Court Opinion

ID: 4529489
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-04-28 18:21:08.262307+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:26:52.004157
License: Public Domain

Filed
                                                                                          Washington State
                                                                                          Court of Appeals
                                                                                           Division Two

                                                                                           April 28, 2020
      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                         DIVISION II
    STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                             No. 50400-6-II

                                Respondent,

         v.

    FORREST EUGENE AMOS,                                       UNPUBLISHED OPINION

                                Appellant.

        WORSWICK, J. — Forrest Amos appeals his convictions and sentence for four counts of

forgery and four counts of first degree criminal impersonation. Amos argues (1) insufficient

evidence supports his forgery convictions,1 (2) he was unconstitutionally physically restrained

during the trial, (3) he received ineffective assistance from his counsel regarding pretrial matters,

(4) the trial court erred by allowing him to waive counsel and denying his motion to continue the

trial, and (5) the trial court improperly imposed an exceptional sentence. Amos also raises a

number of issues in a Statement of Additional Grounds (SAG) for Review.

        We hold that (1) sufficient evidence supports Amos’s forgery convictions, (2) Amos’s

physical restraint was harmless, (3) Amos did not receive ineffective assistance of counsel, (4)

the trial court did not err by allowing Amos to waive counsel or by denying his motion to

1
 Amos’s brief also states that insufficient evidence supports his criminal impersonation
convictions. But other than quoting the statute for criminal impersonation, Amos makes no
argument regarding these convictions. We do not consider an issue that has not been briefed.
State v. Johnson, 119 Wash. 2d 167, 171, 829 P.2d 1082 (1992); RAP 10.3(a).
No. 50400-6-II

continue trial, and (5) Amos’s sentence was properly imposed. Additionally, we hold that Amos

does not raise reversible issues in his SAG. Accordingly, we affirm.

                                              FACTS

       This case arises out of Amos’s attempt to file documents with the Lewis County Superior

Court regarding the Lewis County prosecutor, a Lewis County deputy prosecutor, and two City

of Centralia police detectives. As a result of Amos filing these documents, the State charged

Amos with four counts of forgery and four counts of first degree criminal impersonation.

       Amos was involved in a 2013 criminal case, a civil case, and this current criminal case.

Events from the first two cases led to the charges in this case.

A.     Amos’s 2013 Criminal Case

       In 2013, Amos was arrested and charged with multiple crimes. William Halstead was the

deputy prosecutor assigned to this case, and Jonathan Meyer was the elected Lewis County

prosecutor at the time. The trial court set Amos’s bail at $1 million. Amos could not post bail,

so he remained in Lewis County jail pending the proceeding. While Amos was awaiting trial,

Centralia Police detectives executed a search warrant on Amos’s jail cell. Detective Adam

Haggerty and Detective Chad Withrow executed this warrant. According to Amos, the

detectives took documents related to his defense that he was keeping in his cell. Amos entered a

guilty plea, later claiming that he had no other options without his legal documents.2

2
  Amos pleaded guilty to tampering with a witness, first degree computer trespass, possession of
marijuana with intent to manufacture or deliver, attempted forgery, three counts of possession of
a controlled substance with intent to manufacture or deliver, four counts of delivery of a
controlled substance, third degree introducing contraband, and second degree attempted theft.

                                                  2
No. 50400-6-II

B.     Amos’s Civil Case Filings That Led to this Criminal Case

       Amos filed a civil lawsuit against Halstead, Meyer, Detective Haggerty, and Detective

Withrow claiming that his civil rights had been violated and that he was entitled to damages.

Amos then filed several handwritten documents with the Lewis County Superior Court under the

2013 criminal case number. He filed four sets of documents relating to four different

individuals: Halstead, Meyer, Detective Haggerty, and Detective Withrow. Each set is identical,

except for the identity and profession of the individual.

       For example, the set of documents relating to Halstead contained three pages. The first

page is titled “Forced Commercial Contract” and “Notice of Subrogation Bond in the Nature of

RCW 7.44.040;3 42.08.020; 42.08.080;4 42.20.100.5” Ex. 2. The body of the page states:

       William Halstead, public servant, prosecuting attorney, law merchant do hereby
       enter myself security for costs in the cause, and acknowledge myself bound to pay
       or cause to be paid all costs which may accure [sic] in this action, either to the
       opposite party, or to any of the officers of this Court, pursuant to the laws of this
       State, and/or the District of Columbia, 28 USC Sec. 3002(15)(c). See State v. Sefrit,
       82 Wash. 520, 144 P. 725 (1914); State v. Yelle, 4 Wash. 2d 327, 103 P.2d 372 (1940);
       Nelson v. Bartell, 4 Wash. 2d 174, 103 P.2d 30 (1940).

       Dated this 11th day of March, 2016. William Halstead
                                           public servant, prosecuting attorney.

Ex. 2. (Emphasis added.)

3
  RCW 7.44.040 describes conditions under which a person may apply for a ne exeat writ.
Ne exeat is an equitable writ ordering the person to whom it is addressed not to leave the
jurisdiction of the court or the state. BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1243 (11th ed. 2019).
4
 RCW 42.08.020 and RCW 42.08.080 describe who may maintain an action on a public
officer’s official bond.
5
 RCW 42.20.100 states that a public officer’s willful neglect to perform their duty is a
misdemeanor.

                                                 3
No. 50400-6-II

         The second page is titled “Justification of Surety Subrogation.” Ex. 2. It states that

Halstead personally appeared

         before me, Forrest Eugene Amos, surety on the bond of William Halstead, public
         servant, prosecuting attorney, law merchant of the County of Lewis and
         Washington State who, being duly sworn, deposes and says that he is seized of his
         right mind, and that over and above all of his just debts and liabilities, in property
         not exempt by law from levy and sale under execution, of a clear unencumbered
         estate of the value in excess of one million $1,000,000 Dollars . . . .

Ex. 2. Amos signed the page. The page also bears a notary’s seal regarding Amos’s signature.

         The third page is titled “Bond for Costs” and states “Subrogation Security for One

Million Dollars, filed and approved the 11th day of March, 2016.” Ex. 2. Amos signed this page

and the page also bears a notary’s seal.

         The State charged Amos with four counts of forgery and four counts of first degree

criminal impersonation.

C.       Pretrial Proceedings

         The trial court appointed counsel for Amos. In November 2016, Amos wrote the trial

court a letter requesting new appointed counsel because his current counsel was not bringing the

pretrial motions Amos thought were necessary. Amos also submitted a motion to proceed pro se.

At a hearing on November 23, Amos argued that he either wanted different counsel or would

represent himself based on a lack of communication with his current counsel. The trial court

allowed a recess for counsel and Amos to communicate, and Amos decided to remain

represented by his current counsel. Following this hearing, Amos’s trial counsel filed a

Knapstad 6 motion to dismiss.

6
    State v. Knapstad, 107 Wash. 2d 346, 729 P.2d 48 (1986).

                                                   4
No. 50400-6-II

       On November 29, the trial court denied Amos’s Knapstad motion to dismiss. Amos

personally then moved for a continuance because he and counsel had not adequately discussed

witnesses and trial strategy. The State told the trial court that the witnesses had been interviewed

by Amos’s counsel. Counsel replied, “I have talked to all of them but one—actually, two. I

haven’t talked to the gentleman that certified the documents, but I don’t believe that’s an issue.”

Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) (Nov. 29, 2016) at 43. The trial court granted the

continuance and stated, “And I’m specifically ordering [trial counsel] to make however many

trips between here and Clallam Bay Corrections Facility as is necessary to properly prepare the

defense in this case.” VRP (Nov. 29, 2016) at 54.

       At a hearing on June 1, 2017, Amos again asked to represent himself because he and trial

counsel were not communicating well, trial counsel had not visited him in person, and he and

trial counsel did not agree on trial strategy. Counsel responded that he and Amos had an hour-

long telephone meeting to discuss issues in the case. As a result of that meeting, trial counsel

brought a second Knapstad motion regarding legal efficacy of the documents. Counsel

acknowledged that Amos wanted counsel to make certain arguments, but counsel stated he could

not properly present all of Amos’s arguments.

       Amos stated that he wanted to represent himself because he had his own arguments and

strategies for trial that he did not think counsel would adequately present. The trial court asked

Amos if he wanted his counsel to remain as standby counsel, but Amos said, “I don’t feel

comfortable with [trial counsel] being that guy if you’re going to appoint standby counsel.” VRP

(June 1, 2017) at 46-47. The trial court informed Amos of the risks and hazards of self-

                                                 5
No. 50400-6-II

representation. The trial court then granted Amos’s request to represent himself without standby

counsel.

       On June 7, 2017, the trial court and parties addressed a number of issues before trial

started. These issues included Amos’s motion for a continuance, Amos’s request to interview

witnesses, Amos’s leg restraint, and the State’s motions in limine.

       Amos’s motion for a continuance claimed that he needed additional time to interview

witnesses and make pretrial motions. Amos’s affidavit accompanying the motion further stated

that he needed more time for discovery issues and to prepare his defense. The trial court stated

that the only discovery in this case was a police report and the documents written by Amos.

Amos stated that his trial counsel had not provided him any witness list or interviews. When the

trial court asked which potential witnesses Amos wanted to interview, Amos stated the four

complaining witnesses—Halstead, Meyer, Detective Haggerty, and Detective Withrow—and the

bondholders or sureties. The State responded, “As far as the witnesses, my understanding is they

have been interviewed. In talking with them they’ve had discussions with defense counsel I

know.” VRP (June 7, 2017) at 19. Nonetheless, the State suggested that, because the

complaining witnesses were present for trial, Amos could take time before the trial began to

interview them. The trial court gave Amos an opportunity to interview witnesses, and Amos

interviewed these witnesses. The trial court denied Amos’s motion for a continuance.

       Amos also raised the issue of his leg restraint. The following exchange occurred:

       MR. AMOS: One quick question, your Honor, before we take a recess. Is there a
       possibility that I can object to this leg brace being on my leg since I’ve got to get
       up and like talk to a jury and stuff? It’s kind of awkward.

       THE COURT: No. That’s got to stay on. That’s jail policy. I’m not going to direct
       that, because you just need to—you’ve got to work with it.

                                                6
No. 50400-6-II

       MR. AMOS: Right here in our jury box it’s like looking directly at this side of me.
       I understand I’ve got to work with it, but I think it’s still prejudicial. I’ve never had
       any kind of eludes or any kind of attempts to do anything. We have an officer right
       here. I mean, that’s not—I’m just kind of—

       THE COURT: I understand that but—

       MR. AMOS: I’m just concerned about the prejudicial effect of this.

       THE COURT: Well, I will tell you I didn’t notice that you had anything on until
       you said that. And I—that is minimally intrusive. You know, it’s not something
       they can see. The only thing that is going to happen is you are going to reach down
       to your knee and hit the release when you sit down, and that’s the only thing that’s
       going to happen. So that has to stay on.

       MR. AMOS: All right.

       THE COURT: All right. I don’t think that it’s going to be an issue for here, but
       there is—we have had other people who have tried to bolt, and it’s just—it’s a
       security—it’s a safety thing, and it’s just something that we need to deal with it
       [sic].

       MR. AMOS: All right.

       [THE STATE]: If I could just make a record, your Honor, it appears that there is
       no exterior discernible protruding item that at all shows through the clothing of the
       defendant, at least not from this view, and I don’t see anything either. So for the
       record—

       MR. AMOS: You [sic] looking at the wrong leg just for the record.

       THE COURT: Well, but there’s nothing—it’s all contained. It’s underneath your
       pant leg, correct?

       MR. AMOS: Yes.

       THE COURT: Okay. All right. We will take a recess.

VRP (June 7, 2017) at 51-52.

       Additionally, the trial court granted the State’s motion in limine to exclude evidence

regarding the bond process. The State also moved to exclude evidence regarding legal efficacy

                                                  7
No. 50400-6-II

of the documents, arguing that legal efficacy was not an issue for the jury to decide. Rather, the

State argued that legal efficacy was a matter of law already decided by the trial court with the

Knapstad motions. The trial court granted this motion.

D.     Trial Proceedings

       At trial, the complaining witnesses all testified that they did not file the documents at

issue, nor did they give Amos permission to file them. The documents were admitted as

exhibits. Meyer testified that the documents were filed under the criminal case number, “well

after the case was completed.” 2 VRP at 143. He testified that based on the language of the

documents, he would be liable for the costs that were imposed in Amos’s 2013 criminal case.

Meyer testified that the same would be true for the three other complaining witnesses’

documents. Costs and fees in Amos’s 2013 criminal case amounted to approximately $18,000.

       When discussing the jury instructions, Amos argued that the definition of written

instrument needed to include that the instrument, if genuine, had legal effect. The trial court and

the State agreed, and the court instructed the jury on the definition of written instrument.7 Based

on the new instruction, the State recalled Meyer. Meyer testified that based on the language of

the document, he would be liable for the costs that were actually imposed in the 2013 case.

Meyer testified that the same would be true for the three other complaining witnesses’

documents. Amos had the opportunity to cross examine Meyer. Meyer testified that, to his

knowledge, a sheriff had not levied or executed on his bond.

7
  Jury instruction 10 stated, “‘Written instrument’ means any paper, document or other
instrument containing written or printed matter which, if genuine, may have legal effect or be the
foundation of legal liability.” CP at 135.

                                                 8
No. 50400-6-II

       Amos then testified. He testified that he was not trying to defraud the complaining

witnesses. He testified that he wrote the documents and submitted them to be filed with the

Lewis County Superior Court. Amos explained:

       . . . [T]hey appeared before me when they arrested me and said, Mr. Amos, you’re
       going to be held in jail until you answer our criminal complaint and you’re going
       to be held in jail on $1 million bail unless you can post that. So I gave up my
       freedom because I could not post that money and the freedom is the equity that I’m
       claiming damages against, my freedom of sitting in the jail to answer the complaint.
       And before the complaint could be answered everything was taken from me so I
       couldn’t effectively answer that. I couldn’t have effective assistance of counsel. I
       couldn’t have nothing. That’s why I sued them. That’s why I’ve been fighting, to
       try to hold these guys accountable.

               ....

       . . . I think the law allowed me to do it. I think I read the law right. And I filed
       these papers after initiating a lawsuit against them to try to attach their bond that
       they put up on the $1 million they were holding me in jail for. That’s what I
       understood this to be, to try and get damages if I was to succeed in my lawsuits
       against them for deprivation of my constitutional rights.

3 VRP at 302-03.

       Amos agreed that he had assumed the identities of the four complaining witnesses and

that he created the documents. But, Amos testified, “That contract allows me to, when I believe

I’m damaged, to take subrogated rights as an injured party against their liabilities and actually

move against their surety and their liability policy. And that’s all I intended to do in that because

I filed a claim.” 3 VRP at 313. Amos testified that his intent was “subrogation, to act in the

shoes of another person to assert my rights against their sureties and their bonds because I

believed I was damaged.” 3 VRP at 301.

       Throughout the trial, Amos moved around the courtroom in front of the jury. Amos

handed documents to witnesses and approached the bench. When Amos was presenting his

                                                  9
No. 50400-6-II

defense, the trial court directed Amos to “come on up” to testify in the presence of the jury. 3

VRP at 296. Other than Amos’s motion, there is no further mention of the leg restraint. And

nothing in the record on appeal shows or suggests that the jury noticed Amos’s leg restraint.

       The jury found Amos guilty of four counts of forgery and four counts of first degree

criminal impersonation.

E.     Sentencing

       At sentencing, the trial court found that the forgery and criminal impersonation

convictions were the same criminal conduct. Amos agreed his offender score was 21. Amos’s

standard range for each forgery count was 22 to 29 months. The State requested an exceptional

sentence of 116 months, 29 months for each forgery conviction to run consecutively. Amos

requested a sentence within the standard range. The trial court adopted the State’s

recommendation and imposed 29 months for each forgery conviction to run consecutively,

totaling 116 months based on RCW 9.94A.535(2)(c). The trial court’s finding regarding

sentencing stated, “The exceptional sentence is justified by the following aggravating

circumstances: (a) Multiple Current Offenses RCW 9.94A.535(2)(c).” CP at 165.

       Amos appeals his convictions and sentence.

                                            ANALYSIS

                                I. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

       Amos argues that his convictions are not supported by sufficient evidence. Specifically,

Amos argues that the State failed to prove his intent to injure or defraud and the legal efficacy of

the documents. We disagree.

                                                 10
No. 50400-6-II

       Evidence is sufficient to support a guilty verdict if any rational trier of fact, viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the State, could find the elements of the charged crime

beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Farnsworth, 185 Wash. 2d 768, 775, 374 P.3d 1152 (2016).

“In claiming insufficient evidence, the defendant necessarily admits the truth of the State’s

evidence and all reasonable inferences that can be drawn from it.” State v. Homan, 181 Wash. 2d
102, 106, 330 P.3d 182 (2014). Such inferences must be drawn in favor of the State and

interpreted most strongly against the defendant. State v. Kintz, 169 Wash. 2d 537, 551, 238 P.3d
470 (2010). We defer to the jury on issues of conflicting testimony, credibility of witnesses, and

the persuasiveness of the evidence. State v. Andy, 182 Wash. 2d 294, 303, 340 P.3d 840 (2014).

Circumstantial evidence is not any less reliable or probative than direct evidence in reviewing the

sufficiency of the evidence supporting a jury verdict. Kintz, 169 Wash. 2d at 551.

       RCW 9A.60.020(1) provides:

       A person is guilty of forgery if, with intent to injure or defraud:
               (a) He or she falsely makes, completes, or alters a written instrument or;
               (b) He or she possesses, utters, offers, disposes of, or puts off as true a
       written instrument which he or she knows to be forged.

A.     Sufficient Evidence Supports Amos’s Intent To Injure or Defraud

       Amos argues that there was insufficient evidence of his intent to injure or defraud. We

disagree.

       When an intent to defraud is an element of an offense, “it shall be sufficient if an intent

appears to defraud any person.” RCW 10.58.040. Intent to commit a crime may be inferred if

the defendant’s conduct and surrounding circumstances plainly show such an intent as a matter

of logical probability. State v. Vasquez, 178 Wash. 2d 1, 8, 309 P.3d 318 (2013). Regarding

                                                 11
No. 50400-6-II

forgery, a defendant must demonstrate an intent to pass off their forged documents as authentic.

Vasquez, 178 Wash. 2d at 12.

       Amos testified that he handwrote the documents and submitted them to be filed with the

Lewis County Superior Court. Amos agreed that he assumed the identities of the four

complaining witnesses when he wrote the documents. But, Amos testified, “That contract allows

me to, when I believe I’m damaged, to take subrogated rights as an injured party against their

liabilities and actually move against their surety and their liability policy. And that’s all I

intended to do in that because I filed a claim.” 3 VRP at 313. Amos testified that his intent was

“subrogation, to act in the shoes of another person to assert my rights against their sureties and

their bonds because I believed I was damaged.” 3 VRP at 301.

       On appeal, Amos relies only on his own testimony to explain his actions. But we defer to

the jury on issues of conflicting testimony, credibility of witnesses, and the persuasiveness of the

evidence. Andy, 182 Wash. 2d 303. Taking the evidence in a light most favorable to the State, a

reasonable jury could find that Amos had the intent to injure or defraud. Amos admitted to

creating these documents and writing the names of the four complaining witnesses. The

documents are written in the first person, using language like “hereby enter myself security for

costs in the cause, and acknowledge myself bound to pay or cause to be paid all costs.” Ex. 2.

Each individual’s name then appears at the bottom of the document, following a date. Moreover,

Amos filed these documents with Lewis County Superior Court. As a matter of logical

probability, an intent to defraud could be inferred. A reasonable jury could find that Amos

possessed an intent to injure or defraud when he created and filed these documents, assumed the

complaining witnesses’ identities, and purported to make each individual liable for costs and fees

                                                  12
No. 50400-6-II

in his criminal case. We hold that the State presented sufficient evidence of Amos’s intent to

injure or defraud.

B.     Sufficient Evidence Supports the Legal Efficacy of the Documents

       Amos also argues that the State failed to provide sufficient evidence that the documents

constituted written instruments with legal efficacy. We disagree.

       To prove Amos committed forgery, the State bore the burden of proving that Amos

possessed, uttered, offered, disposed of, or put off as true a written instrument. RCW

9A.60.020(b). In the crime of forgery, a “written instrument” is

       (a) Any paper, document, or other instrument containing written or printed matter
       or its equivalent; or (b) any access device, token, stamp, seal, badge, trademark, or
       other evidence or symbol of value, right, privilege, or identification.

RCW 9A.60.010(7). This statutory definition contains a common law requirement that the

instrument have “legal efficacy,” or “‘is something which, if genuine, may have legal effect or be

the foundation of legal liability.’” State v. Scoby, 117 Wash. 2d 55, 57-58, 810 P.2d 1358 (quoting

State v. Scoby, 57 Wash. App. 809, 811, 790 P.2d 226 (1990)), amended on recons., 815 P.2d 1362

(1991). “[A] written instrument can support a charge of forgery when it is incomplete, but not

when it is so incomplete that it would lack legal efficacy even if genuine.” State v. Smith, 72
Wash. App. 237, 243, 864 P.2d 406 (1993).

       Certain public officials, including prosecuting attorneys, must post an official bond while

in office. RCW 36.16.050(6); see also generally chapter 42.08 RCW. The purpose of an official

bond is “to provide indemnity against malfeasance, nonfeasance and misfeasance in public

office.” Nelson, 4 Wash. 2d at 182 (quoting Gray v. De Bretton, 192 La. 628, 639, 188 So. 722

(1939)); RCW 42.08.010-.020. In dicta, our Supreme Court mentioned that an unlawful search

                                                13
No. 50400-6-II

can create liability on the bond. See Greenius v. Amer. Sur. Co., 92 Wash. 401, 407, 159 P. 384

(1916). When a public official is performing an official act, commits misconduct, and injures a

person, certain classes of injured persons can “resort to the bond” to recover damages. RCW

42.08.020, .070-.080; Nelson, 4 Wash. 2d at 178. When a public official is liable on their bond, the

surety on the bond is liable as well. RCW 42.08.070. A plaintiff’s recovery against the surety is

limited to amount of the bond. RCW 42.08.050.

        A written contract is not necessary to create a principal-surety relationship. Fluke

Capital & Mmgt. Servs. Co. v. Richmond, 106 Wash. 2d 614, 620-21, 724 P.2d 356 (1986). “A

personal suretyship is a consensual and contractual relationship that requires mutual assent.”

Fluke, 106 Wash. 2d at 621. “Where a person agrees to be answerable for the debt of another, a

‘personal’ suretyship is created.” Honey v. Davis, 131 Wash. 2d 212, 218 n.5, 930 P.2d 908 (1997).

        Here, Amos filed a number of documents with the Lewis County Superior Court. For

each complaining witness, the documents stated that the witness did “hereby enter myself

security for costs in the cause, and acknowledge myself bound to pay or cause to be paid all

costs.” Ex. 2. Although Amos focuses on the fact that his testimony showed that he “did not

know what he was doing,” and that the documents as a whole could not have created legal

liability in the manner Amos intended, Br. of Appellant at 11, we need look no further than the

Notice of Subrogation Bond documents which clearly state that each complaining witness agrees

to be answerable for the debt of another. Each document contains a complaining witness’s name

hand-printed on the signature line. These documents, if genuine, would have legal effect or be

the foundation of legal liability.

                                                14
No. 50400-6-II

       Moreover, Meyer testified that based on the language of the document, he would be liable

for the costs that were actually imposed in the 2013 case. Meyer testified that the same would be

true for the three other complaining witnesses’ documents. Amos argues that these documents

were merely notices to the complaining witnesses. However, if genuine, these “notices” would

legally bind the complaining witnesses. We hold that the State presented sufficient evidence of

the legal efficacy to support Amos’s convictions of forgery.8

                                         II. LEG RESTRAINT

       Amos argues that the trial court abused its discretion by requiring Amos to wear a leg

restraint. The State concedes that the trial court abused its discretion, but argues that the error

was harmless. We agree with the State.

       The presumption of innocence is a fundamental component of a fair trial. State v. Jaime,

168 Wash. 2d 857, 861, 233 P.3d 554 (2010). To preserve the presumption of innocence, a

defendant is “‘entitled to the physical indicia of innocence which includes the right of the

defendant to be brought before the court with the appearance, dignity, and self-respect of a free

and innocent [person.]’” Jaime, 168 Wash. 2d at 861-62 (quoting State v. Finch, 137 Wash. 2d 792,

844, 975 P.2d 967 (1999)).

       At the same time, a trial court has a duty to provide for courtroom security, and may

exercise its discretion to implement measures needed to protect the safety of court officers,

8
  Amos also argues in passing that legal efficacy is a question that should have gone to the jury.
But, this question did go to the jury. Jury instruction 10 states, “‘Written instrument’ means any
paper, document or other instrument containing written or printed matter which, if genuine, may
have legal effect or be the foundation of legal liability.” CP at 135. This is the definition of
legal efficacy. Scoby, 117 Wash. 2d at 57-58. Amos’s argument fails.

                                                  15
No. 50400-6-II

parties, and the public. State v. Hartzog, 96 Wash. 2d 383, 396, 635 P.2d 694 (1981). In exercising

discretion, the trial court must bear in mind a defendant’s right “to be brought into the presence

of the court free from restraints.” State v. Damon, 144 Wash. 2d 686, 690, 25 P.3d 418 (2001).

“[R]egardless of the nature of the court proceeding or whether a jury is present, it is particularly

within the province of the trial court to determine whether, and in what manner, shackles or other

restraints should be used.” State v. Walker, 185 Wash. App. 790, 797, 344 P.3d 227 (2015).

       Courts recognize that physical restraints are inherently prejudicial to the defendant.

Finch, 137 Wash. 2d at 845-46. Restraints should be allowed “only after conducting a hearing and

entering findings into the record that are sufficient to justify their use on a particular defendant.”

Walker, 185 Wash. App. at 800. The trial court’s determination must be based on specific facts in

the record that relate to the particular defendant. Jaime, 168 Wash. 2d at 866.

       We review a trial court’s decision to keep a defendant restrained for abuse of discretion.

State v. Turner, 143 Wash. 2d 715, 724, 23 P.3d 499 (2001). A trial court’s failure to exercise its

discretion when considering a courtroom security measure constitutes constitutional error. State

v. Lundstrom, 6 Wash. App. 2d 388, 394, 429 P.3d 1116 (2018), review denied, 193 Wash. 2d 1007

(2019). Deferring to general jail policy is an abuse of discretion and constitutional error.

Lundstrom, 6 Wash. App. 2d at 395.

       A claim for unconstitutional physical restraint is subject to a harmless error analysis.

State v. Hutchinson, 135 Wash. 2d 863, 888, 959 P.2d 1061 (1998). If an error violates a

defendant’s constitutional right, it is presumed to be prejudicial. Finch, 137 Wash. 2d at 859. But

the State may overcome this presumption by showing that the error was harmless beyond a

reasonable doubt. Finch, 137 Wash. 2d at 859. For the unconstitutional restraints to be reversible,

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No. 50400-6-II

rather than harmless error, the record on appeal must show that the restraints “had a substantial

or injurious effect or influence on the jury’s verdict.” Hutchinson, 135 Wash. 2d at 888.

        Here, the trial court abused its discretion because it failed to conduct an adequate hearing

or enter findings sufficient to justify Amos’s leg restraint. Amos objected the leg restraint

arguing that it was prejudicial and that he had never attempted to escape. The trial court cited

jail policy as justification for the restraint. The trial court stated it had not noticed the leg

restraint and that it was minimally intrusive because the leg restraint was contained underneath

Amos’s pant leg. The trial court failed to enter any findings about the leg restraint and merely

deferred to jail policy as the justification for the restraint. We hold that the trial court abused its

discretion.

        Despite the trial court abusing its discretion, the record on appeal must show that the

restraints “had a substantial or injurious effect or influence on the jury’s verdict.” Hutchinson,
135 Wash. 2d at 888. During the initial colloquy about the leg restraint, Amos stated that he would

be getting up to speak and the leg restraint was “kind of awkward.” VRP (June 7, 2017) at 51.

The State’s counsel also stated that he did not see anything protruding under Amos’s pant leg.

Throughout the trial, Amos moved around the courtroom in front of the jury. Amos handed

documents to witnesses and approached the bench. When Amos was presenting his defense, the

trial court directed Amos to “come on up” to testify in the presence of the jury. 3 VRP at 296.

        On appeal, Amos states that the leg restraint interfered with his ability to move around

while presenting his defense. He argues that the leg restraint encumbered his movements but

acknowledges that “[i]t is not clear from the record whether this was the case or not.” Br. of

Appellant at 15. But there must be evidence of an injurious effect or influence on the jury’s

                                                   17
No. 50400-6-II

verdict in the record on appeal. The record shows that Amos, acting as his own counsel, moved

throughout the courtroom in the presence of the jury. Amos’s movements were possibly

irregular because of the leg restraint. See, e.g., State v. Jackson, 10 Wn. App.2d 136, 150, 447
P.3d 633 (2019) (noting that the defendant struggled to walk with a leg restraint). However,

nothing in the record on appeal shows that the jury noticed Amos’s leg restraint. Because

nothing in the record shows that the leg restraint influenced the jury’s verdict, we hold that the

error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

                            III. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

       Amos argues that he received ineffective assistance from his trial counsel because

counsel failed to meet with Amos or interview witnesses. We disagree.

       The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 22 of the

Washington Constitution guarantee effective assistance of counsel. State v. Grier, 171 Wash. 2d
17, 32, 246 P.3d 1260 (2011). To demonstrate that he received ineffective assistance of counsel,

Amos must show both (1) that defense counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) that the

deficient performance resulted in prejudice. State v. Linville, 191 Wash. 2d 513, 524, 423 P.3d 842

(2018). Defense counsel’s performance is deficient if it falls below an objective standard of

reasonableness. State v. Estes, 188 Wash. 2d 450, 458, 395 P.3d 1045 (2017). Trial strategy and

tactics cannot form the basis of a finding of deficient performance. State v. Cienfuegos, 144
Wash. 2d 222, 227, 25 P.3d 1011 (2001). Prejudice ensues if the result of the proceeding would

have been different had defense counsel not performed deficiently. Estes, 188 Wash. 2d at 458.

Because both prongs of the ineffective assistance of counsel test must be met, the failure to

demonstrate either prong will end our inquiry. State v. Classen, 4 Wash. App. 2d 520, 535, 422

                                                 18
No. 50400-6-II

P.3d 489 (2018). We strongly presume that defense counsel’s performance was not deficient.

State v. Emery, 174 Wash. 2d 741, 755, 278 P.3d 653 (2012).

A.     Trial Counsel’s Communications with Amos Were Not Deficient

       Amos argues, “The failure of defense counsel to meet with a client when specifically

ordered by the court should be considered per se ineffective assistance of counsel.” Br. of

Appellant at 19.9 We disagree.

       An attorney must perform to professional standards, and failure to live up to those

standards will require a new trial when the client has been prejudiced by counsel’s failure. State

v. McFarland, 127 Wash. 2d 322, 334-35, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995). Under the Rules of Professional

Conduct, counsel has a duty of communication with the defendant. RPC 1.4. An attorney must

“inform the client of any circumstance requiring the client’s consent, reasonably consult with the

client regarding the means by which the client’s objectives will be accomplished, keep the client

reasonably informed about the status of the matter, and promptly comply with any requests for

information.” In re Disciplinary Proceedings Against Van Camp, 171 Wash. 2d 781, 803, 257 P.3d
599 (2011).

       At the June 1 hearing, Amos requested to represent himself because he and trial counsel

were not communicating well, trial counsel had not visited him in person, and Amos stated that

he and trial counsel did not agree on trial strategy. Counsel responded that he and Amos had an

hour-long telephone meeting to discuss issues in the case. As a result of that meeting, trial

9
 Amos also argues that counsel’s deficient performance “improperly forced Appellant to
become pro se against his wishes one week before trial.” Br. of Appellant at 19. However,
Amos offers no law or argument regarding this issue. We decline to review the issue because
Amos’s passing reference to the issue is insufficient to merit judicial review. RAP 10.3.

                                                19
No. 50400-6-II

counsel brought a second Knapstad motion regarding legal efficacy. Counsel acknowledged that

Amos had certain arguments he wanted counsel to make, but counsel stated that he could not

properly present all of Amos’s arguments.

       Amos argues that his trial counsel failed to meet with him in person and did not accept

phone calls. It is clear that Amos and his counsel disagreed about strategies and legal arguments

regarding this case. This disagreement, however, is not equal to a failure to communicate.

Amos relies on the trial court’s statement, “And I’m specifically ordering [trial counsel] to make

however many trips between here and Clallam Bay Corrections Facility as is necessary to

properly prepare the defense in this case.” VRP (Nov. 29, 2016) at 54. But, trial counsel was

not ordered to go to the corrections facility. Rather, the trial court directed counsel to

communicate with Amos as necessary to adequately prepare the defense. Although nothing in

the record shows that trial counsel met with Amos in person at the correctional facility, trial

counsel communicated with Amos over the telephone and brought a second Knapstad motion as

a result. Amos and his counsel also corresponded by letter. We strongly presume that trial

counsel’s performance was not deficient, Emery, 174 Wash. 2d at 755, and we hold that Amos fails

to overcome this presumption regarding trial counsel’s communications. Because Amos fails to

demonstrate deficient performance, he cannot show ineffective assistance of counsel for failing

to communicate. Classen, 4 Wash. App. 2d at 535.

B.     Trial Counsel Was Not Ineffective by Failing To Interview Witnesses

       Amos also argues that trial counsel’s performance was deficient because counsel failed to

conduct witness interviews. We disagree.

                                                 20
No. 50400-6-II

       To provide effective assistance, defense counsel must investigate the case, including an

investigation of witnesses. State v. Jones, 183 Wash. 2d 327, 339, 352 P.3d 776 (2015). Defense

counsel’s failure to investigate or interview witnesses, or inform the court of witness testimony

can support a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel. State v. Ray, 116 Wash. 2d 531, 548, 806
P.2d 1220 (1991). However, courts may defer to trial counsel’s decision against calling a

witness if counsel investigated the case and made an informed and reasonable decision against

conducting a particular interview or calling a particular witness. Jones, 183 Wash. 2d at 340.

       Here, trial counsel stated he conducted some witness interviews in November. After

deciding to represent himself, Amos stated that trial counsel had not provided him any witness

list or interviews. When the trial court asked which potential witnesses Amos wanted to

interview, Amos stated the four complaining witnesses in this case and the bondholders or

sureties. The State responded that it thought the complaining witnesses had been interviewed.

Nonetheless, the State suggested that because the witnesses were present for trial, Amos could

take time before the trial began to interview them. Amos confirmed before the trial began that he

had an opportunity to interview witnesses.

       Amos generally argues that his trial counsel failed to interview witnesses, but he does not

allege any specific witnesses that counsel failed to interview. Trial counsel conducted some

witness interviews. Even assuming without deciding that Amos’s trial counsel deficiently

performed, Amos fails to show prejudice. Amos was able to conduct witness interviews before

trial. Amos cannot show that the outcome of the proceeding would have been different because

the trial court allowed Amos time to interview the witnesses before the matter proceeded to trial.

                                                21
No. 50400-6-II

                               IV. RIGHT OF SELF-REPRESENTATION

        Amos argues that because his request for self-representation was untimely, the trial court

abused its discretion by granting Amos’s waiver of counsel. Within this argument, Amos also

appears to argue that the trial court abused its discretion by denying Amos’s motion for a

continuance after allowing Amos to represent himself. We hold that the trial court did not abuse

its discretion.

A.      Right of Self-Representation

        The Sixth Amendment and article I, section 22 of Washington Constitution guarantee

criminal defendants the right of self-representation. See State v. Curry, 191 Wash. 2d 475, 482, 423
P.3d 179 (2018). “This right is so fundamental that it is afforded despite its potentially

detrimental impact on both the defendant and the administration of justice.” State v. Madsen,

168 Wash. 2d 496, 503, 229 P.3d 714 (2010). But the right to self-representation is not self-

executing or absolute. Madsen, 168 Wash. 2d at 504. To invoke the right of self-representation, a

defendant must timely and unequivocally state a request to proceed without counsel. State v.

Coley, 180 Wash. 2d 543, 560, 326 P.3d 702 (2014). If the request for self-representation is

unequivocal and timely, the trial court must then determine whether the request is voluntary,

knowing, and intelligent. Curry, 191 Wash. 2d at 486. The trial court must apply every reasonable

presumption against a defendant’s waiver of his right to counsel. Curry, 191 Wash. 2d at 486.

        Timeliness of a request for self-representation is determined on a continuum:

        If the demand for self-representation is made (1) well before the trial or hearing and
        unaccompanied by a motion for a continuance, the right of self[-]representation
        exists as a matter of law; (2) as the trial or hearing is about to commence, or shortly
        before, the existence of the right depends on the facts of the particular case with a
        measure of discretion reposing in the trial court in the matter; and (3) during the

                                                  22
No. 50400-6-II

       trial or hearing, the right to proceed pro se rests largely in the informed discretion
       of the trial court.

Madsen, 168 Wash. 2d at 508 (quoting State v. Barker, 75 Wash. App. 236, 241, 881 P.2d 1051

(1994)) (emphasis added) (emphasis omitted). Timeliness focuses on the nature of the request

itself rather than the motivation or purpose behind the request. Curry, 191 Wash. 2d at 486-87.

Specifically, “if, when, and how the defendant made a request for self-representation.” Curry,
191 Wash. 2d at 486-87.

       We review a trial court’s ruling on a defendant’s request for self-representation for an

abuse of discretion. Curry, 191 Wash. 2d at 483. An abuse of discretion occurs when the ruling is

manifestly unreasonable, relies on unsupported facts, or applies an incorrect legal standard.

Curry, 191 Wash. 2d at 483-84. We give great deference to the trial court, which has far more

experience in considering requests for self-representation and has the benefit of observing the

defendant and the circumstances and context of the request. Curry, 191 Wash. 2d at 484-85.

       Although Amos requested to represent himself more than once before trial, he refers only

to his request from June 1, 2017 on appeal. He argues that, because he was proceeding as a self-

represented litigant, the trial court’s denial of his motion for a continuance was error. In his

appellate brief, Amos quotes a large portion of the record discussing Amos’s motion for a

continuance on June 7. Amos’s decision to represent himself occurred on June 1.

       To the extent that Amos argues that his motion to represent himself was untimely, we

hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion. Here, Amos made his request on June 1,

before his trial that was set for June 7. Because Amos’s final motion to self-represent came

shortly before trial, the right of self-representation depended on the facts of the case “with a

measure of discretion . . . [to] the trial court.” Madsen, 168 Wash. 2d at 508.

                                                 23
No. 50400-6-II

        Amos’s case was not factually complicated. The fact that Amos created and filed the

documents was never at issue. Amos’s defense was that he did not mean to deceive anyone.

This defense relied on his testimony, which Amos could have prepared in the time between

becoming self-represented and the trial.

        Moreover, the trial court and Amos engaged in a lengthy discussion with Amos and his

trial counsel. Amos wanted to represent himself because he had his own arguments and

strategies for trial that he did not think counsel would adequately present. The trial court

informed Amos of the risks and hazards of self-representation. Amos had repeatedly requested

to represent himself, suggested several motions his counsel did not feel he could present, had the

opportunity to interview the witnesses, and possessed the discovery well before June 1.

Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when granting Amos’s

request to represent himself because it was timely.

B.      Motion for a Continuance

        Amos also appears to argue that the trial court abused its discretion by denying his

motion for a continuance after the court allowed Amos to represent himself. We hold that the

trial court did not abuse its discretion.

        A trial court possesses the sound discretion to grant or deny a motion for a continuance.

State v. Flinn, 154 Wash. 2d 193, 199, 110 P.3d 748 (2005). We will not disturb the trial court’s

decisions absent a clear showing that the trial court’s ruling is manifestly unreasonable, exercised

on untenable grounds, or for untenable reasons. Flinn, 154 Wash. 2d at 199. There is no

mechanical test when granting or denying a continuance, and the trial court may consider many

                                                 24
No. 50400-6-II

factors, “including surprise, diligence, redundancy, due process, materiality, and maintenance of

ordinary procedure.” State v. Downing, 151 Wash. 2d 265, 273, 87 P.3d 1169 (2004).

       Amos moved for a continuance the morning of trial. His motion cited the need for time

to interview witnesses and make pretrial motions. His affidavit accompanying the motion further

stated Amos needed more time for discovery issues and to prepare his defense. The trial court

stated that the discovery in this case was a police report and the documents written by Amos.

The trial court gave Amos an opportunity to interview witnesses. The trial court then granted the

State’s motion in limine to exclude evidence regarding the bond process. As a result, the trial

court denied Amos’s motion for a continuance.

       The trial court resolved the issues raised by Amos in his motion for a continuance.

Discovery was manageable, the defense that Amos sought was excluded by the State’s motion in

limine, and the trial court allowed time for Amos to interview the witnesses before trial. We

hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when denying Amos’s motion for a

continuance. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing Amos to move forward

without counsel or by denying Amos’s motion for a continuance.

                                  V. EXCEPTIONAL SENTENCE

       Amos argues that the exceptional sentence was not supported by the record and that the

length of his sentence was manifestly unreasonable. We disagree.

       An exceptional sentence is a sentence that is either longer or shorter than the standard

range sentence for the defendant’s crime. RCW 9.94A.535. A sentence above the standard

range may be imposed if an aggravating factor is present to justify its imposition. RCW

9.94A.535. The trial court has discretion to impose an exceptional sentence above the standard

                                                25
No. 50400-6-II

range if the aggravating factor present in a defendant’s case is one that is enumerated in RCW

9.94A.535(2). Relevant here, RCW 9.94A.535(2)(c) allows a sentencing court to impose an

exceptional sentence when the “defendant has committed multiple current offenses and the

defendant’s high offender score results in some of the current offenses going unpunished.”

Imposing consecutive sentences is an exceptional sentence. RCW 9.94A.535.

       A defendant’s offender score is calculated based on current and prior convictions. RCW

9.94A.525(1). The standard sentencing ranges in the Sentencing Reform Act of 1981, chapter

9.94A RCW, do not account for offender scores in excess of nine. RCW 9.94A.510; State v.

France, 176 Wash. App. 463, 468, 308 P.3d 812 (2013). Therefore, “[w]here a defendant has

multiple current offenses that result in an offender score greater than nine, further increases in

the offender score do not increase the standard sentence range.” France, 176 Wash. App. at 468.

       To reverse an exceptional sentence, we must determine: (1) under a clearly erroneous

standard, that there is insufficient evidence in the record to support an exceptional sentence; (2)

under a de novo standard, that the reasons supplied by the trial court do not justify an exceptional

sentence; or (3) under an abuse of discretion standard, that the sentence is excessive or too

lenient. State v. Alvarado, 164 Wash. 2d 556, 560-61, 192 P.3d 345 (2008). A sentence is clearly

excessive if it is based on untenable grounds or reasons, or its length shocks the conscience in

light of the record. State v. Knutz, 161 Wash. App. 395, 410-11, 253 P.3d 437 (2011).

       Here, the jury found Amos guilty of four counts of forgery and four counts of criminal

impersonation. At sentencing, the trial court found that the forgery and criminal impersonation

convictions were the same criminal conduct. Amos agreed his offender score was 21. The State

requested an exceptional sentence of 116 months, 29 months for each forgery conviction to run

                                                 26
No. 50400-6-II

consecutively. Amos requested a sentence within the standard range. The trial court imposed 29

months for each forgery conviction to run consecutively, totaling 116 months based on RCW

9.94A.535(2)(c). The trial court’s finding regarding sentencing stated, “The exceptional

sentence is justified by the following aggravating circumstances: (a) Multiple Current Offenses

RCW 9.94A.535(2)(c)[.]” CP at 165.

       Amos presents two arguments regarding his sentence. First, Amos argues that his

sentence is not supported by the record. We review whether insufficient evidence supports the

sentence under a clearly erroneous standard. Alvarado, 164 Wash. 2d at 560-61. Amos had a high

offender score and was found guilty of four counts of forgery in this proceeding. As a result,

some of Amos’s current offenses would go unpunished because once his offender score was

above nine, the standard ranges for the crimes did not increase. Based on this, the trial court

imposed an exceptional sentence. We hold that it was not clearly erroneous for the trial court to

sentence Amos to an exceptional sentence, and Amos’s sentence was supported by sufficient

evidence in the record.

       Second, Amos argues that his sentence is excessive and manifestly unreasonable. We

review whether a sentence is excessive under an abuse of discretion standard. Alvarado, 164
Wash. 2d at 560-61. Amos had a high offender score and, without imposing concurrent sentences

under RCW 9.94A.535(2)(c), some of Amos’s criminal conduct would have gone unpunished.

The trial court’s sentence was not based on untenable grounds or reasons. Further, in light of the

record, the length of Amos’s sentence does not shock the conscience. Each forgery conviction

involved a different victim, Amos committed these crimes while imprisoned, and Amos’s

                                                27
No. 50400-6-II

criminal history would have prevented current offenses from being punished. We hold that the

trial court did not err when it imposed an exceptional sentence.

                            VI. STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL GROUNDS

       In his SAG, Amos argues that (1) the trial court erred by denying his right to be charged

and tried in the proper venue, (2) the charging information provided inadequate notice, (3) the

trial court erred by denying his Knapstad motion to dismiss, (4) his right to present a defense was

violated by the trial court’s evidentiary rulings, (5) the trial court erred by denying his discovery

requests, (6) the trial court erred by declining to instruct the jury regarding subrogation, (7)

Meyer conducted a vindictive prosecution, (8) the trial court erred by denying his requests for

lesser included jury instructions, and (9) the trial court erred by imposing an exceptional

sentence. We hold that Amos does not raise any reversible issues in his SAG.

A.     Additional Facts

       In pretrial proceedings, Amos sought discovery of public official bonds, oaths of office,

and liability insurance policies arguing they would be “helpful” to his case. VRP (Oct. 26, 2016)

at 7. Because Amos failed to show materiality, the trial court denied his discovery request.

       Immediately before trial, the State moved to amend the information. Before the State’s

motion, the information stated that Amos’s actions occurred in Lewis County. The State’s

motion to amend would have stated that Amos’s actions occurred in either Lewis or Grays

Harbor counties. The State argued that while Amos indeed put off as true these written

instruments in Lewis County when he filed them, the State wanted the information to more

accurately reflect that Amos wrote the documents in Grays Harbor County. Amos objected to

the amendment and “to the fact that I don’t think they have venue if they’re alleging that I forged

                                                  28
No. 50400-6-II

the document and that occurred in a county other than this. I don’t think Lewis County is the

proper venue at this point.” 1 VRP at 72. The trial court denied the State’s motion to amend

because an element of the crimes occurred in Lewis County.

        Before trial, the State also moved to exclude evidence of the complaining witnesses’

personal finances, the Centralia Police Department bond, and the complaining witnesses’ oaths

of office. The trial court ruled that this evidence was not relevant to whether Amos submitted

the documents or whether the documents were falsely made. The trial court stated that Amos

was allowed to explain why he did what he did, but that these pieces of evidence were not

relevant for that.

        Amos also requested lesser included offense instructions for forgery and first degree

criminal impersonation. Regarding forgery, the trial court found that either the crime was

committed or it was not committed. The trial court stated that there was no evidence to support

attempted forgery because Amos testified that he completed and filed the documents. The trial

court denied Amos’s request. Regarding criminal impersonation, the trial court ruled that the

facts did not support an instruction for second degree criminal impersonation and denied Amos’s

request.

        The trial court did not provide the jury with a definition of subrogation. Subrogation was

used in the jury instructions only as a proper noun to describe the “Notice of Subrogation Bond.”

CP at 127. During deliberations the jury asked for the definition of subrogation. The trial court

proposed responding that the jury had the court’s instructions and that the jury should continue

deliberating. Amos agreed and stated that he had testified regarding his idea of subrogation. The

trial court declined to offer supplemental instructions.

                                                 29
No. 50400-6-II

B.     Venue

       Amos argues that the trial court abused its discretion by denying his right to be charged

and tried in Grays Harbor County. We disagree.

       Article I, section 22 of the Washington Constitution provides that “[i]n criminal

prosecutions the accused shall have the right . . . to have a speedy public trial by an impartial jury

of the county in which the offense is charged to have been committed.”

       Additionally, CrR 5.1 governs the proper venue for the commencement of criminal

actions. CrR 5.1(a) provides that an action shall be commenced either “(1) In the county where

the offense was committed;” or “(2) In any county wherein an element of the offense was

committed or occurred.” CrR 5.1(b) states, “When there is reasonable doubt whether an offense

has been committed in one of two or more counties, an action may be commenced in any such

county.” Further, CrR 5.1(c) provides that if a case is filed under section (b) and reasonable

doubt exists about where the offense occurred, the defendant “shall have the right to change

venue to any other county in which the offense may have been committed.” Importantly, “[a]ny

objection to venue must be made as soon after the initial pleading is filed as the defendant has

knowledge upon which to make it.” CrR 5.1(c).

       A defendant’s failure to timely raise venue may constitute a waiver. State v. Dent, 123
Wash. 2d 467, 479, 869 P.2d 392 (1994). The right of a defendant to challenge venue is strictly

time limited. Dent, 123 Wash. 2d at 480. Under CrR 5.1(c), any objection to venue must be made

as soon after the initial pleading is filed as the defendant has knowledge upon which to make it.

See Dent, 123 Wn2d at 480. Where CrR 5.1 does not apply, the defendant is required to raise the

venue question at the omnibus hearing. Dent, 123 Wash. 2d at 480. Unless the defendant makes a

                                                 30
No. 50400-6-II

showing of good cause for not raising the issue at the omnibus hearing, failure to do so

constitutes a waiver.

       Proper venue is not an element of the crime. State v. Rockl, 130 Wash. App. 293, 297, 122
P.3d 759 (2005). A decision denying a change of venue will be disturbed only for an abuse of

discretion. Rockl, 130 Wash. App. at 297.

       Here, the issue of venue arose when the State moved to amend the information

immediately before trial. Before the State’s motion, the information stated that Amos’s actions

occurred in Lewis County. The State’s motion to amend would have stated that Amos’s actions

occurred in either Lewis or Grays Harbor counties. The State argued that although Amos put off

as true these written instruments in Lewis County, the State wanted the information to more

accurately reflect that Amos wrote the documents in Grays Harbor County. Amos objected to

the amendment and “to the fact that I don’t think they have venue if they’re alleging that I forged

the document and that occurred in a county other than this. I don’t think Lewis County is the

proper venue at this point.” 1 VRP at 72. The trial court denied the State’s motion to amend

because an element of the crimes occurred in Lewis County.

       We hold that Amos waived his right to change venue. Amos’s right to change venue was

strictly time limited. Amos needed to object to venue soon after the initial pleadings because he

had knowledge to object to venue. The Second Amended Information which the State attempted

to amend was filed on November 29, 2016. Amos clearly knew he wrote the documents in

Grays Harbor County. Amos did not object to venue until immediately before trial on June 7,

2017. Because Amos did not timely object to venue, we hold that Amos waived his objection.

                                                31
No. 50400-6-II

C.       Adequate Information

         Amos argues that the information provided inadequate notice of charged offenses

because it charged all offenses as occurring in Lewis County. We disagree.

         Under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 22 of

the Washington State Constitution, “[a]ll essential elements of a crime, statutory or otherwise,

must be included in a charging document in order to afford notice to an accused of the nature and

cause of the accusation against him.” State v. Kjorsvik, 117 Wash. 2d 93, 97, 812 P.2d 86 (1991).

“The information is constitutionally sufficient ‘only if all essential elements of a crime, statutory

and nonstatutory, are included in the document.’” State v. Johnson, 180 Wash. 2d 295, 300, 325
P.3d 135 (2014) (quoting State v. Vangerpen, 125 Wash. 2d 782, 787, 888 P.2d 1177 (1995)). “If

the State fails to allege every essential element, then the information is insufficient and the

charge must be dismissed without prejudice.” Johnson, 180 Wash. 2d at 300-01. An essential

element is an element whose specification is necessary to establish the very illegality of the

behavior charged. State v. Zillyette, 178 Wash. 2d 153, 158, 307 P.3d 712 (2013). We review

allegations of constitutional violations de novo. Zillyette, 178 Wash. 2d at 158.

         Amos acknowledges that which county his crimes occurred in is not an essential element

of the crimes. Nonetheless, he argues that the charging documents were deficient for the same

reason. Amos is rearguing his venue argument. We hold that Amos does not raise a reversible

issue.

D.       Knapstad Motion To Dismiss

         Amos argues that the trial court erred by denying his Knapstad motion to dismiss. A

defendant who goes to trial cannot appeal the denial of a Knapstad motion to dismiss because it

                                                 32
No. 50400-6-II

is a pretrial challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. State v. Richards, 109 Wash. App. 648,

653, 36 P.3d 1119 (2001). We hold that Amos cannot appeal the denial of his Knapstad motion.

E.     Amos’s Right To Present a Defense and State’s Motions in Limine

       Amos argues that the trial court abused its discretion and violated his right to present a

defense when granting the State’s motions in limine. Specifically, Amos argues that the trial

court erred when preventing him from asking about (1) the complaining witnesses’ finances, (2)

Centralia Police Department bonds, (3) the complaining witnesses’ oaths of office, and (4) legal

efficacy of the written instruments. We disagree.

       Criminal defendants have a constitutional right to present a defense. U.S. CONST.

amends. V, VI, XIV; WASH. CONST. art. I, §§ 3, 22; Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 294,

93 S. Ct. 1038, 35 L. Ed. 2d 297 (1973). “Defendants have a right to present only relevant

evidence.” State v. Jones, 168 Wash. 2d 713, 720, 230 P.3d 576 (2010). “The accused does not

have an unfettered right to offer testimony that is incompetent, privileged, or otherwise

inadmissible under standard rules of evidence.” Taylor v. Illinois, 484 U.S. 400, 410, 108 S. Ct.
646, 98 L. Ed. 2d 798 (1988). The defendant’s right to present a defense is subject to

“established rules of procedure and evidence designed to assure both fairness and reliability in

the ascertainment of guilt and innocence.” Chambers, 410 U.S. at 302.

        “Whether the exclusion of testimony violated the defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to

present a defense depends on whether the omitted evidence evaluated in the context of the entire

record creates a reasonable doubt that did not otherwise exist.” State v. Duarte Vela, 200 Wn.

App. 306, 326, 402 P.3d 281 (2017). To prevail on a claim that he was deprived of his Sixth

Amendment right, a defendant must at least make some plausible showing of how the excluded

                                                33
No. 50400-6-II

evidence would have been both material and favorable to his defense. State v. Gonzalez, 110
Wash. 2d 738, 750, 757 P.2d 925 (1988). To be material, the proffered fact must “be of

consequence in the context of the other facts and the applicable substantive law.” State v.

Baldwin, 111 Wash. App. 631, 638-39, 45 P.3d 1093 (2002).

       We review de novo whether the trial court violated a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right.

State v. Arndt, 194 Wash. 2d 784, 797-98, 453 P.3d 696 (2019). However, we review a trial court’s

evidentiary rulings under an abuse of discretion. Arndt, 194 Wash. 2d at 797. Accordingly, we

apply this two-step review process to review the trial court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of

discretion and to consider de novo the constitutional question of whether these rulings deprived

Amos of his Sixth Amendment right to present a defense. Arndt, 194 Wash. 2d at 797.

1.     Complaining Witnesses’ Finances, Centralia Police Department Bond, and Complaining
       Witnesses’ Oaths of Office

       Amos argues that the trial court erred by preventing him from asking the complaining

witnesses about their personal finances, bonds, and oaths of office. He argues that these rulings

prevented him from arguing his defense theory. He argues that he had to show the complaining

witnesses were insolvent to justify subrogation and that the alleged misconduct of the

complaining witnesses allowed Amos to sue their public official bonds.

       Relevant evidence is generally admissible. ER 402. Evidence is relevant if it has any

tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the

action more or less probable than it would be without the evidence. ER 401.

       The State moved to exclude evidence of the complaining witnesses’ personal finances,

the Centralia Police Department bond, and the complaining witnesses’ oaths of office. The trial

court ruled that these were not relevant to whether Amos submitted the documents or whether

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No. 50400-6-II

the documents were falsely made. The trial court stated that Amos was allowed to explain why

he did what he did, but that these pieces of evidence were not relevant for that.

       We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by ruling that the evidence Amos

sought to bring in was not relevant to the criminal proceedings regarding forgery and first degree

criminal impersonation. These pieces of evidence were not relevant to the elements of the

charged crimes. Although Amos’s intent was relevant, the exclusion of this evidence did not

preclude Amos from presenting evidence of lack of intent to injure or defraud.

2.     Legal Efficacy

       Amos also argues that the trial court erred by preventing evidence regarding legal

efficacy. He argues that he was prevented from cross-examining witnesses on this point.

       The State moved to exclude evidence regarding legal efficacy of the documents arguing

that legal efficacy was not an issue for the jury to decide. Rather, the State argued that legal

efficacy was a matter of law already decided by the trial court with the Knapstad motions. The

trial court granted the motion.

       When formulating the jury instructions, Amos argued that legal efficacy needed to be

included for the definition of written instrument. The trial court and the State agreed, and legal

efficacy was included in the definition of written instrument.

       Because the trial court changed its decision, the State recalled Meyer. Meyer testified

that based on the language of the document, he and the other complaining witnesses would be

liable for the costs that were actually imposed in the 2013 case. Amos had the opportunity to

cross-examine Meyer. Meyer testified that, to his knowledge, a sheriff had not levied or

executed on his bond. Following the State’s recall of Meyer, Amos testified.

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No. 50400-6-II

       Regardless of the appropriateness of the trial court’s initial decision, the trial court abused

its discretion by first excluding evidence of legal efficacy and prohibiting Amos from inquiring

about it, but then later instructing the jury on the issue. The trial court’s ruling on the motion in

limine prevented Amos from cross-examining all the complaining witnesses about an element of

forgery. We hold that the trial court abused its discretion by granting the State’s motion to

exclude evidence regarding legal efficacy and then including this as an element in the jury

instructions.

3.     Sixth Amendment Right To Present a Defense

       We hold that, despite the trial court’s ruling regarding the motion in limine for legal

efficacy, Amos’s right to present a defense was not violated.

       Whether Amos’s Sixth Amendment right to present a defense was violated depends on

whether the omitted evidence evaluated in the context of the entire record creates a reasonable

doubt that did not otherwise exist. Duarte Vela, 200 Wash. App. at 326. Amos must at least make

some plausible showing of how the excluded evidence would have been both material and

favorable to his defense. Gonzalez, 110 Wash. 2d at 750.

       Here, after the trial court changed its mind regarding the question of who should decide

legal efficacy, the State recalled Meyer. Meyer testified regarding the legal efficacy of the

documents as they related to the four complaining witnesses. Amos had the opportunity to cross-

examine Meyer regarding legal efficacy. Amos then had the opportunity to testify. Regarding

the complaining witnesses’ personal finances, the Centralia Police Department bond, and the

complaining witnesses’ oaths of office, that evidence was irrelevant. And Amos was able to

present relevant evidence regarding the intent behind his actions. The relevant excluded

                                                  36
No. 50400-6-II

evidence—cross-examination of three of the complaining witnesses—does not create a

reasonable doubt that did not otherwise exist. We hold that the trial court did not violate Amos’s

right to present a defense.

F.        Amos’s Discovery Requests

          Amos argues that the trial court erred by denying his discovery requests for public

official bonds, oaths of office, and liability insurance policies. We disagree.

          “Upon a showing of materiality to the preparation of the defense, and if the request is

reasonable, the trial court in its discretion may require disclosure to the defendant of [other]

relevant material and information.” CrR 4.7(e)(1). Both threshold requirements—materiality

and reasonableness—must be met before the court may exercise discretion in granting the

request. State v. Norby, 122 Wash. 2d 258, 266, 858 P.2d 210 (1993). A decision as to the scope of

criminal discovery is within the trial court’s discretion and will not be disturbed absent a

manifest abuse of that discretion. State v. Blackwell, 120 Wash. 2d 822, 826, 845 P.2d 1017

(1993).

          In pretrial proceedings, Amos sought these documents arguing they would be “helpful” to

his case. But he fails to show how these documents were of consequence in the context of his

defense. Because Amos failed to show materiality, the trial court denied his discovery request.

          Amos argues that his discovery requests were material because he attempted to sue the

public official bonds. Amos argues that because the jury submitted a question regarding

subrogation, the jury wanted to follow his defense theory, and this theory required the requested

discovery documents. Amos essentially reasserts that the documents would be helpful, but does

not show materiality. We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion.

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No. 50400-6-II

G.     Jury Question Regarding Subrogation

       Amos argues that the trial court erred by declining to instruct the jury regarding

subrogation following the jury’s question during deliberations. We disagree.

       A trial court may exercise its discretion and give additional instructions to a jury during

deliberations. State v. Sublett, 176 Wash. 2d 58, 82, 292 P.3d 715 (2012). Supplemental

instructions should not go beyond matters that had been or could have been argued to the jury.

State v. Jasper, 158 Wash. App. 518, 542, 245 P.3d 228 (2010).

       The jury asked for the definition of subrogation. The trial court proposed responding that

the jury had the court’s instructions and that the jury should continue deliberating. Amos agreed

and stated that he had testified regarding his idea of subrogation. The trial court stated that

Amos had not requested an instruction regarding the specifics of subrogation. The trial court

declined to offer supplemental instructions.

       Amos argues that the term subrogation was included in the to-convict for forgery

instructions and is a technical term that should have been defined in the instructions. Amos

argues that had the jury been instructed on the definition of subrogation, it is highly likely that

the jury would have found Amos not guilty.

       Subrogation was used as a proper noun in the to-convict instructions only to identify the

written instrument. See, e.g., CP at 127 (“falsely made or completed or altered a written

instrument, to wit: Notice of Subrogation Bond as to Jonathan Meyer”). Amos fails to show how

the trial court abused its discretion regarding the jury question. When the trial court discussed

the question with Amos and the State, Amos agreed to the proposed response and stated that he

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No. 50400-6-II

was allowed to testify regarding his thoughts on subrogation. We hold that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion when answering the jury question.

H.     Vindictive Prosecution

       Amos argues that Meyer, the elected prosecutor for Lewis County, conducted a vindictive

prosecution. We disagree.

       Prosecutorial vindictiveness occurs when the government acts against a defendant in

response to the defendant's prior exercise of constitutional or statutory rights. State v. Korum,

157 Wash. 2d 614, 627, 141 P.3d 13 (2006) (plurality opinion). A prosecution is “vindictive” only

if designed to penalize a defendant for invoking legally protected rights. Korum, 157 Wash. 2d at

627. A defendant bears the burden of showing (1) actual vindictiveness or (2) realistic likelihood

of vindictiveness. Korum, 157 Wash. 2d at 627.

       Amos shows neither form of vindictiveness. Amos argues that Meyer acted with

vindictiveness. But Meyer was not the prosecutor in this case, he was a victim. The State was

represented by a prosecutor from outside Lewis County. Further, Amos was charged with

colorable crimes based on his actions. No evidence in the record shows that the prosecutor had

any improper motive. We reject Amos’s vindictive prosecution argument.

I.     Lesser Included Instructions

       Amos argues that the trial court erred by denying his request for lesser included offense

instructions for the crimes of attempted forgery and second degree criminal impersonation. We

disagree.

       A defendant is entitled to an instruction on a lesser included offense when two conditions

are met: (1) “each of the elements of the lesser offense must be a necessary element of the

                                                 39
No. 50400-6-II

offense charged” and (2) “the evidence in the case must support an inference that the lesser crime

was committed” (the Workman test). State v. Workman, 90 Wash. 2d 443, 447-48, 584 P.2d 382

(1978). The first condition is known as the legal prong, and the second is the factual prong.

State v. Condon, 182 Wash. 2d 307, 316, 343 P.3d 357 (2015). Amos contests the second, factual

prong.

         For the factual prong, a lesser included instruction is appropriate when the evidence

supports an inference that only the lesser offense was committed, to the exclusion of the greater,

charged offense. Condon, 182 Wash. 2d at 316. When determining if the evidence was sufficient

to support the lesser included offense instruction, courts view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the party requesting the instruction. State v. Fernandez-Medina, 141 Wash. 2d 448,

455-56, 6 P.3d 1150 (2000). A trial court considers all evidence presented, and this evidence

must affirmatively establish the defendant’s theory of the case and not merely allow the jury to

disbelieve evidence of guilt. Fernandez-Medina, 141 Wash. 2d at 456. The affirmative evidence to

support the lesser included offense requires more than the mere possibility that the jury

disbelieves some of the State’s evidence. State v. Brown, 127 Wash. 2d 749, 755, 903 P.2d 459

(1995). Stated another way, the factual prong requires affirmative evidence which raises an

inference that a defendant committed only the lesser included offense “to the exclusion of the

charged offense.” Fernandez-Medina, 141 Wash. 2d at 455.

         We review a trial court’s decision regarding the factual prong for an abuse of discretion.

State v. Henderson, 182 Wash. 2d 734, 743, 344 P.3d 1207 (2015). A trial court abuses its

discretion when its decision is based on an incorrect legal standard. Henderson, 182 Wash. 2d at

743.

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No. 50400-6-II

       Amos requested lesser included offense instructions for forgery and first degree criminal

impersonation. The trial court correctly found that evidence showed that either the forgeries

were committed, or were not committed. The trial court stated that there was no evidence to

support attempted forgery because Amos testified that he completed and filed the documents.

The trial court denied Amos’s request.

       A person commits attempted forgery if, with the intent to commit forgery, he does any

act which is a substantial step toward the commission of forgery. RCW 9A.28.020; RCW

9A.60.020. Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to Amos, there was no evidence

affirmatively establishing that Amos merely attempted to commit forgery as opposed to forgery

itself. We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion.

       Regarding criminal impersonation, the trial court ruled that the facts did not support an

instruction for second degree criminal impersonation and denied Amos’s request.

       A person commits first degree criminal impersonation when he assumes a false identity

and does an act in his assumed character with the intent to defraud. RCW 9A.60.040(1). A

person commits second degree criminal impersonation when he (1) claims to be a law

enforcement officer or creates an impression that he is a law enforcement officer and (2) under

circumstances not amounting to first degree criminal impersonation, does an act with the intent

to convey the impression that he is acting in an official capacity and a reasonable person would

believe the person is a law enforcement officer. RCW 9A.60.045. Viewing the evidence in a

light most favorable to Amos, there was no evidence affirmatively establishing that Amos

committed second degree criminal impersonation. Amos was not claiming to act through any

                                                  41
No. 50400-6-II

official capacity as a law enforcement officer. We hold that the trial court did not abuse its

discretion.

J.     Sentencing

       Amos argues that the trial court erred in sentencing him to 116 months because RCW

9A.20.021(1)(c) limits the maximum penalty to 5 years. Amos argues that the statutory language

in RCW 9.94A.535 is ambiguous. We disagree. To the extent Amos also challenges his

sentence as clearly excessive, this argument has been addressed above.10

       We review issues of statutory interpretation de novo. State v. Dennis, 191 Wash. 2d 169,

172, 421 P.3d 944 (2018). The purpose of statutory interpretation is to ascertain legislative

intent. Dennis, 191 Wash. 2d at 172. When interpreting a criminal statute, we give a literal and

strict interpretation to the plain language. Dennis, 191 Wash. 2d at 172. If the plain language is

unambiguous, subject only to one reasonable interpretation, our inquiry ends. State v. Velasquez,

176 Wash. 2d 333, 336, 292 P.3d 92 (2013).

       Forgery is a class C felony. RCW 9A.60.020(3). “Unless a different maximum sentence

for a classified felony is specifically established by a statute” the maximum allowable sentence

for a class C felony is “confinement in a state correctional institution for five years.” RCW

9A.20.021(1)(c). If a sentencing court imposes consecutive sentences, the sentencing court may

stack each individual crime’s statutory maximum to determine a defendant’s total statutory

maximum allowable sentence. State v. Weller, 197 Wash. App. 731, 734-35, 391 P.3d 527 (2017).

10
  We consider only arguments not already adequately addressed as raised by the defendant’s
appellate counsel. State v. Thompson, 169 Wash. App. 436, 493, 290 P.3d 996 (2012).

                                                 42
No. 50400-6-II

       RCW 9.94.535 allows a sentencing court to impose an exceptional sentence, including

when the “defendant has committed multiple current offenses and the defendant’s high offender

score results in some of the current offenses going unpunished.” RCW 9.94A.535(2)(c). RCW

9.94A.589 sets forth standards for consecutive and concurrent sentences, and a departure from

these standards is an exceptional sentence. RCW 9.94A.535. RCW 9.94A.535 states:

       A departure from the standards in RCW 9.94A.589(1) and (2) governing whether
       sentences are to be served consecutively or concurrently is an exceptional sentence
       subject to the limitations in this section, and may be appealed by the offender or the
       state as set forth in RCW 9.94A.585(2) through (6).

(Emphasis added.)

       Amos argues that the “subject to the limitations in this section” language in RCW

9.94A.535 is ambiguous and means that the trial court could not properly impose a sentence

exceeding the five year limitation in RCW 9A.20.021(1)(c). SAG at 11. We disagree.

       We hold that plain language of RCW 9.94A.535’s “subject to the limitations in this

section” is unambiguous. RCW 9.94A.535 states that a sentencing court cannot deviate from the

standards in RCW 9.94A.589(1)-(2) unless that departure is enumerated in RCW 9.94A.535.

Here, the enumerated reason was RCW 9.94A.535(2)(c). Nevertheless, because the trial court

ruled that the 4 forgery convictions would be served consecutively, the statutory maximum for

the convictions stacked, resulting in a total maximum of 20 years. Weller, 197 Wash. App. at 734-

35; RCW 9A.20.021(1)(c). Amos’s 116 month sentence was within the total statutory

maximum.

       Amos cites RCW 9.94A.537(6) and RCW 9.94A. 506(3) to support his argument. But,

RCW 9.94A.537(6) addresses aggravating circumstances found by a jury, and RCW

9.94A.506(3) addresses standard range sentences. Neither statute is applicable here because

                                                43
No. 50400-6-II

multiple current offense for RCW 9.94A.535(2)(c) are not aggravating circumstances to be found

by a jury and Amos’s sentence was exceptional, not within the standard range. We hold that the

trial court did not err when sentencing Amos.

                                         CONCLUSION

       We hold that (1) sufficient evidence supports Amos’s forgery convictions, (2) Amos’s

physical restraint was harmless, (3) Amos did not receive ineffective assistance of counsel, (4)

the trial court did not err by allowing Amos to waive counsel or by denying his motion to

continue trial, (5) Amos’s sentence was properly imposed, and (6) Amos does not raise

reversible issues in his SAG. We affirm Amos’s conviction and sentence.

       A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

2.06.040, it is so ordered.

                                                     _____________________________
                                                               Worswick, J.

______________________________
 Lee, C.J.

______________________________
 Sutton, J.

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