Court Opinion

ID: 8266411
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-16 16:02:05.647964+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:43:21.716399
License: Public Domain

NORTONI, J.
This is a suit on an account for medical and surgical service rendered to the benefit of a third person, it is said under a contract with defendant. Plaintiff recovered and defendant prosecutes the appeal.
Plaintiff is a practicing physician and surgeon in the city of St. Louis, and defendant Schaper Bros. Mercantile Company is a corporation engaged in the general mercantile business — that is to say, it owns and conducts a large department store in the same city. It appears that plaintiff physician occupied an office in the same building with defendant mercantile establishment, and it is conceded throughout the case that he was regarded as the “house physician” and subject to call for the treatment of such injuries or indisposition as might befall those employed-in Schaper Brothers’ store. The evidence tends to prove that, on December 17, 1910, Maude Woods, an employee of defendant in its kitchen, adjacent to the store restaurant, was severely scalded through the explosion of a steam drum about which she pursued her calling. Immediately thereafter and while the injured employee was but semiconscious, at least, defendant’s superintendent, Walter O. Weichelt, summoned plaintiff, Dr. Ghio, to treat and care for her. Dr. Ghio reported immediately on the scene of the accident and administered temporary relief, but to do so found it essential to have certain drugs, such as opium, to allay pain, *692medicated cotton, etc., and informed the superintendent to that effect. It is conceded that thereupon Mr. Weichelt instructed the doctor to procure such necessaries from a nearby drugstore, as he did, and, according to the evidence of plaintiff, said to him to spare no expense whatever and save the life of plaintiff, for Schaper Brothers did not want to lose her. However, of this, Mr. Weichelt insists, in giving such instruction, he contemplated only, and that plaintiff evidently so understood the fact to be, that temporary treatment, or first aid, alone was to be administered by plaintiff on his order, for it is said such only was within his authority as superintendent of the store and under the contract of defendant with the Casualty Company of America, which carried liability insurance covering defendant’s employees and relating to such matters. After plaintiff had administered temporary relief to Maude Woods, he reported to Mr. Weichelt that the patient should be conveyed to a hospital, as her injuries were very serious, and inquired if he should send her to the city hospital. Plaintiff says that Miv Weichelt answered this inquiry by saying, “No, take her to the Deaconess Hospital and spare no expense about her treatment, for she is an old employee and Schaper Brothers do not want to lose her.” Thereupon, Mr. Weichelt called up the Deaconess Hospital by telephone and arranged for the patient to be received there, and this is conceded throughout the case. Dr. Ghio accompanied the patient to the hospital and treated her there for several weeks until she was finally removed to her home, where he continued to treat, her until recovery was had. Plaintiff paid daily professional visits to the patient and evidently administered proper treatment, and this, too, with great care, for it appears splendid results were accomplished and a recovery was had though the injuries were well nigh fatal.
*693The Casualty Company of America, which carried liability insurance on defendant, paid plaintiff twenty-five dollars for attending the patient in and about the administration of first aid or temporary treatment while she was yet at the place of injury in the kitchen of the store, and this suit proceeds against defendant as though he was employed under a contract with it to treat her from thence thereafter in the hospital and while at her home until she had recovered. The first item on the account is a charge of ten dollars for treatment administered on December 17, 1910, at the hospital, and it appears plaintiff accompanied the patient from the store to the hospital, though she was taken there in another conveyance — that is, an ambulance called by Mr. Weichelt.
It is argued on the part of defendant that the court should have directed a verdict for it on a conclusion of law, to the effect that, though Mr. Weichelt was its superintendent, no power inhered in that office authorizing him to commit defendant corporation as by contract for medical and surgical services rendered to a third person injured in its employ; but we are not so persuaded on the facts of the case. It is entirely true that the mere office of superintendent does, in and of itself, imply authority essential to bind the corporation on such contracts for medical services rendered to a third person. The Supreme Court has heretofore determined that the office of division superintendent on a railroad did not, in and of itself, without more appearing, authorize such superintendent to commit the company for the payment of medicines at a drugstore for the relief and benefit of a person injured by its cars. [See Brown v. Missouri, K. & T. R. Co., 67 Mo. 122.] So, too, this court on a former occasion declared the same doctrine, to the effect that the mere position of superintendent of a manufacturing company, incorporated, did not imply, as a matter of law, that such superintendent possessed authority to *694employ a physician and surgeon to render beneficial services in aid of a third person, an employee, injured in. its factory. The court said something more than the title of the office should appear to warrant a recovery against the company as through a contract entered into by its superintendent in such circumstances. [Meisenbach v. Southern Cooperage Co., 45 Mo. App. 232.] But though such be true, it is abundantly well settled that one occupying the position of superintendent may commit the corporation he so represents, as by a contract, for medical and surgical services rendered for the benefit of a third person, injured in the employ of the company, if it appears he possesses and is accustomed to exercise broad and comprehensive authority with respect to the power to employ persons-for the company and on its account and otherwise exercises discretion with respect to the conduct of its affairs in a general way. In this view this court declared, in McCarthy v. Missouri R. Co., 15 Mo. App. 385, that it was competent for the jury to find from the facts in evidence the superintendent there possessed authority to bind the railroad company, through contracting with a physician, to treat a third person injured by it, as it appeared he had exercised such power in other cases for emergency treatment only and that he had charge of the employing and discharging of employees for the company generally. In the same view, the Kansas City Court of Appeals declared, in Reynolds v. Chicago B. & Q. R. Co., 114 Mo. App. 670, 90 S. W. 100, that a claim adjuster for the railroad company, who appeared to be possessed of general powers with respect to the settlement of personal injury claims, possessed authority to commit the company as by contract employing a physician to treat one injured by it. So, too, the same court, in Freeman v. Junge Baking Co., 126 Mo. App. 124, 103 S. W. 565, declared that the general manager of a corporation, who appeared to be in general charge of the business of the company and *695looked after its affairs and occasionally in cases of necessity or emergency employed a physician to treat an injured employee, possessed the power to obligate the company by contract to compensate the physician’s services so induced.
It is true the office of general manager appears in the mental vision as something broader and as comprehending more power than that of superintendent,, generally speaking. But the mere denomination of the particular office or title is not to control in every instance, for the question of the power annexed thereto is to be determined in the circumstances of the case, with a view of the facts pertaining to the power usually exercised by the corporate officer and with the apparent consent of the company. Sometimes a general man- , ager may be clothed with the usual powers and sometimes, too, a superintendent may be clothed with and exercise powers quite as extensive. The matter is to be determined, in a measure, by reference to the apparent power of the officer and that which, it appears he has been accustomed to exercise, for third persons, such as this plaintiff, dealing with the company, have a right to rely on the appearances it holds out. Here, the evidence on the part of plaintiff tends to prove that Mr. Weichelt exercised broad powers in respect of contracting obligations on the part of defendant. It is-conceded throughout the case that he employed and discharged those engaged about the store in the conduct of its business, such as salesmen, watchmen, porters and other employees, and that he had general charge of the service. About this there is no dispute, save Mr. Weichelt himself and the president of the company, Mr. E. L. Schaper, say that Weichelt’s authority was limited in employing persons by a schedule per-1 taining to persons whom he might employ, and no authority whatever was possessed by him to employ a physician or surgeon on defendant’s account, save for temporary relief to an injured employee, or first aid *696treatment, as it is called, under the arrangement of defendant with the liability company, and of this it is said plaintiff was fully advised.
But on the part of plaintiff the evidence is that Mr. Weichelt exercised broad and comprehensive authority with respect to the management of defendant’s .business, and that he was known as general superintendent, as he possessed a general superintending control. Plaintiff testified that while he occupied an office in the same building and was about defendant’s store, he frequently saw Mr. Weichelt employ and discharge •employees, and, it is said, he seemed to be running the store in general. Everything that happened that needed immediate attention was reported to him and h.e exercised discretion on the part of defendant with respect thereto. It appears to be conceded that Mr. Weichelt possessed authority to call a physician for the purpose of administering temporary or first aid treatment to injured persons about the store, and plaintiff testified that when he rented his office in defendant’s building, a few weeks before this injury, Mr. Weichelt negotiated and executed the lease on the part of Schaper Brothers with him and signed the name •of that company thereto.
Obviously this evidence is sufficient of itself to render the question of Weichelt’s authority to contract for the services of a physician, for the benefit of a third person, injured in defendant’s employ, one for the jury to determine. The court would gravely err to instruct a verdict for defendant in such a case. But •even beyond this, the record is replete with evidence on the part of plaintiff tending to show that defendant’s president, Mr. E. L. Schaper, knew that plaintiff was treating the patient from the first day and during all of the several weeks involved, and that he instructed him to continue the treatment. Plaintiff says he reported to Mr. Schaper three or four times each week •during the entire period, and that upon different occa*697sions Mr. Sehaper told him to take good care of .the patient. Plaintiff testifies, “Mr. Sehaper said for me-to take g’ood care of her, not to lose her, that she was working for the firm a long time, and he did not like to see her be a cripple, or lose her.” There can be no doubt that it is within the power of a corporation, such as defendant, to employ a physician and surgeon to treat a patient injured while in its employ, and it is-equally well settled that the president of such corporation possesses the implied authority as incident to that office to execute such power. [See Weinsberg v. St. Louis Cordage Co., 135 Mo. App. 553, 116 S. W. 461; Evans v. Marion Min. Co., 100 Mo. App. 670, 75 S. W. 178.] Therefore, though it were true that the evidence failed to reveal authority in Mr. Weichelt to make the contract involved here, there is an abundance in the-record tending to prove that' defendant through its-president, Mr. Sehaper, ratified the act of Mr. Weichelt thereabout with full knowledge of all the facts pertaining to it. It is clear the case was one for the jury on the evidence.
It is further suggested the court should have directed a verdibt for defendant because there is no direct evidence of an express promise on the part of either Mr. Weichelt or Mr. Sehaper that defendant company would compensate plaintiff. Then, too, some-of the instructions seem to treat with the matter of an express promise. This argument involves a misconception of the law. There can be no doubt of the proposition that, where one person merely requests a physician to perform services for a patient, the law does not raise an implied promise to pay the reasonable value of such services in every case, for it reckons in a measure with the precepts of humanity and presupposes the request was made on that ground. Ordinarily, if one person requests another to perform beneficial services for him and upon such performance-accepts and appropriates the benefits, the law implies-*698.a promise to pay the reasonable value. But this is because the services are of value to the person requesting the performance, and because, too, the law will presume that every person intends to pay for that which is wrought to his benefit at his instance and request. However, it is not the same when one person merely ■calls a physician or surgeon to attend a third person, for the dictates of humanity frequently induce one to do this, and, indeed, it may be the sick or afflicted person is at the time unable to speak for himself. Therefore, it is the rule of decision that unless the relation •of the person making the request is such as to raise the legal obligation on his part to call a physician and pay for his services, the law will not imply a contract to do so on a mere request. [See Meisenbach v. Southern Cooperage Co., 45 Mo. App. 232; also 22 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law (2 Ed.), 790, 791.]
But though such be true, it is not essential that there shall be an express promise to pay, even where one calls a physician to' attend a third person with respect to whom no legal obligation obtains, if it sufficiently appears, from the facts and circumstances in proof, that the physician intended to charge for his ■services and the person requesting him to perform the service intended to pay therefor. The distinction between an implied contract and an actual contract, though not an express one, which may be found by the jury from the facts and circumstances in proof, as where it appears one party intended to charge and the •other intended to pay, has been heretofore pointed out and is recognized every day in the administration of the law. So it is in this case, though it be no one in express words promised to pay plaintiff for his services, he may nevertheless recover on contract if the jury find as a fact that he rendered the services at the request of defendant with an intention on his part to ■charge and that defendant intended to pay therefor. [See Weinsberg v. St. Louis Cordage Co., 135 Mo. App. *699553, 116 S. W. 461; also Morrell v. Lawrence, 203 Mo. 363, 373, 101 S. W. 571.]
For defendant, the evidence tended to prove that plaintiff had rented an office in its building but a few weeks before Maude Woods’ injury, with a view of treating, in connection with his other practice, such injuries and indispositions as might befall defendant’s employees and others in its store. In this connection, plaintiff is referred to in the evidence as the “house physician.” It is said that defendant carried employers ’ liability insurance and the insurance company objected to plaintiff’s treating injuries among the several hundred employees about Schaper Brothers’ store. Mr. E. L. Schaper notified plaintiff to that effect and requested him to' see the representative of the insurance company with a view to making satisfactory arrangements about it. Thereupon plaintiff called upon Mr. Thompson, the representative of the insurance company, and induced him to withdraw.further objections to the course pursued, so that plaintiff might continue to treat such persons at a small charge therefor, to be compensated by the insurance company. The schedule of prices was not signed but tentatively agreed upon, according to Thompson. The evidence tends with great force to prove that plaintiff entered into some sort of an arrangement with defendant Schaper Brothers and also the representative of the insurance company concerning this matter, and, indeed, it appears he treated several injuries thereunder among defendant’s employees, and, though he rendered his accounts to Schaper Brothers, was paid by. the insurance company for so doing. It is in view of this arrangement, defendant insists, that plaintiff was called by Mr. Weichelt to administer temporary treatment or first aid to Maude Woods upon the occasion of her injury. It is insisted upon the part of defendant that Mr. Weichelt possessed no authority to employ plaintiff beyond this and that plaintiff knew this fact *700to be true at the time. Because of this arrangement,, plaintiff was called upon as “house physician” to take charge of the case temporarily, and it is insisted on the part of defendant in its evidence and throughout the case that nothing more was intended. Mr. E. L. Schaper, president of defendant company, and Mr. Weichelt deny that they had at any time instructed plaintiff to do more than administer temporary relief, and proceeded on the theory and assumption that whatever treatment he afforded the injured, Maude Woods, thereafter was on some arrangement between him and the insurance company, with whose representative he conferred at different times. Indeed, plaintiff admits he conferred with the insurance company and received compensation — that is, twenty-five dollars — for first aid treatment from the insurance company in this identical case, but sues here for all services rendered thereafter.
On the part of plaintiff, the court instructed the jury that if it found frtim the evidence that Walter O. Weichelt was superintendent for defendant and employed plaintiff to treat the injuries of Maude Woods and that thereafter between the seventeenth day of December, 1910 and the fourth day of June, 1911 plaintiff did treat her, in pursuance of such employment, then the finding should be for him. This instruction inheres with error, for it authorizes a recovery against defendant upon a showing of no more than that plaintiff was employed by Mr. Weichelt and that Mr. Weichelt was defendant’s superintendent, without requiring a finding on the evidence that Weichelt possessed authority to employ a physician for more than first aid relief. Indeed, it is conceded in the brief for plaintiff that this instruction is erroneous, but it is said it is rendered sufficient by the second instruction, given on the part of defendant, which required the jury to find as a fact on the evidence that Mr. Weichelt possessed authority in and about such matters. Obviously this *701argument avails nothing here, for the two instructions are utterly inconsistent and that for plaintiff appears to be a positive misdirection of the jury, in that it incorporates an erroneous view of the law, so as to cast liability upon defendant. Weichelt was not authorized, merely on the fact of being superintendent, to employ plaintiff to administer more than first aid, and the evidence is abundant to sustain this view, though it is not conceded by plaintiff to be true. Neither does plaintiff’s first instruction require the jury to find that plaintiff intended to charge for his services and that Mr. Weichelt intended defendant should pay him therefor. As before said, there is much evidence in the case to suggest that defendant did not expect to pay plaintiff for his services and that he was to look to the insurance company therefor, and it appears that - he called upon the insurance company’s representative and discussed the matter of his bill for the services with him. It is true there is an abundance in the evidence to support plaintiff’s theory that he was employed by defendant through the act of Mr. Weichelt and that he intended to charge defendant and that defendant intended to pay for such services as he rendered after the first aid or temporary treatment, and there is an abundance, too, tending to prove that Mr. Weichelt possessed authority to employ a physician on the part of defendant to treat an injured employee. But be this as it may, the jury was not required to find these facts as a prerequisite to defendant’s liability by any of the instructions given on the part of plaintiff, and it appears the recovery was authorized on a mere finding that Mr. Weichelt was defendant’s superintendent and employed plaintiff. Though it be that an instruction presenting but a partial view may be aided by others as supplementary thereto in the case, this doctrine is without application here, for plaintiff’s first instruction covered the whole case and authorized a finding for him on an erroneous theory of *702the law, which was not only misleading to the jury bnt was inconsistent as well with the second one given for defendant.' Such is reversible error. [See Sheperd v. St. Louis Transit Co., 189 Mo. 362, 373, 87 S. W. 1007; Mansur-Tebbetts Imp. Co. v. Ritchie, 143 Mo. 587, 612, 45 S. W. 634; Ross v. Met. St. R. Co., 132 Mo. App. 472, 112 S. W. 9; Hovey & Brown v. Aaron, 133 Mo. App. 573, 113 S. W. 718.]
Defendant requested the court to submit the matter of the arrangement with plaintiff, whereby he was to administer first aid treatment to injured employees under which he occupied an office in the building and render his bill to the insurance company therefor, but the court declined to do so. It may be that defendant’s requested instruction was not worded precisely as it should have been, but it is clear on a retrial of the case the issue concerning this matter should be submitted, for if plaintiff understood that he was called only to administer first aid treatment, and this with a view of looking to the insurance company for his compensation, then no recovery should be had against defendant for the services rendered subsequent thereto, unless it be found as a fact defendant requested such services and that plaintiff intended to charge defendant and defendant expected to pay him for such services. The representative of the insurance company testifies that plaintiff called upon him and requested payment for the services rendered and that the request was declined because the insurance company was not responsible for more than first aid treatment. This evidence suggests, too, that plaintiff did not expect defendant to pay his bill but looked rather to the insurance company therefor. But, as before said, there is an abundance in the case to authorize a recovery for plaintiff on the theory that defendant employed him as if it intended to pay him for the services and that he intended to charge defendant therefor; However, that may be, defendant is entitled to the benefit of its theory re*703vealed in the evidence, and the court should submit it to the jury, for if plaintiff went about the treatment of Maude Woods, after administering first aid, without further directions from defendant or. authority whatever in that behalf, as defendant’s witnesses say, and with a view of charging the insurance company therefor, when defendant did not intend to pay him and had no reason to believe that it would be called upon to do-so, then plaintiff should not be permitted to recover in the instant case.
Defendant sought to elicit evidence from Mr. Thompson, representative of the insurance company, to the effect that plaintiff offered to' settle both the-claim of Maude Woods for her injury, including his charges for medical treatment, for $500, and besought the insurance company to pay it. The court sustained an objection and excluded this evidence on the theory that it involved negotiations pertaining to a compromise. This was error. The fact that plaintiff sought to collect his charges from the insurance company tends to prove, as by way of admission, defendant’s theory of the case that he at all times expected to be paid by the insurance company and not by defendant, at whose instance it is said he was called merely to-administer first aid. At the time this conference between plaintiff and the representative of the insurance company took place, no claim whatever had been presented to this defendant by him, and no contrbversy existed between these parties touching" the subject-matter involved here. The law protects confidential overtures of pacification, and any other offers or propositions between litigating parties, expressly stated to be without prejudice, are excluded from evidence on grounds of public policy. Mr. Greenleaf says, in his work on Evidence (14 Ed.), Sec. 19-2, “But,, in order to exclude distinct admissions of facts, it must appear, either that they were expressly made without prejudice, or, at least, that they were made1 *704under the faith of a pending treaty, and into which the party might have been led by the confidence of a compromise taking place.” It appears that there was no treaty of compromise pending between plaintiff and this defendant at the time of his conversation with the representative of the insurance company in which he sought to collect his bill for the services rendered to Maude "Woods. Indeed, at that time no claim whatever had been suggested to defendant. The only claim so far asserted was twenty-five dollars, which had been presented to the insurance company and paid a longtime before. Obviously this evidence sought to be elicited from Thompson is in no wise protected by the rule pertaining to 'a treaty of compromise between contending parties, for the reason stated. Moreover, although plaintiff was seeking to compromise a claim on account of personal injuries for Maude Woods, including his own demand in that settlement, all of which .arose from the injury to Maude Woods, received in defendant’s store, on which the insurance company was liable under its policy for indemnity on account of injuries to employees, it is clear that Thompson, the insurance agent, did not represent defendant on that occasion. Therefore communications made to Thompson by plaintiff, touching- that matter, certainly cannot fall within the rule excluding admissions because made for the purpose of a compromise. [Moore v. Gaus & Sons Mfg. Co., 113 Mo. 98, 20 S. W. 975.]
Plaintiff sued for $2550 and recovered a verdict in the amount of $1250. In his account he included one item of twenty-five dollars for consultation with Dr. Bartlett and one of twenty-five dollars for consultation with Dr. Engman. It appears by the instruction on the measure of damages that the court, in a general way, authorized a recovery for these items as well as all others in the bill, except the items for consultation with Dr. Paugh of twenty-five dollars and Dr. Johnson of twenty-five dollars. Moreover the court refused de*705fendant’s instruction requesting it to withdraw from the jury the item of twenty-five dollars each on account of consultation with Doctors Bartlett and Engman. It is entirely clear that plaintiff may not recover for the consultations had with Dr. Bartlett and Dr. Engman. Defendant in no view of the case may be regarded as responsible for these consultations. It appears that Maude Woods, the injured employee, instituted a suit against defendant on account of the personal injuries received by her. In that suit the circuit court appointed Dr. Bartlett and Dr. Engman to examine her with a view of giving evidence in the case — that is, in her suit for personal injuries. ■ These doctors called upon plaintiff and consumed some of his time in going over the case. It appears that he advised them fully and freely, but certainly this defendant is in no wise responsible for this. The court should have withdrawn these matters from the jury as it did the items pertaining to- the consultations with Dr. Johnson and Dr. Paugh.
Defendant introduced in evidence in this'case the petition in the case of Maude Woods against Schaper Brothers Company, with a view, it is said, of showing that Maude Woods claimed a right to recover of defendant, too, for medical services and attention which she alleged to have paid out on account of her injuries. In connection with this, plaintiff then introduced an instruction given in that case on the part of defendant, to the effect that plaintiff, Maude Woods, was not entitled to recover anything on account of medical services rendered to her, for it appeared she paid out nothing whatever in that behalf. It may he that it was well enough to receive the instruction on the measure of damages in evidence, inasmuch as the court had admitted the petition, of which fact, of course, defendant cannot complain, for it offered the petition in the Maude Woods case in evidence. However, as the case *706is to be retried, it is well enough to say that neither the petition nor instruction in the case referred to is competent evidence in this one, and both should be excluded.
The court properly excluded the employer’s liability insurance policy offered by‘defendant and should do so on a retrial.
Because of the several errors above pointed out, the judgment should be reversed and the cause remanded. It is so ordered.
Reynolds, P. J., and Allen, J., concur.