Court Opinion

ID: 4119062
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-01-27 12:07:19.746323+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:46:29.915330
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

ESTRELLITA AGUILAR, also known as                                  UNPUBLISHED
ESTRELLITA STROBLE,                                                January 26, 2017

              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 331514
                                                                   Wayne Circuit Court
GILBERTO AGUILAR,                                                  LC No. 07-702305-DM

              Defendant-Appellant.

Before: BECKERING, P.J., and SAWYER and SAAD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant appeals the trial court’s order that granted plaintiff’s post-divorce motion to
relocate the domicile of their two children, PA and GA, from Michigan to Texas. For the
reasons provided below, we affirm.

        On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it found that
(1) plaintiff had supported her motion to change the children’s domicile by a preponderance of
the evidence and (2) a change in the children’s established custodial environment was, by clear
and convincing evidence, in the best interests of the children.

               We review a decision on a petition to change the domicile of a minor child
       for an abuse of discretion. Brown v Loveman, 260 Mich. App. 576, 600; 680
       NW2d 432 (2004). We review the trial court’s findings in applying the MCL
       722.31 factors under the great weight of the evidence standard. Id. “Under this
       standard, we may not substitute our judgment on questions of fact unless the facts
       clearly preponderate in the opposite direction.” McKimmy v Melling, 291 Mich
       App 577, 581; 805 NW2d 615 (2011). [Gagnon v Glowacki, 295 Mich. App. 557,
       565; 815 NW2d 141 (2012).]

        MCL 722.31(1) prohibits “a parent of a child whose custody is governed by court order
[from changing] a legal residence of the child to a location that is more than 100 miles from the
child’s residence at the time of the commencement of the action in which the order is issued.”
However, a parent wishing to move a child to a location outside the prescribed range of MCL
722.31(1) may seek the court’s permission to change the child’s domicile. When considering
such a request, a court must consider the following factors:

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       (a) Whether the legal residence change has the capacity to improve the quality of
       life for both the child and the relocating parent.

       (b) The degree to which each parent has complied with, and utilized his or her
       time under, a court order governing parenting time with the child, and whether the
       parent’s plan to change the child’s legal residence is inspired by that parent’s
       desire to defeat or frustrate the parenting time schedule.

       (c) The degree to which the court is satisfied that, if the court permits the legal
       residence change, it is possible to order a modification of the parenting time
       schedule and other arrangements governing the child’s schedule in a manner that
       can provide an adequate basis for preserving and fostering the parental
       relationship between the child and each parent; and whether each parent is likely
       to comply with the modification.

       (d) The extent to which the parent opposing the legal residence change is
       motivated by a desire to secure a financial advantage with respect to a support
       obligation.

       (e) Domestic violence, regardless of whether the violence was directed against or
       witnessed by the child. [MCL 722.31(4).]

Additionally, the evaluation of these factors is accomplished “with the child as the primary focus
in the court’s deliberation.” MCL 722.31(4). And “[t]he party requesting the change of domicile
has the burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the change is warranted.”
McKimmy, 291 Mich. App. at 582.

                               I. THE MCL 722.31(4) FACTORS

        The trial court’s finding that the factors in MCL 722.31(4) supported plaintiff’s motion to
relocate the children’s domicile to Texas was not against the great weight of evidence.

                                        A. FACTOR (A)

         With regard to factor (a), “[w]hether the legal residence change has the capacity to
improve the quality of life for both the children and the relocating parent,” MCL 722.31(4)(a),
the trial court stated:

       Plaintiff desires to move to Texas to relocate with her husband, their child
       together, his daughter, and the 2 children she shares with defendant. Plaintiff has
       no real job skills and her husband is the primary source of income. While
       defendant pays child support, he was only ordered to do so recently and is in
       arrears. Plaintiff’s move is precipitated by her husband’s recent unemployment
       and his new hire at a job in Texas. This job will allow him to support plaintiff
       and his family. This change has the capacity to improve both plaintiff’s life and
       the children [sic].”

                                                -2-
The trial court’s findings were not against the great weight of the evidence. Plaintiff’s new
husband, Clint, testified that his new income in Texas would be nearly $175,000 a year. Based
on the cost of living in Texas, this amount is sufficient to support his family of six in an
appropriate living environment. It is also significantly higher than Clint’s potential income in
Michigan, as Clint had been unable to secure employment within this state for several months.

        Although defendant concedes that the move from Michigan to Texas will improve the
quality of life for plaintiff, he argues that no evidence was presented to show that the move
would improve the children’s quality of life. However, “[i]t is well established that the
relocating parent’s increased earning potential may improve a child’s quality of life.”
Rittershaus v Rittershaus, 273 Mich. App. 462, 466; 730 NW2d 262 (2007). Here, as already
noted, it was clearly established that the children’s household income would be greatly increased
with the move to Texas. Thus, the court’s finding is not against the great weight of evidence.

        Defendant also asserts that the trial court erred when it failed to consider the intended
living arrangements of the children, which defendant alleges involve six people sharing a one-
bedroom apartment. Defendant mischaracterizes the testimony of Clint, who clearly explained
that while he was currently renting a one-bedroom apartment, he intended to purchase a four- to
five-bedroom home in the area when he was sure that his family could join him in Texas.
Indeed, Clint and plaintiff both testified that they had already located several houses within their
price range and chosen area. Defendant also mischaracterizes the testimony regarding the
children’s intended education when he argues that the trial court could not assess the children’s
potential quality of life without knowing precisely where the children would go to school.
Contrary to defendant’s assertion, plaintiff testified at the hearing that she planned to send both
of the children to public schools in Frisco, Texas, which she had learned are very highly rated.

       Consequently, the significant change in the family’s income, along with other factors
such as the preservation of a family unit, is enough to support, by a preponderance of the
evidence, the conclusion that the move to Texas has the capacity to improve the quality of the
children’s lives. Therefore, the trial court did not err when it so determined.

                                         B. FACTOR (B)

        Factor (b) considers “[t]he degree to which each parent has complied with, and utilized
his or her time under, a court order governing parenting time with the child, and whether the
parent’s plan to change the child’s legal residence is inspired by that parent’s desire to defeat or
frustrate the parenting time schedule.” MCL 722.31(4)(b). For this factor, the trial court
essentially found that the factor did not weigh in either party’s favor and stated:

       Both parents are in substantial compliance with the current parenting time order.
       While there have been occasional problems, the vast majority of time has been
       honored by both parents. This [c]ourt finds that plaintiff’s request to change
       domicile is not inspired by a desire to defeat defendant’s parenting time but by an
       effort to deal with a difficult situation; to-wit: her husband’s relocation because of
       a job change.

                                                -3-
         Although defendant does not specifically challenge the trial court’s findings with respect
to this factor, we note that the trial court’s findings are also supported by the evidence.

                                         C. FACTOR (C)

        Factor (c) weighs “[t]he degree to which the court is satisfied that, if the court permits the
legal residence change, it is possible to order a modification of the parenting time schedule and
other arrangements governing the child’s schedule in a manner that can provide an adequate
basis for preserving and fostering the parental relationship between the child and each parent;
and whether each parent is likely to comply with the modification.” MCL 722.31(4)(c).
Regarding this factor, the trial court stated:

       Although the [c]ourt finds that it may not be possible to have the same number of
       overnights, it would be possible to modify the schedule to provide an adequate
       basis to preserve and foster defendant’s parental relationship with his children.
       Contrary to defendant’s assertions, this [c]ourt finds no reason to believe plaintiff
       would thwart defendant’s parenting time. Although her husband moved to Texas
       in early 2015, plaintiff has patiently relied on the legal process to request her
       change of domicile. She has shown absolutely no inclination to fail to follow
       court orders.

Again, these findings are not against the great weight of the evidence. There was little evidence
presented to support defendant’s assertion that plaintiff had deprived defendant of parenting
time. Additionally, defendant admitted that, despite the parties’ difficulty with communication
and a prior PPO against defendant for sending vulgar text messages, plaintiff had reached out
and attempted to talk to defendant about the move to Texas before she filed her motion for a
change of domicile. While Clint had already relocated to Texas, plaintiff waited in Michigan
with her children and relied on the legal process and testified that she would, in fact, remain in
Michigan with the children if that is what the court ultimately decided. Therefore, the trial
court’s conclusion that plaintiff was likely to comply with a new parenting time order was not
against the great weight of the evidence.

        Defendant claims that plaintiff could not find support in subsection (c) because no
adequate parenting time schedule can “provide a realistic opportunity to preserve and foster the
parental relationship previously enjoyed” by defendant, “who is a 50/50 parent, who exercises
his parenting time, and who is actively involved in all phases of the children’s lives.” While
defendant’s parenting time was reduced in order to accommodate the children’s move, the
inquiry under factor (c) is not whether the new parenting schedule is equivalent to the old
schedule; rather, it is “whether the proposed parenting-time schedule provides ‘a realistic
opportunity to preserve and foster the parental relationship previously enjoyed’ by the
nonrelocating parent.” McKimmy, 291 Mich. App. at 584 (citation omitted). While defendant’s
parenting time is no longer equivalent, he still has a realistic opportunity to preserve and foster a
relationship through parenting time during summer, winter, and spring breaks, as well as
whenever he chooses to visit his family in Texas, and he has not been limited in his ability to
communicate with the children through other means. While face-to-face communication might
be preferable, defendant can still be a constant presence in his children’s lives through email,

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webcam, text messages, and telephone conversations. Thus, the trial court’s factual findings
with respect to this factor were not against the great weight of the evidence.

                                  D. FACTORS (D) AND (E)

        The trial court did not find that factors (d) and (e) were applicable, and defendant does
not claim otherwise. Moreover, we do not find that these findings were against the great weight
of evidence.

                          E. CONSIDERATION OF ALL FACTORS

        The trial court carefully considered the evidence presented at the evidentiary hearing and
reported its factual findings with respect to each individual factor and concluded that “by a
preponderance of the evidence[,] a change of domicile must be considered.” The court’s
ultimate finding also is not against the great weight of evidence. The capacity to improve the
lives of the children was not outweighed by any negative ramifications associated with the move.

                      II. ESTABLISHED CUSTODIAL ENVIRONMENT

        After determining that the factors in MCL 722.31(4) support a change in domicile, “the
trial court must then determine whether an established custodial environment exists.” Rains v
Rains, 301 Mich. App. 313, 325; 836 NW2d 709 (2013). And “if an established custodial
environment does exist, “the trial court must then determine whether the change of domicile
would modify or alter that established custodial environment.” Id. If the trial court finds that a
change of domicile would modify or alter the child’s established custodial environment, then the
court must “determine whether the change in domicile would be in the child’s best interests by
considering whether the best-interest factors in MCL 722.23 have been established by clear and
convincing evidence.” Id.

       Here, the trial court found that an established custodial environment existed with both
parents, and that the move to Texas would affect that established custodial environment.
Defendant does not contest this finding, and we find that it is not against the great weight of
evidence. Defendant, however, argues that the trial court erred when it found that clear and
convincing evidence showed that the move would be in the children’s best interests.

                         III. BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILDREN

        To determine whether a change in established custodial environment is in the best
interests of a child, the trial court must review the statutory factors of MCL 722.23. Id. The best
interest factors listed in MCL 722.23 are:

       (a) The love, affection, and other emotional ties existing between the parties
       involved and the child.

       (b) The capacity and disposition of the parties involved to give the child love,
       affection, and guidance and to continue the education and raising of the child in
       his or her religion or creed, if any.

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       (c) The capacity and disposition of the parties involved to provide the child with
       food, clothing, medical care or other remedial care recognized and permitted
       under the laws of this state in place of medical care, and other material needs.

       (d) The length of time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment,
       and the desirability of maintaining continuity.

       (e) The permanence, as a family unit, of the existing or proposed custodial home
       or homes.

       (f) The moral fitness of the parties involved.

       (g) The mental and physical health of the parties involved.

       (h) The home, school, and community record of the child.

       (i) The reasonable preference of the child, if the court considers the child to be of
       sufficient age to express preference.

       (j) The willingness and ability of each of the parties to facilitate and encourage a
       close and continuing parent-child relationship between the child and the other
       parent or the child and the parents.

       (k) Domestic violence, regardless of whether the violence was directed against or
       witnesses by the child.

       (l) Any other factor considered by the court to be relevant to a particular child
       custody dispute.

“These findings and conclusions need not include consideration of every piece of evidence
entered and argument raised by the parties. However, the record must be sufficient for this Court
to determine whether the evidence clearly preponderates against the trial court’s findings.”
MacIntyre v MacIntyre (On Remand), 267 Mich. App. 449, 452; 705 NW2d 144 (2005). This
Court defers to the trial court’s credibility determinations, and the trial court has discretion to
accord differing weight to the best-interest factors. Sinicropi v Mazurek, 273 Mich. App. 149,
155, 184; 729 NW2d 256 (2006).

       The trial court considered each best-interest factor individually and factually supported
its conclusions on each in its written opinion. Although defendant agrees that the trial court
properly found that seven of the best-interest factors were neutral, he argues that the trial court’s
findings with respect to factors (c), (e), (h), (j), and (k), which favored plaintiff, were erroneous.

 A. FACTOR (C)—CAPACITY OF THE PARTIES TO PROVIDE FOR THE CHILDREN’S
                                NEEDS

       The trial court’s conclusion that factor (c), “[t]he capacity and disposition of the parties
involved to provide the child with food, clothing, medical care or other remedial care recognized
and permitted under the laws of this state in place of medical care, and other material needs,”

                                                 -6-
MCL 722.23, weighed “slightly” in plaintiff’s favor was not against the great weight of the
evidence. The trial court stated:

               While both parties have the capacity and disposition to provide the
       children with the above, plaintiff’s husband has carried the children on his
       medical insurance for years relieving defendant from the need to contribute. In
       addition no child support order was in place until recently. At that time, the
       [c]ourt was advised defendant makes substantially more money than plaintiff. A
       child support order was entered and defendant is in arrears.

Defendant avers that the trial court erroneously relied on the assumption that plaintiff’s husband
provided the children’s health insurance, an assumption defendant argues is unsupported by the
record, and that otherwise, factor (c) was neutral. Defendant is correct that the record is void of
any indication that Clint has carried the children on his health insurance “for years,” although
Clint testified that they were covered by his benefits once he became employed at his new job in
Texas. Indeed, the only mention of prior insurance coverage at the evidentiary hearing was
during defendant’s testimony, when he explained that the children were covered under his
benefits. Thus, this particular finding of the trial court was unsupported. However, defendant
fails to consider the trial court’s additional factual support for its conclusion on factor (c)—that
although “no child support order was in place until recently,” defendant is in arrears.

        Thus, while the trial court erroneously relied, in part, on the fact that plaintiff’s husband
provided medical insurance for the children, defendant incorrectly argues that without this fact,
the trial court would have found this factor to be neutral. The trial court also relied on the fact
that defendant, who made “substantially” more than plaintiff, had not been asked to pay any
child support for the first seven years after the parties’ divorce and, more importantly, that when
defendant was eventually ordered to pay child support, he failed to make timely payments
pursuant to that order. The record contains the consent judgment of divorce, which did not
provide for child support, plaintiff’s 2014 motion for child support, and the initial support order
that directed defendant to make monthly payments to plaintiff. At the evidentiary hearing,
defendant admitted that he was working to pay off an existing arrearage, although he denied that
he was “behind” in his child support obligations. The most recent support order directs
defendant to pay $200 per month to plaintiff “until arrears are paid off.” Therefore, we hold that
the trial court’s ultimate finding that this factor slightly favors plaintiff is not against the great
weight of evidence.

  B. FACTOR (E)—THE PERMANENCE, AS A FAMILY UNIT, OF THE EXISTING OR
                      PROPOSED CUSTODIAL HOME

        The trial court’s conclusion that factor (e) favored plaintiff was not against the great
weight of the evidence. Factor (e) “exclusively concerns whether the family unit will remain
intact, not an evaluation about whether one custodial home would be more acceptable than the
other.” Ireland v Smith, 451 Mich. 457, 462; 547 NW2d 686 (1996). With regard to its
conclusion on this factor, the trial court found that this factor favored plaintiff and explained that
plaintiff’s household consists of six individuals: plaintiff, Clint, PA, GA, a girl from Clint’s
prior marriage (PS), and a toddler from the marriage of plaintiff and Clint (CS). The court also
noted that “Plaintiff is a stay at home mom. [GA] particularly is close to her [PS]. Both [PA]

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and [GA] enjoy having their mother home.” When considering defendant’s household, the court
noted that “Defendant’s home consists of his fiancé, his adult daughter, and [PA] and [GA]. All
3 adults work fulltime and [PA] and [GA] are home alone on a regular basis.”

         Contrary to defendant’s assertion on appeal, the trial court’s reliance on the fact that the
children were frequently left alone at his house was neither factually unsupported nor legally
inappropriate. Defendant, Brown, and defendant’s adult daughter, Ruby Aguilar, all testified
that PA and GA spent time unsupervised at defendant’s home while the three adults were at
work, although rarely for more than an hour at a time. Additionally, defendant admitted that he
worked long hours at the gym and his children spent time completing homework assignments
with Brown and Ruby. In contrast, plaintiff, a stay-at-home mother, was home and available for
the children at virtually all times. While the difference here might not be dispositive, it is
certainly relevant to the trial court’s consideration of the children’s best interests. Defendant
also argues that this factor could not favor plaintiff because plaintiff and her husband had not yet
purchased a home in Texas. However, as we noted previously, plaintiff and her husband both
testified that they planned to purchase a suitable home in the location of their choice. It does not
weigh against them that they did not purchase a home in another state before they determined
that the children would be able to move with them.

        On the evidence presented, we cannot say that the trial court’s finding that this factor
favored plaintiff was against the great weight of evidence. It is worth noting that the change in
domicile allowed PA and GA to maintain a close relationship with their toddler half-brother, CS,
and Clint’s daughter from a previous marriage, PS. Although they also had a relationship with
Ruby, defendant’s 20-year-old daughter who is also their half-sister, this relationship is
distinguishable by a significant age difference and the fact that Ruby is currently working part-
time and attending college. It would be reasonable to assume that, with Ruby entering
adulthood, the children’s time with her would be limited, while their time with CS and PS, who
is the same age as GA and is GA’s best friend, would last throughout the children’s more
formative years and would be particularly beneficial for PA and GA.

 C. FACTOR (H)—THE HOME, SCHOOL, AND COMMUNITY RECORD OF THE CHILD

        The trial court’s conclusion that factor (h) favored plaintiff was not against the great
weight of the evidence. The trial court considered the children’s educational records, including
PA’s increased need for academic support. It noted that defendant had allegedly refused to get
extra help for PA, and “failed to provide the children with an adequate computer for their school
work.” The trial court also considered the children’s participation in extracurricular activities
and explained:

       Defendant placed a huge emphasis on his involvement in [GA]’s softball at the
       hearing. The [c]ourt does not question his involvement in this activity, as both a
       parent and a coach. Defendant called [GA]’s team coach and pitching coach to
       testify. Considering the fact that even defendant admits that GA has told him she
       is not interested in continuing to play softball it is not clear to the [c]ourt what
       defendant hoped to gain by calling these witnesses. The [c]ourt’s conclusion is
       that softball is much more important to defendant than it is to [GA] and that he is

                                                -8-
       having trouble accepting this. [GA] is involved in several other activities that
       defendant is only marginally involved in . . . .

               Based primarily on defendant’s refusal to provide [PA] with formal
       tutoring and defendant[’s] refusal to acknowledge [GA]’s waning interest in
       softball, the [c]ourt finds Factor H in favor of plaintiff.

        Defendant argues that the trial court’s findings with regard to this factor were against the
great weight of the evidence because, based on the evidence presented, no one could conclude
that defendant was less active than plaintiff in the children’s academic or extracurricular
activities. We disagree. Plaintiff testified that she attended almost every one of her children’s
extracurricular events, including GA’s theatre plays, choir concerts, and award ceremonies, and
PA’s track and cross-country meets. She discussed several of both children’s academic
assignments in detail. Defendant, on the other hand, seemed to be intimately involved only with
GA’s softball-related activities, which the trial court accurately noted GA was less interested in
than her father. Defendant could not recall any specific school assignments his children had
worked on. Although he said that he had attended one of GA’s plays, he could not recall what it
had been about. He also admitted that he had only been to a few of PA’s cross-country meets
and had never been to a track meet. Plaintiff also testified that PA and GA would often return to
her home after defendant’s parenting time with unfinished homework because defendant failed to
provide a computer for them to work with. Although defendant said that neither of his children
nor any of their teachers had told him that a computer would be necessary for the completion of
schoolwork, it is unlikely that, in the current technology-focused atmosphere, defendant did not
know that he would need a computer and an Internet connection to facilitate his children’s
education. The fact that he was unaware, especially in light of plaintiff’s testimony that the
children frequently needed a computer, indicates that defendant was not as involved with the
children’s academics as he claims. The trial court’s conclusion that plaintiff was more actively
involved in the children’s lives was not against the great weight of the evidence.
        Defendant also argues that the evidence showed that plaintiff actually denied GA an
academic benefit when she refused to take GA to before-school tutoring sessions. However,
defendant’s argument here is based only on unsupported allegations that he made during the
evidentiary hearing. Plaintiff made similar allegations, testifying at the hearing that defendant
refused extra academic support for PA. It was the trial court judge’s prerogative to credit
plaintiff’s testimony over defendant’s, and this Court does not revisit the trial court’s credibility
determinations. Berger v Berger, 277 Mich. App. 700, 705; 747 NW2d 336 (2008). Again, the
evidence presented did not clearly preponderate against the trial court’s conclusions, and this
Court defers to the trial court’s judgment in this regard.
  D. FACTOR (J)—THE WILLINGNESS AND ABILITY OF EACH OF THE PARTIES TO
    FACILITATE AND ENCOURAGE A CLOSE AND CONTINUING PARENT-CHILD
         RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHILD AND THE OTHER PARENT

        The trial court’s conclusion that factor (j) favored plaintiff was not against the great
weight of the evidence. With regard to its conclusion on this factor, the trial court again noted
that, although defendant argued that plaintiff was unlikely to honor any parenting-time
agreement, plaintiff had complied with all previous orders and that there is no evidence to

                                                -9-
support defendant’s allegations of future noncompliance. Additionally, the court noted the
following:

       No support order was put in place [after the parties’ divorce] until plaintiff’s
       motion in 2014. The facts show that defendant earns substantially more than
       plaintiff. Even then, defendant refused to agree to child support and this [c]ourt
       had to order it. Plaintiff also had to file previously to force defendant to pay his
       share of the uninsured medical bills. Plaintiff had to file a motion to get
       defendant to allow her to get the children’s passport for a family trip. And
       defendant filed a motion to force a change of school from the school they were
       attending to be closer to him . . . . Contrary to defendant’s assertion, he strikes the
       [c]ourt as being the parent who has refused to compromise in the past.

        With regard to this factor, defendant argues simply that there was no evidence to suggest
that plaintiff has a greater willingness or ability to facilitate a close relationship between the
children and defendant. We disagree. The trial court properly considered the parties’ record
history, which does contain a heavily contested motion for child support filed seven years after
the parties’ divorce, an order directing defendant to provide plaintiff with the children’s
passports and birth certificates, and a motion from defendant to change the children’s schools.
Where there is record evidence of one parent’s unwillingness to facilitate or encourage a close
relationship with the children and the other parent, it is proper for the trial court to find this
factor in favor of the cooperative parent. See McIntosh v McIntosh, 282 Mich. App. 471, 481; 768
NW2d 325 (2009). Additionally, defendant testified at the evidentiary hearing that plaintiff had
attempted to discuss the impending move to Texas and reach some sort of compromise, and he
refused. Defendant offered no evidence to suggest that plaintiff was unwilling to communicate
or compromise. Accordingly, the trial court’s finding with respect to this factor is not against the
great weight of the evidence.

                          E. FACTOR (K)—DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

       The trial court’s conclusion that factor (k) favored plaintiff “slightly” was not against the
great weight of the evidence. With regard to its conclusion on this factor, the trial court
explained:

              No evidence of domestic violence was introduced but the plaintiff
       previously had a Personal Protection Order against defendant in 2007. This
       Personal Protection Order was not challenged by defendant nor was there a
       request to renew the Personal Protection Order by plaintiff.

         Defendant argues that because there was no evidence of domestic violence, this factor
should not have weighed in favor of either party. However, the trial court correctly noted that
although there was no evidence of physical violence, plaintiff testified that she had once obtained
a PPO against defendant due to a number of abusive texts he had sent her. Although defendant
testified that he did not recall sending the text messages, he did not deny that plaintiff had
received a PPO. Notably, the statute does not define “domestic violence,” and it is not apparent
that such a definition is limited to physical violence. Indeed, in a criminal context, “domestic
violence” includes “mental harm.” See MCL 768.27b(5)(a)(i). Regardless, assuming that

                                                -10-
defendant’s behavior and the PPO were not properly considered under this specific factor, it
would have been properly considered under the catch-all factor of factor (l), which allows a court
to consider “[a]ny other factor considered by the court to be relevant to a particular child custody
dispute.”

        Moreover, a review of the record provides additional evidence for the trial court’s
conclusion that this factor (k) weighs slightly in plaintiff’s favor. In one pleading filed prior to
the parties’ divorce, plaintiff alleged that defendant attempted to remove the parties’ children
from the home of plaintiff’s mother. When plaintiff’s mother refused, defendant hit her.
According to the filing, defendant and plaintiff’s mother obtained PPOs against one another. In
the same filing, plaintiff alleged that defendant locked her in a room and assaulted her after she
had invited him to her home to discuss a parenting time schedule. When evaluating the child
custody factors, the trial court may consider any record information relevant to the children. See
Thompson v Thompson, 261 Mich. App. 353, 355-357; 683 NW2d 250 (2004) (upholding a trial
court’s denial of the defendant’s motion to limit evidence to the incidences, occurrences, and
events that took place after the entry of a prior temporary custody order). There is evidence on
the record to support the trial court’s findings. Further, this factor involves credibility
determinations, and this Court defers to the trial court on such matters. Berger, 277 Mich. App. at
705.

                F. OVERALL EVALUATION OF BEST-INTEREST FACTORS

        The trial court weighed the various best interest factors and found that factors (c), (e), (h),
(j), and (k) favored plaintiff; factors (a), (b), (f), and (g) favored both plaintiff and defendant; and
factor (d) favored neither party. Importantly, the court found that “no factor[] favors defendant.”
As a result, the trial court concluded that “plaintiff has met her burden of proof, by clear and
convincing evidence, that a change of physical custody is in the best interest of the children.”
Because none of the trial court’s factual determinations on each factor is against the great weight
of the evidence, we cannot say that the trial court’s ultimate determination—that the move to
Texas was in the overall best interests of the children—is against the great weight of evidence as
well. Again, it is the trial court’s prerogative to determine the credibility of witnesses and to
accord differing weight to the best-interest factors. Sinicropi, 273 Mich. App. at 155. Here,
regardless of the relative weight placed on each factor, the trial court determined that several
factors weighed in favor of plaintiff, while none of the factors specifically favored defendant.
Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it granted plaintiff’s motion to
change the children’s domicile, which affected their established custodial environment.

       Affirmed.

                                                               /s/ Jane M. Beckering
                                                               /s/ David H. Sawyer
                                                               /s/ Henry William Saad

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