Court Opinion

ID: 4528428
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-04-24 03:08:38.466597+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:19:22.992165
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-3078-18T1

NEW JERSEY ADVANCE MEDIA,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

PETER LOMBARDO I/D/B/A
CREATIVE MEDIA & ASSOCIATES,

     Defendant-Appellant.
_________________________________

                    Argued March 11, 2020 — Decided April 23, 2020

                    Before Judges Koblitz, Gooden Brown and Mawla.

                    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                    Division, Morris County, Docket No. L-1526-17.

                    Joseph Elmo Cauda, Jr. argued the cause for appellant
                    (Schumann Hanlon Margulies, LLC, attorneys; Robert
                    E. Margulies, of counsel; Joseph Elmo Cauda, Jr., on
                    the briefs).

                    Joseph A. Marino argued the cause for respondent
                    (Marino, Mayers & Jarrach, LLC, attorneys; Joseph A.
                    Marino, on the brief).

PER CURIAM
      Defendant Peter Lombardo appeals from a March 26, 2019 order entering

a directed verdict in favor of plaintiff New Advance Media. We affirm in part,

and reverse and remand in part.

      In June 2017, plaintiff, an advertising agency, filed a complaint against

defendant for unpaid fees, and served interrogatories and requests for

admissions. Defendant's answer asserted he was "merely a contact person" in

an advertising agreement between DeCozen Chrysler Jeep Dodge (DeCozen)

and another entity unrelated to defendant. He asserted an entity named "CMA

[Creative Media Associates] agreed to place ads in the NJ Star Ledger on behalf

of [DeCozen], through SGW [Integrated Marketing (SGW)]. [Then plaintiff]

agreed to display these ads in their publications."

      Defendant explained he operated using SGW's credit because CMA had

no established credit with any media companies. Beginning in 2005, CMA

billed DeCozen for brokering its advertising, DeCozen sent payment to CMA,

and CMA forwarded payment to Kris Scelba, a representative of SGW. Scelba

was to then subtract his commission and pay plaintiff.

      In response to plaintiff's request for admissions, defendant's then-counsel

forwarded a May 2018 letter, which stated: "We have not attached the [e]xhibits

which will include copies of invoices and e-mails consistent with the [a]nswers.

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We expect to be in a position to forward those documents within the next day or

two and in advance of the return date of the motion relative to the

[i]nterrogatories."   Defendant claimed he included original invoices from

plaintiff to SGW; e-mails among plaintiff's representatives, SGW, and

defendant; and the original advertising agreement between plaintiff and SGW as

attachments to the interrogatory answers and the pretrial information exchange.

      Defendant substituted counsel in June 2018.         A two-day bench trial

occurred several months later. Plaintiff adduced testimony from defendant and

Lynn Finnegan, one of plaintiff's employees. Defendant's testimony established

SGW was listed as the billing contact and defendant as the contact person for

DeCozen's advertisements with plaintiff. His testimony also established the

advertising agreement held the advertiser and its agency "jointly and severally

liable for the payment of all bills and charges incurred," and attached interest at

a rate no less than 1.5% to any unpaid bills.        Defendant's testimony also

confirmed he signed an "application for agency recognition" in which he

personally guaranteed "payment of all advertising charges and other obligations

incurred to NJ Advance Media." Defendant conceded he was not required to

execute these documents and could have declined to do so or sought a

modification.

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      Finnegan testified and authenticated plaintiff's billing records. She also

testified she knew defendant for twenty years, and he never contacted her to

request modification of any of the documents. She could not recall if she ever

saw billing information where only SGW, not defendant, was listed.

      Following Finnegan's testimony, defendant's counsel recalled him to

testify. He described his relationship with plaintiff, reaffirmed invoices were

sent to SGW, and claimed the advertising agreement plaintiff relied upon to

show defendant was personally responsible for payment "ha[d] been doctored."

Defendant attempted to testify regarding the course of conduct relating to the

payment for the advertisements on behalf of DeCozen by explaining Scelba's

interactions with him. The trial judge barred this testimony on hearsay grounds,

but afforded defendant's counsel the opportunity to call Scelba as a witness.

Counsel never called Scelba.

      Defendant attempted to introduce several documents he claimed were

attached to his answers to interrogatories. Also included in the materials were

e-mails defendant stated he did not discover until after hearing Finnegan's

testimony, including "a colloquy about who is going to pay for the outstanding

balance and a statement from one of plaintiff's employees saying, [defendant]

talked to . . . [Scelba] of SGW, he will be sending his payment, [and defendant]'s

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balance is fairly minor." Plaintiff's counsel objected and noted there was no

reference in the interrogatory answers to these documents. The trial judge

declined to admit the exhibits.

      Plaintiff moved for a directed verdict and attorney's fees. The trial judge

granted the motion and made the following findings:

            [I]t is abundantly clear to the [c]ourt that even viewed
            in the best light, the plaintiff's entitled to the judgment
            in question. [Defendant] did provide testimony, as did
            Ms. Finnegan, according to my notes.

                   If you look back to the . . . underlying pleadings
            in this case, the plaintiff is . . . suing on a book account,
            the defense was the money's owed, but I don't owe it
            because I'm a corporation and someone else owes it.
            Clearly, I have precluded that infamous set of emails
            because they were never provided in discovery by prior
            counsel, notwithstanding a certification to that
            effect. . . . [I]t's incumbent to provide comprehensive
            and complete answers and the fact that plaintiff's
            counsel accommodated the new attorney in the case to
            allow the case to move forward to arbitration and trial
            is not a reflection and does not amount to a concession
            on the part of the plaintiff that they would accept late
            filings. The discovery order was the discovery order
            and it was violated when incomplete answers were
            provided.

                  Additionally and most significantly, . . .
            notwithstanding the defendant's [assertion] that he's not
            personally responsible, the evidence was abundantly
            clear and uncontroverted that he signed a personal
            guarantee. The fact that it was after the debt was
            incurred is of no moment to the [c]ourt because he had

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                                         5
            no obligation to sign a personal guarantee and . . .
            certainly that ultimately was his downfall and,
            therefore, I'm directing a verdict in favor of the plaintiff
            in the amount sought, [$]26,000, and the counsel fee of
            [$7500] is below reasonable. It's very fair, in my
            estimation. Typically . . . under . . . RPC 1.5, the—
            counsel would have to itemize his hours of service and
            . . . I'm just going by eight hours on two separate days
            and that—without travel time . . . that's—at [$]350 an
            hour that's . . . [$6000], not to mention trial prep and
            research and the arbitration and pretrial motions, so
            certainly the [$7500] is fair and reasonable.

                  So judgment for plaintiff by directed verdict,
            [$]26,000 plus counsel fees of [$7500].

                                         I.

      Our review of a trial judge's findings is limited. Fagliarone v. Twp. of N.

Bergen, 78 N.J. Super. 154, 155 (App. Div. 1963). Reversal is proper only when

"we are convinced the trial judge's factual findings and legal conclusions 'are so

manifestly unsupported by or inconsistent with the competent, relevant and

reasonably credible evidence as to offend the interests of justice.'" Klug v.

Bridgewater Twp. Planning Bd., 407 N.J. Super. 1, 9 (App. Div. 2009) (quoting

Fagliarone, 78 N.J. Super. at 155). We review a trial judge's interpretations of

law de novo. Ibid. (citing Mt. Hill v. Twp. Comm. of Middletown, 403 N.J.

Super. 146, 193 (App. Div. 2008)).

                                        A.

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                                         6
      Defendant argues the trial judge improperly barred his trial exhibits

because they were produced in discovery and served in the pretrial information

exchange. Alternatively, citing Plaza 12 Assocs. v. Carteret Borough, 280 N.J.

Super. 471, 477 (App. Div. 1995), defendant argues even if the documents were

not produced in discovery, the error was inadvertent, and the absence of bad

faith, surprise, and prejudice warranted their admission at trial. He argues

plaintiff had "the burden to seek a more responsive answer or be barred at trial

from objecting to evidence based on the insufficient or unresponsive answer."

      Defendant also argues the judge erred by failing to admit the emails

defendant discovered during trial between plaintiff's agents and Scelba, which

showed plaintiff seeking payment from Scelba on behalf of SGW. Defendant

asserts these emails were at "all times equally available to the [p]laintiff as they

were to the [d]efendant," and should have been admitted into evidence.

                   Evidentiary decisions are reviewed under the
            abuse of discretion standard because, from its genesis,
            the decision to admit or exclude evidence is one firmly
            entrusted to the trial court's discretion. . . . [T]he
            latitude initially afforded to the trial court in making a
            decision on the admissibility of evidence . . .requires
            that appellate review, in equal measures, generously
            sustain that decision, provided it is supported by
            credible evidence in the record.

            [Estate of Hanges v. Metro. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 202
            N.J. 369, 383–84 (2010) (internal citation omitted).]

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                                         7
      The trial judge did not abuse his discretion by denying admission of

defendant's documents because there was insufficient proof the documents were

produced during discovery. Plaza 12 Assocs. is distinguishable because there

the party opposing admission was in possession of the same evidence eight

months prior to trial which "provided much of the same information" as the

documents the party failed to attach to interrogatories. 280 N.J. Super. at 476.

Here, defendant sought to admit documents he claimed proved he was not listed

as the responsible party in the past, and the documents plaintiff allegedly

purposely altered to hold him liable. However, there was no evidence plaintiff

had this information and the judge correctly barred it on the grounds of surprise.

      The emails defendant allegedly discovered after plaintiff already

prosecuted its claims were even more prejudicial to plaintiff.         Moreover,

contrary to defendant's argument, he had the burden to produce discovery. This

burden is memorialized in Rule 4:10-2(a), which posits that a party may not

object to producing documents in discovery on grounds "that the examining

party has knowledge of the matters as to which discovery is sought." Therefore,

the judge did not err.

      Defendant also argues the trial judge's admission of a four-page invoice

for $24,557.39, constituted an abuse of direction because it was not a valid

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                                        8
business record made at or near the time the advertisement ran, but created at

least seven months later. He argues this contradicted plaintiff's claims and

"further elucidate[d] the untrustworthiness of the document." He also asserts

plaintiff could not rely upon a 2015 invoice to CMA to prove the sum owed,

where plaintiff had no relationship with CMA until defendant signed the credit

application on behalf of CMA in 2016.

      The admission of a document pursuant to the business records exception

under N.J.R.E. 803(c)(6) must meet three requirements: (1) the writing must be

made in the regular course of business; (2) it must be prepared within a short

time of the act, condition, or event being described; and (3) no credible challenge

has been presented to its trustworthiness. See State v. Sweet, 195 N.J. 357, 370-

71 (2008) (citing State v. Matulewicz, 101 N.J. 27, 29 (1985)).

      Finnegan's testimony satisfied N.J.R.E. 803(c)(6). Regarding the alleged

disparity between the advertisement run date and billing period in the invoice,

the trial judge stated "that would go to the weight I give that testimony, but

[Finnegan] clearly identified it in her direct examination as a statement from

[plaintiff] with a balance due[.]" The judge ultimately concluded the invoice

correlated with the sums plaintiff argued were due because he accepted

Finnegan's unrebutted testimony, which identified the documents' creation and

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                                        9
distribution, her familiarity with defendant's account, and that defendant did not

contact her to challenge the invoice, but instead continued to operate as an agent

for SGW, apply for credit, and sign as guarantor on the application.

      Defendant argues the trial judge erred in barring his testimony on hearsay

grounds as to the course of dealings among plaintiff, SGW, and himself to prove

plaintiff always intended SGW—not defendant—would be responsible for

payment.    Defendant's argument lacks merit.          Defendant could not testify

regarding either plaintiff's, or Scelba's intentions, because it was hearsay.

Indeed, the trial judge even advised defendant only Scelba could testify as to

whom plaintiff intended to pursue to collect its invoice. Defendant declined to

call Scelba to testify. The trial judge did not err.

                                         B.

      Defendant challenges the trial judge's finding related to the guaranty. He

asserts the 2016 credit application he submitted to plaintiff—under which he

allegedly assumed the 2015 debt—was not a part of the original contract

between SGW, DeCozen, and plaintiff, and separate consideration was required

to enforce the guaranty. He asserts the language only bound him if plaintiff

extended credit, which it never did, and therefore "the personal guaranty is

merely an unenforceable gratuitous promise." Defendant argues even if the

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                                        10
personal guaranty was not void for lack of consideration, he nonetheless had no

obligation to pay prior debts because the credit application on its face did not

specify defendant guaranteed the third party's prior-incurred debts.

      The guaranty language stated: "In consideration of the extension of credit

by NJ Advance Media to (______) with respect to the placement of

advertisements in NJ Advance Media, the undersigned does hereby personally

and unconditionally guarantee payment of all advertising charges and other

obligations incurred to NJ Advance Media."        This language clearly stated

defendant personally guaranteed all advertising charges incurred to plaintiff

from DeCozen's advertising. Moreover, the personal guaranty was attendant to

and part of an application for agency recognition and credit.

            A mere promise to pay antecedent debt of another is not
            generally regarded as consideration for a guaranty. . . .
            [E]ither [a] slight benefit to the promisor or a trifling
            inconvenience to the promisee suffices [as
            consideration]. Most importantly, it is unnecessary that
            any consideration pass directly from [a] guarantee . . .
            to the guarantor . . . and any consideration moving from
            the original obligors . . . to the guarantor . . . is
            sufficient to support the guaranty contract.

            [Great Falls Bank v. Pardo, 263 N.J. Super. 388, 401
            (Ch. Div. 1993) (internal citations omitted).]

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                                      11
      There was ample evidence of valid consideration for the guaranty.

Defendant's role as guarantor facilitated the ability to place advertisements with

DeCozen. The trial judge did not commit reversible error.

                                       C.

      Defendant argues it was error to grant plaintiff a directed verdict before

defendant's testimony was complete and before the judge heard from one of

plaintiff's former employees who was present to testify. We disagree.

                  Under Rule 4:40-1, a party may make a motion
            for a directed verdict "either at the close of all the
            evidence or at the close of the evidence offered by an
            opponent." A motion for directed verdict must be
            denied if, "accepting as true all the evidence which
            supports the position of the party defending against the
            motion and according him the benefit of all inferences
            which can reasonably and legitimately be deduced
            therefrom reasonable minds could differ." "[W]e apply
            the same standard that governs the trial courts."

            [Vitale v. Schering-Plough Corp., 447 N.J. Super. 98,
            119–20 (App. Div. 2016) (alteration in original)
            (internal citations omitted).]

      Here, a directed verdict was entered after the judge barred the documents

defendant claimed he produced in discovery. Defendant acknowledged he had

no witness who could offer testimony that did not involve the excluded

documents. Moreover, defendant did not challenge the amount plaintiff claimed

was owed. The trial judge found it "was abundantly clear and uncontroverted

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                                       12
that [defendant] signed a personal guarantee," and "[t]he fact it was after the

debt was incurred is of no moment to the [c]ourt because he had no obligation

to sign a personal guarantee[.]" Therefore, liability and plaintiff's damages were

clearly established, and a directed verdict in plaintiff's favor was appropriate.

                                        D.

      Defendant argues the trial judge awarded $7500 in counsel fees without

an RPC 1.5 affidavit of services. He asserts the judge erred by accepting

plaintiff's counsel's representation of his hourly billable rate and multiplying it

by an estimate of the time spent, without any evidence to support his findings.

      Counsel "fee determinations by trial courts will be disturbed only on the

rarest of occasions, and then only because of a clear abuse of discretion. That

deferential standard of review guides our analysis." Packard-Bamberger & Co.

v. Collier, 167 N.J. 427, 444 (2001) (internal citation and quotation omitted).

      "The starting point in awarding attorneys' fees is the determination of the

'lodestar,' which equals the 'number of hours reasonably expended multiplied by

a reasonable hourly rate.'" Furst v. Einstein Moomjy, Inc., 182 N.J. 1, 21 (2004)

(quoting Rendine v. Pantzer, 141 N.J. 292, 335 (1995)). Rule 4:42–9(b) requires

that this determination be supported by an affidavit addressing the eight factors

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                                       13
enumerated in RPC 1.5(a) and detailing the amount of fees and disbursements

sought. Furst, 182 N.J. at 21 (citing R. 4:42– 9(b)).

      The parties' contract stated: "If it becomes necessary to place with an

attorney for collection any claim for funds due under the terms of this

[a]greement, then [a]dvertiser and [a]gency agree to pay to [p]ublisher the

reasonable attorney's fees arising from such collection." The trial judge himself

acknowledged during Finnegan's testimony that "[i]f there's an award of counsel

fees . . . when the case is over, I will require an RPC 1.5 certification before I

make that determination." However, plaintiff did not provide the affidavit.

      Even though defendant failed to object to the award, the trial transcripts

demonstrate it was because there was no opportunity to do so as the judge

summarily     calculated   the   award      and   concluded    the   proceedings.

Notwithstanding, the time stamps on the trial transcripts do not support the trial

judge's finding that eight hours were spent in trial each day. The transcripts

show trial lasted approximately three hours and fifty-two minutes, which would

total approximately $1400 in fees at plaintiff's counsel's hourly rate. The judge's

decision lacked findings for the remaining $6100 (nearly seventeen and one-half

hours of time) awarded because there was no itemization of the time plaintiff's

counsel spent on the other categories of "trial prep and research and the

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                                       14
arbitration and pretrial motions" the judge identified. For these reasons, we

reverse and remand the counsel fee determination for reconsideration pursuant

to the RPC 1.5 factors.

      Affirmed in part, and reversed and remanded in part. We do not retain

jurisdiction.

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