Wilmington, Delaware,
Attorneys for Defendants DowDuPont Inc., Corteva, Inc., and E.I. du Pont de
Nemours and Company.

GLASSCOCK, Vice Chancellor
         Shortly after the American Revolution, in 1802, what would become E. I. du

Pont de Nemours and Company (“DuPont”) began construction of its powder mills

on the falls of the Brandywine Creek.1 The enterprise took advantage of the happy

fact that the potential power of the Brandywine was available just a few city blocks

from a deep-water port, in Wilmington. DuPont grew to be a chemical giant. To

point out that DuPont and the family that founded it dominated Delaware’s

economic, civic, and cultural life for most of the State’s existence is to state a truism.

If an example were needed at this time of the inherent frailty and impermanence of

the works of man,2 then one could look to the serial reorganizations that DuPont

found necessary over the past few years. The origins of this litigation are found in

one such, the spin-off from DuPont of its Performance Chemicals unit (the “Spin-

Off”) as The Chemours Company (“Chemours”).

         Chemours was created as a wholy-owned subsidiary of DuPont in 2015, then

spun off as an independent entity shortly thereafter. The terms of the Spin-Off were

provided by contract, notably a separation agreement (the “Separation Agreement”).

Among the assets and liabilities assigned to Chemours in the Separation Agreement

were certain historical environmental liabilities, including a duty to indemnify

DuPont for any damage it may incur relating to those liabilities. In this Action,

1
    DuPont de Nemours, Inc., Our History, https://www.dupont.com/about/our-history.html.
2
    As I write, Delaware’s courthouses are closed to the public due to the COVID-19 virus.

                                                 1
Chemours alleges that DuPont vastly and wrongfully underestimated the size of

these historic environmental liabilities, and seeks to limit its indemnification

obligations to, at most, the amount that it purports DuPont certified as Chemours’

maximum pecuniary exposure at the time of the Spin-Off.

      This Memorandum Opinion resolves the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss for

lack of subject matter jurisdiction. DuPont points to a broad provision in the

Separation Agreement referring all disputes arising from the agreement to binding

arbitration. The Separation Agreement provides explicitly that arbitrability is a

question for the arbitrator. Thus, per DuPont, I am without jurisdiction to hear the

matter.

      Chemours, for its part, maintains that it did not consent to any terms of the

Separation Agreement, and thus the arbitration provisions are unenforcable,

contractually; alternatively, it argues that the arbitrability provisions are

unconscionable, and thus void. The matter was ably briefed and passionately

argued, with each side maintaining strenuously that public policy requires that the

matter be decided in its favor. Nonetheless, my decision does not rest on those policy

grounds; I find the issues are governed by rather straightforward application of

settled law. I find the language of the Separation Agreement referring arbitrability

to the arbitrator controlling here. Accordingly, I have no jurisdiction to entertain

                                          2
this matter, and the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss must be granted. My reasoning

is below.

                                  I. BACKGROUND3

       A. The Parties and Relevant Non-parties

       Plaintiff Chemours is a Delaware corporation headquartered in Delaware.4

Chemours is a manufacturer of performance chemicals with customers in more than

120 countries and nearly 7,000 employees worldwide.5 Pursuant to the Spin-Off,

Chemours was separated from DuPont’s ownership in a transaction whereby

Chemours stock was distributed to DuPont stockholders.6 Since the Spin-Off

Chemours has been an independent, publicly traded company.7

       Defendant DuPont is a Delaware corporation headquartered in Delaware.8

DuPont merged with The Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”) in 2017.9 Before its

merger with Dow, DuPont was a publicly traded company that operated businesses

including agriculture, electronics and communications, industrial biosciences,

3
   The facts, except where otherwise noted, are drawn from the well-pled allegations of The
Chemours Company’s Verified First Amended Complaint, Docket Item (“D.I.”) 33 (the “First
Amended Complaint” or “First Am. Compl.”) and exhibits or documents incorporated by reference
therein, which are presumed true for purposes of evaluating the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss.
4
  First Am. Compl., ¶ 11.
5
  Id.
6
  Id.
7
  Id.
8
  Id. ¶ 12.
9
  Id.

                                              3
nutrition and health, performance materials, and protection solutions segments.10

DuPont is now a wholly-owned subsidiary of Defendant Corteva, Inc. (“Corteva”).11

       Defendant DuPont de Nemours, Inc. (“DuPont de Nemours”) is a Delaware

corporation headquartered in Delaware.12 DuPont de Nemours was formerly known

as DowDuPont Inc. (“DowDuPont”), and was formed following DuPont’s merger

with Dow.13 Following a series of reorganization transactions in 2019, DuPont de

Nemours became an independent company and retained DowDuPont’s specialty

products business along with the balance of the financial assets and liabilities of

historical DuPont not assumed by Corteva.14

       Defendant Corteva is a Delaware corporation headquartered in Delaware.15

Pursuant to the reorganization of DowDuPont, DowDuPont distributed all issued

and outstanding shares of Corteva common stock to DowDuPont’s stockholders by

a pro rata dividend.16      Corteva thereafter became an independent company.17

Corteva contains DowDuPont’s agricultural and nutritional businesses, along with

10
   Id.
11
   Id.
12
   Id. ¶ 13. Somewhat confusingly, DuPont de Nemours refers to itself currently as “DuPont”—
however, the DuPont that is the focus of this Memorandum Opinion is the separate predecessor
entitiy E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, which also referred to itself as DuPont.
13
   Id. DowDuPont is the entity name indicated in the case caption.
14
   Id. ¶¶ 13, 72.
15
   Id. ¶ 14.
16
   Id.
17
   Id. ¶ 72.

                                             4
all of the outstanding common stock of the historical entity DuPont exclusive of its

subsidiaries.18

       Non-party Dow Inc. was the third independent entity (along with DuPont de

Nemours and Corteva) resulting from the reorganization of DowDuPont.19 Dow Inc.

contains DowDuPont’s materials sciences businesses, along with all financial assets

and liabilities of historical Dow not related to its agriculture, specialty products, or

materials sciences businesses.20

       B. Events Leading Up to the Spin-Off

       In 2013, DuPont’s management began consideration of restructuring

transactions in an initiative entitled “Project Beta.”21 Project Beta focused on

DuPont’s Performance Chemicals unit, which historically manufactured and sold a

variety of industrial and specialty chemicals.22 The manufacturing processes of

these businesses created chemical byproducts and consequently the unit had given

rise to many of DuPont’s environmental liabilities.23 Project Beta ultimately became

the Spin-Off (of Chemours), which was announced in October of 2013.24 Chemours

18
   Id.
19
   Id.
20
   Id.
21
   Id. ¶ 15.
22
   Id. ¶ 16. These chemicals included “titanium dioxide and a range of fluorochemicals and
fluoroproducts used as and in refrigerants, lubricants, propellants, solvents, fire extinguishants and
electronic gases.” Id.
23
    Id. This included remediation of prior emissions and substantial investment in pollution
abatement technology. Id.
24
   Id. ¶¶ 17, 27.

                                                  5
was incorporated in April 2015 in preparation for the Spin-Off (which was

effectuated on July 1, 2015), but even prior to Chemours’ incorporation DuPont

designated Chemours’ prospective management team.25 Post-incorporation and pre-

Spin-Off, Chemours was a wholly-owned subsidiary of DuPont.26

        The First Amended Complaint alleges that in structuring the Spin-Off, DuPont

“made no effort to install procedural protections for Chemours or otherwise replicate

an arm’s-length bargain.”27 The First Amended Complaint details other alleged

procedural defects regarding the Spin-Off transaction:

               • Chemours was not permitted to retain independent counsel and
                 DuPont’s counsel, Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP
                 (“Skadden”) “unilaterally prepared all of the documents underlying
                 and effectuating the [Spin-Off]”28

               • DuPont did not permit Chemours’ prospective management team to
                 review drafts of the Separation Agreement until approximately fourteen
                 months after the transaction was announced29

               • When DuPont eventually sent Chemours’ general counsel designate a
                 draft of the Separation Agreement, Skadden informed him that, among
                 other things, that Skadden would not provide Chemours legal advice
                 and that Chemours “[would] not be relying on Skadden to advocate for
                 it or to protect its interests” in connection with the Spin-Off30

25
   Id. ¶ 27.
26
   Id.
27
   Id. ¶ 25.
28
   Id. ¶ 26
29
   Id. ¶ 27.
30
   Id. ¶ 28.

                                             6
           • The draft of Separation Agreement sent to Chemours’ general counsel-
             designate did not include schedules listing the assets and liabilities to
             be allocated to Chemours31
The First Amended Complaint alleges that DuPont repeatedly refused to provide

Chemours’ prospective management team with drafts of liability schedules which

left them “unable to evaluate central economic terms” of the proposed Spin-Off.32

DuPont made clear that Chemours’ prospective management “had no reason or right

to assess the economic terms” of the Spin-Off and that any discussions between

Chemours’ representatives and DuPont were not “negotiations” but, rather,

“calibration sessions.”33

       In order for the Spin-Off to be consistent with Delaware law, Chemours had

to emerge from the Spin-Off “solvent and viable.”34 In the course of structuring the

Spin-Off, and ostensibly to fulfil such requirements, DuPont engaged Houlihan

Lokey to prepare a financial analysis and opinion concluding that Chemours would

be solvent as of the Spin-Off date.35 To value Chemours’ liabilities for this analysis,

Houlihan Lokey relied on a “High End (Maximum) Realistic Exposure”—supplied

and certified by DuPont—for 87 separate categories of transferred liabilities.36

These liabilities included, among others, environmental contingent remediation

31
   Id. ¶ 29.
32
   Id.
33
   Id. ¶ 30 (internal quotation marks omitted).
34
   Id. ¶¶ 47–48.
35
   Id. ¶ 49.
36
   Id. ¶¶ 50, 52.

                                                  7
liabilities and multiple categories of environmental-related litigation.37 DuPont

certified both the “accuracy of the maximum liability numbers” and that they

“represent[ed] DuPont’s ‘best judgment’ of the ‘maximum realistic exposure range

for each such contingent liability.’”38 Houlihan Lokey ultimately determined “that

it was appropriate, desirable, and in the best interests of DuPont and its stockholders

to conduct the [Spin-Off], including the assignment of liabilities to Chemours.”39

      The Spin-Off was ultimately effectuated through a series of agreements and

transactions. On May 15, 2015, Chemours (at this point a wholly-owned subsidiary

of DuPont) assumed $4 billion in debt and used the proceeds of this debt to authorize

a $3.91 billion dividend to DuPont.40 The Chemours board that authorized the

dividend consisted of three DuPont employees who were not expected to join

Chemours post-Spin-Off.41 This same Chemours board held a meeting on June 9,

2015 where they “took notice” that DuPont’s board had determined the Spin-Off and

the Separation Agreement were in DuPont’s best interests, and approved resolutions

approving the Spin-Off and the Separation Agreement on Chemours’ behalf.42

Immediately after approving the Spin-Off and Separation Agreement as members of

37
   Id. ¶¶ 57–58.
38
   Id. ¶ 55.
39
   Id. ¶ 70 (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted).
40
   Id. ¶ 35.
41
    Id. These individuals were Nigel Pond (DuPont’s M&A Counsel), Michael Heffernan
(DuPont’s Treasury Manager), and Steven Zelac (DuPont’s M&A Manager). Id.
42
   Id. DuPont’s board had authorized the Spin-Off on June 5, 2015. Id. ¶ 70.

                                          8
Chemours’ board, the three DuPont employees resigned from Chemours’ board.43

One of these individuals, Nigel Pond, was later designated as a Vice President of

Chemours, and on June 26, 2015, Mr. Pond executed the Separation Agreement on

Chemours’ behalf.44 The Spin-Off was finalized by a stock distribution of Chemours

shares to DuPont stockholders on July 1, 2015.45

        C. Environmental Damage and Liabilities; Indemnification for
        Environmental Liabilites

        This litigation primarily concerns a challenge by Chemours of the assignment

of certain environmental liabilities to Chemours in the Separation Agreement.

Chemours takes issue with the scope of the liabilities assigned to it and what it views

as its limited recourse in challenging such assignments.

               1. Environmental Liabilities Assigned to Chemours

        The First Amended Complaint details a number of environmental liabilities

assigned to Chemours in the Separation Agreement. For instance, Chemours was

assigned liability for an Ohio multi-district litigation in which 3,500 plaintiffs were

seeking damages for cancer and other diseases allegedly caused by exposure to

PFOA, a compound used by DuPont historically to manufacture fluoropolymers and

fluoroelastomers.46 This liability had a DuPont-certified “High End (Maximum)

43
   Id. ¶ 35.
44
   Id.
45
   Id. ¶ 11.
46
   Id. ¶ 82.

                                          9
Realistic Exposure” of $128 million, including defense costs.47 Chemours and

DuPont later agreed to a term sheet which provided that DuPont would settle the

litigation for $670.7 million.48 In connection with the PFOA settlement, Chemours

and DuPont amended certain provisions of the Separation Agreement regarding

Chemours indemnification obligations to DuPont specific to PFOA liability.49

       The Separation Agreement also assigned liabilities to Chemours in connection

with DuPont’s Fayetteville Works operation in North Carolina.50 Fayetteville Works

discharged perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (“PFAS”) into the Cape

Fear River—which is a source of drinking water for thousands of people—for at

least thirty years.51 DuPont certified $2.09 million as the “High End (Maximum)

Realistic Exposure” liability for Fayetteville Works.52 In February 2019, Chemours

entered a consent order with the State of North Carolina to settle claims brought by

the State regarding PFAS-related liability.53     The consent order requires the

installation of abatement technology and extensive remediation at a cost to

Chemours of over $200 million.54 Chemours still faces civil litigation associated

47
   Id. ¶ 84.
48
   Id. ¶ 90.
49
   Id. ¶¶ 91–92.
50
   Id. ¶ 93.
51
   Id. ¶ 94.
52
   Id. ¶ 96.
53
   Id. ¶ 99.
54
   Id.

                                        10
with Fayetteville Works, specifically a class action in North Carolina federal court

that recently survived a motion to dismiss.55

       Chemours was additionally assigned environmental liabilities across the State

of New Jersey.56 At the time of the Spin-Off, the certified “High End (Maximum)

Realistic Exposure” for New Jersey environmental liabilities was $337 million.57 In

2018—in connection with the DowDuPont reorganization—DuPont estimated the

liabilities at $620 million.58 The State of New Jersey stated that it was “implausible”

that the $620 million estimate could represent “good-faith estimates of [DuPont’s

historical New Jersey] environmental obligations and liabilities.”59 The State of

New Jersey has brought claims against both Chemours and DuPont in connection

with the New Jersey environmental liabilities.60                 Additionally, a New Jersey

municipality has brought suit against DuPont seeking over $1 billion to address

alleged environmental clean-up costs, and New Jersey’s Department of

Environmental Protection “has issued directives to DuPont and Chemours . . .

55
   Id. From the First Amended Complaint it appears DuPont is a defendant in this class action
along with Chemours. Id.
56
   Id. ¶ 101.
57
   Id. The First Amended Complaint states that “DuPont certified that the ‘maximum’ Chemours
could have to pay for total New Jersey environmental liabilities was $337 million.” Id. It is unclear
from the First Amended Complaint if Chemours purposefully chose not to use the phrase “High
End (Maximum) Realistic Exposure” or was simply attempting to vary its word choice. For
purposes of this Motion to Dismiss, I assume that the $337 million maximum is of the same kind
as the “High End (Maximum) Realistic Exposure” certified by DuPont for other liabilities assigned
to Chemours.
58
   Id.
59
   Id.
60
   Id. ¶¶ 101–105.

                                                11
regarding remediation and clean-up that threaten to impose very substantial

additional costs.”61

       DuPont also assigned benzene-related liabilities to Chemours for which

DuPont certified a “High End (Maximum) Realistic Exposure” of $17 million,

inclusive of defense costs.62 In 2017, DuPont studied the availability of insurance

for benzene liability which valued the potential maximum costs at over $111

million.63

       Finally, DuPont certified a “High End (Maximum) Realistic Exposure” of

$194 million for all other “General Litigation . . . to Perpetuity” which “Houlihan

Lokey reflected as including everything not separately valued.”64 In addition to the

litigation described above, the First Amended Complaints details separate PFAS

litigations brought against DuPont and Chemours by the States of New Hampshire,

Ohio, Vermont, and New York.65        Chemours does not estimate the liabilities

associated with these claims but states that it is “clear” they are “not what DuPont

certified they were.”66

61
   Id. ¶ 106.
62
   Id. ¶ 108.
63
   Id.
64
   Id. ¶ 110.
65
   Id. ¶¶ 112–15.
66
   Id. ¶ 116.

                                        12
                 2. Environmental Liability Indemnification Provisions in the
                 Separation Agreement

       The Separation Agreement contains indemnification provisions concerning

environmental liabilities.        Section 6.3 of the Separation Agreement requires

Chemours to “indemnify, defend and hold harmless the DuPont Indemnitees from

and against any and all Indemnifiable Losses of the DuPont Indemnitees to the extent

relating to, arising out of, by reason of or otherwise in connection with (a) the

Chemours Liabilities . . . .”67 The “Chemours Liabilities” includes, among other

things, the “Chemours Assumed Environmental Liabilities.”68 The “Chemours

Assumed Environmental Liabilities” includes, among other things, a “non-

exhaustive list” of environmental liabilities listed on Schedule 1.1(19)(ii)(B).69 The

First Amended Complaint alleges that DuPont “unilateral[ly] allocate[ed]” such

liabilities.70

       According to the Separation Agreement, “[a]ny allocation of liability set forth

on Schedule 1.1(19)(ii)(B) shall be deemed to be finally determined in accordance

with the allocation reflected on such Schedule and [Chemours and DuPont] agree

not to . . . bring any Action71 challenging any such allocation thereunder or assert

67
   First Am. Compl., Ex. A (“Separation Agreement”), § 6.3.
68
   Id. § 1.1(34).
69
   Id. § 1.1(19)(ii).
70
   First Am. Compl., ¶ 62. The First Amended Complaint also alleges that the indemnification
provisions may cover DowDuPont and Corteva in addition to DuPont. Id. ¶ 73.
71
   “[A]ny demand, action, claim, suit, countersuit, arbitration, inquiry, subpoena, case, litigation,
proceeding or investigation (whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative) by or before

                                                13
any right to dispute resolution under Article VIII of [the Separation Agreement] with

respect thereto.”72 With respect to existing matters of the same type as those listed

on Schedule 1.1(19)(ii)(B), but not identified on the Schedule, DuPont is to, “in its

reasonable determination,” determine whether they shall be listed on the Schedule,

consistent with the provisions of the Separation Agreement, a determination which

Chemours can challenge via Article VIII’s dispute resolution procedures but, “[t]he

burden of proof to rebut such determination shall be borne by [Chemours].”73

Furthermore, “to the extent” that a dispute “arises out of or relates to any Chemours

Assumed Environmental Liabilities” all costs borne by the prevailing party shall be

paid by the other party, but “only to the extent such liabilities are determined to be

‘primarily associated’ with Chemours.”74 Thus, the Separation Agreement allocates

certain environmental liabilities to Chemours by schedule; Chemours alleges that

DuPont has unilaterally allocated such liabilities to Chemours, and that Chemours

has limited rights (and faces an unequal cost burden) to challenge such allocation.75

any court or grand jury, any Governmental Entity or any arbitration or mediation tribunal.”
Separation Agreement, § 1.1(1).
72
   Id. § 1.1(19)(ii). Article VIII of the Separation Agreement concerns arbitration and is discussed
infra, Section I.D.
73
   Separation Agreement, § 1.1(19)(ii).
74
   Id., § 8.2(f). The implications of this provision are that the losing party must pay the prevailing
party’s costs, but only if there has been a ruling that, pursuant to the Separation Agreement,
Chemours should bear such liabilities—i.e. they are “primarily associated” with Chemours.
75
   First Am. Compl., ¶ 62. Chemours also alleges that the Separation Agreement’s indemnification
scheme “seek[s] to prohibit Chemours from pursuing any indemnity, contribution or other claim-
over seeking reimbursement from DuPont for the liabilities being transferred” because “Chemours
may not ‘make any claim for offset, or commence any action, including any claim of contribution
or any indemnification’ against DuPont with respect to any of those liabilities.” Id. ¶ 46 (quoting

                                                 14
        D. Arbitration Provisions in the Separation Agreement

        In the “event of a controversy, dispute or Action arising out of, in connection

with, or in relation to the interpretation, performance, nonperformance, validity or

breach” of the Separation Agreement, the Separation Agreement requires DuPont

and Chemours to negotiate to settle such Dispute.76 If the Dispute is not resolved by

negotiation during a specified negotiation period, then “such Dispute shall be

submitted to final and binding arbitration administered in accordance with the

Commercial Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association (‘AAA’)

then in effect (the ‘Rules’), except as modified [in the Separation Agreement].”77

The arbitration is to be conducted by a three-member arbitral tribunal (the “Arbitral

Tribunal”) and held in New York, New York.78 With respect to any disputes relating

to environmental liabilities, the arbitrators “shall be attorneys with experience in

Environmental Laws79 or technical or scientific experts whose work relates to

Separation Agreement, § 6.1(c)). Chemours continues: “[i]n other words, if Chemours has to pay
any of the liabilities (either because a regulator or plaintiff pursued it directly or because it had to
indemnify DuPont), the Indemnification Provisions seek to preclude Chemours from having any
recourse against DuPont.” Id.
76
   Separation Agreement, § 8.1. The clause reads in full: “In the event of a controversy, dispute
or Action arising out of, in connection with, or in relation to the interpretation, performance,
nonperformance, validity or breach of this Agreement or the Ancillary Agreements or otherwise
arising out of, or in any way related to, this Agreement or the Ancillary Agreements or the
transactions contemplated hereby, including any Action based on contract, tort, statute or
constitution (collectively, ‘Disputes’) . . . .” Id.
77
   Id. § 8.2.
78
   Id. §§ 8.2(a)–(b)
79
   “[A]ll Laws relating to pollution or protection of human health or safety or the environment,
including Laws relating to the exposure to, or Release, threatened Release or the presence of
Hazardous Substances, or otherwise relating to the manufacture, processing, distribution, use,

                                                  15
environmental science, remediation or pollution control issues, as appropriate to the

specific disputes.”80 The Separation Agreement and “any dispute arising out of, in

connection with or relating to” the Separation Agreement is to be “governed by and

construed in accordance with the Laws of the State of Delaware, without giving

effect to the conflicts of laws principles thereof.”81

       Section 8.2(c) of the Separation Agreement provides that Chemours and

DuPont “expressly agree” that “by submitting their dispute to arbitration under the

Rules . . . all issues of arbitrability, including all issues concerning the propriety and

timeliness of the commencement of the arbitration (including any defense based on

a statute of limitation, if applicable), the jurisdiction of the Arbitral Tribunal, and the

procedural conditions for arbitration, shall be finally and solely determined by the

Arbitral Tribunal.”82 The Arbitral Tribunal “shall have the power to grant any

remedy or relief that it deems just and equitable and that is in accordance with the

terms of [the Separation] Agreement, including specific performance and temporary

or final injunctive relief, provided, however, that the Arbitral Tribunal shall have no

authority or power to limit, expand, alter, amend, modify, revoke or suspend any

treatment, storage, transport or handling of Hazardous Substances and all Laws with regard to
recordkeeping, notification, disclosure and reporting requirements respecting Hazardous
Substances, and all laws relating to endangered or threatened species of fish, wildlife and plants
and the management or use of natural resources.” Id. § 1.1(77).
80
   Id. § 8.2(a).
81
   Id. § 10.16.
82
   Id. § 8.2(c).

                                               16
condition or provision of [the Separation] Agreement . . . nor any right or power to

award punitive, exemplary or treble damages.”83 The authority to grant “any pre-

arbitral injunction, pre-arbitral attachment, interim or conservatory measure or other

order in aid of arbitration proceedings” is granted exclusively to the Arbitral

Tribunal or, prior to its constitution, an “Emergency Arbitrator” appointed consistent

with the Rules.84        Section 8.2(g) of the Separation Agreement states that

arbitration—under Article VIII of the Separation Agreement—“shall be the sole and

exclusive remedy for any Dispute, and any award rendered thereby shall be final and

binding upon [Chemours and DuPont] as from the date rendered.”85

       E. Procedural Posture

       Chemours initiated this Action on May 13, 2019 and filed the First Amended

Complaint on August 14, 2019. The First Amended Complaint alleges eleven counts

associated with the Spin-Off and the assignment of certain environmental liabilities

to Chemours.86 Chemours alleges that if DuPont had disclosed the “true maximum

potential liabilities,” assigned to Chemours, Houlihan Lokey “would have arrived at

a valuation of Chemours’ total liabilities that rendered the $3.91 billion dividend

83
   Id. § 8.2(e).
84
   Id. § 8.2(d).
85
   Id. § 8.2(g). As discussed, supra, the Separation Agreement was amended on August 17, 2017,
in connection with PFOA liability, but no changes were made to the specific provisions discussed
herein. First Am. Compl., Ex. C.
86
   At this procedural juncture I need not recount Chemours’ allegations in full.

                                              17
unlawful under 8 Del. C. §§ 170, 173, 174.”87 Thus, Chemours seeks a declaration

that the Separation Agreement’s indemnification provisions are not enforceable or

do not apply in excess of the DuPont-certified liability maximums.                         In the

alternative, Chemours asks to be compensated by DuPont for the environmental

liabilities it faces (including indemnification in connection therewith) in excess of

the certified maximums. In essence, Chemours asks for liability capped at DuPont’s

certified “High End (Maximum) Realistic Exposure” (inclusive of any

indemnification obligation of Chemours to DuPont) or that DuPont return “all or a

portion of Chemours’ $3.91 billion dividend to DuPont, in an amount to be

determined at trial.”88 On August 28, 2019, the Defendants moved to dismiss this

Action.89 I heard Oral Argument on the Defendants’ Motion on December 18, 2019

and considered the matter submitted for decision on that date.

                                        II. ANALYSIS

       The Defendants have moved to dismiss this Action in favor of arbitration

under Chancery Court Rule 12(b)(1).90 In evaluating the Defendants’ Motion, “[t]he

87
   First Am. Compl., ¶ 133.
88
   Id. at 74. Additionally, Chemours asks for damages for breach of fiduciary duty in the event of
a determination that Chemours “has unlimited responsibility for the true maximum potential
liabilities.” Id. ¶ 194.
89
   Opening Br. in Support of Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss the Verified First Am. Compl., D.I. 40 (“Defs.’
Opening Br.”). A Motion to Stay Discovery and Cross Motion to Compel are also outstanding;
given my determination in this Memorandum Opinion that I am without jurisdiction, I consider
these motions moot. See Defs.’ Mot. to Stay Discovery, D.I. 29; Pl.’s Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Stay
Discovery and Cross-Mot. to Compel, D.I. 34.
90
   Ch. Ct. R. 12(b)(1).

                                                18
court is ‘confine[d] . . . to the allegations of the complaint and exhibits thereto, which

must be accepted as true for purposes of the motion to dismiss,’” “and ‘all inferences

therefrom should be construed in the non-moving party’s favor.’”91 This Court “will

dismiss an action under Rule 12(b)(1) ‘if it appears from the record that the Court

does not have subject matter jurisdiction over the claim.’”92 The 12(b)(1) Motion is

appropriate at this juncture because “Delaware courts lack subject matter jurisdiction

to resolve disputes that litigants have contractually agreed to arbitrate.”93

       Where parties agree to arbitrate a dispute involving interstate commerce,

absent a clear expression in the contract to the contrary, the rules of the Federal

Arbitration Act (the “FAA”) govern.94 Section 2 of the FAA states:

       A written provision in any . . . contract evidencing a transaction
       involving commerce to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter
       arising out of such contract or transaction . . . shall be valid, irrevocable,
       and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for
       the revocation of any contract.95

91
   Orix LF, LP v. Inscap Asset Mgmt., LLC, 2010 WL 1463404, at *5 (Del. Ch. Apr. 13, 2010)
(quoting Elf Atochem N. Am., Inc. v. Jaffari, 727 A.2d 286, 287 n.1 (Del. 1999)); de Adler v. Upper
New York Inv. Co. LLC, 2013 WL 5874645, at *7 (Del. Ch. Oct. 31, 2013) (quoting Harman v.
Masoneilan Int’l, Inc., 442 A.2d 487, 489 (Del.1982)) (internal alterations omitted).
92
   Lewis v. AimCo Properties, L.P., 2015 WL 557995, at *2 (Del. Ch. Feb. 10, 2015) (quoting
AFSCME Locals 1102 & 320 v. City of Wilmington, 858 A.2d 962, 965 (Del. Ch. 2004)).
93
   Gomes v. Karnell, 2016 WL 7010912, at *3 (Del. Ch. Nov. 30, 2016) (quoting Legend Nat. Gas
II Hldgs., LP v. Hargis, 2012 WL 4481303, at *4 (Del. Ch. Sept. 28, 2012)).
94
   Id.; see 10 Del. C. § 5702. The parties agree that the FAA controls this matter.
95
   9 U.S.C. § 2.

                                                19
This provision reflects “both a ‘liberal federal policy favoring arbitration,’ . . . and

the fundamental principle ‘that arbitration is a matter of contract[.]’”96 Courts are to

“apply[] general state-law principles of contract interpretation [in] the interpretation

of an arbitration agreement within the scope of the [FAA]” and in doing so “must

place arbitration agreements on an equal footing with other contracts.”97

Additionally, while “any doubts concerning the scope of arbitral issues should be

resolved in favor of arbitration . . . if the dispute at issue concerns either contract

formation or whether parties have agreed to submit a particular dispute to arbitration,

the court must make an initial determination prior to compelling arbitration.”98

       The Defendants contend that Section 8.2(c) of the Separation Agreement

mandates dismissal of this Action.99 That Section reads:

96
   AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333, 339 (2011) (quoting Moses H. Cone Mem’l
Hospital v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24 (1983); Rent-A-Ctr., W., Inc. v. Jackson, 561
U.S. 63, 67 (2010)).
97
   Volt Info. Scis., Inc. v. Bd. of Trs. of Leland Stanford Junior Univ., 489 U.S. 468, 475 (1989);
Concepcion, 563 U.S at 339.
98
   Saizhang Guan v. Uber Techs., Inc., 236 F. Supp. 3d 711, 720 (E.D.N.Y. 2017) (quoting Moses
H. Cone, 460 U.S. at 24–25; Granite Rock Co. v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 561 U.S. 287, 296 (2010))
(internal alterations and quotation marks omitted). The Third Circuit Court of Appeals recently
noted that: “[d]eciding whether arbitration is required is a two-step process: in the first step, the
court determines whether ‘there is an agreement to arbitrate,’ and then in the second step, the court
decides whether ‘the dispute at issue falls within the scope of that agreement.” Jaludi v. Citigroup,
933 F.3d 246, 254 (3d Cir. 2019) (quoting Century Indem. Co. v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s,
London, 584 F.3d 513, 523 (3d Cir. 2009)). The court continued that the first step “is governed
by state law” and “[i]n applying state law at step one, we do not invoke the presumption of
arbitrability.” Id. at 254–55. Because this Memorandum Opinion deals solely with step one, I
apply “ordinary state-law principles that govern the formation of contracts” and do not invoke the
presumption of arbitrability. Id. at 254 (quoting First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514
U.S. 938, 944 (1995)).
99
   Defs.’ Opening Br., at 18.

                                                20
       For the avoidance of doubt, by submitting their dispute to arbitration
       under the Rules, the Parties expressly agree that all issues of
       arbitrability, including all issues concerning the propriety and
       timeliness of the commencement of the arbitration (including any
       defense based on a statute of limitation, if applicable), the jurisdiction
       of the Arbitral Tribunal, and the procedural conditions for arbitration,
       shall be finally and solely determined by the Arbitral Tribunal.100

This clause, which delegates resolution of questions of arbitrability—i.e. “threshold

questions concerning the arbitration agreement”—to the Arbitral Tribunal is known

(and referred to by the parties) as a “delegation clause” or a “delegation

provision.”101 I adopt this convention and refer to Section 8.2(c) of the Separation

Agreement herein as the “Delegation Clause.” The United State Supreme Court has

held that under the FAA “parties can agree to arbitrate ‘gateway’ questions of

‘arbitrability,’ such as whether the parties have agreed to arbitrate or whether their

agreement covers a particular controversy.”102             “The question of who decides

arbitrability is itself a question of contract. The [FAA] allows parties to agree by

contract that an arbitrator, rather than a court, will resolve threshold arbitrability

questions as well as underlying merits disputes.”103 An agreement to arbitrate a

gateway issue, such as the arbitration of arbitrability, “is simply an additional,

100
    Separation Agreement, § 8.2(c).
101
    Rent-A-Ctr., W., Inc. v. Jackson, 561 U.S. 63, 68 (2010); see David Horton, Arbitration About
Arbitration, 70 Stan. L. Rev. 363, 393 (2018); see also Defs.’ Opening Br., at 21; The Chemours
Company’s Br. in Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction, D.I.
43 (“Chemours’ Answ. Br.”), at 50.
102
    Rent-A-Ctr., 561 U.S. at 69.
103
    Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc., 139 S. Ct. 524, 527 (2019).

                                               21
antecedent agreement the party seeking arbitration asks the federal court to enforce,

and the FAA operates on this additional arbitration agreement just as it does on any

other.”104 “When the parties’ contract delegates the arbitrability question to an

arbitrator, a court may not override the contract. In those circumstances, a court

possesses no power to decide the arbitrability issue.”105 Per the Defendants, the

Delegation Clause is valid and binding on the parties, meaning that the parties have

agreed to “arbitrate arbitrability,” and that this Court is consequently deprived of

jurisdiction to determine that threshold matter.106

       A. Chemours Consented to Arbitration

       In the first instance, Chemours urges that it is not bound by the Separation

Agreement’s arbitration provisions because it did not consent to arbitration. In

Granite Rock Co. v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, the United States

Supreme Court emphasized the “first principle that underscores all of [its] arbitration

decisions: Arbitration is strictly ‘a matter of consent.’”107 “Consent is essential

under the FAA because arbitrators wield only the authority they are given. That is,

they derive their ‘powers from the parties’ agreement to forgo the legal process and

104
    Rent-A-Ctr., 561 U.S. at 70.
105
    Henry Schein, 139 S. Ct. at 529. Delaware law is generally consistent with the FAA in this
regard. See James & Jackson, LLC v. Willie Gary, LLC, 906 A.2d 76, 79 (Del. 2006).
106
    See First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 943 (1995).
107
    Granite Rock Co. v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 561 U.S. 287, 299 (2010) (quoting Volt Info. Scis.,
Inc. v. Bd. of Trs. of Leland Stanford Junior Univ., 489 U.S. 468, 479 (1989)).

                                                22
submit their disputes to private dispute resolution.’”108 The FAA respects the

primacy of consent and “does not require parties to arbitrate when they have not

agree to do so.”109 Thus, unless Chemours consented to arbitration, I cannot dismiss

this Action in favor of arbitration.110

       I must apply state contract law to determine whether Chemours consented to

arbitration.111 Section 2 of the FAA mandates that arbitration agreements are to be

enforced as contracts and it does not “alter background principles of state contract

law regarding the scope of agreements (including who is bound by them).”112 Thus,

“state law . . . is applicable to determine which contracts are binding under [Section]

2 . . . if that law arose to govern issues concerning the validity, revocability, and

enforceability of contracts generally.”113 In considering the agreement to arbitrate,

108
     Lamps Plus, Inc. v. Varela, 139 S. Ct. 1407, 1416 (2019) (quoting Stolt-Nielsen S.A. v.
AnimalFeeds Int’l Corp., 559 U.S. 662, 682 (2010)).
109
    Volt, 489 U.S. at 478.
110
    I note that I do not consider whether there is “clear and unmistakable” evidence of an agreement
to arbitrate—as articulated by Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 537 U.S. 79 (2002) and
interpreted under Delaware law by James & Jackson, LLC v. Willie Gary, LLC, 906 A.2d 76 (Del.
2006)—because Chemours has not argued that the plain language of the Delegation Clause and
the Separation Agreement, if applied, do not mandate arbitration. In fact, the contractual scheme
clearly does so. Chemours instead insists that it did not consent to arbitration in the first place.
111
    Jaludi v. Citigroup, 933 F.3d 246, 254 (3d Cir. 2019) (quoting First Options, 514 U.S. at 944 )
(“When deciding whether the parties agreed to arbitrate a certain matter (including arbitrability),
courts generally . . . should apply ordinary state-law principles that govern the formation of
contracts.”).
112
    Arthur Andersen LLP v. Carlisle, 556 U.S. 624, 630 (2009); Rent-A-Ctr., W., Inc. v. Jackson,
561 U.S. 63, 67 (2010) (“The FAA thereby places arbitration agreements on an equal footing with
other contracts, and requires courts to enforce them according to their terms.” (internal citations
omitted)).
113
    Arthur Andersen, 556 U.S. at 630–31 (quoting Perry v. Thomas, 482 U.S. 483, 492 n.9 (1987))
(internal alterations omitted).

                                                23
general state law contract principles, and not any special rules separate to arbitration

agreements, must apply.114          The Separation Agreement—which contains the

arbitration provisions in dispute—and any “dispute arising out of, in connection with

or relating to” the Separation Agreement is to be “governed by and construed in

accordance with the Laws of the State of Delaware.”115 Therefore, I must determine

if, under Delaware contract law, Chemours has consented to arbitration.

       The Delaware Supreme Court has echoed the Restatement (Second) of

Contracts in stating the bedrock principle that “the formation of a contract requires

a bargain in which there is a manifestation of mutual assent to the exchange and a

consideration.”116 In Chemours’ view, it did not consent to arbitration as required

under the FAA because that foundational requirement of contract formation—

mutual assent—is absent.117 Under Delaware law, “overt manifestation of assent—

not subjective intent—controls the formation of a contract.”118                 Furthermore,

“[w]hether both of the parties manifested an intent to be bound ‘is to be determined

objectively based upon their expressed words and deeds as manifested at the time

114
    See Perry, 482 U.S. at 492 n.9.
115
    Separation Agreement, § 10.16.
116
     Eagle Force Holdings, LLC v. Campbell, 187 A.3d 1209, 1212 (Del. 2018) (quoting
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 17 (1981)) (emphasis added).
117
    Chemours’ Answ. Br., at 24–25.
118
    Eagle Force Holdings, 187 A.3d at 1229 (quoting Black Horse Capital, LP v. Xstelos Holdings,
Inc., 2014 WL 5025926, at *12 (Del. Ch. Sept. 30, 2014)).

                                              24
rather than by their after-the-fact professed subjective intent.’”119 “[W]here the

putative contract is in the form of a signed writing, that document generally offers

the most powerful and persuasive evidence of the parties’ intent to be bound.”120

       Chemours—the party to the Separation Agreement and the entity that the

Defendants seek to compel to arbitrate—is a corporation, and “[a] corporation is an

artificial being, invisible, intangible, and existing only in contemplation of law.”121

As it is a “purely metaphysical creature, having no mind with which to think, no will

with which to determine and no voice with which to speak, [a corporation] must

depend upon the faculties of natural persons to determine for it its policies and direct

the agencies through which they are to be effectuated.”122 Thus, “[b]ecause it lacks

a body and mind, a corporation only can act through human agents.”123

       Chemours concedes that a duly appointed board of directors approved the

Spin-Off and the Separation Agreement, and that a duly appointed executive of

Chemours, Nigel Pond, Chemours’ then-Vice President, executed the Separation

Agreement on behalf of Chemours.124 There is no dispute whether Nigel Pond

119
    Black Horse, 2014 WL 5025926, at *12 (quoting Debbs v. Berman, 1986 WL 1243, at *7 (Del.
Ch. Jan. 29, 1986)).
120
    Eagle Force Holdings, 187 A.3d at 1230.
121
    Prairie Capital III, L.P. v. Double E Holding Corp., 132 A.3d 35, 59 (Del. Ch. 2015) (quoting
Trs. of Dartmouth Coll. v. Woodward, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 518, 636 (1819)).
122
    Id. (quoting N. Assur. Co. v. Rachlin Clothes Shop, 125 A. 184, 188 (Del. 1924)).
123
    Id. at 60.
124
    First Am. Compl., ¶ 35.

                                               25
signed the Separation Agreement in his capacity as Vice President of Chemours.125

Delaware law views such a signature as “the most powerful and persuasive

evidence” of Chemours’ intent to be bound by the Separation Agreement, and,

consequently, its consent to arbitration.126

       Notwithstanding Mr. Pond’s signature on the Separation Agreement,

Chemours contends that it did not really consent to arbitration, because “all the

arbitration provisions of the Separation Agreement were conceived, drafted, and

executed by DuPont alone.”127 Chemours alleges that its prospective management

team had no opportunity to bargain with DuPont regarding the terms of arbitration

nor was it entitled to retain counsel.128 Chemours points to a sworn statement by

DuPont’s former Chief Executive Officer and board chair that states that “DuPont

unilaterally determined the terms of the Separation Agreement, including its

arbitration provisions, and unilaterally consummated the Separation Agreement

without any consent from Chemours.”129 In essence, Chemours argues that, as a

subsidiary, pre-Spin-Off Chemours had no will of its own; it was animated solely by

the will of its parent, DuPont, and thus was unable to independently and effectively

consent to arbitration.

125
    See Separation Agreement.
126
    See Eagle Force Holdings, LLC v. Campbell, 187 A.3d 1209, 1230 (Del. 2018).
127
    Chemours’ Answ. Br., at 25.
128
    Id.
129
    Chemours’ Answ. Br., Ex. A, ¶ 2.

                                            26
       While Chemours challenges its consent to arbitration in this “real-world” or

intuitive sense, it cannot show that it did not consent in the contractual sense

required by the FAA. Chemours can point to no case that has declined to enforce a

parent-subsidiary contract because the subsidiary could not manifest assent due to

its domination by the parent.130 Simply because the parent dictates terms to its

wholly-owned subsidiary is not a grounds under Delaware law to infer lack of

consent such that the contract would not be enforceable. Consent to arbitration under

the FAA is contractual consent under state law and, as explained above, I may not

130
   Chemours references Highlands Ins. Grp., Inc. v. Halliburton Co., 2001 WL 287485 (Del. Ch.
Mar. 21, 2001), aff’d, 801 A.2d 10 (Del. 2002), but that case stands for a different concept
concerning parent-subsidiary contracts—mutual mistake—which is inapposite here.                   In
Highlands, this Court held there could be no mutual mistake in the spin-off agreements at issue in
that case “because as a legal matter [the subsidiary] had no independent ability to negotiate the
Spinoff agreements” and thus “lacked any ability to change the terms of the Spinoff or to make a
‘mistake’ about what those terms meant.” Highlands, 2001 WL 287485, at *8. Under Delaware
law, a mutual mistake is “where each [party] labors under a misconception with respect to the same
terms of the written instrument sought to be corrected.” Home Life Ins. Co. of Am. v. McCarns,
16 A.2d 587, 589 (1940). Per the Restatement (Second) of Contracts “[w]here a mistake of of
both parties at the time a contract was made as to a basic assumption on which the contract was
made has a material effect on the agreed exchange of performances, the contract is voidable by the
adversely affected party unless he bears the risk of the mistake. . . . .” Restatement (Second) of
Contracts § 152 (1981). As manifestation of mutual assent is an “external or objective standard
for interpreting conduct,” mutual mistake is a justification for making a contract voidable even
though the parties have objectively manifested an intent to be bound. See id. § 2 cmt. b (1981)
(explaining the external or objective standard). Highlands rejected the mutual mistake argument
based on the futility of the contention that the respective manifestations of assent made by each
party were based on a mistake when, as in the parent-subsidiary relationship, it is the same party
on both sides of the table. However, the fact that there can be no mutual mistake in a parent-
subsidiary contract does not mean that the legally required manifestation of assent (i.e. consent) is
absent, but rather simply that the contract is not subject to challenge based on the oxymoronic
concept of the same party simultaneously making a mistake separately on behalf of each
contracting party.

                                                27
construe consent uniquely simply because an arbitration agreement is at issue.131

Under Delaware contract law, Chemours’ board resolution and Mr. Pond’s signature

on the Separation Agreement evidence Chemours’ overt manifestation of assent—

and, therefore, Chemours’ consent—to the Separation Agreement.132

       In an effort to escape this conclusion, Chemours contends that the Separation

Agreement is not really a contract at all, but a form of quasi-constitutional corporate

document. Chemours argues, tautologically, that certain corporate agreements, such

as separation agreements, are generally enforceable as contracts “not because they

reflect the consented-to agreement that is fundamental to offer and acceptance but

because, as a matter of sound administration of the corporate law and public policy,

they will generally be enforceable.”133 But accepting Chemours’ argument would

131
    Kindred Nursing Centers Ltd. P’ship v. Clark, 137 S. Ct. 1421, 1426 (2017) (quoting AT&T
Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333, 339, 341 (2011)) (“[Section 2 of the FAA] establishes
an equal-treatment principle: A court may invalidate an arbitration agreement based on ‘generally
applicable contract defenses’ like fraud or unconscionability, but not on legal rules that ‘apply only
to arbitration or that derive their meaning from the fact that an agreement to arbitrate is at issue.’
The FAA thus preempts any state rule discriminating on its face against arbitration—for example,
a ‘law prohibit[ing] outright the arbitration of a particular type of claim.’ And not only that: The
[FAA] also displaces any rule that covertly accomplishes the same objective by disfavoring
contracts that (oh so coincidentally) have the defining features of arbitration agreements.” (internal
citations omitted)).
132
    Quoting Weber v. Kirchner, 2003 WL 23190392 (Del. Ch. Dec. 31, 2003), Chemours argues
that Chemours’ consent was “coerced,” noting that Weber “defin[ed] ‘coercion’ in term of
‘overcoming [] free will.’” Chemours’ Answ. Br., at 27. However, Chemours leaves out the full
quote, which reads: “[t]o prove duress at trial, Weber would have to demonstrate that there was a
wrongful act that overcame his free will and that he had no adequate legal remedy to protect his
interests.” Weber, 2003 WL 23190392, at *2. Chemours makes no serious effort to argue that the
Separation Agreement is invalid under this rubric, instead focusing on the lack-of-consent
argument under the FAA.
133
    Oral Arg. Tr., at 103:15–103:23.

                                                 28
violate the FAA’s equal treatment principle because it would permit me to search

for a form of consent other than contractual consent, in Chemours’ words: “real

world” consent.134 The FAA mandates the application of ordinary state law contract

principles, and Delaware law recognizes no subspecies of consent applicable to

agreements such as the Separation Agreement. Instead, Delaware law enforces such

agreements as contracts, and searches for the requisite contractual manifestation of

assent by reference to foundational contractual principles—rendering Mr. Pond’s

signature near ironclad.135 A rule that requires an elevated level of consent for

purposes of an arbitration agreement where state contract law otherwise recognizes

the consent as sufficient would derivate from Delaware law contract principles

where an agreement to arbitrate is at issue. Again, the United States Supreme Court

has continually held that such a rule violates the FAA.136 Therefore, Chemours has

consented to arbitration under Delaware law.

134
    See Chemours’ Answ. Br., at 27.
135
    Chemours, I note, fails to identify an applicable principle under which provisions of a separation
agreement may be classified as contractual or non-contractual.
136
    Lamps Plus, Inc. v. Varela, 139 S. Ct. 1407, 1431 (2019) (“So any state rule treating arbitration
agreements worse than other contracts ‘stand[s] as an obstacle’ to achieving the Act’s purposes—
and is preempted.”); Epic Sys. Corp. v. Lewis, 138 S. Ct. 1612, 1616 (2018) (stating that the FAA
does not permit “defenses targeting arbitration either by name or by more subtle methods . . . .”);
Concepcion, 131 S. Ct. at 1742–43 (“Section 2’s saving clause permits agreements to be
invalidated by generally applicable contract defenses, but not by defenses that apply only to
arbitration or derive their meaning from the fact that an agreement to arbitrate is at issue.” (internal
quotation marks omitted)); Doctor’s Assocs., Inc. v. Casarotto, 517 U.S. 681, 687 (1996) (“By
enacting § 2, we have several times said, Congress precluded States from singling out arbitration
provisions for suspect status, requiring instead that such provisions be placed upon the same
footing as other contracts.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

                                                  29
       B. The Delegation Clause is Not Unconscionable

       Chemours contends that, even if a binding contract to arbitrate exists in the

Separation Agreement, I must decline to enforce it as unconscionable. Chemours

points to purported contractual limitations on the remedies available to the Arbitral

Tribunal, unequal cost splitting for challenges to environmental liabilities, and what

it alleges are flaws in the bargaining process.

       In Rent-A-Center West, Inc. v. Jackson, the United Stated Supreme Court held

that in determining whether an arbitration agreement is enforceable, only a

“challenge[] specifically [to] the validity of the agreement to arbitrate” is relevant,

whereas a court may not consider “challenges [to] the contract as a whole, either on

a ground that directly affects the entire agreement . . . or on the ground that the

illegality of one of the contract’s provisions renders the whole contract invalid.”137

This holding was grounded in Section 2 of the FAA. That Section “states that a

‘written provision’ ‘to settle by arbitration a controversy’ is ‘valid, irrevocable, and

enforceable’ without mention of the validity of the contract in which it is contained,”

and therefore, the Court held that “a party’s challenge to another provision of the

contract, or to the contract as a whole, does not prevent a court from enforcing a

specific agreement to arbitrate.”138 Arbitration provisions are thus severable from

137
    561 U.S. 63, 70 (2010) (quoting Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cardegna, 546 U.S. 440, 444
(2006)).
138
    Id.

                                             30
the remainder of the contract, “and may therefore be separately enforced and their

validity separately determined.”139

       Consequently, an attack on a delegation clause must refer to the

unconscionability of that clause and not the broader contractual provisions regarding

arbitration.140 “[U]nder the severability principle, [courts] treat a challenge to the

validity of an arbitration agreement (or a delegation clause) separately from a

challenge to the validity of the entire contract in which it appears.”141 Therefore,

“[u]nless a party specifically challenges the validity of the agreement to arbitrate,

both sides may be required to take all their disputes—including disputes about the

validity of their broader contract—to arbitration.”142

       The severed Delegation Clause may be invalidated by “generally applicable

contract defenses such as . . . unconscionability.”143 Chemours has argued that the

Delegation Clause is unconscionable.              Under Rent-A-Center, I must examine

whether Chemours’ unconscionability challenge is a challenge to the Delegation

Clause itself, or a broader challenge to the Separation Agreement and/or its

139
    Quilloin v. Tenet HealthSystem Philadelphia, Inc., 673 F.3d 221, 229 (3d Cir. 2012);
140
    See MacDonald v. CashCall, Inc., 883 F.3d 220, 226–27 (3d Cir. 2018). As discussed, supra,
the FAA treats a delegation clause as simply an antecedent arbitration agreement and operates on
a delegation clause just as it would on any other agreement to arbitrate. See Rent-A-Ctr., 561 U.S.
at 70.
141
    New Prime Inc. v. Oliveira, 139 S. Ct. 532, 538 (2019).
142
    Id.
143
    Rent-A-Ctr., 561 U.S. at 68 (quoting Doctor’s Assocs., Inc. v. Casarotto, 517 U.S. 681, 687
(1996)).

                                                31
arbitration provisions (other than the Delegation Clause). Where Chemours has

made such a direct challenge, I analyze unconscionability under Delaware law.144

       Procedural unconscionability “examines the procedures that led to the

contract with the goal of evaluating whether seemingly lopsided terms might have

resulted from arms’-length bargaining,” and courts focus on “the relative bargaining

strength of the parties and whether the weaker party could make a meaningful

choice.”145      Chemours contends that the Separation Agreement’s arbitration

provisions, including the Delegation Clause, are procedurally unconscionable

because they “were written into the Separation Agreement over Chemours’ express

objection.”146

       Substantive Unconscionability, on the other hand, tests the substance of the

exchange: a contract will be deemed substantively unconscionable “if the terms

evidence a gross imbalance that ‘shocks the conscience’” or if the bargain is on terms

“so extreme as to appear unconscionable according to the mores and business

practices of the time and place.”147 Procedural and substantive unconscionability

are not “separate elements of a two prong test”—instead, the “analysis is unitary,

144
    Volt Info. Scis., Inc. v. Bd. of Trs. of Leland Stanford Junior Univ., 489 U.S. 468, 475 (1989)
(noting that courts “apply[] general state-law principles of contract interpretation to the
interpretation of an arbitration agreement within the scope of the [FAA]”).
145
    James v. Nat’l Fin., LLC, 132 A.3d 799, 815 (Del. Ch. 2016).
146
    Chemours’ Answ. Br., at 32 n. 6, 48.
147
    James, 132 A.3d at 815 (quoting Coles v. Trecothick, 32 Eng. Rep. 592, 597 (Ch. 1804);
Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co., 350 F.2d 445, 450 (D.C. Cir. 1965)).

                                                32
and it is generally agreed that if more of one is present, then less of the other is

required.”148       Chemours offers the following arguments for substantive

unconscionability:

           1. “The arbitration provisions of the Separation Agreement would deny
              Chemours basic rights and remedies available under Delaware law and
              in the Delaware courts—including the right to raise an
              unconscionability challenge”149

           2. “The arbitration provisions reflect an unenforceable imbalance in the
              parties’ rights and obligations” because the parties cannot challenge
              certain of the Separation Agreement’s terms to the Arbitral Tribunal or
              that Chemours bears the burden to make such a challenge150

           3. “[T]he arbitration provisions impose one-sided penalties . . . only
              against Chemours,” specifically concerning the costs associated with a
              challenge to environmental liabilities in arbitration151
       Number 3 above is not a direct challenge to the Delegation Clause.152 It argues

that Chemours must pay the presumptive costs of a challenge to environmental

liabilities.153 However, this challenge does not attack propriety of the power of the

Arbitral Tribunal to determine arbitrability, instead, it concerns the burden and costs

of the substantive challenge of arbitrable claims. That is, any disparity in cost

148
    Id. at 815 (internal quotation marks omitted).
149
    Chemours’ Answ. Br., at 49.
150
    Id. at 51.
151
    Id. at 52. Chemours also protested the limitations on arbitrator selection to environmental
experts in certain circumstances, but DuPont has submitted that it “will not object if Chemours
appoints an arbitrator without experience in environmental law.” See Id. at 56–57; see also
DuPont’s Opening Br., at 40 n.35. In any event, that provision is not unconscionable.
152
    The relevant provision is Section 8.2(f) of the Separation Agreement, discussed, supra, Section
I.C.2.
153
    Chemours’ Answ. Br., at 57.

                                                33
allocation to a challenge of liabilities is irrelevant until it is determined whether such

claims are arbitrable.154 Therefore, this is a challenge to the terms of arbitration

rather than an attack on the Delegation Clause itself.

       Numbers 1 and 2 above can be considered together as a challenge that the

Delegation Clause limits the Arbitral Tribunal’s ability to grant certain relief and is

thus unconscionable.         Chemours cites the Separation Agreement’s arbitration

provisions that deny the arbitrator any “authority or power to limit, expand, alter,

amend, modify, revoke or suspend any condition or provision” of the Separation

Agreement.155       Chemours has pled that certain provisions of the Separation

Agreement are invalid or unenforceable, and Chemours argues that if the arbitrators

determine arbitrability, Chemours must make its arguments regarding the invalidity

or unenforceability of the substantive provisions of the Separation Agreement “to

the arbitrators—who cannot hear it, because it would involve invalidating,

modifying or suspending the arbitration provisions.”156 Thus, because the arbitrators

allegedly cannot hear unconscionability challenges to the Separation Agreement, the

154
    Namely, the unequal cost shifting in Section 8.2(f) does not apply until there has been a
determination by the Arbitral Tribunal that environmental liabilities are “primarily associated”
with Chemours—a determination which necessarily cannot take place unless the Arbitral Panel
determines that the claims are arbitrable. See Separation Agreement, § 8.2(f).
155
    Id., § 8.2(e); Chemours’ Answ. Br., at 49.
156
    Chemours’ Answ., Br., at 50. Chemours also argues that the Arbitral Tribunal is similarly
“barred from hearing any ‘challeng[e]’ to DuPont’s allocation of most environmental liabilities.”
Id. at 51. This argument, based on the provisions cited in Section I.C.2., supra, similarly concerns
the ability of Chemours to challenge certain of the Separation Agreement’s provisions before an
arbitrator.

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Delegation Clause, in Chemours’ view, “operates as an unenforceable waiver of

unconscionability, and so is in itself unconscionable.”157

       In order to properly challenge the Delegation Clause under United States

Supreme Court precedent, Chemours would have to argue that the limitation of the

Arbitral Tribunal’s powers causes the arbitration over the arbitrability of Chemours’

claims that the Separation Agreement is invalid or unenforceable to be

unconscionable.158        Chemours emphatically states that this is so, because the

limitations of the Arbitral Tribunal’s powers would preclude Chemours’ ability to

obtain relief. However, the Arbitral Tribunal must apply Delaware law, just as this

Court would, and nowhere does the Separation Agreement prevent Chemours from

arguing to the Arbitral Tribunal that the Separation Agreement’s arbitration

provisions (including those restricting the powers of the Arbitral Tribunal) are

inconsistent with Delaware law.159 Therefore, Chemours’ argument is not really a

direct challenge to the Delegation Clause at all; instead, it is a challenge to the

Separation Agreement’s other arbitration provisions, namely, those concerning the

157
    Id. at 50.
158
    See Rent-A-Ctr., W., Inc. v. Jackson, 561 U.S. 63, 74 (2010).
159
    The Defendants do not contest that Chemours may make such an argument to the Arbitral
Tribunal. Oral Arg. Tr., at 40:17–41:4 (“THE COURT: My question was simply whether the
arbitrator, if – let’s assume that Delaware law is such that either the limitations on the remedies
before the arbitrator make the claim unarbitrable as a matter of equity, or, conversely, that even if
arbitrable, they’re not enforceable by the arbitrator because, as a matter of public policy, they can’t
be enforced. I assume those same arguments could be made to the arbitrator as made to this Court
because the arbitrator, I assume, would be applying Delaware law. Correct? [DuPont’s Counsel]:
Absolutely.”)

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powers of the Arbitral Tribunal and its ability to grant Chemours the relief it seeks.

These arbitral terms do not affect Chemours’ ability to arbitrate whether the

Separation Agreement’s arbitration provisions are valid or enforceable. Thus,

contrary to Chemours’ argument that the Delegation Clause operates as an

unenforceable waiver of unsconscionability, the Delegation Clause does not waive

Chemours’ ability to argue unconscionability. What the Delegation Clause does

require is for Chemours to make that argument to the Arbitral Panel, not this

Court.160

       Because Chemours does not articulate a substantive unconscionability

argument specific to the Delegation Clause, I may not consider these arguments in

determining whether the Delegation Clause is unconscionable.161 Therefore, all that

remains is Chemours’ procedural unconscionability argument, which mirrors its

argument that the arbitration provisions are void for lack of consent.162

160
    This answers, I believe Chemours’ public policy argument that enforcing mandatory arbitration
in spin-offs would permit a parent’s imposition of unconscionable and illegal provisions beyond,
legal review. See Chemours’ Answ. Br., at 59.
161
    The same result would follow even if Chemours’ arguments were considered a direct attack on
the Delegation Clause—because the provisions cited do not operate on the Delegation Clause, they
cannot render it substantively unconscionable, and consequently any direct attack based on
substantive unconscionability would fail.
162
    I consider the procedural unconscionability argument as a direct challenge to the Delegation
Clause because Chemours has argued that its lack-of-consent argument “undermines the
provisions of the Separation Agreement that purport to delegate the issue of arbitrability to
arbitration, mooting DuPont’s reliance on the severability of these delegation provisions.
Chemours no more consented to delegation than it did to any other feature of the arbitration regime
that DuPont unilaterally imposed.” Chemours’ Answ. Br., at 32 n.6 (internal citation omitted).

                                                36
       Even if the Delegation Clause was the product of procedural unfairness, it

cannot be procedurally unconscionable because such a finding cannot be squared

with settled Delaware law that “[w]holly-owned subsidiary corporations are

expected to operate for the benefit of their parent corporations; that is why they are

created.”163 To the exent the First Amended Complaint does allege sufficient facts

to infer procedural unconscionability in a typical commercial setting, that is, one

involving separate enterprises each negotiating in its own interest, the spirit of

procedural unconscionability—an “examin[ation] [of] the procedures that led to the

contract with the goal of evaluating whether seemingly lopsided terms might have

resulted from arms’-length bargaining”164—is wholly inconsistent with the routine

enforcement of parent-subsidiary contracts. Such contracts are routinely enforced

not because they reflect arms’-length bargaining between a parent and its

subsidiary—which of course they do not—but because the parent determines they

are desirable for the parent, and subsidiary fiduciaries “are obligated only to manage

the affairs of the subsidiary in the best interests of the parent and its shareholders.”165

Delaware law enforces these admittedly non-consenual contracts because they allow

163
    Trenwick Am. Litig. Tr. v. Ernst & Young, L.L.P., 906 A.2d 168, 173 (Del. Ch. 2006), aff’d sub
nom. Trenwick Am. Litig. Tr. v. Billett, 931 A.2d 438 (Del. 2007). I note that “[w]hether a contract
is unconscionable is determined at the time it was made.” James v. Nat’l Fin., LLC, 132 A.3d 799,
814 (Del. Ch. 2016) (citing Lecates v. Hertrich Pontiac Buick Co., 515 A.2d 163, 173 (Del. Super.
1986)).
164
    James, 132 A.3d at 815.
165
    Anadarko Petroleum Corp. v. Panhandle E. Corp., 545 A.2d 1171, 1174 (Del. 1988).

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the corporate machinery to run smoothly—to find such a contract unenforceable

based on procedural unconscionability would be nonsensical, because their

presumptive validity acknowledges that they are not the product of fair

bargaining.166    Therefore, to the extent Chemours has directly challenged the

procedural unconscionability of the Delegation Clause, its challenge fails as a matter

of law.

       Chemours has failed to show that the Delegation Clause is unconscionable

under Delaware law. The Delegation Clause properly assigns arbitrability to the

Arbitral Tribunal. I may not override the contract, and lack jurisdiction to decide

arbitrability.167 Because this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, this Action must

be dismissed.

                                  III. CONCLUSION

       The Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED. The parties should submit

a form of order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion.

166
    This Court noted in Anadarko Petroleum Corp. v. Panhandle Eastern Corp. that a spun off
company offered “no authority for the proposition that, when the parties to a spin-off have
continuing contractual relations, those contracts must be negotiated at arms length.” 1987 WL
16508, at *4 (Del. Ch. Sept. 8, 1987), aff’d, 545 A.2d 1171 (Del. 1988).
167
    See Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc., 139 S. Ct. 524, 529 (2019).

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