Court Opinion

ID: 9406672
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-03 04:10:00.257667+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:32.320639
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                         OF TEXAS
                                        NO. PD-0289-20

                        CHARLES ROBERT RANSIER, Appellant

                                                 v.

                                   THE STATE OF TEXAS

             ON STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
                FROM THE FOURTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS
                             COMAL COUNTY

            KELLER, P.J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which HERVEY,
RICHARDSON, KEEL, SLAUGHTER and MCCLURE, JJ., joined. KEEL, J., filed a
concurring opinion in which SLAUGHTER, J., joined. YEARY, J., filed a dissenting
opinion. NEWELL, J., filed a dissenting opinion. WALKER, J., dissented.

                                            OPINION

       During an investigation at the side of the road, DPS Trooper David Kral noticed something

in Appellant’s hand. Trooper Kral later discovered that the item was a syringe. Appellant was

charged with tampering with evidence for, among other things, concealing the syringe. The court

of appeals concluded that the lesser-included offense of attempted tampering was raised because

“from the point [the trooper] saw appellant with the syringe in his hand until the time he got him to
                                                                                    RANSIER — 2

the ground, he knew where the syringe was the whole time.”1 We conclude that the court of appeals

did not look back far enough in time because Trooper Kral testified that, before he saw the syringe,

Appellant was concealing it from him, and there was no evidence from any source suggesting

otherwise. Consequently, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

                                    A. The Incident and Trial

       In March 2015, DPS Trooper Kral saw a truck parked beside a children’s slide on the side

of the road and stopped to investigate. Appellant refused Trooper Kral’s request for permission to

search the truck, but Appellant ultimately agreed to remove items from the truck himself. At some

point, Trooper Kral noticed something in Appellant’s hand. Appellant “was trying to make some

kind of movement and basically shoving his right hand underneath the driver’s side seat.” As the

trooper repositioned himself to see what Appellant was holding, he saw that it was a syringe and that

Appellant was trying to break the needle off with his thumb and shove the syringe under the seat.

Trooper Kral ordered Appellant to drop the item and get away from the truck. When Appellant

ignored the command and continued his effort to break and hide the syringe, the trooper grabbed him

by the shoulder and the arm and ripped him away from the truck. Appellant fell to the ground and

the syringe fell about two feet away. Trooper Kral noticed at that time that the syringe was broken.

The event was captured on the trooper’s bodycam video.

       During direct examination at trial, the prosecutor asked, “At some point did something

happen that caused you some concern or something unusual? Tell us about how that was going.”

Trooper Kral’s response included talking about when he first saw the syringe in Appellant’s hand:

       1
           Ransier v. State, 594 S.W.3d 1, 10 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019).
                                                                                    RANSIER — 3

       And so I was just watching his hands, watching his movements. And at one point I
       couldn’t necessarily tell what was in his right hand. And he was trying to make some
       kind of movement and basically shoving his right hand underneath the driver’s side
       seat. So whenever he started doing that, I started rearranging my body, bending over,
       coming back up, bending over, going to the side. And I said -- I asked him, “What’s
       in your right hand specifically?[”] He didn’t answer me. He just kept -- it almost
       looked like he was getting more desperate as far as trying to get it under there. And
       at one point -- at some point whenever I bent over, I noticed what it was in his hand.
       It was a syringe.

       On cross-examination, defense counsel questioned Trooper Kral about the syringe after he

saw it in Appellant’s hand:

       Q. Now, when you were -- from the point that you saw Mr. Ransier with the syringe
       in his hand until the time you got him to the ground, would it be fair to say that you
       knew where that syringe was the whole time?

       A. From the -- from the interaction that I had with him?

       Q. Yes.

       A. And to the point that we went to the ground?

       Q. Yes.

       A. Yes.

       Q. Okay. And would it also be fair to say that since the syringe was in his hand, that
       it was partially concealed from you so you couldn’t really see the full condition of it
       while it was in his hand? Would that be fair to say?

       A. Yes, sir.2

       On redirect examination, the prosecutor asked Trooper Kral if he had reviewed the video, and

he said that he had. The prosecutor then asked about the syringe before Trooper Kral saw it:

       Q. Can you actually see yourself leaning over a couple of times trying to see what he
       is doing?

       2
           Emphasis added.
                                                                                    RANSIER — 4

       A. Yes, sir.

       Q. And at that point, could you tell he had something in his hand he was trying --
       concealing from you?

       A. Without a doubt.

       Q. And eventually you said you were able to lean over and caught a glimpse that it
       was a syringe?

       A. Yes, sir.

       Q. But up until that point, did he conceal that syringe from you?

       A. Yes, sir.3

       The indictment charged Appellant with tampering with evidence by altering, destroying, or

concealing the syringe. The jury charge included the indictment’s three theories of tampering, and

Appellant requested the submission of the lesser-included offense of attempt to tamper with

evidence. That request was denied, and Appellant was convicted of tampering with evidence.

                                             B. Appeal

       The court of appeals recognized that Appellant’s entitlement to a lesser-included offense

depended on him raising the lesser-included offense with respect to all three of the State’s theories

of tampering.4 But the appellate court found that the evidence did raise the lesser-included offense

with respect to all three of the State’s theories.5 Regarding the concealment theory, the court of

appeals focused on what happened after Trooper Kral saw the syringe:

       With respect to whether appellant concealed the syringe, Kral testified that he was

       3
           Emphasis added.
       4
           Id. at 8.
       5
           Id. at 9-12.
                                                                                       RANSIER — 5

        watching appellant remove items from appellant’s truck and from the point he saw
        appellant with the syringe in his hand until the time he got him to the ground, he
        knew where the syringe was the whole time. Kral agreed that while the syringe was
        in appellant’s hand, it was only partially concealed. This testimony refutes or negates
        other evidence that appellant concealed the syringe.6

Later in its opinion, the court of appeals said there was evidence that the syringe was never fully

concealed:

        With respect to concealment of the syringe, although there was ample evidence of
        appellant’s attempt to shove the syringe under the seat and defendant admitted, “that
        was the intention,” there was also evidence that the syringe was never fully
        concealed, and as such, the attempt to conceal the syringe by shoving it under the seat
        was never completed.7

                                           II. ANALYSIS

        A defendant is entitled to submission of a lesser-included offense only if the following two-

pronged test is satisfied: (1) the requested lesser offense is in fact a lesser-included offense of the

charged offense, and (2) there is some evidence in the record that would permit the a jury to

rationally find that, if the defendant is guilty, he is guilty only of the lesser-included offense.8 When

the jury is instructed on alternate theories of the charged offense, the second prong of the test is

satisfied only if “there is evidence which, if believed, refutes or negates every theory which elevates

        6
            Id. at 10.
        7
           Id. at 11. Justice Jewell dissented, contending that there was no evidence to show that
Appellant only attempted to alter or destroy the syringe because the evidence shows he broke it and
there was no evidence to show that he only attempted to break it. Id. at 14-20 (Jewell, J., dissenting).
In a supplemental opinion, the court of appeals majority rejected the State’s arguments in a motion
for rehearing that, no matter how the syringe was broken, Appellant was liable under the law of
parties or the doctrine of concurrent causation. Id. at 20-22 (op. on reh’g).
        8
          Bullock v. State, 509 S.W.3d 921, 924-25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). See also Rousseau v.
State, 855 S.W.2d 666, 672-73 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).
                                                                                     RANSIER — 6

the offense from the lesser to the greater.”9

       As a matter of law, attempted tampering with evidence is a lesser-included offense of

tampering with evidence,10 so the issue in this case is the second prong, whether there is evidence,

under all three theories of tampering, that Appellant is guilty only of attempted tampering.

Concluding that the court of appeals was mistaken about the existence of evidence to show only

attempted concealment, we hold that the second prong was not met.

       The court of appeals reads too much into Trooper Kral’s testimony about the syringe being

partially concealed. On direct examination, Trooper Kral explained that he had to reposition his

body to see what Appellant was holding. On cross-examination, the trooper testified that the syringe

was only partially concealed after he first saw it. On redirect examination, the trooper made it clear

that Appellant was fully concealing the syringe from the trooper before the trooper first saw it. There

is no conflict between any of this testimony, and we are aware of no other testimony suggesting that

the syringe was only partially concealed from the trooper. We conclude that there was evidence that

Appellant fully concealed the syringe from Trooper Kral during the time that he first noticed that

Appellant had something in his hand but before the trooper first saw syringe, and there was no

evidence suggesting otherwise.

       Absent some evidence negating full concealment, Appellant has not raised the lesser-included

offense of attempted concealment. “[I]t is not enough that the jury may disbelieve crucial evidence

pertaining to the greater offense, but rather there must be some evidence directly germane to the

       9
            Ritcherson v. State, 568 S.W.3d 667, 671 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018).
       10
            See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 37.09(4) (“An offense is a lesser included offense if . .
. it consists of an attempt to commit the offense charged or an otherwise included offense.”).
                                                                                     RANSIER — 7

lesser-included offense for the finder of fact to consider before an instruction on a lesser-included

offense is warranted.”11 Unless the evidence presented is subject to different interpretations

consistent with either the greater or lesser-included offenses, evidence directly germane to a lesser-

included offense exists only if there is “affirmative evidence that both raises the lesser-included

offense and rebuts or negates an element of the greater offense.”12

       The present case is like Chavez, where we held that evidence that the defendant did not have

the requisite mental state for murder at the time the victims were kidnapped did not negate his having

the requisite mental state later, at the time of the killings.13 Similarly, evidence that Appellant

partially concealed the syringe after Trooper Kral saw it was a syringe does not negate Appellant

having fully concealed the syringe earlier, when Trooper Kral saw that Appellant was holding

something but could not see what it was. Consequently, the record fails to meet the “guilty only”

prong of the test with respect to the concealment theory of the offense. Appellant was not entitled

to submission of the lesser offense of attempted tampering.

       Appellant contends that Bullock supports the submission of a lesser-included offense in his

case. He argues that Bullock allows a lesser-included offense to be submitted based on the jury’s

ability to disbelieve evidence (in this case, inculpatory evidence showing a completed offense). We

       11
            Bullock, 509 S.W.3d at 925.
       12
            Cavazos v. State, 382 S.W.3d 377, 385 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).
       13
           See Chavez v. State, 666 S.W.3d 772, 777-78 (Tex. Crim. App. 2023) (Evidence that there
was no agreement to kill the victims at the time of the kidnappings and that an accomplice was the
first to come up with the idea to kill the victims is not directly germane to the defendant’s state of
mind at the time of the murders.). See also id. at 780 (Newell, J., concurring) (“Disbelieving a
witness whose testimony establishes an element of a greater offense is not the same thing as
believing some testimony that affirmatively negates an element of a greater offense.”).
                                                                                      RANSIER — 8

do not read Bullock that expansively.

        The Bullock court specifically said that it was not enough that the jury could disbelieve

“crucial evidence pertaining to the greater offense.”14 In our recent opinion in Chavez, we said that

mere disbelief of evidence “establishing commission of the greater offense” is insufficient by itself

to justify submission of a lesser offense.15 These are references to inculpatory evidence of the

greater offense.     Under Bullock and Chavez, the possibility that inculpatory evidence could be

disbelieved is not enough to raise a lesser-included offense.

        Unlike in the present case, the pertinent evidence in Bullock was exculpatory. There, the

defendant testified that he did not intend to steal the truck, and he also testified that he never

exercised control over the truck.16 Both of these items of testimony were exculpatory, not

inculpatory. If the jury believed that he didn’t intend to steal the truck, then it would have to acquit

him. But if the jury believed that he intended to steal the truck but never exercised control over it,

then it could find him guilty only of the lesser offense of attempted theft of the truck.17 His

testimony that he did not exercise control over the truck was affirmative evidence negating the

element required for the greater, completed offense.18

        Here, though, there was no exculpatory evidence to believe or disbelieve; there was only

        14
             509 S.W.3d at 925.
        15
             See Chavez, 666 S.W.3d at 777.
        16
          Bullock, 509 S.W.3d at 923, 926 (“failed to exercise control over the truck, based on his
testimony that he did not press the gas or brake pedals or try to start or move the truck”).
        17
             Id. at 926.
        18
             Id.
                                                                                    RANSIER — 9

inculpatory evidence. The evidence that Appellant fully concealed the syringe was inculpatory. And

the evidence that he partially concealed the syringe later in the encounter was also inculpatory, not

exculpatory, because it was not evidence that he never fully concealed the syringe. It was evidence

of additional criminality, not evidence of lesser criminality. So there was no exculpatory evidence

to be believed in this case, only the possibility of disbelieving inculpatory evidence. As in Chavez,

mere disbelief of inculpatory evidence is not sufficient to raise a lesser-included offense.

       We reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and remand the case to it to address

Appellant’s remaining issue.

Delivered: June 28, 2023

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