Court Opinion

ID: 4119898
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-01-27 22:43:38.179671+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:46:49.260725
License: Public Domain

Applicability of 18 U.S.C. § 207(a) to the Union Station
                         Development Corporation

18 U .S .C . § 207(a) does not prohibit a fo rm er em ployee o f the D istrict o f C olum bia governm ent now
   w o rking fo r the U nion S tation Redevelopm ent C orporation from com m unicating with the D istrict
   g overnm ent co n cerning m atters on w hich she worked as a D istrict em ployee, because the Corpo­
   ration should be regarded as “the U n ited S tates” for the purposes o f that statute.

                                                                                                    May 10, 1988

                     M   em o ran d u m   O    p in io n f o r t h e   D eputy D     ir e c t o r

                                  O f f ic e   of   G o v e r n m e n t E t h ic s

   This responds to your request for the opinion of this Office whether 18 U.S.C.
§ 207(a) bars a former employee of the District of Columbia government now
working for the Union Station Redevelopment Corporation (“USRC”) from com­
municating with the District government in connection with matters on which
she worked as a District employee. Section 207(a) prohibits former federal gov­
ernment employees, including employees of the District of Columbia govern­
ment, from representing “any other person (except the United States)” in matters
on which the employee worked as a government employee. For the reasons set
forth below, we conclude that section 207(a) poses no bar to the former em­
ployee’s communicating with the District government because USRC should be
regarded as “the United States” for purposes of that statute.
   In the past, we have looked to the definition of “agency of the United States”
in 18 U.S.C. § 6 to determine if an entity should be regarded as the United States
for the purposes of the conflict of interest laws. See Applicability o f 18 U.S.C.
§ 205 to Union Organizing Activities o f Department o f Justice Employee, 5 Op.
O.L.C. 194 (1981) (Office of the Architect of the Capitol an agency of the United
States for purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 205); Letter for the Secretary of the Army,
from Attorney General Clark (Dec. 2, 1948) (Panama Railroad Company an
agency of the United States for purposes of the conflict of interest laws). Section
6 provides:

             The term “agency” includes any department, independent es­
          tablishment, commission, administration, authority, board or bu­
          reau of the United States or any corporation in which the United
          States has a proprietary interest, unless the context shows that such
          term was intended to be used in a more limited sense.

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 18 U.S.C. § 6. The legislative history of the provision adds:

             The phrase “corporation in which the United States has a pro­
           prietary interest” is intended to include those governmental cor­
           porations in which stock is not actually issued, as well as those in
           which stock is owned by the United States. It excludes those cor­
           porations in which the interest of the Government is custodial or
           incidental.

H.R. Rep. No. 304, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. A6 (1947) (revisers’ notes reprinted in
 18 U.S.C. § 6).
   Few judicial precedents are available to guide us in interpreting 18 U.S.C.
§ 6, and none of those involve corporations similar to USRC.' In his 1948 letter
to the Secretary of the Army, supra, the Attorney General concluded that the
Panama Railroad Company was an agency of the United States under 18 U.S.C.
§ 6. Although he did not explain what factors led to that conclusion, an exami­
nation of the status of the Panama Railroad Company in 1948 reveals several rel­
evant considerations. Under the Act of June 29, 1948, 62 Stat. 1075, 1076-80,
the Panama Railroad Company was “an agency and instrumentality of the United
States,” funded by congressional appropriations and transfers from other gov­
ernment agencies, with the responsibility for operating a railroad across the
Panamanian Isthmus and for building and maintaining the infrastructure of the
Canal Zone.
   More helpful is the discussion of the definition of “agency of the United States”
in this Office’s opinion finding the Federal National Mortgage Association
(“FNMA”) an agency of the United States for the purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 431.
Section 431, another conflict of interest provision, prohibits Members of Con­
gress from entering into contracts with agencies of the United States. In a mem­
orandum for Joseph F. Dolan, Assistant Deputy Attorney General, from Norbert
A. Schlei, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel (Dec. 18, 1963)
(“Schlei Memorandum”), we concluded that the status of the FNMA as an agency
of the United States precluded the FNMA’s representation by a law firm of which
a Congressman was a member. We examined the charter of the FNMA and de­
termined that it was a “corporation in which the United States has a proprietary
interest.” Id. at 3. In making this determination we took into account the follow­
ing factors: 1) the corporation was created by federal statute; 2) one of the
FNMA’s functions was “to provide Government assistance for certain types of
mortgages”; 3) the FNMA was a mixed-ownership corporation in which the Sec­
retary of the Treasury owned the preferred stock; and 4) the United States exer­
cised substantial control over the FNM A’s activities. Id. at 4—6.

    1   Compare United States v Allen, 193 F. Supp. 954,957 (S D. Cal. 1961) (a federal grand jury is not an agency
of the United States) with United States v. Stark, 131 F. Supp. 190, 194 (D. Md. 1955) (the FBI is an agency o f the
United States). Neither o f these cases suggests any standards that can be used to decide whether a particular cor­
porate entity should be regarded as an “agency o f the United States" under the statute.

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   Based upon these precedents, we believe that USRC should be regarded as an
agency of the United States for purposes of title 18 if the interest of the United
States in the corporation is “proprietary,” but not if the interest of the United
States is “custodial or incidental.” In making this determination, we look to
USRC’s functions, financing, control, and management. Cf. Government Nat’I
Mortgage Ass’n v. Terry, 608 F.2d 614, 618 (5th Cir. 1979).2
   U SR C ’s functions are those entrusted by Congress to the Department of Trans­
portation in the Union Station Redevelopment Act of 1981, 40 U.S.C. §§
801-819. Congress anticipated that “a nonprofit, public-private development cor­
poration” could be created to manage the redevelopment of the Union Station
complex. S. Rep. No. 269, 97th Cong., 1st Sess. 13 (1981), reprinted in 1981
U.S.C.C.A.N. 2711,2723. USRC “was formed to assist the Secretary in achiev­
ing the objectives of the Redevelopment Act and generally to facilitate the rede­
velopment o f the Union Station complex.” Union Station Redevelopment Coop­
erative Agreement at 3 (Nov. 1983) (“Union Station Agreement”). In particular,
USRC’s responsibilities include selecting and monitoring the developer of the
station complex, ensuring that adequate provision is afforded Amtrak for its cur­
rent and future use of the station, and working with other interested parties in the
redevelopment of the station. Id. at 6-7. Although these functions presumably
could be handled by private enterprise without federal control, that is not an ad­
equate basis for finding that an entity is not an agency of the United States. See
Rauscher, 789 F.2d at 315. See also Schlei Memorandum at 5 (FNMA is an
agency of the United States even though it is empowered “to engage in its busi­
ness activities in a manner comparable to that of private institutions engaged in
similar activities”). In this case, Congress assigned USRC’s responsibilities to
the Department of Transportation. USRC is simply the vehicle created by that
Department to accomplish the congressional mandate.
   USRC is financed by several sources. Amtrak is obligated to provide up to sev­
enty million dollars to USRC for the redevelopment project. Union Station Agree­

    2    Terry construed the meaning of “agency” under 28 U.S.C. § 451, which defines “agency” in a manner similar
to the definition in 18 U.S.C. § 6. Moreover, the historical and revisions notes o f section 451 state that “agency” in
section 451 conform s to the definition of “ agency” in 18 U.S.C. § 6. Accordingly, the court in Terry used the dis­
cussion o f “proprietary corporation" in the revisers’ notes to 18 U.S.C. § 6 to determine if Ginnie Mae should be
held an agency o f the United States for the'purposes o f determining federal jurisdiction See 608 F.2d at 618-20
(G innie Mae is an agency because of the control HUD exercises over Ginnie Mae, the intent o f Congress to retain
governm ental control over the federal housing program, and the funds provided by— and profits returned by Gin­
nie M ae to— the federal government). See a lso Rauscher Pierce Refsnes, Inc. v. FDIC, 789 F.2d 313, 314-16 (5th
Cir. 1986) (FDIC is an agency because of the “ important governmental functions" performed by the FDIC, the pres­
ence o f the Comptroller General and two presidential appointees on the three member board, the authority to issue
regulations, and the control by Treasury over the money o f the FDIC); LPR Land Holdings v. Federal Land Bank,
651 F. Supp. 2 8 7 ,2 9 0 (E.D. Mich. 1987) (a federal land bank is not an agency because being chartered by and reg­
ulated by the federal government is not sufficient to make an entity an agency of the United States).
       A lthough title 28 incorporates the definition o f agency in title 18, the converse is not true. It is possible that
different considerations influence whether an agency should be considered part of the United States for jurisdic­
tional purposes and w hether an agency is part of the United States for the purpose of defining a criminal offense.
Thus, cases decided under title 28 are not dispositive under title 18, but they are useful in examining the factors that
courts have found relevant to deciding w hether an entity is an “agency” o f the United States.

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ment at 8.3 The Federal Railroad Administration (“FRA”), an agency within the
Department of Transportation, was required to provide $340,000 for the opera­
tion and maintenance of Union Station between October 1, 1983 and September
30, 1984; the FRA has a continuing obligation to provide financial assistance to
USRC to the extent that its funds are available for this purpose. Id. at 4—5,9. The
District of Columbia contributes federal highway funds to USRC. Also, any in­
come that USRC earns in the course of its work is to be used “to further project
objectives.” Id. at 11. USRC has no obligation to seek funds from any source. Id.
at 7.
   USRC is managed by a five member board of directors. Two members— the
Secretary of Transportation and the Federal Railroad Administrator— are offi­
cials of the federal government. A third member— the Mayor of the District of
Columbia— has the status of a federal official under the conflicts laws. Another
member—the president of Amtrak—represents a mixed-ownership government
corporation. See supra note 3. The president of the Federal City Council repre­
sents a private entity.4 The day-to-day operations of USRC are handled by a pres­
ident, a vice-president, two full-time employees, and one part-time employee, al­
though the members of the board of directors also play significant, albeit varying,
roles in this regard.5
   While the question seems to us a close one, on balance we believe that the
functions, financing, management and control of USRC make that entity an
“agency of the United States” under 18 U.S.C. § 6, and that accordingly it should
be considered “the United States” under 18 U.S.C. § 207(a). Our conclusion in
this regard is reinforced by the purposes of section 207(a) itself. Several justifi­
cations for the restrictions imposed by that section on post-government employ­
ment have been advanced: the need to prevent the use of confidential govern­
ment information for the benefit of a private party, the unseemliness of switching
sides, the fear of undue influence over former colleagues, avoidance of pressure
on government employees who anticipate future private employment, and pro­
tection from the appearance of a conflict of interest. See, e.g., Bayless Manning,
Federal Conflict of Interest Law 179-81 (1964) (reviewing the legislative his­
tory of the predecessor statute to section 207). See also ABA Comm, on Ethics
and Professional Responsibility, Formal Op. 342 (1975). These same dangers are

    3 Amtrak is a “mixed-ownership Government corporation.” 31 U.S.C § 910l(2)(A ). It is not “an agency o r es­
tablishment o f the United States Government.” 45 U S C. §§ 541, 581(b)(1). Nonetheless, we have advised that
Amtrak is an “agency” for the purposes o f the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552a, because Amtrak is a “Government
controlled corporation” under 5 U.S.C. § 552(e). Letter for William M. Nichols, General Counsel, Office of M an­
agement and Budget, from Antonin Scalia, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel (Oct. 7, 1976)
Further, more than one-third o f Amtrak’s total expenses for fiscal year 1987 was funded by congressional appro­
priations. See H R. Rep No. 202, 100th Cong , 1st Sess. 101-02 (1987)
    4 The Federal City Council is a civic organization comprised o f prominent W ashington residents It essentially
operates as a booster group for the city.
    5 The General Counsel o f the FRA has daily contact with USRC and is involved in most of the substantive de­
cisions made by the corporation The Federal Railroad Administrator has perhaps weekly contact with the USRC.
The other members o f the board o f directors have less frequent contact with the corporation.

                                                       87
not posed when a government employee moves “from one salaried government
position to another.” Id. at 6. Thus, for example, it would be entirely permissible
for an individual to work on the redevelopment of Union Station as an employee
of the District of Columbia and then work on the same matter as an employee of
the Department of Transportation. We believe that the nature of USRC, as the
entity performing the statutory responsibilities of the Department of Transporta­
tion for the Union Station project, under the guidance of government officials
and with the assistance of federal funding, suggests that the same result should
be reached when an individual moves from employment with the District of Co­
lumbia to employment with USRC.
   In sum, we believe that the exclusively federal functions of USRC, and the sig­
nificant control over its operations exercised by the federal government, warrant
the conclusion that USRC should be considered “the United States” for the pur­
poses of 18 U.S.C. § 207(a). Accordingly, the prohibitions of that section do not
apply where a former employee of the District of Columbia accepts employment
with USRC.

                                                     M   ic h a e l   C   a r v in

                                             Deputy Assistant Attorney General
                                                 Office of Legal Counsel

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