Court Opinion

ID: 4024706
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-08-15 21:29:27.163978+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:27:39.284842
License: Public Domain

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                                                               Electronically Filed
                                                               Supreme Court
                                                               SCWC-30485
                                                               02-MAY-2016
                                                               09:30 AM

            IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAIʻI

                                  ---o0o---
________________________________________________________________

             CLARENCE O. FURUYA AND LONA LUM FURUYA,
 Petitioners-Respondents/Plaintiffs-Appellees/Cross-Appellants,

                                     vs.

 ASSOCIATION OF APARTMENT OWNERS OF PACIFIC MONARCH, INC.; JAMES
 DOZIER; GRETA WITHERS; ELWIN STEMIG; FOIL CRAVER; KAZUO SAWADA,
 Respondents-Petitioners/Defendants-Appellants/Cross-Appellees.
________________________________________________________________

                                SCWC-30485

          CERTIORARI TO THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS
                  (NO. 30485; CIV. NO. 06-1-1057)

                                MAY 2, 2016

 RECKTENWALD, C.J., NAKAYAMA, McKENNA, POLLACK, AND WILSON, JJ.

                  OPINION OF THE COURT BY WILSON, J.

           Petitioners-Respondents/Plaintiffs-Appellees/Cross-

Appellants Clarence O. Furuya and Lona Lum Furuya (the Furuyas)

and Respondents-Petitioners/Defendants-Appellants/Cross-

Appellees, Association of Apartment Owners of Pacific Monarch,
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Inc. (AOAO) both filed applications for writ of certiorari.              The

applications concerned various issues related to the Furuyas’

interests in an apartment unit located at the Pacific Monarch

Condominium (Pacific Monarch) and 106 parking stalls which are

appurtenant to the unit.       We accepted both applications for writ

of certiorari.     Below, we address the arguments raised in the

Furuyas’ application for writ of certiorari and for the reasons

discussed herein, we affirm the Intermediate Court of Appeals’

(ICA) judgment on appeal.       We do not address the arguments

raised by AOAO in its application for writ of certiorari, as

AOAO failed to demonstrate that the ICA erred.1

     1
            AOAO raised claims regarding: (1) the Furuyas’ obligation to pay
lease rent for the parking stalls after April 26, 2014, and (2) AOAO’s use of
two of the parking stalls without compensating the Furuyas. As to AOAO’s
first claim, the ICA held that the circuit court did not err in interpreting
the conveyance document from the developer to the initial lessees as
indicating that the developer intended to give up its right to lease rent of
the parking stalls after 2014. Furuya v. Ass’n of Apartment Owners of Pac.
Monarch, Inc., No. 30485, at 12-14 (App. Apr. 25, 2014) (mem.). In addition,
the ICA held that the Furuyas had no statutory obligation to pay lease rent.
Id. at 18. In regards to AOAO’s second claim, the ICA held that the circuit
court abused its discretion in estopping the Furuyas from seeking damages for
AOAO’s use of the two stalls after the filing of the Furuyas’ initial
complaint. Id. at 28. The ICA’s holdings were not erroneous.

            We note that AOAO did not raise a claim to the ICA for unjust
enrichment or quantum meruit based on the Furuyas’ obligation to pay lease
rent on the parking stalls after April 26, 2014. Id. at 16 n.11. Our
affirmance of the ICA’s memorandum opinion does not address the merits of
such a claim.

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                                  I.       Facts

A.   Background

           The Pacific Monarch is a condominium project located

in Honolulu, Hawaiʻi.     The AOAO of the Pacific Monarch was

created to “provide the management, maintenance, protection,

preservation, control and development” of the Pacific Monarch.

AOAO is governed by its Board of Directors (Board).            In 1979,

apartment unit 3206 and the parking stalls were conveyed by

Hasegawa Komuten (USA), Inc., the developer of the Pacific

Monarch, to the initial lessees, via the Pacific Monarch

Condominium conveyance document.            The Furuyas acquired the

leasehold interest to apartment unit 3206 at the Pacific Monarch

for $560,000 through a foreclosure sale in July 1985.             Pursuant

to the original conveyance document, unit 3206 was conveyed to

the original owners with several appurtenant easements,

including an exclusive appurtenant easement to parking stalls 1

through 106 of the condominium.            The Furuyas acquired the

leasehold interest in apartment unit 3207 in December 1989.

B.   AOAO’s Purchase of the Leased Fee Interest in the
     Condominium and the Furuyas’ Execution of the DROAs

           In 1995, AOAO, through the Board, sought to purchase

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the leased fee interest2 in the condominium from the lessor to

offer the owners the opportunity to own the leased fee interests

in their units.     To proceed with the purchase, the Board amended

its Bylaws.    Article III of the amended November 14, 1995

Restated Bylaws conferred certain “powers and duties” to AOAO’s

Board, including, “Implementation of the Acquisition of the

Leased Fee Interest in the Land from Lessor.”           The Board was

authorized and had the power to do all things it deemed

necessary to enable the lessor to sell the leased fee interest

to AOAO and/or its members.       The Bylaws further stated that on

behalf of AOAO, the Board was authorized to purchase all or any

portion of the leased fee interest in the land from the lessor

and expressly authorized to transact any and all other matters

relating to the acquisition.        The Board was also required to

obtain agreement from owners who represented at least 75% of the

common interest to (1) ratify AOAO’s purchase of the leased fee

interest, and (2) commit to and contract for the purchase of

their leased fee interest.

           As noted, the Furuyas owned a leasehold interest in

unit 3206 and the appurtenant easement to the 106 parking

     2
            “If real estate is encumbered by a lease, the ownership interest
in that property is considered a leased fee interest rather than a fee simple
interest because ‘the possessory interest has been granted to another party
by creation of a contractual landlord-tenant relationship (i.e., a lease).’”
Plaintiff’s Proof of a Prima Facie Case § 7:2.50.

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stalls, as well as a leasehold interest in unit 3207.             The Board

sent the Furuyas a survey dated April 23, 1996 asking them to

indicate whether they intended to purchase the leased fee

interests in their two units and the parking stalls.3            The

Furuyas signed the document, checking off a pre-printed line

that stated, “YES, I plan to purchase my leased fee interest in

Unit #3206 at $28,756.85, Unit #3207 at $28,756.85 and 106

Parking Stalls at $459,131.19.”

           On or around October 16, 1996, the Furuyas executed a

document titled “Pacific Monarch Leased Fee Interest Sales

Contract Deposit Receipt Offer and Acceptance” (DROA), in

preparation for the bulk sale of a number of units in the

condominium.    The Furuyas filled out and signed the portion of

the DROA titled “Offer.”       The Furuyas handwrote “3206” following

the section stating, “[t]he buyer is buying the leased fee

interest to the following apartment or commercial unit in the

Pacific Monarch project.”       Attached to the DROA was an exhibit

indicating the prices for the various units.           Units 3206 and

3207 were priced at $28,756.85.        The 106 parking stalls were

also included in the attached exhibit and priced at $459,131.19.

The portion of the DROA titled, “Acceptance” stated, “The

     3
            The other condominium owners received similar surveys. The
survey stated, “This is NOT a contract for the purchase of your leased fee
interest.”

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Association agrees to sell the Property to the Buyer or its

designee at the price and upon the terms set forth herein,

including the Additional Terms attached hereto.”            The

“Acceptance” portion provided a line for AOAO to sign as

“Acceptance” of the DROA.       The DROA in the record was not signed

by AOAO and there is no evidence in the record that AOAO ever

signed the “Acceptance” portion of the DROA.           The Furuyas also

signed a DROA for unit 3207.4

           The DROAs for units 3206 and 3207 set the closing date

for the acquisition of the leased fee interest for the two units

as December 9, 1996.      In accordance with the instructions in the

DROA, the Furuyas sent $1,000 per unit to open escrow for both

units 3206 and 3207.      The purchase of the leased fee interest in

unit 3207 closed with the bulk sale of the leased fee interests

in a number of other units in the condominium on December 27,

1996.5

           Although escrow was opened for the purchase of the

leased fee interest in unit 3206 and the Furuyas deposited

$1,000 into escrow with Title Guaranty of Hawaiʻi (Title

Guaranty) for the unit, the sale of the leased fee interest in

      4
           The DROA for unit 3207 contained in the record is also not signed
by AOAO.
      5
            The original closing date set in the DROA was extended until
December 27, 1996.

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unit 3206 was never closed.       The record does not contain a fully

executed contract between the Furuyas and AOAO for the purchase

of unit 3206 and/or the parking stalls.          The Furuyas did not

fund the escrow account with payment of $28,756.85 for unit 3206

or $459,131.19 for the 106 parking stalls.

C.   AOAO Retains Ownership of Unit 3206 and the Parking Stalls
     and Negotiations Regarding Sale of the Leasehold Interest
     in the Parking Stalls

           The heart of the dispute in this case is whether there

was an enforceable contract for the purchase of the leased fee

interest in unit 3206 and the parking stalls, and whether

following the signing of the DROA, the Furuyas elected not to

purchase the leased fee interest in the parking stalls.             The

record indicates—and the Circuit Court of the First Circuit

(circuit court) found—that very soon after the Furuyas signed

the DROA for unit 3206, they informed AOAO that they did not

want to purchase the leased fee interests in the parking stalls.

However, the Furuyas dispute this finding, and argue that AOAO

refused to close because it determined it wanted to control the

parking.   The relevant evidence regarding this issue is

discussed herein.

           Several AOAO representatives testified that well

before the closing date set on the DROA, December 9, 1996,

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Clarence Furuya (Furuya) informed AOAO Board members and Caesar

Paet (Paet), a consultant at Cadmus Properties hired by AOAO to

assist in the purchase of the leased fee interest from the

lessor, that he no longer wanted to purchase the leased fee

interest in the 106 parking stalls.6         James Dozier (Dozier), AOAO

treasurer, testified that “almost immediately Mr. Furuya

indicated he would buy the fee to both Units 3206 and 3207 but

would not buy the fee for the parking stalls.”           Dozier also

testified that after Furuya indicated he did not want to

purchase the parking stalls the Board decided it would be in its

best interest to “buy the fee rather than sell it, to buy the

parking stalls rather than sell [them].”          Henry Foil Craver

(Craver), an AOAO Board member, also testified that the Furuyas

indicated they did not wish to purchase the leased fee interest

in the parking stalls, and that he heard this information from

Dozier.   Specifically, Craver stated that Dozier spoke to

Furuya, who told Dozier that he had “changed his mind and

decided he didn’t want to buy the fee” in the parking stalls.

Similarly, Paet testified that Furuya informed him that he no

longer wanted to buy the parking stalls, but he could not recall

the timeframe of this communication.

     6
            Prior to trial, the parties took several depositions and
designated portions of the testimony for trial. The deposition designation
testimony was received into evidence by the circuit court on June 24, 2009.

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             AOAO representatives also testified that after signing

the DROA, the Furuyas informed AOAO that they wanted to sell the

leasehold interest to the 106 parking stalls to AOAO.              Craver

testified that Furuya “decided that he wanted to sell the

parking stalls” and Paet stated that Furuya made an offer to

AOAO to sell the parking stalls.           The record contains written

offers to sell the parking stalls to AOAO from Furuya’s agent.

On or around October 29, 1996—around two weeks after Furuya

signed the DROA—Jason Lum (Lum), Furuya’s real estate broker,

sent a written offer to AOAO to sell the Furuyas’ leasehold

interest to 81 parking stalls for $1,215,000.            Around two weeks

later, on November 15, 1996, Lum sent a second written offer to

the Board to sell all 106 stalls to AOAO for $1,166,000, and

provided specific financing terms for the sale of the parking

stalls.      At trial, however, Furuya disclaimed his involvement in

the written offers sent from Lum to AOAO and testified that he

never wanted to sell the parking stalls.7

             The record indicates that because the Furuyas decided

not to purchase the leased fee interest in the parking stalls,

AOAO determined that it was in its interest to retain ownership

in the parking stalls and purchase the leasehold interest from

         7
             The circuit court found Furuya’s testimony not credible, as noted
infra.

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the Furuyas.    To finance the purchase of the parking stalls,

AOAO issued a special assessment of $55 per month to all of the

apartment owners.

           The Furuyas’ apparent decision not to purchase the

leased fee interest in the parking stalls, AOAO’s subsequent

decision to retain ownership of the parking stalls, and the

negotiations regarding the sale of the leasehold interest in the

parking stalls from the Furuyas to AOAO were memorialized in

internal and external AOAO documents.         In a November 6, 1996

meeting, AOAO discussed “the parking owner’s decision not to

purchase the fee interest in the parking.”          At the meeting,

Dozier reported that Furuya was interested in selling the

leasehold interest in 81 of the parking stalls to AOAO and

“recommended negotiating with the parking owner for the sale of

all the parking stalls.”       On December 19, 1996, Galen Leong

(Leong), an attorney at Ashford & Wriston, LLP, wrote to Michael

Peitsch at Title Guaranty, regarding the Furuyas’ decision not

to purchase the parking stalls, noting, “[t]he owners of

Apartment 3206 have indicated that they wish to buy the leased

fee interest in Apartment 3206 but not the leased fee interest

in the parking stalls which are appurtenant to Apartment 3206.”

AOAO Board President, Elwin Stemig (Stemig), in a January 14,

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1997 letter to the condominium owners, explained the situation

regarding the parking stalls:

           When the owners approved the [AOAO] Board’s decision to
           purchase the fee interest to the land on which the Pacific
           Monarch building rests, this also included purchasing the
           fee interest for the 106 parking stalls in the parking
           garage. Since the [AOAO] purchased the fee interest, the
           owner of the 106 parking stalls has decided not to purchase
           his fee interest from the [AOAO]. The cost to the [AOAO]
           for the fee interest to the parking stalls was $422,000.
           Thus the [AOAO] was faced with a decision as to whether to
           retain the parking fee interest to the 106 parking stalls
           or to sell it to an outside party. The Board made the
           decision to retain the fee simple interest to the parking
           stalls and set a goal to eventually purchase all the 106
           parking stalls from the present owner and operate the
           parking garage to generate extra income to the [AOAO]. At
           this stage it became necessary for the Board to levy a
           special assessment to payoff the extra expense of $422,000.
           It will take approximately four years to payoff this debt.

           At this time the owner of the 106 parking stalls in the
           parking garage operates the garage and receives the revenue
           therefrom but pays lease payments to the [AOAO] since the
           [AOAO] now owns the fee interest to the 106 parking stalls.
           The owner of the parking stalls has indicated an interest
           in selling same [sic] to the [AOAO] since he did not choose
           to buy the fee interest to the parking stalls. Thus the
           Board intents [sic] to negotiate with the parking stalls
           owner to buy the stalls sometime within the next year.

(Emphases added).

           As noted by Stemig, and according to Furuya’s trial

testimony, Furuya started to pay lease rent to AOAO for the

parking stalls following AOAO’s purchase of the leased fee

interest in the parking stalls.        Notably, according to Furuya’s

account summary provided by AOAO, Furuya also paid the $55 a

month assessment for the parking stalls between January 1, 1997

through December 31, 1999.

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D.   Attempt to Separate the Interests in Unit 3206 and the
     Parking Stalls

           Following the Furuyas’ apparent decision not to

purchase the parking stalls, it appears that AOAO and the

Furuyas negotiated to separate the leased fee interests in unit

3206 and the parking stalls, in order to allow the Furuyas to

purchase the leased fee interest in unit 3206 only.            In the

letter from Leong to Title Guaranty, referenced above, Leong

explains that selling the leased fee interest to unit 3206 and

not the leased fee interest to the parking stalls, without

separating them, would be impossible under the condominium

conveyance document because “[a]partment 3206 and the parking

stalls which constitute its limited common elements must be

treated as undivided parts of a whole.”          Leong stated that the

parking stalls should be separated from the unit and proposed

different methods of accomplishing the separation.            On March 27,

1997, Paet sent a fax to Alfred Hee, an attorney for AOAO,

informing him that Lum, the Furuyas’ broker, agreed to

separating the parking stalls from unit 3206.           The document

noted that “[i]n order to convey the fee interest for unit

#3206, the parking stall interest must be separated from the

apartment.”    In the document, AOAO indicated that it “[would]

handle the separation of interests at its’ [sic] expense.”              A

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fax from Lum to Paet on March 31, 1997, provided that “Mr.

Furuya is in agreement to separate the apartment and parking

interest for unit 3206.”

E.   Continued Negotiations Regarding the Parking Stalls and
     2003-2004 Communications

           Between 1997 and 2004, the record indicates that AOAO

and the Furuyas continued to negotiate AOAO’s purchase of the

leasehold interest in the parking stalls and the sale of the

leased fee interest in unit 3206 to the Furuyas.            For example,

the Board’s December 18, 2000 and February 12, 2001 meeting

minutes note that the Board’s attorney was “in the process of

drawing up the legal paperwork for Clarence Furuya to sign to

swap the parking stalls” and that the attorney was “working on

the sale of the fee for unit 3206,” respectively.            However, the

Furuyas and AOAO did not reach an agreement on either issue.

           On September 11, 2003, Title Guaranty sent a letter to

the Furuyas noting that escrow for unit 3206 had been opened “on

or about October 21, 1996,” but that they had not “received the

seller’s signed contract” and had not been instructed to close

escrow.   Approximately two months later, on December 1, 2003,

Furuya sent a letter to AOAO in order to complete the purchase

from AOAO of the leased fee interest in unit 3206 and the

parking stalls.     Furuya claimed in the letter that he contracted

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with AOAO for the purchase of the leased fee interest in unit

3206, paid his deposit, and escrow had been opened for the unit.

He explained that escrow was never closed and AOAO refused to

allow him to purchase the leased fee interest for unit 3206 and

the parking stalls attached to the unit.          Furuya then proposed

in the letter that AOAO allow him to purchase unit 3206 for

$28,756.85 and the parking stalls for $459,131.19, the original

pricing included in the 1996 DROA.         In return, Furuya stated

that he would not pursue a cause of action against AOAO for

“willfully delaying the closing of escrow for unit 3206 and the

purchase of the fee interest of the parking stalls attached to

the unit.”    He also stated that if AOAO pursued the purchase of

the leasehold interest in the parking stalls from the Furuyas,

it would cost AOAO over $2,000,000.

           AOAO’s attorneys responded in a December 23, 2003

letter to Furuya and explained AOAO’s version of the events.

The letter stated that Furuya was “given the opportunity to buy

the leased fee interest” in the parking stalls in 1996, but that

he refused to buy the parking stalls and only wanted the leased

fee interest in units 3206 and 3207.         According to AOAO’s

attorneys, the sale of unit 3206 was never finalized because

“the Association learned that the 106 parking stalls were

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attached to unit 3206 and if the Association sold [the Furuyas]

the leased fee interest to unit 3206” the Furuyas would in

effect be purchasing the leased fee interest to the 106 parking

stalls while only paying the cost of the leased fee interest for

unit 3206.    AOAO stated in the letter that it investigated a

legal procedure to sever the 106 parking stalls from unit 3206

to enable the Furuyas to purchase only the leased fee interest

to unit 3206.

           The letter also stated that AOAO expressed an interest

in purchasing from the Furuyas their leasehold interest in the

parking stalls and began negotiations to purchase the parking

stalls.   The letter indicated that because the Furuyas countered

with a “much too high price,” AOAO continued to negotiate for

the purchase of the parking stalls and at that point also

negotiated to purchase unit 3206.         The letter stated that after

three meetings, no agreement could be reached.           According to

AOAO, at the last of the meetings, the Furuyas told AOAO that

they wanted to purchase the leased fee interest to the 106

parking stalls, and that at this time, AOAO informed the Furuyas

that they no longer wanted to sell the leased fee interest in

the parking stalls.      AOAO informed the Furuyas that it continued

to be interested in purchasing the leasehold interest in the

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parking stalls “with or without unit 3206.”

           On or around December 10, 2004, Furuya sent a letter

to Title Guaranty Escrow Services canceling the escrow for unit

3206 and requesting that his $1,000 deposit be returned.

F.   Furuya’s Trial Testimony

           On June 22, 2009, Furuya testified at trial as to his

understanding of the sale of the leased fee interest in unit

3206 and the parking stalls.       He testified that he had been

ready to close on unit 3206 when Dozier informed him that AOAO

would not be able to close unit 3206 because it had to separate

the apartment from the parking stalls.          Furuya testified that

Dozier told him not to be concerned about the closing date.                He

stated that he could understand the need to separate the unit

from the parking stalls because otherwise, he would own the fee

in unit 3206 and the parking stalls while paying only for unit

3206.   Furuya contended that later, AOAO approached him about

purchasing his leasehold interest in the parking stalls.             Furuya

claimed that although Lum was his principal broker and

authorized to look for real estate deals for him, he did not ask

Lum to sell the leasehold interest to the parking stalls.             He

maintained that he always intended to close on unit 3206 and the

parking stalls, but that he did not fund escrow because Dozier

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had informed him that they needed to separate the parking stalls

from the unit.

                          II.   Procedural History

A.   Circuit Court Proceedings

           The Furuyas filed their initial complaint against AOAO

in June 2006.    On November 30, 2007, the Furuyas filed their

first amended complaint (“Complaint” or “FAC”) alleging thirteen

counts against AOAO.8      Relevant here, the Furuyas alleged breach

of contract by AOAO seeking damages and specific performance;

promissory estoppel based on AOAO’s alleged promise to sell the

Furuyas the unit and parking stalls; and declaratory relief,

injunctive relief, and ultra vires actions, in relation to

AOAO’s retention of the leased fee interest in unit 3206.             AOAO

     8
            The Furuyas asserted the following thirteen counts against AOAO
in their first amended complaint: Count I—breach of contract (relating to
AOAO’s refusal to sell the leased fee interest in unit 3206 and the parking
stalls to the Furuyas); Count II—specific performance; Count IV—injunctive
relief (seeking an injunction barring AOAO from selling the Furuyas’ interest
to a third party); Count V—declaratory judgment (seeking, among other things,
a declaration that the Furuyas “have no obligation to pay lease rent on the
parking stalls after 2014”); Count VI—promissory estoppel (claiming that the
Furuyas detrimentally relied on AOAO’s promises to convey the leased fee
interest to the Furuyas); Count VII—equitable estoppel (claiming that the
Furuyas detrimentally relied upon AOAO’s assurances that the Furuyas would be
entitled to purchase the leased fee interests and AOAO’s conduct in assisting
other apartment owners in purchasing their respective fee interests); Count
IX—ultra vires actions (claiming that AOAO does not have the right under the
declaration and bylaws “to hold and maintain parking stalls in its own name
in derogation of the rights of the individual unit owners”); Count X—unjust
enrichment (claiming that AOAO would be unjustly enriched if it were allowed
to retain the leased fee interest to unit 3206 and the parking stalls); and
Count XI—conversion (claiming that AOAO converted some of the parking
stalls).

           Counts III, VIII, XII, and XIII were dismissed prior to trial.

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filed an answer to the Furuyas’ Complaint.          In relevant part,

AOAO averred that the Furuyas and AOAO entered into negotiations

for the purchase by AOAO of the leasehold interest in the 106

parking stalls because the Furuyas only wanted to purchase the

leased fee interest to unit 3206, but not the 106 parking

stalls.

            The case was tried without a jury.         Prior to trial,

and as discussed supra, the parties conducted several

depositions, portions of which were stipulated into evidence at

trial.    Furuya also testified at trial.        On June 24, 2009, after

the Furuyas’ case-in-chief, AOAO moved the court for a directed

verdict pursuant to Hawaiʻi Rules of Civil Procedure (HRCP) Rule

41(b) (2009).9

            The circuit court orally ruled that it would treat

AOAO’s motion as a motion to dismiss, and would therefore

consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party, the Furuyas.        The court concluded that the DROA

was not an enforceable contract and entered an order dismissing

the Furuyas’ breach of contract claims.          The circuit court also

dismissed the Furuyas’ declaratory relief, injunctive relief,

     9
            HRCP Rule 41(b) is titled “Involuntary dismissal: Effect thereof”
and provides for dismissal “[f]or failure of the plaintiff to prosecute or to
comply with these rules or any order of court, a defendant may move for
dismissal of an action or of any claim against it.”

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ultra vires, promissory estoppel, and equitable estoppel claims

at this time.    Of relevance here, the court noted that there was

no reasonable reliance on the part of the Furuyas to justify

their claims for promissory and equitable estoppel and that

AOAO’s actions did not justify the injunctive relief, ultra

vires, and declaratory relief claims.

           The claims remaining from the Furuyas’ Complaint

related to 1) the Furuyas’ allegation that they did not have an

obligation to pay lease rent for the parking stalls after the

year 2014; and (2) the Furuyas’ unjust enrichment claim,

specifically, the Furuyas’ allegation that they were entitled to

damages for the alleged unauthorized use of two parking stalls

that were assigned as laundry facilities.          Trial continued on

the foregoing issues, and the circuit court entered its Findings

of Fact and Conclusions of Law on March 2, 2010 (“March 2

FOF/COL”).    The March 2 FOF/COL explicitly stated that the

Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law related only to the

remaining claims from the Furuyas’ Complaint, namely whether the

Furuyas had an obligation to pay lease rent for the parking

stalls and whether the Furuyas were entitled to damages for

alleged unauthorized use of two of the parking stalls.

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B.   The Furuyas’ Appeal to the ICA10

            On appeal to the ICA, the Furuyas argued that the

circuit court failed “to find facts specifically and to state

conclusions separately as required by HRCP Rule 52 in granting

in part the AOAO’s HRCP Rule 41(b) motion.”           The Furuyas argued

that the entire order failed to meet the standard of providing

findings and conclusions and thus, made it impossible to

determine what facts and law the trial court used in making its

“clearly erroneous decision.”

            The Furuyas also maintained that the circuit court was

clearly erroneous in granting AOAO’s HRCP Rule 41(b) motion.

Relevant here, the Furuyas argued that the circuit court erred

in finding and concluding that the DROA was not an enforceable

contract.    In this respect, the Furuyas claimed that the circuit

court’s findings that unit 3206 was offered to the Furuyas but

that the DROA did not constitute an enforceable contract were

“impossible to reconcile.”       They maintained that the DROA was

AOAO’s offer, while the Furuyas’ execution and return of this

DROA constituted their acceptance.         The Furuyas contended that

AOAO admitted in a deposition that the parties had “made the

      10
            AOAO cross-appealed. The only issue relevant on certiorari
included in AOAO’s cross-appeal involves its claim that the circuit court and
the ICA erred in concluding that the Furuyas owe no rent to AOAO for the
parking stalls after 2014. As noted supra, this issue is not addressed in
this opinion.

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deal,” and that AOAO admitted in its Answer to the Furuyas’

Complaint that it had accepted the DROA, escrow had opened, and

earnest money had been deposited.         Relatedly, the Furuyas

claimed that AOAO’s Restated Bylaws required AOAO to sell unit

3206 to the Furuyas, and that AOAO had failed to do so.             The

Furuyas also argued that any contention that there was no

“meeting of the minds” concerning the sale of the leased fee

interests to unit 3206 because the Furuyas refused to purchase

the leased fee interest to the parking stalls was without merit

and that they were ready, willing, and able to perform on the

contract.    The Furuyas contended that there is no separate

leased fee interest for the 106 parking stalls because they are

limited common elements appurtenant to a unit; the parking

stalls were not themselves a unit.

            As to the Furuyas’ declaratory relief, injunctive

relief, and ultra vires claims, the Furuyas argued that pursuant

to AOAO’s Restated Bylaws, AOAO was “required to sell the leased

fee” to the Furuyas and “[had] no authority to retain the leased

fee interest.”     The Furuyas also claimed that the circuit court

erred in dismissing their promissory estoppel claim because all

of the elements of promissory estoppel had been satisfied.

            AOAO argued the following in response to the Furuyas’

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breach of contract claim: (1) the Furuyas were not ready,

willing, and able to close on unit 3206; (2) the DROA was not an

enforceable contract; and (3) AOAO did not prevent the Furuyas

from closing.    In addition, AOAO disputed the Furuyas’

contention that the 106 parking stalls did not have a leased fee

interest separate and apart from unit 3206.           AOAO argued that

the 106 parking stalls are an undivided interest in the land

leased by the Furuyas separate and apart from their leasehold

interest in unit 3206.

           As to the Furuyas’ injunctive relief, declaratory

relief, and ultra vires claims, AOAO argued that AOAO could

retain possession of the leased fee interest in the unit because

its actions were supported by the Bylaws and by statute.             AOAO

also claimed that the Furuyas’ promissory estoppel claim was

correctly dismissed because the Furuyas voluntarily decided not

to close on the purchase of unit 3206.

C.   The ICA’s Temporary Remand

           On October 25, 2012, the ICA issued an order for

temporary remand to the circuit court.          The ICA held that

pursuant to HRCP Rule 52(a) (2006), the circuit court was

required to support its partial dismissal order with findings of

fact and conclusions of law.       The ICA further held that although

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the circuit court dismissed a number of the Furuyas’ claims

pursuant to HRCP Rule 41(b), the ruling should be considered to

be made pursuant to HRCP Rule 52(c).         The ICA noted that

pursuant to HRCP Rule 52(c), “[i]f, as here, after a bench trial

where a party has been fully heard on an issue, the court enters

judgment as a matter of law, that judgment shall be supported by

findings of fact and conclusions of law.”          The ICA thus

temporarily remanded the case to the circuit court for entry of

findings of fact and conclusions of law to support its dismissal

of the counts in the Furuyas’ Complaint.

D.   The Circuit Court’s December 21, 2012 Findings of Fact and
     Conclusions of Law

           Pursuant to the ICA’s order for temporary remand, the

circuit court issued its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law

in support of its Order partially dismissing the following

counts alleged by the Furuyas in their Complaint: breach of

contract seeking damages and specific performance, injunctive

relief, declaratory relief, promissory estoppel, equitable

estoppel, ultra vires act, and conversion.

           Regarding the breach of contract claim, the circuit

court determined that the DROA constituted an “offer” to AOAO

for the purchase of the leased fee interests to unit 3206 and

the appurtenant parking stalls; however, the circuit court found

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that the DROA was never signed by AOAO nor was it ever modified

or amended.    The circuit court thus concluded that no

enforceable agreement existed between the Furuyas and AOAO as to

the sale of the leased fee interest in unit 3206 or the

appurtenant parking stalls because there was neither an

acceptance by AOAO of the written agreement for the unit or

stalls, nor was there a meeting of the minds as to the sale of

the unit and stalls.

           The circuit court also determined that the Furuyas

decided not to purchase the leased fee interest in the parking

stalls soon after executing the DROA, and accordingly, did not

fund the escrow account with the payment for unit 3206 or the

parking stalls.     The following Findings of Fact are relevant to

this issue:

           54. The closing documents for Apartment Unit 3207 were
           executed on or about December 13, 1996, and the deed was
           recorded on December 27, 1996.

           55. The FURUYAS did not fund the escrow account with the
           payment of $28,756.85 for Apartment 3206.

           56. The FURUYAS did not fund the escrow account with the
           payment of $459,131.19 for the 106 Parking Stalls.

           57. There is no sales contract for the FURUYAS[’] purchase
           of the leased fee interest for the Apartment Unit 3206 and
           the appurtenant 106 Parking Stalls.

           58. CLARENCE FURUYA did not ask for an extension of the
           closing date for the purchase of the leased fee interests
           for Apartment 3206 or the 106 Parking Stalls.

           59. Shortly after executing the DROAs, the FURUYAS decided
           that they did not want to purchase the leased fee interests
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           to the 106 Parking Stalls.

           60. Well before the December 9, 1996, closing date,
           CLARENCE FURUYA informed the AOAO’s Board members and its
           Lease-to-Fee Conversion Consultant, Caesar Paet, that the
           FURUYAS no longer wanted to acquire the leased fee interest
           to the 106 Parking Stalls.

           61. Because of the FURUYAS[’] decision to not purchase of
           [sic] the leased fee interest to the Parking Stalls and
           decision to sell the Parking Stalls to the AOAO, there was
           no closing on the sale of the leased fee interests to
           Apartment 3206 or the 106 Parking Stalls to the FURUYAS.

           62. CLARENCE FURUYA did not request Title Guaranty to keep
           escrow opened so he could complete the purchase of the
           leased fee interest.

           . . . .

           77. After the FURUYAS decided that they did not want to
           acquire the leased fee interest in the 106 Parking Stalls,
           CLARENCE FURUYA informed several [of] AOAO’s Board members
           and Ceasar [sic] Paet that he wanted to sell the leasehold
           interest to the 106 Parking Stalls to the AOAO.

           78. The FURUYAS’ decision to not close on the purchase of
           the leased fee interests was reported to other third-
           parties evaluating to sale [sic] of the leasehold interests
           to the Parking Stalls. Attorney Galen Leong of Ashford &
           Wriston wrote to Michael Peitsch at Title Guaranty of
           Hawaiʻi about the FURUYAS’ decision not to purchase of [sic]
           the leased fee interests for Apartment Unit 3206 and the
           appurtenant 106 Parking Stalls.

           79. The FURUYAS informed the AOAO that they wanted to sell
           the leasehold interest to the 106 Parking Stalls to the
           AOAO.

           . . . .

           86. On or about October 29, 1996, the FURUYAS submitted a
           written offer to the AOAO to sell to it the leasehold
           interest to 81 parking stalls for $1,216,000 [sic].

           87. The [] written offer to the AOAO to sell the leasehold
           interest to 81 parking stalls for $1,216,000 [sic] to the
           AOAO was prepared and sent by the FURUYAS’ princip[al] real
           estate broker, Jason Lum.

           . . . .

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           91. Lum had no independent authority to offer to sell or to
           sell or to negotiate to sell any of CLARENCE FURUYA’s
           properties.

           . . . .

           93. As reflected in the minutes of the November 1996 Board
           of Directors’ meeting, the written offer by CLARENCE FURUYA
           was considered and discussed by the AOAO’s Board:

                       There was a discussion over the parking owner’s
                       decision not to purchase the fee interest in
                       the parking. Jim Dozier noted that the parking
                       owner is interested in selling 81 of the
                       parking stall [sic] to the AOAO. Jim
                       recommended negotiating with the parking owner
                       for the sale of all the parking stalls. . .
                       There was further discussion over the AOAO
                       holding on to the fee simple title in the
                       parking stall and extensive discussion over
                       financing of the purchase of the AOAO’s
                       reserves rather than including it in the AOAO’s
                       bank loan. . . .

           94. On or about November 15, 1996, CLARENCE FURUYA
           submitted another written offer to the AOAO for the sale of
           all 106 Parking Stalls to the AOAO for $1,166,000.

           95. This November 15, 1996 offer to sell all 106 Parking
           Stalls to the AOAO provided specific financing terms for
           the sale of the Parking Stalls.

           96. CLARENCE FURUYA’s trial testimony that he had nothing
           to do with the written offers to sell the 106 Parking
           Stalls and he “absolutely did not offer to sell the parking
           stalls to the AOAO” is not credible.

(Record citations omitted).

           The circuit court also concluded in its Findings of

Fact that “[a]ny delay in [the] closing of Apartment Unit 3206

was not caused by the AOAO’s failure to take steps to separate

the leasehold interest in the 106 Parking Stalls from the

leasehold interest in the Apartment Unit 3206” and relatedly,

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that “[t]he separation discussion was not the reason that

prevented the FURUYAS from closing on the sale of the leased fee

interests to the apartment unit and the Parking Stalls.”

           The circuit court entered the following related

Conclusions of Law:

           15. There was no acceptance by the AOAO of an [sic] written
           agreement for the sale of the leased fee interests in the
           106 Parking Stalls after the FURUAYS [sic] decided not to
           purchase the leased fee interest to the 106 Parking Stalls
           and decided not to close on the purchase of the leased fee
           interests for Apartment Unit 3206 and the 106 Parking
           Stalls.

           16. There was no meeting of the minds between Plaintiffs
           and the AOAO as to the sale of the leased fee interests for
           the Apartment Unit 3206 and the Parking Stalls.

           17. “[I]f a promisor himself is the cause of the failure of
           performance * * * of a condition upon which his own
           liability depends, he cannot take advantage of the
           failure. . . . [N]o one can avail himself of the non-
           performance of a condition precedent, who has himself
           occasioned its non-performance. . . . The doctrine is
           purely one of waiver. . . .” See Ikeoka v. Kong, 47 Haw.
220, 228[,] [386 P.2d 855, 860] (1963).

           18. The DROA for Unit 3206 did not create a contract with
           the AOAO for the purchase of the leased fee interests to
           the 106 Parking Stalls.

           19. The DROA for Unit 3206 executed by CLARENCE FURUYA is
           not an enforceable agreement against the AOAO for the
           purchase of the leased fee interests to Apartment Unit 3206
           and the appurtenant 106 Parking Stalls.

           20. There was no meeting of the minds between the FURUYAS
           and the AOAO as to the FURUYAS[’] purchase of the leased
           fee interests to the Apartment Unit 3206 and the
           appurtenant 106 Parking Stalls.

           . . . .

           27. The termination of the escrow for the DROA by the
           FURUYAS effectively terminated any alleged offer for the
           purchase of the leased fee interests in the Apartment Unit
           3206 and the Parking Stalls.

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           . . . .

           30. The “failure by the party seeking to establish the
           enforceability in equity of a contemplated contract, to
           show his ability, readiness and willingness to perform
           essential acts required or obligations incurred therein,
           reflects in itself a fundamental lack of mutuality.”
           Molokai Ranch v. Morris, [36 Haw. 219, 228 (Haw. Terr.
           1942)].

           31. The maxim “He who seeks equity must do equity,” bars
           the FURUYAS’ request for specific performance. See 2 A.
           Corbin, Corbin on Contracts § 310 at 44 (1950 & Supp.
           1992[)] (“[I]t is well-recognized that []no [person] should
           profit by his [or her] own wrong.”); Adair v. Hustace, 64
Haw. 314, 320[,] [640 P.2d 294, 300 (1982)] (The doctrine
           of laches reflects the equitable maxim that “equity aids
           the vigilant, not those who slumber on their rights.” []).

(Record citations omitted).

           With respect to the remaining claims addressed in the

circuit court’s December 21, 2012 Findings of Fact and

Conclusions of Law, the court held as follows: 1) the Furuyas

could not recover based on their promissory estoppel or

equitable estoppel claims because there was no reasonable

reliance; 2) the Furuyas’ injunctive relief, declaratory relief,

and ultra vires act claims failed because AOAO acted within its

authority by retaining the leased fee interests in the unit and

the parking stalls, and there was no enforceable agreement.

E.   Supplemental Briefs to the ICA

           The Furuyas and AOAO submitted supplemental briefing

to the ICA regarding the circuit court’s December 21, 2012

Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law.          The parties in large

part reiterated the arguments in their original briefings to the

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ICA.    The Furuyas and AOAO continued to dispute the following

issues: (1) the existence of an enforceable contract for the

leased fee interest for unit 3206 and the appurtenant 106

parking stalls; (2) whether the parking stalls had a leased fee

interest separate and apart from the leased fee interest of unit

3206; and (3) AOAO’s obligation to sell unit 3206 and the

parking stalls pursuant to its governing documents.

F.     ICA Memorandum Opinion

            The ICA held that the circuit court did not err in

concluding there was no enforceable contract between AOAO and

the Furuyas for the purchase of the leased fee interests

associated with unit 3206 and the parking stalls.            Furuya v.

Ass’n of Apartment Owners of Pac. Monarch, Inc., No. 30485, at

18-21 (App. Apr. 25, 2014) (mem.).         According to the ICA, under

the plain language of the DROA, Furuya was making an offer that

AOAO “would ultimately have to accept” to create a binding

contract.    Id. at 19.    The ICA found that AOAO had not signed

the DROA on the designated acceptance line of the document;

therefore, the circuit court had not erred in concluding that

the DROA for unit 3206 was not a binding contract.            Id.   The ICA

also rejected the Furuyas’ claim that AOAO admitted acceptance

of the offer in previous pleadings, determining that the Furuyas

waived the argument because it was not raised below and the

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issue of whether the contract was enforceable was disputed at

trial.   Id.   at 21.

           As to the Furuyas’ injunctive relief, declaratory

relief, and ultra vires claims, the ICA determined that the

circuit court did not err in dismissing the claims because

AOAO’s Restated Bylaws did not require “the AOAO to offer, or to

not retain, the leased fee interest.”         Id. at 22.     The ICA held

that the Furuyas’ promissory estoppel claim was properly

dismissed by the circuit court for lack of “reasonable reliance

by the Furuyas on any promise by the AOAO.”           Id. at 23.

                         III. Standard of Review

A.   Order Granting Partial Dismissal Pursuant to HRCP Rule
     52(c)

           The ICA concluded in its order for temporary remand to

the circuit court that although the circuit court dismissed

several of the Furuyas’ claims pursuant to HRCP Rule 41(b), the

ruling should be considered made pursuant to HRCP Rule 52(c).

The parties do not dispute the ICA’s determination.

           As the ICA determined, “[w]here we have patterned a

rule of procedure after an equivalent rule within the FRCP

[Federal Rules of Civil Procedure], interpretations of the rule

by the federal courts are deemed to be highly persuasive in the

reasoning of this court.”       Furuya, mem. op. at 10 (quoting

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Kawamata Farms, Inc. v. United Agri Prods., 86 Hawaiʻi 214, 251–

52, 948 P.2d 1055, 1092–93 (1997)).         HRCP Rule 52(c) was modeled

after FRCP Rule 52(c).      See Hawaii Rules Committee, Proposed

Red-Line Rules and Commentary to the Hawaii Rules of Civil

Procedure, Rules Committee Notes to Rules 41 and 52 (July 23,

1997).   The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit

has held that “[i]n reviewing the district court’s judgment

entered under Rule 52(c), we review its findings of fact for

clear error and its conclusions of law de novo.”            United Steel

Workers Local 12-369 v. United Steel Workers Int’l, 728 F.3d
1107, 1114 (9th Cir. 2013).       The court also noted that “in the

context of a bench trial . . . ‘[i]f the district court’s

account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record

reviewed in its entirety, [we] may not reverse it even though

convinced that had [we] been sitting as the trier of fact, [we]

would have weighed the evidence differently.’”           Id. (alteration

in original) (citation omitted).

B.   Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law

           A finding of fact is clearly erroneous “when the

record lacks substantial evidence to support the finding” or

when “despite evidence to support the finding, the appellate

court is left with the definite and firm conviction in reviewing

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the entire evidence that a mistake has been committed.”             Bhakta

v. Cty. of Maui, 109 Hawaiʻi 198, 208, 124 P.3d 943, 953 (2005)

(citation omitted).      Conclusions of law are reviewed under the

right/wrong standard.      Estate of Klink ex rel. Klink v. State,

113 Hawaiʻi 332, 351, 152 P.3d 504, 523 (2007).           A conclusion of

law that presents a mixed question of law and fact is reviewed

under the clearly erroneous standard.         Id.

                             IV.   Discussion

           On certiorari, the Furuyas maintain their position

that the DROA constituted an enforceable contract for the

purchase of unit 3206 and the 106 parking stalls.            The Furuyas

additionally argue that the ICA gravely erred by sua sponte

determining that AOAO’s Bylaws did not require that AOAO offer

the leased fee interest to the lessees; concluding that the

Furuyas waived their argument that AOAO admitted there was a

contract; and affirming the circuit court’s promissory estoppel

ruling.   In response, AOAO claims that there was no enforceable

contract because AOAO never “accepted” the DROA; AOAO’s

possession of the leased fee interests is not prohibited by the

Bylaws; and there was substantial evidence to support dismissal

of the promissory estoppel claim.

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A.   Breach of Contract Claims

             The main issue on appeal relates to the Furuyas’

claims for specific performance and damages based on their

contention that AOAO breached the DROA by failing to sell the

Furuyas unit 3206 and the parking stalls.          Throughout the

litigation, the Furuyas have maintained that the DROA for unit

3206 sent to the Furuyas constituted an offer; the Furuyas’

signature of the DROA constituted acceptance; and AOAO breached

the contract by refusing to sell the Furuyas the leased fee

interest in unit 3206 and the parking stalls.           The circuit court

rejected the Furuyas’ argument, concluding that the DROA did not

create “an enforceable agreement against the AOAO for the

purchase of the leased fee interests to Apartment Unit 3206 and

the appurtenant 106 Parking Stalls.”         The ICA agreed with the

circuit court, determining that the court did not err in finding

that AOAO “did not accept the DROA” and “in finding that the

Furuyas unsuccessfully attempted to purchase the fee interest

for 3206 without the parking stalls.”         Furuya, mem. op. at 19.

           The circuit court also noted in its Conclusions of

Law, however, that “[i]f a promisor himself is the cause of the

failure of performance [] of a condition upon which his own

liability depends, he cannot take advantage of the failure” and

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a party seeking equity for a breach of contract claim must

demonstrate “ability, readiness and willingness to perform.”

Relatedly, the court determined that “[t]he maxim ‘[h]e who

seeks equity must do equity,’ bars the FURUYAS’ request for

specific performance.”      (Citations omitted).       As intimated by

the circuit court, whether or not there was a valid and

enforceable contract, specific performance will not be granted

where the party fails to demonstrate that he or she was ready,

willing, and able to perform on the contract throughout the

contract term; and a party seeking damages cannot recover where

the party is responsible for the breach.          Here, in its Findings

of Fact, the circuit court determined that the Furuyas decided

not to purchase the leased fee interest to the parking stalls

and that because of this decision, the DROA for apartment unit

3206 and the parking stalls never closed.          The circuit court’s

findings are supported by substantial evidence and are not

clearly erroneous.     Thus, notwithstanding the Furuyas’ claim

that the DROA constituted an enforceable contract for unit 3206

and the parking stalls, their claims are barred because,

pursuant to the circuit court’s findings, their decision not to

purchase the parking stalls after executing the DROA

demonstrated that they were not ready, willing, and able to

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perform on the contract; and relatedly, the Furuyas were

responsible for the failure of the DROA to close.            Because the

circuit court’s findings in this regard were not clearly

erroneous, the circuit court did not err in rejecting Furuyas’

breach of contract claims.

           It is a well-established principle of contract law,

and recognized in our jurisdiction, that when seeking specific

performance for a contract involving land, “to obtain relief,

plaintiffs must show that they were ready, willing, and able to

perform their obligations.”       71 Am. Jur. 2d Specific Performance

§ 131 (2015); see also Kalinowski v. Yeh, 9 Haw. App. 473, 478-

79, 847 P.2d 673, 677 (1993) (noting that purchasers were ready,

willing, and able to perform all their obligations in affirming

the circuit court’s granting of specific performance on a

condominium sale).      “A failure, inability, or refusal to carry

out the terms of a contract at the time when performance is due

will ordinarily be grounds for refusing specific performance.”

81A C.J.S. Specific Performance § 80 (2015) (emphasis added).11

           Thus, in PR Pension Fund v. Nakada, 8 Haw. App. 480,

     11
            Determinations of whether a party is ready, willing, and able to
perform in this context frequently depend on the purchaser’s ability or
“financial capability” to make the required payments, because “the
willingness of the purchaser is seldom in dispute.” 69 Am. Jur. 3d Proof of
Facts 99, § 1 (2002). However, here, the Furuyas’ willingness was in
dispute, and the circuit court specifically determined that the DROA did not
close because the Furuyas decided not to purchase the parking stalls.

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490, 809 P.2d 1139, 1145 (1991), in a claim for specific

performance of a sale of land through a DROA, the court held the

circuit court abused its discretion in granting specific

performance, because the plaintiff “failed to prove that

Plaintiff was ready, willing, and able to timely close.”             The

court noted that

           [w]here a purchaser seeks specific performance of a land
           purchase contract, the general rule provides that he must
           show that (1) he paid the purchase price or tendered it to
           the seller or (2) he has a good excuse for his failure to
           so pay or tender and has the readiness, willingness, and
           ability to pay.

Id. at 488-89, 809 P.2d at 1144-45 (emphasis added).            Based on

the facts of the case, the court concluded that there was no

evidence from which the trial court could conclude the

“Plaintiff’s ability to pay the purchase price.”            Id. at 489,

809 P.2d at 1145.     In so holding, the court contrasted other

cases in which readiness, willingness, and ability to perform

were not an issue, because the entirety of the purchase price

had been deposited in escrow.        Id. at 490-91, 809 P.2d at 1145-

46.

           Here, the Furuyas never tendered performance, that is,

they did not deposit the required funds in escrow to close on

the purchase of unit 3206 and the parking stalls ($28,756.85 for

the unit plus $459,131.19 for the parking stalls).            Thus, in

order to maintain their claim for specific performance, the

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Furuyas had to prove that they were ready, willing, and able to

perform throughout the contract term.         However, the circuit

court found that the Furuyas were not willing to perform during

the contract term, specifically noting that “[s]hortly after

executing the DROAs, the FURUYAS decided that they did not want

to purchase the leased fee interests to the 106 Parking Stalls”

and that “[b]ecause of [their] decision” not to purchase the

parking stalls, “there was no closing on the sale of the leased

fee interests to Apartment 3206 or the 106 Parking Stalls to the

FURUYAS.”

            The circuit court’s finding that the deal failed to

close because of the Furuyas’ decision not to purchase the

parking stalls was supported by substantial evidence in the

record.   As discussed supra, testimony from AOAO’s Board members

indicated that Furuya informed the Board, as well as AOAO’s

consultant, Paet, that he no longer wanted to purchase the

parking stalls and instead, the Furuyas wanted to sell the

leasehold interests in the parking stalls to AOAO.            In this

vein, the Furuyas’ broker, Lum, sent two written offers to AOAO

to sell their leasehold interest to the parking stalls to AOAO.

The circuit court’s conclusion that the Furuyas decided not to

purchase the parking stalls is also supported by documentary

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evidence in the record.      In particular, the Board’s November 6,

1996 meeting minutes memorialized the Furuyas’ “decision not to

purchase the fee interest in the parking”; a letter from AOAO’s

attorneys to Title Guaranty noted that the Furuyas wanted to

purchase “the leased fee interest in Apartment 3206 but not the

leased fee interest in the parking stalls”; and a letter from

the President of the Board to AOAO condominium owners indicated

that “the owner of the 106 parking stalls has decided not to

purchase his fee interest from the [AOAO].”

           The Furuyas claim that they were ready, willing, and

able to close on the purchase of unit 3206 and that the reason

the DROA did not close was that AOAO wanted to “control the

parking” and realized that it could not sell unit 3206 without

selling the appurtenant stalls.        In support, they cite to 1) the

2004 letter from AOAO’s attorneys to the Furuyas in which,

according to the Furuyas, “[t]he attorney confirmed that it was

the AOAO that refused to close the sale”; 2) Craver’s deposition

testimony that after the Furuyas decided not to close on unit

3206, AOAO realized that the apartment would have to be

separated from the parking stalls; and 3) Furuya’s testimony

that he was ready to deposit the funds in escrow and that the

reason he did not do so was that the parking stalls had to be

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separated from the unit.       However, the 2004 letter and Craver’s

testimony appear to address the actions that took place after

the Furuyas decided not to purchase the leased fee interest in

the parking stalls, during the period when the parties

negotiated to attempt to separate the interests in the unit from

the interest in the parking stalls.         In addition, despite

Furuya’s testimony that he did not deposit funds in escrow

because the parking stalls needed to be separate from the unit,

the circuit court made a finding that the issue of separating

the parking stalls from the apartment “was not the reason that

prevented the FURUYAS from closing on the sale of the leased fee

interests to the apartment unit and the Parking Stalls.”             Based

on the evidence in the record, this finding was not clearly

erroneous.    Moreover, the circuit court’s determination was

based on its assessment of witness credibility, which we will

not second guess on appeal.       See, e.g., Tamashiro v. Control

Specialist, Inc., 97 Hawaiʻi 86, 92, 34 P.3d 16, 22 (2001)

(“[T]he credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given

their testimony are within the province of the trier of fact

and, generally, will not be disturbed on appeal.”).

           The circuit court’s denial of the Furuyas’ breach of

contract claim is further supported by the principle that “a

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party who breaches or causes the other party to breach an

agreement cannot enforce the agreement to his or her benefit.”

Stanford Carr Dev. Corp. v. Unity House, Inc., 111 Hawaiʻi 286,

300, 141 P.3d 459, 473 (2006); see also PR Pension Fund, 8 Haw.

App. at 491, 809 P.2d at 1146 (noting “a party cannot recover

for a breach of contract if he fails to comply with the contract

himself” (citation omitted)); cf. Kahili, Inc. v. Yamamoto, 54
Haw. 267, 272, 506 P.2d 9, 12 (1973) (“The general rule is that

where a person by his own act makes impossible the performance

or the happening of a condition such nonperformance should not

relieve him from his obligation under a contract.”); Kalinowski,
9 Haw. App. at 478-79, 847 P.2d at 677 (“[N]o person can defend

against contractual liability on grounds of a condition

precedent when he [or she] is responsible for that condition

precedent not being complied with.” (second alteration in

original) (citation omitted)).        In other words, if a party is

responsible for another party’s lack of performance, he or she

cannot successfully assert a breach of contract claim for

damages.

           In sum, because—based on the circuit court’s

findings—the Furuyas failed to demonstrate they were ready,

willing, and able to perform on the contract throughout the

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contract term, their claim for specific performance fails.

Similarly, because the circuit court found that the Furuyas were

responsible for the failure of the DROA to close, they cannot

prevail on their claim for damages.         The fact that the Furuyas

came forward in 2004, approximately seven years after the

initial closing date of the DROA, and stated that they were

ready to close on the DROA and that they had always wanted to

purchase the leased fee interest in unit 3206 along with the

appurtenant stalls was considered and rejected by the circuit

court.    Substantial evidence in the record supports the circuit

court’s conclusion that prior to the closing of the DROA, the

Furuyas changed their minds and were not prepared to pay the

$459,131.19 for the parking stalls.         Accordingly, the Furuyas

have failed to demonstrate error in the circuit court’s

decision.12

B.   Declaratory Relief, Injunctive Relief, and Ultra Vires
     Claims

            The Furuyas additionally claim that the ICA gravely

erred by determining that the Restated Bylaws did not require

     12
            As noted supra, the Furuyas argue that there was no separate
leased fee interest in unit 3206 and the parking stalls. This argument has
no bearing on our conclusion that the Furuyas’ claims must fail because they
decided not to purchase the parking stalls. Even assuming the Furuyas are
correct, their decision not to purchase the parking stalls demonstrated that
they were not willing to follow through with the alleged contract, because
based on the Furuyas’ argument, the DROA for unit 3206 included the
appurtenant parking stalls.

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AOAO to sell the leased fee interests acquired from the lessor

to the condominium unit owners.        The Furuyas argue that if

AOAO’s sending of the DROA to the Furuyas did not constitute an

offer, as the ICA held, AOAO never made them an offer to

purchase unit 3206, resulting in a violation of the Restated

Bylaws.    On this basis, the Furuyas maintain that the circuit

court’s dismissal of its declaratory relief, injunctive relief,

and ultra vires claims should be vacated.          In response, AOAO

reasserts its earlier argument that AOAO’s possession of the

leased fee interest is not prohibited by its Bylaws or by

statute.

           Pursuant to Article III, Section 2 of the Restated

Bylaws, the Board of Directors “shall have the powers and duties

necessary for the administration of the affairs of the

Association and may do all acts and things except such as by

law, the Declaration or these Bylaws may not be delegated to the

Board of Directors by the Apartment Owners.”           The Restated

Bylaws state in relevant part:

           Such powers and duties of the Board of Directors shall
           include, but shall not be limited to, the following:

           . . . .

           (m) Purchasing or leasing or otherwise acquiring in the
           name of the Board of Directors or its nominee, corporate or
           otherwise, on behalf of all Apartment Owners, any
           apartments;

           . . . .
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           (s) Implementation of the Acquisition of the Leased Fee
           Interest in the Land from Lessor.

                 The Board of Directors shall be authorized and have
           the power to do all things it deems necessary to enable the
           Lessor and/or its successors or assigns of the leased fee
           interest in the land (Lessor) to sell that interest to the
           Association and/or its members. The Board on behalf of the
           Association shall be authorized to purchase all or any
           portion of the Leased Fee interest in the land from the
           Lessor and is expressly authorized to transact any and all
           other matters relating to the acquisition specifically but
           not limited to the following:

           . . . .

                 5. To sell the leased fee interest in the land
           involving the appurtenant apartment or commercial units,
           first to the Lessee of the appurtenant apartment or
           commercial unit and if the leased fee interest in the land
           is unsold, then to any interested Lessee in the Association
           or other interested third party by any equitable method of
           sale as determined in the sole discretion of the Board.

           . . . .

                 7. To incorporate the Association and/or create a
           Trust to hold title to the leased fee interest in the land
           so acquired where it is deemed necessary and in the best
           interest of the Association.

           . . . .

                 In the event that the Association acquires all or any
           portion of the Leased Fee Interest in the land, the Board
           of Directors shall be empowered to take all such action as
           it deems necessary or appropriate to administer the
           interest so acquired . . . .

           The plain language of the Bylaws provide that AOAO can

purchase or lease apartments in the name of the Board and has

the power and authority “to hold title to the leased fee

interest” if “necessary and in the best interest” of AOAO.

Here, as discussed supra, the circuit court determined that the

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sale of unit 3206 failed to close because of the Furuyas’

decision not to purchase the parking stalls, and after this

decision, the Board decided it would be in its best interest to

retain the leased fee in the parking stalls.           On this basis, the

circuit court determined that AOAO acted “[p]ursuant to [its]

authority and power.”      The circuit court further noted: “Nothing

in the By-Laws . . . states that the association of apartment

owners ‘must’ or ‘can only’ sell to the lessee after the lessee

declines to purchase their leased fee interest when it is

initially offered by the homeowners’ association.”            We agree.

Based on the circuit court’s finding that the Furuyas decided

not to purchase their leased fee interest, and the language of

the Bylaws, the circuit court’s determination was not

erroneous.13   Accordingly, the circuit court did not err in

rejecting the Furuyas’ related claims for injunctive relief,

declaratory relief, and ultra vires act.

C.   Promissory Estoppel Claim

           Finally, the Furuyas argue that the ICA gravely erred

in holding that the circuit court properly dismissed their

     13
            Because we determine that the circuit court did not err based on
its determination that the Furuyas chose not to purchase their leased fee
interest, we need not determine whether the ICA gravely erred in holding that
the Bylaws did not require AOAO to sell the leased fee interest “at all.”
Furuya, mem. op. at 20. We additionally note that the Furuyas have failed to
demonstrate that AOAO’s retention of the leased fee interest resulted in a
violation of Hawaiʻi Revised Statutes chapter 514C (1993).

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promissory estoppel claim.       The Furuyas claim that the circuit

court’s justification for dismissing their promissory estoppel

claim was inconsistent with the ICA’s determination “that no

offer was made” by AOAO to sell the parking stalls.

Notwithstanding the ICA’s decision, the circuit court’s

determination that the Furuyas’ reliance was not reasonable was

not clearly erroneous, and thus, the court properly rejected the

Furuyas’ claim for promissory estoppel.

           In Ravelo v. County of Hawaiʻi, 66 Haw. 194, 201, 658
P.2d 883, 887–88 (1983), this court expressly adopted section 90

of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts (1979), which

articulates the doctrine of promissory estoppel as a “Promise

Reasonably Inducing Action or Forbearance.”           The elements of

promissory estoppel include: (1) a promise; (2) at the time the

promisor made the promise, the promisor must “foresee that the

promisee would rely upon the promise (foreseeability)”; (3)

“[t]he promisee does in fact rely upon the promisor’s promise”;

and (4) “[e]nforcement of the promise is necessary to avoid

injustice.”     Applications of Herrick, 82 Hawaiʻi 329, 337-38,

922 P.2d 942, 950-51 (1996).       We have also noted that “[t]he

‘essence’ of promissory estoppel is ‘detrimental reliance on a

promise.’”    Gonsalves v. Nissan Motor Corp., 100 Hawaiʻi 149,

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165, 58 P.3d 1196, 1212 (2002) (quoting Ravelo, 66 Haw. at 199,

658 P.2d at 887).     Pursuant to the commentary of the

Restatement, the reasonableness of the promisee’s reliance on

the promise is also relevant.        Specifically, the commentary

notes that a determination as to whether enforcement of the

promise is “necessary to avoid injustice . . . may depend on the

reasonableness of the promisee’s reliance.”           Restatement

(Second) of Contracts § 90 cmt. b (1981).

           In the instant case, the circuit court determined that

the Furuyas’ reliance on the DROA or other “alleged statements”

by AOAO was unreasonable given that, inter alia, the Furuyas

“voluntarily decided not to purchase the leased fee interest to

the Parking Stalls.”      On this basis, the circuit court dismissed

the Furuyas’ promissory estoppel claim.          The circuit court’s

findings related to the Furuyas’ decision not to purchase the

parking stalls, discussed supra, support its conclusion.             Put

another way, once the Furuyas decided not to purchase the

parking stalls, they could no longer reasonably rely on any

alleged promise by AOAO to sell the leased fee interest in unit

3206 and/or in the parking stalls.         Relatedly, enforcing any

alleged promise made by AOAO would not be necessary to avoid

injustice, because—based on the circuit court’s findings—the

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Furuyas were responsible for the outcome of which they now

complain.    Accordingly, the circuit court properly rejected the

Furuyas’ promissory estoppel claim.14

                              V.    Conclusion

            For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the ICA’s May 30,

2014 Judgment on Appeal.

George W. Van Buren,                      /s/ Mark E. Recktenwald
and John B. Shimizu
for petitioners-respondents               /s/ Paula A. Nakayama

Matt A. Tsukazaki                         /s/ Sabrina S. McKenna
for respondent-petitioner
                                          /s/ Richard W. Pollack

                                          /s/ Michael D. Wilson

     14
            The Furuyas also raised a claim of equitable estoppel in their
initial complaint, however, no argument on this claim was raised in their
application for writ of certiorari.

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