Court Opinion

ID: 8203105
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 23:44:33.939801+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:00.934699
License: Public Domain

ANN WALSH BRADLEY, J.
¶ 1. In this action to collect unpaid personal property taxes, Wood-Land Contractors, Inc., (Wood-Land) seeks review of a court of appeals' decision that affirmed the circuit court's grant of summary judgment in favor of the Village of *161Lannon (Lannon).1 It contends that its equipment is tax exempt under Wis. Stat. § 70.111(20) (1999-2000).2
¶ 2. Specifically, Wood-Land argues that the court of appeals erred in applying the "primary purpose" of the business test rather than the use of the equipment test. We agree, and conclude that neither the language of the statute nor our prior cases supports the adoption of the "primary purpose" of the business test here. Rather, the use of the equipment test should be applied in determining whether this equipment is exempt from taxation. Accordingly, we reverse the court of appeals and remand to the circuit court.
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¶ 3. Wood-Land is a closely held family corporation'headquartered in Lannon, Wisconsin. It contracts to cut and clear trees on the property of its customers. As part of its operations, Wood-Land removes all of the timber from the site and produces forest products, such as saw logs, wood chips, and firewood. Wood-Land advertises both its land clearing services and sale of firewood and wood chips to the general public.
¶ 4. Wood-Land owns approximately 1.3 million dollars in equipment. The most expensive item is a Timbeo T-425 Feller Buncher machine. The Timbco's cost to Wood-Land was approximately $210,000, plus $127,000 for its specialized tractor and transport trailer. Wood-Land uses the Timbeo to cut trees with girths up to 33 inches, which are generally of a height 80 feet or greater.
*162¶ 5. For smaller trees, Wood-Land uses more conventional timbering machinery, including skidsters with grappling attachments, brush hogs, and chain saws. In addition to this type of equipment, Wood-Land also claimed an exemption for several of its office items including a typewriter, copier, telephones, calculators, and carpeting.
¶ 6. After Wood-Land cuts a tree, it either chips it on-site or loads it onto log racks. Wood-Land cuts desirable trees to lengths as saw logs and sells them to mills. It processes less desirable trees for wood chips and firewood that it sells to the public. Wood-Land maintains an eight-acre property where it prepares and sells firewood and wood chips.
¶ 7. In 2000, Wood-Land had a total revenue of $749,678.90. Of this total, $72,655.85 came from the sale of saw logs, wood chips, and firewood. Thus, Wood-Land's sale of "forest products" represented nearly ten percent of its revenue that year.
¶ 8. Lannon commenced an action in May 2001.to collect unpaid personal property taxes on Wood-Land's equipment. Wood-Land brought a counterclaim seeking a declaratory judgment action with respect to its exemption rights under Wis. Stat. § 70.111(20). Both sides moved for summary judgment, and the circuit court concluded that the material facts were not in dispute.
¶ 9. In its decision, the circuit court recognized that the commercial use of forest products was a "substantial purpose" of Wood-Land's operations. It further acknowledged that it was "beyond dispute that much of Wood-Land's equipment was used to 'cut trees,' to 'transport trees in logging areas,' or to 'clear land of trees.'" The court refused to grant the exemption, however, because Wood-Land's "primary purpose" was not to harvest forest products, but rather to clear land *163for its customers. Accordingly, it granted judgment to Lannon based on the "primary purpose" of Wood-Land's business and never addressed the use of the office equipment or any other specific piece of equipment.
¶ 10. The court of appeals affirmed the circuit court's decision. It acknowledged that "there are no prior cases in Wisconsin adopting the 'primary purpose' test." Village of Lannon v. Wood-Land Contractors, Inc., 2003 WI App 7, ¶ 17, 259 Wis. 2d 879, 659 N.W.2d 95. Nevertheless, it concluded that it should adopt the test here. Id., ¶ 16. The court reasoned: .
We are convinced that the legislature crafted a narrow exemption for the logging industry whose existence is based upon cutting forest products in logging areas or cutting and clearing land in forests so that it can use the fruits of its labor for some commercially viable use. The legislature did not intend to grant this exemption to businesses outside the logging industry.

Id.

¶ 11. Applying the "primary purpose" of the business test, the court of appeals determined that WoodLand did not qualify for the exemption. Id., ¶ 17. It explained, "Any incidental value [Wood-Land] gets from commercially selling the felled trees it carries from developers' property is collateral to its main occupation. Wood-Land is not engaged in the systematic occupation of logging." Id., ¶ 13.
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¶ 12. Our essential inquiry in this case is one of statutory interpretation. The interpretation of a statute presents a question of law subject to independent appellate review. Meyer v. School Dist. of Colby, 226 Wis. 2d 704, 708, 595 N.W.2d 339 (1999).
*164¶ 13. When interpreting a statute, our purpose is to discern legislative intent. State ex rel. Angela M.W. v. Kruzicki, 209 Wis. 2d 112, 121, 561 N.W.2d 729 (1997). To this end, we look first to the language of the statute as the best indication of legislative intent. Id. Additionally, we may examine the statute's context and history. Id.
¶ 14. Because exemption from the payment of taxes is an act of legislative grace, the party seeking the exemption bears the burden of proving entitlement. Deutsches Land, Inc. v. City of Glendale, 225 Wis. 2d 70, 80, 591 N.W.2d 583 (1999). Exemptions "shall be strictly construed ... with a presumption that the property in question is taxable . . . ." Wis. Stat. § 70.109. In interpreting tax exemption statutes, we apply a "strict but reasonable construction." Deutsches Land, 225 Wis. 2d at 80.
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¶ 15. The issue in this case is whether the court of appeals erred in applying the "primary purpose" of the business test to Wis. Stat. § 70.111(20). We conclude that it did, as neither the language of the statute nor our prior cases supports the adoption of that test.
¶ 16. Lannon maintains that Wood-Land is not entitled to the tax exemption under the subsection's plain language. It contends that the legislature incorporated a "use" component that specifically qualifies the exempt equipment "for the commercial use of forest products." According to Lannon, Wood-Land does not clear the land to sell and process the trees that it cuts; *165rather, it clears the land for the development of property. As a result, Wood-Land's ancillary sales cannot transform its equipment into tax-exempt property.
¶ 17. The problem with Lannon's reading, as adopted by the court of appeals, is that it shifts the focus of the statute from the use of the equipment to the nature of the business seeking the exemption. We believe that such a reading runs contrary to legislative intent.
¶ 18. We begin our analysis with an examination of the statute. Wis. Stat. § 70.111 describes personal property that is exempted from general property taxation. It consists of 25 total subsections reflecting various public policy considerations made by the legislature. The statute provides in relevant part:
The property described in this section is exempted from general property taxes:
(20) LOGGING EQUIPMENT. All equipment used to cut trees, to transport trees in logging areas or to clear land of trees for the commercial use of forest products.
¶ 19. Both parties agree that the phrase, "commercial use of forest products," modifies each of the three types of logging equipment specified in the statute. We too subscribe to this construction. To read the phrase as modifying only equipment used to clear land would render an exemption for nearly every saw in this state. Accordingly, we conclude that the legislature intended no such construction.
¶ 20. Where the parties disagree is whether the "primary purpose" of Wood-Land's business is a proper test for determining the tax exempt status of its equip*166ment. We believe it is not under Wis. Stat. § 70.111(20). On its face, the statutory exemption contains no language that the equipment be used by a certain business model or industry. Moreover, the exemption contains no language that the user's "primary purpose" is to harvest forest products.
¶ 21. We read the focus of the exemption to be solely on the use of the equipment. Thus, the relevant inquiry is whether the equipment is used: (1) to cut trees for the commercial use of forest products, (2) to transport trees in logging areas for the commercial use of forest products, or (3) to clear land of trees for the commercial use of forest products.
¶ 22. If the legislature had intended to narrow the exemption in the way that Lannon suggests, it could have easily done so. In looking at this exemption in the context of the whole statute, we note that several of the 24 other subsections in the statute contain examples of qualifying language. Such limiting language is not found in the exemption at hand.
¶ 23. For example, in the subsection entitled "TOOLS AND GARDEN MACHINES," the legislature chose to narrow the exemption to equipment "used in" or "used by" a particular business model or industry. Wis. Stat. § 70.111(9). Under it, "tools" are exempt if they are "kept and used in the mechanic's trade." Id. (Emphasis added.) Moreover, "garden machines," are exempt if they are "owned and used by any person in the business of farming or in the operation of any orchard or garden." Id. (Emphasis added.) The "used by" qualifier is also employed in Wis. Stat. §§ 70.111(14), 70.111(24), and 70.111(25).3
*167¶ 24. The legislature adopted a variation of this language in the subsection entitled, "FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT." Wis. Stat. § 70.111(10). Below its definition of "Machine," the exemption specifies, "Tractors and machines; including accessories, attachments, fuel and repair parts for them; whether owned or leased, that are used exclusively and directly in farming . . . ." Id. (Emphasis added.)
¶ 25. Finally, the legislature provided yet another example of limiting language in the subsection entitled "CAMPING TRAILERS AND RECREATIONAL MOBILE HOMES." Wis. Stat. § 70.111(19)(b). It states, "Mobile homes, as defined in s. 66.0435, that are no larger than 400 square feet and that are used primarily as temporary living quarters for recreational, camping, travel or seasonal purposes." Id. (Emphasis added.)
¶ 26. Clearly the legislature has demonstrated an ability to use qualifying language which limits an exemption, as evidenced by these different subsections. Therefore, what Wis. Stat. § 70.111(20) does not say is also significant when interpreting its meaning.
¶ 27. We consider next the subsection's legislative history. Admittedly, the history of § 70.111(20) is silent on the policies underlying the exemption. Nevertheless, we find support for our interpretation.
¶ 28. We note that an earlier draft of the exemption, 1983 A.B. 38 states: "All equipment used to cut trees for lumber, to transport trees in logging areas or *168to clear land of trees in lumbering." (Emphasis added.) The phrase "in lumbering" was removed in the later draft and replaced with the phrase "for the commercial use of forest products." We do not view the subsequent change as still referring exclusively to the lumbering or logging industry. Rather, we view the new language as removing the industry component from the subsection altogether.
¶ 29. In sum, we find nothing in the exemption's language, context, or history to support Lannon's construction. To the contrary, such an examination reveals that the use of the equipment test is applied under Wis. Stat. § 70.111(20) when determining whether the equipment is exempt from taxation.
¶ 30. A review of the relevant cases also supports our interpretation. The court of appeals acknowledged that, "there are no prior cases in Wisconsin adopting the 'primary purpose' test." Wood-Land, 259 Wis. 2d 879, ¶ 17. It found support, however, in the logic of Village of Menomonee Falls v. Falls Rental World, 135 Wis. 2d 393, 400 N.W.2d 478 (Ct. App. 1986). Id., ¶¶ 15-16. The court also cited as foundation for its conclusion the "function or use" cases of Ladish Malting Co. v. DOR, 98 Wis. 2d 496, 297 N.W.2d 56 (Ct. App. 1980), and DOR v. Greiling, 112 Wis. 2d 602, 334 N.W.2d 118 (1983). Id., ¶ 17.
¶ 31. What the court of appeals failed to address, however, was its decision in Owens-Illinois, Inc. v. Town of Bradley, 132 Wis. 2d 310, 392 N.W.2d 104 (Ct. App. 1986). That case was decided after both Ladish and Greiling and rejected the application of the "primary purpose" test.
¶ 32. In Owens-Illinois, the Wisconsin Department of Revenue advanced an argument very similar to Lannon's. It claimed that Owens-Illinois' boiler and *169power house were not entitled to tax-exempt status because their "primary purpose" was to produce steam and heat for use in industrial production rather than to eliminate pollution. Id. at 315. The exemption in dispute was Wis. Stat. § 70.11(21)(a), "TREATMENT PLANT AND POLLUTION ABATEMENT EQUIPMENT." Id. It required two things: "(1) that all exempt property be purchased or constructed as a waste treatment facility; and (2) that exempt property be approved by the department of revenue for the purpose of abating or eliminating pollution." Id.
¶ 33. The court of appeals concluded that nowhere in the language of the exemption was there a requirement that "the primary purpose of a waste facility be pollution abatement in order to qualify for exemption." Id. Accordingly, it rejected the application of the "primary purpose" test. Id.
¶ 34. We find Owens-Illinois instructive in the present case. As with Wis. Stat. § 70.111(20), the exemption in Owens-Illinois focused on the use of equipment and not the "primary purpose" of its user. As a result, the court of appeals determined that Owens-Illinois' motivation or purpose for using the equipment was irrelevant in evaluating the exemption claim. See id. at 315-316. We believe that Wood-Land's motivation or purpose for using its logging equipment is similarly irrelevant here. All the subsection requires is that the equipment be "used to cut trees, to transport trees in logging areas or to clear land of trees for the commercial use of forest products." Wis. Stat. § 70.111(20).
¶ 35. In adopting the "primary purpose" of the business test, the court of appeals relied on the logic of Falls Rental World. Wood-Land, 259 Wis. 2d 879, ¶¶ 15-16. The sole issue on appeal in that case was whether goods held out for rent could he classified as *170"merchants' stock-in-trade," thereby qualifying it as tax exempt under § 70.111(17). Falls Rental World, 135 Wis. 2d at 395. Falls Rental World based its claim on the fact that it occasionally removed property from its rental group and sold it. Id. The court concluded that the property at issue was not "stock-in-trade" under the plain meaning of the statute. Id.
¶ 36. The court of appeals' reliance on Falls Rental World is misplaced. Nothing about that decision supports the adoption of the "primary purpose" of the business test in the present case. Indeed, the focus of Falls Rental World was the property held out for rent. Id. To the extent that the court examined the nature of the business, it did so only to give meaning to the entity described in the statute, that is, "merchant." Id. at 398. Here, the subsection at issue contains no corresponding business entity. It is a different exemption with a focus on the use of equipment.
¶ 37. Likewise, we believe neither Ladish nor Greiling supports the adoption of the "primary purpose" test here. In Ladish, a malting company contended that its attemporators, kilns, and malt elevators were exempt under the so-called "M&E" exemption. 98 Wis. 2d at 498. The "M&E" exemption applied to "[m]anufactur-ing machinery and specific processing equipment, exclusively and directly used by a manufacturer in manufacturing tangible personal property." Id. It excluded, however, "materials, supplies, buildings or building components." Id. The department of revenue argued that Ladish was not entitled to the exemption because its structures were not "machines" but rather "buildings." Id. at 499. The court of appeals disagreed, applying the "function or use" test over the more narrow "physical appearance" test. Id. at 510.
*171¶ 38. In Greiling, this court faced a similar issue involving a greenhouse. A taxpayer claimed that his greenhouse was a "machine" used in floriculture, thereby qualifying its components for an exemption. 112 Wis. 2d at 605. The court agreed, noting that, "a greenhouse such as the one in this case does not function simply as a shelter or storage area for plants. Instead, it actively produces the artificial environment necessary to produce plants for commercial use and as such could be considered a machine." Id. at 606. The court cited Ladish and stated, "We believe that the ['function or use'] test should be determinative when resolving use tax exemption issues." Id. at 607.
¶ 39. We fail to see how either Ladish or Greiling provides foundation for the court of appeals' decision in the present case. The issue in both cases was whether a disputed structure or structures could be considered "machines" for the purposes of tax exemption. Accordingly, the court's focus was on the "function or use" of the property, not the "primary purpose" of the business or taxpayer claiming the exemption.
¶ 40. In sum, we do not find support in our prior case law for the application of the "primary purpose" of the business test here. To the contrary, the case of Owens-Illinois, in interpreting a similar exemption, rejected such an approach.
¶ 41. In addition to the above discussion of the statutory language and our prior case law, we note the difficulty in the practical application of the "primary purpose" test. Because the test is subjective in nature, it places an enormous burden on assessors or courts applying the exemption. First, they must ascertain whose "purpose" they are to consider. In a case involving two companies — one logging and one processing — this could be a troublesome task. Second, they must deter*172mine the individual business' "primary purpose" for each taxable year. We can imagine scenarios in which fluctuating markets could alter Wood-Land's percentage of forest products sales and transform otherwise non-exempt equipment into exempt equipment. We conclude the legislature did not intend such a result.
¶ 42. Having established that § 70.111(20) requires a use of the equipment test, we consider next the application of that test in this case. In its decision, the circuit court recognized that "much" of Wood-Land's equipment met the requirements of the statute. Nevertheless, it applied the "primary purpose" test and rejected the claimed tax exemption because it determined that Wood-Land's "primary purpose" was clearing land for its customers. Accordingly, the circuit court granted summary judgment without addressing which pieces of equipment met the statutory use requirements.
¶ 43. On remand, the circuit court should consider what equipment of Wood-Land's is used: (1) to cut trees for the commercial use of forest products, (2) to transport trees in logging areas for the commercial use of forest products, or (3) to clear land of trees for the commercial use of forest products. Wood-Land will bear the burden of proving entitlement to the exemption. Deutsches Land, 225 Wis. 2d at 80.
¶ 44. At oral argument, both parties advanced a "strict but reasonable" standard for applying tax exempt statutes. They relied upon Deutsches Land in support of this standard.
¶ 45. In Deutsches Land, we considered whether property owned by benevolent associations devoted to the preservation of German culture was entitled to exemption from property taxes under § 70.11 *173(1995-96). Id. at 76. In construing the statute, we rejected the notion that the term "exclusively" brooked no exceptions. Id. We explained that such an inflexible and strict interpretation would frustrate the intent of the statute. Id. at 83. In essence, we recognized that "inconsequential or incidental uses of the property for gain" by a benevolent organization did not destroy an exemption calling for "exclusive" use. See id. at 83.
¶ 46. Although Deutsches Land involved the exemption of real property, we nevertheless find it useful in the present case. The personal property exemption at issue is subject to the same "strict but reasonable" construction. See id. at 80. Without such a construction, we believe that the exemption would invite subterfuge or sham in claims involving de minimis use. Accordingly, we recognize the corollary to the above principle here: de minimis uses of the property are not sufficient to invoke this exemption.
¶ 47. We are mindful that our holding today may appear to run contrary to the legislative directive that exemptions "shall be strictly construed . . . with a presumption that the property in question is taxable . . . ." Wis. Stat. § 70.109. However, we are impelled to our conclusion by the language of the statute. We believe that if the legislature intended to limit Wis. Stat. § 70.111(20) to the logging industry, it would have explicitly said so, as it has done in several of the other subsections. Indeed, if the legislature still wishes to narrow the exemption, it can amend it at any time by adding a few words to identify a specific business model or, if it so chooses, a "primary purpose."
¶ 48. In sum, we determine that the court of appeals erred in adopting the "primary purpose" of the business test. We agree with Wood-Land that *174§ 70.111(20) is defined by the use of the equipment. Accordingly, we reverse the court of appeals and remand to the circuit court to determine what equipment is entitled to a tax exemption under the statutory provision.
By the Court. — The decision of the court of appeals is reversed and the cause is remanded.

 Village of Lannon v. Wood-Land Contractors, Inc., 2003 WI App 7, 259 Wis. 2d 879, 659 N.W.2d 95 (affirming a decision of the circuit court for Waukesha County, J. Mac Davis, Judge).

 All references are to the 1999-2000 version of the Wisconsin Statutes unless otherwise noted.

 Wisconsin Stat. §70.111(14) entitled "MILKHOUSE EQUIPMENT" provides, "Milkhouse equipment used by a *167farmer ...." Wisconsin Stat. § 70.111(24) entitled "MOTION PICTURE THEATER EQUIPMENT" provides, "Projection equipment, sound systems and projection screens that are owned and used by a motion picture theater." Wisconsin Stat. §70.111(25) entitled "DIGITAL BROADCASTING EQUIPMENT" provides, "Digital broadcasting equipment owned and used by a radio station or a television station ...."