Court Opinion

ID: 4022570
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-08-08 18:06:30.230219+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:10:29.273539
License: Public Domain

1      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 Opinion Number:

 3 Filing Date: August 4, 2016

 4 NO. 33,784

 5   JOSEPH LEE CHRISTOPHERSON, as Personal
 6   Representative of the Estate of MERCEDES
 7   LOUISE CHRISTOPHERSON, and JOSEPH LEE
 8   CHRISTOPHERSON, individually,

 9       Plaintiffs-Appellees,

10 v.

11 ST. VINCENT HOSPITAL, a New Mexico Non-
12 Profit Corporation d/b/a CHRISTUS ST. VINCENT
13 REGIONAL MEDICAL CENTER,

14       Defendant-Appellant.

15 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SANTA FE COUNTY
16 Raymond Z. Ortiz, District Judge

17 Law Office of Jane B. Yohalem
18 Jane B. Yohalem
19 Santa Fe, NM

20 Katherine W. Hall PC
21 Katherine W. Hall
22 Santa Fe, NM
 1 The Zamora Law Firm, LLC
 2 D. Diego Zamora
 3 Santa Fe, NM

 4 for Appellees

 5   Modrall, Sperling, Roehl, Harris & Sisk
 6   Tim L. Fields
 7   Emil J. Kiehne
 8   Susan M. Bisong
 9   Elizabeth A. Martinez
10   Albuquerque, NM

11 for Appellant
 1                                       OPINION

 2 BUSTAMANTE, Judge.

 3   {1}   Joseph Lee Christopherson, individually and as personal representative of the

 4 estate of his daughter, Mercedes Louise Christopherson, filed a complaint for medical

 5 negligence leading to Mercedes Christopherson’s death in 2008. A jury found St.

 6 Vincent Hospital negligent, but hung on the issue of causation. A second trial, limited

 7 to causation, resulted in a verdict in favor of St. Vincent Hospital. The district court

 8 ordered a third trial on causation based on defense counsel’s misconduct during the

 9 second trial. The final trial ended in a $2.25 million verdict against St. Vincent

10 Hospital. St. Vincent Hospital appeals.

11 I.      BACKGROUND

12   {2}   In November 2008 twenty-year-old Mercedes Christopherson (Mercedes) was

13 hospitalized at Presbyterian Hospital in Albuquerque for acute pain in her abdomen.

14 After approximately one week, she was discharged on November 21, 2008, and

15 returned to Santa Fe, where she lived. However, on November 25, 2008, Mercedes

16 was still in pain and went to the emergency room at St. Vincent Hospital where she

17 was admitted.

18   {3}   At St. Vincent Hospital, Mercedes was treated for pancreatitis and several

19 possible types of infection, including an intra-abdominal infection. After a few days
 1 Mercedes started to improve, but then, on December 6, developed a fever, increased

 2 pulse, and hypoxia (insufficient oxygen). Between December 6 and December 8,

 3 Mercedes’ pain medication and antibiotics were adjusted, more tests were performed

 4 to identify whether she had one or more types of infection, and she was given oxygen

 5 to address the hypoxia.

 6   {4}   Mercedes was discharged from St. Vincent Hospital on December 8, 2008. At

 7 the time of discharge, she had a temperature of 100.9 and slightly elevated heart rate

 8 of 107. Mercedes was advised not to drink alcohol because of possible interaction

 9 with the pain medication she was taking and to contact the hospital if she had a

10 temperature over 101 degrees, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, or sudden severe

11 weakness. She spent the evening with her girlfriend, Adrianna Bustos, and the Bustos

12 family. According to family members, she spent “a quiet evening, eating a small meal

13 and then going to sleep.” At ten o’clock the next morning, Mrs. Bustos, Adrianna’s

14 mother, checked on Mercedes and found that she was not breathing and that there was

15 drool or bile around her mouth. Mrs. Bustos called 911 and another person in the

16 house began CPR. Emergency medical technicians arrived and took Mercedes to the

17 hospital, where she was put on life support. She died the next day.

18   {5}   In December 2009 Mercedes’ father, Plaintiff Joseph Lee Christopherson, filed

19 suit against St. Vincent Hospital for medical negligence. An eleven-day jury trial was

                                             2
 1 held. The jury found that St. Vincent Hospital was negligent, but hung on the

 2 question of whether St. Vincent Hospital’s negligence caused Mercedes’ death. The

 3 district court ordered a partial retrial on the issue of causation only.

 4   {6}   The second trial—limited to causation—started in late July 2012. After a five-

 5 day trial, the jury found that St. Vincent Hospital’s negligence was not the cause of

 6 Mercedes’ death. Plaintiff moved for a new trial on the ground that “[t]he jury verdict

 7 was induced by misconduct of defense counsel consisting [of] statements which were

 8 intentional, irrelevant, inadmissible, unethical[,] and prejudicial.” The district court

 9 granted the motion for a new trial.

10   {7}   A third partial trial was held in December 2013. Before trial, St. Vincent

11 Hospital moved for a full retrial of both negligence and causation, on the ground that,

12 in order to “render a proper verdict on causation, the [t]hird [j]ury needs to know the

13 grounds on which the [f]irst [j]ury found St. Vincent [Hospital] to be negligent, but

14 that is not possible.” The district court denied the motion, stating that “the issues of

15 negligence, causation[,] and damages in this case are separate and distinct as defined

16 by Buffett v. Vargas, 1996-NMSC-[012], 121 N.M. 507, 914 P.2d 1004.” At the

17 conclusion of the third trial, the jury found that St. Vincent Hospital’s negligence was

18 the cause of Mercedes’ death and awarded $2,250,000 in compensatory damages. St.

19 Vincent Hospital appealed.

                                               3
 1 II.      DISCUSSION

 2   {8}    St. Vincent Hospital’s appeal presents three questions. First, whether the

 3 district court erred in limiting the second or third trials to causation only. Second,

 4 whether the district court erred in ordering a third partial trial based on defense

 5 counsel’s conduct in the second trial. Third, whether a new, full retrial is necessary

 6 because the district court erred by excluding expert testimony concerning the role of

 7 Xanax and marijuana in Mercedes’ death. We address these arguments in turn.

 8 A.       The District Court Did Not Improperly Limit Retrial to Causation

 9   {9}    “The grant or denial of a new trial is a matter resting within the sound

10 discretion of the trial court, and the reviewing court will not reverse absent a manifest

11 abuse of that discretion.” Martinez v. Ponderosa Prods., Inc., 1988-NMCA-115, ¶ 4,

12 108 N.M. 385, 772 P.2d 1308. Under Rule 1-059(A) NMRA, the district court may

13 order a new trial on “all or part of the issues in an action in which there has been a

14 trial by jury, for any of the reasons for which new trials have heretofore been

15 granted.” Cf. Rule 1-042(B) NMRA (“The court . . . may order a separate trial of any

16 claim, . . . or of any separate issue or of any number of claims, . . . or issues, always

17 preserving the right of trial by jury given to any party as a constitutional right.”).

18   {10}   Generally speaking, whether a partial trial is appropriate depends on whether

19 the issue is “entirely separate and distinct from” the other issues already decided and

                                               4
 1 whether “such single issue can be determined without reference to other issues and

 2 without prejudice to either party.” Sanchez v. Dale Bellamah Homes of N.M., Inc.,

 3 1966-NMSC-040, ¶ 12, 76 N.M. 526, 417 P.2d 25; see Buffett, 1996-NMSC-012,

 4 ¶ 32 (stating that a partial retrial as to a single party is appropriate when “there is a

 5 clear showing that the issues in the case are so distinct and separable that a party may

 6 be excluded without prejudice” and that “[t]his test is the same as New Mexico’s test

 7 for determining whether a partial retrial is appropriate as to some issues but not

 8 others” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). The test derives from a

 9 United States Supreme Court decision, Gasoline Products Co. v. Champlin Refining

10 Co., which held that “a partial retrial may not properly be resorted to unless it clearly

11 appears that the issue to be retried is so distinct and separable from the others that a

12 trial of it alone may be had without injustice.” 283 U.S. 494, 500 (1931). Rule 59 of

13 the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, on which our Rule 1-059 is based, was “written

14 in the light of the Gasoline Products case and of state practices allowing a partial new

15 trial.” The Late Charles Alan Wright, et al., Partial New Trial, 11 Fed. Prac. & Proc.

16 Civ. § 2814 (3d ed. 2016); Martinez v. Friede, 2004-NMSC-006, ¶ 12, 135 N.M. 171,

17 86 P.3d 596 (stating that “our Rule 1-059 is substantially the same as its federal

18 counterpart with one . . . exception,” which has since been superseded by rule),

                                               5
 1 superseded by rule on other grounds as stated in State v. Moreland, 2008-NMSC-

 2 031, ¶ 11, 144 N.M. 192, 185 P.3d 363.

 3   {11}   St. Vincent Hospital’s argument is that “a full retrial was required . . . because

 4 the question of causation was not ‘distinct and separable’ from that of negligence.”

 5 Negligence and causation are not distinct, it argues, because there was no way for the

 6 second or third jury to know which conduct the first jury found negligent. In the first

 7 trial, the jury was instructed that “[t]o establish medical negligence on the part

 8 of . . . St. Vincent Hospital, . . . Plaintiff has the burden of proving that St. Vincent

 9 Hospital . . . failed to use the skill and care required in at least one of [seven] ways[.]”

10 The “seven ways” were:

11          [(1)] By failing to properly communicate observations and concerns
12                about Mercedes[’] . . . condition among Dr. Kovnat, Dr.
13                Palestine[,] Nurse Gallagher or other nurses; or

14          [(2)] By failing to rule out intra-abdominal infection as the cause of
15                Mercedes[’] . . . blood stream infection; or

16          [(3)] By inadequately treating Mercedes[’] . . . blood stream infection;
17                or

18          [(4)] By failing to assess and evaluate Mercedes[’] . . . hypoxia before
19                discharging her without supplemental oxygen; or

20          [(5)] By failing to assess and evaluate Mercedes . . . for oversedation
21                before discharging her; or

                                                6
 1          [(6)] By failing to obtain pertinent medical information, including the
 2                December 8, 2008[,] blood culture results, prior to discharging
 3                Mercedes . . . home on December 8, 2008; or

 4          [(7)] By discharging Mercedes . . . home on December 8, 2008, without
 5                ongoing antibiotics.

 6   {12}   The verdict form, however, did not require the jurors to indicate which conduct

 7 was the basis for negligence. Instead, it merely asked whether St. Vincent Hospital

 8 was negligent. St. Vincent Hospital concludes that because the finding of negligence

 9 could have been based on any one of the seven identified ways, and the later juries

10 could not know which conduct was found negligent, it was impossible for them to tie

11 the negligence finding to the cause of Mercedes’ death.

12   {13}   St. Vincent Hospital’s argument has some intuitive appeal. Indeed, a number

13 of courts in other jurisdictions have concluded under similar facts that a partial retrial

14 on causation only is inappropriate. We begin by outlining the relevant cases. Because

15 we conclude that none of the cases cited by the parties fully resolves the issue here,

16 we examine principles governing appellate review of jury verdicts. We conclude that

17 the district court did not err in ordering a partial retrial on causation under the facts

18 of this case.

19 Case Law on Partial Trials

20   {14}   No New Mexico case directly addresses a partial retrial on causation. In Scott

21 v. McWood Corp., our Supreme Court considered whether a new trial on contributory

                                               7
 1 negligence was appropriate. 1971-NMSC-068, ¶ 10, 82 N.M. 776, 487 P.2d 478. In

 2 an earlier appeal, the Supreme Court had remanded to the district court for a new trial

 3 on the plaintiffs’ claim, and the district court limited the retrial to the issue of

 4 contributory negligence. Id. ¶¶ 1, 10; see Scott v. Murphy Corp., 1968-NMSC-185,

 5 ¶ 14, 79 N.M. 697, 448 P.2d 803. After the jury found in favor of the plaintiffs, the

 6 district court ruled that the plaintiffs were contributorily negligent as a matter of law

 7 and therefore barred from recovery, and entered a judgment for McWood Corporation

 8 notwithstanding the jury’s verdict. McWood Corp., 1971-NMSC-068, ¶¶ 2-3. The

 9 plaintiffs appealed the judgment notwithstanding the verdict and the defendant cross-

10 appealed, arguing that retrial only on the appellant’s contributory negligence was

11 error. Id. The Court held that contributory negligence is a factual question that should

12 have been submitted to the jury, reversed the judgment on that ground, and ordered

13 a new trial on that issue only. Id. ¶¶ 8, 14. In addition, it rejected the defendant’s

14 arguments and held that the defendant’s “primary negligence had been determined by

15 properly submitted interrogatories” and hence the district court did not err in ordering

16 that its negligence did not need to be retried. Id. ¶ 10.

17   {15}   Although it did not use this language, we conclude that the Court determined

18 that the issue of the plaintiffs’ contributory negligence was distinct and separable

19 from the defendant’s negligence. Plaintiff argues that Scott supports a partial retrial

                                               8
 1 here. But Scott’s holding is of limited use here because it addressed contributory

 2 negligence. See NMSA 1978, § 41-3A-1 (1987) (adopting comparative negligence

 3 doctrine except in limited circumstances). Under the contributory negligence

 4 doctrine, even the tiniest bit of contributory negligence on the plaintiffs’ part would

 5 have prevented the plaintiffs’ recovery. Commercial Union Assurance Cos. v. W.

 6 Farm Bureau Ins. Cos., 1979-NMSC-082, ¶ 4, 93 N.M. 507, 601 P.2d 1203

 7 (“[C]ontributory negligence [is] a bar to recovery in a tort action.”). As such, the

 8 question of whether the plaintiffs were contributorily negligent did not involve

 9 comparing the negligence of the parties and apportioning fault, nor did it involve

10 assessing the causal relationship between the defendant’s negligence and the

11 plaintiffs’ injury.

12   {16}   Sanchez v. Wiley too is unhelpful. 1997-NMCA-105, 124 N.M. 47, 946 P.2d
13 650. In that case, this Court approved a partial retrial on punitive damages because

14 “[t]he focus of the retrial would be different from the focus of the trial on

15 compensatory damages, at which the jury decided the issues of injury, loss, and

16 allocation of fault. At a trial on punitive damages, the emphasis would be on [the

17 d]efendants’ behavior and whether that behavior should be punished.” Id. ¶ 10. The

18 analysis there depended on whether the defendant would be prejudiced by a partial

19 retrial. The Court stated, “Prejudice does not result merely because there may be

                                              9
 1 overlap in the evidence, particularly when, as in this case, there is no possibility that

 2 the error alleged on appeal (failing to allow the punitive damages issue to go to the

 3 jury) could have affected the compensatory damages award.” Id.

 4   {17}   We turn to cases from other jurisdictions. In Conklin v. Hannoch Weisman, 678

 5 A.2d 1060 (N.J. 1996), the New Jersey Supreme Court examined whether retrial on

 6 both negligence and causation was required where the first jury had found the lawyer-

 7 defendants negligent in advising their clients. Id. at 1067. Framing the question as

 8 “whether the first jury’s finding that [the] defendants had failed properly to inform

 9 [the] plaintiffs of the risks of subordination should be binding on a jury at retrial[,]”

10 the court stated that “[a]lthough the jury’s finding of negligence . . . very well may

11 have been unaffected by error, [it had] no way of knowing precisely what conduct the

12 jury based that finding on” and therefore “[could not] say that the jury’s finding of

13 negligence was entirely distinct and separable from the issue of proximate cause.” Id.

14 The jury verdict form, similar to that here, merely asked the first jury whether the

15 defendants were negligent “in representing the [plaintiffs] in connection with

16 explaining subordination and the risks associated with subordination[.]” Id. at 1064.

17 The court concluded that this verdict form created problems for retrial, stating “[t]he

18 concrete question is what precisely were the jury’s factual findings and how would

19 those findings relate to the issues of causation.” Id. at 1068.

                                              10
 1          For example, the attorneys’ negligence may have consisted in giving no
 2          explanation of subordination at all (plaintiffs’ basic theory), an
 3          incomplete explanation (one witness said that [one attorney] told one of
 4          the plaintiffs that subordination means that the bank gets paid first), or
 5          an unartful explanation couched in legal jargon rather than in the plain
 6          language necessary to impart its meaning to lay clients (a theory of one
 7          of the experts). How then might the court at retrial pose the issue to the
 8          jury? We foresee too many problems of repeat error if the terse language
 9          of the jury findings is translated into background circumstances that may
10          or may not have been what the first jury intended to convey.

11 Id.; see Henebema v. S. Jersey Transp. Auth., 99 A.3d 336, 343 (N.J. 2014)

12 (analyzing Conklin and stating that Conklin “addressed circumstances where there

13 existed the real potential that jury confusion could undermine confidence in a second

14 jury’s verdict on causation if that second jury did not understand the basis for the first

15 jury’s findings on negligence”). The Conklin court also stated that because “[a] jury

16 verdict in a civil tort claim ordinarily consists of two components, a finding of

17 negligent conduct and a finding of damages proximately caused by that conduct[,

18 n]egligence, . . . is usually inextricably intertwined with the concept of proximate

19 cause.” 678 A.2d at 1067.

20   {18}   A similar case is Carbis Sales, Inc. v. Eisenberg, 935 A.2d 1236, 1250-51 (N.J.

21 Super. Ct. App. Div. 2007), in which the New Jersey Superior Court ordered retrial

22 on all issues where the evidence supported two different theories of legal malpractice

23 but the first jury verdict did not specify the basis on which the jury found malpractice.

24 It stated,

                                               11
 1          [T]he only way for a [second] jury on remand to determine what losses
 2          were proximately caused by which facets of [the attorney’s] malpractice
 3          is for them to hear what that malpractice consisted of. That is, they
 4          would have to essentially hear the entire case on liability. Accordingly,
 5          the remedy on plaintiffs’ cross-appeal is a remand for a new trial as to
 6          all issues and all parties.

 7 Id. at 1251; but see Tindal v. Smith, 690 A.2d 674, 682 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div.

 8 1997) (holding that negligence and proximate cause could be tried separately because,

 9 “based on the evidence, the two issues were entirely distinct and separate” and “[i]n

10 his instructions to the jury, the judge charged on negligence separately from

11 proximate cause”).

12   {19}   In California, a plaintiff sued a city for sexual harassment and retaliation. Lewis

13 v. City of Benicia, 169 Cal. Rptr. 3d 794, 799 (Ct. App. 2014). As to the retaliation

14 claim, a jury found that “[the plaintiff’s] participation in protected activity was a

15 motivating reason for [the c]ity’s adverse actions, but . . . [the c]ity’s conduct was not

16 a substantial factor in causing harm to [the plaintiff].” Id. at 800. The verdict form

17 echoed the elements of a retaliatory discharge claim. Id. at 808. The California Court

18 of Appeals held that the district court improperly excluded evidence at trial related

19 to retaliation and remanded for retrial. Id. at 812. The plaintiff argued for “a limited

20 retrial on the causation-of-harm element, and [leaving] intact the jury’s findings in

21 [the plaintiff’s] favor on other elements of the retaliation cause of action.” Id. The

22 court rejected this argument on two bases. First, it held, based on California law, that

                                                12
 1 courts are not permitted to “enter a partial special verdict that fails to dispose of all

 2 elements necessary to establish liability on a single cause of action.” Id. at 813; see

 3 Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 624 (1872) (stating that on a special verdict form “conclusions

 4 of fact must be so presented as that nothing shall remain to the [c]ourt but to draw

 5 from them conclusions of law”). It concluded, “[a] reversal of just the jury’s adverse

 6 finding on the causation-of-harm element (the relief apparently sought by [the

 7 plaintiff]) would leave a partial special verdict consisting of the jury’s responses on

 8 only some elements of the retaliation cause of action and would not establish [the

 9 c]ity’s liability on that claim.” Lewis, 169 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 813.

10   {20}   More relevant to our purpose, the court held that “a partial retrial on the

11 causation-of-harm element would cause confusion and uncertainty and would be

12 prejudicial to [the c]ity” because

13          [a] second jury would have to determine whether [the c]ity’s retaliatory
14          acts caused harm to [the plaintiff], but the second jury would not know
15          which of [the c]ity’s alleged acts (e.g., termination of the plainitiff’s
16          employment at the end of his paid internship, false accusations of
17          misconduct after he returned as a volunteer, interference with his
18          workers’ compensation claim) the first jury determined were retaliatory.

19 Id. It concluded that “[a] full retrial on the retaliation claim is necessary.” Id.

20   {21}   Finally, in Bohack Corp. v. Iowa Beef Processors, Inc., 715 F.2d 703, 709 (2d

21 Cir. 1983), the Second Circuit Court of Appeals held that the district court properly

22 ordered a new trial on all issues after a jury found violation of a statute (“Robinson-

                                               13
 1 Patman”) but hung on the issue of causation. There, the complaint alleged “price

 2 differentials” related to a number of products, but it was not clear which products

 3 were the basis for the first jury’s finding that the price fixing statute had been

 4 violated. Id. The court stated,

 5          The first jury had not been asked to, nor did it, specify the products as
 6          to which it found [the] defendants had violated the Robinson-Patman
 7          Act. The second jury thus could hardly have fathomed the issues of
 8          causation and injury to [the plaintiff] without considering the extent of
 9          the violation. Hence the court properly concluded that the second trial
10          should include all Robinson-Patman issues.

11 Id.

12   {22}   None of these cases satisfactorily address the issues posed by the arguments

13 here. Several merely state that a partial trial on causation is improper because

14 causation is intertwined with negligence, with little explanation, and with little

15 deference to the trial court’s decision, in spite of lip service to the abuse of discretion

16 standard of review. Other holdings rest on the second jury’s lack of knowledge about

17 the precise basis of the first jury’s verdict but include no discussion of other

18 principles governing treatment of jury verdicts. For instance, even though California

19 adheres to the “general verdict rule,” discussed further below, it does not explain in

20 Lewis how that rule operates in the context of partial retrials. See McCloud v. Roy

21 Riegels Chems., 97 Cal. Rptr. 910, 915 (Ct. App. 1971) (discussing the general

22 verdict rule in California). Similarly, it is not clear in the cases described above

                                               14
 1 whether those jurisdictions require juries to agree on the factual underpinnings of a

 2 cause of action or merely on its elements, and how the approach to review of jury

 3 verdicts might impact the propriety of partial retrials. Because we conclude that these

 4 principles are integral to review of St. Vincent Hospital’s arguments, we discuss them

 5 next.

 6 The General Verdict Rule and Jury Unanimity

 7   {23}   We consider the first verdict here a general verdict in spite of its label as a

 8 “special verdict.” Although labeled “special,” the questions were very general. First,

 9 the jury was asked, “Were either [St. Vincent Hospital and/or Dr. Palestine]

10 negligent?” The jury was then asked whether St. Vincent Hospital’s negligence was

11 the cause of Mercedes’ injury. In Bustos v. Hyundai Motor Co., a case dealing with

12 liability for an automobile accident death, this Court held that a verdict similar to this

13 was a general verdict. 2010-NMCA-090, ¶ 47, 149 N.M. 1, 243 P.3d 440.

14          The jury . . . was not requested to find whether the roof or doors
15          specifically were defective or how [the d]efendants were specifically
16          negligent. The questions asked were general: “Was there a defect in the
17          2002 Hyundai Accent?” “Did Hyundai breach the implied warranty of
18          merchantability?” “Was Hyundai negligent?” In that regard, the special
19          verdict form in this case amounted to a general verdict.

20 Id.

21   {24}   Consistent with Bustos, we treat the verdict here as a general verdict. See

22 Dessauer v. Mem’l Gen. Hosp., 1981-NMCA-051, ¶ 16, 96 N.M. 92, 628 P.2d 337

                                               15
 1 (holding that a verdict form that “was determinative of the right of the [plaintiffs] to

 2 recover damages from the [defendant] as an alleged tortfeasor, that answer is the

 3 equivalent of, and is to be given effect as, a general verdict” despite not being labeled

 4 as such).

 5   {25}   Under the “general verdict rule,” “[a] general verdict may be affirmed under

 6 any theory supported by evidence unless an erroneous jury instruction was given.”

 7 Bustos, 2010-NMCA-090, ¶ 48. In Bustos, for example, the defendant argued that an

 8 issue of a defective door latch should not have been presented to the jury because it

 9 was not supported by substantial evidence. Id. ¶ 47. This Court held that, even if it

10 assumed there was error in presenting this argument to the jury, the verdict could

11 nevertheless be affirmed based on theories that were supported by the evidence.

12          In this situation, we must assume the jury accepted the theory argued by
13          counsel that was supported by substantial evidence. Assuming there was
14          insufficient evidence of causation between any door-latch defect and
15          [the decedent]’s injuries, we assume the jury did not rely on the door for
16          its finding of product defect and negligence.

17 Id. ¶ 49; cf. Curry v. Burns, 626 A.2d 719, 721 (Conn. 1993) (stating that the “general

18 verdict rule provides that, if a jury renders a general verdict for one party, and no

19 party requests interrogatories, an appellate court will presume that the jury found

20 every issue in favor of the prevailing party”); 89 C.J.S. Trial § 1114 (2016) (“The so-

21 called ‘general verdict rule’ provides that if a jury renders a general verdict for one

                                               16
 1 party, and no party requests interrogatories, an appellate court will presume that the

 2 jury found every issue in favor of the prevailing party.”).

 3   {26}   Applying the general verdict rule here would permit us to affirm the first jury’s

 4 verdict as to negligence on any of the seven theories advanced by Plaintiff so long as

 5 they are supported by the evidence. Importantly, St. Vincent Hospital does not

 6 challenge any of the seven theories on sufficiency of the evidence grounds nor assert

 7 any error in the jury instructions in the first trial. In the absence of such a challenge,

 8 we assume all seven theories are supported by the evidence. Rule 12-213(A)(4)

 9 NMRA (“A contention that a verdict, judgment or finding of fact is not supported by

10 substantial evidence shall be deemed waived unless the argument [in the brief in

11 chief] identifies with particularity the fact or facts that are not supported by

12 substantial evidence[.]”).

13   {27}   St. Vincent Hospital does, however, make the finer point that there is no way

14 to know whether at least ten jurors found it negligent in precisely the same way. In

15 other words, it maintains that some jurors may have found it negligent as to one of the

16 seven theories while different jurors found it negligent on a different theory.

17 Consequently, there is no way to know if at least ten jurors agreed on the basis for the

18 verdict. Hence, it argues, it would be error for subsequent juries to assume negligence

19 was found in “at least one” of the seven theories.

                                               17
 1   {28}   We do not agree that unanimity among the first jury members on the factual

 2 basis for a finding of negligence is a prerequisite to validity of the verdict or later

 3 juries’ reliance on that verdict. In the criminal arena, “where alternative theories of

 4 guilt are put forth under a single charge, jury unanimity is required only as to the

 5 verdict, not to any particular theory of guilt.” State v. Godoy, 2012-NMCA-084, ¶ 6,

 6 284 P.3d 410; see State v. Salazar, 1997-NMSC-044, ¶ 32, 123 N.M. 778, 945 P.2d
7 996 (stating that “a jury’s general verdict will not be disturbed in such a case where

 8 substantial evidence exists in the record supporting at least one of the theories of the

 9 crime presented to the jury”). Other courts have applied this rule in the civil context.

10 Addressing a question similar to that here, the California Court of Appeal observed,

11 “Generally, [the] criminal law system places greater burdens on the plaintiff or

12 prosecutor to prove a case against a defendant than does our civil law system.” Stoner

13 v. Williams, 54 Cal. Rptr. 2d 243, 251 (Ct. App. 1996). As examples, the Stoner court

14 noted that the burden of proof is greater in criminal trials, a criminal verdict must be

15 unanimous, and “the types of evidence admissible are generally more restricted in

16 criminal cases than in civil cases.” Id. Stating that “the question of jury agreement in

17 civil cases should . . . not be more onerous on the civil plaintiff than on the criminal

18 prosecutor[,]” id. at 251-52, it concluded that, just like in criminal cases, “jurors [in

19 civil cases] need not agree from among a number of alternative acts which act is

                                              18
 1 proved, so long as the jurors agree that each element of the cause of action is proved.”

 2 Id. at 252.

 3   {29}   The Kansas Supreme Court took a more direct route to the same effect. In

 4 Cleveland v. Wong, the jury was instructed on six different alleged bases for

 5 negligence. 701 P.2d 1301, 1307 (Kan. 1985). After the jury found in favor of the

 6 plaintiff, the defendant appealed, arguing that the instructions “permitted the jurors

 7 to agree that the defendant was negligent without agreeing upon a specific act of

 8 negligence.” Id. The court disagreed that the jurors were incorrectly charged. It stated:

 9          In a surgical malpractice case, if half of the jurors believe that the
10          surgeon left a sponge in the incision and the other half believe that he
11          left gauze rather than a sponge in the patient, and assuming that the
12          evidence would support either finding and that the surgeon’s omission
13          caused the damage, should recovery be denied? We think not.

14 Id. at 1308.

15   {30}   The Kansas Supreme Court concluded that “[i]f a jury finds a defendant

16 negligent in one or more of the claims of negligence upon which there is competent

17 substantial evidence, and further finds that the plaintiff sustained damages as a direct

18 result of the defendant’s negligence, that is sufficient” and that “[u]nanimity upon the

19 specific negligent act or omission is not required.” Id. at 1308-09; see Elizabeth A.

20 Larsen, Comment, Specificity and Juror Agreement in Civil Cases, 69 U. Chi. L. Rev.

                                              19
 1 379, 388-92 (2002) (discussing juror agreement generally as well as Stoner and

 2 Cleveland).

 3   {31}   We agree with the reasoning in these cases. Given that our criminal case law

 4 is clear that a jury need not agree on the theory underlying guilt or the factual basis

 5 of a single charge, we agree with the Stoner court that the principle readily applies

 6 in civil cases as well, where the burden of proof is lower and the unanimity

 7 requirements less stringent. Compare, e.g., Rule 5-611(A) NMRA (requiring a

 8 unanimous verdict in criminal cases), with Rule 1-038(G) NMRA (requiring that ten

 9 out of twelve jurors agree in civil cases).

10   {32}   The leading case addressing jury unanimity in civil cases in New Mexico is

11 Naumburg v. Wagner, 1970-NMCA-019, 81 N.M. 242, 465 P.2d 521. In that case,

12 this Court addressed a related question: “Must the same ten jurors agree on each

13 material issue that supports a verdict or may agreement of any ten jurors on any issue

14 constitute a finding as to that issue?” Id. ¶ 4. There, eleven jurors found only the

15 defendant negligent, but one found that both defendant and plaintiff were negligent.

16 Id. ¶ 2. (At that time, a finding of contributory negligence would have barred recovery

17 entirely. Id. ¶ 19.) Nevertheless, the twelfth juror proceeded to consider and vote on

18 the issue of damages. Id. ¶ 2. Two jurors who had found negligence disagreed on the

19 measure of damages. Id. On appeal, the defendant argued that the verdict against her

                                             20
 1 was invalid for two reasons. First, because the juror who voted against negligence

 2 should not have considered damages, and second, because the exclusion of that

 3 juror’s vote coupled with the two votes against damages meant that fewer than ten

 4 jurors had agreed on the amount of damages. Id. ¶¶ 1, 4. Construing what is now Rule

 5 1-038(G), the Court disagreed that the twelfth juror’s vote on damages was error and

 6 held that “a verdict must be received by the court when at least ten jurors, not

 7 necessarily the same ten, agree to each material finding supporting that verdict

 8 provided, however, that none of the jurors . . . is guilty of irreconcilable

 9 inconsistencies or material contradictions when his votes on all issues are

10 considered.” Naumburg, 1970-NMCA-019, ¶ 5; see UJI 13-2006 NMRA (“The jury

11 acts as a body. Therefore, on every question on the verdict form which the jury must

12 answer it is necessary that all jurors participate regardless of the vote on another

13 question. Before a question can be answered, at least [five] [ten] of you must agree

14 upon the answer; however, the same [five] [ten] need not agree upon each answer.”

15 (alterations in original)). This conclusion puts New Mexico among the states

16 ascribing to the “any majority rule.” See David A. Lombardero, Do Special Verdicts

17 Improve the Structure of Jury Decision-Making?, 36 Jurimetrics J. 275, 298 (1996)

18 (describing the “any majority rule” as “all jurors vote on every issue, regardless of

19 their votes on other issues. Any juror’s votes need not be logically consistent from

                                            21
 1 issue to issue. Plaintiff prevails if the specified number of jurors find in her favor on

 2 each element” and stating that New Mexico has adopted a modified version of the

 3 rule.).

 4   {33}    The issue in Naumburg was juror agreement on each element of the cause of

 5 action: liability and damages. Thus, it differs from the question here. The focus here

 6 is on the factual bases underlying a particular element: negligence. See Hendrix v.

 7 Docusort, Inc., 860 P.2d 62, 67 (Kan. Ct. App. 1993) (discussing the “any majority

 8 rule” and calling the issue of juror agreement on the factual bases for negligence “a

 9 related question”). Nevertheless, the principle in Naumburg supports our conclusion

10 that a jury need not agree on the factual ground on which a negligence finding is

11 based.

12   {34}    In sum, under the general verdict rule, we assume that all seven theories of

13 negligence are supported by the evidence and that the first jury’s verdict therefore

14 could validly rest on any one (or more) of those bases. Moreover, the first jury was

15 not required to agree on which of the seven bases informed its finding of negligence.

16 Taken together, these principles undermine our sister states’ concerns about a second

17 jury being unaware of the factual bases for a prior jury’s negligence finding. We

18 conclude, based on the operation of the general verdict rule and rules on jury

                                              22
 1 unanimity, that the district court did not err in ordering a partial trial limited to

 2 causation.

 3 B.       The District Court Did Not Err in Ordering a Third Partial Trial

 4   {35}   Because it prevailed in the second trial, St. Vincent Hospital attempts to thread

 5 a very small needle by arguing that only the third partial retrial was erroneously

 6 limited to causation, that the district court erred in ordering a third trial based on St.

 7 Vincent Hospital’s misconduct, and that the verdict from the second trial should be

 8 reinstated. Because we have concluded that the district court did not err in limiting

 9 either the second or third trials to causation, we proceed to consider whether St.

10 Vincent Hospital’s conduct during the second trial warranted a third trial.

11   {36}   “It is for the trial court to determine whether there has been prejudicial

12 misconduct requiring a mistrial.” Chavez v. Atchison, Topeka. & Santa Fe Ry. Co.,

13 1967-NMSC-012, ¶ 32, 77 N.M. 346, 423 P.2d 34. We will reverse a ruling on a

14 motion for a new trial only if the district court clearly abused its discretion. Grammer

15 v. Kohlhaas Tank & Equip. Co., 1979-NMCA-149, ¶ 40, 93 N.M. 685, 604 P.2d 823.

16 The district court’s discretion in this regard is broad: “The trial court, having seen and

17 heard all that takes place on the trial, and having better opportunities for the

18 ascertainment of the merits of the case, is allowed a wide latitude . . . in determining

                                               23
 1 motions for new trial[.]” Henderson v. Dreyfus, 1919-NMSC-023, ¶ 79, 26 N.M. 541,

 2 191 P. 442 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

 3   {37}   A new trial based on counsel misconduct is warranted if the conduct was

 4 improper, and “it was reasonably calculated to cause and probably did cause the

 5 rendition of an improper judgment in the case.” Apodaca v. U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co.,

 6 1967-NMSC-250, ¶ 8, 78 N.M. 501, 433 P.2d 86 (internal quotation marks and

 7 citation omitted). “The burden is upon a party claiming error to demonstrate that his

 8 rights were prejudiced by the claimed error.” Id. ¶ 7.

 9   {38}   The district court’s order granting a new trial listed eight specific instances of

10 improper questions, comments, or demeanor by St. Vincent Hospital’s counsel. The

11 eight instances mentioned in the order were as follows:

12                5.     Contrary to the [c]ourt’s prior rulings, comparative fault
13          issues were raised on the juror questionnaires submitted to the jury
14          venire by [St. Vincent Hospital];

15                6.     Twice during [o]pening [s]tatement, [d]efense counsel
16          attempted to interject standard of care and negligence issues into the
17          case contrary to express rulings of the [c]ourt;

18                 7.     Defense counsel made two quite inappropriate comments
19          in front of the jury panel during the voir dire phase of the trial;

20                 8.    In a very short period of time during Dr. Kovnat’s
21          examination, [d]efense counsel posed no less than seven questions, in
22          immediate succession, going directly to negligence or standard of care
23          issues contrary to the [c]ourt’s rulings. There was no good faith basis for

                                                24
 1          those questions. The purpose appeared to be to undermine the previous
 2          jury’s verdict or to call into question the Court’s proper rulings;

 3                 9.    There were at least four improper impeachment questions
 4          directed to Ms. Bustos by [d]efense counsel;

 5                10. Defense counsel made numerous improper objections and
 6          questions during Dr. Cheng’s testimony, and two improper questions or
 7          comments regarding Dr. Reichard;

 8                11. Defense counsel made improper, gratuitous comments with
 9          regard to Dr. Allen’s testimony which were audible throughout the
10          courtroom;

11                ....

12                13. Defense counsel made two improper comments during
13          closing which should not have been interjected and were violative of the
14          Court’s express and repeated rulings[.]

15 (Emphasis omitted.)

16   {39}   The district court noted that “[d]efense counsel was warned a number of times,

17 at bench conferences and outside the presence of the jury, about inappropriate

18 comments, inappropriate questions and demeanor.” In addition, the district court’s

19 order stated that “[t]he entirety of Plaintiff’s arguments in his [m]otion for [a n]ew

20 [t]rial were well-taken, and the other portions of those arguments not already

21 specified herein are adopted[.]” Plaintiff’s motion alleged fifty-five instances of

22 improper questioning or behavior during the trial and hearings. On appeal, we

23 determine whether the district court could reasonably conclude that the conduct

                                              25
 1 identified “transgressed the grounds of professional duty or constituted prejudicial

 2 misconduct in argument presented to the jury.” Enriquez v. Cochran, 1998-NMCA-

 3 157, ¶ 132, 126 N.M. 196, 967 P.2d 1136 (internal quotation marks and citation

 4 omitted).

 5   {40}   St. Vincent Hospital does not dispute that the alleged conduct occurred.

 6 Instead, it argues that defense counsel’s questioning, comments, and behavior during

 7 trial did not amount to misconduct, much less conduct requiring a mistrial. It also

 8 maintains that, even if some of the defense counsel’s comments or questions were

 9 improper, they did not have any impact on the jury’s verdict.

10   {41}   St. Vincent Hospital’s approach is to deal with each instance of asserted

11 misconduct separately and explain why it could not by itself be improper or

12 prejudicial. Having dealt with them separately it then argues that there could be no

13 cumulative effect. The district court apparently disagreed.

14   {42}   At the hearing on the motion for a new trial, the district court noted that

15 defense counsel’s repeated questioning, in spite of the court’s rulings on Plaintiff’s

16 objections to the questions, did not constitute good faith. Instead, it found that “the

17 purpose appeared to [be] to undermine or call into question the previous jury’s verdict

18 in this case, or to undermine and call into question the [c]ourt’s proper . . . rulings in

19 this case.” It also stated that defense counsel’s conduct was “contrary to the express

                                               26
 1 rulings of the [c]ourt” and, in at least some cases, an attempt to convey to the jury

 2 “unhappiness or dissatisfaction” with the court’s rulings. Such conduct is potentially

 3 violative of Rule 16-304(C) NMRA of the Rules of Professional Conduct, which

 4 provides that an attorney shall not “knowingly disobey an obligation under the rules

 5 of a tribunal except for an open refusal based on an assertion that no valid obligation

 6 exists[.]” See Murphy v. Int’l Robotics Sys., Inc., 710 So. 2d 587, 591 n.5 (Fla. Dist.

 7 Ct. App. 1998) (discussing the rules of professional conduct that might be violated

 8 by improper argument), decision approved sub nom. 766 So. 2d 1010 (Fla. 2000); cf.

 9 Rule 16-305(A) NMRA (“A lawyer shall not . . . seek to influence a judge, juror,

10 prospective juror or other official by means prohibited by law.”). Finally, the district

11 court recognized the rarity of new trials based on misconduct, stating, “I’ll note for

12 the record that I’ve been a judge for approximately seven-and-a-half years, and this

13 is the first, I repeat the first time I have granted a new trial. But I think—and I find

14 that the circumstances of this case warrant this extraordinary relief.”

15   {43}   St. Vincent Hospital’s arguments invite this Court to second-guess the district

16 court’s assessment of defense counsel’s conduct and its impact. This we will not do.

17 A district court “hears the entire trial and is in the best position to determine the

18 prejudicial effect of attorney misconduct on the jury[.] Accordingly, [the c]ourt will

19 not lightly disturb its ruling[.]” O’Connor v. George, 2015 MT 274, ¶ 17, 381 Mont.
27
 1 127, 357 P.3d 323 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). We affirm the

 2 district court’s order for a new (third) trial.

 3 C.       The District Court Did Not Err in Excluding Expert Testimony

 4   {44}   On motion by Plaintiff, the district court excluded testimony by Dr. Steven

 5 Pike, a toxicologist. Dr. Pike intended to testify to the effect that Xanax and

 6 marijuana contributed to Mercedes’ death. The district court ruled that

 7          Dr. Pike’s opinion[]s as to both marijuana and Xanax contributing to
 8          Mercede[s]’ demise lack foundation as to dosage, both what dosages
 9          were taken and when. Further, the opinions lack the necessary
10          foundation of what the interaction is between the two drugs and together
11          with other drug[]s in [Mercedes’] system.

12   {45}   As to Xanax, Dr. Pike testified that Xanax can have a depressant effect on

13 respiration. He stated that, in the presence of other drugs, especially opioids,

14 benzodiazepines like Xanax “become extremely potent respiratory depressants in

15 combination with other drugs.” However, he also testified that “[d]ose determines the

16 poison” and that it was impossible to state whether Fentanyl, which was prescribed

17 to Mercedes, was more or less likely to cause respiratory depression than Xanax

18 without knowing the dose of each drug. Comparing the respiratory depressant

19 potential of benzodiazepines to that of Benadryl, he stated, “Again, it’s a question of

20 dose.” He then stated that he did not know how much Xanax Mercedes had in her

21 system at the time of death and that there was no way of knowing in the absence of

                                               28
 1 a witness’s statement about the quantity Mercedes took. He acknowledged that one

 2 test detecting the presence of benzodiazepines was post-mortem and of Mercedes’

 3 bile, which “is a concentrating organ.” In an affidavit, he opined, based on a test of

 4 Mercedes’ urine, that Mercedes “had to have ingested . . . []Xanax[] within [forty-

 5 eight] hours” of the test, which was conducted within two hours of the time Mercedes

 6 was found not breathing by Mrs. Bustos. He stated that Xanax, Fentanyl, and the

 7 other drugs found in Mercedes’ system “would have been contributory factors, given

 8 an appropriate dose.”

 9   {46}   As to marijuana, Dr. Pike testified that “marijuana, itself, has some degree of

10 respiratory depression, not a very large degree, but [it] certainly would be a

11 contributing factor.” He stated that the quantity of marijuana (or, more precisely, delta

12 9-tetrahydrocannabinoid) in Mercedes’ urine indicated active, not passive, ingestion

13 or inhalation. He acknowledged that “we have no data about how much she took of

14 anything other than the Fentanyl.”

15   {47}   St. Vincent Hospital argues that the exclusion of Dr. Pike’s testimony was

16 error. Generally, the district court’s rulings as to admissibility of expert testimony are

17 reviewed for an abuse of discretion. State v. Downey, 2008-NMSC-061, ¶ 24, 145

18 N.M. 232, 195 P.3d 1244. Expert testimony is governed by Rule 11-702 NMRA,

19 which provides that

                                               29
 1                [a] witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
 2          experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion
 3          or otherwise if the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized
 4          knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to
 5          determine a fact in issue.

 6   {48}   Essentially, Rule 11-702 contains three requirements: “(1) that the expert be

 7 qualified; (2) that the testimony be of assistance to the trier of fact; and (3) that the

 8 expert’s testimony be about scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge with

 9 a reliable basis.” Downey, 2008-NMSC-061, ¶ 25. As the parties do not dispute Dr.

10 Pike’s qualifications, our focus is on the latter two requirements. “Pursuant to Rule

11 11-702, the district court is required to act as a ‘gatekeeper’ to ensure that an expert’s

12 testimony rests on both a reliable foundation and is relevant to the task at hand so that

13 speculative and unfounded opinions do not reach the jury.” Parkhill v. Alderman-

14 Cave Milling & Grain Co. of N.M., 2010-NMCA-110, ¶ 12, 149 N.M. 140, 245 P.3d
15 585. One way to avoid speculative opinions is to require an expert’s opinion to be

16 based on or relate to the facts of the case. Downey, 2008-NMSC-061, ¶ 30 (“One

17 aspect of relevance is whether expert testimony proffered in the case is sufficiently

18 tied to the facts of the case that it will aid the jury in resolving a factual dispute.”

19 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

20   {49}   The district court cited a series of cases in support of its ruling, including

21 Parkhill and Downey. We therefore discuss those cases next.

                                               30
 1   {50}   The question of whether an expert’s opinion was sufficiently tied to the facts

 2 was addressed recently in Downey. There, the state sought to admit testimony as to

 3 the defendant’s blood alcohol content (BAC) at the time of a traffic accident, where

 4 the sole BAC test was conducted six hours after the accident. 2008-NMSC-061, ¶ 13.

 5 Based on retrograde extrapolation, “which calculates an individual’s prior BAC level

 6 on the basis of a subsequently administered BAC test[,]” id., the expert proposed to

 7 testify that the defendant “had a BAC in the range of .075 to .11 at the time of the

 8 collision.” Id. ¶ 16. The expert’s conclusions were based on a series of assumptions

 9 about the timing of the defendant’s last drink and whether the defendant was in the

10 pre-absorption, peak, or post-absorption phase of the BAC curve at the time of

11 testing. Id. ¶ 32.

12   {51}   The district court admitted the expert’s testimony and this Court affirmed in a

13 divided opinion. Id. ¶¶ 19, 22. On certiorari, the Supreme Court reversed. Relying on

14 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 591 (1993), the Court

15 noted that “[t]he primary inquiry is whether the scientific methodology ‘fits’ the facts

16 of the case and thereby proves what it purports to prove.” Downey, 2008-NMSC-061,

17 ¶ 30. It continued, “Accordingly, for scientific evidence to be admissible under Rule

18 11-702, ‘the reasoning or methodology underlying the testimony [must not only be]

19 scientifically valid,’ it also must be ‘properly . . . applied to the facts in issue.’ ” Id.

                                                31
 1 (alterations in original) (emphasis omitted) (quoting Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592-93).

 2 While the Court acknowledged that experts often base their opinions on factual

 3 assumptions, it also stated that “those assumptions in turn must find evidentiary

 4 foundation in the record.” Downey, 2008-NMSC-061, ¶ 34. It concluded that,

 5          [g]iven that [the expert] did not have the facts necessary to plot [the
 6          d]efendant’s placement on the BAC curve, he could not express a
 7          reasonably accurate conclusion regarding the fact in issue: whether [the
 8          d]efendant was under the influence of intoxicating liquor at the time of
 9          the collision. [The expert]’s testimony did not ‘fit’ the facts of the . . .
10          case because he simply assumed for the purpose of his relation-back
11          calculations that [the d]efendant had ceased drinking prior to the
12          collision and, therefore, was post-absorptive.

13 Id. ¶ 33. Because “the [s]tate did not produce any evidence regarding when [the

14 d]efendant last consumed alcohol, much less the quantity consumed, [the expert]’s

15 assumption [was] mere guesswork in the context of [that] particular case.” Id. ¶ 34.

16   {52}   In Parkhill, this Court considered whether the district court erred in excluding

17 expert testimony on the relationship between the plaintiffs’ illnesses and exposure to

18 an additive (monensin) in horse feed. 2010-NMCA-110, ¶ 7. The district court had

19 ruled that the expert’s conclusion that monensin had caused the plaintiffs’ illnesses

20 was insufficiently tied to the facts of the case because “in order for [the expert] to

21 apply his reasoning or methodology reliably to the facts in the present case, [his]

22 opinion must be based on some quantification of the dose of monensin received by

                                                32
 1 the [plaintiffs].” Id. ¶ 37. Because the expert did not have such data, his opinion was

 2 irrelevant to the case at hand. Id. ¶ 36. On appeal, this Court affirmed, stating that,

 3 although the expert acknowledged that dosage was important, “[the expert] did not

 4 attempt to quantify the dose of monensin received by the [plaintiffs], nor did he make

 5 any statement to the effect that it was not possible to quantify the dose of monensin

 6 to which the [plaintiffs] had been exposed.” Id. ¶ 38.

 7   {53}   St. Vincent Hospital argues that the district court’s exclusion of Dr. Pike’s

 8 testimony was error because (1) Dr. Pike was permitted to rely on circumstantial

 9 evidence in his conclusions, and (2) the district court misread Parkhill. We disagree.

10 Dr. Pike testified specifically that the lethality of benzodiazepines and other drugs is

11 dose-dependent. Although he stated that benzodiazepines in combination with other

12 drugs can be dangerous, in light of his testimony about the importance of dosage, we

13 cannot conclude that the district court abused its discretion in finding Dr. Pike’s

14 testimony too speculative or conjectural to be helpful to the jury, consistent with

15 Downey and Parkhill. See Parkhill, 2010-NMCA-110, ¶ 38 (affirming the exclusion

16 of evidence where the expert there agreed that the dosage was critical to causation,

17 but failed to quantify the dosage received by the plaintiffs). Similarly, with respect

18 to marijuana, Dr. Pike had no knowledge of the quantity of marijuana consumed and

19 testified only that marijuana generally could have a mild depressive effect on

                                              33
 1 respiration. It was not an abuse of discretion to find this testimony too amorphous to

 2 assist the jury. See Downey, 2008-NMSC-061, ¶ 32 (“Expert testimony may be

 3 received if, and only if, the expert possesses such facts as would enable him to

 4 express a reasonably accurate conclusion as distinguished from mere conjecture.”

 5 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

 6   {54}   St. Vincent Hospital also argues that the district court misinterpreted Parkhill.

 7 It maintains that “Parkhill stands only for the proposition that where evidence of

 8 dosage is available, then an expert must consider it.” However, when dosage is not

 9 available, it argues, “then an expert may rely on his or her experience, training, skill,

10 education, or knowledge, and apply it to the circumstantial evidence available.” St.

11 Vincent Hospital points to the fact that the Parkhill Court distinguished out-of-state

12 cases permitting circumstantial evidence of causation by stating that those “cases

13 [were] not applicable to the circumstances [in Parkhill] because direct evidence

14 of . . . dosage could have been obtained.” Parkhill, 2010-NMCA-110, ¶ 43 (emphasis

15 added). It argues that those cases should apply here because direct evidence of dosage

16 was unobtainable. We decline to interpret Parkhill as stating an absolute rule that

17 obtainable direct evidence of dosage must be considered by an expert to support

18 causation, but that where such evidence is not obtainable, circumstantial evidence

19 will suffice. Instead, we adhere to the underlying principle in both Parkhill and

                                               34
 1 Downey, which is that the relevance of an expert’s opinion depends on its connection

 2 to the facts of the case. Downey, 2008-NMSC-061, ¶ 30; Parkhill, 2010-NMCA-110,

 3 ¶ 36. Where those facts require dosage data in order to render the expert’s opinion

 4 relevant, the district court acts within its discretion to exclude testimony not based on

 5 such data.

 6   {55}   Finally, St. Vincent Hospital also referred this Court to Acosta v. Shell Western

 7 Exploration & Production, Inc., 2016-NMSC-012, 370 P.3d 761, which was decided

 8 after briefing was complete in the present matter. In Acosta, the New Mexico

 9 Supreme Court reversed this Court’s affirmance of the district court’s exclusion of

10 expert testimony on the ground of the “analytical gap” between the animal studies

11 relied on by the expert and the effects felt by the plaintiffs in that case. Id. ¶¶ 26, 36.

12 The Supreme Court held that exclusion of the expert’s testimony was error because

13 assessment of any gap between the animal studies and application to the plaintiffs

14 was within the jury’s purview. It stated, “When the district court found that [the

15 expert’s] study ‘fail[ed] to bridge the gap from association to causation,’ it improperly

16 blurred the line between the district court’s province to evaluate the reliability of [his]

17 methodology and the jury’s province to weigh the strength of [his] conclusions.” Id.

18 ¶ 41 (second alteration in original) (citation omitted). By submission of this opinion,

19 we understand St. Vincent Hospital to be arguing that, under Acosta, it was within the

                                               35
 1 jury’s purview to assess the impact of the lack of dose information on the weight of

 2 Dr. Pike’s testimony.

 3   {56}   We are not persuaded that Acosta’s holding applies here for several reasons.

 4 First, Acosta was a toxic tort case and the issue there was whether the plaintiffs’

 5 injuries were caused by exposure to contaminants associated with the defendant’s oil

 6 operations. Id. ¶ 5. The specific question related to expert testimony was “whether the

 7 associations revealed by [the expert’s] own study, the animal studies, and other

 8 published studies regarding chemical exposure provided reliable support for an

 9 inference of causation in humans.” Id. ¶ 40. Thus, the question there had to do with

10 general causation. Id. ¶ 29 (discussing general and specific causation in toxic tort

11 cases and stating that the district court never reached the question of specific

12 causation). The analogous question in this case would be whether benzodiazepines

13 in sufficient doses cause respiratory depression. This question is not in dispute.

14 Instead, the question here is one of specific causation: whether Mercedes received a

15 sufficient dose. The difference in the focus of the inquiry makes Acosta inapposite

16 here. Second, even if Acosta’s principle could be readily applied here, it is factually

17 different as well. Unlike here, the expert in Acosta had calculated the dose of the

18 contaminants received by the plaintiffs. Id. ¶ 40.

                                             36
 1   {57}   Finally, to the extent St. Vincent Hospital is arguing that Acosta abrogated

 2 Downey, we disagree. The Acosta Court relied on Downey in its explanation of the

 3 requirements for expert testimony. Acosta, 2016-NMSC-012, ¶ 24 (relying on

 4 Downey for the proposition that “[a] court must determine whether the proffered

 5 expert testimony is sufficiently tied to the facts of the case that it will aid the jury in

 6 resolving a factual dispute.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Nothing

 7 about the holding in Acosta changes this basic requirement. We conclude that the

 8 holding in Downey, on which the district court properly relied, is applicable here.

 9   {58}   In sum, the district court did not err in excluding Dr. Pike’s testimony related

10 to Xanax and marijuana.

11 CONCLUSION

12   {59}   For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

13   {60}   IT IS SO ORDERED.

14
15                                           MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge

                                               37
1 WE CONCUR:

2 ________________________________
3 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge

4 ________________________________
5 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge

                                     38