Court Opinion

ID: 4193530
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-08-05 03:12:38.852354+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:39:34.527855
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS
                        SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                             FORT WORTH

                             NO. 02-16-00282-CV

MUSA (“MOSES”) N. MUSALLAM                                        APPELLANT

                                      V.

AMAR B. ALI                                                         APPELLEE

                                   ----------

          FROM THE 67TH DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
                    TRIAL COURT NO. 067-266677-13

                                   ----------

                       MEMORANDUM OPINION1

                                   ----------

      A jury found that Appellant Musa N. Musallam breached a contract he had

with Appellee Amar B. Ali for the sale of a wholesale distribution company and

awarded Ali $904,924 in damages for past and future lost profits.    Musallam

appeals, arguing that the contract is unenforceable as a matter of law and that

      1
      See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
the jury’s lost-profits award is not supported by legally sufficient evidence. We

affirm.

                               I. BACKGROUND

      Musallam was the sole shareholder of Fanci Candy Company, a wholesale

distribution company in the business of distributing consumer goods such as

candy, soft drinks, and (particularly relevant to this case) tobacco products to

convenience stores in north Texas. As part of its tobacco-distribution business,

Fanci Candy held direct-distribution agreements with two of the major tobacco

companies in the United States, Altria Group Distribution Company and Lorillard

Tobacco Company, Inc., which enabled it to purchase tobacco products directly

from certain of Altria’s and Lorillard’s tobacco manufacturers and then sell those

products to convenience stores, which made them available for retail purchase.

Direct-distribution agreements with these manufacturers were not easy to come

by because Altria and Lorillard rarely, if ever, entered into such agreements with

distributors who did not already have them. Thus, if an entity that lacked existing

direct-distribution agreements with Altria’s and Lorrillard’s manufacturers desired

to purchase tobacco products directly from them, the main way for it to do so was

to purchase a company that had a direct-distribution agreement and be

grandfathered into the agreement.

      Toward the end of 2012, Musallam decided to sell Fanci Candy and found

an interested buyer in Ali.    Ali’s father owned A to Z Wholesalers, Inc., a

company that, like Fanci Candy, was in the business of distributing candy, soft

                                        2
drinks, and tobacco products to convenience stores.        Ali had no ownership

interest in A to Z Wholesalers, but he served as its vice president and was

essentially responsible for running it. Unlike Fanci Candy, A to Z Wholesalers

did not have direct-distribution agreements allowing it to purchase tobacco

products directly from two of Altria’s three major tobacco manufacturers, Phillip

Morris USA and U.S. Smokeless Tobacco, or from certain of Lorillard’s tobacco

manufacturers.    Because A to Z Wholesalers could not purchase tobacco

products directly from those manufacturers, it had to purchase them from a

middleman distributor. And unsurprisingly, it cost more for A to Z Wholesalers to

purchase those tobacco products from its middleman than it cost Fanci Candy to

purchase them directly from their manufacturers. Thus, Ali was interested in

purchasing Fanci Candy because it presented an avenue by which he could

acquire its direct-distribution agreements with Altria and Lorillard, thereby

enabling him to purchase certain tobacco products at the price the manufacturers

charged Fanci Candy.      He could then turn a profit by selling those tobacco

products to A to Z Wholesalers at the same marked-up price its middleman

charged for them. In other words, acquiring Fanci Candy would enable Ali to

step into the shoes of A to Z Wholesalers’ middleman.

      Ali’s interest in purchasing Fanci Candy hinged on Altria and Lorillard

continuing their direct-distribution agreements with Fanci Candy after Ali acquired

it. After some negotiations, Musallam and Ali reached an agreement in principle

whereby Ali would acquire Fanci Candy, subject to Altria’s and Lorillard’s

                                        3
approval. However, Musallam believed that Altria and Lorillard were more likely

to approve the sale of Fanci Candy if they saw A to Z Wholesalers as the buyer

instead of Ali. Thus, as Musallam and Ali initially structured the deal, Ali’s father

and/or A to Z Wholesalers would be the buyer.            Once Altria and Lorillard

approved the sale, Ali could then replace Ali’s father and/or A to Z Wholesalers

as Fanci Candy’s owner. To that end, Musallam and Ali executed a letter of

intent on January 21, 2013, reflecting that Ali’s father and/or A to Z Wholesalers

would purchase Fanci Candy’s stock and assets, subject to Altria’s and Lorillard’s

approval of the change in ownership. The letter of intent also stated that Ali’s

father and/or A to Z Wholesalers “retain[ed] the right to assign this offer to any

other individual or company” at their sole discretion.

      Consistent with the letter of intent, on February 25, 2013, Musallam mailed

to Altria and Lorillard documentation explaining the details of the proposed

purchase of Fanci Candy and requesting their approval of it. By letter dated April

11, 2013, Altria notified Ali that it did not approve his request for A to Z

Wholesalers to become a direct distributor of Phillip Morris USA and U.S.

Smokeless Tobacco products. Musallam and Ali reworked the documentation

that had been submitted to Altria by clarifying that Ali and not A to Z Wholesalers

would be the purchaser, and on May 1, 2013, they submitted to Altria the

updated documentation and again requested its approval of the sale.             This

resubmission was successful, and by letter dated June 7, 2013, Altria notified Ali

that it approved the second submitted plan to purchase the stock ownership of

                                         4
Fanci Candy and continue as a direct distributor of Phillip Morris USA and U.S.

Smokeless Tobacco products. Unlike Altria, however, Lorillard had not sent a

formal letter approving Ali’s purchase of Fanci Candy.

      Despite having secured Altria’s approval but not Lorillard’s, Musallam and

Ali proceeded to formalize the terms of their letter of intent into a written stock

transfer and asset purchase and sale agreement. The agreement reflects that Ali

would purchase all of Fanci Candy’s stock and assets from Musallam and

provided, in relevant part, as follows:

      1.03 Consideration. As consideration for the Subject Stock,
      Buyer, at the Closing, will pay to Seller the purchase price (the
      “Purchase Price”) in an amount as follows:

             Total purchase price: $500,000.00*, plus Purchased Assets.

                   *unless reduced as provided in Section 5.01(c).
      ....

      1.04 Closing. The closing of the purchase and sale of the Subject
      Stock (the “Closing”) shall take place at a Title Company, as
      selected by Buyer in his sole discretion, on or before July 1, 2013,
      (the “Closing Date”).

      ....

      5.01 Conditions Precedent to Seller’s Obligation to Sell the
      Stock. The obligation of Seller to sell the Subject Stock is subject to
      the fulfillment prior to or at the Closing of the following conditions:

      ....

             (c) Seller shall obtain formal written approval from the
             following suppliers on suppliers’ official corporate letterhead
             confirming that any direct contracts that exist between said
             suppliers and the Company shall remain in full force and effect
             after the transfer of the Subject Shares, and shall remain in full

                                          5
            force and effect for the remainder of the existing contract:
            1) Altria Group Distribution Company to include: Phillip
            Morris, USA and U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Brands, Inc., and
            2) Lorillard Tobacco Company, Inc. The parties agree that
            written approval of both Altria Group Distribution Company
            and Lorillard Tobacco Company and the continuing existence
            of the direct contracts with these companies is material in
            inducing Buyer to enter into this Agreement with Seller.
            Accordingly, should Buyer fail to obtain written approval from
            either company (or written approval secured by Seller), the
            Purchase Price shall be reduced to Two Hundred and Fifty
            Thousand Dollars and 00/100 ($250,000.00).

The “Purchased Assets” described in paragraph 1.03 included Fanci Candy’s

accounts receivable; real property; furniture, fixtures, and equipment (FF&E);

inventory; and vehicles. Rather than setting a fixed value for these assets, the

agreement instead provided a means of calculating their value on or before the

closing date. Pertinent to this appeal, the agreement provided,

      2.05 Purchase price of “Vehicles”. The Buyer and Seller agree
      that the value of the Vehicles . . . shall be the Kelly Blue Book Value
      of the Vehicles on the Closing Date.

      2.06 Purchase price of “FF&E”. The Buyer and Seller agree that
      the value of the FF&E . . . shall be as mutually agreed upon by the
      parties prior to the Closing Date.

Musallam and Ali signed the agreement on June 18, 2013.

      On June 28, 2013—three days before the July 1, 2013 closing date—

Musallam and Ali learned that Lorillard had declined their request that Ali be

approved as a direct purchaser of its tobacco products in connection with his

                                        6
purchase of Fanci Candy.2 Having learned that Lorillard had not approved the

sale, Musallam emailed Ali the following:

      I have reviewed your proposed closing statement and the numbers
      are completely unacceptable.

      I am willing to negotiate the FFE but you are far too low. Also, we
      still do not have the building appraisal. Why has it taken so long to
      get this information?

      Additionally[,] you know we both assumed we had the Lorillard
      approval. The deal does not work for me with a 250k reduction. We
      are trying to resolve the issue[,] but it will not happen by Monday.

      I see no choice but to postpone the closing until we can resolve
      these issues.

      Please let me know if you agree or what other arrangements you
      propose.

      I want to make this work[,] but I cannot give the company away.
      Please be reasonable as we try to get this done[.]

Ali, however, wished to proceed to closing. His lawyers responded to Musallam’s

email by sending a letter to him reiterating the agreement’s July 1, 2013 closing

date and its provision that if both Altria and Lorillard did not provide written

approval of the sale, then the purchase price of Fanci Candy’s stock was to be

reduced to $250,000. The letter further stated that if Musallam failed to close on

July 1, 2013, then Ali would seek to enforce the agreement through legal action.

      2
        Although Musallam and Ali resubmitted documentation to Lorillard
attempting to clarify the proposed sale and purchase as they had previously done
with Altria, and although Lorillard, like Altria, ultimately approved the transaction,
it did not do so until October 2013.

                                          7
      Musallam did not show for closing on July 1, 2013. Instead, on July 2,

2013, he sued Ali seeking a declaration that the June 18, 2013 agreement was

unenforceable. Ali counterclaimed for breach of contract. The case was tried to

a jury, which returned a verdict finding that Musallam breached the June 18,

2013 agreement and awarding Ali $904,924 in damages. Following the verdict,

Musallam and Ali submitted the issue of attorney’s fees to the court, which

awarded Ali $230,262.26 in reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees. The trial

court entered judgment accordingly. Musallam appeals in two issues.3

     II. TRIAL COURT’S ENTRY OF JUDGMENT ON ALI’S BREACH-OF-
                          CONTRACT CLAIM

      In his first issue, Musallam contends the trial court erred by entering

judgment on Ali’s breach-of-contract claim because the June 18, 2013 stock

transfer and asset purchase and sale agreement is not an enforceable contract,

as he and Ali did not agree upon a material term—price of the sale. He points to

paragraph 1.03 of the agreement, arguing it reflects that the total price Ali would

pay to purchase Fanci Candy was $500,000 for Fanci Candy’s stock, plus an

      3
        Under the heading “Error Presented for Review,” Musallam lists a third
issue presented for review: whether the trial court erred by refusing to submit a
question in the jury charge. However, Musallam presented no argument or
authority on this issue in the body of his brief. Thus, we overrule Musallam’s
third issue as inadequately briefed. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i); ERI Consulting
Eng’rs, Inc. v. Swinnea, 318 S.W.3d 867, 880 (Tex. 2010) (recognizing that “[t]he
Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure require adequate briefing”); Fredonia State
Bank v. Gen. Am. Life Ins. Co., 881 S.W.2d 279, 284–85 (Tex. 1994) (observing
that appellate court has discretion to deem issues waived due to inadequate
briefing).

                                        8
additional amount for the value of Fanci Candy’s assets, which included its FF&E

and vehicles. He then points to paragraphs 2.05 and 2.06 of the agreement,

arguing that the former provides the purchase price of Fanci Candy’s vehicles

would be their Kelly Blue Book value on the closing date and that the latter

provides the price of Fanci Candy’s FF&E would be its value “as mutually agreed

upon by the parties prior to” the closing date.     According to Musallam, the

evidence at trial demonstrated that he and Ali never agreed upon the value of

Fanci Candy’s vehicles or FF&E. For that reason, Musallam concludes, he and

Ali never agreed upon a final total purchase price for the sale, and consequently,

the June 18, 2013 agreement is not an enforceable contract. Rather, Musallam

contends, the agreement merely reflects an unenforceable agreement to agree.

Thus, Musallam argues, the trial court erred by entering judgment on Ali’s

breach-of-contract claim.

      There is a preliminary obstacle to Musallam’s argument that the June 18,

2013 agreement is unenforceable: the issue of whether, by virtue of the June 18,

2013 agreement, Musallam and Ali had agreed to the sale and transfer of Fanci

Candy was submitted to the jury.       The jury charge included the following

question:

                               QUESTION NO. 1

      Did Moses Musallam and Amar Ali agree to the sale and transfer of
      Fanci Candy Company in the [June 18, 2013] Stock Transfer and
      Asset Purchase and Sale Agreement?

                                        9
            In deciding whether the parties reached an agreement, you
      may consider what they said and did in light of the surrounding
      circumstances, including any earlier course of dealing. You may not
      consider the parties’ unexpressed thoughts or intentions.

            If Moses Musallam and Amar Ali agreed to other essential
      terms but failed to specify price, it is presumed a reasonable price
      was intended.

The jury answered, “Yes.”       Musallam argues that this finding should be

disregarded as immaterial because whether a particular agreement is an

enforceable contract is a question of law.4     Ali argues Musallam waived this

attack on the jury’s finding because he did not object to submitting Question

No. 1 in the jury charge. We begin by considering waiver.

      A trial court may disregard a jury finding if it is immaterial. Spencer v.

Eagle Star Ins. Co. of Am., 876 S.W.2d 154, 157 (Tex. 1994). A jury finding is

immaterial if the question should not have been submitted, or if it was properly

submitted but has been rendered immaterial by other findings. Id.; City of The

Colony v. N. Tex. Mun. Water Dist., 272 S.W.3d 699, 752 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2008, pet. dism’d) (citing Se. Pipe Line Co. v. Tichacek, 997 S.W.2d 166, 172

(Tex. 1999)). A question that calls for a finding beyond the province of the jury,

such as a question of law, may be deemed immaterial.              Spencer Eagle,

      4
        Musallam raised this argument in a post-verdict motion for judgment
notwithstanding the verdict and motion to disregard, both of which the trial court
denied. In his brief, Musallam renews this contention, arguing that “the fact that
the jury in this case found that the parties intended to enter into an agreement is
immaterial.” We construe this contention as a complaint that the trial court erred
by denying Musallam’s motion to disregard the jury’s finding on Question No. 1.

                                        10
876 S.W.2d at 157; City of The Colony, 272 S.W.3d at 752. Here, Musallam

contends the jury’s finding on Question No. 1 was immaterial because it asked

the jury to make a finding on a question of law—whether the June 18, 2013

agreement was an enforceable contract.

      Musallam was required to preserve this complaint below. See C.M. Asfahl

Agency v. Tensor, Inc., 135 S.W.3d 768, 784–86 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2004, no pet.) (applying preservation rules to complaint that trial court erred by

submitting question of law to the jury); see also Lakota Energy Ltd. P’ship v.

Merit Mgmt. Partners I, L.P., No. 02-13-00057-CV, 2016 WL 6803181, at *4–5

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth Nov. 17, 2016, pet. filed) (mem. op.) (same).            To

preserve his charge complaint, Musallam had to timely and plainly make the trial

court aware of the complaint and obtain a ruling. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 272–274;

Ford Motor Co. v. Ledesma, 242 S.W.3d 32, 43–44 (Tex. 2007); State Dep’t of

Highways & Pub. Transp. v. Payne, 838 S.W.2d 235, 241 (Tex. 1992) (op. on

reh’g).

      The record shows that Musallam did not object to the submission of

Question No. 1 to the jury. Indeed, the record shows that during the charge

conference, Musallam insisted that the submission of Question No. 1 was

necessary. Although Musallam did not object to submitting Question No. 1, Ali

did, arguing that question should not have been submitted to the jury because as

a matter of law, the June 18, 2013 agreement was a valid, binding contract. In

response, Musallam’s counsel argued that it was necessary to submit Question

                                       11
No. 1 to the jury because the evidence raised an issue of fact as to the question

of contract formation—namely, whether his and Ali’s reaching an agreement as

to the price of Fanci Candy’s assets prior to closing was a material term of the

agreement.    Thus, the record is unmistakable that Musallam acquiesced to

submitting the issue of contract formation to the jury. It was not until his post-

verdict motions—that is, it was not until after that issue was submitted to the jury

and the jury found against him—that Musallam first objected that Question No. 1

asked the jury to decide a question of law. This was too late to preserve error.

See C.M. Asfahl Agency, 135 S.W.3d at 786 (holding that post-verdict motion to

disregard jury finding on question of law submitted in the jury charge was

insufficient to preserve error where complaining party failed to object to

submission of the question at issue); see also Lakota Energy, 2016 WL 6803181,

at *4–5 (holding similarly). To preserve error in the submission of Question No.

1, Musallam was required to timely and plainly make the trial court aware of his

complaint and obtain a ruling, and by failing to do so, he waived any error in its

submission. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 272–274; Ledesma, 242 S.W.3d at 43–44;

Payne, 838 S.W.2d at 241. It follows that he waived any complaint predicated

upon the allegedly erroneous submission of Question No. 1, including the

complaint that the trial court erred by denying his motion to disregard the jury’s

finding on Question No. 1, as well as the complaint that the trial court erred by

entering judgment consistent with the jury’s affirmative finding on Question No. 1.

See C.M. Asfahl Agency, 135 S.W.3d at 768 (holding appellant waived complaint

                                        12
that trial court erred by denying its motion to disregard as immaterial jury finding

on legal question and entering judgment consistent with the jury’s finding where

appellant did not timely assert any challenge to the court’s charge); see also

Lakota Energy, 2016 WL 6803181, at *4–5 (holding, in part, appellant waived

complaint that submission of legal question to the jury was erroneous where

appellant did not timely object to the court’s charge).

      We overrule Musallam’s first issue.

          III. SUFFICIENCY OF LOST-PROFITS DAMAGES EVIDENCE

      In his second issue, Musallam argues that the evidence is legally

insufficient to support the jury’s award of lost-profits damages to Ali.5

                              A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      We may sustain a legal sufficiency challenge only when (1) the record

discloses a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact, (2) the court is barred

by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to

prove a vital fact, (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a

mere scintilla, or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of a vital

fact. Ford Motor Co. v. Castillo, 444 S.W.3d 616, 620 (Tex. 2014) (op. on reh’g);

      5
        Musallam does not clearly state whether he contests the legal sufficiency
or the factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s award of lost-profits
damages. Because the only relief he requests is that we render judgment in his
favor, we construe his second issue as a legal-sufficiency challenge. See, e.g.,
Maynard v. Booth, 421 S.W.3d 182, 183 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, pet.
denied) (construing appellant’s sufficiency issue as only a legal-sufficiency
challenge because appellant requested court render judgment in her favor and
did not request, in the alternative, a remand for a new trial).

                                          13
Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co. v. Martinez, 977 S.W.2d 328, 334 (Tex. 1998). In

determining whether there is legally sufficient evidence to support the finding

under review, we must consider evidence favorable to the finding if a reasonable

factfinder could and disregard evidence contrary to the finding unless a

reasonable factfinder could not.     Cent. Ready Mix Concrete Co. v. Islas,

228 S.W.3d 649, 651 (Tex. 2007); City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 807,

827 (Tex. 2005).

            B. EVIDENTIARY STANDARD FOR LOST-PROFITS DAMAGES

      “[W]here it is shown that a loss of profits is the natural and probable

consequence of the act or omission complained of, and their amount is shown

with sufficient certainty, there may be a recovery therefor.” Sw. Battery Corp. v.

Owen, 115 S.W.2d 1097, 1098 (Tex. 1938). Such a loss need not be shown by

exact calculation; however, the injured party must go further than showing that it

suffered lost profits and must show the amount by competent evidence with

reasonable certainty. Helena Chem. Co. v. Wilkins, 47 S.W.3d 486, 504 (Tex.

2001). This is a fact-intensive determination that should be based on objective

facts, figures, or data from which the lost-profits amount may be ascertained. Id.

It is not required that the injured party produce in court the documents underlying

the opinions or estimates. Wise Elec. Coop., Inc. v. Am. Hat Co., 476 S.W.3d
671, 712 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2015, no pet.).

                                        14
                           C. LOST-PROFITS EVIDENCE

      Ali testified that because A to Z Wholesalers did not have a direct-

distribution agreement allowing it to purchase tobacco products directly from

certain of Altria’s and Lorillard’s manufacturers, it had to acquire those products

from a middleman.     He further stated that it cost less to purchase tobacco

products directly from the tobacco manufacturers than it did to purchase them

from a middleman. Thus, Ali told the jury, had Musallam followed through with

closing on the sale of Fanci Candy, he would have been able to purchase certain

tobacco products directly from Altria’s manufacturers (such as Phillip Morris

USA). He could then turn around and sell them to A to Z Wholesalers at the

same marked-up price its middleman charged, thereby earning a profit

amounting to the sum of the marked-up price at which he sold them, less the

price he paid the manufacturers to acquire them.

      Ali introduced into evidence a spreadsheet providing details of A to Z

Wholesalers’ sale of tobacco products from Altria’s and Lorillard’s manufacturers

from July 1, 2013 (the closing date specified in the June 18, 2013 agreement),

through January 30, 2016—a 31 month period.            Among other things, the

spreadsheet had columns showing (1) the total number of cartons of tobacco

products A to Z Wholesalers purchased per tobacco manufacturer; (2) the cost A

to Z Wholesalers’ paid per carton for each manufacturer’s products as of the date

of the July 1, 2013 closing date; (3) the cost at which Fanci Candy was able to

acquire those same cartons as of the same date; (4) the net difference between

                                        15
the cost per carton at which A to Z Wholesalers had acquired the tobacco

products and the cost per carton at which Fanci Candy had acquired the same

products; and (5) the total savings that Ali would have realized on each

manufacturer’s tobacco products had he been able to purchase them at the price

Fanci Candy did rather than the price A to Z Wholesalers did. Ali testified that he

had obtained the data regarding the number of cartons of tobacco products that

A to Z Wholesalers sold in that 31-month period and the cost per carton from its

records and that he had obtained the data regarding Fanci Candy’s cost per

carton from Musallam.

      Ali explained his lost-profits analysis further by walking the jury through an

example. During the 31-month period, A to Z Wholesalers sold 414,832 cartons

of Marlboro cigarettes, a tobacco product manufactured by Phillip Morris USA, an

Altria company.    The amount it cost A to Z Wholesalers to acquire those

cigarettes from its middleman as of the date of closing was $52.16 per carton.

Because of its direct-distribution agreement, Fanci Candy could acquire those

same cigarettes at $50.92 per carton. Thus, Ali testified, if Musallam had closed

on July 1, 2013, Ali could have acquired the Marlboro cigarettes at the $50.92

price Fanci Candy paid and then sold them to A to Z Wholesalers at the same

$52.16 price it had paid its middleman for them, resulting in a $1.24 profit per

carton.   Multiplying that $1.24 per-carton profit times the 414,832 cartons of

Marlboro cigarettes A to Z Wholesalers sold during the 31-month period, Ali

                                        16
testified that he would have made a $514,391.68 profit on Marlboro cigarettes

during the 31-month period had Musallam closed on July 1, 2013.

      Ali performed this analysis on all the tobacco products A to Z Wholesalers

purchased from its middleman during the 31-month period and which Fanci

Candy could acquire for less. He concluded that had Musallam closed on July 1,

2013, he would have made $711,576.12 on tobacco products during that period.6

And he testified that number was net profit except for taxes, which he testified

would have been 33%, based upon his tax rate. By dividing the $711,576.12

total profit by the 31-month period in which it would have been made, Ali testified

that had Musallam closed on July 1, 2013, his average monthly profit during the

31-month period was approximately $22,500. And he testified that based upon A

to Z Wholesaler’s past performance in tobacco sales, he expected that he would

have made that $22,500 profit every month for the foreseeable future.

      The jury ultimately awarded Ali $461,567.12 for lost profits in the past and

$443,356.88 for lost profits in the future.

                  D. SUFFICIENCY OF THE LOST-PROFITS EVIDENCE

      Musallam attacks the jury’s lost-profits award on several fronts. First, he

contends that Ali’s calculation that he sustained $711,576.12 in lost profits from

July 1, 2013, through January 30, 2016, was fatally speculative because he

      6
      Ali testified that because Lorillard had not approved his purchase of Fanci
Candy as of July 1, 2013, he excluded any savings on Lorillard tobacco products
he would have realized had he been able to purchase Lorillard’s tobacco
products directly.

                                          17
reached that calculation by multiplying the total number of tobacco cartons A to Z

Wholesalers sold over that 31-month period times the price it paid its middleman

for those cartons as of July 1, 2013, rather than the average price of the cartons

over that 31-month period. However, lost-profits damages can be based upon

evidence of profit history. Diep Tuyet Vo v. Vu, No. 02-15-00188-CV, 2016 WL
2841286, at *5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.). Ali testified

that the data in his spreadsheet came from A to Z Wholesalers’ business records

and documents Musallam provided to him about Fanci Candy’s business

performance. He testified that the profit-margin reflected on his spreadsheet as

to each tobacco manufacturer was based on the respective costs of A to Z

Wholesalers and Fanci Candy to acquire the tobacco products reflected on the

spreadsheet as of July 1, 2013. And he testified that even though his total lost-

profits calculation for the 31-month period was based upon the price of the

tobacco products as of July 1, 2013, the resulting profit margin reflected on his

spreadsheet as to each tobacco product was the same for the entire 31-month

period because any fluctuation in the price he would have paid to acquire the

tobacco cartons from the manufacturers during that period would have been

passed along to A to Z Wholesalers when it purchased them from him, thus

resulting in the exact same profit margin.7 We conclude this lost-profits evidence

was not fatally speculative.

      7
      For example, Ali testified that the profit margin of $1.24 per carton on
Marlboro cigarettes reflected on his spreadsheet would have remained the same
                                       18
      Musallam next argues that the award of past lost profits was improper

because Ali’s testimony that he sustained $711,576.12 in past lost profits did not

include a deduction for the total price he would have had to pay to acquire Fanci

Candy’s stock and assets. But Musallam has not cited any authority showing Ali

was required to do so for a lost-profits calculation. And as Ali states in his brief,

he sought damages for lost profits, not lost business value. See CBIF Ltd. P’ship

v. TGI Friday’s, Inc., No. 05-15-00157-CV, 2017 WL 1455407, at *22–23 (Tex.

App.—Dallas Apr. 21, 2017, no pet. h.) (mem. op.) (holding that where

appellants’ breach of contract and breach of fiduciary duty caused appellee to

lose opportunity to acquire 15% interest in joint venture, appellee’s calculation of

lost profits was not invalidated by fact that it did not deduct the capital

contributions it would have had to make to acquire the 15% interest because

appellee’s damage claim was for lost profits and not lost equity interest or lost

business value).    Lost profits are damages for the loss of net income to a

business measured by reasonable certainty and, broadly speaking, reflect

income from lost business activity, less expenses that would have been

attributable to that activity. Bowen v. Robinson, 227 S.W.3d 86, 96 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. denied) (citing Miga v. Jensen, 96 S.W.3d 207, 213

over the 31-month period regardless of whether the manufacturer changed the
carton prices because “you don’t look at the profit you make as a number. You
look at it as a margin.” Thus, Ali testified, if the price he had to pay to purchase
Marlboro cigarettes directly from their manufacturer increased by two percent,
then that would result in a corresponding increase in the price that A to Z
Wholesalers would have to pay to purchase Marlboro cigarettes from Ali.

                                         19
(Tex. 2002)). And the evidence reflects that in calculating his lost profits, Ali took

into consideration the expenses associated with Fanci Candy’s related business

activities.

       Musallam also challenges the jury’s lost-profits award by arguing that

although Ali testified that his lost-profits calculation did not include the amount he

would have had to pay in federal income tax, he never testified as to the actual

amount of taxes he would have had to pay, nor did he provide any calculation of

what his lost profits would have been after deducting taxes. Musallam again fails

to point us to any authority to support his argument. But in any event, Musallam

is mistaken in his contention that Ali never testified as to the amount of taxes he

would have been required to pay on the lost-profits figure he calculated—Ali

testified that his lost-profits calculation was subject to reduction by 33% for taxes.

Thus, even assuming the amount of lost profits Ali calculated should have been

reduced by the amount of his federal income taxes, there was competent

evidence showing with reasonable certainty what the amount of that reduction

should have been. See Helena Chem. Co., 47 S.W.3d at 504 (stating that lost-

profits award proper if the injured party shows the amount by competent

evidence with reasonable certainty).      And the jury was instructed that “[a]ny

monetary recovery for lost profits, past and future, is subject to federal income

taxes,” an instruction we presume it followed. See Tesfa v. Stewart, 135 S.W.3d
272, 278–79 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied) (stating that unless the

record demonstrates otherwise, court must presume that the jury followed jury

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instruction in answering question on damages caused by defendant’s

negligence).

      Musallam next argues that Ali’s lost-profits calculation was not established

with reasonable certainty because Ali based it on the continued existence of

Fanci Candy’s direct-distribution agreement with Altria, an agreement Musallam

contends Altria could have cancelled at any time after Ali purchased Fanci

Candy.    The record, however, contains evidence showing that the continued

existence of Fanci Candy’s direct-distribution agreement with Altria was more

than speculation or a mere hope for success.         See AZZ Inc. v. Morgan,

462 S.W.3d 284, 290 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2015, no pet.) (“‘[R]easonable

certainty’ is not demonstrated when the profits claimed to be lost are largely

speculative or a mere hope for success, as from an activity dependent on

uncertain or changing market conditions, on chancy business opportunities, or on

promotion of untested products or entry into unknown or unproven enterprises.”)

Ali testified that although Altria had the power to cancel Fanci Candy’s direct-

distribution agreement, his experience was that Altria would only do so if Fanci

Candy failed to perform.8 He further testified that had he been able to purchase

      8
         Included in Ali’s experience was his knowledge of the fact that A to Z
Wholesalers had a direct-distribution agreement with Altria for John Middleton
(another Altria tobacco manufacturer) products that was similar to Fanci Candy’s
direct-distribution agreement with Altria for Phillip Morris USA and U.S.
Smokeless Tobacco products; that A to Z Wholesalers had performed under that
agreement for decades; that Altria had kept that agreement in place during that
time; and that as long as A to Z Wholesalers continued to perform and do what
Altria told it to do, the agreement would stay in place.

                                       21
Fanci Candy on July 1, 2013, it would have continued to perform sufficiently to

maintain the distribution-agreement with Altria.     And, of course, the evidence

showed that Altria approved Ali’s acquisition of Fanci Candy’s direct-distribution

agreement with it.      Additionally, Musallam testified that when he originally

acquired Fanci Candy in 2007, its direct-distribution agreement with Altria was

already in place. And similar to Ali, Musallam testified that in the twenty or thirty

years over which he had done business with Altria, his experience was that it

would not cancel a distributor’s direct-distribution agreement unless the

distributor was bought out or went out of business. This evidence is sufficient to

place the continued existence of Fanci Candy’s direct-distribution agreement with

Altria beyond the realm of speculation or mere hope for success into the realm of

reasonable certainty.

      Finally, Musallam argues that Ali’s lost-profits calculation was based on the

gross difference in price between the price for which A to Z Wholesalers could

acquire certain Altria tobacco products and the price for which Fanci Candy could

acquire them, and that, thus, Ali’s lost-profits calculation represented gross profit

rather than net profit. But Ali testified that he based his calculation on net profit.

Specifically, Ali testified that the advantage of acquiring Fanci Candy was that he

would step into the shoes of A to Z Wholesalers’ middleman. Because A to Z

Wholesalers had no direct-distribution agreement with certain of Altria’s tobacco

manufacturers, it could only acquire those manufacturers’ tobacco products from

a middleman, who sold those products to it at a marked-up price, i.e., a higher

                                         22
price than Fanci Candy paid to acquire the same products. By acquiring Fanci

Candy and its direct-distribution agreement with Altria, Ali could purchase the

relevant tobacco products directly from their manufacturers at the lower price

Fanci Candy was able to, and then he could sell them to A to Z Wholesalers at

the same marked-up price its middleman charged.         And Ali testified that his

purchase of Fanci Candy would not result in any additional expenses in the sale

of Altria tobacco products to his customers.     Thus, the evidence sufficiently

demonstrates that Ali based his lost-profits calculation on net profit rather than

gross profit.

      In sum, we conclude the lost-profits evidence summarized above is

sufficient to support the jury’s past and future lost-profits award. We overrule

Musallam’s second issue.

                               IV. CONCLUSION

      Having overruled all of Musallam’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment. Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(a).

                                                  /s/ Lee Gabriel

                                                  LEE GABRIEL
                                                  JUSTICE

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; GABRIEL and PITTMAN, JJ.

DELIVERED: August 3, 2017

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