Court Opinion

ID: 9372758
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-22 16:00:16.552489+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:37.156361
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                       MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD
                                      2022 MSPB 41
                             Docket No. PH-0714-18-0119-I-1

                                   Percy M. Ledbetter,
                                        Appellant,
                                                v.
                            Department of Veterans Affairs,
                                          Agency.
                                    December 12, 2022

           Anthony F. Jeselnik, Esquire, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for the appellant.

           Sara Elizabeth Aull, Esquire, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for the agency.

                                         BEFORE

                              Cathy A. Harris, Vice Chairman
                               Raymond A. Limon, Member
                                Tristan L. Leavitt, Member

                                 OPINION AND ORDER

¶1        The appellant has filed a petition for review of the initial decision, which
     dismissed his removal appeal as untimely filed. For the reasons discussed below,
     we DENY the petition for review and AFFIRM the initial decision as MODIFIED
     by this Opinion and Order to clarify the analysis of the Board’s authority to waive
     or toll the filing deadline of an appeal filed under 38 U.S.C. § 714, still
     dismissing the appeal as untimely filed.
                                                                                            2

                                        BACKGROUND
¶2         Effective November 8, 2017, the agency removed the appellant from his
     Housekeeping Aid Supervisor position in its Pittsburgh Healthcare System
     under the authority of the Department of Veterans Affairs Accountability
     and Whistleblower Protection Act of 2017 (VA Accountability Act), Pub. L.
     No. 115-41, § 202(a), 131 Stat. 862, 869-73 (2017) (codified at 38 U.S.C. § 714).
     Initial Appeal File (IAF), Tab 15 at 13, Tab 18 at 11. In its decision letter, the
     agency advised the appellant that he could file an appeal with the Board
     challenging the removal decision no later than 30 calendar days after the effective
     date of the action or 30 calendar days after his receipt of the decision, whichever
     was later. 1   IAF, Tab 15 at 15.      The appellant acknowledged receipt of the
     decision on November 8, 2017, the same day as the effective date of his removal.
     IAF, Tab 15 at 17, Tab 18 at 11.         The appellant filed the present appeal on
     December 22, 2017. IAF, Tab 1.
¶3         After holding the requested hearing on the merits of the removal action, the
     administrative judge issued a show cause order, indicating that it appeared that
     the appellant did not timely file his appeal. IAF, Tab 21 at 1 , Tab 24, Hearing
     Audio. She acknowledged that the agency incorrectly advised the appellant that
     he had 30 calendar days—as opposed to the 10 business days set forth in
     38 U.S.C. § 714—to file his Board appeal.          IAF, Tab 21 at 1-2.       She noted,
     however, that the appellant filed the appeal 14 days after the incorrect later
     deadline set by the agency. Id. at 2. As a result, she afforded the appellant an
     opportunity to demonstrate good cause for the delay in filing. Id. at 2-3. The
     appellant responded to the show cause order, and the agency submitted a reply to
     the appellant’s response. IAF, Tabs 22-23.

     1
       In the appeal rights section of the decision letter, the agency referred to the adverse
     action as a demotion rather than as a removal, which appears to be an oversight. IAF,
     Tab 15 at 15.
                                                                                          3

¶4           After consideration of the pleadings, the administrative judge issued an
     initial decision, dismissing the appeal as untimely filed.      IAF, Tab 25, Initial
     Decision (ID).     She found that the issue of Board jurisdiction, including the
     timeliness of an appeal, is always before the Board and may be raised by either
     party, or sua sponte by the Board, at any time. ID at 3. She also found that,
     based on the language of the statute, it did not appear that the time limit for filing
     an appeal under 38 U.S.C. § 714 could be waived upon a showing of good cause
     for the delay.     Id.   She further found that an agency’s incorrect statement
     concerning appeal rights does not confer jurisdiction over an appeal, and that,
     even if equitable estoppel could apply to allow the filing within the 30 calendar
     days provided by the agency, his appeal was filed 14 days beyond th at incorrect
     deadline.    Id.   She dismissed the appellant’s arguments that the timeliness
     requirement should be waived because neither the agency, nor the Board, raised
     the timeliness issue until the hearing and because the agency was not prejudiced
     by his late filing. ID at 3-4. She found that, other than his pro se status, the
     appellant offered no justification for his untimely filing and that, even u sing a
     30-day filing period, his 14-day delay was not minimal. ID at 4. Accordingly,
     she dismissed the appeal. ID at 5.
¶5           The appellant has filed a petition for review. Petition for Review (PFR)
     File, Tab 1. The agency has responded in opposition. PFR File, Tab 3.

                                          ANALYSIS
     The appellant’s appeal was untimely filed.
¶6           Pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 714(a)(1), “[t]he Secretary [of the Department of
     Veterans Affairs] may remove, demote, or suspend a covered individual . . . if the
     Secretary determines the performance or misconduct of the covered individual
     warrants such removal, demotion, or suspension.” A “covered individual” is an
     individual occupying a position at the agency, with four exceptions not relevant
     here.     See 38 U.S.C. § 714(h)(1)(A)-(D).       Such individual may appeal to
                                                                                          4

     the Board any removal, demotion, or suspension of more than 14 days. 38 U.S.C.
     § 714(c)(4)(A). However, an appeal “may only be made if such appeal is made
     not later than 10 business days after the date of such removal, demotion, or
     suspension.” 38 U.S.C. § 714(c)(4)(B).
¶7         Here, the effective date of the appellant’s removal was November 8, 2017.
     IAF, Tab 18 at 11. Under 38 U.S.C. § 714(c)(4)(B), his appeal was due on or
     before November 24, 2017. 2      The appellant filed his appeal on December 22,
     2017, and, thus, his appeal was untimely filed by 28 calendar days. IAF, Tab 1;
     see 38 U.S.C. § 714(c)(4)(B). The remaining question, therefore, is whether the
     Board may waive or toll this statutory deadline.

     There is no basis to waive or toll the filing deadline.
¶8         The Board has enumerated the following three bases for waiving a filing
     deadline prescribed by statute or regulation: (1) the statute or regulation itself
     specifies circumstances in which the time limit will be waived; (2) an agency’s
     affirmative misconduct precludes it from enforcing an otherwise applicable
     deadline under the doctrine of equitable estoppel, unless the application of
     equitable estoppel would result in the expenditure of appropriated funds in
     contravention of statute; and (3) an agency’s failure to provide a mandatory
     notice of election rights warrants the waiver of the time limit for making the
     election. See Blaha v. Office of Personnel Management, 106 M.S.P.R. 265, ¶ 8
     (2007); Speker v. Office of Personnel Management, 45 M.S.P.R. 380, 385 (1990),
     aff’d, 928 F.2d 410 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (Table), and modified by Fox v. Office of
     Personnel Management, 50 M.S.P.R. 602, 606 n.4 (1991). The Board also has
     recognized that the doctrine of equitable tolling may be available under certain

     2
       In calculating the deadline, we excluded weekends and the following two holidays that
     fell within the filing period: Veterans Day and Thanksgiving Day.
                                                                                          5

      circumstances to toll a statutory deadline in an untimely filed appeal. See Wood
      v. Department of the Air Force, 54 M.S.P.R. 587, 593 (1992).
¶9          Here, the first and the third bases for waiving the deadline are controlled
      by the language of the statute itself.     As to the first basis for waiver, under
      38 U.S.C. § 714(c)(4)(B), an appeal of a removal, demotion, or suspension of
      more than 14 days must be made “not later than 10 business days after” the
      effective date of the action. In setting this deadline, Congress made no provision
      for the acceptance of late filings. Appeals filed under section 714, therefore, are
      unlike petitions for review of initial decisions, in which Congress specifically
      provided for an extension of the time limit “for good cause shown.” 5 U.S.C.
      § 7701(e)(1).   Thus, we find that the statutory time limit for filing an appeal
      under 38 U.S.C. § 714 cannot be waived under the first basis because Congress
      did not provide for it. See Wood, 54 M.S.P.R. at 592 (concluding that the time
      limit for filing an individual right of action (IRA) appeal cannot be waived for
      good cause shown because the Whistleblower Protection Act (WPA) did not
      provide for the acceptance of late filings).
¶10         As to the third basis for waiver, 38 U.S.C. § 714 does not require the
      agency to notify its employees of their election rights or any filing deadlines
      associated with those elections.      Moreover, the Board has not promulgated
      regulations governing appeals under the VA Accountability Act and, thus, there is
      no regulatory notice requirement. Therefore, because the agency was under no
      obligation to provide the appellant with a notice of election rights, the third basis
      for waiver is inapplicable here. See Speker, 45 M.S.P.R. at 385-86 (finding that
      the Office of Personnel Management’s failure to notify an appellant of her right
      to elect an alternative annuity did not form a basis for waiving a filing deadline
      when the applicable statute and regulations in effect at the time did not require it
      to provide such notice).
¶11         Although the statutory filing deadline prescribed by 38 U.S.C. § 714 cannot
      be waived under the first or the third basis, the deadline potentially could be
                                                                                        6

      subject to equitable estoppel (the second basis for waiver) or equitable tolling.
      See Wood, 54 M.S.P.R. at 592-93. Both doctrines allow a statutory deadline to be
      excused based on equitable considerations.     See, e.g., id.; Speker, 45 M.S.P.R.
      at 385. However, the application of equitable relief to excuse a statutory deadline
      may not always be available against the Government.             See Kirkendall v.
      Department of the Army, 479 F.3d 830, 836-37 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (en banc); Frazer
      v. United States, 288 F.3d 1347, 1352-53 (Fed. Cir. 2002); RHI Holdings, Inc. v.
      United States, 142 F.3d 1459, 1461 (Fed. Cir. 1998).
¶12        The U.S. Supreme Court has held that there is a rebuttable presumption that
      the doctrine of equitable tolling can be invoked in certain circumstances to excuse
      an untimely filed lawsuit against the Government. See Irwin v. Department of
      Veterans Affairs, 498 U.S. 89, 95-96 (1990).           Such circumstances include
      situations in which an appellant “has actively pursued his judicial remedies by
      filing a defective pleading during the statutory period” or when the appellant “has
      been induced or tricked by his adversary’s misconduct into all owing the deadline
      to pass.” Id. at 96; see Heimberger v. Department of Commerce, 121 M.S.P.R.
      10, ¶ 10 (2014).     The requirements for equitable estoppel are “even more
      stringent,” requiring affirmative misconduct by the Government.             Frazer,
      288 F.3d at 1353-54; see Perez Peraza v. Office of Personnel Management,
      114 M.S.P.R. 457, ¶ 9 (2010) (explaining that, to prove a claim of equitable
      estoppel, a party must show affirmative misconduct and reasonable reliance on
      the misconduct to that party’s detriment).       Given that the requirements to
      establish equitable tolling are less stringent than the requirements to establish
      equitable estoppel, we analyze whether the appellant meets the lower burden of
      establishing that equitable tolling is warranted under the circumstances.
¶13        The doctrine of equitable tolling does not extend to mere “excusable
      neglect.” Wood, 54 M.S.P.R. at 593 (quoting Irwin, 498 U.S. at 96). Moreover,
      equitable tolling is a rare remedy that is to be applied in unusual circumstances
      and generally requires a showing that the appellant has been pursuing his rights
                                                                                        7

      diligently and some extraordinary circumstances stood in his way. Heimberger,
      121 M.S.P.R. 10, ¶ 10. Here, the appellant cannot meet this burden. On review,
      he argues that an equitable exception should apply to excuse the untimely filing
      of his appeal because of the significant burden he assumed in pursuing his appeal
      through a hearing on the merits of his removal. PFR File, Tab 1 at 5. However,
      he has not alleged either that he pursued his rights diligently during the statutory
      filing period or that he was induced or tricked by the agency’s misconduct into
      allowing the deadline to pass. See Heimberger, 121 M.S.P.R. 10, ¶ 10. Indeed,
      he has not set forth any explanation for his untimely filing.        We note that,
      although the agency provided the appellant an incorrect statement of the deadline
      to file a Board appeal—advising him that he had 30 calendar days as opposed to
      the 10 business days prescribed by the statute—he filed his appeal 14 days
      beyond the incorrect date set by the agency. IAF, Tab 1, Tab 15 at 15, 17, Tab 18
      at 11. Under these circumstances, we find that the appellant has not demonstrated
      that he acted with due diligence in pursuing his appeal or that any extraordinary
      circumstances stood in the way of his timely filing. See Brown v. U.S. Postal
      Service, 110 M.S.P.R. 381, ¶ 12 (2009) (finding the application of equitable
      tolling unwarranted when the appellant’s failure to file a timely complaint was a
      result of his own lack of due diligence in preserving his legal rights). Thus, even
      if equitable relief is available under 38 U.S.C. § 714, the appellant would be
      ineligible to receive it.
¶14         Regarding the availability of equitable relief to excuse an u ntimely filed
      appeal under 38 U.S.C. § 714, we are inclined to believe that equitable tolling is
      available under appropriate circumstances given our reviewing court’s analysis in
      Kirkendall, 479 F.3d at 836-43, which concluded that appeals filed under the
      Veterans Employment Opportunities Act of 1998 are subject to equitable tolling.
      However, as set forth above, the appellant here has alleged no facts that would
      bring him within the doctrine of equitable tolling. Therefore, we need not, and do
      not, decide whether equitable exceptions may be invoked in appropriate
                                                                                               8

      circumstances to excuse an untimely filed appeal under 38 U.S.C. § 714.                See
      5 U.S.C. § 1204(h) (providing that the Board is prohibited from issuing advisory
      opinions); see also Wood, 54 M.S.P.R. at 593 (concluding that the Board need not
      decide whether the doctrine of equitable tolling could be applied in IRA appeals
      brought under the WPA because the appellant did not allege any facts to bring
      him within the doctrine).

      The administrative judge did not abuse her discretion.
¶15         In his petition for review, the appellant alleges that the administrative judge
      abused her discretion when she dismissed the appeal as untimely filed after
      holding a hearing on the merits of his removal.           PFR File, Tab 1 at 4-5.       In
      justifying the dismissal, the administrative judge stated that the issue o f whether
      the Board has jurisdiction over an appeal, including whether an appeal was timely
      filed, is always before the Board and may be raised by either party, or sua sponte
      by the Board, at any time during the appeal process. ID at 3. We disagree with
      the statement that the timeliness of an appeal is a jurisdictional issue , as we have
      held that statutory time prescriptions before the Board are not jurisdictional. 3 See
      Heimberger, 121 M.S.P.R. 10, ¶ 13 (citing Kirkendall, 479 F.3d at 842).
      Nevertheless, because the deadline for filing an appeal under 38 U.S.C. § 714 is
      statutory and the appellant has not shown any basis for waiving or tolling the

      3
        It is understandable that the administrative judge may have believed that the time
      prescription here was jurisdictional given that our reviewing court has held that certain
      time prescriptions are jurisdictional, including the 60-day time limit for filing an appeal
      of a final Board decision pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(A). See Fedora v. Merit
      Systems Protection Board, 848 F.3d 1013, 1014-17 (Fed. Cir. 2017). In Fedora, the
      U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit found that, pursuant to the U.S. Supreme
      Court’s decision in Bowles v. Russell, 551 U.S. 205, 209, 212-13 (2007), statutory time
      periods for filing an appeal to an Article III court are “mandatory and jurisdictional,”
      and are not subject to equitable tolling. Fedora, 848 F.3d at 1015. However, the Board
      is not an Article III court, and we discern no basis to deviate from precedent and
      conclude that the time prescription set forth in 38 U.S.C. § 714(c)(4)(B) is
      jurisdictional. See Heimberger, 121 M.S.P.R. 10, ¶ 13 (citing Kirkendall, 479 F.3d
      at 842).
                                                                                            9

      statutory deadline, the administrative judge did not have the discretion to waive
      or toll the filing deadline once she discovered it was untimely filed.              See
      Heimberger, 121 M.S.P.R. 10, ¶¶ 9, 12 (stating that the appeal must be dismissed
      as untimely filed when there is an insufficient basis to waive or toll the statutory
      filing deadline). Therefore, although unfortunate that the administrative judge
      did not address the apparent untimeliness of the appeal prior to concluding a
      hearing on the merits, we find that she did not abuse her discretion in doing so.

                                             ORDER
¶16         This is the final decision of the Merit Systems Protection Board in this
      appeal. Title 5 of the Code of Federal Regulations, section 1201.113 ( 5 C.F.R.
      § 1201.113).

                                NOTICE OF APPEAL RIGHTS 4
            You may obtain review of this final decision. 5 U.S.C. § 7703(a)(1). By
      statute, the nature of your claims determines the time limit for seeking such
      review and the appropriate forum with which to file.              5 U.S.C. § 7703(b).
      Although we offer the following summary of available appeal rights, the Merit
      Systems Protection Board does not provide legal advice on which option is most
      appropriate for your situation and the rights described below do not represent a
      statement of how courts will rule regarding which cases fall within their
      jurisdiction.   If you wish to seek review of this final decision, you should
      immediately review the law applicable to your claims and carefully follow all
      filing time limits and requirements. Failure to file within the applicable time
      limit may result in the dismissal of your case by your chosen forum.

      4
        Since the issuance of the initial decision in this matter, the Board may have updated
      the notice of review rights included in final decisions. As indicated in the notice, the
      Board cannot advise which option is most appropriate in any matter.
                                                                                        10

      Please read carefully each of the three main possible choices of review
below to decide which one applies to your particular case. If you have questions
about whether a particular forum is the appropriate one to review your case, you
should contact that forum for more information.

      (1) Judicial review in general. As a general rule, an appellant seeking
judicial review of a final Board order must file a petition for review with the U.S.
Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which must be received by the court
within 60 calendar days of the date of issuance of this decision.                 5 U.S.C.
§ 7703(b)(1)(A).
      If you submit a petition for review to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Federal   Circuit,   you   must   submit    your   petition    to   the   court    at   the
following address:
                              U.S. Court of Appeals
                              for the Federal Circuit
                             717 Madison Place, N.W.
                             Washington, D.C. 20439

      Additional information about the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit is available at the court’s website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov. Of particular
relevance is the court’s “Guide for Pro Se Petitioners and Appellants,” which is
contained within the court’s Rules of Practice, and Forms 5, 6, 10, and 11.
      If you are interested in securing pro bono representation for an appeal to
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, you may visit our website at
http://www.mspb.gov/probono for information regarding pro bono representation
for Merit Systems Protection Board appellants before the Federal Circuit. The
Board neither endorses the services provided by any attorney nor warrants that
any attorney will accept representation in a given case.

      (2) Judicial   or    EEOC    review     of   cases      involving   a   claim      of
discrimination. This option applies to you only if you have claimed that you
                                                                                11

were affected by an action that is appealable to the Board and that such action
was based, in whole or in part, on unlawful discrimination. If so, you may obtain
judicial review of this decision—including a disposition of your discrimination
claims—by filing a civil action with an appropriate U.S. district court ( not the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit), within 30 calendar days after you
receive this decision.     5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(2); see Perry v. Merit Systems
Protection Board, 582 U.S. ____ , 137 S. Ct. 1975 (2017).          If you have a
representative in this case, and your representative receives this decision before
you do, then you must file with the district court no later than 30 calendar days
after your representative receives this decision. If the action involves a claim of
discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, or a disabling
condition, you may be entitled to representation by a court-appointed lawyer and
to waiver of any requirement of prepayment of fees, costs, or other security. See
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f) and 29 U.S.C. § 794a.
      Contact information for U.S. district courts can be found at their respective
websites, which can be accessed through the link below:
      http://www.uscourts.gov/Court_Locator/CourtWebsites.aspx.
      Alternatively, you may request review by the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (EEOC) of your discrimination claims only, excluding
all other issues. 5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1). You must file any such request with the
EEOC’s Office of Federal Operations within 30 calendar days after you receive
this decision. 5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1). If you have a representative in this case,
and your representative receives this decision before you do, then you must file
with the EEOC no later than 30 calendar days after your representative receives
this decision.
      If you submit a request for review to the EEOC by regular U.S. mail, the
address of the EEOC is:
                                                                                     12

                            Office of Federal Operations
                     Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                                  P.O. Box 77960
                             Washington, D.C. 20013

      If you submit a request for review to the EEOC via commercial delivery or
by a method requiring a signature, it must be addressed to:
                            Office of Federal Operations
                     Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                                 131 M Street, N.E.
                                   Suite 5SW12G
                             Washington, D.C. 20507

      (3) Judicial     review   pursuant     to   the   Whistleblower       Protection
Enhancement Act of 2012. This option applies to you only if you have raised
claims of reprisal for whistleblowing disclosures under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8) or
other protected activities listed in 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D).
If so, and your judicial petition for review “raises no challenge to the Board’s
disposition of allegations of a prohibited personnel practice described in
section 2302(b) other than practices described in section 2302(b)(8), or
2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D),” then you may file a petition for judicial
review either with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit or any court
of appeals of competent jurisdiction. 5 The court of appeals must receive your
petition for review within 60 days of the date of issuance of this decision.
5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(B).

5
   The original statutory provision that provided for judicial review of certain
whistleblower claims by any court of appeals of competent jurisdiction expired on
December 27, 2017. The All Circuit Review Act, signed into law by the President on
July 7, 2018, permanently allows appellants to file petitions for judicial review of
MSPB decisions in certain whistleblower reprisal cases with the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit or any other circuit court of appeals of competent jurisdiction.
The All Circuit Review Act is retroactive to November 26, 2017. Pub. L. No. 115 -195,
132 Stat. 1510.
                                                                                13

      If you submit a petition for judicial review to the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the Federal Circuit, you must submit your petition to the court at the
following address:
                             U.S. Court of Appeals
                             for the Federal Circuit
                            717 Madison Place, N.W.
                            Washington, D.C. 20439

      Additional information about the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit is available at the court’s website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov. Of particular
relevance is the court’s “Guide for Pro Se Petitioners and Appellants,” which is
contained within the court’s Rules of Practice, and Forms 5, 6, 10, and 11.
      If you are interested in securing pro bono representation for an appeal to
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, you may visit our website at
http://www.mspb.gov/probono for information regarding pro bono representation
for Merit Systems Protection Board appellants before the Federal Circuit. The
Board neither endorses the services provided by any attorney nor warrants that
any attorney will accept representation in a given case.
      Contact information for the courts of appeals can be found at their
respective websites, which can be accessed through the link below:
      http://www.uscourts.gov/Court_Locator/CourtWebsites.aspx.

FOR THE BOARD:

/s/
Jennifer Everling
Acting Clerk of the Board
Washington, D.C.