Court Opinion

ID: 8013989
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 02:01:47.643043+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:36:13.718450
License: Public Domain

GANTT, J.
The plaintiff recovered judgment against defendant before a justice of the peace. Upon a return of nulla bona, a transcript was filed in the office of the circuit clerk and execution thereon issued, and was levied on the land of defendant. After a sale of the land by the sheriff, defendant moved to quash and set aside the sale. This motion was sustained, and plaintiff appeals.
I. Upon the authority of McAnaw v. Matthis, 129 Mo. 142, jurisdiction of this appeal is vested in this court.
II. The circuit court set aside the sale because it held that the lands of defendant sold under the execution were exempt from sale under execution because they constituted his homestead. It appears that some five years or more prior to June 28, 1888, William L. Call, the defendant under the homestead act of Congress of May, 1862, duly entered the east half of lots seven and eight of the northwest quarter of section two, township 29, range 26, in Lawrence county. *327Missouri. He built thereon a dwelling house and has ever since lived thereon as a housekeeper and head of a family.
Having complied with the homestead act of Congress, he received his patent to this land, and the land was certified to the clerk of the county court by the State Eegister of Lands, under date of August 5, 1889, as subject to taxation, and wras entered on the plat-book of Lawrence county, on file in the county clerk’s office.
On February 3, 1890, defendant executed his promissory note to Aletha Gum for $80, payable twelve months after date, with ten per cent interest from date. This note was duly assigned to plaintiff in July, 1896, and, as already stated, plaintiff obtained judgment thereon, and the execution was levied on this land, and the sale advertised for eighteenth day of August, 1897.
On the seventeenth day of August defendant filed his motion to quash the execution and levy because the land was not subject to levy and execution, and because it was his homestead, and because the sheriff did not notify him of his exemptions -or permit him to claim his homestead.
This motion was not passed upon till August 26, 1897, and in the meantime the land had been sold.
Upon the hearing the court sustained the same, and defendant filed a supplementary motion' to set aside the sale, which was also sustained. To the action of the court in sustaining said motions plaintiff duly excepted, and afterwards moved the court to set aside its said orders, which the court overruled, and plaintiff excepted and appeals.
The important and interesting question arises, was defendant’s homestead exempt from sale under execution, his patent therefor not having been filed in the office of the recorder of deeds prior to the accruing of plaintiff’s debt ?
The proofs amply sustain the contention of defendant *328that he was the head of a family and occupied the land as a homestead, and that it was worth less than $1,500, and if the date of his patent from the United States, to-wit, April 22, 1889, shall govern, he had acquired it prior to incurring the debt for which plaintiff’s judgment was rendered, but plaintiff relies upon section 5441, Revised Statutes 1889, of this State, which provides that: “such homestead shall be subject to attachment and levy of execution upon all causes of action existing at the time of the acquiring such homestead, except as herein otherwise provided; and for this purpose such time shall be the date of the filing in the proper office for the records of deeds, the deed of such homestead, when the party holds title by deed, but when he holds title by descent or devise, from the time he becomes invested with the title thereto; and in case of existing estates, such homestead shall not be subject to attachment or levy of execution upon any liability hereafter created.” If the word “deed” in the foregoing statute is nomen generálissimum and includes a patent from the United States it is obvious that plaintiff is right in his contention because defendant had no estate existing in this land when the homestead statute was enacted, and his patent thereto was not filed when he executed the note sued on, and for that matter it had not been filed when the cause was tried in the circuit court, for, as was said in Tennent v. Pruitt, 94 Mo. 149, “if anything relating to the homestead law is settled, it is, that, before the owner of the land can claim it as being exempt from sale for the payment of his debts, it must appear that he occupied it and used it as such, and that the acquisition of the homestead rights, as against creditors, dates from the time of his filing his deed for record.” [Farrar v. Quigly, 57 Mo. 284; Shindler v. Givens, 63 Mo. 394; State ex rel. Meinzer v. Diveling, 66 Mo. 380.]
Counsel for defendant points out the differences between *329a patent and a deed and insists that a patent is not included in the term deed used in this statute, and therefore it was not necessary to record it. He argues that our statutes require that a deed must be recorded, and that a patent may be recorded, but it is settled law that the record of neither is essential to its validity to pass title.
The recording acts dispense with other proof of execution in some instances, and are chiefly designed to carry notice to subsequent purchasers and lienors.
After all, the question for our determination is whether the Legislature intended to require all grants and conveyances including patents by which a homestead was acquired, should be recorded, and that the date of their filing should be the commencement of the homestead exemption, as to all homesteads acquired after the passage of the homestead law.
It will be observed that the act provides for acquisition by descent or inheritance, by devise, and by deed. At the time of the passage of the act provision had been made for recording patents. The act in force when defendant obtained his patent was the same that had been enacted in 1855. [E. S. 1855, p. 1316, see. 22; E. S. 1819, p. 651, sec. 3826; E. S. 1889, sec. 1443.]
Now, looking for the true intent of the law, which, after all, is the object of all rules of construction and interpretation, it is clear we think, that it was the purpose of the Legislature to secure, to heads of families, homesteads in lands which they might acquire subsequent to the passage of the law, which should be exempt from the payment of debts contracted after the filing their deeds therefor in recorder’s offices in the counties in which the lands should be.
As already said, the laws of the State provided for recording both deeds and patents. And was it not also the intention of the Legislature to advise those who might extend *330credit to such housekeepers of the existence or non-existence of such homestead? Certainly a homestead acquired by patent was as much within the reason of the provision as a deed in its restricted sense, and in its broader significance, would fall within the letter, as well as the spirit, of the act. It was not the intention of the Legislature to deny a householder the benefit of a homestead acquired by a patent (if he recorded his patent) as to debts subsequently contracted. Nor do we think the Legislature intended to omit so large a class of householders from the scope of the act.
On the contrary, having named those who should acquire homesteads by deeds, inheritance and devise, it was thought these methods were sufficiently comprehensive to include all by grant or conveyance which the laws of the State provided for recording. [In Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, Rawle’s revision, it is said in the United States, the word “patent’ is sometimes understood to mean the title deed by which a government, State or Federal, conveys its land.” [Vol. 2, p. 612, title ““Patent.”]
In our opinion the word ““deed” in the statute includes, a patent to lands, whether issued by the United States or the State, and the circuit court erred in holding to the contrary.
But while we hold the defendant was not entitled to a homestead as against plaintiff’s debt, it does not necessarily follow that the judgment should be reversed. In his motion to quash the levy and set aside the sale, the defendant assigned another reason, to-wit, that the sheriff had not notified him of his exemptions, and the proofs showed that he accidentally learned of the advertisement of his land only the day before the sale, and the sheriff sold the lands before the defendant’s motion was passed upon by the court.
By section 4906, Revised Statutes 1889, it was provided that ““each head of a family, at his election, in lieu of the *331property mentioned in the first and second subdivisions of section 4903, may select and hold, exempt from execution, any other property, real, personal or mixed, or debts or wages, not exceeding in value the amount of three hundred dollars.
Section 4907 provides further: “It shall be the duty of the officer in whose hands any execution may come, before he shall levy the same, to apprise the person against whom such execution has issued of the property exempt under sections 4902, 4903, and 4906, and his right to hold the same as exempt from attachment and execution; and such officer shall summons from the neighborhood, three disinterested householders, who after being sworn honestly and impartially to appraise the property exhibited to them, shall -proceed to appraise and set apart to said defendant the property exempt to him under this chapter.”
The officer had entirely failed to comply with these provisions, and while defendant was not entitled to a homestead as against plaintiff, he was entitled to elect to have a part of said homestead to the amount of three hundred dollars, set off to him and exempted from said sale, and until he was apprised of his right, and opportunity to elect was given him, the sheriff was proceeding irregularly and in defiance of the statute. The motion was made as soon as defendant learned of the levy and consequently was timely. It results, that the court on this ground properly sustained the motion to quash the levy, and set aside the sale, and its judgment is for that reason alone, affirmed, without prejudicing plaintiff’s right to have a proper levy made after the sheriff shall have allowed defendant his proper exemptions in the manner provided by law as above indicated.
Nothing herein said conflicts with the decision in Shindler v..Givens, 63 Mo. 394, in which no other exemptions were claimed and no point made save as to the appraisement of the *332homestead itself, which under the peculiar facts of that case would have been a barren ceremony. Nothing said in that case is a justification of an utter disregard of his statutory duties by a sheriff.
The judgment is affirmed for the reason above assigned.
Sherwood, P. J., and Burgess, J., concur.