Court Opinion

ID: 9407586
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-07 16:09:18.39846+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:39.016593
License: Public Domain

J-A10002-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    CHRISTINE R. DUNKOWSKI                     :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 1990 EDA 2022

         Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered June 28, 2022
                In the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County
             Criminal Division at No(s): CP-09-CR-0000248-2020

BEFORE:      PANELLA, P.J., KING, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, P.J.:                               FILED JULY 7, 2023

        Christine R. Dunkowski brings this appeal challenging the discretionary

aspects of her judgment of sentence imposed after she was convicted of three

counts of endangering the welfare of her children. We affirm.

        As Dunkowski raises no challenge to her convictions, the following

factual summary is uncontested for purposes of this appeal. In 2019, police

discovered Dunkowski and her husband living in deplorable conditions in an

automobile that was parked at a train station. Police discovered that the

couple had four children living in the vehicle as well. The children were visibly

malnourished and exhibited signs of long-term neglect. Against Dunkowski’s

____________________________________________

*   Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-A10002-23

protestations, Police took protective custody of the children transported them

to the hospital for emergency care.

      Dunkowski and her husband were charged with six counts of

endangering the welfare of children. A jury trial commenced on October 4,

2021, and on October 6, 2021, Dunkowski and her husband failed to appear.

Consequently, the trial concluded in absentia. The jury found Dunkowski guilty

of three counts of endangering the welfare of children and not guilty of the

remaining three counts. Dunkowski was eventually apprehended in Delaware

and returned to Pennsylvania for sentencing. On June 28, 2022, the trial court

sentenced Dunkowski to serve an aggregate term of incarceration of eight to

twenty-one years. Dunkowski filed a timely post-sentence motion, which was

denied on July 21, 2022. This timely appeal followed.

      Dunkowski’s sole issue on appeal is whether the trial court abused its

discretion in fashioning her sentence, which was beyond the aggravated range

of the sentencing guidelines. See Appellant’s Brief at 13-20. She contends

that the trial court improperly focused upon the seriousness of the crime and

failed to consider her rehabilitative needs and other mitigating circumstances.

See id. at 18.

      Our standard of review is one of abuse of discretion. Sentencing is a

matter vested in the sound discretion of the sentencing judge, and a sentence

will not be disturbed on appeal absent a manifest abuse of discretion. See

Commonwealth v. Shugars, 895 A.2d 1270, 1275 (Pa. Super. 2006).

                                      -2-
J-A10002-23

      It is well settled there is no absolute right to appeal the discretionary

aspects of a sentence. See Commonwealth v. Hartle, 894 A.2d 800, 805

(Pa. Super. 2006). Rather, where an appellant challenges the discretionary

aspects of a sentence, the appeal should be considered a petition for allowance

of appeal. See Commonwealth v. W.H.M., 932 A.2d 155, 163 (Pa. Super.

2007).

      As we observed in Commonwealth v. Moury, 992 A.2d 162 (Pa.

Super. 2010):

      An appellant challenging the discretionary aspects of his sentence
      must invoke this Court’s jurisdiction by satisfying a four-part test:

            We conduct a four-part analysis to determine: (1)
            whether appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal,
            see Pa.R.A.P. 902 and 903; (2) whether the issue was
            properly preserved at sentencing or in a motion to
            reconsider and modify sentence, see Pa.R.Crim.P.
            720; (3) whether appellant’s brief has a fatal defect,
            Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) whether there is a
            substantial question that the sentence appealed from
            is not appropriate under the Sentencing Code, 42
            Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(b).

Moury, 992 A.2d at 170 (citation and brackets omitted).

      Here, the first three requirements of the four-part test are met.

Dunkowski brought an appropriate appeal, raised her issue in a post-sentence

motion, and included in her appellate brief the necessary concise statement

of the reasons relied upon for allowance of appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.

2119(f). We next determine whether she has raised a substantial question

requiring us to review the discretionary aspects of the sentence imposed.

                                      -3-
J-A10002-23

       Whether a particular issue constitutes a substantial question about the

appropriateness of sentence is a question to be evaluated on a case-by-case

basis. See Commonwealth v. Kenner, 784 A.2d 808, 811 (Pa. Super.

2001). As to what constitutes a substantial question, this Court does not

accept bald assertions of sentencing errors. See Commonwealth v.

Malovich, 903 A.2d 1247, 1252 (Pa. Super. 2006). Rather, an appellant must

show actions by the trial court inconsistent with the Sentencing Code or

contrary to the fundamental norms underlying the sentencing process. See

Commonwealth v. Ferguson, 893 A.2d 735, 737 (Pa. Super. 2006).

       In her Rule 2119(f) statement, Dunkowski argues the trial court abused

its discretion by failing to consider certain mitigating factors, including her

prior record, history of addiction and rehabilitative needs, when it imposed a

manifestly excessive sentence. See Appellant’s Brief at 13-14. This Court has

held that an assertion that a sentence was excessive and that the trial court

failed to properly consider the factors set forth in 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9721(b)1

raises a substantial question. See Commonwealth v. Caldwell, 117 A.3d

763, 770 (Pa. Super. 2015) (en banc). See also Commonwealth v. Raven,

97 A.3d 1244, 1253 (Pa. Super. 2014) (stating that “an excessive sentence

claim—in conjunction with an assertion that the court failed to consider

____________________________________________

1 The factors to be considered under 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9721(b) include: the
protection of the public, gravity of offense in relation to impact on victim and
community, and rehabilitative needs of the defendant. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. §
9721(b).

                                           -4-
J-A10002-23

mitigating factors—raises a substantial question” (citation omitted)). We

therefore grant permission to appeal and proceed to review the merits of

Dunkowski’s sentencing claim.

       In her brief, Dunkowski argues that the aggregate sentence of eight to

twenty-one years “was excessive, resulting in too severe a punishment under

all the circumstances.”2 Appellant’s Brief at 19. To outline her perceived

mitigating circumstances, Dunkowski highlights portions of her testimony

offered to the trial court prior to sentencing. See id. at 15-16. Dunkowski

presents the following summary:

       Review of the sentencing transcript suggests that [the trial court]
       failed to seriously consider [Dunkowski’s] rehabilitative needs, her
       lack of prior record, her abusive relationship, her below average
       intelligence and her drug addiction issues….

       The primary focus was the seriousness of the crime, in
       contravention of the sentencing code.

Id. at 18.

       Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of the sentencing

judge, and a sentence will not be disturbed on appeal absent a manifest abuse

____________________________________________

2 The sentencing guidelines for each of the three counts of endangering the
welfare of a child, 18 Pa.C.S.A. 4304, graded as a felony-3, suggest a
mitigated range sentence of probation, a standard range minimum sentence
of 3 to 14 months, and an aggravated range minimum sentence of 20 months.
204 Pa. Code § 303.16(a). On two of the convictions, Dunkowski received a
minimum sentence of 30 months and on one of the convictions she received
a minimum sentence of 36 months. Therefore, her sentences were beyond the
aggravated range of the sentencing guidelines. The Commonwealth and the
trial court acknowledge this fact. See Commonwealth’s Brief, at 25 (citing
Trial Court Opinion, 9/21/22, at 7).

                                           -5-
J-A10002-23

of discretion. Commonwealth v. Bankes, 286 A.3d 1302, 1307 (Pa. Super.

2022). In this context, an abuse of discretion is not shown merely by an error

in judgment. See id. Rather, an appellant must establish by reference to the

record that the sentencing court ignored or misapplied the law, exercised its

judgment for reasons of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill will, or arrived at a

manifestly unreasonable decision. See id.

      The sentencing judge has broad discretion in determining the proper

penalty, and this Court accords the sentencing court great deference, as it is

the sentencing court that is in the best position to view a defendant’s

character, displays of remorse, defiance, or indifference and the overall effect

and nature of the crime. See Commonwealth v. Walls, 926 A.2d 957, 961

(Pa. 2007) (quotations and citations omitted). As we have stated, “a court is

required to consider the particular circumstances of the offense and the

character of the defendant.” Commonwealth v. Griffin, 804 A.2d 1, 10 (Pa.

Super. 2002) (citation omitted). “In particular, the court should refer to the

defendant's prior criminal record, his age, personal characteristics and his

potential for rehabilitation.” Id. (citation omitted).

      Our review of the record reflects that, at the sentencing hearing, the

trial court heard extensive testimony from Dunkowski setting forth, in

particular detail, her personal history and involvement with her children. N.T.,

6/28/22, at 7-15. The trial court also considered argument from defense

counsel, which focused on Dunkowski’s “severe” drug issue and abusive and

                                       -6-
J-A10002-23

controlling relationship with her husband. See id. at 14. In addition, the trial

court received argument from the Commonwealth reiterating the conditions

under which the children were forced to exist. See id. at 15-19. Prior to

announcing the judgment of sentence, the trial court detailed its reasoning for

imposing the sentence, which included a discussion of the relevant sentencing

factors and evinced a thorough understanding of Dunkowski’s history and a

full grasp of the crimes related to these convictions. See id. at 20-25

(weighing the facts that the children were severely underweight, some could

not walk, and the 9-year-old child, who had never attended school, was in

diapers against Dunkowski’s need for drug and alcohol rehabilitation and her

lack of a prior criminal record).

      In its written opinion, the trial court reviewed the “horrific” facts of the

case, Dunkowski’s repeated “failure to take responsibility,” Dunkowski’s “high

need for rehabilitation,” and the necessity for total confinement. See Trial

Court Opinion, 9/21/22, at 7-8. Specifically, the trial court summarized that,

although “[Dunkowski] had no prior criminal convictions … it also noted that

these mitigating factors could not possibly make up for [Dunkowski’s]

mistreatment of her children. … [T]he neglect that [the children] suffered at

the hand of [Dunkowski] is so severe that they are lucky to even be alive.”

Id. at 8.

      We conclude the reasons the trial court offered for the sentence imposed

were more than sufficient to conclude that the court properly considered all

                                      -7-
J-A10002-23

relevant factors in fashioning Dunkowski’s sentence. Accordingly, Dunkowski’s

claim that the trial court failed to consider the appropriate factors in imposing

her sentence lacks merit.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 7/7/2023

                                      -8-