Court Opinion

ID: 8206704
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-15 17:01:00.146203+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:18.102090
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                 FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 ANJULA AGRAWAL, as next friend of
 A.N., her minor child,

                    Plaintiff,

         v.                                                Civil Action No. 21-2460 (RDM)

 THE POTOMAC SCHOOL,

                    Defendant.

                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

        Plaintiff Anjula Agrawal, as mother and next friend of her minor daughter, A.N., asserts

claims against Defendant the Potomac School (“Potomac”) for negligence, negligent infliction of

emotional distress, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Dkt. 1. Potomac moves to

dismiss the complaint for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction and for failure to state a claim.

Dkt. 13 at 6. For the reasons explained below, the Court will DENY Potomac’s motion to

dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction and will GRANT its motion to dismiss for failure

to state a claim.

                                        I. BACKGROUND

        For purposes of resolving the pending motion to dismiss, the Court accepts the following

factual allegations as true. See Hishon v. King & Spalding, 467 U.S. 69, 73 (1984).

        Agrawal, a resident of the District of Columbia, brings this suit as mother and next friend

of her minor daughter, A.N. Dkt. 1 at 2 (Compl. ¶¶ 1–3). A.N. attended Georgetown Day

School (“GDS”), a private K-12 school in Washington, D.C., from 2015, when she was in the

sixth grade, until she graduated in 2021. Id. at 4 (Compl. ¶ 11). In or around January 2020, A.N.
began receiving “solicitous . . . messages” via Snapchat—a private messaging app—from

“John,” a student at the Potomac School, a private K-12 school in McLean, Virginia. 1 Id.

(Compl. ¶¶ 12–13). Knowing that “John had a girlfriend,” A.N. repeatedly rebuffed his

advances. Id. (Compl. ¶ 13). When John continued to contact her, A.N. forwarded one of the

messages to John’s girlfriend. Id. (Compl. ¶ 14). In retaliation for exposing John’s activities to

his girlfriend, two of John’s friends, “Noah” and “Eric”—referred to in the complaint as the

“Potomac Boys”—began “a yearlong social media and texting campaign aimed at sexually

harassing, cyberbullying, and humiliating A.N.” Id. (Compl. ¶ 15).

       The complaint describes two instances of harassment that occurred in February 2020.

First, on February 13, 2020, Noah sent messages to A.N. that included “sexually suggestive and

harassing questions about her body.” Id. (Compl. ¶ 17). Second, on an unspecified date, Eric

sent a message to A.N. containing “a suggestive video.” Id. (Compl. ¶ 18). A.N. reported these

communications to Amy Killy, a counselor at GDS. Id. (Compl. ¶ 19). Later, Killy informed

A.N. that she had “reported the sexual harassment and cyberbullying to a counselor at the

Potomac School, who informed [her] that the students in question would be ‘spoken to.’” Id.

(Compl. ¶ 20). Killy also instructed A.N. to “report any subsequent issues to her directly.” Id.

(Compl. ¶ 21).

       The Potomac Boys “continued harassing and cyberbullying A.N. for the remainder of the

[2019-20] school year . . . during school hours and while on Potomac [School] property.” Id. at

5 (Compl. ¶ 22). Around that same time, Noah sent a message to A.N. in which he “beg[ed] her

to email the Potomac School director of student life to tell them that Noah’s harassment was in

1
 The complaint refers to “John” and two other individuals using quotation marks, see, e.g., Dkt.
1 at 4 (Compl. ¶ 12), indicating that these names are pseudonyms.

                                                 2
fact a ‘joke.’” Id. (Compl. ¶ 23). When A.N. “refused this request,” the Potomac Boys’

“harassment intensified.” Id. (Compl. ¶ 24). During the summer of 2020, the Potomac Boys

“comment[ed] on A.N.’s social media pages that she was a crybaby and a snitch for informing

school officials of their cyberbullying and harassment.” Id. (Compl. ¶ 25). A.N. reported those

comments to Killy, who again “reported the conduct to the Potomac School.” Id. (Compl. ¶ 26).

       Despite Killy’s reports to Potomac, the Potomac Boys continued to harass A.N. during

the following school year (2020-21). Id. (Compl. ¶ 27). The complaint recounts three incidents

in May 2021 in which the Potomac Boys again taunted A.N. on social media for her “reports of

their cyberbullying and harassment”; made “harassing statements” about A.N. in videos posted

on social media; and posted a photo on Snapchat with a caption that “suggest[ed] that [Noah] and

his friends had or planned to engage in sexual relations with A.N.” Id. (Compl. ¶¶ 28–30). A.N.

reported these incidents to Killy. Id. (Compl. ¶ 31). In July 2021, A.N. sought and obtained

temporary anti-stalking orders against the Potomac Boys from the D.C. Superior Court. Id. at 6

(Compl. ¶ 32).

       A.N. graduated from GDS in 2021 and is now enrolled in college. Id. (Compl. ¶ 34).

She alleges that she “has sought mental health treatment in relation to injuries she has sustained

due to the Potomac Boys’ harassment and cyberbullying.” Id. (Compl. ¶ 33). She also “fears for

her safety and wellbeing” because she now attends the same university as one of the Potomac

Boys. Id. (Compl. ¶ 34).

       Agrawal filed this suit on September 20, 2021. Id. at 24. She initially named as

defendants Potomac and the Association of Independent Schools of Greater Washington

(“AISGW”), a non-profit association of private schools in the Washington, D.C. region that

“controls the policies, procedures[,] and protocols of its 78 member schools,” including Potomac.

                                                 3
Id. at 2–3 (Compl. ¶¶ 3–5). Agrawal claimed that Potomac violated Title IX of the Education

Amendments Act, 20 U.S.C. §§ 1681–1688 (Count I), and that both Defendants committed

(1) negligent supervision and hiring/retention (Counts II and III); (2) negligence (Counts IV and

V); (3) intentional infliction of emotional distress (Counts VI and VII); and (4) negligent

infliction of emotional distress (Counts VIII and IX). 2 See id. at 6-24 (Compl. ¶¶ 36–112). On

October 28, 2021, Agrawal stipulated to dismissal of her claims against AISGW, Dkt. 12,

leaving only the claims against Potomac—Counts I, II, IV, VI, and VIII—intact.

       On November 19, 2021, Potomac moved to dismiss the complaint for lack of subject-

matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1) and for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). Dkt.

13 at 1. On December 3, 2021, Agrawal filed a brief in opposition to Potomac’s motion to

dismiss, in which she “withdr[e]w [her] claim for Negligent Supervision and Hiring/Retention

(Count II) only, as it is subsumed elsewhere in [her] Negligence claims.” Dkt. 14 at 7. Potomac

filed its reply brief on December 10, 2021. Dkt. 15. On December 17, 2021, Agrawal

voluntarily dismissed her Title IX claim (Count I) against Potomac. Dkt. 17.

       That brings the Court to where things now stand. Agrawal’s claims for negligence

(Count IV), intentional infliction of emotional distress (Count VI), and negligent infliction of

emotional distress (Count VIII) remain pending against Potomac, and Potomac’s motion to

dismiss, which also remains pending, is ripe for review.

2
  The complaint erroneously labels two counts as “Count VII.” Compare Dkt. 1 at 19 (“Count
VII – Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress”), with id. at 21 (“Count VII – Negligent
Infliction of Emotional Distress”). For clarity, the Court will refer to the later count as Count
VIII.

                                                 4
                                     II. LEGAL STANDARDS

          A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1) challenges the Court’s subject-matter

jurisdiction. A Rule 12(b)(1) motion “may take one of two forms.” Hale v. United States,

No. 13-1390, 2015 WL 7760161, at *3 (D.D.C. Dec. 2, 2015). First, it “may raise a ‘facial’

challenge to the Court’s jurisdiction.” Id. A facial challenge asks whether the complaint alleges

facts sufficient to establish the Court’s jurisdiction. McCabe v. Barr, 490 F. Supp. 3d 198, 210

(D.D.C. 2020); see also Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992). In this posture, the

Court must accept the factual allegations of the complaint as true. Erby v. United States, 424 F.

Supp. 2d 180, 182 (D.D.C. 2006) (collecting cases). “Alternatively, a Rule 12(b)(1) motion may

pose a ‘factual’ challenge to the Court’s jurisdiction.” Hale, 2015 WL 7760161, at *3 (citing

Erby, 424 F. Supp. 2d at 182–83). When a motion to dismiss is framed in this manner, the Court

“may not deny the motion . . . merely by assuming the truth of the facts alleged by the plaintiff

and disputed by the defendant” but “must go beyond the pleadings and resolve any disputed

issues of fact the resolution of which is necessary to a ruling upon the motion to dismiss.”

Phoenix Consulting Inc. v. Republic of Angola, 216 F.3d 36, 40 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (collecting

cases).

          A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under

Rule 12(b)(6), in contrast, “tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint.” Browning v. Clinton, 292

F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002). In evaluating a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the Court “must first

‘tak[e] note of the elements a plaintiff must plead to state [the] claim to relief,’ and then

determine whether the plaintiff has pleaded those elements with adequate factual support to

‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Blue v. District of Columbia, 811 F.3d 14,

20 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (alterations in original) (citations omitted) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556

                                                  5
U.S. 662, 675, 678 (2009)). The complaint, however, need not include “detailed factual

allegations” to withstand a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555

(2007). A plaintiff may survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion even if “recovery is . . . unlikely,” so

long as the facts alleged in the complaint are “enough to raise a right to relief above the

speculative level.” Id. at 555–56 (citations and quotation marks omitted).

                                          III. ANALYSIS

A.      Subject-Matter Jurisdiction

        Although Potomac moves to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction and for failure

to state a claim, it fails to advance any argument relating to the Court’s jurisdiction.

Nevertheless, because the Court “ha[s] ‘an independent obligation to determine whether subject-

matter jurisdiction exists,’ even when jurisdictional defects are not specifically identified by the

parties,” Flaherty v. Ross, 373 F. Supp. 3d 97, 103 (D.D.C. 2019) (quoting Arbaugh v. Y & H

Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 514 (2006)), and because Agrawal voluntarily dismissed the only claim

arising under federal law (the Title IX claim), the Court pauses to consider whether it has

jurisdiction.

        The complaint pleads federal question jurisdiction and diversity jurisdiction. Dkt. 1 at 3

(Compl. ¶¶ 6, 8). As just noted, the Court lacks federal question jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1331 because Agrawal voluntarily dismissed her only claim arising under federal law. See

Dkt. 17. Determining whether the Court has diversity jurisdiction over Agrawal’s remaining

claims requires slightly more extended analysis. At the time she filed suit, Agrawal alleged that

she was a citizen of Washington, D.C.; that Potomac’s principal place of business was in

Virginia; and that AISGW’s principal place of business was in Washington, D.C. Id. at 2–3

                                                  6
(Compl. ¶¶ 1–4). The parties thus lacked “complete diversity” because Agrawal and AISGW

were both citizens of Washington, D.C. for jurisdictional purposes. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332.

          A plaintiff may, however, cure a jurisdictional defect by dropping a non-diverse party.

See Grupo Dataflux v. Atlas Glob. Grp., L.P., 541 U.S. 567, 572 (2004); Caterpillar, Inc. v.

Lewis, 519 U.S. 61, 73 (1996). That is what Agrawal has done here by voluntarily dismissing

her claims against AISGW, the only non-diverse party in the case. Dkt. 12. Agrawal alleges that

she (and A.N.) and Potomac are diverse, Dkt. 1 at 2 (Compl. ¶¶ 1-3), and that the amount in

controversy exceeds $75,000, id. at 3 (Compl. ¶ 8). Potomac, moreover, has not contested either

of those allegations, and the Court has no reason to doubt their truth.

          The Court, accordingly, has diversity jurisdiction over Agrawal’s state law claims against

Potomac. 3

B.        Failure to State a Claim

          Agrawal’s remaining claims are for negligence (Count IV), intentional infliction of

emotional distress (Count VI), and negligent infliction of emotional distress (Count VIII). The

parties analyze the sufficiency of these claims under D.C. tort law, and the Court does so as

well. 4

3
  Because the Court has diversity jurisdiction, it need not decide whether to retain supplemental
jurisdiction over Agrawal’s state-law claims under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a), notwithstanding her
voluntary dismissal of her federal-law claim. See Shekoyan v. Sibley Int’l, 409 F.3d 414, 423
(D.C. Cir. 2005).
4
  Neither Agrawal nor Potomac addresses choice-of-law, but both parties apply D.C. law in their
briefs. See generally Dkt. 13; Dkt. 14; Dkt. 15. “Because litigants may waive choice-of-law
issues, the Court need not challenge their evident assumption that District of Columbia law
applies.” Parker v. John Moriarty & Assocs. of Va., 332 F. Supp. 3d 220, 234 n.10 (D.D.C.
2018); see also C & E Servs., Inc. v. Ashland, Inc., 498 F. Supp. 2d 242, 255 n.5 (D.D.C. 2007)
(citing CSX Transp., Inc. v. Com. Union Ins. Co., 82 F.3d 478, 482–83 (D.C. Cir. 1996)) (“[A]
party may waive a choice of law argument.”); In re Korean Air Lines Disaster of Sept. 1, 1983,

                                                  7
       1.      The Negligence Claims (Counts IV and VIII)

       The Court starts with Agrawal’s claims for negligence (Count IV) and negligent infliction

of emotional distress (“NIED”) (Count VIII). Although asserted as separate claims, the Court

can discern no material difference between them. Both claims allege, in identical paragraphs,

that Potomac’s negligent conduct caused A.N. to suffer mental and emotional harm. Dkt. 1 at

14, 22 (Compl. ¶¶ 74, 105). Both claims also contain identical paragraphs listing eight ways in

which Potomac allegedly breached a duty of care to A.N. Compare Dkt. 1 at 13–14 (Compl.

¶ 71), with id. at 21–22 (Compl. ¶ 104). And although Agrawal’s negligence claim contains

three paragraphs describing Potomac’s duty of care to A.N., which the NIED claim does not

repeat, compare Dkt. 1 at 13 (Compl. ¶¶ 68–70), with id. at 21 (Compl. ¶ 102), the NIED claim

“incorporates and realleges all paragraphs of [the] Complaint” and, in summary form, alleges

that Potomac “had a duty to . . . A.N. to refrain from engaging in the above-described conduct

that it knew, or should have known, would foreseeably cause emotional distress to her,” id. at 21

(Compl. ¶ 102). The Court will, accordingly, treat Agrawal’s negligence and NIED claims

together and will refer to them collectively as the “negligence claims.”

       Until 2011, a plaintiff could not bring a negligence claim for “emotional distress without

accompanying physical injury” under D.C. law unless he could show, at a minimum, that the

defendant’s conduct placed him “in danger of physical injury” and that he “feared for his own

safety.” Hedgepeth v. Whitman Walker Clinic, 22 A.3d 789, 796 (D.C. 2011) (en banc) (citation

and quotation marks omitted). Those requirements were based, in part, on the D.C. Court of

Appeals’ concern that “claims for emotional distress resulting from negligent conduct might be

932 F.2d 1475, 1495 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (“[C]ourts need not address choice of law questions sua
sponte.”).

                                                 8
nearly limitless if [the court] [relied] on traditional negligence principles . . . to determine the

scope of the negligent actor’s liability.” Id. at 797. In Hedgepeth, however, the D.C. Court of

Appeals recognized another “limited” avenue for recovery, 22 A.3d at 792, which is sometimes

referred to as the “special relationship” test, see, e.g., Lamb v. United States, No. 21-3000, 2022

WL 2966337, at *8 (D.D.C. July 26, 2022).

        To satisfy the “special relationship” test, a plaintiff must show that

        (1) the defendant has a relationship with the plaintiff, or has undertaken an
        obligation to the plaintiff, of a nature that necessarily implicates the plaintiff's
        emotional well-being, (2) there is an especially likely risk that the defendant's
        negligence would cause serious emotional distress to the plaintiff, and (3)
        negligent actions or omissions of the defendant in breach of that obligation have,
        in fact, caused serious emotional distress to the plaintiff.

Hedgepeth, 22 A.3d at 810–11. The first two elements, which Hedgepeth describes as imposing

a “self-limiting principle” on the availability of tort remedies for emotional damages, id. at 812,

are necessary to establish a duty of care. The third element, in turn, considers whether the

defendant breached that duty and, by doing so, caused the plaintiff to suffer serious emotional

distress.

        Potomac moves to dismiss Agrawal’s negligence claims on the ground that Potomac did

not owe a cognizable duty of care to A.N., even under the more expansive “special relationship”

test. See Dkt. 13 at 17. As Potomac correctly notes, the D.C. Court of Appeals has held that

“[t]he relationship between a student and his school”—that is, his own school—“is not enough,

without more, to impose the predicate duty of care for a claim of [NIED].” Sibley v. St. Albans

Sch., 134 A.3d 789, 798 (D.C. 2016). Against that backdrop, Potomac argues that Agrawal has

failed to allege facts sufficient to support the existence of “a special relationship between

[Potomac] and a non-student,” A.N., under the circumstances alleged here. Dkt. 13 at 17.

                                                   9
       Agrawal’s complaint advances two possible theories of duty. First, Agrawal alleges that,

“[a]s a member of AISGW, and in accordance with the AISGW-mandated policies and

guidelines regarding sexual misconduct and bullying,” Potomac owed A.N. a duty “to provide an

educational environment free [of] sexual misconduct and cyberbullying” and to “investigate and

protect against sexual misconduct and cyberbullying perpetrated by its own students.” Dkt. 1 at

13 (Compl. ¶ 68). Second, she alleges that “[b]y having actual notice of the sexual harassment

and cyberbullying [of A.N. by the Potomac Boys], and promising to put a stop to such behavior,”

Potomac “entered into a relationship with” A.N. that gave rise to a duty of care. Id. (Compl.

¶ 69); see also Dkt. 14 at 21–22. At least as alleged in the current complaint, neither theory

withstands scrutiny. The Court will, accordingly, dismiss Agrawal’s negligence claims, but will

do so without prejudice.

                  a.   Membership in AISGW

       Agrawal’s complaint falls well short of raising a plausible inference that Potomac owed a

duty of care to A.N. based on its membership in AISGW. Agrawal alleges that, “[a]s a member

of AISGW, and in accordance with the AISGW-mandated policies and guidelines regarding

sexual misconduct and bullying, [Potomac] owes a duty to provide an educational environment

free [of] sexual misconduct and cyberbullying and to investigate and protect against sexual

misconduct and cyberbullying perpetrated by its own students.” Dkt. 1 at 13 (Compl. ¶ 68).

Because that allegation constitutes a legal conclusion, the Court may not accept it as true, even at

this early stage of the proceeding. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (“[T]he tenet that a court must

accept as true all of the allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal

conclusions.”).

       Of course, “legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint,” so long as they

are “supported by factual allegations.” Id. at 679. But Agrawal’s complaint is devoid of any
                                                 10
factual allegations regarding the nature of Potomac’s membership in AISGW or how it created a

“relationship with [A.N.] . . . [that was] of a nature that necessarily implicate[d] [A.N.’s]

emotional well-being.” See Hedgepeth, 22 A.3d at 810. The complaint does not even describe

the “AISGW-mandated policies and guidelines regarding sexual misconduct and bullying” that

Agrawal invokes as a basis of Potomac’s duty of care. Dkt. 1 at 13 (Compl. ¶ 68). The Court is

simply left to guess what AISGW’s policies are, what kinds of obligations those policies impose

on Potomac, how those policies were advertised to students attending any of the member

schools, and to whom those obligations purportedly extend. More is required to state a claim in

federal court. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.

       Because AISGW was previously a named defendant in this case, the complaint does

contain some factual allegations regarding AISGW’s conduct towards A.N. See, e.g., Dkt. 1 at

15–17 (Compl. ¶¶ 76–84). But those allegations do not elucidate Agrawal’s claims against

Potomac. The complaint also briefly describes AISGW in the section of the complaint that is

captioned “parties,” alleging that AISGW is “an advisory and accreditation entity [that] offers its

member schools, including Defendant Potomac, training and resources on issues [such as] sexual

misconduct, bullying, and academics” and that “AISGW controls the policies, procedures[,] and

protocols of its 78 member schools.” Id. at 3 (Compl. ¶ 5). At most, those allegations describe

AISGW’s structure and mission in general terms. They fail, however, to furnish “content that

allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct

alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.

               b.      Promise to Perform

       Agrawal’s second theory of duty is equally deficient, at least as pled in the current

complaint. As discussed above, a duty of care may arise when a defendant “has undertaken an

                                                 11
obligation to the plaintiff, of a nature that necessarily implicates the plaintiff’s emotional well-

being.” Hedgepeth, 22 A.3d at 810–11. It is not enough, however, for the plaintiff to allege that

the defendant expressed a commitment to the plaintiff’s well-being in general terms. See

Cavalier v. Catholic Univ. of Am., 513 F. Supp. 3d 30, 63 (D.D.C. 2021) (“Cavalier II”)

(rejecting the notion that “NIED relationships or undertakings should be read at . . . a high level

of generality”). Rather, under the limited “special relationship” test, “the duty between the

purported tortfeasor and victim” must be “discrete.” Id.; see also Destefano v Child.’s Nat’l

Med. Ctr., 121 A.3d 59, 69 (D.C. 2015) (“[T]he defendant’s undertaking determines the scope of

its duty.” (citation omitted)). Thus, to determine whether Potomac owed a duty of care to

A.N.—and to determine the nature of that duty—the Court must “focus[] on the ‘specific terms’”

of Potomac’s alleged undertaking. Cavalier II, 513 F. Supp. 3d at 63.

       Agrawal alleges that “[b]y having actual notice” of the Potomac Boys’ conduct and

“promising to put a stop to such behavior,” Potomac assumed a duty to “protect . . . A.N. from

reasonably foreseeable harm at the hands of its students” and to “act and intercede on A.N.’s

behalf.” Dkt. 1 at 13 (Compl. ¶¶ 69–70). In her brief in opposition to Potomac’s motion to

dismiss, Agrawal elaborates on that allegation, arguing that Potomac undertook an obligation to

A.N. by “investigat[ing] A.N.’s claims” and “tr[ying] to put a stop [to] the Potomac Boys’

campaign of sexual harassment and cyberbullying.” Dkt. 14 at 25.

        Potomac responds that the factual allegations in Agrawal’s complaint are insufficient to

support her theory of duty because the complaint merely alleges that “the [GDS] counselor told

Plaintiff that the Potomac School would speak to the Potomac students.” Dkt. 15 at 7. In

Potomac’s view, the complaint “does not allege with any specificity what was told to [Potomac],

when [Potomac] was told[,] . . . who was the recipient of the information,” or even “what

                                                  12
information about [A.N.], if any, was shared with [Potomac].” Id. Finally, Potomac argues that,

even if a limited duty did exist, the complaint fails to allege facts sufficient to establish a breach

of that duty. Dkt. 13 at 17.

       The fundamental problem with Agrawal’s argument is that her description of Potomac’s

duty—that is, that Potomac undertook to “protect [A.N.] from reasonably foreseeable harm” and

to “act and intercede” on A.N.’s behalf—is unsupported by any nonconclusory allegations in the

complaint. A comparison of Agrawal’s brief in opposition to Potomac’s motion to dismiss and

her complaint brings this flaw into focus. In her brief, for example, she asserts that “[d]espite

assuring A.N. via her counselor that the harassing conduct would cease immediately, Potomac

failed to take any meaningful steps to address” the harassment. Dkt. 14 at 5. In support of her

contention that Potomac “assur[ed] A.N. via her counselor that the harassing conduct would

cease,” Agrawal cites paragraphs 20, 24, and 26 of her complaint. Id. But those paragraphs of

her own complaint say no such thing. Paragraph 20 alleges that a counselor at Potomac told

A.N.’s counselor that “the students in question would be ‘spoken to’”; paragraph 24 alleges that

the Potomac Boys intensified their harassment of A.N. after she refused to tell the Potomac

counselor that “Noah’s harassment was in fact a ‘joke’”; and paragraph 26 merely alleges that

A.N.’s counselor told the Potomac counselor this. Dkt. 1 at 4–5 (Compl. ¶¶ 20, 24, 26). There is

a vast difference, however, between providing an “assur[ance]” that “the harassing conduct

would cease,” Dkt. 14 at 5, and merely asserting that the offenders “would be ‘spoken to,’” Dkt.

1 at 4 (Compl. ¶ 20). And, although the complaint alleges that Potomac received further reports

of the Potomac Boys’ conduct on at least one later occasion, see id. at 5 (Compl. ¶ 26), it

contains no nonconclusory, factual allegations even hinting that Potomac committed to

investigating or otherwise acting upon those reports.

                                                  13
       At one point, the complaint does characterize Potomac’s conduct as a “promis[e] to put a

stop to [the Potomac Boys’] behavior.” Id. at 13 (Compl. ¶ 69). But that allegation is a legal

conclusion that finds no basis in the factual averments. Notably, the allegation appears only in

the portion of the complaint that—after incorporating the preceding factual averments—sets

forth Agrawal’s negligence cause of action. Id. Because that allegation appears as part of

Agrawal’s recitation of the elements of her negligence claim, and because the complaint lacks

any factual averments regarding a “promis[e] to put a stop” to the Potomac Boys’ conduct, the

Court need not—and will not—assume the truth of that assertion. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.

       To the extent Potomac undertook a limited duty of care by committing to speak to the

Potomac Boys, moreover, the complaint fails plausibly to allege that Potomac breached that

duty. According to the complaint, at some point after the Potomac counselor informed A.N.’s

counselor at GDS that the Potomac Boys would be “spoken to,” one of the Potomac Boys

“messaged A.N. begging her to email the Potomac School director of student life to tell them that

[his] harassment was in fact a ‘joke.’” Dkt. 1 at 5 (Compl. ¶ 23). The complaint alleges,

moreover, that the Potomac Boys continued to harass A.N. “for informing school officials of

their cyberbullying and harassment.” Id. (Compl. ¶ 25); see also id. (Compl. ¶¶ 28–30). The

most plausible reading of those allegations is that the Potomac counselor did precisely what she

said she would do—she spoke to the Potomac Boys about their misconduct. Although Agrawal

tells a different story—or at least hints at one—in her opposition brief, all that matters for present

purposes is what is contained in the complaint, and the complaint fails to describe any

undertaking from Potomac, other than its promise to talk to the Potomac Boys.

       The Court will, accordingly, dismiss Agrawal’s negligence claims.

                                                 14
       2.      Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress (Count VI)

       Agrawal’s claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”) also fails under

Rule 12(b)(6). To state an IIED claim, Agrawal must allege facts sufficient to show “(1) extreme

and outrageous conduct on the part of [Potomac] which (2) either intentionally or recklessly

(3) cause[d] the plaintiff severe emotional distress.” See Halcomb v. Woods, 610 F. Supp. 2d 77,

80 (D.D.C. 2009) (second alteration in original) (quoting Larijani v. Georgetown Univ., 791

A.2d 41, 44 (D.C. 2002)).

       Potomac contends that Agrawal’s IIED claim fails to satisfy the first element because she

“has not identified any specific conduct or action taken by the Potomac School” that was

“extreme and outrageous.” Dkt. 13 at 18–19. To plausibly allege “extreme and outrageous

conduct” under D.C. law, a plaintiff must allege facts sufficient to show that the defendant

committed acts “so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all

possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized

community.” Homan v. Goyal, 711 A.2d 812, 818 (D.C. 1998) (quoting Drejza v. Vaccaro, 650

A.2d 1308, 1312 n.10 (D.C. 1994)). “This ‘very demanding standard’ is ‘only infrequently

met.’” Holloway v. Howard Univ., 206 F. Supp. 3d 446, 453 (D.D.C. 2016) (quoting Dale v.

Thomason, 962 F. Supp. 181, 184 (D.D.C. 1997)). “It is for the court to determine, in the first

instance, whether the defendant’s conduct may reasonably be regarded as so extreme and

outrageous as to permit recovery, or whether it is necessarily so.” Drejza, 650 A.2d at 1312

(citation omitted).

       Agrawal makes three arguments in support of her IIED claim, none of which is

persuasive. First, Agrawal contends that she has “pled numerous failings and abuses of authority

by Potomac[’s] administration investigating her claims of harassment and bullying.” Dkt. 14 at

                                                15
23. Once again, however, there is a striking disconnect between how Agrawal describes her

factual averments in her opposition and what she actually pled. All that Agrawal cites in support

of her contention that Potomac abused its authority in its investigation of her claims of

harassment are the portions of the complaint that describe the Potomac Boys’ conduct, A.N.’s

reports to her GDS counselor, and her counselor’s reports to Potomac. See Dkt. 1 at 5 (Compl.

¶¶ 19–20, 23, 26–30). Beyond at least implying that Potomac, in fact, spoke to the offenders, she

does not allege any conduct on Potomac’s part, let alone any “failings and abuses of authority.”

To be sure, the fact that the Potomac Boys continued to engage in conduct that A.N.’s GDS

counselor reported to Potomac suggests that Potomac’s efforts—whatever they may have

entailed—were unsuccessful. But without any allegations about what Potomac did or did not do,

the complaint fails to support any plausible inference that Potomac’s conduct was “so outrageous

in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency.” See

Homan, 711 A.2d at 818.

       Second, Agrawal argues that “the lewd comments, sexual harassment, solicitations, and

cyberbullying A.N. experienced . . . rise to the level necessary for a[n] [IIED] claim.” Dkt. 14 at

23. That argument incorrectly attributes the Potomac Boys’ conduct to the Potomac School.

Because Agrawal’s claim is against the school, it is the school’s conduct that must meet the

standard for “extreme and outrageous” behavior. As discussed, the complaint fails to allege facts

to support any plausible inference that the school’s behavior met that exceedingly high standard. 5

5
  Agrawal does not cite any authority for the proposition that a school may be held vicariously
liable for intentional torts committed by its students, and the Court is unaware of any such
authority. In the negligence context, moreover, courts have consistently declined to hold schools
liable for injuries caused to third parties by their students. See, e.g., Glyten v. Swalboski, 246
F.3d 1139, 1143 (8th Cir. 2001) (holding that a school did “not owe a duty to [plaintiff] because
it does not have a special relationship with [plaintiff], a non-student, third-party”); Fenrich v.

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       Finally, Agrawal contends that she has “pled enough to show that Potomac maintained

and contributed to a pervasively hostile educational environment.” Dkt. 14 at 24. In support of

her argument, she cites two cases: Burnett v. American Federation of Government Employees,

102 F. Supp. 3d 183 (D.D.C. 2015) and Howard University v. Best, 484 A.2d 958 (D.C. 1984).

But those cases stand for the unremarkable proposition that “[c]reation of a hostile work

environment by racial or sexual harassment may, upon sufficient evidence, constitute a prima

facie case of [IIED].” Best, 484 A.2d at 986; Burnett, 102 F. Supp. 3d at 190–91. Here, in

contrast, the complaint contains no factual allegations regarding Potomac’s actions in relation to

its educational environment or how those actions contributed to A.N.’s injuries. It bears note,

moreover, that Burnett and Best involved employer-employee relationships, which differ

materially from Potomac’s relationship with A.N., a non-student.

       Agrawal cites one case, Miles v. Washington, No. CIV-08-166, 2009 WL 259722 (E.D.

Okla. Feb. 2, 2009), in which an IIED claim in a school setting survived a motion to dismiss.

Miles lends some support to the proposition that omissions or nonfeasance on the part of a school

can constitute the extreme and outrageous conduct underlying an IIED claim. Id. at *6 (denying

motion to dismiss IIED claim against college that, among other things, allegedly “fail[ed] to

protect” plaintiff). This Court, however, has understood Miles’s holding to be limited to the

extreme circumstances of that case. As the Court recently emphasized in describing the Miles

decision,

The Blake Sch., 920 N.W.2d 195, 202–03 (Minn. 2018) (holding that a private school did not
owe a duty of care to non-students injured by the negligent driving of a student); Fuzie v. S.
Haven Sch. Dist. No. 30, 553 N.Y.S.2d 961, 963 (Sup. Ct. 1990) (holding that a school district
“clearly did not owe [non-student] plaintiff a general duty to protect her from the acts of its
student”). The Court, therefore, has reason to doubt that Potomac can be held vicariously liable
for intentional torts allegedly committed by its students.
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       [in Miles,] the defendants “discourag[ed] [the] [p]laintiff from reporting the
       rape;” “fail[ed] to protect her after she reported it;” actively “expressed their
       disgust and displeasure” with the plaintiff’s decision to seek a protective order;
       and “fail[ed] to punish other students” who threatened to “beat her down,” sent
       text messages saying they “want[ed] to kill” her, and tried to “break . . . down”
       plaintiff’s door while “screaming threats” at her.

Cavalier v. Catholic Univ. of Am., 306 F. Supp. 3d 9, 41 n.4 (D.D.C. 2018) (alterations in

original) (quoting Miles, 2009 WL 259722, at *1, *5). Here, by contrast, the facts alleged do not

by any stretch of the imagination “rise to the same level of ‘extreme and outrageous conduct’ as

the facts presented in Miles.” Id.

       Because Agrawal fails to allege any conduct on Potomac’s part that plausibly supports an

IIED claim, the Court will dismiss Count VI for failure to state a claim.

                                         CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court will DENY Potomac’s motion to dismiss for lack of

subject-matter jurisdiction and will GRANT Potomac’s motion to dismiss Counts IV, VI, and

VIII of the complaint for failure to state a claim. Because those are the only remaining claims in

the case, the Court will also DISMISS the action.

       A separate order will issue.

                                                     /s/ Randolph D. Moss
                                                     RANDOLPH D. MOSS
                                                     United States District Judge

Date: September 15, 2022

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