Court Opinion

ID: 4701948
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-07-07 20:03:03.916476+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:21.159782
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                              Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                     File Name: 21a0156p.06

                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                           ┐
 BILLY ISON; SANDRA ISON; ABBY ISON; CAROLYN
                                                           │
 DELL PATRICK,
                                                           │
                            Plaintiffs-Appellants,         │
                                                            >        No. 20-4108
                                                           │
       v.                                                  │
                                                           │
 MADISON LOCAL SCHOOL DISTRICT BOARD OF                    │
 EDUCATION,                                                │
                        Defendant-Appellee.                │
                                                           │
                                                           ┘

                        Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of Ohio at Cincinnati.
                   No. 1:19-cv-00155—Michael R. Barrett, District Judge.

                                    Argued: June 9, 2021

                              Decided and Filed: July 7, 2021

                 Before: GIBBONS, COOK, and DONALD, Circuit Judges.

                                    _________________

                                          COUNSEL

ARGUED: Jennifer M. Kinsley, KINSLEY LAW OFFICE, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellant.
Matthew C. Blickensderfer, FROST BROWN TODD LLC, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellee. ON
BRIEF: Jennifer M. Kinsley, KINSLEY LAW OFFICE, Cincinnati, Ohio, Matthew Miller-
Novak, BARRON PECK BENNIE & SCHLEMMER CO., LPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, for
Appellant. Matthew C. Blickensderfer, FROST BROWN TODD LLC, Cincinnati, Ohio, Brodi
J. Conover, FROST BROWN TODD LLC, West Chester, Ohio, for Appellee.
 No. 20-4108            Ison, et al. v. Madison Local Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ.            Page 2

                                     _________________

                                           OPINION
                                     _________________

       COOK, Circuit Judge. After a shooting in the Madison Local School District, plaintiffs
Carolyn Patrick and Billy, Abby, and Sandra Ison frequently appeared at School Board meetings
to criticize the Board’s handling of gun-related issues. The Board twice prevented them from
speaking for failing to comply with its Public Participation Policy. The Isons and Ms. Patrick
sued, asserting that the Board violated their First Amendment rights in those two instances and
that portions of the Policy, as written, also violate the First Amendment. The district court
granted the Board summary judgment and the Isons and Ms. Patrick appeal. We REVERSE in
part and AFFIRM in part.

                                                I.

       In February 2016, a Madison student fired a gun and injured four students, sparking years
of controversy surrounding safety in Madison schools. Approximately two years after the
shooting, the Board enacted a resolution allowing staff to carry concealed weapons. (Around the
same time, Madison students walked out of class during the school day to protest gun violence;
school administration disciplined those students. Perturbed by these developments, the Isons and
Ms. Patrick took to attending Board meetings.

       The Board allots time for community members to speak during each meeting. In order to
“conduct[] its meetings in a productive and efficient manner that assures that the regular agenda
of the Board is completed in a reasonable period of time . . . and allows for a fair and adequate
opportunity for input to be considered,” the Board enacted a Public Participation Policy. Per the
Policy, those wishing to participate must complete a “public participation form,” in person, at
least two business days before the meeting. Only Madison residents may participate, and they
must limit their speaking time to three minutes. Participants must address the presiding officer,
not Board members individually. The Policy authorizes the presiding officer to:
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        1. prohibit public comments that are frivolous, repetitive, and/or harassing;
        2. interrupt, warn, or terminate a participant’s statement when the statement is too
        lengthy, personally directed, abusive, off-topic, antagonistic, obscene, or
        irrelevant;
        3. request any individual to leave the meeting when that person does not observe
        reasonable decorum; [and]
        4. request the assistance of law enforcement officers in the removal of a
        disorderly person when that person’s conduct interferes with the orderly progress
        of the meeting.

(R. 33-1 at PageID #: 658.)

        In March 2018, the Isons and Ms. Patrick attended the first meeting where the Board
discussed arming teachers and the student protest. Billy tried to speak but learned upon arrival
that the Policy required preregistration. At the next meeting, the Board passed the armed staff
resolution. The Isons, having preregistered, each expressed their disdain for the new resolution
and the punishment of student protestors. Board President David French responded to their
criticism, emphasizing the Board’s effort to create a safe learning environment for all students
and their commitment to remaining neutral on political issues.

        The Isons spoke again at the next meeting (May 2018). A video of Billy Ison’s remarks
there shows him turning to address the room and reading from a prepared speech, accusing the
Board of “threaten[ing]” the school to punish the student protestors. He calls the Board’s
justification offered at the prior meeting for punishing “a smokescreen intended to conceal their
true motivation . . . to suppress all opposition to pro-gun views” and “push its pro-gun agenda.”
And it depicts him accusing the Board of “taking a very strong position on guns” when it decided
to arm staff.

        The Board interrupted Billy twice during his remarks. First, French asked Billy not to
use the word “threatening.” Second, after Billy accused the Board of concealing their “true
motivation” for punishing students, another Board member asked him to stop “putting words in
[the Board’s] mouth” and saying things “that are not facts.” French then asked Billy to stop and
warned that if he continued, security would escort him out. Billy continued, finishing his speech
while a security officer escorted him calmly from the room. In total, he spoke just under three
 No. 20-4108             Ison, et al. v. Madison Local Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ.            Page 4

minutes. As French later recalled the incident, Billy “was being basically unruly, not following
the rules, being hostile in his demeanor.” He let Billy speak “until other people were starting to
object and getting offen[d]ed by it.”

       The next problem for these plaintiffs developed when Billy completed a form in
anticipation of the January 2019 Board meeting expecting that it would authorize participation
by Ms. Patrick, Abby, and Sandra, as well as him. But when they arrived at the meeting, the
Board allowed only Billy to speak, because the others failed to submit their own forms.

                                                II.

       The Isons and Ms. Patrick sued the Board, invoking 42 U.S.C. § 1983 to challenge under
the First Amendment the Policy’s “use of vague and undefined terms” and “the imposition of
content-based restrictions on speech.” They seek compensatory damages, a declaration that the
Board’s restrictions violate the Constitution, and an injunction barring enforcement of the
Board’s Policy.

       The Board and Plaintiffs filed cross motions for summary judgment. Having heard oral
argument and finding no First Amendment violation, the district court granted summary
judgment to the Board. Plaintiffs appeal.

       Plaintiffs’ arguments on appeal fall into three categories.      First, they challenge the
Policy’s restrictions on “personally directed,” “abusive,” and “antagonistic” statements, and the
application of those restrictions to prevent Billy from speaking at the May 2018 meeting.
Second, they challenge the in-person preregistration requirement and the Board’s application of
that requirement to prevent Abby, Sandra, and Ms. Patrick from speaking at the January 2019
meeting. Third, they challenge the Policy—and the Board’s discretion in implementing it—as
unconstitutionally vague.

                                               III.

       We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Fisher v. Nissan N.
Am., Inc., 951 F.3d 409, 416 (6th Cir. 2020). A court appropriately grants summary judgment
when “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant
 No. 20-4108             Ison, et al. v. Madison Local Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ.              Page 5

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The parties agreed below that
no factual dispute exists, but where, as here, the parties present video evidence, we “view[] the
facts in the light depicted by the videotape.” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 381 (2007).

                                                IV.

       The First Amendment, applicable to the states through the Fourteenth, prohibits the
government from “abridging the freedom of speech.” U.S. Const. amend. I. The strength of the
First Amendment protection, and the level of justification required for a speech restriction, varies
depending on the forum where the speech occurs. See Christian Legal Soc’y Chapter of the
Univ. of Cal., Hastings Coll. of the L. v. Martinez, 561 U.S. 661, 679 n.11 (2010). The parties
here agree that the Board meetings constitute a “limited public forum,” meaning it “is limited to
use by certain groups or dedicated solely to the discussion of certain subjects.” Pleasant Grove
City v. Summum, 555 U.S. 460, 470 (2009).

       In a limited public forum, the government may “regulate features of speech unrelated to
its content” through “time, place, or manner” restrictions. McCullen v. Coakley, 573 U.S. 464,
477 (2014). It has “wide[] leeway” to do so, and those restrictions survive if “they are narrowly
tailored to serve a significant governmental interest, and . . . leave open ample alternative
channels for communication of the information.” Id. (quoting Ward v. Rock Against Racism,
491 U.S. 781, 791 (1989)).

       The government may also impose content-based restrictions, such as those reserving the
forum “for certain groups or for the discussion of certain topics,” Rosenberger v. Rector &
Visitors of Univ. of Va., 515 U.S. 819, 829 (1995), so long as they “are reasonable in light of the
purpose served by the forum and are viewpoint neutral,” Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Def. &
Educ. Fund, Inc., 473 U.S. 788, 806 (1985). But “the government may not engage in a more
invidious kind of content discrimination known as ‘viewpoint discrimination.’” Am. Freedom
Def. Initiative v. Suburban Mobility Auth. for Reg’l Transp., 978 F.3d 481, 491 (6th Cir. 2020)
(quoting Rosenberger, 515 U.S. at 829); see also Youkhanna v. City of Sterling Heights, 934
F.3d 508, 519 (6th Cir. 2019). Impermissible viewpoint discrimination “does not neutrally treat
 No. 20-4108              Ison, et al. v. Madison Local Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ.                Page 6

an entire subject as off limits,” but rather “permits some private speech on the subject and only
disfavors certain points of view.” Am. Freedom Def. Initiative, 978 F.3d at 498.

                                                     A.

        First, we consider the Board Policy’s restrictions on “abusive,” “personally directed,” and
“antagonist” statements.         Plaintiffs urge that these restrictions, as written, violate the First
Amendment by discriminating on viewpoint and that the Board unconstitutionally applied the
restrictions to silence Billy.

        For the facial challenge, we look to the Policy’s text and determine whether it
unconstitutionally burdens speech. See Speet v. Schuette, 726 F.3d 867, 871–73 (6th Cir. 2013).
Though the Policy contains no definitions, President French testified that the Board interprets
“abusive” to mean “hostile to one’s feelings or towards [sic] in your manner of speech”;
“antagonistic” to mean “to antagonize with hostility toward oneself or one’s person[;] . . . being
hostile to people”; and “personally directed” to mean “either harassing [or] abusive statements
directed at someone individually.”          (R. 31-3 at PageID #: 471.)       This matches common
dictionary     definitions.           See    Abusive,     Merriam-Webster,      https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/abusive (“harsh and insulting”); Antagonistic, Merriam-Webster,
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/antagonistic (“showing dislike or opposition”); see
also Iancu v. Brunetti, 139 S. Ct. 2294, 2299–300 (2019) (utilizing Patent and Trademark Office
interpretation and dictionary definition to determine terms’ meanings for First Amendment
challenge). Plaintiffs argue that two recent Supreme Court cases, Matal v. Tam, 137 S. Ct. 1744
(2017) and Iancu, 139 S. Ct. 2294, clarify that these regulations are viewpoint based and thus
unconstitutional. We agree.

        In Matal, the Court struck down the Lanham Act’s prohibition on federal registration of
trademarks that “‘disparage . . . or bring . . . into contemp[t] or disrepute’ any ‘persons, living or
dead.’” 137 S. Ct. at 1751 (alterations in original) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1052(a)). Though split
between two plurality opinions, all Justices agreed that the “anti-disparagement” clause
discriminated based on viewpoint because “[g]iving offense is a viewpoint.” Id. at 1763 (Alito,
J., opinion). The Iancu Court struck down another Lanham Act restriction on “immoral or
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scandalous” marks, finding it “permit[ted] registration of marks that champion society’s sense of
rectitude and morality, but not marks that denigrate those concepts.” 139 S. Ct. at 2299. It
reasoned that the act impermissibly “distinguishe[d] between two opposed sets of ideas: those
aligned with conventional moral standards and those hostile to them; those inducing societal
nods of approval and those provoking offense and condemnation.” Id. at 2300. In short, these
cases stand for the proposition that the government may not censor speech merely because it is
“offensive to some.” Matal, 137 S. Ct. at 1763 (quoting Street v. New York, 394 U.S. 576, 592
(1969)).

        Our cases clarify the impact of Matal and Iancu. In Youkhanna, we surmised, albeit in
dicta, that, in light of Matal, a rule against “attacks on people or institutions” during the public
comment portion of a city council meeting “could be construed as viewpoint discrimination.”
934 F.3d at 518–20.1 And then in American Freedom Defense Initiative, we went further and
relied on Matal and Iancu to strike down a restriction prohibiting buses from running ads “likely
to hold up to scorn or ridicule any person or group of persons.” 978 F.3d at 500. We found that
the restriction “necessarily discriminates between viewpoints” because “[f]or any group, the
restriction facially ‘distinguishes between two opposed sets of ideas’: those that promote the
group and those that disparage it.” Id. (quoting Iancu, 139 S. Ct. at 2300). So too here.

        The antagonistic restriction, by definition, prohibits speech opposing the Board. See
Antagonistic, Merriam-Webster (“showing dislike or opposition”).                        And abusive prohibits
“insulting” language, see Abusive, Merriam-Webster (“harsh and insulting”), with “personally
directed,” meaning simply abusive speech directed at one person, per the Board’s interpretation.
These terms plainly fit in the “broad” scope of impermissible viewpoint discrimination because,
like in Matal, Iancu, and American Freedom Defense Initiative, they prohibit speech purely
because it disparages or offends. See Matal, 137 S. Ct. at 1763. Indeed, President French
testified that giving offense sufficed, under the Policy, to prevent someone from speaking. (See

        1This   is not to say that we decide today that regulations guarding against actual ad hominem attacks, even
verbal, are not permitted in a limited public forum. Suffice it to say that speaking out in opposition to an idea may
be offensive but is easily distinguishable from a personal attack. See Bible Believers v. Wayne County, 805 F.3d
228, 246−47 (6th Cir. 2015) (en banc) (distinguishing between generally offensive statements and “insult or
offense” directed specifically at an individual).
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R. 31-3 at PageID #: 493 (“If [the speech is] perceived to be particularly offensive or abusive,
then yes, I would stop [the speaker.]”)).

         The Board invokes Lowery v. Jefferson County Board of Education, 586 F.3d 427 (6th
Cir. 2009), a pre-Matal and Iancu case, to resist this conclusion. In Lowery, our court considered
a challenge to a school board public participation policy restricting “frivolous, repetitive, [and]
harassing” statements.         Id. at 433.       We rejected the challenge, finding those restrictions
“‘justified without reference to the content’ of the speech” and therefore content-neutral. Id.
(quoting Clark v. Cmty. for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 293 (1984)). Though we
elaborated little on the finding of content-neutrality for each of these terms when discussing the
facial challenge, we reasoned later in the opinion that “harassment” often overlaps with
“repetitiveness,” thereby avoiding impermissible viewpoint discrimination.                        See id. at 435.
Indeed, we cautioned that interpreting “harassing” to “exclude speech merely because it
criticizes school officials,” would constitute viewpoint discrimination. Id. This sets Lowery
apart from the case here.2            The restrictions on “antagonistic,” “abusive” and “personally
directed” speech prohibit speech because it opposes, or offends, the Board or members of the
public, in violation of the First Amendment. To hold otherwise and expand Lowery as the Board
suggests would run afoul of Matal and Iancu.

         This likewise settles Plaintiffs’ as-applied challenge because President French testified
that he stopped Billy’s speech when he started offending people. (R. 31-3 at PageID #: 481
(“And then when it came to a point where . . . he was personally attacking and people were
getting offended . . . I stopped him.”)) Video evidence confirms that another Board member’s
taking offense to Billy’s comments prompted his removal, after French interrupted him initially
for accusing the Board of “threatening” school administration. French later clarified that he
stopped Billy because he found his speech “hostile,” “personally directed,” and “abus[ive.]” The
video contradicts much of French’s testimony. Billy spoke calmly, used measured tones, and
refrained from personal attacks or vitriol, focusing instead on his stringent opposition to the

         2It is also worth noting that in Lowery we affirmed a jury verdict in favor of the school board, finding that
“the jury had ample bases for concluding that any potential viewpoint-based motives of the board did not affect” its
ultimate decision. Id. at 435. Here, on the other hand, we are asked to decide that as a matter of law the Board’s
policy is viewpoint-neutral despite singling out oppositional speech.
 No. 20-4108             Ison, et al. v. Madison Local Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ.              Page 9

Board’s policy and his belief that the Board was not being honest about its motives. While not
directly relevant to our decision as to Plaintiffs’ as-applied challenge, the application to Billy is
useful evidence of the Board’s interpretation of the regulations. Having already found the
“abusive” and “personally directed” restrictions facially unconstitutional, their application to
Billy’s comments also constitutes impermissible viewpoint discrimination.              Accordingly,
the Policy’s restrictions on abusive, personally directed, and antagonistic speech, facially and
as-applied, violate the First Amendment. Since the parties have not briefed the proper remedy
for these violations, we leave that issue for the district court on remand. See Am. Freedom Def.
Initiative, 978 F.3d at 501–02.

                                                 B.

       Second, the preregistration requirement. All agree that this is a content-neutral restriction
and so qualifies as a time, place, manner restriction. Accordingly, it need only narrowly serve a
significant government interest and leave ample alternative channels. Ward, 491 U.S. at 791–92.
Plaintiffs press that requiring speakers to register in person prior to Board meetings furthers no
government interest. The Board, however, convincingly argues that the in-person requirement
“allows the Board to reserve time for those individuals who are most likely to follow through and
participate in the meeting” and “helps to ensure that those who truly want to participate are not
denied the opportunity to do so.” Evidence shows that the Board previously faced problems with
individuals registering to speak then not appearing for the meeting.             This satisfies the
government-interest prong. See Lowery, 586 F.3d at 433 (“Unstructured, chaotic school board
meetings not only would be inefficient but also could deny other citizens the chance to make
their voices heard.”).

       And preregistration narrowly serves that interest. Narrow tailoring here requires not “the
least restrictive or least intrusive means” of serving a government interest, Ward, 491 U.S. at
798, but only that the government’s interest “would be achieved less effectively absent the
regulation.” Id. at 799 (quoting United States v. Albertini, 472 U.S. 675, 689 (1985)). We may
not invalidate a time, place, manner regulation merely because we disagree with the legislature
on the “most appropriate method for promoting [its] interest[],” but regulations cannot “burden
substantially more speech than is necessary.” Id. at 799–800.
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       The Policy requires speakers to register at least two days before a meeting, in person,
during Board hours (8:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.). To be sure, this can curtail a working person from
easily registering, (see e.g., R. 31-5, Sandra Ison Dep., PageID #: 537 (saying that in order to
register in person she would have to “take time off work, fill out a form in person in the board of
education office, show [her] identification, receive a time-stamped form back, and then show up
later to speak at the meeting”)), but that hurdle falls short of rendering the requirement
substantially more burdensome than necessary. It cannot be argued to be a “wholesale ban,” cf.
Cleveland Area Bd. of Realtors v. City of Euclid, 88 F.3d 382, 388 (6th Cir. 1996), and it relates
to the government’s articulated interest, cf. Watchtower Bible & Tract Society of New York, Inc.
v. Village of Stratton, 536 U.S. 150, 168–69 (2002); Miller v. City of Cincinnati, 622 F.3d 524,
536 (6th Cir. 2010).

       Those who cannot comply with the preregistration requirement have ample alternative
channels to communicate with the Board, through their publicly displayed e-mail addresses or at
other school functions. The facial challenge to the preregistration requirement fails.

       As to the as-applied challenge, Plaintiffs contend the Board unconstitutionally required
in-person preregistration to prevent Sandra, Abby, and Ms. Patrick from sharing their views at
the January 2019 meeting. As they tell it, the Board changed its Policy to require forms from
each person to silence Plaintiffs’ viewpoint. But the Policy always read: “Attendees must
register their intention to participate in the public portion of the meeting.” (R. 29-5 at PageID #:
381 (emphasis added).) That the Board started strictly enforcing this Policy when Plaintiffs
began vehemently opposing the armed staff policy may frustrate Plaintiffs, but we hesitate to
“make First Amendment-related speculations on the hidden motives of legislative bodies.” Ater
v. Armstrong, 961 F.2d 1224, 1229 (6th Cir. 1992). The district court properly granted summary
judgment on these claims.

                                                C.

       Last, Plaintiffs ask the court to strike down the Policy as unconstitutionally vague. In
essence, they challenge the presiding officer’s discretion, contending that “reasonable decorum,”
“abusive,” and “antagonistic” can “change from day to day” depending on the Board’s approach.
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We review only the presiding officer’s discretion in interpreting “reasonable decorum,” having
earlier struck the “abusive” and “antagonistic” restrictions.    Though the exact contours of
“reasonable decorum” lack precision, “perfect clarity and precise guidance have never been
required even of regulations that restrict expressive activity.” Ward, 491 U.S. at 794; see also
Lowery, 586 F.3d at 436 (declining “to fault the board for its written policy even if it failed to
anticipate every detail of what would and would not be allowed at meetings”). The district court
properly granted the Board summary judgment on this claim.

                                               V.

       We AFFIRM in part, REVERSE in part, and REMAND for proceedings consistent with
this opinion.