Court Opinion

ID: 4636971
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-24 22:54:31.881817+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:37.115674
License: Public Domain

NUMBER 13-20-00248-CV

                                  COURT OF APPEALS

                     THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                        CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG

                          IN THE INTEREST OF M.J., A CHILD

                       On appeal from the County Court at Law
                             of Aransas County, Texas.

                              MEMORANDUM OPINION
   Before Chief Justice Contreras and Justices Longoria and Perkes
          Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Contreras

        This appeal concerns the termination of parental rights to M.J., a child. 1 Appellants

A.K. and K.J., the child’s mother and father, argue that the evidence was legally and

factually insufficient to support (1) predicate grounds for termination under Texas Family

Code § 161.001(b)(1), or (2) a finding that termination is in the best interests of the child.

        1 We refer to the children and their family members by their initials in accordance with the rules of

appellate procedure. See TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8(b)(2).
We affirm.

                                           I. BACKGROUND

        Appellee, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (the

Department), filed its petition seeking termination of both appellants’ parental rights on

February 7, 2019. The following testimony was elicited at the final termination hearing,

held via videoconference on May 7, 2020. The record reflects that both appellants and

their attorneys appeared at the hearing.

        Ashley Fisher, an investigator with the Department, testified that M.J. was born on

July 25, 2017, and that appellants are her biological parents. On January 24, 2019, the

Department learned that K.J. had been accused of sexual abuse by C.L., A.K.’s 10-year-

old daughter from a prior relationship. 2 Fisher made contact with appellants, who were

then living in Rockport at the residence of K.J.’s mother, L.J. The Department

implemented a safety plan, which A.K. and L.J. signed, and a copy of the plan was

entered into evidence. The plan stated that A.K. “agrees to not reside with [K.J.]”; that

A.K. “agree[s] there will be no contact” between M.J. and K.J.; and that L.J. “agrees [K.J.]

will not reside at her residence.”

        A.K. and M.J. continued to live with L.J., while K.J. moved out. Later, around the

time C.L. was to be interviewed at the Children’s Advocacy Center (CAC), the Department

received reports of “domestic violence” occurring in L.J.’s home; specifically, that “[K.J.]

was kicking them outside to sleep” and was “throwing objects at mom and the children.”

According to Fisher, the Department “recommended for another safety plan to be

        2 At the time, C.L. was living with her maternal grandmother H.K., and H.K. had an “active case”

against A.K. to obtain custody of C.L.

                                                   2
implemented for supervision,” but “when [A.K.] could not come up with any support to

assist her with that, we recommended the Purple Door,” a domestic violence shelter.

      A.K. and M.J. moved into the Purple Door and stayed there “temporarily” but

moved back in with L.J. on February 5, 2019. As of that date, K.J. had also moved back

in with L.J.; Fisher therefore agreed that A.K.’s moving back in with L.J. was a violation

of the safety plan. The Department held an “emergency family team meeting” during

which A.K. and L.J. both stated they did not believe C.L.’s outcry of abuse. At the

conclusion of the meeting, however, police arrived and arrested K.J. for aggravated

sexual assault of a child. The Department then sought a “non-emergency removal” of M.J.

because A.K. “did not have another residence to live with other than with the alleged

perpetrator”; because “she was refusing to return to the shelter and did not believe her

oldest child’s outcry”; and because she was “being non-protective of [M.J.].” Fisher stated

that A.K. did not suggest any relatives or other potential caretakers for M.J. who were

qualified or were willing to take the child; her mother did not qualify because she had a

“validated CPS history.”

      On cross-examination, Fisher confirmed that there was no evidence, at the time of

M.J.’s removal, indicating that M.J. had been sexually abused. She also conceded that

her investigation did not reveal that law enforcement ever responded to any domestic

violence concerns at L.J.’s residence.

      Fisher testified that the Department “ruled out any concerns for sexual abuse” of

M.J. However, she agreed that M.J. is non-verbal and that this is a safety concern

because “if something were to occur, she would have an inability to communicate that.”

Fisher was also concerned because it appeared that A.K. did not have her own home and

                                            3
was “dependent” on L.J. for shelter; moreover, A.K. “continued to have phone calls with

[K.J.] while he was in jail stating that she believed in him.”

       Arian Melissa Chapa interviewed C.L. at CAC on January 29, 2019. A video

recording of the interview was entered into evidence and played at the final termination

hearing. In the interview, C.L. reported that K.J. “sexually abused me. . . . He touched me

in places that I didn’t like. And he threatened me that he would hurt my mom and my baby

sister [M.J.] if I told anybody.” C.L. stated he did this “more than once” and it went on “for

three years.” The last time it happened was “a couple of days” before C.L. moved in with

her maternal grandmother in June of 2019. C.L. stated that, when she lived with

appellants at L.J.’s house, K.J. “woke me up in the middle of the night and grabbed me

and threw me on the bed . . . he pulled down his pants and he touched me in places I

didn’t like.” She clarified that K.J. had touched her genital areas with his hand and touched

her inside her body. Her mother and sister were sleeping at the time. C.L. reported that,

another time at L.J.’s house, K.J. “blindfolded" her and used his “private part” to touch

her. She said the abuse happened about twice every couple of weeks.

       C.L. explained that, before she moved in with her grandmother, she lived with

appellants at L.J.’s house, where they sometimes would not have food and would “go to

bed hungry.” She said both appellants would smoke marijuana inside L.J.’s house and

sometimes in front of her. She said K.J. “has a drinking problem” and “gets drunk almost

every night.” When he drinks, he “would start yelling” and “would get mad at my mom for

no reason.” C.L. recalled one time, when K.J. was drinking, M.J. wound up with bruises

on her “bottom” and on her legs because K.J. would “throw her down in her walker . . . . he

would get so mad at her.” When K.J. got mad at A.K., he would “kick us out of the house,

                                              4
even though it wasn’t his house.” One time, K.J. became angry and was “throwing glass

bowls [and] silverware” at A.K. and the children. C.L. said that both she and her mother

suffered bruises due to K.J.’s violence. She felt that M.J. was not safe with appellants.

       At the termination hearing, A.K.’s counsel cross-examined Chapa on why C.L.

would give “little to no detail” about specific instances of sexual abuse. Chapa replied:

       So this child was definitely in something called script memory. So when
       somebody has been continuously sexually abused, whatever type of abuse
       it is, all the events start to run together, so that would be consistent with
       somebody who has been continuously abused versus like where it is a one
       time incident and they can relay the full details. This just happened so much
       that it just became one big thing.

When asked by the attorney ad litem whether she saw “factors that would contribute to a

delayed outcry” by C.L., Chapa stated:

       Well, she was threatened by [K.J.] to not tell or her mom and sister would
       be hurt. So that played a huge role. At the end, she talks about not feeling
       safe. So kids that don’t feel safe don’t want to tell. When she went back to
       go—when she went to go live with her grandmother she said she felt safe
       and they were able to discuss what happened.

Chapa testified she did not see any indication that C.L. was coached or being deceptive.

She did not know why K.J. had not been convicted.

       Department caseworker Valerie Moretich testified that appellants were each

ordered to comply with a service plan. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.101. A.K.

participated in individual counseling as required by her service plan. A.K. was “pretty

consistent” with visitation, though she did miss “one to two” visits without giving any

reason. Her interactions with the child were appropriate, and M.J. exhibited a “close bond”

with A.K.

       The service plan also required A.K. to maintain gainful employment. According to

Moretich, A.K. “held several jobs” and “worked odd jobs here and there” but never

                                             5
provided proof of employment during the course of the case. Moretich stated that, under

the service plan, A.K.’s “home environment” must be monitored by the Department, but

she was not able to observe where A.K. was living. At the beginning of the case, Moretich

helped A.K. find a homeless shelter in Corpus Christi, where A.K. stayed for about three

months. Later, A.K. provided a home address, but when Moretich went to the address

and knocked on the door, no one answered; a man later came out of the building and

denied that A.K. lived there. A.K. later provided Moretich with a second address but

Moretich said there was no home located there.

        Moretich stated that the service plan required A.K. to undergo random drug testing.

Moretich asked A.K. “many times” to submit to drug testing but A.K. did not do so during

the time Moretich served as the caseworker. 3 Moretich conceded that A.K. did undergo

drug testing once for the Department during the pendency of the case, and the results

were negative. Moretich also testified that A.K. was “adamant that she was no longer in

a relationship with [K.J.] and would never be in a relationship with him again.” But Moretich

believed that A.K. maintained a romantic relationship with K.J. during the time she was

assigned to the case. According to Moretich, A.K. gave conflicting answers as to whether

she believed the abuse allegations against K.J.

        As to K.J., Moretich stated that he scheduled counseling appointments, as required

by his service plan, but he did not show up to the appointments. Once he was released

from jail on bond, K.J. expressed interest in starting visitation with M.J., but Moretich

discovered that his bond restrictions forbade him from having any contact with the child.

        3 When asked if A.K. gave any reason for not undergoing drug testing, Moretich stated: “[At o]ne of
the court[] hearings she said that she felt like she was being treated like a criminal and that was part of the
reason she did not drug test.”

                                                      6
Moretich could not recall whether she asked K.J. to submit to drug testing. She did not

have an opportunity to monitor K.J.’s home environment. She said that, in June 2019,

K.J. advised her he was living with his mother; however, L.J. said that K.J. “had not been

there for about a month and a half.” L.J. did not know where K.J. was living, and K.J.

never provided a home address to Moretich.

       Moretich stated that the Department did a home study on L.J. but “it did not pass”

for the following reasons:

       There were concerns about [L.J.] not believing [C.L.]. There were also
       concerns that because [C.L.] had made the outcry of domestic violence in
       [L.J.]’s home and that they were made—the family was made to sleep
       outside while in her home and she did not step in to protect them, the
       Department was unsure that she would be able to protect [M.J.] while she
       was there and because of the bond restrictions that [K.J.] had and so we
       were unsure she would be protective of [M.J.] if she were to be placed there.
       She also had—she was harboring a runaway at one point and so that was
       on her criminal record for harboring a runaway, and I think that those were
       all the reasons.

       During Moretich’s time as caseworker, M.J. was first placed in a foster home in

Ingleside and then, because those foster parents “were just unable to handle her

behaviors,” the child was placed in another foster home in Corpus Christi. Moretich said

that M.J. “would get upset very easily about little things” and had a “speech delay” but

“progressed really quickly with her services through ECI [Early Childhood Intervention]”

and was making “great progress” in the Corpus Christi foster home.

       Sofia Ybarra, who succeeded Moretich as the Department’s caseworker, testified

that A.K. reported that she was living with a friend but never provided an apartment name

or exact address. She did not provide any proof of employment. On April 1, A.K. told

Ybarra that she was “with [K.J.],” though she did not specify that she was in a romantic

relationship with him. Ybarra asked A.K. to submit to drug testing, but A.K. has not done

                                            7
so. However, with the exception of “a couple” of missed visits, A.K. has maintained regular

visitation with M.J.

       According to Ybarra, A.K. “felt like” the allegations of sexual abuse against K.J.

were not true because K.J. had not been charged with a crime with respect to those

allegations. 4 Ybarra was concerned that A.K. would not be protective of M.J. because she

did not believe C.L.’s allegations.

       Ybarra stated that M.J. “is very sensitive to change” and “started regressing a little

bit” because of the “changes” resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic; for example, the

visits with her mother were no longer face-to-face. However, Ybarra did not have any

concerns about M.J.’s current foster placement, and she believed the foster parents “are

able to meet all of her needs.”

       Ybarra testified that, to her knowledge, K.J. did not complete or initiate any

domestic violence counseling. She asked K.J. to submit to drug testing but he did not do

so. She attempted to examine K.J.’s home environment at L.J.’s residence, but when she

knocked, “[n]obody came.” She opined that it was in M.J.’s best interest for both

appellants’ rights to be terminated because “[t]here is no home for the child to go home

to.” Ybarra stated that the current foster parents are willing to adopt M.J. and plan to do

so, though she did not know “what the process is” for that to happen. On cross-

examination, she stated that merely making the Department M.J.’s permanent managing

conservator, without termination of parental rights, was not in M.J.’s best interest because

“that’s not permanency.”

       M.J.’s foster mother, Jessica Prothro, testified that she and her husband have

       4   One month before the final hearing, K.J. advised Ybarra that he had not been indicted.

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cared for the child for just over a year. She said that, including M.J., they have had seven

foster children, and they also have two biological children. Prothro said she and her

husband are licensed to adopt, a home study has been completed, and “we are ready to

go” on adoption.

       Prothro said that M.J. had some “pretty significant” behavioral issues when she

first came into her care, which she said is normal for a foster child. Because the issues

continued for over six months, Prothro enrolled M.J. in ECI programs for “speech and

specialized skills therapy” as well as play therapy. According to Prothro, M.J. “improved

so rapidly that they decided to graduate her after two months,” and the child is now

developmentally on track for her age. Still, Prothro testified that M.J. is “food obsessive”;

becomes upset “over seemingly small things”; has “sleep issues which we are seeking

medical attention for”; and has a “significant” “fear of men.”

       A.K. testified that she does not believe C.L.’s allegations of abuse because “I see

so many things in the video that don’t seem like [C.L.].” She agreed that she would only

believe an outcry if her daughter “said it to [her] face.” She denied that she was in a

romantic relationship with K.J. at the time of the final hearing, and she denied that she

desires or plans to be in relationship with him in the future. However, she conceded that

she told Ybarra on April 1 that she was “trying to be together” with K.J. When asked where

she was residing, A.K. replied: “I stay with my where I can [sic]. I thought I had a place

and it did not go through. . . . I am on a housing list. I’m trying.”

       A.K. conceded that she did not complete everything on her service plan, but she

did attend counseling, a parenting class, and visits. She stated she was unaware that the

court ordered her to undergo drug testing. She later acknowledged that she did not

                                               9
undergo drug testing through the Department because she was using marijuana at the

time.

        As to both parents, the trial court found predicate grounds for termination under

parts (E) and (O) of family code § 161.001(b)(1). See id. § 161.001(b)(1)(E), (O). 5 It also

found that termination of both parents’ rights was in M.J.’s best interests. See id.

§ 161.001(b)(2). The final order named the Department as M.J.’s permanent managing

conservator. See id. § 153.371. This appeal followed.

                            II. APPLICABLE LAW AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Involuntary termination of parental rights involves fundamental constitutional rights

and divests the parent and child of all legal rights, privileges, duties and powers normally

existing between them, except for the child’s right to inherit from the parent. Holick v.

Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985); In re L.J.N., 329 S.W.3d 667, 671 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2010, no pet.); see In re K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d 101, 121 (Tex.

2014) (Lehrmann, J., concurring) (“Termination of parental rights, the total and irrevocable

dissolution of the parent-child relationship, constitutes the ‘death penalty’ of civil cases.”).

Accordingly, termination proceedings must be strictly scrutinized. In re K.M.L., 443

S.W.3d at 112. In such cases, due process requires application of the “clear and

convincing” standard of proof. Id. (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 769 (1982);

        5   The relevant parts of § 161.001(b)(1) authorize termination if a parent:
        (E) engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct
        which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child; [or]
        (O) failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established the
        actions necessary for the parent to obtain the return of the child who has been in the
        permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of the [Department] for not less than
        nine months as a result of the child’s removal from the parent under Chapter 262 for the
        abuse or neglect of the child . . . .
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1).

                                                       10
In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002)). This intermediate standard falls between

the preponderance of the evidence standard of ordinary civil proceedings and the

reasonable doubt standard of criminal proceedings. In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846, 847

(Tex. 1980); In re L.J.N., 329 S.W.3d at 671. It is defined as the “measure or degree of

proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the

truth of the allegations sought to be established.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 101.007.

       In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting termination, we “look

at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether a

reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was

true.” In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 85 (Tex. 2005); In re L.J.N., 329 S.W.3d at 671. We must

assume that the fact finder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if it was

reasonable to do so, and we must disregard all evidence that a reasonable fact finder

could have disbelieved or found to be incredible. In re L.J.N., 329 S.W.3d at 671. We

must also consider undisputed evidence, if any, that does not support the finding. In re

K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d at 113; see In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266 (“Disregarding undisputed

facts that do not support the finding could skew the analysis of whether there is clear and

convincing evidence.”).

       When reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting termination, we

determine “whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm

belief or conviction about the truth of the [Department]’s allegations.” In re C.H., 89

S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. 2002). In conducting this review, we consider whether the disputed

evidence is such that a reasonable finder of fact could not have resolved the disputed

evidence in favor of its finding. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. “If, in light of the entire

                                             11
record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor

of the finding is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm

belief or conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient.” Id.

       The court may order termination of the parent-child relationship only if it finds by

clear and convincing evidence that: (1) the parent committed an act or omission described

in family code § 161.001(b)(1); and (2) termination is in the best interest of the child. TEX.

FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1), (2); In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d at 84.

                                                III. ANALYSIS

A. Predicate Grounds

       1. Failure to Comply With Court Order

       By her second issue on appeal, which we address first, A.K. argues there was

insufficient evidence to support predicate grounds for termination under part (O) of

§ 161.001(b)(1). 6 To establish grounds for termination under part (O), the Department

had to establish by clear and convincing evidence that A.K.

       failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically
       established the actions necessary for the parent to obtain the return of the
       child who has been in the permanent or temporary managing
       conservatorship of the [Department] for not less than nine months as a
       result of the child’s removal from the parent under Chapter 262 for the
       abuse or neglect of the child . . . .

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(O). The record reflects that the service plans

instituted for appellants in this case were approved by the trial court and adopted as

orders of the court, and there is no dispute that the orders are of the type specified in part

(O). See id.

       6   K.J. does not argue that the evidence is insufficient to support this ground.

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        The burden of complying with the court order is on the parent. In re S.J.R.-Z., 537

S.W.3d 677, 690 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2017, pet. denied). Part (O) does not provide

a means of evaluating partial or substantial compliance with a plan, and it does not “make

a provision for excuses” for the parent’s failure to comply with the service plan. In re D.N.,

405 S.W.3d 863, 877 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2013, no pet.); see TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 161.001(b)(1)(O). Therefore, “substantial compliance is not enough to avoid a

termination finding” under this statute. In re C.M.C., 273 S.W.3d 862, 875 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.). The Department need only establish the parent’s

failure to comply fully with a court order—it need not establish any particular quantity of

failure or degree of compliance. See In re S.J.R.-Z., 537 S.W.3d at 690; In re I.G., 383

S.W.3d 763, 771 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2012, no pet.).

        Caseworkers Moretich and Ybarra testified that A.K. completed some of the tasks

in the service plan, including participating in individual counseling and attending

supervised visits with the child. A.K. testified she also attended a parenting class.

However, both caseworkers stated that, on multiple occasions, A.K. failed to undergo

drug testing as they requested, though she did test negative once. 7 A.K. conceded that

she declined to drug test because she was using marijuana. The caseworkers further

related that A.K. failed to provide any proof of gainful employment, also contrary to the

        7  A.K. argues in her brief that the copy of the service plan entered into evidence and included in
the appellate record is “almost entirely illegible” and does not show that A.K. was required to undergo drug
testing at the Department’s request. However, Moretich testified that the service plan required A.K. to
undergo random drug testing, and there was no testimony adduced to the contrary. In any event, the
appellate record contains a corrected exhibit volume which includes a legible copy of A.K.’s service plan,
and it states in relevant part:
        The [Department] Caseworker will advise [A.K.] to submit to random drug testing (oral
        swab, urine analysis, and/or hair follicle) at the discretion of the Department. All drug tests
        shall produce a negative result. [A.K.] understands that any drug test she fails to attend
        results in an assumed positive drug test.

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requirements of the service plan. 8 Finally, except for a period of about three months when

A.K. lived in a homeless shelter, she did not provide the caseworkers with any home

address which could be verified. A.K. gave two supposed home addresses to Moretich,

but Moretich’s investigation revealed that A.K. did not live at either address. A.K. told

Ybarra that she was living with a friend, but she did not provide any address or apartment

name. As a result of A.K.’s failure to provide a verifiable home address, the caseworkers

were not able to monitor her home environment as required by the service plan. 9

       Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Department, we conclude

a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that A.K. failed to

comply with a court order under § 161.001(b)(1)(O). See In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d at 85.

And considering the entire record, we conclude the contrary evidence was not so

significant as to preclude such a finding. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. A.K.’s second

issue is overruled.

       2. Endangerment

       Appellants each argue by their first issue on appeal that the evidence was

       8   A.K.’s service plan states in relevant part:
       The [Department] Caseworker will inform [A.K.] that she will obtain and maintain gainful
       employment in order to show the Department that she is able to meet the basic needs of
       [M.J.].
       The [Department] Caseworker will inform [A.K.] she must provide the Department with the
       name and address of employment, as well as provide verification of employment through
       pay stubs or letters from the employer.
       9   A.K.’s service plan states in relevant part:
       The [Department] Caseworker will monitor the home environment of [A.K.] monthly.
       [A.K.] will need to provide a safe and protective home for her child. The home should be
       sanitary, free of any hazards, and have all working utilities (electricity, water, gas, etc.),
       with access to a telephone for emergency purposes. The [Department] Caseworker will
       advise [A.K.] to provide proof of housing and working utilities (paid receipts) to the
       [Department] Caseworker.

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insufficient to support predicate grounds for termination under § 161.001(b)(1)(E). 10

Under that part of the statute, the Department must have shown by clear and convincing

evidence that each appellant “engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with

persons who engaged in conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-being

of the child.” Id. § 161.001(b)(1)(E).

        “Endanger” means “to expose to loss or injury; to jeopardize.” Tex. Dep’t of Human

Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987). The term means “more than a threat

of metaphysical injury or the possible ill effects of a less-than-ideal family environment,”

but “it is not necessary that the conduct be directed at the child or that the child actually

suffers injury.” Id.; see In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 345 (Tex. 2009). Danger to a child

need not be established as an independent proposition and may be inferred from parental

misconduct. Walker v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 312 S.W.3d 608, 616–17

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied). The relevant inquiry is whether

evidence exists that a parental course of conduct endangered the child’s physical or

emotional well-being. Id. Termination under part (E) “requires a voluntary, deliberate, and

conscious course of conduct by the parent” and must be based on more than a single act

        10 “To affirm a termination judgment on appeal, a court need uphold only one termination ground—
in addition to upholding a challenged best interest finding—even if the trial court based the termination on
more than one ground.” In re N.G., 577 S.W.3d 230, 232 (Tex. 2019) (per curiam); see TEX. FAM. CODE
ANN. § 161.001(b)(1); see also TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1. However, the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a
finding of endangerment under § 161.001(b)(1)(D) or (E) must be reviewed when challenged, regardless
of whether the evidence supporting termination under another statutory ground is sufficient. In re N.G., 577
S.W.3d at 234, 237 (holding that “due process and due course of law requirements mandate that an
appellate court detail its analysis for an appeal of termination of parental rights” on endangerment grounds
because an endangerment finding “becomes a basis to terminate that parent’s rights to other children”
under part (M)); see In re L.G., 596 S.W.3d 778, 781 (Tex. 2020) (per curiam); In re C.W., 586 S.W.3d 405,
507 (Tex. 2019) (per curiam); In re Z.M.M., 577 S.W.3d 541, 542 (Tex. 2019) (per curiam). Accordingly,
even though we have already found the evidence sufficient to support termination of A.K.’s parental rights
under part (O) and K.J. does not dispute the sufficiency of the evidence to support termination under part
(O), we must still review the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the endangerment findings under part
(E).

                                                    15
or omission. See In re P.W., 579 S.W.3d 713, 726 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019,

no pet.); Ruiz v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 212 S.W.3d 804, 818 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.).

       The primary evidence of endangerment came from C.L.’s interview at CAC, in

which the child explained that K.J. had regularly sexually abused her “for three years.” At

one point, K.J. “blindfolded" C.L. and used his “private part” to touch her. C.L. further

stated that K.J. had an alcohol problem and would become angry and violent when he

was drunk. C.L. related that K.J. once caused M.J. to suffer bruises when he was mad at

her and “thr[e]w her down in her walker.” This evidence was sufficient to allow a

reasonable trier of fact to form a firm belief or conviction that K.J. engaged in a course of

conduct which endangered M.J.’s physical or emotional well-being. See TEX. FAM. CODE

ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(E); In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d at 85. Further, in light of the entire record,

there was no contrary evidence so significant as to preclude the court from making such

a finding. See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266.

       On the other hand, there is no allegation or evidence that A.K. personally harmed,

abused, or physically mistreated M.J. or any other child. As far as physical violence is

concerned, the only allegation against A.K. is that she intentionally moved back in to live

with L.J. after having already agreed in the safety plan that she would not allow M.J. to

have contact with K.J. But the safety plan also provided that L.J. would not permit K.J. to

live in her residence, and there was no evidence adduced indicating that A.K. actually

knew K.J. had returned to live with L.J. at the time she decided to move back in with the

child. Thus, we cannot say, based on this evidence alone, that A.K. “knowingly” placed

M.J. with K.J. so as to support an endangerment finding. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

                                             16
§ 161.001(b)(1)(E).

       That said, C.L. stated in her CAC interview that both appellants used marijuana

and occasionally did so in her presence. A.K. failed to submit to random drug testing

during the pendency of the case, and she acknowledged that this was because she was

using marijuana. Persistent illegal drug use may support a finding of an endangering

course of conduct under part (E). See In re B.M.S., 581 S.W.3d 911, 917 (Tex. App.—El

Paso 2019, no pet.); Walker, 312 S.W.3d at 617 (reasoning that a parent's illegal drug

use may support termination under part (E) because “it exposes the child to the possibility

that the parent may be impaired or imprisoned”). Further, A.K. demonstrated an inability

to maintain stable housing or employment. She did not provide the caseworkers with proof

of employment or a verifiable residence. Instead, as the caseworkers testified, she was

reliant on L.J. for shelter, and C.L. stated that the children would sometimes “go to bed

hungry” when they and appellants lived with L.J.

       A.K. argues that an endangerment finding under part (E) may not be based solely

on failure to maintain stable housing. See In re J.R., 171 S.W.3d 558, 578 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.). That may be true; however, a failure to provide stable

housing can support an endangerment finding under (E) when “combined with failure to

provide for the children’s needs.” Id. Here, though the evidence was not overwhelming,

we find that it was sufficient to support a firm belief or conviction that A.K. engaged in a

course of conduct which endangered M.J.’s physical or emotional well-being, and the

contrary evidence was not so significant as to preclude such a finding. See In re J.F.C.,

96 S.W.3d at 266.

       Appellants’ first issues are overruled.

                                             17
B. Best Interests

       A.K. argues by her third issue, and K.J. by his second issue, that the evidence was

insufficient to support the trial court’s findings that termination of their parental rights was

in M.J.’s best interests.

       There is a strong, though rebuttable, presumption that keeping a child with a parent

is in the child's best interest. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 153.131; In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112,

116 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam). Factors that we consider in determining whether termination

of parental rights is in a child’s best interest include: (1) the desires of the child; (2) the

emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future; (3) the emotional and

physical danger to the child now and in the future; (4) the parenting abilities of the parties

seeking custody; (5) the programs available to assist the parties seeking custody; (6) the

plans for the child by the parties seeking custody; (7) the stability of the home or proposed

placement; (8) the acts or omissions committed by the parent which may indicate that the

existing parent-child relationship is not proper; and (9) any excuse for the acts or

omissions committed by the parent. Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 372 (Tex. 1976).

The party seeking termination is not required to prove all nine Holley factors; in some

cases, undisputed evidence of just one factor may be sufficient to support a finding that

termination is in the best interest of the child. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25, 27.

       As to the first Holley factor, M.J. was under three years old at the time of the

termination hearing and is therefore too young to express her desires. See In re R.S.D.,

446 S.W.3d 816, 818, 820 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2014, no pet.) (finding that the child,

who was “almost four years old” at the time of trial, was “too young to have stated his

desires”).

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       As to the second factor, Fisher stated that M.J. is “non-verbal” which “is a safety

concern” because it means the child would not be able to communicate if something bad

happened. Moretich stated that M.J. had a speech delay, and that the foster family she

was initially placed with was “unable to handle her behaviors,” but that M.J. has improved

while in her current placement. M.J.’s foster mother testified that the child had “significant”

behavioral issues when she came into her care and these issues continued for over six

months. M.J. improved after undergoing therapy but still is “obsessive” about food,

becomes easily upset, has “sleep issues,” and has a “significant” “fear of men.” Because

M.J. has emotional and physical needs beyond that of a typical child her age, this factor

weighs in favor of termination.

       Consideration of the third and eighth Holley factors also weighs in favor of

termination, especially with respect to K.J. Although K.J. has not been formally charged

with a crime related to his treatment of C.L., the statements by C.L. in her CAC interview

support a finding that K.J. presents a substantial and serious risk of emotional and

physical danger to children, including M.J. Importantly, Fisher stated A.K. is “dependent”

on K.J.’s mother L.J. for housing, and A.K. conceded that she told Ybarra that she was

“trying to be together” with K.J. even after the abuse allegations were known and the

safety plan was put in place. A.K. was clear that she did not believe the allegations against

K.J. Accordingly, even though A.K. did not personally abuse any child, the evidence

supported a finding that the danger to M.J. caused by K.J. would persist if A.K.’s parental

rights were not terminated.

       As to the fourth and fifth Holley factors, K.J. failed to initiate domestic violence

counseling and did not visit with the child because his bond conditions prohibited it.

                                              19
Contrariwise, A.K. attended individual counseling and completed a parenting class,

participated in most scheduled visits with M.J., and exhibited a “close bond” with the child

during those visits. Consideration of these factors weighs in favor of termination of K.J.’s

parental rights and against termination of A.K.’s rights.

       As to the sixth and seventh Holley factors, both appellants exhibited an inability to

maintain stability in housing or employment. On the other hand, Ybarra testified that M.J.’s

current foster parents “are able to meet all of her needs,” and the foster mother stated

that she and her husband have several foster children and are prepared to adopt M.J. A

child’s need for permanence through the establishment of a “stable, permanent home”

has been recognized as the paramount consideration in determining best interest. In re

G.A.C., 499 S.W.3d 138, 141 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2016, pet. denied); In re K.C., 219

S.W.3d 924, 931 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.); see In re R.S.-T., 522 S.W.3d 92,

113 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2017, no pet.). A factfinder may consider the consequences

of failure to terminate parental rights and may also consider that the child’s best interest

may be served by termination so that adoption may occur, rather than the impermanent

foster-care arrangement that would result in the absence of termination. See In re K.C.,

219 S.W.3d at 931.

       Considering all the Holley factors, we conclude that the evidence was legally and

factually sufficient to rebut the strong presumption that keeping M.J. with her biological

parents is in her best interest. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 153.131; In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d

at 116. Instead, a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction

that termination of appellants’ parental rights was in M.J.'s best interests, and the contrary

evidence was not so significant as to preclude such findings. See In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d

                                             20
at 85; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. We overrule A.K.’s third issue and K.J.’s second

issue.

                                       IV. CONCLUSION

         The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

                                                            DORI CONTRERAS
                                                            Chief Justice

Delivered and filed the
18th day of November, 2020.

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