Court Opinion

ID: 6782196
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-21 00:57:26.495811+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:02:53.191876
License: Public Domain

Douglas, J.
Appellant, Richard Boone, is an over-the-road truck driver and a resident of Ohio. Appellee, Vanliner Insurance Company (“Vanliner”), issued a commercial vehicle liability insurance policy to Boone, individually, and a separate policy to Boone’s employer. Each policy of insurance provided $1,000,000 liability coverage. Boone’s employer’s policy also provided $1,000,000 uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage and Boone’s policy listed uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage in the amount of $50,000.
On June 12, 1995, Boone was in Tampa, Florida, transporting goods for his employer when he was involved in a three-vehicle accident. Boone, driving a tractor-trailer, was travelling behind a dump truck driven by Robert Allison, when Brett Verona, the operator of the third vehicle, lost control while attempting to change lanes. Due to Verona’s negligence, Allison was unable to prevent his vehicle from colliding with Verona’s. Boone’s attempt to avoid hitting Allison’s truck was also unsuccessful.
As a result of the accident, Boone suffered serious injuries, including bilateral fractures of both knees. Verona’s insurer paid $100,000, the limit of Verona’s liability coverage, toward Boone’s damages. Boone, alleging that his damages exceeded $100,000, subsequently sought underinsured motorist benefits from Vanliner through his employer’s policy of insurance. Vanliner denied Boone’s claim, asserting that an exclusion provision in the policy precluded underinsured motorist coverage with regard to Boone’s accident.
*210On June 12, 1997, Boone brought a declaratory judgment action against Vanliner seeking a determination that his policy and his employer’s policy of insurance with Vanliner each provided him with $1,000,000 in uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage. With regard to his individual policy, Boone alleged that he was entitled to $1,000,000 uninsured/underinsured coverage by operation of law because Vanliner had failed to obtain a written waiver of uninsured/underinsured coverage in an amount equal to his liability insurance as required by Ohio law. The complaint included a claim for bad faith,1 alleging that Vanliner lacked reasonable justification for denying underinsured motorist coverage. To support his bad faith claim, Boone sought access, through discovery, to Vanliner’s claims file.
In its answer to Boone’s complaint, Vanliner denied that Boone was entitled to uninsured/underinsured motorist benefits under either policy. However, Vanliner subsequently changed its position and admitted that each policy of insurance provided Boone with $1,000,000 of uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage. Vanliner subsequently moved the court for a protective order with regard to numerous documents in its claims file. In its motion, Vanliner contended that several documents were protected from discovery by the attorney-client privilege and/or work-product doctrine.2
The trial court ordered Vanliner to submit its claims file to the court for an in camera inspection to determine which documents, if any, were protected from discovery. The claims file consists of 1,741 documents numbered “0” through “1741.”3 The trial court found that one hundred seventy-five of the documents *211were protected from discovery and ordered Vanliner to release the unprotected documents to Boone.* *4 In determining which documents were protected, the trial court applied our ruling in Moskovitz v. Mt. Sinai Med. Ctr. (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 638, 635 N.E.2d 331, wherein we held that certain attorney-client communications and work-product materials in an insurer’s claims file were not protected from discovery by the attorney-client privilege or work-product doctrine.
Upon appeal5 to the Tenth District Court of Appeals, Vanliner argued that the trial court erred in applying Moskovitz and that, as a result, the trial court incorrectly ordered Vanliner to disclose thirty documents that are protected by the attorney-client privilege and/or work-product doctrine. The court of appeals agreed with Vanliner’s argument that Moskovitz was inapplicable. Consequently, the court found that of the thirty claims file documents challenged on appeal, Vanliner was required to disclose only one in its entirety. The court accepted Vanliner’s argument that the remaining twenty-nine were privileged either in whole or in part. Accordingly, the court of appeals affirmed in part and reversed in part the order of the trial court and remanded the cause to the trial court.6
This cause is now before this court pursuant to the allowance of a discretionary appeal.
The issue before us is whether, in an action alleging bad faith denial of insurance coverage, the insured is entitled to obtain, through discovery, claims *212file documents containing attorney-client communications and work product that may cast light on whether the denial was made in bad faith..
As already indicated, the trial eourt relied on our decision in Moskovitz to determine which claims file documents were protected from discovery. In Moskovitz, after receiving a substantial jury award for a medical malpractice claim, the plaintiffs sought prejudgment interest as authorized by R.C. 1343.03(C). Id., 69 Ohio St.3d at 647-648, 635 N.E.2d at 340-341. To be successful in an R.C. 1343.03(C) proceeding, the prevailing party of the underlying case must prove, among other things, that the opposing party did not make a good faith effort to settle the case. With regard to this prong of R.C. 1343.03(C), Moskovitz sought to clarify the extent of a plaintiffs right to discovery of the malpractice insurer’s claims file in light of the attorney-client privilege and the work-product doctrine. We stated that “[documents and other things showing the lack of a good faith effort to settle by a party or the attorneys acting on his or her behalf are wholly unworthy of the protections afforded by any claimed privilege.” Id. at 661, 635 N.E.2d at 349. Thus, we held that “[i]n an R.C. 1343.03(C) proceeding for prejudgment interest, neither the attorney-client privilege nor the so-called work product exception precludes discovery of the contents of an insurer’s claims file. The only privileged matters contained in the file are those that go directly to the theory of defense of the underlying case in which the decision or verdict has been rendered.” Id. at paragraph three of the syllabus.
Boone argues that claims file materials showing an insurer’s lack of good faith in determining coverage are equally unworthy of protection. Thus, Boone argues that the trial court was correct in applying Moskovitz to the claims file documents in this case.
Vanliner, on the other hand, asks us to affirm the court of appeals’ decision, which held that Moskovitz was not applicable in the present action. The court of appeals found the distinguishing factor between this case and Moskovitz to be the status of the underlying claim. Specifically, the court of appeals noted that in the case at bar the underlying claim (underinsured motorist damages) is still pending, whereas in Moskovitz the underlying claim (medical malpractice) had already been decided.
We find that the court of appeals, in this regard, misread our decision. Our ruling in Moskovitz did not turn on the status of the underlying claim, but rather upon our recognition that certain attorney-client communications and work-product materials were undeserving of protection, i.e., materials “showing the lack of a good faith effort to settle.” Moskovitz at 661, 635 N.E.2d at 349. Moreover, this “distinction” could easily be eliminated by staying the bad faith claim until the underlying claim has been determined.
*213Vanliner argues that Moskovitz must be viewed in light of our subsequent holding in State v. McDermott (1995), 72 Ohio St.3d 570, 651 N.E.2d 985, so that even if our ruling in Moskovitz is applicable to attorney-client communications in the present case, McDermott requires that they be protected. We disagree.
In McDermott, we held that R.C. 2317.02(A) provides the exclusive means by which privileged attorney-client communications can be waived by the client. Id. at syllabus. The flaw in Vanliner’s argument is that McDermott addresses client waiver of the privilege, whereas Moskovitz sets forth an exception to the privilege and is therefore unaffected by our holding in McDermott.
Vanliner further contends that if insureds alleging bad faith are able to access certain attorney-client communications within the claims file, then insurers will be discouraged from seeking legal advice as to whether a certain claim is covered under a policy of insurance. This argument is not well taken because it assumes that insurers will violate their duty to conduct a thorough investigation by failing, when necessary, to seek legal counsel regarding whether an insured’s claim is covered under the policy of insurance, in order to avoid the insured later having access to such communications, through discovery.
Vanliner further argues that the release of the documents at issue in this case will undermine its ability to defend on the underlying underinsured motorist claim that remains pending. We find this argument unpersuasive. If this were a legitimate concern, we believe that Vanliner would have moved the trial court to stay the bad faith claim, severing it from the underlying underinsured motorist claim. Our review of. the record in this case reveals that Vanliner took no such action.
Like the trial court, we find that the rationale behind our holding in Moskovitz is applicable to actions alleging bad faith denial of coverage. That is, claims file materials that show an insurer’s lack of good faith in denying coverage are unworthy of protection. It appears, however, that in determining which documents were protected in this case, the trial court applied the specific holding in Moskovitz, ie., only those documents containing attorney-client communications and work product that go directly to the theory of defense of the underlying claim are protected. We find this holding inapplicable in the present case because, while the lack of a good faith effort to settle involves conduct that may continue throughout the entire claims process, a lack of good faith in determining coverage involves conduct that occurs when assessment of coverage is being considered. Therefore, the only attorney-client and work-product documents that would contain information related to the bad faith claim, and, thus, be unworthy of protection, would have been created prior to the denial of coverage.
For the foregoing reasons, we hold that in an action alleging bad faith denial of insurance coverage, the insured is entitled to discover claims file materials *214containing attorney-client communications related to the issue of coverage that were created prior to the denial of coverage. At that stage of the claims handling, the claims file materials will not contain work product, ie., things prepared in anticipation of litigation, because at that point it has not yet been determined whether coverage exists. Of course, if the trial court finds that the release of this information will inhibit the insurer’s ability to defend on the underlying claim, it may issue a stay of the bad faith claim and related production of discovery pending the outcome of the underlying claim.
We now turn to the specific documents at issue herein. Out of the 1,741 documents contained in the claims file, the issue before us concerns only twenty-nine documents, namely documents numbered 581, 582, 597, 598, 600, 601, 676, 677, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889, 890, 892, 896, 899, 900, 902, 903, 904, 905, 906, 907, 1106, 1107, 1151, 1152, and 1153. Although the trial court ordered Vanliner to produce over fifteen hundred claims file documents, Vanliner’s appeal sought to protect only thirty of these documents and was successful as to twenty-nine.
The court of appeals found, and we agree, that the trial court’s ruling was inconsistent with respect to eight claims file documents. Specifically, the trial court ordered Vanliner to produce documents numbered 597, 598, 600, and 601 without Vanliner’s requested redactions but ordered Vanliner to produce documents numbered 858, 859, 861, and 862 with the requested redactions. This was inconsistent because the information ordered to be redacted from documents numbered 858, 859, 861, and 862 was identical to the information requested to be redacted from 597, 598, 600, and 601.
We do not agree, however, with the court of appeals’ approach to resolving this inconsistency. The court found that “[documents 597, 598, 600 and 601 are simply duplicates of documents 858, 859, 861 and 862” and held that “[s]ince these documents are duplicates, the trial court erred in not ordering similar redactions of 597, 598, 600 and 601.”7 From this statement it would appear that the content of these documents was not independently evaluated and that it was assumed that because the trial court ordered the information to be redacted in some documents its mistake was in not ordering the same information redacted in others. We find this analysis flawed because it does not consider the possibility that the trial court’s mistake was actually in permitting the redaction of the information.
Upon review of these documents in light of our foregoing holding, we find that two of them, namely, documents numbered 600 and 601, should be released without redactions to Boone. These documents were created prior to the denial *215of coverage and the information that Vanliner requested be redacted in these two documents, some of which reflects attorney-client communication, relates to the issue of insurance coverage. Therefore, documents numbered 600 and 601 should be produced without redactions (which makes the redactions ordered in documents numbered 858 and 859 moot).
Documents numbered 597 and 598 contain the name of an attorney with the language “We can explore with atty Maddox” and “Check with atty Maddox.” These documents were communications, it would appear, between two of Vanlim er’s claims employees. Vanliner’s attorney was, apparently, not involved in these communications on the issue in question. Therefore, we find that documents numbered 597 and 598 do not contain attorney-client communications. Consequently, the information contained in these documents is not protected by the attorney-client privilege and should be disclosed without redactions (which makes the redactions ordered in documents numbered 861 and 862 moot).
As to the remaining documents at issue in this appeal, those documents contain attorney-client communications and/or work product that were created after coverage was denied. They are, therefore, protected from discovery.
Accordingly, for- the foregoing reasons, we affirm in part and reverse in part the judgment of the court of appeals, and remand this cause.

Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part and cause remanded.

Resnick, F.E. Sweeney and Pfeifer, JJ., concur.
Moyer, C.J., Cook and Lundberg Stratton, JJ., dissent.

. An insurer’s lack of good faith in the processing of a claim is frequently referred to as “bad faith.” Such conduct gives rise to a cause of action in tort against the insurer. Hoskins v. Aetna Life Ins. Co. (1983), 6 Ohio St.3d 272, 6 OBR 337, 452 N.E.2d 1315, paragraph one of the syllabus.

. The attorney-client privilege exempts from the discovery process certain communications between attorneys and their clients. The privilege has long been recognized by the courts, Upjohn Co. v. United States (1981), 449 U.S. 383, 389, 101 S.Ct. 677, 682, 66 L.Ed.2d 584, 591; Moskovitz, infra, 69 Ohio St.3d at 660, 635 N.E.2d at 349, and “[i]ts purpose is to encourage full and frank communication between attorneys and their clients and thereby promote broader public interests in the observance of law and administration of justice.” Upjohn at 389, 101 S.Ct. at 682, 66 L.Ed.2d at 591.
Work product consists of “documents and tangible things prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial by or for another party or by or for that other party’s representative” and may be discovered only upon a showing of good cause. Civ.R. 26(B)(3). This rule is often referred to as the “work-product doctrine.” The purpose of the work-product doctrine is “to prevent an attorney from taking undue advantage of his adversary’s industry or efforts.” Civ.R. 26(A)(2).
Vanliner also argued that certain claims file documents were not discoverable because they were not relevant to the bad faith claim. The trial court did not accept this argument and Vanliner did not appeal that aspect of the trial court’s ruling.

. The claims file documents are actually stamped “000000” through “001741.” Throughout this opinion reference to specific documents will be by number without the preceding zeros. *211We also note that there is no document numbered 929 in the claims file. According to Vanliner, this is due to a numbering error.

. The trial court held that the following documents were protected from discovery: 883, 884, 891, 893-895, 898, 910-928, 930, 932-984, 1015, 1033-1043, 1049, 1051-1077, 1085-1091, 1094-1098, 1101-1102, 1109-1114, 1124-1150, 1251, 1256, 1257, and 1258, and portions of documents numbered 858, 859, 861, and 862.

. While the issue was apparently not raised by appellant either in the court of appeals or in this court, we note in passing, and without deciding, that there could be a question of whether this ease, involving solely a discovery issue, met the requirements for a final appealable order as set forth in R.C. 2505.02(B)(4) and, in particular, (B)(4)(b).

. Upon the court of appeals’ remand of this case to the trial court, the trial court issued a new order, which stated, “Pursuant to the Court of Appeals’ Decision rendered December 2, 1999, the Court’s November 10, 1998 Entry is hereby modified to indicate that [Vanliner] must produce only the following documents contained in the claims file: 597, 598, 600, and 601 with requested redactions, and 599.”
This entry of the trial court is misleading because the order says that it modifies the trial court’s order of November 10, 1998, so that only five documents from the insurer’s claims file must be produced. However, the trial court’s November 10, 1998 entry ordered Vanliner to produce over fifteen hundred claims file documents. Vanliner appealed, and the court of appeals addressed, the trial court’s November 10,1998 order only with respect to thirty documents. Thus, the entry upon remand should have reflected that it modified the November 10, 1998 entry only as to those documents at issue in the appeal.

. The court of appeals’ statement that “[d]oeuments 597, 598, 600 and 601 are simply duplicates of documents 858, 859, 861 and 862” is not correct. While the information contained in the portions Vanliner requested to be redacted is the same in document number 597 as in 862, 598 as in 861, 600 as in 859, and 601 as in 858, the documents themselves are not duplicates of each other.