Court Opinion

ID: 865955
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-04-27 00:36:12.455819+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:41:05.013558
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                              NO. 2009-CA-00599-SCT

                             CONSOLIDATED WITH

                              NO. 2004-IA-01833-SCT

SHARON W. DUNN

v.

DR. JOHN G. YAGER, M.D.

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                       01/13/2009
TRIAL JUDGE:                            HON. ROBERT P. KREBS
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:              JACKSON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                GREGG LINDSEY SPYRIDON
                                        PHILIP GIPSON SMITH
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:                 BRETT K. WILLIAMS
                                        KEVIN M. MELCHI
                                        RICHARD WILLIAM FRANKLIN
NATURE OF THE CASE:                     CIVIL - MEDICAL MALPRACTICE
DISPOSITION:                            AFFIRMED - 04/14/2011
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

      EN BANC.

      RANDOLPH, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.   Sharon W. Dunn claimed severe back and leg pain caused by a work-related forklift

accident. After obtaining no relief following sixteen months of treatment from other

physicians, Dunn was referred to John G. Yager, M.D., a board-certified neurologist

practicing in Mobile, Alabama, with the Neurology Center (“Center”). On May 10, 1995,

Dr. Yager prescribed Tegretol to Dunn, which she began taking on May 19, 1995. On June
13, 1995, Dunn experienced an adverse reaction, which rapidly worsened over the next two

days. Subsequently, she was diagnosed as having Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (“SJS”). As

a result of the SJS, Dunn is now blind, along with other physical problems.

¶2.    In April 1996, Dunn filed suit in the Circuit Court of Jackson County, Mississippi,

against multiple defendants, including Dr. Yager. Following the dismissal of all other

defendants by virtue of settlement, bankruptcy, or summary judgment, Dr. Yager is the lone

remaining defendant. Dunn alleged that Dr. Yager had failed to procure her informed

consent by failing to warn of alleged material risks associated with Tegretol, including SJS,

and that he had breached the standard of care applicable to a neurologist prescribing Tegretol

for neuropathic pain by failing to warn Dunn that flu-like symptoms may indicate an adverse

reaction to the medication.

¶3.    In 2006, this Court determined that Dr. Yager’s interlocutory appeal from the denial

of his “Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction” had been “improvidently

granted.” In January 2009, following a twenty-day trial, the jury found in favor of Dr. Yager.

Following the circuit court’s denial of Dunn’s “Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the

Verdict, Relief from Judgment and New Trial,” Dunn filed her direct appeal, to which Dr.

Yager filed a cross-appeal regarding the issue of personal-jurisdiction.

                                          FACTS

¶4.    On September 15, 1993, Dunn was involved in a forklift accident at her workplace,

Ingalls Shipyard (“Ingalls”)1 in Pascagoula, Mississippi, resulting in back and leg pain. On

       1
           Now, Northrop Grumman.

                                              2
September 29, 1993, Dunn visited Dr. Frank Fondren, an orthopedic surgeon in Mobile,

Alabama. Over the following sixteen months, Dr. Fondren prescribed numerous medications

and treatment modalities for Dunn, ultimately concluding that he had nothing further to offer

her. Dr. Fondren then referred Dunn to his partner, Dr. Jim West, a spine treatment

specialist, who determined that Dunn would not benefit from surgery. Thereafter, Dr.

Fondren referred Dunn to Dr. Yager.

¶5.    In March 1995, Dunn returned to Ingalls in a limited capacity, first, as a secretary,

then, at the fuel depot, filling vehicles. On April 19, 1995, Dunn had her first office visit

with Dr. Yager. Dr. Yager’s first impression was that “[s]he may have radiculopathy on the

right. I will check an EMG, NCV as apparently these have not been done. I will try to get

the results of previous MRI’s, etc. She may well need [a] CT myelogram depending upon

the findings.” No medication was prescribed to Dunn at this time.

¶6.    On May 10, 1995, Dunn had her second office visit with Dr. Yager. By this time,

Dunn had stopped working due to pain in her back and down her right leg. After reviewing

results of Dunn’s EMG and NCV tests, Dr. Yager found only “minor abnormalities[,]” and

proposed the following treatment plan:

       I will get a CT myelogram to better define the lesions, if present, in the back
       and look for surgical problems. However, I am not very optimistic about that.
       I will start her on Robaxin 500 mg b.i.d. and Tegretol 200 mg advanced after
       one week to t.i.d. to see if this will help break her pain cycle.

(Emphasis added.) According to Dunn, in prescribing Tegretol, Dr. Yager asked only if she

had any allergies, then instructed her on “[t]he name of the drug and how to take it, the hours

                                              3
in which, how much per day, how many hours in between . . . .” Dunn maintained that Dr.

Yager had failed to disclose any of Tegretol’s risks or side effects.

¶7.    Conversely, Dr. Yager testified that he had discussed potential side effects, including

blurred vision and likely, although “not absolutely certain,” a rash. According to Dr. Yager:

       [t]ypically when I . . . prescribe a patient Tegretol, you tell them what it’s for,
       you tell them a few side effects you may have, you tell them they could have
       allergic reactions, and you tell them if anything happens bad, you need to call
       us, anything you don’t understand. Those are typical of any drug used.

(Emphasis added.) While Dr. Yager acknowledged that he did not specifically mention flu-

like symptoms, a sore throat, and/or mouth ulcers as possible side effects of a severe reaction

to Tegretol, he added that “[t]here is no way” to distinguish between the flu and an adverse

reaction.2 Dunn and Dr. Yager agreed that he also told her, “if you have any problems, call

me.”

¶8.    Tegretol was manufactured by Ciba-Geigy.3 By 1995, Tegretol had been approved

by the FDA for the treatment of epileptic seizures, but not neuropathic pain. As such, Dr.

Yager’s prescription was off-label. Multiple expert witnesses testified that in 1995, an off-

label prescription of Tegretol for neuropathic pain was common.

¶9.    On May 10, 1995, the Physician’s Desk Reference (“PDR”) product information

regarding Tegretol included the following:

       WARNING

       2
       This is significant, because multiple expert witnesses testified that, after the
symptoms of SJS begin to manifest, it cannot be stopped. According to Dr. Yager, the
treatment of SJS is simply “supportive.”
       3
           Now, Novartis.

                                               4
       APLASTIC ANEMIA AND AGRANULOCYTOSIS HAVE BEEN
       REPORTED IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE USE OF TEGRETOL. . . .
       HOWEVER, THE OVERALL RISK OF THESE REACTIONS IN THE
       UNTREATED GENERAL POPULATION IS LOW, APPROXIMATELY
       SIX PATIENTS PER ONE MILLION POPULATION PER YEAR FOR
       AGRANULOCYTOSIS AND TWO PATIENTS PER ONE MILLION
       POPULATION PER YEAR FOR APLASTIC ANEMIA.

       ...

       BECAUSE OF THE VERY LOW INCIDENCE OF AGRANULOCYTOSIS
       AND APLASTIC ANEMIA, THE VAST MAJORITY OF MINOR
       HEMATOLOGIC CHANGES OBSERVED IN MONITORING OF
       PATIENTS ON TEGRETOL ARE UNLIKELY TO SIGNAL THE
       OCCURRENCE OF EITHER ABNORMALITY.       NONETHELESS,
       COMPLETE PRETREATMENT HEMATOLOGICAL TESTING SHOULD
       BE OBTAINED AS A BASELINE.[4 ]

       ...

       WARNINGS
       Patients with a history of adverse hematologic reaction to any drug may be
       particularly at risk.
       Severe dermatologic reactions including . . . [SJS], have been reported with
       Tegretol. These reactions have been extremely rare.[5 ] However, a few
       fatalities have been reported.

       ...

       4
           This entire capitalized “WARNING” section is known as the “black-box warning.”
Dr. Terry Millette, tendered and accepted as an expert in the field of neurology, testified that
the potentially life-threatening blood conditions of aplastic anemia and agranulocytosis are
unrelated to SJS. Dunn does not assert that she contracted aplastic anemia or
agranulocytosis.
       5
         An SJS reaction was described by experts at trial as “an extremely rare event[,]” “like
getting hit by lightning[,]” and “a one-in-a-million occurrence.” The incidence rate of SJS
in the general population is between 1.2 per 1,000,000 to 6 per 1,000,000. Even Dunn’s
expert, Dr. Steven Waring (tendered and accepted as an expert in the field of epidemiology),
testified that the frequency of various types of severe dermatological reactions (not limited
to SJS) occurring among new users of Tegretol between 1975 and 1995 was between 3 per
100,000 and 8 per 100,000.

                                               5
      PRECAUTIONS

      ...

      Information for Patients: Patients should be made aware of the early toxic
      signs and symptoms of a potential hematologic problem, such as fever, sore
      throat, ulcers in the mouth, easy bruising, petechial or purpuric hemorrhage,
      and should be advised to report to the physician immediately if any such signs
      or symptoms appear.

      ...

      Laboratory Tests: Complete pretreatment blood counts, including platelets
      and possibly reticulocytes and serum . . . should be obtained as a baseline.[6 ]

      ...

      ADVERSE REACTIONS

      ...

      The most frequently observed adverse reactions, particularly during the initial
      phases of therapy, are dizziness, drowsiness, unsteadiness, nausea, and
      vomiting. To minimize the possibility of such reactions, therapy should be
      initiated at the low dosage recommended.
      The following additional adverse reactions have been reported:

      ...

      Skin: . . . [SJS] (see WARNINGS) . . . .

(Emphasis added.)

      6
        Multiple expert witnesses testified that, despite this manufacturer recommendation,
the applicable standard of care did not require pretreatment blood counts for otherwise
healthy individuals, as they were of questionable value and not cost-effective. Conversely,
Dunn’s expert, Dr. John Olson, who was tendered and accepted as an expert in the field of
neurology, testified that the failure to complete pretreatment blood counts was a breach of
the standard of care. But Dr. Olson also acknowledged that such testing would not have
prevented Dunn from contracting SJS.

                                             6
¶10.    At trial, Dr. Yager noted that his decision to prescribe Tegretol was influenced by the

fact that Dunn “had this problem for a year and a half . . . . She’s not really responded very

well to these other treatment modalities, so ideally you would like to try a different modality

to try to get her under better control.” Multiple other experts testified that the standard of

care would not require repeating previously unsuccessful treatment modalities and

medications. Another expert for Dunn, Dr. Carroll McLeod, tendered and accepted as an

expert in the field of anesthesiology, testified that he may prescribe Tegretol “after I had tried

other medications and they had failed.”

¶11.    On May 19, 1995, a CT myelogram was performed on Dunn. Later that day, Dunn

filled her prescriptions from Dr. Yager for a thirty-day supply of Tegretol and a thirty-day

supply of Robaxin at Vancleave Pharmacy in Vancleave, Mississippi. Several days later,

Dunn returned to work.

¶12.    On May 26, 1995, Dunn had her third office visit with Dr. Yager. At the time, Dr.

Yager was unaware that Dunn had not filled the May 10, 1995, prescription until May 19,

1995. According to Dunn, she questioned Dr. Yager about whether her blood levels should

be tested. Dr. Yager responded that, based upon the low dosage prescribed, no such testing

was needed, and again instructed Dunn to contact his office if she experienced any problems.

Dunn further testified that she had reported feeling sluggish, to which Dr. Yager had “told

me that everything would be fine; just not to step up the dosage like he had first prescribed

me to do.” 7 Dr. Yager’s office chart reflected that Dunn’s legs were feeling better, but that

        7
            Multiple experts testified that the side effect of sluggishness often diminishes over
time.

                                                 7
she was experiencing a “possible post myelogram headache.” According to Dr. Yager,

because Dunn previously had expressed her goal of returning to driving machinery at Ingalls

and had “told me she was better on the medication,” he did not “think she would have wanted

to stop it at that point in time.” Accordingly, Dr. Yager modified Dunn’s treatment plan and

started her on Ultram “advanced to 100 mg b.i.d.[,]” continued her “on the Robaxin 500 mg

b.i.d. and Tegretol 200 mg b.i.d.[,]” placed her on a six-day Medrol Dosepak for her

headache, and noted that “[s]he will call me in three weeks and let me know [how] she is

doing.” Dunn acknowledged that Dr. Yager instructed her to “call him if I had any

problems.”

¶13.   On June 13, 1995, Dunn began experiencing flu-like symptoms and “itchy” and

“watery” eyes while at work. That evening, Dunn testified that she “began to have a few

bumps come up in my mouth, and . . . my left eye was just pouring water or drainage . . . .”

Dunn did not call Dr. Yager’s office. On June 14, 1995, Dunn awoke with continued flu-like

symptoms, lesions on her gums, impaired vision in her right eye, and her left eye “matted .

. . closed with mucous.” (Emphasis added.) Rather than contacting Dr. Yager, per his

repeated instructions, Dunn went to the Wiggins Clinic, where Dr. Pacita Coss performed an

eye examination, suspected a “severe bacterial infection,” gave Dunn a shot of Rocephin, and

prescribed antibiotics. According to Dr. Coss, she recommended that Dunn remain in the

hospital, but Dunn refused.

¶14.   On June 15, 1995, Dunn was taken to the emergency room of Stone County Hospital,

where Dr. Thomas Lehman diagnosed her with SJS. Dunn’s body was covered in blisters

and she remained hospitalized for several weeks. As a result of the SJS, Dunn is blind, has

                                             8
experienced hearing problems, and asserts that her back and leg pain has “[n]ot really”

resolved.

¶15.   On April 25, 1996, Dunn filed a Complaint in the circuit court against Hyster

Company (“Hyster”); NACCO Industries, Incorporated (“NACCO”);8 Dr. Yager; Dr. Coss;

Basel Pharmaceutical (“Basel”); Ciba-Geigy Corporation (“Ciba-Geigy”); Geigy

Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated;9 and Vancleave Pharmacy. Dunn subsequently filed an

Amended Complaint adding the diagnosing physician, Dr. Lehman, as a defendant. In

February 1998, Dr. Lehman filed a “Voluntary Petition of Bankruptcy” in the United States

Bankruptcy Court, Southern District of Mississippi,10 which ultimately resulted in his

dismissal from this case on July 1, 2003. On March 18, 2004, NACCO d/b/a Hyster was

dismissed from the case following settlement with Dunn. On April 26, 2004, Vancleave

Pharmacy was dismissed from the case via summary judgment. On November 19, 2007, the

circuit court entered an “Order of Dismissal with Prejudice” as to Basel, Ciba-Geigy, and

Geigy Pharmaceuticals following their settlement with Dunn. On February 25, 2008, the

circuit court entered an Order dismissing Dr. Coss with prejudice following her settlement

with Dunn. Therefore, Dr. Yager is the lone remaining defendant. Dunn asserted:

       three separate theories of fault against Dr. Yager: (1) failure to obtain [Dunn’s]
       informed consent to be treated with Tegretol for back and leg pain; (2) failure

       8
           According to the Complaint, Hyster and/or NACCO had manufactured the forklift.
       9
      According to the Complaint, Basel, Ciba-Geigy, and/or Geigy Pharmaceuticals had
manufactured Tegretol.
       10
        Between February 1998 and August 2002, the present case was stayed. In August
2002, the bankruptcy court entered an “Order Authorizing Sharon Dunn to Proceed in
Lawsuit Filed in Circuit Court of Jackson County, Mississippi.”

                                               9
       to warn [Dunn] of severe life-threatening dermatological, hematological, or
       hepatic adverse reactions to Tegretol, which manifest themselves in the early
       stages as flu-like symptoms and/or a decrease in white blood cells; and (3)
       failure to conduct proper blood work to monitor the effects of Tegretol.

¶16.   In October 2004, following the circuit court’s “Order Denying Dr. Yager’s Motion

to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction,” this Court granted Dr. Yager’s petition for

interlocutory appeal. But on March 30, 2006, this Court entered an Order dismissing that

petition as “improvidently granted.” In so ruling, this Court noted that “the dismissal is not

a ruling on the merits of any issue raised by the petition.” On June 15, 2006, this Court

denied Dr. Yager’s “Motion for Rehearing” regarding the dismissal of his petition.

¶17.   A jury trial commenced on December 1, 2008. Following twenty days of trial and

nearly three hours of deliberation, the jury found in favor of Dr. Yager.       Following the

circuit court’s denial of Dunn’s “Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict, Relief

from Judgment and New Trial” proceeds Dunn’s direct appeal and Dr. Yager’s cross-appeal

on the issue of personal-jurisdiction.

                                          ISSUES 11

¶18.   On cross-appeal, Dr. Yager raised the following jurisdiction issue, which this Court

considers first:

       I. Whether a Mississippi court may properly exercise personal jurisdiction over
       Dr. Yager, an Alabama resident.

This Court next considers the following issues raised by Dunn on direct appeal:

       11
        In the interest of analytical clarity, this Court has reordered and restated the issues
presented on appeal by Dunn and on cross-appeal by Dr. Yager.

                                              10
       II. Whether, under Article 3, Section 25 of the Mississippi Constitution, the
       circuit court erred in precluding Dunn from addressing the jury during closing
       argument.
       III. Whether the circuit court abused its discretion in denying Dunn’s motion
       to substitute an expert.
       IV. Whether the circuit court abused its discretion in precluding Dunn from
       using the video deposition of neurologist Dr. Harry Gould.
       V. Whether the circuit court erred in disclosing to the jury the fact that Dunn
       had settled with other defendants.
       VI. Whether the circuit court’s jury instructions regarding “informed consent”
       were erroneous.
       VII. Whether the circuit court abused its discretion in precluding Dunn from
       introducing excerpts from the 2009 Physician’s Desk Reference.

                                        ANALYSIS

       I.     Whether a Mississippi court may properly exercise personal
              jurisdiction over Dr. Yager, an Alabama resident.

¶19.   Dr. Yager’s “Answer to Complaint” provided that:

       [t]his [c]ourt lacks in personam jurisdiction over [Dr. Yager] because, among
       other things, [Dr. Yager] was not and is not doing business within the State of
       Mississippi and all of [Dr. Yager’s] medical care and treatment relating to
       [Dunn] took place in the State of Alabama. Therefore, this complaint should
       be dismissed . . . .

Dr. Yager’s subsequent “Responses to Interrogatories,” filed on June 20, 1996, provided that

“[p]robably less than 5%” of his practice over the past ten years had consisted of patients

from Mississippi;12 he treated only Mississippi patients who “called for appointments or were

referred from other physicians[;]” he had never solicited any business in Mississippi in the

previous ten years; and he had never performed any medical services in Mississippi.

       12
         In Dr. Yager’s “Second Supplemental Responses to Interrogatories,” he reduced that
figure to only “as high as 2.36%.”

                                             11
¶20.   On March 2, 1999, Dr. Yager filed a “Motion for Summary Judgment for Lack of

Personal Jurisdiction.” Dr. Yager’s affidavit, attached to the motion, provided that he was

licensed to practice in Alabama, practiced exclusively in Alabama, and had never practiced

medicine in Mississippi. The affidavit asserted that Dr. Yager does not “solicit business” in

Mississippi “through any means[;]” has never lived, or owned real or personal property, in

Mississippi; and “do[es] not retain anyone as an agent in any capacity” in Mississippi.

According to Dr. Yager, his only contact with Dunn occurred in Alabama, following her

referral by Dr. Fondren. As such, Dr. Yager asserted that he had not “purposefully availed

[him]self of the Mississippi courts.”

¶21.   However, Dr. Yager’s “Supplemental Responses to Interrogatories,” reveals he

accepted health insurance payments from insurers who “may insure residents from states

other than Alabama, and which may include Mississippi.” The affidavit of Nan Wallis, vice-

president and co-owner of PPOplus, a preferred-provider organization (“PPO”), presented

a slightly different picture, in that:

       [b]ased upon my experience, for a physician whose practice is generally
       covered by insurance, . . . the most effective means of building a patien[t] base
       is through membership in [PPOs] and other managed care organizations.
       Traditional marketing, such as television, radio, and yellow pages, is typically
       not as effective due to the pricing incentives available for participating
       members.

The record reveals that Dr. Yager was a participating member of PPOs servicing Mississippi

residents, including Gulf Health Plans,13 Private Healthcare Systems,14 and Beech Street

       13
        The affidavit of Kerry D. Goff, the president of Gulf Health Plans, provided that Dr.
Yager first entered into a “Participating Physician Agreement” in 1992. According to Goff,
“[u]nder the Participating Physician Agreement, [Dr. Yager] authorized [Gulf Health Plans]

                                              12
Corporation.15 An affidavit of Nita Moore, the “legal coordinator” for Blue Cross Blue

Shield of Mississippi (“BCBS-MS”), provided that Dr. Yager and other physicians of the

Center, in which Dr. Yager had a one-third shareholder interest, “are listed as physician

providers in the [BCBS-MS] directory of providers for Mississippi residents under the

heading of out of state providers and/or Gulf Health Plan providers . . . .” (Emphasis added.)

That affidavit stated that “the health care providers that are made available to BCBS-MS

policyholders agree to: [d]iscounted medical services; [f]ile claims for policy holders;

[a]ccept [BCBS-MS] payment, plus any deductible, co-insurance and co-payment when

applicable, as payment in full for covered services; and [p]articipate in utilization

management programs.” According to Moore, BCBS-MS “is the largest provider of health

insurance in the State of Mississippi with an approximate average annual membership of

more than 800,000 members.” Moore’s affidavit added that, from 1994 to 2004, BCBS-MS

“paid claims submitted by Dr. Yager and other physicians of the [Center] . . . totaling

$126,732.82 for the 1,228 occasions on which physicians of the [Center], including Dr.

Yager, provided treated to members of the BCBS-MS network.” Attached to Moore’s

affidavit was a document summarizing the fees paid by BCBS-MS to Dr. Yager, which

to enter into agreements (directly or indirectly) with payors, health plans or networks of
payors or health plans on his behalf.”
       14
         The affidavit of George S. Moran, the “Executive Vice President, Networks, of
Private Healthcare Systems,” stated that Dr. Yager had been listed as a participating provider
since December 1, 1993, and that, as of 2000, “the estimated number of covered employees
in the State of Mississippi . . . is 5600.”
       15
         According to the affidavit of Janice Mandolesi, an employee of Beech Street
Corporation, “approximately [4,000] Mississippi employees are covered by health plans
participating in the Beech Street PPO Network.”

                                             13
totaled $18,918. Finally, the affidavit of Melzana Fuller, the “Bureau Director for Provider

and Beneficiary Relations” for the Mississippi Division of Medicaid, stated that from January

16, 1989, through August 31, 1995, “Medicaid provider files [were] established and

maintained for” Dr. Yager. Thus, Dr. Yager’s averment that he was “not doing business” in

Mississippi is dubious at best, given his involvement not only with health-care providers and

insurers, but also the government of Mississippi.

¶22.   With regard to Dr. Yager’s treatment of Dunn, the April 19, 1995, note of Dr. Yager’s

office provided “[r]esponsible party: F.A. Richard (Litton Shipbuilding).” That note further

listed “F.A. Richard, P.O. Box 1728, Pascagoula, Mississippi, 39567,” as the insurance

company under the “Workmen’s Comp Only” section for “Claim [Number] I930770243.” 16

The May 10, 1995, note of Dr. Yager’s office provided that “Dr. Yager approved pay Ross

McBride/F.A. Richard.” Finally, Dr. Yager’s May 19, 1995, office chart stated that the “CT

myelogram - lumbar spine” has been “approved by Robbie Harrison . . . F.A. Richard.”

¶23.   On August 27, 2004, the circuit court held a hearing on Dr. Yager’s “Motion to

Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction.” Regarding the Mississippi long-arm statute, the

circuit judge determined that:

       I’m reading from [Horne v. Mobile Area Water & Sewer System, 897 So. 2d
972 (Miss. 2004)] – Mississippi’s Long-Arm Statute contains no requirements
       that the part of the tort which causes the injury be committed in Mississippi.
       This is true because an injury is necessary to complete a tort. . . . This [c]ourt
       finds that, in fact, the injury of [Dunn] did, in fact, occur in [Mississippi], and
       that, in fact, that part of the tort which caused the injury, was committed in
       Mississippi. . . . That’s, in fact, where she lost her sight and did not go back
       to Dr. Yager; therefore, the Long-Arm Statute applies.

       16
            According to Dunn, F.A. Richard was the “third-party administrator” for Ingalls.

                                               14
(Emphasis added.) As to due process, the circuit judge noted that “we are in a geographic

area that has historically, economically, and commercially had ties to the other [Mississippi

and Alabama], although there is a state line through there.” The circuit judge added that over

the past thirty years, “[d]octors, as well as our profession had to begin the process of reaching

out further and further for clients, business and profits. Patients cross [the] state line

frequently, back and forth.” In concluding that the circuit court had personal jurisdiction

over Dr. Yager, the circuit judge found that Dr. Yager’s payments with respect to Dunn

“came from F.A. Richard[,] . . . an insurance company . . . at Ingalls, situated in

Pascagoula[;]” that Dr. Yager had “joined Mississippi Medicaid” between 1989 and 1995;

that advertisements placed in The Mobile Press-Register by the Center were “circulated in

this community[;]” that Dr. Yager “cannot hide behind th[e] fact” that the Center is not a

party “because he is a part owner and shareholder[;]” and, finally, that “[t]he actions by [Dr.

Yager] with respect to PPOs, the insurance companies, et cetera, were purposely directed to

[Mississippi], and there’s no way that this [c]ourt can find the intent is not to get patients

from the State of Mississippi. Fundamental fairness, Mobile is 30 miles from Pascagoula.”

(Emphasis added.) On September 2, 2004, the circuit court entered its “Order Denying Dr.

John G. Yager’s Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction.”

¶24.   As noted in ¶ 16 supra, this Court subsequently dismissed Dr. Yager’s petition for

interlocutory appeal of the circuit court’s ruling as “improvidently granted.” On August 14,

2008, Dr. Yager filed a “Motion to Reconsider Order Regarding Personal Jurisdiction”

relying, in part, upon a “Separate Written Objection” to this Court’s Order dismissing the

interlocutory appeal. At the hearing, the circuit judge stated:

                                               15
       [t]his [c]ourt is certainly not oblivious to the ramifications of its ruling on
       jurisdiction. The [c]ourt understands how it can and probably is having a
       chilling effect on Mobile County doctors. However, . . . [t]he [c]ourt can’t
       overlook those matters that were set out that Dr. Yager and/or [the Center] did.
       . . . [T]he medical profession, like the legal profession, is changing and has
       changed. And it appears to me that Horne is an implicit acknowledgment of
       that change. And that may be chilling, but that may be the price that we
       professionals, legal or medical, may make when we decide to expand
       practices, go into other jurisdictions, et cetera; so that motion is overruled.

(Emphasis added.) On September 4, 2008, the circuit court entered its “Order Denying

Defendant’s Motion to Reconsider Order Regarding Personal Jurisdiction.”

¶25.   A de novo standard of review applies to the issue of whether a Mississippi court has

personal jurisdiction over an Alabama resident. See Sealy v. Goddard, 910 So. 2d 502, 506

(Miss. 2005) (citing Tel-Com Mgmt., Inc. v. Waveland Resort Inns, Inc., 782 So. 2d 149,

151 (Miss. 2001)). “The proper order when analyzing personal jurisdiction over non-resident

defendants is to first consider whether the long-arm statute subjects a nonresident defendant

to personal jurisdiction and then to consider whether the statute’s application to that

defendant offends the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution.” Estate of Jones v. Phillips, 992 So. 2d 1131, 1137 (Miss. 2008).

A. Long-arm statute

¶26.   Mississippi Code Section 13-3-57 provides, in pertinent part, that:

       [a]ny nonresident person . . . who shall make a contract with a resident of this
       state to be performed in whole or in part by any party in this state, or who shall
       commit a tort in whole or in part in this state against a resident of this state, or
       who shall do any business or perform any character of work or service in this
       state, shall by such act or acts be deemed to be doing business in Mississippi
       and shall thereby be subjected to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state.

                                               16
Miss. Code Ann. § 13-3-57 (Rev. 2002). Accordingly, there are “three activities” which will

permit Mississippi courts to exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant: “(1)

if that person has entered into a contract to be performed in Mississippi; (2) has committed

a tort in Mississippi; or, (3) is conducting business in Mississippi.” Yatham v. Young, 912
So. 2d 467, 469-70 (Miss. 2005). Regarding application of the long-arm statute to Dr. Yager,

this Court has to go no further than analyzing the tort prong, which is dispositive.

¶27.   This Court has stated that:

       “[u]nder now well established law, Mississippi’s long-arm statute contains no
       requirement that the part of the tort which causes the injury be committed in
       Mississippi.” Sorrells v. R&R Custom Coach Works, Inc., 636 So. 2d 668,
       672 (Miss. 1994). Rather, for purposes of our long-arm statute, a tort is
       committed in Mississippi when the injury results in this State. Id. This is true
       because an injury is necessary to complete a tort. Id.

Horne, 897 So. 2d at 977 (emphasis added). See also Yatham, 912 So. 2d at 470; Flight

Line, Inc. v. Tanksley, 608 So. 2d 1149, 1157 (Miss. 1992) (“[t]orts arise from breaches of

duties causing injuries, and it is common experience that breach and causation and impact

do not all always happen at once”). But “consequences stemming from the actual tort injury

do not confer personal jurisdiction at the site or sites where such consequences happen to

occur.” Allred v. Morris & Peterson, 117 F.3d 278, 282 (5th Cir. 1997) (quoting Jobe v.

ATR Mktg., Inc., 87 F.3d 751, 753 n.2 (5th Cir. 1996)). See also Bufkin v. Thermage, Inc.,

2009 WL 114780, at *4 (S.D. Miss. 2009) (“[t]he line between what constitutes actual injury

and what are mere consequences of an injury can at times be difficult to locate precisely.”).

¶28.   In Horne, the defendants released water from an Alabama reservoir which flowed into

Mississippi and allegedly “caused damage and/or destruction to the real and personal

                                             17
property of more than 350 Jackson County[, Mississippi] property owners.” Horne, 897 So.
2d at 974. Based thereon, this Court concluded that the Mississippi property owners

“suffered a tort in Mississippi for purposes of the long-arm statute because the plaintiffs’

property was damaged inside the boundaries of this State.” Id. at 977.

¶29.   According to Dr. Yager, “the alleged tort occurred when [he] allegedly failed to obtain

informed consent for prescribing Tegretol, when he allegedly failed to warn [Dunn] of the

dangers of Tegretol, and when he continued to prescribe Tegretol without a finding of a

neurogenic origin for [Dunn’s] pain[,]” all of which occurred in Alabama. Dr. Yager

attempts to distinguish Horne by arguing that Dunn’s “symptoms from [SJS] simply

manifested in Mississippi[,]” and that result was not a “direct consequence” of his actions,

as he “did not arrange for the prescription to be filled in Mississippi.”

¶30.   Dunn responds that because her injuries “took place exclusively in Mississippi, Dr.

Yager committed a tort in this state within the meaning of the Mississippi long-arm statute.”

Dunn specifically notes that she filled the Tegretol prescription at Vancleave Pharmacy in

Vancleave, Mississippi; ingested the medication at home and work exclusively in

Mississippi; and suffered the effects of SJS in Mississippi. In short, she asserts that her

“cause of action did not accrue until she ingested the Tegretol and sustained an adverse

reaction.”

¶31.   “[F]or purposes of our long-arm statute, a tort is committed in Mississippi when the

injury results in this State.” Horne, 897 So. 2d at 977 (citing Sorrells, 636 So. 2d at 672).

This Court concludes that Dunn’s actual injury, not the mere consequences thereof, occurred

in Mississippi. Dunn filled the prescription in Mississippi, consumed the prescription drugs

                                              18
in Mississippi, and the effects of her injury were suffered in Mississippi. Accordingly, this

Court concludes that the circuit court did not err in finding that the long-arm statute applies

to Dr. Yager.

B. Due Process

¶32.   The United States Supreme Court has stated that:

       due process requires only that in order to subject a defendant to a judgment in
       personam, if he be not present within the territory of the forum, he have certain
       minimum contacts with it such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend
       “traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.”

Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S. Ct. 154, 90 L. Ed. 95 (1945)

(quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463, 61 S. Ct. 339, 85 L. Ed. 278 (1940)). This

inquiry involves “two considerations: (1) the extent and quality of the contacts of the

defendant with the forum state and, assuming sufficient minimum contacts exist, (2) whether

the maintenance of the suit in the forum state offends traditional notions of fair play and

substantial justice.” Phillips, 992 So. 2d at 1140 (citing Asahi Metal Indus. Co. v. Superior

Court of California, 480 U.S. 102, 113-15, 107 S. Ct. 1026, 94 L. Ed. 2d 92 (1987)). See

also Med. Assurance Co. of Miss. v. Jackson, 864 F. Supp. 576, 578 (S.D. Miss. 1994)

(quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475, 105 S. Ct. 2174, 2183, 85 L.

Ed. 2d 528 (1985)) (“the focus of the due process inquiry is on whether the nonresident, by

virtue of his contact(s) with the forum state, can be said to have ‘purposely availed himself

of the benefits and protections of’ the forum’s laws”).

                                              19
(1) Minimum contacts

¶33.   “Minimum contacts” are more than mere “fortuitous” contacts and “must be between

the defendant and the forum state, not simply between the defendant and a resident of the

forum state.” Admin. of Tulane Educ. Fund v. Cooley, 462 So. 2d 696, 703 (Miss. 1984)

(quoting Iowa Elec. Light & Power Co. v. Atlas Corp., 603 F.2d 1301, 1303 n.3 (8th Cir.

1979)). “Historically, minimum contacts have been split into two types: those which invoke

specific jurisdiction over a defendant and those that lead to general jurisdiction over a

defendant.” Id. As either will suffice, regarding Dr. Yager’s minimum contacts with

Mississippi, this Court finds the subject of general personal jurisdiction dispositive.

¶34.   This Court “may exercise general jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant when the

cause of action does not arise out of or relate to the defendant’s activities in the forum state

as long as the defendant’s contacts with the forum are systematic and continuous.” Phillips,

992 So. 2d at 1141 (citing Helicopteros Nacionales de Columbia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408,

415-18, 104 S. Ct. 1868, 80 L. Ed. 2d 404 (1984)). Such contact should be “calculated rather

than fortuitous and regular and continuous rather than sporadic or isolated.” Rittenhouse v.

Mabry, 832 F.2d 1380, 1390 (5th Cir. 1987), superseded by statute on other grounds as

stated in Kekko v. K&B Louisiana Corp., 716 So. 2d 682, 683 (Miss. Ct. App. 1998).

¶35.   Dr. Yager was an approved Mississippi Medicaid provider from January 1989 through

August 1995. As Fuller’s affidavit provided, during this period, Mississippi “Medicaid

provider files [were] established and maintained for” Dr. Yager. Furthermore, since 1992,

Dr. Yager had participated in various PPOs which, inter alia, gave him access to more than

800,000 members of BCBS-MS as prospective clients. In addition, Dr. Yager solicited

                                              20
patients through the PPOs, as an approved preferred provider. Finally, Dr. Yager’s treatment

of Dunn was itself approved by F.A. Richard, based in Pascagoula, Mississippi, which acted

as the “[r]esponsible party” and insurance company under the “Workmen’s Comp Only”

section for Dunn’s claim. Under the totality of these circumstances, this Court concludes that

Dr. Yager had “systematic and continuous” contacts with Mississippi. Phillips, 992 So. 2d

at 1141 (citing Helicopteros, 466 U.S. at 415-18). Therefore, the circuit court properly

concluded that sufficient minimum contacts existed with Mississippi to exercise personal

jurisdiction over Dr. Yager.

(2) Fair play and substantial justice

¶36.   The United States Supreme Court has stated that:

       the determination of the reasonableness of the exercise of jurisdiction in each
       case will depend on an evaluation of several factors. A court must consider the
       burden on the defendant, the interests of the forum [s]tate, and the plaintiff’s
       interest in obtaining relief. It must also weigh in its determination “the
       interstate judicial system’s interest in obtaining the most efficient resolution
       of controversies; and the shared interest of the several States in furthering
       fundamental substantive social policies.”

Asahi Metal, 480 U.S. at 113 (quoting World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444
U.S. 286, 292, 100 S. Ct. 559, 62 L. Ed. 2d 490 (1980)).

¶37.   According to Dr. Yager, “[s]ound public policy demands that doctors not be forced

to first ask where a patient is from prior to providing treatment.” He contends that a finding

that he is subject to personal jurisdiction in Mississippi will not only “have a chilling effect

on the ability of Mississippi residents to seek health care[,]” but also that “Mississippi

physicians treating non-resident patients would be subject to jurisdiction in the patients’

home states.” Dunn responds that “Mississippi has an interest in adjudicating disputes

                                              21
involving its injured residents[;]” that “[t]he interstate judicial system interest is not

diminished nor is a significant burden imposed on any party due to th[e] proximity of Dr.

Yager’s place of business and the forum county[;]” and that any potential “chilling effect”

is outweighed by Mississippi’s interest in “protecting its citizens from tortious injury by

health care providers.”

¶38.   Regarding the interest of the forum state, Horne reasoned that “Mississippi has a

strong interest in adjudicating the dispute because Mississippi residents were injured . . . .”

Horne, 897 So. 2d at 981. Similarly, this Court finds that Mississippi has an interest in

adjudicating a dispute in which its resident, Dunn, suffered physical injury. This interest is

particularly compelling when the alleged tortfeasor is in Mobile, Alabama, an area which,

as noted by the circuit court, has numerous historic, economic, and commercial ties with

South Mississippi. Relatedly, the geographic proximity involved in this specific case also

weighs in favor of Dunn as to the burden on the defendant and the interest in the most

efficient resolution of controversies. Stated succinctly, this case involves a physician from

Mobile, Alabama, not Missoula, Montana, the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, or the

MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas. See id. (the defendants were located “only

12 miles from Mississippi.”); BankPlus v. Toyota of New Orleans, 851 So. 2d 439, 444

(Miss. Ct. App. 2003) (“[s]ince Jarrell and BankPlus are located in Pearl River County and

New Orleans is not that far from the forum, it is efficient to have the trial in Pearl River

County and does not place any unreasonable burden on Toyota”); Am. Cable Corp. v.

Trilogy Commc’ns, Inc., 754 So. 2d 545, 552 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000) (“[t]he burden upon

American Cable does not appear substantial, as it is not a great distance from Florida to

                                              22
Mississippi.”). Moreover, given this geographic proximity and Dr. Yager’s contacts with

Mississippi, including his PPO participation and prior status as a Mississippi Medicaid

provider, he reasonably could expect to be sued by a Mississippi patient in Mississippi. See

BankPlus, 851 So. 2d at 445 (“[i]t was also a reasonable expectation that BankPlus would

sue in the county in which it is located . . . ”). Regarding “fundamental substantive social

policies,” this Court has stated “[t]hat a non-resident may threaten to terminate contacts with

a given state in no way enhances its due process rights beyond the formulations provided in

International Shoe and its progeny.” Cooley, 462 So. 2d at 705.

¶39.   Our holding is restricted to the facts of this specific case, as “[n]othing in the record

suggests this trial was an inefficient method of resolving this dispute or that it imposed an

undue burden to have [Dr. Yager] defend the suit in Mississippi.” Phillips, 992 So. 2d at

1142. Therefore, this Court concludes that the circuit court did not err in finding that

“traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice” were not offended in exercising

personal jurisdiction over Dr. Yager. Int’l Shoe, 326 U.S. at 316. Future cases must be

based on the facts peculiar to such cases to insure that International Shoe’s mandate is

honored.

¶40.   In sum, this Court concludes that the long-arm statute, under its tort prong, subjected

Dr. Yager to the jurisdiction of the circuit court, and that its application does not offend the

Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Accordingly, this issue is without merit.

                                              23
       II.     Whether, under Article 3, Section 25 of the Mississippi
               Constitution, the circuit court erred in precluding Dunn from
               addressing the jury during closing argument.

¶41.   Near the conclusion of Dunn’s rebuttal closing argument, counsel for Dunn stated to

the circuit court, for the first time and in the presence of the jury, “I’d like [Dunn] to tell you

what the testimony was that she gave at this trial. So, pursuant to [Article 3, Section 25 of]

the Mississippi Constitution, I would like . . . [Dunn] to comment on her testimony at trial.”

(Emphasis added.) Following objection by Dr. Yager, the circuit judge concluded:

       in 1976, when I prosecuted Jimmy Lee Grafe for the murder of a three-year-
       old girl, Judge Palmer would not let him, at closing address . . . the jury. The
       Supreme Court reversed; but that is in a criminal case only. It’s not applicable
       to the civil case, and it’s overruled.

(Emphasis added.)

¶42.   “The standard of review this Court employs for constitutional issues is de novo.”

Deeds v. State, 27 So. 3d 1135, 1141 (Miss. 2009) (citing Thoms v. Thoms, 928 So. 2d 852,

855 (Miss. 2006)). In criminal cases, “the accused shall have a right to be heard by himself

or counsel, or both . . . .” Miss. Const. art. 3, § 26 (emphasis added). This Court has held

that this constitutional provision entitles a criminal defendant “to personally argue his case

to the jury and refusal to allow him to do so is reversible error.” Ballard v. State, 366 So.
2d 668, 668 (Miss. 1979) (citing Gray v. State, 351 So. 2d 1342 (Miss. 1977)). In Ballard,

the circuit court’s error pertained to its refusal to allow Ballard “to personally make a portion

of the closing argument to the jury.” Ballard, 366 So. 2d at 668.

¶43.   In civil actions, “[n]o person shall be debarred from prosecuting . . . for . . . him or

herself, before any tribunal in the state, by him or herself, or counsel, or both.” Miss. Const.

                                                24
art. 3, § 25 (emphasis added). This Court has never spoken to whether this constitutional

provision guarantees a civil litigant the right to address the jury in closing argument.

¶44.   Dunn argues that Article 3, Section 25 is “nearly identical to” Article 3, Section 26,

therefore, it “was designed to ensure a party’s right to counsel and to proceed pro se jointly

just as if [Dunn] was a criminal defendant.” Alternatively, Dunn newly contends that “surely

the right to ‘prosecute’ one’s case encompasses the right to make argument to the jury during

closing argument[,]” and that the “plain meaning” of the term “both” necessarily extends that

right to Dunn and her counsel.17

¶45.   In response, Dr. Yager emphasizes that Article 3, Section 25 “does not include any

specific right to be heard . . . .” According to Dr. Yager, Dunn “was not prevented from

prosecuting her case. She was represented by able counsel and testified extensively in

presenting her case to the jury.” Moreover, Dr. Yager notes that Dunn made the strategic

decision not to testify during her rebuttal case, wherein she could have controverted Dr.

Yager’s testimony regarding the warnings, vel non, she did or did not receive, albeit subject

to cross-examination. According to Dr. Yager, Dunn was instead “attempting to circumvent

further cross-examination by testifying to the jury in closing arguments.” Finally, Dr. Yager

asserts that Dunn suffered no prejudice in having her counsel perform closing argument.

¶46.   While this Court previously has held that the “right to be heard” enumerated in Article

3, Section 26 includes the right of a criminal defendant to participate in closing argument,

its relevance to Article 3, Section 25 is debatable because of the linguistic differences

       17
        At trial, Dunn’s request was only to repeat and comment upon her trial testimony,
not argue the righteousness of her case.

                                             25
between the two provisions. See Ballard, 366 So. 2d at 668; Miss. Const. art. 3, § 26. “The

construction of a constitutional section is . . . ascertained from the plain meaning of the words

and terms used within it . . . . If there be no ambiguity, there . . . exists no reason for

legislative or judicial construction.” Ex parte Dennis, 334 So. 2d 369, 373 (Miss. 1976).

Article 3, Section 25 provides, in pertinent part, that a civil litigant may not be “debarred

from prosecuting . . . by him or herself, or counsel, or both.” Miss. Const. art. 3, § 25. To

“debar” means “1. To bar or exclude: shut out. 2. To forbid, hinder, or prevent.” Webster’s

II New College Dictionary 290 (1995). To “prosecute” means “1. To pursue or persist in so

as to finish. . . . 3.a. To initiate legal or criminal court action against. b. To seek to enforce

or obtain by legal action.” Id. at 888. See also Black’s Law Dictionary 1385 (4th ed. 1968)

(defining “prosecute” as “[t]o follow up; to carry on an action or other judicial proceeding;

to proceed against a person criminally. To ‘prosecute’ an action is not merely to commence

it, but includes following it to an ultimate conclusion.”). Thus, the plain language of Article

3, Section 25 lends itself to permitting a civil litigant, his or her counsel, or both, not only

from commencing the legal action, but also bringing it to completion.

¶47.   Therefore, although Dunn was constitutionally entitled to participate in closing

argument, the untimeliness and method by which Dunn sought to participate was

impermissible.18 See Hyundai Motor Am. v. Applewhite, 53 So. 3d 749, 759 (Miss. 2011)

(“[w]e do not condone trial by ambush.”). In civil trials, since the plaintiff carries the burden

of proof, closing arguments are divided into three segments: the plaintiff opens, followed by

       18
        This required the learned circuit judge to make an immediate ruling, before the jury,
on a constitutional matter of first impression.

                                               26
the defendant’s argument, and concluding with the plaintiff’s rebuttal argument. See Jacob

A. Stein, Closing Arguments, § 1:6 (2d ed. 2005) (“as to the order of argument at the close

of the evidence in a civil trial, it usually falls upon counsel for the plaintiff to make a full

opening argument touching on every point he or she wishes to cover. Counsel for the

defendant then answer[s] the argument while also touching on the merits of his or her proof

and may attempt to anticipate further argument by plaintiff’s counsel. Counsel for the

plaintiff is then afforded opportunity to make rebuttal argument during which he or she

replies to and rebuts the argument made by the defendant.”); Stanford Young, Mississippi

Trial Handbook, § 33:3 (2d ed. 1995) (“[t]he right to open and close the argument is

normally with the party having the burden of proof.”); URCCC 10.03 (in criminal

proceedings, “[a]t the conclusion of the evidence, the prosecution may make an argument to

the jury. The defendant may then make an argument to the jury. . . . The state may then

make a rebuttal argument . . . .”). In this case, despite years of opportunity, Dunn never

timely sought to exercise her right to participate as her own counsel. Dunn notified the

circuit court of her desire to act as her own counsel, jointly with retained counsel, only when

retained counsel neared the end of Dunn’s rebuttal argument. However, we recognize that,

heretofore, with the exception of Uniform Circuit and County Court Rule 8.05, no rule of

procedure provides guidance for participation in closing argument by a party, civil or

criminal. See URCCC 8.05. Thus, Dunn was entitled to participate in her closing argument,

provided that she complied with the same rules applicable to her lawyer. Our rules of

procedure and courtroom protocol should not be relaxed or modified for pro se participants

in civil cases, any more than in a criminal case. See URCCC 8.05(3.) (even pro se

                                              27
defendants are bound by “the rules of evidence, procedure or courtroom protocol . . . .”).

During closing argument, rebuttal is strictly limited to providing a response to issues

addressed in the defendant’s closing argument. However, when announcing Dunn’s intention

to personally participate, her attorney declared that she would “repeat” her testimony, not

rebut arguments made by the defendant. Should a civil litigant desire to act as her own

counsel and participate in the proceedings, there must first be timely notice to the court and

the opposing party of such intention. Such timely notice may be evidenced by an entry of

appearance, motion, or inclusion in a case-management or pre-trial order. Thereafter, the pro

se litigant must follow the procedure and courtroom protocol required of counsel in every

other case.19 Under the facts and circumstances presented, the circuit court properly excluded

Dunn from participating in rebuttal argument after her counsel had commenced such

argument, albeit for the wrong reason. See Green v. Cleary Water, Sewer & Fire Dist., 17
So. 3d 559, 572 (Miss. 2009) (citations omitted) (“[i]t is well established in our jurisprudence

that the right result reached for the wrong reason will not be disturbed on appeal”).

Accordingly, this issue is without merit.

       III.   Whether the circuit court abused its discretion in denying Dunn’s
              motion to substitute an expert.

¶48.   On July 22, 2004, more than eight years after Dunn had filed her 1996 Complaint, a

“Case Management Order” was entered by the circuit court, stating:

       19
         So as to ensure that the civil litigant understands this standard, the trial court is
advised to instruct the civil litigant as such, and provide the mandatory instructions and risks
as are given to pro se defendants in criminal cases. See URCCC 8.05(3).

                                              28
       the deadlines established herein, having been established with the participation
       of all parties, can be modified only by order of the court upon a showing of
       good cause . . . .

       ...

       1. Plaintiff shall designate her experts by August 20, 2004.
       2. Defendants shall designate their experts by September 20, 2004.
       3. Plaintiff shall designate any rebuttal experts by October 5, 2004.

       ...

       A rebuttal expert shall be limited to a field of expertise designated by any
       defendant for which plaintiff does not designate an expert.

(Emphasis added.) Dunn provided a timely “Expert Designation” as to Dr. John Olson, a

neurologist licensed to practice in Louisiana. Dr. Olson’s attached curriculum vitae provided

that he was “[b]oard [e]ligible[,]” 20 had been “tendered as an expert witness in a number of

different courts[,]” and had “never been turned down with respect to expertise in neurology.”

According to Dr. Olson’s attached affidavit, in his opinion, Dr. Yager’s treatment and care

of Dunn fell below the applicable standard of care.

¶49.   After the “Case Management Order” deadline expired, Dunn filed “Expert Rebuttal

Designations” which included Dr. Stanley Malkin, a board-certified neurologist. In response,

Dr. Yager filed a “Motion to Strike Plaintiff’s ‘Rebuttal Witnesses,’” contending, in pertinent

part, that Dr. Malkin was “merely repeating . . . the anticipated testimony of [Dunn’s]

previously identified expert, [Dr. Olson], a neurologist.” On August 24, 2006, the circuit

court entered an “Order Granting in Part Defendants’ Motion to Strike Plaintiff’s Rebuttal

Experts” which concluded that “[h]aving already designated an expert in the field of

       20
       At trial, Dr. Olson testified that he twice had failed the oral portion of the board
examination.

                                              29
neurology, the Plaintiff’s designation . . . clearly falls outside the [“Case Management

Order”] definition of a ‘rebuttal expert’ . . . and will be stricken for that reason.” (Emphasis

added.)

¶50.   On September 8, 2006, Dunn filed a “Motion for Reconsideration or, Alternatively,

to Substitute.” According to Dunn, only after designating Dr. Olson as an expert did she

further investigate Dr. Olson’s qualifications. That investigation revealed that, in 1998, his

Louisiana medical license was made “conditional/limited” by the Louisiana State Board of

Medical Examiners based upon his issuance of long-term prescriptions for Vicodin or other

controlled substances without “legitimate medical justification” or in a manner contrary to

the prevailing standards of practice in Louisiana. Dunn’s motion asserted that substitution

“would cure the prejudice [Dunn] will no doubt suffer if she is unable to respond to

challenges to Dr. Olson’s qualifications[,]” and “will not prejudice Defendants.           The

designations of both Drs. Olson and Malkin were virtually identical . . . .” (Emphasis added.)

Dr. Yager filed an objection to Dunn’s motion, maintaining that she:

       has known for a long time that Dr. Olson is not board certified in neurology.
       . . . Dr. Olson has made that fact clear through his [curriculum vitae] which
       has been tendered for years. There is no surprise. . . . The rules do not
       contemplate substitution of expert witnesses simply because of evidence
       obtained with which the expert is cross-examined.

On September 29, 2006, the circuit court entered an “Order Denying Plaintiff’s Motion for

Reconsideration or, Alternatively, to Substitute.” According to the circuit court:

       [t]he Case Management Order was presented as an agreed proposed Order.
       When this [c]ourt signed that Order, it was not a suggestion. It was an Order.
       [Dunn] identified [Dr. Olson] in time and in compliance with this [c]ourt’s
       Case Management Order which governs the timing of identification of expert

                                              30
       witnesses. [Dr. Malkin] was identified outside the restrictions imposed by this
       Case Management Order.

Thereafter, this Court entered an Order denying Dunn’s petition for interlocutory appeal of

that ruling. At trial, Dr. Olson was tendered and accepted as an expert in the field of

neurology, over the objection of Dr. Yager.

¶51.   “Trial courts have considerable discretion in discovery matters, and . . . will not be

overturned unless there is an abuse of discretion.” Beck v. Sapet, 937 So. 2d 945, 948 (Miss.

2006) (citing Robert v. Colson, 729 So. 2d 1243, 1245 (Miss. 1999)). See also Bowie v.

Montfort Jones Mem’l Hosp., 861 So. 2d 1037, 1042 (Miss. 2003) (“[o]ur trial judges are

afforded considerable discretion in managing the pre-trial discovery process in their courts,

including the entry of scheduling orders setting out various deadlines to assure orderly pre-

trial preparation resulting in timely disposition of the cases”).

¶52.   Bowie addressed “the failure to comply with a trial court’s order concerning the time

frame for the completion of discovery.” Id. Specifically, “[p]ursuant to the provisions of the

scheduling order, the plaintiffs were to designate their expert by December 31, 2000, which

came and passed uneventfully without any expert designation by the plaintiffs.” Id. Due to

the plaintiffs’ failure timely to designate a medical expert, they “could not make out a prima

facie case of medical malpractice[,]” and summary judgment was granted in favor of the

defendants. Id. at 1043. In affirming, this Court stated that “[o]ur trial judges . . . have a

right to expect compliance with their orders, and when parties and/or attorneys fail to adhere

to the provisions of these orders, they should be prepared to do so at their own peril.” Id. at

1042. This Court added that:

                                              31
       [w]hile the end result . . . may appear to be harsh, litigants must understand
       that there is an obligation to timely comply with the orders of our trial courts.
       As we noted in [Guaranty National Insurance Company v. Pittman, 501 So.
2d 377 (Miss. 1987)], the parties must take seriously their duty to comply with
       court orders. “At some point the train must leave.” [Id. at 389]. That point
       was reached in today’s case on December 31, 2000.

Bowie, 861 So. 2d at 1043 (emphasis added).

¶53.   Dunn asserts that she was prejudiced by the circuit court’s refusal to allow her to

designate another neurology expert, Dr. Malkin. Specifically, Dunn maintains that “[w]hile

Dr. Olson’s curriculum vitae and affidavit may have provided [her] notice that he was not

board-certified, the documents did not alert [her] counsel to any past disciplinary action

against him or restriction on his license.” According to Dunn, this “inadvertent oversight”

renders the circuit court’s ruling an abuse of its discretion “because at the time the motion

to substitut[e] Dr. Malkin was denied: (1) no neurology experts had been deposed; (2) no trial

date existed; (3) Dr. Malkin’s proposed testimony was identical to Dr. Olson’s . . . ; and (4)

Dr. Yager did not claim any prejudice would result from the substitution.”

¶54.   In response, Dr. Yager argues that it is undisputed that Dr. Malkin was not a rebuttal

witness. Dr. Malkin was designated more than fifty days after the deadline set by the “Case

Management Order” for the designation of Dunn’s expert witnesses. Moreover, Dr. Olson

“was tendered as an expert in neurology by [Dunn], was accepted as such by the trial court,

and did in fact testify as an expert in the field of neurology over the objections of Dr. Yager.”

As such, Dr. Yager maintains that Dunn “is essentially asking this Court to reverse the

[c]ircuit [c]ourt’s decision to strike the designation of Dr. Malkin because Dr. Olson was .

. . a lousy witness.”

                                               32
¶55.   Dr. Olson had been involved in this case for six years prior to his designation as an

expert in August 2004. This provided ample time for Dunn to investigate Dr. Olson’s

background and qualifications. Moreover, Dunn’s attempted designation of Dr. Malkin, a

designation that she admits was “virtually identical” to that of Dr. Olson, occurred more than

fifty days after the deadline for expert designation imposed by the “Case Management

Order.” 21 This Court has stated that “there is an obligation to timely comply with the orders

of our trial courts[,]” and parties who violate such orders “do so at their own peril.” Id. at

1042-43. See also Banks v. Hill, 978 So. 2d 663, 666 (Miss. 2008) (“[w]e find it would be

inherently unfair and a violation of our rules of civil procedure for the plaintiff – who

consistently has ignored the rules and violated the discovery deadlines – to appear at trial

with experts whose opinions have not been properly disclosed to the defendants . . . .”).

Under the circumstances presented, wherein Dr. Olson was tendered and accepted as an

expert in neurology and testified as such, this Court cannot conclude that the circuit court

abused its discretion in entering the “Order Granting in Part Defendants’ Motion to Strike

Plaintiff’s Rebuttal Experts” and denying Dunn’s “Motion for Reconsideration or,

Alternatively, to Substitute.” Accordingly, this issue is without merit.

       21
        Even if Dr. Malkin was a “rebuttal expert” (which this Court expressly concludes
he was not), his designation on October 11, 2004, was six days after the October 5, 2004,
deadline for designation of rebuttal experts enumerated in the “Case Management Order.”

                                             33
       IV.    Whether the circuit court abused its discretion in precluding Dunn
              from using the video deposition of neurologist Dr. Harry Gould.

¶56.   Following the death of a designated expert witness, Dr. Yager filed a “Motion to

Substitute Expert Witness” which was granted.22 Dr. Yager selected Dr. Harry Gould, a

board-certified neurologist, as his substitute expert witness. Dr. Yager then used Dr. Gould’s

deposition testimony in support of his “Second Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and

Itemization of Undisputed Facts” and his “Opposition to Plaintiff’s Second Motion for Partial

Summary Judgment.” In August 2008, witness lists submitted by both Dr. Yager and Dunn

included Dr. Gould (Dunn’s list included him by deposition).

¶57.   On November 26, 2008, counsel for Dr. Yager sent a fax to counsel for Dunn stating,

“[w]e do not plan on calling [Dr. Gould]. As you may know, under Mississippi law this

places certain restrictions on how you describe Dr. Gould to the jury.” (Emphasis added.)

Counsel for Dunn sent a responsive fax, which provided:

       [w]e are unaware of any Mississippi law that places restrictions on how we
       describe Dr. Gould to the jury. Our position is that Dr. Gould was designated
       and retained as an expert on behalf of Dr. Yager. He subsequently gave a
       deposition in his capacity as Dr. Yager’s expert and to the extent that his
       deposition may be introduced at trial, it is our intention to introduce it and
       refer to [Dr. Gould] as one of Dr. Yager’s neurological experts. If you have
       some Mississippi law that is contrary to our position, please forward it to us
       . . . . If we do not hear from you immediately, we will assume that you have
       no objection to us contacting Dr. Gould.

       22
         The circuit court found that the death of an expert witness constituted “good cause”
for substitution, as provided in the “Case Management Order.”

                                             34
(Emphasis added.) Counsel for Dr. Yager then replied, by fax, that “[t]he case to which I

point is General Motors Corporation v. Jackson, 636 So. 2d 310 (Miss. 1992). We do

object to your contacting Dr. Gould.”

¶58.   After Dr. Yager was called as an adverse witness, Dunn asked the following

questions:

       Q. Isn’t it true that one of your experts testified that the standard of care is
       exactly what I read?

       ...

       Q. Are you aware that your own expert, Dr. Gould, has testified that the
       standard of care requires the disclosure?

       ...

       Q. Didn’t the expert that you hired, Dr. Gould, testify that the standard of care
       requires pretreatment of blood?

(Emphasis added.) Following each question, Dr. Yager objected that this was “improper

impeachment,” and the circuit court sustained those objections. Dunn subsequently proffered

excerpts of Dr. Gould’s deposition testimony “that would have been offered in impeachment

of Dr. Yager.” During the cross-examination of Dr. Yager, counsel for Dunn approached the

bench seeking to “ask Dr. Yager . . . about Dr. Gould and who he is, and if he reviewed his

deposition. . . . I know we have a collateral matter which I’m happy to stay away from, but

I would like to get into what Dr. Gould says is the standard of care, since he’s read that

deposition.” According to counsel for Dunn, “I’m not going to mention who retained him

. . . . I just want to know that he read those opinions, and whether he agrees with them, since

he’s already testified about what the standard of care is . . . .” The circuit judge stated that

                                              35
“I haven’t accepted Dr. Gould as an expert yet,” and “I’m not going to allow the question.”

Following the redirect examination of Dr. Yager, counsel for Dr. Yager moved to strike the

use of Dr. Gould’s deposition or trial testimony in Dunn’s case-in-chief. According to

counsel for Dr. Yager:

       Dr. Gould has now since been withdrawn as an expert. It is anticipated that
       [Dunn is] going to try to call Dr. Gould in [her] case in chief . . . and this
       situation is clearly governed by General Motors . . . .

       ...

       This is the proverbial toothpaste out of the tube . . . . I don’t think a curative
       instruction will suffice here. In fact, a curative instruction will probably
       highlight the fact . . . that Dr. Gould was retained on behalf of Dr. Yager . . .
       . [H]ad the fact . . . not been brought before this jury that he was, in fact, a
       retained expert, I probably would have no problem with allowing him to testify
       in their case in chief, with the caveat that he not be mentioned as being our
       retained expert.

(Emphasis added.) After noting that Dunn repeatedly referred to Dr. Gould as Dr. Yager’s

“own expert” when Dr. Yager was examined as an adverse witness, the circuit judge stated

“the jurors, at least at the outset of this trial, were taking copious notes. Under the General

Motors case, I find the testimony of Dr. Gould to be highly prejudicial to the defense and will

not allow it.” (Emphasis added.)

¶59.   “The rules of discovery do not address whether the testimony of a nonwitness expert

retained or dismissed by a party is admissible at trial. Admission or suppression of evidence

is within the discretion of the trial judge and will not be reversed absent an abuse of that

discretion.” Id. at 314. See also Deeds, 27 So. 3d at 1141 (quoting Smith v. State, 986 So.
2d 290, 295 (Miss. 2008) (quoting Jones v. State, 918 So. 2d 1220, 1223 (Miss. 2005)))

(“[f]urthermore, this Court will affirm the trial court’s ruling ‘[u]nless we can safely say that

                                               36
the trial court abused its judicial discretion in allowing or disallowing evidence so as to

prejudice a party in a civil case . . . ’”).

¶60.   In General Motors, the plaintiffs (“Jacksons”) were injured in an automobile accident

and brought a products liability action against General Motors and its dealer (“Grenada

Sales”). See General Motors, 636 So. 2d at 310-11. During discovery:

       [t]he parties focused on developing expert opinions in support of their
       conflicting theories of axle failure: the Jacksons’ assertion that the accident
       was caused by a stress fracture in the rear axle and General Motors’ argument
       that the impact of the accident caused the axle to fracture.

       The pretrial battle of experts appeared to reach a crescendo in 1989, when John
       Marcosky, an expert in the field of accident reconstruction retained by the
       Jacksons, communicated to their attorneys that he believed the axle did not
       fracture prior to the accident. The attorneys had responded through
       interrogatories that Marcosky was expected to testify that the crash was caused
       by a defective rear axle. Much later in the discovery process, Marcosky
       presented an opinion similar to that espoused by General Motors’ experts,
       adding that he believed the axle broke in mid-air during the rollover. The
       attorneys filed supplemental responses withdrawing Marcosky as a potential
       expert . . . .

Id. at 312-13. The circuit court, “[a]pplying a literal interpretation of [Mississippi Rule of

Civil Procedure] 26(b)(4)(B),” 23 found that Marcosky “should not be allowed to testify in this

cause.” General Motors, 636 So. 2d at 313-14. This Court agreed that Marcosky “should

       23
            Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(4)(B) provides that:

       [a] party may discover facts known or opinions held by an expert who has
       been retained or specially employed by another party in anticipation of
       litigation or preparation for trial and who is not expected to be called as a
       witness at trial only upon a showing of exceptional circumstances under which
       it is impracticable for the party seeking discovery to obtain facts or opinions
       on the same subject by other means.

Miss. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4)(B).

                                               37
not have been allowed to testify[,]” as “[n]either Grenada Sales nor General Motors

presented a showing of exceptional circumstances making it impossible or impractical for

them to obtain facts or opinions about the cause of the accident by any other means.” Id. at

314.

¶61.   But this Court added that “[o]ur discussion does not end with Rule 26(b)(4)(B)[,]” and

also addressed “whether the testimony of a nonwitness expert retained or dismissed by a

party is admissible at trial.” Id. This Court acknowledged that “no privilege exists to bar

Marcosky’s testimony. Except in those instances where an expert was originally retained in

another capacity, a majority of jurisdictions have held that the rules of privilege do not

preclude calling an expert witness originally retained by the adverse party.” Id. However,

this Court further stated that:

       [a]llowing General Motors to call Marcosky as a trial witness and to allude
       to the fact that he had been retained and later dismissed by the Jacksons would
       be highly prejudicial. Generally, when an expert formerly retained by a party
       is allowed to testify for an adverse party, he is restricted from mentioning the
       prior affiliation. [Granger v. Wisner, 134 Ariz. 377, 381, 656 P.2d 1238, 1242
       (1982)]. The Arizona Court found:

              [t]he admission of this evidence on direct examination would
              only serve to unfairly prejudice the plaintiff. Jurors unfamiliar
              with the role of counsel in adversary proceedings might well
              assume that plaintiff’s counsel had suppressed evidence which
              he had an obligation to offer. Such a reaction would destroy
              counsel’s credibility in the eyes of the jury.

       [Id. at 381-82], citing State v. Biggers, 360 S.W.2d 516, 517 (Tex. 1962).
       Without such safeguards, the resultant prejudice would impede the search for
       truth.

General Motors, 636 So. 2d at 315 (emphasis added). See also Miss. R. Evid. 403

(“[a]lthough relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially

                                             38
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice . . . .”). Additionally, this Court determined

that “Marcosky’s theory of the accident was nearly identical to that articulated by General

Motors’ own experts[,]. . . thus, [it] would have been cumulative.” General Motors, 636 So.
2d at 314. See also Miss. R. Evid. 403 (“[a]lthough relevant, evidence may be excluded . .

. by considerations of . . . needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”). In sum, this Court

concluded that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to admit Marcosky’s

testimony. See General Motors, 636 So. 2d at 314.

¶62.   Dunn argues that “[s]ince Dr. Yager failed to warn [her] about flu-like symptoms and

severe dermatological adverse reactions, it was necessary to establish through competent

expert testimony that these precautions were mandated by the standard of care owed by a

neurologist.” According to Dunn, “Dr. Olson’s tainted testimony could hardly be called

cumulative when compared to that of Dr. Gould, who was board-certified in both neurology

and pain management and a professor of medicine at LSU.”

¶63.   Dr. Yager responds that:

       [t]he law in Mississippi is very clear as to experts that have been withdrawn
       as trial witnesses: the adverse party may call the witness but it may not be
       disclosed to the jury that the expert had the prior affiliation with the
       opposition. . . . Disclosing this prior affiliation of Dr. Gould with Dr. Yager
       was “highly prejudicial” and in violation of Rule 403 . . . . Dr. Yager does not
       dispute that [Dunn] could have called Dr. Gould as a witness. However, when
       [Dunn’s] counsel referred to Dr. Gould as Dr. Yager’s retained expert, in
       various forms, three times during his examination of Dr. Yager, the guidelines
       of General Motors were violated.

See id. at 314-15. Moreover, Dr. Yager maintains that because Dr. Olson was accepted as

an expert in the field of neurology, testified after Dr. Yager, and “provided expert testimony

on the standard of care required, Dr. Gould’s testimony would have been cumulative.”

                                              39
¶64.   General Motors clearly established that reference to an expert witness’ “prior

affiliation” with a party is “highly prejudicial.” General Motors, 636 So. 2d at 315. On

November 26, 2008, counsel for Dunn was placed on notice that Dr. Yager would not be

calling Dr. Gould at trial and that General Motors “places certain restrictions on how you

describe Dr. Gould to the jury.” Nonetheless, counsel for Dunn opted to refer to Dr. Gould

as Dr. Yager’s expert on three separate occasions when examining him as an adverse witness.

In light of these references, and the circuit judge’s observation that the jurors had been

“taking copious notes[,]” this Court cannot conclude that the circuit court abused its

discretion in excluding Dr. Gould’s deposition testimony as “highly prejudicial.” While “the

rules of privilege do not preclude calling an expert witness originally retained by the adverse

party[,]” counsel for Dunn’s prejudicial references to Dr. Gould as Dr. Yager’s “own expert”

and “the expert that you hired” supported exclusion. Id. at 314. Furthermore, Dunn’s

argument that Dr. Gould’s testimony would not be cumulative, based upon his credentials

relative to Dr. Olson, is misplaced. In short, only the opinions regarding the applicable

standard of care are to be considered in the “cumulative” analysis. Expert qualifications are

never cumulative and go only to the separate issue of the weight that the jury attributes to the

opinions. Accordingly, this issue is without merit.

       V.     Whether the circuit court erred in disclosing to the jury the fact
              that Dunn had settled with other defendants.

¶65.   Dunn filed a “Motion in Limine” seeking “to preclude any questions or comments

regarding settlements. . . . Evidence regarding settlements is clearly inadmissible under

Mississippi Rule of Evidence 408.”        In response, Dr. Yager contended that “[u]nder

                                              40
Mississippi law, making a jury aware of the existence of a settlement is an acceptable

procedure for determining damages in cases where some of the co-defendants have settled

and are not present at trial.” Following hearing, the “Order Denying Plaintiff’s Motion in

Limine Excluding Reference to Settlement” entered by the circuit court provided that “the

jury will be informed of the existence of settlement, but . . . will be instructed not to consider

any settlement in deciding the issue before it. The [c]ourt also finds no reference to the

amount of any settlement will be made by any party.” At trial, the circuit court instructed the

jury that:

       [t]here were a number of defendants. Some of those defendants have had their
       case concluded against them, some have settled, and you’ll hear that from the
       lawyers. The settlement amounts, and how some of these cases have been
       resolved, are not your concern. You’re here as a jury to give [Dunn] and [Dr.
       Yager] a fair trial. And you need to listen to the facts about Dr. Yager and
       [Dunn], and not be concerned about these other individuals.

¶66.   This Court reviews questions of law de novo. See Narkeeta Timber Co., Inc. v.

Jenkins, 777 So. 2d 39, 41 (Miss. 2000). See also Smith v. Payne, 839 So. 2d 482, 487

(Miss. 2002) (“[t]he trial judge did not err by allowing the jury to be informed of the

settlement agreement”) (emphasis added). Mississippi Rule of Evidence 408 provides, in

pertinent part, that “[e]vidence of . . . (2) accepting . . . a valuable consideration in

compromising . . . a claim which was disputed as to either validity or amount, is not

admissible to prove liability for or invalidity of the claim or its amount.” Miss. R. Evid. 408

(emphasis added). Moreover, this Court has stated that “[t]o inform a jury of the amount of

a settlement prior to its returning a verdict for a joint tortfeasor or co-defendant would

certainly unnecessarily influence a jury in its decision.” Whittley v. City of Meridian, 530

                                               41
So. 2d 1341, 1346 (Miss. 1988). But this problem is “easily . . . prevented by use of the

procedure wherein the jury is informed of the existence of a settlement but not the amount

of settlement . . . .” Id. (emphasis added). See also Smith, 839 So. 2d at 489 (“[o]n retrial,

the jury may be informed of existence of the settlement . . . , but it should not be told the

amount of the settlement”). As that procedure is precisely what the circuit court performed

in this case, this Court concludes there was no error. Accordingly, this issue is without merit.

       VI.    Whether the circuit court’s jury instructions regarding “informed
              consent” were erroneous.

¶67.   An SJS reaction is extremely rare. See footnote 5, supra. Moreover, Dr. Yager

testified that only twenty-five percent of SJS cases are “drug related.” 24 Additionally,

multiple experts testified that the drugs associated with SJS are myriad.25

¶68.   Dunn testified that, had Dr. Yager informed her of potentially life-threatening blood,

skin, or liver disorders which could result from taking Tegretol, “I believe I would have told

him, no, that I did not want to take that drug; was there something else he could prescribe

that wasn’t as dangerous.” By contrast, Dr. Yager testified that his conversation with Dunn

in prescribing Tegretol met the applicable standard of care. As noted in ¶¶ 7, 12, supra, Dr.

Yager testified that “I believe I told her some typical side effects of the medication she could

       24
          Dr. Yager added that another twenty-five percent of SJS cases are “virally related”
and all other SJS cases are “not associated with any particular medication.” As Dr. Millette
testified, “[i]t’s important for the jury to also know that you can get [SJS] for no known
cause. You don’t have to have a drug exposure.”
       25
        Prescription drugs taken by Dunn between 1993 and 1995 with a known association
with SJS at the time included Phenobarbital and Rocephin. After 1995, known associations
with SJS were also found in Ultram and Medrol Dosepak. Among other prescription drugs
with known associations with SJS are Lipitor, Neurontin, Amoxil, Tagamet, and Wellbutrin.

                                              42
have, and I did tell her if anything untoward happened that she didn’t understand, she should

get in touch with our office . . . .”

¶69.   Dr. Olson testified that Dr. Yager categorically had breached the requisite standard

of care if he had failed to provide Dunn with information on the potentially life-threatening

blood, skin, or liver disorders, including SJS, which could result from taking Tegretol. But

another of Dunn’s experts, Dr. McLeod, stated that “[n]o physician talks about every adverse

event, nor adverse side effect that can be expected, because first of all, it would be impossible

to talk about some of them, because different patients experience different things.” Dr.

McLeod specifically did not testify that failing to inform a patient of the risk of SJS would

constitute a breach of the applicable standard of care. Dr. Merlin Robert Wilson, tendered

by Dr. Yager and accepted as an expert in the fields of internal medicine, rheumatology,

immunology, and allergy, testified that Dr. Yager’s disclosure to Dunn regarding Tegretol

was within the applicable standard of care, as “[y]ou’re going to give them the most common

side effects, then you’re going to give them some warning signals.” Dr. Wilson stated that

he would not mention SJS, but only an “allergic reaction,” because “[y]ou would describe

it in the terms [the patient] can understand.” According to Dr. Wilson, he also would never

“get the PDR to read to the patient[,]” and he had never before focused upon the

“Information to Patients” section therein. Likewise, Dr. Millette did not rely upon the PDR’s

“Information to Patients” section. Dr. Millette testified that Dr. Yager’s disclosure to Dunn

regarding Tegretol is “what I do[,]” and was “[a]bsolutely” within the standard of care for

a neurologist prescribing Tegretol in 1995 for neuropathic pain. According to Dr. Millette,

“as long as you share the information, you share what the most likely risks are, and explain

                                               43
why you’re using this drug and what your expectations are. That’s informed consent. And

what transpired here is what we do every day.          It’s absolutely middle of the road.”

(Emphasis added.) Dr. Millette specifically noted that:

       I think that what should be included for proper informed consent, and what we
       all do is tell the patient . . . this is a seizure drug, but we’re not obviously
       treating seizures. It’s found to be very effective for nerve pain. That the most
       common side effects are dizziness, sedation, blurred vision. . . . And you
       usually, . . . but I don’t do this every time, you say you may have a rash, but
       if you have a problem, let me know, and proceed from there. But . . . most of
       the time I don’t say on or off-label. . . . But that’s what you would need to say
       to the patient if it’s standard of care. You have to discuss the most common
       side effects, not getting struck by lightning.

(Emphasis added.)

¶70.   At trial, Jury Instruction P-8A provided, in pertinent part, that:

       [t]o obtain the required informed consent, the physician must inform the
       patient of all the material known risks associated with the suggested treatment.
       The purpose of disclosing the material risks of the suggested treatment is to
       enable the patient, such as [Dunn], to make an intelligent and informed
       decision about whether to undergo the suggested treatment, in this case, taking
       Tegretol to alleviate back and leg pain. Dr. Yager is negligent if you find by
       a preponderance of the evidence: (1) Dr. Yager failed to inform [Dunn] of all
       the material known risks of taking Tegretol to alleviate back and leg pain and
       (2) a reasonable patient would not have taken Tegretol to alleviate back and
       leg pain had she or he been properly informed of the material known risks of
       Tegretol.

       A known risk is material if the known risk would be important to a reasonable
       person in [Dunn’s] position in deciding whether or not to undergo the
       treatment . . . .

       ...

       For Dr. Yager’s negligence for failing to obtain informed consent to have
       proximately caused or contributed to the injuries sustained by [Dunn], you
       must find that [Dunn’s] injuries were more likely than not caused by Tegretol.

                                              44
Jury Instruction D-10, given over Dunn’s objection that it “is a grossly understated statement

of the law on material risks[,]” stated:

       [i]f you find from the evidence that Dr. Yager, prior to prescribing Tegretol,
       in his discussions with [Dunn], reasonably advised [Dunn] of the risks of
       taking Tegretol as prescribed which would have been material to a prudent
       patient in determining whether or not to undergo this particular treatment, then
       in that event, [Dunn] has failed to prove that Dr. Yager was negligent by
       failing to obtain [Dunn’s] informed consent . . . .

Jury Instruction D-30, given over Dunn’s objection, provided, in pertinent part, that:

       from among all possible risks of a medical treatment, only those which are
       material must be disclosed in order to obtain informed consent to the
       treatment. [Dunn] must establish by expert medical testimony that the
       particular risk in question in this matter is material showing that the risk is one
       which a reasonable medical practitioner of like training to Dr. Yager would
       disclose under the same or similar circumstances.

       [Dunn] must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that:

       ...

              4. A minimally competent physician practicing in the same field
              of practice or specialty as Dr. Yager would have warned [Dunn]
              of the risk of contracting [SJS]; and
              5. A reasonably prudent patient, fully advised of the material
              known risks, would have withheld consent had she been
              properly informed of the risks, alternatives, and so forth; and
              6. The unauthorized treatment was the proximate cause of
              [Dunn’s] injury, that is, [Dunn] must show that she would not
              have been injured had the appropriate standard of care been
              exercised.

¶71.   This Court has stated that:

       [r]egarding jury instructions, the trial court possesses considerable discretion.

       ...

       On appellate review of the trial court’s grant or denial of a proposed jury
       instruction, our primary concern is that “the jury was fairly instructed and that

                                               45
       each party’s proof-grounded theory of the case was placed before it.” [Splain
       v. Hines, 609 So. 2d 1234, 1239 (Miss. 1992)] (citing Rester v. Lott, 566 So.
2d 1266, 1269 (Miss. 1990)). We ask whether the instruction at issue
       contained a correct statement of law and was warranted by the evidence. . . .
       In analyzing the aggregate jury instructions, “[d]efects in specific instructions
       will not mandate reversal when all of the instructions, taken as a whole fairly
       – although not perfectly – announce the applicable primary rules of law.”
       [Beverly Enters. v. Reed, 961 So. 2d 40, 43 (Miss. 2007)] (citing Burton v.
       Barnett, 615 So. 2d 580, 583 (Miss. 1993)).

Young v. Guild, 7 So. 3d 251, 259-60 (Miss. 2009) (emphasis added).

¶72.   “Informed consent originates from the theory that a competent adult has the right to

control his body and to make an informed decision as to whether to authorize a medical

procedure.” Jamison v. Kilgore, 903 So. 2d 45, 49 (Miss. 2005) (quoting Jamison v.

Kilgore, 905 So. 2d 610, 612 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004)). But:

       [e]very medical procedure involves risks. . . . [N]o court has ever required a
       physician to disclose to a patient every possible risk of a medical procedure.
       Instead, from among all possible risks of a procedure, only those which are
       material must be disclosed in order to obtain informed consent to the
       procedure. This begs the question: [w]hat must be done (in the legal sense) to
       establish what are – and are not – the material risks of a particular procedure?

Whittington v. Mason, 905 So. 2d 1261, 1264 (Miss. 2005).

¶73.   “The doctrine of informed consent represents the application to medical practice of

principles of tort law. Thus, when a lack of informed consent is claimed, the plaintiff has the

burden to prove by a preponderance each element of the prima facie case: duty, breach of

duty, proximate causation, and injury.” Palmer v. Biloxi Reg’l Med. Ctr., Inc., 564 So. 2d
1346, 1363 (Miss. 1990). Regarding duty, this Court has stated that “[w]hen a physician-

patient relationship exists, the physician owes the patient a duty to inform and obtain consent

with regard to the proposed treatment.” Id. (emphasis in original). But “no doctor could

                                              46
comply with a requirement to disclose every possible risk to every procedure.” Whittington,

905 So. 2d at 1266. Therefore, the physician must disclose only “material known risks.”

Jamison, 903 So. 2d at 48-49 (quoting Reikes v. Martin, 471 So. 2d 385, 392 (Miss. 1985))

(emphasis added). A “known risk” is one “which would be known to a careful, skillful,

diligent and prudent practitioner or specialist . . . .” Jamison, 903 So. 2d at 49 (quoting

Reikes, 471 So. 2d at 392 n.3). “Once the known risks are enumerated, they can then be

evaluated as to which are material.” Jamison, 903 So. 2d at 50. “[T]he physician may not

be required to inform the patient of unexpected or immaterial risks.” 26 Palmer, 564 So. 2d

at 1364. “Among the many factors which could weigh on the question of materiality are

frequency of occurrence, potential severity or danger associated with the risk, and the cost

and availability of an alternative procedure. These factors cannot be established absent

expert testimony.” Whittington, 905 So. 2d at 1266. “If a known risk is found to be

material,” and was not disclosed to the patient, then “the question of causation must . . . be

addressed.” Jamison, 903 So. 2d at 50 (emphasis added).

¶74.   Regarding causation, this Court has held that there are two subelements:

       [f]irst, the plaintiff must show that a reasonable patient would have withheld
       consent had she been properly informed of the risks, alternatives, and so
       forth.[27 ] . . . And second, the plaintiff must show that the treatment was the

       26
        As an example of an “immaterial risk,” Palmer cited a case involving a 1-in-100,000
risk. See Palmer, 564 So. 2d at 1364 n.21 (citing Henderson v. Milobsky, 595 F.2d 654
(D.C. Cir. 1978)). See also Feeley v. Baer, 679 N.E.2d 180, 181 (Mass. 1997) (citation
omitted) (“[r]egardless of the severity of a potential injury, if the probability that the injury
will occur is so small as to be practically nonexistent, then the possibility of that injury
occurring cannot be considered a material factor . . . ”).
       27
         This is an “objective test” centered upon “whether or not a reasonably prudent
patient, fully advised of the material known risks, would have consented to the suggested

                                               47
          proximate cause of the worsened condition (i.e., injury). That is, the plaintiff
          must show that she would not have been injured had the appropriate standard
          of care been exercised. Generally, proof of the latter sub-element requires
          expert testimony that the defendant’s conduct – not the patient’s original
          illness or injury – led to the worsened condition.

Palmer, 564 So. 2d at 1364 (internal citation omitted).

¶75.      According to Dunn, Instruction P-8A “accurately reflects Mississippi’s law on

informed consent[,]” but is in “direc[t] conflict” with Instructions D-10 and D-30. Dunn

maintains that Instructions D-10 and D-30 “incorrectly instruct the jury that in order to obtain

[Dunn’s] informed consent, a doctor does not have to disclose all of the material risks

associated with prescribing Tegretol, only those risks which are routinely disclosed by

doctors of similar training under the same or similar circumstances[,]” and “improperly

suggested to the jury that [SJS] was the only potential material risk upon which [Dunn] could

have declined treatment with Tegretol for her back and leg pain.” 28 Dunn argues further that

Instructions D-8A, D-14, D-18, D-27, and D-33 “prematurely absolve Dr. Yager from

informed consent liability in the event no negligence is found” by “improperly instruct[ing]

the jury that [upon] a finding that Dr. Yager’s actions met the standard of care for a ‘similarly

trained’ doctor that he was absolved of all liability, including informed consent, which does

not depend on the applicable standard of care, but rather disclosure of all material risks.” 29

treatment.” Jamison, 903 So. 2d at 48-49 (quoting Reikes, 471 So. 2d at 392).
          28
               According to Dunn, “[t]here is no requirement that the ‘injury’ be one of the material
risks.”
          29
               For example, Jury Instruction D-18 provided that:

          [i]f you are reasonably satisfied . . . that Dr. Yager complied with the standard
          set by the learning, skill and care ordinarily possessed and practiced at the

                                                    48
¶76.   Dr. Yager responds that “the instructions, when read as a whole, provided the jury the

appropriate law and how to apply it.” According to Dr. Yager, “[t]he jury . . . had the task

of determining if [SJS] was a material risk of Tegretol. They determined it was not.” As to

other potential material risks, Dr. Yager asserts that Dunn “fails to cite a single case that

addresses material risks as being those irrelevant to the proceedings[,] . . . [t]he alleged faulty

warning and/or failure to obtain informed consent must be related to the injury that instigated

the lawsuit.”

¶77.   Regarding informed consent, “material known risks” must be disclosed. Jamison,

903 So. 2d at 48-49 (quoting Reikes, 471 So. 2d at 392). A “known” risk is one that is

“known to a careful, skillful, diligent and prudent practitioner . . . .” Jamison, 903 So. 2d

at 49 (quoting Reikes, 471 So. 2d at 392 n.3). “[M]ateriality” must be established by expert

testimony. Whittington, 905 So. 2d at 1266. Only after it is established that the risk at issue

is a “material known risk” does the analysis proceed to the causation inquiry of whether “a

reasonable patient would have withheld consent had she been properly informed . . . .”

Palmer, 564 So. 2d at 1364. See also Jamison, 903 So. 2d at 50. As to causation, the

plaintiff must further establish that “the treatment was the proximate cause of the worsened

condition (i.e., injury).” Palmer, 564 So. 2d at 1364. Under the aforementioned standards,

this Court finds that Jury Instructions D-10 and D-30, viewed within the context of the jury

instructions as a whole, properly state the law on informed consent. See Young, 7 So. 3d at

       time in question by other physicians in the same general line of practice, in the
       national medical community under the same or similar circumstances, as
       shown by the expert medical evidence in this case, then you must return a
       verdict for Dr. Yager.

                                                49
259-60. Jury Instruction D-30 provides that Dunn must prove materiality of the risk through

expert testimony establishing that “the risk is one which a reasonable medical practitioner

of like training to Dr. Yager would disclose under the same or similar circumstances.” 30 Jury

Instruction D-10 further states that the risk must be “material to a prudent patient in

determining whether or not to undergo this particular treatment . . . .” Jury Instruction D-30

then addresses causation, providing that the “reasonably prudent patient, fully advised of the

material known risks, would have withheld consent . . . .” Jury Instruction P-8A adds that

the causation inquiry also must include a finding that Dunn’s injuries “were more likely than

not caused by Tegretol.” 31 Given the deferential standard of review, and considering the jury

instructions as a whole, this Court concludes that the circuit court did not err in granting the

disputed jury instructions. See id. Accordingly, this issue is without merit.

       VII.      Whether the circuit court abused its discretion in precluding Dunn
                 from introducing excerpts from the 2009 Physician’s Desk
                 Reference.

¶78.   At trial, Dunn sought to introduce an excerpt from the 2009 PDR regarding

carbamezapine.32 Specifically, the “black-box warning” had been expanded to provide that

“[s]erious and sometimes fatal dermatological reactions, including Toxic Epidermal

       30
         Because the “known” and “material” legal standards tie in to that which would be
disclosed by a “reasonably prudent, minimally competent” neurologist “under the same or
similar circumstances[,]” this Court finds that Dunn’s argument regarding Jury Instructions
D-8A, D-14, D-18, D-27, and D-33 is without merit.
       31
        As there is no dispute that Dunn did not contract aplastic anemia or agranulocytosis,
extremely rare blood conditions even for a patient taking Tegretol, this Court is dubious as
to whether the disclosure, vel non, of such conditions is relevant in a case involving the
unrelated condition of SJS.
       32
            This is the chemical name for the drug whose marketing name is Tegretol.

                                              50
Necrolysis and [SJS], have been reported during treatment with Carbamezapine. . . . These

reactions are estimated to occur in 1 to 6 per 10,000 new users in countries with mainly

Caucasian populations.” Dr. Yager responded that the 2009 PDR was inadmissible as “we’re

talking about Tegretol and its association with [SJS] in . . . ’95.” The circuit court agreed

with Dr. Yager, stating that “it’s real simple. It’s called ex post facto. . . . And right now I

don’t find it to be relevant to Dr. Yager at all. It’s as if 10, 20 years later, look what’s

happened . . . .” Following Dunn’s proffer of the 2009 PDR excerpt, the circuit court added

that its ruling was also premised upon the introduction of the testimony of Dunn’s expert, Dr.

Waring. See footnote 5, supra.

¶79.   This Court:

       “reviews the trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence under an abuse
       of discretion standard of review.” [Smith, 986 So. 2d at 295]. Furthermore,
       this Court will affirm the trial court’s ruling “‘[u]nless we can safely say that
       the trial court abused its judicial discretion in allowing or disallowing evidence
       so as to prejudice a party in a civil case, or the accused in a criminal case.’” Id.
       (quoting [Jones, 918 So. 2d at 1223]).

Deeds, 27 So. 3d at 1140-41. The issue presented at trial was the sufficiency of Dr. Yager’s

disclosure in 1995. The expanded “black-box warning” fourteen years later, in 2009, has no

relevance to that issue. As the circuit judge stated, it is “ex post facto” and risked confusing

the jury. Therefore, this Court concludes that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in

overruling Dunn’s attempted admission of excerpts from the 2009 PDR. Accordingly, this

issue is without merit.

                                               51
                                     CONCLUSION

¶80.   Regarding Dr. Yager’s cross-appeal, this Court affirms the Circuit Court of Jackson

County’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over Dr. Yager. As to the issues raised by Dunn

on direct appeal, this Court affirms the final judgment in favor of Dr. Yager and the circuit

court’s denial of Dunn’s “Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict, Relief from

Judgment and New Trial.”

¶81.   ON DIRECT APPEAL: AFFIRMED.

       ON CROSS-APPEAL:            AFFIRMED.

    WALLER, C.J., CARLSON AND DICKINSON, P.JJ., LAMAR, KITCHENS,
CHANDLER, PIERCE AND KING, JJ., CONCUR.

                                             52