Court Opinion

ID: 9900350
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-18 22:11:27.334115+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:04.662200
License: Public Domain

No. 501            September 27, 2023                 283

          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE
                  STATE OF OREGON

                       Mary DOE,
   an individual proceeding under a fictitious name, as
  guardian ad litem for Melissa Doe, a minor individual
           proceeding under a fictitious name,
                   Plaintiff-Appellant,
                             v.
          THE FIRST CHRISTIAN CHURCH
              OF THE DALLES, OREGON,
                  Defendant-Respondent.
               Wasco County Circuit Court
                  16CV18445; A173412

  John A. Olson, Judge.
  Argued and submitted August 1, 2022.
   Travis Eiva argued the cause for appellant. Also on the
briefs were Stephen Crew and Peter Janci.
   Jonathan Henderson argued the cause for respondent.
Also on the brief were Nicole M. Rhoades, Christie L.
Moilanen, and Davis Rothwell Earle & Xóchihua P.C.
  Before Ortega, Presiding Judge, and Powers, Judge, and
Hellman, Judge.
  ORTEGA, P. J.
  Affirmed.
284             Doe v. First Christian Church of The Dalles

        ORTEGA, P. J.
        Plaintiff, the guardian ad litem for minor child M,
appeals from a judgment entered for defendant, The First
Christian Church of the Dalles, Oregon (the church, or
defendant), on claims for direct and vicarious liability for
the sex abuse of M by an assistant in the church’s youth
group, Stephens. The jury found that Stephens’s tortious
conduct did not occur within the scope of his agency for the
church and that the negligence of the church did not cause
M’s damages.
         On appeal, plaintiff raises two distinct issues. First,
plaintiff assigns error to the trial court excluding evidence
of three felony convictions of Stephens that plaintiff sought
to use for impeachment purposes under OEC 609. We con-
clude that the trial court erred in excluding that evidence,
but that the error does not warrant reversal in the circum-
stances presented here. Second, plaintiff assigns error to
the trial court giving the uniform jury instruction for “but
for” causation and refusing plaintiff’s request to give the
uniform jury instruction on “substantial factor” causation.
We conclude that the trial court did not err in instructing
the jury, because plaintiff’s arguments are foreclosed by
Haas v. Estate of Carter, 370 Or 742, 525 P3d 451 (2023).
Accordingly, we affirm.
         We set out the evidence relevant to the issues
raised, including the relevant disputed facts. See, e.g., State
v. Simon, 294 Or App 840, 849, 433 P3d 385 (2018), rev den,
365 Or 502 (2019) (“In assessing whether erroneously admit-
ted or excluded evidence affected the verdict, we consider
the nature of the evidence in the context of the trial as a
whole.”); see also Ossanna v. Nike, Inc., 365 Or 196, 199, 445
P3d 281 (2019) (“We review a trial court’s failure to give a
requested jury instruction for errors of law, and evaluate
the evidence in the light most favorable to establishment of
the facts necessary to require the instruction.” (Citations
omitted.)).
         In the fall of 2014, when M was 12 years old, she
began attending the church’s youth group at the suggestion
of a friend. The youth group was run by Caleb Morris, who
Cite as 328 Or App 283 (2023)                             285

had begun working as the church’s youth pastor the previ-
ous June. Adult assistants would also attend youth group
meetings and would assist with smaller break-out group
discussions. That same fall, Morris allowed 18-year-old
Michael Stephens, who had graduated from high school the
previous June, to continue attending the youth group as an
adult assistant.
         At trial, M testified that she first met Stephens in
person at the youth group in the fall of 2014 and that their
communication on social media began after that meeting.
She further testified that she was at times in the same
small group as Stephens and shared personal information
with the group, but that they never interacted one-on-one
or unsupervised during any youth group meetings. She tes-
tified that she confided things to Stephens in their online
interactions.
         Stephens was not present at trial; the transcript of
his deposition testimony was read into the record as a wit-
ness for plaintiff. In that testimony, Stephens offered that in
the youth group he was supposed to be a role model, leader,
and teacher for the children and that it was a position of
responsibility and trust. In that role, Stephens would par-
ticipate in small-group discussions.
         Stephens’s testimony about the role the youth group
played in his relationship with M was somewhat inconsis-
tent. He testified that he did not have any specific recollec-
tion of meeting M before she attended the youth group and
did not have any recollection of interacting with her online
before meeting her at the youth group but that they had met
by November 2014. He also testified that he met and became
friends with M while at youth group and that, if he had not
met M at youth group, he did not think he would have had
sex with her. However, on cross-examination, Stephens tes-
tified that he might have interacted with M online before
meeting her at the youth group, that he did not remember
being in small groups with M or learning personal infor-
mation about her at youth group, that he did not interact
with her one-on-one at youth group, that the church was
not involved in the development of the relationship that they
formed online, and that he might have victimized M even
286            Doe v. First Christian Church of The Dalles

if he had not met her at the church if he had met her some-
where else. Stephens also testified that, at youth group, he
did not lead any lessons, was never in a small group without
an adult leader, and was not authorized to discuss personal
issues with participants one-on-one.
         Other evidence at trial about M’s and Stephens’s
meeting and interaction included M’s pretrial statements
that she had begun interacting with Stephens on social
media in September or October, before first attending youth
group in late November, and had a Facebook friend request
and message from Stephens in September 2014. Morris tes-
tified that Stephens’s role at youth group was primarily as
an assistant to him, that Stephens did not lead discussions
in small groups or teach youth, and that he was always with
another adult in small-group settings. Morris also testified
that M joined the youth group in November or December
2014.
         Sometime in November 2014, a leader in another
youth program told Morris that L, a 14-year-old girl, had
reported that Stephens had driven her home alone from
Morris’s youth group and kissed her without her consent.
L also reported that one night at youth group Stephens sat
next to her and caressed her thigh. Stephens admitted to
kissing L, but maintained the kiss was consensual and
denied any other conduct. Morris shared the information
with the other pastors of the church but did not otherwise
report the incident. Stephens was suspended from attending
youth group from December 2014 to February 2015.
         During the remainder of 2014, M and Stephens con-
tinued to communicate by social media in a friendly way.
In January or February 2015, that communication became
sexual in nature when, as M testified, Stephens would bring
up “more sexual stuff.” After Stephens returned to youth
group, he also saw M there most every Wednesday, but they
did not interact one-on-one. On social media, Stephens and
M exchanged nude photos and Stephens convinced M to
send him photos and videos of her engaging in sex acts. In
June 2015, the two engaged in a sexually explicit video call
and chat, during which M agreed to have sex with Stephens.
Cite as 328 Or App 283 (2023)                              287

He went to her house when her parents were not at home
and sodomized her orally and anally.
         The following month, M’s mother discovered the
sexually explicit chat between Stephens and M. She took M
to the police station, and M told the police about her inter-
actions with Stephens, who ultimately pleaded guilty to
second-degree sodomy of M. He admitted in his testimony
that all of the allegations in the indictment against him
were true, including the counts that were dismissed as part
of his plea bargain.
         Plaintiff, as guardian ad litem for M, brought this
action against the church, alleging claims based on vicari-
ous and direct liability. Plaintiff alleged that the church was
vicariously liable for Stephens’s actions against M that con-
stituted battery, invasion of privacy, false imprisonment, and
intentional infliction of emotional distress. Plaintiff alleged
claims of direct liability against the church for negligent
infliction of emotional distress and five specifications of neg-
ligence related to the church’s failure to properly respond to
and warn others about Stephens after learning of his behav-
ior with young girls and failure to properly supervise and
train him. Ultimately, the case was submitted to the jury on
plaintiff’s vicarious liability claims for battery and invasion
of privacy and on plaintiff’s direct claim for negligence.
          During trial, plaintiff sought to admit as impeach-
ment evidence under OEC 609(1) that Stephens had five fel-
ony convictions for sex crimes against unidentified minors
in five different cases. Those convictions were for second-
degree sodomy (two convictions), first-degree sex abuse,
second-degree sex abuse, and luring a minor. The court
admitted the public records of convictions for second-degree
sodomy and luring a minor but excluded the public records of
the other three convictions as cumulative. Plaintiff referred
to the exhibits relating to those convictions only during clos-
ing arguments; plaintiff did not review the exhibits with the
jury or tell the jury about the nature of the convictions but
asked the jury to read them and take them into consider-
ation in evaluating Stephens’s credibility. Throughout the
trial, the parties and witnesses referred to Stephens’s arrest
and conviction related to M and to his current incarceration.
288                 Doe v. First Christian Church of The Dalles

         As relevant to this appeal, two of the main points of
contention at trial were whether Stephens’s conduct occurred
within the scope of his agency for the church as a youth
group assistant and whether any negligence on the part
of the church caused M’s harm. With regard to causation,
plaintiff requested that the court give the uniform instruc-
tion for “substantial factor” causation and not give the uni-
form instruction for “but for” causation requested by the
church.1 Plaintiff argued, relying on Joshi v. Providence
Health System, 342 Or 152, 149 P3d 1164 (2006), that sub-
stantial factor causation applies whenever there are multi-
ple tortfeasors. After reviewing Joshi, the trial court con-
cluded that the “but for” causation instruction applied and
gave that instruction rather than the “substantial factor”
instruction.
         Using a special verdict form, the jury found that
Stephens was an agent of the church but that none of his
acts that were within the scope of that agency “lead to or
result[ed] in” a battery of M or an invasion of M’s privacy.
The jury further found that the church was negligent in
allowing Stephens to return to youth group after his sus-
pension, but that the church’s negligence did not cause dam-
age to M. The trial court then entered a judgment dismiss-
ing plaintiff’s claims against the church with prejudice.
         On appeal, plaintiff raises two issues, arguing that
the trial court committed reversible error in (1) excluding
   1
     Oregon Uniform Civil Jury Instruction 23.01 provides:
       “CAUSATION—’BUT FOR’
       “The defendant’s conduct is a cause of the plaintiff’s [harm / injury] if
   the [harm / injury] would not have occurred but for that conduct; conversely,
   the defendant’s conduct is not a cause of the plaintiff’s [harm / injury] if that
   [harm / injury] would have occurred without that conduct.”
   Oregon Uniform Civil Jury Instruction 23.02 provides:
       “CAUSATION—’SUBSTANTIAL FACTOR’
       “Many factors [or things] may operate either independently or together
   to cause [harm / injury]. In such a case, each may be a cause of the [harm /
   injury] even though the others by themselves would have been sufficient to
   cause the same [harm / injury].
       “If you find that the defendant’s act or omission was a substantial fac-
   tor in causing the [harm / injury] to the plaintiff, you may find that the
   defendant’s conduct caused the [harm / injury] even though it was not the
   only cause. [A substantial factor is an important factor and not one that is
   insignificant.]”
Cite as 328 Or App 283 (2023)                                             289

the evidence of three of Stephens’s felony convictions, and
(2) giving the “but for” causation instruction instead of plain-
tiff’s requested “substantial factor” causation instruction.
         We first address the trial court’s exclusion of evi-
dence of Stephens’s felony convictions under OEC 609(1),
which we review for legal error. See, e.g., State v. Thomas,
257 Or App 770, 272-73, 308 P3d 270 (2013) (taking that
approach). The church concedes that the trial court erred
in excluding that evidence but argues that the error did not
affect a substantial right of plaintiff and thus does not war-
rant reversal of the judgment. We agree on both points.
          First, we agree that the trial court erred in exclud-
ing the evidence. Subject to limitations not applicable here,
under OEC 609(1), “[f]or the purposes of attacking the cred-
ibility of a witness,” a trial court is required to admit evi-
dence that a witness has been convicted of a felony if estab-
lished by public record.2 A trial court lacks discretion to
exclude evidence that meets the requirements of that rule,
except in cases where it would be a violation of due process
not to conduct balancing. State v. Aranda, 319 Or App 178,
190, 509 P3d 152, rev allowed, 370 Or 214 (2022) (when
requested by the defense, due process requires the court to
balance the probative value and prejudicial effect of admit-
ting a prior conviction of a criminal defendant); Thomas,
257 Or App at 273 (a court has some discretion to limit the
extent of an inquiry into the facts underlying a conviction
but cannot wholly exclude evidence of a conviction admis-
sible under OEC 609(1)); see also Boger v. Norris & Stevens,
Inc., 109 Or App 90, 96, 818 P2d 947 (1991), rev den, 312
Or 588 (1992) (OEC 609(1) operates the same in civil cases
as criminal cases). Here, the court erred in excluding evi-
dence of three of Stephens’s convictions on the ground that
the evidence was cumulative, because there was not other
evidence in the record establishing those same convictions.
   2
     OEC 609(1) provides:
       “For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, evidence that
   the witness has been convicted of a crime shall be admitted if elicited from
   the witness or established by public record, but only if the crime:
       “(a) Was punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year
   under the law under which the witness was convicted; or
       “(b) Involved false statement or dishonesty.”
290             Doe v. First Christian Church of The Dalles

Cf. State v. Pratt, 316 Or 561, 573, 853 P2d 827 (1991), cert
den, 510 US 969 (1993) (the court did not err in excluding
documentary evidence of witness’s prior convictions when
the evidence was cumulative of the witness’s own testimony
about his criminal record).
         Second, we agree with the church that the trial
court’s error does not warrant reversal of the judgment.
Despite the court’s error here, we cannot reverse the judg-
ment unless the party seeking reversal can show that the
evidentiary error substantially affected the party’s rights.
Purdy v. Deere and Co., 355 Or 204, 232, 324 P3d 455 (2014);
see also ORS 19.415(2) (“No judgment shall be reversed or
modified except for error substantially affecting the rights
of a party.”); OEC 103(1) (“Evidential error is not presumed
to be prejudicial. Error may not be predicated upon a ruling
which admits or excludes evidence unless a substantial right
of the party is affected[.]”). In making that determination,
we consider whether excluding the evidence had little like-
lihood of affecting the jury’s verdict. And, more specifically,
in terms of the exclusion of impeachment evidence, “a trial
court’s error is harmless if either: ‘(1) despite the exclusion,
the [factfinder] nonetheless had an adequate opportunity to
assess [the witness’s] credibility; or (2) [the witness’s] credi-
bility was not important to the outcome of the trial.’ ” State
v. Jones, 274 Or App 723, 728, 362 P3d 899 (2015) (quoting
State v. Titus, 328 Or 475, 482, 982 P2d 1133 (1999) (brack-
ets in Jones)).
         Here, the exclusion of Stephens’s three other felony
convictions for sex crimes against minors had little likeli-
hood of affecting the verdict. Plaintiff presented Stephens
as a witness by reading his deposition testimony, which
constrained the jury’s ability to assess his credibility.
Nonetheless, the jury did so in light of the evidence of his
conviction for second-degree sodomy against M, his admis-
sion that he committed the acts against M in the dismissed
counts of the indictment, and his additional convictions
against two unidentified minors for second-degree sodomy
and luring a minor. Plaintiff could have stressed the addi-
tional convictions against other minors but chose instead to
mention the existence of the convictions only in closing—and
Cite as 328 Or App 283 (2023)                                291

not to give the details of the convictions but to leave it for the
jury to read the documentary evidence during deliberations.
We are not persuaded by plaintiff’s argument that evidence
of the three additional felony convictions would have had
an effect on the jury’s assessment of Stephens’s credibility,
particularly given the manner in which plaintiff chose to
present that information. The three additional convictions
also were not a qualitatively different type of impeachment
evidence than evidence of the other felony convictions that
was admitted. We are not persuaded by plaintiff’s argument
that the fact of three additional convictions would have
caused the jury to assess Stephens’s credibility differently
under these circumstances.
         In addition, the case did not come down to simply a
swearing contest between M and Stephens about how they
met, the development of their relationship, or his role in
the youth group. Both M and Stephens testified that their
relationship was primarily on social media, as they did not
interact one-on-one at youth group. Both made conflicting
statements about whether they met at youth group before
interacting online or whether the online interactions hap-
pened first. Other evidence at trial supported the defense
theory that they met online first, and Morris’s testimony
supported Stephens’s testimony about his role at youth
group as an inexperienced assistant. Ultimately, plaintiff
has failed to show that the trial court’s error in excluding
evidence of the three additional felony convictions affected a
substantial right of the parties.
         We turn to plaintiff’s challenge to the causation jury
instruction. The Supreme Court recently issued an opinion
that discusses when it is appropriate to use the “substantial
factor” jury instruction, so we begin our discussion there.
         In Haas, the plaintiffs brought a negligence action
against the defendant, who was driving the car that struck
the plaintiffs’ stopped car. 370 Or at 744. At trial, a primary
issue was whether the defendant’s driving was a cause-in-
fact of the plaintiffs’ injuries. Both of the plaintiffs expe-
rienced neck pain after the accident, and one of the plain-
tiffs also experienced lumbar pain. However, both might
have needed treatment without the accident because of
292              Doe v. First Christian Church of The Dalles

preexisting conditions. Id. at 744-45. They asked the court
to give both the “but for” and “substantial factor” causation
jury instructions, but the court delivered only the “but for”
instruction, and the jury returned a verdict for the defen-
dant. Id. at 745-46. The plaintiffs appealed, arguing that
they were entitled to have the court deliver the “substantial
factor” instruction, because the jury was confronted with
multiple possible causes of the plaintiffs’ neck and back
problems.
          In the opinion, the court started with the basic prin-
ciple that, for a negligence claim, “ ‘causation in fact’ is estab-
lished when ‘someone examining the event without regard to
legal consequences would conclude that the allegedly faulty
conduct or condition in fact played a role in its occurrence.’ ”
Id. at 748 (quoting Sandford v. Chev. Div. Gen. Motors, 292 Or
590, 606, 642 P2d 624 (1982)). The court further explained
that, “[t]o determine whether a defendant’s negligence is one
of many potential causes of a plaintiff’s harm, courts com-
monly use what is referred to as a ‘but-for’ test,” that is, “[i]f
the plaintiff’s injury would not have occurred but for the
defendant’s negligence, then the defendant’s negligence is a
cause of the injury.” Id. at 749 (emphasis in original). The
“but for” instruction does not tell a jury that a defendant’s
conduct “must be the only or even the predominate cause of
the plaintiff’s injury.” Id. (emphases in original).
           The court explained, however, that there is at least
one situation where the “but for” instruction does not work:
“ ‘[i]f two causes concur to bring about an event, and either
one of them, operating alone, would have been sufficient to
cause the identical result[.]’ ” Id. (quoting W. Page Keeton
et al., Prosser and Keeton on The Law of Torts § 41, 266 (5th
ed 1984) (emphases and brackets in Haas)). In that situation,
the plaintiff cannot prove causation against either tortfea-
sor, because either one could claim that the harm would have
occurred even without that tortfeasor’s act; thus, the “but for”
instruction would effectively shield both tortfeasors from lia-
bility. The court explained that “[t]he substantial factor test
was developed primarily for that circumstance.” Id. at 750.
      The court then addressed the plaintiffs’ particular
arguments. The plaintiffs argued “that a substantial factor
Cite as 328 Or App 283 (2023)                                                   293

instruction is required in all multiple causation negligence
cases and that a but-for instruction does not suffice,” because
“a but-for instruction necessarily indicates that a defendant
cannot be held liable unless the defendant’s conduct was the
sole or predominate cause of the plaintiffs’ injuries.” Id. at
757. The court rejected those arguments, reiterating that
the “but for” instruction describes the necessary cause-in-
fact relationship for most negligence cases with multiple
causal factors and does not “implicitly tell a jury that it
must find that the defendant’s conduct was the sole or pre-
dominate cause of the alleged harm.” Id. 757-58. Turning
to the facts of the case before it, the court determined that
it was not one of the exceptional cases in which a “but for”
instruction “fails,” such that a “substantial factor” test was
required. The court noted that, in many cases, a defendant
will point to another source as the cause of the plaintiff’s
injuries but doing so “does not render a but-for instruction
erroneous[;] * * * it is appropriate to instruct the jury that
defendant’s conduct is a cause of injury if the injury would
not have occurred but for the conduct.” Id. at 759.
         The court also rejected the concern raised by amicus
curiae, Oregon Trial Lawyers Association, that the “but for”
instruction requires “a plaintiff to prove not only that the
defendant’s conduct contributed to the injury that the plain-
tiff sustained, but also that, ‘in a universe of possibility the
[preexisting condition] would not have otherwise caused the
plaintiff to suffer the same or similar injury in another event.”
Id. at 760 (brackets in original). The court explained that the
argument “wrongly focuses on an issue that plaintiff is not
required to prove—that the same or similar result would not
have occurred in another event.” Id. (emphasis in original).
The question that is presented to the jury is “whether the
injury that in fact occurred would have occurred when and
as it did without the defendant’s tortious conduct.” Id.
         With that background in place, we turn to plain-
tiff’s specific arguments in this appeal.3 Plaintiff argues
    3
      In her reply brief, plaintiff also argues for the first time that a “substantial
factor” instruction was required for her vicarious liability claims, in addition to
her negligence claims against the church. As we understand it, that argument
asserts that, because Stephens’s acts as an agent of the church combined with his
acts as a nonagent to cause the harm to M, an instruction on substantial factor
294                  Doe v. First Christian Church of The Dalles

that the trial court was required to give the “substan-
tial factor” instruction because of the concurrent tortious
actions—the church was negligent in its supervision of
Stephens and in allowing him to have access to children,
and Stephens, concurrently, was culpable for his abuse of M.
Plaintiff argues that a jury could have found that each tort-
feasor’s conduct was independent and concurrent and com-
bined to produce plaintiff’s injuries. Plaintiff further argues
that the “but for” instruction was not appropriate, because
it required plaintiff to show that Stephens would not have
sexually abused M but for the church’s negligence. Plaintiff
argues that that placed a burden on her “to prove an alter-
nate reality that Stephens could not have otherwise harmed
[M] but for the church’s negligence.” (Emphasis in original.)
          We conclude that Haas controls and reject plain-
tiff’s arguments, which are substantially similar to those
raised in Haas. First, as explained above, Haas expressly
rejected the premise of plaintiff’s first argument—that the
court must give the “substantial factor” instruction when
there are two tortfeasors acting concurrently. Rather, Haas
explained that the “substantial factor” instruction is only
required in those exceptional circumstances where the “but
for” instruction fails. 370 Or at 758. Plaintiff has not argued
that such an exceptional circumstance is presented in this
case, nor do we discern one. A jury applying the “but for”
causation instruction could have found that the church’s
negligence caused M’s harm, because the church’s negli-
gence gave Stephens the opportunity to interact and develop
a relationship with M. The fact that the jury did not so find
on the facts of this case does not mean that the instruction
“fails,” as explained in Haas.
          We also reject plaintiff’s second argument, which is
premised on plaintiff’s assertion that the “but for” instruc-
tion improperly required her to show that Stephens could
not have harmed M but for the church’s negligence. That
causation was required. However, plaintiff did not raise that issue below or in
her opening brief, and it is questionable whether a “substantial factor” causation
instruction could apply as suggested by plaintiff. Moreover, plaintiff did not
assign as error on appeal the jury instructions the trial court gave specific to the
vicarious liability claims, which directly covered the scope of employment and
causation elements in those claims. For those reasons, we do not address that
argument.
Cite as 328 Or App 283 (2023)                             295

argument was also explicitly rejected in Haas. The court
explained that the uniform “but for” instruction does not
require a plaintiff to prove that an injury would not have
occurred given different circumstances; rather, the jury is
asked “whether the injury that in fact occurred would have
occurred when and as it did without the defendant’s tortious
conduct.” 370 Or at 760. The court stated that the problem
of having to address hypothetical alternatives to address
that question—which “is a problem inherent in determining
causation”—does not mean a trial court errs in giving the
“but for” instruction and is not a reason to require a “sub-
stantial factor” instruction. Id. at 762. Plaintiff’s arguments
do not provide a basis for us to conclude that the trial court
erred in giving the “but for” instruction, particularly when
the “substantial factor” instruction was not required.
         The only instructional issues before us on this
appeal are whether the trial court erred in giving the uni-
form jury instruction for “but for” causation and in refusing
to give the uniform jury instruction for “substantial factor”
causation. Plaintiff’s arguments on those issues are fore-
closed by Haas, thus, we conclude that the trial court did
not err.
        Affirmed.