Court Opinion

ID: 9947730
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-05 16:02:49.242104+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:28:30.453643
License: Public Domain

Case: 19-1871   Document: 146   Page: 1   Filed: 03/05/2024

    United States Court of Appeals
        for the Federal Circuit
                 ______________________

                     PFIZER INC.,
                       Appellant

                           v.

    SANOFI PASTEUR INC., SK CHEMICALS CO.,
                    LTD.,
                  Appellees

   KATHERINE K. VIDAL, UNDER SECRETARY OF
   COMMERCE FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
     AND DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES
       PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE,
                   Intervenor
             ______________________

  2019-1871, 2019-1873, 2019-1875, 2019-1876, 2019-2224
                 ______________________

     Appeals from the United States Patent and Trademark
 Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in Nos.
 IPR2017-02131,       IPR2017-02132,      IPR2017-02136,
 IPR2017-02138, IPR2018-00187.
                 ______________________

                 Decided: March 5, 2024
                 ______________________

     JOHN P. SCHEIBELER, White & Case LLP, New York,
 NY, argued for appellant. Also represented by DIMITRIOS
 T. DRIVAS, AMIT THAKORE; ELIZABETH K. CHANG, CATALIN
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 2                          PFIZER INC. v. SANOFI PASTEUR INC.

 SEBASTIAN ZONTE, Los Angeles, CA; HENRY HUANG, Palo
 Alto, CA.

      SIEGMUND Y. GUTMAN, Proskauer Rose LLP, Los Ange-
 les, CA, argued for appellees. Also represented by JOHN E.
 ROBERTS, Boston, MA.

     MARY L. KELLY, Office of the Solicitor, United States
 Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, VA, argued for
 intervenor. Also represented by PETER J. AYERS, DANIEL
 KAZHDAN, FARHEENA YASMEEN RASHEED; SCOTT R. MCIN-
 TOSH, Appellate Staff, Civil Division, United States De-
 partment of Justice, Washington, DC.
                  ______________________

     Before LOURIE, BRYSON, and STARK, Circuit Judges.
 LOURIE, Circuit Judge.
      Pfizer Inc. appeals from five final written decisions of
 the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Patent Trial and Ap-
 peal Board (“the Board”) concluding that claims 1–45 of
 U.S. Patent 9,492,559 (“the ’559 patent”) are unpatentable.
 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. v. Pfizer Inc.,
 No. IPR2017-02131, 2019 WL 1222935 (P.T.A.B. Mar. 13,
 2019) (holding claims 1–10, 16–19, and 38–45 unpatenta-
 ble) (“’131 Decision”), J.A. 1–81; Merck Sharp & Dohme
 Corp. v. Pfizer Inc., No. IPR2017-02132, 2019 WL 1220899
 (P.T.A.B. Mar. 13, 2019) (same) (“’132 Decision”),
 J.A. 82–160; Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. v. Pfizer Inc.,
 No. IPR2017-02136, 2019 WL 1222965 (P.T.A.B. Mar. 13,
 2019) (holding claims 11–15 and 20–37 unpatentable)
 (“’136 Decision”), J.A. 161–216; Merck Sharp & Dohme
 Corp. v. Pfizer Inc., No. IPR2017-02138, 2019 WL 1220900
 (P.T.A.B. Mar. 13, 2019) (same) (“’138 Decision”),
 J.A. 217–71; Sanofi Pasteur Inc. v. Pfizer Inc.,
 No. IPR2018-00187, 2019 WL 2352182 (P.T.A.B. June 3,
 2019) (holding claims 1–45 unpatentable) (“Sanofi
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 PFIZER INC. v. SANOFI PASTEUR INC.                          3

 Decision”), J.A. 272–360. 1 The Board also denied Pfizer’s
 contingent motions to amend the claims filed in three of the
 five IPRs, concluding that proposed claims 46–52, which
 Pfizer proposed to substitute for claims 1–4, 9, 41, and 42,
 respectively, were not independently patentable. Sanofi
 Decision at *27–37; ’131 Decision at *24–33; ’132 Decision
 at *23–32.
     For the following reasons, we affirm the Board’s con-
 clusions that claims 1–45 are unpatentable. We further af-
 firm the Board’s denials of Pfizer’s motions to amend by
 adding proposed claims 46, 47, and 50–52. But we vacate
 those denials as to proposed claims 48 and 49, and remand
 to the Board for further consideration of those claims.
                        BACKGROUND
      Pfizer owns the ’559 patent, which is directed to immu-
 nogenic compositions comprising conjugated Streptococcus
 pneumoniae capsular saccharide antigens (i.e., glycoconju-
 gates) for use in pneumococcal vaccines. See ’559 Patent at
 Abstract, J.A. 845. As the ’559 patent explains, S. pneu-
 moniae “is a Gram-positive encapsulated coccus, sur-
 rounded by a polysaccharide capsule.” Id. at col. 1,
 ll. 50–52, J.A. 863. There are over 91 different pneumococ-
 cus serotypes, some of which cause diseases such as pneu-
 monia, febrile bacteremia, and meningitis. See id. at col. 1,
 ll. 52–58, J.A. 863. Claim 1 is the only independent claim.
 It reads as follows:
     1. An immunogenic composition comprising a
     Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 22F glycocon-
     jugate, wherein the glycoconjugate has a molecular
     weight of between 1000 kDa and 12,500 kDa and

     1   The final written decisions consolidated in this ap-
 peal share similar analyses of the issues relevant to the
 parties’ disputes. Unless otherwise indicated, we cite the
 Sanofi Decision as representative.
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 4                            PFIZER INC. v. SANOFI PASTEUR INC.

     comprises an isolated capsular polysaccharide from
     S. pneumoniae serotype 22F and a carrier protein,
     and wherein a ratio (w/w) of the polysaccharide to
     the carrier protein is between 0.4 and 2.
 Id. at col. 141, ll. 28–34, J.A. 933. As relevant here, de-
 pendent claims 3 and 4 recite that the composition further
 includes various additional glycoconjugates. Those claims
 read as follows:
     3. The immunogenic composition of claim 1,
     wherein the composition further comprises a
     S. pneumoniae serotype 15B glycoconjugate and a
     S. pneumoniae serotype 33F glycoconjugate.
     4. The immunogenic composition of claim 3,
     wherein the composition further comprises a
     S. pneumoniae serotype 12F glycoconjugate, a
     S. pneumoniae serotype 10A glycoconjugate, a
     S. pneumoniae serotype 11A glycoconjugate and a
     S. pneumoniae serotype 8 glycoconjugate.
 Id. at col. 141, ll. 38–46, J.A. 933.
      Across five IPR petitions, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.
 (“Merck”) and Sanofi Pasteur Inc. and SK Chemicals Co.,
 Ltd. (collectively, “Sanofi”) separately challenged all claims
 of the ’559 patent, arguing that they would have been obvi-
 ous over, inter alia, PCT Patent Application Publication
 2007/071711 (“GSK-711”) and U.S. Patent Application
 Publication 2011/0195086 (“Merck-086”). 2 GSK-711 is

     2   Sanofi asserted that the claims would have been
 obvious over GSK-711 and Merck-086, while Merck as-
 serted that the claims would have been obvious over Inter-
 national Patent Application Publication 2011/100151
 (“Merck 2011”) and International Patent Application Pub-
 lication 2009/000825 (“GSK 2008”). Merck-086 is the U.S.
 counterpart to Merck 2011, while GSK-711 and GSK 2008
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 PFIZER INC. v. SANOFI PASTEUR INC.                          5

 directed to S. pneumoniae vaccines comprising “capsular
 saccharide antigens (preferably conjugated), wherein the
 saccharides are derived from at least ten serotypes of S.
 pneumoniae,” which may include an “S. pneumoniae sac-
 charide conjugate of 22F.” GSK-711 at p. 6, ll. 4, 24–26,
 J.A. 4578. Merck-086 is directed to “multivalent immuno-
 genic composition[s] having 15 distinct polysaccharide-pro-
 tein conjugates” in which an S. pneumoniae serotype,
 including 22F, is conjugated to a carrier protein.
 Merck-086 at Abstract, J.A. 4667.
      The Board instituted review based on each petition and
 issued final written decisions which, taken together, found
 all claims unpatentable. See, e.g., Sanofi Decision at *39.
 The Board also rejected Pfizer’s contingent motions to
 amend, finding that Merck and Sanofi had each demon-
 strated that the proposed substitute claims were unpatent-
 able. Id. at *27; ’131 Decision at *24; ’132 Decision at *23.
     Pfizer timely appealed. After a stay pending the Su-
 preme Court’s decision in United States v. Arthrex, Inc.,
 141 S. Ct. 1970 (2021), we remanded for the limited pur-
 pose of allowing Pfizer the opportunity to request Director
 Review of the Board’s decisions.         See, e.g., Appeal
 2019-1871, ECF No. 82. The Director denied those re-
 quests on February 4, 2022, see id., ECF No. 85, so the
 Board’s final written decisions are now ripe for our review.
 We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4)(A) and
 35 U.S.C. § 141(c).
                         DISCUSSION
     Pfizer raises four challenges on appeal. First, it argues
 that the Board erred in determining that GSK-711 and

 are related international applications with substantively
 identical disclosures. For clarity, we will refer only to the
 Sanofi-asserted references, GSK-711 and Merck-086, in
 this opinion.
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 6                          PFIZER INC. v. SANOFI PASTEUR INC.

 Merck-086 would have rendered obvious the claimed im-
 munogenic composition comprising a S. pneumoniae sero-
 type 22F glycoconjugate, wherein the glycoconjugate has a
 molecular weight of between 1000 kDa and 12,500 kDa.
 Second, it argues that the Board erred in finding that the
 compositions of claims 3 and 4, which comprise a total of
 three and seven distinct S. pneumoniae serotype glycocon-
 jugates, respectively, would have been obvious over GSK-
 711 and Merck-086. Third, it contends that the Board
 abused its discretion in denying its contingent motions to
 amend. And finally, it challenges the Patent and Trade-
 mark Office’s (“PTO’s”) Director Review procedure, arguing
 that it violates the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”).
 We address each argument in turn.
                               I
     Pfizer’s first two challenges relate to the Board’s obvi-
 ousness determinations. “Obviousness is a question of law
 that we review de novo, but the Board’s underlying find-
 ings of fact are reviewed for substantial evidence.” Liqwd,
 Inc. v. L’Oreal USA, Inc., 941 F.3d 1133, 1136 (Fed. Cir.
 2019). “An obviousness determination requires finding
 that a person of ordinary skill in the art would have been
 motivated to combine or modify the teachings in the prior
 art and would have had a reasonable expectation of success
 in doing so.” OSI Pharms., LLC v. Apotex Inc., 939 F.3d
 1375, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (quoting Regents of Univ. of
 Cal. v. Broad Inst., Inc., 903 F.3d 1286, 1291 (Fed. Cir.
 2018)). Whether or not a person of ordinary skill would
 have had the requisite motivation to combine references,
 and whether or not she would have had a reasonable ex-
 pectation of success in doing so, are questions of fact we
 review for substantial evidence. Id. A finding is supported
 by substantial evidence if a reasonable mind might accept
 the evidence as adequate to support the finding. Consol.
 Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938).
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                               A
      Claim 1 of the ’559 patent recites that the S. pneu-
 moniae serotype 22F glycoconjugate has a molecular
 weight of between 1000 kDa and 12,500 kDa. ’559 patent
 at col. 141, ll. 30–31, J.A. 933. As the Board recognized,
 and Sanofi concedes, neither GSK-711 nor Merck-086 dis-
 closes any molecular weight for a S. pneumoniae serotype
 22F glycoconjugate. See Sanofi Decision at *5; Sanofi Resp.
 Br. at 26. The Board nevertheless concluded that, based
 on the evidence of record, glycoconjugate molecular weight
 is a result-effective variable that a person of ordinary skill
 in the art would have been motivated to optimize to provide
 a conjugate having improved stability and good immune re-
 sponse. Sanofi Decision at *13. The Board therefore con-
 cluded that claim 1 would have been obvious over the
 references.
     Pfizer first contends that the Board erred in applying
 the “result-effective variable doctrine,” arguing that it is
 only appropriate in circumstances where there is actual
 overlap between a range in the prior art and a claimed
 range. See Pfizer Br. at 27. In Pfizer’s view, because it is
 undisputed that the prior art does not disclose any molec-
 ular weight for the claimed serotype 22F glycoconjugate,
 there could be no presumption of obviousness, and it was
 error for the Board to consider whether that variable was
 result-effective. Id. We disagree.
      We begin by stating that the determination whether or
 not a claimed parameter is a result-effective variable is
 merely one aspect of a broader routine optimization analy-
 sis. That analysis is rooted in the decades-old legal princi-
 ple that “where the general conditions of a claim are
 disclosed in the prior art, it is not inventive to discover the
 optimum or workable ranges by routine experimentation.”
 In re Aller, 220 F.2d 454, 456 (CCPA 1955); see E.I. DuPont
 de Nemours & Co. v. Synvina C.V., 904 F.3d 996, 1006
 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (collecting cases). In the context of claimed
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 8                          PFIZER INC. v. SANOFI PASTEUR INC.

 numerical ranges, such as the molecular weight here, we
 have explained that an overlap between a claimed range
 and a prior art range creates a presumption of obviousness
 that can be rebutted with evidence that the given parame-
 ter was not recognized as result-effective. See Genentech,
 Inc. v. Hospira, Inc., 946 F.3d 1333, 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2020)
 (citing E.I. DuPont, 904 F.3d at 1006); In re Applied Mate-
 rials, Inc., 692 F.3d 1289, 1295 (Fed. Cir. 2012). That does
 not mean, however, that the determination whether or not
 a variable is result-effective is only appropriate when there
 is such an overlap. A routine optimization analysis gener-
 ally requires consideration whether a person of ordinary
 skill in the art would have been motivated, with a reason-
 able expectation of success, to bridge any gaps in the prior
 art to arrive at a claimed invention. Where that gap in-
 cludes a parameter not necessarily disclosed in the prior
 art, it is not improper to consider whether or not it would
 have been recognized as result-effective. If so, then the op-
 timization of that parameter is “normally obvious.” In re
 Antonie, 559 F.2d 618, 620 (CCPA 1977). The Board there-
 fore did not err in considering, as part of its obviousness
 analysis, whether or not the claimed molecular weight of a
 S. pneumoniae serotype 22F glycoconjugate was a result-
 effective variable.
      Substantial evidence supports the Board’s conclusion
 that the molecular weight recited in claim 1 would have
 been obvious over the references. Although it is undis-
 puted that no reference teaches a molecular weight for the
 particularly claimed serotype 22F glycoconjugate, it is sim-
 ilarly undisputed that GSK-711 discloses both a serotype
 22F glycoconjugate and the molecular weights for fourteen
 other S. pneumoniae serotype glycoconjugates. As the
 Board observed, those molecular weights, ranging from
 1303 kDa to 9572 kDa, overlap with the claimed range (i.e.,
 1000 kDa to 12,500 kDa). Sanofi Decision at *5; GSK-711
 at Table 2, J.A. 25056. The Board further explained that
 GSK-711 discloses that “saccharide conjugate vaccines
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 PFIZER INC. v. SANOFI PASTEUR INC.                          9

 retaining a larger size of saccharide can provide a good im-
 mune response against pneumococcal disease,” and that
 both GSK-711 and Merck-086 disclose that known methods
 and techniques could be used to isolate the polysaccharide
 from the bacteria and to couple it to a carrier protein.
 Sanofi Decision at *9–10. For example, both GSK-711 and
 Merck-086 disclose methods for preparing S. pneumoniae
 glycoconjugates and teach that the polysaccharides can be
 sized to improve the filterability of the conjugated product.
 Id. at *6, *10. Expert testimony further supported the no-
 tion that, at the time of the invention, conjugation tech-
 niques and conditions were routine such that a person of
 ordinary skill in the art would have understood the claimed
 molecular weight to be “typical of immunogenic conju-
 gates.” Id. at *11. That evidence therefore supports the
 Board’s conclusion that “conjugate size is a result[-]effec-
 tive variable associated with improved stability of conju-
 gates and good immune response, limited only by filter
 size, thereby rendering ‘optimization within the grasp of
 one of ordinary skill in the art.’” Sanofi Decision at *13
 (quoting Applied Materials, 692 F.3d at 1295).
     We are unpersuaded by Pfizer’s argument that the
 Board disregarded contrary evidence showing that gly-
 coconjugate molecular weight would have been unpredict-
 able because it required “case-by-case experimentation” or
 “individualized design and testing.” See Pfizer Br. at 36.
 Not only does Pfizer’s argument call on us to reweigh evi-
 dence presented to the Board—which is not the role of this
 court, see In re NTP, Inc., 654 F.3d 1279, 1292 (Fed. Cir.
 2011)—but it relies on the faulty premise that where opti-
 mization requires case-specific considerations, then the re-
 sults must be unexpected. Although that could be the case
 under some circumstances, it is not the case here where the
 methods and conditions for creating the glycoconjugates of
 the invention were generally recognized as routine. As
 Pfizer’s own expert explained, “[c]hemists have all kind of
 tricks to control . . . to come up with the desired product,”
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  10                          PFIZER INC. v. SANOFI PASTEUR INC.

  such that conjugation conditions could be easily controlled.
  Sanofi Decision at *11; see J.A. 30375–78.
      Accordingly, we conclude that the Board’s determina-
  tion that claim 1 would have been obvious over the refer-
  ences was supported by substantial evidence.
                                B
       Claims 3 and 4 of the ’559 patent depend from claim 1
  and recite that the claimed immunogenic composition fur-
  ther comprises glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae sero-
  types 15B, 33F, 12F, 10A, 11A, and 8. ’559 patent at
  col. 141, ll. 38–46, J.A. 933. As with claim 1, the Board
  concluded that the compositions of those claims would have
  been obvious over the combination of GSK-711 and
  Merck-086. Specifically, the Board concluded that, because
  GSK-711 expressly discloses multivalent immunogenic
  S. pneumoniae glycoconjugate compositions that can in-
  clude serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A,
  12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F and 33F, it
  would have been obvious to incorporate the claimed gly-
  coconjugates into an immunogenic composition containing
  an S. pneumoniae serotype 22F glycoconjugate to arrive at
  the claimed invention. Sanofi Decision at *21–22.
      Pfizer argues that the Board’s conclusion was not sup-
  ported by substantial evidence because the record does not
  support a finding that “there would have been a reasonable
  expectation of success in formulating immunogenic conju-
  gates for the claimed serotypes.” Pfizer Br. at 40. In
  Pfizer’s view, because none of the prior art discloses that
  any of the claimed glycoconjugates were actually made or
  tested, there was insufficient evidence to support the
  Board’s finding that the glycoconjugates would have each
  been expected to “elicit functional antibody,” as the term
  “immunogenic” was construed to mean. Id. at 42–43; see
  Sanofi Decision at *3–4. Pfizer argues that, because the
  unpredictability of the art is high, without examples show-
  ing that the claimed glycoconjugates would have each been
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  PFIZER INC. v. SANOFI PASTEUR INC.                         11

  immunogenic, there would have been no reasonable expec-
  tation of success. We disagree.
       As an initial matter, Pfizer’s position that the claims
  could not have been obvious because no prior art reference
  exemplifies each of the claimed serotype glycoconjugates is
  unavailing. That argument was considered, and rejected,
  by the Board. The Board correctly explained that a prior
  art reference is not limited to its specific working examples.
  Sanofi Decision at *21 (citing In re Mills, 470 F.2d 649, 651
  (CCPA 1972)). And the fact that the art of pneumococcal
  glycoconjugate vaccines is unpredictable does not affect our
  analysis. We have previously explained that “a rule of law
  equating unpredictability to patentability . . . . cannot be
  the proper standard since the expectation of success need
  only be reasonable, not absolute.” Pfizer, Inc. v. Apotex,
  Inc., 480 F.3d 1348, 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (collecting cases
  and explaining that “obviousness cannot be avoided simply
  by a showing of some degree of unpredictability in the art
  so long as there was a reasonable probability of success”).
  As we explain next, the Board’s conclusion that a person of
  ordinary skill in the art would have had a reasonable ex-
  pectation of success in arriving at the immunogenic compo-
  sitions of claims 3 and 4 was supported by substantial
  evidence.
      The Board found that GSK-711 teaches the incorpora-
  tion of glycoconjugates of the claimed serotypes, specifi-
  cally 15B, 33F, 12F, 10A, 11A, and 8, into a pneumococcal
  vaccine. Sanofi Decision at *21–22. The Board also ob-
  served that, like the ’559 patent, GSK-711 refers to its com-
  positions as “immunogenic.” Id. The Board therefore
  concluded that each of the glycoconjugates of GSK-711
  must be taken to be immunogenic (i.e., elicit functional an-
  tibody) because “otherwise there would be no need to in-
  clude a serotype unable to induce such a response.” Id. at
  *21. That conclusion is not unreasonable, particularly
  where the specifically claimed serotypes have long been
  recognized as immunogenic.          Since 1983, free (i.e.,
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  12                         PFIZER INC. v. SANOFI PASTEUR INC.

  unconjugated) polysaccharides from the claimed S. pneu-
  moniae serotypes have been formulated into a commercial
  pneumococcal vaccine, PNEUMOVAX® 23. Id. And, as the
  ’559 patent itself explains, at the time of the invention,
  there were three other commercial pneumococcal vaccines
  that incorporated glycoconjugates of other, unclaimed S.
  pneumoniae serotypes. See id. at *1. The Board therefore
  accepted Sanofi’s expert’s testimony that, because the
  claimed serotypes had already been included in commercial
  multivalent vaccines (albeit in “free,” not “conjugated,”
  form), and because multivalent glycoconjugate vaccines
  were generally known to be effective, the person of ordinary
  skill in the art would have reasonably expected that the
  claimed glycoconjugates could be incorporated into a vac-
  cine “while maintaining the immunogenicity to all sero-
  types in the composition.” Id. at *22. Substantial evidence
  therefore supports the Board’s conclusion that the subject
  matter of claims 3 and 4 “would have been obvious in order
  to increase the coverage of serotypes of pneumococcal vac-
  cines.” Id.
      Because all of the remaining claims of the ’559 patent
  depend from claim 1, they are subject to the obviousness
  reasoning that we have affirmed. Pfizer has not argued
  otherwise.
                                II
      Pfizer next challenges the Board’s denials of its mo-
  tions to amend, which Pfizer filed in three of the five IPRs.
  We review the Board’s decision to deny a motion to amend
  under the APA and must set aside the Board’s action if it
  is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or other-
  wise not in accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A);
  Fleming v. Cirrus Design Corp., 28 F.4th 1214, 1225 (Fed.
  Cir. 2022). We will uphold a decision of less than ideal clar-
  ity if the agency’s path can reasonably be discerned, but
  “we may not supply a reasoned basis for the agency’s action
  that the agency itself has not given.” Bowman Transp.,
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  PFIZER INC. v. SANOFI PASTEUR INC.                         13

  Inc. v. Ark.-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 285–86
  (1974); see also SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 94
  (1943). Accordingly, “the Board must, as to issues made
  material by the governing law, set forth a sufficiently de-
  tailed explanation of its determinations both to enable
  meaningful judicial review and to prevent judicial intru-
  sion on agency authority.” Rovalma, S.A. v. Bohler-Edel-
  stahl GmbH & Co. KG, 856 F.3d 1019, 1024 (Fed. Cir. 2017)
  (collecting cases).
      In each of IPR2017-02131, IPR2017-02132, and
  IPR2018-00187, Pfizer submitted, pursuant to 35 U.S.C.
  § 316(d) and 37 C.F.R. § 42.121, a motion to amend that
  proposed to substitute claims 46–52 for claims 1–4, 9, 41,
  and 42, respectively, should those claims be deemed un-
  patentable. See Sanofi Decision at *27; ’131 Decision at
  *24; ’132 Decision at *23. Relevant here, proposed claims
  46, 48, and 49 recite:
      46. An immunogenic composition comprising:
          a Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 22F gly-
      coconjugate, wherein the 22F glycoconjugate has a
      molecular weight of between 1000 kDa and 12,500
      kDa and comprises an isolated capsular polysac-
      charide from S. pneumoniae serotype 22F and a
      CRM197 carrier protein, and wherein a ratio (w/w)
      of the polysaccharide to the carrier protein is be-
      tween 0.4 and 2;
          glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes
      1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and
      23F all individually conjugated to CRM197;
          an aluminum salt adjuvant; and
          wherein the composition exhibits more than a
      2-log increase above baseline in serum IgG levels
      in New Zealand White Rabbits across all serotypes
      in the composition following administration of two
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  14                         PFIZER INC. v. SANOFI PASTEUR INC.

       equal doses of the composition in the form of an in-
       itial dose and a booster dose.
       48. The immunogenic composition of claim 1 46,
       wherein the composition further comprises a
       S. pneumoniae serotype 15B glycoconjugate and a
       S. pneumoniae serotype 33F glycoconjugate,
       wherein said serotypes 15B and 33F are all individ-
       ually conjugated to CRM197.
       49. The immunogenic composition of claim 3 48,
       wherein the composition further comprises a
       S. pneumoniae serotype 12F glycoconjugate, a
       S. pneumoniae serotype 10A glycoconjugate, a
       S. pneumoniae serotype 11A glycoconjugate and a
       S. pneumoniae serotype 8 glycoconjugate, wherein
       said serotypes 12F, 10A, 11A and 8 are all individ-
       ually conjugated to CRM197.
  E.g., J.A. 28091–92 (additions underlined and deletions
  struck through). 3
      The Board denied each of Pfizer’s motions to amend on
  the basis that the claimed subject matter would have been
  obvious over a combination of various references, including
  U.S. Patent Application Publication 2012/0237542
  (“Hausdorff”), Merck-086, GSK-711, and the knowledge of
  a person of ordinary skill in the art. See Sanofi Decision at
  *31.
                                A
     We begin with the Board’s treatment of proposed claim
  46. As amended, that claim recites, in part, a 14-valent

       3  Pfizer has not independently challenged on appeal
  the Board’s treatment of proposed claims 47 and 50–52, so
  any challenge as to those claims is waived. SmithKline
  Beecham Corp. v. Apotex Corp., 439 F.3d 1312, 1319 (Fed.
  Cir. 2006).
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  PFIZER INC. v. SANOFI PASTEUR INC.                         15

  immunogenic composition that exhibits a 2-log (i.e., 100-
  fold) increase above baseline in serum IgG levels across all
  serotypes according to a particular dosing regimen. The
  Board’s conclusion that, based on the prior art, it would
  have been obvious to arrive at the claimed composition
  with a reasonable expectation of success in obtaining a
  2-log increase above baseline in serum IgG levels across all
  serotypes was supported by substantial evidence.
      As the Board observed, each of Merck-086 and
  GSK-711 provides specific reasons why a person of ordi-
  nary skill in the art would have been motivated to incorpo-
  rate a serotype 22F glycoconjugate into a multivalent
  vaccine; for example, to provide “expand[ed] coverage of
  pneumococcal serotypes not covered by existing pneumo-
  coccal vaccines.”       Sanofi Decision at *34 (quoting
  Merck-086 at ¶ 15, J.A. 4672). Merck-086 further shows
  that, in two of four studies, a multivalent pneumococcal
  vaccine comprising a serotype 22F glycoconjugate exhib-
  ited a greater than 2-log increase above baseline serum IgG
  levels as to the 22F serotype. Id. at *32 (citing Merck-086
  at ¶ 117, Table 4, J.A. 4680). Moreover, the Board observed
  that Hausdorff discloses a 13-valent glycoconjugate vaccine
  comprising the same thirteen serotypes added in proposed
  claim 46. See Sanofi Decision at *31, *34. That multiva-
  lent vaccine showed a greater than 2-log increase above
  baseline in serum IgG levels “for every single serotype
  tested.” Id. at *31 (citing Hausdorff at Table 3, J.A. 28170).
  The Board therefore concluded that it would have been ob-
  vious to incorporate the serotype 22F glycoconjugate as
  rendered obvious by Merck-086 and GSK-711 “into a pneu-
  mococcal vaccine with the 13 serotypes . . . disclosed by
  Hausdorff with a reasonable expectation of success in ob-
  taining a 2-log increase above baseline in serum IgG levels
  as required by claim 46.” Sanofi Decision at *34.
      On appeal, Pfizer argues that the Board’s conclusion
  was error because the data in Merck-086 provide “clear ev-
  idence that the claimed 2-log increase across all serotypes
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  16                         PFIZER INC. v. SANOFI PASTEUR INC.

  would not have been obvious, notwithstanding the immu-
  nogenicity data in Hausdorff.” Pfizer Reply Br. at 24.
  Pfizer argues that “where the prior art contains evidence
  directly showing that others failed to achieve the claimed
  invention (as here), there can be no finding of obviousness.”
  Id. at 25 (citing Univ. of Strathclyde v. Clear-Vu Lighting
  LLC, 17 F.4th 155, 165–66 (Fed. Cir. 2021)). We disagree
  that that is the case here. As explained, Merck-086 dis-
  closes the claimed 2-log IgG increase for a 22F glycoconju-
  gate within a multivalent vaccine, and Hausdorff discloses
  that result for the remaining thirteen claimed glycoconju-
  gates. While neither Merck-086 nor Hausdorff discloses
  the claimed result across all fourteen claimed serotypes, a
  finding of obviousness does not require a guarantee of suc-
  cess. As we have already noted, an expectation of success
  need only be reasonable, not absolute. Pfizer, 480 F.3d at
  1364; Univ. of Strathclyde, 17 F.4th at 165.
       Pfizer’s reliance on Merck-086, alone, ignores other ev-
  idence in the record that suggests that achieving a 2-log
  IgG increase would have been reasonably expected. More-
  over, unlike in University of Strathclyde, the prior art here
  does not evidence “only failures to achieve that at which
  the inventors succeeded.” 17 F.4th at 165 (emphasis
  added). Indeed, each of Merck-086 and Hausdorff clearly
  demonstrated that the claimed 2-log IgG increase could be
  achieved across various serotypes in a multivalent compo-
  sition, which is consistent with the disclosure in the prior
  art that new glycoconjugates could be added to multivalent
  compositions without negatively affecting the components
  already within the vaccine. Id. at *36.
      Accordingly, substantial evidence supports the Board’s
  conclusion that a person of ordinary skill in the art would
  have had a reasonable expectation of success in arriving at
  the composition claimed in proposed claim 46. Therefore,
  the Board did not abuse its discretion in denying Pfizer’s
  motions to amend as to that claim.
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                                B
      We now turn to the Board’s treatment of proposed
  claims 48 and 49. Those claims mirror claims 3 and 4 but
  further require the limitation from proposed claim 46 that
  the compositions exhibit more than a 2-log increase above
  baseline in serum IgG levels across all serotypes within the
  claimed composition. That is, proposed claims 48 and 49
  require that, in addition to the 2-log IgG increase across all
  14 serotypes of claim 46, the composition must also exhibit
  that increase with respect to serotypes 15B and 33F for
  claim 48 and with respect to 15B, 33F, 12F, 10A, 11A and
  8 for claim 49.
      The Sanofi Decision is silent as to why proposed claims
  48 and 49 would have been obvious over the references.
  The only mention of those claims in that decision is a con-
  clusory statement, prior to any analysis, that the Board de-
  termined that “claims 46 and 48–52 would have been
  obvious over the combination of Hausdorff, Merck-086,
  GSK-711, and the knowledge of the skilled artisan.” Sanofi
  Decision at *31. The ensuing analysis, however, focuses
  only on the elements of claim 46, and fails to consider
  whether the incorporation of the glycoconjugates recited in
  proposed claims 48 and 49 would have been expected to ex-
  hibit the claimed 2-log IgG increase. See generally id. at
  *31–37.
      The ’131 Decision and ’132 Decision fare no better. Un-
  like the Sanofi Decision, each of those decisions has a sep-
  arate analysis as to proposed claims 48 and 49. ’131
  Decision at *32–33; ’132 Decision at *31–32. But those
  analyses merely consider whether it “would have been ob-
  vious to incorporate” the claimed glycoconjugates into a
  pneumococcal vaccine. ’131 Decision at *33 (emphasis
  added); ’132 Decision at *32. It does not appear that the
  Board considered whether, once incorporated, it would
  have been reasonably expected that the compositions
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  18                          PFIZER INC. v. SANOFI PASTEUR INC.

  exhibit the claimed 2-log IgG increase across all serotypes
  recited in proposed claims 48 and 49.
      Sanofi and the PTO argue that the Board’s conclusion
  that proposed claims 48 and 49 would have been obvious is
  supported by the same evidence that supported the obvi-
  ousness of claim 46, as well as the evidence that supported
  the obviousness of claims 3 and 4. Sanofi Br. at 61; PTO
  Br. at 57–58. But we cannot say, with any modicum of cer-
  tainty, that that is the case. It is hornbook law that admin-
  istrative agencies must provide a “reasoned basis” for their
  actions that is sufficient to permit meaningful judicial re-
  view. See Bowman Transp., 419 U.S. at 285. The Board’s
  decisions, which fail to consider, let alone recognize, that
  the compositions of proposed claims 48 and 49 must satisfy
  the recited 2-log IgG increase, do not meet that standard.
      Accordingly, because the Board’s determination that
  proposed claims 48 and 49 would have been obvious was
  not supported by substantial evidence, it abused its discre-
  tion in denying Pfizer’s motions to amend as to those
  claims. We therefore remand for the Board to further con-
  sider Pfizer’s motions.
                                III
       Finally, we address Pfizer’s argument that the PTO’s
  Director Review procedure violates the APA because it was
  not promulgated through notice-and-comment rulemaking.
  We review de novo whether or not an agency action com-
  plied with the APA, and we must “hold unlawful and set
  aside agency action, findings, and conclusions found to
  be . . . arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or oth-
  erwise not in accordance with law . . . [or] without ob-
  servance of procedure required by law.”               5 U.S.C.
  § 706(2)(A), (D); EmeraChem Holdings, LLC v. Volkswagen
  Grp. of Am., Inc., 859 F.3d 1341, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2017).
     Pfizer contends that “[t]he PTO has unpredictably
  changed the [Director Review] Q&A webpages [sic]
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  PFIZER INC. v. SANOFI PASTEUR INC.                             19

  multiple times since it was created,” which has therefore
  provided “insufficient notice to the public and patent own-
  ers” as to the Director Review process post-Arthrex. Pfizer
  Br. at 57–58. Pfizer further argues that the PTO has never
  provided any reason or evidence as to why its practices
  with respect to Director Review qualify for any of the ex-
  ceptions to notice-and-comment rulemaking in 5 U.S.C.
  § 553(b)(B). Id. at 58.
       This is not the first time this court has addressed
  Pfizer’s precise argument. As Sanofi and the PTO ex-
  plained in their respective citations of supplemental au-
  thority, see, e.g., Appeal 2019-1871, ECF Nos. 142, 143, we
  recently held, nonprecedentially, that even if the PTO’s
  guidance governing Director Review was not exempt from
  notice-and-comment rulemaking, any error by the PTO in
  that regard would be harmless absent a showing of preju-
  dice by the party challenging the agency action. Carucel
  Invs. L.P. v. Vidal, No. 2021-1731, 2023 WL 8888644, at *9
  (Fed. Cir. Dec. 26, 2023) (nonprecedential) (“[W]e must
  take ‘due account . . . of the rule of prejudicial error.’” (quot-
  ing 5 U.S.C. § 706)); Jicarilla Apache Nation v. U.S. Dep’t
  of Interior, 613 F.3d 1112, 1121 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (“The bur-
  den to demonstrate prejudicial error is on the party chal-
  lenging agency action.”). Pfizer has not shown such
  prejudice here. As in Carucel, Pfizer “does not contend it
  was unaware of the relevant procedural requirements for
  filing a request for Director Review; nor does it identify any
  way in which it was prejudiced by the manner in which the
  PTO distributed its guidance.” Id. Rather, Pfizer timely
  and properly filed each of its requests, none of which was
  denied for a failure to abide by the PTO’s procedural re-
  quirements.
      Because we can find no prejudice to Pfizer, any APA
  violation by the PTO was harmless and cannot serve as a
  basis to reverse or vacate the Board’s decisions.
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  20                        PFIZER INC. v. SANOFI PASTEUR INC.

                        CONCLUSION
      We have considered Pfizer’s remaining arguments and
  find them unpersuasive. Accordingly, we affirm in toto the
  Board’s decision at issue in Appeals 2019-1875 and
  2019-1876. We further affirm the Board’s decisions at is-
  sue in Appeals 2019-1871, 2019-1873, and 2019-2224 as to
  claims 1–45 and proposed substitute claims 46, 47, and
  50–52. Claims 1–45 are therefore unpatentable. But we
  vacate the Board’s denials of Pfizer’s motions to amend in
  those decisions as to proposed substitute claims 48 and 49
  and remand for further proceedings consistent with this
  opinion.
    AFFIRMED-IN-PART, VACATED-IN-PART, AND
              REMANDED-IN-PART
                           COSTS
  Costs to Sanofi.