Court Opinion

ID: 7619633
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-29 15:04:57.935653+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:25:01.957124
License: Public Domain

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

                                             No. 122,660

               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                         STATE OF KANSAS,
                                             Appellee,

                                                   v.

                                    RON RICHARD LARSEN JR.,
                                           Appellant.

                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION

        Appeal from Johnson District Court; THOMAS KELLY RYAN, judge. Opinion filed July 29, 2022.
Affirmed.

        Korey A. Kaul, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.

        Daniel G. Obermeier, assistant district attorney, Stephen M. Howe, district attorney, and Derek
Schmidt, for appellee.

Before ISHERWOOD, P.J., SCHROEDER and WARNER, JJ.

        PER CURIAM: A jury convicted Ron Richard Larsen Jr. of kidnapping, aggravated
burglary, attempted aggravated burglary, and one count each of felony and misdemeanor
theft. Larsen appeals, claiming the State presented insufficient evidence for the jury to
convict him of kidnapping and attempted aggravated burglary. Larsen also claims the
State erred in vouching for one of its witnesses during closing argument and the district
court erred in imposing an upward durational departure after a separate hearing before the
jury where the jury found Larsen presented a future danger to the community and was not

                                                    1
amenable to probation. Upon an extensive review of the issues, we find no error. We
affirm.

                                            FACTS

          In May 2017, a series of connected burglaries and thefts occurred in Johnson
County. The first incident occurred on May 27, 2017, when an individual was seen on a
home security system looking into a residence before fleeing the scene. Two days later,
on May 29, 2017, a different Johnson County resident encountered an unfamiliar man in
his home. The next day, on May 30, 2017, another Johnson County resident reported her
vehicle missing.

          The State charged Larsen with attempted aggravated burglary, in violation of
K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5301 and K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5807(b), a severity level 6 person
felony; aggravated burglary, in violation of K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5807(b), a severity
level 4 person felony; kidnapping, in violation of K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5408, a severity
level 3 person felony; and two counts of theft—one felony and one misdemeanor—in
violation of K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5801, a severity level 9 nonperson felony and a class
A nonperson misdemeanor, respectively. The State filed a motion for an upward
durational departure on the basis Larsen presented a future danger to the community and
was not amenable to probation.

          Larsen's jury trial began in November 2018, but, after an in-camera hearing, the
district court granted Larsen's request for a mistrial. Larsen proceeded to trial again in
March 2019.

                                               2
Don Tinsley incident

       On May 27, 2017, Don Tinsley was at his Johnson County residence watching TV
on his living room couch when he received a notification on his smartphone from his
home security system, alerting him motion was detected on his back patio. Tinsley
opened the notification on his smartphone, which produced a live video feed showing an
unfamiliar male on his back patio. The man on Tinsley's back patio was looking into the
window located behind the couch Tinsley was sitting on. After watching the live video
surveillance for two to three seconds, Tinsley went upstairs, called 911, woke up his wife,
and retrieved a firearm before going back downstairs. When Tinsley went back
downstairs, he could not see the man on his patio.

       At trial, Tinsley testified that the man on his patio on May 27, 2017, was a Black
male with a shaved head, distinctive eyeglasses with a gold ornate frame, and a bandana
over his face. The man did not have permission to be on Tinsley's back patio.

       Tinsley explained there was a patio light turned on above the back door and there
was a light on in the kitchen, which was next to the back door. Tinsley's home security
system captured and recorded the individual looking into the house. Law enforcement
received the recorded surveillance footage.

       Tinsley testified his backyard was enclosed by a fence with three separate gates
normally kept closed. Tinsley noticed mud on the patio next to the window the individual
was looking in, one of his gates was left open, and there was a footprint next to the gate
Tinsley had not noticed before the incident. Tinsley testified he would recognize the
person from the surveillance video if he saw the man again and identified Larsen at trial.

       Richard Burroughs Jr., Larsen's parole officer in an unrelated case, testified he
knew Larsen from a prior contact and provided a detective with the address where Larsen

                                              3
was living in Lenexa as well as Larsen's phone number. The detective showed Burroughs
the surveillance footage from the Tinsley incident and asked if Burroughs recognized the
person in the video. Burroughs recognized the man in the video as Larsen and stated
Larsen had unique glasses.

Joshua Mason incident

       On May 29, 2017, around 11:10 p.m., Joshua Mason went downstairs at his
Johnson County residence to lock up the house, get a drink of water, and get his phone
charger. Mason noticed some lights on in the kitchen that he did not remember being left
on and noticed a stronger breeze coming through the kitchen than the attic fan normally
brought into the house. Mason grabbed his phone charger and saw an unfamiliar man
standing at the other end of the house, about 15-20 feet away from him. Mason heard a
metallic click like the rack of a gun slide and heard the man say he had a gun and would
shoot. The man told Mason to walk toward him and go down the stairs located by the
front door leading to the garage so he could exit out the back door. The man exited the
residence through the back door, paused, and exchanged a look with Mason, who was
looking toward the man from the stairway.

       Once the man was gone, Mason went to the back door and noticed the window
was all the way open. A gray bandana was lying outside at the top of the stairs on the
deck. Mason picked up the bandana and tossed it into the house before closing and
locking the back door. Mason then called the police and woke up his parents who were
sleeping upstairs during the incident. Mason's car keys, his mother's purse, and his
mother's car keys were missing after the incident.

       Mason testified he lived near Sar-Ko-Par Park in Lenexa with his mother, Anne
Hauser, and his stepfather. The residence had an unfenced backyard. Mason testified that
the man in his house was a clean shaven African American man about 5' 10" tall with a

                                             4
bald head, big glasses, and a bandana around his neck. The man was holding a bag later
found to be Hauser's purse. Mason explained the purse was left on a table in the breakfast
room and would have been visible from the back deck. The man did not have permission
to be inside the Mason-Hauser residence.

       Mason told the jury he was afraid the man would shoot him if he did not follow
the intruder's commands. The entire interaction lasted under five minutes. Later, Mason
met with Detective Allen Beyer, who showed Mason the security footage from Tinsley's
back patio security system. Mason stated he was about 80 percent sure the man in the
surveillance video was the same man in his house because of his glasses, bald head, and
his build. However, unlike at the Tinsley residence, the intruder's face was not concealed
during the incident at the Mason-Hauser residence.

       Two days after the incident, Mason viewed a photo lineup containing five pictures
of similar looking individuals and could not identify the individual in his home with 100
percent certainty. Mason testified he was confident at trial based on his gut feeling and
stated, "[B]y seeing him in here, it really made me think that that's the guy." Mason
identified Larsen in the courtroom.

       The bandana found at the Mason-Hauser residence was also collected and
examined for DNA. The bandana was folded in half in a triangle with two ends twisted
and wrinkled as if the two ends had been tied together. DNA swabs were collected from
the bandana where the two ends were twisted and knotted together as well as from the
area that would have covered the suspect's nose or mouth had the bandana been placed
over the suspect's face. The DNA swabs showed a mixture of DNA from four
individuals, but the primary DNA source was consistent with Larsen's DNA.

                                             5
Mariah Snyder-Pendlay incident

       On May 30, 2017, around 5:30 a.m., Mariah Snyder-Pendlay called the police
about her missing Infiniti QX56. The night before Snyder-Pendlay noticed her vehicle
was missing, her family returned from a weekend vacation and decided they would
unpack some of the contents in the car the next day. Snyder-Pendlay testified her vehicle
was parked in her residential driveway on May 29, 2017, and was not there the next
morning. No one had permission to take the vehicle.

       Snyder-Pendlay kept her car keys clipped to her purse, which she thought she set
down in her backyard while letting her dog out. She testified her purse could have been
left in the vehicle, but she believed it was in the backyard because she found the contents
of her purse scattered in her yard. Snyder-Pendlay found the side gate to her backyard
open, which was unusual as the gate was not regularly used and the family was cautious
to keep the gate closed because of their new puppy. Snyder-Pendlay testified she lived
near Sar-Ko-Par Park.

       The Snyder-Pendlay Infiniti QX56 was later involved in an accident after it was
taken from the driveway. An officer from the Herington Police Department and a trooper
with the Kansas Highway Patrol were dispatched to the car accident on May 30, 2017.
The vehicle was registered to Snyder-Pendlay. The Herington police officer testified the
vehicle in the accident was stolen and the driver of the vehicle was Larsen. The officer
did not see any purses or wallets in the vehicle but there was a backpack, a black bag, and
a cellphone.

       Johnson County investigator Noe Gonzalez later processed the property recovered
from the stolen Infiniti QX56 and transported it back to Lenexa. Gonzalez explained to
the jury the recovered cellphone that was in the stolen vehicle was a prepaid phone and
did not have a name associated with the phone number. Gonzalez confirmed from

                                             6
Burroughs the phone number was tied to Larsen. Gonzales also testified the cell towers in
the area revealed the phone was pinging around Larsen's residence and the Tinsley
residence, both in a relatively close geographic area of Lenexa. Bo Amos, a Johnson
County forensic scientist, extracted data, including text messages, off Larsen's phone.
Amos noted he found a selfie picture on the phone and the name Ron Larsen was
connected to the photo.

Ron Larsen's trial testimony

       Larsen explained to the jury he wanted to start a family with his pregnant
girlfriend, Kristy Bradford, but did not have a job at the time. Larsen acknowledged there
were incriminating text messages on his phone from conversations with Bradford but
claimed any references to getting money for her was simply to impress her with a "bad
boy persona." Larsen also suggested the text messages about going out and getting
money referred to a guy he had met who planned to help Larsen get a job.

       Larsen testified that on the night of the Tinsley incident, he found out Bradford's
baby was not his and he got drunk and took a box of cold medicine to cope with the
news. Because Larsen was intoxicated, he thought someone was chasing him and placed
his gray bandana over his face to hide. Larsen admitted the man in Tinsley's surveillance
video was him but, because he was intoxicated, Larsen believed he was looking into
Bradford's house. Bradford was living in Oklahoma at the time.

       Larsen explained to the jury he had also contacted an old friend around the time of
the incidents about getting drugs. Larsen's friend told him to go to the baseball field at
Shawnee Mission Park during a certain time and day. On May 30, 2017, around
midnight, Larsen went to Shawnee Mission Park to get drugs. When he arrived at the
park, Larsen followed a mutual friend into an Infiniti SUV to get drugs. The two men
then drove to Manhattan to meet another friend. Once Larsen was in Manhattan, one of

                                              7
his friends asked him to take the Infiniti SUV to Wichita. Larsen claimed he did not
know the vehicle was stolen.

Jury verdict and posttrial proceedings

       The jury convicted Larsen on all counts. The district court, upon the State's
motion, conducted a separate proceeding before the jury to determine the existence of
aggravating factors that could enhance Larsen's sentence.

       The jury found beyond a reasonable doubt Larsen presented a future danger to the
community and was not amenable to probation. The district court granted the State's
motion for an upward durational departure, based in part on the jury's determination
Larsen was not amenable to probation. The upward durational departure applied to
Larsen's primary offense of kidnapping, for which the district court sentenced him to 351
months' imprisonment. The district court also sentenced Larsen to 43 months'
imprisonment for aggravated burglary, 19 months' imprisonment for attempted
aggravated burglary, 7 months' imprisonment for felony theft, and 12 months in jail for
misdemeanor theft. Larsen's prison sentences were ordered to run consecutive to each
other and his jail sentence to run concurrent. The consecutively imposed sentences
totaled 420 months with 36 months of postrelease supervision. Additional facts are set
forth as necessary.

                                         ANALYSIS

       Larsen does not appeal his convictions for aggravated burglary, felony theft, and
misdemeanor theft. Issues not briefed on appeal are deemed waived. State v. Davis, 313
Kan. 244, 248, 485 P.3d 174 (2021). Those three convictions are affirmed.

                                             8
The Evidence Presented Supported Larsen's Kidnapping and Attempted Aggravated
Burglary Convictions.

       Larsen challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his kidnapping and
attempted aggravated burglary convictions and asks us to vacate those convictions.

       Standard of review

       The standard of review for a sufficiency of the evidence challenge in a criminal
case requires us to "'review the evidence in a light most favorable to the State to
determine whether a rational factfinder could have found the defendant guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt.'" State v. Aguirre, 313 Kan. 189, 209, 485 P.3d 576 (2021). There must
be evidence supporting each element of a crime charged to meet the sufficiency of the
evidence standard. State v. Kettler, 299 Kan. 448, 471, 325 P.3d 1075 (2014). We are not
allowed to reweigh the evidence, resolve evidentiary conflicts, or make witness
credibility determinations. Aguirre, 313 Kan. at 209. To the extent we must interpret
K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5408, K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5301, or K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5807,
our review is unlimited. See State v. Stoll, 312 Kan. 726, 736, 480 P.3d 158 (2021).

       Kidnapping

       Larsen contends Mason's confinement was inconsequential, insubstantial, and,
therefore, insufficient to constitute a kidnapping. Larsen suggests by moving Mason to
the stairway and away from the back door, his risk of detection did not substantially
lessen. The State argues Larsen threatened Mason at gunpoint to move away from the
back door down the stairs by the garage door to facilitate flight and carry out his escape.
The State also contends Larsen's argument merely encourages reweighing the evidence
and we should reject it.

                                              9
       The jury convicted Larsen of kidnapping Mason in violation of K.S.A. 2016 Supp.
21-5408(a)(2) to facilitate flight or the commission of the burglary. That portion of the
statute reads:

                 "(a)    Kidnapping is the taking or confining of any person, accomplished by
       force, threat or deception, with the intent to hold such person:
                 ....
                 (2)     to facilitate flight or the commission of any crime."

The statute differentiates between the act—taking or confining any person by force,
threat, or deception—and the mens rea—the "intent to hold such person . . . to facilitate
flight or the commission of any crime." K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5408(a)(2). In State v.
Buggs, 219 Kan. 203, 215, 547 P.2d 720 (1976), our Supreme Court distinguished a
taking severe enough to constitute a kidnapping from a taking merely incidental to the
underlying crime. The term "'facilitate,'" as used in K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5408(a)(2),
"means something more than just to make more convenient." Buggs, 219 Kan. at 215.

       The Buggs court discussed what is needed for a taking or confining to sustain a
kidnapping conviction:

       "[I]f a taking or confinement is alleged to have been done to facilitate the commission of
       another crime, to be kidnapping the resulting movement or confinement:
                 "(a) Must not be slight, inconsequential and merely incidental to the other crime;
                 "(b) Must not be of the kind inherent in the nature of the other crime; and
                 "(c) Must have some significance independent of the other crime in that it makes
       the other crime substantially easier of commission or substantially lessens the risk of
       detection." 219 Kan. at 216.

       Larsen cites State v. Burden, 275 Kan. 934, 942-43, 69 P.3d 1120 (2003), for the
proposition the term "facilitate" applies to both the flight and the commission of the

                                                     10
crime. Burden, however, explains the three-pronged Buggs test applies only when "the
taking or confining was done with the intent to facilitate flight or the commission of
another crime as set forth in [K.S.A. 21-3420(b)—the former kidnapping statute]."
Burden, 275 Kan. at 943. Our Supreme Court "determined the statutory language 'to
facilitate flight or the commission of any crime' did not create alternative means but
merely provides 'options within a means.'" State v. Harris, 310 Kan. 1026, 1034, 453
P.3d 1172 (2019). That is, the State only had to prove sufficient evidence Larsen held
Mason with the intent either "to facilitate flight or the commission of any crime."
(Emphasis added.) See K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5408(a)(2).

       Additionally, a precise distance of removal or time and place of confinement are
not required as part of the analysis. Buggs, 219 Kan. at 214. The Buggs court explained:

       "A standstill robbery on the street is not a kidnapping; the forced removal of the victim to
       a dark alley for robbery is. The removal of a rape victim from room to room within a
       dwelling solely for the convenience and comfort of the rapist is not a kidnapping; the
       removal from a public place to a place of seclusion is. The forced direction of a store
       clerk to cross the store to open a cash register is not a kidnapping; locking him in a cooler
       to facilitate escape is. The list is not meant to be exhaustive, and may be subject to some
       qualification when actual cases arise; it nevertheless is illustrative of our holding." 219
       Kan. at 216.

       Larsen primarily relies on two cases—State v. Fisher, 257 Kan. 65, 891 P.2d 1065
(1995), and Messer v. Roberts, 74 F.3d 1009 (10th Cir. 1996)—to support his position. In
Fisher, our Supreme Court explained forcing a manager to walk through a restaurant and
into the office to obtain a key to the safe did not make the robbery substantially easier to
commit, substantially lessen the risk of detection, nor did it have significance
independent of the crime of robbery. Rather, the defendant's actions were merely for the
robber's convenience and such taking or confinement was insufficient to constitute a
kidnapping. 257 Kan. at 78.

                                                    11
       In Messer, the defendant committed an aggravated battery and, while the victim
was unconscious, moved her body about 15 feet. The defendant placed the victim in the
open store in a main walkway and not hidden or concealed. The Tenth Circuit Court of
Appeals determined the defendant completed the aggravated battery before he dragged
the victim and the taking occurred. Because the defendant already completed the crime of
aggravated battery, dragging the victim did not make commission of the crime
substantially easier nor did it substantially lessen the risk of detection. The victim's
second beating, after she was moved, did not occur in a different room or in an area that
could have hidden the incident from view. The Tenth Circuit also reasoned the movement
was "'slight, inconsequential and merely incidental' to the crime of aggravated battery."
74 F.3d at 1014.

       Here, Larsen was in the Mason-Hauser residence without authority and exerted
unauthorized control of Hauser's purse and both Mason and Hauser's car keys before
Larsen ordered Mason at gunpoint to move and go down the stairs to be by the garage
door to aid in Larsen's escape from the residence out the back door. See K.S.A. 2016
Supp. 21-5807(a)(1) (burglary is entering into or remaining within any dwelling, without
authority, with intent to commit felony, theft, or sexually motivated crime therein);
K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5801(a)(1) (theft is intent to permanently deprive owner of
possession, use, or benefit of owner's property by obtaining or exerting unauthorized
control over property). Just as in Messer, Larsen had already completed the crimes of
theft and burglary before he confined Mason in the stairway at gunpoint to aid in his
escape. Confining Mason did not make commission of the crimes substantially easier.
But, unlike Messer, confining Mason by gunpoint substantially lessened the risk of
detection.

       With respect to the same Buggs factor—lessening the risk of detection—the State
relies on State v. Richmond, 258 Kan. 449, 453, 904 P.2d 974 (1995), in which our
Supreme Court explained confining a victim in an unlocked closet made the robbery

                                              12
easier for the defendant and enabled the defendant to flee without being apprehended.
The victim was unable to see the defendant, unable to see the defendant's vehicle, and
unable to see which direction the defendant traveled when he fled from the residence.
The victim was delayed in coming out of the closet and calling for help because she did
not know when the defendant was gone. The court found the victim's confinement
facilitated the defendant's flight and sufficient evidence existed to support a kidnapping
conviction. 258 Kan. at 454.

       Larsen forced Mason by threatening him at gunpoint to go down the staircase
toward the garage to facilitate an escape from the residence and lessen Larsen's risk of
detection. Larsen specifically demanded Mason "get away from the back door," and then
Larsen demanded Mason walk toward him and go down the stairs. The purpose of
Larsen's demands allowed him to flee through the back door, which lessened the risk of
detection by going through the front door and into the neighborhood. The Mason-Hauser
residence backed up to a park providing Larsen with an opportunity to escape undetected
from any neighbors or passersby. Mason was delayed from leaving the staircase by the
garage and trying to see which direction Larsen may have gone before calling for help.
The forced moving of Mason was not for Larsen's comfort or convenience to commit the
crime of aggravated burglary or theft.

       A panel of this court explained:

       "[A] court may find independent significance not only when an act actually makes a
       crime substantially easier to commit but also when the act has the potential to do so, even
       if the defendant never received the anticipated benefit. It is the nature of the act, not its
       result, that is legally important. Thus, whether the taking here would make the robbery
       substantially easier to commit or would substantially reduce the risk of detection should
       be viewed from [the defendant's] perspective when he forced [the victim] into the
       restaurant at gunpoint—not with the benefit of hindsight, now knowing that [the victim]
       was able to get away." State v. Kane, 57 Kan. App. 2d 522, 532, 455 P.3d 811 (2019).

                                                     13
       A reasonable fact-finder could have concluded, from Larsen's perspective, the risk
of detection was decreased by forcing Mason into the stairway away from Larsen's ideal
point of exit. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, a rational fact-
finder could have found Larsen guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. See Aguirre, 313 Kan.
at 209. Larsen's taking and confining of Mason meets the three Buggs factors. Larsen's
act—threatening Mason at gunpoint—allowed him to flee the residence and was not
slight, inconsequential, or merely incidental to the burglary. See Harris, 310 Kan. at
1032. Moving Mason down into the stairway is not inherent in the crimes of burglary or
theft. See K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5807(a)(1); K.S.A. 2016 Supp 21-5801(a).

       Attempted aggravated burglary

       Larsen contends he initially intended to enter the Tinsley house on May 27, 2017,
but, upon seeing Tinsley inside the residence, he left before committing an overt act
toward perpetration of the aggravated burglary. Larsen argues the State failed to present
sufficient evidence establishing he touched the Tinsley house or made any attempt to
enter the house. The State responds that Larsen's text messages clearly established his
intent to commit an aggravated burglary at the Tinsley residence until the point at which
Tinsley discovered him. The State suggests we should reject Larsen's arguments as he is
again inviting us to reweigh evidence.

       The jury convicted Larsen of attempted aggravated burglary in violation of K.S.A.
2016 Supp. 21-5807(b) and K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5301(a). K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-
5807(b)(1) defines aggravated burglary as "without authority, entering into or remaining
within any . . . Dwelling in which there is a human being, with intent to commit a felony,
theft or sexually motivated crime therein." K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5301(a) defines an
attempt as "any overt act toward the perpetration of a crime done by a person who intends
to commit such crime but fails in the perpetration thereof or is prevented or intercepted in
executing such crime." There is no definitive rule to determine what constitutes an overt

                                             14
act as opposed to mere preparation, which is insufficient to establish an attempt crime.
State v. Garner, 237 Kan. 227, 238, 699 P.2d 468 (1985).

       The overt act the State relied on to prove the crime of attempted aggravated
burglary was when Larsen looked inside the window of the Tinsley residence. The
district court instructed the jury on the elements of the completed offense of aggravated
burglary as well as the crime of attempt.

       Another panel of our court explained:

       "Gauging intent is often an imprecise task. Jurors must determine what is going on inside
       a person's head, and criminals routinely disavow any bad purpose. Jurors are left to
       survey the circumstances to discern a defendant's actual intent. So it is in ferreting out
       whether someone has the requisite intent to commit a theft, thereby supporting a
       conviction for burglary, aggravated burglary, or, in this case, an attempt. The jurors may
       consider 'the totality of the surrounding circumstances,' in a burglary prosecution,
       including 'the manner of the entry, the time of day, the character and contents of the
       building, the person's actions after entry . . . , and the intruder's explanation, if he or she
       decides to give one.' [Citations omitted.]" State v. Hargrove, 48 Kan. App. 2d 522, 564-
       65, 293 P.3d 787 (2013).

       In some cases, the intent to commit the felony is so clearly shown by other
evidence that it is enough that the defendant arrived at the scene at which he planned for
the crime to occur. See Garner, 237 Kan. at 239-40. In fact, the requisite criminal intent
to support a conviction of burglary is seldom susceptible to direct proof and, instead,
must be "inferred from the surrounding facts and circumstances." State v. Harper, 235
Kan. 825, 828, 685 P.2d 850 (1984).

       Larsen admitted he was the individual depicted on Tinsley's security video. The
State presented strong circumstantial evidence Larsen was in the fenced backyard

                                                      15
intending to enter the Tinsley residence, without authority, to commit a theft therein but
failed in the perpetration. The jury heard about Larsen's relationship with Bradford and
learned of the following text messages Larsen sent to Bradford around the time of the
Tinsley incident:

       • "'So do you want me to get "dollar sign" for you to come live here with
          me?'"—sent on May 25, 2017, at 7:20 p.m.

       • "'Main goal, get you here. You know I go hard.'"—sent on May 25, 2017, at
          7:23 p.m.

       • "'I always will only do what I can get away with.'"—sent May 25, 2017, at 7:27
          p.m.

       • "'I'm coming to you. It's hard not to come right now, but I don't have the money
          to get to you, but I'm on my way.'"—sent May 25, 2017, at 10:51 p.m.

       • "'I want to make money. I want to rob to do it.'"—sent May 26, 2017, at 1:07
          a.m.

       • "'I think I'm going to go out and get cash tonight.'"—sent May 27, 2017, at
          12:21 a.m.

       • "'. . . I want your opinion on what I should do tonight, otherwise I'm going to
          make it happen and come tonight just to see you and do what you want
          done.'"—sent May 27, 2017, at 7:14 p.m.

                                            16
       • "'I'm working on "dollar sign" for you. A car of your own. Take your time and
          I'll let you know what I got for you.'"—sent May 27, 2017, at 10:17 p.m.

       • "'I just got my phone back, Babe. I lost it running from the cops. Someone seen
          me and I almost got caught breaking in.'"—sent May 28, 2017, at 5:58 a.m.

       • "'I'm leaving it up to you to tell me if you want me to flip this 150 "dollar sign"
          now while I'm here still waiting or do you want me to let you have the 150 and
          do what you do when I get there, because I can double it, but it is going to take
          at least an hour or two and I'm not really willing to wait to get to you. So
          whatever you want, tell me fast.'"—sent May 30, 2017, at 9:05 p.m.

       The jury also heard testimony about the aggravated burglary at the Mason-Hauser
residence, which was comparable to the incident at the Tinsley residence. Larsen was
wearing a bandana around his face at the Tinsley residence, had a bandana around his
neck at the Mason-Hauser residence, and the primary DNA found on the bandana at the
Mason-Hauser residence was consistent with Larsen's. In both incidents, Larsen either
entered or attempted to enter the house through the back door. The State also presented
evidence diminishing Larsen's defense theory of intoxication during the Tinsley incident
as he was not stumbling or showing signs of intoxication in the security video and his text
messages were coherent.

       Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, a reasonable
fact-finder could determine Larsen did more than just prepare to commit the crime of
burglary at the Tinsley residence. Larsen entered the Tinsleys' fenced backyard and
committed the overt act of looking into the Tinsley residence through the back window
with the intent to enter the house and commit a crime therein. In fact, such act aligned
with the evidence related to the Mason incident. Hauser's purse was left on the breakfast
table and visible from the back window. The State suggested Larsen's conduct indicated

                                            17
he was sizing up the Tinsley house to determine whether it was worth robbing until
Tinsley discovered him peering through the window and Larsen fled from the scene.

      Larsen next argues the State failed to prove he attempted to commit an aggravated
burglary because the presence of a human being in the dwelling is a key element of the
aggravated crime and he decided not to enter the house when he saw Tinsley inside.
Larsen seems to recognize our Supreme Court has determined: "Neither aggravated
burglary nor attempted aggravated burglary require proof of knowledge that there was a
human being present in the building." State v. Watson, 256 Kan. 396, 401, 885 P.2d 1226
(1994). Thus, Larsen's knowledge of whether a residence was occupied is irrelevant to
whether an aggravated burglary was attempted.

      Larsen cites K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 21-5202(f), which states:

              "If the definition of a crime prescribes a culpable mental state that is sufficient
      for the commission of a crime, without distinguishing among the material elements
      thereof, such provision shall apply to all the material elements of the crime, unless a
      contrary purpose plainly appears."

      The State points out Larsen failed to mention the following subsection, K.S.A.
2021 Supp. 21-5202(g), which states:

              "If the definition of a crime prescribes a culpable mental state with regard to a
      particular element or elements of that crime, the prescribed culpable mental state shall be
      required only as to specified element or elements, and a culpable mental state shall not be
      required as to any other element of the crime unless otherwise provided."

      The crime of aggravated burglary prescribes a culpable mental state with regard to
a particular element of the crime—the intent to commit a felony, theft, or sexually
motivated crime in the residence. K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5807(b)(1); State v. White, No.

                                                   18
112,939, 2016 WL 1169435, at *6 (Kan. App. 2016) (unpublished opinion). There is no
requirement the defendant know or intend that the dwelling be occupied. Watson, 256
Kan. at 401.

       The State presented sufficient evidence reflecting a reasonable fact-finder could
determine Larsen committed an overt act toward the commission of an aggravated
burglary by looking in the window to discover if the house was occupied before trying to
enter the house. We do not reweigh evidence, resolve evidentiary conflicts, or make
witness credibility determinations. Aguirre, 313 Kan. at 209. And the presence of the
Tinsley family in the residence at the time of Larsen's attempted burglary escalated the
crime to an attempted aggravated burglary.

The State Did Not Improperly Vouch for Its Witness During Closing Argument.

       Larsen argues the State improperly vouched for Mason's credibility during closing
argument by expressing its opinion Mason knew the intruder was Larsen. Larsen also
argues the error was compounded by the district court's failure to give a cautionary
instruction to the jury on eyewitness testimony. Larsen admits he did not request such an
instruction and, standing alone, failure to give the instruction was not clearly erroneous.
Larsen seeks reversal and remand for a new trial related to his convictions from the
Mason incident—kidnapping, aggravated burglary, and misdemeanor theft—based on the
alleged instructional error combined with the alleged prosecutorial error.

       The State responds it advanced permissible commentary on Mason's testimony as
Mason "did not hesitate" to identify Larsen in court. The State also asserts it properly
commented on Mason's demeanor and made an argument based on a reasonable inference
from the evidence without expressing an opinion.

                                             19
       Standard of Review

       A prosecutor's comments made during voir dire, opening statement, or closing
argument are reviewed by appellate courts even if the defendant failed to
contemporaneously object. State v. Sean, 306 Kan. 963, 974, 399 P.3d 168 (2017).
Appellate courts use a two-step process—looking at error and prejudice—to evaluate
claims of prosecutorial error.

       "To determine whether prosecutorial error has occurred, the appellate court must decide
       whether the prosecutorial acts complained of fall outside the wide latitude afforded
       prosecutors to conduct the State's case and attempt to obtain a conviction in a manner that
       does not offend the defendant's constitutional right to a fair trial. If error is found, the
       appellate court must next determine whether the error prejudiced the defendant's due
       process rights to a fair trial." State v. Sherman, 305 Kan. 88, 109, 378 P.3d 1060 (2016).

       Error

       "Prosecutors enjoy wide latitude in crafting closing arguments. This latitude
allows a prosecutor to argue reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the admitted
evidence, but it does not extend so far as to permit arguing facts that are not in evidence.
[Citations omitted.]" State v. Pribble, 304 Kan. 824, 832, 375 P.3d 966 (2016).
Prosecutors are not permitted to offer personal opinions about the credibility of witnesses
that would constitute "'unsworn, unchecked testimony'" or to attempt to shift the burden
of proof to the defendant. 304 Kan. at 835, 837. A prosecutor's statements should not be
viewed in isolation but in the context in which the statements were made. State v. Timley,
311 Kan. 944, 949-50, 469 P.3d 54 (2020).

       Larsen alleges the prosecutor erred in her rebuttal closing argument by expressing
her own opinion on Mason's credibility. With respect to the incident at the Mason-Hauser
residence, the prosecutor stated:

                                                     20
               "But what really is the most important fact about all that discussion is that
       bandana is around the neck. So now we have a face-to-face view between [Mason] and
       the Defendant, plenty of time to look at those eyes, plenty of time to know he's the person
       that did that to him.
               "So he moves into the photo lineup. Remember what [Mason] said? He was like,
       I wasn't 100 percent sure of those five or six pictures. And what [Mason] said was that he
       had just a torso, like the top of the torso, and then just the head."
               "These are not live photo lineups. These are not pictures that were taken of the
       Defendant the day of the crime. These are previous pictures. [Mason] wasn't 100 percent
       sure. That doesn't make [Larsen] not guilty. When [Mason] sat in that chair [on the
       witness stand at trial] and he looked into those eyes, he knew that was the person that
       held him at gunpoint. That is a traumatic event that you don't forget."

       Larsen specifically had an issue with the prosecutor's statement that Mason knew
Larsen was the intruder who held him at gunpoint. However, the prosecutor was not
expressing her personal opinion on the matter but was recalling the evidence elicited at
trial. Mason identified Larsen in the courtroom as the man who was in his house on the
night of the incident holding a bag in his hands, as reflected by the following testimony:

               "[Prosecutor]: So you see this individual holding a bag in both hands.
                        "Did you know him?
               "[Mason]: I did not.
               "[Prosecutor]: Is he present in the courtroom today?
               "[Mason]: He is.
               "[Prosecutor]: Would you please point him out and identify what he's wearing?
               "[Mason]: He's here in the white shirt and the tie.
               "[Prosecutor]: Does he appear different than he did that night?
               "[Mason]: He does.
               "[Prosecutor]: What's different about him?
               "[Mason]: His hair and his beard, and his glasses are smaller.
               "[Prosecutor]: So how far—so you're standing right—initially just into the living
       room, correct, from the breakfast nook?
               "[Mason]: Correct.

                                                     21
              "[Prosecutor]: And he's over by the red chair?
              "[Mason]: Correct.
              "[Prosecutor]: What would that distance be, approximately?
              "[Mason]: 15 to 20 feet."

       Mason also testified he met with a detective who showed Mason the security video
from the Tinsley incident a few days before. Mason told the detective he was about 80
percent sure the man in the security video was the man who entered his house. The
prosecutor asked: "And what was it about the video that made you 80 percent sure it was
the same person?" Mason responded: "The glasses, his bald head, his build, and just had
a gut feeling. And by seeing him in here, it really made me think that that's the guy."
Mason also stated he was confident on the day he testified that Larsen was the person in
his residence who held him at gunpoint. In fact, during Larsen's cross-examination,
Larsen admitted Mason did not hesitate to pick him out as the person who held Mason at
gunpoint.

       Using the two-step process—looking at error and prejudice—we observe the
prosecutor did not exceed the wide latitude afforded to conduct the State's case and
attempt to obtain a conviction without offending Larsen's constitutional right to a fair
trial. See Sherman, 305 Kan. at 109. During closing argument, the prosecutor relied on
and made reasonable inferences about admitted evidence. The prosecutor argued Mason
knew the intruder was Larsen after Mason stated such facts during his testimony.

       Further, the prosecutor's statement in closing argument should not be viewed in
isolation but in the context in which her statement was made. See Timley, 311 Kan. at
949-50. While the prosecutor stated Mason knew the intruder was Larsen, she also
acknowledged to the jury Mason had other opportunities to identify the suspect and was
unable to do so. The prosecutor did not vouch for Mason's credibility before the jury or
state her personal opinion. Rather, the prosecutor's statement was based on admitted

                                                22
evidence. The prosecutorial acts did not fall outside the wide latitude afforded to conduct
the State's case.

       Prejudice

       Even if we were to find the prosecutor erred, Larsen's claim still fails under the
prejudice prong as the prosecutor's closing statements were harmless and did not affect
the outcome of Larsen's trial. See Sherman, 305 Kan. at 109-10. Larsen contends Mason's
identifications were inconsistent and, by stating Mason knew Larsen was the intruder, the
State inappropriately vouched for the witness. Larsen suggests the bandana found on
Mason's back deck was not sufficient on its own to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
Larsen was the intruder.

       Instances of prosecutorial error are fact-specific, and parties are allowed "the
greatest possible leeway to argue the particulars of each individual case." 305 Kan. at
110. The jury heard testimony that the entire interaction between Mason and Larsen
lasted about five minutes and that Mason was unable to identify Larsen with certainty
from a photo lineup after the incident. The jury, however, also heard testimony about the
intruder's physical description—a clean shaven, Black man standing about 5' 10" tall with
a bald head, big glasses, and a bandana around his neck. The bandana did not cover the
intruder's face.

       The jury viewed the same security video from the Tinsley incident that was shown
to Mason. Larsen admitted he was the man depicted in the security video and, aside from
Mason directly pointing out Larsen as the intruder at trial, Mason's description of the
intruder matched many characteristics of the man in the security video. In fact, Mason
explained he knew the man in the security video was the same man who entered his
house without permission on that night because of the man's glasses, bald head, and
build. The jury also heard testimony the man in the Mason-Hauser residence was wearing

                                             23
a bandana around his neck, and a gray bandana was found on the back deck of the
residence just after the incident. Larsen not only admitted to owning and carrying around
a gray bandana, but he also was seen wearing the bandana in the security video from the
Tinsley residence. The primary source of DNA found on the bandana left at the Mason-
Hauser residence was Larsen's.

       Additionally, the jury heard testimony about incriminating text messages on
Larsen's phone sent around the time of the Mason incident, stating he did not have money
but would get some and he would rob to do it so long as he could get away with it. The
State presented a strong case against Larsen. Even if the prosecutor's statement in closing
argument was in error, it was harmless and did not affect the outcome of Larsen's trial.
See Sherman, 305 Kan. at 109-10.

The District Court Did Not Err in Imposing an Upward Durational Departure Sentence
on Larsen's Primary Conviction of Kidnapping.

       Larsen contends, for the first time on appeal, that the two nonstatutory aggravating
factors the State relied on in its motion for an upward durational departure sentence on
his primary conviction of kidnapping led to an illegal sentence. Larsen asserts the
aggravating factors applied to his sentence are not found in the statute authorizing an
upward durational departure and, because the factors are elements of the enhanced-
sentence crime, due process requires every element of a crime be listed in the statutes.
Larsen does not assert the district court abused its discretion in imposing an upward
durational departure.

       The State correctly responds Larsen's illegal sentence claim is, in fact, a claim of
constitutional error, which does not meet the statutory definition of an illegal sentence.
See State v. Moncla, 301 Kan. 549, 553-54, 343 P.3d 1161 (2015) ('"Because the
definition of an illegal sentence does not include a claim that the sentence violates a

                                             24
constitutional provision, a defendant may not file a motion to correct an illegal sentence
based on constitutional challenges to his or her sentence.' [Citations omitted.]"). The State
also correctly points out Larsen improperly raised his claim of constitutional error for the
first time on appeal.

       Generally, a party cannot assert a new constitutional argument on appeal. There
are three exceptions to the general rule:

       "'(1) The newly asserted claim involves only a question of law arising on proved or
       admitted facts and is determinative of the case; (2) consideration of the claim is necessary
       to serve the ends of justice or to prevent the denial of fundamental rights; or (3) the
       district court is right for the wrong reason.' [Citations omitted.]" State v. Godfrey, 301
       Kan. 1041, 1043, 350 P.3d 1068 (2015).

       Larsen admits he did not raise the issue of constitutionality below but asserts the
issue involves a question of law arising on proved or admitted facts and would be
determinative of the case. He also claims consideration is necessary to serve the ends of
justice because if the district court had not departed, his kidnapping sentence would be
much shorter. However, we are not obligated to consider an unpreserved claim even if the
claim may meet an exception to the general rule. State v. Gray, 311 Kan. 164, 170, 459
P.3d 165 (2020). Because Larsen did not preserve this issue below, we exercise our
prudential authority and decline to address it.

       Affirmed.

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