Court Opinion

ID: 2864917
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-06 00:47:28.637927+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:34:47.884649
License: Public Domain

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

                                           NO. 03-02-00216-CR

                                 Robert Harold Littlefield, Appellant

                                                    v.

                                     The State of Texas, Appellee

         FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF COMAL COUNTY, 22ND JUDICIAL DISTRICT
              NO. CR2001-094, HONORABLE FRED CLARK, JUDGE PRESIDING

                A pickup truck driven by appellant Robert Harold Littlefield crossed the center line of the

highway, entered the lane of oncoming traffic, and collided with an automobile. The driver of the automobile

was killed. A jury found appellant guilty of intoxication manslaughter and aggravated assault, and assessed

punishment for both offenses at imprisonment for twelve years and a $10,000 fine. See Tex. Pen. Code

Ann. '' 22.02 (West 1994), 49.08 (West Supp. 2002). Appellant contends the district court erroneously

admitted retrograde extrapolation evidence and testimony regarding the cumulative effect of alcohol and

marihuana use. He also complains that the State was improperly permitted to use his plea of not guilty

against him at the punishment phase and that his trial counsel did not render effective assistance. We

overrule the points of error and affirm.

In point of error one, appellant contends the district court erroneously permitted retrograde extrapolation

testimony. ARetrograde extrapolation is the computation back in time of the blood-alcohol levelCthat is, the
estimation of the level at the time of driving based on a test result from some later time.@ Mata v. State, 46
S.W.3d 902, 908-09 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). In Mata, the court of criminal appeals held that Athe

science of retrograde extrapolation can be reliable in a given case.@ Id. at 916. The court discussed

numerous factors that must be taken into consideration by a trial court in determining the reliability, and thus

the admissibility, of retrograde extrapolation testimony. Id.

                 Dr. Wilmer Tracey Jones, III, was the surgeon who treated appellant at University Hospital

in San Antonio. Jones testified that a blood sample taken from appellant about an hour after the collision

had an alcohol concentration of .038. After briefly testifying, over objection, to the rate at which alcohol is

eliminated by the body, Dr. Jones was asked by the prosecutor, AAssuming that we have Mr. Littlefield,

who isn=t a heavy drinker with a faster elimination period, what would his alcohol concentration have been,

generally, at around midnight [the time of the collision] based on what you have in front of you?@ Appellant

objected, AThis is strictly what=s been prohibited by the Supreme Court [sic]. There are many factors that

are supposed to be taken into consideration. They have not been testified to here today. This is not

scientifically sound and he has not been qualified as an expert in this area to be able to testify to this.@ The

objection was overruled but the question was not answered.

                 The prosecutor then questioned the witness in more detail, and without further objection,

regarding alcohol elimination rates. The witness was never again asked to estimate appellant=s alcohol

concentration at the time of the collision. However, after establishing that a second blood sample was taken

from appellant at 3:45 a.m., the prosecutor asked the doctor over objection to estimate what the alcohol

concentration would have been at that time if it had been .038 at 1:00 a.m. Misunderstanding the question,

                                                       2
the witness answered, ALike I said, you would add .02 to .03, depending on the average body sizeCliver

size. So somewhere in the range of .58 to .68.@1 The prosecutor corrected him: A[Y]ou=re doing the

reverse. I want you to do the forward extrapolation.@ The doctor answered, AYou can subtract .2 or .3, so

it would be .018 to .08 is what you=d expect to see.@2

  1
    If .02 or .03 is added to .038, the total is .058 or .068. Throughout his testimony, the doctor was
cavalier with regard to alcohol concentration figures, at various times omitting either the decimal or
the zero, or both.
  2
     The witness apparently meant to say that you would subtract .02 or .03 from .038, giving a result
of .018 or .008.

                                                   3
                 We agree with appellant that Dr. Jones was not shown to be qualified to perform retrograde

extrapolation. Further, the witness=s uninvited retrograde extrapolation testimony discussed in the previous

paragraph was not shown to be reliable under the standards established in Mata.3 The error in the

admission of this testimony was harmless, however, as was any further error in the admission of the doctor=s

more general testimony that appellant=s alcohol concentration would have been higher at the time of the

collision than it was at the hospital. The passenger who was with appellant at the time of the collision

testified that he and appellant had spent the evening drinking beer and smoking marihuana with others. He

said appellant had been acting Ahyper@ and Aweird.@ Another driver who witnessed the collision and

stopped to render aid testified that there were beer cans all over the road. Appellant told this witness that

he was Adrunk and stoned@ and that he was Aon something likeChe said acid or shrooms.@ Appellant

jumped in front of another car as it was attempting to drive past the accident scene; this car Aclipped@

appellant and knocked him to the ground. Appellant told a deputy sheriff at the scene that he had been

drinking beer and that he Agot some bad dope.@ As the deputy attempted to speak to him, appellant

Ajumped up,@ ran to the officer=s patrol car, grabbed the emergency light bar on the roof of the vehicle, and

said, AI see the light.@ He then ran toward another vehicle and Ajust dove and hit his head on the headlight.@

The emergency medical technician who treated appellant at the scene testified that he was Acombative@ and

Aacting very confused, disoriented.@ At the hospital, appellant=s urine tested positive for marihuana. In light

of the substantial evidence that appellant did not have the normal use of mental or physical faculties by

  3
     For example, Dr. Jones apparently did not consider alcohol absorption rates, a factor discussed at
length in Mata. See Mata v. State, 46 S.W.3d 902, 911-13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). The witness
testified, AIt [alcohol concentration] actually starts coming down the minute you start drinking.@

                                                      4
reason of the introduction of alcohol and marihuana into his body, Jones=s testimony that appellant=s alcohol

concentration was above .038 at the time of the collision did not prejudice his substantial rights.4 See Tex.

R. App. P. 44.2(b); see also Motilla v. State, No. 598-01, slip op. at 9, 2002 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS

137 at *12 (Tex. Crim. App. June 26, 2002) (overwhelming evidence can be factor in evaluation of

harmless error). Point of error one is overruled.

                In his second point of error, appellant argues that Dr. Jones was not qualified and should

not have been permitted to testify that alcohol and marihuana in combination have a Alogarithmic effect@ in

that each substance exaggerates the effect of the other. This testimony was first offered without objection.

Later, when the witness returned to the subject, appellant objected that the testimony was speculative.

Because this objection was untimely and does not comport with the complaint on appeal, nothing is

presented for review. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(1). Point of error two is

overruled.

                Appellant next complains that his Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial was violated when

the prosecutor was permitted to use his plea of not guilty against him during the punishment phase of trial.

U.S. Const. amend. VI. Appellant testified at both stages of his trial. During his punishment stage

testimony, he expressed his remorse and told the jury that he was willing to accept responsibility for the

  4
     AIntoxication@ was alleged in the indictment and defined in the jury charge in terms of
impairment rather than in terms of alcohol concentration. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. ' 49.01(2)
(West Supp. 2002).

                                                     5
offenses for which he had been convicted. During cross-examination by the prosecutor, appellant was

questioned as follows:

       Q. You said you=re willing to accept responsibility and that it=s your fault. But
          you=ve had a right to have a jury trial. You had that right and that=s what we=re
          doing now, isn=t it?

       A. Yes, sir.

       Q. And at the beginning of that jury trial the judge asked you, AMr. Littlefield, how
          do you plead? Guilty or not guilty?@ Do you remember that?

       A. Yes, sir.

       [Defense counsel]: Your Honor, I=m going to have to object to this line of
                          questioning. I believe he has a constitutional right to plead not
                          guilty. I don=t think that=s supposed to be used against him at the
                          time of trial.

       THE COURT:          Overrule the objection. Proceed.

       Q. And that is right. Absolutely you have a right to plead not guilty.

       A. Yes, sir.

       Q. And you chose to plead not guilty?

       A. Yes, sir.

       Q. And even after the judge told you what your choices wereCAyou can plead guilty
          or not guilty,@ you chose to plead not guilty?

       A. Yes, sir.

       Q. And you came up and you said, AI know it=s my fault. I=m sorry.@ But you were
          still hoping that the jury would find you not guilty?

       A. Yes, sir.

                                                 6
       Q. Well, if this is your fault and you want to accept responsibility, why didn=t you
          plead guilty?

       A. Because of the chargeCthe way it=s worded. I don=t believe it=s correct.

       Q. What=s wrong with it?

       A. I know I am responsible for this man=s death and I do take responsibility for the
          death. And I know it=s a horrible, horrible thing. But I still stand by that I was
          notCI don=t believe I was intoxicated.

               Appellant refers us to two opinions, neither of which is on point. In Overstreet v. State,

470 S.W.2d 653, 654-55 (Tex. Crim. App. 1971), the defendant asserted that the prosecutor had

improperly referred to her failure to testify when he argued to the jury at the punishment stage that

Athe first great step to rehabilitation is stepping forward and confessing one=s guilt.@ The court of

criminal appeals overruled this contention, but added in dicta: AA defendant in a criminal case under

our laws has the right to enter a plea of not guilty and to file a motion for probation, and the fact he

has exercised those rights should not be utilized against him.@ Id. at 655.

               In the second opinion cited by appellant, a federal district judge told the defendant at

sentencing that he, the judge, would assess a lesser punishment if the defendant would Acome clean@

and admit his guilt. Thomas v. United States, 368 F.2d 941, 944 (5th Cir. 1966). When the defendant

continued to assert his innocence, the court assessed the maximum punishment. Id. The court of

appeals held that this Aultimatum@ unfairly forced the defendant to chose between the preservation of

his rights or a lesser punishment. Id. at 945. The court vacated the sentence and remanded the case

for reassessment of punishment. Id. at 947.

                                                           7
                 The prosecutor was entitled to test the sincerity of appellant=s assertions of remorse and

acceptance of responsibility by cross-examination. As part of that cross-examination, the prosecutor

was entitled to refer to appellant=s testimony at the guilt stage of the trial. In that earlier testimony,

appellant said that on the night in question he did not smoke marihuana, he had consumed a single

beer, and he had not been intoxicated. Appellant further testified that, in his opinion, he had not

been reckless as alleged in the aggravated assault indictment. Instead, appellant expressed the belief

that the collision had been a pure accident that happened because he fell asleep at the wheel.

Because appellant had previously testified that he was not guilty of the charged offenses, we believe

that the prosecutor=s reference to appellant=s plea of not guilty during his cross-examination at the

punishment stage was at most harmless error.5 Point of error three is overruled.

                 Finally, appellant urges that his trial counsel was ineffective because he twice failed to

request a postponement or continuance. Appellant refers to two incidents, the first of which came

before testimony began. The prosecutor informed the court pursuant to an order in limine that one of

its witnesses would testify that appellant admitted using LSD and mushrooms. Defense counsel argued

against such testimony on the ground that these intoxicants had not been alleged in the indictment.

The court tentatively ruled that the testimony would be relevant to explain the reckless conduct

alleged in the assault count. The other incident occurred during the second day of testimony, when

defense counsel unsuccessfully objected to the introduction of a videotape showing the road where

the collision occurred because it did not accurately depict the conditions on the night in question and

  5
      A different question might be presented if appellant had not testified at the guilt stage.

                                                     8
because he had not been shown the videotape prior to trial. Counsel added, AThis is the second time

I=ve been surprised: first of all, with the evidence on the drugs and also now with this. It just doesn=t

give us an opportunity to prepare a proper defense.@ Appellant now argues that by failing to request a

postponement or continuance, defense counsel waived appellant=s right to complain of unfair surprise

on appeal. See Lindley v. State, 635 S.W.2d 541, 544 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982).

                To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, an appellant must show that

counsel made such serious errors that he was not functioning effectively as counsel and that these

errors prejudiced the appellant=s defense to such a degree that he was deprived of a fair trial. Strickland

v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); Hernandez v. State, 726 S.W.2d 53, 57 (Tex. Crim. App.

1986). Counsel=s performance must be judged in its totality, rather than by isolating individual errors

or omissions. Oestrick v. State, 939 S.W.2d 232, 237 (Tex. App.CAustin 1997, pet. ref=d). We must

avoid the distortions of hindsight, and evaluate counsel=s conduct from his perspective at the time of

trial. See Ex parte Kunkle, 852 S.W.2d 499, 505 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). A defendant asserting an

ineffective assistance claim must overcome a strong presumption that counsel=s conduct fell within the

wide range of reasonable professional assistance. See Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1994). Any allegation of ineffectiveness must be firmly founded in the record and the

record must affirmatively demonstrate the alleged ineffectiveness. Mallett v. State, 65 S.W.3d 59, 63

(Tex. Crim. App. 2001). In most cases, the record on direct appeal is undeveloped and cannot

adequately reflect the motives behind trial counsel=s actions. Id.

                The issue of trial counsel=s alleged ineffectiveness was not raised by motion for new

trial. We have no explanation in the record for counsel=s failure to request a postponement or

                                                    9
continuance when confronted with the State=s new evidence. Counsel may have believed that he

was able to effectively defend appellant without a delay of trial. If one or more continuances had

been requested and refused, it is unlikely that this would have resulted in reversal on appeal given the

extent of the other evidence of intoxication and the nature of the videotape. On this record, defense

counsel=s isolated failure to request a continuance was not of such significance as to have rendered his

overall assistance ineffective. Point of error four is overruled.

                 The court prepared separate judgments of conviction for each count. The judgments

are affirmed.

                                        __________________________________________

                                        Jan P. Patterson, Justice

Before Justices Kidd, Patterson and Puryear

Affirmed

Filed: August 30, 2002

Do Not Publish

                                                   10