Court Opinion

ID: 811152
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-11-01 19:51:04+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:00:40.376768
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                  __________

                                       No. 12-1344
                                       __________

                            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                             v.

                                    EVENS CLAUDE,

                                               Appellant
                                       __________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                        (D.C. Criminal No. 2-11-cr-00090-001)
                          District Judge: Hon. Jan E. Dubois
                                      __________

                       Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   October 29, 2012

             Before: SLOVITER, AMBRO and ALDISERT, Circuit Judges.

                                (Filed: November 1, 2012)

                                       __________

                               OPINION OF THE COURT
                                     __________

ALDISERT, Circuit Judge.

       Evens Claude appeals a judgment of the United States District Court for the

Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sentencing him to 18 months imprisonment for (1)

conspiracy to utter counterfeit obligations and (2) uttering counterfeit obligations. Claude
argues that the District Court erred in denying his request for a two-level sentence

reduction for acceptance of responsibility under the Sentencing Guidelines because it

based its decision on allegations underlying an indictment which remain “unproven” and

“in dispute.” Brief for Appellant 10. We conclude that the District Court did not err in

determining that Claude failed to qualify for the acceptance of responsibility reduction,

and will therefore affirm the judgment of sentence.

                                              I.

       Because we write primarily for the parties, who are familiar with the facts and the
proceedings in this case, we will revisit them only briefly.

       On June 18, 2010, Claude and a co-defendant were arrested at the Galleria Mall in

Houston, Texas, with approximately $10,700.00 in counterfeit currency in their

possession. A grand jury indicted Claude for conspiracy to utter counterfeit obligations,

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371, and uttering counterfeit obligations, in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 472. On October 3, 2011, Claude entered an open guilty plea to the indictment

and the Court revoked Claude’s bail. The Court revoked bail after determining there was

probable cause that Claude had committed felonies related to identity theft while on

release, and clear and convincing evidence that Claude violated the conditions of his

release by continuing to have contact with people engaged in criminal activity. The Court

based its determinations on extensive evidence presented by the Government that Claude

was involved in a wide-ranging identity-theft scheme while on release. On January 25,

2012, a federal grand jury in Philadelphia indicted Claude for conspiracy, bank fraud,

access device fraud, and aggravated identity theft related to the alleged identity-theft

scheme.

       At the January 31, 2012 sentencing hearing for the counterfeiting crimes to which

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Claude had pleaded guilty, the District Court denied Claude’s request for a two-level

sentence reduction for acceptance of responsibility pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1. The

Government presented much of the same evidence that it had presented at the earlier bail

revocation hearing, with a detailed description of Claude’s alleged involvement in the

identity-theft scheme and the incriminating evidence gathered by United States Secret
Service agents during a search of Claude’s apartment. This evidence included, among

other things, cellular phones that had been used to facilitate identity theft, records of text

message communications in furtherance of identity theft, computer records indicating
unauthorized attempts to access victims’ bank accounts, and a stolen check from a victim

of bank fraud. The Court considered this evidence and determined over Claude’s

objection that he was not entitled to the acceptance of responsibility reduction, and
sentenced him to 18 months’ imprisonment. Claude timely appeals.

                                              II.

       The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742. Although we review de

novo a district court’s interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines, including U.S.S.G.

§ 3E1.1, we review for clear error a district court’s factual determination regarding a

criminal defendant’s entitlement to a sentence reduction for acceptance of responsibility.

United States v. Ceccarini, 98 F.3d 126, 129 (3d Cir. 1996). “Because the sentencing

judge ‘is in a unique position to evaluate a defendant’s acceptance of responsibility,’ we

give great deference on review to a sentencing judge’s decision not to apply the two-level

reduction for acceptance of responsibility to a particular defendant.” United States v.

Barr, 963 F.2d 641, 657 (3d Cir. 1992) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 cmt. n.5).

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                                             III.

       We conclude that the District Court did not err in denying Claude a two-level

sentence reduction for acceptance of responsibility, and will affirm its sentence.

       Section 3E1.1(a) of the Sentencing Guidelines states: “If the defendant clearly

demonstrates acceptance of responsibility for his offense, decrease the offense level by

two levels.” The Commentary sets forth a non-exhaustive list of considerations which

may be used in determining whether a defendant qualifies for the two-level sentence

reduction. U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 cmt. n.1. Two considerations particularly relevant to the case
before us are whether a defendant: “(A) truthfully admit[ted] the conduct comprising the

offense(s) of conviction . . .” and “(B) voluntar[il]y terminat[ed] or withdr[ew] from

criminal conduct or associations.” Id. The Commentary further explains that although a

defendant’s entry of a guilty plea before trial constitutes significant evidence of

acceptance of responsibility, a defendant may not qualify for the reduction if he or she

engages in conduct inconsistent with that acceptance. U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 cmt. n.3. This

Court has stated that “[a] mechanical plea or confession to an indictment or counts

thereof does not necessarily evince a genuine sense of remorse or intent to pursue lawful

conduct.” Ceccarini, 98 F.3d at 130. “Continual criminal activity, even differing in nature

from the convicted offense, is inconsistent with an acceptance of responsibility and an

interest in rehabilitation.” Id.

       Claude argues that the District Court inappropriately considered his alleged

identity-theft activities as evidence of conduct that disqualifies him for a sentence

reduction. Claude considers the evidence provided by the Government to be “simply an

explanation of the basis for the arrest.” Brief for Appellant 10. He argues that because

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“[t]he Government’s allegations remain unproven and the charges are still in dispute,”

this evidence is insufficient to support denial of the sentence reduction. Id.

       We find no merit in this argument. To be sure, this Court has prohibited the use of

bare arrest records alone to increase a defendant’s sentence. See United States v. Berry,

553 F.3d 273, 284 (3d Cir. 2009) (holding that “a bare arrest record—without more—
does not justify an assumption that a defendant has committed other crimes and it

therefore can not [sic] support increasing his/her sentence in the absence of adequate

proof of criminal activity”). First, we note that denial of a sentence reduction is not
actually a sentence increase, but more importantly, here the District Court had before it

significantly more evidence than a bare arrest record. Facts relevant to sentencing, such

as the facts of Claude’s conduct here, need only be proved by a preponderance of the

evidence. See United States v. Grier, 475 F.3d 556, 568 (3d Cir. 2007) (en banc). The

Government introduced detailed evidence of Claude’s criminal activities and

involvement with individuals engaged in criminal activity after his arrest and during the

pretrial period. This evidence was sufficient for the Court to conclude by a preponderance

that Claude continued his criminal conduct while on release, and consistent with U.S.S.G.

§ 3E1.1 cmt. n.3, the Court determined that this conduct outweighed any acceptance of
responsibility suggested by Claude entering a guilty plea. In light of the substantial and

extensive evidence proffered by the Government, we conclude that the District Court’s

determination that Claude did not qualify for an acceptance of responsibility two-level

sentence reduction was not clearly erroneous.

                                          *****

       We have considered all of the arguments advanced by the parties and conclude

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that no further discussion is necessary. The judgment of the District Court will be

AFFIRMED.

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