Court Opinion

ID: 4024028
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-08-13 00:13:59.021457+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:03:01.479719
License: Public Domain

J-E01002-16

                           2016 PA Super 177

DANIELLE FISHER                              IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                   PENNSYLVANIA

                   v.

A.O. SMITH HARVESTORE PRODUCTS,
INC.; A.O. SMITH CORPORATION; A.O.
SMITH (HARVESTORE PRODUCTS);
HARVESTORE SYSTEMS T/D/B/A
HARVESTORE; COLUMBIAN TEC TANK;
CST INDUSTRIES, INC.; AND PENN
JERSEY PRODUCTS, INC.

APPEAL OF: CST INDUSTRIES, INC.                   No. 727 EDA 2013

              Appeal from the Order Entered February 8, 2013
               In the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County
                      Civil Division at No: 2011-03913

DANIELLE FISHER                              IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                   PENNSYLVANIA

                   v.

A.O. SMITH HARVESTORE PRODUCTS,
INC.; A.O. SMITH CORPORATION; A.O.
SMITH (HARVESTORE PRODUCTS);
HARVESTORE SYSTEMS T/D/B/A
HARVESTORE; COLUMBIA TEC TANK;
CST INDUSTRIES, INC.; AND PENN
JERSEY PRODUCTS, INC.

APPEAL OF: CST INDUSTRIES, INC.                  No. 1960 EDA 2013

               Appeal from the Order Entered June 13, 2013
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County
                     Civil Division at No: 2011-03913
J-E01002-16

DANIELLE FISHER                                IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                     PENNSYLVANIA

                   v.

A.O. SMITH HARVESTORE PRODUCTS,
INC.; A.O. SMITH CORPORATION; A.O.
SMITH (HARVESTORE PRODUCTS);
HARVESTORE SYSTEMS T/D/B/A
HARVESTORE; COLUMBIA TEC TANK;
CST INDUSTRIES, INC.; AND PENN
JERSEY PRODUCTS, INC.

APPEAL OF: A.O. SMITH CORPORATION                   No. 2000 EDA 2013

               Appeal from the Order Entered June 13, 2013
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County
                     Civil Division at No: 2011-03913

BEFORE: FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., BENDER, P.J.E., BOWES, SHOGAN,
        LAZARUS, MUNDY, OTT, STABILE, and DUBOW, JJ.

CONCURRING OPINION BY DUBOW, J.:                  FILED AUGUST 12, 2016

     I concur with the result of the majority that the trial court erroneously

granted the Motion for Summary Judgment in favor of A.O. Smith and

against CST, but find the following alternate analysis more compelling.

                               Introduction

     The sole issue in this case is whether the Asset Purchase Agreement

(“APA”) into which CST and A.O. Smith (“Smith”) entered requires CST to

indemnify Smith for a products liability lawsuit filed against Smith for

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injuries the plaintiff sustained using a roller mill (“Roller Mill Lawsuit”).       A

defunct subsidiary of Smith manufactured the roller mill in 1981.

      As discussed in greater detail below, the indemnification provision at

issue does not require CST to indemnify Smith for the Roller Mill Lawsuit for

several reasons. First, the Roller Mill Lawsuit did not exist at the time the

parties closed on the APA and the indemnification provision only requires

indemnification for “Assumed Liabilities” that existed “as of the Closing

Date.” Since the plaintiff did not file the Roller Mill Lawsuit until after the

Closing Date, the Roller Mill Lawsuit did not exist as of the date of the

Closing and cannot be included in the definition of “Assumed Liabilities.”

      Second, the “Assumed Liabilities” provision only includes liabilities

“relating to the Division, the Business or the Purchased Assets.” The division,

business, and purchased assets relate to the “designing, engineering,

manufacturing, marketing and erecting liquid and dry bulk storage tanks.”

APA, Preamble, 12/15/00, at ¶ 2. Since the Roller Mill Lawsuit involves a

claim arising from the roller mill business that Smith’s defunct subsidiary

engaged in, and is completely unrelated to the business that ESPC engaged

in, the trial court cannot reasonably interpret the Roller Mill Lawsuit to be

included in the definition of Assumed Liabilities.

      Finally, I find that the trial court erroneously treated ESPC as a

subsidiary   of   Smith,   rather   than   as   a   division,   and   by   doing   so,

misinterpreted the APA. The trial court mistakenly found that ESPC held the

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liability for Roller Mill Lawsuit and, thus, could transfer the liability for the

lawsuit to CST along with other liabilities.         The trial court based this

conclusion on the erroneous factual finding that when Smith dissolved its

subsidiary that manufactured roller mills and created ESPC as a division,

that Smith transferred the liability for roller mill litigation to ESPC.

      This conclusion is incorrect because Smith created ESPC as a division

of Smith and not a subsidiary. A division has no legal existence independent

from the larger corporate entity, and is merely an accounting construct. As

such, a division has no legal ability to hold, accept, or transfer any type of

liability. At all times, therefore, it was Smith—and not ESPC—that held the

Roller Mill Lawsuit liability.   Therefore, when Smith sold the assets and

certain liabilities of ESPC to CST, the parties could not have contemplated

that they implicitly agreed to transfer the Roller Mill Lawsuit, a liability for a

business unrelated to ESPC and for which ESPC had no connection.

      Indemnification Provision of the Asset Purchase Agreement

       The relevant portion to the Indemnification Provision requires CST to

indemnify Smith for damages from failing to pay, perform, and discharge

any of the “Assumed Liabilities:”

      Indemnification by Buyer. Subject to the limitations and
      qualifications set forth in Section 11.7 and the other terms and
      conditions of this Article XI, the Buyer shall indemnify the Seller,
      and its officers, directors, employees, shareholders, agents and
      representative against and hold them harmless from any
      Damages incurred or sustained by Seller or any of its
      shareholders, officers or directors as a result of (i) the breach of
      any term, provision, covenant or agreement contained in this

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      Agreement by Buyer; (ii) any inaccuracy in any of the
      representations or warranties made by Buyer in Article III of this
      Agreement; (iii) Buyer’s failure to pay, perform and
      discharge, when due, any of the Assumed Liabilities; and
      (iv) the operation of the Business by Buyer following the Closing.

APA, § 11.2 (emphasis added).

      We must next examine the definition of “Assumed Liabilities.”          The

introductory provision of the definition of “Assumed Liabilities” provides that

“Assumed Liabilities” means only “the following liabilities of Seller relating

to the Division, the Business or the Purchased Assets as of the Closing

Date (hereinafter defined),. . . ”   APA, at § 1.2.1 (emphasis added).         In

other words, in order for CST to assume a liability, the liability must exist as

of the closing date and the liability must relate to the business of ESPC.

      As an initial matter, it is undisputed that the Roller Mill Lawsuit, which

the plaintiff filed in 2013, did not exist “as of the Closing Date,” which

occurred in 2000. Thus, the Roller Mill Lawsuit cannot meet the definition of

“Assumed Liabilities.” For this reason alone, the trial court erroneously held

that CST must indemnify Smith.

      Additionally, the Roller Mill Lawsuit does not “relat[e] to the Division,

the Business or the Purchased Assets.” The APA defines ESPC as a division

of Smith “engaged in the business of designing, engineering, manufacturing,

marketing and erecting liquid and dry bulk storage tanks.”                   APA,

Preamble, at ¶ 2 (emphasis added).       Since the business of manufacturing

roller mills is separate and distinct from the business of bulk storage tanks,

the trial court again misinterpreted the APA in concluding that the

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manufacturing of roller mills related to the business of ESPC and holding that

CST, therefore, must indemnify Smith.

         The trial court relies on a list of product liability cases in the APA in

which the parties listed individual cases in which CST would assume the

liability and infer that the parties intended to include the Roller Mill Lawsuit

in that list.    However, the Roller Mill Lawsuit did not exist at the time the

parties made the list and there is no language in the exhibit or anywhere in

the APA that imposes on CST the obligation to indemnify Smith for a

potential lawsuit for an unrelated business. In fact, the APA, by limiting the

definition of “Assumed Liabilities” to those liabilities that exist “as of the

Closing Date,” did just the opposite.

          ESPC Had No Legal Ability to Hold the Roller Mill Liability

         The trial court bases its conclusion that Smith transferred the liability

for the Roller Mill Lawsuit to CST pursuant to the APA on the assumption that

Smith had “transferred” the liability to ESPC and, thus, ESPC could transfer

it to CST pursuant to the APA. ESPC, however, was a division of Smith and

not a subsidiary and, as such, could not hold or transfer the liability for the

Roller    Mill   Lawsuit.   The   corporate   history   of   the   entities   involved

demonstrate this.

Transaction Between Harvestore and Recknell in 1996

         Smith was the parent of a wholly owned subsidiary named A.O. Smith

Harvestore Products, Inc. (“Harvestore”), which manufactured automated

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agricultural products, including roller mills.             In 1996, Harvestore, entered

into    an   Asset    Purchase     Agreement        with     Recknell   Industries,   Ltd.

(“Recknell”), in which Recknell purchased certain assets and assumed

certain liabilities of Harvestore.             As part of the agreement, however,

Harvestore retained any liabilities arising from its products manufactured

before 1996. Recknell Agreement, 9/3/96, at § 3.1.

        Since the Roller Mill Lawsuit was based upon a roller mill manufactured

after 1996, the liability for the lawsuit remained with Smith, even though

Smith had transferred all of the assets related to the roller mill business to

Recknell.

Smith Dissolves Harvestore in 1997

        In 1997, Smith, as the parent of Harvestore, dissolved Harvestore.1 It

is undisputed that, in so doing, all of the assets and liabilities of Harvestore

reverted back to Smith.2        Those liabilities included any lawsuits that arose

from products that Harvestore manufactured before 1996.

____________________________________________

1
    See Certificate of Dissolution, 7/31/97.
2
  As discussed, infra, I would find that the trial court and the Majority have
erroneously concluded that when “Smith dissolved Harvestore in 1997[, it]
transferred its assets and liabilities to a division of Smith known as
Engineered Storage Products Company (‘ESPC’).” See Majority Opinion at
6; see also Trial Ct. Op., 10/1/13, at 3.

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Smith Creates ESPC in 1997

       In 1997, Smith created a division and named it ESPC, whose business

activities involved the design and manufacture of bulk storage tanks.            As

discussed in more detail below, ESPC is a division, and not a subsidiary of

Smith, and thus, has no separate legal existence from Smith.3

The Provisions of the APA Demonstrate That It is Smith and Not ESPC That
Held the Liability for the Roller Mill Lawsuit.

       Analysis of the APA demonstrates that ESPC was a division with no

legal authority to hold assets and it was Smith who owned the assets that

were related to ESPC’s business.               First, the Preamble of the APA, which

identifies the parties to the transaction, lists CST as the buyer of the assets

and Smith as the seller of the assets:

       THIS AGREEMENT (this “Agreement”), dates as of the 15th day of
       December, 2000, is made by and between A.O. SMITH
       CORPORATION, a Delaware corporation (hereinafter “Seller”),
       and CST INDUSTRIES, INC., a Delaware corpration
       (hereinafter “Buyer”).

APA, Preamble, at ¶ 1 (underscoring in original, emphasis added).

       As is clear from the language of the APA, the parties to the agreement

are Smith and CST. Notably, ESPC is not a party to the agreement. This is

undoubtedly so because ESPC is a division of Smith, and not an independent

corporate entity and thus, has no legal authority to enter into the APA.

____________________________________________

3
  See AK Steel Corp. v. Viacom, Inc., 835 A.2d 820, 824 (Pa. Super.
2003) (“[A] division of a corporation is not a separate legal entity capable of
being sued”).

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        Moreover, the parties acknowledge that it is Smith who is engaged in

the bulk storage tank and operates that business through ESPC:

        The Seller, through its division, Engineered Storage
        Products Company (the “Division”), is engaged in the
        business of designing, engineering, manufacturing, marketing
        and erecting liquid and dry bulk storage tanks.

Id. at ¶ 2 (emphasis added).

        In fact, the Preamble further provides that Smith “desires to sell the

Division as an ongoing business and delegate such liabilities to the Buyer.”

Once again, the APA is clear that it is Smith, and not ESPC, who is selling

assets and liabilities to CST.

        Finally, the Preamble further recognizes that ESPC has no legal

existence when it instructs that if a provision in the agreement treats ESPC

as if it has legal rights or obligations, then the parties are to impute those

rights and obligations to Smith:

        The term “Division” is sometimes used herein as though it were
        a separate entity; when so used the term means that the Seller
        is the entity referred to, but only insofar as the activities, assets
        or liabilities relate to the Division and are accounted for as part
        of the Division’s activities.

Id. 4

____________________________________________

4
  This part of the analysis is where we diverge from the Majority Opinion.
Our interpretation of this provision is that the language of the provision is
clear and unambiguous.

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       Thus, the APA makes clear that ESPC has no corporate existence

separate from Smith. It is Smith, and not ESPC, that holds the assets and

liabilities and it is Smith, and not ESPC, who is transferring those assets and

liabilities to CST.

       The trial court’s conclusion that Smith transferred the liability for the

Roller Mill Lawsuit to ESPC is contrary to basic principles of corporate law.

As a division, ESPC has no independent legal existence and cannot hold

assets or incur liabilities.5 See AK Steel, supra; see also In re Federal-

Mogul Global, Inc., 411 B.R. 148, 164 (Bankr. D. Del. 2008) (“Operating

divisions of corporations that are not themselves incorporated . . . are not

legal persons” and “any liabilities arising out of the operations of such a

divisions run against the corporation that contains the division”).

       The trial court disregards these principles of corporate structures and

the unambiguous language in the APA and reasons that since Smith

transferred the Roller Mill Liability to ESPC, the Roller Mill Liability was

included in the liabilities that the APA transfers to CST. However, there is no

legal basis or authority for Smith to transfer the liability of the Roller Mill

Lawsuit to ESPC.
____________________________________________

5
  This point was not lost on CST, although the Majority has not addressed it.
In its Appellate Brief, CST stated: “Indeed, it is meaningless for A.O. Smith
to contend that ‘all’ of Harvestore’s remaining assets and liabilities were
‘transferred’ to ESPC, given that ESPC was never a separate or stand-alone
entity.” Appellant’s Brief at 37 n.10.

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        The trial court bases its conclusion that the liabilities of Harvestore

were     transferred      to   ESPC   on   unsubstantiated   and   legally   incorrect

statements of employees of Smith.6              The trial court relies first on the

deposition testimony of David Saalfeld, in which the following limited

discussion of the corporate structure of ESPC occurred:

        Q.     What did you understand that division to be?

        A.     It was an extension from what Harvestore Products had
        been and it—then A.O. Smith made some change to it to
        restructure it.

        Q.   When you say it was an extension of what Harvestore
        Products had been, what products are you referencing?

        A.   The Harvestore Product lines of structures, unloaders, and
        automation.

N.T., 7/26/12 at 18.

        The trial court further relies upon the deposition transcript of John

Farris who testified:

        Q.   And is it your understanding that in 1997 A.O. Smith ESPC
        was created by the combination of Harvestore and Peabody—
        Peabody TecTank?

        A.     Yes.

        Q.    And did—well, did ESPC then carry on its books certain of
        the assets of Harvestore and Peabody TecTank?

        A.     Yes.

        Q.   And what about the liabilities of each of those companies,
        were those also transferred over to ESPC in 1997 when it was
        formed?
____________________________________________

6
    Trial Ct. Op. at 3.

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       A.    Yeah . . . yes, because the two companies were dissolved
       and a division was formed.

       Q.    And the division was now ESPC?

       A.    Correct.

       Q.   And it was composed of the assets and liabilities of the
       former Harvestore and Peabody TecTank; correct?

       A.    Yes.

N.T., 9/21/12 at 12.

       These factual statements are contrary to basic corporate law. The

correct analysis of the corporate structure of Smith and ESPC is set forth in

the APA. The trial court’s assumption that ESPC held the Roller Mill liability

and therefore, could transfer it to CST is erroneous.

       In light of its mistaken application of basic principles of corporate law,

the trial court erroneously concluded that ESPC held the Roller Mill Liability

and transferred it pursuant to APA.       Therefore, I would reverse the trial

court’s decision to grant summary judgment in favor of Smith and against

CST.

       Since CST did not appeal the trial court’s decision to deny CST’s Motion

for Summary Judgment, I will not address whether the trial court properly

denied it.

                                  Conclusion

       Accordingly, I would conclude that the trial court erred in granting

summary judgment in favor of Smith.

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      President Judge Emeritus Bender, Judge Lazarus, and Judge Ott join

this concurring opinion.

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