Court Opinion

ID: 3641473
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-06 05:58:59.145862+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:34:42.427632
License: Public Domain

This is a proceeding under the North Carolina Declaratory Judgment Act, ch. 102, Public Laws 1931.
Plaintiff, admitting that it is an employer within the meaning of the North Carolina Unemployment Compensation Law, ch. 1, Public Laws, Extra Session 1936, alleges that there is a bona fide controversy between plaintiff and defendants as to its liability for contributions or taxes based upon sums paid to certain of its special agents which it contends are independent contractors. Plaintiff contends that the contracts with such special agents constitutes such special agents independent contractors, and it alleges in support thereof various facts in respect to the absence of control and the right of direction and the like.
The defendants answered and admitted that it claimed contributions based in part upon remuneration paid such special agents and other groups of agents employed by plaintiff. It further admitted the plaintiff is now paying contributions to the defendants upon the basis of remuneration paid to its managers, clerical assistants, and certain other employees. They further allege that on 19 May, 1938, the defendant Commission, at the request of the plaintiff, held and conducted a hearing for the purpose of determining whether the services performed by plaintiff's soliciting agents and special agents should be deemed to be employment subject to and covered by the Unemployment Compensation Law; that a hearing at which the plaintiff was represented by counsel was duly held; and that after the introduction of evidence and argument of counsel the Commission rendered an opinion that the services performed by such agents should be deemed to be employment. *Page 498 
When the cause came on to be heard in the court below, after the reading of the pleadings, the defendants demurred ore tenus to the complaint upon the grounds "that this proceeding is a proceeding against the State, and the court does not have jurisdiction to determine or hear this action or does not have jurisdiction of the parties or subject matter and, second, that the State has consented and provided a method by which the matters alleged may be adjudicated and has provided special statutory remedies.
First, under section 11-M of the Unemployment Compensation Law, found on page 29, whereby the Unemployment Compensation Commission may hear and determine the matters, status and all questions concerning said agents, and,
"Second, that another statutory remedy has been provided by the Legislature, the same being section 14-E of the Unemployment Compensation Law, providing, in substance, that petitioners in this cause have a right to pay the taxes claimed under protest and institute a regular action in the Superior Court to recover same from the Commission."
The court below, being of the opinion that the proceeding is in fact an action against an agency of the State and that the State has never consented to this form of proceeding against it and being further of the opinion that the Unemployment Compensation Law provides the plaintiff with adequate statutory remedies which are exclusive, sustained the demurrer and entered judgment dismissing the action. The plaintiff excepted and appealed.
This appeal presents for determination the one question: Is the Unemployment Compensation Commission an agency of the State and is this proceeding in fact a proceeding against the State?
The determination of this question is not affected by the fact that individual officers of the Unemployment Compensation Commission are made parties defendant. Their acts in respect to which the plaintiff complains were performed and are being performed in their official capacity. If the Unemployment Compensation Commission is a State agency, then in essence the proceeding is against the State. 16 Am. Jur., 331; N.C. v. Temple,134 U.S. 22; S. v. Steel, 134 U.S. 230; Smith v. Reeves, 178 U.S. 436;Bell Telephone Co. v. Lewis, 169 A. (Pa.), 571.
In sec. 2 ch. 1, Public Laws, Extra Session 1936, known as the Unemployment Compensation Law, the Legislature has declared that "Economic *Page 499 
insecurity due to unemployment is a serious menace to the health, morals and welfare of the people of this State. Involuntary unemployment is, therefore, a subject of general interest and concern which requires appropriate action by the Legislature to prevent its spread and to lighten its burden. . . . The achievement of social security requires protection against this greatest hazard of our economic life. . . . The Legislature, therefore, declares that in its considered judgment the public good and the general welfare of the citizens of this State require the enactment of this measure, under the police powers of the State, for the compulsory setting aside of unemployment reserves to be used for the benefit of persons unemployed through no fault of their own." The act then creates the unemployment Compensation Commission and vests it with authority under the provisions of the act to accomplish the purpose thus declared, which purpose is of public interest and a proper subject matter for legislative action.
Provision is made for the assessment, levy and collection of compulsory contributions by employers as defined in the act. The moneys thus collected are paid into the Treasury of the State and are disbursed by the Treasurer of the State on warrants duly issued by the Auditor upon requisition of the Unemployment Commission, and detailed regulations are provided for the receipt, deposit, use, investment and disbursement of said fund thus created. The members of the Commission are appointed by and are accountable to the Governor and are required to file reports and otherwise account to the State in respect to the discharge of their duties under the law. It is likewise provided that there shall be no vested private right of any kind existing as against the power of the Legislature to amend or repeal the law and "all the rights, privileges or immunities conferred by this act or by acts done pursuant thereto shall exist subject to the power of the Legislature to amend or repeal this act at any time." It seems to us that the express provisions of the act itself, without further argument, are sufficient to clearly designate the Unemployment Compensation Commission an agency of the State.
The contributions, by whatever name designated, are not voluntary but are compulsory and constitute a tax. Nor does the fact that the Legislature has seen fit to segregate the funds derived from the collection of the contributions assessed in a special fund and for a special purpose alter this conclusion. It, in its discretion, has the power to so segregate and earmark revenues of the State. It has done so in other instances, signally in respect to the gasoline and automobile license tax revenue.
It is axiomatic that the sovereign cannot be sued in its own courts or in any other without its consent and permission. Except in a limited class of cases the State is immune against any suit unless and until it has expressly consented to such action. Rotan v. State, 195 N.C. 291, *Page 500 141 S.E. 733; Carpenter v. R. R., 184 N.C. 400, 114 S.E. 693;Dredging Co. v. State, 191 N.C. 243, 131 S.E. 665; Moody v. StatePrison, 128 N.C. 12 U.S. v. Lee, 106 U.S. 196, 25 R. C. L., 412.
An action against a commission or board created by statute as an agency of the State where the interest or rights of the State are directly affected is in fact an action against the State. Dredging Co. v. State,supra; Carpenter v. R. R., supra; Bell Telephone Co. v. Lewis, supra.
The purpose of the Declaratory Judgment Act, ch. 102, Public Laws 1931, is to provide a speedy and simple method of determining the rights, status and other legal relations under written instruments, statutes, municipal ordinances, contracts or franchises and to afford relief from uncertainty and insecurity created by doubt as to rights, status or legal relations thereunder. Walker v. Phelps, 202 N.C. 344, 163 S.E. 726; Light Co. v.Iseley, 203 N.C. 811, 167 S.E. 56. Here the plaintiff admits its legal status — that of an employer — under the Unemployment Compensation Law, and it concedes its liability to assessment for contributions under that act. In its final analysis this proceeding is to determine whether certain persons rendering services to the plaintiff under contract are employees within the meaning of the act and whether compensation paid to them is to be taken into consideration in estimating the amount of the contribution or tax due by the plaintiff. This is essentially a question of fact. The purpose of the Declaratory Judgment Act is to provide a ready means of determining rights, status and other legal relations. These are questions of law. While, in some instances, it may be necessary to hear evidence in order to determine the legal questions presented in a proceeding under this act, proceedings may not be maintained under the act to present issues of fact only.
The plaintiff seeks to have the Court judicially determine whether certain of its special agents operating under contract are employees for the purpose of ascertaining its tax liability. Thus, the amount that the State is entitled to collect from the plaintiff, through the Unemployment Compensation Commission, is directly involved and the State is the real party in interest. It would be directly affected and prejudiced by a judgment favorable to the plaintiff.
While the plaintiff does not seek injunctive relief a judgment favorable to it would have, of necessity, the effect of restraining the defendant from proceeding further in its effort to collect from the plaintiff the contributions which defendants contend are justly due under the act, and it is expressly provided that "no injunction shall be granted by any court or judge to restrain the collection of any tax or contribution or any part thereof levied under the provisions of this act." Sec. 10, ch. 27, Public Laws 1939. The court may not do indirectly what it is prohibited from doing directly. *Page 501 
Where an administrative remedy is provided by statute for revision, against collection, or for recovery of taxes assessed or collected, the taxpayer must first exhaust the remedy thus provided before the administrative body, otherwise he cannot be heard by a judicial tribunal to assert its invalidity. Distributing Corp. v. Maxwell, 209 N.C. 47,182 S.E. 724; Hart v. Comrs., 192 N.C. 161, 134 S.E. 405; Maxwell v.Hinsdale, 207 N.C. 37. He must not only resort to the remedies that the Legislature has established but he must do so at the time and in the manner that the statute and proper regulations provide. Mfg. Co. v. Comrs., 196; N.C. 747; Pender County v. Garysburg Mfg. Co., 50 F.2d 747; GorhamMfg. Co. v. S. Tax Com. of N. Y., 266 U.S. 265; Myers v. BethlehemShipbuilding Corp., 303 U.S. 41, 82 L.Ed., 638.
The Unemployment Compensation Law provides adequate remedies: (1) when liability is denied in whole or in part by an employer the Commission must have a hearing at which such employer is entitled to be present and to be heard. From an adverse ruling by the Commission such contestant may appeal. Sec. 8 (m), ch. 27, Public Laws 1939. It is not inappropriate to note in this connection that on appeal the cause must be entitled "State of North Carolina on relation of the Unemployment Compensation Commission v." the employer; (2) the protesting employer may pay the tax and sue for its recovery, thereby presenting its claim of a valid defense against the enforcement of the tax for judicial determination; or (3) if the employer is in default the Commission may proceed to collect by civil action in which the employer may present any valid defense he may have. Sec. 14 (b), ch. 1, Public Laws, Extra Session 1936.
Incidentally, it is asserted in the answer of the defendants that a hearing has been had as provided under the act and that the tax liability of the plaintiff has been duly adjudicated by the Commission. If this be true, whether such adjudication is res judicata is not now presented for determination.
The Legislature has conferred upon the Unemployment Compensation Commission the right and power to determine the rights, status and liabilities of an employer under the terms of the act. Sec. 8 (m), ch. 27, Public Laws 1939. It would seem, therefore, that by express legislative mandate the Unemployment Compensation Commission is the proper forum for determining the very question the plaintiff here seeks to present. In certain respects the Unemployment Compensation Commission is a judicial tribunal and the Declaratory Judgment Act expressly provides that rights, status and other legal relations may be determined by the courts within their respective jurisdictions. Sec. 1, ch. 102, Public Laws 1931. *Page 502 
In any event, whether we consider the Unemployment Compensation Commission, in this respect, a judicial or an administrative body, plaintiff must assert its right and seek its remedy in accord with the express provisions of the statute.
For the reasons stated we are of the opinion that the court below properly sustained the demurrer.
Affirmed.