Court Opinion

ID: 3620538
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-06 00:02:26.553707+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:48:17.417389
License: Public Domain

[EDITORS' NOTE:  THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 3 
In October, 1857, The Columbian Insurance Company was organized under the act of 1849, chap. 308, providing for the incorporation of insurance companies. On the first of February, 1865, the plaintiff procured a policy of insurance from that company upon the ship Eagle Wing, which was soon after lost and thereby, as is conceded, a claim arose in his favor against the company. In January, 1866, the company was dissolved, and its affairs placed in the hands of a receiver, by whom the plaintiff was paid a portion of his claim. The defendant's testator was a stockholder in the company during all the times above stated, and he dying, this action is brought against the defendants, as his executors, the plaintiff claiming that the testator became personally liable to pay the loss, by reason of non-compliance by the company with the conditions of the act.
It is contended by the appellant; First: That the testator was never liable; and Second: If he was liable, the cause of action did not survive against his estate. With the second proposition we have no difficulty. The defendants took the stock subject to any liability which existed on account of *Page 6 
it; Bailey v. Hollister, 26 N.Y., 112-116; and if the testator was liable to pay the plaintiff's demand, the defendants, as his representatives, are equally so. The plaintiff contends that the liability in question was incurred by the testator, because the provisions of section nineteen of the statute above named were not complied with. That section is in these words: "The trustees and corporators of any company organized under this act, and those entitled to a participation of the profits, shall be jointly and severally liable until the whole amount of the capital raised by the company shall have been paid in, and a certificate thereof recorded, as hereinbefore provided. Notes taken in advance of premiums under this act are not to be considered debts of the company in determining whether a company is insolvent, but are to be regarded as assets of the company." The question is not free from difficulty; and this difficulty arises from the vague manner in which the Legislature has sought to express its meaning. The statute has been before the courts in several cases: (Mygatt v. N.Y. Protection Ins.Co., 21 N.Y., 61; White v. Haight, 16 id., 317; People exrel. Barton v. Rens. Ins. Co., 38 Barb., 323; Cooper v.Shaver, 41 id., 151; Thomas v. Achilles, 16 id., 491; and in Hart v. Achilles, 28 Barb., 582), Judge MARVIN speaks of it as "extremely obscure, faulty and imperfect," and in Thomas
v. Achilles, (16 Barb., 495), as "ambiguous and imperfect;" but the present, so far as we can discover, is the first case in which a judicial decision has been sought as to the construction of the section above cited, and we are, therefore, unaided by any authority.
In the first place, it is clear that there was no common law liability on the part of the testator; and the legal presumption is that all statutory conditions have been complied with. This presumption continues until the contrary is shown. No duty rested upon the stockholder to do this; and it is incumbent on the plaintiff to establish a non-compliance with the provisions of the statute, before he can charge the defendant: (Bruce v.Driggs, 25 How. Pr., 71.) *Page 7 
At this point it is not necessary to consider whether the requisite amount of capital was paid in, because if it had been, and the proper certificate was not recorded, the liability would attach; (Aspinwall v. Sacchi, 57 N.Y., 335.) We should naturally expect to find in the section itself words to satisfy the reference to the certificate, for we are referred to some antecedent provision by the words "as hereinbefore provided." There is, however, nothing in the section itself to give information as to the character, form or contents of the certificate, or to indicate by whom it shall be made. We must look elsewhere in the statute for the antecedent. By the seventh section provision is made for certificates to be furnished by the comptroller, under certain circumstances, to companies organized in other States or in foreign countries. Section eight prohibits a company organized under the act from holding real estate beyond a certain period, "unless it shall procure a certificate from the comptroller," as therein provided. Neither of the certificates required by these sections can in any manner affect the question before us; those of the seventh section do not relate to domestic corporations, and that of the eighth section relates to a matter having no connection with the case in hand. By the third section the associates, (who are also styled corporators) who have undertaken to form a company under the act, are required to file in the office of the secretary of State a declaration signed by them, which, among other things, shall comprise a copy of the charter proposed to be adopted by them; and by section ten it is made their duty to declare in this charter the mode and manner in which the corporate powers given by the act are to be exercised, "together with the amount of capital to be employed in the transaction of its business;" and by section eleven it is made the duty of the attorney-general to examine this charter, and if it is found to be in accordance with the act, and not inconsistent with the constitution or laws of the State, to certify the same to the comptroller, and the comptroller shall thereupon cause an examination to be made either by *Page 8 
himself or by three disinterested persons appointed by him for that purpose, who shall certify under oath that an amount equal to at least the amount specified in the fifth section of the act, if it be a stock company, has been paid in and is possessed by it in money or certain stocks, etc.; or if a mutual company, that it has received and is in the actual possession of the capital, premiums or engagements of insurance, as the case may be, to the full extent required by the fifth section of the act; or if it be a life and health insurance company, to the full amount, and invested in the same manner as required by the sixth section of the act. Copies of these certificates are to be filed in the office of the secretary of State, and it is made his duty to furnish the corporation with the certified copy of the charter and certificates, which upon being filed by them in the office of the clerk of the county in which their company is to be located, shall be their authority to commence business and issue policies. There are no other provisions for a certificate of any kind, and it seems to us that the certificate referred to in the nineteenth section is that which we find in the eleventh section, and which is above set forth.
First: It is antecedent to the provision of the nineteenth section. Second: It is the only one of all contained in the act which bears a sensible relation to its demand. Third: It enables us to give the act a reasonable and not strained construction. This we are bound to do; for so far as it subjects the stockholder to any responsibility for the corporate debts, it is manifestly in derogation of the common law; (1 Parsons on Contracts, 143; Stedman v. Eveleth, 6 Metc., 114); and we are not at liberty to extend its effect beyond its literal terms, by enlarging or aggravating the liability of the stockholder. Says Chief Justice SHAW, in Gray v. Coffin, (9 Cush., 199), in considering a claim not unlike that before us: "To create any individual liability of members for the debt of a corporation, a body politic, created by law, and regarded as a legal being, distinct from that of all the members composing it, and capable of contracting and being *Page 9 
contracted with as a person, is a wide departure from established rules of law, founded in considerations of public policy, and depending solely upon provisions of positive law. It is, therefore, to be construed strictly, and not extended beyond the limits to which it is plainly carried by such provisions of statute." So construed, the act is coherent.
Section one permits a certain number of persons to associate and form an incorporated company, either first, to take marine risks; or secondly, for fire insurance; or thirdly, on health or life. Such persons are styled corporators. Section three requires them to file the declaration and charter in the office of the secretary of State. By section four they may then take subscriptions to the stock, or in case of mutual insurance receive propositions for insurance, as stated in the fifth section. The fifth section then provides that no joint stock company shall be organized in the city of New York, with a capital less than $150,000; or, in case of mutual insurance, until agreements have been entered into for insurance with at least 100 applicants, the premiums on which, if it be marine, shall amount to $300,000; or if fire insurance, to $200,000, and notes have been received in advance for the premiums on such risks. By section six no life or health insurance company shall commence business, until a cash capital of $100,000 shall have been paid in and actually invested, as required by the act; and section seven declares in language applicable to all these branches of insurance: "It shall not be lawful for any company organized under this act to transact business, unless possessed of capital or securities as hereinbefore mentioned."
The object of section five has already been declared by this court. In Mygatt v. N.Y. Protection Ins. Co. (21 N.Y., 59), it is said by the court, SELDEN, J.: "The main reliance of all insurance companies for the payment of losses, after becoming once fairly established, is upon the sums received for premiums. But losses may occur before their accumulations from this source are sufficient to meet them. For this reason it was deemed wise and prudent on the part of the Legislature *Page 10 
to provide that every insurance company, whether joint stock or mutual, should have at the outset a fund sufficient to meet its early losses. * * * Sections four and five relate to this preliminary fund, and to nothing else." (See, also, People exrel. Barton v. Rens. Ins. Co., and Thomas v. Achilles,supra.) Then follow sections ten and eleven, to which we have before adverted, requiring an examination by the comptroller and his certificate, or the certificate under oath of three appraisers appointed by him, as to the actual payment of capital equal at least to the amount specified in the fifth section, or the receipt by the company of premiums or engagements of insurance to the full extent required by the fifth section of the act; or if a life or health company, to the full amount required by the sixth section of the act. Section nineteen then declares the trustees, corporators, and those entitled to a participation of the profits, jointly and severally liable "until the whole amount of the capital raised by the company shall have been paid in, and a certificate thereof recorded, as hereinbefore provided." If this section has any meaning, is it not that which we have given to it? So considered, it takes its place naturally in the scheme of organization. There is required first, an association of at least thirteen persons; second, a charter, prepared and filed in the office of the secretary of State; third, books for stock subscriptions; or if a mutual company, then proposals for insurance; fourth, a declaration of the amount of capital requisite in each kind of insurance; fifth, an examination by the comptroller or his appraisers as to the fact of payment of the capital specified in the fifth and sixth sections, and his or their certificate; and sixth, a declaration of individual liability until the capital so specified is paid in and certificate recorded. This surely is the literal and obvious reading of the statute; and if correct, it does not entitle the plaintiff to recover, for it is conceded that the capital required by the fifth section was paid in, and the certificate required by the eleventh section was duly recorded.
Again, it is a significant fact, and one that supports the *Page 11 
view so far taken of the purpose and object of the certificate required, that "corporators" are included in the liability prescribed, or attempted to be, by the nineteenth section. The corporators are the associates, (§§ 1, 3) who are the getters up of the company, and whose functions cease with its organization; and its organization is complete when the certificate called for by the eleventh section is given. It is reasonable to hold the corporators until then, and until in truth and in fact the capital prescribed in the fifth section, and without which it is not lawful for the company to do business (§ 7), is paid in; but it would be unreasonable and absurd to hold them liable after their functions ceased, and after they ceased to have any control or interest in the company. In the same manner, and to the same effect, is to be noticed the omission from the nineteenth section of the stockholders. Corporators exist before stockholders, and do not exist with them. When stockholders come in, corporators cease to be. Corporators are made liable if they launch the company without complying with the law. Trustees are liable because business cannot be done except by them; and the statute declares that it shall not be lawful for any company organized under the act to transact business, unless possessed of capital "as hereinbefore" (i.e., in the fifth and sixth sections) "mentioned," and that they shall be liable if they offend. "Those entitled to a participation of the profits" are liable. This does not include stockholders, but refers to those persons who are specifically mentioned in section twenty-one as entitled to a participation in the profits. They are not members of a stock company, but are members of a mutual company, and hold a peculiar relation to the company, unlike stockholders. In regard to them this court says, in Mygatt v. N.Y. Protection Ins. Co. (supra), contributors under the twenty-first section "are to all intents and purposes partners in the company. * * * The whole section exhibits an intent that those who contribute the additional capital should be associates in the company; and any other supposition is inconsistent with its language and structure." *Page 12 
If stockholders were intended to be included, why are they not named as such in the section? They are referred to in section thirteen, where the officers of the company are required, among other things, to give in their annual statement "a list of the stockholders of a stock company," and they are required, in certain cases, to make up deficiencies; or in case of failure, to return their certificates (§ 14), when the consent of stockholders is required. (§ 16.) Stockholders, in certain cases, may sue and be sued; and by section twenty they are made liable as stockholders to the extent of any dividend made contrary to the provision of the act. It is a matter of significance that they should be dropped from the nineteenth section, and a new class designated. The last clause of section nineteen also favors the construction. It says: "Notes taken in advance of premiums under this act are not to be considered debts of the company in determining whether a company is insolvent." This has reference to the preliminary fund called for by section five, and there declared "part of the capital stock."
The money required to be paid in and the notes to be contributed, as prescribed by section five, may be considered as capital "raised" or procured, as contra-distinguished from "the full amount specified in the charter" (§ 4); or "its capital" (§ 8); or "the amount of capital to be employed in its business" (§ 10); or the "capital of such company" (§ 13); or the "amount of capital fixed by the charter of the company." (§ 13.) All these expressions appear in the act, and either one of them repeated in the nineteenth section would have rendered so much of its meaning clear. Neither is there used; on the contrary, the word used is plainly a word of qualification or diminution, showing that something less than the whole is intended. It does not say "until the whole amount of the capital of the company," but until the whole amount of the capital "raised" by the company. This seems to indicate that there is still a portion of capital not within the term; the word "raised" must be deemed to qualify and restrain the word "capital." It is not easy to *Page 13 
give to the words a definite meaning, but it is obviously something different from the entire capital; so it is different from the amount of "capital to be employed in its business," or the amount of "capital fixed," and indicates a smaller sum. If we imply the words "specified to be," or "required to be," and insert them, we have a coherent statute. It would then read: "Until the whole amount of the capital `specified' or `required' to be raised shall have been paid in, and a certificate thereof recorded, as hereinbefore provided." Now observe, the certificate named in the eleventh section is that "an amount equal at least to the amount specified in the fifth section, if a stock company, has been paid in; or if a mutual company, that it has received premiums to the full amount required by the fifth section;" and then turning to the fifth section, we find for stock companies a minimum capital stated, and a declaration that the notes referred to in the case of a mutual company shall be considered "a part of the capital stock." This satisfies the requisition of the eleventh section, and, as we have above held, the certificate of the eleventh section is the one referred to in the nineteenth section. In the case of The People v. Rens. Ins. Co. (supra), HOGEBOOM, J., in a case then before the General Term of the Supreme Court, referring to section five, says the notes spoken of in it constitute the capital stock, or part of it. (See, also, Thomas v. Achilles and Mygatt v. ProtectionIns. Co., supra.)
It is contended, however, by the respondent's counsel, that the judgment should be sustained, upon either one of two views which he presents, with reference to the certificate. The first, that the certificate required by the eleventh section should contain a statement that the whole amount fixed or stated in the charter as the capital of the company had been paid in; and this seems to have been the view of the learned judge who delivered the opinion of the Supreme Court; but we see no foundation for such position. Section ten provides for a statement in the charter of the amount of capital to be employed in the transaction of the business of *Page 14 
the company. This charter is then by section eleven to be placed before the comptroller, and an examination is required by him or his appointees, and a certificate "that an amount equal at least to the amount specified in the fifth section," in one case; or in another, that it has received "engagements of insurance * * * to the full extent required by the fifth section;" or in another, "to the full amount required by the sixth section;" with no reference at all to "the statement in the charter as to the amount of capital to be employed in the transaction of business." The provisions of all three sections, the fifth, sixth, and tenth, were then in the minds of the Legislature when section nineteen was framed; and if it was intended that the examination or certificate should relate at all to the amount of capital fixed by the charter, it would have been so expressed. It was not; but on the contrary, the language is, in this respect at least, neither obscure nor ambiguous, but plain and explicit. It refers in words to the fifth section, and not to the tenth, and to the provision for capital in the fifth section, and not to the statement of the amount in the charter. We think the eleventh section does not require any examination further than to see that at least the sum named in the fifth section has been paid in, or any other certificate than one to that effect.
The other view presented by the respondent is, that the words "as hereinbefore provided," contained in the nineteenth section, should be so amended as to read in the manner hereinbefore provided. This, doubtless, would create a difference in the reading, and permit a very different construction. But what authority have we for such an interpolation? So much of the section is plain and unambiguous; "a certificate thereof recorded as hereinbefore provided," importing one certificate of which mention has been before made. "A certificate thereof recorded in the manner hereinbefore provided" would permit another certificate, and prescribe merely the manner of recording.
The counsel for the respondent says: "The latter view *Page 15 
contemplates that the company might commence the transaction of business upon a portion of its capital, so that there would be a period of time during which the full capital, as fixed by the charter, would not be paid up, but the company would be legitimately engaged in the transaction of business; and though bunglingly expressed, that it was the intention to provide that when, in course of time, the capital stock became fully paid, that the obligation is impliedly put upon the comptroller of the State, upon the request of the company, to make an examination, and give a certificate of that fact; which, being made and recorded in the manner provided by the eleventh section, would constitute the termination of the individual liability." And he says: "The whole nineteenth section seems to have had in contemplation that there would be a period of time during which the trustees and stockholders of the company could be legitimately engaged in the transaction of business under the charter; but during which time the whole amount of the capital would not have been paid up, and the proper certificates made and filed." The whole of this argument, except so much as contends for a second certificate, accords with the view we have above expressed, but is entirely repugnant to the ground stated by the learned judge who delivered the opinion in the court below, as the only one upon which the judgment could stand. That court holds that but one certificate is provided for, viz.: the one mentioned in the eleventh section; but the court say: "This section" (the nineteenth) "in terms requires it to show that the whole amount of capital raised, that is, mentioned or provided for in the charter, has been paid in." We have before adverted to this construction, and agreeing that only one certificate is required, have come to the conclusion that it was not intended to contain the statement supposed by the learned judge, and that his construction is erroneous, and inconsistent with the language and obvious intent of the eleventh section. It seems from the printed argument submitted to us by the respondent, that the view of the court below is not now insisted upon. *Page 16 
The learned counsel argues that there should be two certificates; one under the eleventh section; and the other to the effect that the whole capital named in the charter has been paid in. We can find no support for the theory in regard to a second certificate. The comptroller has by the act a single duty to perform; it is indicated by the eleventh section. He can appoint appraisers for one purpose; it also is stated in the eleventh section. His duty, and that of the appraisers, was performed. He was not bound, nor could he be required, to do more. No provision is made for a second examination by the comptroller, or for any examination or certificate by him or the appraisers as to any other matter or fact connected with the company than the ones before referred to; and while neither the company, nor any person connected with it, could require him to act; if he should voluntarily act and furnish a certificate, it would be of no importance or validity, because not required by the statute. (Erickson v. Smith, 2 Abb. Ct. App. Dec., 64.)
The respondent also says, that, technically speaking, the words "and a certificate thereof recorded, as hereinbefore provided" refer back to the one certificate specified in the act; and the construction would be that it must meet the requirements of the nineteenth section, in order to constitute to the stockholders an exemption from individual liability. The difficulty with this view of the case is that it is not so written in the statute. The one certificate specified in the act (§ 11), when copies have been properly certified and filed, is made the authority of the company "to commence business and issue policies, and the same may be used in evidence for or against said corporation." Now, it is important to bear in mind that every act required by the statute to be done, before the intervention of the attorney-general can be invoked, must be done before the company is organized, — before, therefore, there is any stockholder, — and must be done by the associates or corporators. These persons (§ 3) are to file in the office of the secretary of State a declaration signed by themselves, expressing their intention to form a *Page 17 
company, for the purpose stated in the act; and this declaration must comprise a copy of the charter proposed to be adopted by them; and this charter, so filed, must state, among other things, the amount of capital to be employed in the transaction of its business. They are to publish a notice of this intention for six weeks, and after this filing of their declaration, and this notice, may then open books for subscription to the capital stock of the company so intended to be organized, "and to keep the same open until the full amount specified in the charter is subscribed." Sections five and six specify the smallest amount of capital which the various kinds of insurance companies shall have; and then follows (§ 7), the declaration that it shall not be lawful for any company organized under the act to transact business "unless possessed of capital or securities, as hereinbefore mentioned;" not, it will be seen, "until possessed of the full amount of capital specified in the charter," which would have been the natural language to employ if the Legislature had any other limitation in view than the arbitrary sum stated in the fifth section; and when, by section eleven, a certificate is required, it is of the possession of the sum specified in the fifth and sixth sections, and not the sum specified in the charter, i.e., the full amount subscribed. This choice of one of two events, so unlike in their effect, — the happening of which is to be determined by the official certificate of State officers, — seems to me very important in determining the intent of the Legislature, and entirely conclusive as to the proper construction of the eleventh section, which requires the certificate. Again, it must be kept in mind that the effect of this certificate is not only prescribed, but it is declared "that the same may be used in evidence for or against said corporations;" (§ 11.) Except for this provision, it would be inadmissible in evidence, for any purpose; and with the provision, it would be inadmissible in any action against the stockholder for a liability as such, and would be not only no protection, but not even evidence in the action. *Page 18 
So far, the construction given by us to the eleventh section, and the form and object of the certificate thereby required, conforms to the letter and intent of the statute. Its language is precise and unambiguous, and it is only necessary to expound the words used in their natural and ordinary sense, to learn the intention of the Legislature: Smith v. The People,
(47 N.Y., 330).
We are, however, urged by the learned counsel for the respondent to consider the policy of the State, as exhibited in the organization of similar companies, before and after the act of 1849. By his industry, we are favored with references to many statutes enacted between 1825 and 1841; and in connection with these examples, our attention is called to the familiar doctrine reiterated by this court in Smith v. The People, (supra), to the effect that acts in pari materia, passed before or after, may be referred to, in order to ascertain the intent of the Legislature in the use of particular terms; and within the same rule and the reason of it, contemporaneous legislation, although not precisely in pari materia, may be referred to, for the same purpose. This rule applies to cases of doubt and uncertainty, and is, therefore, thought by the respondent applicable to the nineteenth section. We acknowledge the force of the suggestion and the correctness of the rule of law. But to what conclusion does its application bring us, if we accept the assurance of the learned counsel that these various statutes "each contain a proviso for an individual liability to an amount equal to the stock held by each stockholder?" This is not the unlimited liability said to be imposed by the nineteenth section, and by virtue of which the judgment below was rendered. The action is not brought on such a basis. No evidence was given tending to show the amount of stock held by the testator. Whether one share of stock, or 1,000, or any larger number, the result would have been the same. The illustrations do not seem to aid us; instead of an unlimited liability they plainly impose a limited and not unreasonable liability. They also provide, as the counsel assures us, for proof, by *Page 19 
the oath of certain of the officers of the company, that the capital has been paid in, before the company shall commence business. Neither of these provisions are contained in the act in question; and their omission is a fact of some consequence. But it is said in the same case, Smith v. The People (supra), that legislative action at the same session is to be regarded as speaking the mind of the Legislature upon a common subject. We find, therefore, among the Laws of 1849 an act passed the day after the one in question, incorporating The Watertown Water-works Company (Laws of 1849, chap. 426), in which the stockholders are made liable to the creditors of the company, to an amount equal to the amount of stock held by them respectively, for all debts and contracts made by the company, until the whole capital stock has been paid in, and a certificate thereof made and verified by the president and a majority of the directors and recorded in the clerk's office of Jefferson county. Neither of these provisions are contained in the act before us.
It seems to be thought that it is only by construing section nineteen as imposing a personal liability the creditors can have security outside of the corporation; but that is not so. By section seventeen all companies formed under this act are declared to be bodies politic and corporate, in fact and in name, and subject to all the provisions of the Revised Statutes in relation to corporations, so far as the same are applicable. Among those provisions is the following: "Where the whole capital of a corporation shall not have been paid in, and the capital paid shall be insufficient to satisfy the claims of its creditors, each stockholder shall be bound to pay, on each share held by him, the sum necessary to complete the amount of such share, as fixed by the charter of the company, or such proportion of that sum as shall be required to satisfy the debts of the company:" (1 R.S., tit. 3, part 1, chap. 18, § 5, p. 557.) No other provision is made by the act incorporating The Columbian Fire Insurance Company of the city of New York; (chap. 480, Laws of 1836); or The Indemnity Fire Insurance Company of the *Page 20 
city of New York; (chap. 136, id.); or The Fifth Ward Fire Insurance Company of the city of New York; (chap. 137, id.); or The Atlas Marine Insurance Company of the city of New York; (chap. 140, id.); or The N.Y. Guardian Insurance Company; (chap. 144, id.); or The Northern Fire Insurance Company; (chap. 173, id.); or The Hamilton Fire Insurance Company; (chap. 179, id.); or The Eighth Ward Fire Insurance Company; (chap. 180, id.); or The Merchants' Marine Insurance Company; (chap. 195, id.); or The Canal Insurance Company of the city of New York; (chap. 500, id.); and so in the entire number of acts of incorporation, some seventeen in number, referred to by the learned counsel as passed in 1837, and to and including 1841. In only one of that period, (chap. 130, Laws of 1837), The United States Insurance Company of the city of New York, do we find a special provision imposing liability on stockholders in their private and individual capacity; and there only "to the extent of their shares in the fund at the time of dissolution of the corporation, and no further."
In acts of incorporation prior to the revision of the statutes we find, as a general rule, a provision that in respect of debts of the corporation contracted before the time fixed by the act for its dissolution, the persons composing the corporation at the time of its dissolution shall be responsible, in their private and individual capacities, to the extent of their respective shares in the funds of the corporation at that time, and no further. In acts passed after the revision of the statutes the clause of special liability seems to have been generally omitted, and its place supplied by a reference to the Revised Statutes relating to corporations, where is found the provision (§ 5) which we have elsewhere cited, and which establishes the individual liability of the stockholder to the extent of his shares in case the whole capital has not been paid in, and the capital paid in is insufficient to satisfy the claims of its creditors (p. 660); and this section the revisers, in their notes, say "is declaratory of a principle of law which is deemed important should be generally known." In *Page 21 Mann v. Pentz (3 Com., 422), construing an act incorporating a railroad company, and in which there was no provision for individual liability of the stockholders to creditors, the court say: "It does not follow, however, that creditors have no remedy against stockholders who have not paid up their subscription. The capital stock of a corporation is a trust fund for the security of creditors;" and cites the provision of the Revised Statutes, referred to above, as enacted in accordance with this principle.
The constitution of 1846 allowed corporations to be organized under general laws, and, except in special cases and for municipal purposes, declared that they should not be created by special act; (art. 8, § 1.) The first general law on the subject of insurance corporations passed after the adoption of the constitution, was that of 1849. It was a compliance with the constitution, and its object was to prevent the necessity of repeated applications to the Legislature, by those desirous of engaging in the business of insurance; (Mygatt v. N YProtection Ins. Co., 21 N.Y., 58); and we lose sight of special charters, and are brought to consider the changes made in this matter after the act of 1849 by amendment to that act or otherwise. In 1853, (chap. 463, Laws of that year) an act was passed relating to life and health insurance companies, which follows, in its general outline and provisions, the act of 1849; but the omissions and alterations are so significant as to make it a legislative construction of the act of 1849, and notably the sections I have been considering. Its general plan for organization is the same; but it is more logical in its arrangement, and directs more consecutively the steps to be taken for organization and the transaction of business. It prescribes the number of associates, and requires a declaration and charter to be filed with the comptroller, declaring, among other things, "the amount of capital to be employed," condensing in one section (3) the provisions of two sections of the act of 1849 (3 and 10). Section four makes it the duty of the comptroller to submit the same to the attorney-general, and if approved by him, *Page 22 
record it in a book; and return a certified copy to the corporators. Then, by section five, "the corporators may proceed to organize the company, and after six weeks public notice, open books for subscriptions to the capital stock, and keep them open until the amount required by this act is subscribed, and may then proceed to distribute the stock among the subscribers, and collect in the said capital, and complete the organization of the company." It should be noticed that the books are not to be kept open until the amount of capital stated in the charter is subscribed, but only until the "amount required by the act" is subscribed; indicating, as it seems to us, very plainly, an anticipated difference in the two amounts. Then section six declares that no company shall be organized with a less capital than $100,000, for life companies, and for health companies, not less than $50,000; and declares that: No life company shall commence business until they have deposited with the comptroller of this State $100,000 in stocks or other securities; nor any health company until it has deposited $25,000, secured in like manner. Section seven declares that when the corporators shall have fully organized such company, and the said company have deposited with the comptroller the requisite amount of capital, he shall furnish the corporation with a certificate of such deposit, which with a certified copy of the papers previously required under this act, shall, when filed in the proper clerk's office, be the authority to commence business and issue policies; and the same may be used in evidence for or against the corporation in all suits. Section eleven declares the companies formed under the act bodies politic and corporate, in fact and in name, and subjects them to the provisions of the Revised Statutes in relation to corporations, as to all matters not provided for in the act. It will be seen that this act is consistent and complete; that the certificate of the attorney-general is required as to the sufficiency of the papers, as in the act before us, and the certificate of the comptroller, as in this act, except that, under the act of 1849, he certifies to an examination as to whether the company has paid in the *Page 23 
modicum of capital stated, and in that of 1853, he certifies to the actual deposit with him of the amount named; but in this, no more than in the act of 1849, is any certificate or proof of any kind or form required as to the actual payment in of the capital named in the charter; nor is there any provision for individual liability on the part of the stockholder, except as it is incorporated into by a reference to the provisions of the Revised Statutes, as is the case in the act of 1849.
The provisions of section twenty-one of the act of 1849, and its modifications, are also of some importance in this connection. By that section, as it stood in the act of 1849, it was lawful for a mutual company to unite a cash capital, and allow interest upon it, and a participation in its profits, and prescribe the liability of the owners thereof to share in the losses of the company: and such cash capital was made liable as the capital stock of the company, in the payment of its debts. By the act of 1857, (chap. 28) this cash capital was to be divided into shares, its holders were to receive dividends upon it, and vote at all elections of the company upon their shares. It declares that every subscriber to the cash capital aforesaid shall be individually liable, to the extent of his subscription, for the dues of the corporation, until the shares of stock subscribed for by him shall have been paid in cash to the said corporation;" and by chapter 38 of the same laws, section twenty of the act of 1849 is so amended as to convert the liability of the stockholder, for receiving dividends improperly made, from a "joint and several" into an "individual" liability, and from a liability "to the extent of the dividend made by the company" into a liability "to the extent of the dividend received by him;" and section twenty-one is so amended as to permit a mutual company organized under the act of 1849, and having complied with the provisions of the fifth and eleventh sections of the act, to unite a cash capital, to any extent not less than $200,000, and allow interest upon it, and "a participation in its profits." It then declares that no "company shall *Page 24 
avail itself of this provision until such cash capital, to the extent of at least one hundred thousand dollars, shall have been actually paid in," and "the subscribers to such cash capital, whether payable in full or by installments, shall each be individually liable for the debts of the company, to the extent of his individual subscription, unless he shall have paid his subscription in full." This is made applicable to all existing marine mutual insurance companies however organized.
In 1848, the general law relating to railroads was enacted, and amended largely in 1850. In 1848, the general law in relation to manufacturing corporations was passed. Those acts, as well as the one before us, were in compliance with the constitution, and of the same general scope and tendency. We find in the acts of 1848, and in the statute of 1850, a liability on the part of the stockholder, limited and not general; and in the manufacturing law, conditional and not absolute. It was copied almost literally from the Massachusetts act of 1827, and required an action against the corporation within a year after the debt became due, and suit against the stockholder within a year after he ceased to be a member.
We have made this extended examination of different statutes, in an effort to find if it existed, the type of the section in question, or any similar enactment; we can find none. And although we have before us, in the elaborate points of the contestant's counsel, a reference to nearly one hundred statutes, all of which have been examined, there is not one which furnishes a similar provision. We think none can be found.
It is conceded that, upon the literal reading of the section, the testator is not bound. We think it apparent that its limitation is, by its own terms, to the requirements of the eleventh section. So construed, it is reasonable; it limits the risk of its members, and defines the extent of their hazard. Construed as was done in the court below, or as the respondent claims it should be, it becomes unreasonable. Compared *Page 25 
with the provisions of any other statute, it is unprecedented. The testator, it is conceded, paid his subscription fully. This would have satisfied the requirements of most statutes. Under others, he would be required to pay an amount equal to his stock. By none is he made liable, to the extent claimed in this case.
It is conceded that the capital stock actually paid in was over $3,000,000; and that the company was duly organized. It thus acquired a corporate capacity. With this a personal liability is wholly inconsistent, and cannot be imposed, except upon the clear direction of the Legislature: (Myers v. Irwin, 2 S.  R., 731; Harger v. McCullough, 2 Den., 119; Van Sandau v.Moore, 1 Russ. Ch., 458; Gray v. Coffin, 9 Cush., 199;Spear v. Grant, 16 Mass., 9.) We cannot find that direction in this statute.
It has seemed proper, in view of the novelty of the question, and the earnest and elaborate presentation of the various aspects of it by the learned counsel for the respective parties, to consider it at length; but the question is a simple one, and if we confine ourselves to the statute, not difficult of solution. What certificate is required, and what shall be its effect? We hold, with the General Term, that one certificate only is required; and that certificate is the one specified in the eleventh section. But we hold also, that the certificate in the case of a stock company is sufficient, if it states that an amount of capital equal to the amount specified in the fifth section of the act has been paid in, and is possessed by it, in money or in such securities as are required by the eighth section. This certificate was, as the pleadings admit and the evidence shows, duly made and filed.
The plaintiff, therefore, failed to establish his cause of action; and the judgment appealed from should be reversed, and a new trial ordered.