Court Opinion

ID: 9407349
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-06 17:01:42.200641+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:37.119222
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 22-13567     Document: 36-1       Date Filed: 07/06/2023   Page: 1 of 11

                                                      [DO NOT PUBLISH]
                                    In the
                 United States Court of Appeals
                          For the Eleventh Circuit

                           ____________________

                                 No. 22-13567
                            Non-Argument Calendar
                           ____________________

        NAKAVA LLC,
        a Florida Limited Liability Company,
                                   Plaintiﬀ Counter Defendant-Appellee,
        versus
        THE SOUTH PACIFIC ELIXIR COMPANY,
        a Florida for Proﬁt Corporation,

                                 Defendant Counter Claimant-Appellant.

                           ____________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Southern District of Florida
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        2                      Opinion of the Court                  22-13567

                        D.C. Docket No. 9:19-cv-81128-AHS
                             ____________________

        Before ROSENBAUM, JILL PRYOR, and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.
        PER CURIAM:
               This appeal concerns the affirmative defense of abandon-
        ment in trademark suits. After a bench trial, the district court found
        that the South Pacific Elixir Company (“SPEC”) infringed Nakava
        LLC’s trademark of the word “Nakava” in violation of 15 U.S.C.
        § 1114(1)(a). The district court later denied SPEC’s post-trial mo-
        tions, which essentially claimed that the record proved Nakava
        LLC abandoned the mark. On appeal, SPEC argues that the district
        court erred in concluding that Nakava LLC did not abandon the
        mark and offers two theories of abandonment: (1) nonuse, and
        (2) naked licensing. But, as the district court found, the record does
        not support nonuse. Moreover, SPEC is estopped from arguing a
        naked license under these facts. After careful review, we affirm.
                                          I.
               The facts, as presented at trial and found by the district court
        after a bench trial, are largely undisputed. In 2001, Jeffrey Bow-
        man, Diane Lysogorski, and Laurent Olivier formed SPEC to op-
        erate a bar in South Florida that sold beverages made from the kava
        root. SPEC initially named the bar “Nakamal” -- the word for a
        traditional meeting place for drinking kava on the South Pacific is-
        land of Vanuatu -- and the entrepreneurs decided to pursue fran-
        chising opportunities. After the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
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        22-13567               Opinion of the Court                         3

        denied SPEC’s application to trademark “Nakamal,” however, the
        company trademarked the name “Nakava” -- a combination of
        Nakamal and kava.
               A few years passed, and SPEC’s founders were advised to
        create a limited liability company. They did so, naming it Nakava
        LLC. On May 25, 2005, SPEC assigned the mark “Nakava” to
        Nakava LLC. Nakava LLC hoped to sell franchises for kava bars
        operating under the mark and to sell kava bearing the mark to
        those franchises. Nakava LLC permitted SPEC to operate a bar
        under the mark as its first franchise, but the parties did not execute
        a written license for SPEC’s use.
               Despite Nakava LLC’s best efforts, the franchise business
        model flopped, and the company switched focus to selling kava
        online. It is undisputed that from 2005 to 2015 and from 2019 to
        2022, Nakava LLC sold its kava online using the mark. The district
        court also found that Nakava LLC sold its kava with the mark from
        2016 to 2018, although -- as discussed below -- SPEC disputes this
        finding.
               In 2012, the relationship between the founders of the two
        companies fell apart, and, in 2015, Olivier sold his stake in SPEC to
        a group of investors (“Olivier’s investors”). Around that time, the
        founders filed several lawsuits against each other. The litigation
        began when Olivier’s investors sent a letter to Bowman, asking to
        inspect SPEC’s books and records. But that letter did more. It
        threatened to contact the Internal Revenue Service and other agen-
        cies and demanded a full forensic accounting for ten years. In
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        4                      Opinion of the Court                22-13567

        addition, in the words of the district court, it added “the following
        particularly menacing passage”:
              My clients plan to come on to the premises to review
              the books and records and determine its condition.
              They may use force of arms if necessary.
                                        ...
              What is your present address and place(s) of employ-
              ment.
        Eventually, though, Bowman and SPEC decided to walk away
        from the litigation to save time and money. In December 2015, the
        parties entered into an Agreed Order, which stated that Bowman
        and Lysogorski relinquished control of SPEC to Olivier’s investors.
                Bowman understood the Agreed Order to resolve the SPEC
        litigation, but instead more claims popped up. In 2016, Olivier’s
        investors brought new claims against Bowman, including actions
        against him in his individual capacity for defamation, and Olivier
        sued Nakava LLC and his former SPEC cofounders, Bowman and
        Lysogorski. Concerned over the threat of arms and the prospect
        that Olivier would attempt to claim ownership over the mark,
        Nakava LLC removed the mark from its retail packaging that same
        year. According to testimony and other evidence at trial, however,
        the company continued to use the mark on its wholesale products.
                The litigation between Bowman and Olivier’s investors set-
        tled in January 2019, and Olivier dismissed his case against Nakava
        LLC the next month. Nakava LLC then sent two letters to SPEC,
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        22-13567               Opinion of the Court                          5

        terminating its rights to use the mark and demanding compliance
        by May 30, 2019. But SPEC continued to use the mark. So, on
        August 9, 2019, Nakava LLC sued SPEC for trademark infringe-
        ment in the United States District Court for the Southern District
        of Florida.
               On January 10, 2022, the parties filed a joint pretrial stipula-
        tion. Soon thereafter, the district court conducted a two-day bench
        trial. A few months later, the district court found in favor of
        Nakava LLC. The district court found that Nakava LLC never
        abandoned the mark, and concluded that SPEC infringed Nakava
        LLC’s property interest in the mark.
                SPEC then moved the district court, pursuant to Federal
        Rules of Civil Procedure 59(e) and 60(b), to alter the judgment.
        SPEC argued that it proved at trial that Nakava LLC abandoned
        the mark through naked licensing, and that the district court over-
        looked evidence that Nakava LLC abandoned the mark through
        nonuse. Nakava LLC responded that SPEC failed to follow the
        proper procedure in filing its motion and that the motion improp-
        erly sought to relitigate the case and raised new arguments un-
        addressed at trial. In a short order, the district court denied SPEC’s
        motion. The court found that SPEC had attempted to relitigate the
        case. The motion, however, did not point to any new evidence nor
        did it reveal any manifest errors of law or fact.
              SPEC timely appealed the district court’s findings of fact and
        conclusions of law and its order denying the post-trial motions.
                                          II.
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        6                      Opinion of the Court                 22-13567

                Following a bench trial, we review a district court’s findings
        of fact for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo. U.S. Com-
        modity Futures Trading Comm’n v. S. Tr. Metals, Inc., 894 F.3d 1313,
        1322 (11th Cir. 2018). “Clear error is a highly deferential standard
        of review” that will not lead to reversal unless “the reviewing court
        on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction
        that a mistake has been committed.” Eggers v. Alabama, 876 F.3d
        1086, 1094 (11th Cir. 2017) (quotations omitted). We review the
        denial of both Rule 59 and Rule 60(b) motions for abuse of discre-
        tion. Arthur v. King, 500 F.3d 1335, 1343 (11th Cir. 2007); Waddell v.
        Hendry Cnty. Sheriff’s Off., 329 F.3d 1300, 1309 (11th Cir. 2003).
                                         A.
               First, we are unpersuaded by SPEC’s claim that Nakava LLC
        abandoned the mark through nonuse. Under the Lanham Act, a
        trademark is abandoned “[w]hen its use has been discontinued with
        intent not to resume such use.” 15 U.S.C. § 1127. “Thus, a defend-
        ant must establish two elements in order to show that a plaintiff
        has abandoned his trademark: [1] that the plaintiff has ceased using
        the mark in dispute and [2] that he has done so with an intent not
        to resume its use.” Nat. Answers, Inc. v. SmithKline Beecham Corp.,
        529 F.3d 1325, 1329 (11th Cir. 2008) (alterations in original) (quota-
        tions omitted). Nonuse for three consecutive years is prima facie
        evidence of abandonment, which creates a rebuttable presumption
        of an intent not to resume use. Id. at 1329–30; see also 15 U.S.C.
        § 1127.
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        22-13567               Opinion of the Court                          7

               SPEC argues that the district court clearly erred by finding
        that Nakava LLC used the mark from 2016 to 2018. It claims that
        the evidence showed that Nakava LLC did not use the mark for
        those three years, and that Nakava LLC failed to rebut the pre-
        sumption established by that nonuse. This argument is without
        merit.
               For starters, SPEC failed to meet its burden to prove nonuse.
        Abandonment by nonuse “works an involuntary forfeiture of
        rights,” so defendants “face a stringent, heavy, or strict burden of
        proof.” Cumulus Media, Inc. v. Clear Channel Commc’ns, Inc., 304 F.3d
        1167, 1175 (11th Cir. 2002) (quotations omitted). If a defendant
        meets that heavy burden, then the burden of production shifts to
        the plaintiff to show an intent to resume use, but “the ultimate bur-
        den of persuasion on the issue of abandonment remains with the
        defendant.” Id. at 1176–77. Here, SPEC failed to meet its initial
        burden of production, let alone its ultimate burden of persuasion.
        It presented no evidence at all about nonuse. In fact, its corporate
        representative admitted that he lacked “any knowledge of anything
        Nakava LLC has done other than what’s in the public domain and
        on the internet.”
               Further, as for SPEC’s argument that Nakava LLC ceased
        using the mark from 2016 to 2018, the district court expressly made
        a finding of fact that Nakava LLC used the mark from 2005 to 2022.
        “[A] finding of fact is clearly erroneous only if the record lacks sub-
        stantial evidence to support it.” Johnson v. Hamrick, 296 F.3d 1065,
        1074 (11th Cir. 2002) (quotations omitted). The district court’s
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        8                     Opinion of the Court                22-13567

        finding here was supported by the record. Nakava LLC offered pic-
        tures of wholesale packages with the mark, as well as invoices prov-
        ing that this wholesale product was sold during the relevant time
        period. And Bowman testified that Nakava LLC sold the wholesale
        kava with the mark on the packaging throughout this period.
               SPEC does not dispute these factual findings directly. In-
        stead, it claims that the wholesale invoices, which have Nakava
        LLC’s name on them, are “not sufficient to constitute bona fide
        ‘use’” under the Lanham Act. The Lanham Act defines “use in
        commerce” to include a mark’s display on the goods or its con-
        tainer, “or if the nature of the goods makes such placement imprac-
        ticable, then on documents associated with the goods or their sale.”
        15 U.S.C. § 1127. SPEC says that this definition precludes Nakava
        LLC from using invoices to prove use, because the wholesale
        goods could have borne the mark. But SPEC is mistaken. The ev-
        idence at trial showed that the wholesale goods were branded with
        the mark, and the invoices were simply introduced as evidence that
        the branded wholesale goods were sold in commerce.
                But even if SPEC had met its initial burden of proving non-
        use, it failed to meet its burden to prove that Nakava LLC did not
        intend to resume use. The district court found that “the evidence
        at trial demonstrated that Nakava LLC intended to resume use of
        the Mark once litigation with Defendant was substantially re-
        solved,” thus rebutting any presumption that Nakava LLC’s non-
        use may have created. SPEC’s only challenge to this finding on
        appeal is that an intent to resume use after the three years of
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        22-13567                Opinion of the Court                          9

        nonuse is irrelevant. But that argument is wrong as a matter of
        law. As we’ve already noted, evidence of nonuse during the three-
        year statutory window shifts the burden of production to Nakava
        LLC to show it “either used the mark during the statutory period
        or intended to resume use.” Nat. Answers, 529 F.3d at 1330 (quota-
        tions omitted). The intent to resume use “cannot be far-flung or
        indefinite” and must be “within the reasonably foreseeable future.”
        Id. at 1329 (quotations omitted). But contrary to SPEC’s sugges-
        tion, there is no requirement in this Circuit that Nakava LLC
        needed a plan to resume use within the statutory three-year win-
        dow of nonuse. And the district court found that Nakava LLC sold
        branded products after settling its litigation with SPEC and it cred-
        ited Bowman’s testimony that he always intended to continue to
        use the mark. SPEC failed to rebut this evidence, and, accordingly,
        did not satisfy its burden to prove an intent not to resume use.
                All told, SPEC did not meet its heavy burden to prove aban-
        donment through nonuse. The district court did not clearly err in
        its findings of fact, nor did it err in its conclusions of law, nor, fi-
        nally, did it abuse its discretion in denying the post-trial motions as
        to this issue.
                                          B.
               We are also unconvinced by SPEC’s claim that Nakava LLC
        abandoned the mark through a naked license. “[T]he law imposes
        a duty upon a licensor (such as a franchisor) to supervise a licensee’s
        use of the licensor’s own trademark.” Mini Maid Servs. Co. v. Maid
        Brigade Sys., Inc., 967 F.2d 1516, 1519 (11th Cir. 1992) (emphasis
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        10                        Opinion of the Court                     22-13567

        omitted). Because “the law attempts to ensure that the public will
        not be deceived when purchasing goods and services that relate to
        that trademark,” id., an owner of a trademark “abandon[s] its mark
        through ‘naked licensing’, or the failure to properly supervise its
        licensee’s use of the mark,” Pro. Golfers Ass’n of Am. v. Bankers Life
        & Cas. Co., 514 F.2d 665, 671 (5th Cir. 1975). 1 But “a licensee is
        estopped to contest the validity of the licensor’s title during the
        course of the licensing arrangement.” Id. That is, “a former trade-
        mark licensee” (here, SPEC) may challenge the title of the licensor
        (here, Nakava LLC) “on facts which arose after the contract has ex-
        pired,” but not on facts before expiration. Id. (emphasis added).
               Here, the district court made a finding of fact that SPEC used
        the mark under Nakava LLC’s implied license from 2005 to 2019,
        and this finding is not clearly erroneous. Indeed, Bowman testified
        that Nakava LLC gave SPEC permission to use the mark for an in-
        definite period of time, and that SPEC paid a fee for its use. Then,
        in 2019, Nakava LLC revoked that license, eventually leading to the
        present case. Because “a licensee is estopped to contest the validity
        of the licensor’s title during the course of the licensing arrange-
        ment,” SPEC is estopped from arguing that Nakava LLC gave up
        control of the trademark from 2005 to 2019. Id. In other words,
        during the relevant period, SPEC, “by virtue of the agreement, rec-
        ognized [Nakava LLC’s] ownership.” Id. Moreover, we are

        1 All Fifth Circuit decisions handed down before the close of business on Sep-
        tember 30, 1981, are binding precedent in the Eleventh Circuit. Bonner v. City
        of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1207 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc).
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        22-13567                   Opinion of the Court                                11

        unpersuaded by SPEC’s unsupported and undeveloped argument
        that only an express license can estop a naked license defense.
        SPEC cites no law -- and we found none -- holding as much. 2
               Because SPEC failed to provide any evidence that Nakava
        LLC abandoned the mark through a naked license, it fell short of
        its burden. As a result, the district court did not err in finding for
        Nakava LLC, nor did it abuse its discretion in denying the post-trial
        motions.
                AFFIRMED.

        2SPEC also argues that Nakava LLC forfeited its estoppel argument by failing
        to raise it below. But we can exercise our discretion to consider an issue
        where, as here, its “proper resolution is beyond any doubt.” Access Now, Inc.
        v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1332 (11th Cir. 2004) (quotations omitted).
        This is particularly appropriate in this case, where the relevant facts are not in
        dispute and the legal issues are straightforward. “And this Court may affirm
        on any ground supported by the record, regardless of whether that ground
        was relied upon or even considered below.” PDVSA US Litig. Tr. v. LukOil Pan
        Ams. LLC, 65 F.4th 556, 562 (11th Cir. 2023) (quotations omitted).