Court Opinion

ID: 2958310
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-17 03:01:54.250523+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:37:10.870943
License: Public Domain

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

                                      NO. 03-12-00801-CV

  Robertson County; Our Land, Our Lives (RCOLOL); and Roy Henrichson, Appellants

                                                 v.

                      Texas Commission on Environmental Quality and
                     Oak Grove Management Company, LLC, Appellees

     FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 261ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
         NO. D-1-GN-10-003925, HONORABLE TIM SULAK, JUDGE PRESIDING

                            MEMORANDUM OPINION

               This is an administrative appeal challenging a Texas Commission on Environmental

Quality (TCEQ) final order granting a permit amendment to appellee Oak Grove Management

Company, LLC. For reasons we explain below, we will affirm the district court’s judgment and

TCEQ’s decision.

                                        BACKGROUND

               Oak Grove Management Company operates the Oak Grove Steam Electric Station

in Robertson County, Texas. As its name suggests, Oak Grove Steam Electric Station (OGSES)

is a facility that generates electricity by producing steam to drive a turbine, which in turn powers

an electric generator. The steam is generated from water heated by the combustion of lignite.

Oak Grove operates OGSES under various environmental permits, including a permit from TCEQ

to dispose of wastewater created as a byproduct of the electricity-generation process. In 2007,
Oak Grove submitted an application to TCEQ to renew and amend OGSES’s wastewater discharge

permit to allow it to change the outfall1 location and volume of its wastewater discharge.2 This

permit application and the resulting administrative process gave rise to this appeal. Two specific

categories of OGSES’s wastewater are relevant to our disposition of appellants’ issues and, thus,

merit further explanation.

OGSES wastewater

               The first category of wastewater is a byproduct of OGSES’s steam-generating

process. After the steam produced by the boiler has passed through the turbines, it is condensed

into water and recycled to the boilers to make more steam. That cooling is accomplished using a

condenser and large quantities of cool water drawn from the adjacent Twin Oak Reservoir, which

is a privately owned “industrial cooling impoundment” specifically constructed to provide cooling

water to OGSES.3 Billions of gallons of cool water are continuously pulled from the reservoir,

treated with small amounts of chlorine and dispersant/scale inhibitor, and then pumped into a

       1
         An “outfall” is the “point or location where waterborne waste is discharged” into or near
water. See 30 Tex. Admin. Code § 305.2(25) (TCEQ, Definitions) (defining “outfall” in context of
consolidated permits).
       2
           OGSES has been permitted to discharge wastewater since 1976. Its first wastewater-
discharge permit was issued by the State of Texas. Then, following the enactment of the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System program (NPDES) in the Clean Water Act, OGSES
obtained a federal wastewater permit from the EPA in 1983. See 33 U.S.C. §§ 1251 et seq. (CWA);
id. at § 1342 (NPDES). After 1998, when the EPA transferred NPDES permitting authority to
the state, OGSES’s permit was issued by TCEQ. For convenience, we will refer to this permit as
OGSES’s “original” permit.
       3
         See 30 Tex. Admin. Code § 307.3(31) (TCEQ, Texas Surface Water Quality Standards)
(defining “industrial cooling impoundment”). As will be discussed in more detail below, the
Twin Oak Reservoir is periodically refilled with water drawn from the nearby Lake Limestone. This
“make-up” water is pumped from Lake Limestone and transported to Twin Oak Reservoir through
an eleven-mile pipeline.

                                                2
network of tubes running through the condenser where the “used” steam is collected. The cooling

water, which does not come into direct contact with the steam, absorbs the steam’s heat through the

pipes, condensing the steam into water to be reused in the boilers. The then-warmer reservoir water,

called “once-through cooling water,”4 is discharged back into the reservoir. Under OGSES’s original

permit, the once-through cooling water was discharged back into the Twin Oak Reservoir through

“external Outfall 001.”

               The second type of wastewater, also a byproduct of the steam-generation process,

is created in connection with the lignite fuel, used to run the two steam boilers, that is stored on

OGSES’s grounds. Storm water that comes into contact with the stored lignite is collected in a lined

storage pond—the “Lignite Retention Pond”—designed to hold the amount of storm water that

would run off from approximately 87 acres following a 10-year, 24-hour storm event. Ultimately,

some of the wastewater stored in the lignite retention pond is, like the cooling water described above,

discharged into the adjacent Twin Oak Reservoir. Under OGSES’s original permit, the discharge

from the lignite retention pond flowed through “external Outfall 002.”

2007 permit application

               In its 2007 permit application to TCEQ, Oak Grove sought one administrative and

one technical change to OGSES’s original permit. Administratively, Oak Grove sought to renumber

OGSES’s permitted outfalls and reroute certain already-permitted wastewater streams without

changing the overall quality or quantity of the discharge. Under the original permit, each wastewater

stream from the facility had its own designated outfall, but all streams ultimately discharged into

       4
        See id. § 210.52(15) (TCEQ, Definitions) (in context of industrial reclaimed water, defining
“once-through cooling water” as “water passed through main cooling condensers in one or
two passes for the purpose of removing waste heat”).

                                                  3
the Twin Oak Reservoir. Under the requested modifications, all of OGSES’s wastewater streams,

including the once-through cooling water and the lignite-pile runoff, would discharge into the

Twin Oak Reservoir at a single outfall—Outfall 001.

               Technically, Oak Grove sought to increase the allowable maximum daily volume of

effluent discharged at Outfall 001 from 1.47 billion to 1.61 billion gallons per day. According to

Oak Grove, this volume change was necessary to correct for the fact that the prior discharge limit

was based on the rated capacity of the facility’s cooling-water intake structure (CWIS) pumps

rather than on the pumps’ actual capacity, and to account for the permit changes allowing all other

wastewater streams to be rerouted to Outfall 001.

Administrative proceedings

               TCEQ’s executive director reviewed the technical merits of Oak Grove’s application,

concluded that the application met the requirements of applicable laws and regulations, and issued

a draft permit for publication and comment. The EPA, after reviewing the application and draft

permit, suggested changes for documenting the operating conditions of the CWIS. Those changes

were subsequently incorporated into a revised draft permit that was again approved by TCEQ’s

executive director and published for public comment. Thereafter, Oak Grove asked for and was

granted a contested-case hearing on the merits of its application. Appellees Robertson County; Our

Land, Our Lives (self-denominated as “RCOLOL”) and one of its members, Roy Henrichson, were

admitted as parties to the contested-case hearing.5 TCEQ’s commissioners, after reviewing the

       5
           RCOLOL describes itself as “a membership organization made up of landowners and
citizens in Robertson County.”

                                                4
ALJ’s proposal for decision, the evidence in the record, and the pleadings and arguments of the

parties, adopted a final order approving the amended permit.

                After exhausting their administrative remedies, RCOLOL and Henrichson

(collectively, “RCOLOL”) filed suit in Travis County District Court, seeking judicial review of

TCEQ’s order granting Oak Grove’s permit modification. Ultimately, after briefing by the parties

and a trial on the merits, the district court affirmed TCEQ’s order. It is from this final judgment that

RCOLOL now appeals.

                                           DISCUSSION

                RCOLOL challenges TCEQ’s order in four issues. The first two raise questions

regarding the modified permit’s regulation of cooling-water intake structures: (1) whether TCEQ

should have classified as a CWIS the structure on Lake Limestone used to pump water into the

Twin Oak Reservoir; and (2) whether the modified permit sufficiently establishes binding

legal obligations related to OGSES’s operation and maintenance of its CWIS. RCOLOL’s third and

fourth issues address matters related to TCEQ’s antidegradation regulations:6 (3) whether TCEQ

utilized the proper baseline water-quality conditions in applying the antidegradation regulations;

and (4) whether TCEQ reasonably concluded that the permit modifications would result in less than

de minimis lowering of the Twin Oak Reservoir’s water quality.

Standard of review

                The parties agree that our review of TCEQ’s order is governed by APA

section 2001.174. This standard requires that we reverse or remand a case for further proceedings

       6
          As will be discussed in more detail below, antidegradation rules seek to protect and
maintain surface water that already meets or exceeds water-quality levels.

                                                   5
“if substantial rights of the appellant have been prejudiced because the administrative findings,

inferences, conclusions, or decisions” are:

       (A)       in violation of a constitutional or statutory provision;

       (B)       in excess of the agency’s statutory authority;

       (C)       made through unlawful procedure;

       (D)       affected by other error of law;

       (E)       not reasonably supported by substantial evidence considering the reliable and
                 probative evidence in the record as a whole; or

       (F)       arbitrary or capricious or characterized by abuse of discretion or clearly
                 unwarranted exercise of discretion.7

However, we may not substitute our judgment for that of the agency’s on the weight of the

evidence on matters committed to agency discretion.8 With respect to subparagraph (E), “substantial

evidence” does not mean a large or considerable amount of evidence, but such relevant evidence as

a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion of fact.9 The test is not whether

the agency made the correct conclusion in our view, but whether some reasonable basis exists in the

record for the agency’s action.10 We must uphold an agency’s finding even if the evidence actually

       7
            Tex. Gov’t Code § 2001.174(2).
       8
         Id. § 2001.174; Southwestern Pub. Serv. Co. v. Public Util. Comm’n of Tex., 962 S.W.2d
207, 215 (Tex. App.—Austin 1998, pet. denied).
       9
        Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 564–65 (1988); Lauderdale v. Texas Dep’t of Agric.,
923 S.W.2d 834, 836 (Tex. App.—Austin 1996, no writ).
       10
        City of El Paso v. Public Util. Comm’n, 883 S.W.2d 179, 185 (Tex. 1994); Railroad
Comm’n v. Pend Orielle Oil & Gas Co., 817 S.W.2d 36, 41 (Tex. 1991).

                                                    6
preponderates against it, so long as enough evidence suggests the agency’s determination was within

the bounds of reasonableness.11

Cooling-water intake structures

                Because RCOLOL’s first two issues question whether TCEQ properly construed the

applicable rules and regulations regarding cooling-water intake structures, we will begin with some

background information on CWIS and the regulations that govern them.

                As the name suggests, “cooling-water intake structures” are structures used by a

power plant or manufacturing facility to draw water from a lake or river for cooling purposes.

Because of the large amounts of water that may be drawn and the possibility of adverse

environmental impact, the Clean Water Act requires that “the location, design, construction,

and capacity of” these structures “reflect the best technology available for minimizing adverse

environmental impact.”12 The EPA has, in turn, promulgated rules to implement this provision in

three phases: “Phase I” rules, which address new, large cooling-water intake structures;13 “Phase II”

rules, which address existing, large cooling-water intake structures;14 and “Phase III” rules, which

address new, offshore oil and gas extraction facilities.15

       11
            Southwestern Pub. Serv. Co., 962 S.W.2d at 215.
       12
            33 U.S.C. § 1326(b).
       13
          See National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System: Regulations Addressing Cooling
Water Intake Structures for New Facilities, 66 Fed. Reg. 65256-01 (Dec. 18, 2001).
       14
           See National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System—Final Regulations to Establish
Requirements for Cooling Water Intake Structures at Phase II Existing Facilities, 69 Fed. Reg. 41576
(July 9, 2004).
       15
          See National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System—Final Regulations To Establish
Requirements for Cooling Water Intake Structures at Phase III Facilities, 71 Fed. Reg. 35006-01
(June 16, 2006).

                                                  7
                  As an “existing” facility,16 the OGSES plant would be subject to the EPA’s Phase II

rules, but the EPA suspended most of the Phase II rules after the Second Circuit remanded

key provisions of those rules to the agency for reconsideration and additional explanation.17

Accordingly, and because the EPA has yet to adopt new rules, existing large cooling-water intake

structures like OGSES’s are evaluated on a case-by-case basis using best professional judgment.18

This is the standard that TCEQ applied to the OGSES structure on Twin Oak Reservoir.

         Lake Limestone pump station

                  The parties agree that the OGSES structure used to draw water from the Twin Oak

Reservoir is a cooling-water intake structure subject to CWIS regulations. In its first issue on appeal,

RCOLOL argues that TCEQ should have also deemed as a CWIS, and thus analyzed and regulated

in the modified permit, the water-transfer pump station on Lake Limestone that is used to pump

water to resupply Twin Oak Reservoir. We disagree.

                  Lake Limestone is a water-supply reservoir built by the Brazos River Authority that

is approximately eleven miles northeast of Twin Oak Reservoir. Oak Grove has a permit from the

Texas Water Rights Commission to pump water from Lake Limestone to make up for evaporative

water losses and downstream discharges from the Twin Oak Reservoir. This replenishment is
         16
            See 69 Fed. Reg. 41576. Although RCOLOL argued below that OGSES was a new
facility subject to Phase I rules, TCEQ found that it was an existing facility and declined to apply
those rules, and RCOLOL has not challenged this finding on appeal.
         17
              See Riverkeeper, Inc. v. United States Envtl. Prot. Agency, 475 F.3d 83, 130–31 (2d Cir.
2007).
         18
           See National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System—Suspension of Regulations
Establishing Requirements for Cooling Water Intake Structures at Phase II Existing Facilities,
72 Fed. Reg. 37107-01 (July 9, 2007) (suspending Phase II rules and providing that “[p]ermit
requirements for cooling water intake structures at Phase II facilities should be established on a
case-by-case best professional judgment (BPJ) basis”).

                                                    8
accomplished using a diversion structure on Lake Limestone to pump water from that lake to the

reservoir through an eleven-mile pipeline. The Lake Limestone structure and the pipeline are not

physically connected to the OGSES facility. And the water transfer from Lake Limestone to the

reservoir occurs regardless of whether the OGSES plant is operating.

                RCOLOL argues that because the OGSES facility ultimately relies on the

water transferred from Lake Limestone to supply the cooling water for its cooling-water intake

structure, the water drawn from Lake Limestone is cooling water and, thus, the pump station on

Lake Limestone is likewise a cooling-water intake structure subject to EPA regulations. RCOLOL

relies on the following EPA definitions found in its Phase I rules for new facilities:

       Cooling water means water used for contact or noncontact cooling, including
       water used for equipment cooling, evaporative cooling tower makeup, and dilution
       of effluent heat content. The intended use of the cooling water is to absorb waste
       heat rejected from the process or processes used, or from auxiliary operations on
       the facility’s premises. Cooling water that is used in a manufacturing process either
       before or after it is used for cooling is considered process water for the purposes of
       calculating the percentage of a new facility’s intake flow that is used for cooling
       purposes in § 125.81(c).

       Cooling water intake structure means the total physical structure and any associated
       constructed waterways used to withdraw cooling water from waters of the U.S. The
       cooling water intake structure extends from the point at which water is withdrawn
       from the surface water source up to, and including, the intake pumps.19

Even if we disregard that Phase I rules do not apply to existing facilities such as OGSES,20 the

administrative record here reasonably supports the conclusion that the water pumped from

       19
            40 C.F.R. § 125.83 (EPA, What special definitions apply to this subpart?).
       20
          See id. § 125.80 (EPA, What are the purpose and scope of this subpart?) (“This subpart
establishes requirements that apply to the location, design, construction, and capacity of cooling
water intake structures at new facilities.”).

                                                  9
Lake Limestone is not cooling water and, thus, TCEQ’s decision to not analyze or regulate the

Lake Limestone pump in connection with the permit at issue here.

                The EPA description of the scope of a cooling-water intake structure makes it

clear that whether water is cooling water or something else is determined by its intended purpose

at the time it is withdrawn from the surface water: “The cooling water intake structure extends

from the point at which water is withdrawn from the surface water source up to, and including, the

intake pumps.”21 The evidence in the administrative record shows that when it is withdrawn from

Lake Limestone, the water’s purpose is to make up for the loss of volume of the reservoir—i.e., the

Lake Limestone structure uses the water it withdraws for make-up purposes.22 The purpose of the

water drawn from a CWIS, including OGSES’s CWIS, on other hand, is to cool the steam at that

plant—i.e., it uses the water it withdraws for cooling purposes.23 And despite RCOLOL’s contention

the contrary, whether the make-up water drawn from Lake Limestone is later used as cooling water

at OGSES does not change the fact that at the point it is withdrawn from Lake Limestone, that water

is used as make-up water, not cooling water. In fact, given that Lake Limestone supplies Twin Oak

Reservoir with the make-up water whether the OGSES plant is operating or not, it would not be

unreasonable to conclude that it may never be used for cooling water.

                RCOLOL suggests that in the context of EPA Phase I rules, “make-up water”

and “cooling water” are synonymous: “the EPA has previously established that ‘make-up water’

       21
          See id. § 125.83 (defining scope of structure as “extend[ing] from the point at which water
is withdrawn from the surface water”) (emphasis added).
       22
          See id. §§ 125.81(a)(2) (describing CWIS in terms of a structure “that uses . . . the water
it withdraws for cooling purposes”), 125.83 (defining cooling water as “water used for contact or
noncontact cooling”) (emphasis added).
       23
            Id. §§ 125.81, .83.

                                                 10
is merely a type of ‘cooling water’ in the [Clean Water Act] § 316(b) context.” In support of this

argument, RCOLOL relies on comments to EPA rule 125.81.24 But again ignoring that Phase I rules

do not apply to existing CWIS facilities like OGSES’s, the Phase I rules distinguish cooling water

from make-up water: “A diagram of the facility’s water balance would be used to identify the

proportion of intake water used for cooling, make-up, and process water.”25 In fact, the Phase I rules

only use the phrase “make-up water” when referring to a “closed-cycle recirculating system,”26 and

the evidence in the record shows that the OGSES structure is not this type of system; rather, it is, as

discussed previously, a “once-through cooling water system.” In a closed-cycle recirculating system,

the only water that is added to the system for cooling purposes is make-up water to account for

evaporative losses, drift, and blowdown from the cooling towers associated with the system. The

make-up water is added directly to the closed system to maintain sufficient cooling water in the

cooling system piping and equipment. That is not how “make-up water” is used at OGSES.

                RCOLOL also argues that TCEQ’s position here—i.e., that make-up water does not

constitute cooling water—is inconsistent with a prior position it advanced before the EPA.

Specifically, RCOLOL relies on the following language in an October 2009 letter from TCEQ to

EPA that, RCOLOL maintains, is TCEQ’s proposed a framework for regulating facilities such

as OGSES:

       24
          See National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System: Regulations Addressing Cooling
Water Intake Structures for New Facilities, 66 Fed. Reg. 65256-01, 65289 (“While reductions in total
intake flow may represent the single most significant improvement for new facilities with cooling
water intake structures, large flows withdrawn for make-up (i.e., to replace evaporative loss and blow
down) can still cause significant impingement and entrainment.”).
       25
            66 Fed. Reg. at 65316.
       26
          40 C.F.R. § 125.83 (explaining that “new source water (make-up water) is added to the
[closed-cycle recirculating] system to replenish losses that have occurred due to blowdown, drift,
and evaporation”).

                                                  11
       Where a facility is located on an industrial impoundment and the external facility
       intake design capacity is greater than or equal to 50 million gallons per day, the
       TCEQ proposes to regulate the external facility as the cooling water intake structure.

RCOLOL contends that this letter reflects a position that water drawn through external sources such

as Lake Limestone is cooling water. But RCOLOL’s argument here is not persuasive. First, TCEQ

does not propose to regulate the Lake Limestone structure, as RCOLOL is asking it to do here,

because that facility’s design capacity is less than 50 million gallons per day.27 Second, TCEQ’s

position did not seek, as RCOLOL’s interpretation would have it do, to regulate two CWIS as

part of a single facility, but only the external facility. Third, EPA rejected this approach when TCEQ

presented it.

                  We would also note that there is support in the record for a determination that

the Lake Limestone pump is not part of the OGSES facility. The EPA rule relating to new

structures defines a cooling-water intake structure as “the total physical structure and any associated

constructed waterways used to withdraw cooling water from waters of the U.S.”28 The evidence

shows that neither the pump nor the pipeline that transports the water to Twin Oak Reservoir are

physically connected to the OGSES structure; in fact, they are eleven miles apart. Nor can a pipeline

be considered an “associated constructed waterway,”29 given that a “waterway” is defined as “a body

       27
          See 69 Fed. Reg. at 41577–78 (excluding from regulation under Clean Water Act section
316(b) those CWIS that withdraw less than 50 million gallons per day).
       28
            See id. § 125.83.
       29
            Id.

                                                  12
of water . . . flowing in a reasonably definite channel with bed and banks”30 and that the EPA rules

distinguish between “waterways” and “pipelines.”31 Likewise, the EPA’s description of the scope

of a CWIS precludes inclusion of the pump at Lake Limestone: “The cooling water intake structure

extends from the point at which the water is withdrawn from the surface water source up to, and

including, the intake pumps.”32 If the pump at Lake Limestone were to be considered a CWIS under

this description, then the structure would end at the intake pump—i.e., before it reached Twin Oak

Reservoir—meaning that it could not also be part of the Twin Oak Reservoir structure.

                  Because the record reasonably supports a determination that water drawn from

Lake Limestone is not cooling water and that the pump at Lake Limestone is not part of the OGSES

CWIS facility, TCEQ’s failure to include a CWIS provision for Lake Limestone in OGSES’s new

permit was not an abuse of its discretion or arbitrary and capricious. Accordingly, we overrule

RCOLOL’s first issue.

       Adequacy of CWIS provisions

                  In its second CWIS-related argument, RCOLOL contends that the new permit

“fails to contain adequately specific requirements related to the operation and maintenance of the

OGSES cooling-water intake structures” and, as a result, its issuance was in violation of TCEQ rules,

arbitrary and capricious, legally erroneous, made through unlawful procedure, and not supported by

substantial evidence. We disagree.

       30
           Black’s Law Dictionary 1825 (10th ed. 2014) (defining “watercourse” and “waterway”
interchangeably); see also id. at 1825–26 (“The term includes not just rivers and creeks, but also
springs, lakes, and marshes in which such flowing streams originate or through which they flow.”).
       31
         See 40 C.F.R. § 63.761 (EPA, Definitions) (in definition of “facility,” distinguishing
between connection by “waterway, power line or pipeline”).
       32
            Id.

                                                 13
               The new permit issued to OGSES includes the following provision particular to the

facility’s cooling-water intake structure:

       18. COOLING WATER INTAKE STRUCTURE REQUIREMENTS: 316(b) of the
       CWA

       The permittee shall continue to operate and maintain the cooling water intake
       structure (CWIS) configuration consistent with the documents, titled Supplemental
       Information for 316(b) Determination and a Cooling Water Intake Technology
       Evaluation for Oak Grove Steam Electric Station, submitted as part of the application
       received on June 25, 2007, in which is included a description of how the facility
       meets Best Technology Available (BTA) for minimizing Adverse Environmental
       Impact (AEI).

       Within six months of permit issuance, the permittee shall submit an Impingement
       Mortality and Entrainment Characterization Study[] to the Water Quality Division.
       If it is later determined that the current CWIS configuration is not representative of
       BTA for minimizing AEI, this permit may be reopened to incorporate additional
       requirements.

The evidence in the record reasonably supports a conclusion that this permit provision is clear and

enforceable. The permit itself requires that Oak Grove operate and maintain the CWIS as set forth

in two particular documents submitted with Oak Grove’s permit application. Those documents, in

turn, describe the intake-structure technology Oak Grove uses and compares that technology to other

technology. In other words, the permit requires Oak Grove to continue operating and maintaining

its CWIS in the manner described in those documents. The general permit conditions in the OGSES

permit also expressly state that the “permit is granted on the basis of the information supplied and

representations made by the permittee during action on an application” and that the “application

pursuant to which the permit has been issued is incorporated herein.” Further, expert witnesses

testified that the provisions were clear and enforceable.

                                                 14
               RCOLOL argues that the two documents referenced in the permit render the permit’s

CWIS provision unclear and unenforceable because the wording in those referenced documents is

descriptive rather than prescriptive. But assuming that characterization is correct, the descriptive

nature of those documents—i.e., explaining what the CWIS is, how it is operated, and its technical

features—became prescriptive when incorporated into the permit. For example, the referenced

document titled Supplemental Information for 316(b) BTA Determination includes the following

description of the OGSES cooling-water intake structure:

       OGSES is a two unit coal-fired facility rated at 1760 MW (total) utilizing a closed-
       cycle recirculation system (a.k.a., once-through cooling water). OGSES has one
       CWIS, located on the southwest shoreline, within a large arm of the waterbody facing
       the main body of the reservoir. The CWIS has six bays, three for each Unit. Each
       of the six operating bays are equipped with one vertical circulating water pump,
       located downstream of the traveling water screens. Each of the six circulating water
       pumps has a rated capacity of 387.7 cfs (170,000 g.p.m.). There is a trash rack at the
       front of each intake which prevents large debris from reaching the traveling water
       screens. The traveling water screens are located about 13 ft downstream of the trash
       racks The screens for each CWIS are 14 ft. wide, are equipped with 3/8 in. square
       mesh. The intake structure is designed for passive fish escape, utilizing both the low
       traveling screen approach velocity and fish openings between the cells on each end.
       The design will allow fish to escape prior to capture on the traveling screens.

Once incorporated into the permit, the above description became a requirement, meaning that any

deviation from that description, like deviation from any other permit requirement, would require a

permit modification or could result in a violation of the permit.

               Relatedly, RCOLOL’s suggestion that a permit may not reference material submitted

with the application is incorrect. TCEQ rules specifically allow incorporation by reference:

“All permit conditions shall be incorporated either expressly or by reference. If incorporated by

                                                 15
reference, a specific citation to the applicable rules or requirements must be given in the permit.”33

In fact, TCEQ rules require that the “provisions of a draft permit . . . shall be based on” documents

in the administrative record, including permittee’s application, “any supporting data furnished by the

applicant,” and “other documents contained in the supporting file for the draft permit.”34

            In addition to the CWIS-specific provision discussed above, the permit generally

provides that “[t]he permittee shall at all times ensure that the facility and all its systems of

collection, treatment, and disposal are properly operated and maintained.” Thus, because the CWIS

is included within these systems, the permit requires Oak Grove to operate and maintain that system

properly. In sum, the record reasonably supports a conclusion that the permit and the documents

it references and incorporates create definite and understandable requirements. Accordingly, we

overrule RCOLOL’s second issue.

TCEQ’s antidegradation regulations

               In its third and fourth issues, RCOLOL complains that TCEQ failed to comply with

its own antidegradation regulations. Specifically, RCOLOL argues that TCEQ (3) used an incorrect

baseline water quality for its antidegradation analysis and (4) unreasonably determined that

the discharge from the OGSES facility would have a de minimis impact on the water quality in the

Twin Oak Reservoir. We will address these contentions in turn, after providing some background

regarding TCEQ’s antidegradation rules.

       33
          30 Tex. Admin. Code § 305.127(6) (TCEQ, Conditions to be Determined for Individual
Permits) (emphasis added).
       34
           Id. § 124.9(a)–(b) (TCEQ, Administrative record for draft permits when EPA is the
permitting authority).

                                                 16
        Antidegradation

                 Antidegradation is concerned with maintaining and protecting surface water that

already meets or exceeds fishable/swimmable quality levels. Thus, Texas’s antidegradation rule

prohibits regulated activities from having any negative impact—i.e., a lowering of water quality—on

surface water regardless of whether that impact meets water-quality criteria and uses.35 Specifically,

Texas’s antidegradation rule, found in the Texas Surface Water Quality Standards,36 affords

three tiers of protection to the water in the state.37 Tier 1 “ensure[s] that water quality is sufficiently

maintained so that existing uses are protected.”38 Tier 2, at issue here, stipulates that regulated

activity will not be allowed if it would “cause degradation of waters that exceed fishable/swimmable

quality” unless “the lowering of the water quality is necessary for important economic or social

development.”39 “Degradation” is defined as “a lowering of water quality by more than a de minimis

extent, but not to the extent that an existing use is impaired.”40 Finally, Tier 3, which is not

implicated here, requires that “[o]utstanding national resource waters”—e.g., waters within national

parks or state parks—“must be maintained and protected.”41

        35
          See 30 Tex. Admin. Code § 307.5 (TCEQ, Antidegradation); see also, e.g., The Principle
of Antidegredation and its Place in Texas Water Quality Permitting, 41 Tex. Envtl. L. J. 1, 2–3
(2010) (providing a more detailed discussion of antidegredation).
        36
             See 30 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 307.1–.10 (TCEQ, Texas Surface Water Quality Standards).
        37
             See id. § 307.5(b).
        38
             Id. § 307.5(c)(2)(A).
        39
             See id. § 307.5(b)(2).
        40
             Id. § 307.5(b)(2)
        41
             See id. § 307.5(b)(3).

                                                    17
                  These antidegradation reviews are performed under a TCEQ-issued document titled

Procedures to Implement the Texas Surface Water Quality Standards, which, stated generally,

explains the procedures TCEQ uses when applying Chapter 307, including the antidegradation

rule, to wastewater discharge permits.42 Regarding a Tier 2 analysis, TCEQ’s Implementation

Procedures provides that the “effect of a proposed discharge is compared to baseline water quality

conditions in order to assess the potential for degradation of water quality.”43 The applicable date

for establishing baseline water quality conditions is November 8, 1975,44 but baseline conditions “are

estimated from existing conditions, as indicated by the latest edition of the Texas Water Quality

Inventory or other available information, unless there is information indicating that degradation

in ambient water quality has occurred in the receiving waters since November 28, 1975.”45 Thus,

stated generally, to determine whether the proposed regulated activity will result in degradation

of water quality, TCEQ rules require a comparison of the baseline water-quality conditions

with the conditions that will exist once the permitted activity begins. If this comparison shows

no change in water quality, a water-quality improvement, or a de minimis—i.e., “trifling” or

“negligible”46—lowering of water quality, the antidegradation policy is not implicated. If, however,

       42
         See Procedures to Implement the Texas Surface Water Quality Standards 63
(Texas Comm’n on Envtl. Quality, Water Quality Division) (Jan. 2012) (commonly referred to as
“Implementation Procedures” or “IPs.”
       43
            Id. at 63.
       44
          Id. (citing 40 C.F.R. § 131.3(e) (“Existing uses are those uses actually attained in the
water body on or after November 28, 1975, whether or not they are included in the water quality
standards.”)).
       45
            Id.
       46
            Black’s Law Dictionary at 524 (defining “de minimis”).

                                                 18
the comparison shows a loss in water quality that is more than de minimis, the activity will not be

allowed absent a showing that the loss is necessary for important economic or social development.47

       Did TCEQ use the proper baseline?

                In its third issue on appeal, RCOLOL contends that TCEQ violated its own rules by

using an improper baseline in conducting its Tier 2 antidegradation analysis of the OGSES permit.

We disagree.

                RCOLOL asserts that TCEQ used as a baseline “the hypothetical water quality

in Twin Oak Reservoir resulting from operation of Oak Grove as authorized without the requested

amendment,” when instead it should have used as a baseline the quality existing in the absence

of any discharge from OGSES. But TCEQ did not use the hypothetical quality that RCOLOL

suggests it did. The record shows that TCEQ and Oak Grove used as a baseline the water quality

of Lake Limestone as it existed in 2007 because, when the permit amendment application was

filed, Twin Oak Reservoir had been built, but had not yet been filled with water. Because OGSES

operations did not begin until 2009, 2007 Lake Limestone water could not have been affected by

discharge from OGSES and, even if operations had begun before that time, Lake Limestone’s water

quality would not have been affected by discharges in a downstream reservoir like Twin Oak

Reservoir. But more to the point, there is substantial evidence in the record that supports TCEQ’s

use of 2007 Lake Limestone water as the baseline for the antidegradation analysis here: there is no

reliable data dating back to 1975 that would establish a 1975 baseline for Twin Oak Reservoir; there

is no data indicating that degradation in ambient water quality has occurred in Twin Oak Reservoir

since 1975; Lake Limestone water is transferred to Twin Oak Reservoir to maintain its water level;

       47
            See 30 Tex. Admin. Code § 307.5(b)(2).

                                                19
and Lake Limestone water could not have been degraded by OGSES’s discharge. In sum, the record

provides reasonable support for TCEQ’s use of 2007 Lake Limestone water as the basis for its

antidegradation comparison. Accordingly, we overrule RCOLOL’s third issue.

       De minimis impact of OGSES’s discharge

               In its fourth and final issue, RCOLOL argues that TCEQ unreasonably classified the

discharge of 1.6 billion gallons per day (g.p.d.) of wastewater and stormwater runoff as having less

than a de minimis impact on water quality. Arguing that this exception must be construed narrowly

against the permitted activity, RCOLOL essentially argues that as a matter of law the discharge of

such a large quantity of wastewater and stormwater cannot have a de minimis effect on the water

quality of the receiving body. Given our standard of review, we must disagree.

               The issue before us is, again, whether there is some basis in the record for the

agency’s decision that the proposed discharge is allowable under Texas’s antidegradation rule.48 We

conclude that the following substantial evidence in the record provides that basis:

•      the 1.6 billion g.p.d. discharge is almost entirely attributable to once-through cooling water;

•      only very small amounts of chlorine are added to the once-through cooling water;

•      no other contaminants are added to the reservoir water;

•      the chlorine that is added is in an amount that is “so tiny that [it] would not be measurable”;

•      the average dilution factor “will typically be greater than 1,517 to 1 (.066%) and TCEQ
       degradation policy cites a 10% use of existing assimilative capacity in a specific containment
       as the de minimis Tier 2 threshold”; and

       48
           See City of El Paso, 883 S.W.2d at 185 (explaining substantial-evidence review); Pend
Orielle, 817 S.W.2d at 41 (same).

                                                 20
•      because the discharge flow rate is so high, any concentration of pollutants in the intermittent
       stormwater discharges “would be essentially not discernable” or not measurable.

              We overrule RCOLOL’s fourth issue.

                                         CONCLUSION

              Having overruled each of RCOLOL’s issues on appeal, we affirm the district court’s

judgment and TCEQ’s decision.

                                              __________________________________________
                                              Bob Pemberton, Justice

Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Pemberton and Rose

Affirmed

Filed: June 6, 2014

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