Court Opinion

ID: 6316269
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-22 15:07:40.839481+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:01:43.151724
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-1280-19

BONEFISH CAPITAL, LLC,

          Plaintiff,

v.

AUTOSHRED, LLC, and
C. BRUCE RUSH, individually,

          Defendants-Respondents,

and

PELAS CAPITAL
MANAGEMENT, INC. d/b/a
WALKER FOREST, IMWOTH,
LLC d/b/a AUTOSHRED NJ, and
PETER LEVITT, individually,

          Defendants-Appellants,

and

K-2 PARTNERS, LLC, and
VLADIMIR R. VASAK, individually,

     Defendants.
_______________________________
AUTOSHRED, LLC, and
CHARLES B. RUSH,

      Plaintiffs,

v.

IMWOTH, LLC, and PETER D.
LEVITT,

     Defendant.
______________________________

            Submitted October 6, 2021 – Decided February 22, 2022

            Before Judges Hoffman, Whipple, and Susswein.

            On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
            Division, Ocean County, Docket Nos. L-1782-16 and
            L-2804-17.

            Brown McGarry Nimeroff, LLC, attorneys for
            appellants (Sigmund J. Fleck and Christopher
            Dolotosky, of counsel and on the briefs).

            Mensching & Lucarini, PC, attorneys for respondents
            (John J. Mensching, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      Defendant-appellants Peter Levitt, Pelas Capital Management Inc. d/b/a

Walker Forest, and Imwoth LLC d/b/a Autoshred NJ (the Levitt defendants)

appeal from the denial, both on summary judgment and after a plenary hearing,

of their claim seeking indemnification from defendants-respondents, Autoshred,

                                                                        A-1280-19
                                      2
LLC and its owner, C. Bruce Rush (the Rush defendants), under the terms of an

Asset Purchase Agreement (APA).

      The Levitt defendants also contend the trial court erred in granting

summary judgment in favor of the Rush defendants on their breach of contract

claim.1     Regarding that claim, the final judgment also required the Levitt

defendants to pay attorney's fees and costs in the amount of $38,423.76.2 For

the reasons that follow, we affirm as to the Rush defendants' breach of contract

claim and the award of counsel fees relating to that breach; however, we vacate

the denial of the Levitt defendants' indemnification claim and remand for further

findings.

                                        I.

      We discern the following facts from the record. In early 2016, defendant

Peter Levitt, the owner of an executive recruiting business known as Pelas

Capital Management Inc. d/b/a Walker Forest (Pelas), decided to exit the

recruiting industry and purchase a document destruction company. To this end,

1
  This claim was based on the Levitt defendants' non-payment of a promissory
note (the Note) issued pursuant to the APA.
2
  After the Levitt defendants filed a supersedeas bond, the trial court entered an
order staying any execution on the judgment pending resolution of this appeal.
                                                                            A-1280-19
                                        3
Levitt contacted a business broker named Vladimir Vasak of K-2 Partners, LLC

(K-2), with whom Levitt had prior business dealings.

      Coincidentally, Vasak had just learned that defendant-respondent C.

Bruce Rush, a longstanding contact, was ready to sell his document destruction

company, Autoshred LLC (Autoshred). On February 15, 2016, Vasak e-mailed

Rush, advised that he might have a prospective buyer, and asked if they could

update a prior non-disclosure agreement (NDA) and sign an engagement letter.

Rush replied, informing Vasak that he was already working with an unnamed

broker to sell Autoshred, but that he would talk to that broker to see if an

arrangement could be made. Rush knew that he could not work with Vasak

without that broker's "blessing."

      The unnamed broker referenced by Rush was Paul Zaidins, the owner of

plaintiff Bonefish Capital LLC (Bonefish), with whom Rush had an exclusive

nation-wide brokerage agreement (the Bonefish Agreement), dated February 2,

2016, to sell Autoshred. Notably, the Bonefish Agreement, which remained in

effect through June 30, 2016, included the following provision:

            [F]or a period of 90 days from termination, [Autoshred]
            shall remain obligated to pay 100% of Transaction Fees
            . . . for any transaction arranged, negotiated or
            introduced for [Autoshred] by Bonefish as illustrated
            by a formal offer presented in the form of a Letter of
            Intent (LOI). For a period of 91 days to 180 days from

                                                                        A-1280-19
                                      4
              termination, [Autoshred] shall remain obligated to pay
              50% of Transaction Fees . . . for any transaction
              arranged, negotiated or introduced for [Autoshred] by
              Bonefish as illustrated by a formal offer presented in
              the form of a [LOI].

        Bonefish's transaction fee was five percent of the sale price up to and

including $1,575,000, plus eight percent of the sale price in excess of

$1,575,001. Additionally, Rush was obligated to pay Bonefish's attorney's fees

if Bonefish had to bring suit to enforce its rights under the agreement.

        Rush subsequently contacted Zaidins to request a "carve-out" from the

Bonefish Agreement so that he could engage Vasak for the sole purpose of

presenting an offer from his prospective buyer, without breaching the Bonefish

Agreement. According to Rush, Bonefish never would have found Vasak's

prospective buyer because that buyer was not in any way associated with the

document-destruction industry and was known only to Vasak. While Rush

claimed that Zaidins consented to his request, 3 Zaidins denied the existence of

any such verbal agreement. Zaidins continued to work on Rush's behalf for a

deal with other potential buyers, including a company named Stericycle.

        On March 7, 2016, Rush formally engaged K-2 and Vasak to pursue a

possible sale of Autoshred to Levitt and Pelas; thereafter, the parties executed

3
    The alleged amendment was not in writing, contrary to the Bonefish agreement.
                                                                           A-1280-19
                                         5
an NDA. Vasak proceeded to act as an intermediary between Rush and Levitt.

Vasak informed Levitt that Rush was also utilizing the services of an additional

unnamed broker, and that, per Rush, other unnamed firms were interested in

buying Autoshred.

      A.    Levitt Letter of Intent

      On May 9, 2016, Levitt, on behalf of Pelas, submitted an LOI to purchase

Autoshred's assets for $1,700,000. Rush signed the LOI, and then he and Levitt

spoke directly for the first time, and it appeared the parties had a deal.

Nevertheless, Rush subsequently contacted Zaidins and pressed him to find out

whether Stericycle was going to make an offer. According to Zaidins, this was

when Rush admitted to him that he had breached the Bonefish exclusivity

agreement and had signed an LOI with another broker's buyer.

      On May 11, 2016, Levitt and Rush met in person for the first time, over

lunch. During the meal, Rush showed Levitt an unsigned draft LOI he had

received from Stericycle that morning offering to purchase Autoshred for

$2,000,000. Rush said that he was considering this offer. Levitt understood that

Rush wanted a better offer from him, notwithstanding their signed LOI.

      As a result, Levitt submitted a revised LOI that same day, wherein he

increased his offer to $1,754,000. After speaking with Rush and in the interests

                                                                          A-1280-19
                                       6
of closing the deal, Vasak also agreed to reduce his commission by $25,000

thereby sweetening the deal by a total of $79,000. Rush, who did not like some

of the terms of the Stericycle unsigned draft LOI, accepted Levitt's offer on May

12, 2016, and the parties set a closing date of July 15, 2016.

      B.    Bonefish demand

      On May 19, and June 20, 2016, Bonefish sent letters to Rush asserting that

he had breached the Bonefish Agreement by pursuing potential buyers for

Autoshred without Bonefish's assistance, and demanding payment of a

transaction fee in the amount of $112,750. Rush refused to make this payment ,

which he described as a "shakedown." Rush claimed that he told Vasak at this

time about the May and June letters and that Bonefish was trying to collect a fee

for "services that were not completed." Rush told other business associates that

Zaidins broke his word about the carve-out and was a "real dirt bag." At his

deposition, Rush stated that Zaidins should have tried to work something out

with Vasak if he had "some contention."

      On July 5, 2016, Bonefish filed a complaint under Docket No. L-1782-16

against Rush and Autoshred, alleging: 1) breach of contract; 2) violation of the

covenant of good faith and fair dealing; 3) unjust enrichment; and 4) interference

with prospective economic advantage. Bonefish sought damages and counsel

                                                                            A-1280-19
                                        7
fees. Bonefish also included in its complaint several counts alleging tort and

conspiracy claims against the unknown prospective buyer of Autoshred and its

broker.

      On July 11, 2016, Rush's counsel sent Levitt's counsel an e-mail

addressing the terms of their deal and also advising for the first time of the June

(but not the May) demand letter from Bonefish. Counsel wrote that Autoshred

            has received correspondence threatening litigation by
            [Bonefish] in connection with this transaction.
            Bonefish is another business broker firm from Dallas,
            Texas. Bonefish alleges that Autoshred had an
            exclusive broker agreement to utilize its services as the
            sole agent to solicit and present an LOI for the sale of
            the business. Bonefish also has threatened claims
            against "the buyer of the Competing LOI for tortious
            interference with Bonefish's contractual relations and
            unlawful interference with prospective economic
            advantage."

He attached a copy of the letter to his e-mail.

      After Levitt, who had no prior knowledge of the names Bonefish and

Zaidins, read the e-mail and letter, he called Rush for an explanation,

specifically asking if he was going to be sued. According to Levitt, Rush

responded that the dispute with Bonefish "should not concern" Levitt because

of the "verbal carve-out" from the Bonefish exclusivity agreement, and that

Bonefish's claim against Rush was without merit and that there was no risk to

                                                                             A-1280-19
                                        8
Levitt in proceeding to closing on the APA. 4 Per Levitt, Rush further stated that

Levitt was also protected by the indemnification provision in their draft APA.

        Rush acknowledged that Levitt had testified to the former statement

allegedly made by him (without confirming or denying whether he actually made

the statement); however, he denied making the latter statement regarding the

indemnification provision because the APA was still in draft form. He did not

recall any communication with Levitt regarding the Bonefish complaint. Rush

knew that Levitt and Vasak had not acted to intentionally harm Bonefish.

        Levitt forwarded the e-mail and attached letter to Vasak, who assured

Levitt that he would be protected by the indemnification provision. In Vasak's

view:    1) Levitt was not involved because he had nothing to do with the

arrangement between Rush and Bonefish; 2) there was no reason to doubt Rush's

assurances that there was a carve-out with respect to K-2 and Levitt; and 3) in

any event, the tail in the Bonefish Agreement only applied to post-termination

deals that had been negotiated, arranged or introduced by Bonefish, and the deal

with Pelas did not qualify.

4
  Zaidins understood that Rush told Levitt that Bonefish did not have a valid
claim.
                                                                            A-1280-19
                                        9
        On July 13, 2016, Levitt's counsel sent an e-mail to Rush's counsel,

advising that Levitt, who had now read the Bonefish complaint, consented to

Rush's request that they postpone the closing so that Rush could have additional

time to resolve the dispute with Bonefish. Rush claimed not to remember this.

According to Vasak, Rush also asked Vasak to contribute some of his transaction

fee towards a settlement offer to Bonefish. Rush later claimed not to remember

who came up with this idea but acknowledged that he was interested in reaching

a compromise with Zaidins. In any event, in an agreement with Rush dated July

18, 2016, Vasak agreed to place $10,000 in escrow for this purpose.

        C.    July 20, 2016, closing

        On July 20, 2016, Pelas assigned its rights under the LOI to Imwoth LLC

(Imwoth), an entity created by Levitt prior to the sale specifically for the

purchase of Autoshred. 5 That same day, Imwoth completed the purchase of

Autoshred's assets, which included two trucks. The APA between Autoshred,

Rush and Imwoth provided that Imwoth would pay $1,525,000 in cash to

Autoshred and execute the Note for the remaining balance of $229,000. Imwoth

granted Autoshred a first lien/security interest in the trucks as collateral security.

5
    Levitt dissolved Pelas in the first quarter of 2017.
                                                                                A-1280-19
                                         10
Levitt, as Imwoth's principal member, signed a personal Guaranty as collateral

security for Imwoth's performance.

            1. APA

      The APA contains several provisions important to this case. Section 7.10

provides that "[n]either the Seller nor anyone acting on its behalf has incurred

any liability or obligation to any broker, finder or agent for any brokerage fees,

finder's fees or commissions with respect to the transactions contemplated by

this Agreement for which the Buyer shall be responsible in whole or in part ."

      Section 13.02 of the APA contained an indemnification provision that

states:

            13.02 Indemnity by the Seller. The Seller agrees to
            unconditionally indemnify and hold harmless the Buyer
            and its successors . . . on demand, in each case past,
            present, or as they may exist at any time after the date
            of this Agreement (the "Buyer Indemnitees") against
            and in respect of any and all claims, suits, actions,
            proceedings (formal and informal), investigations,
            judgments, deficiencies, damages, settlements,
            liabilities, losses, costs and legal and other expenses
            arising out of or based upon:

                 (a) any breach of any representation, warranty,
            covenant or agreement of the Seller contained in this
            Agreement or in any other Transaction Documents
            executed and delivered by the Seller; and

                  (b) losses, liabilities, deficiencies, penalties,
            interest, claims, damages, actions, suits, proceedings,

                                                                            A-1280-19
                                       11
settlements, judgments, costs and expenses (including
reasonable attorneys' fees) arising out of, in connection
with or incident to:

            (i)   any breach by the Seller of any
      covenant, promise, agreement, representation
      and/or warranty contained in this Agreement;

             (ii) any false, incorrect or misleading
      representation or warranty or breach thereof
      made by or on behalf of the Seller or any Owner
      in this Agreement . . . or in any of the Transaction
      Documents;

            ....

             (iv) any and all debts, liabilities,
       obligations and duties of the Seller of any nature
       whatsoever, including any liabilities which arise
       from or relate to any property, Business,
       occupation, withholding or similar taxes, and
       any interest or penalty thereof, prior to the
       Closing Date, whether known or unknown and
       not expressly assumed by the Buyer pursuant to
       this Agreement, and any and all actions and
       conduct by or on behalf of the Seller or its
       employees, contractors or agents which occurred
       on or prior to the Closing Date;

            (v) any attempt (whether or not successful)
       by any third party to cause or require the Buyer
       to pay any liability of, or claim against, the
       Seller of any kind in respect to the operation of
       the Business prior to the Closing Date,
       including, without limitation, any of the
       Excluded Liabilities.

                                                             A-1280-19
                          12
Pursuant to Section 13.04 entitled "Defense of Claims":

            Any Buyer Indemnitee or Seller Indemnitee (the
            "Indemnified Party") seeking indemnification
            under this Agreement shall give to the party
            obligated to provide indemnification to such
            Indemnified Party (the "Indemnitor") a written
            notice (a "Claim Notice") describing in
            reasonable detail the facts giving rise to any
            claim for indemnification hereunder promptly
            upon learning of the existence of such claim.

                   (a) Third Party Claims. The obligations
            and liabilities of an Indemnifying Party under
            this Section 13 with respect to claims of any third
            party which are subject to the indemnification
            provided for in this Section 13 ("Third Party
            Claims") shall be governed by and contingent
            upon the following additional terms and
            conditions:

                         (i)     Upon      receipt    by     the
                  Indemnitor of a Claim Notice from an
                  Indemnified Party with respect to any
                  claim of a third party, such Indemnitor may
                  assume the defense thereof with counsel
                  reasonably satisfactory to the Indemnified
                  Party and, in such event, shall agree to pay
                  and otherwise discharge with the
                  Indemnitor's own assets all judgments,
                  deficiencies,       damages,      settlements,
                  liabilities, losses, costs and legal and other
                  expenses related thereto; and the
                  Indemnified Party shall cooperate in the
                  defense or prosecution thereof and shall, at
                  the Indemnitor's expense, furnish such
                  records, information and testimony and
                  attend all such conferences, discovery

                                                                   A-1280-19
                                13
                          proceedings, hearings, trials and appeals as
                          reasonably may be requested in connection
                          therewith. If the Indemnitor does not
                          assume the defense thereof, the Indemnitor
                          shall similarly cooperate with the
                          Indemnified Party in such defense or
                          prosecution. If it would be detrimental to
                          the defense of the Indemnified Party for the
                          same counsel to represent both the
                          Indemnified Party and the Indemnitor, then
                          the Indemnified Party shall be entitled to
                          retain its own counsel, . . . at the expense
                          of the Indemnifying Party.

                                 (ii) If the Indemnitor shall have
                          failed to assume the defense of any claim
                          in accordance with the provisions of this
                          Section, then the Indemnified Party shall
                          have the absolute right to control the
                          defense of such claim and, if and when it is
                          finally determined that the Indemnified
                          Party is entitled to indemnification from
                          the Indemnitor hereunder, the fees and
                          expenses of the Indemnified Party's
                          counsel shall be borne by the Indemnitor
                          and paid by the Indemnitor to the
                          Indemnified Party within five (5) business
                          days of written demand therefor, but the
                          Indemnitor shall be entitled, at its own
                          expense, to participate in (but not control)
                          such defense.

     Pursuant to subsection (b) of Section 13.05 entitled "Limitations of

Indemnity Obligations":

                 Notwithstanding any provision contained herein
           to the contrary, no Indemnified Party shall be entitled

                                                                         A-1280-19
                                       14
            to indemnification hereunder with respect to any false,
            incorrect or misleading representation or warranty in
            this Agreement (including the Exhibits and Schedules
            hereto) or in any of the transaction Documents or
            breach thereof made by an Indemnifying Party that such
            Indemnified Party had actual knowledge of on the
            closing Date, where such actual knowledge was
            acquired because of the events, circumstances and
            consequences thereof were clear on its face from
            materials actually provided to or obtained by the
            Indemnified Party prior to Closing.

            2. Promissory Note

      Under the Note, Imwoth promised to pay Autoshred $229,000 plus interest

in twenty-five monthly payments with the final payment due on August 14,

2018. If Imwoth defaulted, Autoshred was authorized to: 1) declare the full

amount outstanding immediately due, plus seven percent interest until full

payment was made; and 2) recover its costs and fees, including reasonable

attorney's fees, in enforcing its rights under the Note.

            3. Guaranty

      As collateral security for Imwoth's performance under the Note, Levitt

executed a personal Guaranty, which provided, in pertinent part, as follows:

            1. As a material inducement to the Lender [Autoshred]
            to make the Loan to the Borrower [Imwoth], with
            knowledge that the Lender is making the Loan in
            reliance upon this Guaranty, . . . and intending to be
            legally bound hereby, the undersigned, hereby
            guarantees as surety, absolutely and unconditionally, to

                                                                         A-1280-19
                                       15
the Lender the prompt payment when due, whether at
maturity, by acceleration or otherwise, or as the same
may be renewed, modified or extended from time to
time, of all indebtedness which the Borrower may now
or hereafter owe to the Lender under the Promissory
Note evidencing the Loan.

2. Payment hereunder shall be made in any coin or
currency which, at the time of payment, is legal tender
in the United States of America for public and private
debts. The Guarantor further agrees that this Guaranty
may be enforced by the Lender in accordance with the
provisions hereof without first making demand upon or
proceeding against the Borrower.

3. Except as otherwise provided herein, the Guarantor
hereby waives notice of any of the Borrower's
Obligations heretofore or hereafter incurred, or
contracted or renewed or extended, and the Guarantor
further waives: (i) notice of acceptance of this
Guaranty by the Lender and any and all notices and
demands of every kind which may be required to be
given by any statute, rule or law, (ii) any defense, right
of set-off or other claim which the Guarantor may have
against the Borrower (until such time as the Borrower's
Obligations to the Lender have been fully and
completely satisfied), and (iii) presentment for
payment, demand for payment (other than as provided
for herein), notice of nonpayment or dishonor, protest
and notice of protest, diligence in collection and any
and all formalities which otherwise might be legally
required to charge the Guarantor with liability.

4. This shall be an agreement of suretyship as well as a
guaranty and the Guarantor agrees that this Guaranty
may be enforced by the Lender without the necessity at
any time of resorting to or exhausting any other security
or collateral given in connection herewith or with the

                                                             A-1280-19
                           16
Note through foreclosure or other proceedings or
actions otherwise and recovery hereunder shall not be
limited to such security or collateral.

5. Until this Guaranty shall terminate as herein set
forth, the undersigned shall have no right of
subrogation and waives any right to enforce any remedy
which it now has or may hereafter have against the
Borrower and any benefit of, and any right to
participate in, any security now or hereafter held by the
Lender.

6. Upon an Event of Default by the Borrower under the
Promissory Note and the expiration of any grace
periods applicable thereto, all existing and future
indebtedness of the Borrower to the undersigned will
be and is hereby subordinated to all of the Borrower's
Obligations and, so long as this Guaranty is in effect,
without the prior written consent of the Lender, shall
not be paid or withdrawn in whole or in part.

7. The obligations of the undersigned hereunder are
independent of the obligations of the Borrower and, in
the event of any default hereunder, a separate action or
actions may be brought and prosecuted against the
undersigned whether or not the Borrower is joined
therein or a separate action or actions is or are brought
against the Borrower. The Lender may maintain
successive actions for other defaults. The Lender's
rights hereunder shall not be exhausted by the Lender's
exercise of any of the Lender's rights or remedies or by
any such action or by any number of successive actions
until and unless all obligations hereby guaranteed have
been fully performed.

8. This Guaranty is a present, continuing, absolute and
unconditional guaranty and notice of its acceptance is
waived.

                                                            A-1280-19
                          17
9. This Guaranty shall remain in full force and effect
until full performance by the Borrower pursuant to all
of the terms of the Promissory Note, at which time this
Guaranty and the obligations of the Guarantor
hereunder shall cease and determine without any
further action by the parties hereto and the Lender shall
thereafter promptly return this Guaranty to the
Guarantor. No provision of this Guaranty or right of
the Lender hereunder can be waived nor shall the
undersigned be released from its obligations hereunder
except as set forth in the preceding sentence.

      ....

15. Except as provided in any other written agreement
now or at any time hereafter in force between the
Lender and the undersigned, this Guaranty shall
constitute the entire agreement of the undersigned with
the Lender with respect to the subject matter hereof and
no representation, understanding, promise or condition
concerning the subject matter hereof shall be binding
upon the Lender unless expressed herein.

      ....

21. THE GUARANTOR AND THE LENDER
HEREBY         IRREVOCABLY         AND
UNCONDITIONALLY WAIVE ANY AND ALL
RIGHTS TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY ACTION,
SUIT OR COUNTERCLAIM ARISING IN
CONNECTION WITH, OUT OF, OR OTHERWISE
RELATING TO THE NOTE, THIS AGREEMENT OR
ANY OTHER DOCUMENT OR INSTRUMENT
NOW    OR   HEREAFTER     EXECUTED   IN
CONNECTION THEREWITH OR WITH THE LOAN.

                                                            A-1280-19
                          18
      D.    Amended complaint in Bonefish action

      On April 13, 2017, almost nine months after the closing, Bonefish filed

an amended complaint wherein it added Levitt, Pelas, Imwoth, Vasak and K-2

to its action and asserted claims against them for: 1) tortious interference with

prospective economic advantage; 2) tortious interference with contractual

relations; and 3) civil conspiracy. Zaidins later acknowledged that if Rush had

paid him, he would have had no claim against the Levitt defendants. In early

May, Rush and Autoshred filed an amended answer to this complaint.

      On May 16, 2017, Levitt and Imwoth made a formal demand for defense

and indemnity from Autoshred under Sections 13.02(b)(iv) and (v) of the APA.

Rush denied this request based upon Section 13.05(b) of the APA because Levitt

had "actual knowledge" of Bonefish's potential claims against him and Imwoth

prior to the July 20, 2016, closing.

      As a result, on June 8, 2017, Levitt and Imwoth advised Rush that he wa s

in breach of the APA, and that Levitt and Imwoth were going to

"prophylactically" set-off their counsel fees in the Bonefish action against the

remaining payments due on the Note. Imwoth made its last payment under the

Note on May 10, 2017, leaving a remaining principal balance of $136,627.57,

and retained possession of the two trucks.

                                                                           A-1280-19
                                       19
        On July 28, 2017, Rush advised Levitt that Imwoth was in default on the

Note and that he had elected to accelerate the loan obligation and declare the

full amount due, with interest and costs and fees, plus return of the two trucks.

On August 21, 2017, in a letter to Levitt's counsel, Rush's counsel reiterated that

Section 13.05(b) was controlling and that contracts for indemnification were

construed against the indemnitee and would not be construed to indemnify the

indemnitee against losses resulting from its own tortious conduct .

        On October 2, 2017, Levitt and Imwoth filed an answer to Bonefish's

complaint. They also filed a five-count crossclaim against Rush and Autoshred

seeking indemnification for any liability or legal fees incurred by them in the

Bonefish action pursuant to Section 13.02 of the APA. 6 They demanded a trial

by jury as to all issues.

        Vasak and K-2 also filed an answer, wherein they asserted that Rush had

assured K-2 that, while Autoshred had retained another broker, there was no

problem with proceeding with the Pelas/Autoshred transaction.           They also

asserted a crossclaim against Rush and Autoshred.

        On August 29, 2017, Rush and Autoshred filed an answer to Levitt and

Imwoth's crossclaim. Then, on October 5, 2017, Rush and Autoshred filed a

6
    Levitt and Imwoth later abandoned counts III, IV and V of their crossclaim.
                                                                             A-1280-19
                                       20
separate lawsuit against Levitt and Imwoth under Docket No. L-2804-17. In

their complaint, Rush and Autoshred asserted claims for: 1) breach of the Note

by Imwoth; 2) breach of the Guaranty by Levitt; 3) replevin seeking the return

of two trucks that Imwoth had acquired under the APA; and 4) conversion for

Imwoth's wrongful possession of the trucks.

       On November 10, 2017, Levitt and Imwoth filed an answer to this

complaint, alleging as an affirmative defense that: 1) Rush and Autoshred had

materially breached the APA by refusing to indemnify and defend Levitt and

Imwoth in the Bonefish action; and 2) this breach excused the performance

obligations of Imwoth and Levitt under the Note and Guaranty. They demanded

a jury trial.

       Thereafter, Levitt and Imwoth filed a motion to dismiss Rush's complaint

which the trial court denied by order dated March 20, 2018. In that same order,

the court consolidated the two actions under the docket number assigned to the

Bonefish complaint and directed that "[d]efendants' request for [t]rial by jury is

hereby stricken, defendants having waived same in open court on the record ."

       E. Summary judgment motions

       On June 19, 2018, the trial court denied Autoshred's first motion for

summary judgment, finding that there was a genuine dispute as to whether the

                                                                            A-1280-19
                                       21
APA required Autoshred to defend and indemnify Levitt and Imwoth under the

broad language in Section 13.02(a)(b)(v) referencing claims "arising out of, in

connection with or incident to" Autoshred's business operations prior to closing.

The court found that this language could arguably include the brokerage

agreement between Autoshred and Bonefish, but that it was not entirely clear.

The court noted that discovery was not complete and directed the parties to

complete the depositions of Zaidins, Vasak, Levitt and Rush.

      Thereafter, on October 31, 2018, Levitt and Imwoth filed a motion for

summary judgment as to: 1) Bonefish's three tort claims against them; 2) their

claim for indemnification and legal expenses against the Rush defendants; and

3) the Rush defendants' claims against them alleging breaches of the Note and

the Guaranty, replevin and conversion. On November 20, 2018, the Rush

defendants filed a cross-motion seeking summary judgment on the four claims

they had asserted against Levitt and Imwoth.

      In an order filed on February 25, 2019, with an accompanying opinion,

the trial court: 1) granted summary judgment in favor of Levitt, Imwoth, Vasak

and K-2 as to Bonefish's three tort claims and dismissed them with prejudice

based upon Bonefish's failure to prove malicious intent or that defendants had

acted in concert to commit an unlawful act or inflict injury on Bonefish; 2)

                                                                           A-1280-19
                                      22
denied summary judgment to Levitt and Imwoth on their indemnification claim

against Rush and Autoshred because there remained a genuine issue of fact as

to whether Section 13.02(a)(b)(i) of the APA required Autoshred to defend and

indemnify Levitt and Imwoth in the Bonefish action; and 3) granted summary

judgment to Autoshred and Rush on their claims for breach of the Note and

Guaranty by Imwoth and Levitt. 7

      The trial court ordered Levitt to pay Autoshred $146,191.50 (the

remaining principal due on the Note plus interest) within forty-five days. It

reserved ruling on Rush and Autoshred's claims for conversion and replevin,

stating that it would dismiss these claims with prejudice if Levitt made timely

payment to Autoshred. The court also directed counsel for Rush and Autoshred

to submit an affidavit of services in support of an award of counsel fees and

costs pursuant to the default provision of the Note. 8

      On March 8, 2019, Levitt and Imwoth filed a motion for reconsideration

arguing that the trial court: 1) had prematurely granted summary judgment

against them for a default on the Note and Guaranty because a jury could have

7
  On April 5, 2019, Rush and Autoshred entered into a stipulation of dismissal
without prejudice as to all claims with Vasak and K-2.
8
  Counsel for Rush and Autoshred submitted an affidavit of services dated
March 11, 2019, wherein he sought a counsel fee award of $38,423.76.
                                                                         A-1280-19
                                       23
found that the Rush defendants' refusal to indemnify them under the APA

excused their failure to perform; 2) had erred in finding that the Rush defendants

did not materially breach the APA by failing to honor the indemnification

provision; and 3) had erred in requiring Levitt to pay $146,191.50 within forty -

five days because its order was interlocutory and not subject to execution

pursuant to Rule 4:59.       Rush and Autoshred filed a cross-motion for

reconsideration of the trial court's ruling that the import of the indemnification

provision could not be resolved on summary judgment. On April 18, 2019, the

trial court entered an order with an accompanying opinion denying the motion

for reconsideration filed by Rush and Autoshred as to the first two points raised;

however, the court did grant the final request and extended the time period for

payment of the amount due on the Note until forty-five days after entry of final

judgment.    The court also denied the Rush defendants' cross-motion for

reconsideration.

      F. Jury Trial and Bench Trial

      On June 24, 2019, the day trial was to commence, the trial court decided,

over the objections of the Levitt defendants, to sever Levitt and Imwoth's claim

for indemnification and hold a plenary hearing on that claim on a later date.

Counsel for Rush and Autoshred supported the court's decision, asserting that it

                                                                            A-1280-19
                                       24
was for the court to interpret contracts of indemnification and that there was a

court order stating that Levitt and Imwoth had waived their right to a jury trial.

      The subsequent trial of Bonefish's claims against Rush and Autoshred

resulted in a jury verdict finding Rush and Autoshred liable for breaching the

Bonefish agreement. The jury awarded Bonefish $75,000; in addition, the court

awarded Bonefish counsel fees of $57,504.42.

      On August 20, 2019, the trial court held a bench trial solely on the claims

of Levitt and Imwoth against Rush and Autoshred seeking indemnification and

reimbursement of their legal expenses in the Bonefish action. At the trial, Levitt

repeated his version of events through July 11, 2016, when he first learned of

the Bonefish/Autoshred dispute. Levitt maintained that, during a phone call on

July 11, Rush told him that he "had nothing to worry about" and that Levitt was

protected by the indemnification language in the APA. Levitt stated that Vasak

also offered his assurances.

      Levitt confirmed that he did not ask for any changes to the APA based

upon the Bonefish/Autoshred dispute prior to the closing. He stated that there

was no further discussion about Bonefish prior to the closing. Rush did add to

Section 7.06 of the APA the phrase "that have not been previously disclosed to

                                                                            A-1280-19
                                       25
the buyer." Levitt understood this to refer to Bonefish. Levitt claimed he had

spent $170,000 to date defending himself.

      Rush denied that he had any phone conversation with Levitt on July 11,

2016, let alone a conversation about the indemnification provision in the draft

APA. Rush claimed he and Levitt did not talk about Bonefish at any point

between July 11 and July 20 and had no e-mail communications on the subject.

Additionally, Rush insisted that he and Levitt did not discuss the Bonefish

claims or the indemnification provision of the APA at the closing.

     G. Judgment

      On September 17, 2019, the trial court issued a written opinion denying

the Levitt defendants' claim for indemnification. On October 16, 2019, the trial

court issued an order dismissing with prejudice the claims of Levitt and Imwoth

against Rush and Autoshred. On the same date, the trial court entered judgment

with an accompanying opinion ordering Levitt and Imwoth to pay:                  1)

$151,589.23 to the Rush defendants for the remaining amount of principal and

interest due on the note; and 2) $38,423.76 in counsel fees. It directed that these

amounts were due within forty-five days of the court's order, and that if Levitt

and Imwoth failed to comply, it would consider the Rush defendants' remaining

claims for conversion and replevin against the Levitt defendants.

                                                                             A-1280-19
                                       26
                                       II.

      On November 27, 2018, the Levitt defendants filed this appeal asserting

six claims of trial court error. We address each argument in turn.

      A. Default on the Note and Guaranty

      Levitt and Imwoth contend the trial court erred in prematurely granting

summary judgment to the Rush defendants on their claim for default on the Note

and Guaranty. They claim that a "jury may have determined that . . . Autoshred's

refusal to indemnify the Levitt Defendants under the APA excused their

performance obligations under the Note and Guaranty." They argue that the trial

court erred in deeming inapplicable our decision in Chance v. McCann, 405 N.J.

Super. 547 (App. Div. 2009). We disagree.

      We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same

standard governing the trial court under Rule 4:46. Liberty Surplus Ins. Corp.

v. Nowell Amoroso P.A., 189 N.J. 436, 445-46 (2007); New Gold Equities Corp.

v. Jaffe Spindler Co., 453 N.J. Super. 358, 372 (App. Div. 2018). Summary

judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue as to any material fact

and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Brill v. Guardian

Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520, 540 (1995).

                                                                            A-1280-19
                                       27
      Generally, the court must "consider whether the competent evidential

materials presented, when viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving

party, are sufficient to permit a rational factfinder to resolve the alleged disputed

issue in favor of the non-moving party." Ibid. A moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law when the evidence presented is so one-sided that it

does not require submission to a jury. Id. at 533.

      We review the interpretation of a contract de novo. Kieffer v. Best Buy,

205 N.J. 213, 222-23 (2011). In interpreting a contract, a court must try to

ascertain the intention of the parties as revealed by the language used, the

situation of the parties, the attendant circumstances, and the objects the parties

were striving to attain. Matter of Cnty. of Atlantic, 230 N.J. 237, 254 (2017);

Mantilla v. NC Mall Assocs., 167 N.J. 262, 272 (2001); Bosshard v. Hackensack

Univ. Med. Ctr., 345 N.J. Super. 78, 92-93 (App. Div. 2001); Nester v.

O'Donnell, 301 N.J. Super. 198, 210 (App. Div. 1997). The judicial task is

merely interpretive; it is not to rewrite for the parties a different or better

contract. Kieffer, 205 N.J. at 222. To this end, a court must give contractual

terms their plain and ordinary meaning. Zacarias v. Allstate Ins. Co., 168 N.J.

590, 595 (2001).

                                                                               A-1280-19
                                        28
      In granting summary judgment to Autoshred for the alleged default by

Imwoth and Levitt on the Note and Guaranty, the trial court found that there was

nothing in the Note indicating that Imwoth was excused from paying simply

because it asserted entitlement to indemnification for damages and attorney's

fees. Rather, when Imwoth stopped paying in May 2017, Imwoth defaulted on

the terms of the Note.

      The trial court also rejected Levitt's contention that he did not breach the

Guaranty because there was no breach by Imwoth. In the court's view:

                   In the present matter, this court agrees with
            Autoshred; Levitt did breach the Guaranty because
            their [sic] obligations arose when Imwoth defaulted on
            the Note. Additionally, the Guaranty provides an
            express waiver of any defense right of set-off, or other
            claim in which Levitt may have against Autoshred (¶ 3
            of Guaranty). Not only did Levitt clearly sign the
            Guaranty, as evidenced on page five (5), the Guaranty
            is absolute and unconditional, and holds time is of the
            essence in respect to payment. As it is clear to the court
            that Levitt did not have a right to setoff, the outstanding
            balance and interest on the Note is due and owing.

      In its decision denying reconsideration, the trial court provided this further

explanation:

                  In granting Autoshred's motion for summary
            judgment under the [N]ote and [G]uarant[y] however,
            the court has also determined that even if Autoshred
            breached the indemnification provision, Imwoth would
            not be relieved of its obligations of the underlying

                                                                              A-1280-19
                                       29
transaction of the APA, i.e., the purchase of the
Autoshred business. That transaction is now complete.
Autoshred has sold all of its assets to Imwoth and
Imwoth has fully paid Autoshred, in the form of cash
and a promissory note, the full amount due. No claim
is being advanced by Imwoth that the purchased assets
were not as represented. Nor are the Imwoth defendant
seeking recission of the underlying business sale.

       Unlike the circumstance in the Chance case
where there was a claim that one party did not perform
its obligations under the essential contract, i.e., to
promote the firm to existing clients, the Autoshred
parties have, save for the still unresolved
indemnification issue, fully performed its obligation
under the APA. The asset transaction has closed- the
assets have been delivered as promised and payment
has been tendered and received. The indemnification
issue, as indisputably intended by the parties, has
survived the asset closing. Thus, in that sense the
indemnification provision is severable from the
underlying asset transaction. That is not unusual and
[is] in fact common since whether indemnification is
due from one party to another often dependent, as it
would be here, on the outcome of the litigation.

       There is no basis or even an attempt by Imwoth
to unwind the asset transaction. Rather, Imwoth claims
it has the right, by virtue of the unresolved
indemnification provision to offset its potential
damages against the amount due under the [N]ote; to
essentially treat the [N]ote as a kind of escrow fund
reserved to protect Imwoth against claims asserted by
Bonefish. That right, however, does not exist by law or
fact in this case and that is true even if its claims for
indemnification are successful. The . . . [N]ote
executed by Imwoth does not provide that it may be
relieved of its obligation under the note in the event

                                                            A-1280-19
                          30
            Autoshred breached its obligation to indemnify
            Imwoth. The accompanying [G]uarant[y] signed by the
            principal, on the other hand specifically provides that
            the principal waives any right to an offset.

                  ....

                  If Imwoth wished that its obligations under the
            Note could be offset against the breach of Autoshred's
            indemnification duties, it should have ensured that the
            APA or the Note itself explicitly stated so. Neither do.
            As such, . . . the Levitt parties' motion . . . [is] hereby
            DENIED.

      Before this court, Levitt and Imwoth renew their contention that the trial

court erred in granting summary judgment to the Rush defendants on their claim

for default on the Note and Guaranty. We disagree.

      Preliminarily, we note that both the trial court in its decisions and

Autoshred in its brief on appeal misstate to whom Levitt waived a right of set-

off. According to paragraph three of the Guaranty, Levitt waived "any defense,

right of set-off or other claim which the Guarantor may have against the

Borrower (until such time as the Borrower's Obligations to the Lender have been

fully and completely satisfied)." The "Borrower" was Imwoth, not Autoshred.

As such, Levitt did not expressly waive a right of set-off against Autoshred.

      Nevertheless, in reading the Guaranty, we do not discern how Levitt could

have claimed a right of set-off in the event of a breach of the APA by Imwoth.

                                                                          A-1280-19
                                       31
In the Guaranty, Levitt agreed: 1) "absolutely and unconditionally" to pay on

demand to Autoshred whatever Imwoth owed under the Note; 2) that Autoshred

could enforce the Guaranty without first proceeding against Imwoth; 3) that his

obligations under the Guaranty were "independent of the obligations" of

Imwoth; 4) that Autoshred could sue Levitt for breach of the Guaranty without

joining Imwoth; 5) that no provision in the Guaranty could be waived, "nor shall

the undersigned be released from its obligations hereunder" until full

performance by Imwoth under the Note; and 6) that the Guaranty constituted the

entire agreement between Levitt and Autoshred and that no other conditions

applied unless expressed therein.

      Thus, we are satisfied that Levitt did in fact breach the Guaranty, and that

he should have paid Autoshred on demand after Imwoth stopped paying on the

Note. We do not find it relevant for purposes of the Guaranty whether Imwoth

was in the right or in the wrong in stopping performance and claiming a right of

set-off. Levitt's obligations were separate and absolute. As such, we affirm that

portion of the trial court's order directing Levitt to pay the remaining balance on

the Note plus interest, i.e., $151,589.23.

      As to Imwoth's breach, both the APA and the Note are silent as to any

right of Imwoth, upon an alleged breach of the APA by Autoshred, to stop

                                                                             A-1280-19
                                       32
payment under the Note and set-off its expenses in connection with the alleged

breach against the amount owed.       Rather, Section 13.04(a)(ii) of the APA

provides that, in the event of a third-party claim against Imwoth, the fees and

expenses of Imwoth's counsel shall be borne and paid by Autoshred "if and when

it is finally determined that [Imwoth] is entitled to indemnification." The Note

simply defines a "default" as Imwoth's failure to comply with any term of the

Note whereupon Autoshred was authorized to accelerate all amounts due. We

therefore conclude that Imwoth breached the Note by ceasing to pay Autoshred

and engaging in self-help to ensure its counsel fees in the Bonefish case were

paid prior to any determination that it was entitled to indemnification.

      In making its argument, Imwoth relies upon Galpen v. Galpen, 221 N.J.

Super. 532, 538-39 (Ch. Div. 1987), for the proposition that "[a] right of set-off

exists between two parties each of whom under an independent contract owes

an ascertained amount to the other and a claim for payment is made permitting

each party to set-off his respective debt by way of mutual deduction against such

a claim." Here, though, there are not two independent contracts as the Note was

made an exhibit to the APA, and there was no "ascertained" amount due to

Imwoth, but rather an alleged claim by Imwoth for an unspecified amount of

money.

                                                                            A-1280-19
                                       33
       Additionally, we find that Imwoth's reliance upon the Chance case is

unavailing since that case did not involve a third-party suit and a severable claim

for indemnification, but instead dealt with an alleged breach of a primary

material obligation by one of the parties to the at-issue agreement. Chance, 405

N.J. Super. at 566-67.

       In sum, we reject the claims of Imwoth and Levitt that the trial court

prematurely entered summary judgment against them on Autoshred's claims of

default on the Note and Guaranty.

        B. Summary Judgment - Indemnification

       Levitt and Imwoth contend that the trial court erred by denying their

motion for summary judgment on their claim for indemnification against Rush

and Autoshred. We disagree, but for different reasons than those expressed by

the trial court. 9

       "The objective in construing a contractual indemnity provision is the same

as in construing any other part of a contract – it is to determine the intent of the

9
  See Hayes v. Delamotte, 231 N.J. 373, 387 (2018), "[I]t is well-settled that
appeals are taken from orders and judgments and not from opinions, oral
decisions, informal written decisions, or reasons given for the ultimate
conclusion." (quoting Do-Wop Corp. v. City of Rahway, 168 N.J. 191, 199
(2001)).

                                                                              A-1280-19
                                        34
parties." New Gold, 453 N.J. Super. at 385 (quoting Kieffer, 205 N.J. at 222).

The interpretation of a contract cannot be decided on summary judgment where

there is uncertainty, ambiguity or the need for parol evidence to aid in

interpretation. Serico v. Rothberg, 234 N.J. 168, 178 (2018). An ambiguity in

a contract exists if the terms of the contract are susceptible to at least two

reasonable alternative interpretations. Nester, 301 N.J. Super. at 210.

      An ambiguous indemnity provision must be "strictly construed against the

indemnitee." Kieffer, 205 N.J. at 225; Mantilla, 167 N.J. at 272. Moreover, a

contract will not be construed to indemnify the indemnitee against losses

resulting from its own independent fault, active wrongdoing or tortious conduct,

unless such an intention is expressed in unequivocal terms in the contract.

Kieffer, 205 N.J. at 224; Mantilla, 167 N.J. at 269.

      "In determining whether an action alleges 'active wrongdoing,' the

'[a]llegations in the pleadings may be a starting point . . . , but the actual facts

developed during trial should control.'" New Gold, 453 N.J. Super. at

387. Pursuant to this "after-the-fact" approach, an indemnitee may recover

counsel fees "'so long as the indemnitee is [adjudicated] free from active

wrongdoing regarding the injury to the plaintiff and has tendered the defense to

the indemnitor at the start of the litigation.'" Mantilla, 167 N.J. at 271 (quoting

                                                                              A-1280-19
                                        35
Central Motor Parts Corp. v. E.I. duPont deNemours, 251 N.J. Super. 5, 11 (App.

Div. 1991)).

      In the portion of its February 25, 2019, opinion denying summary

judgment to Levitt and Imwoth on their indemnification claim against the Rush

defendants, the trial court found as follows:

                  In the present matter, the court again finds that a
            genuine issue of fact exists as to whether the APA
            requires Autoshred to defend and indemnify Imwoth in
            the Bonefish litigation. Section 13.02(a)(b)(i) of the
            APA provides Autoshred "agrees to unconditionally
            indemnify and hold harmless Defendant Imwoth
            against any claims, suits, actions or proceedings . . .
            arising out of, in connection with or incident to any
            breach of any representation contained in the APA."
            The parties' additional discovery has not clarified in
            what instances the indemnification clause specifically
            and narrowly applies, nor has discovery made the
            phrasing of section 13.02 any less broad and
            ambiguous. As such, the question of whether the APA
            requires Autoshred to defend and indemnify Imwoth in
            the Bonefish litigation creates a genuine issue of fact
            that must be determined at the time of trial. Therefore,
            the Levitt defendants' motion for summary judgment is
            hereby DENIED as to contractual defense and
            indemnification.

      In its April 18, 2019, opinion denying the Levitt defendants' motion for

reconsideration, the trial court first noted that the Levitt defendants argued that

the court had not considered the deposition testimony from Levitt and others, or

the fact that the indemnification provision already existed in the draft APA when

                                                                             A-1280-19
                                       36
Levitt learned of the Bonefish demand letter on July 11, 2016. The court then

reiterated that discovery had not made the phrasing of Section 13.02 any less

broad or ambiguous, and that "[t]o make a definitive ruling on the defense and

indemnification issue when the intent of the parties is so muddied would be

against the basic tenets of Brill."

      On appeal, Levitt and Imwoth renew their contention that Sections

13.02(b)(iv) and (v) of the APA clearly and unambiguously required the Rush

defendants to defend and indemnify them for the expenses they incurred in the

Bonefish action. They insist that the record before the trial court on summary

judgment unequivocally showed that the Bonefish action arose solely as the

result of the conduct of the Autoshred defendants prior to closing. Without yet

taking into account the limiting provision of Section 13.05(b), we agree.

      Based upon our review of the APA, we agree with the Levitt defendants

that Section 13.02 is not ambiguous and that it allowed for indemnification by

Autoshred in connection with the claims asserted by Bonefish. Bonefish's

claims in the amended complaint clearly implicated Section 7.10 of the APA

wherein the Rush defendants asserted that they had not incurred any liability to

any broker for any brokerage fees with respect to the transaction contemplated

by the APA for which Levitt and Imwoth shall be responsible in whole or in

                                                                            A-1280-19
                                      37
part. In Section 13.02, the Rush defendants agreed to unconditionally indemnify

for any claims or liabilities, including legal expenses arising out of a breach of

any representation in the APA.

      Although the Rush defendants argued (and the trial court ultimately found

in its decision following the plenary hearing) that indemnification was

nonetheless precluded because Bonefish alleged tortious misconduct and

conspiracy on the part of the Levitt defendants themselves, we cannot agree. It

is true that the APA does not contain an unequivocal provision extending

indemnification for active wrongdoing or tortious conduct on the part of the

indemnitee. However, as noted by the Levitt defendants, the trial court granted

summary judgment and dismissed Bonefish's claims against them, thus

adjudicating them to be free from active wrongdoing under the after -the-fact

approach in Mantilla and Central Auto Parts. Thus, the conduct of the Levitt

defendants was no longer at issue at the time the court considered their motion

for summary judgment on the indemnification provision. As previously noted,

the pleadings in a case are only a starting point and an indemnitee may recover

counsel fees from the indemnitor so long as the indemnitee is adjudicated free

from active wrongdoing regarding the injury to the plaintiff. Thus, the Levitt

                                                                            A-1280-19
                                       38
defendants were not precluded from indemnification because of Bonefish's tort

and conspiracy claims alleged against them.

      However, while we do not find Section 13.02 to be ambiguous or that the

Levitt defendants were precluded from indemnification because of the nature of

the Bonefish pleadings against them, we do conclude a question of fact remained

as to whether Rush properly notified the Levitt defendants of the Bonefish

action, given the conflicting deposition testimony of Levitt, Vasak, Rush and

Zaidins. As a result, we affirm the trial court's denial on summary judgment of

the Levitt defendant's claim for indemnification.

      C. Denial of Indemnification after Plenary Hearing

      Levitt and Imwoth also contend that the trial court erred in denying their

claim for indemnification following the bench trial. This argument has merit.

We therefore vacate the dismissal of their indemnification claim and remand the

matter to the trial court for additional findings.

      In reviewing a trial court's conclusions in a non-jury case, we give

substantial deference to the lower court's findings of fact and conclusions of law.

Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 412 (1998) (citing Rova Farms Resort v. Inv.

Ins. Co., 65 N.J. 474, 483-84 (1974)). An appellate court should disturb these

findings only where there is no doubt they are inconsistent with the relevant,

                                                                             A-1280-19
                                        39
credible evidence presented below, such that a manifest denial of justice would

result from their preservation. Ibid. It is of no consequence that the reviewing

court suspects that it might have reached a different result, or that all testimonial

or evidentiary issues were resolved in favor of one side. State v. Johnson, 42

N.J. 146, 162 (1964).

      In its September 17, 2019, opinion denying the Levitt defendants' claim

for indemnification, the trial court found as follows:

                    Paragraph 13.02 of the APA governs the extent
             and nature of the indemnity by seller Autoshred to
             Buyer Imwoth. This paragraph covers not only the
             liabilities of Autoshred but also "any and all claims,
             suits, actions, proceedings (formal and informal)."
             Clearly therefore this indemnity language would cover
             attorney fees and court costs incurred by Imwoth in
             connection with any litigation where a third party sued
             Imwoth for actions taken or liabilities incurred by
             Autoshred.

                   However, while the language of the APA
             addresses that type of litigation, it does not address
             third party actions taken against Imwoth for its own
             actions or liabilities. Here, all the claims made by
             Bonefish against Imwoth had to do with Imwoth's own
             alleged actions, e.g. Imwoth's tortious interference with
             the contract between Bonefish and Autoshred, its
             engaging in a civil conspiracy against Bonefish and the
             like.     If Imwoth wanted indemnification from
             Autoshred for its own actions, it was necessary to
             provide for the same in the APA. Furthermore, Imwoth
             cannot reasonably claim that it was the intention of the
             parties to extend the indemnity to that extent. As stated

                                                                               A-1280-19
                                        40
            above, Imwoth knew of Bonefish's claims against
            Autoshred before the closing and, more specifically,
            also knew that Bonefish intended to sue Imwoth for its
            own alleged actions and even knew the nature of the
            causes of action Bonefish intended to bring.

                  At the plenary hearing, Mr. Levitt confirmed he
            was aware of the likelihood of the Bonefish litigation
            and also that he and/or his company would be sued as
            well. It was incumbent on him then, if he wished to be
            indemnified for his or the company's own alleged
            actions, to have the contract amended to so provide.
            That was not done and the court cannot provide a more
            advantageous agreement for Imwoth than the one it
            negotiated with Autoshred.

       The Levitt defendants argue that, in dismissing their claim after the

plenary hearing, the trial court failed to make necessary credibility

determinations and findings of fact given the conflicting deposition and trial

testimony in this case. We agree as to the issue of whether Levitt was properly

notified by Rush of the Bonefish action and had, at the time of the closing,

"actual knowledge" of a breach of the APA as that phrase was defined in the

APA.

       Throughout this litigation, Rush and Autoshred maintained that

subsection (b) of Section 13.05 negated the indemnification claim Levitt and

Imwoth might otherwise have had because it precluded indemnification "with

respect to any false, incorrect or misleading representation or warranty in this

                                                                          A-1280-19
                                      41
Agreement . . . or in any of the transaction Documents or breach thereof made

by an Indemnifying Party that such Indemnified Party had actual knowledge of

on the closing Date." (emphasis added). According to the APA, this "actual

knowledge" had to have been acquired "because of the events, circumstances

and consequences thereof were clear on its face from materials actually provided

to or obtained by the Indemnified Party prior to Closing."

      Based on our review of the record, while counsel for Rush and Autoshred

undeniably forwarded the Bonefish demand letter to Levitt prior to the closing,

this did not necessarily mean that Levitt had "actual knowledge" of a breach by

Rush since the "circumstances and consequences" of Bonefish's claims were

arguably not made "clear" to Levitt. A significant portion of the record indicated

that Rush denied the validity of Bonefish's "frivolous" claims at the time they

were made known to Levitt. In both his deposition and hearing testimony, Levitt

insisted that Rush told him that the dispute with Bonefish was without merit and

"should not concern" Levitt because of the verbal carve-out. According to

Vasak, Rush told him that Zaidins was trying to collect a fee for "services that

were not completed" and in disregard of the carve-out. Rush admitted telling

others that Zaidins was a "real dirt bag," who was breaking his word regarding

the verbal carve-out and trying to "shake down" Rush.

                                                                            A-1280-19
                                       42
      The mutually corroborative testimony of Levitt, Vasak and Zaidins was

juxtaposed against Rush's deposition and hearing testimony wherein he first did

not recall conversing with Levitt about the Bonefish suit, and then maintained

that he never discussed the ramifications of the suit or the indemnification clause

in the APA with Levitt. Based on our review of the record, Rush's testimony

defied belief. Levitt surely would have amended the APA to further protect

himself, had he not been reassured that Rush would take care of him.

      Thus, to the extent Rush disclosed a possible breach of Section 7.10 of the

APA which assured that Rush and Autoshred had not incurred any liability to

any broker for brokerage fees with respect to the sale of Autoshred for which

Levitt and Imwoth would be responsible, he arguably also undercut this

disclosure and the clarity of the consequences by indicating that the claim was

frivolous. Levitt and Imwoth had no independent knowledge of the contract

negotiated by Rush and Zaidins or of any amendments thereto. Even Zaidins

admitted that he knew he had no independent claims against Levitt and Imwoth

and that his suit rested upon Rush's actions.

      Given the lack of findings by the trial court, especially on the issue of

credibility, we vacate the denial of Imwoth's claim for indemnification, and

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remand for more findings regarding the applicability of Section 13.05(b) of the

indemnification provision.

      D. Waiver of Jury Trial

      Levitt and Imwoth further contend that the trial court erred in denying

their demand for a jury trial on their indemnification claim. They assert that,

although there is a court order stating that they waived their right to a jury trial

"in open court," this waiver applied only to the default claim asserted against

them in Rush and Autoshred's complaint, not to their crossclaim for

indemnification against the Rush defendants in the Bonefish action.              We

disagree.

      We acknowledge that Levitt and Imwoth demanded a jury trial in their

answer to the Bonefish complaint and in their crossclaim against the Rush

defendants wherein they alleged that they were entitled to indemnification under

the APA. Levitt and Imwoth similarly asserted as an affirmative defense in the

Rush action that Rush breached the APA by failing to defend and indemnify

them in the Bonefish complaint and demanded a jury trial. However, Levitt and

Imwoth have produced nothing indicating that the jury trial waiver set forth in

the trial court's order consolidating the two cases applied only to the Rush action.

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As a result, we reject the Levitt defendants' contention that the trial court erred

in denying their demand for a jury trial on their indemnification claim.

      E. Hearing on Indemnification Claim

      Levitt and Imwoth also contend that the trial court erred in holding a

summary hearing under Rule 4:67-1 on their claim for indemnification. We

disagree. The court held a plenary hearing/bench trial on a severed claim under

Rule 4:35-3.    There was no motion to convert the plenary hearing into a

summary hearing. The parties did not agree to such a conversion. The Levitt

defendants' contention to the contrary lacks merit.

      F. Counsel Fees

      Levitt and Imwoth next contend that the trial court erred in its counsel fee

award to the Rush defendants based upon the fee-shifting provision in the Note.

We disagree.

      Each litigant in New Jersey is required to pay his own fees and costs,

unless otherwise provided by court rule, statute or contract. In re Niles Trust,

176 N.J. 282, 294 (2003); Henderson v. Camden Cnty. Mun. Util. Auth., 176

N.J. 554, 564 (2003). The granting of counsel fees is a matter left to the trial

court's discretion and fee determinations should be disturbed only where there

has been a clear abuse of discretion. Giarusso v. Giarusso, 455 N.J. Super. 42,

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51 (App. Div. 2018). A trial court decision will constitute an abuse of discretion

where "the decision [was] made without a rational explanation, inexplicably

departed from established policies, or rested on an impermissible basis." Saffos

v. Avaya Inc., 419 N.J. Super. 244, 271 (App. Div. 2011).

      In making a fee award, a court must first calculate the "lodestar," i.e., "the

number of hours reasonably expended multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate."

Rendine v. Pantzer, 141 N.J. 292, 334-35 (1995). "Trial courts should not accept

passively the submissions of counsel to support the lodestar amount" but should

instead inquire as to what a reasonable amount of time expended should have

been, as opposed to the hours actually expended by counsel.               Id. at 335;

Giarusso, 455 N.J. Super. at 51.

      In determining the reasonableness of a fee application, the court must

consider

            (1)[t]he time and labor required, the novelty and
            difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill
            requisite to perform the legal service properly; (2) the
            likelihood, if apparent to the client, that the acceptance
            of the particular employment will preclude other
            employment by the lawyer; (3) the fee customarily
            charged in the locality for similar legal services; (4) the
            amount involved and the results obtained; (5) the time
            limitations imposed by the client or by the
            circumstances; (6) the nature and length of the
            professional relationship with the client; (7) the
            experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer or

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            lawyers performing the services; and (8) whether the
            fee is fixed or contingent.

            [R.P.C. 1.5(a).]

      The trial court can "'reduce the hours claimed by the number of hours

spent litigating claims on which the party did not succeed and that were "distinct

in all respects from" claims on which the party did succeed.'" Rendine, 141 N.J.

at 335 (quoting Rode v. Dellarciprete, 892 F.2d 1177, 1183 (3d Cir. 1990)). It

can also exclude time that is not explained in sufficient detail to determine its

reasonableness. Rendine, 141 N.J. at 337. Ultimately, the final fee award need

not be proportionate to the amount of damages recovered. Id. at 336.

      According to Rule 1:7-4, a court in non-jury trials and on motions must

"by an opinion or memorandum decision, either written or oral, find the facts

and state its conclusions of law." In particular, the court must give reasons when

awarding attorney's fees. Gordon v. Rozenwald, 380 N.J. Super. 55, 79 (App.

Div. 2005); Clarke v. Clarke ex rel. Costine, 359 N.J. Super. 562, 572 (App.

Div. 2003). The absence of adequate findings will generally warrant a reversal

of the lower court's decision. Heinl v. Heinl, 287 N.J. 337, 347 (App. Div.

1996).

      After obtaining summary judgment on Autoshred's claim of default on the

Note, counsel for Rush and Autoshred submitted a certification seeking

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$38,423.87 in fees and costs based upon a fee of $350 per hour. Counsel

acknowledged that there was some overlap with the Bonefish action, but

asserted that he had tried to parse out what was billed in connection with the

Imwoth default. He noted that "the entries relating to depositions set forth the

total time spent, which included the Bonefish litigation. I have not included

services relating to the depositions of Bonefish's representative (Zaid ins) and

the co-defendant broker (Vasak), and have only included one of three deposition

transcript costs." Imwoth opposed such an award.

      On October 16, 2019, the trial court entered judgment requiring the Levitt

defendants to pay $38,423.76 (the full amount sought) to the Rush defendants

pursuant to the fee-shifting provision in the Note. The court explained its award

as follows:

                     Initially, the court confirms that Autoshred is
              entitled to reasonable attorney fees and costs related to
              Imwoth's breach of the promissory note. The parties
              freely and clearly contracted to include a provision for
              the payment of such fees and costs in the event of a
              breach.

                    Moreover, the court finds the total of 106.10
              hours expended by Autoshred's attorney in pursuit of
              this matter were reasonable. All the billing entries
              appear to be related to Autoshred's suit on the
              promissory note. The hourly rate of $350.00 is
              commensurate with the rate of other attorneys of
              reasonably comparable skill, experience and reputation.

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            Finally, the court finds the fee reasonable based upon
            the attorney's success on the merits. The fee of
            $37,135.00 in relation to the judgment on the note of
            $146,191.50 is appropriate.

                  Accordingly, the court awards Autoshred
            attorney fees in the amount of $37,135.00 together with
            costs of $1288.76 as set forth in the affidavit of
            Autoshred's attorney for a total amount of $38,423.76.

      Imwoth now contends that the trial court erred in awarding fees for: 1)

the eighteen hours counsel spent attending the depositions of Rush and Levitt

because those depositions were almost exclusively related to the Bonefish

action; 2) travel time to the court house on seven occasions; 3) ten phone

conferences with Rush between February 2017 and March 2019 for which the

subject matter was not identified; and 4) preparing for and attending a two-day

mediation where there was virtually no discussion of the Autoshred action

against Imwoth and Levitt. We disagree.

      First, counsel addressed the deposition overlap by charging for only two

of the four depositions taken.    Next, reimbursement for travel time is not

inappropriate even if great distances were not involved. Also, ten brief phone

calls generally discussing the case over a span of nearly two years resulting in

fees of $840 hardly seems unreasonable. Lastly, given how the Bonefish and

Rush actions were interwoven, we reject the contention that the court erred in

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awarding fees for the mediation. We therefore reject the Levitt defendants'

contention that the trial court erred in its counsel fee award.

      Any claims not addressed lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a

written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

      Affirmed, in part, and vacated and remanded, in part. We do not retain

jurisdiction.

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