Court Opinion

ID: 5126276
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-16 15:19:59.136422+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:22:55.800999
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

            Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Humphreys and O’Brien
PUBLISHED

            Argued by videoconference

            JAMES A. FIELDS, S/K/A
             JAMES ALEX FIELDS
                                                                               OPINION BY
            v.     Record No. 1964-19-2                                 JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS
                                                                            NOVEMBER 16, 2021
            COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                       FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHARLOTTESVILLE
                                         Richard E. Moore, Judge

                           Denise Y. Lunsford (John I. Hill; Denise Y. Lunsford, LLC;
                           PoindexterHill, P.C., on brief), for appellant.

                           Rosemary V. Bourne, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                           Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

                   On August 12, 2017, James Fields (“Fields”) drove a car into a group of pedestrians in

            downtown Charlottesville, Virginia, killing one person and injuring others. He was charged with

            one count of first-degree murder, in violation of Code § 18.2-32, three counts of malicious

            wounding, in violation of Code § 18.2-51, five counts of aggravated malicious wounding, in

            violation of Code § 18.2-51.2, and one count of leaving the scene of an accident, in violation of

            Code § 46.2-894.1 Following a jury trial in the circuit court of the City of Charlottesville (“the

            circuit court”), Fields was found guilty on all counts. On appeal, Fields argues that the circuit

            court erred by denying his motion to change venue. Fields also asserts that the circuit court erred

            by admitting into evidence a meme Fields sent to a friend and another in the form of a post made

                   1
                    Fields was originally indicted by a grand jury on three counts of aggravated malicious
            wounding and five counts of malicious wounding. The Commonwealth later amended two of the
            malicious wounding charges to aggravated malicious wounding. The propriety of those
            amendments is not before us.
on the social network Instagram. He further assigns error to the admission into evidence of a

photo of Adolf Hitler that Fields texted to his mother. Finally, he asserts that the circuit court

erred by admitting transcripts of a phone conversation between Fields and his mother into

evidence.

                                        I. BACKGROUND

       On August 12, 2017, a rally titled “Unite the Right,” occurred in Charlottesville. The

rally’s stated purpose was protesting the removal of a Confederate statue from a city park. Fields

traveled from Ohio to attend the rally and was captured on video marching and chanting, “Jews

will not replace us; you will not replace us, you will not replace us.”

       Later in the day, a group of counter-protestors began marching in downtown

Charlottesville. Fields first drove his car toward the group of counter-protestors, stopped, and

reversed his vehicle away from the crowd; however, minutes later, he accelerated forward

rapidly and drove his vehicle directly into the crowd of counter-protestors, striking several

people, causing some to fly up into the air, and running over others. One of them, Heather Heyer

(“Heyer”), died as a result of injuries she sustained after being struck by Fields’ car, and eight

other people were seriously injured. Immediately after hitting the pedestrians and another

vehicle, Fields reversed his vehicle away from the intersection, hitting another person in the

process, before driving away.

       As stated, Fields was indicted on multiple charges, including first-degree murder. On

August 14, 2018, Fields filed a motion for a change of venue. He attached 139 exhibits to his

motion, all of which were news stories about the events that occurred on August 12, 2017.

Fields argued that an extraordinary amount of media attention had focused on the charges against

Fields and on the victims. He also argued that the community of Charlottesville had been

traumatized by the events, and as a result, although he was entitled to due process through an

                                                -2-
impartial trial under the United States Constitution and the Constitution of Virginia, the local

prejudice against him was so extraordinary that he could not receive a fair trial in Charlottesville.

The circuit court took Fields’ motion for a change of venue under advisement.

       Fields’ jury trial began on November 26, 2018, and he pled not guilty to all charges. On

the first day of the trial, Fields submitted a supplement to his first motion for a change of venue,

citing fifty-eight additional media reports that had been published since he filed his first motion.2

The circuit court kept Fields’ motion for a change in venue under advisement pending voir dire

of prospective jurors.3

       Jury selection began on the first day of the trial and filled approximately twenty-seven to

twenty-eight hours over three days. Sixteen people—twelve to serve as jurors and four to serve

as alternates—were ultimately chosen and sworn in. Fields then renewed his first motion for a

change of venue, which the circuit court denied.

       At trial, the Commonwealth argued that Fields drove his car into the counter-protestors

out of hate for their ideology. In support of that theory regarding Fields’ motive, the

Commonwealth introduced, inter alia, two images or “memes”4 into evidence that Fields had

circulated to an acquaintance and on the social media site Instagram a few months prior to the

incident in Charlottesville. Both memes depicted a motor vehicle violently driving into a group

       2
          Fields also filed a second motion for a change of venue on November 26, 2018, based
on different and distinguishable legal grounds from his first motion and supplement. He asserted
that his case met the requirements for a mandatory venue change under Code § 19.2-251. The
circuit court rejected that argument and denied his second motion. On appeal, Fields has
abandoned the arguments he advanced in his second motion for a venue change. Therefore, we
only address the arguments from his first motion.
       3
         Literally translated from Latin as “speak the truth,” voir dire is the process of
questioning prospective jurors under oath.
       4
         As the term is generally used in our current information age culture, a “meme” is
typically an image or video, that enough people find amusing or interesting, that it is spread
widely through sites on the internet.
                                               -3-
of pedestrians, running some over, and flinging others into the air, because the driver was “late

for work.” The images included the captions, “When I see protestors blocking” and “You have

the right to protest, but I’m late for work.” In May of 2017, Fields sent one of these images via a

private message to another user and a few days later, he posted the second meme to his public

page on Instagram.

       At trial, Fields asserted that the memes were irrelevant because he sent or posted them

three months prior to his crimes in Charlottesville. He also argued that their relevance was

substantially outweighed by their danger for unfair prejudice and, as such, they should be

excluded under Virginia Rule of Evidence 2:403(a)(i). The Commonwealth argued that the

memes were evidence that Fields possessed the requisite specific intent to drive into the

protestors and, as such, the probative value of the memes was not substantially outweighed by

their danger for unfair prejudice. It also contended that the remoteness of the posts could go

toward the weight of the evidence; however, the elapsed time between when Fields posted the

memes and when he drove his car into the crowd, in and of itself, did not make the memes

irrelevant regarding his intent.

       The circuit court heard arguments on the motion and reviewed precedent submitted by

the parties before ruling that the memes were admissible.

       The Commonwealth also submitted a motion in limine at trial to admit text messages and

an attached photo of Adolf Hitler into evidence. The text messages took place between Fields

and his mother. Fields texted her and said, “I got the weekend off, so I’ll be able to go to the

rally.” The day before the rally, Fields’ mother replied, “Be careful.” Fields messaged her again

and said, “We’re not the one[s] who need to be careful.” He attached a photo of Adolf Hitler to

his last text message. Fields did not object to admitting the text messages, but he did object to

admitting the accompanying image of Hitler.

                                                -4-
       The Commonwealth argued that the image of Hitler was particularly relevant and

probative of Fields’ intent, motive, and state of mind because he sent the image one day prior to

committing his crimes in Charlottesville. The Commonwealth also argued that the image of

Hitler was relevant because, as an attachment, it provided necessary context to the message he

texted his mother, “We’re not the one[s] who need to be careful.” It asserted that the image was

probative of Fields’ intent and state of mind as related to “perceived political and ideological

opponents he expected to be . . . present at the rally the very next day” and that significant

probative value was not outweighed by a danger of unfair prejudice.

       Fields argued that because Hitler is one of the most hated men in the history of western

civilization, the probative value of the image was substantially outweighed by its unfairly

prejudicial impact on his defense. The circuit court noted Fields’ exception, and the image of

Hitler was admitted into evidence with the text messages.

       The Commonwealth also introduced, over Fields’ objection, two taped phone

conversations between Fields and his mother that occurred while Fields was confined pending

trial. On the calls, Fields specifically referred to the events of August 12, 2017, and discussed

the counter-protestors. The Commonwealth argued that the calls illustrated Fields’ feelings and

thoughts regarding the events of August 12, 2017, as well as his lack of remorse about them and,

as such, the calls were relevant to show Fields’ intent when he drove his car into the protestors.

       On one call, Fields stated that he had not done anything wrong. He told his mother that

he had been “mobbed by a violent group of terrorists” on August 12 and that he simply acted in

self-defense. He also told his mother that the counter-protestors were waving the ISIS flag on

the day of the attack and that the counter-protestors were communists. On the second call, Fields

specifically called Heyer’s mother an anti-white communist and referred to her as “the enemy.”

The circuit court allowed partially redacted recordings of both calls to be admitted into evidence.

                                                -5-
       The trial concluded on December 7, 2018. The jury found Fields guilty of one count of

first-degree murder, three counts of malicious wounding, five counts of aggravated malicious

wounding, and one count of leaving the scene of an accident. Fields was sentenced to life in

prison plus 419 years and a fine.

       Fields assigns four errors to the circuit court. His first assignment of error centers around

his denied motions for a change of venue. His remaining three assignments of error all relate to

evidence that the circuit court admitted over Fields’ objections that it was unfairly prejudicial.

                                           II. ANALYSIS

                                     A. CHANGE OF VENUE

                                         Standard of Review

       “Change of venue is within the sound discretion of the trial court, and refusal to grant it

will not constitute reversible error unless the record affirmatively shows an abuse of discretion.”

Stockton v. Commonwealth, 227 Va. 124, 137 (1984). When reviewing motions to change

venue, “appellate courts begin with the presumption that the defendant can receive a fair trial

from the citizens of the jurisdiction where the offense occurred.” Brown v. Commonwealth, 68

Va. App. 746, 776-77 (2018). The defendant bears the burden of overcoming the presumption of

a fair trial; he must “clearly show” that “there is such a widespread feeling of prejudice on the

part of the citizenry as will be reasonably certain to prevent a fair and impartial trial.” Id. at 777

(quoting Stockton, 227 Va. at 137). A showing of either extensive publicity or widespread

knowledge of the crime or the defendant is insufficient, on its own, to justify a change of venue.

Stockton, 227 Va. at 137.

                                                 -6-
                                           Venue Analysis

       Fields asserts that the trauma to the Charlottesville community, coupled with the

significant pretrial publicity that his case received, impaired his constitutional right to have his

case heard by an impartial jury.

       The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution grants criminal defendants the

right to trial by an impartial jury in both federal and state courts. U.S. Const. amend. VI (“[T]he

accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and

district wherein the crime shall have been committed . . . .”); Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145,

149 (1968). The Constitution of Virginia also grants criminal defendants the right to trial “by an

impartial jury of his vicinage.” Va. Const. art. I, § 8. Pursuant to these constitutional

protections, it is the circuit court’s duty to empanel jurors who are free from bias and prejudice

against the defendant. See Bay v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 520, 530 (2012). The law

presumes that a defendant will receive a fair trial in the jurisdiction where he committed the

alleged offenses, and he bears the burden of overcoming that presumption “by demonstrating that

the feeling of prejudice on the part of the citizenry is widespread and is such that would ‘be

reasonably certain to prevent a fair trial.’” Thomas v. Commonwealth, 263 Va. 216, 230 (2002)

(quoting Mueller v. Commonwealth, 244 Va. 386, 398 (1992)). The defendant may make a

motion to change venue but whether to grant that motion is within the sound discretion of the

circuit court. See Stockton, 227 Va. at 137. The General Assembly codified the broad discretion

given to circuit courts regarding venue in criminal cases as follows: “A circuit court may, on

motion of the accused or of the Commonwealth, for good cause, order the venue for the trial of a

criminal case in such court to be changed to some other circuit court.” Code § 19.2-251.

       Fields asserts that community trauma in Charlottesville was too great for him to receive a

fair trial but he cites no binding or even persuasive authority holding that “community trauma” is

                                                 -7-
a standard that a circuit court should consider when assessing the appropriateness of a change of

venue, nor is this Court aware of such authority. We have previously held that, “[i]n determining

whether community prejudice against the defendant is sufficiently pervasive to preclude a fair

trial and justify a change in venue, the primary inquiry is the ease with which an impartial jury

can be selected.” Brown, 68 Va. App. at 777 (emphasis added). Ease of seating an impartial

jury is an essential factor for determining whether a defendant can receive a fair trial because

“the relative ease of seating an impartial jury negates the existence of the ‘widespread prejudice’

which a criminal defendant must show to justify a change in venue.” Id. (quoting Buchanan v.

Commonwealth, 238 Va. 389, 407 (1989)). The volume and timing of publicity—and the

accuracy of that publicity—are pertinent, but not ultimate, concerns on a motion to change

venue. See id. at 778. Moreover, presumably, to the extent that an entire community was

“traumatized” as a result of a criminal act or acts, it is reasonable to expect that such trauma

would be reflected in widespread prejudice in the pool of prospective jurors and revealed during

the selection process. In summary, whether to grant a venue change is not merely a

mathematical calculation based on the number of prospective jurors considered and length of

voir dire, but rather, a careful judicial review and analysis of the “totality of the surrounding

facts.” Id. at 781 (quoting Irvin v. Dowd, 366 U.S. 717, 721 (1961)).

       Applying these principles to the case at hand, Brown v. Commonwealth is instructive and

relevant because Brown addressed strikingly similar change of venue issues and was decided by

this Court only three years ago. Id. at 746. In that case, the appellant shot and killed a Virginia

state trooper in Dinwiddie County and shot at two other individuals, including a second Virginia

state trooper. Id. at 758-62. Brown was tried and convicted in Dinwiddie County of capital

murder, attempted capital murder, and attempted murder, among other charges. Id. at 757. Prior

                                                 -8-
to his trial, Brown moved to change venue, citing the extensive media coverage of the murder

and the “closeness of the Dinwiddie community.” Id. at 763. His motion was denied. Id.

       Regarding the ease with which the jury was seated, jury selection in Brown’s case took

six days; the circuit court questioned one hundred and twenty prospective jurors in order to form

a pool of twenty-eight from which twelve jurors and four alternates were selected. Id. At the

close of jury selection, as in Fields’ case, Brown renewed his motion to change venue. Id. at

766. The circuit court noted that media publicity and Brown’s proposed insanity defense to his

capital murder charge had necessitated a longer, slower jury selection process. Id. The circuit

court stated, “I don’t think I can approach this mechanically and say if the level of people who

know is X percent, then I will automatically grant the motion.” Id. at 782. Instead, the circuit

court considered why the selection process took so many days and why it was necessary to

consider many jurors. Id. The circuit court stated it had been deliberately “thorough and

careful” during jury selection because the case involved “multiple considerations.” Id. The

circuit court ultimately denied Brown’s renewed motion for a change of venue. Id. at 766. On

appeal, this Court affirmed the circuit court, finding that it had “conducted a deliberate and

thoughtful voir dire in order to seat an appropriate jury” and, as a result, the circuit court did not

abuse its discretion by denying change of venue. Id. at 783.

       Here, just as in Brown, the circuit court conducted a deliberate and thoughtful voir dire in

order to seat an appropriate jury. In the instant case, the circuit court chose a venire of 360

jurors. Prior to in-person voir dire at the courthouse, counsel for Fields and the Commonwealth

jointly drafted a questionnaire, which was sent to each potential juror. Copies of the completed

questionnaires were given both to the Commonwealth and to counsel for Fields to review before

voir dire. Forty-three initial jurors were disqualified by agreement between counsel based on

those prospective jurors’ disclosures in the questionnaire. Disqualifying disclosures included

                                                 -9-
donating to a “Heal Charlottesville Fund,” fundraising for a cause closely associated with the

events of August 12, 2017, and assertions of belief that Fields’ actions were terrorism and that he

was a terrorist.

        The record reflects appropriately extensive questioning by the court, the defense

attorneys, and the prosecutor. The transcription of voir dire fills well over one thousand pages.

The circuit court asked potential jurors whether they knew anything about the facts of the case

from speaking to eyewitnesses. The circuit court also asked how many people knew anything

about the alleged facts of the case based on coverage in the news media. The circuit court then

asked questions designed to reveal whether potential jurors could be impartial factfinders,

inquiring about the weight jurors might give to police officer testimony, whether the jurors could

treat someone who holds extreme political views fairly, and whether they could put media

accounts of the events of August 12, 2017, “out of their mind” and listen solely to the evidence

presented in the courtroom. After the circuit court finished questioning a group of possible

jurors, attorneys for both parties conducted individual voir dire.

        The circuit court noted that it normally would summon thirty to forty jurors for a regular,

non-publicized felony trial and in Fields’ case they went through seventy-five jurors to get an

adequate jury. The circuit court stated, “I don’t think that’s unreasonable. It’s just barely less,

it’s less than double the upper limit of what we normally call in. And I think that’s certainly not

unduly difficult.” The circuit court also stated that it gave the attorneys more “leeway in

questioning” and that the whole process was “the most extensive, thorough, detailed, and careful

voir dire that I’ve ever participated in.” Only seventy-five jurors were needed to seat a panel of

twenty-eight. Jury selection in the present case took only half the time, three days, that it did in

Brown, which required six days. Just as in Brown, here, the circuit court took great time and

                                                - 10 -
care, as evidenced by its thorough questioning, in ensuring that an impartial jury was able to be

seated.

          Regarding the nature of the coverage, on brief, Fields argues extensively that pretrial

publicity and community trauma required the circuit court to grant the motion to change venue.

Importantly, in considering evidence of community prejudice based on publicity and media

reports, widespread knowledge of the case alone is insufficient to overcome the presumption that

the defendant will receive a fair trial. Thomas, 263 Va. at 230. “A potential juror who has

knowledge of the case, even if such person has formed an opinion about the case, is entitled to sit

on the jury if that opinion can be set aside.” Id. at 231.

          Irvin v. Dowd, whose reasoning this Court found instructive in Brown, and which applies

with equal force here, states,

                 In these days of swift, widespread and diverse methods of
                 communication, an important case can be expected to arouse the
                 interest of the public in the vicinity, and scarcely any of those best
                 qualified to serve as jurors will not have formed some impression
                 or opinion as to the merits of the case. This is particularly true in
                 criminal cases. To hold that the mere existence of any
                 preconceived notion as to the guilt or innocence of an accused,
                 without more, is sufficient to rebut the presumption of a
                 prospective juror’s impartiality would be to establish an impossible
                 standard. It is sufficient if the juror can lay aside his impression or
                 opinion and render a verdict based on the evidence presented in
                 court.

366 U.S. at 722-23.

          Therefore, sheer volume of publicity is not sufficient, in and of itself, to justify a change

of venue, particularly given the prolific volume of news available in the age of the internet. The

circuit court pointed out that “most of the news reports [about August 12, 2017] are carried by

national news agencies, the Washington Post, New York Times, CNN, and MSNBC . . . and I’m

thinking where could you go that people wouldn’t be privy to that?” The circuit court below

correctly determined that under Brown and Irvin, while the volume and timing of publicity does
                                                  - 11 -
matter, it is not the ultimate concern in assessing whether a change in venue was appropriately

denied.

          Additionally, whether the publicity surrounding a defendant’s alleged crimes is accurate,

temperate, and noninflammatory is a “pertinent [concern] in assessing whether a change in venue

was appropriately denied.” See Brown, 68 Va. App. at 778. The shocking nature of a reported

crime does not render the news article itself inherently inflammatory. See LeVasseur v.

Commonwealth, 225 Va. 564, 578 (1983). Articles that accurately report the facts, despite how

shocking the facts are, will not be considered inflammatory. See id. Here, the circuit court

reviewed the news articles submitted by Fields on his motion for a change of venue and said,

“My findings would be that most of the news articles, certainly not necessarily all of them, but

most of them were factual in nature and accurate. Most of them were not inflammatory, with a

few exceptions. The photos presented are inherently accurate because they are photographs of

what’s happening.”

          Instead of focusing solely on publicity, the circuit court correctly assessed the totality of

the surrounding facts in Fields’ case, which revealed that jury selection here was even shorter

and less difficult than in Brown. The record supports the circuit court’s conclusion that selecting

jurors willing to honor their oath to keep an open mind and follow the court’s instructions was

relatively easy, that the publicity was accurate and noninflammatory, and that there was not such

widespread prejudice against Fields that he could not obtain an impartial jury. For these reasons,

we hold that the circuit court did not err in denying Fields’ motion for a change in venue.

                              B. EVIDENTIARY ISSUES ON APPEAL

                                           Standard of Review

          “Given the ‘broad discretion’ of a trial judge over evidentiary matters, we apply a

deferential abuse-of-discretion standard of appellate review.” Thomas v. Commonwealth, 44
                                                  - 12 -
Va. App. 741, 753 (quoting Seaton v. Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 739, 752 (2004)), adopted

upon reh’g en banc, 45 Va. App. 811 (2005). A court can abuse its discretion in three ways:

(1) by failing to consider a relevant factor that should have been given significant weight, (2) by

considering and giving significant weight to an irrelevant or improper factor, and (3) when the

circuit court, while weighing “all proper factors,” commits a clear error of judgment. See Lawlor

v. Commonwealth, 285 Va. 187, 213 (2013). That standard means that the circuit court judge’s

“ruling will not be reversed simply because an appellate court disagrees.” Thomas, 44 Va. App.

at 753. An abuse of discretion does not occur if reasonable jurists could differ. See id.

       Additionally, we view the evidence in the light “most favorable to the Commonwealth as

the prevailing party on this issue in the circuit court.” Grattan v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 602,

617 (2009).

                                        The Protest Memes

       On appeal, Fields alleges that the circuit court erred by allowing the two protest memes to

be admitted into evidence over his objection. He does not contest the memes’ relevance but

contends that they were unfairly prejudicial. Relevant evidence may be excluded if “the

probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by . . . the danger of unfair

prejudice.” Va. R. Evid. 2:403(a)(i). The fact that evidence is highly prejudicial to a party’s

claim or defense, in and of itself, “is not a proper consideration in applying the balancing test.”

Lee v. Spoden, 290 Va. 235, 252 (2015). Instead, the circuit court must determine whether the

probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by its unfair or unduly prejudicial

effects. See id.

       “All evidence tending to prove guilt is prejudicial to an accused, but the mere fact that

such evidence is powerful because it accurately depicts the gravity and atrociousness of the

crime or the callous nature of the defendant does not thereby render it inadmissible.” Powell v.

                                                - 13 -
Commonwealth, 267 Va. 107, 141 (2004). Rule 2:403’s requirement that only unfair prejudice

may be considered as grounds for non-admission “reflects the fact that all probative direct

evidence generally has a prejudicial effect to the opposing party.” Lee, 290 Va. at 251.

Evidence must “inflame the passions of the trier of fact, or . . . invite decision based upon a

factor unrelated to the elements of the claims and defenses in the pending case” in order to be

classified as “unfairly prejudicial.” See id. Put more succinctly, the nature of the evidence must

be such that it generates such a strong emotional response that it is unlikely that the jury could

make a rational evaluation of its proper evidentiary weight. Common examples of such

evidence are particularly graphic crime scene or autopsy photos, which are inherently unfairly

prejudicial because their shock effect prevents a layperson on a jury from being able to properly

evaluate or weigh them in the context of the other evidence. Unlike those examples, the

evidence being contested on appeal here did not contain any content that would inherently

prevent jurors from rationally considering and weighing it with the other evidence. The

contested evidence in this case was only prejudicial, if at all, in the context of the totality of all

the circumstances surrounding the events that led to Fields’ trial.

        It is also true that “the responsibility for balancing the competing considerations of

probative value and prejudice rests in the sound discretion of the trial court.” Ortiz v.

Commonwealth, 276 Va. 705, 715 (2008) (quoting Spencer v. Commonwealth, 240 Va. 78, 90

(1990)). Here, the circuit court applied Rule 2:403’s balancing test correctly. The circuit court

did not have to find that the memes were not prejudicial; it only had to find that the memes’

probative value to the issues in the case was not substantially outweighed by a danger of unfair

prejudice to Fields. When it held that the memes were admissible, the circuit court explained its

reasoning and stated,

                It’s a car running into protestors and that’s the thing I couldn’t get
                away from. . . . [I]t would be relevant if it shows it wasn’t an
                                                 - 14 -
               accident, if it shows he thought poorly of the protestors, all of that
               could go into his mental state or his intent and that’s really what I
               couldn’t get away from. . . . [C]learly intent is going to be an
               issue. The jurors have been told that and self-defense is a possible
               issue. I think it would be relevant to that . . . .

       Because Fields was charged with first-degree murder under Code § 18.2-32, the

Commonwealth had to prove that he willfully, deliberately, and premeditatively killed Heyer.

“Premeditated murder . . . contemplates: (1) a killing; (2) a reasoning process antecedent to the

act of killing, resulting in the formation of a specific intent to kill; and (3) the performance of

that act with malicious intent.” Rhodes v. Commonwealth, 238 Va. 480, 486 (1989). Because

“premeditation and formation of an intent to kill seldom can be proved by direct evidence[,][a]

combination of circumstantial factors may be sufficient.” Aldridge v. Commonwealth, 44

Va. App. 618, 655 (2004) (alteration in original) (quoting Rhodes, 238 Va. at 486). Memes

depicting a car driving destructively into a crowd of protestors constituted relevant circumstantial

evidence that was probative of Fields’ intent due to the memes’ striking similarity to the act

Fields committed. The defense itself stated during opening statements to the jury,

               You’re here because you need to decide—and I’m here because I
               need to show you—why this event took place. You need to decide
               and we need to show you was it an intended act, was it a malicious
               act, was it an act done with the intent or with the subjective belief
               [that] the actor, James, was in fear of serious bodily injury himself
               or even death . . . ?

       Viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the fact that Fields sent or

posted two images involving the same type of violence that he later acted out demonstrates that

the circuit court had a basis for believing that the memes had significant probative value. The

memes’ probative value was not substantially outweighed by unfairly prejudicial effects merely

because they depicted the same level of gravity and atrociousness as the crime scene pictures

depicting the results of Fields’ actions. While the memes were undoubtedly prejudicial to

Fields’ claim of innocence, they did not inflame the jury’s passions or invite decision based upon

                                                - 15 -
an unrelated factor. Because Fields’ intent was at issue in the case, the circuit court’s finding

that the memes were probative, material, and relevant circumstantial evidence and thus

admissible, was not an abuse of discretion.

                                         The Hitler Image

       Fields next—similarly—argues that the circuit court abused its discretion by admitting

the portrait-style photograph of Adolph Hitler because the photo’s probative value was

“substantially outweighed” by its danger of unfair prejudice. Fields does not dispute the image’s

relevance, asserting instead that it should have been excluded because its potential for unfair

prejudice outweighed its probative value. As stated above, relevant evidence may be excluded if

“the probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by . . . the danger of unfair

prejudice.” Va. R. Evid. 2:403(a)(i).

       Here, the circuit court explained its evaluation regarding the danger of unfair prejudice

not once, but twice, providing a robust record with which to review its reasoning. The record

demonstrates the circuit court’s careful consideration of the arguments and balancing of the

image’s potential prejudice with its probative value. The circuit court took great care to hear

both parties’ arguments in full and even changed its proposed ruling after reading cases

submitted by counsel.5 Further, after hearing the arguments and questioning the parties

       5
          The cases submitted by the Commonwealth for their persuasive value were State v.
Crumb, 704 A.2d 952 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1997), and People v. Ritchie, No. B262575
(Cal. Ct. App. Jan. 17, 2017). In Crumb, a defendant with neo-Nazi ties was charged with
first-degree murder for beating an elderly African-American man to death. The New Jersey
court admitted evidence that illustrated the defendant’s fondness for Adolf Hitler, neo-Nazis, and
white supremacy because the court found that the evidence was probative to the defendant’s
alleged motive, white supremacy. In Ritchie, a defendant with white supremacist ties was
charged with murdering a black victim on account of the victim’s race. The trial court allowed
the prosecution to present evidence of defendant’s white supremacist beliefs, including
defendant’s respect for Adolf Hitler “because of the things that [Hitler] carried out” and “because
of the power” that Hitler held. The trial court concluded that the challenged evidence tended
“logically to explain why defendant would participate in a racially-motivated assault and

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extensively, the circuit court explained its reasoning at length. It noted that if the image of Hitler

was unrelated to any issue in the case—for example, if Fields was charged with burglary or

possession of pornography—it would have been excluded.

        The circuit court acknowledged that the image of Hitler could be prejudicial but

permitted it to be admitted into evidence for the purpose of determining Fields’ intent, motive,

and state of mind. This Court has previously held that “[a]n essential element of a first-degree

murder conviction is premeditation, i.e., the development in the mind of the murderer of the

specific intent to kill prior to the act itself.” Knight v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 617, 623

(2003); see also Code § 18.2-32. The circuit court held that other evidence introduced in the

case, including that which showed Fields marching and chanting “Jews will not replace us,” on

the morning of the attack, reduced the prejudicial effects of the contested image of Hitler on

Fields, as the circuit court explained at trial:

                As far as the prejudice goes, this is not a burglary or a pornography
                case where you just want to show “this guy likes Hitler.” I think
                [the Commonwealth] is correct. This whole connection with white
                supremacy and the alt right, it’s the core of this case and his
                thinking about it is . . . there’s already evidence out there that he
                would be connected with the alt right white supremacists, and even
                Nazi sympathizers, so frankly, the prejudice in this case is muted
                because it’s already in the case. I mean, he’s already walking with
                people saying, you know, “Jews will not replace us.” So it’s not as
                if it’s a great leap to say, well, he actually has a picture of Hitler on
                one of his messages. The thing that did it for me is it’s put there
                by him the day before this happened on a text message that says
                “We’re not the ones who that need to be careful.” So one would
                have to say, well, I wonder what he’s saying. He’s saying who
                needs to be careful. Well, think about who needed to be careful
                with Hitler.

        A simple portrait picture, such as was admitted in this case, of a person regarded by most

people as despicable may or may not be relevant in a particular case, and if relevant, it would

murder.” On appeal, the appellate court determined the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
admitting the evidence.
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likely be prejudicial; however, assuming its relevance to an issue in the case, contrary to Fields’

assertion, any prejudicial effect of such a picture would not necessarily substantially outweigh

any probative value. In this case, the Commonwealth was arguing that Fields was motivated by

hatred for ethnic and political groups when he ran his car into the counter-protestors. The image

of Adolph Hitler had significant probative value. It was highly relevant because Fields’ intent,

motive, and state of mind were at issue. Conversely, Fields’ argument is essentially that because

the evidence was a picture of Adolf Hitler, that fact alone outweighed any conceivable probative

value. Accordingly, and for the same reasons outlined above with respect to the admission of the

memes into evidence, we conclude that the circuit court did not abuse it discretion by admitting

this picture into evidence.

       Because we find no abuse of discretion in admitting this image, we do not address the

Commonwealth’s harmless error argument.

                                              Jail Calls

       The circuit court held that the recordings of the calls between Fields and his mother made

while Fields was in jail awaiting trial were admissible although it ordered that portions of them be

redacted. The circuit court reasoned that the calls were probative because they revealed something

about Fields’ state of mind, intent, and whether he acted with malice. The circuit court held that the

jury should be able to consider Fields’ commentary regarding, inter alia, the events of August 12

and the counter-protestors.

       On appeal, Fields does not specifically explain how the circuit court abused its discretion

by admitting the calls into evidence or how the evidence unfairly prejudiced him. He argues

only, “[w]ithout reciting the same the [a]ppellant incorporates this [a]ssignment of [e]rror the

standard of review, the arguments, and the authorities set out in the previous two (2)

[a]ssignments of [e]rror.” Thus, Fields apparently implicitly asserts that the calls are “highly

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prejudicial and only remotely probative of the elements of the offenses for which he was

charged,” but he does not explain the nature of the abuse of discretion he contends the circuit

court committed. See Lawlor, 285 Va. at 213 (finding that a circuit court can abuse its discretion

by failing to consider a relevant factor, by considering and giving significant weight to an

irrelevant or improper factor, and by weighing “all proper factors,” but committing a clear error

of judgment).

       Without a more definitive argument or explanation from Fields and given the circuit

court’s explicit explanation of its reasoning for admitting the audio calls into evidence, it is

difficult to conclude that the circuit court abused its discretion. Because Fields’ intent was at

issue in the case, as discussed above, the phone calls were relevant because they tended to show

his state of mind and lack of remorse. See Aldridge, 44 Va. App. at 655-56 (“Circumstantial

factors that the fact finder may consider in deciding whether there is sufficient evidence of

premeditation and a specific intent to kill include . . . the defendant’s lack of remorse and efforts

to avoid detection.”). As the circuit court stated, “Both sides in this case have said that this case

is essentially about what Mr. Fields was thinking at the time the events happened, what was

inside his head.” The phone calls were probative circumstantial evidence regarding Fields’

intent. Regarding their potential for unfair prejudice, the circuit court considered the evidence

and carefully weighed the prejudicial versus probative effect of playing the calls for the jury.

Notably, the circuit court required the Commonwealth to edit out some of Fields’ most

inflammatory language from the recordings before playing the calls for the jury. The circuit

court’s careful weighing of both the probative and prejudicial effects of the calls is illustrated by

its decision to redact portions because the language used was too unfairly prejudicial to Fields.

       We may not hold that a circuit court abused its discretion regarding an evidentiary

admission unless “reasonable jurists could not differ” with respect to its admissibility. See

                                                - 19 -
Dalton v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 512, 521 (2015). Here, the purportedly unfair prejudicial

effects of the admitted phone calls are not so apparent and substantial that reasonable jurists

would all agree that the probative value of the evidence was substantially outweighed by the

prejudicial nature of its content. As a result, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in

admitting them.

                                         III. CONCLUSION

        For all these reasons, we hold that the circuit court did not err by denying the motion to

change venue or by admitting the memes, image of Adolf Hitler, and the recorded jail calls into

evidence and the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.

                                                                                             Affirmed.

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