Court Opinion

ID: 4317832
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-10-03 18:27:28.146151+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:45:15.393835
License: Public Domain

J-S48001-18

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    WILLIAM R. HAGNER                          :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    SUSAN H. HAGNER,                           :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 529 EDA 2018

                Appeal from the Order Entered January 11, 2018
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County Domestic Relations at
                              No(s): 2011-13639

BEFORE:      DUBOW, J., MURRAY, J., and PLATT*, J.

MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.:                              FILED OCTOBER 03, 2018

        Appellant Susan H. Hagner (“Wife”) appeals from the Decree granting

the parties’ divorce, specifically challenging the December 14, 2017 Order

distributing the parties’ property in accordance with their pre-nuptial

agreement.      After careful review, we adopt the trial court’s April 24, 2018

Opinion as our own, and affirm.

        The parties are familiar with the facts of this prolonged litigation and we

need not reiterate them in detail. In sum, after a five-year courtship, the

parties became engaged in May 1998. Several weeks prior to the September

26, 1998 wedding, Appellee William R. Hagner (“Husband”), who is an

attorney, provided Wife with a proposed prenuptial agreement as he had

informed her for years that he would do if he ever married again.1 Husband

____________________________________________

1   This was Husband’s second marriage and Wife’s fourth marriage.
____________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S48001-18

suggested that Wife review it with an attorney. At her request, Husband gave

Wife the names of three family law attorneys, one of whom she consulted.

       On the day of the wedding, Husband reminded Wife that they needed to

execute the prenuptial agreement. When she suggested they sign it after the

wedding, he stated that he would not get married until it was signed and would

be amenable to postponing the wedding if she needed more time to consider

the agreement. Wife then provided Husband with a copy of the agreement

with handwritten revisions. Husband, in turn, modified Wife’s modifications,

and the parties ultimately reached agreement. They each signed the final

prenuptial agreement and married later that day.

       Thirteen years later, on December 14, 2011, Husband filed a divorce

Complaint. Wife filed an Answer and Counterclaim. Much litigation ensued.

Most relevant to this Appeal, Wife filed a Petition to Invalidate the Prenuptial

Agreement and its amendments2 on February 2, 2013. The trial court held a

hearing on the Petition and found the prenuptial agreement to be valid and

enforceable. The prenuptial agreement included the parties’ waiver of their

rights to equitable distribution. Wife appealed and this Court quashed the

appeal as interlocutory.

____________________________________________

2 According to Husband, during the marriage, the parties had twice modified
the agreement. See Appellee’s Brief at 2. According to the trial court, it did
not need to consider the subsequent actions of the parties after it found that
the agreement was valid and not reached through duress or
misrepresentation. See Trial Ct. Op., dated 4/4/17, at 13. Wife has not raised
any issue pertaining to the amendments in this appeal.

                                           -2-
J-S48001-18

     The matter proceeded to a hearing before Master Caren Morrissey, who

issued a Report and Recommendation on April 26, 2017.              Wife filed

Exceptions. On December 14, 2017, the trial court denied Wife’s Exceptions

and entered an Order adopting the Report and Recommendation of the

hearing master.    On January 11, 2018, the court entered the Decree

terminating the marriage.

      Wife timely appealed.     Both Wife and the trial court complied with

Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

   Wife raises the following issues for this Court’s review:

     1. Did the trial court err in not finding the prenuptial agreement
     invalid/voidable based on the totality of the circumstances and the
     evidence presented including but not limited to undue influence,
     duress and coercion on the day of wedding wherein Appellant’s
     consult was with an attorney of Appellee’s choosing, hence not
     independent, where Appellant was only given a copy of the
     prenuptial agreement three days before the wedding and shortly
     thereafter the parties left together for a “destination wedding” in
     North Carolina to which the parties had invited family and friends
     from out of state, including Appellant’s elderly mother, making it
     practically impossible for Appellant to have a meaningful
     opportunity to review and/or revise the proposed prenuptial
     agreement and wherein Appellant’s state of mind was significantly
     impacted due to the recent unexpected death of her son[?]

     2. Did the trial court err in applying the “clear and convincing”
     burden of proof standard as opposed to the “preponderance of the
     evidence” burden of proof[?]

     3. Did the trial court err in determining that items purchased by
     the parties during the marriage were not marital property when
     all items acquired during the marriage are presumed to be marital,
     Appellant testified in great detail as to the how, when and where
     of the purchases during the marriage, and Appellee failed to meet
     his burden to overcome this presumption[?] Further did the court
     err in determining Appellant had waived her right to the marital

                                     -3-
J-S48001-18

      property and non-marital property not listed on Schedule B as she
      suggested the monetary value as a reasonable alternative for
      distribution[?]

      4. Did the trial court err excluding Appellee’s income and in not
      awarding Appellant counsel fees when a Section 3702 claim under
      the Divorce code was properly raised in her counterclaim, a
      counsel fee claim was not precluded by the terms of the prenuptial
      agreement and an award was necessary to place the parties “on
      par”[?]

Wife’s Brief at 5-6.

   Each of Wife’s issues challenge the trial court’s finding that the parties’

prenuptial agreement is valid and enforceable.      The following well-settled

standard of review applies:

      The determination of marital property rights through prenuptial,
      post[-]nuptial and settlement agreements has long been
      permitted, and even encouraged. Both prenuptial and post-nuptial
      agreements are contracts and are governed by contract law.
      Moreover, a court's order upholding the agreement in divorce
      proceedings is subject to an abuse of discretion or error of law
      standard of review. An abuse of discretion is not lightly found, as
      it requires clear and convincing evidence that the trial court
      misapplied the law or failed to follow proper legal procedures. We
      will not usurp the trial court's factfinding function.

Paroly v. Paroly, 876 A.2d 1061, 1063 (Pa. Super. 2005) (internal quotation

marks, brackets, and citations omitted).

      Wife also contests the trial court’s property distribution, specifically

challenging the credibility determinations underlying its disposition. “When

reviewing the actions of a lower court in a divorce action, we are limited to a

determination of whether there was an abuse of discretion. Although the

master's report is entitled to great weight, the final responsibility of making

                                     -4-
J-S48001-18

the   [property]    distribution   rests    with   the    court.”   McNaughton        v.

McNaughton, 603 A.2d 646, 648 (Pa. Super. 1992) (internal citations

omitted). “Our review is thus based on the court's distribution of property.”

Id. However, even though a master's report and recommendation is only

advisory, it “is to be given the fullest consideration, particularly on the

question of credibility of witnesses, because the master ha[d] the opportunity

to observe and assess the behavior and demeanor of the [witnesses].”

Childress v. Bogosian, 12 A.3d 448, 456 (Pa. Super. 2011) (internal

quotations and citations omitted).

      The Honorable Ann Marie Wheatcraft filed a thorough Pa. R.A.P. 1925(a)

Opinion, citing the certified record and providing a well-reasoned analysis of

Wife’s issues with reference to, and discussion of, dispositive authority. After

careful   review,   we   conclude     the    record      supports   the   trial   court’s

determinations. We discern no abuse of discretion or error of law. We, thus,

adopt the court’s April 24, 2018 Opinion as our own and affirm. See Trial Ct.

Op., dated April 24, 2018 (finding, inter alia, that (1) Wife had the burden to

show, by clear and convincing evidence, that the prenuptial agreement was

the result of fraud, misrepresentation, or duress pursuant to principles

applicable to contract interpretation; (2) Wife’s testimony that she had only

three days to review the agreement was not credible under the totality of the

circumstances; (3) Wife received independent legal advice prior to signing the

agreement; (4) enforcement of the prenuptial agreement did not trigger either

                                           -5-
J-S48001-18

paragraph contained in the agreement allowing attorney’s fees; (5) Wife’s

testimony regarding the expenditure of her own funds without receiving

reimbursement to improve Husband’s separate property was not credible; and

(6) court properly distributed personal property of the parties based on the

prenuptial agreement as well as Husband’s more credible testimony and post-

trial memorandum).

      The parties are instructed to annex the trial court’s April 24, 2018

Opinion to all future filings.

      Decree affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 10/3/18

                                   -6-
                                                                                                                                                                        Circulated 09/12/2018 11:26 AM

                                       WILLIAM R. HAGNER                                                              IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                                                                                                                      CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

                                                        V.
                                                                                                                                                 NO. 2011-13639-DI

                        II                  SUSAN H. HAGNER                                                                                                 529 EDA 2018

                             William R. Hagner, Esquire, Pro Se Appellee
                             Lynn A. Snyder, Esquire for Appellant

                                                                                                                                                                           .      /1./L
                             J. WHEATCRAFT                                                                                                                             APRIL o{ �     ·, 2018
                                                                                                    1925(a) Opinion

                                            Susan Hagner ("Appellant") filed an appeal of this court's December 14, 2017

                             Order and Opinion wherein we accepted the Divorce Master's recommendation for

                             property distribution. A Decree of Divorce was issued January 11, 2018. Appellant filed

                             her Notice of Appeal on February 8, 2018 and we issued a Rule 1925(b) Order on

                             February 14, 2018. Appellant filed her Concise Statement of Errors on March 6, 2018

                             setting forth the following complaints: (1) The court erred in finding the Pre-Nuptial

                             Agreement valid; (2) The court erred in not permitting testimony from Appellant

                             regarding her son's death as it related to her state of mind at the time of executing the

                             Pre-Nuptial Agreement; (3) The court erred in using the clear and convincing evidence

                             burden of proof; (4) The court erred in relying upon out of court documents that were not

                             part of the record; (5) The court erred in accepting testimony about Appellant's prior

                             divorces; (6) The court erred in preventing testimony 'from Appetlant regarding

                             statements made by Appellee to a third party;                                                                          (7) The court erred in allocating as

                         l   separate property the personal property purchased during the m�rriage; (8) The court

                             erred in accepting Appellant's failure to take possession of property as a waiver of that

                                                                                                                                                                                         Page 1' of 17

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                                                                                               I
                                                                                               I

property; and (9) The court erred in not awarding Appellant attorney's fees. We find no

errors were made.                                                                              I
                            PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       The parties entered into a Pre-Nuptial Agreement on September 26, 1998 in

Manteo, North Carolina and got married that same day. It was a second marriage for

Appellee and a fourth marriage for Appellant. At all times pertinent hereto, the parties

were residents of Chester County, Pennsylvania. Presently, Appellant is 67 years of age

and Appellee is 72 years of age.

       The parties agree that their date of separation is December 14, 2011; the date

Appellee filed the Complaint in divorce. On February 24, 2012, Appellant filed an

Answer and Counterclaim requesting relief in the form of equitable distributton, counsel

fees, and alimony. Intense and lengthy litigation followed. We refer the Appellate court

to Master Caren Morrissey's Recommendation, pp. 2-3 for a brief history of the litigation

between the parties.

       For purposes of this appeal, we note that Appellant filed a Petition to Invalidate

the Pre-Nuptial Agreement and its Amendments on February 1, 2013. After an

evidentiary hearing, we found the Pre-Nuptial Agreement to be valid. In the Pre-Nuptial

_Agreement, the parties mutually waived their right to equitable· distribution. Appellant

appealed our determination. However, the Superior Court quashed the appeal as

interlocutory. (See Hagner v. Hagner, 606 EDA 2013).

       The matter proceeded to a hearing before Master Morrissey. After a protracted

hearing, the master issued a Report and Recommendation on April 26, 2017. Appellant

filed twenty-two (22) Exceptions on May 16, 2016. After considering argument by the

parties, reviewing the briefs submitted by the parties, and an independent review of the
                                                                                Page 2 of 17
 record, we denied Appellant's Exceptions. (See Order and Opinion, 12/14/17). Appellant

 filed a timely Appeal and Concise Statement of Errors on February 8, 2018.1 Our Rule

     1925(b)-Opinion follows.

                            ISSUES PRESENTED BY APPELLANT

           Defendant sets forth fourteen (14) errors of law or abuses of discretion. For the

 purposes of analysis and discussion we address Plaintiffs claims as seven (7) errors:

        1) The court erred in finding the Pre-Nuptial Agreement valid;

        2) The court erred in relying upon out of court documents, the Addendums to the

           Pre-Nuptial Agreement, that were not made part of the record;

        3) The court erred in considering Appellant's past marital history when examining

           whether Appellant was under duress when executing the Pre-Nuptial Agreement.

        4) The court erred in allocating as Appellee's separate property the personal

           property purchased during the marriage for use at Appellee's rental properties;

        5) The court erred in allocating as Appellee's separate property the personal

           property purchased during the marriage and retained at 4724 Roanoke Way

           (marital residence).

       6) The court erred in accepting Appellant's failure to take possession of property as

           a waiver of that property; and

       7) The court erred in not awarding Appellant attorney's fees.

 1
   The court issued its Order and Opinion on December 14, 2018. However, we failed to enter
 the decree of divorce until January 11, 2018. The Order in question did not become final until
 January 11, 2018. Appellant's Appeal was timely filed on February 8, 2018.
                                                                                     Page 3 of 17

�---=-=------------------·----·-···
                                      DISCUSSION

       A.     Standard of Review

       The standards of review with regard to the errors claimed by Appellant are as

follows:

              1. Review of a Pre-Nuptial Agreement's Validity

       A trial court's order upholding the validity of a pre-nuptial agreement is subject to

an abuse of discretion or error of law standard of review. Estate of Kendall, 982 A.2d

525 (Pa.Super. 2009) (citing Busch v. Busch, 732 A.2d 1274, 1276 (Pa.Super. 19�9),

appeal denied, 760 A.2d 850 (Pa. 2000)). It is not proper to usurp the trial court's fact-

finding function and an abuse of discretion is not lightly found. Laudig v, Laudig, 624

A.2d 651, 653 (Pa.Super. 1993). An abuse of discretion finding requires clear and

convincing evidence that the trial court misapplied the law or failed to follow proper legal

procedures. Paulone v. Paulone, 649 A.2d 691 (Pa.Super. 1994).

              2. Interpretation of a Pre-Nuptial Agreement

       Pre-nuptial agreements are examined under the principles of contract law.

Simeone v. Simeone, 581 A.2d 162, 165-66 (Pa. 1990). Contract interpretation is a

question of law. The standard of review over questions of law is de novo. The entire

record may be reviewed. Kraisinger v. Kraisinger, 928 A.2d 333 (Pa.Super. 2007).

             3. Property Distribution Pursuant to a Pre-Nuptial Agreement

      A court's property distribution order implementing a valid pre-nuptial agreement

in divorce proceedings is subject to an abuse of discretion or error of law standard of

review. Sabad v. Fessenden, 825 A.2d 682, (Pa.Super. 2003), appeal denied 836 A.2d

122, (Pa. 2003). Again, an abuse of discretion finding requires clear and convincing

                                                                                   Page 4 of17
evidence that the trial court misapplied the law or failed to follow proper legal

procedures. Paulone, supra.

       8.     Errors Claimed by Appellant

              1. The Court Erred In Finding The Pre-Nuptial
                 Agreement To Be Valid And Enforceable.

       Appellant makes three claims to support her position that the court erred in

finding the Pre-Nuptial Agreement enforceable. First, that the court erroneously placed

upon her the "clear and convincing" burden to show duress. (Appellant's Concise

Statement Par. 6). Appellant's second argument is that the court failed to find the

agreement was executed under duress, misrepresentation, or fraud. (Appellant's

Concise Statement Pars. 2-4). Appellant's last argument related to the Pre-Nuptial

Agreement is that the court erred in preventing her from presenting further evidence

related to her state of mind as a result of her son's death at the time she executed the

agreement. We find no errors.

                     a. Burden of Proof

       Appellant argues that the court erred in placing a "clear and convincing" burden

upon her to show duress. The agreement in question is a pre-nuptial agreement

executed on September 28, 1998. It contains a provision acknowledging there was full

and fair disclosure (Exh. 0-3, par. II, p. 2), and Appellant does not submit that there was

a failure to make a full and fair disclosure by Appellee. As a result, Appellant has the

burden to show, by clear and convincing evidence, that the Pre-Nuptial Agreement was

executed as a result of fraud, misrepresentation, or duress. Porreco v. Porreca, 571 Pa.

61, 811 A.2d 566 (Pa. 2002) (Pre-nuptial agreements are contracts and are evaluated

under the same criteria applicable to other types of contracts). Appellant cannot escape

                                                                                    Page 5 of 17
her legal burden to prove her claim of fraud, misrepresentation, or duress by clear and

convincing evidence, Busch v. Busch, 732 A.2d 1274 (Pa.Super. 1999), and we find no

error in doing so.

                            b. Fraud, Misrepresentation, or Duress

           Appellant asserts she was under duress when she executed the Pre-Nuptial

Agreement and makes the following factual assertions in support of her claim:

      i.      She was only given a copy of the Pre-Nuptial Agreement three

              (3) days before the wedding. (Appellant's Concise Statement,

              Par. 2).

     ii.      The only opportunity she had to consult with an attorney was

              three (3) days before the wedding. This time constraint

              prohibited her from participating in an "in depth" review of the

              agreement with the attorney, and did not allow her the

              opportunity to negotiate terms. (Appellant's Concise Statement,

              Pars. 3-4).

    iii.      She was in a vulnerable state of mind due to her 29 year old

              son's recent death. (Appellant'.s Concise Statement, Par. 4).

           A hearing addressing the validity of the Pre-Nuptial Agreement was held on

January 14, 2015. At that time, Appellant stated that she challenged the Pre-Nuptial

Agreement on the grounds of "undue influence[,] ... misrepresentation[,] and the validity

of the legal review" of the Pre-Nuptial Agreement. (N.T., 01/14/13, p. 4, II. 6-9). Upon

reviewing Appellant's Concise Statement,· we find she makes much the same

arguments for purposes of this Appeal. In determining whether the Pre-Nuptial

Agreement was valid, we considered the following credible and 'persuasive testimony:
                                                                                 Page 6 of17
                •     Appellee is an attorney by profession. He has practiced law since 1975.

          (N.T., 01/14/13, p. 18).

                •     The parties began dating in 1995 and began living together .shortly

          thereafter. They were engaged in May 1998 and then married on September 26,

          1998. Id.

                •     Appellee obtained his divorce from his first wife and was dating Appellant

          in 1995. At that time, Appellee discussed his intention to have a pre-nuptial

          agreement in place should he consider ever marrying again. Id. at p. 19, I. 16 - p.

          20, I. 2). Appellee next recalls specifically bringing up the subject of a pre-nuptial

          agreement in May 1998 when he and Appellant became engaged. Id. at p. 20, II. 13-

          21.

                •     Appellee described Appellant's reaction to the pre-nuptial agreement

          discussions to be one of understanding. He cannot recall Appellant ever indicating to

          him that she would be opposed to a pre-nuptial agreement. Id. p. 20, I. 22 - p. 21, I.

          1,11.2-7

                •     Appellee drafted the Pre-Nuptial Agreement at the end of August 1998

          and gave it to Appellant the first week of September 1998. Id. at p. 21, II. 16-23. He

          advised her to have it reviewed by an attorney and. provided the names of three

          attorneys. Id. at p. 22, I. 16 - p. 23, I. 8.

                •     Appellant called Joseph P. DiGiorgio, Esquire, one of the three attorneys

          provided by Appellee, .to set up an appointment. Mr. DiGiorgio has been practicing

          marital law, including the drafting and reviewing of pre-nuptial agreements, since

          1978. Appellant informed him she needed legal counsel regarding a pre-nuptial

                                                                                       Page 7 of 17

-----���---��-----�---·----·-----· ·------·-·----··-··-··-                  ..                  '     .
    agreement drafted by her husband, Appellee.

        •       Mr. DiGiorgio testified he was aware that Appellee was a local attorney

    and informed Appellant that he would be calling Appellee before confirming an

    appointment.

        •      Mr. DiGiorgio testified that he wanted to make sure there would be no

    hard feelings on Appel!ee's part should it be necessary that he advise Appellant

    against the agreement drafted by Appellee. Id. at p, 7, L 10 - p. 8, L 22; Exh. 0�1.

    10/22/13, Dep., p. 15, IL 19-25.

        •      Appellee indicated to Mr. DiGiorgio that he wanted him to provide

    Appellant with the best service possible. Id. Mr. DiGiorgio testified that

               The gist ... of the conversation was [that Appellee] had given

               [Appellant] some names. Mine was one of them. [Appellee]

               had every confidence that I would be able to - be willing to

               assist her competently doing that. No problem from that

               standpoint. And that was the end of the conversation. There

               was no discussion about any provisions of the agreement.

(N.T., 01/14/13, p. 10, II. 1-7}.

       •       Mr. DiGiorgio testified that it is his usual procedure to request that the

agreement to be reviewed be dropped off to him ahead of the appointment. He cannot

recall if that actually occurred before Appellant's appointment on September 23, 1998.

He no longer retains an independent recollection of his meeting with Appellant. Id. at p.

10, l. 20 - p. 11.

                                                                                        Page 8 of 17

                                                        ---�---�-- -··-·         ·------··-·
             •    Mr. DiGiorgio stated that it is his:

                  [S]tandard operating procedure to explain the ramifications

                  of the provisions that [are] presented, including whether or

                  not there [isJ an adequate provision for support, alimony,

                 spousal support or alimony [pendent lite2], and then, of

                 course, any equitable distribution provisions. . . . [he doesn't]

                 recall ever having spent Jess than an hour reviewing an

                 agreement. (Exh. D-1, 10/22/13, Dep., p. 13, ii. 14-24).

         •       Mr. DiGiorgio stated that after reviewing the agreement, he wanted to

    make sure that Appellant's housing was covered and he inserted the paragraph

beginning with "The parties" and ending with "upon separation" is hrs writing on the

page after the notary page. (Exh. 0-1, 10/22/13, Dep., pp. 12-13).

         •       The cross-outs of his writing and notations below that paragraph are not

his writing. At the time he wrote the paragraph, there was nothing else written on that
page. Id.

         •       Appellant recalls spending approximately an hour with Mr. DiGiorgio

reviewing the Pre-Nuptial Agreement. (N.T., 01/14/13, p. 62, 11. 5-7).

         •       Mr. DiGiorgio's records reflect that Appellant remitted a $250.00 payment

for his consultation. (N.T., 01/14/13, p. 12, IL 1-5). Appellant had one consultation with

Mr. Di Giorgio. id. at p. 61, II. 22-25. He did not have any further contact with Appellant.

(Exh. D-1, 10/22/13, Dep., p. 16).

         •       Appellant recalls leaving for the wedding destination in North Carolina on
2
    Mr. DiGiorgio stated that line 19 of p. 13 of the Deposition required a 'correction to read
"alimony pendent lite." (N.T., 01/14/13, p. 6, IL 3-16).

                                                                                            Page 9 of 17
Wednesday, September 23, 1998 or Thursday, September 24, 1998. The wedding took

place on Saturday, September 26, 1998. (N.T., 01/14/13, p. 25, II. 2-15). During the

drive to North Carolina, Appellee recalls discussing the Pre-Nuptial Agreement. At no

time during the commute did Appellant indicate she· was not going to _sign the

agreement or was opposed to anything in the agreement. Id. at p. 34, !. 18 - p. 35, I. 3.

       e      The Pre-Nuptial Agreement was signed by Appellant on Saturday,

September 26, 1998. Appellant had requested that they wait until later to sign the

agreement, but Appellee informed her that the wedding would be postponed until the

agreement was signed. Appellee refused to get married without the Pre-Nuptial

Agreement being signed. Id.    at p.   25, I. 23 - p. 27, I. 17.

       •      Appellant   presented       the   Pre-Nuptial        Agreement   to AppeJJee with

modification before the wedding on September 26. 1998 between 12:00 p.m. and 1:00

pm. The wedding was to take place before dusk that day. Id. at p. 35, II. 18 - p. 16, 1.3.

       •      The record reflects that the modifications to the Pre-Nuptial Agreement

that were made by Appellant and accepted by Appellee were as follows:

                 o   Deletions made to Par. V.A.(1)(c) (Exh. D-3, p. 4; N.T., 01/14/13, p.

                     37, 11. 15-20);

                 o · Additional hand written language, "opened or originated". (Exh. 0::. 3,

                     p. 5; N.T., 01/14/13, pp. 38--40);

                 o   Deletion of Pars. VI.F.(6)-(9), additional hand written language on

                     top of page 6, and additional hand written language to Par. Vl.F(10)

                     and Par. VI.G.(1). (Exh. D-3, p. 6; N.T., 01/14/13, pp. 38--40);

                 o Additional hand written language at the bottom of page 10, "as

                     written" (Exh. 0-3, p. 10; N.T. 01/14/13, p. 41, II. 16-17); and
                                                                                      Page 10 of17

                                                          ------ -----··---·---------
                  o Additional hand written language below the hand written paragraph

                        penned by Mr. DiGiorgio. (E.xh. 0-3, p. 11; N.T., 01/14/13, p. 43, II.

                     3-7).

       II
               Appellant fest her son in June 1998. Appellee found Appellant to be doing

fine at the wedding even in light of this loss, although he was surprised that she wanted

to get married the September immediately following his death the prior June. (N.T.,

01/14/13, pp. 31-33).

       After careful consideration of the evidence and testimony presented, we did not

find that Appellant was rushed, coerced, or manipulated into executing the Pre-Nuptial

Agreement. (N.T., 01/14/13, pp. 64-70). Appellant admits that she and Appellee

discussed pre-nuptial agreements in July and August of 1998. We found Appellee

credible in his testimony that he made his intention to never marry without a pre-nuptial

agreement clear to Appellant during their engagement. Id. at p. 74, I. 25 - p. 75, I. 5. We

also found Appellant's testimony that she only had three (3) days before the wedding to

consider the Pre-Nuptial Agreement to be implausible given the sequence of events:

Appellant's receipt of the Pre-Nuptial Agreement; Mr. DiGiorgio receiving a phone call

from Appellant;    Mr.    DiGiorgio speaking with Appellee prior to scheduling an

appointment, and Mr. DiGiorgio calling Appellant back to schedule an appointment. It is

axiomatic that Appellant had the Pre-Nuptial Agreement more than three days prior to

the wedding.

      We also determined that Mr. DiGiorgio was not influenced by Appe!lee. We found

the testimony from Mr. OiGiorgio and Appeflee credible that Appellant was given more

than one referral by Appellee. Appellant was free to choose from the three referrals

given or use one of her prior divorce attorneys. Further, we emphasize that we found

                                                                                  Page 11 of 17
 Mr. DiGiorgio very credible in his testimony that he provided his best legal advice

 without any consideration to outside influences.

          Appellant's contention that she was inhibited by Appellee from negotiating the

 terms of the Pre-Nuptial Agreement is also without merit. The Pre-Nuptial Agreement

was modified by both competent counsel and Appellant. Therefore, Appellant had a full

opportunity to negotiate terms and consider counter terms.

          And last, we find Appellant's contention that she was in a vulnerable state of

· mind due to her 29 year old son's recent death to be overstated. Appellant showed

firmness of mind by making her own changes to the Pre-Nuptial Agreement.

                            c. Limitation on Evidence Presented

          Appellant submits that it was error for the court to prevent her from presenting

further evidence related to her vulnerable state of mind at the time she executed the

Pre-Nuptial Agreement due to her son's death. Her claim is not supported by the record.

          Appellant was afforded ample opportunity to present evidence related to her

state of mind. While there were objections made by Appellee's counsel to questions

related to her son's death, these objections were overruled by the court. Only objections

to the form of the questions were sustained by the court. (N.T., O 1 /14/13, pp. 67-69, 85-

86).    on.   re-direct   examination of Appellant; Appellant was· again questioned about her

son's death. An objection was made as 'asked and answered' during Appellant's direct

testimony. Prior to the· court making its rulinQ on the objection, the question was

withdrawn by Appellant's counsel. Id. at p. 90, fl. 6-21. The court did not place any fimit

upon Appellant or her counsel to present further evidence as to Appellant's state of min.

Consequently, Appellant was free to present any evidence she wished.

         After considering all the evidence presented and Appellant's claims of error

                                                                                   Page 12 of 17

       -···-·-   ---···-· ..·---
             related to the Pre-Nuptial Agreement, we continue to find that Appellant failed to meet

             her burden, by clear and convincing evidence, that she entered into the Pre-Nuptial

             Agreement under duress. We see no error in finding the Pre-Nuptial Agreement valid

             and enforceable. Lessner v. Rubinson, 400, 59� A.2d 678, 681 (Pa. 1991); see also

             Carrier v. William Penn Broadcasting Co., 233 A.2d 519 (Pa. 1967); Hamilton v.

             Hamilton, 591 A.2d 720 (Pa.Super. 1991).

                            2. The Court Erred In Relying Upon Out Of
                               Court Documents That Were Not Part Of
                               The Record

                   . Appellant argues that the court erred in considering the two Addendums to the

             Pre-Nuptial Agreement in finding the Pre-Nuptial Agreement valid when the Addendums

             were not entered into evidence. (Appellant's Concise Statement, Par. 7). Appellant is

             correct that the two Addendum documents referenced in the record were not entered

             into evidence.
                  .        . However, Appellant misreads the court's February 1, 2013 Order. We
             specifically stated:

                           As we find no duress and no misrepresentation related to
                           the agreement, there is no need to make a final
                           detennination as to ... whether subsequent actions [. i.e.
                           the execution of Addendums] demonstrate [Appellant's]
                           intention to affirm the voidable contract.

             (Order, 02/01/14, FN, p.2). The Pre-Nuptial AgreementAddendums were not

             considered in our determination that the agreement was valid and there is no error.

                                                                                            Page 13 of 17

------��··-·-·--_,         _.               ·-   ..
              3. The Court Erred In Considering Appellant's
                 Past Marital History When Examining
                 Whether Appellant Was Under Duress
                 When     Executing     The     Pre-Nuptial
                 Agreement.

       Appellant submits that it was error to consider her past marital/divorce history

when examining the issue of duress. We find this argument to have little merit. Duress

is defined as "[tJhat degree of restraint or danger, either actually inflicted or threatened

and impending, which is sufficient in severity or apprehension to overcome the mind of

a person of ordinary firmness." Adams v. Adams, 414 Pa.Super. 634, 607 A.2d 1116,

1119 (Pa.Super. 1992), see also Strickland v. University of Scranton, 700 A.2d 979, 986

(Pa.Super. 1997), citing Smith v. Lenchner, , 205 A.2d 626, 628 (Pa.Super. 1964). In

order to evaluate whether the definition of duress is met, an examination of all the

circumstances surrounding the execution of the contract must be considered, including

Appellant's past life experiences. lt was appropriate for the court to consider Appellant's

level of anxiety, the availability of counsel, and her prior experience with seeking and

obtaining counsel. This is of special concern when the courts have found that a party

who has a reasonable opportunity to consult with counsel before entering a contract

cannot later invalidate it by claiming duress. Degenhardt v. The Dillon Co., 669 A.2�

946 (Pa. 1996). Consequently,· we find no· error in considering· Appellant's past

marital/divorce history. (N.T., 01/14/13, pp. 75-80).

              4. The Court Erred In Allocating The Personal
                 Property Purchased During The Marriage For
                 Use At The North Carolina Rental Properties
                 As Appellee's Separate Property.

       It is Appellant's general contention that personal property purchased during the

marriage and used in the Appellee's rental North Carolina properties are not governed

                                                                                 Page 14 of 17
by the Pre-Nuptial Agreement. She submits that it was error for the court             to   find this

property to be successor replacement property in light of the testimonial evidence she

provided. (Appellant's Concise Statement, Par. 10). We disagree.

          The property purchased during the marriage which is traceable as replacement

property is not marital property. The Pre-Nuptial Agreement is clear in its directive that

any replacement property, even if purchased during the marriage, remains non-marital

for purposes of distribution at the time of divorce. (Exh. D-1, p. 5, par. VI.A., Schedule

"A").

          We did not find Appellant's testimony that she used her own funds to acquire

personal property for the rental properties during the marriage without reimbursement

from Appellee to be credible. We found that any expenditures made by Appellant for

personal property retained at the rental properties were reimbursed to her or paid by

Appellant. We found Appellee's testimony that all purchases, including but not limited to

furniture and appliances, were made as part of his rental investment to be more

credible. (N.T., 12/12/16, pp. 90-91). Appellant's argument that because she purchased

items for the rental properties during the marriage that they are automatically marital

property to have little merit and is not supported by the record. Accordingly, we find no

error.3

                5. The Court Erred In Allocating As Appellee's
                   Separate Property The Personal Property
                   Purchased During The Marriage And Retained
                   At 4724 Roanoke Way (The Marital Residence).

          It is Appellant's position that the court erred in not returning all of the personal

3
   A full examination of Appellant's claim for separate and marital property is set forth, to the
best of this court's ability, in our December 14, 2017 Order and Opinion (Order &_Opinion,
12/14/17, pp. 4-6, 8), as well as the detailed analysis made by master Morrissey ,n her Report
and Recommendation. (Report & Recommendation, 04/26/17, pp. 5, 8-12).
                                                                                           Page 15 of 17
property requested and/or awarding the monetary value of those items claimed to be

marital property located at the Roanoke Way property. The record is at best ambiguous

as to what property Appellant claims to be marital. We found her testimony on this

matter to be confusing, contradlctory, and unreliable. We concurred with the master's

determination that the personal property that should be returned to Wife was credibly

listed in Appellee's Post Trial Memorandum, Conclusion (D). Furthermore, we found

that the additional items not listed by Appellee were either non-marital or if marital, the

values given by Appellant for those items were unrealistic. We determined that

Appellant failed to provide persuasive and credible evidence related to her claim for the

distribution of personal property. We find no error in awarding the items pursuant to

Appellee's Post Trial Memorandum, Conclusion (0) that were found to be more credible

and disregarding Appellant's submissions. We direct the Superior Court to our Order

and Opinion of December 14, 2017 for an explanation. as to the personal property

distributions made. (Order & Opinion, 12/14/17, pp. 4-6, 8).

              6. The Court Erred In Accepting Appellant's
                 Failure To Take Possession Of Personal
                 Property As A Waiver Of That Property

      Appellant submits that it was error for the court to find waiver of her personal

property due to her refusal to take possession. The master found, and we agreed; that

the parties' estimated values for the marital property were significantly inflated making

exact money distributions in place of returning the property impossible. Under the facts

presented in this matter, Appellant's refusal to take the property, and unreliable

evidence, submitted by both parties, as to the value of that property, we determined that

it was appropriate to find such property waived. by Appellant both due to her

relinquishing possession and there being no credible values presented. (See Order and
                                                                                 Page 16 of 17

                                                           ..   �-·'··----------·------------
Opinion, 12/14/17, Master's Report & Recommendation, 04/26/17).

              7. The Court Erred In Not Awarding Appellant
                  Attorney's Fees.

       Appellant submitted that she is entitled to attorney's fees pursuant to the

provisions of the Pre-Nuptial Agreement. (N.T., 12/12/16, p. 10, I. 17). Two paragraphs

in the Pre-Nuptial Agreement address attorney's fees. Paragraph VII.C. addresses the

fees and costs when court intervention is requested to modify or invalidate the Pre-

Nuptial Agreement (Exh. D-1, p. 8), and paragraph XLC.(4) addresses the fees and

costs when court intervention is requested to asses a breach of the PNA. (Exh. D-1, p.

10). We do not find that enforcement of the Pre-Nuptial Agreement in this divorce action

triggers either paragraph. Even if we were to interpret Appellant's claim for equitable

distribution as a "modification" of the terms of the Pre-Nuptial Agreement, Appellant did

not prevail in her claim to invalidate the agreement. As a result, she is not entitled to

attorney's fees. Additionally, Appellant's claim that the distribution made by this court is

erroneous is not a finding that Appellee breached the agreement. Appellant is not

entitled to attorney's fees. Therefore, we find no error.

                                      CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, the Court respectfully requests that it's December 14
                                 ...         -·.         ·- .     ..   - .

2017 Order and Opinion be AFFIRMED.

                                           BY THE COURT:

                                         CiJtii�A QJ-
                                           Ann Marie Wheatcraft,
                                                 v
                                                                                 J.

                                                                                  Page 17 of 17