Court Opinion

ID: 9913648
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-28 16:13:21.599538+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:08:33.130843
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Judges Huff, Athey and Fulton
UNPUBLISHED

              Argued at Lexington, Virginia

              DEBORAH R. MAGID
                                                                           MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 1814-22-3                                 JUDGE CLIFFORD L. ATHEY, JR.
                                                                              DECEMBER 28, 2023
              JOHN J. O’KEEFE, JR.,
               ATTORNEY AT LAW

                               FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF LYNCHBURG
                                             J. Frederick Watson, Judge

                              M. Paul Valois (James River Legal Associates, on briefs), for
                              appellant.

                              Pavlina B. Dirom (Caskie & Frost, A Professional Corporation, on
                              brief), for appellee.

                     John O’Keefe (“O’Keefe”) represented Deborah Magid (“Magid”) in a divorce action.

              Magid failed to pay O’Keefe for his work performed in the divorce case, so he then brought a

              separate action to recover those fees. He was then awarded fees and costs in the Circuit Court

              for the City of Lynchburg (“circuit court”). Magid assigns error to the circuit court’s judgment,

              alleging that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the claim. For the following reasons, we

              affirm the holding of the circuit court.

                                                         I. BACKGROUND

                     Prior to his attempt to recover fees from Magid, O’Keefe represented Magid in a divorce

              proceeding. On September 27, 2021, O’Keefe filed a warrant in debt action against Magid in the

              Lynchburg General District Court (“general district court”) seeking to recover $19,413.11 in

                     *
                         This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).
damages for the unpaid attorney fees. The record neither indicates that Magid was properly served

in the warrant in debt action, nor that Magid filed any responsive pleading in the general district

court. On January 31, 2022, O’Keefe filed a second claim attempting to recover the same unpaid

fees from Magid in the circuit court without withdrawing the pending claim in the general district

court. O’Keefe later explained to the circuit court (and reiterates to this Court on appeal) that he

filed the second action because the general district court set the matter for trial on May 20, 2022,

“almost eight months from the date the Warrant in Debt was originally filed.”

        The circuit court subsequently held a hearing on March 4, 2022. Proceeding pro se, Magid

had filed an answer and affirmative defenses in the circuit court on February 18, 2022; however, she

failed to attend the March 4, 2022 hearing. At the hearing, the circuit court received evidence from

O’Keefe, ruled in his favor, and, on March 7, 2022, entered an order (“March 7 order”) awarding

him the unpaid attorney fees, plus costs. On March 29, 2022, O’Keefe withdrew the warrant in debt

from general district court.

        On June 15, 2022, upon retaining counsel, Magid filed in the circuit court a motion to set

aside the March 7 order as void for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.1 Magid asserted that because

the same action was pending in general district court when O’Keefe filed his complaint in circuit

court, and remained pending when the circuit court entered its final order, the circuit court did not

        1
           O’Keefe argues that Magid’s appeal concerning the October 24, 2022 order denying
Magid’s request to have the March 7 order set aside was a collateral attack of the March 7 order
made after the time to file a motion expired. Although Magid filed her motion more than 21
days after the circuit court’s final order, and the circuit court had therefore lost jurisdiction over
the matter under Rule 1:1, the Supreme Court of Virginia has held that “[j]udgments that are
void . . . may be attacked in any court at any time, directly or collaterally, and thus are not
encompassed by Rule 1:1.” Rook v. Rook, 233 Va. 92, 95 (1987). “Under settled legal
principles, a judgment is void ab initio . . . if it ‘has been . . . entered by a court that did not have
jurisdiction over the subject matter or the parties.’” Parrish v. Jessee, 250 Va. 514, 521 (1995)
(emphasis removed) (quoting Rook, 233 Va. at 95). “A void judgment is in legal effect no
judgment. . . . It may be attacked in any proceeding by any person whose rights are affected.”
Pure Presbyterian Church of Washington v. Grace of God Presbyterian Church, 296 Va. 42, 50
(2018) (quoting Harris v. Deal, 189 Va. 675, 687 (1949)).
                                                    -2-
have subject matter jurisdiction under Code § 17.1-513. The circuit court conducted a hearing on

the motion on October 12, 2022, heard oral argument, and ultimately denied Magid’s motion to set

aside the judgment.

        At the hearing, the circuit court concluded that it “had concurrent jurisdiction with the

General District Court over the matters raised by Mr. O’Keeffe and that [the circuit court did not]

know of any law that would say filing in the General District Court would disabuse this Court of

concurrent jurisdiction.” In accord with these findings, the circuit court entered a final order on

October 24, 2022 (“October 24 order”), denying Magid’s motion to set aside the judgment. Magid

appealed.

                                             II. ANALYSIS

                                        A. Standard of Review

        A “jurisdictional challenge raises a question of law that ‘we review de novo.’” Riddick v.

Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 132, 139 (2020) (quoting Richardson v. Commonwealth, 67

Va. App. 436, 442 (2017)). “The subject matter jurisdiction of circuit courts is ‘entirely

prescribed by statute.’” Id. at 143 (quoting Kelley v. Stamos, 285 Va. 68, 75 (2013)). The

jurisdictional challenge therefore also raises an issue of statutory interpretation, which we review

de novo. See Holland v. Commonwealth, 62 Va. App. 445, 451 (2013).

            B. The record fails to establish that the general district court had personal jurisdiction
               over Magid; therefore, the general district court never had jurisdiction over the
               warrant in debt action.

        Magid contends on appeal that the circuit court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to render a

judgment in a cause of action that had previously been filed in the general district court. Magid

claims that by filing in general district court O’Keefe “conferred exclusive original subject matter

jurisdiction upon that tribunal” and thus that the case was “assigned to some other tribunal” under

                                                 -3-
Code § 17.1-513.2 For the following reasons, we decline to consider Magid’s novel argument

concerning Code § 17.1-513 and instead conclude that the general district court did not have

personal jurisdiction over Magid.

        “[S]ubject matter jurisdiction . . . is the authority granted through constitution or statute to

adjudicate a class of cases or controversies.” Bryant v. Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 697, 708-09

(2019) (quoting Martinez v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 387, 388 (2018)). “To state the obvious,

circuit courts have subject matter jurisdiction over contract disputes.” Pure Presbyterian Church of

Washington v. Grace of God Presbyterian Church, 296 Va. 42, 56 (2018). “While a court always

has jurisdiction to determine whether it has subject matter jurisdiction, a judgment on the merits

made without subject matter jurisdiction is null and void.” Id. (quoting Porter v. Commonwealth,

276 Va. 203, 228 (2008)). “Unless ousted of jurisdiction by law, circuit courts have jurisdiction

over common law contract claims.” Appalachian Power Co. v. John Stewart Walker, Inc., 214 Va.

524, 530 (1974). Further, while “subject matter jurisdiction is necessary for a court to adjudicate a

cause, it is not sufficient” without other “jurisdictional elements” such as personal jurisdiction.

Riddick, 72 Va. App. at 142. “[A] court has no power to adjudicate a personal claim or obligation

unless it has jurisdiction over the person of the defendant.” McCulley v. Brooks & Co. Gen.

Contractors, Inc., 295 Va. 583, 589 (2018).

        2
            Code § 17.1-513 states that circuit courts:

                  shall have original and general jurisdiction of all civil cases, except
                  cases upon claims to recover personal property or money not of
                  greater value than $100, exclusive of interest, and except such cases
                  as are assigned to some other tribunal; also in all cases for the
                  recovery of fees in excess of $100; penalties or cases involving the
                  right to levy and collect toll or taxes or the validity of an ordinance or
                  bylaw of any corporation; and also, of all cases, civil or criminal, in
                  which an appeal may be had to the Court of Appeals.

(Emphasis added).
                                                    -4-
        Based on our review of the record, there is no evidence that the general district court ever

acquired personal jurisdiction over Magid. The record shows a signed filing stating that enclosed is

an “original and copy of Warrant in Debt,” an affidavit, and a payment for the filing fee, attesting

that Magid was copied on the correspondence. However, the enclosed warrant in debt is unsigned

by the clerk. Likewise, there is no exhibit or transcript in the record showing that Magid provided

any responsive filing or made any appearance in the general district court case. “The burden is

upon the appellant to provide us with a record which substantiates the claim of error.” Jenkins v.

Winchester Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 12 Va. App. 1178, 1185 (1991). Even though O’Keefe’s pleadings

state that Magid was served the general district court warrant in debt, there is nothing in the record

substantiating this claim. Further, while Magid’s brief demonstrates that she had knowledge of the

general district court filing, there is no evidence showing she actually received service of process of

the warrant. Lifestar Response of Maryland, Inc. v. Vegosen, 267 Va. 720, 724 (2004) (“Without

service of the ‘process,’ the court acquires no jurisdiction.”).

        As such, since there is no evidence that Magid was actually served the warrant in debt, we

decline to reach Magid’s argument disputing the circuit court’s jurisdiction. We instead hold that

the general district court never acquired jurisdiction over Magid in the warrant in debt action.

                                            III. CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the holding of the circuit court.

                                                                                              Affirmed.

                                                  -5-