Court Opinion

ID: 4420721
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-07-27 06:50:34.479739+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:52:53.910190
License: Public Domain

In the
        Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
         at Fort Worth
      ___________________________
           No. 02-19-00048-CV
      ___________________________

         IN THE MATTER OF S.B.

        On Appeal from County Court
           Young County, Texas
           Trial Court No. J00765

  Before Sudderth, C.J.; Gabriel and Kerr, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Sudderth
                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

                                    I. Introduction

       Appellant S.B. was 19 years old when the State alleged that she had sexually

assaulted three children when she was 14 years old and sought a transfer from the

juvenile court to the district court for S.B. to be tried as an adult. After a hearing, the

juvenile court ordered S.B.’s case transferred to a criminal district court. See Tex.

Fam. Code Ann. § 54.02(j). In one issue comprising four sub-issues, S.B. appeals the

juvenile court’s decision. We affirm in part and reverse and dismiss in part.

                             II. Procedural Background

       In its live pleadings, the State alleged that S.B. had engaged in delinquent

conduct from on or about her fourteenth birthday in the latter part of February 2013

through December 31, 2015—when she would have been almost 16 years old—by

committing the aggravated sexual assault of L.V., J.M., and J.Z., each younger than 14

at the time. Specifically, in three paragraphs under section II of the first amended

adjudication petition, the State alleged that S.B. had caused each child to penetrate her

sexual organ with their respective sexual organs as follows:

                                            II.

       [S.B.] engaged in delinquent conduct, to-wit:
              . . . [S.B.] did then and there intentionally and/or knowingly
       sexually assault [L.V.] by causing the sexual organ of [L.V.] . . . to
       penetrate the sexual organ of [S.B.]

                                            2
              . . . [S.B.] did then and there intentionally and/or knowingly
       sexually assault [J.M.] by causing the sexual organ of [J.M.] . . . to
       penetrate the sexual organ of [S.B.]

              . . . [S.B.] did then and there intentionally and/or knowingly
       sexually assault [J.Z.] by causing the sexual organ of [J.Z.] . . . to
       penetrate the sexual organ of [S.B.]

       At the transfer hearing, the State relied upon family code section 54.02(j) to

argue that there was sufficient cause to have the matter transferred to the district

court and for S.B. to be certified to stand trial as an adult. And the State’s amended

transfer petition paralleled the statutory language, claiming impracticability as the basis

for the State’s failure to proceed in juvenile court prior to S.B.’s eighteenth birthday:

       that for a reason beyond the control of the State, it was not practicable
       to proceed in juvenile court before the 18th birthday of [S.B.] or after
       due diligence of the State it was not practicable to proceed in juvenile
       court before the 18th birthday of [S.B.] because the State did not have
       probable cause to proceed in juvenile court and new evidence has been
       found since the 18th birthday of [S.B.].

Id. § 54.02(j)(4)(A)–(B). S.B. argued that the juvenile court had no jurisdiction to

transfer the case and had to dismiss it.

       Each party called one witness. At the hearing’s conclusion, the juvenile court

granted the State’s petition and signed a waiver of jurisdiction and order of transfer.

                                    III. Discussion

       A juvenile court has exclusive, original jurisdiction over all proceedings

involving a person who has engaged in delinquent conduct as a result of acts

committed before age 17. Moore v. State (Moore I), 446 S.W.3d 47, 50 (Tex. App.—
                                        3
Houston [1st Dist.] 2014) (citing Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 51.02(2), 51.04), aff’d, Moore

v. State (Moore II), 532 S.W.3d 400 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017) (op. on reh’g). While a

juvenile court does not lose jurisdiction when a juvenile turns 18, its jurisdiction

becomes limited to either transferring the case to an appropriate court or dismissing

the case. Id. As applicable here, under family code section 54.02(j), the juvenile court

may waive its exclusive original jurisdiction and transfer a person to the appropriate

district court or criminal district court for criminal proceedings if:

       (1) the person is 18 years of age or older;

       (2) the person was:

              ....

              (B) 14 years of age or older and under 17 years of age at the time
              the person is alleged to have committed . . . a felony of the first
              degree other than an offense under Section 19.02, Penal Code; . . .

              ....

       (3) no adjudication concerning the alleged offense has been made or no
       adjudication hearing concerning the offense has been conducted;

       (4) the juvenile court finds from a preponderance of the evidence that:

              (A) for a reason beyond the control of the state it was not
              practicable to proceed in juvenile court before the 18th birthday
              of the person; or

              (B) after due diligence of the state it was not practicable to
              proceed in juvenile court before the 18th birthday of the person
              because:

                                             4
                    (i) the state did not have probable cause to proceed in
                    juvenile court and new evidence has been found since the
                    18th birthday of the person;

                    (ii) the person could not be found; or

                    (iii) a previous transfer order was reversed by an appellate
                    court or set aside by a district court; and

      (5) the juvenile court determines that there is probable cause to believe
      that the child before the court committed the offense alleged.

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 54.02(j).          The State has the burden of showing that

proceeding in juvenile court was not practicable because of circumstances outside the

State’s control. Moore I, 446 S.W.3d at 51–52 (holding that the State failed to satisfy its

burden under section 54.02(j)(4)(A) because “the State” includes law enforcement,

and the detective’s heavy caseload and mistake about appellant’s age were not reasons

beyond the State’s control).        When the State fails to meet its burden, its

noncompliance with section 54.02 deprives the juvenile court of jurisdiction. Id. at 52;

see also Moore II, 532 S.W.3d at 403–04 (“We agree with the court of appeals that the

common understanding of the term ‘the state’ includes both law enforcement and the

prosecution.”).

      In its transfer order, the juvenile court made the following findings of fact:

• S.B. was over 14 years of age at the time the acts upon which the State’s motion to
  adjudicate were alleged to have occurred[,] and no adjudication hearing had been
  conducted concerning those acts;

• The acts alleged in Paragraph II of the First Amended State’s Adjudication
  Petition are felony offenses if committed by an adult;

                                            5
• There is probable cause to believe that S.B. committed the offenses alleged in
  Paragraph II of the First Amended State’s Adjudication Petition;

• That S.B. is 18 years of age or older, and that “for a reason beyond the control of
  the State, it was not practicable to proceed in juvenile court before the 18th
  birthday of [S.B.] or after due diligence of the State it was not practicable to
  proceed in juvenile court before [S.B.’s eighteenth birthday] because the State did
  not have probable cause to proceed in juvenile court and new evidence has been
  found since” S.B.’s eighteenth birthday.

      S.B. complains that the juvenile court abused its discretion by issuing the

transfer order when the State produced no evidence or insufficient evidence during

the hearing from which the juvenile court could find:

• that the delay in the proceedings against her was beyond the State’s control;

• that the State exercised due diligence;

• that there was probable cause to believe that she committed the offense listed in
  section II, paragraph 3, of the First Amended State’s Adjudication Petition when
  the allegations in paragraph 3 differ from the testimony at the hearing and there
  was no evidence that she caused J.Z.’s sexual organ to penetrate her sexual organ;
  and

• that S.B. was fourteen years old at the time of the commission of the alleged
  offenses listed in section II, paragraphs 1 and 3 of the First Amended State’s
  Adjudication Petition—the offenses she allegedly committed against L.V. and
  J.Z.—when the evidence proved only that it allegedly occurred in 2013, and S.B.
  was thirteen years old for part of that year.

      Juvenile cases are reviewed under the civil standards of review for legal and

factual sufficiency, and the State’s burden is the preponderance of the evidence. Moon

v. State, 451 S.W.3d 28, 40–41, 46 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). We first review a juvenile

                                            6
court’s specific findings of fact under the civil sufficiency standards1 before reviewing

the ultimate waiver decision for an abuse of discretion. See id. at 47, 49–50. That is,

we consider first whether the juvenile court had sufficient information upon which to

exercise its discretion and only then whether it acted without reference to any guiding

rules or principles when it applied its discretion. Id. at 47.

A. Evidence at the Hearing

       The State called John Edward Orr Jr., the chief deputy of the Young County

Sheriff’s Office, who had been working in law enforcement in various positions since

1990 and who, as chief deputy, supervised investigations in the sheriff’s office.

       1
        Under the civil sufficiency standards, we may sustain a legal sufficiency
challenge only when (1) the record discloses a complete absence of evidence of a vital
fact, (2) the court is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the
only evidence offered to prove a vital fact, (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital
fact is no more than a mere scintilla, or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the
opposite of a vital fact. Ford Motor Co. v. Castillo, 444 S.W.3d 616, 620 (Tex. 2014) (op.
on reh’g); Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co. v. Martinez, 977 S.W.2d 328, 334 (Tex. 1998), cert.
denied, 526 U.S. 1040 (1999). In determining whether there is legally sufficient
evidence to support the finding under review, we must consider evidence favorable to
the finding if a reasonable factfinder could and disregard evidence contrary to the
finding unless a reasonable factfinder could not. Cent. Ready Mix Concrete Co. v. Islas,
228 S.W.3d 649, 651 (Tex. 2007); City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 807, 827
(Tex. 2005). Anything more than a scintilla of evidence is legally sufficient to support
the finding. Cont’l Coffee Prods. Co. v. Cazarez, 937 S.W.2d 444, 450 (Tex. 1996); Leitch
v. Hornsby, 935 S.W.2d 114, 118 (Tex. 1996). When reviewing an assertion that the
evidence is factually insufficient to support a finding, we set aside the finding only if,
after considering and weighing all of the evidence in the record pertinent to that
finding, we determine that the credible evidence supporting the finding is so weak, or
so contrary to the overwhelming weight of all the evidence, that the answer should be
set aside and a new trial ordered. Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex.
1986) (op. on reh’g); Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986); Garza v. Alviar,
395 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex. 1965).
                                             7
Deputy Orr testified that Investigator Bay had originally conducted the sheriff’s

department’s investigation on S.B.’s case but had retired before S.B. was apprehended.

Deputy Orr took over the investigation after S.B. was apprehended and “re-

established that everything in [the original investigation] was true.” S.B. was 19 years

old when he reinvestigated the case. As part of his reinvestigation, Deputy Orr re-

interviewed the parents of the child who made the outcry2 and completed a

supplemental report after watching forensic interview videotapes.

      Deputy Orr testified that the sheriff’s office became aware of the case after the

Olney Police Department received a call about one of the complainants and received

information “that an outcry had been made of aggravated sexual assault of a child.” 3

After the Olney police took the initial statement and a forensic examiner conducted

interviews with the children, Olney’s police chief determined that Olney did not have

sufficient resources to continue the investigation and asked the sheriff’s office to take

over. Investigator Bay watched the forensic interviews and then tried to find S.B.

      Deputy Orr identified the complainants as L.V., a male; J.M., another male; and

J.Z., a female. According to Deputy Orr, S.B. turned 14 years old in February 2013,

was 14 years old when she allegedly assaulted L.V. and J.Z., and was 15 years old

when she allegedly assaulted J.M. Deputy Orr testified that he had been able to

      2
       The record does not reflect which child made the outcry.
      3
        The Olney Police Department had received a call regarding one of the
complainants, who had been caught watching pornography and had been acting out at
school.
                                       8
narrow down the window of abuse of J.M. to a couple of months based on the date

the child’s family had moved to Olney,4 when S.B. would have been 15 years old.

      The children had specifically identified S.B. as the perpetrator and knew her

because she was a relative. She had lived with one of the children and babysat the

other two.

      In their forensic interviews, L.V. described mutual masturbation and sexual

intercourse with S.B. when he was nine years old, around 2013; J.M. described mutual

masturbation and sexual intercourse “with his penis and her vagina” multiple times

when he was between eight and nine years old; and J.Z. described mutual

masturbation and S.B.’s touching her vagina both inside and outside of her vaginal

lips, starting when she was six or seven years old and continuing until she was nine or

ten years old, around 2013. Deputy Orr testified that one of the children who was

interviewed was unable to communicate very well but had since been through speech

therapy and that the sheriff’s office was “having a forensic done on [the child] just to

confirm that everything was communicated correctly during the first one.”

      S.B. had left her home in Olney by the time one of the children outcried in

December 2016, a year to a year-and-a-half after the abuse stopped. The forensic

interviews were conducted on December 14, 2016, January 4, 2017, and February 8,

      4
       To protect the complainant’s privacy, although Deputy Orr testified about the
actual date when J.M.’s family moved to Olney, we do not reveal that information
here. See Tex. R. App. P. 9.8–9.9.
                                         9
2017—just weeks before S.B.’s eighteenth birthday. Investigator Bay had been part of

the investigation team to arrange and observe those interviews.

      More than a year went by before authorities located S.B. The Texas Rangers

and the United States Marshal’s Office helped the Young County Sheriff’s Office

locate her in Florida by using electronic surveillance, and she was picked up on

November 29, 2018.      Based on the forensic interviews, Deputy Orr signed the

probable cause affidavit for the issuance of the directive to apprehend S.B. about a

month before her nineteenth birthday, during the week of January 14, 2019.5

      S.B.’s sole witness at the transfer hearing was Heath Henderson, Young

County’s Chief of Juvenile Probation, who had sworn out an affidavit for a directive

to apprehend S.B. in cause number J00744, a different aggravated-sexual-assault-of-a-

child and indecency-with-a-child case, which had been previously dismissed.

Henderson testified that in preparing the affidavit for a directive to apprehend, he

relied on the “information in the case and the information from the county attorney’s

office,” including reports of Olney Police Officer Cross, Investigator Bay, and the

summaries of the December 2016, January 2017, and February 2017 forensic

interviews. The directive to apprehend was signed after S.B. had already turned 18

years old, but its supporting affidavit alleges an offense that occurred “on or about

      5
        There is no explanation in the record as to why the trial court signed a
directive to apprehend S.B. two months after she had already been picked up in
Florida, but the record suggests that S.B. may have been apprehended in Florida on
the April 5, 2017 directive to apprehend related to the charges in cause number
J00744, discussed below.
                                          10
3/01/2007, in Young County, Texas.” S.B. was only eight years old on March 1,

2007.

B. Application

        In a single issue comprising four sub-issues, S.B. complains that the juvenile

court abused its discretion by issuing the transfer order because the evidence is legally

and factually insufficient to support the trial court’s findings.

        1. Sufficiency of the Evidence that the Delay was Beyond State’s Control

        In subissue 1(a), S.B. argues that the State produced no evidence or insufficient

evidence during the hearing from which the juvenile court could find that the delay in

the proceedings against her was beyond the State’s control when the last set of

forensic interviews ended a little over a week before her eighteenth birthday in 2017.

But the record reflects that S.B. had already left her home in Olney by the time one of

the children outcried in December 2016, a year to a year-and-a-half after the alleged

abuse had ended, and she was not picked up until November 29, 2018, in Florida,

through the efforts of the U.S. Marshal’s Office.

        Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s finding, and

after considering and weighing all of the evidence in the record pertinent to that

finding, the trial court could have concluded that the delay was beyond the State’s

control when S.B. was not available for prosecution because she had left the state.

Accordingly, we overrule subissue 1(a) and do not reach subissue 1(b) with regard to

the State’s due diligence. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 54.02(j)(4)(A)–(B) (stating that
                                             11
the practicability prong is satisfied if the juvenile court finds from the preponderance

of the evidence that “(A) for a reason beyond the control of the state it was not

practicable to proceed in juvenile court before the 18th birthday of the person; or (B)

after due diligence of the state it was not practicable to proceed in juvenile court

before the 18th birthday of the person . . .” (emphasis added)); Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.

      2. Sufficiency of the Evidence as to Allegations Regarding J.Z., a
         Female

      In subissue 1(c), S.B. challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support

the trial court’s finding that there was probable cause to believe that she committed

the offense listed in section II, paragraph 3, of the First Amended State’s Adjudication

Petition, with regard to J.Z., when the allegations in paragraph 3 differ from the

testimony at the hearing, to wit: there was no evidence that S.B., a female, caused the

sexual organ of J.Z., another female, to penetrate S.B.’s sexual organ.

      The State concedes that there is no evidence that S.B. caused J.Z.’s sexual

organ to penetrate S.B.’s sexual organ but nonetheless argues that S.B.’s digital

penetration of J.Z.’s sexual organ was sufficient to support an aggravated-sexual-

assault-of-a-child charge. In its brief, the State points out that S.B. cited no authority

to support her argument that a variance between the State’s proof at a transfer hearing

and the adjudication petition is fatal to the transfer order. However, in her brief, S.B.

directed us to In re D.L.C., No. 06-16-00058-CV, 2017 WL 1055680, at *4 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana Mar. 21, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.), and cases cited therein.

                                           12
      In D.L.C., the Texarkana court observed that a certification hearing is not a

trial on the merits of the alleged offense. Id. (citing State v. Lopez, 196 S.W.3d 872, 874

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, pet. ref’d)). Instead of considering guilt or innocence, the

hearing is “much like a probable cause hearing, and the trial court is not required to

resolve evidentiary conflicts beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. Nonetheless, family

code section 54.02(j)(5) states that a juvenile court may waive its jurisdiction if it

“determines that there is probable cause to believe that the child before the court

committed the offense alleged.” Id. at *5 (quoting Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 54.02(j))

(emphasis added). And probable cause exists “when there are sufficient facts and

circumstances to warrant a reasonably prudent person to believe that the accused

committed the alleged offense.” Id. at *4 (emphasis added) (citing Grant v. State, 313
S.W.3d 443, 445 (Tex. App.—Waco 2010, no pet.)).

      In D.L.C., the juvenile court certified the juvenile to be tried as an adult for one

count of sexual assault and one count of aggravated sexual assault based on the

allegation that he had intentionally or knowingly caused the penetration of Jane Doe’s

sexual organ with his sexual organ without her consent. Id. at *1–2 & nn.7, 9. The

Texarkana court held that there was sufficient evidence to support the juvenile court’s

finding that there was probable cause to believe that D.L.C. committed the offense of

sexual assault when it had before it, among other things, the sworn affidavit of Jane’s

mother restating Jane’s recitation of the events that night, which had involved

D.L.C.’s penetrating Jane’s sexual organ with his penis, Jane’s interview, and the
                                            13
affidavit of one of D.L.C.’s peers, who stated that D.L.C. told him that “he felt like it

was forceful and he knew he hurt” Jane and that “she was telling him to stop and he

didn’t and she was crying.” Id. at *1 n.3, *8.

      In contrast to D.L.C., here, the State alleged in paragraph 3 of its adjudication

petition that on or about S.B.’s fourteenth birthday in February 2013, and continuing

through December 31, 2015, S.B. intentionally or knowingly sexually assaulted J.Z., a

child younger than 14, by causing J.Z.’s sexual organ to penetrate S.B.’s sexual organ.

Deputy Orr testified that J.Z. was female and that in her forensic interview, J.Z.

described mutual masturbation and S.B.’s having touched her vagina both inside and

outside of her vaginal lips, but there was no testimony that J.Z.’s sexual organ had or

could have penetrated S.B.’s sexual organ.

      Accordingly, because the statute requires probable cause to believe the juvenile

committed the offense alleged by the State, the trial court lacked sufficient evidence

upon which to exercise its discretion. We sustain subissue 1(c). See Moon, 451 S.W.3d

at 36 (“The transfer of a juvenile offender from juvenile court to criminal court for

prosecution as an adult should be regarded as the exception, not the rule[.]”); see also

Thomas v. State, 444 S.W.3d 4, 9 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (stating that while immaterial

variances do not affect the validity of a criminal conviction, and a hypothetically

correct jury charge need not incorporate an indictment’s allegations that would give

rise to only immaterial variances, “a material variance renders a conviction infirm, and

the only remedy is to render an acquittal”); Johnson v. State, 364 S.W.3d 292, 298 (Tex.
                                             14
Crim. App.) (“[A] variance involving statutory language that defines the offense

always renders the evidence legally insufficient to support the conviction (i.e., such

variances are always material).”), cert. denied, 568 U.S. 985 (2012).

       3. Sufficiency of the Evidence as to S.B.’s Age at the Time of the Alleged
          Offense Against J.Z.

       In subissue 1(d), S.B. argues that the evidence is legally and factually

insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that she was 14 years old at the time

that the alleged offenses in section II, paragraphs 1 and 3 occurred when the

testimony was limited to a single year, and S.B. was 13 years old for part of that year.

Having upheld S.B.’s previous sub-issue with regard to paragraph 3, we do not reach

this portion of subissue 1(d). See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.

       4. Sufficiency of the Evidence as to S.B.’s Age at the Time of the Alleged
          Offense Against L.V.

       With regard to the allegation in paragraph 1 that S.B. intentionally or knowingly

sexually assaulted L.V. on or about her fourteenth birthday in February 2013, through

December 31, 2015, by causing L.V.’s sexual organ to penetrate S.B.’s sexual organ,

the only proof in the record that S.B. was 14 years old when she sexually assaulted

L.V. was sparse testimony elicited from Deputy Orr that:

       (1) S.B. was “[f]ourteen for two of the victims and 15 for the third victim”;

       (2) “[A]s far as [he] could tell,” S.B. was either 14, 15, or 16 when she allegedly

            committed these offenses; and

       (3) S.B. assaulted L.V. in 2013 when L.V. was 9 years old.
                                             15
      As to the first statement—that S.B. was 14 for two of the victims and 15 for

the third victim—Deputy Orr clarified that J.M., not L.V., was the victim of the

offense that occurred when S.B. was 15 years old. He testified that he was able to

narrow down the date of the offense as to J.M. to a couple of months when S.B. was

15 years old based on the date that J.M.’s family moved to Olney. But as to L.V.,

Deputy Orr acknowledged that he could not narrow down the dates of the offense,

explaining that he could give only “what the kids were able to provide and . . . most of

them I can’t narrow down -- the year[.]”

      And to a follow-up question, “I thought your testimony was that it occurred in

2013,” Deputy Orr replied, “that would have been J[.]Z[.] and L[.]V[.] was 2013.”

Based on this testimony, the only evidence of S.B.’s age with regard to the allegations

related to L.V. is that because it occurred in 2013, S.B. could have been either 13 or

14. The court’s finding that she was 14 at the time of the alleged sexual assault in

2013 required speculation as to when in 2013 the assault occurred. Speculation is no

evidence at all. See HMC Hotel Props. II Ltd. P’ship v. Keystone-Texas Prop. Holding Corp.,

439 S.W.3d 910, 916 (Tex. 2014) (“Testimony based on nothing but speculation is

evidence of nothing at all.”); Fieldtech Avionics & Instr., Inc. v. Component Control.Com,

Inc., 262 S.W.3d 813, 833 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.) (“Speculation is not

                                            16
evidence.”). That is, it constitutes no more than a scintilla, which is legally insufficient

to support a finding.6

       As to Deputy Orr’s testimony that “as far as [he] could tell,” S.B. was either 14,

15, or 16 when she allegedly committed these offenses, this testimony is conclusory.

A conclusory statement is one that does not provide the underlying facts to support

the conclusion. Dolcefino v. Randolph, 19 S.W.3d 906, 930 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2000, pet. denied) (op. on reh’g); see Scott v. U.S. Bank, Nat’l Ass’n, No. 02-12-

00230-CV, 2014 WL 3535724, at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth July 17, 2014, no pet.)

(mem. op.) (“A statement is conclusory if it expresses a subjective belief and gives no

factual support for that belief.”).

       Deputy Orr was not asked, and he did not reveal any basis for his conclusion

that S.B. was 14, rather than 13, when the alleged offenses occurred. Without more,

this conclusory testimony is no evidence at all. See, e.g., Bombardier Aerospace Corp. v.

SPEP Aircraft Holdings, LLC, 572 S.W.3d 213, 222 (Tex. 2019) (stating, with regard to

expert testimony, “This Court has said that ‘conclusory testimony cannot support a

       6
        Scintilla means a spark or trace. Scintilla, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed.
2014). Anything more than a scintilla of evidence is legally sufficient to support a
finding. Cazarez, 937 S.W.2d at 450. More than a scintilla exists if the evidence rises
to a level that would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their
conclusions. Rocor Int’l, Inc. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins., 77 S.W.3d 253, 262 (Tex. 2002);
Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997), cert. denied, 523 U.S.
1119 (1998). On the other hand, when the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is so
weak that it creates no more than a mere surmise or suspicion of its existence, the
evidence is no more than a scintilla and, in legal effect, is no evidence. Kindred v.
Con/Chem, Inc., 650 S.W.2d 61, 63 (Tex. 1983); see King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118
S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 2003), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 1030 (2004).
                                            17
judgment’ because it is considered no evidence.” (quoting City of San Antonio v. Pollock,

284 S.W.3d 809, 818 (Tex. 2009)); Sheffield Dev. Co. v. Carter & Burgess, Inc., No. 02-11-

00204-CV, 2012 WL 6632500, at *11 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Dec. 21, 2012, pet.

dism’d) (same); see also Long v. Faris, No. 02-17-00236-CV, 2018 WL 1192252, at *6

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 8, 2018, no pet.) (“Conclusory evidence is not

competent summary judgment proof as to the element challenged and, therefore,

constitutes no evidence.”).

      As to Deputy Orr’s statement that S.B. assaulted L.V. in 2013 when L.V. was

nine years old, this, too, constitutes no proof of S.B.’s age.        If the record had

contained evidence of L.V.’s date of birth, the trial judge might have been able to

logically deduce S.B.’s age at the time of the alleged assault in 2013. For example, if

L.V.’s ninth birthday had occurred during the summer of 2013, then S.B. would

certainly have been 14 if the assault occurred when L.V. was nine years old. But the

record contains no evidence of L.V.’s date of birth. If any other evidence had been

offered that would narrow the general timeframe—for example, the dates when S.B.

lived with or babysat L.V.,7 whether the alleged assault occurred over summer

vacation or on Halloween, or if any seasonal activities were ongoing at the time of the

assault—then S.B.’s age could have been reasonably deduced. But, again, there is no

such evidence in this record. Thus, Deputy Orr’s statements that “L[.]V[.] would

      7
       S.B. babysat two of the children and lived with the other child, but the record
does not reveal which were which.
                                         18
have been nine years old,” and “that would have been 2013” provide no evidence that

the alleged assault occurred during the period of time between S.B.’s fourteenth

birthday in late February 2013 and the last day of that year, December 31, 2013.

       Deputy Orr’s conclusory testimony created no more than a mere surmise or

suspicion that S.B. was 14 years old when she allegedly committed the offense

involving L.V. in this case in 2013. As such, his testimony constitutes a mere scintilla

of evidence, i.e., no evidence at all. See HMC Hotel Props. II Ltd. P’ship, 439 S.W.3d at

916; Kindred, 650 S.W.2d at 63; see also King Ranch, Inc., 118 S.W.3d at 751.

       Accordingly, because there is no more than a scintilla of evidence to support

the trial court’s finding that S.B. was at least 14 years old when she sexually assaulted

L.V., the finding is without legally sufficient evidentiary support. Thus, we sustain

this portion of S.B.’s subissue 1(d). See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 54.02(j)(2)(B), (5)

(providing that the juvenile court may waive its exclusive original jurisdiction and

transfer the case if the person was 14 years of age or older when she is alleged to have

committed a first-degree felony and determines that there is probable cause to believe

that the child committed the offense alleged); Ford Motor Co., 444 S.W.3d at 620

(requiring more than a mere scintilla). Because the evidence is not legally sufficient,

we do not reach S.B.’s factual sufficiency complaint.

                                            19
                                   IV. Conclusion

      Having sustained S.B.’s subissue 1(c) with regard to the allegations relating to

J.Z. in the First Amended State’s Adjudication Petition, and thus having not reached

the portion of S.B.’s subissue 1(d) pertaining to that paragraph, we reverse the juvenile

court’s transfer order as to section II, paragraph 3, of the First Amended State’s

Adjudication Petition. We order that section II, paragraph 3 is dismissed. See Moore I,
446 S.W.3d at 50, 52. Having sustained the legal sufficiency portion of S.B.’s subissue

1(d) with regard to the allegations relating to L.V. in the First Amended State’s

Adjudication Petition, we order that section II, paragraph 1 is also dismissed. See id.

As to the allegations related to J.M., we affirm the juvenile court’s order waiving its

jurisdiction and transferring the case to a criminal district court for criminal

proceedings. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 54.02(j).

                                                      /s/ Bonnie Sudderth
                                                      Bonnie Sudderth
                                                      Chief Justice

Delivered: July 25, 2019

                                           20