Court Opinion

ID: 2784712
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-03-09 16:00:53.699028+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:03:02.252400
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 14-1829
                         ___________________________

 Jacqueline L. Conners, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated;
  Rachel Hobbs, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated; Blaire
      Larson, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated; Maria
 Campanelli, individually and on behalf of others similarly situated; Katey Tiller,
individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated; Sarina Ellis, individually
 and on behalf of others similarly situated; Cecilie Washburn, individually and on
behalf of all others similarly situated; Whitney Koch, individually and on behalf of
all others similarly situated; Lacie Morgan, individually and on behalf of all others
                                   similarly situated

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiffs - Appellees

                                            v.

  Gusano’s Chicago Style Pizzeria, doing business as Kennedy’s Pizzeria Inc.;
 Catfish Pies Inc.; Crazy Pies Inc.; Fayetteville Pies Inc.; Gusano’s Chicago Style
                            Pizzeria of Bella Vista Inc.

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellants

                                 Hendrix Brands Inc.

                              lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant

Pizza Profits Inc.; Show Me Pies Inc.; Ben Bisenthal; Clearwater Social Club Inc.,
  doing business as Gusano’s Chicago Style Pizzeria of Conway #1 Inc.; Three
                             Buddies Incorporated

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellants
                                  Timothy Chappell

                              lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant
                                      ____________

                      Appeal from United States District Court
                  for the Eastern District of Arkansas - Little Rock
                                   ____________

                             Submitted: January 14, 2015
                                Filed: March 9, 2015
                                   ____________

Before RILEY, Chief Judge, BEAM and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
                              ____________

RILEY, Chief Judge.

       After Jacqueline Conners filed this Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) collective
action, see 29 U.S.C. § 216(b), against her former employer and a number of
associated entities (collectively, Gusano’s Pizza), several of these entities
implemented a new arbitration policy applicable to their current employees, which
required all employment-related disputes between the current employees and
Gusano’s Pizza to be resolved though individual arbitration. Citing public policy
reasons, the district court declared the arbitration policy unenforceable insofar as it
could prevent current employees of these restaurants from joining this collective
action. On interlocutory appeal, we conclude former employees like Conners lack
standing under Article III of the United States Constitution to challenge the arbitration
agreement, which applied only to current employees. We vacate the district court’s
order and remand the case to the district court.

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I.      BACKGROUND
        A.     Facts
        On January 2, 2014, Conners, a former server at a Gusano’s Pizza restaurant,
filed this collective action on behalf of herself and other current and former Gusano’s
Pizza restaurant servers, alleging the employees were subjected to illegal tip pooling
in violation of the FLSA. Several other former employees soon opted into the action.

       A month later, the Gusano’s Pizza restaurants each implemented a new
arbitration policy in the form of an agreement1 that purports to bind all current
employees who did not opt out of the arbitration agreement. At the top of the first
page of each arbitration agreement, the following text appears:

      This Agreement to Arbitrate Disputes (called the “Agreement”) is a
      contract between you and [employer name]. The Agreement sets out
      your rights and the rights of [employer name] in connection with the
      resolution of employment-related disputes. You have the right to ask
      independent advisors of your choice, including lawyers, to explain this
      Agreement to you if that is your choice, but you are not required to do
      so.

The agreement goes on to explain its scope, the required procedures for invoking
arbitration, the effect the agreement will have on the employee’s ability to pursue
relief in court, the right of every employee to opt out of the agreement free of
retaliation, and how to opt out effectively. Along with the arbitration agreement, each
employee received an opt-out form and an explanatory memorandum from the
restaurant’s general manager. The memorandum is a two-page document, describing
the agreement’s fundamental terms in plain English. The memorandum specifically
explains that one effect of the agreement, should an employee not opt out, is to
prevent the employee from joining Conners in the present collective action.

      1
       Although each restaurant adopted its own policy, the parties do not dispute that
the substance and format of each is identical.

                                         -3-
       B.      Procedure
       Shortly after Gusano’s Pizza began introducing the new agreement to its current
employees, Conners and the other plaintiffs—who at that time were all former
employees, not subject to the agreement (collectively, former employees)—filed an
“emergency motion to prohibit improper communications with putative class
members,” in which the former employees asked the district court, among other
matters, to (1) “invalidat[e] the [arbitration] agreement as it applies to the claims in
this litigation,” (2) “prohibit[] the named defendants from communicating with
represented opt-in plaintiffs and putative class members regarding the subject matter
of this litigation,” and (3) “authoriz[e] Plaintiffs to issue a Court-approved corrective
notice at the named defendants’ expense.” Simultaneously, in another emergency
motion, the former employees also sought conditional class certification. The district
court denied both motions but avoided ruling definitively on the substance of the first
motion, scheduling a hearing “to determine whether there has been improper
communications with the putative class members and whether defendants’
communications with putative class members should be enjoined or curtailed.”

       Throughout the hearing, the district court explained its primary concern with
this case is the “disincentive to plaintiffs’ lawyers in bringing these types of cases.”
The district court feared employers would “jump in real quick” “every time somebody
gets ready to get a class going” “and give [its employees] arbitration agreements and
cut the plaintiffs off at the knees.” “[A]s a policy concern,” the district court
questioned whether it “should engage in allowing disincentives to class actions” that
might make it infeasible to pursue legitimate claims with small payouts. Upon hearing
the evidence and arguments, the district court deferred its final conclusion, stating it
needed to reexamine the filings and law before reaching a decision. Several days
later, the district court granted the former employees’ “motion for a temporary
injunction . . . for the reasons stated during the . . . temporary injunction hearing and
to prevent a chilling effect on future collective actions under the [FLSA].” The
district court concluded its one-page written order by “enjoin[ing Gusano’s Pizza]

                                          -4-
from enforcing the arbitration agreement against any plaintiffs who choose to join this
action.”

       Gusano’s Pizza timely filed this interlocutory appeal, asserting appellate
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1).

II.    DISCUSSION
       A.    Appellate Jurisdiction
       Before all else, we must address our jurisdiction to decide this appeal. See
Kreditverein der Bank Austria Creditanstalt fur Niederösterreich und Bergenland v.
Nejezchleba, 477 F.3d 942, 945 (8th Cir. 2007). “[T]he courts of appeals shall have
jurisdiction of appeals from . . . [i]nterlocutory orders of the district courts of the
United States . . . granting . . . injunctions.” 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1).

        Although the district court understood the former employees’ motion as one for
a “temporary injunction,” held a “temporary injunction hearing,” and “enjoined
[Gusano’s Pizza] from enforcing the arbitration agreement,” the former employees
now contend the district court’s order was not truly an “injunction” within the
meaning of § 1292(a)(1). They instead propose that the district court “merely
exercised its discretion . . . to control the conduct and progress of this litigation”—an
act not immediately appealable. See, e.g., McLaughlin Gormley King Co. v. Terminix
Int’l Co., 105 F.3d 1192, 1194 (8th Cir. 1997) (concluding that despite the district
court’s label of “injunction,” the order at issue “look[ed] very much like a
nonappealable order controlling the conduct and progress of litigation before the
court”). The former employees are right to look beyond the district court’s label, see,
e.g., id., but here, the label appears well-chosen, and the substance of the court’s order
confirms § 1292(a)(1)’s applicability.

       The Supreme Court has explained § “1292(a)(1) . . . provide[s] appellate
jurisdiction over orders that grant or deny injunctions and orders that have the

                                           -5-
practical effect of granting or denying injunctions and have ‘serious, perhaps
irreparable, consequence.’” Gulfstream Aerospace Corp. v. Mayacamas Corp.,
485 U.S. 271, 287-88 (1988) (emphasis added) (quoting Carson v. Am. Brands, Inc.,
450 U.S. 79, 84 (1981)). Applying this rule, we have held an order denying a motion
to compel arbitration was immediately appealable under § 1292(a)(1), reasoning,

      “Orders denying arbitration do have an injunctive effect and have
      serious, perhaps irreparable, consequence. The order is injunctive
      because it enjoins proceedings in another tribunal. It has serious
      consequences because of the irreparable harm that exists when
      arbitration is denied ab initio. If a party must undergo the expense and
      delay of trial before being able to appeal, the advantages of
      arbitration—speed and economy—are lost forever.”

Nordin v. Nutri/System, Inc., 897 F.2d 339, 342 (8th Cir. 1990) (alteration omitted)
(quoting Kan. Gas & Elec. Co. v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 861 F.2d 420, 422 (4th
Cir. 1988)). The district court’s order here has the same “injunctive effect,” id.,
because it prevents Gusano’s Pizza from using its agreement with current employees
to relocate a dispute to an arbitral forum. Like Nordin, the district court’s order
“enjoining” the arbitration agreement’s enforcement as to current employees “can
only be effectively challenged on immediate appeal because the advantages of
arbitration will be forever lost if the appeal is delayed” until the entry of a final
judgment. Id.

        We are not convinced by the former employees’ suggestion the district court’s
order, like that in McLaughlin, was simply “‘controlling the conduct and progress of
litigation before the court.’” (Quoting McLaughlin, 105 F.3d at 1194). McLaughlin
turned on a district court order “briefly freezing the parties’ dispute resolution
activities until it determine[d] arbitrability.” Id. That order, which “further[ed the
district court’s] expeditious determination of the arbitrability question” and spared the
parties the cost of a potentially futile arbitration, did not deny with finality the

                                          -6-
arbitration question as does the district court’s order in this case. Id. Unlike the
present situation, McLaughlin did not trigger the concerns expressed in Nordin.

     Both the form and substance of the district court’s order establish it is
immediately appealable under § 1292(a)(1).

       B.     Standing
       Our second, equally indispensable task is determining whether the former
employees had Article III standing to seek an injunction of the arbitration agreement,
see Park v. Forest Serv. of U.S., 205 F.3d 1034, 1036 (8th Cir. 2000), even though the
agreement covers only current employees. “In limiting the judicial power to ‘Cases’
and ‘Controversies,’ Article III of the Constitution restricts it to the traditional role of
Anglo-American courts, which is to redress or prevent actual or imminently
threatened injury to persons caused by private or official violation of law.” Summers
v. Earth Island Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 492 (2009).

        “The doctrine of standing . . . requires federal courts to satisfy themselves that
‘the plaintiff[s] ha[ve] alleged such a personal stake in the outcome of the controversy
as to warrant [their] invocation of federal-court jurisdiction.’” Id. at 493 (alterations
added) (quoting Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498 (1975)). “To seek injunctive
relief, [the] plaintiff[s] must show that [they are] under threat of suffering ‘injury in
fact’ that is concrete and particularized; the threat must be actual and imminent, not
conjectural or hypothetical; it must be fairly traceable to the challenged action of the
defendant; and it must be likely that a favorable judicial decision will prevent or
redress the injury.” Id.

      The former employees claim they “ha[ve] a legally cognizable interest in”
pursuing their FLSA claim in the form of a collective action, a mechanism that
permits employees with similar claims to pool their resources and ease the individual
burden of litigation. According to the former employees, their procedural “right to

                                            -7-
bring a collective action was curtailed by Gusano’s [Pizza’s]” arbitration agreement,
causing them to “suffer[] a concrete and particularized injury”: that is, an increased
individual share of litigation expenses. It may be that this increased portion of
expenses is “concrete and particularized,” as the former employees assert, but they
forget that the threat of this injury also “must be actual and imminent, not conjectural
or hypothetical.” Id.; see also Davis v. FEC, 554 U.S. 724, 734 (2008) (“A party
facing prospective injury has standing to sue where the threatened injury is real,
immediate, and direct.”).

       We must assess standing in view only of the facts that existed at the time the
former employees challenged the enforceability of the arbitration agreement. See
Steger v. Franco, Inc., 228 F.3d 889, 892 (8th Cir. 2000) (“Because standing is
determined as of the lawsuit’s commencement, we consider the facts as they existed
at that time.”); Park, 205 F.3d at 1037-38, 1040 (finding a lack of standing to seek
injunctive relief because the plaintiff could not satisfy her burden of showing a “real
and immediate threat” and deciding she could not “use evidence of what happened
after the commencement of the suit to make this showing”). At the time the crucial
motion was filed here, only former, and no current, employees had opted into this
collective action, and there was no evidence suggesting this circumstance would soon
change.

       When asked at the evidentiary hearing how many current employees were
expected to join the lawsuit, Gusano’s Pizza’s counsel said he “ha[d] no idea,”
because despite the fact that “plaintiffs’ attorneys in this case ha[d] actively solicited
clients for months” at that point, “everyone . . . signed up so far [wa]s an ex-
employee.” Asked the same question, counsel for the former employees only could
provide a hopeful guess: “I think we will get a significant percentage, but I’m being
optimistic.” The former employees’ counsel explained his primary concern “is that
the process will be preserved” and asserted “the practical effect” of granting an
injunction is that employees “will get the Court-ordered notice if the Court asserts a

                                           -8-
collective action, and employees will get to exercise their choice whether or not they
want to join into this case . . . employees will get the right to choose.” Yet we find no
indication that a current employee subject to the arbitration agreement was expected,
at the time of the motion, to join the lawsuit.

       On this record, the former employees have not satisfied their burden of proving
a non-conjectural threat of harm. See Summers, 555 U.S. at 493 (explaining the
plaintiff “bears the burden of showing that he has standing for each type of relief
sought”). With no plaintiffs against whom the arbitration agreement could be
enforced, nor an indication that the agreement chilled the participation of any current
employees, one must resort to pure speculation to conclude the former employees’
portion of the litigation costs is any greater than it would have been absent the
agreement. This does not satisfy Article III.

        The former employees also cannot step into the shoes of current employees who
are putative plaintiffs. The Supreme Court recently held that the sole plaintiff in an
FLSA collective action whose individual claim was mooted during the course of
litigation “ha[d] no personal interest in representing putative, unnamed claimants.”
Genesis Healthcare Corp. v. Symczyk, 569 U.S. ___, ___, 133 S. Ct. 1523, 1532
(2013). The Supreme Court rejected the argument that the plaintiff held a personal
stake in the “case based on a statutorily created collective-action interest in
representing other similarly situated employees under [29 U.S.C.] § 216(b).” Id. at
___, 133 S. Ct. at 1530. The Supreme Court reasoned that in FLSA collective actions
“‘conditional certification’ does not produce a class with an independent legal status”
as it does in class actions under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23, nor does it “join
additional parties to the action.” Id. “The sole consequence of conditional
certification is the sending of court-approved written notice to employees, who in turn
become parties to a collective action only by filing written consent with the court.”
Id. (citations omitted). For the same reason the plaintiff in Genesis Healthcare could
not overcome mootness based on the rights of “putative, unnamed claimants,” id. at

                                          -9-
___, 133 S. Ct. at 1532, the former employees cannot gain standing here by defending
the rights of current employees, not yet joined in the action.

III.   CONCLUSION
       Because the former employees lacked standing to challenge the current
employees’ arbitration agreement, the district court was without jurisdiction to enjoin
that agreement’s enforcement. We vacate the district court’s injunction order and
remand this case for further proceedings.
                       ______________________________

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