Court Opinion

ID: 9486788
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 12:00:11.094228+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:51:56.183710
License: Public Domain

PAULINE NEWMAN, Circuit Judge.
The United States Court of International Trade1 upheld the classification of certain threaded, headless fasteners as “studs” under item 646.57, Tariff Schedules of the United States (“TSUS”), or heading 7318.15.20, Harmonized Tariff Schedules of the United States (“HTSUS”), and not as “bolts” under item 646.54, TSUS, or heading 7318.15.20, HTSUS. The items are listed in the TSUS as follows:
Bolts, nuts, studs and studding, screws, and washers (including bolts and their nuts imported in the same shipment, and assembled bolts or screws and washers, with or without nuts); screw eyes, screw hooks and screw rings; turnbuckles; all the foregoing not described in the foregoing provisions of this subpart, of base metal:
Of iron or steel:
646.54 Bolts and bolts and.. 0.7% ad val. their nuts imported in the same shipment
646.57 Studs and studding ..4.7% ad val.
The corresponding headings from the HTSUS are:
Other screws and bolts, whether or not with their nuts or washers:
7318.15.20 Bolts and bolts.. 0.7% ad val. and their nuts or washers entered or exported in the same shipment
7318.15.50 Studs.4.7% ad val.
7318.19.00 Other .5.7% ad val.
The items imported are alloy steel headless fasteners, threaded over their entire length and having chamfered ends. These fasteners are used by passing them through holes in the things to be fastened, and securing them at each end with a nut. The importer argues that since the fasteners act as bolts, they should be so classified, and that “stud” should only apply to an article “applied as a fixed protuberance”, Appellant’s Brief at 8. The government argues that these fasteners more accurately meet the definition of studs, citing the mechanical and dictionary definitions relied upon by the Court of International Trade, and the testimony of experts before that court. For example, the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms defines “stud” as “A short rod or bolt threaded at both ends without a head.” McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 1843 (4th ed. 1989). These are the headless threaded rods here at issue. The same dictionary defines “bolt” as “a rod, usually of metal, with a square, round, or hexagonal head at one end and a screw thread on the other, used to fasten objects together.” Id. at 247. See also, Chambers Technical Dictionary (1953) (defining “stud” as “A shank or headless bolt, generally screwed from both ends and plain in the middle. It is permanently screwed into one piece, to which another is then secured by a nut”); ASME Boiler and *1396Pressure Vessel Code (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) (“Stud — a threaded fastener without a head, with threads on one or both ends, or threaded full length”).2
We affirm the decision of the Court of International Trade, for the reasons stated in its opinion S.I. Stud, Inc. v. United States, No. 90-12-00653, 1993 WL 261419 (Ct.Int’l Trade July 1, 1993).

AFFIRMED.

. S.I. Stud, Inc. v. United States, No. 90-12-00653, 1993 WL 261419, 1993 Ct.Int'l Trade LEXIS 124 (July 1, 1993) (Slip Op. No. 93-124).

. The term "stud” is also used to refer to "fixed protuberances” such as tire studs or hobnails, in addition to headless threaded rods. A "stud” does not become a "bolt” when it is not a fixed protuberance.