Court Opinion

ID: 2791658
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-04-07 14:01:54.040821+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:25:19.302007
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

MIRAMAR POLICE OFFICERS’ RETIREMENT              )
PLAN,                                            )
                                                 )
                 Plaintiff,                      )
                                                 )
           v.                                    )   C.A. No. 9860-CB
                                                 )
K. RUPERT MURDOCH, PETER L. BARNES,              )
JOSÉ MARÍA AZNAR, NATALIE BANCROFT,              )
ELAINE L. CHAO, JOHN ELKANN, JOEL I.             )
KLEIN, JAMES R. MURDOCH, LACHLAN K.              )
MURDOCH, ANA PAULA PESSOA, MASROOR               )
SIDDIQUI, ROBERT J. THOMSON, and NEWS            )
CORPORATION,                                     )
                                                 )
                 Defendants.                     )

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

                        Date Submitted: February 10, 2015
                           Date Decided: April 7, 2015

Stuart M. Grant and Cynthia A. Calder of GRANT & EISENHOFER P.A., Wilmington,
Delaware; Robert D. Klausner and Adam P. Levinson of KLAUSNER, KAUFMAN,
JENSEN & LEVINSON, Plantation, Florida; Attorneys for Plaintiff.

Gregory V. Varallo, Kevin M. Gallagher and Christopher H. Lyons of RICHARDS,
LAYTON & FINGER P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; Attorneys for Defendants.

BOUCHARD, C.
I.     INTRODUCTION

       This action involves a dispute over whether a corporation created to effectuate a

spin-off transaction is bound by provisions in a contract that the former parent

corporation had entered into in connection with resolving a lawsuit with its stockholders.

       In 2006, the media conglomerate News Corporation (“Old News Corp”) entered

into a Stipulation of Settlement (the “Settlement Agreement”) to settle stockholder

litigation filed in this Court in 2005.   Subject to certain exceptions, the Settlement

Agreement prevents Old News Corp during a period of twenty years from maintaining a

stockholder rights plan for longer than one year without obtaining stockholder approval.

       In 2013, Old News Corp transferred its newspaper and publishing business into a

wholly-owned subsidiary (“New News Corp”) and then spun off New News Corp to its

stockholders pursuant to the terms of a Separation and Distribution Agreement. After the

spin-off, Old News Corp was renamed Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., which is now a

broadcast and media company.

       In June 2013, the board of New News Corp adopted a one-year rights plan. In

June 2014, the board extended that plan for an additional year without obtaining

stockholder approval. In this action, a stockholder of New News Corp alleges that New

News Corp, which was formed years after the Settlement Agreement was signed and is

not a party to that contract, is nonetheless bound by that agreement as a transferee or

assign of Old News Corp and, thus, that the 2014 extension of New News Corp’s rights

plan was impermissible under the Settlement Agreement.

                                            1
       In its complaint, plaintiff asserts four causes of action against New News Corp and

its board of directors: declaratory judgment (Count I); breach of contract (Count II);

breach of fiduciary duty (Count III); and reformation due to mutual mistake (Count IV).

Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint in its entirety under Court of Chancery Rule

12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim and Count IV under Court of Chancery Rule 9(b) for

failure to plead mistake with particularity.

       In this opinion, I conclude that it is not reasonably conceivable that New News

Corp is bound by the rights plan restrictions of the Settlement Agreement because, under

the only reasonable interpretation of the Settlement Agreement and the Separation and

Distribution Agreement, Old News Corp’s rights and obligations under the Settlement

Agreement were not transferred or assigned to, or otherwise assumed by, New News

Corp. I thus dismiss Count I for failure to state a claim. Because Counts II-IV are each

premised on New News Corp being bound by the Settlement Agreement, I also dismiss

those claims on that basis.

       Nothing in this decision relieves Old News Corp, now operating as Twenty-First

Century Fox, Inc., from performing under the Settlement Agreement. It continues to be

bound by those obligations, including the rights plan restrictions set forth therein.

                                               2
II.    BACKGROUND 1

       A.     The Parties

       Defendant News Corporation (“New News Corp” or the “Company”), a Delaware

corporation based in New York, New York, is a publicly traded, newspaper and

publishing company. The Company has two classes of common stock: Class A non-

voting shares and Class B voting shares.

       Defendants K. Rupert Murdoch, Peter L. Barnes, José María Aznar, Natalie

Bancroft, Elaine L. Chao, John Elkann, Joel I. Klein, James R. Murdoch, Lachlan K.

Murdoch, Ana Paula Pessoa, Masroor Siddiqui, and Robert J. Thompson have been the

twelve members of New News Corp’s board of directors (the “Board” or the “Individual

Defendants”) at all relevant times. Other than three overlapping directors—Defendants

K. Rupert Murdoch, James R. Murdoch, and Lachlan K. Murdoch—the board of New

News Corp has different members than the board of Old News Corp. 2

1
  Unless noted otherwise, the facts recited in this opinion are based on the well-pled
allegations of the Verified Amended Complaint (the “Complaint”), which are accepted as
true. See Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Hldgs. LLC, 27 A.3d 531,
536 (Del. 2011).
2
  See Board of Directors, 21st Century Fox, http://www.21cf.com/Management/
BoardofDirectors (last visited Apr. 6, 2015). I take judicial notice of this fact because the
accuracy of this source is not subject to reasonable dispute. See Solomon v. Armstrong,
747 A.2d 1098, 1121 n.72 (Del. Ch. 1999), aff’d, 746 A.2d 277 (Del. 2000) (TABLE);
D.R.E. 201(b).

                                             3
      Rupert Murdoch is the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of

New News Corp. 3 Individually and through the Murdoch Family Trust, Rupert Murdoch

beneficially owns 39.4% of New News Corp’s Class B voting stock.

      Plaintiff Miramar Police Officers’ Retirement Plan (“Plaintiff”) has been a New

News Corp stockholder at all relevant times.

      B.     The Predecessor of Old News Corp Announces a Plan to
             Reincorporate in Delaware

      On April 6, 2004, the predecessor of Old News Corp, an Australian corporation

named The News Corporation Limited (“TNCL”), announced a reorganization plan to

reincorporate in Delaware as Old News Corp. In the reorganization, holders of TNCL’s

Ordinary shares would receive a proportional amount of Old News Corp’s Class A non-

voting stock, and holders of TNCL’s Preferred Limited Voting Ordinary shares would

receive a proportional amount of Old News Corp’s Class B voting stock. TNCL’s

Ordinary shares and Preferred Limited Voting Ordinary shares would vote separately on

the reincorporation, which required approval by a 75% supermajority of all shares voting

and 50% of all stockholders voting.

      As TNCL would explain to its investors in a September 15, 2004, Information

Memorandum, there are significant differences between Australian corporate law and

Delaware corporate law relating to, among other things, the ability of the board of

3
 Compl. ¶ 14. Contrary to this allegation, New News Corp’s website reflects that Robert
Thomson, not Rupert Murdoch, is the Company’s CEO and assumed that role in January
2013. See Our Leadership, News Corp., http://www.newscorp.com/about/leadership (last
visited Apr. 6, 2015).

                                           4
directors to adopt a stockholder rights plan or “poison pill.” Under Australian law, a

board may not adopt a rights plan without stockholder approval. By contrast, under

Delaware law, a board may do so at any time without stockholder approval, subject to the

directors’ fiduciary duties, any limitations in the corporation’s charter or bylaws, and any

restrictions in a valid and enforceable agreement to which the corporation is a party. 4

       C.     TNCL Stockholders Complain About the Effects of the
              Reincorporation on Their Franchise Rights

       In July 2004, at the behest of certain TNCL stockholders, the Australian Council

of Super Investors, Inc. (“ACSI”), a non-profit organization providing corporate

governance services to its Australian pension fund members, and Corporate Governance

International (“CGI”), an Australian proxy advisory firm, drafted a “Governance Article”

to be included in Old News Corp’s charter. The Governance Article was intended to

incorporate aspects of Australian corporate law to govern certain matters involving Old

News Corp’s internal affairs. In particular, the proposed Governance Article provided

that “the Board shall not have the power to, and shall not, create or implement any

4
  See, e.g., Moran v. Household Int’l, Inc., 500 A.2d 1346, 1351-53, 1357 (Del. 1985)
(concluding that it is within the power and authority of directors to adopt a stockholder
rights plan pursuant to 8 Del. C. §§ 141, 151 and 157 while noting that this grant of
power and authority does not relieve directors “of their basic fundamental duties to the
corporation and its stockholders”); In re Nat’l Intergroup, Inc. Rights Plan Litig., 1990
WL 92661 (Del. Ch. July 3, 1990), reprinted at 16 Del. J. Corp. L. 841, 849-50 (Del. Ch.
1990) (granting summary judgment to plaintiffs on a claim that the board of directors
breached their contractual obligations under a resolution approved by stockholders
requiring stockholder approval of the adoption of a new rights plan).

                                             5
device, matter or thing the purpose, nature or effect of which is commonly described as a

‘poison pill.’ ” 5

          On August 20, 2004, ACSI and CGI sent the Governance Article to TNCL and

requested that it be included in Old News Corp’s charter. On September 26, 2004, after

some back and forth, TNCL informed ACSI that “it would not adopt the Governance

Article, and would not negotiate any further.” 6

          D.    TNCL/Old News Corp Adopts a Policy Requiring Stockholder
                Approval of a Rights Plan Lasting Longer Than One Year

          Soon thereafter, TNCL resumed negotiations with ACSI over the proposed

Governance Article. During those negotiations, TNCL proposed that the board of Old

News Corp adopt a policy that, immediately following the reincorporation, “no [rights

plan] instituted by the [b]oard could remain in effect longer than one year unless

approved by stockholders, nor could a [rights plan] be ‘rolled over’ for successive terms

without stockholder approval.” 7 ACSI approved this and related corporate governance

proposals.

          On October 6, 2004, TNCL issued a press release announcing the new policy:

          The [b]oard has adopted a policy that if a shareholder rights plan is adopted
          by the [c]ompany following reincorporation, the plan would have a one-
          year sunset clause unless shareholder approval is obtained for an extension.
          The policy also provides that if shareholder approval is not obtained, the

5
    Compl. ¶ 32.
6
    Id. ¶ 35.
7
    Id. ¶ 39.

                                               6
          [c]ompany will not adopt a successor shareholder rights plan having
          substantially the same terms and conditions. 8

On October 7, 2004, TNCL reiterated the general contours of this policy in an email to

ACSI and in letters to its stockholders. TNCL also submitted this policy to the Federal

Court of Australia “in connection with proceedings seeking the court’s approval of the

reorganization,” which was required under Australian law. 9

          On October 26, 2004, TNCL’s stockholders approved the reorganization.

Approximately one week later, the Federal Court of Australia also approved it.

          On November 3, 2004, TNCL shares stopped trading on the Australian Stock

Exchange, and Old News Corp shares began trading on a when-issued basis on the New

York Stock Exchange.

          E.    TNCL/Old News Corp Adopts a Rights Plan

          On November 3, 2004, Liberty Media Corporation (“Liberty”), which owned

approximately 9.1% of TNCL/Old News Corp’s Class B voting stock at the time,

disclosed that it had partnered with a third party to acquire an additional 8% of the

company’s voting stock, increasing its ownership to approximately 17.1%.

          On November 8, 2004, in response to Liberty’s disclosure, the TNCL/Old News

Corp board announced that it had adopted a rights plan with a 15% threshold. The plan

provided that Liberty’s disclosure did not trigger the issuance of rights under the plan, but

any additional acquisition by Liberty of 1% or more of the company’s stock would do so.

8
    Id.
9
    Id. ¶ 41.

                                             7
          In the press release announcing its decision to adopt the rights plan, the TNCL/Old

News Corp board disclosed that the plan would expire in one year unless ratified by

stockholders. The board specifically referenced that the terms of this rights plan were

consistent with the policy it had announced in October 2004.

          On November 12, 2004, the reincorporation was completed, and the former

directors of TNCL all continued as directors of Old News Corp.

          F.     Old News Corp Extends the Rights Plan Beyond November 2005

          On August 10, 2005, in a Form 8-K Current Report announcing Old News Corp’s

financial results for the second quarter of 2005, the board of Old News Corp disclosed

that it had unilaterally decided to extend its then-existing rights plan for an additional two

years.     According to Plaintiff, the Form 8-K “made no reference to the [b]oard’s

unanimously adopted policy” requiring stockholder approval of a rights plan lasting

longer than one year. 10

          G.     Stockholders Sue Old News Corp and its Board Over the
                 Extension of the Rights Plan

          On October 7, 2005, Old News Corp stockholders sued the company and its

directors in this Court. The plaintiffs alleged five causes of action: (i) breach of contract;

(ii) promissory estoppel; (iii) fraud; (iv) negligent misrepresentation and equitable fraud;

and (v) breach of fiduciary duty. On October 22, 2005, the defendants in that lawsuit

moved to dismiss for failure to state a claim.

10
     Id. ¶ 47.

                                               8
           On December 20, 2005, Chancellor Chandler dismissed the fraud, negligent

misrepresentation and equitable fraud, and fiduciary duty claims, but denied the

defendants’ motion to dismiss the breach of contract and promissory estoppel claims.

Chancellor Chandler concluded, in relevant part, that the complaint alleged facts “barely

sufficient to state a claim that defendants made an oral contract with the shareholders[,]

. . . [and] the key term of the alleged oral contract was that shareholders would get to vote

on any extension of a poison pill.” 11

           On March 17, 2006, with a trial scheduled to begin on April 24, 2006, the parties

began settlement negotiations. The focus of those negotiations was an agreement “that

would give the [b]oard the ability to adopt a pill of only limited duration, and that

anything longer (through adoption of another pill or extension of an existing pill) would

require an affirmative vote of the stockholders.” 12 Both sides also “recognized that an

exception to the requirement of a vote would be acceptable in order to allow the [b]oard

to act in the face of an imminent threat to [Old News Corp] where there was insufficient

time to seek a stockholder vote.” 13

           On April 12, 2006, the parties entered into the Settlement Agreement 14 to settle

that lawsuit. The Settlement Agreement contractually limits the scenarios in which the

11
     UniSuper Ltd. v. News Corp., 2005 WL 3529317, at *5 (Del. Ch. Dec. 20, 2005).
12
     Compl. ¶ 54.
13
     Id.
14
  Defs.’ Ex. 1 (Settlement Agreement). Because the Settlement Agreement is integral to
Plaintiff’s claims and incorporated by reference into the Complaint, it is properly before

                                               9
board of Old News Corp may maintain a rights plan for longer than one year without first

obtaining stockholder approval. The two key provisions of the Settlement Agreement

implicated in this action are Paragraphs 21(f)(i) and 36.

         Paragraph 21(f)(i), which is relevant to Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim

asserted in Count II, imposes certain limitations governing Old News Corp’s adoption or

extension of a rights plan. It states as follows:

         Upon the expiration of the [then-existing rights plan], or any other rights
         plan adopted consistent with the remainder of this paragraph (f), no further
         rights plan shall be adopted for a period of 9 months (the “Interim Period”).
         Thereafter, [Old] News Corp. shall have the right to adopt new rights plans,
         without stockholder approval, with a duration of up to one year. The
         expiration of any such rights plans shall be followed by another Interim
         Period of 9 months, during which the rights plan shall not be rolled over or
         extended, and no new shareholder rights plan shall be adopted, without
         shareholder approval. Notwithstanding the foregoing, [Old] News Corp.
         shall have the right to adopt a new rights plan (or extend an existing rights
         plan), with a duration of one year, during any Interim Period, if prior to or
         during that Interim Period (1) any person acquires beneficial ownership of
         voting stock, and after such acquisition such person beneficially owns at
         least 5% of the voting stock of [Old] News Corp. (provided that this clause
         (1) shall not apply if such person beneficially owned 5% or more of [Old]
         News Corp.’s voting stock prior to the commencement of such Interim
         Period unless (x) such person acquires at least another 5% of the
         outstanding voting stock prior to or during such Interim Period, (y) such
         person acquires beneficial ownership of voting stock during such Interim
         Period and after such acquisition such person beneficially owns at least
         15% of the outstanding voting stock, or (z) such person beneficially owned
         at least 15% or more of [Old] News Corp.’s voting stock prior to the
         commencement of such Interim Period and such person acquires at least
         3% of the outstanding voting stock during such Interim Period) . . . . 15

the Court on Defendants’ motion to dismiss. See In re Santa Fe Pac. Corp. S’holder
Litig., 669 A.2d 59, 69-70 (Del. 1995).
15
     Settlement Agreement ¶ 21(f)(i) (emphasis added).

                                              10
I refer at times to the sentence beginning “Notwithstanding the foregoing” in Paragraph

21(f)(i) as the “Vote Exception.”

          Paragraph 36 provides that the Settlement Agreement is binding upon the parties

and, among others, their “transferees, successors and assigns.” 16 It is described further

below in the analysis of Plaintiff’s declaratory judgment claim asserted in Count I.

          On June 1, 2006, Chancellor Chandler approved the Settlement Agreement and

retained jurisdiction for purposes of enforcing it. Under Paragraph 20 of the Settlement

Agreement, the lawsuit would be dismissed with prejudice if, at the company’s October

2006 annual meeting, Old News Corp’s stockholders voted in favor of extending the

then-existing stockholder rights plan for two years. 17 In October 2006, Old News Corp’s

stockholders approved the two-year extension. By its terms, Paragraph 21(f) of the

Settlement Agreement expires on the twentieth anniversary of Old News Corp’s October

2006 annual meeting. 18

          H.        Old News Corp Separates and Spins Off New News Corp

          In 2013, the board of Old News Corp decided to split Old News Corp into two

publicly traded companies. The primary agreement governing the transaction was the

16
     Id. ¶ 36.
17
  Id. ¶¶ 20(c)-(d). After two years, that rights plan could be extended for an additional
year in limited circumstances not implicated here.
18
     Id. ¶ 21(i).

                                             11
Separation and Distribution Agreement, 19 which is discussed below in the analysis of the

merits of Plaintiff’s claims.

         Under the Separation and Distribution Agreement, Old News Corp transferred its

newspaper and publishing business to New News Corp, a wholly owned subsidiary, on

June 28, 2013. That same day, Old News Corp distributed all of its New News Corp

stock to its stockholders. After the separation, the Individual Defendants comprised the

Board of the newly-independent New News Corp, and Chairman Rupert Murdoch

beneficially owned 39.4% of the Company. As noted above, none of the twelve members

of the Board of New News Corp serves on the board of Old News Corp except for the

three Murdoch directors.

         I.     New News Corp Adopts, and Then Extends, a Rights Plan

         On June 28, 2013, in conjunction with the corporate separation, the Board of New

News Corp adopted the stockholder rights plan (the “Rights Plan”) that is the subject of

this litigation. 20 The Rights Plan, which has a 15% threshold, 21 was to expire after one

19
    Defs.’ Ex. 4 (Separation and Distribution Agreement). The Separation and
Distribution Agreement is properly before the Court because it is integral to Plaintiff’s
claims. See Santa Fe, 669 A.2d at 69-70. Plaintiff makes no argument based on the
ancillary transaction agreements, which are not relevant to the present motion.
20
  I accept as true the well-pled allegation that New News Corp adopted the Rights Plan
on June 28, 2013, Compl. ¶ 60, but I note that the parties stated at oral argument that
New News Corp adopted the Rights Plan on June 14, 2013. Tr. of Oral Arg. 26, 98.
21
     Tr. of Oral Arg. 42.

                                            12
year. Plaintiff acknowledges that the Board’s adoption of the Rights Plan in June 2013

“did not violate the terms of the Settlement Agreement.” 22

          On September 10, 2013, Southeastern Asset Management, Inc. (“Southeastern”),

an investment management firm, filed a “passive investor” Schedule 13G with the

Securities and Exchange Commission disclosing that it had acquired approximately

11.9% of the Company’s voting stock. By March 30, 2014, Southeastern had acquired an

additional 2.4% of the Company’s voting stock, increasing its ownership to

approximately 14.3%. 23

          On June 18, 2014, ten days before the Rights Plan was to expire, the Board

approved a one-year extension of the Rights Plan without obtaining stockholder approval.

Plaintiff alleges that, at that time, “[n]o circumstance, as set forth in the Settlement

Agreement . . . , exist[ed] that would [have] allow[ed] [New] News Corp to extend the

[Rights Plan] without stockholder approval.” 24 The Rights Plan will now expire on June

18, 2015. 25

          J.     Procedural History

          On July 7, 2014, Plaintiff initiated this action. On August 25, 2014, Plaintiff filed

the operative Complaint, which asserts four causes of action: declaratory judgment that

22
     Compl. ¶ 60.
23
     Id. ¶ 63.
24
     Id. ¶ 62.
25
     Tr. of Oral Arg. 43.

                                               13
New News Corp is bound by the Settlement Agreement (Count I); breach of contract on

the ground that the Board’s extension of the Rights Plan was a breach of the Settlement

Agreement (Count II); breach of fiduciary duty on the ground that the Board acted in bad

faith by causing New News Corp to breach the Settlement Agreement (Count III); and, in

the alternative, reformation of the Vote Exception in the Settlement Agreement on the

ground of mutual mistake (Count IV).

         On September 9, 2014, Defendants moved to dismiss the Complaint in its entirety

under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim. They also moved to

dismiss Count IV under Court of Chancery Rule 9(b) for failure to allege mistake with

particularity. On February 10, 2015, I heard oral argument on Defendants’ motion.

III.     LEGAL ANALYSIS

         Defendants’ motion to dismiss under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6) must be

denied unless, accepting as true all well-pled allegations of the Complaint and drawing all

reasonable inferences from those allegations in Plaintiff’s favor, there is no “reasonably

conceivable set of circumstances susceptible of proof” in which Plaintiff could recover. 26

The failure to plead an element of a claim warrants dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6). 27

         The meaning of the Settlement Agreement underlies all of Plaintiff’s claims.

Delaware law “adheres to the objective theory of contract interpretation,” 28 which

26
     See Cent. Mortg., 27 A.3d at 536.
27
     See Crescent/Mach I P’rs, L.P. Turner, 846 A.2d 963, 972 (Del. Ch. 2000).
28
     Sassano v. CIBC World Markets Corp., 948 A.2d 453, 462 (Del. Ch. 2008).

                                             14
requires courts to interpret a particular term to mean “what a reasonable person in the

position of the parties would have thought it meant.” 29 Where a contract term is fairly

susceptible of only one reasonable interpretation, a court will interpret that unambiguous

term according to its “ordinary and usual meaning.” 30 That the parties dispute how to

interpret a term does not render the contract ambiguous. Rather, under Delaware law, “a

contract is ambiguous only when the provisions in controversy are reasonably or fairly

susceptible of different interpretations or may have two or more different meanings.” 31

         Because contract interpretation is a question of law, “a motion to dismiss is a

proper framework for determining the meaning of contract language.” 32

         Several contract interpretation principles guide my inquiry into whether a
         particular term is reasonably susceptible of different meanings. For
         instance, I may consider how a term operates with respect to the contract as
         a whole. Similarly, I should avoid interpreting a term in an unreasonable
         way that would yield an absurd result or that would render other contractual
         language superfluous. 33

29
  Rhone-Poulenc Basic Chems. Co. v. Am. Motorists Ins. Co., 616 A.2d 1192, 1196 (Del.
1992).
30
     Id. at 1195.
31
     Id. at 1196.
32
     Allied Capital Corp. v. GC-Sun Hldgs., L.P., 910 A.2d 1020, 1030 (Del. Ch. 2006).
33
   Veloric v. J.G. Wentworth, Inc., 2014 WL 4639217, at *9 (Del. Ch. Sept. 18, 2014)
(citing, inter alia, Alliance Data Sys. Corp. v. Blackstone Capital P’rs V L.P., 963 A.2d
746, 769 (Del. Ch. 2009), aff’d, 976 A.2d 170 (Del. 2009) (TABLE); Osborn ex rel.
Osborn v. Kemp, 991 A.2d 1153, 1160 (Del. 2010)).

                                             15
“Dismissal, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), is proper only if the defendants’ interpretation is

the only reasonable construction as a matter of law.” 34

          A.    Count I Fails to State a Claim Because New News Corp is
                Not Bound by the Settlement Agreement

          In Count I, Plaintiff seeks a declaratory judgment that “[New] News Corp is bound

by the terms of the Settlement Agreement.” 35 Specifically, Plaintiff contends that New

News Corp is bound by the rights plan restrictions of the Settlement Agreement on two

grounds: (i) pursuant to Paragraph 36 of the Settlement Agreement because New News

Corp was a transferee and/or assign of certain assets and liabilities from Old News Corp

in the spin-off;36 and (ii) pursuant to Section 2.02(g) of the Separation and Distribution

Agreement because the Settlement Agreement was a “Mixed Contract” that “covers, and

inures to, both the newspaper and the media assets” now owned by New News Corp and

Old News Corp, respectively. 37 Before turning to those two specific arguments, it is

important for context to consider what is not at issue in this case.

          Plaintiff acknowledges that the spin-off of Old News Corp’s newspaper and

publishing business was done for legitimate business reasons 38 and that it did not

constitute a “de facto merger” whereby New News Corp could be viewed as a mere

34
     VLIW Tech., LLC v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 840 A.2d 606, 615 (Del. 2003).
35
     Compl. ¶ 67.
36
     Pl.’s Ans. Br. 14-17.
37
     Id. 18.
38
     Tr. of Oral Arg. 125.

                                             16
continuation of Old News Corp under a different name. 39         Nor could the contrary

contentions be sustained. On July 1, 2013, the first business day after the spin-off, Old

News Corp (now known as Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc.) was a broadcast and media

company with a market capitalization of approximately $68.1 billion while New News

Corp (managed under the direction of a different board of directors and now known as

News Corporation) was a newspaper and publishing company with a market

capitalization of approximately $5.6 billion. 40 New News Corp was plainly not a mere

continuation of Old News Corp, and, irrespective of the outcome of this case, Old News

Corp will remain bound by the rights plans restrictions set forth in the Settlement

Agreement. 41

          I now address Plaintiffs’ two arguments for why New News Corp is bound by the

Settlement Agreement.

                 1.     The Rights Plan Restrictions Did Not Transfer to New News
                        Corp Pursuant to Paragraph 36 of the Settlement Agreement

          Paragraph 36 of the Settlement Agreement, which is governed by Delaware law, 42

defines the universe of persons to be bound by the terms of the Settlement Agreement:

39
     Pl.’s Ans. Br. 19, fn. 7.
40
   See WolframAlpha, http://www.wolframalpha.com (search “Twenty-First Century
Fox, Inc. market capitalization on July 1, 2013”); id. (search “News Corporation market
capitalization on July 1, 2013”). I take judicial notice of these market capitalizations
based on reported stock prices because they are not subject to reasonable dispute. See
Lee v. Pincus, 2014 WL 6066108, at *4 n.11 (Del. Ch. Nov. 14, 2014); D.R.E. 201(b)(2).
41
     Tr. of Oral Arg. 19-20.
42
     Settlement Agreement ¶ 43.

                                             17
          This Settlement shall be binding upon and shall inure to the benefit of the
          parties (and, in the case of the benefits, all Released Persons) and the
          respective legal representatives, heirs, executors, administrators,
          transferees, successors and assigns of all of such foregoing persons and
          upon any corporation, partnership, or other entity into or with which any
          party or person may merge or consolidate. 43

Significantly, Paragraph 36 expressly provides that the Settlement Agreement is to be

binding on any entity into which Old News Corp merges or with which it consolidates,

demonstrating that the parties knew how to specifically address the effect that certain

significant corporate transactions would have on Old News Corp’s obligations under the

Settlement Agreement. By contrast, Paragraph 36 does not specifically reference other

obvious forms of significant corporate transactions that may involve Old News Corp,

namely asset transfers or spin-offs.        Applying the interpretive principle that “the

expression of one thing is the exclusion of another,” 44 the plain terms of Paragraph 36

thus suggest that the parties to the Settlement Agreement, which was negotiated by

sophisticated counsel experienced in corporation transactions, 45 did not intend for that

contract to be binding on the recipient of assets in an asset transfer and spin-off

transaction.

43
     Id. ¶ 36.
44
   Delmarva Health Plan, Inc. v. Aceto, 750 A.2d 1213, 1216 (Del. Ch. 1999) (discussing
this principle, which is more common in statutory construction, in a contract dispute).
45
   The signatories to the Settlement Agreement were Grant & Eisenhofer, P.A. (lead
counsel for plaintiffs) and Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP (counsel for
defendants). Both firms represented that they had the authority to act on behalf of their
respective clients. Settlement Agreement ¶ 37.

                                              18
           Unable to point to specific language in Paragraph 36 addressing asset transfers or

spin-offs, Plaintiff premises its argument on ostensibly generic language in Paragraph 36

concerning “transferees” and “assigns.” Citing definitions of these terms in Black’s Law

Dictionary, 46 Plaintiff contends that New News Corp is both a transferee and an assign of

Old News Corp within the meaning of Paragraph 36 “because it received the newspaper

assets from Old News Corp.” 47 New News Corp, in opposition, contends that the proper

construction of those terms as they are used in Paragraph 36 is not whether “any assets

and liabilities, or rights and obligations” were transferred to it in the spin-off, but instead

whether “the rights and obligations under the Settlement Agreement were transferred” to

it. 48 I agree with New News Corp.

           Under the logic of Plaintiff’s broad interpretation of the terms “transferees” and

“assigns” in Paragraph 36, the rights plan restrictions in the Settlement Agreement would

apply to any entities to which Old News Corp transfers or assigns any asset or liability it

ever possessed. By extension, the rights plan restrictions would then apply to any entities

to which the transferees and assigns of Old News Corp thereafter transfer or assign any of

their own assets or liabilities, ad infinitum. Parties to contracts governed by Delaware

46
   Pl.’s Ans. Br. 15 (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary at 1636 (9th ed. 2009) (defining
“transferee” as “[o]ne to whom a property interest is conveyed”); id. at 136 (defining
“assign,” by reference to “assignee,” as “[o]ne to whom property rights or powers are
transferred by another”)).
47
     Id.
48
     Defs.’ Reply Br. 6.

                                               19
law “are free to make bad bargains,” 49 but the outcome of Plaintiff’s interpretation of

Paragraph 36 would lead to absurd and unfounded results that, in my opinion, “no

reasonable person would have accepted when entering the contract.” 50

       Examples readily come to mind demonstrating the absurdity of Plaintiff’s

argument. Plaintiff’s interpretation would mean that were Old News Corp to sell some of

its film equipment to, say, CBS Corporation, CBS would be a “transferee” of Old News

Corp’s assets within the meaning of the Settlement Agreement such that CBS would

thereafter be bound by the rights plan restrictions of the Settlement Agreement.

Similarly, under Plaintiffs’ interpretation, if Old News Corp were to sell five television

trucks to five different public entities, each of those entities would become subject to the

rights plan restrictions of the Settlement Agreement.       As these examples illustrate,

Plaintiff’s interpretation would paralyze Old News Corp (and any public company with

which it has done or wishes to do business) from engaging in even the most modest form

of asset transfers due to the risk that counterparties would unwittingly find themselves

bound to the rights plan restrictions in the Settlement Agreement as a “transferee” or

“assign” of Old News Corp. That is an absurd result, in my view, that no reasonable

49
  Fritz v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 1990 WL 186448, at *5 (Del. Ch. Nov. 26, 1990);
see also Nemec v. Shrader, 991 A.2d 1120, 1126 (Del. 2010) (“Parties have a right to
enter into good and bad contracts, the law enforces both.”).
50
   Osborn, 991 A.2d at 1160-61 (“The parties ask us to interpret the contract, contrary to
both the plain meaning of the document and logic, and to reach an absurd, unfounded
result. It stretches the bounds of reason to conclude that Osborn, a college graduate and
professional tax preparer, would sell her property for a mere pittance based on an
undefined, unspecified, implicit term. We cannot countenance such an absurd
interpretation of the contract.”).

                                            20
person would have accepted when signing the Settlement Agreement in order to resolve a

relatively narrow breach of contract lawsuit.

         In my opinion, when viewed in the context of the entire contract, 51 the only

reasonable interpretation of the generic “transferees, successors and assigns” language in

Paragraph 36 is the one proffered by New News Corp, i.e., that this language means only

that the Settlement Agreement will be binding upon the transferees, successors or assigns

of Old News Corp’s rights and obligations under the Settlement Agreement. As this

Court and courts of other states have recognized, language providing that a contract is

binding upon one’s “transferees, successors or assigns” (or the like) is intended to bind

entities that assume, by legal succession, one’s rights and obligations under the

contract—not entities to which one may transfer or assign other assets or liabilities. 52

51
     See Alliance, 963 A.2d at 769.
52
   See, e.g., Natural Energy Dev., Inc. v. Shakespeare-One Ltd. P’rship, 2013 WL
3809250, at *3 (Del. Ch. July 22, 2013) (“The phrase ‘successor and/or assigns’ implies
an entity that succeeds to [the General Partner’s] rights in a process such as a merger, or
to which [the General Partner] assigns its General Partner Interest—not simply an entity
that the limited partners install to replace [the General Partner].”); see also Atchison
Casting Corp. v. Dofasco, Inc., 889 F. Supp. 1445, 1458-59 (D. Kan. 1995) (“Section
4.10 of the [purchase agreement] employs boilerplate contract language to bind
‘successors and assigns’ of [the seller] to the terms of the agreement. In this context, the
term ‘successor’ carries with it a legal connotation and generally accepted meaning.
With reference to corporations, the term ordinarily means ‘another corporation which,
through amalgamation, consolidation, or other legal succession, becomes invested with
rights and assumes burdens of the first corporation.’ ”); Larkin v. City of Burlington, 772
A.2d 553, 557 (Vt. 2001) (“The boilerplate language ‘successors and assigns,’ when
referring to corporations, ordinarily applies only when another corporation, through legal
succession, assumes the rights and obligations of the first corporation.”).

                                             21
       Hypothetically, the parties could have structured a contractual bargain in the

manner suggested by Plaintiff, 53 but that is not what the parties to the Settlement

Agreement did.       Plaintiff has identified no legal authority supporting the broad

interpretation of the terms “transferees” and “assigns” it advocates here in the context of

a provision like Paragraph 36. Nor has Plaintiff identified any other provision of the

Settlement Agreement suggesting that the rights plan restrictions were intended to bind

all counterparties to whom Old News Corp transferred an asset or liability. Additionally,

there is no well-pled basis in the Complaint to infer that either signatory to the Settlement

Agreement (let alone both) intended for or understood Paragraph 36 to have the

unfathomably broad interpretation that Plaintiff advances here.

       Thus, in my view, the rights plan restrictions of the Settlement Agreement did not

automatically transfer to New News Corp under Paragraph 36 simply because Old News

Corp transferred and/or assigned some of its assets and liabilities to New News Corp.

Instead, the operative question is whether Old News Corp agreed to transfer or assign any

of its rights or obligations under the Settlement Agreement to New News Corp when it

spun-off its newspaper and publishing business. To answer that question, one must look

at the contractual provisions governing that transaction.

53
   Had the parties intended to address asset transfers, one logically would expect to see in
the Settlement Agreement some provision defining what level of asset transfer would
trigger an obligation to bind the recipient of the assets to the rights plan restrictions in the
Settlement Agreement, such as a sale of all or substantially all of Old News Corp’s
assets, see 8 Del. C. § 271(a), or a lesser threshold. No such provision is present in the
Settlement Agreement.

                                              22
                 2.       The Rights Plan Restrictions Were Not Transferred to
                          New News Corp Pursuant to the Separation and
                          Distribution Agreement

          The Separation and Distribution Agreement, which is also governed by Delaware

law, 54 was the primary agreement governing the separation of New News Corp from Old

News Corp. It provides for the transfer of specified assets and liabilities from Old News

Corp to New News Corp and for Old News Corp, defined as “Remainco,” to retain all

assets and liabilities not expressly assumed by New News Corp:

          Pursuant to the Separation and unless otherwise set forth in this Agreement
          or any Ancillary Agreement, New News Corporation . . . (x) shall be the
          sole owner, and shall have exclusive right, title and interest in and to, all
          Separated Assets and (y) shall be solely liable for, and shall faithfully
          perform, fulfill and discharge fully in due course, all of the Separated
          Liabilities in accordance with their respective terms. Pursuant to the
          Separation and unless otherwise set forth in this Agreement or any
          Ancillary Agreement, Remainco . . . (x) shall be the sole owner, and shall
          have exclusive right, title and interest in and to, all Remainco Assets and
          (y) shall remain and be solely liable for, and shall faithfully perform, fulfill
          and discharge fully in due course, all of the Remainco Liabilities in
          accordance with their respective terms. Unless otherwise set forth in this
          Agreement or any Ancillary Agreement, from and after the Distribution,
          New News Corporation . . . shall be solely responsible for all Separated
          Liabilities and Remainco . . . shall be solely responsible for all Remainco
          Liabilities, regardless of when or where such Liabilities arose or arise, or
          whether the facts on which they are based occurred prior to, on or
          subsequent to the Distribution . . . . 55

The “Separated Liabilities” assumed by New News Corp were specifically enumerated in

a six-part definition, while the “Remainco Liabilities” retained by Old News Corp were

54
     Separation and Distribution Agreement § 9.03.
55
     Id. § 2.02(a)(ii).

                                                23
defined as “the Liabilities of Remainco, other than the Separated Liabilities.” 56 My

analysis assumes, as the parties have done, that the rights plan restrictions in the

Settlement Agreement would fall within the definition of “Liabilities” 57 rather than

within the definition of “Asset” 58 under the Separation and Distribution Agreement.

          The Settlement Agreement is not expressly listed as a Separated Liability and,

accordingly, Plaintiff does not contend that Old News Corp’s rights or obligations under

the Settlement Agreement were expressly transferred or assigned to New News Corp.

Rather, Plaintiff argues that the obligations under the Settlement Agreement were

transferred and/or assigned to New News Corp as a “Mixed Contract.”

          The Separation and Distribution Agreement defines a “Mixed Contract” as “any

agreement to which . . . [Old News Corp] or [New News Corp] is a party prior to the

Distribution that inures to the benefit or burden of both of the Remainco Business and the

Separated Business.” 59 The terms “Separated Business” and “Remainco Business” are

56
     Id. § 1.01.
57
  “Liabilities” include “all debts, liabilities, obligations, [and] responsibilities . . . ,
whenever arising, including . . . those arising under any Contract, agreement, guarantee,
commitment or undertaking[.]” Id.
58
  “Asset” includes “any and all of such Person’s right, title and ownership interest in and
to all of the property, claims, Contracts, businesses or assets (including goodwill),
whether real, personal or mixed, tangible or intangible of any kind, nature and
description[.]” Id.
59
     Id. § 2.02(g)(i).

                                            24
defined, respectively, as the “business and operations” of New News Corp and the

“business and operations” of Old News Corp. 60

       Under Section 2.02(g)(i) of the Separation and Distribution Agreement, a Mixed

Contract that cannot be partially assigned is to be divided such that the liabilities

associated with the Separated Business would be borne by New News Corp and the

liabilities associated with the Remainco Business would be borne by Old News Corp. In

each case, Old News Corp had the sole discretion, to be exercised in good faith, to

determine how to apportion the liabilities associated with each Mixed Contract:

       Unless the Parties agree in writing otherwise or as otherwise may be
       provided in any Ancillary Agreement, [a Mixed Contract] shall be assigned
       in part to New News Corporation or one of its Subsidiaries, and/or to
       Remainco or one of its subsidiaries, as the case may be, if so assignable,
       prior to or as of the Distribution, such that each Party or its respective
       Subsidiaries shall be entitled to its portion of the rights and benefits thereof,
       as determined in the sole discretion of Remainco (to be exercised in good
       faith), and shall assume the related portion of any obligations thereunder
       and any Liabilities inuring to their respective Businesses; provided,
       however, that in no event shall either Party be required to assign any Mixed
       Contract in its entirety. If any Mixed Contract cannot be so partially
       assigned to any extent, Remainco and New News Corporation shall, and
       shall cause each of their respective Subsidiaries to, take such other
       reasonable and permissible actions to cause the following: . . . (B) the
       Liabilities associated with that portion of each Mixed Contract (as
       determined by Remainco, in its sole discretion (to be exercised in good
       faith)[)] that relates to the Separated Business to be borne by New News
       Corporation or a New News Corporation Subsidiary; . . . and (D) the
       Liabilities associated with that portion of each Mixed Contract (as
       determined by Remainco, in its sole discretion (to be exercised in good

60
   “Separated Business” is defined as “the business and operations conducted by the New
News Corporation Group [i.e., New News Corp and its subsidiaries and affiliates],” and
“Remainco Business” is defined as “all businesses and operations of the Remainco Group
[i.e., Old News Corp and its direct and indirect subsidiaries and affiliates], other than the
Separated Business.” Id. § 1.01.

                                              25
         faith)[)] that relates to the Remainco Business to be borne by Remainco or
         a Remainco Subsidiary[.] 61

         According to Plaintiff, the Settlement Agreement constitutes a Mixed Contract

that “covers, and inures to, both the newspaper [assets] [(i.e., the Separated Business)]

and the media assets [(i.e., the Remainco Business)], because all those assets were owned

by [Old] News Corp when the Settlement was made effective through the Settlement

Agreement.” 62 Plaintiff’s theory is that Old News Corp’s rights and obligations under the

Settlement Agreement were assumed by New News Corp because (a) they related to the

newspaper assets that constituted part of Separated Business, and (b) they could not have

been partially assigned.

         In opposition, New News Corp contends that the Settlement Agreement is not a

Mixed Contract because it did not inure to the “benefit” or “burden” of the Separated

Business of New News Corp or the Remainco Business of Old News Corp. In particular,

New News Corp submits that the Settlement Agreement exists outside the universe of

“Mixed Contract” agreements because it relates fundamentally to “a matter of internal

affairs, regarding the relationship between Old News Corp, its directors, and its

stockholders,” not to the “business” or “operations” of either the Separated Business or

the Remainco Business. 63 In my opinion, New News Corp’s interpretation is the only

61
     Id. § 2.02(g)(i) (emphasis added).
62
     Pl.’s Ans. Br. 18.
63
     Defs.’ Reply Br. 7; Tr. of Oral Arg. 132.

                                                 26
reasonable construction of the relevant provisions of the Separation and Distribution

Agreement.

        As explained above, to have qualified as a Mixed Contract, the Settlement

Agreement must have inured to the benefit or burden of the “business and operations” of

the Separated Business of New News Corp and the Remainco Business of Old News

Corp.    According to commonly used dictionaries, 64 the word “business” means the

commercial enterprise of a company, 65 and the word “operations” means the commercial

activities of a company. 66 Applying these definitions here, the contractual rights and

obligations of the Settlement Agreement did not inure to the benefit or burden of Old

News Corp’s newspaper/publishing enterprise and activities (the Separated Business) or

its broadcast/media enterprise and activities (the Remainco Business). Instead, the rights

and obligations in the Settlement Agreement generally, and the stockholder rights plan

restrictions specifically, concern Old News Corp’s corporate governance matters.

        The key terms of the Settlement Agreement reflect this reality. The consideration

exchanged in that contract was the release of certain claims by Old News Corp’s

64
   Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Am. Legacy Found., 903 A.2d 728, 738 (Del. 2006)
(“Delaware courts look to dictionaries for assistance in determining the plain meaning of
terms which are not defined in a contract.”); see also Nationwide Emerging Managers,
LLC v. NorthPointe Hldgs., LLC, — A.3d —, 2015 WL 1317705, at *11 (Del. Mar. 18,
2015, revised Mar. 27, 2015) (citing Lorillard, 903 A.2d at 738).
65
   See Black’s Law Dictionary at 226 (defining “business” to mean “[a] commercial
enterprise carried on for profit”).
66
  See New Oxford American Dictionary at 1229 (3d ed. 2010) (defining “operation” to
mean “a business organization; a company” and “an activity in which such an
organization is involved”).

                                           27
stockholders for a promise by Old News Corp that it would not maintain a rights plan for

longer than one year, subject to certain exceptions, without stockholder approval. That

consideration had nothing to do with the commercial enterprise or commercial activities

of Old News Corp in 2006, nor did it have anything to do with the commercial enterprise

or commercial activities of the Separated Business or the Remainco Business in 2013.

The Settlement Agreement instead limited the situations in which the Old News Corp

board could unilaterally adopt or extend a rights plan and granted to Old News Corp

stockholders the right to vote on board action in other situations. As such, the Settlement

Agreement involved “matters that pertain to the relationships among or between the

corporation and its officers, directors, and shareholders” and thereby implicated Old

News Corp’s internal affairs and corporate governance. 67 In this regard, the Settlement

Agreement is analogous to Old News Corp’s charter or bylaws, which Plaintiff does not

contend were or should have been assumed by New News Corp as a Mixed Contract or

otherwise. 68 Indeed, the Separation and Distribution Agreement separately addresses

67
   See VantagePoint Venture P’rs 1996 v. Examen, Inc., 871 A.2d 1108, 1113 (Del.
2005); see also McDermott Inc. v. Lewis, 531 A.2d 206, 214 (Del. 1987) (“The internal
affairs doctrine . . . governs the choice of law determinations involving matters peculiar
to corporations, that is, those activities concerning the relationships inter se of the
corporation, its directors, officers and shareholders.”).
68
   Tr. of Oral Arg. 93. Although not controlling on the interpretation of the Separation
and Distribution Agreement, certain provisions of the Delaware General Corporation
Law seem to reflect a similar distinction between the commercial activities of a
corporation (i.e., its business) and the internal governance of a corporation (i.e., its
affairs). See, e.g., 8 Del. C. § 141(a) (“The business and affairs of every corporation . . .
shall be managed by or under the direction of a board of directors[.]” (emphasis added));
8 Del. C. § 102(b)(1) (“[T]he certificate of incorporation may also contain . . . [a]ny
provision for the management of the business and for the conduct of the affairs of the

                                             28
New News Corp’s charter and bylaws, which must be in effect as a condition to the spin-

off. 69

          In sum, the only reasonable way to conceive of Old News Corp’s obligations

under the Settlement Agreement concerning rights plans are as internal governance

obligations and not as obligations that inure to the burden of New News Corp’s

newspaper/publishing “business and operations” or Old News Corp’s broadcast/media

“business and operations.” For this reason, the Settlement Agreement does not constitute

a Mixed Contract as defined in the Separation and Distribution Agreement. Instead, it

constitutes a Remainco Liability that Old News Corp retained pursuant to the Separation

and Distribution Agreement. Thus, as a matter of law, Plaintiff has failed to state a claim

that New News Corp is bound by the Settlement Agreement.

          Finally, even if Plaintiff were correct that the Settlement Agreement constitutes a

Mixed Contract within the meaning of the Separation and Distribution Agreement, it is

still not reasonably conceivable that New News Corp is subject to the rights plan

restrictions of the Settlement Agreement.          Section 2.02(g)(i) of the Separation and

corporation[.]” (emphasis added)); 8 Del. C. § 109(b) (“The bylaws may contain any
provision . . . relating to the business of the corporation, the conduct of its affairs, and its
rights or powers or the rights or powers of its stockholders, directors, officers, or
employees.” (emphasis added)).
69
   Separation and Distribution Agreement § 3.03(q) (“The obligation of Remainco to
consummate the Distribution is subject to the prior or simultaneous satisfaction . . . of the
following conditions: . . . (q) the Certificate of Incorporation and the By-laws of New
News Corporation, each in substantially the form filed with [the] Registration Statement,
shall be in effect at or prior to the Distribution.”). The Separation and Distribution
Agreement defines “Certificate of Incorporation” and “By-laws” by reference to exhibits
to New News Corp’s Form 10 Registration Statement filed with the SEC. Id.§ 1.01.

                                              29
Distribution Agreement expressly provides Remainco (i.e., Old News Corp) with the sole

discretion, to be exercised in good faith, to determine which portion of a Mixed Contract

should be borne by New News Corp and which portion should be borne by Old News

Corp. Plaintiff has not alleged that, in violation of Section 2.02(g)(i), Old News Corp

failed to exercise good faith in determining not to transfer any of the rights or obligations

of the Settlement Agreement to New News Corp. 70 Thus, absent an express provision to

the contrary in the Separation and Distribution Agreement or any of the ancillary

transaction agreements—and Plaintiff has not presented one—the Settlement Agreement

was not transferred or partially assigned to New News Corp. 71

70
   Plaintiff’s allegations of bad faith relate solely to the Individual Defendants’ alleged
breach of fiduciary duty for violating the Settlement Agreement, Compl. ¶¶ 83-85, not to
the division of Mixed Contract liabilities undertaken by Old News Corp, which is not
even a party to this litigation.
71
   In a terse footnote, Plaintiff halfheartedly asserts that, at a minimum, it is reasonably
conceivable that New News Corp “impliedly” agreed to assume the rights plan
restrictions of the Settlement Agreement because New News Corp was a successor to Old
News Corp’s newspaper and publishing business. Pl.’s Ans. Br. 19 n.8. I disagree. The
detailed provisions of the Separation and Distribution Agreement, particularly Section
2.02, do not reasonably lend themselves to an interpretation that New News Corp
impliedly agreed to assume any assets or liabilities other than those expressly specified as
Separated Assets, Separated Liabilities, and, as applicable, Mixed Contracts. To read
those contract provisions as Plaintiff advocates would have the Court interfere with Old
News Corp and New News Corp’s contractual bargain without justification. See
Salamone v. Gorman, 106 A.3d 354, 370 (Del. 2014) (“[W]hen parties have ordered their
affairs voluntarily through a binding contract, Delaware law is strongly inclined to
respect their agreement, and will only interfere upon a strong showing that dishonoring
the contract is required to vindicate a public policy interest even stronger than freedom of
contract.”); see also Leo E. Strine, Jr., Regular (Judicial) Order as Equity: The Enduring
Value of the Distinct Judicial Role, 87 Temp. L. Rev. 99, 106 (2014) (“[C]onsistent
adherence to settled interpretive principles focusing closely on the meaning of the
contractual words . . . allows all players a fair opportunity to make mutually beneficial
bargains on predictable terms.”).

                                             30
                                          *   *    *

          For the reasons explained above, I conclude as a matter of law that the Settlement

Agreement did not prevent Old News Corp from spinning off some of its assets to a new

public corporation free from the rights plan restrictions in the Settlement Agreement and

that it permissibly did so under the terms of the Separation and Distribution Agreement.

Accordingly, Count I, which seeks a declaratory judgment that New News Corp is bound

by the terms of the Settlement Agreement, is dismissed for failure to state a claim for

relief.

          B.    Counts II-IV Fail to State a Claim Because New News Corp is
                Not Bound by the Settlement Agreement

          In Count II, Plaintiff alleges that New News Corp “breach[ed] the Settlement

Agreement by extending the [Rights Plan] during a nine-month Interim Period, without

stockholder approval, and without any circumstance existing that, under the terms of the

Settlement Agreement, would allow adoption or extension of a [Rights Plan] without

stockholder approval during an Interim Period.” 72       As Defendants correctly argue, 73

Plaintiff cannot allege a reasonably conceivable basis in which New News Corp breached

the Settlement Agreement without first establishing that New News Corp is actually

bound by that contract. For the reasons I outlined in dismissing Count I above, New

News Corp is not bound by the Settlement Agreement. Thus, without resolving whether

72
     Compl. ¶ 77.
73
     Defs.’ Op. Br. 19.

                                              31
or not the one-year extension of the Rights Plan in June 2014 was permissible under the

Vote Exception of the Settlement Agreement, 74 Count II fails to state a claim for relief.

         In Count III, Plaintiff alleges that the Individual Defendants acted in bad faith

when they “deprive[d] the stockholders of their right to vote on [Rights Plan] provisions

under the Settlement Agreement.” 75         Thus, according to Plaintiff, the Individual

Defendants breached their fiduciary duties by “caus[ing] [New] News Corp to violate its

contractual obligations.” 76

         The factual predicate for Count III is that New News Corp is bound by the

Settlement Agreement, which Plaintiff has failed to establish. Plaintiff does not advance

any breach of fiduciary duty theory independent from the purported breach of the

Settlement Agreement. For instance, Plaintiff does not allege that, when the Individual

Defendants extended the Rights Plan in 2014, they breached their fiduciary duties by

acting unreasonably, 77 in bad faith, 78 in a self-interested manner, 79 or on an uninformed

basis. 80 Count III is thus dismissed under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6).

74
     Pl.’s Ans. Br. 20-30.
75
     Compl. ¶ 83.
76
  Id.; see also id. ¶ 85 (“Rather than honor [New] News Corp’s contractual obligations,
the Defendants have broken their promise and breached their fiduciary duties.”).
77
  See Versata Enters., Inc. v. Selectica, Inc., 5 A.3d 586, 599-600 (Del. 2010); see also
Unocal Corp. v. Mesa Petroleum Co., 493 A.2d 946 (Del. 1985).
78
     See In re Walt Disney Co. Deriv. Litig., 906 A.2d 27, 67 (Del. 2006).
79
     See Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d 805, 812 (Del. 1984).
80
     See UniSuper, 2005 WL 3529317, at *9-10.

                                              32
           Count IV of the Complaint seeks to have the Court reform the Settlement

Agreement because the parties to that contract

           mistakenly believed the language of the [Vote Exception] would apply only
           in situations where a stockholder was rapidly acquiring large blocks of
           [New] News Corp stock with the intention of affecting control of [New]
           News Corp’s management and was doing so in such a way that the Board
           would not have time to seek a stockholder vote on the adoption of a new
           [rights plan] or the extension of an existing one. 81

Put another way, Plaintiff alleges that the parties to the Settlement Agreement “never

intended the exception to be triggered where a stockholder filing on a Schedule 13G and

expressly disavowing any intent to affect management of [New] News Corp established a

position in [New] News Corp stock more than 6 months prior to the expiration of the

[Rights Plan].” 82

           As the factual predicate of its reformation claim, Plaintiff must first establish that

New News Corp is bound by the Settlement Agreement. 83 For the reasons discussed

above, New News Corp is not bound by the Settlement Agreement as a matter of law.

Thus, Count IV must be dismissed for failure to state a claim.

IV.        CONCLUSION

           For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motion to dismiss is GRANTED.

           IT IS SO ORDERED.

81
     Compl. ¶ 91.
82
     Id.
83
  See MetCap Sec. LLC v. Pearl Senior Care, Inc., 2007 WL 1498989, at *10 (Del. Ch.
May 16, 2007) (“Reformation is available, perhaps subject to certain exceptions not
present here, only to parties to the contract.”).

                                                 33