Court Opinion

ID: 7140394
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-24 15:28:31.339175+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:14:46.818901
License: Public Domain

Opinion op the Court by
Judge Settle
Affirming.
This is .am appeal from a judgment of the circuit court entered upon .a verdict awarding appellee, Two hundred dollars ($200.00) damages for injuries sustained to his person, caused, as alleged, by the negligence of appellant.
It was alleged in the petition, as amended, that appellee, while in appellant’s service as a motorman, was ¡required to operate an electric car provided with defective brakes, which were insufficient to properly control the movements of the car and dangerous for use by appellee as a motorman; in that they could not be made to' do their work without application of unusual strength and force on his part in turning them and holding them in place; and that appellee in applying such unusual, yet necessary force, to the brakes for the purpose of quickly stopping the car to prevent it from colliding with a buggy containing two ladies, which had suddenly been driven on the track in front of the car, so wrenched and strained his body and muscles', as to produce external and internal injuries to his person, attended' and followed by great physical and mental suffering.
The answer contained a traverse and plea of contributory negligence; and the latter plea was controverted (by reply.
Although numerous grounds were filed in support of *177the motion for a new trial made by appellant in the circuit court, but three of them are seriously urged for a reversal. First: That the court erred in refusing a peremptory instruction as asked by appellant; Second; in admitting incompetent evidence; Third; in refusing, on appellant’s motion, to grant an order requiring appellee to answer certain questions asked hy appellant’s counsel in an attempt to take his deposition.
In responding to the first contention consideration of the evidence will be necessary. It was, in brief, to the effect that appellee, who had been for some months employed by appellant as a motorman, was put in charge of car 43 used in carrying passengers, the brakes of which, be discovered, were not in good working order. Not (being a car machinist he was unable to tell what was the trouble with the brakes, except that they did not properly control the' movements of the oar and, believing it to be his duty to notify Ms superiors of the condition of the brakes, be stopped the car in front of appellant’s transfer station, notified its agent in charge of the defective condition of the brakes and requested Mm to call appellant’s main office over the telephone and give it notice thereof. This information the transfer agent conveyed over the telephone, in his presence, and within half an hour thereafter appellant sent its agent; Hugh Brown, who had charge of the repair work of the cars while on the line, to. inspect the car and brakes. Brown, after getting on the car, rode with appellee to the end of Ms run, and during t'he rid'e, appeared to make a thorough examination of the brakes. Brown then told appellee that the “shoes” of the brakes were worn out and that he, Brown, did not have any shoe's on hand, but would immediately order them and repair the brakes witMn a few days. He also told: appellee that he would have to continue to operate the car with the brakes in their defective condition, until the shoes could be -procured and the repairs made.
'Shortly after the inspection of the brakes by Brown, appellee, ^in the performance of Ms duties as motorman, Was running the car along West Main- street at a reasonable rate of speed, when he discovered two ladies in a buggy about fifty or sixty feet in front of him, by the side of the track, driving in the same direction the ear was going. He -sounded the car gong, but, notwithstanding tMs warning, the two ladies suddenly turned the horse *178arud drove the buggy directly across the track in front of the car. Appellee at once attempted to stop the ear to avoid a collision with the buggy and injury to its occupants and, in order to do so, applied to the brakes extraordinary effort and exerted all the strength he had at his command, and, in that way, succeeded in barely stopping the car in time to prevent it from striking the buggy. He had used the reverse lever of the oar without effect, and, in the emergency, which confronted him, application of the brakes in the manner indicated, afforded the only means of preventing a collision of the oar with the ¡buggy. The injuries sustained by appellee •resulted from the extraordinary effort and exercise of unusual strength employed by him in stopping the car.
The facts thus far mentioned were furnished by tie testimony of appellee alone; the only other witnesses introduced in his behalf being two physicians, who treated him for the injuries sustained, and whose testimony had reference only to the nature and extent of those injuries.
Several witnesses were introduced in behalf of appellant but none of them testified as to what occurred at the time appellee received his injuries. Their testimony tended to show that the brakes on the oar in question, jnst before and about the time of the accident, were- in (reasonably good condition and that an inspedtion of them a few days after the accident, showed that such was their condition. One or more of appellant’s witnesses testified as to conversations had with appellee shortly after his injuries were received, in which they said he claimed to have received his injuries in suddenly stopping the car at a crossing to let a passenger off; which conversations were denied by appellee.
The car. repairer, Hugh Brown, in giving his testimony admitted it was his duty to inspect and make repairs upon appellant’s oars while in service upon its lines, but denied that he had informed appellee, that the brakes on ear 43 were defective, or that he would, upon obtaining shoes therefor, repair the brakes. He, however, said.he could not remember whether about the time of appellee’s receiving his injuries, he was called upon to inspect, or repair the brakes. On that subject he was asked in chief:
“Q. Did he (appellee) ever say anything to you about car 43 being out of repair as to its brakes .nr as *179to the dog or ratebet on the brakes? A. I don’t know; I have had him to call my attention to brakes and -call on me for brakes. I don’t remember whether it was right in tih-at month or n-ot. I made out a report from time to time for everything that was called for. Q. Did you make -out 'a report -on this car ? A. Whenever I was called on I did. Q. Do you remember whether or not you were called on for this car? A. I don’t know whether X was .then or not. Q.' Mr. Rowland -says you got on his oar -and rode out to the end of Crittenden street and got down underneath the ¡car and looked at it and- -said it needed new shoes. State to the jury whether or not you ever had such- a conversation. A. I never did tell Mr. Rowland anything of that kind. Q. Do you remember of ever being on this ear with Mr. Rowland in the month of July, 1911? A. No, I do not remember it. Q. Is there anything that would refresh your memory that you know of, if you had been on 'this car? A. No, I don’t know of anything. I don’t remember being on the car. I don’t remember being called on the car. I might have been; I would not say that I have not, but if I did the records would show where I was .called out. I .always put down the trouble; sometimes I work on four or five ears. Q. Does your -trouble sheet show you were called out on that oar during the month of July, 1911? A, Yes, ¡sir. Q. I will ask you what these -sheets are which X now hand you? A. They are reports-on the car. Q. Go through these -and see whether or not you were called out on ear 43 -during the month of July, 1911, in regard to the ¡brakes -or ratchet -or dog. A. There is none in it. Q. Were you in the employ of the company during the month -of July, 1911? A. Yes, sir. Q. Was there any -other trouble man or repair man in tbe employ -of tbe company during that time? A. No, sir, none -at -all.”
On cross examination Brown was asked:
“Q. Yon have no recollection about riding out on the -car at -all with Mr. Rowland that day have you? A. I do not know what day you are speaking of. Q. The 23rd of July. A. I do not remember whether I had any call from (him then or not. Q. I will ask you if on that day either about the 23rd -or tbe 27th of thereabouts when you were riding -on the -ear with Mr. Rowland, if you -did net tell him that-car 43 was ¡a‘Jonah?’ A. No,-sir. Q. Did You ever repair- -the brakes -on ¡ear 43? A. Yes. -sir. I have worked on them. Q. When? A. I don’t remember *180just the time I worked an them. Q. It might have been about that time? A. It might have been, I wias called out and took the brakes up. I would not say I did or didn’t.”
It. will thus be seen that Brown’s testimony is in many respects indefinite and, 'even evasive; although denying the statement as to the need of new shoes for the brakes and the promise to repair the brakes, attributed to him by appellee, he was evidently unwilling to say, 'and did not state, that the brakes were not defective at ¡the.time appellee was injured, or that he did not inspect them just before the accident. The testimony of appellee and Brown, as well as that of the other witnesses, was considered by the jury and they had the right to accept that of appellee as the truth of the matters in controversy. If, therefore, the verdict was based- wholly upon the testimony of appellee, as it conduced to' prove that his injuries were caused by the negligence of appellant in providing him with a car the brakes of wbicb were so defective, a-s that they were not reasonably safe for his use in controlling the movements of the car, it is not perceived that any reason exists for our bolding that the trial court erred in refusing the peremptory instruction asked by appellant.
According to appellee’s evidence; appellant knew, through the inspection of its car repairer, Brown, of the defective condition of the brakes and that they were not 'reasonably safe for use in controlling the movements of the car; moreover, that though appelee knew of the defective condition of the brakes on the car, he did not know the character or extent of the defects, or that any danger would attend) his use 'of them. Indeed, if, as appellee’s evidence further conduced to prove, appellant’s inspector and car repairer, Brown, promised appellee to repair the brakes as soon as he could' procure the “shoes ’ ’ and directed him to' continue to operate the car with the defective brakes until repaired, hut did not inform him that there would he any risk or danger to him therefrom, such promise and direction, if appellee relied on the promise, as he seems to have done, was; in effect, an assurance from the car repairer that he could, notwithstanding the defective brakes, continue to operate tbe ear with safety to himself, at least for such time as appellant might require to repair the brakes. Phoenix Jellico Coal Co. v. Robinson, 148 Ky., 26.
*181As it was appellant’s duty to use ordinary -care to provide appellee, while serving it as motorman, with a oar equipped with brakes reasonably safe for use in controlling its movements, the act of Brown, its car repairer, whose inspection of the car enabled him to discover the defects in the brakes, in directing appellee to continue to operate the car with the defective brakes until they, could he repaired, without informing Mm of the risk or danger he would encounter in doing so, was negligence, which, ¡as Brown with respect to Ms dealings with appellee was his superior and the vice principal of the appellant, is ¡to 'be imputed to the latter, the master of both.
So the case we have is one in which the servant by direction of the master was operating a- car with defective brakes, which, with a knowledge of the character and effect of the defects, the master had promised to repair, but the character and effect of which were unknown to the servant, who, in good faith, was relying upon the master’s promise to repair, which promise the latter had not had a reasonable time to fulfill. In operating the car under these circumstances an emergency arose in which the collision of the car with a buggy and its two lady occupants, became so imminent, that the servant, by reason of the defectiveness of the brakes of the oair, was compelled to exert such unusual strength and force in turning and holding them, in order to prevent the collision and save human life, that he badly strained and injured himself. It must be taken for granted that the meaning of the verdict is, that, in the opiMon of the jury, .such a state of case as we have indicated,, was presented by the evidence heard by them. One placed' in such a situation as was the appellee, may put himself in danger to save the lives of others, without being guilty of contributory negligence, if he has reasonable grounds to believe the act necessary, and it be done with such care as may be reasonably expected of a person of ordinary prudence under similar circumstances.
In Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company v. Lang’s Admr., 135 Ky., 76, we said:
“A person may lawfully imperil his life to protect the lives of the persons on a train. In view of the tMrd instruction, the court will tell the jury that if they believe from the evidence that Lang jumped from the try-cycle, and when he was at a point of safety, with knowledge of ;the- approach of the train, undertook to take *182.the tricycle off the track .and thus lost his life, he took the risk and. the defendant is not liable, unless he had reason to believe that the tricycle endangered the train, and he used such care as may be reasonably expected of a person of ordinary prudence situated as he was.”
The doctrine announced in the case, supra, was applied in Becker v. L. & N. R. R. Co., 110 Ky., 474; and in Barber v. Cinti., N. O. & T. P. Ry. Co., 21 S. W., 340, and we are aware of no decision of this court in which the holding has been otherwise.
The record furnishes no evidence- of contributory negligence. There was no showing of a failure -on the part of appellee -to use such care for his safety as would be expected of a person of ordinary prudence situated as he was at the time of receiving his injuries. Nor was there any evidence that the danger to him of continuing to -operate the car, with its defective brakes, was so obvious, that he.ought to have realized it and refused to -operate the car; and when told by appellant’s car repairer to continue its -operation with the defective brakes until he could obtain the necessary material and repair them, there was no intimation from the car repairer that his further operation of the car would be attended with danger to him or proof that he knew of such danger. Indeed, dt is highly probable that there would have been no danger to him but for such an emergency as occurred, and thist danger, -as well as the consequent injuries appellee sustained, was such as -appellant’s car repairer, and not appellee, might have- anticipated and could have prevented by requiring that the car should not have been •used until the.brakes were repaired; therefore, it may we 1] be said that appellee’s- injuries were caused by the car repairer’s negligence. .
As the master owes to the servant the primary duty ito use -ordinary care to- provide him a -reasonably safe pl-ace to' work, and reasonably safe appliances with which to work, if the latter is injured in its performance because of the master is failure to- provide him a reasonably safe place to work or reasonably isafe appliances with which -to- do the work, the master is liable, unless the servant is -charged with the duty of inspection or the danger of performing the work is -so -obvious -as that he must have known it.
It is- likewise the law that if the work of the servant, though dangerous-, is done in an emergency and by the *183direction of the master, or by his express- command in the ¡absence of -an emergency, and. the master gives the servant to understand that he 'does- not consider the risk one that a prudent man would refuse to undertake; in such -event the servant, notwithstanding his -knowledge of -the -danger, has a right to- rely upon his master’s judgment, unless- his own is- so- clearly opposed thereto that, in fact, he does not rely upon his master’s opinion. Sunrise Coal Company v. McDaniel, 150 Ky., 71; Pullman Company v. Geller, 128 Ky., 72; Long’s Admr. v. I. C. R. Co., 24 R., 567; L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Ward, 19 R., 1900.
Tested by any of the foregoing rules this- case was oxie for the ¡consideration of the jury, therefore, the refusal of the peremptory instruction by the trial court was not 'error.
The -objection raised by appellant’s ¡second contention to the testimony of appellee, as. to what was- said to him by-appellant’s car repairer, Brown, cannot be sustained. As Brown was admittedly appellant’s car repairer, and th-e statements he made to ¡appellee as to the defects in the brakes, Ms promise to repair them -and his direction to .appellee to- ¡continue to run the car until the repairs were effected, were, according to the testimony of the l-atter, made when he inspected the car and discovered the defect in the brakes, hi-s statements were parts of the res gestae, and together with the inspection itself, constituted what are known in law as verbal acts; therefore, -the testimony as to- ¡such -statements' and' the inspection was competent.
_ Appellant’s, third and final contention is one of merit. The trial court manifestly erred in refusing the order appellant asked to-, compel appellee to give his deposition and thereby .answer certain questions asked by appellant’s counsel. The right of appellant to take Ms- -deposition w-as conferred by ¡sub-section 8, section 606, ¡Civil Code, which provides:
“A party may be examined as if under cross examination at the instance of the adverse party, either orally or by deposition as any other witness; but the party calling for .such examination shall not be concluded thereby,but may rebut it by counter testimony. ”
It is not meant by tbis section that in order to- take a deposition for use in an -action at law, the witness must be of a class named in -section 554, Civil Code; but it applies to the taking by either party to the action, *184of the deposition of the adverse party. This question was before us in Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Williams, 129 Ky., 518, wherein it is said:
“It is insisted by counsel for appellee that the only purpose of this provision is to enable one party to get the benefit of the testimony of the adverse party at -the trial; that, -therefore, if the adverse party whose -deposition the -other party sought to -take actually appears at the trial and testifies, and subjects himself to cross-examination, the party seeking his deposition cannot complain because he failed to take it. While this view appears plausible, the Code itself does not place -any such restriction upon the right of one taking the deposition of the adverse party. It gives to one party the -absolute right to take the deposition of the adverse party as that of any .other witness. It appears that appellee, Whose deposition it was sought to take, lived more than 20 miles from the county .seat where the trial was to- take -place, and, in addition to this, he was a practicing physician. If, then, he were a witness other than the plaintiff in. the case, appellant would have had the right to take Ms deposition. That being -the case it necessarily follows that under ■sub-section 8 of section 606, the appellant had the right to take his deposition.”
We do not, however, agree with appellant’s counsel that the error of the court in. question authorized a reversal of the judgment appealed from. It is not made to appear that the error was prejudicial. Appellee testified on the trial, and appellant did not ask a continuance of the case -on the ground of surprise -or because of its failure to obtain appellee’s deposition in advance of the trial; nor was it claimed that by reason of such failure it was prevented from preparing or making its defense.
We do not .understand that /the instructions are objected to; at any rate as a whole they fairly gave all the law of the case.
The amount of the verdict is small. It is not altogether apparent from the evidence that appellee’s injuries will cause any permanent disability, but they were sufficient to keep him from work for several months- and cause great pain and -suffering.
Judgment affirmed.