Court Opinion

ID: 9964358
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-29 19:02:51.870147+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:25:20.574868
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

        ANDOR PHARMACEUTICALS, LLC,                   )
                                                      )
                       Plaintiff/Counterclaim         )
                       Defendant,                     )
                                                      ) C.A. No.: N22C-06-078-EMD CCLD
                       v.                             )
                                                      )
        LANNETT COMPANY, INC.,                        )
                                                      )
                       Defendant/Counterclaim         )
                       Plaintiff.                     )

                                      Submitted: January 17, 2024
                                         Decided: April 15, 2024
                                 Redacted per Order dated April 29, 20241

                    Upon Plaintiff/Counterclaim Defendant Andor Pharmaceuticals, LLC’s
                                Motion to Dismiss Defendant’s Counterclaim
                                    GRANTED in part DENIED in part

Jesse L. Noa, Esquire, P. Andrew Smith, Esquire, Potter Anderson & Corroon LLP, Wilmington,
Delaware, Scott W. Atherton, Esquire, Terence M. Mullen, Esquire, Atherton Galardi Mullen &
Reeder PLLC, West Palm Beach, Florida. Attorneys for Plaintiff/Counterclaim Defendant Andor
Pharmaceuticals, LLC.

Brian E. Farnan, Esquire, Michael J. Farnan, Esquire, Farnan LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, Julia
Chapman, Esquire, Stefanie A. Tubbs, Esquire, Forrest E. Lovett, Esquire, Dechert LLP,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Attorneys for Defendant/Counterclaim Plaintiff Lannett Company,
Inc.

DAVIS, J.

                                        I.      INTRODUCTION

           This civil action is a breach of contract indemnification claim assigned to the Complex

Commercial Litigation Division of the Court. Plaintiff/Counterclaim Defendant Andor

Pharmaceuticals, LLC (“Andor”) claims Defendant/Counterclaim Plaintiff Lannett Company,

1
    D.I. No. 220.
Inc. (“Lannett” or “LCI”) is in breach of the parties’ license agreement related to the

manufacture and sale of generic drug formulations of Concerta®, a medication used to treat

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (“ADHD”). Lannett denies the allegations and asserts

counterclaims for reformation based on mistake, declaratory judgment based on frustration of

purpose, declaratory judgment based on substantive unconscionability, and unjust enrichment.

Presently before the Court is Andor’s Motion to Dismiss Defendant’s Counterclaims (the

“Motion”). The Court heard oral argument on the Motion on January 17, 2024. Afterwards, the

Court took the Motion under advisement.

        For the reasons set forth below, the Motion is GRANTED in part, and DENIED in part.

                                        II.      RELEVANT FACTS
    A. PARTIES

        Andor is a Delaware Limited Liability Company with a principal place of business in

Florida.2 Andor develops and licenses pharmaceutical products.3

        Lannett is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in Pennsylvania.4

Lannett is a “provider of . . . generic pharmaceutical products.”5 Lannett was previously publicly

traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”).6

2
  Andor’s Second Amended Complaint (hereinafter “2d Am. Compl.”) ¶ 1 (D.I. No. 104).
3
  Id.
4
  Id. ¶ 2; Lannett’s Answer, Affirmative Defenses, and Incorporated Counterclaims to Andor's Second Amended
Complaint (hereinafter “Answer”) ¶ 2 (D.I. No. 118).
5
  Lannett’s Amended Answer to Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint, with Affirmative Defenses and Counterclaims
(hereinafter “Countercls.”) ¶ 10 (D.I. No. 100).
6
  2d Am. Compl. ¶ 2; Answer ¶ 2. Lannett was delisted in April, 2023 after it “had fallen below the NYSE’s
continued listing standard requiring listed companies to maintain an average global market capitalization over a
consecutive 30 trading day period of at least $15,000,000.” (NYSE to Suspend Trading Immediately in Lannett
Company, Inc. (LCI) and Commence Delisting Proceedings, BUSINESS WIRE (Apr. 19, 2023),
https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230419005997/en/).

                                                         2
    B. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND RELEVANT NON-PARTIES

         Generic drugs contain the same active ingredient(s) as brand-name drugs and are

permitted to be sold in the United States after the original drug’s patent has expired.7

Pharmaceutical companies that sell generic drugs must first demonstrate to the U.S. Food and

Drug Administration (“FDA”) that their product is bioequivalent to the brand-name drug,

signifying that the generic drug “works in the same way and provides the same clinical benefit as

the brand-name medicine.”8 Pharmaceutical companies do this by filing an Abbreviated New

Drug Application (“ANDA”) with the FDA.9 If the FDA approves an ANDA, the FDA then

assigns the generic drug a “therapeutic equivalence” rating.10 The two ratings relevant to this

civil action are: “AB” and “BX”.

         AB-rated drugs are those which “the ‘FDA considers to be therapeutically equivalent to

other pharmaceutically equivalent products’ and for which ‘actual and potential bioequivalence

problems have been resolved with . . . adequate . . . evidence supporting bioequivalence.’”11

BX-rated medications are “drug products for which actual or potential bioequivalence problems

have not been resolved by adequate evidence of bioequivalence.”12

         Both AB- and BX-rated drugs are FDA-approved and may be prescribed, but only AB-

rated products can be automatically substituted by pharmacists when filling prescriptions for a

7
  U.S. FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION, Generic Drugs: Questions and Answers,
https://www.fda.gov/drugs/frequently-asked-questions-popular-topics/generic-drugs-questions-answers (last visited
Jan. 1, 2024).
8
  Id.
9
  Id. The application is “abbreviated” because applicants do not have to replicate certain clinical studies required for
brand-name drug approval. This is also why generic medications are typically less expensive than their branded
counterparts.
10
   Countercls. ¶ 14.
11
   2d Am. Compl. ¶ 10 (quoting U.S. FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION, APPROVED DRUG PRODUCTS WITH
THERAPEUTIC EQUIVALENCE EVALUATIONS, (43d ed. 2023), https://www.fda.gov/media/71474/download) (the
“Orange Book”).
12
   Id. ¶ 11.

                                                           3
brand-name product.13 BX-rated drugs must be explicitly prescribed.14 Because of the

automatic substitution allowed for AB products, these medications “gain significantly more

market share than the BX-rated product of the same drug.”15

        1. Lannett’s Generic Product Development.

        Methylphenidate is the active ingredient in certain medications primarily used to treat

ADHD.16 Methylphenidate is sold under several brand names, including Concerta®.17 In 2013,

Kremers Urban Development Company (“KUDCO”) received an AB-rating for its generic

version of Concerta®.18 Kremers Urban Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“KU”) then sold Concerta® in

the United States.19 In 2014, the KU product was reclassified as BX-rated based on updated

bioequivalence criteria from the FDA.20 KU was acquired by Lannett in 2015, and Lannett

continues to distribute the BX-rated product.21

        In 2016, the FDA “proposed to withdraw the approval of Lannett’s BX Product, and

proceedings relating to that proposal remain pending.”22

        2. Andor’s Generic Product Development and Commercial Supply Agreement with
           Catalent.

        Andor began to develop a generic version of Concerta® in 2015, (the “AB Product”), and

submitted an ANDA to the FDA.23 While that ANDA was pending in 2017, Andor and non-

party Catalent Pharma Solutions, LLC, (“Catalent”), a drug manufacturer, entered into a

13
   Countercls. ¶¶ 15-16; Plaintiff's Motion to Dismiss Defendant's Counterclaim (hereinafter “Pl. MTD”) at 6-7 (D.I.
No. 114).
14
   Countercls. ¶ 16.
15
   Id. ¶ 17.
16
   Id. ¶ 20.
17
   Id.
18
   Id. ¶¶ 25-26.
19
   Id. ¶ 27.
20
   Id. ¶¶ 29-30.
21
   Id. ¶¶ 27-28, 36.
22
   Pl. MTD at 7; see also Countercls. ¶¶ 31-35.
23
   Pl. MTD at 7.

                                                         4
Commercial Supply Agreement (“CSA”).24 The CSA included the following relevant

provisions:

        •     [REDACTED PER ORDER]25
        •     [REDACTED PER ORDER]
                 o [REDACTED PER ORDER].26
                 o [REDACTED PER ORDER]27
        •     [REDACTED PER ORDER]28
        •     [REDACTED PER ORDER]29

        Andor later assigned all rights and obligations under the CSA to Lannett as part of Andor

and Lannett’s License Agreement, discussed below.30

     C. THE PARTIES’ NEGOTIATIONS AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT

        In January 2018, Andor and Lannett began negotiating Lannett’s potential acquisition of

Andor’s still-pending AB Product ANDA.31 Lannett was interested in acquiring an AB-rated

Concerta® generic because its own version had been downgraded to a BX-rated drug, and “[t]he

parties anticipated that eventually the customer base for Lannett’s BX-rated product would shift

to the AB-rated product once the latter was approved by the FDA.”32

        On July 30, 2018, the Parties entered into an agreement (the “License Agreement”)

granting Lannett the right to distribute the AB Product in the United States upon ANDA

approval.33 Additionally, the License Agreement obligated Lannett to fulfill all regulatory

24
   Id.; 2d Am. Compl. ¶ 18. See also CSA, Ex. 2 to 2d Am. Compl. (D.I. No. 104).
25
   Pl. MTD at 7; Countercls. ¶ 4; CSA § 4.1(A).
26
   Pl. MTD at 7; Countercls. ¶¶ 46-47; CSA § 7.1 (B), Attach. C.
27
   Countercls. ¶ 50; CSA at Attach. C.
28
   CSA § 4.2. Andor states that its agreement to forego minimum volume requirements “was a term specifically
negotiated by Andor and Catalent, and confirmed in an email from Catalent’s Business Development Account
Executive to Andor: [REDACTED PER ORDER]” (2d. Am. Compl. ¶ 18).
29
   Id. § 18.1.
30
   Pl. MTD at 8.
31
   Id.; Countercls. ¶¶ 54-57.
32
   Countercls. ¶¶ 57-59; Pl. MTD at 7-8.
33
   2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 6, 71; Pl. MTD at 8; License Agreement § 1.01(a) (Ex. 1 to D.I. No. 104). It is unclear at what
point negotiations shifted from Lannett’s possible acquisition of the AB-rated ANDA to Lannett’s ultimately
receiving only the right to distribute the drug.

                                                         5
obligations for the then-pending ANDA and its labeling of the AB Product.34 Lannett was also

obligated to market and sell the AB Product:

        Commercialization; Pricing.
        [REDACTED PER ORDER]35

        The License Agreement is “perpetual in duration and permits termination only in case of

material breach by either party” or other limited circumstances.36 The License Agreement

assigned to Lannett “all of Licensor’s rights in and under that certain Manufacturing Agreement

with Catalent, Inc. dated June 21, 2017 (the “Catalent Manufacturing Agreement”).37 Further,

the License Agreement included the representation that:

        [REDACTED PER ORDER]38

        The License Agreement also includes royalty obligations that “extend[] in perpetuity”:39

        Section 1.01(c) Royalty Payments . . .

        [REDACTED PER ORDER]

        [REDACTED PER ORDER]40

        On July 31, 2018, the FDA informed Andor that the approval date for the AB Product

ANDA would be pushed back from a previously expected tentative date of February 2, 2019 to

an undetermined time.41 As a result, “there was an increased risk that other generic

methylphenidate formulations could be approved and enter the market prior to the” AB Product

receiving approval.42 Based on concerns that a more crowded market would “driv[e] down the

34
   Countercls. ¶¶ 75, 90; License Agreement § 5.05.
35
   License Agreement § 5.02. [REDACTED PER ORDER]
36
   Countercls. § 77; License Agreement § 5.09.
37
   License Agreement § 1.02(d). The License Agreement refers to the CSA as the “Catalent Manufacturing
Agreement” (see, e.g., Countercls. at 38, n.4).
38
   License Agreement § 3.04.
39
   Countercls. ¶ 124.
40
   License Agreement § 101(c). [REDACTED PER ORDER]. (Exs. A-B to License Agreement).
41
   Countercls. ¶¶ 79, 81.
42
   Id. ¶ 82.

                                                       6
price Lannett could receive” for the AB Product and thus “increasing the risk that Lannett would

not be able to satisfy the License Agreement’s royalty payment requirements”, the Parties

executed an amendment to the License Agreement (“Amendment No. 1”) on August 2, 2018.43

        Amendment No 1. states, in pertinent part:

        [REDACTED PER ORDER]44

        The FDA approved the AB Product on April 24, 2019.45

        Lannett states that “at least three” competing generic drugs “enter[ed] the market during

the Delay Period”.46 Andor agrees that other methylphenidate products entered the market at this

time, but the parties disagree as to whether this was sufficient to trigger Amendment No. 1.47

     D. Lannett and Catalent Enter into an Amended CSA.

        During the Delay Period in February 2019, Catalent informed Lannett that it would not

adhere to the pricing schedule contained in Attachment C.48 Catalent then submitted a draft

amendment to Attachment C with “substantially higher pricing for each dosage strength of

product.”49 Lannett quotes Catalent as stating its price increase was “strictly necessary because

of the steep drop in expected demand.”50 Catalent’s reason for the increase conflicts with the

“inflation-capped and raw material [price] increases provided for” in Attachment C.51

43
   Id. ¶¶ 82, 84.
44
   License Agreement, Amend. No. 1 § 2(a) (emphasis supplied).
45
   2d Am. Compl. ¶ 13. Accordingly, the Delay Period ran from February 2, 2019 through April 24, 2019 (see, e.g.,
id. ¶ 37).
46
   Countercls. ¶¶ 91-93. The competing generic methylphenidate products were produced by Alvogen, ANI
Pharmaceuticals, and Patriot Pharmaceuticals. Id.
47
   Pl. MTD at 9-10, n.3. Specifically, Andor contends that no products both received regulatory approval and were
commercially launched during the Delay Period. 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 38, 93.
48
   Id. at 2, 10; Countercls. ¶¶ 96-97, 101-106.
49
   Countercls. ¶ 101.
50
   Id. ¶ 100.
51
   Id. ¶ 66.

                                                        7
        Lannett claims that, “unbeknownst to Lannett, Catalent had always represented to Andor

that it believed it could increase prices and impose minimum order amounts.”52 Lannett alleges

that, according to Catalent, “there were side communications between Andor and Catalent

suggesting that pricing was subject to volume commitments, minimum purchase requirements,

and other potential changes not included in Attachment C.”53

        Lannett quotes from a February 13, 2019 email from Catalent’s Vice President of

Business Development to Andor representatives:

        [REDACTED PER ORDER]

        [REDACTED PER ORDER]54

Lannett’s general counsel was copied on this e-mail.55

        Lannett claims that “Andor had never disclosed to Lannett that it had made such

minimum volume commitments or price adjustment agreements with Catalent.”56 Lannett also

contends that this email was “the first time Lannett heard the pricing in Attachment C was based

on minimum volume commitments or that the pricing was going to be adjusted by Catalent.”57

        Nevertheless, Lannett states that that it “negotiated in good faith with Catalent to hold

pricing firm, but Catalent refused.”58 Ultimately, Lannett:

        [N]egotiated an Amended CSA with Catalent, pursuant to which [Lannett] agreed
        to tiered pricing based on volume in exchange for which Catalent agreed to delete
        the exclusive manufacturer language from the CSA, giving [Lannett] the option to
        manufacture the AB-Product itself after December 2020, along with other

52
   Lannett’s Opposition to Andor’s Motion to Dismiss Lannett’s Counterclaims (hereinafter “Def. Opp’n”) at 7 (D.I.
No. 135).
53
   Countercls. ¶ 53; Andor responds: “Lannett does not allege that ‘side communications’ actually happened, much
less that they constituted enforceable modifications of the CSA, which clearly provided that ‘[n]o term of [the CSA]
may be amended except upon written agreement of both parties.’” (Pl. MTD at 10) (internal citations omitted).
54
   Id. ¶ 97 (emphasis added by Lannett—not in original material quoted).
55
   Id.
56
   Id. ¶¶ 98-99.
57
   Id.
58
   Id. ¶ 103.

                                                         8
        concessions made by Catalent (such as more favorable “failure to supply”
        language).59

        Lannett and Catalent executed the Amended CSA on April 15, 2019.60 Under the revised

terms, Andor notes that “Lannett could still receive the same, or even lower, per unit prices

contained in the original CSA if its orders reached certain volume levels.”61 Lannett contends,

however, that it was “[u]nable to gain market share due to the competitors who entered the

market,” and therefore “could not purchase anywhere close to the volume of product required by

Catalent ([REDACTED PER ORDER]) to obtain the initial pricing Catalent had agreed to—

and upon which Lannett had relied when deciding to sign the License Agreement.”62

     E. Lannett Stops Selling the AB Product.

        In January 2020, Lannett informed Andor that it was unable to manufacture the AB

Product profitably due to increased costs.63 Despite “continued requests” that Catalent lower its

pricing, Catalent refused and Lannett began exploring moving manufacturing to its own plant in

Indiana in 2021.64

        After learning that FDA approval for the move could require “new, lengthy, and costly

bioequivalence studies” costing “hundreds of thousands of dollars and months of time,” Lannett

decided its only option was to “[c]ease manufacturing and selling the [AB] Product altogether.”65

In January 2022, Lannett informed Andor of its decision to “stop selling the [AB] Product to

Lannett customers” and to “stop sending manufacturing orders to Catalent”.66

59
   2d Am. Compl. ¶ 20. See First Amendment to Commercial Supply Agreement (hereinafter “Amended CSA”)
(Ex. 3 to D.I. No. 104).
60
   Pl. MTD at 10.
61
   Id. (internal citations omitted).
62
   Countercls. ¶ 111.
63
   Id. ¶ 110.
64
   Id. ¶¶ 112-13.
65
   Id. ¶¶ 116-18.
66
   Id. ¶ 119.

                                                    9
         Andor notes that Lannett ceased making royalty payments on the AB Product when it

stopped marketing and selling the drug.67 Notwithstanding this, Andor maintains that Lannett

remains obligated under the License Agreement to make royalty payments pursuant to Lannett’s

continuing sales of the BX Product.68

         Lannett states that it agreed to pay BX Product royalties “based on the understanding that

such payments would be for a limited period and only until customers elected to switch from

Lannett’s BX-rated product to Andor’s AB-rated product . . . .”69 However, Lannett also notes

that the “royalty obligation extends in perpetuity.”70 Andor alleges that Lannett ceased making

BX Product royalty payments as of the second quarter of 2023, and “has communicated to Andor

that it intends to withhold all future BX Royalty Payments, in violation of the License

Agreement.”71

     F. LITIGATION HISTORY

         On June 10, 2022, Andor filed their initial Complaint against Lannett.72 On August 1,

2022, Lannett filed a Motion to Dismiss.73 On September 6, 2022, Andor filed an Amended

Complaint, asserting claims for relief for Anticipatory Repudiation (Count I), and Declaratory

Judgment (Count II), based on allegations that Lannett did not intend to fulfill their royalty

payment obligations in violation of the License Agreement, and alleging damages of at least $11

million from unpaid royalty payments.74

67
   2d Am. Compl. ¶53.
68
   Id. ¶ 66; Pl. MTD at 2.
69
   Countercls. ¶ 60. Andor responds that Lannett’s assertion that there was an understanding of a time limitation is
“purely conclusory” and “not memorialized in the License Agreement.” Pl. MTD at 9, n.2.
70
   Id. at 5.
71
   2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 67, 72. Andor calculates this payment as $900,899.00, due as of August 15, 2023. Id. ¶¶ 69-
70.
72
   D.I. No. 1.
73
   D.I. No. 14.
74
   D.I. No. 22.

                                                         10
        Lannett filed its Amended Answer to Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint with Affirmative

Defenses and Counterclaims on September 13, 2023.75 Lannett asserts the following

counterclaims:

        •   Count I: Reformation of the License Agreement.76 Lannett seeks reformation
            based on “Lannett’s unilateral mistake, or the parties’ mutual mistake”
            regarding Catalent’s refusal to honor the price terms in the original CSA.77

        •   Count II: Declaratory relief based on commercial frustration of purpose.78

        •   Count III: Declaratory relief based on substantive unconscionability.79

        •   Count IV: Unjust enrichment.80 Lannett seeks restitution in the form of
            disgorgement of the royalties paid for sales of the BX Product.81

        Also in September 2023, Andor sought82 and was granted83 leave to file its Second

Amended Complaint. The Second Amended Complaint was filed on September 22, 2023.84

        On October 23, 2023, Andor filed the instant Motion to Dismiss Defendant’s

Counterclaims.85

        Lannett filed its Answer, Affirmative Defenses, and Incorporated Counterclaims to

Andor’s Second Amended Complaint on November 1, 2023.86

        On January 11, 2024, the parties sought leave of the Court to allow Lannett to file its

proposed Amended Answer to Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint, With Affirmative Defenses and

75
   D.I. No. 100.
76
   Countercls. ¶¶ 125-37.
77
   Id.
78
   Id. ¶¶ 138-48.
79
   Id. ¶¶ 149-60.
80
   Id. ¶¶ 161-69.
81
   Id.
82
   D.I. No. 101.
83
   D.I. No. 103.
84
   D.I. No. 104. The Second Amended Complaint was filed after a payment due date passed, rendering a previously
stayed issue ripe. See Tr. of Status Conference at 10-13, D.I. No. 109 (Sept. 22, 2023).
85
   D.I. No. 114.
86
   D.I. No. 118. Because the Counterclaims are incorporated from Lannett’s Amended Answer to Pl.’s Amended
Complaint with Affirmative Defenses and Counterclaims, all citations herein are to that document filed on
September 13, 2023 (D.I. No. 100).

                                                      11
Amended Counterclaims.87 In their stipulation and proposed order, the parties also agreed,

subject to the Court’s approval, “that the amendment does not effect the substance or the

schedule of the pending motion to dismiss which is set for hearing on January 17, 2024, and that

the motion to dismiss will be deemed directed to the amended counterclaims and the hearing can

proceed as scheduled.”88

                                   III.     PARTIES’ CONTENTIONS

     A. ANDOR’S MOTION TO DISMISS DEFENDANT’S COUNTERCLAIMS

        Andor argues that Lannett’s counterclaims all “essentially seek” to have the “Court [ ]

rewrite the parties’ License Agreement . . . because Lannett claims that it can no longer

profitably sell the licensed product.”89 Andor claims that Lannett wants the Court to do what

Delaware courts are not supposed to do—rewrite an agreed upon contract that Lannett now sees

as a “bad deal.”90

        Andor maintains that Lannett’s claim for reformation of the License Agreement (Count I)

fails for multiple reasons. First, Andor states that Lannett fails to state a claim for Reformation

because Lannett does not identify with required particularity a prior understanding between “the

Parties that differs materially from the terms of the License Agreement, as required for a

reformation claim.”91 Next, Andor claims that this count is barred by the doctrine of laches

because Lannett did not file its claim until over four years had elapsed when “Lannett had actual

knowledge of the alleged ‘mistake’” at issue.92 Finally, Andor contends that Lannett’s continued

87
   D.I. No. 156.
88
   Id.
89
   Pl. MTD at 1.
90
   Id. (citing Nemec v. Shrader, 991 A.2d 1120, 1126 (Del. 2010)).
91
   Id. at 3.
92
   Id.

                                                        12
performance under “the License Agreement even after learning of the alleged ‘mistake’”

constitutes a ratification which bars the reformation claim.93

        Andor also moves to dismiss Lannett’s claim for declaratory relief due to commercial

frustration of purpose (Count II).94 Andor notes that Lannett’s basis for frustration of purpose is

“Catalent’s price increases”,95 and that this “risk of non-performance by a third-party” falls short

of the type of “‘cataclysmic, wholly unforeseeable’ supervening events” that justify the

application of the commercial frustration doctrine.96 Andor further argues that “Lannett’s

alleged inability to make a profit” was due to changing market conditions and that this was a risk

clearly assumed by Lannett under the contract.97 Finally, Andor claims that Lannett’s

commercial frustration of purpose claim is also barred by the doctrines of laches and

ratification.98

        Andor next argument is that Lannett’s substantive unconscionability declaratory

judgment claim (Count III) should be dismissed because it does not meet Delaware’s pleading

requirements for that claim, especially as pled by a “sophisticated corporation.”99 Andor

contends that Lannett’s argument here is “essentially” a claim of overpayment for the license of

Andor’s product, and that “‘disputes over price alone’ do not render a contract

unconscionable.”100

93
   Id. at 4.
94
   Id.
95
   Id. (quoting Countercl. ¶ 145).
96
   Id. (quoting McReynolds v. Trilantic Cap. Partners IV L.P., 2010 WL 3721865, at *4 (Del. Ch. Sept. 23, 2010)).
97
   Id. at 4-5 (citing Bardy Diagnostics, Inc. v. Hill-Rom, Inc., 2021 WL 2886188, at *40 (Del. Ch. July 9, 2021)).
98
   Id. at 27.
99
   Id. at 5.
100
    Id. at 29 (quoting FdG Logistics LLC v. A&R Logistics Holdings, Inc., 131 A.3d 842, 862) (Del. Ch.), aff'd sub
nom. A & R Logistics Holdings, Inc. v. FdG Logistics LLC, 148 A.3d 1171 (Del. 2016)).

                                                        13
         Finally, Andor moves to dismiss Lannett’s claim for unjust enrichment (Count IV).

Andor states that this claim should be dismissed “for the simple reason that Lannett’s

relationship with Andor is governed by a written contract”.101

      B. DEFENDANT’S OPPOSITION TO PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO DISMISS

         Lannett opposes the Motion. Lannett argues that its reformation claim (Count I) should

stand because it has pled a prior agreement that differed from the License Agreement.102

Specifically, Lannett claims that “Andor knew (or was at least mutually mistaken as to whether)

Catalent might change prices” or impose minimum order amounts despite no mention of these

possibilities in the License Agreement or the CSA.103 Next, Lannett argues that “[w]hether the

doctrine of laches applies is a question that is not appropriate for disposition on a motion to

dismiss.”104 Lannett also states that Andor has failed to show that Andor was prejudiced by an

unreasonable delay, as required for laches to apply.105

         Similarly, Lannett maintains that the matter of ratification here “is not appropriate for

disposition at the motion to dismiss stage” because “ratification of a contract that is properly

subject to reformation—a determination that will be made later, after discovery—does not bar

reformation.”106 Further, Lannett states that Andor’s ratification argument “improperly faults

Lannett for trying to mitigate its damages” as required by contract law.107

101
    Id. at 5-6.
102
    Def. Opp’n at 7-8.
103
    Id. at 7.
104
    Id. at 8.
105
    Id. at 9.
106
    Id. (citing Scion Breckenridge Managing Member, LLC v. ASB Allegiance Real Estate Fund, 68 A.3d 665, 680
(Del. 2013)).
107
    Id. at 9-10 (citing NorKei Ventures, LLC v. Butler-Gordon, Inc., 2008 WL 4152775, at *2 (Del. Super. Aug. 28,
2008) (internal citations omitted)).

                                                        14
         Lannett provides the claim for declaratory relief based on commercial frustration of

purpose (Count II) is adequately pled.108 Lannett posits that the Court should reject Andor’s

arguments based on laches and ratification as inappropriate at the motion to dismiss stage.109

Lannett also rejects Andor’s contention that Lannett’s “failure to gain market share” should have

been foreseeable to Lannett.110 Instead, Lannett argues that its claim here is based on Catalent’s

actions, which were not foreseeable to Lannett.111 Moreover, Lannett argues that the issue of

foreseeability “requires a determination based on evidence” and is therefore not appropriately

decided on a motion to dismiss.112 Finally, Lannett contends that the License Agreement was

rendered valueless to Lannett, while Andor received a “windfall”.113

         Lannett states that its claim for declaratory relief based on substantive unconscionability

(Count III) is more than a “dispute[] over price alone.”114 Lannett argues that the “agreement is

based on an inherent imbalance of information between the parties”.115 Lannett maintains that

there was a “gross disparity in the parties’ rights and obligations” that requires a fact-specific

inquiry under an unconscionability analysis.116 In addition, Lannett contends that its

unconscionability claim should not be dismissed before Lannett has the “opportunity to present

evidence as to [the contract’s] commercial setting, purpose, and effect to aid the court in making

the determination.”117

108
    Id. at 10.
109
    Id.
110
    Id. at 10, n.1.
111
    Id. at 10-11.
112
    Id. at 11.
113
    Id. at 11-12.
114
    Id. at 12.
115
    Id. at 14.
116
    Id. at 12-13.
117
    Id. at 12 (quoting James v. Nat’l Fin., LLC, 132 A.3d 799, 814 (Del. Ch. 2016) (additional internal citations
omitted)).

                                                          15
        Finally, Lannett provides that its claim for unjust enrichment (Count IV) survives

dismissal because Andor incorrectly argues that a contract governs the parties’ relationship.118

Lannett states that because the validity of the License Agreement is at issue, the unjust

enrichment claim may proceed.119 In addition, Lannett notes that Andor was allegedly enriched

by the contract at issue, and that “Delaware courts deny motions to dismiss unjust enrichment

claims where . . . the contract that purportedly governs the parties’ relationship is the precise

vehicle that enriched the [opposing party] in the first place.”120

                                   IV.     STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Upon a motion to dismiss, the Court (i) accepts all well-pleaded factual allegations as

true, (ii) accepts even vague allegations as well-pleaded if they give the opposing party notice of

the claim, (iii) draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party, and (iv) only

dismisses a case where the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover under any reasonably

conceivable set of circumstances.121 However, the court must “ignore conclusory allegations that

lack specific supporting factual allegations.”122

118
    Id. at 14.
119
    Id. 15.
120
    Id. (citing McPadden v. Sidhu, 964 A.2d 1262, 1276 (Del. Ch. 2008); LVI Grp. Invs., LLC v. NCM Grp.
Holdings, LLC, 2018 WL 1559936, at *16-17 (Del Ch. Mar. 28, 2018); Great Hill Equity Partners IV, LP v. SIG
Growth Equity Fund I, LLLP, 2014 WL 6703980 at *27-28 (Del. Ch. Nov. 26, 2014)).
121
    See Central Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Holdings LLC, 227 A.3d 531, 536 (Del. 2011); Doe v.
Cedars Academy, 2010 WL 5825343, at *3 (Del. Super. Oct. 27, 2010).
122
    Ramunno v. Crawley, 705 A.2d 1029, 1034 (Del. 1998).

                                                      16
                                            V.      DISCUSSION

      A. COUNT I: REFORMATION BASED ON MISTAKE123

         The equitable remedy of reformation is “appropriate when the parties mistakenly

believed that the written instrument properly memorialized their agreement when, in fact, it did

not.”124 A court reforms the written “contract to reflect the definitive agreement reached by the

parties. To do so, the court must be presented with clear evidence of the agreement; without this

evidence, there would be no standard by which the writing could be reformed.”125 The Supreme

Court has recognized “the need for caution before a court will step in to modify the unambiguous

terms of a contract” and has therefore required “proof of a specific prior understanding by clear

and convincing evidence.”126

         On a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a party seeking reformation based on

mistake must allege with particularity:

         (i) that the parties reached a definite agreement before executing the final contract;
         (ii) that the final contract failed to incorporate the terms of the agreement; (iii) that
         the parties were similarly mistaken or that [one] knew of [another's] mistake and
         remained silent; and (iv) the precise mistake the parties made. The requirements are
         cumulative, and each one must be pled with particularity. Failure to satisfy one
         requirement is fatal to the claim.”127

Establishing the first element of a “specific prior understanding” is a threshold issue and a claim

for reformation based on mistake fails if a party is unable to do so, “regardless of whether the

123
    Reformation is an equitable remedy that the Court may consider as specially designated Vice Chancellor on the
Court of Chancery pursuant to Del. Const. Art. IV, § 13(2). See, e.g., Travelers Indemnity Co. v. North American
Phillips Corp., 1992 WL 210560, at *2 (Del. Ch. Aug. 26, 1992) (“In Delaware, reformation is available only in the
Court of Chancery.”). (
124
    Interim Healthcare, Inc. v. Sherion Corp., 2003 WL 22902879, at *7 (Del. Ch. Nov. 19, 2003) (citing 27
WILLISTON ON CONTRACTS § 70:19, at 255 (4th ed. 2003) (“The purpose of reforming a contract on the basis of
mutual mistake is to make a defective writing conform to the agreement of the parties upon which there was mutual
assent.”).
125
    Id.
126
    In re TIBCO Software Inc. S’Holders Litig., 2015 WL 6155894, at *20 (Del. Ch. Oct. 20, 2015).
127
    AECOM v. SCCI Nat'l Holdings, Inc., 2023 WL 6294985, at *6 (Del. Ch. Sept. 27, 2023) (internal citations
omitted).

                                                        17
mistake is mutual or unilateral coupled with knowing silence.”128 Alleging a “specific prior

understanding” is necessary to “tell[] the Court of Chancery exactly what terms to insert in the

contract rather than being put in the position of creating a contract for the parties.”129

         1. Lannett fails to state a claim for reformation based on mistake.

         Andor argues that Lannett cannot meet this threshold requirement because “Lannett fails

to allege what ‘prior understanding’ the parties allegedly reached [that] ‘differed materially’

from the terms of the License Agreement.”130 Andor contends that the “prior understanding”

according to Lannett “was that the parties expected that Catalent would adhere to the CSA and

would not try to raise prices or impose minimum volume amounts.”131 Andor provides that this

“prior understanding” is “completely consistent” with the License Agreement, which represented

that the CSA was “valid and enforceable and fully assignable”.132 Andor also claims that the

“entire agreement” clause in the License Agreement—requiring written agreement of both

parties in order to amend the CSA—similarly aligns with Lannett’s understanding.133

         Therefore, Andor states, “as with the License Agreement, there is no ‘mistake’ in the

CSA that needs to be reformed in order to be consistent with Lannett’s ‘prior understanding’ . . .

The CSA expressly prohibited Catalent from unilaterally changing the pricing terms, which is

exactly what Lannett ‘understood’ to be the case when it entered into the License Agreement.”134

128
    Id. at *8 (internal citations omitted).
129
    Id. at *6.
130
    Pl. MTD at 15.
131
    Id. (citing Countercls. ¶¶ 78, 129). (“Moreover, Lannett utterly fails to allege (with particularity or otherwise)
any other ‘definitive agreement’ that would support the extensive reformation Lannett is seeking in the License
Agreement.”).
132
    Id. (citing License Agreement § 3.04).
133
    Plaintiff’s Reply in Support of its Motion to Dismiss (hereinafter “Pl. Reply”) at 2-3 (emphasis supplied) D.I. No.
142).
134
    Id.

                                                          18
         Lannett responds that it has “adequately alleged an understanding based on the CSA that

differed from the agreement Andor had made with Catalent, which was required to be transferred

to Lannett pursuant to the License Agreement.”135 Lannett further argues that, “[u]nbeknownst

to Lannett, Catalent had always represented to Andor that it believed it would increase prices and

impose minimum order amounts.”136 Here, Lannett cites the February 2019 email to Andor from

Catalent’s Vice President of Global Business Development, that stated, in part: “[REDACTED

PER ORDER]”137 According to Lannett, “[t]hus, Andor knew (or was at least mutually

mistaken as to whether) Catalent might change prices, and there is nothing in the License

Agreement or the CSA about Catalent changing prices or imposing minimum order amounts.”138

         Andor notes that “Lannett cites no case law that supports its theory.”139 Andor maintains

that it is “unaware of any case law that stands for the proposition than an agreement between the

parties (here, the License Agreement) can be reformed by the Court based on a plaintiff’s alleged

mistake about the terms of a different agreement that the plaintiff was not involved in negotiating

(here, the CSA).”140

         The Court of Chancery has said:

         Reformation is not an equitable license for the Court to write a new contract at the
         invitation of a party who is unsatisfied with his or her side of the bargain; rather, it
         permits the Court to reform a written contract that was intended to memorialize, but fails
         to comport with, the parties' prior agreement.141

Andor notes that Lannett seeks reformation based not on “any actual mistake contained in the

License Agreement or in the CSA, but rather because, six months after the CSA was assigned to

135
    Def. Opp’n at 7 (citing Councercls. ¶¶ 126-137).
136
    Id. (citing Councercls. ¶¶ 88-89).
137
    Id. (citing Countercls. ¶ 97) (emphasis supplied by Lannett; not in original quoted material).
138
    Id.
139
    Pl. Reply at 2.
140
    Id.
141
    In re TIBCO, 2015 WL 6155894, at *13.

                                                           19
Lannett, Catalent took the position that its pricing was subject to adjustment” contrary to the

‘clear terms’ of the CSA, and that “[n]owhere does Lannett allege that Catalent was correct in

that assertion.”142

        Andor observes that the pricing terms “changed because Lannett, for business reasons,

chose to negotiate new pricing terms in exchange for eliminating exclusory obligations when

confronted with Catalent’s after-the-fact request to adjust the pricing terms.143 Andor claims that

this business decision by Lannett “simply does not justify rewriting the License Agreement so as

to materially negate Lannett’s financial obligations to Andor.”144

        The Court’s decision here aligns with that of the Court of Chancery.145 Lannett has failed

to allege a prior agreement that differs materially from the written License Agreement. The

Court has no basis on which to reform the License Agreement and Lannett has therefore failed to

state a claim for reformation based on mistake. Accordingly, the Court will grant the Motion as

to Count I.

        2. Alternatively, the reformation claim is barred by laches.

        Even if adequately pled, the Court finds that Count I is barred by the doctrine of

laches.146 “Laches is the equitable analog of a statute of limitations in a law court. It is rooted in

the maxim that ‘equity aids the vigilant, not those who slumber on their rights.’”147

142
    Pl. Reply at 3.
143
    Id.
144
    Id. at 3-4. See also id., quoting Nemec, 991 A.2d at 1126 (“As the Delaware Supreme Court has held, courts
must not ‘rewrite the contract to appease a party who later wishes to rewrite a contract he now believes to have a
been a bad deal.’”) (discussing a claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing).
145
    See, e.g., Acme Markets, Inc. v. Oekos Kirkwood, LLC, 2023 WL 4873317, at *7 (Del. Ch. July 31, 2023):
           A claim for reformation is not viable when supported only by averments that a bad deal was memorialized;
           the Plaintiff needed—and failed—to support the claim with factual averments demonstrating that the
           Parties reached a definite agreement different than the one memorialized. Without such, the Plaintiff has
           failed to plead a reasonably conceivable claim for reformation and Count III should be dismissed.
146
    Pl. MTD at 16.
147
    Olga J. Nowak Irrevocable Tr. v. Voya Fin., Inc., 2022 WL 2359628, at *5 (Del. Ch. June 30, 2022), aff'd, 291
A.3d 207 (Del. 2023) (quoting Reid v. Spazio, 970 A.2d 176, 182 (Del. 2008)).

                                                         20
         The elements of laches are: “(1) knowledge [by] the claimant; (2) unreasonable delay in

bringing the claim; and (3) resulting prejudice to the defendant.”148 “What constitutes

unreasonable delay is a question of fact largely dependent upon the particular circumstances.”149

Courts of equity do “not impose a hard and fast rule as to what constitutes laches”, however,

“although not determinative, statutes of limitations serve to limit the outermost time when a

claim may proceed and be timely.”150

         Therefore, “absent tolling, a claim is barred if the analogous statute of limitations has

passed.”151 This is because “a filing after the expiration of the analogous limitations period is

presumptively an unreasonable delay for purposes of laches . . . and prejudice to defendants is

thus presumed.”152 However:

         Because the Court generally is limited to the facts appearing on the face of the
         pleadings in ruling on a motion to dismiss, affirmative defenses, such as laches, are
         not ordinarily well-suited for disposition on such a motion. Thus, unless it is clear
         from the face of the complaint that an affirmative defense exists and that the
         plaintiff can prove no set of facts to avoid it, dismissal of the complaint based upon
         an affirmative defense is inappropriate.”153

         The analogous statute of limitations for a reformation claim is the three-year statute for

breach of contract.154 “The law in Delaware is crystal clear that a claim accrues as soon as the

wrongful act occurs.”155 Because Lannett’s reformation claim is based on mistake, Andor argues

that the claim “accrues when the claimant discovered or becomes aware of his mistake about the

148
    Id.
149
    Whittington v. Dragon Group, L.L.C., 991 A.2d 1, 9 (Del. 2009).
150
    Voya, 2022 WL 2359628, at *5.
151
    Id.
152
    Whittington, 991 A.2d at 9; see also Kim v. Coupang, LLC, 2021 WL 3671136, at *3 (Del. Ch. Aug. 19, 2021)
(“[A] filing after the expiration of the analogous limitations period is presumptively an unreasonable delay for
purposes of laches . . . and prejudice to defendants is thus presumed.”).
153
    Perlman v. Vox Media, Inc., 2015 WL 5724838, at *12 (Del. Ch. Sept. 30, 2015) (internal citations omitted).
154
    Voya, 2022 WL 2359628, at *6 (“It also is uncontroverted that Levey's claim sounds in contract, and that the
analogous statute of limitations is 10 Del. C. § 8106, under which a breach of contract action must be brought within
three years from the date that the cause of action accrued.”).
155
    Albert v. Alex. Brown Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 2005 WL 1594085, at *18 (Del. Ch. June 29, 2005) (internal citations
omitted).

                                                         21
contract.”156 Andor contends that “Lannett had ‘actual knowledge’ of the facts giving rise to its

reformation count in February 2019 when Catalent informed Lannett that it believed it was free

to make adjustments to the pricing in the CSA” 157 or “at the very latest in April 2019” when

Lannett and Catalent entered into the Amended CSA.158

         Lannett responds with two arguments: (i) the existence of laches is “fact-based” and

therefore should not be decided on a motion to dismiss; and (ii) Andor has failed to demonstrate

that it was “prejudiced by an unreasonable delay.”159 Lannett relies on Solak v. Sarowitz for the

proposition that “[w]hether the doctrine of laches applies is a question that is not appropriate for

disposition on a motion to dismiss.”160

         Andor notes that Solak also “recognizes that applicability of a laches defense can be

decided on a motion to dismiss if ‘it is clear from the face of the complaint that an affirmative

defense exists and that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts to avoid it.’”161 Andor further cites

“numerous examples where courts have found it appropriate to dismiss claims at the pleading

stage based on the application of the laches defense.”162 These include Voya, in which a motion

to dismiss was granted where: “(i) the complaint alleged facts demonstrating when the plaintiff

became aware of the alleged ‘mistake,’ and (ii) the plaintiff filed its claim after expiration of the

analogous three-year statute of limitations, without pleading any basis for tolling.”163

156
    Pl. MTD at 17-18 (citing Voya, 2022 WL 2359628, at *6-8).
157
    Pl. Reply at 6, n.7 (quoting In re Coca-Cola Enterprises, Inc., 2007 WL 3122370, at *6 (Del. Ch. Oct. 17, 2007)
(“[N]either equitable tolling nor any other theory can toll the statute of limitations beyond the point at which the
plaintiff had actual knowledge or should have been aware of the facts giving rise to the wrong.”).
158
    Pl. MTD at 18.
159
    Def. Opp’n at 8-9 (quoting Reid, 970 A.3d at 182).
160
    Id. at 8 (quoting Solak v. Sarowitz, 153 A.3d 729, 746 (Del. Ch. 2016)).
161
    Pl. Reply at 5, n.5 (quoting Solak, 153 A.3d at 746). See also Kahn v. Seaboard Corp., 625 A.2d 269, 277 (Del.
Ch. 1993) (“[I]t is equally well settled that where the complaint itself alleges facts that show that the complaint is
filed too late, the matter may be raised by defendants’ motion to dismiss.”)).
162
    Id. at 5-6.
163
    Id. at 6 (citing Voya 2022 WL 2359628, at *6-8).

                                                          22
         Andor argues that, like Voya, “the pleading here leaves no doubt that Lannett became

aware of the alleged mistake by no later than [April] 2019, and that the analogous statute of

limitations expired long before Lannett commenced its reformation counterclaim.”164 Andor

contends that the “exception” to a laches defense surviving a motion to dismiss applies here—it

is clear from the face of the complaint that Lannett cannot claim an accrual date inside of the

three-year statute of limitations.165

         Lannett also cites to Reid v. Spazio and argues that “Andor must show that it was

prejudiced by an unreasonable delay” for laches to apply.166 Lannett claims that Andor has

failed to do so, and that “Delaware courts reject laches arguments on that basis.”167

         Andor again relies on Voya and notes that there is a “presumption of prejudice and

unreasonableness when the analogous statute of limitations is exceeded.”168 Andor argues that

Reid “is inapposite because that case did not involve circumstances where the plaintiff filed its

claims after the expiration of the analogous limitations period.”169 Therefore, Andor states, the

Reid court was not faced with a presumption of prejudice and instead decided the claim based on

“whether ‘unusual conditions or extraordinary circumstances’ existed.’”170

         The Court finds that Lannett’s reformation claim is barred by laches. The Court looks to

the allegations in Lannett’s counterclaim. The Court notes that Lannett alleges it learned of the

“mistake” no later than April 2019, but did not file its counterclaims until September 2023, after

the analogous three-year statute of limitations period for breach of contract had run.

164
    Id.
165
    Id.
166
    Def. Opp’n at 9 (citing Reid, 970 A.2d 176, 182) (emphasis supplied).
167
    Id. (citing Collins v. Burke, 418 A.2d 999, 1003 (Del. 1980) (“[I]n the absence of any showing that appellants
suffered a detrimental change of position as a result of the delay, the [reformation] action will not be barred by
laches.”).
168
    Pl. Reply at 7 (quoting Voya, 2022 WL 2359628, at *9).
169
    Id. (emphasis supplied).
170
    Id. (quoting Reid, 970 A.2d at 183).

                                                         23
Consequently, prejudice to Andor is presumed and the elements of laches are satisfied. Even

drawing all inferences in favor of Lannett, on the face of the pleadings, there are no reasonably

conceivable set of circumstances under which laches would not bar its reformation claim.

Accordingly, the claim should be dismissed.

         3. The reformation claim is also barred by ratification.

         Finally, the Court finds that, even if Lannett had stated a claim for reformation and it was

not barred by laches, it would be barred by ratification.171

         “Ratification is an equitable defense that precludes a party who [has] accept[ed] the

benefits of a transaction from thereafter attacking it. Ratification may be either express or

implied through a party's conduct, but it is always a voluntary and positive act.”172 Conduct

implying ratification “is such as reasonably to warrant the conclusion that [the ratifying party]

has accepted or adopted it, [and] his ratification is implied through his acquiescence.”173 Such

conduct “can be rationally explained only if there were an election to treat a supposedly

unauthorized act as in fact authorized.”174 Ratification will “not preclude reformation unless the

ratifying party actually knew of the error.”175 This is because “a party seeking reformation by

definition admits that had he read the document more carefully, he would have noticed and

corrected the mistake. . . . [R]equiring actual knowledge recognizes that a party otherwise

entitled to equitable reformation based on mistake nearly always could have discovered” that

mistake.176

171
    Pl. MTD at 27.
172
    Genger v. TR Invs., LLC, 26 A.3d 180, 195 (Del. 2011) (internal citations omitted).
173
    Id.
174
    Id.
175
    Scion, 68 A.3d at 680-81.
176
    Id.

                                                         24
        Lannett argues that ratification, like laches, “is not appropriate for disposition at the

motion to dismiss stage.”177 Lannett states that “ratification of a contract that is properly subject

to reformation—a determination that will be made later, after discovery—does not bar

reformation.”178 However, Lannett’s interpretation of its supporting case law fails to address that

“ratification can be raised as a defense to a claim for reformation, provided that the plaintiff had

‘actual knowledge of the error’ prior to engaging in the acts by which it ratified the contract.”179

        Andor argues that “Lannett had actual knowledge of the alleged basis for its reformation

claim by February 2019 [when Lannett learned Catalent would not honor the CSA’s pricing

terms], after which Lannett ratified the License Agreement by continuing to perform.”180

Further, Andor reiterates that ratification, like laches and other affirmative defenses, “can be

resolved on a motion to dismiss if ‘it is clear from the face of the complaint that an affirmative

defense exists and that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts to avoid it.’”181

        Lannett attempts to characterize its continued performance under the License Agreement

despite the “mistake” as an attempt to mitigate its damages, “which is a duty under contract

law.”182 To the Court, however, it is unclear how this precludes a ratification argument.

Because Lannett had “actual knowledge of the error” and continued to perform, the ratification

argument may be decided at the pleading stage.

        Lannett’s actions after learning that Catalent would not honor the original pricing terms

can only “reasonably warrant the conclusion that” Lannett had acquiesced to the “unauthorized

177
    Def. Opp’n at 9 (citing J & G Assoc. v. Ritz Camera Ctrs., Inc., 1989 WL 115216, at *5 (Del. Ch. Oct. 3, 1989)).
178
    Id. (citing Scion, 68 A.3d at 680-81).
179
    Pl. Reply at 8 (citing Scion, 68 A.3d at 681).
180
    Pl. Reply at 8.
181
    Pl. Reply at 8 (quoting Solak, 153 A.3d at 746).
182
    Def. Opp’n at 9 (citing NorKei Ventures, LLC v. Butler-Gordon, Inc., 2008 WL 4152775, at *2 (Del. Super. Aug.
28, 2008)).

                                                        25
act.” 183 Moreover, “rather than try to reform or rescind the agreement” when Lannett learned of

Catalent’s intentions, “Lannett negotiated an Amended CSA with Catalent and moved forward

with selling the AB Product in accordance with the License Agreement.”184 This conduct “can

be rationally explained only if there were an election to treat a supposedly unauthorized act as in

fact authorized.”185

         Given the allegations in Lannett’s counterclaims, the reformation claim is barred by

ratification. For this additional reason, the Court will grant the Motion as to Count I.

      B. COUNT II: FRUSTRATION OF PURPOSE

         Andor seeks dismissal of Lannett’s claim for frustration of purpose (Count II) Andor

contends that Lannett fails to state a claim for frustration of purpose and that, even if Lannett did

state its claim, it is nevertheless barred by laches and ratification.

         1. Lannett fails to state a claim for frustration of purpose.

         A contracting party’s obligations may be discharged by the frustration of purpose

doctrine when “his ‘principal purpose is substantially frustrated without his fault by the

occurrence of any event the non-occurrence of which was a basic assumption on which the

contract was made.’”186 The doctrine is “very difficult to invoke”187 and “is generally limited to

cases where a virtually cataclysmic, wholly unforeseeable event renders the contract valueless to

one party.”188 “It is not enough that the transaction has become less profitable for the affected

183
    Genger v. TR Invs., LLC, 26 A.3d 180, 195 (Del. 2011) (internal citations omitted).
184
    Pl. MTD at 20.
185
    Genger v. TR Invs., LLC, 26 A.3d 180, 195 (Del. 2011) (internal citations omitted).
186
    Bardy Diagnostics, Inc. v. Hill-Rom, Inc., 2021 WL 2886188, at *40 (Del. Ch. July 9, 2021) (quoting Wal-Mart
Stores, Inc. v. AIG Life Ins. Co., 901 A.2d 106, 113 (Del. 2006)).
187
    Promise Easy Ltd. v. Moon, 2023 WL 5152173, at *19 (Del. Ch. Aug. 10, 2023) (internal citations omitted).
188
    McReynolds, 2010 WL 3721865, at *4 (internal citation omitted).

                                                       26
party or even that he will sustain a loss. The frustration must be so severe that it is not fairly to be

regarded as within the risks that he assumed under the contract.”189

         Andor argues that Lannett “fails to allege any basis” for the frustration of purpose

doctrine to apply, and therefore fails to state a claim.190 Specifically, Andor states that Lannett

cannot establish that the “event” at issue—Catalent’s alleged refusal to honor the original pricing

terms—was “wholly unforeseeable” or that it “render[ed] the contract valueless to one party.” 191

Andor provides that, “[a]t most, Lannett alleges that it ‘had no reason to anticipate that Catalent

would refuse to adhere to the terms of the CSA.’ But that does not mean that it was an

unforeseeable event that Lannett could not have contracted against.”192 Andor maintains that

Catalent’s exclusive manufacturing rights under the CSA carried risks of the type that “any

sophisticated party would recognize” are “always . . . associated with relying on a third party to

exclusively manufacture the product—for example, the risk of bankruptcy, the risk of poor

quality, or the risk of breach or non-performance.”193

         Lannett responds that Andor’s “argument runs counter to basic contractual principles on

which Delaware courts rely.”194 Lannett invokes the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing,

which “applies to every contract, rendering breach of contract essentially unforeseeable.”195 The

case Lannett relies on, however, also provides that the implied covenant “is not an exception to

the rule that courts will not alter the terms of a bargain sophisticated parties entered into

189
    Bardy Diagnostics, 2021 WL 2886188, at *40 (quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTS § 265 cmt. a. (AM.
LAW INST. 1981)).
190
    Pl. MTD at 22.
191
    Id. at 9, 25.
192
    Id. at 23-24 (quoting Countercls. ¶ 143).
193
    Id. at 24 (citing Bobcat N. Am., LLC v. Inland Waste Holdings, LLC, 2019 WL 1877400, at *7 (Del. Super. Apr.
26, 2019)) (“[H]olding that ‘sophisticated parties experienced in their industry’ assumed the risk of contract terms
that ‘subject[ed] one party to the discretion, satisfaction, or decision of . . . a third-party.’”).
194
    Def. Opp’n at 10-11.
195
    Id. (citing All. Data Sys. Corp. v. Blackstone Cap. Partners V L.P., 963 A.2d 746 (Del. Ch.) (aff’d, 976 A.2d 170
(Del. 2009)).

                                                         27
willingly because a party now regrets the deal.”196 Therefore, the covenant “only applies where

a contract lacks specific language governing an issue . . . .”197 Moreover, it appears that

Catalent’s refusal to adhere to the original CSA was not unforeseeable. As such, Catalent’s

refusal cannot form a basis for commercial frustration.198

        Lannett argues that a foreseeability analysis “requires a determination based on evidence”

and should therefore survive a motion to dismiss.199 However, the Court does not believe the

cited case law supports this argument.

        In J & G Assoc. v. Ritz Camera Ctrs., Inc., the Court of Chancery analyzed a motion to

dismiss a commercial impracticability claim, among others.200 In contrast to frustration of

purpose:

        Commercial impracticability applies when: (1) an event occurs that the parties
        assumed would not happen; (2) continued performance is not commercially
        practicable; and (3) the party asserting the defense . . . did not expressly or impliedly
        agree to performance in spite of impracticability.201

In J & G, the Court declined to dismiss where it was “unable to construe [the disputed

contractual provision] without the benefit of evidence as to the parties' intentions and

surrounding circumstances” and would have to “await a more developed record.”202

        J & G does not discuss foreseeability on the page Lannett cites or otherwise. As quoted,

the case does address the intent of contracting parties about a “basic assumption,” which is a

196
    All. Data, 963 A.2d at 770.
197
    Id.
198
    Pl. MTD at 24 (citing McReynolds, 2010 WL 3721865, at *6 (“It does not frustrate the purpose of a contract for
events to play out as contracting parties envisioned, even low-probability events that no one thought actually would
come to pass.”).
199
    Def. Opp’n at 11 (citing J & G Assoc. v. Ritz Camera Ctrs., Inc., 1989 WL 115216, at * 4 (Del. Ch. Oct. 3,
1989)).
200
    1989 WL 115216 (Del. Ch. Oct. 3, 1989).
201
    CRS Proppants LLC v. Preferred Resin Holding Co., LLC, 2016 WL 6094167, at *6 (Del. Super. Sept. 27, 2016)
(internal citation omitted).
202
    Id. at 5.

                                                         28
term Lannett uses multiple times in its counterclaim regarding frustration of purpose.203 Indeed,

Lannett’s counterclaim here reads more like a claim for commercial impracticability, invoking

the factors of that defense.204

         The Court inquired as to this point at the hearing. The Court wondered whether Lannett

should reframe its claim as one for commercial impracticability rather than frustration of

purpose, or to plead both in the alternative.205 The Court did this because an impracticability

argument may better fit Lannett’s circumstances:

         The doctrine of commercial frustration and impracticability both concern the effect
         of supervening circumstances upon the rights and duties of the parties; however,
         with commercial frustration, performance remains possible, but the expected value
         of performance to the party seeking to be excused has been destroyed by the
         fortuitous event which supervened to cause an actual, but not literal, failure of
         consideration.206

As the record stands, however, Lannett cannot support its contention that foreseeability is not

properly decided on a motion to dismiss a frustration of purpose claim.

         Addressing the “rendered valueless” requirement, Andor states that “Lannett’s failure to

profitably sell the AB Product was due to Lannett’s ‘inability to gain market share,’ not the

amended contract terms it agreed to with Catalent[.]”207 Andor contends that, even though

203
    See Countercls. ¶¶ 139, 141-145.
204
    See, e.g., id. ¶¶ 142, 147:
          Specifically, Catalent’s nearly 100% increase to the pricing set forth on Attachment C of the CSA prior to
          commercial launch disrupted the basic assumption upon which the License Agreement was executed (to
          generate profits and pay royalties), making Lannett’s performance of the License Agreement commercially
          impracticable. . . . Lannett did not agree to perform under the License Agreement in spite of the
          impracticability . . . .
205
    The doctrines are similar but not identical. See, e.g., Farshad Ghodoosi, Contracting Risks, 2022 U. ILL. L. REV.
805, 819 (2022): “[T]he center of the inquiry rests on parties' expectations (basic assumption) regardless of whether
performance is impossible (impossibility doctrine), excessively costly (impracticability), or fundamentally different
from the original objective (frustration of purpose).”
206
    Frustration of purpose as pertinent to impracticability, 30 WILLISTON ON CONTRACTS § 77:94 (4th ed.).
207
    Pl. MTD at 25. See also id. at 25-16 (noting that Lannett “chose to negotiate and agree to the new price schedule
in the Amended CSA” under which “[t]he original per unit prices were still available to Lannett . . . so long as
Lannett reached certain volume requirements.” And that Lannett failed to reach those volume requirements
“[b]ecause of its inability to gain market share.”) (emphasis supplied).

                                                         29
Lannett’s failure to gain market share “resulted in lower volume orders, which in turn resulted in

paying higher per unit prices to Catalent . . . Lannett still made a net profit on the AB Product

sales, evidenced by the fact that it was able to pay royalties (50% of its net profits) on the sale of

the AB Product to Andor through March 21, 2023.”208 Andor argues that “the License still had

some value to Lannett even after Catalent’s alleged refusal to comply with the CSA” and

therefore “Lannett’s claim of commercial frustration fails.”209

         Lannett responds that the License Agreement was rendered valueless from Lannett’s

perspective, “costing Lannett $6.25 million in royalties to Andor for a so-called ‘inferior’

product that Andor did nothing to develop, manufacture, or market.”210 Lannett’s statement

does not address whether the cause of this loss of value is the “wholly unforeseeable event” that

it cites (Catalent’s price changes), or if it is changed market conditions, as Andor argues.

         The Court finds that Count II fails to provide a “reasonably plausible set of

circumstances” under which it could recover for frustration of purpose. The risk of a third party

failing to abide by contract terms does not appear to “be so severe that it is not fairly to be

regarded as within the risks” a party to a contract assumes.211 The Court will grant the Motion as

to Count II but will allow Lannett thirty days from the date of this decision to amend in an

attempt to state a claim for commercial impracticability.

         2. The frustration of purpose claim is barred by laches and ratification.

         The parties’ arguments here are identical to those regarding laches and ratification. As

with that claim, the Court finds that the claim for frustration of purpose is barred by doctrines of

laches and ratification.

208
    Pl. Reply at 10 (citing Countercls. ¶¶ 73, 106-111, 122, 139).
209
    Id. (internal citation omitted).
210
    Def. Opp’n at 11-12 (internal citations to Countercls. omitted).
211
    Bardy, 2021 WL 2886188, at *40.

                                                           30
      C. COUNT III: SUBSTANTIVE UNCONSCIONABILITY

         Under Delaware law, an unconscionable contract is one that “no man in his senses and

not under delusion would make on the one hand, and as no honest or fair man would accept, on

the other.”212 The doctrine is “sparingly used” and requires a finding that “the party with

superior bargaining power used it to take unfair advantage of its weaker counterpart. For a

contract clause to be unconscionable, its terms must be so one-sided as to be oppressive.”213 “A

mere disparity in the bargaining power of parties to a contract will not support a finding of

unconscionability.”214 Courts recognize “that ‘the parties’ ‘bargaining power will rarely be

equal’” and “are particularly reluctant to apply the doctrine in favor of sophisticated

corporations.”215

         Lannett’s claim for substantive unconscionability is premised on “a gross disparity

exchanged by the parties under the License Agreement.”216 Lannett argues that its royalty

obligations are “so one-sided that the License Agreement is oppressive” and that “[t]he Court

should thus deem the License Agreement substantively unconscionable and thus unenforceable

as of January 2022, when Lannett informed Andor it could no longer perform.”217

         Andor asserts that “Lannett, clearly a ‘sophisticated corporation,’ makes no effort to

allege that it lacked meaningful choice to accept or reject the License Agreement.”218 Andor

notes that “even if it is assumed that Lannett overpaid for the license to sell the AB Product by

212
    FdG Logistics, 131 A.3d at 862 (internal citation omitted).
213
    Progressive Int'l Corp. v. E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., 2002 WL 1558382, at *11 (Del. Ch. July 9, 2002)
(internal citation omitted).
214
    Id. at *2, 11 (internal citation omitted).
215
    Id. at *11 (quoting FARNSWORTH ON CONTRACTS § 4.28 (2d ed. 2000)).
216
    Countercls. ¶ 150.
217
    Id. ¶¶ 157, 160.
218
    Pl. MTD at 29 (citing FdG Logistics, 131 A.3d at 862 (internal citation omitted)) (“It is not alleged, nor would it
be credible to suggest, that the [plaintiff] wielded such overwhelming bargaining power as to present [defendant]
with an absence of meaningful choice.”).

                                                          31
agreeing to make perpetual royalty payments on the separate BX Product, ‘disputes over price

alone’ do not render a contract unconscionable.”219

         Lannett responds by claiming that the conditions to which it agreed—“to pay royalties on

the [BX] Product in perpetuity and regardless of the success or failure of the [AB] Product”—

was “based on an inherent imbalance of information between the parties”.220 Lannett alleges that

“Andor knew Catalent might change its pricing, but kept that information from Lannett” and that

Andor therefore took advantage of Lannett.221 Lannett argues that, in addition to its perpetual

royalty obligations under the License Agreement, the Royalty Guaranty’s requirement of a $16

million payment “no matter what” constituted “an imbalance in the rights and obligations

imposed by the License Agreement.”222 Finally, Lannett asserts that its claim should survive a

motion to dismiss because “Lannett must ‘be afforded a reasonable opportunity to present

evidence as to [the contract’s] commercial setting, purpose, and effect to aid the court in making

the determination.’”223

         The Court finds that, at this stage of the proceedings, Lannett alleges a viable claim for

substantive unconscionability. Although unconscionability is difficult to prove at trial, at the

pleading stage, Lannett’s allegation that Andor knew, and did not disclose, that Catalent might

change its pricing based on minimum volume requirements suggests a “reasonably conceivable

219
    Pl. MTD at 29 (quoting FdG Logistics 131 A.3d at 862).
220
    Def. Opp’n at 14.
221
    Id.
222
    Id. at 13 (internal citations omitted) (emphasis supplied).
223
    Id. at 12, citing James, 132 A.3d at 814 (quoting 6 Del. C. § 2-302 and noting that Delaware courts have applied
this provision beyond the sale of goods). Andor replies that James “simply does not stand for that proposition.” (Pl.
Reply at 12). Rather, Andor states:
           In the James case, while discussing the unconscionability doctrine, the Court merely made reference to a
           section of the UCC, which provides: “[w]hen it is claimed or appears to the court that the contract or any
           clause thereof may be unconscionable the parties shall be afforded a reasonable opportunity to present
           evidence as to its commercial setting, purpose and effect to aid the court in making the determination.”
Id., n.9 (quoting James, 132 A.3d at 814 (quoting 6 Del. C. § 2–302)).

                                                         32
set of circumstances” under which Lannett might recover on this claim.224 On its face, Lannett’s

claim is more than a “dispute over price” and should not be dismissed. As such, the Motion, as

to Count III, is denied.

      D. COUNT IV: UNJUST ENRICHMENT

         Unjust enrichment is defined as “the unjust retention of a benefit to the loss of another, or

the retention of money or property of another against the fundamental principles of justice or

equity and good conscience.”225 The elements of an unjust enrichment claim in Delaware are:

“(1) an enrichment, (2) an impoverishment, (3) a relation between the enrichment and

impoverishment, (4) the absence of justification, and (5) the absence of a remedy provided by

law.”226 Because of the requirement of an absence of a legal remedy, “[u]njust enrichment is a

legal, not equitable, ‘off-the-contract theory of recovery’ that affords relief when there is no

formal agreement.”227 Therefore, claims of unjust enrichment will typically be dismissed if “the

complaint alleges an express, enforceable contract that controls the parties’ relationship”.228

         However, Delaware law recognizes two limited exceptions where an unjust enrichment

claim based on a written agreement may survive a motion to dismiss. One exception applies

when “the validity of the contract is in doubt or uncertain.”229 However, it “is insufficient to

224
    Central Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Holdings LLC, 227 A.3d 531, 536 (Del. 2011); Doe, 2010
WL 5825343, at *3.
225
    In re Verizon Ins. Coverage Appeals, 222 A.2d 566, 577 (Del. 2019) (internal citations omitted).
226
    Nemec, 991 A.2d at 1130.
227
    Aureus Holdings, LLC v. Kubient, Inc., 2021 WL 3465050, at *4 (Del. Super. Aug. 6, 2021) (quoting Crosse v.
BCBSD, Inc., 836 A.2d 492, 496-97 (Del. 2003)).
228
    Bakerman v. Sidney Frank Importing Co., 2006 WL 3927242, at *18 (Del. Ch. Oct. 10, 2006) (internal citations
omitted). See also BAE Sys. Info. & Elec. Sys. Integration, Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 2009 WL 264088, at *7
(Del. Ch. Feb. 3, 2009) (“If a contract comprehensively governs the parties' relationship, then it alone must provide
the measure of the plaintiff's rights and any claim of unjust enrichment will be denied.”).
229
    Id.; accord Great Hill Equity Partners IV, LP v. SIG Growth Equity Fund I, LLLP, 2014 WL 6703980, at * 27
(Del. Ch. Nov. 26, 2014).

                                                         33
state a claim for unjust enrichment, when the existence of a contractual relationship is not

controverted.”230 The second exception occurs:

         [W]hen a plaintiff alleges that it is the [contract], itself, that is the unjust
         enrichment, the existence of the contract does not bar the unjust enrichment claim.
         In other words, the contract itself is not necessarily the measure of [the] plaintiff's
         right where the claim is premised on an allegation that the contract arose from
         wrongdoing (such as breach of fiduciary duty or fraud) or mistake and the
         [defendant] has been unjustly enriched by the benefits flowing from the contract.231
         Andor argues that neither exception applies and Lannett’s claim should be dismissed

because the parties’ relationship is governed by the License Agreement.232 Andor contends that

“Lannett does not challenge the validity or existence of the License Agreement. To the contrary,

Lannett expressly affirms its existence.”233

         Lannett replies that Andor’s statement is “misleading, for Lannett alleges the License

Agreement is unenforceable, not that it never existed.”234

         Both parties emphasize the same paragraph in Lannett’s prayer for relief for substantive

unconscionability in support of their arguments here: “The Court should thus deem the License

Agreement substantively unconscionable and thus unenforceable as of January 2022, when

Lannett informed Andor it could no longer perform.”235

         Andor asserts that this paragraph “expressly acknowledges that the License Agreement

was a valid, enforceable contract from its inception in July 2018 through January 2022.

230
    Albert, 2005 WL 2130607, at * 8 (“It is undisputed that a written contract existed between the unitholders and the
defendants. The Partnership Agreements for the Funds spelled out the relationship between the parties, and the
plaintiffs specifically brought claims based on these contracts.”).
231
    LVI Grp, 2018 WL 1559936, at *16 (internal citations omitted). See also McPadden, 964 A.2d at 1276
(plaintiff’s unjust enrichment claim survived a motion to dismiss when defendants “wholly failed to satisfy their
burden to justify dismissal” where “[d]efendants’ sole argument is that an unjust enrichment claim cannot lie . . .
because the parties’ rights are governed by a contract . . . .”).
232
    Pl. MTD at 32.
233
    Id. (citing Albert, 2005 WL 2130607, at * 8. Lannett replies: “Andor’s assertion that ‘Lannett expressly affirms
[the] existence’ of the License Agreement is misleading, for Lannett alleges the License Agreement is
unenforceable, not that it never existed. See, e.g., Countercls. ¶ 160.” (Def. Opp’n at 15) (emphasis supplied).
234
    Def. Opp’n at 15 (emphasis supplied).
235
    Countercls. ¶ 160.

                                                         34
Nowhere in the Count IV does Lannett seek to rescind the License Agreement or have it declared

void ab initio.”236

        Lannett argues that “[t]he License Agreement itself is what unjustly enriched Andor.

Delaware courts deny motions to dismiss unjust enrichment claims where, as here, the contract

that purportedly governs the parties’ relationship is the precise vehicle that enriched the

defendant in the first place.”237

        Andor responds that “any contention by Lannett that this claim is based on ‘mistake’

should be rejected because, as described above with respect to the reformation claim, Lannett

fails to allege that the License Agreement arose from ‘mistake.’”238 Andor is correct that Lannett

has not adequately argued a claim for reformation based on mistake because Lannett is unable to

allege a materially different prior understanding of the parties, as discussed above. Still, the

allegation is sufficient to preserve a claim for unjust enrichment from dismissal because it is

precisely the type of “wrongdoing” that Delaware courts acknowledge under this second

exception.239

        Andor’s arguments are persuasive. However, the Court finds that Lannett’s reliance on

the second exception preserves its claim for unjust enrichment. The Court denies the Motion as

to Count IV.

                                           VI.      CONCLUSION

        Now, therefore, it is ordered that the Motion is GRANTED as to Counts I and II, and

DENIED as to Counts III and IV.

236
    Pl. Reply at 14-15 (emphasis supplied).
237
    Def. Opp’n at 15 (internal citation omitted) (emphasis supplied) (citing McPadden, 964 A.2d at 1276).
238
    Pl. MTD at 33.
239
    See LVI, 2018 WL 1559936, at *16.

                                                        35
       If it so chooses, Lannett has thirty days from the date of this decision to amend its Motion

as to Count II so as to state a claim for commercial impracticability.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

April 15, 2024
Wilmington, Delaware

                                                      /s/ Eric M. Davis
                                                      Eric M. Davis, Judge

cc:    File&ServeXpress

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