Court Opinion

ID: 4428187
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-20 19:02:11.613121+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:36:23.089582
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-0833-17T2

CB CONSTRUCTION, INC.,

          Plaintiff-Respondent/
          Cross-Appellant,

v.

JILL PANICO,

          Defendant/Third-Party Plaintiff-
          Appellant/Cross-Respondent,

v.

CHRISTOPHER BOURKE,

     Third-Party Defendant-
     Cross-Appellant.
________________________________

                    Submitted January 7, 2019 Decided – June 26, 2019

                    Before Judges Sabatino and Mitterhoff.

                    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                    Division, Hunterdon County, Docket No. L-0150-16.

                    Trinity & Farsiou, attorneys for appellant/cross-
                    respondent (Joseph F. Trinity, on the briefs).
            William H. Michelson, attorney for respondent/cross-
            appellant.

PER CURIAM

      Defendant Jill Panico entered into a contract with plaintiff CB

Construction, Inc. ("CB Construction") to renovate her upstairs bathroom. After

disputes ensued regarding the renovation and contract payments, CB

Construction sued Panico for breach of contract and other equitable claims,

seeking to recover the unpaid contract balance of $6,289.                   Panico

counterclaimed, alleging breach of contract, breach of warranty, and violations

of the Consumer Fraud Act ("CFA"), N.J.S.A. 56:8-1 to -210.1 Following a

bench trial, the trial court awarded CB Construction $2,831 on its claim and

awarded Panico $1,500 on her counterclaims.            After considering defense

counsel's certification of services and further briefing, the trial court found that

Panico was entitled to only 10% of her claimed attorneys' fees under the CFA

and issued an order awarding her $3,429.09 in attorneys' fees.

      Panico appeals both the trial court's entry of judgment and order awarding

attorneys' fees. CB Construction cross-appealed the order awarding Panico

1
   Panico also filed a third-party complaint against C.B. Construction's sole
principal, Christopher Bourke.

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                                         2
attorneys' fees, contending that she was not entitled to any fees on her CFA

counterclaims.2 Having reviewed the record in light of the applicable legal

standards, we affirm all of the orders on appeal.

                                        I.

      Judge Michael F. O'Neil presided over a bench trial on May 1 and 2, 2017

at which Bourke, Panico, and Panico's expert testified.3 After the trial, Judge

O'Neil rendered a comprehensive oral decision detailing his factual findings and

legal conclusions.

      Initially, Judge O'Neil ruled on pre-trial motions filed by each party.

Relevant to this appeal, the judge denied defendant's motion for summary

judgment on the grounds that Panico was precluded from recovering the value

of services rendered because it violated the CFA.         Relying on Scibek v.

2
    The cross-appeal was also asserted on behalf of third-party defendant
Christopher Bourke, who contends he should not have been impleaded and
should not bear personal liability for technical violations of the CFA. C.B.
Construction and Bourke's appellate brief states: "With respect to making []
Bourke co-liable, a protective [c]ross-appeal was filed in the event a large award
of counsel fees should occur, as a result of [d]efendant's main [a]ppeal. If the
numbers are the same as the [t]rial [c]ourt ruled, the [c]ourt can disregard this
issue."
3
   Plaintiff filed its complaint in the Special Civil Part, but the matter was
transferred to the Law Division on defendant's motion because she claimed
damages in excess of $15,000 on her counterclaims.
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Longette, 339 N.J. Super. 72, 82 (App. Div. 2001), the judge found that plaintiff

was not precluded from seeking the value of services rendered because Panico

only established minor, technical violations of the CFA.

      Judge O'Neil then made detailed findings of fact.          First, the judge

addressed the disputed factual issue of when the parties signed the contract for

the bathroom renovation. Finding Bourke's testimony on this point to be more

credible than Panico's because it was corroborated by emails, the judge found

that Bourke signed the contract on May 15, 2015, but Panico did not sign the

contract until May 30 due entirely to her own delay.

      Next, the judge found that between May 15 and May 30, Panico requested

additional work that was not specified in the contract, including the installation

of a shower seat bench and recessed niches. Again, the judge found that Bourke

testified more credibly than Panico did because his testimony was corroborated

by emails. Because Bourke agreed to perform this additional work without

increasing the contract price, and because time was not of the essence, the judge

found that C.B. Construction was not required to provide a written change order

under the CFA.

      Judge O'Neil found that in June 2015, disputes arose between the parties

regarding some aspects of the renovation, including the quality of the tile work,

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the location of a "bull nose" in the bathroom, raising the bathroom floor, and the

design of the shower.      Due to these disputes, Panico began withholding

installment payments under the contract. Based on correspondence between the

parties, Judge O'Neil found that CB Construction stood ready to complete the

renovation, but that Panico terminated the contract.

      Judge O'Neil then turned to the CFA violations claimed by Panico. The

judge rejected most of Panico's claims as unsupported by the evidence, including

that CB Construction violated the CFA by: (1) starting work before Panico

signed the contract; (2) working on other jobs simultaneously to Panico's; (3)

using a subcontractor to install the tiles; (4) performing design changes at

Panico's request without written change orders; (5) not providing a written

notice of termination of the contract; 4 (6) not providing a written change order

with regard to the project completion date; (7) requesting installment payment

on the contract; (8) using tile of inadequate quality; and (8) leaving a dumpster

on Panico's property for a period of time.

4
   The judge found that the changed completion date was due to extra work
requested by Panico and was not "a material change that required it to be in
writing." In any event, the judge found the changed completion date "was in
writing, it simply wasn't signed. If anything, it was a technical violation, and
resulted in no ascertainable loss."
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                                        5
      Judge O'Neil did find that CB Construction committed three technical

violations of the CFA, none of which resulted in ascertainable loss by Panico.

First, the judge found that the contract did not include a copy of CB

Construction's certificate of commercial general liability insurance.         See

N.J.S.A. 56:8-142(d). Second, the judge found that the contract failed to provide

the toll free number of the New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs hotline.

See N.J.S.A. 56:8-144(b). Third, the judge found that contract may not have

provided the required notice of cancellation information. See N.J.S.A. 56:8-

151(b).   Judge O'Neil found that none of these technical CFA violations

proximately caused Panico an ascertainable loss; rather the judge found that the

"breach of contract dispute centered over the quality of [CB Construction]'s

work but was generated in large part by [Panico]'s own changing of her mind as

to what she wanted, how she wanted the job done, her own . . . meddling in the

contractor's work or, . . . changing her mind how she wanted to order certain

materials."

      Turning to Panico's poor workmanship claims, Judge O'Neil first rejected

Panico's claim for damages relating to the raised bathroom floor. The judge

found that Panico did not testify credibly that she complained about the floor

height while the renovation was taking place, and that defendant's expert did not

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                                       6
testify persuasively regarding the alleged defects in the floor height and based

his opinion largely on personal opinion. Likewise, the judge rejected Panico's

claims for damages relating to the design of the shower and other miscellaneous

work, finding that the defense expert did not testify credibly or persuasively

regarding these claimed defects. The judge, however, awarded Panico $500 in

damages for poor workmanship in the installation of the shower seat and $1,000

for poor workmanship in the performance of tile work and uneven tile in the

shower.

      As to CB Construction's claims for the balance of the contract price, Judge

O'Neil found that it was entitled to recover the reasonable value of the services

rendered in quantum meruit. At trial, Bourke testified that the renovation was

approximately 90 to 95% complete, but the defense expert testified the work

was approximately 70% complete.        Judge O'Neil found that the work was

approximately 80% complete. Based on the contract price of $17,289 5 and CB

Construction having already received $11,000 payments, the judge determined

that CB Construction was entitled to $2,831 on its quantum meruit claim.

5
  The judge found that the parties agreed to this contract price, finding that
Bourke testified credibly as to how the contract price was reached and that
Panico's testimony to the contrary was not credible. The judge also found t hat
Panico was properly credited on the contract balance for the value of supplies
she purchased.
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                                       7
      Judge O'Neil reserved decision on whether Panico was entitled to

attorneys' fees under the CFA, requesting that Panico's attorney submit a

certification of services and that the parties provide further briefing on the

issue.6 After receiving the additional submissions, Judge O'Neil issued a written

opinion addressing attorneys' fees.

      Judge O'Neil determined that Panico was entitled to some quantum of

attorneys' fees as a matter of law because her CFA counterclaims were of

sufficient merit to survive summary judgment. Taking into account the context

in which the CFA claims arose and the degree of success obtained, however, the

judge found that defense counsel's claimed fees should be reduced by 90%. In

this regard, the judge reasoned:

            The litigation could have been resolved in the Special
            Civil Part at minimal legal expense to the parties, but
            for defendant's decision to utilize the CFA as a sword
            in an effort to win a large judgment and attorneys' fees
            award. Defendant made the decision to transform this
            case from a simple dispute over a book account, into,
            relatively speaking, a "high stakes" multi-count, multi-
            issue dispute. That defendant failed on almost all of her
            factual defenses and legal theories must also weigh
            heavily on this court as it tries to determine a fair and
            proportionate counsel fee award.

6
  The judge ruled that Bourke would be personally liable for any attorneys' fee
award under Allen v. V & A Bros., 208 N.J. 114 (2011).
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                                       8
      Accordingly, the judge issued an order awarding Panico 10% of her

attorney's claimed fees in the reduced sum of $3,429.09.

                                         II.

      On appeal, Panico raises the following arguments:

            Point I – The [t]rial [c]ourt erred in failing to dismiss
            [p]laintiff's complaint despite finding multiple
            violations of the New Jersey's Consumer Protection
            Regulations.

            Point II – The [t]rial [c]ourt erred in failing to find
            multiple substantive violations in the form of
            unconscionable commercial practices that were
            established at trial.

            Point III – The [t]rial [c]ourt erred in failing to find that
            defendant sustained "ascertainable losses" as a result of
            the regulatory and substantive [CFA] and regulatory act
            violations, thereby entitling defendant to treble
            damages, attorneys' fees and costs.

            Point IV – The [t]rial [c]ourt erred in failing to follow
            de Garmeaux v. DNV Concepts, Inc. in failing to
            consider the public policy of the [CFA] and in applying
            "proportionality" in its determination of Defendant's
            award of counsel fees.

            Point V – Defendant proved by a preponderance of the
            evidence compensatory damages of $19,850.00 and the
            [t]rial court's failure to award defendant the full amount
            of claimed damages was against the weight of the
            evidence.

            Point VI – The [t]rial [c]ourt failed to apply the law and
            award defendant treble damages, reasonable attorney

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                                         9
            fees, filing fees, and costs awarded, pursuant to
            N.J.S.A. 56:8-19.

      After reviewing the record, we conclude that Judge O'Neil's factual

findings are amply supported by the record and, in light of those facts, his legal

conclusions are unassailable. We therefore affirm substantially for the reasons

expressed in his Judge O'Neil's well-reasoned oral and written opinions. We

add only the following comments.

      As to Panico's argument that plaintiff's complaint should have been

dismissed as a result of the CFA violations, Judge O'Neil correctly found that

C.B. Construction could recover the reasonable value of the services rendered

in quantum meruit notwithstanding the technical CFA violations. See Marascio

v. Campanella, 298 N.J. Super. 491, 504-05 (App. Div. 1997) (permitting a

contractor to proceed in quantum meruit despite CFA violations). In this regard,

the judge appropriately analyzed our dicta in Scibek that where "there is no

dispute as to the work authorized to be done and the agreed upon price, it seems

highly unfair to deny [a contractor] any affirmative right to recover merely

because of technical, inadvertent violation of the [CFA]'s prescriptions." 339

N.J. Super. at 82. Here, defendant claimed many CFA violations, but ultimately

established only minor, technical violations of the CFA that caused no

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                                       10
ascertainable loss.   Under these circumstances, Judge O'Neil appropriately

allowed C.B. Construction to recover in quantum meruit.

      With respect to Panico's arguments that the trial court failed to find

substantive violations of the CFA and ascertainable losses and award greater

compensatory damages and treble damages, our review of a bench trial is

limited. "Findings by the trial judge are considered binding on appeal when

supported by adequate, substantial and credible evidence." Rova Farms Resort,

Inc. v. Investors Ins. Co., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974). "[W]e do not disturb the

factual findings and legal conclusions of the trial judge unless we are convinced

that they are so manifestly unsupported by or inconsistent with the competent,

relevant and reasonable credible evidence as to offend the interests of justice."

Seidman v. Clifton Sav. Bank, S.L.A., 205 N.J. 150, 169 (2011) (quotations

omitted). We give particular deference to the trial judge's credibility

determinations. See In re Return of Weapons to J.W.D., 149 N.J. 108, 117

(1997). Giving appropriate deference to Judge O'Neil's detailed credibility

determinations and feel for the case, we find that his factual findings regarding

the CFA violations and damages are adequately supported by substantial,

credible evidence in the record.

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      Our review of a trial court's award of attorneys' fees is also deferential.

We review an award of attorneys' fees for an abuse of discretion. Packard-

Bamberger & Co. v. Collier, 167 N.J. 427, 444 (2001). We will reverse an award

"only on the rarest of occasions, and then only because of a clear abuse of

discretion." Litton Indus. v. IMO Indus., 200 N.J. 372, 386 (2009) (quoting

Packard-Bamberger, 167 N.J. at 444).

      In this case, Judge O'Neil correctly found that Panico was entitled to some

quantum of fees because at least some of her CFA counterclaims were sufficient

to survive summary judgment, notwithstanding the fact that she ultimately

established only technical violations that caused no ascertainable loss. See

Weinberg v. Sprint Corp., 173 N.J. 233, 253-54 (2002); Romano v. Galaxy

Toyota, 399 N.J. Super. 470, 484 (App. Div. 2008); Sema v. Automall 46 Inc.,

384 N.J. Super. 145, 151-52 (App. Div. 2006). Judge O'Neil also properly

reduced the lodestar amount by taking into account the Rule of Professional

Conduct 1.5(a) factors and considering Panico's modest degree of success within

the context of the litigation. See Furst v. Einstein Moomjy, Inc., 182 N.J. 1, 22-

23 (2004); Branigan v. Level on the Level, Inc., 326 N.J. Super. 24, 31 (App.

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                                       12
Div. 1999).7 Accordingly, we detect no abuse of discretion in Judge O'Neil's

award of attorneys' fees in these distinctive circumstances and deny the appeal

and cross-appeal regarding the award.

      To the extent we have not specifically addressed any of parties' arguments,

we conclude they lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion.

R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

      Affirmed.

7
   We reject Panico's contention that the trial court failed to adhere to the
principles enunciated in Garmeaux v. DNV Concepts, Inc., 448 N.J. Super. 148,
(App. Div. 2016). In the case, we noted that "[i]n Szczepanski [v. Newcomb
Med. Ctr. Inc., 141 N.J. 346, 366 (1995)], our Supreme Court explicitly rejected
a proportionality requirement between damages recovered and the attorney fee
award, although noting the degree of success obtained remains an important
factor." Id. at 161. In this case, Judge O'Neil recognized that Panico's limited
success in defending CB Construction's claims largely resulted from her breach
of warranty counterclaims, not from her CFA counterclaims. Accordingly,
Judge O'Neil adequately accounted for the specific factual and procedural
circumstances of this case in reducing the fee award. Id. at 162 ("[W]e recognize
that a trial court's determination of an appropriate counsel fee award in CFA fee-
shifting cases is premised upon fact-sensitive scenarios. We also recognize that
there is no 'precise formula' that uniformly produces a reasonable counsel fee
award." (quoting Litton, 200 N.J. at 388)).
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