Court Opinion

ID: 9913322
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-27 18:00:37.168038+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:08:33.101749
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                          FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        DEC 27 2023
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ELLIOT FRIEDMAN,                                No.    22-56076

      Plaintiff-counter-                        D.C. No.
      defendant-Appellee,                       2:19-cv-05545-JAK-RAO

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
EYELIGHT, INC.; MICHAEL S. BERLIN,

      Defendants-counter-claim-
      third-party-plaintiffs-
      Appellants,

 v.

MLASE A.G.; JOHANES JUNGER;
MARCUS ENDERS; AXEL WERBACH,

      Third-party-defendants.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                   John A. Kronstadt, District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted December 8, 2023
                              Pasadena, California

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Before: WARDLAW and BUMATAY, Circuit Judges, and KENNELLY, **
District Judge.
Concurrence by Judge BUMATAY.

      Michael S. Berlin and EyeLight, Inc. (collectively, “EyeLight”) appeal the

district court’s order granting summary judgment to Elliot Friedman (“Friedman”)

as to Count III of EyeLight’s First Amended Counterclaim for breach of a

confidentiality agreement (the “Friedman NDA”). We have jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 1291, and we reverse and remand for further proceedings.

      1.   The district court erred in limiting the scope of the Friedman NDA to

information EyeLight regards as proprietary. The Friedman NDA prohibits the

unauthorized use of “Confidential Information” that one party (“Disclosing Party”)

discloses to the other party (“Receiving Party”). The Friedman NDA defines

“Confidential Information” as information “that Disclosing Party regards as

confidential or proprietary.” Accordingly, information may fall within the scope of

the agreement even if the Disclosing Party does not necessarily regard the

information as “proprietary.”1 Any interpretation to the contrary would render the

      **
            The Honorable Matthew F. Kennelly, United States District Judge for
the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
      1
        We agree with the district court that information which EyeLight regarded
as confidential and which was disclosed to Friedman as part of the
EyeLight/MLase negotiations would fall within the scope of the Friedman NDA’s
“Purpose” to the extent Friedman and EyeLight evaluated their continuing business
relationship in any part based on the EyeLight/MLase negotiations.

                                         2
phrases “regards as confidential” and “regarded as confidential” in the NDA’s third

paragraph superfluous and would require us to ignore the disjunctive use of “or”

throughout the same. See Cal. Civ. Code § 1641; Yahoo Inc. v. Nat’l Union Fire

Ins. Co., 14 Cal. 5th 58, 69 (2022) (California law “favor[s] an interpretation that

gives meaning to each word in a contract over an interpretation that makes part of

the writing redundant”).

      The Friedman NDA further provides that any disclosure of “Confidential

Information” by “any unaffiliated third party at the request of Disclosing Party[]

shall be deemed to be a disclosure made by Disclosing Party under th[e]

Agreement.” Such information is not subject to the Friedman NDA’s obligations

of confidentiality and non-use unless the unaffiliated third party is “under an

obligation of confidentiality to the Disclosing Party with respect to said

Confidential Information.”

      The record shows that Friedman’s personal outreach to MLase after

departing EyeLight at a minimum disclosed the existence of commercial

negotiations between EyeLight and MLase, and it used MLase’s April 24, 2018

counter-proposal to initiate new negotiations between MLase and Friedman

directly. The parties also do not dispute that EyeLight and MLase entered into a

valid confidentiality agreement (the “MLase MCA”) in December 2017 that

imposed mutual obligations of confidentiality between EyeLight and MLase,

                                          3
including with respect to “the fact that the parties have entered into discussions”

regarding a potential “commercial relationship between the Company [EyeLight]

and Recipient [MLase].” 2

      In light of these facts and the interpretation of the Friedman NDA described

above, the district court’s summary judgment order overlooked at least three

genuine issues of material fact:

      First, drawing all reasonable inferences in the record in favor of EyeLight, a

triable issue exists as to whether EyeLight “requested” the negotiations with

MLase generally or MLase’s April 24, 2018 counter-proposal specifically, within

the meaning of the Friedman NDA. From November 2017 through January 2018,

EyeLight, through its acting CEO Stan Miele, actively sought discussions with

MLase regarding a potential business collaboration. After EyeLight and MLase

executed the MLase MCA, Miele sent a proposed term sheet to MLase “for our

discussion” and invited MLase to “mark [the document] via redline.” The parties

      2
        We disagree with Friedman’s argument that we cannot look to the MLase
MCA because EyeLight did not allege its existence in the pleadings. Courts
generally will not consider at summary judgment claims that were not pleaded in
the complaint. See, e.g., 389 Orange St. Partners v. Arnold, 179 F.3d 656, 665
(9th Cir. 1999). But EyeLight relies on the MLase MCA as evidence that the
information Friedman allegedly used after leaving EyeLight was confidential
within the meaning of the Friedman NDA—not as the basis for “new or different
grounds for asserted liability beyond those properly noticed in the complaint.” Fox
v. Good Samaritan L.P., 801 F. Supp. 2d 883, 896 n.11 (N.D. Cal.), aff’d sub nom.
Fox v. Good Samaritan Hosp. L.P., 467 F. App’x 731 (9th Cir. 2012).

                                          4
exchanged proposals and counter-proposals for a number of months until

Friedman, on April 20, 2018, sent a proposal to MLase and requested “a telephone

conference this upcoming week to discuss.” MLase responded on April 24, 2018

with its counter-proposal. Although some evidence suggests that EyeLight did not

specifically request the April 24, 2018, counter-proposal from MLase—namely,

Berlin’s statement that Friedman’s April 20, 2018 offer was an “unauthorized

correspondence”—Berlin himself noted that he “could live with [Friedman’s

proposal]” and the record broadly supports a finding that EyeLight requested the

negotiations with MLase generally.

      A second triable issue exists as to whether EyeLight, which would be

deemed the “Disclosing Party” under the Friedman NDA if EyeLight requested the

counter-proposal from MLase or the negotiations with MLase more broadly,

regarded either the specific proposal or the negotiations at large to be confidential.

Significant evidence suggests that it did, including communications from Berlin to

Friedman describing materials related to MLase as confidential; the term sheet

Friedman himself sent to MLase in March 2018 that included a confidentiality

provision covering “the existence of any details of the negotiation” between

EyeLight and MLase; and the MLase MCA, which covered “discussions”

regarding the potential “commercial relationship” between the companies.

      Third, the district court improperly limited EyeLight’s claim of breach to

                                           5
Friedman’s use of the April 24, 2018 counter-proposal. Even if EyeLight did not

“request” the negotiations broadly or the counter-proposal specifically or did not

regard either as confidential, a genuine issue nonetheless exists as to whether

Friedman used EyeLight’s own confidential or proprietary information in his

personal outreach to MLase. 3

      Circumstantial evidence suggests that Friedman “employed” or “availed

himself” of EyeLight’s confidential or proprietary information when he told

MLase that its April 24, 2018 counter-proposal was “within a reasonable range.”

Batt v. City of San Francisco, 184 Cal. App. 4th 163, 172 (2010). Prior to his six

months as the CEO of EyeLight, Friedman had never worked in any aspect of

ophthalmology, had no professional experience with glaucoma-related devices or

businesses, and had not worked in the ELT industry. EyeLight granted Friedman

access to confidential and/or proprietary internal EyeLight analyses regarding

ELT’s marketability, cost, potential profitability, effectiveness, and estimated

      3
        We disagree with Friedman that California’s rejection of the “inevitable
disclosure doctrine” forecloses EyeLight’s claim in this respect. The inevitable
disclosure doctrine operates in the preliminary injunction context to “permit[] a
trade secret owner to prevent a former employee from working for a competitor
despite the owner’s failure to prove the employee has taken or threatens to use
trade secrets . . . by demonstrating that the employee’s new job duties will
inevitably cause the employee to rely upon knowledge of the former employer’s
trade secrets.” Whyte v. Schlage Lock Co., 101 Cal. App. 4th 1443, 1446–47
(2002). California’s rejection of the doctrine is both factually and procedurally
inapposite here, where EyeLight has asserted actual use—not mere knowledge or
“inevitable” use—and is seeking monetary, not injunctive relief.

                                          6
timelines for FDA approval and commercialization; Berlin’s analyses whether to

make or purchase ELT technology; and EyeLight’s assessments of the value of

MLase’s technology, services, and other components. Given that Friedman likely

could not have assessed the value of MLase’s counter-proposal without relying at

least in part on information to which he was privy as CEO of EyeLight, a

reasonable factfinder could conclude that Friedman employed or availed himself of

EyeLight’s confidential or proprietary information in his personal outreach to

MLase.

      2. We decline to affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on

the alternative ground that EyeLight has not shown or is not entitled to damages.

The Friedman NDA provides for the availability of equitable remedies

notwithstanding the existence of relief at law, and California courts have

recognized that unjust enrichment can satisfy the damages element of a breach of

contract claim such that restitution or disgorgement is a proper remedy. E.g.,

Ajaxo Inc. v. E*Trade Group Inc., 135 Cal. App. 4th 21, 54–57 (2005). 4 California

law also provides for nominal damages in the event of breach without actual

      4
        We decline to reach Friedman’s argument that disgorgement of $3.6
million would amount to an improper windfall or an amount not within the
reasonable contemplation of the parties. EyeLight seeks “[r]estitution in the
amount of Friedman’s interests in ELT Sight, in whole or in part . . . .” (emphasis
added). Because the $3.6 million is merely a ceiling figure, Friedman’s arguments
are unripe absent an actual award of monetary relief.

                                         7
damage. Sweet v. Johnson, 169 Cal. App. 2d 630, 632–33 (1959) (“A plaintiff is

entitled to recover nominal damages for the breach of a contract, despite inability

to show that actual damage was inflicted upon him.” (citing Cal. Civ. Code §

3360)). The evidence of EyeLight’s business shortcomings and its struggle to

develop a working relationship with MLase, contrasted with the evidence showing

that EyeLight and MLase may have been close to consummating a deal, together

create a triable issue as to the monetary relief to which EyeLight would be entitled

in the event of a breach.

      REVERSED and REMANDED for further proceedings.

                                          8
                                                                      FILED
                                                                       DEC 27 2023
Elliot Friedman v. EyeLight, Inc., No. 22-56076                    MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
BUMATAY, Circuit Judge, concurring:                                  U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

         I concur with reversing the district court here.    In my view, it was

inappropriate to grant summary judgment to Elliot Friedman. The district court’s

decision was based on the improper conclusion that Friedman’s use of the MLase

counterproposal did not violate Friedman’s non-disclosure agreement with

EyeLight, Inc.     But Friedman’s NDA covers any “Confidential Information”

received by Friedman from “any unaffiliated third party at the request of” EyeLight.

It’s uncontested that Friedman received MLase’s counterproposal in his capacity as

EyeLight’s acting CEO during negotiations he knew to be confidential. Under these

facts, there’s a genuine dispute of material fact whether Friedman violated the NDA

during his negotiations with MLase after leaving EyeLight. For example, a jury may

need to resolve whether EyeLight requested the counterproposal and whether

EyeLight considered the counterproposal confidential.           Even without the

counterproposal, EyeLight contends that Friedman used confidential information in

negotiations with MLase. It does seem that a jury would need to resolve whether

Friedman acquired confidential information about the ophthalmology field, which

he used to engage with MLase.

         I thus would reverse the summary judgment order and not reach any other

issue.

                                         1