Court Opinion

ID: 4046673
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-29 00:13:38.686703+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:30:31.079509
License: Public Domain

PD-0526-15

                   No. PD-___________________

              TO THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                    OF THE STATE OF TEXAS

                         —————————
                         No. 04–14–00347–CR
                         In the Fourth Court of Appeals

                       No. 2013CRM000371 D1
                 In the 49th District Court of Webb County, Texas
                         —————————

 THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                                Appellant

 v.

 VICTOR MANUEL SCHUNIOR JR.,                                        Appellee

                      Appeal from Webb County

                                 * * * * *

       STATE’S  PETITION  FOR  DISCRETIONARY  REVIEW
                        (As Appellant)

                                 * * * * *
May 6, 2015
                       ISIDRO R. ALANIZ
                     DISTRICT ATTORNEY
                        49th Judicial District
                                 By:
                  DAVID L. REUTHINGER, JR.
                    Assistant District Attorney,
                      Bar I.D. No. 24053936
                  dreuthinger@webbcountytx.gov

                ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED
                                     TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................... i

IDENTITY OF PARTIES .......................................................................... iii

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES ....................................................................... iv

STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT .................................. 2

STATEMENT OF THE CASE .................................................................... 2

STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY .......................................... 3

GROUNDS FOR REVIEW .......................................................................... 3

ARGUMENT AND AUTHORITIES........................................................... 4

  1) Is the limitations period for aggravated assault governed by Article
  12.01(7) rather than Article 12.03(d) of the Code of Criminal Procedure?
  ................................................................................................................... 6

  2) If the limitations period for aggravated assault is governed by Article
  12.03(d), does the lesser-included offense with the greater limitations
  period control when the lesser-included offenses of the aggravated
  assault include both misdemeanor assault and a felony? ........................ 12

PRAYER FOR RELIEF ............................................................................. 18

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE .......................................................... 19

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ................................................................... 19

                                                                                                                     ii
                        IDENTITY OF PARTIES

                           TRIAL COURT JUDGE

Honorable Jose  A.  “Joe”  Lopez
49th Judicial District Court

                                   PARTIES

STATE (APPELLANT AND PETITIONER):

THE STATE OF TEXAS

Represented by:
ISIDRO R. ALANIZ
District Attorney, 49th Judicial District
By: David L. Reuthinger, Jr., Assistant District Attorney
Webb County Justice Center, 4th Floor
1110 Victoria St., Suite 401
Laredo, Texas 78040
(956) 523-4951
(956) 523-5070 (Fax)
dreuthinger@webbcountytx.gov

APPELLEE / RESPONDENT:

VICTOR MANUEL SCHUNIOR, JR.

Represented by:
ROBERTO BALLI and CLAUDIA BALLI
Balli Law Office
P.O. Box 1058
Laredo, Texas 78042-1058
Tel: (956) 712-4999
Fax: (956) 724-5830
robertoballi@sbcglobal.net

                                                            iii
                             INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
Cases

Aguirre v. State,
22 S.W.3d 463, 481 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) ............................................. 14

Bowen v. State,
374 S.W.3d 427, 432 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) ........................................... 14

Boykin v. State,
818 S.W.2d 782, 785-86 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) ............................ 4, 6, 7, 9

Ex parte Matthews,
933 S.W.2d 134 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) ..................................................... 9

Ex parte Salas,
724 S.W.2d 67, 68 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) ................................................. 8

Fantich v. State,
420 S.W.3d 287 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2013, no pet.) ...................................... 6

Griffith v. State,
116 S.W.3d 782, 785 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) ............................... 13, 15, 17

Hall v. State,
225 S.W.3d 524, 535-36 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) ...................................... 14

Henson v. State,
No. 05-97-01894-CR, 2000 WL 1123509, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2000,
 pet.  ref’d)  (not  designated  for  publication) ............................................. 16

Honeycutt v. State,
82 S.W.3d 545, 548-49 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002) .............. 12, 15, 16

Hunter v. State,
576 S.W.2d 395, 399 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979) ............................................. 8

Irving v. State,
176 S.W.3d 842, 845 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) ........................................... 14

                                                                                                  iv
Ivey v. State,
277 S.W.3d 43, 52 n. 51 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) .................................... 6, 8

Marin v. State,
891 S.W.2d 267, 271-72 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) ...................................... 10

Muniz v. State,
851 S.W.2d 238, 244 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) ........................................... 12

Ramos v. State,
303 S.W.3d 302, 307 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) ........................................... 16

State v. Bennett,
415 S.W.3d 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) .................2, 4, 7, 9, 10, 13, 15, 17

State v. Colyandro,
233 S.W.3d 870, 877-78 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) ...................................... 10

State v. Medrano,
67 S.W.3d 892, 896, 901 n.22 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) ............................. 10

State v. Schunior,
No. 04-14-00347-CR, ___ S.W.3d ___ (Tex. App.—San Antonio April 22,
  2015) ........................................................................................ 3, 6, 8, 9, 14

Tita v. State,
267 S.W.3d 33, 38 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) ............................................... 14

Yazdchi v. State,
428 S.W.3d 831, 838 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) ............................................. 6

Statutes
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 12.01(7) ..................................................... 4, 12

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 12.03(d) ..................................................... 4, 17

TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.05(b) ...................................................................... 16

                                                                                                             v
Rules

TEX. R. APP. P. 66.3(b), (c) ............................................................... 8, 11, 17

Other Authorities

MERRIAM-WEBSTER COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY (11th ed.) .......................... 16

                                                                                                     vi
                    No. PD-___________________

                         No. 04–14–00347–CR
                         In the Fourth Court of Appeals

              TO THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS

                      OF THE STATE OF TEXAS

THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                       Appellant

v.

VICTOR MANUEL SCHUNIOR JR.,                               Appellee

                       Appeal from Webb County

                                * * * * *

      STATE’S  PETITION  FOR  DISCRETIONARY  REVIEW
                       (As Appellant)

                                * * * * *

TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS:

      Comes now the State of Texas, by and through her District Attorney,

ISIDRO R. ALANIZ, through his Assistant District Attorney, David L.

Reuthinger, Jr., and respectfully urges this Court to grant discretionary

review of the above named cause, pursuant to the rules of appellate

procedure.

                                                                       1
           STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT
        The State requests oral argument. The State asks the Court to resolve

the cliffhanger from State v. Bennett, 415 S.W.3d 867 (Tex. Crim. App.

2013), in which the procedural posture of that case prevented the Court

from reaching the underlying issue of whether aggravated assault has a

two-year or a three-year limitations period. In this case, the Appellee was

charged in three of the four indicted counts for discharging a firearm in the

direction of three persons within vehicles—so these aggravated-assault

counts have felony deadly conduct as a lesser-included offense. Therefore,

this case presents a special consideration: whether a two-year limitations

period for  an  “aggravated”  offense  that  has  a  three-year  “lesser”  included  

offense would be an absurd statutory interpretation that the Legislature

could not possibly have intended. The State requests argument to illustrate

this.

                       STATEMENT OF THE CASE
        The Appellee, Victor Manuel Schunior, Jr. was indicted for four

counts of aggravated assault. The offenses are alleged to have occurred on

February 19, 2011. The indictment was returned on April 17, 2013, two

years and two months after the shootings occurred. All but one of the

counts allege that Appellee discharged a firearm at persons as they were

                                                                                  2
exiting vehicles. Appellee moved for dismissal of all four counts, asserting

that per Article 12.03(d), Code of Criminal Procedure, the limitations

period for aggravated assault was two years and had run. The State

responded that the limitations period was three years per Article  12.01(7)’s  

catch-all  provision  for  “all  other  felonies”   not listed in Article 12.01.

              STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY
       Appellee’s  motion  to  dismiss  was  granted  by  the  trial  court  on  April  

15, 2014 and the State appealed the dismissal order on April 30, 2014. On

April 22, 2015, the court of appeals issued a published opinion affirming

the dismissal order in its entirety. State v. Schunior, No. 04-14-00347-CR,

___ S.W.3d ___ (Tex. App.—San Antonio April 22, 2015) (Tab “A”). The

State now seeks discretionary review from this Court.

                          GROUNDS FOR REVIEW

1) Is the limitations period for aggravated assault governed by Article
12.01(7) rather than Article 12.03(d) of the Code of Criminal
Procedure?

2) If the limitations period for aggravated assault is governed by
Article 12.03(d), does the lesser-included offense with the greater
limitations period control when the lesser-included offenses of the
aggravated assault include both misdemeanor assault and a felony?

                                                                                     3
                     ARGUMENT AND AUTHORITIES
       This is an issue of statutory construction: is the limitations period for

aggravated assault always three years because it is a felony, TEX. CODE

CRIM. PROC. art. 12.01(7);;   or   is   it   instead   controlled   by   the   ‘aggravated  

same   as   primary   crime’   provision, even when the underlying assault is a

misdemeanor? TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 12.03(d). As the Court knows,

the issue of which article controls the limitations period for aggravated

assault  is  contentious,  and  “the law is unsettled….”  Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at

869. The court of appeals made a commendable attempt to answer this

question, but it respectfully erred by breaking the ancient doctrine that

“[only  if] the plain language of a statute would lead to absurd results, or if

the language is … ambiguous, then and only then, …is it constitutionally

permissible for a court to consider …   such extratextual factors as …

legislative history.”  Boykin v. State, 818 S.W.2d 782, 785-86 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1991) (emphasis in original).

       The court of appeals has also reached an unprecedented result: it is

now  possible  for  a  “lesser-included”  offense  of  an  “aggravated”  offense  to  

have a longer limitations period than the so-called   “aggravated”   offense  

itself. The same criminal act that constitutes third-degree felony deadly

conduct, which has a three-year limitations period, can only be charged as

                                                                                         4
the greater second-degree felony offense of aggravated assault if the

indictment is within two years of the occurrence. That is backwards.

      The underlying limitations issue needs to be resolved, and this is the

right case. Further development of the limitations issue in the courts of

appeal is unlikely. Rather, the courts are likely to follow Fantich and the

opinion below in misapplying Boykin to resolve this issue unless this Court

intervenes. And the second issue underscores the concerns of the Judges

who favor the three-year interpretation, while providing strong evidence in

its favor. Finally, this case also provides a third way: a compromise which

could give effect to the Presiding  Judge’s argument for an Article 12.03(d)

two-year interpretation, satisfy the concerns of the Judges who disagree

with that interpretation, and avoid the absurd result reached by the court of

appeals—all while ensuring that this Appellee will face justice as charged

on the first three counts.

                                                                           5
1) Is the limitations period for aggravated assault governed by Article
12.01(7) rather than Article 12.03(d) of the Code of Criminal
Procedure?

A. The Court of Appeals Contradicted Boykin By Concluding the Statutes
   Were Unambiguous While Using An Ambiguous-Statute Analysis To
                        Defend That Conclusion

      There are but two mutually-exclusive methods for interpreting penal

statutes. Boykin, 818 S.W.2d at 785-86 (plain text controls, and

extratextual sources are consultable only if plain text is ambiguous or leads

to absurd results); Ivey v. State, 277 S.W.3d 43, 52 n. 51 (Tex. Crim. App.

2009). “Ambiguity [in a statute] exists when the statutory language may be

understood by reasonably well-informed persons in two or more different

senses[.]”  Yazdchi v. State, 428 S.W.3d 831, 838 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).

In Bennett, the divided Judges of this Court certainly understood these

articles to be reasonably understandable in two or more different senses.

      But the court of appeals, citing Fantich v. State, 420 S.W.3d 287

(Tex. App.—Tyler 2013, no pet.), concluded   that   the   “statutes are not

ambiguous and may be harmonized to give effect to the entire statutory

scheme”—and that this “effect” is a two year result. Slip op. at p. 12

(emphasis added); Fantich, 420 S.W.3d at 290 (“Articles 12.01 and 12.03

of the code of criminal procedure are not ambiguous….”). When the

                                                                            6
State’s   Brief pointed out that a three-year result was also possible under

the plain-language rules, that this plus this   Court’s   divided   Bennett

opinions proved that the statutes were ambiguous, and that the Fantich

plain-language approach was therefore inapplicable pursuant to Boykin, the

court of appeals began borrowing freely from the reasoning of Presiding

Judge   Keller’s   Bennett concurrence to defend Fantich. Slip op. at p. 13.

But unlike the Fantich court, the Presiding Judge concluded that the

statutes are ambiguous, and conducted an extratextual legislative-history

analysis accordingly. Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 878 (Keller, P.J., concurring).

      Thus, by using  the  Presiding  Judge’s  Bennett concurrence to defend

Fantich, the court of appeals purported to hold that the statutes were

unambiguous, while using an ambiguous-statute analysis to defend that

conclusion. To use a respectful analogy, the venerable Boykin rule required

the court of appeals to purchase its statutory analysis from either Peter

(ambiguous/absurd statute analysis) or Paul (plain statute analysis)—but

not both. Boykin, 818 S.W.2d at 785-86. Either the statute is ambiguous, or

it is not—yet the court of appeals borrowed from Peter to pay Paul, and

therefore avoided actually taking the first step in the proper statutory

analysis.

                                                                          7
          So which is it? If the Fantich unambiguous-statute logic does not

hold unless it is supported by an ambiguous-statute legislative-history

analysis, then the statute is ambiguous. See Ivey, 277 S.W.3d at 52 n. 51.

Accordingly, the court of appeals, like the Fantich court before it,

respectfully erred in basing its reasoning on a plain-language analysis that

is appropriate only for unambiguous statutes. Therefore,   the   “plain

unambiguous language”2 reasoning of Fantich is incorrect, as is that of the

Fantich-based opinion of the court of appeals below. Since those courts

respectfully misapplied Boykin, that alone is reason to grant review—and

here, there is also the opportunity to reach the underlying issue on the

merits. TEX. R. APP. P. 66.3(b), (c).

B. The Court of Appeals Did Not Consider That the Legislature Intended to
    Treat Aggravated Assault Differently than Aggravated Perjury and
            Improperly Placed the Burden on the Legislature

          The Court has provided a 30-year-old line of dicta stating that the

limitations  period  for  the  specific  offense  of  aggravated  assault  had  “long  

been   three   years.”   Ex parte Salas, 724 S.W.2d 67, 68 (Tex. Crim. App.

1987); see also Hunter v. State, 576 S.W.2d 395, 399 (Tex. Crim. App.

1979). Since the statutes are ambiguous, neither Fantich nor the court

2
    Slip op. at p. 18.

                                                                                    8
below could reject the Salas/Hunter line         from the statutory language

alone. See Boykin, 818 S.W.2d at 785-86.

      The court of appeals also relied on a line of dicta based upon Ex

parte Matthews, 933 S.W.2d 134 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), stating in dicta

that the result for aggravated perjury was two years. But it does not follow

that the same is true for aggravated assault. As Judge   Johnson’s   Bennett

concurrence pointed out, aggravated assault is different in kind from the

other   “aggravated”   offenses   that   cross   the   misdemeanor-felony divide.

Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 878 (Johnson, J., concurring). The Legislature

could very well have intended to except it from falling under Article

12.03(d)’s   two-year rule, while still allowing 12.03(d) to operate with

meaningful effect as to non-violent offenses such as aggravated perjury—

answering the concerns of Presiding Judge Keller and the court below. Slip

op. at p. 10 (citing Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 868-69 (Keller, P.J.,

concurring)).

      The only other argument for the two-year conclusion is from

legislative history, which the court of appeals used to anchor its conclusion

that Article 12.01(7) is inapplicable. See id. But there is no anchor. There

is no express evidence in the legislative history, either for or against the

                                                                               9
three-year rule; there are only unrelated amendments. See Bennett, 415
S.W.3d at 868-69 (Keller, P.J., concurring). So this argument is not from

legislative history but from mere legislative silence. See slip op. at pp. 11,

16. That does not overcome the presumption that the Legislature was

aware of this Court’s   dictum   that   the   limitations   period   had   ‘long   been  

three  years’ under Article 12.01(7) when making and amending the laws at

issue. State v. Colyandro, 233 S.W.3d 870, 877-78 (Tex. Crim. App.

2007); State v. Medrano, 67 S.W.3d 892, 896, 901 n.22 (Tex. Crim. App.

2002) (citing Marin v. State, 891 S.W.2d 267, 271-72 (Tex. Crim. App.

1994)).

       Since the court of appeals misapplied Boykin, it also skipped over

the opportunity to resolve the issue by simply applying the presumption.

At all times before Fantich, there were just two lines of dicta, only one of

which actually concerns the instant offense, while also stating that its

limitation period is controlled by Article 12.01(7). Accordingly, that

outcome is the presumed legislative intent absent evidence to the contrary.

Colyandro, 233 S.W.3d at 877-78. When it is silence versus a

presumption, the presumption wins.

                                                                                     10
      Therefore, Article 12.01(7) controls and the result is three years,

because the Court has long said so, the Legislature knew that, and there is

no direct legislative evidence expressly stating otherwise. See id. If the

Appellee wants to change that, then he needs to have the opportunity to

bring his objection to this Court so that the Court may correctly apply the

law, including a proper Boykin-based statutory construction analysis,

which was respectfully lacking in both the Fantich opinion and the one

below. TEX. R. APP. P. 66.3(b), (c).

                                                                        11
2) If the limitations period for aggravated assault is governed by
Article 12.03(d), does the lesser-included offense with the greater
limitations period control when the lesser-included offenses of the
aggravated assault include both misdemeanor assault and a felony?

A. A Limitations Period of Two Years for an Aggravated Assault That Also
   Constitutes “Lesser  Included”  Felony  Deadly  Conduct  Is  An  Absurd  
                                   Result
      The Appellee’s first three counts charge aggravated assault with a

deadly weapon, but that conduct is also lesser-included felony deadly

conduct, because he discharged this firearm in the direction of persons in a

vehicle. Honeycutt v. State, 82 S.W.3d 545, 548-49 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2002). Felony deadly conduct has a three-year limitations period.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 12.01(7). Under the result below, the less-

grave, lesser-included offense of felony deadly conduct has longer

limitations than its parent crime of aggravated assault. Is this a result the

Legislature could even remotely have intended?

      The Prime Directive of statutory interpretation is the avoidance of an

absurd result that the Legislature could not have possibly intended. Muniz

v. State, 851 S.W.2d 238, 244 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). Judge Johnson’s  

Bennett concurrence sensed that a blanket two-year result for all

aggravated ‘non-felony’ assaults will lead to absurd results—and that

concern is vindicated here. Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 878 (Johnson, J.,

                                                                          12
concurring). And notwithstanding its two-year result, the Presiding Judge’s  

concurrence thought that it   “seems   unlikely   (to   say   the   least)   that   the  

legislature would have intended the limitation period for robbery to be

longer than that   for   aggravated   robbery.”   Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 876

(Keller, P.J., concurring).

       The   Presiding   Judge’s   conclusion is equally valid as applied to an

aggravated assault that has felony deadly conduct as a lesser-included

offense. In both situations, limitations on a graver offense would run

before a lesser-included one arising from the same conduct. To borrow the

Presiding   Judge’s   language, it is unlikely, to say the least, that the

Legislature intended for a lesser-included offense, being of a lesser degree,

to have longer limitations than the  greater  “aggravated”  offense.   In other

words, this is an absurd result. The reviewing court should disregard this

result if there is another reasonable way to construe the statutes which

yields no such absurdities. Griffith v. State, 116 S.W.3d 782, 785 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2003).

                                                                                     13
   B. The Court of Appeals Improperly Declined to Consider the Absurd
                                 Result

      The court of appeals did not apply Griffith because it was convinced

that its construction was sound under expressio unius est exclusio alterius.

Slip op. at pp. 16-17. Whether a construction is reasonable is a different

question than whether a result is. See Aguirre v. State, 22 S.W.3d 463, 465

(Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Therefore, any method of interpretation, including

expressio unius, should be rejected if its use would lead to an absurd result.

See Griffith, 116 S.W.3d at 785

      The court of appeals also respectfully misapplied the law by

reasoning that lesser-included offenses pled in an indictment do not exist

until the jury is charged on them. Slip op. at p. 16 (citing Irving v. State,

176 S.W.3d 842, 845 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)). Actually, the existence of

lesser-included offenses and the tolling of limitations is controlled by the

elements and facts of the greater offense as pled in the indictment. See

Bowen v. State, 374 S.W.3d 427, 432 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Hall v.

State, 225 S.W.3d 524, 535-36 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). So limitations is

prima facie tolled even if the indictment contains mere “innuendo

allegations” as grounds for tolling. Tita v. State, 267 S.W.3d 33, 38 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2008). Since the court of appeals agreed that “the elements

                                                                           14
required to prove deadly conduct are the same as those required for

aggravated assault[,]”   the indictment did allege lesser-included deadly

conduct. Honeycutt, 82 S.W.3d at 548. The issue presented was therefore

properly before the court of appeals and was not addressed.

C. The Absurd Result Can Be Avoided By Construing  the  Term  “Primary”
                 To Refer to the Most Serious Offense

         If there was a reasonable way to resolve the conflict that avoids the

absurd result in this case, the court of appeals should have adopted it.

Griffith, 116 S.W.3d at 785. Here is one. Article 12.03(d) states that

limitations  for  an  “aggravated”  offense  is  that  of  its  “primary  crime,”  but it

does not define “primary   crime.” What   was   the   ‘primary’   offense  

committed by this Appellee, who fired a gun at three people? When the

only lesser-included offense in an aggravated assault is an assault, that is

easy enough. But in a case in which there are multiple lesser-included

offenses, there is a question about what usage of the term   “primary”   was

intended by the Legislature.6 Recourse to the dictionary to determine

6
  “Primary   crime”   cannot   simply   refer   to   whatever   offense   matches   the   title   of   the  
instant  offense  minus  the  word  “aggravated,”  not  only  because  the  statute nowhere so
states, but also because there exists at least one offense with no such primary crime—
aggravated   promotion   of   prostitution.   “Though   titled   ‘aggravated’   in   conformity   with  
the requirements of Article 12.03(d), the aggravated promotion of prostitution does not
explicitly  incorporate  the  crime  of  promotion  of  prostitution  by  its  Penal  Code  section.”  
Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 873 n.42 (Keller, P.J., concurring). Thus, it is uncertain what

                                                                                                       15
which use of the term was intended is therefore justified whether or not the

statute as a whole is ambiguous—and even whether or not Articles

12.03(d) and 12.01(7) even overlap or conflict at all. See Ramos v. State,

303 S.W.3d 302, 307 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).

       ‘Primary,’   as   in   ‘primary crime,’ could   mean   “most important[,]

most basic or essential[, or]            happening or coming first[.]” Primary,

MERRIAM-WEBSTER COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY (11th ed.).7 In this case, the

first three counts of the indictment state:

       [Appellant] did then and there intentionally or knowingly threaten
       [Victim] with imminent bodily injury by shooting a firearm into a
       vehicle she was exiting, and the defendant did then and there use or
       exhibit a deadly weapon, to-wit: a firearm, during the commission of
       said  assault…

(CR 1). Discharging firearms in the directions of persons or at their

vehicles was of such primary—as in “most important”—concern for the

Legislature to put such conduct into its own felonious assaultive offense

which is a lesser-included offense of aggravated assault. TEX. PENAL CODE

§ 22.05(b); Honeycutt, 82 S.W.3d at 548-49.

“primary  crime”  means  as  to  that  offense.  Id. Since there are zero primary crimes, that
offense is not controlled by Article 12.03(d). Henson v. State, No. 05-97-01894-CR,
2000 WL 1123509, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas   2000,   pet.   ref’d)   (not   designated   for  
publication).
7
  Available at http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/primary (last accessed May
2, 2015).

                                                                                          16
       And by designating felony deadly conduct the  “primary”  (as  in  most  

important) lesser-included crime, Article 12.03(d) can be applied to reach a

three-year  result  in  this  case,  because  12.03(d)  provides  that  the  “primary  

crime”—most important underlying crime—controls limitations. Id. art.

12.03(d). Between   “merely causing physical contact that another person

will regard as offensive or provocative”   and   felony   deadly   conduct,   the  

most important underlying crime in a gunfire aggravated assault is rather

obvious. Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 878 (Johnson, J., concurring).

       This approach harmonizes Judge Johnson’s concerns with                       the

Presiding Judge’s reasoning: Article 12.03(d) controls and the outcome

under the facts of this case is a three-year limitations period, because the

Presiding Judge agreed that an analogous situation with aggravated

robbery’s   limitations   expiring   before   those   of   its   lesser-included offense

would be an absurd result. Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 876 (Keller, P.J.,

concurring). Because this result is reasonable, gives effect to both articles,

and avoids the absurd result, the court of appeals should have adopted it.

Griffith, 116 S.W.3d at 785. Discretionary review is warranted to answer

this question of first impression: whether the holding reached by the court

of appeals leads to an absurd result, justifying this solution. TEX. R. APP. P.

66.3(b), (c).
                                                                                     17
                        PRAYER FOR RELIEF

      WHEREFORE, the State of Texas prays that the Court of Criminal

Appeals grant this Petition for Discretionary Review and reverse the

decision of the Court of Appeals.

                               Respectfully submitted,

                               ISIDRO R. ALANIZ
                               DISTRICT ATTORNEY
                               49TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

                               BY:__/s/__________________
                               David L. Reuthinger, Jr.
                               Assistant District Attorney for
                               THE STATE OF TEXAS
                               Webb and Zapata Counties,
                               49th Judicial District
                               1110 Victoria St., Suite 401
                               Laredo, Texas 78040
                               (956) 523-4900 / (956) 523-5070 (Fax)
                               Bar No. 24053936
                               ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

                                                                       18
                   CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

      The undersigned hereby certifies that the total word count of this
document, less exempt sections, as reported by the Microsoft Word word-
count tool, is 2,870.

                                      __/s/__________________
                                      David L. Reuthinger, Jr.
                                      Attorney for Appellant

                        CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      The undersigned hereby certifies that on this 5th day of May, 2015,
the following have been completed:
      (1) The petition has been electronically filed with the Clerk of the
          Court of Criminal Appeals in accordance with Tex. R. App. P.
          68.3 as adopted by the Court of Criminal Appeals and the
          required number of hard copies will be mailed.
      (2) A legible copy of said petition has been faxed or e-Served to:
      Roberto Balli, attorney for the Appellee,            P.O. Box 1058,
      Laredo, Texas 78042-1058, fax no. (956) 724-5830, email
      robertoballi@sbcglobal.net.
      (3) A copy has been tendered to the State Prosecuting Attorney.

                                      __/s/__________________
                                      David L. Reuthinger, Jr.
                                      Attorney for Appellant

                                                                           19
                               Fourth Court of Appeals
                                     San Antonio, Texas
                                             OPINION
                                         No. 04-14-00347-CR

                                        The STATE of Texas,
                                             Appellant

                                                 v.
                                                 /s
                                   Victor Manuel SCHUNIOR, Jr.,
                                             Appellee

                      From the 49th Judicial District Court, Webb County, Texas
                               Trial Court No. 2013-CRM-000371-D1
                             The Honorable Joe Lopez, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice

Sitting:          Karen Angelini, Justice
                  Marialyn Barnard, Justice
                  Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice

Delivered and Filed: April 22, 2015

AFFIRMED

           The State appeals the trial court’s order dismissing its indictment against Victor Manuel

Schunior, Jr. for aggravated assault as barred by a two-year statute of limitations. The appeal

presents an unsettled issue concerning the appropriate statute of limitations for aggravated assault

and turns on the statutory interpretation of Code of Criminal Procedure articles 12.01(7) and

12.03(d) addressing the limitations periods for undesignated “other felonies” and aggravated

offenses, respectively. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.01(7) (West Supp. 2014); id. art.
                                                                                      04-14-00347-CR

12.03(d) (West 2005). We disagree with the State’s statutory interpretation and affirm the trial

court’s order dismissing the indictment.

                               FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       On April 17, 2013, Schunior was indicted on four counts of aggravated assault with a

deadly weapon arising out of a single incident. The indictment alleges that, on or about February

19, 2011, Schunior shot a firearm into a vehicle which was occupied by three individuals and also

struck one of the individuals with a firearm after he exited the vehicle. Thus, the indictment

charged Schunior with four counts of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, which is a felony.

See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.02(a)(2) (West 2011) (a person commits aggravated assault if he

commits the offense of assault as defined by § 22.01, and uses or exhibits a deadly weapon during

the assault); id. § 22.01(a) (West Supp. 2014) (a person commits assault if he intentionally or

knowingly causes bodily injury to another or threatens another with imminent bodily injury).

       Schunior filed a motion to dismiss and pre-trial application for habeas corpus relief

asserting the prosecution was barred by limitations. Schunior argued that the interplay between

articles 12.01(7) and 12.03(d) shows that the statute of limitations for aggravated assault is two

years. The State argued that under its interpretation of the same statutes, the limitations period is

three years. The indictment against Schunior was filed two years and two months after the date of

the commission of the offense. After a hearing, the trial court ruled that the statute of limitations

for aggravated assault is two years, and granted Schunior’s request for habeas corpus relief and

dismissed the indictment with prejudice. The State now appeals.

                       LIMITATIONS PERIOD FOR AGGRAVATED ASSAULT

       “The purpose of a statute of limitations in the criminal context is to protect the accused

from having to defend against stale criminal charges and to prevent punishment for acts committed

in the remote past.” Dix and Schmolesky, 40 TEX. PRAC. SERIES § 6:1 (3rd ed. 2011); see
                                                -2-
                                                                                       04-14-00347-CR

Hernandez v. State, 127 S.W.3d 768, 772 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). There is no common-law

requirement of a limitations period; it is solely a legislative creation. Vasquez v. State, 557 S.W.2d
779, 781 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977). An indictment must allege the offense in plain and intelligible

words and must reflect on its face that the prosecution is not barred by limitations. TEX. CODE OF

CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 21.02(6), (7) (West 2009); Tita v. State, 267 S.W.3d 33, 38 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2008). A defendant may use a pretrial writ of habeas corpus to challenge the trial court’s

jurisdiction if the face of the indictment shows that prosecution is barred by the statute of

limitations. Ex parte Smith, 178 S.W.3d 797, 802 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). A statute of limitations

is construed strictly against the State and liberally in favor of the defendant. Gallardo v. State,

768 S.W.2d 875, 880 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1989, pet. ref’d). If it appears the alleged offense

is barred by limitations, then the State must plead and prove factors tolling the limitations period.

Vasquez, 557 S.W.2d at 783.

       Article 12.01 of the Code of Criminal Procedure sets out six different limitations periods

for felony offenses, ranging from no limitations for offenses like murder to a three-year limitations

for all felonies for which there is no specific provision in the Code of Criminal Procedure or other

statute. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 12.01 (West Supp. 2014). Article 12.03 of the Code of

Criminal Procedure provides four specific rules for determining the limitations period in special

circumstances: criminal attempts; conspiracies and organized criminal activity; criminal

solicitations; and aggravated offenses. Id. art. 12.03 (West 2005). The limitations provisions in

article 12.01 are expressly made subject to the special provisions in article 12.03. Id. art. 12.01

(“Except as provided in Article 12.03, felony indictments may be presented within these limits,

and not afterward . . . .”). The four special provisions in article 12.03 state that the limitations

period is determined by looking to the underlying offense: the offense attempted for criminal

attempt; the “most serious offense that is the object of” the conspiracy or organized criminal
                                                 -3-
                                                                                       04-14-00347-CR

activity; the felony solicited for criminal solicitation; and the “primary crime” for aggravated

offenses. Id. art. 12.03(a)-(d).

       Commentators have acknowledged that article 12.03(d) pertaining to aggravated offenses

“is in conflict with the ‘residuary’ felony limitation period [article 12.01(7)] in at least two

instances”—the two aggravated felonies of aggravated assault and aggravated perjury. Dix and

Schmolesky, 40 TEX. PRAC. SERIES § 6:29 (3rd ed. 2011). For these two aggravated felony

offenses, the underlying primary offenses of assault and perjury are misdemeanors in most

instances. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01(b), (b–1), (c) (West Supp. 2014) (classifying most

assaults as various classes of misdemeanor, but classifying some as second or third degree felonies

based on the type of victim, e.g., assault against a public servant in the course of official duty is a

third degree felony, while assault involving dating or family violence is a second degree felony);

see also id. § 37.02 (West 2011) (classifying perjury as a Class A misdemeanor). The limitations

period for all misdemeanor offenses is two years. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.02 (West

Supp. 2014). Thus, there is arguably a conflict between article 12.03(d)’s special “aggravated

offense” provision which looks to the underlying “primary offense” and yields a two-year

limitations period for aggravated assault and aggravated perjury, and article 12.01(7)’s catch-all

provision for undesignated felonies which yields a three-year limitations period if applied to those

aggravated felonies. The relevant text of the two articles is set forth below:

       Article 12.01 states in relevant part:

       Except as provided in Article 12.03, felony indictments may be presented within
       these limits, and not afterward:
               ***
               (7) three years from the date of the commission of the offense: all other felonies.

       TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.01(7).

       Article 12.03 states in relevant part:

                                                 -4-
                                                                                                       04-14-00347-CR

         (d) Except as otherwise provided by this chapter, any offense that bears the title
         ‘aggravated’ shall carry the same limitation period as the primary crime.

         TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.03(d).

         As quoted above, article 12.03(d) contains an introductory clause providing an exception

for limitations otherwise provided by Chapter 12. Id. The legislature added this “except” clause

to article 12.03(d) in 1997. In their treatise, Professors Dix and Schmolesky characterize the

“intent of the amendment [as] unclear,” but conclude that, “it seems unlikely it was intended to

change the general rule that an aggravated offense carries the same period as the primary offense

even when the primary offense is a misdemeanor and the aggravated offense is a felony.” See 40

TEX. PRAC. SERIES § 6:29. 1

Statutory Construction Principles

         Statutory interpretation is a question of law which we review de novo. Nguyen v. State,

359 S.W.3d 636, 641 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). In construing a statute, we seek to give effect to

the legislature’s intent and we presume that it intended the entire statutory scheme to be effective.

TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.021 (West 2013); Price v. State, 434 S.W.3d 601, 605 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2014). We begin by focusing on the literal text of the statute in an effort to “discern the fair,

objective meaning of that text at the time of its enactment.” Nguyen, 359 S.W.3d at 642; Boykin

v. State, 818 S.W.2d 782, 785 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). In doing so, we also look to the other

provisions within the entire statutory scheme rather than merely the single, discrete provision at

issue. Mahaffey v. State, 364 S.W.3d 908, 913 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). If the statutory language

is clear and unambiguous, our analysis ends there because “the Legislature must be understood to

1
  Professors Dix and Schmolesky note that the 1997 amendment’s addition of the “except” clause to article 12.03(d)
was part of SB 921 which created special limitations periods for sexual assault of a child and aggravated sexual assault
of a child, as well as indecency with a child by contact. 40 TEX. PRAC. SERIES § 6:29. They speculate that the “except”
clause may have been viewed as necessary, under the provisions in effect in 1997, to retain a five-year limitations
period for sexual assault while placing aggravated sexual assault of a child in the special 10-year limitations category.
Id.

                                                          -5-
                                                                                       04-14-00347-CR

mean what it has expressed, and it is not for the courts to add or subtract from” a statute. Boykin,
818 S.W.2d at 785; Bays v. State, 396 S.W.3d 580, 584-85 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).

       However, if the language is ambiguous or would lead to an absurd result that the legislature

could not have intended, then we consider extra-textual factors to determine the legislature’s intent.

Price, 434 S.W.3d at 607 (considering de novo several extra-textual factors after concluding the

statute was ambiguous); Bays, 396 S.W.3d at 585 (ambiguity exists when reasonably well-

informed persons may understand a statute to have two or more different meanings). Such extra-

textual factors include the legislative history, laws on the same or similar subjects, and the

consequences of a particular interpretation. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.023 (West 2013);

see also Bays, 396 S.W.3d at 585.

       A corollary of statutory construction is that when a general statutory provision conflicts

with a special provision, the court must construe the provisions to give effect to both, if possible.

TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.026(a) (West 2013). If the conflict is irreconcilable, however, then

the more specific provision prevails as an exception to the general. Id. § 311.026(b) (West 2013);

see Bays, 396 S.W.3d at 590; see also Cheney v. State, 755 S.W.2d 123, 126 (Tex. Crim. App.

1988) (discussing the in pari materia rule of statutory construction which requires all parts of a

statutory scheme on a same or similar subject to be given effect and construed in harmony with

each other, and further requires a more detailed provision to prevail over a more general provision

in the event of an irreconcilable conflict). There is an exception to this principle of a specific

provision prevailing over a general provision—when the general provision is the later enactment

and the Legislature’s “manifest intent” is that the general provision prevails. TEX. GOV’T CODE

ANN. § 311.026(b); Cheney, 755 S.W.2d at 126.

                                                 -6-
                                                                                       04-14-00347-CR

       State’s Argument For Three-Year Limitations

       In its brief, the State proposes three alternative approaches which yield a three-year

limitations period for aggravated assault. First, the State asserts the statutes are not ambiguous

and may be interpreted and harmonized according to their plain language. The State contends the

“all other felonies” language of article 12.01(7) provides the statute of limitations (three years) for

aggravated assault due to the “except” clause in article 12.03(d). The State relies on the text of

article 12.03(d)’s “except” clause which expressly limits the scope of article 12.03(d) to aggravated

offenses not otherwise addressed by Chapter 12. Even though it does not have a designated statute

of limitations under article 12.01, the State asserts aggravated assault is “otherwise addressed” by

article 12.01(7)’s catch-all provision; therefore, article 12.03(d) does not apply. The State further

relies on the line of cases referring to a three-year limitations period for aggravated assault. See,

e.g., Hunter v. State, 576 S.W.2d 395, 399 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979); Ex parte Salas, 724 S.W.2d
67, 68 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987).

       Secondly, the State argues in the alternative that the statutes are ambiguous, and we must

therefore look to the legislative history at the time of the 1997 amendment adding the “except”

clause to article 12.03(d), which shows the amendment was made against a backdrop of judicial

decisions stating the limitations period for aggravated assault is three years. The State asserts that

because the legislature is presumed to have knowledge of the judicial opinions applying a three-

year limitations period at the time of the 1997 amendment, it is presumed to have ratified the three-

year limitations period by choosing not to change it. See State v. Colyandro, 233 S.W.3d 870,

877-78 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (discussing the principle of legislative ratification of a statutory

construction).

       Finally, the State contends that, even if not ambiguous, article 12.03(d)’s language leads to

an absurd result the legislature could not have intended, i.e., a two-year limitations period for the
                                                 -7-
                                                                                      04-14-00347-CR

violent offense of aggravated assault while a lesser-included offense such as felony deadly conduct

carries a longer, three-year limitations period. See Boykin, 818 S.W.2d at 786 (legislature does

not intend an absurd result); see also Honeycutt v. State, 82 S.W.3d 545, 548-49 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2002, pet. ref’d) (holding felony deadly conduct was lesser-included offense of

aggravated assault). The State asserts that, due to the absurdity of a two-year limitations period

for the serious offense of aggravated assault, a three-year limitations period should be applied in

accordance with article 12.01(7)’s catch-all provision and prior judicial opinions.

       The State also makes an alternative argument that if article 12.03(d) controls, the legislative

intent was that the “most severe” underlying offense is the “primary crime” that provides the

limitations period for the aggravated offense. Because felony deadly conduct is a lesser-included

offense of aggravated assault and is a more severe offense than simple assault, the State asserts its

three-year limitations period should be the limitations period for aggravated assault, instead of the

two-year limitations period for misdemeanor assault. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.05(b), (e)

(West 2011) (offense under subsection (b) is a third degree felony).

       Texas Court of Criminal Appeals

       In 2013, the Court of Criminal Appeals itself acknowledged the unsettled nature of the law

as to which limitations period applies to aggravated assault: article 12.03(d)’s limitations period

for crimes characterized as “aggravated” which applies the limitations period of the primary

underlying crime, or the three-year limitations period under the catch-all provision that applies to

all felonies not specifically enumerated within article 12.01. State v. Bennett, 415 S.W.3d 867,

869 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (declining to hold counsel deficient for failing to pursue a limitations

defense because the law is unsettled on the limitations period for aggravated assault). The Court

of Criminal Appeals issued Bennett on November 27, 2013 with a six-judge majority, plus three

separate concurring opinions and two dissenting opinions. The majority opinion recognized that
                                                -8-
                                                                                        04-14-00347-CR

the court has “not spoken with one voice on the matter” of the limitations period for aggravated

assault. Id. The court referenced its prior opinions in Ex parte Salas and Hunter v. State, noting

it stated in dicta that the limitations period for aggravated assault “has long been three years.” Id.;

see Ex parte Salas, 724 S.W.2d at 68; Hunter, 576 S.W.2d at 399. The court also cited its more

recent opinion in Ex parte Matthews in which it stated the limitations period for aggravated perjury

is two years based on article 12.03(d)’s direction to look to the limitations period for the underlying

offense. Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 869; see Ex parte Matthews, 933 S.W.2d 134, 136 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1996), overruled on other grounds by Proctor v. State, 967 S.W.2d 840 (Tex. Crim. App.

1998). The majority held that because “the particular statute-of-limitations question presented

here is unsettled,” trial counsel could not be ineffective for failing to take a particular action on an

issue that is unsettled. Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 869. Because ineffective assistance was the only

issue before the court, the majority concluded it was prevented from resolving the underlying

statute-of-limitations issue. Id.

        In a concurring opinion, Presiding Judge Keller agreed with the majority that the law is

unsettled and thus could not support an ineffective assistance claim, but wrote separately to explain

why she believes the applicable limitations period for aggravated assault is two years based on the

plain statutory language and legislative history of article 12.03(d). Id. at 878 (Keller, P.J.,

concurring). Judge Keller first noted that all of the court’s prior caselaw on the limitations period

for aggravated assault is dicta and thus has no precedential value. Id. at 871-72 (stating “we are

essentially operating on a clean slate”). She then applied the principles of statutory construction

to the plain language of the two statutes. Judge Keller looked first at the pre-1997 versions of

article 12.01(7) and 12.03, noting that most of the relevant statutory scheme was in place before

the 1997 amendment to subsection (d) of article 12.03. Id. at 872. Construing the text of article

12.01, Judge Keller stated that the plain meaning of the “[e]xcept as provided in Article 12.03”
                                                  -9-
                                                                                       04-14-00347-CR

clause that introduces article 12.01 suggests that “the provisions of Article 12.03 trump any

provisions found in Article 12.01.” Id. Noting that the only area of conflict between the two

statutes is with respect to the three-year catch-all provision in article 12.01(7), Judge Keller

concluded, “The import of this [“except”] language, then, is that the catch-all provision applies to

unlisted felonies unless the felony is covered by the provisions of Article 12.03. Because

aggravated assault is an ‘aggravated’ offense, the plain language of the statute, at least prior to

1997, seems to dictate that Article 12.03(d) applies rather than the three-year catch-all provision.”

Id.

       Judge Keller then focused on the legislative history and statutory framework in place at the

time of the 1997 amendment, stating that, “The express purpose of adding the ‘except’ phrase to

Article 12.03(d) was to give effect to the explicit ten-years-from-eighteenth-birthday limitation

period for aggravated sexual assault of a child in Article 12.01.” Id. at 875. Keller concluded that,

“Article 12.03(d)’s ‘except’ clause was designed specifically to apply to listed offenses,” not the

residuary offenses covered by article 12.01(7). Id. She further stated it would be “plainly illogical”

to read article 12.03(d)’s “except” clause as applying to the offenses that fall within the three-year

catch-all provision because it “would eviscerate the latter provision [article 12.03(d)] entirely.” Id.

at 875-76 (“Article 12.03(d) would have zero application.”). Keller also stressed the importance

of the fact that the legislature has explicitly set out exceptions for aggravated sexual assault and

aggravated kidnapping in article 12.01, but has not done so for aggravated assault. Id. at 876.

       Judge Price wrote separately to explain his concurrence with Judge Keller’s statutory

analysis based on the plain language and legislative history and with her conclusion that the

applicable statute of limitations for aggravated assault is two years under article 12.03(d). Judge

Price’s dissent is based on the belief that trial counsel was ineffective by failing to seek

                                                 - 10 -
                                                                                                          04-14-00347-CR

dismissal of the indictment based on the two-year limitations bar.                              Id. at 879 (Price, J.,

concurring/dissenting).

         Judge Cochran concurred, agreeing with the majority that trial counsel was not ineffective

because the law is unsettled as to the applicable limitations period for aggravated assault. Id. at

881 (Cochran, J., concurring). Judge Cochran went on to express an opinion that the applicable

limitations period is three years under the “catch-all” provision of article 12.01(7). Id. Judge

Cochran acknowledged that “only the Texas Legislature can finally and firmly resolve this

quandary because Article 12.03(d) does appear to contradict Article 12.01(7).” Id. She suggested

an “easy legislative fix” by changing the names of the offenses from “aggravated” assault and

“aggravated” perjury to “felony” assault and “felony” perjury, which would bring them squarely

within the three-year limitations period provided by article 12.01(7)’s catch-all for undesignated

felonies. Id.

         Judge Johnson wrote separately to express agreement with the majority’s result based on

the unsettled state of the law, and to state an opinion that the appropriate statute of limitations for

aggravated assault is three years because a two-year limitations period for the violent offense of

aggravated assault is an absurd result the legislature could not have intended. Id. at 879 (Johnson,

J., concurring). The State relies on Judge Johnson’s statement that, “Surely the legislature did not

intend that a serious, violent felony would have the same statute-of-limitations term as a

misdemeanor that may involve merely causing physical contact that another person will regard as

offensive or provocative.” Id. at 879. 2

2
  Judge Meyers dissented, stating his disagreement with the majority’s holding that it was an abuse of discretion for
the trial court to grant a new trial. Meyers stated that because the law is unsettled on the statute of limitations question,
it was proper for the trial court to grant a new trial. Id. at 885 (Meyers, J., dissenting).

                                                           - 11 -
                                                                                       04-14-00347-CR

       Analysis

       As pointed out by the State, we have previously stated that aggravated assault with a deadly

weapon carries a three-year limitations period. See Hernandez v. State, No. 04-97-00956-CR,

1998 WL 374931 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Jul. 8, 1998, no pet.) (not designated for publication).

However, Hernandez merely stated that the statute of limitations is three years and engaged in no

analysis of limitations, citing only the “all other felonies” provision of article 12.01 as authority.

Id. at *1. The single issue in Hernandez was whether the limitations period was tolled. Id. The

opinion engaged in no analysis concerning the applicable limitations period for aggravated assault,

and it was not necessary to the holding in the case; thus, the reference to a three-year limitations

period in Hernandez was merely dicta and is not binding precedent. See Celis v. State, 416 S.W.3d
419, 429 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (dicta is not binding). Other courts of appeals have similarly

stated, without any analysis, that the limitations period for aggravated assault is three years based

on article 12.01(7). See, e.g., Lenox v. State, No. 05-10-00618-CR, 2011 WL 3480973, at *7 (Tex.

App.—Dallas Aug. 9, 2011, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication) (stating limitations is three

years while addressing ineffective assistance claim based in part on failure to challenge indictment

as time-barred); Monroe v. State, 871 S.W.2d 801, 805 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1994),

abrogated on other grounds by State v. Hight, 907 S.W.2d 845 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (referring

to three-year statute of limitations for aggravated assault); Peacock v. State, 690 S.W.2d 613, 616

(Tex. App.—Tyler 1985, no pet.) (stating the statute of limitations for aggravated assault is three

years and citing article 12.01).

       Conducting a de novo review of the two statutes at issue and looking first to the plain

language of the statutes, we conclude the statutes are not ambiguous and may be harmonized to

give effect to the entire statutory scheme. Article 12.01 begins with the introductory phrase

“[e]xcept as provided in Article 12.03 . . . .” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.01. We are
                                                - 12 -
                                                                                         04-14-00347-CR

bound to give this restrictive, plain language its objective meaning that the provisions of article

12.01 are subject to the provisions of article 12.03. The logic of this reading is confirmed by the

fact that article 12.03(d) is the more specific provision, applying only to “aggravated” offenses,

while article 12.01(7) is a general catch-all provision that applies to “all other felonies” without

designated limitations periods. See Bays, 396 S.W.3d at 590; see also 40 TEX. PRAC. SERIES

§ 6:29 (“In all likelihood . . . the specific provisions of the special rule dealing with aggravated

offenses would control over the more general residuary provision [of article 12.01(7)]; therefore

the misdemeanor two-year period, rather than the felony three-year period, would apply.”).

Further, we agree with Schunior that the “[e]xcept as otherwise provided by this chapter” phrase

added to article 12.03(d) in 1997 logically refers not to the residuary limitations period in 12.01(7),

but to the aggravated offenses that do have a designated limitations period within Chapter 12, to

wit: aggravated sexual assault which has no limitation under article 12.01(1)(B), and aggravated

kidnapping which has a 20-year limitations period from the victim’s 18th birthday under article

12.01(5)(B). See Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 875 (Keller, P.J., concurring). The legislature is

presumed to have intended both statutes to have effect and our interpretation is to be made in light

of the statutory scheme as a whole. Bays, 396 S.W.3d at 584; Mahaffey, 364 S.W.3d at 913. If,

as the State urges, we construe the “except” phrase of article 12.03(d) as referring to the residuary

“all other felonies” provision of article 12.01(7), it would render article 12.03(d) completely

meaningless. Under the State’s interpretation, article 12.03(d)’s special provision for “aggravated”

offenses, felonies themselves, would always be trumped by the “all other felonies” provision of

article 12.01(7).   See Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 876 (Keller, P.J., concurring).              The State’s

interpretation also ignores the introductory phrase in article 12.01 expressly stating that it is subject

to the more specific provisions in article 12.03.

                                                  - 13 -
                                                                                                   04-14-00347-CR

        The Tyler Court of Appeals is the only court that has squarely addressed the interplay

between articles 12.01(7) and 12.03(d) with regard to the appropriate limitations period for

aggravated assault. 3 See Fantich v. State, 420 S.W.3d 287 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2013, no pet.). The

entire Fantich opinion is devoted to analyzing the issue of “whether the limitation period for the

offense of aggravated assault is two or three years.” Id. at 288-89. The court applied the well-

established principles of statutory construction to the statutes’ plain language, and concluded there

is no ambiguity. Id. at 290. The court stressed that aggravated assault does not have a designated

limitations period and that article 12.01 expressly refers to article 12.03. Id. at 289. The court

then applied the language of 12.03(d) to determine the correct limitations period, stating that the

“primary crime” of aggravated assault is assault as defined in Penal Code section 22.01. Id. at

290. The court examined the indictment and concluded that it did not allege any facts that would

make the primary crime a felony assault, as opposed to a misdemeanor assault. Id. at 291. It

therefore concluded that misdemeanor assault was the “primary crime” of the aggravated assault

alleged in the indictment, and that the two-year limitations period for a misdemeanor assault

applied to the aggravated assault under article 12.03(d). Id.

        We find the court’s reasoning in Fantich sound and equally applicable to Schunior’s case

in which the facts alleged in the indictment support only misdemeanor assault as the primary

underlying offense, and thus require application of a two-year limitations period pursuant to article

12.03(d). The State attacks Fantich by arguing the opinion failed to undertake the analysis

necessary for a court to overrule its own precedent. We disagree that such analysis is necessary

where the prior “precedent” regarding the limitations period was merely dicta as in our Hernandez

3
  An unpublished opinion by the Amarillo Court of Appeals similarly stated that the two-year limitations for
misdemeanor assault applies to aggravated assault under article 12.03(d), but did not engage in any analysis because
the relevant issue was a tolling question. Moore v. State, No. 07-10-00369-CR, 2012 WL 3100904, at *1 (Tex. App.—
Amarillo July 31, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

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                                                                                        04-14-00347-CR

opinion. See id. at 293 (noting that in Peacock v. State, 690 S.W.2d 613, 616 (Tex. App.—Tyler

1985, no pet.), it had previously stated the limitations period for aggravated assault is three years

in connection with a different issue and with no analysis, only a citation to article 12.01).

       We further disagree with the State that the application of article 12.03(d) to yield a two-

year limitations period for aggravated assault based on misdemeanor assault as the underlying

primary offense is an absurd result. As aggravated perjury and aggravated assault are the only two

felonies that fall into the overlap between the three-year catch-all for “all other felonies” in article

12.01(7) and the two-year special provision for aggravated offenses in article 12.03(d), it is logical

to apply the same analysis. In Ex parte Zain, we held that the offense of aggravated perjury is

governed by a two-year period of limitations under article 12.03(d). Ex parte Zain, 940 S.W.2d
253, 254 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1997, no pet.) (holding prosecution was time barred and not

tolled during defendant’s absence from the state). The opinion applied article 12.03(d) and stated

that because the charged offense was an aggravated offense, its limitations period was the same as

the primary crime, which was misdemeanor perjury with a two-year limitations period. Id. at 253-

54. The Zain opinion relied solely on the language of article 12.03(d); because no argument was

made concerning article 12.01(7)’s application, we did not address the catch-all felony provision

in article 12.01(7). Zain cites to Ex parte Matthews, an aggravated perjury case addressing tolling

based on a defendant’s absence from the state. Id. at 254 (citing Ex parte Matthews, 933 S.W.2d
134 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), overruled on other grounds by Proctor v. State, 967 S.W.2d 840

(Tex. Crim. App. 1998)). In Matthews, the Court of Criminal Appeals stated, albeit in dicta, that,

“[i]n the instant cause of aggravated perjury the period is two years, that being the same period as

perjury.” Ex parte Matthews, 933 S.W.2d at 136 (citing article 12.03(d)). After Zain, the Houston

First Court of Appeals similarly held that aggravated perjury has a two-year limitations period

pursuant to article 12.03(d). See State v. Coleman, 962 S.W.2d 267, 268 (Tex. App.—Houston
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                                                                                                  04-14-00347-CR

[1st Dist.] 1998, pet. ref’d) (citing Ex parte Zain and the same dicta from Ex parte Matthews); see

also Ex parte Tamez, 4 S.W.3d 854, 856 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999), aff’d, 38 S.W.3d
159 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (same). In addition, Fantich similarly explained why a two-year

limitations period for aggravated assault is not an absurd result by relying on the same line of

aggravated perjury cases. Fantich, 420 S.W.3d at 291-92 (discussing Ex parte Matthews and Ex

parte Zain among other cases). We agree with the Tyler court that “the more persuasive authority

and rationale” is found in the Ex parte Matthews/Ex parte Zain line of cases addressing limitations

for aggravated perjury because “[t]his line of authority gives full effect to [both] articles 12.01 and

12.03, recognizes the interplay between them, applies their plain meaning, and confirms our

conclusion that a two year limitations period for an aggravated offense with a misdemeanor as its

primary crime does not cause an absurd result.” Id. at 293. We therefore conclude that application

of article 12.03(d) to yield a two-year limitations period for aggravated assault in this case is not

an absurd result. 4

        Finally, we disagree with the State’s assertion, based on the Bennett concurrences by

Judges Cochran and Johnson, that the legislature intended that the “most serious underlying

offense” should provide the limitations period for an aggravated offense under article 12.03(d).

See Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 884 (Cochran, J., concurring); see also id. at 878 (Johnson, J.,

concurring). Rather than using the term “primary crime,” the legislature could have specified in

article 12.03(d) that the “most serious offense” underlying the aggravated offense provides the

limitations period. Indeed, it used that exact language with regard to criminal conspiracy and

organized criminal activity in subsection (b). See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.03(b)

4
  As noted supra, there are instances in which the facts alleged in an aggravated assault indictment will support a
primary offense of felony assault, rather than misdemeanor assault. However, the indictment against Schunior does
not allege any facts that can support felony assault as the primary offense.

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(providing “[t]he limitation period for criminal conspiracy or organized criminal activity is the

same as that of the most serious offense that is the object of the conspiracy or the organized

criminal activity”). Instead, the legislature chose to use the term “primary offense” in subsection

(d) addressing aggravated offenses. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.03(d). Because the

statute itself demonstrates that the legislature recognized a difference between the term “primary

crime” and the term “most serious offense,” the legislature’s express use of the term “primary

crime” in subsection (d) is an express exclusion of the term “most serious offense.” Ex parte

McIver, 586 S.W.2d 851, 856 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1979) (“It is a well-known rule of

statutory construction . . . that the express mention or enumeration of one person, thing,

consequence, or class is tantamount to an express exclusion of all others.”); see Cornet v. State,

359 S.W.3d 217, 222 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (explaining that “when the Legislature desires to

convey a certain level of specificity within a statutory provision, it knows how to do it”) (internal

citations omitted).

       Further, we note that the trial court’s dismissal of the State’s indictment arose in the form

of a ruling on Schunior’s pre-trial writ of habeas corpus; no evidence has been presented in this

case. We have only the allegations in the indictment on which to base our consideration of the

“primary crime” underlying the charged aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. The indictment

does not allege any facts that would support felony assault, rather than misdemeanor assault, as

the “primary crime” of the charged aggravated assault. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01.

Further, the State chose not to charge Schunior with any lesser offense, only aggravated assault

with a deadly weapon. The State argues that because felony deadly conduct constitutes a lesser-

included offense of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, it should be used as the “primary

crime” for purposes of limitations. See Honeycutt, 82 S.W.3d at 548-49. The determination of

the limitations period for aggravated assault under article 12.03(d) cannot depend on potential
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lesser-included offenses whose submission in the jury charge might be warranted by the facts

developed through a trial. See Irving v. State, 176 S.W.3d 842, 845 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)

(defendant is entitled to lesser-included offense instruction in jury charge if (1) the requested

charge is a lesser-included offense of the offense charged, and (2) there is some evidence that if

defendant is guilty, he is guilty only of the lesser offense).

                                                  CONCLUSION

        Construing the plain unambiguous language of the statutes within the context of the entire

statutory scheme, and giving effect to both statutes, we hold that article 12.01(7)’s catch-all

provision is subject to the more specific provisions of article 12.03(d), which results in a two-year

statute of limitations for aggravated assault under the indictment in this case. Therefore, the State’s

prosecution of Schunior for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon is barred by limitations. 5 We

affirm the trial court’s order dismissing the State’s indictment.

                                                          Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice

PUBLISH

5
 The State has not attempted to plead or prove any factors tolling the limitations period. See Vasquez, 557 S.W.2d at
783.

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