Court Opinion

ID: 9464781
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-04 23:42:24.05673+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:38:48.877781
License: Public Domain

WALLACE, Circuit Judge:
Raymond Lopez, a Papago Indian, was charged with second degree murder, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1153, 1111, in the shooting death of his brother, William. Lopez pleaded not guilty and, following a jury trial, was convicted of voluntary manslaughter, a lesser included offense. He presents five issues for review: (1) whether a reference by the prosecutor in the opening statement to inadmissible evidence should have been grounds for a mistrial; (2) whether it was error for the trial judge to refuse to instruct the jury on specific intent and intoxication; (3) whether reference by the prosecutor in his closing statement to defendant’s post-arrest silence requires reversal; (4) whether a mistake by the court reporter foreclosed defendant’s presentation of a self-defense theory; and (5) whether the jury based its verdict on sufficient evidence. We affirm.
The shooting took place on the evening of February 28, 1976, on the Papago Indian Reservation. Members of the Lopez family and some of their friends had been drinking heavily for some time when an argument apparently erupted between the brothers in the family home. Raymond stepped outside *683and called William to come out. Despite his mother’s attempts to prevent him from doing so, William complied. Mrs. Lopez closed the door and moments later the family heard a gunshot. Reopening the door, they found Raymond standing several feet from William who had fallen to the ground. Raymond gave his gun to his father who accompanied Raymond to the highway in order to report the shooting. A reservation policeman transported the men back to the Lopez home and radioed for help. Raymond was arrested and taken to the local jail. The following day, an FBI agent arrived to transport Raymond to the county jail. He read Raymond his Miranda rights, and Raymond signed a waiver. Raymond then answered the agent’s questions regarding his background and the purchase of the gun.
I
In his opening statement, the prosecutor told the jury that he would produce a witness who would testify that William told her immediately prior to the shooting that he was afraid of Raymond because Raymond had earlier made threats against his life. Lopez’s attorney objected, contending that the promised testimony would be inadmissible hearsay. The district judge responded immediately and stated that he would rule on the objection when the testimony was offered. He carefully cautioned the jury that what they were hearing was not evidence but “merely an opening statement,” and that they should base their verdict only upon the evidence. After the prosecutor finished his opening statement, the district judge called counsel to the bench and cautioned the prosecutor that unless he could point out an applicable exception to the hearsay rule, the threat testimony would be inadmissible. Lopez’s counsel stated:
And I think they are in a mistrial area because they are prejudicial. That’s what I wanted to bring out, Your Honor, and creates an impression upon the jury that no words are going to erase.
The prosecutor then indicated that he believed there was a valid exception which would enable him to introduce the evidence, possibly the state of mind exception, Rule 803(3), Federal Rules of Evidence. During trial, however, no attempt was made to introduce the controversial statement. A motion for mistrial was finally made after all the evidence was in. The district judge denied the motion on the basis of timeliness and because “I have more faith in juries than that.” Lopez now argues that the judge’s denial of the motion for mistrial was error. We disagree.
We may assume, without deciding the question, that the state of mind exception is inapplicable here.1 Nevertheless, we conclude that the prosecutor’s statement does not amount to reversible error. The first ground for denying the motion for a mistrial was that it was too late. We agree. The motion should have been made at the time the prosecutor made the statement. The district judge was then in the best position to take any necessary further curative action. In addition, if a mistrial had been warranted, ordering it at that juncture would have entailed but a relatively small waste of court and jury time. However, the statement of defense counsel made at the time — “I think they are in a mistrial area” — did not amount to a motion; at best it is a complaint about the conduct of the prosecutor. That is insufficient. Motions for mistrial must be specific as to their bases in order to be valid; accordingly, the failure to grant equivocal motions cannot be cited as error on appeal. See, e. g., Cook v. United States, 354 F.2d 529, 531-32 (9th Cir. 1965). If the rule were otherwise, a party who did not really desire to start afresh could make an offhand comment knowing no action would be taken and then, if unsuccessful in the trial, complain on appeal that the “motion” should have been granted.
*684There are additional reasons why the district judge properly denied the mistrial motion. First, as pointed out above, the judge promptly admonished the jury that the opening statements are not evidence. Clearly, the jury did not accept this statement as evidence. The threat testimony was relevant only as to the existence of malice aforethought. The jury, by its verdict of voluntary manslaughter, demonstrated its disbelief that the killing was caused by any malice. The prosecutor’s reference to the inadmissible evidence, therefore, could not have had a material effect on the jury’s verdict. See United States v. Valle-Valdez, 554 F.2d 911, 913-915 (9th Cir. 1977).
Second, testimony to the same effect as the prosecutor’s statement was admitted without objection during the cross-examination of the mother of the two boys. That evidence of a prior threat to kill was properly before the jury. Under these circumstances, the statement by the prosecutor was not reversible error. Frazier v. Cupp, 394 U.S. 731, 89 S.Ct. 1420, 22 L.Ed.2d 684 (1969); Cook v. United States, supra, 354 F.2d 529.
II
Lopez next alleges that it was reversible error for the trial judge to refuse to give proposed jury instructions on specific intent and voluntary intoxication. Lopez was charged with second degree murder and convicted of voluntary manslaughter, both of which require only general intent. “[T]he so-called ‘exculpatory’ rule, under which drunkenness may be taken into account to show that a particular state of mind . . . was not present” applies only to first degree murder, a specific intent crime. Kane v. United States, 399 F.2d 730, 736 (9th Cir. 1968), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 1057, 89 S.Ct. 698, 21 L.Ed.2d 699 (1969). Therefore neither proposed instruction was applicable.
III
In his closing argument, the prosecutor responded to defense claims that the shooting was not intentional by commenting on Lopez’s failure to explain to the arresting officers that the shooting was an accident. He stated:
The remark made by the defendant, apparently to his mother when she said why did you do it and he said: I didn’t mean to, he started it, or something along those lines. If anything, perhaps this shows this was the beginning of some remorse. He killed his brother by pointing the gun at him when all the brother had done was start to walk at him. And then the gravity of this begins to sink in, although he didn’t seem to be too remorseful the next day when Agent Frek-ing was driving here to Tucson when he was laughing at jokes or whatever. So in any event, this is a likely or possible explanation for this. And in view of the fact he never told any of the other agents that it was an accident or that William was the cause of this, I submit to you it is pretty suspicious or it is unlikely this is the real explanation here. If it really was an accident, why didn’t he protest his innocence, why didn’t he protest and say: Wait a minute, this was an accident. Why didn’t he stay home and say I had no reason to turn myself in. Those were his words to Ken Freking. He realized he had to go turn himself in. Would he have felt the same way if it was just an accident? I say no.
The Supreme Court has held “that the use for impeachment purposes of [a defendant’s] silence, at the time of arrest and after receiving Miranda warnings, violate[s] the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 619, 96 S.Ct. 2240, 2245, 49 L.Ed.2d 91 (1976); see also, United States v. Hale, 422 U.S. 171, 95 S.Ct. 2133, 45 L.Ed.2d 99 (1975) (use of post-warnings silence for impeachment purposes held reversible error on general ground that silence lacked sufficient probative value).
In the present case, however, no objection was made to the prosecutor’s reference to Lopez’s silence and no curative instruction was requested regarding the improper *685statement. Our threshold inquiry, therefore, is whether the prosecutor’s conduct amounts to plain error which we may review even absent a timely objection. Rule 52(b), Fed.R.Crim.P.; see, On Lee v. United States, 343 U.S. 747, 750 n.3, 72 S.Ct. 967, 96 L.Ed. 1270 (1952); Kohatsu v. United States, 351 F.2d 898, 901 n.4 (9th Cir. 1965).
It can be argued that errors with constitutional implications should be deemed per se plain error. See United States v. Arnold, 425 F.2d 204, 206 (10th Cir. 1970). We need not decide today the merits of this assertion. We do believe, however, that the error complained of here is “plain” and may thus be reviewed even absent a timely objection.
It is crucial to keep in mind, however, that the standard of “plain error” only goes to the issue of reviewability and not to the issue of whether a reversal is warranted. See United States v. Wysong, 528 F.2d 345, 348 (9th Cir. 1976); United States v. Larson, 507 F.2d 385, 387 (9th Cir. 1974); United States v. Trejo, 501 F.2d 138, 141 (9th Cir. 1974). Thus, an error unobjected to at trial may be so plain as to be reviewable under Rule 52(b), yet the error may be harmless and therefore not justify a reversal. For example, we have previously held that even though a prosecutor improperly introduced evidence of post-warnings silence, the error was harmless in light of substantial, independent, credible evidence of the defendant’s guilt. Egger v. United States, 509 F.2d 745 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 842, 96 S.Ct. 74, 46 L.Ed.2d 61 (1975).
Thus, having determined that the error in this case is plain and therefore reviewable, we must apply a discrete standard to determine the appropriateness of a reversal. Of course, in cases such as this involving constitutional errors, our duty is to reverse unless we are “able to declare a belief that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24, 87 S.Ct. 824, 828,17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967) .
In Scarborough v. Arizona, 531 F.2d 959 (9th Cir. 1976) we considered the harmfulness of a prosecutorial comment very similar to the one now before us. There we applied the example of Anderson v. Nelson, 390 U.S. 523, 88 S.Ct. 1133, 20 L.Ed.2d 81 (1968) , holding that the error is not harmless where the “comment is extensive, where an inference of guilt from silence is stressed to the jury as a basis of conviction, and where there is evidence that could have supported the acquittal.” Scarborough v. Arizona, supra, 531 F.2d at 962, quoting Anderson v. Nelson, supra, 390 U.S. at 524, 88 S.Ct. 1133. We held that the comment in Scarborough met these criteria and was therefore not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
However, it is also clear that the prosecutorial comment must not be evaluated in the abstract. On the contrary, it must be judged in light of the evidence as a whole. See United States v. Wycoff, 545 F.2d 679, 682 (9th Cir. 1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1105, 97 S.Ct. 1135, 51 L.Ed.2d 556 (1977); Egger v. United States, supra, 509 F.2d at 747.
In the case before us, our review of the record as a whole persuades us that the prosecutor’s concededly improper comment was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Here there was independent evidence already in the record and properly before the jury of Lopez’s declination to explain the shooting. In fact, his post-arrest failure to explain that the shooting was an accident was first placed before the jury by Lopez’s own counsel in her cross-examination of the FBI agent who transported Lopez to the county jail.2 It is true that the prosecutor used the plural form “officers” in identify*686ing to whom Lopez was silent, while the evidence properly before the jury referred to only one officer. But an assertion that the jury must have concluded that the reference to Lopez’s silence therefore referred to some discussion other than his confrontation with the FBI agent strains credulity. Under these circumstances, we believe that any error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
IV
During cross-examination, Lopez was asked if he had seen a pistol on William on the day of the shooting and he replied: “No, just a knife.” On re-direct, his attorney asked Lopez if he remembered testifying about the knife. The question was translated for Lopez and his response indicated confusion about what he was being asked. The judge then interrupted and said that he remembered no prior reference to a knife. The court reporter mistakenly said there was nothing in the record about a knife. Lopez’s counsel made no objection and began another line of questioning. There were no further statements concerning William’s possession of a knife. Lopez now alleges that the reporter’s error foreclosed him from bringing out evidence of self-defense.
There is no question that a mistake was made by the reporter. It is also true that re-direct is normally limited to the scope of cross-examination. However, Lopez’s counsel was not foreclosed from pursuing the matter; she did not try. The judge can, in his discretion, allow a new line of questioning on re-direct. Chapman v. United States, 346 F.2d 383, 388 (9th Cir. 1965); McCormick, Evidence § 32 (2d' ed. 1972). Because Lopez’s counsel did not pursue the issue after the reporter erred, the district judge had no opportunity to allow the questions.
V
As to the final challenge regarding the sufficiency of the evidence, we conclude there was substantial evidence upon which the jury could have based its verdict. Glas-ser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80, 62 S.Ct. 457, 86 L.Ed. 680 (1942); see United States v. Hood, 493 F.2d 677 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 852, 95 S.Ct. 94, 42 L.Ed.2d 84 (1974).
AFFIRMED.

. Compare Shepard v. United States, 290 U.S. 96, 106, 54 S.Ct. 22, 78 L.Ed. 196 (1933) with State v. Gause. 107 Ariz. 491, 493-95. 489 P.2d 830, 832-34 (1971); see also United States v. Pheaster, 544 F.2d 353, 374-80 (9th Cir. 1976).

. Q. Did he tell you the gun went off accidentally?
A. No, he didn’t.
Q. Or did you ask him if it went off on purpose?
A. He said that he shot his brother by making a horizontal waving action across his chest. He made no statement as to whether it was an accident or not.
Q. You didn’t ask him?
A. No, I didn’t.