Court Opinion

ID: 4405966
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-06-12 16:00:50.150853+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:52:38.402428
License: Public Domain

NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

  United States Court of Appeals
      for the Federal Circuit
                 ______________________

            DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH,
                    Appellant

                                v.

   GENERICO, LLC, FLAT LINE CAPITAL LLC,
      MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC.,
                   Appellees
            ______________________

                       2017-2312
                 ______________________

    Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark
Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in Nos. IPR2016-
00297, IPR2016-01386, IPR2016-01409.
            --------------------------------------------------
   SALIX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., DR. FALK
              PHARMA GMBH,
             Plaintiffs-Appellants

                                v.

 MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC., MYLAN INC.,
            Defendants-Appellees
           ______________________

                  2017-2636, 2018-1320
                 ______________________
2                    DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH v. GENERICO, LLC

   Appeals from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of West Virginia in No. 1:15-cv-00109-
IMK, Judge Irene M. Keeley.
                ______________________

                  Decided: June 12, 2019
                  ______________________

    MARY W. BOURKE, Womble Bond Dickinson (US) LLP,
Wilmington, DE, argued for appellant in 2017-2312 and
plaintiffs-appellants in 2017-2636. Also represented by
DANIEL M. ATTAWAY, KRISTEN HEALEY CRAMER, DANA
KATHRYN SEVERANCE; JOHN W. COX, Atlanta, GA.

   ROBERT FLORENCE, Parker Poe Adams & Bernstein LLP,
Atlanta, GA, argued for appellees in 2017-2312 and defend-
ants-appellees in 2017-2636. Appellee Mylan Pharmaceu-
ticals Inc. in 2017-2312 and defendants-appellees in 2017-
2636 also represented by SHARAD KOTAGIRI BIJANKI,
MICHEAL L. BINNS, KAREN L. CARROLL; CHRISTOPHER
THOMAS, Raleigh, NC.

    ZACHARY DAVID SILBERSHER, Kroub Silbersher & Kol-
mykov PLLC, New York, NY, for appellees GeneriCo, LLC,
Flat Line Capital LLC in 2017-2312. Also represented by
GASTON KROUB.
                ______________________

    Before LOURIE, O’MALLEY, and REYNA, Circuit Judges.
O’MALLEY, Circuit Judge.
    This case arises from two parallel proceedings involv-
ing U.S. Patent No. 8,865,688 (“the ’688 patent”), which is
owned by Dr. Falk Pharma GmbH (“Dr. Falk”) and exclu-
sively licensed to Salix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Salix”). Dr.
Falk appeals from a final written decision of the U.S. Pa-
tent Trial and Appeal Board (“Board”) finding that Mylan
DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH v. GENERICO, LLC                        3

Pharmaceuticals Inc., GeneriCo, LLC, and Flat Line Capi-
tal LLC (collectively, “appellees”) had proven by a prepon-
derance of the evidence that claims 1 and 16 of the ’688
patent are unpatentable as obvious. GeneriCo, LLC v. Dr.
Falk Pharma GmbH, Nos. IPR2016-00296, -01386, -01409
(P.T.A.B. May 19, 2017). Salix and Dr. Falk appeal from a
decision of the United States District Court for the North-
ern District of West Virginia holding, after bench trial, that
claim 1 of the ’688 patent would not be infringed. Salix
Pharms., Inc. v. Mylan Pharms., Inc., No. 1:15-cv-00109,
(N.D. W. Va. Apr. 12, 2016). For the reasons stated below,
we affirm the Board’s conclusion that claims 1 and 16 are
unpatentable as obvious and dismiss as moot the appeal
from the district court’s judgment of noninfringement of
claim 1.
                      I. BACKGROUND
    This case involves a method of treating ulcerative coli-
tis by administering a granulated mesalamine formula-
tion. Salix is the holder of New Drug Application (“NDA”)
No. 22-301 for mesalamine extended release capsules
(375 mg), which is sold and prescribed in the United States
under the trademark Apriso®. The ’688 patent is listed in
the FDA’s Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic
Equivalence Evaluations, commonly known as the “Orange
Book,” as covering Apriso®.
     In 2015, Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Mylan Inc.
(collectively, “Mylan”) submitted Abbreviated New Drug
Application (“ANDA”) No. 20-7271 seeking approval to
market a generic version of Apriso®, consisting of a 375 mg
mesalamine oral extended release capsule (“proposed prod-
uct”). Salix and Dr. Falk received Mylan’s Paragraph IV
notice letter on May 15, 2015 certifying, inter alia, that cer-
tain claims of the ’688 patent are invalid and/or would not
be infringed by Mylan’s proposed product. On June 26,
2015, within 45 days of receiving Mylan’s notice letter, Sa-
lix and Dr. Falk filed suit alleging that Mylan’s proposed
4                     DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH v. GENERICO, LLC

product, if approved, would infringe the ’688 patent. Mylan
filed affirmative defenses and counterclaims challenging
the validity of the ’688 patent, which were dismissed with-
out prejudice pending the final resolution of the Board pro-
ceedings in Dr. Falk. Following a three-day bench trial, the
district court issued an opinion dated September 12, 2017
construing terms and finding that claim 1 of the ’688 patent
would not be infringed by Mylan’s proposed product.
     On December 8, 2015, after Salix and Dr. Falk sued
Mylan in district court, GeneriCo and Flat Line filed a pe-
tition for inter partes review challenging claims 1 and 16
of the ’688 patent as obvious over certain prior art refer-
ences: a September 2007 Press Release, Endonurse, and
Davis-1985, in view of either Marakhouski or Brunner.
The Board instituted on June 10, 2016, after when, Mylan
filed its own petition. The Board joined all proceedings on
November 30, 2016. Following an oral hearing, the Board
issued a final written decision dated May 19, 2017 finding
claims 1 and 16 unpatentable as obvious over the asserted
references. The following sections detail the relevant tech-
nology, prior art, and procedural history.
                     A. The ’688 Patent
     The ’688 patent relates to a method of maintaining re-
mission of ulcerative colitis with a granulated mesalamine
formulation. Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory
disease of the colonic mucosa, i.e. the lining of the colon, for
which there is no known cause. ’688 patent, col. 1, ll. 15–
17, 32–34. The inflammation caused by the disease makes
it difficult for the body to absorb water and electrolytes, re-
sulting in dehydration, weight loss, and serum electrolyte
disturbances. Id. at col. 1, ll. 19–24. It can also lead to
erosions, which cause rectal bleeding, and smooth muscle
spasms, which cause an urgency to defecate. Id. at col. 1,
ll. 24–28. The background of the patent explains that ul-
cerative colitis can thus have a “profound emotional and
DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH v. GENERICO, LLC                        5

social impact on the affected individual.” Id. at col. 1, ll.
32–33.
     People with ulcerative colitis experience periods of re-
mission, but symptoms eventually return in most. Id. at
col. 1, ll. 51–54. The patent explains that “active therapy”
treatments aim to treat patients who are actively experi-
encing symptoms of ulcerative colitis, whereas “mainte-
nance therapy” treatments, such as the treatment claimed
in the ’688 patent, aim to maintain remission and keep pa-
tients in a disease-free or limited disease state. Id. at col.
1, ll. 51–59.
    The specification explains that the clinical efficacy of
any available oral treatments depends on delivery of the
intact molecule to the colonic mucosa. Id. at col. 1, ll. 60–
63. This is because the molecule can breakdown during di-
gestion and prior to entering the colon. Id. at col. 1, ll. 61–
63. Previous delivery methods for oral treatments known
at the time of invention were problematic due to the “vari-
ation . . . in the release of mesalamine, including prema-
ture release, the possibility of dose dumping, and
sensitivity to conditions that increase gastric pH and cause
premature release of mesalamine (e.g., ingestion of a
meal).” Id. at col. 2, ll. 3–8. Accordingly, the specification
states that formulations available at the time of invention
could not adequately treat people suffering from a variety
of bowel diseases. Id. at col. 2, ll. 12–15.
    The invention of the ’688 patent purports to improve
upon past methods by administering an effective amount
of granulated mesalamine formulation. Id. at col. 3, ll. 26–
30. Representative claim 1 recites:
    1. A method of maintaining the remission of ulcer-
    ative colitis in a subject comprising
    administering to the subject a granulated mesala-
    mine formulation comprising four capsules each
6                     DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH v. GENERICO, LLC

    comprising 0.375 g of granulated mesalamine once
    per day in the morning, without food, wherein:
    said method maintains remission of ulcerative coli-
    tis in a subject for a period of at least 6 months of
    treatment;
    remission is defined as a DAI score of 0 or 1;
    the granulated mesalamine formulation is not ad-
    ministered with antacids; and
    wherein 85% to 90% of the mesalamine reaches the
    terminal ileum and colon.
Id. at col. 34, ll. 10–22 (emphases added). Challenged claim
16 is substantially identical to claim 1 but recites the addi-
tional step of “advising the subject that granulated mesal-
amine should not be taken with antacids.” Id. at col. 35, ll.
4–17.
     As the Board noted in its final written decision, the
first and fourth limitations recite steps in the claimed
method whereas the remaining limitations recite the re-
sults of the claimed method. The relevant claim limitations
for the purposes of resolving the issues on appeal include
the “DAI score” limitation, which recites a result of the
method, and the “without food” limitation, which recites a
step of the method. The specification expressly defines the
term “DAI score”:
    Ulcerative colitis disease activity was assessed us-
    ing a modified Sutherland Disease Activity Index1
    (DAI), which is a sum of four subscores based on
    stool frequency, rectal bleeding, mucosal appear-
    ance on endoscopy, and physician’s rating of dis-
    ease activity. Each subscore can range from 0 to 3,
    for a total possible DAI score of 12.
Id. at col. 17, ll. 6–11. The specification also discloses var-
ious studies, including phase III clinical trials, that con-
sider the effect of food on absorption. It expressly states
DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH v. GENERICO, LLC                      7

that overall systemic absorption was “essentially unaltered
by a high-fat meal eaten before dosing” and that “[t]he abil-
ity to take mesalamine granules with or without food,
along with its once-daily dosing, may improve patient com-
pliance and treatment success.” Id. at col. 7, ll. 28–34.
                   B. Asserted Prior Art
    In Dr. Falk, appellees argued before the Board that
claims 1 and 16 are unpatentable as obvious over the Sep-
tember 2007 Press Release 1, Endonurse 2, and Davis-1985 3
in view of either Marakhouski 4 or Brunner 5. Each asserted
reference is described below.
        1. September 2007 Press Release & Endonurse
    The September 2007 Press Release is Salix’s announce-
ment of the “successful completion and outcome of the first
of two Phase III registration trials to evaluate the safety

    1    Salix Announces Statistically Significant Top-Line
Results of a Unique Granulated Mesalamine Product Reg-
istration Study in Ulcerative Colitis (September 2007),
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/contain-
ers/fix021/1009356/00011931 2507195530/dex992.htm
     2   XIFAXAN® Trials Initiated in C. difficile-Associ-
ated Diarrhea, Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Hepatic En-
cephalopathy, New Article EndoNurse, 12 January 2006.
     3   S. S. Davis, The Design and Evaluation of Con-
trolled Release Systems for the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2 J.
Controlled Release 27–38 (1985).
     4   Y. Marakhouski et al., A Double-blind Dose-esca-
lating Trial Comparing Novel Mesalazine Pellets with
Mesalazine Tablets in Active Ulcerative Colitis, 21 Aliment
Pharmacol. Ther. 133–140 (2005).
     5   M. Brunner et al., Gastrointestinal Transit and Re-
lease of 5-aminosalicylic Acid from 153Sm-labelled Mesal-
azine Pellets vs. Tablets in Male Healthy Volunteers, 17
Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 1163–1169 (2003).
8                    DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH v. GENERICO, LLC

and efficacy of” its granulated mesalamine formulation in
maintaining remission in patients with ulcerative colitis.
J.A. 970. The results indicated that patients dosed once
daily “with 1.5 grams of granulated mesalamine remained
relapse-free over 6 months of treatment” as compared with
patients dosed with a placebo. J.A. 970. Dr. Falk contends
that the reference does not define “relapse-free” or mention
whether the treatment was administered with or without
food.
     Endonurse is another press release from Salix that re-
ports that “[g]ranulated mesalamine is being investigated
in two 300-subject, multi-center, placebo-controlled, dou-
ble-blind, randomized trials,” and that “[e]nrollment is on-
going in these Phase III trials designed to evaluate the
efficacy and safety of granulated mesalamine, dosed four
375 mg tablets once daily, for the maintenance of remission
of ulcerative colitis.” J.A. 981. Dr. Falk notes that En-
donurse does not provide any results of the trials nor does
it mention whether the treatment is administered with or
without food.
                      2. Davis-1985
    Davis-1985 is an academic paper published in the Jour-
nal of Controlled Release that discusses three factors rele-
vant to controlled release delivery systems, including the
characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract. Specifically,
Davis-1985 teaches that the presence of food can affect the
pH of the stomach as well as the process of gastric empty-
ing. It states that “[d]elivery systems, administered to a
fasted stomach, will empty rapidly from the stomach.” J.A.
949. It teaches that, “if the important absorption sites for
the administered drug are in the upper small intestine, the
measured bioavailability in the fasted state will be consid-
erably different to that measured in the fed state.” J.A.
949.
   Davis-1985 also discusses the “[p]ositioned release of
drugs in the colon.” J.A. 951. It notes that the use of 5-
DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH v. GENERICO, LLC                       9

aminosalicylic acid, the active ingredient administered in
the claimed invention, for the treatment of ulcerative coli-
tis is a good example of a treatment in which “it would be
advantageous to have the delayed, positioned release of a
drug in the various regions of the colon” rather than in the
small intestine. J.A. 951. It then teaches that, “[i]n de-
signing a positioned release system[,] one needs to be
aware of physiological factor(s) that can be exploited to sig-
nal the release of the dosage form in the intended region,”
including slight and variable “pH change.” J.A. 951. Dr.
Falk contends that Davis-1985 does not mention the im-
pact of food on bioavailability when discussing the posi-
tioned release of drugs at the colon and that it only
discusses the use of 5-aminosalicylic acid in tablet, not pel-
let, form.
                      3. Marakhouski
    Marakhouski compares the efficacy of a pellet formula-
tion of 5-aminosalicylic acid with a tablet formulation for
the treatment of ulcerative colitis. It explains that pellets
are more advantageous because they offer “a unique com-
bination of delayed and prolonged release characteristics.”
J.A. 1092. Their small size, Marakhouski explains, “guar-
antees their continuous transit through the stomach into
the intestine.” J.A. 1092. This prevents the premature re-
lease of the active ingredient regardless of whether it is
taken with or without food. J.A. 1092 (“Because of their
small size (approximately 1 mm), the pellets pass the pylo-
rus continuously and not only during an interdigestive
phase, thus preventing the so-called dose-dumping effect.
Hence, the pellets can be taken independent of meals.”).
                        4. Brunner
    Brunner also compares the movement and release of
pellet and tablet formulations of 5-aminosalicylic acid.
Brunner explains that the pellet formulation “could show
some advantages compared with tablets, such as passage
10                   DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH v. GENERICO, LLC

through the stomach independent of concomitant food in-
take.” J.A. 1103.
                C. The Procedural History
                        1. Dr. Falk
    Appellees filed petitions for inter partes review chal-
lenging claims 1 and 16 of the ’688 patent as obvious over
the September 2007 Press Release, Endonurse, and Davis-
1985, all in view of either Marakhouski or Brunner. The
Board instituted on June 10, 2016. In its institution deci-
sion, the Board found that Marakhouski discloses admin-
istration without food of the same or similar granulated
mesalamine formulation for treatment of the same disease.
It also found that it did not matter that “Marakhouski
makes no comparison between administration with and
without food” because such a comparison “is not necessary
to persuade [the Board] to institute review” when ad-
vantages such as the ability to administer the drug inde-
pendent of food provide a motivation to combine
Marakhouski with the September 2007 Press Release and
Endonurse. J.A. 300–01.
    The Board held an oral hearing and, on May 19, 2017,
issued a final written decision construing the DAI score
limitation and finding claims 1 and 16 unpatentable as ob-
vious over the September 2007 Press Release, Endonurse,
and Davis-1985, in view of either Marakhouski or Brunner.
The Board construed the DAI score limitation as “remis-
sion is defined as a DAI score of 0 or 1, where the DAI score
is a sum of four subscores.” J.A. 11. The Board rejected
Dr. Falk’s proposal to construe the term to mean that the
DAI score is the sum of two, rather than four, subscores.
The Board explained that the patent specification ex-
pressly defines DAI score as the sum of four subscores. J.A.
11 (citing the ’688 patent, col. 17, ll. 7–12). The Board
therefore rejected Dr. Falk’s proposed construction and
adopted a construction consistent with the specification’s
express definition of DAI score.
DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH v. GENERICO, LLC                     11

     The Board then found claims 1 and 16 unpatentable as
obvious. It found that all claimed limitations, including the
without food and DAI score limitations, were satisfied by
the prior art and that there was a motivation to combine
the asserted references with a reasonable expectation of
success. Specifically, the Board found that a skilled artisan
would have been motivated to combine the method of the
September 2007 Press Release and Endonurse with the
teachings of either Marakhouski or Brunner that the gran-
ulated mesalamine formulation could be administered
without food. The Board cited as its rationale the fact that
all four prior art references pertain to the same or similar
granulated mesalamine formulation for treatment of the
same disease and because Marakhouski and Brunner teach
that an advantage of a granulated mesalamine formulation
is the ability to administer the drug independent of food.
The Board also concluded that a skilled artisan would have
been motivated to combine these references with Davis-
1985. This is because Davis-1985 discloses using the same
active ingredient, 5-aminosalicylic acid, to treat ulcerative
colitis and because its teachings are relevant to the ques-
tion of whether a “drug intended for topical action in the
colon should be administered with or without food.” J.A.
38.
    The Board also found that a skilled artisan would have
had a reasonable expectation of success in maintaining re-
mission of ulcerative colitis by administering granulated
mesalamine without food. The Board found that the Sep-
tember 2007 Press Release supports this finding because it
announces a successful outcome of a Phase III trial to eval-
uate the safety and efficacy of the same or similar granu-
lated mesalamine formulation for treatment of the same
disease. Notably, the Board found “[t]here is no indication
in the [September 2007 Press Release] that the granulated
mesalamine had to be administered with food in order to
obtain the reported success.” J.A. 40. The Board also relied
on Marakhouski, which reports successful results from
12                   DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH v. GENERICO, LLC

administering granulated mesalamine without food, Da-
vis-1985, which suggests that a drug intended for delivery
in the colon is best administered without food, and uncon-
troverted testimony from appellees’ expert. The Board
again rejected Dr. Falk’s argument that a skilled artisan
would need to conduct a food study to determine if the for-
mulation should be administered with or without food. The
Board reiterated that such comparative studies are not
necessary in view of the evidence of record especially when
the claims at issue do not recite an efficacy requirement
related to the effect of food.
     Finally, the Board considered evidence of objective in-
dicia, including long felt need, failure of others, and unex-
pected results. The Board found Dr. Falk’s evidence
unpersuasive and afforded it low probative weight. Specif-
ically, with regard to failure of others, the Board noted that
Dr. Falk relied only on its own failures, which the Board
found was insufficient. Based on the above findings, the
Board concluded that appellees had demonstrated by a pre-
ponderance of the evidence that claims 1 and 16 are un-
patentable as obvious.
                          2. Salix
     As noted, Salix and Dr. Falk sued Mylan alleging that
its submission of ANDA No. 20-7271, if approved, would
infringe the ’688 patent under 35 U.S.C. § 271(e). Mylan
filed counterclaims on July 13, 2015, asserting that its pro-
posed product would not infringe and that the patents were
invalid as obvious. On June 22, 2017, after the Board en-
tered its final written decision in Dr. Falk, the parties
jointly stipulated to dismissal of these counterclaims pend-
ing resolution of the appeal in Dr. Falk.
     The district court held a Markman hearing and, on
April 12, 2016, issued an order construing terms. The par-
ties agreed that the claim term “wherein 85% to 90% of the
mesalamine formulation reaches the terminal ileum and
colon” (“the 85% to 90% limitation”) should be given its
DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH v. GENERICO, LLC                     13

plain and ordinary meaning. But Salix argued that the
plain and ordinary meaning of the term encompasses “the
understanding that a person of ordinary skill in the art
would view the percent mesalamine reaching the terminal
ileum or colon as a lower boundary for therapeutic effec-
tiveness.” J.A. 1274. The district court construed the term
according to its “plain and ordinary meaning” without
reading Salix’s requested caveat into the claim. It, instead,
read the limitation to impose both upper and lower bound-
aries. The parties did not ask the court to construe the
claim term “granulated mesalamine formulation” at that
time.
     The district court held a bench trial from March 7 to
March 9, 2017 on the issue of infringement of claim 1 of the
’688 patent. At trial, the parties disputed the constructions
of the granulated mesalamine formulation limitation and
the 85% to 90% limitation. On November 29, 2017, the dis-
trict court entered final judgment on behalf of Mylan. Spe-
cifically, the district court construed both disputed
limitations and found that Salix had failed to demonstrate
by a preponderance of the evidence that the proposed prod-
uct would infringe the granulated mesalamine formulation
and the 85% to 90% limitations of the ’688 patent.
    Salix and Dr. Falk appeal the district court’s decision
in Salix and Dr. Falk appeals the Board’s decision in Dr.
Falk. We have jurisdiction to review both decisions pursu-
ant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1) and 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4)(A),
respectively.
                      II. DISCUSSION
    In Dr. Falk, Dr. Falk argues on appeal that the Board
erred in its construction of “remission is defined as a DAI
score of 0 or 1” and that the Board’s conclusion of obvious-
ness is unsupported under the purportedly proper con-
struction of the term. Dr. Falk also argues that the Board
erred in its finding that the without food limitation would
have been obvious.
14                   DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH v. GENERICO, LLC

     In Salix, Salix and Dr. Falk argue on appeal that the
district court erred in its claim construction and nonin-
fringement findings with respect to the granulated mesal-
amine formulation and the 85% to 90% limitations. For the
reasons stated below, we affirm the Board’s finding in Dr.
Falk that claims 1 and 16 are unpatentable as obvious; we
therefore dismiss as moot the question of whether the dis-
trict court in Salix erred in finding that Mylan’s proposed
product would not infringe claim 1.
               A. The DAI Score Limitation
    Dr. Falk argues that the Board erred when it construed
“remission is defined as a DAI score of 0 or 1,” as “remission
is defined as a DAI score of 0 or 1, where the DAI score is a
sum of four subscores” rather than a sum of two subscores.
We disagree.
    We review the Board’s constructions de novo except for
subsidiary fact findings based on extrinsic evidence, which
we review for substantial evidence. PPC Broadband, Inc.
v. Corning Optical Commc’ns RF, LLC, 815 F.3d 747, 751
(Fed. Cir. 2016). The Board construes claims consistent
with their broadest reasonable interpretation in view of the
specification. 6 Id. Under both this standard and the

     6   The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has indi-
cated that it intends to apply the Phillips claim construc-
tion standard to petitions filed on or after November 13,
2018. See Changes to the Claim Construction Standard for
Interpreting Claims in Trial Proceedings Before the Patent
Trial and Appeal Board, 83 Fed. Reg. 51,340 (Oct. 11, 2018)
(to be codified at 37 C.F.R. pt. 42). Because GeneriCo filed
its petition before November 13, 2018, we apply the broad-
est reasonable interpretation standard here (as the Board
did below). Regardless, as explained herein, we find no er-
ror with the Board’s construction based on principles un-
derlying both claim construction standards.
DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH v. GENERICO, LLC                      15

Phillips standard, we construe terms according to their
plain and ordinary meanings as understood by a skilled ar-
tisan unless the patentee acts as his or her own lexicogra-
pher and clearly sets forth a definition of the disputed
claim term in either the specification or the prosecution
history. In re Schwemberger, 410 F. App’x 298, 303 (Fed.
Cir. 2010) (citing CCS Fitness v. Brunswick Corp., 288 F.3d
1359, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2002)).
    Here, not only did Dr. Falk concede in front of the
Board that the term DAI score is ordinarily understood in
the art as the sum of four subscores, J.A. 10, the patentee
expressly defined the term as such in the specification:
    Ulcerative colitis disease activity was assessed us-
    ing a modified Sutherland Disease Activity Index1
    (DAI), which is a sum of four subscores based on
    stool frequency, rectal bleeding, mucosal appear-
    ance on endoscopy, and physician’s rating of dis-
    ease activity. Each subscore can range from 0 to 3,
    for a total possible DAI score of 12.
’688 patent, col. 17, ll. 6–11 (emphasis added). Thus, we
find that the Board did not err in construing DAI score as
a sum of four subscores.
     Dr. Falk contends that the “Board’s construction con-
tradicts the explicit, repeated definition of ‘remission’ used
by the inventors.” Appellant’s Br. at 33. It notes that the
specification at times describes clinical trials in which “re-
mission” and “relapse-free” (which Dr. Falk contends is an
equivalent term for “remission”) are defined as a DAI score
of 0 or 1 based on two subscores. This, according to Dr.
Falk, demonstrates that the specification consistently pro-
vides a special definition of “remission” and that this spe-
cial definition must control.
    But, while Dr. Falk is correct that the specification at
times references a special definition of remission, the claim
language does not claim that special definition. This is
16                     DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH v. GENERICO, LLC

clear when we compare the portions of the specification to
which Dr. Falk directs the court with the plain language of
the claims. For example, Dr. Falk directs us to Examples
8 and 9 in which the specification refers to remission as a
“revised Sutherland Disease Activity Index [SDAI]” score
of less than 2 based on two subscores—rectal bleed and mu-
cosal appearance. ’688 patent, col. 26, ll. 51–55 (emphasis
added); see also id. at col. 25, ll. 33–36; id. at col. 26, ll. 21–
25; id. at col. 28, ll. 7–8. In contrast, the claim language
plainly recites a definition of “remission” that does not ref-
erence a “revised” DAI score; rather it states that “remis-
sion is defined as a DAI score of 0 or 1.” Id. at col. 34, ll.
18. If the patentee intended to define remission as based
on a revised DAI score rather than a DAI score, it would
have used the word “revised” in the claim language. Thus,
we conclude that the district court did not err in its con-
struction.
              B. The Without Food Limitation
     Dr. Falk also argues, based on our decision in SAS In-
stitute, Inc. v. ComplementSoft, LLC, 825 F.3d 1341 (Fed.
Cir. 2016), that the Board violated the Administrative Pro-
cedure Act (“APA”) by changing theories on the evidence
required to show obviousness of the “without food” limita-
tion. According to Dr. Falk, the Board granted institution
assuming that the limitation recites a food effect—i.e., that
taking the formulation without food is preferable to taking
it with food—but, in its final written decision, concluded
that the claims do not recite such a food effect. In the al-
ternative, Dr. Falk contends that, when assessing whether
a skilled artisan would have been motivated to combine the
prior art with a reasonable expectation of success to arrive
at the without food limitation, the Board failed to consider
evidence regarding the unpredictable impact of food on the
absorption of mesalamine. We address each argument in
turn.
DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH v. GENERICO, LLC                     17

    First, the Board did not change theories on the evi-
dence required to show obviousness of the without food lim-
itation. In SAS, we held that it was improper for the Board
to use a construction of a term in its final written decision
that differed from its construction of the term in its insti-
tution decision. 825 F.3d at 1351 (“What concerns us is not
that the Board adopted a construction in its final written
decision, as the Board is free to do, but that the Board
changed theories in midstream.” (internal quotations and
alterations omitted)). But our decision in SAS is distin-
guishable from this case because the Board here found that
the claims do not recite a food effect and because Dr. Falk
had adequate notice and opportunity to respond to the
Board’s conclusion that they do not, as evidenced by the
arguments it raised during both the pre- and post- institu-
tion phases of the proceedings.
     In its institution decision, the Board responded to Dr.
Falk’s contention that the claims impliedly contained a
food effect limitation by stating that, obviousness “turns on
whether administering granulated mesalamine without
food would have been predictable and would have led to an-
ticipated success.” J.A. 298. It then stated that relevant to
this inquiry were “record-supported rationales for why a
[skilled artisan] seeking to practice the method disclosed in
[the September 2007] Press Release and Endonurse would
have known to administer granulated mesalamine without
food.” J.A. 298–99. In response to Dr. Falk’s argument
that this inquiry requires a food effect study, the Board
stated that “[a] comparison between administration with
and without food is not necessary to persuade [the Board]
to institute review because Petitioners’ contention regard-
ing a motivation to combine Markhouski’s disclosures with
[the September] 2007 Press Release and Endonurse is ad-
equately supported by other information.” J.A. 300–01. It
then concluded that “administering granulated mesala-
mine without food would have been known, predictable,
and led to anticipated success.”           J.A. 299.   These
18                   DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH v. GENERICO, LLC

statements were in response to Dr. Falk’s assertion that a
food effect limitation existed and that a food effect study
must be disclosed in the prior art; they were not an unqual-
ified agreement with that assertion. Instead, they reflect
agreement with appellees’ view that the prior art’s failure
to require that the formulation be administered with food
was the relevant fact for its obviousness analysis.
     Consistent with these statements in its institution de-
cision, the Board stated in its final written decision that
“[t]he requirement to show a reasonable expectation of suc-
cess pertains to the subject matter of the claims,” and, here,
because “the claims do not recite a food effect,” there was a
reasonable expectation of success of arriving at the without
food limitation even though none of the prior art discloses
a food effect study. J.A. 43–44. The Board did not accept
Dr. Falk’s contention that food effect studies were needed
and was not persuaded by Dr. Falk’s expert testimony
claiming that the impact of food on absorption was unpre-
dictable at the time of the invention. Rather, it consist-
ently indicated that other rationales existed for a
motivation to combine with a reasonable expectation of
success despite an absence of a food effect study in the prior
art. Moreover, Dr. Falk raised, appellees rebutted, and the
Board addressed during oral argument and in its final writ-
ten decision the question of whether the claims contain a
food effect limitation, as distinct from the without food lim-
itation. That Dr. Falk pursued and lost the argument that
they do not contain such a food effect limitation and that
the prior art does not disclose one does not amount to inad-
equate notice and opportunity to respond. Thus, we con-
clude that the Board’s analysis did not violate the APA.
    Second, the Board did not fail to consider relevant evi-
dence when assessing a motivation to combine with a rea-
sonable expectation of success. Rather, it focused its
analysis on the correct inquiry under our case law, which
asks whether a skilled artisan would have “ha[d] a motiva-
tion to combine accompanied by a reasonable expectation
DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH v. GENERICO, LLC                       19

of achieving what is claimed in the patent-at-issue.” Intel-
ligent Bio-Sys., Inc v. Illumina Cambridge Ltd., 821 F.3d
1359, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (emphasis added). Here, the
Board correctly found that the claims do not recite a food
effect. The plain language of the claim merely recites a re-
quirement that the formulation be administered “without
food.” The language does not indicate the drug formulation
is more or less effective depending on whether it is admin-
istered with or without food. Even Dr. Falk’s own expert,
when asked if the “claim requires that the administration
of the drug is more effective without food versus with food,”
answered, “[n]o . . . . It doesn’t state more effective with
food or without food.” J.A. 1208. And, although the speci-
fication contains food effect studies, the results of those
studies suggest that the drug formulation may be adminis-
tered without regard to food. ’688 patent at col. 7, ll. 28–34
(stating that overall systemic absorption was “essentially
unaltered by a high-fat meal eaten before dosing” and that
“[t]he ability to take mesalamine granules with or without
food, along with its once-daily dosing, may improve patient
compliance and treatment success.”); id. at col. 16, ll. 62–
64 (studying in Example 4 the pharmacokinetic effect of
food on absorption and concluding that “[t]he overall rate
and extent of absorption of mesalamine and its N-acetyl
metabolite were not affected by a high-fat meal”). Based
on this reasonable reading of the claims, the Board found
Dr. Falk’s evidence regarding the alleged unpredictable im-
pact of food was outside the scope of the claims.
     Dr. Falk contends that, even if the claims do not recite
a food effect, the Board still erred in disregarding Dr. Falk’s
evidence because evidence relating to unclaimed features
is relevant to the inquiry of a motivation to combine with a
reasonable expectation of success. In support of this prop-
osition, Dr. Falk cites to Intelligent Bio-Systems, 821 F.3d
at 1367–68, in which it contends that this court found evi-
dence relating to an unclaimed feature central to the moti-
vation to combine inquiry and to Institut Pasteur &
20                   DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH v. GENERICO, LLC

Universite Pierre et Marie Curie v. Focarino, 738 F.3d 1337,
1346 (Fed. Cir. 2013), in which it contends that this court
similarly found that the Board erred in disregarding evi-
dence relating to an unclaimed feature when assessing a
motivation to combine with a reasonable expectation of
success.
     We disagree. In Intelligent Bio-Systems, we stated the
opposite of what Dr. Falk now contends. 821 F.3d at 1367.
Indeed, it is well established that “failure to consider the
appropriate scope of the . . . patent’s claimed invention in
evaluating the reasonable expectation of success . . . consti-
tutes a legal error that [is] review[ed] without deference.”
Id. (quoting Allergan, Inc. v. Apotex Inc., 754 F.3d 952, 966
(Fed. Cir. 2014)). Similarly, in Institut Pasteur, we admon-
ished the Board, not because it failed to consider evidence
relevant to unclaimed features, but because it failed to con-
sider evidence related to a feature that the Board admitted
was implicit in the claims. 737 F.3d at 1346. In contrast,
here, the claims do not recite any food effect—either ex-
pressly or implicitly. Therefore, we conclude that the
Board did not disregard evidence of record, but rather cor-
rectly found Dr. Falk’s evidence as falling outside the scope
of the claims.
                      III. CONCLUSION
    For the reasons stated above, we affirm the Board’s fi-
nal written decision in Dr. Falk that claims 1 and 16 of the
’688 patent are unpatentable as obvious. 7 Accordingly, we

     7  We have considered Dr. Falk’s remaining argu-
ments and find them unpersuasive. We conclude that the
Board did not fail to consider evidence of the differences
between the claimed method and the prior art and that
substantial evidence supports the Board’s finding of a mo-
tivation to combine with a reasonable expectation of suc-
cess despite these differences. We also conclude that the
DR. FALK PHARMA GMBH v. GENERICO, LLC                      21

dismiss as moot Salix’s appeal from the district court’s
judgment that claim 1 of the same patent would not be in-
fringed.
      AFFIRMED AS TO APPEAL NO. 17-2312;
      DISMISSED AS TO APPEAL NO. 17-2636
                           COSTS
    Costs to Appellees.

Board did not err in its analysis of objective indicia of non-
obviousness; specifically, the Board balanced the evidence
submitted by Dr. Falk and afforded it due weight in view
of our case law.