Court Opinion

ID: 4682404
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-29 17:02:47.286468+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:04:08.243798
License: Public Domain

Filed 4/29/21 P. v. Bowler CA6
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                  IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                      SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 THE PEOPLE,                                                         H047543
                                                                    (Santa Cruz County
             Plaintiff and Respondent,                               Super. Ct. No. 17CR05636)

             v.

 JEFFREY BOWLER,

             Defendant and Appellant.

         Defendant Jeffrey Bowler pleaded no contest to evading a peace officer with
willful disregard for safety (Veh. Code, § 2800.2), child abuse (Pen. Code, § 273a,
subd. (a)),1 misdemeanor reckless driving (Veh. Code, § 23103, subd. (a)), and an
infraction for driving at a speed greater than 100 miles per hour (Veh. Code, § 22348,
subd. (b)). Defendant also admitted that he had a prior strike conviction. (§ 667,
subds. (b)-(i).) At the sentencing hearing, the trial court denied defendant’s Romero2
motion and sentenced him to a total term of four years in prison. On appeal, defendant
argues that the trial court abused its discretion by denying his Romero motion and that the
trial court erroneously imposed fines and fees without first determining his ability to pay
them under People v. Dueñas (2019) 30 Cal.App.5th 1157 (Dueñas). For reasons that we
explain, we find no merit in defendant’s arguments and affirm the judgment.

         1   Further unspecified statutory references are to the Penal Code.
         2   People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497 (Romero).
                                     I. BACKGROUND
    1. The Offenses3
        California Highway Patrol Officer Fred Smith was on duty on September 2, 2017
and was using his radar gun to monitor the speed of passing motorists on Highway 1. At
around 8:30 p.m. that evening, Officer Smith saw a silver Toyota RAV4 that he estimated
was traveling at over 100 miles per hour. As the RAV4 approached, Officer Smith used
his radar gun, which showed that the car was driving at 110 miles per hour.
        Officer Smith started his car and tried to get behind the RAV4. Officer Smith
estimated that the RAV4 continued at a speed of over 100 miles per hour until it took an
exit toward San Andreas Road/Larkin Valley. Before the RAV4 exited the highway, it
passed vehicles in both lanes and went from the left lane all the way over to the exit lane.
Officer Smith was familiar with the exit, which had a “tight hairpin type turn.” Officer
Smith believed that there was a “good probability” that there would be a collision
because of the tightness of the turn and the RAV4’s speed. Officer Smith exited the
highway and saw the RAV4 go sideways into the dirt shoulder.
        The RAV4 continued onto San Andreas Road, a single lane road that was divided
by double yellow lines. The RAV4 passed cars by driving over the double yellow lines,
and at least one car had to “dive to the shoulder” to avoid a head-on collision. Officer
Smith activated his red and blue flashing lights to try to get cars out of the way so he
could get behind the RAV4. Officer Smith estimated that the RAV4 reached speeds of at
least 80 miles per hour while driving on the residential street until it was slowed by
traffic. The RAV 4 started to tailgate another car, and, at some point, the RAV4 turned
its lights off.

        3We derive our recitation of the facts from the preliminary hearing transcript. The
parties stipulated that the preliminary hearing transcript would serve as the factual basis
for defendant’s plea.

                                              2
       The RAV4 then abruptly turned into a private gated community. Officer Smith
estimated that the RAV4 reached a speed of up to 60 miles per hour until it was stopped
at a stop sign and blocked in by another car. Officer Smith made contact with the driver
of the car, who he identified as defendant. Defendant had his then four-month-old baby
in a car seat in the back of the car. Defendant cooperated with Officer Smith after he was
stopped, and he said that he was on parole and did not want to get a ticket. According to
Officer Smith, the maximum speed limit on Highway 1 is 65 miles per hour, the speed
limit on San Andreas Road is 45 miles per hour, and the speed limit in a residential area
like the gated community where defendant was stopped is 25 miles per hour.
   2. The Information
       On April 11, 2018, defendant was charged by information with evading a peace
officer with willful disregard for safety (Veh. Code, § 2800.2; count 1), child abuse
(§ 273a, subd. (a); count 2), misdemeanor reckless driving (Veh. Code, § 23103,
subd. (a); count 3), and an infraction for speeding greater than 100 miles per hour (Veh.
Code, § 22348, subd. (b); count 4). The information also alleged that defendant had two
prior prison term commitments (§ 667.5, subd. (b)) and one prior strike conviction
(§ 667, subds. (b)-(i)).
   3. The Plea and Change of Plea
       On April 12, 2018, defendant pleaded not guilty to all the counts and denied all the
allegations.
       On March 13, 2019, defendant changed his plea and entered an open plea of no
contest to all four counts and admitted the allegations that he had a prior strike conviction
and two prior prison term commitments.
   4. The Romero Motion and Related Materials
       On March 12, 2018, defendant filed a motion requesting that the trial court
exercise its discretion under section 1385 and Romero, supra, 13 Cal.4th 497 to strike his

                                              3
prior strike conviction.4 Defendant argued that his prior strike stemmed from a single
criminal case in which he was convicted of multiple counts of robbery, and the offenses
were nearly 10 years old. Defendant also argued that the current child abuse offense did
not involve violence, he took reasonable steps to ensure his child’s safety, and he took
responsibility for his behavior after he was arrested.
       The prosecutor opposed defendant’s Romero motion, arguing that the prior strike
was not remote in time and that defendant did not remain crime-free while on parole and
had been previously arrested for domestic violence. The prosecutor characterized
defendant’s prior strike as a “crime of violence” and noted that defendant was “directly
responsible for the firearm use in all the robberies, and acted with another who physically
attacked other individuals.” The prosecutor also argued that the current offense placed a
“helpless, fragile, newborn” in “a situation that could have caused great bodily injury or
death,” and his reckless driving put other drivers at great risk.
       Defendant’s parole officer testified at the March 15, 2018 preliminary hearing.
According to the parole officer, defendant had been on parole since June 2015. The
parole officer was aware of two instances during the course of defendant’s parole where
his parole conditions were modified. One modification was made after defendant was
arrested on a domestic violence charge. After his arrest, defendant was ordered to attend
domestic violence counseling and was also ordered not to have contact with the victim
without prior approval. Later, defendant’s parole officer received a phone call from
defendant’s girlfriend, who complained that she had asked defendant to leave her alone

       4 The Romero motion was filed before the preliminary hearing and before the
information was filed. In the same motion, defendant also argued that the evidence was
insufficient to support a holding order on the child abuse offense (§ 273a, subd. (a)) and
that the trial court should reduce the child abuse offense to a misdemeanor under
section 17, subdivision (b). At the preliminary hearing, the trial court issued a holding
order on the child abuse offense, declined to reduce the child abuse offense to a
misdemeanor, and reserved its ruling on the Romero motion.

                                              4
but he had refused to do so. Subsequently, defendant’s parole officer told defendant that
he “need[ed] to leave” and “need[ed] to get out.” Defendant was otherwise compliant
with his parole conditions.
       On May 6, 2019, the Santa Cruz County Probation Department prepared a
probation report. According to the report, defendant was convicted of misdemeanor
drunk in public (§ 647, subd. (f)) in January 2007, misdemeanor petty theft (§ 488) in
March 2008, and misdemeanor indecent exposure (§ 314, subd. 1) in October 2008.5
       The probation report also summarized the robbery offenses that resulted in
defendant’s prior strike conviction. The first series of robberies took place on July 16,
2007, when defendant, a codefendant, and a third unidentified suspect approached two
victims. The codefendant asked one victim to empty his pockets and grabbed the
victim’s cell phone. Defendant demanded the second victim’s personal belongings, and
when the second victim refused, defendant punched him in the face. Defendant and his
codefendant then continued to kick and punch the second victim until he was
unconscious. Later that same evening, defendant and his codefendant approached a third
victim and demanded his skateboard, cell phone, and wallet. The third victim was
assaulted, and he woke up at his father’s house and could not recall what had happened.
       The second series of robberies took place around July 18, 2007, when defendant
and his codefendant were involved in several robberies near the Santa Cruz Beach
Boardwalk, Santa Cruz Wharf, and downtown Santa Cruz. Some of the robberies
involved defendant being armed with an airsoft gun. At the time, defendant admitted to
police that he had participated in the robberies, and he explained that he had been
homeless and had been drinking when he committed the offenses. The information that

       The probation report states that defendant was convicted of violating “PC 314.1.”
       5

No such section exists. However, section 314, subdivision 1 criminalizes indecent
exposure.
                                             5
was filed by the district attorney’s office named 15 victims. Two victims reported that
defendant and his codefendant approached them when they were sitting on a bench, and
defendant lifted his shirt to reveal a black handgun. The codefendant punched one of the
victims in the face and dragged him off the bench. When the other victim attempted to
intervene, defendant punched him twice in the face.
       The probation report also disclosed that on August 17, 2017, defendant was
arrested for a violation of section 273.5 after he had an argument with his girlfriend and
grabbed her arm, causing bruising.
       According to the probation report, defendant was discharged from parole on
March 26, 2018. On October 27, 2018, defendant was arrested and booked into county
jail for public intoxication. Defendant was later released. In a statement, defendant said
that he got drunk at a party and attempted to leave but was stopped by other guests. In
his booking photo, defendant’s left eye was swollen and bruised, and he had cuts on his
nose and mouth.
       In an interview with the probation officer, defendant explained that he committed
the robbery offenses because he was homeless and needed to make money to get his
belongings back from an impounded car. Defendant placed some of the blame on his
codefendant and minimized some of his own conduct, but he also took responsibility for
the offenses. Defendant, who was 31 years old, stated that he had been in prison from the
time he was 19 years old until he was 27 years old. After defendant was released from
prison, he was traumatized and was unable to walk down the street without feeling
overwhelmed. Defendant did not want to go back to prison again. While incarcerated,
defendant reflected on his decisions and realized that he needed to make serious changes
to his life. Defendant was intoxicated when he committed the robberies that led to his
prison commitment, but he now attended Alcoholics Anonymous and had a sponsor.

                                             6
       The probation report further summarized some of defendant’s education and work
history. Defendant attended high school but left five credits short of graduating.
Defendant completed his GED while in prison and obtained certificates in computer
programming and OSHA. After he was released, he obtained a Class A license at the
Truck Driver Institute in Watsonville, but he was unable to find truck driving work due to
his current charges. At the time the probation report was prepared, defendant was
working approximately 25 to 40 hours a week at a Safeway store, and he had prior
experience working at New Leaf, Goodwill, Coffeetopia, and Threshold. Defendant
earned up to $400 a week, with $240 going to his girlfriend, with whom he shared his
two-year-old son.
       On May 10, 2019, defendant submitted “sentencing materials” to the court that
included an apology letter from defendant, several support letters, information about
defendant’s participation in Alcoholics Anonymous, and intake materials from a
community program.
   5. The Hearing on the Romero Motion
       On June 14, 2019, the trial court held a hearing on the Romero motion. The trial
court stated that it had reviewed the original Romero motion filed on March 12, 2018, the
sentencing materials submitted by defendant, the probation report, and the prosecutor’s
opposition to the Romero motion.
       Defendant testified at the hearing on his own behalf. He described his prior
robbery offenses as “bad decisions,” and he took responsibility for his actions. While he
was on parole, he did not have any formal violations. He had enrolled in anger
management classes after having a mutual physical fight with his girlfriend, and he
attended approximately 13 or 15 classes. From the classes, defendant learned tools to
help him deal with volatile situations. Defendant expressed “total regret” for his current
offenses. He recognized that it was dangerous to speed, and he knew that he had placed

                                             7
his son at risk. After he was released from prison, he strived to obtain employment, and
he was able to hold multiple jobs. Defendant had recently earned a 30-day chip from
Alcoholics Anonymous. At the time of the hearing, he had been completely sober for 18
days. According to defendant, the most important thing to him was his son.
       Defense counsel argued that the trial court should strike defendant’s prior strike
conviction because the offense occurred 12 years ago, and defendant made positive
strides after he was released from prison. Defense counsel further argued that defendant
“did really well on parole” aside from the actions underlying the current charges. During
defense counsel’s argument, the trial court acknowledged that defendant seemed
“remorseful because of what the consequences are going to be for him” for his current
charges, but the trial court did not “hear anything [from defendant] that acknowledged
how dangerous [his] behavior [was].” The trial court also commented that defendant’s
decision to flee from the police was “so dangerous” and brought “so many dangers to
other people.” Subsequently, the prosecutor argued that defendant’s current offenses
were serious and he “not only put other people’s lives in danger on the road, but he put
his own son’s life in danger when speeding in excessive amounts of speed [and] trying to
evade an officer.” The prosecutor insisted that defendant’s conduct reflected that “his
criminality may continue.”
       After considering defendant’s testimony and the arguments from the defense
counsel and the prosecutor, the trial court denied the Romero motion. The trial court
stated that it believed that the “punishment in this case is way too harsh,” but a “judge’s
individual opinion that a particular sentence is too harsh is not an adequate basis to
dismiss a strike prior.” The trial court noted that defendant’s prior strike arose from
crimes that were “just as bad as they can be,” and although he did not “beat some of the
[robbery] victims, but [defendant’s] co-defendants did,” “[defendant was] the man with

                                              8
the gun.” The trial court also observed that defendant’s time in prison appeared to have a
positive effect on him, as he completed his GED and now had a job.
       The trial court, however, also made the following observation: “The problem is
[defendant] was on parole when he committed these new offenses and he was arrested for
something else, although not prosecuted, while on parole. I couldn’t find a single case
that found someone to still be on parole and find that to be an appropriate exercise of
discretion to strike a strike. [¶] I just can’t intellectually arrive at the conclusion.
Emotionally, I would like to arrive at that conclusion, intellectually it is not supported by
case law.”
   6. Sentencing
       On June 14, 2019, the trial court sentenced defendant to two years for child abuse
(§ 273a, subd. (a); count 2), doubled due to his prior strike, for a total of four years. The
trial court also sentenced defendant to a concurrent term of 16 months for evading a
peace officer with willful disregard for safety (Veh. Code, § 2800.2; count 1) and a
concurrent term of six months for misdemeanor reckless driving (Veh. Code, § 23103,
subd. (a); count 3). The trial court struck the two prior prison term commitments
(§ 667.5, subd. (b)) under section 1385. Finally, the trial court imposed a $150 fine for
the infraction for speeding greater than 100 miles per hour (Veh. Code, § 22348,
subd. (b); count 4).
       The trial court also imposed various fines and fees, including a $1,200 restitution
fine under section 1202.4, subdivision (b), a $1,200 parole revocation fine under
section 1202.45 that was imposed but stayed, a $80 court operations assessment
(§ 1465.8), and a $60 court facilities assessment (Gov. Code, § 70373).
       Defendant appealed and requested a certificate of probable cause, which the trial
court granted.

                                                9
                                         DISCUSSION
   1. Denial of the Romero Motion
       Defendant argues that the trial court erred when it denied his Romero motion
because it misunderstood the scope of its discretion. As we explain, we find no merit in
defendant’s contention.
       A. General Legal Principles and Standard of Review
       Section 1385 authorizes a trial court to strike prior strike convictions “in
furtherance of justice.” (Romero, supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 504.) That discretion, however,
is “limited.” (Id. at p. 530.) “[T]he Three Strikes initiative, as well as the legislative act
embodying its terms, was intended to restrict courts’ discretion in sentencing repeat
offenders.” (Id. at p. 528.) “To achieve this end, ‘the Three Strikes law does not offer a
discretionary sentencing choice, as do other sentencing laws, but establishes a sentencing
requirement to be applied in every case where the defendant has at least one qualifying
strike, unless the sentencing court “conclud[es] that an exception to the scheme should be
made because, for articulable reasons which can withstand scrutiny for abuse, this
defendant should be treated as though he [or she] actually fell outside the Three Strikes
scheme.” ’ ” (People v. Carmony (2004) 33 Cal.4th 367, 377 (Carmony).)
       In exercising its discretion, the trial court must “ ‘ “consider[] both . . . the
constitutional rights of the defendant, and the interests of society represented by the
People . . . .” ’ ” (Romero, supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 530, italics omitted.) The trial court
must accord “preponderant weight . . . to factors intrinsic to the [Three Strikes] scheme,
such as the nature and circumstances of the defendant’s present felonies and prior serious
and/or violent felony convictions, and the particulars of his [or her] background,
character, and prospects.” (People v. Williams (1998) 17 Cal.4th 148, 161 (Williams).)
“[N]o weight whatsoever may be given to factors extrinsic to the scheme, such as the
mere desire to ease court congestion or, a fortiori, bare antipathy to the consequences for

                                               10
any given defendant.” (Ibid.) Ultimately, the trial court must determine whether “the
defendant may be deemed outside the scheme’s spirit, in whole or in part, and hence
should be treated as though he [or she] had not previously been convicted of one or more
serious and/or violent felonies.” (Ibid.)
       We review a trial court’s discretionary sentencing choices, including its refusal to
strike a prior strike conviction, for abuse of discretion. (Carmony, supra, 33 Cal.4th at
p. 375.) “In reviewing for abuse of discretion, we are guided by two fundamental
precepts. First, ‘ “[t]he burden is on the party attacking the sentence to clearly show that
the sentencing decision was irrational or arbitrary. [Citation.] In the absence of such a
showing, the trial court is presumed to have acted to achieve legitimate sentencing
objectives, and its discretionary determination to impose a particular sentence will not be
set aside on review.” ’ [Citations.] Second, a ‘ “decision will not be reversed merely
because reasonable people might disagree. ‘An appellate tribunal is neither authorized
nor warranted in substituting its judgment for the judgment of the trial judge.’ ” ’
[Citations.] Taken together, these precepts establish that a trial court does not abuse its
discretion unless its decision is so irrational or arbitrary that no reasonable person could
agree with it.” (Id. at pp. 376-377.)
       “[A] trial court will only abuse its discretion in failing to strike a prior felony
conviction allegation in limited circumstances. For example, an abuse of discretion
occurs where the trial court was not ‘aware of its discretion’ to dismiss [citation], or
where the court considered impermissible factors in declining to dismiss [citation].”
(Carmony, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 378.) An abuse of discretion also occurs where the
trial court “strikes a sentencing allegation[] solely ‘to accommodate judicial convenience
or because of court congestion,’ ” or “simply because a defendant pleads guilty.”
(Romero, supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 531.)

                                              11
       On the other hand, “[w]here the record is silent [citation], or ‘[w]here the record
demonstrates that the trial court balanced the relevant facts and reached an impartial
decision in conformity with the spirit of the law, we shall affirm the trial court’s ruling,
even if we might have ruled differently in the first instance’ [citation]. Because the
circumstances must be ‘extraordinary . . . by which a career criminal can be deemed to
fall outside the spirit of the very scheme within which he [or she] squarely falls once he
[or she] commits a strike as part of a long and continuous criminal record, the
continuation of which the law was meant to attack’ [citation], the circumstances where no
reasonable people could disagree that the criminal falls outside the spirit of the three
strikes scheme must be even more extraordinary. Of course, in such an extraordinary
case—where the relevant factors . . . manifestly support the striking of a prior conviction
and no reasonable minds could differ—the failure to strike would constitute an abuse of
discretion.” (Carmony, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 378.)
       B. Analysis
       On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it
denied his Romero motion because it primarily based its decision on the fact that he
committed the charged offenses when he was still on parole. Defendant argues that the
fact that he was on parole did not automatically preclude the trial court from dismissing
his prior strike. The Attorney General disagrees and argues that the trial court
appropriately considered the fact that defendant was on parole when he committed his
offenses, and the record does not reflect that the trial court was unaware of its discretion
to strike defendant’s prior strike.
       Defendant’s claim is primarily premised on the following statement made by the
trial court during the hearing on the Romero motion: “The problem is [defendant] was on
parole when he committed these new offenses and he was arrested for something else,
although not prosecuted, while on parole. I couldn’t find a single case that found

                                              12
someone to still be on parole and find that to be an appropriate exercise of discretion to
strike a strike. [¶] I just can’t intellectually arrive at the conclusion. Emotionally, I would
like to arrive at that conclusion, intellectually it is not supported by the case law.”
       “An abuse of discretion occurs where the trial court was not ‘aware of its
discretion’ to dismiss [citation], or where the court considered impermissible factors in
declining to dismiss [citation].” (Carmony, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 378.) In this case, the
record does not “affirmatively disclose[] that the trial court misunderstood the scope of its
discretion.” (People v. Fuhrman (1997) 16 Cal.4th 930, 944.) The trial court did not
state that it believed that it lacked the discretion to strike defendant’s prior strike. Rather,
the trial court asserted that it believed that it was not an appropriate exercise of its
discretion to strike the prior strike because, in part, the current offenses were committed
when defendant was on parole. And as the trial court noted, although defendant did not
have any formal parole violations, he was previously arrested while on parole for
domestic violence-related charges. Defendant’s recidivism does not support his claim
that he is someone who falls “outside the [three strike’s law] spirit, in whole or in part.”
(Williams, supra, 17 Cal.4th at p. 161.)
       Furthermore, the record discloses that the trial court appropriately considered
factors “such as the nature and circumstances of the defendant’s present felonies and
prior serious and/or violent felony convictions, and the particulars of his [or her]
background, character, and prospects.” (Williams, supra, 17 Cal.4th at p. 161.) The trial
court noted that some factors weighed in favor of striking the prior strike conviction. For
example, the trial court observed that defendant had made positive changes in his life
after he was incarcerated, and he had obtained a job. The trial court, however, expressly
stated that it considered that defendant’s strike conviction arose from crimes that were
“just as bad as they can be,” and defendant acted as “the man with the gun” while his
co-defendant “beat some of the victims.” Defendant’s prior robbery offenses involved

                                              13
violence and multiple victims. Although his current offenses did not result in injuries to
victims, the trial court considered that defendant’s conduct was “dangerous,” defendant
put his infant son and other drivers at a serious risk of harm, and defendant had not
adequately “acknowledged how dangerous [his] behavior [was].”
       We acknowledge that when the trial court denied defendant’s Romero motion, the
trial court stated that it believed that the “punishment in this case is way too harsh,” but a
“judge’s individual opinion that a particular sentence is too harsh is not an adequate basis
to dismiss a strike prior.” This statement reflected the trial court’s understanding that
“factors extrinsic to the [three strikes] scheme” should not be given weight, including a
judge’s “bare antipathy to the consequences for any given defendant.” (Williams, supra,
17 Cal.4th at p. 161.)
       Defendant argues that his prior offenses were committed when he was only 19
years old, and he acknowledged his role in the crimes, regretted his actions, and served
his sentence and performed well on parole until his arrest in this current case. In other
words, defendant claims that the trial court should have given greater weight to factors
weighing in favor of granting the Romero motion. The trial court, however, reviewed the
probation report, heard defendant’s testimony, and entertained oral argument on the
Romero motion. We may not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court.
(Carmony, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 377.)
       Based on this record, we conclude that the trial court “ ‘balanced the relevant facts
and reached an impartial decision in conformity with the spirit of the law’ ” when it
denied the Romero motion, and no abuse of discretion occurred. (Carmony, supra, 33
Cal.4th at p. 378.) The circumstances presented by defendant were not
“ ‘extraordinary’ ” (ibid.), and the trial court’s ruling did not “ ‘fall[] outside the bounds
of reason.’ ” (Williams, supra, 17 Cal.4th at p. 162.)

                                              14
   2. Fines and Fees
       Next, defendant argues that the trial court erred when it imposed fines and fees
without first determining his ability to pay under Dueñas, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th 1157.
The trial court imposed a $1,200 restitution fine under section 1202.4, subdivision (b),
imposed but stayed a $1,200 parole revocation fine under section 1202.45, and imposed a
$80 court operations assessment (§ 1465.8) and a $60 court facilities assessment (Gov.
Code, § 70373).
       A. Dueñas
       In Dueñas, the appellate court reversed an order imposing the court operations
assessment (§ 1465.8) and the court facilities assessment (Gov. Code, § 70373) after
concluding that it was “fundamentally unfair” and violated due process under the federal
and California Constitutions to impose the assessments without a determination of the
defendant’s ability to pay. (Dueñas, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th at p. 1168.) The court also
concluded that the execution of a restitution fine under section 1202.4 “must be stayed
unless and until the trial court holds an ability to pay hearing and concludes that the
defendant has the present ability to pay the restitution fine.” (Dueñas, supra, at p. 1164.)
       B. Forfeiture
       Preliminarily, the Attorney General argues that defendant has forfeited his claim
of error because his sentencing hearing took place on June 14, 2019, several months after
Duenas was decided.
       We agree with the Attorney General’s analysis. In general, a defendant who fails
to object to the imposition of fines, fees, and assessments at sentencing forfeits the right
to challenge those fines, fees, and assessments on appeal. (See, e.g., People v. Aguilar
(2015) 60 Cal.4th 862, 864; People v. Trujillo (2015) 60 Cal.4th 850, 853-854.) At the
time of defendant’s sentencing hearing, Dueñas had already been decided and there is no

                                             15
reason why defendant could not have requested an ability-to-pay hearing based on
Dueñas. Defendant’s failure to raise this issue below forfeits his arguments on appeal.
       Defendant’s claim is also forfeited because the trial court in this case imposed a
$1,200 restitution fine, well above the statutory minimum amount of $300 (§ 1202.4,
subd. (b)(1)), but defendant did not request an ability-to-pay hearing even though he had
the right to do so (§ 1202.4, subd. (d)). (See People v. Frandsen (2019) 33 Cal.App.5th
1126, 1154.) Likewise, we determine that defendant’s ability-to-pay claim regarding the
$80 court operations assessment (§ 1465.8) and $60 court facilities assessment (Gov.
Code, § 70373) was also forfeited by his failure to object to those assessments in the trial
court. “[I]f [defendant] chose not to object to a [$1,200] restitution fine based on an
inability to pay, he surely would not complain on similar grounds regarding an additional
[$140] in fees.” (People v. Gutierrez (2019) 35 Cal.App.5th 1027, 1033.)
       C. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
       Alternatively, defendant argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
raise the Dueñas issue during the sentencing hearing when the trial court imposed fines
and fees.
       To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, a defendant must
establish that trial counsel’s performance was deficient and that defendant suffered
prejudice. (Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 687.) The deficient
performance component of an ineffective assistance claim requires a showing that
“counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness” under
prevailing professional norms. (Id. at p. 688.) Regarding prejudice, a “defendant must
show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors,
the result of the proceeding would have been different.” (Id. at p. 694.)
       “It is particularly difficult to prevail on an appellate claim of ineffective
assistance. On direct appeal, a conviction will be reversed for ineffective assistance only

                                              16
if (1) the record affirmatively discloses counsel had no rational tactical purpose for the
challenged act or omission, (2) counsel was asked for a reason and failed to provide one,
or (3) there simply could be no satisfactory explanation. All other claims of ineffective
assistance are more appropriately resolved in a habeas corpus proceeding.” (People v.
Mai (2013) 57 Cal.4th 986, 1009.)
       Here, the record does not disclose why defense counsel chose not to object to the
fines and fees during sentencing. Defense counsel was also not asked for a reason and
failed to provide one. Moreover, this is not a situation where there could simply be no
satisfactory explanation for defense counsel’s failure to object. Defendant’s ineffective
assistance of counsel claim presupposes that Dueñas was correctly decided and an
objection based on Dueñas would have been meritorious. The Courts of Appeal have
reached conflicting conclusions regarding whether Dueñas was correctly decided, and the
issue is currently before the California Supreme Court. (See, e.g., People v. Kopp (2019)
38 Cal.App.5th 47, 95 [agreeing with Dueñas that due process requires an ability-to-pay
determination before imposition of court operations or court facilities assessments],
review granted Nov. 13, 2019, S257844; People v. Santos (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 923,
927 [applying “the principles articulated [in Dueñas]”]; People v. Hicks (2019) 40
Cal.App.5th 320, 326, review granted Nov. 26, 2019, S258946 [concluding Dueñas
improperly expanded the boundaries of due process because “the two strands of due
process precedent” it relied on do not support its rule]; People v. Adams (2020) 44
Cal.App.5th 828, 831-832 [same]; People v. Petri (2020) 45 Cal.App.5th 82, 90-92
[same].) Pending the Supreme Court’s decision, we continue to adhere to the position
that Dueñas was incorrectly decided.
       Accordingly, we find that defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel,
which is based on Dueñas, has no merit because “[c]ounsel does not render ineffective

                                             17
assistance by failing to make motions or objections that counsel reasonably determines
would be futile.” (People v. Price (1991) 1 Cal.4th 324, 387.)
                                   III. DISPOSITION
      The judgment is affirmed.

                                           18
                    BAMATTRE-MANOUKIAN, J.

WE CONCUR:

ELIA, ACTING P.J.

DANNER, J.

People v. Bowler
H047543