Court Opinion

ID: 9927862
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-30 15:07:26.080862+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:28:16.234743
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-2635-21

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

ANGEL ALAMO,

     Defendant-Appellant.
_________________________

                   Submitted November 28, 2023 – Decided January 30, 2024

                   Before Judges Whipple and Paganelli.

                   On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                   Division, Camden County, Municipal Appeal No.
                   19-002272.

                   McKoy Law Firm, LLC, attorney for appellant (Tamika
                   T. McKoy, on the brief).

                   Grace C. MacAulay, Camden County Prosecutor,
                   attorney for respondent (Jason Magid, Assistant
                   Prosecutor, of counsel and on the brief).

PER CURIAM
      Defendant Angel Alamo (Alamo) appeals from an April 1, 2022 order of

the Law Division finding him guilty of driving while intoxicated (DWI),

N.J.S.A. 39:4-50, after conducting a de novo review of the record developed in

the municipal court pursuant to Rule 3:23-8. Since we are convinced the Law

Division judge's findings were reasonable and based on sufficient credible

evidence in the record, we affirm.

                                         I.

      The municipal court trial was held on August 17, 2021. There were two

witnesses summoned at trial: (1) arresting Officer, Brick Francis Wilce (Officer

Wilce), on behalf of the State; and (2) Alamo, on his own behalf. The municipal

court judge found Officer Wilce testified "truthfully, accurately and credibly

and had an excellent recollection all the way down to . . . [Alamo's] shoes."

      The municipal court judge found Alamo's testimony contained "severe

deficiencies." She determined his testimony was inconsistent. For example, she

noted Alamo testified Officer Wilce "did not demonstrate a field sobriet y test"

and "then testified immediately thereafter that in fact he did demonstrate it" and

"he testifie[d] that he did not drink. Then, he testified that he does drink . . . ."

Further, she found there was a substantial time gap in Alamo's testimony as to

his whereabouts on the evening of the stop.

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      Ultimately, in this two-witness trial, the municipal court judge determined

"Officer[ Wilce]'s credibility significantly outweighed that of" Alamo.

                                       II.

      In conducting its "trial de novo on the record below," R. 3:23-8(a)(2), the

Law Division judge must make independent "findings of fact and conclusions

of law but defers to the municipal court's credibility findings."         State v.

Robertson, 228 N.J. 138, 147 (2017).

      The Law Division judge gave deference, "although not controlling

deference," to the municipal court's credibility findings. He "determine[ed] the

case completely anew." Nonetheless, he agreed with the municipal court judge's

factual findings that Alamo: "blatantly blew [a] stop sign"; "smelled of an odor

of an alcoholic beverage"; had "slurred speech and bloodshot eyes" and "was

slow to get out of the vehicle"; had a "maximum deviation" on the "horizontal

gauze nystagmus test"; was "swaying"; failed all the "field sobriety tests"; and

admitted to consuming "two Coronas." The Law Division judge found Alamo

guilty of DWI and merged the "stop sign violation" therein.1

1
  Alamo was initially charged with DWI; N.J.S.A. 39:4-96 (reckless driving);
and violating N.J.S.A. 39:4-144 ("Stopping . . . before entering stop . . .
intersection[]"). The municipal court judge found Alamo not guilty of the
reckless driving charge and guilty of DWI and failing to stop at a stop sign.
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                                      III.

      Defendant argues:

            POINT I. LEGAL ARGUMENT (NOT RAISED
            BELOW).    THE LAW DIVISION ERRED IN
            UPHOLDING A CONVICTION SOLELY BASED ON
            SUBJECTIVE    OBSERVATIONS   THAT    IS
            DIRECTLY CONTRADICTED BY OBJECTIVE
            SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE.

            POINT II. THE FAILURE TO PRESERVE VIDEO
            EVIDENCE VIOLATED ALAMO'S 5TH AND 14TH
            AMENDMENT DUE PROCESS RIGHTS AND HIS
            CONSTITUTIONAL [RIGHT] TO A FAIR TRIAL.

            POINT III. THE STATE ELICITED HEARSAY
            TESTIMONY AND VIOLATED [ALAMO'S]
            CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS PURSUANT TO THE
            CONFRONTATION CLAUSE.

      Our standard of review is limited. State v. Clarksburg Inn, 375 N.J. Super.

624, 639 (App. Div. 2005). In such an appeal, we consider only "the action of

the Law Division and not that of the municipal court." State v. Palma, 219 N.J.

584, 591-92 (2014) (quoting State v. Oliveri, 336 N.J. Super. 244, 251 (App.

Div. 2001)). The "standard of review of a de novo verdict after a municipal

court trial is to 'determine whether the findings made could reasonably have

been reached on sufficient credible evidence present in the record,' considering

the proofs as a whole." State v. Ebert, 377 N.J. Super. 1, 8 (App. Div. 2005)

(quoting State v. Johnson, 42 N.J. 146, 162 (1964)).

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      We "do[] not weigh the evidence anew but merely determine[] whether

the evidence supports the judgment of conviction." Johnson, 42 N.J. at 157.

Furthermore, we "defer to trial courts' credibility findings that are often

influenced by matters such as observations of the character and demeanor of

witnesses and common human experience that are not transmitted by the

record." State v. Locurto, 157 N.J. 463, 474 (1999). "[T]he rule of deference is

more compelling where, as in the present case, two . . . courts have [made] . . .

concurrent findings of fact and credibility determinations . . . ." Ibid. Therefore,

appellate review of the factual and credibility findings of the municipal court

and the Law Division "is exceedingly narrow." State v. Reece, 222 N.J. 154,

167 (2015) (quoting Locurto, 157 N.J. at 470).

                                        A.

      Alamo argues "the Law Division judge failed to make his own

independent findings of fact regarding a 0.000% BAC reading."              Further,

defendant argues "[t]he conviction is based solely upon Officer Wilce's

observation . . . [and] [t]he Law Division should have determined the case

completely anew, including weighing the AlcoTest2 0.000% BAC result against

2
  In State v. Chun, 194 N.J. 54, 65 (2008), the New Jersey Supreme Court "found
Alcotest results admissible in drunk-driving cases to establish a defendant's guilt
or innocence for drunk-driving." State v. Cassidy, 235 N.J. 482, 486 (2018).
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                                         5
the subjective observation together with the destruction of the video evidence." 3

We disagree.

      Alamo acknowledges this argument was not raised below.               "[I]t is a

well-settled principle that [we] will decline to consider questions or issues not

properly presented to the trial court when an opportunity for such a presentation

is available unless the questions so raised on appeal go the jurisdiction of the

trial court or concern matters of great public interest." State v. Robinson, 200

N.J. 1, 20 (2009) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). While we are

satisfied there are no questions of jurisdiction or great public interest, we address

two aspects of this argument.

      First, "New Jersey has permitted the use of lay opinion testimony to

establish alcohol intoxication." State v. Amelio, 197 N.J. 207, 214 (2008)

(quoting State v. Bealor, 187 N.J. 574, 585 (2006)). Therefore, we reject

defendant's argument that Officer Wilce's otherwise "evidentially competent lay

observations of the fact of intoxication . . ." alone would be insufficient for a

conviction. Bealor, 187 N.J. at 577.

3
  We consider Alamo's argument regarding the alleged "destruction of the video
evidence" below.
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      Second, our review of the record reveals that neither the State nor

defendant sought the admission of the AlcoTest.             Therefore, defendant's

argument that the Law Division should have included or weighed the AlcoTest

readings in making his independent factual findings is misguided. The Law

Division judge was bound by the "record below" and there is no indication that

either party sought to "supplement" the record. R. 3:23-8(a)(2).

                                         B.

      Alamo argues his Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment due process rights and

his constitutional right to a fair trial were violated by Officer Wilce's "deliberate

action prevent[ing] the recording of the car stop," and when "the State

improperly introduced hearsay testimony before the [m]unicipal [ c]ourt

regarding the AlcoTest unit allegedly malfunctioning on the first attempt."4 We

conclude there is no merit to these arguments.

                                         i.

      Alamo argues "Officer Wilce prejudiced [him] by turning off the overhead

lights and video recording." He alleges Officer Wilce's action was "deliberate

4
    Under the Constitution of the United States: Fifth Amendment: "No person
shall . . . be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law . .
. . " Fourteenth Amendment: "No State . . . shall . . . deprive any person of life,
liberty, or property, without due process of law . . . ."

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                                         7
[and] prevented the recording of the car stop." Alamo avers that Officer Wilce's

actions violated his "[Fifth] and [Fourteenth] Amendment due process rights and

his constitutional [right] to a fair trial." We disagree.

      Officer Wilce testified he "turned on [his] overhead lights to initiate a car

stop" and had the emergency lights off with rear lights on during the field

sobriety test. From this testimony, Alamo speculates that Officer Wilce "knew

or should have known that the patrol car's emergency overhead lights should

have been kept on during the traffic stop and would have automatically recorded

the motor vehicle stop." Alamo argues that Officer Wilce "violated his duty to

preserve evidence and ruined the recording and destroyed exculpatory

evidence."

      Alamo's argument is unavailing because the record is bare, other than the

testimony reviewed herein, regarding the car's lighting and recording

mechanisms or Officer Wilce's knowledge of the car's lighting and recording

mechanisms. Therefore, any suggestion that Office Wilce "deliberately," or in

bad faith, disengaged the purported recording system is without support.

      Moreover, Alamo's assertion that a video would have provided

"exculpatory evidence" is not supported in the record. "Obviously, there was

testimony available from [Officer Wilce] who [gave his] lay opinion with

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                                         8
respect to [Alamo]'s condition and express[ed his] opinion with respect to

whether [Alamo] was under the influence." State v. Gordon, 261 N.J. Super.

462, 465 (App. Div. 1993) (citing State v. Johnson, 42 N.J. 146, 166 (1964)).

There was also testimony available from Alamo. The municipal court and Law

Division judges assessed the witnesses' testimony and found Office Wilce's

testimony more credible. Therefore, Alamo's conjecture that the video would

have provided exculpatory evidence is unfounded.

      In addition, Alamo's suggestion that Officer Wilce "violated [his] duty to

preserve evidence, and ruined the recording and destroyed exculpatory

evidence" is misplaced. First, there was no evidence to "preserve" or "ruin[]"

or "destroy[]" because there was no videotape.        Second, the State had no

affirmative obligation to create a videotape of defendant's failed sobriety test.

Gordon, 261 N.J. Super. at 464-66. "[A] prosecutor is not obligated to create

tangible items of evidence; he [or she] is only required to turn over items 'within

the possession, custody or control of the prosecuting attorney.'" Id. at 465

(citing R. 3:13-3(a)(4), (6) and (8)).

      Therefore, we conclude Alamo's argument that his "[Fifth] and

[Fourteenth] Amendment due process rights and his constitutional [right] to a

fair trial" were violated by the absence of a video is without merit.

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                                         ii.

      Alamo argues "the State improperly introduced hearsay testimony before

the [m]unicpal [c]ourt regarding the AlcoTest unit allegedly malfunctioning on

the first attempt" and therefore violated his "[Fifth] and [Fourteenth]

Amendment due process rights and his constitutional [right] to a fair trial."

We disagree.

      Alamo did not object to the purported hearsay testimony regarding the

administration of the AlcoTest. We note "the principle that hearsay subject to a

well-founded objection is generally evidential if no objection is made." N.J.

Div. of Child Prot. & Perm. v. J.D., 447 N.J. Super. 337, 348-49 (App. Div.

2016) (citing State v. Ingenito, 87 N.J. 204, 224 n.1 (1981) (Schreiber, J.,

concurring)).

      Moreover, in the absence of an objection, we review Officer's Wilce's

testimony for plain error. State v. Trinidad, 241 N.J. 425, 445 (2020). We

consider whether Officer Wilce's testimony was "clearly capable of producing

an unjust result." Ibid. (citing R. 2:10-2). "This is a 'high bar,' requiring

reversal only where the possibility of an injustice is 'real' and 'sufficient to raise

a reasonable doubt as to whether the error led . . . to a result it otherwise might

not have reached.'" Ibid. (quoting State v. Santamaria, 236 N.J. 390, 404

                                                                               A-2635-21
                                         10
(2019), then quoting State v. Macon, 57 N.J. 325, 336 (1971)). We conclude

defendant has not met his burden.

         First, defendant fails to support his assertion that Officer Wilce's

testimony was hearsay. 5 6 Our review of the record reveals that Officer Wilce

did not administer the AlcoTest. 7 However, that does not necessarily lead to the

conclusion that his testimony, as to the "unit allegedly malfunctioning on the

first attempt," was inadmissible hearsay. Moreover, even assuming Officer

Wilce's testimony was hearsay, it may have been admissible under an exception.

See N.J.R.E. 803. Therefore, we are not satisfied Alamo has established an

error.

         Furthermore, assuming, arguendo, Officer Wilce's testimony was

inadmissible hearsay, the record reveals Alamo questioned Officer Wilce, about

5
   Defendant argues "[t]he [Law Division judge] court erred by concluding
testimony about the functions Alco[]Test was hearsay." Our review of the
record fails to reveal that finding.
6
  N.J.R.E. 801(c) defines "[h]earsay . . . [as] a statement that (1) the declarant
does not make while testifying at the current trial . . . and (2) a party offers to
prove the truth of the matter asserted."
7
  Defendant argues the Law Division judge "reasoned that 'a negative inference
might be argued to arise, [from the State's failure to summon the AlcoTest
administrator] suffice it to say that it would be the rare case . . . .'" Our review
of the record fails to reveal any such reasoning.
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                                        11
the Alcotest, in cross and re-cross examination, and mentioned the Alcotest in

his closing argument. The doctrine of invited error "is designed to prevent

defendants from manipulating the system." State v. Jenkins, 178 N.J. 347, 359

(2004). The doctrine "is implicated only when a defendant in some way has led

the court into error." Ibid. "[W]hen there is no evidence that the court in any

way relied on a defendant's position, it cannot be said that a defendant has

manipulated the system." Ibid. At trial, Alamo did not object to the prosecutor's

question about the AlcoTest.     He then questioned Officer Wilce about the

AlcoTest in his cross and re-cross examinations, and mentioned it in his closing

argument. While it is unnecessary for us to reach a conclusion on the doctrine's

application, we conclude Alamo's failure to object, in addition to his use of the

information he now objects to, raises the specter, if there was error, it may have

been invited by him.

      Moreover, we conclude the testimony was not "clearly capable of

producing an unjust result." Trinidad, 241 N.J. at 445 (quoting R. 2:10-2). We

are satisfied the testimony was inconsequential because the AlcoTest results

were not admitted into evidence and the Law Division judge's determination was

based solely on Officer Wilce's observations. The Law Division judge decided

not to "touch the readings."

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                                       12
      Therefore, we are satisfied there was no violation of Alamo's Fifth or

Fourteenth Amendment due process rights or his constitutional right to a fair

trial by Officer Wilce's testimony.

                                        C.

      Alamo argues Officer Wilce's purported hearsay testimony "regarding the

AlcoTest unit allegedly malfunctioning on the first attempt," "violated [his]

constitutional right to confront the witnesses against him." For the reasons we

already discussed, we need not re-address Alamo's hearsay contentions, other

than to note that he has failed to establish Officer' Wilce's testimony was

hearsay.

      "The Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States

Constitution and article I, paragraph 10 of the New Jersey Constitution each

guarantee a criminal defendant 'the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses

against him.'" State v. Berezansky, 386 N.J. Super. 84, 90 (App. Div. 2006).

"[D]efendants exercise their right to confrontation through cross-examination."

Chun, 194 N.J. at 137. Alamo was confronted by Officer Wilce and Officer

Wilce was cross-examined by Alamo's counsel.

      Alamo argues he had a right to be confronted by the AlcoTest operator.

When the State offers an Alcohol Influence Report (AIR) "into evidence to

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                                       13
demonstrate the results of the breath testing," id. at 139, "defendants are entitled

to certain safeguards," id. at 148.8     Therefore, the Court requires "that an

opportunity for cross-examination [be] provided to these defendants through

[the] requirement that the operator of the device might be made available to

testify." Ibid. At trial the State did not offer the AIR into evidence. Therefore,

there was no need for the State to present the AlcoTest operator. We reiterate

that the conviction was based on Officer Wilce's observations.

      Alamo asserts a right to be confronted by the AlcoTest operator, not

Officer Wilce, because "testimony . . . about the functioning of the breathalyzer

machine should have been directed to [a] competent witness who was not

produced by the State." However, "in the event that any defendant perceive[d]

of an irregularity in any of [the trial or discovery] documents that might affect

the proper operation of the device in question, timely issuance of a subpoena

will suffice for purposes of protecting that defendant's rights." Chun, 194 N.J.

8
  In Chun, the Court considered the right to confrontation, in the AlcoTest area,
regarding "three categories of documents . . . (1) the documents evidencing the
qualifications of the operator; (2) the documents evidencing that the machine
was in working order at the time of the test; and (3) the AIR being offered into
evidence to demonstrate the results of the breath testing." Chun, 194 N.J. at
140.

                                                                              A-2635-21
                                        14
at 144 n.47. Therefore, if Alamo sought testimony from the AlcoTest operator,

he had a right to subpoena him—he did not.

      We conclude Alamo's right to confrontation was not violated.

      To the extent we have not addressed any of defendant's remaining

arguments, we conclude they lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a

written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2).

      Affirmed.

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