Court Opinion

ID: 4405552
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-06-11 18:47:24.999981+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:52:36.506271
License: Public Domain

J-A07038-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA           :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                        :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :
 IBRAHIM MUHAMMED,                      :
                                        :
                   Appellant            :   No. 358 EDA 2017

        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence December 23, 2016
 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                     No(s): CP-51-CR-0004101-2012

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA           :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                        :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :
 IBRAHIM MUHAMMED,                      :
                                        :
                   Appellant            :   No. 359 EDA 2017

        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence December 23, 2016
 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                     No(s): CP-51-CR-0004103-2012

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA           :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                        :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :
 IBRAHIM MUHAMMED,                      :
                                        :
                   Appellant            :   No. 361 EDA 2017

        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence December 23, 2016
 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                     No(s): CP-51-CR-0004105-2012

BEFORE:   OLSON, J., DUBOW, J., and STEVENS*, P.J.E.

____________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-A07038-19

MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.:                          FILED JUNE 11, 2019

      Appellant, Ibrahim Muhammed, appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County after a jury

convicted him of three counts of first-degree Murder and related offenses

described infra. Appellant asserts eight claims of trial court error, none of

which has merit. We affirm.

      The trial court aptly sets forth the pertinent facts and procedural history

of the case sub judice, as follows:

      On December 21, 2016, following a capital murder jury trial before
      [the trial court], defendant Ibrahim Muhammed [hereinafter
      “Appellant”] was convicted of three counts of first-degree murder
      (18 Pa.C.S. § 2502), three counts of robbery (18 Pa.C.S. § 3701),
      one count of criminal conspiracy (18 Pa.C.S. § 903), one count of
      carrying a firearm without a license (18 Pa.C.S. § 6106), one
      count of carrying a firearm on the streets of Philadelphia (18
      Pa.C.S. § 6108), and one count of possessing an instrument of
      crime (18 Pa.C.S. § 907). Appellant was tried with his co-
      defendant Nalik Shariff Scott. As the jury was unable to reach a
      consensus following a penalty phase hearing, the [trial court]
      imposed an aggregate sentence of three consecutive life
      sentences to be followed by fifty to one hundred years’
      incarceration (18 Pa.C.S. § 1102(a)(1)). Appellant did not file
      post-sentence motions.

      FACTUAL BACKGROUND

      At trial, the Commonwealth presented the testimony of [numerous
      Philadelphia Police detectives and officers, a Philadelphia
      Firefighter lieutenant, medical experts, and other witnesses], and
      several eyewitnesses.      Appellant presented testimony from
      [Philadelphia Police detectives and officers, several physicians,
      and numerous eyewitnesses. Co-defendant Scott presented the
      testimony of detectives and officers, a Philadelphia Firefighter
      lieutenant, and a Delaware State Chief Medical Examiner, and
      several eyewitnesses]. Viewed in the light most favorable to the

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     Commonwealth as the verdict winner, the evidence established
     the following.

     On September 6, 2011, Porfirio Nunez, his wife Juana Nunez, and
     his sister Lina Sanchez, were working at their family owned
     Lorena’s Grocery, which was located at the corner of 50 th and
     Parrish Streets in Philadelphia. N.T. 12/7/16, at 223-224, 227.
     Also working that day were Porfirio and Juana’s daughters, Jessica
     and Laura Nunez. N.T. at 12/7/16 at 227.[] At approximately
     7:55 p.m., Porfirio was located by the back refrigerators, while
     Lina and Juana were in the back food preparation area and Jessica
     and Laura were at the front registers. N.T. 12/7/16 at 228;
     12/8/16 at 216; 12/9/16 at 228.          At that time, Appellant
     Muhammed and co-defendant Scott entered the store. N.T.
     12/7/16 at 228.

     Upon entering, Scott went behind the counter where Laura and
     Jessica were located and grabbed Laura by her hair, while
     Appellant went to the back of the store where Lina and Juana were
     located. N.T. 12/7/16 at 228-229, 237; 12/8/16 at 216-217, 219-
     220. After Scott grabbed Laura’s hair, he pushed her to the
     ground, causing Laura and Jessica to scream. N.T. 12/7/16, at
     228, 230; 12/8/16 at 216. Hearing his daughters’ screams,
     Porfirio came out to the aisle to see what was going on at the front
     of the store. N.T. 12/7/16 at 228. Co-defendant Scott, who was
     in possession of a 9-millimeter handgun, pointed the firearm at
     Porfirio and shot him through the arm and into his chest. N.T.
     12/7/16 at 228, 230-232; 12/8/16, at 193-194; 12/12/16, at 323,
     328-329. Porfirio then ran into the back of the store. N.T. at
     12/7/16, at 228, 232. Hearing the gunshot, Appellant then took
     out his own gun and began shooting Juana and Lina. N.T.
     12/7/16, at 233. Appellant shot Lina Sanchez in her abdomen and
     back before shooting Juana in the chest and top of her head. N.T.
     12/7/16, at 233-236; 12/8/16, at 198-204. Appellant then turned
     towards Porfirio and shot him three times in the chest and back.
     N.T. 12/7/16, at 233-236; 12/8/16, at 190.

     After shooting Porfirio, Juana, and Lina, Appellant walked towards
     Jessica while co-defendant Scott, still holding Laura to the floor,
     yelled at Jessica to “give [him] the money.” N.T. 12/7/16, at 234-
     236; 12/8/16, at 217. Believing that she was about to be shot,
     Jessica opened the cash register. N.T. 12/7/16, at 236. Appellant
     and Scott then grabbed what they could from the register before

                                    -3-
J-A07038-19

     leaving through the front door and fleeing the area. N.T. 12/7/16,
     at 131-133, 238-239; 12/8/16, at 217.

     Police responded to the store to find Porfirio, Juana, and Lina
     [lying] on the floor inside the store. N.T. 12/6/16, at 270-272.
     Lina, who was still showing signs of life, was rushed to the Hospital
     at the University of Pennsylvania. N.T. 12/6/16, at 273-276, 298;
     12/8/16, at 201. Juana and Porfirio were similarly transported to
     the hospital, though they did not show signs of life at the time.
     N.T. 12/6/16, at 281. Police recovered three projectiles and nine
     9mm fired cartridge cases from the scene. N.T. 12/6/16, at 203-
     204, 208-09; 12/12/16, at 32-333.            The medical examiner
     recovered five bullets from the bodies of the victims. N.T.
     12/12/16, at 323.

     Porfirio was shot a total of five times: twice in his chest,
     perforating his spleen, diaphragm, vertebrae, and spinal cord;
     once in his arm and chest, penetrating his left lung, heart,
     esophagus, and liver; once in his back, penetrating his lungs and
     vertebrae; and once in his hand. N.T. 12/8/16 at 190, 193-194.
     Lina Sanchez was shot a total of two times: once in the upper
     back, penetrating her back, neck, and mouth; and once in the
     abdomen, penetrating her colon, liver, and right kidney. N.T.
     12/8/16, at 198-199. Juana was shot a total of three times: once
     in the base of her neck; once in her chest, penetrating her left
     lung, left pleura, and vertebrae; and once in the head, penetrating
     her brain and vertebrae. N.T. 12/8/16, at 202-204.

     In early February, 2012, narcotics police officers observed
     Appellant selling marijuana near the corner of Reedland Street and
     62nd Street in Philadelphia, and subsequently arrested him. N.T.
     12/9/16, at 106-111. Following his arrest, Appellant informed
     police that he had information about robberies and shootings.
     N.T. 12/9/16 at 114, 116.

     Appellant was brought to the Southwest detectives’ headquarters
     and talked with Detective Joseph Murray, who began to believe
     that Appellant may have been involved in the Parrish Street
     murders at Lorena’s Grocery. N.T. 12/9/16, at 149-150, 154.
     Appellant was then brought to the Homicide Unit, where he was
     interviewed by Detective Thomas Gaul. N.T. 11/9/16, at 251-252.

     Appellant was given Miranda warnings and ultimately provided a
     statement inculpating himself in the murders. N.T. 12/9/16, at

                                     -4-
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      254-259, 270; 12/12/16 at 89-99. Appellant admitted to police
      that he and “Leek” went into the store to rob it, that he was in the
      back of the store with the women, that he heard a gunshot, and
      then pulled out his own gun and began firing. N.T. 12/12/16,
      at94-95. Appellant stated that he was firing indiscriminately and
      that he may have shot a man accidentally as he was leaving the
      store. N.T. 12/12/16, at 94-95. Appellant identified Scott as his
      co-conspirator in the robbery/homicides. N.T. 12/12/16, at 96.

      On February 10, 2012, police detectives prepared a photo spread
      containing Appellant’s photograph and brought it to Jessica and
      Laura, who both independently identified Appellant. N.T. 12/7/16,
      at 272-273; 12/8/16, at 237-238; 12/13/16, at 94-96, 112-113.
      Later that day, Jessica was brought to police headquarters where
      she identified Appellant in a photo spread. N.T. 12/7/16, at 275-
      276; 12/13/16, at 97.

Trial Court Opinion, 6/14/17, at 1-6.

      Appellant presents the following questions for our consideration:

      1. Whether the trial court erred in not permitting the defense to
         ask follow-up questions to jurors who answered affirmatively
         to either: [a.] if Appellant was found guilty of first degree
         murder, they could not give a death sentence even if the
         prosecution proved beyond a reasonable doubt that a death
         sentence was warranted; or, [b.] they could not give a life
         sentence if Appellant was found guilty of first degree murder,
         and the penalty phase evidence showed a life sentence was
         warranted.

      2. Whether the trial court erred in denying the defense’s Batson
         motion.

      3. Whether the trial court erred in denying the defense’s motions
         to suppress physical evidence, Appellant’s statements and any
         in-court and out-of court identifications.

      4. Whether the Commonwealth committed                 prosecutorial
         misconduct during closing arguments.

                                     -5-
J-A07038-19

      5. Whether the trial court erred in not granting the defense
         motion for mistrial.

      6. Whether the trial court erred in allowing the Commonwealth to
         introduce evidence and argue in closing arguments that
         defense counsel was deficient for not providing timely notice of
         alibi defense.

      7. Whether the trial court erred in not allowing Appellant to
         present his gait to the jury.

      8. Whether the trial court erred in allowing the Commonwealth to
         show a video displaying the defense medical expert’s
         participation in the Colorado theatre murder case.

Appellant’s brief, at 6.

      Appellant’s first issue involves the court’s questioning of venirepersons

during voir dire. In assessing Appellant's claim, we are guided by the following

standard of review.

      The scope of voir dire rests in the sound discretion of the trial
      court, whose decision will not be reversed on appeal absent
      palpable error.    The purpose of voir dire is to ensure the
      empaneling of a competent, fair, impartial, and unprejudiced jury.
      The scope of voir dire should therefore be limited to questions that
      attempt to disclose a potential juror's lack of qualification or fixed
      opinion regarding the defendant's guilt or innocence.                A
      prospective juror's personal views are of no moment absent a
      showing that these opinions are so deeply embedded as to render
      that person incapable of accepting and applying the law as given
      by the court.

Commonwealth v. Karenbauer, 715 A.2d 1086, 1094 (Pa.1998) (internal

citations and quotation marks omitted).

       Appellant complains that the trial court erred when it declined his

request that follow-up questions be put to each individual venireperson who

                                      -6-
J-A07038-19

answered affirmatively to the court’s group question asking if any person

possessed “religious, conscientious, or moral scruples that would either

prevent you or substantially impair you from returning a sentence of death. .

. .” N.T. at 11/28/17, at 123. Appellant argues that instead of immediately

dismissing those venirepersons who indicated they would be so prevented or

substantially impaired, the court should have first permitted him to examine

fully each juror’s reason for providing such an answer.

      “The decision whether to disqualify a juror for the inability to
      impose a death sentence in a proper case lies in the discretion of
      the trial court which will not be reversed except for abuse of that
      discretion.” Commonwealth v. Wilson, 543 Pa. 429, 672 A.2d
      293, 300 (1996) (citation omitted). Voicing a general objection
      to the death penalty or expressing conscientious or religious
      scruples     is    insufficient    reason    for   disqualification.
      Commonwealth v. Uderra, 580 Pa. 492, 862 A.2d 74, 81 (2004)
      (citing Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 510, 522, 88 S.Ct.
      1770, 20 L.Ed.2d 776 (1968)). “Rather, exclusion for cause is
      warranted only if the venireperson's views ‘would prevent or
      substantially impair the performance of his duties as a juror in
      accordance with his instructions and his oath.’” Id. (quoting
      Wainwright v. Witt, 469 U.S. 412, 424, 105 S.Ct. 844, 83
      L.Ed.2d 841 (1985) (internal quotation omitted)).

Commonwealth v. Keaton, 45 A.3d 1050, 1069 (Pa. 2012).

      Keaton involved the same voir dire question presently at issue in the

case sub judice. In concluding that follow-up questioning was unnecessary

where a venireperson confirms that his or her beliefs will prevent them from

imposing the death penalty, the Supreme Court explained:

      The question posed to the venirepersons asked if their beliefs
      would prevent them from imposing the death penalty, even when
      it was called for. In the face of an affirmative answer, further
      query regarding whether they could set aside their beliefs would

                                     -7-
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       have been illogical—the word “prevent” implies they could not. In
       Commonwealth v. Harris, 550 Pa. 92, 703 A.2d 441 (1997),
       and Commonwealth v. Cox, 556 Pa. 368, 728 A.2d 923 (1999),
       we addressed voir dire procedures nearly identical to the present
       one, and observed: “As a trial judge has wide latitude in
       supervising the manner in which voir dire is conducted, including
       the power to prevent further voir dire when response to death
       qualification questions prove that additional inquiry will be
       fruitless, the trial court [does] not err by dismissing the jurors.”
       Harris, at 446 (citation omitted). We further stated, “We reject
       appellant's argument that trial counsel should have continued to
       question the excused jurors.... The trial court correctly removed
       jurors when it found that their views on capital punishment would
       ‘prevent or substantially impair’ the performance of their
       duties....” Cox, at 930–31. Thus, we perceive no impropriety in
       the dismissal of these 15 venirepersons;

Keaton, 45 A.3d at 1069–70.

       The present case falls squarely under Keaton, as it would have been

pointless for the court here to continue voir dire of venirepersons, who already

indicated their beliefs prevented them from imposing the death penalty, by

asking if they could set aside such core beliefs and sit in this capital case.

Therefore, we discern no error with the court’s dismissal of these

venirepersons.    1

       Appellant’s second issue also pertains to voir dire, as Appellant contends

the court erred in denying his Batson2 motion made in response to the

____________________________________________

1 Appellant acknowledges that Keaton is binding, but he baldly asserts that
we should reexamine the decision given the uncertain scope of the word
“prevent.” Even if Appellant provided an ostensibly compelling argument in
this regard—he does not—Keaton represents controlling precedent of the
Pennsylvania Supreme Court that we are bound to apply to the present
matter.

2   Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986).

                                           -8-
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Commonwealth’s decision to use four of its five peremptory challenges to

strike African Americans. We disagree.

            A Batson claim presents mixed questions of law and fact.
      Therefore, our standard of review is whether the trial court's legal
      conclusions are correct and whether its factual findings are clearly
      erroneous.

      In Batson, the [Supreme Court of the United States] held that a
      prosecutor's challenge to potential jurors solely on the basis of
      race violates the Equal Protection Clause of the United States
      Constitution. When a defendant makes a Batson challenge
      during jury selection:

            First, the defendant must make a prima facie showing
            that the circumstances give rise to an inference that
            the prosecutor struck one or more prospective jurors
            on account of race; second, if the prima facie showing
            is made, the burden shifts to the prosecutor to
            articulate a race-neutral explanation for striking the
            juror(s) at issue; and third, the trial court must then
            make the ultimate determination of whether the
            defense has carried its burden of proving purposeful
            discrimination.

Commonwealth v. Edwards, 177 A.3d 963, 971 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citations

and quotation marks omitted). “The trial court should consider the totality of

circumstances    when     determining   whether    the   prosecutor   acted   with

discriminatory   intent     or   engaged      in   purposeful    discrimination.”

Commonwealth v. Towles, 106 A.3d 591, 602 (Pa. 2014) (citation omitted).

This Court must give great deference to a trial court's determination that

peremptory challenges were free of discriminatory intent, and we will not

overturn the determination unless it was clearly erroneous. See id.

                                        -9-
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      The particular venireperson pool in question began with 37 Caucasian,

37 African American, 9 Hispanic, four Asian, two who provided no race

information, and one who identified as “other.” After group voir dire, when

the court dismissed venirepersons either by agreement of the parties or due

to their answers to the death penalty question described above, the pool

comprised nine Caucasians, nine African-Americans, and four Hispanics.

      According to Appellant, the Commonwealth’s reasons for using four of

its five available peremptory strikes on African Americans were pretextual and

hardly race-neutral. Appellant’s brief, at 14. The sum of his argument in this

vein states, “There is no other fair conclusion than to state that the defense

established a prima facie case of racial discrimination by virtue of the

astounding    percentage    of   prosecution   strikes   of   African   Americans.”

Appellant’s brief, at 14.

      The trial court responds, first, that of the six venirepersons from this

group who were ultimately chosen for the jury, four were African-American.

Therefore, although representing only 41% of the available jurors following

group voir dire, African Americans constituted 67% of the chosen group.

       Also, the court found the Commonwealth’s explanations for each of its

five peremptory challenges to be both credible and race-neutral.               The

respective explanations were: attenuated residency in Philadelphia; prison

employment duties included assessing inmates’ medical needs and health

issues; unusual staring at the prosecutor even when other persons were

asking him questions; and young age and immature manner.

                                      - 10 -
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      In the totality of these circumstances, we find no error where the

Commonwealth provided the court with plausible, race-neutral explanations

for each peremptory challenge and the trial court found Appellant failed to

carry his burden of proving purposeful discrimination with his claim of pretext.

See Towles, supra at 602; Edwards, supra at 971. Appellant's Batson

issue, therefore, merits no relief.

      In Appellant’s next issue, he challenges the denial of his motion to

suppress. Specifically, Appellant maintains there was no probable cause to

support a search warrant of a residence from which Appellant conducted two

separate money-for-marijuana exchanges with a confidential informant.

      The entirety of his argument in this regard states:

      In the present case, the warrant did not express the reliability of
      the confidential information. Police had not received tips or
      information that Appellant or the residence were involved in
      narcotics trafficking. The buy was not prearranged, and the
      alleged seller did not enter the house after the transactions to
      support an inference he lived there. In short, the facts here do
      not support a fair and common sense, non-technical support [sic]
      probable cause exists for a search of the residence.

Appellant’s brief, at 19.    Because Appellant’s arrest, confession, and all

physical evidence flowed from the execution of this unlawful search warrant,

Appellant argues, the court erred in denying his motions to suppress. We

disagree.

      This Court has stated generally, “The ultimate issue in a suppression

hearing is whether the police officer affiants had probable cause at the time

                                      - 11 -
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they applied for a search warrant.” Commonwealth v. Luton, 672 A.2d 819

(Pa.Super. 1996). In this regard,

      the Commonwealth has the burden of proving that the facts
      presented to the magistrate demonstrate probable cause. The
      standard for evaluating whether probable cause exists for the
      issuance of a search warrant is the “totality of the circumstances”
      test as set forth in Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 103 S.Ct.
      2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983), which was adopted by the
      Pennsylvania Supreme Court in Commonwealth v. Gray, 509
      Pa. 476, 484, 503 A.2d 921, 925 (1985). A magistrate is to make
      a “practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the
      circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him, including the
      ‘veracity’ and ‘basis of knowledge’ of persons supplying hearsay
      information, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence
      of a crime will be found in a particular place.” The information
      offered to establish probable cause must be viewed in a common
      sense, non-technical manner and deference must be given to the
      issuing magistrate. It must be remembered that probable cause
      is based on a finding of the probability of criminal activity, not a
      prima facie showing of criminal activity.

Luton, 672 A.2d at 821–22 (some citations omitted).

      Here, our review of the record supports the following observation of the

trial court:

      [T]he affidavit of Officer Cuffie in support of the search warrant
      set forth all of the above-described facts regarding Cuffie’s
      narcotics surveillance of [Appellant] in February 2011. As stated
      above, she observed two transactions during which [Appellant]
      took money from the informant, went into the property at 6215
      Reedland Street, and then came out and gave small objects to the
      informant that turned out to be baggies of marijuana.
      Commonwealth Exh. CM-5 (search warrant affidavit). That was
      sufficient to establish a fair probability that evidence of a crime
      would be found at 6215 Reedland Street.

Trial Court Opinion, at 9.

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      Under the totality of the circumstances thus described, the affidavit

presented by Officer Cuffie established probable cause that justified the

issuance of a search warrant of 6215 Reedland Street. As Appellant premises

his entire suppression challenge on a meritless argument aimed at the

sufficiency of the probable cause affidavit, we discern no merit to this

challenge.

      Appellant’s next two issues implicate the Commonwealth’s closing

arguments.      Specifically, in Appellant’s brief, he argues that prosecutorial

misconduct occurred during closing arguments where the prosecutor alluded

to a medical expert’s compensation as a source of potential bias, referenced

his own comparatively modest compensation despite the lack of an evidentiary

basis for so doing, speculated that the defense investigator may have been

schizophrenic or bipolar, and speculated that an uncalled defense witness

would have denied the defense theory that an acquaintance—and not

Appellant—was depicted in an incriminating video.            In light of such

misconduct, Appellant posits, the court should have granted the defense

motion for mistrial.

      Initially, we note that in reviewing a claim of improper prosecutorial

comments, our standard of review “is whether the trial court abused its

discretion.”    Commonwealth v. Hall, 701 A.2d 190, 198 (Pa. 1997).

Additionally,

      with specific reference to a claim of prosecutorial misconduct in a
      closing statement, it is well settled that any challenged
      prosecutorial comment must not be viewed in isolation, but rather

                                      - 13 -
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     must be considered in the context in which it was offered. Our
     review of a prosecutor's comment and an allegation of
     prosecutorial misconduct requires us to evaluate whether a
     defendant received a fair trial, not a perfect trial. Thus, it is well
     settled that statements made by the prosecutor to the jury during
     closing argument will not form the basis for granting a new trial
     unless the unavoidable effect of such comments would be to
     prejudice the jury, forming in their minds fixed bias and hostility
     toward the defendant so they could not weigh the evidence
     objectively and render a true verdict. The appellate courts have
     recognized that not every unwise remark by an attorney amounts
     to misconduct or warrants the grant of a new trial. Additionally,
     like the defense, the prosecution is accorded reasonable latitude,
     may employ oratorical flair in arguing its version of the case to
     the jury, and may advance arguments supported by the evidence
     or use inferences that can reasonably be derived therefrom.
     Moreover, the prosecutor is permitted to fairly respond to points
     made in the defense's closing, and therefore, a proper
     examination of a prosecutor's comments in closing requires review
     of the arguments advanced by the defense in summation.

Commonwealth v. Jaynes, 135 A.3d 606, 615 (Pa.Super. 2016) (quotation

marks, quotation, and citations omitted).

     The trial court responds that Appellant has waived much of his issue by

framing it in a vague Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement. Specifically, Appellant’s

Rule 1925(b) statement provided:

     The Honorable Trial Court erred by permitting the prosecutor to
     make arguments about evidence that was not in the record, make
     outrageous arguments which were designed to prejudice the jury
     against defense counsel and the defendants, and misrepresent the
     contents of the record.         See generally N.T. 12/21/2016.
     Moreover, the Honorable Trial Court erred by permitting the
     prosecutor to commit misconduct by consistently making
     impermissible appeals to emotion and racial bias throughout the
     trial. See, inter alia, N.T. 12/21/2016, 33-34.

Appellant’s Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Statement, dated 4/20/17.          The trial court

opines Appellant preserved only the allegedly improper arguments appearing

                                    - 14 -
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on pages 33 to 34 of the Notes of Testimony of closing arguments, as a court

is not required to “comb through” the notes of testimony in an effort to guess

to what Appellant refers in this broadly stated Rule 1925(b) statement.

      We observe that, generally,

      issues not raised in a Rule 1925(b) statement will be deemed
      waived for review.      An appellant's concise statement must
      properly specify the error to be addressed on appeal. In other
      words, the Rule 1925(b) statement must be “specific enough for
      the trial court to identify and address the issue [an appellant]
      wishe[s] to raise on appeal.” Commonwealth v. Reeves, 907
      A.2d 1, 2 (Pa.Super. 2006), appeal denied, 591 Pa. 712, 919
      A.2d 956 (2007). “[A] [c]oncise [s]tatement which is too vague
      to allow the court to identify the issues raised on appeal is the
      functional equivalent of no [c]oncise [s]tatement at all.” Id. The
      court's review and legal analysis can be fatally impaired when the
      court has to guess at the issues raised. Thus, if a concise
      statement is too vague, the court may find waiver.

Commonwealth v. Hansley, 24 A.3d 410, 415 (Pa.Super. 2011) (some

internal citations omitted).

      Here, we agree with the trial court’s conclusion that the vagueness of

Appellant’s Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement on this issue left it in a position to

guess what specific issues were being raised, thus impairing its ability to

identify most instances of prosecutorial misconduct alleged. We, therefore,

discern no error in the court’s determination that Appellant’s Rule 1925(b)

statement preserved only that prosecutorial misconduct claim centered on the

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prosecutor’s comments appearing on pages 33 to 34 of the December 21,

2016 Notes of Testimony. See Trial Court Opinion, at 18-19.3

       A review of the argument section of Appellant’s brief, however, shows

that Appellant presents no argument to advance this particular issue. See

Appellant’s brief, at 16-17. Accordingly, he has waived this issue for briefing

deficiencies.

       In Appellant’s next issue, he charges error with the trial court’s ruling

permitting the Commonwealth to introduce evidence and argue in closing that

the defense was deficient for failing to provide timely notice of an alibi defense.

Again, however, we are unable to address the merits of this issue.

       The argument section of Appellant’s brief consists of six lines of text

containing neither a specific reference to the record to support the allegation

nor a citation to—let alone an analysis of—relevant case law. Consequently,

we determine Appellant has waived his claim for failure to develop an

argument.       See Commonwealth v. Cannavo, 199 A.3d 1282, 1289

(Pa.Super. 2018) (“We shall not develop an argument of an appellant, nor

shall we scour the record to find evidence to support an argument; instead we

will deem [the] issue . . . waived.”) (citation omitted); see also Pa.R.A.P.

2119(a), (c) (requiring argument section to include, inter alia, separate

sections developing discrete arguments and citations to record when reference
____________________________________________

3 The prosecutor made the remarks in question in response to the opinion of
a defense expert, who had testified a victim is more likely to make a mistake
in identifying a perpetrator who is of a different race than he or she is. See
N.T. 12/21/16, 33-34.

                                          - 16 -
J-A07038-19

is made to “pleadings, evidence, charge, opinion or order, or any other matter

appearing in the record[.]”).

      Appellant’s final two issues pertain to the trial court’s evidentiary

rulings. “The admissibility of evidence is a matter within the sound discretion

of the trial court and will be reversed only where there is a clear abuse of

discretion.”   Commonwealth v. Clemons, 200 A.3d 441, 474 (Pa. 2019)

(citation omitted). Our standard of review of a challenge to an evidentiary

ruling is therefore limited. Commonwealth v. Conte, 198 A.3d 1169, 1180

(Pa.Super. 2018). “Abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment,

but rather where the judgment is manifestly unreasonable or where the law

is not applied or where the record shows that the action is a result of partiality,

prejudice, bias or ill will.” Id. (citation omitted).

      The first evidentiary matter pertains to the trial court’s ruling denying

Appellant’s request to present his gait to the jury to prove it did not match

that of the person depicted on the video of the robbery. According to the

court, the demonstration was of tenuous relevancy because too much time

had passed from the time of the robbery to the time of trial. Appellant now

contends the court should have allowed the jury to decide what weight to

attach to the proffer.

      Appellant claims there are “legions of cases which cover the fact that

such a physical characteristic can be displayed to the jury for its fact finding

decision on identification.” Appellant’s brief, at 15. He fails, however, to cite

or discuss even one such decision. Therefore, we are constrained again to

                                       - 17 -
J-A07038-19

find Appellant has failed to present an adequate argument advancing an issue

he raises. See Cannavo, supra.

      The same failure to cite to pertinent authority and develop meaningful

argument defeats Appellant’s second evidentiary challenge.        Specifically,

Appellant argues that the trial court erred in its response to his objection

during the prosecution’s cross-examination of his expert medical witness.

Specifically, the court had made a pretrial ruling permitting the prosecution

on cross-examination to inform the jury that the medical expert had provided

mental health testimony in previous criminal trials. The ruling, however, also

prevented the Commonwealth from revealing with any specificity the fact that

one of the expert’s previous cases involved the widely publicized Colorado

movie theater shooting case, which was tried in the year before the case sub

judice.

      During cross-examination, however, the prosecutor named the case

specifically, purporting it was fair response to the expert’s inaccurate claim

that she had only testified for other defendants on two prior occasions, when

the “Colorado Theater Shooting” case represented the third case in which she

so testified.

      The trial court sustained Appellant’s objection, N.T., 12/19/16, at 62,

and during a subsequent break admonished the prosecution for needlessly

revealing the subject matter of the Colorado trial. N.T. at 78-81. The court,

                                    - 18 -
J-A07038-19

then, reviewed the prosecution’s intended use of a video4 from the Colorado

trial to supplement cross-examination of the expert, and it determined the

video was unnecessary unless the expert directly contradicted parts of her

testimony recorded in the video, at which point the court would conduct a

side-bar discussion prior to approving use of the video. N.T. at 82-87.

       Neither defense counsel moved for mistrial, asked the court to

determine if any juror observed the writing on the video still, or objected to

the court’s handling of the matter in any way.     Moreover, the video was not

shown to the jury.

       Herein, Appellant now advances a single-sentence argument cursorily

positing that “this effort by the prosecution was a direct attempt to sabotage

the defense’s case and should not be tolerated. The violation was of such

egregious nature that the case should be dismissed.” Appellant’s brief, at 15.

Appellant cites to no authority to support his position. We, therefore, find the

____________________________________________

4 A still of the video was visible momentarily before the court excused the jury
and invited argument on the video’s admissibility.           During argument,
Appellant’s counsel noticed the words “Live Theater Shooting Trial” at the
lower left-hand of the screen. N.T. at 80-81. The prosecutors claimed they
could not see the wording, nor could the court see it, but the court ordered
the lights dimmed and asked Appellant’s counsel to sit in the jury box and say
whether the words were visible from that vantage point. N.T. at 81. Counsel
said “Yes, it’s not hard. It says ‘Colorado’ with a big seal, ‘Colorado County’
behind it in the back of the frame.” N.T. at 81-82. As discussed, infra, the
court excluded the video without prejudice to the prosecution’s right to
reargue the matter should the expert’s pending testimony increase the
probative value of the video.

                                          - 19 -
J-A07038-19

present claim waived for briefing deficiencies. See Cannavo, supra. In the

alternative, we would concur with the trial court’s apt observation that it

sustained Appellant’s objections and did not permit the Commonwealth to use

the video. Trial Court Opinion, at 33. Under this record, we perceive no basis

for relief.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm judgment of sentence.

       Judge Dubow joins the memorandum.

       Judge Olson concurs in the result.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 6/11/2019

                                    - 20 -
0064_Opinion
                                                                                                               Circulated 05/22/2019 12:31 PM

                                             IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                                        FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                                                 CRIMINAL TRIAL DIVISION

                      COMMONWEALTH OF              CP-51-CR-0004101-2012 Comm. v Muhammed. Ibrahim
                                                                                                     CP-5l-CR-0004101-2012
                      PENNSYLVANIA                                     Opm,on
                                                                                                     CP-5 l-CR-0004103-2012
                                                                                                     CP-5 l-CR-0004105-2012
                              v.
                                                        1111111111111111 I II I
                                                                  7959774961
                                                                                      I I Ill
                      IBRAHIM MUHAMMED
                                                                                                                                 FILED
                                                                     OPINION
                                                                                                                            JUN 1 2 2017
                      BRONSON, J.                                                                    June 12, 2017
                                                                                                                       Office of Judicial Records
                                                                                                                        Appeals/Post TnaJ

                      On December 21, 2016, following a capital murder jury trial before this Court, defendant

               Ibrahim Muhammed was convicted of three counts of first degree murder (18 Pa.C.S. § 2502),

               three counts of robbery (18 Pa.C.S. § 3701), one count of criminal conspiracy (18 Pa.C.S. § 903),

               one count of carrying a firearm �ithout a license (18 Pa.C.S. § 6106), one count carrying a

               firearm on the streets of Philadelphia ( 18 Pa.C.S. § 6108), and one count possessing an

               instrument of crime (18 Pa.C.S. § 907). Defendant was tried with his co-defendant Nalik Shariff

               Scott. As the jury was unable to reach a consensus following a penalty phase hearing, the Court

               imposed an aggregate sentence of three consecutive life sentences to be followed by fifty to one

               hundred years incarceration (18 Pa.C.S. § 1102(a)(l)). Defendant did no� file post-sentence

               motions.

                      Defendant has now appealed from the judgment of sentence entered by the Court on the

               grounds that the Court erred by: I) denying defendant's motion to suppress defendant's

               statement to police and victim identifications; 2) preventing defendant from inquiring about

               potential jurors' bias against Muslims; 3) automatically disqualifying potential jurors who

               indicated they would have scruples that would prevent them from returning a death sentence or
life sentence without providing counsel the opportunity to question those jurors concerning the

nature of those issues; 4) denying defendant's Batson motion; 5) permitting the prosecutor to

repeatedly refer to defendants as "evil" during opening arguments and permitting the prosecutor

to commit misconduct by appealing to emotion and racial bias throughout trial; 6) permitting the

prosecutor to impermissibly lead key witnesses during direct examination and denying defendant

a full and fair opportunity to cross examine witnesses regarding their perception and memory; 7)

denying defendant's motion to preclude the Commonwealth from presenting expert testimony

concerning the quality of relevant video; 8) permitting the prosecutor to impermissibly elicit

testimony concerning witnesses' fear of testifying, and to argue inflammatory evidence

concerning a witness' failure to identify defendant at a line-up due to his fear of defense counsel;

9) permitting the prosecutor to argue that defense counsel were wealthy and that defendants hired

expensive attorneys and experts to defend him; 10) permitting the prosecutor to solicit irrelevant

and prejudicial testimony concerning a defense medical expert's involvement with other cases;

11) permitting the prosecutor to introduce evidence that defense counsel failed to provide alibi

notice in a timely manner, and by permitting the prosecutor to argue the issue in closing

arguments; 12) allowing the prosecutor to manufacture rules of evidence and imply untrue facts

during the cross examination of a defense private investigator; 13) prohibiting defendant from

demonstrating his gait in court; 14) permitting the prosecutor to commit misconduct during

closing arguments and consistently make impermissible appeals to emotion and racial bias

throughout trial; and 15) denying defendant's motion for mistrial. Statement of Errors

Complained of on Appeal ("Statement of Errors") at�� 1-15. 1 For the reasons set forth below,

defendant's claims are without merit and the judgment of sentence should be affirmed.

I
 Defendant's Statement of Errors contains several citations to the record that are prefaced by the phrase, "inter
alia." That citation form often leaves the Court to guess the basis for defendant's claim. Accordingly, the (cont.)

                                                          2
                                          I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

        At trial, the Commonwealth presented the testimony of Philadelphia Police Detectives

Matthew Carey, Joseph Murray, Thomas Gaul, James Dunlap, Ohmarr Jenkins, Tracey Byard,

and John Verrecchia, Philadelphia Police Officers Robert Flade, Diertra Cuffie, and Robert Stott,

Philadelphia Firefighter Lieutenant Ce less Taylor, Delaware State Chief Medical Examiner Dr.

Gary Collins, William McGill, Joe Fields, Jessica Nunez, and Laura Nunez. Defendant

Muhammed presented the testimony of Philadelphia Police Detectives David Tighe and Frank

Mullen, Philadelphia Police Officers Robert Monahan, Daniel Rivera, and Raymond Crespo, Dr.

Suzanne Mannes, Dr. Carol Armstrong, Dr. Raquel Gur, Amber Creamer, Jalal Aljuwaie,

Gregorio Ortega, Jessica Greenleaf, Amny Rodriquez, Debra Williams, Maryuum Muhammed,

Shaquenda Washington, and Kevin Murphy. Defendant Scott presented the testimony of

Philadelphia Police Detectives Anthony Anderson, Timothy Dunne, Thomas Gaul, Theodore

Hagan, and Joseph Murray, and Shannon Scott. Viewed in the light most favorable to the

Commonwealth as the verdict winner, the evidence established the following.

        On September 6, 2011, Porfirio Nunez, his wife Juana Nunez, and his sister Lina

Sanchez, were working at their family owned Lorena's Grocery, which was located at the comer

of 501h and Parrish Streets in Philadelphia. N.T. 12/7116 at 223-224, 227. Also working that day

were Porfirio and Juana's daughters, Jessica and Laura Nunez. N.T. 12/7/16 at 227.2 At

approximately 7:55 p.m., Porfirio was located by the back refrigerators, while Lina and Juana

(cont.) Court will address only those claims apparent from the portion of the record to which defendant actually
cites. To the extent that he intends to make additional claims on appeal through the use of the term "inter alia" in
his citation form, those claims have been waived for lack of specificity. See Commonwealth v. Cannon, 954 A.2d
1222, 1228 (Pa. Super. 2008), app. denied, 964 A.2d 893 (Pa. 2009) (where a defendant makes a vague and
generalized objection on appeal that leaves the trial court to guess at his claims, those claims are deemed to have
been waived).
2
 Because the Nunez family share the same last name, they will be referred to throughout this Opinion by their first
names.

                                                          3
were in the back food preparation area and Jessica and Laura were at the front registers. N.T.

12/7/16 at 228; 12/8/16 at 216; 12/9/16 at 40. At that time, defendants Ibrahim Muhammed and

Nalik Scott entered the store. N.T. 12/7/16 at 228.

       Upon entering, Scott went behind the counter where Laura and Jessica were located and

grabbed Laura by her hair, while defendant went to the back of the store where Lina and Juana

were located. N.T. 12/7/16 at 228-229, 237; 12/8/16 at 216-217, 219-220. After Scott grabbed

Laura's hair, he pushed her to the ground, causing Laura and Jessica to scream. N.T. 12/7/16 at

228, 230; 12/8/16 at 216. Hearing his daughters' screams, Porfirio came out to the aisle to see

what was going on at the front of the store. N.T. 12/7/16 at 228. Scott, who was in possession of

a 9-millimeter handgun, pointed the firearm at Porfirio and shot him through the arm and into his

chest. N.T. 12/7/16 at 228, 230-232; 12/8/16 at 193-194; 12/12/16 at 323, 328-329. Porfirio

then ran into the back of the store. N.T. 12/7/16 at 228, 232. Hearing the gunshot, defendant

then took out his own gun and began shooting Juana and Lina. N.T. 12/7/16 at 233. Defendant

shot Lina in her abdomen and back before shooting Juana in the chest and top of her head. N.T.

12/7 /16 at 233-236; 12/8/16 at 198-204. Defendant then turned towards Porfirio and shot him

three times in the chest and back. N.T. 12/7/16 at 233-236; 12/8/16 at 190.

       After shooting Porfirio, Juana, and Lina, defendant walked towards Jessica while Scott,

still holding Laura to the floor, yelled at Jessica to "give [him] the money." N.T. 12/7/16 at 234-

236; 12/8/16 at 217. Believing that she was about to be shot, Jessica opened the cash register.

N.T. 12/7/16 at 236. Defendant and Scott then grabbed what they could from the register before

leaving through the front door and fleeing the area. N.T. 12/7/16 at 131-133, 238-239; 12/8/16 at

217.

                                                 4
       Police responded to the store to find Porfirio, Juana, and Lina laying on the floor inside

the store. N.T. 12/6/16 at 270-272. Lina, who was still showing signs of life, was rushed to the

Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. N.T. 12/6/16 at 273-276, 298; 12/8/16 at 201. Juana

and Porfirio were similarly transported to the hospital, though they did not show signs of life at

the time. N.T. 12/6/16 at 277-278. Jessica and Laura were transported to police headquarters.

N.T. 12/6/16 at 281. Police recovered three projectiles and nine 9mm fired cartridge cases from

the scene. N.T. 12/6/16 at 203-204, 208-09; 12/12/16 at 322-333. The medical examiner

recovered five bullets from the bodies of the victims. N.T. 12/12/16 at 323.

       Porfirio was shot a total of five times: twice in his chest, perforating his spleen,

diaphragm, vertebrae, and spinal cord; once in his arm and chest, penetrating his left lung, heart,

esophagus, and liver; once in his back, penetrating his lungs and vertebrae; and once in his hand.

N.T. 12/8/16 at 190, 193-194. Lina Sanchez was shot a total of two times: once in the upper

back, penetrating her back, neck, and mouth; and once in the abdomen, penetrating her colon,

liver, and right kidney. N.T. 12/8/16 at 198-199. Juana was shot a total of three times: once in

the base of her neck; once in her chest, penetrating her left lung, left pleura, and vertebrae; and

once in the head, penetrating her brain and vertebrae. N.T. 12/8/16 at 202-204.

       In early February, 2012, narcotics police officers observed defendant selling marijuana

near the comer of Reedland Street and 62nd Street in Philadelphia, and subsequently arrested

him. N.T. 12/9/16 at 106-111. Following his arrest, defendant informed police that he had

information about robberies and shootings. N. T. 12/9/16 at 114, 116. Defendant was brought to

the Southwest detectives' headquarters and talked with Detective Joseph Murray, who began to

believe that defendant may have been involved in the Parrish Street murders at Lorena's

Grocery. N.T. 12/9/16 at 149-150, 154. Defendant was then brought to the Homicide Unit,

                                                  5
where he was interviewed by Detective Thomas Gaul. N.T. 11/9/16 at 251-252. Defendant was

given Miranda warnings and ultimately provided a statement inculpating himself in the murders.

N.T. 12/9/16 at 254-259, 270; 12/12/16 at 89-99. Defendant admitted to police that he and

"Leek" went into the store to rob it, that he was in the back of the store with the women, that he

heard a gunshot, and then pulled out his own gun and began firing. N.T. 12/12/16 at 93-94.

Defendant stated that he was firing indiscriminately and that he may have shot a man

accidentally as he was leaving the store. N .T. 12/12/16 at 94-95. Defendant identified co-

defendant Nalik Scott as his co-conspirator in the robbery/homicides. N.T. 12/12/16 at 96.

       On February 10, 2012, police detectives prepared a photo spread containing Scott's

photograph and brought it to Jessica and Laura, who both independently identified Scott. N.T.

12/7/16 at 272-273; 12/8/16 at 237-238; 12/13/16 at 94-96, 112-113. Later that day, Jessica was

brought to police headquarters where she identified defendant in a photo spread. N. T. 12/7 /16 at

275-276; 12/13/16 at 97.

                                           II. DISCUSSION

       A. Motion to Suppress

       Defendant first alleges that the Court erred in denying defendant's motion to suppress: 1)

physical evidence seized during a search of defendant's house; 2) defendant's statement to

police; and 3) the subsequent in-court and out-of-court identifications, which were made

following the statement. Statement of Errors at� 1. This claim is without merit.

       In reviewing a denial of a motion to suppress, the reviewing court must determine if "the

suppression court's factual findings are supported by the record and whether the legal

conclusions drawn from those facts are correct." Commonwealth v. Hoppart, 39 A.3d 358, 361

(Pa. Super. 2012). The reviewing court may only consider evidence submitted at a suppression

                                                 6
hearing. In re L.J, 79 A.3d 1073, 1085 (Pa. 2013). Further, a reviewing court may only

consider the evidence presented by the Commonwealth and any uncontradicted evidence of the

defendant. Commonwealth v. Johnson, 107 A.3d 54, 93 (Pa. 2014).

       Here, the evidence adduced at the suppression hearing established the following. In

February of 2012, Police Officer Cuffie set up surveillance in the area of the 6200 block of

Reedland Street as part of a narcotics investigation. N.T. 11/21/16 at 164-165. On February 6,

2012, Officer Cuffie observed a confidential informant hand money to defendant, who then

entered a house at 6215 Reedland Street, and then came out and gave small objects to the

informant. The informant returned with 4 packets of marijuana. N.T. 11/21/16 at 165-166. An

identical transaction between the defendant and the informant was observed by Cuffie on

February 8, 2012, with the informant returning with two more packets of marijuana. N.T.

11/21/16 at 166-168. On February 9, 2012, Cuffie returned with a search warrant for the house.

The search revealed a packet of marijuana and drug packaging materials. Defendant was arrested

for selling marijuana. N.T. I 1/21/16 at 168-169.

       While the narcotics team was searching his house, defendant starting telling the officers

that he had information that he was willing to share on other crimes in order to get out of being

arrested. N .T. 11 /21 /16 at 169-1 70. As a result of these statements, defendant was taken to the

Southwest Detective Division. N. T. I I /21 /16 at 1 71, 184-185. There he was interviewed by

Detective Joseph Murray. Defendant told Detective Murray that he had information about a

robbery that had occurred on November 11, 201 I, at the Jaquez Grocery at 62nd and Reedland

Streets. Detective Murray told defendant that he already knew who did that robbery and could

not help defendant with his marijuana case. Hearing that, defendant said that he also had

information about a shooting that had occurred on August 7, 2011, during another robbery at the

                                                    7
Jaquez Grocery. Coincidentally, Murray was investigating that robbery and shooting, and as he

spoke with defendant, Murray came to believe that defendant was one of the perpetrators whom

Murray had seen in a surveillance video. N.T. 11/21/16 at 185-187. The police also believed that

the shooting and robbery at Jaquez Grocery was related to the Lorena's Grocery murders. N.T.

11/21/16 at 206. As a result of that, defendant was transported to the Homicide Division. N.T.

11/21/16 at 187-190.

       At the homicide division, after waiving his Miranda rights, defendant gave a statement to

Detective Thomas Gaul in which he admitted to participating in the robbery and murders at

Lorena's Grocery, and identified co-defendant Scott as his cohort. N.T. 11/21/16 at 234-235. As

a result, police showed photo arrays to Jessica Nunez, who identified both Muhammed and Scott

as the assailants. N.T. 11/21/16 at 69-77. Laura Nunez was shown only an array containing Scott,

since she did not have an opportunity to observe Muhammed. N. T. 11 /21 /16 at 161-162. Laura

identified Scott as one of the assailants from the array. N.T. 11/21/16 at 139-143.

       l. Motion to Suppress Physical Evidence

       Defendant first contends that the search of his home by narcotics officers was unlawful

because the affidavit in support of the search warrant failed to establish probable cause. Motion

to Suppress at p. 3. This argument is without merit.

       When evaluating whether a search warrant was properly issued, a court is limited to

determining whether the magistrate had a "substantial basis" for finding probable cause.

Commonwealth v. Gray, 503 A.2d 921, 925 (Pa. 1985) (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213,

238-39 (1983)). A reviewing court is to view the affidavit in a commonsense, non-technical

manner. Gates, 462 U.S. at 236. In making this determination, the court may only consider the

information that is contained within the four corners of the affidavit. Commonwealth v. Coleman,

                                                 8
• -.

   830 A.2d 554, 560 (Pa. 2003) (citing Pa.R.Crim.P. 203(B)). In the case of a search warrant, the

   magistrate must decide whether "there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime

   will be found in a particular place." Commonwealth v. Wallace, 953 A.2d 1259, 1261 (Pa.

   Super. 2008) (citations omitted); Commonwealth v. Janda, 14 A.3d 147, 157-58 (Pa. Super.

   2011).

            Here, the affidavit of Officer Cuffie in support of the search warrant set forth all of the

   above-described facts regarding Cuffie' s narcotics surveillance of defendant in February 2011.

   As stated above, she observed two transactions during which defendant took money from the

   informant, went into the property at 6215 Reedland Street, and then came out and gave small

   objects to the informant that turned out to be baggies of marijuana. Commonwealth Exh. CM-5

   (search warrant affidavit). That was sufficient to establish a fair probability that evidence of a

   crime would be found at 6215 Reedland Street.

            2. Motion to Suppress Statement

            Defendant alleges that his statement was illegally obtained since the nature and

   circumstances of the interrogation rendered the statement involuntary. N.T. 11/21/16 at 61-63.

   This argument is without merit.

            "[Tjhe standard for determining whether a statement is voluntary is based on the totality

   of the circumstances and considers, among other things, whether the defendant was coerced or

   manipulated or promised something in exchange for his confession; essentially ... whether the

   defendant freely made the decision to give the statement." Commonwealth v. Ogrod, 839 A.2d

   294, 320 (Pa. 2003) (citing Commonwealth v. Nester, 709 A.2d 879, 882 (Pa. 1998)). "When a

   defendant alleges that his waiver or confession was involuntary, the question 'is not whether the

   defendant would have confessed without interrogation, but whether the interrogation was so

                                                      9
manipulative or coercive that it deprived the defendant of his ability to make a free and

unconstrained decision to confess."' Commonwealth v. Sepulveda, 55 A.3d 1108, 113 7 (Pa.

2012). The totality of the circumstances includes defendant's mental and physical condition.

Johnson, 107 A.3d at 93.

       Here, the credible testimony of Detective Gaul established that he orally, and again in

writing, advised defendant of his Miranda rights, including his right to counsel and his right to

remain silent. N.T. 11/22/16 at 106. The evidence further established that defendant was held in

custody for a few hours at Southwest Detectives, before arriving at Homicide at approximately

7:30 p.m. on February 9, 2012. The Court found that defendant's written statement began at

approximately 1: 10 a.m. the next morning, and concluded at approximately 5:30 a.m. N.T.

11/21/16 at 224, 229, 234, 237-238; Commonwealth Exhs. CM-1 and CM-4. Defendant was

given opportunities to use the bathroom and was given food. There was no evidence presented at

the hearing that defendant was abused or mistreated. N.T. 11/21/16 at 242-243. Three

experienced members of the police department, that is, Officer Cuffie, Detective Murray, and

Detective Gaul, all credibly testified that at all times defendant appeared lucid and not under the

influence of any drugs or alcohol. N. T. 11 /21 /16 at 169, 173-174, 189-190, 230, 243. Moreover,

defendant elected not to present any evidence at the hearing that defendant suffered from any

kind of mental illness that could have, in some manner, affected the voluntariness of his

confession. N.T. 11/22/16 at 61-62.

       Accordingly, the record fully supports the finding of the Court that under the totality of

the circumstances, defendant knowingly and intentionally waived his rights under Miranda prior

to providing his statement, and that defendant freely made the decision to give the statement.

                                                 10
N.T. 11/22/16 at 107-108. Therefore, the Court properly found that the statement was

voluntarily given, and properly denied defendant's motion to suppress it.

       3. Motion to Suppress Identifications

       Defendant argues that the pretrial identification procedures used by the police were

constitutionally defective in that the photo arrays that were used were improperly suggestive and

since the detectives conducting the identification procedures made suggestive statements to the

witnesses. N.T. 11/21/16 at 63-64.

       "A pre-trial identification will not be suppressed as violative of due process unless the

facts demonstrate that the identification procedure was 'so impermissibly suggestive as to give

rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification." Commonwealth v. Carson,

741 A.2d 686, 697 (Pa. 1999) (quoting Simmons v. U.S., 390 U.S. 377, 384 (1968) (abrogated on

other grounds by Commonwealth v. Freeman, 827 A.2d 385 (Pa. 2003)); Commonwealth v.

Harris, 533 A.2d 727, 730 (Pa. Super. 1987), appeal denied, 549 A.2d 914 (Pa. 1988).

Photographs used in photo arrays are not unduly suggestive if the suspect's picture does not stand

out more than the others, and the people depicted all exhibit similar facial characteristics.

Commonwealth v. Fulmore, 25 A.3d 340, 346 (Pa. Super. 2011) (quoting Commonwealth v.

Fisher, 769 A.2d 1116, 1126-1127 (Pa. 2001)).

       The evidence adduced at the suppression hearing demonstrated that pretrial identification

procedures use by the police were entirely lawful and proper. As the Court found following the

hearing, the photospreads used by the police contained fillers that resembled the defendant and

were completely non-suggestive. N.T. 11/22/16 at 108; Commonwealth Exhs. CM-1, CM-2, and

CM-3. Moreover, the credible evidence refuted defendant's claim that the detectives acted

improperly. Detective Ohmarr Jenkins first presented the photo array containing co-defendant

                                                  1l
Scott's photograph to Jessica Nunez, who identified co-defendant Scott. Detective Jenkins then

transported Jessica to Homicide, where she viewed a photo array containing a photograph of

defendant, and Jessica identified defendant in that array. N.T. 11/21/16 at 67-77. Based on the

credible testimony of Detective Jenkins, N.T. 11/21/16 at 71, 94-95, the Court found that the

police did not coach or direct Jessica to choose either defendant or Scott in making her

identifications. N.T. 11/22/16 at 109. Similarly, Detective Byard presented the photo array

containing defendant Scott's photograph to Laura Nunez, who identified Scott. N.T. 11/21/16 at

139-143. Detective Byard was unaware of who generated the photo spread, of any descriptions

that had been given, or of any confession made prior to showing Laura the photo spread. N.T.

11/21116 at 145, 155-156. Based on the credible testimony of Detective Byard, the Court found

that the police did not coach or direct Laura to choose Scott in making her identification. N.T.

11/22/16 at 109.

       Accordingly, the evidence fully supported the Court's finding that there was no police

misconduct in conducting the identification procedures, that nothing done was unnecessarily

suggestive, and that there was no basis in law to suppress either the out-of-court or in-court

identifications of defendant. Therefore, the defendant's motion to suppress the identifications of

defendant was properly denied.

       B. Potential Juror Bias Against Muslims

       Defendant next alleges that the Court erred in "preventing the defense from inquiring

about potential jurors' bias against Muslims." Statement of Errors at� 2. This claim is

frivolous.

       It is well established that the process of selecting a jury is within the sound discretion of

the trial court and will be reversed only where there has been an abuse of discretion.

                                                 12
Commonwealth v. Smith, 131 A.3d 467, 477 (Pa. 2015). Here, prior to jury selection, the

Commonwealth moved in limine to preclude defendant from mentioning or discussing during

voir dire the recent presidential election, bias against Muslims, or other recent political activity,

as defendants' religious beliefs were irrelevant at trial. N.T. 11/28/16 at 53. Defendant argued

that questioning potential jurors concerning their possible prejudice against Muslims was

necessary to ensure that the jury was free of bias against Muslims, particularly since one

detective in this case had stated that he recognized defendant Muhammed by his "Osama bin

Laden nose." N.T. 11/28/16 at 54-59.

        The Court accepted defendants' argument and agreed, over the objection of the

Commonwealth, to ask the following question during the group voir dire: "Defendants are

African-American Muslims. Anything about that fact that would affect your ability to be fair and

impartial in this case." N.T. 11/28/16 at 61. Although the Court prohibited individual voir dire

by the lawyers on that topic, neither defense counsel objected to that restriction. N.T. 11/28/16 at

61-64. Moreover, the Court ruled that anyone answering "yes" to that question would go into

the group that the parties had agreed would be dismissed without individual questioning. N.T.

11/28116 at 64.3 In fact, over three days of voir dire, only one of a total of 300 venirepersons

answered that question "yes," and he was dismissed. N.T. 11/30/16 at 47.

        Accordingly, the Court agreed to defendants' request to ensure, through voir dire, that the

jury was free of bias against Muslims. No relief is due.

        C. Dismissal ofJurors Based Upon Their Views oft he Death Penalty

        Defendant next claims that the Court erred by "automatically disqualifying potential

jurors who indicated they would have any moral, religious or conscientious scruples" that would

3
  The Court stated that such jurors would go into "group two." N.T. 11/28/16 at 64. All parties agreed that anyone
in group two would be excused without individual voir dire. N.T. 11/28/16 at 34, 126-127.

                                                         13
prevent them from returning either a life or death sentence without permitting defendant to ask

follow-up questions to explore the nature of those potential issues. Statement of Errors at 13.

       Defendant's claim has been squarely rejected by our Supreme Court. Commonwealth v.

Keaton, 45 A.3d I 050, I 069 (Pa. 20 l 2). In Keaton, the defendant claimed, in a petition under the

Post Conviction Relief Act, that his trial and appellate counsel were ineffective for failing to

challenge the exclusion for cause of venirepersons who affirmatively answered a question as to

whether their views on capital punishment would prevent or substantially impair the performance

of their duties. The Court acknowledged that it would have been error to automatically excuse

potential jurors who simply were opposed to the death penalty. However, if a venireperson's

beliefs about the death penalty would either prevent or substantially impair that person's ability

to follow the judge's instructions on the law, then further questioning would be fruitless and

immediate dismissal of the venireperson without further voir dire was entirely lawful. Keaton, 45

A.3d 1050, l 069-1070.

       Here, the Court's questions were crafted to precisely follow the formulation sustained in

Keaton. The Court only excluded those jurors whose views on the death penalty would prevent

or substantially impair them in following the Court's instructions regarding the imposition of the

death penalty. N.T. 11/28/16 at 120, 123; 11/29/16 at 81, 83-84; 11/30/16 at 58, 60. Under

Keaton, this process was clearly permitted under the law.

       D. Denial of Batson Motion

       Defendant next claims that the Court "erred by denying the defense's Batson motion.

See, inter alia, N.T. 11/28/16, 437." Statement of Errors at 14. This claim is without merit.

       It is well-settled "that the government denies a defendant equal protection of the laws

when it 'puts him on trial before a jury from which members of his race have been purposefully

                                                 14
excluded."' Commonwealth v. Uderra, 862 A.2d 74, 83 (Pa. 2004), (citing Batson v. Kentucky,

476 U.S. 79, 85 (1986)). Batson established a three-part inquiry for evaluating a defendant's

claim of racial discrimination in jury selection:

       First, the defendant must make out a prima facie showing that the prosecutor has
       exercised peremptory challenges on the basis of race. Second, if the requisite
       showing has been made, the burden shifts to the prosecutor to articulate a race-
       neutral explanation for striking the jurors in question. Finally the trial court must
       determine whether the defendant has carried his burden of proving purposeful
       discrimination.

Uderra, 862 A.2d at 83 (citing Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 358-59 (1991));

Commonwealth v. Harris, 817 A.2d l 033, 1042 (Pa. 2002). To satisfy its obligations during the

second part of the Batson inquiry, the Commonwealth need not provide explanations that are

"persuasive or even plausible." Commonwealth v. Roney, 79 A.3d 595, 619 (Pa. 2013) (quoting

Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 767-768 (1995)). "Rather, the issue at [the second] stage 'is the

facial validity of the prosecutor's explanation. Unless a discriminatory intent is inherent in the

prosecutor's explanation, the reasons offered will be deemed race neutral."' Id. Once race-

neutral explanations are provided, the "persuasiveness of the facially neutral explanation

proffered by the Commonwealth is relevant" and the court is to make a determination as to

whether the moving party has proven purposeful discrimination. Id. ( quoting Commonwealth v.

Williams, 980 A.2d 510, 529-530 (Pa. 2009)).

       Here, defendant raised a Batson motion following the Commonwealth's fifth preemptory

challenge. N.T. 11/28/16 at 437; Statement of Errors at� 4. At that time, the Commonwealth's

first preemptory challenge had been used on a Caucasian venireperson, while the following four

preemptory challenges had been used on African-American venirepersons. N.T. 11/28/16 at

437-439. The potential juror pool consisted of nine Caucasians, nine African-Americans, and

four Hispanic venirepersons. Hence, there were equal numbers of Caucasians and African-

                                                    15
Americans in the pool, and African-Americans accounted for 41 % of the available jurors

following the group voir dire.4 However, of the six individuals chosen for the jury, four, or 67%

were African-Americans and neither defendant had struck any African-American venirepersons.

N.T. 11/28/16 at 440-442, 446-451. Accordingly, the percentage of African-Americans selected

to be on the jury substantially exceeded the percentage of African-Americans in the panel.

Considering all this data, the Court found that defendant had not established a prima facia case

of purposeful discrimination. N.T. 11/28/16 at 451.

        However, the Court nevertheless requested that the Commonwealth provide race-neutral

explanations for its peremptory challenges, which were as follows:

         I) Juror number 4 was a Caucasian individual whose wife was a public defender. N.T.

             11/28/ 16 at 452.

        2) Juror number 55 stated that she was living in Washington D.C. and that, while living

             there, served as a juror in at least two cases in Philadelphia, despite not living in

             Philadelphia at the time. N.T. 11/28/16 at 452-453.

        3)   Juror number 61 worked at the Curran-Fromhold Correctional Facility, one of

             Philadelphia's prisons, and assessed inmates concerning their medical needs and

             mental health issues. N.T. 11/28/16 at 452-454.

        4) Juror number 79 continually stared at one of the prosecutors, even while being

             questioned by the Court and by defense counsel, not making eye contact with the

             person questioning him. This strange manner of communicating led the prosecutor to

4
  The remaining venirepersons were dismissed without individual voir dire by agreement of the parties, apart from
those whom the Court dismissed due to their answers to the death penalty questions described in Section II(C),
above. As stated in that section, the Court properly dismissed those venirepersons who affirmatively answered the
death penalty questions over the objection of the defendants.

                                                        16
           believe that this juror would not be able to engage other jurors in a normal fashion.

           N.T. 11/28/16 at 454-455.

       5) Juror number 85 appeared very young and spoke in an immature manner that led the

           Commonwealth to believe that she lacked the life experience necessary to be a good

           juror in a capital homicide trial. She also had little work experience and still lived

           with her mother. N.T. 11/28/16 at 456-458.

       The Court found each of these explanations to be credible, race neutral explanations for

the Commonwealth's preernptory challenges. The Court therefore found that defendant did not

present a prima facia case of juror discrimination and that, even if there were a prima facia case

of racial discrimination, the Commonwealth did not exercise its preemptory challenges on the

basis of race. Accordingly, the Court found that defendant failed to meet his burden to prove

purposeful discrimination. Since the record fully supports these findings, the Court did not err in

denying defendant's Batson motion.

       E. Permitting Prosecution to Refer to Defendants as "Evil" and Appeal to Emotion and
          Racial Bias

       Defendant next claims the following: "The Honorable Trial Court erred by permitting

the prosecutor to, during opening argument, repeatedly refer to the defendants as 'evil' with the

object of prejudicing the jury against the defendants. See, inter alia, N.T. 12/6/2016, 50-51.

Moreover, the Honorable Trial Court erred by permitting the prosecutor to commit misconduct

by consistently making appeals to emotion and racial bias throughout the trial. See, inter alia,

N.T. 12/21/2016, 33-34." Statement of Errors at 15. These claims are without merit.

       l. Referring to Defendants as "Evil"

       In the Commonwealth's opening argument, the district attorney commented that "evil

arrived in [the] store" and that Laura Nunez "looked into the face of evil." N.T. 12/6/16 at 50-

                                                 17
51. Defendant now contends the Court erred by "permitting" the prosecution to refer to the

defendants in this fashion. The record demonstrates, however, that the Court never made any

ruling "permitting" these two references. To the contrary, neither defendant objected during the

Commonwealth's opening. N.T. I 2/6/16 at 49-70. When defendant requested a curative

instruction after the opening, the Court agreed to do so, and instructed the jury as follows:

               In addition, you heard some comments from the prosecutor where
               he made some references and used the word "evil," and I just want
               to be clear, ladies and gentlemen, that was not appropriate, that you
               need to be dispassionate and consider the evidence without being
               overwhelmed by emotion or anything else. Your job is to simply
               look at the facts, look at the evidence, and determine whether or
               not the Commonwealth has proved guilt beyond a reasonable
               doubt. That's your job.

N.T. 12/6/16 at 123. Both defense counsel accepted this instruction. N.T. 12/6/16 at 123. Of

course, defendant cannot properly attribute error to the Court for a ruling that the Court never

made.

        2. Appeals to Emotion and Racial Bias

        Defendant also claims that the Court erred by permitting the prosecutor to make appeals

to emotion and racial bias. While defendant complains that this was done "throughout the trial,"

he directs the Court to only one instance in the prosecution's closing argument. Statement of

Errors at� 5 (citing to "inter alia, N.T. 12/6/2016, 33-34"). While the citation includes the

phrase, "inter alia, "the trial court is not required to comb through the 14 days of trial testimony

in an effort to guess what the defendant is objecting to on appeal. To the extent that defendant's

claim concerns conduct of the prosecutors at some time other than the cited closing argument,

the claim is waived for vagueness. See Note 1, p.2 supra; Cannon, 954 A.2d at 1228.

        "It is well-established that 'comments by a prosecutor constitute reversible error only

where their unavoidable effect is to prejudice the jury, forming in [the jurors'] minds a fixed bias

                                                 18
and hostility toward the defendant such that they could not weigh the evidence objectively and

render a fair verdict.": Commonwealth v. Arrington, 86 A.3d 831, 853 (Pa. 2014) ( quoting

Commonwealth v. Bryant, 67 A.3d 716, 727 (Pa. 2013). As our courts have repeatedly stated,

"prosecutorial misconduct will not be found where comments were based on the evidence or

proper inferences therefrom or were only oratorical flair." Commonwealth v. Judy, 978 A.2d

1015, 1020 (Pa. Super. 2009) ( quoting Commonwealth v. Chmiel, 889 A2d. 501, 544 (Pa. 2005).

       During the trial, the defense presented testimony from Dr. Suzanne Mannes, who was

qualified as an expert concerning eyewitness identifications. She testified that the accuracy of an

identification may be affected by the races of the victim and the perpetrator, and that individuals

have a greater probability of making a mistake in identifying someone of a race other than their

own. This was offered to challenge the identifications of the defendants, who are African-

American, by Laura and Jessica Nunez, who are Hispanic. N.T. 12/15/16 at 99-101. The

prosecutor responded to this evidence in the following argument, which is the basis for

defendant's current claim:

       You had that expert from the university telling us, Latin people, we can't tell
       black people apart. You've ever gone to Puerto Rico or look at Cuba or the
       Dominican Republic? Okay. Native Americans were there first, then the
       Spaniards come, and when they die out, they bring the slaves. Our culture is so
       immersed with Africa. Look at our music, conga, bongos. Okay. We know
       black people. We got soul. We are them. They can't tell? No, but you have this
       white lady say, "They can't. I know. I work in a university." Complete out of
       touch with reality. Of course, she don't live in the 'hood. She's not from the
       Dominican Republic.

       Think baseball players. How many Dominican baseball players look black
       because they are black, except they speak Spanish? American blacks speak
       English. It's where you grew up. So they can tell.

N.T. 12/21116 at 33-34.

                                                 19
        Following the Commonwealth's closing, defendant objected to the above

argument on the ground that it mischaracterized the testimony of Dr. Mannes. In

particular, defense counsel argued that Dr. Mannes only talked about cross-racial

identifications in a general sense, and never stated that "Latin people can't tell black

people apart." N.T. 12/21/16 at 91. Defense counsel, however, was wrong. Dr. Mannes

specifically testified that because the Nunez sisters were Hispanic and were identifying

African-Americans, they were more likely to have made a misidentification. N.T.

12/15/16 at 100-101. Accordingly, the record demonstrates that the challenged

statements of the prosecutor in his closing were neither an appeal to emotion nor an

appeal to racial bias; they were a direct response to the arguments based on race that were

introduced by the defendants. While the statements certainly devolved into oratorical

flair, they did not mischaracterize the testimony of the defense expert and did not

improperly appeal to emotion or racial bias. No relief is due.

        F. Permitting Commonwealth to Lead Key Witnesses and Denying Opportunity to
            Cross-Examine

        Defendant next claims the following: "The Honorable Trial Court by allowing the

prosecutor to impermissibly lead key witnesses during direct examination over numerous

sustained defense objections to the impermissible conduct, such that the defense was prejudiced.

See generally N.T. 12/7/2016, N.T. 12/8/2016. Moreover, The Honorable Trial Court erred by

denying the defense a full and fair opportunity to cross examine Commonwealth witnesses

regarding their perception and memory of the incident. See, inter alia, N.T. 12/9/2016, 54-90."

Statement of Errors at 'if 6.

                                                 20
       1. Leading Witnesses

       Defendant argues that he was prejudiced by the Court allowing the prosecutors to ask

leading questions. However, instead of citing the Court to the objectionable questions, the

defendant merely cites to two full days of trial testimony. Statement of Errors at 16. The trial

court is not required to peruse two days of testimony, which covered six witnesses, to guess

which rulings the defendant intends to challenge on appeal. This claim is waived: See Cannon,

954 A.2d at 1228.

       In any event, the Court has wide discretion to reasonably control the mode and order of

examining witness and the presentation of evidence, including the use of leading questions on

direct examination. See Pa.R.E. 611 (a); Commonwealth v. Lambert, 765 A.2d 306, 360 (Pa.

Super. 2000). No relief is due.

       2. Denial of Full Cross-Examination

       Defendant next argues that he was denied a full and fair opportunity to cross-examine

Commonwealth witnesses regarding "perception and memory of the incident." While he refers

to Commonwealth "witnesses," he cites the Court only to the entire cross-examination of witness

Laura Nunez. Statement of Errors at 16. During that cross-examination, the Court sustained

only three objections to questions asked by defense counsel.

       First, counsel for co-defendant Scott inquired about Laura's recollection of the

appearance of a police officer who interviewed her several months after the murders. N.T.

12/9/16 at 52-55. Laura first responded to counsel's question regarding the race of the officer by

stating that he was white. After that, the following occurred:

       [Defense counsel]:     Any other description of that white officer?
       [Laura Nunez}:         That's all I remember.
       [Defense counsel]:     I'm just curious. Why is it you don't remember?
       [Prosecutor]:          Objection.

                                                21
N.T. 12/9/16 at 54. The objection was properly sustained since Laura's ability to recall the

appearance of an officer who interviewed her months after the incident was irrelevant to her

ability to recall the murders. N.T. 12/9/16 at 55. This was seemingly apparent to the questioner,

who prefaced the question with the phrase, "I'm just curious." Counsel's curiosity is not a valid

basis for a question.

       The next objection occurred when Scott's counsel made a similar inquiry about the

appearance of a detective who interviewed Laura on the same day as the interview with the

officer described above:

        [Defense counsel]: Was it a black detective or a white detective?
        [Laura Nunez]: It was a black detective.
        [Defense counsel]: What did he look like?
        [Prosecutor]: Objection.

N.T. 12/9/16 at 57. The Court properly sustained the objection since the question objected to,

like counsel's first question addressed above, pertained to only the appearance of one of the

investigators and was completely irrelevant. N.T. 12/9/16 at 57.

       Finally, counsel for defendant asked one question that was not allowed, as follows:

       [Defense counsel): Okay. So this man, who is behind you, grabbed you at a place that is
       on your hair that is close to the back of your head, he is allowing you to stare at him for
       five seconds with your head still?
       [Prosecutor]: Objection.

Prior to asking this question, defense counsel had extensively covered precisely the same ground:

that the attacker had grabbed Laura's hair behind her head and held it, and that she looked at his

face for at least five seconds. N.T. l 2/9/16 at 69-71. Because the question had already been

asked and answered, it was properly not allowed. See Commonwealth v. Conde, 822 A.2d 45, 51
                                                                4

                                                22
(Pa. Super. 2003) (trial court may limit cross examination to prevent repetitive inquiries and

cumulative answers).

        Moreover, immediately after the Court sustained the objection, counsel rephrased the

question and covered the exact same ground in a question to which there was no objection:

        [Defense counsel}: Well, let me phrase it a different way because that was probably
        phrased poorly. Your testimony is that you're looking in the face of this man, who has
        control over you by the back of your head by holding your hair, and during those five
        seconds he's looking back; right?
        [Laura Nunez]: Yes.

N. T. 12/9/16 at 71. Counsel then followed up on the same topic with several additional

questions that did not elicit an objection. N. T. 12/9/16 at 71- 72.

        Accordingly, defendant's claim that counsel were denied a fair opportunity to cross-

examine witnesses regarding perception and memory of the incident is refuted by the record. No

relief is due.

        G. Denial of Motion to Preclude Expert Testimony on Video Quality

        Defendant next alleges that the Court erred in denying defendant's motion to "preclude

the Commonwealth from presenting expert testimony concerning the quality of a video relevant

to the defense's case" as the expert's report was untimely, the testimony was irrelevant, and

caused prejudice to defendant. Statement of Errors at� 7. This claim is waived.

        Under Pa.R.Crim.P. 573, the Commonwealth has a continuing duty to disclose any expert

report material to the case. Where violations of this rule occur, the Court is empowered to "enter

such other order as it deems just under the circumstances."

        Here, the Commonwealth sought to admit expert testimony, during the course of trial,

from Detective James Dunlap concerning his seizure of video surveillance footage as well as

testimony concerning the video quality. N.T. 12/9/16 at 93-95; 12/12/16 at 79-81. Co-defendant

                                                   23
Scott objected to the introduction of this testimony as the Commonwealth had not submitted an

expert witness report prior to trial and because Scott would be prejudiced by this testimony since

he had already presented opening arguments concerning the video. N.T. 12/9/16 at 93, 95-99;

12/12/16 at 81-83. Defendant joined in this motion. N.T. 12/9/16 at 98-99. Following

arguments, the Court permitted Detective Dunlap to testify concerning video pixilation, quality,

and compression, while prohibiting Detective Dunlap from discussing specific aspects of what

was depicted in the video. N.T. 12112/16 at 352-353.

       Following Detective Dunlap's testimony, the Court placed on the record that it had not

heard any testimony that was objectionable or would have prejudiced defendant, or even that

required that Detective Dunlap to be qualified as an expert. N.T. 12/13/16 at 88-89. Co-

defendant Scott explicitly agreed that the evidence presented by Detective Dunlap was proper

and withdrew his objections. N.T. 12/13/16 at 89-90. Defendant, who had joined with Scott on

this motion, remained silent and did not object to the Court's ruling. Id. Accordingly, defendant

waived this claim for purposes of appeal.

       H. Testimony and Argument Regarding Fear and Intimidation

       Defendant next alleges the following: "The Honorable Trial Court erred by permitting the

prosecutor to impermissibly elicit irrelevant and highly prejudicial testimony concerning

witness' fear of testifying and other evidence related to witness intimidation. Moreover, the ...

Court erred in permitting that line of questioning. See, inter alia, N.T. 12/16/2016, 164-167,

249; N. T. 12/20/2016, 45." Statement of Errors at ,r 8. Defendant further asserts that the Court

"erred by allowing the prosecutor to impermissibly argue inflammatory evidence not of record

concerning a witness' failure to identify the defendant at a line-up due to his fear of defense

                                                 24
counsel or other motivations not of record. See, inter alia, N.T. 12/21/2016, 41-46." Statement

of Errors at � 8. These claims are without merit.

        l. Evidence of Witness Intimidation

       First, defendant claims that the Court erred in admitting evidence of fear or intimidation

of witnesses at trial. In particular, defendant cites to the testimony of defense witnesses Gregorio

Ortega and Amny Rodriguez. Their testimony pertained to two robberies that were not charged

in this case: l) a robbery on July 25, 2011 at a grocery store at 2000 N. Gratz Street; and 2) a

robbery on August 7, 2011 at a grocery store on the comer of 62nd Street and Reedland Street.

These were two robberies that defendant admitted to committing in his statement to police, along

with the charged robbery and murders at Lorena's Grocery. Even though the Commonwealth

offered no evidence of these other two robberies in its case-in-chief, the defense presented

evidence that the defendants did not commit these robberies in order to prove that defendant's

entire confession was false. In the testimony here at issue, the Court permitted the

Commonwealth to elicit that each of these witnesses felt threatened and was fearful to testify.

N.T. 12/14/16 at 10, 22-23, 111-112; 12/16/16 at 164-166. Defendant also bases his claim on the

Court's decision to permit the Commonwealth to prove that someone had taken photographs of

the courtroom and the courthouse lobby during the trial that had been posted to the Facebook

page of co-defendant Scott.

       Evidence that a witness had been threatened or intimidated may admissible for two

purposes. If the threats or intimidation can be linked to the defendant, then evidence of the

threats or intimidation is admissible to establish a defendant's consciousness of guilt.

Commonwealth v. Flamer, 53 A.3d 82, 86-87 (Pa. Super. 2012). Even when the threats or

intimidation cannot be linked to the defendant, they may still be admissible if they are offered to

                                                 25
explain the behavior of a witness who has given differing versions of the facts. Commonwealth

v. Collins, 702 A.2d 540, 544 (Pa. 1997); Commonwealth v. Bryant, 462 A.2d 785, 788 (Pa.

Super. 1983). When the evidence is admitted solely to show its effects on a witness, a limiting

instruction is appropriate if requested by the defense. Collins, 702 A.2d at 788.

           Here, while there was no evidence that either defendant threatened or intimidated

witnesses Ortega or Rodriguez, each of these witnesses provided trial testimony that contradicted

earlier testimony or sworn statements. N.T. 12/14/16 at 24-27, 66-71; 12/16/16 at 153-155, 158-

159 .. Accordingly, it was entirely proper for the Commonwealth to present the evidence that

these witnesses had been intimidated. Moreover, without any request having been given, the

Court elected to give an appropriate limiting instruction after Rodriguez testified that she feared

for her safety:

           Ladies and gentlemen, I'm admitting that only to the extent that, if you find that that was
           said, to the extent that you find it helpful in evaluating the behavior and testimony of this
           witness.

           There's been no evidence that any of that has anything to do with these two defendants,
           and so you may not infer from anything that you just heard that that is evidence of
           consciousness of guilt or misconduct on the part of the defendants. There's been no
           evidence of that. You understand the limited purpose for which I've allowed it.

N.T. 12/16/16 at 164-167.5

           The evidence of the photographs of the trial and courthouse posted to co-defendant

Scott's Facebook page corroborated the testimony of both Ortega and Rodriguez regarding their

fear and intimidation. In particular, Ortega had testified that he specifically felt threatened

because he believed that people were using cellphones to take his picture. N. T. 12/14/16 at 110-

112. After the evidence from Facebook was presented to the jury, the Court once again, gave a

clear limiting instruction:

5
    No limiting instruction was requested during the testimony of Ortega as well.

                                                           26
       [Y]oujust saw those photographs that were on Scott's Facebook page of this courtroom.
       That evidence is admissible for one purpose only, that is to say on the issue of whether
       any witnesses in this case were intimidated in this case.

       You may not consider the evidence that you just saw as evidence of consciousness of
       guilt on the part of the defendants, since there's no evidence in this case that the
       defendants were responsible for those postings on Scott's Facebook page.

       So the only reason you may consider it, to the extent that you find it's probative of the
       issue, is on whether witnesses who testified here were intimidated.

N.T. 12/20/16 at 48.

       Accordingly, the evidence of intimidation was properly admitted for the limited purpose

permitted under the law, along with appropriate limiting instructions. No relief is due.

       2.   Closing Argument on Intimidation

       Second, Defendant claims the Court erred in permitting the Commonwealth to argue

concerning "a witness' failure to identify the defendant at a line-up due to his fear of defense

counsel or other motivations not of record. See, inter alia, N.T. 21/21/16 at 49-52." Statement

of Errors at� 8. This argument is without merit.

       At trial, Ortega testified that he could "possibly" identify one of his assailants, but that he

was "not going to do it again, no;" that he was afraid, and that, when confronted with the

possibility of serving time in jail after a contempt citation, he was willing to go to jail. He stated

"the only thing I need to be is dead. I feel threatened. I'm scared to testify." N.T. 12/14/16 at

22-23. However, Ortega did eventually identify the defendants as the individuals who robbed the

Gratz Street store. N.T. 12/14/16 at 24-27. After that, defense counsel questioned Ortega about

his failure to identify defendant, and his identification of a different person when he was shown a

photospread at police headquarters on August 11, 2015, while counsel for defendant was present.

N.T. 12/14/16 at 60, 67-71. The prosecutor addressed this misidentification in his closing

argument as follows:

                                                  27
        So now comes that photo spread, and you see the photo spread speaks volumes.
        In that photo spread, although he ID'd them already, Mr. Krasner's there. Now,
        in all those times he comes to court, he knows that's the lawyer for one of them,
      . and at that photo spread that lawyer is there.

       What does he do? He's not dumb. He may not speak English but he's not dumb.
       Let me purposefully not identify Muhammed so I don't have to come back.
       Because when you take this, ask to take it, read it. He describes everybody. But
       of all people, when they get to Muhammad [sic], he says this: "Do you recognize
       this person?"

       "No, I don't have any idea of this guy. He doesn't look like anybody." He's
       saying, please, I'm going to mess this up. I'm going to say it's not him that way I
       don't have to come back anymore. That speaks volumes to say, "I know him, and
       I'm purposefully going to say I can't ID him because I don't want to come back."
       And you know how bad he doesn't want to come back? When he came here, he
       didn't want to identify anyone. He says, "I don't want to talk. I don't want to
       identify. I don't want to be involved."

       And the judge says, "I'm going to hold you in contempt. I could put you in jail."

       What does he say? "Put me in jail. Put me in jail because I don't want to talk
       against these guys."

       Then we took a break, and then he told you, "Those guys robbed me."

N.T. 12/21/16 at 51-53. This was a completely fair argument based on the evidence presented at

trial. Ortega did testify, on multiple occasions, that he did not wish to testify, did not want to be

involved in this matter, and that he would rather go to jail than testify. N.T. 12/14/16 at l0-11,

22-27. Ortega also identified defendant prior to trial, only to later misidentify defendant during

an identification procedure with defense counsel present. N.T. 12/14/16 at 28-33, 60, 68-71.

Accordingly, the prosecutor's comments were based on the evidence or inferences therefrom.

Judy, 978 A.2d at 1020. No relief is due.

       I.   Argument Regarding Defendant's Wealth

        Defendant next asserts that the Court erred by permitting the Commonwealth to argue, in

closing arguments, "that defense counsel were wealthy and that defendants had hired expensive

                                                 28
defense lawyers and experts to defend them, in contrast to the prosecutor's more meager

finances, in an attempt to inflame the prejudices of the jury. See, inter alia, N.T. 12/21/2016, 41-

46." Statement of Errors at ,r 9. This claim is without merit.

       As stated above, "prosecutorial misconduct will not be found where comments were

based on the evidence or proper inferences therefrom or were only oratorical flair." Judy, 978

A.2d at 1020. The portion of the record cited by defendant indicates that the Commonwealth

was not arguing that defense counsel were wealthy, but that the expert witnesses hired by

defendant were biased because they were hired to testify. During closing arguments, the

prosecutor made the following statements in regards to the expert witnesses presented by

defendant:

       First, in discussing defendant's trial strategy in general: "Let's call the experts. Let's

talk about the best defense money can buy." N.T. 12/21/16 at 41.

       Second, speaking of Dr. Our: "Any studies that ethnically you are surrounded and you are

part black? It's our culture. She didn't say that. But you know what? When you get paid

money, you can say whatever." N.T. 12/21/16 at 41.

       Third, speaking of Dr. Armstrong:

       And then when she's asked the question, how much are you getting paid for this, "I don't
       know."
       "Give me a round number."
       "I don't know." She's the smartest person in the universe. She tells you, "I don't know
       how much I'm making."
       Well, money is the bottom line. She doesn't know how much she's going to charge?

N.T. 12/21/16 at 43.

       And fourth, again speaking of Dr. Our:

       Mr. Vega (for the Commonwealth): What does Dr. Our say? "I got $15,000," $15,000
       for one hour and 20 minutes. Let's say it's two hours. Two hours and you read a report.
       And I'm thinking, "Here I am since Thanksgiving, trying this case." You see how long

                                                 29
       we're working, we're coworkers, we're leaving at five. When you're gone, I'm still
       battling. The earliest I leave the office, me and Kirk, 8:00, 8:00. Even this past Saturday
       I had to drive to Mr. McMahon's house because he needed something. So 9:30 on a
       Saturday, rather than Christmas Shopping, I got to go to him. And I'm thinking, wow,
       from Thanksgiving until now, our combined salary isn't $15,000. Our combined salary
       isn't $10,000, so -
       Mr. McMahon (for defendant Scott): Judge, I object.
       Mr. Vega: -- you give me 15,000-
       Mr. McMahon: I object to -
       Mr. Voci (for defendant Muhammed): Objection.
       Mr. McMahon: This part is just beyond the pale.
       The Court: Your salary isn't part of the record, so I' 11 -
       Mr. Vega: You're right.
       Mr. McMahon: Driving to my house isn't part of the record or any of that.
       The Court: Everybody went beyond the record a little bit. I'll direct him to move on.
       Mr. Krasner (for defendant Muhammed): Judge, he's well aware of how that doctor
       got paid. He's misrepresenting -
       The Court: Wait, wait, wait. Listen. You can make an objection, but your time to close
       is over, so please don't do that again. All right.
       Mr. Krasner: I object. I request the Court instruct the jury in how Dr. Gur got paid. It's
       a misrepresentation.
       The Court: How she got paid, I thought the issue was how much she got paid. Anyway,
       your objection is overruled.
       Go ahead.
       Mr. Vega: Thank you.
       I'm sorry. She made a lot of money. I wish I had a lot of money.
       Mr. Krasner: Objection.
       Mr. McMahon: Objection.
       Mr. Vega: I wish-
       The Court: Look, it's argument. He's talking about potential bias of an expert which is
       proper argument, so your objection is overruled.

N.T. 12/21/16 at 44-46.

       It is well-established that it is proper to ask expert witnesses about their compensation in

order to show potential bias. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Thompson, 93 A.3d 4 78, 491 (Pa.

Super. 2014 ). Similarly, it is entirely proper to demonstrate and argue to the jury that an expert

may be biased because the expert has only been hired by the defense, and never by the

prosecution. See Commonwealth v. Smith, 995 A.2d 1143, 1162-63 (Pa. 2010) (prosecutor's

                                                 30
statements that defense expert was a "hired gun" was fair comment where the expert had only

testified for the defense).

        Apart from the prosecutor's complaints about his salary and work hours, the above

arguments by the Commonwealth were properly based on the evidence adduced during the trial.

Dr. Gur testified that she had testified on behalf of defendants on three occasions, and that she

had not ever testified on behalf of the prosecution. N.T. 12/19/16 at 61-64. Dr. Our testified that

she met with defendant Muhammed on one occasion, July 27, 2016, for approximately an hour

and a half. N. T. 12/19/ 16 at 66-67, 71. Dr. Gur also testified that her budget for this matter was

$15,000.00. N.T.12/19/16at 120. Similarly,Dr.Armstrongtestifiedthatshehadtestified

exclusively on behalf of criminal defendants, and never testified on behalf of the prosecution.

N.T. 12/16/16 at 58-60. Dr. Armstrong also testified that she could not approximate how much

she had been paid over the years testifying on behalf of the Federal Defender's Office. N.T.

12/16/16 at 88-90.

        Accordingly, the prosecutor's statements that the defense experts "can say whatever"

when they are paid, that "money is the bottom line" and that Dr. Gur "made a lot of money"

were arguments based on the evidence adduced at trial. While the prosecutor's statements

concerning his own salary and hours were beyond the record in this matter, after defendant

objected, the Court properly instructed the prosecutor to move on. Defendants could not have

been prejudiced by these momentary complaints by the prosecutor about his salary and hours.

No relief is due.

        J   National Cases of Defense Expert Witness

        Defendant next claims that the Court "erred in permitting the prosecutor to agree to limit

his cross examination of a defense medical expert witness with regard to other, nationally

                                                 31
..

     recognized cases she has handled in the past to the state and year those cases occurred because to

     do otherwise would solicit irrelevant and prejudicial testimony, then deliberately solicit said

     information and also impermissibly put before the jury a video indicating the expert's

     involvement in a nationally recognized sensational case. See, inter alia, N. T. 12/19/2016, 21;

     62; 80-81." Statement of Errors at� 10. This claim is without merit.

            Defendant is referencing the testimony of Dr. Gur. Prior to the commencement of Dr.

     Gur's trial testimony, the Commonwealth informed defendant that it would be cross-examining

     Dr. Gur concerning her methodology based on prior testimony from the case Colorado v. James

     Holmes, which involved a defendant who had conducted a mass shooting at a theater in

     Colorado, and possibly other cases. Defendant moved to preclude the Commonwealth from

     questioning Dr. Gur concerning the identity of those cases, and specifically that the testimony

     had come from the theater shooting case. N.T. 12/19/16 at 20-21. The Commonwealth indicated

     that it only intended to name the state and time of the cases, and the Court ordered the

     Commonwealth to limit its questioning to those specifics. N. T. 12/19/16 at 21. However, during

     cross-examination, the Commonwealth asked if Dr. Gur had testified "just last summer in

     Colorado in the State of Colorado versus James Holmes, the theater shooter." N.T. 12/19/16 at

     62. Defendant immediately objected, and the Court sustained the objection. Id. The

     Commonwealth later attempted to cross-examine Dr. Gur using a video of her testimony in the

     Colorado case in an attempt to discredit her methodology. N.T. 12/19/16 at 76-77. However,

     outside the presence of the jury, defendant objected to use of the video as the video included a

     graphic which contained the Seal of Colorado as well as the text "Live Theater Shooting Trial."

     N.T. 12/19/16 at 81-82. The Court again sustained the objection and precluded the

                                                      32
Commonwealth from using the trial video. N.T. 12/19/16 at 86-87. Defendant did not request

any additional relief.

       Accordingly, the record is clear that the Court sustained defendant's objections and did

not permit the Commonwealth to use the offending video or otherwise identify the other cases in

which Dr. Gur had testified. No relief is due.

        K. Evidence of Failure to Provide Alibi Notice

       Defendant next claims that the Court "erred by allowing the prosecutor to impermissibly

introduce evidence that defense counsel was deficient in failing to provide [notice of] 'alibi' in a

timely manner" as the evidence was not alibi evidence. He also contends that the Court erred by

not permitting the defense to respond with a definition of alibi, and by permitting the

Commonwealth to make arguments concerning alibi. Statement of Errors at ,r 11. This claim is

without merit.

        Alibi is a defense which "places the defendant at the relevant time in a different place

than the scene involved and so removed therefrom as to render it impossible for him to be the

guilty party." Commonwealth v. Ali, 10 A.3d 282, 316 (Pa. 2010) (quoting Commonwealth v.

Johnson, 966 A.2d 523, 538 & n. 5 (Pa. 2009). The right to present alibi testimony is not

absolute. Commonwealth v. Poindexter, 646 A.2d 1211, 1218-19 (Pa. Super. 1994). Under

Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 567, a defendant is required to file a notice of alibi

with the clerk of court no later than the time required for filing the omnibus pretrial motion.

Such notice is required to "contain specific information as to the place or places where the

defendant claims to have been at the time of the alleged offense," as well as the names and

addresses of any witnesses whom the defendant intends to call in support of the claim. See

Pa.R.Crim.P. 567(a); Poindexter 646 A.2d at 1218-19. The purpose of the alibi notice is to

                                                 33
insure "both the defendant and the State ample opportunity to investigate certain facts crucial to

the determination of guilt or innocence." Commonwealth v. Lyons, 833 A.2d 245, 257 (Pa.

Super. 2003 (internal citations omitted).

       Should the defendant fail to file such a notice, or should any witness be omitted from the

notice of alibi, the trial court is given discretion to exclude the testimony of the proffered witness

other than the defendant, grant a continuance to enable the Commonwealth to investigate the

witness, or may make such other order as the interests of justice require. See Pa.R.Crim.P.

567(b); Poindexter 642 A.2d at 1219 (citing Commonwealth v. Anthony, 546 A.2d I 122 (Pa.

Super. 1988)). One such remedy available to the Court is to permit the alibi testimony and

instruct the jury that the defendant did not provide the proper alibi notice, permitting the

Commonwealth to explain why it was unprepared to rebut this testimony. See Commonwealth v.

Servich, 602 A.2d 1338, 1343 (Pa. Super. 1992).

       Here, there were three separate criminal episodes at issue in the case: 1) the robbery and

murders at Lorena's Grocery that were the subject matter of the charges; 2) the Gratz Street

grocery store robbery; and 3) the Reedland Street grocery store robbery. As stated above, the

Commonwealth only offered evidence of the robbery and murders at Lorena's Grocery.

Evidence of the other two uncharged robberies was offered by the defense to prove that

Muhammed's confession to all three robberies was false. The alibi notice issue arose as to the

Reedland Street robbery only. During the trial, defense counsel asked for a sidebar conference

and informed the Court that the next witness, as well as one additional witness, would provide

defendant with an alibi for the Reedland Street robbery. The defense argued that no alibi notice

was required because the Reedland Street robbery was not charged. The Commonwealth

objected and argued that notice was required, and that defendant's failure to provide such notice

                                                  34
prevented the Commonwealth from investigating the purported alibi. It was agreed that the

defense was aware of the alibi evidence at least two weeks prior to calling the first alibi witness,

but did not disclose the alibi until immediately before the witness's testimony. N.T. 12/16/16 at

171-179. The Court ruled that the alibi testimony would be allowed to come in, but that the

Commonwealth would be permitted to advise the jury of the date that it had learned about the

alibi, that the Rules require a notice of alibi, and that no notice had been timely given.

N.T.12/19/16 at 202-206; N.T. 12/20/16 at 65-67.6

        It is true, as defendant argued, that Rule 567, by its terms, does not explicitly state

whether alibi notice is required for uncharged crimes that are at issue in the case. Nor does there

appear to be any Pennsylvania authority on this issue. However, there are several compelling

reasons that support the Court's ruling in this case.

        First, the purpose of the rule, as stated above, is to give all parties an opportunity to

investigate facts that are crucial to the outcome of the case. Where, as here, all parties are well-

aware that multiple criminal episodes are integrally involved in the case, the Rule should require

notice of alibi for all crimes to avoid the evil that the Rule is intended to prevent: a disruptive

presentation of alibi evidence during the trial that would either require a mid-trial continuance or

preclude the prosecution from reasonably investigating the purported alibi.

        This is particularly true where, as here, the uncharged crimes are inextricably intertwined

with the charged conduct. Defendant's strategy was to undermine the probative value of

defendant's statement to police by demonstrating that he did not commit two uncharged

robberies that he had confessed to at the same that he had admitted to the robbery/murders that

had been charged. Under these circumstances, the alibi for the Reedland Street robbery was just

6
 The Court initially ruled that the defense could not present the alibi evidence due to the lack of notice. N.T.
12/16/16 at 179. However, the Court reversed that ruling, and the alibi evidence was presented. N. T. l 2/ 19/16 at
202-204.

                                                          35
l   "

        as relevant to defendant's culpability as an alibi to the Lorena's Grocery murders would have

        been.

                Moreover, defense counsel was well aware that he was required to provide notice of alibi

        for all three criminal episodes. The fact that neither defendant had filed such a notice was raised

        by the Commonwealth prior to jury selection. N.T. 11/28/16 at 78. In response, counsel for

        defendant stated, among other things, the following:

                So, no, we don't have explicit information that would show that at the time of the
                murder/robberies the defendant was in another location based upon bank records
                or anything else, but I can't tell you it's impossible to show up at some point. We
                simply haven't located anything to establish that, and defendant's memory is quite
                unreliable. Mr. Vega [the prosecutor], please, come on. I'm not intending to
                jackpot some alibi in the middle of the trial.

        N.T. 11/28/16 at 82 (emphasis added). In response to counsel, the Court directed the defense

        "not to introduce any evidence of alibi without raising it with me before you raise it with the

        jury." N.T. 11/28/16 at 83. Still, counsel inexcusably failed to tell the Court or prosecution

        about defendant's alibi witnesses for the Reedland Street robbery until two weeks after he

        learned of the evidence, and moments before he called his first witness, thereby "jackpotting" an

        alibi in the middle ofthe trial, just as he had agreed not to do. Had counsel not thought that his

        evidence was an "alibi" that fell within the ruling of the Court, it is difficult to discern why he

        disclosed it at all prior to calling his witnesses.

                Finally, notwithstanding all of the above, defendant was given full rein to present all of

        his alibi evidence. Under the circumstances, permitting the Commonwealth to state, and argue,

        that it did not have notice of the Reedland Street alibi witnesses was entirely fair and could not

        have prejudiced defendant. See Servich, 602 A.2d at 1343. No relief is due.

                                                              36
•I

            L. Manufacturing Rules of Evidence

            Defendant next claims that the Court erred "by allowing the prosecutor to impermissibly

     manufacture rules of evidence and imply untrue facts during his cross examination of [the]

     defense private investigator, thereby prejudicing the jury against the defense and defense's

     investigation into the case. See, inter alia, N.T. 12/19/20 l 6, 259-286." Statement of Errors at ,i

     12. This claim is without merit.

            Defendant cites to the Commonwealth's entire cross-examination of Kevin Murphy, who

     testified on behalf of defendant Muhammed as a private investigator, and who testified that he

     had contacted witnesses in order to obtain information concerning defendant's facial hair at the

     time of the homicides in this case. N.T. 12/19/16 at 253, 259-286. Murphy testified that the

     witness he contacted, Debra Williams, stated that defendant could not be responsible for the

     Reed land Street robbery as defendant was present near her house at the time. N. T. 12/19/16 at

     254-255. Murphy also testified that he did not memorialize Williams' statement or have

     Williams sign and adopt her statements. N. T. 12/19/16 at 266-267.

            During Murphy's testimony, the Commonwealth asked Murphy if he knew that the "only

     way you could get [ a written statement of a witness] in court if the person lies is if you took it in

     writing and they signed it and adopted it." N.T. 12/19/16 at 268. The Commonwealth was

     presumably referring to Pa.R.E. 803 .1 ( 1 )(b ), which sets forth the exception to the hearsay rule

     for a prior inconsistent statement that was signed and adopted by the declarant. Defendant

     objected to this question, and the Court sustained the objection since the statement could have

     been used for purposes other than the truth of the matter asserted, such as to refresh recollection

     or for impeachment. N. T. 12/19/ l 6 at 268. This is the only instance in Murphy's cross-

     examination where defense counsel made an objection that appeared to relate to the rules of

                                                       37
evidence. Because the Court sustained defendant's objection, his claim of error is without merit.

To the extent that he meant to challenge some other rulings of the Court, his claim is waived

since defendant elected to cite the entire cross-examination of Murphy without directing the

Court to any particular errors. Cannon, 954 A.2d at 1228.

       M Demonstration of Defendant's Gait in Court

       Defendant also asserts that the Court "erred in denying the defense's request to permit the

defendant to demonstrate his gait in court. N.T. 12/19-2016, 288." Statement of Errors at, 13.

This claim is without merit.

       The law concerning the admission of evidence in Pennsylvania is well settled:

       The admission of evidence is a matter vested within the sound discretion
       of the trial court, and such a decision shall be reversed only upon a
       showing that the trial court abused its discretion. In determining whether
       evidence should be admitted, the trial court must weigh the relevance and
       probative value of the evidence against the prejudicial impact of that
       evidence. Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material
       fact in the case or tends to support a reasonable inference regarding a
       material fact. Although a court may find that evidence is relevant, the
       court may nevertheless conclude that such evidence is inadmissible on
       account of its prejudicial impact.

Commonwealth v. Reid, 811 A.2d 530, 550 (Pa. 2002) (internal citations omitted); see Pa.R.E.

401-403.

       Here, defendant sought to demonstrate his walking gait to the jury, as the jury had

previously seen surveillance video of an individual, allegedly defendant, walking during a

robbery. N.T. 12/19/16 at 288-289. However, over four years had passed since the robbery in

question and defendant had both gained and lost over one hundred pounds of weight in that time.

The gait of defendant four years later would not have any relevance to defendant's possible

identity as the individual in the video and would not have provided probative evidence in

defendant's case. Accordingly, the Court did not err in denying defendant's request.

                                               38
       N. Commonwealth Misconduct in Closing Arguments

       Next, defendant asserts that the Court erred by "permitting the prosecutor to make

arguments about evidence that was not in the record, make outrageous arguments which were

designed to prejudice the jury against defense counsel and the defendants, and misrepresent the

contents of the record. See general!yN.T. 12/21/2016." Statement of Errors at ,r 14. However,

defendant cites to the entirety of the 12/21/16 notes of testimony, which include the

prosecution's entire closing argument. Accordingly, this claim is waived, as the Court is left to

guess as to what statements or arguments defendant is basing his claims upon. See Cannon, 954

A.2d at 1228.

       Defendant also asserts that the Court erred by "permitting the prosecutor to commit

misconduct by consistently making impermissible appeals to emotion and racial bias throughout

the trial. See, inter alia, N.T. 12/21/2016, 33-34." Statement of Errors at ,r 14. This claim,

including citations to the record, is identical to the claim addressed in Section II.E.(2), above,

and therefore is not addressed further here. No relief is due for the reasons there stated.

       0. Motion for Mistrial

       Finally, defendant asserts that the Court "erred in denying the defense's motion for a

mistrial, as the prosecutor misrepresented the record and consistently made impermissible

inflammatory appeals to emotion and racial bias throughout the trial, including but not limited to

closing argument. See, inter alia, N.T. 12/21/2016, 64, 78." Statement of Errors at ,r 15.

       Defendant cites to two motions for mistrial that were made during the prosecutor's

closing argument. The first was made after the prosecutor argued that the defense failed to

present a Mr. Cooper as a witness, who ostensibly could have helped the defense by identifying

                                                 39
l.   11--j.   -

                  one of the robbers in a video as being a Mr. Tucker, and not one of the defendants. N.T.

                  12/21 /16 at 64. In the challenged sentence, the prosecutor said the following:

                          [Prosecutor]: Play the video that we've seen a thousand times, I feel. And Tucker would
                          say - I mean, Mr. Cooper would say, "Nope" --
                          [Defense counsel]: Objection.

                  N.T. 12/21/16 at 64. The defense argued that the prosecutor was stating that Cooper would not

                  have been able to identify Tucker in the video, which was not part of the evidence. However, the

                  prosecutor, who was interrupted mid-sentence in the text cited above, made it clear that he was

                  merely arguing that Cooper had not been called as a witness, and we therefore do not know what

                  he would have said:

                          So the best person who could identify Mr. Tucker would be his employer, Mr. Cooper.
                          Never shown the video. So either Cooper was going to say that's Tucker or it's not
                          Tucker. He wasn't called.

                  N.T. 12/21/16 at 65. Accordingly, the prosecutor's argument regarding the defense's failure to

                  call Cooper did not misstate the record and was not grounds for a mistrial.

                          Defendant's second cited motion for a mistrial occurred after the Commonwealth made

                  reference to the fact that defendant had identified co-defendant Scott as his coconspirator in his

                  statement to the police, leading the prosecutor to argue that the best witness against Scott was

                  defendant. N.T. 12/21/16 at 78. Because this mistrial motion was made only by co-defendant

                  Scott, it cannot be grounds for relief for defendant. N.T. 12/21116 at 78-79. Accordingly, no

                  relief is due.

                                                          III. CONCLUSION

                           For all of the foregoing reasons, the Court's judgment of sentence should be affirmed.

                                                                            �TkS�
                                                                               GLENN B. BRONSON, J.

                                                                  40
·f_   "J   ...

                 Commonwealth v. Ibrahim Muhammed                               CP-51-CR-0004101-2012
                 Type of Order: 1925(a) Opinion                                 CP-51-CR-0004103-2012
                                                                                CP-51-CR-0004105-2012

                                                    PROOF OF SERVICE

                 I hereby certify that I am this day serving the foregoing Court Order upon the person(s), and
                 in the manner indicated below, which service satisfies the requirements of Pa.R.Crim.P.114:

                 Defense Counsel/Party:
                                                Lawrence S. Krasner, Esq.
                                                239 S. Carnac St.
                                                Philadelphia, PA 19107

                 Type of Service:        () Personal (X) First Class Mail () Other, please specify:

                 District Attorney(s):
                                                Hugh J. Burns, Jr., Esquire
                                                Chief, Appeals Unit
                                                Philadelphia District Attorney's Office
                                                Three South Penn Square
                                                Philadelphia, PA 19107

                 Type of Service         () Personal (X) First Class Mail () Other, please specify:

                 Additional Counsel/Party:
                                                Joseph D. Seletyn, Esquire
                                                Prothonotary
                                                Office of the Prothonotary - Superior Court
                                                530 Walnut Street, Suite 315
                                                Philadelphia, PA 19106

                 Type of Service:        () Personal (X) First Class Mail () Other, please specify:

                 Dated: June 12, 2017

                 Grace Tirotti
                 Judicial Secretary to Hon. Glenn B. Bronson