Court Opinion

ID: 3072121
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 00:43:29.51485+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:24:53.598592
License: Public Domain

IN THE
                         TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

                                 No. 10-12-00239-CR

KEIONA DASHELLE NOWLIN,
                                                          Appellant
v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,
                                                          Appellee

                          From the 19th District Court
                           McLennan County, Texas
                          Trial Court No. 2011-2523-C1

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

      In two issues, appellant, Keiona Dashelle Nowlin, challenges the sufficiency of

the evidence supporting her conviction for hindering apprehension, a third-degree

felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.05(a), (d) (West 2011). We affirm.

                            I.     SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

      In her first issue, appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient to

establish that she “warned” Demarcus Degrate of impending discovery or
apprehension. In her second issue, appellant argues that the evidence is insufficient to

prove that she knew that Degrate was charged with a felony offense.

      A. Standard of Review

        In Lucio v. State, 351 S.W.3d 878, 894 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011), the Texas Court of

Criminal Appeals expressed our standard of review of a sufficiency issue as follows:

                  In determining whether the evidence is legally sufficient to support
                  a conviction, a reviewing court must consider all of the evidence in
                  the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether,
                  based on that evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom, a
                  rational fact finder could have found the essential elements of the
                  crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,
                  318-19, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Hooper v. State, 214
S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). This “familiar standard gives
                  full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve
                  conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw
                  reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Jackson,
443 U.S. at 319.       “Each fact need not point directly and
                  independently to the guilt of the appellant, as long as the
                  cumulative force of all the incriminating circumstances is sufficient
                  to support the conviction.” Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13.

Id.

        Our review of "all of the evidence" includes evidence that was properly and

improperly admitted. Conner v. State, 67 S.W.3d 192, 197 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). And if

the record supports conflicting inferences, we must presume that the factfinder resolved

the conflicts in favor of the prosecution and therefore defer to that determination.

Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326, 99 S. Ct. at 2793.         Furthermore, direct and circumstantial

evidence are treated equally:         “Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct

evidence in establishing the guilt of an actor, and circumstantial evidence alone can be

sufficient to establish guilt.” Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13. Finally, it is well established that

Nowlin v. State                                                                            Page 2
the factfinder is entitled to judge the credibility of the witnesses and can choose to

believe all, some, or none of the testimony presented by the parties. Chambers v. State,

805 S.W.2d 459, 461 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).

        The sufficiency of the evidence is measured by reference to the elements of the

offense as defined by a hypothetically correct jury charge for the case. Malik v. State, 953
S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). A hypothetically-correct jury charge does four

things: (1) accurately sets out the law; (2) is authorized by the indictment; (3) does not

unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s

theories of liability; and (4) adequately describes the particular offense for which the

defendant was tried. Id.

        A person is guilty of the offense of hindering apprehension or prosecution if it is

shown that,

        with intent to hinder the arrest, prosecution, conviction, or punishment of
        another for an offense . . . or with intent to hinder the arrest of another
        under the authority of a warrant or capias, he (1) harbors or conceals the
        other; (2) provides or aids in providing the other with any means of
        avoiding arrest or effecting escape; or (3) warns the other of impending
        discovery or apprehension.

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.05(a)(1); see Hall v. State, 283 S.W.3d 137, 145-46 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2009, pet. ref’d); see also Albritton v. State, No. 07-10-00424-CR, 2011 Tex.

App. LEXIS 7362, at **6-7 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Aug. 31, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication).      Whether appellant possessed such an intent must

ordinarily be established by circumstantial evidence. See King v. State, 76 S.W.3d 659,

661 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.); see also Patrick v. State, 906 S.W.2d

Nowlin v. State                                                                       Page 3
481, 487 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (noting that intent may be inferred from the acts, words,

and conduct of the accused).

        Moreover, in this case, the State charged appellant with hindering apprehension,

a third-degree felony.1 According to the penal code, an offense under section 38.05 is a

third-degree felony “if the person who is harbored, concealed, provided with a means

of avoiding arrest or effecting escape, or warned of discovery or apprehension is under

arrest for, charged with, or convicted of a felony” and the person charged with the

offense knew that the person they harbored, concealed, or warned was charged with a

felony. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.05(d); see, e.g., Williams v. State, No. 05-11-00557-CR,

2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 9018, at *9 n.1 (Tex. App.—Dallas Oct. 31, 2012, no pet.) (mem.

op., not designated for publication).

    B. Facts

        At trial, Kevin Scott, a Deputy U.S. Marshal, testified that, on the day in question,

he was executing an arrest warrant for Degrate because he was a felon in possession of

a firearm.2       After receiving information from the Waco Police Department about

Degrate’s family members and known associates, Deputy Scott proceeded to 2312

North 39th Street to search for Degrate.                Eventually, Deputy Scott observed “two

subjects exit—I saw a male and female, both black, exit the back of the residence, [and]

mess with the dogs in some fashion . . . .” Believing the male subject to be Degrate,

Deputy Scott called for backup. Deputy U.S. Marshal Anton Slavich responded to

        1   Appellant was also charged with escape; however, she was acquitted of that charge.

        2Deputy Scott testified that he was serving a Federal Grand Jury warrant and that the warrant
was sealed.

Nowlin v. State                                                                                  Page 4
Deputy Scott’s call for backup. Neither Deputy Slavich nor Deputy Scott knew the

identity of Degrate’s female companion. Nevertheless, once Degrate and his female

companion reached the intersection of 39th Street and Cumberland, Deputy Scott “lit

up [his] emergency lights and [his] siren and pulled up behind them and jumped out of

the car and shouted ‘Police, stop.’”    Deputy Scott testified that Degrate “took off

running.” Deputy Scott chased Degrate.

        Upon hearing that deputies were in a foot pursuit with Degrate, Deputy U.S.

Marshal Clayton Brown also responded to the scene. When he arrived, Deputy Brown

saw Degrate scaling a tall metal fence. In addition, Deputy Brown overheard the female

companion scream to Degrate, “Run, baby, run. Get away.” Deputy Brown identified

the female companion in open court as appellant.

        Deputy Slavich recounted that, when he arrived, he observed Degrate and

appellant running away from the scene. While Deputy Scott chased after Degrate,

Deputy Slavich chased appellant “to try to figure out why she was running from the

area.” Deputy Slavich eventually caught up with appellant and “told her that [he] was

detaining her . . . so [he] could figure out why she was running from the area.”

Appellant was handcuffed and placed in the front seat of Deputy Slavich’s vehicle. As

Deputy Slavich “walked around” his vehicle to get in the driver’s seat, appellant

“undid the seat belt and then turned and opened up the passenger[-]side door on [his]

car and then got out and started running.” Appellant lost her balance and fell head first

on the ground. At this point, appellant was placed under arrest for escape.

Nowlin v. State                                                                    Page 5
        Subsequently, appellant was read her Miranda rights.                 Later, appellant was

interviewed about the incident. Deputy Slavich was present for the interview and

recounted the following:

        She stated that she knew that we were—first off, she stated that she knew
        that the vehicles that she saw in the area belonged to the Marshals and
        that she had told Demarcus Degrate that “Those are the Marshals,” and
        when we pulled up on her, she had also stated that she said, “That’s the
        laws. Run.”

Deputy Slavich also testified that appellant did not “want her man to get arrested” and

that she knew that Degrate was supposed to turn himself in on Wednesday for some

kind of bond issue.3 Specifically, Deputy Slavich mentioned: “Yes. She made that

statement to me that he was out on some kind of bond and that he was paying a

bondsman and that they were going off his bond and that he was supposed to go turn

himself in Wednesday.” Appellant also told Deputy Slavich “that there were people in

her neighborhood that had photos of all of the Deputy Marshals and photos of our

vehicles, and that was how she knew who we were.” Deputy Slavich emphasized that

appellant admitted that she had warned Degrate that the U.S. Marshals were there to

arrest him.

        At the conclusion of the evidence, the trial court found appellant guilty of

hindering apprehension, a third-degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.05(a)(1),

(d).    Appellant was subsequently sentenced to four years’ confinement in the

Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice.

        3Witnesses testified that appellant had Degrate’s name tattooed on the front of her chest “just
below her clavicle notch.”

Nowlin v. State                                                                                 Page 6
    C. Discussion

        On appeal, appellant asserts that the evidence failed to show that she “warned”

Degrate of impending discovery or apprehension; instead, appellant argues that she did

not “warn” Degrate because he was already aware of the law-enforcement presence at

the time she said something.       In making this argument, appellant relies on the

testimony of Deputy Scott, whose focus was on apprehending Degrate, not on

appellant’s actions. Deputy Scott testified that Degrate started running after he told

him, “Police, Stop.” However, subsequent testimony from Deputies Brown and Slavich

indicate that appellant recognized the vehicles of the deputies and that she warned

Degrate. Specifically, Deputy Brown overheard appellant tell Degrate to “Run, baby,

run. Get away.” Moreover, Deputy Slavich recalled that appellant admitted in her

interview that she warned Degrate about the law-enforcement presence so that he

would not be apprehended. See, e.g., Barnes v. State, 206 S.W.3d 601, 606 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2006) (“In the First Amendment context, from which the ‘speech only’ defense was

apparently derived, words that are specifically designed to prompt an associate to

action are not simply speech, but are conduct that may be treated accordingly.”); King,
76 S.W.3d at 661 (“Rather, the gravamen of the offense [section 38.05] rests on the intent

of the defendant . . . .”).

        The testimony of Deputies Brown and Slavich is sufficient to establish the

essential elements of the crime of hindering apprehension. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §

38.05(a). And to the extent that Deputy Scott’s testimony conflicts with the testimony of

Deputies Brown and Slavich, we note that it is within the province of the factfinder—

Nowlin v. State                                                                     Page 7
the trial court, here—to resolve any conflicts in the testimony, and we are to defer to the

factfinder’s resolution of such conflicts. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326, 99 S. Ct. at 2792-93;

see also Chambers, 805 S.W.2d at 461. Clearly, by convicting appellant of the charged

offense, the trial court resolved any conflicts in the evidence against appellant.

Accordingly, we conclude that the record contains sufficient evidence to support a

conviction for hindering apprehension. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.05(a); see also

Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; Lucio, 351 S.W.3d at 894.

        However, in her second issue, appellant challenges the sufficiency of the

evidence enhancing her conviction for hindering apprehension from a misdemeanor to

a third-degree felony under section 38.05(d) of the Texas Penal Code. See TEX. PENAL

CODE ANN. § 38.05(d). Specifically, appellant contends that the evidence does not

establish that she knew Degrate was charged with a felony, especially considering the

warrant was sealed and none of the witnesses testified about the offense for which

Degrate was on bond.

        As noted above, the evidence established that the marshals sought to arrest

Degrate for being a felon in possession of a firearm. Moreover, appellant admitted in

her interview with Deputy Slavich that she knew that Degrate had a problem with his

bond and that he was supposed to surrender to law enforcement in the coming days.

Witnesses testified that appellant had Degrate’s name tattooed on her chest, suggesting

that she had a close relationship with Degrate. Indeed, Deputy Slavich also testified

that appellant did not “want her man to get arrested.” Furthermore, appellant told

Deputy Slavich that she recognized the vehicles driven by the marshals and that she

Nowlin v. State                                                                         Page 8
had warned Degrate that the U.S. Marshals were there to arrest him. And finally,

witnesses testified that appellant also made attempts to escape apprehension by

opening the door and running away while still handcuffed.

        Based on the foregoing evidence, it was not unreasonable for the trial court to

infer that appellant had knowledge that Degrate had committed a felony subject to

arrest. See id.; Hart v. State, 89 S.W.3d 61, 64 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (stating that the

factfinder may infer intent or knowledge from any facts that tend to prove its existence,

including the acts, words, and conduct of the accused); Patrick, 906 S.W.2d at 487; King,
76 S.W.3d at 661; see also Williams, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 9018, at *9 n.1. As such, we

conclude that the record contains sufficient evidence to support appellant’s conviction

for the third-degree felony of hindering apprehension. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §

38.05(d); see also Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; Lucio, 351 S.W.3d at 894. We

overrule both of appellant’s issues.

                                       II.    CONCLUSION

        Having overruled both of appellant’s issues on appeal, we affirm the judgment

of the trial court.

                                                 AL SCOGGINS
                                                 Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,
       Justice Davis, and
       Justice Scoggins
(Chief Justice Gray dissents. A separate opinion will not follow.)*
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed May 15, 2014
[CR25]

Nowlin v. State                                                                       Page 9