Court Opinion

ID: 9840317
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-15 22:04:00.303445+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:28:18.160188
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

NICHOLAS KROLL,                           )
                                          )
            Plaintiff,                    )
                                          )
      v.                                  )   C.A. No. 2019-0969-KSJM
                                          )
CITY OF WILMINGTON, CITY OF               )
WILMINGTON POLICE                         )
DEPARTMENT, and MICHAEL                   )
PURZYCKI, Mayor of the City of            )
Wilmington,                               )
                                          )
            Defendants.                   )

                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

                           Date Submitted: June 30, 2023
                          Date Decided: September 15, 2023

Robert C. McDonald, Adrienne M. McDonald, SILVERMAN McDONALD &
FRIEDMAN, Wilmington, Delaware; Counsel for Plaintiff Nicholas Kroll.

Robert M. Goff, Jr., CITY OF WILMINGTON LAW DEPARTMENT, Wilmington,
Delaware; Counsel for Defendants City of Wilmington, City of Wilmington Police
Department, and Michael Purzycki.

McCORMICK, C.
       This action involves a dispute between the City of Wilmington (the “City”) and

Nicholas Kroll, a police officer terminated by the Wilmington Police Department (the

“WPD”) for an alleged violation of the residency requirement that the City imposed as a

condition of his employment. According to the plaintiff, he complied with the residency

requirement as it was written when he started working for the City, and for many years,

there was no issue.    But in 2017, the City updated its definition of residency and

retroactively applied it to him. The plaintiff was not in compliance with the revised

definition, so the WPD terminated him through a series of administrative proceedings. In

addition to charging the plaintiff with violating the residency requirement, the WPD

charged him with dishonesty for stating in paperwork that he complied with the residency

requirement.

       After initially attempting to appeal the WPD’s decision through the certiorari

process in the Superior Court, the plaintiff voluntarily withdrew the Superior Court action

and filed this action. Here, he challenges the basis for his termination and seeks damages,

declaratory judgment, and injunctive relief, including reinstatement. While this case was

pending, this court held in a separate action brought by the Wilmington Fraternal Order of

Police Lodge No. 1, Inc. (the “FOP”) that the City violated the collective bargaining

agreement by altering the definition of residency. This holding had the indirect effect of

eliminating one basis for the plaintiff’s termination—noncompliance with the residency

requirement.

       The defendants moved to dismiss this action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction

and failure to state a claim, and the court granted the defendants’ motions to dismiss for
lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The Delaware Supreme Court reversed and remanded

on appeal, instructing the court to reconsider the subject matter jurisdiction arguments

previously advanced by the parties. Message received. On remand, the court grappled

with the parties’ arguments by holding several telephonic hearings, requesting

supplemental briefing, and conducting outside research to fill in the gaps.

       Properly conceived, the defendants advance three arguments for why the plaintiff’s

requests for injunctive relief are insufficient to establish subject matter jurisdiction here.

First, the defendants contend that the plaintiff has failed to adequately allege a basis for

injunctive relief in the form of reinstatement because the dishonesty charge was an

adequate and independent basis on which to terminate him. Second, they maintain that the

plaintiff has an adequate remedy at law available to him in the Superior Court through the

certiorari process. Third, they argue that the plaintiff has waived any further arguments in

support of his jurisdictional theory by failing to plead them in the complaint. The court

rejects these arguments and finds that the plaintiff has pled a basis for injunctive relief.

Namely, the plaintiff has adequately alleged his request for reinstatement, which renders

alternative resolution mechanisms like certiorari inadequate.

       The parties’ briefing raises interesting issues on the fault lines between this court’s

jurisdiction and the Superior Court’s exclusive powers to review certain administrative

decisions through the writ of certiorari. After raising these issues, however, the briefing

did not offer much in the way of a resolution. And the answer is messy—there seems to

be no clear rule for deciding whether certiorari presents an adequate remedy relative to

                                              2
injunctive relief under circumstances like these. As such, the court has added independent

research into its analysis, not to disregard the parties’ arguments, but to do them full justice.

I.        FACTUAL BACKGROUND

          On a Rule 12(b)(1) motion, parties may rely on documents outside of the complaint,

which the court may look to in its discretion. The court draws upon those documents when

noted.      Otherwise, the facts are drawn from the Amended Verified Complaint for

Declaratory Judgment and Injunctive Relief and the documents it incorporates by

reference.1

          The WPD hired the plaintiff as a full-time police officer in March 2013.2 As a

condition of employment, the plaintiff was required to establish and maintain a residence

within the City for a period of at least sixty months.3 To satisfy this requirement, he

purchased a home within the City in July 2013.4 In November 2014, he purchased a second

home in Middletown to serve as the primary residence of his wife and children, because

one of his children sought to benefit from the specialized educational programs of the

Appoquinimink School District.5

          To ensure compliance with the residency requirement, the City mandates that its

police officers fill out a declaration of residency form annually. In April 2017, the City’s

1
    C.A. No. 2019-0969-KSJM, Docket (“Dkt.”) 7 (“Am. Compl.”).
2
    Id. ¶ 15.
3
    Id. ¶ 16.
4
    See id. ¶ 17.
5
    Id. ¶¶ 18–19.

                                               3
Human Resources department noticed inconsistencies in the plaintiff’s 2015 and 2017

annual residency affidavits. According to the plaintiff, he transposed a house number on

the 2015 affidavit and added a newly identified apartment number on the 2017 affidavit. 6

          In October 2017, the City’s Administrative Board adopted a more restrictive

definition of residence and altered its forms. Before October 2017, the form required

officers to aver that their qualifying residence was where they “actually live.”7 After the

October revision, however, the form required officers to prove that the qualifying residence

was their “domicile,” defined as their “true, fixed, and permanent home” and the place at

which “[i]n the absence of a marital separation, . . . an employee’s spouse and children, if

any, reside.”8

          In November 2017, the plaintiff was notified by the WPD that his annual affidavits

were the product of fraud and dishonesty in violation of the WPD’s rules and regulations.9

A disciplinary panel was convened, and the panel heard evidence on January 11, 2018.10

During the disciplinary panel hearing, the City applied the residency definition adopted in

October 2017, which required the plaintiff to live with his spouse and children to satisfy

the residency requirement.11

6
    Id. ¶¶ 22–23.
7
    Id. ¶ 25.
8
    Id. ¶ 26.
9
    Id. ¶ 30.
10
     Id. ¶ 32.
11
     Id. ¶ 37.

                                              4
          The panel recommended terminating the plaintiff’s employment.12 An internal

appeal held on April 11, 2018 affirmed that decision.13 The plaintiff was terminated

effective that date.14

          The plaintiff filed an action in the Superior Court on December 18, 2018, which he

stylized as a Notice of Appeal.15 The City moved to dismiss on the basis that the plaintiff’s

Superior Court action was effectively a certiorari proceeding and that the plaintiff missed

the accompanying 30-day deadline.16 Before the Superior Court could rule on the motion,

however, on October 24, 2019, the parties stipulated to dismissal.17

          Meanwhile, in early 2018, the City police officers’ exclusive bargaining

representative, the FOP, filed a grievance challenging the City’s modification of the

definition of “residence” under the Police Officers and Firefighters’ Employment Relations

Act (the “Act”).18 The FOP pursued the action through the complex grievance procedure

12
     Id. ¶¶ 37–38.
13
     Id. ¶ 38.
14
     Id. ¶ 2.
 See Nicholas Kroll v. City of Wilm. and Dep’t of Police, C.A. No. N18A-12-005 RRC,
15

Dkt. 1 (Del. Super. Dec. 18, 2018) (Notice of Appeal).
16
  See C.A. No. N18A-12-005 RRC, Dkt. 13 (Del. Super. July 30, 2019); see also, e.g.,
Schafer v. Kent Cty. Dep’t of Plan. Servs., 2023 WL 3750390, at *7 (Del. Super. May 31,
2023) (“Delaware courts have begun imposing a thirty-day requirement by analogy so as
to mirror a typical (although far from uniform) statutory appeal period.” (citations
omitted)); McIntosh v. City of Newark, 2006 WL 1134894, at *1 (Del. Super. Mar. 31,
2006) (“The period of time for filing a Petition for a Writ of Certiorari has been set by
decisions in this Court at 30 days.” (citations omitted)).
17
     C.A. No. N18A-12-005 RRC, Dkt. 33 (stipulation of dismissal).
18
     Am. Compl. ¶¶ 39–40.

                                              5
established by the Act and the collective bargaining agreement, ultimately obtaining an

arbitrator’s award sustaining its grievance.19 The City filed suit in this court to vacate the

arbitration award (the “FOP Action”).20 On January 22, 2021, the court resolved the

parties’ cross-dispositive motions in favor of the FOP.21

         Meanwhile, the plaintiff filed this suit against the City and the WPD on December

4, 2019, seeking the following relief: a declaration that the defendants breached the

collective bargaining agreement and violated the plaintiff’s due process rights when it

misapplied the definition of “residence” to him, resulting in his termination; an order

preliminarily and permanently enjoining the defendants from taking any action against the

plaintiff based on the erroneous definition of “residence”; an order reinstating the plaintiff

to his position with the WPD; and damages in the amount of back pay, lost wages, pension

allotments, and benefits for the period of his termination.22

         Given the overlap with the FOP Action, this suit was stayed pending resolution of

that action.23 This case ultimately resumed. The defendants moved to dismiss the

Amended Complaint under Court of Chancery Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6).24 On August

19
     Id. ¶¶ 40–41.
20
   City of Wilm. v. Wilm. Fraternal Order of Police Lodge No. 1, Inc., 2021 WL 11715655,
at *1 (Del. Ch. Jan. 22, 2021).
21
     Id. at *14. The City did not appeal this decision. See C.A. No. 2019-0506-KSJM, Dkt.
22
     Dkt. 1 at 9–10.
23
     Dkt. 21.
24
     Dkt. 10 at 1.

                                              6
16, 2021, the court granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss.25 On appeal, the Supreme

Court reversed the dismissal decision and remanded the action.26 The Supreme Court

further held that this court should have the opportunity to address the defendants’

alternative arguments for dismissal in the first instance.27

           On remand, this court prompted the parties to identify their remaining legal

arguments, which the defendants did by a letter dated September 14, 2022.28 After

grappling with the parties’ positions, the court held a status conference on December 16,

2022, identifying the remaining issues and requesting supplemental briefing on topics that

the court viewed as both critical and underdeveloped.29 Supplemental briefing concluded

on May 1, 2023.30 The court held an additional status conference on June 30, 2023.31

II.        LEGAL ANALYSIS

           A party may move to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter

jurisdiction.32 This court “will dismiss an action for want of subject matter jurisdiction ‘if

25
     Dkt. 25.
26
     Kroll v. City of Wilm., 276 A.3d 476, 479 (Del. 2022).
27
     Id.
28
     Dkt. 34 (“Sept. 14, 2022 Letter”).
29
     Dkt. 36 (“Dec. 16, 2022 Hr’g Tr.”).
30
  Dkt. 40 (“Defs.’ Suppl. Opening Br.”); Dkt. 41 (“Pl.’s Suppl. Answering Br.”); Dkt. 42
(“Defs.’ Suppl. Reply Br.”).
31
     Dkt. 44.
32
     Ct. Ch. R. 12(b)(1).

                                              7
it appears from the record that the Court does not have jurisdiction over the claim.’” 33 In

considering a Rule 12(b)(1) motion, the Court “need not accept [the plaintiff’s] factual

allegations as true and is free to consider facts not alleged in the complaint.”34

       This court has subject matter jurisdiction where a plaintiff states an equitable claim,

where a plaintiff seeks equitable relief in the absence of an adequate remedy at law, or

where the General Assembly has vested this court with jurisdiction by statute.35 Once

subject matter jurisdiction is established as to a portion of a complaint, the court may assert

jurisdiction over the other aspects of the complaint under the “clean-up doctrine.”36

33
  Medek v. Medek, 2008 WL 4261017, at *3 (Del. Ch. Sept. 10, 2008) (quoting AFSCME
Locs. 1102 & 320 v. City of Wilm., 858 A.2d 962, 965 (Del. Ch. 2004)).
34
   Appriva S’holder Litig. Co., LLC v. ev3, Inc., 937 A.2d 1275, 1284 n.14 (Del. 2007)
(citation omitted); see also Nelson v. Russo, 844 A.2d 301, 302–03 (Del. 2004) (“In
deciding whether the [trial] Court has subject matter jurisdiction, however, we must look
beyond the language in the complaint . . . .” (citing Diebold Computer Leas., Inc. v. Com.
Credit Corp., 267 A.2d 586, 588 (Del. 1970)).
35
   Mock v. Div. of State Police, Dep’t of Safety and Homeland Sec., 2022 WL 1744439, at
*5 (Del. Ch. May 31, 2022); see also Del. Bldg. & Constr. Trades Council, AFL-CIO v.
Univ. of Del., 2014 WL 2218730, at *1 (Del. Ch. May 29, 2014) (“The Court of Chancery
is a court of limited jurisdiction, and can acquire subject matter jurisdiction over a case in
three ways: (1) the invocation of an equitable right; (2) the request for an equitable remedy
when there is no adequate remedy at law; or (3) a statutory delegation of subject matter
jurisdiction.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
36
   See Organovo Hldgs., Inc. v. Dimitrov, 162 A.3d 102, 113 (Del. Ch. 2017) (“[T]he clean-
up doctrine provides that if this court would have equitable jurisdiction over a part of a
controversy, then it can address the remaining portions of the controversy as well.”); Kraft
v. WisdomTree Invs., Inc., 145 A.3d 969, 974 (Del. Ch. 2016) (stating that the clean-up
doctrine “provides the Court of Chancery with jurisdiction to resolve purely legal causes
of action that are before it as part of the same controversy over which the Court originally
had subject matter jurisdiction in order to avoid piecemeal litigation” (citation omitted)).

                                              8
       The plaintiff argues that the court has subject matter jurisdiction over this case

because he seeks equitable remedies. Of the plaintiff’s four categories of requested relief,

the plaintiff relies on two for subject matter jurisdiction: his request for preliminary and

permanent injunctive relief foreclosing the City from applying the erroneous definition of

“residence” to him (the “Residency Requirement Injunction”) and his request to be

reinstated (the “Reinstatement Injunction”).37

       Injunctive relief is a form of equitable relief that, if properly asserted, gives rise to

equitable jurisdiction.38 “[W]hat matters is whether there is a basis for equity to act, namely

the absence of an adequate remedy at law.”39 When evaluating whether a request for

injunctive relief gives rise to equitable jurisdiction, the court looks at the substance and not

37
   It bears noting that the plaintiff’s request for declaratory relief does not give rise to
subject matter jurisdiction because declaratory judgment is available in other Delaware
courts for actions properly within their jurisdiction. 10 Del. C. § 6501. That is, this court
has jurisdiction in a declaratory judgment action only “if there is an underlying basis for
equity jurisdiction measured by traditional standards.” Abbott v. Vavala, 2022 WL
3642947, at *5 (Del. Aug. 22, 2022) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see
also id. (holding that because the “request for injunctive relief did not confer jurisdiction
on the Court of Chancery in this case, the court also lacked jurisdiction over [the] request
for a declaratory judgment”). Nonetheless, the court may hear claims for declaratory relief
under the clean-up doctrine as long as the complaint establishes an independent basis for
jurisdiction. See Kraft, 145 A.3d at 974. The plaintiff’s subject matter jurisdiction
arguments thus rise or fall with his request for equitable relief.
 See Kraft, 145 A.3d at 985; E. Shore Env’t, Inc. v. Kent Cty. Dep’t of Planning, 2002
38

WL 244690, at *4 (Del. Ch. Feb. 1, 2002).
39
  In re COVID-Related Restrictions on Religious Servs., 285 A.3d 1205, 1230 (Del. Ch.
2022); see also Richard Paul, Inc. v. Union Improvement Co., 91 A.2d 49, 54 (Del. 1952)
(“We think the case presents a proper situation for equitable relief, viz., the unwarranted
invasion of a legal right for which there is no adequate remedy at law.”).

                                               9
the mere form of the claims.40 This precludes the court from asserting jurisdiction based

on “the incantation of magic words.”41 “If a realistic evaluation leads to the conclusion

that an adequate legal remedy is available, this court . . . will not accept jurisdiction over

the matter.”42

         “A practical analysis of the adequacy of any legal remedy, then, must be the point

of departure for each matter which comes before this Court.”43 “To be adequate, a legal

remedy must be available as a matter of right, be full, fair and complete, and be as practical

to the ends of justice and to prompt administration as the remedy in equity.”44

         In that vein, “[a]n injunction improperly seeking to preclude a theoretical future

wrong cannot anchor subject matter jurisdiction in this Court.” 45 “For forward-looking

relief to be warranted, the plaintiff must establish a reasonable apprehension of a future

wrong.”46 “An unsupported, subject[ive] concern about a future harm is insufficient to

40
  Candlewood Timber Gp., LLC v. Pan Am. Energy, LLC, 859 A.2d 989, 997 (Del. 2004)
(“In deciding whether or not equitable jurisdiction exists, the Court must look beyond the
remedies nominally being sought, and focus upon the allegations of the complaint in light
of what the plaintiff really seeks to gain by bringing his or her claim.” (citations omitted)).
41
  Organovo Hldgs., Inc., 162 A.3d at 113 (quoting McMahon v. New Castle Assocs., 532
A.2d 601, 603 (Del. Ch. 1987)).
42
     McMahon, 532 A.2d at 603.
43
     Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp. v. Comdisco, Inc., 602 A.2d 74, 78 (Del. Ch. 1991).
44
  United BioSource LLC v. Bracket Hldg. Corp., 2017 WL 2256618, at *4 (Del. Ch. May
23, 2017) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
45
 Mock, 2022 WL 1744439, at *10 (citing Crown Castle Fiber LLC v. City of Wilm., 2021
WL 2838425, at *6 (Del. Ch. July 8, 2021)).
46
     Organovo Hldgs., Inc., 162 A.3d at 115 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

                                              10
meet this test.”47 “Put differently, equity will not issue an injunction merely to allay fears

or apprehensions absent some showing that the wrongs complained of are likely to be

continued unless restrained.”48

         To defeat the plaintiff’s claim to subject matter jurisdiction, the defendants advance

three arguments, discussed in turn below.

         A.      The Plaintiff Has Adequately Alleged His Request For Injunctive Relief.

         The defendants argue that the plaintiff has not adequately pled bases for the

Residency Requirement Injunction or the Reinstatement Injunction, preventing each from

supporting jurisdiction.

                 1.     The Residency Requirement Injunction

         With the Residency Requirement Injunction, the plaintiff requests that the court

enjoin the Defendants from taking any action, based on the October 2017 modified

definition of residence.49 The defendants argue that the Residency Requirement Injunction

“seeks to enjoin that which has already occurred,” and in any event functions as an

impermissible obey-the-law injunction to a government agency.50

         As stated above, “[a]n injunction improperly seeking to preclude a theoretical future

wrong cannot anchor subject matter jurisdiction in this Court.” 51 Forward-looking relief

47
     In re COVID, 285 A.2d at 1233.
48
     Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
49
     See Am. Compl. at 10.
50
     See Sept. 14, 2022 Letter at 2 (citations omitted).
51
     Mock, 2022 WL 1744439, at *10 (citation omitted).

                                                11
requires a “reasonable apprehension of a future wrong.”52 One way to show future harm

is to show a “threat of continuing harm in the future for which an injunction could issue.”53

         A plaintiff faces unique obstacles when seeking an injunction against government

agencies or officials. “[T]he court cannot assume noncompliance by a government agency

as the basis for a reasonable apprehension of a future wrong.”54           For this reason,

“[p]rospective injunctive relief is generally unavailable where the plaintiff’s proposed

injunction merely seeks to prospectively compel a government to conform with the

interpretation of the law reflected in [a separately] proposed declaratory judgment.” 55 As

this court summarized in Christiana Town Center, LLC v. New Castle County:

                It would be anathema to our form of government to believe, as
                a baseline principle, that after a court renders a declaratory
                judgment another governmental agency would not follow that
                decision. It may actually be the case that a particular agency
                does not follow such a judgment, but a party should only seek

52
   Organovo Hldgs., Inc., 162 A.3d at 115 (citation omitted); see also In re COVID, 285
A.3d at 1210 (“[W]hen a plaintiff seeks to ground jurisdiction in a court of equity based on
the potential need for a permanent injunction, the pled facts must support a reasonable
apprehension that the defendant will act in a manner that will necessitate the injunction’s
issuance.”).
53
  Hamby v. Richard L. Sapp Farms, LLC, 2021 WL 4429855, at *4 (Del. Ch. Sept. 27,
2021), adopting report and recommendation, 2021 WL 4789092 (Del. Ch. Oct. 13, 2021);
see, e.g., Gordon v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 1997 WL 298320, at *7 (Del. Ch. Mar.
19, 1997) (applying the concepts of “continuing harm” or “continuing trespass” in the
context of a nuisance claim).
54
     Crown Castle Fiber LLC, 2021 WL 2838425, at *5.
55
     Id.; see also In re COVID, 285 A.3d at 1233.

                                             12
              injunctive relief if that agency actually refuses to comply with
              the judicial declaration.56

       Thus, where alternative review mechanisms like declaratory judgment or certiorari

are available, this court will often presume that an injunction is unnecessary to compel the

government to obey.57 That said, a plaintiff can receive an injunction against a government

agency that refuses to comply with a judicial declaration: “[w]here there is a real chance

that relief will not be forthcoming absent [an] injunction”; “[w]here the right requires a

remedy bespoke to the facts”; or “[w]here an ongoing deprivation of rights needs a remedy

by interim relief.”58

       The Residency Requirement Injunction seems to presuppose a world in which the

plaintiff has already been reinstated. In such a world, there is no basis to believe that the

City would continue to enforce the modified definition generally or specifically against the

plaintiff. Put simply, it is hard to imagine the City making the effort to reinstate the

plaintiff, only to then bring a second set of residency-related charges against him re-

56
  2003 WL 21314499, at *4 n.19 (Del. Ch. June 6, 2003) (emphasis in original), aff’d, 841
A.2d 307 (Del. 2004) (TABLE); see also Gladney v. City of Wilm., 2011 WL 6016048, at
*4 (Del. Ch. Nov. 30, 2011) (“The Courts of this State understandably presume that
governmental agencies and actors will follow the law.” (emphasis in original) (citation
omitted)).
57
  See Delta Eta Corp. v. City of Newark, 2023 WL 2982180, at *16–17 (Del. Ch. Feb. 2,
2023) (finding that an injunction was not warranted in part because the plaintiff had “not
demonstrated that an injunction is necessary to enforce a declaratory judgment” against the
government defendants, citing the general judicial presumption “that a defendant will
comply with a declaratory judgment” and noting that “this presumption is even stronger
when the defendant is a government entity” (citations omitted)).
 Birney v. Del. Dep’t of Safety and Homeland Sec., 2022 WL 16955159, at *2 (Del. Ch.
58

Nov. 16, 2022).

                                             13
litigating the same issues. And because the harm against which the plaintiff seeks

protection is speculative, the Residency Requirement Injunction may not serve as a basis

for this court to assert subject matter jurisdiction.

         In re COVID-Related Restrictions on Religious Services is instructive.59 There, two

religious leaders challenged COVID-19-related restrictions the governor imposed on

houses of worship during the pandemic on a range of constitutional grounds. They sought

a permanent injunction against various health-related restrictions, including restrictions on

in-person religious worship, how speech from the pulpit should occur, how baptisms

should be performed, and the like.60 The plaintiffs based subject matter jurisdiction on

their request for injunctive relief.61 By the time the plaintiffs brought suit, however, the

Governor had already removed the restrictions that they sought to challenge.62

         The court held that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction because the plaintiffs had

not established a reasonable apprehension of a future harm. The court observed: (1) that

the “continuing reality of life under COVID-19 is not a sufficient consideration”; (2) that

the plaintiffs could litigate their constitutional challenges to the past order in a court of law

by seeking a declaratory judgment; and (3) that the Governor had entered into a separate

agreement not to reimpose restrictions that “specifically target Houses of Worship.”63

59
     285 A.3d 1205.
60
     Id. at 1221–22.
61
  Id. at 1224 (“The plaintiffs ground the existence of equitable jurisdiction on their request
for a permanent injunction.”).
62
     Id. at 1222.
63
     Id. at 1233–35.

                                               14
Although it was “theoretically possible” that the Governor could “impose something akin

to the Challenged Restrictions,” the court found it “not sufficiently likely,” and thus

insufficient to invoke equitable jurisdiction.64

         Similarly, here, it is theoretically possible that the City would reinstate the plaintiff

only to harass him with continued disciplinary charges, but that outcome is not sufficiently

likely. For this reason, the plaintiff’s Residency Requirement Injunction does not serve as

a basis for subject matter jurisdiction.

                    2.   The Reinstatement Injunction

         The defendants next contend that the Reinstatement Injunction does not give rise to

jurisdiction, arguing that any mandatory injunction would not require the City to reinstate

the plaintiff.65 The defendants concede that if the request for the Reinstatement Injunction

is adequately alleged, then this court has equitable jurisdiction over the complaint.66 The

defendants argue, however, that the plaintiff fails to allege a basis for the Reinstatement

Injunction because the City terminated the plaintiff for the independent reason that he was

dishonest. Specifically, the defendants argue that the hearing board found, and the

appellate board affirmed, that the plaintiff “falsely stated in an interview with [WPD’s

Office of Professional Standards (“OPS”)] that he stayed in Wilmington during certain

64
     Id. at 1235.
65
     See Dkt. 15 (“Defs.’ Opening Br.”) at 12–13.
66
   Dec. 16, 2022 Hr’g Tr. at 9:1–24 (counsel for the defendants stating that the subject
matter jurisdiction analysis “brings in and mirrors” the defendants’ argument that the
claims for injunctive relief are not well-pled, and that the argument on the merits is
“subsumed” within the subject matter jurisdiction inquiry in this case).

                                                15
work shifts when, in fact, surveillance of [the plaintiff] demonstrated that he was at his

Middletown property.”67

         In supplemental briefing, the plaintiff responded that the charge of dishonesty was

inextricably intertwined with the residency issue. He pointed out that the City charged the

plaintiff with dishonesty before the plaintiff was interviewed, so the charge could not relate

to statements the plaintiff made during that interview.68        He also pointed to OPS’s

Investigative Report dated November 27, 2017, in which Master Sergeant Fray Lynch

stated that the plaintiff had acted dishonestly by “document[ing] his address as 3203 West

2nd Street on the annual residency form and sign[ing] the annual residency declaration form

from 2013 to present acknowledging that the address of 3203 W 2nd St. is his primary

residence.”69 The plaintiff therefore reasons that the dishonesty charge is ancillary to the

residency requirement.70

67
   Defs.’ Opening Br. at 12; see also Dkt. 19 (“Defs.’ Reply Br.”) at 4–5; C.A. No. 266,
2021, Dkt. 18 (“Defs.’ Appellate Br.”) at 28–29 (citing the OPS’s findings and results at
8). The OPS’s findings and results document is attached to the plaintiff’s supplemental
answering brief as Exhibit D. Dkt. 41, Ex. D.
68
   Pl.’s Suppl. Answering Br. at 17 (citing Dkt. 41, Ex. H (“Notification of Complaint”)
at 1). The complaint was received on May 2, 2017, and the plaintiff was notified of the
complaint on May 31, 2017. Notification of Complaint at 1. The complaint stated that the
plaintiff “ha[d] failed to comply with the employment residency requirement of the
Wilmington City Charter,” and thus was being investigated for violating the residency
requirement and dishonesty. Id. The plaintiff was interviewed by OPS on June 9, 2017.
Dkt. 41, Ex. I (“OPS Investigative Report”) at 3.
69
     Pl.’s Suppl. Answering Br. at 18 (quoting OPS Investigative Report at 6).
70
     See Id. at 11–12.

                                              16
       The defendants’ argument effectively imports the Rule 12(b)(6) standard into this

jurisdictional analysis by disputing the sufficiency of the plaintiff’s allegation.71 Drawing

all reasonable inferences from the facts alleged, however, it is reasonably conceivable that

the dishonesty charge was in fact inextricably intertwined with the residency charge.

       Although the defendants cast this point in terms of a Rule 12(b)(6) argument, they

draw upon facts beyond the pleadings for support, and the plaintiff followed suit. Even

looking beyond the pleadings, the plaintiff prevails. It is unclear, at this stage, whether the

City inferred dishonesty from the plaintiff’s bare averment that 3202 West 2nd Street was

his residence—a statement that might simply have been made from confusion over which

residency definition was supposed to apply to him. And although it may prove true, as the

defendants contend, that the plaintiff lied during the investigation itself, it also seems that

the dishonesty charge preceded that investigation. In all events, the plaintiff adequately

alleged that the City originally charged him with dishonesty because of the address he listed

as his residence.

       The defendants concede that if the Reinstatement Injunction is adequately alleged,

then this court has subject matter jurisdiction.72 Based on this concession, the analysis

could end here.

71
  Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Hldgs. LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 536 (Del.
2011) (establishing reasonable conceivability as the pleading standard).
72
  The defendants did not challenge the plaintiff’s standing to sue under the collective
bargaining agreement, and this decision does not address that issue. See Meades v. Wilm.
Housing Auth., 2003 WL 939863, at *3 (Del. Ch. Mar. 6, 2003) (“Because [the plaintiff]
was not a party to the [collective bargaining agreement] or to the arbitration, he has no

                                              17
         But adequately alleging a basis for injunctive relief against a government agency,

standing alone, is not enough to open the doors to this court. That is so because, as

discussed above, government agencies are presumed to obey the law unless there is “a real

chance that [the plaintiff’s requested] relief will not be forthcoming absent [an]

injunction.”73 That showing is satisfied as to the Reinstatement Injunction.

         In the FOP Action, this court upheld an arbitration award that found the revised

definition of residency “materially altered” the collective bargaining agreement between

the City and the FOP, thus “constitut[ing] a unilateral alteration to the conditions of

employment” in violation of the agreement.74 The collateral effect of this decision was

that the City could not rely on the modified definition of residency as a basis to terminate

the plaintiff. Despite this knock-on effect, the City has not budged in its position. In this

rare circumstance, at least as pled, the court cannot conclude that a declaratory judgment

or certiorari review concerning the residency requirement would suffice.

         The plaintiff’s request for the Reinstatement Injunction thus facially meets the

hurdles of Rule 12(b)(1). To the extent the defendants press their Rule 12(b)(6) motion,

the complaint adequately alleges the request for the Reinstatement Injunction.

standing to challenge the arbitration award, unless an independent basis for conferring
standing can be found.”).
73
     Birney, 2022 WL 16955159, at *2.
74
   Wilm. Fraternal Order of Police Lodge No. 1, Inc., 2021 WL 11715655, at *5, 13–14
(citing the arbitrator’s opinion and award).

                                             18
         B.      The Defendants’ Certiorari Argument

         The defendants argue that the plaintiff has an adequate legal remedy available in the

form of a certiorari proceeding in the Superior Court.75 The plaintiff cannot dispute that

certiorari is available to him; indeed, before bringing this suit, the plaintiff petitioned for a

writ of certiorari in the Superior Court.76 The plaintiff argues, however, that the availability

of a writ of certiorari in the Superior Court does not, standing alone, eliminate the potential

for equitable jurisdiction.

         The Delaware Code confers exclusive jurisdiction upon the Superior Court to

“frame and issue all remedial writs, including . . . certiorari” and provides that writs “shall

be granted of course.”77 As this court stated in Gladney v. City of Wilmington,

                 The writ of certiorari is a writ of error that lies from the
                 Superior Court to an inferior tribunal to review errors of law.
                 It is available where an aggrieved party has no right of appeal
                 from an adverse decision of an administrative body. Exclusive
                 jurisdiction to issue the writ is reserved to the Superior Court.78

75
     Sept. 14, 2022 Letter at 2.
76
  See C.A. No. N18A-12-005 RRC, Dkt. 1. Although stylized as an appeal, the lack of a
direct right of appeal under the Law Enforcement Officers’ Bill of Rights warrants treating
the plaintiff’s initial action in the Superior Court as a petition for a writ. See generally 11
Del. C. §§ 9200–9209. The writ that is the closest logical fit, as discussed below, is
certiorari.
77
     10 Del. C. § 562.
78
     2011 WL 6016048, at *5 (cleaned up).

                                                 19
       “Under principles of law well established in this State, certiorari involves a review

of only such errors [that] appear on the face of the record being considered.”79 In light of

the restrictive scope of certiorari review, the Superior Court “will ‘not consider the merits

of the case. It considers only those issues historically considered at common law; namely,

whether the lower tribunal (1) committed errors of law, (2) exceeded its jurisdiction, or (3)

proceeded irregularly.’”80 It is the limited scope of certiorari proceedings, presumably, that

makes that option more appealing to the defendants. Alternatively, the defendants may

wish to have the case sent back to the Superior Court to argue that the plaintiff missed the

deadline for certiorari.81

       In a limited respect, certiorari functions like an equitable remedy. The writ of

certiorari may issue only where an appellant has no other “adequate remedy at law.”82

79
  Castner v. State, 311 A.2d 858, 858 (Del. 1973) (citations omitted); see also Mell v. New
Castle Cty., 2003 WL 1919331, at *8 (Del. Ch. Apr. 11, 2003) (“The writ of certiorari is
a writ of error. The writ lies from the Superior Court to inferior tribunals, such as a county
council, to review proceedings that determine legal rights and are capable of legal error.
The writ exists to review only errors of law, not errors of fact. The review is confined to
the record, and the Court must not re-decide the merits of the case.” (citing 1 Victor B.
Woolley, Practice in Civil Actions and Proceedings in the Law Courts of the State of
Delaware §§ 895–897 (1906) [hereinafter, “Woolley”]).
80
  Haden v. Bethany Beach Police Dep’t, 2014 WL 2964081, at *7 (Del. Super. June 30,
2014) (quoting Maddrey v. Just. of the Peace Ct. 13, 956 A.2d 1204, 1213 (Del. 2008)).
81
   See C.A. No. N18A-12-005 RRC, Dkt. 13 ¶¶ 5–6 (Del. Super. July 30, 2019)
(defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiff’s administrative appeal on the basis that it is a de
facto certiorari petition falling outside certiorari’s 30-day deadline).
82
  See, e.g., Delta Eta Corp., 2023 WL 2982180, at *10 (“A writ of certiorari is available
only where . . . there is no other adequate remedy at law.” (citing In re Petition of Howell,
2007 WL 1114123, at *1 (Del. 2007)); Goldstein v. Mun. Ct. for City of Wilm., 1991 WL
53830, at *11 (Del. Super. Jan. 7, 1991) (“Delaware has established four criteria for the

                                             20
According to one source, certiorari’s remedy-of-last-resort function emerged in the United

States because American courts typically have discretion on whether to issue the writ.83

But even in Delaware, where the writ of certiorari “shall be granted of course”84 rather than

through judicial discretion, courts look to the adequacy of competing remedies. This is

similar to the standard for awarding equitable remedies.

         Yet one difference (among many) between equitable relief and certiorari is that the

Court of Chancery may not generally invoke its equitable jurisdiction to collaterally review

review of constitutional issues on a Writ of Certiorari: (1) the act of the lower tribunal must
be final; (2) there must be no right of appeal, (3) a question of grave public policy and
interest must be involved; and (4) there must be no other basis for review available.” (citing
Shoemaker v. State, 375 A.2d 431, 438 (Del. 1977), 375 A.2d at 438; Becker v. State, 185
A. 92, 96 (Del. Super 1936), overruled on other grounds, Downs v. Jacobs, 272 A.2d 706
(Del. 1970))); Maddrey, 956 A.2d at 1213 (stating that, for the Superior Court to review a
lower tribunal’s decision on certiorari, “the judgment must be final and there can be no
other available basis for review” (citing In re Butler, 609 A.2d 1080, 1081 (Del.1992);
Woollley § 895)); see also In re Pet. of Howell, 925 A.2d 503, 2007 WL 1114123, at *1
(Del. 2007) (TABLE) (denying certiorari to the Supreme Court because a direct right of
appeal was available).
83
   Frank J. Goodnow, The Writ of Certiorari, 6 Pol. Sci. Q. 493, 501–02 (Sept. 1891)
[hereinafter, “Certiorari”]. Other jurists and secondary sources have discussed more
comprehensively the development of the writ of certiorari in Anglo-American law, its
complex relationship with equitable jurisdiction, and the role of equity generally. See
generally Delta Eta Corp., 2023 WL 2982180; see also Woolley §§ 894–896, at 623–25;
William T. Quillen, Michael Hanrahan, A Short History of the Delaware Court of
Chancery—1792-1992, 18 Del. J. Corp. L. 819 (1993); XRI Inv. Hldgs. LLC v. Holifield,
283 A.3d 581 (Del. Ch. 2022), rev’d on other grounds, --- A.3d ---, 2023 WL 5761367
(Del. Sept. 7, 2023). This jurist has nothing to add to these recitations and refers persons
to those sources for greater detail.
84
     10 Del. C. § 562.

                                              21
other tribunals’ judgments.85 By contrast, the whole point of certiorari is that the Superior

Court may reverse a lower tribunal’s decision. So, one can view injunctive relief and

certiorari as serving parallel remedy-of-last-resort functions, but in markedly different

contexts.86

       The traditionally parallel tracks on which certiorari and injunctive relief run

converge in the context of administrative proceedings. Going back to at least the early

20th century, the Superior Court has used writs of certiorari to review decisions not only

of inferior tribunals, but also of administrative officials and local legislatures.87 As long as

85
   See, e.g., Troy Corp. v. Schoon, 959 A.2d 1130, 1133–34 (Del. Ch. 2008); Briddell v.
Hanuschak, 2015 WL 3649591, at *3 (Del. Ch. June 12, 2015) (explaining the conditions
under which collateral estoppel prevents persons from relitigating decided issues after a
final judgment has been rendered); but see Henry L. McClintock, McClintock on Equity §§
169–175, at 456–79 (2d ed. 1948) [hereinafter, “McClintock”] (describing how,
traditionally, courts of equity retained jurisdiction to stay or overrule contrary decisions in
other courts in order to preserve their jurisdiction, enjoin judgments obtained by fraud, and
in other narrow scenarios).
86
   There are similar parallels to other writs, such as the writ of prohibition, which also
performs a similar review-of-last-resort function. See Mell, 2003 WL 1919331, at *8
(“Superior Court may issue a writ of prohibition when there is no other adequate remedy.
The purpose of this writ is to prevent an inferior tribunal or agency from acting when it
lacks the authority or jurisdiction to act.” (citation omitted)). The court focuses on
certiorari in part to avoid opening a can of writ-related worms.
87
   See Woolley § 896 at 624–25 (“[T]he scope of the remedy [of certiorari] is in no sense
limited to [review of justices of the peace], but extends to and embraces other inferior legal
tribunals having the power to determine legal rights and being capable of committing legal
error. Thus the writ lies to the judgments of The Municipal Court of the City of
Wilmington; likewise to review the proceedings of commissioners appointed for the
condemnation of land, and in certain cases to review the proceedings of town councils.”
(citations omitted)). Other jurisdictions have used the writ of certiorari to review decisions
of municipal councils and local commissioners since the 19th century. See Certiorari at
513. Legal historians may wish to dig deeper into the origins of this practice in Delaware,
but it is not relevant for present purposes.

                                              22
a legislature or administrative agency (i) acts in “quasi-judicial capacity” where there is

neither (ii) a “right to appeal” nor (iii) an adequate remedy at law, a person may seek

certiorari to review that decision.88 A governmental “entity acts in a quasi-judicial capacity

where it applies existing laws to a set of facts before it.”89

         Thus, certiorari has become an avenue for judicial review of administrative issues—

ranging from topics such as land use90 to employment disputes between local governments

and employees.91 But injunctive relief has also emerged as a check on government action

where other remedies such as damages would be inadequate.92 An injunction might be

necessary to enjoin an official’s prospective “violation of a plain official duty”93 or where

there is a “reasonable apprehension” that a government official “will act in a manner that

will necessitate the injunction’s issuance.”94 Similar doctrines have emerged in the federal

system from the early 20th century, allowing federal courts to issue injunctions that prevent

executive officials from violating persons’ constitutional rights.95       Courts have also

88
     Delta Eta, 2023 WL 2982180, at *10 (citations omitted).
89
     Id. at *11 (citations omitted).
90
  See id. at *11–19 (collecting cases in the context of special use permit challenges); see
also, e.g., Schafer, 2023 WL 3750390, at *6–10 (allowing leave for motion to amend an
administrative appeal to request a writ of certiorari regarding the Kent County Department
of Planning Services’ decision to approve a subdivision application).
91
   See, e.g., State, Office of Mgmt. and Budget v. Public Empl. Rels. Bd., 2011 WL 1205248,
at *1 (Del. Super. Mar. 29, 2011).
92
     See generally In re COVID, 285 A.3d at 1228–29.
93
     4 Pomeroy’s Equity Jurisprudence § 1744, at 4050 (4th ed.) [hereinafter, “Pomeroy”].
94
     In re COVID, 285 A.3d at 1210.
95
     See generally Ex Parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 163–68 (1908).

                                              23
invoked equitable powers to intervene in administrative decision-making where there is a

“clear abuse of discretion.”96

           The apparent availability of certiorari and injunctive relief as dueling review

mechanisms of last resort for administrative decisions raises a complicated jurisdictional

analysis for the Court of Chancery.

           For instance, in Mell v. New Castle County, taxpayers sued the New Castle County

government in the Court of Chancery to enjoin it from paying local politicians’ attorneys’

fees in connection with federal investigations.97        The politicians were under federal

investigation in connection with their use of government employees and office space for

work on their primary election campaigns.98 New Castle County Code established a

process letting officials request reimbursement of legal fees through the County Attorney’s

office for such investigations based on a five-factor balancing test, which under certain

circumstances was subject to review of the County Council.99 The Court of Chancery

96
     Pomeroy § 1751, at 4065; see also McClintock § 174 at 474–75
                 Courts of equity have never manifested the same hesitancy
                 with respect to injunctions which interfere with proceedings
                 before administrative officers or tribunals that they have with
                 respect to injunctions as to judicial proceedings. An injunction
                 will issue against administrative orders or proceedings
                 wherever the plaintiff has a legal right which is adversely
                 affected by the proceedings and there is no adequate remedy at
                 law, or otherwise prescribed by statute.
(citations omitted).
97
     2003 WL 1919331, at *1–2.
98
     Id.
99
     See id. at *5–6.

                                               24
declined to rule on whether to enjoin the County from paying the defendants’ legal fees,

reasoning that the County Attorney had “yet to make a determination as to whether legal

representation at County expense would be proper.”100

            The court then assessed whether it would have jurisdiction over the ultimate

resolution of the case. After canvassing authority on various writs and concluding that

none were adequate, the court found it had subject matter jurisdiction because the only

remedy remaining for the plaintiffs was an injunction.101 The court reasoned that certiorari

was inadequate because “the determinations made by the County Attorney” or County

Council on appeal “rest solely on the specific facts of each case.”102 Because the writ

would not allow review of factual errors, the court viewed certiorari as “ineffectual” for

whatever challenges the plaintiff would bring.103 Although the Mell court did not state it

outright, it seemed to view certiorari as an available remedy—just not one that was

adequate in light of what the plaintiffs sought relative to the administrative review

mechanism at issue. Mell thus illustrates the highly fact-intensive nature of the adequate

remedy inquiry, especially when deployed to assess the utility of certiorari relative to

injunctive relief.

100
   Id. at *7. Nonetheless, the court granted a permanent injunction barring the defendants
from using government office space to prepare their defense, requiring that these activities
be conducted “off-site and outside work hours.” See id. at *5.
101
      Id. at *7–9.
102
      Id. at *8.
103
      Id.

                                             25
          Even where the court has found itself devoid of subject matter jurisdiction because

certiorari was available, it has avoided announcing a categorical rule to that effect and has

always paid special attention to the relief sought by the plaintiff.

          •         In Delta Eta Corporation v. City of Newark, the Court of Chancery held that
                    certiorari was adequate to review a city council’s denial of a special use
                    permit to a fraternity house.104 The court reasoned that approving or denying
                    a special use permit application was a quasi-judicial act because the
                    availability of such a permit to applicants was “circumscribed by ordinance,”
                    and so certiorari was available.105 The fraternity house argued that certiorari
                    was inadequate because it preferred “a proceeding supported by discovery
                    and applying a more lenient standard of review.”106 The court reasoned that
                    the fraternity house had merely “point[ed] out that the certiorari standard of
                    review is different” from equitable review, but failed also to “demonstrate
                    that the standard is so limited in scope as to be incapable of affording full
                    and fair relief.”107

          •         In Gladney v. City of Wilmington, a legislative assistant sued the City in the
                    Court of Chancery on the basis that she had been wrongfully terminated for
                    failing to comply with the City’s residency requirement.108 The legislative
                    assistant sought a permanent injunction “enjoining the City from denying her
                    employment with the City because of her failure to comply with the
                    residency requirement.”109 The court reasoned that the legislative assistant’s
                    requested injunction failed to establish equitable jurisdiction because it
                    “s[ought] only to enjoin the City from denying” her “employment on the
                    ground that she failed to comply with the City’s residency requirement” and
                    “would not require the City to reinstate” her.110 The court reasoned that
                    certiorari would be an adequate remedy instead, because the relief she sought

104
      2023 WL 2982180, at *14–15.
105
      Id. at *13 (citations omitted).
106
      Id. at *14.
107
      Id. at *16 (citations omitted).
108
      2011 WL 6016048, at *1.
109
      Id. at *2.
110
      Id. at *4.

                                                   26
                   “effectively amounts to an appeal” of her dismissal “or, alternatively, a
                   wrongful termination claim for damages against the City.”111

          •        In Christiana Town Center, LLC v. New Castle County, a developer sought
                   to enjoin the New Castle County government from applying an “unclean
                   hands” provision of the local code against the developer’s application for a
                   permit to perform finishing work and improvements on a building.112 The
                   court sua sponte found itself lacking jurisdiction. The court reasoned that all
                   the plaintiff “realistically” sought was a “declaratory judgment as to the
                   meaning and scope” of the relevant code provisions.113 The court also
                   observed that the plaintiff had failed to exhaust administrative remedies in
                   the form of an appeal to the New Castle County Planning Board, which in
                   turn could “be appealed by writ of certiorari to the Superior Court.”114

          •        In Hundley v. O’Donnell, the plaintiff sought an injunction in the Court of
                   Chancery barring the New Castle County, Department of Land Use’s denial
                   of his subdivision proposal. But in so doing, the plaintiff failed to show why
                   administrative appellate remedies or certiorari were insufficient.115 The court
                   reasoned that a “strong presumption exists” in favor of requiring plaintiffs to
                   exhaust administrative remedies before invoking equitable jurisdiction and
                   that the plaintiff had not shown why the circumstances warranted that form
                   of relief.116 The court also rejected the plaintiff’s argument that certiorari
                   was an inadequate remedy because the plaintiff only sought to correct an
                   alleged error of law. The court also stated that “[w]ere there some factors
                   pleaded here to suggest” that certiorari was inadequate, “the result might be
                   quite different.”117

          •        In Bramble v. Dannemann, a retired state police officer brought suit against
                   the state in the Court of Chancery, arguing that the State Board of Pension
                   Trustees had arbitrarily and capriciously denied his application for a service
                   connected disability pension.118 The court expressed “doubt” that certiorari

111
      Id. at *5.
112
      2003 WL 21314499, at *1–2.
113
      Id. at *4.
114
      Id. (citing 10 Del. C. § 562).
115
      1998 WL 842293, at *1, 5 (Del. Ch. Dec. 1, 1998).
116
      Id. at *2 (citation omitted).
117
      Id. at *3.
118
      1980 WL 6366, at *1 (Del. Ch. Jan. 10, 1980).

                                                  27
                   “provides an adequate legal remedy in this situation,” even though the State
                   Board of Pension Trustee’s decision was “quasi judicial in nature” and thus
                   reviewable in the Superior Court through certiorari.119 The court reasoned
                   that the plaintiff’s argument “is based on the charge that the Board ignored
                   the weight of the evidence as well as its previous decisions in similar
                   matters,” so the purely legal review one would receive upon certiorari was
                   inadequate.120 The court nonetheless dismissed the case for lack of subject
                   matter jurisdiction, reasoning that the related writ of mandamus was
                   available and adequate because the plaintiff sought “review of the denial of
                   a pension where the applicant is basing his claim to a pension on the alleged
                   fulfillment of the necessary conditions fixed by statute.”121

            These and other cases illustrate a general preference for certiorari or similar

procedures as ways to review administrative decisions in comparison with equity.122 But

each decision stopped short of establishing a bright-line rule rendering the availability of

certiorari an independently sufficient impediment to equitable jurisdiction.123 In each case,

119
      Id. at *2.
120
      Id.
121
    Id. at *3. “The writ of mandamus is an extraordinary ‘remedial writ used to compel
officers and other officials to perform their duties as required by law.’” Mock, 2022 WL
1744439, at *6 (quoting Mell, 2003 WL 1919331, at *8). Mandamus applies only to correct
“nondiscretionary and ministerial wrong[s]” and “can compel reinstatement” where
appropriate. Id. at *6, 11 (citations omitted). Neither party has argued that mandamus is
available or adequate to remedy the plaintiff’s termination.
122
   See, e.g., Citizens Against Solar Pollution v. Kent Cty., 2023 WL 2199646, at *2–3 (Del.
Ch. Feb. 24, 2023) (“Based on a realistic evaluation of their complaint, Plaintiffs seek
reversal of the Levy Court’s quasi-judicial decision granting Freepoint a conditional use
permit. As explained in Delta Eta, a writ of certiorari would adequately achieve that
objective. Accordingly, I lack jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ claims.”); Middlecap Assocs.,
LLC v. Town of Middletown, 2023 WL 2981893, at *2 (Del. Ch. Feb. 2, 2023) (holding
that a writ of certiorari was “available” and “capable of affording an adequate remedy at
law” for a challenge to a town council’s denial of a conditional use permit, a “quasi-judicial
act”).
123
   See 1 Donald J. Wolfe, Jr. & Michael A. Pittenger, Corporate and Commercial Practice
in the Delaware Court of Chancery § 2.03[b][3], at 2-62 (2d ed. 2022) (describing the

                                                 28
the court instead weighed the adequacy of writs like certiorari and mandamus against

injunctive relief based on the facts alleged.124 Importantly for present purposes, no case

law suggests that certiorari is an adequate mechanism for reinstating government

employees.125 On that basis, along with the particular facts of this case—including the

City’s failure to meaningful grapple with this court’s previous decision—the plaintiff’s

requested Reinstatement Injunction renders certiorari an inadequate remedy.

         At oral argument, counsel for the defendants stated that, as a practical matter, the

City would reinstate the plaintiff if he prevailed in a certiorari proceeding.126 But that is

cold comfort given the procedural posture of this case for reasons discussed above. As

injunctive relief subject matter jurisdiction inquiry as “necessarily fact-intensive and, thus,
peculiar to each asserted claim”).
124
   Distilled to hornbook form, the attack outline for “Bucket Two” of this court’s subject
matter jurisdiction inquiry can be framed as follows: (i) ask whether there is an adequate
remedy at law (in the administrative review context, this might be an appeal); (ii) ask
whether a writ (like certiorari) is available; (iii) if a writ is available, ask whether it is
adequate and balance what the plaintiff stands to obtain versus an injunction (bearing in
mind that in certain circumstances the plaintiff must still show a reasonable likelihood of
a future harm for an injunction); (iv) if a writ is unavailable, ask whether there is a
reasonable likelihood of future harm and follow the comprehensive analysis from In re
COVID. See 285 A.3d 1205.
125
   See, e.g., Gladney, 2011 WL 6016048, at *4 & n.23 (determining that certiorari was
adequate in part because the plaintiff’s sought-after injunction did not seek reinstatement,
thus, implying that reinstatement is not available through certiorari); see also Stevens v.
Steiner, 1988 WL 40178, at *1 (Del. Super. Apr. 26, 1988) (stating that “this Court cannot
order reinstatement of back pay or benefits within the context of a writ of certiorari”), aff’d
in part and rev’d on other grounds, 574 A.2d 263, 1990 WL 38277, at *8 (Del. 1990)
(TABLE); see also Clark v. Smith, 250 A.D. 233, 238 (N.Y. App. Div. 1937) (stating that,
upon certiorari review, “[t]he court does not attempt to compel performance of the duty it
defines, but leaves the aggrieved parties to pursue such further remedy as the law gives
them” (citations omitted)).
126
      Dec. 16, 2022 Hr’g Tr. at 14:15–17:5.

                                              29
such, it does not appear that here certiorari is an adequate path to address the plaintiff’s

request for reinstatement. The defendants’ argument to this effect fails.

         C.     The Defendants’ Waiver Argument

         The defendants contend that the plaintiff has waived his ability to argue that the

Reinstatement Injunction gives rise to an independent basis for this court to exercise subject

matter jurisdiction. This argument also fails.

         “When determining whether there is equitable jurisdiction, the Court of Chancery

must look at the face of the complaint as of the time of filing.”127 “The subject-matter

jurisdiction of the Chancery Court depends solely . . . upon the allegations of the complaint

and a determination of what the plaintiff really seeks by the complaint.”128            Thus,

“[j]urisdiction over the subject matter of a complaint is to be determined by an examination

of the allegations in the complaint viewed in the light of what the plaintiff actually seeks

and not necessarily what is pleaded.”129

         Subject matter jurisdiction concerns this court’s powers, not the parties’ rights.

Therefore, parties may not waive the existence or non-existence of subject matter

jurisdiction.130 Accordingly, “subject matter jurisdiction arguments, cannot be waived,”

127
  Shearin v. Mother AUMP Church, 755 A.2d 390, 2000 WL 975117, at *1 (Del. 2000)
(TABLE) (citation omitted).
128
      Diebold Computer Leas., Inc., 267 A.2d at 588.
129
  Chateau Apartments Co. v. City of Wilm., 391 A.2d 205, 207 (Del. 1978) (citation
omitted).
130
   See, e.g., Athene Life & Annuity Co. v. Am. Gen. Life Ins. Co., 2019 WL 3451376, at *4
(Del. Ch. July 31, 2019) (“This is a court of limited jurisdiction, and as such may not waive
subject matter jurisdiction.” (citing Ct. Ch. R. 12(h)); Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., 602 A.2d at

                                             30
either.131 Even a “tardily” raised argument whose delay might appear to “result in waiver,”

is not waivable “to the extent the argument would affect this court’s subject matter

jurisdiction.”132

         The defendants cite two cases that discuss waiver broadly, but neither addresses the

overlay of the subject matter jurisdiction inquiry.133 Nor is this jurist aware of a case

finding such a waiver when evaluating subject matter jurisdiction arguments. Although it

is true that as a general matter, “[i]ssues not briefed are deemed waived,” 134 the

jurisdictional inquiry does not require such a result here.

         But even were the court to entertain a waiver argument, the defendants’ argument

would still fail. Delaware courts use a “notice pleading standard” that aims to put a

77 n.5 (“[U]nlike many jurisdictions, judges in the Delaware Court of Chancery are
obligated to decide whether a matter comes within the equitable jurisdiction of this Court
regardless of whether the issue has been raised by the parties.” (citations omitted)); Bruno
v. W. Pac. R. Co., 498 A.2d 171, 172 (Del. Ch. 1985) (“[I]n the absence of subject matter
jurisdiction, a decision in this proceeding would be a nullity. . . . The parties to an action
may not confer subject matter jurisdiction by agreement.” (citations omitted)); see also
Maxwell v. Vetter, 311 A.2d 864, 866 (Del. 1973) (“Lack of jurisdiction may be raised at
any time in the proceedings.”).
131
   Jung v. El Tinieblo Int’l, Inc., 2022 WL 16557663, at *10 (Del. Ch. Oct. 31, 2022)
(emphasis added) (citation omitted).
132
    Delawareans for Educ. Opportunity v. Carney, 2018 WL 4849935, at *11 (Del. Ch.
Oct. 5, 2018) (denying the defendants’ motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction, which the defendants had partially advanced on the basis that mandamus
would be available in the Superior Court, but leaving open the chance for the defendants
to renew tardily raised standing arguments on the basis that their jurisdictional heft renders
such arguments non-waivable).
133
   See Defs.’ Suppl. Reply Br. at 4–5 (citing Bocock v. Innovate Corp., 2022 WL 15800273
(Del. Ch. Oct. 28, 2022); In re Mobilactive Media, LLC, 2013 WL 297950 (Del. Ch. Jan.
25, 2013)).
134
      Emerald P’rs v. Berlin, 726 A.2d 1215, 1224 (Del. 1999) (citations omitted).

                                              31
defendant on “notice of the claim being brought against it and prevent unfair surprise.”135

“An allegation, though vague or lacking in detail, is nevertheless ‘well-pleaded’ if it puts

the opposing party on notice of the claim being brought against it.”136 Arguments are thus

waived when they are “not fairly or timely presented”137 and so fail to put the other party

on notice.

          Here, the Amended Complaint pleads facts relating to the plaintiff’s dismissal,

including statements to the effect that the WPD told the plaintiff that “information

contained within his residency affidavits were the product of fraud and dishonesty, in

violation of the WPD’s rules and regulations.”138 The Amended Complaint describes the

genesis of the revised residency definition, describes how the City applied it to the plaintiff,

and requests the Reinstatement Injunction. The Amended Complaint also incorporates by

reference the arbitration award rendered on March 4, 2019, in which an arbitrator “returned

a decision finding that the City’s unilateral modification of the definition of ‘residence’

was in violation of the Collective Bargaining Agreement.”139 Although an ideal complaint

would have directly linked these allegations to the plaintiff’s requested injunctive relief,

135
   Meyers v. Intel Corp., 2015 WL 227824, at *4 (Del. Super. Jan. 15, 2005) (citations
omitted); see also VLIW Tech., LLC v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 840 A.2d 606, 611–12 (Del.
2003) (stating that Delaware deploys a “notice pleading” standard).
136
      VLIW Tech., 840 A.2d at 611 (citations omitted).
137
      Winshall v. Viacom Int’l, Inc., 55 A.3d 629, 642 (Del. Ch. 2011) (citations omitted).
138
      See Am. Compl. ¶ 30.
139
      Id. ¶ 41.

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taken holistically, the defendants have sufficient notice of the plaintiff’s bases for invoking

this court’s jurisdiction.

         The defendants also argue that the plaintiff impermissibly relies upon additional

documents outside the Amended Complaint to show that the dishonesty charge is

inextricably intertwined with the residency charge. The defendants specifically reference

the December 16, 2022 hearing in which this court asked counsel for the plaintiff to clarify

his basis for the intertwinement theory in the record, and counsel for the plaintiff said he

had none in the record to date.140

         It is true that the court had to do work to get the plaintiff to tease out his argument.

It is also true that the plaintiff relied upon additional record evidence beyond the Amended

Complaint to make his inextricably-intertwinement argument. That is not fatal in the

context of a Rule 12(b)(1) argument.141          Moreover, the plaintiff only advanced the

inextricably-intertwinement argument in response to the defendants’ argument that the

dishonesty charge was an “independent and sufficient basis for his dismissal.”142 The

defendants themselves reached for supplemental documents outside the Amended

Complaint for support on this point.143 Indeed, one of the documents the plaintiff invokes

to support his intertwinement theory is the same document the defendants added to the

140
      See Defs.’ Suppl. Reply Br. at 1–3 (citing Dec. 16, 2022 Hr’g Tr. at 33:13–35:17).
141
      See supra n.34.
142
      See Defs.’ Opening Br. at 12–13.
143
      See id., Ex. A.

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record themselves.144 In context, it is hard to see how the plaintiff’s addition of disciplinary

files to the record is inappropriate or prejudicial to the defendants.

       The defendants’ waiver argument fails.

III.   CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the motion to dismiss is denied. The court has subject

matter jurisdiction over this action as a result of the well-pled Reinstatement Injunction,

and the court may exercise clean-up jurisdiction over the remaining issues.

       Although this case affects a person’s livelihood, it has languished. That is due to

the court’s erroneous initial decision and the time spent on appeal, the silence of the parties

after remand, the insufficiency of the initial briefing, and the need for supplemental briefing

and oral argument. One can also toss the recalcitrance of the defendants to meaningfully

grapple with the effects of their prior loss in the FOP Action atop the list of contributing

factors. In all events, this action will move forward far faster. The parties are ordered to

confer on a case schedule that leads to a trial no later than March 2024 and to contact

Chambers to obtain a trial date. If either party plans to move for summary judgment, they

are to ask for leave to do so as soon as practicable and well in advance of March 2024.

144
   See Pl.’s Suppl. Answering Br. at 17–18 (citing Dkt. 41, Ex. I (OPS Investigative Rep.
Dated Nov. 27, 2017)). The plaintiff’s Exhibit I is the same document that the defendants
originally filed as Exhibit A to their motion to dismiss on April 15, 2020. See Defs.’
Opening Br., Ex. A.

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