Court Opinion

ID: 8186746
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 23:09:17.844543+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:40:26.738741
License: Public Domain

Dodge, J.
1. The court below obviously erred in taking the case from the jury by directing a verdict for the plaintiff. The written receipt, at its least effect, was a clear, definite, and solemn admission by its maker that the amount of the debt had been paid. While it is undoubted law that a mere receipt is possible of explanation, or even of denial, by parol, it yet stands as a declaration against interest most unlikely to be made unless true, and not to be lightly brushed aside. 2 Jones, Ev. § 503; Fuller v. Crittenden, 9 Conn. 401. It stood so in this case, and, although several witnesses testified to the contrary in their own interest, the jury, as in*23telligent men, might well have believed that plaintiff’s written declaration, given while both parties were alive, and allowed to be retained by the alleged debtor, was rather to be believed than the self-profiting testimony of those witnesses who had preserved silence for years and until death had closed the only mouth which could speak against them. The question should have been submitted to them. Lewis v. Prien, 98 Wis. 87, 89; Thompson v. Brennan, 104 Wis. 564, 568. For this error there must be reversal and new trial, in view of which other questions likely to arise thereon must be decided.
2. The appellants further contend that it was error to admit any evidence whatever to contradict the .written receipt. The rule of law is well settled, not only in this state but elsewhere, that a mere receipt for money is open to explanation, and may be varied or contradicted by parol. It is, in effect, only an admission that money or some other specified thing has been received. Catlin v. Wheeler, 49 Wis. 523; Crowe v. Colbeth, 63 Wis. 643. No less well established, however, is the rule summarized in Conant v. Estate of Kimball, 95 Wis. 550, in the following words: “Where the instrument is in the form of, and contains all the elements of, a receipt, and also includes the elements of a contract, the latter is governed by the same rules as other contracts, and cannot be varied, explained, or contradicted by parol evidence, though it may be set aside and avoided for fraud or mistake.” See, also, Randall v. Reynolds, 20 Jones & S. 145, 147; Burke v. Ray, 40 Minn. 34; Chicago, M. &. St. P. R. Co. v. Clark, 178 U. S. 353; 2 Jones, Ev. §§ 502, 503. In the Gonant Case it was pointed out that a document such as there presented, “Received of C. F. Kimball ten dollars in full of all demands to date,” on its face expressed something more than a mere receipt. While it acknowledged the receipt of the $10, it also declared the agreement of the parties that all demands in favor of the signer were, for that *24consideration, discharged. The receipt before us, neither upon its face nor in the light of the attendant circumstances, expresses or indicates anything more than an acknowledgment of the receipt of the $1,189.56. Had that receipt read, “ In consideration of a span of horses, payment in full is acknowledged,” the same case as Conant v. Estate of Kimball would be before us. Rut in the ordinary custom of commerce the-words, “Received payment in full,” written at the foot of a bill specifying the amount due, ordinarily have no significance except to declare that the amount thereof has been in fact paid. They do not indicate an agreement on the part of the receiptor that by reason of the receipt of something else he has agreed that the bill shall be satisfied. So read, the paper presented is a mere receipt, a mere admission that so much money has been paid, and for that reason, if for no other, no error was committed in permitting the introduction of evidence to contradict the fact of payment thereby admitted. Of course, surrounding circumstances might be such as to render it clear that the words “ Paid in full,” or “ Received payment in full,” were intended to express an agreement of settlement or release, in which case the rule of Conant v. Estate of Kimball, supra, would control, but no such circumstances are here shown.
3. Another error assigned is to the overruling of objections under sec. 4069 to the competency of officers of the plaintiff corporation as witnesses to personal transactions by them with the deceased, McDonald. That question was settled in In re Will of Bruendl, 102 Wis. 45, 49, which is conclusive in favor of their competency.
By the Court.— Judgment reversed, and cause remanded for new trial.