Court Opinion

ID: 9947467
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-04 21:09:38.091971+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:26:28.869696
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Nitso, 2024-Ohio-790.]

                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                            ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 TRUMBULL COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,                                        CASE NO. 2023-T-0025

                  Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                      Criminal Appeal from the
         - vs -                                       Court of Common Pleas

KENNETH NITSO,
                                                      Trial Court No. 2022 CR 00569
                  Defendant-Appellant.

                                               OPINION

                                           Decided: March 4, 2024
                                            Judgment: Affirmed

Dennis Watkins, Trumbull County Prosecutor, and Ryan J. Sanders, Assistant
Prosecutor, Administration Building, Fourth Floor, 160 High Street, N.W. Warren, OH
44481 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).

Edward M. Heindel, 2200 Terminal Tower, 50 Public Square, Cleveland, OH 44113 (For
Defendant-Appellant).

ROBERT J. PATTON, J.

        {¶1}      Appellant, Kenneth Nitso, appeals his convictions from the Trumbull County

Court of Common Pleas for gross sexual imposition, rape, and compelling prostitution.

For the following reasons, we affirm.

        {¶2}      On July 22, 2022, the Trumbull County Grand Jury returned a 14-count

indictment charging appellant with: eight counts of gross sexual imposition, five counts of

rape, and one count of compelling prostitution. The following facts were presented at the

jury trial held on February 27, 2023.
       {¶3}   R.N. is appellant’s biological daughter. At the time of trial, R.N. was 13 years

old. R.N. confided in her brother, J.D., that appellant was sexually abusing her. J.D.

revealed the information to Laura Revetti (“Revetti”), a school supervisor. At trial, Revetti

testified that she is the supervisor of a program for emotionally disturbed children at

Trumbull County Educational Service Center. J.D. participates in Revetti’s program.

Revetti testified that during the disclosure, she observed that J.D. was fidgeting, tapping,

rocking back and forth, and his face was getting red.

       {¶4}   At trial, R.N. testified that appellant’s conduct began when she was six years

old and continued until she was 12. R.N. testified that when she was six, appellant would

cuddle with her and put his hand on her breasts, and that by the time she was seven the

same conduct continued to occur but escalated to touching her breasts under her

clothing. R.N. then testified that at eight years old, during the continued cuddling sessions,

appellant would rub his “private part” against her butt, and that sometimes it was inside

his pants, and sometimes outside of his pants. The behavior continued to escalate, and

R.N. testified that appellant would then make her rub his private part with her hand, that

by age ten, he rubbed her vagina with his hand, and by age 11, had put his mouth on her

vagina. R.N. testified that he told her to “enjoy it.” R.N. continued to testify about the

conduct, that at age 11 he had her perform oral sex on him, and that on one occasion he

offered her $20, and on another occasion offered her $40, for performing oral sex on him.

       {¶5}   Because of her position, Revetti is a mandated reporter. She informed

Children Services of J.D.’s disclosure and contacted the assistant principal at R.N.’s

middle school, Tracie Liptak (“Liptak”). Liptak then approached R.N. at school. Liptak

testified that R.N. became “very shaky” and “[h]er face turned beet red and the tears just

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started to flow. * * * The first words out of her mouth were, ‘I’ve been telling mommy this

since I was six years old and no one believes me anyway.’” Liptak testified at trial that

R.N. disclosed to her that if she told anyone what happened, her mother would be mad,

her daddy would have to go away, the bills would not be paid, and she would be the

reason her family is torn apart. Liptak testified that R.N. told her “on the weekends when

he’s drinking she will snuggle with him * * * he rubs his penis on her butt * * * and

sometimes * * * she does fall asleep hard and she wakes up with her panties down around

her ankle[s].”

       {¶6}      Detective Michael Banic (“Detective Banic”) with the Hubbard City Police

Department testified that he began investigating this case after R.N.’s school resource

officer made him aware of it. Detective Banic testified that he interviewed appellant as

part of his investigation. Detective Banic testified that appellant’s demeanor was subdued

when he sat down to talk with him, that appellant denied sexually assaulting R.N., and

that he told Detective Banic that he didn’t even like changing R.N.’s diaper when she was

a baby. Detective Banic testified that appellant told him he was never alone with his

daughter but admitted that they shared a bed together.

       {¶7}      Amanda McAllen (“McAllen”) is a nurse practitioner for Children’s Advocacy

Center, a center that specializes in child abuse investigations. McAllen testified that she

performed an exam on R.N. McAllen testified that she has performed more than 200 of

these exams on others in the past. McAllen testified that the exam is intended to look for

“physical findings of sexual abuse.” While no physical findings were made, McAllen

explained that is not uncommon. McAllen further explained regarding the exam, “it’s an

exception if we see * * * any physical findings of sexual abuse.” McAllen described the

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terms “grooming” and “delayed disclosure” as it relates to R.N.’s disclosure to J.D. after

years of abuse:

              “Grooming” is when you – when something occurs and it
              slowly progresses. So, for instance, [R.N.] described that he
              had put his hand on her stomach. And she - - you know, that
              happened and didn’t disclose anything. So then slowly it just
              progressed into worsening, desensitization of instances
              occurring. * * * “Delayed disclosure” is when you - - the victim
              will delay disclosing what happened to them for reasons of
              fear. And a lot of the time it will be that they - - the perpetrator
              is somebody who provides for basic needs. So they’re scared
              those basic needs being taken from them.

       {¶8}   During her evaluation, R.N. made further disclosures that were included in

McAllen’s written report. The notes detailed an encounter where appellant’s hand was

rubbing R.N.’s vagina. McAllen testified that R.N.’s description of pain felt during the

experience was called an “experiential detail,” and that because of R.N.’s prepubertal

age, anything touching “the inside of the labial folds would have a sensation of hurting.

And that’s how, you know, we can gather that, you know, that she experienced it, because

of that detail that she gives. She wouldn’t know that it would hurt. Developmentally, she

wouldn’t know that.”

       {¶9}   Appellant submitted to a stipulated polygraph examination prior to trial. At

the time of the polygraph examination, appellant was represented by different counsel

than at trial. William Evans (“Evans”), the polygraph examination expert who administered

the exam, testified.

       {¶10} Prior to Evan’s testimony, appellant’s attorney objected to the admission of

the expert testimony and polygraph results, asserting that appellant’s counsel was not

present during the examination. Appellant believed that the stipulated polygraph

agreement would not carry over to his new trial counsel. The State contended that
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Case No. 2023-T-0025
appellant’s counsel was, in fact, present, and that he was not allowed in the room with

appellant while the examination was being administered. The State submitted as an

exhibit the stipulated polygraph agreement, which contains a provision that binds

successive counsel to the agreement. The trial court ruled that the examination and

testimony would be admissible. At trial, Evans testified that appellant’s responses

indicated deception when questioned throughout the course of several sessions about

sexual touching and sexual activity with R.N.

       {¶11} The jury found appellant guilty on all counts of gross sexual imposition

(counts 1-4, 6-7, 10, and 14), one count of rape (count 12), and the single count charged

for compelling prostitution (count 13). The jury found appellant not guilty on four counts

of rape (counts 5, 8-9, and 11). On March 1, 2023, appellant was sentenced to 60 months

on each count of gross sexual imposition (eight counts in total), to be served concurrently.

count 12 for rape and count 13 for compelling prostitution merged. The State elected to

proceed on count 12 that resulted in appellant receiving 25 years to a maximum of life,

with the count 12 sentence running consecutively with the 60 months for gross sexual

imposition. Appellant’s aggregate term is 30 years to life.

       {¶12} Appellant timely appeals his conviction and raises four assignments of error

for review.

       {¶13} Appellant’s first assignment of error asserts: “The trial court erred when it

admitted the polygraph test results without providing the jury a cautionary instruction in

accordance with State v. Cleavenger, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2019-P-0031, 2020-Ohio-

1325, 153 N.E.3d 496.”

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Case No. 2023-T-0025
      {¶14} Defense counsel made no objection to the failure to state a jury instruction

on polygraph evidence. All but plain error is forfeited on appeal when counsel fails to

object. State v. Keith, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-22-28, 2023-Ohio-3428, ¶ 8, citing State v.

Kean, 10 Dist. Franklin No. 17AP-427, 2019-Ohio-1171, ¶ 65.

      {¶15} This court recently noted in State v. Walker, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2022-

T-0109, 2023-Ohio-2725, ¶ 38:

             “Crim.R. 52(B) affords appellate courts discretion to correct
             ‘[p]lain errors or defects affecting substantial rights’
             notwithstanding the accused’s failure to meet his obligation to
             bring those errors to the attention of the trial court.” State v.
             Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, 38 N.E.3d 860,
             ¶ 22. Appellant bears the burden of demonstrating plain error
             by proving that the outcome would have been different absent
             the plain error. [State v.] Payne, [114 Ohio St.3d 502. 2007-
             Ohio-4642, 873 N.E.2d 306] at ¶ 17.
      {¶16} This Court further held, “Courts are cautioned ‘to notice plain error “with the

utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a manifest

miscarriage of justice.”’” Walker at ¶ 39, quoting State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27,

759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002) quoting State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978),

paragraph three of the syllabus. “To establish plain error, a defendant must show an error

that constitutes an obvious defect in the trial proceedings and demonstrate that the error

affected the outcome of the trial. State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459,

38 N.E.3d 860, ¶ 22.” State v. Little, 11th Dist. Portage Nos. 2023-P-0011, 2023-P-0012,

2023-Ohio-4098, ¶ 77.

      {¶17} The Supreme Court of Ohio articulated in State v. Souel, 53 Ohio St.2d

123, 372 N.E.2d 1318 (1978) syllabus, the required conditions for polygraph examination

results to be admissible evidence for corroboration or impeachment in a criminal trial:
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Case No. 2023-T-0025
             (1) The prosecuting attorney, defendant and his counsel must
             sign a written stipulation providing for defendant’s submission
             to the test and for the subsequent admission at trial of the
             graphs and the examiner’s opinion thereon on behalf of either
             defendant or the state.
             (2) Notwithstanding the stipulation, the admissibility of the test
             results is subject to the discretion of the trial judge, and if the
             trial judge is not convinced that the examiner is qualified or
             that the test was conducted under proper conditions he may
             refuse to accept such evidence.

             (3) If the graphs and examiner’s opinion are offered in
             evidence the opposing party shall have the right to cross-
             examine the examiner respecting:

             (a)    the examiner’s qualifications and training;

             (b)    the conditions under which the test was administered;

             (c)    the limitations of and possibilities for error in the
             technique of polygraphic interrogation; and,

             (d)  at the discretion of the trial judge, any other matter
             deemed pertinent to the inquiry.

             (4) If such evidence is admitted the trial judge should instruct
             the jury to the effect that the examiner’s testimony does not
             tend to prove or disprove any element of the crime with which
             a defendant is charged, and that it is for the jurors to
             determine what weight and effect such testimony should be
             given.

      {¶18} This court applied the Souel conditions in State v. Cleavenger, 2020-Ohio-

1325, 153 N.E.3d 496, ¶ 21 (11th Dist.):

             Polygraph test results are generally inadmissible to prove an
             accused’s guilt or innocence; they are likewise inadmissible
             for impeachment or enhancing credibility unless (1) the
             parties have stipulated their admissibility; (2) the court
             confirms the examiner's qualifications and test conditions; (3)
             the opposing party has had the opportunity to cross-examine
             the polygraph examiner; and (4) that the results do not tend
             to prove or disprove any element of the crime charged and the
             court must instruct the jury about the weight of the polygraph
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              evidence. State v. Rowe, 68 Ohio App.3d 595, 609-610, 589
              N.E.2d 394 (10th Dist. 1990), citing State v. Souel, 53 Ohio
              St.2d 123, 132, 372 N.E.2d 1318 (1978).

       {¶19} When a stipulation allows the results of a polygraph examination to be

admitted, it is only for the purposes of corroboration or impeachment. Souel at syllabus.

       {¶20} In its brief, the State concedes that no jury instruction was given to inform

the jury about the weight of the polygraph evidence. A failure to give a jury instruction on

the weight of the polygraph evidence is inconsistent with the fourth condition articulated

in Cleavenger. Instead, a general instruction was given regarding the weight of the expert

testimony presented at trial:

              Now, generally, a witness may not express an opinion.
              However, one who follows a profession or special line of work
              may express his or her opinion because of his or her
              education, knowledge and experience. Such testimony is
              admitted for whatever assistance it may provide to help you
              arrive at a just verdict.

              However, as with other witnesses, upon you alone rests the
              duty of deciding what weight to give – should be given to the
              testimony of the experts. In determining its weight, you will
              make – you will take into consideration their skill, experience,
              knowledge, veracity, familiarity with the facts of this case, and
              the usual rules for testing credibility and determining the
              weight to be given to the testimony.

       {¶21} This    general    instruction   does    not   meet    the   requirements    of

Souel/Cleavenger. Therefore, the issue before this Court is whether the trial court’s failure

to provide the Souel/Cleavenger instruction amounts to plain error.

       {¶22} Several appellate districts have concluded it does not. The Second District

Court of Appeals concluded the failure to provide the Souel instruction did not amount to

plain error where “* * * [T]here is substantial other evidence in this record from which the

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Case No. 2023-T-0025
jury could predicate its verdict of guilty * * *.” State v. Rutherford, 2d Dist. Greene No.

2001-CA-122, 2002 WL 398704 *2 (Mar. 15, 2002). The Rutherford court noted: “[t]he

jury was instructed, as part of the general jury instructions, that it was the sole judge of

the facts. The jury evidently took its role seriously, as evidenced by its acquittal of

Rutherford on the charge of Aggravated Assault.” Id. The Third appellate district similarly

held “‘[w]hile the trial court sub judice failed to instruct the jury as required

under Souel, we cannot conclude that this error amounted to plain error in this case since

there was substantial other evidence of Mary’s guilt.’” (Citations omitted). State v. Vielma,

3d. Dist. Paulding No. 11-11-03, 2012-Ohio-875, ¶ 40.

       {¶23} It is also worth noting that courts that have found the lack of jury instruction

on the weight of polygraph evidence to be plain error dealt with cases where the polygraph

examination was that of the complaining witness, or the co-defendant, and not the

defendant as in the instant case.

              While the Tenth District has found that trial court’s failure to
              instruct the jury as required under Souel constitutes plain
              error, those cases involved polygraph examinations of the
              complaining witness or the co-defendant, not the defendant
              like in this case. State v. Lascola, 61 Ohio App.3d 228
              (1988) (complaining witness); State v. Rowe, 68 Ohio App.3d
              595 (1990) (no stipulation and co-defendant); State v.
              Fisk, 10th Dist. No. 01AP1193, 2002–Ohio–2776, ¶ 72–
              75 (Lascola involved the polygraph examination of the
              complaining witness, not the defendant).

Vielma at ¶ 40.

       {¶24} The Tenth District Court of Appeals concluded in State v. Madison, 10th

Dist. Franklin No. 06AP-1126, 2007-Ohio-3547, ¶ 14-16:

              The distinction between affirmative evidence of guilt and
              evidence which says the defendant is lying * * * is a very fine
              distinction * * *. The distinction is so fine that we cannot say
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Case No. 2023-T-0025
               the jury’s verdict would have been different had the charge
               required by Souel, idem., been given.

               ***

               When we look at the trial court’s statement to the jury and the
               instruction given as to expert testimony, the omission of the
               Souel instruction was not plain error.

       {¶25} In Madison, the trial court gave both a general instruction regarding experts

and gave the following statement:

               THE COURT: Let me interject here a minute. The only thing
               this expert is testifying about is whether the defendant was
               deceptive or not in answering the polygraph. It has the answer
               is I’ll tell you it’s no, it doesn’t mean he is guilty or not guilty.
               It’s just is a piece of evidence that you can consider with all of
               the evidence. That’s just one piece of the evidence. If we were
               going to say that he is qualified to say, well, he punched his
               wife, he is guilty. It’s over. But that’s not true. That’s why we
               have a jury. This is only one piece of evidence. The only thing
               he is qualified to do is to say he was deceptive or not, period.
               That’s all he is here for.

Id. at ¶ 13.
       {¶26} Herein, appellant stipulated to the polygraph, and despite counsels’ efforts

to exclude the polygraph and the related testimony by Evans, Evans testified that the

results of polygraph indicated deception. The trial court subsequently provided a general

jury instruction on the weight of expert evidence. Such instruction is not a substitution for

the instruction required by Souel/Cleavenger. However, in light of the plain error standard

of review, we conclude that there was substantial other evidence of appellant’s guilt.

Thus, nothing in the record indicates, nor has appellant demonstrated, that had the jury

instruction been given on the weight of the polygraph examination that the outcome would

have been any different. Likewise, as the court aptly noted in Rutherford, the jury evidently

took its role seriously, as it acquitted appellant of four counts of rape. Therefore, this court
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Case No. 2023-T-0025
concludes that the omission of a cautionary instruction does not rise to the level of plain

error. Accordingly, appellant’s first assignment of error is without merit.

       {¶27} Appellant’s second assignment of error asserts: “The defendant was denied

his right to the effective assistance of counsel because counsel did not request a

cautionary jury instruction on the admission of the polygraph results[.]”

       {¶28} “A convicted defendant’s claim that counsel’s assistance was so defective

as to require reversal of a conviction * * * has two components. First, the defendant must

show that counsel’s performance was deficient.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,

687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.E.2d 674 (1984). “Second, the defendant must show that the

deficient performance prejudiced the defense.” Id.

              “There is a strong presumption in Ohio that a licensed attorney
              is competent. State v. Smith (1985), 17 Ohio St.3d 98, 100;
              [State v.] Sherman[,11th Dist. Portage No. 98-P-0009. 1999
              WL 454533, *3 (June 25, 1999)] at 8-9. Accordingly, to
              overcome this presumption, a defendant must show that the
              actions of his attorney did not fall within a range of reasonable
              assistance. State v. Smith (Dec. 22, 2000), Portage App. Nos.
              99-P-0039 and 99-P-0040, unreported, at 18, 2000 Ohio App.
              LEXIS 6115.”

State v. Bates, 11th Dist. Portage No. 99-P-0100, at *7.

       {¶29} Similar to the plain error analysis conducted above, the second prong of the

Strickland test requires appellant to show that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors,

that the result would have been different to succeed on his claim. See Strickland, 466

U.S. at 694. In addressing appellant’s first assignment of error, we concluded that the

failure to give the Souel/Cleavenger instruction did not amount to plain error and that the

outcome of the trial was not affected. As such, appellant cannot established that he was

prejudiced by defense counsel’s failure to object to the lack of a cautionary jury instruction

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Case No. 2023-T-0025
on the admission of polygraph evidence, or that the outcome of the trial would have been

different had counsel requested the instruction. Because appellant has failed to satisfy

the second prong required by Strickland, his second assignment of error is without merit.

       {¶30} Appellant’s third assignment of error asserts: “The convictions were against

the manifest weight of the evidence[,]” and appellant’s fourth assignment of error asserts:

“[t]here was insufficient evidence against [appellant].” These assignments of error will be

analyzed together.

       {¶31} “[W]eight of the evidence addresses the evidence’s effect of inducing

belief.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Wilson, 113 Ohio St.3d 382, 2007-Ohio-2202, 865

N.E.2d 1264, ¶ 25. An appellate court must consider all the evidence in the record, the

reasonable inferences, the credibility of the witnesses, and whether, “‘in resolving

conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest

miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’” State

v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997) quoting State v. Martin, 20

App.3d 172, 485 N.E. 2d 717, 720-721 (5th Dist. 1983). “When a court of appeals

reverses a judgment of a trial court on the basis that the verdict is against the weight of

the evidence, the appellate court sits as a ‘thirteenth juror’ and disagrees with the

factfinder’s resolution of the conflicting testimony.” Thompkins at 387, quoting Tibbs v.

Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 42, 102 S.Ct. 2211, 72 L.Ed 652 (1982).

       {¶32} The jury is in the best position to weigh the evidence placed before it.

               When assessing witness credibility, “[t]he choice between
              credible witnesses and their conflicting testimony rests solely
              with the finder of fact and an appellate court may not
              substitute its own judgment for that of the finder of fact.” State
              v. Awan, 22 Ohio St.3d 120, 123, 489 N.E.2d 277 (1986). This
              is because the trier of fact is in the best position to “observe
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Case No. 2023-T-0025
              and evaluate the demeanor, voice inflection, and gestures of
              the witnesses.” State v. Dach, 11th Dist. Trumbull Nos. 2005-
              T-0048 and 2005-T-0054, 2006-Ohio-3428, ¶ 42. “A fact
              finder is free to believe all, some, or none of the testimony of
              each witness appearing before it.” State v. Fetty, 11th Dist.
              Portage No. 2011-P-0091, 2012-Ohio-6127, ¶ 58.

State v. Brown, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2023-L-023, 2023-Ohio-3017, ¶ 67.

       {¶33} In contrast, “[a] challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence raises the issue

of ‘whether the evidence is legally sufficient to support the jury verdict as a matter of law.’”

State v. Stacy, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2022-P-0068, 2023-Ohio-3942, ¶ 14, quoting State

v. Clinton, 153 Ohio St.3d 422, 2017-Ohio-9423, 108 N.E.3d 1, ¶ 165. When reviewing

the sufficiency of the evidence, “[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the

evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v.

Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.

       {¶34} Appellant was convicted of eight counts of gross sexual imposition, one

count of rape, and one count of compelling prostitution.

       {¶35} R.C. 2907.05, defining Gross Sexual Imposition, provides:

              (A)    No person shall have sexual contact with another, not
              the spouse of the offender; cause another, not the spouse of
              the offender, to have sexual contact with the offender; or
              cause two or more other persons to have sexual contact when
              any of the following applies: * * *

              (4) The other person, or one of the other persons, is less than
              thirteen years of age, whether or not the offender knows the
              age of that person.

       {¶36} R.C. 2907.02, defining Rape, provides:

              (A)(1) No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another
              who is not the spouse of the offender * * * when any of the
              following applies: * * *
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Case No. 2023-T-0025
              (b) The other person is less than thirteen years of age,
              whether or not the offender knows the age of the person.

       {¶37} R.C. 2907.21, defining Compelling Prostitution, provides:

              (A) No person shall knowingly do any of the following: * * *

              (3)(a) Pay or agree to pay a minor, either directly or through a
              minor’s agent, so that the minor will engage in sexual activity,
              whether or not the offender knows the age of the minor * * *.

       {¶38} Testimony was presented from Laura Revetti, the supervisor at J.D.’s

school program, regarding the impact of R.N.’s disclosure. Revetti testified as to J.D.’s

demeanor when he revealed what was happening to his sister. The jury heard testimony

from Tracie Liptak, the assistant principal at R.N.’s middle school regarding what R.N.

disclosed to her about the sexual abuse. Liptak said that R.N. was visibly upset, and much

of her testimony corroborated what J.D. had disclosed. Liptak also testified that R.N. had

told her she tried to tell her mother what was going on but was not believed. The State

offered Detective Banic’s testimony pertaining to his investigation of appellant, and

appellant’s behavior when he was questioned about the allegation of sexual abuse. The

jury heard polygraph examination results and the testimony of polygraph expert, William

Evans. Amanda McAllen testified regarding the examination she performed on R.N. Her

report was admitted into evidence, and she discussed knowledge about the impact of

sexual abuse on child victims. Finally, R.N. testified before the jury.

       {¶39} The jury had the freedom to believe some, all, or none of the evidence that

was presented at trial and was in the best position to weigh that evidence.

       {¶40} The appellate court cannot substitute the trier of fact’s judgment for its own.

Awan, 22 Ohio St. 3d at 123. This Court finds that appellant’s convictions were consistent

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Case No. 2023-T-0025
with the manifest weight of the evidence. Accordingly, appellant’s third assignment is

without merit.

       {¶41} Several witnesses who observed R.N. make disclosures about her sexual

encounters with appellant testified at trial. Witnesses, who observed her brother, J.D.,

share the same disclosures, also testified at trial. A nurse practitioner for Children’s

Advocacy Center who performed a medical examination on R.N. testified, and the

resulting report she prepared was admitted as an exhibit for the jury to consider.

Testimony from Detective Banic detailing his investigation of appellant was offered to the

jury for consideration. Finally, R.N.’s testimony of her own experiences was offered to the

jury. R.N. testified to sexual abuse that began happening when she was six years old,

she testified that appellant offered her money for performing oral sex on him. R.N. testified

to the pain she felt when appellant was touching her. McAllen provided testimony about

her knowledge that supports R.N.’s experiences.

       {¶42} A thorough review of the record indicates that there was sufficient evidence

presented by the State for a jury to be convinced of appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt. Accordingly, appellant’s fourth assignment of error is without merit.

       {¶43} For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the Trumbull County

Court of Common Pleas.

MATT LYNCH, J., concurs,

JOHN J. EKLUND, J., concurs with a Concurring Opinion.

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Case No. 2023-T-0025
JOHN J. EKLUND, J., concurs with a Concurring Opinion.

       {¶44} I agree with the majority’s ultimate judgment, but the majority’s reasoning

on the first assignment of error (the trial court’s failure to give a special polygraph jury

instruction) troubles me.     I therefore write to emphasize the importance of strictly

adhering to established judicial guardrails pertaining to polygraph evidence. Particularly

troubling to me is that the trial court provided a general instruction on the weight to be

afforded to expert testimony but failed to provide the required Souel instruction.

       {¶45} While the majority acknowledges that this was improper, its analysis ignores

what I perceive to be a fundamental difference between the standard “weight of the

evidence”    instruction    (given    below regarding the      expert’s   testimony)    and

the Souel/Clevenger instruction. The former is designed to tell the jury how to consider

the     evidence.           The      latter    is   to      tell   the     jury for    what

purpose it may/may not consider the evidence at all.     The instruction given below not

only abandoned the purpose of the special instruction, it expressly made the purposes for

which the evidence could be considered unlimited. The court instructed that the expert’s

testimony was “admitted for whatever assistance it may provide to help you arrive at a

just verdict” (emphasis added). Since a “just verdict” must be based on (among other

things) the jury finding that the state proved each element of the offense charged, the

instruction given here affirmatively condoned the jury's use of the evidence to prove an

element of the crime charged.

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Case No. 2023-T-0025
       {¶46} This is not a matter of mere semantics.               Souel and Clevenger

were grounded in: (1) a concern that polygraph testimony unduly influences jurors (or at

least it can); and (2) an acknowledgment that testimony about polygraphs may have

some probative value. The courts recognized that discerning whether, and if so, to what

extent, such testimony was unduly influential in a particular case is an inherently elusive

goal. Thus, the courts called for a limiting instruction to reduce, so far as process can

with any assurance, the chances that it was. After all, a properly instructed jury is

presumed to have followed them. See State v. Miller, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2004-T-

0082, 2005-Ohio-5283, ¶ 28.

       {¶47} Without the instruction, how can a reviewing court, with any assurance,

accurately judge whether or not a jury was unduly influenced? Especially when they

essentially were instructed to do with the evidence whatever they wanted to. Law and

judgment ought not to be left to unknowable chances and probabilities.

       {¶48} So, under Ohio’s current plain error standard of review, I believe the trial

court committed an obvious error by failing to give the Souel instruction.            See

R.C.2945.11. The instruction it gave compounded the error and leaves us unable to

discern whether or not the outcome of the trial would have been different had the trial

court not committed it. Therefore, I am constrained to concur in the court’s judgment, but

disagree with its analysis of the first assignment of error.

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Case No. 2023-T-0025