Court Opinion

ID: 2981711
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 19:47:14.168814+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:44:20.218821
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 13a0225n.06

                                           No. 11-6218                                  FILED
                                                                                     Mar 04, 2013
                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

IN RE: PAMELA ILEEN MATTHEWS,

      Debtor.
______________________________________
PAMELA ILEEN MATTHEWS,                 )
                                       )
      Appellant,                       )
                                       )
v.                                     )               ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                       )               STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
EDUCATIONAL CREDIT MANAGEMENT )                        EASTERN DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
CORPORATION,                           )
                                       )
      Appellee.                        )

Before: BOGGS and WHITE, Circuit Judges, and BLACK, District Judge.*

       HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge. Pamela Matthews appeals the district court’s

judgment and its order denying her motion for reconsideration, asserting that both the bankruptcy

and district courts clearly erred in permitting Educational Credit Management Corporation (ECMC)

to intervene in Matthews’s adversary proceeding against the consolidated lender of her student loan,

Sallie Mae. We AFFIRM.

                                                 I.

       *
        The Honorable Timothy S. Black, United States District Judge for the Southern District
of Ohio, sitting by designation.

                                                 1
        Matthews filed a voluntary Chapter 11 petition, which was converted to a Chapter 7

proceeding on June 1, 2009. She initiated an adversary proceeding against consolidated-lender Sallie

Mae on July 17, 2009, seeking to discharge student-loan obligations on grounds of undue hardship.

11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8). Although the Loan Consolidation Disclosure Statement and Repayment

Schedule that Sallie Mae mailed Matthews in September 2003 (when the loan was consolidated)

stated, “The Guarantor of your consolidation loan is Michigan Guarantee Agency,” Matthews named

only Sallie Mae as a defendant in the adversary proceeding. After Sallie Mae failed to respond, the

bankruptcy court entered a default judgment against it on September 11, 2009.

        On September 16, 2009, then-guarantor MHESLA,1 formerly Michigan Guarantee Agency

(MGA), transferred to ECMC its rights, title, and interest in Matthews’s student loan, stating that

it “will assign its lender rights, title and interest to same as soon as the transfer process can be

completed . . . . The current lender interest held by BONY [Bank of New York] Trust Co. NA as

ELT [Eligible Lender Trustee] for SLM [Sallie Mae] is in the transition stage of being submitted as

a claim for purchase by MGA.”2

        On September 17, 2009, the day after MHESLA transferred its title and interest to ECMC,

ECMC filed a motion to intervene as a party defendant in the adversary proceeding. In the

meantime, Sallie Mae submitted a reimbursement claim to MHESLA, which MHESLA paid,

apparently on September 17, 2009.

        1
            MHESLA is an acronym for the Michigan Higher Education Student Loan Authority.
        2
            So stated the Michigan Treasury Department in a letter to ECMC dated October 14,
2009.

                                                  2
       ECMC’s motion to intervene asserted that it is the assignee of certain student-loan debt

formerly owed by Matthews to MHESLA, as guarantor; that MHESLA assigned and transferred its

title and interest in the loan to ECMC, “which obligation is represented by a SMART consolidation

loan disbursed on September 19, 2003”; that Matthews’s adversary complaint erroneously identified

Sallie Mae as the holder of her student-loan indebtedness; and that, even if that were true, Matthews

failed to properly serve Sallie Mae as required by Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7004(b)(3),3

i.e., that Sallie Mae was not properly served before Matthews sought entry of a default judgment

against Sallie Mae. ECMC requested that the default judgment against Sallie Mae be vacated and

that it be permitted to intervene “in its capacity as the current holder of the student loan debt.”

       The bankruptcy court granted ECMC’s motion to intervene on October 26, 2009, but

reserved ruling on ECMC’s request to vacate the default judgment entered against Sallie Mae.

       Matthews’s subsequent motions for summary judgment and for dismissal of ECMC as a party

defendant, which argued that ECMC lacked standing, were denied. In a motion for judgment as a

matter of law, Matthews again argued that ECMC lacked standing for various reasons, including that

the federal guarantee on the loan was permanently cancelled because Sallie Mae failed to comply

with the 15-day filing requirement of 34 C.F.R. § 682.402. The bankruptcy court denied the motion

on the basis that ECMC’s intervention was proper given its role as assignee of former-guarantor

MHESLA.4

       3
       Matthews served Sallie Mae at a post-office-box address where it receives student-loan
payments, rather than properly serving an agent or officer of the corporation as required by Fed.
R. Bankr. P. 7004(b).
       4
        The bankruptcy court’s judgment incorporated by reference its findings and
conclusions read from the bench at trial:

                                                  3
       Following a trial, the bankruptcy court held that Matthews failed to meet the undue hardship

test and entered judgment in ECMC’s favor. Matthews did not appeal from that decision.

       Matthews’s appeal to the district court argued that any interest ECMC held, potential or

actualized, was tainted by Sallie Mae’s failure to file a claim seeking reimbursement from then-

guarantor MHESLA within fifteen days of being served with process, as provided in 34 C.F.R. §

682.402. Matthews argued that as a result, the federal guarantee on her student-indebtedness was

permanently cancelled and that because of this “incurable defect,” ECMC no longer retained

guarantor rights in her student loan and thus lacked standing to contest the discharge of her student-

loan indebtedness.

       The district court affirmed the bankruptcy court, dismissed the case with prejudice, and

denied Matthews’s motion for reconsideration. This appeal ensued.

                                                 II.

       District courts review a bankruptcy court’s factual findings for clear error and its conclusions

of law de novo. In re Baker & Getty Fin. Servs., Inc., 106 F.3d 1255, 1259 (6th Cir. 1997). This

court applies the same standards as the district court, evaluating the bankruptcy court’s

determinations directly. In re M.J. Waterman & Assocs., Inc., 227 F.3d 604, 607 (6th Cir. 2000).

                                 A. ARTICLE III STANDING

       [T]he Court has previously ruled on this very issue on a number of occasions as
       reflected in the record, this notwithstanding the proof that has been presented to
       the Court today, confirms those prior rulings and ECMC’s standing . . . . The
       Court will confirm the prior rulings, that it was proper to allow ECMC to
       intervene in its separate role as . . . guarantor based on the prior rulings of the
       Court . . . .

                                                  4
       The district court determined that Matthews properly preserved and presented only one issue

—whether the bankruptcy court erred in permitting ECMC to intervene in the adversary proceeding

—adding that Matthews’s standing arguments were irrelevant to that determination:

       The remainder of Plaintiff’s arguments do not address . . . whether Defendant has a
       substantial interest in Plaintiff’s adversary proceeding based on its status as assignee
       of the guarantor, but rather address issues related to the identity of the lender, Sallie
       Mae’s conduct and whether Defendant should be bound by the default judgment
       against Sallie Mae. However, Plaintiff’s arguments overlook that Defendant’s right
       in this case does not arise out of a relationship with Sallie Mae, but rather, out of
       Defendant’s status as assignee of the guarantor. Defendant’s rights as assignee of the
       guarantor are alone sufficient to permit it to intervene as a matter of right, regardless
       of any other rights it may or may not have as lender or of [sic] the default judgment
       against Sallie Mae.

       Moreover, Plaintiff has not pointed this Court to any specific rulings or findings by
       the Bankruptcy Court on any of the other issues she raises in her appellate briefs. . . .
       [T]he only specific Order by the Bankruptcy Court ever identified by Plaintiff as
       erroneous is the Order on Defendant’s motion to intervene . . . .

       Regardless, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s arguments regarding the identity of the
       lender, the conduct of Sallie Mae and the default judgment against Sallie Mae,
       including that the guarantor’s interest was “permanently cancelled” due to the default
       judgment obtained against Sallie Mae, that she properly served Sallie Mae, that Sallie
       Mae had been designated as the student loan lender, that Bank of New York is not
       the lender of Plaintiff’s student loan, that Sallie Mae improperly designated Bank of
       New York as Eligible Lender Trustee and that Plaintiff did not have an obligation to
       know the existence or identity of the true owners or guarantors of her loan, are
       irrelevant to whether the Bankruptcy Court erred in granting Defendant’s motion to
       intervene as a matter of right based on Defendant’s status as assignee of the
       guarantor. In addition, Plaintiff has failed to show this Court where the Bankruptcy
       Court ruled on these arguments and also failed to cite the Court to legal and
       evidentiary support for these arguments.

Matthews v. Educ. Credit Mgmt. Corp., 449 B.R. 265, 272–73 (E.D. Ky. 2011).

       Matthews’s motion for reconsideration argued that the district court erroneously interpreted

her argument as being that entry of the default judgment against Sallie Mae served to invalidate the

                                                  5
guarantee upon the loan when, in fact, her argument was that Sallie Mae’s failure to adhere to the

filing requirements of 34 C.F.R. § 682.402 permanently tainted MHESLA’s rights as guarantor.

       The district court disagreed:

       Plaintiff overlooks that the Court expressly recognized her argument that Defendant’s
       interest is tainted by an “incurable procedural defect” that was the result of Sallie
       Mae’s failure to file a claim seeking reimbursement from the guarantor of the loan
       within 15 days after Sallie Mae was served with the complaint in Plaintiff’s adversary
       proceeding, thus permanently cancelling the federal guarantee upon Plaintiff’s
       student loan indebtedness. [DE # 24 at p. 4]. Although Plaintiff argued that
       Defendant’s guarantor rights in Plaintiff’s student loan were extinguished as a result
       of this “incurable defect” under 34 C.F.R. § 682.402, the Court rejected this
       argument. Rather, the Court held that Defendant, as assignee of the student loan debt
       formerly owed by Plaintiff to MHESLA, as guarantor, had a substantial legal interest
       in Plaintiff’s adversary proceeding which gave rise to a right to intervene. Even
       assuming that Sallie Mae did fail to comply with the requirements of 34 C.F.R. §
       682.402, the Court made clear that Defendant’s right in this case did not arise out of
       a relationship with Sallie Mae, but rather, out of Defendant’s status as assignee of the
       guarantor. FN2 Thus, Plaintiff’s arguments regarding the identity of the lender,
       Sallie Mae’s conduct, including its alleged failure to comply with 34 C.F.R. §
       682.402, and whether Defendant should be bound by the default judgment against
       Sallie Mae were irrelevant. For these reasons, Plaintiff’s continued focus in her
       motion to reconsider on the conduct of Sallie Mae is misplaced.

               FN2. Although Plaintiff remains firm in her position that Sallie Mae
               was the holder of her loan (despite evidence to the contrary), even if
               Plaintiff is correct, a guarantor’s interest in a loan is separate and
               distinct from the lender’s interest. See Miller v. Pennsylvania Higher
               Education Assistance Agency (In re Miller), 275 B.R. 271, 273
               (Bankr. E.D. Tenn.2002); Garmhausen v. Sallie Mae Servicing Corp.
               (In re Garmhausen), 262 B.R. 217, 222–223[] (Bankr. E.D.N.Y.
               2001); United States v. Eckard [sic Erkard], 200 B.R. 152, 154
               (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 1996).

Matthews v. Educ. Credit Mgmt. Corp., No. 5:10-cv-00232-KSF, 2011 WL 4015682, at *3 (E.D.

Ky. Sept. 9, 2011).

                                                 1.

                                                  6
        Article III standing, a threshold question in every federal case, Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490,

498 (1975), requires that a party show that 1) it has suffered an injury-in-fact that is a) concrete and

particularized, and b) actual or imminent, not simply conjectural or hypothetical; 2) the injury is

fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant; and 3) it is likely, as opposed to merely

speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision. LPP Mortg., Ltd. v. Brinley,

547 F.3d 643, 647–48 (6th Cir. 2008). We review the bankruptcy court’s legal determinations de

novo. In re Global Technovations, Inc., 694 F.3d 705, 714 (6th Cir. 2012).

        Matthews argues that because consolidated-lender Sallie Mae failed to properly service the

loan by not filing a reimbursement claim with then-guarantor MHESLA within 15 days of receiving

notice of the adversary proceeding, as required by 34 C.F.R. § 682.402(g)(2)(iv)(B), the guarantee

on the loan permanently lapsed and ECMC thus holds no independent claim for reimbursement

against her.

                                                   2.

        As discussed supra at 2, MHESLA transferred its title and interest to ECMC on September

16, 2009. The following day, September 17, 2009, Sallie Mae submitted a default claim to

MHESLA for reimbursement on Matthews’s student loan, which MHESLA paid. ECMC moved

to intervene in the adversary proceeding on September 17, 2009.

        34 C.F.R. § 682.402(g)(2)(iv)(B) provides in pertinent part:

        (iv) A lender shall file a bankruptcy claim with the guaranty agency by the earlier of-

                (B) 15 days after the lender is served with a complaint or motion to
                have the loan determined to be dischargeable on grounds of undue
                hardship, or, if the lender secures an extension of time within which
                an answer may be filed, 25 days before the expiration of that extended
                period, whichever is later.

                                                   7
The regulation itself does not provide that the guarantee on the loan lapses if the lender fails to file

a bankruptcy claim with the guarantor within 15 days. Matthews’s sole support for her argument is

one sentence in an appendix to Part 34 of the federal regulations:

        If a lender fails to comply with either the due diligence or timely filing requirements,
        the affected loan ceases to be insured; that is, the lender loses its right to receive
        interest benefits, special allowance and claim payments thereon.

34 C.F.R. P. 682, App. C, Procedures for Curing Violations of the Due Diligence in Collection and

Timely Filing of Claims Requirements Applicable to FISLP and Federal PLUS Program Loans5 and

for Repayment of Interest and Special Allowance Overbillings.

        It is not evident that the timely filing requirements referred to in Appendix C govern the 15-

day filing requirement for Sallie Mae to submit a reimbursement claim to the guarantor under

§ 682.402(g)(2)(iv)(B). The Introduction to Appendix C suggests otherwise, as it refers only to

§§ 682.507 and 682.511:

        This bulletin prescribes procedures for lenders to use (1) to cure violations of the
        requirements for due diligence in collection . . . and timely filing of claims under the
        Federal Insured Student Loan Program (FISLP), and (2) to repay interest and special
        allowance overbillings made on loans evidencing such violations. See 34 CFR
        682.507, 682.511. These procedures allow for the reinstatement of a lender’s
        eligibility for interest and special allowance and claim payments on loans evidencing
        such violations, under specified circumstances. These procedures apply to loans for
        which the first day of the 120-day or 180-day default period occurred on or after
        October 21, 1979 . . . .

       5
        Matthews’s brief states that her loan originated under the auspices of the Federal Family
Education Loan (FFEL) Program. Appellant Br. at 21. Section 682.100 provides that Part 682
governs four programs collectively referred to as FFEL programs, including the Federal PLUS
program, and the Federal Consolidation Loan Program, “which encourages making loans to
borrowers for the purpose of consolidating loans: under the Federal Insured Student Loan
(FISL)” program and others. 34 C.F.R. § 682.100(a)(3) and (4).

                                                   8
(Footnote omitted). Section 682.507(a)(1) provides that “a lender shall exercise due diligence in the

collection of a loan with respect to both a borrower and an authorized endorser,” and that “[i]n order

to exercise due diligence, a lender shall implement the procedures described in this section if a

borrower fails to make an installment payment when due.” Section 682.511, which sets forth the

procedures for a lender to file a claim against the Secretary of Education’s guarantee on a Federal

GSL loan, provides that lenders filing default claims and delinquent-loan claims are subject to a 90-

day filing requirement. 34 C.F.R. § 682.511(e)(1). Matthews does not argue that either section

682.511 or 682.507 apply here.

       In the final analysis, Matthews points to no case or other authority, nor has our research

yielded any, supporting her argument that the loan guarantee permanently lapsed because Sallie Mae

did not comply with the 15-day filing requirement of 34 C.F.R. § 682.402.6 Her argument thus fails.

                                                 B.

       We also reject Matthews’s argument that the bankruptcy and district courts clearly erred in

finding that as guarantor, ECMC has an independent claim of reimbursement against her. Matthews

asserts that in order to have a right of reimbursement and, thus, standing to intervene, ECMC must

first have made payment on the principal underlying obligation.

       6
         Matthews is correct that the loan-servicing agreement between Sallie Mae (the servicer),
SLM Funding LLC (the issuer), and the Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company solely in its
capacity as Eligible Lender Trustee, requires the servicer, Sallie Mae, to comply with applicable
regulations of the Higher Education Act (HEA). However, Matthews points to no provision in
the servicing agreement stating that a lender’s failure to comply with the HEA results in the
federal guarantee on the loan permanently lapsing. Further, Matthews’s argument presumes that
Sallie Mae was properly served in the first place.

                                                  9
          It is well-settled that “[a] guarantor or surety for the debtor . . . will be a creditor under the

Code because the guarantor holds a contingent claim against the debtor that becomes fixed when the

guarantor pays the creditor whose claim was guaranteed or insured.” In re H & S Transp. Co., Inc.,

939 F.2d 355, 359 (6th Cir. 1991) (emphasis added).

          Matthews’s argument that any independent claim for reimbursement held by MHESLA or

ECMC was discharged as a matter of law because the underlying obligation had been previously

discharged by entry of the default judgment against Sallie Mae also fails. A debtor’s obligations to

the lender and to the guarantor are two distinct obligations. In re Garmhausen, 262 B.R. 217,

222–23 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2001). Matthews’s obligation to pay her student loans is not fully

discharged without a judgment against guarantor ECMC, as well as against lender Sallie Mae. Id.

at 223.
                                                    III.

          For these reasons, we AFFIRM the bankruptcy court’s determination allowing ECMC to

intervene in the adversary proceeding, the district court’s entry of judgment for ECMC, and its denial

of Matthews’s motion for reconsideration.

                                                     10