Court Opinion

ID: 9352181
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-05 16:01:53.894528+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:58:19.889944
License: Public Domain

Supreme Court of Florida
                             ____________

                            No. SC21-175
                             ____________

                       BRINDA COATES, etc.,
                            Petitioner,

                                  vs.

              R.J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY,
                         Respondent.

                           January 5, 2023

POLSTON, J.

     In R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. Coates, 308 So. 3d 1068 (Fla.

5th DCA 2020), the Fifth District Court of Appeal reversed as

excessive a punitive damages award that exceeds the net

compensatory damages award by a ratio of 106.7 to 1. In so ruling,

the district court certified a question of great public importance. 1

308 So. 3d at 1076.

     In passing upon the certified question, the Fifth District

addressed the Florida and federal standards for evaluating whether

     1. We have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 3(b)(4), Fla. Const.
a punitive damages award is excessive, and ultimately certified this

question:

           When other factors support the amount of punitive
     damages awarded, but the award is excessive compared
     to the compensatory award, does the amount of punitive
     damages that may legally be imposed for causing the
     death of a human being depend on the actual amount of
     compensatory damages awarded to the decedent’s estate,
     even when that compensatory award is modest and the
     punitive award would be sustainable compared to awards
     in other cases for comparable injuries caused by
     comparable misconduct?

Coates, 308 So. 3d at 1076.

     Under Florida law, although the trial court has broad

discretion in ruling on a motion for remittitur of a damages award,

that discretion is constrained by statutory criteria that must be

considered in determining whether the award is excessive. See

Schoeff v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 232 So. 3d 294, 308 (Fla.

2017). Because the Florida Statutes require us to conclude that a

punitive damages award in a wrongful death action must bear a

reasonable relation to the amount of damages proved and the injury

suffered by the statutory beneficiaries, we decline to further analyze

the issue as a matter of Florida or federal constitutional law. See In

re Holder, 945 So. 2d 1130, 1133 (Fla. 2006) (“[W]e have long

                                 -2-
subscribed to a principle of judicial restraint by which we avoid

considering a constitutional question when the case can be decided

on nonconstitutional grounds.”). Accordingly, we rephrase the

certified question as follows:

     Does the trial court in a wrongful death action abuse its
     discretion by denying remittitur of a punitive damages
     award that does not bear a reasonable relation to the
     amount of damages proved and the injury suffered by the
     statutory beneficiaries?

     As explained below, our answer to the rephrased question is

yes, and because no reasonable trial court could have concluded

that the necessary relation exists in this case, we hold that the trial

court abused its discretion by denying remittitur of the excessive

award. Accordingly, we approve the Fifth District’s decision

reversing the punitive damages award and remanding for further

proceedings to the extent the district court’s decision is consistent

with this opinion.

                          I. BACKGROUND

     This case involves a non-Engle2 wrongful death action that is

governed by the 1997 version of the Florida Statutes based on the

     2. Engle v. Liggett Grp., Inc., 945 So. 2d 1246 (Fla. 2006).

                                 -3-
date of the decedent’s death. Coates, 308 So. 3d at 1070 n.1, 1071.

In the operative complaint filed in the trial court, the plaintiff

Brinda Coates, individually and as the personal representative of

the estate of her sister, Lois Stucky, alleged that Ms. Stucky died as

a result of lung cancer caused by smoking cigarettes and sought

relief from the defendant R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR)

based on four theories: (1) negligence, (2) strict-liability design

defect, (3) fraud, and (4) conspiracy.

     The jury found for Ms. Coates on the strict liability theory but

rejected RJR’s liability under the other three theories. The jury

further found that each of Ms. Stucky’s three adult children

sustained $100,000 in damages, for a total of $300,000. Id. at

1070. The jury’s verdict specified that these were “the total

amount” of damages sustained by Ms. Stucky’s children “for the

loss of parental companionship, instruction[,] and guidance, and

from their mental pain and suffering as a result of Lois Stucky’s

lung cancer and death.” However, the jury also found that Ms.

Stucky’s negligence caused 50% of the damages, which reduced the

total compensatory damages to $150,000. Coates, 308 So. 3d at

                                  -4-
1070. Finally, the jury found that punitive damages were

warranted and ultimately awarded $16 million. Id.

     RJR filed a motion for new trial or remittitur, arguing that the

punitive damages award was excessive. Id. In an unelaborated

order, the trial court denied RJR’s motion, id. at 1071 n.3, and then

entered a final judgment against RJR.

     RJR appealed to the Fifth District, “challeng[ing] the punitive

damages award as excessive, particularly when considered in

relation to the $150,000 net compensatory damages award, and

argu[ing] that the trial court erred in denying its motion for new

trial or remittitur.” Id. at 1071. After concluding that the punitive

damages award is excessive under both Florida and federal law, the

Fifth District reversed the award and remanded “for entry of an

order of remittitur or, if remittitur is rejected by either party, a new

trial solely on the amount of punitive damages.” Id. at 1076. In so

holding, the Fifth District certified to this Court the question of

great public importance that we have rephrased and limited to

Florida law as set forth above.

                                  -5-
                           II. ANALYSIS

     The rephrased question presents a pure question of law that

we review de novo. See Townsend v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 192

So. 3d 1223, 1225 (Fla. 2016). To explain why we answer it in the

affirmative, we first address Florida law requiring a reasonable

relationship between punitive damages and the amount of damages

proved and the injury suffered. Then, we explain why the rule is no

different in a wrongful death action. Finally, we apply Florida law

to the undisputed facts of this case to conclude that the trial court

abused its discretion by denying remittitur of the excessive punitive

damages award.

   A. Florida law requires a reasonable relationship between
 punitive damages and the amount of damages proved and the
                        injury suffered.

     The rephased question implicates two statutes, sections

768.73 and 768.74, Florida Statutes (1997), that govern review of

the punitive damages award at issue. 3 Therefore, we begin with

     3. Since 1997, the first statute, section 768.73, has been
substantially amended. See § 768.73, Fla. Stat. (2021). The second
statute, section 768.74, remains the same. See § 768.74, Fla. Stat.
(2021).

                                 -6-
their text. See Ham v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs., 308 So. 3d 942,

946 (Fla. 2020) (explaining that in interpreting a statute this Court

“follow[s] the ‘supremacy-of-text principle’—namely, the principle

that ‘[t]he words of a governing text are of paramount concern, and

what they convey, in their context, is what the text means’ ”)

(quoting Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The

Interpretation of Legal Texts 56 (2012)).

     First, section 768.73, Florida Statutes (1997), addresses

Florida’s limitation on punitive damages, and subject to one

exception, caps a punitive damages award in relation to the

compensatory damages award at a 3:1 ratio:

            (1) (a) In any civil action based on negligence, strict
     liability, products liability, misconduct in commercial
     transactions, professional liability, or breach of warranty,
     and involving willful, wanton, or gross misconduct, the
     judgment for the total amount of punitive damages
     awarded to a claimant may not exceed three times the
     amount of compensatory damages awarded to each
     person entitled thereto by the trier of fact, except as
     provided in paragraph (b). However, this subsection does
     not apply to any class action.

           (b) If any award for punitive damages exceeds the
     limitation specified in paragraph (a), the award is
     presumed to be excessive and the defendant is entitled to
     remittitur of the amount in excess of the limitation
     unless the claimant demonstrates to the court by clear
     and convincing evidence that the award is not excessive

                                 -7-
     in light of the facts and circumstances which were
     presented to the trier of fact.

          (c) This subsection is not intended to prohibit an
     appropriate court from exercising its jurisdiction under s.
     768.74 in determining the reasonableness of an award of
     punitive damages that is less than three times the
     amount of compensatory damages.

§ 768.73(1)(a)-(c).

     Second, section 768.74, Florida Statutes (1997), which is

Florida’s remittitur and additur statute, requires the trial court,

upon a proper motion, to review an award of money damages “to

determine if [the] amount is excessive . . . in light of the facts and

circumstances which were presented to the trier of fact,” §

768.74(1), and to “order a remittitur” if it “finds that the amount

awarded is excessive,” § 768.74(2). The statute establishes five

“criteria” that the trial court “shall consider” “[i]n determining

whether an award is excessive . . . in light of the facts and

circumstances presented to the trier of fact and in determining the

amount, if any that such award exceeds a reasonable range.” §

768.74(5). The rephrased certified question implicates the fourth of

these five criteria, which requires the trial court to consider

                                  -8-
“[w]hether the amount awarded bears a reasonable relation to the

amount of damages proved and the injury suffered.” § 768.74(5)(d).

     Reading these statutes together, unless the “facts and

circumstances” exception of section 768.73(1)(b) applies, section

768.73(1)(a) caps an award of punitive damages in comparison to

the compensatory damages award at a ratio of 3:1, and section

768.74 provides for further review of an award that is challenged as

excessive, regardless of whether the award falls inside or outside of

the 3:1 cap. Therefore, even when (as the Fifth District held here)

the “facts and circumstances” allow a punitive damages award to

exceed the 3:1 presumptive cap of section 768.73(1)(a), that is not

the end of the analysis. See Coates, 308 So. 3d at 1073. Rather,

the trial court must review the challenged award for excessiveness

under section 768.74. See id.; see also § 768.74(3), Fla. Stat. (“It is

the intention of the Legislature that awards of damages be subject

to close scrutiny by the courts and that all such awards be

adequate and not excessive.”) (emphasis added); Guarino v.

Armstrong World Indus., Inc., No. 88-1087-CIV-MARCUS, 1989 WL

265218, at *2 (S.D. Fla. Oct. 13, 1989) (describing section

768.73(1)(a) as imposing a cap on punitive damages and section

                                 -9-
768.74(2) as providing “a further check upon the imposition of

excessive punitive damages”).

     When a trial court reviews an award of punitive damages

under section 768.74, the statute plainly requires that the amount

awarded must “bear[] a reasonable relation to the amount of

damages proved and the injury suffered.” § 768.74(5)(d). This

requirement is one of the five “criteria” that the trial court “shall

consider” in determining whether a damages award is excessive, §

768.74(5)(d), and is therefore a condition that must be met for the

award to stand. See Owens v. State, 303 So. 3d 993, 997 n.5 (Fla.

1st DCA 2020) (“The word criteria used by the Legislature is the

plural of criterion. Using the plural shows that the Legislature

intended all [the] conditions to be met . . . .”) (citation omitted); see

also Wal-Mart Stores Inc. v. Thornton, 241 So. 3d 867, 868 (Fla. 4th

DCA 2018) (remanding for remittitur where the amount of damages

awarded bore no reasonable relationship to the damages proved).

     Consistent with the statutory text, our precedent recognizes

that a punitive damage award must bear a reasonable relationship

to the amount of damages proved and the injury suffered.

Specifically, in Schoeff, 232 So. 3d at 308, we applied section

                                  - 10 -
768.74(5) to “evaluate a denial of remittitur for abuse of discretion,”

and identified the compensatory damages award as relevant to the

statutory inquiry, explaining that “[p]unitive damages must also be

reviewed alongside compensatory damages ‘to ensure a reasonable

relationship between the two.’ ” Id. (quoting Engle v. Liggett Grp.,

Inc., 945 So. 2d 1246, 1264 (Fla. 2006)).

     B. The rule is no different in a wrongful death action.

     Given the clarity of both the statutory text and our precedent,

it is not surprising that Ms. Coates acknowledges that sections

768.73 and 768.74 make relevant a comparison between punitive

and compensatory damages. She also acknowledges that the dollar

amount of the $16 million punitive damages award in this case

compared to the dollar amount of the $150,000 net compensatory

damages award “might call the punitive award into some initial

question.” However, despite the 106.7 to 1 ratio of the awards, she

argues that the necessary reasonable relationship exists because,

unlike other actions where the compensatory damages reflect the

actual injury suffered, the compensatory damages in a wrongful

death action do not because the statutory beneficiaries do not

recover damages for the decedent’s death. Insisting that the

                                - 11 -
uncompensated-for death is really the injury suffered in a wrongful

death action, Ms. Coates urges us to answer the rephrased question

in the negative and uphold the $16 million punitive damages award

as bearing a reasonable relation to Ms. Stucky’s death.

     We cannot. The text of Florida’s Wrongful Death Act controls

and precludes us from concluding that death is “the injury suffered”

in a wrongful death action. See Fla. E. Coast Ry. Co. v. McRoberts,

149 So. 631, 632 (Fla. 1933) (“The common law afforded no remedy

for death by wrongful act. Hence the right and remedy are purely

statutory.”). The Wrongful Death Act creates a statutory right of

action, see § 768.19, Fla. Stat. (1997), and provides that the injury

suffered in such an action is to the decedent’s statutory

beneficiaries, not the decedent, see §§ 768.18, 768.21, Fla. Stat.

(1997).

     As explained above, the statutory beneficiaries in this case are

Ms. Stucky’s three adult children. § 768.18(1) (defining

“[s]urvivors” to include the decedent’s children). The Wrongful

Death Act specifies the damages that “may be awarded” to the

statutory beneficiaries, and where the decedent’s survivors are

concerned provides that “[e]ach survivor may recover the value of

                                - 12 -
lost support and services from the date of the decedent’s injury to

her or his death, with interest, and future loss of support and

services from the date of death and reduced to present value.” §

768.21(1). Accordingly, because the Wrongful Death Act remedies

injuries suffered “for the living and not for the dead,” Martin v.

United Sec. Servs., Inc., 314 So. 2d 765, 769 (Fla. 1975), we cannot

conclude, for purposes of evaluating a punitive damages award in a

wrongful death action under section 768.74(5)(d), that the

decedent’s death is “the injury suffered.” See § 768.20, Fla. Stat.

(1997) (“When a personal injury to the decedent results in death, no

action for the personal injury shall survive, and any such action

pending at the time of death shall abate.”) (emphasis added).

     Citing decisions from other states, Ms. Coates cautions that

failing to recognize death as the real injury suffered in a wrongful

death action disregards the sanctity of life by allowing a tortfeasor

to be punished to a lesser extent in a case where the injured person

dies as a result of the tortious conduct than in a case where the

injured person survives. See Schwartz v. Philip Morris USA, Inc.,

355 P.3d 931, 942-43 (Or. Ct. App. 2015) (affirming a punitive to

compensatory damage award ratio of 148:1 in a wrongful death

                                 - 13 -
action based in part on the court’s conclusions that the $170,000

compensatory award did not, as a matter of Oregon law, “account

for the loss [of the decedent’s] life itself” and “would not serve an

appropriate admonitory function in the circumstances of this case”).

     In Florida, however, the Legislature made a policy choice to

exclude death as a cognizable injury in a wrongful death action and

to recognize instead the injury suffered by the statutory

beneficiaries. It is not for us to treat injury differently for punitive

damages in wrongful death actions where the Legislature has not.

Rather, our job is to faithfully apply the law as written. See State v.

Rife, 789 So. 2d 288, 292 (Fla. 2001) (“[I]t is not this Court’s

function to substitute its judgment for that of the Legislature as to

the wisdom or policy of a particular statute.”).

     Although the dissent properly observes that the statutes

provide for the estate as a beneficiary, our analysis on punitive

damages is not affected because death is not a cognizable injury for

the estate in a wrongful death action. Section 768.21(6) specifies

the damages that “[t]he decedent’s personal representative may

recover for the decedent’s estate.” Although not part of the

damages awarded in this case, the statute authorizes, subject to

                                  - 14 -
certain limitations, recovery for injuries to the estate in the form of

lost earnings of the deceased from the date of injury to the date of

death, lost prospective net accumulations of the estate, and medical

or funeral expenses. See id. Nowhere does the statute authorize

recovery on behalf of the estate for the decedent’s death.

Significantly, that is because the Legislature’s choice to exclude

death as a cognizable injury in a wrongful death action equally

applies to all of the statutory beneficiaries, including the estate.

See § 768.20 (limiting the personal representative’s recovery “for the

benefit of the decedent’s survivors and estate” to the damages

“specified in this act” and expressly extinguishing any action for a

personal injury to the decedent that results in death).

     Under Florida law, which excludes the decedent’s death as a

cognizable injury under the Wrongful Death Act, we hold that the

trial court in a wrongful death action abuses its discretion by

denying remittitur of a punitive damages award that does not bear a

reasonable relation to the damages proved and the injury suffered

                                 - 15 -
by the statutory beneficiaries. Therefore, we answer the rephrased

question in the affirmative.4

 C. The trial court abused its discretion by denying remittitur.

     In this case, we agree with the Fifth District that the trial court

abused its discretion in denying remittitur of the $16 million

punitive damages award. See Engle, 945 So. 2d at 1263 (“Under

Florida law, a trial court’s determination of whether a damage

award is excessive, requiring a remittitur or a new trial, is reviewed

by an appellate court under an abuse of discretion standard.”); see

also Canakaris v. Canakaris, 382 So. 2d 1197, 1203 (Fla. 1980) (“If

reasonable men could differ as to the propriety of the action taken

by the trial court, then the action is not unreasonable and there

can be no finding of an abuse of discretion.”).

      4. In so holding, we reiterate that the rephrased question is
limited to the facts of this case where the compensatory damages
award reflects the damages proved and the legally cognizable injury
suffered by the statutory beneficiaries. Therefore, we need not
reach RJR’s argument that section 768.74(5)(d), on its face and as
interpreted by this Court in Schoeff, should be read to require
remittitur of a punitive damages award based solely on the ratio of
punitive to compensatory damages, without regard to the injury
suffered. Nor do we express any opinion as to whether the damages
proved will always be coextensive with the injury suffered in every
case to which the remittitur statute applies.

                                - 16 -
     Although we cannot say it was unreasonable to conclude that

the facts and circumstances support departing from the 3:1 cap of

section 768.73(1), see Coates, 308 So. 3d at 1073, as we have

explained above, that is not the end of the inquiry. Rather, section

768.74(5)(d) imposes a further check against an excessive punitive

damages award that turns on “[w]hether the amount awarded bears

a reasonable relation to the amount of damages proved and the

injury suffered.” Looking to the undisputed facts in this record, no

reasonable trial court could have concluded that the $16 million

punitive damages award survives that check. See Canakaris, 382

So. 2d at 1203.

     Here, the damages proved were $300,000, reduced by Ms.

Stucky’s 50% comparative fault to a net of $150,000. Although the

Fifth District described these damages as “modest,” Coates, 308 So.

3d at 1076, they are not merely nominal damages awarded in a

case where compensatory damages were not proven. See Land &

Sea Petroleum Holdings, Inc. v. Leavitt, 321 So. 3d 810, 816 (Fla.

4th DCA 2021) (“[N]ominal damages are in effect zero damages and

are defined as those damages flowing from the establishment of an

invasion of a legal right where actual or compensatory damages

                                - 17 -
have not been proven.”) (quoting Ault v. Lohr, 538 So. 2d 454, 456

(Fla. 1989)). Rather, the injury suffered by the survivors in this

wrongful death case is the injury reflected in the compensatory

damages award that the jury found to represent “the total amount”

of the damages that Ms. Stucky’s survivors sustained “for the loss

of parental companionship, instruction[,] and guidance, and from

their mental pain and suffering as a result of Lois Stucky’s lung

cancer and death.”

     Finally, Ms. Coates correctly notes that higher dollar awards of

punitive damages have been approved in other tobacco cases. See

Coates, 308 So. 3d at 1076 (collecting tobacco cases with punitive

damages awards of $20 million or more). However, the statutory

analysis of whether a punitive damages award bears a reasonable

relation to the amount of damages proven and the injury suffered is

necessarily case-specific. See § 768.74(5)(d). The damages findings

in this case sit in stark contrast to other wrongful death cases

where the proof of more significant injury to the statutory

beneficiaries resulted in much larger compensatory damages

awards that, in turn, supported higher punitive damages awards.

See, e.g., Schoeff, 232 So. 3d at 299, 308-09 (holding the trial court

                                - 18 -
did not abuse its discretion by denying remittitur of a $30 million

punitive damages award where the jury found the tobacco company

liable for the decedent’s wrongful death on multiple claims,

including fraudulent concealment, and awarded $10.5 million in

compensatory damages).

     In this case, because no reasonable trial court could have

found that the $16 million punitive damages award bears a

reasonable relation to the $150,000 net compensatory damages

award and the injury suffered by Ms. Stucky’s survivors, the Fifth

District correctly reversed the excessive punitive damages award

and remanded for further proceedings.

                         III. CONCLUSION

     For the reasons above, we hold that a trial court in a wrongful

death action abuses its discretion by denying remittitur of a

punitive damages award that does not bear a reasonable relation to

the damages proved and the injuries suffered by the statutory

beneficiaries. Accordingly, we answer the rephrased certified

question in the affirmative. Further, because the trial court abused

its discretion by not ordering remittitur of the punitive damages

award in this case, we approve the Fifth District’s decision reversing

                                - 19 -
the excessive award and remanding for further proceedings to the

extent the district court’s decision is consistent with this opinion.

     It is so ordered.

MUÑIZ, C.J., and CANADY, COURIEL, and GROSSHANS, JJ.,
concur.
LABARGA, J., dissents with an opinion.
FRANCIS, J., did not participate.

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION
AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED.

LABARGA, J., dissenting.

     As a result of today’s decision, a Florida jury’s verdict—that

R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (R.J. Reynolds) is liable for

$16 million in punitive damages for the wrongful death of

Lois Stucky—will be drastically reduced to a fraction of what the

jury determined that the circumstances of the case warrant. This

drastic reduction is attributable to the majority’s analysis of the

rephrased certified question, an analysis that unreasonably

concludes that the decedent’s death is not a cognizable injury for

purposes of punitive damages claims.

     Although Florida’s Wrongful Death Act does not recognize the

death of the decedent, Ms. Stucky, as a cognizable injury in

awarding compensatory damages, I disagree with the majority’s

                                 - 20 -
conclusion that under the Act, her death is not a cognizable injury

for the purpose of awarding punitive damages. I respectfully

dissent.

     In March 2019, the jury rendered a verdict which read in part:

“Please state whether cigarettes manufactured by R.J. Reynolds

Tobacco Company and smoked by Lois Stucky were defective by

reasons of their design and, if so, whether the defect was the legal

cause of Lois Stucky’s lung cancer and death.” To this question,

the jury answered: “Yes.” The jury further found “by clear and

convincing evidence that punitive damages are warranted against

R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company under the circumstances of this

case.”

     When evaluating a plaintiff’s claim for punitive damages, the

jury “focuses on ensuring the correct remedy for the underlying

violation—one that punishes the defendant and deters others from

engaging in similar conduct.” Soffer v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.,

187 So. 3d 1219, 1230 (Fla. 2016). Naturally, this means that in a

wrongful death case, the jury must consider the correct remedy for

the tortious conduct that caused the decedent’s death.

                                - 21 -
     However, today’s decision guts the impact of punitive damages

in wrongful death cases because the majority concludes that the

most important part, indeed, the basis of a wrongful death claim—

the decedent’s death—may not be considered an injury suffered.

This decision invades the province of the jury in wrongful death

cases because it increases the likelihood that remittitur will be

ordered whenever the ratio of punitive damages to compensatory

damages exceeds the ratio of 3:1.

     To arrive at its conclusion that the jury’s punitive damages

award was excessive in this case, the majority relies on a strained

interpretation of one of five factors set forth in section 768.74(5),

Florida Statutes (1997), and it concludes that no reasonable court

could have found that the punitive damages award bears a

reasonable relation to the amount of damages proved and the injury

suffered. See majority op. at 18. The majority also narrowly

focuses on Ms. Stuckey’s three adult children as the “statutory

beneficiaries,” although the decedent’s estate is also an enumerated

beneficiary under Florida’s Wrongful Death Act. The majority’s

interpretation raises the question: when evaluating punitive

                                 - 22 -
damages in a wrongful death case, how can a decedent’s death not

be a cognizable injury?

     The Wrongful Death Act, with its focus on compensatory

damages, should not be read to limit the type of injury cognizable in

determining punitive damages. Nor does considering death as an

injury for punitive damages purposes constitute maintaining an

“action for the personal injury,” which is prohibited under the Act.

See § 768.20, Fla. Stat. (1997).

     Because R.J. Reynolds’s tortious conduct caused Ms. Stucky’s

death, treating her death as a cognizable injury for the purpose of

awarding punitive damages is necessary to hold R.J. Reynolds fully

accountable for the harm it caused. This rationale was cogently

explained in Schwarz v. Philip Morris USA, Inc., 355 P.3d 931, 943

(Or. Ct. App. 2015), where similar to Florida, compensatory

“damages [in Oregon] did not account for the loss of [the decedent’s]

life itself, as ‘Oregon law does not provide for compensatory

damages for loss of life to the person who has died or to her estate

in this type of case.’ ” Id. (quoting jury instruction). As a result, the

court explained, “the compensatory damages did not account for all

of the harm directly suffered as a result of the actions of defendant.

                                   - 23 -
Rather, defendant’s conduct caused harm for which defendant was

not required to pay.” Id.

     Acknowledging the inadequacy of this result, the court

concluded that the “less than $170,000” awarded to the plaintiffs

was “a relatively small amount for the death of a human being and

would not serve an appropriate admonitory function in the

circumstances of this case.” Id. The court observed that the

“defendant engaged in particularly egregious acts in this case, but

that conduct resulted in a relatively small amount of compensatory

damages in light of the harm that resulted.” Id.

     In the present case, the Fifth District Court of Appeal also

identified egregious wrongdoing by the defendant, R.J. Reynolds,

explaining in detail:

           The evidence at trial demonstrated significant
     reprehensibility by Reynolds in designing its cigarettes.
     It used a tobacco curing process designed to make the
     smoke “smoother” and manipulated the levels of nicotine
     and other additives to make its product easily inhalable,
     and thus, addictive. Too, its advertising efforts,
     particularly those advertisements produced in the early
     years of Ms. Stucky’s addiction, were intended to entice
     young people to begin smoking and to suggest, if not
     convince, consumers that smoking was safe, or
     reasonably so. But it was well established that the
     inhalation of cigarette smoke is not safe. Stucky paid the

                                - 24 -
     price for her addiction. The jury determined that
     Reynolds must also pay its price.

R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. Coates, 308 So. 3d 1068, 1070 (Fla.

5th DCA 2020). As a result of the jury’s findings, the jury awarded

$16 million in punitive damages for the entirety of the harm caused

by R.J. Reynolds. Id. at 1071.

     The exclusion of Ms. Stucky’s death as a cognizable injury for

punitive damages purposes is revealed to be especially unfair when

considering that if she had not died as a result of R.J. Reynolds’s

wrongdoing, but instead was left alive but severely injured, that

injury would be able to be considered in determining punitive

damages. Under today’s holding, however, because Ms. Stucky did

not survive, her death is not a basis for awarding punitive damages.

     While the majority emphasizes that a cognizable wrongful

death injury must attach to the statutory beneficiaries, I hasten to

note that a decedent’s estate is also a named beneficiary under the

Wrongful Death Act; indeed, Ms. Coates was successful on her

strict liability claim in her capacity as the personal representative of

Ms. Stucky’s estate. Although a personal injury cause of action

cannot survive the death of the decedent, Ms. Stucky’s death itself

                                 - 25 -
is a separate injury, and naturally, only cognizable upon her death.

Accordingly, death is the injury suffered to the decedent’s estate as

a statutory beneficiary, and it can be considered for punitive

damages purposes.

     It is not hard to imagine a situation under the majority’s

interpretation where the punitive damages awarded to a living

victim will far exceed the punitive damages awarded if a victim dies.

Recognizing death as a cognizable injury for punitive damage

purposes would maintain the Wrongful Death Act’s function of

defining available compensatory damages without robbing punitive

damage awards of their purpose. Because of the untenable results

that will flow from the majority’s interpretation, I respectfully

dissent.

Application for Review of the Decision of the District Court of Appeal
     Direct Conflict of Decisions/Certified Great Public Importance

     Fifth District – Case No. 5D19-2549

     (Orange County)

John S. Mills of Bishop & Mills, PLLC, Jacksonville, Florida,
Courtney Brewer, Jonathan Martin, and Bailey Howard of Bishop &
Mills, PLLC, Tallahassee, Florida,

     for Petitioner

                                 - 26 -
Troy A. Fuhrman and Marie A. Borland of Hill Ward Henderson,
Tampa, Florida; Jason T. Burnette and Brian Charles Lea of Jones
Day, Atlanta, Georgia, Charles R.A. Morse of Jones Day, New York,
New York, and Andrew J. Bentz of Jones Day, Washington, District
of Columbia,

     for Respondent

Geoffrey J. Michael, John P. Elwood, and Samuel F. Callahan of
Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer LLP, Washington, District of
Columbia,

     for Amicus Curiae Philip Morris USA Inc.

Kansas R. Gooden of Boyd & Jenerette, PA, Miami, Florida; and
Cyrus S. Vaziri of Cyrus S. Vaziri, P.A., Fort Myers, Florida,

     for Amicus Curiae Florida Defense Lawyers Association

William W. Large of Florida Justice Reform Institute, Tallahassee,
Florida; and Joseph H. Lang, Jr. of Carlton Fields, P.A., Tampa,
Florida,

     for Amici Curiae the Chamber of Commerce of the United
     States of America, the American Tort Reform Association, and
     the Florida Justice Reform Institute

Wendy F. Lumish of Bowman and Brooke LLP, Coral Gables,
Florida; and Thomas H. Dupree, Jr. of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher
LLP, Washington, District of Columbia,

     for Amicus Curiae Product Liability Advisory Council, Inc.

Cory L. Andrews of Washington Legal Foundation, Washington,
District of Columbia,

     for Amicus Curiae Washington Legal Foundation

                               - 27 -