Court Opinion

ID: 1072746
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-09 19:52:56.030453+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:28:45.605676
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT JACKSON
                                  September 10, 2002 Session

                    STATE OF TENNESSEE v. STEVE A. WHITE

                       Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                           No. 98-10427    Joseph B. Dailey, Judge

                      No. W2000-01148-CCA-R3-CD - Filed May 23, 2003

The defendant, Steve A. White, was convicted by a Shelby County Criminal Court jury of attempted
first degree premeditated murder, a Class A felony; theft of property valued $10,000 or more but less
than $60,000, a Class C felony; and violating the sales tax law, a Class E felony. The trial court
sentenced the defendant as a Range I, standard offender to an effective sentence of thirty-one years
in the Department of Correction. The defendant appeals, claiming (1) that the evidence is
insufficient; (2) that the trial court erred by denying his motion for a bill of particulars; (3) that the
trial court erred by denying his motion to exclude evidence; (4) that the trial court erred by failing
to instruct the jury after the prosecution asked a witness an inappropriate question; (5) that the trial
court improperly excluded impeachment evidence; (6) that the trial court made several errors
regarding the victim’s testimony; (7) that the trial court improperly restricted the defense expert’s
testimony; and (8) that the trial court improperly allowed the state to make inappropriate comments
during its closing argument. We affirm the judgments of the trial court.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

JOSEPH M. TIPTON, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOE G. RILEY, and JOHN EVERETT
WILLIAMS, JJ., joined.

James S. Haywood, Jr., Brownsville, Tennessee (on appeal), and Mark Mesler and Loys A. Jordan,
Memphis, Tennessee (at trial), for the appellant, Steve A. White.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; J. Ross Dyer, Assistant Attorney General;
William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and James M. Lammey, Jr., Assistant District
Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                               OPINION

        This case relates to a business partnership that existed between the defendant and the victim,
Phillip Rouss, Jr. Kimo Coelho testified that in 1996, he and the victim were friends and worked
on old cars in the victim’s backyard. They decided to start an antique car restoration business and
named the business K&P Auto Restoration. The victim was going to contribute most of the capital
for the business, Mr. Coelho was going to do most of the restoration work, and they agreed to split
the profits equally. The defendant, who was the victim’s neighbor and friend, said he had some
money to invest and wanted to enter the partnership. In late 1996 or early 1997, the victim allowed
the defendant to become a partner. Mr. Coelho said the defendant was supposed to be a silent
partner, own one-third of the business, and handle the business’s finances.

        Mr. Coelho testified that the victim was paying a lot of money for health insurance and
decided that the partners should try to get cheaper health insurance through K&P. During the
insurance application process, a nurse gave Mr. Coelho a physical examination and told him that the
application was for life insurance. He said that when he questioned her about it, she said that “this
is what Mr. White wanted.” He said that he failed the insurance company’s health test and that the
company mailed him a refund check made out to the defendant. He said that the insurance company
also sent him a form showing that his insurance application had been for a life insurance policy.

        Mr. Coelho testified that at some point, the defendant asked him and the victim to sign a
contract giving the defendant ninety-eight percent ownership of the business. He said that the
defendant told him the defendant needed ninety-eight percent ownership in order to get a write-off
on his income taxes and that the three of them would continue to split the profits equally. He said
that he, the defendant, and the victim met at a lawyer’s office but that he and the victim refused to
sign the contract. He said that at some point, the defendant and the victim signed a contract, but he
did not know the terms. He said that all of the money that came into the business was given to the
defendant and that the defendant was supposed to deposit the money into the business’s bank
account. He said that K&P’s creditors began telephoning and asking for the money that K&P owed
them. He said that he asked the victim to have the defendant bring K&P’s accounting books to a
meeting in order for the partners to go over them. He said the defendant told him the books were
none of his business.

       Mr. Coelho testified that he did not have a good relationship with the defendant. He said that
one time after the defendant brought him and the victim lunch, he and the victim had diarrhea and
stomach cramps. He said that when he and the victim formed the business, the victim’s health was
good but that by the time Mr. Coelho quit working for K&P in June 1997, the victim was not feeling
well and had no energy.

         On cross-examination, Mr. Coelho testified that during the time that only he and the victim
owned the business, they did not collect sales tax on their restoration work. He acknowledged that
the victim allowed the defendant to become a partner because the defendant was going to contribute
capital to K&P. He said that when he collected money, he gave it to the victim or the defendant and
that the defendant was not at the restoration shop very often. He said that the victim paid him $300
cash each week and that he left the business because its bills were not being paid.

      Jerry Albonetti testified that he met with the victim in January 1997 because the victim
wanted him to become involved in a car restoration business. He said that a building was erected

                                                -2-
for the business and that he landscaped the building. He said that he met the defendant in July 1997
and that during a conversation with the defendant, the defendant said, “I just don’t know if Phil is
going to be around long enough the way his health has been.” On cross-examination, he
acknowledged that he and the victim were friends. He said that in July 1997, the victim was in
declining health and had flu-like symptoms. He acknowledged that he had not known the victim was
suffering from actinomycosis, a fungal infection of the lungs, in the summer of 1997.

        Tom Jackson testified that he met the victim through the defendant in July 1997. He said that
he agreed to start managing the defendant’s and victim’s car restoration business and that he took
over the shop during the third week of July. He said that he planned to make the business profitable
and then turn it over to another manager. He said that although the defendant and the victim owned
the business, they did not work there. He said that when customers paid him for restoration work,
he gave the money to the defendant. He said that he gave a customer’s money to the victim only one
time. He said that his first paycheck bounced twice and that the defendant told him to get life
insurance in order to protect the business if something happened to him.

        Mr. Jackson testified that K&P’s suppliers kept telephoning him and complaining that they
were not being paid. He said that the defendant was supposed to be paying the suppliers and that the
defendant told him the business was not making enough money to pay its bills. He said that the
business should have been profitable and that he told the victim something was wrong. He said that
the victim did not believe him and that he, the defendant, and the victim agreed to have a meeting
in October 1997 in order go over the business’s accounting books. He said that during the meeting,
the defendant tried to avoid talking about the books, got mad, and left the meeting. He said that
while he was working for the company, the defendant talked about the victim’s health several times
and often stated, “Phil is not going to be with us much longer.”

        On cross-examination, Mr. Jackson testified that before he started working for K&P, he had
been unemployed and trying to finish a new house he was building. He said that K&P’s customers
usually paid him with checks and that he gave the checks to the defendant. He said that although the
business had a receipt book, it would not be an accurate reflection of how much money the business
collected from customers because he only wrote receipts if customers requested them. He also said
that the business had invoice sheets but that he never filled them out. He said that two weeks after
he started working at K&P, David O’Daniel, the victim’s friend, was hired to help him.

        Mr. Jackson testified that he quit working for K&P because after the defendant stormed out
of the October meeting, he knew that he, the defendant, and the victim would not be able to go over
the accounting books. He said that at first, he thought the victim and the defendant owned the
business equally but that the defendant later told him the defendant owned ninety-eight percent of
it. He said that when he confronted the victim with that information, the victim did not know what
to say. He said that after he left the business, the defendant told the victim that Mr. Jackson had been
embezzling money from K&P. He said that he may have given the victim money that he received
from customers more than once.

                                                  -3-
        David O’Daniel testified that in July 1997, he began working for the victim’s and the
defendant’s car restoration business. He said that he met the defendant his second day on the job but
that he did not meet the victim for three or four months. He said the defendant had told him that he
would probably not get to meet the victim because the victim “may not be around much longer.”
He said that he and Tom Jackson kept records of the restoration work and that Mr. Jackson collected
money from customers and gave it to the defendant. He said that at some point, the defendant took
the records out of the shop and never came back. He said that he saw the business advertised in a
realty magazine, that he told the victim about the advertisement, and that the victim was shocked to
learn the business was for sale. He said that the defendant had led him to believe that the defendant
owned most of the business but that the victim had told him they owned the business equally.

       On cross-examination, Mr. O’Daniel testified that sometimes in order to get paid, Mr.
Jackson had to pay his salary from Mr. Jackson’s personal bank account. He said that he or Mr.
Jackson filled out an invoice sheet for every car they worked on. He said that after Mr. Jackson left
the company, he started running the business and always wrote receipts for customers. He said he
had never seen Mr. Jackson write receipts.

        Josephine Rouss, the victim’s wife, testified that she and the victim had been neighbors and
good friends of the defendant and his wife for fifteen years. In late 1996, the victim and Kimo
Coelho decided to form a car restoration business. The defendant told the victim he wanted to get
involved with the business because he needed tax write-offs. The defendant became a partner and
was supposed to handle the business’s finances. She said that at some point, the defendant told the
victim and Mr. Coelho that he wanted to put ninety-eight percent of the business in his name but that
the victim and Mr. Coelho refused. She said the partners decided to buy some land in Atoka and put
K&P’s restoration shop on it. She said that when the victim and the defendant met to sign the sales
contract for the land, the victim did not read it because the defendant said he was in a hurry. She
said that although the land was supposed to be owned by the company, the victim later learned that
the defendant owned it. She said that the contract the victim had signed made him a cosigner on the
loan and, therefore, financially responsible for the property. She said that although she and the
victim did not own the land, they had been making monthly payments on it since late 1997.

        Mrs. Rouss testified that the shop opened in Atoka in April 1997 and that she and the victim
put about $25,000 into the business. She said that after Mr. Coelho quit working for them, the
defendant and the victim changed the business’s name to Top Quality Auto Restoration. She said
that she and the victim never saw the business’s financial records and that the defendant kept telling
them the business was not making any money. She said that in October 1997, she asked the
defendant to show her the company’s financial records and that the defendant told her he did not
have any. She said that she contacted Tom Jackson, who was managing the business by that time,
and that Mr. Jackson showed her the financial information he had about the business. She said that
with Mr. Jackson’s records and records she had before the defendant became a partner, she was able
to compile a booklet showing the business’s finances. She said that in October 1997, she, the victim,
the defendant, and Mr. Jackson agreed to meet at her home in order to go over the records. She said
that before the meeting started, the defendant said, “You’re not listening to me” and ran out the door.

                                                 -4-
She said that in December 1997, she, the victim, and the defendant agreed to have another meeting
but that the defendant refused to speak to her because she was not a partner in the business. She said
that she asked him to leave and that she and the victim never went over the business’s financial
records with the defendant.

        Mrs. Rouss testified that after the December meeting, she and the victim realized that
something was wrong. She said the victim got a copy of the partnership contract that he and the
defendant had signed and copies of the business’s bank statements. She said that she and the victim
learned for the first time that the defendant owned ninety-eight percent of the business, that the
defendant had moved the business’s bank account from Boatmen’s Bank to First Tennessee Bank,
that the business had $23 in its checking account, and that a $100,000 life insurance policy had been
taken out on the victim with the defendant as the beneficiary. She said that in early 1997, the victim
was in good health but that by the end of the year his health was terrible. She said that in June or
July, the victim began having stomach pain and numbness in his hands and feet.

         On cross-examination, Mrs. Rouss testified that the victim used to have a problem with
stomach ulcers and that he had two stomach surgeries in 1990. She said that as a result of the
surgeries, the victim could not lie down after eating. She said that in 1996, before the victim and
Kimo Coelho formed K&P, the victim had had stomach pain and that a doctor prescribed medicine
for it. She said that in June 1997, the medicine was no longer helping the victim and that the victim
returned to the doctor. She said that doctors discovered the victim had actinomycosis and prescribed
Penicillin. She said that although the pain in the victim’s stomach eased, by October 1997, he had
stopped eating. She acknowledged that the victim saw a neurologist for the numbness in his hands
and feet and that the neurologist diagnosed the victim with multiple sclerosis (MS). She said,
though, that the victim got two second opinions and that both doctors said the victim did not have
MS. She said that since the defendant’s arrest in 1998, the victim’s health had improved and he had
started eating again. She said he still had numbness in his hands and feet.

        Mrs. Rouss acknowledged that Boatmen’s Bank mailed K&P’s bank statements to her home.
She said that at first, she and the victim looked over the statements before they gave them to the
defendant. She said that later, they gave the statements to him without looking at them. She said
that K&P was supposed to be her and the victim’s source of income but that they never got any
money from it. She acknowledged that in 1997, the victim made fifty-one deposits totaling $20,000
into their personal checking account. She said that most of the money came from customers who
were paying the victim for car parts he had purchased for them. She said she did not know why her
and the victim’s 1997 income tax return showed they had no income.

        Dr. Richard Aycock, a gastroenteroloist, testified that in December 1997, he examined the
victim, who was complaining of abdominal pain, weight loss, and loss of appetite. The examination
revealed that the victim’s stomach was inflamed, and Dr. Aycock believed the inflammation was
being caused by waste that was coming back into the victim’s stomach from his intestine. The
victim told Dr. Aycock that he thought he was being poisoned with lead and mercury, and Dr.
Aycock had the victim’s urine tested for heavy metals. He said that the victim’s lead and mercury

                                                 -5-
levels were normal but that the victim’s arsenic level was slightly above normal. He said that only
people who worked around arsenic should have elevated levels of arsenic in their bodies and that he
reported the results of the urine test to the police. On cross-examination, Dr. Aycock acknowledged
that he did not routinely request heavy metal urine tests for his patients, that he did not tell the victim
not to eat seafood before the test, and that some seafood contains arsenic. He said that the victim’s
arsenic level was “mildly above the normal range” and that the victim’s urine was not retested.

        Carl Long, a sales agent for American National Insurance, testified that in June 1997, the
defendant came to his office and wanted to buy liability insurance for the defendant’s business. He
said that they also talked about life insurance for the defendant, the victim, and Kimo Coelho and
that he gave the defendant insurance applications. He said that when the defendant returned the
applications, they had been signed but their medical and beneficiary information had not been filled
out. He said that the victim had signed the victim’s application and that he telephoned the victim
in order to get information about the victim’s health. He said that he told the victim the application
was for life insurance and that the victim said, “Well, what I really need is health insurance.” He
said that the defendant told him the defendant owned ninety-eight percent of the business and that
he wanted to be named as the beneficiary on the victim’s policy. He said he thought it was unusual
that the defendant was buying life insurance for the victim and Mr. Coelho when the defendant
owned most of the business. He said the defendant also bought a life insurance policy and named
the defendant’s wife as the beneficiary.

       Mr. Long testified that about nine days later, the defendant returned to his office and wanted
to know if the policies had taken effect. He said that he told the defendant no and that the defendant
seemed a “little disturbed.” He said that his company sent the premiums for the victim’s life
insurance to the defendant’s home and that at first, the defendant paid the premiums. He said that
in November 1997, the defendant came to his office, told him that the business was bankrupt, and
asked if he could keep the victim’s policy. He said that he told the defendant the policy would
remain in effect as long as the defendant paid the premiums. He said the victim’s policy lapsed in
January 1998 for nonpayment of the premiums.

        James Ferguson, a certified public accountant (CPA), testified that in July 1997, the
defendant hired him to help the defendant file sales tax returns for the defendant’s auto restoration
business. He said that he also prepared a 1997 partnership return for the business and K-1 Schedules
and individual tax returns for the defendant and the victim. He said the defendant gave him check
stubs, cancelled checks, and bank statements in order to show the business’s income. The defendant
told Mr. Ferguson that he had made an initial capital contribution of $12,200 to the business and that
he made additional contributions of $6,000 on February 8, 1997, and $5,500 on February 14, 1997.
The defendant told Mr. Ferguson that the victim was his business partner but did not say the victim
had contributed any money to the business. As a result, Mr. Ferguson did not show on the victim’s
1997 tax return that the victim had made any capital contributions to the business. The state
introduced into evidence three checks in the amounts of $12,200, $5,500, and $6,000, which were
written to K&P from the victim’s personal bank account. On cross-examination, Mr. Ferguson said
that he had never seen the checks before.

                                                   -6-
       Shane Christian, a special agent who investigates sales tax fraud for the Tennessee
Department of Revenue, testified that he began investigating K&P in 1997 for restoration work it
did from April to August of that year. He said that his investigation was based upon work invoices
that K&P had given its customers, customer interviews, and sales tax returns K&P had sent to the
Department of Revenue. He said that after he reviewed K&P’s work invoices, he contacted
customers to verify the amounts of restoration work and sales tax charged on the invoices. He said
that K&P should have collected sales tax “when the work was actually completed and the invoice
was written up documenting the work completed and the owner took possession back of his vehicle.”
He said that as a result of his investigation, he figured that K&P had underpaid the Department of
Revenue $680.49 for the five-month period. He said that all of the checks K&P sent to the
Department of Revenue were signed by the defendant.

       On cross-examination, Mr. Christian testified that only one customer, Frederick Smith,
disputed the amounts on the work invoices. He said that although Mr. Smith’s invoices showed he
had paid K&P $3,050, Mr. Smith claimed in his affidavit that he paid the victim $2,500. He
acknowledged that if the defendant had not seen the invoices and had not been at the shop to collect
customers’ money, then the defendant would not have known how much money the business was
making. He said that nothing indicated K&P had paid sales tax before May 1997.

        CPA William Watkins testified that he had been hired by the state to review the defendant’s,
the victim’s, and K&P’s financial records. He said that he obtained records from the Tennessee
Department of Revenue’s sales tax investigation of K&P and that he compared them to James
Ferguson’s business records. He said the victim made more than $30,000 in capital contributions
to the business in 1997 and that the victim’s 1997 K-1 Schedule claimed a business loss of about
$11,500. He said that the defendant’s 1997 K-1 Schedule claimed a $29,000 loss and that normally,
partners’ loss amounts should be the same. He said that although the state’s records showed K&P
had $40,000 in sales in 1997, the defendant’s records showed sales of $25,000. He said that $9,000
in cash was unaccounted for. He said that the business had no profits and that the defendant’s record
keeping was “somewhat shoddy.” He said that from the end of 1996 until the end of 1997, the
defendant had nine credit cards and had amassed over $89,000 in credit card debt.

        On cross-examination, Mr. Watkins acknowledged that cash received from customers and
paid directly for business expenses would not be reflected in Mr. Ferguson’s records and could
account for some of the discrepancies between Mr. Ferguson’s records and the Department of
Revenue’s records. He said, though, that the Department of Revenue had collected sworn affidavits
from K&P customers, showing how much each customer paid K&P. He said that the defendant had
deposited $42,000 from the defendant’s personal checking account into K&P’s account and that
$10,000 of that amount was deposited after April 30, 1997. He said the victim deposited only $300
into the business’s account after April 30. He said that the defendant made many cash withdrawals
from the defendant’s credit card accounts and that the defendant had no cash deposits into his
personal checking account from January 1997 to February 1998.

                                                -7-
        Judie Hayes testified that in 1997, she worked at Boatmen’s Bank. She said the victim had
a business account at the bank and that the defendant was an authorized signer on the account. She
said the defendant changed the address on the account in order to have the account’s bank statements
sent to his home instead of the victim’s home. She said that she told the victim about the address
change and that the victim said it was alright. She said that the defendant asked her about getting
a business loan and using the victim’s house as collateral. She said that when she told the defendant
he could not do that, the defendant got upset. She said that she told the victim about the defendant’s
wanting to use the victim’s house as collateral for a loan and that the victim was surprised. She said
that the defendant often insulted bank employees and that he became upset with her once because
she refused to do some things he had requested. She said that in August 1997, she saw the victim
in the bank and that he was in a lot of pain and had lost a lot of weight.

        Angie Whiteside testified that in 1997, she was a waitress at the Lone Star Steakhouse in
Bartlett. The defendant was a regular customer, and Ms. Whiteside usually waited on him. She said
the defendant was nice and tipped her well. She said that he rarely left a tip that was less than ten
dollars and that he once left her a sixty dollar tip. She said that the defendant’s average food bill was
fourteen or fifteen dollars. On cross-examination, she said that she was not aware of any time the
defendant had access to other people’s food.

         Phillip Rouss, III, the victim’s son, testified that his family lived next door to the defendant’s
family. He said that one night in 1997, the defendant brought coldcuts of ham, salami, and bologna
to his family’s home and that he and the victim ate the meat. He said that for several days afterward,
he had stomach cramps. He said that on January 1, 1998, he and the victim went to K&P to look at
some cars that were being restored. He said that the victim had filed a civil lawsuit against the
defendant, that the defendant was not supposed to be near the victim, and that the victim had
changed the locks to the shop. He said that while he and the victim were in the shop, he heard a car
outside. He said he looked out the peephole in the front door and saw the defendant get out of the
car. He said the defendant was carrying a hammer and started beating it on the front door. He said
the defendant was screaming and wanted inside the building. He said that the victim called 9-1-1
and that the defendant began beating on the back door. He said that the defendant left and that the
police arrived a short time later.

        Mr. Rouss testified that the police stayed at the shop for about thirty minutes. He said that
after they left, the defendant returned with a man named Gary Roebuck. He said the defendant
smeared epoxy glue over the peephole and began breaking off keys in the shop’s locks. He said that
the victim called 9-1-1 again and that the police arrived and arrested the defendant. He said that
while the defendant was sitting in the back of a patrol car, the defendant said that the victim had
gotten arsenic in his system from eating too much seafood. He said Mr. Roebuck was nervous, did
not seem to know what was going on, and was not arrested.

        Mr. Rouss testified that later that day, the defendant rode by the shop again. He said that the
victim telephoned the victim’s lawyer and that the lawyer believed the defendant wanted something
inside the shop. He said the lawyer told the victim to telephone the police and ask them to search

                                                   -8-
the building. He said that when the victim called the police, Detective Doug Bailey told the victim
to search it. He said that he, his brother-in-law, and the victim searched the shop. He said that he
found an envelope behind a fuse box and that the envelope contained metal shavings. He said that
during 1997, he and the defendant had discussed the victim’s health and that the defendant did not
believe the victim was going to live very long.

        On cross-examination, Mr. Rouss testified that the victim claimed in the civil lawsuit that
the defendant stole money from K&P. He said the victim also believed the defendant was poisoning
him. He said that although the victim had been treated for actinomycosis in 1997, the victim
continued to have stomach pains and looked ill. He said that he never heard the victim complain
about his stomach burning or say that the victim was going to die. He said that he gave money to
his parents a couple of times per month and that they owed him about ten thousand dollars.

        Tom Vastrick, a handwriting expert, testified that he examined handwriting on the envelope
that contained the metal shavings. He said that he compared the handwriting with the defendant’s
handwriting samples and that the handwriting on the envelope matched the defendant. On cross-
examination, he said that he also analyzed a signature on an American National Insurance Company
life insurance policy and that the signature matched the victim.

        Deputy Shannon Beasley of the Tipton County Sheriff’s Department testified that on January
10, 1998, he responded to a disturbance call at a car restoration shop in Atoka. He said that when
he arrived, the victim told him that the victim’s business partner had tried to get into the shop and
that the victim would not let the defendant inside because the victim was afraid the defendant was
going to assault him. He said that the victim told him the defendant was trying to poison the victim
and that the victim thought the defendant would return. Deputy Beasley left the shop but stayed in
the area. A few minutes later, he was dispatched back to K&P. When he arrived, another officer
had detained the defendant. The victim told Deputy Beasley that the defendant had returned to the
shop and beat on the door with a hammer. Deputy Beasley said that he inspected the door and that
it looked like someone had tried to pry the door open with a hammer claw. Epoxy glue had been
smeared over the door’s peephole, and the police arrested the defendant for disorderly conduct.

        Deputy Beasley testified that the second time the defendant came to the shop, the defendant
brought a man named Gary Roebuck with him. He said that Mr. Roebuck told him that the
defendant had called Mr. Roebuck that morning and had asked Mr. Roebuck to go to the shop with
him. He said Mr. Roebuck was six foot four inches tall, weighed two hundred fifty pounds, and did
not appear to know that the defendant was going to try to force his way into the shop. He said that
after the defendant was arrested and put into the back of a patrol car, the defendant said that he
owned K&P’s building, that the victim was crazy, and that he wanted the victim removed from the
property.

        On cross-examination, Deputy Beasley testified that when he arrived at the shop the second
time, another officer had detained the defendant and that he did not see the defendant do anything
wrong. He said that the other officer also did not see the defendant do anything wrong and that they

                                                -9-
arrested the defendant based upon what the victim told them. He said the defendant was not arrested
for trespassing because the officers did not know who owned the building.

        Detective Doug Bailey of the Bartlett Police Department testified that on December 15, 1997,
the victim came to the police station and told him that the defendant was poisoning the victim. He
said that he thought the victim’s story was unusual but that he began investigating the victim’s
allegations. He said that on December 24, he learned that the victim’s urine had tested positive for
heavy metals and that he obtained a search warrant for the defendant’s house. He said that the police
executed the warrant on January 5, 1998, and that police found the following in a shed behind the
defendant’s house: A glass jar labeled “Baking power” that contained a white powder; a glass jar
labeled “sulfur” that contained a yellow powder; and a glass jar labeled “Epsom salt” that contained
a white granular substance. He said that he also found an unlabeled brown jar that contained a white
powder in the defendant’s living room. He said that after the search, the defendant voluntarily drove
to the police station and gave an audiotaped statement.

        Detective Bailey testified that on January 10, 1998, the victim telephoned him, told him that
the defendant was trying to break into the shop, and asked Detective Bailey to come to the shop and
search it. He said that he told the victim to search the shop and bring anything suspicious to the
police department. He said that two days later, the victim brought him a spray bottle and an
envelope that contained metal shavings. He said he sent the jars he had collected from the
defendant’s shed, the metal shavings, the spray bottle, and an automatic coffee maker that the victim
had given him to the Memphis Environmental Center (MEC) for heavy metal testing.

        Detective Bailey testified that on January 14, 1998, he learned that two items had tested
positive for arsenic. He said that the defendant was arrested on January 19 and that after the arrest,
the defendant asked to speak with him. He said that he read the defendant his rights, that the
defendant signed a waiver of rights form, and that the defendant said, “If I was going to kill this guy,
I wouldn’t use arsenic, I’d use something quicker and legal.” He said that after making that
statement, the defendant asked for an attorney and refused to talk to him.

         The defendant’s January 5 audiotaped statement was introduced into evidence. In the
statement, the defendant said that in 1996, he saw the victim and Kimo Coelho working on cars in
the victim’s backyard. He said he offered to buy land for the business and split the cost of putting
a building on the land with the victim. He said that in return, he demanded that he own the land, that
the victim have liability insurance to protect the defendant in case of a lawsuit, and that the defendant
get all of the business’s tax deductions. He said that when the victim signed the real estate loan, the
victim was “painfully aware” that he was a cosigner and not an owner. He said that although he and
the victim were supposed to split the costs of constructing the building equally, he paid for most of
it. He said that the victim’s wife suggested the defendant and the victim get life insurance policies
and that when they got the policies, each was the other’s beneficiary. He said that he had wanted to
drop the life insurance coverage, but that the victim insisted they keep it. He said that he and the
victim opened a bank account, that he deposited $4,000 into the account, and that the victim
deposited $8,000.

                                                  -10-
        The defendant said that the victim knew the partnership contract made the defendant ninety-
eight percent owner of the business. He said that he and the victim fired Kimo Coelho for stealing
from K&P and that Tom Jackson stole $5,000 from the business. He said that he did not know how
arsenic got into the victim and that he did not put anything in the victim’s food or drink. He
acknowledged that he knew more about chemicals than the average person. He said that he kept
some chemicals in the shed behind his house and that the victim’s daughter had access to chemicals
through her job as a dental hygienist. He said that $2,000 should have been in K&P’s bank account
but that it had only $13. He said the victim had collected $2,000 from a customer but had not put
the money in the account.

       Phillip Rouss, Jr., the victim, testified that in the summer of 1996, he and Kimo Coelho
decided to start a car restoration business. He said that they named it K&P Automotive Restoration
and that he opened a business account at Boatmen’s Bank. He said that he and Mr. Coelho owned
the business equally and that they agreed he would put up the capital for the business while Mr.
Coelho would do most of the restoration work. He said the defendant saw him and Mr. Coelho
working on cars in the victim’s backyard and asked to become a partner. He said that although Mr.
Coelho was against it, he allowed the defendant to become a partner. He said that the defendant was
supposed to contribute one-half of the business’s capital and handle the financial and legal aspects
of the business. He said that he, the defendant, and Mr. Coelho were going to split the profits
equally, that Mr. Coelho was going to be paid $300 per week, and that Mr. Coelho was going to
work his way into owning one-third of the business.

        The victim testified that the partners decided to buy a building in order to have a place to do
the restoration work. He said that the defendant agreed to pay for one-half of the building, that the
defendant found a piece of land in Atoka to put the building on, and that he signed a contract to buy
a building. He said he later learned that two days after he signed the contract, the defendant had the
building put in the defendant’s name. He said that he met the defendant at lawyer Tracey Malone’s
office in order to sign the sales contract for the land in Atoka and that he did not read it before he
signed it. He said that he learned in September 1997 that the defendant owned the land and that he
was just a cosigner on the loan. He said that the building was erected on the land in early 1997 and
that the restoration shop opened in March 1997. He said that the defendant asked him and Mr.
Coelho to sign a contract giving the defendant ninety-eight percent ownership of the business but
that they refused. He said that on April 30, 1997, the defendant asked him to sign a contract giving
the defendant and the victim each fifty percent ownership of the company and that he agreed to sign
the contract. He said that he signed the contract in Tracey Malone’s office and that he later learned
the contract gave the defendant ninety-eight percent ownership of K&P.

        The victim testified that he and the defendant had talked about getting health and life
insurance through the new company. He said that in May 1997, a nurse from American National
Insurance examined him and Mr. Coelho. He said he did not remember talking to Carl Long about
his insurance application.

                                                 -11-
         The victim testified that when he and Mr. Coelho collected money from customers, they gave
it to the defendant because the defendant was handling K&P’s checking account. He said that Mr.
Coelho left the business in June 1997 over disagreements with the defendant and that Tom Jackson
began working there in July. The victim testified that he quit working at the shop in June 1997
because he was weak and his hands and feet were numb. He said his doctor took a chest x-ray and
thought he had lung cancer. He said that he was later diagnosed with actinomycosis and that when
the defendant found out the victim did not have lung cancer, the defendant seemed “a little upset.”
He said that although his lungs cleared up, he was barely able to walk because of the numbness in
his feet. He said that he also had a severe burning in his stomach and suffered from memory loss
and ringing in his ears. He said that he saw a lot of doctors from June 1997 to January 1998, that
the doctors prescribed medications for him, and that the medicines did not help his stomach or the
numbness. He said that he ate seafood only a few times in 1997.

        The victim testified that although he and the defendant were supposed to have a business
meeting every month, they did not have their first meeting until October 1997. He said that they had
the meeting at his house and that before the meeting started, he mentioned to the defendant that the
business was having its best month so far and ought to be in good financial shape. He said that the
defendant “exploded like a wild man” and said, “I can see right now that all you want is your money
back.” He said that the defendant ran home and that he thought the defendant was kidding. He said
that he went to the defendant’s house and asked the defendant to return to the meeting but that the
defendant refused. He said that the defendant told him the defendant was going to sell the business
and said, “You and your wife are stupid and naive, and your problem is anybody could come along
and take anything you’ve got.”

        The victim testified that the defendant had hired James Ferguson, a certified public
accountant, to pay sales tax for the business. He said that at some point, the Tennessee Department
of Revenue contacted him and told him that the sales tax was not being paid. He said that in October
1997, he went to Mr. Ferguson’s office and asked to see K&P’s monthly financial reports and that
Mr. Ferguson promised to mail them to him. He said that he waited for the reports for a couple of
weeks, went back to Mr. Ferguson’s office, and asked Mr. Ferguson for the reports again. He said
that Mr. Ferguson was uneasy but that he received the reports in the mail three days later. He said
that the amounts on the reports were incorrect. He said that in late October 1997, he went to the
bank and asked for copies of the business’s bank statements. He said the statements revealed that
the defendant had written checks for personal expenses and checks to American National Insurance.
He said that he telephoned American National Insurance and discovered that the defendant was the
owner and beneficiary of his $100,000 life insurance policy. He said that although he had known
about the policy, he thought the company or his wife was supposed to be the beneficiary.

        The victim testified that he telephoned Tracy Malone and asked to see the business contract
that he and the defendant signed in April 1997. He said that when he saw the contract, he learned
for the first time that the defendant owned ninety-eight percent of the business. He said that three
days before the October 1997 meeting, Judie Hayes told him that the defendant had closed K&P’s
business account at Boatmen’s Bank. He said that he confronted the defendant about the closed

                                               -12-
account and that the defendant told him the defendant was going to open an account at First
Tennessee Bank. He said he and the defendant agreed that the victim would make the deposits into
the account and that the defendant would write checks from it. He said that after he made three
deposits into the account, he learned that the account’s balance was $23 and that the defendant had
opened a second business account for K&P at First Tennessee Bank. He said that $7,100 should
have been in K&P’s account. He said that he telephoned K&P’s suppliers and learned they had not
been paid. He said that on December 2, 1997, he talked with an attorney and filed a civil lawsuit
against the defendant. He said that after filing the lawsuit, the defendant sent him a letter in which
the defendant stated that the defendant had been leasing the building in Atoka to K&P, that the
defendant was terminating the lease, and that K&P had to move out of the building. He said that
after he filed his lawsuit, the defendant was not supposed to come near him or the restoration shop.

         The victim testified that he remembered a conversation he had had with the defendant years
earlier in which the defendant stated that he knew a lot about poisons. He said that he also
remembered that he had gotten sick every time he had eaten with the defendant. He said that one
time, the defendant brought hamburgers to the shop and that he and Mr. Coelho had nausea and
diarrhea after eating them. He also recalled that at the Lone Star Steakhouse, he saw the defendant
take a white substance from the palm of the defendant’s hand and put it in the victim’s beer. He said
that when he asked the defendant about it, the defendant told him he put salt in the beer to take out
its bitterness. He said that he began to suspect the defendant was poisoning him and that he told
Detective Doug Bailey about his suspicions on December 15, 1997.

        The victim testified that on January 10, 1998, he and his son went to K&P to look at some
cars that were being restored. He said the defendant arrived and began banging on the front door.
He said that he called 9-1-1 but that the defendant left before the police arrived. He said that the
police left and that the defendant returned about five minutes later. He said that a man named Gary
Roebuck was with the defendant and that he called 9-1-1 again. He said that when the police arrived,
he heard one of them ask the defendant, “What are you doing?” He said the defendant answered,
“I’ve got to get in that building. If I can’t get in that building, nobody is getting in.” He said that
Gary Roebuck appeared to be surprised about the defendant’s actions and that the police arrested the
defendant for disorderly conduct. He said that about an hour later, the defendant drove by the shop
blowing his horn and laughing.

        On cross-examination, the victim acknowledged that he and the defendant had been friends
for about fifteen years. He said that when he and Mr. Coelho started K&P, they agreed to split the
profits equally. He said that when the defendant became a partner, the three of them agreed to be
equal partners and that Mr. Coelho also would get a salary because he was doing most of the
restoration work. He acknowledged that the defendant made the down payment on the land in
Atoka. He said that he did not give the defendant K&P’s checkbook until May 1997. He said that
until that time, he wrote checks to Mr. Coelho for Mr. Coelho’s salary and that he did not withhold
social security or FICA from Mr. Coelho’s pay. He also said that before the defendant became a
partner, he did not collect sales tax for the cars he and Mr. Coelho restored.

                                                 -13-
         The victim testified that when he went to Tracy Malone’s office to sign the partnership
contract with the defendant in April 1997, he thought the contract made him and the defendant equal
partners. He said that the defendant had come to his house earlier that day and had shown him a
contract which provided that each would own fifty percent of the business. He said that the contract
he signed at Ms. Malone’s office and the contract the defendant had shown him earlier were not the
same. He said that he had put about $30,000 into the business and acknowledged that records
indicated the defendant had put about $42,000 into it. He acknowledged testifying at a hearing for
his civil lawsuit that every time he and Mr. Coelho collected money from customers, they gave it to
the defendant. He said that he made a mistake when he said that and that he used some of the money
he collected from customers to pay Mr. Coelho’s salary and pay for car parts. The defense showed
the victim signature cards for the business account at First Tennessee Bank, and the victim
acknowledged that the signatures on the cards were his. He said, though, that he did not remember
signing the cards. He acknowledged telling the Bartlett police that the defendant was going to take
out a life insurance policy on him but said he did not know the defendant had actually done so until
September 1997. The defense showed the victim a receipt for the policy, which stated that the
defendant owned the policy, and the victim acknowledged that he signed the receipt. He said it
would not surprise him to learn that fifty-one cash deposits totaling over $20,000 were made to his
personal bank account in 1997. He said that although he did not have any income that year, his
children gave him money and he deposited his mother’s money into the account because she did not
have her own checking account.

        The victim testified that he had stomach surgery about ten years before trial. He said that as
a result of the surgery, he was not supposed to lie down right after meals. He said that he started
feeling bad in June 1997 and that he saw several doctors. He said he would be surprised to learn that
he gained twenty pounds between July and October 1997. He said he started researching poisons,
learned they could make a person constipated, and told his doctor he was constipated. He said that
when his urine was tested for heavy metals, he felt so sick that he did not think he would live long
enough to learn the test’s results. He said that he was no longer angry at the defendant, that he did
not have any ill feelings for him, and that he did not want to see the defendant go to jail.

        Dr. Kevin Merigan, a physician board certified in medical toxicology, clinical pharmacology,
forensic medicine, and emergency medicine, testified that heavy metals are fairly toxic and include
lead, arsenic, mercury, and aluminum. He said that most heavy metals caused neuropathy, which
is a loss of sensation in parts of the body, such as the hands and feet. He said that many diseases
mimicked the signs of heavy metal poisoning but that only a few diseases involved all of the same
symptoms as heavy metal poisoning. He said that small amounts of metals occurred in the body
naturally but that the amounts usually were too small to measure in a person’s blood or urine. He
said that a urine test was the best way to measure a person’s exposure to heavy metals.

        Dr. Merigan testified that acute poisoning occurred when a person was rapidly exposed to
a large amount of poison whereas chronic poisoning occurred when a person was exposed to poison
over time. He said that signs of acute arsenic poisoning were severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
and that symptoms of chronic arsenic poisoning included skin problems, strange sensations in the

                                                -14-
hands and feet, and hair and weight loss. He said, though, that those symptoms were common signs
for most heavy metal poisonings.

        Dr. Merigan testified that he first examined the victim in January 1998. He said that the
victim had difficulty walking, was shaky, and complained of nausea, diarrhea, and problems with
his hands and feet. He said that the victim told him that since the middle of 1997, the victim had
also experienced episodes of back pain, appetite loss, abdominal pain, lower leg weakness, hair loss,
increased blood pressure, facial numbness, and pain in his hands. He said he told the victim not to
cut his hair in order that the hair could be tested later for heavy metal exposure. He said the victim
had two unrelated neurological problems, one with the nerves in his hands and feet and another with
his spinal cord and brain. He said he went to the victim’s house in order to look for something that
could be causing the victim’s symptoms but did not find anything. He said that he referred the
victim to neurologist Lance Wright and that Dr. Wright believed the victim’s neuropathy could have
been caused by arsenic. He said Dr. Wright and other doctors who examined the victim thought the
victim could have MS. He said that while symptoms of MS and heavy metal poisoning were similar,
it was unusual for a person the victim’s age to develop MS. He said he did not think the victim had
MS.

        Dr. Merigan testified that the jars found in the defendant’s shed were sent to a laboratory for
testing. He said that the brown jar that contained a grainy substance contained lead but no arsenic
or mercury. He said that the jar labeled “Baking powder” contained arsenic, lead, manganese, and
an “appreciable amount of mercury” and that the jar labeled “Epsom salt” contained lead and
mercury. He said that the metal shavings in the envelope tested positive for antimony, arsenic, lead,
and manganese and that ingesting a pinch of the metal shavings would make a person sick. He said
that out of all the substances, the white powder in the jar labeled “Baking powder” was the most
dangerous because it contained a high level of mercury. He said, though, that all of the substances
were toxic. He said that the victim let his hair grow for three months and that he sent some of the
hair to the MEC for testing. He said that the hair tested positive for mercury. He said that in his
opinion, the victim was suffering from chronic heavy metal poisoning.

        On cross-examination, Dr. Merigan testified that based on the victim’s hair test, he believed
the victim could have been exposed to mercury three to four weeks before November 14, 1997. He
said that the level of mercury in the victim’s hair was not high. He said that on December 12, 1997,
the victim’s blood was tested for heavy metals, that the blood tested negative for arsenic and
mercury, and that the blood contained normal levels of lead. He said the victim told him that the
victim was in good health until March 1997. He said that the victim met with Dr. Hammond Cole
on October 23 and December 18, 1997, and that according to Dr. Cole’s notes, the victim was not
suffering from skin rashes. He said that although the victim told him that the victim started having
nausea and diarrhea in September 1997, Dr. Cole’s notes from October 23 stated that the victim did
not have any problems with heartburn or bowel irritation.

       On redirect examination, Dr. Merigan testified that after Dr. Wright examined the victim, Dr.
Wright sent him a note in which Dr. Wright stated that the victim’s numbness in the hands and feet

                                                 -15-
may have been caused by arsenic. He said that the numbness also was a symptom of mercury
poisoning. He said that Dr. Michael C. Levin, who treats many MS patients, evaluated the victim
and noted that the victim’s symptoms were consistent with MS. However, Dr. Merigan said that he
thought the victim was suffering from mercury poisoning.

         The defense called Sheldon Brunk, a forensic toxicologist, who testified that the level of 63
ug/L of arsenic in the victim’s urine was not unusual and that levels between 50 and 100 ug/L “are
usually not any cause for alarm.” He said the laboratory that tested the urine put a disclaimer on its
report which stated that for levels between 1 and 200 ug/L, “exposure should be suspected unless
there is a consumption or workplace exposure.” He said that the laboratory’s disclaimer also stated
that arsenic levels over 200 ug/L showed significant exposure. He said that arsenic exists in many
chemical forms and that the toxicities of the forms vary. He said that the MEC’s analysis of the
powders found in the defendant’s shed did not reveal what forms of arsenic were present. The jury
convicted the defendant of attempted first degree premeditated murder, theft of property valued
$10,000 or more but less than $60,000, and violating the sales tax law.

                            I. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

        The defendant claims that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions. The state
argues that the evidence is sufficient. We agree with the state.

        Our standard of review when the defendant questions the sufficiency of the evidence on
appeal is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979). We do not reweigh
the evidence but presume that the jury has resolved all conflicts in the testimony and drawn all
reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the state. See State v. Sheffield, 676 S.W.2d
542, 547 (Tenn. 1984); State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). Questions about
witness credibility were resolved by the jury. See State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997).

                                       A. Attempted Murder

        The defendant claims the evidence is insufficient to support his attempted murder conviction
because the victim had a history of stomach problems, which the state failed to prove were related
to the defendant. In addition, he claims the evidence is insufficient because the doctors who treated
the victim had conflicting diagnoses and because some of them believed the victim had MS.

       Circumstantial evidence alone may be sufficient to support a conviction. State v. Richmond,
7 S.W.3d 90, 91 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999); State v. Buttrey, 756 S.W.2d 718, 721 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1988).

               The law is firmly established in this State that to warrant a criminal
               conviction upon circumstantial evidence alone, the evidence must be

                                                -16-
                not only consistent with the guilt of the accused but it must also be
                inconsistent with his innocence and must exclude every other
                reasonable theory or hypothesis except that of guilt, and it must
                establish such a certainty of guilt of the accused as to convince the
                mind beyond a reasonable doubt that he is the one who committed the
                crime.

Pruitt v. State, 3 Tenn. Crim. App. 256, 267, 460 S.W.2d 385, 390 (1970). While following these
guidelines, we must note that the jury decides the weight to be given to circumstantial evidence and
that the “‘inferences to be drawn from such evidence, and the extent to which the circumstances are
consistent with guilt and inconsistent with innocence, are questions primarily for the jury.’” Marable
v. State, 203 Tenn. 440, 452, 313 S.W.2d 451, 457 (1958) (quoting 2 Wharton’s Criminal Evidence
1611).

        Criminal attempt requires that one act “with the kind of culpability otherwise required for
the offense . . . [and] with intent to cause a result that is an element of the offense, and believes the
conduct will cause the result without further conduct on the person’s part.” Tenn. Code Ann. §
39-12-101(a)(2). First degree murder is the “premeditated and intentional killing of another[.]”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(a)(1). Premeditation is defined as:

                an act done after the exercise of reflection and judgment.
                “Premeditation” means that the intent to kill must have been formed
                prior to the act itself. It is not necessary that the purpose to kill
                pre-exist in the mind of the accused for any definite period of time.
                The mental state of the accused at the time the accused allegedly
                decided to kill must be carefully considered in order to determine
                whether the accused was sufficiently free from excitement and
                passion as to be capable of premeditation.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(d). The element of premeditation is a question for the jury and may
be established by proof of the circumstances surrounding the killing. Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 660. Our
supreme court has delineated the following factors that demonstrate the existence of premeditation:
the use of a deadly weapon upon an unarmed victim, the particular cruelty of the killing, declarations
by the defendant of an intent to kill, evidence of procurement of a weapon, preparations before the
killing for concealment of the crime, and calmness immediately after the killing. Id. In addition, the
“establishment of a motive for the killing is another factor from which the jury may infer
premeditation.” State v. Sims, 45 S.W.3d 1, 8 (Tenn. 2001).

       Viewed in the light most favorable to the state, we believe the evidence is sufficient to
support the conviction. The victim and the defendant had gone into business together, and the
defendant had taken almost all of the victim’s interest in the business and property. The defendant
had put approximately $42,000 into K&P and amassed an $89,000 credit card debt. He took out a
$100,000 life insurance policy on the victim and, despite telling the victim that the company or the

                                                  -17-
victim’s wife would be the beneficiary of the policy, made himself the beneficiary. Moreover,
although the defendant told Carl Long that the business was bankrupt, he wanted to keep the victim’s
life insurance policy. On January 10, 1998, the defendant went to the restoration shop, demanded
that the victim let him inside, and told police that he had to get into the building. During a search
of the shop, the victim’s son found metal shavings in an envelope that had the defendant’s
handwriting on it and that had been hidden behind a fuse box. The defendant acknowledged to
police that he knew more about poisons than an average person and repeatedly told the victim’s
family and coworkers that he did not expect the victim to live very long. Although the defendant
stated to police that he never put anything in the victim’s food or drink, the victim testified that he
often got sick when he ate with the defendant and that he once saw the defendant put something that
looked like salt into his beer.

        Heavy metal testing revealed mercury in the victim’s hair and above normal levels of arsenic
in his urine. Although the mercury level in the victim’s hair was not high, Dr. Kevin Merigan
believed that the victim had been poisoned with mercury, and laboratory testing of a substance found
in the defendant’s garage and labeled “Baking powder” contained high levels of mercury. Although
no direct evidence that the defendant tried to poison the victim exists, a rational jury could have
found beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was in dire financial straits and intentionally,
and with premeditation, tried to kill the victim by putting heavy metals into the victim’s food and/or
drink in order to collect $100,000 from the victim’s life insurance policy and to have any business
assets for himself. The jury heard the inconsistencies and alternate theories raised by the defendant
and decided to accredit the state’s theory of the offense. The evidence is sufficient to support the
defendant’s conviction for attempted first degree murder.

                                              B. Theft

        The defendant has presented no argument as to why the evidence is insufficient to support
his theft conviction, and the state claims this has resulted in his waiving the issue. See T.R.A.P. 27;
Tenn. R. Crim. P. 10(b). In any event, we conclude that the evidence is sufficient.

       As charged in the indictment, the defendant was convicted of stealing from the victim. A
person is guilty of theft if that person, with the intent to deprive the owner of property, knowingly
obtains or exercises control over the property without the owner’s effective consent. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 39-14-103.

        Viewed in the light most favorable to the state, the evidence shows that the defendant was
guilty of theft of property valued $10,000 or more but less than $60,000. The defendant was
responsible for managing the business’s finances and keeping its accounting books. The victim
contributed about $30,000 in capital to the business and gave the defendant the business’s bank
account statements and checkbook. In addition, the victim and Kimo Coelho testified that they gave
money collected from customers to the defendant. Tom Jackson, who managed K&P from July
through October 1997, testified that he collected money from customers, that he almost always gave
the money to the defendant, and that the business should have been profitable. William Watkins,

                                                 -18-
a certified public accountant hired by the state to inspect K&P’s records, found that $9,000 was
unaccounted for and that the business never had a profit. In April 1997, the defendant asked the
victim to sign a contract making them equal owners of the business and showed the victim the
proposed contract. The victim went with the defendant to Tracy Malone’s office, signed the
contract, and later learned that the contract gave the defendant ninety-eight percent ownership of
K&P despite the fact that the victim had put $30,000 into the company. The victim also believed
that he was going to own fifty percent of the land in Atoka. Instead, he found out in September
1997, that he had signed a contract making him financially responsible for land that was entirely
owned by the defendant. In October 1997, the victim, his wife, and Tom Jackson tried to get the
defendant to meet with them in order to go over the business’s financial records. However, before
the meeting could start, the defendant stormed out and refused to participate. The evidence shows
that the defendant had almost complete control of K&P’s finances, that he misused capital
contributions, and that he tricked the victim into signing contracts that gave him almost complete
control of K&P and made the victim financially responsible for the Atoka land. We conclude that
the evidence is sufficient to support the theft conviction.

                                      C. Sales Tax Violation

       Again, the defendant has failed to provide any argument in support of his claim that the
evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for violating the sales tax law. Nevertheless, we
conclude that the evidence is sufficient.

       The indictments alleged that the defendant “obstructed” and “deprived” the State of
Tennessee in the collection of its sales tax revenue by filing false sales tax returns between March
31 and September 1, 1997. Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-1-1440(d) provides,

                       It is a Class E felony for any person to delay, hamper, hinder,
               impede, obstruct or thwart the state of Tennessee in the collection of
               any of its lawful revenue, or to deprive the state of the realization of
               such revenue at the time it is lawfully entitled thereto by any artifice,
               design, false weight or measure, strategem, or by the falsification of
               any record, report or return required by law. Each act done in
               violation hereof is a separate offense.

In this case, the evidence reflects that the defendant hired CPA James Ferguson to help him prepare
the sales tax returns. Mr. Ferguson testified that he determined K&P’s income and prepared the
returns based upon check stubs, cancelled checks, and bank statements that the defendant gave him.
Shane Christian testified that he investigated K&P’s work invoices and sales tax returns from April
to August 1997 and that he concluded K&P had underpaid the state $680.49 during that five-month
time period. Moreover, CPA William Watkins testified that his review of K&P’s records indicated
that the business had $40,000 in sales in 1997 but that Mr. Ferguson’s records showed only $25,000
in sales. The defendant was an owner of the business, was responsible for the business’s finances,
and signed all of the checks that were mailed to the Tennessee Department of Revenue. In addition,

                                                 -19-
the record reveals that the defendant signed each of the business’s sales tax returns. Given the
evidence, we believe a jury could have reasonably concluded that the defendant under-reported
K&P’s income to Mr. Ferguson during the period alleged in the indictment, which resulted in false
sales tax returns being filed with the state and obstructed and deprived the state of collecting sales
tax revenue. The evidence is sufficient to support the conviction.

                                  II. BILL OF PARTICULARS

       The defendant claims that the trial court erred by denying his motion for a bill of particulars.
The state claims that the trial court properly denied the motion. We agree with the state.

        The defendant was indicted for first degree murder on August 25, 1998. The indictment
alleges as follows:

                                         STEVE A. WHITE

               during the period of time between April 1, 1997 and December 19,
               1997, in Shelby County, Tennessee, and before the finding of this
               indictment, did unlawfully attempt to commit the offense of First
               Degree Murder, as defined in Tennessee Code Annotated 39-13-202,
               in that he, the said STEVE A. WHITE, did unlawfully, intentionally,
               and with premeditation attempt to kill PHILLIP E. ROUSS, in
               violation of T.C.A. 39-12-101, against the peace and dignity of the
               State of Tennessee.

On October 29, 1998, the defendant filed a motion for a bill of particulars, requesting that the state
file a written answer to the motion and reveal the exact times and dates of the alleged offense, the
location of each alleged incident, the names of people present at the time of the incidents, the acts
that the defendant committed, the manner in which the defendant committed the crime, and the
nature of the victim’s injuries. On July 6, 1999, the day of the motion hearing, the state filed an
eight-page response, which detailed many aspects of the state’s case, such as the motive for the crime
and the fact that the victim had tested positive for mercury and arsenic. In addition, the response
stated that heavy metals had been found in substances in the defendant’s home and specifically
described at least seven opportunities the defendant had to poison the victim.

        In denying the defendant’s motion, the trial court stated,

               This response is replete with dates and locations and specifics. And,
               you know, I, I just have to disagree with you-all. I think that, I think
               that from what I’ve seen, [the State] has provided you-all with a
               tremendous amount of very specific material here. Now, if your
               complaint is that this just got to you today and you don’t have enough
               time to be ready for trial in September, that’s a different issue. And,

                                                 -20-
               we’ll talk about that, if you need a continuance, let Me know. . . .
               And, obviously, you’re entitled to what the rules of discovery allow
               and to the medical testing, and the scientific data, to dates and places
               to the extent that [the State] knows them. . . . My sense of what I’ve
               heard today, is that you’re asking for broader discovery by means of
               Bill of Particulars, number one, And, an opportunity to require the
               State to indicate, to etch in stone pre-trial exactly what their proof
               will be. . . . I’m going to require [the State] to provide you with
               anything and everything [it] has with regard to dates, places, people,
               circumstances. I understand that you-all need to know as much as
               you can in order to respond. I understand that this indictment alleges
               several months as opposed to one day, so it’s a little harder to get a
               handle on those issues, factual issues, for purposes of preparation for
               your defense. But, I think that what I’ve seen that has been provided
               by the State has addressed those specifics fairly well.

On August 12, 1999, the defendant was indicted for theft and violating the sales tax law. He did not
file a motion for a bill of particulars with regard to those indictments.

        The defendant now claims that the trial court erred by denying his motion for a bill of
particulars. He argues that he needed a bill of particulars in order to determine what types of
chemicals were used to poison the victim, the dates and times of the alleged poisonings, and any
witnesses involved. He also claims that the trial court should have granted his motion because he
needed to know the amount of money missing and the type and amount of tax that was not paid in
order to prepare his defenses for theft and violating the sales tax law. He contends that although the
state’s eight-page response contained “much needed information for the defense,” it did not satisfy
the need for a bill of particulars. Regarding the attempted murder indictment, the state claims that
its response to the defendant’s motion provided the defendant with the information he had requested
and that the defendant has failed to show he was prejudiced by the trial court’s denial of the motion.
Regarding the theft and sales tax violation indictments, the state claims that the defendant has
waived the issue because he did not file a motion for a bill of particulars as to those indictments. We
agree with the state.

        Rule 7(c), Tenn. R. Crim. P., provides that “[u]pon motion of the defendant the court may
direct the filing of a bill of particulars so as to adequately identify the offense charged.” The
committee comments note that this rule allows a bill of particulars if the defendant needs to know
the precise charges against him or her. Committee Comments, Tenn. R. Crim. P. 7(c). The
comments caution that the rule “is to be construed to serve that singular purpose, and is not meant
to be used for purposes of broad discovery.” Id. The function of a bill of particulars is to give the
defendant sufficient information about the charges in order that he or she may prepare a defense and
to prevent prejudicial surprise at trial. State v. Hicks, 666 S.W.2d 54, 56 (Tenn. 1984); see also State
v. Hammonds, 30 S.W.3d 294, 303 (Tenn. 2000). Our supreme court has recognized that a bill of

                                                 -21-
particulars is not necessary when the state has provided the defendant with the information in another
acceptable form. See Hicks, 666 S.W.2d at 56.

         Regarding the attempted murder indictment, we believe the state’s response to the
defendant’s motion contained the information the defendant had requested and negated the need for
any further bill of particulars. The response detailed the defendant’s motive for the crime and
provided him with the dates, locations, names of witnesses, and specific circumstances surrounding
at least seven opportunities the defendant had to poison the victim. The response also stated that the
defendant had poisoned the victim with heavy metals and that heavy metals were found in the
restoration shop and the defendant’s home. Moreover, at the motion hearing, the defense told the
trial court that the state had provided the defense with a list of substances found at the shop and the
defendant’s residence and the results of tests that had been performed on the substances. Given the
nature of the information sought, the written response of the state, the oral statements of the defense
and the state at the motion hearing, and the fact that no showing has been made that the defendant
was not “fully apprised of and given access to all discoverable information” or that the defendant
was “prejudiced in the preparation of his defense,” State v. Stephenson, 878 S.W.2d 530, 539 (Tenn.
1994), we conclude that the trial court did not err by denying the defendant’s motion for a bill of
particulars as to the attempted murder indictment.

        Regarding the remaining indictments, we note that one month after the trial court denied the
defendant’s motion for a bill of particulars as to the attempted murder indictment, the defendant was
indicted for theft and two counts of violating the sales tax law. However, he did not file a second
motion for a bill of particulars. Therefore, he has waived the issue as to those indictments. See
T.R.A.P. 36(a). Moreover, we discern no plain error. See Tenn. R. Crim. P. 52(b); State v.
Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d 626, 641-42 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994).

                          III. FAILURE TO EXCLUDE EVIDENCE

        The defendant claims that the trial court erred by refusing to exclude from evidence the metal
shavings and the spray bottle that the victim and his son found in the restoration shop on January 10,
1998. He claims that the metal shavings were irrelevant and in the alternative that the evidence’s
probative value was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. See Tenn. R. Evid.
401, 403. As to the spray bottle, he contends that the state violated his request for discovery by
failing to reveal the bottle to the defense until the morning of trial. See Tenn. R. Crim. P.
16(a)(1)(A). The state claims that the trial court properly admitted the evidence. We agree with the
state.

                                         A. Metal Shavings

       In a jury out hearing the morning of trial, the defense sought to exclude from evidence the
metal shavings found in the restoration shop on the basis that the shavings were irrelevant. The state
argued that in light of its theory that the defendant had poisoned the victim with heavy metals, the
shavings were relevant because they had tested positive for heavy metals and were found hidden in

                                                 -22-
an envelope that had the defendant’s handwriting on it. The trial court held that the metal shavings
were “clearly relevant without question” and denied the defendant’s motion.

         According to Rule 401, Tenn. R. Evid., evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make
the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or
less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Relevant evidence may still be excluded “if
its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the
issues, or misleading the jury . . . .” Tenn. R. Evid. 403. The trial court has discretion in
determining whether evidence meets the test for relevancy. State v. Forbes, 918 S.W.2d 431, 449
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). Assessing the probative value and danger of unfair prejudice regarding
the evidence also falls within the trial court’s discretion. State v. Burlison, 868 S.W.2d 713, 720-21
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). This court will only reverse a trial court’s decision if the trial court abused
its discretion. State v. Williamson, 919 S.W.2d 69, 78 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).

          The state’s theory of the case was that the defendant poisoned the victim with heavy metals.
Although the state had no conclusive proof as to how the defendant poisoned the victim, witnesses
at trial testified that the victim often got sick when he ate with the defendant, and the victim testified
that he saw the defendant put something in his beer. Thus, a logical assumption was that the
defendant was putting substances containing heavy metals into the victim’s food and/or drink. Given
the state’s theory of the case and the fact that the shavings were found hidden in the shop and in an
envelope with the defendant’s handwriting on it, we agree with the trial court that the evidence was
relevant. Moreover, we do not believe the probative value of the evidence was substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. The trial court properly admitted the envelope of
metal shavings into evidence.

                                       B. Spray Bottle of Acid

         Before trial, the defense filed a discovery motion requesting that it be allowed to inspect and
copy documents and tangible objects pursuant to Rule 16(a)(1)(C), Tenn. R. Crim. P. The state’s
response to the motion provided that the defense could inspect any tangible objects presently in the
state’s possession or that it obtained in the future. During the defendant’s motion hearing to exclude
the metal shavings evidence, the state mentioned that it was going to introduce into evidence a spray
bottle of acid that the victim and his son found in the shop on January 10, 1998. In addition, the state
told the trial court that it planned to introduce into evidence results of tests that had been performed
with the acid and the metal shavings. The defense claimed that although it was aware the state had
conducted experiments by mixing the metal shavings with acid, it had not known that a specific
bottle of acid existed and asked the trial court to exclude it from the evidence pursuant to Tenn. R.
Crim. P. 16(d)(2). The state argued that it did not know why the defense had been unaware of the
bottle’s existence because Detective Doug Bailey’s police report, which had been made available
to the defense, mentioned it. The trial court refused to exclude the bottle, noting that nothing
indicated the state had intentionally concealed it from the defense. In addition, the trial court held
that the defense could inspect the spray bottle and any laboratory reports during an upcoming lunch
hour.

                                                  -23-
        The defendant claims that the trial court erred by refusing to exclude the spray bottle from
evidence. Specifically, he claims that the trial court’s failing to exclude the bottle was reversible
error because the defense did not have access to “this vital piece of evidence” and was unable to have
its toxicology expert inspect and test it. The state claims that the trial court properly refused to
exclude the evidence because the state had not intentionally concealed the bottle from the defense.
Moreover, the state claims that the defendant has failed to show that he was prejudiced by the trial
court’s denial of his motion because the state gave him the results of tests on the bottle and the acid
before trial.

         Under Tenn. R. Crim. P. 16(a)(1)(C), the state is required to “permit the defendant to inspect
and copy or photograph . . . tangible objects . . . which are within the possession, custody or control
of the State,” and material to the defendant’s preparation of his defense, intended for use by the state,
or were obtained from the defendant. If a party fails to comply with a discovery request, “the court
may order such party to permit the discovery or inspection, grant a continuance, or prohibit the party
from introducing evidence not disclosed, or it may enter such other order as it deems just under the
circumstances.” Tenn. R. Crim. P. 16(d)(2). Whether a defendant has been prejudiced by the state’s
failure to disclose information is a significant factor in determining an appropriate remedy. State v.
Smith, 926 S.W.2d 267, 270 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). Exclusion of evidence is a “drastic remedy
and should not be implemented unless there is no other reasonable alternative.” Id. When arguing
that the state violated Rule 16, the defendant bears the burden of showing “the degree to which the
impediments to discovery hindered trial preparation and defense at trial.” State v. Brown, 836
S.W.2d 530, 548 (Tenn. 1992).

          Initially, we note that in a police report, Detective Bailey stated that he had received “an 8
oz. spray bottle of some sort of liquid acid from Phil Rouss.” During the hearing to exclude the
bottle from evidence, the state told the trial court that Detective Bailey’s report had been made
available to the defense and the defense did not dispute that claim. Thus, the spray bottle’s existence
should not have been a complete surprise to the defense. In any event, even if the state’s failure to
turn over the bottle violated the defendant’s discovery request, the defendant has failed to show how
he was prejudiced by the state’s failure to comply with discovery. The trial court allowed the
defense to inspect the bottle and the state’s laboratory test reports. The defendant does not claim that
the test results were inaccurate and has made no argument as to how independent testing would have
aided his defense. We also note that the state presented very little evidence about the bottle at trial,
and no witness testified as to what role acid played in the defendant’s poisoning the victim. The
defendant has failed to show that the trial court committed reversible error by denying his motion
to exclude the bottle from evidence.

                          IV. ANGELA WHITESIDE’S TESTIMONY

       The defendant claims that the trial court erred by not instructing the jury after the state asked
witness Angela Whiteside an inappropriate question. He claims that an instruction was required
because the purpose of the question was to bias the jury against him. The state claims that the
defendant has waived the issue because he failed to request an instruction. In the alternative, it

                                                  -24-
argues that he has failed to show how he was prejudiced by the lack of an instruction. We conclude
that the defendant is not entitled to relief.

        Angela Whiteside testified that she was a waitress at the Lone Star Steakhouse and usually
waited on the defendant. During her direct testimony, the state asked if the defendant had ever asked
her on a date. The defense objected and during a bench conference, the following colloquy occurred:

               [Defense]:             Your Honor, I object to this line of
                                      questioning. It’s not relevant to any-

               [State]:               Your Honor, surely it must have been
                                      anticipated. This is part of the motive for his
                                      taking the money. As I see, it’s at least $30-

               THE COURT:             Whisper, would you please.

               [State]:               At least $30 a week he’s spending on tips for
                                      this one girl. We’re talking about where the
                                      cash is going. He’s got ten credit cards. He’s
                                      running up bills. He’s working at a temporary
                                      service. All of this goes to motive.

               ....

               THE COURT:             What do you expect the answer to be from this
                                      witness?

               [State]:               That he tried to get her to go out on one
                                      occasion.

               THE COURT:             But she didn’t,

               [Defense]:             And she didn’t, and that’s why I’m amazed he
                                      asked the question.

               (Simultaneous speech.)

               THE COURT:             Wait a minute. Let me talk. If there is proof
                                      that he did go out with Person X or Person Y
                                      and, you know, maintained a separate
                                      apartment and lavished expensive gifts on her,
                                      that - I see the relevance of that, just as there
                                      was relevance of his spending habits while he

                                                -25-
                                       was there - $60 tip - that sort of thing. But if
                                       the proof you anticipate is that she didn’t go
                                       out with him, then there is no relevance to the
                                       fact that he did ask her out. I’ll sustain the
                                       objection.

The defendant claims that although the trial court sustained his objection, a curative instruction was
required because it can be “safely assumed that [the state] was talking at such a level as to be able
to be heard by the members of the jury.” He contends that the trial court should have instructed the
jury to disregard the state’s question and anything it may have heard during the bench conference.

        As pointed out in the state’s brief, the defendant did not request a curative instruction. See
State v. McPherson, 882 S.W.2d 365, 371 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994) (right to a curative instruction
is waived when counsel fails to request it); see also T.R.A.P. 36(a). Moreover, the defense did not
poll the jury in order to determine whether the jurors heard any part of the bench conference. The
defendant has failed to show that he is entitled to relief on this issue.

                                    V. BANK APPLICATION

         The defendant claims that the trial court erred by refusing to allow him to question the victim
about a First Tennessee Bank account application that the victim had allegedly signed. He claims
that the application was admissible in order to impeach the victim’s testimony on direct examination
that the victim did not know the defendant had opened a business account at First Tennessee Bank.
The state claims the defense did not need to impeach the victim with the application because the
defendant had already impeached the victim with signature cards for the account. We agree with the
defendant that he should have been allowed to impeach the victim with the application.
Nevertheless, we conclude that any error was harmless.

        On direct examination, the victim testified that in October 1997, Judie Hayes told him that
the defendant had closed K&P’s business account at Boatmen’s Bank. He said that he confronted
the defendant about the closed account and that the defendant told him the defendant was going to
move the account to First Tennessee Bank. The state showed the victim signature cards for a First
Tennessee business account, and the victim testified that although his signature appeared to be on
the cards, he did not remember signing them. On cross-examination, the following exchange
occurred:

                Q       Okay. But you all hadn’t had discussions, then, about
                        changing banks?

                A       Oh, he wanted to change banks, but I wanted to leave it at
                        Boatmen’s. I’d been doing business with those people since
                        1970, I think.

                                                 -26-
Q      So you didn’t agree with him to open an account?

A      No.

Q      At First Tennessee?

A      No.

....

Q      Okay. And you identified some signature cards earlier for
       First Tennessee accounts, didn’t you?

A      Yes, I did.

....

Q      [You] told the district attorney [they] were not your
       signatures.

A      Well, I didn’t think they were my signatures - no, one of
       them, I didn’t think. I don’t know. I just didn’t think they
       were my signatures.

Q      Okay. And you actually told the chancery court that it wasn’t
       your signature either.

A      I didn’t think they were.

Q      In fact, you didn’t believe it was your signature until we had
       this expert here for this trial?

A      That’s right.

Q      Your position was, entirely, that it wasn’t your signature -
       there’s no thinking about it.

A      Can I tell you what my position was?

Q      I’m asking you - that was your position, wasn’t it?

A      Yes. Am I able to explain that?

                                   -27-
                       THE COURT:              Yes, you may.

               A       Well, Your Honor, what I wanted to explain . . . was - and the
                       question I’m thinking of - I’m asking myself, “How could I
                       have signed this if I didn’t know this account existed two
                       months earlier?” I signed something here that I didn’t know
                       about.

At that point, the state asked for a bench conference. During the conference, the defense told the trial
court that it wanted to ask the victim about a First Tennessee Bank account application that appeared
to have been signed by the victim four times. The state objected, and the trial court sustained the
objection on the basis that the application was undated and, therefore, irrelevant.

        As previously stated, under Rule 401, Tenn. R. Evid., evidence is relevant if it has “any
tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action
more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Relevant evidence may still
be excluded “if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,
confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury . . . .” Tenn. R. Evid. 403. The trial court has
discretion in determining whether evidence meets the test for relevancy. State v. Forbes, 918 S.W.2d
431, 449 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). Assessing the probative value and danger of unfair prejudice
regarding the evidence also falls within the trial court’s discretion. State v. Burlison, 868 S.W.2d
713, 720-21 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). This court will only reverse a trial court’s decision if the trial
court abused its discretion. State v. Williamson, 919 S.W.2d 69, 78 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).

        We believe the trial court should have admitted the application into evidence. The victim
had claimed on direct examination that the defendant opened an account at First Tennessee Bank
without his approval. Thus, the application was relevant to contradict the victim’s assertion, and the
trial court should have allowed the defense to question the victim about it. The fact that the
application was undated was for the jury’s consideration.

        The state claims that the defendant did not need to impeach the victim with the application
because the defense had already impeached him with the signature cards. Again, we disagree.
Although the victim reluctantly admitted that the signatures on the cards were his, he maintained that
he did not approve of the defendant’s opening the account at First Tennessee Bank. Therefore, the
defense should have been allowed to impeach the victim by asking him about the application and
whether the four signatures on the application were his. See Tenn. R. Evid. 607 (the “credibility of
a witness may be attacked by any party”); Neil P. Cohen et al., Tennessee Law of Evidence §
6.07[4][b] (4th ed. 2000) (allowing a party to challenge the accuracy of a witness’s factual assertions
lets the jury “assess the witness’s demeanor, sincerity, and ability to perceive, record, recall, and
narrate past events”). Nonetheless, considering the whole record, we cannot say that the error more
probably than not affected the judgments in this case. See T.R.A.P. 36(b).

                                                 -28-
                                   VI. VICTIM’S TESTIMONY

        The defendant claims that the trial court erred by not instructing the victim to stop giving
long, rambling narratives and to stop making jokes during his cross-examination. In addition, he
contends that the trial court erred by forcing the defense to cross-examine the victim between 8:00
p.m. and 10:00 p.m. when the jury had been hearing testimony since 9:00 a.m. Regarding the
victim’s long, rambling narratives, the state claims that the defendant waived the issue because he
failed to cite to authorities and make appropriate references to the record as required by T.R.A.P.
27(a) and because he failed to object to the victim’s testimony. As to the issue regarding cross-
examining the victim from 8:00 p.m. until 10:00 p.m., the state claims that the defendant again
waived the issue because he failed to make a contemporaneous objection. Moreover, the state claims
that the defendant has failed to show that he was prejudiced by cross-examining the victim at night.
We believe that the defendant is not entitled to relief.

        Regarding the trial court’s failure to instruct the victim to answer the defense’s questions and
stop making jokes, we agree with the state that the defendant has waived the issue. At no time did
the defense object to the manner of the victim’s testimony or request that the trial court instruct the
victim to answer the defense’s questions and stop making jokes. See T.R.A.P. 36(a). Moreover, the
defendant has not referred to any specific examples in the record to support his claim, and we are
unable to discern from our reading of the trial transcript any incident in which the victim refused to
answer the defense’s questions, made jokes, or disrupted the trial.

        As to the defendant’s remaining issue, the record reflects that on the third day of the trial,
court began about 9:00 a.m. Sometime after lunch, the victim took the stand and testified until about
6:00 or 6:30 p.m. At that point, the trial court took a break in order for the jury to rest and eat dinner.
The victim’s direct testimony resumed about 8:00 p.m. and shortly thereafter, the defense began
cross-examining him. At some point during the victim’s cross-examination testimony, the following
colloquy occurred:

                [Defense]:               My question, Your Honor, is - and I just
                                         wanted to say for the record that some of the
                                         jurors are - like they’re very, very, tired.

                THE COURT:               Well, we all are, but we’re going to finish this
                                         witness.

                [Defense]:               Okay, Your Honor.

                THE COURT:               We’ve been here all week, but we’re not going
                                         to stop and then bring him back for another
                                         thirty minutes - or another two hours - what it-

                                         (Simultaneous speech.)

                                                   -29-
                THE COURT:              Yes. We’re going to finish this witness.

                ....

                THE COURT:              Do you all need a break right now?

                [Bailiff]:              Your Honor, I believe [one of the jurors] lost
                                        a screw out of her eyeglasses, and we were
                                        just looking for it.

                THE COURT:              Okay. Go ahead, [defense counsel].

At the motion for new trial hearing, the trial court stated that it had extended the trial into the
evening hours because it had wanted to finish the victim’s testimony, it was snowing outside, and
the jury was sequestered. The trial court also stated, “And I felt that the jury was - they had dinner -
they were fine, and they were paying close attention to what was being testified to, I thought.”

       The defendant claims that the jury was adversely affected by having to listen to testimony
from 8:00 p.m. until 10:00 p.m. In support of his claim, he notes that the fact that jurors were
looking for the screw to a pair of eyeglasses shows that they were not paying attention to the victim’s
testimony. The state argues that the defendant’s failure to make a contemporaneous objection
waived the issue and that the defendant has failed to demonstrate that he was prejudiced by the
victim’s testifying after 8:00 p.m. We do not believe that the defendant’s comments would
ordinarily place the trial court on notice that he was objecting. On the other hand, the trial court’s
statements indicate that any formal objection would have been to no avail.

         As pointed out in the defendant’s brief, night sessions are not per se improper. Hembree v.
State, 546 S.W.2d 235, 243 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1976). However, given that due process entitles a
defendant to a “clear-headed and not unduly fatigued jury,” a trial court’s holding late night sessions
absent unusual circumstances may constitute reversible error. See, e.g., State v. McMullin, 801
S.W.2d 826, 827-32 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990) (trial court erred by ordering night sessions over the
defense’s objections that lasted until 11:45 p.m. the first day of trial and 11:50 p.m. the second day
of trial); Hembree, 546 S.W.2d at 242-43 (trial court erred when jury heard testimony from 9:00 a.m.
until 1:00 a.m. the next day and the defendant’s attorneys told the trial court at midnight that they
were tired and could no longer effectively represent him). Moreover, “court should not be held at
late hours if either defense counsel or any juror objects upon reasonable grounds related to the
lateness of the hour.” State v. Gray, 960 S.W.2d 598, 609 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997) (citing
McMullin, 801 S.W.2d at 832).

        In the present case, we cannot conclude that the trial court’s ordering the victim’s testimony
to continue after dinner constitutes error. The trial court recessed for dinner at approximately 6:30
p.m., and the victim’s direct testimony resumed about 8:00 p.m., giving the jury a one and one-half
hour break. When the trial resumed, neither party indicated that it was too tired to continue. In

                                                 -30-
addition, the trial court asked the jury if it needed a break, and nothing in the transcript indicates that
any of the jurors said they did. Finally, we do not believe the fact that jurors were looking for a
screw to a pair of eyeglasses briefly during the victim’s cross-examination demonstrates prejudice.
The trial court stated at the motion for new trial hearing that it believed the jurors were paying close
attention to the victim, and nothing in the record contradicts that conclusion. The defendant cannot
prevail on this claim.

                       VII. RESTRICTION OF EXPERT TESTIMONY

       Next, the defendant contends that the trial court erred by limiting Dr. Sheldon Brunk’s
testimony. Specifically, he contends that the court should have allowed Dr. Brunk to testify about
the heavy metals found in the victim’s urine and in the substances taken from the defendant’s home.
The state argues that the trial court properly limited Dr. Brunk’s testimony because he was not a
medical doctor. We agree with the state.

        Dr. Brunk testified that he was a forensic toxicologist and had a Ph.D. in analytical chemistry.
He said that he had worked at Providence Hospital in Portland, Oregon for six years, had worked at
Baptist Regional Labs in Memphis for eight and one-half years, and was a part-time consulting
director at Methodist Hospital in Memphis. He said that while he worked at Baptist, he had been
in charge of the drug testing and trace metals testing departments and that he currently owned his
own toxicology consulting business. He said that he was licensed as a medical laboratory director
in Tennessee and New York but that he was not a medical doctor. Based upon Dr. Brunk’s
qualifications, the trial court ruled that he was an expert in toxicology.

        Dr. Brunk testified that he had performed hundreds of urine tests to detect heavy metals. He
said that the level of arsenic in the victim’s urine was not unusual and “usually not any cause for
alarm.” At that point, the state objected and told the trial court during a bench conference that it did
not believe Dr. Brunk was qualified to testify about whether the levels of heavy metals in a person’s
body were dangerous because Dr. Brunk was not a medical doctor. The trial court ruled that Dr.
Brunk could testify as to the results of the state’s scientific tests but that he could not testify about
whether certain levels of heavy metals would be toxic to a person.

        The defendant contends that Dr. Brunk should have been allowed to testify about the toxicity
of the heavy metals found in the victim’s urine and in the powders taken from the defendant’s home.
He asserts that Dr. Brunk was qualified to testify as to whether the amount of heavy metals detected
in the urine and powders would be toxic to a person of the victim’s weight. The state argues that the
trial court properly limited the witness’s testimony because he was not a medical doctor and,
therefore, not qualified to testify about the medical implications of the state’s test results.

        The admissibility of expert testimony is a matter within the trial court’s discretion and will
not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Tizard, 897 S.W.2d 732, 748 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1994). Rule 702, Tenn. R. Evid., states, “If scientific, technical, or other specialized
knowledge will substantially assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact

                                                   -31-
in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may
testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise.” Rule 703, Tenn. R. Evid., states, “The court shall
disallow testimony in the form of an opinion or inference if the underlying facts or data indicate lack
of trustworthiness.” Determinations concerning the admissibility of expert testimony, including the
basis of the expert opinion, are within the discretion of the trial court. State v. Ballard, 855 S.W.2d
557, 562 (Tenn. 1993); see also State v. Hall, 958 S.W.2d 679, 689 (Tenn. 1997). However, the jury
determines the weight and credibility of the expert’s testimony. State v. Anderson, 880 S.W.2d 720,
732 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994).

         We agree with the state that the defense had not shown that the witness was qualified to
testify about the medical implications of certain levels of heavy metals. Although Dr. Brunk has a
Ph.D. in analytical chemistry, has been the director of various testing laboratories, and has tested
urine for heavy metals numerous times, the defense did not establish that he was qualified to testify
about whether certain levels of heavy metals are toxic to individuals. Thus, the trial court did not
err in restricting his testimony. In any event, once the trial court granted the state’s objection, the
defendant was obligated to make an offer of proof concerning Dr. Brunk’s proposed testimony. Rule
103(a)(2), Tenn. R. Evid., provides that in order to reverse a trial court’s ruling to exclude evidence,
a substantial right of a party must be affected and, if not apparent from the context, “the substance
of the evidence and the specific evidentiary basis supporting admission” must be made in an offer
of proof. The defendant did not make an offer of proof as to Dr. Brunk’s testimony, and we cannot
speculate as to his proposed testimony or its purpose. Therefore, even assuming arguendo that the
trial court erred by limiting his testimony, we cannot say that the defendant was harmed by the error.

                            VIII. STATE’S CLOSING ARGUMENT

        Finally, the defendant contends that the trial court erred by allowing the prosecutor to make
inappropriate comments and appeal to the jury’s emotions during closing argument. In response, the
state notes that the defendant did not object to any of the prosecutor’s statements and argues that the
statements were not improper. We believe that the defendant is not entitled to relief.

        During its closing argument, the state said the following:

                        “And what [the defendant is] doing is digging us a hole,
                which I’m going to end up picking up 50 percent.” I thought it was
                98 percent. I guess he’s selective. When he’s in trouble, it’s only 50
                percent; but when he’s not in trouble, it’s 98 percent. Utterly
                ridiculous.

                ....

                      [He’s] accused everyone else of stealing.
                      Take a look at that, ladies and gentlemen, it’s almost a
                complete joke.

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               ....

                      So, ladies and gentlemen, I think the proof is overwhelming -
               absolutely overwhelming and unrefuted.

               ....

After defense counsel gave its closing statement, the state continued with the following:

                       Thank you, Doctor. And I say that jokingly with defense
               counsel, but did you hear anyone come in here and contradict Dr.
               Merigan? It’s utterly ridiculous. There’s no way that they can
               contradict him. As a matter of fact, there’s only about five other
               people in the country that have his credentials, and none of them
               came in here.
                       They want you to acquit this man based on the bowel
               movements of the victim. That’s ridiculous. That’s utterly
               ridiculous.

               ....

                       And to say that man over there made all of this up is just
               ridiculous - utterly ridiculous. . . .

               ....

                      Ladies and gentlemen - it’s so obvious, ladies and gentlemen.
               Please don’t let this man go. . . .

        The defendant claims that the prosecutor’s repeated use of the phrases “utterly ridiculous,”
and “almost a complete joke”; his referring to defense counsel as “doctor”; and his plea to the jury
not to let the defendant go were improper. He claims that the trial court should have stopped the
prosecutor from making such remarks and instructed the jury to disregard them. The state argues
that the defendant’s failure to make a contemporaneous objection waived the issue and that the
prosecutor was “simply pointing out that the defendant’s theory did not make sense” and was “asking
the jury to find the defendant guilty based on the evidence presented at trial.”

         The Tennessee Supreme Court has recognized that “argument of counsel is a valuable
privilege that should not be unduly restricted.” Smith v. State, 527 S.W.2d 737, 739 (Tenn. 1975).
Jury argument must be predicated on evidence which is introduced during the trial and is pertinent
to the issues being tried. Russell v. State, 532 S.W.2d 268 (Tenn. 1976). Attorneys may not argue
facts which are not of record. State v. Beasley, 536 S.W.2d 328, 330 (Tenn. 1976). Improper

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statements made during closing argument constitute reversible error if the statements affected the
verdict. State v. Sutton, 562 S.W.2d 820, 823 (Tenn. 1978).

        As the state points out in its brief, the defendant failed to object at trial to any of the
prosecutor’s statements. The failure to object contemporaneously constitutes a waiver of the issue
pursuant to Rule 36(a), T.R.A.P. See also State v. Little, 854 S.W.2d 643, 651 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1992) (failure to object to prosecutor’s alleged misconduct during closing argument waives any later
complaint). Otherwise, we see nothing in the arguments that would improperly affect the substantial
rights of the defendant.

       Based on the foregoing and the record as a whole, we affirm the judgments of conviction.

                                                      ___________________________________
                                                      JOSEPH M. TIPTON, JUDGE

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