Court Opinion

ID: 1039193
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-08-28 22:30:59.94885+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:33:34.566412
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

LAKE CHELAN SHORES HOMEOWNERS                             No. 66636-3-1
ASSOCIATION, a Washington non-profit
entity,                                                   DIVISION ONE

                     Appellant,
                     v.                                   ORDER WITHDRAWING
                                                          OPINION FILED NOVEMBER
ST. PAUL FIRE & MARINE INSURANCE                          28, 2011 AND SUBSTITUTING
COMPANY, a foreign corporation,                           NEW OPINION

                     Respondent,

       and

NORTHERN INSURANCE COMPANY OF
NEW YORK, a foreign corporation,

                     Defendant.
                                                                                        172 Wn.2d 593, 260 P.3d 857 (2011).

       In light of the foregoing, this court has determined that the opinion filed on

November 28, 2011, shall be withdrawn and a substitute opinion be filed. Now,

therefore,

       IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the unpublished opinion of this court filed in

the above-entitled action on November 28, 2011 is withdrawn and that the

attached published opinion is substituted in its place.

       Dated this 19th day of August, 2013.

WE CONCUR:                                             j&€tftr\*-^ ^JQjt

  IkJ^y                                                            HrtfJ?/A,Qr~
   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

LAKE CHELAN SHORES HOMEOWNERS                        No. 66636-3-1
ASSOCIATION, a Washington non-profit
entity,                                              DIVISION ONE

                   Appellant,

      v.

ST. PAUL FIRE & MARINE INSURANCE
COMPANY, a foreign corporation,                                                       —J

                                                     PUBLISHED OPINION
                    Respondent,

      and

NORTHERN INSURANCE COMPANY OF
NEW YORK, a foreign corporation,

                    Defendant.                       FILED: August 19.2013

      SPEARMAN, A.C.J. — The main issue in this insurance coverage case is whether

the method by which expert witnesses for Lake Chelan Shores condominiums

homeowners association (LCS) established that "collapse" conditions occurred years

earlier was generally accepted within the scientific community. In its summary judgment

motion, St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Company set forth evidence indicating the

methodology of LCS's experts was not generally accepted. The burden then shifted to

LCS to come forward with evidence the methodology was generally accepted. Because

LCS provided no such evidence, the trial court properly concluded there was no
No. 66636-3-1/2

admissible evidence of "collapse," a prerequisite for coverage under the policy. We

affirm.

                                                    FACTS

              St. Paul insured the premises of LCS under three annual policies, effective from

August 3, 1996 to August 3, 1999. Each of those policies provided coverage for

"collapse" that occurred during the policy period:

          Collapse coverage. We'll insure covered property against the risk
          of direct physical loss or damage involving collapse of a building or
          any part of a building.

          The collapse must be due to any of the following causes of loss:

              •   hidden decay.

The policies contained the following relevant exclusions from coverage:

              Exclusions — Losses We Won't Cover

              Collapse. We won't cover loss resulting from collapse other than that
              described in the collapse coverage under the Covered Causes Of Loss
              section.

          Wear — tear — deterioration — animals. We won't cover loss caused
              or made worse by:

          •       wear and tear;

          •       deterioration, mold, wet or dry rot, rust or corrosion including fungal or
                  bacterial contamination . . . .

              The LCS condominiums were built between 1980 and 1994. LCS first

discovered a problem with rot in mid-2006. LCS hired Olympic Associates, an

architectural and engineering firm, to inspect and report on the problem. By April 2007,

                                                      2
No. 66636-3-1/3

LCS had decided to contract for a repair project that would include removal and

replacement of all siding. On July 11, 2007, LCS adopted a resolution for financing the

project, and on July 27, 2007, it submitted design documents to the City of Chelan

Building Department.

       LCS tendered its claim to St. Paul on July 5, 2007. On July 23, a St. Paul

property adjuster contacted counsel for LCS, and on July 26, the adjuster sent a letter to

counsel, asking for documents relating to the loss. Counsel for LCS did not respond to

the request. On August 27, counsel for LSC sent a letter to St. Paul, requesting

reimbursement for $303,424 in investigation costs. Three days later, on August 30,

2007, LCS sued St. Paul for breach of contract; bad faith; and Consumer Protection Act

(CPA) chapter 19.86 RCW, violations.

       In July 2009, LCS disclosed its experts' opinions. On the basis of these opinions,

St. Paul denied the claim and moved for partial summary judgment as to coverage. St.

Paul argued there was no coverage, because LCS's experts had no generally accepted

scientific basis on which to link the current building decay to a state of "collapse" during

the St. Paul policy periods. In the alternative, St. Paul asked for a Frve1 hearing on
LCS's experts' methods. The trial court agreed with St. Paul, and granted the motion.

       LCS then moved to compel discovery as to its remaining extracontractual claims.

St. Paul moved for summary judgment on the extracontractual claims. LCS sought a

       1Frve v. United States. 54 App. D.C., 46, 293 F. 1013 (1923).
                                                  3
No. 66636-3-1/4

CR 56(f) continuance. The trial court denied LCS's motion and granted St. Paul's

motion for summary judgment, dismissing the rest of the claims. LCS appeals.

                                      DISCUSSION

                        Summary Judgment on Coverage Claims

       The trial court granted St. Paul's motion for summary judgment on coverage.

The court agreed that the opinions of LCS's experts that the condominiums were in

"collapse" 10 years earlier was not based on any theory generally accepted in the

scientific community. The trial court thus found LCS had failed to present evidence of

coverage, and it granted the motion. We agree with the trial court.

       LCS offers multiple arguments as to why this was error, but those arguments rest

upon two main, interconnected premises: (1) conflicting opinion testimony offered by

opposing experts cannot be resolved at summary judgment and (2) the trial court

essentially weighed evidence as if it was presiding over a Frye hearing as opposed to a

summary judgment hearing. LCS is correct that disputed opinion testimony, offered by

qualified experts, cannot be resolved at summary judgment. See Postema v. Pollution

Control Hearings Bd.. 142 Wn.2d 68, 119-20, 11 P.3d 726 (2000). In its brief, LCS

provides a list comparing and contrasting the expert deposition and declaration

testimony of its experts versus St. Paul's expert.

       But LCS misunderstands the nature of St. Paul's motion and the trial court's

ruling. St. Paul did not ask the trial court to weigh the testimony of opposing experts and

the trial court did not do so. St. Paul argued that the opinions of LCS's experts were
No. 66636-3-1/5

inadmissible under Frve and in the absence of that testimony, LCS could not establish

that collapse occurred during the policy period. St. Paul contended that LCS's experts'

opinions were not admissible under Frve because the undisputed evidence showed that

the methodology upon which LCS's experts relied to form their opinions was not

generally accepted within the scientific community. The trial court agreed and

dismissed LCS's collapse coverage claims. The trial court did not err.

       For expert testimony regarding novel scientific evidence to be admissible, it first

must satisfy the Frye standard and then must meet the other criteria in ER 702. See

State v. Gregory. 158 Wn.2d 759, 829-30, 147 P.2d 1201 (2006). Under Frye, expert

testimony is admissible where

      (1) the scientific theory or principle upon which the evidence is
      based has gained general acceptance in the relevant scientific
      community of which it is a part; and (2) there are generally
      accepted methods of applying the theory or principle in a manner
      capable of producing reliable results.

State v. Sipin. 130 Wn. App. 403, 414, 123 P.3d 862 (2005). Both the theory underlying

the evidence and the methodology used to implement the theory must be generally

accepted in the scientific community for evidence to be admissible under Frve.

Gregory, 158 Wn.2d at 829. When applying the Frve test, courts do not determine if the

scientific theory underlying the proposed testimony is correct; rather, courts "must look

to see whether the theory has achieved general acceptance in the appropriate scientific

community." State v. Riker. 123 Wn.2d 351, 359-60, 869 P.2d 43 (1994). It is not

necessary that the relevant scientific community be unanimous in its acceptance of a
No. 66636-3-1/6

particular theory or methodology. State v. Gore, 143 Wn.2d 288, 302, 21 P.3d 262

(2001). To perform a Frve analysis, courts consider four sources of information:

      To determine whether a consensus of scientific opinion has been
      achieved, the reviewing court examines expert testimony, scientific
      writings that have been subject to peer review and publication,
      secondary legal sources, and legal authority from other jurisdictions.
      However, "the relevant inquiry is general acceptance by the scientists,
       not the courts."

Eakins v. Huber. 154 Wn. App. 592, 599-600, 225 P.3d 1041 (2010) (citations omitted)

(quoting State v. Cauthron. 120 Wn.2d 879, 888, 846 P.2d 502 (1993)).

       In its motion, St. Paul set forth what it believed showed a lack of general

acceptance. The only evidence purporting to show a state of collapse from hidden

decay during the St. Paul policy periods came in the form of two opinions from LCS's

experts. One of the experts, Justin Franklin, was a civil engineer at Olympic

Associates. Regarding whether it was possible to backdate from the present rot

condition to the initial onset of a state of collapse, Franklin sent an e-mail in 2006 saying

it could not be determined:

       We did an investigation on a building in Chelan which has lots of rotten
       framing. The attorney for the [homeowner's association] would like to
       know if we can estimate when the rot occurred. Apparently their
       insurance coverage ended in 2002 and of course he would like us to state
       the rot was present in 2002. I told him that all we can say is that the rot
       presently exists but that we can not [sic] state when the rot and
       subsequent SSI [substantial structural impairment] occurred.

At his 2009 deposition, however, he claimed to be able to trace the progression of

decay at the LCS properties with only two pieces of information: (1) the date each

building was built and (2) the depth of the rot when it was uncovered during remediation

in 2007-2009. He applied a formula, y = ax2 + c, to trace the progression of rot between
No. 66636-3-1/7

these two times. The formula means that the percentage of decay "y," progresses

according to the square of the number of years "x," times a decay rate "a," plus a

constant "c." The constant "c" allows for a time lag between completion of construction

and the start of decay, which Franklin assumed to be one year.

       Franklin then applied the formula y = ax2 + 1 to every area in which Olympic

Associates had identified a collapse condition during its 2007-2009 inspection. This

application resulted in a series of curves purporting to plot the progression of rot at each

location from the time of construction to the time the rot was discovered by Olympic

Associates. Franklin assigned a "collapse" point at the first point the rot reached a

collapse condition, and then compared that date to policy periods.

       Franklin's equation did not come from any scientific literature. Instead, he got it

from another Olympic Associates engineer, Lee Dunham. When asked, "What work

has Mr. Dunham done to verify the accuracy of that equation that you know of?",

Franklin testified, "I don't know." Franklin also testified that the engineers at Olympic

Associates simply assumed decay began one year after construction was complete. He

did not testify that the assumption was generally accepted in the scientific community.

Franklin described his calculations as "educated guesses" and was unable to identify

any other person or literature stating his formula is a proper equation for estimating rot

progression.

       LCS's second expert was Kevin Flynn, a wood scientist from California. Flynn

could not identify any support in the scientific community for the proposition that decay
No. 66636-3-1/8

advances according to the square of the number of years as is set forth in Franklin's

equation. LCS hired Flynn because it claimed Flynn's use of a software package called

"TimberLife" validated Franklin's equation. But neither Flynn nor any other witness

testified that it was generally accepted in the scientific community to use TimberLife to

determine or confirm when a state of collapse began by working backward from present

rot conditions. Instead, Flynn testified that TimberLife is a design tool intended to guide

building designers in selecting appropriate building materials.

       In its response to the summary judgment motion, LCS argued that the opinions of

its experts were not subject to a Frye analysis because the opinions were based on the

experts knowledge, experience and training, and because they were not based on novel

or new science. Furthermore, even if the opinions were subject to Frve, they were

nonetheless admissible because they were based on "accepted scientific knowledge of

the process of wood rot...." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 912. And the "use of equations

similar to the one used by Mr. Franklin to model the progress of wood decay has been

accepted in the scientific community." CP at 913. In support of its opposition to St.

Paul's motion, LCS submitted a declaration from Franklin, in which one paragraph

addresses whether his formula was generally accepted within the scientific community:

       This is a formula defining an exponential curve which approximates
       my observations, and those of other engineers in the field. Thus, this
       formula is merely an equation for graphing the wood rot's lag phase
       and accelerated growth phase that is universally accepted in the
       scientific community. Equations such as this are commonly used by
       engineers and others for various applications.

                                             8
No. 66636-3-1/9

While Franklin states that it is generally accepted in the scientific community that rot has

a lag phase and an accelerated growth phase, he does not say that the formula is

generally accepted within the scientific community as a method of backdating when rot

has progressed to the point of collapse.

       Likewise, in Flynn's declaration only one paragraph appears to discuss the merits

of St. Paul's allegations regarding the general acceptance of Franklin's formula:

       Thus, while no single mathematical model has been accepted to the
       exclusion of others, the concept of applying a mathematical model
       such as Mr. Franklin's to approximate the exponential curve that
       describes the progress of wood decay is generally accepted in the
       scientific community.

Here, Flynn simply states that models approximating exponential curves that describe

wood decay are generally accepted. He does not address the critical issue: whether the

use of such formulas, and in particular, Franklin's formula, to backdate to the onset of

the collapse condition, is generally accepted in the scientific community.

       LCS is correct that in general, the moving party on summary judgment bears the

initial burden of showing the absence of an issue of material fact. Young v. Key Pharm.,

Inc.. 112 Wn.2d 216, 225, 770 P.2d 182 (1989). However, where a plaintiff '"fails to

make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that

party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial,'" the trial court

should grant the motion. ]d. at 225 (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322,

106 S. Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986)). A moving defendant may meet the initial

burden by "'showing'— that is, pointing out to the [trial] court—that there is an absence

of evidence to support the nonmoving party's case." 225 n.1, (quoting Celotex. 477
                                               9
No. 66636-3-1/10

U.S. at 325). That is exactly what happened here: St. Paul pointed to an absence of

evidence that the bases of the opinions offered by LCS's experts were generally

accepted and LCS failed to respond. In light of this unrebutted evidence, the trial court

did not err in concluding that the opinions were inadmissible and that LCS could not

prove a collapse condition existed during the coverage period. Accordingly, the trial

court properly granted St. Paul's summary judgment motion.

        LCS also contends that Anderson v. Akzo Nobel Coatings, Inc.. 172 Wn.2d 593,

260 P.3d 857 (2011), which was decided shortly before oral argument in this case, is

directly on point and requires reversal.2 We disagree. In Akzo, the Supreme Court

reversed the trial court, which had dismissed on grounds that plaintiff failed to

demonstrate general acceptance of its theory that a child's mental abnormalities were

caused by in utero exposure to toxic materials. The Court held "that the Frye test is not

implicated if the theory and the methodology relied upon and used by the expert to

reach an opinion on causation is generally accepted by the relevant scientific

community." Akzo. 172 Wn.2d at 597. Thus, under Akzo. so long as the science and

methods used to generate the opinions about causation are generally accepted in the

relevant scientific community, Frye does not require a similar consensus on the ultimate

issue of causation.

        2LCS first made this argument in a motion for reconsideration to this court. We denied the motion
for reconsideration. The Supreme Court granted LCS's petition for review and remanded to us for
reconsideration in lightof Azko. By separate order, the previous opinion filed on November 28, 2011 is
withdrawn and this opinion is substituted in its place.
                                                      10
No. 66636-3-1/11

        LCS contends this case is like Azko. It argues that the science of wood decay is

not new or novel but instead is well known and well established. And further, that the

mathematical equation used by its experts relies upon that accepted science to draw

conclusions about when the rot caused certain buildings to reach a state of collapse.

LCS contends the trial court below, like the trial court in Azko, improperly required

general acceptance of its experts' conclusions. LCS also argues that because its

experts' opinions are based on practical experience and knowledge, Frve is

inapplicable. LCS is mistaken on both counts.

        Contrary to LCS's arguments, general acceptance of the science of wood decay

is not at issue in this case. Rather, the issue here is whether LCS's experts' application

of that science, i.e. the formula Franklin used to backdate the decay process to the point

of collapse, is generally accepted. See Akzo. 172 Wn.2d at 603 ("Both the scientific

theory underlying the evidence and the technique or methodology used to implement it

must be generally accepted in the scientific community for evidence to be admissible

under Frve"). Stated another way, the issue here is not the scientific community's

general acceptance of Franklin's and Flynn's conclusions regarding the onset of the

state of collapse, but instead whether the methodology by which those conclusions

were reached is generally accepted. Thus, Akzo is of no help to LCS.3

        3 In statements of supplemental authority, LCS also cites Lakev v. Puqet Sound Energy, Inc., 176
Wn.2d 909, 296 P.3d 860 (2013) and Advanced Health Care. Inc. v. Guscott, 173 Wn. App. 857, 295
P.3d 816 (2013). Given both of these cases reiterate the holding in Azko. they have no application here
for the reasons stated above.

                                                   11
No. 66636-3-1/12

       LCS next contends that even if its experts' opinions were properly excluded to

the extent they relied upon the mathematical formula, its experts would have reached

the same conclusions based solely on their knowledge and practical experience. LCS

argues that Frve is inapplicable to opinions founded on this basis. LCS is incorrect.

       Knowledge and experience are relevant factors when determining the

admissibility of expert opinion testimony under ER 702. But if the testimony concerns

novel scientific evidence, the first hurdle to its admissibility is whether it meets the Frye

test. See Riker. 123 Wn.2d at 360 n.1 ("Nevertheless, in this state, we continue to

adhere to the view that the Frye analysis is a threshold inquiry to be considered in

determining the admissibility of evidence under ER 702"). Only if Frve is satisfied do

ER 702 considerations, such as knowledge and experience become relevant. State v.

Gregory, 158 Wn.2d at 829-30. Moreover, it makes little sense to conclude that an

expert could avoid the application of Frve simply by eschewing the use of any particular

methodology or technique and purporting to rely only on their knowledge and

experience. See Watkins v. Telsmith, Inc., 121 F.3d 984, 991 (5th Cir. 1997). Here,

having failed to satisfy Frve, the knowledge and experience of LCS's experts are

irrelevant and not a basis for the admission of their opinion testimony.

                     Summary Judgment on Extracontractual Claims

       LCS next argues the trial court erroneously granted St. Paul's motion for

summary judgment on its extracontractual claims, namely the claims for bad faith and

CPA violations arising from the alleged failure to adequately investigate, both under a

                                              12
No. 66636-3-1/13

common law duty to investigate and a Washington Administrative Code-imposed duty to

investigate. We reject LCS's arguments.

       Generally, "[a]n insurer must make a good faith investigation of the facts

supporting a claim and may not deny coverage if a reasonable investigation would have

proved the insurer's defense to be without merit." Capelouto v. Valley Forge Ins. Co.,

98 Wn. App. 7, 18-19, 990 P.2d 414 (1999) (citing Indus. Indem. Co. v. Kallevig. 114

Wn.2d 907, 917, 792 P.2d 520 (1990)). LCS contends that because St. Paul did not

undertake its own investigation of the rot, i.e., by removing the exterior cladding on the

condominiums to try to determine when the "collapse" occurred, LCS was forced to

"incur the full cost of stripping and recladding all 21 buildings at Lake Chelan Shores."

We disagree.

       As is described above, the method by which LCS claims St. Paul should have

attempted to determine the date of "collapse" a decade earlier was not generally

accepted in the scientific community. It is difficult to say the trial court erred in

concluding such an investigation would not have been "reasonable." jd. at 19.

Moreover, any costs LCS incurred in recladding the buildings was not proximately

caused by any alleged failure to investigate by St. Paul. Panag v. Farmers Ins. Co. of

Wash., 166 Wn.2d 27, 64, 204 P.3d 885 (2009) ("If the investigative expense would

have been incurred regardless of whether a violation existed, causation cannot be

established") citing Sambor v. Omnia Credit Servs., Inc.. 183 F. Supp. 2d 1234 (D. Haw.

2002). Indeed, it is undisputed that LCS had decided by April 2007, about three months

                                              13
No. 66636-3-1/14

before LCS even tendered to St. Paul, to contract for a repair project that would include

removal and replacement of all siding. The trial court thus properly dismissed LCS's

extra-contractual claims.

                          Denial of Motions To Compel and Continue

          LCS also contends the trial court abused its discretion by denying two motions:

(1) a CR 56(f) continuance of St. Paul's summary judgment motion on the

extracontractual claims and (2) a motion to compel discovery regarding St. Paul's

investigation of LCS's claims. We reject the arguments for the reasons described

herein.

          A trial court's denial of a motion to compel or a CR 56(f) motion for a continuance

are reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See Clarke v. Office of Attorney Gen., 133 Wn.

App. 767, 777, 138 P.3d 144 (2006); Mossman v. Rowley. 154 Wn. App. 735, 742, 229

P.3d 812 (2009). "A court abuses its discretion when it bases its decision on

unreasonable or untenable grounds." Clarke, 133 Wn. App. at 777 (citing Brand v.

Dep't of Labor & Indus., 139 Wn.2d 659, 665, 989 P.2d 1111(1999)).

          Here, the CR 56(f) motion sought a continuance of St. Paul's summary judgment

motion on extracontractual claims "until a reasonable date following St. Paul Fire &

Marine's compliance with any order issued by this Court following hearing on the

Plaintiffs Motion to Compel Discovery." The motion to compel discovery sought "St.

Paul's "subrogation file," documents "relating to the investigation of this claim in an

                                               14
No. 66636-3-1/15

unredacted condition," and supplemental responses to interrogatories about St. Paul's

involvement in other claims regarding backdating of rot.

       The motion to compel thus sought information relating to St. Paul's alleged

deficient investigation. But as is described above, the method by which LCS claims St.

Paul should have attempted to investigate was not generally accepted in the scientific

community, and any costs LCS incurred in recladding the buildings were not

proximately caused by an alleged failure to investigate by St. Paul. In short, the motion

sought information not reasonably calculated to lead to admissible evidence, see CR

26(b)(1), and there was no need to continue the summary judgment hearing to obtain

such information. As such, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying the

motion to compel and the CR 56(f) motion for a continuance.

      Affirmed.

                                                  .W///w^ff\\Q.

WE CONCUR:

                                             %SL^wojL 9$

                                            15