Court Opinion

ID: 3121130
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 14:03:26.954726+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:53:07.126045
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued October 4, 2012.

                                   In The

                            Court of Appeals
                                  For The
                        First District of Texas
                         ————————————
                           NOS. 01-11-00806-CR
                                01-11-00807-CR
                                01-11-00808-CR
                                01-11-00809-CR
                                01-11-00810-CR
                                01-11-00811-CR
                                01-11-00812-CR
                                01-11-00813-CR
                                01-11-00814-CR
                          ———————————
                     CLAIR AUDREY WOLF, Appellant
                                     V.
                      THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                   On Appeal from the 248th District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                   Trial Court Case Nos. 1271120, 1271121,
                   1271122, 1271123, 11721124, 11721125,
                      11721126, 12721127, and 12721128

                       MEMORANDUM OPINION
      Clair Audrey Wolf was indicted for nine felony violations of the Texas

Water Code, the Solid Waste Disposal Act, and pertinent regulations promulgated

by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) relating to the

improper storage of hazardous materials and leakage of hazardous waste on two

parcels of private property in Harris County, Texas. See TEX. WATER CODE ANN.

§ 26.121, 26.261 (West 2011); TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 361.017(e)

(West 2012); 30 TEX. ADMIN. CODE §§ 70.206 324.4, 335.43, 335.302 (2012). A

jury found Wolf guilty in all nine cases and assessed a sentence and fine against

Wolf for each. 1 The judgment recites that the sentences are to run concurrently.

1
      Specifically, the charges against Wolf include:

          knowing and unlawful storage of used oil in defective containers (trial court
           case no. 1271120/appeal no. 01-11-00806-CR, trial court case no.
           11721124/appeal no. 01-11-00810-CR, trial court case no. 1271127/appeal
           no. 01-11-00813-CR, and trial court case no. 1271128/appeal no. 01-11-
           00814-CR ). In each case, the jury assessed punishment of three years’
           incarceration and a $20,000 fine.
             knowing and unlawful disposal of industrial solid waste with an aggregate
             weight of 1,000 pounds or more (trial court case no. 1271121/appeal no.
             01-11-00807-CR and trial court case no. 1271122/appeal no. 01-11-00808-
             CR). In each case, the jury assessed punishment of one year incarceration
             and a $3,000 fine.
          knowing and unlawful disposal of used oil (trial court case no.
           1271123/appeal no. 01-11-00809-CR), for which the jury assessed
           punishment of three years’ incarceration and a $20,000 fine.
          allowing discharge of certain pollutants into or adjacent to water in the
           State (trial court case no. 127116/appeal no. 01-11-00812-CR), for which
           the jury assessed punishment of five years’ incarceration and a $100,000
           fine.

                                           2
      On appeal, Wolf contends that his trial counsel rendered constitutionally

ineffective assistance by failing to object and request a limiting instruction on

testimony divulging that Wolf had a criminal history. We conclude that Wolf fails

to meet the Strickland v. Washington burden of proof and affirm.

                                      Background

      In 2007, the Houston Police Department sent Officer S. Dicker in response

to a call concerning a foul odor emitting from a city drainage ditch. After viewing

the property next to the drainage ditch, Officer Dicker called the environmental

crimes unit and a hazmat team to assist with the investigation. They found that a

large pool of motor oil had formed on the property, which, due to recent rainfall,

was migrating into the ditch. They also noticed a large number of tanker trucks,

tankers, 55-gallon drums, and buildings on the property. Much of the equipment

was rusted and in poor condition.         Further investigation revealed that the

equipment stored what appeared to be used motor oil, which had begun to leak

onto the ground.      Sample testing yielded positive findings for petroleum

hydrocarbons and other hazardous waste. The TCEQ had not issued any permits

for storage of the hazardous waste.

          knowing and unlawful storage and disposal of a characteristically ignitable
           solid waste (trial court case no. 1271125/appeal no. 01-11-00811-CR), for
           which the jury assessed punishment of three years’ incarceration and a
           $50,000 fine.

                                          3
      Public records showed the landowner was Wolf’s father, Clair E. Wolf.

Wolf’s father had died in February 2006, and the property’s condition had

fomented an already contentious probate proceeding. According to Wolf’s sister,

Vennie Wolf, Wolf was responsible for all of the equipment and other materials

left on the property.2

      Police served Wolf with administrative “notices of violation” (NOV’s)

which contained several aliases for Wolf. Wolf failed to respond to the TCEQ’s

attempts to address the NOV’s, and the TCEQ referred the matter to the Harris

County District Attorney. A Harris County grand jury handed down indictments

based on the charges set forth in the NOV’s.

      The State called Officer Dicker as its first witness in the week-long trial. In

the course of questioning Officer Dicker about the first time he met with Wolf, the

State asked the following:

      Q.     What was the purpose of going to meet with the defendant?

      A.     Serve the defendant with a NOV, notice of violation on the
             property.

      Q.     Did you prepare these notices?
      A.     Yes, sir, I did.

      ....

      2
             The estate eventually paid for the environmental remediation.

                                           4
      Q.     And served them on the defendant?

      A.     Yes, sir, I did, with his attorney.

      Q.     Did he sign these notices?

      A.     After advice from his attorney, yes.

      ....
      Q.     Now, Officer Dicker, what was the purpose of these notices of
             violation?

      A.     The purpose of the notices of violation was to advise the
             defendant that his property violated . . . several sections of the
             Texas Water Code . . . .

      Q,     Now, we have three of these, so just going through each one,
             first, State’s Exhibit No. 74. First, you have the responsible
             parties listed here; is that correct?
      A.     That’s correct.
      Q.     And I notice that there are several different names on here.
             Where did that information come from?
      A.     From the defendant’s criminal record.

      Q.     The property involved, the next item that we’re talking about.
             This first one deals with the property and all the — I guess, the
             legal property descriptions . . . ?
   Wolf’s trial counsel did not contemporaneously object to Officer Dicker’s

   reference to Wolf’s criminal history. Wolf did not move for new trial.

                         Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

      In his sole issue on appeal, Wolf challenges the adequacy of his trial

counsel’s representation.      In particular, Wolf contends that his trial counsel

rendered ineffective assistance by failing to object and request a limiting
                                           5
instruction after the State’s witness, Officer Dicker, informed the jury that Wolf

had a criminal record. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel,

the defendant must show that (1) his counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) a

reasonable probability exists that the result of the proceeding would have been

different. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 669, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052,

2055–56, 2064 (1984); Andrews v. State, 159 S.W.3d 98, 101–02 (Tex. Crim. App.

2005). A defendant has the burden to establish both prongs by a preponderance of

the evidence; failure to make either showing defeats an ineffectiveness claim.

Mitchell v. State, 68 S.W.3d 640, 642 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). We apply a strong

presumption that trial counsel was competent.     Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d
808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).      We presume trial counsel’s actions were

reasonably professional and motivated by sound trial strategy. See Jackson v.

State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); Johnson v. State, 176 S.W.3d
74, 78 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. ref’d). Furthermore, a claim of

ineffective assistance must be firmly supported in the record. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d

at 813.   Where the record does not offer an explanation for trial counsel’s

actions, we must presume that counsel made all significant decisions in the

exercise of reasonable professional judgment.     Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at 771;

Broussard v. State, 68 S.W.3d 197, 199 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet.

ref’d) (en banc).

                                        6
      On appeal, Wolf contends that his trial counsel should have obtained a

limiting instruction for the single reference to Wolf’s criminal record in Officer

Dicker’s testimony about Wolf’s aliases. The State did not raise the alias issue in

its questions concerning the other two NOVs or at any other time during the trial.

Also, trial counsel’s closing argument mitigated the effect of the reference. Trial

counsel urged the jury to “remember . . . what we’re talking about here. We’re

talking about making this person an eight-time felon . . . .” Trial counsel reminded

the jury that the father’s estate paid for the remediation, saying in closing that:

“Justice has been done. The greater injustice would be to label this man a felon,

send him off to the penitentiary. . . . I ask you to find him not guilty in all

accounts.” This argument allowed the jury to infer that Wolf had not previously

committed a felony and that his criminal history thus would have involved a less

serious crime.3

      Wolf did not allege ineffective assistance in a motion for new trial, so his

trial counsel had no opportunity to explain the complained-of conduct. “Although

a motion for new trial is not a prerequisite to a successful ineffective assistance of

counsel claim, evidence presented at a motion for new trial hearing may offer

insight into trial counsel’s motives behind his actions and may rebut the strong

presumption of reasonable professional assistance.” Edwards v. State, 280 S.W.3d
3
      During the punishment phase, the jury learned that Wolf had a prior misdemeanor
      conviction for cruelty to animals.
                                          7
441, 443 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. ref’d). Without a sufficient record, an

appellant cannot overcome the presumption that counsel’s actions were motivated

by sound trial strategy. See Tong v. State, 25 S.W.3d 707, 714 (Tex. Crim. App.

2000) (en banc) (“[W]ithout some explanation as to why counsel acted as he did,

we presume that his actions were the product of an overall strategic design.”), cert.

denied, 532 U.S. 1053, 121 S. Ct. 2196 (2001); Broussard, 68 S.W.3d at 199–200.

The record is silent as to why Wolf’s counsel raised no objection. Under well-

settled law, the decision not to object can sometimes be justified as part of a sound

trial strategy aimed at avoiding drawing the jury’s attention to adverse testimony.

See Darby v. State, 922 S.W.2d 614, 623–24 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1996, pet.

ref’d). We may not speculate on counsel’s motive in the face of a silent record.

See Ex parte Varelas, 45 S.W.3d 627, 632 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (reviewing

court may not speculate as to why trial counsel failed to request limiting instruction

when record is silent, even if court has difficulty understanding counsel’s inaction).

Here, we presume that trial counsel believed it more effective to address the issue

in closing argument than to draw more attention to Wolf’s criminal record by

asking the judge for a limiting instruction. That decision would constitute a sound

trial strategy.   Accordingly, we reject Wolf’s ineffective assistance claim and

affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                          8
                                   Conclusion

      We conclude that Wolf has not carried his burden to prove that trial counsel

rendered ineffective assistance. We therefore affirm.

                                               Jane Bland
                                               Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Bland and Huddle.

Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

                                           9