Court Opinion

ID: 6332151
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-15 15:00:35.632448+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:17.163179
License: Public Domain

Appellate Case: 21-2019         Document: 010110671606    Date Filed: 04/15/2022    Page: 1
                                                                                    FILED
                                                                        United States Court of Appeals
                                                PUBLISH                         Tenth Circuit

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      April 15, 2022

                                                                           Christopher M. Wolpert
                                 FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                         Clerk of Court
                             _________________________________

  NORTHERN NEW MEXICO
  STOCKMAN’S ASSOCIATION; OTERO
  COUNTY CATTLEMAN’S
  ASSOCIATION,

         Plaintiffs - Appellants,

  v.                                                           No. 21-2019

  UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE
  SERVICE; GREG SHEEHAN, Principal
  Deputy Director & Acting Director of the
  United States Fish & Wildlife Service, in
  his official capacity,

         Defendants - Appellees.

  ----------------------------------------------------

  CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL
  DIVERSITY; WILDEARTH
  GUARDIANS,

         Intervenors - Appellees.
                         _________________________________

                         Appeal from the United States District Court
                               for the District of New Mexico
                             (D.C. No. 1:18-CV-01138-JB-JFR)
                           _________________________________

 Jeffrey W. McCoy, Pacific Legal Foundation, Sacramento, California (Damien M. Schiff
 and Anthony L. Francois, Pacific Legal Foundation, Sacramento, California; A. Blair
 Dunn, Western Agriculture, Resource and Business Advocates, LLP, Albuquerque, New
 Mexico, with him on the briefs), for Plaintiffs-Appellants.
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 Ryan Adair Shannon, Center for Biological Diversity, Portland, Oregon (Samantha
 Ruscavage-Barz, WildEarth Guardians, Santa Fe, New Mexico, with him on the brief),
 for Intervenors-Appellees.

 Rachel Heron, Attorney, U.S. Department of Justice, Environment and Natural Resources
 Division, Washington, D.C. (Todd Kim, Assistant Attorney General, Andrew C. Mergen,
 Kevin McArdle, and Devon Lea Flanagan, Attorneys, United States Department of
 Justice, Environment and Natural Resources Division, Washington, D.C.; Justin Tade, Of
 Counsel, Senior Attorney, Office of the Solicitor, United States Department of the
 Interior, Washington, D.C., with her on the brief), for Defendants-Appellees.
                         _________________________________

 Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, PHILLIPS, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

 TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge.
                   _________________________________

       This appeal arises from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s designation of

 critical habitat for the endangered New Mexico Meadow Jumping Mouse. In

 2016, the Service exercised its authority under the Endangered Species Act (ESA)

 to designate nearly 14,000 acres of riparian land in New Mexico, Colorado, and

 Arizona as critical habitat for the Jumping Mouse.

       Two New Mexico ranching associations whose members graze cattle on the

 designated land challenged the Service’s critical habitat determination. The

 associations contend (1) the Service’s methodology for analyzing economic

 impacts of critical habitat designation violated the ESA and Tenth Circuit

 precedent; (2) the Service failed to consider the impact of designation on

 ranchers’ water rights on federal lands; and (3) the Service provided inadequate

 reasoning for its decision to not exclude certain areas from the habitat

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 designation. The district court rejected each argument and upheld the Service’s

 critical habitat designation.

       Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm. We conclude

 (1) the Service’s method for assessing the economic impacts of critical habitat

 designation complied with the ESA; (2) the Service adequately considered the

 effects of designation on the ranching association members’ water rights; and

 (3) the Service reasonably supported its decision not to exclude certain areas

 from the critical habitat designation.

                                  I. Background

       The purpose of the ESA is to conserve threatened and endangered species

 and their ecosystems. 16 U.S.C. § 1531(b). To accomplish that goal, the ESA

 “directs the Secretaries of Commerce and the Interior to list threatened and

 endangered species and to designate their critical habitats.” 1 Nat’l Ass’n of Home

 Builders v. Defs. of Wildlife, 551 U.S. 644, 651 (2007); 16 U.S.C. § 1533.

       A. The Jumping Mouse

       The New Mexico Meadow Jumping Mouse is a tiny brown mammal with a

 long tail that accounts for over half its length. As its name suggests, the mouse is

 a highly skilled jumper—wildlife biologists have observed adult mice jumping as

 1
   The Secretary of the Interior has jurisdiction over most land species, including
 the Jumping Mouse, while the Secretary of Commerce generally has jurisdiction
 over marine species. See 51 Fed. Reg. 19926, 19926 (1986). The Secretary of
 the Interior has delegated authority to administer the ESA to the U.S. Fish and
 Wildlife Service. Id.; Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders, 551 U.S. at 651.
                                          3
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 high as three feet, which is over ten times the length of the Jumping Mouse’s

 body. The majority of New Mexico Meadow Jumping Mice can be found in New

 Mexico, but nearby Arizona and Colorado also contain several populations.

                                New Mexico Meadow Jumping Mouse

       The Jumping Mouse’s struggle to persist can be traced to its unique

 hibernation cycle and “exceptionally specialized habitat requirements.”

 Intervenors’ Supp. App. (Int.-App.) at 110. Unlike most other mammals, the

 Jumping Mouse is only active in the summer months—it spends the rest of the

 year in hibernation. Because of this atypical hibernation cycle, the Jumping

 Mouse’s survival hinges on its ability to quickly gather enough nutrients and nest

 materials from its surrounding habitat, which is generally comprised of dense

 vegetation alongside perennial flowing water. Jumping Mouse populations are

 highly vulnerable in part due to habitat loss and degradation, which can be caused

 by a variety of factors, including drought, wildfires, flooding, and animals such

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 as cattle and beavers that modify the surrounding habitat. The Jumping Mouse’s

 relatively short lifespan and low fecundity also affect its ability to thrive. The

 mice typically live up to three years and give birth to one small litter of young

 each year.

       In 2013, the Service proposed listing the Jumping Mouse as an endangered

 species. 78 Fed. Reg. 37363 (2013). In its proposed rule, the Service noted that

 since 2005, researchers have only documented 29 geographically distinct

 populations of the Jumping Mouse, though the Service suspected that 11 of those

 populations may already have been extirpated. Id. at 37365. The Service also

 expressed concern that seven populations in Arizona may have been compromised

 due to flooding after several recent wildfires. Id. Based on these precarious

 circumstances, the Service surmised that the Jumping Mouse faced an immediate

 and substantial risk of extinction. Id. at 37367.

       On the same day it published its proposed rule for listing the Jumping

 Mouse as endangered, the Service issued a proposed rule designating the Jumping

 Mouse’s critical habitat. 78 Fed. Reg. 37328 (2013). Because the Service must

 consider economic impacts when designating critical habitat, the Service solicited

 comments concerning “[a]ny foreseeable economic . . . impacts that may result

 from designating any area.” Id. at 37329. The Service later provided a draft

 economic analysis to the public and requested additional comments on the

 analysis. In total, the Service received 63 comment letters addressing the

 proposed critical habitat designation during the public comment period.

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       In March 2016, the Service published a final rule designating about 14,000

 acres in New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado as critical habitat for the Jumping

 Mouse. 2 81 Fed. Reg. 14264 (2016). The designated habitat consists of riparian

 areas with thick vegetation and flowing water that are either currently occupied

 by the Jumping Mouse or unoccupied but essential to the conservation of the

 species. 3 The Service divided the critical habitat into eight units, three of which

 include subunits. Many of the units contain a mix of land owned by the federal

 government, state government, or private citizens.

 2
   The Service issued a final rule listing the Jumping Mouse as endangered in
 2014. 79 Fed. Reg. 33119 (2014).
 3
   The Service determined that it was necessary to designate partially occupied
 and unoccupied areas as critical habitat because the “areas occupied by the mouse
 since 2005 do not contain enough suitable, connected habitat to support resilient
 populations of jumping mouse.” 81 Fed. Reg. at 14300.
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       In its final rule, the Service responded to each public comment. Many of

 the comments encouraged the Service to designate more land as critical habitat,

 while other comments raised doubts about whether the proposed areas satisfied

 the definition of critical habitat and questioned why the Service did not account

 for certain costs of designation.

       Along with the final rule designating critical habitat, the Service published

 its final analysis of the economic impacts of the habitat designation. The

 analysis, which was performed by a private contractor, Industrial Economics, Inc.

 (IEc), included an assessment of the costs and benefits of designating critical

 habitat for the Jumping Mouse. Based on guidance from the U.S. Office of

 Management and Budget (OMB), IEc utilized a methodology known as the

 “baseline approach” to determine which costs must be included in the economic

 analysis. Under the baseline approach, the Service only considers costs that are

 “solely attributable to the designation of critical habitat” and ignores costs that

 would exist regardless of the habitat designation. App., Vol. 1 at 127. Thus, for

 example, if a cost is attributable to both the listing of a species as endangered and

 the designation of its critical habitat, then the Service would not consider the cost

 in its economic impact analysis. In accordance with this approach, IEc did not

 consider “any existing regulatory and socio-economic burden imposed on

 landowners, managers, or other resource users absent the designation of critical

 habitat” for the Jumping Mouse. Id.

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       The Service estimated the costs associated with critical habitat designation

 at $23 million. The Service attributed a minor portion of those costs to future

 federal agency consultations, which the ESA requires for any federal action likely

 to destroy or adversely modify the critical habitat of an endangered or threatened

 species. 16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(2). The Service determined that most costs would

 arise from efforts to reduce the impact of livestock grazing on the Jumping

 Mouse’s habitat. During the rulemaking process, the Service recognized that

 livestock grazing presents a unique threat to the Jumping Mouse and its habitat

 because “cattle tend to concentrate their activity in riparian habitat.” Int.-App. at

 195. According to the Service, poorly managed grazing harms the Jumping

 Mouse by causing “trampling of streambanks, burrow collapse, loss of riparian

 cover, soil compaction, modification of riparian plant communities, lower[] water

 tables . . . a decline in herbaceous plant diversity, and a loss of riparian shrubs.”

 Id. To combat these harms, the Service anticipated costs for constructing cattle

 fences to steer livestock away from the Jumping Mouse’s habitat, as well as the

 potential costs of reducing animal unit months 4 on U.S. Forest Service grazing

 allotments. IEc also contemplated that ranchers who graze livestock in the

 critical habitat areas may need to shift their cattle rotation patterns or develop

 alternative water sources to minimize the degradation of the Jumping Mouse’s

 riparian habitat.

 4
   An animal unit month is “the amount of forage necessary for the sustenance of
 one cow or its equivalent for a period of 1 month.” 43 C.F.R. § 4100.0–5.
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         The Service has discretion under the ESA to exclude areas from the critical

 habitat designation if it determines that the benefits of exclusion outweigh the

 benefits of designation. In its final rule designating critical habitat for the

 Jumping Mouse, the Service explained that due to ongoing conservation

 partnerships, it would exclude 230 acres of tribal lands belonging to the federally

 recognized Isleta Pueblo and Ohkay Owingeh tribes. The Service did not exclude

 any areas from designation based on economic impact or other factors.

         B. The Ranchers

         The Northern New Mexico Stockman’s Association and Otero County

 Cattleman’s Association advocate on behalf of the livestock industry in New

 Mexico. Many of the associations’ members (the Ranchers) have grazed cattle in

 New Mexico for generations. Some members can trace their ranching roots as far

 back as Spanish conquistador Don Juan de Oñate’s colonization of the area in

 1598.

         The Ranchers graze cattle on federal land in New Mexico pursuant to

 renewable federal permits issued by the U.S. Forest Service. Several areas

 designated as critical habitat for the Jumping Mouse overlap with the Ranchers’

 grazing allotments. Stockman’s Association members graze cattle in the Santa Fe

 National Forest, which is where Unit 3 of the critical habitat is located. Members

 of the Cattleman’s Association graze their livestock in the Lincoln National

 Forest, which contains Unit 4 of the Jumping Mouse’s critical habitat. Although

 the Ranchers do not own any private land in the designated habitat areas, their

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  federal ranching permits are tied to their private land or livestock, such that a sale

  of land or livestock may include the transfer of the associated grazing permit.

  See 36 C.F.R. § 222.3(c)(1).

        The Ranchers fear that the designation of critical habitat for the Jumping

  Mouse will threaten their livelihoods through increased costs, changes that affect

  the health of their cattle, and lower property values. The Ranchers raised these

  concerns during the Service’s public comment periods and questioned the

  Service’s analysis of the potential economic impacts on ranching activities. The

  Service addressed ranching impacts in the final rule but decided not to exclude

  any of the Ranchers’ allotments from the critical habitat designation.

        In December 2018, the Ranchers filed a petition for review and complaint

  for declaratory and injunctive relief against the Service. 5 The Ranchers argued

  5
    WildEarth Guardians and the Center for Biological Diversity later intervened in
  the case.
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  that the district court should vacate the critical habitat designation because the

  Service’s economic analysis failed to comply with the ESA, the Service did not

  consider the impact of designation on the Ranchers’ water rights, and the Service

  abused its discretion by not excluding Units 3 or 4 from the Jumping Mouse’s

  critical habitat designation. The district court rejected the Ranchers’ claims and

  denied their petition for review.

                                      II. Analysis

        We affirm the denial of the Ranchers’ claims. We conclude (1) the

  Service’s economic impact methodology satisfies the ESA and does not violate

  our precedent; (2) the Service adequately assessed the impact of critical habitat

  designation on the Ranchers’ water rights; and (3) the Service did not abuse its

  discretion when it declined to exclude Units 3 and 4 from the final critical

  habitat.

        A. Standing

        Before proceeding to the merits of the Ranchers’ arguments, we first

  address whether the Ranchers have standing to bring their claims. The

  Stockman’s Association and Cattleman’s Association claim they have standing to

  challenge the Service’s designation of critical habitat because their members

  graze livestock on allotments that overlap with Units 3 and 4 of the Jumping

  Mouse’s critical habitat. The Service admits the Cattleman’s Association has

  standing but claims the Stockman’s Association lacks standing because it did not

  show any injury from the designation of Unit 3 as critical habitat. The district
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  court concluded that both associations have standing to sue on behalf of their

  members.

        We review the issue of standing de novo. S. Utah Wilderness All. v.

  Palma, 707 F.3d 1143, 1152 (10th Cir. 2013). To establish standing under

  Article III of the Constitution, a plaintiff must show that “(1) it has suffered an

  ‘injury in fact’ that is (a) concrete and particularized and (b) actual or imminent,

  not conjectural or hypothetical; (2) the injury is fairly traceable to the challenged

  action of the defendant; and (3) it is likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that

  the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision.” Utah Physicians for a

  Healthy Env’t v. Diesel Power Gear, LLC, 21 F.4th 1229, 1241 (10th Cir. 2021)

  (quoting Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Env’t Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S.

  167, 180–81 (2000)). An association may bring claims on behalf of its members

  so long as “(a) its members would otherwise have standing to sue in their own

  right; (b) the interests it seeks to protect are germane to the organization’s

  purpose; and (c) neither the claim asserted nor the relief requested requires the

  participation of individual members in the lawsuit.” Chamber of Commerce of

  U.S. v. Edmondson, 594 F.3d 742, 756 (10th Cir. 2010) (quoting Hunt v. Wash.

  State Apple Advert. Comm’n, 432 U.S. 333, 342 (1977)).

        We confine our analysis to the first prong of associational standing and

  whether the Ranchers have shown a cognizable injury. The Service does not

  dispute that the other elements of individual standing or associational standing

  have been met, and we agree those other elements are satisfied here.

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        The Stockman’s Association contends the designation of Unit 3 as critical

  habitat decreases the value of its members’ private property tied to the grazing

  allotments and imposes additional costs designed to prevent habitat degradation

  caused by cattle grazing. The Association claims that its members’ declarations

  and the Service’s own economic analysis sufficiently show that its members will

  suffer injury from the designation.

        These allegations of injury are supported by the record and sufficient to

  confer standing. The Ranchers submitted declarations supporting their claims

  that members who graze cattle in allotments overlapping with Unit 3 have

  suffered and will continue suffering economic loss because of the critical habitat

  designation. Several members stated in their declarations that the designation of

  Unit 3 as critical habitat lowers members’ property values due to the “negative

  perception” of land connected to allotments designated as critical habitat. App.,

  Vol. 2 at 448, 458, 462, 467. The Supreme Court has recognized that a “decrease

  in the market value” of private land as a result of critical habitat designation is “a

  sufficiently concrete injury for Article III purposes.” Weyerhaeuser Co. v. U.S.

  Fish & Wildlife Serv., 139 S. Ct. 361, 368 n.1 (2018).

        The Service concedes that the Cattleman’s Association has standing

  because the association submitted a detailed appraisal calculating the projected

  loss in property value for several of its members due to the critical habitat

  designation. Because the Stockman’s Association did not file a similar appraisal,

  the Service contends the association lacks standing. But such evidence—while

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  helpful in determining the extent of an alleged injury—is not required to show

  that a plaintiff has suffered an injury for standing purposes. See Lujan v. Defs. of

  Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 564 n.2 (1992) (“Our insistence upon these established

  requirements of standing does not mean that we would, as the dissent contends,

  ‘demand . . . detailed descriptions’ of damages.”).

        The Service’s own economic analysis indicated that the designation of

  critical habitat could impact the value of private property attached to grazing

  allotments. The analysis concluded that “[p]ublic attitudes about the limits and

  costs that the [ESA] may impose can cause real economic effects to the owners of

  property, regardless of whether such limits are actually imposed.” App., Vol. 1 at

  114. Though the analysis did not examine the impact of habitat designation on

  the value of the Ranchers’ privately owned property—which is outside the

  boundaries of Units 3 and 4—it included a description of three previous

  designations of critical habitat for other species that imposed costs on or

  decreased the value of neighboring private property. See id. at 114–15. The

  Service’s recognition of the potential economic impact on the Ranchers’ property

  supports our conclusion that the Ranchers’ alleged injury is concrete and not “too

  speculative for Article III purposes.” See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 564 n.2.

        In addition to the imminent diminution in their property values, members

  of the Stockman’s Association also described other injuries in their declarations.

  Many members commented that the designation of critical habitat makes the

  grazing permit process more costly and time-consuming and that fencing

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  constructed on their allotments to protect the Jumping Mouse’s habitat impedes

  their cattle’s ability to access water. 6 Like the reduction in property values, these

  other injuries are “actual or imminent” and not “conjectural or hypothetical.” Id.

  at 560 (internal quotation marks omitted).

        In sum, we conclude both ranching organizations have associational

  standing to challenge the critical habitat designation.

        B. Economic Analysis

        The Ranchers ask us to set aside the Service’s designation of critical

  habitat for the Jumping Mouse because the Service used an improper

  methodology to calculate the economic impacts of designation. The Ranchers

  contend Section 4(b)(2) of the ESA requires the Service to analyze all the costs

  associated with designation, even costs that can be attributed to other causes,

  6
    The Service dismisses the Stockman’s Association’s concerns about water
  access and animal unit month reductions in Unit 3 because “no allotment in Unit
  3 will contain five percent or more critical habitat.” Serv. Aple. Br. at 42
  (emphasis omitted). In its economic analysis, IEc anticipated that ranchers who
  graze cattle in Unit 3 “will be able to shift grazing activities away from critical
  habitat areas at minimal cost without affecting the overall level of grazing within
  the allotment.” App., Vol. 1 at 130. In response, the associations argue that the
  Service’s proposed alternative methods of protecting critical habitat, such as
  shifting cattle rotation patterns and developing alternative water sources, will still
  injure their members by negatively impacting the health of their cattle. They
  point out that grazing system changes and overhandling of cattle increases stress
  in the animals and leads to “lower weaning weights, increased calf losses and
  lower reproductive rates.” Id. at 65. Testimony at the district court hearing
  revealed that these harms are not merely hypothetical—cattle lanes that had
  already been installed were reportedly “inadequate” and “create[d] congestion
  with the cattle,” which causes stress and reduces the value of the livestock. App.,
  Vol. 5 at 981–82.
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  such as the listing of a species as endangered. Because the Service only

  considered costs exclusively caused by the designation of critical habitat, the

  Ranchers claim the designation fails to comply with the ESA and Tenth Circuit

  precedent set out in New Mexico Cattle Growers Ass’n v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife

  Service, 248 F.3d 1277 (10th Cir. 2001).

        The root of the Ranchers’ argument lies in the different costs associated

  with the listing of a species versus the costs of designating critical habitat for the

  species. Although the Secretary’s listing and designation decisions are typically

  made in tandem, the Secretary must consider different factors for each

  determination under the ESA.

        A brief review of the ESA explains the differences. As an initial matter,

  the Service cannot consider economic factors when deciding whether to list a

  species. Under 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(1)(A), the Secretary—who has delegated

  authority to the Service—must list a species as endangered or threatened “solely

  on the basis of the best scientific and commercial data available.” Id. (emphasis

  added); N.M. Cattle Growers, 248 F.3d at 1282. 7 Once a species is listed, the

  7
    In full: “The Secretary shall make determinations required by subsection (a)(1)
  solely on the basis of the best scientific and commercial data available to him
  after conducting a review of the status of the species and after taking into account
  those efforts, if any, being made by any State or foreign nation, or any political
  subdivision of a State or foreign nation, to protect such species, whether by
  predator control, protection of habitat and food supply, or other conservation
  practices, within any area under its jurisdiction, or on the high seas.” 16 U.S.C.
  § 1533(b)(1)(A) (emphasis added).
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  ESA makes it unlawful to harm or otherwise “take” the species. 8 Id.

  § 1538(a)(1)(B). Listing also triggers a consultation requirement for all federal

  actions that may threaten a listed species. Under Section 7 of the ESA, federal

  agencies must consult with the Service to “insure that any action authorized,

  funded, or carried out by such agency . . . is not likely to jeopardize the continued

  existence of any endangered species or threatened species.” Id. § 1536(a)(2).

        After the Service lists a species, it must also designate the species’ critical

  habitat necessary for conservation. Id. § 1533(a)(3)(A)(i). Critical habitat may

  consist of areas occupied or unoccupied by the species, so long as the areas are

  “essential to the conservation of the species.” Id. § 1532(5)(A). Like listing, the

  Service’s designation of critical habitat must be based on the “best scientific data

  available.” Id. § 1533(b)(2). But unlike listing, the Service must consider the

  impacts of designation. Id.; Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 172 (1997) (ESA

  imposes a “categorical requirement” that the Secretary consider the impacts of

  critical habitat designation). Section 4(b)(2) of the ESA requires that the Service

               tak[e] into consideration the economic impact, the impact
               on national security, and any other relevant impact, of
               specifying any particular area as critical habitat.

  16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(2).

  8
    The ESA broadly defines “take” as “harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound,
  kill, trap, capture, or collect, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct.” 16
  U.S.C. § 1532(19).
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        The economic costs associated with critical habitat designation typically

  include, among other things, administrative costs for Section 7 consultations. As

  with federal actions that may jeopardize a species, Section 7 of the ESA mandates

  consultation when a federal action may “result in the destruction or adverse

  modification” of a listed species’ habitat. Id. § 1536(a)(2). Other common

  economic impacts of designation, at play here, include the costs of implementing

  protective measures to avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical

  habitat, which may be borne by federal agencies or private parties operating

  pursuant to a federal action. 9

        The Ranchers argue that under Section 4(b)(2) of the ESA, the Service

  must analyze all the costs of designation regardless of whether habitat

  designation is the but-for cause of those costs. Their argument arises out of our

  2001 case, where we required an analysis of impacts “caused co-extensively by

  . . . other agency action (such as listing).” N.M. Cattle Growers, 248 F.3d at

  1283. The Service disagrees with this reading of the ESA, arguing that the

  statute permits the Service to ignore all costs that would exist without the critical

  habitat designation and examine only those incremental costs that will be

  incurred because of the designation. In other words, the baseline is listing and

  9
     While listing regulates certain private actions, such as activities that harm a
  listed species, “critical-habitat designation does not directly limit the rights of
  private [individuals].” Weyerhaeuser, 139 S. Ct. at 365–66. Instead, designation
  “places conditions on the Federal Government’s authority to effect any physical
  changes to the designated area.” Id. (emphasis added). Designation therefore
  does not impact private individuals or landowners unless a federal nexus exists.
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  only incremental costs above the baseline are considered when measuring the

  economic impact of habitat designation.

        1. New Mexico Cattle Growers

        The Ranchers’ position is not without support. In 2001, we rejected the

  Service’s use of the baseline approach to measure the economic impact of

  designating critical habitat for the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher.

  Id. at 1285–86. As the Ranchers point out, we specifically concluded “the

  baseline approach to economic analysis is not in accord with the language or

  intent of the ESA.” Id. at 1285. Standing on its own, this language might

  foreclose the Service’s argument here that the baseline approach is an acceptable

  application of Section 4(b)(2) of the ESA. But a careful review of N.M. Cattle

  Growers shows that we arrived at this conclusion only because of an

  implementing regulation in effect at the time—but since replaced—that resulted

  in the baseline approach rendering Section 4(b)(2) “virtually meaningless.” Id.

        When we decided N.M. Cattle Growers, the Service took the position that

  critical habitat designations were “unhelpful, duplicative, and unnecessary.” Id.

  at 1283. This position can be traced to a regulation that gave actions likely to

  jeopardize a listed species the same meaning as actions likely to result in the

  adverse modification of an area designated as critical habitat. The similarities in

  definitions had a determinative effect on the Service’s economic analysis of

  critical habitat designation. Using the baseline approach, the Service would

  commonly conclude that critical habitat designation had no economic impact.

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  This was so because any costs associated with protecting critical habitat from

  destruction or adverse modification (i.e., Section 7 consultations, preventative

  measures) were the same as the costs incurred for protecting the listed species

  from jeopardy. For instance, in its economic analysis of the willow flycatcher’s

  critical habitat designation, the Service concluded that because all actions “that

  result in adverse modification of critical habitat will also result in a jeopardy

  decision, designation of critical habitat for the flycatcher is not expected to result

  in any incremental restrictions on agency activities.” Id. at 1283–84 (quoting

  Division of Economics, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Economic Analysis of

  Critical Habitat Designation for the Southwestern Flycatcher, S3 (1997)). We

  found this approach untenable in N.M. Cattle Growers because Section 4(b)(2)

  requires “some kind of consideration of economic impact in the [critical habitat

  designation] phase” and the identical standards for jeopardy and adverse habitat

  modification rendered “any purported economic analysis done utilizing the

  baseline approach virtually meaningless.” Id. at 1285.

        Because the Service did not consider the co-extensive costs of designating

  the Jumping Mouse’s critical habitat, the Ranchers contend the designation

  directly conflicts with N.M. Cattle Growers. But the Ranchers fail to take into

  account that the problem we identified in N.M. Cattle Growers has since been

  remedied. Shortly after we decided the case, the Fifth and Ninth Circuits

  nullified the regulatory definition of “destruction or adverse modification” of

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  habitat. 10 See Sierra Club v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., 245 F.3d 434, 443 (5th

  Cir. 2001); Gifford Pinchot Task Force v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., 378 F.3d

  1059, 1070 (9th Cir. 2004), amended, 387 F.3d 968 (9th Cir. 2004). Following

  the nullification, the Service promulgated a new regulation that modified the

  regulatory meaning of “destruction or adverse modification” of habitat. 50

  C.F.R. § 402.02 (2016). Rather than encompassing only actions that affect the

  survival and recovery of a species, as the jeopardy standard already does, the

  amended definition of habitat modification covers actions that affect the

  conservation of a species, which makes the definition broader in scope and

  effectively addresses our criticism in N.M. Cattle Growers. Compare 50 C.F.R.

  § 402.02 (“Destruction or adverse modification means a direct or indirect

  alteration that appreciably diminishes the value of critical habitat as a whole for

  the conservation of a listed species.”), with id. (“Jeopardize the continued

  existence of means to engage in an action that reasonably would be expected,

  directly or indirectly, to reduce appreciably the likelihood of both the survival

  and recovery of a listed species in the wild by reducing the reproduction,

  numbers, or distribution of that species.”).

        Our conclusion in N.M. Cattle Growers that the baseline approach did not

  comply with the ESA was based solely on the regulatory definitions in effect at

  10
     Although we acknowledged in N.M. Cattle Growers that the regulatory
  definitions of “destruction or adverse modification” and “jeopardy” had “been the
  cause of much confusion,” we did not resolve the conflict because the issue was
  not before us. 248 F.3d at 1283.
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  the time: “Because economic analysis done using the [Service]’s baseline model

  is rendered essentially without meaning by 50 C.F.R. § 402.02, we conclude

  Congress intended that the [Service] conduct a full analysis of all of the economic

  impacts of a critical habitat designation.” 248 F.3d at 1285 (emphasis added).

  The Service’s amended definition of “destruction or adverse modification”

  corrects this problem. Under the new definition, costs associated with adverse

  modification are not equivalent to jeopardy costs. An action that jeopardizes a

  species is one that affects the “survival and recovery” of a listed species “by

  reducing the reproduction, numbers, or distribution of that species,” while an

  action that adversely modifies habitat is one that “diminishes the value of critical

  habitat for the conservation of a listed species.” 50 C.F.R. § 402.02. In short, a

  plain reading of these definitions shows that adverse modification of habitat is no

  longer “subsumed” within the jeopardy definition. See N.M. Cattle Growers, 248

  F.3d at 1283.

        The Service’s designation of critical habitat for the Jumping Mouse shows

  how the agency’s cost analysis has changed and how the baseline approach does

  not render the ESA’s economic impact requirement “meaningless” anymore. Id.

  at 1285. Although the Service used the baseline approach, it determined there

  were measurable economic costs attributable solely to the designation of critical

  habitat. Unlike the Service’s economic analysis for the southwestern willow

  flycatcher in N.M. Cattle Growers, which found there were no incremental costs

  resulting from designation, the Service’s economic assessment here determined

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  there were $23 million in economic costs associated with the designation of the

  Jumping Mouse’s critical habitat. Thus, the Service’s revised definition of

  “destruction or adverse modification” remedies the problem we identified in N.M.

  Cattle Growers and the decision does not apply here.

        According to the Ranchers, the baseline approach still renders Section

  4(b)(2) meaningless in occupied areas because the Service routinely attributes all

  costs in those areas to the presence of the listed species rather than the

  designation of the areas as critical habitat. The Ranchers argue that this problem

  is “made worse by the Service’s loose standards for designating occupied critical

  habitat.” Aplt. Br. at 27 n.2 (citing N.M. Farm & Livestock Bureau v. U.S. Dep’t

  of Interior, 952 F.3d 1216, 1227 (10th Cir. 2020)). We are satisfied that the

  Service’s newly adopted regulatory definition of “destruction or adverse

  modification” of habitat addresses the Ranchers’ concerns. As the Service points

  out, the overlap in costs between listing and habitat designation in certain cases

  “reflects the reality that for some species [like the Jumping Mouse,] adversely

  modifying areas where the species lives does jeopardize the species’ survival.”

  Serv. Aple. Br. at 32. It may be true that in situations where critical habitat

  consists only of occupied areas, there will be few incremental costs attributable to

  critical habitat designation. But those are not the facts before us. In this case,

  the Service designated both occupied and unoccupied areas as critical habitat and

  found there were $23 million in costs associated with the habitat designation.

  Thus, the Service’s use of the baseline approach here clearly did not render

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  Section 4(b)(2) meaningless. If in some future case, a private party believes the

  Service improperly designated areas as occupied critical habitat or misattributed

  costs to listing, then the party can challenge that designation under the

  Administrative Procedure Act. See Weyerhaeuser, 139 S. Ct. at 370.

        2. Baseline Approach

        The Ranchers argue that even if N.M. Cattle Growers does not apply, the

  Service’s use of the baseline approach still violates Section 4(b)(2) of the ESA.

  They say this is because the statute itself requires the Service to analyze all the

  costs of designating critical habitat, even costs that would exist regardless of the

  critical habitat designation, such as costs associated with the listing of a species.

  By applying the baseline approach, the Ranchers contend the Service

  underestimated the costs associated with designating the Jumping Mouse’s

  critical habitat. In response, the Service argues that the baseline approach is a

  reasonable application of Section 4(b)(2)’s economic impact analysis

  requirement. The Service further contends that its decision to use the baseline

  approach should be given deference under Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def.

  Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984), because the agency codified the baseline

  approach through formal rulemaking in 2013. See 78 Fed. Reg. 53058 (2013). 11

  11
     The Ranchers claim that our decision in Gutierrez-Brizuela v. Lynch, 834 F.3d
  1142 (10th Cir. 2016), bars the Service from applying its 2013 baseline approach
  regulation in this circuit until we expressly overrule N.M. Cattle Growers. While
  Guiterrez-Brizuela primarily concerned a retroactive application of an agency
  rule, we explained that when an agency adopts an interpretation of a statute that
  (continued . . .)
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        The district court rejected the Service’s Chevron argument. Relying on our

  precedent, the court explained that Chevron only applies to legislative rules and

  that the substance of the Service’s rule makes it an interpretative rule rather than

  a legislative rule.

        We agree with the district court that Chevron deference is not warranted

  here. The Service’s rule endorsing the baseline approach is an interpretive rule to

  which Chevron does not apply. See United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218,

  232 (2001) (interpretive rules “enjoy no Chevron status as a class”); Aposhian v.

  Barr, 958 F.3d 969, 979–80 (10th Cir. 2020) (rule is interpretive if it “attempts to

  clarify an existing rule but does not change existing law, policy, or practice” and

  “simply advises the public of the agency’s construction of the statute and rules

  which it administers” (cleaned up)). Although the rule was promulgated through

  formal rulemaking, that alone does not entitle the agency’s interpretation to

  deference under Chevron. The rule did not change existing policy or practice

  because the Service regularly used the baseline approach in states outside this

  circuit. App., Vol. 5 at 1031. Moreover, the agency’s explanation in the final

  directly conflicts with judicial precedent, the agency “may enforce its new policy
  judgment only with judicial approval.” Id. at 1145 (quoting De Niz Robles v.
  Lynch, 803 F.3d 1165, 1174 n.7 (10th Cir. 2015)). But as we previously
  explained, the Service’s use of the baseline approach in this instance does not
  directly conflict with N.M. Cattle Growers because that decision was based on the
  Service’s problematic conflation of the costs of jeopardizing a species with the
  costs of adverse modification of habitat. Because the adverse modification
  definition was later nullified by other courts and modified by the Service, the
  Service’s formal adoption of the baseline approach did not overrule N.M. Cattle
  Growers.
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  rule shows that this is a mere clarification of an existing practice and that the

  purpose of the rule is to advise affected parties of the agency’s construction of

  the ESA. As the preamble to the rule states,

               [W]e revise 50 CFR 424.19 to clarify the instructions for
               . . . considering the impacts of critical habitat
               designations, and considering exclusions from critical
               habitat. . . . [T]hese revisions will not change how we
               implement the Act; rather, the revisions serve to codify
               the current practices of the agencies.

  78 Fed. Reg. at 53058 (emphasis added). 12 Based on this description of the rule

  and the fact that the Service routinely used the baseline approach prior to its

  formal adoption of the methodology, we conclude the Service’s rule is not

  entitled to deference under Chevron.

        Because Chevron does not apply, we review the Service’s interpretation of

  the ESA under the standard set forth in Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134,

  140 (1944). See Mead, 533 U.S. at 237–38. Skidmore review of an agency action

  depends upon “the thoroughness evident in its consideration, the validity of its

  reasoning, its consistency with earlier and later pronouncements, and all those

  factors which give it power to persuade.” 323 U.S. at 140. We also recognize

  that the “latitude the ESA gives the Secretary in enforcing the statute, together

  with the degree of regulatory expertise necessary to its enforcement, establishes

  12
     Despite this statement in the rule, the Service still argues that the final rule
  “marks a change in existing agency practice.” Serv. Aple. Br. at 24 n.6. The
  Service offers no support for this contention other than the substance of the final
  rule itself, which plainly describes the rule’s effect as a codification of existing
  practice.
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  that we owe some degree of deference to the Secretary’s reasonable

  interpretation” of the statute. Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders, 551 U.S. at 665

  (quoting Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Ore., 515

  U.S. 687, 703–04 (1995)).

        Before examining the agency’s interpretation of the statute, we first look to

  its text to determine whether Congress has already addressed the question at

  issue. Kientz v. Comm’r, SSA, 954 F.3d 1277, 1280 (10th Cir. 2020). The issue

  before us is whether the ESA requires the Service to use or not use a particular

  methodology in its economic impact analysis of critical habitat designation. The

  relevant portion of Section 4(b)(2) of the ESA reads as follows:

                 The Secretary shall designate critical habitat . . . on the
                 basis of the best scientific data available and after taking
                 into consideration the economic impact, the impact on
                 national security, and any other relevant impact, of
                 specifying any particular area as critical habitat.

  16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(2). Because the statute only commands the Service to

  conduct an economic impact analysis and does not prescribe the exact

  methodology that must be used, we agree with the Service that the ESA does not

  “clear[ly] and unambiguous[ly]” address the suitability of the baseline approach.

  See Wedelstedt v. Wiley, 477 F.3d 1160, 1165 (10th Cir. 2007). We may

  therefore consider whether the agency’s interpretation of the statute is

  permissible.

        The Service contends the baseline approach is a reasonable application of

  Section 4(b)(2)’s economic impact requirement. Recall that the baseline

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  approach adopts a “but for” causation requirement in that it “moves any economic

  impact that can be attributed to listing [or other causes] below the baseline and,

  when making the [critical habitat designation], takes into account only those

  economic impacts rising above the baseline.” N.M. Cattle Growers, 248 F.3d at

  1280.

          The baseline approach is consistent with Section 4(b)(2), which requires

  the Service to consider “the economic impact . . . of specifying any particular

  area as critical habitat.” 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(2). Under the plain language of the

  provision, the only costs that must be considered by the Service are the costs

  related to the designation of critical habitat. A reasonable way to determine those

  costs is to “compare the hypothetical world with the designation to the

  hypothetical world without the designation”—i.e., the baseline approach. 78 Fed.

  Reg. at 53062. Examining other costs that would exist regardless of designation

  does not support the Secretary’s goal of determining whether to designate or

  exclude an area as critical habitat. 13 Such an approach would also be inconsistent

  13
     The Ninth Circuit and several district courts have upheld the baseline approach
  as a reasonable interpretation of Section 4(b)(2). See Ariz. Cattle Growers’ Ass’n
  v. Salazar, 606 F.3d 1160, 1173 (9th Cir. 2010) (“The very notion of conducting
  a cost/benefit analysis is undercut by incorporating in that analysis costs that will
  exist regardless of the decision made.”); Fisher v. Salazar, 656 F. Supp. 2d 1357,
  1371 (N.D. Fla. 2009) (“[T]he baseline approach is a reasonable method,
  consistent with the language and purpose of the ESA, for assessing the actual
  costs of a particular critical habitat designation. . . . Costs that exist
  independently of the critical habitat designation cannot be costs ‘of specifying
  any particular area as critical habitat.’”); Cape Hatteras Access Pres. All. v. U.S.
  Dep’t of Interior, 344 F. Supp. 2d 108, 130 (D.D.C. 2004) (“To find the true cost
  (continued . . .)
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  with OMB guidance, which directs agencies to “measure the costs and benefits of

  a regulatory action against a baseline.” App., Vol. 1 at 127 (citing OMB,

  Circular A-4 (Sept. 17, 2003)).

        We are not persuaded by the Ranchers’ argument that the ESA requires the

  Service to consider the costs of listing when examining the economic impact of

  critical habitat designation. The Ranchers cannot logically argue that the ESA

  forbids the Service from considering economic costs when making a listing

  determination, Aplt. Br. at 20, but requires the Service to consider those costs

  when making a decision that has no impact on listing. See N.M. Cattle Growers,

  248 F.3d at 1284 (“[T]he ESA clearly bars economic considerations from having

  a seat at the table when the listing determination is being made.”). 14 As the Ninth

  Circuit has explained, it would “be strange to conclude that Congress intended to

  use the critical habitat designation to require the agency to consider the

  previously irrelevant costs of listing the species, particularly given that the

  of a designation, the world with the designation must be compared to the world
  without it.”).
  14
     The Ranchers claim that the costs of listing should be taken into account when
  designating habitat because critical habitat designation increases the likelihood
  that one will commit a taking in violation of the ESA, citing Babbitt, 515 U.S. at
  691, for support. The Ranchers read Babbitt as holding that the government can
  prove a violation of the take provision “solely by demonstrating habitat
  modification.” Aplt. Br. at 22. But Babbitt does not stand for this proposition.
  The regulation at issue in Babbitt—which the Court held was reasonable—
  defined the ESA’s take provision to include “significant habitat modification or
  degradation where it actually kills or injures wildlife.” 515 U.S. at 690
  (emphasis added). The qualifying phrase regarding the actual killing of wildlife
  makes it clear that habitat modification on its own does not constitute a taking.
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  decision to exclude an area from critical habitat for economic reasons is

  discretionary.” Ariz. Cattle Growers’ Ass’n v. Salazar, 606 F.3d 1160, 1173 (9th

  Cir. 2010). Other than giving effect to statutory language—a problem that has

  been corrected since N.M. Cattle Growers—there is simply no reason why the

  Service should consider certain costs only to subtract them later in the process.

        We therefore conclude the baseline approach complies with Section 4(b)(2)

  of the ESA.

        C. Impact on Water Rights

        The Ranchers next contend that even if the baseline approach is

  permissible, the Service failed to properly account for the economic impact of

  critical habitat designation on the Ranchers’ water rights. According to the

  Ranchers, the Service “ignored these costs because of a mistaken assumption that

  ranchers cannot own water rights within the National Forest.” Aplt. Br. at 14.

  The district court ruled in favor of the Service on this issue, finding the Service’s

  economic assessment to be reasonable. The court also concluded that the

  Ranchers did not provide any evidence to show that the designation of critical

  habitat might result in a taking of the Ranchers’ water rights. Because the costs

  associated with a potential taking were too speculative, the court found it

  reasonable for the Service not to include such costs in its economic analysis. 15

  15
     The Ranchers ask us to vacate the parts of the district court’s order where the
  court purported to adjudicate the status of the Ranchers’ grazing and water rights
  on federal lands. We decline to do so because the district court clarified its order
  (continued . . .)
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        Our review is guided by the Administrative Procedure Act. We must set

  aside agency actions that are “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or

  otherwise not in accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). We owe the

  district court no deference in assessing agency actions under the APA. N.M.

  Farm & Livestock Bureau, 952 F.3d at 1221.

        After a close review of the administrative record, we conclude the Service

  adequately considered the impact of critical habitat designation on the Ranchers’

  water rights. In its final critical habitat rule, the Service described the ways in

  which it considered the specific impacts of designation on grazing and water

  access. For example, the Service acknowledged that cattle guards and fencing

  may impede access to water and that the Forest Service may need to develop

  alternative water sources or shift cattle grazing patterns. The Service also

  accounted for a potential reduction in animal unit months due to grazing changes

  or restricted access to water. Rather than ignoring those costs, the Service

  expressly incorporated the costs into its economic impact analysis. See 81 Fed.

  Reg. at 14287 (“[W]e incorporate costs associated with the development of

  after the Ranchers filed a motion under Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) to alter or amend the
  judgment. The court explained that its ruling is limited to the administrative
  record before it and that the court is not adjudicating “the status of the
  Associations’ members’ grazing rights in another case on another record or
  whether, in an open-record action, the Associations’ members could successfully
  assert a claim for just compensation for the taking of their water rights.” See
  App., Vol. 5 at 972–73. Because the district court adequately addressed the
  Ranchers’ concerns, we need not vacate the district court’s order.
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  alternative water sources for cattle based on information provided by the Forest

  Service.”).

        The record demonstrates that the Service not only considered the impacts

  of designation on the Ranchers’ water rights, but also that the agency planned for

  measures to ensure the Ranchers would continue to have access to water on their

  federal allotments. While we will set aside an agency decision if the agency

  “entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the problem,” here the Service

  plainly took the impact on water rights under consideration when determining

  critical habitat. See Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders, 551 U.S. at 658 (quoting

  Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463

  U.S. 29, 43 (1983)).

        In addition to considering the impact of designation on the Ranchers’

  access to water, the Service also conducted a separate analysis to determine

  whether designation would result in any takings of private property. This

  assessment was conducted in accordance with Executive Order 12630, which

  requires agencies to avoid unnecessary takings and to assess any potential takings

  implications of federal actions. The Service concluded that because the “critical

  habitat protection requirements apply only to Federal agency actions, few

  conflicts between critical habitat and private property rights should result from

  this designation.” 81 Fed. Reg. at 14314.

        The Ranchers argue the agency underestimated the economic impacts of

  critical habitat designation because it did not consider the costs associated with

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  taking the Ranchers’ water rights. To be sure, the Service’s takings assessment

  focused solely on the designation’s impact on private property and did not assess

  whether the designation of critical habitat would constitute a taking of the

  Ranchers’ water rights on federal land. In fact, the Service expressly stated in

  the final rule that it “did not conduct an analysis of privately owned water rights

  because it is beyond the scope of the environmental assessment and economic

  analysis.” Id. at 14275. But as the district court explained, the Ranchers

  provided no information during the rulemaking process upon which the Service

  could have concluded that the Ranchers possess private water rights in Units 3

  and 4 and that a taking of those rights was likely to occur. The Ranchers also

  failed to submit evidence to support an accurate assessment of the costs of such a

  taking (i.e., the economic value of the Ranchers’ water rights). Instead, the

  Ranchers vaguely asserted without any support that the designation of critical

  habitat would result in “the loss of the stock water rights that we ranchers own in

  these allotments” and the “ability to make beneficial use of the water.” App.,

  Vol. 1 at 151. The Service could not have discerned from these bare assertions

  that the Ranchers possess vested water rights, the infringement of which would

  rise to the level of a taking that must be compensated by the government and

  included in the Service’s economic impact analysis. And as the final rule makes

  clear, the Service anticipates that measures will be implemented to ensure the

  Ranchers’ cattle have continued access to water in the allotments.

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        As we previously explained, the ESA does not require the Service to

  analyze all economic impacts—no matter how speculative—of designating

  critical habitat. Indeed, the ESA clearly bestows discretion upon the

  administrators of the statute to assess costs. 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(2);

  Weyerhaeuser, 139 S. Ct. at 371. Given the Service’s broad discretion to

  consider economic costs and the Ranchers’ lack of evidence in the record

  showing that designation constitutes a taking of their property rights, we

  conclude the Service adequately assessed the economic impacts on the Ranchers’

  water rights.

        D. Exclusion

        The Ranchers’ final argument is that the Service abused its discretion when

  it decided not to exclude Units 3 and 4 from the critical habitat designation. The

  Ranchers claim the Service failed to provide a reasoned basis for its decision and

  did not explain how it weighed the costs and benefits of exclusion. The district

  court concluded the Ranchers administratively waived this argument by not

  presenting it to the Service during the rulemaking process. The court nonetheless

  examined the merits of the Ranchers’ argument and determined that the Service

  did not abuse its discretion when it made its exclusion decision.

        We assume without deciding that the Ranchers preserved their challenge to

  the non-exclusion of Units 3 and 4. Our review of the Ranchers’ argument is

  once again guided by the APA. 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A); Weyerhaeuser, 139 S. Ct.

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  at 371 (an agency’s decision to exclude critical habitat is subject to judicial

  review under the APA).

        After it conducted its economic impact analysis, the Service decided to

  exclude only two proposed subunits, 6A and 6B, from the critical habitat

  designation. Those subunits were excluded because the Service determined that

  existing conservation partnerships with tribes in those areas were sufficient to

  protect the Jumping Mouse’s habitat. The Service explained that no areas would

  be excluded from critical habitat designation based on economic impacts because

  the Service “did not identify any disproportionate costs that are likely to result

  from the designation.” 81 Fed. Reg. at 14307.

        The Ranchers claim the Service’s decision not to exclude Units 3 and 4

  based on economic impacts was “fatally vague” and the agency provided no

  standard or explanation for how it weighed the benefits and costs of designation.

  Aplt. Br. at 45. Although the Ranchers acknowledge that the Service examined

  the costs of designating critical habitat, the Ranchers contend the agency did not

  explain “what it would weigh those costs against.” Id.

        Our analysis begins as always with the text of the ESA, which gives the

  Secretary discretion to exclude areas from critical habitat designation:

               The Secretary may exclude any area from critical habitat
               if he determines that the benefits of such exclusion
               outweigh the benefits of specifying such area as part of
               the critical habitat, unless he determines, based on the
               best scientific and commercial data available, that the
               failure to designate such area as critical habitat will result
               in the extinction of the species concerned.

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  16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(2). In interpreting the ESA’s exclusion provision, the

  Supreme Court has explained that the “use of the word ‘may’ certainly confers

  discretion on the Secretary.” Weyerhaeuser, 139 S. Ct. at 371; see also Babbitt,

  515 U.S. at 708 (“When it enacted the ESA, Congress delegated broad

  administrative and interpretive power to the Secretary.”). When Congress gives

  an agency broad discretionary authority, “we are especially reluctant to substitute

  our views of wise policy.” Babbitt, 515 U.S. at 708. But “[i]t is rudimentary

  administrative law that discretion as to the substance of the ultimate decision

  does not confer discretion to ignore the required procedures of decisionmaking.”

  Bennett, 520 U.S. at 172.

        The Service did not abuse its discretion when it decided not to exclude

  Units 3 and 4 from the critical habitat designation. The record shows that the

  agency considered the benefits of exclusion and weighed those against the

  benefits of inclusion. Even though the agency did not describe in detail how it

  ultimately weighed the competing benefits, we will “uphold a decision of less

  than ideal clarity if the agency’s path may reasonably be discerned.” Nat’l Ass’n

  of Home Builders, 551 U.S. at 658 (internal citations and quotation marks

  omitted).

        In the final rule designating critical habitat for the Jumping Mouse, the

  Service explained that conservation benefits are of paramount importance when

  deciding whether to include or exclude an area as critical habitat. For instance,

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  the main advantages of inclusion are the additional conservation benefits “from

  the protection from adverse modification or destruction as a result of actions with

  a Federal nexus” and educational benefits that derive from the recovery of a listed

  species. 81 Fed. Reg. at 14307. Similarly, the Service’s view that an area

  warrants exclusion is based on “whether exclusion of a specific area is likely to

  result in conservation; the continuation, strengthening, or encouragement of

  partnerships; or implementation of a management plan that provides equal to or

  more conservation than a critical habitat designation would provide.” Id.

        The Service assessed these same benefits when it decided whether to

  exclude certain areas from the Jumping Mouse’s critical habitat. Specifically, the

  Service projected the following benefits of including an area in the Jumping

  Mouse’s critical habitat:

         Improved conservation of the Jumping Mouse through expansion
          of critical habitat

         Reduced grazing, fencing, and surveys to support habitat
          preservation

         Improved water and soil quality

         Benefits to ecosystem health for coexisting species

         Educational benefits of mapping essential habitat for recovery of
          the listed species

  App., Vol. 1 at 141–42. The Service also detailed the costs of including an area

  in critical habitat, such as expenses related to the installation of cattle fencing,

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  potential animal unit month reductions, additional Section 7 consultation

  requirements, and impacts on private property values.

         While the Service anticipated many benefits from inclusion, the Service

  estimated that there would be few benefits related to exclusion, especially in

  areas that lacked a current conservation plan to protect the Jumping Mouse’s

  habitat. In response to a public comment requesting that subunit 3C be excluded,

  the Service explained that it decided to include the area because there were no

  conservation plans in place to protect the Jumping Mouse’s habitat in the subunit.

  It also explained that impacts to the human environment were unlikely and that

  the estimated costs associated with grazing and Section 7 consultations in subunit

  3C amounted to only $3.4 million annually. 81 Fed. Reg. at 14279–80. The

  Service ultimately determined that its “final economic analysis did not indicate

  any disproportionate economic impacts resulting from the designation.” Id. at

  14283. The Service also concluded that total costs of critical habitat designation

  would only be $23 million, well below the Service’s benchmark of $100

  million. 16

         Based on the Service’s description of the benefits of inclusion and

  exclusion, we disagree with the Ranchers that the agency’s reasoning for not

  16
     The $100 million figure comes from Executive Order 12866, which defines
  “significant regulatory action” as “any regulatory action that is likely to result in
  a rule that may: (1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or
  more or adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of the economy,
  productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or State,
  local, or tribal governments or communities.”
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  excluding Units 3 and 4 was “fatally vague.” Although the Service did not

  quantitatively assess the benefits of inclusion, the agency’s economic analysis

  included a qualitative assessment of the benefits, as permitted by regulation. See

  50 C.F.R. § 424.19(b) (“Impacts may be qualitatively or quantitatively

  described.”).

        The Ranchers also take issue with how the Service reached its final

  exclusion determination, arguing that the agency failed to explain precisely how

  it weighed the benefits and costs of exclusion. Again, we disagree. The

  administrative record shows that the Service assigned the greatest weight to the

  conservation benefits of including an area in critical habitat while generally

  disregarding the potential economic benefits of exclusion. Although the

  Ranchers might not agree with how the Service weighed the competing benefits,

  the Service has discretion in deciding whether to exclude an area and the

  Service’s decision to elevate conservation concerns over other factors is in

  keeping with the overall purpose of the ESA. See Tenn. Valley Auth. v. Hill, 437

  U.S. 153, 184 (1978) (“The plain intent of Congress in enacting [the ESA] was to

  halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost.”).

        The conservation benefits of including more areas in the critical habitat

  designation are also particularly important for the Jumping Mouse, which has

  “exceptionally specialized habitat requirements” and is highly dependent on its

  habitat for survival. Int.-App. at 110. Furthermore, as the Service notes

  throughout the final rule, livestock grazing can significantly degrade the Jumping

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  Mouse’s critical habitat. 81 Fed. Reg. at 14275 (“[C]ompared to other forms of

  habitat loss, grazing has the greatest potential for negative impacts on the

  jumping mouse and riparian habitat.”). Taken together, these findings show that

  the Service determined the conservation benefits of inclusion were substantial

  while the benefits of exclusion were minimal.

        We therefore conclude that the Service did not abuse its discretion when it

  decided not to exclude Units 3 and 4 from the critical habitat designation.

                                   III. Conclusion

        For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of the

  Ranchers’ petition for review.

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