Court Opinion

ID: 4071934
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-30 02:27:18.522823+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:32:18.946395
License: Public Domain

PD-1193-15
                                                              COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                                                              AUSTIN, TEXAS
                                                           Transmitted 10/16/2015 10:35:24 AM
                                                              Accepted 10/16/2015 2:39:00 PM
                                                                               ABEL ACOSTA
                                                                                       CLERK
                        CAUSE NO. PD-1193-15

                IN THE COURT OF CRIMINALAPPEALS
                             AUSTIN, TEXAS
RICHARD VOLLICK
                                                            October 16, 2015
vs.

STATE OF TEXAS

               PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW

TO THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS:

      RICHARD VOLLICK, Petitioner herein, respectfully requests this

Honorable Court to grant this Petition for Discretionary review from Cause

13-1400261-CR in the Thirteenth Court of Appeals, judgment and

memorandum opinion issued upon appeal from State of Texas vs. Richard

Vollick, Cause No. 13-CR-4388-8, in the 117th Judicial District Court,

Nueces County, Texas, the Honorable Sandra Watts presiding. Petitioner

would respectfully show this Honorable Court as follows:

       Petitioner requests oral argument. Tex. R. App. P. 68.4(d)

                                     1
              IDENTITY OF JUDGE, PARTIES, AND COUNSEL

Trial Judge
Hon. Sandra Watts
117th Judicial District
Nueces County Courthouse
Corpus Christi, Texas 78404

Petitioner
Richard Vollick
TDCJ #01926389
Clements Unit
9601 Spur 591
Amarillo, TX 79107-9606

Petitioner's Trial Counsel
John Lamerson
Rausch, Sturm, Israel, Enerson, & Hornic, LLC
15660 N. Dallas Pkwy, Suite 350
Dallas, TX 75248

Petitioner's Appellate and Petition Counsel
John S. Gilmore, Jr.
Attorney at Law
State Bar No. 07958500
622 S. Tancahua
Corpus Christi, TX 78401
Tel: (361) 882-4378

Christopher A. Dorsey
Attorney at Law
State Bar No. 24036493
606 N. Carancahua, Suite 1001
Corpus Christi, TX 78401
(361 ) 882-9991

                                    2
Respondent's Trial Counsel
Ms. Deborah Kay "Deb" Rudder
SBOT No. 00797355
Ms. Crystal Mathis
SBOT No. 24078942
Assistant District Attorneys
Nueces County District Attorney's Office
Nueces County Courthouse
901 Leopard
Corpus Christi, TX 78401
(361) 888-0410

Respondent's Appellant Counsel
Mark Skurka
Ms. Deborah Kay "Deb" Rudder
SBOT No. 00797355
Nueces County District Attorney 105th Judicial District
901 Leopard, Room 206
Corpus Christi, Texas 78401

Respondent's Counsel
Lisa McMinn
State Prosecuting Attorney
P.O. Box 13046
209 W.14th St.
Austin, TX 78711

                                      3
                                      TABLE OF CONTENTS

Identity of Judge, Parties, Parties and Counsel.........                                                2-3

Table of Contents ............. .............. .............. ............                              4

Index of Authorities....................................................                                5

Statement Regarding Oral Argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..                                   6

Statement of the Case...............................................                                     7

Statement of Procedural History................................                                          7

Grounds for Review...............................................                                        8

Argument......................................................                                           8

A.    Brief Summary of Facts with Record Citations . . . .                                               8

B.    The Case Law Requiring Harm is Based on Rule 3.08. . .                                            1O

C.    The District Attorney Violated Rule 3.07 ..... .                                                  13

D.    The Thirteenth Court of Appeals' Suggested
      Process May Be Flawed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Prayer .................................................................................................. 18

Certificate of Service ............................................................................ 19

Certificate of Compliance .................................................................... 20

Appendix ............................................................................... 20

                                                       4
                              INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

House   v. State, 947 S.W. 251, 252 (Tex.         Crim. 1997) . . . . . . . ..      11, 12

Ocon    v. State, 284 S.W.3d 880, 886 (Tex.         Crim. App. 2009)...               16

Powers    v. State, 165 S.W.3d 357, 359 (Tex. Crime. App. 2005) . .                 11, 12

Smith   v. Phillips, 455 U.S. 209, 215 (1982) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    16

TEX. DISCIPLINARY R. PROF'L CONDUCT 3.07... . . . . . . . . . .                       13

TEX. DISCIPLINARY R. PROF'L CONDUCT 3.08 . . . . . . . . . . ..                       12

TEXAS RULE OF EVIDENCE 404(b)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            14

                                              5
               STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

        The effect of unethical prosecution on a criminal trial is an important

statewide issue that would benefit from oral argument. There are many

recent changes to laws based on unethical prosecution, such as the

Michael Morton Act, because lawmakers and courts are more aware than

ever of the significant impact that unethical prosecutors have on a criminal

case.

        Here, the District Attorney for the 105th Judicial District provided

criminal background information and gave an interview to a major local

television station news reporter the day before the jury deliberated on

Petitioner's guilt. The news discussed Petitioner's specific criminal history

(numerous OWi's), and the District Attorney was quoted about the need to

send "these'' repeat DWI offenders to prison.         The trial court refused

Petitioner's request to poll the jury, presumed that jurors followed its

instruction from the beginning of the trial (even though a couple were

employed with local media outlets), and jurors would not speak to attorneys

post-verdict before the motion for new trial.      Accordingly, there was no

showing here of any actual harm at this stage, as required by the

intermediate court.

                                        6
         Petitioner is requesting briefing on the merits and oral argument to

address the issue of whether harm should be required or presumed under

these facts or whether Petitioner should have been allowed opportunity to

show harm through the questioning of the jurors.

                          STATEMENT OF THE CASE

         Mr. Vollick was found guilty and sentenced to seventy years for

driving while intoxicated (no injuries) enhanced from a Class B

misdemeanor after a jury trial in the 117th Judicial District Court, Nueces

County, Texas, the Honorable Sandra Watts presiding.

         This Petition challenges the process Petitioner and trial courts should

follow when the District Attorney violates ethical prohibitions on speaking to

the media about his criminal record the night before the jury deliberates on

guilt.

                   STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         The Thirteenth Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment with opinion

(attached in Appendix) on July 23, 2015. The motion for rehearing was filed

on August 12, 2015, and the Thirteenth Court of Appeals denied it on

August 17, 2015.

                                         7
                          GROUNDS FOR REVIEW

1.    Whether harm should be required to be shown or presumed when a

prosecutor uses the local television news media to discuss a defendant's

specific criminal history the evening before the jury deliberates on guilty.

2.    Whether Petitioner's constitutional right to a fair trial is violated when

the District Attorney uses the local television news media to discuss a

defendant's specific criminal history the evening before the jury deliberates

on guilt.

3. Whether a trial judge should poll the jury to determine whether they

heard any news reports regarding the case when a prosecutor uses the

local television news media to discuss a defendant's specific criminal

history while the case is being tried.

                                 ARGUMENT

A.    Brief Summary of Facts with Record Citations

      The night before the jury deliberated on Petitioner's guilt, the local

ABC news affiliate and most watched news in the Coastal Bend area aired

a story about Petitioner's trial. See Defendant's Exhibit 1, video of the KIi i-

                                         8
TV April 28, 2014 news report showing interview with District Attorney. See

also RRvS 5-7, Defendant's introduction of the video and motion for mistrial

on morning of April 29, 2014.

        The broadcast that aired revealed that Petitioner had "been in court

on DWI charges at least seven times." See Exh. 1, from RRv8. They also

revealed that he had been up to prison twice for DWI and faced up to life in

prison as a "labeled" habitual felony offender. They further explained that

"Vollick's case, however, is one of many similar cases of drivers who have

been in and out of prison, or have been on probation multiple times, only to

re-offend again."

        After showing Petitioner and his attorney with the bailiff escorting

Petitioner, 1 broadcasting his name and previous record, the news

broadcast then showed portions of its interview with Mark Skurka, the

Nueces County District Attorney, discussing Mr. Vollick's case in context of

other habitual felony DWI defendants.                          See Defense Exhibit 1, video of

news broadcast.

        The District Attorney explained that time eventually runs out on

''these" habitual felony offenders and prison is all that is left. The District

1 Usually trial courts go to great lengths at the guilt stage of the proceedings to avoid letting the jury know
that the Defendant is in custody.

                                                       9
Attorney explained that for those like Mr. Vollick prison time is all that's left

mostly because of their criminal record. He also discussed that other

similarly situated defendants did an open plea and received 32 years and

35 years. He explained, after all, .. it's not their first time at the rodeo." Id.

       Mr. Vollick's trial attorney asked the trial court to poll jurors to ask if

any saw the broadcast. Id. 40:13-20. He also reminded the trial court that

there were two members of the media on the jury, and that further made it

necessary to poll them.           Id. 40:13-20. The trial court denied his request
            1
because 'what I saw on video is not the basis for a mistrial." Id.

       In sum, the news broadcast, with the help of the District Attorney,

discussed Mr. Vollick's seven prior DWI convictions and his habitual felony

offender status. See DX-1 video.

B.     The Case Law Requiring Harm is Based on Rule 3.0B

       The Thirteenth Court of Appeals rejected Petitioner's argument that

the District Attorney's statements to the media were prosecutorial

misconduct and violated Petitioner's fundamental right to a fair trial.2 See

2 See U.S. CONST. amend. VI (granting the right to an impartial jury trial in criminal
prosecutions); id. amend. VII (preserving ''the right of trial by jury" in civil cases). See
TEX. CONST. art. I, § 10 {promulgating that an accused in criminal prosecutions has the
right to a speedy public trial before an impartial jury); id. art. I,§ 15 (''The right of trial by
jury shall remain inviolate."); id. art. V, § 10 (reserving the right of a plaintiff or defendant
to a trial by jury in all district court trials).

                                                10
Opinion 5-8 (a true and correct copy is attached in the Appendix as Exhibit

1).   It disapproved of Petitioner's use of rules of professional conduct as

''tactical weapons" and required a showing of actual prejudice.            Id.   It

stated:

               The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that the
               rules of professional conduct "should not be used as a
               tactical weapon to ... obtain a reversal of a conviction for
               alleged disciplinary rule violations by opposing counsel"
               unless "the defendant can show the alleged disciplinary
               rule violations by opposing counsel deprived him of a fair
               trial or otherwise affected his substantial rights." House v.
               State, 947 S.W.2d 251, 253 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); see
               Powers v. State, 165 S.W.3d 357, 359 (Tex. Crim. App.
               2005). "[l]f a defendant cannot show actual prejudice from
               an alleged disciplinary rule violation by the State, then he
               will not be entitled to relief on appeal." House, 947 S.W.2d
               at 253.

Id. at 7. The intermediate court cited two cases from this Honorable

Court that require a showing of actual prejudice to entitle Petitioner to

relief.

      Nevertheless, the cases cited by the Thirteenth Court of Appeals

are not factually analogous, as they involve two completely different

rules. In House the Petitioner relied "on an alleged disciplinary rule

violation by the State as the sole basis for reversal of his conviction."

House     v.   State, 947 S.W. 251, 252 (Tex. Crim. 1997).           House

                                         11
complained that the trial court permitted two assistant district

attorneys to testify about House's character during the punishment

phase of the trial, in apparent violation of Texas Disciplinary Rule

3.08. Id. The main focus of Rule 3.08 is a recognition of the potential

harm to the offending lawyer's client when the lawyer assumes the

dual role of advocate-witness. When, as was the case in House, the

opposing party complains, the disciplinary rule "spoke" in terms of

actual prejudice and potential harm to the opposing party.           In

summary, House involved a completely different rule of professional

conduct that refers to the actual prejudice and harm to the opposing

party when it was violated.

     Powers involved the application of the same disciplinary rule as

in House, Rule 3.08 of the Texas Disciplinary Rule of Professional

Conduct, and a very similar complaint of a lawyer assuming a dual

role. Powers   v.   State, 165 S.W.3d 357, 359 (Tex. Crime. App. 2005).

Powers complained that the one of the arresting officers became an

attorney in the prosecutor's office after his arrest and assumed dual

roles as witness and prosecutor. This Honorable Court held that the

former officer did not serve dual roles and did not reach the harm

                                       12
question. This had nothing to do with a District Attorney speaking to

the media about a defendant's criminal background during trial.

c.                         .
      The District Attornev Violated Rule 3.07

      The Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct State prohibit

the State from talking about Petitioner's criminal record in the media. See

TEX. DISCIPLINARY R. PROF'L CONDUCT 3.07.                     In fact, publicly

speaking about a defendant's criminal record is clearly prohibited, as it is

one of the first items in the list of items specifically prohibited. The Rule

sets forth:

              (a) In the course of representing a client, a lawyer
              shall not make an extrajudicial statement that a
              reasonable person would expect to be disseminated
              by means of public communication if the lawyer
              knows or reasonably should know that it will have a
              substantial likelihood of materially prejudicing an
              adjudicatory proceeding. A lawyer shall not counsel
              or assist another person to make such a statement.
              (b) A lawyer ordinarily will violate paragraph (a},
              and the likelihood of a violation increases if the
              adjudication is ongoing or imminent, by making
              an extrajudicial statement of the type referred to in
              that paragraph when the statement refers to:

              (1) the character, credibility, reputation or criminal
              record of a party, suspect in a criminal investigation
              or witness; or the expected testimony of a party or
              witness; ...

                                        13
Id. (emphasis added). This rule sets forth that when a prosecutor speaks

to the media about the criminal record of a defendant it is ordinarily a

violation.

        The timing of the District Attorney's decision to make extrajudicial

statements to the media about Petitioner's criminal history and habitual

felony offender status increases the likelihood of the violation. As the Rule

sets forth. "the likelihood of a violation increases if the adjudication is

ongoing or imminent." Id. Here the statements were published the night

before the jury deliberated on guilt. Here, the trial was ongoing, thus the

likelihood of violation increased, as the extrajudicial statements in the

media are more likely to materially prejudice the proceeding.

        This is an especially egregious violation because it was an effective

way to potentially inform the jury of a criminal record that normally would

not be allowed to be presented to the jury because it is so prejudicial. See

generally Texas Rule of Evidence 404(b) (limiting evidence of other

crimes).3         The District Attorney's statements to the media regarding

Petitioner's criminal record effectively nullify the exclusionary rules of

3 It is well recognized that, despite the logical relevancy of such character evidence to prove conforming
conduct, such proof tends to inject into a trial "a dangerous baggage of prejudice." McCORMICK'S
HANDBOOK OF THE LAW OF EVIDENCE Section 1aa, at 445 (Edward        w.    Cleary et al. eds., 2d ed. 1972).

                                                     14
evidence to keep his criminal record from the jury during this stage of the

proceeding. It is well recognized, even by the trial court in this trial, of the

need to protect defendant's right to a fair trial by excluding evidence of his

prior felonies and his habitual felony offender status from the panel and the

jury during the guilt portion of the trial.

      The assistant District Attorney showed her eagerness to get

Petitioner's criminal history to the jury at this stage. See RR2 at 18. She

wanted Petitioner to stipulate to their admission at this stage, without any

reason showing the need to introduce this to a jury at guilt.          Id.   The

implication is that by showing her eagerness at the voir dire stage of trial to

get the conviction in front of the jury, the District Attorney willfully violated

the rules of professional conduct to circumvent traditional rules of evidence.

      Here, when they could not tell the jury about Petitioner's priors at the

guilt stage through proper evidentiary means, they used the media to

manipulate the process.

D.     The Thirteenth Court of Appeals' Suggested Process is Flawed

      The Thirteenth Court of Appeals would require a showing of actual

harm, such as a showing that jurors actually heard the news story.

                                          15
However, on the other hand, the same court upheld the trial court's refusal

to allow questioning of the jurors.    In other words, Petitioner must show

harm, but when he attempts to do so through the trial court, the Thirteenth

Court of Appeals supports the trial court's decision to not allow him to do so

by polling the jury.

      As required in Ocon v. State, Petitioner's trial attorney asked the trial

court to poll jurors to ask if any saw the broadcast. RRv5 40:13-20.     Ocon

v. State, 284 S.W.3d 880, 886 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).      He also reminded

the trial court that there were two members of the media on the jury, and

that further made it necessary to poll them. Id. 40:13-20. The trial court

denied his request. Id.

      The United States Supreme Court has long held that the remedy for

allegations of juror partiality is a hearing where the defendant has the

opportunity to prove actual bias. Smith v. Phillips, 455 U.S. 209, 215 {1982).

The United States Supreme Court reasoned that due process means,

among other thing, a trial judge ever watchful to prevent prejudicial

occurrences and to determine the effect of such occurrences when they

happen. Id. at 217. Here, Appellant's due process rights were violated by

                                      16
the trial court's failure to conduct an inquiry to determine the effects of the

improper statements to the media by the District Attorney.

      The Thirteenth Court of Appeals reasoned that any questions to the

jury by the trial court would alert them to the existence and content of the

report.   Opinion at 9. This is simply not accurate, as a trial court can

reasonably question jurors individually and outside the presence of other

jurors as to whether they watched the news that night. The inquiry could

continue to see if the juror heard about any news stories about this case. A

felony trial court in the State of Texas, as an experienced lawyer, generally

knows how to ask open-ended questions that would not reveal the contents

of the news story yet get to the heart of the actual harm issue. If the juror

responded negatively, the trial court can simply re-admonish the juror to not

read or watch the news until after the trial. On the other hand, this simple

process would get to the truth as to whether the District Attorney's unethical

actions prejudiced or harmed Petitioner.

      Petitioner recognizes here that the actual bias here is unknown, as

the trial judge refused his request to poll jurors as to whether they saw or

heard about the news story.       After trial, jurors refused to speak to his

                                      17
attorney regarding any news stories that may have been heard, as they

were warned that defense attorneys would try to "mess with" the verdict.

Nevertheless, had the trial court questioned jurors properly without

revealing the content of the news story, the true harm would have been

revealed and an alternate used, if necessary, for the remainder of the trial.

                           PRAYER FOR RELIEF

      Petitioner, Richard Vollick, respectfully requests that this Honorable

Court grant this Petition for Discretionary Review, order briefing on the

merits, and reverse the judgments of the courts below, alternatively

ordering the entry of a judgment of acquittal, ordering the dismissal of the

case, or remanding for further proceedings.

                                    Respectfully submitted,

                                    John S. Gilmore, Jr.
                                    Attorney at Law
                                    State Bar No. 07958500
                                    622 S. Tancahua
                                    Corpus Christi, TX 78401
                                    Tel: (361) 882-4378

                                    Christopher A. Dorsey
                                    State Bar No. 24036493
                                    606 N. Carancahua St., Ste 1001
                                    Corpus Christi, TX 78476
                                    Tel: (361) 8829991
                                    Fax: (866) 9261982

                                      18
                                  By: Isl John Gilmore

                                     JOHNS. GILMORE, JR.
                                     Attorneys for Richard Vollick

                      CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

     This is to certify that on October 16, 2015 a true and correct copy of

the above and foregoing document was served on the District Attorney's

Office, Nueces County, 901 LEOPARD STREET, CORPUS CHRISTI,

TEXAS 78401, via e-filing.

                                   Isl Christopher Dorsey
                                  CHRISTOPHER A. DORSEY

                                    19
                     CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

    Pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.4, I certify this Petition

for Discretionary Review contains 3,440 total words. This is a computer-

generated document created in Pages, using 14-point typeface for all text,

except footnotes which are in 12-point typeface. In making this certificate

of compliance, I am relying on the word count provided by the software

"Pages" used to prepare the document.

                                   WWW
                                         Isl Christooher Dorsey
                                                   i

                                    CHRISTOPHER A. DORSEY

    APPENDIX (Including Copy of Opinion of the court of appeals)

                                         20
                            NUMBER 13-14-00261-CR

                           COURT OF APPEALS

                 THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                   CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG

RICHARD H. VOLLICK,                                                           Appellant,

                                            v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                                            Appellee.

                   On appeal from the 117th District Court
                         of Nueces County, Texas.

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

             Before Justices Rodriguez, Garza and Longoria
                Memorandum Opinion by Justice Garza

      A jury convicted appellant, Richard H. Vollick, of his third driving while intoxicated

("DWI") offense, a third-degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 49.04, 49.09(b)(2)

(West, Westlaw through Ch. 46, 2015 R.S.).         The jury found that Vollick had been

previously convicted of two additional felonies and assessed punishment at seventy

years' imprisonment. See id. § 12.42(d) (West, Westlaw through Ch. 46, 2015 R.S.). By
..

     four issues on appeal, Vollick contends that the trial court abused its discretion by

     (1) denying his request for mistrial based on a television news report, (2) not allowing his

     trial counsel to poll the jury under Texas Rule of Evidence 606(b), (3) not allowing his trial

     counsel to question the venire panel on a twenty-five-year minimum sentence, and

     (4) denying his motion for new trial based on allegedly false testimony. We affirm.

                                           I. BACKGROUND

            On January 16, 2014, Vollick was charged by way of indictment with felony DWI.

     The indictment alleged that Vollick was convicted of DWI in May 2001 and again in

     December 2011. The indictment also alleged that Vollick was previously convicted of two

     other felonies, the first for burglary in December 1988 and the second for felony DWI in

     April 2012.

            Port Aransas police officers arrested Vollick on December 26, 2013 for DWI after

     he ran over two signs exiting the Port Aransas ferry in Aransas Pass. Two eyewitnesses

     testified that they saw Vollick strike one sign and then travel along the median until he hit

     another sign. One of the eyewitnesses, a ferry deck hand, testified that Vollick's facial

     expression and eyes were droopy, his speech was slurred, and his movements were

     sluggish. In her opinion, based on these observations, Vollick was under the influence of

     alcohol. Another eyewitness testified that Vollick was smoking a cigarette in the middle

     of a gasoline spill and even attempted to throw the cigarette on the ground, and that,

     based on this behavior, he believed Vollick was under the influence of alcohol.

            During a pre-trial hearing, Vollick stipulated that the two prior DWI convictions and

     the two prior felony convictions were true. Defense counsel requested that the venire

     panel be advised that the minimum punishment was twenty-five years without instructing

                                                    2
them on Vollick's habitual felony offender status. See id. However, the trial court denied

the request and instead instructed the panel that the charged offense is a third-degree

felony which carries a range of punishment of two to ten years' confinement. See id.

§ 12.34(a) (West, Westlaw through Ch. 46, 2015 R.S.). The court also instructed the jury

that if it found one prior felony conviction, then the range of punishment is two to twenty

years, and if it found two prior felony convictions, then the range of punishment is twenty-

five years to life. See id. § 12.42.

       Joseph Rivas, a Port Aransas police officer, testified that he found a twelve-ounce

beer bottle in the back of Vollick's car that was cold and still contained some liquid.

According to Rivas, he then asked Vollick if he had consumed any alcohol and Vollick

admitted to drinking four or five twelve-ounce beers. Rivas testified that Vollick's eyes

were bloodshot, his speech was slurred, he exhibited a disorganized thought process,

and he had trouble retrieving his driver's license. Vollick was swaying, failed to follow

directions, and failed to complete the walk-and-turn field sobriety test successfully. Rivas,

as well as another officer present at the scene, each testified that they believed Vollick

was intoxicated based on his movements, his appearance, his speech, and the way he

smelled.

       Rivas also testified that he had specialized training in intoxication detection and in

standard field sobriety tests, including a certification in the horizontal gaze nystagmus

("HGN") test. According to the officer, Vollick exhibited all of the indicators of alcohol

consumption or some other central nervous system depressant. Rivas also testified that

Vollick's driver's license did not list any restrictions, and that Vollick was not wearing

glasses or contact lenses at the time of the accident. During opening statements, defense

                                              3
counsel mentioned that Vollick suffered from many medical issues, including glaucoma,

and indicated that these conditions were relevant to his inability to pass the field sobriety

test. However, during cross-examination, Rivas testified that appellant never mentioned

that he suffered from glaucoma. Rivas further testified that neither his training manual

nor the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration manual listed glaucoma as one of

the conditions that could potentially cause HGN. The other officer on the scene, Brett

Boyer, testified that he was certified in standardized field sobriety testing, and that he was

also not aware that glaucoma could affect the HGN test.

       The night before the final day of trial, a local television station, KIii, ran a story on

Vollick's case in which the reporter referred to the fact that Vollick had previously "been

in court on DWI charges at least seven times." The news broadcast also showed portions

of an interview with the Nueces County District Attorney, during which the District Attorney

discussed other habitual-offender felony DWI defendants. The morning following the

broadcast, defense counsel introduced the video and requested a mistrial for

prosecutorial misconduct. The trial court tabled the issue to revisit later in the trial, stating

that the "only reason that would be important is if indeed the jury heard those comments,

and I've instructed the jury not to listen to those comments . . . . It doesn't impact my

case, unless those jurors have been impacted." Later, after both parties rested, the trial

court reviewed a recording of the news report. At this point, defense counsel noted that

the jury pool contained a KIii employee and an editor of the Corpus Christi Caller Times,

and he requested permission to ask these two jurors if they had seen the news report.

Counsel later requested permission to "ask the jurors if they have seen the footage." The

trial denied the request and the motion for mistrial.

                                                4
       During closing argument. defense counsel focused on the fact that Vollick was not

wearing glasses at the time of the accident, and that he had mental and physical problems

that might have interfered with the field sobriety tests. The State noted that the defense

did not call any experts to the stand to connect Vollick's mental and physical issues to his

intoxication. The jury convicted Vollick offelony DWI and sentenced him to seventy years'

imprisonment in Texas Department of Criminal Justice.

       Vollick then filed a motion for new trial and arrest of judgment. complaining that the

State had misled the jury about the non-alcohol-related causes of HGN and had led the

jury to believe that Vollick did not have any problems with his vision. At a hearing on the

motion for new trial, Vollick did not call any witnesses to explain his eye conditlons or the

side effects of his medication. The motion for new trial also alleged a violation of Vollick's

right to a fair trial in light of the Kill news report; however, no witnesses were called

regarding this issue at the new trial hearing. At that hearing, Vollick called only his trial

counsel to the stand to testify that he was unable to find anyone to testify at trial whether

glaucoma affected the HGN test. The trial court denied the motion for new trial, and this

appeal followed.

                                       II. DISCUSSION

A.     Motion for Mistrial

       By his first issue, Vollick contends that the trial court abused its discretion by

denying his motion for mistrial based on the KIii television news report. In his argument

regarding this issue, Vollick emphasizes that the District Attorney violated the Texas

Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct by giving a statement to the media regarding

                                              5
Vollick's case during trial. 1 He argues that the District Attorney's comments regarding his

criminal record violated his Sixth Amendment right to a fair trial and amounted to

prosecutorial misconduct, warranting a mistrial. The State counters by noting that the

District Attorney did not explicitly refer to Vollick by name in the news report, and it argues

that Vollick did not show that he suffered any harm as a result of the report.

       A mistrial is an appropriate remedy only in "extreme circumstances" for a narrow

class of highly prejudicial and incurable errors. Ocon v. State, 284 S.W.3d 880,884 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2009). A mistrial halts trial proceedings when error is so prejudicial that

expenditure of further time and expense would be wasteful and futile. Id. Whether an

error requires a mistrial must be determined by the particular facts of the case. Id. A trial

court's denial of a mistrial is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.                        Id.      We view the

evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling, considering only those

arguments before the court at the time of the ruling. Id. The ruling must be upheld if it

was within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id.

        Even assuming , but not deciding, that the District Attorney's comments constituted

a violation of ethical rules, we find no abuse of discretion by the trial court in denying

        1   In particular, rule 3 .07 of the Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct states as follows:
        (a)    In the course of representing a client, a lawyer shall not make an extrajudicial
               statement that a reasonable person would expect to be disseminated by means of
               public communication if the lawyer knows or reasonably should know that it will have
               a substantial likelihood of materially prejudicing an adjudicatory proceeding . A lawyer
               shall not counsel or assist another person to make such a statement.
        (b)    A lawyer ordinarily will violate paragraph (a), and the likelihood of a violation increases
               if the adjudication is ongoing or imminent, by making an extrajudicial statement of the
               type referred to in that paragraph when the statement refers to:
                  (1)   the character. credibility, reputation or criminal record of a party . ...
TEX. DISCIPLINARY R. PROF L CONDUCT 3 .07. reprinted in TEX. Gov'T CODE ANN. tit. 2, subtit. G, app. A (West.
                             1

Westlaw through Ch. 46 , 2015 R.S.) .

                                                         6
Vollick's motion for mistrial. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that the rules

of professional conduct "should not be used as a tactical weapon to ... obtain a reversal

of a conviction for alleged disciplinary rule violations by opposing counsel" unless "the

defendant can show the alleged disciplinary rule violations by opposing counsel deprived

him of a fair trial or otherwise affected his substantial rights." House v. State, 947 S.W.2d
251 , 253 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); see Powers        v.   State, 165 S.W.3d 357,359 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2005). "{l]f a defendant cannot show actual prejudice from an alleged disciplinary

rule violation by the State, then he will not be entitled to relief on appeal." House, 947
S.W.2d at 253.

       Here, prior to trial, the trial court instructed the jury as follows:

       The media is an outside influence and we are trying to shelter you, isolate
       you from all those influences so that you can render your verdict based upon
       what happens in this courtroom. So , please do not read anything in the
       print media, Caller.com, or actually the newspaper. And please do not stay
       in the same room if a radio and/or the T.V. is discussing this case; use the
       remote, close it, etc. Remember, you will very rarely see a member of the
       media in the courtroom listening to the facts as you are hearing them. No
       one has heard these facts. So the bottom line is everything they are stating
       is all hearsay, based upon, you know, whatever they are drawing upon. But
       the key thing is, is your verdict has to be based here and not be influenced
       by the media, so that is the media instruction.

And, the guilt-innocence jury charge contained the following instruction:

       With respect to the evidence admitted in this case concerning the
       defendant's having been previously convicted two times of being intoxicated
       while operating a motor vehicle in a public place, you are instructed that
       such evidence cannot be considered by you in any manner as proving or
       tending to prove that the defendant was intoxicated while driving or
       operating a motor vehicle in a public place on or about DECEMBER 26,
       2013.

The guilt-innocence charge also advised the jury that Vollick "has stipulated to having

been previously convicted two or more times of an offense relating to the operating of a

motor vehicle while intoxicated."

                                                7
       'We generally presume the jury follows the trial court's instructions in the manner

presented." Co/bum v. State, 966 S.W.2d 511, 520 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). Here, there

is no evidence in the record establishing that any juror disobeyed the trial court's explicit

instructions regarding media coverage or its limiting instruction regarding the two

stipulated prior DWI offenses. 2 Therefore, we cannot say that Vollick suffered any "actual

prejudice" as a result of the District Attorney's comments in the Kill news report,                       see
House, 947 S.W.2d at 253, nor can we say that the trial court abused its discretion in

denying a mistrial. Vollick's first issue is overruled.

B.      Rule 606(b) Questions

        By his second issue, Vollick contends that the trial court erred in disallowing his

trial counsel from asking jurors as to whether they had seen the televised news report.

        Under Texas Rule of Evidence 606, a juror may not testify as a witness before the

other jurors at trial. TEX. R. Ev10. 606(a). During an inquiry as to the validity of a verdict

or indictment, however, a juror may testify "about whether an outside influence was

improperly brought to bear on any juror." TEX. R. Ev10. 606(b)(2)(A). In Mays                        v. State.
the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals applied an abuse-of-discretion standard in reviewing

the trial court's denial of defense counsel's request to poll the jury as to "whether they

had been exposed to or affected by media coverage of the case." 318 S.W.3d 368, 377

(Tex. Crim. App. 2010). That case involved an editorial article that had appeared in a

local newspaper the day before trial allegedly suggesting "that law enforcement was

watching what happened in this trial." Id. The Court held that the trial court did not abuse

         2 We note that Vollick did not call any witnesses to testify regarding this issue at the motion for new
trial hearing.

                                                       8
its discretion in refusing counsel's request, noting that "[t)he trial court repeatedly

instructed the jury panel, the individual jurors selected, and the empaneled jury not to

read, watch, or listen to any media stories about the case." Id. at 378. The Court further

noted that, had the trial court granted counsel's request, it would have risked exposing

the jury to the existence and contents of the editorial for the first time. Id. at 377-78. The

Court reached an identical conclusion in Powell v. State, which involved a newspaper

article that allegedly inaccurately recounted testimony from a hearing on the admissibility

of DNA evidence. 898 S.W.2d 821, 828 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). There, the Court held:

       In the instant case, the trial court was faced with a decision: it could either
       deny appellant's request for a jury poll concerning the contents of
       the ... article, or it could grant appellant's request, poll the jury, and risk
       exposing the jury to the existence of the article and its contents for the first
       time. We believe the trial court decided correctly. By refusing to poll the
       jury about the . . . article, and by reiterating its admonishments, the trial
       court did its best. under the circumstances, to preserve the integrity of the
       jury panel.

Id.

       We believe that Mays and Powell are analogous to the instant case. As in those

cases, the trial court here advised the jurors that they were not to listen to or watch media

reports about the case. By refusing to poll the jury about the KIii news report, the trial

court avoided the risk of exposing the jury to the existence and content of the report for

the first time, thereby helping to "preserve the integrity" of the panel. See id. Following

Mays and Powell, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying

defense counsel's request to poll the juryt and we overrule Vollick's second issue.

C.     Voir Dire Questions Regarding Punishment Range

       By his third issue, Vollick contends that the trial court abused its discretion by

refusing to allow his counsel to question the venire panel regarding the minimum

                                               9
punishment applicable to his offense.      Vollick contends that, due to his stipulations

regarding his prior offenses, the minimum punishment applicable in his case was set by

the habitual-felony-offender statute at twenty-five years' imprisonment, rather than two

years as provided by statute generally for a third-degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CooE

ANN. §§ 12.34(a), 12.42(d).

             Both the State and defense are entitled to jurors who can consider
      the entire range of punishment for the particular statutory offense-Le., from
      the maximum to the minimum and all points in between. Jurors must be
      able to consider both a situation in which the minimum penalty would be
      appropriate and . . . a situation in which the maximum penalty would be
      appropriate. Therefore, both sides may question the panel on the range of
      punishment and may commit jurors to consider the entire range of
      punishment for the statutory offense. A question committing a juror to
      consider the minimum punishment is both proper and permissible.

Cardenas v. State, 325 S.W.3d 179, 184 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (footnotes and internal

quotations omitted).

       We find no error in the record related to Vollick's third issue. The trial court denied

defense counsel's request to instruct the jury that the minimum punishment upon

conviction was twenty-five years, but Vollick directs us to no point in the record where the

trial court disallowed him from asking the individual veniremembers whether they would

be willing to consider twenty-five years as an appropriate punishment in the case. In fact,

the prosecutor questioned the panel as to whether they believed twenty-five years was

too harsh a punishment for the offense at issue. Finally, as the State notes, Vollick could

have withdrawn his stipulation prior to sentencing and the trial court could have

conceivably set aside the stipulation. See Brito v. State, 154 S.W.3d 127, 129 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2005) ("A trial court has discretion to set aside a stipulation."). Therefore, it would

have been improper for the trial court to have instructed the venire panel that, because

                                              10
Vollick stipulated to his prior offenses, the minimum punishment would be the prison term

set in the habitual-felony-offender statute. We overrule Vollick's third issue.

D.     Motion for New Trial

       Vollick argues by his fourth issue that the trial court abused its discretion by

denying his motion for new trial. He contends that he was entitled to a new trial because

"the State argued and allowed, without correction, [m]isleading evidence [r]egarding

[Vollick's) [v]ision, the (c)auses of HGN, and [h]is [m)edical (c)ondition." We review a

denial of a motion for new trial for abuse of discretion. Colyer v. State, 428 S.W.3d 117,

122 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).

       "The Due Process Cause of the Fourteenth Amendment can be violated when the

State uses false testimony to obtain a conviction, regardless of whether it does so

knowingly or unknowingly." Ex parle Chavez, 371 S.W.3d 200, 207-08 (Tex. Crim. App.

2012) (citing Ex parle Robbins, 360 S.W.3d 446, 459 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011 )); see U.S.

CONST. amend. XIV.       Testimony need not be perjured to constitute a due process

violation; rather, "it is sufficient that the testimony was 'false."' Id.   "The question is

whether the testimony, taken as a whole, gives the jury a false impression." Id.

       Vollick argues that the State provided "misleading evidence regarding his vision,

knowing he truly had vision issues." He first notes that, even though there were medical

records in evidence establishing that he had been prescribed medication for glaucoma,

the State nevertheless elicited testimony from Rivas that Vollick's driver's license had no

listed restrictions such as required eyeglasses. Second, Vollick argues that the State

elicited testimony from Rivas and Boyer that glaucoma does not affect the HGN test, and

he asks us to take judicial notice that glaucoma may, in fact, bring about HGN. See

                                             11
Schultz v. State, 664 A.2d 60, 77 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1995) (listing glaucoma among 38

"possible cause[s] of nystagmus"); State v. Witte, 836 P.2d 1110, 1120 (Kan. 1992)

(noting that "conditions such as ... glaucoma ... may result in gaze nystagmus").

       First, with respect to the driver's license restrictions, Rivas never gave any false or

misleading testimony. It is undisputed that Vollick's driver's license contains, as Rivas

stated, no restrictions.   Vollick argues that this testimony was "misleading" in light of

medical records that showed he was diagnosed with glaucoma, but we disagree. At most.

this was a conflict in the evidence which the jury, as finder of fact. was entitled to resolve.

See, e.g., Chambers v. State, 805 S.W.2d 459,461 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).

       Second, with respect to the testimony regarding the effect of glaucoma on the HGN

test, the State points out that, even if we were to take judicial notice that glaucoma may

cause nystagmus, that does not mean that glaucoma would necessarily cause a person

to fail the HGN test. The State directs us to People v. McKown, in which the Illinois

Supreme Court observed:

       Nystagmus is "an involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of the eyeball,
       which may be horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or mixed, Le., of two varieties."
       The medical dictionary lists 45 types of nystagmus. For example, ataxic
       nystagmus is unilateral and occurs in individuals with multiple sclerosis.
       Congenital nystagmus "may be caused by or associated with optic atrophy,
       coloboma, albinism, bilateral macular lesions, congenital cataract, severe
       astigmatism, and glaucoma." Gaze nystagmus, which is at issue in the
       present case, is "made apparent by looking to the right or to the left," as
       opposed to fixation nystagmus, ''which appears only on gazing fixedly at an
       object," or latent nystagmus, "which occurs only when one eye is covered."

924 N.E.2d 941, 945 (Ill. 2010) (citations to medical dictionaries omitted); see IDA G. Dox,

ET AL., ATIORNEY's ILLUSTRATED MEDICAL DICTIONARY N48 (West 1997) (defining

"nystagmus" as "[i]nvoluntary movements of the eyeballs in either a rotary, horizontal, or

vertical direction; most commonly it is a rhythmic jerking with a fast and slow component,

                                              12
and is described by the direction of the quick component"). There are multiple forms of

nystagmus, and while there may be some support for the proposition that glaucoma may

bring about nystagmus, we are aware of no authority indicating that glaucoma may cause

the particular type of nystagmus that is a sign of intoxication in the HGN test. 3

Accordingly, we do not believe that the officers' testimony, in which they stated that they

were not aware that glaucoma could cause HGN, gave the jury a "false impression" so as

to violate Vollick's right to due process under the Fourteenth Amendment. See Ex parte

Chavez, 371 S.W.3d at 208.

        Even if we were to determine that the officers' testimony regarding the potential of

glaucoma to cause HGN gave a false impression to the jury, Vollick has not demonstrated

that he suffered harm from the admission of the testimony. To constitute a due-process

violation, the record must show that the allegedly false testimony was material-that is,

the record must show '"a reasonable likelihood' that the false testimony affected the

judgment of the jury." Id. (citing Ex parte Ghahremani, 332 S.W.3d at 470, 478 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2011)).          Here, the record contains overwhelming evidence that Vollick

operated a vehicle while intoxicated on December 26, 2013.                         Eyewitness testimony

established that Vollick hit two signs with his vehicle that night, that his facial expression

and eyes were "droopy," that his speech was slurred, and that he was smoking a cigarette

in the presence of spilled gasoline. Rivas testified that there was an open beer bottle in

          J Vollick cites Mata v. State, in which a dissenting justice of the San Antonio Court of Appeals noted
that "[t]here is evidence that . . . glaucoma may bring about HGN." 13 S.W..3d 1, 15 (Tex. App.-San
Antonio 1999) (Cadena, Retired C.J., dissenting), rev'd on other grounds, 46 S.W.3d 902, 917 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2001) . The only authority cited in Mata for this proposition. however, is Emerson v. State , in which
the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals took judicial notice "of the reliability of both the theory underlying the
HGN test and its technique." 880 S.W.2d 759, 769 (Tex. Crim . App. 1994) (en bane). The Emerson Court
did not mention glaucoma or its potential effect on the HGN test. Therefore. we do not consider Mata to be
authority indicating that glaucoma may cause a person to fail the HGN test.

                                                      13
Vollick's car, that Vollick admitted to having several drinks, and that he failed the walk-

and-turn test. Both officers testified that, based on Vollick's behavior and odor, they

believed he was under the influence of alcohol. Vollick's glaucoma may or may not have

contributed to his failing the HGN test, but it does not explain any of these other

incriminating facts. Accordingly, even without the allegedly false testimony, the jury was

overwhelmingly likely to have found Vollick guilty of the charged offense. There is no

"reasonable likelihood" that the testimony affected the judgment of the jury. See id.

       We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion

for new trial. Vollick's fourth issue is overruled.

                                       Ill.   CONCLUSION

       We affirm the trial court's judgment.

                                                      DORI CONTRERAS GARZA,
                                                      Justice

Do Not Publish.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

Delivered and filed the
23rd day of July, 2015.

                                                14