Court Opinion

ID: 9907275
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-06 00:06:58.861831+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:58:13.449215
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Ohio Bur. of Workers' Comp. v. Price, 2023-Ohio-4395.]

                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                  TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 State of Ohio Bureau of                              :
 Workers’ Compensation,
                                                      :                  No. 23AP-82
                  Plaintiff-Appellee,                               (C.P.C. No. 22CV-0227)
                                                      :
 v.                                                               (ACCELERATED CALENDAR)
                                                      :
 Thomas Price et al.,
                                                      :
                  Defendants-Appellants.
                                                      :

                                         D E C I S I O N

                                   Rendered on December 5, 2023

                On brief: Dave Yost, Attorney General, Cooke Demers, LLC,
                Andrew P. Cooke, and Adam J. Bennett for appellee.
                Argued: Adam J. Bennett.

                On brief: Dennis W. McNamara for appellants.
                Argued: Dennis W. McNamara.

                  APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

MENTEL, J.
        {¶ 1} Defendants-appellants, Thomas Price and ES of Ohio, Inc., appeal from the
trial court’s January 6, 2023 judgment entry adopting a magistrate’s decision, pursuant to
a damages hearing, finding appellants jointly and severally liable for the sum of $30,683.18.
For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
        {¶ 2} Between September 21, 2011 and April 1, 2015, Price operated as a certified
vocational rehabilitation specialist for the State of Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation
(“BWC”). Price traveled across Ohio to injured workers covered by Ohio’s workers’
No. 23AP-82                                                                               2

compensation system and provided rehabilitation services. Price would then bill and
receive payment from the BWC through ES of Ohio, Inc.                Price was entitled to
reimbursement from the BWC for his actual time and mileage in the course of his work as
a vocational rehabilitation specialist. During this time, the BWC Special Investigation
Department conducted an audit of Price’s billing practices. Aric Bizzari, a special agent
employed by the BWC, attested that when “Price saw multiple injured workers, he billed
the round-trip time and mileage from his home to each individual patient even though he
was not making a separate trip for each injured worker.” (Aug. 19, 2022 Ex., Bizzari Aff. at
¶ 9.)
        {¶ 3} On September 17, 2015, a Franklin County Grand Jury returned a criminal
indictment against Price for workers’ compensation fraud in violation of R.C. 2913.48, a
felony of the fourth degree (Count One), and theft in violation of R.C. 2913.02, a felony of
the fourth degree (Count Two). State v. Price, Franklin C.P. No. 15CR-4570 (“Price I”). The
indictment alleged that Price engaged in deceptive billing practices for his mileage and
travel time from September 21, 2011 to December 30, 2014. The matter proceeded to a jury
trial in March 2017. Prior to trial, the parties entered into a series of stipulations. The
stipulations, in relevant part, provide as follows:

        The State of Ohio and Thomas E. Price have agreed that certain facts can be
        accepted by the jury as true. This case involves thousands of pages of
        treatment notes, billing records, and payment records. The stipulations are
        intended to avoid many hours of testimony to identify and authenticate
        records, and to establish facts that are not disputed. The parties may still
        present any relevant evidence they believe to be helpful to their respective
        sides of the case. But the jury should consider the following facts to be true
        without the need for any evidence or proof.
        ***

        The total difference between Thomas E. Price’s bills and the amounts he
        would have billed if the time and milage was pro-rated between the patients
        seen by Thomas E. Price, is $8,772.20.

        The two counts in the pending Indictment refer to an amount of $7,500.00
        or more. The actual amount involved is $8,772.20 as described above.
No. 23AP-82                                                                                3

(Jan. 21, 2022 Answer, attached Stipulations at 1, 3.)

       {¶ 4} At the conclusion of the trial, a jury acquitted Price of all charges. On
February 25, 2020, BWC filed a civil complaint against appellants asserting causes of action
for violation of Ohio Adm.Code 4123-6-25 (Count One) and breach of contract (Count
Two). State of Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation v. Price, et al., Franklin C.P. No.
20CV-1598 (“Price II”). The BWC sought damages in the amount of $30,683.18. According
to the BWC, the increase in alleged damages from the criminal complaint to the civil
complaint was based on the discovery of additional dates that Price had overbilled. The
BWC explained that it only discovered the additional evidence after the criminal indictment
was presented to the grand jury.
       {¶ 5} During the course of the litigation, the parties filed competing motions for
summary judgment. Appellants moved for summary judgment arguing that res judicata
precluded the BWC from pursuing additional damages in the subsequent civil case.
Conversely, the BWC moved for partial summary judgment arguing that there was no
genuine dispute of material fact that $8,772.20 was overpaid to appellants as Price
conceded the issue by agreeing to the joint stipulations prior to the criminal trial. On
November 13, 2020, the trial court denied both motions for summary judgment. The trial
court found that because the stipulations were not actually litigated, res judicata could not
preclude the increase in alleged damages by the BWC. The trial court also denied the BWC’s
motion for summary judgment writing that the BWC had failed to meet its burden that
Price engaged in conduct that required him to prorate his billing on the dates included in
the stipulations. On February 11, 2021, the BWC filed a motion for leave to file a second
motion for summary judgment contending that it had resolved the proration issue. The
trial court denied the motion on February 18, 2021. On August 18, 2021, the BWC
dismissed the complaint pursuant to Civ.R. 41(A).
       {¶ 6} On January 11, 2022, the BWC refiled its complaint asserting the same causes
of action as the prior complaint (“Price III”). On August 19, 2022, the BWC filed a motion
for summary judgment arguing there was no dispute of material fact that Price billed for
amounts that exceeded his actual miles traveled and time spent traveling, and the BWC was
entitled to $30,683.18 in damages. As acknowledged by Price, the BWC included additional
evidence that was not submitted in the motion for summary judgment filed in Price II. On
No. 23AP-82                                                                               4

August 26, 2022, appellants filed a joint memorandum contra opposing the BWC’s motion
for summary judgment. Appellants argued the doctrine of res judicata precluded the trial
court from granting partial summary judgment. Relevant to the instant appeal, appellants
argued that collateral estoppel barred the increase in damages from $8,772.20 to
$30,683.18. Appellants also argued that the BWC was precluded from seeking summary
judgment in Price III as the trial court had previously found there was a dispute of fact as
to liability in Price II.
        {¶ 7} On October 18, 2022, the trial court granted partial summary judgment as to
liability against appellants. The trial court held that the BWC had met its burden finding
there was no dispute of material fact that appellants engaged in at least one instance of
overbilling. The trial court explained that summary judgment was warranted because the
BWC provided evidence that was absent in Price II as well as additional cases of overbilling
outside the stipulations in Price I. (Oct. 18, 2022 Decision & Entry at 9.) The trial court
rejected appellants’ arguments that res judicata precluded a finding of liability or barred
the BWC from seeking additional damages beyond the amount provided in the joint
stipulations in Price I. Pursuant to Civ.R. 53, the trial court referred this matter to a
magistrate to conduct a damages hearing. On December 15, 2022, the magistrate issued
findings of fact and conclusions of law finding the BWC was entitled to damages against
appellants, jointly and severally, in the amount of $30,683.18. On January 6, 2023, the
trial court, without objection from appellants, issued its final judgment entry adopting the
magistrate’s decision.
        {¶ 8} Appellants filed a timely appeal in this matter.
II. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
        {¶ 9} Appellants assign the following as trial court error:
        THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT GRANTED THE APPELLEE’S
        MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT AFTER THE STATE
        HAD TRIED AND FAILED TWICE ON THE ISSUE ON WHICH THE
        COURT GRANTED JUDGMENT.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
        {¶ 10} This court reviews a trial court’s decision to grant a motion for summary
judgment de novo. Kiser v. United Dairy Farmers, 10th Dist. No. 22AP-539, 2023-Ohio-
2136, ¶ 9. Under a de novo standard of review, a reviewing court undergoes an independent
No. 23AP-82                                                                                  5

review of the evidence without deference to the trial court’s decision. Id., citing Nazareth
Deli LLC v. John W. Dawson Ins. Inc., 10th Dist. No. 21AP-394, 2022-Ohio-3994, ¶ 22. As
set forth in Civ.R. 56(C), before summary judgment can be granted, the trial court must
find: (1) there are no outstanding genuine issues of material fact to be litigated, (2) the
moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and (3) viewing the evidence most
strongly in favor of the nonmoving party, it appears that reasonable minds can only come
to one conclusion that is adverse to the nonmoving party. State ex rel. Duganitz v. Ohio
Adult Parole Auth., 77 Ohio St.3d 190, 191 (1996).
       {¶ 11} The issue of whether res judicata applies in a particular case is a question of
law that is reviewed de novo. State v. Jefferson, 10th Dist. No. 21AP-306, 2021-Ohio-4188,
¶ 7; Lane v. U.S. Bank, N.A., 10th Dist. No. 18AP-197, 2018-Ohio-3140, ¶ 7, citing Daniel v.
Williams, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-155, 2014-Ohio-273, ¶ 18.
IV. LEGAL ANALYSIS
       A. Appellants’ Sole Assignment of Error
       {¶ 12} Preliminarily, we must define the scope of our review in this matter.
Appellants do not contend that the trial court erred in its determination as to liability or
that the trial court erred by adopting the magistrate’s decision concerning the $30,683.18
damages determination. Instead, appellants argue that the trial court was precluded, under
the doctrine of res judicata, from even considering (1) the increase in damages beyond the
stipulated amount in Price I or (2) the issue of liability based on its prior denial of summary
judgment in Price II. As such, we will forego any analysis concerning the liability or
damages determinations and focus our analysis on the application of res judicata as it
relates to the two issues identified in appellants’ brief. App.R. 12(A)(2); App.R. 16(A)(7).
Prox v. Cleveland Steel Container Corp., 11th Dist. No. 2005-T-0045, 2006-Ohio-2770,
¶ 16, citing House v. Kirtland Capital Partners, 158 Ohio App.3d 68, 2004-Ohio-3688, ¶ 15
(11th Dist.2004) (concluding that because appellant failed to present any arguments
concerning his wrongful discharge claim, a reviewing court may decline to provide any
analysis concerning the court’s grant of summary judgment on that particular cause of
action).
No. 23AP-82                                                                                  6

       1. Res Judicata
       {¶ 13} Next, we must identify the nature of appellants’ res judicata arguments.
Appellants appear to muddle the two distinct concepts of claim preclusion and issue
preclusion. At one point in their brief, appellants argue that this case concerns claim
preclusion. (See Appellants’ Brief at 9) (“The issue in this case involves claim preclusion.”).
Then appellants set forth the caselaw and analysis as if the case concerns issue preclusion.
(Appellants’ Brief at 10-12.)
       {¶ 14} Under Ohio law, res judicata comprises two related concepts, claim
preclusion (traditionally known as estoppel by judgment) and issue preclusion (historically
known as collateral estoppel). State ex rel. Jefferson v. Russo, 159 Ohio St.3d 280, 2020-
Ohio-338, ¶ 9, citing Grava v. Parkman Twp., 73 Ohio St.3d 379, 381 (1995). While claim
preclusion bars the relitigation of the same cause of action, collateral estoppel bars the
relitigation of an issue that has been actually and necessarily litigated and determined in a
prior case. Lemons v. State, 8th Dist. No. 109188, 2020-Ohio-5619, ¶ 35, citing Whitehead
v. Gen. Tel. Co., 20 Ohio St.2d 108, 112 (1969); see also Russo at ¶ 9, citing Thompson v.
Wing, 70 Ohio St.3d 176, 183 (1994). While there is an obvious overlap in the analysis of
both concepts, “[a] final, valid decision on the merits of the claims asserted is an essential
element of claim preclusion because that doctrine bars further claims. Issue preclusion, on
the other hand, requires only that the issue in controversy be determined by a final,
appealable order.” 533 Short North LLC v. Zwerin, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-1016, 2015-Ohio-
4040, ¶ 25, citing Glidden Co. v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 112 Ohio St.3d 470, 2006-
Ohio-6553, ¶ 45.
       {¶ 15} Upon review, we conclude the two issues identified by appellants concern
collateral estoppel. Appellants do not contend that the BWC was precluded from filing a
civil complaint but argue that it was limited to the $8,772.20 in damages identified in Price
I. Similarly, appellants do not argue that the BWC could not file a second civil complaint,
but that the trial court erred by granting partial summary judgment because it had already
determined in Price II that there was a dispute of fact as to liability. Moreover, the entries
appellants rely upon are not final, valid decisions on the merits of the claims asserted. Our
conclusion is further bolstered by counsel’s statement during oral arguments, “[b]ecause
we know what the amount in controversy is. Frankly, Thomas Price does not care if
No. 23AP-82                                                                                                    7

summary judgment stands for the agreed amount of [$8,772.20] because if it went back
and was tried again that is where it would end up again.” (July 27, 2023 Oral Argument at
22:55). Therefore, our analysis will focus on whether collateral estoppel precludes the
relitigation of the two issues identified in appellants’ brief.
        a. State of Ohio v. Price, Franklin C.P. No. 15CR-4570
        {¶ 16} Appellants first argue that the trial court erred by finding that the BWC was
not barred, under the doctrine of collateral estoppel, from pursuing damages in the civil
cases that exceeded the stipulated amount in Price I.
        {¶ 17} This court has held that collateral estoppel applies when: “ ‘(1) the identical
issue or fact was actually and directly at issue in a previous action; (2) the issue or fact was
passed upon and determined by a court of competent jurisdiction; (3) the issue or fact was
actually litigated, directly determined, and essential to the final judgment in the prior
action; and (4) both actions involved the same parties, or their privies.’ ” Lakeview Loan
Servicing, LLC v. Schultz, 10th Dist. No. 18AP-399, 2019-Ohio-4689, ¶ 13, quoting McCabe
Corp. v. Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-204, 2012-Ohio-
6256, ¶ 19.1
        {¶ 18} After consideration of the parties’ briefs and available record, appellants’
argument fails as the stipulated damages in Price I were not actually and directly litigated.
This court has held that a fact in stipulation from a previous action is not “ ‘actually
litigated[] as required to invoke the doctrine of issue preclusion in a subsequent action.’ ”
State v. C.A., 10th Dist. No. 14AP-738, 2015-Ohio-3437, ¶ 18, quoting State ex rel. Davis v.
Public Emps. Retirement Bd., 174 Ohio App.3d 135, 2007-Ohio-6594, ¶ 35. To be sure,
there are instances where a stipulation could bind the parties going forward, however, in
those cases such stipulations must “manifest[] an intention to be bound.” Washburn v.
Senff, 5th Dist. No. 2002CA00393, 2003-Ohio-4379, ¶ 16, citing 1 Restatement of the Law
2d, Judgments, Section 27, Comment e (1982). There are many reasons why a party might

1 There was some discussion among the parties as to the correct test to employ when resolving whether

collateral estoppel bars a particular issue or fact. Appellants rely on the language in Grava, 73 Ohio St.3d 379,
while the BWC relies on the test in Business Dev. Corp. v. Rutter & Russin, LLC, 37 F.4th 1123 (6th Cir.2022).
However, both cases address claim preclusion and not issue preclusion. See Grava at 381 (“This case involves
claim preclusion only”); Business Dev. Corp. at 1129 (“This case concerns Ohio’s claim-preclusion rules.”). As
set forth in the body of this decision, given the substance of appellants’ arguments, as well as statements
during oral arguments, we will consider this matter solely on the grounds of issue preclusion.
No. 23AP-82                                                                                    8

elect to not raise an issue in a particular case such as “ ‘conserving judicial resources, []
maintaining consistency, and [] avoiding oppression or harassment of the adverse party.’ ”
State ex rel. Davis v. Public Emps. Retirement Bd., 120 Ohio St.3d 386, 2008-Ohio-6254,
¶ 31, quoting 1 Restatement of the Law 2d, Judgments, Section 27, at 256-57 (1982). If such
preclusive effect were given to stipulated issues that were not actually litigated in the first
instance, the result would discourage compromise and reduce the likelihood that the issues
of the case would be narrowed for trial. Id. Accordingly, there are strong public policy
reasons that “weigh strongly in favor of nonpreclusion.” Id. at ¶ 32.
       {¶ 19} Appellants cite our decision in Thomas v. Wright State Univ. School of
Medicine, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-839, 2013-Ohio-3338, ¶ 16-20 for the proposition “that a
stipulation can serve as a basis for a finding of res judicata.” (Appellants’ Brief at 15.) While
we do not disagree with appellants’ general claim that a stipulation may serve as a basis for
collateral estoppel, the stipulations in Price I, like the stipulations in Thomas, do not have
a preclusive effect in this case. In Thomas, the stipulation in the first case did not have a
preclusive effect as there was no privity between the parties. Here, the stipulations were
intended to function as a tool of convenience for the parties to expedite the litigation. There
is no language in the stipulations to indicate the parties manifested an intent to be bound
in a subsequent action. As such, we are not persuaded that the BWC should be barred from
pursuing additional damages in the civil case.
       {¶ 20} Furthermore, the fourth element—whether both actions involved the same
parties or their privies—is also not met. While the concept of privity is “ ‘somewhat
amorphous,’ ” Ohio courts have elected to apply a “ ‘broad definition’ ” of the term. State
ex rel. Schachter v. Ohio Pub. Emps. Retirement Bd., 121 Ohio St.3d 526, 2009-Ohio-1704,
¶ 33, quoting Brown v. Dayton, 89 Ohio St.3d 245, 248 (2000); Kirkhart v. Keiper, 101
Ohio St.3d 377, 2004-Ohio-1496, ¶ 8. “ ‘As a general matter, privity [is] “the relationship
between the one who is a party on the record and another is close enough to include that
other within the res judicata.” ’ ” Daniel, 2014-Ohio-273, at ¶ 33, quoting Thompson, 70
Ohio St.3d at 184, quoting Bruszewski v. United States, 181 F.2d 419, 423 (3d Cir.1950)
(Goodrich, J., concurring). Privity occurs “where a party is so identified in interest with
another that the party represents the same legal right.” Wright v. Heller, 1st Dist. No. C-
160897, 2018-Ohio-149, ¶ 25. A contractual connection or one rooted in estate law is not
No. 23AP-82                                                                                  9

required. Business Dev. Corp., 37 F.4th at 1136, citing Brown at 248. Merely a “mutuality
of interest, including an identity of desired result.” State ex rel. Schachter v. Ohio Pub Emp.
Retirement Bd., 10th Dist. No. 07AP-444, 2008-Ohio-3624, ¶ 19. To establish privity, there
must be a close enough relationship between the parties that it would serve the preclusion
law’s purposes to apply collateral estoppel even though the parties are technically distinct.
Id. Moreover, an interest in the original action or active participation in the original case
could also demonstrate privity. Coleman v. Warren, 1st Dist. No. C-210362, 2022-Ohio-
1020, ¶ 8, citing O’Nesti v. DeBartolo Realty Corp., 113 Ohio St.3d 59, 2007-Ohio-1102, ¶ 9.
The crux of the issue is whether the new party had adequate representation in the original
case. Coleman at ¶ 10, citing Monfort Supply Co. v. Cheviot, 1st Dist. No. C-940898, 1995
Ohio App. LEXIS 4172, *16-17 (Sept. 27, 1995).
       {¶ 21} Ohio courts have found that an alleged victim of a crime and the state of Ohio
are not in privity when the victim seeks civil damages after a criminal case. See, e.g.,
Manley v. Rufus Club Mozambique, Inc., 111 Ohio App.3d 260, 263 (3d Dist.1996). In
Manley, the patron of a bar filed a civil complaint for personal injuries allegedly sustained
when the manager of a bar shot the patron while breaking up an altercation. While the
manager was charged with two counts of felonious assault, he was ultimately acquitted
based on his claim of self-defense. While the trial court dismissed the patron’s civil
complaint based on res judicata, the Third District Court of Appeals reversed finding privity
did not exist between the state of Ohio and a plaintiff in a subsequent civil case that was the
alleged victim of a crime. While the patron was a witness in the criminal case, the Manley
court found that the individual had no overt control over significant aspects of the case such
as: whether to empanel a jury, which witnesses to call on cross-examination, or ability to
appeal the trial court’s ruling of acquittal. Id. at 263; see also Coleman (finding there was
no privity between the state of Ohio and the plaintiff that brought a negligence claim
derived from a traffic accident). To be sure, there have been cases where a government
agency was found to be in privity with the state. In State v. Williams, 76 Ohio St.3d 290,
295 (1996), the Supreme Court of Ohio found that the BMV was in privity with the state
concerning the appeal of an administrative license suspension and a criminal case. The
Williams court explained, “[t]he state acts through its various agencies and entities, and
the Bureau of Motor Vehicles is an agency of the state. We conclude that the state of Ohio
No. 23AP-82                                                                                     10

is the real party in interest in both proceedings and the requirement of privity as an element
of issue preclusion is satisfied.” Id. at 295. Moreover, Ohio courts have found other cases
where the state is in privity with its agents in cases where a party challenges the same
conduct by suing a different government actor. See e.g., State ex rel. Johnson v. Bureau of
Sentence Computation, 159 Ohio St.3d 552, 2020-Ohio-999 (finding privity between Ohio
Department of Rehabilitation and Correction and its prison wardens).
       {¶ 22} However, we find the facts of the instant case more analogous to Manley,
than Williams and Johnson. Here, much like the patron in Manley, the BWC is seeking
monetary damages against appellants despite Price’s acquittal in the criminal case. While
the prosecutor’s office and attorney general’s office are government agencies, they are
distinct enough in their roles to evade privity in this instance. Unlike the facts in Williams
where the prosecuting attorney represented the state at both the ALS appeal and the
criminal case, the BWC, as represented by the attorney general’s office, was not directly
involved in Price I and would have had no ability to appeal the judgment in the criminal
case. Manley at 263; accord State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Hill, 2d Dist. No. 2006 CA
24, 2007-Ohio-581, ¶ 9. Unlike Johnson or Williams, the role of two government agencies
is far too distinct that it would not serve the preclusion law’s purpose to apply collateral
estoppel in this instance.
       {¶ 23} There are many differentiating factors between criminal and civil cases that
preclude the application of collateral estoppel on the issue of damages. “ ‘The qualitative
differences between civil and criminal proceedings [including the differing standards of
proof, rules of discovery, and rules of evidence] militate against giving criminal judgments
preclusive effect in civil or quasi-civil litigation.’ ” State ex rel. Ferguson v. Court of Claims,
98 Ohio St.3d 399, 2003-Ohio-1631, ¶ 24, quoting Walden v. State, 47 Ohio St.3d 47, 52
(1989); Manley at 263; see also Coleman, 2022-Ohio-1020, at ¶ 12-13 (finding res judicata
did not apply, in part, based on the differences in the burden of proof and rules in a traffic
court proceeding and a civil proceeding). There are also notable differences involving
privilege and self-incrimination between criminal and civil matters. Walden at 51. The
Walden court wrote, “[a]s a general rule, a verdict or judgment of acquittal in a criminal
trial is a determination that the state has not met its burden of proof on the essential
elements of the crime. It is not necessarily a finding that the accused is innocent.” Id.
No. 23AP-82                                                                                 11

Because there are different parties, as well as the lack of privity between the Franklin
County Prosecutor’s Office and the BWC, the factual stipulations at issue have no preclusive
effect. Thomas, 2013-Ohio-3338, at ¶ 17, citing State ex rel. Jeany v. Cleveland Concrete
Constr., Inc., 107 Ohio St.3d 20, 2005-Ohio-5828, ¶ 8 (finding factual stipulations are not
binding on a non-party).
          {¶ 24} Appellants argue the state had every incentive to litigate the full amount
stolen because it would elevate the seriousness of the offense. Appellants posit that the
state would have wanted to allege the full amount to “exceed the statutory threshold by as
much as possible” to have an additional cushion if the jury did not accept all the arguments
as alleged. (Appellants’ Brief at 13.) Appellants rely on our language in C.A., 2015-Ohio-
3437, at ¶ 21 that provides the “ ‘essential test in determining whether the doctrine of
collateral estoppel is to be applied is whether the party against whom the prior judgment is
being asserted had full representation and a “full and fair opportunity to litigate that issue
in the first action.” ’ ” Id., quoting Cashelmara Villas Ltd. Partnership v. DiBenedetto, 87
Ohio App.3d 809, 813 (8th Dist.1993), quoting Hicks v. De La Cruz, 52 Ohio St.2d 71, 74
(1977).
          {¶ 25} The doctrine of res judicata promotes finality and judicial economy by
barring endless relitigation of an issue or case in which a party has already received a full
and fair chance to be heard. State v. Jefferson, 10th Dist. No. 21AP-306, 2021-Ohio-4188,
¶ 9, citing State v. Saxon, 109 Ohio St.3d 176, 2006-Ohio-1245, ¶ 18. The doctrine of res
judicata, however, should “ ‘not to be applied so rigidly as to defeat the ends of justice.’ ”
Washburn, 2003-Ohio-4379, at ¶ 16, quoting Bauer v. Huntington Natl. Bank, 10th Dist.
No. 99AP-347, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 412 *16 (Feb. 10, 2000). Concerning the increase
in damages, the BWC has explained that the change from $8,772.20 in the criminal case to
$30,683.18 in the civil claims was based on new evidence discovered after the indictment
that revealed additional occurrences of overbilling. It is illogical to conclude that the state
was engaging in gamesmanship with the amount of damages if the BWC discovered the
information after the indictment reached the grand jury. Regardless, even accepting that
the BWC was aware of the full amount of damages, it does not change the fact that the
damages agreed upon by the parties in the joint stipulation were not actually, directly
litigated. As set forth previously, there are many reasons why parties enter into joint
No. 23AP-82                                                                                                 12

stipulations. Accordingly, we cannot find that the BWC was collaterally estopped from
seeking additional damages in the subsequent civil cases.

        b. State of Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation v. Price, et al.,
        Franklin C.P. No. 20CV-1598
        {¶ 26} Appellants next contend that because the BWC’s motion for summary
judgment was denied in Price II, the trial court was precluded in Price III from partially
granting the BWC’s motion for summary judgment. Because it resolves the issue in its
entirety, we will focus our analysis on whether the denial of summary judgment in Price II
constituted a final order.

        {¶ 27} Under Ohio law, in order for courts to invoke the doctrine of collateral
estoppel, there must be a final order. Glidden Co., 2006-Ohio-6553, at paragraph two of
the syllabus. Since a trial court’s denial of a motion for summary judgment does not
determine an action or prevent a judgment, it does not constitute a final order under R.C.
2505.02. Nazereth Deli LLC, 2022-Ohio-3994, at ¶ 65, citing Celebrezze v. Netzley, 51 Ohio
St.3d 89, 90 (1990). “ ‘This is because the denial of the motion does not determine the
outcome of the case. * * * [A] judgment in either party’s favor is not precluded.’ ” State ex
rel. Amex v. Portage Cty. Bd. of Commrs. 11th Dist. No. 2021-P-0109, 2022-Ohio-1207,
¶ 7, quoting Rhodes v. Paragon Molding, Ltd., 2d Dist. No. 23969, 2010-Ohio-6110, ¶ 32.
Cote v. Eisinger, 9th Dist. No. 05CA0076, 2006-Ohio-4020, ¶ 8 (finding a collateral
estoppel determination is dependent on a final judgment in the prior case).
        {¶ 28} In Price II, the trial court denied the BWC’s motion for summary judgment
finding, “[the BWC] has not affirmatively demonstrated that there is no issue of genuine
fact that Price engaged in conduct that required him to pro-rate his billing on the dates
included in Plaintiff’s Exhibit A.” (Price II Nov. 13, 2020 Decision & Entry at 7.)2 As the
denial of the motion for summary judgment in Price II was an interlocutory order that was

2 While absent from the record, we take judicial notice of the entry denying the parties competing motions for

summary judgment as well as the dismissal entry in Price II, which were both accessible on the internet. State
ex rel. Rojas v. Page, 10th Dist. No. 21AP-506, 2022-Ohio-2226, ¶ 15, citing Draughon v. Jenkins, 4th Dist.
No. 16CA3528, 2016-Ohio-5364, ¶ 26, citing State ex rel. Everhart v. McIntosh, 115 Ohio St.3d 195, 2007-
Ohio-4798, ¶ 8, 10; see also Rojas at ¶ 15, citing Giannelli, 1 Baldwin’s Ohio Practice Evidence, Section 201.6
(3d Ed.2015) (“noting that the rule generally precluding a court from taking judicial notice of other cases has
been relaxed if the record is accessible on the internet”); Lane v. U.S. Bank N.A., 10th Dist. No. 22AP-358,
2023-Ohio-1552, ¶ 2.
No. 23AP-82                                                                                13

not subject to immediate appeal, it was not a final order as it could have been modified at
any time prior to the final judgment being rendered. Stevens v. Ackman, 91 Ohio St.3d 182,
186 (2001) (finding the denial of a motion for summary judgment is generally considered
an interlocutory order not subject to immediate appeal); Chitwood v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co.,
10th Dist. No. 04AP-173, 2004-Ohio-6718, ¶ 9.
       {¶ 29} Likewise, the Supreme Court has held that all interlocutory orders in a prior
proceeding are dissolved after a dismissal as “ ‘a Civ.R. 41(A) dismissal nullifies the action
only with respect to those parties dismissed from the suit.’ ” Glidden Co. at ¶ 46, quoting
Denham v. New Carlisle, 86 Ohio St.3d 594, 597 (1999). A voluntarily dismissed case,
pursuant to Civ.R. 41(A)(1), is not a resolution on the merits. Hensley v. Henry, 61 Ohio
St.2d 277, 279 (1980) (finding a Civ.R. 41(A)(1) notice of dismissal does not constitute “an
adjudication upon the merits” where the plaintiff has not previously dismissed an action
based on the same claim and where the notice of dismissal “did not ‘otherwise’ state that it
should so operate.”). Therefore, the BWC’s voluntary dismissal without prejudice, under
Civ.R. 41(A)(1), does not operate as an “adjudication on the merits” as the case had not been
previously dismissed. East-West Constr. Co. v. Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources, 10th Dist.
No. 99AP-480, 1999 Ohio App. LEXIS 6464, *7 (Dec. 30, 1999), citing Hensley at 279.
Because a collateral estoppel determination is dependent on a final judgment in the prior
case, the trial court properly considered the BWC’s motion for summary judgment in Price
III.
       {¶ 30} Appellants rely on CTI Audio v. Fritkin-Jones Design Group, 144 Ohio
App.3d 449 (2d Dist.2001) for the proposition that issue preclusion can apply to a
voluntarily dismissed case. (Appellants’ Brief at 17.) Appellants misconstrue the facts and
holding of CTI Audio. A brief review is instructive.
       {¶ 31} In CTI Audio, the plaintiff filed a civil complaint for breach of contract and
replevin, which was initially dismissed by the trial court, pursuant to Civ.R. 12(B)(2), for
lack of personal jurisdiction. The complaint was refiled asserting the same claims, which
also included an affidavit providing grounds on which the court could exercise long-arm
jurisdiction. Fritkin-Jones moved for summary judgment, which the trial court granted
based on the doctrine of collateral estoppel. The Second District Court of Appeals reversed
finding the trial court’s grant of summary judgment was in error as “CTI is not barred by
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res judicata from commencing a second action on the same claims for relief, one in which
the pleading defect which doomed the prior action has been cured.” (Emphasis sic.) CTI
Audio at 454. In Price II, the trial court denied the BWC’s initial motion for summary
judgment because the BWC failed to demonstrate that Price engaged in conduct that
required him to prorate his billing on the dates included in the stipulation. In Price III, in
much the same way that CTI Audio remedied its jurisdictional defect, the BWC presented
additional evidence in its motion for summary judgment that resolved the trial court’s
proration concerns expressed in Price II.
       {¶ 32} Accordingly, appellants’ sole assignment of error is overruled.
V. CONCLUSION
       {¶ 33} Having overruled appellants’ sole assignment of error, we affirm the
judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas.
                                                                        Judgment affirmed.
                          BOGGS and EDELSTEIN, JJ., concur.
                                    _____________