Court Opinion

ID: 3021502
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:24:53.21486+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:47:28.627557
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                    FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
      ___________

      No. 97-2482
      ___________

United States of America,      *
                               *
            Appellee,          *
                               *
      v.                       *
                               *
Arlie D. Maggard,              *
                               *
            Appellant.         *

      ___________                  Appeals from the United States
                                   District Court for the
      No. 97-2483                  Western District of Missouri.
      ___________

United States of America,      *
                               *
            Appellee,          *
                               *
      v.                       *
                               *
Daisy Dawn Maggard,            *
                               *
            Appellant.         *
             ___________

             No. 97-3180
             ___________

      United States of America,           *
                                          *
                    Appellee,             *
                                          *
             v.                           *
                                          *
      Timothy J. Maggard,                 *
                                          *
                    Appellant.            *
                                     ___________

                                Submitted: January 15, 1998

                                    Filed: September 18, 1998
                                     ___________

Before LOKEN, FLOYD R. GIBSON, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

FLOYD R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge.

     In these direct criminal appeals, Arlie D. Maggard, Daisy Dawn Maggard, and
Timothy J. Maggard, (collectively "the appellants") challenge their convictions and
sentences, claiming the district court1 committed the following errors. Arlie and Daisy
each challenge the sufficiency of the evidence against them and various sentencing

      1
      The HONORABLE RUSSELL G. CLARK, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Missouri.

                                          -2-
issues.2 Tim Maggard challenges the admission of evidence of prior offenses, the
court's refusal to offer an addict instruction, and several sentencing issues.3 For the
reasons set forth below, we affirm.

I.    BACKGROUND

       Arlie, Daisy and Tim4 challenge their convictions and sentences which resulted
from an investigation into methamphetamine distribution in the Springfield, Missouri
area. Between March 3, 1995 and July 11, 1996, local law enforcement agents
executed several search warrants at the appellants' residences. Searches of Arlie's and
Daisy's residence uncovered a plastic baggy containing 8.31 grams of a substance
containing methamphetamine and syringes containing methamphetamine residue. A
July 11, 1996 search of Arlie's truck uncovered several baggies containing a total of 10
grams of methamphetamine. Searches of Tim's residence resulted in the seizure of
drug scales, plastic baggier, a cutting agent commonly added to methamphetamine, a
drug ledger, and over $3,000 in cash.

      Following a September 23, 1995, search of Tim's residence, Tim was charged
with and pleaded guilty to the state offense of distribution, delivery and manufacture

      2
        Arlie and Daisy both challenge the drug quantities that the district court
attributed to them at sentencing. Arlie challenges the district court's upward
adjustment of his sentence based upon his role in the offense and obstruction of justice.
Additionally, Arlie challenges the district court's failure to make a finding regarding the
type of methamphetamine attributed to him.
      3
        Tim challenges the drug quantity that the district court attributed to him, the
court's failure to make a finding regarding the type of methamphetamine attributed to
him, and his classification under the Sentencing Guidelines as a career offender.
      4
       Arlie and Daisy Maggard are husband and wife. Tim and Arlie Maggard are
brothers.

                                           -3-
of a controlled substance. Tim began serving the five-year sentence imposed for that
offense on October 18, 1995.5

       On September 18, 1996, a Grand Jury returned a twelve-count, second
superseding indictment in which Arlie, Daisy and Tim, along with four other
individuals,6 were charged with participating in a conspiracy to distribute
methamphetamine between October, 1994 and July 11, 1996. See 21 U.S.C. § 846
(1994). The indictment also charged Arlie with two counts of possession with intent to
distribute methamphetamine and Daisy with one count of possession with intent to
distribute methamphetamine. See 21 U.S.C. §841(a)(1) (1994). Tim was also charged
with two counts of being a felon in possession of a firearm, see 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)
(1994), and with one count of criminal forfeiture, see 21 U.S.C. § 853 (1994). The
district court tried the appellants simultaneously.

       Over the course of a three-day trial, the government offered the testimony of
fourteen law enforcement officers, two participants in the charged conspiracy,7 and four
other individuals8 admittedly involved in the methamphetamine culture in southern

      5
       Therefore, Tim was incarcerated during the last nine months of the charged
conspiracy.
      6
       Roger Hilburn, Mary Schumacher, Leo Willis, and Clarence Van Zant were
each charged with conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine. Roger Hilburn was also
charged with one count of possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine. Mary
Schumacher was charged with three counts of distribution of methamphetamine. Leo
Willis was charged with one count of possession with intent to distribute
methamphetamine and one count of distribution of methamphetamine.
      7
       Roger Hilburn and Mary Schumacher each pleaded guilty to conspiracy charges
and testified for the prosecution in exchange for a downward departure in their
sentences.
      8
      Martin Bean, John Mahan, Patty Bristol, and Sue Ann Evans testified for the
government. Bean, Mahan and Evans each testified under an agreement with the
government that they would not be prosecuted for any incriminating statements made

                                          -4-
Missouri. The government's witnesses testified that Arlie and Daisy were at the center
of a large methamphetamine distribution conspiracy and that the husband and wife team
provided methamphetamine to at least four people who acted as distributors of the
drugs. Tim Maggard, Arlie's brother, was one of those distributors. This testimony also
named Roger Hilburn, Leo Willis and Clarence Van Zant as distributors of
methamphetamine supplied by Arlie.

      Following the presentation of the government's evidence, Arlie and Daisy
submitted motions for judgment of acquittal which the district court denied. After the
presentation of the defendants' evidence, Arlie and Tim submitted motions for judgment
of acquittal. The district court also denied these motions.

       On January 9, 1997, the jury found Arlie, Daisy and Tim guilty of participating
in a conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine. See 21 U.S.C. § 846. The jury found
Arlie and Daisy guilty of one count of possession with intent to distribute
methamphetamine. See 21 U.S.C. §841(a)(1). Tim was found guilty of criminal
forfeiture. See 21 U.S.C. § 853. The trial judge sentenced Arlie to 360 months
imprisonment for his role in the conspiracy and 240 months imprisonment for
possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine, both sentences to run
concurrently. The trial judge sentenced Daisy to 235 months imprisonment for the
conspiracy and possession charges, sentences to run concurrently. Tim was sentenced
to 360 months imprisonment for his role in the conspiracy. In this consolidated appeal,
the appellants challenge their convictions and sentences.

during their testimony. Bristol testified under an agreement with the government to
reduce her sentence in another case in which she had pleaded guilty to conspiracy to
distribute and manufacture methamphetamine.

                                         -5-
II.    DISCUSSION
       A. Arlie and Daisy Maggard
              1. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Arlie and Daisy each contend that the evidence is insufficient to support their
convictions and that the district court erred in denying their motions for judgments of
acquittal. "In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a guilty verdict, we
view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and accept as established all
reasonable inferences supporting the verdict." United States v. Padilla-Pena, 129 F.3d
457, 464 (8th Cir. 1997), cert. denied 118 S. Ct. 2063 (1998). We will uphold a
conviction which is supported by substantial evidence. See United States v. Black
Cloud, 101 F.3d 1258, 1263 (8th Cir. 1996) (citations omitted). Substantial evidence
need not exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence, but must be sufficient to
convince the jury of the defendants' guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States
v. Harrison, 133 F.3d 1084, 1085 (8th Cir. 1998) (internal citations and quotations
omitted).

       Arlie's and Daisy's challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence rests largely upon
the fact that the most damaging testimony against them is attributable to other
participants in the conspiracy or witnesses whose testimony the government secured
with plea agreements or immunity deals. Both appellants argue that the government's
evidence was limited to "what some snitches, who clearly were given a motive in their
plea deals to say whatever they could against Daisy and Arlie Maggard, could contrive."
Appellant's Br. at 23. Arlie and Daisy attack the testimony of the government's
witnesses as uncorroborated and generally unreliable. Due to the identity of the
government witnesses, the appellants claim that the government failed to produce
sufficient evidence upon which to base their convictions.

       We find the appellants' challenges unavailing for a number of reasons. In
appellants' trial, several witnesses testified to Arlie's and Daisy's role in the distribution

                                             -6-
and sale of large quantities of methamphetamine. Roger Hilburn testified that Arlie
supplied him with one ounce of methamphetamine per day from October, 1994 until
Hilburn was arrested in mid-February, 1995. Hilburn testified that Arlie supplied Tim
Maggard and Leo Willis with similar quantities of methamphetamine daily. According
to Hilburn, Clarence Van Zant also regularly received methamphetamine from Arlie,
although less frequently and in smaller quantities than the other conspirators. Regarding
Daisy, Hilburn testified that Daisy regularly accompanied her husband when the
methamphetamine was distributed and that Daisy kept track of money owed to the
Maggards. Hilburn also testified that Daisy was Arlie's partner in the conspiracy and
that Daisy had occasionally hidden drugs on her body, presumably in order to avoid
detection.

      Other government witnesses testified that Arlie supplied the methamphetamine
eventually sold by Tim Maggard, Roger Hilburn, Leo Willis and Clarence Van Zant.
Although the government's witnesses did not discuss Daisy's involvement in the
conspiracy to the same extent as Arlie's and Tim's, more than one witness testified that
Daisy was Arlie's partner in the distribution and sale of methamphetamine. For
example, testimony at trial revealed that Daisy would frequently accompany Arlie when
the drugs were distributed. Patty Bristol testified that Daisy had helped Bristol
manufacture methamphetamine on occasion.

        It is well established that "it is the sole province of the jury to weigh the
credibility of a witness." United States v. Wright, 119 F.3d 630, 634 (8th Cir. 1997)
(internal citations and quotations omitted). As the trial record makes clear, appellants'
counsel cross-examined each witness with whom the government had made plea
agreements and attempted to expose the witnesses' potential for bias and self-interest.
Appellants' counsel also appropriately attempted to raise questions regarding the
credibility of the government's witnesses in closing arguments. The jury's choice to
credit the testimony of those witnesses was within its province, and we will uphold the
conviction if substantial evidence supports it. See United States v. Bass, 121 F.3d

                                          -7-
1218, 1221 (8th Cir. 1997); United States v. Cabrera, 116 F.3d 1243, 1245 (8th Cir.
1997). After a thorough review of the record, we cannot say that the evidence was
insufficient to convince a reasonable juror of appellants' guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt. We therefore affirm Arlie's and Daisy's convictions.

             2. Sentencing Issues

      Arlie and Daisy also challenge their sentences that the district court imposed,
arguing that the court erred in the amount of drugs attributed to them. At appellants'
sentencing hearings, the district court found that Arlie and Daisy were each responsible
for between 10 and 30 kilograms of methamphetamine. In accordance with the
Sentencing Guidelines, Arlie received a 360 month sentence, and Daisy received a 235
month sentence for their offenses.

       The law regarding the government's burden of proof, duties of the sentencing
court, and the standard of review concerning the determination of drug quantities and
application of the Sentencing Guidelines is well established. The government must
prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, the quantities of drugs attributed to a
defendant for sentencing purposes. See Padilla-Pena, 129 F.3d at 467. The district
court is required to make findings of fact and rule on unresolved objections to the
presentence report. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(c)(1). A sentencing judge who also
presided over the trial, as in this case, may base his factual findings on the trial record
and is not required to hold an evidentiary hearing prior to sentencing. See United
States v. Wiggins, 104 F.3d 174, 178 (8th Cir. 1997). We review a sentencing court's
findings of fact regarding the quantity of drugs attributed to defendants for clear error.
See United States v. Payne, 119 F.3d 637, 645 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 454
(1997).

                                           -8-
       Arlie and Daisy contend that their cases should be remanded for re-sentencing
because the sentencing judge failed to specifically rule or estimate the amount of drugs
attributable to them. We disagree.

        Both appellants were convicted of conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine and
are therefore responsible for "all reasonably foreseeable acts . . . of others in furtherance
of the jointly undertaken criminal activity." United States Sentencing Commission,
Guidelines Manual, §1B1.3(a)(1)(B) (Nov. 1995) [hereinafter U.S.S.G.]. Testimony
at trial demonstrated that appellants were at the center of a large methamphetamine
distribution ring.9 The sentencing judge could properly consider the total amount of
drugs involved in the conspiracy in determining the quantity of drugs attributable to
these appellants. Furthermore, the Sentencing Guidelines provide that "[w]here . . . the
amount seized does not reflect the scale of the offense, the court shall approximate the
quantity of the controlled substance." U.S.S.G. §2D1.1, comment. (n.12) (Nov. 1995).

       In appellants' cases, the government admittedly relied upon the testimony of co-
conspirators and immunized witnesses to establish the scale of the conspiracy because
a relatively small amount of drugs was actually seized by law enforcement agents.
Under these circumstances, the sentencing judge's use of witnesses' testimony to
establish drug amounts was proper, see United States v. Dierling, 131 F.3d 722, 736
(8th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 1379 (1998). Although a more detailed record

       9
       A sampling of the testimony produced at trial includes evidence that Roger
Hilburn, Tim Maggard and Leo Willis each received approximately one ounce of
methamphetamine daily at different time periods throughout the duration of the
conspiracy. Tim Maggard also confessed to one of the agents involved in the case that
for four to five months he had been distributing approximately four ounces of
methamphetamine daily. Witnesses also testified to having been present and seen large
quantities (two pounds on one occasion, five pounds at another time) of
methamphetamine in Arlie's possession.

                                            -9-
addressing trial testimony and specific amounts would have been preferable,10 we
cannot say that the attribution to appellants of 10 to 30 kilograms of methamphetamine
was not supported by a preponderance of the evidence nor that the district court clearly
erred when using this amount to determine appellants' sentences.

       Arlie Maggard further argues that the district court erred in calculating his offense
level. We review the sentencing court's factual determinations for clear error while its
interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines are subject to de novo review. See United
States v. Larson, 110 F.3d 620, 627 (8th Cir. 1997). The district court adjusted Arlie's
offense level of 36, see U.S.S.G. §2D1.1(c)(2) (Nov. 1995), upward four points for his
role as a leader/organizer of the conspiracy, see U.S.S.G. §3B1.1(a), and two points for
obstruction of justice, see U.S.S.G. §3C1.1. These enhancements gave Arlie a total
offense level of 42, which carries a sentencing range of 360 months to life. See
U.S.S.G. Ch. 5, Pt. A. In response to Arlie's contentions, the government correctly

       10
         At Arlie's sentencing hearing, in response to the government's stated
assumption that the district court had attributed between 10 and 30 kilograms of
methamphetamine to Arlie, the sentencing judge stated, "Well, I didn't make that
finding, but there was between 10 and 30 kilograms of methamphetamine involved for
which this defendant is responsible." In sentencing Arlie, the judge also stated that,
"The defendant did have more than five people distributing methamphetamine, and he
controlled those people. There is a two-point increase for obstruction of justice. The
defendant is a career offender." Sent. Tr. at 6-7.
       At Daisy's sentencing hearing (which took place immediately prior to Arlie's),
the judge stated, "Well, the Court heard the evidence at the time of trial. And the
defendant is responsible for all drugs distributed during the conspiracy. The Court
finds at least 10 to 30 kilograms of methamphetamine was distributed, and the Court
finds the defendant is responsible for all methamphetamine distributed." Sent. Tr. at
12.
       The sentencing judge made his findings after hearing appellants' objections to the
presentence investigation report and following a summary of the pertinent evidence by
the government. The statements by the sentencing judge, while legally sufficient in this
case, are not as precise nor expansive as we would prefer drug quantity determinations
to be.

                                           -10-
notes that the sentence imposed upon Arlie would be the same regardless of the
enhancements of which Arlie complains. As a career offender,11 Arlie's offense level
is 3712 and his criminal history category is VI. See U.S.S.G. §4B1.1. Thus, the
appropriate sentencing range for Arlie's convictions would be 360 months to life. See
U.S.S.G. Ch. 5, Pt. A. (Nov. 1995). As our independent review of the record convinces
us that the sentence imposed was proper, we need not reach the issue of whether the
district court erred in adjusting Arlie's offense level upward.

       Lastly, Arlie asserts that the district court erred in failing to make a finding as to
whether "l-" or "d-" methamphetamine was involved in the conspiracy. Prior to
November 1, 1995, the Sentencing Guidelines distinguished between the two types of
methamphetamine and mandated harsher sentences for offenses involving d-
methamphetamine. See U.S.S.G. §2D1.1, comment. (n.10) (Nov. 1994). The
distinction between "l-" and "d-" methamphetamine was eliminated by Amendment 518,
which became effective on November 1, 1995. See U.S.S.G. App. C (Nov. 1997).
"Some offenses, such as conspiracy, are 'continuing offenses' for which the completion
date controls which version of the Sentencing Guidelines should apply." United States
v. Reetz, 18 F.3d 595, 598 (8th Cir. 1994) (citations omitted). The conspiracy of which

       11
        Arlie has a prior felony conviction for first degree sexual assault and a
conviction for burglary in the second degree. According to Eighth Circuit precedence,
these prior convictions qualify as "crimes of violence" under U.S.S.G. §4B1.2. See
United States v. Hascall, 76 F.3d 902, 904-06 (8th Cir.), cert denied 117 S. Ct. 358
(1996) (adopting classification of burglary of a commercial building as a crime of
violence for Sentencing Guideline purposes).
       12
         The maximum term of imprisonment authorized for a defendant convicted of
possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine and conspiracy to distribute
methamphetamine is life. 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b), 846. According to U.S.S.G. §4B1.1,
career offenders are subject to the higher offense level of 37 rather than the offense
level of 36 as provided by U.S.S.G. §2D1.1(c)(2).

                                           -11-
Arlie was convicted occurred between October, 1994 and July 11, 1996. Therefore, the
Sentencing Guidelines applicable to Arlie are those in effect on

                                       -12-
July 11, 1996. Therefore, the district court's alleged failure to make a finding as to the
type of methamphetamine involved in the conspiracy is not error because such a finding
was unnecessary under the November, 1995 guidelines.

       B. Tim Maggard
            1. Evidentiary Issues

        Tim first contends that his conviction should be reversed due to the admission of
materially prejudicial testimony of four government witnesses regarding Tim's prior
wrongdoings. Mary Schumacher testified on direct examination that the appellant and
her boyfriend had served time in prison together. Tr. at 76. Todd Blair and Scott
Lance, law enforcement agents who worked on the investigation of the Maggards,
testified on direct examination that they were familiar with Tim Maggard.13 Tom
Noyes, a deputy sheriff at the time of the investigation, testified on cross-examination
that he felt that Tim "knew what methamphetamine was from prior investigations." Tr.
at 285. These four statements by government witnesses comprise the basis for Tim's
request for reversal.

       Initially, we note that appellant failed to object to any of the statements at trial.
We therefore review the district court's admission of this evidence for plain error. See
United States v. Millard, 139 F.3d 1200, 1203 (8th Cir. 1998). We will reverse for
plain error only if the error affected the appellant's substantial rights and "seriously
affect[ed] the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings." United
States v. Robinson, 110 F.3d 1320, 1324 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 432 (1997)
(internal citations omitted).

       13
         Todd Blair stated, "I observed . . . a white male known as Timothy Maggard,
which I was familiar with through other drug investigations." Tr. at 115. Scott Lance
testified that Tim Maggard was someone "which I was familiar with in the past." Tr.
at 242.

                                           -13-
        Assuming the admission of evidence concerning Tim's prior prison term and the
references to Tim's relationship with prior drug investigations could amount to plain
error, see Fed. R. Evid. 404(b), we find the error to be harmless. These four statements
cannot be said to have affected Tim's substantial rights nor to have seriously affected
the fairness of Tim's trial. After a thorough review of the record, we find that
substantial evidence was produced at trial to support appellant's conviction and that
these four isolated statements could have had only a slight influence, if any, on the
verdict. See United States v. Mitchell, 31 F.3d 628, 632 (8th Cir. 1994).

             2. Jury Instructions

              Tim next argues that the district court's refusal to offer the jury an addict
instruction14 constituted reversible error. While the district court has broad discretion
in formulating jury instructions, see United States v. Hester, 140 F.3d 753, 757 (8th Cir.
1998), a defendant's request for a specific instruction will be granted if the instruction
is supported by the evidence and reflects a correct statement of the law. See United
States v. Tucker, 137 F.3d 1016, 1036 (8th Cir. 1998). "The defendant is not entitled
to a particularly worded instruction where the instructions given, when viewed

      14
       The instruction offered by appellant stated:
                   The testimony of a drug addict must be examined and
            weighed by the jury with greater care than the testimony of a
            witness who does not abuse drugs.
                   An addict may have a constant need for drugs, and for
            money to buy drugs, and may also have a greater fear of
            imprisonment because his or her source of drugs may be cut off.
            Think about these things and consider whether his or her testimony
            may have been influenced by the government's promise.
                   Do not convict the defendant based on the unsupported
            testimony of such a witness, standing alone, unless you believe his
            or her other testimony beyond a reasonable doubt.
      Appellant's App. at 2.

                                          -14-
as a whole, correctly state the applicable law and adequately and fairly cover the
substance of the requested instruction." United States v. Parker, 32 F.3d 395, 400 (8th
Cir. 1994) (citation omitted). We review the district court's formulation of jury
instructions for an abuse of discretion. Id.

       The district court gave the jury a general cautionary instruction15 regarding the
testimony of persons with whom the government had reached plea agreements.
Appellant argues that this instruction was insufficient and that the testimony of Roger
Hilburn, Mary Schumacher, Martin Bean, and Patty Bristol clearly established each
witness as a drug addict, thus compelling an addict instruction. This court has adopted
a case-by-case approach to determining whether an addict instruction is necessary. See
United States v. Hoppe, 645 F.2d 630, 633 (8th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 849
(1981). Factors which will obviate the need for an addict instruction include: a dispute
as to whether the informant is actually an addict; cross-examination regarding the

      15
       The instruction stated:
                    You have heard evidence that Roger Hilburn, Mary
            Schumacher, and Patricia Bristol have made plea agreements with
            the government. Dependent upon the extent of their cooperation,
            the government has agreed to move for a downward departure
            pursuant to the Sentencing Guidelines. You have also heard
            evidence that Martin Bean, John Mahan, and Sue Evans have
            received a promise from the government that they will not be
            prosecuted in federal court. Their testimony was received in
            evidence and may be considered by you. You may give their
            testimony such weight as you think it deserves. Whether or not
            their testimony may have been influenced by the plea agreement or
            the government's promise is for you to determine.
                    The witnesses' guilty plea cannot be considered by you as
            any evidence of the defendant's guilt. The witnesses' guilty plea
            can be considered by you only for the purpose of determining how
            much, if at all, to rely upon the witnesses' testimony.
      Appellant's App. at 3.

                                         -15-
informant's drug addiction; an instruction to the jury to view the informant's testimony
with care; and corroboration of the informant's testimony. See id. All four factors need
not be present to dispense with the requirement of an addict instruction. See Parker, 32
F.3d at 401-02.

        Here, we find that three of the factors are present. Each of the witnesses whom
appellant claims are addicts testified that they were no longer using drugs at the time of
trial. Appellant's and his co-defendants' counsel strenuously cross-examined the
witnesses regarding their drug use. The witnesses corroborated each other's testimony.
Other witnesses, including law enforcement agents, further corroborated the challenged
witnesses' testimony. After reviewing the record, we find that appellant's proposed
addict instruction was not supported by the evidence. The instruction given by the
district court was adequate, and the court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to give
appellant's proposed instruction.

             3. Sentencing Issues

       Tim raises three sentencing issues on appeal. Tim claims the district court erred
in sentencing him under the Sentencing Guidelines that became effective on November
1, 1995. Tim also challenges the district court's calculation of the quantity of drugs
attributed to him. Lastly, Tim asserts that the district court erred in classifying Tim as
a career offender. We review the district court's factual findings at sentencing for clear
error while our review of the district court's interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines
is de novo. See United States v. Larson, 110 F.3d 620, 627 (8th Cir. 1997).

      Tim asserts that his sentence should have been governed by the Sentencing
Guidelines in effect on October 18, 1995,16 and that the district court erred in failing to
make specific findings as to the type of methamphetamine involved in the conspiracy.

      16
        Tim began serving a five-year prison sentence for a state offense on that date.

                                          -16-
As discussed above in Part A.2. of this opinion, prior to November 1, 1995, the
Guidelines maintained a distinction between "l-" and "d-" methamphetamine which
Amendment 518 eliminated effective November 1, 1995. Tim contends his
incarceration on October 18, 1995 prevented his participation, past that date in the
conspiracy of which he was convicted. Conspiracy is a continuing offense from which
a participant must affirmatively withdraw in order to end his legal liability. "A
defendant must take affirmative action, either making a clean breast to the authorities
or communicating his withdrawal in a manner reasonably calculated to reach co-
conspirators. . . . Mere cessation of activities is not enough." United States v.
Granados, 962 F.2d 767, 773 (8th Cir. 1992) (internal citations and quotations omitted).
Furthermore, a defendant may be guilty of conspiracy even if the purpose of the
conspiracy is being effected while he is incarcerated. See United States v. Casares-
Cardenas, 14 F.3d 1283, 1288 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 849 (1994).

       Tim bears the burden of proving his withdrawal from the conspiracy. See
Granados, 962 F.2d at 773. While Tim offered no evidence at trial to support his claim
of withdrawal from the conspiracy, there was testimony from Patty Bristol indicating
that Tim did not take the affirmative action necessary to terminate his participation in
the conspiracy.17 As a continuing offense, sentencing for conspiracy convictions are
controlled by the Sentencing Guidelines in effect at the time of the completion of the
conspiracy. See United States v. Reetz, 18 F.3d 595, 598 (8th Cir. 1994). Here, the
jury found Tim guilty of participating in a conspiracy that began in approximately
October of 1994 and ended with Arlie and Daisy Maggard's arrest on July 11, 1996.
The district court sentenced Tim according to the Sentencing Guidelines in effect on that
date. In so doing, we conclude that the district court did not err.

      17
          Patty Bristol testified that she had been introduced to Arlie Maggard by Tim
following the September 23, 1995 search of Tim's home which resulted in his
incarceration. Bristol stated that Tim told her that "[h]e believed he would be going up,
. . . and just continue our business on with Arlie." Tr. at 8.

                                          -17-
       Next, Tim argues that the district court erred in calculating the quantity of drugs
attributed to him. The legal standards regarding drug quantity determinations is
addressed above at Part 2.A. of this opinion. After reviewing the record and again
noting that a co-conspirator is responsible for all reasonably foreseeable acts in
furtherance of the jointly undertaken criminal activity, see U.S.S.G. §1B1.3(a)(1)(B),
we cannot say that the sentencing judge clearly erred in attributing 10 to 30 kilograms
of methamphetamine to Tim.

       Tim also challenges his sentencing status as a career offender. Tim argues that
his prior conviction for second degree burglary of an unoccupied residence should not
be considered in assessing career offender status under the Sentencing Guidelines.
However, it is well-settled law in this Circuit that second degree burglary is considered
a "crime of violence" for career offender status under U.S.S.G. §4B1.2. See United
States v. Reynolds, 116 F.3d 328, 330 (8th Cir. 1997). We therefore find Tim's final
argument to be without merit.

III.     CONCLUSION

         For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the judgment of the district
court.

         Affirmed.

         A true copy.

               Attest:

                     CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.

                                           -18-