Court Opinion

ID: 3147411
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-22 18:31:08.305883+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:52:18.227875
License: Public Domain

FIFTH DIVISION
                                                                           June 11, 2010

No. 1-09-0381

KEENAN STAPLETON, a Minor, By and                         )
Through His Parent and Next Friend, Felicia               )       Appeal from the
Clark, and FELICIA CLARK, Individually,                   )       Circuit Court of
                                                          )       Cook County,
        Plaintiffs-Appellants,                            )
                                                          )       04 L 2894
        v.                                                )
                                                          )       The Honorable
MONICA MOORE,                                             )       Clare Elizabeth McWilliams,
                                                          )       Judge Presiding.
        Defendant-Appellee.                               )

        PRESIDING JUSTICE TOOMIN delivered the opinion of the court:

        In this appeal, we determine whether the use of a medical journal article on cross-

examination of an expert is permissible, when only the reliability of the author is established and

not the reliability of the particular article or text itself. Plaintiff, Felicia Clark, individually, and on

behalf of Keenan Stapleton, a minor, appeals from the entry of judgment on a jury verdict in favor

of defendant in her action for medical malpractice arising from an injury suffered by Keenan

during delivery. Plaintiff asserts the following errors: (1) the trial court erred in allowing

defendant to use a journal article in cross-examining plaintiff’s expert because, inter alia, the

article was not disclosed prior to trial; (2) the trial court erred in instructing the jury as to the

proper standard of care; (3) the trial court erred in granting defendant’s motion in limine, barring

any testimony as to whether an “arrest of labor” took place; and (4) the testimony of the attending

resident doctor, Dr. Meininger, at trial that his medical record notation was in error violated

Supreme Court Rule 213 (210 Ill. 2d R. 213). For the following reasons, we affirm.
1-09-0381

                                         BACKGROUND

       Keenan Stapleton was born on July 17, 2003, at about 38 weeks of gestation. During the

birth, Keenan’s mother, plaintiff Felicia Clark, was told by her doctor, Dr. Monica Moore, that

the baby was being “stubborn” and that she should push to help in the delivery. After the

delivery, Dr. Moore told plaintiff that she should probably get Keenan’s arm checked out.

However, Dr. Moore did not explain why she said this. Plaintiff described Keenan’s arm as very

limp and hanging to the side. No one at Rush Memorial Hospital explained to plaintiff what was

wrong with Keenan’s arm. Keenan was otherwise healthy and weighed 9 pounds, 5 ounces.

       Dr. Moore’s chart indicates a note made shortly after Keenan’s birth that there was a

normal spontaneous vaginal delivery with shoulder dystocia, which means a difficult delivery of a

baby’s shoulders. Shoulder dystocia is a medical emergency because the baby must be delivered

in a short time frame or it could die or sustain brain damage. Shoulder dystocia can be addressed

in a variety of ways, the McRoberts maneuver, where the mother is repositioned with her legs up

and back, or through the application of suprapubic pressure. The suprupubic pressure is intended

to push and dislodge the baby’s trapped anterior shoulder. In plaintiff’s case, the McRoberts

maneuver and application of suprapubic pressure were successfully used. Dr. Moore’s note

indicates only 40 seconds passed from the time she recognized the shoulder dystocia to the time

Keenan was actually delivered. However, this note also includes a cross-out, now illegible,

notation with the word “error” written next to it.

       Keenan suffered a permanent left-side brachial plexus injury called Erb’s palsy. The

brachial plexus is a group of nerves that extends from the spinal cord, at the cervical and thoracic

                                                 2
1-09-0381

vertebrae, down to the muscles of the shoulder, arm, forearm and hand. These nerves can

become permanently damaged in babies as a result of stretching between the neck and shoulder on

either side, occurring most often during shoulder dystocia.

         Plaintiff filed the instant proceedings against Dr. Moore, alleging that in the course of the

delivery Dr. Moore had applied greater-than-gentle traction to Keenan’s head, causing him to

sustain the brachial plexus injury. In defense, Dr. Moore maintained that the injury was not

caused by any traction applied by her, but rather from the force of uterine contractions on

Keenan’s body when his left shoulder caught on a ridge in the sacral promontory area of plaintiff’s

spine.

         Dr. Moore’s notes do not indicate the orientation of Keenan’s head or which shoulder was

involved with the shoulder dystocia. However, the chart entries include a note written by a

medical student, Alex Meininger, indicating a “normal spontaneous delivery with shoulder

dystocia for 40 seconds reduced with McRoberts maneuvers and suprapubic pressure and

secondary perineal laceration.” Meininger also noted “LOA,” indicating left shoulder dystocia

anteriorly, meaning that Keenan’s left shoulder was positioned toward the front, under plaintiff’s

pubic symphysis. However, this notation conflicted with Meininger’s further notation that

Keenan’s head was also “LOA.” Meininger testified that he obtained this information from

directly observing the delivery, the residents, and from Dr. Moore. Meininger testified that he

must have been confused when he indicated left shoulder dystocia anteriorly in the chart, because

with LOA, the right shoulder would be anterior. He had only been documenting in patient charts

for 7 to 10 days at that time, and this notation seemed to be an error. Further, this was the only

                                                   3
1-09-0381

conflict in the records, as the delivery note and the labor and delivery summary both indicated

LOA for Keenan’s position.

        Dr. Moore testified that while she had received training regarding treatement of shoulder

dystocia, prior to Keenan’s case she had encountered only one instance of that condition.

According to the doctor, there was no point in time that she believed she needed to get Keenan

delivered quickly because his life was in jeopardy. Dr. Moore explained that she called in a

pediatric resident, Dr. Emily Sifferman, because of fetal decelerations occurring with pushing. Dr.

Moore testified she was not too concerned with the decelerations but called Sifferman just in case

something happened. With respect to Meininger’s note, Dr. Moore stated that because of the

LOA position of Keenan’s head, the left shoulder could not have been anterior. Dr. Moore

testified she did not know how Meininger got the information about the left shoulder being

anterior.

        Dr. Moore independently recollected plaintiff’s labor and the delivery of Keenan. Also

present at the delivery were a resident, Dr. Carrie Smith, a nurse, and the pediatric resident, Dr.

Sifferman. Dr. Moore remembered that the nurse had one of plaintiff’s legs up and back, but

could not recall which leg, and could not remember who was holding plaintiff’s other leg. Dr.

Smith applied the suprapubic pressure. Dr. Moore told plaintiff she really needed to push to help

get the baby out. After a very short period of time, Dr. Moore guided the anterior shoulder out,

and Dr. Smith pushed down and Keenan’s shoulder “popped right out.” According to Dr. Moore,

the simultaneous combination of a last contraction by plaintiff, traction applied by Dr. Moore, and

the suprapubic pressure caused the anterior shoulder to pop out and the rest of Keenan’s body to

                                                  4
1-09-0381

be delivered.

       Dr. Moore denied applying any upward traction during Keenan’s delivery, because this

would work against the application of downward suprapubic pressure. Dr. Moore also denied

applying any excessive downward traction, and also denied pulling or twisting Keenan’s head.

After Keenan’s head was delivered, plaintiff moved far up on the bed, and Dr. Moore’s hands

were on Keenan’s head for some portion of the distance that plaintiff moved up and away. Dr.

Moore conceded that she had testified at her deposition that during the time plaintiff was pushing,

about 10 seconds, she applied “probably medium” force on Keenan’s head. Dr. Moore agreed

that the standard of care would allow for the use of gentle lateral traction to deliver a baby when

shoulder dystocia is present, although Dr. Moore maintained what is “gentle” differs from person

to person and is subjective. Dr. Moore agreed that using greater-than-gentle lateral traction on a

baby with shoulder dystocia would be a deviation from the standard of care absent a life-

threatening scenario. She further testified that the amount of traction she applied was “nowhere

near excessive” and that she does not know why Keenan suffered his injury. Dr. Moore

remembers after the delivery thinking it was strange that Keenan’s left shoulder was injured,

because his right shoulder was the one under plaintiff’s pubic bone. Dr. Moore denied violating

the standard of care in Keenan’s case and had the opinion, within a reasonable degree of medical

certainty, that nothing she did caused the injury.

       Plaintiff’s obstetric expert, Dr. Stuart Edelberg, was board certified in obstetrics and

gynecology and had been practicing in obstetrics for over 40 years. Dr. Edelberg indicated he

thought Meininger’s “LOA” notation was mistaken and should have indicated “ROA” (right

                                                     5
1-09-0381

occiput anterior) for Keenan’s head position, which would have been consistent with Keenan’s

left arm being anterior. Dr. Edelberg reviewed the labor and delivery summary and felt that the

left shoulder was anterior because anterior shoulder dystocia is statistically more likely. In any

event, the left arm could have been injured whether the left shoulder was anterior or posterior,

and the actual position did not impact Edelberg’s opinions.

       In Edelberg’s opinion, shoulder dystocia is a medical emergency. The standard of care

requires a physician to perform the recognized maneuvers for delivery of a shoulder dystocia,

including the McRoberts maneuver and the application of suprapubic pressure. Any pressure on

the head used to relieve shoulder dystocia has to be gentle lateral pressure. Edelberg opined that

Keenan’s brachial plexus injury occurred because there was “excess lateral traction” placed by Dr.

Moore on Keenan’s head. Traction refers to placing pressure on the baby’s head, which stretches

the brachial plexus. If the left shoulder was anterior during Keenan’s birth, excess downward

lateral traction was applied. Even accounting for the inconsistency in the medical records, if the

left shoulder was posterior, then excess upward lateral traction was applied. In Keenan’s case,

according to Edelberg, the application of greater-than-gentle lateral traction caused Keenan’s

permanent injury and was a deviation from the standard of care. Edelberg eliminated all other

possible causes of the injury, including malpositioning during labor, which usually involves very

small babies descending down the birth canal with a neck presentation or a prolapse arm.

According to Edelberg, transient brachical plexus injuries can result from pressure inside the

womb, and without any physician negligence, but permanent brachial plexus injuries are different

because they result from lateral force. Also, any uterine contractions or forces would result in

                                                  6
1-09-0381

bruising of the skin and muscular tissue and would be equally exerted on the baby, not greater on

one side.

        On cross-examination, Dr. Edelberg was questioned about various medical journal articles

expressing the view that brachial plexus injuries are more likely caused by the endogenous forces

of the mother during delivery of the baby, rather than external traction. However, according to

Edelberg, some of these opinions were based on research using a computer model and, for the

most part, related to transient, rather than permanent, brachial plexus injuries. Although

defendant sought to introduce the testimony of Dr. Michele Grimm, one of these authoring

doctors, regarding the use of computer model information, the trial court barred such testimony,

finding that it did not comply with Frye’s general acceptance requirement. See Frye v. United

States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923).

        Over plaintiff’s objections, Edelberg was also confronted with an article written by Dr.

Lerner and Dr. Salamon, which reported a case of a baby born vaginally without physician

traction that resulted in permanent brachial plexus injury. Edelberg later testified that the article

related to a case in which Dr. Lerner was the defense expert for Dr. Salamon. Although plaintiff

objected on the basis of nondisclosure pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 213, the court allowed

the testimony for impeachment, notwithstanding Rule 213's proscriptions. Edelberg discounted

the validity and application of the article to the case at trial.

        Further, Edelberg was questioned about the 2005 PRECIS, a text by the American

College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG), which acknowledges that though textbooks in

the past stated that brachial plexus palsy is caused by the application of excessive lateral traction,

                                                     7
1-09-0381

evidence over the years emerged that in fact most brachial plexus palsies are not caused by

traction and occur in uncomplicated vaginal deliveries. The PRECIS text also states most brachial

plexus injuries occur because an infant presents in the mother’s pelvis in the left occiput anterior

position, where the infant’s right arm is more likely to get caught under the mother’s pubic bone,

but brachial plexus also occurs in the arm that presents posteriorly. Additionally, Dr. Edelberg

was questioned concerning an article on brachial plexus palsy involving the posterior shoulder,

stating that it is most likely that maternal expulsive forces of delivery may be partly or totally

responsible where, for example, the posterior shoulder may become temporarily lodged behind the

sacral promontory.

       Plaintiff’s pediatric neurology expert, Dr. Steward Ater, was board certified in pediatrics

and neurology with special qualifications in child neurology. Dr. Ater testified that Keenan had a

left obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Ater concluded that Keenan’s brachial plexus injury

occurred in the delivery process after the shoulder dystocia was encountered, that he suffers from

Erb’s palsy, and the injury was permanent. Dr. Annitta John, a board-certified pediatrician who

had treated Keenan from the time he was two weeks old up to the time of trial, stated that Keenan

could not extend his left arm out further than approximately a 100-degree angle, but did not note

any loss of strength in that arm, a fact Dr. John attributed to the therapy he had received.

       Defendant’s expert, Dr. Mark Neerhof, was board certified in general obstetrics/

gynecology and in maternal-fetal medicine (high-risk obstetrics). Dr. Neerhof opined that Dr.

Moore did not use excessive traction because there was nothing in the medical records indicating

the use of excessive traction, no one in the room stated Dr. Moore used excessive traction, and

                                                   8
1-09-0381

Dr. Moore herself maintained that she used gentle traction. Neerhof testified that gentle

downward traction is within the standard of care. A gentle downward traction should always be

used in order to effect a delivery. Neerhof testified that, though he did not know exactly when or

how Keenan sustained his injury, nothing Dr. Moore did or failed to do caused it. Dr. Neerhof

further testified that it was very likely that Keenan’s injury occurred during the labor process,

because of the fact that the injury occurred to Keenan’s posterior shoulder.

       Dr. Neerhof based his opinion on the assumption that Keenan was LOA and that Keenan’s

left arm was the posterior arm. Neerhof opined that Meininger’s note indicating that Keenan’s

left arm was anterior was wrong and that Meininger had confused anterior and posterior. He also

concluded that the pediatric resident’s notation of left shoulder dystocia was wrong. According

to Neerhof, Keenan’s right shoulder was anterior and there was a right shoulder dystocia that was

relieved in 40 seconds without any injury to the right shoulder, but the left shoulder got hung up

on the sacral promontory before the right shoulder got stuck behind the pubic bone. Neerhof

maintained that excessive downward traction only causes injury to the anterior arm and would not

cause injury to the posterior arm. According to Neerhof, another possible cause of brachial

plexus injury is the force of labor pushing down on the baby after the posterior shoulder gets hung

up on the sacral promontory, which Neerhof opined most likely happened in this case. According

to Neerhof, this conclusion is supported by medical literature indicating that permanent brachial

plexus injuries occur to the posterior shoulder with or without shoulder dystocia. Neerhof

maintained that the medical literature, including the article by Lerner, establishes that the forces of

labor are a mechanism of brachial plexus injury and that brachial plexus injuries can occur in the

                                                  9
1-09-0381

absence of excessive downward traction. Neerhof denied that the literature establishes that a

permanent brachial plexus injury, as opposed to a transient injury, indicates the doctor applied

excessive traction. Neerhof also disagreed with Edelberg’s testimony that if Keenan was LOA,

then Dr. Moore must have used excessive upward traction because the only evidence of upward

traction was after delivery of the anterior shoulder, and Dr. Moore demonstrated that she was

cautious in guiding Keenan by cupping her hand under the posterior shoulder.

        Following the close of evidence, the jury returned a verdict in favor of defendant and

against plaintiff. In turn, judgment was entered on the jury’s verdict. The trial court denied

plaintiff’s posttrial motion for a new trial or, in the alternative, for a judgment notwithstanding the

verdict. Plaintiff filed a timely notice of appeal.

                                              ANALYSIS

        Plaintiff first asserts that the trial court erred in allowing the defense to employ the journal

article, H. Lerner and E. Salamon, Permanent Brachial Plexus Injury Following Vaginal Delivery

Without Physician Traction or Shoulder Dystocia, American Journal of Obstetrics and

Gynecology (March 2008), on cross-examination of plaintiff’s expert, Dr. Edelberg. Plaintiff

maintains that the article was misleading, probably fraudulent, and not disclosed prior to trial in

accordance with Supreme Court Rule 213 (210 Ill. 2d R. 213). Plaintiff also asserts that the trial

court erred in limiting plaintiff’s cross-examination of defendant’s expert, Dr. Neerhof, concerning

the Lerner article. Defendant responds that allowing use of such articles during cross-examination

for impeachment is permissible and the article did not need to be disclosed pursuant to Rule 213.

        An unbroken line of precedent holds that the admission of evidence and the scope of

                                                      10
1-09-0381

cross-examination are issues within the sound discretion of a trial court, and a reviewing court

will not reverse such rulings absent an abuse of discretion. See Snelson v. Kamm, 204 Ill. 2d 1,

33, 787 N.E.2d 796, 814 (2003); People v. Ward, 101 Ill. 2d 443, 455-56, 463 N.E.2d 696, 702

(1984), citing Veer v. Hagemann, 334 Ill. 23, 28, 165 N.E. 175, 177 (1929), Bosel v. Marriott

Corp., 65 Ill. App. 3d 649, 654, 382 N.E.2d 587, 591 (1978), and Fullerton v. Robson, 61 Ill.

App. 3d 93, 96, 377 N.E.2d 1044, 1047 (1978). See also Leonardi v. Loyola University of

Chicago, 168 Ill. 2d 83, 102, 658 N.E.2d 450, 459 (1995), citing Sweeney v. Matthews, 46 Ill. 2d
64, 71, 264 N.E.2d 170, 173 (1970). Further, a party is not entitled to reversal unless the error in

evidentiary rulings was substantially prejudicial and affected the outcome of the trial. Simmons v.

Garces, 198 Ill. 2d 541, 566-67, 763 N.E.2d 720, 736 (2002).

       At the outset, we address defendant’s contention that plaintiff failed to preserve this

argument by interposing the proper objection. Plaintiff objected to the article on the basis of Rule

213, also asserting a lack of foundation, but did not expressly object based on the article’s lack of

authoritativeness. A party is required to make specific objections to evidence, based on particular

grounds, and the failure to do so results in a waiver of objections as to all other grounds not

specified or relied on. Barreto v. City of Waukegan, 133 Ill. App. 3d 119, 130, 478 N.E.2d 581,

589 (1985). Thus, we agree with defendant that plaintiff has forfeited her objection based on lack

of authoritativeness.

       We additionally find that defendant’s claim of procedural default is enhanced by evidence

supporting the defense assertion that Neerhof considered Dr. Lerner to be a reliable authority in

the field of shoulder dystocia and brachial plexus injuries. A medical treatise or article may be

                                                 11
1-09-0381

proven to be authoritative on such cross-examination where “the cross-examiner proves the

author’s competence by a witness with expertise in the subject matter.” Bowman v. University of

Chicago Hospitals, 366 Ill. App. 3d 577, 587, 852 N.E.2d 383, 392 (2006), citing Darling v.

Charleston Community Memorial Hospital, 33 Ill. 2d 326, 336, 211 N.E.2d 253, 259 (1965).

Thus, through Neerhof, the competence of Dr. Lerner as an authority in the field was established.

       Although plaintiff contends that the use of the Lerner article violated Rule 213, we find

that contention to be of dubious merit. The disclosure requirements of Rule 213 simply do not

apply to cross-examination of an opposing party's opinion witness. Skubak v. Lutheran General

Health Care Systems, 339 Ill. App. 3d 30, 32, 790 N.E.2d 67, 70 (2003), citing Maffett v. Bliss,

329 Ill. App. 3d 562, 577, 771 N.E.2d 445, 458 (2002). “Supreme Court Rule 213(g) does not

require that a party disclose journal articles that the party intends to use in cross-examining the

opposing party’s opinion witness.” Maffett v. Bliss, 329 Ill. App. 3d 562, 577, 771 N.E.2d 445,

458 (2002). As the Maffet court recognized, “[i]ndeed, none of Rule 213’s disclosure

requirements applies to cross-examining an opposing party’s opinion witness.” Maffett, 329 Ill.

App. 3d at 577, 771 N.E.2d at 458, citing 177 Ill. 2d R. 213(g).

       The dissent maintains that the trial court committed not only error, but reversible error,

“because defendant was allowed to repeatedly utilize the article in cross-examination without a

sentence of testimony stating that the article itself was reliable.” Slip. op. at 32. The dissent finds

problematic that Dr. Edelberg essentially endorsed the reliability of the author, rather than the

article itself. We pause to reiterate the long-standing Illinois precedent requiring a proper

foundation for impeachment of an opposing party’s expert with medical articles and texts. It is

                                                  12
1-09-0381

well settled that “[t]he author’s competence is established if the judge takes judicial notice of it,

or if it is established by a witness expert in the subject.” (Emphasis added.) Darling, 33 Ill. 2d at

336, 211 N.E.2d at 259. Moreover, we recently noted our continued adherence to this abiding

principle promulgated by Justice Walter Schaefer in Darling:

       “ ‘An individual becomes an expert by studying and absorbing a body of knowledge. To

       prevent cross-examination upon the relevant body of knowledge serves only to protect the

       ignorant or unscrupulous expert witness. In our opinion expert testimony will be a more

       effective tool in the attainment of justice if cross-examination is permitted as to the views

       of recognized authorities, expressed in treatises or periodicals written for professional

       colleagues.’ ” Ruffin v. Boler, 384 Ill. App. 3d 7, 25, 890 N.E.2d 1174, 1189 (2008),

       appeal denied, 229 Ill. 2d 695, 900 N.E.2d 1126 (2008), quoting Darling, 33 Ill. 2d at

       336, 211 N.E.2d at 259.

       Thus, we also recognize the competence of the author, as expressed in his or her written

journal articles or texts, as well as the authoritativeness of medical texts and treatises. Through

perhaps imprecise reference to the holding in Darling, the rule may have manifested a seeming

dichotomy between establishing either an author’s competence by judicial notice, or establishing

the authoritativeness of a treatise or text by an expert witness.1 In People v. Johnson, 206 Ill.
1
           We note as an aside that perhaps some confusion may arise among practitioners due to

familiarity with Federal Rule of Evidence 803(18), the learned treatise exception to the hearsay

rule. There, “[t]o the extent called to the attention of an expert witness upon cross-examination

or relied upon by the expert witness in direct examination, statements contained in published

                                                  13
1-09-0381

App. 3d 875, 564 N.E.2d 1310 (1990), this court stated:

       “[C]ross-examination of an expert with reference to a recognized text or treatise is proper

       where either the court has taken judicial notice of the author's competence (see Darling,
33 Ill. 2d at 336, 211 N.E.2d at 259) or, absent concession by the witness, the

       cross-examiner proves the text or treatise is authoritative (see Darling, 33 Ill. 2d at 336,

       211 N.E.2d at 259; People v. Behnke (1976), 41 Ill. App. 3d 276, 283, 353 N.E.2d 684,

       689).” Johnson, 206 Ill. App. 3d at 879, 564 N.E.2d at 1313.

       This recitation by no means changed the rule announced by our supreme court in Darling.

In Bowman, we reiterated our belief that “cross-examination of an expert witness with material

from ‘a recognized text or treatise is proper where either the court has taken judicial notice of the

author's competence [citation] or, absent concession by the witness, the cross-examiner proves

the text or treatise is authoritative [citations].’ ” Bowman, 366 Ill. App. 3d at 587, 852 N.E.2d at

392, quoting Johnson, 206 Ill. App. 3d at 879, 564 N.E.2d at 1313. However, we also recited

treatises, periodicals, or pamphlets” may be admitted as substantive evidence as an exception to

hearsay if such materials themselves are “established as a reliable authority by the testimony or

admission of the witness or by other expert testimony or by judicial notice.” Fed. R. Evid.

803(18). Further, such materials may then be admitted as substantive and read into evidence,

though not submitted as exhibits. See Fed. R. Evid. 803(18). However, our jurisprudence

interpreting Supreme Court Rule 213 since Darling allows that an author may also be

acknowledged as authoritative in the field. Nonetheless, under our Rule 213 such materials are

not admitted as substantive evidence as under the federal rule. See 210 Ill. 2d R. 213.

                                                 14
1-09-0381
the original rule from Darling, that “[a]n author's competence can be established by a witness

with expertise in the subject matter.” Bowman, 366 Ill. App. 3d at 587, 852 N.E.2d at 392, citing

Darling, 33 Ill. 2d at 336, 211 N.E.2d at 259.

        Thus, Darling’s broad reach confirms the understanding that an author's competence may

be established either by judicial notice by the court or by an expert witness at trial. See Darling,
33 Ill. 2d at 336, 211 N.E.2d at 259. In other words, an expert witness at trial may establish the

authoritativeness or reliability of an author in the relevant field; the rule is not restricted to only

proving the authoritativeness of treatises, articles and texts. Here, Dr. Neerhof testified that he

found Dr. Lerner to be a reliable authority. Accordingly, impeachment through the use of

Lerner’s views in his article was proper given that Neerhof recognized Lerner as a reliable

authority in the field.

        Under prevailing practice, medical texts themselves may also be recognized as

authoritative. In Ruffin, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 26, 890 N.E.2d at 1190, under facts that essentially

mirrored those in the case at bar, the plaintiff’s medical malpractice action was founded upon an

injury sustained upon delivery when the infant’s shoulder became impacted with the mother’s

pelvic bone. In Ruffin, as here, the plaintiff's theory was that the doctor caused the infant’s injury

by using excessive lateral traction. In defense, the doctor argued that the injury was caused by the

natural “propulsive forces” of labor. Ruffin, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 9, 890 N.E.2d at 1176 Although

the jury returned a verdict for the doctor, the trial court ordered a new trial, based, in part, on its

finding of error in allowing the use of certain undisclosed medical texts during cross-examination

of plaintiff's expert, Dr. Stuart Edelberg, apparently the same expert who testified in the case sub

                                                   15
1-09-0381
judice. On appeal, we found no error in allowing impeachment on cross-examination of Edelberg

based on the medical texts given that he acknowledged the texts as authoritative. Ruffin, 384 Ill.

App. 3d at 26, 890 N.E.2d at 1190. We likewise held that any error occasioned by the use of

letters to a journal editor was rendered harmless when proper cross-examination was allowed

using the medical texts and the jury was properly admonished. Ruffin, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 26, 890

N.E.2d at 1190.

        It is, of course, axiomatic that treatises and textbooks may also be established as reliable

authorities in and of themselves, as very often these are compendia or published not by an

individual author or authors, but rather by an entity. For example, the PRECIS textbook used in

the proceedings below is published by the ACOG. However, the practice of establishing such

texts as authoritative in their own right must not be confused with the proper procedure of

establishing the reliability of an expert author of a journal article in a field of expertise, through an

expert witness at trial.

        We find further instructive, Downey v. Dunnington, 384 Ill. App. 3d 350, 381-82, 895
N.E.2d 271, 296-97 (2008), where the Fourth District addressed the precise issue we are

presented here. In Downey, the trial court refused to allow plaintiff's attorney to cross-examine an

expert with an article because the plaintiff failed to prove that the specific article, as opposed to its

author, was authoritative. The Downey court, relying on Darling, held that the trial court erred in

refusing to allow the exhibit to be used during cross-examination of the expert. Downey, 384 Ill.

App. 3d at 382, 895 N.E.2d at 297. However, in light of all the other learned publications that

the plaintiff used to impeach the expert, the court found the error to be harmless. Downey, 384

                                                   16
1-09-0381
Ill. App. 3d at 382, 895 N.E.2d at 297.

        The Downey court also recognized this court's continued adherence to Darling:

                “The First District takes the same view. It holds that a learned text is admissible

        for impeachment on cross-examination in any of the following three circumstances: (1)

        the trial court takes judicial notice of the author's competence, (2) the witness concedes

        the author's competence, or (3) the cross-examiner proves the author's competence by a

        witness with expertise in the subject matter. Downey, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 382, 895 N.E.2d

        at 297, citing Bowman, 366 Ill. App. 3d at 587, 852 N.E.2d at 392.

        Although we note the dissent’s reliance on Iser v. Copley Memorial Hospital, 288 Ill.

App. 3d 408, 680 N.E.2d 747 (1997), we find such reliance misplaced as lacking any support for

the dissent’s contentions. In Iser, the plaintiffs attempted to elicit testimony concerning the

authoritative nature of certain journal articles during direct examination of the plaintiff's expert in

that case. Iser, 288 Ill. App. 3d at 409-10, 680 N.E.2d at 748. However, the plaintiff’s expert

had testified at his deposition that he was unaware of and did not review any articles for the case.

The appellate court held that the plaintiff's expert witness could not give a new opinion that was

contrary to his deposition testimony. Iser, 288 Ill. App. 3d at 412, 680 N.E.2d at 750.

Conversely, the issue here is use of a treatise for impeachment on cross-examination, which does

not implicate the requirements of Supreme Court Rule 213. Thus, citation to Iser on this point is

not well-grounded and, therefore, we reject it.

        The dissent also takes umbrage with the element of surprise allowed by such broad use of

treatises on cross-examination, stating “[i]t is manifestly unfair to allow undisclosed articles to be

                                                  17
1-09-0381
freely used on cross-examination, especially when no witness has been properly identified as being

willing to vouch for the reliability of the many opinions contained within the literature.” 2. op. at

32. However, as noted, the salutary provisions of Supreme Court Rule 213 do not restrict or

limit cross-examination of an opposing party’s opinion witness, nor does the rule prohibit the use

of undisclosed treatises in the conduct of such examinations. Further, Supreme Court Rule 213

specifically allows the eliciting of even new, previously undisclosed, opinions to be elicited on

cross examination: “Without making disclosure under this rule, however, a cross-examining party

can elicit information, including opinions, from the witness.” (Emphasis added.) 210 Ill. 2d R.

213(g).

          We find puzzling the dissent’s observation that Maffett, a Fourth District case, is not

binding upon this court. See slip. op. at 33. Although that observation may be accurate in the

abstract, it has scant application here given that Skubak, a First District case, expressly adopted

the holding and rationale of Maffett:

          “[T]he position expressed in Maffett is also reflected in the supreme court's amendments

          to Rule 213 (effective July 1, 2002), preserving the freedom to cross-examine. The

          amended rule provides, ‘[w]ithout making disclosure under this rule *** a

          cross-examining party can elicit information, including opinions, from the witness.’ 177

          Ill. 2d R. 213(g).” Skubak, 339 Ill. App. 3d at 38, 790 N.E.2d at 74.

          Moreover, in Skubak, we addressed and resolved the same concern of the dissent here and

stated the following:

          “Dispositive is the holding that Rule 213 does not apply to testimony elicited from an

                                                   18
1-09-0381
       opposing party’s opinion witness. Maffett, 329 Ill. App. 3d at 577. In Maffett, the trial

       court properly allowed defendants to use previously undisclosed journal articles on

       cross-examination, finding ‘none of Rule 213’s disclosure requirements applies to

       cross-examining an opposing party’s opinion witness.’ Maffett, 329 Ill. App. 3d at 577.

       ‘In this regard, we agree with what the appellate court wrote in Southern Illinois Airport

       Authority v. Smith, 267 Ill. App. 3d 201, 206, 641 N.E.2d 1240 *** (1994): “If the

       cross-examiner, to use a cliché, must telegraph his punch, cross-examination would lose

       its effectiveness. *** By eliminating the spontaneity, we would certainly avoid surprises.

       We may also be limiting the ability to ascertain the truth.” ’ Maffett, 329 Ill. App. 3d at

       577.” Skubak, 339 Ill. App. 3d at 37, 790 N.E.2d at 74.

       Thus, contrary to the dissent’s view that this district does not allow impeachment of

experts through articles written by authors acknowledged to be authoritative, we have followed

Darling since that case was decided. There has been no recent authority, either from our supreme

court or in our own district or other appellate court districts, holding otherwise. Further, given

the clear guidance shown by the 2002 amendment of Supreme Court Rule 213, we have no

difficulty in concluding that allowing the use of the Lerner article on cross-examination was

proper and did not constitute any error, much less reversible error. We discern no reason in this

case to depart from our previous determination in Skubak to follow Maffet, nor do we discern any

reason to depart from the clear guidance in the amendment of Supreme Court Rule 213.

       We further find the dissent’s argument is blunted by our appraisal that, even assuming any

error occurred, the admission of testimony regarding the article did not result in any prejudice to

                                                 19
1-09-0381
plaintiff. Although the dissent views the use of the Lerner article on cross-examination as

extensive and highly damaging, our review of the record reveals that the Lerner article was but

one of various articles and texts used to impeach plaintiff’s expert. Notably, Dr. Edelberg was

also questioned extensively about various other articles also espousing the view that brachial

plexus injuries can occur spontaneously during delivery without any excessive traction by the

physician. In particular, the 2005 PRECIS, published by the ACOG, specifically stated that

evidence emerged over the years that in fact most brachial plexus palsies are not caused by

physician traction and occur in vaginal deliveries.

          Further, we find no prejudice inured to plaintiff from the trial court’s limitation of cross-

examination of Neerhof regarding the circumstances of litigation concerning the case examined in

the Lerner article. Although defendant urges us to find forfeiture of this issue because plaintiff did

not make an offer of proof of the evidence sought to be introduced (Snelson, 204 Ill. 2d 1, 787
N.E.2d 796), “ ‘[i]t is not necessary that an offer of proof be made where the question shows the

purpose and materiality of the evidence.’ ” Carter v. Azaran, 332 Ill. App. 3d 948, 956, 774
N.E.2d 400, 408 (2002), quoting Creighton v. Elgin, 387 Ill. 592, 606, 56 N.E.2d 825, 831

(1944).

          We find the court properly exercised its discretion in granting in part and denying in part

defendant’s motion in limine to prevent cross-examination of Dr. Neerhof concerning the article

to prevent a “trial within a trial.” The trial court permitted inquiry as to whether Neerhof was

aware that the co-author of the Lerner article was a defendant in a medical malpractice case, that

Dr. Lerner was the retained expert in that case, and that the ethical procedures regarding the

                                                    20
1-09-0381
article and its use in another trial are the subject of investigation. The trial court did not allow

only one further question, “Are you aware that the record indications for shoulder dystocia were

altered and deleted by the defendant physician?” in that case. Then the court sustained an

objection to questioning concerning the investigation of that case based on foundation, hearsay,

and relevance.

        In our view, we find the trial court properly exercised its discretion concerning the

alteration of records in the case study highlighted in the Lerner article. “Relevant evidence” is

that which has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the

determination of the action more or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Wojcik

v. City of Chicago, 299 Ill. App. 3d 964, 971, 702 N.E.2d 303, 309 (1998). Here, further

questions concerning the specific factual details of alterations to the medical records in the case

study would not have had any tendency to make the existence of any fact of consequence to the

resolution of the case sub judice more or less probable. The trial court properly refused to allow

further questioning concerning the alteration of records in that other case because “go[ing] into

what the records in another trial showed” was “too far.” However, the court ruled that plaintiff

could ask whether Dr. Neerhof was aware there was an alteration of the medical records in that

case and allowed ample cross-examination regarding this issue. Further, as defendant

persuasively argues, it is highly unlikely the jury based its verdict solely on the Lerner article, or

that the verdict would have been different had plaintiff been allowed to use the article to cross-

examine defendant’s expert. Thus, we find no prejudice resulted from the trial court’s rulings

regarding the Lerner article.

                                                   21
1-09-0381
        Additionally, we find plaintiff’s reliance on Prairie v. Snow Valley Health Resources, Inc.,

324 Ill. App. 3d 568, 755 N.E.2d 1021 (2001), is readily distinguishable. In Prairie, one of the

trial errors requiring reversal was the admission of a medical treatise as substantive evidence. One

of the plaintiff’s experts testified at his discovery deposition that the treatise supported his opinion

that certain drugs would prevent a patient from suffering atrial fibrillation. Prairie, 324 Ill. App.
3d at 580, 755 N.E.2d at 1032. However, at trial the expert admitted that he had erred and the

treatise in question did not, in fact, support his opinion. Prairie, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 580, 755
N.E.2d at 1032. As such, the admission of the treatise as substantive evidence constituted error,

and, though the trial court did not place as much weight on this error as upon other errors, the

cumulative errors committed during that trial required reversal. Prairie, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 581,
755 N.E.2d at 1032.

        Plaintiff next maintains the trial court erred in instructing the jury as to the proper standard

of care. Defendant responds that the trial court properly instructed the jury, consistent with the

evidence in the case. Whether to give or deny a jury instruction is within the trial court's

discretion. Bulger v. Chicago Transit Authority, 345 Ill. App. 3d 103, 121, 801 N.E.2d 1127,

1142 (2003). “ ‘[T]he test in determining the propriety of tendered instructions is whether the

jury was fairly, fully, and comprehensively informed as to the relevant principles, considering the

instructions in their entirety.’ ” Mikus v. Norfolk & W. Ry. Co., 312 Ill. App. 3d 11, 25, 726
N.E.2d 95, 107 (2000), quoting Leonardi v. Loyola University, 168 Ill. 2d 83, 100, 658 N.E.2d
450, 458 (1995). In Illinois, “ ‘[a] litigant has the right to have the jury clearly and fairly

instructed upon each theory which [is] supported by the evidence.’ ” LaFever v. Kemlite Co.,

                                                   22
1-09-0381
185 Ill. 2d 380, 406, 706 N.E.2d 441, 454 (1998), quoting Leonardi, 168 Ill. 2d at 100, 658

N.E.2d at 458. The question of whether the evidence at trial raised an issue, thus requiring a

particular jury instruction, is within the sound discretion of the trial court. Dixon, 383 Ill. App. 3d

at 466, 706 N.E.2d at 431, citing LaFever, 185 Ill. 2d at 406, 706 N.E.2d at 455. In general, we

will reverse a trial court’s ruling on a jury instruction only if the trial court committed a clear

abuse of its discretion. Stift v. Lizzadro, 362 Ill. App. 3d 1019, 1025-26, 841 N.E.2d 126, 132

(2005), citing Linn v. Damilano, 303 Ill. App. 3d 600, 606-07, 708 N.E.2d 533, 538 (1999). A

new trial should not be granted because of improper jury instructions unless a party’s right to a

fair trial has been seriously prejudiced. Bulger, 345 Ill. App. 3d at 121, 801 N.E.2d at 1142.

        Plaintiff’s citation to Mikolajczyk v. Ford Motor Co., 231 Ill. 2d 516, 901 N.E.2d 329

(2008), for the proposition that a party is entitled to have the jury instructed on his or her theory

of the case is puzzling, considering that the jury here indeed was instructed on plaintiff’s theory of

the case, that excessive traction was applied to Keenan by Dr. Moore. Plaintiff essentially takes

issue with the use of the word “excessive” traction, as opposed to using plaintiff’s preferred

verbiage, “greater than gentle” lateral traction. Yet, based on our review of the record, we find

that the trial court gave the correct instruction based on the evidence, which established that the

appropriate standard of care prevented “excessive traction.” Both Edelberg and Neerhof

predominately discussed “excessive” traction. Edelberg, plaintiff’s own expert, testified that

defendant violated the standard of care by using “excessive” traction. We find no error in the

instruction given by the trial court.

        We next address plaintiff’s third claim, that the trial court erred in granting defendant’s

                                                   23
1-09-0381
motion in limine, barring any testimony as to whether an “arrest of labor” took place. Defendant

counters that the trial court was within its discretion in barring such testimony, as there was no

expert testimony to support such a theory. We agree with defendant. The trial judge has broad

discretion to grant a motion in limine as part of her inherent power to admit or exclude evidence.

DiCosola v. Bowman, 342 Ill. App. 3d 530, 535, 794 N.E.2d 875, 879 (2003). Plaintiff’s theory

was that if there was no “arrest of labor,” then Keenan could not have been stuck on plaintiff’s

sacral promontory. However, here there was no disclosed expert opinion concerning an “arrest of

labor” and no trial testimony as to this issue. Indeed, the only such testimony was during the

deposition of the resident, Dr. Trevor Miller, when plaintiff’s counsel used that phrase and asked

Dr. Miller whether plaintiff had an “arrest of labor.” As such, there simply was insufficient

evidence in this case to support the admission of evidence as to this theory. As the court noted, it

was “terminology that hasn’t heretofore been disclosed.” The trial court also found that it

“sound[ed] like two entirely different medical problems and issues.” The judge properly exercised

her discretion in barring such testimony. Further, the court specifically allowed for revisiting the

issue at trial, and also specifically ruled that if the issue came out there would be an opportunity

for rebuttal. However, plaintiff failed to renew her argument opposing defendant’s motion in

limine, and therefore forfeited the issue and cannot sustain a showing of prejudice. See Bergman

v. Kelsey, 375 Ill. App. 3d 612, 627, 873 N.E.2d 486, 502 (2007).

       Fourth, plaintiff asserts that Meininger’s trial testimony that his notation was an error

violated Supreme Court Rule 213 because defendant’s disclosures indicated that Meininger’s

testimony at trial would be consistent with the medical records. However, plaintiff has forfeited

                                                  24
1-09-0381
this argument, as plaintiff never objected to this testimony at trial. The failure to raise an

objection at trial results in forfeiture of that issue. Bergman, 375 Ill. App. 3d at 629, 873 N.E.2d

at 503.

          Further, even assuming plaintiff had preserved the issue, the explanation of the

inconsistency in Meininger’s notes in the medical records was completely within the province of

proper cross-examination. Circumstances may be developed on cross-examination that explain,

qualify, discredit, or destroy the witness’s direct testimony, even though that material may not

have been raised on direct examination. Leonardi, 168 Ill. 2d at 105-06, 658 N.E.2d at 461. The

scope of allowed cross-examination rests within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not

be disturbed on appeal absent abuse of that discretion. Leonardi, 168 Ill. 2d at 102, 658 N.E.2d at

459. Further, plaintiff opened the door for such testimony with questioning on cross-examination.

In Bryant v. LaGrange Memorial Hospital, 345 Ill. App. 3d 565, 577-78, 803 N.E.2d 76, 86-87

(2003), we held that the trial court properly allowed the defendants’ expert witness to testify

regarding opinions not previously disclosed, where the plaintiff “opened the door” to such

testimony on redirect examination. Here, upon being prompted on cross-examination, Meininger

simply explained the inconsistency in his notes, rather than offering a new “opinion.” Meininger

was not an expert witness in the case.

          Lastly, plaintiff maintains that the trial court erred in denying her posttrial motion for a

new trial or, alternatively, for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. We weigh the evidence and

will set aside the verdict and order a new trial only if the verdict is contrary to the manifest weight

of the evidence. Maple v. Gustafson, 151 Ill. 2d 445, 454, 603 N.E.2d 508, 512 (1992). It is the

                                                    25
1-09-0381
province of the jury to resolve conflicts in the evidence, to pass upon the credibility of the

witnesses, and to decide the weight to be given to the witnesses' testimony. Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at

452, 603 N.E.2d at 511-12. A verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence where the

opposite result is clearly evident or where the jury's findings are unreasonable, arbitrary, and not

based on the evidence. Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at 454, 603 N.E.2d at 512-13; York v. Rush-

Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, 222 Ill. 2d 147, 178-179, 854 N.E.2d 635, 652-53

(2006).

          We review de novo a trial court's ruling on a motion for judgment notwithstanding the

verdict. McClure v. Owens Corning Fiberglas Corp., 188 Ill. 2d 102, 132, 720 N.E.2d 242, 257

(1999). “[V]erdicts ought to be directed and judgments n.o.v. entered only in those cases in

which all of the evidence, when viewed in its aspect most favorable to the opponent, so

overwhelmingly favors movant that no contrary verdict based on that evidence could ever stand.”

Pedrick v. Peoria & Eastern R.R. Co., 37 Ill. 2d 494, 510, 229 N.E.2d 504, 513-14 (1967).

          Here, the jury heard the testimony of two opposing experts, Dr. Edelberg and Dr.

Neerhof, and the jury weighed their testimony and expert opinions and apparently chose to believe

the testimony of Neerhof that nothing defendant did or did not do caused Keenan’s injury, but

rather the injury was caused by the forces of labor as he descended the birth canal. Further, there

was ample medical literature, including the PRECIS text, supporting the assertion that brachial

plexus injuries can, and very often do, occur without any physician traction as part of a normal

vaginal delivery. Even Edelberg, plaintiff’s expert, acknowledged that there is literature

supporting the view that the natural maternal propulsive forces of labor may be partly or totally

                                                  26
1-09-0381
responsible for posterior arm injuries, and that most brachial plexus injuries are not caused by the

physician, though he disagreed with this view. Edelberg also acknowledged that the automatic

assignment of responsibility for a brachial plexus injury to the physician is inappropriate. Further,

Edelberg conceded that the medical records did not indicate excessive traction was used, and that

none of the other residents or professionals present during the delivery testified that defendant

applied excessive traction.

       In opposition to plaintiff’s theory, Dr. Neerhof explained the mechanism by which a

brachial plexus injury can occur without excessive physician traction in that the baby’s shoulder

can get “hung up” on the mother’s sacral promontory. Neerhof further explained that excessive

downward traction could not have caused Keenan’s injury, because his injury was to his posterior

arm. Also, defendant had testified that it took her only 40 seconds to resolve the issue during the

delivery, which was noted in the medical records. We find there was no evidence of excessive

traction by defendant, other than Edelberg’s unsupported opinion that this must have been the

cause. Here, the manifest weight of the evidence supports the jury’s verdict in favor of defendant

and against plaintiff. See Bowman v. University of Chicago Hospitals, 366 Ill. App. 3d 577, 852
N.E.2d 383 (2006) (jury verdict against plaintiff affirmed where the evidence from the experts and

physician witnesses was balanced but sufficiently favorable to defendants, in medical malpractice

action based on the death of an infant allegedly due to failure to obtain cultures and administer

antibiotics sooner).

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

                                                 27
1-09-0381
        Affirmed.

        FITZGERALD SMITH concurs.

        JUSTICE LAVIN, dissenting:

        While I agree with the majority that the court properly instructed the jury and that the

defense verdict below was not otherwise inherently contrary to the manifest weight of the

evidence, I respectfully dissent on the rather significant issues of the whether the use of the

medical article in the cross-examination of plaintiff’s expert violated Supreme Court Rule 213 and

whether defendant laid an adequate foundation for the use of the article.

        The use of medical literature is commonplace in civil and criminal courts. By its very

nature, medical literature is chockablock with opinions that are based upon numerous tests,

studies and statistics. The question of how to properly utilize such literature has occasionally

vexed our courts and has led to maintenance of two different rules regarding its use at trial. On

direct examination, an expert is not permitted to refer to the findings of any literature or treatises,

even if he would testify that his opinions are based, in part, on the literature in question. People v.

Anderson, 113 Ill. 2d 1, 12 (1986); Schuchman v. Stackable, 198 Ill. App. 3d 209, 230 (1990);

Mielke v. Condell Memorial Hospital, 124 Ill. App. 3d 42, 54 (1984). This rule is based upon the

theory that it would be unfair to allow this sort of testimony where the author of the article is not

subject to cross-examination. See Schuchman, 198 Ill. App. 3d at 230. Though given an

opportunity, our supreme court has declined to specifically approve the use of medical literature

                                                  28
1-09-0381
on direct examination. Anderson, 113 Ill. 2d at 9-10.

          On the other hand, cross-examination of an expert utilizing reliable and authoritative

literature has clearly been embraced in Illinois, despite the fact that the author is still not subject to

cross-examination himself. Bowman v. University of Chicago Hospitals, 366 Ill. App. 3d 577,

587 (2006). This dichotomy often leads to the awkward practice of a party establishing the

reliability of an article through his own expert, in order to cross-examine the opposing party’s

expert with the article. It also sets up a conundrum in which medical literature cannot be

effectively utilized to support an expert’s theory on direct examination but can be used as a sword

to undermine an opposing expert’s testimony.

          In order to utilize a medical article or treatise in cross-examination of any witness, a party

must first lay an appropriate foundation for the article in question. Bowman, 366 Ill. App. 3d at

587. Generally speaking, a witness with sufficient knowledge must testify that the article is

“authoritative” on an issue that is relevant before the jury. Expert witnesses, however, have long

been loathe to admit that an article or text is authoritative for fear that their credibility might be

undermined by the contents of the writing. Fortunately, this court has recognized that there is no

particular magic to the term authoritative, permitting a foundation to be laid with terms like

“standard,” “well respected,” “a good source” or “a very good book.” Bowman, 366 Ill. App. 3d

at 587.

          The majority chides plaintiff for a supposed failure to make a proper foundation objection,

but it is abundantly clear from the record that plaintiff’s counsel not only stated that the

“foundation” was deficient, but he also exactingly delineated the reasons that defendant would be

                                                    29
1-09-0381
unable to lay a proper foundation because the article itself was unreliable for multiple reasons.

The majority seems to argue that since plaintiff’s counsel did not utter the statement, “this article

is not reliable (or authoritative),” that this issue is forfeited. As noted above, this sort of

hypertechnical jurisprudence has been discredited in this rather limited area of the law, to say the

least. See Bowman, 366 Ill. App. 3d at 587. If plaintiff’s counsel had merely used the word

“foundation” without explaining the nature of the inadequate foundation, I might be persuaded to

join my colleagues in their articulate and thorough analysis of the muddled mess that is Illinois

case law on the use of medical literature at trial. But this simply was not the case in the trial of

this matter. Even if counsel failed to supply the magic word (“unreliable” or “nonauthoritative”)

that the majority would seemingly require, he clearly supplied the trial court with ample reasons

that defendant would never be able to lay a foundation that this particular article was either

reliable or authoritative.

        Plaintiff’s counsel, in his objection to the use of the article in cross-examination of Dr.

Edelberg, stated:

        “[T]his article was recently rejected. The author of this article, and what they did was,

        this was in conjunction with a medical malpractice defendant and his expert witness and

        when ACOG found out about that, they actually launched an investigation into that

        physician based on his failure to disclose. He was doing this investigation on behalf of a

        litigation defendant as opposed to medical research. We have fundamental issues with the

        validity of the article on its face that we’ve got substantial problems with.” (Emphasis

        added.)

                                                   30
1-09-0381
The court then overruled plaintiff’s Rule 213 objection and asked about the “other objection.”

Plaintiff’s counsel repeated that there was a problem with the foundation, going directly to the

issue of the unreliability of the article:

           “The foundation for itself – the publisher actually launched an investigation as to this

           article itself because of the underlying information. It wasn’t disclosed as part of the

           publication that the author in their study – there was a relationship between the med-mal

           defendant and him being his expert witness, brought into question his credibility in writing

           the article and ACOG has actually gone and launched an investigation into that physician’s

           credentials for actually doing this.” (Emphasis added.)

Defense counsel then argued that this objection had nothing to do with the “foundation of the

substance of this,” but plaintiff’s counsel retorted, “It has everything to do with the foundation

because ACOG themselves says, ‘Wait a minute, this is way out of line. Having had any

knowledge of these shenanigans we would never have even allowed this to go on. In addition to

that we’re now going and doing our own investigation into what actually happened because of

this.’ ”

           Despite this rather detailed assault on the article’s lack of reliability because of the ethical

issues raised, the majority blithely states that plaintiff failed to “expressly object based on the

article’s lack of authoritativeness.” Slip. op. at 11. Nothing could be further from the reality of

what happened in the trial court. Plaintiff’s counsel objected on the basis of Rule 213 and

objected that there was an inadequate foundation because the article itself was unreliable. That is

the only fair reading of the objection made at trial.

                                                      31
1-09-0381
        In the case sub judice, defendant did not disclose the name of any witness who would

testify that the article was, in fact, authoritative. The method that defendant utilized was to cross-

examine plaintiff’s expert with the article, despite the fact that plaintiff’s expert specifically did not

believe that the article was reliable because the co-authors failed to disclose, inter alia, that the

article was based on litigation in which one testified as an expert for the other. In order to

provide the necessary foundation, defense counsel chose to use her expert, but that witness, Dr.

Neerhof, did not testify that the article itself was reliable or authoritative. He merely testified that

one of its authors was a reliable authority in the field. This foundation might barely pass muster in

some circumstances, but it is completely inadequate here because of the article’s numerous

credibility and reliability problems that were brought to the trial court’s attention. Just saying that

a doctor is reliable does not mean that everything he writes is reliable. This article in this case is

exquisite proof of the truth of that statement.

        In my view, the trial court’s ruling was reversible error because defendant was allowed to

repeatedly utilize the article in cross-examination without a sentence of testimony stating that the

article itself was reliable. The argument that the use of the article was merely impeaching as

opposed to substantive evidence lacks merit when one reads the rather effective drilling of the

expert with the article’s potent words on the most important issues in this medical malpractice

trial. Sanctioning this practice could empower a party to marshal stacks of articles for use in

cross-examination of her opponent’s expert, without disclosing a single witness who would vouch

for the reliability or authoritativeness of any article. One can easily imagine a scenario where

numerous articles are handed over just before trial, without any direction as to which might

                                                   32
1-09-0381
actually be utilized during cross-examination, not to mention who might supply the necessary

foundation for the authoritativeness of the article. Forcing one’s opponent to absorb this level of

technical information while waiting to see which specific article is utilized and which expert might

vouch for its reliability might strike some as clever strategy, but it is inconsistent with the purpose

of discovery and is a straightforward recipe for incurable prejudice.

        Maffett v. Bliss, 329 Ill. App. 3d 562 (2002), relied upon by defendant and cited

favorably by the majority, might seem to validate some of this methodology, namely the lack of a

discrete requirement in Rule 213 to identify medical articles that might be used in cross-

examination, but it does not stand for the proposition that there is no requirement to identify a

witness to establish the bona fides of a medical article. A statement that an article from a medical

journal is reliable is quintessentially an opinion, after all, and undisclosed opinions regarding

medical literature should not be heard by the trier of fact. Iser v. Copley Memorial Hospital, 288
Ill. App. 3d 408, 410-11 (1997). Furthermore, Maffett is a Fourth District case which is not

binding upon this court. See O’Casek v. Children's Home & Aid Society of Illinois, 229 Ill. 2d
421, 440 (2008). Further, the majority’s reliance on Skubak v. Lutheran General Health Care

Systems, 339 Ill. App. 3d 30 (2003), which cited Maffett, does not, in my judgment, validate

Maffett’s holding.

       Supreme Court Rule 213 is designed not only to prevent surprise, but to provide the

litigants with a ready guide to the evidentiary issues that will be dealt with by the expert witnesses

who testify. See Spaetzel v. Dillon, 393 Ill. App. 3d 806, 812 (2009) (purpose of discovery rules,

including Rule 213, is to discourage surprise and strategic gamesmanship). Allowing a party to

                                                  33
1-09-0381
utilize undisclosed medical articles that may or may not be authenticated by unidentified witnesses

is contrary to the letter and the spirit of the rule and it should be condemned by the court. It is

manifestly unfair to allow undisclosed articles to be freely used on cross-examination, especially

when no witness has been properly identified as being willing to vouch for the reliability of the

many opinions contained within the literature.

        Turning again to the facts of the matter sub judice, it is abundantly clear that plaintiff’s

expert was wholly unsupportive of the findings of the article by Drs. Lerner and Salamon. It is

also uncontradicted that this article was not specifically identified in any pretrial disclosure or

deposition. Plaintiff made a timely objection, pursuant to Rule 213, and the court considered it at

sidebar. During this conference, plaintiff’s counsel revealed that the article also suffered from an

infirmity as a result of the fact that one of the authors had testified for the co-author in a

malpractice case that served as the medical and factual foundation for the article. This fact was

not mentioned when the article was published.

        The record is quite clear that defense counsel quoted this article frequently during cross-

examination. In sum, the article stood for the proposition that Erb’s palsy could occur in the

absence of noted shoulder dystocia and without any traction being applied. This, of course, was

exactly contrary to the medical theory espoused by plaintiff’s obstetrical expert. These issues

raised by plaintiff’s counsel went directly to the issue of the article’s reliability and should have

given the trial court pause when considering whether to allow its use, especially because it would

inevitably create a collateral and potentially confusing battle with none of the article’s authors

appearing in court before the jury. The trial court did allow plaintiff’s counsel some latitude in

                                                   34
1-09-0381
examining Dr. Neerhof, but that witness conveniently claimed a lack of knowledge on some of the

critical shortcomings of the article, leaving the effectiveness of the examination very much in

doubt.

         The majority suggests that plaintiff’s arguments about this article are much ado about

nothing, because defendants also utilized several other articles in cross-examination of plaintiff’s

expert. This strikes me as a rather cynical suggestion, authorizing a party to slip in patently

unreliable literature before the jury as long as one softens the blow with some reliable texts and

articles. It is not hyperbole to suggest that the Lerner and Salamon article went to the very heart

of the claim of malpractice in this case. It directly suggested that Erb’s palsy could occur in the

complete absence of any known shoulder dystocia, merely as a result of the normal propulsive

forces of labor. It also merits mention that the article in question is a case report and not a peer-

reviewed article. A fair reading of the work product of this defendant/expert tag team suggests

that the missive was penned more to assist litigants than to inform medical professionals, and this

view was borne out by the testimony in the matter sub judice. More to the point, if defendant

already had three other reliable sources at hand, the use of the facially unreliable article not only

highlights the cumulative nature of the proof, but also its inherent prejudicial effect.

         The final proof of prejudice can be found in defense counsel’s closing argument in which

the findings of the article are tied directly to defendant’s sole proximate cause defense. The

Lerner and Salamon article is self-described as noteworthy because it “appears to be the first

unambiguous case report of a baby born vaginally without the occurrence of shoulder dystocia,

that resulted in a permanent brachial plexus injury.” Thus, the article was used in cross-

                                                  35
1-09-0381
examination of plaintiff’s expert to support the argument that the normal forces of labor and

delivery can cause a brachial plexus injury and then masterfully reemphasized in the defendant’s

closing argument on sole proximate cause:

        “This instruction goes to the heart of this case, the heart of Bridge No. 2. We have

        demonstrated to you that the sole, the sole, the only cause, the sole proximate cause of

        Keenan’s injury was the expulsive forces of labor was his shoulder getting stuck on the

        sacral promontory while the forces of labor kept pushing him down the birth canal or as

        Dr. Neerhof suggested to you yesterday, malpositioning. *** If you believe that those

        other causes, the forces of labor, the malpositioning in utero were the cause of Keenan’s

        injury, then your verdict must be in favor of Dr. Moore.”

As the cited argument conclusively establishes, defendant not only used this dubious medical

article to discredit plaintiff’s expert, it was also utilized substantively to provide medical literature

support for her sole proximate cause defense. It would be hard to develop a set of facts in which

the improper use of medical literature could be more effectively tied to the very “heart” of a

defense to a malpractice claim.

        There is no question that the trial court was in a difficult position when dealing, in real

time, with this undisclosed medical literature. The trial court surely felt it was on solid footing

because the article did seem to impeach plaintiff’s experts on his theory of how the injury

occurred and it was “only” going to be used on cross-examination. It is clear that the court

endeavored to be fair to both sides on this particular evidentiary issue, even stating on the record,

“I am trying to limit the damage on either side. But most importantly, I don’t want the jury to

                                                   36
1-09-0381
hear a trial within a trial.” Unfortunately, in my view, the trial court was unsuccessful in both of

these laudable goals. First, the plaintiff was clearly damaged by the use of this article, and second,

this jury did hear a trial within a trial, but it never heard the full scope of the misleading nature of

the Lerner and Salamon article.

        The failure to disclose a witness who would supply the necessary foundation when

coupled with the obvious problems inherent in the article itself, resulted in the type of prejudice

that prevented plaintiff from getting a fair trial because the jury was allowed to consider very

persuasive evidence on the very central issues of negligence and sole proximate cause from an

undisclosed source and in a facially unreliable form. Allowing plaintiff to highlight some of the

article’s infirmities did not adequately cure the prejudice, in my view. I would reverse the

judgment and remand the case for a new trial on all issues and further rule that the Lerner and

Salamon article not be used at trial.

                                                   37