Court Opinion

ID: 855701
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-03-20 18:36:25.646589+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:11:00.830534
License: Public Domain

Case: 11-10596   Date Filed: 03/20/2013   Page: 1 of 8

                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]

              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                        ________________________

                              No. 11-10596
                        ________________________

                    D.C. Docket No. 0:09-cv-61275-MGC

MT. HAWLEY INSURANCE COMPANY,

                                                            Plaintiff - Appellee,

                                   versus

DANIA DISTRIBUTION CENTRE LTD.,
A Florida Limited Partnership,
LAURIS BOULANGER, INC.,
a Florida corporation, et al.

                                                       Defendants - Appellants,

DEBORAH WALLACE, individually and as a parent or
natural guardian of L.W., a minor, Key W., a minor,
J.W., a minor, and Kei W., a minor, et al.,

                                                                     Defendants.

                        ________________________

                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of Florida
                       ________________________

                              (March 20, 2013)
              Case: 11-10596     Date Filed: 03/20/2013   Page: 2 of 8

Before TJOFLAT, PRYOR and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Dania Distribution Centre, Ltd., Lauris Boulanger, Inc., and Dania

Distribution Center Condominium Association, Inc. (“Insureds”), and several

homeowners and renters (“Residents”) appeal the summary judgment awarded to

Mt. Hawley Insurance Company (“Mt. Hawley”) in Mt. Hawley’s suit for

declaratory judgment. In granting summary judgment, the district court ruled—

based on a pollution exclusion clause in the Insureds’ commercial general liability

policy with Mt. Hawley—that Mt. Hawley had no duty to defend or indemnify the

Insureds against the Residents’ underlying lawsuit. After reviewing the record and

oral argument, no reversible error has been shown; we affirm.

      The Insureds bought a piece of property that had been used historically as an

illicit dumping site for construction and demolition debris, medical waste, fuel

tanks, gasoline, other petroleum products, and various chemicals. Groundwater

assessments and soil samples collected from the property prior to the effective date

of the policy confirmed the presence of many hazardous contaminants. When the

Insureds cleared and prepared the property for construction, they dispersed these

contaminants inadvertently into adjacent neighborhoods where the Residents lived.

      The Residents sued the Insureds for negligence, nuisance, trespass, and

violations of the Florida Pollutant Discharge Prevention and Control Act, Florida

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Statutes Section 376.313. The Residents alleged that “[p]rior to and since the

initiation of development, clearing, preparation and/or construction of the Dania

Distribution Center, some form of emissions, leakages, seeping, blowing, releases,

transfers, dumping, emptying, pouring or otherwise prohibited discharges of

pollutants, contaminants, hazardous substances, petroleum products, petroleum

products [sic] chemicals of concern, pollutants, and/or pollution have occurred.”

And, as a result of repeated and prolonged exposure to such pollutants, the

Residents claimed that they suffered bodily injury and property damage.

       The Insureds sought protection under their insurance policy, but Mt. Hawley

refused to defend the Insureds against the Residents’ lawsuit and denied coverage.

Mt. Hawley then filed this action for declaratory judgment. It asserted that

coverage for the Residents’ alleged injuries was barred by the policy’s pollution

exclusion clause, which excludes coverage for:

       “Bodily injury,” “property damage” or “personal injury” arising out of
      the actual, alleged or threatened discharge, dispersal, seepage,
      migration, release, escape, contamination, growth, inhalation,
      ingestion, absorption of or exposure to “pollutants”:1

               (a)     At or from any premises, site or location which is or was
                       at any time owned or occupied by, or rented or loaned to,
                       any insured;

1
 The policy defines “pollutants” as “any solid, liquid, gaseous, thermal or biological irritant or
contaminant, including but not limited to smoke, vapor, soot, lead, asbestos, airborne fibers or
spores, mold, mildew, fungus or decay, fumes, acids, alkalis, chemicals or toxins (derived from
but not limited to petroleum derivative products), from any source which contaminate, pollute
and/or defile any physical substance or matter.”
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             (b)   At or from any premises, site or location which is or was
                   at any time used by or for any insured or others for the
                   handling, storage, disposal, processing or treatment of
                   waste;

                   . . . . or

             (d)   At or from any premises, site or location on which any
                   insured or any contractors or subcontractors working
                   directly or indirectly on any insured’s behalf are
                   performing operations.

Additionally, Mt. Hawley asserted that the policy’s “Continuous or Progressive

Injury and Damage Exclusion” clause barred coverage. The continuous or

progressive injury and damage exclusion clause excludes coverage for bodily

injury, property damage, and personal injury that pre-existed the policy or were in

progress when the policy became effective. The district court agreed with Mt.

Hawley that these clauses barred coverage and issued summary judgment to Mt.

Hawley.

      We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment, applying

the same legal standards as the district court. Whatley v. CAN Ins. Cos., 189 F.3d

1310, 1313 (11th Cir. 1999). Summary judgment is appropriate when the

evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, presents no

genuine issue of material fact and compels judgment as a matter of law. Holloman

v. Mail-Well Corp., 443 F.3d 832, 836-37 (11th Cir. 2006).

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      An insurer’s “duty to defend depends solely on the allegations in the

complaint filed against the insured.” Trizec Props., Inc. v. Biltmore Const. Co.,

Inc., 767 F.2d 810, 811 (11th Cir. 1985) (quotation omitted). “If an examination of

the allegations of the complaint leaves any doubt regarding the insurer’s duty to

defend, the issue is resolved in favor of the insured.” Lawyers Title Ins. Corp. v.

JDC (Am.) Corp., 52 F.3d 1575, 1580-81 (11th Cir. 1995) (citations omitted).

But, “[i]f the alleged facts and legal theories do not fall within a policy’s coverage,

no duty to defend arises.” Id. at 1584 (citation omitted).

      As an initial matter, we see no language in the pollution exclusion clause

that is ambiguous when applied to the facts of this case. That the clause is divided

into subsections, some of which also contain exceptions, does not render it

ambiguous per se. And—although the clause might require some interpretation—

“[a]mbiguity is not invariably present when analysis is required to interpret [an

insurance] policy.” Gulf Tampa Drydock Co. v. Great Atl. Ins. Co., 757 F.2d 1172,

1175 (11th Cir. 1985).

      The Residents’ lawsuit claimed bodily injury and property damage, resulting

from the alleged discharge of pollutants from property that was both (1) owned by

the Insureds and (2) once used for waste disposal. Because these claims fall

squarely within subsections (a) and (b) of the pollution exclusion clause, the

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alleged injuries are not covered under the Insured’s policy. Thus, Mt. Hawley had

no duty to defend the Insureds in the underlying action. 2

       The Residents 3 argued that depositions in the underlying action revealed that

the property damage included cracks in the walls of homes that could not be

caused by pollutants. However, nowhere in the complaint’s 1,862 paragraphs do

the Residents allege property damage resulted from anything other than the

discharge of pollutants. As Mt. Hawley’s duty to defend is based solely on the

allegations in the complaint, the deposition testimony relied on by the Residents is

insufficient to implicate Mt. Hawley’s duty to defend.

       Similarly, we reject the argument that Mt. Hawley had a duty to defend the

Insureds based on the Residents’ allegations about sewage odors, excessive noise,

and dust. Although the complaint noted that “[a] sewage odor was observed” and

that the Residents complained about excessive noise coming from the property, the

complaint failed to allege that the Residents were injured as a result of the odors or

noise—only that the Residents were injured as a result of the pollutants. And,

while the complaint described “excessive” and “thick” dust coming from the

property, it alleged that the residents “developed health problems as a result of

2
  Because coverage is precluded by subsections (a) and (b) of the pollution exclusion clause, we
do not reach the question of whether the Residents’ complaint would have triggered the “mobile
equipment” exception to subsection (d).
3
  As part of the Coblentz agreement that settled the underlying case, the Residents assumed the
rights of the Insureds to assert their claims against Mt. Hawley for failure to defend, and argued
on behalf of the Insureds before this Court.
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their contact with the pollutants and poisons in the dust and particles discharged

from the property.” (emphasis added). Because the Residents’ alleged injuries

stemmed from contaminated dust, coverage for those injuries is also excluded by

the pollution exclusion clause.

       Moreover, the complaint alleges that the Insureds were aware of the

presence of toxic and hazardous substances on the property prior to the policy

coming into effect in October 2004. And that soil and groundwater testing from

2000 to 2002—years before the policy came into effect—revealed the presence of

toxins, including petroleum contaminants, at the property. The complaint further

alleges that the Residents suffered personal injuries from being “exposed, over a

period of years . . . to elevated levels of hazardous toxic chemicals and materials . .

. .” The Residents now argue on appeal that the contaminated soil at the site was

completely replaced by clean soil by the end of 2001,4 and this was a superseding

event that broke the continuous injury. But, the allegations in the complaint are

determinative, and the complaint fails to allege injuries that fall outside of the

continuous or progressive injury and damage exclusion clause.

4
  We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the Insureds and Residents, making all
reasonable inferences in their favor. Holloman, 443 F.3d at 836. The complaint alleges that soil
samples collected on November 26, 2002, contained elevated levels of copper, arsenic, barium,
chromium, nickel, and lead. Even if these contaminants were introduced to the soil after the new
soil was trucked on to the property in 2001, these contaminants were on the property prior to the
effective date of the policy.
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      Viewing the record in the light most favorable to the Insureds and Residents,

no genuine issue of material fact exists. Both the pollution exclusions and the

continuous or progressive injury and damage exclusion clauses bar coverage.

Thus, summary judgment in favor of Mt. Hawley was proper.

      AFFIRMED.

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