Court Opinion

ID: 75136
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-26 09:05:34+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:39:54.923856
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[PUBLISH]

                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                               FILED
                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT                 U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                       ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                               ________________________                     FEB 12 2001
                                                                        THOMAS K. KAHN
                                      No. 99-4410                             CLERK
                               ________________________

                              D. C. Docket No. A75-350-153

ANIBAL S. MAZARIEGOS,

                                                                          Petitioner,

                                            versus

OFFICE OF THE U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE,

                                                                          Respondents.

                               ________________________

                             Petition for Review of an Order
                           of the Board of Immigration Appeals
                              _________________________
                                   (February 12, 2001)

Before EDMONDSON and MARCUS, Circuit Judges, and RESTANI*, Judge.

MARCUS, Circuit Judge:

       *
        Honorable Jane A. Restani, Judge, U.S. Court of International Trade, sitting by
designation.
      This is a petition for review of a decision by the Board of Immigration

Appeals (“BIA”) of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”).

Petitioner Anibal Mazariegos is a Guatemalan citizen who applied for asylum in

the United States on the ground that he has a well-founded fear of persecution due

to his political beliefs. Specifically, Mazariegos contends that he has been

persecuted, and fears he will be again, by Guatemalan guerrillas who allegedly

targeted him for his service in the Guatemalan army during that country’s civil

war. The BIA rejected Mazariegos’s application, finding that he could not show

that he was subject to persecution on account of his political opinions as opposed

to merely his service in the army. The BIA also found that Mazariegos does not

have a well-founded fear of persecution throughout the entire country of

Guatemala. Because there is substantial evidence supporting the BIA’s finding

that Mazariegos does not face a threat of persecution country-wide, we reject his

petition for review and affirm the BIA’s decision.

                                         I.

      Mazariegos is a Guatemalan citizen who entered the United States on

November 29, 1994 without formal admission or parole. There is no record

evidence regarding his activities between November 1994 and April 1997. On

April 18, 1997, Mazariegos applied to the INS for asylum and withholding of

                                          2
removal, asserting that if he were returned to Guatemala he would be persecuted by

guerrillas retaliating against him for his service in the Guatemalan army. The INS,

in turn, initiated removal proceedings against Mazariegos on July 8, 1997.

      At an evidentiary hearing before an Immigration Judge (“IJ”), Mazariegos

testified that he served in the Guatemalan Armed Forces between 1989 and 1992 as

a “soldier first class.” The IJ described this position as a “low-level role,”

although Mazariegos said that he supervised two soldiers in the chain of command.

Service in the Guatemalan military was obligatory. Mazariegos left the army after

being honorably discharged in February 1992.

      During his service, Mazariegos was in combat against guerrilla forces

fighting the Guatemalan government as part of that country’s 36-year civil war.

Mazariegos testified that a month after his discharge “about six” men who he did

not know, but recognized to be guerrillas from a group called Unidad

Revolucionario Nacional Guatemala (“URNG”), forced entry into his parents’

home in a rural area of Guatemala at a time when he was alone. The guerrillas

were dressed in green uniforms and carried weapons. Mazariegos said that the

men beat him, causing a laceration to his head requiring eleven stitches as well as a

broken nose and fractures to both kneecaps. Mazariegos said that the guerrillas

told him that he “had to leave, and they would give me an opportunity to leave

                                           3
within a year and a half. And, if I didn’t do that they would not only kill me but

they would kill my parents also.” Mazariegos also said that the guerrillas told him

they were attacking him because he “had been involved in military service.” When

asked by counsel why the guerrillas might have singled him out, Mazariegos said

that he, presumably unlike others, “followed the orders that I was given by the

officers in my zone.”

      Mazariegos said that he did not report this incident to the police. Instead, he

reported it to his former military commanders, who according to Mazariegos told

him that they could not protect him because he was no longer in the commanders’

zone. Mazariegos said that some six months after the incident the guerrillas again

came to his parents’ house looking for him. It appears that the guerrillas may have

threatened him or his parents on one or more occasions.

      Despite these threats, Mazariegos did not leave the area where the incident

occurred. Instead, he was able to avoid any further direct contact with the

guerrillas by alternately staying at a friend’s house and staying with his family.

Mazariegos testified that he believed the guerrillas would seek him out and kill him

were he to return to Guatemala. When asked why he never tried to relocate to a

city or even another rural area in Guatemala, Mazariegos replied: “Well, it’s that

they, one way or another, are going to seek you out and find where you happen to

                                          4
be.” Mazariegos said that his father, who remains in Guatemala, wrote to him that

the guerrillas “receive much of their strength from Chiapas [in southern Mexico] . .

. he says that that’s where they have the bulk of their strength from.”

      A February 1997 U.S. State Department report on human rights conditions

in Guatemala during 1996, which was introduced into the administrative record,

advised that “[p]eace talks between the Government and [URNG] resulted in a

negotiated end of the 36 year long civil war, with a final peace accord signed in

December. Guerrilla groups unilaterally ceased offensive actions in March [1996],

and government forces immediately responded by halting counterinsurgency

patrols.” Notwithstanding the report, Mazariegos testified that he believed the

peace accord was not for the group with which he had problems.

      Based on the foregoing evidence, on October 10, 1997, the IJ denied

Mazariegos’s requests for asylum and withholding of removal, and granted the

INS’s request that Mazariegos be found removable to Guatemala. The IJ found

that Mazariegos had failed to establish that he was a “refugee” within the meaning

of the Immigration and Naturalization Act (“INA”), 8 U.S.C. § 1101, et seq.

Specifically, the IJ found that Mazariegos “really has not provided his native

country an opportunity to protect him from this group.” The IJ noted that

Mazariegos failed to report his assault to the police, and did not attempt to relocate

                                          5
to a more urban area “where he could seek the protection of the police.” Thus, the

IJ concluded that Mazariegos had failed to establish a well-founded fear of

persecution because he offered “no evidence to indicate that the threat in this

particular case exists against him countrywide other than his own statements.” The

IJ added that “[i]n light of [Mazariegos’s] low-level role in the army the Court

finds that it’s not plausible to believe that the threat exists against him on a

countrywide basis in Guatemala.” The IJ also highlighted the State Department

report, observing that it indicated a “final peace accord” in Guatemala as of

December 1996 and hence “there is little likelihood of [Mazariegos] facing

persecution if he were to return” to Guatemala.

      Mazariegos appealed the denial of his asylum request to the BIA. In

conjunction with his appeal, Mazariegos submitted “new evidence” consisting of

proof that guerrillas killed his brother, Felix Mazariegos, in March 1998.

Mazariegos describes that incident as a case of mistaken identity.

      On February 24, 1999, the BIA unanimously rejected the appeal and

affirmed the IJ’s rulings. The BIA made two key determinations. Like the IJ, it

found that Mazariegos had not shown that the alleged threat of persecution exists

throughout Guatemala. It explained that “Mazariegos has not provided any

convincing evidence to suggest that his fear of danger would exist throughout

                                            6
Guatemala. In order to demonstrate a well-founded fear of persecution, an alien

must demonstrate that the threat of persecution exists for him country-wide.” The

BIA also found that Mazariegos had not shown that he was persecuted on account

of his “political opinion” or any of the other factors required by the INA to be

eligible for asylum. The BIA explained that “an alien must do more than merely

show that he was physically harmed or that his civil or human rights were violated;

he must provide evidence that he was mistreated because of his political opinion,

or one of the other grounds, rather than for some other reason.” The BIA remarked

that Mazariegos’s request for asylum did not fail for lack of corroboration; it

emphasized, however, that even “[a]ssuming the truth of his claim, it appears that

the harm which [Mazariegos] fears from the guerrillas if he is returned to

Guatemala is on account of his service in the military . . .. [Mazariegos] has failed

to submit adequate evidence from which we could reasonably surmise that the

guerrillas’ interest in him relates to any of the enumerated grounds.” In reaching

these conclusions, the BIA took into account the new evidence submitted to it by

Mazariegos.

      Mazariegos timely requested review of the BIA’s decision by this Court, and

also moved this Court to stay the removal order. We granted the stay on May 7,

1999. There is no dispute about our jurisdiction to hear this appeal.

                                          7
                                          II.

      The appropriate standard of review is well-settled. The BIA’s factual

determination that Mazariegos is removable and not entitled to asylum must be

upheld if it is supported by substantial evidence. See, e.g., INS v. Elias-Zacarias,

502 U.S. 478, 481, 112 S. Ct. 812, 815, 117 L. Ed. 2d 38 (1992); Perlera-Escobar

v. Executive Office for Immigration, 894 F.2d 1292, 1296 (11th Cir. 1990) (per

curiam) (“[a] factual determination by the BIA that an alien is statutorily ineligible

for asylum or withholding is reviewed under the substantial evidence test”); cf. 8

U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B) (administrative findings of fact supporting order of

removal “are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to

conclude to the contrary”). We have described the substantial evidence test as

“deferential,” and have emphasized we may not “re-weigh the evidence” from

scratch. Lorisme v. INS, 129 F.3d 1441, 1444-45 (11th Cir. 1997). Thus, a denial

of asylum may be reversed only if the evidence presented by the applicant is so

powerful that a reasonable factfinder would have to conclude that the requisite fear

of persecution exists. See Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. at 481 & n.1, 112 S. Ct. at 815

& n.1; Lorisme, 129 F.3d at 1445 (quoting Elias-Zacarias). To the extent the

asylum decision is based on a particular interpretation of the INA, the BIA’s legal

                                          8
interpretation is subject to de novo review. See, e.g., Perlera-Escobar, 894 F.2d at

1296.

        Mazariegos does not disagree with application of the substantial evidence

test. He sometimes confuses the issue, however, by insisting that there is

substantial evidence for findings contrary to those of the BIA. That misses the

point. Our inquiry is whether there is substantial evidence for the findings made

by the BIA, not whether there is substantial evidence for some other finding that

could have been, but was not, made. See, e.g., Arkansas v. Oklahoma, 503 U.S.

91, 113, 112 S. Ct. 1046, 1060, 117 L. Ed. 2d 239 (1992); Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S.

at 481 & n.1, 112 S. Ct. at 815 & n.1.

                                         III.

        The issue on appeal is whether the BIA erred by denying Mazariegos’s

requests for asylum and withholding of removal. Mazariegos argues in essence

that there is no substantial evidence for the BIA’s finding that his persecution was

not “on account of” his political opinion. He also asserts that the BIA improperly

held that his fear of persecution is not well-founded because it is not country-wide.

Because we conclude that Mazariegos was properly required to show, but did not

show, that he faces a threat of persecution throughout Guatemala, we affirm the

                                          9
BIA’s decision on that basis, and do not address the BIA’s alternative holding that

Mazariegos’s past persecution was not on account of political opinion.1

       The INA provides that “[a]ny alien who is physically present in the United

States or who arrives in the United States . . . irrespective of such alien’s status,

may apply for asylum in accordance with this section . . ..” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(1).

“The Attorney General may grant asylum to an alien who has applied for asylum in

accordance with the requirements and procedures established by the Attorney

General under this section if the Attorney General determines that such alien is a

refugee within the meaning of section 1101(a)(42)(A) of this title.” Id. §

1158(b)(1). The Attorney General is not required to grant asylum to everyone who

meets the definition of “refugee.” Instead, a finding that an alien is a refugee does

no more than establish that the Attorney General may exercise her discretion to

grant asylum. See INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 428 n.5, 107 S. Ct.

1207, 1211 n.5, 94 L. Ed. 2d 434 (1987); Lorisme, 129 F.3d at 1444. The term

“refugee” means “any person who is outside any country of such person’s

       1
         Even assuming that Mazariegos could show that he suffered past persecution on account
of political opinion or another of the enumerated factors, he still would not be eligible for asylum
if he did not also have a well-founded fear of future persecution. The regulations, for example,
provide that “[a]n application for asylum shall be denied if the applicant establishes past
persecution [on the basis of one of the enumerated factors] . . . but it is also determined that he or
she does not have a well-founded fear of future persecution . . ..” 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1)(ii). It
is with respect to the prospect of future persecution that the INS’s country-wide requirement
becomes an issue in this case.

                                                 10
nationality . . . and who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or

unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of

persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8

U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A).2

       The BIA essentially determined that Mazariegos does not have the requisite

well-founded fear of persecution because the alleged threat to him does not exist

throughout all of Guatemala. Mazariegos asserts that the evidence establishes that

he has a legitimate basis for fearing persecution everywhere in the country, not

merely in the limited area where he used to live. Mazariegos also asserts, although

solely in passing, that there is no statutory, constitutional, or international

requirement that an asylum applicant demonstrate country-wide persecution.

       2
         The parties agree that, in the event Mazariegos’s asylum request fails, so too does his
alternative request for withholding of removal. Withholding of removal to a country, unlike
asylum, is a mandatory remedy. The alien must show, however, that his “life or freedom would
be threatened in that country because of the alien’s race, religion, nationality, membership in a
particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3). This language is almost
identical to the former relief of withholding of deportation, which was construed as imposing a
more stringent standard than the “well-founded fear” standard for asylum. See, e.g., Cardoza-
Fonseca, 480 U.S. at 431, 107 S. Ct. at 1212. Thus, we explained that “[i]f an applicant is unable
to meet the ‘well-founded fear’ standard for asylum, he is generally precluded from qualifying
for either asylum or withholding of deportation.” Nkacoang v. INS, 83 F.3d 353, 355 (11th Cir.
1996). Mazariegos makes no separate argument regarding his request for withholding of
removal.

                                               11
      The statute does not expressly require that asylum seekers face a threat of

persecution throughout their entire country of origin as opposed to a particular

place within that country. Nor do the INS’s regulations express such a

requirement. In a series of administrative decisions, however, the BIA construed

the statute and regulations to require that an asylum applicant face a threat of

persecution country-wide. See, e.g., Matter of Acosta, Interim Dec. 2986, 19 I. &

N. Dec. 211, 235 (BIA 1985) (“[A]n alien seeking to meet the definition of a

refugee must do more than show a well-founded fear of persecution in a particular

place or abode within a country -- he must show that the threat of persecution

exists for him country-wide.”), modified on other grounds, Matter of Mogharrabi,

Interim Dec. 3028, 19 I. & N. Dec. 439 (BIA 1987). In Acosta, the BIA explained

its reasoning this way:

      Traditionally, a refugee has been an individual in whose case the
      bonds of trust, loyalty, protection, and assistance existing between a
      citizen and his country have been broken and have been replaced by
      the relation of an oppressor to a victim. Thus, inherent in refugee
      status is the concept that an individual requires international
      protection because his country of origin or of habitual residence is no
      longer safe for him. We consider this concept to be expressed, in part,
      by the requirement in the [INA] and the [United Nations Protocol
      Relating to the Status of Refugees] that a refugee must be unable or
      unwilling to return to a particular “country.” We construe this
      requirement to mean that an alien seeking to meet the definition of a
      refugee must do more than show a well-founded fear of persecution in
      a particular place or abode within a country -- he must show that the
      threat of persecution exists for him country-wide.

                                          12
19 I. & N. Dec. at 235-36 (citations omitted).

      In Matter of R, Interim Dec. 3195, 20 I. & N. Dec. 621 (1992), the BIA

further elaborated on its reasoning, rejecting an asylum application because the

applicant failed to demonstrate that the alleged persecution existed on a

country-wide basis:

             To establish eligibility for relief under section 208(a) of the
      Act, an alien must be unable or unwilling to return to his country of
      nationality or the country in which he last resided because of
      persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,
      religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or
      political opinion. . . . [T]he Office of the United Nations High
      Commissioner for Refugees, Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for
      Determining Refugee Status . . . provides:
             “As long as [an applicant] has no fear in relation to the
             country of his nationality, he can be expected to avail
             himself of that country’s protection. He is not in need of
             international protection and is therefore not a refugee.”

             We have construed this requirement “to mean that an alien
      [must show a country-wide threat. (citing Acosta)].” The published
      cases which have dealt with this issue have involved claims of
      nongovernmental persecution. While the issue will ordinarily arise in
      these circumstances, it is not limited to such situations. The issue
      similarly can arise where governmental authorities or those with ties
      to the government cannot be adequately controlled in one particular
      area of a country, but individuals can live safely elsewhere in their
      country of nationality. The [UN] Handbook states:

             “The fear of being persecuted need not always extend to
             the whole territory of the refugee’s country of nationality.
             Thus in ethnic clashes or in cases of grave disturbances
             involving civil war conditions, persecution of a specific
             ethnic or national group may occur in only one part of the

                                         13
             country. In such situations, a person will not be excluded
             from refugee status merely because he could have sought
             refuge in another part of the same country, if under all
             the circumstances it would not have been reasonable to
             expect him to do so.”

             This language reflects the concept that, while it is not “always”
      necessary to demonstrate a country-wide fear, it is the exception,
      rather than the rule, that one can qualify as a refugee without such a
      showing.

Id. at 625-26 (citations omitted).

      The BIA has applied a country-wide requirement consistently in its

decisions. See, e.g., In re C-A-L, Interim Dec. 3305 (BIA 1997); Matter of R;

Matter of Fuentes, Interim Dec. 3065, 19 I. & N. Dec. 658, 663 (BIA 1988); Matter

of Acosta. Although this Court has never addressed the validity of the country-

wide requirement, courts elsewhere have followed the BIA by applying a country-

wide requirement in asylum cases. See Etugh v. INS, 921 F.2d 36, 39 (3d Cir.

1990) (no prima facie case for asylum where applicant “failed to allege that he

would be persecuted beyond the limited vicinity of his hometown. . . . The scope of

persecution [he] alleges is not national . . ..”); Cuadras v. INS, 910 F.2d 567, 571

n.2 (9th Cir. 1990) (noting that the possibility of internal relocation may be

considered in determining well-founded fear of persecution); Quintanilla-Ticas v.

INS, 783 F.2d 955, 957 (9th Cir. 1986) (rejecting asylum claim for aliens who

could avoid geographically-localized danger by settling in a different part of the

                                          14
country because “[e]ven if [aliens] would face some danger in their home town . . .

deportation to [their country of origin] does not require [them] to return to the area

of the country where they formerly lived”).3

       On the record of the present case, and in the absence of meaningful

argument on this point by Mazariegos, we conclude that the BIA did not err by

interpreting the INA and the regulations to require that Mazariegos, an alien

seeking asylum on the basis of non-governmental persecution, face a threat of

persecution country-wide.4 The statute itself and the regulations speak consistently

       3
         Mazariegos cites no case law for his objection to the country-wide requirement. We
recognize that some Ninth Circuit decisions have rejected the country-wide requirement in cases
where the asylum seeker produced evidence of past persecution. See, e.g., Singh v. Ilchert, 69
F.3d 375, 379-80 (9th Cir. 1995). Those decisions, however, appear to be limited to instances of
past persecution by the foreign government rather than persecution by a guerrilla group or other
non-governmental force. See, e.g., Singh v. Moschorak, 53 F.3d 1031, 1034 (9th Cir. 1995)
(“We have recognized that where there was a danger of persecution in a single village from
guerrillas who knew the petitioner, and no showing of such danger elsewhere in the country, the
petitioner failed to establish eligibility for asylum”). The Fifth Circuit, although expressly
declining to adopt or reject the Ninth Circuit’s view of the BIA’s country-wide requirement, has
deviated from the BIA’s approach slightly by ruling that where the foreign government is the
alleged persecutor, the INS rather than asylum seeker bears the burden of showing that no threat
exists country-wide. Abdel-Masieh v. INS, 73 F.3d 579, 587 (5th Cir. 1996). We express no
view regarding these decisions, which are inapposite here because Mazariegos alleges solely
non-governmental persecution.
       4
          Under Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837,
104 S. Ct. 2778, 81 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1984), where Congress in a statute has not spoken
unambiguously on an issue, the interpretation of the statute by an agency entitled to administer it
is entitled to deference so long as it is reasonable. Chevron deference may be applied to agency
interpretations arrived at through formal adjudication. See Gonzales v. Reno, 212 F.3d 1338,
1348-49 (11th Cir.), reh’g denied, 215 F.3d 1243, cert. denied, -- U.S. --, 120 S. Ct. 2737, 147 L.
Ed. 2d 1001 (2000); see also Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. at 448, 107 S. Ct. at 1221 (“There is
obviously some ambiguity to a term like ‘well-founded fear’ which can only be given meaning
through a process of case-by-case adjudication. In that process of filling ‘any gap left, implicitly

                                                15
in terms of the geopolitical unit “country.”5 Moreover, where the alleged

persecutors are not affiliated with the government, it is not unreasonable to require

a refugee who has an internal resettlement alternative in his own country to pursue

that option before seeking permanent resettlement in the United States, or at least

to establish that such an option is unavailable. As a matter of immigration policy,

a government may expect that an asylum seeker be unable to obtain protection

anywhere in his own country before he seeks the protection of another country.

We therefore uphold the BIA’s imposition of a country-wide requirement in this

case.

        As to the factual issue -- whether there is substantial evidence for the BIA’s

finding that Mazariegos does not face a threat of persecution throughout

Guatemala -- the INS also prevails. There is ample evidence supporting the

or explicitly by Congress,’ the court must respect the interpretation of the agency to which
Congress has delegated the responsibility for administering the statutory program.”). An
agency’s interpretation of its own regulations is also entitled to great deference. See Udall v.
Tallman, 380 U.S. 1, 16, 85 S. Ct. 792, 801, 13 L. Ed. 2d 616 (1965); McKee v. Sullivan, 903
F.2d 1436, 1438 n.3 (11th Cir. 1990). The degree of deference is especially great in the field of
immigration. See, e.g., Gonzales, 212 F.3d at 1349 n.12.
        5
         The basic definitional statute defines a refugee in terms of a person “who is outside the
country of such person’s nationality.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). The regulations as to
establishing refugee status refer to persecution “in his or her country of nationality” and
unwillingness to return to “that country,” 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1); changed “conditions in the
applicant’s country of nationality,” id. § 208.13(b)(1)(i); and compelling reasons not to return to
“his country of nationality,” id. § 208.13(b)(1)(ii); see also id. § 208.13(b)(2) (containing similar
references).

                                                 16
conclusion that the threat of persecution to Mazariegos is limited to one area of

Guatemala, if it still exists anywhere in the country. First, Mazariegos has never

had any direct contact with the guerrillas except for the single incident that

occurred in his parents’ home -- an incident that occurred over eight years ago.

Second, Mazariegos lived unharmed for over two-and-one-half years in the

specific area where the incident occurred, without any further contact with the

guerrillas. Third, Mazariegos was a fairly low-level solider who does not appear to

have played any especially notorious role in the war. We cannot say on this record

that he is a high-profile target, or that guerrillas outside the vicinity of his home are

likely to identify and pursue him.

      Fourth, Mazariegos himself testified that his father told him that the bulk of

the guerrillas’ strength was actually outside Guatemala, in the Chiapas region of

Mexico. Fifth, Mazariegos has never contacted the local police or national law

enforcement authorities to obtain protection from the guerrillas, and therefore

cannot argue persuasively that the Guatemalan government is unable or unwilling

to protect him. Finally, according to the U.S. State Department, the civil war has

long since been resolved, and the Guatemalan government signed a peace accord in

                                           17
1996 (after Mazariegos fled the country) with the specific rebel group that

Mazariegos says attacked him in 1992.6

       Mazariegos does not rebut any of these facts, except to offer testimony,

without support, that the individual guerrillas who attacked him may not have

signed any peace accords. He highlights selected portions of the February 1997

State Department report indicating that during 1996 guerrillas occupied various

towns throughout the country to disseminate political propaganda and assembled

captive audiences to listen to propaganda. These excerpts from the report do not

establish that the guerrillas engaged in warfare throughout the country, let alone

that they did so even after the final peace accord in December of that year or have

continued to do so to this day. Although the report certainly identifies serious acts

of violence and terrorism by participants in the civil war, the INA “does not extend

eligibility for asylum to anyone who fears the general danger that inevitably

       6
         We observe that in an analogous case, Matter of C-A-L, Interim Dec. 3305 (BIA 1997),
the BIA invoked the country-wide requirement to reject the asylum application of a former
Guatemalan army solider who alleged a well-founded fear of persecution by Guatemalan
guerrillas. Relying on the State Department report for Guatemala, the BIA found that the
guerrillas were concentrated in specific areas, and observed that “given the poor infrastructure of
the various guerrilla groups, most low-profile victims of localized harassment by the guerrillas
can relocate away from the area where they experienced problems, instead of seeking asylum in
a foreign country.” The BIA also emphasized that the applicant was a low-level solider and that
his problems were confined to the area of his home town.

                                                18
accompanies political ferment and factional strife.” Huaman-Cornelio v. Board of

Immigration Appeals, 979 F.2d 995, 1000 (4th Cir. 1992).

      Mazariegos also points out that Guatemala is a relatively small country, and

suggests that the guerrillas therefore have the capability of persecuting him

anywhere in the country. He further contends that the killing of his brother in 1998

demonstrates that the civil war is not over, at least insofar as it concerns him. But

this evidence falls short of undermining the persuasive facts supporting the BIA’s

finding that Mazariegos does not presently face a threat of persecution throughout

Guatemala. Simply put, Mazariegos’s argument that the guerrillas who assaulted

him eight years ago operate throughout the entirety of Guatemala and are poised to

attack him again wherever he may go in that country is not backed by specific

proof in the record and is presented at too high a level of abstraction.

      On this record, there is substantial evidence supporting the BIA’s

determination that Mazariegos does not face a threat of persecution country-wide,

as well as its implicit determination that there is at least a reasonable prospect that

Mazariegos can safely resettle within Guatemala. Indeed, in light of the peace

accord, Mazariegos on this record arguably no longer faces a threat of persecution

anywhere in Guatemala. See Lorisme, 129 F.3d at 1446 (asylum applicant lacked

well-founded fear of future persecution in Haiti where new government was in the

                                           19
midst of disarming rural militant groups); Fleurinor v. INS, 585 F.2d 129, 134 (5th

Cir. 1978) (applicant lacked well-founded fear of impending persecution in Haiti

where his arrest for participating in an invasion attempt occurred eight years earlier

and there was “no basis for believing that the Haitian government has any interest

in him today, eight years after the supposed arrest”).

      In short, while we do not question the genuineness of Mazariegos’s concern

about returning to his home country, we are not persuaded that he is entitled to

relief on this record. Accordingly, Mazariegos’s petition for review is denied, and

the BIA’s order is affirmed in full.

      PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED.

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