Court Opinion

ID: 9946049
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-28 22:04:12.188928+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:25:23.421423
License: Public Domain

2024 IL App (1st) 221030-U

                                            No. 1-22-1030

                                                                              THIRD DIVISION
                                                                              February 28, 2024

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the
limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________

                                               IN THE
                                 APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                          FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

 THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                            )   Appeal from the
                                                                 )   Circuit Court of
           Plaintiff-Appellee,                                   )   Cook County.
                                                                 )
     v.                                                          )   No. 17 CR 13961 (01)
                                                                 )
 ROGELIO ARROYO,                                                 )   Honorable
                                                                 )   Laura Ayala-Gonzalez,
           Defendant-Appellant.                                  )   Judge, Presiding.

           JUSTICE D. B. WALKER delivered the judgment of the court.
           Presiding Justice Reyes and Justice Van Tine concurred in the judgment.

                                               ORDER

¶1        Held: We affirm defendant’s conviction of first-degree murder where the police had
          probable cause to arrest defendant without a warrant, the affirmative defense of compulsion
          was unavailable to him, and the prosecutor properly responded to defense counsel’s
          remarks during closing argument.

¶2        Defendant Rogelio Arroyo appeals his conviction of first-degree murder after a jury trial.

On appeal, defendant contends that this court should reverse his conviction and remand the matter

for a new trial where 1) police officers lacked probable cause to arrest him without a warrant, 2)
No. 1-22-1030

the trial court erred in denying his request to present evidence supporting the affirmative defense

of compulsion, and 3) during closing argument, the prosecutor improperly implicated defendant’s

constitutional right to a trial. For the following reasons, we affirm.

¶3                                      I. BACKGROUND

¶4                                    A. Pretrial Proceedings

¶5     Defendant was charged with first-degree murder for the beating death of Joaquin Clara.

Prior to trial, defendant filed a motion to suppress his statement in which he argued that he did not

knowingly and intelligently waive his Miranda rights. Defendant also filed a motion to suppress

identification evidence based on alleged misconduct that occurred during the administration of the

photo arrays. The trial court denied both motions.

¶6     Defendant then filed a motion to suppress his statements and DNA evidence, alleging they

were obtained through an unlawful warrantless arrest. At the hearing, the parties stipulated that

defendant was arrested on August 24, 2017, at 5 p.m. They also stipulated that police did not have

an arrest warrant, nor did they observe defendant committing any crime when they arrested him.

¶7     Detective Adam Katz testified at the hearing. He stated that on August 23, 2017, he was

assigned to investigate a murder that occurred in the area of 5900 West Fullerton in Chicago.

Around 9 p.m. that evening, a person identifying himself as Pedro Martinez came to the police

station. Detectives later discovered that the person’s name was actually Marcos Alvino. Alvino

talked to Detective Salgado, who spoke Spanish.

¶8     Alvino stated that someone named Coco and another person named Rogelio approached

him at a church a couple of blocks from the 5900 West Fullerton area. They told Alvino that Clara

“was not in this world anymore” and that “he was real dead.” Alvino told Detective Salgado that

he believed Clara “was beat to death.” Alvino gave officers the location of where Clara, who was

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No. 1-22-1030

homeless, usually slept or spent time. Officers went to the location to verify Alvino’s information.

When they arrived, they observed Clara “unresponsive and deceased *** in an empty lot area.”

¶9      Meanwhile, Detective Salgado continued speaking with Alvino at the station. Alvino

described Rogelio as a Hispanic male, approximately five feet eight inches tall and weighing 160

pounds. He also had “real short hair” and was wearing a gray shirt and blue jeans. After some

investigation, police found a photograph of Thomas Ocasio, whose nickname was Coco. This

photograph was subsequently used in a photo array shown to Alvino on August 24, 2017, around

12:37 p.m. From the photo array, Alvino identified Ocasio as “Coco,” the person who had told

him about Clara. This information was relayed to Detective Katz as he investigated the case.

¶ 10    Several hours later, between 4 and 5 p.m., Detective Katz and his partner drove to the area

of Fullerton and Menard to check whether surveillance video was available. There, they

encountered Alvino, who was walking east on Fullerton. Alvino saw the officers and pointed at a

person walking in front of him. As he did so, Alvino “was saying something to the effect of, that’s

him. That’s Rogelio.” Detective Katz identified defendant in court as the person Alvino pointed

out to the officers.

¶ 11    Detective Katz approached defendant and asked his name. Defendant responded that his

name was Rogelio. He also matched the description given by Alvino. The officers placed

defendant under arrest.

¶ 12    On cross-examination, Detective Katz confirmed that it was Coco who told Alvino about

Clara being “real dead,” not Rogelio. He also acknowledged that at the time of defendant’s arrest,

no one “had identified Rogelio as the Rogelio who was standing next to Coco,” when Coco told

Alvino about Clara’s death.

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¶ 13   On redirect, Detective Katz stated that he had information at the time of defendant’s arrest

that both Coco and Rogelio approached Alvino, that “[t]hey were together.” He also confirmed

that “Mr. Alvino had implicated both of them with regard to their involvement in this case.”

¶ 14   The trial court denied defendant’s motion to suppress. It found Detective Katz’s testimony

credible and unimpeached by the defense. Furthermore,

       “[w]hen you look at the totality of the circumstances, you look at the requirements for a –

       a Terry stop, where there’s reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed, is about

       to be committed, or will be committed, and the circumstances surrounding the knowledge

       that the Officers had, based on that stop, that detention and subsequent arrest, I believe

       there was no Fourth Amendment violation in regard to the detention and arrest of

       [defendant].”

¶ 15   Defendant also filed a motion to present the affirmative defense of compulsion. The trial

court denied the motion, finding that defendant was only charged with first-degree murder and

“the law is pretty clear thus far” that compulsion was unavailable in first-degree murder cases.

¶ 16                                        B. Trial

¶ 17   At trial, Rolando Vindell testified that he owned property on the 5900 block of West

Fullerton, and there were two surveillance cameras on the property. After speaking with police,

Vindell provided video from the evening of August 23, 2017 to August 24, 2017. He also testified

that on August 23, 2017, around 9:40 to 9:55 p.m., he noticed three men walking past as he parked

behind his garage. One of the men, who he identified as Coco, gave him a fist bump. Vindell did

not know the other men.

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No. 1-22-1030

¶ 18   The video was admitted and published to the jury. The video showed two men walking

through the alley. Vindell identified Coco on the video as someone he knew from the

neighborhood. One of the men was holding a bat.

¶ 19   Thomas Ocasio testified at defendant’s trial. He stated that his nickname was Coco. He

was serving 22 years in prison for murder, and he was not promised anything in exchange for his

testimony. Coco knew defendant. Both he and defendant were homeless. Coco had known the

victim, Clara, for over 20 years. He testified that he and defendant beat Clara on August 23, 2017,

using rocks and a bat. They walked to the area where Clara slept near Fullerton. Coco carried rocks

and defendant carried a bat. In beating Clara, Coco used bricks that he found “all over the place,”

and defendant hit Clara in the head with the bat.

¶ 20   On cross-examination, Coco stated that he was six feet five inches tall and weighed

approximately 255 pounds. On the night of August 23rd, he was drinking with five or six other

people. Coco pled guilty to Clara’s murder and was sentenced to 22 years in prison. Otherwise, he

faced a possible sentence of 60 years in prison. When he pled guilty, he answered under oath that

defendant took part in Clara’s beating.

¶ 21   On redirect, Coco testified that defendant killed Clara because Clara had beaten defendant

and taken his chain. Defendant said that he wanted to kill Clara three days before the murder. Coco

testified that defendant hit Clara over the head with the bat five times.

¶ 22   Sergeant Adam Criscione testified that he was assigned to investigate the Clara murder in

August 2017. He learned that Coco and Rogelio were two people of interest. Sergeant Criscione

had a description of Rogelio as a Hispanic male in his mid to late twenties, five feet six to five feet

eight inches tall and weighing around 140 pounds. He was informed that Rogelio “rode around on

a small black BMX-style bike in that neighborhood.” When Sergeant Criscione was in the area of

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No. 1-22-1030

5900 West Fullerton, he observed a person who matched Rogelio’s description. When asked his

name, the person responded, “Rogelio.” He identified defendant in court as Rogelio.

¶ 23   Sergeant Criscione was present when defendant received Miranda warnings in Spanish.

He showed defendant images from the surveillance video and defendant identified himself and

Coco in the images.

¶ 24   Detective Salgado testified that his first language is Spanish, and he assisted in the case as

an interpreter. After defendant was given Miranda warnings, he agreed to speak to police.

¶ 25   The jury viewed video clips of defendant’s statement and a transcript of the statement was

admitted into evidence. Defendant admitted that he was at the crime scene and that he met Coco

there. He had a bat and Coco had a brick, but Coco later took the bat from him. They went to the

fenced-in area where Clara slept, and Coco walked through a hole in the fence. Although Coco

threatened to hurt defendant if he did not follow, defendant waited on the other side of the fence.

From there, he observed Coco hit Clara on the head with a brick and the bat. Coco told him not to

say anything and they left the area together. Coco threw the bat into a black garbage can.

¶ 26   The medical examiner testified that Clara died from multiple blunt force injuries. He had

contusions, skin tears, scrapes and abrasions on his head and face, and the lacerations around his

eye and lip were so deep that his skull was visible. The medical examiner testified that these

injuries were consistent with being struck by a hard object, and such strikes could cause blood to

“fly off” or “be cast onto other nearby objects.”

¶ 27   The parties stipulated that buccal swabs were collected from defendant, Coco, and Clara.

Furthermore, evidence technicians collected and inventoried jean shorts, socks and shoes from

Coco, and a baseball cap, blue shorts, socks, white t-shirt and shoes from defendant. A baseball

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No. 1-22-1030

bat and bricks were also recovered. Blood stains were observed on Coco’s jean shorts and

defendant’s t-shirt. Blood was also found on the baseball bat and a brick.

¶ 28   An expert in forensic DNA analysis testified that she received standards from Coco,

defendant, and Clara. She analyzed samples taken from the bat and found a mixture of two DNA

profiles. Clara was identified as a possible contributor to the major DNA profile, and the expected

frequency of this profile was approximately 1 in 90 octillion unrelated individuals. Clara was the

single source of DNA taken from the brick. Clara also could not be excluded as a contributor to

the DNA profile found in the blood stains on defendant’s shirt and Coco’s shorts. The expected

frequency of this profile was approximately 1 in 90 octillion unrelated individuals.

¶ 29   The defense presented five photographs depicting the appearance of Coco and defendant

when they were arrested.

¶ 30   In closing, the State argued that it had proven all of the elements of first-degree murder.

Even taking defendant’s version of the events, “just for argument’s sake,” the State argued that

defendant was “still guilty because of this legal principle called accountability.”

¶ 31   Defense counsel argued that defendant gave “honest” statements to police that matched the

evidence in the case. Defendant was not part of Coco’s plan to kill Clara and he did not know there

would be a “fight.” Defendant was intimidated by Coco, who was a “big guy.” Unlike Coco,

defendant’s involvement in the beating was minimal. Counsel also questioned Coco’s credibility

and argued that he was “a special kind of witness” who “cannot be believed.” Counsel reminded

the jury that Coco pled guilty and received a sentence of 22 years in prison, “which when you’re

looking at 20 to 60, it’s pretty close to the minimum.” Counsel argued that Coco knew that if he

told the State that defendant participated in the beating, he would get “a better deal.” Furthermore,

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No. 1-22-1030

he understood that he had to tell the same story at trial, or he would be charged with perjury.

Counsel reiterated that Coco “cannot be believed.”

¶ 32   In rebuttal, the State addressed defendant’s credibility. The prosecutor remarked that

defendant “was not completely honest when he was talking to the police.” She suggested that

defendant “downplay[ed]” his role in the beating because he was not “willing to totally own up to

[his] involvement in a situation.” Therefore, when defendant talked to police, “he decided to blame

everything on Coco.” The prosecutor further remarked:

              “I am not going to stand here and tell you that I think Coco is an upstanding member

       of society or that he’s a great guy or that he should be free. Clearly, that’s not the case. But

       I would ask you to consider his tone, his demeanor, and his physicality when you saw him

       in this courtroom. He pled guilty to murder. Generally speaking when people are willing

       to take responsibility for their actions and apologize, there’s consideration in the term of

       years that they are sentenced to. And that’s what happened with Coco.

              When someone is not willing to accept responsibility, you end up where we are

       today. But Coco was forthcoming…”

Defense counsel raised an objection, which the trial court overruled. The State continued, arguing

that Coco “didn’t want to be here,” but he swore to tell the truth. During his testimony, Coco was

calm, collected, and clearheaded. The State asked the jury to take that into consideration when

assessing his credibility as a witness.

¶ 33   The jury found defendant guilty of first-degree murder. Defendant filed a motion for a new

trial, alleging that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress statements and evidence

where there was no probable cause for his arrest, and erred in denying his motion to present the

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No. 1-22-1030

affirmative defense of compulsion. Defendant also alleged that the prosecutor made improper

remarks during closing argument. The trial court denied the motion.

¶ 34   After a sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced defendant to 25 years in prison.

Defendant filed a motion to reconsider his sentence, which the trial court denied. Defendant filed

this timely appeal.

¶ 35                                      III. ANALYSIS

¶ 36   Defendant first contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress his

statement and evidence under the Fourth Amendment where police officers lacked probable cause

to arrest him without a warrant.

¶ 37   Probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances known to officers at the time of

the arrest lead a reasonable person “to believe that an offense had been committed and that the

offense was committed by the person arrested.” People v. Sims, 192 Ill. 2d 592, 615 (2000).

Although mere suspicion of criminal activity is inadequate to establish probable cause, the

evidence available to officers need not prove defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at

614-15. Rather, a probable cause determination is governed by commonsense, practical

considerations instead of technical legal rules. People v. Buss, 187 Ill.2d 144, 204 (1999). It is an

objective, case-by-case determination based on the totality of the circumstances at the time of the

arrest. People v. Jackson, 348 Ill. App. 3d 719, 727 (2004). While we defer to the trial court’s fact

findings and will reverse only if those findings are against the manifest weight of the evidence, we

review the court’s ruling on probable cause de novo. People v. Grant, 2013 IL 112734, ¶ 12.

¶ 38   Probable cause may be established from the collective knowledge of police officers

working in concert. People v. Moore, 378 Ill. App. 3d 41, 48 (2007). In this case, the following

facts were known to police at the time of defendant’s arrest. Around 9 p.m. on August 23, 2017,

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No. 1-22-1030

Alvino came to the police station to speak with police. He informed them that Coco and Rogelio

approached him a couple of blocks from the 5900 West Fullerton area. Coco told Alvino that Clara

“was not in this world anymore” and that “he was real dead.” Alvino believed Clara “was beat to

death.” Alvino’s information indicated that Coco and Rogelio approached Alvino “together,” and

he implicated both regarding their involvement in the case. Alvino described Rogelio as a Hispanic

male, approximately five feet eight inches tall and weighing 160 pounds. Rogelio also had “real

short hair” and was wearing a gray shirt and blue jeans. Officers went to the location where Clara

usually slept to verify Alvino’s information. There, they observed Clara “unresponsive and

deceased *** in an empty lot area.”

¶ 39   Less than 24 hours later, while driving near 5900 West Fullerton, officers encountered

Alvino. He identified defendant walking in front of him as “Rogelio.” Defendant also matched the

description of Rogelio given to the police. After officers confirmed defendant’s name, they

arrested him.

¶ 40   When, as here, a citizen provides police officers with information leading to a warrantless

arrest, we examine the citizen’s basis of knowledge to ensure that the information was predicated

on something more than conclusory allegations or casual rumor. Sims, 192 Ill. 2d at 617. This

examination is not a separate test in determining probable cause. Id. at 618. Rather, an informant’s

basis of knowledge is a relevant factor to consider “as part of the totality of the circumstances

known to police at the time of the arrest.” Id.

¶ 41   Alvino stated that both Coco and Rogelio approached him regarding the death of Clara.

Although Alvino initially gave police a false name, he was not an anonymous informant as police

soon obtained his actual name. He also had personal knowledge of defendant and the victim, and

he had no motive to lie. Alvino’s statements were further substantiated when officers later found

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No. 1-22-1030

Clara deceased. Alvino’s information was thus supported by some indicia of reliability. See Sims,

192 Ill. 2d at 619 (finding that officers could reasonably rely on an informant’s statements where

she had personal knowledge of the defendant and therefore, it was less likely she was reporting a

casual rumor); see also People v. Hood, 262 Ill. App. 3d 171, 175 (1994) (finding statements that

defendant committed a crime reliable where the informants personally knew the defendant, they

had no motive to lie, and the police independently verified their claims that a crime had been

perpetrated against the named victim).

¶ 42   Defendant argues, however, that Alvino’s information provided no basis to arrest him

because officers only knew that defendant was standing next to Coco when Coco spoke about

Clara’s death. This information did not show that Alvino had knowledge of an actual crime or that

defendant was involved in criminal activity. Defendant contends that probable cause to arrest him

did not arise merely because there may have been probable cause to arrest Coco.

¶ 43   As support, defendant cites People v. Creach, 79 Ill. 2d 96 (1980), People v. Carnivale, 61

Ill. 2d 57 (1975), and People v. Galloway, 7 Ill. 2d 527 (1956). In each of these cases, the defendant

was arrested merely because he was found with the person the police intended to arrest. No one

had identified the defendants in connection with the crimes for which they were arrested. See

Creach, 79 Ill. 2d at 102-3; Carnivale, 61 Ill. 2d at 58; Galloway, 7 Ill. 2d at 535. In this case,

Alvino specifically named defendant, as well as Coco, when he told police about Clara. Creach,

Carnivale, and Galloway are factually distinguishable.

¶ 44   Defendant notes, however, that when officers encountered him on August 24, 2017, they

did not observe him committing a crime or engaging in suspicious behavior. Defendant argues that

the officers could have questioned him or further investigated his involvement in a possible crime,

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but they had no probable cause to arrest him without a warrant. He cites People v. Lee, 214 Ill. 2d

476 (2005), as support.

¶ 45   In Lee, the police received a citizen’s complaint about three men selling drugs on the corner

of Second and Mississippi Streets in Joliet, Illinois. The citizen had made complaints in the past

and most were “well-founded.” Id. at 478. At that location, officers observed three men standing

on the corner. A van proceeded to park on the curb and the men approached the van. They spoke

to the driver and then the van drove away. The officers recognized the defendant, who had

previously been arrested for drug possession, as one of the men. They recognized another as a

gang member. Id. at 478-79. The officers did not observe an exchange of money or drugs, but

based on their experience, they believed a drug transaction had taken place or was about to take

place. Id. at 479. A protective pat-down search of the men revealed no weapons or contraband.

Nonetheless, the officers arrested the men for violating Joliet’s drug-loitering ordinance. Id.

¶ 46   On appeal to the supreme court, the defendant argued that the police lacked probable cause

to arrest him without a warrant. Id. at 481. The court agreed, finding that “uncontradicted evidence

shows that defendant stood on a street corner with two other men” and that “officers did not see a

drug transaction. They merely observed three men standing on a corner and a van, which no one

on the corner summoned, pull to the curb and drive away.” Id. at 485-86. This evidence lacked an

overt act constituting probable cause for an arrest. Id. at 486. Although the citizen’s complaint

justified officers approaching the defendant for questioning, further investigation was warranted.

Id. at 487. Rather than arrest the defendant on the spot, “the officers should have waited and

watched for some overt act manifesting that defendant intended to engage in drug-related activity.”

Id. at 488. The court reasoned that “ ‘[w]hen there is a question as to whether a crime has been

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committed, in addition to whether the defendant committed the crime, more evidence is required

to demonstrate probable cause.’ ” Id. at 485, quoting Buss, 187 Ill. 2d at 205.

¶ 47   Unlike Lee, the officers in this case knew that a crime had been committed before they

encountered and arrested defendant. Defendant emphasizes the fact that Alvino never directly

implicated him in the beating of Clara, nor did Alvino witness the beating. The probable cause

calculation, however, concerns only the probability of criminal activity. People v. Hopkins, 235

Ill. 2d 453, 477 (2009). Probable cause does not require a belief that it is “more likely true than

false” that defendant has committed a crime. Id. “Even a tentative identification may contribute to

probable cause.” In re Edgar C., 2014 IL App (1st) 141703, ¶ 121.

¶ 48   Probable cause exists when there is reason to believe that the defendant is involved in

criminality. People v. Adams, 131 Ill. 2d 387, 398 (1989). Here, officers reasonably believed that

a crime was committed by defendant when they arrested him. Before the arrest, Alvino told officers

that he believed Clara had been beaten to death, and they subsequently found Clara deceased with

evidence of blunt force trauma. They knew that Coco and Rogelio were “together” when Coco

told Alvino about Clara’s death. Police officers had this information when they encountered

defendant, whom Alvino identified as Rogelio, less than 24 hours later near the crime scene.

Defendant’s location after a murder is a consideration when assessing probable cause. Sims, 192

Ill. 2d at 617. Defendant also matched the description of Rogelio given to police.

¶ 49   We find that the totality of the circumstances known to police at the time of defendant’s

arrest would lead a reasonably cautious person to believe that defendant was involved in the

beating death of Clara. See Grant, 2013 IL 112734, ¶ 11. Accordingly, officers had probable cause

to arrest him after confirming his identity. Since defendant’s statements and the DNA evidence

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obtained thereafter did not result from an illegal, warrantless arrest, the trial court properly denied

his motion to suppress.

¶ 50   Defendant next contends that the trial court erred in denying his request to present evidence

on the affirmative defense of compulsion. The court determined that compulsion was unavailable

in murder cases under the present statute. In construing a statute, courts must ascertain and give

effect to legislative intent. People v. Ramirez, 214 Ill.2d 176, 179 (2005). The best indicator of that

intent is the statute’s language, given its plain and ordinary meaning. Id. The construction of a

statute is a question of law that we review de novo. Id.

¶ 51   Section 7-11(a) of the Criminal Code of 2012 (Code) provides:

       “A person is not guilty of an offense, other than an offense punishable with death, by reason

       of conduct that he or she performs under the compulsion of threat or menace of the

       imminent infliction of death or great bodily harm, if he or she reasonably believes death or

       great bodily harm will be inflicted upon him or her, or upon his or her spouse or child, if

       he or she does not perform that conduct.” 720 ILCS 5/7-11(a) (West 2020).

Illinois abolished the death penalty for all offenses in 2011, and, as a result, first-degree murder is

no longer punishable by death. See 725 ILCS 5/119-1 (West 2020). Defendant thus argues that at

the time of his trial, compulsion was an affirmative defense for any charge under the plain language

of section 7-11(a), and the trial court should have allowed him to present it.

¶ 52   Our supreme court construed this provision in People v. Gleckler, 82 Ill. 2d 145 (1980).

The court noted that when the defense of compulsion was first codified in 1827, the offense of

murder “was automatically punishable with death.” Id. at 155. It found that in enacting the

provision, the legislature “intended to apply the common law rule that one ought himself to die

rather than escape through the murder of an innocent.” Id. at 156.

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¶ 53   The Gleckler court acknowledged that imposition of the death penalty for murder became

discretionary in 1867. Id. at 155. However, the court found it significant that the phrase “other than

an offense punishable with death” remained unchanged when the legislature enacted section 7-11

in 1961. It reasoned that the phrase was not “rendered meaningless by the fact that the death

sentence was a discretionary punishment for all murders at the time.” Id. at 155-56. Rather, “the

meaning of section 7-11(a) *** had been settled since 1827,” and the legislature’s decision to make

the death penalty discretionary “cannot be transformed into an intent to allow the defense of

compulsion in any murder case.” Id. at 156. The court held that “[t]he defense of compulsion, ***

as a matter of legislative intent, is unavailable to one charged with murder” Id. at 157.

¶ 54   The supreme court recognized that its interpretation may be viewed as contrary to the plain

language of the statute. Nonetheless, it had “a duty to remain faithful to the intent of the legislature

regardless of the literal meaning of the statute.” Id. at 160. The court, therefore, did not implement

its holding retroactively in accordance with Bouie v. Columbia, 84 S. Ct. 1697, 1703 (1964)

(finding that when the state judiciary construes a criminal statute in an unforeseeable manner,

retroactive application of the ruling deprives a defendant of due process under the Fourteenth

Amendment).

¶ 55   Defendant contends that Gleckler is distinguishable because when it was decided, courts

still retained the discretion to impose the death penalty as a sentence for murder. However, at the

time of his trial, the death penalty had been abolished. He argues that under the plain language of

the statute, first-degree murder is no longer an offense punishable by death under any

circumstance, and thus, compulsion is available as a defense to murder.

¶ 56   While the language of section 7-11(a) could support defendant’s argument, Gleckler made

clear that the supreme court did not rely on the literal meaning of its terms when construing the

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provision. Instead, the court noted that in 1827, when the defense of compulsion was first codified,

murder was “automatically punishable with death.” Gleckler, 82 Ill. 2d at 155. The court placed

significance on the legislature’s intent to apply the common law rule that one should die rather

than escape by murdering an innocent person. Id at 156. Accordingly, in using the phrase “other

than an offense punishable with death,” the legislature intended to exclude the offense of murder

altogether, not just because murder was punishable with death. Id. at 157.

¶ 57   Since Gleckler, Illinois courts have consistently held that compulsion is not available as a

defense to a murder charge. See for e.g., People v. Doss, 214 Ill. App. 3d 1051, 1056 (1991),

People v. Edgeston, 243 Ill. App. 3d 1, 13 (1993), People v. Sims, 374 Ill. App. 3d 231, 267 (2007),

and People v. Ganus, 148 Ill. 2d 466, 472 (1992) (recognizing that the defendant, who was charged

with murder, was not entitled to a compulsion defense). Even after Illinois abolished the death

penalty in 2011, this court continued to hold that compulsion is not an affirmative defense to

murder. See People v. Goods, 2016 IL App (1st) 140511, ¶ 54, and People v. Mrdjenovich, 2023

IL App (1st) 191699, ¶ 161.

¶ 58   Importantly, the legislature amended section 7-11 in 2010, but retained the phrase in light

of established court interpretation of the provision. Courts “should construe a statute to give a

reasonable meaning to all words and sentences so that no part is rendered superfluous.” People v.

Glisson, 202 Ill. 2d 499, 505 (2002). The phrase “other than an offense punishable with death”

would be rendered meaningless under defendant’s interpretation.

¶ 59   Additionally, “where terms used in a statute have acquired a settled meaning through

judicial construction and are thereafter retained by the legislature without any correction or change,

courts will presume that the legislature has chosen to acquiesce to the judicial construction placed

on the terms.” People v. Simpson, 2015 IL 116512, ¶ 30; see also Williams v. Crickman, 81 Ill. 2d

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105, 111 (1980) (finding that “considerations of stare decisis weigh heavily in the area of statutory

construction, especially where the legislature is free to change court interpretations of its

legislation”). Until the supreme court or the legislature deems otherwise, we will follow

established precedent holding that the statutory defense of compulsion is unavailable to an accused

charged with first-degree murder. 1 The trial court did not err in denying defendant’s request to

raise the compulsion defense.

¶ 60    Defendant’s final contention is that the prosecutor’s remarks during closing argument

improperly implicated his right to a trial. The State has considerable latitude in closing argument

and “may comment on the evidence and any fair, reasonable inferences it yields.” People v.

Nicholas, 218 Ill. 2d 104, 121 (2005). We review the allegedly improper remark in its entirety, as

well as within the full context of the entire closing argument. People v. Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d 173,

204 (2009). Regarding the appropriate standard of review, we acknowledge that some confusion

exists and that the supreme court has, on different occasions, applied the de novo standard and an

abuse of discretion standard. See People v. Johnson, 2015 IL App (1st) 123249, ¶ 39, and cases

cited therein. We need not resolve the issue here, however, because our determination is the same

under either standard.

¶ 61    In closing, defense counsel argued that defendant did not participate in Coco’s plan to kill

Clara and he was intimidated by Coco, who was a “big guy.” Counsel told the jury that defendant’s

involvement in the beating was minimal. Counsel also questioned Coco’s credibility and argued

that he was “a special kind of witness” who “cannot be believed.” Counsel reminded the jury that

1
  Defendant notes that the State also raised the theory of accountability at trial, even though he was not
charged with being accountable for Clara’s murder. In any event, it would not change our determination
because compulsion is not available as a defense to one charged with murder based on a theory of
accountability. See People v. Calvillo, 170 Ill. App. 3d 1070, 1079 (1988).

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Coco pled guilty and received a sentence of 22 years in prison, which was “close to the minimum.”

Coco knew that if he told the State that defendant participated in the beating, he would get “a better

deal.” Counsel reiterated that Coco “cannot be believed.”

¶ 62   In rebuttal, the prosecutor first suggested that defendant was not truthful and

“downplay[ed]” his role in the beating because he was not “willing to totally own up to [his]

involvement in a situation.” Instead, “he decided to blame everything on Coco.” The prosecutor

then made the comments challenged by defendant. She remarked, “when people are willing to take

responsibility for their actions and apologize, there’s consideration in the term of years that they

are sentenced to. And that’s what happened with Coco. When someone is not willing to accept

responsibility, you end up where we are today. But Coco was forthcoming…” After defense

counsel’s objection, the prosecutor continued with the credibility issue, telling the jury that Coco

“didn’t want to be here,” but he swore to tell the truth. The prosecutor noted Coco’s calm demeanor

and asked the jury to take that into consideration when assessing his credibility.

¶ 63   Viewing the comments in full, it is clear that the prosecutor was responding to defense

counsel’s argument attacking Coco’s credibility and minimizing defendant’s role in the murder.

Generally, the prosecutor may respond to defense counsel’s comments that clearly invite a

response. People v. Kliner, 185 Ill. 2d 81, 154, (1998). As such, we do not find the case cited by

defendant, People v. Williams, 2020 IL App (1st) 163417, persuasive here.

¶ 64   In Williams, the comments at issue were part of the State’s well-orchestrated and planned

argument. Id. ¶ 50. The prosecutor made “responsibility” the theme in the opening statement by

starting with a quote from Eleanor Roosevelt and continuing with a detailed comparison of the

defendant’s conduct to that of M.B., who took responsibility and pleaded guilty. Id. ¶ 45. The

prosecutor returned to this theme in closing argument, telling the jury that the defendant “has been

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running from the responsibility he should be taking for his actions.” (Emphasis in the original.) Id.

¶ 46. After defense counsel objected, the trial court sustained the objection and directed the

prosecutor to “Move on.” Id. However, even after receiving the instruction, the prosecutor

remarked that the jury should “tell” the defendant to take responsibility for his actions. Id. ¶ 47.

This court found that the prosecutor’s pervasive comments sought to punish the defendant for not

pleading guilty and “were a clear and obvious error.” Id. ¶ 49.

¶ 65   In contrast, the prosecutor in this case did not make defendant’s responsibility the “theme”

of the trial, nor did the prosecutor argue that defendant should be punished for not pleading guilty.

Instead, the prosecutor properly responded to defense counsel’s attacks on Coco’s credibility as a

witness. The credibility of Coco was a key issue because his testimony that defendant beat Clara

with a bat contradicted defendant’s statement that his involvement was minimal. The prosecutor’s

comments regarding Coco being forthcoming, compared with defendant not taking responsibility

and blaming everything on Coco, addressed defense counsel’s argument on the issue. Generally,

comments directed at the credibility of witnesses are appropriate in closing argument. People v.

Gonzalez, 388 Ill. App. 3d 566, 593 (2008).

¶ 66   Moreover, viewed in the context of the entire closing argument, the prosecutor’s comment

was brief and made only in rebuttal. Where the remark was brief and isolated, it is unlikely that it

deprived defendant of a fair trial. Gonzalez, 388 Ill. App. 3d at 590. We will find reversible error

only if the comments “were so prejudicial that real justice was denied” or if the verdict resulted

from the error. People v. Runge, 234 Ill. 2d 68, 142 (2009).

¶ 67                                    IV. CONCLUSION

¶ 68   For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

¶ 69   Affirmed.

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