Court Opinion

ID: 9751491
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-28 16:31:13.461815+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:26:48.876772
License: Public Domain

GORMAN, J.
[¶ 1] Timothy Daniels appeals from the Superior Court’s (Washington County, Cuddy, J.) entry of summary judgment in favor of the defendants, Narraguagus Bay Health Care Facility and North Country Associates, Inc.1 Daniels contends that the court erred in concluding that Narragua-gus and North Country were entitled to judgment as a matter of law on his disability discrimination and retaliation claims made pursuant to the Maine Human Rights Act (MHRA), 5 M.R.S. §§ 4572(1)(A), 4683(1) (2011). We agree and vacate the judgment.2
I. BACKGROUND
[¶ 2] The following facts are presented in the light most favorable to Daniels as the nonprevailing party and are supported in the summary judgment record.3 See Cookson v. Brewer Sch. Dep’t, 2009 ME 57, ¶ 2, 974 A.2d 276.
[¶ 8] Narraguagus Bay Health Care Facility operates a nursing home in Mil-bridge. North Country Associates, Inc. provides administrative support services, consultation, and advice to Narraguagus for which Narraguagus pays a monthly fee. Although the two do not share common ownership or control, North Country has, at least once, assigned one of its employees to serve as the administrator at Narraguagus.4
[¶ 4] Timothy Daniels began working for Narraguagus in 2007 as a maintenance assistant. Daniels’s job responsibilities included tasks required to achieve regulatory compliance such as floor waxing, buffing, and stripping; carpentry, plastering, and painting; testing generators, completing fire drills, and checking and recording tap water temperatures; and removing trash, unloading incoming supplies, and keeping safety logs.
[¶ 5] Daniels suffered a work-related injury to his right shoulder in October 2007 and thereafter was given work restrictions by his physician that prevented him from performing all of the work duties he had previously handled. In January 2008, Daniels underwent surgery and then began a leave of absence. In March 2008, Daniels delivered a letter to Betty Pomer-oy, a Narraguagus employee then acting as administrator, noting that he was applying for more leave at her insistence. In that letter, Daniels also reported that he had been cleared for light duty work, accused her of refusing to accommodate his *725disability, and asked for light duty work.5 No work was afforded to Daniels as a result of that letter.
[¶ 6] Based upon his allegation that Narraguagus had refused to accommodate his work restrictions, Daniels filed a complaint with the Maine Human Rights Commission (the Commission) against Narra-guagus in August 2008, which North Country became aware of in September 2008.6 In October 2008, Daniels’s treating physician released him to return to work without restrictions. In December 2008, Narraguagus rehired Daniels as a maintenance assistant because it had filled his former position as maintenance director. In February 2009, it promoted him to maintenance director after that position became available.
[¶ 7] Daniels suffered another work-related injury to his right shoulder in July 2009, and, although he did not lose any time from work as a result of that injury, he was restricted to modified duty for the next three months. During that period, Daniels was disciplined for performance issues. Early in November 2009, when Daniels no longer had any work restrictions, Narraguagus’s new administrator, Kevin Hachey, gave Daniels a performance improvement plan for failing to complete some tasks at all and failing to complete other tasks on time. On November 30, 2009, in response to the complaint that he filed in August 2008, the Commission issued Daniels a right-to-sue letter pursuant to 5 M.R.S. § 4612(6) (2011). Both .Narra-guagus and North Country were aware of the letter.
[¶ 8] On December 11, 2009, the owner of Narraguagus, Dr. Steven Weisberger, wrote an email to Rosanne Tousignant, a North Country employee, which read:
I do think they need to ride hard on [Daniels] as I am not sure if he is doing a good job and he is a huge liability with a [bad] attitude and a lazy work [ethic] that is well known in the community. We have to be sure that we document everything with him everyday as he is going forward with that civil suit. I am sure that he hurt himself lobstering and not in the facility.[7]
Tousignant’s role at Narraguagus is disputed. In his summary judgment filings, Daniels asserted that she was frequently present at Narraguagus, which North Country denied. Both cited different portions of Daniels’s deposition. In any event, the parties agree that she was involved in some of the discipline at issue here. The extent of her involvement, which affects the liability of North Country, is an issue for the fact-finder.
[¶ 9] A review letter written by Hachey on December 28, 2009, again documented Daniels’s job performance issues related to preventive maintenance and having to be asked more than once to complete work, as well as needing to prioritize and improve *726communication and cooperation skills. On December 30, Daniels reported elbow pain to a physical therapist at Narraguagus. Narraguagus claims that he did not timely report that injury, and on January 14, 2010, Tousignant recommended to Hachey that Daniels be disciplined for failing to do so.
[¶ 10] About two weeks later, state regulators visited Narraguagus to conduct a licensing inspection. The inspection uncovered water temperature issues that not only resulted in the imposition of fines but also placed Narraguagus in jeopardy of losing its license. Narraguagus blamed Daniels for the negative inspection and terminated his employment on January 29, 2010. Daniels’s termination notice referred only to this last disciplinary incident as the reason for his discharge. Tousig-nant and Hachey were both present at the meeting when Daniels was fired. At the time Daniels was terminated, both Hachey and Tousignant knew that Daniels had requested the right-to-sue letter from the Commission, which Tousignant interpreted to mean a lawsuit was forthcoming.
[¶ 11] After his termination, Daniels filed a two-count complaint against Narra-guagus and North Country alleging disability discrimination and retaliation.8 Narraguagus and North Country moved for summary judgment, which the Superi- or Court granted in their favor. Daniels filed a timely appeal.
II. DISCUSSION
[¶ 12] Daniels alleged various MHRA claims against Narraguagus and North Country, including that they discriminated against him due to his disability and that they retaliated against him for filing a claim with the Commission. We consider his claims against each entity and conclude that neither Narraguagus nor North Country was entitled to summary judgment.
A. Claims Against Narraguagus
1. Discrimination
[¶ 18] Daniels argues that the Superior Court erred in concluding that his disability discrimination claim failed as a matter of law. We review the grant of a summary judgment de novo and view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonprevailing party to determine whether there are genuine issues of material fact and whether the prevailing party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See M.R. Civ. P. 56; HSBC Bank USA, N.A. v. Gabay, 2011 ME 101, ¶ 8, 28 A.3d 1158.
[¶ 14] We follow a three-step, burden-shifting analysis to evaluate employment discrimination claims at the summary judgment stage. See Cookson, 2009 ME 57, ¶ 14, 974 A.2d 276; Whitney v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 2006 ME 37, ¶ 9, 895 A.2d 309, superseded by statute on other grounds by P.L. 2007, ch. 385, § 3. Pursuant to this analysis, an employee must first establish a prima facie case that (1) he has a disability; (2) he is otherwise qualified, with or without reasonable accommodations, to perform the essential functions of his job; and (3) his employer adversely treated him based in whole or in part on his disability. See Whitney, 2006 ME 37, ¶ 9, 895 A.2d 309.
[¶ 15] If the employee establishes prima facie evidence of these three elements, the burden then shifts to the employer to produce evidence of a legitimate, nondiscriminatory basis for its action. Doyle v. Dep’t of Human Servs., *7272003 ME 61, ¶ 15, 824 A.2d 48. If the employer does so, the employee can survive a motion for summary judgment by presenting sufficient evidence from which a fact-finder could determine “that either (1) the circumstances underlying the employer’s articulated reason are untrue, or (2) even if true, those circumstances were not the actual cause of the employment decision.” Cookson, 2009 ME 57, ¶ 16, 974 A.2d 276. We are mindful that discrimination claims in general are often difficult to assess at the summary judgment stage, and particularly that “the issue of whether an employee has generated an issue of fact regarding an employer’s motivation or intent is one heavily dependent on the individual facts before the court.” Id. ¶ 21.
[¶ 16] The Superior Court correctly placed the burden on Daniels to demonstrate prima facie evidence of his disability, his ability to perform his job, and an adverse action by his employer. It erred, however, when it concluded: “There are no facts to establish the essential functions of plaintiffs job.” In fact, the parties’ summary judgment filings agree that Daniels’s job responsibilities included tasks required to achieve regulatory compliance and provided examples of those tasks. The descriptions of Daniels’s work duties are sufficient to satisfy the second element of his prima facie case. Whether some or all of these responsibilities were essential, and whether Daniels can actually perform them, as he claims, are questions for a fact-finder. See Pinlcham v. Rite Aid of Me., Inc., 2006 ME 9, ¶ 11, 889 A.2d 1009.
[¶ 17] The motion court further concluded that the summary judgment record did not establish the third element of Daniels’s prima facie ease — causation. This conclusion was in error. Although there is conflicting evidence on this issue, there is some evidence of animus based on Daniels’s disability that could permit a fact-finder to conclude that Daniels was fired for discriminatory reasons. This sort of factual dispute must be resolved through fact-finding, even if Daniels’s likelihood of success is small. See Curtis v. Porter, 2001 ME 158, ¶ 7, 784 A.2d 18.
[¶ 18] The motion court did not address the second and third prongs of the burden-shifting analysis, presumably because it concluded that Daniels had not established his prima facie case. The undisputed facts do include a series of disciplinary actions against Daniels that could satisfy the employer’s prong of the analysis. Daniels alleges that the discipline was simply a pretext, however, pointing to the email from Dr. Weisberger, the fact that he was rehired twice during his total employment, and deposition testimony presenting disputed facts.
[¶ 19] The summary judgment filings indicate that Daniels has generated prima facie evidence that (1) he has a disability; (2) he is otherwise qualified to perform the essential functions of the maintenance position, with or without reasonable accommodations; and (3) Narraguagus discharged him. The summary judgment filings also indicate, however, that there is evidence that could lead fact-finders in two different directions when considering whether Narraguagus’s discharge of Daniels was or was not due to factors related to his claimed disability. In addition, there are issues of material fact concerning all aspects of Daniels’s claim including, as mentioned above, whether or when Daniels was able to perform the core functions of his job. Therefore, summary judgment is not available to Narraguagus on Daniels’s discrimination claim.
2. Retaliation
[¶ 20] Daniels also argues that the Superior Court failed to address his retali*728ation claim against Narraguagus. The Superior Court did address the claim, but in concluding that Narraguagus could not be liable to Daniels for retaliation, the court may have conflated the causation analysis of Daniels’s discrimination claim with causation in the retaliation context.
[¶ 21] To establish a prima facie retaliation claim, Daniels must demonstrate that he engaged in a statutorily protected activity, that Narraguagus made an employment decision that adversely affected him, and that there was a causal link between the two. See Doyle, 2003 ME 61, ¶ 20, 824 A.2d 48. Temporal proximity of an employer’s awareness of protected activity and the alleged retaliatory action may serve as the causal link for purposes of a prima facie case. See Watt v. UniFirst Corp., 2009 ME 47, ¶ 33, 969 A.2d 897; Doyle, 2003 ME 61, ¶20, 824 A.2d 48. Although Narraguagus argues that the protected activity and discharge are too far removed from each other to give rise to an inference of causation, only two months passed between the Commission’s issuance of a right-to-sue letter, which is the protected activity against which Daniels alleges Narraguagus retaliated, and his discharge.
[¶ 22] Even though the Superior Court concluded that Daniels had not demonstrated that disability discrimination was the cause of his discharge, retaliation is a separate claim that does not require there to have been underlying discrimination. In the discrimination context, causation links disability status to discharge, whereas in the retaliation context, causation links protected activity to discharge. Therefore, the Superior Court’s analysis as to causation in the discrimination context was not applicable to Daniels’s retaliation claim. Even if one party’s version of events appears more credible and persuasive to the court, the competing inferences that could be drawn from the temporal proximity of the Commission’s right-to-sue letter and Daniels’s termination, along with Dr. Weisberger’s email, create a triable issue precluding summary judgment. See Watt, 2009 ME 47, ¶35, 969 A.2d 897. As a result, we vacate the summary judgment entered in favor of Narraguagus on Daniels’s retaliation claim.
B. Claims Against North Country
1. Discrimination
[¶ 23] The motion court granted summary judgment for North Country on the discrimination claim because it concluded that North Country was not Daniels’s employer and thus could not be held liable for discrimination. We review this conclusion de novo to determine whether there are genuine issues of material fact precluding summary judgment. Gabay, 2011 ME 101, ¶ 8, 28 A.3d 1158.
[¶ 24] Daniels advances two theories of liability against North Country, first, that it can be liable because it is part of an integrated enterprise with Narraguagus, and second, that it acted in Narraguagus’s interest in discriminating against him. The second argument focuses on the statutory language of the MHRA, which defines “employer” as including “any person acting in the interest of any employer, directly or indirectly.” 5 M.R.S. § 4553(4) (2011).
[¶ 25] We have not yet decided whether to adopt the integrated enterprise theory,9 see Batchelder v. Realty Res. Hospi*729tality, LLC, 2007 ME 17, ¶ 11, 914 A.2d 1116, and Daniels’s reading of section 4553(4) is novel. We need not accept or reject either of Daniels’s theories at this early stage of the proceedings, however, because there are multiple issues of disputed fact regarding North Country’s involvement in the actions that he claims constituted discrimination and retaliation.
[¶ 26] Those issues of disputed fact must be resolved before any court can attempt to determine whether Narragua-gus and North Country could be found to be an integrated enterprise, if such a cause of action were found to exist, or whether North Country is liable for discrimination because it acted in the interest of Narra-guagus in discriminating against Daniels. For these reasons, we must remand the discrimination claim against North Country for the trial court to consider in the first instance.
2. Retaliation
[¶ 27] Finally, Daniels argues that the motion court erred in concluding that North Country could not be held liable for retaliation. The motion court concluded that any person, including a non-employer, may be liable for a retaliation claim. See 5 M.R.S. § 4633(1) (2011) (stating that “[a] person ” may not retaliate against an individual because the individual asserted rights that the MHRA protects (emphasis added)); 5 M.R.S. § 4553(7) (2011) (defining “person” to include corporations). Again, we decline to adopt the legal theories advanced in this case before adjudication of the underlying facts.10 Daniels argues that the motion court erred in concluding that he had presented no facts allowing a reasonable inference that North Country, assuming it participated in the decision to discharge him, did so because of his complaint to the Commission. For the same reasons that apply to Narraguagus, we agree, which requires us to vacate the Superior Court’s judgment in favor of North Country on both Daniels’s discrimination and retaliation claims.
The entry is:
Judgment vacated. Remanded to the Superior Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

. The Superior Court issued a separate judgment to resolve the claims against each defendant. For ease of reference, we refer to these two orders as a single judgment.

. As a result, we do not reach Narraguagus's argument regarding the statutory cap on damages.

. The parties' statements of material facts and responses span ninety pages. Maine Rule of Civil Procedure 56(h)(1) requires "separate, short, and concise” statements of material facts, causing us to question the applicability of summary judgment practice in such a fact-driven case.

.A medical care facility other than a hospital, like Narraguagus, may operate only under the supervision of a licensed administrator. See 32 M.R.S. § 61 (2011). Thus, it was important for Narraguagus to always have a designated administrator.

. Daniels was receiving workers’ compensation benefits, but the record does not indicate whether he requested that he be allowed to return to work pursuant to 39-A M.R.S. § 218 (2011).

. In Daniels's first Maine Human Rights Commission complaint, he named only Nar-raguagus. After his termination, Daniels filed a new complaint with the Commission complaining of discrimination and retaliation by both Narraguagus and North Country. At our request, Daniels provided a copy of this second complaint to us following oral argument. The copy we received is undated. We express no view on whether or not this procedural sequence satisfies the requirements of 5 M.R.S. § 4622(1) (2011).

.This quotation comes directly from the email, which is part of the summary judgment record. The parties' statements of material facts included an additional word that does not appear in the email.

. Daniels’s claim, at its essence, is that his employer mistreated him after he was injured at work. There was, however, no discussion of the workers’ compensation system within the parties' briefs and trial court filings.

. Contrary to Daniels’s argument, the existence of an integrated enterprise is not a jury question per se. The authority he cites merely concluded that a factual dispute precluded summary judgment in a specific case. See *729Phair v. New Page Corp., 70S F.Supp.2d 57, 69 (D.Me.2010).

. The parties’ summary judgment filings presented the facts as heavily contested. On a variety of points, both parties extensively objected to or denied the factual assertions of the other. Although parties are free to conduct themselves in any way supported by the record and rules of procedure, trial courts are more likely to be able to decide portions of cases on summary judgment when the parties dispute fewer of the facts. As our recent amendments to M.R. Civ. P. 56(d) make clear, "a fact admitted or not opposed by any party solely for purposes of summary judgment is not deemed admitted for any other purpose if the motion for summary judgment is denied.” M.R. Civ. P. 56 Advisory Committee’s Note to 2012 amend.