Court Opinion

ID: 3062081
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-14 08:17:21.456117+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:49:32.816896
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                                                               Tenth Circuit

                                                              June 18, 2012
                                  PUBLISH                  Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                               Clerk of Court
                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                              TENTH CIRCUIT

 In re: WILLIAM LEONARD
 PICKARD,

            Defendant - Appellant -                  No. 11-3030
            Movant,                        D.C. Nos. 5:08-CV-04012-RDR,
                                                5:08-CV-04014-RDR

 ______________________________
 In re: CLYDE APPERSON,

             Defendant - Appellant -                No. 11-3031
             Movant.                      D.C. Nos. 5:00-CR-40103-RDR-1,
                                               5:00-CR-40104-RDR-2

                                   ORDER

William K. Rork, Rork Law Office, Topeka, Kansas, for Defendants - Appellants
- Movants.

James A. Brown, Assistant United States Attorney, (Barry R. Grissom, United
States Attorney, with him on the response to the motion to remand), for
Respondent - Appellee, United States of America.

Before HARTZ, O’BRIEN, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.

HARTZ, Circuit Judge.
      Defendants William L. Pickard and Clyde Apperson were convicted of

drug-related crimes in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas.

An important witness for the prosecution was informant Gordon Todd Skinner, a

criminal associate of Defendants. After the convictions were affirmed on appeal,

see United States v. Apperson, 441 F.3d 1162 (10th Cir. 2006), Defendants filed

motions for relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 claiming, among other things, that the

prosecution had violated their rights under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83

(1963), and Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972), by suppressing evidence

of Skinner’s criminal and informant background. The district court rejected the

claims. See United States v. Pickard, No. 00-40104-01/02-RDR, 2009 WL

939050 (D. Kan. Apr. 6, 2009). Defendants applied for certificates of

appealability (COAs) to appeal the district court’s decision, but we denied their

applications. See United States v. Pickard, 396 F. App’x 568 (10th Cir. 2010);

28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B) (requiring COA to appeal denial of § 2255 relief).

They also filed district-court motions under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b) to set aside the

court’s judgment in the § 2255 proceedings, raising multiple claims. The claims

relevant to this appeal are that evidence newly discovered by them through

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests shows (1) that the prosecution

violated its Brady/Giglio duties at trial and (2) that the prosecution made a false

statement in the § 2255 proceedings that forestalled the discovery from which

they could have established that there had been a Brady/Giglio violation at trial.

                                         -2-
       The district court ruled that the claims of prosecutorial misconduct

amounted to second-or-successive claims under § 2255, which it could not

consider without authorization from this court, see 28 U.S.C. §§ 2244(b)(3)(A);

2255(b). It therefore transferred the claims here. See In re Cline, 531 F.3d 1249,

1252 (10th Cir. 2008) (district court may transfer rather than dismiss the matter if

“it is in the interest of justice to do so”).     We agree with the district court that

Defendants’ claims of Brady/Giglio violations at trial are second-or-successive

claims; and because Defendants have not established the requisites for authorizing

a second-or-successive claim, we deny authorization. On the other hand,

Defendants’ claims that prosecutorial misconduct in the § 2255 proceedings

affected the integrity of those proceedings are proper Rule 60(b) claims; and we

remand those claims to the district court for resolution.

I.     BACKGROUND

       In 2003 Defendants were convicted of conspiracy to manufacture lysergic

acid diethylamide (LSD), see 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A), and 846, and

possession with intent to distribute LSD, see 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A).

We affirmed the convictions on direct appeal. See Apperson, 441 F.3d 1162. In

2008 Defendants filed motions under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to set aside their

convictions and sentences. The “centerpiece” of these motions was the claim that

“the government violated its Brady/Giglio obligations by suppressing the criminal

and informant backgrounds of certain witnesses, including Gordon Todd

                                                -3-
Skinner.” Pickard, 2009 WL 939050, at *5. “[T]he majority of this claim [was]

directed at [impeachment and exculpatory] evidence that was purportedly

suppressed by the government concerning Skinner.” Id. at *6. In particular,

Defendants argued that the government had failed to disclose relevant files from

agencies other than the federal Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). In

response, the prosecution asserted (1) that no agency other than the DEA was

involved in the LSD investigation and (2) that the prosecution was not aware of

Skinner’s involvement with any agency besides the DEA. Defendants

nevertheless sought an order requesting the government to identify the federal

agencies other than the DEA that had participated in their case. The district court

denied these requests, stating that Defendants “have failed to point to any

evidence showing any involvement by [agencies other than the DEA] in the

investigation of this case.” Aplee. Supp. App. at 159 (Mem. & Order at 41,

United States v. Pickard, No. 00-40101-01/02-RDR (D. Kan. Apr. 6, 2009)). It

ultimately denied the § 2255 motions, ruling that the new evidence presented to

the court by Defendants was cumulative and would not have caused a different

result at trial. We declined to issue COAs for Defendants to appeal the denial.

See Pickard, 396 F. App’x 568.

      While awaiting our ruling on the district-court denial of their § 2255

motions, Defendants filed in district court two Rule 60(b) motions to set aside the

denial of their § 2255 motions. The first motion (Doc. 637) listed five matters

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that the district court had allegedly failed to consider. It also contended that the

district court should reconsider Defendants’ Brady/Giglio and prosecutorial-

misconduct claims in light of newly discovered evidence referenced in their

second Rule 60(b) motion (Doc. 639).

      The second 60(b) motion alleged that evidence of “substantive undisclosed

FBI and IRS records” newly obtained through Defendants’ FOIA requests

demonstrated that the prosecution had committed fraud because the FOIA

documents showed that federal agencies other than the DEA were involved in

investigating Defendants’ drug-related activities. Aplee. Supp. App. at 207 (Rule

60(b)(2) & 60(b)(3) Mots. Based on Newly Discovered Evid. of Non-Disclosure

of Records at 1, Pickard, No. 00-40104-01/02-RDR (D. Kan. Apr. 5, 2010)).

They argued that these agencies might have additional undisclosed evidence that

could have been used at trial to impeach Skinner.

      The district court ruled that the first five claims in Doc. 637 were proper

under Rule 60(b) because they challenged the integrity of the habeas proceedings;

but it rejected them as moot or without merit. Defendants sought to appeal this

ruling, but we denied a COA. See United States v. Pickard, 445 F. App’x 61

(10th Cir. 2011).

      As for the remaining claims—the sixth claim in Doc. 637 and those in Doc.

639—the district court ruled that they “invite further review of the substantive

habeas claims already decided on the merits and, thus, must be treated as a second

                                          -5-
or successive habeas petition requiring authorization by the Tenth Circuit Court

of Appeals.” Aplee. Supp. App. at 283 (Mem. & Order at 9–10, Pickard,

No. 00-40104-01/02-RDR (D. Kan. Jan. 24, 2011)). It transferred these claims to

this court to give Defendants an opportunity to seek authorization under

28 U.S.C. § 2255(h). Defendants filed with us a motion to remand the claims to

the district court on the ground that they are not second-or-successive § 2255

motions but are proper motions before the district court under Fed. R. Civ. P.

60(b).

II.      ANALYSIS

         The primary issue on appeal is whether the claims transferred by the

district court were, as characterized by the district court, second-or-successive

§ 2255 claims, see 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3), or rather claims properly brought by

Defendants under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b). The factual predicate for all the claims is

the same: Defendants allege that through FOIA requests they have obtained

evidence that agencies other than the DEA were involved in the LSD

investigation and have had records related to Skinner. Their claims, as we

understand them, are that this evidence establishes that the prosecution withheld

exculpatory evidence at trial and that it then committed fraud in the § 2255

proceedings by falsely denying the involvement of other agencies. As we now

explain, the claim of prosecutorial misconduct at trial was properly transferred to

this court as a second-or-successive claim (although we decline to authorize

                                          -6-
Defendants to pursue the claim), but the claim of prosecutorial misconduct in the

§ 2255 proceedings is a proper Rule 60(b) claim that should be addressed in the

first instance by the district court.

       It is not unusual for defendants who have failed to obtain relief in federal

habeas proceedings to attempt to bring new habeas claims in the guise of

Rule 60(b) motions. Guided by the Supreme Court’s decision in Gonzalez v.

Crosby, 545 U.S. 524 (2005), we have explained how to distinguish a true Rule

60(b) motion from a new (that is, a second-or-successive) § 2255 claim:

       The [Gonzalez] Court said that whether a postjudgment pleading
       should be construed as a successive [petition] depends on whether
       the pleading (1) seeks relief from the conviction or sentence or (2)
       seeks to correct an error in the previously conducted habeas
       proceeding itself. A pleading asserting a “new ground for relief”
       from the state judgment is advancing a new claim and is therefore
       treated as a successive [petition].

United States v. Nelson, 465 F.3d 1145, 1147 (10th Cir. 2006) (applying analysis

in Gonzalez, which arose in the § 2254 context, to the § 2255 context).

       Applying this law, we first consider Defendants’ claims that the

prosecution violated its Brady/Giglio duties at trial. These claims are certainly

second-or-successive claims because they assert a basis for relief from the

underlying convictions. See id. Defendants contend that the alleged Brady/Giglio

violation entitles them to a new trial on the LSD charges.

       The district court properly characterized the claims as second or successive

and refused to consider them because it could do so only after certification by this

                                          -7-
court under 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h). See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(a). It transferred the

claims to this court for consideration, and we decline to certify them. We can

certify the claims only if they contain either:

      (1) newly discovered evidence that, if proven and viewed in light of
      the evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to establish by clear and
      convincing evidence that no reasonable factfinder would have found
      the movant guilty of the offense; or

      (2) a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on
      collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously
      unavailable.

28 U.S.C. § 2255(h). Yet Defendants do not even assert either ground for

certification. They invoke no new constitutional rule. And they do not contend

that the new evidence would compel a reasonable factfinder to find them not

guilty. They merely suggest that the jury and the court “would have found the

government’s motivation for this withholding, and the withheld evidence itself, of

concern.” Aplee. Supp. App. at 236 (Rule 60(b)(2) & 60(b)(3) Mots. Based on

Newly Discovered Evid. of Non-Disclosure of Records at 30, Pickard,

No. 00-40104-01/02-RDR (D. Kan. Apr. 5, 2010)).

      We draw a different conclusion, however, regarding Defendants’ claim that

the prosecution improperly withheld information during the § 2255 proceedings

when the prosecutor said that no agency other than the DEA participated in the

investigation leading to Defendants’ trial. Defendants moved for an order

requiring the government to disclose all agencies that had participated in the

                                          -8-
investigation, but the district court denied the motion on the ground that they had

no evidence of participation by any agency other than the DEA. As we

understand Defendants’ claim, they are asserting that the prosecutor’s statement

prevented their discovery of the involvement of other agencies and, most

pertinent to their § 2255 claim, thereby prevented them from showing that those

agencies had additional information about Skinner that could have been used to

impeach him at trial. Defendants say they are now entitled to relief because the

evidence obtained through their FOIA requests shows that the prosecutor’s

statement (that only the DEA was involved) was false.

      Although the government denies that it made any false statement in the

§ 2255 proceedings, our task is not to ascertain the truth of Defendants’

allegations but to decide which tribunal should resolve the matter. In our view,

the matter should be heard by the district court because Defendants’ claim

challenges the integrity of the § 2255 proceedings and is therefore properly

presented under Rule 60(b). To be sure, this claim is closely related to the

Brady/Giglio claim raised in the original § 2255 proceeding. But the claim is a

distinct one. To recapitulate: The claim raised in the § 2255 proceedings is that

the prosecution violated its Brady/Giglio duties at trial. In contrast, the claim in

the Rule 60(b) motion is that the prosecutor committed fraud in the § 2255

proceedings that prevented Defendants from obtaining discovery to establish their

                                          -9-
§ 2255 claims. If we assume the truth of Defendants’ allegations, as we must at

this juncture, then Defendants have stated a proper Rule 60(b) motion.

      Some confusion may arise from dictum in Spitznas v. Boone, 464 F.3d 1213

(10th Cir. 2006). Spitznas, which considered a § 2254 proceeding, was the first

opinion of this court interpreting Gonzalez and endeavored to provide

comprehensive guidance on how to distinguish between a proper Rule 60(b)

motion and a second-or-successive habeas petition. In doing so it stated that a

Rule 60(b) motion in a habeas proceeding is a “‘true’” 60(b) motion if it

“challenges a defect in the integrity of the federal habeas proceeding, provided

that such a challenge does not itself lead inextricably to a merits-based attack on

the disposition of a prior habeas petition. [Gonzalez, 545 U.S. at 532].” Id. at

1215–16 (emphasis added). The words lead inextricably should not be read too

expansively. They certainly should not be read to say that a motion is an

improper Rule 60(b) motion if success on the motion would ultimately lead to a

claim for relief under § 2255. What else could be the purpose of a 60(b) motion?

The movant is always seeking in the end to obtain § 2255 relief. The movant in a

true Rule 60(b) motion is simply asserting that he did not get a fair shot in the

original § 2255 proceeding because its integrity was marred by a flaw that must

be repaired in further proceedings. The proviso in Spitznas can be best

understood by looking at its citation to Gonzalez. The citation is referring to the

Supreme Court’s statement that a true Rule 60(b) motion does not “attack[] the

                                         -10-
federal court’s previous resolution of a claim on the merits, since alleging that the

court erred in denying habeas relief on the merits is effectively indistinguishable

from alleging that the movant is, under the substantive provisions of the statutes,

entitled to habeas relief.” Gonzalez, 545 U.S. at 532 (footnote and emphasis

omitted). Thus, the proviso means only that a Rule 60(b) motion is actually a

second-or-successive petition if the success of the motion depends on a

determination that the court had incorrectly ruled on the merits in the habeas

proceeding. For example, in In re Lindsey, 582 F.3d 1173 (10th Cir. 2009), we

held that the defendant’s challenge to the district court’s failure to conduct an

evidentiary hearing in the § 2255 proceeding amounted to a challenge to the

district court’s decision on the merits and was therefore not a proper Rule 60(b)

motion. See id. at 1175–76 (“The decision not to hold an evidentiary hearing

essentially is the equivalent of a dismissal for failure to state a claim or a

summary judgment.”).

      More problematic, however, is later dictum in Spitznas. Although the case

before the panel involved no claim of fraud or deceit of any kind, the opinion

stated that if the fraud alleged in a Rule 60(b) motion “includes (or necessarily

implies) related fraud on the state court (or the federal district court that

convicted and/or sentenced the movant in the case of a § 2255 motion), then the

motion will ordinarily be considered a second or successive petition because any

ruling would inextricably challenge the underlying conviction proceeding.”

                                          -11-
464 F.3d at 1216. One could read this statement as requiring us to treat

Defendants’ claim of fraud in the § 2255 proceedings as a second-or-successive

claim because the alleged fraud that obstructed discovery in the § 2255

proceedings paralleled the misconduct that allegedly occurred at trial.

      We will not, however, follow that dictum as so interpreted. We cannot

accept the proposition that the government has a free pass to deceive a habeas

court into denying discovery just because it similarly deceived the trial court. If

Defendants’ claim of prosecutorial deceit during the § 2255 proceedings must be

treated as a second-or-successive § 2255 motion, then the government’s alleged

misconduct during that proceeding could compound a substantial injustice to

Defendants. In a second-or-successive proceeding Defendants must show that

their FOIA evidence (which allegedly contradicts the prosecutor’s statement in

the § 2255 proceedings) would suffice “to establish by clear and convincing

evidence that no reasonable factfinder would have found the movant[s] guilty of

the offense.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h)(1). This is a far heavier burden than the

burden under Rule 60(b) of showing only that the false statement had improperly

forestalled discovery in the § 2255 proceedings. We doubt that the governing

procedural rules permit the government to gain such an advantage by its own

fraudulent conduct. In Douglas v. Workman, 560 F.3d 1156, 1192 (10th Cir.

2009), we addressed “the prosecutor’s conduct in this case in taking affirmative

action, after [the defendant’s] trial, to conceal the tacit agreement the prosecutor

                                         -12-
had made in exchange for Smith’s testimony that prevented [the defendant] from

discovering the Brady claim in time to assert that claim originally in his first

habeas petition.” Expressing a proposition similar to that animating our present

decision, we wrote: “[T]o treat [the defendant’s] Brady claim as a second or

successive request for habeas relief, subject to the almost insurmountable

obstacles erected by 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(2)(B), would be to allow the

government to profit from its own egregious conduct.” Id. at 1192–93. 1

III.   CONCLUSION

       Defendants’ claim in their Rule 60(b) motion that the prosecution violated

its Brady/Giglio duties at trial was properly characterized by the district court as a

second-or-successive claim, and we DENY the implied request to file second-or-

successive § 2255 motions. We REMAND, however, for the district court to

consider in the first instance Defendants’ claim that the prosecutor’s false

       1
        We also find instructive the district court’s decisions in the extensive (virtually
unending) litigation in United States v. Pelullo, in which the defendant, as here,
contended that the government had falsely denied the involvement of a federal agency
in his prosecution, thereby resulting in his inability to obtain discovery from the
agency. At one point the court ruled that the defendant was bringing a proper
Rule 60(b) motion as “an attack on the manner in which the earlier habeas judgment
was procured.” United States v. Pelullo, Crim. No. 94-276(DRD), Civ. No. 01-124
(DRD), 2010 WL 2629080, at *14 (D.N.J. June 25, 2010). The analysis in that decision
parallels ours. In a later decision, however, the court ruled that the defendant was
actually pursuing a second-or-successive habeas claim because, apparently after further
consideration of the motion, the court determined that the defendant was “not claiming
that the[] asserted misrepresentations prevented him from fairly presenting any of the
claims that he raised in his initial § 2255 motion.” Pelullo, 2011 WL 3022534, at *14
(D.N.J. July 22, 2011). On those facts, we agree with that decision as well.

                                           -13-
statement improperly prevented them from obtaining relevant discovery in the

§ 2255 proceedings.

                                      -14-