Court Opinion

ID: 4639938
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-07 08:15:26.307528+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:10.074124
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued December 3, 2020

                                        In The

                                Court of Appeals
                                       For The

                           First District of Texas
                              ————————————
                                NO. 01-19-00611-CR
                             ———————————
                      JONATHAN BRADSHAW, Appellant
                                          V.
                        THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                    On Appeal from the 240th District Court
                           Fort Bend County, Texas
                     Trial Court Case No. 18-DCR-080889

                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

      A jury convicted appellant Jonathan Bradshaw of murder and sentenced him

to 60 years’ imprisonment.1 In four issues on appeal, Bradshaw contends that (1) the

evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction; (2) the failure to conduct a

1
      TEX. PENAL CODE § 19.02(b).
factual sufficiency review of the evidence violates his right to due process and equal

protection; (3) the trial court erred by admitting certain evidence at trial; and (4) the

prosecutor engaged in improper closing arguments.

      We affirm.

                                     Background

      On January 20, 2018, Ladarian Welch, also known as “Tre” or “Trey,” was

“hanging out” with a group of friends, including Colin Houston, in front of his

mother’s house on Willie Melton Street in Kendleton, Texas. Another group of

individuals, including Nikie Flores (a former girlfriend of Bradshaw’s twin brother

Johnny), Amber Flores (Nikie Flores’s sister), and Kylie Hardy (Houston’s fiancée),

were gathered in front of Bradshaw’s grandmother’s house, which was a few houses

down from Welch’s mother’s house on Willie Melton Street.

      That evening, Bradshaw’s twin brother Johnny was seen by multiple

eyewitnesses speeding up and down Willie Melton Street. Welch was concerned

that Johnny might hit cars parked on the street and told Johnny to slow down. Johnny

drove to the end of Willie Melton Street and picked up Bradshaw. Johnny then drove

with Bradshaw back to where Welch and the others were hanging out.

      Bradshaw got out of Johnny’s car and told Welch “not to talk to his brother

th[at] way” and to “mind [his] business.” Welch, who was not holding a weapon,

                                           2
put up his hands. Bradshaw shot Welch multiple times. Johnny drove off in his car,

and Bradshaw ran from the scene.

      Nikie Flores, Amber Flores, Houston, and Hardy, who all knew Bradshaw and

Johnny, witnessed the shooting. They identified the shooter as Bradshaw, who has

“dreads” and darker skin than his brother Johnny.         Welch’s mother, Myosha

Humphrey, heard several gunshots and came out of her house. When she walked

outside, she saw her son start to walk up the driveway toward her and Bradshaw,

whom she had known since he was a child, behind Welch saying, “Motherf*****r,

I know you didn’t think I was going to let you make it f****ing with my family.”

      Humphrey saw Welch fall to the ground and saw blood on his back.

Humphrey said to Bradshaw, “you shot my son,” and Bradshaw responded “ah”

before running away.

      The medical examiner testified that Welch was shot multiple times and that

the gunshot wound to his chest, which injured his heart and lungs, was fatal. The

medical examiner also noted that there were no defensive injuries, such as scrapes

or bruises on Welch’s hands.

      Investigator St. Hilaire of the Fort Bend County Sheriff’s Office testified that

he recovered four spent shell casings, which appeared to have been ejected from a

semi-automatic handgun. St. Hilaire testified that some of the casings were as far as

30 feet from the driveway.

                                          3
                         Legal Sufficiency of the Evidence

      In his first issue, Bradshaw challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to

support his murder conviction. A person commits the offense of murder if he

intentionally or knowingly causes the death of an individual, or if he intends to cause

serious bodily injury and commits an act clearly dangerous to human life that causes

the death of an individual. TEX. PENAL CODE § 19.02(b)(1), (2).

A.    Standard of Review

      Every criminal conviction must be supported by legally sufficient evidence as

to each element of the offense that the State is required to prove beyond a reasonable

doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 315 (1979); Adames v. State, 353 S.W.3d

854, 859 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). In a legal sufficiency review we consider all of

the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, and we decide whether a

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 902

(Tex. Crim. App. 2010).

      The evidence may be circumstantial or direct, and juries may draw multiple

reasonable inferences from the evidence presented at trial. Hooper v. State, 214

S.W.3d 9, 14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The jury is the sole judge of witness

credibility and of the weight given to any evidence presented. Merritt v. State, 368

S.W.3d 516, 525–26 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). A jury may believe or disbelieve some

                                          4
or all of a witness’s testimony. Penagraph v. State, 623 S.W.2d 341, 343 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1981). The testimony of a single eyewitness can be sufficient to support a

conviction. Aguilar v. State, 468 S.W.2d 75, 77 (Tex. Crim. App. 1971); Davis v.

State, 177 S.W.3d 355, 359 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.) (en

banc). We presume that the jury resolved any conflicting inferences in favor of the

verdict, and we defer to that determination. Merritt, 368 S.W.3d at 525–26.

B.    Analysis

      Bradshaw contends that, despite multiple accounts from eyewitnesses to the

shooting identifying him as the shooter, the physical evidence—the physical location

of the shell casings behind where eyewitnesses testified the shooting took place—

makes it “physically impossible” for Bradshaw to have shot Welch. Therefore,

according to Bradshaw, the evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction.

      Although Bradshaw maintains the physical location of the shell casings found

at the crime scene makes it “impossible” for him to have shot Welch, he points only

to exhibits and testimony showing the location where the shell casings were found.

He has not directed us to any testimony in the record supporting his conclusion that

these locations made it “physically impossible” for him to have shot Welch.

      Even if that testimony was in the record, as the State points out, the testimony

would merely create a conflict or inconsistency in the evidence. It would not render

the evidence legally insufficient. As we must under a legal-sufficiency review, we

                                          5
presume that the jury weighed the evidence and resolved any inconsistencies in favor

of the verdict. Merritt, 368 S.W.3d at 525–26; see also Arrellano v. State, 555

S.W.3d 647, 651 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, pet. ref’d) (concluding

inconsistencies in witness testimony did not render evidence legally insufficient

because medical examiner testified that victim was killed by gunshot wound to head

and multiple eyewitnesses identified defendant as shooter).

      Here, there was evidence from multiple eyewitnesses supporting Bradshaw’s

murder conviction. The medical examiner testified that Welch was shot multiple

times and that the gunshot wound to his chest, which injured his heart and lungs,

was fatal. Four eyewitnesses who knew Bradshaw personally—Nikie Flores, Amber

Flores, Colin Houston, and Kylie Hardy—all testified that, after a verbal altercation

between Welch and Bradshaw’s brother Johnny, they saw Bradshaw shoot Welch

multiple times. Nikie Flores, Houston, and Hardy all testified that Welch did not act

aggressively toward Bradshaw before the shooting and did not have a weapon.

      Welch’s mother also testified that, after hearing the gunshots, she came out of

her house and saw Welch walk up her driveway and heard Bradshaw behind Welch

say: “Motherf*****r, I know you didn’t think I was going to let you make it

f****ing with my family.” Welch’s mother accused Bradshaw of shooting her son,

to which Bradshaw responded “ah” before running away.

                                         6
      Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, as we must,

we conclude that a rational factfinder could have found beyond a reasonable doubt

that Bradshaw shot and killed Welch. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Arrellano, 555

S.W.3d at 651.

      We overrule Bradshaw’s first issue.

                            Factual Sufficiency Review

      In his second issue, Bradshaw seeks a factual-sufficiency review of the

evidence. Bradshaw argues that the failure of Texas courts to conduct a separate

factual-sufficiency review of the evidence in criminal cases violates the Texas

Constitution’s dictate that “the decision of the [Texas Courts of Appeals] shall be

conclusive on all questions of fact brought before them on appeal or error.” TEX.

CONST. art. V, § 6(a). According to Bradshaw, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals’

adoption of the single standard of review for sufficiency challenges, see Brooks v.

State, 323 S.W.3d at 901, violates his due process and equal protection rights under

both the federal and state constitutions and his right to a remedy of a new trial.

      As directed by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, Texas intermediate

courts must apply one standard of review—the legal sufficiency standard adopted in

Jackson v. Virginia—to evaluate the sufficiency of the evidence, whether legal or

factual. See Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 901; see also Griego v. State, 337 S.W.3d 902,

903 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Martinez v. State, 327 S.W.3d 727, 730 (Tex. Crim.

                                           7
App. 2010). Although Bradshaw is correct that the Texas Constitution dictates that

an intermediate appellate court’s decision “shall be conclusive on all questions of

fact brought before them on appeal or error,” TEX. CONST. art. V, § 6(a), “the Texas

Court of Criminal Appeals has the authority to determine questions of law, including

the standard of review that an intermediate appellate court must use in conducting

factual review.” Kiffe v. State, 361 S.W.3d 104, 109–10 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d).

      As an intermediate Texas appellate court, we are bound to follow the

precedent of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. As a result, we must apply the

Jackson sufficiency standard of review to legal or factual sufficiency challenges

concerning the elements of a criminal offense. Id. We therefore reject Bradshaw’s

challenge to the sufficiency standard of review announced in Brooks. Id.2

      Having determined that there is sufficient evidence under the Jackson

standard of review in addressing Bradshaw’s first issue, and declining to conduct a

separate factual sufficiency review, we overrule Bradshaw’s second issue.

2
      See also Rivera v. State, No. 01-17-00351-CR, 2018 WL 3352990, at *4 (Tex.
      App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 10, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
      publication) (rejecting similar argument and holding that “[t]he Texas Court of
      Criminal Appeals has directed us to apply Jackson’s standard to review all
      evidentiary-insufficiency claims; as a lower court, we are bound to follow its
      directive”); Beckett v. State, No. 01-16-00505-CR, 2017 WL 5623532, at *3 (Tex.
      App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Nov. 21, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
      publication) (same).
                                         8
                              Evidentiary Challenges

      In his third issue, Bradshaw contends the trial court erred by admitting certain

exhibits at trial. Bradshaw initially asserts that he was unduly prejudiced by the trial

court’s admission of 911 calls because the trial court did not first listen to the calls

outside the presence of the jury to determine whether they contained testimonial

statements. Next, Bradshaw asserts the trial court erred in admitting crime scene

photographs of Welch’s body.

A.    911 Calls

      Bradshaw argues he was “unduly prejudiced” when the trial court admitted

multiple 911 calls into evidence without first listening to them outside of the

presence of the jury to determine whether they contained testimonial statements in

violation of the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment and the United States

Supreme Court’s decision in Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004).

According to Bradshaw, his “fundamental rights” were violated by the trial court’s

failure to preview these calls to ensure that no testimonial statements were admitted.

      1.     Standard of Review and Applicable Law

      In deciding the constitutional issue of whether the admission of a statement of

another violates a defendant’s Sixth Amendment confrontation right, appellate

courts review the trial court’s ruling de novo. See Lilly v. Virginia, 527 U.S. 116,

137 (1999) (stating that courts should “independently review” whether out-of-court

                                           9
statements violate the Confrontation Clause); see also Campos v. State, 186 S.W.3d

93, 96 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.).

      The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States

Constitution states that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the

right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him.” U.S. CONST. amend. VI.

The Supreme Court has interpreted the Confrontation Clause to “demand” that

out-of-court testimonial statements by witnesses are barred unless (1) the witnesses

are unavailable to testify and (2) the defendant had a prior opportunity to

cross-examine the witnesses regardless of whether such statements are deemed

reliable by the court. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68.

      The Supreme Court in Crawford declined to give a comprehensive definition

of testimonial hearsay; however, the Court stated that the term applies “at a

minimum to prior testimony at a preliminary hearing, before a grand jury, or at a

former trial; and [responses] to police interrogations.” Id. Crawford thus holds that

a “core class of ‘testimonial’ statements” includes: (1) ex parte in-court testimony,

(2) affidavits, (3) depositions, (4) confessions, (5) custodial examinations, and

(6) statements made under circumstances that would lead an objective witness

reasonably to believe that the statement would be available for use at a later trial.

Id. at 51–52.

                                         10
      Any Confrontation Clause error is subject to a constitutional harm analysis

under Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 44.2(a). TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(a); see

Langham v. State, 305 S.W.3d 568, 582 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Under Rule

44.2(a), if the appellate record reveals a constitutional error, “the court of appeals

must reverse a judgment of conviction or punishment unless the court determines

beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the conviction or

punishment.” TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(a).

      Addressing Confrontation Clause errors, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals

has instructed how courts of appeals must conduct this harm analysis:

      In determining specifically whether constitutional error under
      Crawford may be declared harmless beyond a reasonable doubt . . . the
      following factors are relevant: 1) how important was the out-of-court
      statement to the State’s case; 2) whether the out-of-court statement was
      cumulative of other evidence; 3) the presence or absence of evidence
      corroborating or contradicting the out-of-court statement on material
      points; and 4) the overall strength of the prosecution’s case. [T]he
      emphasis of a harm analysis pursuant to Rule 44.2(a) should not be on
      “the propriety of the outcome of the trial.” That is to say, the question
      for the reviewing court is not whether the jury verdict was supported by
      the evidence. Instead, the question is the likelihood that the
      constitutional error was actually a contributing factor in the jury’s
      deliberations in arriving at that verdict—whether, in other words, the
      error adversely affected the integrity of the process leading to the
      conviction. In reaching that decision, the reviewing court may also
      consider, in addition to the factors listed above, inter alia, the source
      and nature of the error, to what extent, if any, it was emphasized by the
      State, and how weighty the jury may have found the erroneously
      admitted evidence to be compared to the balance of the evidence with
      respect to the element or defensive issue to which it is relevant. With
      these considerations in mind, the reviewing court must ask itself
      whether there is a reasonable possibility that the Crawford error moved
                                         11
      the jury from a state of non-persuasion to one of persuasion on a
      particular issue. Ultimately, after considering these various factors, the
      reviewing court must be able to declare itself satisfied, to a level of
      confidence beyond a reasonable doubt, that the error did not contribute
      to the conviction before it can affirm it.

Langham, 305 S.W.3d at 582.

      2.     Analysis

      To be entitled to reversal on this issue, Bradshaw had to demonstrate that the

911 calls were testimonial in nature, that his rights under the Confrontation Clause

were violated, and that such error was harmful, and thus reversible, under Rule

44.2(a). Bradshaw failed to do so.

      Bradshaw consistently refers to the “multiple 911 calls” that were introduced

at trial. However, he fails to identify for this Court which of these “multiple 911

calls” he objected to at trial and challenges on appeal. As the State notes in its brief,

Bradshaw explicitly waived his objections to at least one of the 911 calls at trial.

Bradshaw also fails to include any citations to the record demonstrating where the

objectionable 911 calls were introduced, where he raised his Confrontation Clause

objection, and where the trial court ruled on that objection.

      To preserve error on appeal, a party must timely object and state the grounds

for the objection and demonstrate that the trial court either ruled or refused to rule

on the objection. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a). In addition, to properly present an issue

on appeal, a party’s brief “must contain a clear and concise argument for the

                                           12
contentions made, with appropriate citations to authorities and to the record.” TEX.

R. APP. P. 38.1; see also Cardenas v. State, 30 S.W.3d 384, 393 (Tex. Crim. App.

2000) (appellant waives issue on appeal if he does not adequately brief that issue by

presenting supporting arguments and authorities). Bradshaw has done none of that.

      Even more fundamentally, Bradshaw has presented no actual analysis on the

merits of his Confrontation Clause argument. Other than a citation to the general

rules related to the Confrontation Clause analysis that courts are required to conduct

and a conclusory statement that he was “unduly prejudiced” by the trial court’s

failure to conduct an analysis of the testimonial nature of the 911 calls, Bradshaw

has advanced no argument as to which of the “multiple 911 calls” were erroneously

admitted, which contained testimonial statements, or what any of the alleged

testimonial statements were.

      Instead, Bradshaw, merely asserts that the “911 calls may be testimonial in

nature.” (Emphasis added.) Bradshaw does not address how he was harmed by the

allegedly erroneous admission of the unspecified 911 calls. And he includes no

citations to the record, makes no argument, and provides no supporting legal

authority to explain how or why the admission of the “multiple 911 calls,” allegedly

containing unidentified testimonial statements, was “a contributing factor in the

jury’s deliberations in arriving at th[e] verdict.” Langham, 305 S.W.3d at 582.

                                         13
      As a result, because Bradshaw has neither identified which 911 calls were

erroneously admitted and which statements were testimonial in nature (and thus

violative of his Confrontation Clause rights), nor how he was harmed by the

allegedly erroneous admission of these unidentified statements, we hold that

Bradshaw has waived this issue on appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i).3

B.    Photographs

      Next, Bradshaw argues that the trial court erred by admitting State’s Exhibit

7, which depicted Welch’s body on a stretcher, and State’s Exhibit 8, which depicted

the gunshot wound to Welch’s chest. Bradshaw maintains that these photographs

were highly prejudicial and should have been excluded under Rule 403 of the Texas

Rule of Evidence.

      1.    Standard of Review and Applicable Law

      The admissibility of a photograph is within the sound discretion of the trial

court. Shuffield v. State, 189 S.W.3d 782, 786 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Texas Rule

3
      Cardenas, 30 S.W.3d at 393 (issue inadequately briefed where appellant failed to
      address question of whether alleged error was harmless); Pena v. State,
      No. 08-16-00236-CR, 2019 WL 1374152, at *15 (Tex. App.—El Paso Mar. 27,
      2019, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (appellant waived
      Confrontation Clause argument on appeal by failing to identify how testimony was
      testimonial in nature or otherwise violated Confrontation Clause); Vargas v. State,
      No. 06-02-00075-CR, 2003 WL 1338682, at *1 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Mar. 20,
      2003, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (appellant inadequately briefed
      argument that admission of 911 tape violated Confrontation Clause by failing to cite
      any authority supporting argument or explain how admission of 911 tape actually
      violated Confrontation Clause).
                                           14
of Evidence 403 provides that relevant evidence may be excluded if its probative

value is substantially outweighed by the danger of “unfair prejudice, confusing the

issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, or needlessly presenting cumulative

evidence.” TEX. R. EVID. 403.

      Photographs and other visual depictions, such as videos, may be inadmissible

under Rule 403 when they have an undue tendency to suggest a decision on an

emotional basis and the probative value of the photograph or video image is

substantially outweighed by such unfair prejudice. See Newbury v. State, 135 S.W.3d

22, 43–44 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). A Rule 403 analysis should include, but is not

limited to, the following factors: (1) how probative the evidence is; (2) the potential

of the evidence to impress the jury in some irrational, but nevertheless indelible way;

(3) the time the proponent needs to develop the evidence; and (4) the proponent’s

need for the evidence. Shuffield, 189 S.W.3d at 787.

      In determining the prejudicial effect of photographs under Rule 403, a court

should consider the number of photographs, the size of the photographs, whether the

photographs are in color or black and white, the detail shown in the photographs,

whether the photographs are gruesome, whether a body shown in the photographs is

naked or clothed, and whether the photographed body has been altered since the

crime in some way that might enhance the gruesomeness of the photograph to the

appellant’s detriment. Davis v. State, 313 S.W.3d 317, 331 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010);

                                          15
Shuffield, 189 S.W.3d at 787. Additionally, we note that crime scene photographs

are almost always relevant because they “depict the reality of [the] offense” and may

show the manner in which it occurred. Chamberlain v. State, 998 S.W.2d 230, 237

(Tex. Crim. App. 1999).

      2.     Analysis

      Here, Bradshaw argues that the photographs admitted as State’s Exhibits 7

and 8 were highly prejudicial because they were not helpful to the jury on any

disputed issue and the State did not need the evidence. According to Bradshaw, the

trial court should have should have excluded these exhibits under Rule 403.

      The photographs are in color and appear in the record to be letter-sized.

State’s Exhibit 7 shows Welch, from the chest up, on a stretcher receiving CPR.

State’s Exhibit 8 shows a close view of Welch’s chest, reflecting a gunshot wound.

Colin Houston testified that the photographs accurately reflected Welch’s condition

after he was shot. And they show only the injuries and treatment Welch received

and are no more gruesome than would be expected considering Welch’s injuries.

      We conclude the photographs in question were probative of Welch’s injuries

and the treatment he received, were necessary for the State in developing its case,

and, because they were not overly gruesome, the photographs did not pose the

potential of impressing the jury in some irrational way. See Shuffield, 189 S.W.3d at

787–88 (rejecting defendant’s argument that photographs of victim’s body were

                                         16
unfairly prejudicial because cause of death was not in dispute because photographs

were probative of crime scene and injuries received by the victim and were,

therefore, necessary for the State’s case).

      Accordingly, we hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting

these photographs, as the danger of unfair prejudice did not substantially outweigh

the probative value of the photographs.

      We overrule Bradshaw’s third issue.

                        Improper Prosecutorial Argument

      In his fourth issue, Bradshaw contends that the prosecutor engaged in

improper closing arguments.        Specifically, Bradshaw complains about three

statements: (1) the prosecutor’s statement that Bradshaw refused to speak to the

police; (2) the prosecutor’s statement that the spent casings moved from the scene

of the shooting because they “fly” and “roll”; and (3) the prosecutor’s statement that

Bradshaw had pointed a gun at Welch on an occasion prior to the murder.

A.    Improper Comment on Right to Remain Silent

      Bradshaw contends the trial court erred by overruling his objection to the

prosecutor’s comment during closing argument of the culpability phase of trial on

Bradshaw’s refusal to give a statement to police. Bradshaw argues the comments

violated his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination, as well as Article

38.08 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.

                                          17
      1.     Standard of Review and Applicable Law

      We review a trial court’s rulings on objections as to the proper scope of

closing arguments for an abuse of discretion. See Milton v. State, 572 S.W.3d 234,

240 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019); Vasquez v. State, 484 S.W.3d 526, 531 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, no pet.). The general areas of proper jury argument are

summation of the evidence, reasonable deductions from the evidence, answer to the

arguments of opposing counsel, and pleas for law enforcement. Milton v. State, 572

S.W.3d 234, 239 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019). Closing argument is limited to these

general areas to ensure that the jury decides the case based on the evidence rather

than unsworn assertions of lawyers. See id.

      Generally, a prosecutor may not comment in closing argument on the

defendant’s failure to testify, and any such comment violates the Fifth Amendment

privilege against self-incrimination, as well as the Texas constitution and statutory

law. See U.S. CONST. amend. V; TEX. CONST. art. I, § 10; see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.

art. 38.08 (“[T]he failure of any defendant to so testify shall not be taken as a

circumstance against him, nor shall the same be alluded to or commented on by

counsel in the cause.”); see also Randolph v. State, 353 S.W.3d 887, 891 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2011) (A comment on a defendant’s failure to testify violates both the state and

federal constitutions as well as Texas statutory law.”).

      To violate the right against self-incrimination, the offending language
      must be viewed from the jury’s standpoint and the implication that the

                                          18
      comment referred to the defendant’s failure to testify must be clear. It
      is not sufficient that the language might be construed as an implied or
      indirect allusion. The test is whether the language used was manifestly
      intended or was of such a character that the jury would necessarily and
      naturally take it as a comment on the defendant’s failure to testify. In
      applying this standard, the context in which the comment was made
      must be analyzed to determine whether the language used was of such
      character.

Bustamante v. State, 48 S.W.3d 761, 765 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).

      Likewise, “[a] comment on a defendant’s post-arrest silence violates the Fifth

Amendment prohibition against self-incrimination.” Pena v. State, 554 S.W.3d 242,

251 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, pet. ref’d). “Such a comment is akin

to a comment on the defendant’s failure to testify at trial because it attempts to raise

an inference of guilt arising from the invocation of a constitutional right.” Id.

      But a prosecutor’s closing argument referencing the defendant’s failure to

testify is permissible when it is invited by defense counsel’s closing argument. Quick

v. State, No. 01-09-01127-CR, 2011 WL 286155, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] Jan. 27, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Zertuche v.

State, 774 S.W.2d 697, 699 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1989, pet. ref’d).

      2.     Analysis

      During closing argument, the prosecutor argued:

      [Defense counsel] says we had all this opportunity to talk to
      [Bradshaw]. We had all this opportunity to get all of this stuff. When
      he got there, he refused to talk to police officers. Detective Williams
      told you he tried to talk to him, but he wouldn't talk.

                                          19
      Bradshaw objected and contended that this statement violated his right against

self-incrimination and was improper. At trial and on appeal, the State argues that

the statements were not improper because they were made in response to what the

defense had argued in closing. The trial court overruled Bradshaw’s objection.

Although Bradshaw contends this was error, we disagree.

      During closing, Bradshaw’s counsel argued at length that Bradshaw had been

nothing but cooperative with police officers and had provided them with the

opportunity to exonerate him:

      [Bradshaw] did not commit this crime. He’s been steadfast in his
      innocence for over 19 months. He offered up his hands. He offered up
      his DNA. He offered up himself, turning himself in in order to
      exonerate him from this crime.

      Every opportunity the government had to exonerate him from this crime
      has been turned down. Gunshot residue. Nah, it’s been longer than 24
      hours or just under 24 hours actually when you turned yourself in. We
      won’t check for that. Let's not bother.

      DNA, offers up his DNA. Doesn’t match to him. Well, there must be
      a reason, right? There must have been some -- he must not have
      dropped enough skin cells or something of the other, right?

      Photo line-up. In-person line-up. We don’t need to do that, right?
      We’ve got enough eyewitnesses. We’re good.

      Every opportunity for [Bradshaw] to prove he wasn’t the right person,
      the State turned down. Every opportunity. Think about that.

      Turned himself in. There he is, he’s available to the State and no
      opportunity is taken to prove he is the wrong person.

(Emphasis added.)
                                        20
      We find this case to be very similar to the Supreme Court’s decision in United

States v. Robinson, where the Court held there is no violation of the privilege to

remain silent where “the prosecutor’s reference to the defendant’s opportunity to

testify is a fair response to a claim made by defendant or his counsel.” 485 U.S. 25,

32 (1988).

      In Robinson, the defendant argued during closing argument that the

government had, on multiple occasions, denied him the opportunity to explain his

actions or his side of the story. 485 U.S. at 27. The prosecutor, in his rebuttal, noted

that the defendant’s comments that the government had not allowed him an

opportunity to explain were inaccurate: “He could have taken the stand and

explained it to you, anything he wanted to. The United States of America has given

him, throughout, the opportunity to explain.” Id. at 28.

      The Supreme Court in Robinson concluded that the prosecutor’s comment

“did not treat the defendant’s silence as substantive evidence of guilt, but instead

referred to the possibility of testifying as one of several opportunities which the

defendant was afforded, contrary to the statement of his counsel, to explain his side

of the case.” Id. at 32. The Robinson Court distinguished instances where the

“prosecutor on his own initiative asks the jury to draw an adverse inference from a

defendant’s silence,” which would violate the privilege against self-incrimination,

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and those where the reference to the failure to testify “is a fair response to a claim

made by defendant or his counsel,” which would not violate the privilege. Id.

      Similar to the statements in Robinson, the prosecutor’s statements in this case,

that Bradshaw refused to talk to police, were in direct response to defense counsel’s

claim in closing that Bradshaw had done everything he could to cooperate with

police and to establish his innocence⸺but the State had done nothing to investigate

whether he was actually guilty. Id.4 Thus, the complained-of statements were invited

by defense counsel’s own closing argument and did not violate Bradshaw’s privilege

against self incrimination. As a result, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

overruling Bradshaw’s objections to the State’s closing argument.

B.    Additional Improper Argument

      Bradshaw also asserts that the prosecutor engaged in further improper

argument when she stated, “Casings don’t drop right exactly where you shoot. They

4
      See also Aitch v. State, 879 S.W.2d 167, 175 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
      1994, pet. ref’d) (holding prosecutor did not engage in improper jury argument by
      stating, “I can’t walk over to this man’s mind, open it up and pull out an intent. I
      can’t call him to the stand,” because defense counsel attacked State’s evidence of
      knowledge and intent during closing argument); Zertuche v. State, 774 S.W.2d 697,
      699 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1989, pet. ref’d) (holding statements by prosecutor
      that he could not present evidence of defendant’s state of mind because defendant
      exercised his right to remain silent were invited by defense counsel’s closing
      argument that State failed to present evidence of defendant’s mental state and,
      therefore, were not improper comments on defendant’s failure to testify).

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fly. They roll.” He further contends the prosecutor’s statements that Bradshaw had

pointed a gun at Welch on an occasion prior to the murder were improper.

      But Bradshaw failed to object in the trial court to either statement made by

the prosecutor. Generally, in order to preserve an argument for appeal, a defendant

must make an objection and obtain a ruling on that objection from the trial court. See

TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a).

      With regard to the argument that the casings “fly” and “roll,” Bradshaw

acknowledges his failure to object, but argues that due to the “highly prejudicial”

nature of the prosecutor’s statements, this error amounts to prosecutorial misconduct

and a due process violation which does not require a contemporaneous objection.

Citing to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals’ opinions in Marin v. State and Grado

v. State, which discussed Rule 33.1’s preservation requirement in the context of the

nature of the right infringed, Bradshaw appears to argue that this improper jury

argument falls into the category of “absolute rights,” which cannot be forfeited and

to which Rule 33.1’s preservation requirements do not apply. See Grado v. State,

445 S.W.3d 736, 738–39 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014); Marin v. State, 851 S.W.2d 275,

278–80 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993), overruled on other grounds by Cain v. State, 947

S.W.2d 262, 264 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Neither Marin nor Grado addressed the

specific issue here—whether an issue related to improper jury argument is

forfeitable, and must be preserved, or is absolute.

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      The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has, however, directly addressed this

issue in Hernandez v. State, 538 S.W.3d 619 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). There, the

Court held that “[t]he right to a trial untainted by improper jury argument is

forfeitable” and that, in order to preserve a complaint on appeal to erroneous jury

argument, the defendant must object and pursue his objection to an adverse ruling.

Id. at 622. If he fails to do so, “he forfeits his right to complain on appeal about the

argument.” Id.

      The Hernandez Court went further to conclude that even inflammatory jury

argument—argument that was so egregious that an instruction to disregard would be

ineffectual—is forfeited if the defendant does not object and pursue that objection

to an adverse ruling. Id. at 622–23. It therefore rejected the defendant’s argument

that error preservation was not required due to the egregious nature of the

prosecutor’s statement and explicitly declined to “elevate the right to be free of

improper jury argument to the status of an absolute requirement like jurisdiction.”

Id. at 623 (citing Marin, 851 S.W.2d at 279).

      Here, Bradshaw did not object to the prosecutor’s statement that bullet casings

“fly” and “roll.” Neither did Bradshaw object to the prosecutor’s statement that

Bradshaw previously had pulled a gun on Welch. Because “[t]he right to a trial

untainted by improper jury argument is forfeitable,” this failure to object precludes

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Bradshaw from complaining about these aspects of the State’s closing argument on

appeal. Hernandez, 538 S.W.3d at 622–23.

      We also overrule Bradshaw’s fourth issue.

                                   Conclusion

      We thus affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                Terry Adams
                                                Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Hightower and Adams.

Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

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