Court Opinion

ID: 2671374
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-26 00:01:59.658375+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:08:24.832319
License: Public Domain

Filed 4/24/14 P. v. Sarpas CA4/3

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION THREE

THE PEOPLE,

     Plaintiff and Respondent,                                         G047462

         v.                                                            (Super. Ct. No. 30-2009-00125950)

HAKIMULLAH SARPAS et al.,                                              OPINION

     Defendants and Appellants.

                   Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County,
Andrew P. Banks, Judge. Affirmed and remanded with directions.
                   Law Offices of Murphy & Eftekhari, Thomas Murphy and Afshin Eftekhari
for Defendants and Appellants.
                   Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Frances T. Grunder, Assistant
Attorney General, Michele Van Gelderen and Sheldon H. Jaffe, Deputy Attorneys
General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                             *               *               *
                                      INTRODUCTION
              Hakimullah Sarpas and Zulmai Nazarzai operated a scheme by which they
promised customers they would obtain loan modifications from lenders and prevent
foreclosure of the customers’ homes. They operated this scheme through their jointly
owned company, Statewide Financial Group, Inc. (SFGI), which did business as US
                                                   1
Homeowners Assistance (USHA). Sharon Fasela was, among other things, the office
manager of USHA and came up with the key misrepresentation that USHA had a
97 percent success rate. Customers paid USHA over $2 million but received no services
in return. There was no credible evidence that USHA obtained a single loan
modification, or provided anything of value, for its customers.
                                                                                          2
              The Attorney General, on behalf of the People of the State of California,
commenced this action in July 2009 by filing a complaint against SFGI, USHA, Sarpas,
Nazarzai, and Fasela (collectively referred to as Defendants), seeking injunctive relief,
restitution, and civil penalties under the California unfair competition law (UCL),
                                                       3
Business and Professions Code section 17200 et seq., and the California False
Advertising Law (FAL), section 17500 et seq. Accompanying the complaint were
declarations from 19 purported victims. SFGI was placed in receivership on the same
day that the complaint was filed.
              In July 2012, following a lengthy bench trial, the trial court issued a
judgment and a 19-page statement of decision finding against Defendants. The court
permanently enjoined USHA, Nazarzai, Sarpas, and Fasela, and ordered restitution be
made to every eligible consumer requesting it, up to a maximum amount of

 1
   Her legal name is Fasela Sheren, but we will use the name by which she was named in
the complaint.
 2
   We refer to plaintiff and respondent as the Attorney General.
 3
   Further code references are to the Business and Professions Code unless otherwise
noted.

                                             2
$2,047,041.86. The court found USHA, Sarpas, and Nazarzai to be jointly and severally
liable for the full amount of restitution, and Fasela to be jointly and severally liable with
them for up to $147,869 in restitution. The court imposed civil penalties against USHA,
Sarpas, and Nazarzai, jointly and severally, in the amount of $2,047,041, and imposed
additional civil penalties against Fasela, USHA, Sarpas, and Nazarzai, jointly and
severally, in the amount of $360,540.
              In this appeal, Sarpas and Fasela challenge the judgment on six discrete
grounds of error, each discussed in order in the Discussion section. (SFGI, USHA, and
Nazarzai are not parties to this appeal.) As to each ground, we conclude (1) the trial
court did not err by issuing a protective order limiting the Attorney General’s obligation
to respond to thousands of special interrogatories; (2) the trial court did not err by
receiving in evidence portions of the deposition transcripts of six USHA customers;
(3) the trial court did not err by ordering Sarpas and Fasela to pay restitution; (4) the
award and amount of civil penalties against Sarpas are proper, the award of civil penalties
against Fasela is proper, but the amount of penalties against her must be recalculated;
(5) Sarpas and Fasela were not denied their due process rights to confront and
cross-examine witnesses; and (6) the trial court did not err by receiving in evidence
checks deposited into USHA’s bank account.
              Based on these conclusions, we strike the civil penalties awarded against
Fasela only and remand for the trial court to recalculate those penalties, but, in all other
respects, affirm the judgment.
                                           FACTS
              Sarpas was the 50 percent owner of SFGI, which did business as USHA.
Nazarzai owned the other 50 percent. Sarpas and Nazarzai each received 50 percent of
the company profits. From March 2008 to April 2009, Sarpas received $490,000 in
profits from SFGI. Sarpas also served as operations manager of SFGI and oversaw the
company’s day-to-day operations.

                                              3
              Fasela worked as the office manager of SFGI for about one year, ending in
July 2009. USHA paid Fasela $2,746 in 2007, $135,358 in 2008, and $11,611 in 2009.
              SFGI, through USHA, purported to offer loan modification services.
USHA ran a “boiler room” telemarketing operation in which sales representatives,
working in a “pit area,” cold-called potential customers to offer assistance with
modifying the terms of home loans. In addition, sales representatives were available to
receive calls from potential customers, usually people who were returning calls made by
USHA sales representatives. SFGI purchased the contact information of potential
customers from a “lead-generating company.” Every USHA sales representative had a
quota of calls to be made based on those leads.
              Sales representatives were instructed to tell potential customers: “USHA is
a full service loss mitigation and asset preservation company based out of California and
we essentially help homeowners throughout the US who have fallen behind on their
mortgage payment due to some unfortunate circumstance within their household or
maybe a hardship situation, in which case our legal staff will negotiate with their current
lender to reduce their overall payment and make it affordable to continue living in their
home.” A sales representative might tell a potential customer that USHA “works with
lenders to get the terms of their client’s current mortgage changed by forcing the lender
to comply with the new federal program.”
              The cost of USHA’s services varied. The service fee schedule of charges
given to sales representatives set a fee of $1,800 for one out-of-state loan; $2,500 for two
out-of-state loans; $2,500 for one California loan; and $3,500 for two California loans.
Sales representatives were instructed to charge as low as $1,000 for lower income
customers with low-balance loans, and up to $4,500 for higher income customers with
high balance/high payment loans. Sales representatives also were instructed, “[i]f you
see that an out of state lead has money please charge them California fees.” Charges had
to be paid in advance.

                                             4
              To induce potential customers to pay these fees, USHA made various
promises, including (1) USHA would obtain a significant reduction in the principal
balance of the loan, which would lower the amount of monthly payments; (2) USHA
would obtain a reduction in the interest rate on the loan, which would lower the amount
of monthly payments; (3) USHA would get the lender to forgive any arrearages;
(4) USHA would save the customer from foreclosure; (5) the loan modification process
would not take long, from 90 days to eight weeks; (6) USHA would refund the money
paid by the customer if it were unable to obtain a loan modification; (7) if USHA
obtained a loan modification, the fees paid to USHA would be repaid to the customer by
the lender or the government; and (8) USHA was an “attorney backed company” with a
“legal team” working with it to get loan modifications.
              Most striking, USHA represented it had a 97 percent success rate, that it
had a success rate of “over 95 percent,” or that USHA never had a case in which a loan
modification was not approved. Fasela came up with the 97 percent success rate figure
“in the beginning.” One customer testified the sales representative guaranteed USHA
would obtain a loan modification.
              In addition, customers were told to stop making their mortgage payments
because doing so would make obtaining a loan modification easier. As a result,
customers often suffered ruined credit, additional fees, foreclosure proceedings, and even
loss of the home USHA had promised to save.
              USHA made the representations orally in telephone calls from sales
representatives and sometimes in letters purporting to set forth a loan modification
proposal. A typical letter would propose (1) a reduction of the principal balance to the
current property value, (2) conversion to a fixed rate loan, (3) a reduction of monthly
payment, (4) forgiveness of arrearages, and (5) reporting the loan status as current to
credit agencies. The letters requested the customer to complete and return forms to
“allow us to move aggressively in bringing these challenges to conclusion immediately.”

                                             5
USHA routinely sent these letters to customers. Several customers testified they believed
the letters reflected what USHA would obtain for them.
              These representations were effective. During the 18 months prior to
June 30, 2009, USHA took in over $2.22 million. One customer testified, “I was
convinced by the—the word of [the USHA sales representative].” Another testified,
“[t]he only reason I sent the money in is because he gave me a money back guarantee on
that.”
              After paying USHA’s fees, customers would have difficulty reaching
anyone at USHA to find out the status of their loan modifications. Telephone calls and
e-mails went unanswered; sometimes the customer could not even reach voice mail, and
when the customer was able to reach voice mail, the call was not returned When
customers did get hold of someone, they might be told USHA was “still negotiating” or
the matter was “in the hands of a negotiator.”
              No credible evidence was presented at trial that USHA ever obtained a loan
modification, or did anything of value, for any customer. USHA made no refunds to
customers, despite its promises, and despite customer demands. Not only did USHA not
have a legal team, it had no attorneys whatsoever working on loan modifications.
              The case of Jerry Walton, a disabled man living in Mississippi, is a typical,
and telling, example of how USHA operated its scam. Walton, who lives on a disability
pension, was cold-called by John Kanpur of USHA. Kanpur told Walton that for a
payment of $1,000, USHA would obtain a reduction in the interest rate on his home loan
and that he would get his money back if USHA did not get the loan modification.
Kanpur also told Walton, who was current on the loan, to stop making payments. As
instructed, Walton sent USHA $1,000 and stopped making payments on his home loan.
When the lender contacted Walton about missed payments, he directed it to USHA. Jean
Lute, who worked as a collector for the lender bank, twice called USHA to inform it that
foreclosure proceedings were about to commence and that it was important for USHA to

                                             6
return her call. No one from USHA called her back. Walton had to pay about $1,000 in
extra costs to save his home from foreclosure, and never received a loan modification or a
refund from USHA.
              After receiving five complaints from Ohio residents, the consumer
protection section of the Ohio Attorney General’s Office launched an investigation of
USHA. As part of the investigation, consumer protection investigator Sheila Laverty
called USHA and posed as a potential customer. In the phone call, Laverty said she lived
in Columbus, Ohio, was behind on her mortgage payments, and was interested in learning
about USHA’s services. A sales representative named Ian told Laverty that due to the
Home Affordable Mortgage Program, “banks are now forced to work out loan
modifications with borrowers that have a hardship,” and that if Laverty qualified, she
would get a lowered interest rate and “could get rid of any late payments and second
mortgages.” Ian told Laverty that USHA “works with lenders to get the terms of their
client’s current mortgage changed by forcing the lender to comply with the new federal
program,” that USHA did “about 200 loan modifications a month,” and that USHA
worked with a legal team. The quoted fee for USHA’s services was $3,500.
              Ian later e-mailed Laverty several documents, including a letter, similar to
the one described above, purporting to set forth a loan modification proposal. Laverty
understood the letter as reflecting what USHA was offering to do for its customers. Also,
according to Laverty, USHA had not complied with Ohio law requiring telephone
solicitors to register with the Ohio Attorney General’s Office.

                                  DISCUSSION: PREFACE
              Sarpas and Fasela identify six arguments by which they challenge the
judgment. We start by addressing an issue which, though not expressly identified as one
of those six arguments, underlies their challenge to the order of restitution and civil
penalties. Only a handful of USHA customers testified at trial, and the deposition

                                              7
testimony of only six customers was read into evidence. Sarpas and Fasela argue (in the
context of other issues) that the amount of restitution and civil penalties must be limited
to those witnesses and cannot be ordered for USHA customers whose live testimony was
                          4
not presented at trial.
               Section 17203 authorizes an order of restitution as a remedy for violations
of section 17200. In part, section 17203 reads: “The court may make such orders or
judgments, . . . as may be necessary to restore to any person in interest any money or
property, real or personal, which may have been acquired by means of such unfair
competition.” Section 17535 likewise authorizes an order of restitution for a violation of
section 17500. “The restitutionary remedies of section 17203 and 17535 . . . are identical
and are construed in the same manner.” (Cortez v. Purolator Air Filtration Products Co.
(2000) 23 Cal. 4th 163, 177, fn. 10.)
               “In a suit for violation of the unfair competition law, ‘orders for restitution’
are those ‘compelling a UCL defendant to return money obtained through an unfair
business practice to those persons in interest from whom the property was taken . . . .’
[Citation.]” (People ex rel. Kennedy v. Beaumont Investment, Ltd. (2003) 111
Cal. App. 4th 102, 134 (Kennedy).) The trial court has broad discretion to order
restitution. (Cortez v. Purolator Air Filtration Products Co., supra, 23 Cal.4th at p. 180.)
               Restitution under the UCL and FAL may be ordered without individualized
proof of harm. (In re Tobacco II Cases (2009) 46 Cal. 4th 298, 326 [“‘California courts
have repeatedly held that relief under the UCL [(including restitution)] is available

 4
    For example, Sarpas and Fasela argue: “Fasela and Sarpas proceeded to trial
believing that sixteen customers would testify adversely about defendants in general, and
perhaps, some about them. They entered trial knowing that at one violation per customer,
civil penalties were limited to 16 x $2,500 as was restitution, per court order, only 16
consumers could testify against them.” They also argue: “Three alleged violations and
three only were proven. Even were the award of civil penalties [c]onstitutional . . . , it
must be reduced to $7,500.”

                                               8
without individualized proof of deception, reliance and injury’”]; People v. JTH Tax, Inc.
(2013) 212 Cal. App. 4th 1219, 1255 [restitution under the FAL]; People ex rel. Bill
Lockyer v. Fremont Life Ins. Co. (2002) 104 Cal. App. 4th 508, 532 (Fremont Life)
[restitution under the UCL]; Massachusetts Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Superior Court (2002)
97 Cal. App. 4th 1282, 1288; Prata v. Superior Court (2001) 91 Cal. App. 4th 1128, 1144;
People v. Toomey (1984) 157 Cal. App. 3d 1, 25-26); see Bank of the West v. Superior
Court (1992) 2 Cal. 4th 1254, 1267 [the Legislature considered UCL deterrence “so
important that it authorized courts to order restitution without individualized proof of
deception, reliance, and injury”].)
              The defendant in Fremont Life, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at page 531, argued
that “across-the-board restitution may not be ordered without proof that all consumers
were deprived of money or property as a result of an unfair business practice.” The Court
of Appeal rejected that argument as contradicting California Supreme Court authority and
“the rule that restitution under the UCL may be ordered without individualized proof of
harm.” (Id. at pp. 531-532.) The court in People v. Toomey, supra, 157 Cal.App.3d at
pages 25-26, likewise rejected an argument that restitution under the UCL was limited to
victims who testified at trial.
              Because individualized proof of harm was unnecessary, the Attorney
General was not required to present testimony from each and every USHA customer for
whom restitution and civil penalties were being sought. Sarpas and Fasela faced no
surprise when they walked into trial because the law was settled that restitution and civil
penalties under the UCL and FAL could be ordered against them without individualized
proof of harm. The Attorney General presented evidence sufficient to support a
reasonable inference of deception and harm as to all USHA customers, and, therefore, the
restitution and civil penalties as to all USHA customers were lawful.

                                             9
                                        DISCUSSION
                                              I.
            The Trial Court Did Not Err by Issuing the Protective Order.
A. Background
              Sarpas and Fasela argue the trial court erred by issuing a protective order
limiting the Attorney General’s obligation to respond to thousands of special
interrogatories. The trial court did not err by issuing the protective order.
       1. First Motions to Compel
              Eleven days after the complaint was filed, Sarpas and Fasela each served
the Attorney General with a set of 83 special interrogatories (the first sets of special
interrogatories). The first sets of special interrogatories asked generally whether the
Attorney General made certain contentions and, if so, to state all facts supporting those
contentions. The Attorney General served responses to the first sets of special
interrogatories in September 2009. The responses in total were about 400 pages.
              Sarpas and Fasela each brought a motion to compel further responses to
every interrogatory of the first sets of special interrogatories (the first motions to compel).
In April 2010, the trial court denied the first motions to compel, stating in a minute order:
“Plaintiff . . . was proper in its Responses. Plaintiff can only provide and only need[]
provide the information that it has at the time it responds to particular discovery. Plaintiff
apparently did this here with as much specificity to a particular Defendant as the
information it had would allow. The objections that Plaintiff made were proper and were
not tested by the Motions Defendants brought, in any event. As time goes on,
supplemental discovery may well develop more particularized responses as to some of
the defendants, victims, dates etc.”
       2. Second Motions to Compel
              On the same day that the trial court denied the first motions to compel,
Sarpas and Fasela propounded a request for supplemental responses to the first sets of

                                              10
special interrogatories. The Attorney General served responses totaling about 900 pages,
accompanied by five exhibits. On June 17, 2010, after discussion between counsel about
the responses, the Attorney General served supplemental responses.
              Sarpas and Fasela each brought a motion to compel further responses to the
request for supplemental responses (the second motions to compel). They argued: “Time
and again, Plaintiff provides an evasive and generalized response that totally fails to
answer the question posed. After reading and reviewing each response, no individual
Defendant has any inkling of what specifically it, he or she allegedly did, to whom, or
when. The only information provided is a generalized and sweeping summary of the
charges set forth in the Complaint. In this discovery, Defendants sought specific
information as to what, where, when, and to whom they each, individually, allegedly did
wrong. Absent proper responses, Defendants cannot possibly defend themselves against
the generalized allegations brought.”
       3. Second Sets of Special Interrogatories
              In the responses to the first sets of special interrogatories, the Attorney
General identified hundreds of USHA customers, including 585 customers identified by
the court-appointed receiver. In June 2010, each Defendant served a second set of special
interrogatories (the second sets of special interrogatories) propounding eight
interrogatories for every one of about 550 of the USHA customers identified by the
                    5
Attorney General.
 5
    The eight interrogatories were:
    “1. As to [name of USHA customer], do you contend that this propounding party
violated any Code(s)/Statute(s)?
    “2. As to [name of USHA customer], if you contend that propounding party violated
any Code(s)/Statute(s), set forth the Code(s)/Statute(s) allegedly Violated.
    “3. As to [name of USHA customer], if you contend that propounding party violated
any Code(s)/Statute(s), and for each alleged violation, describe in detail all conduct
allegedly committed.
    “4. As to [name of USHA customer], if you contend that propounding party violated
any Code(s)/Statute(s), and for each alleged violation, state the date of each violation.

                                             11
              In February 2011, each Defendant served a third set of special
interrogatories, with each set containing 1,248 interrogatories. Each set propounded the
same eight questions from the second sets of special interrogatories in regard to about
156 USHA customers. About 5,328 questions in these third sets of special interrogatories
were directed to the USHA customers who were also the subject of the second sets of
special interrogatories. In March 2011, each Defendant served a fourth set of special
interrogatories, with each set containing 400 questions.
       4. Motion for Protective Order
              In March 2011, the Attorney General filed a motion for a protective order
“that Plaintiff need not respond to Defendants’ second and third sets of special
interrogatories.” In the motion, the Attorney General argued: “[T]hese interrogatories
reflect a fundamental misunderstanding of what the People need to prove at trial to
prevail on their claims, and what the People are obligated to provide in discovery. The
People are not obligated to prove each and every specific individual harm suffered by
every one of the hundreds of victims of Defendants’ illegal acts. If that were the case, the
People would be required to bring to Court the hundreds of victims as part of a multi-year
trial. Rather, the People will establish that Defendants or those acting under their
direction engaged in a pattern of illegal and deceitful behavior. While some victims will
be called, the case will largely be based upon expert testimony, deposition testimony

    “5. As to [name of USHA customer], if you contend that propounding party violated
any Code(s)/Statute(s), and for each alleged violation, describe in detail the damages
allegedly suffered.
    “6. As to [name of USHA customer], if you contend that propounding party violated
any Code(s)/Statute(s), and for each alleged violation, set forth all facts which support
your contention.
    “7. As to [name of USHA customer] what fact(s) specific to this propounding party
does this individual possess as a potential witness?
    “8. As to [name of USHA customer] if you contend that this propounding party owes
restitution, set forth the amount allegedly owed.”

                                             12
(including the Depositions of Defendants), employee testimony, and Defendants’ own
admissions and documents.”
       5. The Trial Court’s Order
               On April 1, 2011, following a hearing, the trial court issued a minute order
denying the second motions to compel. The order stated: “Defendants have failed to
show a reasonable and good faith attempt at meeting and conferring on the issues
presented by these Motions. In addition, the motions failed to comply with applicable
rules regarding Separate Statements.”
               The trial court granted the Attorney General’s motion for a protective order.
The order stated: “1. Plaintiff is only required to respon[d] to each Defendants’ second
and third set of special interrogatories as they pertain to those individuals Plaintiff
anticipates will be called at trial; [¶] 2. As to the individuals Plaintiff does not anticipate
calling at trial, Plaintiff is to (a) specifically state that it will not call those individuals, or
(b) provide a specific date by which it will make the determination and then answer those
interrogatories within 30 days of that date either stating that the particular individual will
not be called or providing the requested information.” The court ordered the Attorney
General to provide to Defendants’ counsel, by May 16, 2011, a list of those persons
whom the Attorney General intended to call at trial, to provide additional names by
June 16, and to serve interrogatory responses as to any additional names provided by
July 16.
B. Standard of Review
               The standard of review for a discovery order is abuse of discretion. (Costco
Wholesale Corp. v. Superior Court (2009) 47 Cal. 4th 725, 733.) We also review an order
granting or denying a motion for a discovery-related protective order under the abuse of
discretion standard. (Liberty Mutual Ins. Co. v. Superior Court (1992) 10 Cal. App. 4th
1282, 1286-1287.)

                                                 13
              The abuse of discretion standard has been described generally in these
terms: “The appropriate test for abuse of discretion is whether the trial court exceeded
the bounds of reason.” (Shamblin v. Brattain (1988) 44 Cal. 3d 474, 478.) Under the
abuse of discretion standard, “[w]here there is a [legal] basis for the trial court’s ruling
and it is supported by the evidence, a reviewing court will not substitute its opinion for
that of the trial court.” (Lipton v. Superior Court (1996) 48 Cal. App. 4th 1599, 1612.)
C. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion.
              The legal basis for the protective order issued by the trial court is Code of
Civil Procedure section 2030.090: “When interrogatories have been propounded, the
responding party, and any other party or affected natural person or organization may
promptly move for a protective order. . . .” (Code Civ. Proc., § 2030.090, subd. (a).)
“The court, for good cause shown, may make any order that justice requires to protect
any party or other natural person or organization from unwarranted annoyance,
embarrassment, or oppression, or undue burden and expense.” (Id., § 2030.090,
subd. (b).) A protective order may include the direction that “the set of interrogatories, or
particular interrogatories in the set, need not be answered,” “the response be made only
on specified terms and conditions,” or “the method of discovery be an oral deposition
instead of interrogatories to a party.” (Id., § 2030.090, subd. (b)(1), (4), & (5).)
              “Oppression” means the ultimate effect of the burden of responding to the
discovery is “incommensurate with the result sought.” (West Pico Furniture Co. v.
Superior Court (1961) 56 Cal. 2d 407, 417.) In considering whether the discovery is
unduly burdensome or expensive, the court takes into account “the needs of the case, the
amount in controversy, and the importance of the issues at stake in the litigation.” (Code
Civ. Proc., § 2019.030, subd. (a)(2).)
              Substantial evidence supported findings the second sets of special
interrogatories and third sets of special interrogatories were unwarrantedly oppressive, or
unduly burdensome or expensive. Each of the second sets of special interrogatories

                                              14
propounded about 4,400 interrogatories, and each of the third sets of interrogatories
propounded 1,248 interrogatories. Over 5,300 interrogatories propounded in the third
sets of interrogatories were duplicative of interrogatories propounded in the second sets
of special interrogatories. The needs of the case did not warrant all of the interrogatories
because, as we have explained, individualized proof of harm is not required for restitution
under the UCL. (Fremont Life, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 532.) Thus, for example,
the basis for and the amounts of individual claims of restitution were unnecessary for
defending the claims at trial.
              Much of the information sought by the interrogatories had already been
provided or could be obtained by other means. Attached to the complaint were
declarations from 19 USHA customers. The complaint and the declarations disclosed the
Attorney General was asserting violations of sections 17200 and 17500, and described
the conduct forming the basis for the alleged violations. In interrogatory responses, the
Attorney General provided Sarpas and Fasela with the names and addresses of 585
USHA customers. Sarpas and Fasela had the opportunity to interview, depose, or
subpoena to testify at trial, any or all of those USHA customers, if Sarpas and Fasela had
wanted to do so. As the trial court explained, “if [the deputy attorney general]’s given
you the names of everybody else, you can incur the costs and effort to find out if any of
them have good things to say . . . . Because it appears to me it is an undue burden for
them to go beyond giving you everybody’s name and, if they’ve got statements from
those people, copies of their statements.”
              In opposing the Attorney General’s ex parte application for an order
extending the time to answer interrogatories, counsel for Sarpas and Fasela stated, “we’re
really not interested in [the deputy attorney general] answering all these interrogatories
unless he’s intending to bring these people to trial.” The trial court gave Sarpas and
Fasela what they wanted by directing the Attorney General to answer the interrogatories
related to those USHA customers whom the Attorney General intended to call as

                                             15
witnesses to testify at trial. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by issuing the
protective order.
              Finally, Sarpas and Fasela state in the heading under “Ground 1,” on page 9
of their opening brief, that the trial court abused its discretion “in denying appellants’
motion to compel.” (Boldface & some capitalization omitted.) Although Sarpas and
Fasela argue generally they were entitled to the information sought by the special
interrogatories, they never specifically address the first motions to compel, the second
motions to compel, or the grounds on which the trial court denied those motions. The
trial court denied the first motions to compel because the Attorney General had provided
all information known at the time the first sets of special interrogatories were
propounded. The trial court denied the second motions to compel because Defendants
had not shown a reasonable and good faith attempt at meeting and conferring and because
the motions failed to comply with the applicable rules regarding separate statements. We
find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s rulings.

                                              II.

                 The Trial Court Did Not Err by Receiving in Evidence
                      Deposition Testimony of USHA Customers.
A. Introduction
              Sarpas and Fasela contend the trial court erred by receiving in evidence
portions of the deposition transcripts of six USHA customers for whom the Attorney
General did not provide interrogatory responses. The excerpts came from properly
noticed depositions of witnesses who lived more than 150 miles from the courtroom.
(Code Civ. Proc., § 2025.620, subd. (c)(1).) Sarpas and Fasela do not contend otherwise.
They argue instead that receipt in evidence of portions of the deposition transcripts
violated the terms of the protective order, which required the Attorney General to provide

                                              16
interrogatory responses to those USHA customers who “Plaintiff anticipates will be
called at trial.”
               After the trial court issued the protective order, the Attorney General
answered the second sets of special interrogatories and the third sets of special
interrogatories as to 16 USHA customers. Of these 16, the Attorney General called five
to testify at trial. In addition, the trial court received in evidence portions of the
                                                 6
deposition transcripts of six USHA customers for whom the Attorney General had not
provided interrogatory responses. Defendants objected on the ground that use of the
deposition transcripts at trial violated the terms of the protective order. At the outset of
trial, they had filed a motion in limine to exclude testimony from any USHA customer for
whom interrogatory responses had not been served.
               Overruling the objection, the trial court stated: “There’s no surprise when
you set a person’s depo[sition]. . . . [I]n the court’s mind that is the functional equivalent
of the notice to the other side about what—who you’re going to call. And because you’re
deposing them live, you’re hearing the questions, and there’s just no prejudice. [¶] . . .
[I]f the defendants then wanted to have interrogatories directed to those people whose
deposition was taken on these eight issues . . . , then they could have . . . . [¶] The idea
that only the people identified in those interrogatories and not people whose deposition
you noticed could be called at trial just isn’t correct. I . . . don’t see any prejudice.
Everybody gets equal access to the person and the potential for their testimony to be used
at trial.”
               The trial court also received in evidence portions of the deposition
transcripts of bank collector Lute and investigator Laverty. Defendants did not object to
Laverty’s deposition transcript.

 6
   They were: Jerry Walton, Cheryl Hollis, Edith Johnson, John Otero, Larry Lee, and
Brenda Miller.

                                               17
B. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion.
              Trial court rulings on the admissibility of evidence, whether made in limine
or during trial, are usually reviewed under the abuse of discretion standard. (Pannu v.
Land Rover North America, Inc. (2011) 191 Cal. App. 4th 1298, 1317.)
              Whether the trial court erred by receiving in evidence the deposition
transcripts of the six USHA customers depends on the meaning of the protective order.
As relevant to this issue, it stated: “Plaintiff is only required to respon[d] to each
Defendants’ second and third set of special interrogatories as they pertain to those
individuals Plaintiff anticipates will be called at trial.” (Italics added.)
              The Attorney General argues the italicized phrase refers only to those
witnesses who were to be called to provide live testimony at trial. We agree. That is the
plain meaning of the term “called at trial.” When a deposition transcript is read or
offered in evidence at trial in lieu of live testimony the deponent is not being “called at
trial.”
              This meaning is consistent with the Code of Civil Procedure which, in
describing the modes of taking witness testimony, distinguishes between a deposition (“a
written declaration, under oath, made upon notice to the adverse party, for the purpose of
enabling him to attend and cross-examine”) and oral examination testimony (“an
examination in presence of the jury or tribunal which is to decide the fact or act upon it,
the testimony being heard by the jury or tribunal from the lips of the witness”). (Code
Civ. Proc., §§ 2004, 2005.) A deponent is noticed or subpoenaed to testify outside the
presence of the trier of fact. (Id., §§ 2025.010, 2025.210, 2025.250, 2025.280,
2025.320.) In describing how a subpoena may be obtained, the Code of Civil Procedure
distinguishes between using a subpoena “[t]o require attendance before a court, or at the
trial of an issue therein” and “[t]o require attendance out of court . . . before a judge,
justice, or other officer authorized to administer oaths or take testimony.” (Id., § 1986,
subds. (a) & (c).) The Code of Civil Procedure refers to the “use” of a deposition at trial,

                                              18
refers to the “deponent” rather than the witness, and, in describing the situations in which
the deponent is unable to testify, refers to the deponent’s inability “to attend or testify,”
the inability “to compel the deponent’s attendance,” and the inability “to procure the
deponent’s attendance.” (Id., § 2025.620, subds. (a), (b), (c)(2)(C), (D), & (E).) In sum,
the Code of Civil Procedure consistently distinguishes between testimony of a deponent
obtained by deposition and testimony by a witness at trial, and between attendance at a
deposition and attendance at trial.
              The Attorney General points out that at the hearing on the protective order
motion, the trial court, after hearing the Attorney General’s proposal about identifying
witnesses, stated, “[o]kay. So that would take care of live witnesses.” Later at the same
hearing, the trial court stated it wanted the Attorney General only “to turn over the
answers to interrogatories as to the people he intends to call at trial.” These comments by
the trial court support the interpretation of the protective order as requiring the Attorney
General to respond to interrogatories only for persons whom the Attorney General
anticipated calling to provide live testimony at trial.
              Even if the protective order could be construed as requiring the Attorney
General to provide interrogatory responses for the six USHA customers whose deposition
transcripts were used at trial, Sarpas and Fasela can show no prejudice. As the trial court
commented, the depositions were properly noticed, and counsel for Defendants could
have attended them and cross-examined the witnesses.
              Sarpas and Fasela argue their counsel made a calculated decision not to
attend the depositions because “each such deponent was outside of the protective order
issued by the Court, rendering any such participation a waste of time.” Sarpas and Fasela
cite to nothing in the record to show their counsel tried to clarify the meaning of the
protective order or confirm their interpretation of it was correct. The argument that
participation in the depositions would have been a waste of time is unconvincing. Sarpas
and Fasela argue some witnesses “did little to support [the Attorney General]’s case,”

                                              19
and, by participating in the depositions, their counsel might have uncovered more
unfavorable testimony to use in their defense. To lower costs, counsel could have
attended the depositions by telephone. (Code Civ. Proc., § 2025.310, subd. (a).)
              Sarpas and Fasela’s reliance on Thoren v. Johnston & Washer (1972) 29
Cal. App. 3d 270 is misplaced, for in that case the plaintiff deliberately excluded the name
of a potential witness from interrogatory responses. The appellate court held that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion by barring the plaintiff from calling that witness from
testifying at trial. (Id. at p. 275.) The issue in this case is the meaning of the protective
order, i.e., whether the phrase “individuals Plaintiff anticipates will be called at trial”
includes deponents whose deposition transcripts the Attorney General used at trial. The
names of all the deponents whose deposition transcripts were used at trial were disclosed
in interrogatory responses and by the notices of deposition.
              Sarpas and Fasela also argue the trial court erred by receiving in evidence
portions of the deposition transcripts of Lute and Laverty. Lute was not a USHA
customer, was not a subject of the special interrogatories, and, therefore, her testimony
was not subject to the protective order. Sarpas and Fasela did not object to Laverty’s
deposition transcript and thereby forfeited any challenge to its admission. (Evid. Code,
§ 353, subd. (a).)
              Sarpas and Fasela state there was “neither legal rhyme nor reason” why the
trial court excluded one of their witnesses on the ground they did not identify the witness
in interrogatory responses, yet allowed the Attorney General to use the six deposition
transcripts “in violation of both the Discovery Act and the Protective Order.” The only
explanation for this result, Sarpas and Fasela assert, is judicial bias. Accusations of
judicial bias are serious, and we treat them as such. Our review of the record leads us to
categorically reject these accusations of bias. As we have explained, the trial court did
not err by allowing the Attorney General to use the deposition transcripts, one of which
was not covered by the protective order, and another of which was used without

                                              20
objection. There is not so much as a hint of judicial bias from the trial judge, who
presided in a fair and exemplary manner over a difficult case.

                                            III.

                  The Trial Court Did Not Err by Ordering Sarpas and
                               Fasela to Pay Restitution.
A. Introduction
              Based on findings that Defendants violated sections 17200 and 17500, the
trial court ordered USHA, Sarpas, and Nazarzai, jointly and severally, “to offer and make
restitution to each and every customer, client or person who paid a fee for loan
modification services to USHA . . . , during the period beginning January 1, 2008 through
and including July 14, 2009 and who requests restitution in response to the offer.” The
court determined the maximum amount of restitution to be $2,047,041.86. Of that
amount, Fasela was found to be jointly and severally liable for up to $147,869.
              Sarpas and Fasela challenge the restitution order on two grounds. First,
they argue they cannot be ordered to pay restitution because neither of them received
funds directly from USHA customers. Second, they argue the evidence was insufficient
to establish either actively participated in, or aided and abetted, a scheme to deceive.
B. Restitution Is Not Limited to Direct Payment from Victims.
              Relying on Bradstreet v. Wong (2008) 161 Cal. App. 4th 1440 (Bradstreet),
Sarpas and Fasela argue they cannot be ordered to pay restitution absent evidence either
one received money directly from USHA customers. Although the trial court found that
USHA received over $2 million from customers, Sarpas and Fasela argue neither of them
personally received money directly, and “[l]egally, under California law, a defendant who
has violated the UCL, cannot be made to restore to a consumer that which he or she never
directly received from the consumer.” (Italics added.) This argument is legally incorrect.

                                             21
              In Bradstreet, the California Labor Commissioner filed a complaint against
the shareholders, officers, and directors of several garment manufacturing corporations,
seeking to hold them personally liable for the corporations’ failure to pay employee
wages. (Bradstreet, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1444.) The complaint alleged the
failure to pay wages constituted violations of the Labor Code and sought relief from the
defendants personally on the ground they came within the relevant definition of
employer. (Id. at p. 1446.) A private association and two former employees were
permitted to file a complaint in intervention alleging violations of section 17200 and
seeking restitution from the defendants personally. (Bradstreet, supra, at pp. 1444,
1446.)
              The trial court found the common law definition of the word “employer”
applied to the Labor Code violations alleged, the defendants were not employers under
that definition, and, therefore, the defendants were not personally liable for the unpaid
wages. (Bradstreet, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1447.) The court found the plaintiff
had failed to prove the defendants were the alter egos of the corporations. (Ibid.) On the
section 17200 cause of action, the trial court found “an order requiring defendants to pay
the wages owed by the . . . Corporations, was not an available remedy in a private action
under the UCL, because defendants had not personally obtained any money or property
from the plaintiffs.” (Id. at p. 1448.)
              The Court of Appeal affirmed. On the Labor Code violations, the court
stated: “The issue is whether defendants, as the shareholders, officers, or managing
agents of the . . . Corporations, may be held personally liable for the many violations of
the Labor Code that occurred when these employees were not paid, and the corporations
went out of business.” (Bradstreet, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1449.) After addressing
relevant authority, the court concluded the common law definition of the word
“employer” applied to the Labor Code provisions the defendants allegedly violated and,

                                             22
under that definition, only the corporations, not the shareholders, officers, and directors,
were the employers. (Id. at p. 1454.)
              On the section 17200 violations, the Court of Appeal stated, “[a]lthough it
is well established that an owner or officer of a corporation may be individually liable
under the UCL if he or she actively and directly participates in the unfair business
practice, it does not necessarily follow that all of the remedies imposed with respect to
the corporation are equally applicable to the individual.” (Bradstreet, supra, 161
Cal.App.4th at p. 1458.) If the defendants had directly and actively participated in an
unfair business practice, there would be no dispute that they would be subject to civil
penalties in a public action and that unpaid wages could be recovered as restitution from
the corporations. (Id. at p. 1459.) “The issue in the case before us,” the court stated, “is
whether these defendants, who were not the employers, and who were not found to have
required any employee to work for them personally, or to have misappropriated corporate
funds for their own use, may also be required to pay the earned but unpaid wages as
restitution.” (Ibid.)
              The Court of Appeal concluded the defendants could not be held liable for
restitution because the interveners did not perform labor for them personally: “In the
absence of a finding that intervener performed labor for defendants personally, rather
than for the benefit of [the] Corporations, or that defendants appropriated for themselves
corporate funds that otherwise would have been used to pay the unpaid wages, we agree
with the trial court’s conclusion that an order requiring defendants to pay the unpaid
wages would not be ‘restitutionary as it would not replace any money or property that
defendants took directly from’ intervener.” (Bradstreet, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1460.) The court distinguished cases cited by the interveners on the ground that “none
addresses the question whether the corporate officer or owner could be directed to return
money or property to the plaintiff that the corporation had obtained through an unfair

                                             23
practice, but that the individual defendant had not personally obtained or
misappropriated.” (Id. at p. 1461.)
              Here, the parties argue at length over whether Bradstreet is an
“employment” case or a UCL case, whether Bradstreet remains good law, whether it was
wrongly decided, and whether it is distinguishable. The trial court in this case concluded
Bradstreet “is an employment case based on a narrow employment-law doctrine since
abrogated by the California Supreme Court.” Bradstreet is, however, both an
“employment” case and a UCL case. Bradstreet addressed two distinct issues, one being
the definition of employer for purposes of the alleged Labor Code violations, and the
other being whether the defendants could be personally liable for restitution under the
UCL. In Martinez v. Combs (2010) 49 Cal. 4th 35, 50, footnote 12, the California
Supreme Court abrogated Bradstreet only on its definition of “employer” under the
relevant Labor Code section.
              Whether or not Bradstreet is a UCL case or remains good law on the issue
of restitution under the UCL ultimately is beside the point. We are not bound by
Bradstreet (Sarti v. Salt Creek Ltd. (2008) 167 Cal. App. 4th 1187, 1193 [“there is no
horizontal stare decisis in the California Court of Appeal”]), and the case does not
support Sarpas and Fasela’s position that restitution under the UCL and FAL is available
only from those who receive money directly from the victims of the fraudulent, unlawful,
or unfair practice. Significant to the reasoning of the Court of Appeal in Bradstreet was
the lack of evidence the defendants in that case had misappropriated corporate funds that
otherwise would have been used to pay wages. (Bradstreet, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1460.) Under this reasoning, the defendants might have been held liable for restitution
if they had indirectly benefitted from the failure to pay wages.
              In support of the argument they cannot be liable for restitution, Sarpas and
Fasela also rely on the following passage from Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin
Corp. (2003) 29 Cal. 4th 1134, 1149 (Korea Supply): “Any award that plaintiff would

                                             24
recover from defendants would not be restitutionary as it would not replace any money or
property that defendants took directly from plaintiff.” (Italics added.) Several cases
explain why Sarpas and Fasela’s reliance on this passage is misplaced and illustrate how,
in particular circumstances, restitution under the UCL and FAL is available from those
who did not receive money directly from the victims of the fraudulent, unlawful, or unfair
practice. We next analyze each of these cases. All of them support restitution to the
victims in this case.
              The trial court in Troyk v. Farmers Group, Inc. (2009) 171 Cal. App. 4th
1305, 1314-1315, 1340 (Troyk), ordered the defendants, an insurance company and its
corporate attorney in fact, to pay restitution under the UCL for unlawful service charges
paid by the class members to a billing company. On appeal, the defendants argued they
could not be ordered to pay restitution because the service charges were paid directly to
the billing company, not to them. (Troyk, supra, at p. 1338.) The defendants cited the
same passage from Korea Supply, supra, 29 Cal.4th at page 1149, on which Sarpas and
Fasela rely. (Troyk, supra, at p. 1338.)
              The Court of Appeal in Troyk rejected the defendants’ interpretation of
Korea Supply because “that language was parsed from the facts and analysis in that case,
which involved money in which the plaintiff never had a vested interest and for which the
plaintiff, in effect, sought disgorgement, rather than restitution, from the defendant.”
(Troyk, supra, 171 Cal.App.4th at p. 1338.) The Troyk court concluded Korea Supply
was inapposite and “does not hold that a plaintiff who paid a third party money (i.e.,
money in which the plaintiff had a vested interest) may not seek UCL restitution from a
defendant whose unlawful business practice caused the plaintiff to pay that money.”
(Troyk, supra, at p. 1338.) After reviewing California Supreme Court and Court of
Appeal decisions, the Troyk court stated: “Accordingly, case law does not support [the
defendant]s’ argument that they cannot be liable for restitution under the UCL because

                                             25
[the billing company], rather than [the defendants], was the direct recipient of the service
charges.” (Id. at p. 1340.)
              In Shersher v. Superior Court (2007) 154 Cal. App. 4th 1491, 1494-1495,
the plaintiff sought restitution under the UCL from defendant Microsoft Corporation for a
product he purchased from a retailer. Relying on Korea Supply, the trial court granted
Microsoft Corporation’s motion to strike the prayer for restitution on the ground
restitution under the UCL was limited to direct purchasers and excluded those who
purchased products from a retailer. (Shersher v. Superior Court, supra, at p. 1494.) The
Court of Appeal issued a writ of mandate to overturn that ruling. The Court of Appeal
concluded: “[The] respondent court’s ruling went beyond the holding in Korea Supply,
which was that an individual private plaintiff in a tort action may not invoke the court’s
equitable power under the UCL to seek the return of money or property in which the
plaintiff never had an ownership interest. Nothing in Korea Supply conditions the
recovery of restitution on the plaintiff having made direct payments to a defendant who is
alleged to have engaged in false advertising or unlawful practices under the UCL.”
(Ibid.)
              The plaintiffs in Hirsch v. Bank of America (2003) 107 Cal. App. 4th 708,
712 (Hirsch), were property owners who, in the course of completing real estate
transactions, deposited money with escrow and title companies, which in turn deposited
the plaintiffs’ funds in demand deposit accounts with the defendant banks. Although
federal law prohibited the banks from paying interest on demand deposit accounts, the
banks could reward large depositors through other lawful means, including “earning
credits” or the purchase of “monthly revolving credit facilities.” (Id. at pp. 713-715.)
The plaintiffs alleged those forms of reward were disguised interest payments and should
have been paid to the plaintiffs rather than to the escrow and title companies. (Id. at
pp. 714-715.) In addition, the banks charged the escrow and title companies a variety of
fees to service the demand deposit accounts, and those fees were “passed on to

                                             26
consumers as higher fees for separate services or higher fees for escrow services
generally.” (Id. at p. 721.)
              The Court of Appeal held the plaintiffs could not recover the “interest”
payments as restitution because they would not have been entitled to interest in the first
place. (Hirsch, supra, 107 Cal.App.4th at pp. 712, 717-718, 721.) But, the court held,
the plaintiffs had “stated a valid cause of action for unjust enrichment based on [the]
Banks’ unjustified charging and retention of excessive fees which the title companies
passed through to them. [The] Banks received a financial advantage—excessive fees
charged to the title companies—which they unjustly retained at the expense of [the
plaintiffs], who absorbed the overage. To confer a benefit, it is not essential that money
be paid directly to the recipient by the party seeking restitution. [Citation.]” (Id. at
p. 722.) The plaintiffs were entitled to relief under the traditional equitable principles of
unjust enrichment, “upon a determination that under the circumstances and as between
the two individuals, it is unjust for the person receiving the benefit to retain it.
[Citations.]” (Ibid.)
              Thus, “it is not essential that money be paid directly to [Defendants] by the
party seeking restitution.” (Hirsch, supra, 107 Cal.App.4th at p. 722.) Sarpas and Fasela
received money indirectly from customers by having them pay USHA. The customers
parted with property in which they had an ownership interest and are entitled to its return.
The rule urged by Sarpas and Fasela would allow UCL and FAL violators to escape
restitution by structuring their schemes to avoid receiving direct payment from their
victims.
              Sarpas and Fasela argue that, if Sarpas can be ordered to pay restitution, his
share of restitution must be limited to the net profits he received from USHA. We
disagree. “Where restitution is ordered as a means of redressing a statutory violation, the
courts are not concerned with restoring the violator to the status quo ante. The focus
instead is on the victim. ‘The status quo ante to be achieved by the restitution order was

                                               27
to again place the victim in possession of that money.’ [Citation.] ‘The object of
[statutory] restitution is to restore the status quo by returning to the plaintiff funds in
which he or she has an ownership interest.’ [Citation.]” (Kennedy, supra, 111
Cal.App.4th at pp. 134-135.) The evidence was sufficient to support findings that Sarpas
violated the UCL and FAL, and, as a result, customers were fraudulently induced to make
payments to USHA, which was owned by Sarpas and Nazarzai, for loan modification
services they never received. As a remedy for those violations, Sarpas must restore
money wrongfully taken from USHA customers to restore them to the status quo ante.
              In distinguishing Bradstreet, the trial court found that Sarpas and Nazarzai
“drained substantial amounts of money from the corporation” and there was no evidence
that either of them put funds into the corporation. Sarpas and Fasela do not challenge
those findings. Based on those findings and the evidence presented at trial, the trial court
could exercise its equitable discretion to conclude USHA, Sarpas, and Nazarzai acted as a
single enterprise for the purpose of ordering restitution under the UCL and the FAL.
(Troyk, supra, 171 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1340, 1343.)

C. The Evidence Was Sufficient to Establish Sarpas and Fasela Violated the UCL
   and FAL.
              Sarpas and Fasela argue the evidence was insufficient to establish either
one actively participated in, or aided and abetted, a scheme to deceive in violation of
section 17200 or 17500. Liability under the UCL and FAL must be based on the
defendant’s participation in or control over the unlawful practices found to violate
section 17200 or 17500. (Emery v. Visa Internat. Service Assn. (2002) 95 Cal. App. 4th
952, 960.) Although a UCL claim cannot be predicated on vicarious liability (Emery v.
Visa Internat. Service Assn., supra, at p. 960), liability under the UCL may be imposed
against those who aid and abet the violation (Schulz v. Neovi Data Corp. (2007) 152
Cal. App. 4th 86, 88, 93). Liability may be imposed if the defendant “‘“knows the other’s
conduct constitutes a breach . . . and gives substantial assistance or encouragement to the

                                               28
other to so act.”’” (Schulz v. Neovi Data Corp., supra, at p. 93; see People v. Toomey,
supra, 157 Cal.App.3d at p. 15 [“if the evidence establishes defendant’s participation in
the unlawful practices, either directly or by aiding and abetting the principal, liability
under sections 17200 and 17500 can be imposed”].)
              Sarpas and Fasela argue the evidence at trial showed only that Sarpas was
an owner and manager of SFGI and USHA and failed to show “any active involvement or
participation on his part whatsoever.” The trial court found otherwise: “The evidence at
trial established that Sarpas and Nazarzai were each active participants in the day-to-day
operations of USHA, managed the business, jointly owned USHA, and split the profits
from USHA. They are thus directly liable for the actions of the company and liable for
their failure to present the deceptive, illegal, and unfair acts of their agents, independent
contractors, and employees. Substantial evidence also established that Sarpas and
Nazarzai aided and abetted each other, [Fasela], and other employees, independent
contractors, and agents of USHA in the violation of the UCL and the FAL.”
              Sarpas testified at his deposition, portions of which were read into the
record at trial, he formed SFGI in 2005, was a 50 percent owner of SFGI, and, starting in
2005, served as its operations manager. In that capacity, he ran and “oversaw” the
company’s day-to-day operations. When, in 2008, SFGI started the loan modification
business through USHA, Sarpas was “there pretty much every day,” kept track of what
was going on, and continued to manage the company. Sarpas and Nazarzai split the
profits from SFGI. Nazarzai testified at his deposition that “[Sarpas] was in charge of
every particular department like some of the processing department managers and things
like that.”
              This evidence supported the trial court’s findings and is sufficient to
impose liability against Sarpas under the UCL and FAL. An analogous case is People v.
First Federal Credit Corp. (2002) 104 Cal. App. 4th 721 (First Federal). There, one of
the defendants, Ida Lee Hansen, argued the finding she violated section 17500 was not

                                              29
supported by substantial evidence as her role was merely as a notary, office manager, and
receptionist for the defendant company. (First Federal, supra, at pp. 734-735.) The
Court of Appeal rejected that argument because the evidence showed that Hansen was
one of the two principals of the company, in a position of control over daily operations,
and aware of the company’s unlawful practices. (Ibid.) “In view of Hansen’s position as
one of the two principals of First Federal, she was in a position of control, yet permitted
the unlawful practices to continue despite her knowledge thereof.” (Ibid.)
              Sarpas, like Hansen in First Federal, tries to downplay his role in the
unlawful practices. But Sarpas formed SFGI, was one of the two principals of SFGI, split
its profits with Nazarzai, and, as operations manager, was in a position of control over its
daily operations. Sarpas was in a position of control and permitted the known unlawful
practices to continue.
              Sarpas and Fasela argue that, with the exception of three potential
violations, liability against Fasela was predicated entirely on vicarious liability. Sarpas
and Fasela argue no evidence was presented to show Fasela participated in or aided and
abetted UCL violations by others.
              The trial court found: “The evidence at the trial established that [Fasela]
was an active participant in the violations of the UCL and FAL. She was the office
manager and sales manager and held a number of other roles at the company. She had
been a key player in USHA’s loan modification business from its inception, and in fact
suggested that USHA cease working with the Firm and offer its own loan modification
services. She also came up with the deceptive assertion that USHA had a ‘97% success
rate’ in its loan modification business. Substantial evidence established that she aided
and abetted Sarpas, Nazarzai, and other employees, independent contractors, and agents
of USHA in the violation of the UCL and the FAL.”
              Substantial evidence supported the trial court’s findings, and they are
sufficient to impose liability against Fasela under the UCL and FAL. Fasela testified at

                                             30
her deposition (portions of which were read into evidence at trial), she suggested USHA
go into the loan modification business, was present when USHA was created, and, among
other things, served as its office manager. As the sales floor manager, Fasela monitored
the sales force, and made sure the sales representatives “followed policy and procedure,”
called leads, and met their quotas, answered customers’ questions, and handled
customers’ complaints. Fasela also received leads and made sales calls herself. She
communicated between the processing department and the sales force because she
understood how both sides operated. Fasela oftentimes ran the company meetings held
every Wednesday and distributed the scripts for sales representatives to use. Fasela was a
compliance officer for USHA and in that capacity had to approve new customers. She
closed completed files, maintained records of loans modified according to her definition
of modification, and came up with the 97 percent success figure used in USHA marketing
                 7
and promotion.
              When asked to describe her role at USHA, Fasela testified at her deposition
(read into evidence at trial): “I was administration. I was helping the processing team. I
was . . . helping with the sales floor, managing. I helped with the receptionist. I’d help
with gathering payroll for agents. I was helping with complaints if they came in.”
              Sarpas and Fasela argue that Fasela, at most, can be held liable for
restitution “to the 3 consumers who testified as to potential violations committed by her.”
This argument ignores Fasela’s role in participating in, and aiding and abetting, Sarpas,
Nazarzai, and USHA in their overall scheme, which harmed hundreds of people. As
compensation for participating in, and aiding and abetting, the scheme constituting the
UCL and FAL violations, Fasela received $147,869 from USHA. Although Fasela did

 7
   Fasela claimed that loan modifications, under her definition of the term, were in fact
completed by USHA; however, the trial court found not credible her “denials,
explanations, assertions regarding purported statements made to and benefits purportedly
provided to USHA’s customers, and similar self-serving testimony.”

                                             31
not receive funds directly from USHA customers, she did receive compensation from
USHA’s income from victims of the scheme in which Fasela participated. Thus, Fasela
received $147,869 from USHA customers, and is responsible, jointly and severally with
USHA, Sarpas, and Nazarzai, for restitution up to that amount.

                                            IV.

                The Award of Civil Penalties Imposed Against Sarpas
              Was Supported by the Law and the Evidence; the Amount
               of Civil Penalties Against Fasela Must Be Recalculated.
A. Background and Relevant Law
              Pursuant to sections 17206 and 17536, the trial court imposed civil
penalties against USHA, Sarpas, and Nazarzai, jointly and severally, in the amount of
$2,047,041, and imposed additional civil penalties against Fasela, USHA, Sarpas, and
Nazarzai, jointly and severally, in the amount of $360,540. In setting the amount of civil
penalties, the court considered (1) the purpose of civil penalties to punish and deter;
(2) Defendants’ targeting of the elderly and the disabled; (3) the “enormous” number of
UCL and FAL violations committed by Defendants; and (4) evidence establishing there
were 1,259 “payors” checks deposited into USHA accounts.
              Section 17206, subdivision (a) states in part that “[a]ny person who
engages, has engaged, or proposes to engage in unfair competition shall be liable for a
civil penalty not to exceed two thousand five hundred dollars ($2,500) for each
violation.” Section 17536, subdivision (a) states in part that “[a]ny person who violates
any provision of this chapter shall be liable for a civil penalty not to exceed two thousand
five hundred dollars ($2,500) for each violation.” UCL penalties may be increased by up
to $2,500 per violation if the victim is elderly or disabled. (§ 17206.1.) Under both
section 17206, subdivision (b) and section 17536, subdivision (b), the court should
consider, in assessing the amount of civil penalties, one or more of the following: “the

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nature and seriousness of the misconduct, the number of violations, the persistence of the
misconduct, the length of time over which the misconduct occurred, the willfulness of the
defendant’s misconduct, and the defendant’s assets, liabilities, and net worth.”
              For the purpose of calculating civil penalties, what constitutes a violation of
the UCL or the FAL depends on the circumstances of the case, including the type of
violations, the number of victims, and the repetition of the conduct constituting the
violation. (People v. JTH Tax, Inc., supra, 212 Cal.App.4th at p. 1251; Kennedy, supra,
111 Cal.App.4th at p. 129.) We review the trial court’s imposition of civil penalties
under the UCL and FAL under the abuse of discretion standard. (People v. JTH Tax,
Inc., supra, at p. 1250.)
B. The Evidence Supported Imposition of Civil Penalties.
              Sarpas and Fasela challenge the imposition of civil penalties on the same
grounds on which they challenge restitution: They contend the evidence showed they
violated the UCL or FAL at most only three times and there was no evidence that either
of them was an active participant in or aided and abetted any violations by others. We
rejected those contentions when addressing restitution, and we reject them again now. As
we have emphasized, individualized proof of each and every UCL and FAL violation is
not required; from the evidence presented at trial, the trial court could draw the
reasonable inference Sarpas and Fasela committed hundreds, if not thousands, of UCL
and FAL violations. In this regard, the trial court found: “Defendants made false and
misleading statements to each and every consumer who entered into a contract with
Defendants. Further, Defendants used deceptive telemarketing scripts and other false and
misleading marketing materials, and therefore civil penalties are appropriate for each
consumer who spoke with a USHA representative and/or received USHA marketing
materials, even if they never became a client of USHA.”
              Sarpas and Fasela argue the amount of civil penalties is excessive in light
of their respective financial situations. A court should consider a defendant’s assets,

                                             33
liabilities, and net worth in calculating the amount of civil penalties. (§§ 17206,
subd. (b), 17536, subd. (b).) But, “evidence of a defendant’s financial condition,
although relevant, is not essential to the imposition of the statutory penalties, making the
issue of a defendant’s financial inability a matter for the defendant to raise in mitigation.”
(First Federal, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 726.) Sarpas did not testify at trial. Fasela
testified some about her financial situation, but she presented no documentary evidence
in support, and the trial court found her testimony on the subject was not credible. As to
Sarpas, all the civil penalties are affirmed.
C. Amount of Civil Penalties Against Fasela
              Fasela alone argues there was no legal basis for imposition of $360,540 in
civil penalties against her. Sarpas does not make this argument. The only explanation
for that amount, she claims, is “[t]he Trial court found Fasela complicit in defendant
Nazarzai’s failure to turn over $360,540 to the Receiver.” The Attorney General does not
address this argument. The trial court offered no explanation or computation for coming
up with $360,540, despite requests from Fasela to make factual findings. We agree the
amount of civil penalties imposed against Fasela does not appear to be tethered to
sections 17206 and 17536. She is, however, subject to civil penalties. We therefore will
strike the civil penalties awarded against Fasela only and remand with directions to
recalculate the amount of civil penalties under sections 17206 and 17536.

                                                V.

                Sarpas and Fasela Were Not Denied Their Due Process
                  Rights to Confront and Cross-examine Witnesses.
              Sarpas and Fasela contend the imposition of civil penalties and restitution
in the amounts set forth in the judgment violated their due process rights to confront and
cross-examine witnesses and to receive notice of the charges against them. In civil
actions, the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses is found in the due process

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                                               8
clause rather than the confrontation clause. (People v. Otto (2001) 26 Cal. 4th 200, 214;
In re Malinda S. (1990) 51 Cal. 3d 368, 383, fn. 16.) Sarpas and Fasela were not denied
the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses. They appeared at trial with counsel
and cross-examined witnesses. They were provided lawful notice of the depositions, but
chose not to attend them and cross-examine the deponents, either in person or by
telephone. They were provided the names of hundreds of USHA customers, yet chose
not to call any of them to testify at trial.
               Sarpas and Fasela contend their due process rights were violated because
they were ordered to pay restitution to and civil penalties for hundreds of USHA
customers who did not testify at trial. The right to confront and cross-examine witnesses
applies only to “‘witnesses’” who “‘bear testimony.’” (Crawford v. Washington, supra,
541 U.S. at p. 51; see Davis v. Washington (2006) 547 U.S. 813, 823.) The USHA
customers who did not testify were not witnesses bearing testimony. Restitution was not
dependent on their testimony because, as we have emphasized, the UCL and FAL permit
restitution without individualized proof of harm (e.g., People v. JTH Tax, Inc., supra, 212
Cal.App.4th at p. 1255; Fremont Life, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 532), and the
testimony and evidence presented at trial was sufficient to draw an inference of classwide
deception and injury.
               Sarpas and Fasela rely on Goldberg v. Kelly (1970) 397 U.S. 254 to support
their claim of a due process violation. In that case, the United States Supreme Court
addressed the narrow issue whether the due process clause required an evidentiary
hearing before a state terminates a recipient’s welfare benefits. (Id. at p. 260.) The court
held that before welfare benefits can be terminated, “a recipient have timely and adequate

 8
   The confrontation clauses in the federal and state Constitutions are limited to criminal
prosecutions and do not apply in civil proceedings. (Crawford v. Washington (2004) 541
U.S. 36, 42; People v. Allen (2008) 44 Cal. 4th 843, 860-861; People v. Sweeney (2009)
175 Cal. App. 4th 210, 221.)

                                                   35
notice detailing the reasons for a proposed termination, and an effective opportunity to
defend by confronting any adverse witnesses and by presenting his own arguments and
evidence orally.” (Id. at pp. 267-268.)
              Goldberg v. Kelly is inapplicable to this case, except for the broad and
indisputable proposition that in government enforcement actions a person has a due
process right to notice, and the opportunity to confront and cross-examine witnesses and
to present evidence and argument. (Goldberg v. Kelly, supra, 397 U.S. at p. 270 [“‘where
governmental action seriously injures an individual, and the reasonableness of the action
depends on fact findings, the evidence used to prove the Government’s case must be
disclosed to the individual so that he has an opportunity to show that it is untrue’”].)
              Sarpas and Fasela were not denied those rights. Their claim they did not
                                                                               9
receive adequate notice of the charges against them borders on the absurd. The Attorney
General filed a lengthy complaint apprising Defendants of the charges and of the fact the
Attorney General was seeking injunctive relief, restitution, and civil penalties. Attached
to the complaint were declarations from 19 USHA customers. Sarpas and Fasela
received lengthy interrogatory responses and were given the names of hundreds of USHA
customers. The Attorney General disclosed the names of 16 potential trial witnesses, of
whom five were called to testify at trial. Properly noticed depositions were taken, but
Sarpas and Fasela chose not to participate in them. Nothing prevented Sarpas and Fasela
from conducting their own investigation, interviewing witnesses, taking depositions, and
calling witnesses to testify at trial. “In light of the foregoing we are satisfied that the
UCL as applied to this case did not violate the federal procedural due process notice
requirement.” (Fremont Life, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 520.)

 9
   Sarpas and Fasela make the exaggerated and patently incredible claim that they
“walked into trial on the first day without any inkling of what they were alleged to have
done, to whom, when, and what.”

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              Sarpas and Fasela also contend the judgment violates their due process
rights because it allows the Attorney General to pay claimants “at its own discretion” and
“affords no requirement that the claimant present its evidence before a Constitutional
tribunal and no opportunity for Appellants to confront and cross-examine that claimant in
a judicial or judicially supervised manner.” The judgment delegates to the Attorney
General’s Office the authority to administer and oversee the restitution process and
provides: “[The Attorney General] is authorized to take any reasonable measure to insure
the payment of restitution, including, without limitation: (1) hiring a third party
administrator for the restitution process; (2) writing letters, e-mails, and telephone
scripting to be used in contacting the Eligible Consumers; (3) sending correspondence to
the Eligible Consumers; (4) calling the Eligible Consumers; and (5) sending payment to
the Eligible Consumers.”
              Sarpas and Fasela filed objections to the proposed statement of decision
and the proposed judgment. Although they objected that the amount of restitution
ordered in the judgment was improper and without factual support, they did not object to
the portion of the judgment addressing the Attorney General’s authority to administer the
restitution process. Accordingly, the objection has been forfeited.

                                             VI.

                The Trial Court Did Not Err by Receiving in Evidence
                   Checks Deposited into USHA’s Bank Account.
A. Introduction
              The trial court received in evidence the Attorney General’s exhibit No. 1,
which consisted of the front and back sides of over 1,900 checks deposited into a USHA
account at Bank of America. The court received the exhibit in evidence for the limited
purpose of establishing “Bank of America deposited into the account of the payee
defendant in this action the amount of money that appears on the face amount of the

                                             37
check based on his testimony of their business practice with respect to how they handle
the checks.” The court stated it was not receiving exhibit No. 1 under the business
records exception to the hearsay rule.
              Elizabeth Mason, an associate governmental program analyst employed by
the Attorney General’s Office, testified she conducted a review of exhibit No. 1 and,
from the information contained in it, created a spreadsheet showing a total of
$2,224,113.86 was deposited into USHA’s Bank of America account and USHA had
1,259 customers.
B. The Checks Were Authenticated.
              Sarpas and Fasela argue the trial court erred by receiving exhibit No. 1 in
evidence because the checks were hearsay and did not fall within the business records
exception to the hearsay rule, the ground on which they objected at trial.
              The Attorney General does not contend the checks comprising exhibit
No. 1 were Bank of America business records. Instead, the Attorney General argues the
checks were authenticated for the purpose for which the court admitted exhibit No. 1.
We agree.
              “Authentication of a writing is required before it may be received in
evidence.” (Evid. Code, § 1401, subd. (a); see Continental Baking Co. v. Katz (1968) 68
Cal. 2d 512, 525 [“Generally speaking, documents must be authenticated in some fashion
before they are admissible in evidence”].) “Authentication of a writing means (a) the
introduction of evidence sufficient to sustain a finding that it is the writing that the
proponent of the evidence claims it is or (b) the establishment of such facts by any other
means provided by law.” (Evid. Code, § 1400.) “As long as the evidence would support
a finding of authenticity, the writing is admissible. The fact conflicting inferences can be
drawn regarding authenticity goes to the document’s weight as evidence, not its
admissibility.” (Jazayeri v. Mao (2009) 174 Cal. App. 4th 301, 321.)

                                              38
              The Attorney General authenticated the checks with testimony from a
representative of Bank of America about how the checks were processed and the bank’s
custom and practice in accepting and negotiating the checks. The trial court accepted this
testimony as sufficient to authenticate the checks for the purpose for which they were
received in evidence. Sarpas and Fasela do not challenge this testimony.
C. The Checks Were Used for the Proper Purpose.
              Sarpas and Fasela argue exhibit No. 1 was used for a purpose other than the
limited purpose for which it was received; that is, showing that Bank of America
deposited into USHA’s account the sums appearing on the faces of the checks. Sarpas
and Fasela argue the trial court improperly used exhibit No. 1 in arriving at the total
number of USHA customers, the total amount received from USHA customers, the
amount of restitution, and the amount of civil penalties. They argue, “[a]ll the Trial
Court knew was that Bank of America processed a number of checks: not the payor of
the check, whether the payor was a customer; whether the payor was a victim, nor
anything of relevance to the action.”
              The trial court could properly infer, from the totality of evidence presented
at trial, the checks comprising exhibit No. 1 were payments from USHA customers, and
the total amount received by USHA from those customers was $2,224,113.86. In
considering Sarpas and Fasela’s objection to exhibit No. 1, the trial court stated: “[I]f
[the Attorney General] establish[es] through the[] evidence this business model of how
your clients’ company operated and allegedly defrauded 2 million plus dollars from
people in a mortgage modification scam, if they establish that this was—how their
business model worked, I, as the factfinder, can say I find it to be more likely to be true
and not true that these people gave them this money to get loan modification services. [¶]
Now, I don’t know what the evidence will be. But I’ve got a sneaking suspicion a big
part of it’s going to be the only thing they provided as a service to people was loan
modification services and maybe A, B or C. If that’s the only business they’re in and

                                             39
they’re getting checks from people, a natural inference to be drawn from those facts is . . .
they were conducting business; these people were trying to retain their services.”
              As the trial court suspected, the evidence at trial established that, during the
relevant time frame: (1) USHA’s business was primarily, if not exclusively, providing
supposed loan modification services; (2) customers retained USHA to provide those
services; (3) customers paid USHA by check for those services; and (4) $2,224,113.86 in
checks were deposited in USHA’s Bank of America account. Sarpas and Fasela
presented no evidence to show that any of USHA’s income—i.e., the deposits made into
the Bank of America account—came from a source other than the loan modification
business. From the evidence, the trial court could draw the reasonable inference, which it
expressed in the statement of decision, that “[a]s a result of [Defendants’] deceptive and
misleading practices, USHA procured over $2 million in up-front payments from
consumers.” It was equally reasonable for the trial court to set the maximum amount of
restitution at $2,047,041.86. It could be true, as Sarpas and Fasela assert, that many of
the payors on the checks were not victims, but those payors will not be able to obtain
restitution, and Sarpas and Fasela’s potential liability will be reduced correspondingly.
(See Kraus v. Trinity Management Services, Inc. (2000) 23 Cal. 4th 116, 137 [fluid fund
recovery not permitted in UCL actions].)
              Mason testified USHA had 1,259 different customers. Sarpas and Fasela
objected to Mason’s worksheets (exhibit No. 558), but did not object to or move to strike
Mason’s testimony of the number of USHA customers. Responding to the objection to
that exhibit, the trial court stated: “[T]his is the backup for the grand total numbers as
described, which have been testified to. So that testimony’s in evidence as to what the
numbers are.” Based on Mason’s testimony of the number of USHA’s customers, to
which Sarpas and Fasela posed no objection, the trial court properly calculated the
amount of civil penalties.

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                                       DISPOSITION
              The civil penalties in the amount of $360,540 as to Fasela, and Fasela only,
are stricken, and the matter is remanded to the trial court with directions to recalculate the
amount of civil penalties for which she may be liable. In all other respects, the judgment
is affirmed. Respondent shall recover costs on appeal.

                                                  FYBEL, J.

WE CONCUR:

ARONSON, ACTING P. J.

THOMPSON, J.

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