Court Opinion

ID: 4040651
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-28 22:35:45.943482+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:26:13.369080
License: Public Domain

AP-77,054
                                                            COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                                                             AUSTIN, TEXAS
FEBRUARY 18, 2015                                         Transmitted 2/17/2015 5:13:40 PM
                                                            Accepted 2/18/2015 8:47:07 AM
                                                                              ABEL ACOSTA
                              NO. AP-77,054                                           CLERK
             IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS

                             RODNEY REED,
                                Appellant,
                                   v.
                          THE STATE OF TEXAS,
                                Appellee.

                               Arising from:

                          THE DISTRICT COURT
                     FOR THE 21st JUDICIAL DISTRICT,
                       BASTROP COUNTY, TEXAS

                    BRIEF OF APPELLANT RODNEY REED

                                        Bryce Benjet
                                        State Bar No. 24006829
                                        THE INNOCENCE PROJECT
                                        40 Worth Street
                                        New York, New York 10013
                                        (212) 364-5340
                                        (212) 364-5341 (fax)
                                        Email: bbenjet@innocenceproject.org

                                        Andrew F. MacRae
                                        State Bar No. 00784510
                                        LEVATINO|PACE LLP
                                        1101 S. Capital of Texas Highway
                                        Building K, Suite 125
                                        Austin, Texas 78746
                                        (512) 637-8565
                                        (512) 637-1583 (fax)
                                        Email: amacrae@levatinopace.com
                     ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED
                     IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL

District Attorney:                   BRYAN GOERTZ
                                     Criminal District Attorney
                                     804 Pecan Street
                                     Bastrop, Texas 78602

Counsel for the State:               MATTHEW OTTOWAY
                                     Assistant Attorney General
                                     Bastrop County, Texas
                                     P.O. Box 12548
                                     Capitol Station
                                     Austin, Texas 78711

Appellant:                           RODNEY REED

Counsel for Appellant:               BRYCE BENJET
                                     Attorney at Law
                                     THE INNOCENCE PROJECT
                                     40 Worth Street, Suite 701
                                     New York, New York 10013

                                     ANDREW F. MACRAE
                                     LEVATINO/PACE LLP
                                     1101 S. Capital of Texas Highway
                                     Building K, Suite 125
                                     Austin, Texas 78746

                                    ii
                     REQUEST FOR ORAL ARGUMENT
      This is an appeal from the denial of a Chapter 64 DNA testing motion in a

capital case. Appellant Rodney Reed was convicted in 1998 of strangling Stacey

Stites to death with a belt. No physical evidence was found on the belt, the

victim's outer garments, or any other items recovered at the scene. There were no

eyewitnesses, and Reed's conviction was supported only by trace evidence in the

form of semen that he and Ms. Stites had had sex – an event Reed admits, and

which is not criminal. The State relied on a time of death estimate from the

medical examiner, Dr. Roberto Bayardo, and scientific evidence regarding the

length of time that sperm remain intact, to argue that Stite's death closely followed

coitus, and that Reed therefore was the perpetrator.

      The State's theory of the case has since been debunked as junk science by

notable experts in the field, and Dr. Bayardo has testified in a sworn statement that

the prosecution badly misconstrued his testimony. The evidence shows instead at

least a 24-hour gap between coitus and collection of the semen, if not longer.

These developments underscore the critical need to DNA test evidence handled by

Ms. Stite's killer. Oral argument will greatly assist this Court in understanding the

extensive factual record, complex procedural history, and, most importantly, how

DNA testing of the murder weapon and other evidence handled by the killer can

                                          iii
exonerate Mr. Reed, possibly identify the real murderer, and ensure that justice is

done.

                                         iv
                                        TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                                                                                Page
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES.................................................................................. viii

I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1

II. SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT ............................................................................ 6

III. STATEMENT OF FACTS .................................................................................. 9
        A.       Background ........................................................................................... 9

                 1.       The Murder Of Stacey Stites....................................................... 9

                 2.       The Investigation....................................................................... 10
                 3.       The State's Unsupported Scientific Evidence Results In
                          Mr. Reed's Conviction .............................................................. 11
        B.       Mr. Reed's Post-Conviction Proceedings ............................................ 13

                 1.       New Scientific Evidence Eviscerates The State's Theory
                          Of Reed's Guilt .......................................................................... 17

                 2.       New And Mounting Evidence Corroborates Prior
                          Testimony of Reed and Stites’ Relationship And Reveals
                          Fennell As An Abuser Of Police Power And A Serial
                          Rapist Who Stated He Would Kills Ms. Stites If She
                          Were Unfaithful By Strangling Her With A Belt ..................... 18
        C.       Mr. Reed's DNA Testing Requests And Motion................................. 21

                 1.       The State's stalling tactics concerning Mr. Reed's DNA
                          testing requests .......................................................................... 21

                 2.       Mr. Reed files his DNA testing motion after the State
                          rejects the majority of his testing requests ................................ 23
IV. ARGUMENT ..................................................................................................... 38

        A.       Legal Standards and Standard of Review ........................................... 38

                                                          v
     1.     Chapter 64 Requirements .......................................................... 38

     2.     Bifurcated Standard Of Review On Appeal ............................. 40

B.   The District Court Wrongly Concluded That Mr. Reed Failed
     To Prove That Exculpatory DNA Test Results Likely Would
     Have Resulted In His Acquittal. (Issue 1) .......................................... 41
     1.     The State's Case Against Mr. Reed Was Highly
            Circumstantial, Based Upon Now-Debunked Junk
            Science And Tenuous Inferences, And Did Not
            Constitute A "Mountain Of Evidence" By Any Measure. ........ 44

     2.     The Circumstantial Evidence Cited By The District Court
            Does Not Support Its Findings .................................................. 46
     3.     The District Court's Finding Regarding "Presence" Is
            Ambiguous And Should Either Be Clarified Or Reversed ....... 48
     4.     The District Court's Finding Regarding Time Of Death
            Was Based Upon Unreliable Testimony That Has Either
            Been (i) Debunked By The Prosecution's Own Witness
            And Other Experts, Or (ii) Was Given Solely By Jimmy
            Fennell, Who Was Strongly Incentivized To Lie To
            Avoid Prosecution ..................................................................... 49
     5.     The District Court's Finding Of Stites' Apparent Lack Of
            Consent Does Not Implicate Mr. Reed ..................................... 51
     6.     The District Court Misapplied The Test For Determining
            Whether Mr. Reed Proved By A Preponderance Of The
            Evidence That Exculpatory DNA Test Results Likely
            Would Have Resulted In His Acquittal .................................... 52
     7.     The Statutory Presumption Of Exculpatory DNA Test
            Results. ...................................................................................... 53

     8.     The District Court Failed To Apply The Required
            Presumption That DNA Test Results Would Be
            Exculpatory ............................................................................... 57
C.   The District Court's Conclusion That This Motion Was Brought
     For The Purposes Of Delay Is Not Correct (Issue 2). ........................ 60
                                vi
               1.      The Standard Of Review ........................................................... 62

               2.      Mr. Reed's Motion Does Not Reflect An Intent To Cause
                       Unreasonable Delay In The Execution Of Sentence Or
                       The Administration Of Justice .................................................. 63

               3.      Mr. Reed Was Not Required To Provide A Time
                       Estimate For Testing (¶ 23a). .................................................... 65

               4.      Mr. Reed Should Not Be Faulted For Filing His DNA
                       Testing Motion On The Date The Court Scheduled His
                       Execution (¶ 23b). ..................................................................... 67

               5.      The legal basis for the DNA testing requested in this
                       motion was not available until 2011 (¶ 23c). ............................ 70
               6.      The 2011 Amendments To Chapter 64 ..................................... 71

               7.      Mr. Reed Suffered From A Legal Impediment Prior To
                       The 2011 Amendments. ............................................................ 75
               8.      The District Court's "Intent" Inferences Drawn From Mr.
                       Reed's Post-Conviction Proceedings Are In Error And
                       Should Be Reversed (¶¶ 23d-g, l-m)......................................... 76

               9.      Mr. Reed Provided Ample And Adequate Notice To The
                       State of the Items Which He Sought To Test (¶¶ 23h-j). ........ 80
               10.     The District Court Erred In Finding That Reed Made
                       Redundant Testing Requests (¶¶ 23j- m). ................................ 82

       D.      Mr. Reed Met His Burden Under Article 64.01 With Respect
               To Chain of Custody And Biological Evidence. (Issue 3)................. 86

               1.      Mr. Reed Has Established Chain Of Custody .......................... 86

               2.      Mr. Reed's Unrebutted Expert Established That The
                       Evidence He Seeks To Test Contains Biological
                       Evidence .................................................................................... 89

CONCLUSION AND PRAYER ............................................................................. 92

                                                      vii
                                     INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
                                                                                                            Page

                                                    CASES

Anderson v. City of Bessemer,
     470 U.S. 564 (1985)....................................................................................... 60

Blacklock v. State,
      235 S.W.3d 231 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) ...................................................... 52

Boykin v. State,
      818 S.W.2d 782 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) ................................................83, 91

Brown v. State,
     No. AP-75469, 2006 WL 2069445 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) ........................ 63

Campos v. State,
    No. 01-14-00167-CR, 2014 WL 7204966 (Tex. App.—Houston, Dec.
    18, 2014, no pet.) ........................................................................................... 40

Dinkins v. State,
      84 S.W.3d 639 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) ........................................................ 80

District Attorney's Office for the Third Judicial District v. Osborne,
       557 U.S. 52 (2009)......................................................................................... 93

Esparza v. State,
     282 S.W.3d 913 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) ...............................................45, 53

Fain v. State, 2014 WL 6840282
      (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2014, pet. filed) ...............................................passim

                                                        viii
Ex parte Giles, No. AP-75712,
      2007 WL 1776009 (Tex. Crim. App. June 20, 2007) .................................. 56

Green v. State,
     100 S.W.3d 344 (Tex. App. —San Antonio 2002, pet. ref'd) ....................... 40

Ex parte Gutierrez,
      337 S.W.3d 883 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) ...................................................... 89

Holberg v. State,
     425 S.W.3d 282 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) ...............................................passim

Ex parte Karage,
      No. AP-75253, 2005 WL 2374440 (Tex. Crim. App. Sept. 28, 2005) ......... 56

Kutzner v. State,
      75 S.W.3d 427, 441-42 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) ....................................passim

In re Luhr Brothers,
       157 F.3d 333 (5th Cir. 1998) ......................................................................... 60

Marine Shale Processors, Inc. v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
     81 F.3d 1371 (5th Cir. 1996) ......................................................................... 60

Medellin v. State,
     617 S.W.2d 229 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981) ...................................................... 87

In re Morton,
      326 S.W.3d 634 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.).........................39, 51, 57

Ex parte Phillips,
      No. AP-76010, 2008 WL 4417288 (Tex. Crim. App. Oct. 1, 2008)............. 56

                                                      ix
Prystash v. State,
      3 S.W.3d 522 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) .......................................................... 39

Qadir v. State,
      No. 02–13–00308–C.R., 2014 WL 1389545 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth
      Apr. 10, 2014, no. pet.) .................................................................................. 43

Ex parte Reed,
      271 S.W.3d 698 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) ............................................8, 14, 20

Ex parte Reed,
      No. WR-50,961-03, 2005 WL 2659440 (Tex. Crim. App. Oct. 19,
      2005) .............................................................................................................. 14

Reed v. Stephens,
      739 F.3d 753 (5th Cir. 2014) ......................................................................... 15

Routier v. State,
      273 S.W.3d 241 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) ..........................................................
      39, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 69, 88, 92

Skinner v. State,
      122 S.W.3d 808 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) ....................................61, 63, 77, 84

Smith v. State,
      165 S.W.3d 361 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) ....................................40, 44, 62, 76

State v. Rivera,
       89 S.W.3d 55 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) .......................................................... 44

State v. Swearingen,
       424 S.W.3d 32 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) ......................................43, 52, 55, 92

Stoker v. State,
      788 S.W.2d 1(Tex. Crim. App. 1989) .....................................................86, 87
                                                             x
Swearingen v. State,
     303 S.W.3d 728 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) ..........................................70, 71, 88

Thacker v. State,
     177 S.W.3d 926 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) ...................................................... 62

Whitfield v. State,
      430 S.W.3d 405 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) ...................................................... 90
Wilson v. State,
      No. AP-76835, 2012 WL 3206219 (Tex. Crim. App. Aug. 7, 2012) .....62, 79

                                                  STATUTES

28 U.S.C. § 2241(b) ................................................................................................. 13

Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 11.071, § 5(a) (West Supp. 2014) ....................... 75

Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 11.071, § 5(a)(1) (West Supp. 2014) ................... 74

Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 11.071, § 5(d) (West Supp. 2014) .................74, 75

Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 64.01(a)(1) (West Supp. 2014) ..........38, 70, 71, 88

Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 64.01(b) (West Supp. 2014) ..........................38, 79

Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 64.01(a-1) (West Supp. 2014) .................48, 87, 90

Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 64.03(a)(1) (West Supp. 2014) ............................ 38

Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 64.03(a)(1)(A)(ii) (West Supp. 2014) ................. 87

Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 64.03(a)(2) (West Supp. 2014) ............................ 38
                                                          xi
Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 64.03(a)(2)(A) (West Supp. 2014) ................48, 90

Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 64.03(a)(2)(B) (West Supp. 2014) ....60, 62, 76, 78

Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 64.035 (West Supp. 2014) .......................39, 55, 82

                                        OTHER AUTHORITIES

ABA, Evaluating Fairness and Accuracy in State Death Penalty Systems:
     The Texas Capital Punishment Assessment Report (Sept. 2013),
     available at
     www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/death_
     penalty_moratorium/tx_complete_report.authcheckdam.pdf ......................... 5

Hearing on S.B. 122 Before Senate Crim. Justice Comm., 82nd Leg., R.S.
      (March 22, 2011) ........................................................................................... 72

Hearing on S.B. 122 Before House Crim. Jurisprudence Comm., 82nd Leg.,
      R.S. (May 10, 2011) ...................................................................................... 72

H.J. of Tex., 82nd Leg., R.S. 4364 (2011) ............................................................... 73

Indictment, State v. Fennell, No. 07-1752-K368 (368th Dist. Ct., Williamson
      County, Dec. 4, 2007) .................................................................................... 21

Innocence Project, Know the Cases, http://www.innocenceproject.org/know/ ...... 51

Lisa Faulkenberg, Maybe Judge Is Just Dad's Girl, Houston Chronicle,
      Feb.16, 2011, http://www.chron.com/news
      /falkenberg/article/Falkenberg-Maybe-judge-is-just-dad-s-girl-
      1685509.php) ................................................................................................. 14

Ex parte Michael Morton, No. AP-76663 (Tex. Crim. App. Oct. 12, 2011) .......... 56

                                                         xii
Ex parte Reed, No. WR-50,961-01 (Tex. Crim. App. Feb. 13, 2002)..................... 13

Ex parte Reed, No. WR-50,961-04, -05 (Tex. Crim. App. Jan. 14, 2009) .............. 14

Ex parte Reed, No. WR 50,961-06 (Tex. Crim. App. July 1, 2009) ....................... 14

Reed v. State, No. AP-73,135 (Tex. Crim. App. Dec. 6, 2000) .........................11, 12

S.J. of Tex., 82nd Leg. R.S. 955 (2011) .................................................................. 73

Texas Bill Analysis at 6, S.B. 3, March 21, 2001.................................................... 86

                                                    xiii
                         STATEMENT OF THE CASE
      This is an appeal from an order entered in a capital case on December 12,

2014 by the District Court for the 21st Judicial District, Bastrop County, Texas (the

"District Court"). C.R. at 342-48. Appellant Rodney Reed timely filed his notice

of appeal on January 14, 2015. C.R. at 359-69. Appeal from a denial of a Chapter

64 motion in a capital case is a direct appeal to this Court. See Tex. Crim. Proc.

Code Ann. art. 64.05 (West 2006).

                              ISSUES PRESENTED
Issue 1:     Whether the District Court wrongly concluded that Mr. Reed failed to
             prove that exculpatory DNA test results would likely have resulted in
             his acquittal?
Issue 2:     Whether the District Court wrongly concluded that Mr. Reed's
             Chapter 64 motion was intended to unreasonably delay the execution
             of sentence or the administration of justice?
Issue 3:     Whether Mr. Reed met his burden of showing (a) the presence of
             biological material on the items which Mr. Reed seeks to test, and (b)
             the chain of custody for such items?

                                         xiv
                                          I.
                                     INTRODUCTION
       This is an appeal from the denial of DNA testing in a capital murder case in

which the identity of the killer was – and still is – hotly disputed. The murder

weapon (a belt) and other evidence that Mr. Reed seeks to subject to DNA testing

were handled by Ms. Stites' killer and, if tested, should conclusively exonerate

Reed, and may identify the murderer. Reed is scheduled to die on March 5, 2015

for a murder he did not commit.

                                           * * *

       Ms. Stites was strangled to death with a belt with such force that the belt

broke into two pieces. One piece of the belt was found near Ms. Stites' body,

which was discovered along a rural roadside outside Bastrop, Texas. The other

piece of the belt was located near a truck owned by Ms. Stites' fiancé, Jimmy

Fennell, abandoned ten miles away at the local high school. The belt pieces

matched the ligature marks on Ms. Stites' neck and were admitted into evidence at

trial. Mr. Reed sought DNA testing of the belt and a tee shirt in 1999, but the court

denied the request without a hearing. See App. 11 (motion requesting testing),

App. 2 (State's opposition), and App. 3 (order denying motion).

1
    References to pages in the Appendix filed with this brief are cited herein as “App. __.”
          At the November 25, 2014 DNA testing hearing (the "Hearing"), Mr. Reed

presented unrebutted expert testimony that established that the person who handled

the belt during Ms. Stites' strangulation and violent death left DNA on it, and that

modern sophisticated "touch" DNA analysis of the belt and other evidence could

conclusively identify the killer. Incredibly, neither piece of the belt has ever been

subjected to DNA testing.

          Ms. Stites' body was roughly handled, dressed and dragged after her death.

Thereafter, Stites' employee name tag was deliberately placed in the crook of her

knee. Mr. Reed presented unrebutted expert testimony establishing that, like the

belt pieces, the name tag contains DNA that may conclusively identify the person

who placed the tag on Ms. Stites' body. The name tag has never been subjected to

DNA testing.

          Likewise, the bulk of Ms. Stites' clothing – her pants, underpants, shoes,

socks, work shirt, brassiere and a tee shirt found nearby – were likely handled by

her killer and contain "touch" DNA. These items also have not been DNA tested

(other than testing of small semen stains on portions of the underpants, discussed

infra).

          Law enforcement made a number of egregious mistakes in investigating Ms.

Stites' murder. Although Ms. Stites' fiancé Fennell (a local police officer), was the

leading suspect for many months, the police inexplicably failed to search the

                                             2
couple's apartment. After quickly gathering several items from Fennell's truck, the

police returned the truck to Fennell. He sold it almost immediately. None of the

items gathered from the truck were ever DNA tested, including a cigarette lighter

that the killer probably handled, as the body of Ms. Stites, a non-smoker, bore a

fresh cigarette burn.

      Law enforcement placed plastic bags over the victim's hands to capture and

preserve any fingernail scrapings, and a condom was also collected. Again, none

of these items were subjected to DNA testing.

                                       * * *

      There were no eyewitnesses to Ms. Stites' murder, and the State presented no

physical evidence – no fingerprints, footprints, hair, clothing fibers or other

evidence – placing Mr. Reed at either the abandoned truck or where Ms. Stites'

body was found. Instead, the State presented trace amounts of Reed's DNA

detected on swabs taken from the body to establish that he and Stites had had sex,

and an inference – now discredited as junk science by the State's own chief

witness, medical examiner Dr. Bayardo – that estimated Ms. Stites' time of death

as shortly after sex. Based on the foregoing, the State argued that Mr. Reed

kidnapped, raped and murdered Stites.

      Scientific evidence developed in Mr. Reed's post-conviction proceedings

conclusively disproves the State's timelines that formed the foundation of its entire

                                           3
theory of the case. Such evidence demonstrates that Reed and Ms. Stites had sex at

least a day before her death, and that their sex was consensual, gutting the State’s

theory of the case.

                                      * * *

       The District Court considered Mr. Reed's Chapter 64 motion at the one-day

evidentiary Hearing. At the Hearing, Mr. Reed presented unrebutted expert

testimony conclusively establishing that DNA was left on the belt, name tag, and

other items sought to be tested, and that the chain of custody as to each was

satisfied.

       At the conclusion of the Hearing, the District Court denied the motion in a

one-sentence ruling from the bench:

       [T]he Court finds that this motion was filed untimely and calls for
       unreasonable delay, that there's no reasonable probability the
       defendant would not have been convicted had the results been
       available at the trial of the case.
R.R. Vol. 4 p. 227. The Court's bench ruling made no mention of the testimony of

any of the witnesses who testified, and did not follow the statutory standard for

DNA testing – the statute contains no timeliness requirement, only that the motion

not be filed for the purpose of unreasonably delaying execution of judgment.

       The State thereafter submitted ex parte extensive proposed findings and

conclusions which contained no citations to the record or governing legal

standards. The District Court adopted those findings and conclusions verbatim
                                          4
(typographical errors included) without providing Mr. Reed any opportunity to

comment.2

2
    The American Bar Association's Texas Capital Punishment Assessment Team has criticized
    Texas district courts' practice of the "adoption of one party's proposed findings of fact and
    conclusions of law verbatim" as "out of step with the overwhelming majority of capital
    punishment states in the United States." ABA, Evaluating Fairness and Accuracy in State
    Death Penalty Systems: The Texas Capital Punishment Assessment Report at xiii (Sept.
    2013), available at www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/death_
    penalty_moratorium/tx_complete_report.authcheckdam.pdf. The ABA has urged Texas to
    "[r]equire the district court to draft independent findings of fact and conclusions of law in
    each case." Id. at xiv. See App. 4.

                                                5
                                  II.
                          SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT
      The District Court's denial of Mr. Reed's Chapter 64 motion reflects two key

errors. First, the District Court wrongly concluded that Mr. Reed failed to meet his

burden to show that exculpatory DNA evidence probably could have resulted in his

acquittal at trial. Mr. Reed presented unrebutted expert testimony that the killer's

DNA is present on the belt pieces, name tag, and clothing found on and near Ms.

Stites' body. Pursuant to Article 64.03(a)(2)(A) of the Texas Code of Criminal

Procedure, the District Court was required to – but did not – presume that DNA

testing of these items would show exculpatory results, i.e., that someone other than

Mr. Reed handled the belt used to strangle Ms. Stites, her clothing and her name

tag. The District Court should have considered whether, in light of this significant

exculpatory evidence, the jury would nonetheless have convicted Mr. Reed of Ms.

Stites' murder, when the State's evidence showed only that they had had sex, which

was in fact consensual. The District Court's conclusion on this point is clearly

wrong and should be reversed.

      Second, the District Court erroneously adopted the State's proposed findings

that Mr. Reed's purpose in seeking Chapter 64 relief was to unreasonably delay the

execution of his sentence and the administration of justice. In its bench ruling, the

District Court applied the wrong standard with respect to delay and made no

                                          6
findings regarding Mr. Reed's purpose in filing the motion, noting only that it was

"filed untimely and calls for unreasonable delay[.]"

      Mr. Reed's initial post-conviction request for DNA testing was made 15

years ago, in 1999, two years before Chapter 64 was enacted. Mr. Reed

subsequently sought testing by consent of the State through a letter sent in January

2014, three months before the State even filed a motion to schedule his execution.

After months of negotiations, the State finally agreed in part to some DNA testing

limited generally to the rape kit items known to contain Mr. Reed’s semen and

hairs from which he was already microscopically excluded. That agreed order was

not finally obtained until a hearing in July 2014, when the State also obtained an

execution date. Mr. Reed's Chapter 64 motion was filed at this time, still seven

months before his currently-scheduled execution date.

      In reaching its findings related to delay, the District Court also ignored the

fact that substantial delays in Mr. Reed's post-conviction proceedings (including

the DNA motion itself) resulted from the State's numerous requests for filing

extensions and postponements to accommodate vacation and other scheduling

issues. Instead, the District Court accepted wholesale the findings proposed by the

State, including the incredible finding that Mr. Reed's Chapter 64 motion was

intended to unreasonably delay his own as-yet-unscheduled execution, because one

of Reed's attorneys had previously filed a Chapter 64 motion on behalf of a

                                          7
different convicted person in an entirely unrelated capital case. The District

Court's conclusion and findings on this point are in conflict with the record and

well-established case law and should be reversed.

      Moreover, the State’s ex parte findings (adopted by the District Court)

omitted all findings regarding the chain of custody and whether the evidence at

issue contained biological material that can be tested for DNA, presumably

because Mr. Reed satisfied those elements. Indeed, the State did not even contest

chain of custody as to evidence in the possession of two of the three custodians

(the Attorney General's Office and the Department of Public Safety Crime Lab).

With respect to the third custodian, the State's witnesses testified that evidence held

by the Bastrop County Clerk had been handled without gloves at the trial by jurors

and court personnel, but Reed's experts established that chain of custody was

nonetheless complete, and that such handling did not preclude probative DNA

testing. None of these facts appear in the Findings and Conclusions.

      Accordingly, and as further demonstrated below, the Court should reverse

the District Court's decision and direct that the belt used to murder Ms. Stites, and

the other evidence identified by Mr. Reed that was likely handled by her killer, be

subjected to DNA testing.

                                          8
                                    III.
                             STATEMENT OF FACTS

A.    Background
      Mr. Reed has already presented dispositive scientific evidence of his actual

innocence in a recently filed application for writ of habeas corpus. See Application

for Writ of Habeas Corpus, Cause No. WR-50,961-07 (Tex. Crim. App.), filed

February 13, 2015 (“Application for Writ of Habeas Corpus”). App. 5. And even

before this new evidence was developed, serious questions remained regarding the

identity of Ms. Stites' killer, the validity of the scientific evidence used to convict

Mr. Reed, and his actual innocence of the crime. Indeed, in deciding a prior

matter, this Court noted the facts give rise to "a healthy suspicion that Fennell had

some involvement in Stacey's death." Ex parte Reed, 271 S.W.3d 698, 747 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2008) (emphasis added). And, as Mr. Reed established through

unrebutted expert testimony, the murder weapon and a considerable amount of

other physical evidence that was handled by the killer can now be DNA tested to

exonerate Reed and potentially identify the killer's DNA profile.

      1.     The Murder Of Stacey Stites.
      On April 23, 1996, Ms. Stites missed her predawn shift at a Bastrop grocery

store. Her mother was called, who then alerted Fennell and police. Ms. Stites'

body was found that afternoon near an unpaved road outside Bastrop.

                                            9
      Before Ms. Stites was reported missing, a Bastrop police officer observed

Ms. Stites' fiancé's truck in the Bastrop High School parking lot; nearby lay

crumpled papers and a broken piece of belt. App. 6.3 The school is approximately

ten miles from where Ms. Stites' body was found. App. 7.

      Texas Department of Public Safety ("DPS") Crime Laboratory investigators

discovered numerous items at or near the body scene, including a second piece of

belt similar to that found near Fennell's truck, an injury to Ms. Stites's neck

consistent with the belt, and two beer cans. Karen Blakely, a DPS analyst,

examined the body and swabs and tape lifts to recover trace evidence; presumptive

tests indicated semen. App. 7. Stites' employee name tag was found placed on her

leg on the outside of her pants, which had a broken zipper. R.R. Vol. 2 at 44. Both

pieces of the belt, the name tag, and most items located at the body scene or in and

around Fennell's truck have never been tested for DNA evidence.

      2.      The Investigation.
      Fennell was for months the primary suspect in Ms. Stites' killing, even

though the semen found was not his. App. 8. On two occasions, Fennell failed

polygraph tests asking whether he strangled, hit or struck Stites.4 App. 8, 9.

3
    Documents at App. 6-16 are excerpts of the Reporter's Record of the trial phase in Cause
    No. 8701, State of Texas v. Reed, Bastrop County, Texas, 21st Judicial District.
4
    Fennell underwent exams in October and December 1996. Both examiners reported that
    Fennell deceptively answered questions like "did you strangle Stacey Stites," "did you see
    her on the morning of April 23," and "did you strike Stacey Stites." App. 13.

                                              10
During police questioning Fennell repeatedly invoked his Fifth Amendment rights.

App. 14.

      At Mr. Reed’s trial, the State contended it was “logistically impossible” for

Fennel to be guilty because he could not have left his truck in Bastrop around 5:00

a.m. and traveled 30 miles back to his apartment in Giddings, Texas by 6:45 a.m.,

where Stites's mother called him. App. 9, 14. The State inexplicably ignored the

possibility that Fennell obtained a ride back to Giddings from associates that

appear to have been investigated by the Bastrop Sheriff. See Application for Writ

of Habeas Corpus at 25-27, App. 5 (discussing investigation of Curtis Davis and

David Hall).

      Mr. Reed was never investigated as a suspect in Ms. Stites' murder until he

was implicated in an unrelated criminal investigation and his DNA was compared

with that taken from Stites.

      3.       The State's Unsupported Scientific Evidence Results In Mr.
               Reed's Conviction.
      Law enforcement conducted some DNA testing during their investigation,

focusing on the swabs taken from Ms. Stites' body. They found three of Mr.

Reed's intact sperm on a slide taken from Ms. Stites' vaginal cavity. The State then

developed a theory of Mr. Reed's guilt premised on a scientific fallacy: that sperm

remain intact in the body for no more than 24 hours after sex. The State contended

that finding only a few intact sperm on a swab collected on the evening of April
                                         11
23rd proved that Mr. Reed raped Ms. Stites at or near the time of her murder. App.

16. This false conclusion was bolstered by the medical examiner's testimony that

Ms. Stites had been anally raped contemporaneous with her death. Id. at 45-46.

App. 16. The State also argued that Mr. Reed's DNA collected from Ms. Stites'

breast was saliva from recent sexual contact, based solely upon Fennell's

uncorroborated testimony that Ms. Stites showered the previous day (App. 16)

(arguing "normal people take showers and wash things off of them. [A rape]

happened that morning."). The murder weapon (the belt used to strangle Ms.

Stites) was never tested for DNA.

      Mr. Reed's trial counsel did not call a forensic pathologist, criminalist or

serologist, but relied only on a DNA analyst who did not substantively disagree

with the results of the State's limited DNA testing. The jury therefore was given

no alternative to the false impression created by the State's putative forensic

evidence, and critically, was deprived of the knowledge of whose DNA appeared

on the belt used to strangle Ms. Stites, her name tag and clothing, and other

evidence touched by her killer.

      Mr. Reed was convicted of capital murder following a trial presided over by

the Hon. Harold R. Towslee and sentenced to death by judgment dated May 29,

1998. The Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed on December 6, 2000. Reed v.

State, No. AP-73,135 (Tex. Crim. App. Dec. 6, 2000).

                                          12
B.     Mr. Reed's Post-Conviction Proceedings
       While Mr. Reed's direct appeal was pending, appointed counsel filed his

initial state habeas application. Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus, Cause No.

WR-50, 961-01 (Tex. Crim. App.) After the State attached a previously

undisclosed exculpatory DNA report to its response, Mr. Reed supplemented his

claim and received a limited evidentiary hearing. Ex parte Reed, 271 S.W.3d at

739. Reed raised a Brady claim relating to the State's mid-trial suppression of an

exculpatory DNA report from testing of a beer can found near Ms. Stites' body.

The results showed that three people – Ms. Stites; Ed Salmela, a Bastrop police

officer;5 and David Hall, a Giddings police officer (and close friend and neighbor

of Fennell) – all were potential matches to the DNA on the beer can. Additional

DNA analysis was done regarding the beer can DNA.

       In March 1999, during Mr. Reed's state habeas proceedings, he filed a

motion seeking DNA testing of the belt used as a ligature and the white tee shirt

found near Ms. Stites' body. App. 1. The motion argued that DNA testing was

necessary to develop Mr. Reed's habeas claims of actual innocence and ineffective

assistance of trial counsel. Id. at 2. The motion was supported by an affidavit of

DNA expert Elizabeth A. Johnson, Ph.D., Mr. Reed's DNA expert at trial. Dr.

5
     Officer Salmela died a few months after Stites was killed from a gunshot wound to the head.
     His death was determined to be a suicide, despite the fact no testing was conducted to see
     whether his hands showed gunpowder residue. Mr. Reed moved for such testing but the
     motion apparently was never ruled upon. See App. 24.

                                               13
Johnson testified that the belt "was not thoroughly examined for the presence of

blood, tissue or skin cells that might be present if the belt were used, as believed, to

strangle the victim, Stacy Stites." She further stated that "blood, tissue or skin cells

foreign to the victim, if found, could indicate the identity of the perpetrator." App.

1, Ex. A ¶ 8. Dr. Johnson also testified that the tee shirt, which had been stored at

the State's lab facility, had not been tested for saliva, and that she was unable

during the trial to conduct such testing there. App. 1, Ex. A ¶ 11. The District

Court denied Mr. Reed's testing motion. App. 3.

      Thereafter, the District Court adopted the State's proposed findings of fact

and conclusions of law and recommended that this Court deny relief on Mr. Reed's

state habeas petition. On appeal, this Court then adopted Judge Towslee's decision

and determined that Mr. Reed's supplemental claim was procedurally defaulted.

See Ex parte Reed, No. WR-50,961-01 (Tex. Crim. App. Feb. 13, 2002).

      Mr. Reed then commenced a federal habeas proceeding with new counsel.

New counsel uncovered additional exculpatory evidence and, as required, obtained

a stay of the federal court proceedings so that the new claims could be first

presented to the state court in a habeas application, which was filed March 29,

2005.6 In this application, Mr. Reed presented claims based on new forensic

6
    Under established federal habeas law, claims based upon exculpatory evidence discovered
    post-conviction must generally be presented to the state courts before they may be pursued
    in federal court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A).

                                              14
evidence which supported his contention that he had a relationship with Ms. Stites

and that the two had sex over a day before her death. Reed also raised claims that

the State suppressed exculpatory evidence, including:

           An eyewitness who saw Fennell and Stites arguing by the side of the
            road on the morning of her death;

           An eyewitness placing Stites in a car on the outskirts of Bastrop with
            unidentified men the night before she disappeared, at the time when
            Fennell claimed she was at home and asleep;

           A statement from a police officer who said that Fennell bragged that if
            he caught his girlfriend cheating, he would strangle her with a belt;
            and

           Multiple complaints and lawsuits against Fennell alleging racism and
            physical abuse while on duty as a police officer.
      This Court remanded two Brady claims for an evidentiary hearing, and

found Mr. Reed's remaining claims to be procedurally defaulted. Ex parte Reed,

No. WR-50,961-03, 2005 WL 2659440 (Tex. Crim. App. Oct. 19, 2005) (mem.

op., not designated for publication). The hearing was conducted by the Hon. Reva

Towslee Corbett, the daughter of the trial judge who oversaw Mr. Reed's trial.7

After a hearing, Judge Corbett adopted verbatim the State's proposed findings of

fact and conclusions of law, following which Mr. Reed appealed. During the

7
    Both judges were also involved in the trial and habeas proceedings of Anthony Graves, who
    was later found innocent and released from death row. Allegations of improper judicial
    conduct by this father/daughter team are well-known. See Lisa Faulkenberg, Maybe Judge Is
    Just Dad's Girl, Houston Chronicle, Feb.16, 2011, http://www.chron.com/news
    /falkenberg/article/Falkenberg-Maybe-judge-is-just-dad-s-girl-1685509.php). Judge Corbett
    has since recused herself from further proceedings. App. 17.

                                             15
appeal, Mr. Reed filed additional state habeas applications raising Fennell's rape

conviction and recently filed corruption charges against Bastrop County Sheriff

Richard Hernandez. This Court denied relief. Ex parte Reed, 271 S.W.3d 698

(Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Ex parte Reed, No. WR-50,961-04, -05 (Tex. Crim. App.

Jan. 14, 2009); Ex parte Reed, No. WR 50,961-06 (Tex. Crim. App. July 1, 2009).

      Mr. Reed thereafter filed in federal court his Second Amended Petition (the

"Petition"), which restarted his abated federal proceeding. Mr. Reed's federal

habeas proceedings were substantially delayed – in total, by more than six months

– due to the State's repeated extension requests. For example, during these

proceedings, the State obtained three extensions of time totaling 62 days.8 Mr.

Reed's habeas petition was eventually denied, and the denial later affirmed by the

Fifth Circuit. See Reed v. Stephens, 739 F.3d 753, 790 (5th Cir. 2014). During the

Fifth Circuit proceedings, the State requested and received three more extensions

of briefing deadlines, totaling 71 days.9 Thereafter, Mr. Reed sought a writ of

8
    See Unopposed Motion To Extend Time To File Responsive Pleading To Petition filed April
    4, 2003 (Docket No. 42); Order On Motion entered April 8, 2003 (Docket No. 43) (granting
    State a 60-day extension to respond to habeas petition); see also Order Granting Motion To
    Extend Time entered April 28, 2003 (Docket No. 50) (granting State extension to respond to
    discovery motion). (Reed v. Thaler, C.A. No. 02-cv-142, W.D. Tex.). App. 18.
9
    See Phone Extension Confirmed entered on August 5, 2013 (granting 30 day extension to
    file appellee's brief); Unopposed Motion to Extend Time to File Respondent-Appellee's
    Brief filed on September 3, 2013 and Order on Motion entered September 4, 2014 (granting
    additional 31 day extension to file appellee's brief); Unopposed Motion for Extension of
    Time to File a Response to Petitioner-Appellee's Petition for Rehearing En Banc and Order
    on Motion entered February 27, 2014 (granting 10 day extension to file response) in Reed v.
    Stephens, No. 13-70009 (5th Cir. 2013). App. 19.

                                              16
certiorari from the United States Supreme Court. During the Supreme Court

briefing, the State twice requested and received additional time to respond, for a

total of 60 additional days.10 The Supreme Court denied Mr. Reed's certiorari

petition on November 3, 2014. By that time, the State had obtained more than six

months' of extensions in Reed's federal habeas proceedings alone.

       1.      New Scientific Evidence Eviscerates The State's Theory Of Reed's
               Guilt.
       Since the trial, the State’s key forensic witness – Robert Bayardo, M.D.—

has retracted his opinion offered at trial and now contradicts the State’s scientific

proof that Mr. Reed sexually assaulted Ms. Stites. (C.R. 119-122) In addition,

three of the most experienced and well-regarded forensic pathologists in the

country – Michael Baden, Werner Spitz and LeRoy Riddick – all reevaluated the

case and determined that Mr. Reed’s guilt is medically and scientifically

impossible. These three nationally renowned experts unanimously agree that (1)

Reed did not sexually assault Stites and (2) she was killed much earlier that the 3

a.m. estimate relied upon by the State at trial. App. 5 at 3, 37-48. Indeed, these

three individuals, who have more than 100 years of combined expertise, all agree

that Stites was murdered before midnight on April 22, 1996 and kept in a face-

10
     See Order extending time to file response to petition to and including August 20, 2014,
     entered July 21, 2014 (granting 30 day extension); See also Order further extending time to
     file response to petition to and including September 19, 2014, entered August 19, 2014
     (granting additional 30 day extension) in Reed v. Stephens, No. 13-1509 (U.S.). App. 20.

                                               17
down position for 4-6 hours before she was transported in Fennell’s truck and

dragged into the brush where she was discovered lying on her back on the

afternoon of April 23, 1996.

      Dr. Werner Spitz explained that the observable forensic evidence including

“lividity, rigor, the amount of residual sperm in the genital tract, and evidence of

decomposition” rendered the State’s theory of the case “medically and

scientifically impossible”. App 5 at 3. Spitz stated that when all those factors

were considered together, “it becomes indisputable that the time of death was

considerably earlier than 3:00 a.m. on April 23rd”, the timing required for the

State’s theory of the crime to hold true. Id. He states instead that “[a]ll findings

point to a post mortem interval 20-24 hours prior to the time the body was filmed.”

Id. The State’s forensic crime scene examiner was filmed manipulating the body

between 7-8 p.m on April 23rd. Thus, the latest Ms. Stites could have been killed

was just before midnight on April 22nd, during the time when Fennell – now the

only possible suspect – claims he was home with Ms. Stites.

      2.     New And Mounting Evidence Corroborates Prior Testimony of
             Reed and Stites’ Relationship And Reveals Fennell As An Abuser
             Of Police Power And A Serial Rapist Who Stated He Would Kills
             Ms. Stites If She Were Unfaithful By Strangling Her With A Belt.
      In addition to the scientific and motive evidence discussed above, more

evidence implicating Fennell in Ms. Stites' murder has emerged since Mr. Reed's
                                          18
conviction. This evidence undermines Fennell's uncorroborated alibi that he was

home asleep when Ms. Stites was murdered, reveals Fennell as a serial rapist and

an unabashed abuser of police power, and provides a disturbingly prophetic

account of Fennell discussing how he would kill an unfaithful girlfriend.

Constitutional claims based upon much of this evidence have been to date rejected,

but there is no question that mounting evidence raises serious doubts about Reed's

guilt that could well be resolved through DNA testing before his life is

extinguished.

      New credible witnesses have come forward to corroborate the fact that Reed

had a consensual relationship with Ms. Stites. Alicia Slater, a co-worker of Stites

at the H.E.B., state that Stites confided in her that she was “not excited about

getting married . . . [and] that she was sleeping with a black guy named Mr. Reed

and that she didn’t know what her fiancé would do if he found out.” App. 5 at 5,

55-56. And, Lee Roy Ybarra, another H.E.B. employee, attested to the relationship

between Reed and Stites. App. 5 at 57. He stated that when Reed came into the

store, Stites’ “demeanor would change” and she was “happy to seek him and

would be in a good mood.” App. 5 at 56. In contrast, when Fennell entered the

store, “she would become a nervous wreck . . . there were times Ms. Stites would

deliberately hide so that she didn’t have to talk to him.” App. 5 at 57.

                                          19
      In addition to these two witnesses, there is further evidence that Fennell

publicly stated he would gravely harm Ms. Stites if he discovered that she had been

unfaithful. A police academy classmate of Fennell's, Sergeant Mary Blackwell,

who witnessed Fennell yelling at Ms. Stites, testified that Fennell said he would

kill Ms. Stites with a belt if he discovered she had been unfaithful:

      He said, "If I ever find my girlfriend cheating on me, I'll strangle her."
      I told him that if he did that he would be caught because he would
      leave fingerprints. Jimmy then said, "That just goes to show you'll
      never know shit; I won't leave any prints because I'll use a belt."
Ex parte Reed, 271 S.W.3d at 719, 724.

      Fennell wasted no time in mourning Ms. Stites, and began dating again

shortly after her death. His next girlfriend described him as abusive, possessive,

controlling, and extremely prejudiced toward African–Americans. After the

woman ended her relationship with Fennell, he relentlessly stalked her at home and

work, and further abused his police authority to harass men she dated. Id. at 745-

46.

      Evidence further implicating Fennell has emerged, in addition to that which

this Court has already acknowledged "may indeed arouse a healthy suspicion that

Fennell had some involvement in Stacey's death." Ex parte Reed, 271 S.W.3d at

747. Fennell was accused of kidnapping and raping two different woman within

                                          20
the span of one week and while he was on duty.11 Shortly thereafter, three more

women reported that Fennell abused his power as a peace officer to sexually harass

and terrorize them.12 Fennell is presently in prison for sexually assaulting a

women he took into police custody, and is now nearing the end of his 10-year

sentence. Ex parte Reed, Nos. WR-50,961-04, WR-50,961-05, 2009 WL 97260, at

*3-4 (Tex. Crim. App. Jan. 14, 2009). See also App. 21.

C.      Mr. Reed's DNA Testing Requests And Motion.

               1.      The State's stalling tactics concerning Mr. Reed's DNA
                       testing requests.
        On January 13, 2014, Mr. Reed's counsel wrote to the Bastrop County

District Attorney requesting the State's agreement for DNA testing through a

transparent and collaborative process. See C.R. 108-117 (Letter to Bryan Goertz

requesting agreed DNA testing). Reed's letter explained that the State would incur

no costs from the testing, and that all test results would be shared with the State

11
     See Indictment, State v. Fennell, No. 07-1752-K368 (368th Dist. Ct., Williamson County,
     Dec. 4, 2007) (victim reported that Fennell kidnapped her following a domestic disturbance
     call, drove her to a secluded location and raped her); Police Report attached as exhibit to Ex
     parte Reed, No. WR-50,961-04 (victim reported Fennell strip-searched her in front of other
     male officers, drove her to a park and raped her.
12
     See Police Report attached as exhibit to Ex Parte Reed, No. WR-50,961-04 (victim reported
     that Fennell isolated her from her family following a traffic stop, threatened her, and told her
     he would come to her home later and expected her husband to be away and her children
     asleep); See Police Report attached as exhibit to Ex Parte Reed, No. WR-50,961-04 (victim
     reported Fennell threatened her by claiming she could have her children taken from her he
     "could bend her over the couch and 'fuck' her"); Police Report attached as exhibit to Ex
     parte Reed, No. WR-50,961-04 (reporting that Fennell threatened to send a woman to jail
     and returned later to ask her personal questions about her dating interests and social
     activities).

                                                 21
when released. Id. The Bastrop County District Attorney, Bryan Goertz, agreed

that DNA testing "should take place in the interests of justice," but referred the

matter to the Attorney General's Office.13 See Aff. Of Bryce Benjet ¶ 3, Ex. 1 to

Reed’s Opposition to State’s Motion for Accelerated Appeal filed in this case on

Jan. 30, 2015 (herein “Benjet Aff.”).

        Although the State's initial position was encouraging, negotiations with the

State dragged on for more than five months until the State finally arrived at a

decision regarding what it would agree to test. Within about two months of Mr.

Reed’s January 2014 letter, the majority of the evidence which Reed sought to test

was either in the Attorney General’s possession or had been inventoried by the

State in the ensuing month. See C.R. 214 (inventory dated 2/14/14 of evidence

held at Bastrop County Clerk's Office). Discussions with the Attorney General's

Office nonetheless proceeded slowly.

        On April 8, 2014, the State filed a motion to set Reed's execution date, while

still delaying resolution of Mr. Reed's long-pending DNA testing request. C.R. 34-

35. Mr. Reed's counsel then proposed a stipulated interim order to allow for

testing of items which the State agreed to test, while the State continued to

consider the remainder. See Benjet Aff. ¶ 4. This, too, met with a tardy response.

At the end of April, 2014, the Attorney General advised that any agreed DNA
13
     At the time Mr. Reed's letter was sent, he was seeking a rehearing before the Fifth Circuit.
     The State did not move to set an execution date, for another three months.

                                                22
testing would be extremely limited, and continued to defer a decision regarding the

evidence to be tested on a consensual basis. Benjet Aff. ¶ 5. The Assistant

Attorney General insisted that all final decisions on the agreed testing be deferred

until his supervisor returned from a lengthy vacation.

      The supervisor's return from vacation did not abate the State's delays. Two

more months passed before the Attorney General approved the form of stipulated

testing order and permitted it to be presented to the District Court. See July 14,

2014 Agreed Order, C.R. 144-48. The State insisted that Mr. Reed's execution

date be set at the same time, and the District Court acquiesced. C.R. 149-50.

      2.     Mr. Reed files his DNA testing motion after the State rejects the
             majority of his testing requests.
      Once it became clear that the State would not agree to any meaningful DNA

testing, Mr. Reed's counsel prepared a DNA motion, which was filed on the same

day. C.R. 74-143. Belying any suggestion of urgency, the State took the full 60-

day response period to file its opposition, even though the State had already

advised that it would oppose all further evidence testing. C.R. 161. Mr. Reed's

counsel sought a prompt hearing on the DNA testing motion in early October, but

no hearing took place until late November 2014, because the State asked to delay

the hearing to accommodate another personnel vacation by its staff. Benjet Aff. ¶

6.

                                         23
               (a)     Mr. Reed's DNA Motion Was Supported By Two Affidavits.
        Mr. Reed's DNA motion argued that the belt that was used to strangle Ms.

Stites, her clothing and name tag, and other pieces of evidence collected from her

body, the truck and death scene, should be tested for DNA evidence deposited by

the killer during the strangulation.

        In support of his motion, Mr. Reed submitted an affidavit14 from a DNA

testing expert, Deanna D. Lankford, M.T. (ASCP), the Associate Laboratory

Director at Cellmark Forensics in Dallas, Texas. C.R. 243-54. Cellmark is an

accredited laboratory that specializes in forensic DNA testing. C.R. 244, ¶ 2. Ms.

Lankford explained that, because of advances in DNA testing technology,

Cellmark could now obtain new and relevant information from evidence gathered

in the investigation of Stites' murder.

        Modern DNA technology is considerably more sensitive and
        sophisticated than the testing available in 1998 when Mr. Reed's trial
        took place and in 2001 when additional DNA testing was performed.
        Current DNA technology can develop full or partial genetic profiles
        where DNA methods in use in 2001 and earlier could not. Current
        DNA technology is sensitive enough to identify an individual's unique
        DNA profile from a microscopic amount of biological material
        previously undetected using older methods. Current technology is
        also designed to develop DNA profiles from poorly preserved or
        decades-old degraded samples that were unsuitable for testing using
        the testing techniques available over a decade ago. Likewise,
        advancements in DNA technology have allowed us to obtain genetic

14
     The Clerk's Record contains multiple copies of Lankford's affidavit. Citations herein are to
     the first copy only.

                                                24
      profiles despite the presence of chemicals that in the past would
      inhibit the DNA amplification process.

C.R. 245-46, ¶ 9. In particular, Lankford stated that DNA testing methods such as

Y-STR, Mini-STR and mitochondrial DNA analysis could provide new

information if used on the evidence that was gathered in the 1996 murder

investigation, and that these methods were not previously available or used on the

evidence that Reed sought to have tested. C.R. 246-47, ¶ 10-13.

      Moreover, Lankford stated that, to a reasonable degree of scientific

certainty, biological material is present on the items Reed seeks to test, because

every time someone comes into contact with another human, place, or thing,

physical material (trace evidence) is exchanged. C.R. 247, ¶¶ 15-16. She also

attested to her certainty regarding the existence of biological material on the

evidence Reed seeks to have tested by her review of crime lab and police reports,

and photographs of the evidence. C.R. 247, ¶ 15. Ms. Lankford further attested

that these items were either in close and extended contact with a ready source of

biological material, or had been forcefully repeatedly handled by a person (the

perpetrator) whose shed epithelial cells can be detected and the DNA thereon

analyzed. C.R. 248, ¶ 18.

      Mr. Reed also filed his own sworn affidavit as required by statute (C.R. 317-

18). In this affidavit, Mr. Reed explains the presence of his DNA on the samples

taken from Stites’s body. He and Ms. Stites met in October or November 1995 and
                                          25
carried on an occasional, mostly clandestine relationship, because both were dating

other people. C.R. 317, ¶¶ 2-5. Less than a month before Ms. Stites' murder,

Fennell discovered Reed's relationship with Stites; Fennell confronted Reed and

threatened him, saying that Reed "was going to pay." C.R. 318, ¶ 6.15 Upon

hearing of the threat, Ms. Stites told Reed that if Fennell caught them, he would

kill her. Id. Mr. Reed stated that the last time he saw Ms. Stites was very late

Sunday, April 21 or very early Monday April 22, and that he and Ms. Stites had

sex in Bastrop State Park. C.R. 318, ¶ 7. Mr. Reed further attested that when he

heard of Ms. Stites' death, he became afraid that if he told the police of his

relationship with Ms. Stites and Fennell's threats, he would become a suspect or

Fennell would retaliate. C.R. 318, ¶ 8. For that same reason, Mr. Reed denied

knowing Ms. Stites when he was arrested on a drug charge a year later. Id.

               (b)     Mr. Reed Put Forth Unrebutted Testimony At The
                       Evidentiary Hearing On His DNA Motion.
        The District Court held an evidentiary hearing on Reed's DNA Motion on

November 25, 2014. At the Hearing, Reed put forth two witnesses, John Paolucci,

a former police detective and an expert in crime scene investigation, and Ms.

Lankford. (R.R. Vol. 2 at 12-13, 88) Both Mr. Paolucci and Ms. Lankford

15
     This harrowing account is corroborated by the affidavit of Chris Aldredge that was filed in
     prior proceedings as well as a note in the investigative files of the Bastrop County District
     Attorney’s Office that indicates a practice in which Jimmy Fennell would ridge along with
     Curtis Davis in his patrol car. See Application for Writ of Habeas Corpus at 30, n.18
     (statement of Carol Stites). App. 5.

                                                26
testified that the evidence that Mr. Reed sought to have tested could and should be

tested for DNA to provide evidence of Reed's innocence.

      Mr. Paolucci testified that DNA evidence located upon on the belt pieces

and other items that the killer touched could reveal the perpetrator's identify and

exculpate Mr. Reed. R.R. Vol. 2 at 17-18. Ms. Lankford testified that any item

that had been touched has DNA on it. R.R. Vol. 3 at 135. The State did not

introduce any evidence to refute the expert testimony provided by these two

witnesses. R.R. Vol. 4 at 208. Reed's hearing evidence is summarized below.

             (c)   Items On Ms. Stites' Body.
      Photos of Ms. Stites' body show that she was wearing jeans, underwear,

socks, bra and a left shoe. R.R. Vol. 2 at 29-38. Her H.E.B. name tag was

carefully placed in the crook of her knee. (R.R. Vol. 5, Def. Ex. 5)

      The chart below summarizes the testimony regarding the items located on

Stites' body, and the basis for DNA testing of each:

DESCRIPTION CUSTODIAN                SUMMARY OF TESTIMONY
Victim's pants Bastrop      Karen Blakely testified that Stites' pants were
               County Clerk pulled off in a violent manner. "this zipper
                            here is broken. It's unzipped, her pants are
                            parted but this zipper is actually broken and
                            there is a tooth from the zipper actually pulled
                            off, it's missing." App. 7. She also testified
                            that Stites had post mortem scratches to one
                            side of her body. App. 7.

                                     Wilson Young, the State's forensic serologist
                                     noted that he observed stains on Stites' pants.
                                         27
DESCRIPTION CUSTODIAN             SUMMARY OF TESTIMONY
                           At the time, he testified that he believe that
                           they were not of evidentiary value, so they
                           were not tested for DNA. App. 12.

                           Paolucci testified that the perpetrator may have
                           pulled her pants off or redressed her. "In order
                           to drag the victim to the location where she
                           was found, there would have to be a lot of skin
                           cell evidence deposited on the cuffs of the
                           pants or maybe the waistband of the pants to –
                           to move her. As well as the button
                           closure . . . . That's an area where there's
                           going to be some pressure and it's a non-
                           porous substrate and skin cells would be
                           scraped off on the button. I think that would
                           be a good – good area to test." R.R. Vol. 2 at
                           29-30.

Victim's    Bastrop        Ms. Blakely testified at trial that Stites'
underwear   County Clerk   underwear were loose and "baggy". App. 7.
                           Only a stain from the crotch area was tested at
                           trial. App. 12.

                           Paolucci testified that DNA could be collected
                           from the victim's underwear because "if the
                           perpetrator grabbed the waistband inside the
                           panties, he could be depositing epithelial cells
                           there." R.R. Vol. 2 at 33.

Two socks   Bastrop        Paolucci testified that the socks found on the
            County Clerk   victim could contain relevant DNA evidence
                           of the killer, "if the victim was dressed, there's
                           going to be skin cells on the socks. Also, the
                           movement of the vehicle, a sneaker was
                           removed that could – the socks could have
                           been held when the victim's being dragged; so
                           that would be a significant area for – to test for
                           epithelial cells." Paolucci stated that the
                           "upper cuff of the sock that had been pulled on
                               28
DESCRIPTION CUSTODIAN                 SUMMARY OF TESTIMONY
                               and off" should be tested for DNA evidence.
                               R.R. Vol. 2 at 34-35.

Left shoe       Bastrop        Blakely noted at trial that the crime scene
                County Clerk   investigators noted that it was significant that
                               she was partially undressed and wearing only
                               one shoe. App. 7.

                               Paolucci testified that the left shoe, which was
                               found tied to the body, should be tested for
                               DNA from the perpetrator, "I would test the
                               heel, which would be a convenient area to grab
                               to – to move the victim, the – the toe area of
                               the shoe if the victim's dressed and also the
                               laces." Paolucci stated that these areas should
                               be tested because it appears the victim was
                               dragged. R.R. Vol. 2 at 35-37.

Bra             Bastrop        Blakely testified at trial that Stites' shirtless
                County Clerk   body was carried at least part of the way to the
                               crime scene. App. 7.

                               Paolucci testified that the bra should be tested
                               for DNA evidence because "that could also
                               have – have been used to handle the victim, to
                               move the victim. If the victim had been
                               dressed, the clasp on the bra is another one of
                               those non-porous substrates that would be able
                               to scrape epithelial cells off the person
                               handling it." R.R. Vol. 2 at 37.
Employee name   Bastrop        Blakely testified at trial that it was "very
tag             County Clerk   significant" to the crime scene investigators
                               that the HEB name tag was placed in the
                               "crook" of Stites' knee. App. 7.

                               Paolucci stated that the HEB tag found placed
                               on Stites' leg "[b]ecause that would be
                               something that's at the scene where the body
                               was found. It's the – if the perpetrator handled
                                   29
DESCRIPTION CUSTODIAN                        SUMMARY OF TESTIMONY
                                     it, he would have deposited DNA on it; and so
                                     I consider that highly probative [sic] piece of
                                     evidence." R.R. Vol. 2 at 44.

Plastic bags        Attorney         Paolucci stated that these bags should be tested
placed over         General          because "[i]n a struggle, the – the victim could
victim's hands                       have scratched the perpetrator and got skin
during                               cells on her hands, on her fingernails, which I
investigation                        understand were very short; that could then be
                                     transferred to the bag." R.R. Vol. 2 at 53-54.

             (d)    Items Found At Crime Scene.
      Law enforcement collected but did not DNA test a number of items from the

scene where Stites' body was found, including a white tee shirt, two beer cans and

a section of woven belt. At trial, Ms. Blakely testified that the white tee shirt was

held by someone, and crumpled up to wipe away dirt. App. 7. Also at trial, the

section of woven belt was determined to be part of the murder weapon. App. 11.

Moreover, at trial, it was determined that the belt had been torn, not cut, indicating

that the murderer handled the belt with his hands. App. 10. As stated at page 13,

infra, the two beer cans found on the roadside near the scene were previously

swabbed and tested for DNA using less precise methods than currently available.

The results of those tests conclusively excluded Mr. Reed, but Ms. Stites, Officer

Salmela, and Officer Hall (a close friend and neighbor of Fennell), all were

potential matches to the DNA on the beer can. There is no reason for Salmela or

Hall to have been present at the scene when Ms. Stites' body was found. A

                                          30
condom collected and turned over to police likewise was never tested for DNA of

the victim or the killer.

      Paolucci testified at the Hearing that the following items contained DNA

evidence of the likely perpetrator and should be tested:

DESCRIPTION CUSTODIAN             SUMMARY OF TESTIMONY
White t-shirt Bastrop      Blakely testified that the t-shirt had been held
              County Clerk and "crinkled." App. 7.

                                     Paolucci testified that the t-shirt found in the
                                     brush near the victim's body should be tested
                                     for DNA of both Stites and the perpetrator. "I
                                     would test it in the areas that – like the collar,
                                     some areas that would be likely to identify the
                                     wearer so we can say that this is part of this
                                     crime scene; and then I would test it for areas
                                     where it could have been removed and handled
                                     by a perpetrator." R.R. Vol. 2 at 38.
Section of belt      Bastrop         Blakeley testified that "on the road, leading
(no buckle)          County Clerk    towards the crime scene was a link of webbed
                                     belt" that was significant "because it matched
                                     the pattern that was on the victim's neck."
                                     App. 7.

                                     Paolucci testified that the belt should be tested
                                     "[b]ecause of the corresponding marks to the
                                     victim's throat, it would be apparent that the
                                     perpetrator handled it and with some degree of
                                     force which would cause a rubbing action and
                                     a heavy deposit of epithelial cells on the belt."
                                     R.R. Vol. 2 at 39.
Two Busch beer       Attorney        Paolucci testified that the beer cans were
cans                 General         "highly probative evidence" because they were
                                     found at the scene "where the victim was
                                     found." Paolucci stated he would test "the lip
                                     around the opening . . . where the person
                                     consuming the beer would be placing their
                                         31
                                     lips, and I would also perform latent print
                                     development on the – on the cans – on the bite
                                     of each can" and that he would also test the
                                     cans for epithelial cells. R.R. Vol. 2 at 46-47.
Swabs/samples      DPS Crime         Paolucci stated that these samples should be
taken from         Lab               tested for same reasons as the cans themselves,
mouths of two                        which are highly probative. R.R. Vol. 2 at 55.
Busch beer cans
Used condom        Attorney          Paolucci testifies that the condom, which was
                   General           recovered by a resident near the crime scene
                                     and brought to investigators and taken into
                                     evidence, should be tested. "I would
                                     recommend testing the outside of the condom
                                     because now you would know if this is related
                                     to this incident. If it has the victim's DNA on
                                     it, then we can say this is related to this
                                     incident." R.R. Vol. 2 at 53.
Extract samples DPS Crime            Paolucci testified that these samples should be
from blue        Lab                 tested for the same reasons as the condom
condom stored in                     itself. R.R. Vol. 2 at 54-55.
coin envelope

             (e)   Items Found Near And Inside Fennell's Truck.
      Several items found near or around Fennell's truck were likely touched by

Ms. Stites' killer, but were never DNA tested, including another section of the belt

used to strangle Ms. Stites. Mr. Paolucci testified that the belt and other items

noted below were observed by crime scene investigators as being out of place and

could have been used in the commission of the crime, and are likely to have the

perpetrator's DNA on them. Paolucci's unrebutted testimony established that the

items found near and inside Fennell's truck should be tested for the perpetrator's

DNA, as follows:

                                         32
     ITEM
                CUSTODIAN           SUMMARY OF TESTIMONY
DESCRIPTION
Section of belt Bastrop      Paolucci testified that DNA evidence collected
with buckle     County Clerk from this section of the belt should be
                             collected and tested because the killer touched
                             the belt since it was the murder weapon. "The
                             belt was broken; so, being that it's also
                             consistent with the – with the other portion of
                             the belt, which is consistent with the marks on
                             the victim's throat, that would have had a
                             significant force applied to break that belt; and
                             also the buckle is a non-porous substrate
                             suitable for DNA." R.R. Vol. 2 at 43.

HEB pen           Attorney        Trial testimony indicated that the HEB pen
                  General         was located next to the section of belt found at
                                  the truck scene. App. 15.

                                  Paolucci stated that the HEB pen that crime
                                  scene investigators found on the ground near
                                  the truck should be tested because "it can be
                                  tied back to the vehicle, and it was also
                                  handled at some point either recklessly being
                                  knocked out of the vehicle or – or dropped."
                                  R.R. Vol. 2 at 48-49.
Right shoe        Bastrop         Paolucci testified that portions of Stites" right
                  County Clerk    shoe should be tested – the heel, toe and laces
                                  areas." "If [the shoe] has been removed from
                                  the victim and untied so the laces in those
                                  same areas would be probative." R.R. Vol. 2
                                  at 39-40.
Earring           Bastrop         Paolucci stated that the earring found in
                  County Clerk    Fennell's truck should be tested because
                                  "[b]eing that the backing was found in the
                                  victim's hair, it's safe to assume that she was
                                  wearing the – an earring at the time; and if that
                                  earring's ripped out during the struggle, then it
                                  could have the perpetrator's DNA on it." R.R.
                                  Vol. 2 at 40.
HEB employee      Bastrop         Paolucci testified that Stites' work shirt, which
                                      33
shirt               County Clerk   was found in the back of Fennell's truck
                                   should be tested for DNA because "[i]f it was
                                   removed from her during an assault, then it
                                   would have the perpetrator's epithelial cells."
                                   Paolucci also suggests testing the collar area,
                                   the cuffs of the sleeves and the armpit areas of
                                   the shirt. R.R. Vol. 2 at 41.
Knife and metal     Bastrop        Paolucci testified that the knife and metal
cover               County Clerk   cover found in Fennell's truck should be tested
                                   for the killer's DNA because "the victim's
                                   knife, if it's something that she would wear on
                                   her belt, the belt was removed; so if the knife
                                   is – is on the belt, it's also going to be handled
                                   by the perpetrator." R.R. Vol. 2 at 41-42.
Pieces of plastic   Bastrop        Paolucci states that the shattered plastic cup
cup                 County Clerk   found in Fennell's truck should be tested
                                   because "there was a portion of that cup in the
                                   driver's seat. It could be that that was broken
                                   during the event and then the – it was handled
                                   and pushed into the door pocket by the
                                   perpetrator." R.R. Vol. 2 at 42.
Brown             Bastrop          Paolucci testified that the planner/organizer
planner/organizer County Clerk     should be tested for the killer's DNA because
                                   it was found in between the passenger and the
                                   driver's seat in the cab of the truck. "That was
                                   in an area that would have been close to the
                                   perpetrator and the operator of the vehicle."
                                   R.R. Vol. 2 at 44-45.
Single hair       Attorney         Paolucci stated that the hair found in the
removed from      General          brown planner should be tested because it
organizer/planner                  could belong to the perpetrator. R.R. Vol. 2 at
                                   50.
Green lighter       Attorney       Paolucci recommends testing the lighter found
                    General        in the truck because no cigarette butts were
                                   found in the truck, making it possible that the
                                   lighter could have been introduced by the
                                   perpetrator. R.R. Vol. 2 at 51-52.
Metal box cutter    Attorney       Paolucci testified that the box cutter could
                    General        have been handled by the perpetrator. R.R.
                                   Vol. 2 at 52.
                                        34
Pack of Big Red     Attorney          Paolucci testified that the gum pack could
gum                 General           have been handled by the perpetrator.
                                      R.R. Vol. 2 at 52.

             (f)    The State's Evidence Does Not Contradict Reed's Evidence.
      The State put forth no evidence to rebut Mr. Reed's expert testimony that the

items Mr. Reed seeks to test contain biological evidence suitable for DNA testing,

or regarding the effect of potentially exculpatory DNA results. Nor did the State

contest chain of custody for the items within the possession of the Attorney

General's Office and the Department of Public Safety Crime Lab. Instead, the

State's three witnesses testified solely about the chain of custody of several items in

the custody of the Bastrop County Clerk's Office. The State's witnesses were:

Gerald Clough, an investigator for the Attorney General's Office; Etta Wiley, a

criminal deputy clerk for the Bastrop County Clerk's Office; and Lisa Tanner, an

assistant attorney general and the prosecutor at Mr. Reed's trial. R.R. Vol. 4 at

176, 190, 196.

      With respect to items located at the office of the Bastrop County Clerk, Etta

Wiley, Criminal Deputy Clerk, testified that her job is to ensure the integrity of the

evidence; she confirmed that the evidence from Mr. Reed's case was kept locked at

all times. R.R. Vol. 4 at 195:9-196:19. Ms. Wiley further confirmed that she had

                                          35
no cause to believe any of the evidence items had been materially altered,

tampered with, substituted, or replaced. Id. at 196:9-19.

      Ms. Tanner, one of the prosecutors in Mr. Reed's case, testified that items

had been handled at trial without gloves. R.R. Vol. 4 at 199:1-200:8. And Mr.

Clough, an investigator for the Attorney General's Office, believed the clerk's

office improperly stored the evidence. R.R. Vol. 4 at 184:5-10. However, neither

Tanner nor Clough rebutted (nor were they qualified to rebut) Ms. Lankford's

expert testimony that such treatment did not preclude effective DNA testing or

destroy potentially exculpatory DNA information. R.R. Vol. 3 at 96:13-101:19;

C.R. 288-290.

      At the conclusion of the Hearing, the District Court denied the motion with a

cursory bench ruling that stated, in its entirety:

      All right. After reviewing all the documents that were presented,
      those in court today, and all the evidence and arguments of counsel,
      the Court finds that this motion was filed untimely and calls for
      unreasonable delay, that there's no reasonable probability the
      defendant would not have been convicted had the results been
      available at the trial of the case. Your motion is denied.
R.R. Vol. 4 at 227:4-11. The District Court's cursory one-sentence ruling thus

included no findings involving credibility or motive determinations, nor any

comment upon the evidence presented during the day-long Hearing.

      On December 12, 2014, the District Court entered Findings of Fact and

Conclusions of Law drafted entirely by the State, which were submitted to the
                                           36
court ex parte and which contained no citations to the record. Notably, the State's

draft – which was adopted by the court verbatim, including a typographical error

incorrectly reciting one of the statutory elements – contains thirteen paragraphs

regarding Mr. Reed's purported "delay" in filing the DNA Motion.16 Most of these

"findings" regarding delay were not based on any evidence presented at the

Hearing. Moreover, the State's draft contained no findings regarding the

unrebutted expert testimony Mr. Reed presented at the hearing regarding the

suitability of the evidence at issue to DNA testing, the likelihood that

presumptively favorable testing results would have resulted in Mr. Reed's acquittal,

the chain of custody, Reed's extensive efforts to reach an agreement for consensual

DNA testing before filing his motion, or the delays occasioned by the State's

repeated extensions of deadlines and briefing schedules. The District Court made

no changes to the State's proposed findings before signing it.

        The State did not rebut any of the testimony put forth by Mr. Reed at the

DNA Motion hearing regarding the probative nature of the items Reed seeks to

have tested. Nonetheless, the Findings of Facts adopted by the District Court

stated that the exculpatory results of the requested DNA testing would be

undermined because some unspecified items were handled by court personnel,

certain individuals in the Attorney General's office and jurors. (C.R. 347-348, ¶
16
     Given the sheer brevity of the District Court's bench ruling, the level of detail contained in
     the state-prepared findings is remarkable.

                                                 37
24c) These findings are unsupported; the State presented no scientific expert

testimony to refute the testimony of Mr. Reed's well-qualified experts that that

effective DNA testing was possible, and that such items would not lose their

probative value despite having been touched subsequent to their being taken into

evidence.

                                       IV.
                                    ARGUMENT

A.    Legal Standards and Standard of Review.
             1.     Chapter 64 Requirements.
      Under Chapter 64, a convicted person may seek DNA testing of any

"biological evidence that may be suitable for DNA testing" including "blood,

semen, hair, saliva, skin tissue or cells, fingernail scrapings, bone, or bodily

fluids." See Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 64.01(a)(1) (West Supp. 2014). Such

evidence must have been secured in relation to the challenged offense, in the

State's possession at trial, and either not previously DNA-tested or capable of being

tested with newer techniques that may yield "more accurate and probative" results.

Id. at art. 64.01(b). DNA testing is mandatory if:

      1.     the evidence "exists in a condition making DNA testing possible" and
             "has been subjected to a chain of custody" sufficient to show that it
             has not been substituted, tampered with, replaced, or materially
             altered;

      2.     identity was an issue at trial;

                                           38
      3.     the movant more than likely "would not have been convicted if
             exculpatory [DNA] results had been obtained"; and

      4.     the request for DNA testing is probably "not made to unreasonably
             delay the execution of sentence or administration of justice."

Id. at art. 64.03(a)(1), (2) (West Supp. 2014).

      There is no burden of proof regarding the evidence's chain of custody,

testable condition, and whether identity was at issue; rather, the court must simply

make findings on these questions. Cf. Prystash v. State, 3 S.W.3d 522, 535 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1999) (en banc) (no burden of proof on mitigation special issue in

capital cases). The movant bears the burden to prove by a preponderance of the

evidence (i.e. 51%) that favorable DNA results could have prevented his

conviction, and his lack of intent to cause unreasonable delay. See Routier v. State,

273 S.W.3d 241, 257 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). However, the movant does not have

to show that the test results are actually exculpatory; to the contrary, exculpatory

test results (including the identification of a known alternate suspect as the source

of the DNA, and the possibility of finding redundant DNA profiles on separate

items of evidence) must be presumed. See In re Morton, 326 S.W.3d 634, 641

(Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.). The Court must consider all possible

exculpatory results, including identification of a known offender through

                                          39
comparison of a DNA profile to the CODIS database. See Routier, 273 S.W.3d at

259; see also Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 64.035 (West Supp. 2014).17

               2.      Bifurcated Standard Of Review On Appeal.
        Appellate review of an order granting or denying Chapter 64 relief is

governed by a bifurcated standard of review. Findings of historical fact, credibility

and demeanor are entitled to substantial deference on appeal, but all other issues,

including the ultimate question of whether the disposition below was correct, are

reviewed de novo. Green v. State, 100 S.W.3d 344, 344 (Tex. App. —San Antonio

2002, pet. ref'd) (citing Rivera v. State, 89 S.W.3d 55, 59 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)).

        In Smith v. State, this Court made clear that when a trial court makes

findings on a Chapter 64 motion without a hearing, and such findings are based

upon the record of the movant's underlying criminal trial and affidavits, such

findings do not involve assessments of the credibility and demeanor of live

witnesses, and, therefore, are not entitled to deference on appeal:

        While we defer to the trial court's determination of issues of historical
        fact and application of law to fact issues that turn on the credibility
        and demeanor of the witnesses, there were no such issues in this case
        since there were no witnesses at the hearing and the trial record and
        affidavit of Appellant are the only sources of information supporting
        the motion. As a result, the trial court is in no better position and we
        will review the issues de novo.

17
     As this Court has acknowledged, the 2011 amendments to Chapter 64, including the new
     requirement to compare DNA results to the CODIS database, warrant a reexamination of
     prior interpretations of the statute. See Holberg v. State, 425 S.W.3d 282, 286 n.24 (Tex.
     Crim. App. 2014).

                                                40
Smith v. State, 165 S.W.3d 361, 363 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); see also Campos v.

State, No. 01-14-00167-CR, 2014 WL 7204966, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston, Dec.

18, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). Although the

District Court conducted a hearing in this case, nearly all of the court's findings

concerning whether Mr. Reed intended to cause unreasonable delay and whether

exculpatory test results might have prevented his conviction were expressly

derived from the underlying record of Reed's criminal trial and post-conviction

proceedings. C.R. at 344-48, ¶¶ 23-24c. None of these 18 numbered paragraphs in

the Findings and Conclusions are based upon the testimony of any of the five

witnesses who testified at the Hearing. Accordingly, the de novo standard of

review applies.

B.     The District Court Wrongly Concluded That Mr. Reed Failed To Prove
       That Exculpatory DNA Test Results Likely Would Have Resulted In
       His Acquittal. (Issue 1).

       At the conclusion of the Hearing, the District Court ruled that "that there's

no reasonable probability the defendant would not have been convicted had the

results been available at the trial of the case." R.R. Vol. 4 at 227:8-11. The court's

one-line verbal conclusion contains no findings of fact, identifies no relevant

evidence, and reflects a fundamental misunderstanding and misapplication of the

statutory test.

                                          41
      The State's subsequent proposed written Findings and Conclusions, which

the District Court adopted in toto, included more details. C.R. 342-348. The

written Findings and Conclusions include an "umbrella" finding, C.R. 347, ¶ 24,

stating that Mr. Reed "failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he

would not have been convicted but for exculpatory results from DNA testing" and

several subsidiary paragraphs of findings. C.R. 347-48, ¶¶ 24a-24c.

      The District Court's written Findings and Conclusions continue to misapply

the applicable standard, in at least two critical ways. First, the District Court

incorrectly weighed the "strength" of the State's case against Mr. Reed. It adopted

and assumed the correctness of the State's theory at trial that Ms. Stites was killed

shortly after having sex with Reed, as shown by the "intactness" of three of Reed's

sperm found in her body, because human sperm ostensibly remain intact in such

conditions for no more than 24 hours. However, the court failed to consider the

possibility that DNA testing would prove that this trial theory was incorrect.

Experts, including Dr. Bayardo, the State's own chief expert at trial, all now agree

that the State's "intactness" timing theory is wrong because, as a matter of

established science, human sperm can remain intact for several days in such

conditions. These sworn expert statements were included in Mr. Reed's testing

motion but ignored by the District Court. C.R. 118-142. The District Court's

                                           42
written findings on these and related points are simply wrong, contradicted by the

record, and should be reversed.

      Second, the District Court erred by applying an improperly narrowed

definition of “exculpatory result” which ignored the unique power of forensic

DNA testing to actually identify the person whose biological material is detected

and instead considered only a scenario in which Reed was excluded as the source

of individual samples of biological material. The District Court failed to apply the

required statutory presumption that DNA testing of the belt, name tag, victim's

clothing and other specified items of evidence at issue would show the presence of

the DNA of an alternative known suspect, and the absence of Mr. Reed's DNA, on

each item. See Routier, 273 S.W.3d at 257 (statute requires court to assume DNA

testing of evidence at issue will yield exculpatory results, and then evaluate

"whether there is a greater than 50% chance that the appellant's jury would not

have convicted her had it been aware of those presumptively favorable test

results"). This error of law is reviewed de novo and should be reversed.

      Instead of following Routier, the District Court accepted the State's crafted

"futility" test. The court concluded that because the jury was aware that Mr.

Reed's "genetic profile" did not match three identified items of evidence, testing

any of the evidence at issue could not exculpate him. This is the wrong test.

Moreover, the District Court simply ignored the fact that the vast majority of the

                                         43
evidence Reed seeks to test is evidence which was handled by the perpetrator and,

like the belt and the name tag, but never subjected to DNA testing. DNA test

results showing Reed's absence from such items, and the repeat presence of a third

party, are more than likely to have resulted in Reed's acquittal.

             1.     The State's Case Against Mr. Reed Was Highly
                    Circumstantial, Based Upon Now-Debunked Junk Science
                    And Tenuous Inferences, And Did Not Constitute A
                    "Mountain Of Evidence" By Any Measure.
      The District Court accepted the State's characterization that its "case on

guilt/innocence was strong." C.R. 347 ¶ 24a. As an initial matter, the "strength" of

the State's evidence is relevant to the weighing of the exculpatory value to be

attributed to DNA test results showing the presence of a third party's DNA at the

crime scenes. The presence of a "mountain" of evidence supporting guilt can

reduce the exculpatory significance of third party DNA. State v. Swearingen, 424
S.W.3d 32, 38 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (observing that exculpatory value of third-

party DNA at crime scene would not overcome "mountain of evidence" against

defendant and denying testing); Qadir v. State, No. 02–13–00308–C.R., 2014 WL
1389545, at *4-5 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth Apr. 10, 2014, no. pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication) (rejecting possibility of exculpatory effects of possible

presence of third party DNA at crime scene where "substantial evidence"

supported conviction).

                                          44
        On the other hand, when the State's case on guilt is not compelling (i.e., less

than overwhelming), the presence of a third party's DNA at the crime scene may be

sufficiently exculpatory as to justify DNA testing. See Fain v. State, 2014 WL
6840282, at *6 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2014, pet. filed) (mem. op., not designated

for publication) (reversing district court and ordering DNA testing of items that

could show presence of third party at crime scene where "evidence of Appellant's

guilt was far from overwhelming"); Routier, 273 S.W.3d at 259 (because "the

State's theory [of movant's guilt was] hardly unassailable[,]" presence of third

party DNA at crime scene would support movant's intruder theory and "could

readily have tipped the jury's verdict in the appellant's favor[;]" vacating denial of

testing motion).

        As demonstrated below, the District Court's conclusion that the State had a

"strong" case against Mr. Reed was premised upon findings that are questionable

and, in some instances, flatly wrong. The applicable standard of review is de novo.

See State v. Rivera, 89 S.W.3d 55, 59 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); see also Routier,
273 S.W.3d at 257; Smith, 165 S.W.3d at 363. The District Court's findings on

these points are thus entitled to no deference and, because they are wrong or highly

questionable, should be reversed.18 See Routier, 273 S.W.3d at 259-260. As a

18
     Paragraph 24a of the District Court's Findings and Conclusions states as follows:
     The State's case on guilt-innocence was strong – Movant's DNA was found both on and
     inside the victim, which demonstrated presence; the intactness of Movant's sperm inside the
                                               45
result, the District Court should have considered that DNA test results that

demonstrate the presence of third party DNA at the crime scenes as sufficiently

exculpatory evidence as to support an acquittal at trial, justifying DNA testing in

this case. See Fain, 2014 WL 6840282, at *7; Routier, 273 S.W.3d at 259;

Esparza v. State, 282 S.W.3d 913, 921-22 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).

              2.      The Circumstantial Evidence Cited By The District Court
                      Does Not Support Its Findings.
       The District Court found that the State's case against Mr. Reed was "strong"

partly based on two items of highly suspect circumstantial evidence: (i) the fact

that Reed "matched the height of someone who would have fit the adjusted seat in

the victim's truck" (C.R. 347, ¶ 24a); and (ii) the finding that "Movant frequented

the area of the victim's disappearance at the time the victim disappeared." The

court's characterization of these findings as "strong" evidence of Reed's guilt is

unwarranted and both ignores and mischaracterizes contrary record evidence.

       First, there is no evidence supporting the reliability of the State’s "seat

adjustment/mirror test” of height. The record is silent as to whether Fennell, could

    victim's vaginal cavity, the perimortem injuries to the victim's anus, Movant's saliva on the
    victim's breasts after she took a shower the evening before her murder, and the small amount
    of semen in the victim's panties demonstrated sexual assault contemporaneous with murder;
    the peri-mortem injury to the victim's anus the obvious signs of sexual assault – the victim's
    bunched up panties, a broken pants zipper, partially unclothed, bruises to the arms, torso and
    head of the victim – demonstrated lack of consent; and additional evidence indicated that
    Movant frequented the area of the victim's disappearance at the time the victim disappeared
    and the Movant matched the height of someone who would have fit the adjusted seat in the
    victim's truck. C.R. 367, ¶ 24a.

                                               46
have seen through the mirror or if differences in posture could have affected

visibility through the mirror. And even were this Court to entertain the absurd

notion of resting a capital murder conviction on speculation arising from the

adjustment of a seat and rear view mirror, three of Fennell's friends and fellow

police officers – David Hall, Ed Salmela, and Curtis Davis – were each at least six

feet tall.19 C.R. 318; App. 22. Two of these persons – Hall and Salmela – were

likely present at Bluebonnet Road where Stites' body was dumped, according to

DNA tests conducted on a beer can found near her body. See supra at 12.20 By

contrast, no evidence was found that Reed was at that location (or anywhere near

the truck).21 Plainly, the seat positioning in Fennell's truck is just as consistent

with the corroborated presence of Fennell's cohort David Hall as it is with the

uncorroborated presence of Reed, and is therefore far from "strong" evidence of

Reed's guilt.

       Second, no witnesses testified as to the location where Stites actually

"disappeared" or to having seen Reed at such time. All the State showed at trial

19
     See Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus, p. 10 in Ex Parte Reed, WR-50, 961-04 (Tex. Crim.
     App. 2003)
20
     The presence of Officers Hall and Salmela on Bluebonnet Road at the time Stite's body was
     dumped could explain how Fennell returned to his apartment the morning Stites was
     reported missing. It could also indicate that Hall and Salmela dumped the body without
     Fennell, avoiding any need for Fennell to rush back to his apartment.
21
     No physical evidence of any kind established Mr. Reed's presence in the truck or at the
     Bluebonnet Road site – no eyewitness saw him, and no fingerprints, palm prints, DNA,
     clothing, fibers, or other evidence from Mr. Reed were found at either location.

                                               47
was that Stites commuted 30 miles to work on occasion via a route that passed

through Reed's Bastrop neighborhood (along with hundreds of other people) where

he was known to walk. App. 16. However, new scientific evidence presented in

Reed’s recently filed habeas application demonstrates that Ms. Stites was murdered

hours before she would have left Giddings to go to work. This, too, is far from

"strong" evidence of guilt.

               3.      The District Court's Finding Regarding "Presence" Is
                       Ambiguous And Should Either Be Clarified Or Reversed.
        The District Court's finding of Mr. Reed's "presence" (based upon DNA

taken from Ms. Stites' body) is ambiguous. "Presence" may have been intended to

mean that Mr. Reed had sexual contact with Ms. Stites at an unspecified prior point

in time. If that is what the court meant, this finding is not disputed.

        If, however, the District Court intended "presence" to mean that Mr. Reed

was present at one of the crime scenes at the time of Ms. Stites' death, the finding is

clearly wrongful and should be reversed. The record of Mr. Reed's case is replete

with sworn expert declarations adduced during Mr. Reed's habeas proceedings

conclusively demonstrating that the State's timing theory is not correct because

sperm can remain intact in a woman's vagina for three days or more after sex.22

22
     The District Court's Findings and Conclusions state that they are based upon consideration
     of "the record in this [Mr. Reed's] case." C.R. 342. Consideration of the trial and post-
     conviction record is permitted under the doctrine of judicial notice. Routier v. State, 273
S.W.3d 241, 244 n.2 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). As in the Routier case, District Judge Doug
     Shaver was not the judge that presided over Mr. Reed's trial, and his reference to
                                               48
C.R. 119-42 Indeed, even the State's own chief witness on this point at trial,

medical examiner Dr. Roberto Bayardo, agrees. In his sworn habeas declaration,

Dr. Bayardo disavows the theory that the time of Stites' death was at or shortly

after the time when she and Reed had sex. C.R. 120. And, as noted above, no

physical evidence of any kind placed Mr. Reed at either crime scene at any point in

time. The District Court's finding of "presence" thus is utterly ambiguous and

should be reversed or at least clarified to state that Mr. Reed had sexual contact

with Ms. Stites at an unspecified point in time before her death. In either case, the

finding does not constitute "strong" evidence against Mr. Reed.

             4.      The District Court's Finding Regarding Time Of Death
                     Was Based Upon Unreliable Testimony That Has Either
                     Been (i) Debunked By The Prosecution's Own Witness And
                     Other Experts, Or (ii) Was Given Solely By Jimmy Fennell,
                     Who Was Strongly Incentivized To Lie To Avoid
                     Prosecution.
      The District Court found "strong" evidence that Mr. Reed was physically

present with Ms. Stites at the time of her death based in part upon "the intactness of

Movant's sperm inside the victim's vaginal cavity" and semen found in her panties.

C.R. 347, ¶ 24a. For the same reasons described in the preceding section, the

   consideration of "the record" necessarily reflects judicial notice. Id. Such consideration is
   further consistent with Chapter 64's requirements that a movant seeking DNA testing
   provide affidavits alleging facts in support and that the movant establish by a preponderance
   that favorable DNA test results likely would have resulted in an acquittal. See Tex. Code
   Crim. Proc. arts. 64.01(a-1) and 64-03(a)(2)(A). Had the Legislature intended to confine
   judicial consideration of facts in support of Chapter 64 relief to the trial court record, it
   would have expressly done so.

                                              49
State's contemporaneous timing theory is wrong as a matter of science, clearly

erroneous, and should be reversed.

        The District Court's "timing" finding was also based upon a separate

temporal conclusion: that Mr. Reed's DNA, taken from saliva found on Ms. Stites'

breast, was deposited after she had showered the evening before her death. (C.R.

347, ¶ 24a) The District Court ignored the unreliability of this evidence. The only

evidence that Ms. Stites showered on April 22, 1996 ‒ and, thus, the only evidence

of the time when the saliva and DNA were deposited ‒ was Jimmy Fennell's

uncorroborated trial testimony. App. 8. As noted, Fennell was the lead suspect in

Stites' murder for more than a year, the person with the greatest possible incentive

to lie, and twice failed lie detector tests when asked by investigators about having

harmed Stacey Stites.23 See pp. 10-11, supra. These facts and others, as this

Court previously observed, give rise to a "healthy suspicion" that Fennell, not

Reed, was the perpetrator, and greatly undermine the District Court's weighing of

this evidence. This Court's de novo review of the District Court's findings should

therefore recognize these material infirmities in the State's evidence and reverse the

District Court's conclusion that the State's evidence on timing issues was "strong."

Cf. Routier, 273 S.W.3d at 259 (holding that the State's theory was "hardly

unassailable" and that the State's circumstantial evidence was "not so compelling
23
     Not surprisingly, these facts are notably missing from the District Court's Findings and
     Conclusions.

                                                50
that the jury would more likely conclude beyond a reasonable doubt" appellant's

guilt); Fain, 2014 WL 6840282, at *1, *6 (discounting strength of state's case

based upon "purchased and suspect" testimony of jailhouse informant with

personal incentive to provide evidence of defendant's guilt and ordering DNA

testing).

             5.     The District Court's Finding Of Stites' Apparent Lack Of
                    Consent Does Not Implicate Mr. Reed.
       The District Court also made a finding regarding the broken pants zipper,

appearance of Stites' underwear, and bruises to her body, characterizing them as

"strong" evidence that Stites did not consent to sex. C.R. 347, ¶ 24a. These

findings are misleading, and are not evidence of Reed's guilt ‒ no DNA,

fingerprint, or other evidence established that Reed (as opposed to someone else)

broke the zipper, pulled the underwear, or caused bruises. There is no dispute that

Ms. Stites did not consent to her strangulation or to the dragging of her body into

the brush. The bruises and condition of Stites’ clothing are simply evidence of the

murder. Moreover, as Dr. Bayardo and other experts have stated under oath, there

is no evidence that the sexual contact between Mr. Reed and Ms. Stites was non-

consensual. C.R. 121, ¶ 6, C.R. 127, ¶ 21.

       Finally, the District Court's reliance on the condition of the pants and

underwear highlight the critical need in this case to subject these items to DNA

testing, precisely because (as the District Court implicitly recognized), the person
                                          51
that killed Ms. Stites likely handled these items and left identifiable DNA on them.

See pp. 27-35, supra. Absent such readily available and definitive DNA test

results, it is clear error to characterize these items as "strong" evidence (or indeed

as any evidence) of Mr. Reed's guilt.

       For these reasons, this Court should reverse the District Court's finding that

the State's case against Mr. Reed was "strong" and should hold that DNA test

results which might show the presence of DNA at the crime scenes that does not

belong to Mr. Reed is sufficiently exculpatory to justify DNA testing in this case.

               6.     The District Court Misapplied The Test For Determining
                      Whether Mr. Reed Proved By A Preponderance Of The
                      Evidence That Exculpatory DNA Test Results Likely Would
                      Have Resulted In His Acquittal
       Under established law, the District Court was required to engage in a two-

step analysis to determine whether Mr. Reed had met his burden under Article

64.03(a)(1)(B) and (2)(A) to show that exculpatory DNA test results could have

changed the outcome at his trial.24 First, the court must presume that DNA testing

will yield favorable (i.e., exculpatory) results, and cannot weigh the likelihood that

favorable results will in fact be obtained if testing is authorized. See In re Morton,

326 S.W.3d 634, 641 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.); Routier, 273 S.W.3d at

24
     Approximately 50% of all DNA exonerations result in the identification of the real
     perpetrator. See Innocence Project, Know the Cases, http://www.innocenceproject.org
     /know/ (last visited February 14, 2015). 52 of the 325 cases in which DNA testing has
     resulted in exoneration involved persons convicted in Texas, more than any other state. Id.
     App. 23. (follow "National View" hyperlink).

                                               52
257. Second, the court must then consider whether such presumptively favorable

results, if presented at trial, would have made it more likely than not (i.e., greater

than 50% likelihood) that a conviction would not have been obtained. See id.

             7.     The Statutory Presumption Of Exculpatory DNA Test
                    Results.
      As this Court recognized not long ago in State v. Swearingen, the text of

Chapter 64 "does not set a standard for exculpatory results." 424 S.W.3d 32, 39

(Tex. Crim App. 2014). Cases from this Court and the Court of Appeals have

developed standards as to the meaning of the phrase. In a leading decision under

Chapter 64, Blacklock v. State, 235 S.W.3d 231 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007), this

Court examined the nature of exculpatory results for which Chapter 64 testing

should be granted. In Blacklock, the defendant had been convicted of aggravated

robbery and aggravated sexual assault stemming from the same incident. The

victim knew the defendant and identified him as her attacker. The State presented

vaginal smear analysis to show that a sexual assault had occurred, but DNA testing

of such evidence was inconclusive. Semen was also detected on the victim's

clothing, but the clothes were not subjected to DNA testing. Years later, Blacklock

later moved to DNA-test the clothing. This Court approved DNA testing and

explained that DNA tests of the clothing that showed the semen donor was not

Blacklock would be directly exculpatory, and that this was "precisely the situation

                                          53
in which the Legislature intended to provide post-conviction DNA testing." 235
S.W.3d at 232-33.

      Blacklock was a sexual assault case in which the defendant denied having

sex with the victim; as a result, DNA results that proved the semen was not his

would plainly exclude him as the perpetrator and, thus, be exculpatory. The Court

was not asked to consider and did not address whether DNA evidence showing the

presence of a third party at a crime scene could also be exculpatory.

      In subsequent cases, courts have clarified that "exculpatory results" may

include results that identify the presence of third party DNA at a crime scene as

well as those which exclude the defendant. For example, in a subsequent sexual

assault case, the Court permitted DNA testing of a rape kit and the victim's

clothing despite eyewitness testimony identifying the defendant and circumstantial

evidence. Esparza v. State, 282 S.W.3d at 921-22. The Court rejected the State's

argument that DNA testing in that case showing the presence of third party DNA

could not be exculpatory. Id. at 922.

      In Routier, the State argued that exculpatory DNA results could not

undermine the evidence of guilt presented at trial:

      The State argues that the presence of an unknown person's DNA could
      not have changed the jury's verdict because "it would not refute the
      evidence physically linking appellant to the murders and to the
      manipulation of the evidence at the scene. At a minimum, appellant
      would undoubtedly have been convicted as a party."

                                         54
273 S.W.3d at 259. The Court rejected the State's argument, and held that DNA

results implicating an unknown offender –intruder would corroborate the

defendant's contention that someone else committed the murder and thereby create

at least a 51% likelihood that the jury would not have convicted. Id.

      In Fain v. State, the court reversed a decision denying testing where the

evidence sought to be tested could show third party DNA at the crime scene. The

Fain court observed that the state's evidence of guilt was "far from overwhelming,"

2014 WL 6840282, at *6, and, further explained:

      Evidence that exculpates the innocent and ties the guilty to [the victim]
      at the time of her death cannot be held to merely "muddy the waters."
      If the contributor of the untested hair in [the victim's] hands is
      identified, for the first time in this case, we would know whether Nix,
      Appellant, or the unidentified male was with [the victim] at the time
      of her death when she pulled hairs from his head. Additionally,
      identifying DNA other than [the victim]'s in the blood on the
      bathroom faucet handle would be compelling evidence of the identity
      of the assailant, since the bleeding neck injury necessarily connects to
      [the victim]'s death.

Id. at *8. These cases thus make clear that in a case like this one, where the

killer's identity is hotly contested, where there is no proverbial "mountain"

of evidence establishing the defendant's guilt, and where a sizable number of

evidence items were touched by the perpetrator but not tested, the court has

much greater discretion to treat DNA test results that may identify those

                                         55
physically present with the victim at the time of death as verdict-changing

exculpatory evidence.25 See id.; Routier, 273 S.W.3d at 259-260.

        It is also clear that the District Court was required to consider all

exculpatory results, including the identification of a known alternate suspect, and

the possibility of finding the same third party DNA on separate items of evidence

(i.e., a "redundant" DNA profile). See Routier, 273 S.W.3d at 259. Because

Chapter 64 now requires that the results of court-ordered DNA testing be cross-

referenced against state and federal DNA databases of known offenders, the

possibility that the perpetrator could be identified through such database

comparison as a known offender should also be considered. See Tex. Crim. Proc.

Code Ann. art. 64.035 (West Supp. 2014) (amended in September 2011).26 The

exculpatory ramifications of post-conviction DNA identification of a third party

perpetrator are well-documented in Texas law, and should inform this Court's

25
     But see State v. Swearingen, 424 S.W.3d 32, 38 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (noting in dicta that
     prior decisions have "held 'exculpatory results' to mean only results 'excluding [the
     convicted person] as the donor of this material" (alteration in original) (emphasis added)
     (quoting Blacklock v. State, 235 S.W.3d 231, 232 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). Swearingen
     relied upon the Blacklock decision for this proposition, but as noted above, the question of
     whether the presence of third party DNA at a crime scene could be viewed as exculpatory
     for Chapter 64 purposes was not presented in Blacklock.
26
     This Court previously rejected a similar argument in dicta while acknowledging that the
     statute fails to set a standard for exculpatory results. See Swearingen, 424 S.W.3d at 39; see
     also n. 24, supra. More recently, the Court has recognized the need to reexamine its prior
     interpretations of Chapter 64 in light of the 2011 amendments. See Holberg v. State, 425
S.W.3d 282, 286 n.24 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (noting without deciding that "this
     amendment to Article 64.01(a) [may] operate[] to lessen the burden on Chapter 64 movants
     to prove the existence of biological material within the items they seek to have tested").

                                                56
consideration in this case. See, e.g., Ex parte Michael Morton, No. AP-76663

(Tex. Crim. App. Oct. 12, 2011) (habeas relief granted where DNA results linked

third party offender to crime); Ex parte Phillips, No. AP-76010, 2008 WL
4417288, at *1 (Tex. Crim. App. Oct. 1, 2008) (per curiam) (not designated for

publication) (granting habeas relief after post-conviction DNA testing and

investigation showed someone else committed at least one of the offenses of which

defendant had been convicted); Ex parte Giles, No. AP-75712, 2007 WL
1776009, at *1 (Tex. Crim. App. June 20, 2007) (per curiam) (not designated for

publication) (granting habeas relief in rape case where post-conviction DNA

evidence and investigation indicated that someone other than defendant committed

crime); Ex parte Karage, No. AP-75253, 2005 WL 2374440, at *1 (Tex. Crim.

App. Sept. 28, 2005) (per curiam) (mem. op., not designated for publication)

(granting habeas relief after semen and spermatozoa recovered from victim

matched convicted offender in CODIS).

             8.    The District Court Failed To Apply The Required
                   Presumption That DNA Test Results Would Be
                   Exculpatory.
      Had the District Court correctly applied the statutory presumption of

exculpatory DNA test results, it would have presumed that such testing would

reveal the DNA of an alternative known suspect, and the absence of Mr. Reed's

DNA, on the evidence Reed seeks to test (i.e., the belt used to strangle Ms. Stites,

                                         57
the victim's name tag, her clothing, fingernail scrapings, and other evidence very

likely handled by her killer). Acting properly, the District Court would have then

asked whether the jury would likely have harbored a reasonable doubt as to Reed's

guilt in light of (i) the total absence of any evidence placing Reed in the truck or at

the Bluebonnet Road location, and (ii) the evidence showing that Reed and Stites

had sex before her mother last saw her. See Routier, 273 S.W.3d at 259 ("We

think that adding DNA evidence that would corroborate the appellant's account of

an unknown intruder into the evidentiary mix could readily have tipped the jury's

verdict in the appellant's favor."); Fain, 2014 WL 6840282, at *8 (holding that it

would be unlikely for a jury to convict appellant if DNA tested "excluded

Appellant as the donor"); In re Morton, 326 S.W.3d at 645 (finding a greater than

50% likelihood that jury would have had a reasonable doubt that movant was the

murderer if a bandana contained victim's blood and DNA of another person).

      The District Court misapplied the statute. It failed to consider or identify

presumptively favorable DNA test results for any of these items of evidence, and

consequently failed to evaluate whether Mr. Reed had shown a likelihood of not

being convicted if such presumed results had been presented at trial. Instead, the

court substituted its own flawed "futility" analysis, assuming ‒ without any citation

to the underlying trial record ‒ that the jury had been made aware that Mr. Reed's

"genetic profile" was not found on three specified items (certain hairs and

                                          58
fingerprints, see C.R. 347 ¶ 24b), and, inferentially, that DNA testing of these or

any other items could yield no further exculpatory results of value.

        The District Court's substitute test was artificially constrained, and did not

conform to the well-established test articulated in this Court's jurisprudence. The

court's conclusion should therefore be reversed. See Routier, 273 S.W.3d at 259.

        First, the court did not consider the exculpatory ramifications of the body of

evidence which Mr. Reed seeks to test as a whole. The jury was informed by the

State that Ms. Stites was strangled to death with the belt, and that her name tag was

placed upon her body after it was dressed and dragged. Had the jury been

informed that Reed's DNA was not present on any of those items ‒ and to be clear,

the jury was not so informed ‒ Reed 's showing that the jury likely would not have

convicted him probably would have been sufficient. The court should have

considered together the likely effect on the jury of favorable DNA results from the

belt, name tag, victim's clothing and other items of evidence that Reed seeks to

test.

        Further, because the State's case was not "strong," as discussed infra, the

court should also have considered the effect on conviction if the jury had been

advised that a redundant DNA profile of a third party (either a known alternate

suspect, such as Fennell, Hall or Salmela, or another person) was found repeatedly

on items that were handled by her killer. Cf. R.R. Vol. 2 at 74-75; Fain, 2014 WL
59
6840282 at *8; Routier, 273 S.W.3d at 259. Even as to the three specified items

which the court did consider, it failed to consider the effect on the jury had those

items yielded a consistent redundant DNA profile of a known alternative suspect,

such as Fennell, Hall, or Salmela. The presence of any of their respective DNA on

the three items in question ‒ especially Hall, whose presence at the body location

was corroborated (but not explained) by his DNA taken from the beer can ‒ would

persuasively support Reed's claim of innocence.

      Moreover, there is no question that the jury did not hear testimony that Mr.

Reed's DNA was absent from those materials; including, but not limited to, the

belt, the name tag, the victim's clothing, and the beer cans. The court's contrary

conclusion in Paragraph 24b that "the jury knew that many of the items Movant

seeks to test were not from him" is simply wrong as a matter of fact and should be

reversed. It is also unclear what the District Court's reference to Mr. Reed's

"genetic profile" was intended to convey. If the court intended the phrase to refer

to Reed's DNA, the finding is clearly erroneous, as it is undisputed that these items

were not DNA-tested.

C.    The District Court's Conclusion That This Motion Was Brought For
      The Purposes Of Delay Is Not Correct (Issue 2).
      Mr. Reed presented evidence and argument to meet his statutory burden

under Article 64.03(a)(2)(B) to show that he did not intend to cause unreasonable

delay in the execution of sentence or administration of justice. Despite having
                                          60
agreed to conduct some DNA testing of evidence, the State nonetheless devoted the

vast majority of its briefing and oral argument to this issue. The District Court

found that Mr. Reed "failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that his

Chapter 64 motion is not made to unreasonably delay the execution of sentence of

[sic] administration of justice."27 C.R. 344, ¶ 23. This umbrella finding was

followed by 13 individual subsidiary paragraphs listing the grounds upon which

the court's finding was based. C.R. 344-47, ¶¶ 23a-m. In fact, all but three of the

findings of fact centered around Reed's purported delay in filing the DNA Motion.

Id. As set forth below, the District Court's conclusion and subsidiary findings on

this issue are entitled to no deference on appeal, are plainly wrong, and should be

reversed.

27
     The statute's text provides "execution of sentence or administration of justice." Tex. Crim.
     Proc. Code Ann. art. 64.03(a)(2)(B) (West Supp. 2014) (emphasis added). The
     typographical error noted was contained in the State's ex parte draft findings and
     conclusions, which the District Court adopted without change. The problems resulting from
     a trial court's verbatim adoption of one party's findings are well documented. See Anderson
     v. City of Bessemer, 470 U.S. 564, 572 (1985) (criticizing "verbatim adoption" of proposed
     findings, particularly "conclusory statements unsupported by citation to the record," noting
     the "potential for overreaching and exaggeration" by the prevailing party, and evaluating
     whether judge "uncritically accepted findings" entirely); In re Luhr Brothers, 157 F.3d 333,
     338 (5th Cir. 1998) (noting that "near-verbatim recitals of the . . . proposed party's proposed
     findings . . ., with minimal revision" should be approached with "'caution'" (citation
     omitted)); Marine Shale Processors, Inc. v. U.S. Envt'l Prot. Agency, 81 F.3d 1371, 1386
     (5th Cir. 1996) (discouraging practice of wholesale adoption of findings and conclusions:
     "[w]e tolerate the occasional use of this device because of our trust that district courts will
     closely examine the proposed findings and will carefully consider the objections and
     arguments of the opposing party").

                                                 61
             1.     The Standard Of Review.
      The standard of review of the District Court's Findings and Conclusions

regarding whether Mr. Reed intended to cause unreasonable delay under Article

64.03(a)(2)(B) is either the substantial deference standard or the de novo standard,

depending on whether the court's findings and conclusions were based upon

historic facts, determinations of the subjective credibility and motive of witnesses

(in which case the substantial deference standard applies), or upon facts that are

neither "historic" nor dependent upon the credibility or motive of witnesses

(subject to de novo review). See Skinner v. State, 122 S.W.3d 808, 811 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2003). Here, the District Court's findings concerning Mr. Reed's

ostensible intent to cause unreasonable delay were not based upon the credibility or

motive of Mr. Reed, any testifying witness or any historical facts relating to Ms.

Stites' murder. Instead, the court's findings all constitute inferences which the

court drew in error from its interpretation of the record of Mr. Reed's post-

conviction proceedings and the record in an entirely separate, unrelated action

involving another death row inmate, Larry Swearingen, who is also represented by

one of Reed's attorneys. The District Court's findings on this issue are therefore

subject to the de novo standard. See Smith v. State, 165 S.W.3d 361, 363 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2005) (because trial court is no better suited to interpret record than

appellate court, its record-based findings are reviewed de novo).

                                          62
              2.     Mr. Reed's Motion Does Not Reflect An Intent To Cause
                     Unreasonable Delay In The Execution Of Sentence Or The
                     Administration Of Justice
       Chapter 64 contains no deadline for the filing of a motion, and instead

requires the movant to show by a preponderance of the evidence that he does not

intend to "unreasonably delay the execution of sentence or administration of

justice." Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 64.03(a)(2)(B) (West Supp. 2014). The

statute does not require a movant to explain why he did not raise a claim earlier,

only that the claim was not made to unreasonably delay the execution of his

sentence. Id.; see also Wilson v. State, No. AP-76835, 2012 WL 3206219, at *4

(Tex. Crim. App. Aug. 7, 2012) (per curiam) (not designated for publication)

(explaining that defendant seeking DNA testing need not show why he did not

raise a claim earlier).

       Chapter 64 does not provide explicit standards for determining whether

Reed met his burden. However, case law in capital cases demonstrates two clear

guideposts: (i) motions filed within a month or less of a scheduled execution date

are generally viewed as inadequate to meet the statutory burden; and (ii) motions

filed before an execution date is scheduled are generally adequate. For example, in

Thacker v. State, 177 S.W.3d 926, 927 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005), the Court found

that waiting to move for DNA testing until less than a month before an execution

date reflected an intent to cause unreasonable delay. The Court reached the same

                                         63
conclusion in Brown v. State, No. AP-75469, 2006 WL 2069445, at *1 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2006) (per curiam) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (finding

unreasonable delay when movant filed DNA testing motion until less than one

month before scheduled execution). In Kutzner v. State, the movant waited to file

a DNA testing motion until a mere nine days before his execution date, which the

Court found to reflect an intent to unreasonably delay. 75 S.W.3d 427, 441-42

(Tex. Crim. App. 2002), superseded by statue, Tex. Crim. Proc. Code art. 64.03, as

stated in Smith v. State, 165 S.W.3d 361 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Cases at the

other end of the spectrum include Holberg v. State, in which the State conceded

that the motion was not filed to cause unreasonable delay where the movant sought

DNA testing at a time when no execution date was scheduled. 425 S.W.3d 282,

284 n.12 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). Similarly, in Skinner v. State, the Court

overruled a district court's findings of unreasonable delay when the defendant

sought DNA testing before a set execution date and while his federal habeas

petition was pending. 122 S.W.3d 808, 811 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).

      Mr. Reed's initial request for DNA testing was made in 1999, during his

state habeas proceedings, before Chapter 64 was enacted. App. 1. His current

requests for DNA testing began over a year ago, with a January 2014 letter to the

State requesting agreed testing. The letter was sent three months before the State

moved in April 2014 to fix an execution date, and 14 months before Mr. Reed's

                                        64
currently scheduled March 5, 2015 execution date. After the possibility of agreed

testing was exhausted, Mr. Reed filed his DNA testing motion in July 2014. The

motion was filed before the District Court fixed his execution date, and eight

months before his currently scheduled execution date. Mr. Reed's DNA testing

motion and letter request thus objectively satisfy the two clear guideposts

embodied in this Court's precedents ‒ namely, that the request made be made at

least thirty days before a scheduled execution date, and preferably before such date

is scheduled. The District Court's finding to the contrary is in error and should be

reversed.

             3.    Mr. Reed Was Not Required To Provide A Time Estimate
                   For Testing (¶ 23a).
      The District Court found that Mr. Reed's failure to provide "any information

regarding time estimates" for the testing sought was independently sufficient to

conclude that he failed to meet his burden to show the absence of an intent to cause

unreasonable delay. The court stated "[t]his alone, the Court believes, is sufficient

to show Movant has failed in his burden to show that his request is not made to

unreasonably delay his execution." C.R. 344, ¶ 23a.

      This subsidiary finding apparently was based upon a mistaken impression

that Reed was required under the statute to provide an estimate of the likely

duration of the movant's requested DNA testing. The District Court cited no

authority in support, and Chapter 64 contains no such estimation requirement,
                                         65
either express or implicit.28 The District Court's finding regarding failure to

provide a time estimate was based upon a misreading of the statute, is entitled to

no deference on appeal, and should therefore be reversed.

       Mr. Reed notes that the State did not even argue, in either its opposition

brief or at oral argument, that Chapter 64 obligates a movant to provide such a time

estimate ‒ presumably because, the State, having agreed to DNA testing on certain

items on a consensual basis, was already well aware of the time that such testing

might take, and had so represented to the District Court. At the July 14, 2014

hearing, the State conceded that with respect to the agreed-upon items to be tested:

"We believe the DNA testing will be completed within a reasonable time frame to

consider those results." R.R. Vol. 1 at 14:3-4. Accordingly, the only findings

supported by the record on this issue are that the length of time that Mr. Reed's

requested DNA testing would likely take was "a reasonable time," and that the

State was well aware of it. This Court can easily infer that, had the State consented

to testing within a reasonable timeframe of Reed’s January 2014 request, all such

testing would be completed by now.

28
     To the knowledge of Mr. Reed's undersigned counsel, no court has held that a time estimate
     requirement should be implied from the statute.

                                              66
             4.     Mr. Reed Should Not Be Faulted For Filing His DNA
                    Testing Motion On The Date The Court Scheduled His
                    Execution (¶ 23b).
      The District Court faulted Mr. Reed for filing his DNA testing motion on

July 14, 2014, the same day the court scheduled Mr. Reed's execution. C.R. 344, ¶

23b. The court characterized the timing of Reed's filing "as a designed tactic to

delay the setting of Movant's execution date." Id. The court's findings are entitled

to no deference and should be reversed for at least four reasons.

      First, the District Court’s finding misapplies the standard. The Legislature

expressly recognized the need to delay executions where proceedings on a DNA

motion are necessary. See Tex. Cod Crim. Proc. Ar. 43.141(d). The question is

not whether there is an intent to delay execution, but whether that intent is

“unreasonable.” See id. Art. 64.03(a)(2)(B). Here, Reed filed his motion before

the hearing held that day, not after, as the court noted elsewhere in its opinion.

C.R. 343, ¶ 9. Moreover, Reed's counsel argued at the hearing that day against the

scheduling of an execution date in light of both the State's agreement to conduct

limited testing on several items, and Mr. Reed's request to conduct DNA testing on

a larger group. R.R. Vol. 1 at 5. Accordingly, it was error for the court to treat the

filing of the motion as a reaction to the court's subsequent ruling on the State's

motion.

                                          67
        Second, the District Court erred by drawing a negative inference about the

putative intent of Mr. Reed's motion based on its timing without also considering

the substantial contrary evidence in the record before it ‒ namely, Reed's efforts in

1999 to obtain DNA testing, and his long-standing more recent prior efforts to

reach a consensual agreement with the State to conduct DNA testing over the prior

seven months. As the record shows, Reed requested the State's agreement to

conduct DNA testing on the murder weapon and other items likely handled by the

killer in a letter dated January 13, 2014. C.R. 108-117. Those efforts, which were

hampered by months of foot-dragging by the State, eventually culminated in a

consensual agreement to conduct DNA testing on certain items.29 The District

Court's Findings and Conclusions - - again, which were drafted by the State and

submitted ex parte - - omit any meaningful discussion of Reed's prior letter

request30 and the substantial delays in the State's response thereto, and only briefly

note in passing the existence of the parties' agreement to conduct DNA testing on

certain items. C.R. 346, ¶ 23k; C.R. 347, ¶ 23m.

        The court's findings also fail to note the State's sudden insistence on fixing

Mr. Reed's execution date. The State filed its execution date motion on April 8,

2014, three months after Mr. Reed's DNA testing letter, and during the period
29
     Notably, the subset of items upon which the State ultimately agreed to permit DNA testing
     do not include the murder weapon or any of the clothing or other items which were likely
     handled by the killer. See p. 7, infra.
30
     See C.R. 344, ¶ 23d (noting letter sent to State after 5th Circuit issued initial ruling).

                                                   68
when the State was simultaneously dragging its feet in responding to him. The

State eventually agreed that DNA testing should occur, but refused to withdraw or

even postpone its execution date motion. Mr. Reed should not be penalized with a

negative inference based upon the District Court's failure to consider these

undisputed record facts and his extensive efforts to reach an agreement with the

State before filing his DNA motion ‒ indeed, to do otherwise contravenes the

policy underlying Chapter 64, and would encourage convicted persons in the future

to file testing motions in the courts without reaching out to the State at all, for fear

that such efforts will be held against them.

      Finally, the District Court's finding disregards Mr. Reed's efforts in 1999 to

obtain DNA testing of the belt and tee shirt. See App. 1 (motion requesting

testing), App. 2 (State's opposition), and App. 3 (order denying motion). Thus, Mr.

Reed's current DNA testing motion is merely the most recent iteration of a 15-year

effort to prove innocence through DNA testing of the murder weapon and other

key evidence in the case, and cannot be viewed as a "designed tactic to delay the

setting of Movant's execution date."

      The record demonstrates that the District Court's finding is clearly

erroneous. This Court should find instead that Mr. Reed met his burden to

demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the filing of his DNA motion

                                           69
on July 14, 2014 was not intended to cause unreasonable delay, in the execution of

sentence or administration of justice.

             5.     The legal basis for the DNA testing requested in this motion
                    was not available until 2011 (¶ 23c).
      In its Findings and Conclusions, the District Court found that there were no

legal or factual impediments to Mr. Reed's ability to file a Chapter 64 motion at

any time, including during the ten-year period from Chapter 64's initial enactment

through the date of the 2011 amendments, and the period after such amendments.

(C.R. 344, ¶ 23c). It also found that Mr. Reed had been represented by counsel

during such time. Id. The Court concluded that Mr. Reed's failure to file his

Chapter 64 motion during such period supported a finding of intent to delay.

      These findings were in error. As a threshold matter, the statute does not

require Mr. Reed to prove that he could not have filed a DNA testing motion

sooner than he did. Moreover, the District Court did not consider or discuss the

scope of Chapter 64 as enacted or the effect of the 2011 amendments in light of the

nature of Mr. Reed's DNA testing motion, which focuses on the presence of

"touch" DNA on items handled by Ms. Stites' killer. Prior to the date of the 2011

amendments, a movant could not move to test items handled by a perpetrator for

"touch" DNA unless prior testing or analysis had already established the presence

of blood, semen, hair, saliva, skin tissues or cells, bone, or bodily fluid. See

Holberg, 425 S.W.3d at 286 n.24 (discussing Swearingen v. State, 303 S.W.3d
70
728, 732 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) and Routier, 272 S.W.3d at 250). The 2011

amendments were enacted with an eye toward the undeniable advancements made

in forensic DNA testing science, and, as explained below, now permit a movant to

seek DNA testing of perpetrator-handled items. Thus, it was error for the District

Court to find that there was no legal impediment to Mr. Reed's ability to file a

Chapter 64 motion.

             6.    The 2011 Amendments To Chapter 64
      In 2011, the Legislature amended Chapter 64 to expand the right to post-

conviction DNA testing to include precisely the sort of "touch" DNA testing that is

the subject of Mr. Reed's motion. Mr. Reed thus was obligated to show that the

evidence that he seeks to test contains "biological material." Tex. Crim. Proc.

Code Ann. art. 64.01(a)(1) (West Supp. 2014). The 2011 amendments

substantially broadened the definition to include the italicized language below:

      an item that is in possession of the state and that contains blood,
      semen, hair, saliva, skin tissue or cells, fingernail scrapings, bone,
      bodily fluids, or other identifiable biological evidence that may be
      suitable for forensic DNA testing.

Id. (emphasis added). By including the phrase, "or other identifiable biological

evidence that may be suitable for forensic testing," the Legislature has eliminated

any strict requirement that a defendant prove the existence of invisible biological

material such as skin cells before being afforded DNA testing.

                                         71
      Had the Legislature wanted to limit such testing to already identified

biological material, it would have written the 2011 amendments to refer to

"identified" (not "identifiable") biological evidence that "is" (not "may be")

suitable for testing, but it did not do so. The legislative history of the 2011

amendments confirms this point. Prior to the 2011 amendments to Chapter 64, this

Court required a movant seeking post-conviction DNA testing to prove that the

evidence contained "biological material" as a prerequisite to obtaining testing. See

Swearingen v. State, 303 S.W.3d 728, 733 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) ("The record is

void of any concrete evidence that biological material existed on the evidence

sought to be tested."). This Court noted that under its construction of the statute,

requiring a movant to prove the existence of even microscopic amounts of

biological material prior to testing could lead to instances in which probative DNA

testing is denied. Id. at 732. The Court held that this issue was for the Legislature

to address. Id. The Court likewise did not consider submission of DNA test results

to the CODIS DNA database because Chapter 64 as it existed in 2010 did not

provide for such relief. See id. at 736 (noting that Chapter 64 provides for testing

and retesting of evidence, not for database entry).

      The 82nd Legislature amended Chapter 64 in two important ways. First, the

Legislature added a broad definition of "biological material" that included "skin

cells," "fingernail scrapings," and a catch-all provision for "other identifiable

                                          72
biological material that may be suitable for forensic DNA testing." Tex. Crim.

Proc. Code Ann. art. 64.01(a)(1) (West Supp. 2014). Written testimony provided

to both the House and Senate Committees specifically cited the need to address this

Court's holdings in Swearingen that (1) a movant must prove the existence of

biological material and (2) that Chapter 64 does not provide for submission of

DNA profiles to the CODIS database, and urged expansion of the definition of

"biological material" in light of the Swearingen opinion:

      "Biological material" and advanced DNA technology.
      Art. 64.01 should also be amended to clarify the definition of
      "biological material" that may be subject to an order for DNA testing
      (a term that is currently undefined, but which should include a wide
      array of evidence that may yield exculpatory DNA results).
             The need for this amendment arises from the Court of Criminal
      Appeal's (CCA) opinions in Swearingen v. State, 303 S.W.3d 728
      (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) and Routier v. State, 273 S.W.3d 241 (Tex.
      Crim. App. 2008). In each case, the CCA narrowly interpreted
      "biological material" to deny DNA testing. For example, among other
      things, Swearingen sought to test fingernail clippings, a ligature, and
      contact DNA from the victim's clothing. The trial court denied the
      testing, in part, because Swearingen could not show that these items
      contained biological material suitable for DNA testing. However, in
      doing so, the CCA recognized that its narrow interpretation of
      biological material might "lead to the deprivation of DNA testing in
      the rare case simply because of the inability to ascertain whether or
      not biological material exists." Swearingen at 732. The CCA
      recognized that while its hands were tied, it invited the legislature to
      correct this glitch in the statute by providing a definition of
      "biological material."
            Clarifying amendment to Art. 64.01 would reflect the reality of
      how biological evidence is collected and DNA testing is performed.
      For example, it is precisely because fingernail clippings often contain

                                         73
      DNA from perpetrators that they are routinely collected from victims
      after violent crimes. Indeed, fingernail clippings are collected even
      without knowing in advance that they definitively contain skin cells or
      other DNA from the perpetrator. It is only after the DNA testing is
      performed that the full probative value of the fingernail clippings is
      known. The same analysis is true for ligatures.

Hearing on S.B. 122 Before Senate Crim. Justice Comm., 82nd Leg., R.S. (March

22, 2011) (written testimony of the Innocence Project) (emphasis added); see also

Hearing on S.B. 122 Before Senate Crim. Justice Comm., 82nd Leg., R.S. (March

22, 2011) (oral testimony of Natalie Retzel, Chief Staff Attorney, Innocence

Project of Texas); Hearing on S.B. 122 Before House Crim. Jurisprudence Comm.,

82nd Leg., R.S. (May 10, 2011) (written testimony of the Innocence Project).

Likewise, the addition of the CODIS provision in 2011 following the rejection of

the right to such a comparison in the 2010 Swearingen opinion make it clear that

the Legislature intended to address the limited holding in that case. See id.

(Innocence Project testimony on CODIS provisions). There was little debate on

these popular amendments, and they passed the Senate unanimously and the House

by vote of 145 (yea)-4 (nay)-1 (present, not voting). See S.J. of Tex., 82nd Leg.

R.S. 955 (2011); H.J. of Tex., 82nd Leg., R.S. 4364 (2011).

      These statutory responses became effective on September 1, 2011. The

expanded definition of "biological material" and the new CODIS provision clearly

provide Mr. Reed a new legal basis for his request for DNA testing. Because

                                         74
Reed's last habeas application was filed before the September 1, 2011 effective

date of the amendments, the legal basis for his DNA testing motion was

"unavailable" as a matter of law, as explained below. The District Court's finding

to the contrary was legal error and should be reversed, along with its "umbrella"

finding that Reed failed to meet his preponderance burden to show a lack of intent

to cause unreasonable delay.

             7.     Mr. Reed Suffered From A Legal Impediment Prior To The
                    2011 Amendments.
      A legal impediment to the assertion of a claim cannot constitute intent to

cause unreasonable delay, as this Court explained in relying upon the successive

application provision of the capital habeas statute. See Kutzner v. State, 75 S.W.3d
427, 442 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (citing section 5 of Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann.

art. 11.071), superseded by statue, Tex. Crim. Proc. Code art. 64.03, as stated in

Smith v. State, 165 S.W.3d 361 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Section 5 of article 11.071

allows for the filing of a successive habeas corpus application only where the new

claims brought were unavailable at the time the prior application was made. See

Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 11.071, § 5(a)(1) (West Supp. 2014). A claim is

defined as "unavailable" under section 5 if the legal basis for the claim was not yet

recognized at the time the prior application was filed. See id. § 5(d).

      As discussed supra, the Legislature specifically broadened Chapter 64's

definition of "biological material" to include skin cells and fingernail scrapings in
                                          75
2011. The Legislature also eliminated the "fault" provision from article 64.01. See

Appendix D (S.B. 122 Enrolled showing markup). And finally, the Legislature

also added a provision specifically requiring DNA Profiles to be compared to

CODIS during the 2011 session of the 82nd Legislature. 31 These statutory

responses to the denial of prior DNA testing in the Swearingen did not become

effective until September 1, 2011. And the expanded definition of "biological

material" and the new CODIS provision clearly and intentionally provide Mr. Reed

a new case legal basis for his request for DNA testing. Accordingly, before the

September 1, 2011 amendments to Chapter 64, the legal basis for Mr. Reed's DNA

motion was "unavailable." See Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 11.071, § 5(a), (d).

Accordingly, Mr. Reed's motion proceeding was not brought for the purposes of

delay. See Kutzner, 75 S.W.3d at 442.

               8.     The District Court's "Intent" Inferences Drawn From Mr.
                      Reed's Post-Conviction Proceedings Are In Error And
                      Should Be Reversed (¶¶ 23d-g, l-m)
       The District Court identified several selected events from Mr. Reed's post-

conviction proceedings, and inferred that such events showed that Mr. Reed's

Chapter 64 Motion was made to unreasonably delay the execution of his sentence.

(C.R. 344-45, ¶¶ 23d-g). The District Court found the fact that Mr. Reed's first

31
     During the legislative process, the Innocence Project told both the House and Senate
     committees considering the amendments that the definition of "biological material" should
     be broadened in light of the opinion in Swearingen. ROA 53-55.

                                               76
request for DNA testing occurred shortly after the Fifth Circuit affirmed the denial

of his federal petition for writ of habeas corpus "diminishes Movant's case that his

present Chapter 64 motion was not filed for purposes of unreasonable delay." (Id. ¶

23d). Second, the court surmised a "purposeful attempt at delay" based on the fact

that Mr. Reed's counsel filed a Chapter 64 motion for another client, Mr.

Swearingen, before filing Mr. Reed's motion. (Id. ¶ 23e). Third, the court found

that prior rulings concerning the timeliness of certain of Mr. Reed's submissions

caused it to believe the Chapter 64 Motion is a "continuation" of "a dilatory and

piecemeal litigation strategy." (Id. ¶ 23f). Fourth, the District Court also found

that Mr. Reed oppositions to scheduling an execution date (all of which occurred

several months after he requested DNA testing) "works against him in proving that

he is not unreasonably attempting to delay is execution." (Id. ¶ 23g). Finally, the

Court observed that Mr. Reed had not yet filed additional motions for relief

pursuant to Articles 11.071 and 11.073, an act of perceived "procrastination" and

"another example of any attempt to unreasonably delay his execution." (Id. ¶ 23l).

      As a threshold matter, the Court should review these findings de novo, as

they all are based upon the court's evaluation of selected items from the record of

Mr. Reed's post-conviction litigation, and the record of motions made by Mr.

Reed's counsel on behalf of a different client in an unrelated case. None of the

findings reflect credibility or motivation determinations based upon the testimony

                                         77
of Mr. Reed or any witness that testified at the November 25, 2014 hearing. See

Smith v. State, 165 S.W.3d 361, 363 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (lower court findings

based upon review of record are reviewed de novo).

      Each of the foregoing findings suffer from a fundamental failure to

meaningfully connect the historical record of Mr. Reed's post-conviction

proceedings with an intent "to unreasonably delay the execution of sentence or

administration of justice." See Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 64.03(a)(2)(B)

(West Supp. 2014). Although the statute does not require Reed to explain why he

did not file a DNA testing motion sooner than he did, the more cogent inference

from the fact that Reed sought the State's consent to agree to DNA testing days

after the Fifth Circuit denied his petition for writ of habeas corpus and before he

moved for rehearing – more than a year ago – is that Reed and his counsel believed

that such testing could have, and should have, been completed before any

scheduled execution date, especially since the State had yet to move for setting of

an execution date. See Holberg, 425 S.W.3d at 284 & n.12 (State conceded that

the motion was not filed to cause unreasonable delay when DNA testing sought

before execution date scheduled); Skinner v. State, 122 S.W.3d 808, 811 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2003) (overruling district court's findings of unreasonable delay when

DNA testing sought before execution date set).

                                         78
      Similarly, Mr. Reed can hardly be blamed for opposing the setting of his

execution date in a capital case, for a crime he did not commit, especially when the

State's request to fix such date was made after Reed sought the State's agreement to

conduct DNA testing. Likewise, neither the timing of the filings of DNA motions

by Reed's counsel on behalf of another client in an unrelated case, nor the complex

post-conviction proceedings in this case, support a finding that Reed's own Chapter

64 Motion was filed for the purpose of unreasonably delaying his (at the time)

unscheduled execution. The State did not move to set Reed's execution date until

April 2014, three months after Reed asked for cooperative DNA testing. C.R. 34-

35. Moreover, the State dithered about for months before eventually rejecting the

majority of Mr. Reed's testing requests. The District Court's finding that Reed's

DNA request was designed to unreasonably delay execution of sentence is flatly

contradicted by the record and should be reversed.

      In addition, that Mr. Reed had not yet filed an Article 11.071 or 11.073

motion at the time he sought DNA testing by motion can hardly count against him,

as the court's "finding" states. C.R. 346, ¶ 23l. The finding lacks record support

from the moving papers and hearing, and, in any event, whether or when Mr. Reed

filed an unrelated post-conviction motion based on new evidence (including that

recently provided by the State) is irrelevant to whether the intent of his January

                                         79
2014 DNA request and subsequent motion was to unreasonably delay an execution

date that had yet to be scheduled.32

       The statute requires the movant show by a preponderance of the evidence

that his request was not made to "unreasonably delay the execution of sentence."

Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 64.03(a)(2)(B). The facts stated by the District

Court in subparagraphs 23(d-f) of its Findings and Conclusions do not demonstrate

such an intent, and do not constitute a permissible statutory basis for denying Mr.

Reed's Chapter 64 Motion. See Wilson v. State, No. AP-76835, 2012 WL
3206219, at *4 (Tex. Crim. App. Aug. 7, 2012) (per curiam) (not designated for

publication) (statute does not require movant to show why he did not raise a claim

earlier).

               9.     Mr. Reed Provided Ample And Adequate Notice To The
                      State of the Items Which He Sought To Test (¶¶ 23h-j).
       The District Court's eighth and ninth subsidiary findings of fact state that

Reed failed to enumerate certain specific items for which he sought testing until

the hearing on his DNA Motion. (C.R. 345-346, ¶¶ 23h-i). Thus, the findings

state, Reed unreasonably delayed in bringing his DNA motion because he never

explained or briefed the items to be tested and he has no excuse for not being more

32
     Mr. Reed filed the referenced application for a writ of habeas corpus on February 13, 2015.
     See App. 5.

                                               80
specific in his briefing. The record demonstrates that these findings should be

reversed for at least three reasons.

      First, Mr. Reed's DNA Motion provided precisely the level of specificity

contemplated by Chapter 64. See Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 64.01(b)

("motion may request forensic DNA testing only of evidence… secured in relation

to the offense that is the basis of the challenged conviction and was in the

possession of the state during the trial of the offense" and which meets certain

testing criteria). Reed's opening brief identified in its text at least 10 specific items

or categories of evidence to be tested, including the belt, Stites' clothing, hairs, the

name tag, the white tee shirt, items collected from near the truck, and samples

taken from Stites' body, among other specified items. C.R. 76-77. In addition, the

DNA Motion included as an incorporated exhibit the same list of over 30 specific

items for testing included in Reed's January 2014 pre-filing letter request to the

State. C.R. 115-17. This was direct, specific and unambiguous notice to the State

of the evidence that Reed sought to test. Indeed, the State's response contains a

detailed enumeration of the items the State believed were the subject of Reed's

request, thereby demonstrating that the State received and comprehended Reed's

request. C.R. 172-73.

      Moreover, the State, for the first time in its response, provided complete

documentation of the evidence actually available for testing. The inventory of the

                                           81
evidence from the Attorney General's Office – where the beer cans and other

important items from the truck are held – was produced for the first time to Reed in

the State's response on September 9, 2014. C.R. 222-24. The State was not in any

way prejudiced by the level of specificity Reed provided in his initial motion.33

The District Court's findings to the contrary are baseless and should be reversed.

Moreover, the information provided in Reed's DNA Motion was supplemented

through the testimony of Detective Paolucci at the hearing. He discussed more

than two dozen specific items of evidence to be tested. Cf. Dinkins v. State, 84
S.W.3d 639, 642 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (convicted person must do more than

merely assert chapter 64's requirements have been met). Indeed, the State

repeatedly objected to Paolucci's enumeration of specific items at the hearing, but

the State was overruled every time. R.R. Vol. 2 at 32. Such overruled objections

provide no support for the District Court's findings, and they should therefore be

reversed.

               10.     The District Court Erred In Finding That Reed Made
                       Redundant Testing Requests (¶¶ 23j- m).
        The District Court made subsidiary findings to the effect that Mr. Reed

intended to cause delay by including items within his motion that were either in

33
     The State's protests to the contrary are belied by the State's opposition to the motion, which
     included a lengthy itemization of the items of evidence which the State understood to be at
     issue. C.R. 172-73.

                                                 82
Reed's possession or that the State had already agreed to test. C.R. 346, ¶¶ 23j-m.

These findings are baseless.

      First, paragraph 23j refers to the "State's evidence," a single paper exhibit

introduced by the State at the end of the DNA hearing after all testimony had been

heard, which in turn lists certain extracts located at Technical Associates

Laboratory. R.R. Vol. 4 at 205. There was no testimony provided regarding these

samples at the hearing or in any of the moving papers. The listed extracts are

primarily redundant of those that are being tested under the State's agreement, and

do not include the most probative items that were the subject of the hearing.

Moreover, the State expressly refused to conduct any agreed testing through the

Chapter 64 process, see C.R. 144-48; by doing so, the State deprived Reed of the

Court’s supervision of the process, the ability to seek a hearing on innocence, and

the right to mandatory DNA database comparison. See e.g., Tex. Code Crim. Proc.

Art. 64.035; 64-04. And most importantly, the potential to test the leftover scraps

from the defense’s 1998 DNA testing is no substitute for comprehensive DNA

testing of the relevant evidence discussed in this brief. The court's finding to the

contrary is simply unsupported.

      Second, the court found that Reed intended to cause unreasonable delay

because he sought testing under Chapter 64 on items that the State has already

agreed to test. C.R. 366, ¶ 23k. This finding makes little sense; by the November

                                          83
25 hearing, the items that were subject to agreement had already been determined.

To avoid any doubt, at the hearing, Reed's counsel withdrew on the record any

possibly duplicative requests to test items that the State had already agreed to.

R.R. Vol. 3 at 160. There was neither prejudice nor confusion on this point, and

the court's finding reflects a misunderstanding of the record facts, not evidence of

an intent to cause unreasonable delay.

      This finding is also error for a second, more troubling reason. Absent

Chapter 64 relief, a convicted person has no independent legal right or ability to

cause DNA test results to be processed through state and federal DNA databases.

Although the State may do so at any time, a convicted person's legal right to access

such databases only arises upon entry of a District Court order directing DNA

testing to occur. Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 64.035 (West Supp. 2014).

Thus, the only mechanism by which a convicted person may seek database

comparison of DNA test results is to include the evidence at issue in a Chapter 64

motion, without regard to whether the evidence to be tested is in the current

possession of the State, the convicted person, or a third-party laboratory. It cannot

have been the intent of the Legislature to provide a convicted person with a right to

seek DNA testing of evidence regardless of its location, and a resulting right to

cause the results to be cross-checked against state and federal offender databases ‒

a right which only exists if testing is ordered ‒ while permitting a court to consider

                                          84
the very making of such a request as a factor that may warrant denial of the

motion. Cf. Boykin v. State, 818 S.W.2d 782, 785 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (court

should avoid interpretation of statute that "would lead to absurd consequences that

the Legislature could not possibly have intended" (emphasis omitted)). The

District Court's finding that Mr. Reed's DNA testing motion demonstrated an intent

to cause unreasonable delay because it included within its scope evidence or

extracts to which Mr. Reed had access disregards this fundamental point, would

lead to an absurd construction of Chapter 64, and should therefore be reversed.

      Third, the court found that Reed "waited more than four months to obtain a

subpoena for a reference sample from himself for purposes of the agreed-to DNA

testing that this Court ordered in July" and thus, this is evidence of his desire to

bring the Chapter 64 motion to unreasonably delay his sentence. C.R. 367, ¶ 23n.

This finding is, again, devoid of support and reflects a misunderstanding. There

was no testimony provided at the hearing on this topic, and the State mentioned it

for the first and only time in closing argument. Regardless, it is apples and oranges

- - the reference sample was for the evidence that the parties had previously agreed

to test, not for the items which Reed sought to test via the motion. Reed denies

that he intended to or did delay in providing a reference sample34 in any event, but

even so, the time it took to do so is entirely separate and distinct from whether

34
      Reed notes that the testing facility already had a reference sample from Reed, and that the
      issue of a subpoena was based on the State’s request for a new sample. C.R. 219
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Reed's motion is intended to cause unreasonable delay - - the two are separate

events.

D.    Mr. Reed Met His Burden Under Article 64.01 With Respect To Chain
      of Custody And Biological Evidence. (Issue 3)
      The District Court made no findings with respect to whether Mr. Reed met

his burden under Article 64.01 as to chain of custody and biological evidence. The

District Court's silence on these requisite elements constitutes a presumptive

finding that the elements have been satisfied. See Skinner v. State, 122 S.W.3d
808, 809 n.1 (presumption that elements as to which no findings are made have

been satisfied). To avoid any further delays in proceeding with DNA testing, Reed

respectfully requests that the Court conclude that the failure to make findings in

this case presumptively demonstrates that Reed met his burden or, alternatively,

find that the record demonstrates Reed has established chain of custody and that

the evidence he seeks to test contained biological evidence.

             1.    Mr. Reed Has Established Chain Of Custody.
      At the hearing, Reed established – and the State did not contest – chain of

custody as to the evidence in the possession of two of the three custodians (the

Attorney General's Office and the Department of Public Safety Crime Lab). Mr.

Reed further established that chain of custody was complete as to evidence in the

possession of the Bastrop Country Clerk.

                                         86
      There is no real dispute about where the evidence has been – the question at

the heart of any chain of custody inquiry – and the record (including testimony of

the State's own witnesses) demonstrates that the evidence has been in the State's

custody and not compromised so as to preclude meaningful DNA analysis. First,

the State's Sergeant Investigator, Gerald Clough, testified at the hearing that he

could not "identify anything on [the list of items in the State's evidence locker] that

has been substituted, replaced, tampered with, or materially altered." R.R. Vol. 4

at 188:12-189:20. Neither did Mr. Clough have "any reason to suspect that

anything in [the locker] would have been materially altered, tampered with,

substituted, or replaced." See id. Similarly, Ms. Etta Wiley, Criminal Deputy

Clerk for the Bastrop County Clerk's Office, corroborated the sufficiency of the

chain of custody. Ms. Wiley's job involves ensuring that people do not tamper

with, materially alter, substitute, or replace items within her custody. R.R. Vol. 4

at 196:9-197:19. Ms. Wiley testified that the box of relevant evidence has

remained "under lock and key" and that with "some confidence," all of the relevant

evidence has "not been substituted, replaced, tampered with, or materially altered."

See id.at 195:13-196:19 Ms. Wiley, like Mr. Clough, could not supply the Court

with "any reason to suspect that anyone has substituted or replaced, tampered with,

or materially altered" the items in the box within her custody. Id.at 196:16-19.

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Given Mr. Clough and Ms. Wiley's unrebutted statements, which track the very

language of the relevant part of statute, Mr. Reed has established chain of custody.

      This Court has held that nothing more is required to establish chain of

custody: "The chain of custody is conclusively proven if an officer is able to

identify that he or she seized the item of physical evidence, put an identification

mark on it [and] placed it in the property room." Stoker v. State, 788 S.W.2d 1, 10

(Tex. Crim. App. 1989), abrogated on other grounds by Horton v. California, 496
U.S. 128 (1990). Such proof of chain of custody creates a presumption that the

evidence was not tampered with or altered. See id. (noting that chain of custody is

presumptively established absent proof "of tampering or alteration"). The plain

language of article 64.03(a)(1)(A)(ii) in the context of the case law on chain of

custody, clearly indicates that the Legislature did not intend to place any additional

burden on movants for DNA testing than the typical chain of custody showing

required in most criminal cases. In addition, the legislative history indicates the

Legislature intended that the requirements of Chapter 64 "would be minimal so as

not to bar inmates unfairly from receiving tests." Texas Bill Analysis at 6, S.B. 3,

March 21, 2001. Specifically with regard to the chain of custody requirement, the

legislative history states that "[a] defendant's lawyer could establish those facts

easily by requesting copies of reports from law enforcement officials." Id. at 7.

Therefore, a showing of the chain of custody defined under Texas law is sufficient

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to establish that the evidence "has not been substituted, tampered with, replaced, or

altered in any material respect." Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 64.03(a)(1)(A)(ii)

(West Supp. 2014).

      Chain of custody is distinct from whether evidence may or may not be

contaminated, but the District Court's Findings and Conclusions impermissibly

conflate the two concepts. That the treatment of the evidence at trial may have

resulted in the deposit of additional DNA on various items neither defeats Reed's

proof of chain of custody, nor shows that the evidence no longer contains

exculpatory DNA information. See Affidavit of Deanna Lankford C.R. 244.

Possible contamination and issues of care are relevant only to the evidence's

weight, not to the chain of custody. See Stoker, 788 S.W.2d at 10; see also

Medellin v. State, 617 S.W.2d 229, 232 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981).

             2.    Mr. Reed's Unrebutted Expert Established That The
                   Evidence He Seeks To Test Contains Biological Evidence.
      Article 64.01 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure permits a convicted

person to seek DNA testing of "evidence containing biological material." Tex.

Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 64.01(a-1) (West Supp. 2014). The Legislature has

broadly defined "biological material" to include, in addition to an enumerated list,

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any item that contain "identifiable biological evidence that may be suitable for

forensic DNA testing." Id. art. 64.01(a)(1).35

        In support of his DNA Motion, Mr. Reed offered the affidavit of a well-

qualified forensic DNA expert, Deanna Lankford, who opined that, to a

reasonable degree of scientific certainty, the items that Reed seeks to test contain

biological material suitable for DNA testing. See Statement of Facts supra at 24-

25; Affidavit of Deanna D. Lankford, M.T. (ASCP), C.R. 247-48, ¶¶ 15-18; see

also id. ¶ 23 (belt ligature), ¶¶ 24-26 (victim's clothing), ¶ 27 (condom); ¶ 28

(hair); ¶ 29 (name tag); ¶ 30 (fingerprint); ¶¶ 32-33 (samples of biological

material contained on swabs taken from the victim). Ms. Lankford confirmed her

opinion during her testimony at the hearing on Reed's motion on November 24,

2014. See Statement of Facts supra at 27; R.R. Vol. 3 at 114, 142.

        Despite its aggressive opposition to the Motion, and access to free experts

from the DPS crime lab, the State declined to offer any rebuttal testimony to

refute Ms. Lankford's credible opinion. Based on Ms. Lankford's unrebutted

testimony and the unrefuted record, Mr. Reed submits that he has satisfied his
35
     Whether Chapter 64 requires that a person conclusively prove the existence of biological
     evidence, as opposed to showing that its existence is probable or likely, is an unresolved
     issue. See Holberg v. State, 425 S.W.3d at 286 n.24 (questioning but not deciding whether
     the 2011 amendment to Chapter 64 "operates to lessen the burden on . . . movants to prove
     the existence of biological material" as set forth in Swearingen v. State, 303 S.W.3d 728,
     732 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) and Routier v. State, 273 S.W.3d 241, 250 (Tex. Crim. App.
     2008)). That issue is presently before the Court in the State's appeal in State v. Swearingen,
     No. AP-77020 (submitted by the Clerk on January 21, 2015). Under either standard, the
     unrebutted evidence Reed presented at the Hearing satisfied Article 64.01.

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burden under Article 64.01 with respect to chain of custody and biological

evidence without regard to whether the applicable standard is based upon proof or

probability.36

36
     The State's position now appears to be that Mr. Reed was required to prove that forensic
     DNA analysis will conclusively identify biological material on the items to be tested, rather
     than prove (or demonstrate that it is probable or likely) that the items contain "identifiable
     biological evidence that may be suitable for DNA testing." This interpretation is
     unsupported by the plain language of the statute, and further seeks to impose a standard that
     could never be satisfied with respect to microscopic biological material such as a few skin
     cells or other trace evidence.

                                                91
                         CONCLUSION AND PRAYER
      As the United States Supreme Court observed in District Attorney's Office

for the Third Judicial District v. Osborne, 557 U.S. 52, 55 (2009), "DNA testing

has an unparalleled ability both to exonerate the wrongly convicted and to identify

the guilty." Rarely has a more suitable case for DNA testing been presented. DNA

testing of the belt used to strangle Stacy Stites and other evidence handled by her

killer has the unparalleled ability to conclusively prove Mr. Reed's claim of

innocence and identify her killer. The District Court's Findings and Conclusions

should be reversed, for the reasons noted above, and the evidence that is the

subject of Reed's Chapter 64 motion should be subjected to DNA testing.

                                       Respectfully submitted,

                                       /s/ Bryce Benjet
                                       Bryce Benjet
                                       State Bar No. 24006829
                                       THE INNOCENCE PROJECT
                                       40 Worth St.
                                       New York, NY 10013
                                       (212) 364-5340
                                       (212) 364-5341 (fax)

                                       Andrew F. Macrae
                                       State Bar No. 00784510
                                       LEVATINO/PACE LLP
                                       1101 S. Capital of Texas Highway
                                       Building K, Suite 125
                                       Austin, Texas 78746
                                       (512) 637-8565
                                       (512) 637-1583 (fax)
                                       ATTORNEYS FOR RODNEY REED
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                         CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      I, Bryce Benjet, do hereby certify that a true and correct copy of the
foregoing Brief was served on this 17th day of February, 2015 by first-class U.S.
mail on the following:

Matthew Ottoway
Assistant Attorney General
Bastrop County, Texas
P.O. Box 12548
Capitol Station
Austin, Texas 78711

                                             /s/ Bryce Benjet______________
                                             Bryce Benjet

             CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE WITH TEXAS
              RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 9.4(I)(3)

            In accordance with Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.4(i)(3), I,
Bryce Benjet, hereby certify that the foregoing electronically created document has
been reviewed by the word count function of the creating computer program, and
has been found to be in compliance with the requisite word count requirement.

                                             /s/ Bryce Benjet______________
                                             Bryce Benjet

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