Court Opinion

ID: 2804768
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-06-01 19:09:25.245524+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:29:53.493986
License: Public Domain

J-S23011-15

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION – SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,                  : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :      PENNSYLVANIA
                   Appellee                    :
                                               :
             v.                                :
                                               :
JEROME BOWMAN,                                 :
                                               :
                   Appellant                   : No. 621 EDA 2014

           Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence January 14, 2014,
                Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County,
              Criminal Division at No. CP-51-CR-0011386-2012

BEFORE: DONOHUE, SHOGAN and STRASSBURGER*, JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY DONOHUE, J.:                                 FILED JUNE 01, 2015

       Jerome Bowman (“Bowman”) appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered on January 14, 2014 by the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia

County,    Criminal    Division,   following    his   convictions   of   possessing

instruments of crime (“PIC”), aggravated assault, and persons not to

possess, use, manufacture, control, sell or transfer firearms (“persons not to

possess firearms”).1     For the reasons that follow, we affirm in part and

vacate in part Bowman’s judgment of sentence.

       The trial court summarized the facts of this case as follows:

             On July 25, 2012, [Levon Rutledge (“Rutledge”)] was
             at his house on 15th North Ithan Street in West
             Philadelphia, with his girlfriend, Jamie Bowen
             [(“Bowen”)], and his friend, Joseph Saterdote
             [(“Saterdote”)].    At approximately 5:00 PM,
             [Bowman] entered [Rutledge]’s home in order to

1
    18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 907(a), 2702(a), 6105(a)(1).

*Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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            settle a previous dispute. [Bowman] was not invited
            into the household, and gained entry by opening the
            unlocked front door. He was armed with a firearm
            and also accompanied by his friend, Zarik Prince
            [(“Prince”)].    Upon entering the house without
            permission, [Bowman] and [Rutledge] got into a
            heated argument about some neighborhood gossip.
            Although [Bowman] eventually began to leave the
            home, exiting onto the porch area, he reentered the
            home when [Rutledge] told him not to “come in my
            crib like that.” The two individuals then engaged in a
            [fistfight]. During this fight, [Bowman] pulled out
            his gun and shot [Rutledge] in the thigh. After
            shooting [Rutledge, Bowman and Prince] both fled
            the scene.

            Shortly after the shooting, [Prince] was apprehended
            by the police, based upon a description provided by
            the victims. While being transported to Southwest
            Detectives, [Prince] told the officers that he was at
            15th North Ithan St. with [Bowman] when the
            shooting occurred. [Prince] later admitted to the
            detectives that he had accompanied [Bowman] to
            that address and after [Bowman] went inside, he
            heard two gunshots coming from the house. After
            hearing the gunshots, [Prince] began walking away
            from the house and [Bowman] came running past
            him, fleeing the scene. Based on the statements of
            [Prince] and the other eyewitnesses, an arrest
            warrant was issued for [Bowman]. On August 9th,
            Officer Jara observed [Bowman] on the 5400 block of
            Market Street.     When the officers attempted to
            approach [Bowman], he fled on foot. After a brief
            pursuit, [Bowman] was apprehended about a block
            away and taken into custody.            Subsequently,
            [Rutledge, Bowen, and Saterdote] all identified
            [Bowman] as the shooter in both photo arrays and at
            the trial.

Trial Court Opinion, 8/8/14, at 2-3 (record citations omitted).

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     On November 8, 2013, following a four-day trial, a jury found Bowman

guilty of PIC and aggravated assault.     A nonjury proceeding immediately

followed, during which the Commonwealth presented evidence that Bowman

had a prior conviction of possession with intent to deliver.   Therefore, the

trial court found Bowman guilty of persons not to possess firearms, the

prohibition against convicted felons carrying firearms. On January 14, 2014,

the trial court imposed a mandatory minimum sentence of five to ten years

of incarceration on the aggravated assault charge; a consecutive term of

four to eight years of incarceration on the persons not to possess firearms

charge; and a consecutive term of five years of probation on the PIC charge.

     On January 27, 2014, Bowman filed a post-sentence motion to modify

sentence, which the trial court denied on February 10, 2014. On February

12, 2014, Bowman filed a timely notice of appeal. On March 5, 2014, the

trial court ordered Bowman to file a concise statement of the errors

complained of on appeal pursuant to Rule 1925(b) of the Pennsylvania Rules

of Appellate Procedure. On March 11, 2014, Bowman filed his timely Rule

1925(b) statement.

     On appeal, Bowman raises the following issues for our review and

determination:

           I.    Was the evidence legally insufficient to convict
                 Bowman beyond a reasonable doubt where all
                 of the eyewitnesses had crimen falsi
                 convictions, one of them was forced into court
                 under threat of a bench warrant and then not

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                  arrested    for    a   bench    warrant     the
                  Commonwealth knew about, the complainant
                  “kind of blacked out” at the time of the crime,
                  and one eyewitness was high on PCP at the
                  time of the crime?

           II.    Did the trial court abuse its discretion by
                  denying Bowman’s motion for a new trial
                  because the verdict was against the weight of
                  the evidence?

           III.   Did the trial court abuse its discretion by
                  sentencing Bowman to an aggregate term of
                  [nine     to   eighteen]    years   where    the
                  complainant was shot once in the leg and had
                  no lasting medical problems and Bowman’s
                  early life consisted of abuse and deprivation?

Bowman’s Brief at 5.

     For his first issue on appeal, Bowman raises a claim that the evidence

was insufficient to support his convictions.     Bowman’s Brief at 13-15.

Specifically, Bowman asserts that the eyewitness’ accounts of the incident

lacked credibility for the following reasons.     Id. at 15.     Each of the

eyewitnesses had prior convictions for crimen falsi.   Id.   Additionally, the

government threatened Bowen with a bench warrant to ensure her

appearance at the preliminary hearing and then the government did not

arrest her on another bench warrant that she had at the time of her trial

testimony. Id. Furthermore, Rutledge testified that he blacked out at the

time of the crime and Prince testified that he was high on PCP during the

incident. Id.

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      These arguments challenge the weight of the evidence, not its

sufficiency.    See Commonwealth v. Melvin, 103 A.3d 1, 43 (Pa. Super.

2014) (“An argument regarding the credibility of a witness’[] testimony goes

to the weight of the evidence, not the sufficiency of the evidence.”);

Commonwealth v. Trinidad, 96 A.3d 1031, 1038 (Pa. Super. 2014)

(“variances in testimony go to the credibility of the witnesses and not the

sufficiency of the evidence”) (citations omitted). The differences between a

challenge to the weight and a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, as

our Supreme Court explained them in Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744
A.2d 745, 751-52 (Pa. 2000), are as follows:

               The distinction between these two challenges is
               critical. A claim challenging the sufficiency of the
               evidence, if granted, would preclude retrial under the
               double jeopardy provisions of the Fifth Amendment
               to the United States Constitution, and Article I,
               Section 10 of the Pennsylvania Constitution, Tibbs
               v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31 (1982); Commonwealth v.
               Vogel, 461 A.2d 604 (Pa. 1983), whereas a claim
               challenging the weight of the evidence if granted
               would permit a second trial. Id.

               A claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence is
               a question of law. Evidence will be deemed sufficient
               to support the verdict when it establishes each
               material element of the crime charged and the
               commission thereof by the accused, beyond a
               reasonable doubt. Commonwealth v. Karkaria,
               625 A.2d 1167 (Pa. 1993). Where the evidence
               offered to support the verdict is in contradiction to
               the physical facts, in contravention to human
               experience and the laws of nature, then the evidence
               is insufficient as a matter of law. Commonwealth v.
               Santana, 333 A.2d 876 (Pa. 1975). When reviewing

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            a sufficiency claim the court is required to view the
            evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict
            winner giving the prosecution the benefit of all
            reasonable inferences to be drawn from the
            evidence. Commonwealth v. Chambers, 599 A.2d
630 (Pa. 1991).

            A motion for new trial on the grounds that the
            verdict is contrary to the weight of the evidence,
            concedes that there is sufficient evidence to sustain
            the verdict. Commonwealth v. Whiteman, 485
A.2d 459 (Pa. Super. 1984). Thus, the trial court is
            under no obligation to view the evidence in the light
            most favorable to the verdict winner. Tibbs, 457
U.S. at 38 n.11.

Widmer, 744 A.2d at 751-52 (citations modified).        “A true weight of the

evidence challenge concedes that sufficient evidence exists to sustain the

verdict but questions which evidence is to be believed.” Commonwealth v.

Lewis, 911 A.2d 558, 566 (Pa. Super. 2006) (quoting Commonwealth v.

Hunzer, 868 A.2d 498, 507 (Pa. Super. 2005)).

      Our Supreme Court has held that an “appellant’s challenge to the

sufficiency of the evidence must fail[,]” where an appellant phrases an issue

as a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, but the argument that

appellant provides goes to the weight of the evidence. Commonwealth v.

Small, 741 A.2d 666, 672 (Pa. 1999); see also Commonwealth v. Gibbs,

981 A.2d 274, 281-82 (Pa. Super. 2009) (finding that a sufficiency claim

raising weight of the evidence arguments would be dismissed). Therefore,

Bowman is not entitled to any relief on his challenge to the sufficiency of the

evidence for his convictions.

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     For his second issue on appeal, Bowman properly argues that the

verdict in this case was against the weight of the evidence.2 When reviewing

a weight of the evidence claim, we consider the following:

           A motion for a new trial based on a claim that the
           verdict is against the weight of the evidence is
           addressed to the discretion of the trial court.
           Widmer, 744 A.2d at 751-52; [Commonwealth v.
           Brown, 648 A.2d 1177, 1189 (Pa. 1994)]. A new
           trial should not be granted because of a mere conflict
           in the testimony or because the judge on the same
           facts would have arrived at a different conclusion.
           Widmer, 744 A.2d at 752. Rather, “the role of the
           trial judge is to determine that ‘notwithstanding all
           the facts, certain facts are so clearly of greater
           weight that to ignore them or to give them equal
           weight with all the facts is to deny justice.’” Id. at
           320, 744 A.2d at 752 (citation omitted). It has often
           been stated that “a new trial should be awarded
           when the jury’s verdict is so contrary to the evidence
           as to shock one’s sense of justice and the award of a
           new trial is imperative so that right may be given
           another opportunity to prevail.” Brown, 648 A.2d at
           1189.

           An appellate court’s standard of review when
           presented with a weight of the evidence claim is
           distinct from the standard of review applied by the
           trial court:

                 Appellate review of a weight claim is a
                 review of the exercise of discretion, not
                 of the underlying question of whether the
                 verdict is against the weight of the

2
   An appellant must preserve a challenge to the weight of the evidence
before the trial court either at sentencing or in a post-sentence motion.
Pa.R.Crim.P. 607(A); Commonwealth v. Thompson, 93 A.3d 478, 490
(Pa. Super. 2014). Here, Bowman properly preserved his challenge to the
weight of the evidence through an oral post-sentence motion for a new trial
during sentencing. See N.T., 1/14/14, at 4-7.

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                 evidence. Brown, 648 A.2d at 1189.
                 Because the trial judge has had the
                 opportunity to hear and see the evidence
                 presented, an appellate court will give
                 the gravest consideration to the findings
                 and reasons advanced by the trial judge
                 when     reviewing       a    trial    court’s
                 determination that the verdict is against
                 the     weight      of     the      evidence.
                 Commonwealth v. Farquharson, 354
A.2d 545 (Pa. 1976). One of the least
                 assailable reasons for granting or
                 denying a new trial is the lower court’s
                 conviction that the verdict was or was
                 not against the weight of the evidence
                 and that a new trial should be granted in
                 the interest of justice.

           Widmer, 744 A.2d at 753 (emphasis added).

Commonwealth v. Clay, 64 A.3d 1049, 1054-55 (Pa. 2013) (citations

modified). Thus, our task in evaluating a weight challenge is as follows:

           To determine whether a trial court’s decision
           constituted a palpable abuse of discretion, an
           appellate court must examine the record and assess
           the weight of the evidence; not however, as the trial
           judge, to determine whether the preponderance of
           the evidence opposes the verdict, but rather to
           determine whether the court below in so finding
           plainly exceeded the limits of judicial discretion and
           invaded the exclusive domain of the jury. Where the
           record adequately supports the trial court, the trial
           court has acted within the limits of its judicial
           discretion.

Brown, 648 A.2d at 1190 (citation omitted).

     We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding

that the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence. The jury heard

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testimony about the crimen falsi convictions of all four of the eyewitnesses

(Rutledge, Bowen, Prince, and Saterdote) on both direct and cross-

examination. N.T., 11/6/13, at 65-66, 75-76, 106-07, 113; N.T., 11/7/13,

at 12, 16.   Additionally, the jury heard a substantial amount of testimony

relating to Bowen’s reluctance to testify during this case, that the trial court

had to put out a bench warrant for her arrest in order to get her into court,

and that she had another bench warrant pending for arrest in another

county at the time of trial. N.T., 11/6/13, at 101-02, 106-09. The jury also

heard Rutledge’s testimony that he blacked out during the incident and

Prince’s testimony that he was on PCP during the incident.       Id. at 55-56,

138-39.

      Ultimately, the jury determined that, despite these potential problems,

each of the four witnesses was credible.      “It is well established that this

Court is precluded from reweighing the evidence and substituting our

credibility determination for that of the fact-finder.”   Commonwealth v.

Thompson, 106 A.3d 742, 758 (Pa. Super. 2014).             “The weight of the

evidence is a matter exclusively for the finder of fact, who is free to believe

all, part, or none of the evidence and to determine the credibility of the

witnesses.” Commonwealth v. Gonzalez, 109 A.3d 711, 723 (Pa. Super.

2015).    As the fact-finder, the jury had the responsibility of determining

whether these factors affected their credibility as witnesses. By convicting

Bowman, the jury demonstrated that it believed all or some of each of their

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testimony. Moreover, our review of the record reveals that each of the four

eyewitnesses’ testimony of the events that transpired during the shooting is

not only consistent with each other, but is consistent with the facts of the

case as set forth by the trial court, which we cited herein. N.T., 11/6/13, at

50-57, 84-89, 93-96, 122-28; N.T., 11/7/13, at 5-10; supra, pp. 1-2.

Therefore, based on our review of the record, Bowman’s verdict did not

shock the conscious and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding

that the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence.

      For his final issue on appeal, Bowman challenges the discretionary

aspects of his sentence. “The right to appellate review of the discretionary

aspects of a sentence is not absolute, and must be considered a petition for

permission to appeal.”    Commonwealth v. Buterbaugh, 91 A.3d 1247,

1265 (Pa. Super. 2014), appeal denied, 104 A.3d 1 (Pa. 2014).              “An

appellant must satisfy a four-part test to invoke this Court’s jurisdiction

when challenging the discretionary aspects of a sentence.” Id. We conduct

this four-part test to determine whether,

            (1) the appellant preserved the issue either by
            raising it at the time of sentencing or in a post[-
            ]sentence motion; (2) the appellant filed a timely
            notice of appeal; (3) the appellant set forth a concise
            statement of reasons relied upon for the allowance of
            his appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) the
            appellant raises a substantial question for our
            review.

Commonwealth v. Baker, 72 A.3d 652, 662 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citation

omitted), appeal denied, 86 A.3d 231 (Pa. 2014). “A defendant presents a

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substantial question when he sets forth a plausible argument that the

sentence violates a provision of the sentencing code or is contrary to the

fundamental norms of the sentencing process.” Commonwealth v. Dodge,

77 A.3d 1263, 1268 (Pa. Super. 2013) (quotations and citations omitted),

appeal denied, 91 A.3d 161 (Pa. 2014).

     Here, Bowman preserved his discretionary aspects of sentencing claim

by raising it in a post-sentence motion.      See Motion to Modify Sentence,

1/27/14, at 1-2. Bowman also filed a timely notice of appeal. Bowman did

not, however, set forth a concise statement of the reasons relied upon for

the allowance of his appeal pursuant to Rule 2119(f) of the Pennsylvania

Rules of Appellate Procedure in his appellate brief. Despite Bowman’s failure

to comply with Rule 2119(f), the Commonwealth has not objected to the

statement’s   absence.     Therefore,    we   will   not   find   waiver.   See

Commonwealth v. Antidormi, 84 A.3d 736, 759 (Pa. Super. 2014)

(declining to find waiver of discretionary aspects of sentencing claim due to

lack of Rule 2119(f) statement where Commonwealth did not object), appeal

denied, 95 A.3d 275 (Pa. 2014).         Thus, we must determine whether

Bowman’s discretionary aspects of sentencing claim raises a substantial

question for our review.

     First, Bowman argues that his sentence was manifestly excessive

because he only shot someone in the leg once and received a nine to

eighteen year sentence. Bowman’s Brief at 18. Generally, bald allegations

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of excessiveness do not raise a substantial question for our review, unless

the appellant “sufficiently articulates the manner in which the sentence

violates either a specific provision of the sentencing scheme set forth in the

Sentencing Code or a particular fundamental norm underlying the sentencing

process.”     Commonwealth v. Trippett, 932 A.2d 188, 202 (Pa. Super.

2007).      Here, Bowman does not set forth the specific provision of the

Sentencing Code or the fundamental norm underlying the sentencing

process that the trial court violated in imposing the sentence.     Therefore,

this argument does not raise a substantial question

      Second, Bowman asserts that the trial court failed to take into

consideration certain mitigating factors when sentencing him, namely

separating him from his children for an extended time and his difficult

upbringing.    Bowman’s Brief at 18-19.      “A claim that a sentencing court

failed to consider certain mitigating factors does not raise a substantial

question.”     Commonwealth v. Lewis, 911 A.2d 558, 567 (Pa. Super.

2006) (citations omitted).   Because Bowman has not raised a substantial

question, his discretionary aspects of sentence claim must fail.3

3
    Bowman also attempts to argue that the trial court failed to consider his
rehabilitative needs in sentencing him. Bowman’s Brief at 18. However,
Bowman has waived this argument on appeal. Although Bowman properly
filed a post-sentence motion challenging the discretionary aspects of his
sentence, he did not include in his post-sentence motion an argument that
the trial court failed to consider his rehabilitative needs in sentencing him.
See Motion to Modify Sentence, 1/27/14, at 1-2. Therefore, Bowman has
waived this argument. Commonwealth v. Tejada, 107 A.3d 788, 799 (Pa.

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      Although Bowman raised no further issues for our review on appeal,

we nonetheless conclude that we must remand the case for resentencing, as

Bowman’s sentence is illegal.   See Commonwealth v. Watley, 81 A.3d
108, 118 (2013) (en banc) (“Legality of sentence questions are not waivable

and may be raised sua sponte by this Court.”), appeal denied, 95 A.3d 277

(Pa. 2014). The record reflects that the trial court sentenced Bowman to an

aggregate term of nine to eighteen years of incarceration – five to ten years

for aggravated assault and a consecutive term of four to eight years for

persons not to possess firearms.4 N.T., 1/14/14, at 23. It was uncontested

at sentencing that Bowman was subject to the mandatory minimum

sentences pursuant to section 9712 of the Sentencing Code.5 See id. at 12-

13.

Super. 2015) (arguments in support of discretionary aspects of sentencing
claim not raised in a post-sentence motion are not subject to our review);
see also Commonwealth v. Rush, 959 A.2d 945, 949 (Pa. Super. 2008)
(“for any claim that was required to be preserved, this Court cannot review a
legal theory in support of that claim unless that particular legal theory was
presented to the trial court”).
4
   The trial court found Bowman guilty of persons not possess firearms
during a nonjury proceeding. This Court recently noted that under the Due
Process Clause, a defendant that elects a nonjury trial is “entitled to have
the extra element of the aggravated offense found by the factfinder beyond
a reasonable doubt pursuant to Alleyne.” Commonwealth v. Fennell,
105 A.3d 13, 17 (Pa. Super. 2014); Commonwealth v. Cardwell, 105
A.3d 748, 751 (Pa. Super. 2014).
5
  This section provides, in relevant part:

           (a) Mandatory sentence.--Except as provided
           under section 9716 (relating to two or more

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           mandatory minimum sentences applicable), any
           person who is convicted in any court of this
           Commonwealth of a crime of violence as defined in
           section 9714(g) (relating to sentences for second
           and subsequent offenses), shall, if the person visibly
           possessed a firearm or a replica of a firearm,
           whether or not the firearm or replica was loaded or
           functional, that placed the victim in reasonable fear
           of death or serious bodily injury, during the
           commission of the offense, be sentenced to a
           minimum sentence of at least five years of total
           confinement notwithstanding any other provision of
           this title or other statute to the contrary. Such
           persons shall not be eligible for parole, probation,
           work release or furlough.

           (b) Proof at sentencing.--Provisions of this section
           shall not be an element of the crime and notice
           thereof to the defendant shall not be required prior
           to conviction, but reasonable notice of the
           Commonwealth’s intention to proceed under this
           section shall be provided after conviction and before
           sentencing. The applicability of this section shall be
           determined at sentencing. The court shall consider
           any evidence presented at trial and shall afford the
           Commonwealth and the defendant an opportunity to
           present any necessary additional evidence and shall
           determine, by a preponderance of the evidence, if
           this section is applicable.

           (c) Authority of court in sentencing.--There shall
           be no authority in any court to impose on an
           offender to which this section is applicable any lesser
           sentence than provided for in subsection (a) or to
           place such offender on probation or to suspend
           sentence. Nothing in this section shall prevent the
           sentencing court from imposing a sentence greater
           than that provided in this section. Sentencing
           guidelines   promulgated     by    the    Pennsylvania
           Commission on Sentencing shall not supersede the
           mandatory sentences provided in this section.

42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9712(a)-(c).

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      Following the trial court’s decision to sentence Bowman pursuant to

the mandatory minimum of section 9712 and the filing of Bowman’s notice

of appeal, this Court in Commonwealth v. Valentine, 101 A.3d 801 (Pa.

Super. 2014), found section 9712 unconstitutional based upon the United

States Supreme Court’s decision in Alleyne v. U.S., __ U.S. __, 133 S. Ct.
2151 (2013), which held:          “[F]acts that increase mandatory minimum

sentences   must    be   submitted      to   the   jury.”      Id.     at   2163.     In

Commonwealth v. Newman, 99 A.3d 86 (Pa. Super. 2014) (en banc), this

Court en banc found that Alleyne applies retroactively to cases that were

pending on direct appeal when the decision was handed down. Id. at 90.

On this basis, we therefore vacate the judgment of sentence and remand for

resentencing without consideration of the mandatory minimum sentencing

provisions of section 9712.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed in part and vacated in part.                    Case

remanded     for   resentencing    in    accordance     with    this    Memorandum.

Jurisdiction relinquished.

      Shogan, J. joins the Memorandum.

      Strassburger, J. files a Concurring Memorandum.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 6/1/2015

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