Court Opinion

ID: 4379306
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-03-21 07:05:33.031276+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:49:46.336288
License: Public Domain

FIFTH DIVISION
                               MCFADDEN, P. J.,
                           RICKMAN and MARKLE, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                                                                     March 12, 2019

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A18A1702. SIMMONS et al. v. UNIVERSAL PROTECTION
     SERVICES, LLC et al.

      MARKLE, Judge.

      Mr. and Mrs. Matthew and Donna Simmons (the “Simmonses”) appeal from

the State Court of Fulton County’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Redredra

Cody (“Cody”) and Universal Protection Service, LLC (“UPS”) (collectively the

“defendants”). On appeal, the Simmons argue that the trial court erred in granting

summary judgment to the defendants because they were negligent in creating and

maintaining a tripping hazard that caused Donna Simmons to fall and break her hip.

We affirm the trial court’s ruling.

      “Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue of material fact

and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” OCGA § 9-11-56 (c). Our
review of a trial court’s ruling on a motion for summary judgment is de novo, and we

review the evidence, and all reasonable inferences, in the light most favorable to the

nonmovant. Green v. Raw Deal, Inc., 290 Ga. App. 464, 465 (659 SE2d 856) (2008).

      So viewed, the evidence shows that the Simmons went to AmericasMart on

January 2, 2015, to purchase a gift for a friend. As they entered the Mart, they

proceeded to the second floor guest registration counter to get their security badges.

They then proceeded to the security area, where they were required to show their

badges to the security officer. As Donna Simmons rounded the corner to go through

the security checkpoint, her shoe caught the edge of a rubber mat that was under the

checkpoint table and she fell. She immediately noticed pain in her left hip. She stated

she never saw the mat until after she fell. In her deposition, Donna Simmons was

shown a photograph of the mat taken by her husband after her fall, and she identified

that the mat was curled up on the edges. Following the accident, Donna Simmons

underwent hip replacement surgery, and physical therapy. As of December 2015,

Donna Simmons’s medical expenses exceeded $100,000.

      Approximately one year prior to the accident, UPS entered into a contract with

AMC, Inc. (“AMC”) to provide security services. Exhibit A of the agreement, entitled

“Statement of Work,” provides that UPS is “to provide trained security protection

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services for the protection of all persons and personal and real property,” and to

“[e]nsure that prompt action is taken to prevent or minimize losses, accidents, fires,

property damage, safety hazards, and security incidents.” The contract also specifies

that UPS is an independent contractor.

      Officer Cody was employed by UPS as a security officer and was working the

desk the day of the accident. She stated in her deposition that the security checkpoint

consisted of a table and chair, which AMC would sometimes move around during a

show, and a black floor mat. Officer Cody stated that she was standing behind the

table and to the side of it when Donna Simmons approached the security checkpoint,

and she noticed Donna Simmons walking with a limp and dragging her foot. Part of

the mat was close to the table and part was hanging out from under it. Cody did not

actually see Donna Simmons trip on the mat, but she saw her falling to the ground.

      The Simmons filed suit against AMC, Inc., the corporation responsible for

managing AmericasMart, stating claims for respondeat superior, negligence, and

negligent failure to keep the premises safe for business invitees pursuant to OCGA

§ 51-3-1.1 The Simmons also filed a related action against Cody individually and as

      1
      AMC, Inc. filed a third-party complaint against UPS, asserting a contractual
indemnity claim. The trial court granted summary judgment to UPS and against
AMC, which is not part of this appeal.

                                          3
an employee of UPS, which was later consolidated with the pending action against

AMC.

       UPS and Cody filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing, generally, that

they are not the owners or occupiers of AmericasMart, and therefore, they owed no

duty to the Simmons; the Simmons do not have standing to bring a claim under the

contract between AMC and UPS because they are not third-party beneficiaries of the

contract; and that no facts support AMC’s claim for indemnification. AMC did not

move for summary judgment. The trial court granted UPS and Cody’s motion, finding

that, as independent contractors, Cody and UPS did not owe the Simmons any duty

because the Simmons were invitees of AMC, and UPS did not have control over the

mat or its placement. It also found that the Simmons could not hold Cody and UPS

liable under the contract between AMC and UPS based on a third-party beneficiary

theory.2 This appeal followed.

       1. The Simmons argue that, even though UPS did not own the premises where

Donna Simmons’s injury occurred, UPS nevertheless owed her and other invitees a

duty of care because it undertook an express contractual duty to keep the premises

       2
       The trial court also found that UPS had no duty to indemnify AMC. AMC has
not appealed this ruling.

                                        4
safe for invitees. Thus, Donna Simmons was a third-party beneficiary under the

contract and can maintain an action against UPS and Cody. We disagree and conclude

that Cody and UPS owed no duty to Donna Simmons.

      As a general rule,

      Where an owner or occupier of land, by express or implied invitation,
      induces or leads others to come upon his premises for any lawful
      purpose, he is liable in damages to such persons for injuries caused by
      his failure to exercise ordinary care in keeping the premises and
      approaches safe.

OCGA § 51-3-1. We have explained that the business owner’s duty to its invitees is

“nondelegable.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) R & S Farms, Inc. v. Butler, 258
Ga. App. 784, 786 (575 SE2d 644) (2002). The owner cannot insulate itself from

liability by hiring an independent contractor. Id. Further, the duty imposed upon an

owner or occupier of land by OCGA § 51-3-1 is inapplicable to an independent

contractor.” In this case, there is no evidence in the record that either UPS or Cody

owned or occupied the AmericasMart where Donna Simmons fell. Likewise, there is

no evidence in the record that the Simmons were invitees of either UPS or Cody;

rather, they were the invitees of AMC. Thus, OCGA § 51-3-1 imposes no statutory

                                         5
duty upon UPS or Cody to inspect the premises to keep it safe for invitees, such as

the Simmons. Id. at 786.

      In addition, the contract between UPS and AMC did not create a duty because

it was not intended to protect the Simmons as third-party beneficiaries.

      In order for a third party to have standing to enforce a contract it must
      clearly appear from the contract that it was intended for [her] benefit.
      The mere fact that [s]he would benefit from performance of the
      agreement is not alone sufficient. It must appear that both parties to the
      contract intended that the third person should be the beneficiary. Or,
      stated a slightly different way, in personal injury cases, an injured party
      may not recover as a third-party beneficiary for failure to perform a duty
      imposed by a contract unless it is apparent from the language of the
      agreement that the contracting parties intended to confer a direct benefit
      upon the plaintiff to protect [her] from physical injury.

(Citations and punctuation omitted; emphasis in original.) R & S Farms, Inc., 258 Ga.

App. at 786-787; see also Davidson v. Meticulously Clean Sweepers, LLC, 329 Ga.

App 640, 643 (1) (765 SE2d 783) (2014).

      The Simmons rely on the following language in the contract to establish their

status as intended beneficiaries:

      The contractor agrees to provide trained security protection services for
      the protection of all persons. . . [t]he contractor will be responsible for

                                          6
      the following: [A]ccess control of persons . . . [I]dentifying and
      reporting security and safety violations. . . [E]nsure that prompt action
      is taken to prevent or minimize losses, accidents, fires, property
      damages, safety hazards, and security incidents. We are not persuaded.

      The cardinal rule of contract construction is to ascertain the parties’
      intent and where the contract terms are clear and unambiguous, the court
      will look to that alone to find the true intent of the parties. Further, to
      determine the intent of the parties, all the contract terms must be
      considered together in arriving at the construction of any part, and a
      construction upholding the contract in whole and every part is preferred.
      Absent an ambiguity that cannot be resolved by the rules of
      construction, the interpretation of contractual terms is a question of law
      for the court.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Calhoun, GA NG, LLC v. Century Bank of

Georgia, 320 Ga. App. 472, 474-475 (1) (740 SE2d 210) (2013). The intended

purpose of the contract, when considered in its entirety, reveals it is a contract for the

provision of security services. The first page of the contract indicates UPS agreed to

provide security protection services to all people and property at AmericasMart for

the benefit of AMC and to protect AMC from losses and liabilities. This is evident

by the language of the contract indicating UPS agrees to “[e]nsure that prompt action

is taken to prevent or minimize losses, accidents, fires, property damages, safety

                                            7
hazards, and security incidents.” And even though the contract references the term

“accidents,” a reading of the entire contract reveals the intent of the parties was for

UPS to protect AMC from losses resulting from any such accidents, and not a third

party. Further, the contract addresses training of UPS personnel on arrest, search and

seizure, and the control, detection, and reporting of fires. The contract limits UPS

personnel’s ability to make arrests or detentions without the express consent or

written instruction from AMC, and further provides that UPS will provide to its

security officers pepper gas canisters and holders, handcuffs with carrying case, and

duty belts.

      Moreover, AMC and UPS created a set of post orders for post 72, where Cody

was assigned the day of the accident. The post order states that Cody’s responsibility

was to ensure everyone entering the gate was authorized to enter the building and had

the proper credentials. However, the post order created no obligation for her to

inspect or warn invitees of AmericasMart about the condition of the premises. As

such, the contract language reveals that the parties intended for UPS to provide

security related services to AMC at AMC’s property.

      Finally, the Simmons argue the trial court erred in relying on Taylor v.

AmericasMart Real Estate, LLC , 287 Ga. App. 555 (651 SE2d 754) (2007), in

                                          8
finding the contract at issue is primarily for security protection services and not for

the protection of third parties from physical injury. They argue the case of FPI

Atlanta, L.P. v. Seaton, 240 Ga. App. 880 (524 SE2d 524) (1999) (physical precedent

only) is more instructive on the issue of how the contract language should be

interpreted and contend that the contract was intended to protect them as third-party

beneficiaries. However, the Simmons’s reliance on FPI Atlanta is misplaced. In FPI

Atlanta, the Court held a tenant could be a potential third-party beneficiary under the

contract to provide unarmed security services where the tenant was injured by the

independent contractor’s negligent performance of its contracted services. Id. at 888

(5) (b). In so finding, the Court noted that because the contract expressly excluded

and limited liability only as to property, it did not expressly exclude or limit liability

for personal injury. Id. at 888 (5) (b). Instead, under the written contract, the

independent contractor could be liable to the tenant, as a third-party beneficiary, for

personal injury resulting from the contractor’s failure to perform its specific

contractual duty to inspect and report suspicious conduct to the police. Id. Here,

neither UPS nor Cody contractually promised to inspect the premises or warn others

of a tripping hazard, such as the mat. Nor is there any express language in the contract

indicating an intent to create third-party beneficiaries to the contract. FPI Atlanta,

                                            9
240 Ga. App. at 887-888 (b). Thus, the Simmons cannot hold Cody or UPS liable

under a third-party beneficiary theory.

      In sum, the Simmons’s argument that they are third-party beneficiaries of the

contract fails because UPS had no contractual duty to keep Donna Simmons safe from

the injury she sustained, nor is there any evidence that UPS contracted with AMC to

perform a direct benefit to protect invitees from physical injury. As such, the

Simmons do not have standing as third-party beneficiaries to rely on the contract

between AMC and UPS. Accordingly, summary judgment was appropriate as to these

issues.

      2. The Simmons also argue that Cody and UPS, as independent contractors,

could be liable to them for personal injury where they created the hazardous condition

and that the trial court erred in concluding that UPS and Cody had no ownership or

control over the mat at issue. We disagree.

      When an independent contractor is on the premises, and the owner or
      occupier has not delivered full possession and complete control of the
      premises, the owner or occupier of the premises must use ordinary
      diligence to insure that the property remains safe for invitees to the
      property. Such duty on the part of the owner or occupier of the premises
      is a nondelegable duty.

                                          10
(Citation omitted.) Feggans v. Kroger Co., 223 Ga. App. 47, 51 (2) (476 SE2d 822)

(1996).

      Here, the evidence shows that neither UPS nor Cody owned or controlled the

AmericasMart, the security station, or the mat at issue. UPS contracted to provide

security for AMC at the AmericasMart, which included positioning security officers

at various checkpoints, including the one at which Donna Simmons fell. It is

undisputed that post 72 was configured in different ways at different times, and that

someone from AMC always determined the configuration. No one from UPS

approved the mat, and it was already there when Cody started to work at the

AmericasMart in 2003. A corporate representative of UPS stated the mat was part of

the checkpoint and “is as much a part of the building as the concrete columns are.”

Moreover, he stated UPS did not control the mat and it did not place the mat in the

location of Donna Simmons’s fall. After her fall, someone from AMC removed and

preserved the mat.3 Accordingly, there is no evidence that either Cody or UPS had

      3
        Donna Simmons stated that after she fell, she saw Officer Cody pick up the
mat and reposition it. However, Officer Cody stated she never moved the mat after
Donna Simmons fell. Nevertheless, there is no evidence Cody controlled or moved
the mat before the fall.

                                         11
ownership or control over the mat at issue, or played a role in the placement of the

mat at the time of Donna Simmon’s fall.

      The Simmons further rely on J. M. S. Bldg. Maintenance v. Adcock, 301 Ga.

App. 798 (689 SE2d 841) (2009), in arguing that Cody and UPS could be liable to

them for personal injury because Cody and UPS created the hazardous condition.

However, the Simmons’s reliance on Adcock is misplaced. In that case, this Court

upheld the trial court’s denial of the subcontractor’s motion for summary judgment

where the plaintiff brought claims for injuries suffered as the result of a slip and fall

on ice at the bottom of the stairs. Id. at 799-800 (1). There, the evidence showed that

ice, which had formed at the bottom of the stairs and created a hazardous condition,

was the result of the subcontractor’s failure to properly dispose of a bucket of water.

These facts are inapposite here where, as previously discussed, there is no evidence

that Cody or UPS played a role in the positioning of the mat, let alone having any

ownership or control over the mat. As such, there is no evidence that Cody or UPS

created the hazard. There is no evidence to show Cody and UPS did anything other

than follow the directive of AMC. Taylor, 287 Ga. App. at 558 (1).

      The Simmons further argue that the distraction doctrine excuses Donna

Simmons from using ordinary care for her safety because Officer Cody diverted her

                                           12
attention away from the mat when she asked her to show her badge. However, we do

not reach this argument in light of our conclusion in Division 1 that Cody and UPS

owed no duty to the Simmons.

      3. In their final enumeration of error, the Simmons address whether Donna

Simmons exercised the requisite degree of ordinary care when traversing the security

checkpoint. The Simmons acknowledge that the defendants did not argue, and the

trial court did not find, that Donna Simmons failed to use ordinary care. The Simmons

contend, nevertheless, that it would have been erroneous for the trial court to grant

summary judgment on such a finding. “[I]t is well settled that appellate courts will not

consider new arguments in opposition to a motion for summary judgment raised for

the first time on appeal.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Sure, Inc. v. Premier

Petroleum, Inc., 343 Ga. App. 219, 227-228 (2) (807 SE2d 19) (2017). Because this

argument was not raised in the trial court, we will not consider it here.

      Judgment affirmed. McFadden, P. J., and Rickman, J., concur.

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