Court Opinion

ID: 2697561
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-04 17:11:45.921802+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:39:40.107603
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Carr, 2012-Ohio-5425.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                       ROSS COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,                        :    Case No. 11CA3256
                                      :
     Plaintiff-Appellee,              :
                                      :    DECISION AND
     v.                               :    JUDGMENT ENTRY
                                      :
DAVID L. CARR,                        :
                                      :    RELEASED 11/21/12
     Defendant-Appellant.             :
______________________________________________________________________
                            APPEARANCES:

Lori J. Rankin, Chillicothe, Ohio, for appellant.

Matthew S. Schmidt, Ross County Prosecutor, and Richard W. Clagg, Ross Couny
Assistant Prosecutor, Chillicothe, Ohio, for appellee.
______________________________________________________________________
Harsha, J.

        {¶1}     David Carr appeals his conviction for one count of failure to provide notice

of a change of residential address in violation of the current version of R.C. Chapter

2950, 2007 Am.Sub.S.B. No. 10 (“S.B. 10”). After Carr was convicted of sexual assault

in West Virginia in the 1980s, he was classified as a Tier III sex offender under S.B. 10

when he moved to Ohio in 2008.

        {¶2}     Carr contends that his classification violates Section 28, Article II of the

Ohio Constitution, which prohibits the General Assembly from passing retroactive laws.

We agree. Although Carr moved to Ohio after S.B. 10 became effective, his

classification is premised on a conviction that occurred long before S.B. 10 took effect.

The Supreme Court of Ohio has concluded that S.B. 10, as applied to defendants who

committed sex offenses prior to its enactment, violates Ohio’s Retroactivity Clause

because the act creates and imposes new burdens, duties, obligations, and liabilities
Ross App. No. 11CA3256                                                                     2

that did not exist at the time those defendants committed their offenses. State v.

Williams, 129 Ohio St.3d 344, 2011-Ohio-3374, 952 N.E.2d 1108, syllabus, ¶ 20.

Therefore, we conclude Carr’s Tier III classification violates the Retroactivity Clause and

is void. Because Carr’s prosecution in this case was premised on his unconstitutional

classification, we reverse his conviction for failure to provide notice of his change of

address and remand so that the trial court can discharge him.

       {¶3}   Carr’s contention that Megan’s Law also does not apply to him is not ripe

for review because he has never been classified under that law. Moreover, our decision

to reverse Carr’s conviction renders moot his arguments that the court did not hold a

hearing on various motions he filed and erred when it sentenced him.

                                          I. Facts

       {¶4}   Although the parties agree Carr was convicted of first degree sexual

assault in West Virginia, the record does not include a copy of the judgment entry of

conviction. In his appellate brief, Carr contends that he was convicted in 1983,

completed his ten-year sentence in 1993, but was not discharged until “on or about July

28, 2008,” because he served an additional fifteen years for burglary and robbery

convictions. The State does not dispute this timeline. However, the record contains a

document titled “Sex Offender Registration And Verification,” which indicates he was

convicted on January 6, 1984, and discharged “By Expiration of Sentence” on August

10, 2008. This document does not indicate the order in which Carr served his

sentences for his various crimes. In any event, after his release in 2008, Carr moved to

Ohio, where apparently by operation of law he was classified as a Tier III sex offender

under S.B. 10.
Ross App. No. 11CA3256                                                                     3

      {¶5}   On April 9, 2010, in case number 10 CR 117, a Ross County grand jury

indicted Carr on one count of failure to provide notice of a change of address of

residence in violation of R.C. 2950.05, a first degree felony, and other unrelated

charges. Seeking dismissal of the failure to notify charge, Carr filed various motions,

which the trial court denied. On March 25, 2011, the Ross County grand jury indicted

Carr on one count of failure to provide notice of a change of address of residence in

violation of R.C. 2950.05, a first degree felony, in case number 11 CR 220. At a

hearing, the State informed the court that the indictment in 11 CR 220 was intended as

a substitute for the failure to notify count in 10 CR 117. The parties agreed to conduct

the trial on the charge under case number 11 CR 220 and that documents filed in 10 CR

117 would be deemed filed in 11 CR 220. After a jury found Carr guilty and the court

sentenced him, this appeal followed.

                                II. Assignments of Error

      {¶6}   Carr assigns the following errors for our review:

      FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN VIOLATION OF THE DEFENDANT-
      APPELLANT’S RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS OF LAW WHEN THE COURT
      DENIED A HEARING ON THE DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS IN
      WHICH THE DEFENDANT ASSERTED THAT HE DID NOT HAVE A
      DUTY TO REGISTER AS A SEXUALLY ORIENTED OFFENDER. (See
      State v. Champion, 2005 Ohio 4098, 106 Ohio St.3d 120).

      SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

      R.C. 2950.04(A)(3) AS APPLIED TO THE DEFENDANT-APPELLANT
      VIOLATED HIS CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS TO DUE PROCESS OF
      LAW, THE RIGHT TO TRAVEL, AND EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE
      LAWS. (See Saenz v. Roe, (1999), 526 U.S. 489).

      THIRD ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
Ross App. No. 11CA3256                                                                        4

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN VIOLATION OF THE DEFENDANT-
       APPELLANT’S RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS OF LAW WHEN THE TRIAL
       COURT SENTENCED THE DEFENDANT UNDER THE ADAM WALSH
       ACT INSTEAD OF MEGAN’S LAW. (State v. Williams, 2011 Ohio 4474,
       129 Ohio St.3d 344; State v. Anderson; 2001 Ohio 4015.)

       {¶7}   Carr presents only one argument for all of his assignments of error.

App.R. 16(A)(7) requires separate arguments for each assignment of error. “While

appellate courts may jointly consider two or more assignments of error, the parties do

not have the same option in presenting their arguments.” Keffer v. Cent. Mut. Ins. Co.,

4th Dist. No. 06CA652, 2007-Ohio-3984, ¶ 8, fn. 2. Thus, we would be within our

discretion to simply disregard his assignments of error and summarily affirm the trial

court’s judgment. Id.; App.R. 12(A)(2). Nonetheless, we will review his arguments.

                              III. Sex Offender Classification

       {¶8}   Because it is dispositive of this appeal, we address Carr’s second

assignment of error initially. There, Carr contends that the trial court violated his

constitutional rights to due process of law, to travel, and to equal protection of the law

by applying R.C. 2950.04(A)(3) to him. At first glance, it appears that Carr is

complaining that the court applied the current version of R.C. 2950.04(A)(3) from S.B.

10 to him, which it did not. Our review of the record suggests R.C. 2950.04(A)(4), which

deals with out of state offenders, was applied to Carr, not (A)(3) which deals with

juvenile offenders. However, from his argument, it is clear that Carr is not making this

claim. Instead, his actual argument is broader than the assignment of error suggests.

       {¶9}   Carr claims that he has no duty to register as a sex offender in Ohio. Carr

contends that under Ohio law at the time of his West Virginia conviction, he had no duty

to register. He essentially argues that his Tier III sex offender classification under S.B.
Ross App. No. 11CA3256                                                                     5

10, which took effect on January 1, 2008, violates Section 28, Article II of the Ohio

Constitution’s prohibition against the General Assembly passing retroactive laws. Carr

also makes various arguments about why he has no duty to register under Megan’s

Law, which became effective on July 1, 1997, i.e., after the West Virginia conviction but

before S.B. 10 took effect. His argument about constitutional rights to travel and equal

protection relate to R.C. 2950.04(A)(3) under Megan’s Law, not S.B. 10.

       {¶10} We agree Carr’s classification under S.B. 10 violates Section 28, Article II

of the Ohio Constitution. Carr was convicted in West Virginia in 1983 or 1984,

approximately 25 years before S.B. 10 took effect. In Williams, the Supreme Court held

that S.B. 10 creates and imposes new burdens, duties, obligations, and liabilities on

persons who committed sex offenses prior to the effective date of the act. Williams,

supra, at ¶ 20. Prior to the enactment of S.B. 10, the Supreme Court characterized

R.C. Chapter 2590 as remedial. Id. at ¶ 10-11. The Williams Court held that with the

enactment of S.B. 10, R.C. Chapter 2950 became undoubtedly punitive. Id. at ¶ 16.

Thus, the Court held that S.B. 10 “as applied to defendants who committed sex offenses

prior to its enactment, violates Section 28, Article II of the Ohio Constitution, which

prohibits the General Assembly from passing retroactive laws.” Id. at syllabus.

       {¶11} The State correctly points out that the defendant in Williams committed his

offense in Ohio while Megan’s Law was in effect. In contrast, Carr did not move to Ohio

until after S.B. 10 took effect. Regardless of when Carr moved to Ohio, S.B. 10 still

created and imposed burdens, duties, obligations, and liabilities on him that were

different from those he would be subject to under Megan’s Law or the law in effect at

the time of his West Virginia conviction. Moreover, the Supreme Court broadly stated
Ross App. No. 11CA3256                                                                               6

its holding in Williams – the Court held that S.B. 10, “as applied to defendants who

committed sex offenses prior to its enactment, violates Section 28, Article II of the Ohio

Constitution * * * *.” (Emphasis added). Id. Because Carr committed his sex offense

prior to S.B. 10’s enactment, his Tier III sex offender classification under S.B. 10

violates Ohio’s Retroactivity Clause and is void.1 See State v. Eads, 197 Ohio App.3d

493, 2011-Ohio-6307, 968 N.E.2d 18 (2nd Dist.), ¶ 24 (declaring classification that

violated Retroactivity Clause void); State v. McMullen, 8th Dist. Nos. 97475 & 97476,

2012-Ohio-2629 (affirming trial court’s decision to invalidate S.B. 10 classification of

defendant convicted of sex offense in 1998 who moved to Ohio and registered his

address with a local sheriff’s office after the act took effect, based in part on Williams).

But see State v. Hailes, 6th Dist. No. WD-11-001, 2012-Ohio-3111 (rejecting argument

that S.B. 10 could not be applied to a defendant convicted in Michigan prior to its

enactment who moved to Ohio after its enactment).

        {¶12} Carr’s prosecution for failure to notify the sheriff’s office of his new

address was based on his S.B. 10 classification. See Eads at ¶ 24. An unlawful

classification “‘cannot serve as the predicate for the crime for which [the defendant] was

indicted and convicted.’” State v. Kempson, 8th Dist. Nos. 97409 & 97410, 2012-Ohio-

1954, ¶ 13, quoting State v. Ogletree, 8th Dist. No. 96438, 2011-Ohio-5846, ¶ 8. Thus,

Carr was improperly prosecuted in this case as a Tier III offender. See Eads at ¶ 24;

State v. Alredge, 2nd Dist. No. 24755, 2012-Ohio-414, ¶ 13.

        {¶13} We recognize that the issue of whether a court of appeals can affirm a

conviction under Megan’s Law when the defendant was prosecuted under S.B. 10 is

1
  And though Carr does not specifically raise the issue, application of S.B. 10’s version of R.C.
2950.04(A)(4) to him apparently would likewise violate Ohio’s Retroactivity Clause under the broad
language of the Williams syllabus.
Ross App. No. 11CA3256                                                                     7

currently pending before the Supreme Court of Ohio in 2011-1066, State v. Brunning,

8th Dist. No. 95376, 2011-Ohio-1936. State v. Lloyd, 132 Ohio St.3d 135, 2012-Ohio-

2015, 970 N.E.2d 870, ¶ 8, fn. 1. We cannot conclude that Carr’s conviction is proper

on the ground that he would have been required to notify the sheriff of a change of

address under Megan’s Law. Carr has never been classified as a sexually oriented

offender, habitual sexual offender, or sexual predator under Megan’s Law. Thus, the

registration and reporting requirements under that law do not currently apply to him.

Alredge, supra, at ¶ 14. “He cannot therefore be convicted of failing to comply with

those requirements under Megan’s Law by failing to notify the sheriff of a change of his

address.” Id.

       {¶14} If the State later attempts to classify Carr under Megan’s Law, he can

make his arguments opposing classification at that time. At this time, his arguments

against a Megan’s Law classification are not ripe for review. See In re Arnott, 190 Ohio

App.3d 493, 2010-Ohio-5392, 942 N.E.2d 1124 (4th Dist.), ¶ 22 (explaining that for a

justiciable question to exist, the danger to the complaining party must be present, not

contingent on the occurrence of hypothetical future events).

       {¶15} We sustain the second assignment of error to the extent Carr contends

that his S.B. 10 classification violates Ohio’s Retroactivity Clause. Because his

conviction in this case is premised on an unconstitutional classification, we reverse it

and remand so that the trial court can discharge him. His Megan’s Law arguments are

not ripe. Moreover, our resolution of the second assignment of error renders the first

and third assignments of error moot, so we need not address them.

                                                                JUDGMENT REVERSED
                                                               AND CAUSE REMANDED.
Ross App. No. 11CA3256                                                                        8

                                    JUDGMENT ENTRY

    It is ordered that the JUDGMENT IS REVERSED and that the CAUSE IS
REMANDED. Appellee shall pay the costs.

       The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Ross
County Court of Common Pleas to carry this judgment into execution.

        IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE UPON BAIL HAS
BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL COURT OR THIS COURT, it is
temporarily continued for a period not to exceed sixty days upon the bail previously
posted. The purpose of a continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme
Court of Ohio an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court.
If a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the
sixty day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a notice of appeal with the
Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of
the Rules of Practice of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court
of Ohio dismisses the appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as
of the date of such dismissal.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure. Exceptions.

Abele, P.J. & Kline, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.

                                            For the Court

                                            _____________________________________
                                            William H. Harsha, Judge

                                  NOTICE TO COUNSEL

       Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment
entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing
with the clerk.