Court Opinion

ID: 8375217
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-21 15:03:51.21155+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:46:30.058444
License: Public Domain

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

                                               No. 124,481

              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                       XIANGYUAN SUE ZHU,
                                            Appellant,

                                                    v.

                    KANSAS DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT,
                                      Appellee.

                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION

        Appeal from Shawnee District Court; THOMAS G. LUEDKE, judge. Opinion filed October 21,
2022. Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with directions.

        Xiangyuan Sue Zhu, appellant pro se.

        Brian M. Vazquez, of Kansas Department of Health and Environment, for appellee.

Before GREEN, P.J., SCHROEDER and CLINE, JJ.

        PER CURIAM: This matter involves five consolidated pro se appeals filed by
Xiangyuan Sue Zhu contesting various decisions by the Kansas Department of Health
and Environment (KDHE) in its administration of Kansas' Medicaid program and
handling of her appeals. Zhu seeks relief under the Kansas Judicial Review Act (KJRA),
K.S.A. 77-601 et seq., after the district court denied her petition to review KDHE's
actions in consolidating her five appeals and denying her requests for application of
various expenses to her Medicaid spenddown and her request to terminate that
spenddown.

                                                    1
       We find Zhu has failed to show the agency made any legal or factual errors;
although we do find one discrete issue which the agency failed to decide which requires
resolution. We thus reverse and remand with directions for the Kansas Office of
Administrative Hearings (OAH) to address Zhu's request to apply certain medical
expenses mentioned in her fifth appeal and supplemental agency briefing to her Medicaid
spenddown under K.S.A. 75-37,121 and K.S.A. 77-501.

Zhu's claims

       Before we begin, we note that Zhu filed hundreds of pages in the proceedings
below, most of which were vitriolic and almost incomprehensible. We only address the
filings which appear relevant to the issues on appeal. And since Zhu is pro se, we
endeavor to liberally construe those filings. Joritz v. University of Kansas, 61 Kan. App.
2d 482, 498-500, 505 P.3d 775 (2022).

       Zhu filed a total of five appeals with OAH in response to various letters she
received from KDHE about her qualified Medicare beneficiary status and the application
of certain expenses to her Medicaid spenddown. The first three appeals—filed,
respectively, on May 7, 2018, May 21, 2018, and June 7, 2018—were consolidated and
addressed at a July 12, 2018 hearing before an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ). While
these appeals raised many issues, Zhu admitted at the hearing that all her issues had been
resolved other than: (1) application of her advanced premium tax credit to her
spenddown and (1) application of medical expenses she incurred in China to her
spenddown (which she has not raised on appeal). Zhu received an advance premium tax
credit of $1,118 which reduced the amount of her Blue Cross Blue Shield (BCBS)
monthly health insurance premium to $37.54. Zhu challenged KDHE's application of
only $37.54 per month towards her spenddown, claiming she had a right to credit the
entire amount of the premium, before application of the advance premium tax credit, to
her spenddown.

                                             2
      While the ALJ's decision on the three consolidated appeals was pending, Zhu filed
two more appeals—one on September 5, 2018, and another on October 10, 2018. The
fourth appeal (which she characterized as an "update" of her pending appeals) only
addressed application of the tax credit and the Chinese medical expenses. The ALJ placed
this appeal on hold pending determination of Zhu's first three appeals, since the outcome
of those three appeals may determine the outcome of her fourth appeal.

      On September 24, 2018, the ALJ submitted several written questions to the parties
about Zhu's claims and KDHE's position on various items. He requested the parties
answer these questions by October 13, 2018. KDHE provided its responses on October 2,
2018. On October 10, 2018, Zhu requested a 30-day extension. She was given a 60-day
extension, making her responses due December 12, 2018.

      On the same day Zhu requested this extension, she filed a fifth appeal. This appeal
mentioned two letters KDHE sent to Zhu in September 2018. In this appeal, Zhu stated:

      "Pursuant to K.S.A. 77-702, and according the Medical-KEESM Section 7532.4 the
      Notice dated 09/10/2018, see the attached Notice; and according the Medical-KEESM
      Section 2671, etc. the Notice dated 09/13/2018, see the attached Notice, are not
      satisfactory in my circumstances."

      In the September 10, 2018 letter, KDHE again stated it would only apply $37.54
of Zhu's health insurance premium towards her spenddown. It also stated her request for
application of her Chinese medical expenses was still pending review. And it denied
application of other medical bills and expenses to her spenddown as either not allowable
or insufficiently documented.

      In the September 13, 2018 letter, KDHE notified Zhu that her qualified Medicare
beneficiary (QMB) "[c]overage begins 11/01/2018."

                                                  3
       OAH issued an acknowledgment and order on October 11, 2018, for Zhu's fifth
appeal, in which it ordered KDHE to complete its summary response under K.A.R. 30-7-
75 to Zhu's fifth appeal by October 25, 2018. But on that same day, the ALJ issued an
order consolidating and staying all five of Zhu's appeals pending Zhu's response to
questions from the ALJ about her claims, which was now due December 12, 2018.

       Zhu filed a document titled, "Appellant's Memorandum in Support of Her
Response to Request for Additional Submissions," on December 12, 2018. In it, she
addressed her claims in all five appeals. As for her complaints about KDHE's
September 10, 2018 letter, Zhu objected to KDHE's position that (a) the receipts Zhu
submitted for certain expenses (a $30 charge from the Cotton O'Neil Clinic on
October 30, 2017, a November 2017 KU Hospital charge for $150 and a December 2017
KU Hospital charge for $50, and a $60 charge from Dr. Mark Underwood, D.D.S. on
May 4, 2018) could not be used to reduce her spenddown; (b) it could not apply the
premiums Zhu submitted from Renaissance Dental; and (c) its position that it could only
apply $37.54 of her BCBS premiums per month to her spenddown. She also mentioned
she had faxed $490 in old dental bills to KDHE on September 10, 2018, for application to
her spenddown, which she claimed KDHE still had not applied. She attached an invoice
from Michael E. Weber, D.D.S., dated August 29, 2018, which contained a "[b]alance
forward" of $490.

       On December 19, 2018, the ALJ suggested a recent policy change may impact
Zhu's claim for her Chinese medical bills. He asked KDHE to reconsider this claim,
based on the policy change, and provide its decision by January 3, 2019. KDHE
responded by December 21, 2018, noting the policy change did not impact this issue or
KDHE's decision.

       On December 22, 2018, Zhu filed a motion for sanctions against KDHE, in part
for its failure to file summary appeal statements under K.A.R. 30-7-75 to all her appeals.

                                             4
The ALJ denied this motion on January 16, 2019. He pointed out that he had consolidated
all five appeals after determining "all five arose out of the same nucleus of operative
facts, to wit, [KDHE's] refusal to (1) reimburse for an alleged emergency surgery in
China; (2) discount her spenddown in the amount of her 'Obamacare' advance premium
tax [credit], and; (3) reimburse her for a handful of dated and allegedly poorly evidenced
receipts." The ALJ found Zhu suffered no harm by KDHE "not filing an appeal summary
against claims which are, most likely, fatally defective" and "[e]ven so, [KDHE] has filed
more than enough in summaries and briefings as bar to address the appellant's
nonfrivolous claims." But the record does not reveal any filing by KDHE which
addressed the expenses Zhu newly mentioned in her fifth appeal or the $490 in old dental
bills mentioned in her response to the ALJ questions about her claims.

       On January 29, 2019, the ALJ issued a partial summary judgment order. He noted
Zhu's first four appeals addressed two issues—the Advance Premium Tax Credit and the
Chinese medical expenses. He found Zhu had no right to apply either of these amounts to
her spenddown. As for Zhu's fifth appeal, the ALJ found it contained only a "vague
statement that fully supports the conclusion that the appellant was filing appeals merely
to ensure that all [KDHE] action was before this tribunal," contained "no appealable
action by the [KDHE] and [was] thus nonjusticiable." The ALJ did not address Zhu's
filing in response to his questions about her claims.

       Given the confusing and voluminous way Zhu presented the issues in her five
appeals, the ALJ was concerned he may not have analyzed all of Zhu's claims or
arguments in his partial summary judgment order. He issued a briefing order on
February 1, 2019, which provided Zhu a chance to brief "any previously-filed BUT
unanswered claims supporting her desire for relief." The ALJ asked Zhu to "present any
and all claims for relief, reimbursement or review that she believes to be unreviewed at
this time" and to "present any and all arguments that she is owed relief, reimbursement or

                                             5
review that she believes to be unanalyzed in the record made by this presiding officer's
previous rulings in this matter."

       On the filing deadline of April 19, 2019, Zhu filed a document labeled "Exhibit
No. 1F Statement of the Basis of Ms. Zhu's Medical Expenses and Why KanCare's
Decisions or Actions Were Incorrect." In this document, Zhu repeated the claim in her
fifth appeal that she did not agree with KDHE's September 10, 2018 letter. She offered
additional allegations not previously mentioned in her appeals disputing KDHE's
statements in its September 10, 2018 letter about the $30 Cotton O'Neil Clinic charge, the
$200 in KU Hospital charges, the $60 Dr. Mark Underwood, D.D.S. charge, and the
Renaissance Insurance dental premiums. She also repeated her claims about the $490 in
dental bills that she alleged KDHE had not applied to her spenddown.

       On May 8, 2019, the new ALJ issued an initial order. She acknowledged Zhu's
supplemental filings but found they were not responsive to the instructions in the briefing
order because, rather than identifying unaddressed claims or arguments, Zhu presented
arguments already ruled on. The ALJ noted the partial summary judgment order
acknowledged that by Zhu's fourth appeal, she had narrowed the issues to application of
the tax credit and the Chinese medical expenses, and that "[a]ny additional medical
expenses identified by the appellant were considered and disposed of without further
analysis" in that order. In the initial order, the ALJ affirmed the agency's denial of Zhu's
request to apply the Chinese medical bills and advanced premium tax credit to her
spenddown.

       Zhu appealed the initial order to the State Appeals Committee, which affirmed the
initial order in a final order issued on July 30, 2019. The final order did not mention the
$30 Cotton O'Neil Clinic charge, the $60 Dr. Mark Underwood charge, the $490 in old
dental bills, or the $59.82 in Renaissance Dental premiums.

                                              6
       Zhu petitioned for review of the ALJ's decisions to the district court. Besides
identifying KDHE's decisions on the BCBS premium and Chinese medical expenses, she
also mentioned its denial of her Renaissance Dental premium and "[d]ue and owing
expenses" in the amount of $855.05 (charged the balance on a credit card) and BCBS
health insurance deductibles totaling $500. She later described the due and owing
expenses to include three CVS and Walmart charges, the Cotton O-Neil Clinic $30
charge, the Dr. Mark Underwood charge of $60, and the $490 in old dental bills. And she
made generic claims that her due process rights were violated and that KDHE incorrectly
required her to meet a spenddown after she qualified for the QMB Program.

       In KDHE's response, it did not address these other expenses—it only addressed
the BCBS premium, Chinese medical expenses, Zhu's request to end her spenddown, and
her due process argument. Similarly, in the district court's order denying Zhu's petition
for review, it also did not address these other expenses. But it found KDHE properly
denied application of the advanced premium tax credit and Chinese medical expenses to
her spenddown, and that Zhu was not exempt from the spenddown requirement once she
became a QMB. It also found Zhu's due process rights were not violated since the ALJ
consolidated all five appeals after determining they all "dealt with the same issues and
underlying facts."

       Zhu now appeals the district court's order.

Applicable Law

       Medicaid

       KDHE has been designated as the state agency responsible for supervising and
administering Kansas' state plan for medical assistance under the federal Social Security
Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1396 et seq. (i.e., Medicaid). K.S.A. 75-7409. Within KDHE, the

                                             7
Division of Health Care Finance administers Kansas' Medicaid program, which is called
KanCare. K.S.A. 65-1,254.

       Medicaid is a joint federal-state program, where the state cooperates with the
federal government in its program of assisting the states financially in providing medical
assistance to eligible individuals. See 42 U.S.C. § 1396-1 (2018); K.S.A. 75-7409(a);
Village Villa v. Kansas Health Policy Authority, 296 Kan. 315, 317, 291 P.3d 1056
(2013). The federal government appropriates sums to carry out the state Medicaid
programs, but these sums are only available to states which have submitted a plan for
medical assistance that the secretary has approved. See 42 U.S.C. § 1396-1. The federal
requirements for a state plan are set forth in 42 U.S.C. § 1396a (Supp. 2022). One of the
requirements for the state plans is to make medical assistance available for the purpose of
"[M]edicare cost-sharing" for QMBs. See 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(10)(E)(i); 42 U.S.C.
§ 1396d(p)(1), (p)(3) (2018) (defining "qualified [M]edicare beneficiary" and
"[M]edicare cost-sharing"). A QMB has a right to receive Medicare part A but also has
income and resources below a certain amount that makes them eligible to receive
Medicaid-funded assistance to pay for their Medicare premiums, coinsurance, and
deductibles (i.e., pay for their "[M]edicare cost-sharing"). See 42 U.S.C. §
1396a(a)(10)(E)(i); 42 U.S.C. § 1396d(p)(1), (p)(3).

       Kansas has promulgated regulations for its administration of Medicaid, which
have the force and effect of law. K.S.A. 77-425; Village Villa, 296 Kan. at 320; Hutson v.
Mosier, 54 Kan. App. 2d 679, 686, 401 P.3d 673 (2017). One of these regulations
requires KDHE staff to follow the interpretation provided by manuals, other policy
materials, and official releases or communications from the secretary or the secretary's
designee. K.A.R. 129-2-1 (2021 Supp.). The parties rely on one of these manuals for their
arguments on appeal—the Medical Kansas Economic and Employment Support Manual
(KEESM). This manual provides the policy for the state's medical assistance programs.
The January 2018 version of this manual controls here.

                                             8
       This manual notes Kansas' Medicaid program is divided into two segments—the
"categorically needy" and the "medically needy." KEESM 2611 (January 2018).
Medicaid coverage for the categorically needy is mainly mandated by federal law.
KEESM 2611(1). As a condition of receiving federal funds, certain groups—called
"mandatory groups"—must be covered under the Medicaid plan. KEESM 2611(1)(a).
Relevant here, one mandatory group is persons eligible for restricted coverage under the
QMB program. KEESM 2611(1)(a)(vii).

       The "medically needy" segment of the Medicaid program "is comprised of those
persons, who while meeting the non-financial criteria of one of the categorically needy
programs . . . do not qualify because of excess income or resources . . . Most persons in
the medically needy group are obligated for a share of their medical costs through the
'spenddown' process." KEESM 2611(2). The spenddown process allows individuals to
submit expenses they have incurred for certain medically necessary items or services to
become financially eligible for the medically needy program. KEESM 7532 (January
2018). In other words, a spenddown is like an insurance deductible, representing the
amount a person (here, Zhu) would have to pay before KanCare would help pay for
medical services for the rest of that person's spenddown period. KEESM 7532 governs
what expenses can be applied to an individual's spenddown.

       Kansas Judicial Review Act

       The KJRA, K.S.A. 77-601 et seq., defines the scope of judicial review of a state
administrative agency action. Hutson, 54 Kan. App. 2d at 683. The KJRA only allows a
court to grant judicial relief from an agency action for the reasons listed in K.S.A. 77-
621(c). Hanson v. Kansas Corporation Comm'n, 313 Kan. 752, 761, 490 P.3d 1216
(2021); Village Villa, 296 Kan. at 321 ("K.S.A. 77-621 governs judicial review of agency
actions.").

                                              9
       Zhu's filings below and on appeal are confusing and difficult to follow. But since
she is proceeding pro se, we liberally construe her arguments to determine whether relief
is warranted based on the facts she alleges. Joritz, 61 Kan. App. 2d at 498-500.

       Zhu appears to seek relief under K.S.A. 77-621(c)(3) (authorizing relief if "the
agency has not decided an issue requiring resolution"), K.S.A. 77-621(c)(4) (authorizing
relief if "the agency has erroneously interpreted or applied the law"), and K.S.A. 77-
621(c)(7) (authorizing relief if "the agency action is based on a determination of fact,
made or implied by the agency, that is not supported to the appropriate standard of proof
by evidence that is substantial when viewed in light of the record as a whole").

       This court exercises unlimited review over claims under both K.S.A. 77-621(c)(3)
and K.S.A. 77-621(c)(4), giving no deference to the agency's view of the law under
subsection (c)(4). Hanson, 313 Kan. at 761; In re Tax Appeal of River Rock Energy Co.,
313 Kan. 936, 944, 492 P.3d 1157 (2021). And when reviewing an agency's action under
subsection (c)(7), "'the appellate court is limited to ascertaining from the record if
substantial competent evidence supports the agency findings.'" Atkins v. Webcon, 308
Kan. 92, 96, 419 P.3d 1 (2018). "'Substantial competent evidence possesses both
relevance and substance and provides a substantial basis of fact from which the issues can
be reasonably determined.'" 308 Kan. at 96. Substantial competent evidence is also
referenced as "'such evidence as a reasonable person might accept as being sufficient to
support a conclusion.'" 308 Kan. at 96. We cannot reweigh such evidence or engage in de
novo review. K.S.A. 77-621(d).

       As the party challenging agency action under the KJRA, Zhu has the burden to
prove KDHE (and OAH) erred. Village Villa, 296 Kan. at 321.

                                              10
       Zhu's arguments on appeal

       Zhu alleges KDHE violated her due process rights by terminating her QMB status
on September 13, 2018, "without affording her the opportunity for an evidentiary
hearing." She also alleges KDHE erred by: (1) denying her request to terminate her
Medicaid spenddown once she qualified for QMB status on September 1, 2018;
(2) refusing to apply her Advance Premium Tax Credit for her BCBS insurance premium
and other expenses towards her Medicaid spenddown; and (3) failing to resolve issues
raised in her fifth appeal. After reviewing the record as a whole we find Zhu has not
established she is entitled to relief under the KJRA on the first two issues. But we find the
agency did not resolve the issue of the expenses raised in her fifth appeal and
supplemental briefing, so we remand for determination of that issue only.

       KDHE did not terminate Zhu's QMB status.

       Zhu bases her claim that KDHE terminated her QMB status on the fact that she
received a letter from KDHE dated August 9, 2018, which stated her QMB status would
begin September 1, 2018, and then another letter on September 13, 2018 which stated her
QMB "[c]overage begins 11/01/2018." While admittedly confusing, KDHE explains the
September 13, 2018 letter was generated by its regular review process, which was
triggered by Zhu's original application for Medicaid benefits in November 2017, making
November Zhu's "review month for the annual renewal of her Kansas Medicaid
eligibility." KDHE denies terminating Zhu's QMB status.

       Zhu failed to preserve this issue for review. She did not mention it in her petition
for review to the district court, nor does she support her allegation that KDHE terminated
her QMB status. As KDHE notes, nowhere in the September 13, 2018 notice does it say
that Zhu's QMB status is or was terminated.

                                             11
         By failing to challenge the ALJ's decision on this issue before the district court,
Zhu has failed to preserve it for appellate review. State v. Johnson, 293 Kan. 959, 964,
270 P.3d 1135 (2012) (issues not raised before the district court may not be raised on
appeal). Zhu has thus failed to establish she is entitled to relief under the KJRA on this
issue.

         Zhu's QMB status does not exempt her from the Medicaid spenddown requirement.

         Zhu next argues that once she became a QMB on September 1, 2018, she was no
longer required to meet a spenddown to become financially eligible for Medicaid
benefits. She alleges KDHE acted "in contradiction to the Federal law []Sections
1902(n)(3)(B) and 1866(a)(1)(A) of the Act, as modified by Section 4714 of the Balanced
Budget Act"—which, according to Zhu, "prohibits all Medicare providers from billing
QMBs for all Medicare deductibles, coinsurance, or copayments." She cites no legal
authority and offers no argument to support her claim.

         KDHE counters that QMB status does not eliminate a state's Medicaid financial
eligibility requirements. It correctly notes the federal prohibition on billing QMBs that
Zhu references applies to Medicare providers—not a state Medicaid program (i.e., the
medically needy program Zhu was enrolled in) or its requirement for financial eligibility
(i.e., requiring a spenddown for eligibility in the program). This case does not involve a
Medicare provider that is billing Zhu for Medicare deductibles, coinsurance, or
copayments. Rather, it involves a Medicaid program setting a certain low-income
threshold that she must meet (through reporting medically necessary expenses she has
incurred) before the program will help her pay for her Medicare deductibles, coinsurance,
or copayments.

         The sections Zhu references from the Social Security Act—1902(n)(3)(B) and
1866(a)(1)(A)—are currently codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(n)(3)(B) (Supp. 2021) and 42

                                               12
U.S.C. § 1395cc(a)(1)(A) (Supp. 2021), respectively. These statutes must be placed in
context for a full understanding. First, 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(n) provides:

               "(n) Payment amounts
               "(1) In the case of medical assistance furnished under this subchapter
       [(Medicaid)] for medicare cost-sharing respecting the furnishing of a service or item to a
       qualified medicare beneficiary, the State plan may provide payment in an amount with
       respect to the service or item that results in the sum of such payment amount and any
       amount of payment made under subchapter XVIII [(Medicare)] with respect to the
       service or item exceeding the amount that is otherwise payable under the State plan for
       the item or service for eligible individuals who are not qualified medicare beneficiaries.
               "(2) In carrying out paragraph (1), a State is not required to provide any payment
       for any expenses incurred relating to payment for deductibles, coinsurance, or
       copayments for medicare cost-sharing to the extent that payment under subchapter XVIII
       [(Medicare)] for the service would exceed the payment amount that otherwise would be
       made under the State plan under this subchapter for such service if provided to an eligible
       recipient other than a medicare beneficiary.
               "(3) In the case in which a State's payment for medicare cost-sharing for a
       qualified medicare beneficiary with respect to an item or service is reduced or eliminated
       through the application of paragraph (2)—
               (A) for purposes of applying any limitation under subchapter XVIII [(Medicare)]
       on the amount that the beneficiary may be billed or charged for the service, the amount of
       payment made under subchapter XVIII [(Medicare)] plus the amount of payment (if any)
       under the State plan shall be considered to be payment in full for the service;
               (B) the beneficiary shall not have any legal liability to make payment to a
       provider or to an organization described in section 1396b(m)(1)(A) of this title for the
       service; and
               (C) any lawful sanction that may be imposed upon a provider or such an
       organization for excess charges under this subchapter or subchapter XVIII [(Medicare)]
       shall apply to the imposition of any charge imposed upon the individual in such case.
               "This paragraph shall not be construed as preventing payment of any medicare
       cost-sharing by a medicare supplemental policy or an employer retiree health plan on
       behalf of an individual."

                                                      13
               And 42 U.S.C. § 1395cc(a)(1)(A) provides:

               "(a) Filing of agreements; eligibility for payment; charges with respect to items
       and services
               "(1) Any provider of services . . . shall be qualified to participate under this
       subchapter [(Medicare)] and shall be eligible for payments under this subchapter if it files
       with the Secretary an agreement—
               "(A)(i) not to charge, except as provided in paragraph (2), any individual or any
       other person for items or services for which such individual is entitled to have payment
       made under this subchapter . . . and (ii) not to impose any charge that is prohibited under
       section 1396(n)(3) of this title."

       These sections do not, by their plain language, support Zhu's argument that
Federal law prohibits KDHE from imposing a spenddown on her once she qualified for
the QMB program—the prohibition applies to providers of services—not state Medicaid
programs. See also Detroit Receiving Hosp. and Univ. Health Center v. Sebelius, 575
F.3d 609, 612 (6th Cir. 2009) (discussing the provisions in 42 U.S.C. § 1396a[n]). The
district court properly denied Zhu's petition for relief on this issue.

       Zhu had no right to apply the advance premium tax credit for her Blue Cross Blue
       Shield insurance premium towards her Medicaid spenddown.

       Although Zhu's stated BCBS monthly health insurance premium was $1,155.54,
she received an advance premium tax credit of $1,118 which reduced the amount of her
premium to $37.54 per month. In all five of her appeals, Zhu challenged KDHE's
application of only $37.54 per month towards her spenddown, claiming she had a right to
credit the entire amount of the premium, before application of the advance premium tax
credit, to her spenddown.

                                                    14
       KDHE relied on KEESM 7532.1(1) to support its position that the amount of the
advance premium tax credit could not be applied toward the spenddown. The relevant
portion of KEESM 7532.1(1) provides:

              "7532.1 Limitations on Allowable Medical Expenses—
              ....
              "The amount of the expense allowable is determined according to the following:
              1. The portion of the expense assumed by a third party, whether legally liable or
                  not, negates the individual's responsibility to pay; therefore, such medical
                  expenses cannot be considered against the spenddown. This includes the
                  portion of any allowable medical expense paid by Medicare or other health
                  insurance. The portion not covered by insurance (such as the copayment or
                  deductible) or not assumed by another third party is allowable."

       KDHE argues the advance premium tax credit is a subsidy through the federal
marketplace, and because Zhu was not responsible for this amount, it could not be
considered against the spenddown. KDHE notes that it did apply the portion of Zhu's
BCBS premium that was not covered by the subsidy towards her spenddown.

       On appeal, it appears that Zhu is arguing KDHE's position stemmed from its
allegedly erroneous interpretation of a specific Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
publication she references discussing the tax credit. She contends this IRS publication is
controlling as to interpreting the advance premium tax credit. She then argues KDHE
should have applied KEESM 7532.3 (2018) to allow the amount of the advance premium
tax credit to be applied toward her spenddown.

       In her brief, Zhu sets forth the IRS publication she relies on as follows:

              "Page 3, I.R.S. Publication 974 (2018) provides:
              "What Is the Premium Tax Credit (PTC)?

                                                  15
               "The PTC is a tax credit for Ms. Zhu who enrolls in a qualified health plan
       offered through a Marketplace. The credit provides financial assistance to pay the
       premiums for the qualified health plan by reducing the amount of tax Ms. Zhu owes,
       giving her a refund, or increasing her refund amount. She must file Form 8962 to
       compute and take the PTC on her tax return.
               "Advance payment of the premium tax credit (APTC). APTC is a payment made
       during the year to Ms. Zhu's insurance provider that pays for part or all of the premiums
       for a qualified health plan covering Ms. Zhu. If APTC was paid for Ms. Zhu, she must
       file Form 8962 to reconcile (compare) this APTC with her PTC. If the APTC is more
       than her PTC, she has excess APTC and she must re-pay the excess. If the APTC is less
       than the PTC, she can get a credit for the difference, which reduces her tax payment or
       increases her refund."

       Considering the arguments she made below to fill in the details of her argument
here, it appears Zhu is arguing that under this IRS publication, the premium tax credit is a
refund paid to her and thus she paid for this portion of her health insurance premium to
BCBS. Or put another way, it was her responsibility to pay the advance premium tax
credit to BCBS—not a third party's—and thus KEESM 7532.1(1) would not apply. But
42 U.S.C. § 18084 (2018) clarifies that the advance premium tax credit should be treated
as having been made to the qualified health plan—BCBS here—and not to Zhu:

               "For purposes of determining the eligibility of any individual for benefits or
       assistance, or the amount or extent of benefits or assistance, under any Federal program
       or under any State or local program financed in whole or in part with Federal funds—
               ....
               (2) any . . . advance payment of the credit allowed under such section 36B that is
       made under section . . . 18082 of this title shall be treated as made to the qualified health
       plan in which an individual is enrolled and not to that individual." (Emphases added.) 42
       U.S.C. § 18084.

And 42 U.S.C. § 18082 (2018) clarifies who makes the payment of the advance premium
tax credit to the qualified health plan—the United States Secretary of the Treasury. See

                                                    16
42 U.S.C. § 18082 (c)(2)(A) ("The Secretary of the Treasury shall make the advance
payment under this section of any premium tax credit allowed under section 36B of Title
26 to the issuer of a qualified health plan on a monthly basis."); see also 26 C.F.R.
§ 1.36B (2021) (section of Internal Revenue Code discussing premium tax credit). Thus,
the advance premium tax credit cannot be treated as having been paid by Zhu. Rather, it
was paid by a third party.

       This conclusion that the tax credit was paid by a third party brings us to Zhu's
second argument, that KEESM 7532.3 applies (not KEESM 7532.1[1]), and that KEESM
7532.3 allows this expense paid by a third party to be applied toward her spenddown. The
relevant portion of this subsection provides:

               "7532.3 Expenses Paid by a Third Party—Medically necessary expenses paid
       for by a public program funded by the State (or political subdivision of the State, such as
       a county), other than Medicaid, can be applied to spenddown. Only the portion of the
       expenses funded by the public program is allowable unless the client will continue to be
       obligated for the remaining portion of the bill. Such an expense is allowable in the base
       period in which it was incurred." KEESM 7532.3.

Effectively, Zhu is arguing that KEESM 7532.3 applies and allowed the portion of health
insurance premium paid using her advance premium tax credit to be applied to her
spenddown, because it was a medically necessary expense (her health insurance
premium) paid for by a public program other than Medicaid—that public program being
the Affordable Care Act. But as KDHE correctly notes, Zhu misquoted this KEESM
subsection in her brief by omitting the phrase "funded by the [s]tate." And KDHE points
out the advance premium tax credit was paid for by a third-party federal agency—making
this KEESM section inapplicable.

       KDHE is correct. As discussed above, the advance premium tax credit is funded
by the federal government, not by the State. See 42 U.S.C. § 18082(c)(2)(A) (suggesting

                                                   17
United States Secretary of the Treasury must make the advance premium tax credit
payment to the issuer of the qualified health plan); see also 26 C.F.R. § 1.36B. Because
the advance premium tax credit is not funded by the state, KEESM 7532.3 does not apply
or allow the portion of Zhu's health insurance premium paid using the advance premium
tax credit to be applied to Zhu's spenddown. The district court properly denied Zhu's
petition for relief on this issue as well.

       Expenses Zhu claims KDHE should have applied to her spenddown

       In a cryptic and confusing statement at the end of her first issue on appeal, Zhu
appears to claim she is entitled to the application of other expenses to her spenddown,
which she merely lists as: "32.85+90.87+129+14.87." She does not explain what these
numbers mean or offer any explanation or argument about why she believes she is
entitled to application of these expenses. Based on Zhu's record citation, these appear to
be prescription expenses and an expense related to a clinical visit on November 19, 2017.

       KDHE notes on appeal that it understood these expenses were a moot issue, since
in its position statement to the ALJ before the July 12, 2018 hearing, KDHE pointed out
that it allowed these expenses to be applied to Zhu's spenddown. Indeed, the portion of
the record Zhu cites in her appellate brief on the expenses is that very position statement.

       While we must liberally construe any arguments she raises that are properly before
us, we are not allowed to bolster any arguments that Zhu did not adequately brief. Joritz,
61 Kan. App. 2d at 498-99. Zhu's abbreviated listing of these ostensible expenses is
insufficient to raise the issue of these expenses on appeal, particularly given KDHE's
unopposed explanation. We find Zhu has failed to establish she is entitled to relief under
the KJRA on this issue.

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       Issues about Zhu's expenses which she claims KDHE has not decided and which
       require resolution

       Zhu also includes several items at the end of her brief in a list of what she claims
are "[i]ssues requiring resolution [that] have not [been] decided by PO Brown and the
district court." The first item—her request to end her spenddown—was addressed, as
noted above. And as also noted above, she has failed to support the second item on her
list—her allegation that KDHE allegedly terminated her QMB status on September 13,
2018. She also lists five expenses, some which were mentioned in KDHE's September
10, 2018 letter and some which were not raised in any of her appeals.

               (1) Zhu's "insurance co-payment/Medicare deductibles of in [sic] the
               amount of $627.93."

       KDHE claims on appeal that it understood this expense was no longer an issue of
contention. The same KDHE position statement that addressed the prescription expenses
and clinical visit mentioned above also explained why the BCBS claims history statement
Zhu submitted in support of these expenses could not justify application of these claimed
expenses to her spenddown and why this issue is moot since Zhu's spenddown was $0 on
the dates of service in the statement:

       "Ms. Zhu submitted documents that were not allowed as expenses for vari[ous] reasons
       (Exhibit K):
               "Blue Cross Blue Shield Claim history. Claims paid by BCBS are not the
               responsibility of Ms. Zhu and cannot be allowed against a spenddown. Only the
               amount remaining after insurance payments can be applied to the spenddown.
               The providers must submit the claims through the Medicaid billing process to
               have them properly applied to the spenddown. As described in KEESM
               7532.4(1), the eligib[le] worker would be responsible for applying health
               insurance premiums, expenses for non-participating members of the assistance
               plan, due/owing expenses, and allowable nursing facility/institutional expenses.
               No other medical expenses are to be entered in KEES for person[s] attempting to

                                                  19
                meet a spenddown. Beneficiary billed claims would not apply as Ms. Zhu was
                open/active with coverage and the providers indicated on the document are
                Medicaid providers. The document provided also shows the BCBS claims
                process; however, it is not an invoice/bill from the providers showing that
                Medicaid has been billed and/or showing a remaining balance. Please note that
                the spenddown amount was $0.00 for the months of November 2017-April
                2018."

       Zhu also waived any issue regarding application of this expense to her spenddown
during the July 12, 2018 agency hearing. This expense was part of her first appeal, filed
on May 7, 2018. The parties discussed Zhu's apparent confusion about some of KDHE's
actions at the hearing, at which point Zhu then admitted all claims in her first three
appeals were resolved other than (1) application of her Advanced Premium Tax Credit to
her spenddown and (2) application of medical expenses she incurred in China to her
spenddown (which she has not raised on appeal). And she confirmed these were the only
two issues pending in her consolidated appeals when she filed her fourth appeal on
September 5, 2018 (which she characterized as "update" of her pending appeals).

       Zhu has not responded to KDHE's argument that these expenses are a moot issue,
nor does she cite any portion of the record to establish that she raised this issue before the
district court. Instead, she simply lists the expenses with no explanation on why they
should be applied to her spenddown. Her record citations are no help, since she merely
cites three of the four-page BCBS claims history statement in support of her claim for
this expense.

       Given Zhu's waiver of this issue at the July 12, 2018 hearing below and her failure
to properly brief it on appeal, we find she has waived any claim for relief under the KJRA
about this expense.

                                                   20
              (2) $30 Cotton O'Neil Clinic charge, $60 Dr. Mark Underwood, D.D.S.
              charge, $490 in old dental bills, and $59.82 in Renaissance Dental
              Premiums

        Zhu includes KDHE's decision not to apply these expenses to her spenddown in
her list of issues requiring resolution which the agency has not decided. K.S.A. 77-
621(c)(3). When liberally construing her pleadings below (which we are required to do,
since Zhu is pro se), we find this argument has merit. Joritz, 61 Kan. App. 2d at 498
(Under the pro se liberal construction rule, "'pro se pleadings are to be liberally construed
so that relief may be granted if warranted by the facts alleged.'").

        Zhu consistently contested KDHE's decision to deny application of these expenses
to her Medicaid spenddown, both to the agency and district court, but never received a
review of this decision. She raised all these expenses but the $490 in old dental bills in
her fifth appeal, and she mentioned these expenses and the dental bills in her "Appellant's
Memorandum in Support of Her Response to Request for Additional Submissions," filed
on December 12, 2018, in response to the ALJ's questions asking her to clarify her claims
for relief.

        The ALJ disposed of Zhu's fifth appeal in a footnote in his partial summary
judgment order, finding it only a "vague statement that fully supports the conclusion that
the appellant was filing appeals merely to ensure that all Agency action was before this
tribunal," contained "no appealable action by the Agency and [was] thus nonjusticiable."
But then he allowed Zhu a chance to "present any and all arguments that she is owed
relief, reimbursement or review that she believes to be unanalyzed in the record made by
this presiding officer's previous rulings in this matter." Zhu took the ALJ up on his offer
and explained why KDHE incorrectly denied application of these expenses, to which
KDHE never responded. And then the initial and final orders incorrectly found she had
only "represent[ed] arguments already ruled upon" or "restated the same arguments"
when she had explained her dispute with KDHE's decision on these expenses in her

                                             21
supplemental filing. While both the initial and final orders affirmed what they
characterized as the "core issues" in the case (the advance premium tax credit and
Chinese medical expenses), neither order addressed the application of these other
expenses to her spenddown.

       Zhu challenged KDHE's decision on these expenses in her petition for review to
the district court, but, once again, KDHE did not respond to this issue and the district
court failed to address it. While KDHE argues on appeal that Zhu failed to timely submit
documentation to support these expenses as required by K.A.R. 129-6-54 (2021 Supp.),
and that application of these expenses is moot because it would not overcome Zhu's large
spenddown balance, these are new arguments on appeal. That is, we do not see that
KDHE made these arguments in any filing either in the administrative or district court
proceedings.

       KDHE asks us to make findings of fact and freshly determine this issue on appeal,
which we cannot do. Instead, when K.S.A. 77-621(c)(3) is implicated, this court typically
remands the matter to the agency to consider the undecided issue. Hanson, 313 Kan. at
761. Since this issue is not purely legal, we cannot decide it de novo. See 313 Kan. at
761. We therefore remand to the district court with direction to remand this issue to the
Office of Administrative Hearings for further proceedings.

               (3) Social Security income

       The last item on Zhu's list was "$280 of her social security income for each month
beginning in Sept. 2018." We cannot discern what issue Zhu is claiming exists over her
Social Security income, nor can we find any evidence in the record that Zhu raised this
expense in any of her appeals. Zhu provides no record citation to support this item on her
list. We are only required to liberally construe Zhu's pro se arguments which are properly
before us. Joritz, 61 Kan. App. 2d at 498-500. We find this one is not.

                                             22
       Zhu also does not explain why we can consider the disposition of these expenses
for the first time on appeal. Supreme Court Rule 6.02(a)(5) (2022 Kan. S. Ct. R. at 36);
State v. Williams, 298 Kan. 1075, 1085, 319 P.3d 528 (2014). While there are exceptions
to the general rule that issues cannot be raised for the first time on appeal, Supreme Court
Rule 6.02(a)(5) requires Zhu to explain why the newly raised issue is properly before us.
She did not. And even if we exercised our discretion to find that one of the recognized
exceptions applied, Zhu did not adequately brief this issue. State v. Gray, 311 Kan. 164,
170, 459 P.3d 165 (2020). She did not provide an argument with supporting legal
authority for this issue. As a result, we find Zhu has waived or abandoned appellate
review. See Russell v. May, 306 Kan. 1058, 1089, 400 P.3d 647 (2017); Joritz, 61 Kan.
App. 2d at 498-99.

       Since Zhu did not properly raise this issue in any of her five appeals, the district
court had no jurisdiction to review it and neither do we. See K.S.A. 77-617; Kingsley v.
Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 288 Kan. 390, 411-12, 204 P.3d 562 (2009) (district court may
only review those issues litigated at the administrative level). We find Zhu has waived
any claim for relief under the KJRA for this expense.

       KDHE did not wrongfully consolidate Zhu's five appeals

       Zhu next argues her due process rights were violated when KDHE consolidated all
five of her appeals. We find this claim without merit as to the first four appeals and moot
as to the fifth. She admitted the first four appeals addressed only two issues—both of
which were determined after a hearing on these issues and after she was allowed to
present extensive posthearing briefing. And while the ALJ incorrectly failed to determine
the issue in her fifth appeal involving application of the other expenses to her spenddown,
we are remanding the matter to the OAH to address Zhu's request to apply certain
medical expenses mentioned in her fifth appeal and supplemental agency briefing to her
Medicaid spenddown under K.S.A. 75-37,121 and K.S.A. 77-501, which should

                                             23
determine this issue. Since we are granting Zhu relief under the KJRA to determine this
issue from her fifth appeal, any claim that the fifth appeal was incorrectly consolidated
with her initial four appeals is now moot.

       Judgment of the district court is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded
with directions.

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