Court Opinion

ID: 9353698
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-12 16:17:30.11323+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:11:03.025569
License: Public Domain

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Larry Krasner, in his official capacity :
as the District Attorney of             :
Philadelphia,                           :
                    Petitioner          :
                                        :
       v.                               :   No. 563 M.D. 2022
                                        :
Senator Kim Ward, in her official       :
capacity as Interim President Pro       :
Tempore of the Senate;                  :
Representative Timothy R. Bonner, :
in his official capacity as an          :
impeachment manager;                    :
Representative Craig Williams, in       :
his official capacity as an             :
impeachment manager;                    :
Representative Jared Solomon, in        :
his official capacity as an             :
impeachment manager; and                :
John Does, in their official capacities :
as members of the Senate                :
Impeachment Committee,                  :
                     Respondents        :   Argued: December 29, 2022

BEFORE:      HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, President Judge
             HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
             HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
             HONORABLE ELLEN CEISLER, Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY JUDGE CEISLER                                          FILED: January 12, 2023

      Petitioner Larry Krasner, in his official capacity as the District Attorney of
Philadelphia (District Attorney), has filed a Petition for Review in the Nature of a
Complaint for Declaratory Judgment (PFR) in this Court’s original jurisdiction.
Through this PFR, Krasner seeks a judicial declaration against Respondents Senator
Kim Ward, in her official capacity as Interim President Pro Tempore of the Senate
(Interim President);1 Representatives Timothy R. Bonner, Craig Williams, Jared
Solomon, and John Does, in their official capacities as members of the Senate
Impeachment Committee (collectively, Respondents), that the impeachment
proceeding against him, which is currently pending in the General Assembly, is
unlawful and unconstitutional. Respondents Representatives Timothy R. Bonner,
and Craig Williams, in their official capacities as impeachment managers
(collectively, Impeachment Managers), have filed preliminary objections to the
PFR.2 Additionally, Interim President has filed a Cross-Application for Summary
Relief (Cross-Application).3 Finally, Proposed Intervenor Senator Jay Costa, in his
official capacity (Proposed Intervenor), has filed an Application for Leave to
Intervene (Intervention Application).

          After thorough review, we grant Proposed Intervenor’s Intervention
Application, overrule Impeachment Managers’ preliminary objections in full, grant
District Attorney’s Application for Summary Relief in part and deny it in part, and
grant Interim President’s Cross-Application in part and deny it in part.
                                   I. Facts and Procedural History
          On November 16, 2022, the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (House)
passed House Resolution 240 (HR 240), which contained amended articles of

          1
              Interim President was elected President Pro Tempore of the Senate on January 3, 2023.

          2
         The other impeachment manager, Representative Jared Solomon, in his official capacity
as an impeachment manager, filed a notice of non-participation in this action.

          3
              Interim President’s Cross-Application comes after her initial filing of an answer with new
matter.

                                                     2
impeachment (Amended Articles) against District Attorney, by a vote of 107 to 85.
The Amended Articles provide the following bases for impeaching District
Attorney:
            Article I: Misbehavior in Office In the Nature of
            Dereliction of Duty and Refusal to Enforce the Law
            Article II: Misbehavior in Office In the Nature of
            Obstruction of House Select Committee Investigation
            Article III: Misbehavior in Office In the Nature of
            Violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct and Code
            of Judicial Conduct; specifically Rule 3.3 Candor Toward
            the Tribunal, Rule 8.4 Professional Misconduct, and
            Canon 2 of the Code of Judicial Conduct Impropriety and
            Appearance of Impropriety in the Matter of Robert
            Wharton v. Donald T. Vaughn
            Article IV: Misbehavior in Office In the Nature of
            Violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct;
            specifically Rule 3.3 Candor Toward the Tribunal, Rule
            8.4 Professional Misconduct, and Canon 2 of the Code of
            Judicial Conduct Impropriety and Appearance of
            Impropriety in the Matter of Commonwealth v. Pownall
            Article V: Misbehavior in Office In the Nature of
            Violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct and Code
            of Judicial Conduct; specifically Rule 3.3 Candor to
            Tribunal, Rule 8.4 Professional Misconduct, and Canon 2
            of the Code of Judicial Conduct Impropriety and
            Appearance of Impropriety in the matter In re: Conflicts
            of Interest of Philadelphia District Attorney’s Office
            Article VI: Misbehavior in Office in Nature of Violation
            of Victims [sic] Rights
            Article VII: Misbehavior in Office in the Nature of
            Violation of the Constitution of Pennsylvania By
            Usurpation of the Legislative Function
PFR, Ex. C. On November 29, 2022, the Pennsylvania State Senate (Senate) passed
Senate Resolution 386 (SR 386), which established “special rules of practice and
procedure in the Senate when sitting on impeachment trials[,]” and Senate

                                       3
Resolution 387 (SR 387), which directed the House to “exhibit” the Amended
Articles through its designated impeachment managers before the Senate on
November 30, 2022.
      On November 30, 2022, the Senate enacted Senate Resolution 388 (SR 388),
which ordered that a writ of impeachment summons be issued to District Attorney
and set the start date of his impeachment trial as January 18, 2023. The 206th General
Assembly, which was responsible for passing all of the aforementioned resolutions,
terminated at 11:59 p.m. on November 30, 2022, and was replaced by the 207th
General Assembly. See Pa. Const. art. II, §§ 2-4. The Senate’s summons was then
served upon District Attorney on December 1, 2022.
      On December 2, 2022, District Attorney filed his PFR with this Court.
Therein, he requested judgment against Respondents that would declare the pending
impeachment proceedings to be unconstitutional and unlawful. The PFR contains
three counts, each of which offers a separate argument for why District Attorney is
entitled to such relief. In Count I, District Attorney argues that the Amended
Articles, as a pending matter, were rendered void upon the termination of the 206th
General Assembly on November 30, 2022, and did not carry over to the 207th
General Assembly. PFR ¶¶41-50. In Count II, he claims that he cannot be impeached
and removed by the General Assembly, because the Pennsylvania Constitution does
not give the General Assembly power to impeach local elected officials, as well as
because the power to do so has been delegated to the City of Philadelphia’s
government. Id. ¶¶52-61. Finally, in Count III, he argues that the Amended Articles
are invalid and do not provide a constitutionally valid basis for his impeachment, as
none of them assert viable claims that District Attorney engaged in “any misbehavior
in office.” Id. ¶¶63-79. Accordingly, District Attorney has asked this Court to:

                                          4
                  (A) Declare that the Amended Articles and related
                  legislative business, including [SR] 386, 387, and 388,
                  became null and void on November 30, 2022, upon the
                  adjournment sine die of the 206th General Assembly
                  legislative session.
                  (B) Declare that [a]rticle VI, [s]ection 6 of the
                  Pennsylvania Constitution[4] does not authorize
                  impeachment of . . . [District Attorney] by the General
                  Assembly.
                  (C) Declare that the Amended Articles against . . . [District
                  Attorney] do not allege conduct that constitutes “any
                  misbehavior in office” within the meaning of [a]rticle VI,
                  [s]ection 6 of the Pennsylvania Constitution.
                  (D) Declare that [] Respondents have no authority to take
                  up the Amended Articles and any such efforts would be
                  unlawful.
                  (E) Declare that any effort by [] Respondents, House[,] or
                  Senate to take up the Amended Articles or related
                  legislation, including [SR] 386, 387, or 388, is unlawful.
                  (F) Grant such other relief as is just and proper.

PFR, Prayer for Relief. Contemporaneously, District Attorney also filed an
Application for Summary Relief, in which he argues that he is entitled to summary
relief on each of the three counts in the PFR.
        Both Impeachment Managers and Interim President have filed challenges to
the PFR. In their preliminary objections, Impeachment Managers argue that this

        4
            Article VI, section 6 of the Pennsylvania Constitution reads as follows:
                  The Governor and all other civil officers shall be liable to
                  impeachment for any misbehavior in office, but judgment in such
                  cases shall not extend further than to removal from office and
                  disqualification to hold any office of trust or profit under this
                  Commonwealth. The person accused, whether convicted or
                  acquitted, shall nevertheless be liable to indictment, trial, judgment
                  and punishment according to law.
Pa. Const. art. VI, § 6.

                                                    5
Court should dismiss the PFR for several reasons. First, Counts I and III present non-
justiciable political questions, as it is exclusively within the General Assembly’s
purview to decide whether impeachment proceedings can continue into a new
iteration of the General Assembly, as well as whether District Attorney’s behavior
constitutes “any misbehavior in office.” Impeachment Managers’ Br. in Support of
Prelim. Objs. at 10-17. Second, District Attorney lacks standing to challenge the
impeachment proceedings, as he is not aggrieved by the impeachment proceedings,
which have yet to take place. Id. at 18-20. Finally, Counts II and III are not yet ripe
for judicial review, as District Attorney is not entitled to preemptive judicial
determinations regarding whether someone in his elected office is subject to
impeachment and removal by the General Assembly, or whether the impeachment
charges against him are sufficient. Id. at 20-25. As for Interim President, she argues
in her Cross-Application that this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction because
District Attorney has failed to join the Senate and the Senate Impeachment
Committee, both of which Interim President alleges are indispensable parties, as well
as because District Attorney has allegedly failed to state claims that are legally
sufficient and ripe for judicial review. Interim President’s Br. at 16-82.
                                    II. Discussion
                              A. Indispensable Parties
      We first address Interim President’s assertion that District Attorney has failed
to join all indispensable parties, specifically the Senate and Senate Impeachment
Committee, as this argument implicates this Court’s jurisdiction to consider the
merits of District Attorney’s PFR. On this point, Interim President’s argument is
without merit.
             [The Supreme] Court has stated that a party is
             indispensable “when his or her rights are so connected

                                          6
            with the claims of the litigants that no decree can be made
            without impairing those rights.” Sprague v. Casey, . . . 550
            A.2d 184, 189 ([Pa.] 1988). “[T]he basic inquiry in
            determining whether a party is indispensable concerns
            whether justice can be done in the absence of” him or her.
            CRY, Inc. v. Mill Serv., Inc., . . . 640 A.2d 372, 375 ([Pa.]
            1994). In undertaking this inquiry, the nature of the claim
            and the relief sought must be considered. See id. at . . .
            375-76.11 Furthermore, we note the general principle that,
            in an action for declaratory judgment, all persons having
            an interest that would be affected by the declaratory relief
            sought ordinarily must be made parties to the action. See
            Mains v. Fulton, . . . 224 A.2d 195, 196 ([Pa.] 1966).
            Indeed, Section 7540(a) of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa. C.S.
            § 7540(a), which is part of Pennsylvania’s Declaratory
            Judgments Act,12 states that, “[w]hen declaratory relief is
            sought, all persons shall be made parties who have or
            claim any interest which would be affected by the
            declaration, and no declaration shall prejudice the rights of
            persons not parties to the proceeding.”
                   11
                      The relevant analysis is sometimes said to require
                   examination of the following factors: “1. Do absent
                   parties have a right or interest related to the claim? 2.
                   If so, what is the nature of that right or interest? 3. Is
                   that right or interest essential to the merits of the
                   issue? 4. Can justice be afforded without violating
                   the due process rights of absent parties?”
                   Mechanicsburg Area Sch. Dist. v. Kline, . . . 431 A.2d
                   953, 956 ([Pa.] 1981). These are implicitly
                   considered in the analysis that follows.
                   12
                        [42 Pa. C.S. §§ 7531-7541].
            While this joinder provision is mandatory, it is subject to
            limiting principles. For example, where the interest
            involved is indirect or incidental, joinder may not be
            required.
City of Phila. v. Com., 838 A.2d 566, 581-82 (Pa. 2003). “The failure to join an
indispensable party to a lawsuit deprives the court of subject matter jurisdiction.
Whether a court lacks jurisdiction due to the failure to join an indispensable party

                                               7
may be raised at any time or sua sponte.” HYK Constr. Co. v. Smithfield Twp., 8
A.3d 1009, 1015 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010) (internal citations omitted).
       Interim President argues that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction
because District Attorney did not name the entire Senate as a respondent, as well as
because the Senate Impeachment Committee (Committee), though an allegedly
indispensable party, does not exist yet and cannot be represented, as District
Attorney attempts to do, by naming John Does as respondents in the actual
Committee’s stead. Interim President’s Br. at 75-82.
       At first blush, it would appear that Interim President is correct that the Senate
is an indispensable party. The Senate’s ability as a body to vote upon the Amended
Articles would be affected, as a declaratory judgment in District Attorney’s favor
would certainly render pointless its pursuit of an impeachment trial, and the Senate
undoubtedly has an interest in protecting its prerogative to run an impeachment trial
as it sees fit.
       However, upon further review, it is clear that the Senate is, in fact,
dispensable. In City of Philadelphia v. Commonwealth, the Supreme Court was faced
with a similar question regarding indispensable parties in litigation about whether
certain legislation had been enacted in accordance with the Pennsylvania
Constitution’s procedural requirements. In its analysis, the Supreme Court noted that
                  the guiding inquiry in any discussion of indispensability is
                  whether justice can be done in the absence of the parties
                  asserted to be necessary. Such an inquiry entails an
                  assessment of the particular facts and circumstances
                  presented in each case. Here, while it is true that the
                  [challenged legislation] purports to alter the rights and
                  obligations of numerous persons, due to the nature of the
                  constitutional issues raised in the [City of Philadelphia’s]
                  Complaint, achieving justice is not dependent upon the
                  participation of all of those persons.

                                               8
City of Phila., 838 A.2d at 584-85. Using this standard, the Court concluded that the
General Assembly was not an indispensable party, remarking that
               it bears noting that this case is somewhat unusual in that
               the crux of the challenge centers, not upon any substantive
               aspect of the legislation at issue, but upon the procedure
               by which it was adopted. It could reasonably be argued,
               then, that the Legislature’s participation is necessary, as it
               has a general interest in defending the procedural
               regularity of the bills that it approves. [H]owever, the
               Presiding Officers and the Minority Leaders of both
               Houses of the General Assembly are [already] named
               respondents; these officials are capable of representing
               the interests of the Legislature as a whole.
Id. at 584 (emphasis added). The same is true here. While the Senate certainly has
a vested interest in the outcome of this matter, Interim President is already named as
a respondent. Interim President’s interest in this matter is indistinguishable from that
of the Senate as a whole, and her involvement here has positioned her to also defend
and protect the Senate’s interests. In fact, the arguments and responses she has
presented thus far all relate to the Senate’s institutional impeachment-related
powers, not to her specific authority as the Senate’s president pro tempore.
Therefore, the Senate’s due process rights will not be violated if this Court proceeds
with dealing with the merits of this case without its direct involvement, and, thus, it
is not an indispensable party.
       We reach the same conclusion as to the Committee. Preliminarily, it does not
yet exist, so it obviously cannot defend itself at this point and does not seem like it
is actually a proper party to name as a respondent.5 However, like the Senate as a
whole, the Committee, in the event that it is eventually constituted, would have
interests in this matter that are coterminous with both that of the Senate and of

       5
          Of course, that also presents a problem for Interim President; how can she plausibly argue
that a party both does not exist and yet is indispensable to the litigation?

                                                 9
Interim President. As such, there is no basis for concluding that those interests could
not be adequately protected by Interim President in her role as an already-named
respondent in this case. Thus, the Committee is also not an indispensable party.6
Consequently, as District Attorney was not required to name the Committee or the
Senate as respondents to this matter, we deny Interim President’s Cross-Application
as to her assertion that we lack subject matter jurisdiction due to District Attorney’s
failure to join all indispensable parties.
                B. Impeachment Managers’ Preliminary Objections
       Moving on, as noted supra, Impeachment Managers preliminarily object to
District Attorney’s PFR on the following bases. First, they argue that Counts I and
III present non-justiciable political questions, as it is exclusively within the General
Assembly’s purview to decide whether impeachment proceedings can continue into
a new iteration of the General Assembly, as well as whether District Attorney’s
behavior constitutes “any misbehavior in office.” Impeachment Managers’ Br. in
Support of Prelim. Objs. at 10-17. Second, they claim that District Attorney lacks
standing to challenge the impeachment proceedings, as he is not aggrieved by the
impeachment proceedings, which have yet to take place. Id. at 18-20. Finally, they
maintain Counts II and III are not yet ripe for judicial review, as District Attorney is
not entitled to preemptive judicial determinations regarding whether someone in his
elected office is subject to impeachment and removal by the General Assembly, or
whether the impeachment charges against him are sufficient. Id. at 20-25. Each of
these arguments will be addressed seriatim.

       6
         Even so, we elect to dismiss the Committee as a party to this action, because “[n]o final
judgment may be entered against a defendant designated by a Doe designation.” Pa. R.Civ.P.
2005(g).

                                               10
  1. Do District Attorney’s Claims Present Non-Justiciable Political Questions?
      Contrary to Impeachment Managers’ assertions, each of District Attorney’s
claims is fully justiciable and do not contravene the separation of powers doctrine.
             Ordinarily, the exercise of the judiciary’s power to review
             the constitutionality of legislative action does not offend
             the principle of separation of powers. See, e. g., Marbury
             v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 2 L.Ed. 60 (1803).
             There may be certain powers which our Constitution
             confers upon the legislative branch, however, which are
             not subject to judicial review.
             A challenge to the Legislature’s exercise of a power which
             the Constitution commits exclusively to the Legislature
             presents a nonjusticiable “political question.”
             ....
             A political question stands in contrast to the ordinary
             respect which courts pay to the other branches of
             government. A political question is not involved when a
             court concludes that another branch acted within the
             power conferred upon it by the Constitution:
                    “In such cases . . . the court does not refuse judicial
                    review; it exercises it. It is not dismissing an issue
                    as non[-]justiciable; it adjudicates. It is not refusing
                    to pass upon the power of the political branches; it
                    passes upon it, only to affirm that they had the
                    power which had been challenged and that nothing
                    in the Constitution prohibited the particular exercise
                    of it.”
             Henkin, Is There a “Political Question” Doctrine?, 85 Yale
             L.J. 597, 606 (1976).
             In cases involving political questions, however, the courts
             will not review the actions of another branch because the
             determination whether the action taken is within the power
             granted by the Constitution has been “entrusted
             exclusively and finally to the political branches of
             government for ‘self-monitoring.’” Id. at 599 (footnote
             omitted).

                                           11
Sweeney v. Tucker, 375 A.2d 698, 705-06 (Pa. 1977). With regard to the
impeachment process,
              [t]he [Pennsylvania C]onstitution provides . . . that “[t]he
              House . . . shall have the sole power of impeachment.” [Pa.
              Const. art. VI, § 4.] This plain language makes the power
              plenary within constitutional limits[.] . . . Therefore, the
              courts have no jurisdiction in impeachment proceedings,
              and no control over their conduct, so long as actions taken
              are within constitutional lines.
In re Investigation by Dauph. Cnty. Grand Jury, Sept., 1938, 2 A.2d 802, 803 (Pa.
1938) (emphasis added). Thus, determining the constitutionality of an impeachment
proceeding is something that falls squarely within the scope of judicial authority, but
anything beyond that rests within the sole purview of the General Assembly.
       Here, each of District Attorney’s claims is rooted in allegations that the
impeachment proceedings violate the strictures imposed by the Pennsylvania
Constitution regarding who can be impeached and removed, as well as why and
when eligible individuals can be impeached and removed. These are all non-political
questions and are therefore justiciable. See generally Sweeney, 375 A.2d at 711
(“[T]he Pennsylvania Constitution should be construed, when possible, to permit
state court review of legislative action alleged to be unconstitutional.”); cf. 42 Pa.
C.S. § 7541(a) (“[The Declaratory Judgments Act] is declared to be remedial. Its
purpose is to settle and to afford relief from uncertainty and insecurity with respect
to rights, status, and other legal relations, and is to be liberally construed and
administered.”).7 Accordingly, we overrule Impeachment Managers’ preliminary
objection regarding the justiciability of District Attorney’s claims.

       7
          We note that, in Larsen v. Senate of Pennsylvania, our Court declined to declare claims
relating to pending impeachment matters non-justiciable, but recognized
(Footnote continued on next page…)

                                               12
               that [the impeachment] process is committed by the Constitution to
               the Senate of Pennsylvania to an extent which clearly bars the courts
               from intervening with prior restraint. Impeachment involves an
               adjudicative process, but one which has been clearly set apart by the
               Constitution as distinguished from adjudications by the judicial
               branch of government, regardless of whatever powers the courts
               may have to interpret actions of the legislative body, by way of
               review, after they have been taken.
646 A.2d 694, 700, 705 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1994).
        It appears that District Attorney has crafted his PFR to comply with the holding of Larsen,
as he only seeks declaratory judgment in his favor, but not injunctive relief. Indeed, Larsen does
not bar his action because of the nature of declaratory judgment actions.
               A declaratory judgment declares the rights, status, and other legal
               relations “whether or not further relief is or could be claimed.” 42
               Pa. C.S. § 7532.[] It has been observed that “[d]eclaratory judgments
               are nothing more than judicial searchlights, switched on at the
               behest of a litigant to illuminate an existing legal right, status or
               other relation.” Doe v. Johns-Manville Corp[.], . . . 471 A.2d 1252,
               1254 ([Pa. Super.] 1984). Stated otherwise, “[t]he purpose of
               awarding declaratory relief is to finally settle and make certain the
               rights or legal status of parties.” Geisinger Clinic v. Di Cuccio, . . .
               606 A.2d 509, 519 ([Pa. Super.] 1992)[.]
               A declaratory judgment, unlike an injunction, does not order a party
               to act. This is so because “the distinctive characteristic of the
               declaratory judgment is that the declaration stands by itself; that is
               to say, no executory process follows as of course.” Petition of
               Kariher, . . . 131 A. 265, 268 ([Pa.] 1925).
Eagleview Corp. Ctr. Ass’n v. Citadel Fed. Credit Union, 150 A.3d 1024, 1029-30 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2016) (footnote omitted). A declaratory judgment in District Attorney’s favor would not stop the
Senate from conducting his impeachment trial, and would not act as a prior restraint, a fact which
District Attorney appears to acknowledge in his PFR. See PFR ¶¶38-39 (“Declaratory relief, not
injunctive relief, should be sufficient because . . . [District Attorney] trusts that Respondents will
not take action inconsistent with a [declaratory judgment of the nature sought by District Attorney].
. . . Notwithstanding this, if Respondents take action inconsistent with any such declarations, . . .
[District Attorney] reserves all rights to promptly file the necessary pleadings to obtain emergency
injunctive relief.”).

                                                 13
        2. Does District Attorney Have Standing and Are His Claims Ripe?
      Impeachment Managers’ assertions that District Attorney lacks standing to
pursue this matter and that his claims are not yet ripe for judicial review are also
without merit.
            To have standing to seek judicial relief, the plaintiff must
            show that it is aggrieved by the action or matter that it
            challenges. A [petitioner] is aggrieved only if it is
            adversely affected and has a substantial, direct and
            immediate interest in the matter at issue. To be
            “substantial,” the [petitioner’s] interest must be distinct
            from and surpass the interest of all citizens in procuring
            compliance with the law. For the interest to be “direct,”
            there must be a causal connection between harm to the
            [petitioner’s] interest and the alleged violation of law that
            is the subject of the action. The interest is “immediate” if
            the causal connection is not remote or speculative.
Ams. for Fair Treatment, Inc. v. Phila. Fed’n of Teachers, 150 A.3d 528, 533 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2016) (internal citations omitted).
            There is considerable overlap between the doctrines of
            standing and ripeness, especially where the contentions
            regarding lack of justiciability are focused on arguments
            that the interest asserted by the petitioner is speculative,
            not concrete, or would require the court to offer an
            advisory opinion. Rendell [v. Pa. State Ethics Comm’n,
            983 A.2d 708,] 718 [(Pa. 2009)]. In this sense, a challenge
            that a petitioner’s interest in the outcome of the litigation
            is hypothetical may be pled either as determinative of
            standing or restyled as a ripeness concern although the
            allegations are essentially the same. Id. Standing and
            ripeness are distinct concepts insofar as ripeness also
            reflects the separate concern that relevant facts are not
            sufficiently developed to permit judicial resolution of the
            dispute. [However, p]ure questions of law . . . do not suffer
            generally from development defects and are particularly
            well suited for pre-enforcement review. Id. at 718 n.13.
Robinson Twp., Wash. Cnty. v. Com., 83 A.3d 901, 917 (Pa. 2013).

                                         14
      It is entirely unreasonable under the circumstances for Impeachment
Managers to assert that District Attorney lacks standing. The Amended Articles are
targeted squarely at him and are part of the broader, continuing effort by the General
Assembly to potentially remove him from office. If left to proceed unabated, the
Amended Articles will result in the District Attorney being tried by the Senate in
less than a month. This gives him a substantial, direct, and immediate interest in the
outcome here, which renders him aggrieved, despite the fact that his impeachment
trial has not yet begun. Cf. Firearm Owners Against Crime v. Papenfuse, 261 A.3d
467, 488-89 (Pa. 2021) (noting that “our jurisprudence in pre-enforcement
declaratory judgment cases . . . has developed to give standing to plaintiffs to
challenge laws before the laws have been enforced against them and before
enforcement has been threatened”).
      As for the ripeness of District Attorney’s claims, we acknowledge that
Sections 4, 6, 10, and 15 of SR 386 collectively create a process through which he
may make motions and objections regarding procedural and evidentiary issues prior
to and during the course of his trial. See PFR, Ex. D. Even so, it remains that each
of District Attorney’s claims presents threshold questions of law and constitutional
interpretation that require no additional factual development. We therefore conclude
that the entirety of District Attorney’s PFR is currently ripe for adjudication. See
Robinson, 83 A.3d at 917.
      Accordingly, we overrule Impeachment Managers’ preliminary objections
regarding District Attorney’s standing and the ripeness of the claims articulated in
his PFR.

                                         15
   C. Interim President’s Response in Opposition to District Attorney’s
 Application for Summary Relief and Interim President’s Cross-Application

       Interim President opposes District Attorney’s Application for Summary
Relief, arguing that he is not entitled to judgment regarding any of the claims in his
PFR. Interim President’s Br. at 16-74.8 She also seeks summary relief through her
Cross-Application. Specifically, she maintains that each of District Attorney’s
claims is legally insufficient, as well as that Count III is not ripe for judicial review.
Id. at 16-74, 82.9 As a result, she contends she is entitled to summary relief in her
favor on all counts.
              1. Are District Attorney’s Claims Ripe for Judicial Review?
       As already discussed, each of District Attorney’s claims presents threshold
questions of law and constitutional interpretation that require no additional factual

               8
                 Applications for summary relief addressed to this Court’s original
               or appellate jurisdiction are authorized under Rule 1532(b) of the
               Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure, [Pa.R.A.P. 1532(b),]
               which provides: “At any time after the filing of a petition for review
               in an appellate or original jurisdiction matter the court may on
               application enter judgment if the right of the applicant thereto is
               clear.” (Emphasis added.)
               Summary relief is similar to summary judgment under the
               Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure, in that the requested relief
               is only appropriate where there are no disputed issues of material
               fact and it is clear that the applicant is entitled to the requested relief
               under the law. See Scarnati v. Wolf, . . . 173 A.3d 1110, 1118 ([Pa.]
               2017). Moreover, we review the record in the light most favorable
               to the nonmoving party, resolving all doubts as to the existence of
               disputed material facts against the moving party. Id.
Marcellus Shale Coal. v. Dep’t of Env’t Prot., 216 A.3d 448, 458 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2019).

       9
          Interim President also argues in her Cross-Application that this Court lacks subject matter
jurisdiction, and that she is consequently entitled to summary relief on all counts, because both the
Senate of Pennsylvania and the Senate Impeachment Committee are indispensable parties. Interim
President’s Br. at 75-82. This Court has already addressed the merits of this argument supra and
declines to do so a second time here.

                                                  16
development. Therefore, we deny Interim President’s Cross-Application regarding
the ripeness of the claims presented by District Attorney.
              2. Are District Attorney’s Claims Legally Insufficient?
      Interim President’s assertion that District Attorney’s claims are legally
insufficient is best understood as a request for summary relief in her favor regarding
the substantive merits of those claims. Traditionally, legal insufficiency of a
pleading, otherwise known as demurrer, must be raised by preliminary objection.
Per Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1028, in relevant part:
             Preliminary objections may be filed by any party to any
             pleading and are limited to the following grounds:
             ....
                   (4) legal insufficiency of a pleading (demurrer)[.]
Pa. R.Civ.P. 1028(a)(4). Where a party fails to demur to a pleading via preliminary
objections, they waive their ability to do so. See Pa. R.Civ.P. 1032(a); Zappala v.
Brandolini Prop. Mgmt., Inc., 909 A.2d 1272, 1282 (Pa. 2006).
      Here, Interim President argues that District Attorney’s claims are legally
insufficient, but this seems to be more of an improper use of legal terminology than
an actual demurrer claim. Instead, judging by her Cross-Application, it appears that
Interim President contends that District Attorney’s claims are “legally insufficient,”
in that his reading of the Pennsylvania Constitution is incorrect and that, based upon
the law and the factual circumstances, Interim President is entitled to judgment in
her favor on all counts. For analytical simplicity’s sake, the merits of Interim
President’s request for summary relief regarding the substance of District Attorney’s
claims is addressed in the following section.

                                         17
             D. District Attorney’s Application for Summary Relief
      We now turn to the substantive merits of District Attorney’s PFR, as well as
his and Interim President’s respective, dueling claims that they are entitled to
summary relief in their favor. Each of the counts in District Attorney’s PFR,
generally speaking, requires us to parse the text of the Pennsylvania Constitution.
Given this, we turn to our canons of constitutional interpretation for guidance.
             As an interpretive matter, the polestar of constitutional
             analysis undertaken by the Court must be the plain
             language of the constitutional provisions at issue. A
             constitutional provision requires unstrained analysis, “a
             natural reading which avoids contradictions and
             difficulties in implementation, which completely
             conforms to the intent of the framers and which reflects
             the views of the ratifying voter.” Jubelirer v. Rendell, . . .
             953 A.2d 514, 528 ([Pa.] 2008); Com[.] ex rel. Paulinski
             v. Isaac, . . . 397 A.2d 760, 766 ([Pa.] 1979). Stated
             otherwise, the constitutional language controls and “must
             be interpreted in its popular sense, as understood by the
             people when they voted on its adoption.” Stilp v. Com[.], .
             . . 905 A.2d 918, 939 ([Pa.] 2006); Ieropoli v. AC&S
             Corp., . . . 842 A.2d 919, 925 ([Pa.] 2004).
In re Bruno, 101 A.3d 635, 659 (Pa. 2014). With this in mind, we turn to each of
District Attorney’s claims.
 1. Have the Amended Articles Been Invalidated as a Result of the 206th General
                              Assembly’s Adjournment?
      In Count I of his PFR, District Attorney claims that the Amended Articles
were rendered null and void when the 206th General Assembly terminated on
November 30, 2022, just prior to the stroke of midnight. District Attorney’s Br. at
8-16. He claims that his position is backed by the Pennsylvania Constitution, the
Legislative Procedure Manual (Manual), the General Assembly’s Rules, and

                                          18
precedential case law, and that he is entitled to summary relief as a result. Id. We,
however, disagree.
       The Pennsylvania Constitution establishes, in relevant part: “Members of the
General Assembly shall be chosen at the general election every second year. Their
term of service shall begin on the first day of December next after their election.”
Pa. Const. art. II, § 2. “Senators shall be elected for the term of four years and
Representatives for the term of two years.” Id. § 3. “The General Assembly shall be
a continuing body during the term for which its Representatives are elected.” Id. §
4. In line with these constitutional provisions, the Manual states:
               (a) When held.--The General Assembly is a continuing
               body during the term for which its Representatives are
               elected which begins on December 1 of each even-
               numbered year and ends at the expiration of November 30
               of the next even-numbered year. Regular sessions are held
               annually and begin at 12 noon on the first Tuesday of
               January of each year. The regular session held in odd-
               numbered years is referred to as the first regular session
               and the regular session held in even-numbered years is
               referred to as the second regular session.
               (b) Matters considered.--There is no limitation as to the
               matters which may be considered during a regular session.
               All matters pending before the General Assembly upon the
               adjournment sine die[10] or expiration of a first regular
               session maintain their status and are pending before the
               second regular session.
101 Pa. Code § 7.21. “When the General Assembly finally adjourns any regular or
special session, such adjournment is referred to as an adjournment sine die and is

       10
          “The term ‘sine die’ means ‘without day,’ and a legislative body adjourns sine die when
it adjourns ‘without appointing a day on which to appear or assemble again.’” Creamer v. Twelve
Common Pleas Judges, 281 A.2d 57, 65 (Pa. 1971) (quoting State ex rel. Jones v. Atterbury, 300
S.W.2d 806, 811 (Mo. 1957)). The Senate’s Rules pertaining to the 206th General Assembly are
available here: https://www.pasen.gov/rules.cfm (last visited Jan. 12, 2023). It does not appear that
the Senate has issued rules regarding the 207th General Assembly.

                                                19
accomplished by a concurrent resolution.” Id. § 7.24(b). Additionally, Senate Rule
12(j) mandates:
               All bills, joint resolutions, resolutions, concurrent
               resolutions or other matters pending before the Senate
               upon the recess of a first regular session convening in an
               odd-numbered year shall maintain their status and be
               pending before a second regular session convening in an
               even-numbered year but not beyond adjournment sine die
               or November 30th of such year, whichever first occurs.
S.R. 12(j), 206th General Assembly Senate Rule 12(j) (Pa. 2021-2022).11 As the
Supreme Court has explained:
               The [Pennsylvania] Constitution contemplates the
               exercise of legislative power by concurrence of both
               House and Senate. The legislative action of the General
               Assembly, in virtue of the session which convened, . . .
               end[s] with its adjournment.[] . . . There is no implied
               power in the exercise of which the [General Assembly]
               may sit after adjournment.
Brown v. Brancato, 184 A. 89, 93 (Pa. 1936) (footnote omitted).
               A motion to adjourn sine die has the effect of closing the
               session and terminating all unfinished business before the
               House, and all legislation pending upon adjournment sine
               die expires with the session, while a motion to adjourn
               from day to day does not destroy the continuity of a
               session and unfinished business simply takes its place on
               the calendar of the succeeding day.
Frame v. Sutherland, 327 A.2d 623, 627 n.9 (Pa. 1974) (quoting P. Mason, Manual
of Legislative Procedure § 445(3), at 301 (1970)). “[A] sine die adjournment at the
end of a session does not terminate all then-pending business before the General
Assembly, however, as article II, section 4 of the Pennsylvania Constitution “now

       11
          District Attorney also references House Rule 45(A), H.B. 243, 206th General Assembly,
Pa. Rule 45(A) (Pa. 2021-2022), which pertains to the House’s Government Oversight Committee,
see District Attorney’s Br. at 13, but that provision is irrelevant because the impeachment matter
has already been passed from the House to the Senate.

                                               20
provides that ‘[t]he General Assembly shall be a continuing body during the term
for which its Representatives are elected.’” Id. Additionally, though it is not
precedential, the following, succinct bit of analysis from Commonwealth v. Costello
is instructive:
               When . . . the session of the legislature has finally
               adjourned and ended, . . . this is equivalent to the
               prorogation of parliament. The functions of the legislature
               are then terminated. The conclusion of the session puts an
               end to all pending proceedings of a legislative character:
               Jefferson’s Manual, 183; Cushing’s Law and Practice of
               Legislative Assemblies, § 516. Nothing thereafter remains
               to call into action any auxiliary legislative power.
21 Pa. D. 232, 237 (Pa. Quar. Sess. 1912), 1912 WL 3913, at *6.
       All of this having been said, however, the General Assembly’s impeachment
powers are not the same as its legislative powers. To the contrary, those
impeachment powers are found in
               a separate[] and independent article [of the Pennsylvania
               Constitution], standing alone and entirely unconnected
               with any other subject. Nor does [that article] contain any
               reference to any other provision of the [C]onstitution as
               being needed or to be used in carrying out the particular
               work to which the eighteenth article is devoted. It is a
               system entirely complete in itself; requiring no extraneous
               aid, either in matters of detail or of general scope, to its
               effectual execution.
Com. ex rel. Att’y Gen. v. Griest, 46 A. 505, 506 (Pa. 1900);12 accord Mellow v.
Pizzingrilli, 800 A.2d 350, 359 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2002) (Article III of the Pennsylvania
Constitution is inapplicable to the constitutional amendment process, because “it is

       12
          Griest addressed the question of whether constitutional amendments had to be approved
by the Governor, to which the Supreme Court answered that “such submission is not only not
required, but cannot be permitted[,]” because the constitutional amendment process is established
through a different article of the Pennsylvania Constitution that is entirely separate from the one
which established the process by which legislation is enacted into law. 46 A. at 507.

                                                21
not a legislative act at all, but a separate and specific power granted to the General
Assembly, similar to the impeachment and trial powers granted to the House . . . and
Senate, respectively, under [a]rticle VI, [s]ections 4 and 5”). Instead, the General
Assembly’s constitutionally conferred power to impeach, try, and remove public
officials “is a judicial power.” People ex rel. Robin v. Hayes, 143 N.Y.S. 325, 327
(N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1913).
             [T]he sole function of the House and Senate is not to
             compose “the Legislature,” and to act together in the
             making of laws. Each, in the plainest language, is given
             separate plenary power and jurisdiction in relation to
             matters of impeachment: The House the power to
             ‘impeach,’ that is, to prefer charges; the Senate the power
             to ‘try’ those charges. These powers are essentially
             judicial in their nature. Their proper exercise does not, in
             the remotest degree, involve any legislative function.
Ferguson v. Maddox, 263 S.W. 888, 890 (Tex. 1924).
      The restrictions imposed by the Pennsylvania Constitution upon the General
Assembly’s legislative powers therefore do not apply to its judicial powers of
impeachment, trial, and removal. While there is nothing explicit or specific in the
Pennsylvania Constitution that addresses either the temporal limits of such judicial
powers, in general, or the effect the termination of one iteration of the General
Assembly and the beginning of a new one, Impeachment Managers and Interim
President present persuasive authority, in the form of references to British history,
to compendiums of parliamentary authority, to a nearly 110-year-old opinion from
the Pennsylvania Attorney General, and to a litany of prior impeachment
proceedings at the federal level, as well as in Pennsylvania and other states. See
Impeachment Managers’ Br. in Opp’n to District Attorney’s Appl. for Summ. Relief
at 9-15; Interim President’s Br. at 25-33. All of that historical, judicial, and
traditional authority firmly supports a conclusion that the Pennsylvania Constitution

                                         22
does not require the impeachment and trial of a public official to be completed by
the same iteration of the General Assembly. As the Florida Supreme Court wrote
more than 150 years ago, when faced with a similar argument,
            [s]o long as there is a Senate there is a court. If the Senate
            was abolished and the impeachment causes then pending
            before it [were] not transferred to some other tribunal as
            its successor for trial, then we would have a different
            question for solution. But that is not the case. Because
            Senators may die or change, the Senate does not cease to
            exist nor do its functions as a court cease. The court co-
            exists with the Senate. Because the Judge of a Circuit
            Court may die, the Circuit Court does not cease to exist as
            a tribunal known to the constitution. A court is one thing,
            and the judge of the court is another. The abolition of the
            court does not follow from a vacancy in the office of the
            judicial officer that presides in it; the death of each officer
            composing this court, between the regular terms appointed
            for its sitting, would not a work a discontinuance of any
            cause now upon its calendar. If such a thing should occur
            in term, it would intercept and interrupt the actual business
            until other officers are appointed under the constitution;
            this would be the whole result. So far, therefore, as the
            tribunal is concerned, the Senate, like any other judicial
            tribunal, does not die or cease to exist with the
            adjournment of the session or term. Its business as a court
            is simply intercepted. All cases of impeachment pending
            and undisposed of at the preceding session remain upon its
            calendar or docket until the Senate sitting as a court enters
            an order finally disposing of each case. Much
            embarrassment in the consideration of this subject will
            arise if we make the Senate occupy to this matter the
            relation of a party, and conceive the idea that if the
            personal character of the Senate changes, the suit thereby
            is abated.

                                          23
In re Opinion of Justs., 14 Fla. 289, 297-98 (1872) (emphasis in original).13
Therefore, as the adjournment of the General Assembly does not affect its judicial
powers, we conclude that the Amended Articles remain constitutionally valid,
despite the fact that District Attorney’s impeachment was started during the 206th
General Assembly and will be continued by the 207th. Accordingly, we deny District
Attorney’s Application for Summary Relief, and grant Interim President’s Cross-
Application, regarding Count I of the PFR.
 2. Is District Attorney Constitutionally Eligible for Impeachment and Trial by the
                                       General Assembly?
       In Count II, District Attorney argues that he cannot be impeached and
removed by the General Assembly, due to his role as Philadelphia’s district attorney.
He puts forth two reasons for why this is the case. First, he argues that he is not a
“civil officer,” as that term is understood through its use in article VI, section 6 of
the Pennsylvania Constitution. District Attorney’s Br. at 17-21. Second, he
maintains that all power to impeach and remove him has been constitutionally
delegated to the City of Philadelphia’s government. Id. at 21-26. On these bases, he
maintains that he is entitled to summary relief regarding Count II. As with his
argument regarding Count I, we disagree.
       With regard to the first part of this argument, and as already mentioned supra,
article VI, section 6 reads as follows:

       13
           While Senate Rule 12(j), quoted supra, does expressly state that “[a]ll . . . other matters”
shall not remain pending “beyond adjournment sine die or November 30th of such year, whichever
first occurs[,]” the Senate’s violation of its own internal procedural rules would not in this instance
give this Court the ability to rule in District Attorney’s favor regarding Count I. Cf. Zemprelli v.
Daniels, 436 A.2d 1165, 1170 (Pa. 1981) (“Unquestionably the Senate has exclusive power over
its internal affairs and proceedings. However, this power does not give the Senate the right to usurp
the judiciary’s function as ultimate interpreter of the Constitution under the guise of rulemaking,
or for that matter, to make rules violative of the Constitution.”).

                                                 24
             The Governor and all other civil officers shall be liable to
             impeachment for any misbehavior in office, but judgment
             in such cases shall not extend further than to removal from
             office and disqualification to hold any office of trust or
             profit under this Commonwealth. The person accused,
             whether convicted or acquitted, shall nevertheless be
             liable to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment
             according to law.
Pa. Const. art. VI, § 6.
      By virtue of this language, the question then becomes whether the
Pennsylvania Constitution gives the General Assembly the power to impeach and
remove county or local officers. See Pettit v. Namie, 931 A.2d 790, 797 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2007) (“[I]n Pennsylvania, district attorneys are properly considered county rather
than state officers.”). The answer hinges upon the meaning of “all other civil
officers,” as that term is used in article VI, section 6. While that meaning is not
immediately apparent from the text itself, District Attorney argues the most
reasonable reading is that “all other civil officers” are only those individuals who
hold state-level offices. Article VI, section 6 speaks of “[t]he Governor and all other
civil officers” as those which are susceptible to the General Assembly’s powers of
impeachment and removal. Pa. Const. art. VI, § 6. Though, again, the meaning of
“all other civil officers” is not plainly evident, District Attorney directs our attention
to the doctrine of ejusdem generis. District Attorney’s Br. at 17-18.
             “Under [this] doctrine . . . , where general words follow
             the enumeration of particular classes of persons or things,
             the general words will be construed as applicable only to
             persons or things of the same general nature or class as
             those enumerated.” McClellan v. Health Maint[. Org. of
             Pa.], . . . 686 A.2d 801, 806 ([Pa.] 1996). Stated in
             somewhat repetitive yet different language, the rule of
             ejusdem generis instructs that “where general words
             follow an enumeration of . . . words of a particular and
             specific meaning, such general words are not to be
             construed in their widest extent, but are to be held as

                                           25
              applying only to ... the same general kind or class as those
              specifically mentioned.” Steele v. Statesman [Ins. Co.], . .
              . 607 A.2d 742, 743 ([Pa.] 1992).
S.A. by H.O. v. Pittsburgh Pub. Sch. Dist., 160 A.3d 940, 946 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2017).
The Governor holds a state-level elected office, so, in District Attorney’s reading,
ejusdem generis requires that “all other civil officers” subject to impeachment and
removal by the General Assembly must be of a similar station, i.e., holding state-
level elected office. District Attorney’s Br. at 17-19. As District Attorney is an
officer of the City of Philadelphia, under his preferred interpretation, he therefore is
not of the same class of elected official as the Governor and is not subject to
impeachment and trial by the General Assembly. See Pa. Const. art. IX, § 4 (“County
officers shall consist of . . . district attorneys[.]”); id. art. IX, § 13(e) (“Upon adoption
of this amendment all county officers shall become officers of the City of
Philadelphia[.]”); Chalfin v. Specter, 233 A.2d 562, 565 (Pa. 1967). Furthermore,
District Attorney also points our attention towards excerpts from the debates and the
legislative history pertaining to the impeachment provisions from various versions
of the Pennsylvania Constitution. District Attorney’s Br. at 19-21. District Attorney
asserts that these excerpts also support his position that the General Assembly does
not have constitutional authority to impeach and try him. Id. This interpretation is
supported by the fact that “judgment in [impeachment] cases shall not extend further
than to removal from office and disqualification to hold any office of trust or profit
under this Commonwealth.” Pa. Const. art. VI, § 6. It would be illogical for article
VI, section 6 to be read to allow the General Assembly to impeach and remove
District Attorney as Philadelphia’s district attorney, when the same provision does
not enable the General Assembly to disqualify him from holding that office again in
the future. See Com. ex rel. Woodruff v. Joyce, 139 A. 742, 742 (Pa. 1927) (the

                                             26
phrase “any office under this Commonwealth” refers only to state-level offices, not
local offices).
       Unfortunately for District Attorney, though, his proposed reading of article
VI, section 6 conflicts with the general tenor of relevant case law. Notably, there are
prior Supreme Court cases that imply that article VI of the Pennsylvania
Constitution, as a whole, applies to local officials as well as state-level officials. See
S. Newton Twp. Electors v. S. Newton Twp. Supervisor, Bouch, 838 A.2d 643 (Pa.
2003); Allegheny Inst. Taxpayers Coal. v. Allegheny Reg’l Asset Dist., 727 A.2d 113
(Pa. 1999); In re Pet. to Recall Reese, 665 A.2d 1162 (Pa. 1995). In each of those
cases, a local official successfully fought removal efforts that were initiated at the
local level by arguing that article VI, Section 7 was the only legal mechanism by
which they could be removed from office, or the issue of how a local official could
be removed was addressed as part of the Supreme Court’s reasoning. Additionally,
the Supreme Court has expressly stated that a theory of a similar nature, whereby
local officials are not subject to the removal process outlined in article VI, section 7,
which addresses the removal of “all civil officers . . . on conviction of misbehavior
in office or of any infamous crime[,]” as well as the Governor’s ability to remove
certain kinds of civil officers for cause,
              is in at least facial tension with prior decisions of this
              Court. See, e.g., Com[.] ex rel. Schofield v. Lindsay, . . .
              198 A. 635 ([Pa.] 1938) (quoting In re Georges Twp. Sch.
              Dirs., . . . 133 A. 223, 225 ([Pa.] 1926)[,] for the
              proposition that, “in so far as appointive officers are
              concerned, there is the right, under . . . article [VI], section
              4, of the Constitution, on the part of the one selecting, to
              remove at his own pleasure . . . and this applies not only to
              officers designated by the Governor, but to those permitted
              by the Legislature to make the appointment in question,
              whether the employment be by the state, a county, or
              municipality”); accord Finley v. McNair, . . . 176 A. 10,

                                             27
               11 & n. 1 ([Pa.] 1935) (including an assistant county
               superintendent of schools as one among those “held to be
               officers” in prior cases).
Burger v. Sch. Bd. of McGuffey Sch. Dist., 923 A.2d 1155, 1162 n.6 (Pa. 2007).14
       Furthermore, with regard to a previous version of the Pennsylvania
Constitution’s removal provision, which is substantially similar to the one contained
in the current version of article VI, section 7, the Supreme Court stated:
               Under the . . . constitution there are three kinds of removal,
               to wit, on conviction of misbehavior or crime, at the
               pleasure of the appointing power, and for reasonable cause
               on the address of two-thirds of the senate. All officers are
               subject to the first kind, appointed officers to the second,
               and elected officers to the third. It seems to us very clear
               that the word “officers” here is used in the same sense
               throughout the section so far as their classification into
               state, county and municipal, is concerned. We cannot
               conceive that we have any right to say that the expression
               “appointed officers” shall be held to exclude such as are
               municipal, and include only such as are state or county,
               when it is not at all disputed that the expression “all
               officers” in the first clause includes them all. The
               distinction between appointed and elected officers, is one
               that relates merely to the source of their authority. That is,
               those that are appointed, not some of them but all of them,
               may be removed at the mere pleasure of the power that
               appointed them, and those that are elected, on the address
               of two-thirds of the senate, and by the governor. . . . It
               seems to us that we would be making, rather than
               construing, the constitution if we should say that appointed
               municipal officers shall not be removable at the pleasure
               of the power which appointed them, when the plain
               unambiguous words of the instrument positively declare
       14
           Interestingly, former Justice Saylor wrote a concurrence in Burger, in which he cast
doubt upon the viability of the preexisting line of case law, because “it is not clear that those
decisions took into account the Commonwealth-official versus local-official distinction.” 923 A.2d
at 1167 (Saylor, J., concurring). The majority described former Justice Saylor’s reading of article
VI as “novel” and “cogent,” but declined to join him, both because “it [was] not one raised by the
parties” and because of the aforementioned “tension” between former Justice Saylor’s analysis and
extant case law. Id. at 1161 n.6.

                                               28
               that all appointed officers shall be subject to such removal.
               If we could thus declare, it is difficult to perceive any good
               reason why we might not with the same propriety hold that
               appointed county officers should be exempted from this
               method of removal. In truth there is no distinction
               appearing in the section either by words or inference, in
               either the territorial or functional character of the offices
               held by the persons who are subjected to its operation. For
               us to make such a distinction would be a work of creation,
               not of interpretation.
Houseman v. Com. ex rel. Tener, 100 Pa. 222, 230-31 (1882). Even more injurious
to District Attorney’s claim that he is not a civil officer in terms of article VI, section
6 is Commonwealth ex rel. Specter v. Martin, 232 A.2d 729 (Pa. 1967), in which the
Supreme Court dealt with whether Arlen Specter’s candidacy for Mayor of
Philadelphia prevented him from retaining his position as the City’s District
Attorney. In that splintered decision, there was a 5-1 majority, sprinkled across three
separate opinions, in favor of concluding that the district attorney of Philadelphia is
subject to the Pennsylvania Constitution’s removal provisions,15 due to the usage in
article VI, section 7 of the phrase “[a]ll civil officers[.]”16 See Martin, 232 A.2d at

       15
         Martin predates the current Pennsylvania Constitution, which went into effect in 1968,
but the wording of article VI, section 7 is the same in both the current and pre-1968 versions of
the Pennsylvania Constitution.

       16
           The Martin Court was evenly split regarding whether Specter was a state official or a
local official, but this disagreement was resolved in Chalfin, in which four justices agreed that
Specter, as Philadelphia’s district attorney, was a local official. 233 A.2d at 565 (Bell, C.J.,
concurring) (“Justices JONES, O’BRIEN and ROBERTS remain of the opinion that the district
attorney of Philadelphia is a State officer and is not subject to the City Charter, or compelled to
resign in order to be a candidate for Mayor. However, the majority of this 7-Judge Court agree
with me on this point and are convinced that under the Constitution of Pennsylvania and the
Philadelphia Home Rule Charter, the district attorney of Philadelphia is a City officer and is subject
to the Home Rule Charter.”). However, unlike in Martin, the Chalfin Court did not address whether
the Pennsylvania Constitution’s removal process could be used against the district attorney of
Philadelphia. As such, the portion of Martin that answered that question in the affirmative is still
good law.

                                                 29
733-39 (plurality opinion); id. at 743-44 (Eagen, J., concurring in part); id. at 753-
55 (Musmanno, J., separate opinion). There is thus no principled basis for us to
conclude that the nearly identical language in article VI, section 6 should be treated
differently. As a result, we hold that the General Assembly does have such power to
impeach and try local officials under article VI, section 6.
      Nor does the second part of District Attorney’s argument warrant a change in
this conclusion, as it is entirely contingent upon the first part of his argument
regarding Count II. article XI, section 13 of the Pennsylvania Constitution, in
relevant part, abolished all county offices in Philadelphia, replaced them with City
offices, and directed that the City officers elected or appointed to those offices be
subject to the Constitution and the laws in place at the time of the amendment’s
effective date, unless the General Assembly provided otherwise. See Pa. Const. art.
IX, § 13(a), (f). Among the laws in place in 1951, the time at which article IX, section
13 took effect, was the Act of June 25, 1919, P.L. 581, No. 274, more commonly
known as the Charter Act, City Charter Act, or First Class City Charter Act. See In
re Hadley, 6 A.2d 874, 876 (Pa. 1939); Stewart v. Hadley, 193 A. 41, 42 (Pa. 1937);
Leary v. City of Phila., 172 A. 459, 460 (Pa. 1934). Section 9 of the Charter Act
authorizes the impeachment and removal of a City officer through a process that
starts with a complaint filed with the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
by 20 “qualified electors,” followed by an initial examination by the Court of the
allegations therein, a rule to show cause hearing, the appointment by the Court of an
investigative committee consisting “of [5] competent and reputable citizens,” the
issuance of a report by the committee, a trial presided over by the Court’s president
judge, and, finally, the removal of the municipal officer from his post. 53 P.S. §§
12199-12205.

                                          30
      As District Attorney is a “civil officer” for purposes of article VI, section 6 of
the Pennsylvania Constitution, Section 9 of the Charter Act at most complements,
but does not supplant, the General Assembly’s power to impeach him. Given this,
as well as our disposition of the first part of District Attorney’s argument, the
contingent second part cannot entitle him to the relief he seeks through Count II.
Accordingly, we deny District Attorney’s Application for Summary Relief, and
grant Interim President’s Cross-Application, regarding Count II.
  3. What Constitutes “Any Misbehavior in Office” in the Context of article VI,
 section 6 of the Pennsylvania Constitution and Do the Amended Articles Contain
       Viable Allegations that District Attorney Committed Such Conduct?
      Finally, in Count III, District Attorney argues that the Amended Articles fail
to allege conduct on his part that would satisfy article VI, section 6’s17 requirement
that he may be impeached and tried only in the event he committed “any misbehavior
in office.” We agree.
      There do not appear to have been any prior cases that have interpreted what
this phrase means in the context of impeachment, but guidance can be found from
In re Braig, 590 A.2d 284 (Pa. 1991), where the Supreme Court addressed former

      17
           As noted supra, article VI, section 6 reads as follows:
                The Governor and all other civil officers shall be liable to
                impeachment for any misbehavior in office, but judgment in such
                cases shall not extend further than to removal from office and
                disqualification to hold any office of trust or profit under this
                Commonwealth. The person accused, whether convicted or
                acquitted, shall nevertheless be liable to indictment, trial, judgment
                and punishment according to law.

                                                 31
article V, section 18(l) of the Pennsylvania Constitution,18 which mandated the
removal and barring from office of any jurist who has been convicted in a court of
law “of misbehavior in office,” as well as article VI, section 7’s similar language
regarding civil officers.19 As explained by the Braig Court:
                 “Misbehavior in office” was a common law crime
                 consisting of the failure to perform a positive ministerial
                 duty of the office or the performance of a discretionary
                 duty with an improper or corrupt motive. Our Constitution
                 has long contained provisions specifying that civil officers
                 “shall be removed on conviction of misbehavior in office
                 or of any infamous crime.” Constitution of 1838, [a]rticle
                 VI, [s]ection 9; Constitution of 1874, [a]rticle VI, [s]ection
                 4 (renumbered [a]rticle VI, [s]ection 7 on May 17, 1966).
                 In the several cases where interpretation of these
                 provisions came before the appellate courts, it was
                 uniformly understood that the reference to “misbehavior
                 in office” was to the criminal offense as defined at
                 common law.
                 ....

       18
          Former article V, section 18(l) read as follows: “A justice, judge or justice of the peace
convicted of misbehavior in office by a court, disbarred as a member of the bar of the Supreme
Court or removed under this section eighteen [of the Pennsylvania Constitution] shall forfeit
automatically his judicial office and thereafter be ineligible for judicial office.” Formerly Pa.
Const. art. V, § 18(l).

       19
            Article VI, section 7 reads as follows:
                 All civil officers shall hold their offices on the condition that they
                 behave themselves well while in office, and shall be removed on
                 conviction of misbehavior in office or of any infamous crime.
                 Appointed civil officers, other than judges of the courts of record,
                 may be removed at the pleasure of the power by which they shall
                 have been appointed. All civil officers elected by the people, except
                 the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, members of the General
                 Assembly and judges of the courts of record, shall be removed by
                 the Governor for reasonable cause, after due notice and full hearing,
                 on the address of two-thirds of the Senate.

                                                  32
                Based on our reading of all the cases, we must conclude
                that the language of [a]rticle V, [s]ection 18(l), like the
                identical language of present [a]rticle VI, [s]ection 7,
                refers to the offense of “misbehavior in office” as it was
                defined at common law. This conclusion is not without its
                difficulties, however. Since the enactment of the Crimes
                Code effective June 6, 1973,[20] common law crimes have
                been abolished and “[n]o conduct constitutes a crime
                unless it is a crime under this title or another statute of this
                Commonwealth.” 18 Pa. C.S. § 107(b). Thus no
                prosecution on a charge of “misbehavior in office” can
                now be undertaken. Rather than reach the difficult
                question whether the legislature could effectively nullify
                the constitutional provision by abolishing the crime
                referred to therein, we think it prudent to adopt a holding
                under which the constitutional provision may still be given
                effect. Therefore, we hold that the automatic forfeiture
                provision of [a]rticle V, [s]ection 18(l) applies where a
                judge has been convicted of a crime that satisfies the
                elements of the common law offense of misbehavior in
                office.
Braig, 590 A.2d at 286-88.21
       District Attorney and Interim President take opposing positions regarding
Braig. District Attorney maintains that the understanding of “misbehavior in office”
that was articulated in Braig is equally applicable here, despite the fact that Braig
did not deal with how to interpret article VI, section 6. In District Attorney’s view,
“misbehavior in office” has a uniform meaning wherever it is used in the
Pennsylvania Constitution, and allows for impeachment, trial, and removal only
where a public official failed to perform a positive ministerial duty or performed a

       20
            18 Pa.C.S. §§ 101-9546.

       21
           Article V, section 18 of the Pennsylvania Constitution was repealed and replaced in its
entirety in 1993. The amended provision contains virtually identical language in article V, section
18(d)(3) (“A justice, judge or justice of the peace convicted of misbehavior in office by a court,
disbarred as a member of the bar of the Supreme Court or removed under this section shall forfeit
automatically his judicial office and thereafter be ineligible for judicial office.”).

                                                33
discretionary duty with an improper or corrupt motive. By contrast, Interim
President argues that Braig is inapposite. She asserts that article VI, section 6’s
allowance for impeachment “for any misbehavior in office” distinguishes it from
article VI, section 7’s declaration that civil officers are subject to removal “on
conviction of misbehavior in office” and former article V, section 18(l)’s language
that a jurist will automatically forfeit their office and be barred therefrom upon being
“convicted of misbehavior in office by a court.” Interim President believes that “any
misbehavior in office,” in terms of the impeachment process, is whatever the General
Assembly deems it to be; in other words, it is a political offense, not a criminal one.
According to Interim President, her interpretation is supported by Larsen, in which
our Court declined to hold that a public official may only be impeached for what
amount to criminal offenses. In addition, Interim President claims her reasoning is
supported by the alterations that were made to article VI when it was amended in
1966 to, in relevant part, change its wording from allowing impeachment “for any
misdemeanor in office” to allowing impeachment “for any misbehavior in office.”
      With regard to Interim President’s assertion about Larsen, the salient portion
of that opinion reads as follows:
             [Larsen] seems to pursue an alternative argument that the
             impeachment charges by the House . . . do not amount to
             a constitutionally valid basis for impeachment because
             they do not, at least in some respects, amount to charges
             of criminal offenses.
             [Larsen] refers to the Preparatory Committee Report on
             the Judiciary, for the Pennsylvania Constitution
             Convention, 1967-1968, pp. 158-160 to support the point
             that “misbehavior in office”—the [section] 6 statement of
             impeachable offense—should be interpreted as referring
             only to the common law crime of misconduct in office,
             quoting the cited portion of the report as follows:

                                          34
       The common law of misconduct in office, variously
       called misbehavior, misfeasance, or misdemeanor
       in office, means either the breach of a positive
       statutory duty or the performance by a public
       official of a discretionary act with an improper or
       corrupt motive. . . . The multiple usage of the term
       “misbehavior in office” appears to be a codification
       of the common law offense.
However, it is impossible to perceive how the
impeachment charges in this case depart from even that
strict definition of impeachable offense, which finds no
support in judicial precedents. Briefly summarized, the
charges are as follows:
       1. [Larsen] tracked petitions for allowance of appeal
       to the Supreme Court, for special handling, because
       friends and political contributors were involved as
       attorneys;
       2. [Larsen] engaged in ex parte communications
       and exchanges with a friend and political supporter
       who was the attorney in two cases in which petitions
       for allowance of appeal were pending before the
       Supreme Court;
       3. [Larsen] made false statements to the grand jury;
       4. [Larsen] communicated ex parte with a trial
       judge to influence the outcome of a trial court
       proceeding;
       5. In litigation pursuant to his reprimand by the
       Supreme Court, petitioner made false statements
       under oath;
       6. [Larsen] violated prescription drug laws.
Even if the definition of “misbehavior in office” for
impeachment purposes, quoted above from the writings of
the Constitutional Convention Preparatory Committee,
had the force of law, review of the impeachment charges
leads to the conclusion that they involve breaches of
“positive statutory duty” and also “performance of
discretionary act with improper or corrupt motive.”

                            35
646 A.2d at 702. In short, Larsen provides muddled support at best for Interim
President’s position. The Court expressed some skepticism towards the idea that
“any misbehavior in office” only refers to criminal offenses, but did not actually
hold that Larsen’s preferred, narrower definition was incorrect and, instead, went on
to address and apply that definition to the merits of Larsen’s claims.
       As for Interim President’s position regarding the 1966 amendment of article
VI of the Pennsylvania Constitution, it is true that the pre-1966 amendment language
was narrow in scope. As explained by the Supreme Court:
              The [pre-1966 amended] [C]onstitution provides in
              [a]rticle 6, section 1, . . . that “‘[t]he House of
              Representatives shall have the sole power of
              impeachment.’” This plain language makes the power
              plenary within constitutional limits, that is to say, “‘for any
              misdemeanor in office,’” which is a criminal act in the
              course of the conduct of the office, to which
              impeachments are limited. For crimes not misdemeanors
              in office, impeachment cannot be brought. This is the clear
              wording of section 3 of [a]rticle 6, . . . which reads, “‘The
              Governor and all other civil officers shall be liable to
              impeachment for any misdemeanor in office.’”
Dauph. Cnty. Grand Jury, 2 A.2d at 803. However, it does not follow from this that
changing the wording from “misdemeanor” to “misbehavior” necessarily broadened
the scope of activities for which a public official may be impeached from only
criminal acts committed in office to anything the General Assembly deemed
objectionable. Indeed, the framers of the 1966 amendment, as well as the voters who
approved it, would undoubtedly have been aware of the general understanding of
“misbehavior in office” and the fact that it was at that point a common law crime in
Pennsylvania,22 as well as its usage and understanding throughout other parts of the

       22
          As noted in Braig, common law crimes, of which misbehavior in office was one, were
not abolished until the Crimes Code was enacted in June 1973.

                                            36
Pennsylvania Constitution. It would be illogical to conclude, without firm supporting
evidence that is not on offer here, that a phrase has entirely different meanings when
deployed in such a way. Rather, it is more plausible that the 1966 amendment simply
harmonized the wording of article VI’s impeachment provision with other, similar
provisions elsewhere in the Pennsylvania Constitution.
       It follows, then, that it is much more reasonable for us to conclude that the
1966 amendment of article VI of the Pennsylvania Constitution shrank the universe
of potentially impeachable offenses. In this reading, pre-1966 amendment article VI
allowed for impeachment in the event a public official committed “a criminal act in
the course of the conduct of the office[.]” Id. Post-amendment, however, it only
permits impeachment in the event a public official has acted in a manner that
conformed with the generally understood, preexisting definition of the crime of
“misbehavior in office,” i.e., the failure to perform a positive ministerial duty or the
performance of a discretionary duty with an improper or corrupt motive.23 Such a
reading comports with our canons of constitutional interpretation far more
comfortably than that proposed by Interim President. See Bruno, 101 A.3d at 659.
       What distinguishes the impeachment provisions of article VI, section 6 from
the removal provisions contained in article VI, section 7 and article V, section
18(d)(3) is that impeachable misbehavior in office does not require a preexisting

       23
           This would, for example, have had the effect of adding an intent requirement to the
General Assembly’s equation when determining whether a public official could be impeached,
tried, and removed for the unlawful performance of a discretionary duty. See Com. v. Hubbs, 8
A.2d 618, 620 (Pa. Super. 1939) (“Misbehaviour in office may arise from failure to perform a
statutory duty, or from failure to perform a common law duty. In either case the indictment must
charge more than negligence. . . . [T]he wil[l]ful failure to perform a ministerial duty comes within
the common law definition of misdemeanor in public office, and it is not necessary to aver or prove
that the officer acted with a corrupt, fraudulent or dishonest intent. But where the nature of the
duty is such as to permit the exercise of discretion, there must be present the additional element of
an evil or corrupt design to warrant conviction.”).

                                                37
criminal conviction in a court of law. In this context, and in light of the “judicial”
nature of impeachment proceedings, it is logical then to treat the Amended Articles
as, in essence, an indictment of District Attorney by the House, with the Senate
acting in the dual roles of judge and jury, both presiding over District Attorney’s
trial and voting on the charges after the presentation of evidence. Ultimately,
however, the Amended Articles, and indeed the whole process itself, are
constitutionally sound only in the event that the substance of the House’s “charges”
are akin to a criminal indictment of District Attorney for misbehavior in office. Each
of the Amended Articles must therefore be scrutinized, in order to determine whether
they satisfy this standard. In other words, each of the Amended Articles meets
constitutional muster only if the assertions made there would support a conclusion
that District Attorney failed to perform a positive ministerial duty or performed a
discretionary duty with an improper or corrupt motive.
      In Article I of the Amended Articles, the House alleges that District Attorney
has been derelict in his duties and has violated the law. Specifically, the House avers
that District Attorney has fired experienced line prosecutors and hired ones without
the necessary level of expertise; withdrew his office from the Pennsylvania District
Attorneys Association due to policy disagreements; altered prosecutorial training “to
focus on issues that promote . . . [District Attorney’s] radically progressive
philosophies rather than how to effectively prosecute a criminal case”; reoriented
office charging and plea bargaining policies regarding certain prostitution, drug
possession, and other low-level crimes to focus on limiting pre-trial detainment and
increasing the use of alternative sentencing practices instead of post-conviction
incarceration; began factoring defendants’ immigration status into the plea
bargaining process; and set goals to limit the length of carceral sentences, as well as

                                          38
of both parole and probation supervision. See PFR, Ex. C at 26-29. The House claims
that these decisions have led to decreased prosecution of crimes and guilty verdicts,
as well as a sharp increase in the crime rate in Philadelphia. See id. at 29-34. What
the House does not do, however, is make assertions in Article I that would sustain a
charge of misbehavior in office. Each of the House’s concerns in Article I pertains
to discretionary determinations made by District Attorney in his role as
Philadelphia’s district attorney, but are not supported by allegations that those
determinations were the product of an improper or corrupt motive. Instead, the
House simply appears not to approve of the way District Attorney has chosen to run
his office. Regardless of whether any of the House’s concerns have substantive
merit, it remains that such disagreements, standing alone, are not enough to create a
constitutionally sound basis for impeaching and removing District Attorney. Cf.
Com. v. Clancy, 192 A.3d 44, 53 (Pa. 2018) (“[T]he prosecutor is afforded such great
deference that this Court and the Supreme Court of the United States seldom
interfere with a prosecutor’s charging decision. See, e.g., United States v. Nixon, 418
U.S. 683, 693 . . . (1974) (noting that “the Executive Branch has exclusive authority
and absolute discretion to decide whether to prosecute a case”); Com[.] v. Stipetich,
. . . 652 A.2d 1294, 1295 ([Pa.] 1995) (noting that “the ultimate discretion to file
criminal charges lies in the district attorney”)); Com. v. Brown, 708 A.2d 81, 84 (Pa.
1998) (quoting Com. v. Malloy, 450 A.2d 689, 692 (Pa. Super. 1982)) “[T]he district
attorney is permitted to exercise sound discretion to refrain from proceeding in a
criminal case whenever he, in good faith, thinks that the prosecution would not serve
the best interests of the state.”); Com. ex rel. Specter v. Bauer, 261 A.2d 573, 576
(Pa. 1970) (cleaned up) (“The [d]istrict [a]ttorney of Philadelphia County, no less
than district attorneys in any other county of this Commonwealth, is the sole public

                                          39
official charged with the legal responsibility of conducting in court all criminal and
other prosecutions, in the name of the Commonwealth. . . . The [d]istrict [a]ttorney
must be allowed to carry out this important function without hindrance or
interference from any source.”); Com. v. DiPasquale, 246 A.2d 430, 432 (Pa. 1968)
(citation omitted) (“A [d]istrict [a]ttorney has a [g]eneral and widely recognized
power to conduct criminal litigation and prosecutions on behalf of the
Commonwealth, and to decide whether and when to prosecute, and whether and
when to continue or discontinue a case. . . . But this broad general power of a
[d]istrict [a]ttorney is subject to the right the power of a Court (a) to provide
generally for the orderly administration of criminal Justice, including the right and
power to supervise all trials and all Court proceedings, and (b) to protect all of a
defendant’s rights to a fair trial and due process under the Constitution of the United
States and the Constitution of Pennsylvania.”); Martin, 232 A.2d at 736 (“In the
performance of his duties, the district attorney acts in a quasi-judicial capacity. . . .
[T]he office of [d]istrict [a]ttorney is part and parcel of the judicial system and
performs an important function in the administration of justice. . . . [I]n the
performance of his duties, the law grants to the district attorney wide discretion in
the exercise of which he acts in a judicial capacity.”).
      In Article II of the Amended Articles, the House alleges the District Attorney
obstructed its Select Committee of Restoring Law and Order’s investigation of him.
Specifically, the House claims that District Attorney did so by opposing and then
partially complying with the Select Committee’s subpoenas, filing an action in
Commonwealth Court challenging the Select Committee’s actions, and requesting
that he be allowed to testify before the Select Committee at a public hearing, rather
than in private. See PFR, Ex. C at 34-38. However, working agreeably with the

                                           40
investigative efforts of a General Assembly committee does not come within the
responsibilities imposed by law upon district attorneys, i.e., the duty to conduct
prosecutions and enforce the law within their respective jurisdictions. In other
words, complying with the Select Committee was not one of District Attorney’s
discretionary or ministerial duties, and his failure to do so cannot constitute
misbehavior in office.
      In Articles III, IV, and V of the Amended Articles, the House claims that
District Attorney violated the Rules of Professional Conduct and the Code of Judicial
Conduct by virtue of his and his office’s handling of three different criminal cases.
See PFR, Ex. C at 38-47. These articles, however, fail as a matter of law. Generally
speaking, “[t]he legislature is precluded . . . from exercising powers entrusted to the
judiciary.” Com. v. Stern, 701 A.2d 568, 571 (Pa. 1997). This includes those
entrusted by “[a]rticle V, [s]ection 10(c) [of the Pennsylvania Constitution, which]
vests the exclusive power to govern the conduct of attorneys in the Supreme Court
of Pennsylvania.” Id. at 572. “In furtherance of that authority, [the Supreme] Court
has enacted rules of professional conduct.” Lloyd v. Fishinger, 605 A.2d 1193, 1196
(Pa. 1992). “[I]t necessarily follows that any encroachment upon the judicial power
by the legislature[,]” including upon the Supreme Court’s exclusive authority to
discipline attorneys, “is offensive to the fundamental scheme of our government.”
Com. v. Sutley, 378 A.2d 780, 783 (Pa. 1977). As such, the General Assembly is
without authority to adjudicate any such alleged violations of the Rules of
Professional Conduct; only the Supreme Court may do so, through its Disciplinary
Board and the administrative process that the Supreme Court has established through
the Rules of Disciplinary Enforcement. As for District Attorney’s alleged violations
of the Code of Judicial Conduct, the Amended Articles assert that it applies to him

                                          41
by virtue of Section 1401(o) of The County Code.24 See PFR, Ex. C at 24. Section
1401(o)25 reads as follows:
                 A district attorney shall be subject to the Rules of
                 Professional Conduct and the canons of ethics as applied
                 to judges in the courts of common pleas of this
                 Commonwealth insofar as such canons apply to salaries,
                 full-time duties and conflicts of interest. Any complaint by
                 a citizen of the county that a full-time district attorney may
                 be in violation of this section shall be made to the
                 Disciplinary Board of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
                 If any substantive basis is found, the board shall proceed
                 forthwith in the manner prescribed by the rules of the
                 Supreme Court and make such recommendation for
                 disciplinary action as it deems advisable, provided,
                 however, that if the Supreme Court deems the violation so
                 grave as to warrant removal from office, the prothonotary
                 of the Supreme Court shall transmit its findings to the
                 Speaker of the House . . . for such action as the House . . .
                 deems appropriate under [a]rticle VI of the Constitution of
                 Pennsylvania.
16 P.S. § 1401(o). Thus, under Section 1401(o), the Disciplinary Board and the
Supreme Court are responsible for addressing alleged violations by a district
attorney of the Rules of Professional Conduct and of the Code of Judicial Conduct,
whereas the General Assembly may only exercise its article VI authority in the event
“the Supreme Court deems the violation so grave as to warrant removal from
office[.]” Id. As the Supreme Court has made no such determination here, the

       24
            Act of August 9, 1955, P.L. 323, as amended, 16 P.S. § 1401(o).

       25
           Section 102(a) of The County Code states that “[e]xcept incidentally, as in sections 108,
201, 210, 211, 401 and 1401 or as provided in section 1770.12, [added by the Act of April 20,
2016, P.L. 136,] Article XII-B and Article XXX [of The County Code], this act does not apply to
counties of the first or second classes.” 16 P.S. § 102(a). Philadelphia is a county of the first class.
See Lohr v. Saratoga Partners, L.P., 238 A.3d 1198, 1200 (Pa. 2020). It is unclear what
“incidentally” means in this context, or how exactly Section 1401, which is titled “District
attorney; qualifications; eligibility; compensation[,]” “incidentally” applies to District Attorney;
rather, it would appear to apply to him directly.

                                                  42
General Assembly cannot impeach or try District Attorney for allegedly violating
either the Rules or the Code.
      In Article VI of the Amended Articles, the House alleges that District
Attorney and assistant district attorneys under his supervision repeatedly violated
Section 201 of the Crime Victims Act, 18 P.S. § 11.201,26 as well as 18 U.S.C. §
3771, “on multiple occasions by specifically failing to timely contact victims,
deliberately misleading victims and[/]or disregarding victim input and treating
victims with contempt and disrespect.” PFR, Ex. C at 47-48. This would appear to
facially present a claim that District Attorney failed to perform positive ministerial
duties imposed upon him by law. However, the complicating factor is that the House
fails to identify any specific examples of such behavior. Article VI, as currently
constituted, therefore lacks the specificity required to sustain a charge of
misbehavior in office against District Attorney. See Hubbs, 8 A.2d at 620-21
(indictment for misbehavior in office must be sufficiently specific in order to viably
present charges against the accused of misbehavior in office).
      Finally, as to Article VII of the Amended Articles, the House largely reasserts
its allegations from Article I, albeit in slightly different language. PFR, Ex. C at 48-
49. The House claims that District Attorney has elected to not prosecute certain types
of crime, including “prostitution, theft[,] and drug-related offenses, among others[,]”
in violation of the separation of powers and of the General Assembly’s legislative
authority. Id. at 49. However, Article VII runs into the same problems as Article I,
in that District Attorney, as Philadelphia’s chief law enforcement officer, has broad
discretion regarding his policy decisions and prosecution choices. Given this, as well
as the fact that the charges in Article VII do not rise to the level of alleging that

      26
           Act of November 24, 1998, P.L. 882, as amended.

                                             43
District Attorney has exercised this discretion with improper or corrupt motive,
Article VII fails to support an impeachable charge of misbehavior in office against
District Attorney.
      Therefore, in sum, none of the Amended Articles viably allege that District
Attorney has acted in a manner that constitutes “any misbehavior in office.” As such,
the Amended Articles do not comply with the requirements imposed by article VI,
section 6 of the Pennsylvania Constitution and cannot serve as the basis for a
constitutionally sound impeachment trial. Accordingly, we grant District Attorney’s
Application for Summary Relief, and deny Interim President’s Cross-Application,
regarding Count III.
               E. Proposed Intervenor’s Intervention Application
      Lastly, we conclude that Proposed Intervenor satisfies the requirements of
Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 2327(4), as the resolution of this matter will
directly affect his interests as a member of the Senate. See Allegheny Reprod. Health
Ctr. v. Pa. Dep’t of Hum. Servs., 225 A.3d 902, 911 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2020). Therefore,
we grant his Intervention Application.
                                  III. Conclusion
      For the foregoing reasons, this opinion is issued in support of our December
30, 2022 order, which overruled Impeachment Managers’ preliminary objections in
full; granted Interim President’s Cross-Application as to Counts I and II of District
Attorney’s PFR, and denied the Cross-Application as to Count III of the PFR and
regarding Interim President’s arguments pertaining to indispensable parties and
ripeness; and denied District Attorney’s Application for Summary Relief regarding

                                         44
Counts I and II, and granted it regarding Count III, of his PFR; and granted Proposed
Intervenor’s Intervention Application.

                                         __________________________________
                                         ELLEN CEISLER, Judge

Judges Covey, Fizzano Cannon, Dumas, and Wallace did not participate in the
decision of this case.

                                          45
          IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Larry Krasner, in his official capacity :
as the District Attorney of             :
Philadelphia,                           :
                    Petitioner          :
                                        :
       v.                               :   No. 563 M.D. 2022
                                        :
Senator Kim Ward, in her official       :
capacity as Interim President Pro       :
Tempore of the Senate;                  :
Representative Timothy R. Bonner, :
in his official capacity as an          :
impeachment manager;                    :
Representative Craig Williams, in       :
his official capacity as an             :
impeachment manager;                    :
Representative Jared Solomon, in        :
his official capacity as an             :
impeachment manager; and                :
John Does, in their official capacities :
as members of the Senate                :
Impeachment Committee,                  :
                     Respondents        :   Argued: December 29, 2022

BEFORE:      HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, President Judge
             HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
             HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
             HONORABLE ELLEN CEISLER, Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

DISSENTING OPINION
BY JUDGE McCULLOUGH                                      FILED: January 12, 2023

             We cannot, at this juncture, rule on any of the claims presented in
Petitioner Larry Krasner’s (Krasner) Petition for Review (PFR). Although Krasner
has raised serious and far-reaching issues concerning his reputation and the breadth
and scope of the Pennsylvania General Assembly’s (General Assembly)
impeachment powers (the import of which should not be minimized), he has failed
to join in this action the Senate of Pennsylvania (Senate) and the Senate
Impeachment Committee (Impeachment Committee), both of which clearly are
indispensable parties. As such, I respectfully believe this Court is without subject
matter jurisdiction to decide any of the claims asserted in the PFR.
                 Further, even assuming, arguendo, this Court had jurisdiction, the
Majority’s decision nevertheless has hurriedly and needlessly plunged this Court
into a wash of nonjusticiable political questions over which we currently have no
decision-making authority. In so doing, the Majority transgresses longstanding
separation of powers principles.
                 For these reasons, I must respectfully, but avidly, dissent.

                             I.     Subject Matter Jurisdiction
                 Although my esteemed colleagues in the Majority set out the correct
standard for determining whether indispensable parties have not been joined, I
believe the Majority errs in applying those standards to the interests of the Senate
and Impeachment Committee. The Pennsylvania Constitution expressly provides
that “[a]ll impeachments shall be tried by the Senate.” Pa. Const. art. VI, § 5
(emphasis added). The entire Senate, not its individual members, officers, or caucus
leaders, is the subject of this constitutional mandate. The Majority concludes that
Respondent Senator Kim Ward, the Interim President Pro Tempore of the Senate
(Senator Ward),1 adequately represents the interests of the Senate and Impeachment

        1
            Senator Ward was sworn in as the President Pro Tempore of the Senate on January 3,
2023.
                                            PAM - 2
Committee (the members of which have not yet been appointed). But, I believe the
Majority misconstrues and largely ignores the actual interests of those parties.
               In his Prayer for Relief, Krasner requests that we declare
unconstitutional and unlawful both the impeachment proceedings that have occurred
to date and any action that Respondents, the Senate, or the House of Representatives
(House) might take in the future on the Amended Articles of Impeachment
(Amended Articles). See PFR at 30, Prayer for Relief ¶ E (emphasis added). Thus,
the Senate and the Impeachment Committee have interests far more substantial and
specific than the general interests involved in the case relied upon by the Majority,
City of Philadelphia v. Commonwealth, 838 A.2d 566 (Pa. 2003), a case which
involved a challenge to legislation after it had been voted on and implemented by
the General Assembly.2 Krasner here, by contrast, asks us to declare in advance that
the Senate (and, by association, the Impeachment Committee) may not lawfully act
on the Amended Articles. The Senate’s specific, institutional interest in this regard
is a far cry from the General Assembly’s general interest in upholding the
“procedural regularity” of its already-enacted legislation. See City of Philadelphia,
838 A.2d at 584. I cannot conceive of how we could afford any relief, declaratory
or otherwise, against the Senate and the Impeachment Committee without their
joinder.
               Further, although I concur with the Majority’s reasoning in dismissing
the hypothetical “John Does” of the Impeachment Committee, their dismissal does

       2
          In City of Philadelphia, the mayor and city filed a declaratory judgment action against
the presiding officers and minority leaders of the General Assembly in this Court, challenging on
constitutional grounds the procedural regularity of newly-enacted legislation. The presiding
officer and minority leader respondents asserted that this Court, and, on appeal, the Supreme Court,
lacked jurisdiction because not all indispensable parties had been joined. The Supreme Court
concluded that exercising jurisdiction was proper because the presiding officers and minority
leaders of the General Assembly could adequately represent its “general interest in defending the
procedural regularity of the bills that it approves.” 838 A.2d at 572.
                                            PAM - 3
not make the actual Impeachment Committee members dispensable. Rather, it only
further emphasizes the point that this action is premature. Krasner named the “John
Doe” Impeachment Committee members as respondents because he rightly
acknowledged that the Impeachment Committee as a body has a substantial interest
in this case. See PFR at 6 (the “[Impeachment C]ommittee and its chairperson have
the powers and duties conferred on the Senate and the President Pro Tempore”)
(emphasis added). The Senate’s resolutions confer on the Impeachment Committee
the responsibility for receiving evidence, taking testimony, and providing a summary
of that evidence and testimony to the entire Senate. See Senate Resolution 386, §
10; Senate Resolution 388 at 3, lines 8-14. Although the Majority seems bewildered
at the notion that the Impeachment Committee “does not exist and yet is
indispensable to the litigation,” see Krasner v. Ward (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 564 M.D.
2022, filed January 9, 2023), slip. op. at 9 n.5 (Majority Opinion), respectfully, that
precisely is the point.
             It also is telling that, in permitting Senator Jay Costa’s (Senator Costa)
intervention, the Majority concludes under Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure
(Pa. R.Civ.P.) 2327(4) that our declarations in this case “will directly affect [Senator
Costa’s] interests as a member of the Senate.” (Majority Opinion at 44.) I heartily
agree. But Senator Costa and Senator Ward cannot by themselves answer Krasner’s
claims. The Senate and Impeachment Committee, as institutions, must be parties
because they are among the entities against which Krasner seeks specific relief. In
Larsen v. Senate of Pennsylvania, 646 A.2d 694 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1994), former Justice
Rolf Larsen apparently recognized what the Majority here misses. Former Justice
Larsen sought declaratory and injunctive relief very similar to that sought by Krasner
here. But former Justice Larsen, unlike Krasner, asserted his claims against the
Senate and the membership of the Senate’s Impeachment Trial Committee, i.e., the
actual parties against whom he sought relief. Id. at 695.
                                       PAM - 4
               Clearly, then, the actual Impeachment Committee (and not its
hypothetical membership) is an indispensable party to this action. Its current
nonexistence (and, therefore, absence) divests this Court of jurisdiction. For that
reason, I would grant, in part, Senator Ward’s Cross-Application for Summary
Relief and dismiss this action in its entirety on the ground that we currently are
without subject matter jurisdiction to decide it.

                                     II.    Justiciability
               Even assuming that we had subject matter jurisdiction over this case,
which I contend we do not, I also would conclude that the Majority invalidly
appropriates to itself decision-making authority over questions reserved in the first
instance for a coordinate branch of our Commonwealth government.                          Again,
assuming that we had jurisdiction, and although I believe that we could at this
juncture decide the first two claims presented in the PFR, the same does not hold
true for the question presented in the third claim, namely, whether the Amended
Articles state viable grounds for impeachment. In disposing of that claim, the
Majority decides, in advance, an unripe political question that at this point is
constitutionally reserved for the Senate’s determination.3

       3
           The 206th General Assembly has adjourned and the 207th has begun. The House, the
body with the constitutional authority to draft and deliver impeachment articles to the Senate for
trial, determined that Krasner is a “civil officer” subject to impeachment pursuant to article VI,
section 6 of the Pennsylvania Constitution. Pa. Const. art. IV, § 6. Because both of these events
have occurred and concluded, we could review Krasner’s first two claims without usurping the
authority of the General Assembly or transgressing separation of powers principles. Thus, and
again assuming our jurisdiction, I would not disagree with the Majority’s disposition of those
claims.
         However, although I agree with the Majority that what constitutes “misbehavior in office”
presents a potential constitutional question upon which we may rule, nevertheless, whether, to
what extent, and in what format this Court may review the constitutionality of completed
impeachment proceedings is not clear. In whatever form that review would take, it should happen
(Footnote continued on next page…)
                                 PAM - 5
              Questions of justiciability are threshold matters to be resolved before
addressing the merits of a dispute.           Robinson Township, Washington County,
Pennsylvania v. Commonwealth, 83 A.3d 901, 917 (Pa. 2013). In Pennsylvania, and
unlike the federal approach, questions of justiciability “have no constitutional
predicate, do not involve a court’s jurisdiction, and are regarded instead as prudential
concerns implicating courts’ self-imposed limitations.” Id. Further,
              [t]he applicable standards to determine whether a claim
              warrants the exercise of judicial abstention or restraint
              under the political question doctrine are well settled.
              Courts will refrain from resolving a dispute and reviewing
              the actions of another branch only where the determination
              whether the action taken is within the power granted by
              the Constitution has been entrusted exclusively and finally
              to the political branches of government for self-
              monitoring. To illustrate our approach to the political
              question doctrine, we customarily reference the several
              formulations by which the [United States (U.S.)] Supreme
              Court has described a “political question” in Baker v.
              Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 217 . . . (1962). Cases implicating the
              political question doctrine include those in which: there
              is a textually demonstrable constitutional commitment of
              the disputed issue to a coordinate political department;
              there is a lack of judicially discoverable and manageable
              standards for resolving the disputed issue; the issue
              cannot be decided without an initial policy determination
              of a kind clearly for non[-]judicial discretion; a court
              cannot undertake independent resolution without
              expressing lack of the respect due coordinate branches
              of government; there is an unusual need for unquestioning
              adherence to a political decision already made; and there
              is potential for embarrassment from multifarious
              pronouncements by various departments on one question.

on a developed record after the Senate, as constitutionally mandated, has had the opportunity to
adjudicate the Amended Articles by trial, summary dismissal, or otherwise.
                                          PAM - 6
             We have made clear, however, that we will not refrain
             from resolving a dispute which involves only an
             interpretation of the laws of the Commonwealth, for the
             resolution of such disputes is our constitutional duty.

Id. at 928 (most internal citations and quotations omitted) (emphasis added).
             In accord with the above, there is a “textually demonstrable
constitutional commitment” to the Senate of the question of whether the Amended
Articles set forth sufficient allegations of “misbehavior in office.” We at least
implicitly recognized that principle in Larsen, a case largely sidestepped by the
Majority. There, former Justice Larsen brought an action in this Court seeking
declaratory and injunctive relief barring the Senate from proceeding on articles of
impeachment adopted by the House and scheduled for trial. Larsen, 646 A.2d at
695-96. The respondents, the Senate, and members of the Senate Trial Impeachment
Committee, argued in part that Larsen impermissibly sought advance review of non-
justiciable political questions. Id. at 699. We acknowledged in Larsen that appellate
courts may review and rule upon the constitutionality of the actions of other
coordinate branches of government. Proceeding more prudently than the Majority
does here, however, we also observed that “where the courts have undertaken to
examine legislative actions as justiciable questions, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court
and this [C]ourt were reviewing actions already theretofore taken by the processes
of the legislative body.” Larsen, 646 A.2d at 700 (emphasis in original). Although
we discussed to some degree the questions former Justice Larsen presented for
review, we ultimately declined to afford any relief in advance of trial in the Senate:
             Of most significance is our conviction, from study of the
             impeachment      provisions of the Pennsylvania
             Constitution, that such process is committed by the
             Constitution to the Senate of Pennsylvania to an extent
             which clearly bars the courts from intervening with prior
             restraint. Impeachment involves an adjudicative process,

                                      PAM - 7
             but one which has been clearly set apart by the
             Constitution as distinguished from adjudications by the
             judicial branch of government, regardless of whatever
             powers the courts may have to interpret actions of the
             legislative body, by way of review, after they have been
             taken. As in the case of scrutinizing the constitutionality
             of statutes themselves, the courts clearly have no power to
             intervene by injunction in advance of legislative action,
             any more than a court would have any power to enjoin, in
             advance, the enactment of a law appearing (to the courts)
             to be constitutionally invalid.

Larsen, 646 A.2d at 705 (emphasis added).
             Although Larsen involved a direct request for pre-trial injunctive relief
(a request that Krasner strategically avoids here), the applicable principle from
Larsen remains the same: judicial restraint and respect for constitutional separation
of powers. Krasner requests that this Court act in advance and tell the Senate, the
House, and (at least hypothetically) the Impeachment Committee, all non-parties,
that they may not lawfully take any further action in these impeachment proceedings.
Krasner also candidly has admitted, as he must, that any failure of any of these
parties to comply with the Majority’s pronouncements would precipitate a request
for injunctive relief. As discussed supra, however, Krasner has not named as a
respondent any party with independent authority to proceed with the impeachment
proceedings. It therefore is not clear against whom he would seek such injunctive
relief. This, once again, highlights in boldface the jurisdictional problems with
permitting this action to proceed in its current form.
             Moreover, Krasner in this third claim does not ask us to review the
constitutionality of legislation already enacted by the General Assembly. Nor does
he request that we review and issue declarations (and, if necessary, injunctions)
regarding a law’s constitutionality before it is enforced by the executive branch. The
courts’ ability to conduct those kinds of review is firmly established. Instead,
                                      PAM - 8
Krasner requests that we evaluate the substance of legislative action that has not yet
occurred. The Majority’s willingness to do so is ill-advised, particularly given that
the legislative function at issue is judicial in character and has been constitutionally
assigned to another branch of Commonwealth government. Whatever review we
may conduct of the Senate’s determination on the Amended Articles, we ought not
conduct it now. In this respect, the question presented in Krasner’s third claim is
nonjusticiable both because it is a political question and because it is unripe. In
concluding to the contrary, the Majority shirks the more prudential course of
exercising judicial restraint.
             Thus, and only if this Court had jurisdiction, I alternatively would
concur with the Majority’s disposition of Krasner’s first and second claims
regarding, respectively, whether the impeachment proceedings carry over from the
206th General Assembly and whether Krasner is a “civil officer” subject to
impeachment under article VI, section 6 of the Pennsylvania Constitution. Unlike
the Majority, however, I would sustain, in part, the Preliminary Objections of
Respondent Representatives Timothy R. Bonner and Craig Williams and dismiss as
nonjusticiable and unripe Krasner’s third claim regarding whether the Amended
Articles sufficiently allege impeachable “misbehavior in office.” This, I believe, is
the only disposition that properly would heed our Supreme Court’s sage admonition
that “[i]t is on the preservation of the lines which separate the cardinal branches of
government [] that the liberties of the citizen depend.” Wilson v. School District of
Philadelphia, 195 A. 90, 93-96 (Pa. 1937).

                                  III.    Conclusion
             Whatever may be this Court’s preliminary reaction to the impeachment
proceedings now underway in the General Assembly, I am convinced that we are
duty-bound to decide only those legal questions that presently are within our
                                         PAM - 9
jurisdictional purview. In its current form, this action presents us with none. It
accordingly should be dismissed.

                                         ________________________________
                                         PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge

                                    PAM - 10
          IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Larry Krasner, in his official capacity   :
as the District Attorney of               :
Philadelphia,                             :
                                          :
                          Petitioner      :
                                          :
                    v.                    : No. 563 M.D. 2022
                                          : Argued: December 29, 2022
                                          :
Senator Kim Ward, in her official         :
capacity as Interim President Pro         :
Tempore of the Senate;                    :
Representative Timothy R. Bonner,         :
in his official capacity as an            :
impeachment manager;                      :
Representative Craig Williams, in         :
his official capacity as an               :
impeachment manager;                      :
Representative Jared Solomon, in          :
his official capacity as an               :
impeachment manager; and                  :
John Does, in their official capacities   :
as members of the Senate                  :
Impeachment Committee,                    :
                                          :
                          Respondents     :

BEFORE:      HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, President Judge
             HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
             HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
             HONORABLE ELLEN CEISLER, Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

CONCURRING OPINION
BY JUDGE WOJCIK                                     FILED: January 12, 2023
                 I agree with the Majority that the Pennsylvania House of
Representatives (House) is without the constitutional or statutory authority to
consider or determine whether Petitioner has violated the Rules of Professional
Conduct and the Code of Judicial Conduct as alleged in Impeachment Articles III,
IV, and V of the Amended House Resolution No. 240, because such authority is
solely and exclusively vested in the Pennsylvania Supreme Court under article V,
sections 1,1 2(a) and (c),2 and 10(c) of the Pennsylvania Constitution3 and Section

       1
           Pa. Const. art. V, §1. Article V, section 1 states:

                 The judicial power of the Commonwealth shall be vested in a unified
                 judicial system consisting of the Supreme Court, the Superior Court,
                 the Commonwealth Court, courts of common pleas, community
                 courts, municipal courts in the City of Philadelphia, such other
                 courts as may be provided by law and justices of the peace. All
                 courts and justices of the peace and their jurisdiction shall be in this
                 unified judicial system.

       2
          Pa. Const. art. V, §2(a) and (c). Article V, section 2(a) and (c) states: “The Supreme
Court (a) shall be the highest court of the Commonwealth and in this court shall be reposed the
supreme judicial power of the Commonwealth; . . . and (c) shall have such jurisdiction as shall be
provided by law.” See also Section 501 of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa. C.S. §501 (“The [Supreme
C]ourt shall be the highest court of this Commonwealth and in it shall be reposed the supreme
judicial power of the Commonwealth.”); Section 502 of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa. C.S. §502 (“The
Supreme Court shall have and exercise the powers vested in it by the Constitution of Pennsylvania,
including the power generally to minister justice to all persons and to exercise the powers of the
[C]ourt, as fully and amply, to all intents and purposes, as the justices of the Court of King’s Bench,
Common Pleas and Exchequer, at Westminster, or any of them, could or might do on May 22,
1722. The Supreme Court shall also have and exercise . . . [a]ll powers necessary or appropriate
in aid of its original and appellate jurisdiction which are agreeable to the usages and principles of
law[, and t]he powers vested in it by statute, including the provisions of this title.”).

       3
           Pa. Const. art. V, §10(c). Article V, section 10(c) states, in pertinent part:

                 The Supreme Court shall have the power to prescribe general rules
                 governing practice, procedure and the conduct . . . for admission to
                 the bar and to practice law, . . . if such rules are consistent with this
(Footnote continued on next page…)
                                 MHW-2
1401(o) of The County Code.4                 In fact, the General Assembly specifically
acknowledged the limitation to its impeachment authority in this regard in its
enactment of Section 1401(o) of The County Code. Thus, the House’s actions in
this respect clearly infringe upon the Supreme Court’s sole and exclusive authority
as a separate and coequal branch of our Commonwealth’s government, and
Petitioner’s claims in this regard are justiciable by this Court as an unconstitutional

                Constitution and neither abridge, enlarge nor modify the substantive
                rights of any litigant, nor affect the right of the General Assembly to
                determine the jurisdiction of any court or justice of the peace, nor
                suspend nor alter any statute of limitation or repose. All laws shall
                be suspended to the extent that they are inconsistent with rules
                prescribed under these provisions.

See also Pa. R.D.E. 103 (“The Supreme Court declares that it has inherent and exclusive power to
supervise the conduct of attorneys who are its officers (which power is reasserted in [s]ection 10(c)
of [a]rticle V of the Constitution of Pennsylvania) and in furtherance thereof promulgates these
rules.”).

       4
           Act of August 9, 1955, P.L. 323, as amended, 16 P.S. §1401(o). Section 1401(o) states:

                 A district attorney shall be subject to the Rules of Professional
                Conduct and the canons of ethics as applied to judges in the courts
                of common pleas of this Commonwealth insofar as such canons
                apply to salaries, full-time duties and conflicts of interest. Any
                complaint by a citizen of the county that a full-time district attorney
                may be in violation of this section shall be made to the Disciplinary
                Board of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. If any substantive
                basis is found, the board shall proceed forthwith in the manner
                prescribed by the rules of the Supreme Court and make such
                recommendation for disciplinary action as it deems advisable,
                provided, however, that if the Supreme Court deems the violation so
                grave as to warrant removal from office, the prothonotary of the
                Supreme Court shall transmit its findings to the Speaker of the
                House of Representatives for such action as the House of
                Representatives deems appropriate under [a]rticle VI of the
                Constitution of Pennsylvania.

                                              MHW-3
exercise of the House’s impeachment authority conferred by article VI, section 4 of
the Pennsylvania Constitution.5 See, e.g., In re Investigation by Dauphin County
Grand Jury, September, 1938, 2 A.2d 802, 803 (Pa. 1938) (“Therefore, the courts
have no jurisdiction in impeachment proceedings, and no control over their conduct,
so long as actions taken are within constitutional lines.”) (emphasis added).
                 I joined the position of the lead opinion when the matter was presented
to this Court on an expedited basis. However, upon further reflection, I now firmly
believe that the constitutional authority to issue and consider Impeachment Articles
I, II, VI, and VII of the Amended House Resolution No. 240 has been solely and
exclusively vested in the House pursuant to article VI, section 4, and trial on these
Impeachment Articles has been solely and exclusively vested in the Pennsylvania
Senate pursuant to article VI, sections 56 and 67 of the Pennsylvania Constitution.8

       5
         Pa. Const. art. VI, §4. Article VI, section 4 states: “The House of Representatives shall
have the sole power of impeachment.”

       6
         Pa. Const. art. VI, §5. Article VI, section 5 states: “All impeachments shall be tried by
the Senate. When sitting for that purpose the Senators shall be upon oath or affirmation. No
person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.”

       7
           Pa. Const. art. VI, §6. Article VI, section 6 states, in relevant part:

                 [A]ll . . . civil officers shall be liable to impeachment for any
                 misbehavior in office, but judgment in such cases shall not extend
                 further than to removal from office and disqualification to hold any
                 office of trust or profit under this Commonwealth. The person
                 accused, whether convicted or acquitted, shall nevertheless be liable
                 to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law.

       8
         See, e.g., In re Cohen for Office of Philadelphia City Council-at-Large, 225 A.3d 1083,
1090 (Pa. 2020) (Donohue, J., concurring) (“I joined the position of the Lead Opinion placing [the
appellant] on the general election ballot as a candidate for Philadelphia City Council-at-Large
when the matter was presented to us on an expedited basis. . . . Having reviewed Justice Wecht’s
thoughtful and well-reasoned Dissenting Opinion, however, I find it to be highly persuasive and,
(Footnote continued on next page…)
                                 MHW-4
Thus, Petitioner’s claims with respect to these Impeachment Articles should present
nonjusticiable political questions that must ultimately be resolved by the General
Assembly pursuant to its constitutional authority.9
                Based on the foregoing, I would now sustain and overrule Respondents’
preliminary objections, grant and deny Petitioner’s and Respondents’ cross-
applications for summary relief, and grant and deny Petitioner’s requested

in my view, should be the prevailing interpretation of Section 976(e) of the [Pennsylvania] Election
Code, [Act of Act of June 3, 1937, P.L. 1333, as amended,] 25 P.S. §2936(e), in future cases.”).

       9
           As previously explained by this Court:

                        Of most significance is our conviction, from study of the
                impeachment provisions of the Pennsylvania Constitution, that such
                process is committed by the Constitution to the Senate of
                Pennsylvania to an extent which clearly bars the courts from
                intervening with prior restraint.       Impeachment involves an
                adjudicative process, but one which has been clearly set apart by the
                Constitution as distinguished from adjudications by the judicial
                branch of government, regardless of whatever powers the courts
                may have to interpret actions of the legislative body, by way of
                review, after they have been taken. As in the case of scrutinizing
                the constitutionality of statutes themselves, the courts clearly have
                no power to intervene by injunction in advance of legislative action,
                any more than a court would have any power to enjoin, in advance,
                the enactment of a law appearing (to the courts) to be
                constitutionally invalid.

Larsen v. Senate of Pennsylvania, 646 A.2d 694, 705 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1994).

         That being said, while the House has the constitutional authority to impeach Petitioner in
this regard, and the Pennsylvania Senate has the constitutional authority to adjudicate those
Articles of Impeachment, the question of whether the House and Senate should proceed down that
path is not within our purview. Ultimately, it is for the electors of the Commonwealth to decide if
this folly has been a wise use of legislative resources, just as it is for the electors of Philadelphia
to decide if Petitioner is properly discharging his duties as District Attorney.
                                              MHW-5
declaratory relief accordingly. I continue to be in complete agreement with the
Majority’s disposition of all remaining claims and issues in this matter.

                                       MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge

                                      MHW-6