Court Opinion

ID: 9911713
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-20 18:06:03.23785+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:53:52.217186
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MINNESOTA

                                 IN SUPREME COURT

                                        A22-0800

Original Jurisdiction                                                      Per Curiam

In re Petition for Disciplinary Action Against               Filed: December 20, 2023
Samuel A. McCloud, a Minnesota Attorney,                     Office of Appellate Courts
Registration No. 0069693.

                              ________________________

Susan M. Humiston, Director, Karin K. Ciano, Senior Assistant Director, Office of
Lawyers Professional Responsibility, Saint Paul, Minnesota, for petitioner.

Samuel A. McCloud, Forest Lake, Minnesota, pro se.

                              ________________________

                                    SYLLABUS

       An indefinite suspension of an attorney for at least 90 days, with 2 years of

supervised probation following reinstatement by petition under Rule 18 of the Rules on

Lawyers Professional Responsibility, is the appropriate discipline for an attorney who

missed a hearing, practiced law while suspended, and impermissibly disclosed a client’s

confidential information.

       Discipline imposed.

                                            1
                                      OPINION

PER CURIAM.

       The Director of the Office of Lawyers Professional Responsibility (Director) filed

a petition for disciplinary action against respondent Samuel A. McCloud, alleging multiple

violations of the Minnesota Rules of Professional Conduct. Following an evidentiary

hearing, the referee concluded that McCloud engaged in the unauthorized practice of law,

failed to represent a client competently and diligently, and disclosed confidential client

information to a third party, in violation of Minnesota Rules of Professional Conduct 1.1,

1.3, 1.6(a), and 5.5(a). The referee recommended that McCloud be suspended for 90 days,

followed by 2 years of supervised probation. The Director asks the court to impose this

discipline and, in addition, to require McCloud to petition for reinstatement under Rule 18

of the Rules on Lawyers Professional Responsibility (RLPR). We conclude that the

referee’s recommended discipline—with the additional requirement that McCloud petition

for reinstatement—is the appropriate sanction.

                                         FACTS

       McCloud was admitted to practice law in Minnesota on April 15, 1977. McCloud’s

disciplinary history dates from 1986: he has received seven admonishments, one public

reprimand, one private probation, and two suspensions. See In re McCloud, 826 N.W.2d

529 (Minn. 2013) (order) (McCloud I) (suspending McCloud in relation to a federal

conviction for tax evasion); In re McCloud, 955 N.W.2d 270, 282 (Minn. 2021)

(McCloud II) (suspending McCloud based on his intentional failure to appear at multiple

hearings).

                                            2
      Of note, McCloud was admonished in 1986 and 2005—and suspended in

February 2021—for separate, previous failures to attend a hearing. See McCloud II,

955 N.W.2d at 273, 282. A different admonition (November 2013) resulted from McCloud

engaging in the unauthorized practice of law in violation of Minnesota Rule of Professional

Conduct 5.5(a), while he was suspended from practice.         Specifically, while he was

suspended, McCloud spoke to an assistant Scott County attorney about a former client in a

capacity that was considered practicing law.

      McCloud is not currently licensed to practice law. His license was suspended

effective March 10, 2021, and although it was reinstated on May 10, 2021, reinstatement

was conditioned on submission of proof of successful completion of the Multistate

Professional Responsibility Examination (MPRE) by February 24, 2022. In re McCloud,

958 N.W.2d 917 (Minn. 2021) (order) (McCloud III). On March 10, 2022, we filed an

order suspending McCloud from the practice of law effective 14 days from the date of the

order for his failure to provide proof of successful completion of the MPRE. In re

McCloud, 971 N.W.2d 78 (Minn. 2022) (order) (McCloud IV). To date, he has not filed

with us proof of passage of the MPRE.

      D.E. Matter

      Approximately 1 month before McCloud’s suspension, on or about February 1,

2021, D.E. retained McCloud to represent him in a criminal matter in Steele County.

Although McCloud attended at least one hearing on D.E.’s behalf, he never filed a

                                               3
certificate of representation. 1 On February 1, 2021, McCloud had signed a certificate of

representation and told Kelly McCloud (his wife and office manager) to file it, but it was

not filed.

       On February 24, 2021, we issued an order suspending McCloud from the practice

of law for 60 days, effective March 10, 2021.         McCloud II, 955 N.W.2d at 282–83.

McCloud was scheduled to attend a Rule 8 hearing for D.E.’s criminal matter on March 31,

2021. 2 Because of his suspension, McCloud knew that he could not represent D.E. at the

hearing on March 31, 2021.

       On March 26, 2021, McCloud’s office e-filed two documents with the court: (1) a

certificate of representation of D.E., signed by McCloud and dated February 1, 2021; and

(2) a letter signed by non-lawyer and office manager Kelly McCloud—who does all of

McCloud’s e-filing—asking the court to continue D.E.’s Rule 8 hearing to a date after

McCloud’s reinstatement on May 10, 2021. The e-filing account was tied to McCloud’s

attorney registration number.

       At the hearing on March 31, 2021, the court granted the request for a continuance

and rescheduled D.E.’s Rule 8 hearing to May 24, 2021. On April 1, 2021, the court sent

1
       Rule 703 of the Minnesota General Rules of Practice states, in part, “[i]n any
criminal case, a lawyer representing a client, other than a public defender, shall file with
the court administrator on the first appearance a ‘certificate of representation,’ in such form
and substance as a majority of judges in the district specifies.”
2
       The purpose of a Rule 8 hearing (also known as a second appearance) is to “advise
defendants of their rights, to allow defendants to plead guilty, or if the defendant does not
plead guilty, to request or waive an Omnibus Hearing under Rule 11.” Minn. R. Crim. P.
8.01(a).

                                              4
notice of the hearing to McCloud’s e-mail address. Although the e-mail was opened, the

hearing date was not put on McCloud’s calendar by his office. D.E. did not receive notice

of the hearing from the court because notice was sent to McCloud instead.

       On May 10, 2021, McCloud was conditionally reinstated to the practice of law and

placed on disciplinary probation. McCloud III, 958 N.W.2d at 917–18. McCloud did not

inform his client, D.E., of the hearing set for May 24, 2021, and neither McCloud nor D.E.

attended the remote Zoom hearing. At the hearing, the prosecutor asked the court not to

issue a warrant for D.E.’s failure to appear and the district court rescheduled the Rule 8

hearing for June 23, 2021.

       K.B.K. Matter

       In approximately July 2020, K.B.K. retained McCloud to represent her on a gross

misdemeanor criminal charge of driving while impaired and on the related vehicle

forfeiture matter. Ann Crabb, an assistant city attorney for the City of Minnetonka, handled

the forfeiture matter for the city.

       On or about March 16, 2021—6 days after McCloud was suspended from the

practice of law—Crabb received a letter from McCloud dated March 8, 2021, notifying the

office of his suspension. On April 6, 2021, while still suspended, McCloud telephoned

Crabb and left a voicemail stating:

       Ann. My name is Sam McCloud. I have a client by the name of [K.B.K.]
       and her vehicle was forfeited and I’m about to file a petition for a hearing but
       essentially what we’re doing is trying to set it up so we can take advantage
       of that law where you can collect a vehicle or get the vehicle out by putting
       a [unintelligible], etc. So, I just need to know how you proceed on these
       types of things and what it is you would prefer that I do so we don’t have to

                                              5
       screw around trying to straighten it out later. Give me a call please . . . .
       Thank you.

       Crabb listened to the voicemail and believed that McCloud wanted to discuss the

bond/interlock exception in Minn. Stat. § 169A.63, subd. 13 (2020). 3 Crabb realized that

the message was from a suspended attorney, so she reported the voicemail to the Office of

Lawyers Professional Responsibility. See Minnesota Rule of Professional Conduct 8.3(a).

Crabb testified that the forfeiture statute is complicated and that she only discusses

forfeiture issues with a vehicle owner’s attorney. She does not engage in substantive

discussions concerning forfeitures with paralegals, administrative staff, or other

non-lawyers.

       J.O. Matter

       In late July 2020, J.O. retained McCloud to represent him in a series of criminal

cases. J.O. paid McCloud a total of $5,000 toward McCloud’s $8,000 agreed-upon flat fee.

       On or about August 27, 2020, J.O. wanted to post bond, so he called Donovan

Harris, a licensed bail bondsman. Harris decided to arrange bond for J.O. and called

McCloud to inform him of that fact. When McCloud realized that Harris was calling on

behalf of J.O., he started cursing and making disparaging remarks about J.O. McCloud

told Harris that J.O. was guilty, that he was either going to jail or needed to go to jail, and

that he would “piss dirty.” McCloud also said that J.O. still owed him money. He ended

the call by hanging up on Harris.

3
        This exception allows a vehicle subject to forfeiture as a result of a driving while
impaired offense to be returned to the owner if the owner provides security or posts a bond
and if an interlock device is attached to the vehicle.

                                              6
       Later that day, Harris met J.O. in a parking lot to complete paperwork. Harris told

J.O. about his phone call with McCloud. In response, J.O. became very upset and hit the

side of his pickup truck with his fist.

       After posting bond for J.O., Harris had a second telephone call with McCloud.

During this call, McCloud again used profanity, rambled, and made derogatory statements

about J.O., including saying that J.O. was on drugs and was going to jail.

       J.O. did not give McCloud permission to disclose confidential information about

himself to Harris. On September 4, 2020, J.O. e-mailed McCloud. In the e-mail, J.O.

stated that McCloud was no longer his lawyer, demanded a refund of his retainer, and stated

that “if you do not return my money immediately I will report you to the bar for threatening

me.” Ultimately McCloud withdrew from representing J.O. and refunded him $750 of the

$5,000 retainer.

       The Referee’s Conclusions

       The referee concluded that McCloud’s failure to appear at D.E.’s Rule 8 hearing

violated his obligation to provide competent and diligent representation under Minnesota

Rules of Professional Conduct 1.1 4 and 1.3. 5 The referee concluded that McCloud violated

4
       Minnesota Rule of Professional Conduct 1.1 provides: “A lawyer shall provide
competent representation to a client. Competent representation requires the legal
knowledge, skill, thoroughness, and preparation reasonably necessary for the
representation.”
5
      Minnesota Rule of Professional Conduct 1.3 provides: “A lawyer shall act with
reasonable diligence and promptness in representing a client.”

                                             7
Rule 5.5(a) 6 when his office e-filed a certificate of representation with Steele County Court

Administration while he was suspended and when he left a voicemail for Crabb. Finally,

the referee concluded that McCloud violated Rule 1.6(a) 7 by disclosing client information

in his phone calls with Harris. The referee recommended that McCloud be suspended for

a minimum of 90 days—fewer than the 120 days initially sought by the Director—followed

by 2 years of probation. The referee also recommended that the suspension begin once

McCloud files proof with the court of his successful completion of the MPRE, which is

required as part of his prior discipline case.

                                         ANALYSIS

       McCloud did not order a transcript of the proceedings before the referee. As a result,

we accept the referee’s factual findings as conclusive. In re Montez, 812 N.W.2d 58, 66

(Minn. 2012). “We must similarly accept as conclusive the conclusions that the referee

draws from the facts, such as whether the attorney’s conduct violated the Rules of

Professional Conduct, when no transcript has been ordered.” Id. “We will, however,

review the referee’s interpretation of the Rules of Professional Conduct, and other

conclusions of law that do not rely on the referee’s factual findings, de novo.” In re Mollin,

6
        Minnesota Rule of Professional Conduct 5.5(a) provides: “A lawyer shall not
practice law in a jurisdiction in violation of the regulation of the legal profession in that
jurisdiction, or assist another in doing so . . . .”
7
       Minnesota Rule of Professional Conduct 1.6(a) provides: “Except when permitted
under paragraph (b), a lawyer shall not knowingly reveal information relating to the
representation of a client.”

                                                 8
940 N.W.2d 470, 473 (Minn.), reinstatement granted, 943 N.W.2d 148 (Minn. 2020)

(order).

                                             A.

       McCloud raises two factual issues, but because he did not order a transcript, our

review is limited and his factual arguments fail. First, he argues that the phone calls with

Harris did not happen. 8 This is clearly a factual dispute and we accept the referee’s factual

findings—which are supported by evidence in the record—as conclusive.

       Second, McCloud argues that his phone call with Crabb was not the practice of law.

We addressed this issue under a very similar set of facts in Mollin, 940 N.W.2d at 472.

There, the attorney was suspended from the practice of law and e-mailed a county attorney

to inform him that a previous settlement was not being followed, perhaps because of a

computer or administrative error. Id. The referee concluded that the e-mail violated Rule

5.5(a), and no transcript was ordered. Id. at 472–73. Mollin argued before us that the

e-mail exchange was not the unauthorized practice of law. We explained:

       The rule is clear: A lawyer cannot practice law when he is not authorized to
       do so (for instance, if he is suspended). There is no dispute that the rule
       applies if Mollin was, in fact, practicing law while suspended. . . . The only
       question here is whether Mollin in fact was practicing law. Because no
       transcript was ordered, the referee’s factual finding and conclusion about
       Mollin’s conduct, that Mollin was practicing law, is conclusive, even if we
       may have reached a different answer to that question. We further must

8
       In support of this theory, McCloud points out that J.O. did not mention in his e-mail
on September 4, 2020, McCloud’s earlier phone calls with Harris. The fact that J.O. did
not raise that issue in his e-mail does not establish that the phone calls at issue did not
happen. The referee found, based on Harris’s testimony, that the calls did, in fact, occur.
Because McCloud did not order a transcript of proceedings in front of the referee, we are
bound by those findings. See Montez, 812 N.W.2d at 66.

                                              9
       accept the legal conclusion that the referee drew from that determination;
       namely, that Mollin violated the Rules of Professional Conduct.

Id. at 473–74 (emphasis added). The same reasoning applies here with equal force. The

referee’s determination—that McCloud was practicing law—is based in fact and therefore

“is conclusive, even if we may have reached a different answer to that question.” Id. at

474.

                                             B.

       The only issue that remains before us is the appropriate discipline to impose. In

determining the appropriate discipline, we give “great weight” to the referee’s

recommendation, but we are ultimately responsible to determine the appropriate sanction.

In re Karlsen, 778 N.W.2d 307, 311 (Minn. 2010). The goal of discipline is “not to punish

the attorney, but rather to protect the public, to protect the judicial system, and to deter

future misconduct by the disciplined attorney as well as by other attorneys.” In re Albrecht,

779 N.W.2d 530, 540 (Minn. 2010) (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).

In determining proper discipline, we examine the nature of the misconduct; the cumulative

weight of the disciplinary violations; the harm to the public; and the harm to the legal

profession. In re Greenman, 860 N.W.2d 368, 376 (Minn. 2015). We also consider

aggravating and mitigating factors. Id. Although we may consider similar cases, the

discipline is tailored to the specific facts of each case. Id. We address each of these

considerations in turn.

                                             10
                                               1.

       We first consider the nature of McCloud’s misconduct. Every violation of the

Minnesota Rules of Professional Conduct is serious but, as with all things, some violations

are more serious than others. McCloud’s misconduct involves two instances of the

unauthorized practice of law, as well as the failure to appear for a scheduled court hearing,

and a breach of his duty of confidentiality.

       The Director argues that the unauthorized practice of law is always serious. It is

true that we have applied “severe discipline for the unauthorized practice of law after

suspension when suspension was for disciplinary violations rather than for failing to pay

attorney registration fees.” In re Ray, 610 N.W.2d 342, 346 (Minn. 2000). Specifically,

we have recognized that, absent mitigating factors, suspension is typically appropriate for

the unauthorized practice of law because “failing to impose a suspension for an attorney’s

unauthorized practice of law would make our original suspension ‘largely meaningless.’ ”

Mollin, 940 N.W.2d at 474 (quoting In re Kennedy, 873 N.W.2d 133, 134 (Minn. 2016)

(order)).

       McCloud also missed a hearing date. It goes without saying that showing up for a

court date is a bare minimum expectation for lawyers absent good cause. Missing a court

date imposes costs on clients, opposing clients and lawyers, and on the court. But as the

Director noted at oral argument, failing to appear for a hearing—standing alone and

without other aggravating factors—typically does not result in a suspension or other public

discipline.

                                               11
         McCloud’s breach of his duty of confidentiality—that is, his communication with

Harris—is a different matter. This was serious misconduct. It was unprofessional,

degrading, and crass. Making disparaging and incriminating statements to a third party

about a client without permission is a serious violation. Thus, this misconduct warrants

more significant discipline.

         The Director correctly notes that some of McCloud’s misconduct in this

case—specifically failure to appear at a hearing and unauthorized practice of law—repeats

misconduct for which he was previously disciplined. Although this factor militates in favor

of more discipline, it is better analyzed as an aggravating factor than as the nature of the

misconduct. See Mollin, 940 N.W.2d at 475–76 (considering disciplinary history as an

aggravating factor rather than in analyzing the nature or cumulative weight of the

misconduct); cf. In re O’Brien, 809 N.W.2d 463, 466 n.9 (Minn. 2012) (“We caution

referees not to rely on the same acts . . . to support both a finding of attorney misconduct

and the existence of an aggravating factor.”).

                                             2.

         We next assess the cumulative weight of McCloud’s disciplinary violations. In

doing so, we distinguish “a brief lapse of judgment or a single, isolated incident of

misconduct from multiple instances of misconduct occurring over a substantial amount of

time.”     Greenman, 860 N.W.2d at 377 (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks

omitted). Accordingly, “the cumulative weight and severity of multiple disciplinary rule

violations may compel severe discipline even when a single act standing alone would not

have warranted such discipline.” In re Oberhauser, 679 N.W.2d 153, 160 (Minn. 2004).

                                            12
McCloud’s actions spanned three different client matters and included various instances of

misconduct within a relatively narrow time frame. Perhaps the most similar case in this

regard is In re Nickitas, 984 N.W.2d 232 (Minn. 2023). That case involved a wide variety

of misconduct spanning over a year. Id. at 239. We reasoned that “it is inaccurate to

characterize the misconduct as an isolated incident. But it is also important to note that

this court has witnessed misconduct continuing persistently over much longer periods of

time. . . . We weigh the cumulative weight of Nickitas’s misconduct accordingly.” Id. We

evaluate the cumulative weight of McCloud’s misconduct in the same manner.

                                             3.

       Third, we consider the harm an attorney’s misconduct caused to the public,

including the number of clients harmed and the extent of that harm. In re Coleman,

793 N.W.2d 296, 308 (Minn. 2011).         As noted above, absent mitigating factors, a

suspension is the typical discipline for the unauthorized practice of law. But when we

consider the appropriate length of suspension, we take into account the specific

circumstances of the unauthorized practice of law. In particular, we have concluded that

an instance of the unauthorized practice of law that did not result in an injury to a client

was less serious than other forms of misconduct. In re Grigsby, 815 N.W.2d 836, 845

(Minn.), reinstatement granted, 822 N.W.2d 291 (Minn. 2012) (order). Here, filing a

certificate of representation did not harm the client and—because it was accompanied by a

letter explaining his temporarily suspended license—the certificate of representation could

not cause much harm to the public. McCloud’s call to Crabb did not harm his client and

was made to further the client’s interests. Thus, the instances of unauthorized practice of

                                            13
law in this case were serious, but “less serious than that in cases where we have ordered

harsh discipline.” Grigsby, 815 N.W.2d at 845.

       The harm caused by McCloud’s other misconduct, however, is more significant.

McCloud’s failure to appear at a scheduled court meeting (and failure to notify his client

of the hearing) harmed D.E. through unnecessary delay. Most significantly, McCloud’s

disclosure of J.O.’s confidential and disparaging information harmed J.O. by causing him

embarrassment and undermining his trust in the legal system.

                                            4.

       We also consider whether an attorney’s misconduct “reflects poorly on the entire

legal profession and erodes the public’s confidence in lawyers.” In re Udeani, 945 N.W.2d

389, 398 (Minn. 2020) (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). Missing a

hearing results in “the needless expenditure of judicial resources and the resources of

opposing counsel, which harm[s] the legal profession.” Albrecht, 779 N.W.2d at 542

(describing the harm resulting from the analogous misconduct of violating a court order).

Negligent and incompetent acts by lawyers also hurt public confidence in the legal

profession. See In re Swanson, 967 N.W.2d 644, 655 (Minn. 2021). The referee noted that

McCloud’s failure to attend the hearing in D.E.’s case caused harm to the court by delaying

the matter and taking up court time. 9

       The referee also found that McCloud’s acts of engaging in the unauthorized practice

of law undermined trust in the ability of the legal profession to regulate itself. When a

9
       It appears that the total delay was about 1 month; the missed hearing was on May 24,
2021, and the hearing was rescheduled for June 23, 2021.

                                            14
suspended lawyer files a certificate of representation, it appears to the public and to the

court system that the lawyer is continuing to practice law and not taking his suspension

seriously. See Mollin, 940 N.W.2d at 475. Although the unauthorized practice of law

harms the public perception of the legal profession, that harm was limited in this case. The

referee correctly noted that the filing of the certificate of representation at the same time as

the letter asking to continue D.E.’s hearing mitigates the perception that the lawyer is not

taking his suspension seriously. Similarly, the voicemail at issue was heard only by Crabb,

an attorney for the City of Minnetonka, who immediately recognized that McCloud was

suspended from legal practice and promptly reported him.

       Finally, the referee found that McCloud’s misconduct in disclosing confidential

client information and making derogatory statements about his client reflected poorly upon

lawyers. We agree.

                                              5.

       Finally, we consider aggravating and mitigating factors. The referee found three

aggravating factors in this case: McCloud was on disciplinary probation when the

misconduct occurred, he has a considerable disciplinary record, and he has extensive

experience in this area of the law.

       The first and second aggravating factors found by the referee—the fact that

McCloud committed his misconduct while on probation and his long disciplinary

history—raise serious questions about whether the public will be protected if we allow

McCloud to continue to practice law. See McCloud II, 955 N.W.2d at 279 (stating that an

extensive disciplinary history and engaging in misconduct while on probation are

                                              15
aggravating factors); In re Kurzman, 871 N.W.2d 753, 758 (Minn. 2015) (same),

reinstatement granted, 875 N.W.2d 832 (Minn. 2016) (order); Coleman, 793 N.W.2d at

308 (stating that disciplinary history is an aggravating factor). “[A]fter being disciplined,

an attorney is expected to show a renewed commitment to ethical behavior.” Coleman,

793 N.W.2d at 308 (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       This concern is particularly pronounced when the lawyer engages in the same type

of misconduct for which he has been previously disciplined. In re Cutting, 671 N.W.2d

173, 175 (Minn. 2003); see also In re Thedens, 602 N.W.2d 863, 867 (Minn. 1999)

(holding that more severe sanctions are warranted when the current misconduct is similar

to misconduct for which the attorney has already been disciplined); In re Lennington,

969 N.W.2d 76, 84–85 (Minn. 2022) (same). McCloud’s 2021 suspension and 2005

admonition were for failing to attend a client’s probation violation hearing. McCloud II,

955 N.W.2d at 273, 282. His admonishment in 2013 was for the unauthorized practice of

law when he spoke to a prosecutor about a former client during his suspension.

       We also acknowledge the referee’s finding that McCloud’s substantial experience

practicing law is an aggravating factor. See In re Capistrant, 905 N.W.2d 617, 622

(Minn. 2018) (holding that “substantial” experience is an aggravating factor).

       McCloud did not offer, and the referee did not find, any mitigating factors.

                                             6.

       Based on all these considerations, we now determine the appropriate discipline. The

referee recommended a 90-day suspension. Although we make an independent judgment

as to the appropriate discipline, we generally impose the discipline recommended by the

                                             16
referee where, as in this case, “we upheld all the referee’s findings” and the referee’s

recommendation “is in line with the broad range of discipline we have imposed in prior

cases.” In re Nwaneri, 978 N.W.2d 878, 892 (Minn. 2022).

       We look to the range of discipline imposed in similar cases to ensure consistency in

our disciplinary decisions. In re Nathanson, 812 N.W.2d 70, 80 (Minn. 2012). The

instances of unauthorized practice of law in this case are strikingly similar to those in

Mollin, 940 N.W.2d at 472–73. In that case, the suspended attorney engaged in the

unauthorized practice of law by sending an e-mail to a prosecutor and negligently filing a

certificate of representation while still suspended. Id. The conduct here was identical,

except in this case the communication with the government attorney was a voicemail rather

than an e-mail. In Mollin the attorney received a 30-day suspension. Id. at 476. That,

however, is not a ceiling but a floor for McCloud’s discipline because McCloud’s conduct

includes not only additional violations of the professional responsibility rules, but also

additional aggravating factors.

       This case is reminiscent of In re MacDonald, 962 N.W.2d 451, 470 (Minn. 2021).

In that case, the court ordered an indefinite suspension for at least 4 months, focusing on

“the repeated nature of MacDonald’s misconduct after discipline” and her “knowledge of

the factual falsity of her statements,” i.e., intentional acts. Id. Like MacDonald, McCloud

has been sanctioned—including suspended—for some of the same violations in the past,

which suggests that heightened discipline is warranted. And like the misconduct at issue

in MacDonald, McCloud’s misconduct includes intentionally maligning someone who

stands in a special relationship to the attorney (McCloud maligned his client, while

                                            17
MacDonald maligned a judge). Moreover, this case involves the same aggravating factors

as in MacDonald: experience, misconduct that occurred while on probation, and

disciplinary history.

       This case is also similar to In re O’Gara, 746 N.W.2d 130 (Minn. 2008) (order),

reinstatement granted, 887 N.W.2d 279 (Minn. 2016) (order). In that case, the attorney

failed to appear for two court appearances, failed to expedite litigation in one matter, failed

to communicate with her client in one matter and competently pursue the other matter, and

failed to comply with the terms of disciplinary probation and the Director’s efforts to

monitor that probation. Id. at 130. We suspended the attorney for 90 days and required

that she file a petition for reinstatement. Id. at 131. Thus, the referee’s recommendation

of a 90-day suspension falls within the broad range of discipline we have imposed in these

similar cases. Therefore, we conclude that 90 days is an appropriate length of suspension

for the incidents of misconduct that gave rise to this case.

       But that does not end our inquiry.          Under Rule of Lawyer’s Professional

Responsibility 18(f), a lawyer suspended for 90 days or fewer generally need not petition

for reinstatement but instead “may apply for reinstatement by filing an affidavit . . . stating

that the suspended lawyer has complied with Rules 24 and 26[,] . . . Continuing Legal

Education requirements, and . . . all other conditions for reinstatement imposed by the

Court.” Rule 18(f), RLPR. But Rule 18(f) also authorizes us to depart from that general

rule—that is, to require petitioning for reinstatement for suspensions of 90 days or fewer—

in appropriate cases. Id. (providing for reinstatement by affidavit “[u]nless otherwise

ordered by this Court”).

                                              18
       The Director argues that this is an appropriate case for departing from the general

rule and urges us to require reinstatement proceedings under Rule 18, RLPR. We agree.

       We have previously required reinstatement proceedings—even for suspensions of

90 days or fewer—to protect the public and deter future misconduct in cases where there

are compelling reasons to think that future misconduct may be likely.            Nathanson,

812 N.W.2d at 81 (imposing an indefinite suspension of at least 90 days and noting that

reinstatement proceedings are necessary); In re Crandall, 699 N.W.2d 769, 772

(Minn. 2005) (holding that an indefinite suspension for at least 3 months is appropriate

“[g]iven the cumulative nature of respondent’s client neglect and lack of communication”);

O’Gara, 746 N.W.2d at 131 (imposing an indefinite suspension for at least 90 days).

       Reinstatement proceedings allow us to consider, among other things, whether the

suspended lawyer has demonstrated remorse and acceptance of responsibility for the

misconduct, a change in conduct and state of mind that corrects the underlying misconduct

that led to the suspension, steps taken to address specific conditions and circumstances

(like physical and mental pressures) that led to the misconduct in the first place, a renewed

commitment to the ethical practice of law, and competence to practice law. See In re Tigue,

960 N.W.2d 694, 699 (Minn. 2021). In other words, reinstatement proceedings provide a

mechanism for us to evaluate whether a suspended attorney—even at the end of a

suspension—poses a risk of future harm to the legal profession or the public.

       In this case, we conclude that McCloud’s strikingly extensive disciplinary

history—including repeated instances of the same types of misconduct here at

issue—compounded by the fact that he engaged in misconduct while on probation, compels

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us to require Rule 18 reinstatement proceedings to protect the public. McCloud tells us

that he will not commit misconduct again, but he has told us that before and yet here we

are again. Crandall, 699 N.W.2d at 772 (requiring a petition for reinstatement where “the

attorney has not adequately explained why the misconduct occurred . . . or what steps he

has taken to prevent future misconduct”); see also Nathanson, 812 N.W.2d at 81.

       Because McCloud has not shown us that his previous discipline has taught him that

complying with the Rules of Professional Conduct is a mandatory obligation for lawyers,

we do not feel sufficiently comfortable that he will reform his practices in response to the

newest round of discipline. Accordingly, we conclude that McCloud must file a petition

for reinstatement under Rule 18(a) and should not be reinstated until we grant that petition.

       Finally, the referee noted that McCloud is currently suspended because he has not

shown proof of completing the MPRE (a condition of reinstatement in his previous

discipline). The referee recommended that McCloud’s suspension should not begin until

he shows proof of completing the MPRE. We do not find a delay in the start of the current

suspension necessary. McCloud will not be allowed to practice law until we grant a petition

for reinstatement following the current suspension and passing the MPRE is a condition of

reinstatement from this suspension.

       Accordingly, we order that:

       1. Respondent Samuel A. McCloud is indefinitely suspended from the practice of

          law, effective from the date of this opinion, with no right to petition for

          reinstatement for 90 days.

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2. Respondent may petition for reinstatement pursuant to Rule 18(a)–(d), RLPR.

   Reinstatement is conditioned on satisfaction of continuing legal education

   requirements, see Rule 18(e)(4), RLPR, and successful completion of the written

   examination required for admission to the practice of law by the State Board of

   Law Examiners on the subject of professional responsibility. See Rule 18(e)(2),

   RLPR; Rule 4.A.(5), Rules for Admission to the Bar (requiring evidence that an

   applicant has successfully completed the Multistate Professional Responsibility

   Examination).

3. Respondent shall pay $900 in costs. See Rule 24, RLPR.

So ordered.

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