Court Opinion

ID: 22519
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 07:59:01+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:32:15.752995
License: Public Domain

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                       FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                           No. 00-10192
                         Summary Calendar

JULIE R. BARRY,

                                         Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus

SIMMONS AIRLINES INC., Individually, doing business as American
Eagle Inc., doing business as American Eagle Airlines; AMR EAGLE
INC., Individually, doing business as American Eagle Inc., doing
business as American Eagle Airlines; AMERICAN EAGLE AIRLINES
INC., Individually, doing business as American Eagle Inc., doing
business as American Eagle Airlines,

                                         Defendants-Appellees.

                       --------------------
          Appeal from the United States District Court
               for the Northern District of Texas
                     USDC No. 3:98-CV-1956-L
                       --------------------
                         November 14, 2000

Before SMITH, BENAVIDES, and DENNIS Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

     Julie Barry filed suit against her employer American Eagle

Airlines (“Eagle”) raising claims ranging from sex discrimination

and retaliation under Title VII to defamation and tortious

interference with contract under Texas common law.     The district

court granted summary judgment for Eagle on all claims, finding

     *
       Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that
this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except
under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.

                                 1
that Barry had presented insufficient evidence to raise a factual

dispute on a fact critical to each of her claims.               We AFFIRM.

                    FACTUAL   AND   PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

     Julie Barry is a captain piloting passenger aircraft for

Eagle.1   In late 1997, Barry filed an application for a pilot

position with American Airlines (“American”).               American

interviewed Barry for the position on February 16, 1998.               On

February 23, American offered Barry employment as a pilot on the

condition that she successfully complete American’s standard

background and medical checks.

     Barry completed the required medical exam on March 4, 1998.

On Friday, March 6, 1998, Tim Chapman, a pilot from American’s

recruiting office, telephoned Barry on instructions from his

recruiting office supervisor Philip Strain.            Chapman led Barry to

believe that American would formally hire her and announce the

     1
       According to Barry, her tenure at Eagle has been quite
turbulent and created ill will by Eagle officials against her.
During her employment, Barry has been pregnant twice. With each
pregnancy, she filed grievances protesting Eagle’s maternity
policy that required her as a pregnant pilot to stop flying
during her third trimester. In both cases, Eagle denied Barry’s
grievance and enforced its policy. After each pregnancy, Barry
took maternity leave. Additionally, Barry suffered an on the job
injury and took workers’ compensation leave between her two
pregnancies. Barry contends that during her employment, her co-
workers made several harassing comments about her attendance and
performance. She does not complain that these events themselves
constitute or form a basis for direct claims against Eagle.
Instead, Barry raises these events to demonstrate the animosity
between Eagle management and herself, animosity which she
believes motivated Eagle to interfere with her application for
employment at American. It is this alleged interference that is
central to her claims.

                                       2
appointment publicly at the Women in Aviation Conference,

scheduled to take place in Denver the following week.    Chapman

asked Barry to attend the conference and begin pilot training

classes on March 30, 1998.   Because Eagle had Barry scheduled to

fly during the conference, Chapman stated that he would contact

Eagle to request that she be allowed to attend the conference.

     Kenneth Marczak, Eagle’s chief pilot, confirmed that Eagle

received a call from American requesting that Barry be relieved

of her flight obligations so that she could attend the

conference.   Despite knowing that American planned to publicly

announce its offer to Barry at the conference, Marczak was unable

to release her from duty because of a pilot shortage.    Marczak

notified Eagle executive Jim McCalla that American had inquired

about releasing Barry from her flight so that she could attend

the conference.

     Between Friday, March 6 and Monday, March 8, Strain

retrieved a computer record of Barry’s attendance at Eagle.

Strain states that he pulled Barry’s attendance records because

he had not yet received her personnel file from Eagle.    After

reviewing the records, he testified that he decided to rescind

American’s offer of employment to Barry.   On March 16, 1998,

Barry received a letter from American rescinding American’s offer

of employment to her.

     Barry claims that American rescinded its offer of employment

only because an Eagle official telephoned American and disparaged

                                 3
her.    As support for this allegation, she contends that others,

including Ken Marczak, told her that someone from Eagle

telephoned American to say that Barry was not fit to be an

American pilot.    Barry alleges that Marczak even identified

Richard Ricardi, Eagle’s president at that time, as the caller.

Both Chapman and Marczak deny ever making these statements to

Barry.    The record contains no testimony from Paige Stimson that

supports Barry’s recollection of Stimson’s statements.

       Ricardi admits to becoming aware of Barry’s application for

employment at American from Jim McCalla and Jack Shattuck,

Eagle’s chief pilot.    Ricardi concedes that he was also aware of

McCalla’s and Shattuck’s concerns that Barry was not fit to be an

American pilot based on her attendance record at Eagle.    Finally,

Ricardi admits that he telephoned Strain in March of 1998 to

recommend other candidates for pilot positions at American.

During that conversation, both Strain and Ricardi testified that

Strain told Ricardi that American’s conditional offer of

employment to Barry had been rescinded.    According to both,

Ricardi responded that he was not surprised based on Barry’s

attendance record at Eagle.

       Barry sued Eagle and American for damages resulting from her

lost job with American.    Barry’s theories of recovery against

Eagle included sex discrimination and retaliation under both

state and federal law, defamation, tortious interference with

contract, and promissory estoppel. Following discovery, Barry

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abandoned all claims against American and certain claims against

Eagle.    On January 31, 2000, the district court granted summary

judgment against Barry on her remaining statutory and common law

claims.    Barry now appeals that ruling.

                               DISCUSSION

     Barry appeals the district court’s summary judgment

dismissal of the following claims against Eagle: (1) gender

discrimination in violation of Title VII and the Texas Labor

Code; (2) retaliation in violation of Title VII; (3) defamation;

(4) tortious interference with contract; and (5) promissory

estoppel.2   This Court reviews a grant of summary judgment de

novo.    Norman v. Apache Corp., 19 F.3d 1017, 1021 (5th Cir.

1994).    Summary judgment is proper when the evidence reflects no

genuine issues of material fact and the non-movant is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.    FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c).   A genuine

issue of material fact exists “if the evidence is such that a

reasonable jury could return a verdict for the non-moving party.”

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).      In

evaluating a grant of summary judgment, we must view all evidence

in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion and

draw all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor.      Id. at

     2
       Barry’s present appeal focuses on Eagle’s alleged
interference “with her offer of employment as a pilot at
American.” As noted in footnote 1, she does not seek damages
related to any allegations of sexual harassment.

                                   5
255.    However, the nonmovant may not rest upon the pleadings, she

must present specific, admissible evidence establishing that a

genuine issue exists for trial.        Little v. Liquid Air Corp., 37
F.3d 1069, 1075 (5th Cir. 1994).       This burden requires that the

nonmovant “do more than simply show that there is some

metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.”       Id.

       Barry concedes that an alleged phone call from an Eagle

representative to American is crucial to each of her remaining

causes of action.    We agree.   In fact, we believe that it is

essential to each of Barry’s claims that she present evidence

creating a legitimate factual dispute not only that such a phone

call took place, but that (1) the call occurred prior to

American’s decision to rescind Barry’s conditional offer of

employment, and (2) that in the call, the Eagle representative in

some way disparaged Barry’s character and discouraged American

from hiring her.    Viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to Barry, we are convinced that she has not established

more than “some metaphysical doubt” on these crucial points.

       The only evidence that an Eagle official called or spoke

with American to disparage Barry prior to American’s decision to

rescind Barry’s employment offer is contained in Barry’s

deposition.    Even Barry admits having no personal knowledge that

an official at Eagle ever communicated with an official at

American about her application for employment.       Instead, Barry

relies on “rumors” allegedly passed on to her by Ken Marczak

                                   6
suggesting that an Eagle official disparaged her in a phone call

to American.4   The district court properly excluded Barry’s

testimony regarding Marczak’s statement as double hearsay.     While

Marczak’s statement to Barry might have qualified as an admission

by a party opponent, the party reporting to Marczak that a phone

conversation took place between Ricardi and Strain remains

unknown.5   Barry has not identified an applicable hearsay

     4
       Barry also testified that she heard two other conflicting
rumors. First, she stated that Paige Stimson, relying on
Claudette Carroll, told her that Jim McCalla called American on
behalf of Eagle. The record contains no direct testimony by
Stimson or Carroll supporting Barry’s testimony. Barry also
reported that four days after Chapman’s original call to invite
her to the Women in Aviation Conference, Chapman called again and
told her that someone from Eagle had telephoned American and said
that Barry was “unfit or incompetent to be an American pilot.”
According to Barry, Chapman’s statement did not specify who had
made the phone call or precisely when it was made. Chapman
denies ever making such a statement to Barry. Barry’s testimony
regarding both of these out of court statements is inadmissible
hearsay and thus properly disregarded by Barry on appeal. See FED
R. EVID. 801, 802.
     5
          Barry argues that the district court erred by analyzing
Marczak’s statement as double hearsay because Marczak’s statement
was based on his personal knowledge.   Even assuming that Marczak
told Barry that Ricardi made a phone call to Strain regarding her
employment application, a statement that Marczak denies making,
we find no evidence in the record that would support Barry’s
inference that Marczak had personal knowledge of the timing and
content of the alleged conversation. To have had personal
knowledge of these facts, Marczak would have had to have
participated in or listened to the alleged conversation between
Ricardi and Strain. Barry’s deposition testimony in no way
suggests that Marczak himself participated in a conversation
between Eagle and American regarding her employment application.
Indeed, Barry only raised Marczak’s statement in the context of a
question regarding “rumors” that she had heard regarding a
disparaging phone call from an Eagle official to American.
Absent any evidence that Marczak had personal knowledge of the
                                                   (continued...)

                                 7
exception for the statements of this unknown declarant regarding

the timing and content of the alleged conversation.

     Without admissible evidence on the content of a phone

conversation between Eagle and American that took place prior to

American’s rescission of its offer of employment, Barry concedes

that she is unable to maintain any of her claims.    Her gender and

sex discrimination claims fail because she cannot prove an

adverse employment action - that Eagle phoned her prospective

employer to disparage her.6   See Urbano v. Continental Airlines,

Inc., 138 F.3d 204, 206 (5th Cir. 1998).   Barry’s retaliation

claims similarly fail due to the absence of an ultimate

employment action.   See Burger v. Central Apartment Management,

Inc., 168 F.3d 875, 877 (5th Cir. 1999).   Her defamation claim

fails because she has not offered sufficient evidence that Eagle

ever published a defamatory statement to American.    See Randall’s

Food Markets, Inc. v. Johnson, 891 S.W.2d 640, 646-47 (Tex.

1996).   The absence of proof on the phone call also undermines

Barry’s claims for tortious interference with a contract or

prospective contract, since the phone call is Barry’s only

allegation of interference by Eagle.   See Winston v. American

     5
      (...continued)
conversation, the district court properly excluded Barry’s
testimony regarding Marczak’s statement as hearsay within
hearsay.
     6
       We in no way suggest that this phone call, if proven,
would constitute an adverse employment action.

                                 8
Med. Intern Inc., 930 S.W.2d 945, 953 (Tex. App. -- Houston [1st

Dist.] 1996, writ denied).   Finally, Barry’s promissory estoppel

argument fails because that cause of action requires that she

prove detrimental reliance on a promise by Eagle not to retaliate

against her; if Eagle made no phone call, it did not retaliate

and there could be no detrimental reliance on a promise not to

retaliate.   See English v. Fisher, 660 S.W.2d 521, 524 (Tex.

1983); Vida v. El Paso Employees’ Federal Credit Union, 885
S.W.2d 177, 181 (Tex App. – El Paso 1994, reh’g denied).

                             CONCLUSION

     Even taking as true Barry’s reports of the conversations

between herself and Marczak, Marczak’s statement is inadmissible

hearsay for it relies on out of court statements by others

offered for their truth.   Absent admissible evidence that a

representative of Eagle contacted a representative of American

prior to American’s rescission of its offer of employment, each

of Barry’s claims fails.   As a consequence, we AFFIRM the

judgment of the district court.

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