Court Opinion

ID: 8407081
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-01 14:02:43.949686+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:47:23.745522
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
                                 Docket No. 48785

 DONALD BLASKIEWICZ, M.D.,                            )
 an individual,                                       )
                                                      )
      Plaintiff-Respondent,                           )     Boise, June 2022 Term
                                                      )
 v.                                                   )     Opinion Filed: October 31, 2022
                                                      )
 SPINE INSTITUTE OF IDAHO, P.A., an                   )     Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk
 Idaho professional services corporation,             )
                                                      )
      Defendant-Appellant.                            )

        Appeal from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, State of Idaho, Ada
        County. Deborah A. Bail, District Judge.

        The judgment of the district court is vacated, and the case is remanded.

        Eberle, Berlin, Kading, Turnbow & McKlveen, Chartered, Boise, for appellant,
        Spine Institute of Idaho, P.A. Eric S. Taylor argued.

        Givens Pursley, LLP, Boise, for respondent, Donald Blaskiewicz. Bradley J. Dixon
        argued.

                                     _____________________

STEGNER, Justice.
        Donald Blaskiewicz, M.D., is a highly-trained neurosurgeon. In 2018, he became employed
by the Spine Institute of Idaho (the “Spine Institute” or the “Institute”). The Spine Institute entered
into a Professional Services Agreement (the PSA) with Blaskiewicz, which contained a non-
compete clause. The PSA contractually proscribed Blaskiewicz from practicing medicine within
fifty miles of the Spine Institute’s office (with an explicit exception for Caldwell) for a period of
eighteen months, should his employment with the Spine Institute be terminated for any reason.
Pursuant to the PSA, Blaskiewicz had two ways to avoid the non-compete clause: he could either
get permission from the Spine Institute to practice medicine within the proscribed area, or he could
pay the Spine Institute $350,000 in “liquidated damages.” The PSA also required any disputes to
be resolved by arbitration.

                                                  1
        Less than a year and a half after hiring Blaskiewicz, the Spine Institute terminated his
employment. Blaskiewicz filed suit in district court, seeking a declaratory judgment that the non-
compete clause was unenforceable. The district court concluded that the non-compete clause was
against public policy and void as a matter of law. The district court granted summary judgment in
favor of Blaskiewicz. For the reasons discussed below, we vacate the district court’s grant of
summary judgment.
                             I.   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
        The Spine Institute provides medical care for patients in the Treasure Valley suffering
primarily from spine issues. Donald Blaskiewicz, M.D., is a neurosurgeon with a sub-specialty in
complex spinal deformity surgeries, such as pediatric scoliosis and complex adult scoliosis
surgeries. He has completed two fellowships in complex spine deformity surgery and minimally
invasive spinal surgery. He is also a Fellow of both the American Board of Neurological Surgeons
and the Scoliosis Research Society (the SRS). The parties do not dispute that Blaskiewicz is the
only recognized and actively practicing SRS Fellow in Idaho; however, the parties dispute the
significance of this fact.
        Blaskiewicz was living and working in San Diego, California, when the Spine Institute
successfully recruited him to Idaho. The Spine Institute’s office is in Meridian, Idaho. Blaskiewicz
moved to Idaho, and, on December 7, 2018, he and the Spine Institute entered into the PSA. The
PSA contained a non-compete clause, which proscribed Blaskiewicz from “engag[ing] in the
practice of medicine” within a fifty-mile radius of the Spine Institute’s primary office location
(with an explicit exception for the city of Caldwell) for a period of eighteen months following the
end of his employment with the Institute, unless the Institute gave him written permission to do
so. The PSA also contained an arbitration clause, which required that “any dispute arising out of
or related to [the PSA] be settled by arbitration in Ada County, Idaho.”
        The Spine Institute terminated Blaskiewicz’s employment on April 16, 2020. On May 1,
2020, Blaskiewicz filed a Complaint for Declaratory Judgment in district court to determine the
enforceability of the PSA and what, if anything, he could do given the termination of his
employment. Blaskiewicz asserted, among other arguments, that the non-compete provision in the
PSA was against public policy. He requested that the district court enter judgment against the Spine
Institute, declaring that the Spine Institute was unable to enjoin Blaskiewicz from accepting
employment at St. Luke’s, a regional hospital system with its headquarters and largest hospital

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located in the Boise metropolitan area. Relying on the arbitration clause in the PSA, the Spine
Institute moved to dismiss the complaint or, in the alternative, to stay the proceedings. However,
the Spine Institute did not seek an order compelling arbitration, apparently because Blaskiewicz
had not breached the PSA. In turn, Blaskiewicz moved for a speedy hearing on his request for a
declaratory judgment.
          On July 8, 2020, after a hearing on the matter, the district court concluded it had jurisdiction
over the dispute and declined to either dismiss or stay the case. The district court also granted
Blaskiewicz’s motion for a speedy hearing. In response, the Spine Institute asked for discovery,
noting that “there needs to be at least a little bit of discovery as to what it is that Dr. Blaskiewicz
is really saying that his specialty is and whether that specialty is necessary in the area, and those
kinds of things.” The district court declined to allow discovery, stating: “Well, I think you make a
good point that he has got to make a showing, but I think it would be more appropriate for the
showing to be by affidavits that each side can submit.” The district court then set an expedited
briefing schedule on the sole issue of whether the non-compete provision was against public
policy.
          On July 22, 2020, Blaskiewicz moved for summary judgment, arguing that the PSA was
against public policy and thus void as a matter of law. In support of his motion, he filed a single,
eight-page declaration signed by himself.
          On August 5, 2020, the Spine Institute filed its memorandum opposing Blaskiewicz’s
motion for summary judgment. (Neither this memorandum nor its accompanying motion is in the
record.) Additionally, the Spine Institute filed four declarations, signed by: (1) Eric Taylor, counsel
for the Institute; (2) Betsy Hunsicker, the Chief Executive Officer of West Valley Medical Center;
(3) Jennifer Harris, the Administrator of the Spine Institute; and (4) Samuel Jorgenson, M.D., the
President and sole shareholder of the Spine Institute. The Spine Institute also moved to strike
portions of Blaskiewicz’s declaration. Blaskiewicz then filed a reply brief.
          After oral argument on the matter, the district court issued its memorandum decision and
order granting Blaskiewicz’s motion for summary judgment. The district court concluded that the
non-compete provision was void because it was against public policy; it denied the Spine
Institute’s motion to strike; and it further awarded attorney fees against the Institute. The Spine
Institute timely appealed.
                                       II.     STANDARD OF REVIEW

                                                     3
       “This Court exercises free review over matters of law.” Borah v. McCandless, 147 Idaho
73, 77, 205 P.3d 1209, 1213 (2009). “Justiciability issues, such as mootness, are freely reviewed.”
State v. Barclay, 149 Idaho 6, 8, 232 P.3d 327, 329 (2010).
       Additionally, “[a]rbitrability is a question of law to be decided by the court.” Mason v.
State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 145 Idaho 197, 200, 177 P.3d 944, 947 (2007). “Thus, this Court
exercises free review and may draw its own conclusions based upon the evidence presented.” Id.
       “[C]ontrol of discovery is committed to the sound discretion of the trial court.”
Christiansen v. Potlatch #1 Financial Credit Union, 169 Idaho 533, 540, 498 P.3d 713, 720 (2021).
       In evaluating whether a district court abused its discretion, this Court uses the four-
       part Lunneborg standard, asking whether the district court “(1) correctly perceived
       the issue as one of discretion; (2) acted within the outer boundaries of its discretion;
       (3) acted consistently with the legal standards applicable to the specific choices
       available to it; and (4) reached its decision by the exercise of reason.” Lunneborg
       v. My Fun Life, 163 Idaho 856, 863, 421 P.3d 187, 194 (2018).
Id.
       “This Court exercises de novo review of a grant of summary judgment and the ‘standard
of review is the same as the standard used by the trial court in ruling on a motion for summary
judgment.’ ” AED, Inc. v. KDC Investments, LLC, 155 Idaho 159, 163, 307 P.3d 176, 180 (2013)
(quoting Stonebrook Const., LLC v. Chase Home Fin., LLC, 152 Idaho 927, 929, 277 P.3d 374,
376 (2012)).
       “On review, summary judgment is appropriate if ‘there is no genuine dispute as to
       any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’ ”
       Progressive Nw. Ins. Co. v. Lautenschlager, 168 Idaho 841, 844, 488 P.3d 509, 512
       (2021) (quoting I.R.C.P. 56(a)). The moving party carries the burden to
       demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Farm Bureau Ins. Co.
       of Idaho v. Kinsey, 149 Idaho 415, 419, 234 P.3d 739, 742 (2010) (citation omitted).
       This Court “construe[s] the record in favor of the nonmoving party, drawing all
       reasonable inferences in that party’s favor.” Id. If reasonable minds could differ as
       to the conclusions to be drawn from the record, summary judgment must be denied.
       Id.
Taylor v. Taylor, 169 Idaho 806, 812, 504 P.3d 342, 348 (2022).
                                         III.    ANALYSIS
       A. This appeal is not moot.
       Before reaching the parties’ arguments, we must consider whether this appeal is moot.
“ ‘An issue becomes moot if it does not present a real and substantial controversy that is capable
of being concluded’ by judicial relief.” Barclay, 149 Idaho at 8, 232 P.3d at 329 (quoting Koch v.

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Canyon Cnty., 145 Idaho 158, 163, 177 P.3d 372, 377 (2008)). An issue does not present a real
and substantial controversy if “any judicial relief from this Court would simply create precedent
for future cases and would have no effect on either party.” Id.
         On appeal, Blaskiewicz does not argue this appeal is moot. However, he does point out that
his employment was terminated by the Spine Institute on April 16, 2020, which means that the 18-
month non-compete period expired on October 16, 2021. Blaskiewicz asserts that he “did not
accept employment with St. Luke’s or any competitor of [the Spine Institute] in the Treasure
Valley” during the non-compete period. 1 Therefore, when the Spine Institute filed its opening brief
with this Court on October 22, 2021, the non-compete was no longer in effect. However, even
though the non-compete provision is no longer in effect, the district court awarded Blaskiewicz
$49,888.50 in attorney fees pursuant to Idaho Code section 12-120(3). Section 12-120(3) allows a
prevailing party in a civil action regarding a commercial transaction to recover reasonable attorney
fees. I.C. § 12-120(3). If we were to conclude the district court erred in granting summary judgment
(as we do below), Blaskiewicz would no longer be the prevailing party and would not be entitled
to the attorney fees he was awarded below. Because this case presents a real and substantial
controversy, we conclude it is not moot and we will reach its merits. 2
         B. The district court had jurisdiction to decide whether the non-compete provision
            was enforceable.
         After Blaskiewicz filed his complaint, the Spine Institute moved to dismiss the case or, in
the alternative, to stay the proceedings pending arbitration. The Spine Institute contended that the
arbitration clause in the PSA provided that the sole way for Blaskiewicz to challenge the non-
compete provision was through arbitration and, as such, the district court was without jurisdiction
to consider Blaskiewicz’s complaint. The arbitration clause of the PSA provided in relevant part:
         Except as to an action seeking an injunction pursuant to Section 11.4 [in the event
         the Physician violates a restrictive covenant, including the non-compete provision],
         the exclusive jurisdiction of which shall rest with a court of competent jurisdiction
         in the State of Idaho, any dispute arising out of or related to this Agreement shall
         be settled by arbitration in Ada County, Idaho.

1
  Blaskiewicz actually states that he did not accept employment “between April 16, 2021[,] and October 16, 2021.”
(Italics added.) This appears to be a typographical error; given the context of the assertion, and the lack of any
opposition to it, it should read “April 16, 2020.”
2
  Our decision today that this case is not moot should not be read to preclude a finding of mootness upon remand, nor
should it be read as a directive to find mootness. We simply hold that the case is not moot at this juncture on appeal.

                                                          5
         At the hearing on July 8, 2020, the district court declined to dismiss the complaint or stay
the proceedings. The district court noted that the Spine Institute’s motion did not seek to compel
arbitration: it only sought to dismiss or stay the litigation. Ostensibly relying on Idaho Code section
7-901 (the Uniform Arbitration Act) and Borah v. McCandless 3, 147 Idaho at 73, 205 P.3d at 1209,
the district court concluded that it had jurisdiction to determine whether the non-compete clause
was enforceable.
         On appeal, the Spine Institute argues the district court erred in concluding it had jurisdiction
over the non-compete issue. The Spine Institute asserts that both it and Blaskiewicz had the
freedom to contract, and this Court should uphold their agreement to arbitrate.
         Blaskiewicz responds that, because he sought a declaratory judgment, the district court was
able to determine the enforceability of the PSA. He notes that, during the July 8, 2020, hearing,
the Spine Institute conceded that arbitration would have been premature because Blaskiewicz had
not breached the PSA. Blaskiewicz argues that the enforceability of the PSA “turns on the
[question of] whether the non-competition provision violates public policy.”
         In reply, the Spine Institute points to the plain language of the arbitration clause, which
states that “any dispute” other than the Institute seeking an injunction must be settled in arbitration.
(Italics added.) The Spine Institute asserts that the district court erred in deciding to hear the case
and not stay the case for arbitration.
         Idaho Code section 7-901 provides:
         A written agreement to submit any existing controversy to arbitration or a provision
         in a written contract to submit to arbitration any controversy thereafter arising
         between the parties is valid, enforceable and irrevocable, save upon such grounds
         as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.
I.C. § 7-901. “Under the [Uniform Arbitration Act], arbitration and agreements to arbitrate are
encouraged and given explicit recognition as effective means to resolve disputed issues.” Lovey v.
Regence BlueShield of Idaho, 139 Idaho 37, 41, 72 P.3d 877, 881 (2003) (quoting Loomis, Inc. v.
Cudahy, 104 Idaho 106, 108, 656 P.2d 1359, 1361 (1982)). “Arbitration generally offers an

3
  The transcript reflects that the district court referred to a case entitled “Vernon versus McCandless,” not “Borah v.
McCandless.” The district court also stated that “Vernon versus McCandless” was authored by Justice Horton. There
is no Idaho Supreme Court case entitled Vernon v. McCandless; however, Borah v. McCandless involved an arbitration
clause and was authored by Justice Horton. 147 Idaho 73, 205 P.3d 1209 (2009). It therefore appears the district court
was referring to Borah and either misspoke or was misheard (the hearing was held via Webex).

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inexpensive and rapid alternative to prolonged litigation.” Id. “It also serves to alleviate crowded
court dockets.” Id.
       Conversely, “[t]he constitution of this state provides that ‘[t]he district court shall have
original jurisdiction in all cases, both at law and in equity.’ ” Borah, 147 Idaho at 79, 205 P.3d at
1215 (quoting IDAHO CONST. art. V, § 20) (second alteration in original). “State courts have subject
matter jurisdiction over traditional contract actions, a garden variety matter of state common law.”
Id. (quoting Sinclair & Co., Inc. v. Gurule, 114 Idaho 362, 364, 757 P.2d 225, 227 (Ct. App.
1988)). “There is nothing in the Uniform Arbitration Act, I.C. §§ 7-901–922, that reflects
legislative intent to deprive courts of subject matter jurisdiction in civil cases involving contracts
containing an arbitration clause.” Id.
       We hold that the district court had jurisdiction to determine whether the non-compete
provision was enforceable. Borah, which was decided in 2009, explicitly held that the Uniform
Arbitration Act did not divest subject matter jurisdiction from district courts. 147 Idaho at 79, 205
P.3d at 1215. If the legislature disagreed with the Court’s characterization of its intent, it could
have sought to amend the Act. However, whether it could have dispossessed the district courts of
their jurisdiction is a different question, which we leave unanswered for another day. In the
intervening thirteen years since the Borah decision was released, the legislature has not done so.
Therefore, we view Borah as settled law.
       Whether a court has jurisdiction to hear a case is a different question than whether an
arbitrability clause is enforceable. In general, “[w]hen entertaining a motion to compel or stay
arbitration, the Court must limit its inquiry to whether there is an agreement to arbitrate.” Mason
v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 145 Idaho 197, 201, 177 P.3d 944, 948 (2007). However, the
Spine Institute never moved to compel arbitration below. While the Spine Institute moved to
dismiss the case or to stay the proceedings, it conceded that arbitration would have been premature.
Without such a demand for arbitration, the Spine Institute cannot now complain that this
controversy should have been arbitrated. See Borah, 147 Idaho at 78–79, 205 P.3d at 1214–15.
       Therefore, we conclude that the district court had jurisdiction to determine whether the
non-compete provision was enforceable.
       C. The district court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Blaskiewicz.
       The non-compete provision of the PSA provided:
       11. RESTRICTIVE COVENANT. Physician acknowledges and agrees that
       Physician is a key employee of Group, and that the restrictive covenants set forth

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       in this Section are necessary to protect Group’s legitimate business interests within
       the meaning of Idaho Code § 44-2701 et seq. For purposes of this Section, the
       “Restricted Time” shall be during the term of this Agreement and for a period of
       eighteen (18) months after the termination of this Agreement, and the “Restricted
       Area” shall be the area within fifty (50) miles of Group’s primary office location,
       but the Restricted Area” shall exclude Caldwell, Idaho (“Caldwell”) and the
       geographic service area served by WVMC (the “WVMC Service Area”) . . . . In no
       event shall this Section preclude Physician from performing Services within
       Caldwell or the WVMC Service Area.
       11.1 Non-Competition. Physician shall not, within the Restricted Time and
       Restricted Area and without Group’s express written consent, engage in the practice
       of medicine except as an employee of Group pursuant to this Agreement, or engage
       in, perform, or provide on behalf of any entity other than Group any of Physician’s
       Services described in this Agreement, no shall Physician establish, contract with,
       have an ownership or investment interest in, or provide professional services to any
       entity or facility that competes with Group or otherwise provides the Services
       described in this Agreement.
       ...
       11.3 Scope of Restriction. Physician agrees that this Section 11 is reasonable and
       necessary to protect the legitimate interests of Group, its patients, and its personnel,
       and that Group would be irreparably injured by Physician’s breach of these
       obligations. If the scope or duration of any restriction is too broad to permit
       enforcement of such restriction to its full extent, then such restriction shall be
       enforced to the maximum extent permitted by law.
       The district court concluded the non-compete provision of the PSA was void because it
violated public policy. The district court noted that, while the Spine Institute had asserted it had
“referral sources” it needed to protect, the Institute had not provided any factual support for its
contention. The district court further reasoned that “[t]he people of Idaho and neighboring areas
have a strong and real interest in being able to access the most skilled medical services available
if they are suffering from a profoundly serious spinal condition that requires the unique skills of
someone like Dr. Blaskiewicz.” The district court also reasoned that Blaskiewicz’s current patients
had an interest in maintaining their continuity of care.
       The district court further concluded that the non-compete provision was “more restrictive
than necessary to serve the legitimate interest of the Spine Institute” because Blaskiewicz could
perform surgeries and provide care that the Spine Institute could not: “complex intracranial
vascular pathology, intracranial hemorrhages, brain tumors, hydrocephalus, congenital intracranial
pathology, strokes, and head injuries.” The district court concluded that, “[s]ince the Spine Institute
does not perform those surgeries, it has no legitimate business interest in precluding Dr.

                                                  8
Blaskiewicz from doing them.” Neither did the Spine Institute have proprietary procedures to
protect, nor did it invest funds in training Blaskiewicz.
       Additionally, the district court concluded that the non-compete provision was overbroad
because it prevented Blaskiewicz from practicing medicine entirely. Pursuant to the PSA,
Blaskiewicz was unable to provide “Physician’s Services,” which were defined in the PSA as
       clinical services that are reasonably and commonly within the scope of services
       provided by a physician specializing in orthopedic surgery consistent with
       Physician’s licensure, training, and privileges, including but not limited to
       examining patients; performing medical and surgical procedures; prescribing
       medication or treatment; conducting rounds, consulting with other practitioners;
       providing call coverage; supervising midlevel and clinical support staff as
       requested by Group, etc.
The district court reasoned that entirely preventing Blaskiewicz from practicing medicine would
negatively impact the public interest. The district court further concluded that, because the non-
compete provision was unreasonable and void, liquidated damages were not available. The district
court then granted summary judgment in Blaskiewicz’s favor.
       On appeal, the Spine Institute argues the district court erred in granting summary judgment
because it submitted an “abundance of evidence” “demonstrating that the non-compete [provision]
does not violate public policy and that there were plenty of qualified professionals in the Treasure
Valley that perform the same services as Blaskiewicz[.]” The Spine Institute maintains that the
reasonableness of an agreement not to compete is a fact-intensive inquiry. Relying on
Intermountain Eye and Laser Centers, P.L.L.C. v Miller, 142 Idaho 218, 127 P.3d 121 (2005), the
Spine Institute argues that the non-compete provision did not prevent Blaskiewicz from practicing
all medicine because he could have simply paid the liquidated damages amount set forth in the
PSA. The Spine Institute further asserts that Blaskiewicz did not argue, nor did the district court
address, whether the duration or geographic territory of the non-compete were unreasonable.
Additionally, the Spine Institute argues that even if the non-compete provision was not enforceable
as written, the district court could have “blue-penciled” the agreement to make it better comport
with public policy. Further, the Spine Institute asserts that preventing Blaskiewicz from working
for a large hospital such as St. Luke’s would benefit the public.
       Blaskiewicz responds that the Spine Institute has not met its burden to establish it has a
protectable business interest in precluding Blaskiewicz from practicing medicine. Blaskiewicz
argues that the district court correctly determined the non-compete provision was overbroad

                                                  9
because there is no other neurosurgeon employed by the Spine Institute and the Institute has no
protectable business interest in preventing Blaskiewicz from providing medical care that is not
spine related. Blaskiewicz asserts that blue-pencilling would not save the provision from being
unenforceable because no legitimate business interest exists. Further, Blaskiewicz contends that,
due to his specialty and high level of training, enforcing the non-compete provision would harm
the public and Blaskiewicz himself. Likewise, Blaskiewicz argues, enforcing the liquidated
damages provision of the PSA violates public policy because the Spine Institute has not shown
that $350,000 in damages is reasonable.
       In reply, the Spine Institute points out that there is not a categorical ban on physician non-
compete agreements in Idaho. The Spine Institute maintains that the non-compete provision is
reasonable and, even if it is not, it could have been blue-penciled without needing a substantial
rewrite. The Spine Institute notes that the PSA identifies Blaskiewicz as a “key employee”
pursuant to Idaho Code section 44-2701, and he does not argue to the contrary.
                Covenants not to compete in employment contracts are “disfavored” and
       “strictly construed against the employer.” Freiburger v. J–U–B Engineers, Inc.,
       141 Idaho 415, 419, 111 P.3d 100, 104 (2005); Stipp v. Wallace Plating, Inc., 96
       Idaho 5, 6, 523 P.2d 822, 823 (1974). Non-compete provisions must be reasonable,
       which is to say they must not be more restrictive than necessary to protect a
       legitimate business interest, must not be unduly harsh and oppressive to the
       employee, and must not be injurious to the public. Id. at 420, 111 P.3d at 105.
Intermountain Eye, 142 Idaho at 224, 127 P.3d at 127.
       The Spine Institute correctly points out that, several years after this Court’s decision in
Intermountain Eye, the Legislature enacted Chapter 27 of Title 44 in the Idaho Code, which
governs “Agreements and Covenants Protecting Legitimate Business Interests.” I.C. §§ 44-2701–
04. Idaho Code section 44-2701 provides:
       A key employee . . . may enter into a written agreement or covenant that protects
       the employer’s legitimate business interests and prohibits the key employee . . .
       from engaging in employment or a line of business that is in direct competition with
       the employer’s business after termination of employment, and the same shall be
       enforceable, if the agreement or covenant is reasonable as to its duration,
       geographical area, type of employment or line of business, and does not impose a
       greater restraint than is reasonably necessary to protect the employer’s legitimate
       business interests.
I.C. § 44-2701 (italics added). “ ‘Legitimate business interests’ shall include, but not be limited to,
an employer’s goodwill, technologies, intellectual property, business plans, business processes and

                                                  10
methods of operation, customers, customer lists, customer contacts and referral sources, vendors
and vendor contacts, financial and marketing information, and trade secrets[.]” I.C. § 44-2702(2).
       The legislature has further enacted a list of rebuttable presumptions with respect to whether
the duration, geographical area, and type of employment are reasonable. “It shall be a rebuttable
presumption that an agreement or covenant with a postemployment term of eighteen (18) months
or less is reasonable as to duration.” I.C. § 44-2704(2). “It shall be a rebuttable presumption that
an agreement or covenant is reasonable as to geographic area if it is restricted to the geographic
areas in which the key employee . . . provided services or had a significant presence or influence.”
I.C. § 44-2704(3). Additionally, “[i]t shall be a rebuttable presumption that an agreement or
covenant is reasonable as to type of employment or line of business if it is limited to the type of
employment or line of business conducted by the key employee . . . while working for the
employer.” I.C. § 44-2704(4).
       Based on the district court’s failure to even address the applicability of the relevant Idaho
statutes, we hold that the district court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of
Blaskiewicz. It should first be noted that, at no point in its memorandum decision did the district
court cite or analyze the statutes governing non-compete agreements in Idaho. Rather, the district
court relied on Intermountain Eye and Freiburger, both of which pre-date the enactment of these
statutes. See Intermountain Eye, 142 Idaho 218, 127 P.3d 121; Freiburger, 141 Idaho 415, 111
P.3d 100. While Intermountain Eye and Freiburger remain instructive, the district court’s failure
to address the relevant statutes constitutes clear error. We also conclude that there were genuine
issues of material fact that needed to be resolved through a trial before reaching the conclusion
that the PSA violated public policy.
       As for the geographic area, Blaskiewicz contends that, because he cannot practice in the
Treasure Valley, he is essentially precluded from practicing anywhere in Idaho. The district court
placed great weight on the contention that, if Blaskiewicz were not able to perform surgeries in
the Boise and Meridian areas, many patients and their families would have to travel out of state
for treatment. However, Jorgenson stated in his declaration that the reason those patients are
referred out of state “is not because of the expertise or experience of the surgeon, but rather because
of the superior facilities that involve a multi-disciplinary team that is available to manage the
unique needs of the patient because those teams have a higher volume of those types of rare and
complicated cases.” Further, Jorgenson stated that even while Blaskiewicz was employed by the

                                                  11
Spine Institute, “Blaskiewicz personally referred such cases to specialized centers when he felt
certain cases required treatment at a high volume care center, such as in Seattle or Salt Lake City.”
Taking these facts in a light most favorable to the Spine Institute as the non-moving party, we
conclude that the Spine Institute raised a genuine issue of material fact that could not be resolved
at summary judgment.
        Additionally, the district court concluded the non-compete provision would not only bar
Blaskiewicz from practicing the medicine he had while employed by the Spine Institute, but it
would also bar him from practicing any kind of medicine. However, even if the provision is too
broad, the district court had within its power the ability to limit or modify the non-compete
provision through blue-penciling. As set-out in the statute: “To the extent any such agreement or
covenant is found to be unreasonable in any respect, a court shall limit or modify the agreement
or covenant as it shall determine necessary to reflect the intent of the parties and render it
reasonable in light of the circumstances in which it was made and specifically enforce the
agreement or covenant as limited or modified.” I.C. § 44-2703. For example, it is possible that,
under the proper factual findings, the district court could have modified the agreement to preclude
Blaskiewicz from practicing only the type of medicine he did for the Spine Institute, i.e., complex
spinal deformity surgery, yet allow him to perform other surgeries he is otherwise qualified to
perform.
        The district court also failed to address the liquidated damages clause, simply concluding
that, because the non-compete provision was overbroad, liquidated damages were not available.
Again, the district court should have considered whether it could modify the non-compete
provision even if it was overbroad. See I.C. § 44-2703. The district court then should have
considered the reasonableness of the liquidated damages with respect to the modified non-compete
provision.
        Finally, we note that the district court faulted the Spine Institute for failing to provide more
information about its asserted “referral sources” when arguing it had legitimate business interests.
While the Spine Institute certainly could have provided more information, Jorgenson stated in his
declaration that “[r]eferral sources are critical to specialty practices” and the Spine Institute “would
not be able to survive without its referral sources.” Jorgenson further noted that, when new
physicians are hired, the Spine Institute “introduce[s] them to all of our referral sources and they
develop personal relationships with these referrals.” Notably, in his declaration, Blaskiewicz also

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recognized the importance of referral sources: “in order to have a financially meaningful practice
in the Treasure Valley, one relies on a referral network that is generally garnered by physician
networks supported by the hospital systems.” “[I]f I am not affiliated with one of the major hospital
systems, my practice in the Treasure Valley becomes impossible.” Drawing reasonable inferences
in favor of the Spine Institute, the Spine Institute has established a question of fact as to whether
it has a legitimate business interest in its referral sources, even though there are no specifics as to
the quantity or quality of those sources in the record.
       In sum, we conclude that there are genuine issues of material fact such that summary
judgment was inappropriate as to whether the non-compete provision was void as a matter of
public policy or otherwise enforceable. Despite declining the Spine Institute’s request for
discovery, the district court made a number of specific factual findings based on the very limited
record before it, which was inappropriate at the summary judgment stage. Therefore, the district
court erred in granting Blaskiewicz’s motion for summary judgment.
       Because we hold the district court erred in granting summary judgment, we need not
specifically address whether the district court erred in declining to order discovery.
       D. We vacate the award of attorney fees below.
       Because we conclude the district court erred in granting summary judgment, Blaskiewicz
is no longer the prevailing party and, at this juncture, is not entitled to the attorney fees he was
awarded below. Because we are remanding the case for further proceedings, “any determination
of the prevailing party [would be] premature until the case is finally resolved.” Christiansen v.
Potlatch #1 Financial Credit Union, 169 Idaho 533, 544, 498 P.3d 713, 724 (2021) (quoting City
of McCall v. Buxton, 146 Idaho 656, 667, 201 P.3d 629, 640 (2009)). Accordingly, we vacate the
district court’s award of attorney fees in favor of Blaskiewicz.
       E. Neither party is entitled to attorney fees on appeal.
       Both parties request attorney fees on appeal pursuant to Idaho Code section 12-120(3).
Additionally, the Spine Institute requests attorney fees for the underlying district court case. Idaho
Code section 12-120(3) provides:
       In any civil action to recover on an open account, account stated, note, bill,
       negotiable instrument, guaranty, or contract relating to the purchase or sale of
       goods, wares, merchandise, or services and in any commercial transaction unless
       otherwise provided by law, the prevailing party shall be allowed a reasonable
       attorney’s fee to be set by the court, to be taxed and collected as costs.

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       The term “commercial transaction” is defined to mean all transactions except
       transactions for personal or household purposes. The term “party” is defined to
       mean any person, partnership, corporation, association, private organization, the
       state of Idaho or political subdivision thereof.
I.C. § 12-120(3).
       Both parties agree that the dispute over the PSA is a “commercial transaction” within the
meaning of section 12-120(3). However, although the Spine Institute prevailed in challenging the
district court’s grant of summary judgment before this Court, neither party is the ultimate
“prevailing party” at this juncture. See Christiansen, 169 Idaho at 544, 498 P.3d at 724. Therefore,
we decline to award the Spine Institute attorney fees either on appeal or for the proceedings below.
       The Spine Institute further requests fees pursuant to Idaho Code section 12-121. Idaho
Code section 12-121 provides that, “[i]n any civil action, the judge may award reasonable
attorney’s fees to the prevailing party or parties when the judge finds that the case was brought,
pursued or defended frivolously, unreasonably or without foundation.” I.C. § 12-121. However,
Blaskiewicz did not bring his suit frivolously, unreasonably, or without foundation. There is little
law in Idaho as to the enforceability of physician non-compete agreements, and it was not
frivolous, unreasonable, or without foundation for Blaskiewicz to attempt to defend his livelihood.
Therefore, we decline to award attorney fees to the Spine Institute under section 12-121.
                                         IV.     CONCLUSION
       For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the district court’s grant of summary judgment and
remand the case for further proceedings. We award costs as a matter of right on appeal to the Spine
Institute pursuant to Idaho Appellate Rule 40.
       Chief Justice BEVAN, Justices BRODY, MOELLER and ZAHN CONCUR.

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