Court Opinion

ID: 2997805
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-24 19:39:00.978916+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:01:34.223186
License: Public Domain

UNPUBLISHED ORDER
                          Not to be cited per Circuit Rule 53

            United States Court of Appeals
                               For the Seventh Circuit
                               Chicago, Illinois 60604

                               Submitted June 9, 2005*
                                Decided June 30, 2005

                                        Before

                     Hon. RICHARD A. POSNER, Circuit Judge

                     Hon. JOHN L. COFFEY, Circuit Judge

                     Hon. ANN CLAIRE WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge

No. 04-3497

OLANDO K. CHAFF,                                 Appeal from the United States
    Petitioner-Appellant,                        District Court for the Central
                                                 District of Illinois
      v.
                                                 No. 04-1278
RICK V. VEACH,
     Respondent-Appellee.                        Joe Billy McDade,
                                                 Judge.

                                      ORDER

       In 1992 Orlando Chaff and two other men invaded a home in the Southern
District of Florida, kidnapped the homeowners and their child at gunpoint, and
robbed the house of cash and jewelry. A plan to hold the family for ransom was
thwarted, and the three were arrested. Chaff later pleaded guilty to conspiracy to
commit kidnapping, 18 U.S.C. § 1201(c); attempted obstruction of commerce by
robbery, id. § 1951(a); use of a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence,
id. § 924(c); and possession of a firearm by a felon, id. § 922(g)(1). He was
sentenced to a total of 240 months’ imprisonment derived principally from a 180-
month term on the § 922(g)(1) count and a consecutive 60-month term on the

      *
      After examining the briefs and record, we have concluded that oral argument
is unnecessary. Accordingly, this appeal is submitted on the briefs and record.
See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
No. 04-3497                                                                     Page 2

§ 924(c) count. Chaff also received 150-month terms on the kidnapping and robbery
charge to run concurrently with each other and with the longer term imposed on
the § 922(g)(1) count. Chaff appealed, and in March 1997 the Eleventh Circuit
affirmed in all respects. United States v. Chaff, 108 F.3d 342 (11th Cir. 1997).
Chaff then filed a motion to vacate under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, which the Florida
district court denied. In June 1999 the Eleventh Circuit denied Chaff’s application
for a certificate of appealability.

       Five years later, in August 2004, Chaff petitioned for habeas corpus under 28
U.S.C. § 2241 in the Central District of Illinois where he is serving his federal
sentences. Chaff claimed that his conviction under § 1951 (commonly known as the
Hobbs Act) must be vacated because, in his view, the government’s factual basis did
not establish that the home he robbed affected commerce, as was necessary to
convict. Chaff relied on Jones v. United States, 529 U.S. 848 (2000), which holds
that the arson of an owner-occupied home that is not used for any commercial
purpose cannot be prosecuted under 18 U.S.C. § 844(i) because a home is not
“property ‘used’ in interstate commerce or commerce-affecting activity” and thus
does not satisfy the commerce element of the statute, id. at 850-51. In a
memorandum submitted with his petition, Chaff contended that § 2241 is the
appropriate means to attack his Hobbs Act conviction because § 2255 was
“inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of his detention.” See 28 U.S.C. § 2255
¶ 5; United States v. Prevatte, 300 F.3d 792, 798-99 (7th Cir. 2002); In re
Davenport, 147 F.3d 605, 608 (7th Cir. 1998). It was inadequate, he contended,
because a successive motion under § 2255 is limited to claims based on newly
discovered evidence or a new rule of constitutional law. Prevatte, 300 F.3d at 797.
His claim, in contrast, is that the Supreme Court’s interpretation of § 844(i) in
Jones establishes that he is actually innocent of the Hobbs Act charge.

       The district court concluded that § 2255 was not inadequate because Chaff
could have challenged the commerce element on direct appeal by relying on
“respectable authority” from other circuits, e.g. United States v. Menutti, 639 F.2d
107, 110-12 (2d Cir. 1981) (holding in prosecution under § 844(i) that residence was
not “used” in commerce despite being advertised for rental and receiving natural
gas, electricity, and insurance from out-of-state companies); United States v.
Pappadopoulos, 64 F.3d 522, 528 (9th Cir. 1995) (holding in prosecution under
§ 844(i) that residence lacked commerce nexus despite receiving natural gas from
out-of-state sources), or in his § 2255 motion by relying on an Eleventh Circuit case
decided while his appeal was pending, see United States v. Denalli, 73 F.3d 328,
329-31 (11th Cir 1996) (holding in prosecution under § 844(i) that residence lacked
commerce nexus despite owner-occupant’s use of home computer for international
business).
No. 04-3497                                                                       Page 3

       Had Chaff been prosecuted in this circuit, he might have a better argument
that § 2255 is ineffectual, assuming, as the district court did, that Jones even
affects the “concept of ‘commerce’” in the Hobbs Act. Cf. United States v. Marrero,
299 F.3d 635, 655-56 (7th Cir. 2002) (expressing concern that, despite recent
decisions including Jones, government was unwilling to recognize limits to reach of
Hobbs Act); but see Wilkerson v. United States, 361 F.3d 717, 732 n.8 (2d Cir. 2004)
(labeling as “significant” that Supreme Court, despite Jones, has declined to review
sufficiency of commerce nexus under Hobbs Act). When circuit law is “so firmly
against” a petitioner, he need not raise the issue to preserve it for later collateral
attack should the law change. Davenport, 147 F.3d at 610. Chaff’s claim, to the
extent it rests on analogy to 844(i), would have been foreclosed by our caselaw until
it was overruled in Jones. See United States v. Stillwell, 900 F.2d 1104, 1107-08
(7th Cir. 1990) (holding in prosecution under § 844(i) that commerce nexus is
satisfied where private residence serves no business purpose but receives natural
gas from out of state); see also United States v. Martin, 63 F.3d 1422, 1426-27 (7th
Cir. 1995) (holding in prosecution under § 844(i) that vacant apartment building
withdrawn from rental market was still “used” in interstate commerce).

       But when Chaff filed his § 2255 motion in the district of conviction, he had
the benefit of the Eleventh Circuit’s recent decision in Denalli, and therefore had a
reasonable opportunity to raise the legal theory he advances in his § 2241 petition.
And because when he litigated his § 2255 motion Chaff had an “unobstructed
procedural shot at getting his sentence vacated,” he cannot argue that § 2255
provided an inadequate remedy. See Davenport, 147 F.3d at 609-10; see also
Wofford v. Scott, 177 F.3d 1236, 1244 (11th Cir. 1999) (§ 2241 unavailable for claim
that was not “squarely foreclosed” by circuit law at the time of direct appeal or
§ 2255); United States v. Barrett, 178 F.3d 34, 53 (1st Cir. 1999) (“[W]here a
prisoner had an opportunity to present his claim properly in his first § 2255
petition, but failed to do so, any ‘ineffectiveness’ of his current § 2255 petition is due
to him and not to § 2255."); Abdullah v. Hendrick, 392 F.2d 957, 963 (8th Cir. 2004)
(§ 2255 does not free inmate from failure to raise available claim in earlier § 2255
motion). Accordingly, the district court correctly held that § 2241 is not a remedy
available to Chaff.
                                                                             AFFIRMED.