Court Opinion

ID: 4205252
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-09-21 19:20:07.628638+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:41:23.872168
License: Public Domain

09/21/2017
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT KNOXVILLE
                                April 18, 2017 Session

     FERRYL THERESITA McCLAIN v. RICHARD PERRY McCLAIN

               Appeal from the Circuit Court for Washington County
                        No. 33126   Jean A. Stanley, Judge

                            No. E2016-01843-COA-R3-CV

This is a post-divorce child custody action involving two children, who were sixteen and
seventeen years of age at the time of the most recent trial. The parties were divorced by
order of the Sullivan County Law Court (“divorce court”) in July 2001. Concomitant
with the divorce decree, the divorce court entered a permanent parenting plan designating
the father as the primary residential parent. Although the permanent parenting plan was
modified in 2003 and 2007, the divorce court had most recently modified the permanent
parenting plan in February 2009 (“2009 PPP”) upon the parties’ stipulation that a
material change in circumstance had occurred. The divorce court maintained the father’s
designation as the primary residential parent and awarded to the father 268 days of annual
residential co-parenting time as compared to Mother’s 97 days. At some point following
entry of the 2009 PPP, the mother relocated to Texas, and the father and the children
relocated to Washington County, Tennessee. Upon the mother’s request, the case was
transferred to the Washington County Circuit Court (“trial court”) in April 2014. On
March 20, 2015, the mother filed a motion in the trial court to modify custody and child
support, as well as a motion for civil and criminal contempt against the father, alleging
various violations of the 2009 PPP. Following a hearing regarding the contempt
allegations, the trial court entered an order on June 30, 2015, finding the father in
“technical contempt” and directing him to pay an expert witness fee as a sanction.
Following participation in mediation, the parties announced an agreement, which the trial
court ratified in a permanent parenting plan order entered on June 30, 2015 (“2015 PPP”).
The 2015 PPP maintained the father’s designation as the primary residential parent and
provided the mother with 85 days of residential co-parenting time, a great part of which
was to be exercised at her residence in Texas. On October 2, 2015, the mother filed an
“emergency motion” for modification of the 2015 PPP, as well as for criminal and civil
contempt against the father, averring violations of the 2015 PPP. The parties
subsequently filed competing “emergency” motions concerning physical custody of the
younger child, who under one temporary order entered by the trial court in October 2015,
was to reside primarily with the mother. Following a two-day bench trial in October
2015, the trial court maintained the prior designation of Father as the primary residential
parent for both children pending further order, but the court took the custody matter
under advisement pending receipt of a court-ordered assessment of the parties and the
children by a forensic psychologist. Upon receipt of the psychologist’s report, the trial
court conducted a second two-day bench trial in June 2016, ultimately finding that this
was a case of severe parental alienation in which the father had actively supported the
children’s alienation from the mother without reasonable cause. The court awarded
exclusive custody of the children to the mother and directed that the children participate
with the mother in a workshop in California that had been recommended by the forensic
psychologist as a therapeutic methodology for parental alienation at an estimated cost of
approximately $28,000.00. The court directed that the workshop costs, including a
mandatory post-workshop vacation for the mother and the children, would be
substantially paid by the father. The court further found, inter alia, that the father was in
contempt of court for failing to follow certain provisions of the 2015 PPP and sentenced
the father to eight days in jail, with the sentence suspended provided no further violations
occurred. Also finding that the mother was entitled to attorney’s fees, the court reduced
the $38,594.99 fee amount requested by the mother to an award of $20,000.00 to offset
the amount paid by the father toward the workshop. The father has appealed. Having
determined that the father was not provided with sufficient notice of criminal contempt
charges pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 42(b), we vacate the trial
court’s order finding the father in contempt. We remand for a determination of whether
the amount of attorney’s fees awarded to the mother was appropriate given our vacation
of the contempt finding against the father. We affirm the trial court’s judgment in all
other respects. The mother’s request for attorney’s fees on appeal is denied.

        Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
                 Vacated in Part, Affirmed in Part; Case Remanded

THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. MICHAEL
SWINEY, C.J., and J. STEVEN STAFFORD, P.J., W.S., joined.

Lois B. Shults-Davis, Erwin, Tennessee, for the appellant, Richard Perry McClain.

Ronald D. Tuech, Mountain Home, Tennessee, for the appellee, Ferryl Theresita
McClain.

                                        OPINION

                          I. Factual and Procedural Background

      The plaintiff, Ferryl Theresita McClain (“Mother”), and the defendant, Richard
Perry McClain (“Father”), had two sons born of their marriage: B.M. in August 1998 and
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C.M. in June 2000 (collectively, “the Children”). Following entry of the initial
permanent parenting plan order in December 2001, Mother appealed the divorce court’s
designation of Father as the primary residential parent to this Court, which affirmed the
divorce court’s judgment. See McClain v. McClain, No. E2002-00913-COA-R3-CV,
2003 WL 1452958 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 21, 2003) (“McClain I”). In McClain I, this
Court set forth the factual history leading to the initial designation of Father as the
primary residential parent as follows:1

       Mother was a licensed pharmacist, but she apparently did not work as such
       after the birth of the parties’ first child. Mother and Father co-owned a
       computer information systems company. The company solicited contracts
       from large corporations to integrate their computer systems. Father did all
       of the hands-on work for the company, traveling to the various client sites.
       Mother assisted with the bookkeeping.

              In April, 1999, following an argument between the parties as to
       whether Mother should travel to Ohio to see her brother’s newborn baby,
       Mother withdrew $5,000 from the parties’ joint bank account, and took
       eight-month-old [B.M.] and drove to Ohio, without informing Father.
       Mother contends that she and Father were having problems and that she
       “needed some time away from him to think.” Mother left on a Friday and
       returned to Kingsport the following Monday.

               Later that same month, Mother voluntarily admitted herself to Indian
       Path Pavilion Hospital, suffering from depression. As a part of her
       hospitalization, she sought help in coping with emotional issues associated
       with her marriage. She was evaluated by a psychiatric social worker who
       later testified at trial that Mother was not suicidal and that she posed no risk
       of harm to herself or to others.

              On June 1, 1999, Mother filed for divorce on the ground of
       inappropriate marital conduct. A few months later, Mother learned that she
       was pregnant with the parties’ second child. In November, 1999, at the
       parties’ request, the trial court entered an order of reconciliation, which

1
   On appeal in the present action, Father sets forth detailed facts surrounding the dissolution of the
marriage while Mother objects to inclusion of events occurring prior to entry of the 2015 PPP as
irrelevant. Having determined that the record documenting facts surrounding the divorce and subsequent
modifications of the initial permanent parenting plan was before the trial court and that McClain I is a
matter of public record, we include a background of events occurring prior to entry of the 2015 PPP
insofar as we determine such events to be relevant to the original designation of a primary residential
parent and the progression of modifications to the parties’ original permanent parenting plan order.
                                                     3
expressly suspended the divorce proceedings for six months. The parties’
second child, [C.M.], was born the following June.

       In July, 2000, the parties and their children went to Louisiana. The
purpose of the trip was to attempt to reconcile Mother with her estranged
father at a family reunion. While in Louisiana, the parties had several
disagreements, which resulted in Mother leaving Louisiana with [C.M.] and
flying to Houston to stay with her sister and brother-in-law. Father
returned to Kingsport with [B.M.]. A week and a half later, Father flew to
Houston with [B.M.]. When the parties met in Houston, Mother told Father
that she was taking the children and driving to her sister’s house to spend
the night. Mother assured Father that she and the children would return the
next day at 1:00 p.m. Despite this understanding, Mother changed her
mind, after deciding that she needed some time away from Father. Acting
on the advice of her then-attorney, she withdrew $50,000 from the parties’
joint bank account, took the children, and drove to Austin to stay with a
friend. Mother did not contact Father to tell him she was taking this action.
While Mother’s sister and brother-in-law knew where Mother was, they
were instructed by Mother not to tell Father.

       Three weeks later, Mother returned to Houston with the children.
During the entire three-week time period, Father had no idea where Mother
and the children were. While she was away, Mother filed a motion to set
aside the order of reconciliation. Father answered the divorce complaint
and filed a counterclaim for divorce, which was also premised upon the
ground of inappropriate marital conduct.

       In September, 2000, the trial court held hearings for the sole purpose
of determining a temporary parenting plan. At the conclusion of the
hearings, the court entered an order on September 18, 2000, in which it
named Father the temporary primary residential parent. The court based its
decision on numerous factors, including Mother’s health care philosophy,
the court’s concern about Mother’s mental well-being, and its concern
about Mother secreting the children at locations unknown to Father.
Mother was granted visitation with the children every other weekend from
6:00 p.m. on Friday until 7:00 p.m. on Sunday, and on weekdays from 3:00
p.m. until 7:00 p.m.

       A further hearing was conducted by the trial court in July, 2001. On
July 31, 2001, the court entered a judgment of divorce, which granted the
parties a divorce on a stipulated ground and divided the parties’ marital
                                     4
       property. The judgment also modified the visitation arrangement to reflect
       the fact that the older child was then in daycare. The court noted that
       Father remained the primary residential parent of the children.

              In September, 2001, following another hearing, the court designated
       Father as the primary residential parent of the children, granted Mother
       certain visitation rights, and adopted Father’s proposed parenting plan. The
       court’s ruling was memorialized by a final order in December, 2001.

Id. at *1-2 (footnote omitted).

        In April 2014, when Wife’s former counsel, Judith Fain, requested that the case
file in this matter be transferred from the divorce court to the trial court, the parties’ co-
parenting arrangement was governed by the 2009 PPP, which had been entered by the
divorce court upon the parties’ stipulation that a material change in circumstance had
occurred since entry of a prior modified permanent parenting plan order in 2007. In the
2009 PPP, the divorce court designated Father as the primary residential parent of the
Children, providing him with 268 days of residential co-parenting time as compared to
Mother’s 97 days and granting all major decision-making authority to Father. The
residential co-parenting schedule, which did not reference Mother’s subsequent
relocation to Texas, provided her with co-parenting time during the academic year on
alternate weekends and during the summer on alternate weeks. As part of the 2009 PPP,
Mother was ordered to pay $1,113.00 in monthly child support, and Father was ordered
to maintain health and dental insurance for the Children, with uncovered expenses to be
split pro rata according to the parties’ respective incomes. The parties agreed through
the 2009 PPP to each maintain $200,000 in life insurance with the other party to be
named as primary beneficiary in trust for the benefit of the Children.

        On March 20, 2015, Mother filed in the trial court a “Motion for Civil Contempt,
to Modify Custody, to Modify Child Support, for Alternative Relief and for Additional
Relief.” Mother alleged various violations of court orders, including that Father had (1)
begun denying Mother her in-person and telephonic co-parenting time in 2011,
culminating in his refusal to allow her co-parenting time in the summer of 2014 and
winter holiday break in 2014-2015; (2) violated the prohibition in the 2009 PPP against
scheduling appointments for the Children during the other parent’s co-parenting time
without the other parent’s permission; (3) violated a December 16, 2013 agreed order to
bring the Children and himself to counseling sessions with Brian Scott, LPC, on at least
two occasions; and (4) alienated the Children against Mother in violation of the provision
in the 2009 PPP that “[t]he mother and father . . . will encourage each child to continue to
love the other parent and be comfortable in both families.” Mother thereby averred that a
material change in circumstance had occurred since entry of the 2009 PPP and requested
                                              5
that she be designated the primary residential parent of the Children and that Father be
required to undergo a psychological assessment.

       Father filed an answer and counter-motion on May 11, 2015, also averring a
material change in circumstance since entry of the 2009 PPP. In his answer, Father
admitted the existence of the December 16, 2013 agreed order, apparently entered by the
divorce court, directing the parties to counseling with Mr. Scott. We note, however, that
this agreed order is not in the record on appeal. In his counter-motion, Father asserted
that the Mother’s relocation to Texas, coupled with the Children’s lack of desire to visit
with Mother and allegedly erratic and frightening behavior exhibited by Mother during
the spring of 2014 constituted a material change in circumstance. Father requested a
modification reducing Mother’s annual co-parenting time to 27 days annually. As to
Mother’s allegations of contempt, Father acknowledged that Mother had missed some co-
parenting time with the Children but asserted that Father’s actions were not the cause
because the Children had refused to go with Mother. Father acknowledged that the last
time he had met with Mr. Scott was on March 18, 2014. He stated that he no longer
believed it was in the best interest of the Children to be under the care of Mr. Scott
because during the last session Mr. Scott refused to address “any of the issues and trauma
that the children had experienced during their visit with the Mother in Texas during the
spring of 2014,” Father requested that the trial court appoint a different counselor to
provide therapy to the Children.

       Following a hearing conducted on May 21, 2015, regarding Mother’s contempt
allegations, the trial court entered an order on June 30, 2015, finding Father in “technical
contempt” of the 2009 PPP for, inter alia, influencing the Children to prevent visitation
with Mother during the summer and Christmas vacations in 2014. As sanctions, the court
ordered Father to pay a $600 fee for Mr. Scott’s expert witness testimony and Mother’s
attorney’s fees related to the contempt petition.

       In the meantime, the parties had successfully participated in mediation on May 22,
2015, and the trial court ratified the parties’ mediated agreement as the 2015 PPP on June
30, 2015. In the 2015 PPP, the trial court continued Father’s designation as the primary
residential parent and provided Mother with 85 days per year of residential co-parenting
time, including much of the Children’s summer vacations and some holidays. The 2015
PPP also provided that the Children would continue counseling with Mr. Scott, who was
based in Tennessee, via a video-conferencing software application, either FaceTime or
Skype, during the summer months and in person when the Children returned to
Tennessee. The parties agreed to abide by Mr. Scott’s recommendations. The court also
in the 2015 PPP (1) designated Father as the major decision-maker, (2) set up a system
whereby Mother could initiate holiday weekend visits with the Children either in Texas
or Tennessee with fourteen days’ notice provided she paid applicable transportation costs,
                                             6
(3) set forth the parents’ agreement that the Children were old enough to travel by air
without supervision, (4) directed that Father was to maintain health and dental insurance
for the Children with uncovered expenses to be split equally between the parents, and (5)
directed that the parents maintain respective life insurance policies on themselves in the
minimum amount of $75,000 each.

       On October 2, 2015, Mother filed an “Emergency Motion for Custody, to Modify
the Parenting Plan, for Criminal and Civil Contempt, for Alternative Relief and for
Additional Relief,” along with a proposed permanent parenting plan. Mother attached
several exhibits to the emergency motion, including a report from Mr. Scott, filed under
seal, describing B.M.’s admission to Kingwood Pines (“Kingwood”), a psychiatric
hospital in Texas, during Mother’s summer 2015 co-parenting time with the Children, as
well as photocopies of text messages sent between B.M. and Father and B.M. and his
paternal grandmother during Mother’s co-parenting time. Mother had discovered the text
messages on B.M.’s cellular telephone when B.M. was admitted to Kingwood. A written
order entered by the trial court on October 9, 2015, indicates that the court conducted a
hearing on Mother’s emergency motion on October 5, 2015, with counsel for both parties
appearing and Mr. Scott appearing via telephonic conference.

        Following the hearing, the trial court set a trial date for November 2015 and ruled
that in the interim, Mother would be afforded telephonic co-parenting time twice weekly
with the Children and would exercise her “Fall break” co-parenting time with C.M. by
picking him up on October 5, 2015, and returning to Texas with him for the duration of
the break from school. The trial court ruled that C.M. could continue to see Faith
Mahoney, LPC, a counselor with Frontier Health in Johnson City, whom Father had
retained. Finally, the court appointed forensic psychologist, Thomas Schacht, Ph.D., to
conduct “full psychological testing” of the parents and B.M. and file a report with the
court. The court approved as requested by Dr. Schacht a list of items to which he needed
access to facilitate his evaluation. The court entered an order memorializing its October
5, 2015 ruling on October 9, 2015.

       Also on October 9, 2015, Mother filed an “Emergency Ex Parte Motion for
Temporary Restraining Order, for the Youngest Child to Remain in Texas and for
Additional Relief,” alleging that since the trial court’s ruling on October 5, 2015, “a
substantial and material change of circumstances [had] occurred warranting the
immediate involvement” of the court to protect C.M. from “substantial irreparable harm.”
Mother averred in the motion that on the day her fall break co-parenting time was to
begin, Father had brought C.M. to the exchange location, a McDonald’s restaurant in
Johnson City, Tennessee, but that C.M. had been unwilling to transfer to Mother’s
vehicle because he had been told by Father that Father could be arrested for allowing his
child to cross the state line if the child did not want to go. According to Mother, she was
                                            7
not able to leave with C.M. until after she had made a telephone call to Child Protective
Services in Texas, assuring C.M. that Father would not be arrested, and a call to the
Johnson City Police Department “to effectuate the child’s transition to [Mother’s]
vehicle.”

    Mother further alleged that less than twenty-four hours after leaving the
McDonald’s parking lot with C.M., she received the following text message from B.M.:

      Oh I forgot to block you at least satan still hasn’t blocked you from hell I
      guess one day I will see both of you burning below me I hope you enjoy
      your last vacation with your favorite child.

Averring that B.M.’s text message appeared to threaten her safety and C.M.’s safety,
Mother requested, inter alia, that the trial court enter an ex parte temporary restraining
order prohibiting C.M. from returning to Father’s residence and enjoining Father from
coming about Mother’s residence. During trial later in October 2015, B.M. admitted
sending this text message but insisted that by “both of you,” he had meant Mother and his
maternal grandfather, who had passed away in the year preceding trial. B.M.
acknowledged that the message could have been interpreted in a way he did not intend.

       The trial court conducted a hearing on October 9, 2015, during which the court
heard testimony presented by Father and arguments of counsel for both parties with
Mother listening via telephone. Following the hearing, the court ruled that pending
further order, C.M. would remain in Texas with Mother, who would have primary
decision-making authority for him. The court adjusted child support according to the
order and directed that each parent would be afforded telephonic contact with the child
not residing with him or her. The court entered an order memorializing this ruling on
October 16, 2015.

        Meanwhile, C.M. was admitted to Kingwood while in Mother’s care on October
14, 2015. Upon Father’s subsequent emergency motion to vacate or set aside the October
16, 2015 order, the trial court, with Chancellor John C. Rambo presiding in the trial court
judge’s absence, entered an order on October 23, 2015, directing that if Kingwood were
ready to discharge C.M. before 7:00 a.m. on October 26, 2015, C.M. would be released to
Mother but if after that time, he would be released to Father. The court further directed
that the parties and the Children would be present for a hearing set for October 27, 2015,
before the trial court judge. Father had attached to his motion, among other documents, a
statement from Ms. Mahoney, explaining that she had performed a counseling intake at
Father’s request on C.M. on October 1, 2015, at Frontier Health in Johnson City,
Tennessee, and had remained in contact with C.M. while he was in Texas prior to his
hospitalization. Ms. Mahoney’s attached notes indicated that she had called the local
                                            8
sheriff’s department in Texas on October 14, 2015, after receiving a disturbing telephone
call from C.M.

       At the beginning of trial on October 27, 2015, Mother filed an “Emergency
Motion to Modify Defendant’s Parenting Time, for the Youngest Child to Return to
Texas, and for Additional Relief.” At the close of two days of testimony from the parties,
B.M., C.M., Mr. Scott, Ms. Mahoney, and A.Q. (a friend of Mother’s), the trial court took
the matter under advisement pending receipt of Dr. Schacht’s report. The court did,
however, issue a memorandum opinion, indicating, inter alia, that B.M., who would turn
eighteen in August 2016, would not be required to return to Mother’s care. The court
also ordered that C.M. would reside with Father but emphasized that this decision was
temporary pending receipt of Dr. Schacht’s report, which was now to include evaluation
of the parties and both Children. The court entered an order memorializing its
memorandum opinion on June 27, 2016. Mother had subsequently filed a “Motion for
Civil Contempt” on June 17, 2016, alleging, inter alia, that Father had allowed the
Children to block Mother’s attempted communication to their cellular telephones and had
failed to timely inform Mother of C.M.’s hospitalization for a medical procedure in
February 2016, the Children’s academic grades and attendance records, and B.M.’s
academic awards and corresponding school ceremony.

       The trial court entered an order on March 10, 2016, notifying the parties that it had
received and placed under seal a report from Dr. Schacht, copies of which were
disseminated to the parties’ respective counsel. In his report, Dr. Schacht concluded that
the Children were “alienated from their mother, not justifiably estranged, and the
alienation appears to be supported by the actions and statements of others, including at
least their father and paternal grandmother.” He noted that his report was based on
review of all materials provided to him, including “clinical, school, and litigation records,
as well as family documents/photos and various communications (text messages) as
provided by counsel for both parties,” in addition to interviews with Mother, Father,
B.M., C.M., the Children’s teachers, and the principal of the Children’s high school.

       Dr. Schacht generally defined parental alienation in his report as follows:

               Divorce inevitably presents a child with the challenge of navigating
       a shared relationship between parents who sometimes continue their
       conflict even after the divorce. Children respond differently to this
       situation depending on their pre-existing personalities and on the unique
       and evolving characteristics and vicissitudes of their particular families. At
       various times following a divorce, children may accept both parents, may
       align with one parent, may pursue neutrality and avoid aligning with either

                                             9
parent, may reject both parents, or may inhabit an unstable interpersonal
realm of shifting parental allegiances.

       Alienation and estrangement, as psychological terms of art that may
describe some of these family dynamics, are not interchangeable or
synonymous concepts.

       The difference between estrangement and alienation resides in the
presence vs absence of a reasonable objective basis for a child’s severe and
persistent rejection and denigration of a parent. Rejection and denigration
of a parent with a reasonable objective basis is estrangement; rejection and
denigration without such a basis is parental alienation.

      Despite incorporation of the word “parental,” parental alienation is
primarily a description of the psychological condition of [a] child. The
term does not describe the condition or actions of a parent. As set forth in
Bernet et al (2010):

       “[T]he essential feature of parental alienation is that a child . .
       . allies himself or herself strongly with one parent (the
       preferred parent) and rejects a relationship with the other
       parent (the alienated parent) without legitimate justification.
       The primary behavioral symptom is that the child refuses or
       resists contact with a parent, or has contact with a parent that
       is characterized either by extreme withdrawal or gross
       contempt. The primary mental symptom is the child’s
       irrational anxiety and/or hostility toward the rejected parent.
       This anxiety and/or hostility may have been brought about by
       the preferred parent or by other circumstances . . .”[FN]

       The phenomena of parental alienation are well recognized
internationally and, sadly, are frequently alleged or encountered in custody
and visitation litigation. Parental alienation may occur in the absence of
any other mental condition. The specific term “parental alienation” does
not yet appear as a psychiatric diagnosis in the official classification of the
American Psychiatric Association, although its features commonly may be
subsumed under one or more other diagnostic categories, such as Parent-
Child Relational Problem, Separation Anxiety Disorder, and Shared
Delusional Disorder (a/k/a folie a deux).

                                       10
        [FN]
           Bernet, W. et al. (January 15, 2010) Parental alienation, DSM-V, and
        ICD-11. Draft report for submission to the DSM5 Task Force Disorders of
        Child and Adolescence Work Group, p. 12.

        Following receipt of Dr. Schacht’s report, the trial court conducted a second bench
trial over the course of two days on June 28 and 29, 2016, hearing testimony from the
parties, B.M., Dr. Schacht, Ms. Mahoney, and a private investigator who could
potentially assist with transporting the Children. At the close of trial, the court credited
Dr. Schacht’s opinion to find that “severe” parental alienation had occurred. In a
memorandum opinion, subsequently incorporated into a permanent parenting plan order
entered on July 18, 2016 (“2016 PPP”), the trial court described four options presented by
Dr. Schacht: (1) grant Father exclusive custody of the Children and require no visitation
with Mother (referred to as leaving the status quo in place); (2) continue Father’s
designation as primary residential parent and renew efforts to remedy alienation against
Mother through education, counseling, and parenting coordination; (3) place the Children
in a neutral setting apart from both parents; or (4) place the Children with Mother as the
primary residential parent and suspend all contact with Father pending the Children’s
demonstrated progress in their relationship with Mother.2

       In reviewing the fourth option, the trial court described the workshop
recommended by Dr. Schacht, known as the Family Bridges Workshop (“Family
Bridges”), which could be made available to Mother and the Children in California. The
court determined that the fourth option, with direction that Mother and the Children
would participate in Family Bridges or in a treatment plan with a comparable
methodology, would be in the best interest of the Children. In its memorandum opinion,
the court expressly considered the statutory best interest factors provided in Tennessee
Code Annotated § 36-6-106(a) but did find that some factors, such as each child’s
relationship with each parent and each child’s expressed preference, were “skewed” by
parental alienation. The court credited Dr. Schacht’s opinion in finding that suicidal
ideation expressed by B.M. and C.M. during their respective 2015 psychiatric
hospitalizations had been “driven mostly to control outcomes, as opposed to true
expressions of the desire to hurt themselves.”

       The trial court in its memorandum opinion found that both parents were capable of
providing for the physical and financial needs of the Children. Upon finding that Father
had the greater income, the court directed that Father would be responsible for two-thirds
of the cost of Family Bridges and Mother responsible for the remaining third. Noting that

2
  In his report and testimony, Dr. Schacht also presented a fifth option, consisting of the trial court’s
granting the Children an opportunity to resume the visitation schedule set forth in the 2015 PPP with the
understanding that if they “renege[d] on their agreement or escalate[d] conflict,” custody would be
granted to Mother under either the third or fourth option with court approval.
                                                     11
Mother had been previously diagnosed with bipolar disorder, the court found that Mother
“has recognized the problem, has been to the doctor, is on medication, is a pharmacist,
has her own home, a full-time job, and her own company.” In contrast, the court noted
that text messages presented during trial indicated that Father had expressed to B.M. a
view that mental illness was a “spiritual problem” that could only be remedied spiritually.
The court further credited Dr. Schacht’s opinion that Father’s influence in this regard
posed a potential risk that if the Children’s lives were affected by mental illness in the
future, they would believe the illness to be an indication of spiritual frailty. We note that
during trial, Father expressed his desire that the Children would receive mental health
treatment in the future if they were in need of such treatment.

       In the 2016 PPP, the trial court designated Mother as the primary residential parent
and sole major decision-maker for the Children. As to Father’s co-parenting time, the
court included in the 2016 PPP the following special provision:

               This Court’s ruling on June 29, 2016 is hereby fully incorporated
       herein. Father shall have no contact with the minor child/ren for at least 90
       days beginning with the commencement of the Family Bridges Workshop
       or blended version of same – as Mother chooses. Father’s future parenting
       time with the child/ren shall be based upon the children’s compliance with
       the Family Bridges Workshop guidelines, and Father[’s] compliance with
       the Court ordered Family Bridges Workshop guidelines and/or those of Dr.
       Joann Murphey if/as applicable, and the rules and recommendations of
       Father’s aftercare professional – Dr. Martha Rubenstein (Kingsport, TN).
       Mother is awarded immediate custody of both boys with Mother to choose
       either a) she and the boys attend a full Family Bridges Workshop and/or b)
       a blended version of same via the assistance of Dr. Joann Murphey in
       Texas, who will implement Family Bridges Workshop methodology and
       develop a treatment plan. For at least 90 days following the Family Bridges
       Workshop or the blended version of same – as Mother chooses, Mother
       shall remain at home with the boys and shall not be required to work.

             Mother and Father may exchange email correspondence for
       emergency purposes.

             Section VI, below, entitled Rights of Parents, is hereby suspended
       pending further Order of this Court.

Prior to entry of the 2016 PPP, Mother filed a motion for reimbursement of attorney’s
fees, costs, expenses, and discretionary costs on July 12, 2016.

                                             12
      On July 20, 2016, Father filed a motion for stay of execution and a separate
motion for interlocutory appeal with the trial court, as well as a Tennessee Rule of
Appellate Procedure 7 motion with this Court for stay of execution pending appeal. Also
on July 20, 2016, the trial court entered separate orders denying Father’s respective
motions for stay of execution and interlocutory appeal, and this Court entered an order
denying the Rule 7 motion.

       On July 22, 2016, the trial court entered an “Order on Payment of Funds for
Family Bridges Workshop and Mandatory Post Family Bridges Workshop Vacation, and
Airline Flight to Houston, Texas for Children,” directing Father to purchase airline tickets
for the Children and to pay into Mother’s counsel’s escrow account a total of $29,000.00
to $31,000.00 to be utilized by Mother for the Family Bridges expenses. This total
included an estimated $3,000.00 to $5,000.00 in expenses for a post-workshop “vacation”
required by Family Bridges as a component of the program. The trial court’s
memorandum opinion indicates that during the close of trial on June 29, 2016, the court
had granted Mother’s request that her third of the costs for Family Bridges be deducted
from her pending award of attorney’s fees.

       Upon a subsequent motion for stay of enforcement filed by Father, the trial court
entered an order on August 2, 2016, finding that as of 12:01 a.m. on B.M.’s eighteenth
birthday in August 2016, the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction over B.M. would
end. The court stated that all orders concerning B.M., except those affecting support,
“especially those concerning physical custody, parenting time, association with other
persons and concerning medical and other such treatment and compulsory participation in
any educational process, are void and shall have no effect” as of B.M.’s eighteenth
birthday. In separate motions filed respectively by the parties on August 9, 2016, it was
undisputed that Mother had notified her counsel and Father that B.M. had been
discharged from Family Bridges on August 5, 2016, by the workshop therapists, and
Father had arranged for B.M. to return to Tennessee via airline flight the next day.

       The parties agreed in their motions that with the return of B.M. to Father in
Tennessee, Father should be named B.M.’s primary residential parent from that time
forward. In her motion, Mother stated that she and C.M. had successfully completed the
Family Bridges Workshop. She requested that the order directing Father to have no
contact with C.M. apply to the paternal grandmother and to B.M. now that B.M. was an
adult. The trial court subsequently entered an order on August 10, 2016, approving the
parties’ agreement that Father would once again become the primary residential parent of
B.M. as of B.M.’s eighteenth birthday.

       The trial court entered a supplemental order on August 10, 2016, directing that a
report of the Children’s 2015 psychiatric hospitalizations be made to the National Instant
                                            13
Criminal Background Check system (“NICBC”) and that the Children were to have no
access to firearms or other weapons. In a memorandum opinion entered on August 25,
2016, the court addressed Mother’s motion to alter or amend, finding that the court did
not have jurisdiction to enjoin the paternal grandmother or B.M. from contact with C.M.
The court further found that although its prior order directing a report to NICBC was
valid and “should have already been complied with,” B.M. as an emancipated adult,
could now act “on his own accord to access firearms and/or weapons.”

        In the meantime, the trial court entered a separate “Order on Motions for Civil and
Criminal Contempt and Order Granting Attorney Fees” on August 5, 2016, referencing
evidence presented during the hearing conducted on June 28 and 29, 2016. The court
found Father to be in “willful contempt” for violating the court’s orders on four counts:
(1) failing to notify Mother within twenty-four hours of C.M.’s February 2016 medical
hospitalization and treatment, (2) failing to provide Mother with information regarding
B.M’s academic awards and both Children’s academic grades and attendance records, (3)
sending “disparaging and damaging statements” against Mother to [B.M.] during
Mother’s co-parenting time in the summer of 2015, and (4) failing to take the Children to
court-ordered counseling with Mr. Scott. The court sentenced Father to eight days in jail
but suspended the sentence on the condition that Father commit no additional acts of
contempt.

       As to Mother’s request for reimbursement of fees and costs, the trial court in its
August 5, 2016 order awarded to Mother “[a]ll reasonable and necessary court reporter
expenses for depositions and trials and all expert witness fees of Thomas Schacht for the
entire duration of his presence for the trial of this matter.” The court further found that
Mother was the prevailing party and acted in good faith in pursuing the motions for
contempt and the motion for modification in custody. Noting that Father previously had
been ordered to pay a substantial amount toward the cost of Family Bridges, the court
found that Father should be responsible for a portion of Mother’s attorney’s fees rather
than the full amount requested of $38,594.99. The court awarded to Mother $20,000.00
as a portion of her attorney’s fees.

       Father filed a notice of appeal on September 2, 2016, specifying that he was
appealing “the order of the Trial Court entered July [18], 2016,3 which disposed of fewer
than all issues in the cause, the order entered August 5, 2016, and the multiple orders and
Supplemental Order entered August 10, 2016, disposing of further issues which are final
orders for purposes of appeal.” We determine that Father’s appeal was timely as to the

3
 Father’s notice of appeal contains an apparent typographical error, stating the date of entry of the 2016
PPP as July 16. The record indicates that the trial court entered the 2016 PPP at issue on July 18, 2016.

                                                   14
final judgment entered August 10, 2016, and was inclusive of the prior orders specified in
his notice of appeal.

       Following a hearing upon the parties’ competing motions for designation of the
record, the trial court entered an order on December 16, 2016. The court, inter alia,
denied Mother’s motion to exclude any documents filed prior to the 2015 PPP but
directed the parties to mark those documents as “filing only” because the parties could
not know whether particular filings were considered by the trial court. The court also
directed that certain filings be placed under seal. Upon motions filed by Mother during
the pendency of this appeal, this Court entered orders directing that the recording of the
parties’ oral argument would be excluded from the Internet and that the complete version
of Mother’s responsive brief would be placed under seal. Upon this Court’s direction,
Mother subsequently filed a redacted version of the responsive brief for the public
portion of the case file.

                                         II. Issues Presented

        Father presents nine issues on appeal,4 which we have restated as follows:

        1.      Whether the trial court erred by modifying the 2015 PPP without
                making a threshold finding of a material change in circumstance.

        2.      Whether the trial court erred by failing to meaningfully consider the
                statutory best interest factors provided in Tennessee Code Annotated
                § 36-6-106(a).

        3.      Whether the trial court erred by omitting an assessment of the
                statutory limiting factors on residential co-parenting time provided
                in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-406.

        4.      Whether the trial court erred by prohibiting all contact between
                Father and the Children for at least ninety days pending completion
                of Family Bridges and Father’s cooperation with an after-care
                professional.

        5.      Whether the trial court erred by adopting the option of transferring
                custody to Mother over other options outlined by Dr. Schacht.

4
  In his presentation of the issues, Father combines the first two issues listed here. We have isolated the
issue of a material change in circumstance for purposes of our analysis due to its significance as a
threshold issue.
                                                    15
       6.     Whether the trial court erred by ordering the Children and Mother to
              participate in Family Bridges at a cost of approximately $28,000.00
              upon the recommendation of Dr. Schacht despite Dr. Schacht’s
              acknowledgment that he had not previously utilized Family Bridges.

       7.     Whether the trial court erred by ordering Father to pay the majority
              of the cost of a post-workshop vacation for the Children and Mother
              required by Family Bridges.

       8.     Whether the trial court erred by (A) finding that Father was in civil
              contempt of court and awarding court fees to Mother as the
              prevailing party and (B) finding that Father was in criminal
              contempt of court despite Mother’s alleged failure to satisfy notice
              requirements for criminal contempt.

       9.     Whether the trial court erred by ordering the Children’s psychiatric
              hospitalizations reported to the NICBC.

Mother presents an additional issue, which we have similarly restated as follows:

       10.    Whether Mother should be reimbursed for her reasonable attorney’s
              fees, costs, and expenses incurred on appeal.

                                 III. Standard of Review

       We review a non-jury case de novo upon the record, with a presumption of
correctness as to the findings of fact unless the preponderance of the evidence is
otherwise. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Bowden v. Ward, 27 S.W.3d 913, 916 (Tenn.
2000). We review questions of law de novo with no presumption of correctness.
Bowden, 27 S.W.3d at 916 (citing Myint v. Allstate Ins. Co., 970 S.W.2d 920, 924 (Tenn.
1998)). The trial court’s determinations regarding witness credibility are entitled to great
weight on appeal and shall not be disturbed absent clear and convincing evidence to the
contrary. See Jones v. Garrett, 92 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tenn. 2002).

       An issue regarding the sufficiency of notice provided regarding criminal contempt
allegations presents a question of law, which we review de novo. See State ex rel. Farris
v. Bryant, No. E2008-02597-COA-R3-CV, 2011 WL 676162, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb.
24, 2011). However, “[a] trial court’s use of its contempt power is within its sound
discretion and will be reviewed by an appellate court under an abuse of discretion
standard.” See McLean v. McLean, No. E2008-02796-COA-R3-CV, 2010 WL 2160752,

                                            16
at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 28, 2010) (citing Outdoor Mgmt., LLC v. Thomas, 249 S.W.3d
368, 377 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007)).

        Likewise, this Court reviews a trial court’s award of attorney’s fees according to
an abuse of discretion standard. See Wright ex rel. Wright v. Wright, 337 S.W.3d 166,
176 (Tenn. 2011); In re Estate of Greenamyre, 219 S.W.3d 877, 886 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2005) (“[A] trial court will be found to have ‘abused its discretion’ only when it applies
an incorrect legal standard, reaches a decision that is illogical, bases its decision on a
clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or employs reasoning that causes an
injustice to the complaining party.”) (internal citations omitted).

                             IV. Modification of 2015 PPP

       In his first five issues presented on appeal, Father contends that the trial court
erred by modifying the designation of primary residential parent in the 2015 PPP (1)
without making a specific finding that a material change in circumstance affecting the
Children had occurred, (2) without properly weighing the statutory best interest factors
contained in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-106(a), (3) without assessing the
statutory limiting factors on residential co-parenting time provided in Tennessee Code
Annotated § 36-6-406, (4) by adopting the most drastic option of intervention proffered
by Dr. Schacht, and (5) by prohibiting Father to contact the Children for at least ninety
days pending completion of Family Bridges and Father’s cooperation with an after-care
professional. We will address each of Father’s issues in turn.

       At the time of a divorce when at least one minor child is involved, as occurred in
this case, the trial court must “make a custody determination” “on the basis of the best
interest of the child.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a) (Supp. 2016) (delineating
factors the court shall consider when taking into account the child’s best interest).
Because Mother in her petition to modify the permanent parenting plan requested that she
be named the primary residential parent of the Children rather than Father, this action is
considered one for modification of “custody.” See Armbrister v. Armbrister, 414 S.W.3d
685, 703 (Tenn. 2013) (comparing the standard for an action to modify custody to the
standard for an action to modify solely a residential parenting schedule). In considering a
petition to modify custody from one parent to the other parent, “the ‘threshold issue’ is
whether a material change in circumstances has occurred after the initial custody
determination.” See Kendrick v. Shoemake, 90 S.W.3d 566, 570 (Tenn. 2002) (quoting
Blair v. Badenhope, 77 S.W.3d 137, 150 (Tenn. 2002)). Upon a trial court’s finding that
a material change in circumstance affecting the children has occurred, “it must then be
determined whether the modification is in the child[ren]’s best interests.” Kendrick, 90
S.W.3d at 570 (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106); see generally Boyer v. Heimermann,
238 S.W.3d 249, 255 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007) (“In approaching questions of custody and
                                            17
visitation, the needs of the children are paramount; the desires of the parents are
secondary.”).

       Regarding the standard a petitioning parent must meet to prove a material change
in circumstance sufficient for consideration of whether custody modification is in the best
interest of the child, Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-101(a)(2)(B) (Supp. 2016)
provides in pertinent part:

      (B)    If the issue before the court is a modification of the court’s prior
             decree pertaining to custody, the petitioner must prove by a
             preponderance of the evidence a material change in circumstance. A
             material change of circumstance does not require a showing of
             substantial risk of harm to the child. A material change of
             circumstance may include, but is not limited to, failures to adhere to
             the parenting plan or an order of custody and visitation or
             circumstances that make the parenting plan no longer in the best
             interest of the child.

             (i)    In each contested case, the court shall make such a finding as
                    to the reason and the facts that constitute the basis for the
                    custody determination.

See also Armbrister, 414 S.W.3d at 703.

      As this Court has explained:

             There are no bright line rules for determining when a change of
      circumstances should be deemed material enough to warrant changing an
      existing custody arrangement. Kendrick v. Shoemake, 90 S.W.3d at 570;
      Taylor v. Taylor, 849 S.W.2d [319,] 327 [(Tenn. 1993)]; Solima v. Solima,
      7 S.W.3d [30,] 32 [(Tenn. Ct. App. 1998)]. These decisions turn on the
      unique facts of each case. As a general matter, however, the following
      principles illuminate the inquiry. First, the change of circumstances must
      involve either the child’s circumstances or a parent’s circumstances that
      affect the child’s well-being. Kendrick v. Shoemake, 90 S.W.3d at 570.
      Second, the changed circumstances must have arisen after the entry of the
      custody order sought to be modified. Turner v. Turner, 776 S.W.2d 88, 90
      (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989). Third, the changed circumstances must not have
      been reasonably anticipated when the underlying decree was entered.
      Adelsperger v. Adelsperger, 970 S.W.2d [482,] 485 [(Tenn. Ct. App.
      1997)]. Fourth, the change in circumstances must affect the child’s well-
                                            18
        being in some material way. Kendrick v. Shoemake, 90 S.W.3d at 570;
        Blair v. Badenhope, 77 S.W.3d [137,] 150 [(Tenn. 2002)]; Hoalcraft v.
        Smithson, 19 S.W.3d [822,] 829 [(Tenn. Ct. App. 1999)].

               The person seeking to change an existing custody arrangement has
        the burden of demonstrating both that the child’s circumstances have
        changed materially and that the best interests of the child require a change
        in the existing custody arrangement. In re Bridges, 63 S.W.3d 346, 348
        (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001); Musselman v. Acuff, 826 S.W.2d 920, 922 (Tenn.
        Ct. App. 1991). The threshold question is whether there has been a
        material change in the child’s circumstances. Kendrick v. Shoemake, 90
S.W.3d at 570; Blair v. Badenhope, 77 S.W.3d at 150; Placencia v.
        Placencia, 48 S.W.3d 732, 736 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000). If the person
        seeking the change of custody cannot demonstrate that the child’s
        circumstances have changed in some material way, the trial court should
        not re-examine the comparative fitness of the parents, Caudill v. Foley, 21
S.W.3d 203, 213 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999), or engage in a “best interests of
        the child” analysis. Rather, in the absence of proof of a material change in
        the child’s circumstances, the trial court should simply decline to change
        custody. Hoalcraft v. Smithson, 19 S.W.3d at 828.

Oliver v. Oliver, No. M2002-02880-COA-R3-CV, 2004 WL 892536, at *3 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Apr. 26, 2004) (footnote omitted). When making a custody modification
determination, a trial court is required to state “the reasons and the facts that constitute
the basis for the custody determination.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(2)(B)(i); see
Tenn. R. Civ. P. 52.01 (“In all actions tried upon the facts without a jury, the court shall
find the facts specifically and shall state separately its conclusions of law and direct the
entry of the appropriate judgment.”).5
5
  In contrast, our Supreme Court has held the following regarding actions in which modification of a
residential co-parenting schedule is at issue:

        We conclude that when the issue is modification of a residential parenting schedule,
        section 36-6-101(a)(2)(C) provides the governing standard for determining whether a
        material change in circumstances has occurred. We further conclude that section 36-6-
        101(a)(2)(C) abrogates any prior Tennessee decision, including Blair, Kendrick, and
        Cranston, which may be read as requiring a party requesting modification of a residential
        parenting schedule to prove that the alleged material change in circumstances could not
        reasonably have been anticipated when the initial residential parenting schedule was
        established.

Armbrister, 414 S.W.3d at 704; see, e.g., Gentile v. Gentile, No. M2014-01356-COA-R3-CV, 2015 WL
8482047, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 9, 2015) (explaining that under the standard for a change in the
residential co-parenting schedule, “unlike the standard for a change of primary residential parent, whether
                                                    19
       This Court has previously recognized parental alienation as a development that
may rise to the level of a material change in circumstance. See Duke v. Duke, No.
M2013-00624-COA-R3-CV, 2014 WL 4966902, at *18 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 3, 2014)
(concluding that “Father’s interference with Mother’s relationship with the children was a
material change of circumstance” since entry of the prior permanent parenting plan in a
case involving modification of a residential co-parenting schedule under allegations of
and an expert witness’s testimony describing parental alienation); Costley v. Benjamin,
No. M2004-00375-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 1950114, at *18-20 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 12,
2005) (reversing the trial court’s modification of custody from the mother to the father
upon determining that the child’s stated preference for the father stemmed in great part
from “the kind of conduct by Father and his family aimed at, or likely to result in,
alienating [the child] from Mother, including manipulating [the child’s] emotions”);
Oliver, 2004 WL 892536, at *4 (determining that in a review of a petition to modify
custody, the mother’s conduct alienating the child from the father, “occurr[ing] after the
entry of the order sought to be modified,” constituted a material change in circumstance).

       When a trial court finds that a material change in circumstance has occurred, the
court is then required to apply the statutory “best interest” factors enumerated in
Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-106(a) to determine whether a change in custody is in
the best interest of the Children. See Kendrick, 90 S.W.3d at 570; Cranston v. Combs,
106 S.W.3d 641, 644 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003). Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-106(a)
provides:

        (a)     In a suit for annulment, divorce, separate maintenance, or in any
                other proceeding requiring the court to make a custody
                determination regarding a minor child, the determination shall be
                made on the basis of the best interest of the child. In taking into
                account the child’s best interest, the court shall order a custody
                arrangement that permits both parents to enjoy the maximum
                participation possible in the life of the child consistent with the
                factors set out in this subsection (a), the location of the residences of
                the parents, the child’s need for stability and all other relevant
                factors. The court shall consider all relevant factors, including the
                following, where applicable:

the change was reasonably anticipated when the prior residential parenting schedule order was entered is
irrelevant”) (citing Armbrister, 414 S.W.3d at 703).

                                                  20
(1)   The strength, nature, and stability of the child’s relationship
      with each parent, including whether one (1) parent has
      performed the majority of parenting responsibilities relating
      to the daily needs of the child;

(2)   Each parent’s or caregiver’s past and potential for future
      performance of parenting responsibilities, including the
      willingness and ability of each of the parents and caregivers
      to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing parent-child
      relationship between the child and both of the child’s parents,
      consistent with the best interest of the child. In determining
      the willingness of each of the parents and caregivers to
      facilitate and encourage a close and continuing parent-child
      relationship between the child and both of the child’s parents,
      the court shall consider the likelihood of each parent and
      caregiver to honor and facilitate court ordered parenting
      arrangements and rights, and the court shall further consider
      any history of either parent or any caregiver denying
      parenting time to either parent in violation of a court order;

(3)   Refusal to attend a court ordered parent education seminar
      may be considered by the court as a lack of good faith effort
      in these proceedings;

(4)   The disposition of each parent to provide the child with food,
      clothing, medical care, education and other necessary care;

(5)   The degree to which a parent has been the primary caregiver,
      defined as the parent who has taken the greater responsibility
      for performing parental responsibilities;

(6)   The love, affection, and emotional ties existing between each
      parent and the child;

(7)   The emotional needs and developmental level of the child;

(8)   The moral, physical, mental and emotional fitness of each
      parent as it relates to their ability to parent the child. The
      court may order an examination of a party under Rule 35 of
      the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure and, if necessary for
      the conduct of the proceedings, order the disclosure of
                             21
                    confidential mental health information of a party under § 33-
                    3-105(3). The court order required by § 33-3-105(3) must
                    contain a qualified protective order that limits the
                    dissemination of confidential protected mental health
                    information to the purpose of the litigation pending before the
                    court and provides for the return or destruction of the
                    confidential protected mental health information at the
                    conclusion of the proceedings;

             (9)    The child’s interaction and interrelationships with siblings,
                    other relatives and step-relatives, and mentors, as well as the
                    child’s involvement with the child’s physical surroundings,
                    school, or other significant activities;

             (10)   The importance of continuity in the child’s life and the length
                    of time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory
                    environment;

             (11)   Evidence of physical or emotional abuse to the child, to the
                    other parent or to any other person. The court shall, where
                    appropriate, refer any issues of abuse to juvenile court for
                    further proceedings;

             (12)   The character and behavior of any other person who resides
                    in or frequents the home of a parent and such person’s
                    interactions with the child;

             (13)   The reasonable preference of the child if twelve (12) years of
                    age or older. The court may hear the preference of a younger
                    child upon request. The preference of older children should
                    normally be given greater weight than those of younger
                    children;

             (14)   Each parent’s employment schedule, and the court may make
                    accommodations consistent with those schedules; and

             (15)   Any other factors deemed relevant by the court.

       Similarly, for “[a]ny final decree or decree of modification in an action for
absolute divorce, legal separation, annulment, or separate maintenance involving a minor

                                           22
child,” Tennessee Code Annotated §36-6-404(a) (2014) provides that an appropriate
permanent parenting plan shall:

      (1)   Provide for the child’s changing needs as the child grows and
            matures, in a way that minimizes the need for further modifications
            to the permanent parenting plan;

      (2)   Establish the authority and responsibilities of each parent with
            respect to the child, consistent with the criteria in this part;

      (3)   Minimize the child’s exposure to harmful parental conflict;

      (4)   Provide for a process for dispute resolution, before court action,
            unless precluded or limited by § 36-6-406; . . .

      (5)   Allocate decision-making authority to one (1) or both parties
            regarding the child’s education, health care, extracurricular
            activities, and religious upbringing. The parties may incorporate an
            agreement related to the care and growth of the child in these
            specified areas, or in other areas, into their plan, consistent with the
            criteria in this part. Regardless of the allocation of decision making
            in the parenting plan, the parties may agree that either parent may
            make emergency decisions affecting the health or safety of the child;

      (6)   Provide that each parent may make the day-to-day decisions
            regarding the care of the child while the child is residing with that
            parent;

      (7)   Provide that when mutual decision making is designated but cannot
            be achieved, the parties shall make a good-faith effort to resolve the
            issue through the appropriate dispute resolution process, subject to
            the exception set forth in subdivision (a)(4)(F);

      (8)   Require the obligor to report annually on a date certain to the
            obligee, and the department of human services or its contractor in
            Title IV-D cases, on a form provided by the court, the obligor’s
            income as defined by the child support guidelines and related
            provisions contained in chapter 5 of this title; and

      (9)   Specify that if the driver license of a parent is currently expired,
            canceled, suspended or revoked or if the parent does not possess a
                                           23
             valid driver license for any other reason, the parent shall make
             acceptable transportation arrangements as may be necessary to
             protect and ensure the health, safety and welfare of the child when
             such child is in the custody of such parent.

      Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-404(b) (2014) further provides:

      (b)    Any permanent parenting plan shall include a residential schedule as
             defined in § 36-6-402. The court shall make residential provisions
             for each child, consistent with the child’s developmental level and
             the family’s social and economic circumstances, which encourage
             each parent to maintain a loving, stable, and nurturing relationship
             with the child. The child’s residential schedule shall be consistent
             with this part. If the limitations of § 36-6-406 are not dispositive of
             the child’s residential schedule, the court shall consider the factors
             found in § 36-6-106(a)(1)-(15).

In addition, Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-406(d), referenced in subsections -106(a)-
(b) above for its potential limiting factors on co-parenting time, provides:

      (d)    A parent’s involvement or conduct may have an adverse effect on
             the child’s best interest, and the court may preclude or limit any
             provisions of a parenting plan, if any of the following limiting
             factors are found to exist after a hearing:

             (1)    A parent’s neglect or substantial nonperformance of parenting
                    responsibilities;

             (2)    An emotional or physical impairment that interferes with the
                    parent’s performance of parenting responsibilities as defined
                    in § 36-6-402;

             (3)    An impairment resulting from drug, alcohol, or other
                    substance abuse that interferes with the performance of
                    parenting responsibilities;

             (4)    The absence or substantial impairment of emotional ties
                    between the parent and the child;

             (5)    The abusive use of conflict by the parent that creates the
                    danger of damage to the child’s psychological development;
                                           24
              (6)    A parent has withheld from the other parent access to the
                     child for a protracted period without good cause;

              (7)    A parent’s criminal convictions as they relate to such parent’s
                     ability to parent or to the welfare of the child; or

              (8)    Such other factors or conduct as the court expressly finds
                     adverse to the best interests of the child.

                          A. Material Change in Circumstance

        The trial court made an express finding in its order granting custody to Mother that
“[t]his case is a severe case of parental alienation against the Mother by the Father and
the Paternal Grandmother.” However, as Father notes, the court did not make a finding
that a material change in circumstance had occurred since entry of the 2015 PPP. See
Oliver, 2004 WL 892536, at *3 (“The threshold question is whether there has been a
material change in the child’s circumstances.”). In a decision involving a comparable
lack of specific findings made by a trial court concerning a material change in
circumstance with modification of the primary residential parent at issue, this Court
explained:

              When confronted with insufficient findings of fact in a written order,
       appellate courts generally pursue one of two alternatives. One alternative is
       to vacate the decision and remand so the trial court can make specific
       findings of fact. Lovlace v. Copley, 418 S.W.3d 1, 36 (Tenn. 2013).
       Another alternative is to conduct a “de novo review of the record to
       determine where the preponderance of the evidence lies.” Id. The
       appropriate alternative depends on the particular circumstances of the case,
       including the adequacy of the record, the fact-intensive nature of the case,
       and whether witness credibility determinations must be made. See id.
       (declining to conduct a de novo review because credibility determinations
       were necessary to resolve factual disputes).

Skowronski v. Wade, No. M2014-01501-COA-R3-CV, 2015 WL 6509296, at *6 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Oct. 27, 2015) (determining that a de novo review of the record was appropriate
because the record was adequate and the trial court had “addressed the facts relied upon
by Father in his request for a change in primary residential parent in conjunction with its
analysis of the child’s best interest.”); see, e.g., Williamson v. Lamm, No. M2015-02006-
COA-R3-CV, 2016 WL 5723953, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 30, 2016) (“In the absence
of a finding of a material change by the trial court, we review the record de novo to
                                            25
determine where the preponderance of the evidence lies.”); Blakes v. Sims, No. W2007-
02129-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 5130425, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 5, 2008) (conducting
an “‘independent review of the record to determine where the preponderance of the
evidence lies’” when “the trial court made no express finding regarding the threshold
determination of whether a material change in circumstance had occurred such that a
modification of custody was warranted”) (quoting Cosner v. Cosner, No. E2007-02031-
COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 3892024, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 22, 2008)); cf. Connors v.
Lawson, No. E2010-00791-COA-R3-CV, 2010 WL 4953496, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec.
6, 2010) (vacating the trial court’s denial of the father’s petition to modify the
designation of primary residential parent because “the Trial Court did not reference in its
final judgment whether Father had established what was necessary to change custody and
designate him as primary residential parent”).

        Under the specific circumstances of the case before us, we determine the record to
be adequate for de novo review of whether a material change in circumstance warranting
modification in the designation of primary residential parent had occurred. Moreover, as
in Skowronski, the trial court in this action addressed the facts relied upon by Mother in
her request for a change in primary residential parent in conjunction with the court’s
analysis of the Children’s best interest. See Skowronski, 2015 WL 6509296, at *6. The
trial court also made relevant determinations of witness credibility to which this Court
defers, in particular, the court’s express finding that Dr. Schacht’s expert witness
testimony was highly credible. See Lovlace v. Copley, 418 S.W.3d 1, 36 (Tenn. 2013)
(explaining that de novo review of the contempt issues presented was not feasible when
the trial court had failed to make factual findings regarding disputed facts given that
“appellate courts are ill-equipped to make the type of credibility determinations that
would be necessary to resolve the factual disputes”).

       At the time that Mother commenced the instant action, the agreed 2015 PPP,
entered by the trial court on June 30, 2015, was the permanent parenting plan order in
effect and remained the most recent permanent parenting plan order during trial in
October 2015 and June 2016. Mother filed her “Emergency Motion for Custody, to
Modify the Parenting Plan, for Criminal and Civil Contempt, for Alternative Relief and
for Additional Relief” on October 2, 2015.6 Pursuant to the 2015 PPP, Father had been

6
  We note that pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-101(a)(2)(B)-(C), the proper form of
pleading to commence an action for modification of a permanent parenting plan order is a petition with
leading process, rather than a motion. Inasmuch as no issues have been raised in this case regarding
proper service and notice specific to the custody action, we determine that Father has waived any issues
regarding the form of Mother’s initiating action for modification of the primary residential parent
designation. See, e.g., Eberbach v. Eberbach, ___ S.W.3d ___, ___ n.2, No. M2014-01811-SC-R11-CV,
2017 WL 2255582, at *1 n.2 (Tenn. May 23, 2017) (analyzing the appeal on the merits when neither
party had raised an issue as to proper notice and service while noting that “although a final judgment had
                                                     26
designated the primary residential parent with sole major decision-making authority, and
Mother was to enjoy 85 days of annual residential co-parenting time with the Children,
with much of Mother’s co-parenting time to take place at Mother’s Texas residence
during the Children’s summer vacation and other holidays.

       Mother’s October 2, 2015 motion brought to the trial court’s attention the fact that
B.M. had been admitted to Kingwood for psychiatric treatment during Mother’s co-
parenting time in the summer of 2015. Among the exhibits attached to Mother’s motion
were the text message conversations Mother had discovered on B.M.’s cellular telephone
between B.M. and Father. As the trial court noted in its memorandum opinion
incorporated into the 2016 PPP, portions of the messages sent to B.M. from Father appear
to be aimed at supporting B.M.’s time with Mother, advising him to calm down and
accept the co-parenting time with Mother. Other messages, however, evince the parental
alienation against Mother eventually found by the trial court. For example:

        B.M.:           I am going to make [Mother] hurt but not enough to really get
                        her.

        Father:         [Mother] doesn’t mind to cause pain for others. You can’t
                        win this battle with her.

        ***

        B.M.:           [Maternal Grandfather] is the reason [Mother] is the way she
                        is.

        Father:         Yes. Keep in mind. They can’t help the way they were born
                        and created by God.

                        They both are mentally ill.

                        The bible tells us clearly that mental illness is a spiritual
                        problem. It is not physical. Doctors treat mental illness like
                        it is a physical problem.

        ***

        Father:         You have a right to be ugly to [Mother]. But not to [Maternal
                        Grandmother].

been entered in the divorce action, these initial pleadings in the instant action were filed as ‘motions’ in
the trial court as opposed to petitions with leading process.”).
                                                      27
      ***

      B.M.:         I already told [Mother] that if she dies it isn’t even worth me
                    going to her [funeral].

                    How can I relax when [Mother] is taking me away from
                    everything to this crap hole.

      Father:       [C.M.] has done well with tuning out [Mother] and doing
                    stuff that keeps his mind off the situation. This is what you
                    should do to relax.

      B.M.:         Well if I do I will be back here again.

      Father:       You have to go back because the law forces you to go. You
                    had better make the best of it. You can’t change the situation
                    so accept it and move on.

                    This too will end in a year and 22 days.

      B.M.          [Mother] doesn’t follow that law and if I stay any longer I
                    will end up liking her I must stay away from her.

      Father:       You will never like her. Nobody likes her. It is impossible.

       Mother also attached to her October 2, 2015 motion records from Mr. Scott and
Kingwood’s discharge summary plan for B.M., both filed under seal. Mr. Scott’s report
summarizing his counseling sessions with the Children before and during Mother’s
summer 2015 co-parenting time indicates that B.M.’s hospitalization at Kingwood was
prompted by Mr. Scott’s concern after meeting with B.M. via FaceTime on July 10,
2015. According to Mr. Scott’s report, [B.M.] “was observed to be very angry and upset
with [Mother] for having to be in TX” and was “calling her names and using profanity.”
Mr. Scott reported that B.M. “verbalized suicidal and homicidal ideation” and “was not
able to contract for safety.” When Mr. Scott conferred with the parents following this
session, the parents agreed that emergency services should be called. Mr. Scott’s
testimony at trial corroborated his report. Kingwood records demonstrate that B.M. was
treated at the hospital for approximately two weeks with both parents cooperating in his
treatment. B.M. was then released into Father’s care at about the time his co-parenting
time with Mother initially had been scheduled to end.

                                            28
       During a tumultuous month in October 2015, the trial court was presented with
competing emergency motions from the parents concerning temporary custody of C.M.,
who under the court’s October 5, 2015 ruling (entered as an order on October 9, 2015)
was in Mother’s care in Texas during the fall break from school when the court granted
Mother’s emergency motion on October 9, 2015 (entered as an order on October 16,
2015) to prohibit C.M. from returning to Father’s residence. In the order entered October
9, 2015, the court also appointed Dr. Schacht to conduct psychiatric evaluations and
submit a report. In the interim between the court’s ruling on October 9, 2015, and entry
of the court’s order memorializing the ruling on October 16, 2015, C.M. was admitted to
Kingwood for psychiatric treatment while in Mother’s care on October 14, 2015.
Following a telephone conversation with C.M., Ms. Mahoney had contacted local
authorities when she became concerned about C.M.’s welfare due to verbalization of
thoughts of self-harm. Father then filed an emergency motion on October 23, 2015, to
vacate or set aside the temporary order in which the court had granted custody of C.M. to
Mother.

       The trial court, with Chancellor Rambo presiding in the trial court judge’s
absence, heard Father’s motion, entering an order the same day and directing that C.M.
was to be discharged when ready by Kingwood to Mother’s care if prior to 7:00 a.m. on
October 26, 2015, and to Father’s care if after that time. The October 23, 2015 order
further provided that the parties and the Children were to appear before the trial court
judge on October 27, 2015, which they did. Mother filed another emergency motion at
the beginning of trial on October 27, 2015, again requesting that she be designated the
primary residential parent for the Children and also requesting, inter alia, that Father’s
co-parenting time be “supervised and substantially restricted.”

       At the close of two days of trial on October 28, 2015, the trial court did not
expressly address whether a material change in circumstance affecting the Children had
occurred since entry of the 2015 PPP. In a memorandum opinion issued at the close of
the October 2015 proceedings, the court took the matter under advisement pending
receipt of Dr. Schacht’s report and addressed the immediate issue of where B.M. and
C.M. should reside pending Dr. Schacht’s report and further proceedings. Expressing
concern for the Children’s safety amid their respective threats of self-harm if required to
reside with Mother in Texas, the court directed that the Children would reside with Father
in Tennessee pending further action. In a written order entered June 27, 2016,
memorializing the trial court’s October 28, 2015 ruling, the court stated in pertinent part:

       It is . . .

             ORDERED that [B.M.] shall remain with his father who shall be the
       primary parent with all decision making responsibilities. The Court does
                                            29
      not order any set parenting time with [B.M.] for the mother. The facts upon
      which this is based are clear from the attached transcript. It is further

              ORDERED that [C.M.] will remain in the temporary physical
      custody of his father who shall temporarily be designated the primary
      parent. Mother shall also have zero days with [C.M.] at this point. Either
      boy shall be permitted to speak with or visit with his mother as desired by
      the child. This is not a final decision on the permanent parenting plan for
      [C.M.] and the Court remains completely open to the various possibilities
      previously suggested regarding parenting time for him, his mother and his
      father.

(Emphasis in original.)

        To summarize, at the time of the June 2016 two-day trial, held subsequent to the
trial court’s receipt of Dr. Schacht’s report, the Children had been residing exclusively
with Father since October 2015 under the most recent temporary order. However, the
2015 PPP, which was a final order at the time it was entered, was the most recent order at
issue in the action for modification. See In re E.J.M., No. W2003-02603-COA-R3-JV,
2005 WL 562754, at *18 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 10, 2005) (“When a petition for
modification is filed, any temporary decree changing custody pending final resolution is
just that—temporary and not entitled to the same res judicata protections [as a final
order].”); see also Jones v. Jones, No. M2014-00921-COA-R3-CV, 2016 WL 7786450,
at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 18, 2016). Under the 2015 PPP, Father was the primary
residential parent, and Mother was entitled to 85 days of annual co-parenting time with
the Children. As to Mother’s motion to modify the 2015 PPP, the threshold issue to be
decided was therefore whether a material change in circumstance affecting the Children
had occurred since entry of the 2015 PPP in June 2015. See Kendrick, 90 S.W.3d at 570.

       Following the two days of trial in June 2016 and with Dr. Schacht’s report and
testimony before it, the trial court entered its order granting custody to Mother on July
18, 2016, stating in relevant part:

             Based on the allegations and issues raised in the pleadings, the total
      of four days of testimony, exhibits introduced into evidence, statements and
      argument of counsel and the case file as a whole, this Honorable Court
      FINDS, CONCLUDES AND ORDERS as follows:

             This case is a severe case of parental alienation against the Mother
      by the Father and the Paternal Grandmother.

                                           30
              Custody of the parties’ two minor children is hereby immediately
       modified and vested with [Mother], who shall move both children with her
       to the Mother’s home in Texas.

              Pursuant to Dr. Thomas Schacht’s 41 page report to this Court,
       Mother shall have the option of taking herself and one or both boys through
       the full 4-day Family Bridges Workshop (“FBW”), and/or engaging the
       services of Dr. Joann Murphey (Texas), a certified FBW leader, to develop
       a treatment plan for one or both of the minor boys in which FBW
       methodology is utilized. This Court hereby additionally orders, with
       respect to the Family Bridges Workshop, without limitation, the restrictions
       on Father’s parenting time . . . .

(Paragraph numbering omitted.) During trial, Mother had presented an affidavit executed
by Dr. Joann Murphey, referenced in the court’s order, indicating that Dr. Murphey had
consulted with Mother prior to trial and agreed to develop a treatment plan for the
Children through Family Bridges if the court were to grant Mother “primary custody.”
Attached to Dr. Murphey’s affidavit were a description of Family Bridges and a
document entitled, “Provisions of Court Orders in Cases Where Family Bridges is
Appropriate.” The trial court’s order granting custody to Mother delineated specific
provisions to facilitate the Children’s participation in Family Bridges, adapted from those
listed by Family Bridges in this document. Particularly at issue on appeal, the provisions
ordered by the trial court included prohibiting Father and Father’s family from contact
with the Children for at least ninety days, with such contact to resume solely upon the
recommendation of an after-care professional with whom Father was directed to
cooperate.

       In the order granting custody to Mother, the trial court incorporated its
memorandum opinion, transcribed from the close of trial on June 29, 2016, stating in
pertinent part:

               It’s a pretty straight-forward case in terms of what these parties
       want. [Father] would like for everything to remain the same. [Mother]
       would like for everything to change. And this is just about – if it’s not the,
       it’s just about the, single most disturbing case I have ever seen or heard in
       my entire legal career. That includes being a judge and an attorney.

             All right, this Court has heard from Dr. Thomas Schacht. We have
       seen his CV [curriculum vitae] as well as his 41-page report. The Court
       does note that both parties were given the opportunity to provide to him any
       documentation or information that they wanted him to see or consider or
                                            31
review. The Court finds that the parties did have ample time and
opportunity to do that. And the information provided to Dr. Schacht, and
upon which his determinations were based, [is] fully sufficient. I do not
think he was missing any vital information.

       Dr. Schacht testified that he focused on the alleged alienation of
these children and the mental health concerns of these children. He found
that these boys are alienated. He made the determination that he did not
feel that they are simply estranged, but that this is indeed a parental-
alienation case.

       Dr. Schacht testified that this is supported by the actions and
statements of the father and of the paternal grandmother. Dr. Schacht noted
a history of emotional and behavioral issues with the children . . . .

        He also discussed how the ongoing litigation in this case has affected
their ability to benefit from mental-health treatment and he addressed the
fact that there are some issues of self-harm with these children, if nothing
else, simply because of the history of bipolarism in the family. And that is
something that the Court has to and has considered. He strongly
recommended that their access to weapons be restricted, which the Court
understands and agrees with. Dr. Schacht testified that [Mother] needs to
continue in psychiatric care to be followed for her bipolar disorder.
[Mother] fully agrees with that, has no problem with that, and has done
that.

       It was Dr. Schacht’s opinion that these children’s rejection of their
mother was without justification. He said that, regardless of how their
feelings about their mother originated, they have been supported by father,
grandmother, and unfortunately by Ms. Mahoney; and the Court does agree
with that.

***

       All right. Dr. Schacht reported that the Court cannot manage the
mental-health care of the boys. I guess he was calling me out a little bit,
which he probably needed to do. And this Court agrees. My job is to place
these kids with the parent who is best suited to care for them, not to try to
make mental-health determinations, but the Court does very carefully
consider all of the mental-health components in this case and what the
ramifications of each of the Court’s actions might be.
                                     32
       Dr. Schacht has four options, basically broken down into a couple of
categories, as to what this Court might choose to do in this case. The basic
decision is leave them with dad and see what happens. Move them with
[Mother] in one of two different ways, four very, very different scenarios.
We talked about Option No. 1, which is nothing is done, simply the boys
stay with their father, I think Dr. Schacht phrased it as, “acquiesce to the
boys’ demands, endorse the status quo and accept the situation as is, with
full custody to [Father], no scheduled contacts with [Mother] and no other
court-ordered intervention.”

       And, you know, it’s kind of interesting because that’s kind of what
this Court did back in October. . . .

       And what was the result? The result was, they had no contact with
their mother. She didn’t know anything that was happening, nobody
bothered to call, she didn’t find out about any surgeries, she didn’t get any
pictures. I find it extremely disturbing that the father would sit up here and
tell [Mother], “You’re not even going to recognize your youngest son.
He’s grown so much you won’t even recognize him.”

       So that’s what happens if I leave the status quo as it is. I think we
can safely say, that is not going to happen.

        Option 2 is leave primary custody with [Father] and order renewed
efforts to remedy alienation, be it education, counseling, and parenting
coordination. Here’s my problem with that one: That’s what we’ve been
doing for nigh on 16 years. We’ve been working on this and working on it
and we’ve been to counselors and therapists and doctors and court and
more counselors and different therapists and more doctors and court. It is a
merry-go-round upon which we have all been for many, many years and it
did not work. I have no reason to believe it’s ever going to work in the
future.

        I want to, before I go through the last two options, I want to talk a
little bit more about Dr. Schacht’s testimony. He testified that he probed
these boys very carefully for the basis of the extreme rejection of their
mother. He found, and I agree, that it’s not based on their personal
experiences; it’s based on wild inferences and very global responses
without any specificity that this Court has been able to find; and, remember,

                                     33
I’ve been hearing this for a long time and that has been very consistent in
this case.

      Indications of the parental and grandparental influence on these boys
has been made available on previous hearings to this Court. This Court
very clearly remembers the text messages and the things that were said
between father and son and between grandmother. . . .

       Dr. Schacht testified, and the Court agrees, that father is aware that
the boys reject their mother, but he doesn’t have any thought of not
validating it.

       Something else that really disturbs me is the fact of how everybody
on your side of the family, [Father], is treating the fact that [Mother] is
bipolar. I see zero empathy from anybody with her over what that might
entail for her. And not just the empathy issue; it’s really a matter of
intolerance. It’s almost as bad as calling somebody a racial name.

        I mean, the repeated references to her mental-health issues and her
problems, “she can’t do anything and she can’t cope and she can’t this and
she can’t that,” it’s all very disturbing, especially when I look at somebody
who has recognized the problem, has been to the doctor, is on medication,
is a pharmacist, has her own home, a full-time job, and her own company.
She’s done pretty well for herself. So I think that belittling her for that
mental-health issue, especially when that same diagnosis may at some time
or in some way affect these boys, I just think it’s very harmful. I find it
very, I found it very, disturbing.

       Dr. Schacht did comment and we’ve heard this a couple of times
about [Mother] medicating homeopathic remedies, maybe giving the kids
things that the doctors didn’t say to give them. And, in the future, that has
to stop. Parents, especially in cases like this, these boys’ medications are
pretty fragilely balanced, it would be my estimation. And I don’t think the
parents should be interfering with any additional remedies or medicines.

       All right. Then Dr. Schacht went on to talk about the Options 3 and
4. Option 3 was: Disrupt the current alienating dynamic by placing the
boys in a neutral setting apart from both parents. And No. 4 was to place
one or both boys with [Mother] with temporary suspension of all contact
between [Father], his extended family, and the boys, suspension of all
decision-making authority by [Father], and future graduated resumption of
                                     34
      contact with [Father] and his extended family contingent upon the boys’
      progress in relationship with their mother and upon their behavior, meeting
      and maintaining specified conditions. And that, of course, led us to our
      discussion about the Family Bridges Program.

              I guess Dr. Schacht kind of boiled it down in simple terms:
      Resum[ing] contact with father under that option would be tied to the
      quality and progress of the repair in the relationship of the boys with their
      mother. In other words, instead of rewarding the boys in some way for
      rejecting their mother, they would be rewarded for accepting their mother
      by being able to be with their dad.

      Following its review of the options presented by Dr. Schacht as possible avenues
to move forward given the finding of parental alienation, the trial court proceeded to
consider the best interest factors provided in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-106(a).
The court found in relevant part:

      Dr. Schacht looked at some of the statutory factors that the Court would be
      required to consider in making any kind of change of parenting plan. For
      instance, were the kids closer to their father, were they more bonded with
      their father? And he said he really couldn’t answer that because everything
      is so distorted by the alienation.

             And, as I go through my statutory factors, which I did and which we
      can do, you find that that does distort the consideration on so many of them.
      I’m talking about TCA 36-6-106 where the Court is directed on how to
      make a decision based on the best interest of the children. That statute says
      that the Court “shall consider all relevant factors including the following.”
      The first one of course is the strength, nature, and stability of the child’s
      relationship with each parent. The relationships here are so skewed
      because of the alienation it’s virtually impossible to make an objective
      assessment of that.

              No. 2 is “each parent’s or caregiver’s past and potential for future
      performance of parenting responsibilities, including the willingness and
      ability of each of the parents and caregivers to facilitate and encourage a
      close and continuing parent/child relationship between the child and both of
      the child’s parents consistent with the best interest of the child.”

            Here I have a case in which probably one of the best forensic
      psychologist-type experts I’ve ever seen or heard has found a case of
                                           35
parental alienation. So there’s no doubt that the parent who is willing to
facilitate, encourage is not the father in this case. And from the testimony I
heard from the mother the Court firmly believes that that would be
[Mother].

       Both parties have provided the necessities. Either one of you
[parents] are perfectly able to give these kids food, clothing, shelter, make
sure they get up in the morning, make sure they go to school, make sure
they don’t flunk out, make sure they get to the doctor. You [parents] are
just even on that; either one of you are perfectly capable of doing that.

        The other things like emotional needs in a relationship with siblings,
that kind of thing once again is so skewed because of the parental alienation
issues and just the spewing-hatred that these kids have shown for [Mother],
I just don’t even know how to consider those.

       The Court does find and does believe that parental alienation is a
form of emotional abuse that should not be tolerated. The Court would be
glad to consider the reasonable preference of these children if I could find
that those statements by them were reasonable, which the Court cannot and
does not. Fortunately, we have a situation where I have two parents who,
you know, are employed, they’re able to make some money, we have some
financial resources to do some things with because that is going to become
very necessary.

       I will also comment on one of the statutory factors as to the
relationship between the siblings. I found it very interesting that Dr.
Schacht indicated the relationship of these two boys, while it appears to be
very close, he says it’s not healthy, what they draw from each other; and I
think there is a solid basis for that statement.

       Dr. Schacht testified that the most stable thing in the father’s home is
actually the conflict. He recognized, as have I, that the father’s home has
been stable as far as having a bed to sleep in, food to eat, that kind of thing,

       Faith Mahoney testified she has been counseling with the children
since October of last year, brought into the case because dad wanted the
boys to, quote, “have a voice in court.” The boys very clearly told her, as
they have me, that they don’t want to go with their mother. She felt that
[Father] was always supportive and there for the children and her job was
to support whatever the kids wanted. She had no concern why they hated
                                      36
their mother. And she would work with the children in the moment. Dr.
Schacht recognized that as a valid philosophy for counseling under normal
circumstances, which obviously are not what we have here.

       All right. The Court did hear from both parties, first from [Mother],
who tells us she does live in Texas, she does have employment there, she
has her own business there, she has a home there, she has family there. In
discussing whether or not [Father] is in contempt of court, she testified she
was not made aware of certain awards the children received in school, was
not made aware of [C.M.’s] emergency surgery in February, which was
finally disclosed in May, that she had been blocked on the boys’ phones.
She has not heard from them since last October.

       It is her desire to go with and/or send the kids to this Family Bridges
Program and she asked the Court to have the father pay for that program.
It’s my understanding she would like to go ahead and take [C.M.] with her
and perhaps begin a modified workshop plan with Dr. Murphey. She
would like for [B.M.] to go straight into a full program with Bridges if that
is possible.

      It is interesting to the Court, and significant to the Court, that
[Mother] testified that actually [Father] is, quote, “good to the boys,” that
he can be a good, loving, and supportive father; he simply cannot do that
when it comes to [Mother] and he cannot support her in her role as a
mother.

***

         The Court did hear [B.M.] testify. Dr. Schacht did comment that I
got to see a little bit of what he saw in his office. I’m sure Dr. Schacht
doesn’t realize I’ve been there, done that; I’ve seen it before. He started out
a little bit better. I thought he was going to hold it together pretty good, but
about 30 seconds of cross-examination and the vitriolic [B.M.] came out.
It’s very disturbing to watch.

       I will say to [Father]: You’ve done a great job of getting these kids
to excel at school. Their grades are good, their honors are good. I mean,
they’re really doing well in school.

***

                                      37
       When asked if he left Tennessee what would he miss? [B.M.] said
he would miss my loving father and immediately, like boom, immediately
he says, “and not her, not her, not her who is me, me, me, she’s always
me.” And it was like pow, he went straight from level, rational, organized,
responsive, to hate, hate, hate, negative, negative, negative. It is very
disturbing to watch. And then he goes in, “Oh, and I’ll also miss my
brother and my pets.”

        His first answer to why he didn’t want to go to Texas was that [his
Tennessee high school] was a better school as far as a physical plant. It
was a nicer building; it wasn’t a big, metal, creepy building and they had
great, I guess, activity/outdoor areas, which is – I have no idea where that
came from. But that was, on his direct testimony that was, why he said he
wanted to stay in Tennessee.

      [B.M.] testified, “Dad has always advocated building a relationship
with Mom,” but then he went on to say the proper way in which to do that
would be in small steps like meeting me out in Tennessee. Everything has
to occur in Tennessee, with no schedule, with no order, and it has to be
done exactly like dad wants it to be done.

       His generalities that [B.M.] states as he goes through his testimony
are just outrageous. He says everything is “horribly catastrophic”
whenever it comes to his mother. Horribly catastrophic, everything is
catastrophic. I think he, I think [B.M.], unfortunately has a real problem
with empathy. He never could tell me how [Mother] would feel about not
getting to see him or about not getting letters or info or whatever from him.
He simply was not able to ever answer that question. . . . He stated his
mother, quote, “screws up no matter what.”

       All right. The Court heard from [Father] and I’ll agree with him on
some things he said, too. He recognizes this case has been going on for 16
years; it’s been going on forever. He has been to counseling, they’ve been
to doctors. Some of that the parties have cooperated with, some of it they
haven’t. He agrees it’s hard for the boys to be intimate.

       So I think he has some real recognition of the problems that his
children have, but his testimony and his responses to anything about
[Mother] are very, very, very much like [B.M.’s]: It’s always her fault. It’s
always her fault. He has always done it right, she never has, and if he

                                     38
wasn’t in there managing things, it wasn’t ever going to work. And so far it
hasn’t.

       [Father] testifies, “I have always been kind and considerate and
forgiving of [Mother],” quote, “and her mental illness.” It’s nice to be
forgiven for your mental illness, isn’t it? He takes credit for initiating the
mediation processes. He takes credit for initiating any parenting time
between the boys and [Mother] that did take place. After the couple of
good visits in . . . [2015]. [Father] thought things were going pretty good
and then it kind of fell apart and, he says, “Oh, no. I thought I had it
working.”

        Some of [Father’s] statements are kind of bizarre to me. I just – I
wonder if they’re really in touch with reality. As a 22-month-old, he says
that, [B.M.] left with [Mother] to go to Texas; he was speaking perfectly
with no issues and when he came back he had a speech impairment. I had
never heard that one in this history and I don’t think I’ve ever seen that in
any of the medical history. I guess it could be true, but of course, [Mother]
testifies that that absolutely did not happen. I find it a little far-fetched.

        Going on with the theme of “I do everything right and she does
everything wrong,” [Father] testified he kept all the appointments ever
made for the boys, she didn’t and wouldn’t. She never, quote, “never kept
appointments[.”] He testified there was almost a daily conflict with
[Mother] and the school and he was the one who had to bail everybody out;
if he didn’t fix it, it didn’t get fixed. And I noticed a term he likes to use is
“Dad has to manage the situations.”

***

       [Father] testified absolutely, 1000 percent, custody with [Mother], it
won’t work, it’ll never work, it ain’t going to work, Bridges won’t work,
it’s never going to work under any circumstances, none of it’s going to
work. “The only thing that’s going to work is for everybody to stay here in
Tennessee, do what I tell them to do, have parenting time whenever the
boys want to have it, if they want to have it, and slowly build a
relationship.” And that also bears no resemblance to reality. That’s never
going to work.

       I think it’s kind of sad the way [Father] kind of convinced [C.M.] to
being a victim. For instance, [Father] testified that, with [B.M.] aging out,
                                       39
      [C.M.], quote, “wouldn’t be able to handle himself with his mother.”
      [Father] told the Court he feels he has gone above and beyond anything that
      would be required of a normal human being in terms of facilitating a
      relationship between [Mother] and the boys. I do not believe that. . . .

              I find it interesting [Father] stated, “The only time [B.M.] was safe
      last year when he was in Texas was when he was at the psychiatric hospital,
      was the only time he was safe, but there are no concrete reports, there’s no
      details, there’s no evidence that there was – that that should be true at all. . .
      . [Father] told at least several people mother’s rights had been terminated;
      that is not what happened.

      ***

            So the Court has Options 3 and 4. The Court has decided that the
      only appropriate option in this case is No. 4. This Court is immediately
      going to make the mother the primary parent, with all decision-making
      responsibility for both of these children. It is her option to use the Bridges
      Program or a modified Family Bridges Treatment Plan. A lot of it depends
      on what these parties can afford.

             Do I know I’m disrupting [B.M.’s] life? Sure I do, I absolutely do.
      Do I know I’m disrupting [C.M.’s] life? I absolutely do, I understand that.
      Am I taking just a big old leap here that something good is going to come
      out of this? Yes, I am, I sure as heck am. But you know what? This is the
      last chance for [Mother] and two boys to have a relationship that no child
      should ever be deprived of.

       Upon our thorough review of the record, including the four days of testimony
heard by the trial court in October 2015 and June 2016, Dr. Schacht’s report, and several
volumes of exhibits presented at trial, we determine that the evidence does not
preponderate against the trial court’s finding that the Children had been severely
alienated against Mother with that alienation supported by Father. While the trial court
found Dr. Schacht’s testimony to be highly credible, it found Father’s testimony to be
often characterized by extreme negative generalizations regarding Mother without
reasonable bases in fact. The Children’s respective testimonies, particularly B.M.’s
testimony during the June 2016 trial, mirrored many of these negative generalizations
concerning Mother. Father stated his belief that he had attempted to support the
relationship between Mother and the Children, but simultaneously, his testimony
demonstrated his opinion that Mother could not manage her own behavior or
relationships. However, as the trial court noted, the evidence demonstrated that Mother
                                             40
had undergone treatment for and managed her bipolar disorder and was an accomplished,
educated professional with a secure living situation.

       Although the trial court credited and adopted Dr. Schacht’s expert opinion that
parental alienation had occurred in this case, the court did not make factual findings
specific to when the parental alienation developed in relation to the 2015 PPP. Dr.
Schacht did not address specifically in his testimony whether the parental alienation he
found in his evaluation had been a new development since entry of the 2015 PPP. He
did, however, state in his report, that the “concerted refusal by [B.M.] and [C.M.] to
participate in the scheduled visitation with their mother. . . . reached crisis proportions in
the summer and fall of 2015 . . . .” (emphasis added).

       In her March 2015 pleading that ultimately led to entry of the 2015 PPP, Mother
alleged that Father had in 2014 and early 2015 refused to allow her the co-parenting time
with the Children provided in the 2009 PPP then in effect. Mother further alleged in her
March 2015 motion that Father had “alienat[ed] the children away from her . . . .”
Mother’s allegations demonstrate that prior to entry of the 2015 PPP, she was aware of
the Children’s alienation from her as a condition supported by Father. She testified,
however, that when entering into the mediated agreement that became the 2015 PPP, she
did not anticipate the events that had occurred since then and had been “hopeful” that
“everything had been resolved.”         When questioned directly regarding whether
circumstances had changed in the family since June 30, 2015, Mother responded:
“Tremendously.”

        We determine that a material change in circumstance affecting the Children had
occurred by the time that Mother filed her action for modification of custody on October
2, 2015. As Dr. Schacht noted, the alienation of the Children from Mother had reached
“crisis proportions” by this time. Moreover, B.M. had been admitted to a psychiatric
hospital, was enormously angry with Mother for her insistence on exercising her co-
parenting time with him, and was feared to be a danger to himself and perhaps Mother.
Specific to B.M., the exacerbation of parental alienation and his psychiatric
hospitalization constituted a change in circumstances since entry of the 2015 PPP that (1)
involved B.M., (2) had arisen after entry of the 2015 PPP, (3) was not reasonably
anticipated when the 2015 PPP was entered, and (4) affected B.M.’s well-being. See
Oliver, 2004 WL 892536, at *3.

        As to C.M., the situation, even as it existed when Mother filed her action in early
October 2015, involved him also in that his co-parenting time with Mother was
punctuated by his brother’s hospitalization. By the time that the trial court conducted the
first two days of trial in late October 2015, C.M. had himself been hospitalized at

                                             41
Kingwood and had echoed some of B.M.’s extreme preference for residing with Father
one-hundred percent of the time.

       Although the trial court erred by failing to expressly state that a material change in
circumstance had occurred since entry of the 2015 PPP, we conclude that this error was
harmless. Upon such a material change of circumstance as existed in this case, the trial
court did not err by proceeding to an analysis of whether a custody modification was in
the best interest of the Children.

                              B. Best Interest of the Children

        Father argues that the trial court erred by failing to properly weigh the statutory
best interest factors contained in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-106(a). We note that
the trial court did set forth a step-by-step, detailed analysis of the statutory best interest
factors. Father asserts that the court improperly adopted wholesale Dr. Schacht’s opinion
concerning parental alienation and failed to consider Father’s years as the primary
caregiver of the Children (factor 5) in its analysis of the best interest factors. See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a). Father also asserts that because the court found several factors
to be “skewed” by parental alienation, such as the love and emotional ties existing
between each parent and the child (factor 6), the Children’s relationships with each other
and extended family members (factor 9), and the Children’s expressed preference for
residing with Father (factor 13), the court erred by discounting these factors. See id..
Father further asserts that in highly crediting Dr. Schacht’s analysis of parental alienation,
the court ignored the emotional needs and developmental levels of the Children (factor 7)
and the moral, physical, mental, and emotional fitness of each parent (factor 8). See id.
Upon careful review, we disagree.

       The trial court’s findings clarify that in modifying the designation of primary
residential parent, directing Mother and the Children to participate in Family Bridges, and
eliminating Father’s co-parenting time and contact with the Children pending post-
workshop professional recommendation, the court was attempting to provide a “last
chance for [Mother] and [the Children] to have a relationship” and also to alleviate
potential long-term harmful effects of parental alienation on the Children. Regarding
such effects, Dr. Schacht testified:

       [T]he most straightforward way to understand the harm from parental
       alienation is against the backdrop of the normal developmental support that
       parents provide in a healthy family. In a healthy parent/child relationship,
       parents provide by example and by instruction assistance in children’s
       emotional development and their development of the capacity to relate to
       others in development of a moral sensibility, in the development of capacity
                                             42
       for empathy, to appreciate another person’s state of mind and emotional
       experience.

              Parental alienation at one level or another undermines each of those
       developmental pathways so that when a child is alienated and that
       alienation is supported by the other parent, the parent who is supporting the
       alienation, whether this is their intent or not, is effectively supporting the
       child in cruel, unempathic behavior towards another human being, they are
       supporting the child in attitudes and behaviors towards interpersonal
       conflict that emphasize rejection, separation, and polarization, rather than
       resolution.

               Often, in dealing with the professed basis for the alienation, the child
       is being supported in oversimplified, polarized, black-and-white thinking,
       which undermines critical-thinking skills and so forth so that ultimately
       parental alienation is a risk to normal personality development because of
       those kinds of effects. To the extent that we have research on long-term
       outcomes of people who report having experienced parental alienation,
       there is certainly a basis for concern that these kinds of adverse effects can
       persist long-term and can have adverse effects on adult capacity for
       intimate relationships and on adult capacity for emotional self-regulation.

See generally Varley v. Varley, 934 S.W.2d 659, 667 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996), perm. app.
denied (Tenn. Oct. 28, 1996) (“When loved by both parents, children should be taught to
love and respect each parent equally. This reciprocation, in turn, will garner self respect
and a positive self image in the children.”).

       We determine that with such a focus, the trial court was, contrary to Father’s
argument, definitely considering the emotional needs and developmental levels of the
Children (factor 7). See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a). In addition, the court had
appointed a forensic psychologist to obtain insight into the reasons for the Children’s
psychiatric hospitalizations and, in light of Dr. Schacht’s assessments, the mental and
emotional fitness of each parent (factor 8). See id. The court closely considered the
Children’s respective relationships with each parent, including the history in this case of
Father as the primary residential parent and primary caregiver with close emotional ties
to the Children (factors 1, 5, and 6). See id. In crediting Dr. Schacht’s expert opinion
concerning parental alienation, the court gave great weight to “[e]ach parent’s or
caregiver’s past and potential for future performance of parenting responsibilities,
including the willingness and ability of each of the parents and caregivers to facilitate and
encourage a close and continuing parent-child relationship between the child and both of

                                             43
the child’s parents” (factor 2), finding that this factor weighed heavily in favor of Mother.
See id. (emphasis added).

       The trial court also found that the parents were equal in their ability to provide
necessities for the Children (factor 4). See id. Although Father argues that the trial court
ignored Mother’s earlier history of alleged instability in relocating away from Tennessee,
holding several different jobs, and accruing some child support arrearage, the record
indicates that the court simply found such history from many years prior to entry of the
2015 PPP to be irrelevant. Unrefuted testimony demonstrated that Mother’s current
employment and living situations were stable. We note also that both Mother and Father
participated in therapy during B.M.’s and C.M.’s respective psychiatric hospitalizations
and that neither one balked at obtaining professional assistance in an emergency.

        Father takes great issue with the trial court’s adoption of Dr. Schacht’s opinion
that the stability in Father’s home was one of conflict. During cross-examination of Dr.
Schacht, the following exchange occurred in relevant part:

       Father’s Counsel:    What about [the Children’s] stability in the father’s
                            home, as compared to their mother’s home? The last
                            two times they were in their mother’s home they ended
                            up in a mental hospital. So they are, by definition,
                            more stable in their father’s home environment,
                            correct?

       Dr. Schacht:         I think the question of stability has to again be looked
                            at in context. The most stable thing that I was able to
                            discern in their father’s home is the stability of
                            conflict.

       ***

       Father’s Counsel:    But as of currently they are more stable in their
                            father’s home environment, correct?

       Dr. Schacht:         More stable than what?

       Father’s Counsel:    More stable than they were in their mother’s home
                            most recently.

                                             44
       Dr. Schacht:         If you define what they did to get out of their mother’s
                            home as relevant to the concept of stability, then the
                            answer is yes.

Father essentially argues that the trial court ignored the context of the above exchange to
adopt the finding that “the most stable thing in the father’s home [was] actually the
conflict.” To the contrary, we interpret Dr. Schacht’s testimony in this regard, as did the
trial court, to mean that Father had engendered an environment in the home that was most
“stable” in its united conflict against Mother.

       As to the Children’s stated preference to reside exclusively with Father, the
“skewed” nature of this preference, as expressed in this case, is at the heart of the finding
of severe parental alienation. Rather than failing to consider the Children’s preference,
the trial court’s findings demonstrate that it listened closely to B.M.’s and C.M.’s
respective testimonies but found that their stated preference was not “reasonable,”
particularly in B.M.’s case, in light of the “vitriolic” statements he made against Mother
without a reasonable basis in fact. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a)(13) (providing for
consideration of the “reasonable preference of the child if twelve (12) years of age or
older”) (emphasis added).

       We recognize that the analysis of statutory best interest factors in this case is
atypical because of the severity of the parental alienation found and the stated rejection of
Mother by the Children. However, upon careful review of the record, we conclude that
the trial court properly considered the best interest factors in modifying the primary
residential parent designation from Father to Mother. We emphasize that the trial court’s
findings as to witness credibility are afforded great weight on appeal. See Gaskill v.
Gaskill, 936 S.W.2d 626, 633 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Dec. 2,
1997) (“Trial courts are normally in the best position to judge the credibility of the
witnesses since they have seen and heard the witnesses testify. Thus, a trial court’s
determination of credibility is entitled to great weight in this court.”) (internal citations
omitted).

             C. Statutory Limiting Factors on Residential Co-Parenting Time

       Father also contends that the trial court erred by failing to consider the statutory
limiting factors on residential co-parenting time contained in Tennessee Code Annotated
§ 36-6-406(d). Father asserts that Mother had a demonstrated history of mental illness,
inconsistency with her own medication, and resistance to keeping the Children on
prescribed medication that should have caused the trial court to limit her co-parenting
time. Mother argues that although the trial court did not directly address the statutory
limiting factors, the court did indirectly address applicable limiting factors within its best
                                             45
interest analysis, leading to the court’s conclusion that limiting Father’s residential co-
parenting time was in the best interest of the Children.

       Inasmuch as the allegations raised by Father within this issue concerning Mother’s
conduct stem from events occurring prior to entry of the 2015 PPP, we conclude that
these allegations were or should have been litigated prior to entry of the 2015 PPP. See
Armbrister, 414 S.W.3d at 698-99 (explaining that the concept of a material change in
circumstance originated with review of “whether the statute empowering courts to
modify custody decrees deprived such ‘decrees of their quality of finality as
adjudications’ for purposes of the doctrine of res judicata,” with the determination that a
custody decree is “‘final and conclusive upon all the facts and conditions which existed
and upon which the decree was made.’”) (quoting Hicks v. Hicks, 176 S.W.2d 371, 375
(1943)). We therefore decline to address Father’s allegations regarding conduct or
instances that occurred prior to June 30, 2015.

       Moreover, although the trial court did not expressly cite the statutory limiting
factors on residential co-parenting time, we determine that the trial court, in finding
severe parental alienation to be a basis for limiting Father’s co-parenting time, carefully
weighed factor 5 (“[t]he abusive use of conflict by the parent that creates the danger of
damage to the child’s psychological development”) and factor 6 (“[a] parent has withheld
from the other parent access to the child for a protracted period without good cause”).
See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-406(d). When weighing the options going forward, the trial
court found that leaving the situation as it was, with Mother afforded the same or reduced
co-parenting time as compared to the 2015 PPP, would result, as it had since the October
2015 hearing, in Mother’s effective exclusion from the Children’s lives. Upon thorough
review, we conclude that the trial court did not err in its consideration of the applicable
statutory factors.

  D. Transfer of Exclusive Custody to Mother with Suspension of Contact with Father

        Father contends that the trial court erred by adopting the purportedly most extreme
option presented by Dr. Schacht as a recommendation to be followed in the best interest
of the Children. In a closely related issue, Father also contends that the trial court erred
by including in the 2016 PPP that Father would have no contact with the Children for at
least ninety days pending completion of Family Bridges and upon the recommendation of
an after-care provider. Father posits that because Dr. Schacht declined to rank one option
as superior over the others, the court erred in deciding that the fourth option of granting
exclusive custody to Mother, coupled with a period of no contact with Father, would be
in the best interest of the Children. We conclude that having made a finding of severe
parental alienation, the trial court carefully weighed the options presented by Dr. Schacht

                                            46
in correlation with statutory best interest factors, as explained above, to effect a custody
modification in the best interest of the Children.

       In his report, Dr. Schacht set forth the following in pertinent part:

              Options available to the court for disposition of disputed
       custody/visitation include at least the following potential courses of action.
       The sequence of presentation does not imply or reflect any order of
       recommendation or opinion about feasibility. Pros and cons for each option
       are discussed in the Appendix [to the report]:

       1.     Continued custody with [Father].

             With no scheduled visitation or contact with [Mother]; or

             With specific efforts to remedy alienation via education, counseling,
              and/or parenting coordination, and contact with [Mother] to be
              determined in conjunction with therapeutic progress; or

             With enforcement of a visitation schedule and with the
              understanding that any renewed or escalated conflict or other
              indicator of visitation failure will result in custody reversal.

       2.     Reversal of custody to [Mother].

             With [Mother] able to arrange physical placement of [the Children]
              in a neutral setting separate from both parents or with herself, at her
              discretion;

             With option of no contact with [Father] or paternal grandmother
              until there is demonstrated and sustained positive progress in [the
              Children’s] relationship with and treatment of [Mother].

When questioned during trial regarding whether he recommended one of the five options
he had listed above the others, Dr. Schacht responded:

              As a matter of my professional practice, I view the choice among
       options as the Court’s prerogative and I try to stay away from ultimate issue
       recommendations. I try to lay out what options are and what the pros and
       cons are and try not to tell the Court what to do.

                                              47
Father relies on this response to posit that the trial court erroneously chose an option that
Dr. Schacht had not recommended. We disagree.

       In its memorandum opinion incorporated into the 2016 PPP, the trial court
analyzed the potential benefits and drawbacks of each option presented by Dr. Schacht
that the court was considering. The court described the following options: (1) granting
exclusive custody to Father, (2) maintaining Father’s status as primary residential parent
with efforts to remedy the alienation against Mother, (3) granting exclusive custody to
Mother with placement of the Children in a neutral setting, or (4) granting exclusive
custody to Mother with no contact between Father and the Children until sustained
progress could be demonstrated. In summarizing these options, the court did not include
the option set forth by Dr. Schacht of enforcing visitation with Mother by including a
provision that custody would be reversed if such visitation failed, and the court
mentioned the option of placing the Children in a neutral setting only in passing.

       For the three remaining options closely considered by the trial court, it is helpful
to compare pertinent excerpts from Dr. Schacht’s description in his report of potential
benefits and drawbacks to pertinent excerpts from the court’s findings in its 2016
memorandum opinion.

                                      OPTION ONE

                                   Dr. Schacht’s Report

       Option 1:     Acquiesce to [the Children’s] demands, endorse the
                     status-quo and accept the situation as-is, with full custody
                     to [Father], no scheduled contacts with [Mother], and no
                     other court-ordered intervention.

       The primary benefit of this option is avoidance of potential adjustment
       problems that could arise from mandated change.

       It would be unrealistic to select this option based on an expectation that the
       current parental alienation is something that will spontaneously remit or
       diminish with the mere passage of time.

       [B.M.’s] proximity to the age of majority and his near-future transition to
       college offer logistical considerations potentially favoring this option in the
       case of [B.M.].

       The primary drawbacks of this option include:
                                             48
      Judicial reinforcement and reward for [the Children’s] extreme
       beliefs about [Mother] and for [Father’s] support of [the Children’s]
       parental alienation.

      Encouragement to manage conflict by avoidance and defiance rather
       than engagement and effective problem-solving. In turn, this would
       strengthen [the Children’s] dysfunctional sense that they are entitled
       to unilaterally direct the terms of their relationships with important
       adults in their lives, with impunity, and would reinforce strategically
       disrespectful and emotionally extortionate demands as a means of
       effecting that entitlement.

      [The Children’s] loss of the benefit of [Mother’s] potential
       contributions and involvement in their lives.

      Substantial risk that the current parental alienation will endure and
       become lifelong . . . .

                    Trial Court’s Memorandum Opinion

We talked about Option No. 1, which is nothing is done, simply the boys
stay with their father, I think Dr. Schacht phrased it as, “acquiesce to the
boys’ demands, endorse the status quo and accept the situation as is, with
full custody to [Father], no scheduled contacts with [Mother] and no other
court-ordered intervention.”

       And you know, it’s kind of interesting because that’s kind of what
this Court did back in October. . . .

       And what was the result? The result was, they had no contact with
their mother. She didn’t know anything that was happening, nobody
bothered to call, she didn’t find out about any surgeries, she didn’t get any
pictures.

***

       So that’s what happens if I leave the status quo as it is. I think we
can safely say, that is not going to happen.

                                     49
                              OPTION TWO

                           Dr. Schacht’s Report

Option 2:    Leave primary custody with [Father] and order renewed
             efforts to remedy alienation via education, counseling, and
             parenting coordination.

This could be a reasonable alternative if there was not an established track
record of failure or if changed circumstances gave reason to expect success
despite past failure.

Because of the apparent support of paternal extended family (grandmother)
for the alienation, intervention that included the extended family would be
important.

***

Notwithstanding long-standing specific recommendations of record that
psychological treatment focus on improving the parents’ relationship, this
goal has not been accomplished to-date. Indeed, the situation appears to
have worsened over time.

Moreover, the history (including [the Children’s] participation in the
present consultation) suggests that their attitude toward mental health
intervention has been shaped by a cynical expectation that mental health
professionals are simply allies or obstacles along the path to permanent and
total rejection of [Mother]. Mirroring [Father’s] perspective, [the Children]
approach contacts with mental health professionals as a challenge, the goal
of which is to persuade the professionals to believe that their complaints
about [Mother] are true and credible.

                   Trial Court’s Memorandum Opinion

       Option 2 is leave primary custody with [Father] and order renewed
efforts to remedy alienation, be it education, counseling, and parenting
coordination. Here’s my problem with that one: That’s what we’ve been
doing for nigh on 16 years. We’ve been working on this and working on it
and we’ve been to counselors and therapists and doctors and court and
more counselors and different therapists and more doctors and court. It is a
merry-go-round upon which we have all been for many, many years and it
                                     50
did not work. I have no reason to believe it’s ever going to work in the
future.

                              OPTION FOUR

                            Dr. Schact’s Report

Option 4:    Place one or both [Children] with [Mother], with
             temporary suspension of all contact between [Father], his
             extended family, and [the Children]; suspension of all
             decision-making authority by [Father]; and future
             graduated resumption of contact with [Father] and his
             extended family contingent upon [the Children’s]
             progress in relationship with [Mother] and upon their
             behavior meeting and maintaining specified conditions.

This option is essentially an immersion intervention that strives to undo
[the Children’s] parental alienation by interrupting and insulating them
from the paternal dynamics that have helped to maintain the current
situation.

The distance between the parties’ residences (Texas vs Tennessee) could
logistically facilitate this option.

This option would benefit from a detailed court order tying the duration of
a no-contact requirement to the quality and progress of repair in the
relationship between [the Children] and [Mother]. If this option is selected,
a no-contact order should apply to [the Children] as well as to [Father] and
his extended family, such that [the Children] should be prohibited from
contacting their father and his family except when specified behavioral
conditions have been met. This could reasonably require restrictions on
cell phone and internet access, which, in turn, could require coordination
with school authorities. The duration of required no-contact should be
sufficient to permit meaningful and real adjustment so that the intervention
cannot be thwarted by a shallow “flight into health.” Such an arrangement
would convey to [the Children] the court’s belief that their rejection and
denigration of [Mother] is disproportionate and unwarranted and that the
situation is serious, that the status quo is unacceptable, and that change is
expected. This option removes from [the Children’s] shoulders the burden
of demonstrating loyalty to [Father] by rejecting [Mother]. Under this
flipped contingency, [the Children’s] current strategy of escalating
                                     51
       resistance to [Mother] becomes self-defeating, since access to [Father]
       would depend upon re-establishing a stable positive relationship with
       [Mother].

                        Trial Court’s Memorandum Opinion

       No. 4 was to place one or both boys with [Mother] with temporary
       suspension of all contact between [Father], his extended family, and the
       boys, suspension of all decision-making authority by [Father], and future
       graduated resumption of contact with [Father] and his extended family
       contingent upon the boys’ progress in relationship with their mother and
       upon their behavior, meeting and maintaining specified conditions. And
       that, of course, led us to our discussion about the Family Bridges Program.

               I guess Dr. Schacht kind of boiled it down in simple terms:
       Resum[ing] contact with father under that option would be tied to the
       quality and progress of the repair in the relationship of the boys with their
       mother. In other words, instead of rewarding the boys in some way for
       rejecting their mother, they would be rewarded for accepting their mother
       by being able to be with their dad.

        The trial court thus concluded that the fourth option was the option most likely to
result in a change in the pattern of parental alienation and therefore in the best interest of
the Children. Father relies on Dr. Schacht’s declination to choose an option to assert that
“no testimony was given as to the superiority of any option over another.” This assertion
may be true on its face but solely because Dr. Schacht tempered his explanations of
potential benefits and drawbacks with correlations to different desired outcomes. If
peace and quiet at the expense of any relationship with Mother were in the best interest of
the Children, option one may well have been the best choice. Moreover, the record
demonstrates no evidence to support completely excluding Mother from the Children’s
lives. Likewise, if continuing to attempt enforcement of Mother’s co-parenting time with
supportive counseling had not been attempted for years or had been demonstrated to be
effective in the past, option two may well have been in the best interest of the Children.
See, e.g., Oliver, 2004 WL 892536, at *5 (“In circumstances where one parent has
purposely set out to alienate a child from the other parent, professional assistance from a
psychologist or psychiatrist may be required to limit the damage and to prevent it from
becoming impervious to improvement. . . . Requiring such counseling in this case would
certainly be an appropriate and less drastic measure than changing the current custody
arrangements.”). However, under the specific circumstances of this case, when
counseling had been attempted for several years, we determine that the evidence does not
                                             52
preponderate against the trial court’s finding that it was in the best interest of the
Children to modify custody exclusively to Mother and temporarily suspend the
Children’s contact with Father pending progress as monitored by after-care
professionals.7

       As to the provision in the 2016 PPP suspending contact between Father and the
Children, Father contends that such a provision is contrary to the requirement in
Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-106(a)(2) that the trial court should consider each
parent’s willingness and ability to “facilitate and encourage a close and continuing
parent-child relationship between the child and both of the child’s parents” and the
requirement in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-406(d)(6) that the trial court should
consider limiting the parenting time of a parent who withholds access to a child from the
other parent. As noted in a prior section of this Opinion, the trial court considered these
factors when finding that Father had supported the alienation of the Children from
Mother and that it was in the best interest of the Children to intervene in this alienation.
Father’s argument in this regard is unavailing.

                                           V. Family Bridges

        Father also contends that the trial court erred by directing the Children and Mother
to participate in Family Bridges and requiring Father to pay the majority of the costs
associated with the workshop and required post-workshop “vacation.”                   Having
determined that the trial court did not err in modifying custody, we note that
“[d]etermining the details of parenting plans is ‘peculiarly within the broad discretion of
the trial judge.’” See Armbrister, 414 S.W.3d at 693 (quoting Suttles v. Suttles, 748
S.W.2d 427, 429 (Tenn. 1988) (in turn quoting Edwards v. Edwards, 501 S.W.2d 283,
291 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1973)). Upon careful review of the record in this case, we determine
that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ordering Mother’s and the Children’s
participation in Family Bridges and requiring Father to pay the majority of the associated
costs.

7
  We are not persuaded by Father’s ancillary argument that the trial court erred by adopting Dr. Schacht’s
recommendations because Dr. Schacht did not have access to deposition testimony of third parties
obtained by Father during prior litigation and admitted as a sealed exhibit in this matter. Dr. Schacht
referenced the parties’ and the Children’s individual recollections of early events in the Children’s lives in
his report, as well as counseling records from the Children’s early years. Moreover, the trial court heard
testimony from Mother and Father, often conflicting, regarding such events. The evidence does not
preponderate against the trial court’s finding in its 2016 memorandum opinion that “the information
provided to Dr. Schacht, and upon which his determinations were based, [is] fully sufficient.”
                                                     53
        Family Bridges came to the trial court’s attention through Dr. Schacht’s
description in his report of how “Option 4,” the intervention option eventually adopted by
the trial court, would best be facilitated. Dr. Schacht stated in pertinent part:

        [I]f the court selects this option, it would be wise to facilitate the transition
        with assistance from other professionals with specific expertise. As an
        initial step, the “Family Bridges” program would be worth considering.
        The ability of this program to facilitate successful re-unification of
        alienated children with parents has been documented with systematic
        follow-up data on a population of alienated children, all of whom
        previously had failed experiences of outpatient counseling prior to the
        Family Bridges experience.

Dr. Schacht cited the documentation of “systematic follow-up data” in Richard Warshak,
Parental alienation: What it is: how to manage it, a presentation delivered to the
American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers – Texas Chapter, as published by the
University of Texas School of Law, June 12-13, 2014, at p. 30.

       In ordering participation in Family Bridges or a treatment plan with comparable
methodology,8 the trial court relied on Dr. Schacht’s court-appointed, expert witness
testimony describing Family Bridges as follows in pertinent part:

        Family Bridges Workshop is an intervention intended to facilitate
        reunification of alienated parents with alienated children. It occurs
        typically in the context of supportive court orders that are primarily
        designed to protect the context in which the intervention occurs and reduce
        the potential for sabotage.

               The Workshop consists of a facilitative experience by professionals,
        who have specific training and experience in doing this, focused on a single
        family. It’s an intensive immersive experience. Occurs over multiple days
        in an environment that’s separate from the ordinary environment that the
        family is accustomed to.
8
  During trial, Mother testified that upon receiving a copy of Dr. Schacht’s report prior to trial, she had
consulted with Dr. Murphey, who was a leader with Family Bridges and, according to Dr. Murphey’s
affidavit presented to the trial court, had agreed to develop a “treatment plan” for the Children through
Family Bridges if Mother were granted primary custody of the Children. Although the court included in
its order the option of Dr. Murphey’s working with Mother and the Children through a treatment plan
utilizing Family Bridges methodology, by the time that the court entered its order regarding the cost of
Family Bridges, the court had received additional logistical information from Dr. Randy Rand, the
administrator of Family Bridges. At that time, the court directed Father to advance payment for the
Children’s and Mother’s participation in the actual Family Bridges program.
                                                     54
       ***

       [T]he premise of the Family Bridges intervention is that change requires
       disruption of the status quo and that, to the extent that the status quo is
       maintained by contact and communication and support between a parent
       who in one way or another has played a role in supporting the alienation,
       disruption of that is important. And so the Family Bridges program seeks
       to disrupt that cycle by asking for a court order that precludes contact
       between the alienated child and the parent who is supporting the alienation,
       for a period of time. And also by reversing the previous contingencies in
       the sense that, whereas in the past, bad behavior has gotten the child what
       they want, the reverse contingency is now good behavior gets what you
       want. So resumption of contact with the preferred parent is contingent on
       improvement in the relationship with the rejected parent.

       Father asserts that because Dr. Schacht had not personally utilized Family Bridges
for patients and because the program had not been “tested” in Tennessee, the trial court
abused its discretion by ordering participation in Family Bridges. He also asserts that
Family Bridges expenses should not be considered health care costs, citing informational
materials for the program as describing an “educational” approach. Father thereby argues
that the cost of Family Bridges would be an extraordinary educational expense not
covered by the description of health care costs provided in the 2015 PPP. We disagree.

       The informational materials upon which Father relies demonstrate that Family
Bridges, at least as ordered by the trial court, was a therapeutic program designed to
intervene in the family dynamic of parental alienation and facilitate reunification of
Mother and the Children, as well as to support the Children’s mental health. Much of this
material, together with documented research, has been published in a peer-reviewed
family therapy journal and is referenced by Dr. Schacht in his testimony. We discern no
abuse of discretion in the trial court’s reliance on such authority or in the court’s order
directing the parties to participate in Family Bridges in order to facilitate the modification
in custody under the circumstances of severe parental alienation found in this case.

       In arguing that Family Bridges should be classified as an educational expense,
Father cites to an article attached to a document submitted to the trial court on July 22,
2016, by the administrator of Family Bridges, Dr. Randy Rand, upon Mother’s counsel’s
request following entry of the 2016 PPP. The document is an estimate of expenses for
the program, updated from an initial estimate submitted to the trial court earlier in July
2016. The article Dr. Rand attached is entitled, “Risks to Professionals Who Work with
Troubled and Alienated Parent-Child Relationships,” and was published by Dr. Richard
                                             55
A. Warshak in the The American Journal of Family Therapy in 2016. Dr. Rand attached
the article to illustrate why the program requires some provisions in court orders designed
to protect the safety of professionals working with alienated children. As pertinent to
Father’s argument, the article includes the following description of Family Bridges:

              The educational workshop Rand designed, Family Bridges [“FB”], is
       arguably the fountainhead for subsequent programs whose features emulate
       his contributions. He has inspired and in some cases mentored other’s
       work with abducted and alienated children. After learning about FB’s
       principles and procedures, experienced clinicians have created programs
       that join elements of the educational workshop with their own
       contributions. The result is a menu of options for families in need.

               Among the elements that originated with FB and are now part of
       other programs are the use of educational approaches in contrast to
       traditional psychotherapy; the use of video edutainment materials to engage
       children’s attention while teaching them important skills in a child-friendly
       format; moving the intervention out of the professional’s office into a
       leisure setting more conducive to relaxed learning and pleasure; and
       concentrating the intervention in a few full days rather than hourly sessions
       spread over months and years.

Richard A. Warshak, Risks to Professionals Who Work with Troubled and Alienated
Parent-Child Relationships, 44 THE AMER. J. OF FAMILY THERAPY, 111,112 (2016).

       Father posits that because the approach taken by Family Bridges is described as
“educational” in comparison to “traditional psychotherapy,” the expenses for the program
cannot qualify as a health care cost and would instead be an extraordinary educational
expense affecting child support. See Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-02-04-.07(2)(d)1.(i)
(providing that extraordinary educational expenses, such as private schooling or special
needs education, “may be added to the presumptive child support as a deviation”). We
find Father’s interpretation to be too narrow a reading of the Family Bridges description.
As an “innovative approach,” see Warshak, Risks to Professionals, at 112, Family
Bridges may be viewed as an alternative to traditional mental health therapy; therefore,
the expense is more appropriately classified as mental health treatment rather than an
extraordinary educational expense.

        Assessing costs for mental health treatment is within the sound discretion of the
trial court. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(h)(1) (Supp. 2016) (“The court may direct
the acquisition or maintenance of health insurance covering each child of the marriage
and may order either party to pay all, or each party to pay a pro rata share of, the health
                                            56
care costs not paid by insurance proceeds.”); see, e.g., Beyer v. Beyer, 428 S.W.3d 59, 75
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2013), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Oct. 16, 2013) (affirming the trial
court’s judgment directing the father to reimburse the mother for funds she had paid
toward the children’s “uncovered medical and psychological expenses” when the parties’
permanent parenting plan provided that the father would pay “[u]ncovered reasonable
and necessary medical, dental, mental health and orthodontic expenses”).

       As for the post-workshop “vacation,” the trial court ordered the parties to pay the
applicable expenses because the vacation was a required component of participation in
Family Bridges. In his letter to the court, Dr. Rand described this component as an
“unstructured,” time for the parent and the Children to immediately apply what they had
learned in the structured component of the workshop before transitioning into the home
environment. According to Dr. Rand, the vacation component is designed to span five to
seven days. In its order granting custody to Mother, the trial court included the following
provision:

       [F]ollowing completion of the Family Bridges workshop, and before
       returning home with the children, the custodial parent [Mother] shall take
       the children on a vacation of no less than five days in duration. The Court
       expects that the children will apply what they learn during the Family
       Bridges workshop to improve their interactions with their custodial parent
       during and following their vacation.

        While the trial court was reviewing the logistical details of its ruling at the close of
the June 2016 trial, Father’s counsel objected to Father’s having to pay for any part of
Mother’s “vacation” expenses. The trial court overruled Father’s objection, stating that
“it’s all part of the program.” Inasmuch as the trial court ordered Mother to participate in
the vacation component of Family Bridges as part of participation in Family Bridges as a
whole, we determine that the vacation component was part of the overall therapeutic
expense.

       During the close of trial on June 29, 2016, the trial court made an initial oral ruling
that Father would be responsible for two-thirds and Mother one-third of the Family
Bridges expenses in accordance with their respective incomes. As stated in the 2016
PPP, the court found Father’s gross monthly income to be $10,986.50 and Mother’s gross
monthly income to be $3,650.00. The court’s findings regarding the parties’ respective
incomes are not disputed. In its July 22, 2016, “Order on Payment of Funds for Family
Bridges Workshop and Mandatory Post Family Bridges Workshop Vacation, and Airline
Flight to Houston, Texas for Children,” the trial court directed Father to “cause funds in
the amount of $26,000.00 for the Court ordered Family Bridges Workshop plus the
estimated $3,000.00 - $5,000.00 for the Family Bridges Workshop required post
                                              57
workshop vacation for [Mother] and the child/ren, to be deposited in the escrow/trust
account of [Mother’s counsel] as soon as possible.” The court further ordered that
Mother’s counsel was to distribute the funds solely pursuant to the trial court’s order. On
appeal, Mother does not dispute that Father provided the funds for the Family Bridges
expenses as ordered by the trial court.

       We note that the amount of the funds Father was ordered to pay for Family
Bridges is in accordance with the total estimate of expenses submitted to the trial court by
Dr. Rand, rather than two-thirds of that amount, as the trial court had indicated at the
close of trial. However, in its subsequent order granting attorney’s fees to Mother,
entered on August 5, 2016, the trial court stated the following in relevant part:

              The Court has previously ordered the father to pay the majority of
       the costs and expenses related to the children’s participation in the Family
       Bridges program. These expenses and costs are substantial. For this reason
       only, the Court does not order full reimbursement to [Mother] of her
       attorney fees. However, she is entitled to a portion of her attorney fees and
       the Court finds that [Father] is able to pay a portion thereof. [Father] is
       ORDERED to reimburse [Mother] $20,000.00. [Mother] shall bear her
       own costs.

Excluding court reporter and expert witness expenses covered by a separate order,
Mother had requested reimbursement in the amount of $38,594.99 in attorney’s fees,
costs, and expenses. Therefore, pursuant to the trial court’s order granting attorney’s
fees, the court credited Father with up to $18,595.00 that it would otherwise have
awarded to Mother in attorney’s fees because Father had been ordered to pay the
estimated Family Bridges expenses in advance.

       On appeal, Father has raised an issue regarding the basis for the “prevailing party
fee awards” for the trial court’s finding of contempt and has requested that the entire
$20,000.00 award be vacated. The maximum amount credited to Father of $18,595.00
subtracted from the maximum amount of $31,000.00 that the trial court directed Father to
pay into Mother’s counsel’s trust/escrow account equals $12,405.00, which is less than
half of the amount of the estimated $31,000.00 in Family Bridges expenses. Mother has
not raised an issue regarding the interplay of the division of Family Bridges expenses and
the award of attorney’s fees. She has requested that the trial court’s judgment be
affirmed in its entirety. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(b) (“Review generally will extend only
to those issues presented for review.”). We will address Father’s argument as it relates to
Mother’s motions for contempt in a subsequent section of this Opinion. As to the Family
Bridges expenses, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by directing
Father to pay the expenses in advance with a credit to Father for a significant portion of
                                            58
those expenses in the reduced award of attorney’s fees. We therefore affirm the trial
court’s assessment of Family Bridges expenses to Father.

                                      VI. Contempt

        In its August 5, 2016 “Order on Motions for Civil and Criminal Contempt and
Order Granting Attorney Fees,” the trial court found Father to be in “willful contempt” of
court for violating the 2015 PPP on four counts: (1) failing to notify Mother within
twenty-four hours of C.M.’s February 2016 medical hospitalization and treatment, (2)
failing to provide Mother with information regarding B.M’s academic awards and both
Children’s academic grades and attendance records, (3) sending disparaging and
damaging statements against Mother to B.M. during Mother’s co-parenting time in the
summer of 2015, and (4) failing to take the Children to court-ordered counseling with Mr.
Scott. The court noted in this order that the June 28, 2016 day of trial had been the “final
hearing” in the case and dismissed all other contempt allegations with prejudice. As
specified by the court, the first two instances of contempt were pled in Mother’s June 17,
2016 “Motion for Civil Contempt.” The latter two instances of contempt had initially
been pled in Mother’s October 2, 2015 “Motion for Criminal and Civil Contempt.” The
trial court in its order stated that it found Father to be in “willful contempt” but did not
state whether it found Father to be in civil contempt, criminal contempt, or a mixture of
the two depending on the offense.

        On appeal, Father does not raise an issue regarding the substantive findings related
to his violations of the 2015 PPP. Father breaks down the trial court’s order into one
finding of civil contempt for the failure to provide Mother with information regarding
C.M.’s February 2016 medical hospitalization and three findings of indirect criminal
contempt for the other three violations. Father asserts that the court’s finding regarding
C.M.’s hospitalization was one of civil contempt because Father did provide the
information concerning C.M.’s hospitalization to Mother after the twenty-four-hour
timeframe required by the 2015 PPP had passed. He argues that because he subsequently
had complied with this requirement as far as he could, he had purged any civil contempt
resulting from that violation. Father thereby argues that the court should not have found
him in civil contempt on this violation. As to the other three violations, Father asserts
that the trial court applied a standard of criminal contempt by finding him in contempt for
violations he could no longer cure and entering a suspended sentence of eight days in jail.
Relying on Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 42(b), Father posits that the court’s
findings of criminal contempt should be vacated because he was not provided with
sufficient notice of how many criminal charges he faced or the potential consequences for
such charges.

                                            59
       Mother argues that Father waived any objection to insufficient notice on the
contempt allegations because he did not object, on the basis of notice, during the June
2016 trial to testimony relevant to the contempt allegations; did not request a special
hearing on the contempt allegations; and did not file a response to either contempt
motion. Mother acknowledges that Father filed an objection to the June 17, 2016 motion
for civil contempt on June 27, 2016, in which he stated that he was entitled to thirty days’
notice to respond. See generally Tenn. R. Civ. P. 12.01. The final hearing, inclusive of
the presentation of evidence relevant to the contempt allegations, was conducted on June
28 and 29, 2016. However, at no time did the trial court set aside a portion of the hearing
specifically for presentation of evidence in support of the contempt allegations. We
disagree with Mother on this point and determine that Father did not waive the issue of
sufficient notice.

      Tennessee Code Annotated § 29-9-102(3) (2012) authorizes courts to find a
person who willfully disobeys “any lawful writ, process, order, rule, decree, or
command” of a court to be in contempt of court. As to punishment for contempt,
Tennessee Code Annotated § 29-9-103 (2012) provides in relevant part:

       (a)    The punishment for contempt may be by fine or by imprisonment, or
              both.

       (b)    Where not otherwise specially provided, the circuit, chancery, and
              appellate courts are limited to a fine of fifty dollars ($50.00), and
              imprisonment not exceeding ten (10) days . . . .

Under this statutory scheme, a court may utilize the remedy of incarceration for either
civil or criminal contempt. See Ahern v. Ahern, 15 S.W.3d 73, 79 (Tenn. 2000).

        In a case such as the one at bar when the trial court has punished contempt with
incarceration but not specified the type of contempt, we look to “[h]ow the trial court
utilizes the remedy of incarceration” to determine whether the contempt is civil or
criminal. See State ex rel. Farris v. Bryant, No. E2008-02597-COA-R3-CV, 2011 WL
676162, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 24, 2011). As this Court has explained:

       With civil contempt, the court can incarcerate the individual in order to
       compel performance of the court’s order. Ahern, 15 S.W.3d at 79. In
       effect, the contemnor “has the ‘keys to the jail’ and can purge the contempt
       by complying with the court’s order.” Id. (citations omitted). In contrast,
       “[p]unishment for criminal contempt is punitive in character; it is imposed
       to vindicate the authority of the law.” State ex rel. Everson v. [Gooch],
       1990 WL 3976, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 24, 1990). “It is a punitive
                                            60
       proceeding intended to impose a fixed punishment for past actions.
       Punishment for criminal contempt is not conditional and must be served,
       even if the contemnor later complies with the court’s order.” McLean v.
       McLean, No. E2008-02796-COA-R3-CV, 2010 WL 21[6]0752, at *3
       (Tenn. Ct. App. May 28, 2010) (quoting Jones v. Jones, 1997 WL 80029, at
       *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 26, 1997)); see also Black [v. Blount], 938 S.W.2d
       [394,] 398 [(Tenn. 1996)].

Id. As to the suspension of a sentence of incarceration, this Court has previously
concluded that “[t]here is no such thing as a suspended sentence for civil contempt.” See
Mayer v. Mayer, 532 S.W.2d 54, 60 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1975), perm. app. denied (Tenn.
Dec. 1, 1975); see also Hill v. Robbins, 859 S.W.2d 355, 356 n.2 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993)
(“A trial court which holds a party in contempt may not reserve punishment in futuro.”)
(citing Mayer, 532 S.W.2d 54).

      In its August 5, 2016 order, the trial court stated the following regarding the
consequences of Father’s four acts of contempt found by the court:

               For his willful contempt on four counts, [Father] is sentenced to 8
       days in jail. However, the Court gives [Father] one last chance to prove
       that he can abide by the orders of the Court. If [Father] commits no
       additional acts of contempt, he will not be forced to serve this sentence and
       it will be suspended. Should he commit any additional act of contempt, he
       will serve his time in full.

(Emphasis in original.)

        Inasmuch as the trial court specified that the eight-day suspended sentence was the
consequence for all four acts of contempt, we determine that the court imposed
punishment for criminal contempt on all four counts. See Mayer, 532 S.W.2d at 60; see
also Jones v. Jones, No. 01A01-9607-CV-00346, 1997 WL 80029, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Feb. 26, 1997) (explaining that when determining the “threshold issue” of “whether the
contempt is civil or criminal,” “[t]he answer turns on the conduct involved and the
sanctions imposed, not on the labels of ‘civil’ or ‘criminal’ affixed by the parties or the
trial court.”).

      Having determined that the trial court exclusively imposed punishment for
criminal contempt in its August 5, 2016 order, we narrow our analysis of Father’s issue to

                                            61
whether he was provided with sufficient notice of indirect criminal contempt charges.9
Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 42(b) provides in pertinent part:

        (b)     Disposition on Notice and Hearing. – A criminal contempt shall be
                prosecuted on notice, except as provided in subdivision (a) of this
                rule.

                (1)     Content of Notice. – The criminal contempt notice shall:

                        (A)     state the time and place of the hearing;

                        (B)     allow the alleged contemner a reasonable time to
                                prepare a defense; and

                        (C)     state the essential facts constituting the criminal
                                contempt charged and describe it as such.

        (2)     Form of Notice. The judge shall give the notice orally in open court
                in the presence of the alleged contemner or by written order,
                including an arrest order if warranted. The notice and order may
                also issue on application of the district attorney general, an attorney
                appointed by the court for that purpose, or an attorney representing a
                party in the case.

As this Court has explained:

               Sufficient notice meeting the requirements of due process must be
        given as a prerequisite to a court’s authority to punish a party for criminal
        contempt committed outside the presence of the court. Storey v. Storey,
        835 S.W.2d 593, 599-600 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992). Under Tenn. R. Crim. P.
        42(b), a person facing a criminal contempt charge must “be given explicit
        notice that they are charged with criminal contempt and must also be
        informed of the facts giving rise to the charge.” Long v. McAllister-Long,
        221 S.W.3d 1, 13 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006) (citation omitted). “Essential facts
        are those which, at a minimum, (1) allow the accused to glean that he or she
        is being charged with a crime, rather than being sued by an individual, (2)
        enable the accused to understand that the object of the charge is
        punishment—not merely to secure compliance with a previously existing
9
  Pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 42(a), a court may impose summary punishment for
direct criminal contempt committed in the judge’s presence without application of the notice requirements
provided in Rule 42(b). See State ex rel. Farris, 2011 WL 676162, at *6 n.9.
                                                    62
       order, and (3) sufficiently aid the accused to determine the nature of the
       accusation, which encompasses the requirement that the underlying court
       order allegedly violated by the accused is itself clear and unambiguous.”
       Id. at 13-14.

McLean, 2010 WL 2160752, at *5.

       In the case at bar, the trial court essentially found Father in criminal contempt for
two counts alleged in Mother’s October 2, 2015 motion for criminal and civil contempt
and two counts alleged in Mother’s June 17, 2016 motion for civil contempt. In the
October 2, 2015 motion, Mother specifically alleged, as relevant here, that Father had
“intentionally and willfully violated” the 2015 PPP by text messaging “disparaging and
damaging statements” to B.M. during Mother’s summer 2015 co-parenting time and by
“intentionally not taking the children to see Mr. Brian Scott, LPC for court ordered
counseling.” Mother listed specific text messages that she averred were in violation of
the order and listed specific actions committed by Father that she averred had kept the
Children from seeing Mr. Scott. Although Mother styled the motion as one for criminal
and civil contempt, she did not specify which type of contempt she was seeking for
specific violations, of which several others were alleged.

       Mother did include the following relevant paragraphs in her October 2015 motion
regarding the remedy sought:

              [Mother] alleges [Father] was and is capable of complying with this
       Court’s order, but has intentionally not complied with this Court’s order
       and is in willful, intentional and purposeful criminal and civil contempt of
       Court, as more specifically set forth in the preceding paragraphs. [Mother]
       would show that contempt may carry jail time of up to 10 days for each
       charge. That for criminal contempt, if [Father] cannot afford an
       attorney one may be appointed to him if he qualifies for a public
       defender under the income guidelines or as approved by the judge.

       ***

       [Mother] prays as follows:

              That an emergency hearing be conducted regarding [Father’s] willful
       contempt of this Court’s prior order, and that [Father] be civilly and
       criminally punished as this Court determines appropriate for his willful and
       intentional violations of this Court’s prior order.

                                            63
(Paragraph numbering omitted; emphasis in original.) Mother also requested attorney’s
fees associated with bringing the motion. Except for reserving “all other matters” in
interim orders, the trial court did not address Mother’s October 2015 allegations of
contempt prior to the June 2016 trial.

        In the June 17, 2016 motion for civil contempt, Mother specifically alleged, as
relevant here, that Father had “intentionally and willfully violated” the 2015 PPP by
failing to notify Mother within twenty-four hours of C.M.’s medical hospitalization in
February 2016 and by failing to provide Mother with information concerning B.M.’s
academic awards and the Children’s academic grades and attendance records. In this
motion, Mother included the following paragraphs relevant to the remedy sought for
contempt:

              [Mother] alleges [Father] is in willful civil contempt, for failing to
       abide by this Court’s prior order(s) and should be civilly punished by this
       Court pursuant to T.C.A. § 29-9-103.

       ***

       [Mother] prays as follows:

       That [Father] be held in willful civil contempt of court for his willful and
       intentional failure to abide by the prior order(s) of this Court and punished
       civilly as this Court determines appropriate.

(Paragraph numbering omitted.)

        At the opening of trial on June 27, 2016, the trial court noted that Mother had filed
a motion for contempt and that Father had requested to continue Mother’s motion.
During opening statements, Father’s counsel requested a continuance on Mother’s June
16, 2016 motion for civil contempt, stating that Father was entitled to thirty days’ notice
before being required to defend the motion. At the close of trial on June 28, 2016, the
trial court noted that in addition to the petition to modify custody before the court, “there
[was] also . . . a criminal contempt remaining from last year, a civil contempt from this
year . . . .” The court also summarized Mother’s testimony regarding the contempt
allegations in the June 16, 2016 motion. In its July 18, 2016 order granting custody to
Mother, the court stated: “Pending motions for contempt will be addressed by separate
order.” The court did not address the contempt allegations again until entry of the August
5, 2016 order finding Father in contempt and sentencing him to an eight-day suspended
sentence of incarceration. The contempt order indicates that it was entered without

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separate hearing. The trial transcripts for October 2015 and June 2016 indicate no oral
notice provided to Father of the punishment for criminal contempt.

       Upon a thorough review of the record, we determine that Father was not provided
with the requisite notice, pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 42(b), that he
was being charged with criminal contempt for specific violations of the 2015 PPP and
was not provided with oral notice by the trial court that he faced possible jail time.
Although Mother’s October 2015 motion stated that “contempt may carry jail time of up
to 10 days for each charge,” she failed to enumerate separate charges for which she
sought incarceration and appeared to confuse civil and criminal contempt throughout the
motion. Mother’s June 2016 motion did not mention criminal charges at all. Moreover,
the record indicates that the trial court did not give oral notice to Father of possible
incarceration until entering the order on contempt in August 2016 and assessing a
suspended eight-day sentence impermissible for civil contempt. See Mayer, 532 S.W.2d
at 60 (“There is no such thing as a suspended sentence for civil contempt.”).

        We therefore vacate the portion of the trial court’s August 5, 2016 order finding
Father in contempt and sentencing him to an eight-day suspended sentence. See, e.g.,
McLean, 2010 WL 2160752, at *6 (vacating the trial court’s finding of criminal contempt
upon determining that the record “raise[d] serious doubts concerning whether [the alleged
contemner] clearly understood that the petitions exposed her to incarceration” and that
“the trial court failed to provide [the alleged contemner] with proper oral notice about the
charges as required by Tenn. R. Crim. P. 42(b)”).

       In addition, because the trial court indicated in its August 5, 2016 order that its
award of attorney’s fees to Mother was based on the success of her motions for custody
modification and contempt, we remand for a determination of whether the amount of
attorney’s fees awarded to Mother was appropriate given our vacation of the contempt
finding against Father. We note that “attorney’s fees are not within the statutory limits to
criminal contempt under Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-9-103.” Watts v. Watts, 519 S.W.3d 572,
585 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2016). As this Court has explained:

       [A]lthough attorney’s fees may be a logical and potentially effective part of
       a sentence for criminal contempt, and the legislature may wish to consider
       this issue in the future, we do not believe that the legislature has ‘specially
       provided’ for attorney’s fees as an additional punishment elsewhere under
       the present statutory provisions.

Id.; see Nichols v. Crockett, No. E2016-00885-COA-R3-CV, slip op. at *12-13 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Sept. 13, 2017). Recognizing that the trial court previously credited Father with his
payment of Family Bridges costs against the award to Mother of attorney’s fees on her
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successful custody modification motion, we expressly do not disturb the trial court’s
order assessing Father with the cost of Family Bridges.

                                    VII. NICBC Report

        Father also argues that the trial court erred by ordering that a report of the
Children’s psychiatric hospitalizations be made to the NICBC. Upon Dr. Schacht’s
recommendation in his report, the trial court entered a supplemental order on August 10,
2016, directing, inter alia, that the Children should not have access to weapons/firearms
and that a report of their psychiatric hospitalizations would be made to the NICBC. Dr.
Schacht’s recommendation was based on his opinion that the history in this case
indicated “ample warrant” to “impose basic environmental precautions in the form of
controlling access to particularly lethal means of harm.” Father asserts that because the
trial court also credited Dr. Schacht’s opinion that suicidal ideation expressed by the
Children that prompted their respective 2015 psychiatric hospitalizations was at least in
part manipulative, the court could not “have it both ways” by finding the Children to be
in possible danger from access to weapons. We disagree.

        Contrary to Father’s characterization of the trial court’s findings, the court clearly
indicated, as did Dr. Schacht, that actual suicidal ideation and attempted manipulation of
the situation could be occurring in the Children’s thought processes simultaneously.
Father cites to no authority in support of his argument other than a general reference to
the trial court’s duty to protect the Children’s best interests. We discern no abuse of
discretion in the trial court’s decision, in the interest of protecting the Children’s safety,
to report the Children’s psychiatric hospitalizations to the NICBC upon the
recommendation of a court-appointed expert in forensic psychology who had evaluated
the Children.

                             VIII. Attorney’s Fees on Appeal

      Mother requests an award from this Court of her attorney’s fees, costs, and
expenses incurred on appeal pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-5-103(c)
(2014), which provides:

              The plaintiff spouse may recover from the defendant spouse, and the
       spouse or other person to whom the custody of the child, or children, is
       awarded may recover from the other spouse reasonable attorney fees
       incurred in enforcing any decree for alimony and/or child support, or in
       regard to any suit or action concerning the adjudication of the custody or
       the change of custody of any child, or children, of the parties, both upon the
       original divorce hearing and at any subsequent hearing, which fees may be
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      fixed and allowed by the court, before whom such action or proceeding is
      pending, in the discretion of such court.

Considering Father’s success in appealing the finding of criminal contempt and the
amount of attorney’s fees and costs with which Father was assessed by the trial court, we
exercise our discretion to deny Mother’s request for attorney’s fees on appeal.

                                     IX. Conclusion

       For the reasons stated above, we vacate the portion of the trial court’s August 5,
2016 order finding Father in contempt of court and sentencing him to an eight-day
suspended sentence of incarceration. We remand for a determination of whether the
amount of attorney’s fees awarded to Mother was appropriate given our vacation of the
contempt finding against Father. We affirm the trial court’s judgment in all other
respects. Mother’s request for an award of attorney’s fees on appeal is denied. This case
is remanded to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion and collection
of costs below. Costs on appeal are taxed one-half to the appellant, Richard Perry
McClain, and one-half to the appellee, Ferryl Theresita McClain.

                                                _________________________________
                                                THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, JUDGE

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