Court Opinion

ID: 5123990
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-08 08:07:32.992757+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:02:15.464248
License: Public Domain

FIFTH DIVISION
                          RICKMAN, C. J.,
      MCFADDEN, P. J., and SENIOR APPELLATE JUDGE PHIPPS

                   NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                   physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                   days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                              https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                   DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS
                   COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN
                   THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.

                                                                  November 2, 2021

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A21A0837. SPILLERS v. BRINSON et al.

      MCFADDEN, Presiding Judge.

      This is an an equitable interpleader action filed by the insurance company

under OCGA §§ 9-11-22 and 23-3-90 to resolve competing claims for a death benefit.

After Bonnie Brinson’s death, the estate of Holley Herring (through its administrator,

Beverly Spillers) and the estate of Mary Brinson (through its executors, Robert Earl

Brinson and Edythe Gwen Murphy) made competing claims for that death benefit.

The trial court denied the Herring estate’s motion for summary judgment, finding that

genuine issues of material fact existed regarding whether Bonnie Brinson had

changed her insurance beneficiary from Mary Brinson to Holley Herring. In so ruling,

the trial court considered lay opinion testimony that Bonnie Brinson’s signature on

a change-of-beneficiary form was not genuine.
      On appeal, the Herring estate challenges both the trial court’s determination

that the lay opinion testimony regarding handwriting was admissible and the trial

court’s ultimate decision that the Herring estate was not entitled to summary

judgment. Finding no error on either point, we affirm.

      1. Facts and procedural history.

            Summary judgment is proper if the pleadings and evidence “show
      that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving
      party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law[.]” OCGA § 9-11-56 (c).
      Following a trial court’s grant or denial of summary judgment, we
      conduct a de novo review, construing all reasonable inferences in the
      light most favorable to the nonmoving party.

Edward N. Davis, P. C. v. Watson, 346 Ga. App. 729 (814 SE2d 826) (2018).

      So viewed, the record in this case shows that the insurance company issued a

life insurance policy to Bonnie Brinson in 1992. In 1993, Bonnie Brinson changed

the beneficiary of that policy to her mother, Mary Brinson.

      In September 2000, the insurance company received a form changing the

beneficiary of the policy from Mary Brinson to Bonnie Brinson’s friend, Holley

Herring. That form contained a signature purporting to be that of Bonnie Brinson. In

an affidavit, however, Bonnie Brinson’s sister, Edythe Gwen Murphy, testified that

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she was familiar with Bonnie Brinson’s handwriting and believed the signature on the

form was not genuine.

      On October 28, 2014, the insurance company received through its online portal

a request to change the beneficiary of the policy to Holley Herring. The person

making that request used Bonnie Brinson’s credentials. Earlier that day, someone had

reset Bonnie Brinson’s password after unsuccessfully attempting to log into the

portal. On that day, Bonnie Brinson was at her mother’s house; she did not have

access to her personal computer and did not access the insurance company’s website

from her mother’s computer.

      Bonnie Brinson died on July 24, 2017. At that time, the insurance company’s

records showed Holley Herring to be the beneficiary of the death benefit under the

policy. In the following months, both Holley Herring and Mary Brinson also died.

Their estates each made a claim to the insurance company for the death benefit under

Bonnie Brinson’s policy, leading the insurance company to file this action against

both estates as interpleader defendants.

      The Herring estate sought summary judgment, arguing that as a matter of law

it was entitled to the death benefit under the policy. The Brinson estate responded by,

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among other things, pointing to Murphy’s affidavit testimony challenging the

genuineness of Bonnie Brinson’s signature on the 2000 change-of-beneficiary form.

      The Herring estate argued that the trial court could not consider Murphy’s

affidavit because it lacked the foundation required for the admission of lay opinion

testimony regarding handwriting. The trial court disagreed, concluding that the

affidavit testimony was admissible and that the Brinson estate had pointed to genuine

issues of material fact as to whether Bonnie Brinson had, in fact, changed her

beneficiary to Holley Herring.

      We granted the Herring estate’s application for interlocutory review of the trial

court’s denial of its summary judgment motion.

      2. Admissibility of lay opinion testimony about the genuineness of the signature

on the change-of-beneficiary form.

      The Herring estate argues that the trial court, in ruling on the motion for

summary judgment, should not have considered Murphy’s lay opinion on the

genuineness of the signature on the change-of-beneficiary form. “Lay opinion lacking

a proper foundation cannot be considered [by a trial court] when ruling upon a

summary judgment motion.” Brown v. DeKalb County, 333 Ga. App. 441, 444 (777

SE2d 23) (2015).

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      Under Georgia’s Evidence Code, a lay witness may give “testimony in the form

of opinions or inferences . . . which are: (1) Rationally based on the perception of the

witness; (2) Helpful to a clear understanding of the witness’s testimony or the

determination of a fact issue; and (3) Not based on scientific, technical, or other

specialized knowledge within the scope of [OCGA §] 24-7-702.” OCGA § 24-7-701

(a). And in connection with the authentication of evidence, our Evidence Code

permits “[n]onexpert opinion as to the genuineness of handwriting, based upon

familiarity not acquired for purposes of the litigation[.]” OCGA § 24-9-901 (b) (2).

      These provisions are materially identical to provisions of the Federal Rules of

Evidence. See Fed. R. Evid. 701; Fed. R. Evid. 901. So, to the extent Georgia

appellate courts have not yet decided the issue in question under the current version

of our Evidence Code, we must look to federal appellate precedent, and particularly

Eleventh Circuit precedent, to construe the Georgia statutes. See State v. Almanza,

304 Ga. 553, 558 (2) & n. 4 (820 SE2d 1) (2018). But the Georgia appellate courts

have construed both provisions.

      “Whether to allow lay opinion testimony under [OCGA § 24-7-701 (a)] is a

matter for the trial court’s discretion[.]” Bullard v. State, 307 Ga. 482, 491 (4) (837

SE2d 348) (2019). Under this standard, which applies to lay opinion testimony on

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handwriting, we “will not interfere with [the trial court’s] ruling absent an abuse of

discretion.” Carr v. State, 350 Ga. App. 461, 470 (3) (829 SE2d 641) (2019) (citation

and punctuation omitted). In cases involving lay opinion testimony that did not

involving handwriting, our Supreme Court has found the testimony admissible under

OCGA § 24-7-701 (a) where the opinion was rationally based on inferences formed

by the witness from matters about which the witness had first-hand knowledge. See

Thornton v. State, 307 Ga. 121, 128 (3) (c) (834 SE2d 814) (2019); Fleming v. State,

306 Ga. 240, 251 (5) (d) (830 SE2d 129) (2019). We have applied a similar analysis

to affirm the admission under OCGA § 24-7-701 (a) of nonexpert opinion testimony

on handwriting, holding that the record reflected a witness (who was an expert in

areas other than handwriting) “had the opportunity to form a reasoned opinion as to

the discrepancies in the signatures she saw on various checks while reviewing the

financial records in [the] case[.]” Carr, 350 Ga. App. at 471 (3).

      Rulings concerning the use of lay opinion testimony to authenticate

handwriting under OCGA § 24-9-901 (b) (2) are also a matter for the trial court’s

discretion. See Jones v. State, 311 Ga. 455, 462 (2) (a) n. 5 (858 SE2d 462) (2021).

In a case involving the application of OCGA § 24-9-901 (b) (2), our Supreme Court

held that diary entries had been properly authenticated where a witness “testified that

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she was very familiar with her sister[‘s] handwriting and identified [the sister’s]

handwriting in the pertinent diary entries.” Jones, 311 Ga. at 461 (2) (a) n. 5. See also

Ammons v. Clouds, 295 Ga. 225, 227 (1) (758 SE2d 282) (2014) (to be admissible,

lay opinion testimony regarding the authenticity of handwriting must establish that

the “witness was familiar with [the other person’s] signature so as to be able to testify

that the signature on the will was hers”).

      Of course, the lay opinion testimony in this case is not being offered to

authenticate a piece of evidence. It is being offered to challenge the authenticity of

a document relied upon by the Herring estate — the change-of-beneficiary form. But

it is not apparent from the plain language of OCGA § 24-9-901 that that Code Section

governs the admissibility of evidence offered to challenge a document’s authenticity.

By its terms, the Code section concerns the use of evidence to show “that the matter

in question is what its proponent claims,” not the use of evidence to show the matter

in question is not what another party claims. OCGA § 24-9-901 (a). Once a party

seeking to admit evidence “make[s] out a prima facie case [under OCGA § 24-9-901]

that the proffered evidence is what it purports to be[, then] the evidence is admitted

and the ultimate question of authenticity is decided by the jury.” Irving v. State, 351

Ga. App. 779, 783 (2) (c) (833 SE2d 162) (2019) (citation and punctuation omitted).

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      Nevertheless, the Herring estate points to an Eleventh Circuit decision, Hall v.

United Ins. Co. of America, 367 F3d 1255 (11th Cir. 2004), that applied the federal

version of OCGA § 24-9-901 to evidence offered not to establish a prima facie case

for the authenticity of handwriting, but to challenge that authenticity. The court in

Hall held that Fed. R. Evid. 901 (b) (2) established more specific requirements for the

admission of testimony relating to the identification of handwriting, in addition to

those requirements for lay opinion testimony set forth Fed. R. Evid. 701. Hall, 367

F3d at 1259 (II) (A) (1) (a). Construing the two statutory provisions together, the Hall

court held that all lay opinion testimony regarding the genuineness of handwriting

must be supported by a foundation that (1) “identifi[es] with particularity” the

instruments from which the witness obtained familiarity with the signatory’s

handwriting, and (2) “provide[s] detailed information regarding his or her relationship

with the signatory — whether it be familial, professional, or otherwise personal.”

Hall, 367 F3d at 1261 (II) (A) (1) (b). Finding that the lay opinion in question, which

challenged the authenticity of a signature, did not meet those foundational

requirements, the Hall court held that the lower court did not abuse its discretion in

excluding the testimony. Id. at 1260-1261 (II) (A) (1) (b).

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      We are not convinced that the specific requirements announced in Hall are

consistent with existing Georgia law, discussed above, interpreting OCGA § 24-7-

701 and OCGA § 24-9-901. None of those Georgia decisions acknowledge more

specific requirements (such as the requirement that documents be identified with

particularity) than the requirements set forth in the plain language of the two Code

sections. And, as stated above, the application of OCGA § 24-9-901 to exclude

evidence offered to challenge, rather than establish, the authenticity of evidence is

inconsistent with the plain language of OCGA § 24-9-901 (a). Indeed our Supreme

Court has expressed doubt about whether the appellate courts have “the authority to

promulgate [extra-statutory] exclusionary evidence rules at all” in light of Ga. Const.

of 1983, Art. VI, Sec. I, Par. IX’s provision that “[a]ll rules of evidence shall be as

prescribed by law”. State v. Orr, 305 Ga. 729, 736 (2) (827 SE2d 892) (2019)

(expressing

      But we need not decide whether Hall governs the admission of the evidence

in this case, because even if it does, the trial court was authorized to find that the

Murphy affidavit met the requirements set forth in Hall. Murphy pertinently stated

in her affidavit:

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             [W]hile my sister Bonnie Brinson was alive, we were very close
      our entire lives. Bonnie and I were approximately one and [a] half years
      apart in age. We grew up in the same household and attended lower,
      middle, and high school together. We also lived together for two years
      in Macon, Georgia. We took care of our aging mother together. Bonnie
      was also my doctor.

             Over the course of Bonnie’s life, I would see Bonnie’s signature
      regularly on prescriptions she wrote for me, letters and cards she sent
      me, letters and cards she sent our mother, and bills that were paid while
      we lived together.

             . . . [F]rom our contact as close siblings and seeing her signature
      on a regular basis, I was familiar with her signature.

             Based on my familiarity with her signature, I do not believe that
      the signature on the Change of Beneficiary form dated September 23,
      2000 . . . is Bonnie Brinson’s signature.

The contents of this affidavit were significantly more particular and detailed than the

contents of the affidavit in Hall. See Hall, 367 F3d at 1258 (I), 1260-1261 (II) (A) (1)

(b). The trial court did not abuse his discretion in finding that Murphy, in her

affidavit, sufficiently identified and described her relationship with Bonnie Brinson

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and the documents upon which she relied to provide the necessary familiarity to give

a lay opinion about Bonnie Brinson’s signature.

      3. Summary judgment.

      The Herring estate’s summary judgment argument is premised on its

evidentiary argument. Murphy’s affidavit, which the trial court was permitted to

consider (as discussed above), creates a genuine issue of material fact about whether

Bonnie Brinson actually signed the September 2000 change-of-beneficiary form. And

the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the Brinson estate as the

nonmovant, creates a genuine issue of material fact about whether Bonnie Brinson

was the person who requested a change of beneficiary through the insurance

company’s online portal in October 2014. Consequently, the trial court did not err in

denying the Herring estate’s motion for summary judgment.

      Judgment affirmed. Rickman, C. J., and Senior Appellate Judge Herbert E.

Phipps concur.

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