Court Opinion

ID: 4321571
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-10-17 07:09:15.58332+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:28:28.276721
License: Public Domain

SECOND DIVISION
                                 MILLER, P. J.,
                              BROWN and GOSS, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                                                                     October 9, 2018

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A18A1194. EAGLE JETS, LLC. v. ATLANTA JET, INC.

      MILLER, Presiding Judge.

      Eagle Jets, LLC sued Atlanta Jet, Inc. for breach of contract and other claims.

After a jury trial at which Atlanta Jet prevailed, the trial court entered judgment in

favor of Atlanta Jet, but denied its motion to recover attorney fees under a fee-shifting

provision in the parties’ contract. On appeal, we affirmed the judgment in favor of

Atlanta Jet, but reversed the denial of attorney fees and remanded for the trial court

to determine the proper amount of fees to which Atlanta Jet was entitled. Eagle Jets

v. Atlanta Jet, 321 Ga. App. 386 (740 SE2d 439) (2013).

      On remand, Atlanta Jet sought $1,973,049.19 in attorney fees that it incurred

in defending against Eagle Jets’ claims, including the non-contract claims. The trial

court granted Atlanta Jet the full amount requested, ruling that although Atlanta Jet
was contractually entitled only to attorney fees related to Eagle Jets’ breach of

contract claim, that claim was too intertwined with the non-contract claims to permit

the separation of the fee amount for the work performed. Eagle Jets now appeals.

      After a thorough review of the record, we conclude that the trial court properly

ruled that Atlanta Jet’s fee recovery is not limited by OCGA § 13-1-11 and that the

parties’ contract permitted recovery only of contract-related attorney fees, but that

fees related to tort claims that were intertwined with the contract claims also could

be recovered. However, we are unable to conclude that the trial court properly

exercised its discretion in awarding Atlanta Jet the full amount of requested fees. We

therefore vacate the fee award and remand this case for further proceedings.

      Our prior opinion in this case contains a detailed recitation of the factual

background, which we need not repeat here. See Eagle Jets, supra, 321 Ga. App. at

386-391. For present purposes, we note that Atlanta Jet – acting as a broker – located

a helicopter in Bolivia, purchased it, and immediately resold it to Eagle Jets for

$1.025 million. See id. The resale was memorialized in an Airline Purchase

Agreement (“APA”) entered into between Atlanta Jet and Eagle Jets. An inspection

of the helicopter revealed the need for several repairs, some of which would be

performed in Bolivia before the sale and others in Florida thereafter. Id. at 389. After

                                           2
Eagle Jets remitted the purchase price, a ferry flight was arranged to transport the

helicopter from Bolivia to Florida. Id. at 390. On board were three people – Sergio

Rodrigo, “a key person involved in the helicopter purchase”; a Bolivian pilot; and the

pilot’s friend. Id. at 386. The helicopter crashed in Bolivia, killing Rodrigo and the

pilot and injuring the friend. Id.

      Eagle Jets sued Atlanta Jet, claiming that the crash resulted from negligence

on the part of Rodrigo and the pilot, who were acting as agents of Atlanta Jet.1 Eagle

Jets asserted a claim for breach of the APA, alleging that “[a]s a proximate result of

the pilot error and negligence of [Atlanta Jet’s agents], the helicopter was destroyed

thus preventing [Atlanta Jet] from delivering the helicopter to [Eagle Jets].” Eagle

Jets also asserted claims for promissory estoppel, negligence, and unjust enrichment.

Eagle Jets sought recovery of the purchase price and incidental expenses, as well as

attorney fees and expenses. Eagle Jets later amended its complaint, retaining the

breach of contract claim but omitting any reference to the APA. Eagle Jets contended

that because it never signed the APA, the sale transaction was governed by an oral

agreement between the parties rather than by the APA. See Eagle Jets, supra, 321 Ga.

      1
       Specifically, Eagle Jets contended that the crew confused gallons with liters,
thereby under-fueling the aircraft.

                                          3
App. at 392 (2). In the amended complaint, Eagle Jets also added claims for bailment,

fraud, contribution, indemnity,2 and punitive damages.

      The case proceeded to a jury trial. Using a special verdict form, the jury found

that the APA governed Atlanta Jet’s sale of the helicopter to Eagle Jets and that

Atlanta Jet did not breach the APA. The jury also found that Rodrigo acted as a dual

agent of both Atlanta Jet and Eagle Jets, thus foreclosing Eagle Jets’ negligence

claim, and it rejected Eagle Jets’ other theories of recovery. Atlanta Jet then filed a

motion for attorney fees under a provision of the APA permitting the prevailing party

to recover such fees “[i]f litigation is instituted to enforce this Agreement.” The trial

court denied the motion, finding that Eagle Jets had not instituted the litigation to

enforce the APA because it had amended its complaint to assert theories of liability

under a different agreement.

      Eagle Jets appealed from the judgment against it on the merits, and Atlanta Jet

appealed from the trial court’s denial of its motion for attorney fees. We affirmed the

trial court’s judgment in favor of Atlanta Jet, but reversed the denial of Atlanta Jet’s

motion for attorney fees. Eagle Jets, supra, 321 Ga. App. at 386. We concluded that

      2
       Eagle Jets sought indemnification for legal claims that had been filed against
Eagle Jets by the estates of Rodrigo and the pilot, and by the surviving friend.

                                           4
Eagle Jets’ complaint, despite subsequent amendments, had been instituted to enforce

the APA, that Atlanta Jet was the prevailing party, and that Atlanta Jet was therefore

entitled to attorney fees under the APA. Id. at 400-403. Accordingly, we remanded

the case “for further proceedings to determine the proper amount of fees to be

awarded.” Id. at 403.

      On remand, the trial court considered Atlanta Jet’s original request for attorney

fees and expenses, as well as a supplemental request that Atlanta Jet filed seeking

fees and costs incurred on appeal. Atlanta Jet took the position that it was entitled to

attorney fees and costs associated with its defense of all of Eagle Jets’ claims, totaling

$1,973,049.19. Eagle Jets, on the other hand, argued that the APA permitted recovery

only of fees and costs associated with the breach of contract claim, that Atlanta Jet

bore the burden of proving which of its requested fees were allocated to the contract

claim, and that an evidentiary hearing was necessary to determine this allocation and

the reasonableness and necessity of Atlanta Jet’s requested fees.

      At the hearing on the motion for attorney fees, the parties argued at length

about whether testimony should be heard on the issue of the reasonableness of the

fees and allocation of fees attributable to the contract claim. The trial court, with the

agreement of the parties, decided to defer the issue of whether testimony should be

                                            5
had until it ruled on legal issues that might render the need for such testimony moot.

The trial court subsequently entered an order awarding Atlanta Jet the full amount of

its requested fees and costs. Based upon its written ruling that the claims were too

intertwined to allow allocation, the trial court apparently concluded that testimony on

the issue was unnecessary.

      The trial court concluded that the APA’s attorney fee provision limited

recovery to fees incurred in litigation over breach of contract and excluded fees

related to tort claims. Nevertheless, the trial court ruled that recovery for legal work

on tort claims would be permissible if those claims were “intertwined” with the

contract claim. The trial court recognized that Eagle Jets’ “tort claims were distinct

from the agreement,” but nevertheless concluded that the claims were intertwined:

       [T]he foundation of the litigation was the purchase of the helicopter and
      delivery to the purchaser. The trial of the case involved the presentation
      of evidence which supported both the tort claims and the breach of
      contract claims. The APA was central to the dispute and the tort and
      contract issues were closely intertwined, and are not easily (if at all)
      capable of being distinguished.

                                           6
Finally, the trial court rejected Eagle Jets’ contention that the amount of Atlanta Jet’s

fee request was not reasonable.

      Eagle Jets filed an emergency motion to stay the judgment and for

reconsideration, arguing that OCGA § 13-1-11 either barred Atlanta Jet’s fee request

or capped any fee recovery at a percentage of the contract amount. The trial court

granted the motion and vacated its fee order pending a hearing on that issue. After the

hearing, the trial court entered an order ruling that OCGA § 13-1-11 did not apply and

reinstating its fee order. The trial court then entered judgment in favor of Atlanta Jet

for $1,973,949.19, and Eagle Jets appeals.

      1. Eagle Jets argues that OCGA § 13-1-11 applies to this case and either

prohibits Atlanta Jet’s attorney fee recovery entirely, because Atlanta Jet failed to

give the required statutory notice of its intention to seek fees, or at least limits that

recovery to a statutory percentage of the contract amount. We agree with the trial

court, however, that OCGA § 13-1-11 does not apply here.

             Under our well-established rules of statutory construction, we

      presume that the General Assembly meant what it said and said what it
      meant. To that end, we must afford the statutory text its “plain and
      ordinary meaning,” we must view the statutory text in the context in
      which it appears, and we must read the statutory text in its most natural

                                           7
      and reasonable way, as an ordinary speaker of the English language
      would.

(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Patton v. Vanterpool, 302 Ga. 253, 254 (806

SE2d 493) (2017).

      OCGA § 13-11-1 provides that “[o]bligations to pay attorney’s fees upon any

note or other evidence of indebtedness . . . shall be valid and enforceable and

collectable as part of such debt if such note or other evidence of indebtedness is

collected by or through an attorney after maturity[.]” OCGA § 13-1-11 (a). “The

purpose of OCGA § 13-1-11 is to prevent a contractual provision for attorney’s fees

from constituting a penalty for failure to pay an indebtedness.” (Citation omitted.)

Radioshack Corp. v. Cascade Crossing II, 282 Ga. 841, 845 (653 SE2d 680) (2007).

To that end, the statute contains two provisions of which Eagle Jets seeks to avail

itself – a requirement that the party seeking repayment of the debt “giv[e] the debtor

notice and an opportunity to meet his obligation without incurring additional

expenses in the nature of attorney’s fees” and a fee cap “limiting the amount of

attorney’s fees” to a statutory percentage. (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Id.; see

also OCGA §§ 13-1-11 (a) (2) and 13-1-11 (a) (3).

                                           8
      Eagle Jets argues that the statutory term “evidence of indebtedness” should be

broadly construed to apply to any contract creating an obligation to pay money,

including the APA. Eagle Jets relies on Radioshack Corp. v. Cascade Crossing II,

supra, in which the Supreme Court ruled that the term “has reference to any printed

or written instrument . . . which evidences on its face a legally enforceable obligation

to pay money.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) 282 Ga. at 846. But even if the

APA constitutes “evidence of indebtedness,” the statute explicitly applies “only

where attorney fees were incurred in the collection of a ‘note or other evidence of

indebtedness’ upon maturity and default.” (Footnotes omitted.) Colonial Bank v.

Boulder Bankcard Processing, 254 Ga. App. 686, 689 (5) (563 SE2d 492) (2002); see

also Boddy Enterprises v. City of Atlanta, 171 Ga. App. 551, 553 (320 SE2d 374)

(1984) (statute “was intended to apply only in default situations where an

indebtedness is collected by or through an attorney after maturity”) (punctuation

omitted). Long before this lawsuit was filed, Eagle Jets paid its contractual debt to

Atlanta Jets by remitting the helicopter purchase price. Thus, this litigation was not

an attempt to collect on a defaulted debt after maturity, and OCGA § 13-1-11 has no

application here.

                                           9
      Accordingly, Atlanta Jet’s fee recovery is not controlled by the statutory notice

and fee cap provisions in OCGA § 13-1-11, and we affirm the trial court’s ruling in

this regard.

      2. Eagle Jets also argues that the trial court erred by concluding that Atlanta Jet

could recover fees related to its defense of all claims. In Eagle Jets’ view, the contract

and non-contract claims were not so intertwined as to prohibit the separation of hours

spent on each. Atlanta Jet, on the other hand, takes the position that the APA

permitted recovery of all attorney fees, regardless of the nature of the claim, and that

even if it did not, Eagle Jets’ contract and tort claims were so intertwined that it is

impracticable to parse the origin of the fees.

      We conclude that the trial court correctly ruled that fees recoverable under the

APA were limited to those incurred in litigating breach of contract claims, but that

fee separation would not be required if contract and non-contract claims were too

intertwined to allow the separation of fees. We further conclude, however, that the

trial court did not properly exercise its discretion in ruling that Eagle Jets’ claims

were too intertwined to permit any separate fee allocation.

                                           10
      (a) First, we consider whether the APA permitted recovery of fees for legal

work related to both contract and non-contract claims. We agree with the trial court

that recovery for non-contract claims was not allowed under the APA.

      As we noted in our prior opinion in this case, “[i]n the absence of a controlling

statute, a party’s entitlement to attorney fees under a contractual provision is

determined by the usual rules of contract interpretation.” (Citation omitted.) Eagle

Jets, supra, 321 Ga. App. at 401. “The construction of a contract is a question of law

for the court,” and we look to the contract alone where its terms are clear and

unambiguous. (Citation omitted.) Id.; see also Marino v. Clary Lakes Homeowners

Assn., 331 Ga. App. 204, 208 (1) (770 SE2d 289) (2015). If a contract is ambiguous

in some respect, we apply rules of contract construction to resolve the ambiguity. Ga.

State Financing & Investment Commn. v. XL Specialty Ins. Co., 303 Ga. App. 540,

542 (1) (694 SE2d 193) (2010).

      First, any ambiguity would need to be resolved most strongly against the
      drafter of the contract. Second, we would prefer the construction of the
      contract which would uphold the contract in whole and in every part,
      and would not construe one provision of the contract so as to defeat the
      plain import of another provision.

                                           11
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Id. at 543 (1); see also Willesen v. Ernest

Communications, 323 Ga. App. 457, 460 (1) (746 SE2d 755) (2013) (we must “give

the contract a reasonable construction that will uphold the agreement rather than a

construction that will render the agreement meaningless and ineffective”) (citation

and punctuation omitted).

      The attorney fee provision of the APA, found in Paragraph 16 of the

agreement, states:

      Litigation Expenses: If litigation is instituted to enforce this Agreement,
      the prevailing party shall be awarded its attorney’s fees incurred and all
      litigation costs, including depositions, expert witness fees, photographic
      expense, witness and travel lodging expense and all court costs.

Thus, according to its plain language, Paragraph 16 is triggered only when “litigation

is instituted to enforce this agreement.” (Emphasis supplied.) See Eagle Jets, supra,

321 Ga. App. at 401. When that circumstance occurs, the prevailing party is entitled

to “attorney’s fees incurred and all litigation costs.” We find no ambiguity in this

language, and we construe it to mean that recoverable fees and costs are those

incurred in connection with claims that were “instituted to enforce this agreement”

(i.e., claims brought for breach of the APA). Fees and costs incurred in connection

with claims that were not “instituted to enforce this agreement” (i.e., non-contract

                                          12
claims) fall outside the purview of Paragraph 16. See Gil v. Mansano, 17 Cal. Rptr.

3d 420, 423 (Cal. Ct. App. 2004) (“Where a contract authorizes an award of attorney

fees in an action to enforce any provision of the contract, tort claims are not

covered.”) (citations omitted).

      Even if we determined that Paragraph 16 was ambiguous as to which attorney

fees were recoverable, we would reach the same conclusion. First, we must resolve

any ambiguities in Paragraph 16 against its drafter, Atlanta Jet.3 See Ga. State

Financing, supra, 303 Ga. App. at 543 (1). Second, to hold that fees related to all

claims were recoverable would strip the phrase “litigation . . . instituted to enforce

this agreement” of meaning. See id. Because the filing of a claim of breach of the

APA is necessary to trigger Paragraph 16, it follows that the recoverable fees are

those related to that triggering claim. Thus, the trial court correctly ruled that

      3
         If Atlanta Jet had wished to allow for the recovery of fees and costs for all
claims, it could have crafted Paragraph 16 more broadly. See, e.g., In re Estate of
Gattis, 318 P3d 549, 558 (III) (C) (Col. Ct. App. 2013) (contractual provision
allowing recovery of attorney fees in any litigation “relating to” the contract covered
all claims surrounding contractual subject matter); Caufield v. Cantele, 837 So2d 371,
378-380 (Fla. 2002) (provision permitting recovery of fees in any action “arising out
of” the contract encompassed recovery for defense of tort claim).

                                          13
Paragraph 16 did not allow Atlanta Jet to recover attorney fees incurred in the defense

of Eagle Jets’ non-contract claims.4

      (b) Next, we examine whether, despite the language of the APA, Atlanta Jet

nevertheless may be entitled to recover fees related to its defense of all claims in this

case. We conclude, as the trial court did, that recovery is permissible for claims that

were too intertwined with the breach of contract claim to permit fee separation.

      “Generally, an award of attorney fees is not available in Georgia unless

authorized by statute or contract.” (Citation omitted.) O’Keefe v. O’Keefe, 285 Ga.

805 (684 SE2d 266) (2009). Accordingly, an attorney fee award must be limited to

those fees attributable to the claim or claims upon which fees are authorized. Krayev

v. Johnson, 327 Ga. App. 213, 223 (3) (757 SE2d 872) (2014). That is, a party “is

entitled to recover attorney fees only for that portion of the fees which are allocable

to the attorney’s efforts to prosecute the cause of action . . . on which the prayer for

      4
        Contrary to Atlanta Jet’s suggestion, our previous opinion did not establish
that Atlanta Jet was entitled to recover attorney fees for its defense of Eagle Jets’ non-
contract claims. Rather, we held that Paragraph 16 applied because Atlanta Jet was
the prevailing party in Eagle Jets’ litigation to enforce the APA. See Eagle Jets,
supra, 321 Ga. App. at 401-403. We did not address or determine the scope of fees
to which Atlanta Jet was entitled.

                                           14
attorney fees is based.” Arford v. Blalock, 199 Ga. App. 434, 439 (9) (405 SE2d 698)

(1991), aff’d, Wilensky v. Blalock, 262 Ga. 95 (414 SE2d 1) (1992).5

      “Where a party is entitled to recover fees on only part of his claim, he must

present proof to show what portion of the fees was allocable to that claim.” (Citations

omitted.) Executive Excellence v. Martin Brothers Investments, 309 Ga. App. 279,

289 (3) (710 SE2d 169) (2011); see also Whitaker v. Houston County Hosp. Auth.,

272 Ga. App. 870, 873 (1) (613 SE2d 664) (2005) (party seeking fees “ha[s] the

burden of proof and must segregate out the hours that are recoverable from those

hours not recoverable”) (citation and punctuation omitted).

      As the trial court noted here, there is an exception to this requirement: “[I]f the

trial court finds that the various claims are so similar that it would be too difficult to

separate the hours spent on each, the [party entitled to fees] is not required to allocate

his hours[.]” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Krayev, supra, 327 Ga. App. at 223

(3); see also Campbell v. Beak, 256 Ga. App. 493, 498 (5) (568 SE2d 801) (2002)

(separation of fees between compensable and non-compensable claim was not

necessary due to “the similarity of the two claims and the difficulty of separating

      5
       Although attorney fees were awarded in Krayev and Arford under OCGA §
13-6-11 rather than under the parties’ contract, we find those and other cases
involving statutory attorney fees to be persuasive on the question of fee allocation.

                                           15
them”). That is, fee separation is not required if the evidence shows that the claims

were so “intertwined” that work performed in connection with other claims was

“necessary as well” for the claim on which fees were allowed. Huggins v. Chapin,

233 Ga. App. 109, 110 (503 SE2d 356) (1998).

      (c) Finally, we turn to the trial court’s conclusion that Eagle Jets’ contract

claim and non-contract claims were “closely intertwined, and are not easily (if at all)

capable of being distinguished.” Based on the record before us, we cannot determine

that the trial court properly exercised its discretion in reaching that conclusion.

      In its original fee request, Atlanta Jet sought approximately $1,697,526.25 in

attorney fees , a figure nearly 1.7 times the helicopter purchase price of $1.025

million. In support of the fee request, Atlanta Jet submitted almost 500 pages of legal

billing records, with many entries containing redactions and/or very general

descriptions of the legal work involved. Atlanta Jet did not indicate which fees were

associated with which of Eagle Jets’ multiple claims. Atlanta Jet later submitted a

supplemental request for $275,522.94 in costs incurred in defending Eagle Jets’

appeal and pursuing its own appeal, bringing its total fee request to nearly $2 million.

The supplemental request included approximately 130 additional pages of billing

                                          16
records with – again – many entries redacted and/or generalized and no apparent fee

separation. To date, Atlanta Jet has made no attempt to separate any of its fees.

      In response to Atlanta Jet’s fee request, Eagle Jets contended, among other

things, that “the vast bulk of the work on this case clearly arose from the prosecution

and defense of th[e] tort claims and not from the prosecution and defense of those

claims that sounded in contract.” In particular, Eagle Jets argued that issues such as

insurance coverage and the cause of the crash – upon which the parties apparently

expended substantial legal work – had nothing to do with the breach of contract

claim. Further, Eagle Jets claimed that Atlanta Jet’s billing records were “ambiguous”

and failed to indicate whether certain entries reflected work on contract claims or tort

claims. Eagle Jets scrutinized the billing records in an effort to identify which tasks

were associated with which legal issues, and Eagle Jets maintained that at least

$613,124.86 of the claimed fees and expenses were associated with work that was not

related to Atlanta Jet’s defense of the breach of contract claim.

      In further briefing and argument below, Atlanta Jet did not specifically respond

to Eagle Jets’ proposed fee separation, did not point to any particular errors in Eagle

Jets’ analysis of its billing records, and did not attempt to flesh out its generalized

time entries. Instead, it asserted broadly that Eagle Jets’ negligence, bailment, and

                                          17
fraud claims were so intertwined with the APA that Atlanta Jet was entitled to recover

all fees. Atlanta Jet has pointed to a few “example[s]” of overlapping evidentiary

proof at trial, such as its reliance upon a provision in the APA to defend against one

of Eagle Jets’ fraud allegations, and its use of evidence of the parties’ APA

negotiations to show that Rodrigo was a dual agent. But Atlanta Jet fails to articulate

why at least some portion of its nearly $2 million legal bill cannot be attributed to

work on non-contract claims.

      We review the trial court’s fee award for abuse of discretion.6 See Rowen v.

Estate of Hughley, 272 Ga. App. 55, 58 (1) (611 SE2d 735) (2005). Although this

standard of review is deferential, “it is not toothless.” (Citation omitted.) RES-GA LJY

v. Y. D. I., Inc., 322 Ga. App. 607, 609 (745 SE2d 820) (2013). “An abuse of

discretion occurs where a ruling is unsupported by any evidence of record or where

that ruling misstates or misapplies the relevant law.” (Citation and punctuation

omitted.) Id.; see also Intl. Harvester Co. v. Cunningham, 245 Ga. App. 736, 739 (1)

(538 SE2d 82) (2000) (trial court’s exercise of discretion “must be based on sound

legal analysis”).

      6
          Eagle Jets asserts, incorrectly, that our review here is de novo.

                                           18
      In this case, the trial court’s fee order contains conflicting factual findings

regarding the intertwinement of claims. On one hand, the trial court noted that the

“tort claims are distinct from the agreement. For instance, whether there was

negligence involved in the operation of the helicopter does not involve analysis of the

terms of the Purchase Agreement.” On the other hand, the trial court found that “[t]he

APA was central to the dispute and the tort and contract issues were closely

intertwined.” These opposing characterizations of the relationship among the claims

in this case are difficult to reconcile and undermine the trial court’s ultimate finding

of intertwinement.

      Even if we were to ignore the trial court’s finding that the contract and non-

contract claims are “distinct,” the fee order did not explain how the claims were

intertwined. Although the trial court stated that the trial of the case “involved the

presentation of evidence which supported both the tort claims and the breach of

contract claims,” the trial court did not identify that evidence. Nor did the trial court

address Eagle Jets’ contention that approximately $600,000 of the requested fees

applied only to the tort claims.

      Further, the trial court did not require Atlanta Jet to shoulder its burden of

proving that the claims were too intertwined to permit the separation of fees, instead

                                           19
allowing it to make only generalized assertions of connectedness. See Executive

Excellence, supra, 309 Ga. App. at 289 (3) (party seeking attorney fees has burden of

proving which fees are allocable to claim on which fees are allowed); Whitaker,

supra, 272 Ga. App. at 873 (1) (same). And despite the size of the fee request in this

case, the legal conclusions in the trial court’s written order evince that Eagle Jets was

not provided an opportunity to present testimony concerning the feasibility of fee

separation. “When a party seeking attorney fees has failed to present an essential

element of proof, but the trial court nevertheless awarded attorney fees, we have

consistently reversed or vacated” that ruling and remanded for further proceedings.

(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Hardnett v. Ogundele, 291 Ga. App. 241, 245-

246 (2) (661 SE2d 627) (2008).

      In light of the trial court’s conflicting factual findings, the fee order’s failure

to reference supporting evidence, the disallowance of testimony on fee separation,

and Atlanta Jet’s failure to carry its burden of showing the infeasibility of separating

its hours, we must conclude that the trial court did not properly exercise its discretion

in awarding Atlanta Jet the full amount of its nearly $2 million fee request, with no

fee separation whatsoever. We therefore vacate the trial court’s fee award and remand

the case for further proceedings.

                                           20
      3. Finally, Eagle Jets argues that the trial court erred by failing to determine

whether the fees that Atlanta Jet sought were reasonable. However, given the plain

language of Paragraph 16, we agree with the trial court that “[t]here is no need for

evidence of the reasonable value of [Atlanta Jet’s] fees.”

      Paragraph 16 provides that the prevailing party in litigation to enforce the APA

“shall be awarded its attorney’s fees incurred and all litigation costs.” Paragraph 16

does not require the party seeking attorney fees to prove that its fees and costs were

reasonable. And in light of our decision in Layfield v. Southeastern Constr.

Coordinators, 229 Ga. App. 71 (492 SE2d 921) (1997), we are not at liberty to write

such a requirement into the parties’ agreement. See id. at 72 (rejecting reasonableness

argument because fee award was specifically governed by contract, contract was in

evidence, and there was evidence regarding the amount of fees incurred); compare

Northside Bank v. Mountainbrook of Bartow County Homeowners Assn., 338 Ga.

App. 126, 128-130 (2) (789 SE2d 378) (2016) (homeowners association that

prevailed in action for delinquent assessments was entitled to reasonable, not actual,

attorney fees because governing declaration provided for recovery of “reasonable

attorney fees”) (punctuation omitted; emphasis supplied).

                                          21
      Here, as in Layfield, the APA was in evidence, as were affidavits from Atlanta

Jet’s lawyers and copies of their billing records showing the amount of legal fees that

Atlanta Jet incurred in defending the lawsuit. The trial court properly ruled that this

was a “sufficient evidentiary predicate [] for an award of attorney fees.”

      In sum, we affirm the trial court’s rulings that OCGA § 13-1-11 does not apply

in this case, that the APA’s attorney fee provision permits recovery of fees related to

breach of contract litigation, and that Atlanta Jet also may recover fees related to

other claims that are too intertwined with the contract claim to permit fee separation.

However, we vacate the trial court’s fee award and remand for further proceedings,

consistent with this opinion.

      Judgment affirmed in part, vacated in part, and case remanded. Brown and

Goss, JJ., concur.

                                          22