Court Opinion

ID: 6115786
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-03 16:07:40.405978+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:21:55.675517
License: Public Domain

Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                      Lansing, Michigan
                                                             Chief Justice:          Justices:

Syllabus                                                      Bridget M. McCormack   Brian K. Zahra
                                                                                     David F. Viviano
                                                                                     Richard H. Bernstein
                                                                                     Elizabeth T. Clement
                                                                                     Megan K. Cavanagh
                                                                                     Elizabeth M. Welch

This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been           Reporter of Decisions:
prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.             Kathryn L. Loomis

           DEPARTMENT OF TALENT & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT/UNEMPLOYMENT
                 INSURANCE AGENCY v GREAT OAKS COUNTRY CLUB, INC

              Docket No. 160638. Argued on application for leave to appeal March 4, 2021. Decided
      June 7, 2021.

              This case stemmed from a dispute over the unemployment-insurance tax rate applicable to
      Great Oaks Country Club, Inc (Great Oaks). All employers subject to the Michigan Employment
      Security Act (the MESA), MCL 421.1 et seq., are responsible for paying unemployment-insurance
      taxes to the Department of Talent and Economic Development/Unemployment Insurance Agency
      (the Agency). The Agency determined that Great Oaks was not entitled to the new-employer tax
      rate under the MESA, specifically MCL 421.13m(2)(a)(i)(A) and (B). Under MCL 421.19, an
      employer is taxed either at the new-employer rate or at a calculated, experienced-employer rate
      based on its unemployment experience. Before January 1, 2011, Great Oaks became a client
      employer of a Professional Employer Organization (PEO) that operated in Michigan. In 2011,
      statutory changes became effective that required client-level reporting by PEOs. Because Great
      Oaks was a client employer of a PEO before 2011, it was not required to change its reporting
      method until January 1, 2014. It was undisputed that Great Oaks had been a client employer of
      the PEO for at least 8 quarters as of January 1, 2014, and that Great Oaks had reported no
      employees or payroll for those same 8 quarters. It was also undisputed that Great Oaks’s PEO did
      not change its reporting method until January 1, 2014. Great Oaks protested the Agency’s
      determination that Great Oaks was not entitled to the new-employer tax rate. The Agency rejected
      Great Oaks’s protests, and Great Oaks appealed to an administrative law judge (ALJ). The ALJ
      determined that because Great Oaks had 8 quarters of no employment or payroll before January 1,
      2014, it was entitled to the new-employer tax rate. The ALJ further ruled that the phrase
      “beginning January 1, 2014” in MCL 421.13m(2)(a)(i)(A) and (B) was the date by when a client
      employer must have accrued 8 quarters of not reporting employees or payroll. The Agency
      appealed the ALJ’s decision in the Michigan Compensation Appellate Commission (the MCAC),
      and the MCAC affirmed the ALJ’s decision. The Agency appealed the MCAC’s decision in the
      Oakland Circuit Court, and the court, Nanci J. Grant, J., affirmed the MCAC’s decision. The
      Agency appealed in the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals, MURRAY, C.J., and METER and
      FORD HOOD, JJ., held that Great Oaks was not entitled to the new-employer tax rate, interpreting
      MCL 421.13m(2)(a)(i)(A) and (B) to require Great Oaks to have reported no employees or payroll
      for a period of 12 or more calendar quarters to qualify for the new-employer tax rate. 329 Mich
      App 581 (2019). In so holding, the Court of Appeals rejected Great Oaks’s interpretation that a
client employer must have accrued the relevant number of calendar quarters in which it reported
no employees or payroll by January 1, 2014, to be assessed the new-employer tax rate and instead
adopted the Agency’s interpretation that a client employer must have switched to client-level
reporting before January 1, 2014, to be assessed the new-employer tax rate. Great Oaks moved
for reconsideration, which the Court of Appeals denied. Great Oaks sought leave to appeal in the
Supreme Court, and the Supreme Court ordered and heard oral argument on whether to grant the
application or take other action. 505 Mich 1056 (2020).

        In a unanimous opinion by Justice ZAHRA, the Supreme Court, in lieu of granting leave to
appeal, held:

        Employers liable for paying unemployment-insurance taxes are required to file quarterly
tax reports with the Agency, and some employers utilize PEOs to file these reports. Before 2011,
a PEO could report a client’s payroll under the PEO’s own unemployment account rather than the
client employer’s. But with the enactment of 2010 PA 370, PEOs were required to report the
payroll information under the client employer’s unemployment account beginning January 1,
2014. This practice is known as “client-level reporting,” and reporting in this fashion was
discretionary beginning January 1, 2011, but became mandatory as of January 1, 2014. When
2010 PA 370 was passed, the Legislature also changed how the unemployment tax rate is
calculated for client employers with the enactment of 2010 PA 383. Although the PEO remains
the employer liable for paying unemployment-insurance contributions, the unemployment tax rate
is no longer based on the PEO’s prior account and experience. Rather, beginning January 1, 2014,
for purposes of calculating unemployment tax rates, the calculation is based on the number of years
the client employer is deemed to have employed a staff, either directly or through the PEO, and
each client employer is taxed at its own rate. MCL 421.13m, which was enacted into law on
January 1, 2011, governs the applicable unemployment tax rate for PEOs and their client
employers. MCL 421.13m was amended in 2011 by 2011 PA 269 and again in 2012 by 2012 PA
219. MCL 421.13m(2)(a)(i)(A) currently provides, in pertinent part, that if the client employer
reported no employees or no payroll to the Agency for 8 or more calendar quarters or, beginning
January 1, 2014, for 12 or more calendar quarters, the client employer’s unemployment tax rate
will be the new-employer tax rate. MCL 421.13m(2)(a)(i)(B) currently provides that if the client
employer was a client employer of the PEO for less than 8 calendar quarters or, beginning
January 1, 2014, for less than 12 calendar quarters, the client employer’s unemployment tax rate
will be based on the client employer’s prior account and experience. MCL 421.13m(2)(a)(ii)
provides that a business entity that is a contributing employer and becomes a client employer of
the PEO on or after January 1, 2014, shall retain its existing unemployment tax rate or establish a
new rate as provided in MCL 421.19. Finally, MCL 421.13m(2)(b) provides that a PEO that is a
liable employer and that was operating in this state before January 1, 2011, may elect and use the
reporting method in MCL 421.13m(2)(a) before January 1, 2014, but shall report using the method
in MCL 421.13m(2)(a) on and after January 1, 2014. In this case, Great Oaks’s interpretation—
not the Agency’s interpretation—was correct: MCL 421.13m(2)(a)(i)(A) and (B) require a client
employer to have accrued the relevant number of calendar quarters in which it reported no
employees or payroll by January 1, 2014, to be assessed the new-employer tax rate. Because Great
Oaks reported no employees or payroll for 8 consecutive calendar quarters before January 1, 2014,
Great Oaks was entitled to be assessed the new-employer tax rate. Section 13m(2)(a)(i)(A) refers
to some number of calendar quarters—8 or 12—in which the client employer reported no
employees or no payroll to the agency; crucially, nowhere does it speak of a reporting method the
way that MCL 421.13m(2)(b) does. Thus, when MCL 421.13m(2)(a)(i)(A) is read alongside MCL
421.13m(2)(b), giving effect to each, the phrase “beginning January 1, 2014” in MCL
421.13m(2)(a)(i)(A) refers to the date by when a certain number of nonreporting quarters must
have been accrued, not to the date by when the switch to the method of client-level reporting
occurred. If the Legislature had wanted MCL 421.13m(2)(a)(i)(A) to govern the assessment of a
certain tax rate for client employers based on when they switched to the method of client-level
reporting, it could have included language to that effect in MCL 421.13m(2)(a)(i)(A). But it did
not. Instead, it provided only for the assessment of a certain tax rate to client employers based on
a certain number of nonreporting quarters accrued by a certain date, namely, January 1, 2014.
Similarly, MCL 421.13m(2)(a)(i)(B) also refers only to some number of quarters, not a reporting
method, vis-à-vis the appropriate tax rate to be assessed to client employers. As with MCL
421.13m(2)(a)(i)(A), in MCL 421.13m(2)(a)(i)(B), “January 1, 2014” functions as a cut-off date.
Reading the subsections together, MCL 421.13m(2)(a)(i)(A) delineates under what circumstances
a client employer like Great Oaks is entitled to the new-employer tax rate. MCL
421.13m(2)(a)(i)(B) then fills in the rest of the picture, clarifying that a client employer is to be
assessed an experienced-employer tax rate if the client employer was a client employer of the PEO
for less than 8 calendar quarters or, beginning January 1, 2014, for less than 12 calendar quarters.
As with MCL 421.13m(2)(a)(i)(A), MCL 421.13m(2)(a)(i)(B) does not speak of a reporting
method but, rather, of a certain number of quarters in which the client employer was in a
relationship with its PEO, with January 1, 2014, serving as the cut-off date for the relevant number
of quarters needed for assessment of the experienced-employer tax rate.                   For MCL
421.13m(2)(a)(i)(A) to mean what the Agency contends it means, it would have to say something
about a reporting method, not just that not reporting employees or payroll must occur for a certain
number of quarters “beginning January 1, 2014.” And for MCL 421.13m(2)(a)(i)(B) to mean what
the Agency contends it means, it likewise would need to say something about a reporting method,
not just that a relationship between a client employer and its PEO for a certain number of quarters
corresponds to a certain tax rate. Further, the amendments to MCL 421.13m that were made in
2011 and 2012—which changed “8” to “12” and then restored “8,” all within 18 months of the
enactment of MCL 421.13m—indicate that the purpose of the 2012 amendment was remedial,
intended to undo the 2011 amendment’s erasure of the 8-quarter safe-harbor condition so that
client employers like Great Oaks under the facts of the instant case would receive the new-
employer tax rate under MCL 421.13m. The Court of Appeals in this case failed to account for
the exclusive, mandatory nature of MCL 421.13m; the Court of Appeals’ interpretation of MCL
421.13m and MCL 421.19 rendered MCL 421.19 nugatory. The insertion of the clause “or,
beginning January 1, 2014, for 12 or more calendar quarters” placed PEOs governed by MCL
421.13m on even footing with the 12-quarter scheme in place for all other employers governed by
MCL 421.19 after the transition period—i.e., the time prior to January 1, 2014—concluded, and
the statutory history supported this reading: MCL 421.19, which was amended at the same time as
MCL 421.13m by 2011 PA 269, was amended in that way to bring the standards governing non-
PEO-using employers subject to MCL 421.19 into conformity with those standards governing
PEO-using client employers subject to MCL 421.13m. In sum, because Great Oaks used a PEO
and reported no employees or payroll to the Agency for 8 quarters prior to January 1, 2014, Great
Oaks was entitled to the new-employer tax rate.

        Court of Appeals opinion reversed and case remanded to the Agency for entry of a decision
assessing Great Oaks the new-employer tax rate under MCL 421.13m.
                                                                        Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                              Lansing, Michigan
                                               Chief Justice:                 Justices:

OPINION                                         Bridget M. McCormack          Brian K. Zahra
                                                                              David F. Viviano
                                                                              Richard H. Bernstein
                                                                              Elizabeth T. Clement
                                                                              Megan K. Cavanagh
                                                                              Elizabeth M. Welch

                                                                FILED June 7, 2021

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                    SUPREME COURT

 DEPARTMENT OF TALENT &
 ECONOMIC
 DEVELOPMENT/UNEMPLOYMENT
 INSURANCE AGENCY,

              Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                                                No. 160638
 v

 GREAT OAKS COUNTRY CLUB, INC.,

              Defendant-Appellant.

 BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH

 ZAHRA, J.
       This appeal arises from a relationship between an employer, defendant-appellant

 Great Oaks Country Club, Inc. (Great Oaks), and a Professional Employer Organization
(PEO). 1 We are called upon to determine, in the context of this relationship, Great Oaks’s

unemployment-insurance tax rate under the Michigan Employment Security Act (the

MESA), MCL 421.1 et seq., specifically MCL 421.13m(2)(a)(i)(A) and (B). 2 The Court

of Appeals interpreted Section 13m to require Great Oaks to have reported “no employees

or no payroll” for a period of 12 or more calendar quarters to qualify for the lower “new

employer tax rate” under the MESA. The Court of Appeals adopted the interpretation of

Section 13m offered by plaintiff-appellee, the Department of Talent and Economic

Development/Unemployment Insurance Agency (the Agency), which maintained that a

client employer must have switched to client-level reporting before January 1, 2014, to be

assessed the new-employer tax rate (the conversion-date interpretation). 3 We disagree.

We hold that, in this context, Section 13m is best understood according to the interpretation

offered by Great Oaks: that a client employer must have accrued the relevant number of

1
  A PEO is often referred to as an employee-leasing company. PEOs contract with small
to mid-sized employers to perform certain administrative functions for them. Employers
that use the services of PEOs are known as “client employers” under the Michigan
Employment Security Act (the MESA), MCL 421.1 et seq. These contractual
arrangements permit the PEO, as a coemployer, to combine the employee benefits of
several client employers to offer the client employers increased efficiencies and reduced
costs. See Mich Admin Code, R 421.190(1)(d).
2
    This opinion will refer to MCL 421.13m as “Section 13m.”
3
  In 2011, the Legislature enacted the Michigan Professional Employer Organization
Regulatory Act (the PEO Act), MCL 338.3721 et seq. The enactment of the PEO Act is
significant not only because it interacts with the MESA in this case but also because the
effective date of Section 13m was expressly conditioned on its passage. Generally stated,
the PEO Act requires PEOs to report information under each of their client employer’s
unemployment-insurance accounts instead of the PEO’s own account. This practice is
referred to as client-level reporting. See MCL 421.13m(2)(b).

                                             2
calendar quarters in which it reported “no employees or no payroll” by January 1, 2014, to

be assessed the new-employer tax rate (the accrual-date interpretation). And because Great

Oaks reported no employees or payroll for 8 consecutive calendar quarters before January

1, 2014, we hold that Great Oaks is entitled to be assessed the new-employer tax rate under

Section 13m of the MESA. Accordingly, we reverse the Court of Appeals’ decision and

remand to the Agency for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

        Because the proper resolution of this case rests so heavily on the interaction between

the MESA, Section 13m, and the PEO Act, as well as subsequent amendments, we first

review the statutory scheme and its relevant statutory history before presenting the basic

facts and procedural history of this case.

                                       I. THE MESA

        All employers subject to the MESA are responsible for paying unemployment-

insurance taxes, or contributions, to the Agency. 4 The Agency places these contributions

into the unemployment-compensation fund. 5            From this fund, the Agency pays

unemployment benefits to eligible and qualified workers. 6 Benefits paid to claimants are

charged against an employer’s account. 7 Under MCL 421.19 (Section 19), an employer is

taxed either at the new-employer rate or at a calculated, experienced-employer rate based

4
    MCL 421.13(1).
5
    MCL 421.26(a).
6
    MCL 421.26(c)(1).
7
    MCL 421.20(a).

                                              3
on its unemployment experience. 8 Therefore, the more an employer’s former workers are

awarded unemployment benefits, the higher its tax rate will be. 9

         Liable employers are required to file quarterly tax reports with the Agency, and

some employers utilize PEOs to file these reports. 10 Prior to 2011, a PEO could report a

client’s payroll under the PEO’s own unemployment account rather than the client

employer’s. But with the enactment of the PEO Act in 2011, 11 PEOs were required to

report the payroll information under the client employer’s unemployment account

beginning January 1, 2014. 12 This practice is known as “client-level reporting,” and

8
    See generally MCL 421.19.
9
    See id.
10
  See MCL 421.13m(2)(a). As explained by the Court of Appeals, see Dep’t of Talent &
Economic Dev/Unemployment Ins Agency v Ambs Message Ctr, Inc, 329 Mich App 581;
944 NW2d 125 (2019) (Ambs Message Ctr), a PEO can be thought of as somewhat of a
shell entity that has no underlying business other than to provide payroll, payment of
unemployment-insurance obligations, and other human-resources services on behalf of its
various client employers:

         Under a typical service agreement, a business transfers its employees to the
         professional employer organization, which then leases the employees back
         to the business. The leased employees are treated as the employees of the
         professional employer organization even though the original employer (now
         considered the client employer) maintains day-to-day control over the
         employees. The professional employer organization normally handles all of
         the human resource matters involving the employees, including paying the
         unemployment insurance obligations related to the payroll of the client
         employer. [Id. at 585.]
11
     See 2010 PA 370, effective July 1, 2011.
12
     MCL 421.13m(2)(a) and (b).

                                                4
reporting in this fashion was discretionary beginning January 1, 2011, but became

mandatory as of January 1, 2014. 13

         When the PEO Act was passed, the Legislature also changed how the

unemployment tax rate is calculated for client employers. 14 Although the PEO remains the

employer liable for paying unemployment-insurance contributions, the unemployment tax

rate is no longer based on the PEO’s prior account and experience. 15 Rather, beginning

January 1, 2014, for purposes of calculating unemployment tax rates, the PEO is taken out

of the picture and the calculation is based on the number of years the client employer is

deemed to have employed a staff, either directly or through the PEO, and each client

employer is taxed at its own rate. 16

      II. STATUTORY HISTORY OF SECTION 13M AND TEXT OF OTHER KEY
                               PROVISIONS

         Section 13m is a subsection of the MESA and was enacted into law on January 1,

2011, 17 at the same time as the PEO Act. 18       Section 13m governs the applicable

13
     MCL 421.13m(2)(b).
14
     See 2010 PA 383, effective January 1, 2011.
15
     MCL 421.13m(2)(a).
16
     MCL 421.13m(2)(b).
17
     See 2010 PA 383.
18
  See 2010 PA 370. Section 13m did not become effective until July 1, 2011. See 2010
PA 383, enacting § 2 (tie-barring the effective date of Section 13m to the July 1, 2011
effective date of 2010 SB 1037/2010 PA 370).

                                             5
unemployment tax rates for PEOs and their client employers. In 2011, Section 13m

provided, in relevant part:

                 (2) . . . [A] PEO that is a liable employer shall use the following
         method for reporting wages and paying unemployment contributions under
         this act:

                (a) The PEO shall comply with all requirements of this act that apply
         to a contributing employer. . . .

                 (i) For a client employer that is a contributing employer and was a
         client employer of the PEO on the date that the PEO changed to the reporting
         method provided in this subdivision, the following rates apply:

                 (A) Except as provided in sub-subparagraphs (B) and (C),[19] if the
         client employer reported no employees or no payroll to the agency for 8 or
         more quarters, the client employer’s unemployment tax rate will be the new
         employer tax rate.

                (B) If the client employer was a client employer of the PEO for less
         than 8 full calendar quarters, the client employer’s unemployment tax rate
         will be based on the client employer’s prior account and experience.

                                             * * *

                 (ii) A business entity that is a contributing employer and becomes a
         client employer of the PEO on or after January 1, 2011 shall retain its existing
         unemployment tax rate or establish a new rate as provided in section 19.[20]

         Section 13m was amended for the first time on December 19, 2011, less than a year

after it was first enacted, along with 28 other sections of the MESA (the 2011

19
     The exception set forth in Sub-subparagraph (C) is not at issue in this case.
20
     See 2010 PA 383.

                                                6
Amendments). 21      Of relevance here is that the 2011 Amendments changed both

occurrences of “8” in Section 13m to “12.” 22

         Then, just six months later in 2012, Section 13m was amended for the second and

final time (the 2012 Amendment). 23 The 2012 Amendment made four changes to Section

13m(2)(a)(i) and one change to Section 13m(2)(a)(ii). As to Section 13m(2)(a)(i), both

occurrences of “12” were changed back to “8”; the clause “or, beginning January 1, 2014,

for 12 or more calendar quarters” was added to Section 13m(2)(a)(i)(A); the clause “or,

beginning January 1, 2014, for less than 12 calendar quarters” was added to Section

13m(2)(a)(i)(B); and “quarters” was modified by “calendar” in Section 13m(2)(a)(i)(A).

As to Section 13m(2)(a)(ii), “2011” was changed to “2014.”

         Section 13m now provides, in relevant part:

                 (2) . . . [A] PEO that is a liable employer shall use the following
         method for reporting wages and paying unemployment contributions under
         this act:

                (a) The PEO shall comply with all requirements of this act that apply
         to a contributing employer. . . .

                 (i) For a client employer that is a contributing employer and was a
         client employer of the PEO on the date that the PEO changed to the reporting
         method provided in this subdivision, the following rates apply:

21
     2011 PA 269, effective December 19, 2011.
22
  See id. And, as will be relevant later in our analysis, the 2011 Amendments also changed
the “8” in Section 19—“or at the conclusion of 8 or more consecutive calendar quarters”—
to “12.” Id.
23
     2012 PA 219, effective June 28, 2012.

                                              7
                 (A) Except as provided in sub-subparagraphs (B) and (C),[24] if the
         client employer reported no employees or no payroll to the agency for 8 or
         more calendar quarters or, beginning January 1, 2014, for 12 or more
         calendar quarters, the client employer’s unemployment tax rate will be the
         new employer tax rate.

                (B) If the client employer was a client employer of the PEO for less
         than 8 calendar quarters or, beginning January 1, 2014, for less than 12
         calendar quarters, the client employer’s unemployment tax rate will be based
         on the client employer’s prior account and experience.

                                             * * *

                 (ii) A business entity that is a contributing employer and becomes a
         client employer of the PEO on or after January 1, 2014 shall retain its existing
         unemployment tax rate or establish a new rate as provided in section 19.

                (b) A PEO that is a liable employer and that was operating in this state
         before January 1, 2011 may elect and use the reporting method in subdivision
         (a) before January 1, 2014, but shall report using the method in subdivision
         (a) on and after January 1, 2014.[25]

Finally, MCL 421.19(a)(1)(i) provides, in relevant part:

                (a) The commission shall determine the contribution rate of each
         contributing employer for each calendar year after 1977 as follows:

                (1)(i) . . . If . . . at the conclusion of 12 or more consecutive calendar
         quarters during which the employer has not had workers in covered
         employment, and if the employer again becomes liable for contributions, the
         employer shall be considered as newly liable for contributions for the
         purposes of the tables in this subsection.[26]

24
  As noted earlier, the exception set forth in Sub-subparagraph (C) is not at issue in this
case.
25
     MCL 421.13m(2).
26
     MCL 421.19(a)(1)(i).

                                                8
                  III. BASIC FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         Several key facts are undisputed. First, Great Oaks became a client employer of a

PEO that operated in this state before January 1, 2011. 27 For that reason, it was not required

to change its reporting method until January 1, 2014. 28 Second, Great Oaks had been a

client employer of the PEO for at least 8 quarters as of January 1, 2014, and Great Oaks

had reported no employees or payroll for those same 8 quarters. 29 Third and finally, Great

Oaks’s PEO did not change its reporting method until January 1, 2014. 30

         The dispute began when the Agency concluded that Great Oaks, which had 8

quarters of not reporting employees or payroll by January 1, 2014, was not entitled to the

new-employer tax rate beginning with tax year 2014 because it did not report its eighth

nonreporting quarter until after January 1, 2014. 31 The Agency reasoned that client

employers were only eligible for the new-employer tax rate if they reported no employees

or payroll “beginning January 1, 2014, for 12 or more calendar quarters . . . .” Great Oaks

27
  See Unemployment Ins Agency v Great Oaks Country Club, Inc, MAHS Decision &
Order (Case No. 4872482), issued April 7, 2016, p 2 (ALJ Decision).
28
     MCL 421.13m(2)(b).
29
     See ALJ Decision, p 2.
30
     See id.
31
  See ALJ Decision, p 2. Great Oaks points out that the Agency’s position on the proper
meaning of Section 13m was different in the proceedings prior to its appeal in the Court of
Appeals. See Defendant’s Supplemental Reply Brief on Appeal (August 19, 2020) at 5-6.
In this appeal, however, we deal exclusively with the Agency’s conversion-date argument,
as that was the one that it made in this Court.

                                              9
protested the Agency’s decision. 32 Great Oaks argued that the Agency’s interpretation

overlooked the 8-quarter safe-harbor lookback period of Section 13m, and it asserted that

it was entitled to the new-employer tax rate because it “reported no employees or [no]

payroll to the [A]gency for 8 [or more] calendar quarters prior to January 1, 2014.” 33

           After the Agency rejected its protests, Great Oaks appealed to an administrative law

judge (ALJ).           The ALJ determined that because Great Oaks had 8 quarters of no

employment or payroll before January 1, 2014, it was entitled to the new-employer tax

rate. 34 The ALJ ruled that the phrase “beginning January 1, 2014” in Section 13m is the

date by when a client employer must have accrued 8 quarters of not reporting employees

or payroll, rejecting the Agency’s reading that “beginning January 1, 2014” is the date that

triggered the increase of the number of nonreporting quarters from 8 to 12. 35

           A three-member panel of the Michigan Compensation Appellate Commission (the

MCAC) affirmed the ALJ’s ruling. 36 The Oakland Circuit Court did likewise.

           The Agency subsequently appealed as on leave granted in the Court of Appeals,

which held in the Agency’s favor. 37 The Court of Appeals reversed the circuit court and

32
     See ALJ Decision, p 2.
33
     Id.
34
     See id. at 5-6.
35
     See id.
36
     In re Great Oaks Country Club, Inc, 2017 Mich ACO 1852.
37
  See Ambs Message Ctr, 329 Mich App at 589-593. This case was consolidated along
with two others in the Court of Appeals. See Dep’t of Talent & Economic
Dev/Unemployment Ins Agency v Ambs Message Ctr, Inc (Supreme Court Docket No.

                                                10
vacated its order—along with the MCAC’s decision and the ALJ’s ruling—and remanded

the case to the ALJ for entry of a decision upholding the Agency’s tax determination for

the relevant tax years. 38 The Court of Appeals reasoned that because the claimants’ PEOs

“waited until January 1, 2014, to change their reporting method, the longer lookback period

applied to each claimant, and the claimants were not entitled to the new-employer tax rate

unless they had not reported payroll or employees for 12 quarters by January 1, 2014.” 39

           This appeal followed. In lieu of granting leave, we ordered oral argument on the

application, directing the parties to address whether Great Oaks could “satisfy MCL

421.13m(2)(a)(i)(A) by reporting no employees or no payroll for the eight quarters before

January 1, 2014.” 40

            IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND INTERPRETIVE PRINCIPLES

           A question of statutory interpretation is a question of law that this Court reviews de

novo. 41 “The primary goal of statutory interpretation is to ‘ascertain the legislative intent

160635; Court of Appeals Docket No. 343521); Dep’t of Talent & Economic
Dev/Unemployment Ins Agency v NBC Truck Equip, Inc (Supreme Court Docket No.
160636; Court of Appeals Docket No. 343989). We ordered oral argument only on Great
Oaks’s application for leave to appeal.         See Dep’t of Talent & Economic
Dev/Unemployment Ins Agency v Great Oaks Country Club, Inc, 505 Mich 1056 (2020).
The other two cases were held in abeyance pending a decision in this case. Dep’t of Talent
& Economic Dev/Unemployment Ins Agency v Ambs Message Ctr, Inc, 942 NW2d 37
(2020).
38
     Ambs Message Ctr, 329 Mich App at 593.
39
     Id.
40
     Great Oaks Country Club, Inc, 505 Mich at 1056.
41
     Wigfall v Detroit, 504 Mich 330, 337; 934 NW2d 760 (2019).

                                                 11
that may reasonably be inferred from the statutory language.’ ” 42 Courts “consider both

the plain meaning of the critical word or phrase as well as ‘its placement and purpose in

the statutory scheme.’ ” 43 “ ‘The first step in that determination is to review the language

of the statute itself.’ ” 44 “Unless statutorily defined, every word or phrase of a statute

should be accorded its plain and ordinary meaning, taking into account the context in which

the words are used.” 45 A statute’s history—“the narrative of the ‘statutes repealed or

amended by the statute under consideration’—properly ‘form[s] part of [its]

context . . . .’ ” 46   When statutory language is unambiguous, no further judicial

construction is required or permitted because the Legislature is presumed to have intended

the meaning it plainly expressed. 47

42
  Krohn v Home-Owners Ins Co, 490 Mich 145, 156; 802 NW2d 281 (2011), quoting
Griffith v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 472 Mich 521, 526; 697 NW2d 895 (2005).
43
  Sun Valley Foods Co v Ward, 460 Mich 230, 237; 596 NW2d 119 (1999), quoting Bailey
v United States, 516 US 137, 145; 116 S Ct 501; 133 L Ed 2d 472 (1995).
44
 Krohn, 490 Mich at 156, quoting In re MCI Telecom Complaint, 460 Mich 396, 411; 596
NW2d 164 (1999).
45
     Krohn, 490 Mich at 156 (citations omitted).
46
   People v Pinkney, 501 Mich 259, 276 n 41; 912 NW2d 535 (2018), quoting Scalia &
Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts (St. Paul: Thomson/West, 2012),
p 256. See also Bush v Shabahang, 484 Mich 156, 167; 772 NW2d 272 (2009) (“[C]ourts
must pay particular attention to statutory amendments, because a change in statutory
language is presumed to reflect either a legislative change in the meaning of the statute
itself or a desire to clarify the correct interpretation of the original statute.”).
47
   Pinkney, 501 Mich at 268. See also 2 Crooked Creek, LLC v Cass Co Treasurer, 507
Mich ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2021) (Docket No. 159856); slip op at 7 (“When the
statutory language is clear and unambiguous, judicial construction is not permitted and the
statute is enforced as written.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

                                             12
                                      V. ANALYSIS

       To determine whether “beginning January 1, 2014” is better understood by the

conversion-date interpretation preferred by the Agency and accepted by the Court of

Appeals or by the accrual-date interpretation preferred by Great Oaks and accepted by the

three lower tribunals, we apply the plain meaning of Section 13m in context—which means

that we consider both the statutory scheme in which Section 13m is situated and whatever

amendments were made to it since its enactment.

       Section 13m(2)(a)(i) establishes two prerequisites for determining a client

employer’s tax rate. If a client employer “is a contributing employer” and “was a client

employer of the PEO on the date that the PEO changed to the reporting method provided

in this subdivision,” then it is appropriate to move to Section 13m(2)(a)(i)(A) and (B).

Both prerequisites of Section 13m(2)(a)(i) are satisfied here. Great Oaks is a contributing

employer to the unemployment-compensation fund managed by the Agency, and the ALJ

determined that Great Oaks was a client employer of its PEO on the date its PEO changed

to client-level reporting, i.e., January 1, 2014.

       Section 13m(2)(a)(i)(A) refers to some number of “calendar quarters”—8 or 12—

in which “the client employer reported no employees or no payroll to the agency . . . .”

Crucially, nowhere does it speak of a reporting method the way that Section 13m(2)(b)

does. Since 2011 when it was enacted, Section 13m(2)(b) has always provided that a PEO

that was operating in the state of Michigan before January 1, 2011, “may elect and use the

reporting method in subdivision (a) before January 1, 2014,” but that it “shall report using

                                              13
the method in subdivision (a) on and after January 1, 2014.” 48 That “reporting method in

subdivision (a)” is client-level reporting. Thus, when Section 13m(2)(a)(i)(A) is read

alongside Section 13m(2)(b), giving effect to each, it becomes clear that “beginning

January 1, 2014” in Section 13m refers to the date by when a certain number of

nonreporting quarters must have been accrued, not to the date by when the switch to the

method of client-level reporting occurred.           If the Legislature had wanted Section

13m(2)(a)(i)(A) to govern the assessment of a certain tax rate for client employers based

on when they switched to the method of client-level reporting, it could have included

language to that effect in Section 13m(2)(a)(i)(A). But it did not. Instead, it provided only

for the assessment of a certain tax rate to client employers based on a certain number of

nonreporting quarters accrued by a certain date, namely, January 1, 2014.

         Similarly, Section 13m(2)(a)(i)(B) also refers only to some number of quarters, not

a reporting method, vis-à-vis the appropriate tax rate to be assessed to client employers.

As with Section 13m(2)(a)(i)(A), in Section 13m(2)(a)(i)(B), “January 1, 2014” functions

as a cut-off date. Reading the subsections together, Section 13m(2)(a)(i)(A) delineates

under what circumstances a client employer like Great Oaks is entitled to the new-employer

tax rate. 49 Section 13m(2)(a)(i)(B) then fills in the rest of the picture, clarifying that a client

employer is to be assessed an experienced-employer tax rate “[i]f the client employer was

48
     MCL 421.13m(2)(b) (emphasis added).
49
  A client employer is entitled to the new-employer tax rate when it has accrued 8
nonreporting quarters before January 1, 2014 (or 12 nonreporting quarters after January 1,
2014).

                                                14
a client employer of the PEO for less than 8 calendar quarters or, beginning January 1,

2014, for less than 12 calendar quarters . . . .” 50 Thus, prior to January 1, 2014, when a

client employer had fewer than 8 calendar quarters as a client employer of a PEO, the client

employer was assessed the experienced-employer tax rate, and after January 1, 2014, when

a client employer has fewer than 12 calendar quarters as a client employer of a PEO, the

client employer is assessed the experienced-employer tax rate.            As with Section

13m(2)(a)(i)(A), Section 13m(2)(a)(i)(B) does not speak of a reporting method. Rather,

Section 13m(2)(a)(i)(B) speaks of a certain number of quarters in which the client employer

was in a relationship with its PEO, with January 1, 2014, serving as the cut-off date for the

relevant number of quarters needed for the experienced-employer tax rate to be assessed.

         In sum, for Section 13m(2)(a)(i)(A) to mean what the Agency contends it means, it

would have to say something about a reporting method, not just that not reporting

employees or payroll must occur for a certain number of quarters “beginning January 1,

2014.” And for Section 13m(2)(a)(i)(B) to mean what the Agency contends it means, it

likewise would need to say something about a reporting method, not just that a relationship

between a client employer and its PEO for a certain number of quarters corresponds to a

certain tax rate.

         Further, the amendments to Section 13m that were made in 2011 and 2012—which

changed “8” to “12” and then restored “8,” all within 18 months of the enactment of Section

13m—indicate that the purpose of the 2012 Amendment was remedial, intended to undo

the 2011 Amendments’ erasure of the 8-quarter safe-harbor condition so that client

50
     MCL 421.13m(2)(a)(i)(B) (emphasis added).

                                             15
employers like Great Oaks under the facts of the instant case would receive the new-

employer tax rate under Section 13m. Prior to the 2012 Amendment, there was no cut-off

date in Section 13m. The purpose of including the clause “or, beginning January 1, 2014,

for 12 or more calendar quarters” in Section 13m(2)(a)(i)(A) and the clause “or, beginning

January 1, 2014, for less than 12 calendar quarters” in Section 13m(2)(a)(i)(B) was to

mandate that, beginning January 1, 2014, client employers who used a PEO were required

to have 12 nonreporting quarters to be eligible for the new-employer tax rate; otherwise,

they would be assessed the experienced-employer tax rate. That the 8-quarter nonreporting

condition remains in Section 13m (after it was restored by the 2012 Amendment) indicates

that the original, 2011 version of Section 13m has been carried forward to the present.

         In sum, the 2011 version of Section 13m provided that 8 or more nonreporting

quarters were sufficient for the client employer to be assessed the new-employer tax rate

and that fewer than 8 such quarters in a relationship with a PEO would mean that the client

employer would be assessed the experienced-employer tax rate. Simply put, Section 13m

preserves that requirement but also provides that after January 1, 2014, 12 nonreporting

quarters are required.

         We turn now to the Court of Appeals’ conclusion that Great Oaks’s interpretation

of Section 13m—that “beginning January 1, 2014” means “ ‘as of January 1, 2014’ ”—is

“untenable because it renders portions of the statutory scheme nugatory,” specifically,

Section 19. 51 We are not persuaded.

         The Court of Appeals reasoned as follows:

51
     Ambs Message Ctr, 329 Mich App at 591.

                                            16
                  Under MCL 421.19(a)(1)(i), any employer—whether a client
           employer represented by a professional employer organization or a self-
           reporting employer—that has not had workers in covered employment for 12
           or more consecutive calendar quarters is treated as a new employer if it
           should again become liable for contributions. Therefore, there was no reason
           for the Legislature to provide that, beginning January 1, 2014, any client
           employer who has had no employees or payroll for 12 quarters would qualify
           as a new employer.[52]

This is incorrect because the Court of Appeals failed to account for the exclusive,

mandatory nature of Section 13m. In fact, it is the Court of Appeals’ interpretation of

Section 13m and Section 19 that renders Section 19 nugatory, not Great Oaks’s

interpretation.

           Section 13m(2)(a) states, in relevant part, that “a PEO that is a liable employer shall

use the following method for reporting wages and paying unemployment contributions

under this act: (a) The PEO shall comply with all requirements of this act that apply to a

contributing employer.” 53 The foregoing language is mandatory; therefore, Section 13m

exclusively governs reporting payroll, calculating rates, and paying contributions for a

client employer employing a PEO, which is what Great Oaks did with its PEO for the 8

quarters prior to January 1, 2014. And because Section 13m applies exclusively to client

employers using PEOs, our interpretation cannot be said to render Section 19 nugatory,

given that each provision applies to different factual circumstances. The insertion of the

clause “or, beginning January 1, 2014, for 12 or more calendar quarters” placed PEOs

governed by Section 13m on even footing with the 12-quarter scheme in place for all other

52
     Id.
53
     MCL 421.13m(2)(a) (emphasis added).

                                                 17
employers governed by Section 19 after the transition period—i.e., the time prior to

January 1, 2014—concluded. The statutory history of Section 19 supports this reading.

The 2011 Amendments changed the “8” in Section 19—“or at the conclusion of 8 or more

consecutive calendar quarters”—to “12.” 54 This indicates that Section 19, which was

amended at the same time as Section 13m, 55 was amended in that way to bring the standards

governing non-PEO-using employers subject to Section 19 into conformity with those

standards governing PEO-using client employers subject to Section 13m.                 Our

interpretation therefore does not render Section 19 nugatory. Instead, our interpretation

properly gives effect both to Section 19 and to Section 13m.

           Moreover, if, as the Court of Appeals reasoned, Section 19(a)(1)(i) governs all

employers and provides that those that do not report employees or payroll for 12

consecutive calendar quarters are to be assessed a new-employer rate, then the same would

apply to PEOs governed by Section 13m. But if that is the case, then there is no reason for

the Legislature to have included the 12-quarter clause in Section 13m because the 12-

quarter nonreporting condition is already addressed in Section 19. Thus, it is the Court of

Appeals that interprets the statutory provisions in a manner that renders Section 19

nugatory, not Great Oaks.

           In sum, because Great Oaks used a PEO—meaning it is governed by Section 13m,

not Section 19(a)(1)(i)—and “reported no employees or no payroll to the agency” for 8

quarters prior to January 1, 2014, it should be assessed the new-employer tax rate.

54
     See 2011 PA 269, effective December 19, 2011.
55
     Id.

                                              18
       Finally, the Agency’s conversion-date interpretation of Section 13m is contrary to

the most reasonable, commonsense understanding of the operation of specific language in

Section 13m, namely, the phrase “calendar quarters.” To understand why this is so, it is

helpful first to have some background about the mechanics of filing quarterly wage reports.

       The MESA’s unemployment-insurance taxation scheme requires employers to file

reports on a “calendar quarterly” basis. In any given year, the first quarter runs from

January 1 to March 31; the second quarter runs from April 1 to June 30; the third quarter

runs from July 1 to September 30; and the fourth quarter runs from October 1 to December

31. Payroll taxes are calculated and reported in arrears based on calendar quarterly reports

for those quarterly periods.     Pursuant to the Michigan Administrative Code, Rule

421.121(2), quarterly reports are due to be filed 25 days after the end of the quarter being

reported. 56

       Under the Agency’s conversion-date interpretation, to be eligible for the new-

employer tax rate with only 8 nonreporting quarters, Great Oaks needed to have converted

to client-level reporting by, at most, 25 days after the end of the third quarter of 2013

(which ended September 30), not the fourth quarter of 2013 (which ended December 31).

That is because waiting until the final quarter of 2013 to convert to client-level reporting

means that a quarterly wage report would not be filed until, at most, 25 days after January 1,

2014, thereby rendering Great Oaks’s switch to client-level reporting effective January 1,

2014. In other words, the switch must occur a quarter “early” for it to be effective prior to

56
  “[A]n employer shall submit a quarterly report . . . on or before the twenty-fifth day of
the month next following the last day of the calendar quarter . . . for which the report is
submitted.” Mich Admin Code, R 421.121(2).

                                             19
January 1, 2014. And because, here, the switch to client-level reporting was effective on

January 1, 2014, the moment Great Oaks completed its eighth quarter of not reporting

employees or payroll on that date, it was also at that very same moment rendered ineligible

to receive the new-employer tax rate because it was suddenly required to have completed

12 quarters of not reporting employees or payroll.

       The conversion-date interpretation, in other words, renders nonsensical the logic of

the quarterly reporting system established by the MESA. If reports are due to be filed, at

most, 25 days after the end of a calendar quarter, then it cannot be the case that Great Oaks

was required to have converted to client-level reporting after the third quarter of 2013 rather

than after the fourth quarter of 2013. The concept and practice of quarterly reporting permit

Great Oaks to make use of the final quarter of 2013 to meet its obligations under Section

13m and then file its reports, at most, 25 days after the end of the quarter. Punishing Great

Oaks for doing just that renders null the logic and practice of calendar quarterly reporting,

and we decline to read Section 13m to require something so opposed to common sense. 57

       In sum, the conversion-date interpretation imposes an impossible-to-meet and

textually unstated rule; under it, Great Oaks simultaneously meets and fails to meet the

standard to be assessed the new-employer tax rate under Section 13m.

57
   The Agency overlooks the fact that Section 13m was enacted by the Legislature as a safe
harbor, intended to help client employers adjust to the new financial burden posed by
client-level reporting. If this Court were to accept the Agency’s understanding of calendar
quarterly reporting, businesses that follow a traditional quarterly calendar would be
precluded from taking advantage of the 8-quarter safe-harbor provision, contrary to the
Legislature’s desire in enacting it.

                                              20
                                 VI. CONCLUSION

      For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we reverse the Court of Appeals and remand

to the Agency for entry of a decision assessing Great Oaks the new-employer tax rate under

Section 13m because it reported no employees or payroll for the 8 quarters prior to

January 1, 2014.

                                                       Brian K. Zahra
                                                       Bridget M. McCormack
                                                       David F. Viviano
                                                       Richard H. Bernstein
                                                       Elizabeth T. Clement
                                                       Megan K. Cavanagh
                                                       Elizabeth M. Welch

                                           21