Court Opinion

ID: 8211576
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-04 14:12:46.911549+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:42:04.240044
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judge O’Brien and Senior Judge Haley
UNPUBLISHED

              Argued at Richmond, Virginia

              MAURICE FRANCIS NEENAN III
                                                                              MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.      Record No. 1124-21-2                                    JUDGE JAMES W. HALEY, JR.
                                                                                  OCTOBER 4, 2022
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                                 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY
                                                Ricardo Rigual, Judge

                                Kelsey Bulger, Senior Assistant Public Defender (Virginia Indigent
                                Defense Commission, on briefs), for appellant.

                                Jason D. Reed, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares,
                                Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

                      The trial court convicted Maurice Francis Neenan III, appellant, of grand larceny and

              larceny with the intent to sell. On appeal, appellant contends that the trial court erred by admitting

              surveillance video and still photographs from the video, as well as a pawn shop receipt into

              evidence at his trial. He also asserts that the evidence is insufficient to prove he intended to sell the

              stolen items. For the following reasons, we affirm.

                                                         BACKGROUND

                      “In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in the

              light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.” Poole v. Commonwealth,

              73 Va. App. 357, 360 (2021) (quoting Gerald v. Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 472 (2018)). In

              doing so, we discard any of appellant’s conflicting evidence and regard as true all credible evidence

                      *
                          Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
favorable to the Commonwealth and all inferences that may reasonably be drawn from that

evidence. Gerald, 295 Va. at 473.

       On June 3, 2020, appellant entered a Lowe’s store in Spotsylvania County. Katelyn Gibson

was working as an asset protection agent at the store when “some activity . . . was brought to [her]

attention.” In response to the report, Gibson reviewed the store’s video surveillance. On the video,

appellant is seen leaving the store with items without paying for them. Gibson testified that the

video, still photographs from the video, and an inventory record were all records made and kept in

the course of Lowe’s regularly conducted business and that she had access to those records as a part

of her daily obligations and duties. After viewing the June 3 video, Gibson created the inventory

record, focusing on the outdoor power equipment section based on what she had observed in the

video. She discovered that two Husqvarna chainsaws and one Husqvarna backpack blower were

missing from the store, which matched the items seen in the video. The retail value of the three

items exceeded one thousand dollars.

       In the June 3 video, appellant approached the store’s customer service desk and attempted to

return the three items. When the transaction was declined, appellant exited the store without paying

for any of the items in his cart. On June 23, 2020, appellant returned to the Lowe’s store, interacted

with Gibson, and “attempt[ed] to pay for the products that had been taken,” specifically mentioning

the items stolen on June 3. After seeing appellant in person on June 23, Gibson confirmed that he

was the same person depicted in the surveillance video from June 3.

       Corey Bibey, an employee at Pawn King in Spotsylvania County, confirmed that he is “a

person that has access to records that are kept in the normal course of Pawn King’s business.”

Bibey reviewed a document which he explained was the “original transaction ticket” from June 3,

2020, less than thirty minutes after the theft of the items from Lowe’s, showing that a person who

presented appellant’s identification sold two Husqvarna chainsaws and one Husqvarna backpack

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blower to the pawn shop for $400. Bibey acknowledged that he did not create the document, but he

stated that he had “full access” to the store’s records as part of his employment.

       The trial court found Gibson’s testimony “quite credible.” The court held that appellant

removed the three items from the store without paying for them and less than thirty minutes later he

sold the same items to the pawn shop. The trial court concluded that the evidence was

“overwhelming beyond a reasonable doubt that [appellant] did this.” This appeal followed.

                                             ANALYSIS

                        ADMISSION OF THE VIDEO, PHOTOS, AND PAWN TICKET

       Appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the surveillance

video, the still photographs taken from the video, and the pawn shop transaction receipt. “It is

well-settled that [d]ecisions regarding the admissibility of evidence lie within the trial court’s

sound discretion and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.” Nottingham

v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 221, 231 (2021) (internal quotation marks omitted). “A court

has abused its discretion if its decision was affected by an error of law or was one with which no

reasonable jurist could agree.” Tomlin v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 392, 409 (2022).

       Appellant contends that the “Commonwealth did not lay a sufficient foundation to admit

the video or the photographs from the video.” “The requirement of authentication or

identification [is] a condition precedent to [the] admissibility [of evidence that] is satisfied by

evidence sufficient to support a finding that the thing in question is what its proponent claims.”

Va. R. Evid. 2:901. “Photographs are admissible under either of two theories: ‘to illustrate a

witness’ testimony’ or ‘as an “independent silent witness” of matters revealed by the

photograph.’” Bennett v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 475, 487 (2018) (quoting Bailey v.

Commonwealth, 259 Va. 723, 738 (2000)). “[V]ideos are admissible under the same principles.”

Id. “‘Once the threshold for proving admissibility’” is met, questions concerning the accuracy of

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photographs are relevant “only to the [fact finder’s] assessment of the weight to give it.”

McDaniel v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 299, 316 (2021) (quoting Church v. Commonwealth,

71 Va. App. 107, 122 (2019)). See also Reedy v. Commonwealth, 9 Va. App. 386, 391 (1990)

(“Where there is mere speculation that contamination or tampering could have occurred, it is not

an abuse of discretion to admit the evidence and let what doubt there may be go to the weight to

be given the evidence.”).

       Here, the video and photographs were offered as an independent “silent witness” of the

depicted facts. As such, the test for whether the photograph was admissible is “whether the

evidence [was] sufficient to provide an adequate foundation assuring the accuracy of the process

producing it.” Bynum v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 487, 492 n.3 (2011) (quoting Ferguson v.

Commonwealth, 212 Va. 745, 747 (1972)). We have held that the authentication requirement had

been met where the evidence showed that the videotape the Commonwealth sought to introduce

“included an on-screen display of the passage of time in seconds and that the tabs which allow

alteration of the tape had been removed” and “police officers identified the voice [in the video] as

appellant’s . . . .” Brooks v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 407, 410-11 (1992).

       Gibson testified that the HR and IT departments conduct daily tests to verify the accuracy of

the surveillance system, and she verified that the tests had been run on June 3, 2020. Gibson further

verified that the time and dates on the video were correct. Gibson identified appellant as the

individual depicted in the video after having met him in person when he returned to the store and

attempted to pay for the stolen merchandise. Gibson downloaded the video files to her computer

which only she could access and stored the files there until she copied them onto a disk to be used at

court. Gibson confirmed that the video had not been altered. Gibson’s testimony sufficiently

authenticated the video and photos taken from the video, and the record supports the trial court’s

decision to admit the video and photographs.

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       Appellant further argues that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the pawn shop

ticket because Bibey had not prepared the document himself and therefore was not a proper

custodian of the record. “The burden of establishing a statement or document that is otherwise

inadmissible hearsay falls within a recognized exception to the hearsay rule is borne on the

proponent of the statement or document.” Melick v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 122, 133

(2018). “The proponent must establish the elements of the exception by a preponderance of the

evidence.” Id. at 133-34.

       The business records exception to the rule against hearsay permits “the admission into

evidence of verified regular entries without requiring proof from the original observers or record

keepers.” McDowell v. Commonwealth, 273 Va. 431, 434 (2007) (quoting Neeley v. Johnson,

215 Va. 565, 571 (1975)). Settled principles make clear that a witness need not be the sole

official custodian of business records to provide foundational testimony that establishes a

hearsay exception provided that the witness “ha[s] knowledge of how [the company’s] records

[are] compiled and maintained[] and . . . ha[s] access to those records as an integral part of his

responsibilities . . . for his employer.” Lee v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 571, 576 (1998); see

also Va. R. Evid. 2:803(6)(D) (requiring “testimony of the custodian or another qualified

witness” to verify origin under the business records exception (emphasis added)).

               Virginia appellate courts have found that persons who are familiar
               with the regular operations of the business and the circumstances
               under which the subject records normally are created are
               competent to establish the requirements of the business records
               exception even if they are neither the creator nor the formal
               custodian of the record.

Melick, 69 Va. App. at 141.

       Bibey testified that all employees are required to scan a seller’s identification at the time

a purchase is made. The pawn tickets are made at the time of the transaction, and both the ticket

and the copy of the identification were made and kept in the regular course of business. As in
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Melick, Bibey knew how the records were created, had access to the records, and made use of the

records as part of his duties. See id. at 142. Bibey was sufficiently familiar with the operations

of the business and the policy regarding the creation of the records to satisfy the “another

qualified witness” requirement of Rule 2:803(6)(D).

       Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion with the trial court’s decision to admit the

video, the photographs, and the pawn store ticket.

                                   SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

       Appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for larceny

with the intent to sell because “the Commonwealth failed to prove [he] intended to sell the items.”

“When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial court is presumed

correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.’”

McGowan v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 513, 521 (2020) (alteration in original) (quoting Smith

v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does not ask itself

whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’”

Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Secret v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 204, 228 (2018)). “Rather,

the relevant question is whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements

of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Vasquez, 291 Va. at 248 (quoting Williams v.

Commonwealth, 278 Va. 190, 193 (2009)). “If there is evidentiary support for the conviction,

‘the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own judgment, even if its opinion might

differ from the conclusions reached by the finder of fact at the trial.’” McGowan, 72 Va. App. at

521 (quoting Chavez v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018)).

       In appellant’s view, “the evidence failed to establish that [he] was the individual who sold

the items.” He notes that no witnesses identified him as being at the pawn shop. He asserts that the

Commonwealth “relied on a copy of the transaction ticket to show that [he] sold the items” and that

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“[w]ithout further evidence, . . . the Commonwealth cannot meet its burden to prove that he stole the

items with the intention of selling them.”

       “Proving intent by direct evidence often is impossible. Like any other element of a

crime, it may be proved by circumstantial evidence, as long as such evidence excludes all

reasonable hypotheses of innocence flowing from it.” Gilbert v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App.

67, 71 (2005) (quoting Adams v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 463, 470-71 (2000)).

“Determining a defendant’s intent ‘is a factual question, which lies peculiarly within the

province of the [fact finder].’” Barnett v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 111, 120 (2021) (quoting

Hughes v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 510, 519 (1994) (en banc)).

       Here, the evidence proved that appellant stole two Husqvarna chainsaws and one

Husqvarna backpack blower from Lowe’s and less than thirty minutes later, an individual who

presented appellant’s identification sold the same items to the pawn shop. “The trier of fact resolves

conflicts in the evidence, weighs the evidence, and draws ‘reasonable inferences from basic facts to

ultimate facts.’” Holmes v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 690, 691 (2003) (quoting Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). “An inference ‘permits a finder of fact to conclude the

existence of one fact from the proof of one or more other facts.’” Crowder v. Commonwealth, 41

Va. App. 658, 665 (2003) (quoting Carfagno v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 718, 727 (2003)).

Based on all the evidence presented, the trial court reasonably concluded that appellant was the

person who sold the items to the pawn shop and that he stole them with the specific intent to sell

them. The trial court did not exceed its factfinding discretion in drawing these reasonable

inferences from the proven facts of this case.

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                                         CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we find no abuse of discretion with the trial court’s admission

of the disputed evidence and that the evidence was sufficient to prove appellant’s guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt. Therefore, we affirm appellant’s convictions.

                                                                                         Affirmed.

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