Court Opinion

ID: 4524989
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-04-14 14:00:39.884244+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:11:44.764943
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                          FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                             )
JEFFREY STEIN,               )
                             )
           Plaintiff,        )
                             )
        v.                   )                      Civil Action No. 17-cv-0189 (TSC)
                             )
                             )
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY, )
et al.,                      )
                             )
           Defendant.        )
                             )

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff Jeffrey Stein brought this action under the Freedom of Information Act

(“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, et seq., challenging certain responses to a series of FOIA requests he

submitted to nine federal agencies (collectively, “Defendants”): Central Intelligence Agency

(“CIA”), Department of Justice (“DOJ”), Department of Defense (“DOD”), Office of Personnel

Management (“OPM”), Office of the Director of National Intelligence (“ODNI”), Department of

Education (“Education”), Department of State (“State”), and Department of Commerce

(“Commerce”).

       Before the court are Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 22) and

Stein’s Cross-Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (ECF No. 29). Upon consideration of the

motions, the responses and replies thereto, and for the following reasons, the court will GRANT

and DENY Defendants’ motion in part, and GRANT and DENY Stein’s motion in part.

                                      I.   BACKGROUND

   A. Stein’s FOIA Requests

                                                1
       Stein’s FOIA requests broadly fall into two categories, each involving alleged security

concerns related to Donald Trump’s presidential campaign and presidential transition. First,

Stein’s “briefing requests” sought “copies of all records, including e-mails and other forms of

electronic communications, about national security briefings given or to be given to Donald

Trump due to his Presidential candidacy,” including any security concerns related to such

briefing. (ECF No. 22-13 (“Defs. Stmt. Mat. Facts”) ¶ 1.) The request stated that agencies could

“exclude the substance of the briefings and focus only on records about logistics, security

concerns, and similar issues.” (See, e.g., ECF No. 22-7, Ex. YYY at 1.) It further clarified that

“Mr. Stein has no interest in learning what Mr. Trump is briefed about; he is only interested in

the process, and he is specifically interested in records discussing any security concerns.” (Id.)

Stein sent briefing requests to five agencies: CIA, DOD, DOJ, FBI, 1 and ODNI. (Defs. Stmt.

Mat. Facts ¶¶ 3, 22, 31, 42, 51.) Three agencies—CIA, FBI, and ODNI—identified and

produced some records in response to the request. (Id. ¶¶ 5, 33, 46.)

       The second category of Stein’s FOIA requests, the “investigation requests,” sought

information related to background investigations of fifteen individuals reportedly under

consideration for senior positions in the Trump administration. (Id. ¶¶ 1–2.) The requests

sought “copies of all records, including emails, about any steps taken to investigate or authorize

(or discussions about potentially investigating or authorizing) [the individual in question] for

access to classified information.” (Id.) The fifteen individuals are: Stephen Bannon, Pamela

Bondi, Betsy DeVos, Carly Fiorina, Gen. Michael Flynn, Michael Flynn, Jr., Rudolph Giuliani,

Jared Kushner, James Mattis, Gen. David Petraeus, Wilbur Ross, Jr., Rex Tillerson, Donald

1
 In the interest of clarity, the court will treat the FBI as a separate agency from DOJ, as the FBI
has its own FOIA office and processed requests independently of other DOJ components. (See
ECF No. 22-7 (“Hardy Decl.”) ¶¶ 1–3.)
                                                 2
Trump, Jr., Eric Trump, and Ivanka Trump. (Id. ¶ 2.) Four agencies—CIA, FBI, ODNI, and

OPM—received investigation requests for all fifteen individuals. (Id. ¶¶ 3, 31, 42, 54.)

Commerce, DOD, Education, and State received investigation requests for a subset of between

one and thirteen individuals. (Id. ¶¶ 17, 22, 28, 61.) Ultimately, three agencies—CIA, FBI, and

ODNI—identified and released some material responsive to Stein’s briefing or investigation

requests. (Id. ¶¶ 5, 33, 46.)

    B. Agency Responses to Stein’s FOIA Requests 2

       1. CIA

       CIA received the briefing request from Stein on May 5, 2016, and all fifteen investigation

requests between December 5 and December 15, 2016. (ECF No. 22-3, Ex. 1 (“Shiner Decl.”)

¶ 7.) After Stein sued on January 31, 2017, CIA searched for responsive materials in accordance

with the schedule established by this court, and produced materials to Stein on a rolling basis,

releasing its final set of records on March 16, 2018. (Id. ¶ 9.) In all, CIA identified 65

responsive documents, produced 40 documents in whole or in part and withheld 25 in full,

invoking Exemptions 1, 3, 5, and 6. (Defs. Stmt. Mat. Facts ¶¶ 5, 7, 9, 11, 14; ECF No. 22-3,

Ex. A (“CIA Vaughn Index”).) CIA referred additional responsive materials to other agencies

and eventually produced eight of the referred documents, which included redactions made by the

originating agency. (Shiner Decl. ¶ 9).

2
 Because Stein does not object to summary judgment as to Commerce on Count 24, (ECF No.
28 (“Pl. Opp.”) at 1 n.1), the court need not discuss Commerce’s responses to his requests. See
discussion in section III, supra.
                                                 3
       2. FBI

       FBI processed 352 pages of materials responsive to Stein’s requests; it released 100

pages in full, 163 pages with redactions, and withheld 89 pages in their entirety, invoking

Exemptions 5, 6, and 7(c). (Defs. Stmt. Mat. Facts ¶¶ 33–36.)

       3. DOJ

       On July 22, 2016, Stein’s counsel sent a copy of the briefing request to DOJ’s FOIA/PA

Mail Referral Unit (“MRU”), a part of DOJ’s Justice Management Division that accepts FOIA

requests from requesters who are unsure which DOJ component may possess the records they

seek. (ECF No. 22-9, Ex. 7 (“Brinkmann Decl.”) ¶¶ 3, 6.) When the MRU receives a request, it

decides “which components would be most likely to maintain the records sought.” (Id. ¶ 7.)

After determining that the DOJ’s Office of Information Policy (“OIP”) was one of the agency

components most likely to have materials responsive to Stein’s request, MRU forwarded the

request to OIP. (Id.) On April 17, 2017, OIP notified Stein’s counsel that the agency had

completed a search and could not locate any responsive records. (Id. ¶ 12.) OIP claims that it

searched for responsive materials in all locations reasonably likely to contain them. (Defs. Stmt.

Mat. Facts ¶ 52.)

       4. DOD

                i. Office of the Secretary of Defense and Joint Staff

       The FOIA office for the Office of the Secretary of Defense and Joint Staff (“OSD/JS”), a

component of DOD, received a copy of Stein’s briefing request on May 5, 2016, and in a May

23, 2016 letter to Stein’s counsel, issued a “no records” response to the briefing request. (Id.

¶ 23; ECF No. 22-5, Ex. 3 (“Herrington Decl.”) ¶ 6.) Stein did not appeal this response. (Defs.

Stmt. Mat. Facts ¶ 24). However, on July 22, 2016 he e-mailed the OSD/JS action officer who

                                                 4
had sent the May 23 response, stating that his e-mail was “a renewal of the FOIA request

submitted on 5 May 2016.” (Herrington Decl. ¶ 7). On July 27, 2016, the officer responded that

the previous FOIA request was closed and that Stein should file another request online, or by

mail or fax to the OSD/JS Requester Service Center (“RSC”). (Id.) Later that day, Stein’s

counsel again e-mailed the action officer and asked him to forward the request to OSD/JS’s

FOIA office. (Id.) The officer replied on July 28, again instructing Stein’s counsel to “[p]lease

submit your own FOIA request to the Requester Service Center as stated below.” (Id. ¶ 8.) The

parties now dispute whether Stein’s counsel’s e-mails constituted a separate submission of the

briefing request. (Defs. Stmt. Mat. Facts ¶ 25; ECF No. 28 (“Pl. Response to Defs. Stmt. Mat.

Facts”) ¶ 25.)

       Stein’s counsel also submitted thirteen investigation requests to OSD/JS, which claims

that it found no responsive records, despite searching all locations reasonably likely to contain

them. (Defs. Stmt. Mat. Facts ¶¶ 26, 27)

                 ii. Defense Manpower Data Center

       Stein’s counsel submitted the same thirteen investigation requests sent to OSD/JS to the

DOD’s Defense Manpower Data Center (“DMDC”), which is responsible for maintaining the

Joint Personnel Adjudication System (“JPAS”) and other personnel security systems.

(Herrington Decl. ¶ 14.) Because DMDC responds to FOIA requests through the OSD/JS FOIA

office, these requests were “essentially duplicates” of the ones Stein sent to OSD/JS. (Id.)

Relying on a DMDC official’s statement that “the JPAS database does not maintain security

investigations of cabinet level personnel, and thus no system of records at DMDC would have

responsive material,” DMDC concluded that it would not have any JPAS information responsive

                                                 5
to Stein’s thirteen investigation requests, and communicated a “no records” response to the

OSD/JS FOIA office. (Id.)

       5. ODNI

       ODNI received the briefing request and all fifteen investigation requests from Stein.

(Defs. Stmt. Mat. Facts ¶ 42.) With respect to the investigation requests, the agency determined

that it “was not required to conduct a search for responsive records” because “ODNI is not

involved in the process of actually investigating or authorizing individuals for access to

classified national security information.” (ECF No. 22-8 (“Gaviria Decl.”) ¶ 39.) It also cited

Exemption 6 to justify withholding 31 pages of responsive records it received via referral from

the CIA, claiming that the records contained no reasonably segregable and non-exempt

information. (Id. ¶¶ 48, 50.) The agency concluded that there were no locations likely to contain

information responsive to Stein’s investigation requests, because ODNI “does not investigate or

authorize individuals for access to classified information.” (Id. ¶¶ 44–45.)

       6. OPM

       OPM referred Stein’s investigative requests to the National Background Investigations

Bureau (“NBIB”), an OPM component that “conducts background investigations for Federal

government agencies to use as the basis for suitability and security clearance determinations.”

(ECF No. 22-10 (“Watters Decl.”) ¶¶ 8, 12.) NBIB determined that its Personnel Investigations

Processing System, which includes information about individuals subject to background

investigations, was the only location likely to contain responsive records. (Id. ¶¶ 8, 12.)

       On January 26, 2017, NBIB e-mailed Stein, informing him that it had found no

responsive materials for ten of the fifteen investigation requests. (Id. ¶ 15.) NBIB identified no

responsive records for two additional investigation requests, but, due to an administrative

                                                 6
oversight, it did not communicate these results to Stein until May 2017. (Id. ¶ 16). NBIB

located nine pages of materials responsive to the remaining three investigation requests, but cited

Exemptions 6 and 7(C) to justify withholding these records in full. (Defs. Stmt. Mat. Facts

¶¶ 57–58; Watters Decl. ¶ 24.) It also communicated these decisions to Stein via e-mail on

January 26, 2017. (Watters Decl. ¶ 21.) All thirteen response letters sent to Stein on January 26,

2017 notified him of his right to appeal the decision and explained the proper appeal procedures,

while also stating that OPM’s FOIA office would perform a separate search of records for

responsive materials. (Id.) The e-mails from NBIB to which the formal response letters were

attached referred to the decisions as both “interim” and “final.” (See ECF No. 22-10, Exs. 2, 4.)

Stein did not appeal the response letters he received on January 26, 2017 and filed this suit three

days later. (Watters Decl. ¶¶ 18–19.)

       7. State

       State received three investigation requests from Stein on December 6, 2016. (ECF No.

22-12, Ex. 10 (“Eric Stein Decl.”) ¶¶ 4, 8, 12.) State’s Office of Information Programs and

Services (“IPS”) located information responsive to the investigation request regarding Rex

Tillerson, but found no responsive materials for the other two requests. (Id. ¶¶ 52.) In July and

August 2017, IPS notified Stein that its search of agency records had identified 22 responsive

records. (Eric Stein Decl. ¶¶ 15–17.) State ultimately released two documents in full, eighteen

documents in part, and withheld two documents in full, citing Exemptions 6, 7(C), and 7(E), and

claimed that there was no reasonably segregable, non-exempt information in the withheld

materials. (Defs. Stmt. Mat. Facts ¶¶ 63, 65–66.) State also informed Stein that it had referred

nineteen documents to FBI for review. (Eric Stein Decl. ¶ 17.)

       8. Education

                                                 7
       On December 5, 2016, Stein’s counsel submitted one investigation request to Education

seeking records on steps taken to investigate or authorize Betsy Devos, President-elect Trump’s

nominee for Secretary of Education, for access to classified information. (ECF No. 22-6

(“Senecal Decl.”) ¶ 3.) On February 22, 2017, after Stein filed suit, Ronald Luczak, then the

director of Education’s Office of Security, Facilities, and Logistics, informed Education’s FOIA

Service Center that the agency had no records responsive to Stein’s request. (Id. ¶ 4.) Education

asserts that there were no locations within the agency that were likely to have responsive records

because the agency “does not conduct background investigations for cabinet secretaries or

cabinet secretary nominees and therefore did not have the responsibility for conducting Ms.

Devos’s background check.” (Defs. Stmt. Mat. Facts ¶ 29–30.)

   C. Procedural History

       Stein seeks an order directing Defendants to release all requested records, as well as

injunctive and/or declaratory relief, costs/attorney’s fees, and any other relief the court deems

just and proper. (ECF No. 1 (“Compl.”).) His Amended Complaint alleges records denials and

expedited processing denials in 26 counts against various Defendants. (ECF No. 6 (“Am.

Compl.”).) The court entered a standing FOIA order on April 28, 2017, directing the parties to

meet and confer to propose a schedule for proceeding with the case. (Apr. 28, 2017 Min. Order.)

The parties submitted several status reports between May 2017 and April 2018 providing the

court with updates on agencies’ responses to Stein’s requests and proposing briefing schedules.

(See ECF Nos. 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18.) On March 30, 2018, they notified the court that

Defendants had completed all production of non-exempt portions of responsive records. (ECF

                                                 8
No. 17 at 1.) The parties then submitted the cross-motions for summary judgment that are now

before the court. 3

                                  II.    LEGAL STANDARDS

    A. Summary Judgment

        Summary judgment is appropriate if “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact

and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also

Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317 (1986); Waterhouse v. Dist. of Columbia, 298 F.3d 989,

991 (D.C. Cir. 2002). A court may enter summary judgment on a “claim or defense . . . or [a]

part of each claim or defense.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A dispute of fact is “genuine” only “if the

evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.”

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A dispute is “material” only when it

involves facts “that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.” Id. at 248.

“[F]actual disputes that are ‘irrelevant or unnecessary’ do not affect the summary judgment

determination.” Holcomb v. Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 895 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (quoting Liberty Lobby,
477 U.S. at 248). The party seeking summary judgment “bears the heavy burden of establishing

that the merits of his case are so clear that expedited action is justified.” Taxpayers Watchdog,

Inc., v. Stanley, 819 F.2d 294, 297 (D.C. Cir. 1987).

        In considering a motion for summary judgment, the court must view all facts in the light

most favorable to the nonmoving party. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp.,

3
  After both parties submitted summary judgment motions, Stein moved to strike portions of
various agency declarations, claiming they contained inadmissible legal arguments. (ECF No.
31.) The court denied Stein’s motion, reasoning that “[t]o the extent that Defendants’
declarations contain legal arguments, the court will reach its own legal conclusions and regard
the statements in the declarations as explanations of the declarant’s understanding of the issues
of the case.” (July 6, 2018 Min. Order.)
                                                 9
475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986). The moving party “bears the initial responsibility of informing the

district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the ‘pleadings,

depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits . . .’

which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp.,
477 U.S. at 323. The nonmoving party’s opposition must be supported by affidavits,

declarations, or other competent evidence setting forth specific facts showing that there is a

genuine issue for trial. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e); Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 324.

   B. FOIA

       “FOIA provides a ‘statutory right of public access to documents and records’ held by

federal government agencies.’” Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Washington v. U.S. Dep’t

of Justice, 602 F. Supp. 2d 121, 123 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting Pratt v. Webster, 673 F.2d 408, 413

(D.C. Cir. 1982)). Federal agencies must comply with FOIA requests to make their records

available to the public unless the requested “information is exempted under [one of nine] clearly

delineated statutory [exemptions].” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted); see also 5 U.S.C.

§§ 552(a)–(b).

       Agencies have “an obligation under FOIA to conduct an adequate search for responsive

records,” Edelman v. S.E.C., 172 F. Supp. 3d 133, 144 (D.D.C. 2016), and “[a]n inadequate

search for records constitutes an improper withholding” under the statute. Schoenman v. F.B.I.,

764 F. Supp. 2d 40, 45 (D.D.C. 2011). When a FOIA requester challenges an agency’s response,

the agency “must show beyond material doubt . . . that it has conducted a search reasonably

calculated to uncover all relevant documents.” Weisberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 705 F.2d 1344,

1351 (D.C. Cir. 1983). The court employs a reasonableness test to determine whether an

agency’s search for responsive materials is adequate. Rodriguez v. Dep’t of Defense, 236 F.
10
Supp. 3d 26, 34 (D.D.C. 2017) (citing Campbell v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 164 F.3d 20, 27 (D.C.

Cir. 1998)). “[T]he adequacy of a FOIA search is generally determined not by the fruits of the

search, but by the appropriateness of the methods used to carry out the search.” Guillermo

Felipe Duenas Iturralde v. Comptroller of the Currency, 315 F.3d 311, 315 (D.C. Cir. 2003).

However, “evidence that relevant records have not been released may shed light on whether the

agency’s search was indeed inadequate.” Weisberg, 705 F.2d at 1351.

       “An agency may establish the adequacy of its search by submitting reasonably detailed,

nonconclusory affidavits [or declarations] describing its efforts.” Baker & Hostetler LLP v.

United States Dep’t of Commerce, 472 F.3d 312, 318 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (alteration in original).

The court must accord agency affidavits “a presumption of good faith, which cannot be rebutted

by purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of other documents.”

Safecard Servs., Inc. v. S.E.C., 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (internal quotation marks

and citation omitted). However, “it is well-established that a conclusory affidavit that gives ‘no

detail as to the scope of the examination . . . is insufficient as a matter of law’ in demonstrating

the adequacy of the search.” Am.-Arab Anti-Discrimination Comm. v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland

Sec., 516 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2007) (quoting Weisberg v. U.S. DOJ, 627 F.2d 365, 370

(D.C. Cir. 1980)).

       The district court conducts a de novo review of the government’s decision to withhold

requested documents under any of FOIA’s specific statutory exemptions. See 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(a)(4)(B). The agency bears the burden of showing that the responsive material withheld

falls within a stated exemption, see Petroleum Info. Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t of the Interior, 976 F.2d
1429, 1433 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B)), and its “justification for invoking a

                                                  11
FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears ‘logical’ or ‘plausible.’” Ayuda, Inc. v. FTC, 70 F.

Supp. 3d 247, 261 (D.D.C. 2014) (quoting Wolf v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 374–75 (D.C. Cir. 2007)).

       “FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.”

Georgacarakos v. F.B.I., 908 F. Supp. 2d 176, 180 (D.D.C. 2012) (quoting Defenders of Wildlife

v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2009)). Summary judgment for the

agency is only appropriate when it proves that it has fully discharged its FOIA obligations.

Moore v. Aspin, 916 F. Supp. 32, 35 (D.D.C. 1996). In considering a motion for summary

judgment for the Defendant, the court analyzes all underlying facts and inferences in the light

most favorable to the FOIA requester. Unrow Human Rights Impact Litig. Clinic v. United

States Dep’t of State, 134 F. Supp. 3d 263, 271 (D.D.C. 2015). A motion for summary judgment

should be granted in favor of the FOIA requester, however, only “[w]hen an agency seeks to

protect material which, even on the agency’s version of the facts falls outside the proffered

exemption[.] Coldiron v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 310 F. Supp. 2d 44, 48 (D.D.C.2004) (quoting

Petroleum Info. Corp. v. Dep't of Interior, 976 F.2d 1429, 1433 (D.C.Cir.1992)).

                                       III.    ANALYSIS

       Stein does not challenge the agencies’ responses to many of his FOIA requests. (ECF

No. 28 (“Pl. Opp.”) at 7–8.) With two exceptions, he does not contest the responses that CIA,

FBI, OSD/JS, MRU/OIP, and ODNI provided for his briefing requests (Counts 1, 3, 4, 6, and 8).

(Id.) The two exceptions are Stein’s claims (1) that OSD/JS improperly refused to process his

request on the grounds that it was not properly submitted, and (2) that NBIB’s response to his

briefing request did not qualify as a final determination requiring him to exhaust his

administrative remedies before filing suit. (Pl. Opp. at 8–11.) Additionally, Stein does not

contest the adequacy of the searches conducted by State (Count 23) and Commerce (Count 24) in

                                                12
response to his investigation requests, (id. at 1 n.1, 8), and only objects to certain exemptions that

CIA, FBI, OPM, ODNI, and State invoked to justify withholdings. (Id.) 4

       While “a motion for summary judgment cannot be ‘conceded’ for want of opposition,”

Winston & Strawn, LLP v. McLean, 843 F.3d 503, 505 (D.C. Cir. 2016), “[t]his does not mean

. . . that the Court must assess the legal sufficiency of each and every [claim] invoked by the

government in a FOIA case.” Shapiro v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 239 F. Supp. 3d 100,

106 n.1 (D.D.C. 2017). In Shapiro, the court held:

       Where the FOIA requester responds to the government’s motion for summary
       judgment without taking issue with the government’s decision to withhold or to
       redact documents, the Court can reasonably infer that the FOIA requester does not
       seek those specific records or information and that, as to those records or
       information, there is no case or controversy sufficient to sustain the Court’s
       jurisdiction.

Id; see Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992). Accordingly, the court will

address only Stein’s arguments in response to Defendants’ motion for summary judgment.

       Stein also does not contest Defendants’ argument that his expedited processing denial

claims are now moot because all Defendant agencies have issued a final decision on his requests.

(ECF No. 22-1 (“Defs. MSJ”) at 28 n.10); see Muttitt v. United States Dep’t of State, 926 F.

Supp. 2d 284, 296 (D.D.C. 2013) (holding that “the only scenario in which a court can properly

grant relief to a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requester on the merits of an expedited

processing claim is when an agency has not yet provided a final substantive response to the

individual’s request for records”) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       The remaining disputes involve three broad legal issues: (1) the adequacy of certain

agency searches or decisions not to search, (2) the legality of the withholdings of responsive

4
 Stein does not contest any Defendant’s decision to withhold responsive records pursuant to
Exemptions 1, 3, and 5. (See Defs. MSJ at 28–34.)
                                                 13
materials, and (3) two threshold questions regarding Stein’s duty to exhaust his administrative

remedies before filing suit. The court’s analysis organizes the outstanding issues according to

each agency.

   A. CIA

       Although Stein does not challenge the CIA’s search or withholdings in response to his

briefing request, (see Pl. Opp. at 7–8), he challenges CIA’s response to his investigation

requests, alleging that CIA (1) presented insufficient evidence describing certain aspects of its

searches and the rationale for certain withholdings, (2) improperly withheld responsive records,

and (3) failed to release all reasonably segregable responsive material. (Id. at 13–16, 24–26, 27–

28.)

       1. CIA presented sufficient evidence describing the searches it conducted.

       Stein contends that CIA did not adequately describe its search of the Office of Security

(“OS”) in response to his investigation requests. (Pl. Opp. at 16.) Stein acknowledges that

CIA’s declaration provides “a thorough discussion of [its] search” of one agency database, but

claims that the declaration addressed only half the search, because it described only “[t]he

primary database searched by OS,” and CIA stated that it “searched personnel reviewing

holdings from two electronic databases.” (Id.; Shiner Decl. ¶ 12.) CIA then submitted a

supplemental declaration confirming that each relevant electronic database “was searched using

the search terms and date range described in the First Declaration,” (ECF No. 39-1 (“Suppl.

Shiner Decl.”) ¶ 3), and explaining that the second database “is an electronic repository used to

store, among other things, documents collected or produced during security clearance

processing.” (Id. ¶ 5.)

                                                14
       Stein’s argument is unconvincing. In quoting from the first Shiner Declaration, he

ignores its statement that CIA employed the search terms for “each of the relevant electronic

records and email systems searched.” (Shiner Decl. ¶ 14) (emphasis added). Further, the

agency’s supplemental declaration confirms that it used the same search terms for each database.

(Suppl. Shiner Decl. ¶ 3.) The level of detail in Shiner’s description of the second database

closely mirrors her description of the primary database. (See ECF No. 39 (“Defs. Reply”) at 20.)

Given Stein’s concession that CIA provided a “thorough” description of its search of the primary

database, (Pl. Opp. at 16), the court is not persuaded by his attempt to now argue that the agency

failed to provide enough information because it did not disclose the names of the two systems.

(ECF No. 43 (“Pl. Reply”) at 9.) Moreover, Stein provides no case law suggesting that an

agency must disclose the names of the databases it searches. CIA has therefore offered

satisfactory descriptions of the databases it searched for responsive records.

       2. CIA adequately described the records it withheld from Stein’s investigation requests.

       Stein claims that CIA presents no non-conclusory evidence detailing the records it

withheld in response to his investigation requests or the reasons these records were exempt from

disclosure. (Pl. Opp. at 11.) He argues that CIA’s declaration and Vaughn index do not show

why the claimed exemptions apply to the material found in documents 43–64. (Id. at 13.)

       “‘A district court may grant summary judgment to the government in a FOIA case only if

the agency affidavits describe the documents withheld and the justifications for nondisclosure in

enough detail and with sufficient specificity to demonstrate that material withheld is logically

within the domain of the exemption claimed.’” PHE, Inc. v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 983
F.2d 248, 250 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (quoting King v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 830 F.2d 210,

217 (D.C. Cir. 1987)). An affidavit is “clearly inadequate” if it merely includes a “categorical

                                                15
description of redacted material coupled with categorical indication of anticipated consequences

of disclosure.” PHE, Inc., 983 F.2d at 250; see also King, 830 F.2d at 223–24 (holding that, “for

each withholding,” an agency “must discuss the consequences of disclosing the sought-after

information”).

       CIA has provided affidavits which adequately provide sufficient information and detail to

explain the reasons for nondisclosure. The Vaughn index for documents 43–64 provides, for

each document, (1) a brief label describing the document type (e.g. “email”), (2) the exemption

justifying the withholding, (3) a short overview of the statutory purpose and scope of the claimed

exemption, and (4) language stating that CIA reviewed the document and determined that it

contained no non-exempt and reasonably segregable information that CIA could release. (ECF

No. 22-3, Ex. A (“CIA Vaughn Index”) at Nos. 43–64.)

       CIA’s Vaughn index and initial declaration addressed the records by category, rather than

by document. (See Shiner Decl. ¶¶ 20–24, 26, 31.) As such, there is merit to Stein’s argument

that neither the declaration nor the index “describe each document or portion thereof withheld,”

King, 830 F.2d at 223 (emphasis in original), such that the agency meets its burden “of

demonstrating applicability of the exemptions invoked as to each document or segment

withheld.” Id. at 224 (emphasis in original). That deficiency, however, is remedied by Shiner’s

supplemental declaration, which includes additional descriptions for each of the 22 challenged

documents and explains why the claimed exemption applies to specific documents. (Suppl.

Shiner Decl. ¶¶ 6–10.) While Shiner groups the records according to shared characteristics, she

provides additional information about each of the 22 documents, identified by their Vaughn

index number. (Id.) The supplemental declaration describes each document “in enough detail

                                               16
and with sufficient specificity to demonstrate that material withheld is logically within the

domain of the exemption claimed.” PHE, Inc., 983 F.2d at 250.

        For the reasons set forth above, CIA’s description of the documents is far more specific

than the “vague and conclusory” affidavit language that the D.C. Circuit has found inadequate.

PHE, Inc., 983 F.2d at 252. Therefore, the agency has presented enough evidence explaining the

reasons for withholding the documents at issue.

        3. CIA improperly withheld responsive records pursuant to Exemption 6.

        Stein contends that CIA improperly withheld documents 43–64 for alleged privacy

reasons. (Pl. Opp. at 24.) He only addresses Exemption 6 in his opposition brief; he does not

dispute CIA’s claims that it properly withheld responsive records under Exemptions 1, 3, and 5.

(Id. at 24–26; Defs. MSJ at 28–34.) 5

        Exemption 6 excludes “personnel and medical files and similar files” when the disclosure

of such files “would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(b)(6). The term “similar files” is construed broadly to cover “[a]ll information which

applies to a particular individual . . ., regardless of the type of file in which it is contained.”

Milton v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 783 F. Supp. 2d 55, 58 (D.D.C. 2011) (quoting

Washington Post Co. v. United States Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 690 F.2d 252, 260 (D.C.

Cir. 1982)). “The information in the file ‘need not be intimate’ for the file to satisfy the

standard, and the threshold for determining whether information applies to a particular individual

is minimal.” Milton, 783 F. Supp. 2d at 58 (quoting N.Y. Times Co. v. NASA, 920 F.2d 1002,

1006 (D.C. Cir. 1990)). CIA’s initial declaration states that “several of the documents at issue,

5
  Although Defendants’ reply brief discusses “the CIA’s Exemption 6 and Exemption 7(C)
withholdings,” (Defs. Reply at 22), CIA never cited Exemption 7(C) to justify withholding
records. (See Shiner Decl. ¶¶ 9–20; Defs. MSJ at 40–41.)
                                                   17
used in the clearance process, contain large volumes of personally identifiable information,

including names, social security numbers, addresses, and credit histories.” (Shiner Decl. ¶ 31.)

Based on this information, CIA has shown that the records it withheld “appl[y] to a particular

individual” and thus meet Exemption 6’s threshold requirement.

       Because the information CIA withheld is in a file covered by Exemption 6, the court must

conduct a balancing test to determine whether disclosure would constitute a “clearly unwarranted

invasion of personal privacy.” Painting & Drywall Work Pres. Fund, Inc. v. Dep’t of Hous. &

Urban Dev., 936 F.2d 1300, 1301 (D.C. Cir. 1991). This involves weighing the individual

privacy interests in the requested information against the public interest in disclosure. Id. at

1302. “[T]he only relevant public interest in disclosure to be weighed in this balance is the

extent to which disclosure would serve the core purpose of the FOIA, which is contributing

significantly to public understanding of the operations or activities of the government.” United

States Dep’t of Defense v. Fed. Labor Relations Auth., 510 U.S. 487, 495 (1994) (internal

quotation marks and citations omitted) (emphasis in original); see also Nat’l Ass’n of Home

Builders v. Norton, 309 F.3d 26, 34 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (“[U]nless a FOIA request advances the

citizens’ right to be informed about what their government is up to, no relevant public interest is

at issue.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). A FOIA requester bears the burden of

identifying an overriding public interest and demonstrating that disclosure would further that

interest. Milton, 783 F. Supp. 2d at 58.

       Stein does not dispute that the balancing test favors nondisclosure of the names and

identifying information of CIA employees and third parties. (See Pl. Opp. at 26.) Rather, he

claims that Exemption 6 does not warrant withholding the names of the fifteen investigated

individuals, arguing that merely disclosing their names would not constitute a clearly

                                                 18
unwarranted violation of their privacy. 6 (Id. at 25–26.) The court agrees. This scenario does not

present strong interests on either side of the balancing test. Disclosing the investigated officials’

names hardly implicates “weighty” privacy interests. Judicial Watch, Inc. v. United States Dep’t

of State, 282 F. Supp. 3d 36, 44 (D.D.C. 2017) (applying Exemption 6 to a report that “contained

personal information pertaining to [a named employee’s] relationships, character assessments,

financial details, and medical information”) (internal quotation marks omitted). The court sees

no reason why the release of the fifteen individuals’ names, without more, “would be reasonably

likely to subject [the named] individuals or those associated with them to increased harassment

or threats.” (Shiner Decl. ¶ 32.) Revealing the identities of public officials receiving security

clearance investigations, unlike the identities of subjects of criminal investigations, would not

“subject those identified to embarrassment and potentially more serious reputational harm.”

Safecard Servs., 926 F.2d at 1205 (finding a “substantial” privacy interest in protecting from

disclosure the identity of a subject in a criminal investigation).

       Nor, however, is there a particularly compelling public interest on the other side of the

scale. Releasing redacted documents that reveal nothing but the individuals’ names would not

shed much light on CIA’s operations if, as Stein claims, the fact that they were investigated for

6
  Stein relies on Shiner’s statement that “Exemption 6 applies to the names and identifying
information of CIA employees and the names of non-agency personnel appearing in the records,”
which indicates that CIA only applied the exemption to the names of the fifteen individuals.
(Shiner Decl. ¶ 33) (emphasis added.) It is unclear exactly what information about the fifteen
individuals the withheld records contain. CIA asserts that many of the documents contain
“personally identifiable information about private individuals” but it does not specify if this
withheld information consists of names, other identifying information, or both. (Suppl. Shiner
Decl. ¶¶ 7–10). Shiner notes that the withheld documents relating to the security clearance
process “contain large volumes of personally identifiable information, including names, social
security numbers, addresses, and credit histories.” (Shiner Decl. ¶ 31.) Any records containing
social security numbers or credit card histories would almost certainly relate to the subjects of
the investigations. Shiner also states that two of the responsive documents—entries 43 and 60—
“contain the names of . . . private citizens.” (Suppl. Shiner Decl. ¶ 6.)

                                                  19
security clearances “is a matter of record.” (Pl. Opp. at 26.) However, because of the negligible

privacy interests in the names alone, and because disclosing this limited information would

convey some information about CIA’s relevant activities by confirming that the agency

conducted security clearance investigations for the named individuals, the balance tips in favor

of disclosure. Consequently, the court will grant Stein summary judgment with respect to these

challenged withholdings.

       Because this holding obligates the CIA to produce additional documents, the court need

not consider at this juncture Stein’s claim that CIA failed to release all reasonably segregable,

non-exempt information from documents 43–64.

   B. FBI

       Stein argues that the FBI (1) interpreted his investigation requests too narrowly; (2) failed

to adequately support its responses to two investigation requests; (3) improperly invoked

Exemptions 6 and 7(C) to justify withholding responsive records; and (4) failed to release all

reasonably segregable, non-exempt material. (Pl. Opp. at 17–18, 23–24, 26–28.)

       1. FBI reasonably interpreted Stein’s investigation requests.

       Stein’s investigation requests sought information regarding the “steps taken to investigate

or authorize” the fifteen individuals for “access to classified information.” (Defs. Stmt. Mat.

Facts ¶ 1.) The FBI concluded that the data or results of the background investigations were

non-responsive. (Defs. MSJ at 39; Defs. Reply at 10.) It thus limited its search to information

about the process the agency followed in conducting security clearance investigations or

authorizations. (Id.)

       “[A]n agency [] has a duty to construe a FOIA request liberally,” Nation Magazine v.

United States Customs Serv., 71 F.3d 885, 890 (D.C. Cir. 1995), and it must “select the

                                                 20
interpretation that would likely yield the greatest number of responsive documents.” Rodriguez,
236 F. Supp. 3d at 36. “The agency must be careful not to read the request so strictly that the

requester is denied information the agency well knows exists in its files, albeit in a different form

from that anticipated by the requester.” Hemenway v. Hughes, 601 F. Supp. 1002, 1005 (D.D.C.

1985). At the same time, however, it is “bound to read [the request] as drafted, not as either

agency officials or [the requester] might wish it was drafted.” Miller v. Casey, 730 F.2d 773,

774 (D.C. Cir. 1984); see also Kowalczyk v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 73 F.3d 386, 389

(D.C. Cir. 1996) (“[T]he [agency] is not obliged to look beyond the four corners of the request

for leads to the location of responsive documents.”)

       FBI properly interpreted Stein’s requests. The plain meaning of “copies of all records,

including emails, about any steps taken to investigate or authorize (or discussions about

potentially investigating or authorizing) [an individual] for access to classified information”

reasonably encompasses information about FBI’s investigatory process. (Hardy Decl., Ex. A)

(emphasis added). It does not extend to the data or results of the investigations. See

McClanahan v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 712 F. App’x 6, 8 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (finding that

FBI properly applied a similarly narrow interpretation of a FOIA request when the requester

“sought documents about the FBI’s investigation into his possession of classified information,

not ‘documents about the classified information’ itself”). If Stein intended for his request to

cover such information, he should have made a specific request; FBI’s interpretation was not

unreasonable merely because the agency declined to look beyond the text and construe the

                                                 21
requests as broadly as Stein would like. Miller, 730 F.2d at 774. 7 Consequently, FBI’s search

for records responsive to the investigation requests was adequate on these grounds.

       2. FBI’s “no records” responses to two investigation requests were inadequate to
          support summary judgment in its favor.

       In Weisberg, 705 F.2d 1344, the D.C. Circuit noted that “there may be times when an

agency’s inability to retrieve documents known or thought to be in its files is inherently

unbelievable.” Id. at 1351. Stein claims FBI’s conclusion that it did not have responsive records

for the investigation requests for Ivanka Trump and Michael Flynn, Sr. meets this standard. (Pl.

Opp. at 23–24.)

       At first glance, FBI’s searches for records responsive to these two investigation requests

appear to have been adequate. As the Hardy Declaration explains, FBI employed the same

search method—a three-way phonetic search—for each of the fifteen individuals named in

Stein’s investigation requests. (Hardy Decl. ¶ 107.) This methodology confirmed that six of the

individuals had been the subjects of FBI background investigations within the specified time

frame (July 1, 2016–May 25, 2017). (Id.) Further, Stein offers no reason why FBI’s search

method would not discover responsive records for Ivanka Trump and Michael Flynn, Sr. when it

yielded records for six others named in the investigation requests.

       Stein does, however, present “evidence that relevant records have not been released,”

which the D.C. Circuit has recognized “may shed light on whether the agency’s search was

indeed inadequate.” Weisberg, 705 F.2d at 1351. He calls attention to two news articles

reporting that Ivanka Trump was in the process of receiving a security clearance by March 2017.

7
  Contrary to Stein’s argument, his asserted public interest in disclosure—“serious concerns
about granting [the named individuals] access to information classified in the interest of national
security”—does not support a broader reading of his requests when the plain language of the
requests is limited to records about the investigatory process. (Pl. Opp. at 19–20.)

                                                22
(See Pl. Opp. at 23–24.) He also notes two queries in NBIB’s Clearance Verification System

about Michael Flynn, Sr.’s clearance in August 2016 and October 2016, indicating that Flynn

was undergoing a background investigation during this time. (Id.) In light of this evidence,

FBI’s explanation for the lack of responsive records—the “relatively narrow timeframe” spanned

by the requests—is unconvincing.

        Supported by these facts, Stein’s argument is considerably more credible than a “purely

speculative claim [] about the existence and discoverability of other documents.” Safecard

Servs., 926 F.2d at 1200. He casts enough doubt on the presumption of good faith accorded to

FBI’s declaration to preclude summary judgment for FBI as to these two requests, and the court

will therefore direct FBI to submit an additional declaration explaining its search methodology

for the two requests.

        Finally, because this further search may yield additional records that the agency finds are

subject to an exemption, the court will defer ruling on FBI’s other withholdings, and the question

of segregability, to a later date.

    C. DOD (OSD/JS)

        DOD moves for summary judgment because Stein failed to exhaust his administrative

remedies. (Defs. MSJ at 13–15.) While Stein concedes that he never appealed the “no records”

response he received from the OSD/JS FOIA office on May 23, 2016, 8 (Herrington Decl. ¶ 6;

Am. Compl. ¶ 75), he argues that his subsequent e-mails to the OSD/JS action officer on July 22

and July 27, 2016 constituted a separate FOIA request that OSD/JS then refused to process. (Pl.

Opp. at 8–10.) DOD counters that Stein’s attempts to renew his previous request were not

8
 Stein does not challenge DOD’s claim that OSD/JS’s search for responsive records was
adequate. (See Pl. Opp. at 8–10; Defs. Reply at 4.) He does, however, allege that DMDC, a
component of DOD, failed to conduct a reasonable search. See section III.D.1–2, supra.
                                                23
properly submitted because his e-mail did not comply with the agency’s regulations for

submitting FOIA requests. (Defs. MSJ at 14.)

       The D.C. Circuit has long recognized that when a FOIA requester receives an adverse

response from an agency, “exhaustion of administrative remedies is generally required before

filing suit in federal court . . .” Oglesby v. United States Dep’t of the Army, 920 F.2d 57, 61

(D.C. Cir. 1999). In order to qualify as a separate FOIA request, Stein’s July 2017 e-mails must

have been submitted “in accordance with published rules stating the time, place, fees (if any),

and procedures to be followed.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(A). “An agency’s obligation under the

FOIA does not arise . . . until a proper request is received.” Thomas v. Fed. Commc’ns Comm’n,

534 F. Supp. 2d 144, 145 (D.D.C. 2008).

       The July 22 and 27 e-mails from Stein’s counsel did not comply with DOD’s regulations

for submitting FOIA requests, which require FOIA requests to be addressed to a FOIA Requester

Service Center (“RSC”). DOD Manual 5400.07 § 3.1(c). A published DOD regulation dictates

that “[a]ll DoD RSCs have the capability to receive requests electronically either through email

or a web portal,” 32 C.F.R § 286.2(a), and Section 3.3(b)(1) of the DOD Manual 5400.07

requires each RSC website to provide “[t]he address, telephone number, facsimile number, and

organizational e-mail address to which the public can send FOIA requests.” Stein’s counsel sent

the two e-mails to an individual action officer, not to an organizational e-mail address authorized

to receive requests pursuant to 32 C.F.R § 286.2(a) and Section 3.3(b)(1) of DOD Manual

5400.07. (Herrington Decl. ¶ 7.) Although the OSD/JS action officer did not provide an

organizational e-mail address among the options for submitting a proper FOIA request, and

Defendant does not indicate that one was publicly available, the action officer provided

instructions for submitting a request via the web portal. (Id. ¶¶ 7–8). Stein was familiar with the

                                                 24
portal, having used it to submit the first version of his briefing request to OSD/JS on May 5,

2016. (See Am. Compl. ¶ 71.) Thus, his attempts to renew his briefing request to OSD/JS did

not constitute a new, subsequent FOIA request to which the agency was obligated to respond.

Because Stein chose not to administratively appeal the OSD/JS FOIA office’s response to his

initial briefing request, summary judgment for DOD is appropriate on this issue.

   D. DOD (DMDC)

       Stein challenges DMDC’s decision to not search various databases for records responsive

to his investigation requests. (Pl. Opp. at 18–19.) He argues that DMDC, like FBI, interpreted

the requests too narrowly, (id.), and improperly refused to search its JPAS database and three

other records systems under its control. (Id. at 19 n.10, 21–23.)

       1. DMDC reasonably interpreted Stein’s investigation requests.

       As the court found with regard to Stein’s claims against FBI, (see, supra, section III.B), it

was reasonable for DMDC to interpret the scope of the requests to include only information

related to the clearance investigation process, and not the data or results of these investigations.

Noting that “the JPAS database does not maintain security investigations of cabinet level

personnel (including the Secretary of Defense),” DMDC concluded that JPAS would not contain

responsive records involving “steps taken to investigate or authorize” the named individuals for a

security clearance. (ECF No. 38-2 (“Suppl. Herrington Decl.”) ¶ 3.) The court is unpersuaded

by Stein’s argument that his request for the “steps taken” to process individuals for security

clearances encompasses data produced during those investigations. (Pl. Opp. at 19.) Thus, the

only remaining question is whether DOD’s affidavit shows that a search of JPAS—or its other

records systems—would be unnecessary.

       2. DMDC properly concluded that a search of JPAS would be futile.

                                                 25
       Through affidavits or declarations, an agency can establish that “[a] search would have

been futile” by showing that it “does not maintain any records” related to the subject of the

request. Cunningham v. United States Dep’t of Just., 40 F. Supp. 3d 71, 85 (D.D.C. 2014), aff’d,

No. 14-5112, 2014 WL 5838164 (D.C. Cir. Oct. 21, 2014). “The adequacy of [an] affidavit must

be judged . . . in light of the entirety of its contents,” Am.-Arab Anti-Discrimination Comm., 516
F. Supp. 2d at 88, and a declarant’s “familiar[ity] with the records that [the agency] maintains” is

an important factor in determining the sufficiency of an agency’s determination that a search is

unnecessary. Cunningham, 40 F. Supp. 3d at 85; see also Am.-Arab Anti-Discrimination Comm.
516 F. Supp. 2d at 87–88 (finding satisfactory a declaration stating that Immigration and

Customs Enforcement did not maintain information sought when the declarant was “presumed

able to familiarize himself with the statistics ICE does and does not maintain,” even though the

operative statement was “akin to simple ipse dixit” and that its adequacy was “a close call”).

       DOD’s declaration, like the declaration in American-Arab Anti-Discrimination

Committee, does not “provide[] much insight as to what the [agency’s] document location

protocols are [or] how they were followed in this case.” Id. at 88. With respect to JPAS, Mark

Herrington, DOD’s declarant, relies solely on DMDC’s statement that the “database does not

maintain security investigations of cabinet level personnel (including the Secretary of Defense).”

(Herrington Decl. ¶ 14.) Although this is little more than an unsupported assertion, Herrington’s

stated familiarity with DMDC databases and with the DMDC official’s conclusion provides

enough indicia of reliability to provide a sufficient explanation for not searching JPAS. As

Associate Deputy General Counsel in DOD’s Office of General Counsel (“OGC”), Herrington is

responsible for “coordinating [FOIA] searches across DOD to ensure thoroughness,

reasonableness, and consistency.” (Herrington Decl. ¶ 1.). He was the OGC counsel assigned to

                                                26
this case and declares that he was familiar with JPAS and the DMDC official’s rationale for

declining to search this database. (Id. ¶¶ 2, 14; Suppl. Herrington Decl. ¶ 3.) Although it is a

“close call,” Am.-Arab Anti-Discrimination Comm. 516 F. Supp. 2d at 87, Herrington’s

Declarations, evaluated in light of his personal knowledge of JPAS and the communications

from the DMDC official, adequately “explain why a search would be futile and is unnecessary.”

Id. at 88.

        3. DMDC has shown that searching additional databases under its purview would be
           futile.

        Stein claims that three other DMDC databases are likely to contain responsive records

and should have been searched: the Defense Central Index of Investigations (“DCII”), the

Defense Information System for Security (“DISS”), and the Improved Investigative Records

Repository (“IIRR”). (Pl. Opp. at 21–22). In response, Herrington submitted a supplemental

declaration stating that the three databases “do contain information relating to security clearances

and background investigations” but “would not have contained information about the steps taken

to investigate or authorize for access to classified information the individuals specificed [sic] in

Plaintiff’s request.” (Suppl. Herrington Decl. ¶ 3.)

        While an agency “cannot limit its search to only one record system if there are others that

are likely to turn up the information requested,” Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68, Herrington’s second

declaration provides enough evidence to show that none of the three additional databases are

likely to contain records responsive to Stein’s requests. DCII “is used as a central database for

DOD conducted or sponsored investigations” but “would not include investigation of cabinet

level officials.” (Suppl. Herrington Decl. ¶ 4.) DISS “serves as the system of record for

personnel security, security, suitability and credential management of all DOD employees;

including military personnel, civilians, and DOD contractors” and “provides secure

                                                 27
communications between Adjudicators, Security Officers and Component Adjudicators in

support of eligibility and access management.” (Id. ¶ 5.) However, it does not “contain security

investigation information regarding cabinet level officials.” (Id.) Lastly, IIRR “only contains

Personnel Security Investigations that were conducted prior to 2006—ten years prior to the time

frame of Plaintiff’s requests.” (Id. ¶ 6.) For the reasons stated in the preceding discussion

regarding JPAS, (see supra section III.D.1), the court concludes that the two declarations provide

adequate explanation for DMDC’s decision not to search the three databases. Stein’s claims do

not overcome the “presumption of good faith” that the court accords to DMDC’s declarations.

Safecard Servs., 926 F.2d at 1200.

       DMDC reasonably interpreted the investigation requests it received from Stein, and

Herrington’s declarations support the DMDC’s determination that searching the JPAS, DCII,

DISS, or IIRR databases would be unnecessary. Accordingly, the court will grant summary

judgment to DOD as to this claim.

   E. DOJ

       Stein does not contest the adequacy of OIP’s search in response to his briefing request.

(Pl. Opp. at 12 n.5.) Instead, he focuses on perceived inadequacies at the referral stage, arguing

that the agency did not present “any evidence” supporting the MRU’s determination that OIP and

FBI were the only DOJ components likely to possess records responsive to Counts 3 and 11,

respectively. (Id. at 12 (emphasis in original).)

       Here, as with all FOIA searches, “the issue to be resolved is not whether there might exist

any other documents possibly responsive to the request, but rather whether the search for those

documents was adequate.” Bartko v. United States Dep’t of Justice, No.13-1135, 2014 WL

12787219, at *2 (D.D.C. Aug. 25, 2014) (quoting Weisberg v. Dep’t of Justice, 745 F.2d 1476,

                                                    28
1485 (D.C. Cir. 1984)). DOJ’s explanation as to why the MRU only referred the request to OIP

is inadequate. Vanessa Brinkmann’s declaration states only that “the MRU determined that OIP

was one of the components most likely to have records responsive to plaintiff’s request.”

(Brinkmann Decl. ¶ 7.) Brinkmann, who is Senior Counsel at OIP, part of DOJ’s Justice

Management Division, does not indicate whether she has any relationship with the MRU, or any

personal knowledge about why MRU decided to refer the matter. (Brinkmann Decl. ¶ 1.) In this

respect, this case is distinguishable from Bartko, where the court, in denying summary judgment

to the Plaintiff in a dispute over an MRU referral, relied on a declaration submitted by an official

in the Justice Management Division that explained the basis for the MRU’s decision. 2014 WL

12787219 at *2. Here, the declarations in the record fail to explain MRU’s determination “in

reasonable detail.” Perry v. Block, 684 F.2d 121, 127 (D.C. Cir. 1982). 9

       DOJ has also presented inadequate evidence justifying MRU’s decision to refer the

investigation requests to FBI. 10 Other than a cursory statement in the May 18, 2017 Joint Status

Report confirming that MRU referred the investigation requests to FBI, (ECF No. 9 at 4.), there

is no evidence in the record explaining how or why MRU decided that FBI was likely to have

responsive records.

9
  Stein also argues that MRU’s finding that “OIP was one of the components most likely to
have” responsive records was inadequate to justify referring the request only to OIP. (Pl. Opp. at
12.) But he supports this claim by making a false equivalence between an agency’s referral of a
FOIA request to a specific component and a search of a records systems within an agency
component. While the D.C. Circuit has held that only searching the records systems “most
likely” to have responsive materials is inadequate, Mobley v. CIA, 806 F.3d 568, 582 (D.C. Cir.
2015) (citations omitted), it has not held that only referring to the component “most likely” to
have responsive material is inadequate. Moreover, DOJ regulations specifically instruct the
MRU, upon receiving a FOIA request, to direct the request to the agency component “most
likely” to possess responsive records, 28 C.F.R. § 16.3(a)(2) (emphasis added).
10
  As discussed in Section III.B.1, supra, FBI received all fifteen of Stein’s investigation
requests, so the MRU’s referral created no new obligations for FBI.
                                                 29
       For these reasons, DOJ is not entitled to summary judgement on Counts 3 or 11, and is

directed to submit a supplemental declaration providing a more fulsome explanation for MRU’s

decision to refer the requests to FBI.

   F. OPM/NBIB

       Stein and OPM dispute (1) whether Stein failed to exhaust his administrative remedies

for certain investigation requests, (2) whether NBIB interpreted the scope of the investigation

requests too narrowly, and (3) whether NBIB properly withheld responsive records pursuant to

Exemptions 6 and 7(C).

       1. Stein exhausted his administrative remedies for certain investigation requests he sent
          to OPM.

       As a threshold matter, the parties disagree about whether Stein exhausted his

administrative remedies for thirteen of the fifteen investigation requests he sent to OPM—ten

resulting in “no records” responses and three for which NBIB withheld records in full. (Defs.

MSJ at 15; Pl. Opp. at 10–11.) Stein argues that the response letters he received from NBIB

were only interim responses, noting that the NBIB e-mails that accompanied the letters referred

to the agency’s response as “interim,” and that each letter stated that another OPM FOIA office

would perform an additional search. (Pl. Opp. at 10–11.) This, he argues, shows that NBIB’s

responses did not obligate him to exhaust his administrative remedies before filing suit. (Id. at

11.) NBIB, by contrast, argues that the letters constituted “final, appealable determinations” in

response to Stein’s requests that had to be appealed within 90 days. (Defs. MSJ at 15.)

       “A response is sufficient for purposes of requiring an administrative appeal if it includes:

the agency’s determination of whether or not to comply with the request; the reasons for its

decision; and notice of the right of the requester to appeal to the head of the agency if the initial

agency decision is adverse.” Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 65 (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(A)(i)). “[I]f

                                                  30
there is a genuine dispute of material fact on the exhaustion issue, a court may refuse to grant

summary judgment for the agency.” Pinson v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 61 F. Supp. 3d

164, 175 (D.D.C. 2015) (citing Jones v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 576 F. Supp. 2d 64, 67

(D.D.C. 2008)).

       Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Stein, the court finds there is a genuine

dispute of material fact regarding whether NBIB’s responses to the thirteen investigation

requests were adverse determinations that triggered the administrative appeal requirement.

While the cover e-mails from NBIB classified the responses as “final,” the simultaneous use of

the word “interim,” combined with the statement that the OPM FOIA office would continue

searching for responsive materials, could cause a reasonable factfinder to conclude that OPM’s

response was not a sufficiently clear “determination of whether or not to comply with the

request.” Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 65. At least one other court has held that an agency’s

characterization of a FOIA response as “interim” does not give rise to the administrative appeal

requirement, even when the response notifies the requester of his right to appeal. Rosenfeld v.

United States Dep’t of Justice, No. 07-3240, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 64620, at **23–24 (N.D.

Cal. Aug. 22, 2008) (“Indeed, a FOIA claimant cannot be expected to assess the adequacy of a

search that is not yet final.”). While the formal letters from NBIB informed Stein of his right to

appeal NBIB’s responses, Defendant does not cite any agency regulations suggesting such notice

is enough to transform a response into a final determination for which an administrative appeal is

necessary.

       Because there is a genuine disputed issue of material fact regarding whether NBIB’s

response letters triggered the administrative exhaustion requirement, the court will deny OPM’s

motion for summary judgment on this issue.

                                                31
       2. NBIB reasonably interpreted the scope of the investigation requests.

       NBIB interpreted Stein’s fifteen inquiries as “requests for records created by NBIB in

conducting investigations on the subjects referenced and/or communications between NBIB and

any other agency conducting investigations on the subjects.” (Watters Decl. ¶ 12.) As with the

other agency interpretations Stein challenges as too narrow, NBIB concluded that the requests

did not encompass the information or data compiled during the background investigations.       For

the reasons previously set forth, the court finds that NBIB’s interpretation was reasonable. As

this is Stein’s only challenge to the adequacy of OPM’s search, (id.), the court will grant OPM’s

motion for summary judgment on this issue.

       3. OPM has not shown that it properly withheld all contested records pursuant to
          Exemptions 6 and 7(C).

       The nine pages that OPM withheld in full were responsive to Stein’s investigation

requests for Mattis (five pages), Flynn (two pages), and Ross (two pages). (Watters Decl. ¶ 24.)

All are “Accountings of Certain Disclosures” maintained pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 552a(c)

(“Privacy Act of 1974”), containing personally identifiable records for all three individuals, the

“date, nature, and purpose of each disclosure of information” maintained on each, and “the name

and address of the person or agency to whom the disclosure was made.” (Id. ¶¶ 27, 30, 33.)

“These Disclosures are generated upon agencies accessing the records of individuals maintained

in the PIPS [Personnel Investigations Processing System] for investigative information on the

subject,” which “include such information as the status of ongoing investigations, and the

investigative history of the subject.” (Id.)

       Exemption 7(C) permits the withholding of records that “could reasonably be expected to

constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy,” provided such records are “compiled

for law enforcement purposes.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C). Once an agency makes a threshold

                                                32
showing that it compiled the materials at issue for a law enforcement purpose, Schoenman v.

FBI, 575 F. Supp. 2d 166, 174 (D.D.C. 2008), the court, as it does for Exemption 6, balances

privacy interests against the public interest in disclosure. United States Dep’t of Justice v.

Reporters Comm. for Freedom of Press, 489 U.S. 749, 756 (1989). The balancing test tilts

slightly towards nondisclosure under Exemption 7(C), which is broader than Exemption 6 in its

protection of privacy. Id. at 756 (recognizing that Exemption 7(C) protects against disclosures

that would result in an “unwarranted” invasion of privacy, while Exemption 6 imposes the added

requirement that the invasion of privacy be “clearly unwarranted”).

       The Watters Declaration establishes that NBIB compiled the documents in question for a

law enforcement purpose. Recognizing that “[t]he principal purpose of a background

investigation is to ensure that a prospective employee has not broken the law or engaged in other

conduct making her ineligible for the position,” the D.C. Circuit held in Mittleman v. Office of

Pers. Mgmt., 76 F.3d 1240, 1243 (D.C. Cir. 1996), that “information obtained during OPM’s

background investigation was compiled for law enforcement purposes.” Id. at 1241. Similarly,

the documents withheld by NBIB relate to the security clearance investigations for Mattis, Flynn,

and Ross (see Watters Decl. ¶¶ 12, 25, 27, 30, 33), and therefore satisfy Exemption 7(C)’s

threshold requirement.

       The court next balances Stein’s asserted public interest in disclosure of the responsive

records against the privacy interests in protecting them to determine if disclosure would result in

an “unwarranted” privacy violation. Davis v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 968 F.2d 1276,

1282 (D.C. Cir. 1992). As with Exemption 6 claims, “the only public interest relevant for

purposes of Exemption 7(C) is one that focuses on the citizens’ right to be informed about what

their government is up to.” Id. In other words, there is a public interest in the disclosure of

                                                 33
official information that ‘sheds light on an agency’s performance of its statutory duties.” Beck v.

United States Dep’t of Justice, 997 F.2d 1489, 1492–93 (quoting Reporters Committee, 489 U.S.

at 773). Because records that “reveal[] little or nothing about an agency’s own conduct” do not

advance FOIA’s statutory purpose, courts do not recognize a public interest in the disclosure of

such information. Beck, 997 F.2d at 1493.

       With respect to the personal identifying information contained in the documents, the

balancing test favors OPM. For each of the three requests at issue, OPM properly determined

that the personal identifying materials do not implicate an overriding public interest because they

“do not contain information on the process or the risks associated with granting an individual a

security clearance” and thus would not convey information about the agency’s conduct. (Watters

Decl. ¶¶ 28.) The D.C. Circuit has held that such information is “generally exempt from

disclosure [under Exemption 7(C)] except, for example, where they are required to confirm or

refute allegations of improper government activity.” Sussman v. United States Marshals Serv.,

494 F.3d 1106, 1115–16 (D.C. Cir. 2007). Stein does not suggest that disclosing this

information is “required to confirm or refute allegations of improper government activity.” Id.

       The portions of the withheld records noting the “date, nature and purpose of each

disclosure” present a closer case. (Watters Decl. ¶¶ 27, 30, 33.) Without additional details about

these records, the court lacks enough information to determine whether the public interest in this

information outweighs the personal privacy interests in nondisclosure.

       It is similarly unclear whether releasing details of the “date, nature and purpose of each

disclosure” would satisfy Exemption 6’s threshold requirement that records contain “personnel

. . . [or] similar files.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). And even if it did, the court cannot conduct the

                                                 34
necessary balancing test without more specific factual support for withholding the information,

and the privacy interests therein.

       Therefore, the court will deny summary judgment to both OPM and Stein on this

question, and order OPM to submit a supplemental declaration to more fully explain why the

requested information is exempt under Exemption 6 and/or Exemption 7(C). The court will

defer ruling on segregability until it has reviewed the supplemental declaration.

   G. ODNI

       Stein does not dispute the adequacy of ODNI’s search for records responsive to his

briefing request or its withholding of information. (Pl. Opp. at 7–8; Defs. Reply at 5.) He does,

however, raise three challenges to ODNI’s response to his investigation requests, asserting that:

(1) the agency’s interpretation of his investigation request(s) was too narrow; (2) given the

agency’s interpretation of the requests, it improperly determined that a search of its records

systems would be futile; and (3) ODNI officials withheld some responsive information located

by CIA that was not covered by a FOIA exemption.

       1. ODNI reasonably interpreted Stein’s investigation requests and properly determined
          that a search of agency records systems would be futile.

       Because Stein’s challenge to ODNI’s decision not to search for information responsive to

his investigation requests is “closely tied to the [interpretation] issue,” the court considers the

two questions together. (Pl. Opp. at 20.) To begin, the court finds that ODNI, like the other

agencies, reasonably interpreted the investigation requests to encompass records about the

process of conducting a security clearance investigation, and not data or results from the

investigations. (Gaviria Decl. ¶¶ 41–42 (focusing on the “steps taken” to investigate or authorize

the individuals for security clearances).) Based on its interpretation of the request, ODNI

concluded that it “was not required to conduct a search for responsive records because it does not

                                                  35
conduct or authorize individuals for access to classified information.” (Id. ¶ 44; see also id. ¶ 39

(explaining that a search of its databases was unnecessary because “ODNI is not involved in the

process of actually investigating or authorizing individuals for access to classified national

security information” and thus would not possess responsive records).)

       Taken out of context, this reading of the requests appears to conflict with the directive

that an agency “select the interpretation that would likely yield the greatest number of responsive

documents,” Rodriguez, 236 F. Supp. 3d at 36, especially given that CIA discovered responsive

records in the ODNI databases. (Gaviria Decl. ¶ 44.) However, a closer look at the record

shows that ODNI’s decision not to search was reasonable. The Gaviria Declaration establishes

that the Scattered Castles and Signal Flags databases are repositories of security data on

individuals, and do not contain records of agency processes for security clearance investigations

and/or authorizations. (Id. ¶¶ 41–42.) With respect to Scattered Castles, Gaviria explains that

the database “does not . . . record the steps taken to investigate or authorize individuals for access

to classified information. Rather, Scattered Castles is a database that consolidates personnel

security records within the IC [Intelligence Community], which serves to support clearance and

access reciprocity and act as a single source to determine who has access to classified

information.” (Gaviria Decl. ¶ 41.) Gaviria also states that “Signal Flags also does not contain

records about the steps taken to investigate or authorize individuals for access to classified

information” and that “the information gathered by the individual IC agencies in the process of

determining eligibility for clearance . . . is maintained separately by those agencies, and is not

maintained in the Scattered Castles or Signal Flags databases.” (Id. ¶ 42.)

       In other words, while the databases contain information that other agencies may use when

conducting security clearance investigations, ODNI “simply maintains [the] shared databases.”

                                                 36
(Id. ¶ 44.) Given this limited role, the court agrees that ODNI “would have had no way of

knowing what steps, if any, the CIA or any other agency took to investigate or authorize the

individuals for access to classified information.” (Id.) The kind of information that CIA referred

to ODNI for processing supports this finding; the records consisted of “screenshots from the

ODNI databases that CIA presumably searched in the process of approving the individuals’ [sic]

for access to classified information.” (Id. ¶ 45.) This shows that any responsive records in

Scattered Castles and Signal Flags are tied to an investigating agency’s search of the databases,

such as the CIA’s search here. On the other hand, ODNI is not involved in security clearance

investigations or adjudications, and therefore a search of its databases would only reveal data

that falls outside of the request’s scope. Thus, ODNI did not “read [Stein’s] request so strictly

that the requester is denied information the agency well knows exists in its files.” Hemenway,

601 F. Supp. at 1005.

       Because the responsiveness of material in ODNI’s databases depends on whether an

agency used them during an investigation, ODNI has shown that it “does not maintain any

records” responsive to Stein’s investigation requests. Cunningham, 40 F. Supp. 3d at 85.

Accordingly, the court finds that ODNI conducted an adequate search for records responsive to

the requests.

       2. ODNI properly withheld records pursuant to Exemption 6.

       Citing Exemption 6, ODNI withheld 31 pages of records referred by CIA. (Gaviria Decl.

¶ 47.) The withheld pages are screenshots from the Scattered Castles and Signal Flags databases

showing whether an individual had a security clearance at the time CIA searched the database.

(Id. ¶¶ 49–51.) Stein disputes ODNI’s assertion that the question of whether someone has a

                                                37
security clearance when the database is searched implicates a “substantial privacy interest” and

that there is a “minimal public interest in disclosure.” (Gaviria Decl. ¶ 49.)

       Records of an individual’s security clearance satisfy Exemption 6’s threshold

requirement that a record contain “personnel . . . files [or] similar files.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6);

Hunt v. United States Marine Corps., 935 F. Supp. 46, 54–55 (D.D.C. 1996) (finding Exemption

6 applied to records that included, inter alia, information about security clearances); see also

United States Dep’t of State v. Washington Post Co., 456 U.S. 595, 602 (1982) (holding that all

information that “applies to a particular individual” meets the threshold requirement for

Exemption 6). Such records also implicate a “substantial privacy interest” because they “reveal

significant personal data” about the individual. Hunt, 935 F. Supp. at 54 (“[T]here can be no

reasonable dispute that [an individual] has a privacy interest in maintaining their

confidentiality.”)

       The court must also weigh the privacy interests in the records against the public’s interest

in disclosure to determine if the invasion of privacy is “clearly unwarranted.” 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(b)(6); see also Painting & Drywall Work Pres. Fund, 936 F.2d at 1302. Here again, the

only relevant public interest is the extent to which the records would “contribut[e] significantly

to public understanding of the operations or activities of the government.” United States Dep’t

of Def., 510 U.S. at 495 (emphasis in original). Here, the public has no overriding interest in

disclosure with respect to ODNI. Because ODNI was not involved in conducting the

background investigations, (Gaviria Decl. ¶ 44), it took no investigative “steps” that the records

could reveal. Neither would disclosure of the 31 pages provide information on CIA operations

that outweighs the “substantial privacy interest[s]” in the records. Hunt, 935 F. Supp. at 54. The

screenshots of the databases merely reveal whether the individuals had security clearances when

                                                 38
CIA searched the database. (ECF No. 22-8, Ex. B (“ODNI Letter”).) While a search of the

database is a “step[] taken” to conduct a security clearance investigation, the screenshots offer

very limited data points on the investigative process itself. The public interest in this information

does not overcome the significant invasion of privacy inherent in disclosing the data on the

individuals’ security clearances.

       For the reasons above, the court concludes that ODNI properly withheld the 31

screenshots it received via referral from CIA.

       3. ODNI’s declaration fails to support its conclusion regarding segregability.

       FOIA requires an agency to produce “[a]ny reasonably segregable portion” of a record

that is not exempt from disclosure. 5 U.S.C. § 552(b). See Mead Data Cent., Inc. v. United

States Dep’t of the Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 260 (D.C. Cir. 1977) (“The focus of FOIA is

information, not documents, and an agency cannot justify withholding an entire document simply

by showing that it contains some exempt material.”) More specifically, “[i]t has long been a rule

in this Circuit that non-exempt portions of a document must be disclosed unless they are

inextricably intertwined with exempt portions.” Id. With respect to segregability, “[t]he

[agency’s] conclusion on a matter of law is not sufficient support for a court to conclude that the

self-serving conclusion is the correct one.” Stolt-Nielsen Transp. Grp., Ltd. v. United States, 534

F.3d 728, 734 (D.C. Cir. 2008). The agency “should [] describe what proportion of the

information in a document is non-exempt and how that material is dispersed throughout the

document,” to ensure that “both litigants and judges will be better-positioned to test the validity

of the agency’s claim that the non-exempt material is not segregable.”) Mead Data Cent., 566

F.2d at 261.

                                                 39
       ODNI provides only the brief, conclusory statement that “[n]o information in this record

could be segregated and released to Plaintiff.” (Gaviria Decl. ¶ 51.) While it is admittedly

unlikely that screenshots of the databases contain any non-exempt, reasonably segregable

information, it is nonetheless possible, and the court cannot accept such a cursory “conclusion on

a matter of law.” Stolt-Nielsen Transp. Grp., 534 F.3d at 734. Out of an abundance of caution,

the court will deny summary judgment to ODNI and direct the agency to submit a supplemental

declaration describing in more detail the agency’s review for reasonably segregable information.

   H. Education

       Education concluded that it “would not have agency records regarding any steps taken to

investigate or authorize Secretary DeVos for access to classified information” because it does not

conduct background investigations for cabinet secretaries or nominees for the position. (Senecal

Decl. ¶¶ 7–8.) Stein attempts to distinguish this case from those in which courts upheld agency

refusals to search because the agency played no role in the activity that was the subject of the

FOIA request. (Pl. Opp. at 20–21); see, e.g., MacLeod v. United States Dep’t of Homeland Sec.,

No. 15-1792, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 153651 (D.D.C. Sept. 21, 2017) (refusing to search for

records regarding issuance of a diplomatic visa because the agency played no role in issuing such

visas); Jenkins v. D.O.J., 263 F. Supp. 3d 231 (D.D.C. 2017) (upholding agency decision not to

search for records on state criminal cases because the agency had no involvement in the relevant

cases). While Stein concedes that this case “is arguably close[] to the[se] examples,” he asserts

that it is nonetheless distinguishable because, unlike the agencies in MacLeod and Jenkins,

“Education has a definite need to discuss the question of the Secretary of Education’s security

clearance with the agencies performing the investigation and adjudication.” (Pl. Opp. at 21.)

                                                40
       The declaration submitted by Lisa Senecal, Education’s Director of Personnel Security

and Emergency Preparedness, fails to “show beyond material doubt . . . that [Education] has

conducted a search reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents.” Weisberg, 705

F.2d at 1351. Senecal’s brief declaration is conclusory; it states that Ronald Luczak, Education’s

former Office of Security, Facilities, and Logistics Director, who “had knowledge about

background investigations due to his position,” informed Education’s FOIA Service Center that

the agency had no records responsive to Stein’s request. (Senecal Decl. ¶¶ 4–5, 8.) But Luczak,

who no longer works in the Office of Security, Facilities, and Logistics, did not prepare the

declaration. (Id. ¶ 6.) Unlike the declarant in American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee,

Senecal does not provide enough information from which the court can “presume[]” that she was

“able to familiarize [herself]” with the agency’s response to the request, which courts have

required when a refusal to search is based on a conclusory declaration. Am.-Arab Anti-

Discrimination Comm., 516 F. Supp. 2d at 88.

       Senecal’s lack of personal knowledge about background investigations, combined with

the reasonable possibility that Education possesses responsive records of discussions with

investigating agencies about the processing of Secretary DeVos’s security clearance, precludes

summary judgment for Education. The court will thus deny Education’s motion, deny Stein’s

cross-motion, and direct the agency to submit another declaration more specifically explaining

the basis for its determination that a search for responsive records would be futile.

   I. State

       Stein does not challenge the adequacy of State’s searches in response to his investigation

requests. (Pl. Opp. at 8). He only alleges that State improperly withheld a single responsive

record, Document No. 17. (Id. at 27 n.12.) State concluded that this document, an “adjudicative

                                                 41
analysis worksheet” compiled for Rex Tillerson’s background investigation, was protected from

disclosure pursuant to Exemptions 6 and 7(C), and withheld it in full. (ECF No. 22-12, Ex. 1

(“State Vaughn Index”) at Doc. No. 17.) The worksheet “contains information regarding

whether Secretary Tillerson’s background investigation revealed any issues of adjudicative

concern in the determination of eligibility for access to classified information.” (Id.) State, in its

Vaughn index entry, asserts that “the release of information gathered during the course of

Secretary Tillerson’s background investigation could subject him to unwanted attention or

harassment, interests that would outweigh any minimal public interest in weighing these specific

details.” (Id.)

        State’s explanation for withholding Document No. 17 is inadequate for two reasons.

First, it fails to demonstrate that disclosure of this information would constitute an unwarranted

invasion of Tillerson’s privacy. 11 A comparison with Assassination Archives & Research

Center, Inc. v. CIA, 720 F. Supp. 217 (D.D.C. 1989), aff’d, No. 89-5414, 1990 WL 123924 (D.C.

Cir. Aug. 13, 1990), supports this conclusion. There, the court found that Exemption 6 protected

from disclosure “a summary of personal information contained in a security file, compiled for

purposes of determining [a person’s] suitability for access to classified information.” Id. at 221.

The agency’s Vaughn index entry in Assassination Archives described why the information

would violate the subject’s personal privacy—namely, “by revealing details of their actions and

whereabouts.” Id. Here, State offers no comparable description of which “details regarding the

adjudication of [Tillerson’s] background investigation” support its conclusory statement that

11
   Stein does not appear to challenge State’s withholding Tillerson’s date and place of birth in
Document No. 17, or withholding the names of Bureau of Diplomatic Security employees who
worked on the background investigation. See Pl. Opp. at 27. This information would be exempt
from disclosure under Exemptions 6 and 7(C).
                                                 42
disclosure “could subject him to unwanted attention or harassment.” (State Vaughn Index at

Doc. No. 17.) State has thus failed to present sufficient factual evidence “explain[ing] the

specific reason for nondisclosure.” Milton, 783 F. Supp. 2d at 58.

       Second, Defendants’ claim that Document No. 17 “would [not] shed any light on the

activities of government” is unavailing. The relevant public interest lies in revealing information

about State’s participation in the security clearance process for Tillerson. It stretches logic to

claim that a document containing “information regarding whether Secretary Tillerson’s

background investigation revealed any issues of adjudicative concern” will not shed light on the

activities of the adjudicating agency. (ECF No. 22-12, Ex. 1 (“State Vaughn Index”) at Doc. No.

17.) Without evidence that such details would implicate privacy interests, it is quite possible that

some of the information in Document No. 17 would not be exempt from disclosure. See Mays v.

Drug Enf’t Admin., 234 F.3d 1324, 1328 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (holding that “Exemption 7(C) does

not necessarily cover all ‘investigative details’—a category presumably distinct from, and

potentially far broader than the ‘names of individuals/personal information’”).

       As it stands, the court does not have enough information to fully determine the privacy

interests in Document No. 17 and weigh them against the public interest in disclosure.

Accordingly, the court will deny State’s motion, deny Stein’s motion, and direct the agency to

submit a supplemental Vaughn index and/or declaration to address the current deficiencies. The

court will withhold ruling on State’s segregability determinations with respect to Document No.

17, given that State’s determinations may change as a result of the court’s ruling on the

withholding.

                                                 43
                                   IV.    CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motion for summary judgment will be

GRANTED in part and DENIED in part, and Plaintiff’s cross-motion for partial summary

judgment will be GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.

       A corresponding Order will follow shortly.

Date: April 14, 2020

                                                        Tanya S. Chutkan
                                                        TANYA S. CHUTKAN
                                                        United States District Judge

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