Court Opinion

ID: 4664289
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-02 23:00:30.349569+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:35.308999
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                     For the First Circuit

Nos. 17-1570 & 17-1571

                          CASCO, INC.,

              Plaintiff, Appellee/Cross-Appellant,

                               v.

          JOHN DEERE CONSTRUCTION & FORESTRY COMPANY,

              Defendant, Appellant/Cross-Appellee.

         APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO

     [Hon. Pedro A. Delgado-Hernández, U.S. District Judge]

                             Before

                      Howard, Chief Judge,
             Thompson and Kayatta, Circuit Judges.

     Eduardo A. Zayas-Marxuach, with whom Henry O. Freese-
Souffront, Carmen M. Alfonso Rodríguez, and McConnell Valdéz LLC
were on brief, for appellant/cross-appellee.
     Ricardo F. Casellas Sánchez, with whom Heriberto J. Burgos
Pérez, Carla S. Loubriel Carrión and Casellas Alcover & Burgos,
PSC were on brief, for appellee/cross-appellant.

                         March 2, 2021
          HOWARD, Chief Judge.   For years, Casco, Inc. ("Casco")

and John Deere Construction & Forestry Company ("Deere") were

parties to a dealership agreement.      When Deere terminated the

agreement in 2013, Casco sued Deere for unjust impairment and

unjust termination under Puerto Rico's Dealer Protection Act, P.R.

Laws Ann. tit. 10, § 278 ("Law 75"), as well as for dolus1 (deceit)

under Article 1902 of the Puerto Rico Civil Code, P.R. Laws Ann.

tit. 31, § 3408.   Deere cross-claimed to recover amounts owed to

it by Casco.    After Casco presented its case to the jury, the

district court dismissed the dolus claim and granted judgment on

Deere's counterclaim.   Following trial, the jury awarded relief to

Casco on both Law 75 claims.

          Deere appeals the district court's denial of its post-

judgment motions for judgment as a matter of law on the Law 75

unjust termination claim and for a new trial for both Law 75

claims.   Deere also appeals the district court's failure to remit

the damages award or order a new trial on damages.      Meanwhile,

Casco cross-appeals the district court's mid-trial dismissal of

     1 The parties, as well as courts, sometimes use the term
"dolo" to identify the same cause of action. See Feliciano-Muñoz
v. Rebarber-Ocasio, 970 F.3d 53, 62 (1st Cir. 2020) (using "dolo"),
Citibank Glob. Markets, Inc. v. Rodríguez Santana, 573 F.3d 17, 29
(1st Cir. 2009) (using "dolus" and "dolo" interchangeably).

                               - 2 -
Casco's dolus claim, refusal to certify questions of law to the

Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, and grant of judgment on Deere's

counterclaim.

           We affirm each of the challenged rulings.       Based on the

evidence, the jury's findings of liability and damages against

Deere were not unreasonable. The district court properly dismissed

Casco's dolus claim because it was necessarily tied to showing

constructive termination under Law 75, which Casco could not do as

a matter of law.       The court did not abuse its discretion by

declining to certify questions to the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico.

And the court correctly granted relief on Deere's counterclaim.

I.   FACTUAL HISTORY

           In 1986, Casco and Deere entered into a contract ("the

Agreement") under which Casco would resell Deere construction

equipment and parts to customers in Puerto Rico.      Article 3 of the

Agreement listed "Dealer Essential Obligations," some of which

included   stocking   adequate   parts   and   machines   in   inventory;

maintaining adequate service facilities and qualified, trained

personnel; and actively promoting sales in the territory.        Article

10 of the Agreement, titled "Default by Dealer," provided that:

           [I]f the Dealer fails, for any reason
           whatsoever, to pay any indebtedness which it
           owes [Deere] when the same becomes due, or
           . . . the Dealer fails to perform its
           essential    obligations,     duties,    and

                                 - 3 -
            responsibilities   under any of the provisions
            of Article 3 or    any other provision of this
            agreement . . .    [Deere] may thereupon . . .
            [t]erminate this   Agreement[.]
            Eventually the parties' relationship began to sour.   In

2009 Casco filed suit against Deere under Law 75 relating to

Deere's modification of payment terms.      The parties settled that

claim and filed a joint motion to dismiss without prejudice.      Of

relevance here, the settlement agreement required the parties "to

mutually assist and cooperate with each other in the sale and

distribution of the John Deere products."

            Three years later, the parties again came to blows.   In

September 2012, Casco fell behind on its payments to Deere.

Although Casco continued to make partial payments, it carried an

outstanding balance.      By December, Casco was current on its

payments.   On December 18, 2012, Deere cancelled a purchase order

from Casco for an excavator that Casco had sold to a construction

company in Puerto Rico.        As justification, Deere cited Casco's

failure to complete all of Deere's New Model Qualification ("NMQ")

trainings that Deere required for dealers servicing the iT 4 diesel

engine, a component of the excavator.

            In early 2013, Casco again fell behind on its payments.

Deere continued to accept partial payments, but by the end of

March, Casco owed Deere approximately $150,000. On March 29, 2013,

Deere invoked Article 10 and terminated the Agreement, effective

                                  - 4 -
immediately,     and   cited   Casco's   past-due   payments   and   various

violations of Article 3 as the reasons for termination.

II.    PROCEDURAL HISTORY

             In April 2013, Casco filed its complaint against Deere,

asserting damages for unjust impairment of the Agreement under Law

75 for the December 2012 order cancellation (Count 1), unjust

termination of the Agreement under Law 75 (Count 2), and dolus for

Deere's alleged fraudulent inducement and performance under the

settlement agreement (Count 4).2          Deere filed a counterclaim to

recover additional outstanding balances owed by Casco that had

come due upon termination.

             A jury trial was held in March 2016.              After Casco

presented its case, Deere moved to dismiss all counts and sought

judgment on its counterclaim.         The district court dismissed the

dolus count and granted judgment on the counterclaim, and the trial

proceeded on the Law 75 claims.          The jury found in favor of Casco

on    both   claims,   awarding   $323,440   in   impairment   damages   and

$1,440,494 in termination damages.

             In a post-trial motion, Casco requested reinstatement of

the dolus claim, or alternatively, certification of questions of

law to the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico pertaining to the court's

       Casco did not cross-appeal the district court's dismissal
       2

of Count 3 (breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing).

                                    - 5 -
 dismissal of that claim.     Casco also renewed a previously filed

 Rule 50 motion to dismiss Deere's counterclaim.      For its part,

 Deere renewed its Rule 50 challenge to the termination count, moved

 for a new trial as to both Law 75 counts or alternatively for

 remittitur of the     damages against it, and sought an amended

 judgment as to the counterclaim amount.

             The court denied Casco's requests but partially granted

 Deere's, remitting the Law 75 impairment damages to $58,000 (the

 amount of potential profit on the canceled December 2012 order)

 and modestly increasing the counterclaim award from $216,919.92 to

 $219,913.    An amended judgment issued, and this appeal and cross-

 appeal followed.

III.   DISCUSSION

         A. Standard of Review

             The parties challenge the district court's decisions on

 their various Rule 50 and Rule 59 motions and on remittitur and

 certification.     We review de novo the district court's decisions

 on the Rule 50 motions for judgment as a matter of law, viewing

 the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.

 Walsh v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co., 853 F.3d 1, 8 (1st Cir. 2017).   Where

 there is a verdict, we reverse "only if reasonable persons could

 not have reached the conclusion that the jury embraced."   Sindi v.

                                 - 6 -
El-Moslimany, 896 F.3d 1, 13 (1st Cir. 2018) (quoting Sanchez v.

P.R. Oil Co., 37 F.3d 712, 716 (1st Cir. 1994)).

            We review for abuse of discretion the district court's

denials of the Rule 59 motions for a new trial.                  Sindi, 896 F.3d

at 13.    A trial court may "order a new trial only if the verdict

is against the demonstrable weight of the credible evidence or

results in a blatant miscarriage of justice."                      Id.    ("citing

Sanchez, 37 F.3d at 717)."         We review the evidence in the light

most favorable to the verdict winner, Casco.             Newell P.R., Ltd. v.

Rubbermaid Inc., 20 F.3d 15, 18 (1st Cir. 1994).                  We also review

for abuse of discretion the district court's certification and

remittitur rulings.       U.S. Steel v. M. DeMatteo Constr. Co., 315

F.3d 43, 53 (1st Cir. 2002); Sindi, 896 F.3d at 13.

            The parties raise four substantive issues on appeal:

Deere's liability under Law 75, the legal viability of Casco's

dolus claim, Casco's liability for the counterclaim, and damages.

We discuss each in turn.

          B. The Law 75 claims

            Law 75 was enacted in 1964 to protect Puerto Rican

dealers    "from    the   harm   caused   when     a    supplier       arbitrarily

terminates    a    distributorship    once   the       dealer    has    created   a

favorable market for the supplier's products."                  R.W. Int'l Corp.

v. Welch Food, Inc., 13 F.3d 478, 482 (1st Cir. 1994).                 The statute

                                     - 7 -
prevents   principals      from   unilaterally       terminating       dealership

agreements "except for just cause." P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 10, § 278a;

see also Irvine v. Murad Skin Rsch. Lab'ys., Inc., 194 F.3d 313,

317 (1st Cir. 1999). A principal who terminates without just cause

is subject to damages under Law 75 "[n]otwithstanding the existence

in a dealer's contract of a clause reserving to the parties the

unilateral right to terminate."           § 278a.

           The   statute    was    amended      in   1966   to   also    prohibit

principals    from    "perform[ing]       any    act    detrimental       to    the

established relationship" without just cause.               § 278a; see United

Med. Equip. Corp. v. S. Blickman, Inc., 260 F. Supp. 912, 914

(D.P.R. 1966).       Unjust impairment of a dealer relationship also

subjects the principal to damages.           § 278b; see Irvine, 194 F.3d

at 318.

           Law   75   defines     "just   cause,"      in   relevant    part,    as

"[n]onperformance of any of the essential obligations of the

dealer's contract, on the part of the dealer[.]"                        § 278(d).

Whether just cause existed and whether "essential obligations"

were breached are      questions of fact. R.W. Int'l Corp. v. Welch

Foods, Inc., 88 F.3d 49, 51 (1st Cir. 1996).

          i.Impairment

           Deere appeals the denial of its motion for a new trial

on the Law 75 impairment claim.           Law 75 establishes a rebuttable

                                    - 8 -
presumption of impairment whenever a principal unjustifiably fails

to fill an order.       § 278a-1(b)(3), Irvine, 194 F.3d at 318.         At

the same time, Law 75 only protects against impairments of "those

rights acquired under the [dealership] agreement." Medina & Medina

Inc. v. Hormel Foods Corp., 840 F.3d 26, 41 (1st Cir. 2016)

(quoting Irvine, 194 F.3d at 318).

           The   jury    found   that   Deere's    cancellation    of    the

excavator order in December 2012 was both unjustified and in

violation of Casco's rights under the Agreement.            Deere argues

that a new trial is warranted because the evidence presented at

trial showed that the cancellation did not impair any of Casco's

contractual rights and was justified in any event. Although Deere

phrases these as two distinct contentions, it provides one argument

in support of both: Casco's right to purchase the excavator was

conditioned on its compliance with the New Model Qualification

requirements. Casco did not so comply, and so Deere justifiably

refused to fill the order.

           In other words, Deere asserts that the evidence showed

that it had just cause to cancel the order.        The existence of just

cause is a question of fact for the jury.         Welch Foods, 88 F.3d at

51.   While the jury did have evidence before it of the NMQ

requirements and Casco's non-compliance therewith, it also had

evidence   before   it    that   undermined   Deere's   claim     that   the

                                   - 9 -
cancellation was justified.                 There was testimony that Deere had

failed to rectify a technical problem restricting Casco's access

to Deere's online training platform in late 2012, that Deere was

repeatedly notified of the problem, and that Deere knew that the

access    problems       prevented      Casco's       compliance        with    the     NMQ

requirements.

               Additionally, evidence was presented that in cancelling

the   order,     Deere   deviated       from    its   internal         policy   allowing

distributors a 90-day grace period to complete the NMQ requirements

after    the    purchase   of     a   new     machine.      Deere       justified      this

deviation by pointing to Casco's previous failure to meet the NMQ

requirements within the grace period.                    But this explanation is

undermined by the fact that two months later Deere sought Casco's

involvement in the sale of a machine to Monsanto (a U.S.-based

client    who     sought     to       use     the   machine       in     Puerto       Rico)

notwithstanding Casco's continued non-compliance with the NMQ

requirements      and    their    applicability        to   the    machine      sold     to

Monsanto.

               In sum, there was evidence both that Casco's right to

have Deere fill the excavator order was not in fact rigidly

conditioned on strict NMQ compliance and that Casco's failure to

comply with the NMQ requirements was partly attributable to Deere's

own failure to remedy Casco's access problem.                          Construing this

                                        - 10 -
evidence in the light most favorable to Casco, see Newell, 20 F.3d

at 18, the jury's finding of impairment is neither contrary to

"the demonstrable weight of the credible evidence" nor a blatant

miscarriage of justice," Sindi, 896 F.3d at 13. Thus, the district

court committed no abuse of discretion in denying Deere's motion

for a new trial as to impairment.

          ii. Termination

          Deere claims that the district court erred in denying

its post-judgment motion for judgment as a matter of law or in the

alternative for a new trial on the issue of unjust termination.

Since it is undisputed that in March 2013 Deere terminated the

Agreement with Casco, Deere's argument again comes down to its

claim that it acted with just cause.

          To convince us that the jury's finding to the contrary

is unsustainable, Deere principally cites Casco's failure to pay

for goods on time and its express right under Article 10 to

unilaterally terminate upon Casco's failure to timely pay.            Casco

admits it had a past-due balance of nearly $150,000 at the time of

termination.

          Paying   for   goods   on   time   is   normally   an   essential

obligation of a dealer, the non-performance of which may constitute

just cause for termination under Law 75.          PPM Chem. Corp. of P.R.

v. Saskatoon Chem. Ltd., 931 F.2d 138, 139 (1st Cir. 1991); see

                                 - 11 -
also Biomedical Instrument & Equip. Corp. v. Cordis Corp., 797

F.2d 16, 17 (1st Cir. 1986) ("consistent failure to pay on time

likely violates an 'essential obligation'").              Appealing to this

common-sense observation, Deere would have us take from the jury

the chance to look deeper at the parties' actual relationship.             As

then-Judge Breyer noted in Biomedical, "the matter is not so

simple."   797 F.2d at 17.     Whether timely payment is an essential

obligation in any particular case remains a triable question of

fact,   Welch   Foods,   88   F.3d    at   51,   as   evidence   of   "special

circumstances" may support a finding that a termination decision

was not in fact justified by untimely payment, Biomedical 797 F.2d

at 17; see also Saskatoon, 931 F.2d at 140 (timely payment is

deemed non-essential in those "abnormal circumstance[s] in which

a supplier does not care about late payments").

           Here, the jury was presented with evidence of such

"special circumstances."      Casco pointed out that Article 3 of the

agreement expressly lists its "Essential Obligations" and does not

include timely payment.       Additionally, Casco presented evidence

tending to show that Deere's "decision to terminate had little to

do with overdue balances."       Biomedical, 797 F.2d at 17 (Breyer,

J.) (pointing to evidence that supplier mainly decided to terminate

for reason other than dealer's untimely payment as contributing to

factual dispute over whether the untimely payment constituted just

                                     - 12 -
cause for termination); see also Waterproofing Sys., Inc. v. Hydro-

Stop, Inc., 440 F.3d 24, 30 (1st Cir. 2006)(affirming magistrate

judge's finding that termination was unjustified based in part

upon dealer's strong showing that principal's stated reason of

untimely payment was pretextual). Casco argued at trial that Deere

had instead terminated the Agreement because of bitterness over

Casco's relationship with Volvo, a Deere competitor.             In support

of this theory, Casco presented evidence that Deere wanted to

change the Agreement in 2002 to prohibit competition, but Casco

refused; that Deere's executives threatened to withdraw support if

Casco had any business with Volvo; that Deere refused to provide

competitive financing for Casco's rental operation and was upset

when Casco looked elsewhere for financing; that Deere revoked

certain funding because of Casco's association with Volvo; and

that in 2009, Deere began excluding Casco -- and only Casco --

from its important regional and annual dealer conferences.

           In the end, the jury faced conflicting evidence about

whether   Casco's   failure   to   make     timely   payments   breached   an

essential obligation of the Agreement, thereby giving Deere just

cause to terminate.    While Article 10 stated that Casco's failure

to timely pay constituted "just cause" for termination,3            Article

     3Of course, the mere fact that the terms of a contract reserve
to the supplier the right to terminate unilaterally if the dealer

                                   - 13 -
3 excluded timely payment from the list of Casco's "Essential

Obligations."    While Deere presented evidence that it was not

indifferent to Casco's untimely payment, Casco presented evidence

that Deere's true concern was retaliation for Casco's relationship

with Deere's competitor.        And the jury was properly instructed

that timely payment is normally one of a dealer's essential

obligations but may not be in "abnormal circumstances."                 See

Saskatoon, 931 F.2d at 139-40.        Its conclusion that this was such

a circumstance was not unreasonable.

           In addition to identifying Casco's untimely payment as

just cause for termination, Deere secondarily points to Casco's

alleged breach of four of its Article 3 obligations.         Deere argues

that Casco breached its "Essential Obligations" (1) to comply with

Deere's   recommended   parts   and   service   management   programs    by

failing to comply with the NMQ requirements; (2) to stock and

fails to satisfy a certain obligation does not, without more, make
failure to satisfy that obligation "just cause" to terminate within
the meaning of Law 75. By the plain text of the statute, Law 75's
just-cause requirement cannot be contractually renounced. §278a.
Were it otherwise, the statute would be a nullity, as powerful
suppliers could insert in their dealership agreements provisions
reserving to themselves the unilateral right to terminate upon
substantively non-essential grounds.       This would defeat the
statute's clear design.     See Medina & Medina v. Country Pride
Foods, Ltd., 858 F.2d 817, 820 (1st Cir. 1988) (reproducing Supreme
Court of Puerto Rico's answer to certified question arising under
Law 75, explaining the statute's history and purpose).        Deere
correctly acknowledges that Law 75 does not put "form over
substance."

                                  - 14 -
maintain    an   adequate   inventory    of    machines;      (3)   to    maintain

adequate facilities along with qualified personnel so as to provide

market penetration, coverage, and service in a manner consistent

with Deere's reputation by, again, failing to comply with the NMQ

requirements; and (4) to take appropriate corrective action to

remedy these deficiencies.        The jury was reasonably unconvinced.

            Deere repeatedly points to Casco's non-compliance with

the   NMQ   requirements    as   evidence     of   these     alleged     breaches.

However, as discussed above in the impairment analysis, Casco

presented evidence that this non-compliance was attributable to

Deere's own failings.       As to inventory, market penetration, and

service, Casco was not required to have a specific number of

machines in stock, achieve a certain market share, or submit a

marketing or business plan.

            Meanwhile, Casco presented evidence that it promoted

Deere   products,    made   regular     sales      visits,    participated      in

government bids for Deere, and attended trade shows.                     Moreover,

there was not a single customer complaint about Casco's services

prior to Deere's termination of the Agreement.

            Considering all the evidence before it in the light most

favorable to Casco,         Walsh, 853 F.3d at 8 (Rule 50 motion),

Newell, 20 F.3d at 18 (Rule 59 motion), the jury's finding that

Deere's termination lacked just cause was not outside the realm of

                                   - 15 -
conclusions a reasonable jury could reach nor did it result in a

"blatant miscarriage of justice," Sindi, 896 F.3d at 13.               The

district court was correct to deny both of Deere's post-judgment

motions on the termination count.

        C. Dolus

            Casco's cross-appeal challenges the district court's

Rule 50(a) dismissal of Casco's dolus claim.         We review de novo.

Walsh, 853 F.3d at 8.      Under the Puerto Rico Civil Code, dolus

bars a contracting party from inducing another party through "words

or insidious machinations" to "execute a contract which without

them he would not have made."        P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 31 § 3408.

Dolus entails bad faith in the formation or performance of a

contract.    Oriental Fin. Grp., Inc. v. Fed. Ins. Co., 598 F. Supp.

2d 199, 219-221 (D.P.R. 2008).

            In its complaint, Casco alleged that Deere acted with

dolus by inducing it to enter into the 2009 settlement agreement

despite never intending to "assist and cooperate with" Casco in

the   distribution   of   Deere   products,   as   promised   under   that

agreement.    Casco argues that, but for this dolus, Casco would

have litigated a Law 75 constructive termination claim in 2009

rather than waiting until the actual termination in 2013, which

would have yielded a much higher damages calculation because Law

75 guidelines base termination damages off of the dealer's profits

                                  - 16 -
for the five years preceding the termination, §278b(d), and the

five years preceding 2009 were significantly more profitable than

those preceding 2013 due to market conditions.                     Alternatively,

Casco now also argues that, regardless of whether its 2009 lawsuit

could have succeeded, evidence of its profits in the five years

preceding   2009   should   have   been      admitted    as    a    baseline   for

calculating damages for the 2013 termination claim because of

Deere's alleged dolus.

            In granting Deere's Rule 50 motion on the dolus claim,

the court observed that the claim was premised on the possibility

that Casco could have been awarded five years of lost profits had

it pursued its 2009 constructive termination claim.                      But the

district court found that this        could not have occurred as a matter

of law because constructive termination is not a valid theory under

Law 75.

            To   reach   this   conclusion,      the    court      analyzed    the

statute's   legislative     history    and    case     law    interpreting     the

statute, and determined that Law 75 recognizes impairment and

termination as two distinct causes of action.            The court explained

that as originally enacted in 1964, Law 75 did not reach impairment

of contracts that fell short of total abrogation.               See United Med.

Equip. Corp. v. S. Blickman, Inc., 260 F. Supp 912, 914 (D.P.R.

1966).    A 1966 amendment expanded the statute's prohibition to

                                   - 17 -
encompass unjust impairment.         See Law No. 105 of June 23, 1966,

1966, P.R. Laws (2nd Reg. Sess., 5th Legislature) at p. 332.               Thus,

the legislature added a new cause of action under Law 75 to provide

a remedy where a dealership relationship has been impaired by a

supplier   without   just   cause    but     the   relationship    nonetheless

continues.

           The distinction carries a difference because five-year

profit damages, which Casco seeks, are not usually available in

impairment actions.       See Matosantos Com. Corp. v. SCA Tissue N.

Am., LLC, 369 F. Supp. 2d 191, 197 (D.P.R. 2005) ("In an impairment

case . . . the dealer should only be awarded the profits actually

lost.").     This is so because "evidence of damages is an essential

element of a Law 75 violation as to which plaintiff bears the

burden of proof."        Irvine, 194 F.3d at 313 (citing opinion of

Supreme Court of Puerto Rico in Marina Indus., Inc. v. Brown Boveri

Corp., 14 P.R. Offic. Trans. 86, 118 (1983)."              A dealer who has

suffered impairment short of actual termination will be unlikely

to prove that its damages amount to five years of lost profits.

           Disagreeing with the district court's analysis, Casco

argues   that   Eliane   Exportadora,      Ltda.    v.   Maderas   Alfa,   Inc.

supports the availability of a constructive termination theory

under Law 75.     No. KAC1998-1327(506), 2007 WL 2585173 (P.R. Cir.

June 20, 2007) (certified English translation at Docket No. 278-

                                    - 18 -
1)..   In the alternative, Casco argues that whether constructive

termination is a viable theory under Law 75 is unsettled, and the

district court erred in refusing to certify the issue to the

Supreme Court of Puerto Rico for clarification.

           The district court's conclusion that Law 75 does not

recognize constructive termination was correct.       Although Maderas

Alfa does use the term "de facto termination," 2007 WL 2585173 at

*13, the district court noted that the supplier in Maderas Alfa

had ceased dealing with the distributor altogether for five months

prior to the suit, id. at *2.        Thus, the case really involved an

actual termination without a termination letter.          In short, Law 75

recognizes actual termination, or alternatively, impairment.            The

statute does not recognize constructive termination.

           It follows that certification to the Supreme Court of

Puerto Rico for guidance was unnecessary.       A federal court sitting

in diversity may certify an open question of Puerto Rico law to

the territory's highest court, or it may "undertake its prediction

when the course [the Puerto Rico] courts would take is reasonably

clear." VanHaaren v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 989 F.2d 1,

3 (1st Cir. 1993) (internal quotes and citations omitted).          Here,

existing   authority   makes   the   district   court's    conclusion   on

constructive termination reasonably clear.         Thus, the district

court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to certify.

                                - 19 -
               Nor did the court err by granting Deere's motion to

dismiss the dolus claim.        Even if but for Deere's alleged dolus

Casco would have pursued its 2009 claim, that claim could not, as

a matter of law, have resulted in the lost future profits Casco

claims it lost due to dolus.       There was no actual termination in

2009     and    constructive   termination,   as     analyzed   above,   is

unavailable under Law 75.       Count 4 was properly dismissed.

               Finally, Casco's argument that evidence of its profits

in the five years preceding 2009 should have been admitted to

calculate damages for Deere's unjust termination in 2013 also lacks

merit.    Casco argues that Deere acted with dolus by waiting until

2013 to wrongfully terminate despite first hatching the plan to do

so in 2009.        Under Casco's theory, Deere decided to unjustly

terminate in 2009 but craftily delayed "precisely to reduce its

exposure for an eventual termination."        This is pure speculation

unsupported by any citation to the record, and Casco failed to

allege this theory in its complaint.               Besides the dearth of

evidence and likely waiver, it is odd for Casco to claim that Deere

wronged it by not unjustly terminating sooner.          Thus, evidence of

Casco's profits for the five years preceding 2009 was properly

excluded.

                                  - 20 -
        D. Deere's Counterclaim

           Casco also seeks to vacate the district court's grant of

judgment as a matter of law on Deere's counterclaim and the denial

of Casco's post-judgment motion to dismiss that claim.             We review

de novo.   Walsh, 853 F.3d at 8.

           The court ordered Casco to pay Deere its outstanding

balance of $219,913, which Casco admits was incurred prior to and

came due at termination.         Casco claims that under Article 1077 of

the Puerto Rico Civil Code, because Deere breached the Agreement,

its obligations to pay Deere should be rescinded.             See P.R. Laws

Ann. tit. 31 § 3052.       Casco is incorrect.

           Article 1077 permits a party to rescind its half of a

mutual obligation if the other party fails to comply with its

reciprocal obligation.      See id.; cf. Martinez v. Colon Franco, RE-

86-6, 1989 WL 608549 (P.R. Dec. 19, 1989) (Off. Trans.) (explaining

same principle embodied in different part of civil code).               Here,

the money owed by Casco was for supplies rendered to Casco prior

to termination.    Payment for these supplies was not conditioned on

the   continuing   force    of    the   Agreement,   but   only   on   Deere's

providing them to Casco, which it did. Therefore, Casco owed Deere

money regardless of termination and the district court correctly

granted judgment as a matter of law on the counterclaim.

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         E. Damages

            Finally,       Deere    seeks    a   remittitur     on   termination

damages, or alternatively, a new trial as to damages.                  We review

for abuse of discretion the district court's denials of these

motions.    Sindi, 896 F.3d at 13.          A court may remit a jury's damage

award only if it "exceeds any rational appraisal or estimate of

the damages that could be based upon the evidence before it."

Trainor v. HEI Hosp., LLC, 699 F.3d 19, 29 (1st Cir. 2012) (quoting

Wortley v. Camplin, 333 F.3d 284, 297 (1st Cir. 2003)).

            The jury awarded termination damages of $522,011 for

lost profits and $918,483 for loss of goodwill, the amounts

calculated by Casco's expert.           Deere contends that the expert made

methodological errors in arriving at those numbers and so the award

should be correspondingly remitted or vacated.                  But Deere never

asked the trial court to exclude the testimony of Casco's expert

for    either   a   lack    of     qualifications   or   use    of   an   invalid

methodology, instead relying on cross-examination to show that the

expert was incorrect.         The jury was unconvinced.          See Newell, 20

F.3d   at   21("When   the       factual    underpinning   of    a[]   [properly

admitted] expert opinion is weak, it is a matter affecting the

weight and credibility of the testimony -- a question to be

resolved by the jury") (quoting Int'l Adhesive Coating Co., Inc.

v. Bolton Emerson Int'l, Inc., 851 F.2d 540, 545 (1st Cir. 1988)).

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Meanwhile, Casco's president testified that the company suffered

termination damages of over one million dollars per year.

          In the end, the jury faced competing testimony from

qualified experts and chose an award recommended by one of them,

which was within the bounds of a "rational appraisal."        See

Trainor, 699 F.3d at 29.   The district court did not abuse its

discretion by declining to upset the jury award or order a new

trial on damages.

IV.   CONCLUSION

          For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the

district court on all counts.   The parties shall bear their own

costs of appeal.

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