Court Opinion

ID: 9906001
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-30 19:00:46.669954+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:24:03.606789
License: Public Domain

Case: 22-60641        Document: 00516984513             Page: 1      Date Filed: 11/30/2023

             United States Court of Appeals
                  for the Fifth Circuit
                                     ____________                              United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                        Fifth Circuit

                                      No. 22-60641
                                                                                       FILED
                                                                              November 30, 2023
                                    Summary Calendar
                                    ____________                                     Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                                          Clerk
   Kaibin Zhou,

                                                                                Petitioner,

                                            versus

   Merrick Garland, U.S. Attorney General,

                                                                               Respondent.
                     ______________________________

                        Petition for Review of an Order of the
                            Board of Immigration Appeals
                              Agency No. A209 488 217
                     ______________________________

   Before Smith, Higginson, and Engelhardt, Circuit Judges.
   Per Curiam: *
         Kaibin Zhou, a native and citizen of China, had been lawfully admitted
   to the United States on December 18, 2015 on a student visa. Having never
   attended the school for which his visa was granted, Zhou filed an I-589
   application for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the
   Convention Against Torture (CAT) nearly a year later, based on claims that

         _____________________
         *
             This opinion is not designated for publication. See 5th Cir. R. 47.5.
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                                    No. 22-60641

   he had suffered persecution due to his religion. Zhou now petitions for
   review of a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) dismissing
   his appeal and affirming the immigration judge’s (IJ’s) denial of his
   application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under CAT.
          Proceeding pro se, Zhou argues that the BIA erred in affirming the IJ’s
   adverse   credibility   determination,    which    was    based   on   various
   inconsistencies between Zhou’s testimony and the documentary evidence.
   “Credibility determinations are factual findings that are reviewed for
   substantial evidence.” Avelar-Oliva v. Barr, 954 F.3d 757, 763 (5th Cir.
   2020) (citation omitted). An adverse credibility determination is conclusive
   “unless, from the totality of the circumstances, it is plain that no reasonable
   fact-finder could make such an adverse credibility ruling.” Singh v. Sessions,
   880 F.3d 220, 225 (5th Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks and citation
   omitted). The fact-finder “may rely on any inconsistency or omission in
   making an adverse credibility determination as long as the totality of the
   circumstances establishes that an asylum applicant is not credible.” Avelar-
   Oliva, 954 F.3d at 764 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
          In affirming the IJ’s decision, the BIA relied on four inconsistencies
   between Zhou’s testimony and the documentary evidence, many of which
   render Zhou incredible given that they relate to the heart of his alleged fear
   of religious persecution. First, Zhou alleges he was arrested in China on
   September 12, 2015 for attending an underground church. The BIA found
   that Zhou’s testimony regarding the number of churchgoers arrested with
   him was inconsistent with his previous statement to the asylum officer.
   During his 2017 asylum interview, he stated there were five people at the
   house church when he was arrested; during his 2019 testimony, he explained
   there were eight people attending. Zhou’s explanation—that he did not know
   why the asylum interview notes listed five churchgoers instead of eight—is
   unconvincing, given that Zhou was asked twice during the 2017 interview

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                                    No. 22-60641

   about the number of church attendees, and he answered five both times. As
   such, the IJ did not err in rejecting Zhou’s explanation, nor did the BIA err
   in relying on this inconsistency in affirming the IJ’s adverse credibility
   determination. See Morales v. Sessions, 860 F.3d 812, 817 (5th Cir. 2017).
          Second, Zhou’s testimony regarding the number of times he reported
   to the village committee after his arrest in China was also inconsistent with
   the notes from his asylum interview. Zhou testified in 2019 that he reported
   to the village committee, as required after his arrest, on three occasions.
   When the IJ noted that Zhou told the asylum officer that he had only reported
   two times, Zhou claimed that he told the asylum officer that he had reported
   two rather than three times because he was “nervous.” Though nervousness
   may be a plausible explanation for Zhou’s inconsistent statement, the IJ was
   not required to accept it as sufficient. See Morales, 860 F.3d at 817; see also
   Cordero-Chavez v. Garland, 50 F.4th 492, 496 (5th Cir. 2022) (refusing to
   disturb IJ’s adverse credibility determination despite petitioner’s argument
   that inconsistencies relied on by the IJ were the result of “a combination of
   confusion, nervousness, and miscommunication while interviewing with an
   asylum officer”).
          Third, the IJ and the BIA also properly relied on Zhou’s inconsistent
   statements regarding his church attendance in the United States. Zhou
   stated in his asylum interview that he began attending church soon after
   arriving in the United States. At his removal hearing, however, Zhou
   testified that he did not attend church during his first two years in the United
   States. Further, Zhou admitted that he did not begin attending church until
   after his asylum interview in 2017. When asked why he waited two years to
   begin attending church when he fled China on account of religious freedom,
   Zhou sought to explain that he did actually attend prior to 2017, but did not
   count that attendance because he sat alone and did not interact with other
   members.

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          Though the IJ acknowledged Zhou’s explanation, he rejected it as
   insufficient. This was not erroneous, as neither the IJ nor the BIA was
   required to accept the explanation. See Morales, 860 F.3d at 817. Zhou was
   vague regarding his church attendance, and could not recall how many times
   he had attended prior to 2017. “[T]his is not a situation where [the
   petitioner] failed to remember non-material, trivial details that [are] only
   incidentally related to [his] claim of persecution.” Id. (internal quotation
   marks and citation omitted). Zhou claimed that he fled China so that he could
   freely practice his religion. As such, the IJ and the BIA reasonably relied on
   Zhou’s inconsistent statements regarding when he began practicing his
   religion in the United States in finding that he was not credible. See Omagah,
   288 F.3d at 258.
          Fourth, the IJ also found that Zhou’s testimony regarding his student
   visa application was inconsistent with the documentary evidence. Zhou
   testified that his mother became concerned for his safety after he first
   reported to the village committee on September 30, 2015, and arranged for a
   smuggler or “snakehead” to assist Zhou in his departure from China. As the
   IJ noted, however, a representative from Troy University signed Zhou’s I-20
   application on September 10, 2015, which was before Zhou’s alleged arrest
   in China and was also before he first reported to the village committee. The
   IJ did not accept Zhou’s explanation that he was unfamiliar with the contents
   of the I-20 application because he was not involved in its preparation,
   especially where Zhou agreed that the I-20 application would have had to
   have been prepared in advance of the school official signing it. Given Zhou’s
   unpersuasive explanation, it was not unreasonable for the IJ and the BIA to
   question the timing of Zhou’s I-20 application in evaluating his credibility.
   See Omagah, 288 F.3d at 258.
          Faced with these inconsistencies, it was not unreasonable for the IJ
   and the BIA to conclude that Zhou’s corroborating evidence did not

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   sufficiently rehabilitate his testimony or independently satisfy his burden of
   proof for relief. “Regardless of whether an alien’s testimony is otherwise
   credible, the IJ may require the submission of reasonably available evidence
   corroborating a claim for relief from removal.” Avelar-Oliva, 954 F.3d at 764.
          There were a number of other inconsistencies that the IJ found cast
   doubt on the paperwork Zhou submitted as corroborating evidence. For
   instance, the actual receipt for the payment that was made to secure Zhou’s
   release from detention clearly listed Zhou’s name, which contradicted his
   testimony that his name was not on the receipt because his parents paid the
   bond. The IJ found Zhou’s explanation—that he did not look closely at the
   receipt—unpersuasive. Further, Zhou claimed that he did not receive a
   letter from the village committee, despite apparently submitting a letter as
   evidence. When asked about it, Zhou claimed that his mother had mailed all
   of the supporting documents from China, and that he had only seen the
   receipt for the bond payment, but not other documents (such as the letter
   from the village committee). This, too, supports the IJ’s decision to afford
   the document little weight. And as for the letter submitted from Zhou’s
   mother, the IJ noted that her statement was unsworn. Given Zhou’s
   testimony that his mother had hired a smuggler to prepare fraudulent
   immigration documents on Zhou’s behalf, moreover, the IJ found that it
   should be given “little to no weight.” Though Zhou points out that the
   details relayed in this letter are consistent with his claims of religious
   persecution, the IJ’s determination was not unreasonable given the mother’s
   history of deceit relating to Zhou’s pursuit of a visa.
          Finally, the IJ found that the testimony from Zhou’s pastor, George
   McLean, though credible, failed to establish Zhou’s claims. McLean testified
   that Zhou had been attending church services at Hosanna Church in
   Marrero, Louisiana, for two years. McLean admitted, however, that he and
   Zhou did not communicate beyond mere pleasantries because Zhou spoke

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   only limited English. McLean also could not say what Zhou was able to
   comprehend during the church services given his limited English proficiency.
   Based on McLean’s inability to meaningfully communicate with Zhou, the IJ
   reasonably found that Zhou’s religious beliefs could not be definitively
   established by McLean’s testimony. See Omagah, 288 F.3d at 258.
          Zhou has failed to demonstrate that, under the totality of these
   circumstances, no reasonable factfinder could make an adverse credibility
   ruling in his case. See Singh, 880 F.3d at 225. Substantial evidence therefore
   supports the BIA’s affirmance of the IJ’s adverse credibility determination.
   See id. at 224. Without credible evidence, the BIA had no basis to grant
   Zhou’s request for asylum or withholding of removal. See Chun v. INS, 40
   F.3d 76, 79 (5th Cir. 1994). Because the BIA found the issue of credibility
   dispositive, it did not consider Zhou’s remaining arguments related to the
   merits of his asylum application. See Chun, 40 F.3d at 79. Thus, to the extent
   that Zhou raises arguments related to the merits of his claims for asylum and
   withholding of removal, we do not address them. See INS v. Bagamasbad,
   429 U.S. 24, 25 (1976) (“As a general rule courts and agencies are not
   required to make findings on issues the decision of which is unnecessary to
   the results they reach.”).
          The BIA also relied on the IJ’s adverse credibility determination in
   denying Zhou’s CAT claim. The BIA did so, however, without considering
   Zhou’s evidence of country conditions in China. We have cautioned against
   “overreliance on an adverse credibility ruling” in the CAT context. Efe v.
   Ashcroft, 293 F.3d 899, 907 (5th Cir. 2002); see Arulnanthy v. Garland, 17
   F.4th 586, 598 (5th Cir. 2021) (quoting Efe).
          Zhou, however, does not raise Arulnanthy or otherwise argue that the
   BIA erred in relying on the IJ’s adverse credibility finding in denying CAT
   relief without considering his evidence of country conditions. Though pro se
   briefs are afforded liberal construction, even pro se parties must reasonably

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   comply with briefing requirements to preserve an issue on review. See Yohey
   v. Collins, 985 F.2d 222, 225 (5th Cir. 1993); see also Soadjede v. Ashcroft, 324
   F.3d 830, 833 (5th Cir. 2003). As such, Zhou has abandoned any argument
   under Arulnanthy by his failure to brief it.
          Accordingly, the petition for review is DENIED.

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