Court Opinion

ID: 804655
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-07-19 14:22:55+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:00:13.135417
License: Public Domain

11-1490-cr
     USA v. Gonzalez

 1                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 2                                     FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

 3                                                  ------

 4                                           August Term, 2011

 5   (Argued: April 20, 2012                                              Decided: July 19, 2012)

 6                                         Docket No. 11-1490-cr

 7   _________________________________________________________

 8   UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

 9                                                        Appellee,

10                                         - v. -

11   OMAR GONZALEZ, a/k/a biotechresearch@hush.com,

12                                             Defendant-Appellant.
13   _________________________________________________________

14   Before: JACOBS, Chief Judge, KEARSE and McLAUGHLIN, Circuit Judges.

15                  Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District

16   of New York, Colleen McMahon, Judge, convicting defendant of various narcotics offenses, see 21

17   U.S.C. §§ 846, 812, 841(a)(1), and 841(b)(1)(C), and imposing mandatory minimum prison term of

18   120 months pursuant to 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(b)(1)(B) for conspiracy involving 500 or more

19   grams of cocaine despite indictment's lack of an express allegation as to narcotics quantity.

20                  Remanded for resentencing.

21                          HARRIS M. FISCHMAN, Assistant United States Attorney,
22                               New York, New York (Preet Bharara, United States Attorney
23                               for the Southern District of New York, Aimee Hector, Justin S. Weddle,
24                               Assistant United States Attorneys, New York, New York, on the brief),
25                               for Appellee.
 1                          DAVID A. LEWIS, New York, New York (Federal Defenders
 2                               of New York, Inc., Appeals Bureau, New York, New York,
 3                               on the brief), for Defendant-Appellant.

 4   KEARSE, Circuit Judge:

 5                  Defendant Omar Gonzalez appeals from a judgment entered in the United States

 6   District Court for the Southern District of New York following a jury trial before Colleen McMahon,

 7   Judge, convicting him on one count of conspiracy to distribute and to possess with intent to distribute

 8   cocaine, heroin, ketamine, and morphine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 (Count 1), and three

 9   substantive counts, to wit, distribution and possession with intent to distribute cocaine (Count 2) and

10   attempting to distribute and to possess with intent to distribute morphine (Count 3) and ketamine

11   (Count 4), all in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 812, 841(a)(1), and 841(b)(1)(C). Gonzalez, a previously

12   convicted felon, was sentenced principally to four concurrent terms of 120 months' imprisonment, the

13   mandatory minimum provided by 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(b)(1)(B) for his conviction of conspiracy

14   to traffic in 500 or more grams of a substance containing cocaine. On appeal, Gonzalez contends

15   principally that the indictment under which he was convicted did not properly allege any quantified

16   amount of cocaine and that he thus should have been sentenced under § 841(b)(1)(C), the penalty

17   provision that does not depend on quantity and does not, except in circumstances not present here,

18   provide a mandatory minimum prison term. Gonzalez also alleges that there were various errors in

19   the conduct of the trial, and he requests a new trial in the event that he is not granted resentencing.

20   For the reasons that follow, we conclude that Gonzalez is entitled to be resentenced under

21   § 841(b)(1)(C).

                                                       2
 1                                           I. BACKGROUND

 2                  Many of the facts are not in dispute. The present prosecution of Gonzalez began in

 3   February 2010 after he shipped 50 grams of cocaine to United States Drug Enforcement

 4   Administration ("DEA") undercover Special Agent Neil Rubin and attempted to purchase ketamine

 5   and morphine from Rubin. The government's evidence at the November 15-19, 2010 trial included

 6   emails between Gonzalez and his narcotics suppliers or customers, as well as Rubin's testimony that

 7   Gonzalez sought to obtain morphine from Rubin in exchange for cocaine.

 8   A. The Second Superseding Indictment

 9                  Count 1 of the initial four-count superseding indictment against Gonzalez charged him

10   with conspiring, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, to distribute and possess with intent to distribute

11   controlled substances in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), and specified that "[t]he controlled

12   substances involved in the offense were"--to the extent pertinent here--"mixtures and substances

13   containing a detectable amount of cocaine in violation of Title 21, United States Code, Sections 812,

14   841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(C)" (First Superseding Indictment ¶ 3, filed Oct. 14, 2010). Two weeks later,

15   a second superseding indictment was filed, which read exactly the same as its predecessor except that,

16   in the paragraph of Count 1 referring to "a detectable amount of cocaine," 841(b)(1)(C) was replaced

17   by "841(b)(1)(B)." (Second Superseding Indictment ¶ 3, filed Oct. 28, 2010 (emphasis added).)

18                  At Gonzalez's arraignment on the second superseding indictment, the Assistant United

19   States Attorney ("AUSA") stated that in that new indictment "[t]he only change is that in the

20   conspiracy count, Count One, the cocaine object is now a (b)(1)(B), 500 grams or more. That is the

                                                       3
 1   only change." (Arraignment Transcript, November 2, 2010 ("A.Tr."), at 2.) The government also

 2   thereafter filed a "prior felony information" charging that Gonzalez had been convicted of three

 3   narcotics felonies in 2007.

 4                  Section 841(a)(1) of Title 21 makes it unlawful for a person knowingly or intentionally

 5   to, inter alia, distribute or possess with intent to distribute a controlled substance. Subsection

 6   (b)(1)(B) of § 841, to the extent pertinent here, provides that a person convicted of "a violation of

 7   [§ 841(a)] involving . . . 500 grams or more of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount

 8   of . . . cocaine"--if he or she has a prior conviction for a felony drug offense that has become final--

 9   "shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment which may not be less than 10 years." 21 U.S.C.

10   § 841(b)(1)(B)(ii)(II). In contrast, subsection (b)(1)(C) of § 841 deals with indeterminate drug

11   quantities; and unless death or serious bodily injury resulted from the use of the substance involved--

12   which was not alleged or shown here--subsection (b)(1)(C) does not establish a minimum term of

13   imprisonment. See id. § 841(b)(1)(C). Section 846 provides that "[a]ny person who attempts or

14   conspires to commit any offense defined in this subchapter shall be subject to the same penalties as

15   those prescribed for the offense, the commission of which was the object of the attempt or

16   conspiracy." Id. § 846.

17   B. The Evidence at Trial

18                  At trial, the government witnesses included Rubin, who testified to negotiations in

19   which Gonzalez sought to buy ketamine and/or morphine in exchange for cash or cocaine. Gonzalez

20   sought four kilograms of morphine and offered to pay Rubin 250 grams of cocaine per kilogram of

21   morphine, i.e., one kilogram of cocaine. The government also introduced into evidence numerous

                                                        4
 1   emails sent from the address "biotechresearch@hush.com"--which Gonzalez admitted was his--

 2   through "Hushmail," an encrypted email service provider that encoded email messages, permitting

 3   them to be accessed and read only by someone who had the encryption key. The emails introduced

 4   at trial by the government, decoded by Hushmail, included the following communications from

 5   Gonzalez:

 6                # "Just got a nice shipment of Coke" willing to sell for "$50" per gram.
 7          (Government Exhibit ("GX") 919.)

 8                 # "I have a new lot of 'C'" acquired at a repeat-buyer "price break"; "I am
 9          passing that savings on to my customers" at "$825" per ounce. (GX 913.)

10                  # "Sent 10g ket and 1.5g coke for you to test out." (GX 912, at 1.)

11                  # Responding to an email complaining that a shipment of "C" from which the
12          customer's customer "ma[de] crack" was only "67% pure" (GX 724, at 2), Gonzalez
13          rejected the complaint, stating, inter alia, "I myself have tested this cocaine" (id. at 1).

14                 # After receiving a request for prices "of C," Gonzalez responded "1/2kg =
15          $11,000" and "1kg = $20,000." (GX 711.)

16                  # "I will buy: Acetic anhydride from you first. That ok? $300 if you comply,
17          I will buy KG of Coke. Ok?" (GX 928.)

18                  # After receiving a request for prices of "your best H," Gonzalez responded
19          that "Heroin, Pure 99% uncut," would be "8 ball = 3.5g for $1,500," "1g = $600," and
20          ".5g = 350." (GX 921.)

21                  # "We have sold out on pretty much everything we still have: Morphine
22          tablets 15mg $6.00ea [and] Heroin uncut 99% pure - $1/mg." (GX 926.)

23                 # "How much should I send you for 1kg cocaine or 1kg Heroin, shipped to
24          Puerto Rico, USA?" (GX 927.)

25   The government also introduced FedEx shipment confirmations matching several of the shipments

26   discussed in Gonzalez's emails.

27                  Gonzalez testified in his own defense and essentially admitted his guilt on the

                                                         5
 1   substantive distribution and attempted distribution charges against him. (See, e.g., Sentencing

 2   Transcript ("S.Tr.") at 9 ("[Gonzalez's Attorney]: . . . Mr. Gonzalez . . . did accept responsibility for

 3   what he did. THE COURT: That's true. He got on the stand and admitted to Counts Two, Three and

 4   Four.").) Gonzalez defended against the conspiracy count principally by testifying that, except for the

 5   50 grams of cocaine he sent to Rubin, he had distributed only a sham substance, consisting principally

 6   of lidocaine, not cocaine.

 7   C. The Objection to and the Sentence Under § 841(b)(1)(B)

 8                  On the second day of trial, Gonzalez's attorney, after receiving the government's

 9   proposed jury interrogatories with respect to Count 1, had objected to the court that trafficking in 500

10   or more grams of cocaine was not actually alleged in the second superseding indictment. Counsel

11   pointed out that although that pleading cited 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B), "[w]hat it doesn't say in this

12   indictment is that there was over 500 grams of cocaine." (Trial Transcript ("Tr.") at 85.) He argued

13   that, under Second Circuit case law, "drug quantity is an element" of the offense "that must always be

14   pleaded and proved to a jury or admitted by [the] defendant" (id. at 86 (emphasis added)) in order to

15   support a conviction and sentence under § 841(b)(1)(B), and that "the fact that they say ([b]) (1) (B)

16   is . . . not enough. They have to allege the amount" (Tr. 85 (emphasis added)).

17                  The district court rejected Gonzalez's argument, stating that because § 841(b)(1)(B) was

18   referred to in the text of Count 1, rather than merely in the parenthetical citation at the end of the

19   textual allegations, drug quantity was sufficiently charged to permit Gonzalez to be convicted and

20   sentenced under that section:

21                  [w]hen the relevant statutory section (i.e., the one specifying drug quantity) is

                                                        6
 1                  set forth in the text of the indictment, the drug quantity is sufficiently charged
 2                  because the defendant is on notice from the text of the indictment that he is
 3                  being charged with conspiring to possess and distribute a quantity of cocaine
 4                  that qualifies him for enhanced sentencing.

 5                         In the indictment in this case the statutory section that references the
 6                  500 gram drug quantity is mentioned in the text of paragraph 3 of Count One
 7                  of the indictment. That is, the defendant is specifically charged with
 8                  conspiring to distribute and possess with intent to distribute an amount of
 9                  cocaine that violates 21 United States Code, Section 841 (b)(1)(B). Therefore,
10                  the drug quantity is sufficiently charged in the indictment.

11   (Tr. 134-35 (emphasis added).)

12                  In submitting the case to the jury, the court, over Gonzalez's objection, gave the jury

13   a special interrogatory on drug quantity and instructed, inter alia, that, if the jury found Gonzalez had

14   been a member of the narcotics conspiracy alleged in Count 1, it should make a finding as to "the

15   quantity of cocaine [involved] in the conspiracy." (Tr. 395.) The jury found Gonzalez guilty on all

16   counts. In response to the interrogatory asking whether "the conspiracy charged in Count One

17   involve[d] 500 grams or more of mixtures and substances containing cocaine," the jury answered in

18   the affirmative. (Id. at 408-09.)

19                  After receiving a presentence report and submissions from the parties, the district court

20   sentenced Gonzalez, in a non-Guidelines sentence (see S.Tr. 13-14), principally to four concurrent

21   terms of 10 years' imprisonment. The court stated, with respect to Gonzalez's conviction on Count 1,

22   that that is "the mandatory minimum that I have to sentence you to. I have no choice, I have to

23   sentence you to 10 years. . . . I can't go below that." (Id. at 11; see id. at 14.) Gonzalez was also

24   ordered to forfeit $55,000, representing the proceeds of the four offenses of conviction.

25                  Judgment was entered accordingly, and Gonzalez has appealed, arguing principally that

26   the court erred in sentencing him to the 10-year minimum prison term required by 21 U.S.C.

                                                        7
 1   § 841(b)(1)(B) for a conspiracy involving 500 or more grams of cocaine, because that quantity was

 2   not sufficiently pleaded in the indictment. For the reasons that follow, we agree.

 3                                              II. DISCUSSION

 4                   "Any discussion of the purpose served by a grand jury indictment in the administration

 5   of federal criminal law must begin with the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the Constitution." Russell

 6   v. United States, 369 U.S. 749, 760 (1962). The Fifth Amendment provides, in pertinent part, that

 7   "[n]o person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a

 8   presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury . . . ." U.S. Const. amend. V. The Sixth Amendment

 9   provides that "[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be informed of

10   the nature and cause of the accusation . . . ." Id. amend. VI.

11                   In the district court, defense counsel pursued Gonzalez's Fifth Amendment right by

12   asking, "Can the Court at least ask the government whether they actually presented the quantity issue

13   to the grand jury?" (Tr. 186). The court declined, apparently focusing on Gonzalez's Sixth

14   Amendment right, as it stated that the citation of the statutory section in the text of Count 1 "gives the

15   defendant notice which is what allegations are supposed to be for" (id.). However, Gonzalez does not

16   appear to have been arguing that any issue as to drug quantity should be excluded from the case for

17   lack of notice. The AUSA at Gonzalez's arraignment on the second superseding indictment had stated

18   "that in the conspiracy count, Count One, the cocaine object is now a (b)(1)(B), 500 grams or more"

19   (A.Tr. 2); and Gonzalez's attorney had told the court that, "[f]rankly, the only reason . . . this case is

20   going to trial is to beat the ([b]) (1) (B)" (Tr. 182 (emphasis added); see also id. at 86).

                                                         8
 1                  At oral argument of this appeal, Gonzalez expressly disclaimed any contention that he

 2   was deprived of his Sixth Amendment right to adequate notice. Rather, he pursues his Fifth

 3   Amendment contention--which he first raised on the morning of the second day of trial--that because

 4   Count 1 of the second superseding indictment did not state the quantity of cocaine allegedly involved

 5   in the conspiracy but merely cited the statutory penalty section that would be applicable if there were

 6   an allegation that 500 or more grams of cocaine were involved, his right to indictment by a grand jury

 7   was violated. As Gonzalez was subjected to the enhanced penalty provided by § 841(b)(1)(B) without

 8   a factual allegation as to quantity in the indictment, and without factual allegations in the indictment

 9   from which the grand jury's determination to charge such a quantity could be inferred, we conclude

10   that Gonzalez should instead have been sentenced under § 841(b)(1)(C).

11   A. The Fifth Amendment Right to Indictment by Grand Jury

12                  Under the Fifth Amendment, a defendant has a "'substantial right to be tried only on

13   charges presented in an indictment returned by a grand jury.'" United States v. Miller, 471 U.S. 130,

14   140 (1985) (quoting Stirone v. United States, 361 U.S. 212, 217 (1960)). An indictment that does not

15   set out all of the essential elements of the offense charged is defective. See, e.g., Miller, 471 U.S.

16   at 143 ("'a court cannot permit a defendant to be tried on charges that are not made in the indictment

17   against him'" (quoting Stirone, 361 U.S. at 217)); Russell, 369 U.S. at 763. "The Fifth Amendment

18   made the" right to indictment by grand jury "mandatory in federal prosecutions in recognition of the

19   fact that the intervention of a grand jury was a substantial safeguard against oppressive and arbitrary

20   proceedings." Smith v. United States, 360 U.S. 1, 9 (1959); see, e.g., Miller, 471 U.S. at 143 n.7.

21                  "'The right to have the grand jury make the charge on its own judgment is a substantial

                                                        9
 1   right which cannot be taken away with or without court amendment.'" Id. at 139 (quoting Stirone,

 2   361 U.S. at 218-19). "'[T]he very purpose of the requirement that a man be indicted by grand jury is

 3   to limit his jeopardy to offenses charged by a group of his fellow citizens acting independently of

 4   either prosecuting attorney or judge.'" United States v. Thomas, 274 F.3d 655, 670 (2d Cir. 2001) (en

 5   banc) ("Thomas") (quoting Stirone, 361 U.S. at 218 (Thomas's emphasis omitted)); see also United

 6   States v. Camp, 541 F.2d 737, 740 (8th Cir. 1976) ("Camp") (an indictment that is defective for failure

 7   to allege an essential element is not rescued by prosecutorial advice in the nature of a bill of particulars

 8   stating the element, because the "grand jury d[oes] not see or participate in preparing [a] bill of

 9   particulars"); see generally Russell, 369 U.S. at 770 ("it is a settled rule that a bill of particulars cannot

10   save an invalid indictment").

11                   [A] grand jury "belongs to no branch of the institutional Government," but
12                   rather "serv[es] as a kind of buffer or referee between the Government and the
13                   people." . . . Thus, it would be inappropriate for a court to speculate as to
14                   whether a grand jury might have returned an indictment in conformity with the
15                   available evidence, because such an exercise would work the harm the Grand
16                   Jury Clause is intended to prevent--a federal prosecution begun by arms of the
17                   Government without the consent of fellow citizens.

18   Thomas, 274 F.3d at 670 (quoting United States v. Williams, 504 U.S. 36, 47 (1992) (emphasis in

19   Thomas)).

20             Rule 7(c) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure provides, in part, that

21                   [t]he indictment . . . must be a plain, concise, and definite written statement of
22                   the essential facts constituting the offense charged . . . . A count may
23                   incorporate by reference an allegation made in another count. A count may
24                   allege that the means by which the defendant committed the offense are
25                   unknown or that the defendant committed it by one or more specified means.
26                   For each count, the indictment . . . must give the official or customary citation
27                   of the statute, rule, regulation, or other provision of law that the defendant is
28                   alleged to have violated.

                                                          10
 1   Fed. R. Crim. P. 7(c)(1) (emphases added). The wording of this Rule imposes "two requirements[:

 2   ]the statement of the essential facts and the citation of the statute. They are separate requirements and

 3   not a restatement of one another," Camp, 541 F.2d at 740 (first emphasis in original; second emphasis

 4   added); and it has long been the rule in this Circuit that a deficiency in an indictment's factual

 5   allegations of the elements of an offense is "not cured by" the fact that the relevant count "cited the

 6   statute that [the defendant] is alleged to have violated," United States v. Berlin, 472 F.2d 1002, 1008

 7   (2d Cir.) ("Berlin") (citing cases), cert. denied, 412 U.S. 949 (1973).

 8                  In Berlin, for example, Berlin was charged with aiding and abetting a mortgage

 9   applicant's making a false statement for the purpose of obtaining mortgage insurance, in violation of

10   18 U.S.C. § 1010. Although an essential element of that offense is that the offender had knowledge

11   of the falsity of the statement that was made, the indictment did not include an allegation that Berlin

12   knew of the falsity of the statements or documents the applicant submitted. We ruled that

13                           [t]his deficiency was not cured by the fact that each count cited the
14                  statute that appellant is alleged to have violated. Although the statutes in
15                  question explicitly require knowledge of the falsity, if this were enough to cure
16                  a deficient statement, then almost no indictment would be vulnerable to attack;
17                  for it is a common practice in indictments to cite the statute that is alleged to
18                  have been violated.

19   472 F.2d at 1008 (emphases added).

20                  Most of our Sister Circuits agree. See, e.g., United States v. Gerhard, 615 F.3d 7, 23

21   n.6 (1st Cir. 2010) ("the usual rule [is] that statutory citations cannot normally supply a missing

22   element in an indictment"), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 1536 (2011); United States v. McLennan, 672 F.2d

23   239, 243 (1st Cir. 1982) (government "argu[ment] that by itself [the relevant] statutory reference

24   reveals the nature of the underlying offense" is an argument that "runs contrary to the canon that

                                                        11
 1   statutory citations cannot normally supply the missing element in an indictment," a rule that, at least

 2   "[i]n indictments for being a principal, . . . is too far settled to be questioned" (emphasis added));

 3   United States v. Roach, 321 F.2d 1, 3-4 & n.6 (3d Cir. 1963) (18 U.S.C. § 2113(c) prohibits receipt

 4   of funds knowing that they have been "taken from" a financial institution "in violation of subsection

 5   (b) of this section"; the omission of an allegation that the defendant knew the funds were taken "in

 6   violation of" § 2113(b) is not cured by the indictment's citation to § 2113(c) (emphases omitted));

 7   United States v. Hooker, 841 F.2d 1225 (4th Cir. 1988) (en banc) (requirement that an indictment

 8   plead "all elements [of the offense charged] . . . derives from the Fifth Amendment, which requires

 9   that the grand jury have considered and found all elements to be present," id. at 1230; "[i]t is

10   elementary that every ingredient of crime must be charged in the [indictment], a general reference to

11   the provisions of the statute being insufficient," id. at 1228 (internal quotation marks omitted)); United

12   States v. Conley, 349 F.3d 837, 840 (5th Cir. 2003) ("[A] lone statutory reference is inadequate to

13   charge a defendant in a constitutionally permissible manner. . . . The test of the validity of an

14   indictment is not whether the indictment could have been framed in a more satisfactory manner, but

15   whether it conforms to minimal constitutional standards. . . . [A] statutory citation cannot, standing

16   alone, meet this test." (footnote omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted)); United States v.

17   Wabaunsee, 528 F.2d 1 (7th Cir. 1975) ("omission of an essential element of the offense charged was

18   more than an obvious technicality and was fatal to the indictment," and the indictment's "reference to

19   the statute containing the offense" did not "cur[e] the defect," id. at 3; "[w]here nothing in the context

20   of the indictment can be construed to supply the missing element, . . . the mere citation of the statute

21   cannot supply it," id. at 4); United States v. Campbell, 270 F.3d 702, 709 (8th Cir. 2001) ("when the

22   indictment fails to charge an essential element of a crime, it fails to allege a violation of the statute;

                                                        12
 1   mentioning the statute in the indictment is not enough" (emphasis omitted)), cert. denied, 535 U.S.

 2   946 (2002); United States v. Ellis, 525 F.3d 960, 963 (10th Cir.) ("a citation to a statute is not part of

 3   the indictment and cannot substitute for a recitation of the elements of the offense"), cert. denied, 129

 4   S. Ct. 318 (2008).

 5                   In sum, "[s]tating that an act is 'in violation of'" a cited statutory section "adds no

 6   factual information as to the act itself. It declares the legal basis for claiming that the act is deserving

 7   of punishment, but does nothing to describe the act"; "[o]nly the words of the indictment give evidence

 8   of whether the grand jury considered and included within the offense charged the essential element."

 9   Camp, 541 F.2d at 740 (emphases added). "Stated another way," the mere citation of a statutory

10   section "is of scant help in deciding whether the grand jury considered [the] . . . essential element."

11   Id. "If citation of the statute were a statement of the facts, nothing beyond a citation would be

12   necessary. Surely no one could assert persuasively that an indictment that merely charged that a

13   defendant violated a cited statute would suffice as an indictment." Id.

14                   These principles have obvious application to the present prosecution. "After Apprendi[

15   v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000)], drug type and quantity are elements of the offense under 21

16   U.S.C. § 841 that must be charged in the indictment . . . ." Thomas, 274 F.3d at 673. Thomas reached

17   this conclusion with respect to drug quantities that, if pleaded and proven, may be the basis for a

18   sentence above the statutory maximum authorized for an offense involving an indeterminate quantity

19   of drugs. See id. And in United States v. Gonzalez [Manuel], 420 F.3d 111 (2d Cir. 2005) ("Gonzalez

20   (Manuel)"), we concluded that drug quantity must likewise be considered an element of the offense

21   if it may trigger a statutory minimum:

22                   [b]ecause mandatory minimums operate in tandem with increased maximums

                                                         13
 1                   in § 841(b)(1)(A) and -(b)(1)(B) to create sentencing ranges that "raise the limit
 2                   of the possible federal sentence," . . . drug quantity must [also] be deemed an
 3                   element for all purposes relevant to the application of these increased ranges.

 4   Gonzalez (Manuel), 420 F.3d at 129 (quoting Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 24 (2005)

 5   (plurality opinion) (emphases ours)); see Gonzalez (Manuel), 420 F.3d at 129 ("The Apprendi rule

 6   applies to the resolution of any fact that would substitute an increased sentencing range for the one

 7   otherwise applicable to the case."); id. at 115 & n.2 ("the statutory drug quantity is an element in all

 8   prosecutions of aggravated § 841 offenses"--i.e., "crimes defined by reference to the lettered

 9   subsections of § 841(b)(1) that provide for enhanced penalties for drug trafficking in specified

10   quantities").

11                   Thus, in order for a "conviction or sentence on an aggravated offense under

12   § 841(b)(1)(A) or -(b)(1)(B)" to be sustainable, "drug quantity is an element that must always be

13   pleaded and proved to a jury or admitted by a defendant." Gonzalez (Manuel), 420 F.3d at 131

14   (emphasis added). "If a defendant is convicted only on a lesser unquantified drug charge, he must be

15   sentenced pursuant to § 841(b)(1)(C), which generally provides no mandatory minimum sentence."

16   Id.

17                   In United States v. Doe, 297 F.3d 76 (2d Cir. 2002) ("Doe"), we considered a

18   prosecution for conspiracy to import cocaine in violation of importation provisions that largely parallel

19   the provisions prohibiting domestic drug trafficking. Just as 21 U.S.C. § 841(b) provides enhanced

20   penalties for narcotics trafficking in specified quantities, 21 U.S.C. § 960(b) provides enhanced

21   penalties for specified quantities' importation. The count of the indictment at issue in Doe alleged,

22   in relevant part, that Doe "did knowingly and intentionally conspire to import into the United States

23   from a place outside thereof cocaine, a Schedule II narcotic drug controlled substance, in violation of

                                                        14
 1   Title 21, United States Code, Section 952(a)," and a parenthetical following this allegation included

 2   a citation to "Title 21, United States Code, Section[] . . . 960(b)(1)(B)(ii)," 297 F.3d at 80. Section

 3   960(b)(1)(B)(ii) specifies penalties for violations of § 952(a) involving, inter alia, "5 kilograms or

 4   more" of cocaine; but there was no allegation in the indictment that Doe had in fact conspired to

 5   import that quantity.

 6                  The Doe opinion noted our holding in Berlin that the mere citation to a statutory section

 7   is not sufficient to cure a defective indictment that fails to allege all the elements of an offense. See

 8   Doe, 297 F.3d at 85. We also noted in Doe that the failure of an indictment to allege an essential

 9   element expressly might not make the relevant count fatally defective if "a reading of the indictment

10   in its entirety allowed inference of the final element." Id. (citing United States v. Hernandez, 980 F.2d

11   868, 871-72 (2d Cir. 1992) ("Hernandez")). However, we found in Doe's indictment no language

12   referring to any particular quantity:

13                  Doe's indictment confined to a parenthetical string citation the sole suggestion
14                  of the quantity of drugs involved in the offense, an amount that did not alter the
15                  physical act . . . with which Doe was charged, but did affect the penalty to
16                  which he would be subject for that act. . . . [N]either the omitted quantity
17                  element of Doe's intended charge, nor the fact that an element was omitted,
18                  could be inferred from the text of the indictment[;] discovery of either required
19                  consideration of the subsequent parenthetical and outside resources . . . .

20   Doe, 297 F.3d at 85 (emphasis added).

21                  In Hernandez, a prosecution for, inter alia, conspiracy to possess with intent to

22   distribute heroin, the conspiracy count of the indictment alleged that the defendants conspired to

23   possess heroin, but neglected to allege that the planned possession was with intent to distribute. See

24   980 F.2d at 870. However, we found that that count was not fatally defective in light of the

25   indictment's references to the neglected element--both explicit and implicit: The caption of the

                                                        15
 1   Hernandez indictment read, in part, "'VIOLATIONS: 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and 846 (Conspiracy to

 2   Possess a Controlled Substance with Intent to Distribute),'" Hernandez, 980 F.2d at 869 (emphasis

 3   ours); and the quantity of heroin alleged in the conspiracy count was "100 grams and more of a

 4   mixture and substance containing a detectable amount of heroin," id. at 870 (emphasis added), a

 5   sufficiently "large quantity of heroin" from which "one may infer an intent to distribute," id. at 871-72.

 6   We concluded that the conspiracy count's allegation of such a quantity, and its citation to

 7   "§ 841(a)(1)," which requires proof of intent to distribute, and "the precise language used in the

 8   caption" were sufficient to allege the requisite intent element. 980 F.2d at 871-72. Accord United

 9   States v. Gama-Bastidas, 222 F.3d 779, 786-87 (10th Cir. 2000) (citing Hernandez).

10                   In Doe, we noted that Hernandez dealt with a conspiracy count in which, inter alia, "the

11   citation to the statutory provision [that specified] the omitted element, intent to distribute, appeared

12   in the text of the indictment," rather than, as in Doe, merely in a parenthetical following the factual

13   allegations of unlawful conduct. Doe, 297 F.3d at 85 (internal quotation marks omitted). In the

14   present case, the district court concluded that Doe's reference to the placement of the Hernandez

15   indictment's citation "in the text" of the count meant that the mere placement of the citation in the text

16   made the indictment sufficient. (Tr. 134-35.) We disagree.

17                   Although the Doe opinion noted that the Doe and Hernandez indictments differed with

18   respect to the location of the statutory citations, location was plainly not the only difference. Doe,

19   noting a defendant's "Fifth Amendment right to grand jury indictment," 297 F.3d at 88 n.12, found it

20   "unclear whether or not the grand jury made specific findings on the drug quantities involved," id.,

21   given that the Doe citation of the penalty section constituted "the sole suggestion" in the indictment

22   "of the quantity of drugs involved in the offense," id. at 85. That citation "provide[d] little information

                                                         16
 1   as to the grand jury's quantity conclusions." Id. at 88 n.12. The Hernandez indictment, in contrast,

 2   as described above, contained not only a citation, but also language from which one could clearly infer

 3   that the grand jury intended to allege the intent-to-distribute element that was missing from the text

 4   of the conspiracy count. That language included the caption using the words "with intent to distribute"

 5   and the conspiracy count's express allegation of a drug quantity sufficiently large to imply an intent

 6   to distribute. While some parts of the Doe opinion are not entirely clear, it is plain that Doe

 7   distinguished Hernandez not only because the pertinent citation appeared in the text of the Hernandez

 8   count, but also because of the above-described "language of the [Hernandez] indictment," Doe, 297

 9   F.3d at 85: Doe described Hernandez as "allow[ing] a lone statutory citation to charge an element of

10   a crime only when, despite the omission of the element itself from the indictment's text," the

11   unexpressed element could permissibly be inferred from "a reading of the indictment in its entirety,"

12   id. (emphases added).

13                   In the present case, Gonzalez timely challenged Count 1 of the second superseding

14   indictment for failure to allege cocaine quantity, raising that issue at the start of the second day of trial.

15   See generally Fed. R. Crim. P. 12(b)(3)(B) ("at any time while the case is pending, the court may hear

16   a claim that the indictment . . . fails . . . to state an offense"). The government, while acknowledging

17   that Gonzalez's challenge was made while the case was pending, argues that because it was made

18   shortly before the government was to rest, the second superseding indictment should be construed

19   liberally in favor of sufficiency, see, e.g., United States v. Sabbeth, 262 F.3d 207, 218 (2d Cir. 2001)

20   ("the level of scrutiny given to an indictment falls along a continuum depending on the timing of a

21   defendant's objection"). Even were we to agree that the second superseding indictment here should

22   be so read, we find in it no helpful language to construe. Insofar as drug quantity is concerned, the

                                                          17
 1   second superseding indictment contains only the citation to § 841(b)(1)(B); it includes no caption or

 2   other language that carries any implication as to quantity, or any other language that provides a basis

 3   for inferring that quantity was considered by the grand jury.

 4                   Nor can we accept the government's contention that the second superseding indictment

 5   should be deemed sufficient because the only evident purpose for its filing was to charge drug

 6   quantity, which it did by changing the statutory citation--as it appeared in the first superseding

 7   indictment--from § 841(b)(1)(C) to § 841(b)(1)(B). The question, however, is not whether that was

 8   the purpose for making the change, but whether making that change was a decision to charge drug

 9   quantity reached by the grand jury. Indictments are drafted by the prosecutors, and prosecutors supply

10   the requisite statutory citations. We have no reason to believe that members of a grand jury, in

11   determining what charges to bring, think in terms of statutory subsections rather than in terms of facts.

12   The text of an indictment gives the necessary assurance that the grand jurors knew and agreed to

13   charge that which the text describes; but it gives no comparable assurance that the grand jurors

14   considered or were advised as to the terms of a statutory section that is referred to only by a naked

15   number. (The government has not proffered and we have not requested the transcript (if any) of the

16   prosecutor's advice to the grand jurors, and we express no view as to whether such a transcript could

17   remedy a defective indictment.) If it was indeed the intention of the grand jury to allege that Gonzalez

18   conspired to distribute and possess with intent to distribute 500 grams or more of cocaine, we would

19   expect the grand jury to have alleged that fact in words, rather than by simply changing a letter in a

20   statutory citation.

21                   In sum, we adhere to the principle recognized in Hernandez and applied in Berlin and

22   Doe, that citation to a statutory section is not, by itself, sufficient to cure a defective indictment that

                                                         18
 1   fails to allege all the elements of an offense. The simple reference to a drug-quantity-based penalty

 2   provision--whether located in a parenthetical following the text or placed in the text and set off by

 3   commas--without any language alleging the factual predicate for application of that penalty, and

 4   without any other allegations that reasonably permit the inference that the grand jury intended to

 5   charge the defendant with the quantity necessary for application of that penalty, is not a sufficient

 6   allegation of drug quantity. Adoption of the government's position to the contrary would plainly

 7   elevate form over substance, would facilitate indictments that contain no factual allegations, and

 8   would provide no assurance that an indictment reflects the judgment of a grand jury rather than only

 9   that of the prosecutor.

10                  We conclude that the second superseding indictment was insufficient to support

11   Gonzalez's sentencing under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B). He should have been sentenced under

12   § 841(b)(1)(C), which deals with indeterminate quantities of narcotics and which, in Gonzalez's case,

13   did not require the imposition of a minimum prison term. Because the district court sentenced

14   Gonzalez to concurrent prison terms of 10 years in the belief that, on Count 1, that was "the mandatory

15   minimum that [it] ha[d] to sentence [him] to" (S.Tr. 11), we remand for the court to resentence

16   Gonzalez, on all counts, pursuant to § 841(b)(1)(C).

17   B. Gonzalez's Other Contentions

18                  In his brief on appeal, Gonzalez asserted various challenges to the conduct of his trial.

19   At oral argument, Gonzalez informed us that he wishes to pursue those challenges only if he is not

20   granted resentencing. Having ruled that he is entitled to resentencing, we thus do not address other

21   issues.

                                                       19
1                                            CONCLUSION

2                 We have considered all of the government's arguments in support of Gonzalez's

3   sentencing pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B) and have found them to be without merit. The matter

4   is remanded for resentencing as indicated above.

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