Court Opinion

ID: 9952620
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-20 14:09:31.661054+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:42:01.708137
License: Public Domain

NOTICE: All slip opinions and orders are subject to formal
revision and are superseded by the advance sheets and bound
volumes of the Official Reports. If you find a typographical
error or other formal error, please notify the Reporter of
Decisions, Supreme Judicial Court, John Adams Courthouse, 1
Pemberton Square, Suite 2500, Boston, MA, 02108-1750; (617) 557-
1030; SJCReporter@sjc.state.ma.us

SJC-13321

               COMMONWEALTH   vs.   RIGOBERTO ESCOBAR.

       Middlesex.       November 7, 2023. - March 20, 2024.

    Present:     Budd, C.J., Gaziano, Kafker, & Wendlandt, JJ.

Homicide. Practice, Criminal, Motion to suppress, Admissions
     and confessions, Voluntariness of statement, Waiver,
     Arraignment, Mistrial, Instructions to jury, Capital case.
     Constitutional Law, Admissions and confessions,
     Voluntariness of statement, Waiver of constitutional
     rights. Evidence, Admissions and confessions,
     Voluntariness of statement, Expert opinion, Fingerprints,
     Firearm. Witness, Expert. Waiver. Firearms. License.

     Indictments found and returned in the Superior Court
Department on March 14, 2015.

     A pretrial motion to suppress evidence was heard by Kathe
M. Tuttman, J., and the cases were tried before Elizabeth M.
Fahey, J.

     Jeffrey L. Baler for the defendant.
     Chia Chi Lee, Assistant District Attorney, for the
Commonwealth.

    KAFKER, J.    A jury found the defendant, Rigoberto Escobar,

guilty of murder in the first degree on theories of deliberate
                                                                   2

premeditation and extreme atrocity or cruelty for the shooting

death of Magno Sosa (victim).   In the early morning hours of

January 17, 2015, after drinking together, the men got into a

heated argument that escalated into a fist fight.     After they

were separated and the victim left the scene, the defendant

followed the victim to a dead-end street and shot him three

times, before fleeing and hiding the murder weapon.

     On direct appeal, the defendant advances several arguments.

He contends that his motion to suppress his confession to the

police was erroneously denied, either because he was improperly

Mirandized, because improper behavior by the police coerced him

to confess involuntarily, or because the police allegedly

violated his rights to prompt arraignment and telephone use

after arrest.   Furthermore, he suggests that the trial judge

erred in denying his motion for a mistrial and erred in

declining to instruct the jury on voluntary manslaughter and

involuntary manslaughter.   Finally, he contends that improper

testimony by the Commonwealth's experts on fingerprint

identification and forensic ballistics created a substantial

likelihood of a miscarriage of justice.   Separately, the

defendant argues that his convictions of possession of a firearm1

     1 The defendant was convicted of illegal possession of a
firearm in violation of G. L. c. 269, § 10 (a), and illegal
possession of a loaded firearm in violation of G. L. c. 269,
                                                                     3

must be vacated under our recent holding in Commonwealth v.

Guardado, 491 Mass. 666 (Guardado I), S.C., 493 Mass. 1 (2023)

(Guardado II).

    We conclude that the defendant's motion to suppress was

properly denied, as was his motion for a mistrial.   We also

conclude that the trial judge did not err in declining to

provide a jury instruction on involuntary manslaughter.    The

trial judge did err, however, in declining to instruct the jury

on voluntary manslaughter.    Nonetheless, in view of the jury

instructions as a whole, the jury's decision to convict him of

murder in the first degree and not murder in the second degree,

and the paucity of evidence supporting a finding of voluntary

manslaughter, the defendant was not prejudiced by the erroneous

decision not to instruct the jury on voluntary manslaughter.

Lastly, even assuming that testimony by the Commonwealth's

experts was improper, the improper testimony did not create a

substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of justice because,

separate and apart from the expert testimony, the Commonwealth

presented overwhelming evidence tying the defendant to the

firearm and to the crime.    Accordingly, we affirm the

defendant's conviction of murder in the first degree.     However,

§ 10 (n). The defendant was also convicted of discharging a
firearm near a dwelling in violation of G. L. c. 269, § 12E, but
that conviction was placed on file, and the defendant does not
make any arguments on appeal specific to it.
                                                                       4

we vacate the defendant's firearm convictions and remand for a

new trial to give the Commonwealth the opportunity to meet its

burden under Guardado II to prove that the defendant was not

licensed to carry a firearm.

     1.   Background.   a.   Facts.   We recite the facts as the

jury reasonably could have found them, reserving certain facts

for our discussion of the legal issues.

     At around 9 P.M. on the evening of January 16, 2015, the

defendant went to the Everett home of his friends Johnny Pineda

and Oscar Interiano.    The three men drank together, and at

around 11:45 P.M., they drove in Pineda's truck to a local

restaurant.   At the restaurant, they met the victim, a Nantucket

resident who was visiting friends in Everett.      All four remained

at the restaurant, socializing and drinking, until 1 A.M. on

January 17, when the restaurant closed.     Pineda drove the four

men back to his house, stopping at the defendant's house on the

way, where the defendant briefly went inside and retrieved a .40

caliber pistol he owned.

     Shortly after returning to Interiano and Pineda's house,

the defendant, the victim, and Interiano began arguing.2     As the

     2 Evidence at trial suggested that the defendant and the
victim were arguing about a video recording they had watched,
but contradictory evidence was introduced regarding the contents
of the recording. In his statement to police the day after the
murder, which was recorded and played for the jury, the
                                                                     5

argument escalated, Pineda told the three men that if they had

any problems with each other, they should take it outside.

    Once outside, the argument turned physical, with the

defendant and the victim pushing each other and throwing punches

at one another.    Interiano attempted to separate the victim and

the defendant, but he also pushed and punched the victim.     At

one point, the victim fell to the ground, and the defendant and

Interiano kicked him.    After a few minutes of fighting,

Interiano succeeded in separating the defendant and the victim,

and the victim left the scene.    The defendant told Interiano to

go inside and open the back door, and that he would meet

Interiano there.   Interiano went inside, but the defendant

followed the victim down the road to Elmwood Street, a dead-end

road roughly 200 feet away.     The defendant then shot the victim

at close range, within one or two feet, through the right eye.

The victim fell, and the defendant shot the victim twice more

through the back of the head.

    The defendant fled the scene, running between houses and

jumping over a fence to return to Interiano and Pineda's house.

Interiano opened the back door and let him in.     Interiano asked

defendant stated that the argument had started over a video
recording of a football match. In his testimony at trial, the
defendant instead stated that the video recording showed Pineda
being arrested. Police searched the victim's cell phone and
found only a short video recording of animated Christmas lights.
                                                                     6

what had happened, and the defendant replied that the man he had

had a problem with would not be able to talk.     The defendant

showed Interiano the firearm and asked to hide it at the house.

Interiano replied that he could hide it anywhere but his

bedroom, so the men wrapped the firearm in a shirt and hid it in

a rolled-up carpet in the basement.     Hearing police sirens

outside, the defendant told Interiano he would sleep on the

couch in the living room, but when Interiano woke up at 6:30

A.M., the defendant was gone.

    The defendant testified at trial and denied shooting the

victim.   He stated that he had retrieved the firearm from his

home because Pineda and Interiano had expressed interest in

purchasing it and that he hid the firearm in the basement as

soon as they arrived at Interiano and Pineda's house.     He

acknowledged fighting the victim outside but maintained that

after the fist fight he went home and went to sleep.

    b.    The defendant's interrogation.    We recite the facts as

found by the motion judge when considering the defendant's

motion to suppress.     See Commonwealth v. Medina, 485 Mass. 296,

299-300 (2020).

    Shortly before 9:30 P.M. on January 17, 2015, a group of

State police detectives and Everett police officers went to the

defendant's home.     Officer Nancy Butler, an Everett police

officer and native Spanish speaker, accompanied the officers to
                                                                      7

ensure the defendant understood what was said to him.      The

officers entered the defendant's bedroom with their weapons

drawn.    They awakened the defendant, who had been asleep, and

holstered their weapons.     Butler informed the defendant that the

officers wished to speak with him and requested that he

accompany them to the Everett police station, but that he was

not required to do so.     The defendant agreed to accompany the

officers and was transported to the Everett police station.

    At the police station, the defendant waited for over three

hours, and then was brought to an interrogation room at around

12:55 A.M.   Butler read the defendant the Miranda warnings in

Spanish from a booking form and asked the defendant if he

understood his rights.     The defendant replied, "Yes."   Butler

asked the defendant to read the Spanish form that she had read

to him.    The defendant reviewed the forms for a few minutes and

stated that he had read the form.     Both the defendant and Butler

signed the form.

    State police Trooper Michael Cashman and Everett police

Detective Daniel Tucker proceeded to interview the defendant,

with Butler translating.     At the beginning of the interview, the

officers did not inform the defendant that he was a suspect or

tell him why he was being interviewed.     After about twenty

minutes, however, the officers told the defendant they knew what

had happened, that he had to tell them the truth, and that he
                                                                     8

would only have one chance to tell what happened.    The defendant

acknowledged that he had had an argument with the victim that

had escalated to a fight, but he denied that anything more

serious had occurred.    The officers told the defendant that they

knew he was lying, and that they could not help him unless he

told the truth.   They also told him that they had recovered

security camera footage that proved he was lying, and that they

would recover "microscopic" evidence from his apartment that

would prove he was lying.

    The defendant reiterated that he had gotten into a fist

fight with the victim for about five minutes but denied that the

victim had been injured, stating that the victim was standing

when the defendant walked home after the fight.     The officers

then told the defendant that the victim had been killed in the

same area where the fight took place, and that many people had

stated that the defendant carried a gun.    The officers also told

the defendant that they had been told the defendant was involved

with the 18th Street gang, and that the victim was associated

with the gang MS-13.    The defendant denied carrying a gun and

denied having any involvement with gangs.

    Later in the interview, the officers informed the defendant

that they had searched Interiano and Pineda's house and had

recovered the defendant's firearm.    The defendant changed his

posture, slumped forward in his chair, and put his head down.
                                                                   9

After a few more minutes of questioning, the defendant stated

that he had been very drunk, that he had been fighting with the

victim, and that the fight had continued as the defendant and

the victim went from the house to Elmwood Street.3   He stated

that they kept fighting and he went crazy, took the gun out, and

fired several times at the victim at close range.    He stated

that he did not know how many times he had fired the gun.     He

also stated he did not know where he had hit the victim but did

see the victim fall to the ground.   Afterward, he returned to

Interiano and Pineda's house, where he hid the gun in the

basement and then went home.   Following the interview, the

defendant was placed under arrest and booked.

     At trial, the defendant testified that he lied during the

interrogation in order to prevent his friends from getting in

trouble.   He also stated that he did not understand his Miranda

rights when they were read to him, and that he generally had

trouble understanding Butler's Spanish translation during the

interrogation.

     3 The defendant gave conflicting answers as to whether there
was a break in the fighting between the fist fight at the house
and the fight that led to the victim's death. When asked
originally, the defendant agreed that the victim had left the
scene of the fight at the house and that the defendant had
followed him. Later, the defendant denied having followed the
victim, stating that they "kept fighting" as they both walked
from the house to Elmwood Street, where the defendant shot the
victim.
                                                                   10

    c.   Procedural history.   The defendant moved to suppress

his statement to the police.   He argued that he had not been

properly given Miranda warnings, had not knowingly waived his

rights, and, in the alternative, had not made the statements

voluntarily.   He suggested that because the officers

interviewing him had improperly implied that the interview would

be his only chance to tell his story, had made assurances to him

that a confession would assist him, and lied about the evidence

to which they had access, his statement was the result of police

coercion.   He also contended that his right to make a telephone

call under G. L. c. 276, § 33A, was violated because he was not

informed of his right to make a telephone call until the end of

the interview.

    Following an evidentiary hearing, the motion judge

concluded that the defendant's interview was a custodial

interrogation within the meaning of Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S.

436 (1966), and its progeny.   However, the motion judge also

found that Butler read the complete Miranda warnings to the

defendant, and the defendant read the warnings himself, "which

he was able to do without difficulty. . . .    The Miranda

warnings were thus properly conveyed to the defendant." The

motion judge also concluded that the defendant was not

unlawfully deprived of his telephone rights.

    Following a jury trial, the defendant was convicted of
                                                                    11

murder in the first degree, unlawful possession of a firearm,

and unlawful possession of a loaded firearm.       The defendant

timely appealed.

    2.    Discussion.   a.   Motion to suppress.   The defendant

advances several arguments as to why his January 18, 2015

statement to the police should have been suppressed.      We address

each in turn.

    i.    Miranda warnings.   First, the defendant argues that he

was not properly given his Miranda warnings and consequently did

not knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waive his Miranda

rights.   "A defendant's waiver of his or her Miranda rights must

be made knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily."

Commonwealth v. Delossantos, 492 Mass. 242, 247 (2023).       The

Commonwealth must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the

defendant's waiver of Miranda rights was valid, and "must

demonstrate not only what warnings were provided to the

defendant, but also that the defendant understood such

warnings."   Id., citing Commonwealth v. The Ngoc Tran, 471 Mass.

179, 186 n.6 (2015).    "In reviewing a judge's determination

regarding a valid waiver of Miranda rights and voluntariness, we

accept the judge's subsidiary findings of fact absent clear

error, give substantial deference to the judge's ultimate

findings and conclusions of law, but independently review the

correctness of the judge's application of constitutional
                                                                  12

principles to the facts found" (quotation and alterations

omitted).   Delossantos, supra at 250, quoting Commonwealth v.

Vao Sok, 435 Mass. 743, 751 (2002).

     In the present case, we see no reason to disturb the motion

judge's findings of fact or well-reasoned conclusions of law.

As the motion judge noted, the defendant was read the Miranda

warnings in Spanish by a native Spanish speaker, and he verbally

confirmed that he understood the warnings.4   He then read the

warnings himself, "which he was able to do without difficulty,"

and signed a statement affirming that he understood his rights.

Furthermore, it is clear based on the record that the defendant

waived his rights knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily.

The motion judge found:

     "[T]he defendant was sober, alert, focused, and responsive
     to questions. He felt comfortable asking for clarification
     when he did not understand a particular question. After
     receiving the warnings, the defendant demonstrated with
     words and with behavior that he heard, read, and understood
     them . . . and that he agreed to speak with officers."

Accordingly, we conclude, as the motion judge did, that the

defendant was properly given his Miranda warnings and made a

     4 The transcript of the defendant's interview with police
suggests that Butler mispronounced two Spanish words,
"contestar" and "guardar," as "contester" and "guarder,"
respectively. Despite the defendant's contention on appeal that
these minor mispronunciations caused him not to understand the
Miranda warnings, we note that during the interview the
defendant stated that he understood the warnings as read to him,
and subsequently he had the opportunity to read the warnings in
Spanish, which provided the correct terms.
                                                                  13

knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver of his Miranda

rights.   See Delossantos, 492 Mass. at 250.

    ii.   Police misconduct and voluntariness.   The defendant

next contends that improper behavior by the police officers who

interviewed him on January 18 rendered his statement to the

police involuntary, thus requiring that the statements be

suppressed.   Although the voluntariness of a Miranda waiver and

the voluntariness of a statement to police are distinct

inquiries, in both cases the issue on appeal is "whether the

Commonwealth has proved, by a totality of the circumstances,

that [the defendant] made a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent

waiver of his rights, and that his statements were otherwise

voluntary."   Commonwealth v. Gallett, 481 Mass. 662, 655 (2019),

quoting Commonwealth v. LeBeau, 451 Mass. 244, 254-255 (2008).

Where there is evidence of misconduct by police during an

interrogation, a defendant's statement will be considered

involuntary if the misconduct by police resulted in the

defendant's will being overborne.   See, e.g., Commonwealth v.

Durand, 457 Mass. 574, 596-597 (2010), S.C., 475 Mass. 657

(2016), cert. denied, 583 U.S. 896 (2017) (no suppression

required where "the incriminating statements made by the

defendant were not tied to or otherwise made in response to the

pressure tactics employed by the officers").

    The motion judge found that the officers interviewing the
                                                                  14

defendant had acted improperly by making assurances that a

confession would assist the defendant and by telling him that

they would find incriminating "microscopic evidence" in his home

and that the interview was the only chance for him to tell his

side of the story.   However, the motion judge noted that the

officers "made only one reference that could be interpreted as

suggesting that cooperation would result in a lesser sentence,"

that the officers made only a single false representation

(regarding inculpatory "microscopic evidence" in the defendant's

home), and that the officers referred to a judge hearing only

"the other side of the story" on one occasion.   The motion judge

also found that the defendant continued to deny any involvement

in the victim's death despite the improper pressure tactics.

Rather, the defendant only confessed when he was informed that

the gun used in the attack had been found.    Therefore, the

motion judge concluded that the defendant's will was not

overborne by the improper interrogation techniques.   We agree.

    Assurances by police, "express or implied that [a

confession would] aid the defense or result in a lesser

sentence" may render a confession to police involuntary and

require its suppression (citation omitted).   See Commonwealth v.

Williams, 486 Mass. 646, 661 (2021).   We have also "expressed

our disapproval of police tactics that employ the use of false

statements during an interrogation because such tactics cast
                                                                  15

doubt on the voluntariness of any subsequent confession or

admission."   Commonwealth v. Tremblay, 460 Mass. 199, 208

(2011).   Finally, police may not tell a defendant that if he

does not speak with them, a judge or jury will never hear his

side of the story.   See Commonwealth v. Novo, 442 Mass. 262,

268-269 (2004), S.C., 449 Mass. 84 (2007) ("plainly untrue"

statements suggesting "that [the defendant's] right to tell his

side of the story to a jury was conditioned on his revealing it

to them during the interview" violated defendant's

constitutional rights and rendered his confession inadmissible).

However, there must be a causal link between police misconduct

and a defendant's statement such that the defendant's will is

overborne for the statement to be suppressed as involuntary.

Compare Durand, 457 Mass. at 596-597 (suppression not required

where "the incriminating statements made by the defendant were

not tied to or otherwise made in response to the pressure

tactics employed by the officers"), with Novo, supra at 267-269

("now or never" theme, which was "repeated incessantly," and

"persisted up to and through [the defendant's] confession" cast

substantial doubt on voluntariness of subsequent confession and

required suppression).

    We conclude, as did the motion judge, that during the

interview, "the defendant resisted all efforts to pressure him

to admit his involvement in the shooting, despite repeated and
                                                                   16

intense admonitions to cooperate."    Rather, the defendant

admitted to the shooting only after the officers truthfully told

him that they had recovered his gun, when he recognized "that

the evidence against him was overwhelming."    We also note the

motion judge's finding that "[d]uring the entire interview, the

defendant remained calm, alert, focused and responsive.       He did

not appear to be physically uncomfortable, unduly fatigued, or

in any apparent distress."    Once the defendant was confronted

with the fact that police had recovered the firearm, however,

"[he] changed his posture and slumped forward in his chair and

put his head down" before confessing to shooting the victim.

This strengthens the conclusion that it was not improper tactics

by police but tangible evidence of his guilt that convinced the

defendant to confess to the murder.    Accordingly, although the

officers may have acted improperly in questioning the defendant,

these improper tactics did not coerce the defendant into

confessing, and thus his confession to the police was voluntary.

See Durand, 457 Mass. at 596-597.

    iii.   Telephone right.   The defendant next argues that his

statement to police should have been suppressed because he was

not informed of his right to use a telephone under G. L. c. 276,

§ 33A.   We review the motion judge's denial of the defendant's

motion to suppress on this ground for clear error.    See

Commonwealth v. Morris, 492 Mass. 498, 509 (2023).
                                                                    17

    Under G. L. c. 276, § 33A, an arrested person has a right

to make a telephone call.    If an arrested person's right to make

a telephone call is intentionally violated, statements made to

police must be suppressed.    Gallett, 481 Mass. at 672, citing

Commonwealth v. Walker, 466 Mass. 268, 278 (2013).    However,

"[a] defendant's rights under [§ 33A] are triggered by . . .

formal arrest, not by the custodial nature of any prearrest

interrogation."   Commonwealth v. Hampton, 457 Mass. 152, 155

(2010), citing Commonwealth v. Rivera, 441 Mass. 358, 374-375

(2004).

    A formal arrest occurs when there is (1) "an actual or

constructive seizure or detention of the person," (2) "performed

with the intention to effect an arrest," and (3) it is "so

understood by the person detained."    Hampton, 457 Mass. at 158,

quoting Commonwealth v. Cook, 419 Mass. 192, 198 (1994), S.C.,

447 Mass. 1023 (2006) and 451 Mass. 1008 (2008).     Whether a

defendant has been seized depends on whether, given the totality

of the circumstances, "a reasonable person would have believed

he was not free to leave."    Commonwealth v. Martinez, 458 Mass.

684, 695 (2011), quoting Cook, supra at 199.

    Here, the motion judge found that the defendant was in

custody for Miranda purposes during his interview with the

police.   The judge reasoned that because the defendant was

awakened by several police officers with their weapons drawn, a
                                                                  18

reasonable person in his circumstances would not have felt free

to decline the officers' request that he come to the police

station.   Indeed, the defendant waited at the police station for

over three hours before being brought to the interview room,

leading the motion judge to conclude that "no person in the

defendant's circumstances would have remained for such a long

period of time if he felt free to leave."   The motion judge

nonetheless concluded that, notwithstanding the custodial nature

of the police interview, the defendant was not unlawfully

deprived of his telephone rights because he was not formally

arrested until he was booked after the interview concluded.

    Police officers testified at the motion to suppress hearing

that they did not intend to arrest the defendant until he

admitted to the murder when confronted with the evidence of the

firearm recovered from Interiano and Pineda's house.     This

police testimony was implicitly credited by the motion judge,

who concluded that the police interrogation of the defendant

preceded his formal arrest.   We discern no error in the motion

judge's conclusion, particularly where, as discussed infra,

there is substantial evidence that until the defendant confessed

to the murder, the police believed they lacked probable cause to

arrest him.   See Hampton, 457 Mass. at 158 (no arrest

necessitating telephone rights where police lacked intent to

arrest defendant until after they obtained incriminating
                                                                    19

statement during interview).

    iv.    Prompt arraignment.   The defendant next contends that

his statements should have been suppressed because they were

taken in violation of his right to a prompt arraignment.      After

being arrested, a criminal defendant has the right to be

arraigned "as soon as is reasonably possible."    Commonwealth v.

Powell, 468 Mass. 272, 275 (2014), citing Mass. R. Crim. P.

7 (a) (1), as appearing in 461 Mass. 1501 (2012).    In

Commonwealth v. Rosario, 422 Mass. 48, 56 (1996), we established

a bright-line rule governing the admissibility of statements

made by defendants awaiting arraignment.   Otherwise admissible

statements made in the six-hour window following arrest will not

be suppressed on the ground of unreasonable delay in

arraignment, but "[s]tatements made after the six-hour period

following arrest are inadmissible."   Powell, supra at 276,

citing Rosario, supra at 56-57.   The issue of prompt arraignment

was not raised prior to the instant appeal, and thus we review

the issue only for a substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of

justice.   See Commonwealth v. Miranda, 492 Mass. 301, 305

(2023), quoting Commonwealth v. Denson, 489 Mass. 138, 144

(2022).

    The six-hour Rosario safe harbor period begins when a

defendant is arrested.   Martinez, 458 Mass. at 694, citing

Rosario, 422 Mass. at 56.   "An arrest occurs where there is [1]
                                                                  20

'an actual or constructive seizure or detention of the person,

[2] performed with the intention to effect an arrest and [3] so

understood by the person detained.'"   Martinez, supra at 694-

695, quoting Commonwealth v. Grandison, 433 Mass. 135, 145

(2001).   Whether a defendant has been seized depends on whether,

given the totality of the circumstances, "a reasonable person

would have believed he was not free to leave."   Martinez, supra

at 695, quoting Cook, 419 Mass. at 199.   The defendant's

interview ended at around 6 A.M. on January 18, 2015, so the

issue is whether the defendant was arrested prior to midnight on

January 18.

    As discussed supra, the motion judge concluded that the

defendant was in police custody and thus was seized, as

evidenced by the fact that the defendant was awakened by

multiple police officers with their weapons drawn, as well as

the fact that he stayed in the Everett police station for

several hours before his interrogation began, which suggests

that a reasonable person in the defendant's circumstances would

not have felt free to leave.

    As to the second prong, there was evidence presented at the

motion to suppress hearing that police did not intend to arrest

the defendant until he confessed to the killing at around 4 A.M.

Trooper Cashman testified that he did not believe he had

probable cause to arrest the defendant until the defendant
                                                                    21

confessed to shooting the victim.    Cashman also stated that

prior to the confession, the defendant was free to leave the

interview.   When the defendant's interview began, police were

still actively investigating the murder and had not concluded

that the defendant had killed the victim.     Indeed, police only

recovered the defendant's firearm at around 3 A.M., in the

middle of the defendant's interrogation, which supports the

conclusion that when the defendant's interrogation began at

12:55 A.M., the police did not intend to arrest him.     Thus, even

assuming that the defendant was constructively arrested at 4

A.M., when he confessed to killing the victim and police thus

understood that they had probable cause to arrest him, the

defendant's interrogation was concluded prior to the close of

the six-hour Rosario safe harbor.    Therefore, the admission of

the defendant's statement to police did not create a substantial

likelihood of a miscarriage of justice on this basis.     See

Martinez, 458 Mass. at 594; Rosario, 422 Mass. at 56.

    b.   Motion for a mistrial.     Next, the defendant contends

that the trial judge abused her discretion in denying the

defendant's motion for a mistrial.    Prior to trial, the trial

judge ruled that there would be no mention of any witness's

immigration status during the trial without prior approval of

the court.   Additionally, the defense and the Commonwealth

agreed to certain redactions from the video recording of the
                                                                  22

defendant's police interview before it was shown to the jury.

    On the seventh day of the trial, defense counsel moved for

a mistrial, or, in the alternative, sanctions against the

Commonwealth.   The defendant challenged three pieces of evidence

introduced at trial:     testimony by Everett police Lieutenant

Scott Stallbaum that Everett has a large population of

undocumented immigrants; testimony by police Officer Michael

Lavey referring to the defendant's home as "like a boarding

house, undocumented wooden house"; and a portion of the

unredacted police interview videotape inadvertently shown to the

jury, which included a statement that "many people have told

[the police] that [the defendant] carries a gun" and the

question "do you know where Eighteenth Street is?" the latter

being a reference to the Eighteenth Street gang.     The trial

judge denied the motion for a mistrial.

    "The decision whether to declare a mistrial is within the

discretion of the trial judge."    Commonwealth v. Bryant, 447

Mass. 494, 503 (2006).    Accordingly, we defer to the trial

judge's decision unless that decision represents a "clear error

of judgment in weighing the factors relevant to the decision,

such that the decision falls outside the range of reasonable

alternatives" (quotation and citation omitted).     L.L. v.

Commonwealth, 470 Mass 169, 185 n.27 (2014).    "Where a party

seeks a mistrial in response to the jury's exposure to
                                                                   23

inadmissible evidence, the judge may 'correctly rel[y] on

curative instructions as an adequate means to correct any error

and to remedy any prejudice to the defendant.'"     Bryant, supra,

quoting Commonwealth v. Kilburn, 426 Mass. 31, 37-38 (1997).

    We discern no abuse of discretion by the trial judge in

denying the defendant's motion for a mistrial.     At the beginning

of his direct examination, the prosecutor asked Lieutenant

Stallbaum to identify the cities and towns that border Everett

and to provide the approximate population of Everett.     Stallbaum

replied, "On the census, I think it's thirty-five to forty

thousand, but we have a large undocumented community, so it's

probably around fifty thousand."    The Commonwealth argued that

this line of questioning was appropriate to familiarize the jury

with the city of Everett.    The prosecutor further stated that

Stallbaum's statement about the undocumented population of

Everett was a surprise to the prosecution, and that the

statement by itself did not imply that the defendant was a

member of Everett's undocumented population.     Similarly, Lavey's

testimony describing the defendant's home as an undocumented

boarding house appears to have been spontaneous testimony by the

officer in response to an otherwise permissible question by the

prosecution.   Furthermore, Lavey's answer was objected to by the

defendant and struck by the judge, and the jury were instructed

to disregard the answer.    Accordingly, the record does not
                                                                    24

suggest that either remark was so inflammatory that the trial

judge abused her discretion in not declaring a mistrial.    See

Commonwealth v. Doughty, 491 Mass. 788, 796-797 (2023) (no abuse

of discretion in denying motion for mistrial where statement was

surprise to prosecutor, not highlighted, and not repeated during

remainder of trial).     See also Bryant, 447 Mass. at 503-504

(discussing cases where spontaneous statements by witnesses did

not require mistrial).

    Regarding the unredacted videotaped interview, the judge

found that the Commonwealth showed the unredacted portion of the

video recording by mistake and turned off the tape when the

mistake was realized.    The trial judge offered to provide a

curative instruction to the jury, but this offer was rejected by

the defense counsel, who reasoned that a curative instruction

would draw attention to the redacted material.    We thus find no

abuse of discretion by the trial judge in denying the

defendant's motion for a mistrial.    See Bryant, 447 Mass. at 503

(curative instructions are adequate means to correct errors and

to remedy prejudice to defendant from inadmissible evidence

being presented at trial).

    c.   Jury instructions.    The defendant requested that the

jury hear instructions on both voluntary manslaughter and

involuntary manslaughter.    On appeal, the defendant contends

that the trial judge erred by declining to provide these jury
                                                                   25

instructions.    We address each proposed jury instruction in

turn.

     i.    Voluntary manslaughter instruction.   The defendant

argues that the judge erred in failing to instruct the jury on

voluntary manslaughter based on mitigating factors of reasonable

provocation, sudden combat, and excessive use of force in self-

defense.   Because the defendant preserved the issue,5 we review

for prejudicial error, "inquir[ing] whether there is a

reasonable possibility that the error might have contributed to

the jury's verdict."    Miranda, 492 Mass. at 306, quoting

Commonwealth v. Odgren, 483 Mass. 41, 46 (2019).    "Voluntary

manslaughter is an unlawful killing arising not from malice, but

from . . . sudden [heat of] passion induced by reasonable

provocation, sudden combat, or [the use of] excessive force in

self-defense."   Miranda, supra at 307, quoting Commonwealth v.

Richards, 485 Mass. 896, 918 (2020).    "In deciding whether an

instruction is warranted regarding these mitigating

circumstances, the evidence must be viewed in the light most

favorable to the defendant."    Miranda, supra, quoting Richards,

     5 Based on the record, it does not appear that the defendant
specifically objected to the omission of the voluntary
manslaughter instruction, but we nonetheless consider the issue
preserved where, as here, "defense counsel requests a specific
instruction and the judge rejects it, or gives an instruction
inconsistent with the requested one." Commonwealth v. Vacher,
469 Mass. 425, 442-443 (2014). We also note that the
Commonwealth agrees that the issue was properly preserved.
                                                                  26

supra.

    A.   Reasonable provocation and sudden combat.    An

instruction on reasonable provocation must be given

    "where the evidence raises 'a reasonable doubt that
    something happened which would have been likely to produce
    in an ordinary person such a state of passion, anger, fear,
    fright, or nervous excitement as would eclipse his capacity
    for reflection or restraint, and that what happened
    actually did produce such a state of mind in the
    defendant."

Richards, 485 Mass. at 918, quoting Commonwealth v. Rhodes, 482

Mass. 823, 826 (2019).   Although "physical contact between a

defendant and a victim is not always sufficient to warrant a

manslaughter instruction," Commonwealth v. Walden, 380 Mass.

724, 727 (1980), "even a single blow[] may amount to reasonable

provocation," Model Jury Instructions on Homicide 77 (2018).

    Sudden combat is a form of reasonable provocation that we

have long described as when two people "meet, not intending to

quarrel, and angry words suddenly arise, and a conflict springs

up in which blows are given on both sides, without much regard

to who is the assailant," and in the course of such combat one

combatant kills the other with a deadly weapon.   Commonwealth v.

Howard, 479 Mass. 52, 58 (2018), quoting Commonwealth v.

Webster, 5 Cush. 295, 308 (1850).   Neither a reasonable

provocation instruction nor a sudden combat instruction is

necessary if the defendant "cooled off and regained a measure of

self-control before attacking the victim," or where there is a
                                                                   27

break in the fight "and then the defendant seeks out the victim"

(quotations and citations omitted).   Miranda, 492 Mass. at 307.

    In the light most favorable to the defendant, the jury

heard evidence that the defendant and the victim were arguing as

they left the house, and that once outside, the argument

escalated and turned violent, with both men pushing each other,

throwing punches, and fighting on the ground after both men

fell.   The jury might also have credited the defendant's

statement to the police denying that he followed the victim, and

instead asserting that the two men "kept fighting" as they

walked from the house to Elmwood Street, and that once on

Elmwood Street, the defendant "went crazy," pulled out the

pistol, and fired several times at the victim.   The jury

therefore could have concluded, if they credited this statement,

as opposed to others made by the defendant or other witnesses,

that the defendant killed the victim in the heat of passion

arising from reasonable provocation or sudden combat.    As a

result, the judge erred in not instructing the jury on voluntary

manslaughter.

    Where the defendant requested voluntary manslaughter

instructions and the judge did not provide them, we must decide

whether this error was prejudicial.   "An error is not

prejudicial only if the Commonwealth can show 'with fair

assurance . . . that the judgment was not substantially swayed'
                                                                    28

by it."   Commonwealth v. Martin, 484 Mass. 634, 647 (2020),

cert. denied, 141 S. Ct. 1519 (2021), quoting Commonwealth v.

Rosado, 428 Mass. 76, 79 (1998).   In other words, we must decide

"whether there is a reasonable possibility that the error might

have contributed to the jury's verdict."   Miranda, 492 Mass. at

306, quoting Odgren, 483 Mass. at 46.   We conclude, with fair

assurance, that the defendant was not prejudiced by this error.

    The trial judge instructed the jury on murder in the first

degree on theories of deliberate premeditation and extreme

atrocity or cruelty, as well as murder in the second degree.

The jury were instructed that to convict the defendant of murder

in the first degree with deliberate premeditation, they must

find beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant decided to

kill the victim after a period of reflection, meaning that the

defendant considered whether to kill the victim and decided to

kill him and the killing arose from that decision.   The jury

were specifically instructed that there is no deliberate

premeditation where the action is taken so quickly that a

defendant takes no time to reflect on the action.    As a result,

if the jury had a reasonable doubt whether the events occurred

as described by the defendant to the police, which involved a

protracted fight and the defendant "[going] crazy" before

shooting the victim, they were required to find the defendant

not guilty of murder in the first degree with deliberate
                                                                  29

premeditation.   Instead, they found the defendant guilty on

theories of both deliberate premeditation and extreme atrocity

or cruelty.   The defense at trial was also that the defendant

did not shoot the victim, but only fought with him, and that

someone else did the shooting.   Because of these instructions

and the paucity of evidentiary support for a finding of

voluntary manslaughter, see infra, we conclude with fair

assurance that the defendant was not prejudiced by the erroneous

omission of the voluntary manslaughter instruction.   See Martin,

484 Mass. at 647-648 (jury instructions and verdict inconsistent

with jury believing version of events supporting voluntary

manslaughter, coupled with "feeble evidence" supporting

manslaughter, made clear defendant was not prejudiced by failure

to instruct jury on manslaughter).   Cf. Commonwealth v. Felix,

476 Mass. 750, 758-759 (2017) ("the time required to strangle

the victim . . . supported a finding of deliberate premeditation

inconsistent with sudden provocation").

    The tenuous evidence that could support a verdict of

voluntary manslaughter on theories of reasonable provocation or

sudden combat contributes to our conclusion that the defendant

was not prejudiced by the omission of instructions on reasonable

provocation or sudden combat.    See Martin, 484 Mass. at 647-648.

In order for the defendant to have been found guilty of

voluntary manslaughter because of reasonable provocation or
                                                                  30

sudden combat, the jury would have needed to credit the

defendant's statement that he did not follow the victim and that

instead the fight continued without stopping for nearly three

hundred feet from the driveway to Elmwood Street, where the

victim's body was found.   See Miranda, 492 Mass. at 307

("Regardless of the theory evoked, a voluntary manslaughter

instruction is not warranted when the defendant 'cooled off' and

regained a measure of self-control before attacking the victim

or where the defendant and victim are separated for a few

minutes following the provocation and then the defendant seeks

out the victim" [quotations and citations omitted]).   To so

find, the jury would have needed to disbelieve the defendant's

earlier statement to the police that he followed the victim

after the victim left the house, the trial testimony of

Interiano and Pineda that the defendant followed the victim

after the victim fled, and the defendant's own trial testimony,

where he denied involvement in shooting the victim entirely.

The improbability of this finding by the jury supports our

conclusion that the defendant was not prejudiced by the trial

judge's erroneous omission of jury instructions on sudden combat

or reasonable provocation.   See Martin, supra at 648 ("feeble

evidence supporting a finding of manslaughter" contributed to

conclusion that defendant was not prejudiced by failure to

instruct on voluntary manslaughter).
                                                                  31

    B.   Excessive use of force in self-defense.   To receive a

jury instruction on excessive use of force in self-defense, "the

defendant must be entitled to act in self-defense."

Commonwealth v. Yat Fung Ng, 489 Mass. 242, 266 (2022), S.C.,

491 Mass. 247 (2023), quoting Commonwealth v. Anestal, 463 Mass.

655, 674 (2012).   In turn, a self-defense instruction is only

necessary where "there is some evidence that the defendant

availed himself of all means, proper and reasonable in the

circumstances, of retreating from the conflict before resorting

to the use of deadly force."   Yat Fung Ng, supra at 253, quoting

Commonwealth v. Benoit, 452 Mass. 212, 226-227 (2008).

    Even viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to

the defendant, no reasonable jury could conclude, solely on the

basis of the defendant's isolated statement to the police, that

after fighting for several minutes in front of the house, the

defendant and the victim "kept fighting" over a distance of

nearly three hundred feet to where the victim was shot on

Elmwood Street, and that at no point did the armed defendant

have the opportunity to retreat.   There was also undisputed

evidence that Interiano interceded in the fight and separated

the defendant and the victim at least once.   See Commonwealth v.

Berry, 431 Mass. 326, 335 (2000) (defendant not entitled to

self-defense instruction where "the fight was on a public street

and at least at some point [the defendant] had adequate means of
                                                                    32

escape").   Finally, the only apparent injury to the defendant

was to his knuckles.     Accordingly, the trial judge did not err

in declining to instruct the jury on voluntary manslaughter

under the theory of excessive use of force in self-defense.

    ii.     Involuntary manslaughter.   The defendant also argues

that the trial judge erred by declining to give an instruction

on involuntary manslaughter.    When a defendant is charged with

murder, an instruction on involuntary manslaughter is

appropriate where a "reasonable view of the evidence would

[permit] the jury to find wanton [or] reckless conduct rather

than actions from which a plain and strong likelihood of death

would follow" (quotations omitted).     Commonwealth v. Concepcion,

487 Mass. 77, 92, cert. denied, 142 S. Ct. 408 (2021), quoting

Commonwealth v. Tavares, 471 Mass. 430, 438 (2015).     Conversely,

"[w]hen it is obvious . . . that the risk of physical harm to

the victim created a plain and strong likelihood that death will

follow, an instruction on involuntary manslaughter is not

required" (citation omitted).    Commonwealth v. Moseley, 483

Mass. 295, 303 (2019).    The defendant requested an involuntary

manslaughter instruction and objected when it was denied, so we

review for prejudicial error.    See Commonwealth v. Pina, 481

Mass. 413, 417-418 (2019).

    A defendant shooting at a victim creates a plain and strong

likelihood of death, negating the possibility of a finding of
                                                                   33

involuntary manslaughter.   See, e.g., Concepcion, 487 Mass. at

93 (no involuntary manslaughter instruction necessary where

"defendant shot a firearm at the victim multiple times, firing

an initial pair of rounds before changing his position and

continuing to shoot"); Commonwealth v. Watt, 484 Mass. 742, 752

(2020), S.C., 493 Mass. 216 and 493 Mass. 322 (2024) (no

involuntary manslaughter instruction required where apparent

shooter "intentionally shot multiple times at the two victims").

"[D]ischarging a shot at another person, regardless of whether

the shot is meant to injure or kill, . . . 'creates a plain and

strong likelihood of death.'"   Pina, 481 Mass. at 424, quoting

Commonwealth v. Mack, 423 Mass. 288, 290 (1996).

    In the present case, the jury heard the defendant's

statement to police that as the defendant and the victim

continued to fight, the defendant "went crazy and . . . got the

weapon out" and fired at the victim.   Although the defendant

also told the police that he did not see where he hit the

victim, the jury heard evidence that the victim was shot through

the eye at close range and was also shot twice in the back of

the head.   The evidence that the defendant was drinking does not

change our analysis.   See Commonwealth v. Sires, 413 Mass. 292,

302-303 (1992) (even where there is evidence that defendant had

consumed alcohol, "[t]he traditional elements of involuntary

manslaughter must be shown by evidence that the jury might
                                                                     34

believe before an instruction on involuntary manslaughter is

required").   Even considering the evidence in the light most

favorable to the defendant, no reasonable jury could conclude

that shooting at the victim at close range did not present a

plain and strong likelihood of death, and thus the trial judge

did not err in declining to instruct the jury on involuntary

manslaughter.   See Pina, 481 Mass. at 424.

     d.   Testimony on scientific certainty.    Finally, the

defendant postulates that expert testimony describing

fingerprint evidence and ballistic evidence "in absolute terms"

caused a substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of justice.6

     i.   Fingerprint testimony.    The defendant argues that

expert testimony by the Commonwealth's fingerprint analysis

expert impermissibly suggested a level of scientific certainty

in testimony identifying a fingerprint on the firearm magazine

as belonging to the defendant.     The defendant did not object to

the expert's testimony, so we review the testimony to determine

     6 The defendant also argues that the failure by defense
counsel to object to the improper testimony constitutes
ineffective assistance of counsel. When a defendant has been
convicted of murder in the first degree, "we review his claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel to determine whether the
alleged lapse created a 'substantial likelihood of a miscarriage
of justice,'" so both inquiries are ultimately the same.
Commonwealth v. Louis, 487 Mass. 759, 763 (2021), quoting
Commonwealth v. Fulgiam, 477 Mass. 20, 29, cert. denied, 583
U.S. 923 (2017).
                                                                  35

whether the testimony was improper and whether any improper

testimony created a substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of

justice.   See Commonwealth v. Armstrong, 492 Mass. 341, 354

(2023).

     State police Trooper Sidney Chambers testified as to the

fingerprint identification that matched a latent fingerprint7 on

the magazine of the firearm recovered at Interiano and Pineda's

house with the defendant's left ring finger.   During cross-

examination defense counsel asked Chambers, "Now you can't say

that one hundred percent, you cannot be one hundred percent

[certain] of the identification you made with the print; can

you?" to which Chambers responded, "No, I absolutely can."     When

pressed, Chambers reaffirmed that he was one hundred percent

certain that his identification of the fingerprint as belonging

to the defendant was correct.

     We have previously considered scientific literature on the

limitations of ACE-V8 fingerprint analysis -- the methodology

used by Chambers in this case.   See Commonwealth v. Gambora, 457

     7 A latent fingerprint is a fingerprint impression that is
generally not visible to the naked eye without chemical
enhancement. See Commonwealth v. Patterson, 445 Mass. 626, 629
(2005).

     8 ACE-V stands for analysis, comparison, evaluation, and
verification. Commonwealth v. Gambora, 457 Mass. 715, 721
(2010).
                                                                      36

Mass. 715, 724-726 (2010).   We have therefore offered guidance

that "[t]estimony to the effect that a latent print matches

. . . a known print, if it is to be offered, should be presented

as an opinion, not a fact, and opinions expressing absolute

certainty about, or the infallibility of, an 'individualization'

of a print should be avoided."   Id. at 729 n.22.

     Trooper Chambers's testimony was improper because it

"express[ed] absolute certainty" that the fingerprint found on

the magazine of the firearm corresponded to the defendant.      See

Gambora, 457 Mass. at 729.   The defendant contends that the

testimony created a substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of

justice because it provided a link between the defendant and the

weapon.   The defendant's argument is belied, however, by the

plethora of other evidence tying the defendant to the firearm.9

See, e.g., Armstrong, 492 Mass. at 357-358 (no substantial

likelihood of miscarriage of justice where evidence linking

defendant to crime besides fingerprint evidence was strong).

For example, the defendant's own trial testimony acknowledged

     9 We also note that the remainder of defense counsel's
cross-examination of Chambers elicited testimony regarding the
scientific community's consensus regarding the fallibility of
fingerprint identification, and that this theme was reiterated
by defense counsel in closing arguments. See Armstrong, 492
Mass. at 357, quoting Commonwealth v. Fulgiam, 477 Mass 20, 45,
cert. denied, 583 U.S. 923 (2017) ("the vigorous cross-
examination of the analyst countered any possible misconception
that individualization is infallible").
                                                                    37

that he owned the firearm recovered from Interiano and Pineda's

house.    The jury also watched a video recording of the

defendant's statement to police, wherein he also stated that he

owned the firearm, stated and demonstrated how he had used it to

shoot the victim, and described the steps he had taken to hide

the firearm after the murder.    Furthermore, Interiano testified

at trial and corroborated the account of the two men hiding the

firearm in the basement.    Given this evidence, any erroneous

testimony by Chambers did not create a substantial likelihood of

a miscarriage of justice.

    ii.    Ballistics testimony.   The defendant also argues that

improper testimony by the Commonwealth's ballistics expert as to

the scientific degree of certainty of ballistics evidence

created a substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of justice by

suggesting to the jury it was scientifically certain that the

firearm recovered from Interiano and Pineda's house was the

murder weapon.    Defense counsel did not object to the testimony,

so we consider whether any improper testimony from the

ballistics expert created a substantial likelihood of a

miscarriage of justice.     See Yat Fung Ng, 489 Mass. at 247.

    At trial, State police ballistics expert Trooper Michael

Bonasoro testified as to tests he had conducted with the firearm

recovered from Interiano and Pineda's house.     Based on the

results of those tests, Bonasoro concluded that the firearm
                                                                    38

recovered from the house was the murder weapon.     Specifically,

Bonasoro testified that the unique marks found on the cartridge

casings at the scene, when compared to casings from test fires

of the firearm, enabled him "to form an opinion beyond a

reasonable doubt of ballistic certainty that these marks were

produced from" the firearm recovered from the house.    Bonasoro

also agreed that his statement was made "with a degree of

scientific certainty."

       "Where a qualified expert has identified sufficient

individual characteristic toolmarks reasonably to offer an

opinion that a particular firearm fired a projectile or

cartridge casing recovered as evidence, the expert may offer

that opinion to a 'reasonable degree of ballistic certainty.'"

Commonwealth v. Pytou Heang, 458 Mass. 827, 848 (2011).      We have

specifically disapproved of the use of "[p]hrases that could

give the jury of an impression of greater certainty."     Id. at

849.

       Here, Bonasoro's testimony that the firearm recovered from

Interiano and Pineda's house was the weapon that discharged the

casings recovered from Elmwood Street "beyond a reasonable doubt

of ballistic certainty" was improper.    See Pytou Heang, 458

Mass. at 848.   The proper formulation is, as stated supra, "to a

reasonable degree of ballistic certainty."    Id.   It was also

improper for Bonasoro to agree that his statements were made
                                                                    39

"with a degree of scientific certainty."    We have expressly

stated that "[t]he phrase 'reasonable degree of scientific

certainty' should . . . be avoided because it suggests that

forensic ballistics is a science, where it is clearly as much an

art as a science."   Id. at 849.   Bonasoro's formulation, albeit

somewhat different, invites similar confusion.     Therefore, we

must determine whether Bonasoro's improper testimony created a

substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of justice, meaning that

the error likely influenced the jury's decision.    See Yat Fung

Ng, 489 Mass. at 247.

    Because there was ample evidence tying the firearm to the

murder outside of Bonasoro's testimony, we conclude that there

was no substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of justice.      See

Armstrong, 492 Mass. at 357-358.    The defendant admitted in his

testimony at trial that he owned the firearm recovered from

Interiano and Pineda's house, and further admitted that he had

brought it to the house on the night of the murder.    In the

video recording of his police interrogation, the jury heard the

defendant admit that he shot the victim several times with the

firearm and explain the steps he took to hide the firearm after

committing the crime.   Interiano's testimony corroborated the

account of the defendant returning to the house after his fight

with the victim and hiding the firearm in the basement.

Finally, the jury heard evidence that the firearm was a .40
                                                                     40

caliber pistol, consistent with the .40 caliber casings

recovered from the crime scene.    Thus, Bonasoro's testimony,

although improper, did not create a significant likelihood of a

miscarriage of justice.    See Armstrong, supra (no substantial

likelihood of miscarriage of justice from testimony expressing

scientific certainty regarding fingerprint identification where

Commonwealth's evidence apart from testimony was strong).

    e.   Firearm convictions.     The defendant was also convicted

of unlawful possession of a firearm and unlawful possession of a

loaded firearm.    On appeal, the defendant argues that following

the United States Supreme Court's decision in New York State

Rifle & Pistol Ass'n v. Bruen, 597 U.S. 1, 8 (2022), his

convictions should be overturned because the jury were not

instructed that the Commonwealth was required to prove beyond a

reasonable doubt that the defendant did not have a valid

firearms license.    Whereas prior to Bruen, licensure was an

affirmative defense to a charge of unlawful possession of a

firearm, after Bruen we ruled "that the absence of a license is

an essential element" of firearm possession offenses.     Guardado

I, 491 Mass. at 690.    We then held in Guardado II, 493 Mass. at

12, that the proper remedy was to remand for a new trial on the

firearm charges.    See id. ("Because Bruen was decided after the

defendant's trial but while the case was pending on appeal, he

is entitled to the benefit of the new rule; that is, the right
                                                                   41

to have the Commonwealth prove that he lacked a license").

    In the present case, the defendant was convicted of

possession of a firearm and possession of a loaded firearm

without the benefit of requiring the Commonwealth to prove

beyond a reasonable doubt that he lacked a firearm license.

Accordingly, we vacate those convictions and remand for a new

trial on those charges.   See Guardado II, 493 Mass. at 12.

    f.   Review under G. L. c. 278, § 33E.    We have carefully

reviewed the entire record, pursuant to our duty under G. L.

c. 278, § 33E, and find no reason to set aside the verdict or

reduce the degree of guilt.

    3.   Conclusion.    For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the

defendant's conviction of murder in the first degree.    We vacate

the defendant's firearm convictions and remand for a new trial

on those indictments.

                                    So ordered.