Court Opinion

ID: 6325128
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-21 15:00:30.544613+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:19:14.215004
License: Public Domain

In the

    United States Court of Appeals
                For the Seventh Circuit
                    ____________________
No. 21-1224
INSTITUTO MEXICANO DEL SEGURO SOCIAL,
                                                 Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                v.

ZIMMER BIOMET HOLDINGS, INC.,
                                                Defendant-Appellee.
                    ____________________

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the
        Northern District of Indiana, South Bend Division.
          No. 20-cv-00099 — Damon R. Leichty, Judge.
                    ____________________

   ARGUED OCTOBER 26, 2021 — DECIDED MARCH 21, 2022
               ____________________

   Before FLAUM, ST. EVE, and KIRSCH, Circuit Judges.
   ST. EVE, Circuit Judge. Between 2008 and 2013, Instituto
Mexicano del Seguro Social (“IMSS”) claims Zimmer Biomet
Holdings, Inc. (“Zimmer Biomet”) bribed Mexican govern-
ment oﬃcials to sell unregistered medical products in Mexico.
IMSS ﬁled suit in Zimmer Biomet’s home jurisdiction, the
Northern District of Indiana, based on the alleged bribery.
Zimmer Biomet successfully moved to dismiss the suit for fo-
rum non conveniens, arguing Mexico was the appropriate
2                                                 No. 21-1224

venue in which to litigate. IMSS appeals, arguing both the dis-
trict court misapplied the forum non conveniens analysis and
the United Nations Convention Against Corruption
(“UNCAC”) precludes dismissal on such grounds. We aﬃrm
the judgment of the district court.
                       I. Background
    IMSS is the agency of the Mexican government tasked
with purchasing medical products distributed to Mexican cit-
izens. IMSS owns and operates various hospitals throughout
Mexico which provide health care to tens of millions of Mex-
ican citizens. Between 2008 and 2013, IMSS purchased medi-
cal products from Zimmer Biomet, an orthopedic medical de-
vice company. Zimmer Biomet, headquartered in Warsaw, In-
diana and incorporated in Delaware, distributes its products
in Mexico through Biomet 3i Mexico (“Biomet 3i”), an indi-
rectly wholly owned subsidiary.
    During this period, IMSS claims Zimmer Biomet orches-
trated an international bribery scheme from its Indiana head-
quarters to facilitate the sale of unregistered medical prod-
ucts. Specifically, IMSS alleges Zimmer Biomet paid around
$1 million in bribes to its “Mexican agents” who acted as
“bagmen” and passed those bribes along to Mexican govern-
ment officials. Zimmer Biomet personnel purportedly com-
municated with their employees in Mexico and traveled to
and from Mexico to carry out the scheme. IMSS claims, had it
known the medical products were unregistered or that Zim-
mer Biomet was bribing government officials, it could not
have purchased from Zimmer Biomet.
   IMSS filed suit against Zimmer Biomet on January 30,
2020, in the United States District Court for the Northern
No. 21-1224                                                   3

District of Indiana based on these allegations. IMSS brought
three causes of action: two under Mexican law (breach of con-
tract and violating the Law of Acquisitions, Leases and Ser-
vices of the Public Sector) and one (fraud) for which the relief
“is the same whether this claim is made pursuant to United
States or Mexican law.”
    Zimmer Biomet moved to dismiss IMSS’s complaint on
August 10, 2020, under the doctrine of forum non conveniens
and consented to service of process and personal jurisdiction
in Mexico. In support of its motion, Zimmer Biomet submit-
ted the declaration of José Ramón Cossío Díaz, a former Jus-
tice of the Mexico Supreme Court of Justice and current pro-
fessor of constitutional law at El Colegio de México. In rele-
vant part, Díaz opined litigation would be much more com-
plicated in American courts than in Mexican courts due to the
location of documents and witnesses and the burdens of au-
thenticating evidence and translating documents and testi-
mony from Spanish to English.
    IMSS challenged Zimmer Biomet’s motion, arguing in part
the United States’s ratification of the UNCAC precludes ap-
plication of the forum non conveniens doctrine to the case. IMSS
submitted the declaration of Sergio Antonio Linares Pérez, a
Mexican attorney. Pérez asserted there was no equivalent to
American discovery procedures under Mexican law and,
should the case proceed in Mexican courts, the parties would
be limited to the evidence currently in their possession. Based
on Pérez’s experience, litigation in American courts is more
expedient than in Mexican courts. IMSS also submitted evi-
dence of previous government investigations into Zimmer Bi-
omet’s global practices, including a 2007 deferred prosecution
agreement with the United States Attorney’s Office in New
4                                                     No. 21-1224

Jersey, a 2012 complaint and letter from the Department of
Justice (“DOJ”), and a 2017 deferred prosecution agreement
between Zimmer Biomet, the Securities and Exchange Com-
mission (“SEC”), and the DOJ.
   The district court disagreed with IMSS’s interpretation of
the UNCAC and sided with Zimmer Biomet, dismissing
IMSS’s complaint based on forum non conveniens on January 5,
2021. IMSS timely appealed.
                         II. Discussion
    IMSS appeals two aspects of the district court’s decision.
First, IMSS argues the district court misapplied the forum non
conveniens doctrine. Second, IMSS claims the district court
failed to appreciate the UNCAC’s impact upon the forum non
conveniens doctrine. We address, and reject, each in turn.
A. Forum Non Conveniens
   The doctrine of forum non conveniens, effectively a super-
vening venue provision, empowers a court to dismiss a suit
when litigating in that court as opposed to an alternative fo-
rum unreasonably burdens the defendant. Sinochem Int’l Co.
Ltd. v. Malaysia Int’l Shipping Corp., 549 U.S. 422, 429–30 (2007);
U.S.O. Corp. v. Mizuho Holding Co., 547 F.3d 749, 750 (7th Cir.
2008). The central focus of the forum non conveniens inquiry is
convenience. Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 249
(1981); see also Fischer v. Magyar Allamvasutak Zrt., 777 F.3d
847, 866 (7th Cir. 2015).
   A district court may exercise its discretion and dismiss a
case for forum non conveniens when (1) “an alternative forum
has jurisdiction to hear [the] case” and (2) trial in the chosen
forum would prove, disproportionate to the plaintiff’s con-
venience, oppressive and vexatious to the defendant; or “the
No. 21-1224                                                       5

chosen forum [is] inappropriate because of considerations af-
fecting the court’s own administrative and legal problems.”
Sinochem, 549 U.S. at 432 (quoting Am. Dredging Co. v. Miller,
510 U.S. 443, 447–48 (1994)) (alterations in original); see also
Deb v. SIRVA, Inc., 832 F.3d 800, 805 (7th Cir. 2016). The latter
half of this analysis requires the district court to balance the
public and private interest factors of the alternative forum.
Fischer, 777 F.3d at 868. The defendant—here, Zimmer Bi-
omet—bears the burden of persuading the district court dis-
missal for forum non conveniens is appropriate. In re Ford Motor
Co., 344 F.3d 648, 652 (7th Cir. 2003). “The doctrine of forum
non conveniens … is an exceptional one that a court must use
sparingly.” Deb, 832 F.3d at 805.
    While courts ordinarily accord a plaintiff’s choice of forum
strong deference, Clerides v. Boeing Co., 534 F.3d 623, 628 (7th
Cir. 2008), this is not the case where, as here, the plaintiff is
foreign, Piper Aircraft Co., 454 U.S. at 256. Dilution of the pre-
sumption in favor of IMSS’s choice of forum is not bias against
foreign plaintiffs but, instead, a “practical observation about
convenience.” Deb, 832 F.3d at 806; see also Sinochem, 549 U.S.
at 430; In re Factor VIII or IX Concentrate Blood Prods. Litig., 484
F.3d at 956.
     This suit presents a slightly unusual twist. IMSS, a foreign
plaintiff, elected to file suit in the Northern District of Indiana,
Zimmer Biomet’s home. In such circumstances, “the pre-
sumption in favor of giving plaintiffs their choice of court is
little more than a tie breaker” as we have little reason to sup-
pose either party faces discrimination by being forced to liti-
gate in its home court. Abad v. Bayer Corp., 563 F.3d 663, 667
(7th Cir. 2009); see also Chang v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 599
F.3d 728, 735 (7th Cir. 2010); Cap. Mkts. Int’l, Ltd. v.
6                                                     No. 21-1224

Geldermann, 182 F.3d 921 (Table), 1999 WL 439405, at *3 (7th
Cir. 1999). Here, “all really that the court is left to weigh is the
relative advantages and disadvantages of the alternative fo-
rums.” Abad, 563 F.3d at 667.
    Dismissal for forum non conveniens is left to “the sound dis-
cretion of the trial court” and “may be reversed only when
there has been a clear abuse of discretion.” Deb, 832 F.3d at
805 (quoting Piper Aircraft Co., 454 U.S. at 257); see also Fischer,
777 F.3d at 866. In evaluating the district court’s exercise of
discretion, we consider whether it properly assigned Zimmer
Biomet the burden of “demonstrate[ing] that a finding of fo-
rum non conveniens was within the realm of appropriate con-
clusions.” Deb, 832 F.3d at 810. While a district court abuses
its discretion where it ignores relevant public and private in-
terest factors, Stroitelstvo Bulgaria Ltd. v. Bulgarian-Am. Enter.
Fund, 589 F.3d 417, 424 (7th Cir. 2009), when it considers and
reasonably balances these factors, “its decision deserves sub-
stantial deference,” Piper Aircraft Co., 454 U.S. at 257; see also
Fischer, 777 F.3d at 866. Given the fact-intensive, multifactor
analysis involved in a forum non conveniens determination, we
“take care not to substitute our own judgment for that of the
district court.” Fischer, 777 F.3d at 866 (cleaned up). Here, the
district court did not abuse its discretion dismissing the case
for forum non conveniens.
    1. Available Alternative Forum
    The availability of an alternative forum is a two-part in-
quiry examining both availability and adequacy. Deb, 832
F.3d at 807; In re Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 420 F.3d 702, 704
(7th Cir. 2005). Zimmer Biomet consented to service of pro-
cess and personal jurisdiction in Mexico, which satisfies avail-
ability. Deb, 832 F.3d at 807; Fischer, 777 F.3d at 867. At oral
No. 21-1224                                                     7

argument, IMSS conceded Mexican courts constitute an avail-
able forum, so we spend no more time on that issue here.
    An alternative forum is adequate where “the parties will
not be deprived of all remedies or treated unfairly.” Deb, 832
F.3d at 807; Fischer, 777 F.3d at 867. An alternative forum is
inadequate only where “the remedy provided” is “so clearly
inadequate or unsatisfactory that it is no remedy at all.” Piper
Aircraft Co., 454 U.S. at 254; see also Fischer, 777 F.3d at 866.
Even where “the relief [is] not [ ] as comprehensive or as fa-
vorable as a plaintiff might obtain in an American court,” the
alternative forum is still adequate. Chang, 599 F.3d at 736
(quoting Stroitelstvo, 589 F.3d at 421).
    IMSS claims Mexican courts are inadequate based on their
unwillingness to “address the responsibility of foreign par-
ents of Mexican agents” and less fulsome discovery proce-
dures. Notably, IMSS does not assert a remedy is impossible
in Mexican courts, merely that it is less likely. First, it would
be odd to subject Zimmer Biomet to litigation in an inconven-
ient forum merely to increase the chances it will lose on the
merits. See Chang, 599 F.3d at 736. Second, and more damning
to IMSS’s argument, differences in law between forums
“should ordinarily not be given conclusive or even substan-
tial weight in the forum non conveniens inquiry.” Piper Aircraft
Co., 454 U.S. at 247. A forum is not inadequate merely because
its law is less favorable to the plaintiff. Deb, 832 F.3d at 807;
Abad, 563 F.3d at 667. Indeed, two of IMSS’s causes of action
arise under Mexican law and, according to IMSS’s own com-
plaint, the remedy for the third is identical in the United States
and Mexico. There is no risk IMSS will be wholly deprived of
a remedy by litigating in Mexican courts.
8                                                    No. 21-1224

    2. Private Interest Factors
    Courts look to four private interest factors when evaluat-
ing the viability of an alternative forum. These include the
“(1) relative ease of access to sources of proof; (2) availability
of compulsory process and costs for attendance of witnesses;
(3) possibility of viewing the premises, if appropriate; and
(4) other practical issues, including the ease of enforcement of
any ultimate judgment.” Deb, 832 F.3d at 807. The district
court correctly determined these private interest factors “tilt
strongly towards dismissal.”
    The district court concluded the bulk of witnesses and ev-
idence are located in Mexico. Based on IMSS’s own pleading,
IMSS is an agency of the Mexican government, Biomet 3i is
located in Mexico, the purported contracts were executed in
Mexico between Mexican parties, “Mexican agents” carried
out the alleged bribery scheme, and any injury occurred in
Mexico. IMSS first claims Zimmer Biomet failed to provide
evidence of the relative volume of witnesses and evidence in
each forum. However, Zimmer Biomet is not required to spe-
cifically indicate what evidence would be out of reach if liti-
gation proceeded in IMSS’s chosen forum to succeed on a fo-
rum non conveniens motion. Instead, Zimmer Biomet was only
obligated to “provide enough information to enable the Dis-
trict Court to balance the parties’ interest.” Piper Aircraft Co.,
454 U.S. at 258; see also Macedo v. Boeing Co., 693 F.2d 683, 689
(7th Cir. 1982) (“[A] list of witnesses and summary of ex-
pected testimony is unnecessary ….”). IMSS’s own complaint
arguably provided sufficient information to permit the dis-
trict court to reach its conclusion, but Zimmer Biomet also of-
fered Díaz’s testimony that “if the action is filed with the In-
diana courts it would be much more complicated tha[n] if it
No. 21-1224                                                   9

is brought with Mexican courts” due, in part, to the location
of documents and witnesses.
    IMSS claims—based on Zimmer Biomet’s cooperation
with the 2017 SEC and DOJ investigations—the relevant evi-
dence is already located in Indiana. First, given the breadth of
IMSS’s pleading and absence of detailed allegations, it is un-
clear to what degree the events subject to the 2017 investiga-
tions overlap with those in IMSS’s complaint. Second, the
2017 DOJ deferred prosecution agreement notes Zimmer Bi-
omet made its own employees available for interviews. There
is no indication it included other evidence relevant to the pre-
sent suit, such as the alleged contracts or interviews with
IMSS employees or the “Mexican agents” purportedly acting
as “bag men.” Third, the district court expressly considered
the materials from the 2017 investigations and nonetheless
determined they were “fewer in number and secondary in rel-
evance” to evidence in Mexico. IMSS points to nothing which
would allow us to disturb this sound conclusion.
    Nor did, as IMSS suggests, the district court ignore rele-
vant evidence or arguments in reaching its decision. Indeed,
the district court specifically referenced the evidence of other
government investigations into Zimmer Biomet’s global ac-
tivities but found them less numerous and relevant than evi-
dence located in Mexico. Merely because the district court dis-
agreed about the weight and value of IMSS’s evidence does
not mean the court ignored it. The district court also expressly
considered, and rejected, IMSS’s argument about the compar-
ative ease of obtaining evidence in the United States and Mex-
ico. The district court acknowledged Pérez’s opinion about
discovery but correctly noted discrepancies in discovery pro-
cedures are immaterial to the forum non conveniens analysis.
10                                                    No. 21-1224

Instead, the district court judged the hardship of transporting
witness from Mexico to the United States, particularly in light
of then-active COVID-19 travel restrictions, the more signifi-
cant burden.
    Finally, IMSS claims Zimmer Biomet engaged in imper-
missible forum shopping by seeking dismissal under forum
non conveniens. First, by definition, all defendants seeking dis-
missal under forum non conveniens in hopes of landing in a
more convenient (and arguably more favorable) forum are en-
gaged in forum shopping. The forum non conveniens analysis
focuses on which of the two available forums is objectively
more convenient, not parties’ subjective motivations for seek-
ing a particular forum. Second, the possibility of reverse fo-
rum shopping by the defendant “ordinarily should not enter
into a trial court’s analysis of the private interests.” Piper Air-
craft Co., 454 U.S. at 252 n.19.
     3. Public Interest Factors
    Courts analyze the following public interest factors when
evaluating a forum non conveniens motion: (1) the “administra-
tive difficulties stemming from court congestion”; (2) the “lo-
cal interest in having localized disputes decided at home”;
(3) the “interest in having the trial of a diversity case in a fo-
rum that is at home with the law that must govern the action”;
(4) the “avoidance of unnecessary problems in conflicts of
laws or in the application of foreign law”; and (5) the “unfair-
ness of burdening citizens in an unrelated forum with jury
duty.” Fischer, 777 F.3d at 868. We agree with the district court
that these factors “overwhelmingly support” dismissal in fa-
vor of a Mexican venue.
No. 21-1224                                                    11

    Although administrative congestion has implications for
both American and Mexican courts, and despite Pérez’s asser-
tion American courts have one-third the caseload burden of
Mexican courts, we cannot say the district court abused its
discretion in concluding the administrative burdens are com-
paratively less significant in Mexico. This is particularly true
given that the volume of evidence and witnesses likely resides
in Mexico.
    IMSS characterizes its suit as presenting a “local contro-
versy” to Indiana and claims the district court improperly dis-
counted the United States’s strong national interest in com-
bating corruption. First, we are unconvinced an alleged
scheme involving Biomet 3i, a company located in Mexico,
bribing “Mexican agents,” to enable them to sell medical de-
vices in Mexico, to be used by Mexican doctors in Mexican
hospitals on Mexican patients, through an agency of the Mex-
ican government, pursuant to contracts executed in Mexico,
presents a “local controversy” to Warsaw, Indiana, regardless
where it was orchestrated. Second, while we accept the
United States has some interest in malfeasance by its citizens
abroad, IMSS fails to address the comparative nature of the
interest inquiry. The district court found, and we see no rea-
son to disagree, that Mexico’s interest in this particular case is
greater than that of the United States. See, e.g., Geldermann,
1999 WL 439405, at *4 (“While we agree … that Illinois has a
strong incentive to punish its citizens for … legal wrongs
committed abroad, it was within the district court’s discretion
to conclude that the U.K.’s stronger interest in protecting its
citizens from legal wrongs committed in England by foreign
citizens makes England the more appropriate forum.”).
12                                                    No. 21-1224

    Nor can we ignore the impropriety of asking an Indiana
jury to sit on this case and apply Mexican law to events from
which they are “highly attenuated.” First, the “need to apply
foreign law point[s] towards dismissal.” Piper Aircraft Co., 454
U.S. at 260. This is particularly true given Mexico’s civil law
system. Fischer, 777 F.3d at 871. Even accepting IMSS’s con-
tention that, for the claims at issue, Mexican law is essentially
identical to Indiana law, Mexican courts are in a better posi-
tion than American courts to apply Mexican law. See Abad, 563
F.3d at 670–71; Stroitelstvo, 589 F.3d at 426; U.S.O. Corp., 547
F.3d at 751.
    IMSS raises an underdeveloped argument that, in weigh-
ing the public interest factors, the district court ignored Mex-
ico’s “express policy statement” favoring venue in the United
States. First, it is not clear why, in a forum non conveniens anal-
ysis focused on convenience, IMSS’s policy preference is rele-
vant. Second, we do not accept IMSS’s venue decision as an
expression of Mexico’s policy preference. IMSS is one agency
of the Mexican government. Without some support, it seems
a stretch to claim IMSS is fully aware of, or empowered to
speak to, the nuanced policy interest in the administration of
the Mexican legal system, a national interest in addressing
corruption, or the foreign relations among nations. IMSS
points to nothing indicating its decision where to file a partic-
ular lawsuit is the product of the balance of Mexico’s national
interests as a whole.
     4. Burden of Proof
   IMSS’s final argument is the district court failed to hold
Zimmer Biomet to its burden of justifying dismissal for forum
non conveniens. While IMSS is correct Zimmer Biomet bears
the burden of proof, it is incorrect Zimmer Biomet failed to
No. 21-1224                                                  13

offer evidence of inconvenience. Zimmer Biomet pointed first
and foremost to IMSS’s own complaint which, while mark-
edly broad and non-specific, clearly indicates the gravita-
tional pull of the case points decisively towards Mexico. Zim-
mer Biomet also offered Díaz’s affidavit, in which Díaz gave
several opinions relevant to Zimmer Biomet’s burden. Nota-
bly, Díaz observed litigation would be much more compli-
cated if brought in the United States than if brought in Mex-
ico.
    Moreover, the district court acknowledged “Zimmer Bi-
omet carrie[d] the burden of overcoming [the] presumption
in favor of [IMSS’s] choice [of forum].” IMSS offers nothing to
indicate the district court improperly shifted the burden from
Zimmer Biomet to prove why dismissal was appropriate to
IMSS to defend its choice of forum.
                               ***
   The district court neither ignored nor improperly bal-
anced the relevant public and private interest factors. Conse-
quently, its decision enjoys substantial deference. The district
court did not abuse its discretion in applying the forum non
conveniens analysis.
B. The United Nations Convention Against Corruption
    The UNCAC is a multilateral treaty targeting international
corruption. See United Nations Convention Against Corrup-
tion pmbl., Dec. 10–11, 2003, S. Treaty Doc. No. 109-6, 2349
U.N.T.S. 42146 (entered into force Dec. 14, 2005) [hereinafter
UNCAC]. The stated purpose of the UNCAC includes the
promotion and strengthening of “measures to prevent and
combat corruption” and the promotion, facilitation, and sup-
port of “international cooperation and technical assistance in
14                                                       No. 21-1224

the prevention of and fight against corruption.” UNCAC art.
1(a)–(b). Both the United States and Mexico, along with 187
other nations, are parties (referred to individually as “State
Parties”) to the UNCAC. See United Nations Office on Drugs
and     Crime,     Signature     and      Ratification  Status,
https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/corruption/ratification-
status.html (last visited Mar. 9, 2022). The United States rati-
fied the UNCAC on October 30, 2006.
    “The interpretation of a treaty, like the interpretation of a
statute, begins with its text.” GE Energy Power Conversion
France SAS, Corp. v. Outokumpu Stainless USA, LLC, 140 S. Ct.
1637, 1645 (2020) (quoting Medellín v. Texas, 552 U.S. 491, 506
(2008)). To aid our interpretation of the text, we also look to
the negotiating and drafting history and the postratification
understanding of signatory nations. GE Energy Power, 140 S.
Ct. at 1645–46; Water Splash, Inc. v. Menon, 137 S. Ct. 1504, 1511
(2017) (citing Medellín, 552 U.S. at 507). We review the district
court’s interpretation of the UNCAC de novo. VLM Food Trad-
ing Int’l, Inc. v. Ill. Trading Co., 811 F.3d 247, 251 (7th Cir. 2016).
    IMSS claims the UNCAC alters the forum non conveniens
analysis, but not all international treaties constitute binding
federal law. Medellín, 552 U.S. at 504. Treaties are “equivalent
to an act of the legislature,” and thus self-executing, when
they “operate[] of [themselves] without the aid of any legisla-
tive provision.” Id. at 505 (quoting Foster v. Neilson, 27 U.S.
253, 254 (1829), overruled on other grounds, United States v. Per-
cheman, 32 U.S. 51 (1833)). Treaties which are not self-execut-
ing “‘can only be enforced pursuant to legislation to carry
them into effect.’” Medellín, 552 U.S. at 505 (quoting Whitney
v. Robertson, 12 U.S. 190, 194 (1888)). The Supreme Court has
“long recognized” this distinction. Medellín, 552 U.S. at 504.
No. 21-1224                                                   15

Although the UNCAC comprises an international commit-
ment, it is not domestic law unless Congress enacted imple-
menting legislation or “the [UNCAC] itself conveys an inten-
tion that it be ‘self-executing’ and is ratified on these terms.”
Id. at 505 (quoting Igartua-De La Rosa v. United States, 417 F.3d
145, 150 (1st Cir. 2005) (en banc)). Neither are the case.
   The United States ratified the UNCAC subject to the fol-
lowing declaration:
   [T]he provisions of the [UNCAC] (with the exception
   of Articles 44 and 46) are non-self-executing.
UNCAC Declarations and Reservations; S. Exec. 109-18 at 10.
Apart from provisions irrelevant to the present suit, the
UNCAC is expressly non-self-executing. Nor did Congress
pass legislation implementing the UNCAC. Id. at 6 (“No im-
plementing legislation is required for the [UNCAC].”). The
UNCAC is not binding federal law. This alone dooms IMSS’s
argument under the treaty.
                        III. Conclusion
   For these reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district
court.