Court Opinion

ID: 4165895
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-05-03 20:05:36.034428+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:38:15.098679
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                      OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
                                              No. 13-956V

*************************
                                 *
LEILAH AL-UFFI, on behalf of her *
minor child, R.B.,               *                                          Special Master Corcoran
                                 *
                   Petitioner,   *                                          Filed: February 22, 2017
                                 *
               v.                *                                          Keywords: Human Papillomavirus
                                 *                                          (“HPV”); Anti-NMDA
SECRETARY OF HEALTH              *                                          Receptor Encephalitis; Onset.
AND HUMAN SERVICES,              *
                                 *
                   Respondent.   *
                                 *
*************************

Andrew Donald Downing, Van Cott & Talamante PLLC, Phoenix, AZ, for Petitioner.

Debra A. Filteau Begley, U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Washington, DC, for Respondent.

                                        RULING ON ENTITLEMENT1

        On December 5, 2013, Leilah Al-Uffi filed this action seeking compensation under the
National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (the “Vaccine Program”)2 on behalf of her minor
child, R.B. Ms. Al-Uffi alleges that R.B. suffered from an autoimmune encephalopathic event, anti-
NMDA (N-methyl D-aspartate) receptor encephalitis (“ARE”), as a result of receiving the human
papillomavirus (“HPV”) vaccine on December 8, 2010. Petition (“Pet.”) (ECF No. 1) at 2.

       Although this case had originally been set for hearing, the parties requested that the matter
be taken off the trial calendar, and instead that Petitioner’s claim be resolved via a ruling on the

1
  This decision will be posted on the United States Court of Federal Claims’ website, in accordance with the E-
Government Act of 2002, 44 U.S.C. § 3501 (2012). As provided by 42 U.S.C § 300aa-12(d)(4)(B), however, the parties
may object to the decision’s inclusion of certain kinds of confidential information. To do so, Vaccine Rule 18(b) permits
each party fourteen (14) days within which to request redaction “of any information furnished by that party: (1) that is a
trade secret or commercial or financial in substance and is privileged or confidential; or (2) that includes medical files or
similar files, the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy.” Vaccine Rule 18(b).
Otherwise, the decision in its present form will be available to the public. Id.
2
 The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program comprises Part 2 of the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act
of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-660, 100 Stat. 3755 (codified as amended at 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-10 through 34 (2012)).
References to the Vaccine Act herein shall omit the statutory prefix.
record. See Petitioner’s Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record, filed on August 18,
2016 (ECF No. 65) (“Mot.”). After considering the record as a whole, and for the reasons explained
below, I find that Petitioner has carried her burden establishing causation, and therefore has
demonstrated entitlement to compensation under the Vaccine Program.

I.      FACTUAL BACKGROUND

        A.       R.B.’s Initial Medical History and HPV Vaccinations

        R.B. was born on February 27, 1998. She experienced no major childhood health problems
in her ensuing years, with the exception of alopecia areata occurring at the age of nine, seasonal
allergies, and occasionally strep throat. See Petitioner’s Exhibit (“Pet’r’s Ex.”) 6 at 52 (ECF No.
12). On June 4, 2010, R.B. was seen for her 12-year-old well child checkup, and at that time
received the Tetanus-diphtheria-acellular-pertussis (“Tdap”), Varivax (dose 2), and HPV vaccines.
Id. at 32. R.B. was noted to be “generally healthy” with no concerns listed by her mom, and was
to return in two months for the second HPV dose. Id. 32-34.

        Two months later, on August 6, 2010, R.B. received that second dose, and was instructed
to return in four months for the third and final vaccine in the series. She did so on December 8,
2010. Pet’r’s Ex. 6 at 36. The records suggest that this was merely a nurse’s visit, and therefore
there was no medical examination performed on her at that time.

        B.       Petitioner’s Counseling Before Vaccination

        R.B.’s medical history includes records of some pre-vaccination behavioral/psychological
counseling that is relevant to her claim. On July 12, 2010, R.B. was seen by a school counselor,
Becky Yankovich, LPC, MS3 to address numerous instances, dating back to March 2010, in which
she had displayed behavioral difficulties. Pet’r’s Ex. 21 at 9. As Ms. Al-Uffi informed the
counselor, R.B. had trouble adjusting to middle school. Id. The main concerns for R.B. were her
cutting herself, daily disagreements with Ms. Al-Uffi, and problematic contact with boys. Id. at 6.
R.B.’s living situation was a particular point of conflict. R.B. lived with Petitioner during the week,
but spent the weekends with her grandmother, who (in Petitioner’s words) was “inappropriately
smothering” R.B. Id. R.B. had also expressed the desire to move to her father’s house so she could

3
 LPC is an abbreviation for licensed professional counselor, while MS is an abbreviation meaning Master of Science.
See Mental Health Providers: Tips on Finding One, Mayo Clinic (Feb. 18, 2014),
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/in-depth/mental-health-providers/art-20045530, last
visited (Dec. 9, 2016).

                                                        2
live with her half-brothers and sisters. Id. The July 2010 counseling visit concluded with a
diagnosis of Adjustment Disorder with Mixed Disturbance of Emotions and Conduct.4

        R.B. obtained additional counseling from Ms. Yankovich on December 1, 2010. Id. at 1.
Based upon the filed record, this session appears to have been intended to address R.B.’s behavior
related to recent bullying at school and R.B’s texting of inappropriate pictures to a boy. Id. Outside
of those issues, R.B. was noted to be oriented, with a present affect. Id. There is otherwise no
reference in these pre-vaccination mental health records to any kinds of more alarming behaviors
possibly reflective of neurologic injury of the sort alleged to have occurred in this case after
administration of the third dose of the HPV vaccine.

         C.       Post-Vaccination Efforts to Treat R.B.’s Mental Health Symptoms

         The immediate post-vaccination medical records are not, taken as a whole, a model of
clarity. It appears that some records relevant to the treatment R.B. received in the days after
December 8, 2010, could not be located or were not filed, despite the parties’ efforts to obtain
them, making it difficult to ascertain the precise timeline of events. Moreover, statements about
the onset of certain of R.B.’s symptoms are inconsistent, and to some extent seem to reflect the
overlapping types of care that Petitioner sought for R.B. in this time period. The contemporaneous
records also do not contain recitation of some of the more alarming or novel symptoms that
subsequent records assert R.B. was then experiencing. Nevertheless, close examination of the filed
records does reveal some common themes or agreed-upon facts.

        In the days immediately following the administration of the third HPV vaccine dose, Ms.
Al-Uffi became concerned enough about R.B.’s mental state to seek treatment from a number of
mental healthcare providers. Thus, on December 10, 2010, R.B. was seen at Parkside Psychiatric
Hospital (“Parkside”) in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Pet’r’s Ex. 22 at 1. Although the records from this visit
record the fact that R.B. had been displaying inappropriate or concerning behaviors in the previous
months, “in the past 24 hours she is very tired, not eating, shuts down, won’t talk.” Id. (emphasis
added). The assessment also noted that R.B. had very recently struck her grandmother the first
weekend of December, although R.B. explained this as a reaction to her grandmother grabbing her
by the arm and stressed that she had apologized for it. Id. Petitioner also stated that R.B. would
become nonresponsive and glassy-eyed when attempts were made to discuss R.B.’s behavior, but
it appears from the context of the record in which this was discussed that R.B. was mainly being
oppositional rather than displaying some kind of more severe neurologic symptom. Id. at 2. This

4
  An adjustment disorder is “a maladaptive reaction to identifiable stressful life events, such as divorce, loss of job,
physical illness, or natural disaster; this diagnosis assumes that the condition will remit when the stress ceases or when
the patient adapts to the situation.” Dorland's Medical Dictionary 547 (32nd ed. 2012) (hereinafter “Dorland’s”).

                                                            3
particular treatment record contains no other mention of any more recent, post-vaccination
behaviors different from what R.B. had displayed in the past.

        R.B. was not admitted to Parkside because she did not pose a suicide risk. Pet’r’s Ex. 21 at
3. The medical record also contains reference to a visit on the same date (December 10, 2010) to
a different mental health care provider, Shadow Mountain Behavioral Health System, but no record
of that visit was ever filed.5 Pet’r’s Ex. 21 at 3. It also appears (based upon references from R.B.’s
subsequent medical treatment history) that R.B. visited the Saint Francis Hospital Emergency
Room on December 11, 2010, in connection with Ms. Al-Uffi’s concerns about more alarming
changes in R.B.’s behavior. See e.g., Pet’r’s Ex. 4 at 24, 26, and 32, Pet’r’s Ex. 7 at 58, 67, 74,
534, 530, and 569.6

         The next record evidence of Ms. Al-Uffi’s attempts to treat R.B.’s change in mental status
is from a December 13, 2010, return visit to R.B’s counselor, Ms. Yankovich. Progress notes from
that visit state that R.B. was not oriented to place or date, specifically representing that R.B. “seems
to have had a seizure - does not make sense when talking, unable to communicate” since
Wednesday (December 8, 2010). The visit concluded with a recommendation that Petitioner bring
R.B. to the emergency room. Pet’r’s Ex. 21 at 3.

         D.       Diagnosis of ARE

        After the return visit to Ms. Yankovich, R.B. was taken to the Saint Francis Emergency
Room (“ER”) in Tulsa and admitted to the hospital later that afternoon. See generally Pet’r’s Exs.
4 and 7. The initial assessment from the ER record noted that R.B.’s mother had informed treaters
that R.B’s symptoms had begun the Wednesday prior, on December 8, 2010 (the date of the final
HPV vaccination), and that in the following days R.B. had experienced episodes of slurred speech,
smacking lips, speaking Spanish (a language she was studying in school but which was not spoken
at her home), and dancing spontaneously. Pet’r’s Ex. 7 at 530, 569. Those records state that
“p[atient] has no h/o [history of] a similar episode.” Id. Ms. Al-Uffi also recalled that R.B. had
suffered from an upper respiratory infection (“URI”) three weeks prior.7 Id. at 63.

5
 Petitioner’s counsel filed the response he received from Shadow Mountain following a subpoena request for the
missing records around December 10, 2010. The response only stated that “the above mentioned patient [R.B.] has
never been admitted to this facility at the inpatient, nor residential level of care pre nor post April 14, 2012.” Pet’r’s
Ex. 41 at 5.
6
  Despite the numerous references in the medical records to a visit to Saint Francis on December 11, 2010, the
Medicaid lien information for R.B. did not record such a visit. Pet’r’s Ex. 42 at 2. However, the notes from R.B.’s
intake at Saint Francis on December 13, 2010, indicated that R.B.’s glucose levels were tested on December 11, 2010,
but came back normal, and that she was not admitted. Pet’r’s Ex. 4 at 32.
7
  References to this URI in the record are from reports made by Ms. Al-Uffi. There were no medical records filed in
this case that document R.B. seeing a doctor for treatment of that URI.
                                                            4
         After her admission, R.B. was evaluated by Dr. David J. Siegler, a neurologist at Saint
Francis. Pet’r’s Ex. 7 at 63. Dr. Siegler considered possible etiologies for R.B.’s condition,
including post-infectious encephalopathy or idiopathic encephalopathy. Pet’r’s Ex. 4 at 22. He
initially speculated that if R.B. had experienced a post-infectious encephalopathy, it likely had
resulted from the prior URI reported by Ms. Al-Uffi, although brain lesions that would have been
characteristic of a post-infectious reaction that had injured her neurologically were not observed
on an MRI8, leading him away from that diagnosis. Id. Indeed, both the first and second MRIs
(performed on R.B. on December 17, 2010) showed no abnormal enhancement9. Pet’r’s Ex. 7 at
505.

        R.B.’s stay at Saint Francis from December 13-29, 2010, included evaluations by several
doctors in addition to Dr. Siegler. Drs. Keith Mather and Michael Chang were primarily
responsible for the day-to-day monitoring of R.B’s condition.10 Pet’r’s Ex. 7 at 67. The first few
days after admission focused on ordering testing, including a urine drug screen, CBC, C-reactive
protein test, and a lumbar puncture.11 Pet’r’s Ex. 4 at 28. Dr. Chang first reviewed the findings
from those tests on December 16, 2010. Like Dr. Siegler, he considered viral and infectious
etiologies for R.B.’s condition, but recognized that R.B.’s first MRI did not corroborate that
hypothesis. Id. at 28. His differential diagnosis also contemplated other infectious etiologies that
have been associated with encephalopathy, such as her reported recent URI. Id. at 29. He thus
ordered further testing to look for the presence of mycoplasma12 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Id.

8
    MRI stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Dorland’s at 1184.
9
 The radiology report from the second MRI recorded that there was “mild dilation of the lateral ventricles, third
ventricle and fourth ventricles” but otherwise the results were normal. Pet’r’s Ex. 7 at 335. After reviewing the MRI,
however, Dr. Chang noted that there was no abnormal enhancement, concluding that “this makes infectious
encephalitis much less likely as this MRI has been obtained 10 days into disease.” Id. at 505.
10
   R.B.’s medical records indicate that Dr. Mather was her attending physician and Dr. Chang was a consulting
physician. Pet’r’s Ex. 7 at 67. R.B. also saw Dr. Stephen Groves, an ophthalmologist, and Dr. Kirsten Wilkins, a
psychiatrist. Id. at 72, 76.
11
  CBC is a complete blood count. The results for R.B. were white blood cell count of 7.6, hemoglobin 14.2, platelets
284, 70% segmented cells, 21% lymphocytes, 8% monocytes, and 1% eosinophils. Dorland’s at 310, Pet’r’s Ex. 4 at
28. C-reactive protein levels are determined by measuring for a C-reactive protein in the blood. Tests and Procedures:
C-reactive      Protein       Test,     Mayo        Clinic,   http://www mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/c-reactive-
protein/basics/definition/PRC-20014480 (last visited Feb. 6, 2017). The protein increases if there is inflammation in
the body, R.B.’s results did not indicate such inflammation. Id.
12
  Dr. Chang was testing for a specific mycoplasma titer (mycoplasma pneumonia), which is often causes unapparent
infections or mild respiratory tract disease but can also cause mycoplasmal pneumonia. Dorland’s at 1217.

                                                          5
        Two days later, Dr. Chang reevaluated R.B. He now had the results of her second MRI,
which again showed no abnormal enhancement, and further inconclusive CSF results. Pet’r’s Ex.
7 at 505. Based on such data, Dr. Chang opined that infectious encephalopathy was unlikely. R.B.
did have a positive Streptozyme test, but because her anti-streptolysin O (“ASO”) antibody13 was
within the normal range, he concluded that it was unlikely that such an infection had played a role
in R.B’s condition. Id.

         On December 21, 2010, Dr. Chang received the results of the mycoplasma titers from
R.B.’s blood. The IgG titers were positive, while the IgM titers were negative.14 Because these
results made it difficult to identify how recent the infection had been, Dr. Chang opted to delay
initial treatment until he received another test confirming the result. Pet’r’s Ex. 7 at 496. That
second test produced negative results for both IgG and IgM, leading Dr. Chang to conclude that
R.B.’s condition was “unlikely to be related to an identifiable infectious etiology.” Id. at 489. Dr.
Chang’s last visit with R.B. before discharge was on December 27, 2010, at which time he
recommended that no further infectious testing needed to be performed, and concluded that R.B.’s
symptoms had an unclear etiology. Id. at 479.

        While at Saint Francis, R.B. also underwent a CT scan that showed possible mild
prominence of the third and fourth ventricles, and multiple EEGs showing some epileptic activity
that began to be controlled by Keppra.15 Pet’r’s Ex. 7 at 33, 335, 338, and 339-42. R.B. was treated
with IVIG steroids but did not exhibit meaningful improvement. R.B. remained hospitalized at
Saint Francis through December 29, 2010, after which she was moved to a rehabilitation center at
the University of Oklahoma Hospital (“UOH”), with a diagnosis of encephalitis and seizures. Id.
at 56. She was subsequently transferred from UOH to Cook Children’s Medical Center (“CMC”)
on January 5, 2011, after her family noted that R.B. was exhibiting increased agitation and seizure
activity. Pet’r’s Ex. 2 at 1.

       The medical history of R.B.’s treatment from later in December into early 2011 continued
to show inconsistent statements regarding the date of onset of her most notable neurologic or
behavioral symptoms. Thus, the history recorded at CMC set forth December 6, 2010 – two days

13
   The ASO titer measures antibodies in the blood serum one week to one month after the onset of a streptococcal
infection. Pagana, Mosby’s Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests, 102 (Fourth Edition 2010). Streptozyme
testing is similar to an ASO titer but is more difficult to interpret. Pet’r’s Ex. 7 at 505.
14
  A positive IgG result indicates a past or resolved infection, while IgM antibodies indicate an ongoing or very recent
infection. Pet’r’s Ex. 7 at 326.
15
  Keppra is the brand name of the medication (Levetiracetam) used to help control some types of seizures. Drugs and
Supplements:      Levetiracetam     (Oral      Route),     Mayo       Clinic,     http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-
supplements/levetiracetam-oral-route/description/DRG-20068010 (last visited Dec. 29, 2016).

                                                          6
before vaccination – as the onset, characterized by bizarre behavior, crying, and agitation. Pet’r’s
Ex. 2 at 1. By contrast, the Saint Francis records indicated that R.B.’s symptoms began with
confusion on December 8, 2010 followed by smacking lips, staring spells, and speaking Spanish,
leading R.B.’s mother to seek treatment for R.B. on December 10, 2010. Pet’r’s Ex. 7 at 530, 569.

        A repeat MRI was performed at CMC on January 6, 2011, and now showed mild diffuse
cerebral volume loss along with some enlargement of the supratentorial ventricles. Pet’r’s Ex. 2 at
22. R.B.’s extensive evaluation at CMC included another infectious disease screen, which
produced no new meaningful results suggesting an infectious cause. Id. at 52-61. However, CMC
also tested R.B. for NMDAR antibodies, which returned a positive result. Id. at 69. That, plus her
existing corroborative symptoms, resulted in R.B. being formally diagnosed with ARE. Id. at 21.
Because many patients with ARE often have cancer,16 R.B. was evaluated by oncology, but no
other evidence of a tumor or other cancerous source were identified. Id. R.B. was then treated with
a five day course of IVIG and steroids and showed dramatic improvement. Id.

       For the next three years, R.B. saw her treating neurologist from St. Francis, Dr. Siegler,
and continued to show steady improvement. Pet’r’s Ex. 6 at 120. R.B. also continued to manifest
behavioral impulsivity issues, which has created interpersonal tension with Mrs. Al-Uffi, leading
Dr. Siegler to recommend further family counseling. Id. at 210.

II.     EXPERT TESTIMONY

       Petitioner has offered expert reports from R.B.’s treating physician, Dr. Siegler, plus an
immunologist. Respondent offered the report of an expert in pediatric neuro-immunology. The
opinions and testimony of the relevant experts are set forth below.

        A.       Dr. David J. Siegler

        David J. Siegler, M.D., R.B’s treating pediatric neurologist, opined that the HPV vaccine
 had caused her ARE. He offered a single written report in support of this opinion. See Expert
 Narrative Report, filed as Pet’r’s Ex. 18 on October 10, 2010 (ECF No. 23-1) (“Siegler Rep.”).
 The first two pages of Dr. Siegler’s four-page report detailed R.B’s clinical progression, including
 her current status, with the remaining two pages addressing the research Dr. Siegler performed
 on the potential connection between the HPV vaccine and ARE. He concluded (despite the
 limited number of reported cases available and absence of direct evidence linking the HPV
 vaccine) that R.B.’s case “strongly suggests a correlation to causation for her suffering a vaccine-
 related injury.” Siegler Rep. at 4.

16
  Literature on ARE often reports an association between the condition and ovarian, small cell lung, breast, and GI
cancers. Pet’r’s Ex. 2 at 12.
                                                        7
        Dr. Siegler graduated from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, after
completing his undergraduate degree at Stanford University. Pet’r’s Ex. 19 at 4. Dr. Siegler went on
to complete his residencies in Pediatrics (focusing on Child Neurology) at Stanford University
Hospital (1992-1993). Id. Dr. Siegler is board certified in medicine, psychiatry, and neurology. Id.
at 2 . He is currently with the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Oklahoma College of
Medicine and Oklahoma University State College of Osteopathic Medicine as a clinical assistant
professor and maintains a clinical practice at a Child Neurology of Tulsa, P.C. Id. at 1.

        Consistent with the medical records, Dr. Siegler noted that he first saw R.B. on December
13, 2010, for a neurological consultation during R.B.’s hospital stay at Saint Francis Hospital.
Pet’r’s Ex. 7 at 63. Thus, his opinion is based on his direct knowledge as her treating physician, as
well as the medical literature he presented in his narrative report.

        Dr. Siegler specifically opined that R.B.’s ARE occurred within sufficient temporal
proximity to her receipt of the HPV vaccination to suggest the two were causally connected.
Siegler Rep. at 4. In support of his opinion, Dr. Siegler referenced contexts in which different
vaccines have been observed to cause an immune response that may become pathologic and
thereby cause an autoimmune disease. Id. at 3. He specifically cited medical literature reporting
the case of a 15 year-old girl diagnosed with ARE after receiving the Tetanus diphtheria acellular
pertussis and polio vaccines. See Caroline Hofmann, Marc-Oliver Baur, Horst Schroten. Anti-
NMDA receptor encephalitis after TdaP–IPV booster vaccination: cause or coincidence?, J
Neurol. (2011) 258:500–501, filed as Pet’r’s Ex. 47 (ECF No. 76) (“Hofmann”). Although the
vaccines in Hofmann were different, Dr. Siegler proposed that the brief temporal period between
vaccination and onset was comparable to R.B.’s experience. Dr. Siegler’s report admitted that he
could not identify documented cases of HPV-induced ARE, but proposed that this was attributable
either to lack of reporting or lack of testing for the presence of the NMDA antibodies in what
would be otherwise relevant cases. Siegler Rep. at 2.

       B.      Dr. David Axelrod

        Petitioner’s second expert, David Axelrod, M.D., provided an immunologic opinion for the
theoretical causative role the HPV vaccine could play in developing ARE. He filed two reports in
this case. See Pet’r’s Ex. 8, filed August 27, 2014 (“First Axelrod Rep.”); Pet’r’s Ex. 24, filed on
February 6, 2015 (“Second Axelrod Rep.”).

       Dr. Axelrod graduated from the University of Michigan Medical School in 1974 (after
 obtaining his bachelor’s degree at Michigan as well). Pet’r’s Ex. 9 at 1. He completed two
 residencies in internal medicine, one at the University of Toronto and one at William Beaumont
 Hospital, followed by additional residencies with a fellowship in allergy, immunology, and
 rheumatology at McGill University, and then served as a fellow for the National Institutes of

                                                 8
 Health in the laboratory of clinical immunology. Id. Dr. Axelrod is board certified in medicine,
 allergy and immunology, adult rheumatology, and medical laboratory immunology. Id. He
 currently works in private practice, with the vast majority of patients having allergies,
 immunologic conditions, or autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Id.

        Dr. Axelrod proposed that a secondary immune response—a reaction to a subsequent
 exposure to the same antigen—could cause ARE, and in this case caused R.B.’s ARE. First
 Axelrod Rep. at 1. In contrast to a primary immune response that may not peak until two weeks
 after a vaccine or other antigen exposure, a secondary immune response can begin within a day.
 Id, see also Abbas, A.K., Cellular and Molecular Immunology Edition 6. 6 ed. 2010,
 Philadelphia: Saunders Elseier. 566, filed as Pet’r’s Ex. 10 (ECF No. 21-3)(“Abbas”). The
 remainder of Dr. Axelrod’s First Report applied the primary and secondary elements established
 by Miller, F.W., et al., Approaches for identifying and defining environmentally associated
 rheumatic disorders. Arthritis Rheum, 2000, 43(2): p. 243‐9, filed as Pet’r’s Ex. 11 (ECF No. 21-
 4) (“Miller”), which assess the plausibility that an environmental exposure - here the third dose
 of the HPV vaccine - causing the appearance of a disease.17

        Of the eight Miller elements, Dr. Axelrod posited that R.B. met the criteria for four of the
 primary and one of the secondary elements, which he considered sufficient to establish a causal
 relationship between the third dose of the HPV vaccine and R.B.’s ARE. First Axelrod Rep. at 2.
 The first of those elements, Dr. Axelrod opined, was the close temporal association. Onset of
 R.B.’s most alarming neurologic changes began within two days of vaccination - consistent with
 a secondary immune response. Id. He then briefly stated that the lack of alternative explanations
 for her condition, the improvements in her symptoms in the month following onset (which he
 characterized as evidence of “dechallenge18”), and the existence of other reported cases of a
 similar reaction, were conclusive evidence that R.B. met two additional primary elements and

17
  Miller established five primary elements and three secondary elements, the presence of four of the elements with at
least three being primary elements was evidence of a causal relationship. Miller, F.W., et al., Approaches for
identifying and defining environmentally associated rheumatic disorders. Arthritis Rheum, 2000. 43(2): p. 243‐9. The
primary elements are (1) temporal association consistent with known biologic effects, (2) lack of likely alternative
explanations, (3) dechallenge - did the defining aspects of the disorder disappear or improve when the exposure was
removed, (4) rechallenge - did the disorder reappear or worsen when the exposure was reintroduced, and (5) biologic
plausibility-is the disorder plausible based upon the known in vivo or in vitro effects of the exposure. Id. The secondary
elements are (1) analogy- are there prior published or unpublished reports of a similar disorder developing after the
exposure in question or after a similar exposure, (2) dose responsiveness-is there evidence that the dose or extent of
the exposure is related to the likelihood of developing the disorder or to the disorder’s severity and (3) specificity- are
the defining symptoms, signs, and laboratory features of the disorder the same as those seen in previous cases after
exposure to the same environmental agent. Id. Escalera v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 14-431, 2016 WL
7422308, at *5 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Nov. 23, 2016) (finding in favor of Petitioner who relied upon the Miller elements
to establish causation).
18
   Dechallenge is when the defining aspects of the disorder disappear or improve when the exposure is removed. Miller
at 243-9.
                                                            9
 one secondary element. Id. at 3-4.

        The last of the elements Dr. Axelrod addressed was the biological possibility that the HPV
 vaccine could cause inflammation in the brain and ultimately damage brain tissues. First Axelrod
 Rep. at 3. He relied on the theory that vaccination can elevate production of a variety of cytokines
 sufficient to breach the blood-brain barrier, thereby allowing the ARE autoantibodies access to
 brain tissues (and thereby interfere with the NMDA receptors, as is posited occurs in ARE). Id.
 Specifically he cited to Garcia‐Pineres, A., et al., Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles Following
 Vaccination with Humanpapillomavirus Type 16 L1 Virus‐like Particles, Clin. Vaccine
 Immunol., 2007. 14(8): p. 984‐9 (“Garcia-Pineres”) (filed as Pet’r’s Ex. 27), which observed that
 eight different cytokines were significantly upregulated following receipt of the HPV
 vaccination. Thus, the immune process kicked off by receipt of the HPV vaccine could encourage
 production of the cytokines necessary, under his theory, to cause, by way of a second mechanism,
 ARE in the timeframe at issue in this case.

        Dr. Axelrod initially proposed the mechanism of molecular mimicry, which he stated could
 occur after an upregulation of cytokines caused a breach in the blood-brain barrier, allowing the
 autoantibodies to interact with the brain’s NMDA receptors.19 To this end, Dr. Axelrod cited to
 Kanduc, D., Quantifying the Possible Cross‐Reactivity Risk of an HPV16 Vaccine, J Exp. Ther.
 Oncol., 2009. 8(1): p. 65‐76, filed as Pet’r’s Ex. 14 (ECF No. 21-7)(“Kanduc”), to establish that
 homology has been found between the Human Papilloma Virus 16 proteome20 and existing
 human proteins, thus allowing for the conclusion that an autoimmune disease could occur via the
 mechanism of molecular mimicry. Id. In addition, Dr. Axelrod relied on Ufret‐Vincenty, R.L., et
 al., In vivo survival of viral antigen‐specific T cells that induce experimental autoimmune
 encephalomyelitis. J Exp. Med., 1998. 188(9): p. 1725‐38, filed as Pet’r’s Ex. 15 (ECF No. 21).
 That article found homologous structures between HPV L2 and myelin basic protein21 sufficient
 to theoretically cause the production of antigen-specific T-cells that have been used to induce
 Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in mice. Id.

19
   Molecular mimicry occurs when there are sufficient structural similarities (homology) between a foreign antigen
(such as a vaccine) and a structure that already exists in the body (such as the brain or central nervous system). In
some cases, when the foreign antigen encounters the structure already in the body, the body mistakenly attacks the
existing structure as foreign, creating an autoimmune process. In order for molecular mimicry to occur, there must
first be a disruption in the blood brain barrier. This is typically the first part of the immune response, and is caused by
elevated levels of cytokines that increase the permeability of the blood brain barrier. McCulloch v. Sec’y of Health
and Human Services, No. 09-293, 2015 WL 3640610, at *17 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 22, 2015).
20
     A proteome is the complete set of proteins produced from the information encoded in a genome. Dorland's at 1535.
21
  Myelin basic protein is the building-block substance from which is formed the myelin sheath, which coats a nerve’s
axon. In a demyelinating condition, the myelin is destroyed, producing evidence of myelin basic protein in the blood,
and leaving the nerves exposed to potential damage. Dorland’s at 1218, 486.

                                                           10
       Dr. Axelrod’s second report primarily addressed factual timing issues rather than
 substantive portions of Respondent’s expert report. See generally Second Axelrod Rep. In
 particular, he sought to bolster his opinion that R.B.’s onset (which he identified as December
 10, 2010) was a medically appropriate period from her date of vaccination two days earlier for
 occurrence of a secondary immune response. Id. at 4. Manifestation of symptoms two to five days
 following vaccination, as he posited occurred here, was in his opinion consistent with a secondary
 immune response, which would be inherently more rapid. Id. He also dismissed Respondent’s
 contention that the lack of research linking the HPV vaccine to ARE meant that there could not
 possibly be a relation between the two. Id.

        Dr. Axelrod’s Second Report also attempted to rebut Respondent’s contention that the
 homology Petitioner proposed as part of the molecular mimicry mechanism by which the ARE
 antibodies were produced was not possible, because the Gardasil version of the HPV vaccine
 R.B. had received did not contain the proteins he had discussed in his first report.22 Dr. Axelrod
 now narrowed his focus to the HPV L1 protein and its known homology to ankyrins, the
 Apolipoprotien-B100 and complement C1q receptor. Second Axelrod Rep. at 5. He also proposed
 an alternative mechanism – epitope spreading23 - arguing that R.B.’s immune response to the
 homologous proteins could have caused damage to her neurons, which in turn could damage
 adjacent structures, including NMDA receptors. Id. He offered no medical literature, however,
 addressing epitope spreading in the context of the HPV vaccine and ARE. Id.

         C.       Dr. Mark P. Gorman

        Respondent’s expert, Mark P. Gorman, M.D., opined that the third dose of the HPV vaccine
R.B. received neither caused, nor significantly aggravated, R.B.’s ARE.24 Resp’t’s Ex. A. at 8.
Rather, and based upon his own review of the medical records, R.B’s symptoms most likely started
either before receiving the vaccine or too soon thereafter to establish the vaccine’s role in the

22
  Gardasil is a quadrivalent vaccine “compris[ed] [of] virus-like particles (VLPs) of the major capsid L1 protein of
human papilloma virus types 6, 11, 16, and 18.” See Sutton I, Lahoria R, Tan IL, et al., CNS demyelination and
quadrivalent HPV vaccination, Multiple Sclerosis. 2009; 15:116, filed as Resp’t’s Ex. A, Tab 13.
23
   As noted in a different Vaccine Act decision, “[e]pitope spreading is based upon how antibodies interact with
antigens after the antibody binds to the antigen. As the body reacts to the antigen, the antibody unravels the coiled
strands of proteins that comprise the antigen. This uncoiling exposes other epitopes of the antigen to the body. Because
the body has not seen this precise epitope before, the body responds by sending out a new sequence of antibodies.”
Tosches ex. rel Tosches v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 06-192, 2008 WL 440285 at *6 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.
Jan. 31, 2008).
24
   Petitioner has not alleged a claim of significant aggravation. See e.g. Mot., Amended Petition. Dr. Gorman
nevertheless maintained in his expert reports that it was unlikely that the HPV vaccine could have exacerbated an
underlying or subacute ARE in R.B. given the overall mild nature of her encephalitis (at least in comparison to other
individuals with the disease). Resp’t’s Ex. A. at 7.

                                                          11
disease’s etiology. Id. Like Dr. Axelrod, Dr. Gorman filed two expert reports in total. See Resp’t’s
Exs. A, filed December 12, 2014 (“First Gorman Rep.”); Resp’t’s Ex. C, filed September 18, 2015
(“Second Gorman Rep.”).

        Dr. Gorman completed his medical degree in 2001 from Harvard University Medical School
(after obtaining a bachelor’s degree at Duke University), performing his residencies in child
neurology at Boston Children’s Hospital. Resp’t’s Ex. B. Today, Dr. Gorman directs the Multiple
Sclerosis and neuro-immunology program (which he founded) at Boston Children’s Hospital,
where he sees patients while also serving as an Assistant Professor of Neurology at Harvard
Medical School. First Gorman Rep. at 2.

        Dr. Gorman’s first expert report took particular issue with the assertions made by
Petitioner’s experts about the timing in which R.B. is alleged to have experienced her post-
vaccination ARE. First Gorman Rep. at 2-8. In his opinion, the “fatal flaw” in Petitioner’s case
was that the records established onset of R.B.’s condition before the third HPV vaccination. Id. at
4. He relied heavily on the records from CMC that placed onset on December 6, 2010, along with
R.B.’s documented behavioral issues in the summer and fall of 2010, which he suggested were
consistent with a preexisting neurologic injury. Id. Otherwise, the record suggested onset not long
after receipt of the vaccine. Dr. Gorman opined that there were seven steps needed for the
biological mechanisms required to result in encephalitis.25 Id. at 5. The minimum amount of time
needed between vaccine administration and neurological symptoms would be five days, making
R.B.’s onset too soon. Id.

        Dr. Gorman also pointed to certain test results that he felt suggested onset of R.B.’s ARE
predated her December 2010 vaccination. R.B.’s initial CT and second MRI, performed December
17, 2010, both showed a reduction in her brain tissue volume - a feature that can be consistent with
ARE. First Gorman Rep. at 7; see also Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, et al.
Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
Lancet Neurol. 2011; 10: 63–74, filed as Resp’t’s Ex. A Tab 2 (“Dalmau”). However, in order to
cause such a tissue volume loss, Dr. Gorman postulated that weeks or months would first have had
to pass, making it highly likely that the “biological mechanisms of anti-NMDAR encephalitis were
occurring weeks before 12/13/10.” First Gorman Rep. at 7; see also Iizuka T, Yoshii S, Kan S, et
al. Reversible brain atrophy in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a long-term observational study,
J. Neurol. 2010; 257:1686–1691, filed as Resp’t’s Ex. A Tab 5. Such articles, however, were vague
in proposing a timeframe for development of ARE, and also involved small sample groups in

25
  These steps are 1) administration of the vaccine, 2) production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, 3) permeability of
the blood brain barrier, 4) passive transfer of antibodies, 5) binding of the antibodies to the amino terminal domain,
6) internalization of the NMDA receptor away from the cell surface, and 7) synaptic dysfunction leading to abnormal
neuronal function and subsequent neurological symptoms. First Gorman Rep. at 4-5.
                                                         12
which not all patients experienced brain atrophy. Iizuka at 1687. Indeed, ARE can occur without
the presence of atrophy at all. Dalmau at 64 (“Brain MRI is unremarkable in 50% of patients”).

        Dr. Gorman further attempted to refute the Miller elements that Dr. Axelrod proposed had
established a link between the HPV vaccine and R.B.’s ARE. First Gorman Rep. at 6. In particular,
although Dr. Gorman accepted the ARE diagnosis for R.B.’s condition, he stated that a different
trigger could have existed – in this case, an earlier URI – that was more consistent with the medical
history. Id. at 5. In 70 percent of anti-NMDAR patients, symptoms from infection were present
weeks prior to the encephalitis. Id., see also Dalmau. This explanation thus undercut the vaccine
as explaining R.B.’s ARE.

        Dr. Gorman then addressed the de-challenge theory proposed by Dr. Axelrod. Because
improvement is common in ARE patients after treatment with IVIG and steroids (which R.B.
received) “one cannot conclude that she improved [mainly] because she did not receive any further
vaccines and/or more time elapsed from the vaccine.” First Gorman Rep. at 5. Accordingly, the
lack of “challenge” from further immunization was not meaningful.

        Dr. Gorman’s also took particular issue with Dr. Axelrod’s suggested mechanism of
molecular mimicry. In his first report, Dr. Gorman proposed that homology between certain HPV
vaccine protein strains and myelin based protein was irrelevant, since ARE is not a demyelinating
condition. First Gorman Rep. at 6. Rather, ARE is characterized by antibodies targeting a specific
amino acid sequence in the amino terminal domain of the NMDA receptor protein (NR1), which
he stated bears no homology to HPV16. Id. Dr. Gorman also attempted to refute Dr. Axelrod’s
alternative mechanism of epitope spreading (offered in reaction to criticism of molecular mimicry).
Second Gorman Rep. at 3. In his view, there was no evidence that epitope spreading can instigate
this kind of neurological injury, and even if there was reliable scientific evidence establishing a
relationship between the HPV vaccine and ARE, the time that passed in this case between
vaccination and injury was too short to establish such a reaction. Id.

        Finally, Dr. Gorman proposed possible alternative causes for R.B.’s ARE, based upon his
review of the medical records. He posited that R.B.’s reported URI three weeks prior to her
vaccination could account for her condition, given that a prior infection was far more consistent
with the actual timing of her symptoms than Petitioner’s reading of the treatment history. Id. at 7.
He also opined that R.B.’s history of alopecia areata, an autoimmune condition, could have
predisposed her to ARE, since it was a secondary autoimmune condition that would occur after a
prior such incident, although he did not cite literature or other scientific evidence linking the two.
Id.

                                                 13
III.     PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       As noted above, the case was initiated in December 2013. After several delays in obtaining
medical records, Petitioner filed her statement of completion on July 30, 2014. ECF No. 19. Not
long after, in late August and early October, Ms. Al-Uffi filed her first expert report from Dr.
Axelrod as well as Dr. Siegler’s report.

        On December 12, 2014, Respondent filed his Rule 4(c) report addressing his objections to
the claim. ECF No. 26. That report also identified several missing medical records, and was filed
along with the first expert report of Dr. Gorman. ECF Nos. 24-26. Petitioner attempted to file the
remaining missing medical records on January 8, 2015, but found that there were still outstanding
medical records requiring subpoena. In the meantime, on February 3, 2015, Petitioner filed Dr.
Axelrod’s second report and supporting medical literature. ECF Nos. 32-33.

        On September 30, 2015, Petitioner requested in writing that I schedule a hearing on
entitlement. ECF No. 54. The parties then began discussing convenient hearing dates, and I issued
a pretrial order in December 2015 setting the entitlement hearing for November 17-18, 2016. ECF
No. 61. In August 2016, however, the parties jointly indicated that they now preferred that the
matter be resolved on the papers in lieu of hearing, and I therefore issued a revised order for
briefing Petitioner’s claim. See Order, dated August 15, 2016 (ECF No. 63).26

       Petitioner filed her motion in support of her claim merely three days later. On October 28,
2016, Respondent filed his response. See Response for Judgment on the Administrative Record
(“Response”), filed as ECF No. 68. Petitioner then filed a reply on November 7, 2016 as ECF No.
70.27 This matter is now ripe for a decision.

IV.      THE PARTIES’ RESPECTIVE ARGUMENTS

        Petitioner’s motion asserts that she has carried her burden of proof, based upon the theory
that R.B. suffered a secondary immune response causing her to develop ARE shortly after receiving
the final dose of the HPV vaccine. See Mot. at 8. In so arguing, Petitioner relies most heavily on
the eight elements established by Miller. Id. at 8-10. Petitioner also offers epitope spreading as the

26
   In this case, the parties specifically requested that I decide this case on the papers. The Vaccine Act and Rules not
only contemplate but encourage special masters to decide petitions in this manner rather than via evidentiary hearing,
where (in the exercise of their discretion) they conclude that the former means of adjudication will properly and fairly
resolve the case. Section 12(d)(2)(D); Vaccine Rule 8(d). The choice to do so has been affirmed on appeal. See Hooker
v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 02-472V, 2016 WL 3456435, at *21 n.19 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 19, 2016)
(citing Hovey v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 38. Fed. Cl. 397, 397 (1997)).
27
  Respondent also filed a sur-reply in this action. Sur-Reply, dated November 16, 2016 (ECF No. 72). That document,
however, was intended solely to address the Petitioner’s attacks on Dr. Gorman’s qualifications, and otherwise made
no substantive points regarding the merits of the present claim.
                                                          14
biological mechanism by which the vaccine caused the ARE, largely abandoning Dr. Axelrod’s
initial proposal that molecular mimicry was an applicable mechanism. Id. at 9.

        Petitioner attempted to rebut what Respondent’s expert opined was the “fatal flaw” of
Petitioner’s case—the timing of onset. Although Petitioner conceded that the medical records were
inconsistent regarding when R.B.’s most alarming symptoms of behavior change began, she argued
that the greater weight of the evidence supported a finding of onset on December 10, 2010. Mot. at
14. She also rejected Respondent’s contention that the minimum time needed for a reaction was
five days, relying on Dr. Axelrod’s opinion of the short time it would take for a secondary immune
response to occur. She attempted to bulwark this argument by referencing Dr. Siegler’s opinion
about the relationship between vaccine and injury.

        In opposing the motion, Respondent reasserted Dr. Gorman’s argument that R.B. displayed
ARE-like symptoms (as manifested in her behavioral problems) prior to receiving the HPV vaccine.
See Response at 13. Respondent cited to various points in the medical records when R.B. was said
to have exhibited behavior more egregious than that typically associated with teenagers. Id.
Alternatively, Respondent argued that onset on the 8th or even the 10th of December was too soon
for the processes suggested by Dr. Axelrod to occur. Id. at 22. Respondent did not, however,
squarely address Dr. Axelrod’s theory that R.B.’s ARE was instigated by a secondary immune
response. Respondent also dismissed Petitioner’s theory of homology as irrelevant to this case,
instead arguing that the antibody implicated by ARE would not likely be produced by an
autoimmune reaction involving any of the HPV components. Id. at 19.

        On reply, Ms. Al-Uffi pointed out that much of Respondent’s own medical literature
suggested that a reaction to the HPV vaccine could in fact occur as soon as the same day of
vaccination. See Reply at 4-5. The remainder of the reply brief focused on defending the expertise
of Drs. Axelrod and Siegler. Id. at 8.28

V.       APPLICABLE LEGAL STANDARDS

         A.       Petitioner’s Overall Burden in Vaccine Program Cases

       To receive compensation in the Vaccine Program, a petitioner must prove either: (1) that
she suffered a “Table Injury” – i.e., an injury falling within the Vaccine Injury Table –
corresponding to one of the vaccinations in question within a statutorily prescribed period of time

28
   Both parties devoted more than a little briefing space to attacking their adversary’s expert’s credentials while
defending their own (with Respondent going so far as to file a surreply intended to rehabilitate Dr. Gorman’s
expertise). See Sur-Reply at 1-4. These efforts were somewhat wasted. Thus, Petitioner’s attacks against Dr. Gorman
missed the mark, given his clear expertise to offer opinions relevant to ARE; indeed, he was the most qualified expert
to offer an opinion in this case (at least with respect to the disease at issue). But my decision does not turn on how
credible each expert was in light of his professional qualifications, and accordingly there was no need for the parties
to crow in favor of their chosen expert.

                                                         15
or, in the alternative, (2) that her illnesses were actually caused by a vaccine (a “Non-Table
Injury”). See Sections 13(a)(1)(A), 11(c)(1), and 14(a), as amended by 42 C.F.R. § 100.3; §
11(c)(1)(C)(ii)(I); see also Moberly v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 592 F.3d 1315, 1321 (Fed.
Cir. 2010); Capizzano v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 440 F.3d 1317, 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2006).29
In this case, Petitioner does not assert a Table claim.

         For both Table and Non-Table claims, Vaccine Program petitioners bear a “preponderance
of the evidence” burden of proof. Section 13(1)(a). That is, a petitioner must offer evidence that
leads the “trier of fact to believe that the existence of a fact is more probable than its nonexistence
before [he] may find in favor of the party who has the burden to persuade the judge of the fact’s
existence.” Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1322 n.2; see also Snowbank Enter. v. United States, 6 Cl. Ct.
476, 486 (1984) (mere conjecture or speculation is insufficient under a preponderance standard).
Proof of medical certainty is not required. Bunting v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 931 F.2d
867, 873 (Fed. Cir. 1991). In particular, a petitioner must demonstrate that the vaccine was “not
only [the] but-for cause of the injury but also a substantial factor in bringing about the injury.”
Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1321 (quoting Shyface v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 165 F.3d 1344,
1352-53 (Fed. Cir. 1999)); Pafford v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 451 F.3d 1352, 1355 (Fed.
Cir. 2006). A petitioner may not receive a Vaccine Program award based solely on her assertions;
rather, the petition must be supported by either medical records or by the opinion of a competent
physician. Section 13(a)(1).

        In attempting to establish entitlement to a Vaccine Program award of compensation for a
Non-Table claim, a petitioner must satisfy all three of the elements established by the Federal
Circuit in Althen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 418 F.3d 1274, 1278 (Fed. Cir. 2005) “(1) a
medical theory causally connecting the vaccination and the injury; (2) a logical sequence of cause
and effect showing that the vaccination was the reason for the injury; and (3) a showing of a
proximate temporal relationship between vaccination and injury.” Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278.

        Each of the Althen prongs requires a different showing. Under Althen prong one, petitioners
must provide a “reputable medical theory,” demonstrating that the vaccine received can cause the
type of injury alleged. Pafford, 451 F.3d at 1355-56 (citations omitted). To satisfy this prong, a
petitioner’s theory must be based on a “sound and reliable medical or scientific explanation.”
Knudsen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 35 F.3d 543, 548 (Fed. Cir. 1994). Such a theory
must only be “legally probable, not medically or scientifically certain.” Id. at 549.

29
  Decisions of special masters (some of which I reference in this ruling) constitute persuasive but not binding
authority. Hanlon v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 40 Fed. Cl. 625, 630 (1998). By contrast, Federal Circuit rulings
concerning legal issues are binding on special masters. Guillory v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 59 Fed. Cl. 121,
124 (2003), aff’d, 104 F. App’x 712 (Fed. Cir. 2004); see also Spooner v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 13-
159V, 2014 WL 504728, at *7 n.12 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 16, 2014).
                                                         16
        Petitioners may satisfy the first Althen prong without resort to medical literature,
epidemiological studies, demonstration of a specific mechanism, or a generally accepted medical
theory. Andreu v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 569 F.3d 1367, 1378-79 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (citing
Capizzano, 440 F.3d at 1325-26). Special masters, despite their expertise, are not empowered by
statute to conclusively resolve what are essentially thorny scientific and medical questions, and
thus scientific evidence offered to establish Althen prong one is viewed “not through the lens of
the laboratorian, but instead from the vantage point of the Vaccine Act’s preponderant evidence
standard.” Id. at 1380. Accordingly, special masters must take care not to increase the burden
placed on petitioners in offering a scientific theory linking vaccine to injury. See, e.g., Contreras
v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 121 Fed. Cl. 230, 245 (2015) (“[p]lausibility . . . in many cases
may be enough to satisfy Althen prong one” (emphasis in original)), reversed on other grounds,
844 F.3d 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2017). But this does not negate or reduce a petitioner’s ultimate burden
to establish her overall entitlement to damages by preponderant evidence. W.C. v. Sec’y of Health
& Human Servs., 704 F.3d 1352, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (citations omitted).

        The second Althen prong requires proof of a logical sequence of cause and effect, usually
supported by facts derived from a petitioner’s medical records. Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278; Andreu,
569 F.3d at 1375-77; Capizzano, 440 F.3d at 1326; Grant v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 956
F.2d 1144, 1148 (Fed. Cir. 1992). In establishing that a vaccine “did cause” injury, the opinions
and views of the injured party’s treating physicians are entitled to some weight. Andreu, 569 F.3d
at 1367; Capizzano, 440 F.3d at 1326 (“medical records and medical opinion testimony are favored
in vaccine cases, as treating physicians are likely to be in the best position to determine whether a
‘logical sequence of cause and effect show[s] that the vaccination was the reason for the injury’”)
(quoting Althen, 418 F.3d at 1280). Medical records are generally viewed as particularly
trustworthy evidence, since they are created contemporaneously with the treatment of the patient.
Cucuras v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 993 F.2d 1525, 1528 (Fed. Cir. 1993).

        However, medical records and/or statements of a treating physician’s views do not per se
bind the special master to adopt the conclusions of such an individual, even if they must be
considered and carefully evaluated. Section 13(b)(1) (providing that “[a]ny such diagnosis,
conclusion, judgment, test result, report, or summary shall not be binding on the special master or
court”); Snyder v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 88 Fed. Cl. 706, 746 n.67 (2009) (“there is
nothing . . . that mandates that the testimony of a treating physician is sacrosanct – that it must be
accepted in its entirety and cannot be rebutted”). As with expert testimony offered to establish a
theory of causation, the opinions or diagnoses of treating physicians are only as trustworthy as the
reasonableness of their suppositions or bases. The views of treating physicians should also be
weighed against other, contrary evidence also present in the record – including conflicting opinions
among such individuals. Hibbard v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 100 Fed. Cl. 742, 749 (2011)
(not arbitrary or capricious for special master to weigh competing treating physicians’ conclusions

                                                 17
against each other), aff'd, 698 F.3d 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2012); Caves v. Sec’y of Dep't of Health &
Human Servs., 100 Fed. Cl. 119, 136 (2011), aff'd, 463 F. App'x 932 (Fed. Cir. 2012); Veryzer v.
Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 06-522V, 2011 WL 1935813, at *17 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.
Apr. 29, 2011), mot. for review den’d, 100 Fed. Cl. 344, 356 (2011), aff’d without opinion, 475
Fed. App’x 765 (Fed. Cir. 2012).

        The third Althen prong requires establishing a “proximate temporal relationship” between
the vaccination and the injury alleged. Althen, 418 F.3d at 1281. That term has been equated to the
phrase “medically-acceptable temporal relationship.” Id. A petitioner must offer “preponderant
proof that the onset of symptoms occurred within a timeframe which, given the medical
understanding of the disorder’s etiology, it is medically acceptable to infer causation.” Bazan v.
Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 539 F.3d 1347, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2008). The explanation for what
is a medically acceptable timeframe must also coincide with the theory of how the relevant vaccine
can cause an injury (Althen prong one’s requirement). Id. at 1352; Shapiro v. Sec’y of Health &
Human Servs., 101 Fed. Cl. 532, 542 (2011), recons. den’d after remand, 105 Fed. Cl. 353 (2012),
aff’d mem., 2013 WL 1896173 (Fed. Cir. 2013); Koehn v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No.
11-355V, 2013 WL 3214877 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 30, 2013), mot. for review den’d (Fed. Cl.
Dec. 3, 2013), aff’d, 773 F.3d 1239 (Fed. Cir. 2014).

       B.      Law Governing Analysis of Fact Evidence

        The process for making determinations in Vaccine Program cases regarding factual issues
begins with consideration of the medical records. Section 11(c)(2). The special master is required
to consider “all [] relevant medical and scientific evidence contained in the record,” including “any
diagnosis, conclusion, medical judgment, or autopsy or coroner’s report which is contained in the
record regarding the nature, causation, and aggravation of the petitioner’s illness, disability, injury,
condition, or death,” as well as “the results of any diagnostic or evaluative test which are contained
in the record and the summaries and conclusions.” Section 13(b)(1)(A). The special master is then
required to weigh the evidence presented, including contemporaneous medical records and
testimony. See Burns v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 3 F.3d 415, 417 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (it is
within the special master’s discretion to determine whether to afford greater weight to
contemporaneous medical records than to other evidence, such as oral testimony surrounding the
events in question that was given at a later date, provided that such a determination is evidenced
by a rational determination).

        Medical records that are created contemporaneously with the events they describe are
presumed to be accurate and “complete” (i.e., presenting all relevant information on a patient’s
health problems). Cucuras, 993 F.2d at 1528; Doe/70 v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 95 Fed.
Cl. 598, 608 (2010) (“[g]iven the inconsistencies between petitioner’s testimony and his

                                                  18
contemporaneous medical records, the special master’s decision to rely on petitioner’s medical
records was rational and consistent with applicable law”), aff’d, Rickett v. Sec’y of Health &
Human Servs., 468 F. App’x 952 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (non-precedential opinion). This presumption is
based on the linked propositions that (i) sick people visit medical professionals; (ii) sick people
honestly report their health problems to those professionals; and (iii) medical professionals record
what they are told or observe when examining their patients in as accurate a manner as possible,
so that they are aware of enough relevant facts to make appropriate treatment decisions. Sanchez
v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 11-685V, 2013 WL 1880825, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.
Apr. 10, 2013); Cucuras v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 26 Cl. Ct. 537, 543 (1992), aff'd, 993
F.2d 1525 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (“[i]t strains reason to conclude that petitioners would fail to accurately
report the onset of their daughter’s symptoms. It is equally unlikely that pediatric neurologists,
who are trained in taking medical histories concerning the onset of neurologically significant
symptoms, would consistently but erroneously report the onset of seizures a week after they in fact
occurred”).

        Accordingly, if the medical records are clear, consistent, and complete, then they should
be afforded substantial weight. Lowrie v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 03-1585V, 2005
WL 6117475, at *20 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Dec. 12, 2005). Indeed, contemporaneously medical
records are generally found to be deserving of greater evidentiary weight than oral testimony –
especially where such testimony conflicts with the record evidence. Cucuras, 993 F.2d at 1528;
see also Murphy v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 23 Cl. Ct. 726, 733 (1991), aff'd, 968 F.2d
1226 (Fed. Cir.), cert. den’d, Murphy v. Sullivan, 506 U.S. 974 (1992) (citing United States v.
United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 396 (1947) (“[i]t has generally been held that oral
testimony which is in conflict with contemporaneous documents is entitled to little evidentiary
weight.”)).

        However, there are situations in which compelling oral testimony may be more persuasive
than written records, such as where records are deemed to be incomplete or inaccurate. Campbell
v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 69 Fed. Cl. 775, 779 (2006) (“like any norm based upon
common sense and experience, this rule should not be treated as an absolute and must yield where
the factual predicates for its application are weak or lacking”); Lowrie, 2005 WL 6117475, at *19
(“[w]ritten records which are, themselves, inconsistent, should be accorded less deference than
those which are internally consistent”) (quoting Murphy v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 23
Cl. Ct. 726, 733 (1991), aff'd per curiam, 968 F.2d 1226 (Fed. Cir. 1992)). Ultimately, a
determination regarding a witness’s credibility is needed when determining the weight that such
testimony should be afforded. Andreu, 569 F.3d at 1379; Bradley v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 991 F.2d 1570, 1575 (Fed. Cir. 1993).

                                                 19
       C.      Analysis of Expert Testimony

        Establishing a sound and reliable medical theory often requires a petitioner to present
expert testimony in support of his claim. Lampe v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 219 F.3d
1357, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2000). Vaccine Program expert testimony is usually evaluated according to
the factors for analyzing scientific reliability set forth in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509
U.S. 579, 594-96 (1993). See Cedillo v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 617 F.3d 1328, 1339
(Fed. Cir. 2010) (citing Terran v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 195 F.3d 1302, 1316 (Fed. Cir.
1999)). “The Daubert factors for analyzing the reliability of testimony are: (1) whether a theory or
technique can be (and has been) tested; (2) whether the theory or technique has been subjected to
peer review and publication; (3) whether there is a known or potential rate of error and whether
there are standards for controlling the error; and (4) whether the theory or technique enjoys general
acceptance within a relevant scientific community.” Terran, 195 F.3d at 1316 n.2 (citing Daubert,
509 U.S. at 592-95).

         The Daubert factors play a slightly different role in Vaccine Program cases than they do
when applied in other federal judicial fora (such as the district courts). Daubert factors are usually
employed by judges (in the performance of their evidentiary gatekeeper roles) to exclude evidence
that is unreliable and/or could confuse a jury. In Vaccine Program cases, by contrast, these factors
are used in the weighing of the reliability of scientific evidence proffered. Davis v. Sec’y of Health
& Human Servs., 94 Fed. Cl. 53, 66-67 (2010) (“uniquely in this Circuit, the Daubert factors have
been employed also as an acceptable evidentiary-gauging tool with respect to persuasiveness of
expert testimony already admitted”). The flexible use of the Daubert factors to evaluate the
persuasiveness and reliability of expert testimony has routinely been upheld. See, e.g., Snyder, 88
Fed. Cl. at 742-45. In this matter (as in numerous other Vaccine Program cases), Daubert has not
been employed at the threshold, to determine what evidence should be admitted, but instead to
determine whether expert testimony offered is reliable and/or persuasive.

        Respondent frequently offers one or more experts of her own in order to rebut a petitioner’s
case. Where both sides offer expert testimony, a special master’s decision may be “based on the
credibility of the experts and the relative persuasiveness of their competing theories.”
Broekelschen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 618 F.3d 1339, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (citing
Lampe, 219 F.3d at 1362). However, nothing requires the acceptance of an expert’s conclusion
“connected to existing data only by the ipse dixit of the expert,” especially if “there is simply too
great an analytical gap between the data and the opinion proffered.” Snyder, 88 Fed. Cl. at 743
(quoting Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 146 (1997)); see also Isaac v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., No. 08-601V, 2012 WL 3609993, at *17 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. July 30, 2012), mot. for
review den’d, 108 Fed. Cl. 743 (2013), aff’d, 540 Fed. App’x 999 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (citing Cedillo,
617 F.3d at 1339).

                                                 20
        Weighing the relative persuasiveness of competing expert testimony, based on a particular
expert’s credibility, is part of the overall reliability analysis to which special masters must subject
expert testimony in Vaccine Program cases. Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1325-26 (“[a]ssessments as to
the reliability of expert testimony often turn on credibility determinations”); see also Porter v.
Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 663 F.3d 1242, 1250 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (“this court has
unambiguously explained that special masters are expected to consider the credibility of expert
witnesses in evaluating petitions for compensation under the Vaccine Act”). It is in the exercise of
my duties as a special master to weigh competing expert testimony. Copenhaver v. Sec’y of Health
& Human Servs., No. 13-1002V, 2016 WL 6947389, at *5 (Fed. Cl. Oct. 20, 2016) (“Special
Masters may use their discretion in weighing expert testimony, and case law supports that
discretion”).

        D.       Consideration of Medical Literature

        Both parties filed medical and scientific literature in this case, including some articles (such
as those discussing molecular mimicry and protein sequences in vaccines) that do not factor into
the outcome of this decision. I have reviewed all of the medical literature submitted in this case,
but I only discuss those articles that are most relevant to my determination and/or are central to
Petitioner’s case – just as I have not exhaustively discussed every individual medical record filed.
Moriarty v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 2015-5072, 2016 WL 1358616, at *5 (Fed. Cir.
Apr. 6, 2016) (“[w]e generally presume that a special master considered the relevant record
evidence even though he does not explicitly reference such evidence in his decision”) (citation
omitted); see also Paterek v. v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 527 F. App'x 875, 884 (Fed. Cir.
2013) (“[f]inding certain information not relevant does not lead to — and likely undermines —
the conclusion that it was not considered”).

VI.     ANALYSIS

        A.       Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis

       As was mentioned above, there is no dispute that R.B. was found to possess the NMDA
receptor antibodies associated with ARE, and that this was her proper diagnosis. ARE is an
autoimmune neurological condition occurring when a patient possesses antibodies to the N-methyl
D-aspartate30 receptor that interfere with that receptor’s function. Resp’t’s Ex. Tab 2 at 1. The
condition was first discovered around 2005 and is characterized by a host of clinical problems.
Notably, it is often first recognized with the onset of psychiatric symptoms, such as angry or

30
  N-methyl-d-aspartate is a neurotransmitter similar to glutamate, found in the central nervous system. Dorland’s at
1152.

                                                        21
aggressive outbursts, memory loss, seizures, agitation, and abnormal movements. Id. at 1-2.
Examination of patients with this condition often reveals encephalopathy in various regions of the
brain—subcortical structures, limbic regions, amygdalae, and frontostriatal circuitry. Id. The
conclusive test for the condition is the presence of antibodies in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF). The condition is most common in women and is more frequently recognized in young
teenagers and children. Id. at 3.

       B.      Althen Prong One

        As reviewed above, the law governing resolution of Vaccine Program claims does not
require petitioners to present a medically certain theory. Instead, they merely need establish a
“legally probable” theory – and may do so, moreover, without offering direct proof linking the
vaccine to the disease at issue, or large-scale epidemiologic studies establishing the vaccine’s risk
to potentially cause the illness. Andreu, 569 F.3d at 1378-79. Thus, even though Ms. Al-Uffi lacks
this type of direct evidence, this alone is not a basis for finding that she has not satisfied the first
Althen prong.

       Dr. Axelrod presented the theory that the HPV vaccine could cause an autoimmune
condition like ARE. That theory has been accepted when applied in the same context, and to the
HPV vaccine as well. See, e.g., McCulloch v. Sec’y of Health and Human Services, No. 09-293,
2015 WL 3640610 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 22, 2015). In McCulloch, Special Master Gowen
found that a petitioner had presented a persuasive medical theory that autoimmune limbic
encephalitis was more likely than not caused by the HPV vaccine Petitioner received when she
was twelve. Accordingly, the theory itself offered in this case does not, at its face value, propose
something that is completely novel.

        Although Petitioner’s experts could not provide any studies linking the HPV vaccine with
ARE, Dr. Siegler did offer Hofmann, a case study in which a young female developed ARE within
24 hours of receipt of the TdaP and the polio vaccines. Hofmann at 1. Individual case studies are
not themselves particularly probative in the context of establishing the first Althen prong
(especially where they involve a totally different vaccine), but often have some evidentiary value
– especially when dealing with a condition that is itself not yet the subject of extensive research (a
fact that can explain a claimant’s inability to offer scientific studies in support of the theory).

       Petitioner proposed two interrelated biological mechanisms by which the HPV vaccine
could cause ARE. The first such mechanism – impairment of the blood-brain barrier due to
cytokine production encouraged by the vaccine – was not meaningfully challenged by
Respondent’s expert, although he questioned whether it could occur in a short timeframe. First
Gorman Rep. at 5 (“theoretically one can construct a sequence of events by which vaccination

                                                  22
leads to impairment of the blood brain barrier function”). Impairment of the blood-brain barrier is
significant because it can allow for foreign antigens, like those contained in a vaccine, to enter the
brain. Once those antigens cross the blood-brain barrier into the brain, Petitioner’s secondary
biological mechanism comes into play.

         Petitioner altered her proposed second mechanism in response to Dr. Gorman’s criticisms.
Initially, Dr. Axelrod proposed molecular mimicry based on putative homology between
components of the HPV vaccine and brain proteins. But Dr. Gorman strongly, and effectively,
contested this assumption, given the HPV vaccine’s formula plus the nature of ARE, which is not
a demyelinating condition. First Gorman Rep. at 6. Dr. Axelrod subsequently revised his theory
somewhat, proposing the alternative mechanism of epitope spreading. Id. In response, Dr. Gorman
observed that it lacked any support in the literature when applied in this context. Second Gorman
Rep. at 3.

         Respondent has raised legitimate questions about Petitioner’s theory that her experts did
not defend with total success. However, such challenges must be viewed in the context of relevant
Program case law. Epitope spreading has been accepted in other Vaccine Program cases as a
mechanistic framework for explaining how an autoimmune process instigated by a vaccine could
cause injury, and thus has some reliability. See, e.g., Althen, 58 Fed. Cl. 270 at 285-86. Moreover,
Dr. Gorman’s observations that this mechanism was not supported by sufficient specific scientific
literature does not amount to a rebuttal of the theory. Campbell v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
97 Fed. Cl. 650, 662 (2011) (“[a] claimant’s presentation through expert testimony of a biological
theory of causation connecting the vaccine to the injury which the government does not
successfully rebut advances the claimant’s case”). And most significantly, Program petitioners are
not in fact required to establish a biological mechanism explaining the precise manner, in
molecular detail, for how a vaccine could cause a particular disease - because to require such a
specific level of proof is inconsistent with the Program’s goals. Knudsen, 35 F3d. 543, 548-49.
Thus, although Dr. Axelrod has not proven that his proposed mechanism could occur in connection
with the HPV vaccine, he need not have done so in the first place.

        In addition, Dr. Axelrod’s theory is backstopped by the opinion of Dr. Siegler, a pediatric
neurologist, and one of R.B.’s treaters both at the outset of her hospitalization and then long after.
As I have observed in other cases, a treater’s opinion (while typically offered in support of the
second Althen prong) can have evidentiary value in establishing a causation theory. See Gerhardt
v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 9-180V, 2014 WL 4712690, at *10 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.
Aug. 29, 2014), citing Caves v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 100 Fed. Cl. 119, 145 (2011),
aff'd, 463 Fed. App’x 932 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (although there is an “analytical demarcation” between
the analysis of Althen prongs one and two evidence, a treating physician’s “statement that a vaccine
did in fact cause an injury presupposes that the vaccine is capable of causing that injury”). This is

                                                 23
true even where, as here, the treater does not himself offer a scientific explanation for how a
vaccine caused a condition.

       Overall, Petitioner’s proposed causation theory is not particularly robust, but it has just
enough validity and reliability from a legal standpoint to meet the relatively-lenient preponderance
standard that is applied in Program cases. I thus find that Petitioner has met this first prong.

       C.      Althen Prongs Two and Three

        I shall combine my discussion of the two remaining prongs given their overlap. To
summarize from above, Althen prong two requires that Petitioner establish a logical explanation
of how the vaccine caused an injury to the Petitioner, while prong three requires proof of a
medically acceptable temporal relationship between vaccination and injury. Here, these two issues
are intertwined, because Respondent’s consistent attack against Petitioner’s case arises from his
contention that R.B.’s psychiatric/behavioral symptoms occurred too soon after (if not before)
vaccination to be caused by the vaccine, given what would be considered medically acceptable.

               1.      Onset - When did R.B. first begin to show symptoms?

        The parties agree that the records do not allow for an easy onset determination, and I fully
concur. The medical histories provided by Ms. Al-Uffi often contradict each other, variously
placing onset of the most severe of R.B.’s symptoms as right before, the day of, or a couple days
after vaccination. See e.g., Pet’r’s Exs. 4, 7, 21, and 22. Because of the general presumption of the
accuracy of medical records in Program cases (and the statements they contain that are given to
treaters, ostensibly with the intention of accurately conveying to treaters a sick person’s condition),
contrary statements about the start of R.B.’s most alarming psychiatric or behavioral symptoms
cannot be readily harmonized simply from review of the records.

        However, there are a number of indisputable facts that can be assessed independent of what
Petitioner told treaters (or what those treaters heard). They include the following: (a) R.B. had
been receiving psychological counseling long before the December 2010 vaccination, but (b) her
symptoms became so acute and alarming to Ms. Al-Uffi, in the days following the vaccination,
that Petitioner repeatedly sought help for R.B. from three separate treaters (Ms. Yankovich,
Shadow Mountain, and Parkside), and (c) eventually took R.B. to St. Francis Hospital once these
initial treatment efforts had not provided her with the degree of assistance she felt the
circumstances mandated. It is also undisputed that the symptoms R.B. displayed during this time
could be associated with ARE, and that the ultimate ARE diagnosis was correct.

                                                  24
         Given the above, there is sufficient preponderant evidence for the conclusion that onset of
R.B.’s most severe and self-evident behavioral changes began two to three days after the December
8, 2010 vaccination. It is reasonable to conclude that Petitioner’s heightened, and growing, concern
about the nature of R.B.’s demonstrated behaviors led her first to seek the input of a number of
psychiatric-type treaters before opting (at Ms. Yankovich’s recommendation) for more traditional
medical care – and that her focused and comprehensive search for care was a function of her
concern about the alarming character of R.B.’s behavior. I can thus distinguish the reports of these
behaviors (which Ms. Al-Uffi termed new over the prior 24 hours on December 10th at Parkside)
from R.B.’s prior behavioral problems, which by comparison seem more reflective of teenage
misbehavior or anger than evidence of increasingly severe neurologic damage. Respondent for his
part has not established that R.B.’s earlier behavior for which she received counseling is
comparable, or reflects conduct on a continuum leading to the more uncommon behaviors reported
in this case after R.B.’s hospitalization (lip-smacking, speaking in Spanish, memory lapse, etc.).

                  2.       Secondary Immune Response

        Applying the above, I find that Petitioner has established a logical sequence of events
between R.B.’s development of ARE and her receipt of the HPV vaccine. In particular, she has
done so through her theory of a secondary immune response, which (as Dr. Axelrod explained)
occurs when the immune system is exposed to a foreign antigen for the second or third time,
resulting in a faster reaction than what would be associated with the initial immune response. First
Axelrod Rep. at 1. R.B.’s immune system had already encountered the foreign HPV proteins twice
before, allowing her cells to achieve immunologic memory. Id. Thus, the more rapid onset of
R.B.’s initial symptoms (in the days after the December 8, 2010 vaccination) would be consistent
with such a secondary response.

        Dr. Gorman did not focus on this element of Petitioner’s case, including only a small
paragraph in his first report addressing the possibility of a secondary immune response. First
Gorman Rep. at 4. He did, however, cite to the Institute of Medicine (“IOM”), which almost
confirms the propositions made by Dr. Axelrod stating that “[d]ue to the development of memory
B and T cells during the primary immune response, the latency between subsequent exposure to
the antigen and development of the immune response will usually be shorter. The lag phase is
generally 1 to 3 days; the logarithmic phase of the secondary antibody response occurs over the
next 3 to 5 days.” See IOM 2012, Adverse effects of vaccines: evidence and causality, Washington,
DC: The National Academies Press, at 58. That timeframe is consistent with my onset finding, and
therefore corroborates rather than contradicts Petitioner’s theory.31

31
  Dr. Gorman also raised intriguing points about brain tissue reduction seen on CT scans and MRIs for R.B. – a
process which would biologically take considerable time to develop, and therefore rebutted a fast onset for R.B.’s
ARE. First Gorman Rep. at 7. But the literature Respondent cited in support did not state that such brain abnormalities
                                                         25
                 3.       Additional Factors Supporting Second Althen Prong

         I also find support for a logical sequence of events for R.B.’s condition in the narrative of
R.B’s treating physician, Dr. Siegler. The Program recognizes that treating physicians are in a
good position to opine that a vaccination was the reason for injury. Capizzano, 440 F.3d at 1326.
Here, although Dr. Siegler was not the first treater to diagnose R.B. with ARE, he had provided
treatment to R.B. since the beginning of her onset, and his report demonstrated awareness of her
clinical progression. In particular, Dr. Siegler’s treatment notes show also that he was engaged in
an inquiring effort to identify the cause and nature of R.B.’s symptoms. Thus, his differential
diagnosis initially included alternative explanations for R.B.’s condition, such as post-infectious
encephalopathy, but Dr. Siegler discarded them when they could not be corroborated. Pet’r’s Ex.
4 at 22. Such contemporaneous records are particularly probative. Cucuras, 993 F.2d 1525, 1528
(Fed. Cir. 1993) (“The [medical] records contain information supplied to or by health professionals
to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. With proper treatment hanging in the
balance, accuracy has an extra premium. These records are also generally contemporaneous to the
medical events”). Accordingly, Dr. Siegler’s view – having treated R.B. at the start of her
hospitalization, having had the opportunity to consider alternative explanations, but having been
unable to find one that had evidentiary support – that the HPV vaccine was the remaining, most
likely explanation for Petitioner’s condition is entitled to additional weight herein, and it favors
Petitioner’s claim.

        D.       Alternative Causation

        Because I find that Petitioner has established her prima facie case by a preponderance of
the evidence, the burden now shifts to Respondent to prove by a preponderance of the evidence an
alternative, unrelated cause for R.B.’s condition. Heinzelman v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
No. 07-01V, 2008 WL 5479123, at *7 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Dec. 11, 2008)(“[o]nce…causation is
established, the petitioner is entitled to compensation unless the government can show by a
preponderance of the evidence that the injury is due to factors unrelated to the vaccine, i.e., an
alternative cause”). Although Respondent did not actively attempt to meet this burden, I do not
find that he could have done so based upon this record – since it lacks sufficient preponderant
evidence of possible alternative causes for R.B.’s ARE.

        As the record reveals, R.B. presented to the ER with no evidence of fever, headache, or
other sign of infection – any of which might support the possibility that her reported earlier URI
was to blame rather than the vaccine. The only evidence of a prior infection was in Petitioner’s

were always associated with ARE, nor did Respondent reference medical record evidence suggesting that treaters later
identified this as suggestive of a process that predated the December 2010 HPV dose.

                                                        26
recollection at R.B.’s initial treatment that she had experienced a URI three weeks before.
However, R.B. subsequently underwent extensive testing that was negative for an existing or past
infection, leading her treaters to abandon hypotheses of prior infections, while conclusively
establishing that R.B. possessed NMDAR antibodies. See generally Pet’r’s Ex. 2. Thus, even if I
accepted Dr. Gorman’s assertion that patients with ARE more often than not possess some
antecedent infection like a URI, I do not find that there is preponderant evidence proving in this
case that R.B. had such an infection. Accordingly, Respondent has not established an alternative
cause by a preponderance of the evidence.

VII.   CONCLUSION

        Petitioner’s claim presents a close case. Her causation theory is thin in many respects, and
there are reasonable questions regarding the onset of R.B.’s ARE-related symptoms, both due to
the contradictory reports in the medical records as well as R.B.’s earlier medical history. In other
cases with different facts, such matters could prove fatal to the claim. However, I am cognizant of
the fact that “close calls regarding causation are resolved in favor of injured claimants.” Andreu,
569 F.3d at 1378. This matter should similarly be resolved.

        Accordingly, I find that Petitioner has established her prima facie case by proving by a
preponderance of the evidence for each of the Althen prongs. Petitioner has successfully proven a
persuasive medical theory, a logical explanation of cause and effect, and a medically appropriate
temporal relationship between vaccination and injury. Respondent has failed to carry her burden
in establishing an alternative, unrelated cause for R.B.’s condition. Petitioner is therefore entitled
to compensation under the Vaccine Program.

       In order to guide the parties through the damages phase of the action, a separate damages
 order will issue.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.
                                                      s/Brian H. Corcoran
                                                      Brian H. Corcoran
                                                      Special Master

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