Court Opinion

ID: 4586725
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-17 00:09:50.089694+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:48:28.817138
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                    DIVISION ONE
STATE OF WASHINGTON,                        )       No. 78849-3-I
                                            )
                      Respondent,           )
                                            )
       v.                                   )
                                            )
ZACHARY DAMIEN CRAVEN,                      )       PUBLISHED IN PART
                                            )
                      Appellant.            )
                                            )

       VERELLEN, J. — Jurors should reach a verdict based upon the evidence

presented at trial and the law provided by the court. Because this process

should be based in reason and logic, a prosecutor makes an improper closing

argument by emphatically inviting jurors to rely on their emotions and moral

sense as well as their intellect when reaching a verdict. Although Zachary

Craven demonstrates the State’s closing argument was improper, he fails to

show it was prejudicial in view of the trial court’s timely oral instruction to the

jury that the application of the law to the facts is “an intellectual, not an

emotional decision.”1 Retrial is not required.

       Craven’s remaining issues also do not warrant any relief on appeal.

       Therefore, we affirm.

       1    Report of Proceedings (RP) (May 23, 2018) at 2434.
No. 78849-3-I/2

                                      FACTS

       Robert Luxton and Angelika Hayden were in a close relationship for

decades and raised Hayden’s biological grandson, Zachary Craven. Craven

called Luxton “grandpa” and Hayden “mom.” As Craven got older, his

relationship with Hayden deteriorated. In 2013 and again in April of 2015,

Craven pleaded guilty to domestic violence felony harassment for threatening to

kill Hayden. He then moved in with Luxton, who no longer lived with Hayden.

       On July 1, 2015, Luxton saw Craven come into their house from the

garage and inject something into his arm. Luxton had never seen Craven use

drugs like that before. Craven then took out an old .22 caliber pistol Luxton

kept in the garage, put it to Luxton’s temple, and said, “I will kill you.”2 Although

scared, Luxton said, “No, you won’t.”3 Craven hit Luxton’s temple with the gun.

       On July 7, Luxton went to check on Hayden at home because she was

not answering her phone. The front door was ajar, and he saw Hayden

slumped over the coffee table in her living room. The television was on. He

saw blood and a shell casing from a .22. Hayden had been shot once in the

right temple, killing her.

       That same day, Theresa Cunningham and her parents flew back to

Washington after a vacation to Indiana. They were supposed to be picked up

from the airport by Meagan Smith, who was one of Cunningham’s best friends

       2   RP (May 1, 2018) at 622.
       3 Id.

                                          2
No. 78849-3-I/3

and who had been house-sitting for them. Smith was not at the airport or

answering her cell phone, so Cunningham’s uncle drove them home. No lights

were on in the house, even though it was around 11:00 pm. The front door was

locked, and Smith had their keys. Cunningham and her father walked to the

back door. It was open. Cunningham used her cell phone as a flashlight as

they walked into the house. She saw Smith’s body on the kitchen floor and

began to scream. Smith had been shot once in the head, killing her. A shell

from a .22 was on the floor. They fled from the house. Cunningham called 911

and said her ex-boyfriend, Zachary Craven, had killed Smith.

      After responding to the Cunningham home, Renton Police Officer

Christopher Reyes brought Cunningham and her parents to the station for an

interview. About 10 minutes into his interview with Cunningham, her phone

rang. She put the phone on speaker and, in a clear voice, she and Officer

Reyes heard Craven say, “I’m in trouble. I need help. Come meet me alone.”4

Craven said he was at a drugstore in downtown Renton. Officer Reyes told

dispatch where to find him.

      Officer Dave Adam was on patrol around 1:00 a.m. when the call went

out to detain Craven as a person of interest in Smith’s death. Officer Adam

found Craven waiting outside the drugstore. He called Craven’s name and

ordered him to lie on the ground. Craven dropped the bag he was holding, put

up his hands, and began to walk away. After Craven ignored several more

      4   RP (May 3, 2018) at 892.

                                       3
No. 78849-3-I/4

orders to stop, Officer Gary Berntson tased and arrested him. Officer Berntson

took Craven to the police station and then to the hospital because Craven

complained of pain in his wrists. Craven’s blood was drawn at the hospital, and

it tested positive for methamphetamine and traces of opiates.

       The State charged Craven with second degree assault and two counts of

first degree murder. Craven entered pleas of not guilty, made a general denial

to the charges, and raised a mitigating theory of voluntary intoxication. The

State moved to admit documents Craven wrote and gave to an inmate, who

then provided them to the police. The court admitted the documents but

reserved ruling on admitting the inmate’s police interview because the inmate

refused to testify. The State also moved to admit dozens of pieces of evidence

under ER 404(b), and Craven moved to sever the charges against him. The

court admitted some of the ER 404(b) evidence and denied the motion to sever.

       In his opening statement, Craven admitted to killing Hayden and Smith

but argued it was not intentional or premeditated. Over the lengthy trial, 44

witnesses testified, including more than 20 police officers and 7 scientists with

the Washington State Patrol crime laboratory. During closing argument, the

prosecutor argued, “[T]he law is rooted in our . . . common intellectual sense

[and] common moral sense. What that means is that if we apply the law to the

evidence in this case, and if we follow the law, we will reach the correct verdict.

And it should feel right when you do so.”5 He repeatedly emphasized “it should

       5   RP (May 23, 2018) at 2434.

                                         4
No. 78849-3-I/5

feel right” in the head, heart, and gut when applying the law to the facts to find

Craven guilty.6 After the jury found him guilty, the court sentenced Craven to 72

years’ incarceration.

       Craven appeals.

                                    ANALYSIS

I. Prosecutorial Misconduct

       “A prosecutor has the responsibility of a minister of justice and not simply

that of an advocate.”7 Prosecutors represent the public, including defendants,

and have a duty to see that fair trial rights are not violated.8 Prosecutors must

“‘seek convictions based only on probative evidence and sound reason.’”9 A

prosecutor acts improperly by seeking a conviction based upon emotion rather

than reason.10 Reversal is required if the improper conduct prejudiced the

defendant.11

       6 Id. at 2434-44, 2455-56, 2507-08.
       7   Rules of Professional Conduct (RPC) 3.8 cmt. 1.
       8 State v. Monday, 171 Wash. 2d 667, 676, 257 P.3d 551 (2011) (citing
State v. Case, 49 Wash. 2d 66, 71, 298 P.2d 500 (1956)).
       9 In re Glasmann, 175 Wash. 2d 696, 704, 286 P.3d 673 (2012) (quoting
State v. Casteneda-Perez, 61 Wash. App. 354, 363, 810 P.2d 74 (1991)).
       10State v. Echevarria, 71 Wash. App. 595, 598, 860 P.2d 420 (1993)
(quoting State v. Huson, 73 Wash. 2d 660, 663, 440 P.2d 192 (1968)); see
Glasmann, 175 Wash. 2d at 712-13 (reversing convictions obtained by
prosecutor’s prejudicial appeals to emotion).
       11   State v. Warren, 165 Wash. 2d 17, 26, 195 P.3d 940 (2008).

                                         5
No. 78849-3-I/6

       Craven alleges the prosecutor’s closing argument prejudiced him. We

review allegations of prosecutorial misconduct for an abuse of discretion.12 We

review the argument within the context of the trial as a whole.13 Craven bears

the burden of proving the prosecutor’s argument was both improper and

prejudicial.14

       During closing arguments, the prosecutor equated having a verdict “feel

right” or “make sense” emotionally and morally with applying the law to the facts

of the case:

               [PROSECUTOR]: Members of the jury, the law isn't
       supposed to be mystic. It’s supposed to represent us as a
       society. It’s our shared beliefs, our shared understandings, our
       shared morals. The law is simply a codification of those things,
       and that’s what you have before you in the form of those jury
       instructions. At first blush they may seem wordy, confusing,
       complicated. But if you take the time to actually read them, think
       about them, you will see that they make sense. It’s because the
       law is rooted in our shared common intellectual sense, the law is
       rooted in our shared common moral sense.

            [DEFENSE]: I’m going to object, Your Honor. Improper
       argument.

                 COURT: Objection overruled.

              [PROSECUTOR]: Common intellectual sense, common
       moral sense. What that means is that if we apply the law to the
       evidence in this case, and if we follow the law, we will reach the
       correct verdict. And it should feel right when you do so.

       12 State v. Lindsay, 180 Wash. 2d 423, 430, 326 P.3d 125 (2014) (quoting
State v. Brett, 126 Wash. 2d 136, 174-75, 892 P.2d 29 (1995)).
       13
        In re Gentry, 179 Wash. 2d 614, 631, 316 P.3d 1020 (2014) (citing State
v. McKenzie, 157 Wash. 2d 44, 52, 134 P.3d 221 (2006)).
       14   Lindsay, 180 Wash. 2d at 430 (citing Warren, 165 Wash. 2d at 26).

                                         6
No. 78849-3-I/7

               [DEFENSE]: Objection, Your Honor.

              COURT: Objection overruled. Jury will apply the law to the
      facts. The law is what is contained in my instructions. The facts
      are the evidence, which the jury finds to have been proven and
      established. It is an intellectual, not an emotional decision, but
      that is the process that will be used.

             [PROSECUTOR]: If we follow the law, we will reach the
      correct verdicts. If you follow the law, you will reach the correct
      verdicts. And when do you that, it will feel right here intellectually.

             [DEFENSE]: Objection, Your Honor, to characterization of
      the feeling right here.

               COURT: The objection is overruled. Your objection is
      noted.

             [PROSECUTOR]: It will feel right here intellectually
      [indicating the head]. Remember our shared common intellectual
      sense. It will feel right here morally [indicating the heart], our
      shared common moral sense. That’s the law, and it should feel
      right here [indicating the gut or stomach].[15]

               [DEFENSE]: Objection, Your Honor.

               COURT: The objection is noted.

            [PROSECUTOR]: And that’s because the law makes
      sense. It makes sense here, and it makes sense here, and it
      makes sense here. (Indicating.)

               ....

            . . . The defendant must be found guilty of assault in the
      second degree for pistol whipping Luxton on the 2nd. The
      defendant must be found guilty of murder in the first degree for the
      premeditated killing of his 66 year old grandmother Angelika
      Hayden. The defendant must be found guilty of murder in the first
      degree for the premeditated killing of 21 year old Meagan Smith.

      15  During a sidebar, defense counsel expanded on his objection and
noted the prosecutor touched his head, heart, and gut or stomach when arguing
where “it feels right.” RP (May 23, 2018) at 2457.

                                         7
No. 78849-3-I/8

       These are the only conclusions that make sense. These are the
       only verdicts that make sense.

                [DEFENSE]: Objection, Your Honor.

                COURT: Objection overruled.

              [PROSECUTOR]: When you consider the evidence, and
       you follow the law, these verdicts make sense. They make sense
       here. (Indicating.) They make sense here. (Indicating.)

                [DEFENSE]: I’m going to object again.

                [PROSECUTOR]: And they make sense here (Indicating.).

                Thank you.[16]

Craven argues this argument was improper because it asked the jury to come

to a decision based equally upon what feels right intellectually in the head,

emotionally in the heart, and viscerally in the gut. The State concedes the

prosecutor’s argument was “inartful” but contends he was not asking the jury to

base their verdict on emotion.

       Read as a whole, the prosecutor told the jurors they would know

Craven’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt by, in equal measure, recognizing it

intellectually and feeling it emotionally in their hearts and viscerally in their guts.

Equating “common intellectual sense” with “common moral sense,”17 invited

jurors to give the same weight to their rationality as to their emotions and

instincts. By arguing “only [guilty] verdicts make sense” when also arguing the

       16 Id. at 2433-35, 2455-56.
       17  Id. at 2434, 2435.

                                           8
No. 78849-3-I/9

law must “make sense” in the head, heart, and gut,18 the prosecutor told jurors

that arriving at a guilty verdict was as much emotional as intellectual. This can

be understood only as an appeal to considerations other than the reasoned,

intellectual application of law to facts. It risked a conviction based upon

reasons other than the evidence.19

       The prosecutor tried to blunt the impact of this theme in rebuttal:

               PROSECUTOR: Let me set something else straight.
       [Defense] [c]ounsel accused me of asking you or suggesting that
       you convict based on morals or a gut feeling. It’s an example of
       overselling. It’s taking my comments out of context. What I
       reminded you repeatedly was to apply the facts and the evidence
       to the law. The law makes sense because it’s rooted in our
       intellect and our morals. And when you apply the facts to the
       evidence, it should feel right.

                DEFENSE: I’m going to object again, Your Honor.

                COURT: Objection overruled.

              PROSECUTOR: Not just do whatever feels right. That’s a
       different argument. And let’s be clear, I said it should feel right
       because it makes sense. I never felt that—I never said that you
       should feel good about it. I never said you should feel bad about
       it. The point was if you follow the law and apply the evidence to
       the law, you will reach the right conclusion.[20]

Despite the prosecutor’s belated attempt, his core theme remained the same:

each juror should feel right intellectually, emotionally, and instinctually when

       18 Id. at 2455-56.
       19Matter of Det. of Urlacher, 6 Wash. App. 2d 725, 748, 427 P.3d 662
(2018) (citing State v. Ramos, 164 Wash. App. 327, 338, 263 P.3d 1268 (2011)),
review denied sub nom., In re Det. of Urlacher, 192 Wash. 2d 1024, 435 P.3d 276
(2019).
       20   RP (May 23, 2018) at 2507-08 (emphasis added).

                                         9
No. 78849-3-I/10

applying the law to the facts. He is incorrect. As a judicial officer, the

prosecutor should have understood that following and applying the law will not

always feel right emotionally or instinctually. In fact, as the court instructed,

jurors are court officers with an obligation to set aside their biases and

intellectually apply the law to the facts even if the result is personally distasteful

or disappointing.21 The prosecutor urged the jury to rely upon their emotions

and instincts when weighing the facts alleged. It was improper for the

prosecutor to insist a juror should “feel right” and have a decision “make sense”

in the heart and in the gut when reaching a verdict.22

       The State cites State v. Curtiss23 to support the propriety of closing

argument because “a criminal trial’s purpose is a search for truth and justice.”24

In Curtiss, the court approved of the prosecutor’s closing argument that

because a trial is “a search for the truth and a search for justice,” the jury should

       21 See RCW 4.44.260 (a juror’s duty is to reach a verdict “according to
the law and evidence as given them on the trial”); see also 11 W ASHINGTON
PRACTICE, PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS: CRIMINAL 1.02, at 22 (4th ed. 2016) (“As
jurors, you are officers of this court. You must not let your emotions overcome
your rational thought process. You must reach your decision based on the facts
proved to you and on the law given to you, not on sympathy, prejudice, or
personal preference.”); cf. In re Pers. Restraint of Yates, 177 Wash. 2d 1, 30, 296
P.3d 872 (2013) (the right to trial by jury “is violated by the inclusion on the jury
of a biased juror, whether the bias is actual or implied”) (citing Morgan v. Illinois,
504 U.S. 719, 729, 112 S. Ct. 2222, 119 L. Ed. 2d 492 (1992)).
       22 We recognize that closing arguments in a criminal trial often involves
facts that can excite emotion. A prosecutor is not compelled to ignore such
facts. But arguing from facts that are inherently emotional is distinct from
arguing for reliance upon emotion to decide a fact.
       23   161 Wash. App. 673, 250 P.3d 496 (2011).
       24   Resp’t’s Br. at 39 (citing id. at 701).

                                            10
No. 78849-3-I/11

“[c]onsider all the evidence as a whole” and convict if “you know in your

gut . . . you know in your heart that Renee Curtiss is guilty as an accomplice to

murder.”25 The court reasoned “a criminal trial’s purpose is a search for truth

and justice. Accordingly, the State’s gut and heart rebuttal arguments in this

case were arguably overly simplistic but not misconduct.”26 The court recited

that the prosecutor’s single, fleeting “heart and gut” argument did not appeal to

emotion, but it did not explain its reasoning. It also explained no prejudice

would have resulted because the jury followed the court’s standard instruction

not to base its decision on sympathy, prejudice, or personal preference, and

that Curtiss, who did not object to the argument, failed to show an additional

jury instruction could not have cured any error.27

       We disagree with Curtiss’s conclusion that a “heart and gut” argument is

not an appeal to emotion. A jury should reach its verdict based upon the

evidence presented at trial, not each juror’s preferences or feelings in their

heart or gut. Because the prosecutor’s argument here emphatically and

expressly invited jurors to use their emotions and visceral instincts equally with

their intellect when reaching a verdict, closing argument was improper.28 The

search for justice is not consistent with this “heart and gut” appeal to emotion.

       25   Curtiss, 161 Wash. App. at 701.
       26 Id. at 702.
       27 Id.
       28
        When considering allegations of prosecutorial misconduct, our Supreme
Court has taken judicial notice of other cases in which that prosecutor has made
the same argument. Warren, 165 Wash. 2d at 27 n.4. Thus, we note our concern

                                            11
No. 78849-3-I/12

       However, Craven fails to show the argument was prejudicial. Before

closing argument, the court provided the standard jury instruction explaining

each juror must “reach your decision based on the facts proved to you and on

the law given to you, not on sympathy, prejudice, or personal preference.”29

More significantly, after the prosecutor’s first insistence that a correct verdict

should “feel right,” the court correctly instructed the jury:

                       COURT: [The] jury will apply the law to the facts.
                The law is what is contained in my instructions. The facts
                are the evidence, which the jury finds to have been proven
                and established. It is an intellectual, not an emotional,
                decision, but that is the process that will be used.[30]

This curative instruction reminded the jury of its duties and, having been given

so timely, shaped the jury’s understanding of the rest of the prosecutor’s closing

argument,31 significantly limiting any prejudicial impact.

that the same prosecutor has made the same closing argument in other cases,
almost word-for-word. E.g., State v. Bacani, No. 76371-7, slip op. at 16-18
(Wash. Ct. App. June 18, 2018) (unpublished), http://www.courts.wa.gov/
opinions/pdf/763717.pdf; State v. Berhe, No. 75277-4, slip op. at 21-23 (Wash.
Ct. App. Feb. 5, 2018), (unpublished), http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/
pdf/752774.pdf, rev’d on other grounds, 193 Wash. 2d 647, 444 P.3d 1172 (2019).
Bacani is distinguishable because the defendant did not object this argument
appealed to emotion. No. 76371-7, slip op. at 15-22. We decline to adopt the
reasoning in Berhe because it relies solely upon Curtiss to conclude this
argument was proper. No. 75277-4, slip op. at 22-23.
       29   CP at 464.
       30   RP (May 23, 2018) at 2434 (emphasis added).
       31 See State v. Stein, 144 Wash. 2d 236, 247, 27 P.3d 184 (2001) (“We
presume that juries follow all instructions given.”) (citing Degroot v. Berkley
Constr., Inc., 83 Wash. App. 125, 131, 920 P.2d 619 (1996)).

                                          12
No. 78849-3-I/13

       Citing State v. Perez-Mejia32 and State v. Allen,33 Craven insists this

instruction failed to cure any prejudice because the court also overruled his

objections. Perez-Mejia is not apt because the trial court there did not provide a

curative instruction after overruling the defendant’s objection to an improper

closing argument.34 Allen is also inapposite. There, the prosecutor repeatedly

misstated the law during closing argument, the court overruled the defendant’s

objections without providing a curative instruction, and the jury’s questions

during deliberation showed it had been misled.35 Because the court here

correctly stated the law when providing a curative instruction, we presume the

jury followed the court’s instructions,36 and nothing suggests the jury was

misled, Craven fails to show prejudice from closing argument.

       Affirmed.

       The remainder of this opinion has no precedential value. Therefore, it

will be filed for public record in accordance with the rules governing unpublished

opinions.

       32   134 Wash. App. 907, 143 P.3d 838 (2006).
       33   182 Wash. 2d 364, 341 P.3d 268 (2015).
       34 134 Wash. App. at 917-18.
       35 182 Wash. 2d at 371-80.
       36   Stein, 144 Wash. 2d at 247.

                                        13
No. 78849-3-I/14

II. Evidence Admitted Under ER 404(b)

          Craven challenges eight pieces of evidence admitted pretrial under

ER 404(b) to prove he intentionally killed Smith. He argues the evidence was

not admitted for a proper purpose or was unduly prejudicial.

          We review the court’s interpretation of ER 404(b) de novo and review a

decision to admit evidence for an abuse of discretion.37 A trial court abuses its

discretion when its decision rests on untenable grounds or was made for

untenable reasons.38 Evidence admitted under ER 404(b) may never be used

to demonstrate a defendant’s propensity to act in a certain way, but it may be

admitted for any other purpose.39 Before admitting evidence of a prior bad act,

a court must (1) find by a preponderance of the evidence that the act occurred,

(2) determine whether the evidence is relevant to prove an element of the crime

charged, (3) identify a proper purpose for admitting the evidence, and (4) weigh

the probative value of the evidence against any prejudicial effect.40 The court

must conduct the analysis on the record and provide a limiting instruction to the

jury.41

          37
         State v. Arredondo, 188 Wash. 2d 244, 256, 394 P.3d 348 (2017) (citing
Diaz v. State, 175 Wash. 2d 457, 461-62, 285 P.3d 873 (2012); State v. Gresham,
173 Wash. 2d 405, 419, 269 P.3d 207 (2012)).
          38 Id. (quoting State v. Mason, 160 Wash. 2d 910, 922, 162 P.3d 396
(2007)).
          39   Gresham, 173 Wash. 2d at 420-21.
          40   Arredondo, 188 Wash. 2d at 257 (quoting Gresham, 173 Wash. 2d at 421).
          41
Id. (citing State v. Foxhoven, 161 Wash. 2d 168, 175, 163 P.3d 786
(2007)). Craven insinuates the court failed to properly consider the ER 404(b)
evidence before admitting it. Appellant’s Br. at 56, 63. The record does not

                                           14
No. 78849-3-I/15

       Craven does not contest the first two factors, whether the acts occurred

or were relevant.42 Thus, we must determine, first, whether admitting the

evidence to show Craven’s intent was permissible,43 and second, whether the

evidence was sufficiently probative of motive and intent to avoid being unfairly

prejudicial.

       The court admitted each piece of evidence as probative of Craven’s

motive and intent to control and harm Cunningham and Meagan Smith.44

Evidence can be admitted under ER 404(b) to prove motive and intent. A

defendant’s motive is “what prompted [him] to take criminal action.”45 “Evidence

of a defendant’s motive is relevant in a homicide prosecution.”46 “[E]vidence of

quarrels and ill-feeling may be admissible to show motive, and evidence of prior

threats is also admissible to show motive or malice if the evidence is of

support him. In addition to a lengthy discussion and series of oral rulings on the
evidence, see RP (Apr. 6, 2018) at 278-326 (discussing and ruling on proffered
ER 404(b) evidence), the court entered conclusions addressing each of the
required factors. See CP at 139-67 (written ruling on ER 404(b) evidence).
Craven fails to show the court did not consider the required factors.
       42   Appellant’s Br. at 54-66.
       43
        Craven does not contest the evidence was admissible to demonstrate
motive. See Appellant’s Br. at 65.
       44 E.g., CP at 148 (trial court explaining its reasons for admitting one of
the six pieces of evidence).
       45
        Arredondo, 188 Wash. 2d at 262 n.7 (citing State v. Tharp, 96 Wash. 2d 591,
597, 637 P.2d 961 (1981)).
       46 State v. Stenson, 132 Wash. 2d 668, 702, 940 P.2d 1239 (1997) (citing
State v. Pirtle, 127 Wash. 2d 628, 644, 904 P.2d 245 (1995); State v. Osborne, 18
Wash. App. 318, 325, 569 P.2d 1176 (1977)).

                                         15
No. 78849-3-I/16

consequence to the action.”47 A defendant’s intent is “what the defendant

hopes to accomplish when motivated to take action.”48 A defendant’s intent

may be inferred from all the circumstances of a case, including the nature of the

parties’ relationship and any previous threats.49

       The State argues Craven had an abusive, controlling relationship with

Cunningham and this motivated his intent to act on threats he made against her

and those close to her. Craven does not challenge the court’s decision to admit

threats he made to Cunningham in the fall of 2014:

       If I have to look on your phone and go on your Facebook to find
       someone else you’re talking to, I WILL hurt you so bad you will
       wish you were dead, I swear to God, Theresa.

       If you even mention breaking up with me tomorrow, I will send you
       [your dog’s] head. [T]he one thing you love most. I will fucking
       send you [your dog’s] head. I swear to fucking God, Theresa. So
       are you?

       If you threaten to call the cops one more time I’ll go after your
       friends. Not bottom up, but start at the top. Marla? Meagan?[50]

       Craven challenges three pieces of evidence from a trip he took in April

2015 to visit Cunningham at Gonzaga University. During that visit, Craven

accused Cunningham of cheating on him, threw a glass at her, and assaulted

her. Cunningham used her phone to photograph her injuries and concealed

       47 Id. at 702 (citing State v. Powell, 126 Wash. 2d 244, 260, 893 P.2d 615
(1995)).
       48   Arredondo, 188 Wash. 2d at 262 n.7 (citing Powell, 126 Wash. 2d at 261).
       49State v. Yarbrough, 151 Wash. App. 66, 86-87, 210 P.3d 1029 (2009)
(quoting State v. Wilson, 125 Wash. 2d 212, 217, 883 P.2d 320 (1994)).
       50   CP at 143-45.

                                         16
No. 78849-3-I/17

them from Craven because he would check her phone. He sent a contrite text

message after the assault: “I will die before I ever hurt [you] again. . . . [B]ut

[you] can’t do this for me without me asking you to do something. Don’t wonder

[why] I get mad at [you] for that.”51 This all demonstrates Craven’s intent to act

on his desire to control Cunningham through violence and emotional

manipulation. This evidence is also probative of intent because it can rebut

Craven’s voluntary intoxication defense.

       Craven challenges three pieces of evidence from the final days of his

relationship with Cunningham. On June 3, 2015, Craven again accused

Cunningham of cheating on him and made her strip off her clothes to prove she

had no marks on her body showing infidelity. He then punched her in the chest

and threatened to kill her by holding up two bullets and saying “pick which one

you want.”52 On June 7, Cunningham went to a baseball game with her friends

and met Craven afterwards. He accused her of cheating, took out a gun,

pointed it at her head, and physically assaulted her. The next morning,

Cunningham confided in a family friend about the abuse and revealed her

injuries. This evidence is probative of Craven’s motive and intent because it

shows his need to possess Cunningham and his willingness to exert control

through threats and violence. This is also probative of intent because it can

rebut Craven’s voluntary intoxication defense.

       51   CP at 149.
       52   CP at 153.

                                         17
No. 78849-3-I/18

       Craven challenges two pieces of evidence about taking Cunningham’s

dog. On June 16, 2015, after the breakup, Cunningham refused to see Craven,

and then he went to her house and took her dog, a German Shepherd. On July

5, Craven visited a friend and asked if he could leave a German Shepherd with

her. This evidence is also probative of Craven’s intent to act deliberately on

threats made to control Cunningham.

       In State v. Arredondo, our Supreme Court upheld a trial court’s

admission of evidence under ER 404(b) to prove the motive and intent of a

gang member charged as an accomplice to second degree murder and assault

from a drive-by shooting.53 The victims were all members of a rival gang.54 The

court concluded the evidence of a past drive-by committed by the gang member

against that same rival gang showed his motive, deep-seated animosity toward

the rival gang, and his intent to act with extreme violence when faced with his

rivals.55 Like the gang member, Craven’s history of threats and related violence

were probative of his need to control Cunningham and his intentional use of

violence to do so. And like Arredondo, the State sought admission of these

eight pieces of evidence under ER 404(b) to prove intent, not mere propensity.

Craven fails to show the trial court erred.56

       53   188 Wash. 2d 244, 249-50, 394 P.3d 348 (2017).
       54 Id. at 250-51.
       55  Id. at 259-61.
       56
        Craven also contends the court erred by admitting evidence under
ER 404(b) to show identity. But identity was still a material issue when the
court admitted this evidence pretrial. See CP at 45-46 (Craven entering a

                                         18
No. 78849-3-I/19

       Craven argues the evidence was not sufficiently probative to outweigh its

prejudicial effect. “Evidence is unfairly prejudicial when it is likely to stimulate

an emotional response instead of a rational decision.”57 Merely being

prejudicial to the defendant does not make it unfair.58 In City of Auburn v.

Hedlund, for example, our Supreme Court concluded a 911 recording was

unfairly prejudicial to a defendant charged as an accomplice to vehicular

homicide where the content of the recording was inaccurate, exaggerated the

severity of the car crash, and was offered merely to prove a fact “well-

established” by other evidence.59 And the 911 caller’s “gruesome” description

was not germane to the crime charged.60 In State v. Pirtle, by contrast, the

court concluded gruesome crime scene and autopsy photos were not

cumulative or unfairly prejudicial to a defendant charged with first degree

murder and felony murder.61 Some photographs were very similar, but none

defense of general denial in his trial brief); RP (Apr. 6, 2018) at 213 (arguing
general denial and intoxication defense the day of oral argument on the motion
to admit evidence). Craven abandoned his general denial defense on the first
day of trial, after the court admitted the ER 404(b) evidence. See RP (Apr. 30,
2018) at 478-79 (Craven admitting to killings in his opening statement); CP at
167 (court’s written ruling of April 23, 2018, admitting evidence). He did not
renew his objections to the evidence after changing his defense. He fails to
show the court abused its discretion.
       57State v. Scherf, 192 Wash. 2d 350, 388, 429 P.3d 776 (2018) (citing State
v. Beadle, 173 Wash. 2d 97, 120, 265 P.3d 863 (2011)).
       58 Id. (citing State v. Read, 100 Wash. App. 776, 782, 998 P.2d 897
(2000)).
       59   165 Wash. 2d 645, 648, 656, 201 P.3d 315 (2009).
       60   Id.
       61   127 Wash. 2d 628, 635, 655, 904 P.2d 245 (1996).

                                          19
No. 78849-3-I/20

were duplicative.62 Each photograph provided a distinct view, such as how a

victim had been wounded or where they had been attacked. The photographs

were probative of premeditation because they helped to establish the sequence

of the attacks and how the wounds were inflicted.63 Although the photographs

were “potentially inflammatory” because they were “gruesome,” that risk was

unavoidable because crime itself was “gruesome and horrible.”64

      Craven contends the evidence of abuse was cumulative and, therefore,

unduly prejudicial. As in Pirtle, none of the admitted evidence was duplicative

of any other. Each act of abuse was distinct and probative of Craven’s motive

and intent. For example, evidence that Craven threatened Cunningham’s life

by putting a gun to her head after she socialized without him was probative of

premeditation by showing his strategic use of deadly threats to control her.

Evidence he stole her dog after the breakup was probative of premeditation,

showing his willingness to target others to control her.65 Each act was probative

of whether Craven acted with premeditation when he killed Smith because acts

      62 Id.
      63  Id. at 644-45, 653-55.
      64  Id. at 655.
      65  Craven also asserts the theft of Cunningham’s dog was unfairly
prejudicial because it was an “overt act of violence,” Appellant’s Br. at 62-63,
but he mischaracterizes the evidence. The court did not admit evidence Craven
harmed Cunningham’s dog. Indeed, the evidence showed Craven kept the dog
for several weeks and was trying to give it away. See CP at 159, 166-67.
Although the jury could have inferred Craven killed the dog based on his threats
and the fact it never came home, the jury could have as easily inferred he found
someone to take the dog.

                                       20
No. 78849-3-I/21

of past violence by the defendant against one victim can be probative of the

defendant’s intent to harm another victim in related circumstances.66 Craven’s

history of threats and subsequent acts were highly probative of his motive and

intent in a case where the State had the burden of proving premeditated intent.

Craven does not show the court abused its discretion.67

III. ER 404(b) Limiting Instruction

       Craven assigns error to jury instruction 28, the limiting instruction for

prior bad act evidence admitted to prove he killed Smith with premediated

intent. The instruction restricted how the jury could consider eight months of

misconduct, but it did not restrict the jury’s ability to consider misconduct from

the two months before the crime. Craven’s counsel drafted and proposed the

instruction. The instruction provided:

       66  See Arredondo, 188 Wash. 2d at 249-50, 260 (evidence of a prior,
uncharged drive-by shooting committed by a gang member charged as an
accomplice to second degree murder in a different drive-by shooting of a rival
gang was probative of the defendant’s motive and intent because it showed his
level of animosity toward rival gang members); Pirtle, 127 Wash. 2d at 649-50 (a
robber’s past conviction for a Montana felony assault was probative of motive
and intent in a Washington aggravated murder case because his motive for
killing the witnesses of his Washington robbery originated in the existence of
the Montana felony assault charges); State v. Boot, 89 Wash. App. 780, 789, 950
P.2d 964 (1998) (in an aggravated first degree murder case for killing a woman,
affirming the admission of evidence showing the defendant held a gun to the
head of a different woman two days earlier and was mocked as being too weak
to pull the trigger, giving him the motive and intent to kill someone).
       67Craven argues his prior acts of domestic violence against Cunningham
are inadmissible because she was not the victim of the charged crimes. But
Craven fails to explain why evidence of a defendant’s past violence targeting a
romantic partner cannot be probative of the defendant’s motive or intent to harm
another person connected to that partner.

                                         21
No. 78849-3-I/22

              Certain evidence has been admitted in this case for only a
       limited purpose. This evidence consists of testimony related to

       misconduct by the defendant toward Theresa Cunningham
       between September of 2014 and April of 2015. You may consider
       this evidence as to motive, intent, and premeditation for [killing
       Smith]. You may not consider this evidence as to [assaulting
       Luxton] or [killing Hayden]. Except as indicated in Instruction 35,
       you may not consider this evidence for any other purpose. Any
       discussion of the evidence during your deliberations must be
       consistent with this limitation.[68]

       A. Invited Error

       As a threshold matter, the State argues the invited error doctrine bars

consideration of this issue. “‘A party may not request an instruction and later

complain on appeal that the requested instruction was given.’”69 This is a strict

and inflexible rule70 that bars review even where the defendant proposes an

instruction in good faith and matters outside his control render it incorrect.71

       Craven argues State v. Gresham created an independent duty for a trial

court to provide a defendant’s proposed ER 404(b) limiting instruction after

altering it to correctly state the law.72 73 But he misreads Gresham. There, the

       68   CP at 492 (emphasis added).
       69State v. Studd, 137 Wash. 2d 533, 546, 973 P.2d 1049 (1999) (quoting
State v. Henderson, 114 Wash. 2d 867, 870, 792 P.2d 514 (1990)).
       70 Id. at 547 (citing Henderson, 114 Wash. 2d at 872).
       71See City of Seattle v. Patu, 147 Wash. 2d 717, 720-21, 58 P.3d 273
(2002) (concluding the invited error doctrine barred review where the ordinance
on which the defendant based his instruction was later held unconstitutional).
       72   173 Wash. 2d 405, 269 P.3d 207 (2012).
       73
        Craven relies on an unpublished case, State v. Moreno-Valentin, 190
Wash. App. 1022, 2015 WL 5724962 (2015), to support his position, but the case

                                          22
No. 78849-3-I/23

trial court admitted evidence under ER 404(b), and the defendant’s attorney

proposed a limiting instruction that incorrectly stated the law.74 The trial court

rejected the instruction because it was incorrect but failed to give any limiting

instruction.75 The court stated, “At least in the context of ER 404(b) limiting

instructions, once a criminal defendant requests a limiting instruction, the trial

court has a duty to correctly instruct the jury, notwithstanding defense counsel's

failure to propose a correct instruction.”76 It explained a defendant should not

be held to have waived the right to a limiting instruction by proposing an

incorrect one.77 It did not address the circumstances here, where the trial court

provided the defendant’s proposed instruction.

       Because the trial court in Gresham rejected the defendant’s instruction,

the invited error doctrine was not applicable and not addressed. Nor did the

court give any indication it was overruling decades of invited error precedent by

creating an exception specific to ER 404(b). Indeed, such an exception would be

incongruous with more recent Supreme Court decisions holding that the invited

error doctrine can preclude review of alleged errors of constitutional magnitude.78

is inapposite. The defendant in Moreno-Valentin did not request the erroneous
limiting instruction. Id. at *5.
       74   Gresham, 173 Wash. 2d at 424.
       75 Id.
       76  Id.
       77  Id. at 424-25.
       78See, e.g., Matter of Pers. Restraint of Salinas, 189 Wash. 2d 747, 754,
757-58, 408 P.3d 344 (2018) (holding the invited error doctrine barred review of
a defendant’s allegation of a public trial violation).

                                         23
No. 78849-3-I/24

       Craven agrees he proposed and the court adopted the portion of

instruction 28 he now argues was erroneous.79 The invited error doctrine bars

Craven from assigning error to the very language he proposed.80 We decline to

review this alleged error.

       B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       Craven argues his counsels were ineffective for proposing jury

instruction 28. We review a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel de

novo.81 The defendant bears the burden of proving ineffective assistance of

counsel.82 First, the defendant must prove his counsel’s performance was

deficient.83 Second, the defendant must prove his counsel’s deficient

performance prejudiced his defense.84 Failure to prove either deficiency or

prejudice ends the inquiry.85 A defendant must overcome “‘a strong

presumption that counsel’s performance was reasonable.’”86 When defense

       79 See Appellant’s Br. at 68 (“[Defense] [c]ounsel proposed the
instruction except for the reference to Instruction 35.”).
       80   Patu, 147 Wash. 2d at 721 (quoting Studd, 137 Wash. 2d at 546).
       81State v. Sutherby, 165 Wash. 2d 870, 883, 204 P.3d 916 (2009) (citing In
re Pers. Restraint of Fleming, 142 Wash. 2d 853, 865, 16 P.3d 610 (2001)).
       82State v. Grier, 171 Wash. 2d 17, 33, 246 P.3d 1260 (2011) (quoting
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674
(1984)).
       83 Id. at 32 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687).
       84 Id. at 33 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687).
       85State v. Woods, 198 Wash. App. 453, 461, 393 P.3d 886 (2017) (citing
State v. Hendrickson, 129 Wash. 2d 61, 78, 917 P.2d 563 (1996)).
       86
        Grier, 171 Wash. 2d at 33 (quoting State v. Kyllo, 166 Wash. 2d 856, 862,
215 P.3d 177 (2009)).

                                           24
No. 78849-3-I/25

counsel’s decisions “can be characterized as legitimate trial strategy or tactics,

performance is not deficient.”87

       Craven concedes that his trial counsels made a strategic choice when

proposing the limiting instruction but contends the decision was not legitimate.

The jury instruction prohibited the jury from considering misconduct from

September of 2014 through April 2015 to decide whether Craven intentionally

assaulted Luxton and killed Hayden, implicitly allowing consideration of

misconduct from May, June, and July of 2015 for any purpose. Craven’s trial

strategy was to contend only that he was incapable of forming premeditative

intent due to a downward spiral of drug addiction and not contest attacking

Luxton or killing Hayden and Smith. The jury could have found Craven guilty of

only lesser offenses had it accepted his theory.

       During opening statement, defense counsel asserted Craven was

experiencing a “deterioration,” becoming “incoherent” and having “delusional,

irrational thinking that was increasing” such that he “was absolutely delusional

by the time” he attacked his victims.88 He expressly invited testimony about

misconduct after April 2015 to prove his theory. For example, defense counsel

invited testimony from one witness to prove Craven regularly used

methamphetamine and heroin in June and July of 2015 and would suddenly

       87   Kyllo, 166 Wash. 2d at 863.
       88   RP (Apr. 30, 2018) at 487-89.

                                        25
No. 78849-3-I/26

became violent when under the influence.89 He also cross-examined

Cunningham about Craven’s increasing violence and drug use through May,

June, and July of 2015, asking if his behavior was a “consistent straight line

down” during those months.90 During closing, defense counsel argued

Craven’s increasingly irrational, impulsive, and violent behavior in May, June,

and July of 2015 was due to drug abuse.91 The jury could have concluded

heroin and methamphetamine use gave Craven a propensity for irrational,

rather than intentional, violence when he attacked Luxton, Hayden, and Smith.

Defense counsel made a legitimate, strategic decision to avoid conviction on

the most serious charges by showing and letting the jury infer Craven’s

propensity for irrational violence when using drugs in the months leading to his

crimes. Because defense counsels’ decisions were legitimate and strategic,

Craven fails to demonstrate they were ineffective.

IV. Severance

       Craven argues the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his

pretrial motion to sever and when it denied his renewed, half-time motion to

sever. We review a trial court’s denial of a motion to sever for abuse of

       89   See RP (May 8, 2018) at 1377-81.
       90   RP (May 14, 2018) at 1910.
       91RP (May 23, 2018) at 2466-71 (arguing Craven’s behavior in May,
June, and July of 2015 was a “descent” into impulsive violence and irrationality
due to drug use).

                                         26
No. 78849-3-I/27

discretion.92 Severance is appropriate where the defendant demonstrates that

holding a single trial is “‘so manifestly prejudicial’” that it “‘outweigh[s] the

concern for judicial economy.’”93 To determine whether a single trial would

cause undue prejudice, we weigh “‘(1) the strength of the State’s evidence on

each count; (2) the clarity of defenses as to each count; (3) court instructions to

the jury to consider each count separately; and (4) the admissibility of evidence

of the other charges even if not joined for trial.’”94 Even if evidence of separate

charges would not be cross admissible in separate trials, severance is not

required.95

       Because we consider only the facts known to the trial court at the time it

evaluated a severance motion, we first evaluate the court’s denial of Craven’s

pretrial motion to sever and then consider his renewed motion.96

       92 State v. Nguyen, 10 Wash. App. 2d 797, 814, 450 P.3d 630 (2019) (citing
State v. Bythrow, 114 Wash. 2d 713, 717-18, 790 P.2d 154 (1990)), review denied
sub nom. State v. Thanh Pham Nguyen, 195 Wash. 2d 1012, 460 P.3d 178 (2020).
       93 Id. (quoting Bythrow, 114 Wn.2d at 718).
       94State v. Bluford, 188 Wash. 2d 298, 311-12, 393 P.3d 1219 (2017)
(quoting State v. Russell, 125 Wash. 2d 24, 63, 882 P.2d 747 (1994)).
       95State v. Kalakosky, 121 Wash. 2d 525, 538, 852 P.2d 1064 (1993) (citing
State v. Markle, 118 Wash. 2d 424, 439, 823 P.2d 1101 (1992); Bythrow, 114
Wash. 2d at 720).
       96 See Bluford, 188 Wash. 2d at 310 (“[W]here we are reviewing only pretrial
joinder, we review only the facts known to the trial judge at the time, rather than
the events that develop later at trial.”).

                                           27
No. 78849-3-I/28

       A. Pretrial Denial of Severance

       For the first factor, Craven does not argue the evidence was weak on

either murder charge. Although he argues evidence of the murder charges

“were not equally strong” as evidence of the assault charge,97 a review of the

record shows the evidence on each charge was compelling. For the second

factor, he concedes his assertion of the same defenses to all three charges,

general denial and voluntary intoxication, did not support severance.98 For the

third factor, Craven asserts the jury would have been unable to follow the

court’s instruction to consider each charge separately.99 But we presume a jury

will follow the instructions provided absent evidence to the contrary, 100 and the

court planned to provide the jury with an instruction to consider each charge

separately.101 The critical factor here is the fourth: cross admissibility of the

evidence between the assault and murder charges and between each murder

charge.

       Craven argues evidence related to the gun and evidence of him being

driven to the two killings was not cross admissible between the charges. He

       97   Appellant’s Br. at 33.
        See id. (explaining “[t]he court noted, and defense counsel agreed,
       98

there was no conflict in the defenses).
       99 Id. at 34-35.
       100State v. Kirkman, 159 Wash. 2d 918, 928, 155 P.3d 125 (2007) (citing
State v. Davenport, 100 Wash. 2d 757, 763, 675 P.2d 1213 (1984); State v. Cerny,
78 Wash. 2d 845, 850, 480 P.2d 199 (1971)).
       101   RP (Apr. 6, 2018) at 228.

                                         28
No. 78849-3-I/29

admits “the firearm-related evidence, including forensic analysis, provided a

basis for the State to argue that the gun used to assault Luxton was the gun

used to kill Smith and Hayden.”102 He contends, however, that this firearm

evidence had little probative value, making it unfairly prejudicial and

inadmissible because other evidence showed Craven possessed a .22 caliber

gun. He also argues evidence Jorge Lopez drove him to Hayden’s house and

then to Cunningham’s house would not have been cross admissible because it

was not relevant to the assault on Luxton.

       Before Craven changed his defense, the State still had to prove he shot

Hayden and Smith. Forensic evidence showed the same gun was used in all

three crimes. Luxton’s testimony about being assaulted with that specific .22

was highly probative of identity because it connected Craven with the murder

weapon.103 And with intent and premeditation at issue, Lopez’s testimony

would have been probative and cross admissible to the murder charges

because he could testify about Craven’s requests to be driven to Hayden’s

house and Cunningham’s house on the day of the murders. He could also

       102   Appellant’s Br. at 37.
       103Craven contends other witnesses could link him to the gun, making
Luxton’s testimony less probative. But other witnesses provided conflicting
evidence, describing the gun by color or size rather than caliber. Only one
other witness, Michael Garcia, could testify he saw Craven with a .22 caliber
gun around the time of the killings. The presence of one other witness who
could connect Craven to that caliber of weapon does not reduce the probative
value of Luxton’s testimony so low as to render it unfairly prejudicial.

                                        29
No. 78849-3-I/30

rebut Craven’s mitigation theory by testifying about his demeanor the day of the

killings.

        Although evidence about the killings would not necessarily have been

admitted in a separate trial on the assault charge, severance is not required

merely because some evidence is not cross admissible.104 Indeed, an entire

criminal charge may not be cross admissible, and a court is still not obligated to

sever the charge.105 Testimony about the gun, including Luxton’s, would have

been cross admissible for all three charges, and Lopez’s testimony was

probative of intent for both murders. Because the factors predominantly

favored trying the charges together, Craven fails to show the court abused its

discretion.

        B. Denial of Severance During Trial

        CrR 4.4(b) allows severance when “the court determines that severance

will promote a fair determination of the defendant’s guilt or innocence of each

offense.” Accordingly, a defendant may raise a motion to sever after trial has

begun to address “[a]ny prejudice that emerges over the course of the trial.”106

Craven argues the court abused its discretion when it denied his renewed

motion to sever. He asserts none of the ER 404(b) evidence previously

        104   Kalakosky, 121 Wash. 2d at 538.
        105   Bythrow, 114 Wash. 2d at 720.
        106   Bluford, 188 Wash. 2d at 310 (citing CrR 4.4(a)(2)).

                                           30
No. 78849-3-I/31

admitted remained cross admissible because he changed his strategy,

contesting only intent and not identity.

       The four factors did not favor severance. The court instructed the jury to

consider each charge separately.107 Craven asserted the same voluntary

intoxication defense to all three charges. Severing the murder charges would

have required repeating testimony from 18 witnesses, of the 44 total, who either

investigated both killings or, like Luxton, could address the voluntary

intoxication defense by testifying about Craven’s behavior when on drugs. And

if the State also called the arresting officers who personally observed Craven’s

behavior in the hours following Smith’s killing, then 22 of the 44 witnesses

called would have testified at both trials. All of the ER 404(b) evidence admitted

pretrial to show the identity of Hayden’s killer was also admitted to show the

motive, intent, or knowledge of Smith’s killer, and remained cross admissible for

those purposes. Declining to contest identity eliminated the risk of prejudice

from the jury improperly inferring Craven committed one act of violence

because he committed another. Considering the factors as a whole, Craven

fails to show a manifest prejudice compelling severance.

IV. Improper Opinion Testimony

       We review an allegation the court admitted improper testimony for abuse

of discretion.108 A court abuses its discretion if it admits opinion testimony that

       107   See CP at 465.
       108State v. Blake, 172 Wash. App. 515, 523, 298 P.3d 769 (2012) (citing
State v. Demery, 144 Wash. 2d 753, 758, 30 P.3d 1278 (2001)).

                                           31
No. 78849-3-I/32

embraces the ultimate issue in a trial and is not otherwise admissible.109 A lay

witness’s opinion about a witness’s demeanor is admissible, even if it goes to

the ultimate issue, when based upon their personal observation of the

defendant.110 Because improper opinion testimony violates the defendant’s

right to a trial by jury, we review improper admission of opinion testimony under

the constitutional harmless error standard.111 Reversal is required unless the

State can prove beyond a reasonable doubt that any reasonable jury would

have reached the same result absent the error.112 If the untainted evidence

was so overwhelming the jury necessarily would have found the defendant

guilty, then the error was harmless.113

       Craven contends Detective Peter Montemayor, the lead detective on

Smith’s death, prejudiced him by giving improper opinion testimony. The

primary issue at trial was whether Craven acted with the requisite intent.

       109   State v. Quaale, 182 Wash. 2d 191, 197, 340 P.3d 213 (2014) (citing
ER 704).
       110 See State v. Rafay, 168 Wash. App. 734, 808, 285 P.3d 83 (2012)
(citing cases) (“Washington courts have repeatedly found [opinions about a
defendant’s demeanor] admissible when based on a proper foundation of
factual observations that directly and logically support the witness’s
conclusion.”); City of Seattle v. Heatley, 70 Wash. App. 573, 579, 854 P.2d 658
(1993) (concluding a police officer’s opinion that went to an ultimate issue for
the jury was admissible when “based solely on his experience and his
observation”).
       111   Quaale, 182 Wash. 2d at 201-02.
       112 Id. (citing State v. Brown, 147 Wash. 2d 330, 341, 58 P.3d 889 (2002)).
       113   Scherf, 192 Wash. 2d at 371.

                                          32
No. 78849-3-I/33

Montemayor testified for the State four times during the trial. The fourth time he

took the stand, Montemayor and the prosecutor had the following exchange:

      Q:     Although Ms. Hayden’s homicide is not your specific
             investigation, is it fair to say that you are familiar with that
             investigation?

      A:     I am familiar with it, yes.

      Q:      Familiar with the autopsy findings?

      A:     Yes.

      Q:     Reviewed all this video evidence?

      A:     Yes.

      Q:     Based on your investigation, the accompanying
             investigation that you were part of and also made aware of,
             are you aware of any evidence, any evidence to show that
             Mr. Craven’s killing of Angelika Hayden was not
             intentional?

                    [DEFENSE]: Your Honor, this is an improper
             question.

                    COURT: What?

                    [DEFENSE]: This is ultimately for the jury.

                    COURT: Objection sustained.

      Q:     Did you find any actual evidence of Mr. Craven being
             intoxicated at the time of Angelika Hayden’s murder or
             homicide?

      A:     No. Just being in possession of narcotics upon arrest.

      Q:     Any evidence that during the time of Angelika Hayden’s
             homicide that Mr. Craven was so intoxicated he could not
             form intentional acts?

                    [DEFENSE]: Your Honor, . . . I’m going to object to
             this. This is an ultimate question for the jury.

                                           33
No. 78849-3-I/34

                      COURT: I’m going to allow this question.

      A:       I have not seen any of that evidence, no.

      Q:       Are you aware of any actual evidence that Mr. Craven was
               so intoxicated at the time of Ms. Smith’s killing that he was
               not capable of committing that act intentionally?

      A:       No.

                      [DEFENSE]: I’m also going to have –

                       COURT: I’m going to sustain this objection. [T]he
               jury will disregard.

      Q:       Any actual evidence that Mr. Craven at the time of Meagan
               Smith’s homicide was so intoxicated that he was not
               capable of forming or committing an intentional act?

                       [DEFENSE]: Your Honor, I’m going to object both
               on it’s an ultimate question and also on speculation based
               upon the question.

                      COURT: Alright. I will allow this, but I do want to
               caution the jury that ultimately it will be the jury’s
               determination, based on all the evidence received in the
               courtroom, to determine whether Mr. Craven is responsible
               for any of these crimes.

      Q:       Are you aware of any such evidence?

      A:       No.[114]

Assuming Montemayor gave an improper opinion, the question is whether the

error was harmless.

      The State argues Montemayor’s testimony was not necessary to

establish premeditated intent because testimony from other witnesses

established that Craven could act intentionally when he attacked Luxton,

      114   RP (May 17, 2018) at 2363-65.

                                         34
No. 78849-3-I/35

Hayden, and Smith. Unlike Montemayor, the other witnesses who testified

about Craven’s intent had seen his demeanor and based their testimony upon

personal observations. Cunningham testified Craven’s several assaults on her,

including hitting her and pointing a gun at her head, were intentional.115 Luxton

testified Craven acted intentionally when putting a gun to his head, threatening

to kill him, and striking him with the gun.116 Lopez, who drove Craven to

Hayden’s house the day of her killing, testified Craven gave turn-by-turn

directions to her house.117 Lopez also testified Craven gave him turn-by-turn

directions to from Hayden’s house to Cunningham’s house.118 Douglas Beaton

was Hayden’s neighbor. Beaton spoke with Craven after he left her house on

the afternoon of her killing.119 Beaton testified Craven had no trouble walking,

no trouble speaking, and no trouble getting into a vehicle.120 Officer Berntson,

who helped arrest Craven and is a certified emergency medical technician and

trained combat medic, testified Craven’s uncooperative behavior around the

arrest was intentional despite him being high on heroin.121 Officer Adam, who

helped arrest Craven and was an emergency medical technician and firefighter

      115   RP (May 14, 2018) at 1933-34.
      116   RP (May 1, 2018) at 631-32.
      117   RP (May 8, 2018) at 1285-87.
      118 Id. at 1289, 1293-95.
      119   RP (May 7, 2018) at 1085-90.
      120 Id. at 1092-93.
      121   RP (May 3, 2018) at 987, 1002-03.

                                          35
No. 78849-3-I/36

before his career as a police officer, testified Craven did not appear to be too

intoxicated to act without intent.122 Officer Reyes, who heard Craven speak

with Cunningham the night of the killings, testified Craven’s speech was

confident and not slurred.123 Most notably, the prosecutor asked Officer Corey

Jacobs, a 29-year veteran police officer who also helped arrest Craven, a series

of questions, like those posed to Montemayor, about whether Craven could act

intentionally on the night of the killings:

       Q:       Was there anything that led you to believe that during that
                observation that [Craven’s] decision to walk backwards and
                keep and eye on [the drugstore] or look toward that
                [drugstore], that was not a purposeful or intentional action?

       A:       No, sir.

                ....

       Q:       When that person turned, you said, saw your vehicle, and
                then you described the path in which this person took.
                Anything about that period of time you observed this
                individual, anything for you to believe that those actions
                were not purposeful or intentional?

       A:       No, sir.

                ....

       Q:       When that individual headed northbound, after you went
                into the Fred Meyer parking lot, anything that to you even
                remotely seemed not purposeful or unintentional?

       A:       No, sir.

                ....

       122 Id. at 926-27.
       123  Id. at 894.

                                              36
No. 78849-3-I/37

       Q:       When you ordered [Craven] to stop, you told us that he had
                some words for you?

       A:       Yes, sir.

       Q:       “Why? What did I do?” Is that correct?

       A:       Yes, sir.

                ....

       Q:       Did that appear to be in response to your commands?

       A:        Yes.

       Q:    So, anything about that seem unpurposeful or
       unintentional?

       A:       No, sir.

       Q:       Putting the hands up but continuing to walk away and
                dropping the [backpack], anything about that seem to you
                [to be] unpurposeful or unintentional?

       A:       No, sir.

       Q:       And then, putting it all together, all of your observations that
                day, because sometimes when you have little bits and
                pieces and you are so focused on little pieces you might
                not get the big picture, right? So, I want to now talk about
                putting all of your observations together on that night of this
                individual, is there anything combined that causes you to
                think that any of his actions were not purposeful or
                unintentional?

       A:       No, sir.[124]

       The State also demonstrated Craven’s motive for killing Smith, his desire

to control Cunningham. Cunningham testified about Craven’s escalating use of

threats and violence to control her: a threat from April 2015 to kill her family if

       124 Id. at 977-80 (emphasis added).

                                           37
No. 78849-3-I/38

she refused to marry him;125 physically assaulting her on June 3;126 putting a

gun to her head on June 6;127 and taking her dog after they broke up, which he

had threatened to do if she broke up with him.128 Cunningham also testified

about Craven’s threats to “kill one of your friends right now, if you say the wrong

thing” and to kill Smith “[if] you threaten to call the cops one more time.”129

       Craven contends this evidence does not overwhelm Montemayor’s

inappropriate opinion because other evidence suggested he was on drugs and

unsteady on his feet the night of the arrest. But a voluntary intoxication defense

merely instructs the jury to consider evidence of intoxication when deciding the

defendant’s intent;130 it does not mandate acquittal due to any evidence of

intoxication. Cunningham and Luxton, two people who knew Craven better

than every other witness, said he threatened their lives and assaulted them

intentionally when he was under the influence of drugs. Lopez testified that on

the day of the murders, Craven carefully directed him to Hayden’s house and

then to Cunningham’s house. The jury would have reached the same verdict

regardless of Montemayor’s testimony because of the overwhelming evidence

       125   RP (May 14, 2018) at 1839.
       126 Id. at 1869-70.
       127  Id. at 1871-73.
       128   RP (May 8, 2018) at 1359-61; RP (May 14, 2018) at 1887-89.
       129   RP (May 14, 2018) at 1836-39.
       130State v. Webb, 162 Wash. App. 195, 208, 252 P.3d 424 (2011) (citing
State v. Thomas, 123 Wash. App. 771, 781, 98 P.3d 1258 (2004)).

                                          38
No. 78849-3-I/39

of Craven’s intentional conduct. The decision to admit Montemayor’s testimony

was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

V. Sixth Amendment Right to Confrontation

      Craven argues his Sixth Amendment right to confrontation was violated

when the court admitted documents that an inmate provided to a detective

investigating Craven’s case because the inmate refused to testify and verify that

Craven wrote the documents. Craven asserts providing the documents was a

communicative act, so admitting them was akin to the inmate testifying to their

origin. Assuming Craven’s assertion is correct, he waived his right to

confrontation because he stipulated to admission of other testimonial hearsay

from the inmate.131

      Both the Sixth Amendment and article I, section 22 of Washington’s

Constitution guarantee a defendant’s right to confront adverse witnesses.132

Witnesses are either adverse to the defendant and must be produced by the

State or helpful to the defendant and may be called if he chooses.133 “[T]here is

not a third category of witnesses.”134 Where the State invites inculpatory

hearsay, the defendant must assert his right to confront the absent declarant or

      131   RP (May 17, 2018) at 2204-06.
      132   State v. Burns, 193 Wash. 2d 190, 207, 438 P.3d 1183 (2019).
      133Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 313-14, 129 S. Ct.
2527, 2534, 174 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2009).
      134 Id. at 314.

                                       39
No. 78849-3-I/40

he waives it.135 Placing the burden to object on the defendant supports clarity

and judicial efficiency by giving appellate courts a reviewable decision.136

       Pretrial, Craven contended admitting the documents violated his right to

confrontation because providing them was functionally testimonial and the

inmate refused to testify. During trial, the inmate still refused to testify, but

Craven wanted to admit exculpatory evidence from the inmate’s interview with

the police and stipulated to its admission.137 Notably, the court was going to

refuse to admit the interview as hearsay and allowed it only because Craven

and the State agreed to it.138 By stipulating to admission of other testimonial

hearsay from the inmate, Craven waived his right to confront him. Because he

waived this right, he fails to present an appealable decision for review.

VI. 911 Recording

       The State played a recording of the 911 call Cunningham made after she

discovered Smith’s body. In the call, Cunningham calls Craven a

“psychopath.”139 The court refused to edit the tape to omit “psychopath”

because it was a colloquial use of the word and clearly not used to formally

       135Burns, 193 Wash. 2d at 208 (quoting Melendez-Diaz, 557 U.S. at 314
n.3, at 327).
       136 Id. at 211.
       137   RP (May 17, 2018) at 2203-07.
       138 Id. at 2204-05.
       139Ex. 75 at 1:10-1:15. At trial, Craven argued Cunningham called him a
“sociopath.” In the recording, she clearly says “psychopath,” and appellate
counsel agrees. Appellant’s Br. at 84 n.14. Regardless, Craven argues either
word was prejudicial for the same reasons.

                                          40
No. 78849-3-I/41

diagnose. Craven contends the call should have been edited to remove

“psychopath” as irrelevant and unfairly prejudicial.

       Evidence is relevant when it has any tendency to make the existence of

any fact more or less likely.140 This is a “very low” threshold, and even

“minimally relevant evidence is admissible.”141 As Craven notes, calling him a

“psychopath” could be pejorative, but the context and Cunningham’s vocal tone

illustrated her use of the term was to express fear, shock, and upset, not to

insult. Craven argues the pejorative use of “psychopath” was prejudicial, but it

is the word’s colloquial, nonclinical meaning that makes it relevant. Her vocal

tone and decision to say “psychopath” corroborated Cunningham’s testimony

about her fear of Craven in the months before the assault and killings.

Cunningham testified that she feared for her life in April 2015 when Craven

physically assaulted her. She also explained she took Craven’s threats to kill

her and her loved ones as genuine.142 “Psychopath” was relevant.

       It was also admissible. Cunningham’s reaction in the minutes after

discovering her friend’s corpse was admissible under ER 803(a)(2) as an

       140   ER 401.
       141State v. Darden, 145 Wash. 2d 612, 621, 41 P.3d 1189 (2002) (citing
State v. Hudlow, 99 Wash. 2d 1, 16, 659 P.2d 514 (1983)).
       142   See, e.g., RP (May 14, 2018) at 1834 (explaining she took Craven’s
threat to “make you go to everyone’s funeral, and then I will take you out” as
“[t]hat he is going to kill everyone that I cared about and then kill me
after . . . because I wasn’t doing what he wanted me to do”).

                                        41
No. 78849-3-I/42

excited utterance.143 Even if the word was emotionally loaded, Craven fails to

explain how a single use of “psychopath” in a searing, eight-minute recording

played in the middle of a lengthy trial would inflame the jury’s passions

sufficiently to cause prejudice. Craven fails to show the court abused its

discretion by refusing to remove “psychopath” from the 911 recording. 144

VIII. Cumulative Error

       Craven argues cumulative error deprived him of a fair trial, requiring

reversal. “‘The cumulative error doctrine applies where a combination of trial

errors denies the accused a fair trial even where any one of the errors, taken

individually, may not justify reversal.’”145 A new trial is required when the

“‘accumulation of errors most certainly requires a new trial.’”146 Assuming

admitting Montemayor’s testimony was erroneous, it was undoubtedly harmless

and minor in the context of the entire trial. Although the prosecutor’s closing

argument was improper, the court’s clear curative instruction substantially

reduced the risk of prejudice. Thus, it is highly unlikely these errors cumulatively

affected the outcome of the trial when the State presented considerable,

       143 See ER 803(a)(2) (an excited utterance is any “statement relating to a
startling event or condition made while the declarant was under the stress of
excitement caused by the event or condition.”).
       144See Darden, 145 Wash. 2d at 619 (citing Powell, 126 Wash. 2d at 258)
(decision to admit evidence is reviewed for abuse of discretion).
       145State v. Song Wang, 5 Wash. App. 2d 12, 31, 424 P.3d 1251 (2018)
(quoting In re Detention of Coe, 175 Wash. 2d 482, 515, 286 P.3d 29 (2012)),
review denied, 192 Wash. 2d 1012, 432 P.3d 1235 (2019).
       146State v. Clark, 187 Wash. 2d 641, 649, 389 P.3d 462 (2017) (quoting
State v. Coe, 101 Wash. 2d 772, 789, 684 P.2d 668 (1984)).

                                         42
No. 78849-3-I/43

compelling evidence on all three charges. The cumulative error doctrine does

not warrant any relief on appeal.

      Therefore, we affirm.

WE CONCUR:

                                     43