Court Opinion

ID: 2701892
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-04 19:42:47.265715+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:54:11.076037
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Moore, 2014-Ohio-819.]

                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                               EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

                              JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 99788

                                      STATE OF OHIO
                                                    PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                              vs.

                                    JOHN MOORE, JR.
                                                    DEFENDANT-APPELLANT

                                           JUDGMENT:
                                            AFFIRMED

                                    Criminal Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                     Case No. CR-392440-A

        BEFORE: S. Gallagher, J., Stewart, P.J., and E.A. Gallagher, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: March 6, 2014
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Jonathan N. Garver
4403 St. Clair Avenue
The Brownhoist Building
Cleveland, OH 44103

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Heaven DiMartino
Special Prosecutor
Michael Cody
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
Summit County Safety Building
53 University Avenue
Akron, OH 44308
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, J.:

         {¶1} Appellant John Moore, Jr., once again appeals his sentence, which was

rendered in Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-392440.               Moore argues that the trial court

disregarded the mandate of this court from a prior appeal at his resentencing, that the

prosecuting attorney improperly encouraged the trial court to disregard our mandate, and

that his sentence is contrary to law.      Moore also argues that the trial court erred by

failing to rule on his motion to correct errors in his presentence investigation report and

by failing to merge allied offenses of similar import. For the following reasons, we

affirm the decision of the trial court.

         {¶2} This is the fourth appeal to this court stemming from Moore’s convictions for

aggravated robbery and kidnapping.        A detailed recital of the procedural and appellate

history of this case is unnecessary for the purposes of this appeal and has been extensively

set forth by this court in State v. Moore, 2012-Ohio-1958, 970 N.E.2d 1098 (“Moore

III”).

         {¶3} In Moore III, this court reversed Moore’s 33-year prison term stemming from

his convictions for one count of aggravated robbery and two counts of kidnapping, each

with three-year firearm specifications.     A majority of the panel in Moore III held that

Moore’s sentence was contrary to law because the trial court failed to consider whether

the sentence was consistent with similarly situated offenders, but that his aggravated

robbery and kidnapping convictions were not subject to merger as allied offenses at
sentencing.1 Moore’s sentence was reversed in part, and the case was remanded to the

trial court for resentencing for the limited purpose of reviewing a presentence

investigation report, considering the consistency of the sentence with similarly situated

defendants, and determining the appropriate sentence.              Upon remand, the trial court

imposed prison terms of eight years for the aggravated robbery count and each

kidnapping count.      The trial court ordered the three sentences to run consecutive to each

other and consecutive to the mandatory three-year prison term for the firearm

specification.   Moore’s cumulative sentence, then, was reduced to 27 years.

       {¶4} Moore appeals, raising five assignments of error. In his second assignment

of error, Moore contends the trial court erred by failing to correct inaccuracies in Moore’s

presentence investigation report. We summarily find no merit to Moore’s claim. Upon

the record presented, the trial court accepted every one of Moore’s corrections to the

inaccuracies contained in the report.      Moreover, there is no evidence the trial court relied

on any of the inaccurate statements. See State v. Caudill, 5th Dist. Ashland No. 06 COA

42, 2007-Ohio-6175, ¶ 21-22. For this reason, Moore’s second assignment of error is

overruled.

       1
             In light of the fact that Moore III affirmatively addressed and overruled Moore’s allied
offense argument, we summarily find no merit to Moore’s attempt to relitigate the allied offense issue
through his fifth assignment of error. The remand was limited to the review of Moore’s sentence as
it related to consistency with similarly situated offenders.
      {¶5} Moore’s first, third, and fourth assignments of error are each tied to the basic

issue of whether Moore’s sentence is contrary to law and contain interrelated legal

questions.    The assignments of error are as follows:

       I. The trial court committed reversible error by disregarding the mandate
       of the Court of Appeals in the within cause, where this Court vacated the
       33-year sentence previously imposed, remanded the case for resentencing,
       and directed the trial court to conduct a proportionality analysis related to
       the sentences imposed on Appellant’s codefendants and impose a sentence
       that was proportionate to the sentences meted out to his codefendants.

       III. The clearly excessive sentence imposed by the trial court is contrary to
       law and constitutes an abuse of discretion and a denial of due process of
       law.

       IV. Appellant was denied due process of law by the misconduct of the
       prosecuting attorney in (i) disparaging this Court’s decision in Moore III
       and urging the trial court to disregard it; and (ii) urging the court to punish
       Appellant because he had exercised his constitutional right to trial.

       {¶6} Moore first argues that the trial court ignored the directive of this court in

Moore III, on remand, by failing to engage in a proportionality analysis pursuant to R.C.

2929.11(B).     Moore further argues that his sentence is contrary to law because of the

trial court’s failure to properly consider R.C. 2929.11(B).        Moore’s arguments are

without merit, although we agree with one aspect of Moore’s brief: “enough is enough.”

       {¶7} Before addressing the merits of Moore’s appeal, we must address one

important distinction lost in the forest of this case. On remand, the trial court reduced

Moore’s individual sentences to eight years on each count.     Moore’s aggregate sentence

of 27 years is predicated on running his sentences for the individual counts consecutive to

each other; and therefore, any concept of disproportionate sentencing is inherently
derived from either the consecutive sentencing review established by R.C. 2958.08 and

2929.14(C)(4) or the constitutional prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, as

determined by the Ohio Supreme Court in State v. Hairston, 118 Ohio St.3d 289,

2008-Ohio-2338, 888 N.E.2d 1073. Moore has not advanced any such claims, and

although he couched his brief in terms of proportionality review, such references

seemingly treat “proportionality” synonymously with “consistency.”

       {¶8} It is important to note that although courts have minced consistency in

sentencing, pursuant to R.C. 2929.11(B), with this constitutional or statutory concept of

proportionality, derived from consecutive sentencing or the prohibition of cruel and

unusual punishment review, it must be clarified that in this context, proportionality is not

a creature of R.C. 2929.11(B) consistency analysis. See, e.g., State v. Martin, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 96834, 2012-Ohio-1633, ¶ 13 (citing State v. Chaffin, 30 Ohio St.2d 13,

17, 282 N.E.2d 46 (1972), an Eighth Amendment cruel and unusual punishment case, in

reviewing a felony sentence for consistency).

       {¶9} The concept of proportionality, referring to the shocking to the sense of

justice in the community standard, under the cruel and unusual punishment analysis, or

disproportionate to the offender’s conduct standard, under consecutive sentencing review,

focuses on the offender’s conduct as it relates to his crimes, and not to the sentences of

other similarly situated offenders.2        Chaffin at paragraph three of the syllabus (“[a]

       2
           This is also true for any proportionality claim regarding whether the trial court considered
whether the felony sentence was commensurate with the offender’s conduct. R.C. 2929.11(B).
The focus is on the offender’s conduct, and not how other similarly situated offenders were sentenced.
punishment does not violate the constitutional prohibition against cruel and unusual

punishments, if it be not so greatly disproportionate to the offense as to shock the sense of

justice of the community”); R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) (“court may require the offender to serve

the prison terms consecutively if the court finds that the consecutive service is necessary

to protect the public from future crime or to punish the offender and that consecutive

sentences are not disproportionate to the seriousness of the offender’s conduct”).

       {¶10} Nevertheless, even if Moore’s proportionality claims raise the specter of a

cruel and unusual punishment or consecutive sentencing claim, an appellate court cannot

statutorily overturn consecutively imposed sentences, pursuant to the scheme provided in

R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) or the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, unless the

trial court failed to make the required findings or the defendant demonstrates that the

findings are not clearly or convincingly supported by the record.    In Hairston, 118 Ohio

St.3d 289, 2008-Ohio-2338, 888 N.E.2d 1073, for example, the Ohio Supreme Court

specifically overruled the defendant’s argument that his 134-year consecutive sentence —

imposed on the defendant’s guilty plea to four counts of aggravated robbery, three counts

of aggravated burglary, four counts of kidnapping, all with firearm specifications, and

three counts of having a weapon while under disability — was “shocking to a reasonable

person and to the community’s sense of justice and thus is grossly disproportionate to the

totality of his crimes.” Id. at ¶ 15.   In so holding, the court determined in the confines

of consecutive sentencing and constitutional cruel and unusual review, that
“proportionality review should focus on individual sentences rather than on the

cumulative impact of multiple sentences imposed consecutively.” Id. at ¶ 20.     Because

each of the sentences were within the statutory range, the Ohio Supreme Court held that

the 134-year sentence was constitutionally and statutorily firm.

       {¶11} Moore received his 27-year aggregate sentence (8 + 8 + 8 on the felony

charges and +3 for the gun specification) as a result of the court’s imposition of

consecutive sentences.   According to the rationale advanced in Hairston, and because

Moore failed to support his argument with any case authority or citations to the record to

support the proposition that the aggregate sentence was disproportionate to his conduct,

pursuant to App.R. 16(A), Moore’s claims, if any, are overruled.

       {¶12} As a result, the merits of Moore’s argument are only appropriately reviewed

under the auspices of whether the trial court’s imposition of Moore’s sentence was

contrary to law because it failed to be “reasonably calculated to achieve the two

overriding purposes of felony sentencing * * * and consistent with sentences imposed for

similar crimes committed by similar offenders.” R.C. 2929.11(B). State v. Thompson,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99628, 2014-Ohio-202, ¶ 26 (acknowledging that the defendant

was not disagreeing with the proportionality of his sentence; rather, the defendant was

concerned with the length of his sentence as it related to other similarly situated

offenders). R.C. 2929.11(B) mandates that trial courts consider the felony sentencing

goal of imposing sentences consistent with those of similarly situated offenders. It does

not create a requirement that similarly situated offenders receive sentences equal to
another offender’s sentence or in lockstep with the defendant’s own sense of culpability

as it related to a codefendant.            State v. Pruitt, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98080,

2012-Ohio-5418, ¶ 26; State v. Barrett, 2012-Ohio-3948, 974 N.E.2d 185, ¶ 38. Nor

does it require a court to singularly review a codefendant’s sentence imposed upon a plea

deal to determine consistency.               Thompson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99628,

2014-Ohio-202, ¶ 26 (when codefendants accept plea bargains for reduced charges in

exchange for agreeing to testify against a codefendant, those offenders are no longer

“similar” offenders for purposes of R.C. 2929.11(B)).

        {¶13} When reviewing a felony sentence, appellate courts must follow the

standard of review set forth in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2),3 which provides in relevant part as

follows:

        The court hearing an appeal under division (A), (B), or (C) of this section
        shall review the record, including the findings underlying the sentence or
        modification given by the sentencing court. * * *
        The appellate court’s standard for review is not whether the sentencing
        court abused its discretion. The appellate court may take any action
        authorized by this division if it clearly and convincingly finds:

        ***

        3
            We acknowledge that not all districts in Ohio are applying R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) to the
exclusion of State v. Kalish, 120 Ohio St.3d 23, 2008-Ohio-4912, 896 N.E.2d 124. See, e.g., State
v. Tolle, 4th Dist. Adams No. 13CA964, 2013-Ohio-5568, ¶ 22; State v. Bellard, 7th Dist. Mahoning
No. 12 MA 97, 2013-Ohio-2956, ¶ 8. Even if we applied Kalish, however, a majority of the Ohio
Supreme Court determined that abuse of discretion review only applies to challenges to the factors
pursuant to R.C. 2929.12(B) through (D), and not challenges to the consistency of an offender’s
sentence compared to similarly situated offenders. Id. (Williamowski, J., concurring). Three
justices applied the abuse of discretion standard to all felony sentence review of the factors, and three
applied only the contrary to law standard. Id. In this regard, even under Kalish, the standard of
review is limited to whether the sentence is contrary to law. See id.
       (b) That the sentence is otherwise contrary to law.

Accordingly, by statute we cannot review Moore’s sentence under an abuse of discretion

standard, despite Moore’s request to the contrary.

       {¶14} We are limited to reviewing whether Moore’s sentence is clearly and

convincingly contrary to law under the overriding understanding that the sentencing range

is determined by the legislature and any sentence imposed within that range, after

considering all the sentencing factors, is presumptively valid. State v. Collier, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 95572, 2011-Ohio-2791, ¶ 15, citing State v. Foster, 109 Ohio St.3d 1,

2006-Ohio-856, 845 N.E.2d 470. A sentence, therefore, is not clearly and convincingly

contrary to law where the trial court (1) considers the purposes and principles of

sentencing under R.C. 2929.11, including consistency in sentencing; (2) considers the

seriousness and recidivism factors listed in R.C. 2929.12; (3) properly applies postrelease

control; and (4) sentences a defendant within the permissible statutory range. State v.

A.H., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98622, 2013-Ohio-2525, ¶ 10, citing State v. Kalish, 120

Ohio St.3d 23, 2008-Ohio-4912, 896 N.E.2d 124 (determining that any given sentence

cannot be contrary to law if the trial court considers R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12).

       {¶15} Moore claims the trial court abused its discretion by imposing the 27-year

aggregate sentence.   In support, Moore cites his codefendant Chaney’s “9-year sentence”

upon the same three counts for which Moore received a 27-year sentence and claims an

aggregate five-year sentence is more appropriate in light of the fact the state offered

Moore a plea deal involving a proposed five-year sentence and Chaney was more
culpable. 4   Moore’s arguments are premised on a misunderstanding of the goal of

consistency in felony sentencing. In effect, Moore disagrees with the trial court’s review

of the sentencing factors contained in R.C. 2929.11(B) and specifically seeks a

determination that the trial court abused its discretion in discounting the length of his

codefendant’s sentence and Moore’s sense of his own culpability during the crime, when

weighing all the other sentencing factors.            Moore simply labeled this review as one

being contrary law; however, the impact he sought was to review the trial court’s

discretion in reviewing all sentencing factors, or more specifically, the trial court’s

decision to place greater weight on some factors to the exclusion of others.

        {¶16} It is undisputed that Moore made the trial court aware of his codefendants’

sentences and provided the court with the information regarding his relative culpability

for the crime before Moore was sentenced.              The court also specifically considered all

        4
            Moore continually claims that a trial court imposed a nine-year sentence of imprisonment
on Chaney for the same three crimes for which Moore was sentenced. Moore ignores the fact that
Chaney’s nine-year concurrent terms for the three offenses related to Moore’s case, were run
consecutive to a ten-year sentence Chaney was serving on an unrelated case. Chaney agreed to a
global resolution of all his cases through a plea deal, permissible within the strictures of State v.
Saxon, 109 Ohio St.3d 176, 2006-Ohio-1245, 846 N.E.2d 824. See State v. Chaney, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 80496, 2002-Ohio-4020, ¶ 1. In essence, Chaney was sentenced to an aggregate term
of 19 years by virtue of the trial court running the sentence for these three crimes consecutively to the
unrelated ten-year sentence. Moore wishes to review his aggregate sentence with that of Chaney’s
individual sentence of nine years in a vacuum. The fact that the trial court in Chaney’s case
considered all of his other cases is no different than the trial court considering Moore’s history for the
purposes of imposing consecutive sentences. See id. While trial court judges impose individual
sentences for specific counts in various cases, they are free to measure and consider consecutive
sentences under the appropriate statutes; and when reviewing sentences, we cannot discount the true
nature of the sentence with respect to the other cases. Doing so would raise the risk of inconsistency
in sentencing because courts would look at isolated sentences not encompassing the offender’s true
sentencing factors pursuant to R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12.           Moore’s arguments are

overruled.   We cannot review Moore’s claim under the abuse of discretion standard as

he implicitly seeks. This alone is dispositive of Moore’s appeal, and we must affirm the

trial court’s decision.

       {¶17} Nevertheless, Moore’s sentence is not otherwise contrary to law.           This

court has consistently maintained that trial courts must only consider the objectives and

factors provided in R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12 because neither statutory provision

mandates judicial fact-finding.       State v. May, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99064,

2013-Ohio-2697, ¶ 15, citing State v. Sutton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97132,

2012-Ohio-1054; Foster at ¶ 100.        Courts are, therefore, only required to consider

consistency of the imposed sentence with that imposed upon other similarly situated

offenders, and accordingly, this court has refused to find that a sentence is contrary to law

when the imposed sentence is in the permissible statutory range for the offense and the

trial court states that it has “considered all required factors of the law” and “finds that

prison is consistent with the purpose of R.C. 2929.11.” May at ¶ 16, quoting State v.

Turney, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 91555, 2009-Ohio-964, ¶ 9.

       {¶18} Further, it is important to reiterate that “consistency” is not synonymous

with uniformity.     May (“Although there is a statutory mandate for consistency in

sentencing, consistency does not require that identical sentences be imposed for

co-defendants.”); State v. Battle, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 06AP-863, 2007-Ohio-1845, ¶

sentence.
24.   In considering the consistency of sentences, courts must accept divergences within

the statutory range of any given sentence, but take into consideration the relevant

statutory factors. State v. Hayes, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 08AP-233, 2009-Ohio-1100, ¶

8. Trial courts enjoy broad discretion to sentence offenders within the confines the

statutory guidelines. Foster at ¶ 100.

       {¶19}   Logic dictates that Moore’s reliance on Chaney’s sentence as evidence

that Moore’s sentence is inconsistent with similarly situated offenders should be

disregarded. Moore’s position relies on an unwarranted assumption that his sentence

was the aberrant one and Chaney’s was the norm. The record on this appeal does not

support this assumption. It is equally as likely that Chaney’s sentence was the aberration

and Moore received a sentence consistent with similarly situated offenders.    Accepting

this theory would be tantamount to cherry-picking low-end sentences for the purposes of

consistency review.

       {¶20} Further, Moore’s view of consistency in sentencing would limit consistency

analysis to codefendants’ sentencing. Without giving reasons in sentencing entries, no

court could review another court’s sentencing decision for the purposes of determining

whether the sentences meted out were consistent with sentences of other similarly situated

offenders, in light of the myriad factors intertwining to form the final sentence. Only

codefendants would have this benefit because the sentencing court would be aware of all

the factors for each defendant.
      {¶21} In other words, the court’s consideration of all the sentencing factors may

justify disparate sentences of similarly situated codefendants when the sentence is within

the statutory ranges.   In Ohio, this statutory goal of consistency has never been

interpreted to mean that codefendants must receive equal sentences or sentences in

proportion to their own sense of culpability.        Id.    Disparate sentences between

codefendants do not render either sentence contrary to law. State v. Georgakopoulos,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 81934, 2003-Ohio-4341, ¶ 26. Consistency among similarly

situated offenders is a goal of felony sentencing, and more important, consistency review

cannot be isolated to a single offender. By its nature, the goal is consistency among all

offenders, not consistency with a single offender.         “The legislature’s purpose for

inserting the consistency language contained in R.C. 2929.11(B) [was] to make

consistency rather than uniformity the aim of the sentencing structure.” State v. Harder,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98409, 2013-Ohio-580, ¶ 7, citing Griffin and Katz, Ohio Felony

Sentencing Law (2001), 59.

      {¶22} In fact, the Ohio Supreme Court noted that the legislature, in providing trial

courts with the broad discretion to sentence offenders within certain sentencing ranges,

curtailed the attainment of limiting disparities in felony sentencing. Foster, 109 Ohio

St.3d 1, 2006-Ohio-856, 845 N.E.2d 470, ¶ 100. Practical realities reflect this notion.

There are over 200 common pleas judges of the general division in Ohio meting out

felony sentences.   Consistency in felony sentencing, as defined by Moore, cannot

co-exist with judicial discretion in sentencing within the ranges provided by the
legislature without the ability of reviewing the imposition of sentences under an abuse of

discretion or de novo standard of review.            For example, if the trial court sentences an

offender within the guidelines and expressly considers all the statutory sentencing factors,

no appellate court could overturn the sentence on consistency grounds.                  Any overruling

of a sentencing decision would be a de facto determination that the trial court either

abused its discretion in determining, or a de novo review would lead to a different

conclusion, that the offenders are not similarly situated, or other sentencing factors should

be weighed heavier to warrant a lighter sentence, based on the particular facts of the case.

 R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) expressly prohibits this type of “meaningful” review. It is not in

the province of an appellate court to create a standard of review solely because the

legislature prohibited any “meaningful” review.5

        {¶23} Moore’s entire argument rests on the presumption that his codefendant

received a 9-year sentence for the same three offenses that culminated in Moore’s 27-year

sentence.     The trial court must consider all sentencing factors, and not just the

defendant’s own sense of culpability for the crimes committed as compared to any

codefendants. This is not to say that an offender’s culpability is not a factor to be

considered in sentencing; rather, it is the recognition of the commonsensical notion that

        5
             We are left with the notion that without a requirement to provide reasons or findings, once
a trial court provides the rote recitation that it considered all the statutory factors of R.C. 2929.11 and
imposed a sentence within the sentencing ranges, any appellate review is, practically speaking,
foreclosed. We must decline Moore’s express attempt to shoehorn an abuse of discretion standard
into the consistency review standard, in the attempt to create this type of “meaningful” review not
provided by the statutory framework.
no one factor can override all other sentencing factors without a review of whether the

trial court abused its discretion in weighing the sentencing factors pursuant to R.C.

2929.11 and 2929.12.

       {¶24} In this case, the trial court considered all relevant factors to sentencing, was

specifically made aware of Moore’s codefendants’ sentences, including Chaney’s, and

imposed a sentence within the statutory ranges.     Moore’s sentence is not, and cannot be

deemed to be, contrary to law, and we cannot review the trial court’s imposition of

Moore’s sentence under the abuse of discretion standard.     Moreover, we specifically find

that on remand, the trial court undertook the appropriate consistency review, and any

proportionality claims, especially in regard to either the consecutive sentences or the

constitutional prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, were forfeited in light of

Moore’s failure to timely advance any such claim in this appeal.        Moore’s first, third,

and fourth assignments of error are overruled.

       {¶25} The decision of the trial court is affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s conviction having

been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case remanded to the trial court

for execution of sentence.
       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

SEAN C. GALLAGHER, JUDGE

MELODY J. STEWART, P.J., CONCURS IN JUDGMENT ONLY WITH SEPARATE
OPINION;
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE OPINION

MELODY J. STEWART, P.J., CONCURRING IN JUDGMENT ONLY:

       {¶26} I agree with Judge Sean Gallagher that the trial judge had full discretion to

impose any sentence within the applicable statutory range for each particular felony

count. State v. Foster, 109 Ohio St.3d 1, 2006-Ohio-856, 845 N.E.2d 470, paragraph

seven of the syllabus. The trial judge also had full discretion under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)

to order Moore to serve those counts consecutively, assuming that it made the required

findings. Moore does not complain that the court’s decision to impose consecutive

sentences was contrary to law because it failed   to make the required findings under R.C.

2929.14(C)(4), so his only remaining argument would be that the court abused its

discretion by ordering him to serve his sentences consecutively.               With R.C.

2953.08(G)(2) stating that our standard of review is not whether the trial judge abused his

discretion, I believe that we simply have no authority to review the individual sentences

(that admittedly are within the statutory range) or the decision to run them consecutively.

See State v. Akins, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99478, 2013-Ohio-5023, ¶ 16.
      {¶27} Moore’s only viable argument in this appeal is that under R.C. 2929.11(B),

the court failed to ensure that his sentence is consistent with the sentence given to his

codefendant.   Some appellate courts have taken the view that consistency in sentencing

derives from the sentencing judge’s application of the sentencing guidelines.    See, e.g.,

State v. Hayes, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 08AP-233, 2009-Ohio-1100, ¶ 8; State v. Dahms,

6th Dist. Sandusky No. S-11-028, 2012-Ohio-3181, ¶ 22.            Respectfully, that view

appears more calculated to ensure consistency in the manner in which sentences are

imposed rather than to ensure that actual sentences are consistent among similar

offenders.

      {¶28} Take for instance two similarly-situated codefendants to be sentenced at the

same time by the same judge:     they are equally culpable in jointly committing certain

offenses and they have identical criminal records.   The judge confirms that all required

sentencing factors have been considered. The judge then imposes minimum, concurrent

terms on one defendant; maximum, consecutive terms on the other.         If the crimes are

first-degree felonies, the difference between the sentences would be huge — one

defendant would serve a total of three years; the other defendant would serve a total of 33

years. It is not difficult to conclude that the “consistent” application of the sentencing

guidelines did not yield consistent sentences between these two similar offenders. While

consistency does not dictate uniform sentences, it does act as a curb or safety-valve in

ensuring that similar offenders receive similar treatment.   With the legislative directive

that the court use the minimum sanction available for punishment, see R.C. 2929.11(A),
we would have to presume that if the sentencing judge could find that a shorter sentence

satisfied R.C. 2929.11(A) for one offender, all things being equal, that same sentence

should apply to the other offender too.

       {¶29} In this case, all things were not equal — Moore and his codefendant were

not similar offenders for purposes of R.C. 2929.11(B). I reach this conclusion because

Moore’s codefendant agreed to plead guilty and testify against Moore in exchange for

reduced charges.    Our opinion in Moore III used language that implies that Moore,

despite going to trial, was entitled to be sentenced along the same lines as a codefendant

who pleaded guilty. This implication was improvident — a defendant who agrees to

plead guilty and testify against a codefendant in exchange for reduced charges is not

similarly-situated for purposes of sentencing. See United States v. Boscarino, 437 F.3d

634, 638 (7th Cir.2006) (sentencing difference between codefendants is appropriate if it is

justified by legitimate considerations, including cooperation with the government).

Moore III inappropriately suggested that Moore was treated disparately because he was

penalized for going to trial; when of course it can also be said that the codefendant was

rewarded for pleading guilty.   I have no doubt that had the codefendant gone to trial and

been found guilty, he would have received a sentence at least as harsh as the sentence

given to Moore.

       {¶30} I therefore agree with the lead opinion that Moore has failed to show that he

and his codefendant were similar offenders.   That being the case, the differences in their

two sentences were not the product of any inconsistency for             purposes of R.C.
2929.11(B) and therefore, any extended discussion of consistency review is beyond the

scope of this appeal.    There will no doubt come a time when we have to consider the

intersection of consistency in sentencing and abuse of discretion, but not today and not in

this case.

EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., DISSENTING:

       {¶31} I respectfully dissent from the lead opinion. This case demonstrates an

arguably irreconcilable conflict within the sentencing law in this state as aptly described

in paragraph 22 of the lead opinion. The lead opinion presents a legitimate resolution to

the conflict, albeit one with which I disagree. Faced with the competing mandates of

judicial discretion and the requirements of R.C. 2929.11(B), I oppose the lead opinion’s

resolution in favor of the former because I find it effectively nullifies a trial court’s

statutory obligations under the latter.

       {¶32} Our court’s paradigm for reviewing felony sentences has shifted

significantly since our decisions in State v. Venes, 2013-Ohio-1891, 992 N.E.2d 453, and

State v. A.H., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98622, 2013-Ohio-2525, wherein we recognized

R.C. 2953.08 as the controlling authority in sentencing review and discontinued abuse of

discretion review under State v. Kalish, 120 Ohio St.3d 23, 2008-Ohio-4912, 896 N.E.2d

124.

       {¶33} R.C. 2953.08(A) places strict limits on an appellate court’s ability to review

criminal sentences. In particular, R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) states that “[t]he appellate court’s
standard for review is not whether the sentencing court abused its discretion.”

Consistent with this provision we have repeatedly held that the trial courts have “full

discretion to sentence within the statutory range.” State v. Akins, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

99478, 2013-Ohio-5023, ¶ 16, quoting State v. Foster, 109 Ohio St.3d 1, 2006-Ohio-856,

845 N.E.2d 470, paragraph seven of the syllabus.

      {¶34} What remains is the contrary to law standard set forth in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)

under which this court may reverse where it “clearly and convincingly finds * * * that [a]

sentence is otherwise contrary to law.” Relying on Kalish, we have held that “a sentence

is not clearly and convincingly contrary to law where the trial court considers the

purposes and principles of sentencing under R.C. 2929.11 as well as the seriousness and

recidivism factors listed in R.C. 2929.12, properly applies postrelease control, and

sentences a defendant within the permissible statutory range.” State v. A.H., 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 98622, 2013-Ohio-2525, ¶ 10, citing State v. Kalish, 120 Ohio St.3d 23,

2008-Ohio-4912, 896 N.E.2d 124.

      {¶35} While I agree with the general rule as stated by A.H., my reading of the case

law suggests that R.C. 2929.11(B) is an exception to the rule.         In my view, mere

recitation by the trial court that it “considered” 11(B)’s consistency requirement does not

preclude appellate review of the record under the contrary to law standard of R.C.

2953.08(G)(2). At least four judges in Kalish appeared to share my understanding of the

mandatory nature of R.C. 2929.11(B). The dissent in Kalish stated:

      Because the sentencing duties of a trial judge involve much more than
      merely selecting a prison term within a statutory range, a sentence may be
       challenged as “contrary to law” even if it is within a statutory range. While
       Foster did liberate judges from the requirement to make certain findings, it
       did not free judges from all other statutory requirements. R.C. 2929.11 and
       2929.12 are written in mandatory terms.

Kalish, 120 Ohio St.3d 23, 2008-Ohio-4912, 896 N.E.2d 124, at ¶ 59 (Lanzinger, J.,

dissenting).

       {¶36} Judge Williamowski, concurring in judgment only, also indicated that the

consistency of a sentence could be reviewed on appeal under the contrary to law standard

of R.C. 2953.08(G):

       * * * [U]nder R.C. 2929.11, the court’s consideration of the sentence could
       be reviewed under the clear-and-convincing-evidence standard. Just as
       appellate courts previously reviewed the evidence under R.C. 2929.14(B),
       (C), and (E)(4) under the clear-and-convincing-evidence standard specified
       in R.C. 2953.08(G), they can just as easily review any evidence introduced
       in support of, or in opposition to, R.C. 2929.11(B) as it relates to the
       seriousness of the crime and sentences imposed for similar offenses.

***

       {¶37} In my view R.C. 2929.11(B) sets forth a requirement that a sentencing court

impose a sentence that is consistent with sentences imposed on similar offenders for

similar crimes. This court has previously held the same. See, e.g., State v. Lyons, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 80220, 2002-Ohio-3424, ¶ 30.               (“We reiterate that [R.C.

2929.11(B)] requires a sentencing court to impose a sentence that is ‘consistent with

sentences imposed for similar crimes committed by similar offenders.’”); State v. Harris,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82037, 2003-Ohio-3952, ¶ 1 (stating that R.C. 2929.11(B)

“requires the court to ensure that consistent sentences are imposed for similar

offenders.”).
       {¶38} I agree with this court’s recent statement of the law in State v. Torres, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99596, 2013-Ohio-5030:

       If the record established that the trial court failed to ensure that [the
       Defendant’s] sentence was “consistent with sentences imposed for similar
       crimes committed by similar offenders,” then his sentence would be
       contrary to law. In determining this, however, we presume that “the
       sentence imposed by the trial court is correct absent evidence that it is
       clearly and convincingly contrary to law.”

Id. at ¶ 84, quoting State v. Sherman, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97840, 2012-Ohio-3958, ¶

15.

       {¶39} Consistent with Torres, I believe that the proper standard for analysis of

R.C. 2929.11(B) appeals is not abuse of discretion but rather whether the record

demonstrates that the offender’s sentence is clearly and convincingly contrary to law.

       {¶40} Furthermore, I find the lead opinion’s holding to be at odds with the

numerous instances 6 where this court has rejected a defendant’s argument that his

sentence was inconsistent under R.C. 2929.11(B) but he failed to present evidence below.

 In such cases this court has oft repeated some variation of the following language:

       under R.C. 2929.11(B), a felony sentence must be “consistent with
       sentences imposed for similar crimes committed by similar offenders.” To
       support a claim that a sentence is disproportionate to sentences imposed
       upon other offenders, a defendant must raise this issue before the trial court
       and present some evidence, however minimal, in order to provide a starting
       point for analysis and to preserve the issue for appeal.

       More than fifty cases by my count.
       6
See, e.g., State v. Gibson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98725, 2013-Ohio-4372, ¶ 77; State v.

Wilson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99331, 2013-Ohio-3915, ¶ 15; State v. Burt, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 99097, 2013-Ohio-3525, ¶ 39.

       {¶41} The underlying implication of the statements of law in these cases is that

where an offender actually does introduce evidence, he has preserved the issue for appeal

and there is an analysis to be done. I find these cases to be in direct conflict with the

lead opinion that would foreclose any such analysis the moment the trial court indicates

that it considered the issue.

       {¶42} I further disagree with the lead opinion’s analysis of Chaney’s sentence in

this case. In regards to the criminal conduct at issue in this case, Moore and Chaney

were convicted of the same offenses with the sole exception being that Moore had a

three-year firearm specification and Chaney did not. This court previously stated in

Moore III that Chaney received a nine-year sentence for the offenses he shared with

Moore. The lead opinion, however, attributes a 19-year sentence to Chaney based upon

the trial court ordering his sentence for the subject offenses to run consecutive to a

10-year sentence he received for wholly unrelated conduct. I disagree with the lead

opinion’s assumption that the trial court intended to sentence Chaney to a 19-year prison

term for the conduct he shared with Moore and simply reached that result by imposing

consecutive sentences for unrelated conduct. There is absolutely no indication in the

record before us that this was the intent of the trial court. I constrain my analysis to the

sentences imposed on Chaney for the offenses he shared with Moore. As such, I find
Chaney’s sentence to be nine years for the purposes of R.C. 2929.11(B) consistency

analysis.

       {¶43} The 18-year difference between the sentences of Chaney and Moore cannot

be explained by the three-year firearm specification, their remarkably similar criminal

histories, or their respective conduct in this case for which the record reflects that

Chaney’s was more severe.       Although the trial court’s statements indicate that it

considered consistency under R.C. 2929.11(B), its actions indicate that it did not.

Therefore, I would find Moore’s sentence to be clearly and convincingly contrary to law.

       {¶44} Finally, it is worth noting a subtle point of law with which I am in

agreement with the lead opinion, that being the impact of the Ohio Supreme Court’s

decision in State v. Hairston, 118 Ohio St.3d 289, 2008-Ohio-2338, 888 N.E.2d 1073, on

R.C. 2929.11(B). In Hairston, the Court, in considering an Eighth Amendment challenge

to a sentence, stated:

       [F]or purposes of the Eighth Amendment and Section 9, Article I of the
       Ohio Constitution, proportionality review should focus on individual
       sentences rather than on the cumulative impact of multiple sentences
       imposed consecutively. Where none of the individual sentences imposed on
       an offender are grossly disproportionate to their respective offenses, an
       aggregate prison term resulting from consecutive imposition of those
       sentences does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment.

Id. at ¶ 20.

       {¶45} Although the lead opinion does not address the issue in depth, it declines to

extend the holding in Hairston to consistency analysis under R.C. 2929.11(B) where

consecutive sentences are involved. If we were to extend the rule of Hairston to a R.C.
2929.11(B) analysis then the statute would be rendered completely meaningless.

Consider, for example, a hypothetical involving two identically situated defendants

convicted of the same charges and with identical criminal histories and factors for

consideration under R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12. If Hairston were to apply here, a trial

court could impose concurrent prison terms for one defendant and consecutive terms for

the other resulting in dramatically different punishment. Any meaningful review by this

Court would be barred by Hairston. R.C. 2929.11(B) would be stripped of any authority

and be rendered null.

      {¶46} I am not aware of any authority in Ohio law applying the holding of

Hairston to an analysis under R.C. 2929.11(B).        Hairston dealt with an Eighth

Amendment constitutional challenge to an offender’s cumulative sentence. Ohio cases

that have considered a R.C. 2929.11(B) challenge to an offender’s cumulative sentence

stemming from consecutive sentences have not applied the rule in Hairston to limit R.C.

2929.11(B). See, e.g., State v. Gibson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98725, 2013-Ohio-4372,

¶ 74-80; State v. Van Horn, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98751, 2013-Ohio-1986, ¶ 26-31;

State v. Lewis, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2012-L-074, 2013-Ohio-3974, ¶ 105-110; State v.

Smith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95243, 2011-Ohio-3051, ¶ 66-70; State v. Berlingeri, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95458, 2011-Ohio-2528, ¶ 11-14. For these reasons I find Hairston

inapplicable to R.C. 2929.11(B).

      {¶47} For the foregoing reasons I respectfully dissent. I would reverse Moore’s

sentence and remand for resentencing.