Court Opinion

ID: 4063122
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-29 20:44:43.322737+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:32:15.512010
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                        14-14-00706-cv
                                                          FOURTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                      HOUSTON, TEXAS
                                                                   4/6/2015 11:22:02 PM
                                                                   CHRISTOPHER PRINE
                                                                                 CLERK

                       NO. 14-14-00706-CV
                       __________________
                                                       FILED IN
                                                14th COURT OF APPEALS
                             IN THE                 HOUSTON, TEXAS
                                                4/6/2015 11:22:02 PM
              FOURTEENTH COURT OF        APPEALSCHRISTOPHER A. PRINE
                                                         Clerk
                    __________________

      ANGLO-DUTCH PETROLEUM INTERNATIONAL, INC.
            and ANGLO-DUTCH (TENGE) L.L.C.,
                 Appellants/Cross-Appellees,

                                v.

      GREENBERG PEDEN, P.C. and GERARD J. SWONKE,
               Appellees/Cross-Appellants.

__________________________________________________________________

                 BRIEF OF CROSS-APPELLANTS
       GREENBERG PEDEN, P.C. and GERARD J. SWONKE
__________________________________________________________________

                              RUSTY HARDIN & ASSOCIATES, LLP
                              Joe Roden
                              State Bar No. 00794549
                              Rusty Hardin
                              State Bar No. 08972800
                              1401 McKinney Street, Suite 2250
                              Houston, Texas 77010
                              Telephone: 713-652-9000
                              Facsimile: 713-652-9800

                              ATTORNEYS FOR
                              CROSS-APPELLANTS

                ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED
              IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL

Appellants/Cross-Appellees:
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum International, Inc. and
Anglo-Dutch (Tenge) L.L.C.

Appellate Counsel for Appellants/Cross-Appellees
Christopher S. Johns
State Bar No. 24044849
805 West 10th Street, Suite 400
Austin, Texas 78701
Telephone: (512) 215-4078
Facsimile: (512) 628-7169
cjohns@jmehlaw.com

Joseph R. Marrs
State Bar No. 24037029
Leah Lanier
State Bar No. 24080068
Johns, Marrs, Ellis & Hodge, LLP
500 Dallas Street, Suite 1350
Houston, Texas 77002
Telephone: (713) 609-9503
Facsimile: (713) 583-5825
jmarrs@jmehlaw.com
llanier@jmehlaw.com

Ryan P. Bates
State Bar No. 24055152
Bates PLLC
3300 Harris Park Avenue
Austin, Texas 78705
Telephone: (512) 694-5268
rbates@batespllc.com

                                   ii
Trial and Appellate Counsel for Appellants/Cross-Appellees:
Kenneth R. Breitbeil
State Bar No. 02947690
David L. Louie
State Bar No. 24074621
McFall, Breitbeil & Eidman, P.C.
1331 Lamar Street
1250 Four Houston Center
Houston, Texas 77010-3027
Telephone: (713) 590-9300
Facsimile: (713) 590-9399
kbreitbeil@mcfall-law.com
dlouie@mcfall-law.com

Appellees/Cross-Appellants:
Gerard J. Swonke and Greenberg Peden, P.C.

Trial and Appellate Counsel for Appellees/Cross-Appellants:
Joe Roden
State Bar No. 00794549
Rusty Hardin
State Bar No. 08972800
Ryan Higgins
State Bar No. 24007362
Rusty Hardin & Associates, LLP
1401 McKinney Street, Suite 2250
Houston, Texas 77010
Telephone: (713) 652-9000
Facsimile: (713) 652-9800
jroden@rustyhardin.com
rhardin@rustyhardin.com
rhiggins@rustyhardin.com

                                   iii
                                                               TABLE OF CONTENTS

IDENTITY OF THE PARTIES AND COUNSEL ................................... ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................ iv

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES ..................................................................... x

STATEMENT OF THE CASE ............................................................. xiv

STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT ............................ xviii

ISSUES PRESENTED .......................................................................... xix

I.            Did the trial court misconstrue the numerator and
              rounding provisions of the Fee Agreement and
              erroneously order Anglo-Dutch to pay Swonke
              $306,000 instead of $1,530,000?1

II.           Did the trial court err by rendering judgment against—
              and refusing to render judgment for—Swonke on his
              attorneys’ fees claims?2

III.          Did the trial court err by rendering judgment against—
              and refusing to render judgment for—Swonke on his
              breach of contract claim?3

IV.           Did the trial court err by rendering a judgment on
              prejudgment interest, post-judgment interest, and
              costs that conflicts with its 2007 Judgment, which
              remains in force and effect on those issues?4 
                                                            
1   This issue attacks judgment decrees 2, 4, 5, 6, and 9 in the 2014 Judgment.

2   This issue attacks judgment decrees 8, 11, and 12 in the 2014 Judgment.

3   This issue attacks judgment decree 7 in the 2014 Judgment.

4   This issue attacks judgment decrees 13, 15, and 16 in the 2014 Judgment.

                                                                      iv
STATEMENT OF FACTS ........................................................................ 1

I.     The Underlying Dispute .................................................................. 1

II.    The Trial Court—Part I ................................................................... 9

III.   The Fourteenth Court of Appeals ................................................. 12

IV.    The Texas Supreme Court ........................................................... 15

V.     The Trial Court—Part II .............................................................. 17

SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT ...................................................... 19

ARGUMENT .......................................................................................... 21

I.     The Trial Court Erred By Misconstruing The
       Numerator And Rounding Provisions Of The Fee
       Agreement, And By Ordering Anglo-Dutch To Pay
       Swonke $306,000 Instead Of $1,530,000 Under The
       Fee Agreement. ............................................................................ 21

       A.      Anglo-Dutch Waived The Declarations Regarding
               The Numerator And Rounding Provisions
               Because The Trial Court’s 2007 Judgment Denied
               That Relief And That Denial Was Not Appealed. .............. 23

       B.      The Trial Court Misconstrued The Fee
               Agreement By Rewriting Its Plain Language In
               Violation Of The Supreme Court’s Opinion. ........................ 26

               1.      The Supreme Court’s Opinion Requires
                       Enforcement Of The Unambiguous Fee
                       Agreement As Written. ............................................... 27

                       a.    The Plain Language Of The Fee
                             Agreement Makes Swonke’s Hours The
                             Numerator In The Fee Formula. ......................... 28

                                                  v
         b.   The Plain Language Of The Fee
              Agreement Requires Rounding Up To
              The Next Whole Percentage After The
              Hours Ratio Is Multiplied By 20%. ..................... 29

    2.   The Supreme Court’s Opinion Prohibits
         Rewriting The Fee Agreement Or Adding To
         Its Language. .............................................................. 30

         a.   The Trial Court Rewrote The Hours
              Ratio In The Fee Formula At Anglo-
              Dutch’s Request. .................................................. 31

         b.   The Trial Court Rewrote The Rounding
              Provision. .............................................................. 33

    3.   The Supreme Court’s Opinion Requires The
         Fee Agreement To Be Construed As A
         Reasonable   Person   In    Anglo-Dutch’s
         Circumstances Would Have Construed It,
         Not As Anglo-Dutch Construes It. ............................. 35

         a.   A Reasonable Person In Anglo-Dutch’s
              Circumstances Would Have Recognized
              That The Numerator Is Swonke’s
              Hours, Not Greenberg Peden’s Hours. ................ 35

              i.    The Text Of The Fee Agreement
                    Plainly States That The Numerator
                    Of The Hours Ratio Is Swonke’s
                    Hours. ............................................................ 35

              ii.   The Circumstances Surrounding
                    The Execution Of The Fee
                    Agreement Do Not Alter Its Plain
                    Language. ...................................................... 36

                                   vi
                          iii. The      Post-Fee               Agreement
                               Circumstances Do Not Alter The
                               Plain Language Of The Fee
                               Agreement. .................................................... 37

                    b.         A Reasonable Person In Anglo-Dutch’s
                               Circumstances           Would                Have
                               Recognized That The Rounding To The
                               Next Whole Percentage Occurs After,
                               Not Before, Multiplying The Hours
                               Ratio By 20%. ..................................................... 41

                          i.      The Text Of The Fee Agreement
                                  Plainly Shows That The Rounding
                                  Occurs        After,           Not          Before,
                                  Multiplying The Hours Ratio By
                                  20%. ................................................................ 41

                          ii.      Neither     The     Circumstances
                                   Surrounding The Execution Of The
                                   Fee Agreement Nor Post-Fee
                                   Agreement Circumstances Alter Its
                                   Plain Language That Requires
                                   Rounding After Multiplying The
                                   Hours Ratio By 20%. ..................................... 42

      C.    Conclusion ............................................................................. 42

II.   The Trial Court Erred By Rendering Judgment
      Against—And Refusing To Render Judgment For—
      Swonke On His Attorneys’ Fees Claims. ...................................... 44

      A.    The Trial Court Erred By Granting Summary
            Judgment Against Swonke On His Attorneys’
            Fees Claims. ......................................................................... 46

                                                 vii
    1.   Anglo-Dutch’s Waiver Of All Complaints
         About The 2007 Judgment’s Award Of
         Attorneys’ Fees To Swonke Prohibited The
         Trial Court From Altering The Award On
         Remand. ....................................................................... 47

    2.   Alternatively, Even If Not Waived, Anglo-
         Dutch’s Grounds For Summary Judgment
         On Swonke’s Attorneys’ Fees Claims Lack
         Merit. ............................................................................ 50

         a.    Notwithstanding The Supreme Court’s
               Opinion, Swonke Had Standing And
               Capacity To Sue For Breach Of The Fee
               Agreement. ........................................................... 50

         b.    Anglo-Dutch’s Grounds For Summary
               Judgment On Swonke’s Claim For
               Attorneys’ Fees Under The Declaratory
               Judgment Act Lack Merit. ................................... 53

               i.    Swonke May Recover Attorneys’
                     Fees Under The Declaratory
                     Judgment     Act   Because      He
                     Defended Against Anglo-Dutch’s
                     Declaratory Judgment Action. ..................... 53

               ii.   Swonke’s Breach Of Contract Claim
                     Did Not Fail. .................................................. 54

               iii. Anglo-Dutch Waived Its Complaint
                    That Swonke’s Attorneys’ Fee
                    Award Was Not Equitable And Just
                    And, In Any Event, The Award Was
                    Equitable And Just. ...................................... 55

                                    viii
        B.      The Trial Court Erred By Refusing To Render
                Judgment Of $427,892.50 For Swonke On His
                Attorneys’ Fees Claims. ....................................................... 58

III.    The Trial Court Erred By Rendering Judgment
        Against—And Refusing To Render Judgment For—
        Swonke On His Breach Of Contract Claim. ................................. 62

        A.      The Trial Court Erred By Granting Summary
                Judgment To Anglo-Dutch On Swonke’s Breach
                Of Contract Claim. ............................................................... 62

        B.      Alternatively, The Trial Court Erred By Refusing
                To Render Judgment For Swonke On His Breach
                Of Contract Claim. ............................................................... 63

IV.     The Trial Court Erred By Rendering A Judgment On
        Prejudgment Interest, Post-Judgment Interest, And
        Costs That Conflicts With Its 2007 Judgment, Which
        Remains In Force And Effect On Those Issues. ........................... 69

        A.      Anglo-Dutch Waived Any Complaints About The
                Trial Court’s 2007 Judgment On Prejudgment
                Interest, Post-Judgment Interest, And Costs. .................... 69

        B.      The 2007 Judgment’s Awards Of Prejudgment
                Interest, Post-judgment Interest, And Costs
                Remain In Force And Effect. ............................................... 71

        C.      The Trial Court Erred By Altering Its Prior
                Awards Of Prejudgment Interest, Post-judgment
                Interest, And Costs, And Refusing To Render
                Judgment Consistent With Its 2007 Judgment. ................. 72

PRAYER .................................................................................................. 73

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE ..................................................... 74

                                                    ix
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ................................................................ 75

                                            x
                             INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

Cases:

Allright, Inc. v. Pearson,
     735 S.W.2d 240 (Tex. 1987) ........................................................... 70

American Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Schaefer,
     124 S.W.3d 154 (Tex. 2003) ............................................... 30, 31, 33

Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, Inc. v. Haskell,
     193 S.W.3d 87 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
     2007, pet. denied) .......................................................................... 10

Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l v. Greenberg Peden, P.C.,
     267 S.W.3d 454 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
     2008, rev’d, 352 S.W.3d 445 (Tex. 2011) .............................. passim

Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l v. Greenberg Peden, P.C.,
     352 S.W.3d 445 (Tex. 2011) ................................................... passim

Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, Inc. v. Littlemill Ltd.,
     No. 14-06-00921-CV, 2007 WL 2826900 (Tex.
     App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Oct. 2, 2007, pet. denied) .................. 10

Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, Inc. v. Smith,
     243 S.W.3d 776 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
     2007, pet. denied) .......................................................................... 10

Bramlett v. Phillips,
     359 S.W.3d 304 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2012, aff’d,
     Phillips v. Bramlett, 407 S.W.3d. 229 (Tex. 2013) ...... 59, 60, 61, 71

Brown v. Mesa Distributors, Inc.,
     414 S.W.3d 279 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
     2013, no pet.) ............................................................................ 51, 53

                                                xi
City of Temple v. Taylor,
     268 S.W.3d 852 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, pet. denied) ................ 48

Guitar Holding Co., L.P. v. Hudspeth County Underground
     Water Conservation Dist. No. 1,
     263 S.W.3d 910 (Tex. 2008) ............................. 59, 60, 61, 67, 68, 71

Hoover Slovaceck, L.L.P. v. Walton,
     206 S.W.3d 557 (Tex. 2006) ........................................................... 58

Hudspeth County Underground Water Conservation
    Dist. No. 1 v. Guitar Holding Co., L.P.,
     355 S.W.3d 428 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2011,
     pet. denied) ..................................................... 25, 47, 49, 52, 63, 72

Jacobs v. Satterwhite,
     65 S.W.3d 653 (Tex. 2001)........................................................ 24, 51

JGR, Inc. v. Thomasville Furniture Indus., Inc.,
     550 F.3d 529 (6th Cir. 2008) .................................. 49, 67, 68, 72, 73

Medical Ctr. Pharmacy v. Holder,
     634 F.3d 830 (5th Cir. 2011) ............................................... 25, 48, 72

Montemayer v. Ortiz,
     208 S.W.3d 627 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2006,
     pet. denied) .............................................................................. 54, 58

Ontiveros v. Flores,
     218 S.W.3d 70 (Tex. 2007)........................................................ 24, 51

Pagosa Oil and Gas, L.L.C. v. Marrs and Smith Partnership,
     323 S.W.3d 203 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2010, pet. denied) ........ 51, 52

Phillips v. Bramlett,
     407 S.W.3d 229 (Tex. 2013) ............................................... 60, 61, 71

                                                xii
David J. Sacks, P.C. v. Haden,
       266 S.W.3d 447 (Tex. 2008) ............................................... 29, 32, 40

San Jacinto River Authority v. Duke,
       783 S.W.2d 209 (Tex. 1990) ............................................... 24, 51, 71

Sims v. Fitzpatrick,
       No. 01-13-00176-CV, 2014 WL 1004410
       (Tex. App.—Houston [1st. Dist.] March 13,
       2014, pet. denied) .......................................................................... 64

Southwestern Bell Telephone Co. v. Marketing on Hold, Inc.,
       308 S.W.3d 909 (Tex. 2010) ..................................................... 51, 64

State v. Anderson Courier Serv.,
       222 S.W.3d 62 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, pet. denied) ...... 26, 49, 73

State v. Biggar,
       873 S.W.2d 11 (Tex. 1994) ........................................... 24, 51, 67, 68

Thomas v. Bilby-Knight,
       No. 09-03-370CV, 2003 WL 22213590 (Tex. App.—
       Beaumont 2003, no pet.) .......................................................... 70-71

United Resources, L.P. v. Sepco Tubulars, Inc.,
       No. 04-12-00663-CV, 2014 WL 3339537 (Tex.
       App.—San Antonio July 9, 2014, no pet.) .................. 25, 48, 49, 72

Wohlfahrt v. Holloway, 172 S.W.3d 630 (Tex. App.–
       Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. denied) ......................................... 70

Statutes:

Restatement (Third) of The Law Governing Lawyers
     § 18(2) (2000) ................................................................................. 35

                                                  xiii
Rules:

TEX. R. CIV. P. 301 ............................................................................. 68-69

                                                 xiv
                                                        STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Nature of the                                             Declaratory judgment and breach of fiduciary
original case:                                            duty action brought by Anglo-Dutch Petroleum
                                                          International, Inc. and Anglo-Dutch (Tenge)
                                                          L.L.C. (collectively “Anglo-Dutch”) against their
                                                          attorney, Gerard Swonke, and Greenberg Peden,
                                                          P.C., the law firm to which he was formerly “of
                                                          counsel.”      Swonke counterclaimed for a
                                                          declaratory judgment, breach of contract, and
                                                          fraud. Swonke also sued Scott Van Dyke, the
                                                          president of Anglo-Dutch, for fraud.

Original trial court:                                     61st District Court, Harris County, Judge John
                                                          Donovan

Original jury verdict: The jury found that Swonke was, and Greenberg
                                                          Peden was not, a party to a contingent fee
                                                          agreement (“Fee Agreement”) with Anglo-Dutch,
                                                          and that Anglo-Dutch breached the Fee
                                                          Agreement.5   The jury awarded damages of
                                                          $1,000,000. The jury also found that Swonke
                                                          complied with his fiduciary duties to Anglo-
                                                          Dutch.6

Original trial court                                      Judgment rendered for Swonke on the jury’s
disposition:                                              verdict for actual damages, attorneys’ fees, pre-
                                                          and post-judgment interest, and costs of court.7

                                                            
5   A copy of the Fee Agreement is attached as Appendix A.

6 A copy of the original jury verdict is attached to the original final judgment which
is attached as Appendix B.

7A copy of the trial court’s January 22, 2007 final judgment (“2007 Judgment”) is
attached as Appendix B.

                                                                      xv
Court of Appeals:                                         Fourteenth Court of Appeals, panel consisting of
                                                          Justice Boyce (author), Justice Fowler, and
                                                          Senior Justice Hudson

COA disposition:                                          Affirmed.

COA opinion:                                              Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, Inc. v. Greenberg
                                                          Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d 454 (Tex. App.—Houston
                                                          [14th Dist.] Aug. 26, 2008, pet. filed) (“Anglo-
                                                          Dutch”).8

Supreme Court                                             Reversed and remanded to the trial court for
disposition:                                              further proceedings in accordance with the
                                                          opinion.

Supreme Court                                             Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, Inc. v. Greenberg
opinion:                                                  Peden, P.C., 352 S.W.3d 445 (Tex. 2011).9

Nature of the case                                        Declaratory judgment and breach of contract
on remand:                                                action regarding the fee owed under the Fee
                                                          Agreement.

Trial court on                                            61st District Court, Harris County, Judge Al
remand:                                                   Bennett

Course of                                                 The trial court construed the Fee Agreement as a
proceedings                                               matter of law and applied those rulings to
on remand:                                                stipulated facts.10 The trial court also granted an
                                                          interlocutory summary judgment against Swonke

                                                            
8A copy of Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, Inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d
454 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 26, 2008), rev’d, 352 S.W.3d 445 (Tex.
2011) is attached as Appendix C.

9A copy of Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, Inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 352 S.W.3d
445 (Tex. 2011) is attached as Appendix D.

                                                                      xvi
                                                          on his claims for breach of contract, declaratory
                                                          judgment, and attorneys’ fees.11 Finally, the trial
                                                          court held a jury trial on Anglo-Dutch’s claims for
                                                          trial, appellate, and post-remand attorneys’ fees
                                                          and costs.12

Jury verdict                                              The jury found that Anglo-Dutch’s reasonable
on remand:                                                and necessary attorneys’ fees and costs for trial,
                                                          appellate, and post-remand work was “$0” with
                                                          two exceptions. 1 CR 957-968. The jury found
                                                          that a reasonable fee for the necessary services of
                                                          Anglo-Dutch’s attorneys for the prior appeal to
                                                          the Supreme Court of Texas was $50,000. 1 CR
                                                          962. The jury also found that reasonable and
                                                          necessary costs for the appeals to this Court and
                                                          the Texas Supreme Court was $12,000. 1 CR
                                                          965.

Trial court                                               The trial court rendered declaratory judgments
disposition                                               construing the Fee Agreement in favor of Anglo-
on remand:                                                Dutch and awarded Anglo-Dutch court costs. The
                                                          trial court also rendered a take-nothing judgment
                                                          against Swonke on his claims for breach of
                                                          contract, declaratory judgment, and attorneys’
                                                          fees. The trial court rendered judgment for
                                                          Swonke and against Anglo-Dutch for $306,000,
                                                          plus pre- and post-judgment interest. The trial
                                                          court disregarded the two jury findings in favor of
                                                          Anglo-Dutch and rendered a take-nothing

                                                                                                                                                                                                
10A copy of the trial court’s order construing the Fee Agreement as a matter of law
and applying that construction to stipulated facts is attached as Appendix E.

11A copy of the trial court’s order granting interlocutory summary judgment against
Swonke on his claims for breach of contract, declaratory judgment, and attorneys’
fees is attached as Appendix F.

12A copy of the jury verdict in the second trial is attached to the trial court’s final
judgment which is attached as Appendix G.

                                                                                           xvii
                                                          judgment against Anglo-Dutch on its claims for
                                                          trial, appellate, and post-remand attorneys’
                                                          fees.13

                                                            
13A copy of the trial court’s May 13, 2014 judgment (“2014 Judgment”) is attached
as Appendix G.

                                                                     xviii
           STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

     The cross-appellants request oral argument.            The lengthy

procedural history of this case and numerous defects in the judgment

may be better explored with the parties’ advocates available to address

the Court’s questions that are sure to arise in this complex case.

                                   xix
                                                               ISSUES PRESENTED

I.            Did the trial court misconstrue the numerator and rounding
              provisions of the Fee Agreement and erroneously order Anglo-
              Dutch to pay Swonke $306,000 instead of $1,530,000?14

II.           Did the trial court err by rendering judgment against—and
              refusing to render judgment for—Swonke on his attorneys’ fees
              claims?15

III.          Did the trial court err by rendering judgment against—and
              refusing to render judgment for—Swonke on his breach of contract
              claim?16

V.            Did the trial court err by rendering a judgment on prejudgment
              interest, post-judgment interest, and costs that conflicts with its
              2007 Judgment, which remains in force and effect on those
              issues?17 

                                                            
14   This issue attacks judgment decrees 2(1), 4, 5, 6, and 9 in the 2014 Judgment.

15   This issue attacks judgment decrees 8, 11, and 12 in the 2014 Judgment.

16   This issue attacks judgment decree 7 in the 2014 Judgment.

17   This issue attacks judgment decrees 13, 15, and 16 in the 2014 Judgment.

                                                                      xx
                      STATEMENT OF FACTS

I.   The Underlying Dispute

     Gerard Swonke has been a lawyer for 41-years who was “of

counsel” to Greenberg Peden, P.C. or its predecessor from 1987 until

November 2001. 1 CR 248-250, 1 CR 258. Scott Van Dyke worked for

Van Dyke Energy Company (later Vanco Energy Company), his father’s

oil company, where he spent 50% of his time negotiating and preparing

contracts. Swonke first met Van Dyke in 1987 through Van Dyke’s

father. 1 CR 251-253. Soon thereafter, Swonke began to represent Van

Dyke’s father’s company. 1 CR 253.

     In 1989, Van Dyke and his mother formed Anglo-Dutch Petroleum

International, Inc., an exploration company. 1 CR 168-171. Van Dyke

served as its president. 1 CR 185-186. Beginning in 1993, Van Dyke

became the chief architect and negotiator of an elaborate limited

liability agreement that brought together disparate investor interests

from several countries to pursue a license in Kazakhstan for the

development of the Tenge oil and gas field. 1 CR 230, 257. Swonke

drafted the formal documents and obtained the assistance of Skip

Naylor, a Greenberg Peden shareholder, to help document the

                                  1
transaction. 1 CR 231, 257. Anglo-Dutch (Tenge) L.L.C. was the entity

formed to complete the transaction. See 1 CR 231.

       In   1997,   Swonke   negotiated   and   drafted   confidentiality

agreements that Halliburton and Ramco executed in order to view

Anglo-Dutch’s confidential data regarding the Tenge field to assess a

proposed buyout of Anglo-Dutch’s existing partners. 1 CR 172-175. In

February 2000, Anglo-Dutch requested that Swonke examine the

viability of a potential lawsuit against Halliburton and Ramco for

breaching the confidentiality agreements. 1 CR 187, 260-261. Swonke

concluded a lawsuit was viable and so advised Anglo-Dutch. 1 CR 188,

262.

       Although Anglo-Dutch wished to pursue the lawsuit, it did not

have the financial resources to do so on an hourly basis. 1 CR 176.

Anglo-Dutch owed Greenberg Peden a large sum of money. 1 CR 221.

For that reason, Greenberg Peden previously had decided and told Van

Dyke that it would no longer represent Anglo-Dutch in any matters. 1

CR 208-209, 225-226, 258-259, 232-234.      Nevertheless, as required

under Swonke’s “of counsel” agreement with Greenberg Peden, Swonke

first approached Greenberg Peden and asked if it would represent

                                   2
Anglo-Dutch against Halliburton and Ramco. 1 CR 232-233, 217, 235 ¶

8. Greenberg Peden flatly refused. 1 CR 218-220, 222-226, 232-233,

235, 237-238, 241-242. Swonke and David Peden, a named shareholder

of Greenberg Peden, both informed Van Dyke that Greenberg Peden

would not represent it against Halliburton and Ramco, a fact even Van

Dyke concedes. 1 CR 188, 208-209, 225-226, 233, 237-238, 241-243.

     Swonke then referred the case to McConn & Williams without

seeking a referral fee. 1 CR 263. McConn & Williams signed a fee

agreement with Anglo-Dutch on March 25, 2000 and filed Anglo-Dutch

(Tenge) L.L.C., et al. v. Ramco Oil & Gas, Ltd., et al.; in the 61st Judicial

District Court of Harris County, Texas, Cause No. 2000-22588

(“Halliburton Lawsuit”) on May 2, 2000.          1 CR 318-325, 177-178.

McConn & Williams later associated with John O’Quinn to try the case.

1 CR 236.

     After Anglo-Dutch hired McConn & Williams, Van Dyke and

McConn & Williams’ lawyers frequently asked Swonke for advice and to

perform tasks on the Halliburton Lawsuit even though at that time

Swonke had no agreement with Anglo-Dutch or McConn & Williams by

which he would be paid for his efforts. 1 CR 264-266. After several

                                     3
months of such requests, Swonke finally concluded that he had to be

compensated if he was going to continue to work on the Halliburton

Lawsuit. 1 CR 266.

       Van Dyke called Swonke and specifically asked to retain him, not

Greenberg Peden, to work on the Halliburton Lawsuit on a contingent

fee because he could not afford to pay Swonke by the hour. 1 CR 267-

268. Van Dyke suggested a contingency fee based on a formula. 1 CR

268.    Swonke and Anglo-Dutch agreed to Van Dyke’s terms, which

Swonke dictated into a Dictaphone. 1 CR 269-271. Swonke then asked

his secretary to transcribe his dictation and finalize the document. 1

CR 272.

       The body of the Fee Agreement never mentions Greenberg Peden.

1 CR 312. Instead, the body of the Fee Agreement exclusively uses the

personal pronouns “I”, “me”, and “my” twelve times in a nine-sentence

contract to refer to Swonke, individually, and his rights and obligations

under the Fee Agreement. 1 CR 312-313.

       Swonke’s secretary inadvertently put the Fee Agreement on

Greenberg Peden letterhead and inserted “GREENBERG PEDEN, P.C.”

into the signature block.    1 CR 272.    Swonke then signed the Fee

                                   4
Agreement on October 16, 2000, never noticing the references to

Greenberg Peden in the letterhead and in the signature block. 1 CR

273, 312. Van Dyke signed the Fee Agreement the next day for Anglo-

Dutch. 1 CR 313.

     Swonke had no intention to, did not, and could not—because of

Greenberg Peden’s prohibition on doing work for Anglo-Dutch—act for

Greenberg Peden by signing the Fee Agreement. 1 CR 207. Instead,

Swonke signed the contract for himself individually. 1 CR 282. Swonke

has never signed a contingency fee contract on behalf of Greenberg

Peden. 1 CR 215. Indeed, when Greenberg Peden signs a contingency

fee contract with a client, a Greenberg Peden attorney executes the fee

agreement. 1 CR 211. Greenberg Peden had flatly refused to represent

Anglo-Dutch in the Halliburton Lawsuit and told Van Dyke so—thus,

Swonke had no authority to sign the Fee Agreement on behalf of

Greenberg Peden, a fact known by Van Dyke. 1 CR 188, 208-209, 218-

220, 222-226, 232-233, 235, 237-238, 241-243.      Naylor, Greenberg

Peden’s managing shareholder, agreed that Swonke did not execute the

Fee Agreement on behalf of Greenberg Peden. 1 CR 239-240.

                                  5
     After signing the Fee Agreement, Swonke worked on the

Halliburton Lawsuit for 277 hours while physically present at

Greenberg Peden’s offices. 1 CR 216. On October 26, 2001, Swonke

became “of counsel” to McConn & Williams. 1 CR 347-350. Swonke

informed Anglo-Dutch that he was taking its files, including the

Halliburton Lawsuit, with him to his “of counsel” position at McConn &

Williams unless Anglo-Dutch objected. 1 CR 354. Anglo-Dutch did not

object. 1 CR 193-194. Because Swonke was to be compensated for his

work on the Halliburton Lawsuit under the Fee Agreement, Swonke’s

“of counsel” agreement with McConn & Williams provided that McConn

& Williams would not share any fees with Swonke that it derived from

the Halliburton Lawsuit.     See 1 CR 349.       With Anglo-Dutch’s

knowledge, Swonke then worked 1,022 hours on the Halliburton

Lawsuit while “of counsel” at McConn & Williams. 1 CR 206.

     On May 7, 2002, six months after Van Dyke learned that Swonke

had physically left Greenberg Peden to become “of counsel” to McConn

& Williams, Van Dyke was deposed in the Halliburton Lawsuit. Van

Dyke expressly testified that Anglo-Dutch had a fee agreement with

Swonke. 1 CR 195, 247. Van Dyke did not remotely suggest during his

                                  6
deposition that Anglo-Dutch had a fee agreement with Greenberg

Peden. 1 CR 195.

     The jury in the Halliburton Lawsuit rendered a $70,500,000

verdict for Anglo-Dutch against Halliburton and Ramco.       1 CR 179.

Halliburton and Ramco then stipulated that Anglo-Dutch incurred

reasonable and necessary attorneys’ fees of $9,800,000. 1 CR 192. The

attorneys’ time for which Anglo-Dutch recovered attorneys’ fees

included the 1,022 hours that Swonke worked on the Halliburton

Lawsuit while “of counsel” to McConn & Williams. 1 CR 204, 216.

     Anglo-Dutch eventually settled with Halliburton for $51,000,000

on April 1, 2004, and Halliburton funded the settlement on April 15,

2004. 1 CR 180, 378. During this period, Swonke repeatedly emailed

Van Dyke about the calculation of his fee, directed Van Dyke’s attention

to the fact that Swonke’s wiring instructions were not included with

those of other attorneys who received their fees directly from

Halliburton, and asked Van Dyke to promptly address “my contract.” 1

CR 364, 368, 373, 383. Van Dyke never suggested in response to these

communications that he believed Swonke was not a party to the Fee

Agreement. See 1 CR 205, 279. Instead, Van Dyke expressed concern

                                   7
that Greenberg Peden may make a claim for a fee because the Fee

Agreement was on Greenberg Peden letterhead. To address Van Dyke’s

concern and at his request, on April 16, 2004, before this lawsuit was

filed, Swonke obtained an assignment from Greenberg Peden of any

rights it had under the Fee Agreement. See 1 CR 385.

       On April 20, 2004, Van Dyke met with a lawyer and discussed

issues related to Swonke. 1 CR 183. On April 22, 2004, Swonke met

with Van Dyke and, for the first time, Van Dyke asserted that the Fee

Agreement is between Anglo-Dutch and Greenberg Peden, shocking

Swonke. 1 CR 274-275, 280. Swonke left the meeting, telling Van Dyke

“I can’t believe you’re going to do this to me and my family.” 1 CR 281.

Several hours later, Anglo-Dutch sued Swonke, asserting that Anglo-

Dutch’s Fee Agreement was with Greenberg Peden, not Swonke. 1 CR

286.

       Like it did with Swonke’s Fee Agreement, Anglo-Dutch also

attempted to avoid numerous other contracts that required it to share

the settlement from the Halliburton Lawsuit.      For example, Anglo-

Dutch executed 33 contracts that would have required it to pay

approximately $11,000,000 of the settlement to investors in the

                                   8
Halliburton Lawsuit. 1 CR 196-199. However, Van Dyke did not pay

any of the investors the amount they contracted for, thereby saving $4-5

million. 1 CR 198, 200. Like Swonke, at least eight of the investors

successfully sued Anglo-Dutch for breach of contract. See, e.g., Anglo-

Dutch Petroleum Int’l, Inc. v. Smith, 243 S.W.3d 776 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. denied); Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l,

Inc. v. Littlemill Ltd., No. 14-06-00921-CV, 2007 WL 2826900 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Oct. 2, 2007, pet. denied); Anglo-Dutch

Petroleum Int’l, Inc. v. Haskell, 193 S.W.3d 87 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2007, pet. denied).

II.     The Trial Court—Part I

        Anglo-Dutch sued Swonke and Greenberg Peden for a declaratory

judgment, negligence, gross negligence, fraud, and breach of fiduciary

duty.     1 CR 286-290.      Anglo-Dutch sought the following seven

declarations regarding the Fee Agreement:

           the Fee Agreement is between Anglo-Dutch and Greenberg
            Peden, and not between Anglo-Dutch and Swonke,
            individually;

           Greenberg Peden’s April 16, 2004 assignment of its rights
            and interest in the Fee Agreement to Swonke is illegal and
            unenforceable against Anglo-Dutch;

                                   9
        the numerator in the hours ratio in the fee formula in the
         Fee Agreement is the hours Greenberg Peden worked on the
         Halliburton Lawsuit and does not include the hours Swonke
         worked on the Halliburton Lawsuit while of counsel to
         McConn & Williams;

        the hours Swonke worked on the Halliburton Lawsuit while
         of counsel to McConn & Williams are included in the
         denominator in the fee formula in the Fee Agreement;

        the rounding up to the next whole percentage that is
         required by the Fee Agreement occurs after the hours ratio
         is determined and before, not after, the hours ratio is
         multiplied by 20%.

        the contingency fee owed under the Fee Agreement shall
         remain in direct correlation to McConn & Williams’
         contingency fee percentage—whether the McConn &
         Williams contingency fee percentage increases or decreases;
         and

        neither Swonke nor Greenberg Peden can recover any
         contingency fee under the Fee Agreement from any future
         recovery against Ramco.
See 1 CR 286-287.    In addition, Anglo-Dutch sought fee forfeiture,

actual damages, exemplary damages, and attorneys’ fees. 1 CR SUPP

114. Swonke counterclaimed for a declaratory judgment, for breach of

contract against Anglo-Dutch, and for fraud against both Anglo-Dutch

and Van Dyke. 1 CR 293-294. Swonke sought actual damages and

attorneys’ fees. 1 CR SUPP 100.

                                  10
     After two weeks of testimony, the jury found in response to

Question 1 that the Fee Agreement with Anglo-Dutch was entered into

on behalf of Swonke, individually, and not on behalf of Greenberg

Peden. See 1 CR 303. In response to Question 2, the jury found that

Anglo-Dutch breached the Fee Agreement. 1 CR 304. The jury found in

response to Question 3 that $1,000,000 would fairly and reasonably

compensate Swonke for his damages that resulted from Anglo-Dutch’s

breach of the Fee Agreement. 1 CR 305. In response to Question 5, the

jury found that Swonke complied with his fiduciary duty to Anglo-

Dutch. 1 CR 306. Finally, the jury found in response to Question 9 that

Van Dyke did not commit fraud against Swonke. 1 CR 307.

     The trial court rendered judgment on the jury’s verdict on

January 22, 2007 (the “2007 Judgment”). 1 CR 298. That judgment

ordered Anglo-Dutch to take nothing from Swonke and Greenberg

Peden.   1 CR 298.    The judgment also ordered Anglo-Dutch to pay

Swonke $1,000,000 and prejudgment interest on that amount of

$226,924.50.   1 CR 299.   Finally, the judgment also ordered Anglo-

Dutch to pay Swonke the following attorneys’ fees for the prosecution of

his breach of contract and declaratory judgment claims, and his defense

                                  11
of Anglo-Dutch’s declaratory judgment claims:      $352,892.50 for trial;

$75,000 if Anglo-Dutch unsuccessfully appealed to the court of appeals;

and $50,000 if Anglo-Dutch unsuccessfully appealed to the Texas

Supreme Court. 1 CR 299.

III.   The Fourteenth Court of Appeals

       On appeal to this Court, Anglo-Dutch complained only that: (1)

the Fee Agreement was unambiguously between Anglo-Dutch and

Greenberg Peden, and should have been construed that way as a matter

of law; (2) any ambiguity in the Fee Agreement should have been

construed against Swonke; (3) the evidence was legally and factually

insufficient to support the jury’s finding in Question 1 that the Fee

Agreement with Anglo-Dutch was entered into on behalf of Swonke,

individually, and not on behalf of Greenberg Peden; (4) the evidence

was legally and factually insufficient to support the jury’s finding in

Question 5 that Swonke complied with his fiduciary duty; (5) the trial

court erroneously instructed the jury; and (6) the trial court erroneously

admitted evidence.    See Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l v. Greenberg

Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d 454, 464 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2008); 1 CR SUPP 124-183.

                                   12
     Anglo-Dutch did not complain in this Court about the trial court’s

take-nothing judgment rejecting Anglo-Dutch’s request for the following

declarations, among others:

         the numerator in the hours ratio in the fee formula in the
          Fee Agreement is the hours Greenberg Peden worked on the
          Halliburton Lawsuit and does not include the hours Swonke
          worked on the Halliburton Lawsuit while of counsel to
          McConn & Williams; and

         the rounding up to the next whole percentage that is
          required by the Fee Agreement occurs after the hours ratio
          is determined and before, not after, the hours ratio is
          multiplied by 20%.

1 CR SUPP 124-183.

     Finally, Anglo-Dutch did not attack in this Court: (1) the jury’s

finding in Question 2 that Anglo-Dutch breached the Fee Agreement;

(2) the jury’s finding in Question 3 that $1,000,000 would fairly and

reasonably compensate Swonke for his damages resulting from Anglo-

Dutch’s breach of the Fee Agreement; (3) the trial court’s award of

$226,924.50 in prejudgment interest; (4) the trial court’s award of

attorneys’ fees to Swonke; (5) the trial court’s finding that an award of

attorneys’ fees to Anglo-Dutch would not be equitable or just; (6) the

trial court’s award of court costs to Swonke and Greenberg Peden; or (7)

the trial court’s award of post-judgment interest at 8.25%, compounded

                                   13
annually, from the date of the judgment until paid. 1 CR SUPP 124-

183; Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d
454, 464 n.5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008), rev’d, 352 S.W.3d
445 (Tex. 2011) (“Anglo-Dutch does not challenge on appeal the jury’s

finding that it breached the fee agreement; the amount of contract

damages awarded for that breach; or the separate statutory fee award

for litigating Swonke’s contract claim under the disputed fee agreement,

which the parties opted to try to the Court. Anglo-Dutch also does not

challenge the rendition of a take-nothing judgment in favor of

Greenberg Peden.”).

     This Court unanimously affirmed the trial court’s judgment. See

Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d 454

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008), rev’d, 352 S.W.3d 445 (Tex.

2011). 1 CR SUPP 8-52. Specifically, this Court stated:

     We hold that the October 16, 2000 fee agreement was
     ambiguous with respect to whether Anglo–Dutch contracted
     with Swonke individually or with Greenberg Peden. The
     trial court properly refused to construe the ambiguous fee
     agreement against Swonke and properly submitted this
     issue to the jury. Legally and factually sufficient evidence
     supports the jury's finding that Swonke individually is a
     party to the fee agreement with Anglo–Dutch, and that
     Greenberg Peden is not. Legally and factually sufficient
     evidence supports the jury's finding that Swonke complied

                                  14
      with his fiduciary duty to Anglo–Dutch. Anglo–Dutch's
      charge and evidentiary complaints provide no basis for
      reversal. We affirm the trial court's judgment.

See 1 CR SUPP 52.

IV.   The Texas Supreme Court

      In the Texas Supreme Court, Anglo-Dutch complained only that:

(1) the Fee Agreement was unambiguously between Anglo-Dutch and

Greenberg Peden; (2) any ambiguity in the Fee Agreement should be

construed against Swonke; and (3) the trial court erroneously instructed

the jury. See 1 CR SUPP 226-269.

      Anglo-Dutch did not complain in the Texas Supreme Court about

the trial court’s take-nothing judgment rejecting Anglo-Dutch’s request

for the following declarations, among others:

         the numerator in the hours ratio in the fee formula in the
          Fee Agreement is the hours Greenberg Peden worked on the
          Halliburton Lawsuit and does not include the hours Swonke
          worked on the Halliburton Lawsuit while of counsel to
          McConn & Williams; and

         the rounding up to the next whole percentage that is
          required by the Fee Agreement occurs after the hours ratio
          is determined and before, not after, the hours ratio is
          multiplied by 20%.
1 CR SUPP 134-183.

                                   15
     Moreover, Anglo-Dutch did not challenge in the Texas Supreme

Court: (1) the jury’s finding in Question 2 that Anglo-Dutch breached

the Fee Agreement; (2) the jury’s finding in Question 3 that $1,000,000

would fairly and reasonably compensate Swonke for his damages

resulting from Anglo-Dutch’s breach of the Fee Agreement; (3) the trial

court’s award of $226,924.50 in prejudgment interest; (4) the trial

court’s award of attorneys’ fees to Swonke; (5) the trial court’s

conclusion that an award of attorneys’ fees to Anglo-Dutch would not be

equitable or just; (6) the trial court’s award of court costs to Swonke and

Greenberg Peden; or (7) the trial court’s award of post-judgment

interest at 8.25% on the award, compounded annually, from the date of

the judgment until paid. See 1 CR SUPP 197-213; 1 CR SUPP 226-296.

     In a 5-4 decision, the Texas Supreme Court held that the Fee

Agreement was unambiguously between Anglo-Dutch and Greenberg

Peden. See Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 352
S.W.3d 445, 453 (Tex. 2011).       The Texas Supreme Court’s opinion

states: “The judgment of the court of appeals is reversed, and the case

is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings.” Id.

                                    16
V.   The Trial Court—Part II

     Upon remand, the trial court declared as a matter of law, among

other declarations, that: (1) the rounding up to the next whole

percentage that is required by the Fee Agreement occurs before the

hours ratio is multiplied by 20%; (2) the numerator in the fee formula is

the hours Greenberg Peden spent on the Halliburton Lawsuit; and (3)

Anglo-Dutch owed Swonke $306,000 under the Fee Agreement. 1 CR

524-525.

     The trial court also rendered an interlocutory summary judgment

ordering, among other things, that: (1) Swonke take nothing on his

breach of contract counterclaim; (2) Swonke take nothing on his request

for attorneys’ fees under chapter 38 of the Texas Civil Practice and

Remedies Code; (3) Swonke take nothing on his declaratory judgment

counterclaim; and (4) Swonke is precluded from recovering attorneys’

fees under section 37.009 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies

Code. 1 CR 668-669.

     Finally, the Court held a three-day jury trial on the issues of

Anglo-Dutch’s trial, appellate, and post-remand attorneys’ fees and

costs. 1 CR 1302. The jury answered “$0” nine times in response to

                                   17
eleven subquestions in the jury charge. 1 CR 1309-1314. However, the

jury also found that $50,000 was a reasonable fee for the necessary

services of Anglo-Dutch’s attorneys for representation for the prior

appeal to the Texas Supreme Court and that $12,000 was the

reasonable and necessary costs that Anglo-Dutch incurred in its appeal

to this Court and the Texas Supreme Court. 1 CR 1311, 1314. The trial

court granted Swonke’s motion to disregard the jury’s findings on those

two questions and also ruled that an award of attorneys’ fees or costs to

Anglo-Dutch would not be equitable or just. 1 CR 1302.

                                   18
                  SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT

     Eleven years ago, Anglo-Dutch settled a lawsuit for $51,000,000

and then refused to pay one of its lawyers, Swonke, the amount it had

agreed to pay him.   Adding insult to injury, Anglo-Dutch then sued

Swonke. Thus began this litigation odyssey.

     A jury, a trial court (now Fourteenth Court of Appeals) judge,

three court of appeals justices, and four Texas Supreme Court justices

found that the parties’ Fee Agreement was between Anglo-Dutch and

Swonke.   However, five justices on the Texas Supreme Court held

that—notwithstanding Greenberg Peden’s express refusal to represent

Anglo-Dutch, and Van Dyke’s testimony that Anglo-Dutch had a fee

agreement with Swonke—the Fee Agreement was between Anglo-Dutch

and Greenberg Peden, not Swonke, as a matter of law.

     On remand, Anglo-Dutch treated the Supreme Court’s declaration

regarding the parties to the Fee Agreement as a panacea despite its

insignificance. Although the Supreme Court did not address or decide

how much money was owed under the Fee Agreement because Anglo-

Dutch did not appeal the take-nothing judgment on the declarations

that would have presented that issue, at Anglo-Dutch’s invitation the

                                 19
trial court literally rewrote the Fee Agreement in contravention of its

plain language and the Supreme Court’s opinion.       The trial court’s

mistaken construction of the Fee Agreement resulted in a judgment for

Swonke of $306,000 instead of the $1,530,000 the parties agreed he

would be paid.

     The remainder of the trial court’s errors on remand resulted

primarily from its failure to acknowledge and apply a fundamental rule

of appellate practice:   issues decided in a judgment that are not

appealed are waived and not remanded for a second bite at the apple,

even if the judgment is reversed and the case is remanded. In other

words, a trial court errs by rendering a judgment on remand that alters

its own or a higher court’s prior judgment on an issue that was not

appealed because the waived judgment on the issue remains in force

and effect.   This waiver doctrine serves judicial economy by forcing

parties to raise issues whose resolution might spare the courts and

parties successive rounds of remands and appeals.

     The trial court ran afoul of the waiver doctrine by rendering

declarations on remand which had previously been sought, refused by

the 2007 Judgment, and not appealed.        Similarly, the trial court

                                  20
awarded Swonke attorneys’ fees, pre- and post-judgment interest, and

costs in its 2007 Judgment that were not appealed. Nevertheless, the

trial court erroneously eliminated or altered those awards on remand.

     Despite the trial court’s errors, Swonke had decided to forego an

appeal to allow this litigation to end until forced to cross-appeal by

Anglo-Dutch’s perfection of its appeal. A proper construction of the Fee

Agreement and application of the waiver doctrine will allow a lawyer

who helped enrich his client to get paid the agreed amount for his

services and end this litigation once and for all.

                               ARGUMENT

I.   The Trial Court Erred By Misconstruing The Numerator And
     Rounding Provisions Of The Fee Agreement, And By Ordering
     Anglo-Dutch To Pay Swonke $306,000 Instead Of $1,530,000
     Under The Fee Agreement.

     On remand, the trial court construed the Fee Agreement as a

matter of law and ruled, among other things, that: (1) the numerator in

the fee formula is the hours Greenberg Peden spent on the Halliburton

Lawsuit, and does not include the hours Swonke worked on the

Halliburton Lawsuit while of counsel to McConn & Williams; and (2)

the rounding up to the next whole percentage that is required by the

Fee Agreement occurs after the hours ratio is determined and before,

                                     21
not after, the hours ratio is multiplied by 20%. See 1 CR 524-525; 1 CR

1303. The trial court then applied its rulings in light of the parties’

stipulations that: (a) Anglo-Dutch’s gross recovery in the Halliburton

Lawsuit was $51,000,000, (b) Swonke worked on the Halliburton

Lawsuit for 277 hours while of counsel to Greenberg Peden; and (c)

McConn & Williams’ attorneys, and Swonke while of counsel to McConn

& Williams, worked on the Halliburton Lawsuit for a total of 11,652

hours. See 1 CR 524-525; 1 CR 1303-1304.

     Based on its construction of the Fee Agreement and the parties’

stipulations, the trial court rendered judgment:     (A) declaring the

numerator in the fee formula to be Greenberg Peden’s hours and not

Swonke’s hours; (B) declaring that the rounding up required by the Fee

Agreement occurs before the hours ratio is multiplied by 20%; and (C)

ordering Anglo-Dutch to pay Swonke $306,000 under the Fee

Agreement. See 1 CR 525; 1 CR 1303-1304. As shown below, the trial

court erred by rendering judgment on Anglo-Dutch’s requested

numerator and rounding declarations because Anglo-Dutch waived any

entitlement to the declarations and, in any event, the declarations

misconstrue the Fee Agreement by rewriting its plain language in

                                  22
violation of the Supreme Court’s opinion. These mistakes resulted in

the rendition of an incorrect judgment ordering Anglo-Dutch to pay

Swonke $306,000 instead of $1,530,000 under the Fee Agreement.

     A.     Anglo-Dutch Waived The Declarations Regarding The
            Numerator And Rounding Provisions Because The Trial
            Court’s 2007 Judgment Denied That Relief And That Denial
            Was Not Appealed.

     The trial court decreed in its final judgment: “As requested in

Plaintiffs’ First Amended Petition at 7 ¶ 23(c), the Court DECLARES

that . . . the numerator in the hours ratio in the fee formula in the Fee

Agreement is the hours Greenberg Peden worked on the Halliburton

Lawsuit and does not include the hours Swonke worked on the

Halliburton Lawsuit while of counsel to McConn & Williams . . . .” 1 CR

1303 ¶ 2.    The trial court also decreed in its final judgment:     “As

requested in Plaintiffs’ First Amended Petition at 7-8 ¶ 23(d), the Court

DECLARES that the rounding up to the next whole percentage that is

required by the Fee Agreement occurs after the hours ratio is

determined [and] before, not after, the hours ratio is multiplied by

20%.” See 1 CR 1303 ¶ 4.

     However, Anglo-Dutch sought these same declarations in the first

trial, 1 CR SUPP 110-111 ¶¶ 23(c), 23(d), the trial court rendered a

                                   23
take-nothing judgment on these requested declarations in its 2007

Judgment, 1 CR SUPP 120, and Anglo-Dutch did not complain about

the take-nothing judgment on these declaratory judgment claims in its

appeal to this Court or the Texas Supreme Court. 1 CR SUPP 124-183,

185-214, 216-269.

     Consequently, Anglo-Dutch waived its claims seeking these

declarations. See Ontiveros v. Flores, 218 S.W.3d 70, 71 (Tex. 2007)

(holding that a party waived any error as to claims by not complaining

on appeal about the summary judgment on those claims); Jacobs v.

Satterwhite, 65 S.W.3d 653, 655-56 (Tex. 2001) (holding that a party

waived any error as to a claim by not complaining on appeal about the

summary judgment on the claim); State v. Biggar, 873 S.W.2d 11, 14-15

(Tex. 1994) (holding that a party waived all complaints about a damage

awarded affirmed by the court of appeals by not complaining in the

Texas Supreme Court about the damage award); San Jacinto River

Authority v. Duke, 783 S.W.2d 209, 209-210 (Tex. 1990) (stating that it

is a “well-established rule that grounds of error not asserted by points of

error or argument in the court of appeals are waived).

                                    24
              Anglo-Dutch’s waiver of all complaints about the take-nothing

judgment on its numerator and rounding declarations prohibited the

trial court from reversing on remand its prior take-nothing judgment on

those requested declarations.18 See Medical Ctr. Pharmacy, 634 F.3d at

834 (holding that the district court erred by reversing on remand its

prior ruling granting declaratory relief which had been waived on

appeal); United Resources, L.P. v. Sepco Tubulars, Inc., No. 04-12-

00663-CV, 2014 WL 3339537, at *3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio July 9,

2014, no pet.) (holding that the trial court erred on remand by

modifying its prior take-nothing judgment on cross-claims because no

party had attacked that part of the trial court’s judgment in an earlier

appeal); Hudspeth County Underground Water Conservation Dist. No.

1 v. Guitar Holding Co., L.P., 355 S.W.3d 428, 434-35 (Tex. App.—El

Paso 2011, no pet.) (holding that the trial court erred on remand by

making a finding on prevailing-party status for attorneys’ fees purposes

                                                            
18 This rule is called the waiver doctrine. “[T]he waiver doctrine . . . holds that an
issue that could have been but was not raised on appeal is forfeited and may not be
revisited by the district court on remand.” Medical Ctr. Pharmacy v. Holder, 634
F.3d 830, 834 (5th Cir. 2011). “The waiver doctrine . . . serves judicial economy by
forcing parties to raise issues whose resolution might spare the court and parties
later rounds of remands and appeals.” Medical Ctr. Pharmacy, 634 F.3d at 834
(quotes omitted). “[I]t arises as a consequence of a party’s inaction, not as a
consequence of a decision on [the court of appeals] part.” Id.
 

                                                               25
that conflicted with the court of appeals’ prior decision on the issue

which had been waived on appeal to the Texas Supreme Court); State v.

Anderson Courier Serv., 222 S.W.3d 62, 66-67 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005,

pet. denied) (holding that the trial court erred by awarding attorneys’

fees under the declaratory judgment act on remand when any complaint

that the trial court’s original judgment failed to award attorneys’ fees

was waived on appeal).

     Because Anglo-Dutch waived any complaint about the prior take-

nothing   judgment      on   its   requested   numerator   and   rounding

declarations by not appealing that judgment, and Anglo-Dutch’s waiver

prohibited the trial court from reversing the take-nothing judgment on

remand, the trial court erred by rendering judgment declaring that the

numerator in the fee formula is Greenberg Peden’s hours and that the

rounding up required by the Fee Agreement occurs after the hours ratio

is multiplied by 20%.

     B.    The Trial Court Misconstrued The Fee Agreement By
           Rewriting Its Plain Language In Violation Of The Supreme
           Court’s Opinion.

     Even if not waived, the trial court’s numerator and rounding

declarations, and its order that Anglo-Dutch pay $306,000 instead of

                                      26
$1,530,000, are erroneous because the trial court misconstrued the Fee

Agreement by rewriting its plain language in violation of the Supreme

Court’s opinion.     In Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, Inc. v. Greenberg

Peden, P.C., 352 S.W.3d 445, 452-53 (Tex. 2011), the Supreme Court did

not directly address how much Anglo-Dutch owes under the Fee

Agreement largely because Anglo-Dutch did not appeal the take-

nothing judgment on its numerator and rounding declarations.

However, the Supreme Court discussed interpretive principles which,

when applied, compel rejection of the trial court’s rulings that:   the

numerator in the fee formula is Greenberg Peden’s hours; the rounding

up to the next whole percentage occurs before the hours ratio is

multiplied by 20%; and Anglo-Dutch owes Swonke $306,000 instead of

$1,530,000 under the Fee Agreement.

          1.       The Supreme Court’s Opinion Requires Enforcement
                   Of The Unambiguous Fee Agreement As Written.

     The Texas Supreme Court concluded that the Fee Agreement was

unambiguous.       See Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, 352 S.W.3d at 452

(“Given our conclusion that the agreement was not ambiguous . . . .”).

The Supreme Court also required the Fee Agreement to be enforced as

                                   27
written. See id. (“An unambiguous contract will be enforced as written .

. . .”).

                     a.   The Plain Language Of The Fee Agreement
                          Makes Swonke’s Hours The Numerator In The
                          Fee Formula.

           As written, the unambiguous Fee Agreement twice states that the

numerator in the hours ratio in the fee formula is Swonke’s hours,

without any location-dependent limitation or restriction on those hours:

              “[T]he proportions under which my fees shall be calculated
               will be the ratio of the hours I have spent or will spend on
               this matter relative to the hours the attorneys at McConn &
               Williams have spent or will spend after the date the lawsuit
               was filed. . . .” (emphasis added);

              For example, if McConn & Williams' attorneys spend 1,000
               hours on the lawsuit after the date the lawsuit was filed and
               I spend 90 hours of my time towards the lawsuit, then by
               rounding up to the nearest whole number, I would be
               entitled to receive from you 2% (10% of 20%) of the gross
               revenues and other benefits recovered, if any, from this
               lawsuit.

1 CR 312.

           The Supreme Court confirmed this plain language interpretation

of the Fee Agreement by expressly recognizing that the numerator in

the hours ratio is Swonke’s hours:

           Since the fee was contingent on recovery and therefore not
           based on any attorney’s hourly rate, it would presumably

                                       28
     make no difference to Anglo-Dutch who besides Swonke
     worked on the case as long as the fee was computed on his
     hours. . . . Nor does the fee calculation, based solely on the
     hours Swonke spent individually, suggest that others at
     Greenberg Peden were excluded from the work. Taking
     Swonke’s time into account provided a way of limiting the
     fee.

Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, 352 S.W.3d at 452 (emphasis added).

     For these reasons, the numerator in the hours ratio is the 1,299

hours Swonke worked on the Halliburton Lawsuit. See id.; David J.

Sacks, P.C. v. Haden, 266 S.W.3d 447, 450-51 (Tex. 2008) (enforcing the

plain language of an unambiguous attorneys’ fee agreement and

refusing to impose a limitation on fees not expressed in the agreement).

                b.    The Plain Language Of The Fee Agreement
                      Requires Rounding Up To The Next Whole
                      Percentage After The Hours Ratio Is Multiplied
                      By 20%.

     As written, the unambiguous Fee Agreement also states that the

fee is a proportion of 20%, rounded up to the next whole percentage:

     I agree to assist Anglo–Dutch and that firm with this
     lawsuit for proportionately the same percentage (20%) of any
     benefit to McConn & Williams reflected in such agreement. .
     . . Further, the proportions under which my fees shall be
     calculated will be the ratio of the hours I have spent or will
     spend on this matter relative to the hours the attorneys at
     McConn & Williams have spent or will spend after the date
     the lawsuit was filed, rounded to the next whole percentage.
     For example, if McConn & Williams' attorneys spend 1,000

                                   29
     hours on the lawsuit after the date the lawsuit was filed and
     I spend 90 hours of my time towards the lawsuit, then by
     rounding up to the nearest whole number, I would be
     entitled to receive from you 2% (10% of 20%) of the gross
     revenues and other benefits recovered, if any, from this
     lawsuit.

1 CR 312.

     For clarity, the Fee Agreement contains an example that shows

when the rounding to the next whole percentage occurs.             In the

example, the hours ratio (90/1000) is multiplied by 20% resulting in a

fee of 1.8%, which is then rounded up to 2%. Expressed algebraically,

the example is: 90/1000 x 20% = 1.8% = 2% when rounded up to the

next whole percentage. Thus, the plain language of the Fee Agreement

shows that the rounding up to the next whole percentage that is

required occurs after, not before, the hours ratio is multiplied by 20%.

            2.   The Supreme Court’s Opinion Prohibits Rewriting The
                 Fee Agreement Or Adding To Its Language.

     The corollary to the Texas Supreme Court’s mandate that

unambiguous fee agreements be enforced as written is its prohibition on

courts rewriting or adding language to unambiguous contracts.          See

Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, 352 S.W.3d at 452; American Mfrs. Mut.

                                    30
Ins. Co. v. Schaefer, 124 S.W.3d 154, 162 (Tex. 2003) (Courts “may

neither rewrite the parties’ contract nor add to its language.”).

                 a.    The Trial Court Rewrote The Hours Ratio In The
                       Fee Formula At Anglo-Dutch’s Request.

     Incredibly, notwithstanding the Supreme Court’s prohibition on

rewriting or adding language to the unambiguous Fee Agreement,

Anglo-Dutch expressly invited the trial court to “re-write” the Fee

Agreement:

     Since the Supreme Court of Texas ruled that the Fee
     Agreement was with GP and not Swonke, it is clearer, for
     analytical purposes, to re-write the Fee Agreement and
     replace the pronouns with the term GP . . . .”

1 CR 415 (emphasis added). Specifically, Anglo-Dutch asked the trial

court to re-write the key phrase regarding the numerator in the hours

ratio from “the ratio of the hours I have spent or will spend on this

matter” to “the ratio of the hours GP has spent or will spend on this

matter”:

     Further, the proportions under which GP’s fees shall be
     calculated will be the ratio of the hours GP has spent or will
     spend on this matter relative to the hours the attorneys at
     McConn & Williams have spent or will spend after the date
     the lawsuit was filed, rounded to the next whole percentage.

                                    31
Id. at 416 (emphasis added); accord id. (“One need simply determine

the hours GP spent on the matter and divide them by the hours that

MW spent on the matter . . . .”) (emphasis added).

     The trial court accepted Anglo-Dutch’s invitation and held that

“the numerator in the hours ratio in the fee formula in the Fee

Agreement is the hours Greenberg Peden worked on the Halliburton

Lawsuit,” 1 CR 1303 ¶¶ 2-4, or, in another instance, simply inserted

“Greenberg Peden Hours” into the hours ratio in the fee formula. 1 CR

524-525. But the Fee Agreement does not state, as the trial court held,

that the numerator in the hours ratio in the fee formula is “Greenberg

Peden’s hours” or only the hours Swonke worked “while at Greenberg

Peden.”

     Without any support in the language of the Fee Agreement, the

trial court rewrote the fee formula by:     (1) substituting “Greenberg

Peden” in two places for “I” in the Fee Agreement; and/or (2) adding

“while at Greenberg Peden” to restrict Swonke’s hours in the numerator

of the fee formula to those hours he worked while at Greenberg Peden.

In doing so, the trial court erred by enforcing an agreement the parties

did not make.     See David J. Sacks, P.C., 266 S.W.3d at 450-51

                                   32
(enforcing the plain language of an unambiguous attorneys’ fee

agreement and refusing to impose a limitation on fees not expressed in

the agreement); American Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co., 124 S.W.3d at 162

(Courts “may neither rewrite the parties’ contract nor add to its

language.”).

                 b.   The Trial      Court    Rewrote   The    Rounding
                      Provision.

     Similarly, the trial court rewrote the rounding provision of the Fee

Agreement. The trial court declared that “the rounding up to the next

whole percentage that is required by the Fee Agreement occurs after

the hours ratio is determined [and] before, not after, the hours ratio is

multiplied by 20%.” 1 CR 1303 ¶ 4. The trial court expressed its view

of the rounding provision algebraically as follows:

     Greenberg Peden Hours/McConn Williams Hours = X
     (rounded up to the next whole percentage) (X1). X1 x 20% =
     X2.

     ***
     277 Hours/11,652 Hours = 2.37% (rounded to 3%). 3% x 20%
     = .006%. .006 x $51,000,000.00 = $306,000.00

1 CR 525.

                                    33
              However, this rewritten rounding provision does not comport with

the Fee Agreement’s plain language. This is readily apparent because,

utilizing the figures in the Fee Agreement’s rounding example and

applying the trial court’s holding that any rounding to the next whole

percentage occurs before the hours ratio is multiplied by 20%, the fee

owed is 1.8%, not the 2% set forth in the example.19 Since the fee owed

after applying the trial court’s holding to the figures in the example

(1.8%) does not match the fee owed in the example (2%), the trial court’s

holding cannot be correct.

              On the other hand, utilizing the figures in the example and

applying Swonke’s interpretation that rounding to the next whole

percentage occurs after the hours ratio is multiplied by 20%, the fee

owed is 2%, precisely that fee set forth in the example.20 Consequently,

Swonke’s interpretation is correct and is necessarily the agreement that

Swonke and Anglo-Dutch made in the Fee Agreement.

                                                            
1990/1,000 = .09 = 9%. Because 9% is a whole percentage, no rounding up occurs.
9% x 20% = 1.8%.

20 90/1,000 = .09.                              .09 x 20% = 1.8% = 2% when rounded to the next whole
percentage.

                                                                34
                             3.             The Supreme Court’s Opinion Requires The Fee
                                            Agreement To Be Construed As A Reasonable Person
                                            In Anglo-Dutch’s Circumstances Would Have
                                            Construed It, Not As Anglo-Dutch Construes It.

              The Texas Supreme Court stated that “a tribunal should construe

a contract between client and lawyer as a reasonable person in the

circumstances of the client would have construed it.” See Anglo-Dutch

Petroleum Int’l, 352 S.W.3d at 451 (quoting Restatement (Third) of The

Law Governing Lawyers § 18(2) (2000)). The Supreme Court applied

this standard first to the text of the Fee Agreement and then to the

surrounding circumstances. See id. at 449, 452-53.

                                            a.            A    Reasonable  Person   In   Anglo-Dutch’s
                                                          Circumstances Would Have Recognized That The
                                                          Numerator Is Swonke’s Hours, Not Greenberg
                                                          Peden’s Hours.

                                                          i.   The Text Of The Fee Agreement Plainly
                                                               States That The Numerator Of The Hours
                                                               Ratio Is Swonke’s Hours.

              As previously noted, the text of the Fee Agreement, which Anglo-

Dutch proposed,21 twice refers to the numerator in the hours ratio as

Swonke’s                      hours,                 without      any    location-dependent   limitation   or

                                                            
21See Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, 352 S.W.3d at 452 (“Van Dyke was not an
unsophisticated client; indeed, it was he, not Swonke, who proposed the terms of the
Fee Agreement.”).

                                                                        35
restriction on those hours.    And, as previously noted, the Supreme

Court has already construed this language to mean that the fee

calculation was based solely on Swonke’s individual hours because it

provided a way of limiting Anglo-Dutch’s fee.         See Anglo-Dutch

Petroleum Int’l, 352 S.W.3d at 452 (emphasis added).           Thus, a

reasonable   person   in    Anglo-Dutch’s   circumstances   would    have

recognized from the text of the Fee Agreement that the numerator of

the hours ratio is Swonke’s hours.

                      ii.   The     Circumstances     Surrounding The
                            Execution Of The Fee Agreement Do Not
                            Alter Its Plain Language.

     In the words of the Texas Supreme Court, “the circumstances in

which the Fee Agreement was executed do not suggest that the parties

must have intended something different from what they plainly stated.”

Id. at 453. The Fee Agreement resulted from Anglo-Dutch’s desire to

have Swonke’s—not Greenberg Peden’s—assistance in the Halliburton

Lawsuit:

     But Swonke’s continued counsel, based on his involvement in
     the events leading up to the litigation, was still needed and
     Van Dyke asked him to assist McConn & Williams, again for
     a contingent fee.

                                     36
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, 352 S.W.3d at 447. And Greenberg Peden,

to whom Swonke had presented the potential representation in

compliance with his of counsel arrangement, had declined to represent

Anglo-Dutch in the Halliburton Lawsuit because Anglo-Dutch had not

paid its outstanding bills to Greenberg Peden. Id.

     Under these circumstances, when Anglo-Dutch sought Swonke’s

help and Greenberg Peden had refused to represent Anglo-Dutch in the

Halliburton Lawsuit, it would be utterly illogical to construe the

personal pronouns defining the hours ratio as referring to anyone other

than Swonke. The circumstances surrounding the execution of the Fee

Agreement certainly “do not suggest that the parties must have

intended something different from what they plainly stated.” Id. at 453.

                      iii. The Post-Fee Agreement Circumstances Do
                           Not Alter The Plain Language Of The Fee
                           Agreement.

     Again in the words of the Supreme Court, “[e]vents following the

Fee Agreement do not cast the situation in a different light.” Id. at 453.

When Swonke relocated from Greenberg Peden to McConn & Williams,

Swonke informed Anglo-Dutch that Greenberg Peden was going to

dissolve and that, absent objection (which was never made), he would

                                   37
continue    to   represent   Anglo-Dutch   in   matters,   including   the

Halliburton Lawsuit, in his new position as of counsel to McConn &

Williams:

     But a year later, Greenberg Peden dissolved, and Swonke
     moved to McConn & Williams, again in an “of counsel”
     relationship. In a letter to Van Dyke, Swonke wrote that he
     would not take the Anglo-Dutch files with him if Van Dyke
     objected. Van Dyke did not.

Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, 352 S.W.3d at 448-49; 1 CR 193-194, 354.

     At this point in time, Anglo-Dutch could have limited the fees

owed under the Fee Agreement to the hours Swonke spent on the

Halliburton Lawsuit while of counsel to Greenberg Peden, as it now

attempts to do, by requiring that the file stay at Greenberg Peden and

not allowing Swonke to take it with him to his of counsel position at

McConn & Williams. But Anglo-Dutch chose to continue working with

Swonke because it needed his help. Because Anglo-Dutch’s decision to

permit Swonke to take the Halliburton Lawsuit file with him to his of

counsel position at McConn & Williams without objection created the

situation about which it now complains, Anglo-Dutch’s complaint about

compensating Swonke for the time he worked on the Halliburton

Lawsuit while there must fall on deaf ears.

                                   38
     With Anglo-Dutch’s knowledge, Swonke worked 1,022 hours on

the Halliburton Lawsuit while of counsel at McConn & Williams. See 1

CR 206. Included in those hours was time Swonke spent attending Van

Dyke’s three-day deposition, which occurred six months after Swonke

relocated from Greenberg Peden to McConn & Williams. 1 CR 206. In

his deposition, Van Dyke testified in the present tense that he had a fee

agreement with Swonke, and noted through his testimony that his fee

agreement with Swonke was separate and distinct from his other

attorneys’ fee agreements:

     Q:         The attorney’s fees, the written contract that you
                made reference to a moment ago?

     Van Dyke: Yes.

     ***

     Q:         Who is it with?

     Van Dyke: It is with – there’s actually – there are two
               contracts in existence, one is with a contract with
               Mr. O’Quinn, Mr. McConn and Mr. Williams, and
               the second contract is with Mr. Swonke.

1 CR 247.

     Finally, Swonke received no fees from McConn & Williams or any

other source for any of the hours he spent on the Halliburton Lawsuit,

                                   39
including the 1,022 hours that he spent on the Halliburton Lawsuit

after relocating from Greenberg Peden to McConn & Williams. 1 CR

206.

       The post-Fee Agreement circumstances reflect that Swonke

worked on the Halliburton Lawsuit for more than one thousand hours

after relocating from Greenberg Peden to McConn & Williams with the

expectation to be paid under the Fee Agreement by Anglo-Dutch, which

knew both that Swonke was actively working on the Halliburton

Lawsuit and that the Fee Agreement, the numerator in which is based

on Swonke’s unrestricted and unlimited hours, was still in full force and

effect. These post-Fee Agreement circumstances only bolster Swonke

and the Supreme Court’s interpretation that the numerator in the

hours ratio is Swonke’s hours. See Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, 352
S.W.3d at 452; David J. Sacks, P.C., 266 S.W.3d at 450-51 (enforcing

the plain language of an unambiguous attorneys’ fee agreement and

refusing to impose a limitation on fees not expressed in the agreement).

       Based on its text and the surrounding circumstances, a reasonable

person in Anglo-Dutch’s circumstances would have recognized that the

numerator in the hours ratio is Swonke’s hours.

                                   40
                b.   A    Reasonable    Person    In   Anglo-Dutch’s
                     Circumstances Would Have Recognized That The
                     Rounding To The Next Whole Percentage Occurs
                     After, Not Before, Multiplying The Hours Ratio
                     By 20%.

                     i.   The Text Of The Fee Agreement Plainly
                          Shows That The Rounding Occurs After, Not
                          Before, Multiplying The Hours Ratio By 20%.

     As previously noted, the text of the Fee Agreement plainly states

that the fee is a proportion of 20%, rounded up to the next whole

percentage.   And, as previously stated, Anglo-Dutch’s method of

rounding does not comport with the Fee Agreement’s plain language

because Anglo-Dutch’s method produces an answer different than that

in the Fee Agreement’s example.        Anglo-Dutch’s rounding method

produces an answer of 1.8% for the example while the Fee Agreement

plainly shows that proper rounding results in an answer of 2% for the

example. Thus, a reasonable person in Anglo-Dutch’s circumstances

would have recognized from the text of the Fee Agreement that the

rounding up to the next whole percentage occurs after, not before,

multiplying the hours ratio by 20%.

                                  41
                        ii.   Neither The Circumstances Surrounding The
                              Execution Of The Fee Agreement Nor Post-
                              Fee Agreement Circumstances Alter Its Plain
                              Language That Requires Rounding After
                              Multiplying The Hours Ratio By 20%.

     Swonke and Van Dyke discussed the rounding feature before the

Fee Agreement was signed and it was clear that Van Dyke understood

the rounding feature as Swonke did. 9 RR 247-48. Van Dyke never

suggested during this discussion that the rounding would occur before

the hours ratio was multiplied by 20%. 9 RR 249. Anglo-Dutch first

asserted that the rounding should occur before the hours ratio was

multiplied by 20% once the lawsuit was filed. Id. Consequently, “the

circumstances in which the Fee Agreement was executed do not suggest

that the parties must have intended something different from what

they plainly stated” regarding when rounding occurs. See Anglo-Dutch

Petroleum Int’l, 352 S.W.3d at 453.

     C.    Conclusion

     As explained above, the trial court erred by rendering judgment

on Anglo-Dutch’s requested numerator and rounding declarations

because Anglo-Dutch waived any entitlement to the declarations and, in

any event, the declarations misconstrue the Fee Agreement by

                                      42
rewriting its plain language in violation of the Supreme Court’s opinion.

These mistakes resulted in the rendition of an incorrect judgment for

Swonke of $306,000 based on the parties’ stipulated facts.

        Applying the trial court’s erroneous rounding declaration, but

changing its numerator declaration to include in the numerator all of

the hours Swonke worked on the Halliburton Lawsuit without

limitation or restriction, results in a fee owed under the Fee Agreement

of $1,224,000, calculated as follows:

    (1,299/11,652) = .11148301 = 11.148301% = 12% rounded up to the next
                              whole percentage

                              12% x 20% = 2.4%

                       2.4% x $51,000,000 = $1,224,000

        Applying the trial court’s numerator declaration, but changing its

rounding declaration by rounding up to the next whole percentage after

the hours ratio is multiplied by 20%, results in a fee owed of $510,000,

calculated as follows:

      (277/11,652) x 20% = .475455% = 1% when rounded up to the next
                              whole percentage

                         1% x $51,000,000 = $510,000

                                     43
        Changing both the trial court’s erroneous numerator and rounding

declarations by including all of Swonke’s hours in the numerator and

rounding to the next whole percentage after the hours ratio is

multiplied by 20%, results in a fee owed of $1,530,000, calculated as

follows:

                         1,299/11,652 = .11148301

    .11148301 x 20% = 2.22966% = 3% when rounded up to the next whole
                               percentage

                      3% x $51,000,000 = $1,530,000

        Based on the parties’ stipulated facts, the amount owed under the

Fee Agreement when properly construed is $1,530,000. The trial court

erred by refusing to render judgment for Swonke in that amount.

II.     The Trial Court Erred By Rendering Judgment Against—And
        Refusing To Render Judgment For—Swonke On His Attorneys’
        Fees Claims.

        The trial court’s 2007 Judgment ordered Anglo-Dutch to pay to

Swonke attorneys’ fees of $352,892.50 for representation in the trial

court and $75,000 for representation in the court of appeals. See 1 CR

supp 121. The trial court found those attorneys’ fees to be reasonable,

necessary, equitable, and just for the prosecution of Swonke’s breach of

                                    44
contract and declaratory judgment claims, and Swonke’s defense of

Anglo-Dutch’s declaratory judgment claims. Id.

     As Anglo-Dutch has previously conceded, Anglo-Dutch did not

appeal Swonke’s attorneys’ fees award: “Anglo-Dutch did not raise a

separate and distinct appeal point concerning the award of attorneys’

fees to Swonke.” See 1 CR SUPP 394; Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, Inc.

v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d 454, 464 n.5 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2008) (“Anglo–Dutch does not challenge on appeal . . . the

separate statutory fee award for litigating Swonke's contract claim

under the disputed fee agreement, which the parties opted to try to the

court.”), rev’d, 352 S.W.3d 445 (Tex. 2011); 2 CR SUPP 766-815; 3 CR

SUPP 817-846, 848-901.

     On remand, Swonke and Anglo-Dutch cross-moved for summary

judgment on Swonke’s attorneys’ fees claims. 1 CR SUPP 77; 1 CR 271.

The trial court ruled for Anglo-Dutch and interlocutorily ordered that

Swonke take nothing on his attorney fees’ claims. See 1 CR 668-669.

Based on that order, the trial court ultimately rendered a take-nothing

judgment against Swonke on his attorneys’ fees claims. See 1 CR 1304.

                                  45
     A.    The Trial Court Erred By Granting Summary Judgment
           Against Swonke On His Attorneys’ Fees Claims.

     Anglo-Dutch sought summary judgment on Swonke’s claim for

attorneys’ fees under Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code chapter

38 on the sole ground that Swonke did not prevail on his breach of

contract claim.   See 1 CR SUPP 281-282. Anglo-Dutch argued that

Swonke did not prevail on his breach of contract claim because the

Texas Supreme Court ruled that the Fee Agreement was between

Anglo-Dutch and Greenberg Peden, not Swonke. See 1 CR SUPP 282.

     Anglo-Dutch sought summary judgment on Swonke’s claim for

attorneys’ fees under Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code section

37.009 on three grounds: (1) Swonke’s declaratory judgment claim

raised only issues already raised by Anglo-Dutch’s original claim; (2)

Swonke did not prevail on his breach of contract claim; and (3) it would

not be equitable or just to award attorneys’ fees to Swonke. See 1 CR

SUPP 282-284.

     As shown below, none of Anglo-Dutch’s arguments support the

trial court’s summary judgment against Swonke on his attorneys’ fees

claims because: (1) Anglo-Dutch waived all complaints about Swonke’s

attorneys’ fees award; (2) notwithstanding the Supreme Court’s opinion,

                                  46
Swonke had standing and capacity to sue for breach of the Fee

Agreement; (3) Swonke may recover Declaratory Judgment Act

attorneys’ fees defending against against declaratory judgment claims;

and (4) Swonke’s award of attorneys’ fees was equitable and just and

Anglo-Dutch waived any complaint that it was not.

          1.    Anglo-Dutch’s Waiver Of All Complaints About The
                2007 Judgment’s Award Of Attorneys’ Fees To Swonke
                Prohibited The Trial Court From Altering The Award
                On Remand.

     As previously noted, Anglo-Dutch did not complain on appeal

about the 2007 Judgment’s award of attorneys’ fees to Swonke. See 1

CR SUPP 394 (“Anglo-Dutch did not raise a separate and distinct

appeal point concerning the award of attorneys’ fees to Swonke.”);

Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, Inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d
454, 464 n.5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008); 2 CR SUPP 756-

815; 3 CR SUPP 817-846; 3 CR SUPP 848-901.

     Anglo-Dutch’s failure to complain on appeal about the 2007

Judgment’s award of attorneys’ fees to Swonke waived all complaints

about that award.      See Hudspeth County Underground Water

Conservation Dist. No. 1 v. Guitar Holding Co., L.P., 355 S.W.3d 428

(Tex. App.—El Paso 2011, pet. denied) (holding that a party waived its

                                  47
complaint about the court of appeals’ decisions regarding entitlement to

attorneys’ fees and prevailing-party status by not appealing those

issues to the Texas Supreme Court); City of Temple v. Taylor, 268
S.W.3d 852, 858 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, pet. denied) (holding that,

even though a party prevailed on appeal in a declaratory judgment

action, that party waived all complaints regarding a trial court’s award

of attorney’s fees to the prevailing party in the trial court because the

attorneys’ fee award was not challenged on appeal). The complaints

waived by Anglo-Dutch include all of the grounds that Anglo-Dutch

asserted in its motion for summary judgment on Swonke’s attorneys’

fees claims.

     Anglo-Dutch’s waiver of all complaints about the 2007 Judgment’s

award of attorneys’ fees to Swonke prohibited the trial court from

altering the attorneys’ fees award on remand because a trial court errs

by rendering a judgment on remand that alters its own or a higher

court’s prior judgment on an issue that was not appealed. See Medical

Ctr. Pharmacy, 634 F.3d at 834 (holding that the district court erred by

reversing on remand its prior ruling granting declaratory relief which

had been waived on appeal); United Resources, L.P., 2014 WL 3339537,

                                   48
at *3 (holding that the trial court erred on remand by modifying its

prior take-nothing judgment on cross-claims because no party had

attacked that part of the trial court’s judgment in an earlier appeal);

Hudspeth County Underground Water Conservation Dist. No. 1, 355
S.W.3d at 434-35 (holding that the trial court erred on remand by

making a finding on prevailing-party status for attorneys’ fees purposes

that conflicted with the court of appeals’ prior decision on the issue

which had been waived on appeal to the Texas Supreme Court); JGR,

Inc. v. Thomasville Furniture Indus., Inc., 550 F.3d 529, 533 (6th Cir.

2008) (holding that a district court erred on remand by rendering

judgment on a jury’s $3.3 million lost profits finding because the district

court’s previously-rendered judgment on a $0 lost profits finding had

been waived on appeal); Anderson Courier Serv., 222 S.W.3d at 66-67

(holding that the trial court erred by awarding attorneys’ fees under the

declaratory judgment act on remand when any complaint that the trial

court’s original judgment failed to award attorneys’ fees was waived on

appeal).

     Because Anglo-Dutch waived any complaint about Swonke’s

attorneys’ fees award in the 2007 Judgment by not appealing that

                                    49
award, and Anglo-Dutch’s waiver prohibited the trial court from

altering the award on remand, the trial court erred by granting a take-

nothing summary judgment to Anglo-Dutch on Swonke’s attorneys’ fees

claims.

            2.   Alternatively, Even If Not Waived, Anglo-Dutch’s
                 Grounds For Summary Judgment On Swonke’s
                 Attorneys’ Fees Claims Lack Merit.

     Alternatively, even if not waived, Anglo-Dutch’s grounds for

summary judgment on Swonke’s attorney’s fees claims lack merit

because, as shown below, Anglo-Dutch did not conclusively negate any

element of Swonke’s attorneys’ fees claims and genuine issues of

material fact remain on those claims.

                 a.   Notwithstanding The Supreme Court’s Opinion,
                      Swonke Had Standing And Capacity To Sue For
                      Breach Of The Fee Agreement.

     Anglo-Dutch argued that Swonke was not entitled to attorneys’

fees under chapter 38 on the sole ground that Swonke had not prevailed

on his breach of contract claim since the Texas Supreme Court ruled

that the Fee Agreement was between Anglo-Dutch and Greenberg

Peden, not Swonke.     See 1 CR SUPP 282.       Two flaws infect this

argument.

                                  50
     First, the Texas Supreme Court’s holding that Swonke was not a

party to the Fee Agreement was not dispositive of Swonke’s breach of

contract claim because Swonke need not have been a party to the Fee

Agreement to sue for its breach; assignees and third-party beneficiaries

also have standing and capacity to sue for breach of contract.        See

Southwestern Bell Telephone Co. v. Marketing on Hold, Inc., 308
S.W.3d 909, 916 (Tex. 2010) (“Because [assignee] holds contractually

valid assignments, [assignee] steps into the shoes of the claimholders

and is considered under the law to have suffered the same injury as the

assignors and have the same ability to pursue the claims.”); Brown v.

Mesa Distributors, Inc., 414 S.W.3d 279, 281-82 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.) (“In order to establish standing to maintain a

breach of contract action, a plaintiff must show either third-party-

beneficiary status or privity. Privity is established by proof that the

defendant was a party to an enforceable contract with either the

plaintiff or a party who assigned its cause of action to the plaintiff.”);

Pagosa Oil and Gas, L.L.C. v. Marrs and Smith Partnership, 323
S.W.3d 203, 210 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2010, pet. denied) (parties,

                                   51
assignees, and third-party beneficiaries have standing to sue for breach

of contract).

      Anglo-Dutch did not argue—much less conclusively prove—that

Swonke lacked standing or capacity to sue for breach of the Fee

Agreement, or that Swonke was not an assignee or third-party

beneficiary of the Fee Agreement. Consequently, Anglo-Dutch was not

entitled to summary judgment on Swonke’s breach of contract claim.

      Second, the summary judgment evidence affirmatively showed

that Swonke had capacity and standing to sue for breach of the Fee

Agreement as an assignee and a third-party beneficiary of the Fee

Agreement.      On April 16, 2004, before this lawsuit was ever filed,

Greenberg Peden assigned all of its interest in and under the Fee

Agreement to Swonke. See 2 CR SUPP 723. Indeed, on remand, the

trial court recognized the validity of that assignment in its May 15,

2012 Order: “[U]nder the Fee Agreement the Court determines that the

attorneys’ fees due to Greenberg Peden (and now Swonke by way of

assignment) are $306,000.” 2 CR SUPP 734. That assignment also

identifies Swonke as the “third party beneficiary” of the Fee Agreement.

See id. At a minimum, the assignment and designation of Swonke as a

                                   52
third-party beneficiary raised genuine issues of material fact that

precluded summary judgment for Anglo-Dutch on Swonke’s breach of

contract claim. See Brown, 414 S.W.3d at 285-86 (holding that legally

sufficient evidence supported the standing of an assignee to sue for

breach of contract when the contract that was assigned and the

assignment were introduced into evidence).

                b.    Anglo-Dutch’s Grounds For Summary Judgment
                      On Swonke’s Claim For Attorneys’ Fees Under
                      The Declaratory Judgment Act Lack Merit.

     Anglo-Dutch argued that Swonke was not entitled to attorneys’

fees under section 37.009 of the Declaratory Judgment Act for three

reasons: (1) Swonke’s declaratory judgment claim only raised issues

already raised by Anglo-Dutch’s original claim; (2) Swonke’s breach of

contract claim failed; and (3) it would not be equitable or just to award

attorneys’ fees to Swonke. 1 CR SUPP 282-284.

                      i.   Swonke May Recover Attorneys’ Fees Under
                           The Declaratory Judgment Act Because He
                           Defended Against Anglo-Dutch’s Declaratory
                           Judgment Action.

     Anglo-Dutch argued that Swonke was not entitled to attorneys’

fees under the Declaratory Judgment Act because his declaratory

judgment claim only raised issues already raised by Anglo-Dutch’s

                                   53
original claim.    See 1 CR SUPP 282.            Anglo-Dutch relied on

Montemayor v. Ortiz, 208 S.W.3d 627, 666 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi

2006, pet. denied), but Montemayor itself defeats Anglo-Dutch’s

argument. In Montemayor, the court of appeals held that the trial court

did not abuse its discretion by awarding attorneys’ fees to a defendant

under the Declaratory Judgment Act because the plaintiff’s original

claim was for a declaratory judgment. See Montemayor, 208 S.W.3d at

666-67. Indeed, Montemayor expressly states that the rule upon which

Anglo-Dutch relied “does not apply where a defendant is defending

against a plaintiff's declaratory judgment action.” Id.

     Here, Anglo-Dutch originally brought declaratory judgment claims

and Swonke defended against them. See 1 CR SUPP 300; 1 CR SUPP

392 (“Anglo-Dutch filed suit against Greenberg Peden, P.C. . . . and

Swonke, seeking relief pursuant to the Uniform Declaratory Act . . . .”).

Consequently, Swonke was entitled to recover attorneys’ fees under the

Declaratory Judgment Act. See Montemayor, 208 S.W.3d at 666-67.

                      ii.   Swonke’s Breach Of Contract Claim Did Not
                            Fail.

     Anglo-Dutch also argued that Swonke could not recover attorneys’

fees under the Declaratory Judgment Act because Swonke’s breach of

                                    54
contract claim purportedly failed due to the Texas Supreme Court’s

holding that Swonke was not a party to the Fee Agreement. See 1 CR

SUPP 283. However, for the reasons set forth in section II.A.2.a. above,

which are incorporated herein by reference, Anglo-Dutch’s argument

that Swonke did not prevail on his breach of contract claim lacks merit.

                      iii. Anglo-Dutch Waived Its Complaint That
                           Swonke’s Attorneys’ Fee Award Was Not
                           Equitable And Just And, In Any Event, The
                           Award Was Equitable And Just.

     Anglo-Dutch finally argued that Swonke could not recover

attorneys’ fees under the Declaratory Judgment Act because it would

not be equitable and just to award attorneys’ fees to Swonke. See 1 CR

SUPP 283-284. In its 2007 Judgment, the trial court expressly found

that Swonke’s award of attorneys’ fees was equitable and just. See 1

CR 299.   But Anglo-Dutch did not attack that conclusion of law on

appeal. See 1 CR SUPP 394 (“Anglo-Dutch did not raise a separate and

distinct appeal point concerning the award of attorneys’ fees to

Swonke.”); Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, Inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C.,

267 S.W.3d 454, 464 n.5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008)

(“Anglo–Dutch does not challenge on appeal . . . the separate statutory

fee award for litigating Swonke's contract claim under the disputed fee

                                   55
agreement, which the parties opted to try to the court.”), rev’d, 352
S.W.3d 445 (Tex. 2011); 1 CR SUPP 124-183, 185-214, 216-269. Thus,

Anglo-Dutch’s attack on the equitable and just nature of Swonke’s

attorneys’ fees award has been waived and could not have been properly

revisited on remand by the trial court.

     In any event, it was equitable and just to award attorneys’ fees to

Swonke under the Declaratory Judgment Act given the circumstances

of this case. Swonke has thus far defeated three of Anglo-Dutch’s seven

declaratory judgment claims and, when this Court reverses the trial

court’s numerator and rounding declarations, Anglo-Dutch will have

succeeded on only two of seven requested declarations. And neither of

those declarations are significant to the ultimate issue in this case—

what does Anglo-Dutch owe Swonke under the Fee Agreement? The

declaration that Greenberg Peden is a party to the Fee Agreement is of

no moment because, as explained above, it is not dispositive of Swonke’s

breach of contract claim.    The declaration that Swonke’s hours at

McConn & Williams are included in the denominator in the fee formula

is insignificant and was agreed to by Swonke because it does not change

the fee owed to Swonke under the Fee Agreement. 1 CR 460.

                                   56
     Moreover, the facts contained in the Statement of Facts in this

brief, which are incorporated herein by reference, also demonstrate that

it was equitable and just to award Swonke attorneys’ fees for his

defense of Anglo-Dutch’s declaratory judgment claims. Specifically, Van

Dyke’s company, Anglo-Dutch, settled the Halliburton Lawsuit for

$51,000,000 and then stiffed Swonke on his fee. Anglo-Dutch then sued

Swonke for a judicial declaration that it owed him nothing for the 1,022

hours he had worked on the lawsuit while at McConn & Williams even

though:

           Greenberg Peden had expressly refused to represent Anglo-
            Dutch in the Halliburton Lawsuit and told Van Dyke so;

           Van Dyke, not Swonke, proposed the disputed terms in the
            Fee Agreement;

           Greenberg Peden is not mentioned in the body of the Fee
            Agreement;

           The Fee Agreement uses personal pronouns twelve times in
            nine sentences to refer to Swonke;

           Van Dyke himself testified in the Halliburton Lawsuit that
            Anglo-Dutch had a fee agreement with Swonke;

           Swonke worked 1,022 hours on the Halliburton Lawsuit
            without compensation while “of counsel” at McConn &
            Williams because he knew he would be compensated under
            the Fee Agreement with Anglo-Dutch;

                                   57
           Although Anglo-Dutch seeks to avoid paying Swonke
            attorneys’ fees for the 1,022 hours he worked on the
            Halliburton Lawsuit while of counsel to McConn & Williams,
            Anglo-Dutch’s verdict that resulted in the $51,000,000
            settlement actually included attorneys’ fees for those same
            hours;

           After settling the Halliburton Lawsuit for $51,000,000,
            Anglo-Dutch began a concerted effort to avoid its contractual
            obligations to numerous others who helped it prevail; and

           Swonke has not been compensated by anyone for any of his
            1,299 hours of work on the Halliburton Lawsuit that helped
            Anglo-Dutch recover $51,000,000.

These facts demonstrate that an award of attorneys’ fees to Swonke is

equitable and just. See Hoover Slovacek, L.L.P. v. Walton, 206 S.W.3d
557, 563 (Tex. 2006) (“[A]ttorneys are entitled to protection from clients

who would abuse the contingent fee arrangement and avoid duties owed

under contract.”).

     B.     The Trial Court Erred By Refusing To Render Judgment Of
            $427,892.50 For Swonke On His Attorneys’ Fees Claims.

     As previously noted, Swonke moved for a partial summary

judgment on his attorneys’ fees claims. 1 CR SUPP 77-270. The trial

court denied that motion by ordering that Swonke take-nothing on his

attorneys’ fees claims. 1 CR 668. Swonke also moved the Court to

render judgment on his attorneys’ fees claims. 3 CR SUPP 1014. The

                                    58
trial court’s final judgment denied that requested relief by rendering

judgment that Swonke take nothing on his attorneys’ fees claims. 3 CR

SUPP 1304. As shown below, the trial court erred by refusing to render

judgment for Swonke on his attorneys’ fees claims.

     A lower court’s judgment remains in force and effect as to any

issue it decides that is not appealed. See Guitar Holding Co., L.P. v.

Hudspeth County Underground Water Conservation Dist. No. 1, 263
S.W.3d 910, 918 (Tex. 2008); Bramlett v. Phillips, 359 S.W.3d 304, 311

(Tex. App.—Amarillo 2012), aff’d, Phillips v. Bramlett, 407 S.W.3d 229

(Tex. 2013).

     In Guitar Holding, the Supreme Court reversed the court of

appeals’ judgment and declared certain water transfer permits and

rules relating thereto invalid. See id. On motion for rehearing, the

losing party argued that it had prevailed on several other issues in the

court of appeals which were unchallenged—and therefore waived—in

the Supreme Court. See id. The Supreme Court agreed that those

issues were waived and held that “the court of appeals’ judgment

remains in effect as to these abandoned issues.” Id. In Bramlett, the

court of appeals succinctly stated the rule:

                                    59
      [A]s to issues not addressed by the Supreme Court, the
      opinions and judgments of this Court [of Appeals] remain in
      force and effect. Similarly, as to those issues not addressed
      by either the Supreme Court or this Court [of Appeals], the
      [original] judgment of the trial court remains in force and
      effect.

Bramlett, 359 S.W.3d at 311.

      Indeed, a lower court’s judgment remains controlling on issues it

decided that were waived on appeal even when that judgment is

“reversed” by a higher court. See Phillips v. Bramlett, 407 S.W.3d 229,

233, 237 (Tex. 2013); Guitar Holding Co., L.P., 263 S.W.3d at 918. In

Phillips, the Supreme Court held that the portion of a court of appeals’

judgment that reversed punitive damages was not reversed—but

instead was “approved”—in the Supreme Court, even though the

Supreme Court’s opinion, judgment, and mandate stated that the court

of   appeals’   judgment   was   reversed,   because   that   issue   went

unchallenged in the Supreme Court and unaddressed in its opinion.

See id. at 233, 237. Similarly, in Guitar Holding, the Supreme Court

held that its reversal of the court of appeals’ judgment did not actually

reverse issues decided by the court of appeals that were not appealed to

the Texas Supreme Court. Guitar Holding Co., L.P., 263 S.W.3d at 918.

                                   60
     As previously noted, Anglo-Dutch did not appeal to any court the

trial court’s award of attorneys’ fees to Swonke in the 2007 Judgment.

Consequently, the 2007 Judgment’s award of attorneys’ fees remains in

force and effect. See Guitar Holding Co., 263 S.W.3d at 918; Bramlett,
359 S.W.3d at 311.

     In Phillips, the Texas Supreme Court concluded that, “[b]y

remanding the case to the trial court for entry of a judgment consistent

with our opinion, we permitted the trial court to enter a final judgment

that reflected this [Supreme] Court’s holdings and the court of appeals’

holding . . . .” Phillips, 407 S.W.3d at 237 (emphasis added). Like

Phillips, by remanding this case to the trial court for entry of a

judgment in accordance with its opinion, the Supreme Court in this case

permitted the trial court to render a final judgment that reflected the

Supreme Court’s holding—that Greenberg Peden was unambiguously a

party to the Fee Agreement—and the prior decisions of the trial court

and this Court that were waived on appeal, including the trial court’s

award of $427,892.50 to Swonke on his attorneys’ fee claims. See id.

The trial court’s refusal to render such a judgment for Swonke on his

attorneys’ fees claims was error.

                                    61
III.   The Trial Court Erred By Rendering Judgment Against—And
       Refusing To Render Judgment For—Swonke On His Breach Of
       Contract Claim.

       A.   The Trial Court Erred By Granting Summary Judgment To
            Anglo-Dutch On Swonke’s Breach Of Contract Claim.

       On remand, Anglo-Dutch sought summary judgment on Swonke’s

breach of contract claim on the sole ground that the Texas Supreme

Court had ruled that Swonke did not have a contract with Anglo-Dutch.

See 1 CR SUPP 280-281. The trial court granted Anglo-Dutch’s motion

and ordered that Swonke take nothing on his breach of contract claim.

1 CR 668.

       However, for the reasons stated in detail in section II.A.2.a. above,

which are incorporated herein by reference, Anglo-Dutch was not

entitled to summary judgment on Swonke’s breach of contract claim

because: Anglo-Dutch did not conclusively negate Swonke’s standing or

capacity to sue for breach of the Fee Agreement as an assignee or third-

party beneficiary; and the April 16, 2004 assignment from Greenberg

Peden to Swonke of Greenberg Peden’s interest in the Fee Agreement

raised a genuine issue of material fact about whether Swonke had

standing and capacity to sue for breach of the Fee Agreement as an

assignee or third-party beneficiary. For those reasons, the trial court

                                     62
erred by granting summary judgment to Anglo-Dutch on Swonke’s

breach of contract claim.

     B.    Alternatively, The Trial Court Erred By Refusing To Render
           Judgment For Swonke On His Breach Of Contract Claim.

     As explained above, the trial court erred by misconstruing the Fee

Agreement and refusing to render judgment that Anglo-Dutch owes

Swonke $1,530,000 under the Fee Agreement. In the alternative to that

recovery, the trial court erred by refusing to render judgment for

Swonke on his breach of contract claim.

     Swonke moved the trial court to render judgment for him on his

breach of contract claim. 3 CR SUPP 1014. The trial court denied

Swonke’s request and rendered a take-nothing judgment against

Swonke on his breach of contract claim. 1 CR 1304. As shown below,

the trial court erred by refusing to render judgment for Swonke on his

breach of contract claim because conclusive evidence and undisturbed

jury findings from the original trial entitle Swonke to the rendition of a

judgment for $1,000,000 on his breach of contract claim.

     Swonke sued Anglo-Dutch for breach of the Fee Agreement. 1 CR

SUPP 294-307. The elements of a breach of contract claim are: “(1) the

existence of a valid contract; (2) performance or tendered performance

                                   63
by the plaintiff; (3) breach of contract by the defendant; and (4)

damages sustained as a result of the breach.” Sims v. Fitzpatrick, No.

01-13-00176-CV, 2014 WL 1004410, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st.

Dist.] March 13, 2014, pet. denied).

     The first element of Swonke’s breach of contract claim—the

existence of a contract—is undisputed and was conclusively proved in

the original trial. The Fee Agreement is the contract. 1 CR 312-313;

Anglo Dutch Petroleum Int’l, Inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 352 S.W.3d
445, 453 (Tex. 2011) (“We hold that the agreement was between Anglo-

Dutch and Greenberg Peden.”).

     Moreover, the evidence conclusively proved that Swonke had

standing and capacity to sue for breach of the Fee Agreement as an

assignee and a third-party beneficiary of the Fee Agreement.       See

Southwestern Bell Telephone Co. v. Marketing on Hold, Inc., 308
S.W.3d 909, 916 (Tex. 2010) (“Because [assignee] holds contractually

valid assignments, [assignee] steps into the shoes of the claimholders

and is considered under the law to have suffered the same injury as the

assignors and have the same ability to pursue the claims.”). On April

16, 2004, before this lawsuit was ever filed, Greenberg Peden assigned

                                   64
all of its interest in and under the Fee Agreement to Swonke. See 1 CR

385 (“Greenberg Peden, P.C. hereby . . . ASSIGNS all of its interest in

and under the [Fee Agreement] to Swonke.”); [additional cite]. Indeed,

the trial court recognized the validity of that assignment as a matter of

law in its May 15, 2012 Order: “[U]nder the Fee Agreement the Court

determines that the attorneys’ fees due to Greenberg Peden (and now

Swonke by way of assignment) are $306,000.” (emphasis added). That

assignment also identifies Swonke as the “third party beneficiary” of

the Fee Agreement.     See id. For these reasons, the April 16, 2004

assignment conclusively proves that Swonke had standing and capacity

to sue for breach of the Fee Agreement.

     The second element of Swonke’s breach of contract claim—

performance by the plaintiff—is also undisputed and conclusively

proved. Swonke promised in the Fee Agreement “to assist Anglo-Dutch

and that firm [McConn & Williams, LLP] in this lawsuit [the

Halliburton Lawsuit] . . . .” The evidence at trial conclusively proved

that Swonke assisted Anglo-Dutch and McConn & Williams in the

Halliburton Lawsuit, by working on the lawsuit for 277 hours while of

counsel to Greenberg Peden and 1,022 hours while of counsel at

                                   65
McConn & Williams. 1 CR 164, 184, 206, 216. Indeed, the trial court

recognized in its May 15, 2012 order that Anglo-Dutch had conceded

that Swonke assisted Anglo-Dutch on the Halliburton Lawsuit for 277

hours while at Greenberg Peden (“In addition, the parties have agreed

that Swonke spent 277 hours on the representation while at Greenberg

Peden . . . .”).22 For these reasons, Swonke’s performance of the Fee

Agreement has been conclusively proved.

              The third element of Swonke’s breach of contract claim—Anglo-

Dutch’s breach of the Fee Agreement—was proved in the original trial.

The jury found in response to Question 2 that Anglo-Dutch failed to

comply with the Fee Agreement.                                      1 CR 304.   The trial court

incorporated the finding of breach into the 2007 Judgment. 1 CR 298.

And Anglo-Dutch did not attack that finding on appeal: “Anglo-Dutch

does not challenge on appeal the jury’s finding that it breached the fee

agreement . . . .” See Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l v. Greenberg Peden,

P.C., 267 S.W.3d 454, 464 n.5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008),

rev’d, 352 S.W.3d 445 (Tex. 2011). Consequently, Anglo-Dutch waived

any attack on the jury’s breach finding and it remains undisturbed and

                                                            
22It is significant that Anglo-Dutch neither sought nor obtained a finding that
Swonke did not comply with the Fee Agreement. See 1 CR 312-313.

                                                               66
in effect. See Guitar Holding Co., L.P., 263 S.W.3d at 918 (holding that

a lower court’s judgment remains in force and effect as to any issue it

decides that is not appealed); Biggar, 873 S.W.2d at 14-15 (holding that

a party waived all complaints about a damage award affirmed by the

court of appeals by not complaining about it in the Texas Supreme

Court); see also JGR, Inc. v. Thomasville Furniture Indus., Inc., 550
F.3d 529, 533 (6th Cir. 2008) (holding that a district court erred on

remand by rendering judgment on a jury’s $3.3 million lost profits

finding because the district court’s previously-rendered judgment on a

$0 lost profits finding had been waived on appeal).

     The fourth element of Swonke’s breach of contract claim—

damages resulting from the breach—was also proved in the original

trial. The jury found in response to Question 3 that $1,000,000 would

fairly and reasonably compensate Swonke for his damages resulting

from Anglo-Dutch’s breach. 1 CR 305. The trial court incorporated the

$1,000,000 damage finding into the 2007 Judgment. 1 CR 298. And

Anglo-Dutch did not challenge that finding on appeal: “Anglo-Dutch

does not challenge on appeal the amount of contract damages awarded

for that breach . . . .” See Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l v. Greenberg

                                   67
Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d 454, 464 n.5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2008), rev’d, 352 S.W.3d 445 (Tex. 2011). Consequently, Anglo-Dutch

waived any attack on the jury’s damage finding and it remains

undisturbed and in effect. See Guitar Holding Co., L.P., 263 S.W.3d at

918 (holding that a lower court’s judgment remains in force and effect

as to any issue it decides that is not appealed); Biggar, 873 S.W.2d at

14-15 (holding that a party waived all complaints about a damage

award affirmed by the court of appeals by not complaining about it in

the Texas Supreme Court); see also JGR, Inc., 550 F.3d at 533 (holding

that a district court erred on remand by rendering judgment on a jury’s

$3.3 million lost profits finding because the district court’s previously-

rendered judgment on a $0 lost profits finding had been waived on

appeal).

     Having established all four elements of his breach of contract

claim either through undisturbed jury findings or conclusive evidence,

Swonke is entitled to the rendition of a judgment on that claim in the

amount of $1,000,000. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 301 (“The judgment of the

court shall conform to the pleadings, the nature of the case proved and

                                   68
the verdict, if any, and shall be so framed as to give the party all the

relief to which he may be entitled either in law or equity.”).

IV.   The Trial Court Erred By Rendering A Judgment On Prejudgment
      Interest, Post-Judgment Interest, And Costs That Conflicts With
      Its 2007 Judgment, Which Remains In Force And Effect On Those
      Issues.

      A.   Anglo-Dutch Waived Any Complaints About The Trial
           Court’s 2007 Judgment On Prejudgment Interest, Post-
           Judgment Interest, And Costs.

      The trial court has ordered Anglo-Dutch to pay Swonke

$42,127.40 in prejudgment interest. See 1 CR 1304 at ¶ 13. However,

the trial court’s 2007 Judgment awarded Swonke $226,924.50 in

prejudgment interest. 1 CR 299. Anglo-Dutch did not complain about

the trial court’s award of $226,924.50 in prejudgment interest in its

appeal to this Court or the Texas Supreme Court. 1 CR SUPP 124-183,

185-214, 216-269.

      The trial court has also ordered Anglo-Dutch to pay Swonke post-

judgment interest on $348,127.40. See 1 CR 1305 at ¶ 16. However,

the trial court’s 2007 Judgment ordered Anglo-Dutch to pay Swonke

post-judgment interest on “this judgment and the amounts awarded

herein,” i.e., $1,654,817. 1 CR 300. Anglo-Dutch did not complain in its

appeal to this Court or the Texas Supreme Court about the trial court’s

                                    69
order to pay Swonke post-judgment interest on the 2007 Judgment and

the $1,654,817 awarded therein. 1 CR SUPP 124-183, 185-214, 216-

269.

       Finally, the trial court also ordered Swonke and Greenberg Peden

to pay all court costs. See 1 CR 1304 at ¶ 15. However, the trial court’s

2007 Judgment ordered Anglo-Dutch to pay all court costs. 1 CR 299.

Anglo-Dutch did not complain about the trial court’s order to pay all

court costs in its appeal to this Court or the Texas Supreme Court. 1

CR SUPP 124-183, 185-214, 216-269.

       Anglo-Dutch’s failure to complain on appeal about the 2007

Judgment’s orders to pay $226,924.50 in prejudgment interest, post-

judgment interest on $1,654,817, and costs waived any complaints

about those awards. See Allright, Inc. v. Pearson, 735 S.W.2d 240, 240-

41 (Tex. 1987) (holding that a complaint about prejudgment interest is

waived if not made in the court of appeals); Wohlfahrt v. Holloway, 172
S.W.3d 630, 639-40 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. denied)

(holding that a complaint about an award of post-judgment interest

must be properly preserved or it is waived); Thomas v. Bilby-Knight,

No. 09-03-370CV, 2003 WL 22213590, at *1 (Tex. App.—Beaumont

                                   70
2003, no pet.) (“An issue relating to judgment for costs must be brought

in a regular appeal.”); see also San Jacinto River Authority, 783 S.W.2d

at 209-210 (stating that it is a “well-established rule that grounds of

error not asserted by points of error or argument in the court of appeals

are waived).

     B.    The 2007 Judgment’s Awards Of Prejudgment Interest,
           Post-judgment Interest, And Costs Remain In Force And
           Effect.

     As previously noted, a lower court’s judgment remains in force and

effect as to any issue it decides that is not appealed.      See Guitar

Holding Co., L.P., 263 S.W.3d at 918; Bramlett, 359 S.W.3d at 311. And

a lower court’s judgment remains controlling on issues it decided that

were waived on appeal even when that judgment is “reversed” by a

higher court. See Phillips, 407 S.W.3d at 233, 237 (Tex. 2013); Guitar

Holding Co., L.P., 263 S.W.3d at 918. Because Anglo-Dutch did not

appeal to any court the 2007 Judgment’s awards of prejudgment

interest, post-judgment interest, or costs, those awards remain in force

and effect. See Guitar Holding Co., 263 S.W.3d at 918; Bramlett, 359
S.W.3d at 311.

                                   71
     C.   The Trial Court Erred By Altering Its Prior Awards Of
          Prejudgment Interest, Post-judgment Interest, And Costs,
          And Refusing To Render Judgment Consistent With Its 2007
          Judgment.

     Anglo-Dutch’s waiver of all complaints about the 2007 Judgment’s

awards of prejudgment interest, post-judgment interest, and costs

prohibited the trial court from altering those awards on remand

because a trial court errs by rendering a judgment on remand that

alters its own or a higher court’s prior judgment on an issue that was

not appealed. See Medical Ctr. Pharmacy, 634 F.3d at 834 (holding

that the district court erred by reversing on remand its prior ruling

granting declaratory relief which had been waived on appeal); United

Resources, L.P., 2014 WL 3339537, at *3 (holding that the trial court

erred on remand by modifying its prior take-nothing judgment on cross-

claims because no party had attacked that part of the trial court’s

judgment in an earlier appeal); Hudspeth County Underground Water

Conservation Dist. No. 1, 355 S.W.3d at 434-35 (holding that the trial

court erred on remand by making a finding on prevailing-party status

for attorneys’ fees purposes that conflicted with the court of appeals’

prior decision on the issue which had been waived on appeal to the

Texas Supreme Court); JGR, Inc., 550 F.3d at 533 (holding that a

                                  72
district court erred on remand by rendering judgment on a jury’s $3.3

million lost profits finding because the district court’s previously-

rendered judgment on a $0 lost profits finding had been waived on

appeal); Anderson Courier Serv., 222 S.W.3d at 66-67 (holding that the

trial court erred by awarding attorneys’ fees under the declaratory

judgment act on remand when any complaint that the trial court’s

original judgment failed to award attorneys’ fees was waived on appeal).

Therefore, the trial court erred by rendering a judgment inconsistent

with the 2007 Judgment’s awards of $226,924.50 in prejudgment

interest, post-judgment interest on $1,654,817, and costs, and refusing

to render a judgment consistent with the 2007 Judgment on those

issues.

                                PRAYER

     For these reasons, Swonke requests that this Court reverse the

trial court’s 2014 Judgment decrees 2(1), 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15,

and 16. Swonke also requests that this Court render judgment that

Anglo-Dutch pay Swonke $1,530,000 under the Fee Agreement,

$427,892.50 in attorneys’ fees, $226,924.50 in prejudgment interest,

                                    73
post-judgment interest on $1,654,817, and court costs.       Swonke also

requests all other relief to which he is entitled.

                                   Respectfully submitted,

                                   RUSTY HARDIN & ASSOCIATES, LLP

                                   __/s/ Joe Roden_____________
                                   Rusty Hardin
                                   State Bar No. 08972800
                                   Joe Roden
                                   State Bar No. 00794549
                                   Ryan Higgins
                                   State Bar No. 24007362
                                   1401 McKinney Street, Suite 2250
                                   Houston, Texas 77010
                                   Telephone: 713-652-9000
                                   Facsimile: 713-652-9800

                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES

 
                   CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

     This document complies with the typeface requirements of Texas
Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.4(e) because it contains conventional
typeface no smaller than 14-point for text and 12-point for footnotes.
The document also complies with the word-count limitations of Texas
Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.4(i), as it contains 14,426 words,
excluding any parts exempted by Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure
Rule 9.4(i)(1).

                                          ___/s/ Joe Roden ________
                                          Joe Roden

                                     74
                     CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      This is to certify that a true and correct copy of Appellees’ Merits
Brief has been served via electronic service on Mr. Kenneth Breitbeil,
Mr. David Louie, McFall, Sherwood & Eidman, P.C., 1331 Lamar
Street, 1250 Four Houston Center, Houston, Texas 77010-3027 and
Christopher S. Johns, Johns, Marrs, Ellis & Hodge, LLP, 805 W. 10th
Street, Suite 400, Austin, Texas 78701 on April 6, 2015.

                                        ___/s/ Joe Roden __________
                                        Joe Roden

                                   75
                    NO. 14-14-00706-CV

                          IN THE

           FOURTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS

 ANGLO-DUTCH PETROLEUM INTERNATIONAL, INC.
       and ANGLO-DUTCH (TENGE) L.L.C.,
            Appellants/Cross-Appellees,

                              v.

     GREENBERG PEDEN, P.C. and GERARD J. SWONKE,
              Appellees/Cross-Appellants.

             CROSS-APPELLANTS' APPENDIX

A.     Fee Agreement dated October 16, 2000

B.     Final Judgment dated January 22, 2007

C.     Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Inti v. Greenberg Peden, P. C,
       267 S.W.3d 454 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.J 2008)

D.     Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Inti v. Greenberg Peden, P. C,
       352 S.W.3d 445 (Tex. 2011)

E.     Trial Court's May 15, 2012 order construing the Fee
       Agreement as a matter of law and applying that construction
       to stipulated facts
F.   Trial Court's May 23, 2013 order granting interlocutory
     summary judgment against Swonke on his claims for breach
     of contract, declaratory judgment, and attorneys' fees

G.   Trial Court's May 13, 2014 Final Judgment

                            2
APPENDIX A
.<.

              ~GREENBERG PEDEN P.C.                                                                    TELEPHONE: (713) 627-Z72JJ
                                                                                                        FACSI:MILE: (713) 627-7f157
                  ATTORNEYS AN"D COUN"SELORS AT           LAW                                          WEBSITE:www.gpsolaw .com

               TENTH FLOOR. 12 GREENWAY PLAZA
               HOUSTON. TEXAS 77046

                                                            October 16, 2000

                  Mr. Scott v_ Van Dyke
                  Anglo-Dutch Petroleum International, Inc.
                  Eight Greenway Plaza, Suite 900
                  Houston, Texas 77046

                            Re:     Cause No. 2000-22588; Anglo-Dutch (Tenge) eta[ vs. Ramco, et aL; In th~ 15l't
                                    Judicial District ofHarris County, Texas.

                   Dear Scott:

                   This letter memorializes our agreement with respect to me assisting you and/or the companies which
                   you control (Anglo-Dutch) and the law firm of McConn & Williams, LLP regarding the above-
                   referenced matlfed all important information to Anglo-Dutc~~
          concerning the transactions. · ·: ··

       Answe-r ''YES" or:;'NO": ·

        Answer.
                            ...
                    .   .

                                              -ll-

000833
       If your answer to Question 5 is "NO," and you did not answer Question 3 with .a
dollar amount, then answer Question 6. Otherwise, do not answer Question 6.

                                      QUESTION 6

       What was the amount of Swanke's fees, lf any, under the Fee Agreement?

       Answer in dollars and cents, if any.

                    X..,_..,.
       Answer: $_ _..... ______

                                              -9-

000834
                                                                     •,
                      \    \.                                    ~

     If your answen.... Gluestion 5 is "NO," then answer Ou ...;:;tion 7. Otherwise, do· not'
answer Question 7.

      You are instructed that, in order for you to answer the following question "Yes,''
your answer must be unanimous.                          ~

                                           QUESTION 7

       Do you find by clear and convincing evidence that the harm                    to Anglo-Dutch
resulted from malice or fraud?

        "Clear and convincing evidence" means the measure or degree of proof that
 produces a 'firm belief or conviction· of the truth of the allegations sought to be
 established.

        "Malice" means a specific intent by Swanke to cause substantial injury or ~arm to
 Anglo-Dutch~

        Fraud occurs when-
          · a. a party'makes a material misrepresentation,
            b. the misrepresentation is made with knowledge of its falsity or made
               'recklessly without any knowledge of the truth and         as
                                                                     .a positive assertion,
            c. the misrepresentation is made wlth the intention that it should be acted onr
                by the ·o~her party, and                   ·.
            d. the other party relies on the misrepresentation and thereby suffers' injury.

         Fraud also OCCUrS     When~   ·               .                         .
            a. a partY fails" to '·disClose arriateiiallact'witliin the' knowledge of that party,
            b. the party knows that the other party is ignorant of the fact and does not
              . hav.e an_·eqqal o.pportunity to discpver the truth, ·     .   . . . . .... . .. . . .
            c. the party intends to induce the other party to take some action b\Vfailing to            J;;t:?
                disclose the fact, and                                ·     .        I            ··    ~
            d. the other party suffers· injury as a result of acting without knowledge of the
                undisclosed fact.                     ·             ·   ·

          "Misrepresentation" means:
             a. a false l=>tatement of fact,
             b. a promise of future performance m?de with an intent, at the time the
                 ·promise was made, not to perform as promised,                 ·
             c. a statement of opinion· based on a false statement of fact,
              d. a statement of opinion that the maker knows to be false, or
              e. an expression of opinion that is false, made by one claiming or implying to
                  have special knowledge of the subject matter~ the opinion.

          "Special knowledge" mean's knowledge or information superior to that possessed
    by the other party and to which the other party did not have equal access.

           Answer "YES" or "NO":

           Answer:        "K
   000835                                          - 10-
                                                            \J

      If your answer to Question 7 is "YES," then answer Question 8. Otherwise, do
not answer Question 8.

       You are instructed that, in order for you to find exemplary damages, your answer
to the question regarding the amount of such damages must be unanimous.
                              .            -
                                      QUESTION 8

      What sum of money, if paid now in cash, should be assessed against Swanke
and awarded to Ang!o-Dutch as exemplary damages, if any, for the conduct found in
response to Question 7?                                         ·

       "Exemplary damages" means an amount that you may in your discretion· award
as a penalty or by way of punishment

       Factors to consider in awa:rded exemplary damages; if any, are-

       a. The nature of the wrong.-
        b. The character of the conduct involved.
        c. The degree of culpability of Swanke.
        d. The situation af.ld sensibilities of the parties concerned.
      - e: The extent to which such conduct offen4s' a puclic sense of justice and·;      J8.
           propriety.               _ .                                -
        f. The net wonh qf Sw.o'nke ..

                   '           '.
        Answer in.dollars and cents, if any.

        Answer: $ ·      )<' _' -

                                               - 11 -
       Q008~b _;
                         )

        If you answered "Yes" to Question No.1 as to Swanke, individually, then answer
the following question. Otherwise, do not answer the following question.

                                . QUESTlON NO.9

      Did Van Dyke commit fraud agafnst'Swonke?

       Fraud occurs when a promise; of future performance· is made with an intent, at
the time the promise was made, not to perform as promised.

 Answer "Yes" or "No":       JN 6
                     ·--~~~~---------

  000837                                     - 1:!-
      If your answer 'to Question No. 9 Is "Yes," then answer the following question.
Otherwise, do not answer the following question.

                                      QUESTION NO. 10

 .   What sum of money, if any, if paid now in cash,.would fairly and reasonably
compensate Swanke for his damages, if any, that resulted from such fraud?

Consider the following elements of damages, if any, and none other.

                       .   .
The amount Anglo-Dutch agreed         to pay Swanke.
 Do not add any amount fudnterest on damages, if any.

   :Answer separately in dollars and cents for damages, if any:
                                      . - .··

        Answer.   $._·_·_·'-X__,_··_·.___ · · · · ·

000838
      If you have answered "Yes" to Question No_ 9, then answer the following
question. Otherwise, do not answer the following question.

      You are instructed that. in order for you to answer the following question "Yes,"
your answer must be unanimous.

                                    QUESTION N0:1.1

       Do you find by clear and convincing evidence that the harm to Swanke resulted
from fraud or malice?                               ·

 Answer "Yes" or uNo."       _)('

        "Clear and convincing evidence" means the measure or degree of proof
                                                                               to
 that produces a firm belief or conviction of the :truth of the allegations sought
 be estal;llished_
                                              ..
        "Fraud" me:aris fraud other than constructive· fraud:

        UM~Iice" means a   specific intent by Van Dyke to .cause s~bstantra1Jnjury ~r
  harm to Swanke.                                      ·

                                               - 14-

 .000839
                                                                 )

      If you have answered "Yes" to Question No. i 1, thEm answer the following
question. Otherwise, do not answer the following ques_tioo.

       You are instructed that, ln order for you to find exemplary damages, your answer
to the question regarding the amount of such damages must be unanimous.

                                      QUESTION NO. 12

      What sum of money, if any, if paid now in c·ash, should be assessed against Van
Dyke and awarded to Swanke as exemplary damages, if any, fo-r the conduct found in
response to Question 11?                                       ·

      "Exemplary damages'' means ~m amount that you may in your discretion award
as a penalty or by way of punishment.

   Factors to consider in awarding exemplary damages, ifany, are-

       a.    The nature   of the wrcirig.
       b.    The character 9fthe     conduct involved.

       c.·   The degree ofcul_papilio/ of Van Dyke.

       d.    The .situation and sensibilities ofthe parties concerned.

       e.    The extenno     wriicti such c~n.duct offends a public sense   at justice anct
             ·propriety.                                 ·      ·

       [     The networtli ofVan Dyke ..

    Answer in dollars and cents,     if any.
                                                         v
                                               $____~~--------
                                                     (

                                                -15-
000840
After you retire to the jury room, you wiil seleCt your own presiding juror. Th~ first thing
the presiding juror will do is to have this complete charge read aloud and then you will.
deliberate upon your answers to the questions asked.

       It is the duty of the presiding juror-

        1.     to preside duting your deliberations,

        2.     to see that your .deliberations .are conducted in an orderly manner and in
               accordance with the instructions in this charge,

        3. ·   to write out and hand to the bailiff any communications concerning the case
               that you desire to have delivered to the judge,

        4.      to vote on the questions, -

        ·5.     to write your ~ns~ers to the questions in the spaces provided, and

         6.     to certify to- your ·verdict in the space provided for the presiding juror's
                signature or to ._obtain 'the signatures of all the jurors who agree with the
                verdict if your verdict is less than unanimous .
                            . .· . . .
         You should. riot discuss ·the case   with anyone, not even wlth other memberS of tfie
  jury; unless all of .you:ar:e: pr.e.sent and .assembl~d in th~ jury room.' Should ~nyone
   attempt to talk to· you about' the ·case before the verdict is returned, whether at the
 . cowrlhouse, at your home, or: elsewhere,
                                       : .     .please
                                                 .     inform
                                                          '
                                                              the judge ofthis fact.

         When you have:··a'n·s~e'r~d aU the questions you are required to answer under the
  instructions of the judge and you·r presiding juror has placed your answers in the spaces
  provided and signed the verdict· as presiding juror or obtained the signatures, you will
  inform the bailiff at the door of the jury room that you have reached a verdict, and then
  you will retum into court with your verdict.

                                                 - 16-
      00084\
                                             CERTlFlCATE

       We, the jury, have answered the above and foregoing questions as herein
indicated, and herewith return same into court as our verdict

       I certify that the jury was unanimous in answering the following questions:

       Answer "~llu or list questions: _..:;:,2~-----------'----

                                                 Printed Name of Prestding Juror ·

 {lfihe answers to sqme question·s were not ·unanimous, the jurors wlio agreed to those
 answers must certifY l?S follo'A(s:). . . . . .               ..  . · .                :
                . . .. . . . . . . . . . ' . . . ' . . . ...· . .
                           ~

 We agree to the answers to the following questions:

  list questiomt ·-\-. ··~ ·: 5
                      j.       J
                                    · 9- ·
                                   :s

                                                            12.

                                                    • 17-

000842
..

                 Jurors' Printed Names:

      1.       .:Jiuf,--1-t. {,~le,v+l-'~ IJ 3.. :J ~ q
      2.       1\aJL>"rtt....D ~- Sotf,i)S,orJ                        IJ "1. 1 SJ     9
       3•        A~ L'\.·:':>he!\
                 f>                      t-+ U\Y r)..._       .       jI j i    5'1 c;I

       4. NlrCf-\t±i=L              ~J llEt "'EM'-&r\1                It '3; ~-/1
          5.     DftUi D        piA.        blz:OLL                   1 i 51~~
          6.{?)!J\J.~b6J>R ~-
                                    '\ '\1.0..6\\.\Q:~i
                                              ' \,                             r.:;
                                                                      i 1 21, .:l, \
                                                                                          D

                            (j              -J
          7. L-?.slf..-- l_f-.e<'l-fr.., f1 31 9
          s. j)AI!;A:- 1]/tPP::/ (, 31 5 1                                            q·
          9. :Da}e                  uJoJ.ters                 1 3 l '51 CJ
          1 o.   {ru llt)   .   /1Jlr. (fiAJe --'2.               •   I I 3 1 5J Uj
           11.'ilT ·L-ruAI G.J?iJ-/f(..;                               li ~           ~ I
      .                         .    .  .            '    -                           .       .

           1·2. _ _ _.,.......,~....-..-'----"-"--
                                   .....· . . . .

     000843
APPENDIX C
              Petroleum intern., Inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d 454

                    267 S.W.3d 454                                West Headnotes (23)
                Court of Appeals of Texas,
                  Houston (14th Dist.).
                                                                  [1]   Appeal and Error
 ANGLO-DUTCH PETROLEUM INTERNATIONAL,                                       Cases Triable in Appellate Court
  INC. and Anglo-Dutch (Tenge) L.L.C., Appellants                       Determining whether a contract is ambiguous is
                         v.                                             a question of law subject to de novo review on
          GREENBERG PEDEN, P.C. and                                     appeal.
            Gerard J. Swanke, Appellees.
                                                                        Cases that cite this headnote
      No. 14-07-00343-CV.               Aug. 26, 2008.
                                                                  [2]   Contracts
Synopsis
                                                                            Construction as a whole
Background: Former client brought action seeking
declaration that it did not owe attorney contingency fees.              Contracts
Attorney counterclaimed. The 6lst District Court, Harris                    Extrinsic circumstances
County, John J. Donovan, J., entered judgment on a jury                 To determine whether a contract is ambiguous, a
verdict for attorney, and former client appealed.                       court looks at the agreement as a whole in light
                                                                        of the circumstances present when the parties
                                                                        entered the agreement.

Holdings: The Court of Appeals, William J. Boyce, J., held              Cases that cite this headnote
that:

[1] contingency fee agreement was ambiguous regarding             [3]   Appeal and Error
whether the fees were owed to attorney individually or to firm              Conduct of trial or hearing in general
in which attorney was "of counsel;"                                     An appellate court reviews a trial court's decision
                                                                        to submit or refuse a particular instruction under
[2] ambiguity in agreement would not be construed against               an abuse of discretion standard.
attorney as the drafter;
                                                                        Cases that cite this headnote
[3] evidence was sufficient to establish that attorney did not
breach his fiduciary duty when he drafted fee agreement;          [4]   Trial
                                                                             Authority to instruct jwy in general
[4] evidence was sufficient to establish that client owed the           Trial
contingency fees to attorney rather than to firm;                            Definition or explanation of terms
                                                                        A trial court enjoys wide discretion in framing
[5] instructions adequately informed the jury regarding the
                                                                        a jwy charge and is given broad latitude
consideration of the client's perspective offee agreement; and
                                                                        to determine the propriety of explanatory
                                                                        instructions and definitions.
[6] trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting
evidence that investors had funded the underlying action, that           1 Cases that cite this headnote
former client did not pay investors their contracted amounts,
and that former client did not pay legal fees owed to other law
firms in unrelated actions.                                       [5]   Appeal and Error
                                                                            Rulings on admissibility of evidence in
                                                                        general
Affirmed.
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum lntem., Inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d 454 (2008)

        An appellate court reviews a trial court's decision          printed on law firm's stationery and attorney
        to admit or exclude evidence for abuse of                    signed agreement under law firm's signature
        discretion.                                                  block, agreement's text did not reference law
                                                                     firm, agreement made multiple references to the
        l Cases that cite this headnote                              attorney individually, attorney was of counsel to
                                                                     law firm, and law firm had refused to do any
 [6]    Trial                                                        further work for former client because of unpaid
             Admission of evidence in general                        legal fees.
        Trial                                                        Cases that cite this headnote
             Exclusion of improper evidence
        A trial court abuses its discretion in admitting or
                                                              [10]   Contracts
        excluding evidence if it acts without reference
                                                                         Intention of Parties
        to any guiding rules and principles, or if the act
        complained of is arbitrary and unreasonable.                 A court's primary concern when interpreting a
                                                                     contract is to ascertain and give effect to the
        Cases that cite this headnote                                intent of the parties as that intent is expressed in
                                                                     the contract.
 [7]    Appeal and Error
                                                                     Cases that cite this headnote
           Rulings as to evidence and instructions
        An appellate court must uphold a trial court's
                                                              [111   Contracts
        evidentiary ruling if there is any legitimate basis
                                                                         Language of contract
        in the record to support it.
                                                                     A contract's language is the primary evidence of
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                              the intent of the parties to the contract.

                                                                     Cases that cite this headnote
 [8]    Appeal and Error
           Evidence in General
                                                              [12]   Contracts
        Appeal and Error
                                                                         Construction as a whole
            Prejudicial Effect
                                                                     When construing a contract, a court examines
        A successful challenge to evidentiary rulings
                                                                     and considers the entire writing in an effort to
        usually requires the complaining party to show
                                                                     harmonize and give effect to all the provisions
        that the judgment turns on the particular evidence
                                                                     of the contract so that none will be rendered
        excluded or admitted.
                                                                     meaningless.
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     Cases that cite this headnote

 [9]    Declaratory Judgment
                                                              [13]   Contracts
            Questions for jury
                                                                         Construction as a whole
        Contingency fee agreement former client had
                                                                     Contracts
        entered into regarding attorney's assistance
                                                                         Extrinsic circumstances
        in legal action was ambiguous with respect
        to whether attorney contracted for himself                   To determine whether a contract is ambiguous, a
        individually or for law firm, and thus issue                 court looks at the agreement as a whole in light
        of the parties' intent was for the jury to                   of the circumstances present when the parties
        determine, in trial of former client's lawsuit               entered into the agreement.
        seeking declaration that it did not owe attorney
                                                                     Cases that cite this headnote
        the contingency fees; though agreement was
[14]   Contracts                                                    Cases that cite this headnote
           Existence of ambiguity
       A contract is unambiguous if it can be given a        [18]   Attorney and Client
       definite or certain meaning.                                     Pleading and evidence

       Cases that cite this headnote                                Evidence was sufficient to establish that attorney
                                                                    did not breach his fiduciary duty to client by
                                                                    drafting contingency fee agreement which was
[15]   Contracts                                                    ambiguous in regard to whether fees were owed
           Existence of ambiguity                                   to attorney individually or to law firm, in trial of
       Contracts                                                    former client's lawsuit seeking declaration that
           Ambiguity in general                                     it did not owe attorney the contingency fees;
       If a contract is subject to two or more reasonable           attorney testified that he had explained on many
       interpretations, then the contract is ambiguous              occasions his "of counsel" status at law firm,
       and the jury is entitled to resolve the fact issue           client acknowledged that law firm had refused
       concerning the parties' intent.                              to assist client in the undedying action due to
                                                                    unpaid legal bills and that attorney had referred
       Cases that cite this headnote                                client to a second law firm, and attorney testified
                                                                    that, after client had retained second law firm,
                                                                     client still requested attorney's personal services
[16]   Contracts
           Existence of ambiguity                                    in the underlying action and that when agreement
                                                                    was negotiated he explained to client and client
       An ambiguity in a contract can be patent or
                                                                     understood that agreement was with attorney
       latent; a "patent ambiguity" is evident on the
                                                                     individually and not the law firm.
       contract's face, while a "latent ambiguity" arises
       from a collateral matter when a contract that                Cases that cite this headnote
       appears to be unambiguous on its face is applied
       to its subject.
                                                             [19]   Attorney and Client
       Cases that cite this headnote                                    Employment
                                                                    Evidence was sufficient to establish that
[17]   Attorney and Client                                          under the terms of ambiguous contingency fee
           Construction and Operation of Contract                   agreement former client owed contingency fees
                                                                    to attorney individually rather than to law
       Ambiguity in contingency fee agreement
                                                                    firm, in trial of former client's lawsuit seeking
       regarding whether attorney contracted for
                                                                    declaration that it did not owe attorney the
       himself individually or for law firm would not be
                                                                    contingency fees; though agreement was printed
       construed against attorney as the drafter, in trial
                                                                    on law firm's stationery, agreement's text did
       of former client's lawsuit seeking declaration
                                                                    not reference law firm, agreement made multiple
       that it did not owe attorney the contingency
                                                                    references to the attorney individually, attorney
       fees, where the client was sophisticated and
                                                                    testified that client understood that he was "of
       experienced, agreement was not presented
                                                                    counsel" at law firm, client acknowledged that
       to client on a take-it-or-leave-it basis, and
                                                                    law firm had refused to do any further work
       agreement was instead negotiated between
                                                                    for client because of unpaid legal fees, attorney
       attorney and client after attorney's law firm told
                                                                    testified that contingency fee agreement was
       client it would not undertake the representation
                                                                    negotiated after client requested his continued
       due to unpaid legal bills. Restatement (Third)
                                                                    assistance on underlying action after such action
       The Law Governing La\\oyers § 18.
                                                                    had been referred to a second law firm, and
       attorney testified that client understood fees were
       owed to him rather than law firm.                            Cases that cite this headnote

       Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             [23]   Attorney and Client
                                                                        Evidence
[20]   Appeal and Error                                             Declaratory Judgment
           Conduct oftrial or hearing in general                        Admissibility
       Because a trial court enjoys wide discretion                 Witnesses
       in determining which instructions should be                      Competency of contradictmy evidence
       included in the jury charge, review is limited
                                                                    Trial court did not abuse its discretion, in trial
       to determining whether the court acted without
                                                                    offormer client's lawsuit seeking declaration that
       reference to any guiding rules or principles.
                                                                    under terms of contingency fee agreement it did
       Cases that cite this headnote                                not owe attorney individually the contingency
                                                                    fees but instead owed the fees to firm in which
                                                                    attorney was "of counsel," by admitting evidence
[21]   Attorney and Client                                          that client entered into agreements with investors
           Instructions                                             to fund underlying action, testimony by one of
       Instructions adequately informed the jury                    the investors that he had to sue attorney's former
       regarding the consideration of the client's                  client when he was asked to accept less than what
       perspective of fee agreement and the fiduciary               he had contracted for after underlying action was
       duties attorney owed client, in trial of former              settled, and evidence that former client had not
       client's lawsuit seeking declaration that under              paid fees it owed to other law firms in unrelated
       the terms of contingency fee agreement it did                actions; evidence of the investment agreements
       not owe attorney individually the contingency                went to attorney's individual work with respect to
       fees but instead owed the fees to law firm in                the investors, and evidence that former client did
       which attorney was "of counsel," by providing                not pay investors their contracted amounts and
       that the jury was to consider all of the facts               did not pay bills owed to other law firms went to
       and circumstances surrounding the making of                  the credibility of client's owner when he testified
       the agreement, the interpretation placed on the              that client did not owe attorney the fees.
       agreement by the parties and the conduct of the
       parties, and by separately instructing the jury               1 Cases that cite this headnote
       on attorney's fiduciary duties and submitting
       question on whether attorney breached his
       fiduciary duties in regard to the fee agreement.
                                                             Attorneys and Law Firms
        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                              *457 Gregory S. Coleman, Donald B. McFall, Richard B.
                                                             Farrer, Austin, *458 Kenneth R. Breitbeil, Ke1meth Wayne
[22]   Trial
                                                             Bullock II, Houston, TX, for appellants
            Matters oflaw
       Trial                                                 Rusty Hardin, Joe M. Roden, Ryan Kees Higgins, Houston,
            Duty to give requested instruction;              TX, for appellees.
       erroneous requests
                                                             Panel consists of Justices FOWLER and BOYCE and Senior
       Not every correct statement of the law belongs
       in a jury charge; a requested instruction can set     Justice HUDSON. *
       forth a correct statement of the law and still be
       unnecessary in the charge.
                                                                                     OPINION
              Petroleum !ntem., Inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d 454 (2008)

                                                                Swonke. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 38 001
WILLIAM J. BOYCE, Justice.                                      (Vernon 2008).

Anglo-Dutch Petroleum International, Inc. and Anglo-Dutch
                                                                Anglo-Dutch assails the trial court's final judgment in favor
(Tenge) L.L.C. (collectively, "Anglo-Dutch") appeal the trial
                                                                ofSwonke on multiple grounds. Resolution of Anglo-Dutch's
court's judgment in favor of Greenberg Peden, P.C. and
                                                                appellate challenges requires a detailed discussion of the
Gerard J. Swonke in connection with this fee dispute between
                                                                evidence adduced at trial and the circumstances surrounding
a client and an attorney.
                                                                execution ofthe October 16, 2000 fee agreement.

We affirm the trial court's judgment.

                                                                                            Facts

                         Overview
                                                                Swonke joined Greenberg Peden as "of counsel" in 1987. 1
This appeal arises from a contingency fee agreement dated       This status gave Swonke discretion to choose his clients and
October 16, 2000. It is undisputed that the client, Anglo-       *459 gave Greenberg Peden a right of first refusal regarding
Dutch, entered the fee agreement. It is undisputed that         clients and matters Swonke brought to the firm. Swonke
Anglo-Dutch's president, Scott V. Van Dyke, signed the fee      remained as "of counsel" to Greenberg Peden until the firm
agreement on behalf of Anglo-Dutch. It is undisputed that the   dissolved in 2001.
attorney, Swonke, also signed the fee agreement. It is hotly
disputed whether Swonke signed the fee agreement on behalf      The "of counsel" relationship between Swonke and
of himself individually or on behalf of the Greenberg Peden     Greenberg Peden operated under a fee sharing agreement. For
law firm, where he was "of counsel" at the time.                matters accepted by the firm, it billed Swanke's time through
                                                                the firm computer system and deducted a percentage from
Swonke contends he signed on behalf of himself individually     Swonke's fees; the size ofthe deduction depended on the fee
and can recover fees individually. Anglo-Dutch contends         agreement with a particular client. This deduction reimbursed
Swonke signed on behalf of the law firm and cannot recover      Greenberg Peden for Swanke's use of office space, paralegals,
fees individually. Greenberg Peden disclaims rights to or       secretaries, and parking. Clients in matters accepted by the
interest in the disputed fees. The law firm assigned any        firm paid their fees for Swanke's time directly to Greenberg
interest under the October 16, 2000 fee agreement to Swonke;    Peden, which made appropriate deductions and then paid the
released Anglo-Dutch from liability to Greenberg Peden for      balance to Swonke.
the disputed fees; and acknowledged that Greenberg Peden is
not entitled to receive money from Anglo-Dutch under the        Swonke met Van Dyke in 1987 at a lunch with Van Dyke's
agreement.                                                      father while Van Dyke was working for his father's company.
                                                                Van Dyke's father asked Swonke to perform legal work for
The trial court concluded that the October 16, 2000 fee         the company. Swonke already had joined Greenberg Peden as
agreement is ambiguous with respect to the capacity in which    of counsel at that point. While Van Dyke was still working
Swonke signed, and submitted that issue to the jury. The        for his father, Van Dyke and his father later asked about
jury sided with Swonke on that issue, finding that he signed    Swanke's salary at Greenberg Peden because they wanted to
the fee agreement with Anglo-Dutch on behalf of himself         hire Swonke as in-house counsel for the father's company.
individually and not on behalf of Greenberg Peden. The jury     Swonke responded that as "of counsel" he did not receive
further answered that Anglo-Dutch failed to comply with         a salary from the firm, but was paid only when clients
the fee agreement; that Swonke complied with his fiduciary      paid; Swonke explained that he generated his own work and
duty to his client Anglo-Dutch; and that Van Dyke did not       sometimes made more money than at other times. Van Dyke,
commit fraud against Swonke. The jury awarded $1 million        his father and Swonke decided to maintain their existing
as contract damages to Swonke for Anglo-Dutch's failure to      relationship, under which Swonke performed legal work for
comply with the fee agreement. The trial court signed a final   the father's company as "of counsel" at Greenberg Peden.
judgment in conformity with the jmy's findings awarding         Swonke testified that he also explained his "of counsel" status
contract damages and additional statutory attorney's fees to    to Van Dyke and Van Dyke's mother on several occasions.
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum lntem., Inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d 454 (2008)
                                                                                       ..   .   ...

Van Dyke testified that he did not recall being told Swonke       lawsuit but lacked financial resources to pay an attorney on
was "of counsel" to Greenberg Peden.                              an hourly basis.

Van Dyke left his father's company in 1988 and together with      Pursuant to Greenberg Peden's right of first refusal, Swonke
his mother formed Anglo-Dutch Petroleum International,            asked the firm in February or March 2000 if it wanted
an oil and gas exploration company. Approximately four            to represent Anglo-Dutch in a suit against Halliburton
years later, Van Dyke asked Swonke to perform legal work          and Ramco arising from breaches of the Tenge Field
for Anglo-Dutch in connection with development of oil             confidentiality agreements. Greenberg Peden refused to
and gas properties in an area known as the Tenge Field in         represent Anglo-Dutch on an hourly or a contingency basis
Kazakhstan. Swonke began performing a substantial amount          because of Anglo-Dutch's unpaid bills and a history of
of legal work for Van Dyke and Anglo-Dutch in 1993.               difficulty in collecting fees from Anglo-Dutch. Thereafter,
This work focused on preparing documents addressing the           Swonke told Van Dyke that Greenberg Peden would not
participation of multiple national and international investors    represent Anglo-Dutch in a lawsuit against Halliburton and
in Anglo-Dutch's Tenge Field project. Swonke worked               Ramco due to Anglo-Dutch's outstanding legal bills. The
with Greenberg Peden shareholder Skip Naylor to draft the         bills remained unpaid. 2 Van Dyke did not ask Swonke to
elaborate documents Van Dyke requested to bring investors         represent Anglo-Dutch against Halliburton and Ram co at that
together and create an entity called Anglo-Dutch (Tenge)          time.
L.L.C.
                                                                  Because Greenberg Peden refused to represent Anglo-Dutch
In 1997, Anglo-Dutch invited Halliburton Energy Services,         in a suit against Halliburton and Ramco, Swonke referred
Inc. and Ramco Oil & Gas, Ltd. to invest in the Tenge             Van Dyke to several other law firms. Anglo-Dutch signed
Field project. Anglo-Dutch hoped to use funds from these          a contingency fee agreement with McConn & Williams in
new investors to buy out its existing investors. To evaluate      March 2000. That firm filed a lawsuit against Halliburton and
Anglo-Dutch's proposal, Halliburton and Ram co entered into       Ramco in May 2000. See generally Ramco Oil & Gas Ltd.
confidentiality agreements with Anglo-Dutch and received          v. Anglo-Dutch (Tenge) L.L.C., 207 S.W.3d 801 (Tex.App.-
confidential data to review. Swonke negotiated and drafted        Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. denied).
the confidentiality agreements for Anglo-Dutch.
                                                                  Van Dyke and attorneys from McConn & Williams frequently
Anglo-Dutch ceased paying Greenberg Peden's bills at about        asked Swonke for advice and help with tasks in furtherance of
this time and began accumulating a large account payable          the lawsuit against Halliburton and Ramco in the months that
to the firm. Anglo-Dutch's unpaid legal bills prompted            followed this filing. After providing unpaid legal assistance
Greenberg Peden to stop working for Anglo-Dutch in 1999.          for months, Swanke decided that he wanted compensation
By early 2000, Anglo-Dutch owed Greenberg Peden more              for time spent helping Anglo--Dutch with its lawsuit against
than $200,000. Swonke and Greenberg Peden shareholder             Halliburton and Ramco. Swonke informed McConn &
David Peden met with Van Dyke in 1999 or early 2000 to            Williams ofhis desire to be paid. McConn & Williams said its
discuss Anglo-Dutch's unpaid legal bills. *460 Peden told         fee interest was not large enough for that firm to compensate
Van Dyke that no Greenberg Peden attorney would perform           him out of its interest. VanDyke then called Swanke directly;
legal work for Anglo-Dutch until it paid its accumulated legal    asked him to help with the lawsuit; and offered to pay him
bills to the firm.                                                for doing so. Van Dyke and Swonke negotiated the terms
                                                                  of Swonke's compensation for his participation in Anglo--
A dispute arose between Anglo-Dutch, Halliburton and              Dutch's suit against Halliburton and Ramco.
Ramco in early 2000 regarding breach of the Tenge Field
confidentiality agreements and disclosure of Anglo-Dutch's        Van Dyke proposed to pay Swanke based on a contingency
confidential data. Van Dyke asked Swonke in February 2000         fee agreement because Anglo--Dutch could not afford an
to evaluate the potential for a lawsuit against Halliburton and   hourly fee. When Swanke suggested a flat percentage fee,
Ramco for breach of the confidentiality agreements. Swonke        Van Dyke responded by insisting on a formula that would ( 1)
advised Van Dyke that Anglo-Dutch had viable claims               incorporate a ratio ofhours Swonke spent to hours McConn &
against both companies. Anglo-Dutch wanted to pursue the          Williams attorneys spent, and then (2) multiply the 20 percent
                                                                  contingency fee contained in the McConn & Williams fee
             Petroleum Intern., inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d 454

agreement by that ratio. Van Dyke thought this would be the     Ramco. McConn & Williams understood that Swanke had
only fair way to measure Swanke's hours. Swanke initially       a separate fee agreement with Anglo-Dutch in connection
rejected Van Dyke's formula because he thought it was too       with the case. Swanke worked another 1,022 hours on Anglo-
complicated; *461 later, he acquiesced to using it with a       Dutch's lawsuit as "of counsel" to McConn & Williams.
rounding feature.
                                                                Several months after Swanke left Greenberg Peden and
Swanke's secretary typed the contingency fee agreement          joined McConn & Williams, Van Dyke was deposed in
negotiated by Van Dyke and Swanke on Greenberg Peden            the Halliburton and Ramco lawsuit. At the deposition, Van
letterhead; dated it October 16, 2000; and inserted the         Dyke testified that Anglo-Dutch had two contingency fee
words "Greenberg Peden, P.C." in the signature block. The       agreements. He testified that one such agreement was with
letter's opening paragraph states that it "memorializes our     John O'Quinn, Jett Williams, and Luke McConn, and the
agreement with respect to me assisting you ... and the law      other was with Swanke. Van Dyke did not identifY any
firm of McConn & Williams, LLP" regarding the suit against      contingency fee agreement with Greenberg Peden.
Halliburton and Ramco. In the next paragraph, the letter
states that "I agree to assist Anglo-Dutch and [McConn &        Anglo-Dutch's lawsuit against Halliburton and Ramco was
Williams] ... in this lawsuit.. .. "                            tried for nine weeks beginning in August 2003. Anglo-
                                                                Dutch sought more than $600 million in damages. See
Swanke signed the fee agreement's signature block on            Ramco Oil & Gas Ltd., 207 S.W.3d at 806-07. The
October 16, 2000 and sent it to Van Dyke for signature the      jury found that Halliburton and Ramco breached their
same day. Van Dyke signed the fee agreement on October 17,      respective confidentiality agreements with Anglo-Dutch.
2000 and returned it to Swanke.                                 The jury awarded Anglo-Dutch $64 million in lost profits for
                                                                Halliburton's breach of its confidentiality agreement and $6.4
Van Dyke also sent a separate transmittal letter to Swanke      million in lost profits for Ramco's breach of its confidentiality
on October 17, 2000 with a copy of the McConn & Williams        agreement. The parties *462 stipulated to $9.8 million in
contingency fee agreement. In the transmittal letter's second   reasonable and necessary attorney's fees, which included the
paragraph, Van Dyke states that the McConn & Williams fee        1,022 hours Swanke spent working on the lawsuit while at
agreement "provides the basis for the Agreement between         McConn & Williams.
Greenberg Peden P.C. and Anglo-Dutch." The transmittal
letter was stamped "received" by Greenberg Peden. At the        Anglo-Dutch settled with Halliburton on April 1, 2004 for
time of receipt, Swanke did not respond to the transmittal      $51 million. 3 After Swanke learned of the settlement, he sent
letter; did not challenge its reference to a fee agreement      an e-mail to Van Dyke on April 7, 2004 reminding him that
"between Greenberg Peden P.C. and Anglo-Dutch;" and             the October 16, 2000 fee agreement required a comparison
did not assert that the fee agreement was between Anglo-        of Swanke's hours to those billed by McConn & Williams.
Dutch and Swanke individually. Swanke did not examine or        Swanke sent another e-mail to Van Dyke the same day setting
respond to Van Dyke's letter at the time of receipt because     forth the total number of hours he worked on the lawsuit.
the letter transmitted the McConn & Williams fee agreement      Swanke's email asserted his entitlement to three percent of
that Swanke already had in his file. Swanke testified that he   the settlement amount according to Swanke's calculations.
normally would not read a letter that refers to a document he   Van Dyke responded to Swanke's email on April 13, 2004.
already had in his files.                                       Van Dyke said he had lost his voice and agreed that he
                                                                and Swanke needed to discuss Swanke's situation. Swanke
The Greenberg Peden firm dissolved on October 1, 2001. By       replied, asking Van Dyke to call him when he felt well
that time, Swanke had worked 277 hours on Anglo-Dutch's         enough to speak and inquiring whether Van Dyke received a
suit against Halliburton and Ram co. Swanke joined McConn       memorandum Swanke sent him providing examples of work
& Williams as "of counsel" in October 2001 and informed         Swanke performed in furtherance of the lawsuit. The record
Anglo-Dutch that he was taking its files with him to McConn     does not reflect a written response by Van Dyke to this
& Williams unless Anglo-Dutch objected. There was no             inquiry.
objection. Under his contract with McConn & Williams,
Swanke did not share in any McConn & Williams fees for          The final Halliburton settlement documents were signed on
working on the Anglo-Dutch lawsuit against Halliburton and      April 15, 2004. At Van Dyke's request, Swanke's name was
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum lntem., Inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d 454 (2008)

removed from the wiring instructions given to Halliburton.        "Office conferences with Scott Van Dyke regarding claims of
Swanke e-mailed Van Dyke that afternoon to note that              Gerard Swanke; Draft, review and revise Plaintiffs Original
Swanke's wiring instructions were not included with those of      Petition." At 2:52 p.m. that day, Anglo-Dutch filed a suit
other attorneys who had worked on the lawsuit. Swanke asked       against Swanke and Greenberg Peden seeking a declaratory
Van Dyke how he wanted to handle payment of Swanke's              judgment in connection with the October 16, 2000 fee
fees. In the meantime, attorneys at McConn & Williams asked       agreement.
Swanke to not force the fee issue with Van Dyke until after
the settlement was funded and completed, fearing it could         Anglo-Dutch asked for a declaration that the fee agreement is
jeopardize the settlement.                                        between Anglo-Dutch and Greenberg Peden. Anglo-Dutch
                                                                  also asserted that Swanke breached the fiduciary duties he
On April 16, 2004, Swanke e-mailed Van Dyke to                    owed as an attorney to client Anglo-Dutch, and requested
congratulate him on receiving a $30 million portion of the        fee forfeiture. Swanke later filed a counterclaim seeking a
Halliburton settlement. Swanke asked Van Dyke to address          declaration that the fee agreement is between Anglo-Dutch
payment of Swanke's fees. Swanke said he would fax to Van         and Swanke individually. Swanke also asserted claims for
Dyke a release signed by Greenberg Peden, which Van Dyke          breach of contract against Anglo-Dutch, and for fraud against
had requested. In that document, the law firm assigned any        Anglo-Dutch and Van Dyke individually.
interest under the October 16, 2000 fee agreement to Swanke
and released Anglo-Dutch from liability to Greenberg Peden        The jury returned a verdict after a two-week trial. In answer to
for fees under that agreement.                                    Question 1, the jury found that the fee agreement with Anglo-
                                                                  Dutch was entered into on behalf of Swanke individually and
On April 19, 2004, attorneys Luke McConn and Edward               not on behalf of Greenberg Peden. In answer to Question 2,
Crain wrote letters to Van Dyke at Swanke's request in            the jury found that Anglo-Dutch failed to comply with the
support of Swanke. Both stated that Swanke's assistance had       fee agreement. The jury awarded $1,000,000 to Swanke in
been invaluable in prosecuting the suit against Halliburton,      Question 3 for his damages resulting from Anglo-Dutch's
and that Swanke's submitted hours were fair and reasonable.       failure to comply with the fee agreement. The jury answered
Swanke also faxed a letter to Van Dyke on that date further       "yes" to Question 5 asking if Swanke complied with his
explaining his hours and offering an audit of his hours. Van      fiduciary duty to Anglo-Dutch. The jury answered "no" to
Dyke and Swanke set up a meeting for April 22, 2004 to            Question 9 asking if Van Dyke committed fraud against
discuss Swanke's fee request.                                     Swanke. 4

 *463 On April 20, 2004, Van Dyke met with attorney               The trial court signed a final judgment in conformity with the
Sandy Dow to get a "fresh look" at Swanke's fee request.          jury's verdict on January 22, 2007, ordering that Anglo-Dutch
Swanke subsequently met with Van Dyke and his mother              and Van Dyke take nothing from Swanke and Greenberg
as scheduled at 8 a.m. on April 22, 2004. At the April 22         Peden; that Swanke and Greenberg Peden take nothing
meeting, Van Dyke challenged the munber of hours Swanke           on their fraud and exemplary damages *464 claims from
claimed to have worked on the lawsuit and the language of the     Anglo-Dutch and Van Dyke; and that Anglo-Dutch pay
Greenberg Peden release. Van Dyke asserted at this meeting        Swanke $1 ,000,000 and prejudgment interest on that amount
that Anglo-Dutch entered the October 16, 2000 fee agreement       totaling $226,924.50. As agreed by the parties, the trial
with Greenberg Peden-not with Swanke individually. The            court held an evidentiary hearing on the issue of attorney's
meeting concluded without resolution of the fee dispute.          fees. The trial court ordered that Anglo-Dutch pay Swanke
                                                                  $352,892.50 in attorney's fees for the prosecution of his
After meeting with Van Dyke, Swanke returned to his office        breach of contract claim and for defense of the declaratory
and sent an email at 9:08 a.m. to Van Dyke and other              judgment claims. Following denial of its post-trial motions,
recipients. The email stated that Swanke no longer would          Anglo-Dutch timely filed a notice of appeal from the trial
represent Van Dyke or his companies.                               court's final judgment.

After meeting with Swanke, Van Dyke met with attorney             On appeal, the main dispute centers on whether Anglo-
Sandy Dow for about two hours. Dow's billing records for          Dutch contracted with Greenberg Peden or with Swanke
April22, 2004 describe the activity at this meeting as follows:   individually when Anglo-Dutch and Swanke signed the
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Intern., Inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d 454 (2008)

October 16, 2000 fee agreement. Anglo-Dutch approaches            "Instifficient Evidence Points ofError," 38 Tex. L.Rev. 361,
this issue from several angles, contending that ( 1) the fee      362-63 ( 1960)).
agreement unambiguously is between Anglo-Dutch and
Greenberg Peden, and should be construed that way as a          *465 We must consider evidence in the light most favorable
matter oflaw; (2) any ambiguity in the fee agreement should   to the verdict, and indulge every reasonable inference that
be construed against the drafter, attorney Swonke; (3) the    would support it. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 822. If
evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the the evidence allows only one inference, neither jurors nor
jury's finding that the fee agreement is between Anglo-Dutch  the reviewing court may disregard that evidence. Id. "The
and Swanke individually; and (4) the evidence is legally      traditional scope of review does not disregard contrary
and factually insufficient to support the jury's finding that evidence in every no evidence review if there is no favorable
Swonke complied with his fiduciary duty. Anglo-Dutch also     evidence (situation (a) above), or if contrary evidence renders
                                                              supporting evidence incompetent (situation (b) above) or
challenges the correctness of the trial court's jury charge and
certain evidentiary rulings during trial. 5                   conclusively establishes the opposite (situation (d) above)."
                                                              !d. at 810-11. If the evidence at trial would enable reasonable
                                                              and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions, then
                                                              jurors must be allowed to do so. !d. at 822. Accordingly,
                    Standards of Review                       the ultimate test for legal sufficiency always must focus
                                                              on whether the evidence would enable reasonable and fair-
A. Contract Interpretation
                                                              minded jurors to reach the verdict under review. Id. at 827.
 [1]    [2] Determining whether a contract is ambiguous is a
                                                              Legal sufficiency review in the proper light must credit
question oflaw subject to de novo review on appeal. Bowden
                                                              favorable evidence if reasonable jurors could do so, and
v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 247 S.W.3d 690, 705 (Tex.2008).
                                                              must disregard contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors
To determine whether a contract is ambiguous, we look at the
                                                               could not do so. Id. The reviewing court cannot substitute its
agreement as a whole in light of the circumstances present
                                                              judgment for that of the trier offact if the evidence falls within
when the parties entered the agreement. David J. Sacks, P. C.
                                                               this zone of reasonable disagreement. Id. at 822.
v. Haden, No. 07-0472,2008 WL 2702184, at *3 (Tex. July
11, 2008).
                                                               In reviewing factual sufficiency, we must consider and weigh
                                                               all the evidence. Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116
B. Legal and Factual Sufficiency of the Evidence               S.W.3d   757,761 (Tex.2003). We can set aside a verdict only
We apply the standard and scope of review for legal            if the evidence  is so weak or if the finding is so against the
sufficiency of the evidence discussed in City of Keller v.     great weight and preponderance of the evidence that it is
Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802 (Tex.2005). After City of Keller, it    clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. I d.
is difficult to make general pronouncements about the scope
of review for a legal sufficiency challenge. The better course    For both legal and factual sufficiency review, the jury is the
is to focus on the specific type of legal sufficiency challenge   sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight
that is being made; this, in tum, frames the scope of review      to be given to their testimony. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at
for appeal.                                                       819; Golden Eagle Archery, Inc., 116 S.W.3d at 761.

City of Keller endorsed Chief Justice Calvert's description
                                                                  C. Charge Instructions
of legal sufficiency challenges. "No-evidence" challenges
                                                                   [3] [4] We review a trial court's decision to submit or refuse
may be sustained only when the record discloses one of the
                                                                  a particular instruction under an abuse of discretion standard.
following situations: (a) a complete absence of evidence of
                                                                  Dew v. Crown Derrick Erectors, Inc., 208 S.W.3d 448, 456
a vital fact; (b) the court is barred by rules of law or of
                                                                  (Tex.2006). A party is entitled to a jury question, instruction,
evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered
                                                                  or definition on an issue raised by the pleadings and evidence.
to prove a vital fact; (c) the evidence offered to prove
                                                                  Tex.R. Civ. P. 278; Dew, 208 S.W.3d at 456. The trial
a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla; or (d) the
                                                                  court enjoys wide discretion in framing a jury charge and is
evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of the vital
                                                                  given broad latitude to determine the propriety of explanatory
fact. Id. at 810 (citing Robert W. Calvert, "No Evidence" and
                                                                  instructions and definitions. HE. Butt Grocery Co. v. Bilotta,
                                                                  985 S.W.2d 22,23 (Tex.1998). A trial court's error inrefusing
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Intern., Inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 257 S.W.3d 454 (2008)

an instruction is reversible if that refusal probably caused the   E & P, Inc. v. Eland Energy, Inc., 207 S.W.3d 342, 345
rendition of an improper judgment. Tex.R.App. P. 44.1; Dew,        (Tex.2006).
208 S.W.3d at 456.
                                                                  [13]    [14] To determine whether a contract is ambiguous,
                                                                 we look at the agreement as a whole in light of the
D. Admission of Evidence                                         circumstances present when the parties entered into the
  [5]    [6]     [7]    [8] We review a trial court's decisioragreement. David J. Sacks, P.C., 2008 WL 2702184, at
to admit or exclude evidence for abuse of discretion. In         *3 (contract for legal services was not ambiguous and
re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 575 (Tex.2005). A trial court         unenforceable as written because it only could be reasonably
abuses its discretion in admitting or excluding evidence if it   interpreted as setting forth agreement that client agreed to pay
acts without reference to any guiding rules and principles,      law firm hourly fee and contained no cap on fees); Enter.
or if the act complained of is arbitrary and unreasonable.       Leasing Co. v. Barrios, 156 S.W.3d 547, 549 (Tex.2004). A
Carpenter v. Cimarron Hydrocarbons Corp., 98 S.W.3d 682,         contract is unambiguous if it can be given a definite or certain
687 (Tex.2002). We must uphold a trial court's evidentiary       meaning. SAS Inst., Inc. v. Breitenfeld, 167 S.W.3d 840, 841
ruling if there is any legitimate basis in the record to support (Tex.2005).
it. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d
35, 43 (Tex.l998). We will not reverse a trial court for an       [15]     [16]    If the contract is subject to two or more
erroneous evidentiary ruling unless the error was reasonably     reasonable interpretations, then the contract is ambiguous and
calculated to cause and probably did cause the rendition         the jury is entitled to resolve the fact issue concerning the
of an improper judgment. See Tex.R.App. P. 44.1; see             parties' intent. J.M Davidson, Inc. v. Webster, 128 S.W.3d
also *466 Gee v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 765 S.W.2d          223,229 (Tex.2003); Columbia Gas Trans. Corp. v. New Ulm
394, 396 (Tex.l989). A successful challenge to evidentiary       Gas, Ltd., 940 S.W.2d 587, 589 (Tex.1996). An ambiguity
 rulings usually requires the complaining party to show that     can be patent or latent. E.g., Ji'riendswood Dev. Co. v.
the judgment turns on the particular evidence excluded or        McDade & Co., 926 S.W.2d 280, 282 n. 1 (Tex.1996). A
 admitted. City of Brownsville v. Alvarado, 897 S.W.2d 750,      patent ambiguity is evident on the contract's face. ld. at 282.
753-54 (Tex.1995).                                               A latent ambiguity arises from a collateral matter when a
                                                                   contract that appears to be unambiguous on its face is applied
                                                                   to its subject.Id. at 282-283.
                           Analysis
                                                                   We begin with the October 16, 2000 fee agreement, which
A. The Fee Agreement is Ambiguous                                  reads in its entirety as follows:
 [9] Anglo-Dutch first argues that the trial court erred by
allowing the jury to interpret the fee agreement because             Dear Scott:
it unambiguously is between Anglo-Dutch and Greenberg
                                                                     This letter memorializes our agreement with respect to
Peden-not between Anglo-Dutch and Swonke individually.
                                                                     me assisting you and/or the companies which you control
We reject Anglo-Dutch's contention because we agree with
                                                                     (Anglo-Dutch) and the law firm of McConn & Williams,
the trial court's determination that the fee agreement is
                                                                     LLP regarding the above-reference matter.
ambiguous with respect to whether Swonke contracted for
himself individually or for Greenberg Peden.                         In that regard, you have executed a Fee Agreement with the
                                                                     law firm ofMcConn& Williams onMarch25, 2000, which
 [10]    [11]     [12] Our primary concern when interpreting a       is incorporated herein by reference. I agree to assist Anglo-
contract is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the        Dutch and that firm in this lawsuit for proportionately
parties as that intent is expressed in the contract. Perry Homes     the same percentage (20%) of any benefit to McConn &
v. Cull, 258 S.W.3d 580, 606 (Tex.2008). The contract's              Williams reflected in such agreement. However, I will not
language is the primary evidence of that intent. !d. We              be responsible for any expenses other than those I may
examine and consider the entire writing in an effort to              personally incur. Further, the proportions under which my
harmonize and give effect to all the provisions of the contract      fees *467 shall be calculated will be the ratio ofthe hours
so that none will be rendered meaningless. Seagull Energy            I have spent or will spend on this matter relative to the
                                                                     hours the attorneys at McConn & Williams have spent or
  will spend after the date the lawsuit was filed, rounded         Greenberg Peden while specifYing which Greenberg Peden
  to the next whole percentage. For example, if McConn &           attorney would perform the work; and (3) Van Dyke's October
  Williams' attorneys spend 1,000 hours on the lawsuit after       17, 2000 transmittal letter demonstrates his belief that the fee
  the date the lawsuit was filed and I spend 90 hours of my        agreement was between Anglo-Dutch and Greenberg Peden.
  time towards the lawsuit, then by rounding up to nearest
  whole number, I would be entitled to receive from you            Swonke emphasizes other circumstances surrounding
  2% (10% of20%) of the gross revenues and other benefits          execution of the fee agreement. The fee agreement was signed
  recovered, if any, from this lawsuit. In addition, should        against a backdrop that included ( 1) previous explanations
  the Fee Agreement be amended, you agree that I shall be          dating back at least a decade regarding the nature of Swonke' s
  entitled to the benefit of such amendment.                       "of counsel" status at Greenberg Peden; (2) Greenberg
                                                                   Peden's refusal to perform work for Anglo-Dutch since
  If this comports with your understanding of our agreement,       1999 due to unpaid legal bills; and (3) Greenberg Peden's
  please indicate by signing below and returning this letter       specific refusal to represent Anglo-Dutch on an hourly
  tome.                                                            or a contingency fee basis in its suit against Halliburton
                                                                   and Ramco, again due to unpaid legal bills. Van Dyke
  If you have any questions, please contact me.
                                                                   acknowledged that after 1999, no Greenberg Peden attorney
     Very truly yours,                                             had performed legal work for Anglo-Dutch. Van Dyke
                                                                   admitted that Swonke informed him of the firm's refusal to
     GREENBERG PEDEN P.C.                                          represent Anglo-Dutch in the lawsuit against Halliburton and
                                                                   Ramco due to Anglo-Dutch's unpaid legal bills.
     /s/

     GERARD J. SWONKE                                               *468 We reject Anglo-Dutch's contention that the October
                                                                   16, 2000 letter agreement unambiguously establishes a
Anglo-Dutch contends the fee agreement is an unambiguous           contract between Anglo-Dutch and Greenberg Peden in light
contract between Greenberg Peden and Anglo-Dutch,                  of the letter's content and the circumstances surrounding its
stressing that it is printed on Greenberg Peden letterhead.        execution. The use of Greenberg Peden letterhead and the
Swonke's address, telephone and fax number are not included.       inclusion of "Greenberg Peden P.C." in the signature block
Swonke signed under the "Greenberg Peden P.C." signature           reasonably suggest a contract with the law firm rather than
block.                                                             an individual attorney. But the absence of any reference
                                                                   to Greenberg Peden in the letter's body-combined with
For his part, Swonke stresses that the agreement's text does       Swonke's exclusive use of personal pronouns in the letter
not reference Greenberg Peden. The fee agreement refers            after the law firm repeatedly and emphatically told Van Dyke
five times to McConn & Williams by name but never says             it would not represent Anglo-Dutch-reasonably suggest
Greenberg Peden will perform legal services for Anglo-             a contract with Swonke individually. These circumstances
Dutch. Swonke also highlights multiple references to himself       render the fee agreement ambiguous and give rise to a fact
individually. The letter refers to "our agreement with respect     issue. The trial court properly submitted that fact issue to the
to me assisting you and/or the companies which you control         jury for resolution.
(Anglo-Dutch)." It continues with "I agree to assist," "I will,"
"I may," "my fees," "I have spent," "I spend 90 hours of           This conclusion should not be misconstrued as a holding that
my time ... I would be entitled to receive from you," "I shall     any appearance of personal pronouns in an engagement letter
be entitled," and concludes with "If this comports with your       or fee agreement creates ambiguity about whether the client
understanding of our agreement."                                   hired a law firm or an individual lawyer. It usually will be
                                                                   clear when a client hired a law firm with an expectation that
The circumstances surrounding formation of the fee                 particular lawyers at the firm would work on a particular
agreement also bear on this issue. See Enter. Leasing Co ..        matter. However, an ambiguity exists in this case due to
156 S.W.3d at 549. Anglo-Dutch points to the following             conflicting indications on the fee agreement's face combined
circumstances: (1) Anglo-Dutch had a longstanding                  with the law firm's prior express refusals to represent Anglo-
relationship with Greenberg Peden; (2) the personal pronouns       Dutch, which refusals were communicated directly to Van
used throughout the fee agreement are consistent with hiring
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum     ~ntem.,   Inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d 454 (2otl!l)

Dyke. Regardless of whether the ambiguity is characterized        Anglo-Dutch nevertheless invites this court to construe the
as "patent" or "latent," an ambiguity exists.                     ambiguous October 16, 2000 fee agreement against Swanke.

Anglo-Dutch cannot change this conclusion by pointing to
the October 17, 2000 transmittal letter Van Dyke sent to          1. Should the ambiguous fee agreement be construed
Swanke. As noted earlier, the transmittal letter states as        against Swonke?
follows: "This fee agreement with McConn & Williams, LLP
                                                                  a. Contra proferentem
provides the basis for the Agreement between Greenberg
                                                                  Anglo-Dutch invokes the doctrine of contra proferentem
Peden P. C. and Anglo-Dutch." Even assuming for argument's
                                                                  to advocate strict construction of the fee agreement against
sake that a separate letter signed after execution of the fee
                                                                  Swanke. Under this doctrine, an ambiguous contract will
agreement can be considered as part of the circumstances
                                                                  be interpreted against its drafter. See, e.g., Evergreen Nat'!
existing when the fee agreement was executed, the transmittal
                                                                  Indem. Co. v. Tan It All, Inc., 111 S.W.3d 669,677 (Tex.App.-
letter merely underscores the existence of an ambiguity in the
                                                                  Austin 2003, no pet.) (if insured's interpretation of ambiguous
fee agreement.
                                                                  policy provision is reasonable, it will be adopted even if
                                                                  insurer's interpretation is objectively more sensible, as long
After examining the fee agreement as a whole and the
                                                                  as insured's construction is not unreasonable). Courts employ
circumstances present when the parties signed it, we hold
                                                                  this doctrine as a device of last resort when construing
that the fee agreement is ambiguous and that the trial court
                                                                  ambiguous contracts; it essentially operates as a tie-breaking
properly submitted a question asking the jury to determine the
                                                                  device to prevent arbitrary decisions. I d.
identity of the contracting parties.

                                                                  Anglo-Dutch acknowledges that Texas case law has not
We overrule Anglo-Dutch's first issue.
                                                                  applied this doctrine in blanket fashion to all ambiguities
                                                                  in attorney-client fee agreements. Anglo-Dutch nonetheless
B. Determining Which Parties Entered the Ambiguous                argues that recent Texas Supreme Court decisions suggest a
Fee Agreement                                                     preference for strictly construing ambiguities in fee contracts
Anglo-Dutch next argues that the trial court should have          against the attorney and in favor ofthe client. We analyze the
construed the fee agreement against Swanke because ( 1)           cases cited by Anglo-Dutch in light of its assertion.
any ambiguities in attorney-drafted fee agreements should be
construed strictly against the attorney-drafter; and (2) there    In Hoover Slovacek LLP v. Walton, 206 S.W.3d 557,
is legally and factually insufficient evidence to support the     559 (Tex.2006), Walton hired attorney Parrott of Hoover
jury's finding that Swanke is a party to the fee agreement and    Slovacek to recover royalties from oil and gas companies
Greenberg Peden is not.                                           operating on his ranch. Under the fee agreement, Hoover
                                                                  Slovacek was entitled to a 30 percent contingent fee for
The fact finder usually is tasked with weighing evidence          all claims on which collection was achieved. Id. The fee
of the parties' intent and choosing among competing               agreement also included a provision stating that, in the event
interpretations of an ambiguous contract. See Columbia            the firm was discharged before completing the representation,
Gas Transmission Corp., 940 S.W.2d at 589. However,               Walton immediately had to pay a fee equal to the present
ambiguities sometimes are construed in favor of one               value ofthe firm's interest in Walton's claim. Id.
contracting party over another to address disparities in
negotiating power or to promote public policy goals. See, e.g.,   Parrott negotiated settlements with Texaco and El Paso
Fiess v. State Farm Lloyds, 202 S.W.3d 744, 746 (Tex.2006)        Natural Gas, and Walton paid the firm its contingent
(if an exclusion in an insurance contract has more than one       fee. Parrott then turned to Walton's claims against Bass
reasonable *469 interpretation, it will be construed in favor     Enterprises Production Company, and Walton authorized
ofthe insured).                                                   Parrott to settle for $8.5 million. !d. Parrott's initial settlement
                                                                  demand was for $58.5 million. A month later, Bass offered $6
Anglo-Dutch acknowledges that Texas has not adopted a             million not only to settle Walton's claims, but also to acquire
blanket rule construing all ambiguities in contingency fee        surface estates of eight sections of Walton's ranch. I d. Walton
agreements against the attorney and in favor of the client.       refused to sell, authorized Parrott to settle Walton's claims for
                                                                  unpaid royalties for $6 million, and expressed his discontent
              Petroleum Intern., inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 257 S.W.3d 454 (2008)

with Parrott for not consulting Walton before making the           a definite legal meaning and it is not reasonably susceptible
$58.5 million settlement demand. I d. at 559-60. When Parrott      to more than one meaning. Jd. at 861. By filing a cash
responded by urging Walton to sell part of his ranch, Walton       deposit to perfect an appeal, the court found that an appeal
discharged Parrott and hired Andrews & Kurth LLP. Id.              had been "taken" and the appellate court's jurisdiction had
at 560. That firm settled Walton's claims against Bass for         been invoked under a plain reading of the appellate rules. !d.
$900,000. Jd. In the meantime, Hoover Slovacek demanded            The court concluded that the unambiguous contract would be
that Walton pay $1.7 million under the fee agreement. Hoover       enforced as written. !d. at 862. Accordingly, because the case
Slovacek contended that Bass's $6 million offer and Walton's       was appealed to a higher court when Westinghouse perfected
subsequent authorization to settle for that amount established     its appeal, the firm did not breach the contract by charging the
the present value of Walton's claims at the time of discharge.     additional appeal fee. !d.
I d.
                                                                   Justice Gonzales dissented in Lope::; and argued that the
The court examined whether the termination fee provision           phrase "appealed to a higher court" is ambiguous and should
was contrary to public policy. I d. at 561-66. It concluded that   have been construed against the attorneys. !d. at 865. Justice
the firm's provision penalized Walton for changing counsel;        Gonzales acknowledged that, when the objective meaning of
granted the firm an *470 impermissible proprietary interest        a contract term is ambiguous, the parties' subjective meaning
in Walton's claims; shifted the risks of representation almost     of the term becomes a fact question. !d. Nonetheless, he
entirely to Walton's detriment; and subverted several policies     advocated that the special relationship between an attorney
underlying the use of contingent fees. I d. at 566. Thus, the      and client as well as the attorney's superior understanding of
court determined that it was unenforceable because it was          contract terms generally require an ambiguous contract to be
unconscionable as a matter of law, severed the termination         construed against the attorney-drafter. Id at 866.
provision, and held the remainder of the fee agreement was
enforceable. Id.                                                   Finally, in Levine v. Bayne, Snell & Krause, Ltd., 40
S.W.3d 92, 93 (Tex.2001), the Levines agreed to pay their
In Lope::: v. Munoz, Hockerna & Reed, L.L.P., 22 S.W.3d            attorneys "one-third of any amount received by settlement
857, 859 (Tex.2000), the Lopezes hired Munoz, Hockema              or recovery from their lawsuit" for foundation damage.
& Reed to represent them in a wrongful death suit against          The Levines' $243,644 award was offset to extinguish their
Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Their contingency fee           mortgage obligation, giving them clear title and resulting in
agreement assigned 40 percent of any recovery to the firm,         a net recovery of $81,792.62. Jd. A dispute arose regarding
and 45 percent if the case "is appealed to a higher court."        computation of fees before or after the offset. I d. The court
I d. After a $25 million jury verdict in favor of the Lopezes,     sided with the Levines and held that "any amount received"
the parties began settlement negotiations. Jd. The parties         meant net recovery. I d. at 95. The court reasoned that, because
tentatively agreed to a settlement, but Westinghouse filed a       the attorney is better able to predict and provide for fee
cash deposit in lieu of a cost bond with the trial court to        arrangements, the burden should *471 fall on the attorney
perfect an appeal in case the settlement fell through. I d. When   to express in the agreement with the client whether the
the firm met with the Lopezes to discuss the settlement and        contingent fee will be calculated on non-cash benefits as
the firm's fees, the firm explained that its fee would be 45       well as money damages. !d. In Levine, there was no contract
percent of the recovery. No one objected at the time. Id. at       ambiguity and the court did not discuss or apply the doctrine
859-60. The Lopezes signed a settlement statement reflecting       of contra proferentern.
the firm's 45 percent fee and the funds were distributed. Id.
 at 860.                                                           These cases do not establish that Texas law requires
                                                                   an ambiguity concerning the identity of parties to a fee
Three years later, the Lopezes sent the firm a letter asking       agreement to be resolved against the attorney.
the firm to refund the additional five percent fee. Jd When
the firm refused, the Lopezes sued the firm alleging a breach      Hoover Slovacek does not apply here because it addresses
of contract claim. I d. They argued that the phrase "appealed      whether a fee agreement's termination provision is
to a higher court" was ambiguous and should be construed           unconscionable and unenforceable. Hoover Slovacek, 206
against its drafter, the firm. !d. However, the court held that    S.W.3d at 559. It did not decide whether contra proferentern
the contract language is unambiguous because it can be given
should be applied to construe an ambiguous fee agreement              is to be construed in light of the circumstances in which
against the attorney-drafter.                                         it was made, the parties' past practice and contracts,
                                                                      and whether it was truly negotiated. When the reasons
In Lopez, Justice Gonzales argued in dissent that the fee             supporting the principle are inapplicable-for example,
agreement was ambiguous and should be construed against               because the client had help of its own inside counsel
the attorney-drafter because of the special relationship              or another lawyer in drafting the contract-the principle
between attorney and client. Lopez, 22 S.W.3d at 866. No              should be correspondingly relaxed.
subsequent Texas Supreme Court case has acted on the Lopez            RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF THE LAW GOVERNING
dissent's urging to adopt a broad contra proferentem rule for         LAWYERS § 18 cmt. h (1998). Comment h identifies
attorney-client fee contracts.                                        multiple factors that may influence interpretation of an
                                                                      ambiguous attorney-client *472 agreement, and it guides
Levine placed a burden on attorneys to express clearly the            our disposition here.
contemplated computation in fee agreements. 40 S.W.3d at            [17] Comment h does not mandate that ambiguities in
95. That decision did not address an ambiguity concerning          attorney-client contracts always must be construed against
the identity of parties to a fee agreement, and it did not adopt   the attorney. Rather, comment h contemplates reliance on
a contra proferentem rule for all ambiguities in all attorney-     the customary resources used for contract interpretation,
client fee agreements.                                             including consideration of the contract language and
                                                                   surrounding circumstances; the client's sophistication and
Given the absence of definitive teaching from the Texas            experience; the parties' past practice; and whether the
Supreme Court, we look for guidance on this issue from             contract terms were truly negotiated or instead were imposed
comment h to section 18 of the RESTATEMENT (THIRD)                 unilaterally. This approach encompasses multiple factors and
OF THE LAW GOVERNING LAWYERS ........ Both sides                   encourages sensitivity to the particular circumstances of a
invoke comment h in favor of their respective positions.           particular case. Comment h ultimately grounds the analysis
Comment h provides in pertinent part:                              on this question: What would "a reasonable person in the
                                                                   client's circumstances" understand or expect?
  Construction of client-lawyer contracts. Under this
  Section, contracts between clients and lawyers are to be         The "client's circumstances" in this case do not involve
  construed from the standpoint of a reasonable person in the      an unsophisticated individual whose lawyer presented an
  client's circumstances. The lawyer thus bears the burden of      already-drafted agreement on a take-it-or-leave-it basis.
  ensuring that the contract states any terms diverging from       To the contrary, this case involves a sophisticated and
  a reasonable client's expectations. The principle applies to     experienced client who vigorously negotiated the fee
  fee terms ... as well as other terms.                            agreement with an individual attorney after being told the
                                                                   law firm would not take the case. The evidence in this case
                                                                   establishes that ( 1) Van Dyke is an experienced businessman
                             ***                                   who had been instrumental in drafting complex contracts
                                                                   and setting up complex business ventures with national and
  Many tribunals have expressed the principle as a rule that       international investors; (2) the fee agreement was created
  ambiguities in client-lawyer contracts should be resolved        through a collaborative process between Van Dyke and
  against lawyers. That formulation can be taken to mean           Swonke; (3) the fee agreement's terms were vigorously
  that the principle comes into play only when other means         negotiated; (4) all provisions Van Dyke insisted upon were
  of interpreting the contract have been unsuccessful. Under       included in the contract; (5) Van Dyke had experience in
  this Section, the principle that the contract is construed       retaining attorneys; (6) Greenberg Peden previously told
  as a reasonable client would understand it governs the           Van Dyke it no longer would represent Anglo-Dutch due
  construction of the contract in the first instance. However,     to unpaid legal bills; and (7) Swonke told Van Dyke that
  this Section does not preclude reliance on the usual             Greenberg Peden specifically refused to represent Anglo-
  resources of contractual interpretation such as the language     Dutch in the lawsuit against Halliburton and Ramco.
  of the contract, the circumstances in which it was made,
  and the client's sophistication and experience in retaining      These circumstances make the present case an inappropriate
  and compensating lawyers or lack thereof. The contract           vehicle for applying the doctrine of contra proferentem-
either broadly with respect to all ambiguities that may
arise in connection with attorney-client agreements, or             C. Swonke acted in the utmost good faith and exercised the
specifically with respect to the particular ambiguity at issue         most scrupulous honesty toward Anglo-Dutch;
here regarding the identity of Anglo-Dutch's contracting
                                                                    D. Swonke placed the interests of Anglo-Dutch before his
counterpart. Construing the October 16, 2000 fee agreement
                                                                      own, did not use the advantage of his position to gain
from the standpoint of a reasonable client in the circumstances
                                                                      any benefit for himself at the expense of Anglo-Dutch,
of Anglo-Dutch's Van Dyke, there is ample basis for
                                                                      and did not place himself in any position where his self-
concluding that such a client would understand Anglo-Dutch
                                                                      interest might conflict with his obligations as a fiduciary;
had contracted with an individual lawyer rather than the
                                                                      and
law firm. At a minimum, a triable issue of fact is presented
regarding the parties' intent.                                      E. Swonke fully and fairly disclosed all important
                                                                      information to   Anglo-Dutch concerning the
                                                                      transactions.
b. Breach of fiduciary duty
Anglo-Dutch tries to bolster its argument for applying contra          Answer "YES" or "NO":
proferentem by linking that doctrine to Swonke's asserted
breach ofhis fiduciary duty.                                          Answer: YES

                                                                  It is worth noting that the jury did not answer "no" to a
Anglo-Dutch argues that the ambiguous fee agreement
should be construed against Swonke because he breached his        question asking whether Swonke breached his fiduciary duty.
fiduciary duty. Anglo-Dutch contends that Swonke breached         In other words, the jury's answer is not merely a failure to
his fiduciary duty by mistakenly drafting an ambiguous fee        find actionable conduct in answer to a question that put the
agreement and then failing to disclose to Van Dyke his own        burden of proof on Anglo-Dutch. Cf Bliz::ard v. Nationwide
                                                                  Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 756 S.W.2d 801, 806 (Tex.App.-Dallas
interpretation of that agreement as an individual contract,
                                                                  1988, no writ) ("the jury's negative answer does not establish
which diverged from Van Dyke's stated belief that Anglo-
                                                                  the contrary of the question asked;" it establishes only that
Dutch contracted with Greenberg Peden rather than Swonke
                                                                  the party with the burden ofprooffailed to meet that burden).
individually.
                                                                  Rather, the jury here answered "yes" to a question that put
 [18] Anglo-Dutch's argument is hampered by the jury's            the burden of proof on Swonke. It is an affirmative finding in
finding that Swonke complied with his fiduciary duty. Anglo-      Swonke's favor establishing that he complied with all facets
Dutch's linkage of contra proferentem and Swonke's asserted       of his fiduciary duty to Anglo-Dutch-including his duty to
breach of fiduciary duty malces it appropriate at this juncture   "fully and fairly disclose[ ] ... all important information to
                                                                  Anglo-Dutch concerning the transactions."
to address Anglo-Dutch's contention that legally *473 and
factually insufficient evidence supports the jury's finding in
                                                                  We conclude that the evidence is legally and factually
favor of Swonke on this issue.
                                                                  sufficient to support the jury's "yes" answer to Question 5.
Jury Question 5 asked:
                                                                  Anglo-Dutch asserts that it conclusively established
   Did Swonke comply with his fiduciary duty to Anglo-            Swonke's breach of fiduciary duty because the evidence is
   Dutch?                                                         undisputed that Swonke failed to ( 1) clarify the nature of the
                                                                  fee agreement when the parties signed it, or explain his view
   As Anglo-Dutch's attorney, Swonke owed Anglo-Dutch a           of the terms governing his entitlement to a fee; (2) respond
   fiduciary duty. To prove that he complied with his fiduciary   to Van Dyke's October 17, 2000 transmittal letter, which
   duty, Swonke must show:                                        set forth Van Dyke's divergent view of the fee agreement's
                                                                  meaning; (3) inform Anglo-Dutch about his interpretation of
   A The transactions in question were fair and equitable to
                                                                  the fee agreement after he left Greenberg Peden and about
     Anglo-Dutch;
                                                                  the repercussions his move would have; (4) inform Anglo-
   B. Swonke made reasonable use of the confidence that           Dutch of a conflict of interest Swonke created when he
     Anglo-Dutch placed in him;                                   began working at McConn & Williams while considering
                                                                  himself to be exempt from the fee agreement Anglo-Dutch
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum !ntem., Inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d 454 (2008)

had with McConn & Williams; (5) consult with Anglo-               Dutch; !mew that no one at Greenberg Peden would do
Dutch regarding the assignment of rights he negotiated with       any more work for Anglo-Dutch; and knew that no one at
Greenberg Peden at the time he negotiated the release; and ( 6)   Greenberg Peden had done any work for Anglo-Dutch since
act with the strictest fairness and honesty with respect to his   1999. Swanke testified that Van Dyke absolutely and without
fee because he sought to recover a fee five times the amount      a doubt understood that Swanke would be paid individually
Anglo-Dutch reasonably expected to pay.                           when he moved to McConn & Williams; Anglo-Dutch had
                                                                  been with Swanke for 15 years and Greenberg Peden had
As stated above, when conducting a legal sufficiency review,      severed ties with Anglo-Dutch earlier. Further, when Swanke
we must consider the evidence in the light most favorable to      joined McConn & Williams as "of counsel," he sent Van
the verdict and indulge every reasonable inference that would     Dyke a letter informing Van Dyke of his move and his
support it. We will credit favorable evidence if reasonable       intent to take the clients' files to McConn & Williams absent
jurors could do so and disregard contrary evidence unless         objections. Van Dyke did not object to Swanke taking Anglo-
reasonable jurors could *474 not do so. City of Keller,           Dutch's files with him to McConn & Williams.
168 S.W.3d at 822, 827. If the evidence at trial would
enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their       Swanke also testified that he complied with his fiduciary
conclusions, then jurors must be allowed to decide the issue.     duty to Anglo-Dutch. Swanke stated that he (1) was perfectly
!d. at 822. Under the governing standard and scope of review,     honest with Van Dyke about any fee arrangements; (2) did not
we consider the following evidence in assessing Anglo-            engage in any self-dealing; (3) did not do anything concerning
Dutch's contention that the evidence was undisputed and           the fee agreement that was to his advantage but to Anglo-
conclusively established Swanke's breach of fiduciary duty.       Dutch's disadvantage; (4) never received any benefit for the
                                                                  work he performed on behalf of Anglo-Dutch in the lawsuit;
Swanke testified that he explained his "of counsel" status to     (5) acted with absolute candor and honesty, and without any
Van Dyke on several occasions, although Van Dyke claimed          concealment or deception toward Anglo-Dutch; (6) provided
to have no recollection of these explanations. Swanke             Anglo-Dutch his undivided loyalty; (7) never failed to inform
testified-and Van Dyke acknowledged-that Greenberg                Van Dyke of matters material to the representation; and (8)
Peden refused to represent Anglo-Dutch in the lawsuit             never believed there was a conflict of interest in this case.
against Halliburton and Ramco because of unpaid legal
fees. Swanke testified-and Van Dyke acknowledged-that             This evidence entitled the jury to conclude that the transaction
Swanke continued to provide services in furtherance of            was fair and equitable to Anglo-Dutch, and that Swanke fully
the lawsuit after Swanke referred Anglo-Dutch to McConn           and fairly disclosed all important information regarding the
& Williams without receiving compensation from Anglo-             terms of the fee agreement. The jury was entitled *475 to
Dutch. Swanke testified-and Van Dyke acknowledged-                conclude that Van Dyke knew the fee agreement was between
that Van Dyke approached Swanke asking for Swanke's help.         Anglo-Dutch and Swanke individually, and that no further
                                                                  disclosure was necessary. Further, the testimony entitled the
Van Dyke proposed a contingency fee agreement. Swanke             jury to find that Swanke acted with fairness, loyalty, and
testified that he wanted a flat fee, but Van Dyke insisted        honesty toward his client Anglo-Dutch, and that he did not
on computing the fee based on the hourly formula stated in        create any conflict of interest when he moved to McConn &
the fee agreement. After negotiations, Swanke acquiesced to       Williams; his move had no effect on the parties' relationship
Van Dyke's formula but added a rounding-up feature. Swanke        because the fee agreement was between Anglo-Dutch and
testified that he and Van Dyke discussed the rounding feature,    Swanke individually, and would follow him wherever he
and that Van Dyke understood it. Van Dyke testified that          chose to practice as of counsel.
he recommended the fee agreement be based on the hourly
formula and that Swanke proposed the rounding-up feature.         Additionally, Swanke testified that he did not respond to Van
                                                                  Dyke's October 17, 2000 transmittal letter because he did not
According to Swanke, the parties achieved a meeting of            see it. Swanke testified that he normally would not read a
the minds when they entered the fee agreement after Van           letter that refers to a document he already had in his files.
Dyke specifically called Swanke and requested his personal        Swanke stated that he would have responded to the letter if
services. Swanke testified that Van Dyke knew the fee             he had seen it and had thought Van Dyke was contending
agreement was Swanke's personal contract with Anglo-              the fee agreement was with Greenberg Peden. Swanke
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Intern., Inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d 454

testified that Van Dyke's assertion of a fee agreement between      In addition to the evidence discussed above, Anglo-Dutch
Greenberg Peden and Anglo-Dutch was suspicious because              relied on testimony from a fiduciary duty expert, Robert
both knew that the fee agreement was between Anglo-Dutch            Schuwerk. He testified that Swonke had a duty to clarify
and Swonke individually. According to Swonke, it is not             who the contracting parties *476 were because the fee
possible that Van Dyke was simply expressing his belief in          agreement was on Greenberg Peden letterhead and contained
the transmittal letter because Van Dyke had continued calling       the firm's signature block. Schuwerk opined that Swonke
Swonke for help with the Halliburton lawsuit. When Swonke           owed a fiduciary duty to clear up any misunderstanding
became tired of helping Van Dyke without compensation,              regarding who the contracting parties were-if he received
Van Dyke asked Swonke for help and proposed the fee                 the October 17, 2000 transmittal letter from Van Dyke.
agreement without anyone at Greenberg Peden knowing                 Schuwerk could not point to any case or treatise establishing
about it.                                                           that an attorney breaches his fiduciary duty by not acting on a
                                                                    document he never saw or read. Schuwerk declined to opine
This evidence entitled the jury to conclude that Swonke never       on whether Swonke breached his fiduciary duty if he had not
saw the October 17, 2000 letter and, therefore, did not have        seen or read the October 17, 2000 transmittal letter.
to take further steps to disclose information to Anglo-Dutch
regarding its contracting counterpart.                              Schuwerk also testified that Swonke owed a duty to write a
                                                                    new contract when he left Greenberg Peden for McConn &
Swonke also testified that when he told Van Dyke he wanted          Williams, and to explain how the move might affect Anglo-
to be included on the settlement distribution list, Van Dyke        Dutch's obligation to pay legal fees. He opined that Swonke
asked Swonke to obtain a release from Greenberg Peden.              should have redone the fee agreement even if Swonke and
According to Swonke, Van Dyke insisted that Swonke get a            Van Dyke both knew the fee agreement was an individual
release to prevent the law firm from making a claim against         contract. Swonke testified that it would have been "ludicrous"
Anglo-Dutch because the fee agreement was printed on                to redo the fee agreement because it was Swanke's individual
Greenberg Peden letterhead. Swonke drafted a release and            agreement.
assignment to address Van Dyke's request. Swonke explained
that he was acting as Anglo-Dutch's attorney and was trying         Having reviewed all the evidence before us and considered
to draft exactly what Van Dyke requested. Swonke testified          that the jury is the sole judge of the credibility of the
that there was nothing in the release document to cause             witnesses, we conclude that the jury's "yes" answer to
concern to an attorney representing Anglo-Dutch.                    Question 5 was supported by factually sufficient evidence.
                                                                    Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence was legally and
This evidence entitled the jury to conclude that Swonke             factually sufficient to support the jury's finding that Swonke
obtained the Assignment and Release Agreement at Van                complied with his fiduciary duty.
Dyke's insistence; that Swonke made reasonable use of the
confidence Anglo-Dutch placed in him; that he acted in the          In light of the jury's amply supported answer to Question
utmost good faith; and that he did not use the advantage of         5, we reject Anglo-Dutch's argument that Swanke's asserted
his position to gain any benefit for himself at the expense of      breach of fiduciary duty justifies applying contra proferentem
Anglo-Dutch.                                                        and construing the ambiguous October 16, 2000 fee
                                                                    agreement against Swonke. The finding that Swonke
Having reviewed the evidence and considered that the jury           complied with his fiduciary duty reinforces our decision
is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses, we           to forego reliance on contra proferentem and to refrain
conclude that the evidence is legally sufficient because it         from automatically construing the ambiguous fee agreement
would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to find that         against Swonke. The trial court properly left this issue to the
Swonke complied with his fiduciary duty to Anglo-Dutch.             jury's resolution.

Alternatively, Anglo-Dutch argues that the evidence in this
case is factually insufficient to support the jury's finding that   2. Evidence supports the finding that Swonke contracted
Swonke complied with his fiduciary duty.                            individually
                                                                     [19] We now turn to Anglo-Dutch's argument that legally
                                                                    and factually insufficient evidence supports the jury's finding
              Petroleum lntem., Inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d 454 (2008)
                                                                                    "   "'······.·.··.···.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.···   '''   '

that the fee agreement is between Angh-Dutch and Swonke          reasonable and fair-minded jurors from relying upon it to
individually.                                                    answer "yes" as to Swonke in response to Question 1.

Question 1 asked and instructed the jury as follows:             Anglo-Dutch next contends that the only competent evidence
                                                                 in the record conclusively shows that the fee agreement
  Do you find that the Fee Agreement with Anglo-Dutch            always was intended to be between Anglo-Dutch and
  (Plaintiffs' Exhibit 1) was entered into on behalf of          Greenberg Peden. This argument corresponds to situation (d)
  Greenberg Peden, or on behalf of Swonke, individually?         set out above because it asserts that the evidence conclusively
                                                                 establishes the opposite of a vital fact.
  You must decide the agreement's meaning by determining
  the intent of the parties at the time of the agreement.
                                                                 Under this challenge, Anglo-Dutch asserts that the
  Consider all the facts and circumstances surrounding the
                                                                 Assignment and Release Agreement obtained from
  making of the agreement, the interpretation placed on the
                                                                 Greenberg Peden on April 16, 2004 reveals the parties' true
  agreement by the parties, and the conduct of the parties.
                                                                 intent. That assignment and release says Swonke signed the
  As to your two choices below, you must answer "YES" as         fee agreement on behalf of the law firm; that the firm assigned
  to only one, and "NO" as to the other                          any interest under the fee agreement to Swonke; and that the
                                                                 firm released Anglo-Dutch from liability to Greenberg Peden
  Answer: NO on behalf of Greenberg Peden                        for fees under the fee agreement. Anglo-Dutch argues that
                                                                 Swonke would not have needed an assignment of rights if
     YES on behalf of Swonke, individually
                                                                 he believed he had an individual fee agreement with Anglo-
                                                                 Dutch and the rights already belonged to him. Anglo-Dutch
Anglo-Dutch argues that the evidence does not support the
                                                                 contends that Greenberg Peden shareholder Skip Naylor
jury's answer to Question 1. As noted above, we will sustain
                                                                 acknowledged that the fee agreement was executed on behalf
no evidence challenges when the record discloses: (a) a
                                                                 of the firm.
complete absence of evidence of a vital fact; (b) the court
is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight
                                                                 Anglo-Dutch also stresses that other contingency fee
to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (c) the
                                                                 agreements Swonke signed in his individual capacity were
evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more *477 than
                                                                 printed on Swonke's own letterhead. It further argues that
a mere scintilla; or (d) the evidence establishes conclusively
                                                                 Swonke's outward appearance and behavior indicated he was
the opposite of the vital fact. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d
                                                                 employed by Greenberg Peden while working on Anglo-
at 810. Ultimately, our review will focus on whether the
                                                                 Dutch matters; this included his billing practices, recording
evidence would enable reasonable and fair-minded jurors to
                                                                 time on the firm's system, using the firm's paralegals, and
find that the fee agreement was entered on behalf of Swonke
                                                                 using the firm to bill Anglo-Dutch for expenses relating
individually. !d. at 827.
                                                                 to the Halliburton lawsuit. Anglo-Dutch contends that its
                                                                 execution of a promissory note in favor of Greenberg Peden-
Anglo-Dutch first contends that "[t]he only evidence
                                                                 and not Swonke individually-for the outstanding legal fees it
offered at trial by Swonke in support of the alleged
                                                                 owed confirms that Swonke worked on Anglo-Dutch matters
ambiguity amounts to no evidence." This argument appears
                                                                 through the firm and not individually. Additionally, Swonke's
to correspond to situation (b) identified above. Anglo-Dutch
                                                                 letter informing Anglo-Dutch of his move to McConn &
asserts that the use of personal pronouns in the fee agreement
                                                                 Williams stated that his legal services had been provided
is no evidence because the fee agreement is unambiguous
                                                                 "through [his] association with Greenberg Peden P.C."
-an argument we already have rejected. Anglo-Dutch
also contends that Van Dyke's deposition testimony in
                                                                 Van Dyke further suggested in his testimony that Anglo-
the Halliburton lawsuit, in which he stated that he had a
                                                                 Dutch agreed to the rounding feature in the formula for
fee contract with Swonke, does not support or create an
                                                                 calculating the fee only as a reward to Greenberg Peden for its
ambiguity and thus constitutes no evidence because it related
                                                                 forbearance on prior unpaid legal bills. He also pointed to the
to a different topic-the number and rough identity of the
                                                                 October 17, 2000 transmittal letter he sent *478 to Swonke,
fee contracts that Anglo-Dutch had at the time. We reject
                                                                 which he portrays as confirmation the parties intended the fee
this contention because the jury was entitled to consider
                                                                 agreement to be between Anglo-Dutch and Greenberg Peden.
this testimony and its context; that context does not prevent
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum lntem., Inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d 454 (2008)

Lastly, Anglo-Dutch contends that, after Swonke moved to          system; under the fee sharing arrangement between Swonke
McConn & Williams, he maintained every appearance of              and Greenberg Peden, the firm would deduct a certain
acting as a McConn & Williams attorney using the firm             percentage ofthe fees the clients paid to reimburse Greenberg
office space, letterhead, e-mail account and billing system.      Peden, among others, for using office space, paralegals,
According to Anglo-Dutch, this gave Anglo-Dutch no reason         secretaries, and parking.
to believe Swonke was employed individually under the terms
ofthe October 16, 2000 fee agreement.                             Swonke told Van Dyke he generated his own work, did not
                                                                  get a salary from the firm, and was paid only when the clients
This evidence does not rise to the level of allowing "only        paid. Swonke told Van Dyke he was not part of the firm,
one logical inference" in favor of a finding that Anglo-          despite appearances that Swonke had "all the trappings ofthe
Dutch contracted with Greenberg Peden. See City of Keller,        firm." Further, Naylor testified that sending Anglo-Dutch a
168 S.W.3d at 822. Swanke's testimony provided contrary           bill for Halliburton lawsuit expenses was simply a mistal(e on
evidence and established that more than one inference was         Greenberg Peden's part.
permissible in this case. The choice between these competing
narratives belonged to the jury. We will not disturb that         Additionally, Swonke testified that Van Dyke proposed a
choice.                                                           contingency fee agreement. Although Swonke suggested his
                                                                  usual flat percentage fee, Van Dyke insisted on the formula
Swonke testified that the Assignment and Release Agreement        stated in the fee agreement. Swonke initially rejected the
was drafted only because of Van Dyke's "hypersensitivity"         formula because he thought it was too *4 79 complicated, but
and concern that Greenberg Peden would attempt to assert          later acquiesced to it because Van Dyke thought this would be
a right to fees under the October 16, 2000 fee agreement.         the only fair way to measure Swonke's hours. Swonke added a
When Swonke told Van Dyke that he wanted to be included           rounding feature because he knew Van Dyke had a propensity
on the settlement distribution list, Van Dyke insisted that       for "putting decimals out there to a long degree."
Swonke first obtain a release from Greenberg Peden because
the fee agreement was on firm letterhead and Van Dyke             According to Swonke, Van Dyke absolutely and without a
was worried that the firm would make a claim against              doubt knew that Swonke would be paid individually when
Anglo-Dutch. Swonke and Greenberg Peden shareholder               he moved from Greenberg Peden to McConn & Williams.
Skip Naylor drafted a release and assignment to address           Swonke also sent Van Dyke a letter informing him of
Van Dyke's request. Swonke testified that he prepared a           Swanke's move to McConn & Williams as "of counsel" and
release and an assignment because an assignment had to occur      Swonke's intention to take Anglo-Dutch's files with him
before there could be a release, and Swonk.c and Naylor were      unless Anglo-Dutch objected.
trying to draft a document that would give Van Dyke the
comfort he sought. Swonke testified that the release implicitly   Finally, Swonke testified that he did not see the October 17,
required an assignment of rights to place Swonke and Anglo-       2000 transmittal letter because it transmitted the McConn &
Dutch in the position Van Dyke, Swonke and Greenberg              Williams contingency fee agreement, which Swonke already
Peden believed they should occupy. Naylor explained that the      had in his file. Normally, Swonke would not read a letter that
language in the document was there to assure Van Dyke that,       refers to a document he already had in his files. Swonke stated
when Anglo-Dutch paid Swonke, it would owe Greenberg              that he would have responded to the letter if he had thought
Peden nothing.                                                    Van Dyke was contending the fee agreement was not with
                                                                  Swonke individually.
Swonke's practice was to use his personal letterhead
whenever he entered into an individual contingency fee            From this evidence, the jury was entitled to conclude that
agreement with a new client, and Anglo-Dutch was not              Van Dyke knew the implications of Swanke's "of counsel"
a new client. Further, Swonke testified that Van Dyke             status at Greenberg Peden and McConn & Williams because
knew he was "of counsel" to Greenberg Peden because he            Swonke had explained the meaning of his status before they
explained the meaning of his "of counsel" status to him on        signed the October 16, 2000 fee agreement. The jury also
several occasions, including once while Van Dyke worked           was entitled to conclude that executing the promissory note
at his father's company in the late 1980s. Swanke's work as       in favor of Greenberg Peden was consistent with the "of
"of counsel" was billed through Greenberg Peden's billing         counsel" arrangement Swonke had with the firm.
                                                                    it agreed to pay attorney's fees and Swonke agreed to work
The jury could conclude that the fee agreement's rounding           on the Halliburton lawsuit.
feature was included to not as a reward for Greenberg
Peden's forbearance, but as a means of addressing Van Dyke's        Further, on the record before us, Angler-Dutch cannot show a
propensity for "putting decimals out there to a long degree."       complete absence of evidence establishing the vital fact that
The jury could further conclude that Swonke never saw Van           Angler-Dutch and Swonke intended to contract for payment
Dyke's October 17, 2000 transmittal letter until after the          of Swonke's individual services rather than the services
dispute arose. Finally, the jury was entitled to conclude that      of Greenberg Peden. Evidence establishing this vital fact
Swonke obtained the Assignment and Release Agreement                constitutes much more than a scintilla and includes the
only at Van Dyke's insistence to calm his fear that Greenberg       following.
Peden would assert an interest in the fee agreement, and that
Swonke was willing to satisfY all of Van Dyke's demands to          In 1999 or early 2000, Swonke and David Peden had a
get paid under the fee agreement.                                   meeting with Van Dyke at which Peden expressly told Van
                                                                    Dyke that Greenberg Peden no longer would perform legal
Therefore, the evidence does not conclusively establish             work for Angler-Dutch due to unpaid legal bills. No one at
that the parties always intended the fee agreement to be            Greenberg Peden had performed legal work for Angler-Dutch
between Angler-Dutch and Greenberg Peden; and Angler-               since 1999.
Dutch cannot assert a successful legal sufficiency challenge
based on this argument.                                             In February or March of 2000, Greenberg declined to
                                                                    represent Angler-Dutch in the Halliburton lawsuit on an
Lastly, we conclude that Angler-Dutch cannot prevail on a           hourly and contingency fee basis due to the unpaid bills.
no evidence challenge described in situations (a) and (c)           Van Dyke admitted that Swonke informed him of Greenberg
under Chief Justice Calvert's formulation applied above in          Peden's refusal. Swonke testified that, after Angler-Dutch
City of Keller. The vital fact at issue here is whether the         signed a contract with McConn & Williams, he did not want
parties intended the fee agreement to be between Angler-            to be involved with the Halliburton lawsuit but Van Dyke
Dutch and Greenberg Peden, or between Angler-Dutch and              and McConn & Williams attorneys continued to call him for
Swonke individually.                                                advice and help.

More than a scintilla of evidence supports the jury's answer        When Swanke became weary of providing legal services
to Question 1. This evidence includes consistent use of             without compensation, Van Dyke called him and asked
personal pronouns throughout the fee agreement against a            for his personal services. Swonke testified that Van Dyke
backdrop of undisputed evidence that Van Dyke repeatedly            knew no one at Greenberg Peden would help him, and that
was told Greenberg Peden would not represent Angler-Dutch           Van Dyke intended to hire Swonke individually. Van Dyke
due to unpaid legal bills. These circumstances give the choice      proposed the fee agreement and the parties negotiated the
of personal pronouns added significance, and the jury was           terms. Swonke also testified that the use offirm letterhead and
entitled to consider these circumstances.                           signature block made no difference because he, Van Dyke and
                                                                    Greenberg Peden all knew that Angler-Dutch was contracting
This evidence also includes Van Dyke's 2002 deposition              with Swonke individually.
testimony in the Halliburton lawsuit. Van Dyke testified that
Anglo-Dutch had two contingency fee contracts: one with             Swonke consistently maintained that he was working
John O'Quinn, Jett *480 Williams, and Luke McConn, and              for Angler-Dutch individually and consistently demanded
the other with Swonke. Van Dyke did not mention Greenberg           payment for his legal work on that basis. This was also evident
Peden in his deposition testimony. Van Dyke's deposition            from Swonke's e-mails and other written correspondence with
testimony reasonably can be read to conflict with his trial         Van Dyke and others after the Halliburton lawsuit was settled.
testimony; deciding the credibility of witnesses and the            Swonke testified that, before the meeting on April 24, 2002,
weight to be given to conflicting testimony is left to the jury's   Van Dyke never mentioned that he thought the fee agreement
discretion. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 819. There is         was with Greenberg Peden.
more than a scintilla of evidence to support the jury's finding
that Angler-Dutch contracted with Swonke individually when
In addition to this testimony from Swonke, there is other         a client, along with "a generally applicable instruction on the
evidence the jury could have relied upon in determining the       'presumption of unfairness' that automatically arises when an
parties' intent.                                                  attorney contracts with an existing client."

Naylor and Peden both testified that the fee agreement            Anglo-Dutch asked the trial court to include "general"
was between Anglo-Dutch and Swonke individually. Naylor           instructions applicable to Questions 1, 2, and 3. This cluster
stated that the Greenberg Peden letterhead does not determine     of questions pertained to the identity of the contracting
the identity of parties to the fee agreement because the firm     parties, failure to comply with the fee agreement, and contract
had refused to be involved in the Halliburton lawsuit and         damages. Anglo-Dutch requested the following "general"
Van Dyke knew that; therefore, the fee agreement described        instructions:
how Swonke individually would assist Anglo-Dutch in the
Halliburton lawsuit and not how the firm would assist               You are instructed that a law firm and its lawyers, including
Anglo-Dutch. Naylor reiterated that, despite the use of firm        any "OfCounse1" lawyers who provide services for clients
letterhead, Van Dyke knew the firm would not represent              of that firm, owe a fiduciary duty to the client. A lawyer
Anglo-Dutch and Swonke would do so.                                 who works as an "Of Counsel" to a law firm is treated under
                                                                    the law as an employee ofthat firm.
The jury also heard testimony from Nancy Strong, a McConn
                                                                    A lawyer owes a fiduciary duty to a client and must act
& Williams attorney, *481 who worked on the Halliburton
                                                                    with integrity and fidelity and in the best interest of his
lawsuit. She testified that she became aware that Anglo-
                                                                    client. Some of the fiduciary duties a lawyer owes his client
Dutch resisted paying Swonke because Van Dyke was not
                                                                    include the:
taking Swanke's calls or calling him back after having talked
to him on a daily basis for years. She told Swonke that Van          1. duty to be strictly and perfectly honest about fee
Dyke would try to renegotiate his contract and pay less than         arrangements and to refrain from self-dealing;
what he bargained for as he had done with all the other people
he dealt with, including McConn & Williams in a previous             2. duty to act with absolute candor, openness, honesty, and
matter and the Anglo-Dutch investors.                                without any concealment or deception;

Based on our review of the record, we conclude that the              3. duty to represent the client with undivided loyalty,
                                                                     keeping the client's best interest in mind;
evidence in this case is legally sufficient because it would
enable reasonable and fair-minded jurors to find that Anglo-
                                                                     4. duty to inform the client of matters material to
Dutch contracted with Swonke individually. See City of
                                                                     representation;
Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 827. The evidence also is factually
sufficient to support the jury's answer to Question 1. After         5. duty to provide the client at the outset with a clear
considering and weighing all the evidence, we conclude that          and accurate explanation of the basis or rate of the fee to
the evidence is not so weak and the finding that the parties         be charged under the fee agreement and how it is to be
intended the fee agreement to be between Anglo-Dutch and             calculated;
Swonke individually is not so against the great weight and
preponderance of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and             6. duty to timely inform the client of a conflict of interest.
manifestly unjust.
                                                                     You are further instructed that, with regard to the fee
                                                                     agreement in question, it is the attorney's and law firm's
We overrule Anglo-Dutch's second and fifth issues.
                                                                     burden to provide that the attorney and law firm acted
                                                                     with perfect fairness, adequacy, *482 and equity with
C. Jury Instructions                                                 regard to the client. Where self-dealing on the part of the
In its third issue, Anglo-Dutch seeks reversal and a new trial       attorney and/or the law firm is alleged by the client, a
on grounds that the trial court erroneously refused Anglo-           presumption of unfairness automatically arises and it is
Dutch's requests for additional instructions to accompany            the attorney's and law firm's burden to prove (a) that the
Question 1. Anglo-Dutch contends that the trial court should         questioned transaction was made in good faith, (b) for a fair
have submitted additional instructions applicable to Question        consideration, and (c) after full and complete disclosure of
1 identifYing the relevant fiduciary duties an attorney owes to      all material information to the client.
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Intern., Inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 267 S.W.3d 454 (2008)

                                                                     pertaining to treatment of an "of counsel" attorney as a firm
  You are further instructed that attorneys, law firms, and          employee. Even assuming for argument's sake that this is a
  attorneys performing services as "Of Counsel" to a law             correct statement of the law, not every correct statement of the
  firm have a duty, at the beginning of representation of a          law belongs in the jury charge. A requested instruction can set
  client on a contingency fee matter, to inform that client          forth a correct statement of the law and still be unnecessary
  of the basis or rate of the contingency fee. Also, the             in the charge. See Acord v. General Motors Corp., 669
  attorney must inform the client about the implication of a         S.W.2d 111, 116 (Tex.l984); Maddoxv. DenkaChem. Cmp.,
  contingency fee agreement.                                         930 S.W.2d 668, 671 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1996,
                                                                     no writ). The trial court acted within its discretion when it
Anglo-Dutch also asked the trial court include the following         refused to include this unnecessary additional statement.
instructions as part of Question 1:
                                                                     The remaining requested instructions pertain to Swanke's
  In answering this question, you are instructed that the
                                                                     fiduciary duty. Anglo-Dutch's *483 request to include
  agreement must be construed as a reasonable person in the
                                                                     "general" fiduciary duty instructions applicable to Question
  circumstances of the client would have construed it.
                                                                     1 is another manifestation of Anglo-Dutch's larger effort to
  You are further instructed that the obligation of clarifYing       link the contract interpretation issue with its contention that
  attorney-client contracts falls on the attorney because ofthe      Swonke breached his fiduciary duties.
  attorney's greater knowledge and experience with respect
  to fee arrangements and because of the trust the client has        We already have concluded that Swonke's asserted breach
  placed in the attorney.                                            of his fiduciary duty does not influence the manner in
                                                                     which the fee agreement is interpreted in this case. The
The trial court refused Anglo-Dutch's requests.                      trial court submitted a separate fiduciary duty question and
                                                                     accompanying instructions describing the facets of that duty
 [20]     Because a trial court enjoys wide discretion in            in Question 5. The jury answered "yes" to Question 5, which
determining which instructions should be included in the jury        (a) asked whether Swonke complied with his fiduciary duty to
charge, our review is limited to determining whether the court       Anglo-Dutch, and (b) placed the burden on Swonke to justifY
acted without reference to any guiding rules or principles.          his conduct and establish his compliance with his fiduciary
See Tex. A & lvf Univ. v. Chambers, 31 S.W.3d 780, 783               duty. Legally and factually sufficient evidence supports
(Tex.App.-Austin 2000, pet. denied). A trial court's asserted        the jury's "yes" answer to Question 5. The instructions
error in refusing an instruction is reversible only if it probably   accompanying Question 5 describe the fiduciary duty that
caused the rendition of an improper judgment. Tex.R.App. P.          Anglo-Dutch sought to apply to Question 1 via its requested
44.1; Dew, 208 S.W.3d at 456.                                        instructions. The trial court acted within its discretion in
                                                                     submitting fiduciary duty instructions as part of Question
 [21]    We conclude that the trial court acted within               5, and in refusing to submit another set of fiduciary duty
its discretion when it refused Anglo-Dutch's requested               instructions applicable to Question 1.
additional instructions. Further, any asserted error in refusing
the requested instructions was harmless.                             In any event, the asserted charge error in refusing to include
                                                                     fiduciary duty instructions applicable to Question I was
 [22]    With respect to the construction placed upon the            harmless because fiduciary duty instructions were submitted
fee agreement by a reasonable person in the client's                 as part of a separate question that the jury answered adversely
circumstances, Question 1 already included a broad                   to Anglo-Dutch. See Times Herald Printing Co. v. A.H.
instruction that told the jury to "[c]onsider all of the facts and   Bela Cmp., 820 S.W.2d 206, 214 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th
circumstances surrounding the making of the agreement, the           Dist.] 1991, no writ) (omission of requested instructions was
interpretation placed on the agreement by the parties, and the       harmless in light of separate question that applied requested
conduct of the parties." The existing instruction encompassed        legal standard and was answered adversely to party seeking
the client's perspective ofthe fee agreement, and the trial court    the instructions).
was not obligated to provide further instructions tailored to
a particular litigant's liking. Similarly, the trial court acted     We overrule Anglo-Dutch's third issue.
within its discretion by rejecting the requested instruction
                                                                 them to take less than they agreed to in their lawsuit funding
D. Admission of Evidence                                         agreements so that the Halliburton lawsuit could be settled.
In its fourth issue, Anglo-Dutch asserts that a new trial        Van Dyke also testified without objection that he did not pay
is required because the trial court erroneously admitted         any of the 33 investors the amounts contracted for in the
evidence regarding other litigation involving Anglo-Dutch.       funding agreements. Further, the trial court admitted evidence
Specifically, Anglo-Dutch challenges the trial court's           that investors in the Halliburton lawsuit had sued Anglo-
admission of evidence relating to ( 1) "investor lawsuits,"      Dutch because it did not pay them the amounts for which they
"lawsuit funding agreements," or "Anglo-Dutch's payment,         had contracted. Without objection, the jury was later again
nonpayment, or attempts at resolving any claims related          informed of these investor lawsuits.
thereto;" (2) investor Michael Lore's testimony; and (3) any
unpaid fees to McConn & Williams or any other law firm.          With respect to Michael Lore's testimony, the trial court found
                                                                 that it was admissible for the limited purpose of stating that
Because we review a trial court's admission of evidence for      he was an investor; of impeaching Van Dyke's testimony in
abuse of discretion, In re J.P. B.. 180 S.W.3d at 575, we must   which he claimed the investors were happy with the payment
uphold the evidentiary ruling if there is any legitimate basis   they had received from Anglo-Dutch; and in rebuttal to
in the record to support it. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp ..     McConn's assertion that Van Dyke was a fine man. Lore
972 S.W.2d at 43. We will not reverse a trial court for an       testified that he was displeased when Van Dyke asked him
erroneous evidentiary ruling unless the error was reasonably     to accept less than he contracted for; that he didn't sign
calculated to cause and probably did cause the rendition of      the release Van Dyke requested; that he was never told the
an improper judgment. See Tex.R.App. P. 44.1; see also Gee,      Halliburton settlement amount by Van Dyke; that he sued
765 S.W.2d at 396.                                               Anglo-Dutch to recover the amount originally contracted
                                                                 for; that and he did not think Van Dyke was a fine man.
 [23] We conclude that the trial court acted within its          Only during cross-examination by Anglo-Dutch's attorney
discretion in admitting the challenged evidence. A key issue     did Lore answer more particular questions regarding his
at trial focused on the parties' intent in signing the fee       investor lawsuit.
agreement in light of the surrounding facts and circumstances.
Those facts and circumstances included the challenged            Nancy Strong testified without objection that a dispute arose
evidence, which related in significant part to the parties'      between Van Dyke and McConn & Williams because he
sophistication and intent. We cannot say that the trial court    failed to pay the entire legal bill after the firm had successfully
abused its discretion in admitting evidence relating to the      represented Van Dyke in an unrelated lawsuit against OPIC,
lawsuit funding agreements and investor lawsuits, or investor    one of Anglo-Dutch's Tenge Field project partners. Strong
Michael Lore's testimony.                                        also testified that Van Dyke owed the law firm of Looper
                                                                 Reed legal fees for its work in the lawsuit against OPIC. 6
 *484 Additionally, any error in admitting the challenged
                                                                 Swonke testified without objection that Van Dyke could not
evidence was harmless because it was introduced at different
                                                                 hire the Looper Reed law firm to represent Anglo-Dutch in
stages of the trial without objection by Anglo-Dutch. See
                                                                 the Halliburton lawsuit because "as it tum[ ed] out, he owed
Volkswagen of Am., Inc. v. Ramirez, 159 S.W.3d 897, 907
                                                                 Looper Reed quite a bit of money, too."
(Tex.2004) (error in admission is deemed harmless if the
objecting party permits the same or similar evidence to be
                                                                 Finally, Anglo-Dutch has not established on this record
introduced without objection).
                                                                 that the verdict turned on the challenged evidence. See
                                                                 City of Brownsville, 897 S.W.2d at 753-54. This trial was
The trial court admitted evidence that Anglo-Dutch had
                                                                 in significant part a credibility battle based on the jury's
entered into lawsuit funding agreements with investors
                                                                 assessment ofSwonke and Van Dyke. Both testified at length.
to offset Anglo-Dutch's expenses during prosecution of
                                                                 Anglo-Dutch has not demonstrated that the admission of
the Halliburton lawsuit. The trial court reasoned that this
                                                                 evidence regarding collateral agreements and disputes during
evidence tended to show Swonke's individual legal work with
                                                                 a lengthy trial featuring voluminous evidence likely caused
respect to Anglo-Dutch's investors. Evidence regarding these
                                                                 the rendition of an improper judgment.
same lawsuit funding agreements was later admitted by the
trial court without objection when Van Dyke testified that he
                                                                 We overrule Anglo-Dutch's fourth issue.
instructed Swonke to draft releases for investors to encourage
                                                                       to the jury. Legally and factually sufficient evidence supports
                                                                       the jury's finding that Swonke individually is a party to the
                                                                       fee agreement with Anglo-Dutch, and that Greenberg Peden
                      *485 Conclusion                                  is not. Legally and factually sufficient evidence supports
                                                                       the jury's finding that Swonke complied with his fiduciary
We hold that the October 16, 2000 fee agreement was
                                                                       duty to Anglo-Dutch. Anglo-Dutch's charge and evidentiary
ambiguous with respect to whether Anglo-Dutch contracted
                                                                       complaints provide no basis for reversal.
with Swonke individually or with Greenberg Peden. The
trial court properly refused to construe the ambiguous fee
                                                                       We affirm the trial court's judgment.
agreement against Swonke and properly submitted this issue

Footnotes
*      Senior Justice J. Harvey Hudson sitting by assignment.
       Swanke in fact joined a predecessor firm, which changed its name and composition from time to time. Because these changes do not
       affect the disposition of this appeal, we refer to "Greenberg Peden" throughout this opinion.
2      In June 2001, Anglo-Dutch signed a promissory note in favor of Greenberg Peden for $231,749.16. Anglo-Dutch paid the note with
       interest in December 2003, about two years after Greenberg Peden had dissolved.
3      This settlement spawned a separate series oflawsuits and appeals involving investors who signed litigation funding agreements in
       return for a portion of Anglo-Dutch's recovery from the lawsuit against Halliburton and Ramco. After the jury returned its verdict
       against Halliburton and Ramco, Anglo-Dutch sought to reduce amounts it owed to investors who financed the lawsuit and a number
       of those investors sued Anglo-Dutch. See Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int'l, Inc. v. Smith, 243 S.W.3d 776 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th
       Dist.] 2007, pet. filed); Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int'l, Inc. v. Littlemill Limited, No. 14--06-00921-CV, 2007 WL 2826900 (Tex.App.-
       Houston [14th Dist.] Oct. 2, 2007, pet. filed); Case Funding Network, L.P. v. Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int'l, Inc., 264 S.W.3d 38
       (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. filed); Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int'l, Inc. v. Haskell, 193 S.W.3d 87 (Tex.App.-Houston
       [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. denied). Anglo-Dutch's judgment against Ramco was reversed on appeal. See Ramco Oil & Gas Ltd., 207
       S.WJd at 827.
4      The jury did not answer Question 4, asking what sum of money would compensate Greenberg Peden for its damages that resulted
       from Anglo-Dutch's failure to comply with the fee agreement, because it was conditioned on finding that the fee agreement was
       entered into on behalf of Greenberg Peden and not Swonke individually. The jury did not answer Question 6, asking the jury to
       determine the amount of Swonke's fees under the fee agreement, because Question 6 was conditioned on the jury answering Question
       5 in the negative and not answering Question 3 with a dollar amount. Further, the jury did not answer Question 7, asking if clear and
       convincing evidence showed that Anglo-Dutch's harm resulted from malice or fraud, because it was conditioned on the jury answering
       Question 5 in the negative. Lastly, the jury did not answer Question 8, addressing exemplary damages against Swonke for the harm
       Anglo-Dutch suffered from Swonke's conduct, because it was conditioned on the jury answering Question 7 in the affirmative.
5      Anglo-Dutch does not challenge on appeal the jury's finding that it breached the fee agreement; the amount of contract damages
       awarded for that breach; or the separate statutory fee award for litigating Swonke's contract claim under the disputed fee agreement,
       which the parties opted to try to the court. Anglo-Dutch also does not challenge the rendition of a take-nothing judgment in favor
       of Greenberg Peden.
6      Anglo-Dutch objected to this testimony only on hearsay grounds.

                                                                                                                       Governrnent VVorks,
APPENDIXD
              Petroleum international, Inc. v. Greenberg ... , 352 S.W.3d 445 (2011}
54 fex. sup. ct: J .1669                                                               ··-··· ··. ·.·.·.·.· . . . · . .

                                                                        Whether a contract is ambiguous is a question
                                                                        of law that must be decided by examining the
                        352 S.W.3d 445
                                                                        contract as a whole in light of the circumstances
                  Supreme Court of Texas.
                                                                        present when the contract was entered.
 ANGLO-DUTCH PETROLEUM INTERNATIONAL,
                                                                         13 Cases that cite this headnote
  INC., and Anglo-Dutch (Tenge) L.L.C., Petitioners,
                              v.
             GREENBERG PEDEN, P.C., and                           [2)   Attorney and Client
             Gerard J. Swonke, Respondents.                                 Dealings Between Attorney and Client
                                                                        Because a lawyer's fiduciary duty to a client
           No. oS-0833.            Argued Sept. 14,                     covers contract negotiations between them, such
          2010.     I Decided Aug. 26, 2011.                            contracts are closely scrutinized.
               Rehearing Denied Dec. 16, 2011.
                                                                        3 Cases that cite this headnote
Synopsis
Background: Former client brought action seeking
                                                                  [3)   Attorney and Client
declaration that it did not owe attorney contingency fees.
                                                                            Dealings Between Attorney and Client
Attorney counterclaimed. The 61st District Court, Harris
County, John J. Donovan, J., entered judgment on a jury                 Part of the lawyer's duty is to inform the client of
verdict for attorney, and former client appealed. The Court             all material facts with regard to contract between
of Appeals, William J. Boyce, J., 267 S.W.3d 454, affirmed.             attorney and client; so that this responsibility is
Former client petitioned for review which was granted.                  not a mere and meaningless formality, the lawyer
                                                                        must be clear.

                                                                        3 Cases that cite this headnote
[Holding:) The Supreme Court, Hecht, J., held that
agreement was between client and law firm for which attorney
                                                                  [4]   Attorney and Client
was of counsel, rather than with attorney individually.
                                                                            Dealings Between Attorney and Client
                                                                        Only reasonable clarity as to material facts with
Reversed and remanded.                                                  regard to contract between attorney and client is
                                                                        required, not perfection; not every dispute over
Wainwright, J., concurred in part, dissented in part, and filed         the contract's meaning must be resolved against
opm10n.                                                                 the lawyer.

                                                                         1 Cases that cite this headnote
Lehrmann, J., dissented and filed opinion in which Medina,
and Green, JJ., joined.
                                                                  [5]    Attorney and Client
                                                                             Dealings Between Attorney and Client

 West Headnotes (10)                                                    Object of imposing duty on attorney to inform
                                                                        the client of all material facts with regard to
                                                                        contract between attorney and client is that the
 [1)     Contracts                                                      client be informed; thus, whether the lawyer has
             Construction as a whole                                    been reasonably clear must be determined from
         Contracts                                                      the client's perspective.
             Extrinsic circumstances
                                                                        4 Cases that cite this headnote
         Contracts
             Ambiguity in general
                                                                  [6)   Contracts
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum International, Inc. v.                  352 S.W.3d 445 (2011)
54fex. sup. ct. J. 1669
             Language of contract                                        Construing client-attorney agreements from
        Contracts                                                        the perspective of a reasonable client in
            Extrinsic circumstances                                      the circumstances imposes a responsibility of
                                                                         clarity on the attorney that should preclude a
        Evidence
                                                                         determination that an agreement is ambiguous
            Showing Intent of Parties as to Subject-
                                                                         in most instances; attorneys appreciate the
        Matter
                                                                         importance of words and are more able than most
        Understanding the context m which an
                                                                         clients to detect and repair omissions in client-
        agreement was made is essential in determining
                                                                         attorney contracts.
        the parties' intent as expressed in the agreement,
        but it is the parties' expressed intent that the                 Cases that cite this headnote
        court must determine; extrinsic evidence cannot
        be used to show that the parties probably meant,
                                                                  [10]   Attorney and Client
        or could have meant, something other than what
                                                                             Construction and operation
        their agreement stated.
                                                                         Attorney and Client
        8 Cases that cite this headnote                                      Questions for jury
                                                                         A client's best interests, which its attorney is
 [7]    Attorney and Client                                              obliged to pursue, do not include having a jury
            Construction and operation                                   construe their attorney-client fee agreements.
        Legal fee agreement for contingency fee
                                                                         Cases that cite this headnote
        representation was between client and law firm
        for which attorney was of counsel, rather than
        with attorney individually, although agreement
        used personal pronouns to refer to attorney,
                                                                Attorneys and Law Firms
        where personal pronouns did not suggest that
        only the individual attorney, to the exclusion of        *446 Gregory S. Coleman, Richard Bernard Farrer, Yetter
        other firm attorneys, would be working on the           Coleman LLP, Craig T. Enoch, Enoch Kever PLLC, Mike A.
        matter, one use of the word "I" clearly referred to     Hatchell, Charles R. 'Skip' Watson Jr., Locke Lord Bissell
        firm, client had never been individual attorney's       & Liddell, LLP, Austin, TX, Donald B. McFall, Kenneth R.
        non-firm client, and agreement was written on           Breitbeil, McFall, Breitbeil & Smith, P.C., Brian K. Tully,
        firm letterhead, and signed on the finn's behalf.       JesseR. Pierce & Associates, P.C., Houston, TX, for Anglo-
                                                                Dutch Petroleum International, Inc.
        2 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                Rusty Hardin, Joe M. Roden, Ryan Kees Higgins, Rusty
 [8]    Attorney and Client                                     Hardin & Associates, P.C., Robert M. 'Randy' Roach Jr.,
            Construction and operation                          Daniel William Davis, Roach & Newton, L.L.P., Houston,
                                                                TX, Amy J. Schumacher, Roach & Newton, L.L.P., Austin,
        Extrinsic evidence of attorney's and client's
                                                                TX, for Greenberg Pede, P.C.
        intent could not be used to show the parties'
        motives or intentions apart from the fee                Linda Eads, Dedman School of Law, Dallas, TX, prose.
        agreement; it could only provide the context in
        which the agreement was reached.                        Christopher S. Jolms, Dawson Sodd Ellis & Hodge LLP,
                                                                Austin, TX, for Amicus Curiae Abrams Scott & Bickley,
        3 Cases that cite this headnote                         L.L.P.

 [9]    Attorney and Client
            Construction and operation
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum lntemationa!, Inc. v.                                           1)
54 tex.   sur;:ct. ..r 1559·····
                                                                   the firm; if the firm refused, Swonke could undertake the
Opinion                                                            representation individually. Swonke used personal stationery
                                                                   -"Law Offices of Gerard J. Swonke Attorney at Law"-and
Justice HECHT delivered the opmwn of the Court, in
                                                                   signed individually when representing clients who were not
which ChiefJustice JEFFERSON, Justice JOHNSON, Justice
                                                                   also clients of the firm. Even in those situations, the firm sent
WILLETT, and Justice GUZMAN joined.
                                                                   the bills and retained ten percent of the fees. Swonke agreed
The parties dispute whether an attorney fee agreement is           to Van Dyke's proposal and dictated the following agreement
ambiguous. The client contends that an agreement on law firm       ("the Fee Agreement"), which his secretary prepared on firm
letterhead, signed by a lawyer on behalf of the firm, is with      letterhead and he signed on its behalf:
the firm, not with the lawyer personally. The lawyer counters
                                                                     GREENBERG PEDEN P C.
that his use of personal pronouns in the agreement, as well
as surrounding circumstances, create an ambiguity that must          TELEPHONE: (713) 627-2720
be resolved by a jury. We agree with the client and therefore
reverse the judgment of the court of appeals. 1                      FACSIMILE: (713) 627-7057

                                                                     WEBSITE: www.gpsolaw.com

                                   I                                  ATTORNEYS AND COUNSELORS AT LAW

Scott V. Van Dyke, president of Anglo-Dutch Petroleum                TENTH FLOOR, 12 GREENWAY PLAZA HOUSTON,
International, Inc., asked Gerard J. Swonke, a lawyer                TEXAS 77046
"of counsel" with the firm of Greenberg Peden, P.C., to
represent Anglo-Dutch as plaintiff 2 in a *447 suit against
Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. and Ramco Oil & Gas,                                     October 16, 2000
Ltd. for disclosing confidential information concerning the
development of oil and gas prospects in the Tenge Field               Mr. Scott V. Van Dyke
in Kazakhstan. Greenberg Peden had represented Anglo-
                                                                        Anglo-Dutch Petroleum International, Inc.
Dutch on various matters for years and had drafted the
confidentiality agreement that would be central to the suit.            Eight Greenway Plaza, Suite 900
Swonke had been responsible for Anglo-Dutch's initial
engagement as a firm client and had done much of its work.              Houston, Texas 77046
He and Van Dyke were friends.
                                                                   Re: Cause No.2000-22588; Anglo-Dutch (Tenge) et al.
The Tenge Field case was expected to be protracted and             v. Ramco, et al; In the 151st Judicial District of Harris
difficult, and Anglo-Dutch could not afford to pay Greenberg       County, Texas.
Peden's hourly rates, as it had done in the past, so it proposed
                                                                      Dear Scott:
a 20% contingent fee. The firm declined. Anglo-Dutch had
fallen behind in its obligations to the firm, and the firm had          This letter memorializes our agreement with respect
decided not to accept further business from Anglo-Dutch                 to me assisting you and/or the companies which you
until it became current. Plus Greenberg Peden believed that             control (Anglo-Dutch) and the law firm of McConn &
it lacked the resources needed to prosecute the case on a               Williams, LLP regarding the above-referenced matter.
contingent-fee basis. Swonke referred Van Dyke to another
firm, McConn & Williams, which took the case.                           In that regard, you have executed a Fee Agreement
                                                                        with the law firm of McConn & Williams on March
But Swonke's continued counsel, based on his involvement                25, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference.
in the events leading up to the litigation, was still needed,           I agree to assist Anglo-Dutch and that firm with this
and Van Dyke asked him to assist McConn & Williams,                     lawsuit for proportionately the same percentage (20%)
again for a contingent fee. Swonke's arrangement with                   of any benefit to McConn & Williams reflected in
Greenberg Peden required him to offer new business to                   such agreement. However, I will not be responsible for
                                                                        any expenses other than those I may personally incur.
                                                                352 S.W.3d 445 (2011}

    Further, the proportions under which my fees shall be
    calculated will be the ratio *448 of the hours I have            October 17, 2000
    spent or will spend on this matter relative to the hours
                                                                     Mr. Gerard J. Swonke
    the attorneys at McConn & Williams have spent or will
    spend after the date the lawsuit was filed, rounded to           Greenberg Peden P.C.
    the next whole percentage. For example, if McConn &
    Williams' attorneys spend 1,000 hours on the lawsuit             Tenth Floor
    after the date the lawsuit was filed and I spend 90 hours
                                                                     12 Greenway Plaza
    of my time towards the lawsuit, then by rounding up
    to the nearest whole number, I would be entitled to
                                                                     Houston, TX 77046
    receive from you 2% ( 10% of20%) ofthe gross revenues
    and other benefits recovered, if any, from this lawsuit.
    In addition, should the Fee Agreement be amended,
    you agree that I shall be entitled to the benefit of such                   Re: McConn & Williams, LLP
    amendment.                                                                Attorney's Employment Agreement

    If this comports with your understanding of our                  Dear Jerry:
    agreement, please indicate by signing below and
                                                                       Pursuant to our Fee Agreement dated October 16, 2000,
    returning this letter to me.
                                                                       please find enclosed a copy of the executed Attorney's
    If you have any questions, please contact me.                      Employment Agreement with McConn & Williams,
                                                                       LLP related to Cause No.2000-2258; Anglo-Dutch
    Very truly yours,                                                  (Tenge) et al. Vs. Ramco, et al.; in the !51st Judicial
                                                                       District of Harris County Texas.
    GREENBERG PEDEN P.C.
                                                                       This fee agreement with McConn & Williams, LLP
    Is/ G.J Swanke
                                                                       provides the basis for the Agreement between Greenberg
    GERARD J. SWONKE                                                   Peden P.C. and Anglo-Dutch.

    AGREED TO:                                                         Very truly yours,

    SCOTT V. VAN DYKE, PRESIDENT OF                                    Is/ Scott Van Dvke

    ANGLO-DUTCH PETROLEUM INTERNATIONAL,                               Scott V. Van Dyke
    INC.
                                                                       President
     DATED: _ _ __
                                                                      Of significance is Van Dyke's reference to the Fee
The next day, Van Dyke signed the agreement and returned it
                                                                      Agreement as "the Agreement between Greenberg Peden
to Swonke. He also wrote Swonke the following letter:
                                                                      P.C. and Anglo-Dutch." Swonke received the letter but did
  ANGLO-DUTCH PETROLEUM INTERNATIONAL                                 not read it and thus did not respond.
                                                                   Swonke continued to work on the case, and as provided by
  EIGHT GREENWAY PLAZA, SUITE 900                                  the Fee Agreement, Greenberg Peden invoiced Anglo-Dutch
                                                                   for expenses. But a year later, Greenberg Peden dissolved,
  HOUSTON, TEXAS 77046                                             and Swonke moved to McConn & Williams, again in an "of
                                                                   counsel" relationship. In a letter to Van Dyke, Swonke wrote
  UNITED STATES
                                                                   that he would not take the Anglo-Dutch files with him if Van
  TEL: (713) 993-9303                                              Dyke *449 objected. 3 Van Dyke did not. Swonke continued
                                                                   to work on the Tenge Field case at McConn & Williams as
  FAX: (713) 993-9011                                              did other lawyers, including two who were also "of counsel".

  email@anglo-dutch.com
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum international, Inc. v.
54 Tex. sup: cr J.1669
As the litigation wore on, Anglo-Dutch and McConn &                We begin by considering what standards to apply in
Williams decided to retain additional counsel, and they hired      construing lawyer-client contracts. We then apply those
John M. O'Quinn & Associates. McConn & Williams reduced            standards to the Fee Agreement, first to its text, and then to
its 20% fee to 16-2/3%, and Anglo-Dutch agreed to pay              the circumstances surrounding its execution.
O'Quinn 20%, for a total contingent fee of 36--2/3%. Still
later, Anglo-Dutch agreed to pay the fee net of expenses.
The case was tried to a plaintiffs' verdict and then settled for
                                                                                                  A
$51 million. Anglo-Dutch's legal fees and expenses totaled
slightly over $20 million.                                          [1]    [2]    [3] " 'Whether a contract is ambiguous is a
                                                                   question of law that must be *450 decided by examining
A few days before the settlement was funded, Swonke                the contract as a whole in light of the circumstances present
told Van Dyke that he expected to be paid under the Fee
                                                                   when the contract was entered.' " 6 One such circumstance
Agreement not only for the 277 hours he worked while at
                                                                   is the existence of a lawyer-client relationship between
Greenberg Peden but also for 1,022 hours he worked at
McConn & Williams. All the other lawyers at McConn &               the parties. 7 Because a lawyer's fiduciary duty to a client
Williams were to be paid under the firm's agreement with           covers contract negotiations between them, such contracts are
Anglo-Dutch. Greenberg Peden assigned its interest in the          closely scrutinized. 8 Part of the lawyer's duty is to inform the
Fee Agreement to Swonke. The assignment, which Swonke              client of all material facts. 9 And so that this responsibility
prepared and signed, recited that "Swonke executed [the            is not a mere and meaningless formality, the lawyer must be
Fee Agreement] on behalf of (and while affiliated with)            clear.
Greenberg Peden as an Of Counsel". Van Dyke offered to
pay $293,338.85 for Swanke's work on the case while at             Clarity in fee agreements is certainly important to clients.
Greenberg Peden but refused to pay for the time spent by           In an amicus brief supporting Anglo-Dutch, Professor Linda
Swonke at McConn & Williams.                                       Eads explains:

Anglo-Dutch sued for a declaration that the Fee Agreement                       [Clients] need to know they can
was with Greenberg Peden, not Swonke personally. It                             depend on the firm they thought they
also sued Swonke for breach of fiduciary duty. Swonke                           hired to represent their interests. When
counterclaimed for breach of contract, asserting that he                        there is uncertainty about a firm's or
personally was party to the agreement. Swonke also alleged                      attorney's responsibility for a matter,
that Van Dyke had defrauded him. Based on Swanke's                              there is a real risk that loyalty to
testimony that his use of firm letterhead and the firm                          that client will become watery. And
signature block, and his characterization of the agreement                      if disputes arise about fees or other
in the assignment, were mistakes, and extrinsic evidence of                     issues, clients need to know who has
the parties' relationship, the trial court concluded that the                   ultimate authority to negotiate the
agreement was ambiguous and submitted the parties' dispute                      issue, firm management or just the
to the jury. The jury found that the Fee Agreement was with                     attorney working on the matter. 10
Swonke, that Swonke had complied with his fiduciary duty
to Anglo-Dutch, and that his damages were $1 million. The
                                                                   Clarity is also important to lawyers. Professor Eads continues:
jury failed to find that Van Dyke had defrauded Swonke. The
trial court rendered judgment on the verdict, and the court of        Law firms need to know whether they are entitled to
                    4                                                 fees in order to budget their expenses and organizational
appeals affirmed.
                                                                      strategy; firms need to know how much, and what scope
                                                                      of, malpractice insurance to purchase; they need to know
We granted Anglo-Dutch's petition for review. 5
                                                                      who their clients are in order to analyze potential conflicts
                                                                      of interest; and firms need to know what matters are theirs
                                                                      in order to staff them appropriately and ensure their clients'
                               II                                     interests are protected.
              Petroleum lntematlonai, Inc. v. r·m"'"'''r."'rn     352 S.W.3d 445      1)
54feX..sup. cXJ.1669
***
  [Individual] lawyers will want the certainty that their law                                  *452 B
  firm stands behind them, that the firm's malpractice carrier
                                                                    [7] On its face, the Fee Agreement is plainly one with
  will defend them if necessary, and that the fee agreements
                                                                  Greenberg Peden, not Swanke personally. The clear indicia of
  they draft will be interpreted to avoid readings that would
                                                                  the firm letterhead and signature on the firm's behalf are not
  involve violations of the rules of discipline. Further, in
                                                                  contradicted by the personal pronouns in the text. Swanke's
  cases in which the existence of an ambiguity appears to
                                                                  uses of 'T', "me", and "my" indicate that he would himself
   *451 favor the lawyer, allowing a lawyer initially to
                                                                  be working on the matter, which Anglo-Dutch certainly
  benefit from the ambiguity might not be a good thing,
                                                                  intended, but none suggests that other attorneys and staff at
  even for the lawyer. By suing a former client, the lawyer's
                                                                  Greenberg Peden would be excluded from the case any more
  reputation often suffers. And if the ambiguity was drafted
                                                                  than they had been from other Anglo-Dutch matters. Since
  by the lawyer, Texas courts will have to decide how to
                                                                  the fee was contingent on recovery and therefore not based
  handle malpractice claims based on poor draftsmanship of
                                                                  on any attorney's hourly rate, it would presumably make no
   the fee agreement. 11                                          difference to Anglo-Dutch who besides Swanke worked on
                                                                  the case as long as the fee was computed on his hours. One
A number of law firms also appearing as amicus cunae              use of"''' clearly included the firm: "I will not be responsible
endorse these views. 12                                           for any expenses". The firm, not Swanke, invoiced the clients
                                                                  for expenses, on firm letterhead. Moreover, the second-
 [4]    [5] Only reasonable clarity is required, not perfection; person pronouns show that the word "you" refers sometimes
not every dispute over the contract's meaning must be             only to Van Dyke individually ("you and/or the companies
resolved against the lawyer. But the object is that the client be which you control"), sometimes only to Anglo-Dutch ("I
informed, and thus whether the lawyer has been reasonably         would be entitled to receive from you"), and sometimes
clear must be determined from the client's perspective.           to Van Dyke and his companies ("you have executed" the
Accordingly, we agree with the Restatement (Third) of the         McConn & Williams fee agreement-Van Dyke signing for
Law Governing Lawyers that "[a] tribunal should construe a        his companies). In sum, the pronouns indicate only inexact
contract between client and lawyer as a reasonable person in      drafting; none says that despite the firm letterhead and firm
the circumstances of the client would have construed it."    13    signature, the agreement could only have been with Swanke
                                                                   personally.
 [6]   Other circumstances surrounding the execution of
a contract may inform its construction, but "[t]here are             Nor does the fee calculation, based solely on the hours
                                                                     Swanke spent individually, suggest that others at Greenberg
limits." 14 We have said:
                                                                     Peden were excluded from the work. Taking Swonlce's time
                                                                     into account provided a way of limiting the fee. If anything,
  An unambiguous contract will be enforced as written, and           the rounding-up feature of the calculation might suggest
  parol evidence will not be received for the purpose of             a means of providing additional compensation for others
  creating an ambiguity or to give the contract a meaning            who did work on the case. Anglo-Dutch was to reimburse
  different from that which its language imports. Only where         expenses, which were billed by Greenberg Peden, not by
  a contract is ambiguous may a court consider the parties'          Swanke individually.
  interpretation and "admit extraneous evidence to determine
                                                                     Even if the Fee Agreement had expressly provided that
   the true meaning of the instrument." 15
                                                                     only Swanke would render the legal services required, the
Understanding the context in which an agreement was made
                                                                     representation could still have been a firm matter. Anglo-
is essential in determining the parties' intent as expressed in
                                                                     Dutch was already a Greenberg Peden client and had been
the agreement, but it is the parties' expressed intent that the
                                                                     for years. Although Swanke had first engaged Anglo-Dutch
court must determine. Extrinsic evidence cannot be used to
                                                                     as a client and had been responsible for most of its work,
show that the parties probably meant, or could have meant,
                                                                     Anglo-Dutch had never been Swanke's non-firm client. From
something other than what their agreement stated. 16                 Anglo-Dutch's perspective, nothing in the Fee Agreement
                                                                                                     -                          ---        ------~---------

Anglo-Dutch Petroleum International, Inc. v. Greenberg ... , 352 S.W.3d 445 (21:11 1)
54i'ex. sl.Ji]: ct:J: 1669                                                              ww·w·   ·•   •·····.···.···.··.. ·.·.·.·..·....•

reasonably suggested that its relationship with its lawyers was    [9]   [10] Construing client-lawyer agreements from the
changing.                                                         perspective of a reasonable client in the circumstances
                                                                  imposes a responsibility of clarity on the lawyer that should
                                                                  preclude a determination that an agreement is ambiguous
                                                                  in most instances. Lawyers appreciate the importance of
                              c
                                                                  words and "are more able than most clients to detect and
 [8] The trial court having determined the Fee Agreement to       repair omissions in client-lawyer contracts." 17 A client's best
be ambiguous, the parties offered extensive extrinsic evidence    interests, which its lawyer is obliged to pursue, do not include
of their intent in the ten-day trial. Given our conclusion that   having a jury construe their agreements.
the agreement was not ambiguous, this evidence is oflimited
relevance. It cannot be used to show the parties' motives or      The judgment of the court of appeals is reversed, and the case
intentions apart from the Fee Agreement; it can only provide      is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings.
the context in which the agreement was reached.

Van Dyke was not an unsophisticated client; indeed, it
                                                                  Justice WAINWRIGHT filed an opinion concurring in part
was he, not Swonke, who proposed the terms of the Fee
                                                                  and dissenting in part.
Agreement. But for years Anglo-Dutch had been a client
of Greenberg Peden, not Swonke personally. Van Dyke               Justice LEHRMANN filed a dissenting opinion, in which
knew Greenberg Peden was concerned that Anglo-Dutch was           Justice MEDINA and Justice GREEN joined.
delinquent in its payments to the firm, but the Tenge Field
representation was on a contingent-fee basis. He also knew        Justice WAINWRIGHT, concurring in part and dissenting in
that the firm had refused to be lead counsel in the case, but     part.
the firm certainly had sufficient resources for a consulting      Scott Van Dyke, president of Anglo-Dutch Petroleum
role. Nothing about the parties' relationship preceding the       International, Inc., and his attorney Gerald Swonke signed an
Fee Agreement required *453 Van Dyke to recognize that            engagement letter, dated October 16,2000, in which attorney
though the agreement purported to be with Greenberg Peden,        Swonke agreed to represent Van Dyke's company, Anglo-
it was really with Swonke.                                        Dutch, in litigation with Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.
                                                                  Swonke was "of counsel" at the law firm of Greenberg
Events following the Fee Agreement do not cast the situation      Peden P.C. Anglo-Dutch contends that under the terms of
in a different light. The day he signed the Fee Agreement for     the letter, Swonke also bound Greenberg Peden to represent
Anglo-Dutch, Van Dyke wrote Swonke that the agreement             Anglo-Dutch in the Halliburton litigation. The letter contains
was with Greenberg Peden. When the firm dissolved a year          Swonke's references to expenses he would "personally incur",
later and Swonke moved to McConn & Williams, he treated           fees that "I would be entitled to receive", the agreement for
all of Anglo-Dutch's files as having belonged to Greenberg        "me" to assist you in the so-called Halliburton litigation, but
Peden. Even after the Tenge Field case settled and the present    it is drafted on Greenberg Peden letterhead. Swonke contends
controversy began to emerge, Swonke stated that he had            this was an oversight. Swonke testified that for a couple of
signed the Fee Agreement on behalf of Greenberg Peden and         years prior to the Halliburton litigation, he had individually
obtained an assignment of its interest.                           represented Anglo-Dutch under his "of counsel" arrangement
                                                                  at Greenberg Peden. Notwithstanding this evidence, the
In sum, the circumstances in which the Fee Agreement was          Court disagrees with the trial court and concludes that the
executed do not suggest that the parties must have intended       engagement letter is unambiguous and as a matter of law
something different from what they plainly stated. We hold        bound the Greenberg Peden firm to represent Anglo-Dutch.
that the agreement was between Anglo-Dutch and Greenberg          I therefore agree with mSTICE LEHRMANN'S dissent
Peden.                                                            that the engagement letter is ambiguous and with her other
                                                                  departures from the Court's opinion. I write to explain another
                                                                  basis for my disagreement with the Court's position.

                              III
                                                                   *454 The Court holds the two parties to an agreement
                                                                  that neither of them entered in October 2000, as their trial
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum International, Inc. v.
54fex:sui.J:crT1669                         '''"''' ' '"' ,',',',',
testimony indicates. Van Dyke testified that he knew at the           quite a turnabout for Anglo-Dutch as its litigation position
time of the engagement letter that Greenberg Peden would              contradicts the knowledge of its president, who signed the
not represent Anglo-Dutch in any new matters, such as the             engagement letter. Knowing that Greenberg Peden refused
Halliburton litigation. Why? Van Dyke explained. Anglo-               to represent Anglo-Dutch in the Halliburton litigation, Van
Dutch was over $200,000 behind in paying Greenberg Peden,             Dyke now asserts that the engagement letter unambiguously
and Greenberg Peden was not interested in further exposure            did just that.
on contingency fee cases. The exchange on this point during
Van Dyke's testimony at trial is unequivocal, as Swanke told          The jury heard all about the dispute from all four sides
him in February 2000 that Greenberg Peden was not his law             -Swonke, Van Dyke, Greenberg Peden and another law
firm.                                                                 firm Anglo-Dutch engaged (McConn & Williams}-and
                                                                      found that the two signers of the engagement letter intended
  Attorney: Mr. Van Dyke, my question was a more limited              that Swanke, not Greenberg Peden, would represent Anglo-
    one, and you can say, "No, he didn't tell me that," if you        Dutch.
    want.
                                                                      I agree with the Court that attorneys owe fiduciary duties to
     I'm just asking: Did he [Swonke] not tell you from
                                                                      their clients in this context that include: exercising the utmost
     the beginning that Greenberg Peden wouldn't represent
                                                                      good faith and most scrupulous honesty toward clients;
     you in any lawsuit here, no matter whether it was
                                                                      ensuring that engagement letters are clear to the clients;
     contingency or hourly at all until you-because you
                                                                      fully and fairly disclosing all important information to clients
     hadn't paid off that debt.
                                                                      concerning the transactions; and explaining material changes
  Van Dyke: Yes.                                                      in the arrangement, such as moving from one law firm to
                                                                      another. Ambiguity in the fee agreement should be construed
Furthermore, Van Dyke knew that no Greenberg lawyers                  against the lawyer-drafter of the agreement. The *455 Court
would work on his files from that time forward. Harlan
                                                                      and amici set these duties out in some detail. 1 I do not
Naylor, Greenberg's managing partner, explained to the jury
                                                                      conclude, however, that application of these duties to this case
that the firm's lawyers were instructed not to work for Anglo-
                                                                      means that an ambiguous contract should be designated clear
Dutch-"neither the shareholders nor the associates were               and then enforced to a result that neither signer intended at
going to do any more work for Mr. Van Dyke on that case."
                                                                      the time he signed it. At base, our task here is to enforce the
This testimony from Van Dyke and Naylor is undisputed.
                                                                      parties' agreement. The duties and presumptions of counsel
Swanke explained to the jury that Greenberg had essentially
                                                                      in such cases should help determine what the contractual
terminated Van Dyke as a client.
                                                                      obligations are, not override the agreement they entered.
            Greenberg Peden had told him in
                                                                      I therefore agree with the arguments in ruSTICE
            my presence they wouldn't do any
                                                                      LEHRMANN'S dissent. However, because I agree that the
            more work for him. I had been doing
                                                                      judgment should remand the case to the trial court, I concur
            work for him individually in my
                                                                      in the Court's judgment, while respectfully dissenting from its
            own capacity for-I don't know-
                                                                      reasoning. Unlike the Court, I would remand for a new trial
            two years, with Greenberg Peden not
                                                                      and instruct the jury to be guided by the lawyer's fiduciary
            having involvement at all.
                                                                      duties in interpreting the ambiguous engagement letter.

The uncontested testimony at trial establishes that Greenberg
Peden's name partner (David Peden) told Van Dyke before he            Justice LEHRMANN, joined by Justice MEDINA, and
signed the engagement letter that the Greenberg Peden firm            Justice GREEN, dissenting.
would not represent Anglo-Dutch in any new matter, whether            I agree that a court should review an attorney-client
contingency or hourly, because it was delinquent in paying            agreement from the perspective of a reasonable person in the
the firm over $200,000 in legal fees. Swanke was present at           client's circumstances when deciding whether it is subject to
that meeting. Nevertheless, Anglo-Dutch contends that the             two or more reasonable interpretations. I disagree, however,
engagement letter signed after the meeting bound Greenberg            with the Court's assumption that an agreement on firm
Peden to represent it in the Halliburton litigation. This is          letterhead unambiguously creates an agreement with the firm.
Ang!o-Dutch Petroleum !ntemationa!, inc. v.
54Tex:sup:ct.J.f669                        - -.·. ·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.- · · · · ·

The use of letterhead must be viewed in light of clear                          Dutch's unpaid bills and a history of difficulty in collecting
evidence that the client understood the firm had refused to                     fees from Anglo-Dutch.
represent him in the case due to large unpaid legal bills, the
lawyer's testimony that his secretary mistakenly used firm                      Unable to retain Greenberg Peden, Anglo-Dutch, based
stationery, and the fact that the agreement referred solely to                  on Swonke's recommendation, hired the law firm of
the individual lawyer and contemplated a fee structure where                    McConn & Williams under a twenty percent contingency
only that lawyer's time would be compensated. I therefore                       fee arrangement. As the Halliburton lawsuit progressed,
am compelled to respectfully express my dissent. I would                        Van Dyke asked Swonke to serve as an advisor to
affirm the court of appeals' judgment and hold that the trial                   McConn & Williams because of his familiarity with the
court correctly determined the agreement was ambiguous and                      underlying contracts. After initially consulting for free,
properly submitted the agreement's meaning to the jury.                         Swonke requested compensation as his involvement in the
                                                                                case became more substantial. McConn & Williams declined
                                                                                to pay Swonke because the firm's contingency fee interest
                                                                                was not large enough, so Van Dyke called Swonke directly
                    I. BACKGROUND
                                                                                and offered to pay him for the work. It is undisputed that
Scott Van Dyke, the president of Anglo-Dutch, and Swonke,                       Van Dyke and Swonke negotiated the tenns of Swonke's
the attorney, had a long-standing relationship that began when                  representation and that Swonkc finally agreed to accept
Van Dyke worked at another company. Swonke was "of                              compensation in the form of a fraction of the total recovery
counsel" at the law firm of Greenberg Peden when the subject                    calculated based on the hours he worked, divided by the total
agreement was executed in 2000. One of the firm's founders                      hours billed by the McConn & Williams attorneys.
testified at trial that Greenberg Peden understood Swonke
sometimes contracted with clients the firm did not want to                      Swonke dictated the body of the one-page agreement and his
represent, and it was understood these were Swonke's "side                      secretary printed it on Greenberg Peden letterhead, with a
deals". Greenberg Peden had the right of first refusal for all                  Greenberg Peden signature block. Swonke signed his name
of Swonke's potential clients.                                                  under the Greenberg Peden signature block and sent the
                                                                                agreement to Van Dyke, who signed and returned it the next
In 1997, when Anglo-Dutch committed to develop an oil                           day. Swonke testified he did not notice the letterhead or the
field in Kazakhstan with two business partners, Halliburton                     signature block and did not think to correct them at any point
and Ramco, Van Dyke contacted Swonke to prepare the                             because he and Van Dyke both knew the agreement was
necessary documents. It is undisputed that the parties                          personal to him.
understood that Greenberg Peden, not Swonke individually,
took on the representation at that time. No formal fee                          The day he signed the agreement, Van Dyke also drafted
agreement was signed. The joint project ended in early                          and sent Swonke a separate transmittal letter attaching a
2000 when Halliburton and Ram co allegedly *456 breached                        copy of the McConn & Williams contingency fee agreement.
the parties' confidentiality agreement and disclosed Anglo-                     The letter said that the McConn & Williams document
Dutch's confidential data to third parties. Van Dyke consulted                  "provides the basis for the Agreement between Greenberg
with Swonke, who advised him that Anglo-Dutch had viable                        Peden P.C. and Anglo-Dutch." At trial, Swonke questioned
claims against Halliburton and Ramco.                                           Van Dyke's motives for sending the letter separately from the
                                                                                main agreement, and for sending it at all as Van Dyke had
Around the same time, Anglo-Dutch ceased paymg                                  previously given him the McConn & Williams agreement.
Greenberg Peden's bills and began accumulating a large                          Swonke testified that he did not read the letter, and would not
account payable to the firm. Anglo-Dutch's unpaid legal bills                   normally read a transmittal letter referring to a document he
prompted Greenberg Peden to stop working for Anglo-Dutch                        already had in his files.
in 1999. By early 2000, Anglo-Dutch owed Greenberg Peden
more than $200,000. It is undisputed that Van Dyke asked                        Swonke worked on the Halliburton lawsuit for 277 hours
if Greenberg Peden would represent Anglo-Dutch in the                           while at Greenberg Peden. After Greenberg Peden dissolved
lawsuit against Ramco and Halliburton, but the firm refused                     in 2001, Swonke joined McConn & Williams as "of counsel".
to take on any more work for Anglo-Dutch because of Anglo-                      McConn & Williams and Swonke agreed that he would not
                                                                                share in the finn's fees from the Halliburton lawsuit, but
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum lntemationa!, Inc. v,
54 Tex. sup: ct. J. 1669
did not relay that agreement to Anglo-Dutch. Swonke did          I agree with the standards the Court applies in determining
inform Anglo-Dutch of his move to McConn & Williams,             whether this attorney-client agreement is ambiguous.
and told Anglo-Dutch he planned to take his client files with    Ambiguity is determined by examining the contract as
him unless Anglo-Dutch objected. Receiving no objection,         a whole in light of the circumstances present when the
Swonke worked 1,022 hours on the matter at McConn &              contract was entered. Columbia Gas Transmission Corp.
Williams.                                                        v. New Ulm Gas, Ltd., 940 SW.2d 587, 589 (Tex.l996).
                                                                 When an agreement's language is ambiguous in light of
 *457 Anglo-Dutch won a $70.5 million verdict against            the circumstances present when the parties entered into
Halliburton and the parties stipulated to $9.8 million in        it, its meaning becomes an issue for the fact-finder. Jlvf.
attorney's fees. The verdict was appealed and Halliburton        Davidson, Inc. v. Webster, 128 S.W.3d 223, 229 (Tex.2003);
ultimately settled the case for $51 million in 2004. A few       see Columbia Gas, 940 S.W.2d at 589.
days before Halliburton was going to wire the attorneys'
fees portion of the settlement to individuals and firms          I also agree that there are limits. Sun Oil Co. v. Madeley,
involved in the case, Swonke's name was removed from the         626 S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex.l981 ). Parol evidence will not be
wiring instructions at Van Dyke's request. Noting the change,    received to create an ambiguity or to give a contract a meaning
Swonke e-mailed Van Dyke asking how he wanted to handle          different from that imparted by its language. David J Sacks,
his compensation. Prior to discussing payment, Van Dyke          P.C. v. Haden, 266 S.W.3d447, 450-51 (Tex.2008)(citations
requested that Greenberg Peden assign any interest under         omitted). Courts may not consider the parties' interpretation
the Anglo-Dutch agreement to Swonke, purportedly to avoid        or "admit extraneous evidence to determine the true meaning
any possible problems with multiple claims for attorney's        of the instrument" if the express language of the agreement
fees. Swonke contacted Greenberg Peden, and the no-longer        may be interpreted in only one way. I d. at 450 (quoting Nat'!
operating firm's representatives agreed to the assignment in     Union Fire Ins. Co. v. CBI Indus., Inc., 907 S.W.2d 517,
exchange for a ten percent fee from all amounts collected        520 (Tex.1995)). Ambiguity likewise does not arise simply
by Swonke from Anglo-Dutch, an amount consistent with            because the parties advance conflicting interpretations of the
their original agreement that he would pay the firm a flat ten   contract; rather, for an ambiguity to exist, both interpretations
percent to cover overhead for matters handled by Swonke          must be reasonable. See Lopez v. Munoz, Hockema & Reed,
individually.                                                    L.L.P., 22 S.W.3d 857, 866 (Tex.2000); Nat'! Union Fire Ins.,
907 S.W.2d at 520.
Soon after obtaining the assignment letter, Van Dyke
informed Swonke that he'd consulted lawyers and determined        *458 Further, as the Court observes and Anglo-Dutch
that Anglo-Dutch's contract was with Greenberg Peden             and amici 1 contend, clarity is obviously critical, and courts
and not with Swonke individually. Accordingly, Van Dyke          should therefore view the agreement from the perspective of a
refused to include the hours billed after Swonke left            reasonable client to determine if it is susceptible to more than
Greenberg Peden in the contingency ratio, a position that        one reasonable interpretation. Such a rule will protect clients
would reduce Swonke's total compensation due by over a           from unscrupulous attorneys, reduce disputes, and create a
million dollars. Swonke asserted that the agreement was          predictable rule that is in the best interest ofthe legal system,
personal to him and that he should be paid for all of the        individual clients, lawyers, and law firms.
work he performed for Anglo-Dutch. It is undisputed that
had the trial court determined that the agreement was with       And it is beyond dispute that attorney-client agreements
Greenberg Peden, Anglo-Dutch would be able to calculate          are subject to heightened scrutiny by the courts because
the compensation ratio based solely on the 277 hours Swonke      of the fiduciary nature of the attorney-client relationship.
billed while at Greenberg Peden. Anglo-Dutch argued that         See Hoover Slovacek LLP v. Walton, 206 S.W.3d 557, 560
the 1,022 hours Swonke billed at McConn & Williams were          (Tex.2006). The attorney, unlike a commercial party to an
covered by that firm's contingency percentage.                   agreement, bears a duty to ensure the client understands the
                                                                 terms of the representation because of the trust the client
                                                                 places in the attorney. See Levine v. Bayne, Snell & Krause,
             II. APPLICABLE STANDARDS                            Ltd., 40 S.W3d 92, 95 (Tex.2001). To fulfill this duty, the
                                                                 lawyer must be clear.
Ang!o~Dutch   Petroleum !ntemationa!, Inc. v. Greenberg ... , 352 S.W.3d 445 (2011)
s4fex.suiJ·.ct:J.1669..                                                                 · · ··· ···
Like the Court, I believe that the approach set out
in the Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers is                Undoubtedly, Swanke's use of the Greenberg Peden
workable. See RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF THE LAW                      letterhead in this case contributed to the agreement's
GOVERNING LAWYERS § 18, cmt. h. Under this                        ambiguity. But in times of increasing fluidity in the legal
approach, such agreements should be viewed from the               profession, the solution the Court implements-to construe
perspective of a reasonable client, taking into consideration     agreements based on the letterhead regardless of the parties'
the parties' relative bargaining power and other circumstances    understanding of their terms-could lead to unnecessarily
surrounding the agreement. See id. A reasonable client to         harsh results: a lawyer who made a mistake in choosing
whom this standard is applied is "a reasonable person in the      stationery-or even used the only stationery available-
client's circumstances." Id. I do not agree, however, that any    would lose. See Milton C. Regan, Jr. & Palmer T. Heenan,
potential ambiguities should be resolved against the attorney.    Supply Chains and Porous Boundaries: The Disaggregation
                                                                  ofLegal Services, 78 FORDHAML.REV. 2137,2191 (2010)
                                                                  (noting that the economic downturn marks a "transition for
                                                                  law firms less because of its immediate financial impact and
           III. ASSESSING AMBIGUITY IN
                                                                  more because it has highlighted and accelerated the trend
         ATTORNEY-CLIENT AGREEMENTS
                                                                  toward the disaggregation of legal services that had begun
The evaluation of whether an agreement is subject                 before it"). While the entire Court would hold lawyers to a
to multiple reasonable interpretations should be made             standard of reasonable clarity, perfection is not required. The
from the perspective of a reasonable person in the                Court's analysis of the agreement should focus on the terms as
client's circumstances. This does not mean, as Anglo-             negotiated and agreed to, not on interpretations that the parties
Dutch and the Court presume, that the individual                  (and, at times, their counsel) have subsequently adopted in
client's interpretation prevails. Instead, the reasonableness     light of the changed circumstances. While giving due weight
of potential interpretations will be viewed from the              to a lawyer's fiduciary obligations, we should do so from a
reasonable client's perspective, taking into consideration        reasonable, not predatory, client's perspective.
the circumstances surrounding the agreement's formation,
such as the parties' past dealings, their relative bargaining
                                                                  1. Reasonableness of alternative interpretations
power, and the client's experience negotiating such
agreements to determine whether the agreement was "truly          The Court holds that, even applying the Restatement's
negotiated". See id. If the court determines, as a matter         approach, a reasonable client would only interpret the
of law, that the agreement is subject to more than                agreement to be with Greenberg Peden. I disagree with that
one reasonable interpretation from a reasonable client's          mechanical approach: application of the factors outlined in
perspective, construction of the agreement becomes a fact         the Restatement leads me to conclude that the agreement
 issue for the judge or jury to resolve.                          is subject to multiple reasonable interpretations under the
                                                                  circumstances and thus ambiguous. The express terms of
The Court claims not to construe the agreement against the        the Anglo-Dutch agreement cast doubt that it could only be
attorney. See Levine, 40 S.W.3d at 94; Lopez, 22 S.W.3d           understood to form a contract with Greenberg Peden from a
at 860-61. However, in concluding that the circumstances          reasonable client's perspective.
surrounding the agreement do nothing to negate the letterhead
on which the agreement was printed, the Court does just that.     The Anglo-Dutch agreement invites more than one
The Restatement emphasizes that in applying the reasonable        reasonable interpretation of the parties' intentions in spite of
client standard, courts should not ignore "the usual resources    the fact that it was printed on Greenberg Peden letterhead
of contractual interpretation such as the language of the         and signed under a Greenberg Peden signature block. First,
contract, the circumstances in which it was *459 made,            the body of the agreement did not reference Greenberg
and the client's sophistication and experience in retaining and   Peden while it referred to McConn & Williams by name
compensating lawyers or lack thereof." RESTATEMENT                five separate times. It defined the client as "you and/
(THIRD) OF THE LAW GOVERNING LA WYERS § 18,                       or the companies which you control (Anglo-Dutch)" but
cmt. h. An agreement should be "construed in light of the         exclusively used personal pronouns throughout to refer to
circumstances in which it was made, the parties' past practice    Swonke. The one-page document repeatedly used language
and contracts, and whether it was truly negotiated." Id.          such as "I agree to assist Anglo-Dutch and [McConn &
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum lntematlonal, Inc. v.
s4 l'ex. sup. i::iJ.1669
Williams] for proportionately the same percentage (20%) of           and all other attorney or paralegal time will be billed at this
any benefit to McConn & Williams;" "the proportions under            law firm's normal rate for that person"); In re Enron Corp.
which my fees shall be calculated will be the ratio of the hours     Sec., Deriv. & ERIS'A Litig., 586 F. Supp. 2d 732, 767 and n.
I have spent ... relative to the hours [of McConn & Williams         32 (S.D.Tex.2008) (recognizing that law firm contingent fees
attorneys];" "if ... I spent 90 hours of my time towards the         take resources into account by holding that "in light of the
lawsuit, ... I would be entitled to receive;" "I shall be entitled   complexity and difficulty of the litigation, the fee percentage
to the benefit of any amendment;" "I will not be responsible         would have to be sufficient to create adequate incentives for
for any expenses other than those I may personally incur;"           the firm to dedicate the substantial resources, possibly over
and the like.                                                        a long period of time"). The agreement's compensation ratio
                                                                     and the use of personal pronouns throughout, in conjunction
Second, the fee structure contemplated by Anglo-Dutch and            with its use of Greenberg Peden letterhead and the Greenberg
Swonke, which based Swonke's compensation solely on the              Peden signature block, make it open to more than one
hours he individually billed, creates an ambiguity, *460             reasonable interpretation. Accordingly, it must be read in
especially when compared to other firm fee agreements. The           light of surrounding circumstances. See Columbia Gas, 940
applicable provision states that:                                    S.W.2d at 589; Sun Oil, 626 S.W.2d at 731.

             the proportions under which my fees
             shall be calculated will be the ratio of                2. Circumstances surrounding the agreement
             the hours I have spent or will spend
             on this matter relative to the hours the                It is undisputed that Van Dyke knew Greenberg Peden had
             attorneys at McConn & Williams have                     refused to represent Anglo-Dutch in the Halliburton lawsuit
             spent or will spend after the date the                  due to the large amount of unpaid legal bills and the history
             lawsuit was filed, rounded to the next                  of difficulty in collecting fees from Anglo-Dutch. Van Dyke
             whole percentage.                                       admitted that he knew that Anglo-Dutch's account payable
                                                                     exceeded $200,000, and that Greenberg Peden therefore
The four corners of the Anglo-Dutch agreement indicate that          wanted to play no part in the lawsuit against Halliburton.
Anglo-Dutch and Swonke negotiated a contingency fee based            Given this admission, it is difficult to see how a reasonable
solely on the hours Swonke (and no other Greenberg Peden             client in Anglo-Dutch's position could have believed that the
attorneys or support staff) worked on the lawsuit, divided           agreement was with the firm, rather than with Swanke.
by the total hours billed by "the attorneys at McConn &
Williams." 2 It is helpful to contrast this fee structure with the   Moreover, it is undisputed that the contract in this case
structure of the law firm agreement in Sacks, which likewise         arose in the context of genuine negotiations between Swanke
contained personal pronouns:                                         and the client, both of whom had previous experience
                                                                      *461 negotiating such agreements. Van Dyke testified that
                                                                     negotiating agreements was a significant portion of his job.
  My ... rate for this particular matter will be $200.00 per         He testified that Anglo-Dutch retained other counsel prior to
  hour. The other lawyers in my firm range from $150.00              switching to Greenberg Peden and had another attorney draft
  to $200.00 per hour, and paralegals range from $50.00 to           a demand letter to Halliburton prior to retaining McConn &
  $100.00 per hour. You are responsible for all costs and            Williams. Further, Van Dyke testified that he and Swanke had
  expenses in the case as incurred. These expenses include,          many discussions about contract drafting over the years, and
  but are not limited to, copies; binding; fax transmissions;        Swanke had even given Van Dyke advice on best practices
  travel; lodging; parking; etc.                                     when drafting agreements.
  Sacks, 266 S.W.3d at 448-49.
While the Anglo-Dutch agreement stated Swonke would                  Concerns that an attorney could exercise undue influence
not be responsible for expenses, it did not anticipate               over an existing client are valid, but they are minimized
compensation beyond one attorney's billable hours. Compare           here because this agreement was truly negotiated. The
Anglo-Dutch, 267 S.WJd at 460-61 with Sacks, 266                     agreement was not suggested by Swanke to an uninformed
S.W.3d at 448-49; In re Inslaw, Inc., 97 B.R. 685,                   and agreeable client-to the contrary, Van Dyke proposed
688 (Bankr.D.D.C.l989) (discussing an hourly law firm                it to ensure that he would continue to receive the benefit of
agreement stating that "[m ]y partner ... will be billed at $170     Swonke's experience when McConn & Williams refused to
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum lntemationai, inc. v. Greenberg ... , 352 S.W.3d 445 (2011}
54Tex. sup. ct: J..1669
                                                                        surrounding the agreement's formation, made it open to
compensate Swonke for his services. Although the Anglo-
                                                                        multiple interpretations. The use of the letterhead could lead
Dutch agreement is only one page, both Van Dyke and
                                                                        a reasonable client to believe the agreement was with the
Swonke testified that they negotiated its terms. Significantly,
                                                                        law firm. However, it was every bit as reasonable, given
there is undisputed evidence that Van Dyke, not Swonke,
                                                                        Greenberg Peden's repeated refusal to do more business
suggested the unusual compensation ratio that Swonke
                                                                        with Anglo-Dutch, for the client to understand that it was
initially resisted, requesting a flat percentage fee instead.
                                                                        a personal agreement with Swonke. Van Dyke's undisputed
                                                                        testimony that the firm declined all further representation
Viewing the agreement from a reasonable client's perspective,
                                                                        of Anglo-Dutch highlights the ambiguity resulting from
I disagree that Anglo-Dutch's interpretation is the only
                                                                        the circumstances surrounding the agreement's formation.
reasonable one. Certainly, the use of personal pronouns in
an engagement letter does not alone create an ambiguity                 His one-paragraph letter to Swonke, describing it as the
                                                                        agreement between "Anglo-Dutch and Greenberg Peden,"
as to whether the client hired a law firm or an individual
                                                                        showed only Anglo-Dutch's self-serving interpretation ofthe
lawyer. To be reasonable, an alternative interpretation
                                                                        agreement, not whether it would unmistakably be understood
must be one a client could reasonably understand from
                                                                        that way by a reasonable client given the scope of the
the agreement's language and the circumstances of the
negotiation between the parties. Yet the negotiations between           agreement. Moreover, because the letter is external to
the parties demonstrate an understanding that the law firm of           the contract's formation, it is not properly considered m
                                                                        determining whether the agreement is ambiguous.
Greenberg Peden was uninterested in future work for Anglo-
Dutch, and Swonke negotiated the compensation for himself
individually. The Court is persuaded by the letterhead on               Consideration of the language of the actual contract and the
which the agreement was printed after its terms were already            circumstances surrounding *462 its formation lead me to
                                                                        conclude that the fee agreement was ambiguous as a matter
negotiated and accepted by both parties, and by the language
                                                                        of law. Accordingly, I would hold that the trial court properly
of a Greenberg Peden assignment of interest letter, signed
                                                                        submitted the agreement's construction to the jury. Because
years after the agreement was reached. Neither one bears
on the parties' understanding at the time they reached their            the Court effectively construes the agreement against the
                                                                        lawyer, I am compelled to respectfully express my dissent.
agreement.

I would hold that the language of the agreement, as shown
                                                                        Parallel Citations
by the compensation ratio, the use of personal pronouns,
the use of Greenberg Peden letterhead and the Greenberg                 54 Tex. Sup. Ct. I. 1669
Peden signature block, together with the circumstances

Footnotes
1       267 S.W.3d 454 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist]2008).
2       An affiliate, Anglo--Dutch (Tenge) L.L.C., was also a plaintiff and is a petitioner here, wholly aligned with Anglo--Dutch Petroleum
        International, Inc.
3       Swanke wrote to Van Dyke on November 6, 2001: "For many years, I have had the pleasure of representing you and your interests
        through my association with Greenberg Peden, P.C. However, recently Greenberg Peden, P.C. has decided to dissolve. As a result,
        I will have the pleasure of continuing to represent your interests as 'Of Counsel' with the law firm of McConn & Williams, L.L.P ....
        I am planning to take your files with me to my new firm. If you do not wish for me to take your files, please contact me as soon as
        possible so that we can make arrangements for you to take possession of them."
4       267 S.W.3d 454.
5       53 Tex.Sup.Ct.J. 758 (May 28, 2010).
6       David J. Sacks. F. C. v. Haden, 266 S.W.3d 447, 451 (Tex.2008) (per curiam) (quoting Columbia Gas Transmission Corp. v. New
        Ulm Gas. Ltd., 940 S.W.2d 587,589 (Tex.l996)).
7       See Hoover Slovacek LLP v. Walton, 206 S.W.3d 557, 560 (Tex.2006) ("When interpreting and enforcing attorney-client fee
        agreements, it is 'not enough to simply say that a contract is a contract There are ethical considerations overlaying the contractual
        relationship.' "(quoting Lopez v. Muiio::. Hockema & Reed, L.L.P., 22 S.W.3d 857, 868 (Tex.2000) (Gonzales, J., concurring and
        dissenting))).
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum International, Inc. v.
54 'rex. sl.Jr). ct. 3.1669                          ......·. . ·.·.· ··
8       Keck, Mahin & Cate v. Nat'! Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa., 20 S.W.3d 692, 699 (Tex.2000) ("Contracts between attorneys
        and their clients negotiated during the existence of the attorney-client relationship are closely scrutinized."); Archer v. Griffith, 390
S.W.2d 735, 739 (Tex.1964) ("Although an attorney is not incapacitated from contracting with his client for compensation during
        the existence of the relation of attorney and client, and a fair and reasonable settlement of the compensation to be paid is valid
        and enforceable, if executed freely, voluntarily, and with full understanding by the client, the courts, because of the confidential
        relationship, scrutinize with jealousy all contracts between them for compensation which are made while the relation exists." (internal
        quotation marks omitted)); see also RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF THE LAW GOVERNING LAWYERS§ 18, cmt. e (2000)
        ("Client-lawyer fee contracts entered into after the matter in question is under way are subject to special scrutiny .... ").
9       Keck, 20 S.W.3d at 699 (citing Schlumberger Tech. Corp. v. Swanson, 959 S.W.2d 171, 175 (Tex.l997)).
10      Brief of Amicus Curiae Linda S. Eads, Associate Professor of Law, Dedman School of Law, Southern Methodist University, in
        Support of Petitioner at 2 L
11      ld. at 20-2 L
12      Brief of Amici Curiae Abrams Scott & Bickley, L.L.P., Arnold & Itkin LLP, Caddell & Chapman, Cornell, Smith & Mierl, LLP,
        Dawson, Sodd, Ellis & Hodge LLP, Law Office of James M_ McCormack, and Quilling, Selander, Cummiskey & Lownds, P.C., in
        Support ofPetitioner at 11-12. These firms describe themselves as follows: "Some ... are larger firms with multiple offices and dozens
        of attorneys practicing before the Texas bar; others are small firms with just a few attorneys. Some represent primarily defendants,
        some represent primarily plaintiffs, and some represent plaintiffs and defendants on a regular basis. The amici curiae are thus in a
           balanced position to address the interpretation of fee agreements between lawyers and their clients." I d. at I.
l3         RESTATEMENT(THIRD) OF THE LAW GOVERNING LAWYERS§ 18(2).
14      Sun Oil Co. (Delaware) v. Made ley, 626 S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex. 1981) ("If, in the light of surrounding circumstances, the language
        of the contract appears to be capable of only a single meaning, the court can then confine itself to the writing. Consideration of
        the facts and circumstances surrounding the execution of a contract, however, is simply an aid in the construction of the contract's
        language. There are limits.").
15      David J. Sacks, P.C. v. Haden, 266 S.W.3d 447, 450-451 (Tex.2008) (per curiam) (citation omitted) (quoting Nat'! Union Fire Ins.
        Co. of Pittsburgh, Fa. v. CBllndus., Inc., 907 S.W.2d 517, 520 (Tex.l995) (per curiam), and citing Universal C.l. T. Credit Corp.
        v. Daniel, !50 Tex. 513, 243 S.W.2d 154, !57 (1951)).
16      See Gannon v. Baker, 818 S.W.2d 754, 755-756 (Tex.1991) (per curiam) ("The parol evidence rule applies only to contractual or
        jural writings evidencing the creation, modification, termination or securing of a particular right or obligation. Brannon v. GulfStates
           Energy Cmp., 562 S.W.2d 219, 222 (Tex.1977). The rule does not apply to mere statements or recitals of past facts.").
17         RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF THE LAW GOVERNING LAWYERS§ 18 cmt. h.
1          See Brief of Amicus Curiae Linda S. Eads, Associate Professor of Law, Dedman School of Law, Southern Methodist University, in
           Support of Petitioner at 21. See Brief of Amici Curiae Abrams Scott & Bickley, L.L.P., Arnold & Itkin LLP, Caddell & Chapman,
           Cornell, Smith & Mierl, LLP, Dawson, Sodd, Ellis & Hodge LLP, Law Office of James M. McCormack, and Quilling, Selander,
           Cummiskey & Lownds, P.C., in Support of Petitioner. The law firm amici state that they "are not suggesting that lawyers and law
           firms should always lose a fee dispute." ld. at 8.
1          Two amicus briefs were submitted in support of Anglo-Dutch: one by Linda Eads, Associate Professor of Law at the Dedman School
           of Law and another by the law firms of Abrams Scott & Bickley, L.L.P.; Arnold & Itkin LLP; Caddell & Chapman; Cornell, Smith
           & Mierl, LLP; Dawson, Sodd, Ellis & Hodge LLP; Law Office of James M. McCormack; and Quilling, Selander, Cummiskey &
           Lownds, P.C.
2          Anglo-Dutch's agreement with McConn & Williams provided for a flat 20 percent contingency fee, later reduced to 16 and 2/3
           percent.

      of                                                                       5 Thon-.scn Reu!erc;. No d2in1    original     Governrnent VVorks.
APPENDIXE
                                      CAUSE NO. 2004-20712

ANGLO-DUTCH PETROLEUM                                              §       IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF
INTERNATIONAL, INC. et al.                                         §
  Plaintiffs,                                                      §
                                                                   §
vs.                                                                §       HARJUSCOUNTY,TEXAS~
                                                                                                                         _.=:   ~            ;
                                                                   §                                     ...........9!:;        C)           ~
GREENBERG PEDEN, P.C., et al.                                      §                                     Jlllllllillll   io     C'-.1

 Defendant.                                                        §       61 ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT ~ ~~ ~
                                                                                                          ... .... >-
                                                                                                   Jail! ..c 10 352
                         S.W.3d 445 (Tex. 2011).

In addition, the Court has reviewed the briefs and heard the oral arguments of the respective

parties on this issue.

        As to the threshold question, "Who are the parties to the Fee Agreement?" the Texas

Supreme Court has unequivocally answered that question. The Supreme Court, after extensive

briefing and oral arguments, has stated the Fee Agreement was "between Anglo-Dutch and

Greenberg Peden." Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int'l, Inc., 352 S.W.3d at 453. As such, only

Swanke's work while at Greenberg Peden is covered by the Fee Agreement.

        From that starting point, the Court looks to the Fee Agreement to determine the

appropriate formula for calculating the attorneys' fees. The Fee Agreement spells outs the

following:

        I [Greenberg Peden] agree to assist Anglo-Dutch and that firm [McConn & Williams] in
        this lawsuit [Cause No. 2000-22588; Anglo-Dutch (Fenge) eta!. v. Ramco et al., In the
                                      RECORDER'S MEMORANDUM
                                      This instrument is of poor quality                                     524
                                            at the time of imaging
        I 51st Judicial District Court ofHarris County, Texas] for proportionately the same
        percentage (20%) of any benefit to McConn & Williams reflected in such agreement.
        However, I will not be responsible for any expenses other than those I may personally
        incur. Further, the proportions under which my fees shall be calculated will be the ratio of
        the hours I have spent or will spend on this matter relative to the hours the attorneys at
        McConn & Williams have spent or will spend after the date the lawsuit was filed,
        rounded to the next whole percentage.

Fee Agreement, page 1. [not in original]

The Court reads the above recitals to result in the following formula:

        Greenberg Peden Hours/McCmm Williams Hours= X (rounded up to the next whole
        percentage) (XI). Xl x 20% = X2.

The Fee Agreement goes on to say that the factor X2 will be applied to "gross revenues and other

benefits received" to determine the attorneys' fees.

        We know "gross revenues" to be $51,000,000.00 which represents the amount of the

negotiated settlement. In addition, the parties have agreed that Swanke spent 277 hours on the

representation while at Greenberg Peden and that McConn Williams spent 11,652 on the

representation. Hence, the Court makes the following calculation under the guidance of the

Texas Supreme Court, the Fee Agreement, and the undisputed evidence:

                277 Hours/11,652 Hours= 2.37% (rounded to 3%). 3% x 20% = .006% .
                .006 X $51,000,000.00 = $306,000.00

Thus, under the Fee Agreement the Court determines that the attorneys' fees due to Greenberg

Peden (and now Swanke by way of assignment) are $306,000.00. This determination will be

applied to and will be used to resolve all outstanding issues remaining in the above captioned

case.

                      MAY 1 5 2012
        Signed _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

                                                                                              525
APPENDIXF
                                    CAUSE NO. 2004-20712

ANGLO-DUTCH PETROLEUM                            §     IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF
INTERNATIONAL, INC. and                          §
ANGLO-DUTCH (TENGE), LLC,                        §
                                                 §                                       ~          ~
                                                                                              .... .!It
       PLAINTIFFS,                               §                                             .m
                                                                                         filil c- ~ =              I
                                                                                                          =
                                                                                                          C'o.J
                                                 §                                              cuU
v.                                               §        HARRIS COUNTY, TEXAS           ~~~
                                                 §                                       ........ .c.     ~
GREENBERG PEDEN, P.C. and                        §                                       ,....us          2
GERARD J. SWONKE,                                §                                       ~
                                                 §
        DEFENDANTS.                              §           6lst JUDICIAL DISTRICT                               ~ !"
                                            ORDER

        The Court has considered Anglo-Dutch Petroleum International, Inc. and Anglo-Dutch

(Tenge) LLC's Motion for Interlocutory Summary Judgment (the "Motion"). After considering

the Motion, the responses and replies thereto, if any, and the arguments of counsel, if any, the

Court is of the opinion that the Motion is meritorious and should be GRANTED in all respects. It

is therefore,

        ORDERED that Defendant Gerard J. Swonke TAKE NOTHING on his Breach of

Contract Counterclaim. It is further,

        ORDERED that Defendant Gerard J. Swonke TAKE NOTHING on his request for

attorneys' fees pursuant to Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem Code§ 38.001 et seq. It is further,

        ORDERED that Defendant Gerard J. Swonke TAKE NOTHING on his Declaratory

Judgment Counterclaim. It is further,

        ORDERED that Defendant Gerard J. Swonke is precluded, as a matter of law, from

recovering attorneys' fees under Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem Code§ 37.009. It is further,

        ORDERED that Anglo-Dutch is entitled to attorneys' fees as are equitable and just

pursuant to Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem Code§ 37.009. It is further,

                                                                                         668
       ORDERED that Defendant, Greenberg Peden, P.C., recover $4,063.70 prejudgment

interest through September 28, 2012. It is further,

       ORDERED that Defendant, Greenberg Peden, P.C. recover prejudgment interest at the

rate of$1.73 per day from September 28, 2012, through the date of the entry of the judgment.

       Signed this _ _ _ day o,_AY_2_3_20_\3_--jjl1-r

                                                -2-

                                                                                         669
APPENDIXG
                                      CAUSE NO. 2004-20712

ANGLO-DUTCH PETROLEUM                                              §     IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF
INTERNATIONAL, INC. et al.                                         §
  Plain tiffs,                                                     §
                                                                   §
vs.                                                                §     HARRIS COUNTY, TEXAS
                                                                   §
GREENBERG PEDEN, P.C., et al.                                      §
 Defendant.                                                        §     61 5 T JUDICIAL DISTRICT

                                         FINAL JUDGMENT

       The parties to this final judgment are Anglo-Dutch Petroleum International, Inc., Anglo-

Dutch (Tenge), LLC (collectively "Anglo-Dutch"), Greenberg Peden, P.C. ("Greenberg Peden"),

and Gerald J. Swonke ("Swonke").

                                                        Trial

       On January 13, 2014, this case was called for trial. All parties appeared and announced

ready for trial. A jury was impaneled and sworn; it heard the evidence and arguments of counsel.

In response to the Charge of the Court, the jury made findings that the Court received, filed, and

entered of record on January 15, 2014. The questions submitted to the jury and the jury's

findings are attached as Exhibit A and incorporated by reference.

                                                   Post-Trial

       Swanke and Greenberg Peden moved the Court to rule as a matter of law that Anglo-

Dutch waived its trial, appellate, and post-remand attorneys' fees and costs claims. The Court

denied that motion. Swanke and Greenberg Peden also moved the Court to disregard the jury's

findings to Questions 2(2) and 4(B). The Court initially denied that motion, but upon

reconsideration has agreed to that motion. Specifically, after considering the evidence introduced

at trial, the jury's verdict, and the entire record, the Court finds that an award of attorneys' fees

or costs to Anglo-Dutch would not be equitable or just.

                                     RECORDER'S MEMORANDUM
                                     Th1s mstrument IS of poor qualrty
                                          at the t1me of 1magmg
                                                                                                    1302
       Anglo-Dutch moved for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict. The Court denied that

motion.

                                          Judgment Decrees

          Based upon the Court's pretrial rulings, the jury's verdict, and the post-verdict arguments

of counsel, the judgment should be and is now hereby RENDERED as set forth below:

          1.     As requested in Plaintiffs' First Amended Petition at page 7,    ~   23(a), the Court

DECLARES that the Fee Agreement is between Anglo-Dutch and Greenberg Peden, and not

between Anglo-Dutch and Swanke individually.

          2.     As requested in Plaintiffs' First Amended Petition at 7 ~ 23(c), the Court

DECLARES that: (1) the numerator in the hours ratio in the fee formula in the Fee Agreement is

the hours Greenberg Peden worked on the Halliburton Lawsuit and does not include the hours

Swanke worked on the Halliburton Lawsuit while of counsel to McConn & Williams; and (2) the

hours Swanke worked on the Halliburton Lawsuit while of counsel to McConn & Williams are

included in the denominator in the fee fommla in the Fee Agreement.

          3.     The Court DECLARES that the fee owed under the Fee Agreement is based on

Anglo-Dutch's gross recovery in the Halliburton Lawsuit.

          4.     As requested in Plaintiffs' First Amended Petition at 7-8   ~   23(d), the Court

DECLARES that the rounding up to the next whole percentage that is required by the Fee

Agreement occurs after the hours ratio is determined before, not after, the hours ratio is

multiplied by 20%.

          5.      Based on the parties' stipulations that (a) Anglo-Dutch's gross recovery in the

Halliburton Lawsuit was $51,000,000, (b) Swanke worked on the Halliburton Lawsuit for 277

hours while of counsel to Greenberg Peden, and (c) McConn & Williams' attorneys, and Swanke

                                              Page 2 of 4

                                                                                                    1303
     while of counsel to McConn & Williams, worked on the Halliburton Lawsuit for a total of

     11,652 hours, the Court DECLARES that Greenberg Peden (and now Swanke by way of

     assignment) is owed $306,000.00 under the Fee Agreement.

              6.     The Court ORDERS Anglo-Dutch, jointly and severally, to pay Swonke

     $306,000.00.

              7.     The Court ORDERS that Swonke take nothing on his breach of contract

     counterclaim.

              8.     The Court ORDERS that Swonke take nothing on his request for attorneys' fees

     pursuant to Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code§ 38.001 et seq.

              9.     The Court ORDERS that Swonke take nothing on his declaratory judgment

     counterclaim.

              10.    The Court ORDERS that Swonke take nothing on his fraud and exemplary

     damages claims.

              11.    The Court ORDERS that Swonke is precluded, as a matter oflaw, from
.-   recovering attorneys' fees under Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code § 37.009.

              12.    The Court ORDERS that Swanke take nothing on his request for attorneys' fees

     pursuant to Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code§ 37.009.

              13.    The Comt ORDERS that Anglo-Dutch, jointly and severally, pay Swonke

     $42,127.40 in prejudgment interest.

              14.    The Court ORDERS that Anglo-Dutch take nothing from Swonke or Greenberg

     Peden on Angle-Dutch's claims for trial, appellate, and post-remand attorneys' fees and costs.

              15.    The Court (as required by T.R.C.P. 131) ORDERS that Swonke and Greenberg

     Peden, jointly and severally, pay all costs of court expended or incurred in this action by Anglo-

     Dutch.
                                                 Page 3 of 4

                                                                                                 1304
       16.     The Court ORDERS that Anglo-Dutch, jointly and severally, to pay post-

judgment interest on the amount of$348,127.40 at the rate of8.25% per annum, compounded

annually, from the date of the Original Final Judgment until paid.

       17.     The Court ORDERS execution to issue for this judgment.

                                       Finality of Judgment

       All relief not expressly granted in this Final Judgment is he   y DENIED. This

judgment is final, disposes of all claims and parties, and is appeal
                                              MAY 1 3 2014
       SIGNED this __ day o f - - - - - - - - - - - e - - 1 1 -

                                             Page 4 of4

                                                                                        1305
                                                                               ORIGINAL
 .,.
 ....
 0

 ..."'....
......
             ANGLO-DUTCH PETROLEUM
                                           CAUSE NO. 2004-20712

                                                   §
                                                                                              @
'...                                                             IN THE DISTRICT COURT
             INTERNATIONAL, INC. and               §
             ANGLO-DUTCH (fENGE), LLC              §
                                                   §            HARRIS COUNTY, TEXAS
             vs.                                   §
                                                   §
             GREENBERG PEDEN, P.C. and             §                                                   ..
                                                                                                       .,
             GERARD J. SWONKE                      §                                                   •

                                       CHARGEOFTHECOURT
             MEMBERS OF THE JURY:

                   After the closing arguments, you will go to the jury room to decide the case,
             answer the questions that are attached, and reach a verdict. You may discus~ the case
             with other jurors only when you are all together in the jury room.

                   'Remember my previous instructions: Do not discuss the case with anyone
                       l

             else, either in person or by any other means. Do not do any independent
             investigation about the case or conduct any research. Do not look up any words in
             dictionaries or. on the Internet. Do not post information about the case on the
             Internet. Do not share any special knowledge or experiences with the other jurors.
             Do not use your phone or any other electronic device during your deliberations for
             any reason. I will give you a number where others may contact you in case of an
             emergency.

                    Any notes you have taken are for your own personal use. You may take your
             notes back into the jury room and consult them during deliberations, but do not show
             or read your notes to your fellow jurors during your deliberations. Your notes are
             not evidence. Each of you should rely on your independent recollection of the
             evidence and not be influenced by the fact that another juror has or has not taken
             notes.

                    You must leave your notes with the bailiff when you are not deliberating. The
             bailiff will give your notes to me promptly after collecting them from you. I will
             make sure your notes are kept in a safe, secure location and not disclosed to anyone.
             After you complete your deliberations, the bailiff will collect your notes. When you

                                               EXHIBIT A
                                                                                                1306
       are reJeased from jury duty, the bailiff will promptly destroy your notes so that
       nobody can read what you wrote.

             Here are the instructions for answering the questions.

                   1.     Do not let bias, prejudice, or sympathy play any part in your
                          decision.

                   2.     Base your answers only on the evidence admitted in court and on
                          the law that is in these instructions and questions. Do not
                          consider or discuss any evidence that was not admitted in the
                          courtroom.

                   3.     You are to make up your own minds about the facts. You are the
                          sole judges of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to
                          give their testimony. But on matters of Jaw, you must follow all
                          of my instructions.

                   4.     If my instructions use a word in a way that is different from its
                          ordinary meaning, use the meaning I give you, which will be a
                          proper legal definition.

                   5.     All the questions and answers are important. No one should say
                          that any question or answer is not important.

                    6.    Answer "yes" or "no" to all questions unless you are told
                          otherwise. A "yes" answer must be based on a preponderance of
                          the evidence unless you are told otherwise. Whenever a question
                          requires an answer other than "yes" or "no," your answer must
                          be based on a preponderance of the evidence unless you are told
                          otherwise.

                          The tenn "preponderance of the evidence" means the greater
                          weight of credible evidence presented in this case. If you do not
                          find that a preponderance of the evidence supports a "yes"
....                      answer, then answer "no." A preponderance of the evidence is

z                         documents admitted in evidence. For a fact to be proved by a
                          preponderance of the evidence, you must find that the fact is
                          more likely true than not true.
                                             Page 2 of 12

                                         EXHIBIT A
                                                                                        1307
                   7.     Do not decide who you think should win before you answer the
                          questions and then just answer the questions to match your
                          decision. Answer each question carefully without considering
                          who will win. Do not discuss or consider the effect your answers
                          will have.

                   8.     Do not answer questions by drawing straws or by any method of
                          chance.

                   9.     Some questions might ask you for a dollar amount. Do not agree
                          in advance to decide on a dollar amount by adding up each
                          juror's amount and then figuring the average.

                    10.   Do not trade your answers. For example, do not say, "I will
                          answer this question your way if you answer another question
                          my way."

                    11.   Unless otherwise instructed, the answers to the questions must be
                          based on the decision of at least ten of the twelve jurors. The
                          same ten jurors must agree on every answer. Do not agree to be
                          bound by a vote of anything less than ten jurors, even if it would
                          be a majority.

              As I have said before, if you do not follow these instructions, you will be
       guilty of juror misconduct, and I might have to order a new trial and start this
       process over again. This would waste your time and the parties' money, and would
       require the taxpayers of this county to pay for another trial. If a juror breaks any of
       these rules, tell that person to stop and report it to me immediately.

5
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                                             Page 3 of 12
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                                                Page 5 of 12
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                                           EXHIBIT A
                                                                                              1310
        8. Whether the fee is fixed or contingent on results obtained or uncertainty
           of collection before the legal services have been rendered.

        Answer with an amount for each of the following:

        l. For representation for the prior appeal to the court of appeals.

        Answer:   __:I 0_____
                       _..:;:.

        2. For representation for the prior appeal to the Supreme Court of Texas.

        Answer:       ..i/ 50; ct?O
                  ------~------

....0
.£>
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                                        Page 6 of 12

                                    EXHIBIT A
                                                                                    1311
       QUESTION NO.3:

              What is a reasonable fee for the necessary services of Anglo-Dutch
       Petroleum International, Inc. and Anglo-Dutch (Tenge), LLC's attorneys, stated in
       dollars and cents?

              You are instructed to include only reasonable fees for necessary services that
       relate to Anglo-Dutch Petroleum International, Inc. and Anglo-Dutch (Tenge),
       LLC's declaratory judgment claims.

               You are further instructed that if any attorney's fees relate solely to a claim
       for which such fees are unrecoverable, a claimant must segregate recoverable from
       unrecoverable fees. Intertwined facts do not make unrecoverable fees recoverable;
       it is only when discrete legal services advance both a recoverable and
       unrecoverable claim that they are so intertwined that they need not be segregated.
       A party, however, may recover attorney's fees incurred in overcoming defenses or
       counterclaims to a claim for which attorney's fees are recoverable.

              You are further instructed to exclude from your answer any attorney's fees
       that relate solely to claims for breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, negligence, and
       gross negligence.

             Factors to consider in determining a reasonable fee include

              1. The time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions
                 involved, and the skill required to perform the legal services properly.

              2. The likelihood that the acceptance of the particular employment will
                 preclude other employment by the lawyer.

             3. The fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services.

              4. The amount involved and the results obtained.

              5. The time limitations imposed by the client or by the circumstances.

              6. The nature and length of the professional relationship with the client.

;::
0
              7. The experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyers or lawyers
E                performing the services.
5
0
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"0
 0                                            Page 7 of 12
t;::
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 IIJ
u
                                          EXHIBIT A
                                                                                            1312
      8. Whether the fee is fixed or contingent on results obtained or uncertainty
         of collection before the legal services have been rendered.

Answer with an amount, if any, for each of the following:

      I. For representation in the trial court fi·om December 16,2011 to the
         present.

      Answer:       _j/0
                ------~---------

      2. For representation for an appeal in the court of appeals.

      Answer:         ::/r 0
                ------~~-------

      3. For representation at the petition for review stage in the Supreme Court
         of Texas.

      Answer:        :flo
                -----------------
      4. For representation at the merits briefing stage in the Supreme Court of
         Texas.                                                              ·

      Answer:        j/ 0
                -------=---------
      5. For representation through oral argument and the completion of
         proceedings in the Supreme Court of Texas.

      Answer:         Ito

                                     Page 8 of 12

                                  EXHIBIT A
                                                                                    1313
QUESTION NO. 4:

     State the amount of reasonable and necessary costs incurred, if any, by
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum International, Inc. and Anglo-Dutch (Tenge), LLC.

       You are instructed to include only reasonable costs for necessary services
that relate to Anglo-Dutch Petroleum International, Inc. and Anglo-Dutch (Tenge),
LLC's declaratory judgment claims.

      You are further instructed that if any costs relate solely to a claim for which
such costs are unrecoverable, a claimant must segregate recoverable from
unrecoverable costs. Intertwined facts do not make unrecoverable costs
recoverable; it is only when discrete costs advance both a recoverable and
unrecoverable claim that they are so intertwined that they need not be segregated.
A party, however, may recover costs incurred in overcoming defenses or
counterclaims to a claim for which costs are recoverable.

       You are further instructed to exclude from your answer any costs that relate
solely to claims for breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, negligence, and gross
negligence.

      Answer with an amount for each of the following:

       a.    For representation in the original trial court and post-trial motions
             ending in February 2007.

       Answer:          1fo
                 ----------------------------

       b.    For representation through the prior appeal to the Court of Appeals
             and to the Supreme Court of Texas.

       Answer:            :If/ ;}.. , 0 0 0
                 --------~--~-------------

       c.     For representation from the issuance of the Supreme Court of Texas'
               December 16, 20 I I, Mandate to the completion of proceedings in the
       trial court.

       Answer:
                 ----------------------------
                                        Page 9 of 12

                                   EXHIBIT A
                                                                                     1314
!-

                                     Presiding Juror:

                  l.    When you go into the jury room to answer the questions, the first
           thing you will need to do is choose a presiding juror.

                 2.    The presiding juror has these duties:

                        a.    have the complete charge read aloud if it will be helpful to
                              your deliberations;

                        b.    preside over your deliberations, meaning manage the
                              discussions, and see that you follow these instructions;

                        c.    give written questions or comments to the bailiff who will
                              give them to the judge;

                        d.    write down the answers you agree on;

                        e.    get the signatures for the verdict certificate; and

                        f.    notifY the bailiff that you have reached a verdict.

          Do you understand the duties of the presiding juror? If you do not, please tell
     me now.

     Instructions for Signing the Verdict Certificate:

                 1.     Unless otherwise instructed, you may answer the questions on a
           vote of ten jurors. The same ten jurors must agree on every answer in the
           charge. This means you may not have one group of ten jurors agree on one
           answer and a different group often jurors agree on another answer.

                 2.     If ten jurors agree on every answer, those ten jurors sign the
           verdict.

                  If eleven jurors agree on every answer, those eleven jurors sign the
           verdict.

                 If all twelve of you agree on every answer, you are unanimous and only
           the presidingjuror signs the verdict.

                                          Page 10of12

                                      EXHIBIT A
                                                                                       1315
      3.     All jurors should deliberate on every question. You may end up
with all twelve of you agreeing on some answers, while only ten or eleven of
you agree on other answers. But when you sign the verdict, only those ten
who agree on every answer will sign the verdict.

Do you understand these instructions? If you do not, please tell me now.

                               Page 11 of 12

                           EXHIBIT A
                                                                           1316
                                         Verdict Certificate

        Check one:

        _ _ Our verdict is unanimous. All twelve of us have agreed to each and every answer.
        The presiding juror has signed the certificate for all twelve of us.

        Signature of Presiding Juror                  Printed Name of Presiding Juror

        _ _ Our verdict is not unanimous. Eleven of us have agreed to each and every answer
        and have signed the certificate below.

          Vour verdict is not unanimous. Ten of us have agreed to each ;nd every answer and
        have signed the certificate below.

        Signature                                    Name Printed

                 ~bi01All
        I.

        2.                                            S;h'~ 1/Jmlerr- fA Hit;
                                                            ?vtl!ler~ GJtcfvv....,
                    ~
        3.

        4.                                                  (!JJfiet.eS .;./. ~
        5.                                             ]) an 11 ()-   0   ~~I .£On
        6.                                              Mlrflim PA-LOR,fvl'b
        7.
-
N
....0
N
        8.

        9.

        10.

        11.

                                                               -
             4      -'-~                                !&z&q~0-HL~
        Signature of Presiding Juror                  Printed Name of Presiding Juror

                                             Page 12 of12

                                          EXHIBIT A
                                                                                           1317