Court Opinion

ID: 7128720
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-24 15:16:24.898694+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:14:23.097817
License: Public Domain

Chief Justice Ewins
'delivered the opinion of the Court — Judge ■Marshall did not sit in this case.
0» the 7th of June 1810, James Morgan and others as devisees of William Morgan deceased, ' ‘ .• in conjunction with Lee and others, elaiminglhe part of Daniel Morgan, under proceedings in bankruptcy, filed their bill in the Fayette Circuit Court against Alexander Parker, claiming and setting up the superior equily under an entry in the name of Wm.Morgan, made on the25th November 1783, for 17,604 acres of land lying on Big Bone Lick Creek in Boone county, surveyed in 1785, and patented the -23d January 1788, and charging that Alexander Parker had obtained the elder patent on an entry and-survey for 3500 acres, interfering with the claim of the complainants, and praying that Parker may surrender t-o them his elder legal title.
Process was executed on Parker on the day the bill was filed, and on the 22d day of Seplember 1810, he answered controverting the equity of the complainants, and ailedging that on the 12th of March next preceding and before the institution of the complainants suit he had sold all his interest in the 3500 acres of land to -John -Fowler without recourse and had no interest from that time in the same.
John Fowler was net made a party nor brought before , i • i ■ -i-, 7 i the Court but the suit progressed against barker only. In August 1815, it was heard, and in September of the same year the Court made a decree granting relief to the complainants and directing the manner of making the smvey.
Parker appealed to this Court, and the decree of the Circuit Court was reversed on the 11th of December 1816, for the reason given, and on the ground that Daniel Mor*442gan one of the devisees of William Morgan was not a party, nor before the Court, noi had Lee and others who claimed'his interest shown that they were entitled to the same, and it being necessary that all who were interested should be parties to the suit, the decree was reversed and cause remanded that the proper parties might be made.
Amended bill filed.
Parker’s answer.
2d decree of Circuit Court dismissing complainant’s bill.
3d decree of Circuit Court. '
On the 14th February 1817, the opinionsof this Court was entered in the Circuit Court, and on the 11th July 1817, the complainants filed their amended bill, in which they alledge that James Morgan one of the complainants had died, without stating when, leaving William and Caroline his only children and heirs, and that the proceedings in bankruptcy, under which Lee &c., claimed Daniel Morgan’s interest were irregular, and the title had not passed, but remained with Daniel Morgan, who is alledged to have died leaving William and Daniel'Morgan his children and heirs, and they and the heirs of James Morgan are made complainants, the former in the place of Lee &c., as to whom the suit is abated.
On the 7th October 1817 Parker answered the amended bill, in which he states that he is ignorant of the matters alledged, and repeats that he has no interest in the controversy having long since transfered all his interest in the land to John Fowler without recourse.
Oh the 8th February 1820, leave was given to amend the bill, by slating Daniel Morgan as heir of Daniel Morgan deceased, instead of James Morgan, which was accordingly done.
On the 18th September 1827 the cause was submitted and on the 3d Feb. 1829, a decree rendered dismissing the complainants bill. The complainants prosecuted a writ of error to this Court, but when, is not shown in the record, and on the 26th October 1833, the decree of the Circuit Court was reversed, (1 Dana, 444.) Oh the 24th March 1834, the opinion was entered in the Circuit Court, stated in the caption “Morgans devisees vs Parkers heirs, and the cause re-docketed .
On the 25th October 1834, a decree was rendered requiring Richard B. Paiker and Mary Crittenden, heirs of Alexander-Parker, to convey ¿nd release the elder legal title to all the land delineated on the plat, by figures 9, 9, *4439, 9. On the 10th December 1834 decree amended nunc pro tunc, by decreeing that the defendants convey the land described by figures 90, 90, 90, 90, instead of 9, 9, 9, 9; and upon their failure that a commissioner convey. One conveyance having been made by the commisioner and afterwards set aside, on the 11th April 1836, another deed was presented to the Court and approved, by which a conveyance is made of the shares to the other devisees of William Morgan deceased : but no conveyance is made of the three-sixteenths to the heirs of Daniel Morgan deceased, to which they were entitled. Upon which the Court awards a writ of habere facias possessionem to issue after the 1st of January 1837.
Bill in this case,
On the 18th of May 1837 M. B. Clarkson and others, occupants upon a portion of the land decreed to be released by Parker’s heirs, file their bill -in the case now before the Court, in the Fayette Circuit Court, in which they allege that they hold separate and distinct parcels, in the County of Boone, designating the parcels and the manner in which they derived title, and exhibiting their titles, and showing that they all had severally derived titles by purchase from John Fowler, or from those who had purchased from him commencing as early as 1810. That having bought and paid for their lands, they entered upon the same, and made thereon lastingand valuable improvements, to the value of not less than $25,000. That at the time they bought and paid for the same, they were wholly ignorant of any adversary claim to their respective tenements, and especially ignorant, respectively, of the claim of the heirs of William Morgan deceased: and of the pendency of the suit of persons styling themselves devisees of said Morgan, against Alexander Parker in this Court. That since they acquired their titles they have been informed that one Plumphrey Marshall, who is made a defendant; setting up some claim to the land, had filed a bill in the names of Morgan’s pretended devisees against Alexander Parker, for the surrender of Parker’s title. That Parker had before the commencement of the suit sold the land to John Fowler, and made a deed which is lost, and both he and Fowler have long since died insob *444vent, but the latter before his death, being no party to tfrsr suit, had- sold to the complainants.
H. Marshall’* answer.
J. J. Marshall’s answer.
That they under their purchase from Fowler have had peacable and undisturbed possession of their several parcels of land, for more than twenty years, and have during the said period, from timetotime, continued to make lasting and. valuable improvements on the same as their own, all of which was well known to said Marshall. And that Marshall knew that Parker had sold to Fowler before the suit was brought and that Fowler had sold and was selling to others: who were selling and improving the same.
That the suit had been instituted and was prosecuted in Fayette, a county remote from the county in which the land lay, and a decree erroneously obtained, and a writ of habere facias possessionem taken out'by himself or one John J. Marshall, (who is made a defendant)- and placed in> th hands of the Sheriff of Boone county to be executed, who was about to turn the complainants out of possession.. They insist that they are not pendente lite purchasers, but, if they are, then they contend as privies, Shat the decree be opened, examined and reversed for numerous errors, set forth in the proceedings and decree, as rendered against Parker’s heirs. And if the decree is not opened, then they claim pay for their improvements.
H. Marshall answered on the 18th September, 1837, in, which, he states that he was to receive one fourth of the land for investigating the claim of Morgan’s devisees; that he transferred his contract to J. J, Marshal! in 1812, and had- no further interest in the matter.
On the23d September, 1837, J. J, Marshall answered, contending that the complainants were pendente lite purchasers, and bound by the decree, and insisting that Fowler had notice of the suit as early as May, 1811, denies that Fowler had purchased the land prior to the institution of the suit; that he certainly did not receive a conveyance of the land till 1817, and that the complainants are not entitled to pay for improvements, &c. &c. But neither he norH. Marshall deny that they had notice of the purchase of the complainants from Fowler, or of their occupancy and continued erection of improvements *445Upon the lands during the progress of their suit in the name of Morgan’s devisees.
Morgan’s devisees’ answer.
Decree of the Circuit Court.
Is the pendency of a suit in chancery praying only a relinquishment oí title to land, and not a surrender ofpossessisn such a lis pen-dens as will affect the right of possession of a purchaser from the defendant— Qu.
*445Persons claiming to be the devisees of Morgan answer jointly, substantially relying upon the matters relied on by J. J.JVIarshall, but their answer was sworn to by Jos. Morgan only. An amended bill was afterwards filed, repeating and extending the grounds originally charged, and alledging that Parker, or his heirs, who inherited nothing from their ancestor, were never in possession of the land.
Answers were filed by Marshall and the devisees of Morgan, sworn to by Joseph Morgan only, controverting the matters charged, and a report of Commissioners being made, assessing rents and improvements, the- Circuit Court, upon the hearing, dismissed the bill and dissolved the injunction restraining the writ of possession, and the complainants have appealed to this Court.
As the suit was instituted in a remote county from the land, against Parker, who was not in possession, for a surrender of the legal title only, to which end the suit, as a transitory action, was proper, and as no claim to the possession was asserted in the original bill, nor adverse possession in fact charged to be in Paiker, or asked to be surrendered, it may be questioned whether there was a lis pendens as to the possession, and especially such lis pendens as would justify the summary mode of proceeding by habere facias possessionem, to oust the occupants of their possession. In the case of Worsley vs the Earl of Scarborough, (3 Atkyns, 392,) there was a question depending in equity-, upon the right to money secured upon an estate, a purchase of the estate pending the suit, was-held not to be effectual by the lis pendens. Here the question in litigation was as to the title only, and to obtain only a surrender of the same. The possession was then vacant, aud the right to it not claimed by Parker, nor insisted on by Morgan’s devisees in their bill.
But there is evidence tending strongly to the conclusion that Fowler had acquired the possession, claiming the same in his own right, before the bill was filed. He certainly, before the bill was filed, claimed and exercised right to the possession, and sold a parcel of the land to James Marshall, one of the complainants, in April before *446suit was brought, who must have entered upon the same immediately, and commenced improving, as he actually settled on the land in August next thereafter. And Fowler continued to- sell parcels of the land to others, from time to time, and had sold to most of the complainants, or those under whom they claim, and put them in possession before 1814. If Fowler was in possession before the bill of Morgan’s devisees was filed, claiming right to the same, whether he claimed under Parker or adverse to him, as he was not a party to the suit, his claim to possession cannot be concluded or affected by the suit, or decree against Parker, nor can any of the occupants who obtained their possession from him, be concluded or affected by the same. He, or those claiming under him, had a right to be heard before they could be ousted or divested of their possession derived before the suit was instituted.
Tbe doctiine of lis pendens applies only to lights or interests acquired from a parly after the institution of a suit — possession- and right to protect the same is a beneficial interest which cannot be concluded or divested by a proceeding against one for the legal title only who never had the possession.
The principle-of lis pendens applies only to rights or interests acquired from a party after the institution of the suit, and the possession and right to protect the same, is a beneficial interest which cannot be concluded or divested by a proceeding against one for his legal title only, who never had the actual possession, and if he had, bad placed it in the hands of others, before the suit was instituted.
If Fowler did not buy from Parker, as stated in the answer of Parker, but entered and placed others in possession in his own right, then Fowler’s entry and possession, and the entry of those claiming the possession under him were adverse to both the parties to the suit, and in that aspect of the case, their right to the possession cannot be’affected or concluded by the pending controversy between Morgan’s devisees and Parker, (2 Page’s Rep. 256 ;) (6 Harris and Johnson, 21;) Ringo vs Burnes, (10 Peters, 281.)
But waiving these-views, there is-enohgh in the record to incline us to the conclusion, that Parker had sold the land to Fowler before the suit was instituted., Parker as. serts in his answer, upon oath, that behad.sold.it before, vvithout recourse, and disclaims all interestin tbe same. It is proven, as has been before stated, that. Fowler,, in *447bis own right, bad sold to one of the complainants before suit was brought, and continued to sell and convey to others, reciting in the deeds that he purchased from Parker, and in May, 1817, Parker executed to him a deed without recourse.
The right of a vendee in possession by executory contiacl, cannot be affected by a suit afterwards instituted against vendor for a relinquishment of title to which vendee is no party.'
From these facts evidencing the exercise of ownership by Fowler, commencing before suit was brought, and continued down to the. consummation of the contract by deed, with the concession of his purchase and ownership by Parker, in his first answer, and repeated in the second, together with the continued and long undisputed possession by the occupants under Fowler, in one instance commencing before suit was brought, a strong presumption arises that Fowler had purchased before the suit was brought. It does not appear, it is true, what was the character of his purchase, whether in parol or in writing, executed or executory, nor does it matter. The complainants assert that a deed was made which is lost, and from the lapse of time a deed might possibly be presumed. But if the contract was executory, it could not be overreached or concluded by a subsequent suit against Par. ker, without giving to those who claimed under it aright to be heard. Nor could the rights of Fowler or those claiming under him, be concluded, though the contract had been in parol, the same being consummated by a subsequent deed, as was determined by this Court in the •case of Clary’s heirs vs Marshall, (5 B. Monroe, 266.) If a right or interest passed from Parker to Fowler, by contract, which was obligatory upon the-parties, that right or interest cannot be overreached or concluded by a subsequent suit against Parker. But if we are wrong in indulging the presumption that a contract was made before suit was brought, yet we think there is enough in the record to deprive Morgan’s devisees of the benefit of the rule applicable to lis pendens purchasers.
It is said in Sugden on Vendors, 537: “Relief being sought against a bona fide purchaser, who bought pendente lite, without actual notice, is however, considered a hard case in equity, and although the Court cannot refuse its aid’ against him, yet the plaintiff is by no means a favorite, and therefore,, if he make a slip in his proceed*448ings, the Court will not assist him to rectify the mistake.” In 3 P. Williams, 482, the same doctrine is asserted. And the principle is recognised by this Court in the case of Wilson vs Watson, (2 Dana, 406.) It has ever been regarded as a harsh and rigorous rule in its operation upon the rights of bona fide purchasers. The rule was dictated by necessity, as indispensible to the rights of litigants andas the means of terminating litegation about the matter in contest. But being a hard rule, and operating with great severity in many instances, upon the rights of innocent purchasers, it should never be carried in favor of a complainant asking its inforcement, beyond the purpose and reason of its creation.
To entitle a party to an enforcement of the principle of lis fen-dens against a bona fide purchaser, he will be held to show reasonable diligence in the prosecution of his suit.
A failure to make the proper parties to a suit In chancery, by which the proceeding is protracted for a great length of time, may amount to such negligence as will deprive the party of the application of the principle of_ lis pendens against purchasers.
To entitle him to enforce it against bona fide purchasers he has been held to reasonable diligence in the prosecution of his suit, and should be guilty of no palpable slips or gross erregularities in the management of the same, by which injury may accrue to the rights-of others who are not parties.
Testing the case by the rule thus qualified, we must say, that there was palpable negligence, in the prosecution and management of the suit in the case of Morgan’s devisees against Parker, and many gross erregularities and palpable slips committed in its management; and by which injury to the rights of the occupants might and no doubt must accrue, if the rule be enforced_against them. We will notice only a few of them.
1st. The omission of the complainants to make Fowler a party, and to bring him before the Court upon Parker’s disclaimer of title, and disclosure of the fact that he had sold to Fowler without recourse before suit brought, was a palpable error, as was decided by this Court, at the last term in the case of Woods vs Foster & Cave, in accordance with the English practice: Bishop, of Winchester vs Blair, (3 Vesey, 314; 17 Law Lib. 101; Milford, 73-5 ; 10 Wendall, 456.) Had Fowler been brought before the Court, the necessity of resorting to the harsh rule now insisted on, would have been avoided. The duty of making him a party was the more imperious, from the fact that the suit was progressing against one who had no interest in the defence. Though it is asserted in the *449answers of the defendants, that Fowler had notice of the pendency of the suit as early as 1811, we have not been able to discover in the record, that he had notice until 1819, after he had received the deed of 1817, if such Notice could have any effect on his or the occupant’s rights.
The institution name of parsons esUvfioT might properly have heen dismissed, and afterwards ñ^'meíof^hoso ® ^ wiiino^ warrant of ihe principle an^intermediate purchaser,
If it be insisted that the omission to make him a party upon the disclosure of his prior interest, in Parker’s answer, may not have been made and pressed on the trial in the Court below, nor in this Court, but the hearing permitted to progress on the merits, we say that if this reason be good against the party who was before the Court, and failed to make the objection, it cannot be deemed good against Fowler and others, deriving title from him, who were not parties, and had no opportunity to raise the objection. It is said in Milford's Pleadings, page 73, side, to p. 112: the voluntary alienation of property pending a suit by any party to it, is not permitted to affect the rights of other parties, if the suit proceeds without disclosure of ihe fact. If it be conceded that the disclosure of the fact of alienation after suit brought, might not make it necessary to bring the alienee before the Court, nor deprive a complainant of the benefit of the rule against lis pendens purchasers, yet we think that the omission to bring him before the Court, upon the disclosure of the fact of alienation without recourse before suit brought, presents at least a persuasive reason against allowing him the benefit of the rule.
2d. Morgan’s devisees were guilty of a gross and palpable irregularity and slip in their original bill, in failing to institute the suit in the names of the proper parties as devisees, and failing to bring those who were necessary . , . , Jr i • . , . T parties, before the Court, and sueing in the names of Lee and others, who had no interest, and were not proven to have any. For this irregularity the suit, upon the hearing, might and should, according to the then practice, have been dismissed without piejudice. Had it been dismissed, the subsequent institution of the suit in the proper names, could not have had the effect to revive and cqntinue in force the dismissed suit, so as to affect the rights of intermediate purchasers.
And the Court permitting the amendment by-adding tlie names of the parties having interest, instead of dismissing the bill without preju. dice, can affect only the parties to the suit, and not third persons or intermediate purchasers.
The privilege allowed by this Court on the reversal of the decree, for the errors alledged, to amend and bring the parties before the Court, was not a mailer oT right, but of discretionary favor, which though it might be good between the parties to the suit, so far as their interests were concerned, as the means ofsaving (he cosls of a new suit, should not perhaps be allowed to affect the interests of intermedíale purchasers, who were not parlies to the suit, and to whose interests and rights the Court could not look in the exercise of discretion, in allowing the privilege, and especially in a case like the present, when the procrastination produced by the irregularity, and the indulgence consequent thereon, inflict serious injury on the occupants who aie not parties, by depriving them of all means of indemnify from Fowler, their vendor, who died insolvent before the termination of the suit. For it may be remarked, that before the amendment was made, Fowler had obtained a conveyance of the land, and numerous sales had been previously made, of different parcels, to others who had entered upon the same, and had erected and were erecting, under a claim of right, lasting and valuable improvements, and these fads known to the Marshalls, who had an interest in, and were prosecuting the suit in the names of Morgan’s devisees; yet neither they nor Fowler were made parties to the suit on the amended bill, nor brought before the Court, though Parker in his answer to the same, repeated his sale to Fowler, and again disclaimed-all interest in the land.
If these disclosures of outstanding interests, and knowledge of their existence, might not be deemed sufficient to protect purchases made after the institution of the amended bill, and during its progress, they at least are deemed abundantly sufficient to protect them, when made during the pendency of the imperfect, and insufficient original. To carry the rule further in favor of the complainants in that suit, would bq to carry it beyond the necessity which dictated it, and render it more oppressive to bona fide purchasers than the reason of the rule, or the necessary.or rightful interests of parties to suits demand. The amended bill as to prior alienees, who were never before the Court, must be deemed a new bill. *451On the original, a decree could not be properly made. The amendment introduced-new parties as complainants .and new interests, in the place of other parties and interests, as to whom the suit was abated, and their interest asserted in the original, not only abandoned, but asserted to be in others, who were substituted in their stead. As upon the bill thus amended, the complainants obtained their decree, and were alone entitled to it and not entitled to any decree upon the original, as it stood before the amendment, the amendment must be taken and regarded, at least as to the rights of prior purchasers, asa new bill, having the effect only to bind and conclude the rights of those as pendente lite purchasers, who acquired their rights o/Zer its. institution, and not to have the effect of binding and concluding the rights of those who had acquired their interests before. By the abatement and abandonment of the suit as to a part of the original joint complainants, and substituting others in their stead, as joint complainants in a joint suit, the original complainants who remained, must be regarded as waiving their former bill and uniting their destiny with .others in the new proceeding.
An ^amendment times a waiyer ailprevbus^roas third’ persons it will, when ”®^ a^made" have the effect t0 relieve a bona fide intermediate fbe^ppíicaüóa °r
It is said in Smith’s Chancery Practice, 1st vol. 304, “the amendment of a bill operates in some stages of the suit, as a waiver of the prior proceedings taken on behalf of the plaintiff, and in others has the effect of depriving the defendant of the power of dismissing the bill for want of prosecution. bo lar also as intermediate purchasers are concerned, the amendment in the case before us, must be deemed a virtual waiver of the original. Again, .. ,, , , , , ° it is said in the same book, “that the plaintiff, by amending his bill, loses the benefit of all proceedings of contempt, issued against the defendant, either for want of his appearance or his answer, and has the effect of obliging him to begin the same de novo-, and entitles the defendant to an ex-parte order to be discharged without either payment or tender of costs.” If an amendment is to have the effect to discharge a parly from contempt, and to compel the plaintiff to commence de novo, much more should a material and necessary amendment like the one made by the complainants, in which new joint. *452complainants and interests are introduced, have the effect to discharge prior bona fide purchasers fromthe operation of the hard rule in question.
For any irregularities in a proceeding and decree in a chancery suit authorizing a bill of review in which the interest of third persons are involved, such bill may be prosecuted by such persons.
It is said, in Mtiford’s Pl. 400, (top pa.) speaking of amendments: “In most of the cases the indulgence given by the Court, is allowed to the mistakes of parties, and with a view to save expense, but when injury may arise to others, the indulgence has been more rarely granted, and so far as the pendency of a suit can affect others than the parties to the suit, or strangers, matter brought into a bill by amendment, will not have relation to the time of filing the original, but the suit will be so far considered as pendent only from the time of the amendment.”
In the case before us, not only new matter has been introduced into the bill, but new parlies and interests, and without whom a decree could not at all have been rightfully taken in favor of the parties who were prosecuting the original suit, as to any part of the land sovght to be recovered.
There are numerous other slips and irregularities in the proceedings, which we will barely mention, without expressing an opinion as to their effect severally or jointly, upon the rights of the occupants; believing, as we do, that those already stated are sufficient to entitle them to relief, barely remarking that for any errors or irregularities in the proceedings or decree, for which a bill of review might be maintained in favor of parties to the suit, a bill in the nature of a bill of review may assuredly be maintained by pendente lite or prior purchasers, whose interests are compromitted by the decree.
1st. The decree is rendered against Richard B. Parker and Mary Crittenden as heirs of Alexander Parker, who werenever made parties to this suit by revivor, order or service of process. The suit may have been revived against them as the heirs of Alexander Parker in this Court. The revivor does not appear, but if it was made, it has not heretofore been determined by this Court, to be a revivor of the suit in the lower Court; (3 A. K. Marshall, 562; 1 B. Monroe, 263.
The suit not having been revived against them, there *453were no parties as defendants in the subsequent proceedings and decree.
Decree and man* date.
2d. The decree is in favor of persons who were never made parties to the suit. William Bruce is one of the complainants in the original bill. His death, if he be dead, is not suggested in the record. By the decree as rendered, two-sixteenths of the land is decreed and conveyed to John and William Bruce who were never made parties by bill or order.
3d. The children of Hannah Bruce, who are tenants in remainder to a portion of the land, as devisees under the will of William Morgan deceased, are not' made parties, nor is it alledged or. shown, that no such persons are in existance or who are entitled to their interest.
4th. It was never suggested or shown that Daniel Morgan was dead or that the persons introduced into the bill were bis heirs.
Besides great delay is shown in the prosecution of the suit. Though it does not appear in this record when the writ of error was sued out upon the decree of 1829, dismissing the complainant’s bill, it appears that near five years elapsed before that decree was reversed by this Court, and more than five years before the mandate was entered in the lower Court. From the lapse of time that ran after the original decree and before the entry of the mandate, it may be presumed that great delay and negligence in the prosecution of the suit occurred.
Upon a full view of the whole case we are entirely satisfied, that the complainants ought not to have been concluded by the decree in favor of Morgan’s devisees, without a hearing, and that they are entitled to relief against the same, and against the writ of habere facias possessionem that was sued out to oust them of their possessions.
The decree of the Circuit Court is, therefore, reversed, and cause remanded that the said writ may be quashed and annlled, and the defendants and all others perpetually enjoined and restrained from disturbing the com. plainanls, in the enjoyment of their possessions under the decree as rendered in favor of Morgan’s devisees against Parker’s heirs. And further that the decree be *454opened as to the complainants in this suit, and that Morgan’s devisees be allowed to amend their bill if they elect to do so, making the complainants parties and all others that may be necessary, and further proceedings had and taken in said cause.
Loughborough 'and Johnson for plaintiffs : Morehead fy Reed, and Harlan (f Craddock for defendants.
But as injury may accrue to Morgan’s devisees by the death or removal of witnesses, and as theoccupantsascomplainants, are asking the aid of the Chancellor, it is to be understood that the decree is to be opened, upon the terms, only, that the depositions and proofs already taken and now in the cause, shall be read and considered on the future trial of the cause, each party being allowed to retake the depositions, as well as take and introduce any other proofs. We have not deemed it proper now to determine whether the occupants, under the circumstances of this case, will be allowed to rely upon the statute of limitation in their defence to the suit, or if allowed at all, from what time it should commence running, or what period should be counted out in the estimation of time, in their favor. But these questions are left open for future determination, should the question be raised in the defence.