Court Opinion

ID: 4331514
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-14 00:12:40.251822+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:47:36.522356
License: Public Domain

109 T.C. No. 18

                 UNITED STATES TAX COURT

              JOYCE ASTON, Petitioner v.
     COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No.   26105-95.            Filed December 4, 1997.

         On July 5, 1991, banking regulators seized the
    assets of the Bank of Commerce and Credit
    International, S.A. (BCCI, S.A.), including funds
    that petitioner (a United Kingdom citizen and U.S.
    resident) deposited at BCCI, S.A.'s Isle of Man
    branch (IOMB).   Petitioner's account was insured
    for loss up to 15,000 pounds sterling by the Isle
    of Man Depositor's Compensation Scheme. Petitioner
    filed a claim against BCCI, S.A. for her funds.

          At all relevant times BCCI, S.A. maintained an
     agency office in Los Angeles.

          Petitioner deducted $185,493.79 as a loss from
     an insolvent financial institution pursuant to sec.
     165(l)(1), I.R.C., on her 1991 U.S. Federal income
     tax return. The $185,493.79 represented the final
     balance of her IOMB account, less the 15,000 pounds
     sterling insurance.
                                    - 2 -

                1.  Held: Neither BCCI, S.A., its IOMB, nor
          its Los Angeles agency office meets the statutory
          requirements for "qualified financial institution"
          pursuant to sec. 165(l)(3), I.R.C.    Accordingly,
          petitioner is not entitled to a casualty loss in
          1991.

               2.   Held, further: In light of the pendency
          of petitioner's claim in the liquidation of BCCI,
          S.A., petitioner is not entitled to a bad debt
          deduction pursuant to sec. 166, I.R.C., for 1991,
          the year the funds were seized, because she failed
          to prove that the deposit became worthless during
          that year.

     Carol P. Schaner and Paul W. Raymond, for petitioner.

     Louis B. Jack, for respondent.

     JACOBS,    Judge:     Respondent         determined     the     following

deficiencies in petitioner's Federal income taxes:

                Year                        Deficiency

                1988                        $37,775
                1989                          2,690
                1991                         10,258

     The issues for decision are: (1) Whether petitioner incurred

a loss on a deposit in a "qualified financial institution" within

the meaning of section 165(l)(3) and, if petitioner's loss does not

come within    the   purview   of   section     165(l),    then    (2)   whether

petitioner incurred a deductible       nonbusiness bad debt pursuant to

section 166.

     Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the

Internal Revenue Code in effect for the years under consideration.
                                       - 3 -

All Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and

Procedure.

       Some   of   the   facts    have   been        stipulated     and   are   found

accordingly.       The stipulation of facts and attached exhibits are

incorporated herein by this reference.

                                 FINDINGS OF FACT

       Petitioner resided in Long Beach, California, at the time she

filed the petition.

       Petitioner is a citizen of the United Kingdom.                After working

as a secretary, petitioner joined the Royal Navy, where she met

Gordon Aston.       They married in 1946.            Petitioner and her husband

originally resided in Manchester, England.                 Petitioner stayed at

home   for    several    years    to   care    for    their   two    children,    and

subsequently attended a training college for teachers.                    Petitioner

became a college instructor. Her husband was a police officer with

the Manchester City Police Force.

       In 1972, Mr. Aston retired and moved with petitioner to the

Isle of Man, off the coast of England.                At that time, petitioner's

daughter resided in the United States.

       In 1977, petitioner's son moved to the United States.                       In

1979, petitioner and her husband sold their house on the Isle of

Man and moved to California to be closer to their children.

       Until his death on December 31, 1984, petitioner's husband

handled the couple's financial affairs.
                                     - 4 -

1.    The Bank of Commerce and Credit International, S.A.

      The Bank of Commerce and Credit Holdings, S.A.1 (Luxembourg)

(hereinafter BCCI) was organized, chartered, and headquartered in

Luxembourg.    BCCI was established in 1972 by Agha Hasan Abedi, a

Pakistani   banker,   who   feared    the    imminent   nationalization      of

Pakistan's banks. BCCI's principal investors resided in Abu Dhabi.

Bank of America also maintained a 30-percent stake in the venture,

in an effort to increase its banking ties in the Middle East.

       BCCI had two operating subsidiaries: the Bank of Commerce and

Credit    International,      S.A.     (BCCI,     S.A.),       organized    and

headquartered in Luxembourg, and the Bank of Commerce and Credit

International, S.A. Cayman Islands (BCCI Cayman Islands), organized

and   headquartered   in    the   Cayman     Islands.   BCCI    chartered   its

operating subsidiaries in Luxembourg and the Cayman Islands because

those jurisdictions are considered tax havens; moreover, they

contain no central bank and minimal bank regulation.                 Over the

years, BCCI established approximately 350 offices throughout the

Middle East, Africa, Latin America, and Asia.

       BCCI and its operating subsidiaries were "foreign banks"

within the meaning of title 12 of the U.S. Code, Banks and Banking,

section 3101(7) (1994).      Pursuant to title 12, a foreign bank can

be licensed to do business in the United States in one of four

      1
          "S.A." is the French equivalent to "Inc.", an
abbreviation of "Societe Anonyme", the French word for
corporation.
                              - 5 -

ways: (1) As a "subsidiary"; (2) as a fully insured "branch"; (3)

as an "agency"; or (4) as a "representative".

     At various times during its years of operation, BCCI, S.A.

maintained agency offices in New York City, Los Angeles, and San

Francisco; BCCI Cayman Islands maintained agency offices in Miami,

Tampa, and Boca Raton. For a limited time BCCI, S.A. had a

representative office in Washington, D.C. (A representative office

is the lowest grade of banking offices.    It is prohibited from

doing routine banking transactions and primarily serves a local

public relations function for the home office of the bank.)    As

part of its worldwide branch2 structure, BCCI, S.A. maintained a

branch on the Isle of Man (IOMB).

     BCCI, S.A.'s agency offices3 in the United States were not

permitted to exercise fiduciary or trust powers under Federal or

State law. The U.S. agency offices also were prohibited from

     2
           "Branch" is defined pursuant to 12 U.S.C. sec. 3101(3)
(1994), as "any office or any place of business of a foreign bank
located in any State of the United States at which deposits are
received."
     3
          "Agency" is defined pursuant to 12 U.S.C. sec. 3101(1)
(1994), as follows:

          any office or any place of business of a
          foreign bank located in any State of the
          United States at which credit balances are
          maintained incidental to or arising out of
          the exercise of banking powers, checks are
          paid, or money is lent but at which deposits
          may not be accepted from citizens or
          residents of the United States. * * *
                                   - 6 -

accepting deposits from U.S. residents or citizens. However, BCCI,

S.A. and its IOMB could accept deposits from U.S. citizens and

residents.

     Deposits to BCCI, S.A., its U.S. agency offices, and the IOMB

were not insured under U.S. State or Federal law.            Deposits to the

IOMB of BCCI, S.A. were insured by the Bank of England under United

Kingdom law.

2.   BCCI Acquisitions

     In 1975, U.S. banking regulators blocked BCCI's attempt to

purchase Chelsea National Bank in New York.              BCCI officials were

informed that the Federal Reserve Board would never approve BCCI's

direct acquisition of a U.S. bank.

     BCCI thereafter launched a plan to acquire control of several

U.S. banks through a nominee known as Credit and Commerce American

Holdings,    Netherlands   Antilles    (CCAH).      In    1978,   CCAH   began

acquiring a controlling interest in Financial General Bankshares

(FGB),   a   multibank   holding   company   with    subsidiary     banks   in

Washington, D.C., Maryland, New York, Tennessee, and Virginia. The

purchase was finalized in 1982.

     In 1983, First American Bank (FAB) acquired two branches of

Banker's Trust in Manhattan, which were renamed FAB of New York.

Approximately 47 branches, subsidiaries, and affiliates of BCCI

maintained U.S. dollar accounts at FAB of New York.
                                       - 7 -

      Between 1977 and 1987, a BCCI nominee purchased the National

Bank of Georgia.

      Although    BCCI      never    directly    owned      any    U.S.    banks,   it

controlled a number of banks in New York, Maryland, Georgia,

California, and Florida.

      In 1990, BCCI officials pleaded guilty to money laundering

charges involving wire transfers between Panama and BCCI-Panama's

account at FAB of New York.

3.   Supervision of BCCI, S.A.

      BCCI, S.A. was initially supervised by the Luxembourg Monetary

Institute.       As   the    bank    grew--spreading        to    approximately     72

countries--the Luxembourg authorities became concerned about their

ability   to   supervise      BCCI    effectively.         Because    of   perceived

irregularities in the European branches of BCCI, S.A., a "college

of   supervisors"     was     established       in   the    late     1980's.        The

supervisors consisted of bank regulators from England, the Cayman

Islands, Luxembourg, and several other European countries.                      They

attempted to create a consolidated and accurate picture of BCCI's

operations.      Bank regulators from the United States were not

invited to join this group.

      At the time BCCI's operating subsidiaries opened their agency

offices in the United States, no approval from any Federal banking

authority (such as the Federal Reserve Board) was required.                         The

only approval required was a license from State banking regulators.
                                       - 8 -

BCCI, S.A. obtained approval from banking regulators in California

and New York for the establishment of agency offices in those

States, and BCCI Cayman Islands obtained approval from the banking

regulators in Florida for the establishment of agency offices

there.

     The Federal Reserve Board had limited supervisory authority

over BCCI's U.S. agency offices.              It was authorized to supervise

only the U.S. activities of the agency offices.                    The Federal

Reserve Board did not have:            (1) Access to the bank's worldwide

records; (2) authority to go outside the United States to make any

determination     regarding      the   bank's    overall   structure;     or   (3)

authority    to   obtain   information        concerning   the   asset    quality

capital of the bank as an entirety.

      In   response   to   the    lack   of    Federal   control   over    BCCI's

operations in the United States, Congress enacted the Federal

Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991, Pub. L. 102-

242, sec. 202, 105 Stat. 2286.           This law requires foreign banks to

obtain approval from the Federal Reserve Board before conducting

business in the United States.           It also requires foreign banks to

provide Federal regulators access to information regarding their

worldwide operations.

4.   Petitioner's Bank Accounts

     On June 20, 1980, petitioner and her husband opened account

No. 03000571 at the IOMB of BCCI, S.A., depositing 54,125 pounds
                                         - 9 -

sterling    into     a    6-month     certificate   of       deposit.    The   deposit

represented the proceeds from the sale of their Isle of Man house.

       During the 10 years following this initial deposit, only one

partial withdrawal was made from this account (discussed infra).

With   that   exception,        petitioner    and   her      husband     allowed      the

interest and principal to roll over into successive certificates of

deposit.      By their own terms, the certificates of deposit were

"automatically renewed with interest", absent written instructions

to the contrary from petitioner.

       Petitioner's account No. 03000571 was a "no correspondence"

account.      As such, except upon request, the IOMB of BCCI, S.A.

generally     did        not   send   statements    or       other      paperwork      to

petitioner's residence.

       In addition to account No. 03000571, Mr. Aston opened at least

one other account at the IOMB of BCCI, S.A. (account No. 02013325).

The full extent of the Astons' relationship with BCCI, S.A. is

unclear from the record; however, the claimed loss at issue arises

solely from the funds held in account No. 03000571.                        Petitioner

also maintained accounts at the Isle of Man branches of Lombard

Bank and Barclay's Bank.              The Barclay's account was opened when

petitioner and her husband first moved to the Isle of Man.                       It is

unclear when the Lombard account was opened.

       Following her husband's death, petitioner made one withdrawal

from account        No.    03000571    to   purchase     a    residential      unit    in
                                       - 10 -

Florida. This was to be a retirement home for petitioner's son and

his wife, as well as for petitioner, if she were still living.

5.   Seizure of BCCI's World-Wide Assets

       Early   on   in       BCCI's   existence    it   began   to   experience

substantial losses due to improper banking practices, including

illicit activities conducted by BCCI employees and customers.                For

many years, BCCI was able to keep the nature and extent of these

losses hidden.        However by 1991, BCCI's losses had become the

subject of scrutiny by bank supervisors in several countries.

       On June 6, 1990, the Federal Reserve Board received from the

Bank   of   England      a    Price   Waterhouse   audit   report    for   BCCI,

indicating a nominee relationship between CCAH and BCCI. The Price

Waterhouse audit report found that there were approximately $1.7

billion in outstanding, nonperforming loans from BCCI to eight CCAH

shareholders secured by CCAH stock.

       On June 11, 1990, BCCI sent a letter to the Federal Reserve

Board stating that it intended to close all U.S. BCCI offices

except New York.         On June 12, 1990, the New York Reserve Bank

suggested that BCCI cease all operations in the United States.                On

July 11, 1990, BCCI was instructed not to shift any assets to the

New York agency.

       On July 5, 1991, BCCI's worldwide assets, including those of

the IOMB of BCCI, S.A., were seized. The Luxembourg Monetary

Institute took control of the assets of BCCI, S.A., while the
                                    - 11 -

inspector of Banks and Trust Companies of the Cayman Islands took

control of the assets of BCCI Cayman Islands.

      On July 29, 1991, the Federal Reserve Board began enforcement

proceedings against BCCI, the BCCI subsidiary banks in Luxembourg

and the Cayman Islands, and a Cayman Islands bank related to BCCI,

for violations of U.S. banking laws. The Federal Reserve Board

found that BCCI had, inter alia, illegally obtained control over

several U.S. banking organizations through the use of nominee

shareholders.     All BCCI offices in the United States were seized

and the various U.S. banks it controlled were ordered to terminate

their relationship with BCCI. At this time, the superintendents of

banks for California and New York took control of the assets of the

California and New York agencies of BCCI.

        Following BCCI's closure, "Court Appointed Fiduciaries" were

selected to identify and manage BCCI's assets in preparation for

their     liquidation.     In    December     1991,    the     court-appointed

fiduciaries     pleaded    guilty   (on     behalf    of    BCCI)    to    various

violations of Federal and State laws. In 1992, the District Court

in Luxembourg, the High Court of Justice in the United Kingdom, and

the   Grand   Court   of   the   Cayman     Islands,       ordered   the   formal

liquidation of BCCI.       At the time of the trial herein, BCCI was

still in the process of liquidation.
                                     - 12 -

6.   Petitioner's Claims Against BCCI, S.A.

     At the time the deposits at the IOMB of BCCI, S.A. were

seized, petitioner's account had a balance of 129,608.46 pounds

sterling     (equivalent   to    US$209,771.29     under    the   prevailing

exchange rate4).    Accordingly, as of January 3, 1992, petitioner

and Mr. Aston had a claim balance of 129,608.46 pounds sterling

against BCCI, S.A. (in liquidation).

     A.    Isle of Man Depositors' Compensation Scheme

     The Isle of Man Depositors' Compensation Scheme notified

petitioner by letter dated January 20, 1992, that she could file a

claim for depositors' insurance. (Petitioner's account at the IOMB

of BCCI, S.A. was insured by the Bank of England (through the Isle

of Man Depositors' Compensation Scheme) for up to 15,000 pounds

sterling.)   Sometime between March and June 1992, petitioner filed

a claim with the Isle of Man Depositors' Compensation Scheme for a

loss regarding account No. 03000571 at the IOMB of BCCI, S.A.            The

15,000 pounds sterling to which petitioner was entitled from the

Isle of Man Depositors' Compensation Scheme reduced petitioner's

maximum    potential   loss     to    114,608.46   pounds    sterling    (or

$185,493.79). In 1993, petitioner received at least 9,000 pounds

sterling from the Isle of Man Depositors' Compensation Scheme.

     4
            Hereinafter, a dollar sign ($) refers to U.S. dollars.
                                  - 13 -

     B.   Proof of Debt Claims

     On January 15, 1992, the IOMB of BCCI, S.A. was placed into

liquidation by the High Court in Douglas, Isle of Man.               By letter

dated March 1992, the BCCI liquidator advised potential creditors,

including petitioner, of the procedures for filing proof of debt

claims.   Proofs of debt had to be filed before June 30, 1992.

     Petitioner   filed    two   claims    in   the    IOMB    of   BCCI,   S.A.

liquidation, one for each of her BCCI accounts.               By letters dated

December 10, 1996, the liquidator advised petitioner that a 24.5-

percent "first dividend" was declared, from which petitioner would

be paid $753.46 for account No. 02013325 and $67,703.42 for account

No. 03000571.

     Separate liquidations were also conducted for BCCI, S.A.'s

operations in California and New York.                All creditors in the

California and New York liquidations were fully paid (100 percent).

Petitioner did not file a claim in the California liquidation.

     C.   "Victims Fund"

     Sometime in 1995 petitioner's tax return preparer, Patricia

Vannucci, read a newspaper article indicating that a U.S. District

Court judge had ordered $393 million seized from BCCI to be turned

over to a worldwide "victims fund" to compensate depositors and

other third parties harmed by BCCI.             On September 7, 1995, Ms.
                                   - 14 -

Vannucci faxed the article to petitioner's attorney, Carol P.

Schaner.      Thereafter, Ms. Schaner attempted to obtain compensation

for petitioner from this worldwide "victims fund".            Ms. Schaner

received no response to her correspondence.

7.   Petitioner's Federal Income Tax Returns

        Petitioner did not initially report the interest income earned

by any of her Isle of Man accounts on her Federal income tax

returns.5       In   October   1991,   petitioner's   accountant   prepared

amended returns for petitioner's 1985-90 tax years to report

interest income from her Isle of Man accounts.              These amended

returns were mailed to the Internal Revenue Service on November 26,

1991.

       Petitioner deducted $185,493.79 as a loss arising from an

insolvent financial institution pursuant to section 165(l) on her

1991 Federal income tax return.         Petitioner claimed this loss as a

result of the seizure of her account No. 03000571 at IOMB of BCCI,

S.A.        As a result of this deduction, petitioner filed second

amended returns for 1988 and 1989, claiming net operating loss

carrybacks of $143,209 and $4,455, respectively.

        5
           Her original 1989 return, for example, neither
discloses the existence of the Isle of Man accounts nor reports
any interest income.
                                 - 15 -

8.   Notice of Deficiency

     On    September   18,   1995,6   respondent   mailed   a   notice    of

deficiency to petitioner determining deficiencies for her 1988,

1989, and 1991 tax years. The notice of deficiency disallowed the

1991 section 165(l) deduction and resultant net operating loss

carrybacks.

                                 OPINION

Issue 1.    Loss Arising From Qualified Financial Institution

     Petitioner, along with her deceased husband, lost funds on

deposit in the infamous BCCI fiasco and claimed a casualty loss

under section 165(c)(3).      The gist of this case is whether BCCI,

S.A. is a "qualified financial institution" within the meaning of

section 165(l)(3).

     Section 165(l) provides special treatment to certain losses

caused by deposits in insolvent financial institutions.                  See

Fincher v. Commissioner, 105 T.C. 126 (1995).          If its statutory

prerequisites are met, section 165(l) permits individuals to treat

a loss on a deposit as a casualty loss in the year the loss amount

     6
           On Oct. 5, 1995, respondent mailed a duplicate notice
of deficiency to petitioner for tax years 1988, 1989, and 1991.
The second notice of deficiency corrected a typographical error
in the date of the original notice of deficiency (erroneously
dated Sept. 18, 1996). Apart from the dates, the two notices are
identical.
                                 - 16 -

can be reasonably estimated. This option may be elected as an

alternative to the bad debt provisions of section 166, which treat

a loss on a deposit in an insolvent financial institution as a

short-term capital loss deductible only in the year in which there

is no reasonable prospect of recovery.               Electing casualty loss

treatment   forecloses   any   section    166       bad   debt     deduction.   An

individual's election of casualty loss treatment applies to all of

the individual's deposits in the same financial institution.

     Section 165(l) provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

          (l) Treatment of Certain              Losses        in   Insolvent
     Financial Institutions.--

                (1)   In general.--If--

                      (A) as of the close of the taxable
                year, it can reasonably be estimated that
                there    is  a   loss  on   a   qualified
                individual's deposit in a qualified
                financial institution, and

                     (B) such loss is on account of the
                bankruptcy   or  insolvency   of   such
                institution,

     then the taxpayer may elect to treat the amount so
     estimated as a loss described in subsection (c)(3)
     incurred during the taxable year.

            *     *       *       *             *         *         *

                 (3) Qualified financial institution.--
            For purposes of this subsection, the term
            "qualified financial institution" means--
                                        - 17 -

                           (A)    any bank (as defined in section
                   581),

                        (B) any         institution    described     in
                   section 591,

                        (C) any credit union the deposits
                   or accounts in which are insured under
                   Federal or State law or are protected or
                   guaranteed under State law, or

                        (D) any      similar     institution
                   chartered and supervised under Federal or
                   State law.

                  (4) Deposit.--For    purposes   of   this
             subsection, the term "deposit" means any
             deposit, withdrawable account, or withdrawable
             or repurchasable share.

The parties agree that petitioner is a "qualified individual"

pursuant to section 165(l).             Cf. Fincher v. Commissioner, supra.

Petitioner bears the burden to prove that the remaining statutory

requirements are met.           Rule 142(a).

     Preliminarily,        we    must    determine    the   specific      financial

institution where petitioner's funds were "on deposit".                    We must

then determine whether that institution was "qualified" within the

meaning of section 165(l)(3).

     Petitioner argues that she had an account at BCCI, S.A. in

Luxembourg    or   the     Los    Angeles   agency    office    of    BCCI,   S.A.

Respondent argues that petitioner's account was at the IOMB of

BCCI, S.A.    Because the following analysis determines that none of
                                        - 18 -

these entities meet the statutory requirements of a "qualified

financial institution", we need not determine the exact location of

petitioner's deposit.7

        Although petitioner concedes that neither BCCI, S.A., its

IOMB,        nor   its    Los   Angeles     agency    office      satisfy    section

165(l)(3)(A), (B), or (C), we nonetheless must examine these

provisions         to    determine    the   meaning    of   the     term    "similar

institution" under section 165(l)(3)(D).

        a.    Not a Bank

        The    first     "qualified   financial      institution"    described    in

subsection 165(l)(3) is a bank.             Section 581 defines a bank as:

               a bank or trust company incorporated and doing
               business under the laws of the United States *
               * * or of any State, a substantial part of the
               business of which consists of receiving
               deposits and making loans and discounts, or of
               exercising fiduciary powers similar to those
               permitted to national banks under authority of
               the Comptroller of the Currency, and which is
               subject by law to supervision and examination
               by   State,   or  Federal   authority   having
               supervision over banking institutions. * * *

        7
          We also need not determine whether the sec. 165(l)
analysis should be applied in this case on an office-by-office
basis (as implied by both petitioner's and respondent's
positions) or on an institution-wide basis because in either case
we would not hold that petitioner's deposits were maintained in a
qualified financial institution.
                               - 19 -

     With respect to the instant case, none of the three entities

(BCCI, S.A, its IOMB, or its Los Angeles agency office) meet the

section 581 statutory definition of a bank.    First, neither BCCI,

S.A. nor its IOMB was incorporated under the laws of the United

States or of any State.   BCCI, S.A.'s Los Angeles agency office was

also not incorporated in the United States or California.    (Under

the law in effect at the time, the Los Angeles agency office

operated under limited supervision by Federal banking authorities

and was merely licensed by California banking authorities to

conduct business in California.)

     Second, although a "substantial part" of the business of BCCI,

S.A. and its IOMB involved the receipt of deposits from U.S.

citizens,8 petitioner did not introduce evidence to establish that

any of these three entities could make loans or exercise fiduciary

powers, or that even if they could make loans or exercise fiduciary

powers, such activities constituted a "substantial part" of their

business. In addition, the Los Angeles agency office of BCCI, S.A.

was prohibited from accepting deposits from U.S. residents or

     8
          Richard Small, special counsel at the Board of
Governors of the Federal Reserve System in Washington, D.C.,
testified to this effect.
                                 - 20 -

citizens. Thus, as a U.S. resident, petitioner was prohibited from

depositing funds in the Los Angeles agency office of BCCI, S.A.9

     Third,   neither   BCCI,   S.A.   nor   its   IOMB   was   subject   to

supervision and examination by Federal or State banking officials.

Although the Los Angeles agency office of BCCI, S.A. was licensed

by California and its U.S. activities were supervised by the

Federal Reserve Board, BCCI itself was not subject to supervision

and examination.   Records pertaining to the central bank were not

available to Federal and State regulators. In fact, to the limited

extent the college of regulators scrutinized BCCI, U.S. regulators

were excluded.

     In sum, because the requirements of section 581 are in the

conjunctive, neither BCCI, S.A., its IOMB, nor its Los Angeles

agency office qualifies as a "bank" under section 165(l)(3)(A).

     9
          We do not construe the fact that petitioner may have
been able to withdraw funds from her IOMB of BCCI, S.A. account
at the Los Angeles agency office of BCCI, S.A. to mean that her
funds were "on deposit" in the Los Angeles agency office of BCCI,
S.A. (For example, an individual with an account at the Orange
County Federal Employees Credit Union is able to withdraw funds
from that credit union account through an ATM machine at
Barclay's Bank in London. The fact that the funds in the
California credit union account can be accessed at the Barclay's
Bank in London does not mean that the funds at the credit union
are "on deposit" at Barclay's Bank.)
                                      - 21 -

       b.   Not a Savings and Loan

       Through section 591, subsection 165(l)(3)(B) refers to "mutual

savings     banks,    cooperative    banks,    domestic   building   and   loan

associations,        and   other    savings    institutions   chartered     and

supervised as savings and loan or similar associations under

Federal or State law".       None of the three entities fit within these

categories.     Petitioner has failed to introduce any evidence that

either BCCI, S.A., its IOMB, or its Los Angeles agency office

qualifies under subsection 165(l)(3)(B).

       c.   Not a Credit Union

       Subsection 165(l)(3)(C) refers to credit unions whose deposits

are insured under Federal or State law.             The evidence before us

clearly establishes that deposits at BCCI, S.A., its IOMB, and its

Los Angeles agency office were not insured under Federal or State

law.   Accordingly, the three institutions do not qualify as credit

unions under subsection 165(l)(3)(C).

       d.   Not a Supervised and Chartered "Similar Institution"

       Subsection 165(l)(3)(D) provides a final exception for "any

similar institution" that is chartered and supervised under Federal

or State law.        In order to be a "qualified financial institution"

under section 165(l)(3)(D), an entity must be (1) supervised under
                                 - 22 -

Federal or State law, (2) chartered under Federal or State law, and

(3) a "similar institution".10

     All three institutions (BCCI, S.A., its IOMB, and its Los

Angeles agency office) do not meet the statutory requirements of a

"similar institution".   First, neither BCCI, S.A. nor its IOMB was

supervised under Federal or State law.      ("Supervise" refers to a

comprehensive scheme of regulation.       See, e.g., Cal. Fin. Code,

secs. 99-3900 (1989).    BCCI, S.A. was initially supervised by the

Luxembourg Monetary Institute.       The college of regulators was

subsequently established, but the United States was specifically

excluded from this group.   It appears that the IOMB of BCCI, S.A.

was most likely supervised under British law.)

     At the time BCCI, S.A. was operating its agency offices in the

United States, the Federal Reserve Board had limited supervisory

authority over these operations. The Federal Reserve Board did not

have the authority to grant or deny permission to a foreign bank to

do business in the United States or to obtain and review the

records of a foreign bank's worldwide operations.11        Moreover,

     10
          The legislative history of sec. 165(l) does not shed
light on the meaning of sec. 165(l)(3)(D).
     11
          These were among the powers that Congress later granted
to the Federal Reserve Board in the Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation Improvement Act of 1991, Pub. L. 102-242, sec. 202,
                                                   (continued...)
                                - 23 -

agency offices were required to obtain a license from State banking

regulators.

      Second, the parties have stipulated that neither BCCI, S.A.

nor its IOMB was "chartered under Federal or State law".        The term

"chartered" as used in section 165(l)(3)(D) is not defined in the

Internal Revenue Code, the regulations, or the legislative history.

For   general   legal   purposes,   however,   the   term   "charter"   is

equivalent to granting permission to organize; i.e., it refers to

the laws under which a bank is organized together with its articles

of incorporation. See, e.g., Cal. Corp. Code secs. 191(d), 202

(1989); Stanford v. Commissioner, 108 T.C. 344, 345 (1997) ("In its

articles of association or charter, Guardian Bank's stated business

purpose"); Liberty Natl. Co. v. Commissioner, 18 B.T.A. 510, 512

(1929) ("Each was created for certain definite purposes set forth

in its charter or articles of incorporation"), revd. on a different

      11
      (...continued)
105 Stat. 2286. Congress' expansion of the Federal Reserve
Board's powers in the 1991 legislation underlines the lack of
Federal supervisory power in previous years, including the years
at issue.
                                 - 24 -

issue 58 F.2d 57 (10th Cir. 1932)12; Black's Law Dictionary 236 (6th

ed. 1990).

     The charter of a bank is granted by the jurisdiction in which

the bank is created.   When a bank seeks to directly do business in

a foreign jurisdiction (whether another State or country), it

receives a license to conduct business in the foreign jurisdiction.

It does not receive a charter.    Clearly, neither BCCI, S.A. nor its

IOMB was chartered under Federal or State law.

     Petitioner contends, however, that the Los Angeles agency

office of BCCI, S.A. was chartered in California. Petitioner

observes that BCCI, S.A. filed an application to do business in

California, and argues that the application "presumably" included

a copy of its charter.

     Under California law, a foreign bank does not derive its

existence and general authority to operate from California.      The

foreign bank is merely licensed13 by the State to exercise some of

the authority granted by the bank's original charter.       See Cal.

     12
          Similarly, Rev. Rul. 90-54, 1990-2 C.B. 270, 271, which
considered the difference between a bank and savings association,
stated that "the charter is the source of an institution's
existence and its right to conduct business."

     13
          A "license" is the permission to do or carry on some
trade or business which would otherwise be unlawful. Black's Law
Dictionary 920 (6th ed. 1990).
                                   - 25 -

Fin. Code, secs. 400, 401, 1753 (1989).            Although BCCI, S.A.,

through its Los Angeles Agency office, was licensed to conduct

certain banking activities in California, it was organized and

chartered in Luxembourg. Thus, petitioner's argument has no merit.

     Petitioner's failure to establish that BCCI, S.A., its IOMB,

or its Los Angeles agency office was both "chartered and supervised

under Federal or State law" forecloses these institutions from

qualifying under subsection 165(l)(3)(D), without consideration of

the additional requirement that the qualifying entity be a "similar

institution."    Nevertheless, assuming arguendo BCCI, S.A., its

IOMB, or its Los Angeles agency office was both "chartered and

supervised under Federal or State law", we consider whether it was

also a "similar institution".

     We   interpret   the   term   "similar    institution"   to   mean   an

institution similar to those delineated pursuant to the provisions

of subsections 165(l)(3)(A) to (C).         The institutions described in

those provisions were organized and supervised under Federal or

State law, and/or insured customers' deposits under Federal or

State law.   But none of these factors apply to BCCI, S.A., its

IOMB, or its Los Angeles agency office, other than the Los Angeles

agency office's supervision by Federal and State authorities.

Moreover, satisfaction of the "supervision" element alone does not
                                        - 26 -

render    the   Los    Angeles   agency     office    a   "qualified   financial

institution".         Thus, we hold that the three entities involved

herein were not similar institutions.

     In sum, we hold that neither BCCI, S.A., its IOMB, nor its Los

Angeles    agency     office   is   a    "qualified   financial   institution"

pursuant to section 165(l)(3)(D).14          Accordingly, petitioner is not

entitled to a casualty loss in 1991.

Issue 2.    Bad Debt

     Because petitioner is not entitled to a casualty loss, we must

determine whether she is entitled to a bad debt deduction under

section 166.      Petitioner argues that her claimed loss should at

least be treated as a 1991 nonbusiness bad debt.             Respondent agrees

that the claimed loss is properly treated as a nonbusiness bad

debt, but contends that the loss was not worthless at the close of

1991.

     A nonbusiness debt is a debt other than "a debt created or

acquired * * * in connection with a trade or business of the

taxpayer" or "a debt the loss from the worthlessness of which is

incurred in the taxpayer's trade or business."               Sec. 166(d)(2)(A)

     14
          The above analysis makes it unnecessary to consider
whether petitioner incurred a loss "as of the close of the
taxable year" that "can reasonably be estimated", sec.
165(l)(1)(A), and whether such loss was "on account of the
bankruptcy or insolvency of such institution", sec. 165(l)(1)(B).
                                - 27 -

and (B).     Nonbusiness debts can only be deducted as short-term

capital losses in the year in which they become wholly worthless.

Sec. 166(d)(1)(A) and (B); Dustin v. Commissioner, 53 T.C. 491, 501

(1969), affd. 467 F.2d 47 (9th Cir. 1972); sec. 1.166-5(a)(2),

Income Tax Regs.    Worthlessness in a particular year is a question

of fact that must be determined by "an examination of all the

circumstances".     Dallmeyer v. Commissioner, 14 T.C. 1282, 1291

(1950).    Relevant considerations include circumstances such as the

solvency of the debtor and efforts to collect the debt.

     The year a debt becomes worthless is fixed by identifiable

events that form the basis of reasonable grounds for abandoning any

hope of recovery.    Crown v. Commissioner, 77 T.C. 582, 598 (1981).

Petitioner must establish sufficient objective facts from which

worthlessness could be concluded; mere belief of worthlessness is

insufficient.     Fox v. Commissioner, 50 T.C. 813, 822-823 (1968),

affd. per curiam 25 AFTR 2d 70-891, 70-1 USTC par. 9373 (9th Cir.

1970).

     We agree with respondent that petitioner's claim against BCCI

was not worthless in 1991.    Petitioner had claims pending against

BCCI in liquidation at the close of 1992.15   Cf. Halliburton Co. v.

     15
          This case is similar to Sandquist v. Commissioner, T.C.
Memo. 1978-281, where this Court found that the bank had assets
                                                   (continued...)
                                    - 28 -

Commissioner,      93 T.C. 758 (1989), affd. 946           F.2d 395 (5th Cir.

1991) (taxpayer had expropriation losses in Iran; courts held that

taxpayer had no reasonable prospect of recovering its losses at end

of   1979).      Acting   through   her   attorney   and    return   preparer,

petitioner has continued to actively pursue her claims against

BCCI.      Because BCCI was still in liquidation at the close of 1991,

the future of petitioner's claim was uncertain. Petitioner's claim

had a potential value; thus, it was not worthless in 1991.                 See

Dustin v. Commissioner, supra.

      In fact, as recently as December 1996, the liquidator for

BCCI, S.A. declared a dividend of 24.5 cents on the dollar in

respect of all pending claims.        In petitioner's case, this meant a

$67,703.42 dividend in respect of her account No. 03000571.16 Thus,

we hold that petitioner's deposit had not become worthless as of

      15
      (...continued)
that, viewed as of the close of either year in which the taxpayer
claimed the deduction, might have become available for the
satisfaction of her claim. The Court thus denied the deduction
for the years in question.
      16
          The letter from the liquidator states that all
depositors who made claims against the Isle of Man Depositors
Compensation Scheme have been paid 75 percent of account
balances, up to 20,000 pounds sterling. Petitioner calculated
the amount of her deduction based upon having been paid 15,000
pounds sterling by the Isle of Man Depositors Compensation
Scheme. This contributes further uncertainty as to the value of
the debt in 1991.
                              - 29 -

December 31, 1991.   Accordingly, petitioner is not entitled to a

bad debt deduction in 1991.

     To reflect the foregoing,

                                        Decision will be entered

                                   for respondent.