Court Opinion

ID: 2820351
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-07-25 04:24:08.226775+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:30:56.444040
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS
                           SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                FORT WORTH

                               NO. 02-13-00339-CV

ACADIA HEALTHCARE COMPANY,                                       APPELLANTS
INC.; PSYCHIATRIC RESOURCE                                     AND APPELLEES
PARTNERS, INC.; MICHAEL A.
SAUL; TIMOTHY J. PALUS; PETER
D. ULASEWICZ; BARBARA H.
BAYMA; AND JOHN M. PIECHOCKI

                                         V.

HORIZON HEALTH                                                      APPELLEE
CORPORATION                                                    AND APPELLANT

                                      ----------

           FROM THE 16TH DISTRICT COURT OF DENTON COUNTY
                     TRIAL COURT NO. 2011-10846-16

                                      ----------

                          OPINION ON REHEARING

                                      ----------

        Horizon Health Corporation (Horizon) moved for a rehearing of this panel’s

February 26, 2015 memorandum opinion and judgment. See Tex. R. App. P.

49.1.    We grant the motion, withdraw our February 26, 2015 memorandum
opinion and judgment, and substitute the following. We dismiss Horizon’s motion

for en banc reconsideration as moot. See Tex. Dep’t of Public Safety v. Nail,

305 S.W.3d 673, 674 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.) (op. on reh’g).

      This appeal raises multiple questions involving a trial court’s judgment

based on the jury’s answers to a 55-page charge.         We are asked to review

alleged jury-charge error, the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s

findings, exemplary damages, attorneys’ fees, and how preservation of error or

lack thereof can affect our review of all of these issues. Because we conclude

the evidence is legally insufficient to support future lost-profits damages and

because exemplary damages may not be awarded jointly and severally under the

facts of this case, we reverse those portions of the trial court’s judgment.

Because we also substantially reduce the exemplary-damages award based on

the reduction of compensatory damages upon a suggestion of remittitur, we

reverse the issue of attorneys’ fees and remand that issue for a new trial.

Otherwise, we will affirm the remainder of the trial court’s judgment subject to our

suggestion of a remittitur regarding exemplary damages.

                                I. BACKGROUND

                      A. HORIZON AND PROJECT SHAMROCK

      Horizon Mental Health Management, Inc. was formed in 1981 to manage

mental-health programs for healthcare entities such as hospitals.         In 2007,

Horizon Mental Health Management, Inc. became Horizon Health Corporation

                                         2
(Horizon) and was acquired by Psychiatric Solutions, Inc. (PSI).        PSI’s chief

executive officer at the time was Joey Jacobs.

      In early 2010, PSI considered going private and, thus, no longer being

publicly traded. Several members of Horizon’s executive-management team met

shortly thereafter to discuss the possibility of buying Horizon from PSI. These

team members, who called themselves “Project Shamrock,” were Mike Saul (the

president of Horizon), Barbara Bayma (the chief clinical officer for Horizon), Peter

Ulasewicz (a senior vice-president of business development for Horizon), Cory

Thomas (Horizon’s chief financial officer), Jack DeVaney (a senior vice-president

of operations for Horizon), and Tim Palus (also a senior vice-president of

operations for Horizon). Saul approached Jacobs to express Project Shamrock’s

interest in buying Horizon if PSI went private. Jacobs told Saul that “certain

things would remain exactly as they were and that PSI, instead of being a

publicly traded company, would just be a privately held company.”

      Contrary to Jacobs’s belief, however, PSI ultimately was acquired by

Universal Health Services (UHS), a large, publicly-traded company.          Project

Shamrock then tried to negotiate buying Horizon from UHS. In late 2010, UHS

rejected Project Shamrock’s proposal and kept Horizon under UHS’s ownership

umbrella. The members of Project Shamrock remained employed by Horizon

after UHS rejected their buy-out offer.

                                          3
           B. ACADIA FORMS SUBSIDIARY AND HIRES HORIZON EMPLOYEES

      In May 2011, Saul approached Acadia Healthcare Company 1 “about the

possibility of . . . going over to Acadia.” Acadia owned “freestanding psychiatric,

child and adolescent, residential, chemical dependency treatment” facilities. Saul

presented a business plan to Acadia’s president, Brent Turner, on May 18, 2011,

proposing that Acadia establish a subsidiary to manage mental-health programs

for hospitals and other mental-health providers.        In his presentation, Saul

identified several companies that would be “competition” for the proposed

subsidiary, including Horizon, which Saul indicated was “lost in UHS

bureaucracy” and would lose customers “due to relationships.” Acadia decided

to “move forward” with the proposal, and Saul forwarded his resume and the

resumes of Ulasewicz, Palus, and Bayma to Turner as a “proposed management

team.” Saul also told Turner that they “would go hard” after John Piechocki, a

member of Ulasewicz’s sales team, based on his successful sales record at

Horizon.    Indeed, Ulasewicz and Saul began to recruit Piechocki to work for

Acadia shortly after Acadia approved Saul’s proposal.

      In June 2011, Saul, Ulasewicz, Palus, and Bayma met to discuss their

anticipated move to Acadia and “their plans for [the planned Acadia subsidiary].” 2

      1
        At some point after UHS bought PSI, Jacobs became the chief executive
officer of Acadia.
      2
      Horizon reimbursed Palus, Ulasewicz, and Bayma for their travel
expenses related to these meetings with Saul.

                                        4
In August and September 2011, Saul, Palus, Bayma, Piechocki, and Ulasewicz

resigned from Horizon. Each began working for Psychiatric Resource Partners

(PRP), which was a recently formed subsidiary of Acadia borne from Saul’s

May 2011 presentation. Saul began as the president of PRP. Piechocki told

DeVaney, who stayed at Horizon, 3 that PRP would “directly compete” with

Horizon.

                           C. HORIZON INVESTIGATES

      Based on these close-in-time resignations, Horizon conducted a forensic

investigation of its computer system and discovered that all except Piechocki

“had conferred with one another in reaching their individual decisions to leave,

and in making preparations to leave,” including discussing strategy regarding

their move to Acadia, planning the exact timing of their resignations, and noting

when their employment benefits with Acadia would begin. Indeed, shortly before

Saul’s presentation to Acadia, Ulasewicz e-mailed Saul and told him that several

of their possible new clients would come “out of Horizon’s hide,” their departures

would leave Horizon “dead,” their business strategy at Acadia should be “hurting

Horizon early and often,” and “the real Horizon—Jacobs, Saul, Ulasewicz,

Bayma, Palus, Piechocki”—would “need to gut punch [Horizon]” as they left.

      It is undisputed that Saul, Palus, Ulasewicz, Bayma, and Piechocki

(collectively, the individual defendants) accessed their work files and made

      3
       DeVaney eventually became the president of Horizon.

                                        5
copies of several Horizon documents before they left to work for PRP.            In

particular, Saul bought an external hard drive for his work computer in late 2010

and placed “a massive, massive amount” of Horizon documents on it such as

policies and procedures, “non-standard” contract language, financial models,

monthly account listings, sales presentations, orientation materials, and legal

files. Basically, Saul copied onto his external hard drive “everything that was

non-financial on [Horizon’s] server.”

      Additionally, during a routine human-resources audit, it was discovered

that Saul, Bayma, Palus, and Ulasewicz had signed employment agreements

while employed at Horizon, mandating confidentiality and restricting solicitation

and competition (collectively, the restrictive covenants).       The agreements

specifically mentioned the positions each had held at the time the agreements

were signed, which were not the same positions each had held at the time of

their resignations. The covenants not to compete barred the employees from

seeking employment in or independently establishing “a psychiatric contract

management company that is in direct competition with [Horizon].” They were

further prohibited from soliciting “any employee of [Horizon].” The confidentiality

covenants barred the employees from disclosing or using Horizon’s trade

secrets, confidential information, or proprietary information.      Although the

employees signed the agreements between 1997 and 2005, the agreements

applied “for a period of one (1) year” after their respective employments with

Horizon ended.

                                        6
      In September 2011, shortly after the individual defendants left their jobs

with Horizon, Horizon notified Bayma, Jacobs, Palus, Piechocki, Saul, and

Ulasewicz that their resignations and subsequent employments with Acadia were

in violation of their employment agreements and the restrictive covenants

entered into “at the inception of [their] employment” and of their common-law

duties of good faith and loyalty. 4    Horizon demanded that they end their

employment with Acadia and return all documents to Horizon.

                           D. PRP’S SALES EFFORTS

      Piechocki, using a list of Horizon sales leads he had copied before

resigning, was able to secure a consulting contract for PRP with Southwest

Regional Medical Center, which was an active Horizon lead noted on its list of

sales leads. Although Piechocki marked some of the leads on the list “DEAD”

before he resigned from Horizon, those leads were added to PRP’s “master

contact list” after Piechocki joined Acadia. In January 2012, Piechocki ultimately

signed Westlake Regional Hospital (Westlake) to a contract with PRP over “direct

competition” from Horizon.     Piechocki used Horizon’s financial models to

“crunch[] numbers” to win the Westlake contract. Additionally, PRP agreed to

pay Westlake $150,000 to upgrade its facility, which was not a concession

Horizon had ever made before in its management contracts.

      4
        Piechocki did not sign an employment agreement but, like all the other
individual defendants, he acknowledged when he was initially hired that he had
reviewed Horizon’s employee handbook, which restricted any use of Horizon’s
confidential information and prohibited direct competition with Horizon.

                                        7
      After joining PRP, Ulasewicz set up a meeting with Cottage Hospital, which

was a potential client he had met with while employed by Horizon. Ulasewicz

previously had learned while still employed by Horizon that Cottage Hospital’s

impediment to using contract-management services such as those offered by

Horizon and PRP possibly would be removed; however, Ulasewicz did not share

this information with anyone at Horizon. PRP also began pursuing several of

Horizon’s existing clients after the individual defendants left Horizon.

                              E. HORIZON FILES SUIT

      In October 2011, Horizon filed suit against the individual defendants for

breach of fiduciary duty; misappropriation of trade secrets; conversion; accessing

proprietary information in violation of the Harmful Access by Computer Act;

appropriating proprietary information in violation of the Theft Liability Act,

i.e., theft of trade secrets; tortious interference with existing contracts; tortious

interference with prospective business relationships; and conspiracy. Against

Saul, Palus, Ulasewicz, and Bayma, Horizon additionally raised claims for breach

of the restrictive covenants not to compete, fraud, and breach of contract.

Horizon alleged Acadia and PRP were liable for all of these acts and omissions

either because they were directly involved or under the doctrines of ratification

and vicarious liability. Horizon alleged as a separate claim that Acadia and PRP

“aided and abetted and provided substantial assistance” to the individual

defendants “in breaching their fiduciary duties.”       Horizon sought exemplary

                                          8
damages, attorneys’ fees, the imposition of a constructive trust, compensation

forfeiture, and injunctive relief.

                               F. PRETRIAL PROCEDURE

       Horizon filed a traditional motion for partial summary judgment, mainly

seeking a determination that the employment agreements were valid and

enforceable under Texas law; that Saul, Palus, Ulasewicz, and Bayma had

breached the restrictive covenants; and that Saul and Ulasewicz had breached

the nonsolicitation provisions. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c). Acadia, PRP, and

the individual defendants (collectively, the Acadia defendants) also moved for

summary judgment, under both traditional and no-evidence standards, based on

the absence of any genuine issues of material fact on each claim raised by

Horizon and because the employment agreements were unenforceable as a

matter of law. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c), (i).

       The trial court granted Horizon a partial summary judgment and concluded

that “the noncompetition agreements entered into by Horizon with . . . Saul,

Palus, Ulasewicz, and Bayma were valid and enforceable covenants not to

compete under Texas law at the time of their respective terminations of Horizon

employment, without modification.” See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 15.51(c)

(West 2011) (directing trial court to modify unreasonable limitations in otherwise

enforceable covenant). The trial court denied the Acadia defendants’ motion for

summary judgment.

                                         9
      Horizon also sought the imposition of sanctions against the Acadia

defendants for failure to comply with the trial court’s discovery order. See Tex.

R. Civ. P. 215.2(b). The trial court granted the motion but ordered only Saul to

pay Horizon $41,740.80 for his “failure to timely produce all relevant documents

and tangible things, and . . . refusal to cooperate with his discovery obligations.”

See Tex. R. Civ. P. 215.2(b)(2), 215.3. The trial court specifically saved for trial

the issue of whether a spoliation instruction should be given to the jury.

                                G. TRIAL PROCEDURE

      After a lengthy trial, the Acadia defendants orally moved for an instructed

verdict on all of Horizon’s claims and on Horizon’s request for attorneys’ fees

because Horizon’s evidence regarding attorneys’ fees did not “apportion[] the

fees between the causes of action on which attorney’s fees are recoverable” or

delineate what factors were considered to establish reasonableness. See Tex.

R. Civ. P. 268. The trial court denied the motion. At the charge conference, the

trial court determined that a spoliation instruction allowing the jury to draw an

adverse inference against Saul based on his discovery abuse would be included

in the charge.

      On December 21, 2012, the jury rendered the following unanimous

verdicts on Horizon’s claims:

      ●    Breach of covenants not to compete: Saul, Palus, Ulasewicz, and
      Bayma “continuously and persistently” breached the terms of their
      covenants not to compete.

                                         10
      ●      Breach of nonsolicitaiton covenants: Saul and Ulasewicz breached
      the terms of their covenants not to solicit.

      ●     Breach of fiduciary duties: The individual defendants, while acting
      within the scope of their employment with Acadia and PRP, failed to
      comply with their fiduciary duties to Horizon. Acadia and PRP ratified this
      conduct and will earn future profits as a result. 5

      ●      Intentional interference with noncompetition covenants:       The
      individual defendants, while acting in the scope of their employment with
      Acadia and PRP, intentionally interfered with the noncompetition
      covenants. Acadia and PRP ratified this conduct.

      ●     Misappropiration of trade secrets: The individual defendants, while
      acting in the scope of their employment with Acadia and PRP,
      misappropriated Horizon’s trade secrets. Acadia and PRP ratified this
      conduct and will earn future profits as a result.

      ●      Conversion: The individual defendants, while acting in the scope of
      their employment with Acadia and PRP, converted Horizon’s proprietary
      information. Acadia and PRP ratified this conduct and will earn future
      profits as a result.

      ●      Theft of trade secrets or property: The individual defendants
      intentionally committed theft of Horizon’s property and trade secrets, which
      were worth at least $20,000. Acadia and PRP ratified this conduct and will
      earn future profits as a result.

      ●       Harmful computer access: The individual defendants, while acting in
      the scope of their employment with Acadia and PRP, knowingly accessed
      Horizon’s computers, computer network, or computer system without
      Horizon’s consent and with the intent to harm Horizon. Acadia and PRP
      ratified this conduct.

      ●     Fraud: Saul, Palus, Ulasewicz, and Bayma committed fraud and
      fraud by nondisclosure by submitting expense reports for trips taken in
      June 2011. Acadia and PRP did not benefit from this fraud or ratify it.

      5
        The jury found, however, that Acadia did not ratify any breach of fiduciary
duty by Saul, Palus, Ulasewicz, or Bayma when they sought reimbursement for
their June 2011 travel expenses.

                                        11
      ●     Conspiracy: The Acadia defendants participated in a conspiracy
      that damaged Horizon.

      ●     Aiding and abetting: Acadia and PRP intentionally aided and
      abetted the individual defendants in breaching some of their fiduciary
      duties, intentionally interfering with the noncompetition covenants,
      misappropriating trade secrets, and converting Horizon’s proprietary
      information. Only PRP aided and abetted the theft of Horizon’s property or
      trade secrets and the harmful computer access.

      ●      Malice: The damage sustained by Horizon as a result of the
      individual defendants’ breach of fiduciary duties, intentional interference
      with the noncompetition covenants, misappropriation of trade secrets,
      conversion of Horizon’s proprietary information, and theft was attributable
      to the malice of the individual defendants, Acadia, and PRP. The
      individual defendants, without Horizon’s consent, intentionally solicited,
      accepted, or agreed to accept any benefit from another person on the
      agreement that the benefit would influence his or her conduct in relation to
      Horizon’s affairs.

The jury awarded Horizon $898,000 in future lost profits from the Westlake

contract based on Saul’s, Palus’s, Ulasewicz’s, and Bayma’s failures to comply

with their covenants not to compete and $3,300,000 in future lost profits based

on Saul’s and Ulasewicz’s failures to comply with their covenants not to solicit.

The jury found that Horizon suffered no past lost profits based on these failures

to comply. Regarding Horizon’s claims for breach of fiduciary duty, intentional

interference with the employment agreements, misappropriation of Horizon’s

trade secrets, conversion of proprietary information, intentional theft of trade

secrets, knowing access of Horizon’s computer system, and fraud, the jury

awarded Horizon $6,003,049.24:

                                       12
      ●     $898,000 in future lost profits from the Westlake contract and
      $3.3 million in future lost profits from Piechocki’s sales production. 6

      ●     $50,000 as the fair market value of the property or trade secrets,
      which were the subject of Horizon’s claim for theft of property or trade
      secrets. 7

      ●   $5,049.24 in expenses charged to Horizon by Ulasewicz, Palus, and
      Bayma that were not associated with Horizon’s business. 8

      ●      $1.75 million in exemplary damages.

The jury also awarded Horizon $900,000 in attorneys’ fees for representation

costs incurred through the conclusion of trial. The jury declined to award any

appellate attorneys’ fees.

                             H. POST-TRIAL PROCEDURE

      Saul, Palus, Ulasewicz, and Bayma filed a motion to reconsider the partial

summary judgment granted in favor of Horizon, and Saul sought reconsideration

of the pretrial sanctions order. Acadia and PRP filed a motion to disregard the

jury’s findings and an alternative motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict

based on legally insufficient supporting evidence. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 301. The

individual defendants also filed a motion to disregard the jury’s findings. See id.

      6
         As they did regarding the individual defendants’ failure to comply with the
restrictive covenants, the jury found that Horizon suffered no past lost profits from
the Westlake contract or Piechocki’s sales production.
      7
       The jury found that the trade secrets that were the subject of Horizon’s
claim for misappropriation of trade secrets had no value.
      8
      The jury found that Saul charged no expenses to Horizon that were
unassociated with Horizon business.

                                         13
The individual defendants adopted the “reasons . . . set forth” in Acadia and

PRP’s motion to disregard and alternative motion for judgment notwithstanding

the verdict. Similarly, Acadia and PRP adopted the individual defendants’ motion

to disregard the jury’s findings and the brief in support. 9     Horizon filed an

“omnibus” response to the Acadia defendants’ post-trial motions.

      Horizon filed a motion for entry of judgment on the verdict and a motion for

judgment notwithstanding the verdict regarding the jury’s finding on appellate

attorneys’ fees.   See Tex. R. Civ. P. 301, 305.       The individual defendants

responded to Horizon’s motion for entry of judgment, and Acadia and PRP

incorporated the individual defendants’ arguments in their response to Horizon’s

motion. Horizon filed an “omnibus” reply in support of its motion.

      The trial court granted in part and denied in part Horizon’s motion,

awarding Horizon most of the damages awarded by the jury. The trial court

denied the Acadia defendants’ motion to disregard the jury’s findings, their

motion to reconsider the partial summary judgment granted in favor of Horizon,

and Saul’s motion to reconsider the sanctions.       The trial court entered final

judgment on July 1, 2013. 10 The final judgment awarded Horizon the full amount

      9
      Because of this adoption language, we will refer collectively to the two
motions to disregard as the Acadia defendants’ motion to disregard.
      10
          The trial judge who denied the post-trial motions and entered final
judgment was not the trial judge who presided over the trial. The trial judge who
presided over the trial retired at the end of 2012 shortly after the conclusion of
the trial at issue.

                                        14
of damages as found by the jury and entered $41,740 in sanctions against Saul

based on the pretrial discovery-abuse ruling. The trial court, however, reduced

Horizon’s trial attorneys’ fees from $900,000 to $769,432, disregarded the jury’s

zero award of appellate attorneys’ fees, and awarded Horizon $97,500 for

appellate attorneys’ fees.

                         I. POST-JUDGMENT PROCEEDINGS

      Horizon requested findings of fact and conclusions of law regarding,

among other issues, the attorneys’ fees awards in the judgment. See Tex. R.

Civ. P. 296. The Acadia defendants filed a motion to modify, correct, or reform

the judgment to “resolve [an] inconsistency in the final judgment . . . [and] award

actual past and future damages of $4,203,049.24.” See Tex. R. Civ. P. 316,

329b. They also filed a motion for new trial, arguing that the jury’s findings were

supported by factually insufficient evidence. 11 See Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b.

      On August 8, 2013, the trial court entered findings of fact and conclusions

of law, clarifying that Horizon’s submitted evidence on attorneys’ fees

“segregated 25% of its total fees . . . and identified this 25% as fees that were not

incurred in connection with a claim for which fees may be awarded.” Therefore,

the trial court “discounted” the requested attorneys’ fees “by 25%.” The motion

for new trial and the motion to modify, correct, or reform the judgment were

      11
        The vast majority of their argument focused on the factual insufficiency of
the evidence to support the jury’s lost-profit findings.

                                         15
overruled by operation of law. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(c). All parties filed

notices of appeal from the trial court’s judgment. See Tex. R. App. P. 25.1(c).

      The Acadia defendants raise seven issues in their appeal challenging

(1) the trial court’s partial summary judgment and (2) the jury’s findings and

damages awards, mainly on the basis of insufficient evidentiary support. Horizon

raises three issues in its appeal and argues that the trial court erred by reducing

its attorneys’ fees awards by 25% based on the admitted evidence establishing

the full amount requested as a matter of law.

                                 II. DISCUSSION

         A. INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT LOST-PROFITS FINDINGS

      In their third issue, the Acadia defendants argue that the evidence is

legally insufficient to support the jury’s award of $4,198,000 for future lost-profits

damages. The majority of the Acadia defendants’ post-trial, post-judgment, and

appellate arguments focused on this issue, but their appellate brief contains an

accurate summary statement of their contention regarding lost-profits damages:

“Texas law does not authorize a business to recover awards of significant

damages for alleged future lost profits, when that business has lost no contracts

or customers, and its only evidence of damages consists of statistics generated

by an expert witness.” For the following reasons, we sustain issue three.

                                  1. Preservation

      The Acadia defendants assert that the opinion by Horizon’s expert, Jeff D.

Balcombe, relating to lost profits was unreliable, speculative, and conclusory;

                                         16
thus, it was no evidence of lost profits suffered by Horizon. 12       The Acadia

defendants are attacking Balcombe’s methodology based on the lack of

foundational data and are asserting that the opinion, therefore, was unreliable

and inadmissible based on analytical gaps in the evaluation leading to his

opinion. 13 See Tex. R. Evid. 702, 705(c).

      A party complaining about the reliability of expert testimony must object to

the evidence before trial or when the evidence is offered to preserve a complaint

on appeal that the evidence is unreliable. 14 Maritime Overseas Corp. v. Ellis,

971 S.W.2d 402, 409 (Tex.), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 1017 (1998); Faust v. BNSF

Ry. Co., 337 S.W.3d 325, 332–33 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011, pet. denied). If

      12
         Because the jury found that Horizon suffered no damages for past lost
profits, our references in the remainder of this opinion to “lost profits” or “lost-
profit damages” refer only to future lost profits.
      13
        Horizon asserts that the Acadia defendants do not attack Balcombe’s
methodology but only attack the reliability of his opinion. A lack of reliability is
necessarily an attack on an expert’s methodology based on some sort of
analytical gap. See Houston Unlimited, Inc. Metal Processing v. Mel Acres
Ranch, 443 S.W.3d 820, 835–38 (Tex. 2014); TXI Transp. Co. v. Hughes,
306 S.W.3d 230, 235 (Tex. 2010). Thus, these arguments, at least in this case,
are two sides of the same coin—an opinion is unreliable and, thus, without
evidentiary value if there is a flaw in the expert’s methodology. See, e.g., Merrell
Dow Pharm., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 714 (Tex. 1997) (“[A]n expert’s
testimony is unreliable even when the underlying data are sound if the expert
draws conclusions from that data based on flawed methodology.”), cert. denied,
523 U.S. 1119 (1998).
      14
        No objection is required to argue on appeal that, on the face of the
record, the testimony is conclusory and speculative and therefore lacks probative
value. Coastal Transp. Co. v. Crown Cent. Petroleum Corp., 136 S.W.3d 227,
232–33 (Tex. 2004); see Tex. R. Evid. 401.

                                        17
the trial court overrules an objection to expert testimony, the opposing party then

may complain on appeal that the evidence was legally insufficient to support the

jury’s finding because the expert evidence was unreliable and, thus, constituted

no evidence. Faust, 337 S.W.3d at 332–33. The Acadia defendants objected to

Balcombe’s testimony on the ground that his opinion was based on insufficient

facts and later specified that Balcombe’s opinion was impermissibly based on the

unsupported assumption that Westlake was a Horizon lead.           The trial court

overruled the Acadia defendants’ objections and allowed Balcombe to testify

regarding Horizon’s future lost profits.     Additionally, the Acadia defendants

argued in their motion to disregard the jury’s findings that the evidence of lost

profits was legally insufficient because Balcombe’s opinion suffered from “fatal

infirmities: no alternate causes were considered or ruled out by the damages

expert, an analytical gap exists between the alleged wrongful conduct and the

damages claimed, and the expert failed to prove that the profits were net profits

after all business expenses were considered.” The Acadia defendants preserved

their argument that Balcombe’s testimony was unreliable based on an analytical

gap in his methodology and, therefore, was no evidence of lost-profit damages.

See, e.g., City of Dallas v. Redbird Dev. Corp., 143 S.W.3d 375, 385 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.) (recognizing distinction in preservation requirements

between attacks to expert’s methodology and legal-sufficiency complaint).

                                        18
                             2. Standard of Review

      In a legal-sufficiency review, we determine whether more than a scintilla of

evidence supports the jury’s finding by considering evidence favorable to the

finding if a reasonable fact-finder could and disregarding evidence contrary to the

finding unless a reasonable fact-finder could not. Cent. Ready Mix Concrete Co.

v. Islas, 228 S.W.3d 649, 651 (Tex. 2007); Cont’l Coffee Prods. Co. v. Cazarez,

937 S.W.2d 444, 450 (Tex. 1996).

      Lost profits must be proven with reasonable certainty, and whether lost-

profits evidence is reasonably certain is a fact-intensive inquiry.       Phillips v.

Carlton Energy Grp., LLC, 58 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 803, 2015 WL 2148951, at *9

(May 8, 2015); Holt Atherton Indus., Inc. v. Heine, 835 S.W.2d 80, 84 (Tex.

1992); Fraud-Tech, Inc. v. Choicepoint, Inc., 102 S.W.3d 366, 381 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 2003, pet. denied). We are to focus on the experience of the persons

involved in the enterprise, the nature of the business activity, the relevant market,

the nature of the client base, the sales force, the marketing plan, and the

company’s track record of sales. Carter v. Steverson & Co., 106 S.W.3d 161,

166 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. denied); Fraud-Tech, 102 S.W.3d

at 381. The amount of loss need not be subject to exact calculation but need

only be shown by competent evidence based on objective facts, figures, or data

from which the amount may be ascertained with reasonable certainty. Hunter

Bldgs. & Mfg., L.P. v. MBI Global, L.L.C., 436 S.W.3d 9, 17–18 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. filed).    At a minimum, however, “opinions or

                                         19
estimates of lost profits must be based on objective facts, figures, or data from

which the amount of lost profits can be ascertained.” Heine, 835 S.W.2d at 84.

A bare assertion that contracts were lost does not show lost profits with

reasonable certainty. Id. at 85. “The law is wisely skeptical of claims of lost

profits from untested ventures or in unpredictable circumstances, which in reality

are little more than wishful thinking.” Phillips, 2015 WL 2148951, at *10.

      As the Texas Supreme Court has instructed, we need not distinguish

between Horizon’s different theories of recovery because its lost-profits damages

were recoverable under several of the theories. ERI Consulting Eng’rs, Inc. v.

Swinnea, 318 S.W.3d 867, 876 n.3 (Tex. 2010). Indeed, the Acadia defendants

do not so parse their argument. 15

                                  3. Application

      As previously stated, the jury based its lost-profit awards on two measures

of recovery:    (1) lost profits from the Westlake contract that Horizon, in

reasonable probability, would sustain in the future and (2) lost profits from

Piechocki’s production that Horizon, in reasonable probability, would sustain in

the future. For the first measure, the jury uniformly awarded $898,000 and for

the second measure, the jury awarded $3,300,000. The first measure was tied to

      15
          In their reply, the Acadia defendants argue that the evidence was
insufficient to support the award of future lost profits “with respect to each of the
tort liability findings.” But the Acadia defendants then state that they will “stand
on their arguments in their opening brief concerning these redundant tort
theories.” The Acadia defendants did not include a claim-by-claim analysis of the
sufficiency of the evidence to show future lost profits in their opening brief.

                                         20
Saul’s, Bayma’s, Ulasewicz’s, and Palus’s failure to comply with the

noncompetition covenants, breaches of fiduciary duties, intentional interference

with the employment agreements, misappropriation of trade secrets, conversion

of proprietary information, theft of trade secrets, knowing access of Horizon’s

computer system, and fraud.     The second measure was tied to these same

claims (with the exception of breach of the covenants not to compete) and Saul’s

and Ulasewicz’s breaches of their covenants not to solicit. Balcombe testified as

to both measures of lost-profit damages.

      Balcombe testified as to the “lost production” damages Horizon suffered as

a result of the individual defendants’ wrongful actions. In doing so, he attempted

to determine what would have happened but for the wrongful actions—as

opposed to what actually happened 16—by considering (1) how long Piechocki

would have remained an employee of Horizon but for the alleged wrongful

conduct, (2) how many contracts Piechocki would have sold “but for being an

employee of Horizon,” and (3) what the average profit for each of those contracts

would have been had he remained with Horizon.

      To determine the first consideration, Balcombe analyzed the average

amount of time Horizon retained its higher-level employees and “conservatively

elected to assume” that Piechocki would have stayed at Horizon two or four more

years but for the alleged wrongful conduct. The four-year tenure was assumed

      16
        Indeed, Balcombe admitted that his analysis did not account for any
contracts that Horizon actually lost to PRP.

                                       21
because Piechocki presumably would have been promoted after two years and

“senior vice presidents stayed longer.” After reviewing e-mails and “deposition

testimony,” Balcombe concluded that Piechocki “sold more contracts, closed

more deals”—50% more than other Horizon salespeople.             Thus, Balcombe

opined regarding the second consideration that Piechocki would have sold six

contracts in each year he stayed, up to four years, but for the wrongful conduct

because other Horizon salespeople sold four contracts per year. He affirmed

that he included reductions for “normal business losses that would have

occurred.” Balcombe’s third consideration involved a compilation of “data over

the period from 2001 through 2011 or ’12 regarding the profit per contract . . . to

see if there were trends and how to use the data that [was] reliable in [his]

calculation.”   He concluded that $247,000 per year for each contract was “a

conservative and reliable figure for a mature contract price.” In arriving at this

number, Balcombe considered the Westlake contract with PRP and its profit

margin of $247,000. These three considerations allowed Balcombe to estimate

the amount of Horizon’s lost profits at years five ($2,237,000), ten ($3,249,000),

and fifteen ($3,378,000) following Piechocki’s resignation, assuming an 80% rate

of contract retention by Horizon.    Balcombe testified that Horizon’s contracts

were retained for seven years on average.

      Balcombe also testified as to the lost profits attributable to the Westlake

contract. He reviewed PRP’s contract with Westlake “along with other financial

documents about that contract.” He concluded that the “lost profit or cumulative

                                        22
economic damages” arising from the Westlake contract was $668,220 after five

years, $871,500 after ten years, and $898,200 after fifteen years. Balcombe

knew that Westlake was not a customer of Horizon but believed Westlake was a

lead of Horizon’s after the individual defendants left Horizon. In fact, he admitted

that his assumption that Westlake was a Horizon lead “might be guessing.”

      Balcombe’s calculations, estimates, “statistical analysis,” and “work

papers” supporting his conclusions were not admitted into evidence and were

merely demonstrative aids.     Because this information was not admitted into

evidence, some of Balcombe’s explanations for his conclusions are difficult to

decipher on appeal. For example, Balcombe explained how he calculated the

per-year profit of a representative contract by referring to the demonstrative aid

he prepared:

      The top part of this calculation represents the but-for incremental
      profit calculations, the middle part calculated the actual incremental
      profit calculations, and then down here is where I’m taking the
      difference between the two what has happened, what would happen
      versus what could have happened, and calculating the difference is
      down in this area.

      An expert’s opinion is not reliable if “there is simply too great an analytical

gap between the data and the opinion proffered.”         Gammill v. Jack Williams

Chevrolet, Inc., 972 S.W.2d 713, 726 (Tex. 1998). Further, an expert’s opinion is

not reliable if the foundational data is unreliable or if the expert draws

conclusions from sound data based on flawed methodology.                    Havner,
953 S.W.2d at 714. “In sum, case law shows expert testimony on lost profits

                                        23
damages cannot be reliable, and therefore is not admissible, if the expert bases

his opinion and calculations on nothing more than assumptions, hearsay,

speculation, and his credentials.” Jeff Patterson & Giovanna Tarantino, Is the

Bar Really Lower for Nonscientific Expert Testimony?, 33 The Advoc. (Tex.) 65,

67 (2005).     See generally Robert M. Lloyd, The Reasonable Certainty

Requirement in Lost Profits Litigation: What it Really Means, 12 Transactions:

Tenn. J. Bus. L. 11, 17–28 (2010) (collecting cases and discussing factors courts

consider in determining reasonable certainty, including the court’s confidence

that the estimate is accurate).

      We conclude that Balcombe’s opinion was too speculative based on an

analytical gap between the data and his opinion; thus, it was no evidence of lost

profits suffered by Horizon. The calculations and estimates Balcombe relied on

in reaching his lost-profits conclusion were based on nothing more than

speculation that (1) Piechocki, an at-will employee, would have stayed employed

by Horizon, been offered a senior vice-president position, and accepted the

position; 17 (2) Horizon would have won the Westlake contract; 18 and

      17
        DeVaney testified that he would only have               given Piechocki an
“opportunity” to interview for Ulasewicz’s position on         either an interim or
permanent basis. Piechocki testified that DeVaney stated       he was going to “take
his time” in filling Ulasewicz’s position and would “oversee   the sales department”
himself in the interim.
      18
        Indeed, Piechocki testified that as part of PRP’s contract negotiations
with Westlake, PRP paid Westlake $150,000 “toward the construction costs of
the build out, just to update the facility, the unit, to current standards.” Horizon
had never included such a term in its contracts.

                                        24
(3) hypothetical contracts signed by Piechocki during his hypothetical tenure with

Horizon would have been profitable until 2026 19—fifteen years after Piechocki’s

2011 resignation from Horizon even though the average contract-retention period

was seven years.       Horizon produced no evidence to support a fifteen-year

retention period. 20    Balcombe’s testimony confirms the supreme court’s

shorthand method of determining the evidentiary value of an expert’s opinion on

lost profits: “Merely laying out the [expert’s] calculation [of lost profits], with its

sweeping assumptions, demonstrates how completely conjectural it is.” Phillips,

2015 WL 2148951, at *11.             Balcombe’s testimony, which consisted of

unsupported factual assumptions and analyses that were not admitted into

evidence, was not competent to show with reasonable certainty that Horizon

suffered lost profits as a direct result of the individual defendants’ actions.

See, e.g., McBeth v. Carpenter, 565 F.3d 171, 176–77 (5th Cir. 2009) (holding

evidence that “later transaction” was profitable no evidence of lost profits

      19
      Piechocki testified that Westlake was not current on its management
payments to PRP at the time of trial.
      20
         We decline Horizon’s invitation on rehearing to determine the amount of
lost-profit damages that are supported by the record and modify the trial court’s
lost-profit award accordingly. Balcombe’s testimony did not establish any
amount of lost-profit damages with reasonable certainty; thus, we are unable to
award Horizon a lesser amount of lost-profit damages based on Balcombe’s
speculative testimony. Cf. ERI Consulting, 318 S.W.3d at 876–78 (reducing
jury’s lost-profit award based on legally sufficient and largely undisputed
evidence of lost profits and recognizing “uncertainty as to the fact of legal
damages is fatal to recovery, but uncertainty as to the amount will not defeat
recovery”).

                                          25
because later transaction was “markedly different” from transaction plaintiffs

alleged was lost due to defendants’ actions); Blase Indus. Corp. v. Anorad Corp.,

442 F.3d 235, 239 (5th Cir.) (holding employer could not recover damages for

lost profits based on at-will employee’s “speculative future earnings” because

employee “could have left . . . at any point during the year in question”), cert.

denied, 549 U.S. 817 (2006); Burroughs Wellcome Co. v. Crye, 907 S.W.2d 497,

499 (Tex. 1995) (holding when assumed factual bases underlying expert’s

opinion are materially different from actual facts and not supported by record

evidence, expert opinion has no probative value); Szczepanik v. First S. Trust

Co., 883 S.W.2d 648, 649–50 (Tex. 1994) (holding evidence that company

“expected to make a profit” legally insufficient because expectation based on

“pure speculation” and record did not support conclusion that amount of lost

profits resulted from defendant’s actions); AZZ Inc. v. Morgan, No. 02-14-00097-

CV, 2015 WL 1623775, at *8 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Apr. 9, 2015, no pet.)

(“Although the methodology utilized by [AZZ’s expert]—after making the above

assumptions—to calculate AZZ’s future lost profits for three years or five years

into the future may be valid, the underlying assumptions themselves, that is, the

facts [the expert’s] future lost-profits calculations are premised on, are merely

speculative.”); Ramco Oil & Gas Ltd. v. Anglo-Dutch (Tenge) L.L.C., 207 S.W.3d
801, 824–25 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. denied) (op. on reh’g)

(concluding evidence of lost profits legally insufficient because “Plaintiffs’ proof of

lost profits is largely speculative, dependent on uncertain and changing market

                                          26
conditions, and based on risky business opportunities and the success of an

unproven enterprise”); Atlas Copco Tools, Inc. v. Air Power Tool & Hoist, Inc.,

131 S.W.3d 203, 209 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied) (holding

manufacturer’s evidence of lost profits insufficient because manufacturer

included customers not part of distributor’s customer base and because numbers

for six-year period were based on “one record year”); SBC Operations, Inc. v.

Business Equation, Inc., 75 S.W.3d 462, 468–69 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001,

pet. denied) (concluding evidence of lost profits insufficient because based on

“assumptions” of increased business that “had no basis in fact”); Aquila Sw.

Pipeline, Inc. v. Harmony Exploration, Inc., 48 S.W.3d 225, 245–46 (Tex. App.—

San Antonio 2001, pet. denied) (although expert used standard methodology to

determine lost profits, evidence of lost profits insufficient because underlying

facts were “merely speculative”); accord Saks Fifth Ave., Inc. v. James, Ltd.,

630 S.E.2d 304, 307–08, 311–12 (Va. 2006) (holding similar expert evidence of

future lost profits attributable to departure of at-will employee insufficient because

calculation “focused solely on a ‘but-for’ model of what [employer’s] profits would

have been had [employee] remained employed there”). Balcombe’s testimony

was the only evidence of Horizon’s damages for lost profits; thus, the evidence

was legally insufficient to support these damage findings.

      Because we have concluded the evidence was legally insufficient to

support the jury’s lost-profits findings under any liability theory, we need not

address the Acadia defendants’ issues attacking the sufficiency of the evidence

                                         27
supporting those liability findings or the manner in which those liability theories

were submitted in the jury charge. 21 It is also not necessary for us to address the

Acadia defendants’ assertion that the trial court erred to conclude as a matter of

law that the restrictive covenants were enforceable without modification. Thus,

we do not address issue one, issue two, or portions of issue four raised by the

Acadia defendants.

                    B. DENIAL OF MOTION TO DISREGARD JURY’S
                      FINDINGS AND MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL 22

           1. Insufficient Evidence to Support Jury’s Liability Findings

      In part of issue four, the Acadia defendants assert that the evidence was

legally insufficient to support the jury’s findings that (1) the individual defendants

breached their fiduciary duties; (2) the individual defendants misappropriated

Horizon’s trade secrets; (3) the individual defendants converted Horizon’s

      21
        We recognize that typically a finding that the evidence was insufficient to
support an award of actual damages results in an automatic reversal of the
awards of exemplary damages and attorneys’ fees based on those
unrecoverable actual damages. See Mustang Pipeline Co. v. Driver Pipeline
Co., 134 S.W.3d 195, 201 (Tex. 2004); Twin City Fire Ins. Co. v. Davis,
904 S.W.2d 663, 665 (Tex. 1995). We address exemplary damages and
attorneys’ fees later in this opinion because there were liability findings upon
which Horizon recovered actual damages other than lost-profits damages.
      22
         Although the Acadia defendants do not specifically attack the trial court’s
denial of their motion to disregard the jury’s findings and motion for new trial,
their legal-sufficiency issues were preserved through these procedural devices;
thus, their appellate issue necessarily attacks the trial court’s denials as well.
See T.O. Stanley Boot Co. v. Bank of El Paso, 847 S.W.2d 218, 220–21 (Tex.
1992); cf. Galaznik v. Galaznik, 685 S.W.2d 379, 384 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
1984, no writ) (“When the overruling of a motion for judgment notwithstanding the
verdict is attacked, the appellate court reviews this as a ‘no evidence’ point.”).

                                         28
proprietary information; (4) the individual defendants knowingly accessed

Horizon’s computer system without Horizon’s consent and with the intent to harm

Horizon; (5) Saul, Palus, Bayma, and Ulasewicz committed fraud and fraud by

nondisclosure; (6) the individual defendants intentionally solicited, accepted, or

agreed to accept a benefit from another knowing that the benefit would influence

his or her conduct in relation to Horizon’s business affairs; and (7) the Acadia

defendants were liable for civil conspiracy. 23 Because we have concluded that

the evidence of lost profits was legally insufficient, we will review the sufficiency

of the evidence of Horizon’s theories of liability that would allow for recovery for

the trade-secret and business-expenses damages found by the jury—theft of

trade secrets, fraud, and fraud by nondisclosure—and that are raised by the

Acadia defendants on appeal.

      We may sustain a legal sufficiency challenge only when (1) the record

discloses a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact; (2) the court is barred

by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to

prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a

mere scintilla; or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of a vital

      23
        Many of the Acadia defendants’ sufficiency contentions are summarily
briefed such that the entirety of their appellate contention consists of nothing
more than the statement of what the jury’s finding was with no further argument.
Indeed, the Acadia defendants seem to assert that their sufficiency attacks on
each theory of liability are nothing more than further support for their issue that
the evidence of lost profits was legally insufficient. To the extent we can divine
what their specific appellate assertion is, we will address it. See Tex. R. App. P.
38.9.
                                         29
fact. Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co. v. Martinez, 977 S.W.2d 328, 334 (Tex. 1998),

cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1040 (1999). Anything more than a scintilla of evidence is

legally sufficient to support the finding. Cont’l Coffee, 937 S.W.2d at 450. More

than a scintilla of evidence exists if the evidence, even if circumstantial, furnishes

some reasonable basis for differing conclusions by reasonable minds about the

existence of a vital fact. Rocor Int’l, Inc. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co., 77 S.W.3d
253, 262 (Tex. 2002); Russell v. Russell, 865 S.W.2d 929, 933 (Tex. 1993).

                             a. Theft of trade secrets

      The Acadia defendants attempt to challenge the jury’s findings that the

individual defendants intentionally committed theft of Horizon’s property or trade

secrets. 24 Their argument seems to be that after answering “yes” that the

individual defendants did so steal, misappropriate, and convert Horizon’s

property or trade secrets, the jury found that the value of the misappropriated

trade secrets was zero, the value of the converted proprietary information was

zero, but the fair market value of the stolen property or trade secrets was

$50,000, which is an insupportable conflict. 25 Although given time to review the

      24
        At oral argument, counsel for the Acadia defendants seemed to concede
that they were not attacking the jury’s damages finding regarding the fair market
value of the trade-secret items that the individual defendants stole.
      25
         To the extent the Acadia defendants are arguing anything other than this
conflict, we will not address it as inadequately briefed.         Even a liberal
construction of their one-sentence argument in their appellate brief is insufficient
to determine what their contentions or supporting facts and authorities are.
See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i), 38.9(b).

                                         30
jury verdict for any “inconsistency,” the Acadia defendants raised no objection to

this alleged conflict in the jury’s answers before the jury was discharged.      A

complaint of conflicting jury findings must be raised before the jury is discharged

to preserve any error for our review. Kitchen v. Frusher, 181 S.W.3d 467, 473

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.) (op. on reh’g); see also Tex. R. Civ. P.

295. The Acadia defendants failed to preserve this error, and we overrule this

portion of issue four.

                         b. Fraud and fraud by nondisclosure

      The Acadia defendants next attempt to challenge the jury’s findings that

Saul, Palus, Ulasewicz, and Bayma committed fraud and fraud by nondisclosure

and the jury’s attendant damages findings regarding Palus, Ulasewicz, and

Bayma. The entirety of their argument focuses on the record facts surrounding

these findings:

      [T]he jury found that Saul, Palus, Ulasewicz, and Bayma had
      committed fraud and fraud by non-disclosure in connection with
      expense reports for trips on June 8 and June 29, 2011. ([cite to jury
      charge in the clerk’s record]) These are the trips during which the
      four admit they met to discuss their plans for PRP. The jury
      awarded damages of $2,601.41 against Palus, $1,398.45 against
      Ulasewicz, and $1,049.38 against Bayma. ([cite to jury charge in the
      clerk’s record])

Although we are unsure what the Acadia defendants specifically are attacking, if

they are challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to support each of these

findings, the above-quoted statement is insufficient to appropriately raise such an

evidentiary argument. See, e.g., McCullough v. Scarbrough, Medlin & Assocs.,

                                         31
Inc., 435 S.W.3d 871, 912 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, pet. denied). We overrule

this portion of issue four.

                              C. EXEMPLARY DAMAGES

                          1. Sufficiency of the Evidence

      The Acadia defendants argue as part of their fifth issue that the evidence

was legally insufficient to support the jury’s malice finding against the individual

defendants because there was no evidence that the individual defendants

specifically intended to cause a substantial injury that would support exemplary

damages. 26 The jury was asked in question 21 whether it found “by clear and

convincing evidence that the harm to Horizon from [the individual defendants’

breach of fiduciary duty, intentional interference with the noncompetition

covenants, misappropriation of trade secrets, conversion of proprietary

information, theft of trade secrets or property, and knowing access of Horizon’s

computer system] resulted from malice by Saul, Palus, Ulasewicz, Bayma, or

Piechocki.”   Similarly, the jury was asked in question 22 whether clear and

      26
         In their opening brief, the Acadia defendants contended that there was
no evidence that they specifically intended that Horizon would suffer any injury
different from its economic damages for “lost profits, diminished market value,
and a minor amount of expenses.” In other words, they seemed to raise the
independent-injury rule as a bar to exemplary damages in this case. Indeed,
Horizon addressed the independent-injury rule in its response brief. But in their
reply, the Acadia defendants assert the independent-injury rule has no
application because recovery was not based on breach of contract and contend
that “none of the parties have previously argued the economic loss rule in this
case.” To the extent the Acadia defendants attempted to raise the independent-
injury rule in their opening brief, we will not address it.

                                        32
convincing evidence showed that the harm to Horizon was a result of Saul’s,

Palus’s, Ulasewicz’s, and Bayma’s fraud and fraud by nondisclosure in

submitting expense reports for reimbursement for the June 2011 meetings. 27

The jury answered “yes” for each named individual defendant in question 21 and

question 22. In response to question 23, the jury awarded Horizon $1,750,000 in

exemplary damages against the individual defendants: $500,000 against Saul;

$500,000 against Ulasewicz; $250,000 against Palus; $250,000 against Bayma;

and $250,000 against Piechocki. The jury was not asked specifically to award

exemplary damages against either PRP or Acadia.

      In their reply brief, the Acadia defendants expound on their legal-

insufficiency argument raised in their opening brief:

      [I]nsufficient evidence establishes the defendants engaged in
      “aggravated” conduct of the type that warrants [exemplary]
      damages. The defendants were competitive and eager to break into
      the expanding market for contract-based management services in a
      unique sector of the health care industry. Their enthusiasm for
      accessing this market did not come at Horizon’s expense, as
      Horizon agreed the defendants did not lure any of its existing
      customers away when they formed PRP. Rather, the defendant
      tapped new leads and customers unknown to Horizon. This very
      activity—competing by tapping into new market share and utilizing
      Horizon’s forms—was the basis for Horizon’s underlying tort claims
      for misappropriation of trade secrets, fraud, harmful access by
      computer and civil theft. Horizon did not establish, by clear and
      convincing evidence, “aggravated” conduct independently or
      qualitatively different from Horizon’s tort claims for lost profits,
      diminished market value, and a minor amount of expenses.

      27
        The Acadia defendants do not attack question 22 in their arguments
regarding exemplary damages.

                                        33
The Acadia defendants did not include any record references or citations to legal

authorities to support these factual statements and legal precepts.

      In any event, exemplary damages may be awarded if Horizon produced

clear and convincing evidence that its harm resulted from the individual

defendants’ fraud or malice.       See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.

§ 41.003(a)–(b) (West 2015). Clear and convincing evidence is “the measure or

degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or

conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.”        Id.

§ 41.001(2) (West 2015). As the jury was charged, malice is “a specific intent by

the defendant to cause substantial injury or harm to the claimant.”             Id.

§ 41.002(7) (West 2015). In their opening brief, the Acadia defendants focus

solely on the sufficiency of the evidence to show malice and do not sufficiently

address fraud. 28 We will do likewise and will also determine if the exemplary

damages are reasonable and proportionate to the actual damages recovered,

given that we have concluded the lost-profit award must be vacated. See id.

      28
        Although this basis for exemplary damages alone is sufficient to justify an
exemplary-damage award against Saul, Palus, Ulasewicz, and Bayma, see Tex.
Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 41.003(a); Alahmad v. Abukhdair, No. 02-12-
00084-CV, 2014 WL 2538740, at *13 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth June 5, 2014, pet.
denied) (mem. op. on reh’g), we will address the Acadia defendants’ lack-of-
malice contention in an abundance of caution. Such caution especially is
warranted in this case when the Acadia defendants’ counsel candidly admitted
during oral argument that he did not know which of the Acadia defendants’ issues
were dispositive and which issues need not be addressed based on favorable
determinations of related issues. Further, the fraud found by the jury to justify
exemplary damages did not extend to Piechocki.

                                        34
§ 41.013(a) (West 2015) (requiring intermediate appellate courts to detail

reasons and specific facts in reviewing exemplary-damage awards); Bunton v.

Bentley, 153 S.W.3d 50, 51 (Tex. 2004) (requiring appellate court to address

whether exemplary damages are excessive when compared to actual damages

even if not raised on appeal).

      In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support an actual

malice finding, which must be proven by clear and convincing evidence, we must

consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine

whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction

that the defendant acted with actual malice.         Romero v. KPH Consol., Inc.,

166 S.W.3d 212, 220–21 (Tex. 2005); Sw. Bell Tel. Co. v. Garza, 164 S.W.3d
607, 609, 627 (Tex. 2004). Malice may be shown through direct or circumstantial

evidence. See Soon Phat, L.P. v. Alvarado, 396 S.W.3d 78, 110 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied).

      We conclude that the evidence was legally sufficient to support the jury’s

finding that the individual defendants acted with malice. Each of the individual

defendants were highly-placed employees at Horizon. Part of the business plan

that Saul presented to Acadia regarding the idea of forming an Acadia subsidiary

recognized that Horizon’s customers would have to be targeted. Saul cautioned

Acadia’s president, Turner, that any attempt to “orchestrate a management team

‘lift-out’” while the individual defendants were employed by Horizon carried “risk,”

specifically a “claim [of] tortious interference.”   One e-mail from Ulasewicz to

                                           35
Saul, which was sent while both were employed by Horizon and three days

before Saul made his presentation to Acadia, was particularly damning:

      Here are my thoughts on a 12 – 24 month [strategy] relative to
      positioning. This time frame is critical to us in terms of success.
      Based on our preliminary sales plan as presented, we are in fact
      saying that we are going to take [a] certain number of agreements
      out of Horizon’s hide, both new deals but also terming contracts. . . .
      I would also recommend you begin to group the contracts we know
      are coming up over the next two years and place them in maybe
      three categories from In Play to Unlikely to Switch. . . . We also
      need to know not only the termination dates but much more
      importantly any rollover dates, this is critical.

            . . . The more members of our senior management we bring
      over the greater our ability to shape and hone a message to
      potential clients that is based implicitly and explicitly on our
      knowledge that [their] Horizon exists in name only. . . . I do
      advocate we get either Palus or [Piechocki] and . . . we should bring
      in Bayma. Hurting Horizon early and often is a business [strategy]
      and a good one. . . .

             . . . I cannot think of a bigger body blow relative to impacting
      future new sales for Horizon than to get Piechocki out of there.

            . . . The message to potential clients is Pedigree – we need to
      convey this is not a startup, this is a logical continuation of the
      undeniably established Leadership, Experience and Expertise that
      maintained Horizon in its number one position for the last ten years.

            ....

            . . . [T]ransition timing is very important I believe. We need to
      gut punch them as we leave, to me that means having all of our
      ducks in a row so we can move quickly into the market. Let’s make
      sure we talk around timelines before you commit, I know you are
      anxious to leave but if you wait for the right time, it will be all the
      sweeter. Business first – success is the best r[e]venge – trust me on
      this.

                                        36
      Once Acadia decided to proceed with Saul’s plan, Saul forwarded

Ulasewicz’s, Palus’s, and Bayma’s resumes to Turner. Bayma questioned Saul

extensively about the benefits she would receive as an Acadia executive. Bayma

further recommended “bring[ing] more technology” to Acadia clients than that

provided by Horizon and “integrating clinical policies, systems with the Acadia

hospitals.” Saul told Turner that Acadia should “go hard” after Piechocki, which

would “put a real hurt on the competition.” Ulasewicz and Saul discussed how to

convince Horizon customers to use PRP’s services. Saul requested an external

hard drive for his Horizon computer, which Horizon paid for, and downloaded

“everything that was non-financial on [Horizon’s] server.”    He instructed his

secretary to disable any encryption on the computer and to not re-enable it. Saul

also e-mailed many Horizon confidential documents to himself before resigning.

      Before leaving Horizon, Saul, Ulasewicz, Bayma, and Palus met away

from Horizon offices to discuss their plans for the subsidiary. Palus, Ulasewicz,

and Bayma sought and received reimbursement from Horizon for the costs of this

trip. Saul cautioned the group to keep their “plans discrete [sic]” and described

their planned, orchestrated resignations.   In addition, Saul checked out the

individual defendants’ personnel files in April 2011, shortly before his

presentation to Acadia, and kept them until August 15, 2011, shortly before he

resigned.

      Before resigning to work for PRP, Piechocki e-mailed many Horizon

documents to his personal e-mail address, including Horizon’s lead list.

                                       37
Piechocki and Ulasewicz later used this list to create a lead list for PRP.

Ulasewicz told Saul, Palus, Piechocki, and Bayma that the disclosure of the

newly-formed PRP lead list “or any related strategy” would “be viewed as an act

of treason against the group.”       Piechocki later used Horizon’s confidential

contract form and merely substituted “PRP” everywhere it provided “Horizon.”

While he was still employed by Horizon, Ulasewicz found out that a potential

Horizon client, which previously had been unable to contract with Horizon, had

determined it could use Horizon’s services. Ulasewicz told no one at Horizon

and contacted the company after he joined PRP.

      This legally sufficient evidence supports the jury’s finding of malice by the

individual defendants. See, e.g., Wellogix, Inc. v. Accenture, L.L.P., 716 F.3d
867, 883–84 (5th Cir. 2013); Nova Consulting Grp., Inc. v. Eng’g Consulting

Servs., Ltd., 290 F. App’x 727, 740–41 (5th Cir. 2008); Lundy v. Masson,

260 S.W.3d 482, 496–97 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. denied).

We overrule this portion of issue five.

                        2. Constitutional Excessiveness

      Although not raised by the Acadia defendants on appeal, 29 we must also

address whether the exemplary-damage awards were excessive in light of the

      29
        The Acadia defendants raised the disproportionality or excessiveness of
the exemplary damages in their motion to disregard the jury’s findings and
supporting brief, to which Horizon responded.

                                          38
sustainable   awards     for   actual   damages     and,   thus,   unconstitutional. 30

See Bunton, 153 S.W.3d at 51, 54; see also Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa,

212 S.W.3d 299, 308 (Tex. 2006) (“We review not whether the exemplary

damage award is exorbitant . . ., but whether it is constitutional.”). We have

concluded that $55,049.24 of actual damages are recoverable: $50,000 for the

fair market value of the trade-secret items that the individual defendants

misappropriated and $5,049.24 for the fraudulent reimbursements Palus,

Ulasewicz, and Bayma requested from Horizon for their pre-resignation trip to

meet about their plans for PRP.         The jury awarded a total of $1,750,000 in

exemplary damages against the individual defendants: $500,000 each against

Saul and Ulasewicz and $250,000 each against Palus, Bayma, and Piechocki.

      Although exemplary damages are imposed to punish a defendant, they

may not be grossly disproportionate to the gravity of the defendant’s conduct.

See State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 426, 123 S. Ct.
1513, 1524 (2003). In determining whether the jury’s award is grossly excessive

or disproportionate we consider (1) the degree of reprehensibility of the

      30
         The Acadia defendants also do not assert on appeal, as they did in the
trial court in their motion to disregard the jury’s findings, that the statutory cap on
exemplary damages applies to reduce the jury’s exemplary-damage awards as a
matter of law. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 41.008(b) (West 2015).
But because the jury specifically found that the individual defendants committed
theft of trade secrets as defined in the penal code, the cap would not apply. See
id. § 41.008(c)(13); Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 31.05 (West 2011); cf. O’Hare v.
Graham, 455 F. App’x 377, 383 (5th Cir. 2011) (holding because jury made no
specific findings regarding exceptions to application of statutory damages cap,
cap applied to reduce awarded exemplary damages).

                                          39
defendant’s misconduct, (2) the disparity between the actual or potential harm

suffered by the plaintiff and the exemplary-damages award, and (3) the

difference between the exemplary damages awarded by the jury and the

penalties authorized or imposed in comparable cases. Id. at 418, 123 S. Ct. at

1520.

        The most important of the three considerations is the degree of

reprehensibility of the defendant’s conduct.      Id. at 419, 123 S. Ct. at 1521.

Reprehensibility, in turn, considers whether the harm caused was physical as

opposed to economic, the tortious conduct evinced a reckless disregard of the

health or safety of others, the target of the conduct had financial vulnerability, the

conduct involved repeated actions or was an isolated incident, and the harm was

the result of intentional malice, trickery, deceit, or mere accident. Id. Here, there

was no physical injury to Horizon, Horizon did not allege that the individual

defendants exhibited reckless disregard for others’ health or safety, and Horizon

was not financially vulnerable. However, the individual defendants’ conduct was

repeated and intentional. See Bennett v. Reynolds, 315 S.W.3d 867, 874–75

(Tex. 2010) (considering surrounding circumstances beyond the underlying tort in

determining reprehensibility).   The disparity between the exemplary damages

and the compensatory damages after our reduction of Horizon’s compensatory

damages is a more than thirty-to-one ratio.         Finally, the criminal penalties

authorized for theft of trade secrets are imprisonment for two to ten years and a

                                         40
maximum $10,000 fine.       See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 12.34 (West 2011),

§ 31.05(c).

      Few awards that exceed a single-digit ratio will satisfy due process, and

the Supreme Court has suggested that a four-to-one ratio perhaps is the limit of

what the constitution will allow. Campbell, 538 U.S. at 425, 123 S. Ct. at 1524.

The Texas Supreme Court has concluded that a 4.33-to-1 ratio violated due

process when only one of the reprehensibility factors was present. See Tony

Gullo, 212 S.W.3d at 308–10; see also Bennett, 315 S.W.3d at 878–80

(analyzing Tony Gullo’s disapproval of 4.33-to-1 ratio and concluding absence of

particularly egregious act negated requested upward departure from 4-to-1 ratio).

While the individual defendants’ conduct may be categorized as repeated and

intentional, the degree of its reprehensibility is mitigated by the economic nature

of the harm to Horizon, the lack of any reckless disregard for the health or safety

of others, and Horizon’s financial status. Finally, the maximum criminal fine for

theft of trade secrets is $10,000. We conclude that the jury’s award of exemplary

damages, given the lack of legally sufficient evidence of lost profits, was

excessive and unconstitutional.

      The remedy for excessive punitive damages is to suggest a remittitur, if

possible, or remand for a new trial. Guevara v. Ferrer, 247 S.W.3d 662, 670

(Tex. 2007).    We initially ordered a remittitur amount that reflected the

exemplary-damages total to be in proportion to the awarded actual damages—

the total amount of exemplary damages against the individual defendants added

                                        41
together could not exceed the constitutional ratio to actual damages.          On

rehearing, Horizon argues that the proportion of actual damages to exemplary

damages is measured on a per-defendant basis. The law on this point is far from

clear, but we believe Horizon has the more reasoned argument and conclude

that the exemplary damages against each individual defendant should be

compared to and proportionate to the amount of actual damages awarded by the

jury. See Carlton Energy Grp., LLC v. Phillips, 369 S.W.3d 433, 459–61 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012) (considering exemplary-damage amounts on a

per-defendant basis in concluding that ratio of actual damages to exemplary

damages was not constitutionally excessive), aff’d in part & rev’d in part on other

grounds, 2015 WL 2148951; Huynh v. Phung, No. 01-04-00267-CV, 2007 WL
495023, at *13–14 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 16, 2007, no pet.) (mem.

op.) (comparing each exemplary-damage award against each defendant in

determining ratio to compensatory damages and excessiveness); cf. Rose v.

Doctors Hosp., 801 S.W.2d 841, 846 (Tex. 1990) (op. on reh’g) (calculating

wrongful-death damages governed by statutory cap on a per-defendant basis);

Seminole Pipeline Co. v. Broad Leaf Partners, Inc., 979 S.W.2d 730, 751 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no pet.) (applying exemplary-damage cap in

current section 41.008 on a per-defendant basis); 28 Tex. Jur. 3d Damages

§ 350 (2015) (“Furthermore, the statutory cap [on exemplary damages in section

41.008] is applied on a per-defendant basis, not to the entire award of exemplary

damages.”). But see Planned Parenthood of Columbia/Willamette Inc. v. Am.

                                        42
Coalition of Life Activists, 422 F.3d 949, 963–64 (9th Cir. 2005) (“We shall remit

to a sum for each plaintiff that is nine times that plaintiff’s compensatory

recovery, and we shall allocate that amount of punitive damages among

defendants in the same proportion as the jury did in its verdicts.”), cert. denied,

547 U.S. 1111 (2006); Cass v. Stephens, 156 S.W.3d 38, 77 (Tex. App.—El

Paso 2004, pets. denied) (op. on remand) (“The jury assessed compensatory

damages of $101,300.92 against Frank and $98,780.82 against Frank and

Michael jointly and severally. An appropriate amount of punitives against Frank

individually is $300,000, and against Frank and Michael jointly and severally is

$300,000.”), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 819 (2007); 4 Andrew L. Grey et al., Bus. &

Com. Litig. Fed. Cts. § 45.54 (3d ed. 2014) (“When the defendants are members

of the same corporate family and the compensatory award is joint and several, it

is . . . more appropriate to calculate a single ratio using the full compensatory

award as the denominator, as opposed to using the full amount of compensatory

damages as the denominator for multiple ratios.”). We recognize that some of

the cases we cite in support of this holding addressed other statutory caps on

damages. But a cap is a cap, and a cap is applied to the total recovery on a per-

defendant basis.

      Here, we believe four times the $55,049.24 in actual damages awarded—

$220,196.96—would render the punitive damages against each individual

defendant appropriately proportional to the gravity of their conduct and the actual

damages awarded and, thus, constitutional. Therefore, we suggest a remittitur in

                                        43
an amount that would cause $220,196.96 in exemplary damages to be assessed

against each individual defendant. 31 If Horizon files this remittitur with the trial

court clerk within thirty days of this opinion and notifies this court of such, we will

reform this portion of the trial court’s judgment and, as reformed, affirm the

exemplary-damage award. Otherwise, we will reverse portions of the trial court’s

judgment and remand for a new trial on limited issues. See Tex. R. App. P. 46.3;

Tex. R. Civ. P. 315; see also Bennett v. Reynolds, No. 03-05-00034-CV,

2010 WL 4670270, at *5 (Tex. App.—Austin Nov. 18, 2010) (mem. op. on

remand), supplemental opinion after remittitur, 440 S.W.3d 660, 660–61 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2011, no pet.).

                               3. Jury-Charge Error

                                  a. Question 23

      As part of their fifth issue, the Acadia defendants assert that question 23—

inquiring as to the appropriate amount of exemplary damages to be awarded to

Horizon—was fatally defective and improperly submitted. 32 They contend that

the broad-form question “impermissibly combined numerous legal theories in a

      31
       Accordingly, the exemplary-damage awards against Palus, Bayma, and
Piechocki would be reduced by $29,803.04, and those against Saul and
Ulasewicz would be reduced by $279,803.04. This would result in a total
exemplary-damage award of $1,100,984.80.
      32
        We previously concluded that the evidence was legally sufficient to
support the jury’s findings that the individual defendants acted with malice in
response to question 21. The individual defendants did not attack the sufficiency
of the evidence to support the jury’s findings regarding fraud in question 22.

                                          44
way that makes it impossible for this Court to determine the basis for the jury’s

answers.”

      Horizon argues that the Acadia defendants waived this argument because

they did not object to question 23 at trial on the basis that the question failed to

segregate between theories of liability. At trial, the Acadia defendants objected

to question 23 because “there [was] not a separate question for each Defendant.

It is a Casteel problem.” Now on appeal, the Acadia defendants argue that each

legal theory should have been submitted in a separate question. By referencing

“Casteel,” the Acadia defendants were necessarily raising the issue that the

question erroneously comingled valid and invalid liability theories. See Crown

Life Ins. Co. v. Casteel, 22 S.W.3d 378, 388–89 (Tex. 2000) (op. on reh’g). We

disagree with Horizon and conclude that the Acadia defendants sufficiently raised

this argument in the trial court. See, e.g., Tex. Comm’n on Human Rights v.

Morrison, 381 S.W.3d 533, 536 (Tex. 2012); Kelley & Witherspoon, LLP v.

Hooper, 401 S.W.3d 841, 854 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.).

      The jury was asked in question 23 “[w]hat sum of money, if any, if paid

now in cash, should be assessed against Saul, Palus, Ulasewicz, Bayma, and

Piechocki and awarded to Horizon as exemplary damages, if any, for the conduct

found in Question No. 21 [malice by the individual defendants] or Question

No. 22 [Saul’s, Palus’s, Ulasewicz’s, and Bayma’s fraud].” Broad-form questions

are the preferred method of submitting issues to the jury. See Tex. R. Civ. P.

277. But a broad-form question cannot be used to “put before the jury issues

                                        45
that have no basis in the law or the evidence.” Romero, 166 S.W.3d at 215.

Here, there was evidence to support the submission of both fraud and malice as

a basis for exemplary damages—neither was an invalid theory of recovery. Cf.

Morrison, 381 S.W.3d at 537 (holding broad-form liability question harmful

because included whether employer took adverse employment action against

employee because employee’s claim she was denied promotion was an invalid

theory given that she had not included claim in her EEOC complaint). Because

there is a presumption in favor of broad-form submissions and because question

23 did not put an invalid theory before the jury, we conclude that the trial court

did not abuse its discretion in submitting both malice and fraud as theories of

liability supporting exemplary damages. See Cimarron Country Prop. Owners

Ass’n v. Keen, 117 S.W.3d 509, 511 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2003, no pet.).

                                 b. Question 24

      The Acadia defendants also attack the question that asked whether

Horizon’s harm was attributable to any malice by Acadia or PRP—question 24—

because it did not allow this court to specify “what conduct the jury determined

was the basis for a finding of malice” and because the question did “not allow the

Court to determine that the same twelve jurors found the malice resulted from the

conduct or ratification of the same individual defendants.” At trial, the Acadia

defendants objected to question 24 because it (1) improperly allowed a

ratification or approval finding through a vice-principal with no evidence that any

individual defendant was a corporate officer and (2) failed to “differentiate

                                        46
between the dates of occurrence for the various causes of action.” The Acadia

defendants’ appellate arguments are substantively different from the objections

raised to the trial court, and they failed to submit a substantially correct question

resolving their appellate arguments. Thus, the Acadia defendants’ arguments

directed to question 24 were not preserved for our review. 33 See Tex. R. Civ. P.

272, 274, 278.

      We overrule these portions of issue five.

                          3. Joint and Several Liability

      The Acadia defendants argue that the trial court’s judgment awarding

exemplary damages against Acadia and PRP jointly and severally was in error. 34

In awarding exemplary damages, the trial court provided that each award was

“jointly and severally from” each individual defendant, Acadia, and PRP. The

      33
       Because any defective submission of question 24 has not been
preserved, we need not address the Acadia defendants’ arguments regarding
“course and scope and ratification,” which are contingent on the defective
submission of question 24.
      34
        Horizon argues that the Acadia defendants failed to raise this issue in
their opening brief, thereby waiving it. However, the Acadia defendants argued
that the trial court’s erroneous submission of the exemplary-damages questions
“was compounded because it also awarded exemplary damages against Acadia
and PRP under a vicarious liability theory, which is never proper under Texas
law.” They further stated that “question 24 does not support a judgment against
Acadia and PRP for exemplary damages.” We conclude these arguments fairly
raised the issue for our review and reject Horizon’s contention that the Acadia
defendants’ failure to specifically cite section 41.006 renders their appellate
argument waived as inadequately briefed. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(f); see, e.g.,
Perry v. Cohen, 272 S.W.3d 585, 587–88 (Tex. 2008); Crawford v. XTO Energy,
Inc., 455 S.W.3d 245, 247–48 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2015, pet. filed).

                                         47
individual defendants specifically argued to the trial court in their response to

Horizon’s motion for entry of judgment that “Acadia and PRP cannot be jointly

and severally liable for the exemplary damages assessed against Saul, Palus,

Ulasewicz, Bayma, and Piechocki” and that joint-and-several liability was

improper based on the absence of a specific, exemplary-damage award against

Acadia or PRP.        Acadia and PRP seemed to adopt “all” of the individual

defendants’ arguments raised in response to Horizon’s motion for entry of

judgment. Indeed, Horizon filed an “omnibus” reply in support of its motion for

entry of judgment and specifically argued that Acadia and PRP were jointly and

severally liable for the exemplary damages awarded against the individual

defendants.    The Acadia defendants sufficiently raised to the trial court the

argument that Acadia and PRP could not be held jointly and severally liable for

the specific exemplary damages found against the individual defendants.

Cf. In re B.L.D., 113 S.W.3d 340, 353 (Tex. 2003) (recognizing preservation-of-

error rules support the “strong interest in ensuring that our trial courts have an

opportunity to correct errors as a matter of judicial economy”), cert. denied,

541 U.S. 945 (2004); Pirtle v. Gregory, 629 S.W.2d 919, 920 (Tex. 1982) (“The

reason for the requirement that a litigant preserve a trial predicate for complaint

on appeal is that one should not be permitted to waive, consent to, or neglect to

complain about an error at trial and then surprise his opponent on appeal by

stating his complaint for the first time.”).

                                           48
        In actions against multiple defendants, “an award of exemplary damages

must be specific as to a defendant, and each defendant is liable only for the

amount of the award made against that defendant.” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.

Code Ann. § 41.006 (West 2015). Thus, the Acadia defendants assert that the

lack of a specific amount of exemplary damages awarded against Acadia and

PRP by the jury renders the joint and several exemplary-damage award improper

under section 41.006.

        In question 24, the jury found that the harm arising from the individual

defendants’ theft of trade secrets “resulted from malice attributable to” Acadia

and PRP. The jury previously concluded that the individual defendants were

acting in the course and scope of their employment with Acadia or PRP when

they stole Horizon’s property or trade-secret information and that Acadia and

PRP ratified this conduct. But contrary to Horizon’s contention, these findings do

not allow a joint and several award of exemplary damages.         See Computek

Computer & Office Supplies, Inc. v. Walton, 156 S.W.3d 217, 223–24 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2005, no pet.); 2 John J. Kircher et al., Punitive Damages: Law &

Prac. § 16:2 (2d ed. 2015). Thus, the trial court’s judgment awarding exemplary

damages jointly and severally was improper. We sustain this portion of issue

five.

        Although we agree that the joint-and-several nature of the award against

Acadia and PRP was error as a matter of law, the remedy for such error is not as

clear. Two appellate courts have remanded the issue to the trial court for a

                                       49
determination of the amount of exemplary damages to be awarded against each

individual defendant. Andress v. Meah Invs. No. 2, Ltd., No. 01-07-00792-CV,

2009 WL 2882930, at *9–10 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Sept. 10, 2009, no

pet.) (mem. op.); Computek, 156 S.W.3d at 224. However, both appeals were

from bench trials, and the trial courts solely awarded exemplary damages jointly

and severally, i.e., there were no individual awards of exemplary damages. Here

however, Horizon proposed the jury questions regarding exemplary damages

and specifically requested that the jury be asked to assign a specific dollar

amount against each individual defendant but did not ask for a specific dollar

amount against either Acadia or PRP. Because the jury charge, at Horizon’s

request, specifically asked for dollar amounts for exemplary damages to be

awarded only against each individual defendant, we need not remand to the trial

court “to determine whether to award exemplary damages as to any specific

defendant.” Computek, 156 S.W.3d 224; see O’Hare, 455 F. App’x at 382–83

(refusing to reverse joint award of exemplary damages because proposed jury

question invited the joint assessment). The error in the form of the exemplary-

damages award is its joint and several nature, not that it wholly failed to award

exemplary damages against any defendant individually; thus, we are able to

render an award that is not joint and several and appropriately awards amounts

only against individual parties as the jury was charged and as allowed by section

41.006. See Tex. R. App. P. 43.3.

                                       50
                                 D. ATTORNEYS’ FEES

      In their sixth issue, the Acadia defendants assert that Horizon is not

entitled to recover attorneys’ fees on its claims, Horizon failed to segregate its

trial attorneys’ fees, the evidence was insufficient to support the trial attorneys’

fees, and the trial court erred by awarding appellate attorneys’ fees after the jury

found no appellate attorneys’ fees were recoverable by Horizon. In its appeal,

Horizon asserts in three issues that the trial court improperly reduced their trial

and appellate attorneys’ fees.

                                 1. Relevant Facts

      At trial, Horizon’s trial counsel, Victor Vital, testified as to the amount,

reasonableness, and necessity of Horizon’s attorneys’ fees and costs incurred

through trial.   The Acadia defendants objected to Vital’s testimony regarding

attorneys’ fees, including the amount and the segregation percentage, because

Horizon had not timely disclosed these details before trial.        The trial court

overruled this objection.        Vital then testified that Horizon had incurred

$875,789.50 in attorneys’ fees and $156,291.18 in expenses “up to [the] date of

trial.” Vital opined that Horizon would incur between $100,000 and $150,000 in

additional attorneys’ fees and expenses through the conclusion of the trial. He

testified that he excluded 25% of the attorneys’ fees Horizon incurred because

that percentage related to claims that did not support the award of attorneys’

fees. To reach 25%, Vital reviewed the billing records and tried to determine

which of the billing entries applied to each claim, some of which were

                                         51
“inextricably covered.” See generally Tony Gullo, 212 S.W.3d at 313 (holding

attorneys’ fees are not necessarily recoverable for all claims on basis of

inseparability even if underlying facts are the same for different claims and even

if attorney spent only nominal time on claim not entitled to attorneys’ fees). He

also testified that, in the event of appeal, Horizon would incur a total of $130,000

in appellate attorney’s fees through appeal to the Texas Supreme Court. Vital

did not segregate the appellate attorneys’ fees.

      After all parties closed, the Acadia defendants orally moved for an

instructed verdict “on attorney’s fees” based on the failure to segregate and on

the absence of evidence regarding reasonableness. The trial court denied the

motion. During closing jury arguments, Vital stated without objection that the

total amount of trial attorneys’ fees Horizon requested—$904,342.12 35—had

already been reduced by 25%.

      The jury charge inquired as to attorneys’ fees: “What is a reasonable fee

for the necessary services of Horizon’s attorney, stated in dollars and cents?”

The question then specifically asked for a dollar amount for each phase of the

case from trial through “the completion of proceedings in the Supreme Court of

      35
         The record does not clearly show what this number represents because
Vital’s testimony was that Horizon had incurred $875,789.50 in attorneys’ fees up
to the date of trial with an additional $100,000–$150,000 through trial. We
believe the number Vital used during closing jury argument reflects a 25%
reduction of $1,205,789.50, which appears to be an inaccuracy of the amount of
Horizon’s attorneys’ fees to the date of trial plus attorneys’ fees for the duration of
the trial: $875,789.50 + $150,000 = $1,025,789.50. Of course, Vital’s closing
jury argument was not evidence.

                                          52
Texas.” The Acadia defendants did not object to the submission of the attorney-

fees question in the charge on the basis of nonsegregation. The jury awarded

Horizon $900,000 “for representation in the trial court” but awarded no damages

for appellate attorneys’ fees.

      Horizon filed a motion for entry of judgment on the jury’s findings,

requesting an award of $900,000 in trial attorneys’ fees, and a motion to

disregard the jury’s finding on the issue of appellate attorneys’ fees based on

Vital’s uncontradicted testimony. In the Acadia defendants’ motions to disregard

the jury’s findings, they asserted that Vital’s segregation testimony was

conclusory and, thus, was insufficient to show appropriate segregation.           The

Acadia defendants alternatively argued that the award of trial attorneys’ fees

should be “$656,842.12 ($875,789.50 x 25%), not the $900,000 requested.” The

trial court entered final judgment awarding Horizon $769,342 36 in trial attorneys’

fees and a total of $97,500 in appellate attorneys’ fees.

      The Acadia defendants summarily challenged the awarded attorneys’ fees

in their motion for new trial. 37 In its subsequent findings, the trial court explained

its calculation of attorneys’ fees:    “Based on the trial testimony segregating

      36
        It appears this amount is a 25% discount of the correct amount of
attorneys’ fees Horizon incurred through the end of the trial—$1,025,789.50.
      37
        In a boilerplate section entitled “Points required by Rule 324(b)” in which
they raised one-sentence challenges to each jury finding, the Acadia defendants
stated that the trial attorneys’ fees award was “excessive” with no further
argument. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 322.

                                          53
recoverable attorneys’ fees from fees that were not incurred in connection with a

claim for which fees may be awarded, the Court concludes that Plaintiff is entitled

to attorneys’ fees that are discounted by 25% and those discounted amounts are

stated in the Final Judgment.”

                                 2. Entitlement

      The Acadia defendants first contend in their sixth issue that Horizon cannot

recover attorneys’ fees on its breach-of-contract claims because the authorizing

statute relied on by Horizon in seeking attorneys’ fees—section 38.001 of the civil

practice and remedies code—is preempted by the more specific Covenants Not

to Compete Act. Compare Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. §§ 15.51–.52 (West

2011), with Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 38.001 (West 2015).

      We have concluded that the jury’s damage awards for breach of contract

were supported by legally insufficient evidence of future lost profits; therefore,

section 38.001(8) cannot support Horizon’s recovery of attorneys’ fees.       See

Mustang Pipeline, 134 S.W.3d at 201 (holding plaintiff may recover attorneys’

fees only if plaintiff prevailed on cause of action authorizing such fees and

recovered damages).      However, Horizon recovered under the Texas Theft

Liability Act based on the jury’s findings that the individual defendants

intentionally stole Horizon’s property or trade secrets as prohibited by penal code

section 31.05 during the course and scope of their employment with Horizon,

which Acadia and PRP ratified.      See Act of May 26, 1999, 76th Leg., R.S.,

ch. 858, § 4, 1999 Tex. Gen. Laws 3537, 3539 (amended 2013 to remove

                                        54
section 31.05 from purview of Theft Liability Act upon adoption of Uniform Trade

Secrets Act) (current version at Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 134.002(2)

(West Supp. 2014)).      The Theft Liability Act provides for the recovery of

attorneys’ fees. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 134.005(b) (West 2011).

The Acadia defendants do not assert that Horizon could not recover attorneys’

fees under the Theft Liability Act. Accordingly, Horizon was entitled to recover its

attorneys’ fees. We overrule this portion of the Acadia defendants’ sixth issue.

                    3. Alleged Errors in Amounts Awarded
                    for Trial and Appellate Attorneys’ Fees

      The Acadia defendants argue in the remaining portion of their sixth issue

that the trial and appellate attorney-fees awards were erroneous for multiple

reasons. Similarly, Horizon asserts in the three issues of their cross appeal that

their attorney-fees awards were improperly reduced. Because we have reduced

Horizon’s compensatory damages based on insufficient evidence of lost profits

and concomitantly reduced the awarded exemplary damages upon a suggestion

of remittitur, we need not consider these arguments. The correct remedy in such

a situation is to reverse the trial court’s award and remand for a new trial on the

issue of attorneys’ fees. See Barker v. Eckman, 213 S.W.3d 306, 313–15 (Tex.

2006); see also Bossier Chrysler-Dodge II, Inc. v. Rauschenberg, 238 S.W.3d
376, 376 (Tex. 2007); Young v. Qualls, 223 S.W.3d 312, 314–15 (Tex. 2007).

                                        55
                               E. SANCTIONS ORDER

         In their seventh issue, the Acadia defendants argue that the trial court

abused its discretion by ordering Saul to pay sanctions for pretrial discovery

abuse. 38 As previously stated, the trial court entered a pretrial order sanctioning

Saul for pretrial discovery abuse and ordered him to pay Horizon $41,780.80.

See Tex. R. Civ. P. 215.2(b)(2), 215.3.      The trial court further denied Saul’s

motion to reconsider the sanctions order and included the award in its final

judgment. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 215.3.

         The Acadia defendants argue that the sanctions order was based on

Saul’s breach of fiduciary duty as alleged by Horizon; thus, the failure of that

theory of recovery on appeal (as also urged by the Acadia defendants in their

appeal) results in “the same relief on the issue of discovery sanctions.” But the

trial court’s sanctions against Saul were based on the breach of his duty as a

party to preserve relevant evidence after Horizon filed suit against Acadia, PRP,

and the individual defendants. See Trevino v. Ortega, 969 S.W.2d 950, 954–57

(Tex. 1998). The sanctions were not related to Horizon’s ultimate success on its

claim for breach of fiduciary duty against Saul. We overrule Horizon’s seventh

issue.

         38
         The Acadia defendants do not challenge the trial court’s inclusion of a
spoliation instruction in the jury charge.

                                        56
                            F. POSTSUBMISSION BRIEF

      The Acadia defendants seek leave to file a postsubmission brief to provide

“additional record references, case authority, and analysis relevant to . . . three

questions” posed by the panel at oral argument. Oral argument in this appeal

was heard on November 4, 2014; however, the panel did not request

postsubmission briefing. The Acadia defendants filed their motion for leave to file

their postsubmission brief on December 1, 2014, which Horizon opposes.

See 2d Tex. App. (Fort Worth) Loc. R. 1.C.

      In their postsubmission brief, the Acadia defendants raise new issues and

provide new record references and cases to support their previously-briefed

arguments. Although some of the Acadia defendants’ assertions in the post-

submission brief are in response to the panel members’ questions at oral

argument, their postsubmission brief goes beyond merely answering those

questions and strays into the impermissible territory of adding new issues to its

appeal and shoring up issues that they did not brief as fully as they might have

preferred. Further, the Acadia defendants already have filed approximately 125

pages of briefing—29,942 words—in this appeal.          We recognize this is a

complicated appeal but briefing must end at some point. This end point may

certainly be set at oral argument.     For these reasons, we deny the Acadia

defendants’ motion for leave and did not consider their postsubmission brief in

our determination of this appeal. See Black v. Shor, 443 S.W.3d 154, 161 n.2

                                        57
(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2013, pet. denied); see also Tex. R. App. P. 38.7;

Standard Fruit & Vegetable Co. v. Johnson, 985 S.W.2d 62, 65 (Tex. 1998).

                                III. CONCLUSION

      We conclude that the evidence of future lost profits was legally insufficient

and the judgment for those amounts must be vacated. Although the evidence of

theft of trade secrets, fraud, and fraud by nondisclosure was sufficient to support

the actual damages tied to those claims, the exemplary-damage award was

excessive in light of the vacatur of the lost-profit damages.       Therefore, we

reverse in part the judgment of the trial court awarding Horizon future lost-profit

damages and render a take-nothing judgment on Horizon’s claims upon which

the jury awarded damages for future lost profits. We reverse that portion of the

trial court’s judgment awarding exemplary damages jointly and severally against

Acadia and PRP and render judgment that the exemplary damages are not

awarded jointly and severally against Acadia and PRP. We also reverse the trial

court’s judgment regarding attorneys’ fees and remand for a new trial on

attorneys’ fees. See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(a), (c), (d), 43.3.

      We affirm the remainder of the trial court’s judgment conditioned on the

remittitur by Horizon of $649,015.20 in exemplary damages. See Tex. R. App. P.

46.3. Upon timely remittitur, we will reform the amount of exemplary damages

awarded in the trial court’s judgment and affirm the remaining portions of the

judgment as reformed.      If Horizon does not timely file the remittitur, we will

reverse the trial court’s judgment for a new trial on Horizon’s claims upon which

                                         58
Horizon prevailed and was awarded damages that were supported by sufficient

evidence. Soon Phat, 396 S.W.3d at 95 (recognizing remand for new trial cannot

be had solely on issue of exemplary damages).

                                                /s/ Lee Gabriel

                                                LEE GABRIEL
                                                JUSTICE

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; WALKER and GABRIEL, JJ.

DELIVERED: July 23, 2015

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