Court Opinion

ID: 1049535
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-08 19:51:29.828547+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:51:50.569968
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT NASHVILLE
                                 June 15, 2010 Session

              HOOD LAND TRUST v. DENNY HASTINGS ET AL.

                Appeal from the Circuit Court for Rutherford County
                        No. 53573    J. Mark Rogers, Judge

                No. M2009-02625-COA-R3-CV - Filed October 5, 2010

The trial court granted the defendants’ motion for summary judgment with respect to
multiple claims brought by a prospective seller of real property against the prospective
buyers. We have concluded that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment for the
defendants on the plaintiff’s unjust enrichment claim. In all other respects, we affirm the
decision of the trial court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed in
                              Part, Reversed in Part

A NDY D. B ENNETT, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which P ATRICIA J. C OTTRELL,
P.J., M.S., and R ICHARD H. D INKINS, J., joined.

Jerry E. Farmer, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, for the appellant, Hood Land Trust by Lex Hood,
Trustee.

Granville Summer R. Bouldin, Jr., and David Wayne Kious, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, for
the appellees, Denny Hastings, Shane Hastings, Denny Hastings Family Limited Partnership
#2, Shane Hastings Family Limited Partnership #2.

                                        OPINION

       Lex Hood is the trustee for Hood Land Trust (“Hood”), which owns property located
on Eastland Drive in Smyrna, Tennessee. Denny Hastings, his son Shane Hastings, and two
family limited partnerships (“the Hastingses”) own an adjacent piece of property. In early
2005, the Hastingses were in the process of purchasing property and seeking zoning changes
to enable them to build a condominium complex on their property. Lex Hood and the
Hastingses met on March 28, 2005, to discuss the possibility of the Hastingses purchasing
the Hood property for use in the Southside Planned Development (“SPD”). The parties put
forth differing versions of that meeting: Mr. Hood claims that Denny Hastings made an
unconditional promise to purchase his land, whereas the Hastingses claim that no definite
deal was made.

       The SPD project involved two main parcels of land. Parcel 1 abuts the Hood property.
On January 6, 2005, the planning commission recommended approval of the rezoning of
parcel 1 to allow the condominium development. The town council, which is required to
pass an ordinance on two separate occasions, voted in favor of rezoning on January 11, 2005;
the rezoning passed for the second and final time on February 8, 2005. The owners of parcel
1 conveyed their property to the Hastingses on March 10, 2005. On March 3, 2005, the
planning commission approved the rezoning of parcel 2; the rezoning was approved by the
town council first on March 8, 2005, and then on April 12, 2005. The Hastingses bought
parcel 2 on June 17, 2005.

       The Hastingses were also required to obtain site plan approval from the planning
commission for both phases of the condominium project. The planning commission meeting
regarding site plan approval for both phases occurred on April 7, 2005. The plans were
approved with conditions, including provision of a school bus shelter and a sidewalk to
Eastland Drive.

       It is undisputed that there was never a written contract for the sale of the Hood
property to the Hastingses. The Hastingses sent Lex Hood a draft agreement in October
2005, but he found the terms unacceptable. Mr. Hood made changes and sent an amended
agreement back to the Hastingses, but they never signed it.

       Hood filed this lawsuit in May 2006 alleging that the Hastingses promised in March
2005 that they would purchase his property, including a triangular piece of property claimed
by Hood and by the Hastingses. According to the alleged agreement, the Hastingses would
pay $175,000 for the Hood property; they would pay this price by giving Hood one of the
condominiums to be built plus the difference between $175,000 and the MLS sale price of
the condominium. Hood requested specific performance, damages, and/or title to the
disputed triangle of property. The Hastingses answered and raised the defense of the statute
of frauds; they also counterclaimed for damages for Hood’s alleged encroachment on their
property. The Hastingses also filed a third-party complaint against persons from whom they
purchased their property; these third-party claims are not at issue in this appeal.

       The parties engaged in discovery, and Hood requested and received permission to
amend its complaint three times. In its fourth amended complaint, filed in July 2009, Hood
asserted the following causes of action: breach of contract by promissory estoppel or

                                            -2-
equitable estoppel, unjust enrichment, intentional misrepresentation or promissory fraud,
negligent misrepresentation, violation of the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act, civil
conspiracy, and adverse possession.

       Hood filed a motion for partial summary judgment on its adverse possession claim in
March 2009. In July 2009, the court ordered that the adverse possession claim be severed
and be tried separately.

        The Hastingses filed a motion for partial summary judgment in June 2009 asserting
that they were entitled to judgment on all of the plaintiff’s claims other than adverse
possession. In support of this motion, the defendants submitted a concise statement of
material facts and a supporting memorandum. In their memorandum, the defendants argued
that Hood was not entitled to relief under any of the theories asserted in the complaint. Hood
filed an opposing memorandum as well as the affidavit of Lex Hood, minutes of the April
12, 2005 town council meeting, and a statement of additional disputed facts.

       Lex Hood’s affidavit includes the following statements:

       During January through March of 2005, I also made it clear to the members of
       the Smyrna Planning Department that I considered the Southside Planned
       Development to be incompatible with my property and that I opposed it.

       I met with Denny Hastings on March 28, 2005 to discuss his interest in
       purchasing my property.

       At the meeting on March 28, 2005, Denny Hastings promised me that he
       would purchase all of my property by swapping me a condominium plus cash
       totaling $175,000.00 for it. Hastings’ promise was unconditional; he said
       nothing about due diligence or any other condition to his promise.

       . . . I told Hastings that, in reliance on his promise, I would cease and desist
       my efforts of opposing Hastings’ project with the Smyrna Planning
       Department, and that I would not oppose the Southside Planned Development.

       . . . If Hastings and I had not struck the deal on March 28, I could and would
       have attended the Smyrna Planning Commission meeting of April 7, 2005 at
       which the site plan for Southside Phases I and II were submitted, and the
       Smyrna Town Council meeting of April 12, 2005, at which the rezoning of
       Southside Phase II was considered for passage on second and final reading.
       ...

                                             -3-
       As the result of the presence of the condominium development ingress egress
       adjacent to my property, I have suffered a hardship and injustice because my
       property is less valuable [than] it was before the development was started.

       The lease for the daycare tenant on my property was due to expire at the end
       of December [2005], and the tenant was not going to renew. As a result of
       Hastings’ promise to purchase my property, I did not pursue getting another
       quality daycare tenant for a new lease at the expiration of the term. . . . As a
       result, the only tenant I was able to obtain [after the deal with Hastings fell
       through in December 2005] on such short notice has not been a good tenant,
       and I have suffered hardship in the form of lost, unpaid, and uncollectible rent.

Hood also filed a response to the defendants’ statement of material facts and disputed most
of the facts set out in the defendants’ statement. Hood did not dispute the defendants’
statement that “[t]he parties never entered into a written contract.”

       The defendants responded to Hood’s statement of additional disputed facts and
admitted many of the stated facts for purposes of the summary judgment motion. The
admitted facts include the following:

       Hood opposed Hastings’ project as incompatible with Hood property, and told
       both Hastings and Town of Smyrna officials so. [Admitted for purposes of the
       motion with the addition of a statement that “the rezoning of the portion of the
       property adjacent to Hood had already occurred.”]

       Hastings submitted a site plan to the Planning Commission for approval which
       required a road width of 18 feet. [Admitted with the addition of a statement
       that “Hood’s fence encroaches upon Hastings’ property.]

       The widest road Hastings can provide without removing the Hood fence
       encroachment is 15 feet.

       Hastings cannot comply with the 18 foot wide road encroachment without
       ejecting Hood from the existing gravel encroachment.

       The Town of Smyrna required a concrete pad for school bus stop shelter as a
       condition of approval of the project. [Admitted as to the site plan but denied
       as to rezoning.]

                                              -4-
      Hastings’ project showed two alternative locations for the school bus stop.

      One of the locations was entirely on Hood property as described in Hood’s
      deed.

      The other location lies within the fence encroachment from which Hastings
      cannot eject Hood. [Admitted with respect to the location, but denied with
      respect to whether Hood can be ejected.]

      Hood could have attended the Planning Commission meeting of April 7 and
      told the Planning Commission that Hastings did not have permission to use
      Hood’s property as shown in the site plan.

      Hood could have attended the Town Council meeting of April 12 and told the
      Town Council that Hastings did not have permission to use Hood’s property
      as shown in the site plan.

        The Hastingses also submitted the affidavits of Denny Hastings and Shane Hastings
detailing their version of events, including the rezoning process and their communications
with Mr. Hood. Denny Hastings’ affidavit includes the following statements:

      At the March 28, 2005 meeting, [Lex Hood and I] discussed the possibility of
      a property swap whereby I would swap Hood Land Trust a finished
      townhouse(s) in the Southside Planned Development for the Eastland Avenue
      property with any difference in the selling price of the Southside townhouse(s)
      and the price quoted for the Hood Land Trust property being paid in cash. . ..

      At the meeting on March 28, 2005, I was unable to establish a price or value
      for any Southside townhouse. . . . For this reason, I could not prudently or
      reasonably agree to any specific swap of a townhouse property for the Hood
      Land Trust property on Eastland Avenue and did not make any promise to
      purchase the property.

      . . . I told Mr. Hood that I would have a written proposal sent to him as soon
      as I was able to establish pricing for the Southside Development townhouses.

      During our meeting on March 28, 2005, Mr. Hood did not advise me that he
      had either opposed or supported the rezoning of either phase of the Southside
      Planned Development. During our meeting on March 28, 2005, I did not ask

                                            -5-
       Mr. Hood not to oppose or to support the rezoning of Phase II of the Southside
       Planned Development.
       ....

       Mr. Hood continued to press for a written contract for the property swap we
       had discussed. Despite the fact that I still did not know what the price of the
       townhouse units would be, I had a contract suitable to the circumstances
       drafted and sent to Mr. Hood via email in October 2005. Mr. Hood responded
       to the draft contract by writing his own contract and sending it to me for
       approval on October 10, 2005. His proposed contract was not acceptable. I
       refused to sign it because it was not in accordance with our previous
       discussion.

        The defendants’ motion for partial summary judgment was heard on August 28, 2009.
The order reflecting the court’s ruling was not entered until October 14, 2009, and contains
the following findings:

       1. The Court heard argument on August 28, 2009, on Defendants’ motion for
       partial summary judgment. At that time, the Court announced that it was of
       the opinion that Defendants had negated an essential element of each and
       every claim of Plaintiff. Nevertheless, the Court denied the motion based upon
       the uncertainty as to the proper standard in light of [Hannan] v. Alltel
       Publishing.

       2. Counsel for Defendants was directed to prepare an order reflecting the
       Court’s prior ruling. Counsel submitted such an order, which was then
       objected to by Plaintiff’s counsel. Plaintiff’s counsel submitted its own order.
       As of the date of the Court’s motion, neither order had been entered.

       3. The Court found its prior ruling to be incorrect and directed the entry of a
       summary judgment in favor of the Defendants as to all issues raised in their
       prior summary judgment motion. The Court found Plaintiff’s complaint to be
       one for the enforcement of an oral contract for the sale of real estate. The
       remaining theories represented attempts to avoid the Statute of Frauds issue
       presented by that oral contract. The Court was therefore of the opinion that
       there was no genuine issue of any material fact.

Thus, the trial court granted the defendants’ motion for summary judgment on all of the
plaintiff’s claims with the exception of the adverse possession claim.

                                             -6-
       On November 5, 2009, the court entered an agreed order altering or amending the
judgment and directing, pursuant to Tenn. R. Civ. P. 54.02, that its order be a final order as
to counts I through VI of the plaintiff’s fourth amended complaint but not as to count VII
(adverse possession).

                                   S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

       Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue of material fact and
the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04.
Summary judgments do not enjoy a presumption of correctness on appeal. BellSouth Adver.
& Publ’g Co. v. Johnson, 100 S.W.3d 202, 205 (Tenn. 2003). We consider the evidence in
the light most favorable to the non-moving party and resolve all inferences in that party’s
favor. Godfrey v. Ruiz, 90 S.W.3d 692, 695 (Tenn. 2002). When reviewing the evidence,
we must determine whether factual disputes exist. Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 211 (Tenn.
1993). If a factual dispute exists, we must determine whether the fact is material to the claim
or defense upon which the summary judgment is predicated and whether the disputed fact
creates a genuine issue for trial. Id.; Rutherford v. Polar Tank Trailer, Inc., 978 S.W.2d 102,
104 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). To shift the burden of production to the nonmoving party who
bears the burden of proof at trial, the moving party must negate an element of the opposing
party’s claim or “show that the nonmoving party cannot prove an essential element of the
claim at trial.” Hannan v. Alltel Publ’g Co., 270 S.W.3d 1, 8-9 (Tenn. 2008).

                                          A NALYSIS

       We must determine whether the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on
Hood’s claims for breach of contract, unjust enrichment, intentional misrepresentation,
negligent misrepresentation, violation of the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act, and civil
conspiracy. To make these determinations, we will be required to examine and carefully
apply the summary judgment principles set out by our Supreme Court in Hannan v. Alltel
Publishing Co., 270 S.W.3d at 8.
                                              I.
       With respect to Hood’s cause of action for breach of contract, the Hastingses have
raised the affirmative defense of the statute of frauds. A defendant moving for summary
judgment can shift the burden of production to the plaintiff by coming forward with
undisputed facts showing that the defendant is entitled to an affirmative defense. Id. at 9 n.6.
In this case, it is undisputed that there was no written contract between Hood and the
Hastingses and that the purported agreement involved the sale of real property. The
applicable statute of frauds, found at Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-2-101, provides that “no action
shall be brought . . . upon any contract for the sale of lands . . . unless the promise or
agreement, upon which such action shall be brought, or some memorandum or note thereof,

                                              -7-
shall be in writing, and signed by the party to be charged therewith . . . .” Thus, based on the
undisputed facts, the Hastingses would be entitled to judgment as a matter of law under the
statute of frauds. Using this defense, the defendants shifted the burden of production to
Hood to show the existence of a genuine issue of material fact.

        If the moving party shifts the burden of production, “the non-moving party may not
simply rest upon the pleadings, but must offer proof to establish the existence of the essential
elements of the claim.”1 Staples v. CBL & Assocs., Inc., 15 S.W.3d 83, 89 (Tenn. 2000). This
case is in a somewhat unusual posture: to counter the statute of frauds defense, Hood relies
on the doctrine of equitable estoppel.2 Because the defendants are the moving parties, we
must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Godfrey, 90 S.W.3d at
695. However, because the plaintiff is asserting an exception to the statute of frauds (as
opposed to asserting the existence of disputed material facts as to the elements of its cause
of action) in order to defeat the defendants’ motion for summary judgment, the plaintiff must
produce evidence to show that it is entitled to the benefit of the doctrine of equitable
estoppel.

       Our courts have generally held that “part performance of a parol contract for the sale
of land will not take the agreement out of the statute of frauds.” Baliles v. Cities Serv. Co.,
578 S.W.2d 621, 624 (Tenn. 1979). To mitigate the harshness of this rule, the courts have
applied “the doctrine of equitable estoppel in exceptional cases where to enforce the statute
of frauds would make it an instrument of hardship and oppression, verging on actual fraud.”
Id. The elements of equitable estoppel are:

        1
            The court in Staples further stated:

        A non-moving party may satisfy his or her burden by (1) pointing to evidence overlooked
        or ignored by the moving party that establishes a material factual dispute, (2) by
        rehabilitating the evidence attacked in the moving party’s papers, (3) by producing
        additional evidence showing the existence of a genuine issue for trial, or (4) submitting an
        affidavit explaining why further discovery is necessary as provided for in Tenn. R. Civ. P.
        56.06.

Staples v. CBL & Assocs., Inc., 15 S.W.3d 83, 89 n.2 (Tenn. 2000).
        2
          Hood also asserts promissory estoppel, but this doctrine has not been recognized as an exception
to the statute of frauds. Seramur v. Life Care Ctrs. of Am., Inc., No. E2008-01364-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL
890885, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 2, 2009); Nationsbank, N.A. (S.) v. Millington Homes Investors, Ltd., No.
02A01-9805-CH-00134, 1999 WL 79204, at *3-4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 19, 1999). In the case cited by Hood,
Shedd v. Gaylord Entertainment Co., No. M2002-00258-COA-R3-CV, 118 S.W.3d 695, 700 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2003), the court rejected the defense of promissory estoppel based on the facts alleged.

                                                    -8-
        (1) Conduct which amounts to a false representation or concealment of
        material facts, or, at least, which is calculated to convey the impression that the
        facts are otherwise than, and inconsistent with, those which the party
        subsequently attempts to assert;

        (2) Intention, or at least expectation that such conduct shall be acted upon by
        the other party;

        (3) Knowledge, actual or constructive of the real facts.

Osborne v. Mountain Life Ins. Co., 130 S.W.3d 769, 774 (Tenn. 2004); see also Nationsbank,
N.A. (S.) v. Millington Homes Investors, Ltd., No. 02A01-9805-CH-00134, 1999 WL 79204,
at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 19, 1999). With respect to the party claiming estoppel, there must
also be lack of knowledge and the means of knowledge of the truth, reliance upon the
conduct of the estopped party, and a prejudicial change of position. Osborne, 130 S.W.3d
at 774.

       In this case, Hood’s equitable estoppel theory is that the Hastingses told Mr. Hood that
they would purchase the Hood property and knew that this promise would result in Mr. Hood
not opposing the development. We agree with the following statement concerning the
difference between equitable estoppel and promissory estoppel3 :

        In the typical equitable estoppel situation, the defendant has represented an
        existing or past fact to the plaintiff, who reasonably and in ignorance relied
        upon the representation to his detriment. Equitable estoppel necessarily
        precluded the claimant’s reliance on the defendants’ present or future
        intention, which initiated the development of promissory estoppel.

21 Steven W. Feldman, T ENNESSEE P RACTICE S ERIES: C ONTRACT L AW AND P RACTICE § 5.25
(2009). Thus, even if we accept the plaintiff’s assertion that the defendants promised they
would buy the Hood property,4 we do not consider a promise alone sufficient to constitute
a representation of material fact for purposes of equitable estoppel. Moreover, even if such
a promise or statement of future intention can be a representation of material fact, the

        3
         As stated in the preceding footnote, promissory estoppel is not applicable in this case because it is
not an exception to the statute of frauds.
        4
          The Hastingses assert that the negotiations broke down, that the parties were unable to come to a
final agreement, and that they did not expect any change in behavior by Mr. Hood with respect to opposing
the development or finding a new tenant.

                                                     -9-
undisputed facts alleged by Hood do not present the kind of egregious circumstances verging
on actual fraud necessary to justify equitable estoppel. See Smith v. Smith, No. M2004-
00257-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 3132370, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 22, 2005). Hood retains
all of its property. The only damage it allegedly sustained relates to the effect of the new
development on the value of its property and to the delay in obtaining a new tenant.

       We therefore conclude that the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor
of the defendants on the breach of contract claim.

                                                     II.

       Hood asserts a claim for unjust enrichment, which is a quasi-contractual cause of
action not precluded by the statute of frauds. EnGenius Entm’t, Inc. v. Herenton, 971 S.W.2d
12, 20-21 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). The elements of unjust enrichment are 1) “[a] benefit
conferred upon the defendant by the plaintiff,” 2) “appreciation by the defendant of such
benefit,” and 3) “acceptance of such benefit under such circumstances that it would be
inequitable for [the defendant] to retain the benefit without payment of the value thereof.”
Freeman Indus., LLC v. Eastman Chem. Co., 172 S.W.3d 512, 525 (Tenn. 2005) (quoting
Paschall’s, Inc. v. Dozier, 407 S.W.2d 150, 155 (Tenn. 1966)).

        As the moving party, the Hastingses were required to negate an essential element of
this claim or conclusively show that Hood could not prove an essential element at trial.
Hannan, 270 S.W.3d at 8-9. It is not enough to argue that the nonmoving party has no
evidence or to point to evidence that raises doubts about the nonmoving party’s ability to
prove his or her claim. Martin v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 271 S.W.3d 76, 83-84 (Tenn. 2008).
To negate an essential element of the plaintiff’s claim, the defendant “must point to evidence
that tends to disprove an essential factual claim made by the nonmoving party.” Id. at 84.

        In the unjust enrichment claim, Hood asserts that the Hastingses received a benefit in
the form of “silent support of Hastings[’] condominium development and use of Hood
property by situating the bus stop and sidewalk thereon.” The Hastingses argue that the
rezoning of the property adjacent to the Hood property had already occurred at the time of
the alleged agreement in March 20055 and that “Hood makes a bold assertion in implying that
it had the ability to prevent the approval of [the site plan].” They further reason that no
quantifiable benefit was conferred by the plans showing sidewalks and a bus stop on disputed
property. While it seems unlikely that Hood will be able to establish a benefit received by
the Hastingses sufficient to constitute unjust enrichment, the defendants’ arguments rely on
Hood’s failure to produce evidence thus far rather than actually disproving any benefit. We

       5
           Site plan approval and rezoning of parcel 2 had not been finalized.

                                                     -10-
therefore conclude that the burden of production was never shifted to Hood and that the trial
court erred in granting summary judgment on the unjust enrichment claim.

                                                    III.

       The next claim at issue is for intentional misrepresentation in the form of promissory
fraud. Promissory fraud is a kind of fraud “perpetrated by means of a false promise of future
action.” Shahrdar v. Global Housing, Inc., 983 S.W.2d 230, 237 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). The
elements of promissory fraud, or fraudulent inducement, are as follows:

       (1) an intentional misrepresentation of a fact material to the transaction; (2)
       knowledge of the statement’s falsity or utter disregard for its truth; (3) an
       injury caused by reasonable reliance on the statement; and (4) a promise of
       future action with no present intent to perform.

Houghland v. Houghland, No. M2005-01770-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 2080078, at *3 (Tenn.
Ct. App. July 26, 2006); see also Shahrdar, 983 S.W.2d at 237. Hood alleges in the
complaint that “Hastings6 made false statements to Hood regarding Hastings’ intent to
purchase the Hood property” and that “[t]hese statements were false when made, and
Hastings knew they were false, or Hastings made them recklessly, or without belief in their
truth.”

       Did the defendants negate an essential element of the plaintiff’s claim for promissory
fraud? In his affidavit, Denny Hastings described the March 2005 meeting, stating that he
expressed an interest in buying the Hood property but “did not make any promise to purchase
the property.” We consider this affidavit sufficient to negate at least one element of the
promissory fraud claim since Mr. Hastings denies making any promise of future action. The
burden of production then shifted to the plaintiff to show that a genuine issue of material
facts exists.

        Although Mr. Hood stated in his affidavit that Denny Hastings promised that he would
purchase the Hood property, the plaintiff did not present any evidence from which it could
reasonably be inferred that Mr. Hastings never intended to keep his alleged promise to
purchase the Hood property. The “[f]ailure to perform a promise, standing alone, is not
competent evidence that the promisor never intended to perform.” Am. Cable Corp. v. ACI
Mgmt., Inc., M1997-00280-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 1291265, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 14,
2000); see also Stacks v. Saunders, 812 S.W.2d 587, 593 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990). The
plaintiff did not come forward with evidence creating an issue of material fact with regard

       6
           Although the complaint does not specify, these allegations presumably refer to Denny Hastings.

                                                   -11-
to the element of intent required for promissory fraud. We therefore conclude that the trial
court properly granted summary judgment on the claim for intentional misrepresentation in
the form of promissory fraud.

                                              IV.

       Negligent misrepresentation requires a plaintiff to prove the following elements:
       (1) the defendant is acting in the course of his business, profession or
       employment, or in a transaction in which he has a pecuniary (as opposed to
       gratuitous) interest; and

       (2) the defendant supplies faulty information meant to guide others in their
       business transaction; and

       (3) the defendant fails to exercise reasonable care in obtaining or
       communicating the information; and

       (4) the plaintiff justifiably relies upon the information.

Ritter v. Custom Chemicides, Inc., 912 S.W.2d 128, 130 (Tenn. 1995). The false information
supplied must “consist of a statement of a material past or present fact.” McElroy v. Boise
Cascade Corp., 632 S.W.2d 127, 130 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1982); see also Cummins v. Opryland
Prods., No. M1998-00934-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 219696, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 7,
2001). Statements of intention or representations concerning future events cannot form the
basis for a claim of negligent misrepresentation. Naifeh v. Valley Forge Life Ins. Co., No.
W2003-02800-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 1073647, at *8-9 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 5, 2005);
Gardner v. Anesthesia & Pain Consultants, P.C., No. E2003–03027-COA-R3-CV, 2004 WL
2715304, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 30, 2004); McElroy, 632 S.W.2d at 130.

        The plaintiff’s claim for negligent misrepresentation is based upon the allegation that
Denny Hastings “supplied false information in the form of Hastings’ intent to purchase the
Hood property for the guidance of Hood in its business transactions.” Even if we accept the
facts as alleged by Hood, Mr. Hastings’s alleged statements concerning his intention to buy
the Hood property cannot, as a matter of law, make out a claim for negligent
misrepresentation. There is no statement of material fact alleged. The trial court properly
granted summary judgment for the defendants on the claim for negligent misrepresentation.

                                             -12-
                                               V.

       Hood also alleges a cause of action for violation of the Tennessee Consumer
Protection Act (“TCPA”), Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-101 et seq. Hood bases its TCPA claim
on the alleged promise of the Hastingses that they would buy the Hood property and
characterizes the actions of the Hastingses as deceptive acts or practices.

        Even if we accept Hood’s version of the facts, however, we do not end up with a set
of facts that constitute a cause of action under the TCPA. One of the stated purposes of the
TCPA is to “protect consumers and legitimate business enterprises from those who engage
in unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce in part or
wholly within this state.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-102(2) (emphasis added). A “consumer”
is defined as “any natural person who seeks or acquires by purchase, rent, lease, assignment,
award by chance, or other disposition, any goods, services, or property . . . .” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 47-18-103(2) (emphasis added). The terms “trade,” “commerce,” or “consumer
transaction” are defined to mean “the advertising, offering for sale, lease or rental, or
distribution of any goods, services, or property . . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-103(11).
The TCPA provides that “[u]nfair or deceptive acts or practices affecting the conduct of any
trade or commerce constitute unlawful acts or practices and are Class B misdemeanors.”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-104(a) (emphasis added).

        Pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-109(a)(1), “[a]ny person who suffers an
ascertainable loss of money or property . . . as a result of the use or employment by another
person of an unfair or deceptive act or practice declared to be unlawful by this part, may
bring an action individually to recover actual damages.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-104(a)
defines unfair or deceptive practices as those affecting trade or commerce, and Tenn. Code
Ann. § 47-18-103(11) defines trade or commerce as “advertising, offering for sale, lease or
rental, or distribution.”      Hood asserts injury as a result of the defendants’
actions/communications in their role as prospective buyers of the Hood property. Under the
facts as alleged by Hood, the plaintiff was a seller, not a consumer suffering injury as a result
of unfair or deceptive practices. We find nothing in the TCPA that contemplates
“protecting” a seller from a prospective buyer who decides not to buy.

        In Wagner v. Fleming, 139 S.W.3d 295, 297 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004), the plaintiff held
an auction to sell his property, and the defendants took various actions in an effort to stop the
sale of the property. The plaintiff rejected the bids at the auction as being too low. Id. A
jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff and found that the defendants violated the TCPA. Id.
at 300. The appellate court determined that the conduct of the defendants was not covered
by the TCPA. Id. at 301. The court applied the following reasoning:

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        At the time these defendants engaged in the conduct of which the plaintiff
        complains, they were not involved in any activity covered by the [TCPA]. The
        defendants were not offering real property for sale. See Tenn. Code Ann. §
        47-18-103(11). In fact, the defendants were not offering anything for sale.
        The defendants simply placed signs along their property in order to warn as
        many people as possible that the Armstrong Project was still a threat to their
        community. Such activity does not fall within the definition of “trade” or
        “commerce” under the Act.

        The Act protects “consumer[s].” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-102(2). In this
        case, the plaintiff seeks protection under the Act; however, the plaintiff in this
        case is not a consumer with respect to the defendants because he was not
        seeking to purchase anything from them. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-
        103(2). Instead, the plaintiff was acting as a seller because he was offering
        real estate for sale. Therefore, we hold that the trial court erred in holding that
        the Act applies to the facts of this case.

Id.

       In this case, the Wagner reasoning supports the conclusion that the conduct alleged
by Hood is not covered by the TCPA. Hood was not acting as a consumer, and the
Hastingses were seeking to buy, not to sell. Hood argues that it would have been a consumer
with respect to the condominium unit proposed as part of the purchase price for the Hood
property. Even if we were to accept Hood’s characterization, however, the conduct about
which Hood complains took place in the Hastingses’ role as buyers.

        Hood also argues that the TCPA is not limited in its application to consumers. Hood
points to the language of Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-109(a)(1), which creates a private right
of action for “[a]ny person” aggrieved by actions defined as unfair or deceptive. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 47-18-103(9) defines “person” to include corporations. Hood also cites Tenn. Code
Ann. § 47-18-102(2), which refers to “consumers and legitimate business enterprises” and
to Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-109(a)(4), regarding treble damages, which refers to “the
consumer or other person.” These provisions, which were added to the TCPA in 1989, make
clear that the legislature intended to give corporations standing to sue under the act.7 See

        7
         Hood cites Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. 11C Music, Inc., 154 F. Supp. 2d 1330, 1333 (M.D. Tenn.
2001), a case in which the court interpreted the 1989 amendments as precluding any “buying requirement”
for TCPA plaintiffs. We find this case factually distinguishable in that the plaintiffs were copyright holders
complaining of injury as a result of the actions of the defendant publishing companies and other
                                                                                                (continued...)

                                                    -14-
ATS Se., Inc. v. Carrier Corp., 18 S.W.3d 626, 628-30 (Tenn. 2000). We do not, however,
find any support for the interpretation of the plaintiff that, as a prospective seller, it has a
cause of action under the TCPA based upon the defendants’ alleged conduct as potential
buyers. See generally Michelle L. Evans, Who is a “consumer” entitled to protection of state
deceptive trade practices and consumer protection acts, 63 A.L.R.5th 1, §20 (1998).

      We conclude that the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of the
defendants on the TCPA claim.

                                                    VI.

          The final cause of action at issue on appeal is for civil conspiracy. Hood alleges that
the defendants “agreed to engage in concerted action to deceive Hood, and did deceive Hood
by intentional misrepresentation and violation of the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act.”
A civil conspiracy is a “combination between two or more persons to accomplish by concert
an unlawful purpose, or to accomplish a purpose not in itself unlawful by unlawful means.”
Chenault v. Walker, 36 S.W.3d 45, 52 (Tenn. 2001). Since we have previously concluded
that the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants on the two
underlying torts alleged by Hood, intentional misrepresentation and violation of the TCPA,
we conclude that the trial court properly granted summary judgment on the civil conspiracy
claim.

                                                    VII.

       Hood’s final argument is that “the trial court erred by granting summary judgment sua
sponte with no notice to Plaintiff.” We find this argument to be without merit.

        The term “sua sponte” means “without prompting or suggestion; on its own motion.”
B LACK’S L AW D ICTIONARY 1464 (8th ed. 2004). The trial court did not grant summary
judgment without prompting or on its own motion. The defendants made a motion for
summary judgment, which the trial court initially denied. At a later hearing, before the entry
of its order, the trial court decided to grant summary judgment. Moreover, even if the trial
court had granted summary judgment sua sponte, such action would have been within its
authority so long as the plaintiff had a “full and fair opportunity” to oppose the motion.

        7
         (...continued)
organizations. The defendants did sell goods, and the court rejected their argument that the plaintiffs could
not sue because it was not they themselves who purchased the goods. Id. In our case, the defendants are the
prospective buyers and the plaintiff is the prospective seller.

                                                    -15-
Thomas v. Transport Ins. Co., 532 S.W.2d 263, 266 (Tenn. 1976). In this case, Hood had
a full opportunity to make its arguments to the court; the court changed its ruling prior to the
entry of the order on the motion for summary judgment.

                                         C ONCLUSION

        The judgment of the trial court is reversed with respect to the unjust enrichment claim.
In all other respects, we affirm the trial court’s decision. Costs of appeal are assessed one
half to the appellant and one half to the appellees, and execution may issue if necessary.

                                                     _________________________________
                                                     ANDY D. BENNETT, JUDGE

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