Court Opinion

ID: 3493268
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-05 22:01:25.000913+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:55:24.775186
License: Public Domain

The bill herein was filed under the provisions of Act No. 36, Pub. Acts 1929 (3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 13903 et seq. [Stat. Ann. § 27.501 et seq.]), to obtain a decree declaratory of the rights of plaintiff under Act No. 94, Pub. Acts 1937 (Comp. Laws Supp. 1940, § 3663-41 et seq., Stat. Ann. 1940 Cum. Supp. § 7.555 [1] et seq.), commonly known as the "use tax act." It is agreed that the facts are fully stated in J. B. Simpson,Inc., v. O'Hara, 277 Mich. 55, where we held plaintiff's sales in Chicago did not come within Act No. 167, Pub. Acts 1933 (Comp. Laws Supp. 1935, § 3663-1 et seq., Stat. Ann. § 7.521 etseq.), known as the "sales tax act."
Briefly stated, plaintiff operates a merchant tailoring establishment in Chicago, Illinois, takes orders in this State, from residents, for clothes, fills such orders in Chicago and, upon delivery there to an interstate carrier, title thereto is vested, by agreement, in the purchaser. The circuit court held the sales and delivery so made did not require plaintiff to collect and pay the tax under the use tax act. Defendants appeal.
The use tax act in section 2, subd. (d), states:
" 'Seller' means the person from whom a purchase is made and includes every person engaged in this State or elsewhere in the business of selling tangible personal property for storage, use, or other consumption in this State."
Section 5 of the act provides:
"Every seller of tangible personal property for storage, use or other consumption in this State, engaged in the business of selling at retail in this State, shall, within thirty days after the effective date of this act, register with the board and give the name and address of each agent operating in this State, the location of any and all distribution *Page 406 
or sales houses or offices, or other places of business in this State and such other information as the board may require with respect to matters pertinent to the enforcement of this act:Provided, That it shall not be necessary for a seller, holding a license obtained pursuant to the provisions of act number one hundred sixty-seven of the public acts of nineteen hundred thirty-three, as amended, to register with the board as provided in this act. Every such seller shall collect the tax imposed by this act from the consumer and the board may, by rule or regulation, authorize any other seller to collect such tax from the consumer, and such rule or regulation shall require that each such seller shall register with the board in such form as may be therein provided."
A definition of words and phrases in an act carries no force unless employed in the enactment and cannot be considered in the present instance for the quoted enactment, by its specific terms, only applies to sellers of "tangible personal property for storage, use or other consumption in this State, engaged in the business of selling at retail in this State," and this is manifested by the required registration of such persons under the act, unless registered under the sales tax act.
Plaintiff did not so register.
In the former case, J. B. Simpson, Inc., v. O'Hara, supra, we held, in effect, that plaintiff was not required to register under the sales tax act for sales made by it were not made in Michigan but in Illinois and, being interstate commerce, cannot be taxed by the State of Michigan.
Plaintiff's sales in Chicago are not subject to the use tax any more than to the sales tax, and it was not required to register. The remedy of the State under the use tax act, if any, is against the consumers. *Page 407 
Section 7 of the act provides:
"Each consumer storing, using or otherwise consuming in this State tangible personal property purchased for such purpose or purposes shall be liable for the tax imposed by this act, and such liability shall not be extinguished until the tax has been paid to the board. The payment to the board of the tax, interest and any penalty assessed by the board shall relieve the seller, who sold the property with regard to the storing, use or other consumption on which the tax was paid from the payment of the amount of the tax which he may be required under this act to collect from the purchaser."
Sanction of the claim made by the State would make plaintiff a collector of a tax, in behalf of the State, upon merchandise, manufactured, sold and, in the course of interstate commerce, delivered in Chicago for carriage to owners thereof in the State of Michigan, and such cannot be done, for the lawmaking arm of the legislature, and much less that of mere administrative officials, cannot reach into another State and mandate persons there to so serve. The use tax act does not accomplish any such thing.
Considering our holding in the sales tax case in connection with this opinion the decree in the circuit court, restraining defendants from exacting the asserted use tax from plaintiff, is affirmed.
We find no occasion to touch upon the constitutionality of the act and, as there was none necessary in the circuit court, the part of the decree below holding the act constitutional is eliminated and the question left without decision to await a proper setting.
The tax paid by plaintiff and impounded by order of the circuit court will be released to plaintiff as owner thereof. *Page 408 
A public question being involved, no costs are awarded.
After the above was written and submitted to the justices for consideration, the supreme court of the United States, on February 17th, handed down opinions in Nelson v. Sears, Roebuck Co., 312 U.S. 359 (61 Sup. Ct. 586, 85 L. Ed. 888, 132 A.L.R. 475), and Nelson v. Montgomery Ward  Co., 312 U.S. 373
(61 Sup. Ct. 593, 85 L. Ed. 897), reversing the holding of the supreme court of Iowa that the use tax of that State was in violation of the Federal Constitution as applied to mail order business conducted between customers in Iowa and the mail order houses of defendants located outside of Iowa. In those cases defendants were authorized to do business in the State of Iowa and maintained retail stores therein with sales subject to the State sales tax, and it was held, as the use tax was complementary to the sales tax, to which defendants had subjected themselves, that all sales made by defendants in Iowa, whether out of stock on hand in Iowa or out of stock elsewhere and coming to rest in the State of Iowa, brought the sales under order and shipment within the use tax. Such is not the case at bar.
Here the plaintiff made no sales in this State subject to the sales tax. J. B. Simpson, Inc., v. O'Hara, supra. See, also,Montgomery Ward  Co. v. Fry, 277 Mich. 260. Merchandise was purchased by residents of Michigan from plaintiff in Illinois, with title passed in that state to the purchaser under express contract consummated in the State of Illinois. Plaintiff did not maintain retail stores nor sell merchandise at retail in this State, and such fact brings the case within the following exception noted in Nelson v. Sears, Roebuck  Co., supra:
"Respondent, however, insists that the duty of tax collection placed on it constitutes a regulation *Page 409 
of and substantial burden upon interstate commerce and results in an impairment of the free flow of such commerce. It points to the fact that in its mail order business it is in competition with out-of-State mail order houses which need not and do not collect the tax on their Iowa sales. But those other concerns are not doing business in the State as foreign corporations. Hence, unlike respondent, they are not receiving benefits from Iowa for which it has the power to exact a price."
Along this line see Montgomery Ward  Co. v. Fry, supra.
In the case at bar the State seeks to impose a burden on interstate commerce not in any manner connected with intrastate commerce, and this may not be done. Plaintiff needed no authorization to do business in the course of interstate commerce in this State, and leave to do business in this State, unless an intrastate business is carried on and the intrastate and interstate businesses become associated, does not subject interstate commerce to any State-imposed burden.
Under the mentioned Federal decisions, a foreign corporation doing business within this State, subject to the sales tax, is liable for the use tax upon goods shipped into the State to residents as, in such case, the use tax is complementary as associated with the sales tax and not considered a burden upon what would otherwise be interstate commerce. The business here involved, upon which the State seeks to sustain the use tax, is the very business which we held, in J. B. Simpson, Inc., v.O'Hara, supra, was not subject to the sales tax, and upon that point that decision is res judicata. So disassociated, the business is strictly interstate commerce upon which the State may not impose the burden of the use tax or compel plaintiff to collect the same. *Page 410 
SHARPE, C.J., and CHANDLER, and McALLISTER, JJ., concurred with WIEST, J.