Court Opinion

ID: 6320692
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-07 10:12:02.662245+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:02:38.182557
License: Public Domain

In the
                Court of Appeals
        Second Appellate District of Texas
                 at Fort Worth
             ___________________________
                  No. 02-21-00099-CV
             ___________________________

CONSTANTINO MEZA, PLUTARCO MEZA, DANIELA MEZA AND
            ALEJANDRA MEZA, Appellants

                            V.

      THE CITY OF FORT WORTH, TEXAS, Appellee

          On Appeal from the 342nd District Court
                  Tarrant County, Texas
              Trial Court No. 342-317204-20

           Before Kerr, Bassel, and Womack, JJ.
           Memorandum Opinion by Justice Kerr
                            MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Appellants Constantino Meza and his children Plutarco Meza, Daniela Meza, and

Alejandra Meza appeal from the trial court’s order granting the motion to dismiss for

lack of jurisdiction filed by Appellee the City of Fort Worth. The Mezas sued the City

after Constantino was injured and his wife Guadencia Meza—Plutarco, Daniela, and

Alejandra’s mother—was killed when a speeding pickup truck struck their vehicle. The

driver of that truck, Luis Young III, had fled a traffic stop and was being pursued by a

City police officer. In three issues, the Mezas argue that the trial court erred by granting

the City’s plea to the jurisdiction because the City’s police officer’s conduct waived

immunity for the claims, the City had the notice required under the Texas Tort Claims

Act (TTCA), and a fact issue exists about whether the pursuit and failure to comply

with police-department policies were a cause of the accident. Because the City did not

have notice of the Mezas’ claims, we affirm.

                                      Background

       In September 2018, Fort Worth Police Officer Benjamin Wright stopped a white

Ford F-150 on Terminal Road after the truck ran a red light. Wright had been following

the truck since it had left a convenience store a few minutes before because he believed

that a woman named Selena Monrreal was a passenger. Monrreal had been reported by

an apartment-complex employee for burglarizing vehicles in the complex’s parking lot,

and information from witnesses led Wright to believe that Monrreal had left the

complex in the truck.

                                             2
       After stopping the truck, Wright approached to speak to its driver. 1 When the

driver opened the door, Wright could smell a marijuana odor coming from inside.

Wright immediately recognized the driver as Young because of Young’s distinctive face

tattoos.2 Wright had recently seen Young’s picture while working on a stolen-and-

recovered-vehicle case in which the vehicle’s owner had blamed Young for the theft.3

When Wright told Young that he recognized him, Young shut the door and drove away.

Wright ran back to his vehicle while radioing dispatch that the truck had fled a traffic

stop, that the truck’s occupants were burglary suspects, and that he thought the driver’s

name was “Luis something”; in the moment, he forgot Young’s last name. Wright did

not convey over the radio that Young was previously known to him. Wright was unable

to follow Young because of traffic, but he saw Young speeding down the wrong side

of Terminal Road and turning southbound onto North Main by driving the wrong way

on a North Main-to-Terminal exit ramp. By the time Wright reached North Main, he

had lost sight of the truck.

       Meanwhile, Fort Worth Police Sergeant Martin Chazarreta was nearby, driving

southbound on North Main, when he heard Wright’s radio call about the fleeing truck.

      Police later determined that the truck was stolen, but Wright did not have that
       1

information at the time of the stop.

       Young’s nickname was “Baby Joker.”
       2

       Fort Worth police also suspected Young of burglarizing a shed.
       3

                                           3
Chazarreta almost immediately saw a white Ford F-150 speed on Terminal toward

North Main and then turn onto North Main by driving the wrong way on the exit ramp.

The truck continued driving southbound on North Main at a high speed. After

Chazarreta radioed dispatch that he had the truck in sight and that the truck had three

people in it, he heard Wright state that one of the occupants was possibly a burglary

suspect. Chazarreta did not follow up with Wright to ask if Wright knew more about

Young’s identity or how to find him later. But because of Young’s driving and

Chazarreta’s assumption that “burglary suspect” meant a felony-burglary suspect, 4

Chazarreta decided that the need to stop Young outweighed any risks posed by a

pursuit. Accordingly, he turned on his lights and siren and tried to catch up to the truck,

which was driving at speeds over 90 mph. Young ran another red light, which

Chazarreta slowed down to proceed through. Chazarreta remained one to two blocks

behind the truck and never managed to close the distance between them; by the time

Chazarreta went through the intersection at 28th Street—several blocks away from

Exchange Avenue, where Young would ultimately crash—the truck “was pulling away”

from him.

      Not all burglaries are felonies. For example, burglary of a vehicle is a Class A
       4

misdemeanor. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 30.04.

                                            4
      The pursuit did not last long, ending after approximately 1.8 miles and

72 seconds,5 when Young reached the Exchange Avenue intersection and rear-ended

the Mezas’ Jeep, which was stopped there at a red light. The crash injured Constantino

Meza and killed Guadencia Meza. During the pursuit, Chazarreta drove at an average

speed of 91 mph 6; the pursuit began on a part of North Main with a 40-mph speed

limit, and the area where the crash occurred—a tourist area—had a 30-mph limit.

      At the time of the pursuit, the department’s general orders, which contain

department policies and procedures, stated that a vehicle pursuit was justified “when a

suspect exhibits the intent to avoid apprehension by refusing to stop when properly

directed to do so” or if the officer reasonably believed “that the suspect, if allowed to

flee, would present a danger to human life or cause serious injury.” An officer was not

to begin any pursuit that would “create a greater harm to innocent bystanders or

property than is warranted.” In deciding whether to pursue a vehicle, an officer needed

to consider “[p]opulation density,” “vehicle and pedestrian traffic,” the “[s]eriousness

of the offense,” the “[p]resence of other persons in the suspect’s vehicle,” and

“[w]hether or not the offender’s identity is known.” Officers were required to end the

      5
        Driving down North Main, Young and Chazaretta passed the cross-streets of
38th Street, 37th Street, 36th Street, 35th Street, 34th Street, Long Avenue, 32nd Street,
31st Street, 30th Street, 29th Street, 28th Street, 27th Street, Stockyards Boulevard, and
25th Street before reaching Exchange.
      6
       The Mezas’ expert calculated that at times Chazaretta was driving over 100 mph.

                                            5
pursuit if the suspect’s vehicle began driving against traffic or “if the suspect’s identity

ha[d] been determined and apprehension at a later date [wa]s feasible.”

       After the incident, the department approved revisions to the pursuit policy.

Under the policy before the incident and as revised, a supervisor must write an

administrative pursuit report after any vehicle pursuit and forward that report to the

chain of command for review. In this case, the chain-of-command officers who

reviewed the report determined that the pursuit complied with department policy.

Then-Deputy Chief (now Assistant Chief) Robert Alldredge Jr. further concluded that

the crash would have happened even if Chazarreta had terminated the pursuit at 28th

Street.7

       The Mezas sued Young and the City in June 2020 asserting that the defendants’

negligence had caused the crash and the Mezas’ resulting injuries. The Mezas further

alleged that they had complied with any TTCA presuit claim-notification requirements

and that the City had actual notice of the Mezas’ claims. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.

Code Ann. § 101.101(a), (c), 101.021. The City moved to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction

asserting, among other grounds, that the City had no statutory or actual notice of the

Mezas’ claims as required by TTCA Section 101.101.

      Alldredge did not explain why he mentioned 28th Street specifically, but it is
       7

around that intersection that the speed limit reduces to 30 mph.

                                             6
       The Mezas filed a response but did not produce any evidence that they had

provided the City with the formal statutory notice required by TTCA Section

101.101(a). See id. Instead, the Mezas argued that the police department’s crash

investigation gave the City actual notice under Section 101.101(c). The trial court

granted the City’s motion and dismissed the Mezas’ claims against the City with

prejudice, and the Mezas now appeal. See id. § 51.014(a)(8) (allowing interlocutory appeal

from ruling on plea to jurisdiction); Kosoco, Inc. v. Metro. Transit Auth. of Harris Cnty.,

No. 01-14-00515-CV, 2015 WL 4966880, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug.

20, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (noting that a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction is

the functional equivalent of a plea to jurisdiction).

                                    Standard of Review

       We review a ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction de novo. Univ. of Tex. M.D.

Anderson Cancer Ctr. v. McKenzie, 578 S.W.3d 506, 512 (Tex. 2019). “A jurisdictional plea

may challenge the pleadings, the existence of jurisdictional facts, or both.” Alamo Heights

I.S.D. v. Clark, 544 S.W.3d 755, 770 (Tex. 2018). In reviewing a jurisdictional plea

challenging the pleadings, we determine if the plaintiff has alleged facts affirmatively

demonstrating subject-matter jurisdiction. Id. If, on the other hand, the plea challenges

the existence of jurisdictional facts, we consider evidence as necessary to resolve the

jurisdictional issues. Id. If the evidence raises a jurisdictional fact issue that is intertwined

with the merits, the trial court cannot grant the plea. Worsdale v. City of Killeen, 578 S.W.3d

57, 66 (Tex. 2019). In determining whether a fact issue exists, we must take as true all

                                               7
evidence favorable to the plaintiff, indulging every reasonable inference and resolving

any doubts in the plaintiff’s favor. Clark, 544 S.W.3d at 771. “In doing so, however, we

cannot disregard evidence necessary to show context, and we cannot disregard evidence

and inferences unfavorable to the plaintiff if reasonable jurors could not.” Id.

                                      Discussion

       The Mezas’ motion-to-dismiss response relied on the immunity waiver in TTCA

Section 101.021. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.021. Accordingly, the

Mezas had to satisfy Section 101.101’s notice requirement. The Mezas assert in their

second issue that the trial court erred by granting the City’s plea to the jurisdiction

because the City did have the required notice. We focus on this issue, which is

dispositive.

I. TTCA’s Notice Requirement

       To maintain a claim against a governmental unit 8 under the TTCA, the claimant

must first provide the unit with notice of the claim, and that notice must be given “not

later than six months after the day that the incident giving rise to the claim occurred.”

Id. § 101.101(a); Reyes v. Jefferson Cnty., 601 S.W.3d 795, 798 (Tex. 2020). This formal

notice must reasonably describe the incident in question, the time and place of its

occurrence, and the resulting damage or injury. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.

      The City is a governmental unit under the TTCA. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.
       8

Code Ann. § 101.001(3).

                                            8
§ 101.101(a). But no formal notice is required if the government “has actual notice that

death has occurred, that the claimant has received some injury, or that the claimant’s

property has been damaged.” Id. § 101.101(c).

       When a person provides formal notice, the government learns that it is or may

be responsible for the person’s injury or property damage and that it might have to

defend against a claim arising from that injury or damage. Id. § 101.101(a). Having this

information allows the government to gather information in order to guard against

unfounded claims, to settle claims, and, if necessary, to prepare for trial. Worsdale,

578 S.W.3d at 63 (citing Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1995)). It further

enables the government to protect the public by correcting any condition or policy that

contributed to the incident. Id. at 59. For the government to have actual notice under

Subsection (c), it must have that same knowledge that it would have had if the plaintiff

had provided formal notice under Subsection (a): the basic details about the incident

and knowledge of the government’s alleged fault, in the same manner as ultimately

alleged by the plaintiff, in producing or contributing to the incident. Id. at 63–64; City of

San Antonio v. Tenorio, 543 S.W.3d 772, 776 (Tex. 2018). And, as with formal notice, it

must develop that knowledge within six months of the incident. Reyes, 601 S.W.3d at

796 (citing Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.101).

       “Fault” in this circumstance means responsibility for the claimed injury, but it is

not synonymous with legal liability. Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. at Dall. v. Est. of Arancibia

ex rel. Vasquez-Arancibia, 324 S.W.3d 544, 550 (Tex. 2010). So, for example, when a

                                              9
government hospital concluded that its employee doctor did not breach the standard

of care and was therefore not negligent in providing medical care to a patient, but it

also recognized that the doctor’s providing that care resulted in the patient’s death, the

government had sufficient awareness of fault regarding the death. Id.; see Worsdale,

578 S.W.3d at 68, 70 (stating that “[t]he critical inquiry is the governmental unit’s actual

anticipation of an alleged claim rather than subjective confirmation of its actual liability”

and that actual notice thus requires information sufficient to “alert the governmental

unit to something impending”); Reyes, 601 S.W.3d at 798 (“The actual-notice standard

does not require proof that the County believed it was liable.” (cleaned up)). “Whether a

governmental unit has actual notice is a fact question when the evidence is disputed,

but it is a question of law when the evidence is undisputed.” Tenorio, 543 S.W.3d at 776.

       A court will not conclude that the government knew that it was at fault or knew

that the plaintiff believed it to be—knowledge that courts refer to as having subjective

awareness of fault—from evidence that shows only that the government knew that the

incident had occurred. “Many governmental units may, in the ordinary course of events,

have knowledge of injuries but no warning—‘notice’—that a lawsuit might eventually

be filed alleging the governmental unit was responsible in some way, shape, or form.”

City of Dallas v. Mazzaro, No. 05-20-00103-CV, 2020 WL 6866570, at *5 (Tex. App.—

Dallas Nov. 23, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.) (cleaned up) (quoting Worsdale, 578 S.W.3d

at 72). Nor is subjective awareness shown with evidence that the government

investigated the incident and uncovered information that, to an outside observer,

                                             10
indicates that the government was at fault: “It is not enough that a governmental unit

should have investigated an incident as a prudent person would have, or that it did

investigate, perhaps as part of routine safety procedures, or that it should have known

from the investigation it conducted that it might have been at fault.” Tex. Dep’t of Crim.

Just. v. Simons, 140 S.W.3d 338, 347–48 (Tex. 2004). That is, “the proper inquiry is not

whether the City should have made the connection between [the plaintiff’s] injury and

[the City’s] responsibility as alleged, but whether the City made the connection or had

knowledge that the connection had been made.” City of Houston v. Miller, No. 01-19-

00450-CV, 2019 WL 7341666, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 31, 2019, no

pet.) (mem. op.) (quoting Worsdale, 578 S.W.3d at 66). If the government does not have

that specific knowledge, the government does not have subjective awareness of fault

and therefore does not have actual notice to satisfy Section 101.101(c). See Ortegren v.

City of Denton, No. 2-05-177-CV, 2006 WL 495387, at *5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar.

2, 2006, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (holding no actual notice of plaintiff’s claim that drop-

off next to road had caused car accident despite county official’s investigating accident

and concluding that drop-off was a hazard that should be ameliorated because evidence

showed that investigator did not believe drop-off caused the accident).

      Examples of when the government “made the connection or had knowledge that

the connection had been made” are seen in Reyes and Worsdale. In Reyes, Reyes’s

attorney’s correspondence with the county’s claims administrator provided the basic

details about an incident—what incident occurred on what date, who was involved, and

                                           11
that injury resulted—and expressed the attorney’s desire to work with the administrator

toward “a quick and amicable resolution of this claim.” Reyes, 601 S.W.3d at 796. The

administrator then acknowledged, investigated, and denied Reyes’s claim. Id. at 798. The

county had all the information to which it would have been entitled from formal notice,

including the fact that Reyes was claiming that the county was at fault in the manner he

later alleged in his lawsuit. Id.

       Similarly, in Worsdale, the city’s own investigation gave it the same knowledge

that formal notice would have imparted. Worsdale involved a suit alleging that a city

road’s conditions had caused a motorcycle accident that resulted in two deaths.

578 S.W.3d at 60. The jurisdictional evidence showed that within days of the accident,

the city had investigated, concluded that road conditions had contributed to the

accident, and—crucially—determined that the road’s maintenance had been the city’s

responsibility. Id. at 66–67. Accordingly, from the city’s investigation, it knew that its

own failure to maintain the road had contributed to the motorcyclists’ deaths. Id. at 59.

       As these two cases demonstrate, when the government has subjective knowledge

of its fault in the same manner alleged by the plaintiff—either because the plaintiff had

made an allegation of fault against the government within the requisite time frame or

because the government itself recognized its fault—formal notice is superfluous. See,

e.g., Arancibia, 324 S.W.3d at 550.

                                           12
II. The Mezas’ Allegation of Fault

           The City produced affidavit evidence that it had not received formal notice of

the Mezas’ claims until it received the petition more than 21 months after the incident,

and the Mezas presented no evidence to dispute this fact. Consequently, the trial court

has jurisdiction over the Mezas’ suit only if the City learned on its own of its potential

fault. 9

           We conduct our actual-notice analysis by first discerning what the Mezas alleged

the City’s fault to be in causing the crash and then considering whether the jurisdictional

evidence indicates that the City knew it was potentially at fault in the manner alleged by

the Mezas. The Mezas’ claims against the City are all based on the premise that the crash

occurred, at least in part, because Chazarreta initiated and continued the pursuit. First,

they alleged that the crash would not have occurred but for Young’s and Chazarreta’s

reckless driving. Then—because regardless of how he was driving, Chazarreta did not

actually hit the Mezas’ Jeep and was still several blocks from the intersection at the time

of the crash—they linked his driving to the crash by pleading that his pursuit had caused

Young to drive recklessly toward their vehicle. They specifically alleged that Young

       Because “[n]otice can be imputed to the City by an agent or representative who
           9

has a duty to gather facts and investigate,” we assume for this opinion that if the police-
department officers who reviewed the pursuit or investigated the crash had sufficient
awareness of fault, so too did the City. See City of Houston v. McGowen, No. 14-13-00415-
CV, 2014 WL 2039856, at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 15, 2014, no pet.)
(mem. op.).

                                              13
“was not a danger to society at large until he fled the scene of the traffic stop and was

chased into a crowded tourist destination by [Chazarreta] at ridiculously high speeds

(approaching 100 mph).” They further contended that because Wright knew Young’s

identity, Chazarreta violated the department’s policy by not terminating the pursuit.

And they pleaded that the City “was also negligent for failing to implement and enforce

proper policies and procedures for high-speed pursuit and failing to properly train and

supervise its officers in connection with such chases.”

      Based on these allegations, we look to the record to see if the City knew that

Chazarreta’s pursuing Young potentially put it at fault for the crash. We consider the

relevant documents attached to the City’s dismissal motion, including affidavits from

Chazarreta, Wright, and Alldredge, as well as the police department’s vehicle-pursuit

report regarding the incident. We also consider the Mezas’ response evidence, which

included the police department’s crash report; an incident-detail report; the

department’s pursuit policies at the time of the incident and as later revised; deposition

testimony from Wright, Chazarreta, and Alldredge; and an expert affidavit.

III. The Relevant Evidence

      In Alldredge’s affidavit, he stated, “Neither I, nor any other officer down my

chain of command, ever believed—or indicated to me a belief—that any member of

the Fort Worth Police Department did something wrong with regard to the pursuit of

Luis Young III or that the Department might in any way have been at fault for Young’s

collision.” In his deposition, Alldredge acknowledged that when the pursuit occurred,

                                           14
the department’s pursuit policy stated that whether the offender’s identity is known is

a factor an officer must consider in deciding whether to start a pursuit and that “[a]

pursuit shall be terminated if the suspect’s identity has been determined and

apprehension at a later date is feasible.” Alldredge acknowledged that Wright had failed

to communicate to Chazarreta that he knew Young’s full name and identity. But

Alldredge also stated that he believed the pursuit might have happened even if Wright

had done so because of how Young was driving. Chazarreta’s deposition testimony

supported Alldredge’s opinion: he stated that although his decision to pursue Young

might have been different if he had known that Wright knew Young’s identity, he could

not say one way or the other. He further explained, “But I was also concerned of the

speed [that Young] was going. He’s now a danger to everybody on the road. . . . I just

wanted him to stop.”

      The pursuit report contained the findings of Alldredge, Commander Pedro

Criado, and other chain-of-command officers. Each officer in the chain of command

determined that the pursuit was justified and within the department’s policy. Criado

stated that he agreed with the others that the pursuit was “lawful and within the realms

of our pursuit policy,” but he believed “that this is a good opportunity to debrief the

short pursuit, our current pursuit policy as well as quickly evolving incidents with all

personnel.” Other than that, he “recommend[ed] no further action.” In response to

another officer’s comments, he further stated that although the pursuit was “lawful”

with “no violations noted,” he had met with Chazarreta “on at least three different

                                          15
occasions to check on his well being and to discuss the pros and cons to continuing or

terminating pursuits in the future.” Criado explained that he told Chazarreta to “always

weigh the risk involved when making a determination on continuing pursuits and if

unsure of details to terminate the pursuit in the future. Also, Captain Krouse was

instructed to meet with all current Sergeants/Lt’s in order to discuss the same.” He then

concluded, “I recommend no further action.”

      Alldredge concurred, stating that “this pursuit was within our policies and

procedures.” He further stated, “One thing that stood out to me during this review is

that I believe the outcome would have been the same even if Sergeant Chazarreta would

have discontinued the pursuit at 28th Street” given that Young’s truck “was travelling

at a very high rate of speed and had no intention of slowing down even though there

was 1.5-2 block distance between the suspect and police vehicle.” He nevertheless

concurred with the other reviewers about “the additional training and meetings the

chain of command had not only with Sergeant Chazarreta but with all supervisors. . . .

Besides the above listed corrective actions, I recommend no further action for this

incident.” Sergeant Gomez, who wrote the report that was forwarded to the chain of

command, stated that because the pursuit was over so quickly, not knowing who the

people were, or what crimes had just been committed “coupled with the stress and

adrenaline dumps that Sergeant Chazaretta was experiencing because he was the lead

unit,” he did not believe that Chazaretta had sufficient time to decide whether the

pursuit should be terminated.

                                           16
       The incident-detail report provided the incident location, identified which

officers arrived at the scene and when, and described the incident’s “problem” as a

“traffic violation.” The report included some comments from officers who responded

to the scene, including one who described smelling alcohol on Young’s breath and

person.

       In April 2019, the police chief approved revisions to the general orders governing

vehicle pursuits. Not all changed sections were implicated by the pursuit in this case.

Of relevance to the Mezas’ arguments on appeal, the policy now states that a traffic

violation does not justify a pursuit, and neither does suspicion that a vehicle is stolen.

To the section stating that a pursuit must end if the suspect’s identity has been

determined and later apprehension is feasible was added the parenthetical “(i.e., license

plate has a valid return).”10 The revised version still states that a pursuit may be justified

“if the officer reasonably believes that the suspect, if allowed to flee, would present a

danger to human life or cause serious injury.”

       In his deposition, Alldredge discounted the idea that the crash prompted the

policy change. He said the change did not go into effect until October 2019 and opined

       Even in that case, however, a pursuit could be authorized if the person being
       10

pursued is fleeing from a violent felony.

                                             17
that the change would have become effective sooner if the crash had been its impetus.11

He further explained that he had been a part of revising the policy and that the

department had been discussing updating the policy even before the pursuit happened.

      The Mezas’ expert pointed out that Chazarreta’s pursuit decision was based on

assumptions rather than facts and that he never bothered to confirm whether his

assumptions were correct. The expert opined that Chazaretta’s actions in initiating and

continuing the pursuit and in driving as he did in a 30-mph zone were so unreasonable

and dangerous that no reasonable police officer would have taken them.

IV. Insufficient Evidence of Notice

      The City’s awareness that the crash happened during a police pursuit is not

enough to show subjective awareness. See Tenorio, 543 S.W.3d at 778. The Mezas argue,

however, that the evidence shows more than that; they argue that the evidence at least

raises a fact issue about whether the City was aware that the pursuit should not have

occurred. We disagree, but even if the evidence did raise a fact issue about whether the

pursuit was against policy, that alone is not enough to show that the City knew it was

at fault in the manner the Mezas alleged. To show actual notice, the evidence must raise

a fact issue about whether the City was aware that the pursuit was at least part of what

      11
          The revision was approved by the police chief on April 24, 2019 and states that
it “shall be effective immediately,” but Alldredge was not asked about the discrepancy
between that language and his testimony that it went into effect in October.

                                           18
led Young—the person whose vehicle actually struck the Mezas’ Jeep—to drive in the

manner and direction that he did. The evidence does not raise such a fact issue.

       Even before the traffic stop, Young showed his willingness to disregard traffic

laws when he ran a red light. Then, to flee Wright’s stop, he drove on the wrong side

of the road, drove the wrong way on an exit ramp to turn onto North Main, and then

began speeding down North Main—in the direction of the North Main–Exchange

intersection at which he would hit the Mezas’ Jeep—all before Chazaretta’s pursuit even

began. Young’s driving was, in fact, partially why Chazaretta pursued him. There is no

evidence to show that the City believed that Young would have stopped speeding and

violating traffic laws or would have driven in a different direction if the pursuit had not

been initiated or had been terminated earlier. Although the Mezas argue that the pursuit

report “demonstrates a subjective understanding that the [department]’s conduct

related to this crash could subject the City to liability,” the report does not reflect such

an understanding. The only related evidence is Alldredge’s stated belief that Young “had

no intention of slowing down” and that if the pursuit had terminated at 28th Street, the

crash still would have happened.12 Thus, to the extent that the chain of command even

       12
         Our opinion should not be construed as holding that a plaintiff can never show
actual notice when the governmental unit has included in an investigation report a self-
serving statement absolving it of fault. Other jurisdictional evidence may show that the
governmental unit actually knew about its potential responsibility and thereby create a
fact issue on the question. But the record here simply does not show the City had the
requisite knowledge.

                                            19
considered the City’s fault in the crash, Alldredge concluded that the pursuit was not a

cause. We therefore cannot say that the pursuit report raises a fact issue about whether

the City had subjective awareness that, as the Mezas alleged in their petition, the crash

occurred because of the pursuit. If the police department’s chain of command secretly

concluded that the pursuit violated policies and that the pursuit contributed to the

accident, nothing in the record reveals that fact.

      The Mezas contend, however, that the pursuit report shows subjective awareness

through the use of the phrase “corrective actions” to describe the recommendation that

personnel be reminded about the department’s policy on pursuits. The Mezas direct us

to (a) the report sections in which Criado wrote that he “believe[d] this is a good

opportunity to debrief the short pursuit, our current pursuit policy as well as quickly

evolving incidents with all personnel,” that he met with Chazarreta and apprised him

“to always weigh the risk involved when making a determination on continuing pursuits

and if unsure of details to terminate the pursuit in the future,” and that he instructed

another officer “to meet with all current Sergeants/Lts in order to discuss the same”;

and to (b) Alldredge’s statement in the report that he “agree[d] with the additional

training and meetings the chain of command had not only with Sergeant Chazarreta,

but with all supervisors in the Division,” that “Supervisors must always weigh the risk

versus reward, know the population density of specific areas and vehicular/pedestrian

traffic in the area,” and that, “[b]esides the above listed corrective actions, [he]

recommend[ed] no further actions for this incident.” The Mezas assert that “[t]hese

                                            20
comments, all written within 2 months of the Crash, indicate the City’s intention to take

‘corrective actions’ after and because of this pursuit and crash.” In other words, the

Mezas interpret the “corrective actions” wording to mean that Criado and Alldredge

had concluded that Chazarreta’s pursuit was a policy violation for which corrective

action had to be taken. They further argue that “[t]he purpose of the [notice] statute—

to enable governmental units to gather information—was fulfilled,” and that the City

therefore received the notice to which it was entitled, because although “the existence

of the investigation by itself is not necessarily dispositive of notice, the conclusion that

the involved officer needed remedial or refresher training indicates potential

responsibility on behalf of the governmental unit that can and often does create a fact

issue of actual notice.”

       But what these report sections do not show is the City’s awareness that it was

the pursuit that caused Young to drive recklessly toward the Mesas’ Jeep. 13 Nothing in

the report shows an awareness that the pursuit contributed to the crash, even if the

pursuit did violate policy.14 See Town of Highland Park v. McCullers, No. 05-19-01431-CV,

        To the extent the Mezas’ petition can be read to allege that Chazarreta’s high-
       13

speed driving contributed to the accident regardless of whether the pursuit had any
effect on Young’s driving, there is no evidence that the City believed it was at fault in
that manner.
       14
         Further, we do not agree that the phrase “corrective actions” or the chain of
command’s recommendation that officers be reminded of the pursuit policy indicates
a finding that the pursuit violated policy. Those statements must be read in context with
the rest of Criado’s and Alldredge’s conclusions, including their express determination

                                            21
2021 WL 2766390, at *9 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 29, 2021, no pet.) (noting that the

town made no statements attributing a police officer’s death or injuries to the town’s

conduct or omission). Although in another case it might be obvious that a pursuit

prompted a suspect’s reckless driving, that is not the case here, given Young’s

prepursuit driving.

      Regarding the Mezas’ argument that the pursuit actually did violate department

policy regardless of what the department believed—essentially arguing that the

department should have known that the pursuit was wrongful—even if the Mezas are

correct, the evidence still does not show subjective awareness. What a governmental

unit should have known is not the proper inquiry for actual notice. Worsdale, 578 S.W.3d

at 63–64.

      The Mezas also rely on the fact that the pursuit policy changed after the incident.

The Mezas are correct that subsequent remedial measures can be evidence of subjective

awareness. See id. at 68; see also City of El Paso v. Lopez, 594 S.W.3d 715, 720–21 (Tex.

App.—El Paso 2019, no pet.) (holding that, in a case in which the city investigated,

determined that road conditions were contributing factors to the incident, and then

remediated the hazardous road conditions, the city’s remediating actions demonstrated

that the pursuit did not violate the policy. The general tone of the report reflects
Alldredge’s affidavit statement that his using the phrase “corrective actions” “should
not be construed to indicate a belief or even a suspicion that Sergeant Chazarreta did
anything wrong or that the decisions or actions of any Department personnel were
somehow at fault for the traffic accident that ultimately occurred.”

                                           22
an actual anticipation of the appellee’s claim). The Mezas also point out that the

department’s incident-detail report describes the incident “problem” as a “traffic

violation” and that under the revised pursuit policy, pursuits are not authorized for

traffic violations alone.

       But the policy change here does not show that the department believed that the

pursuit was wrongful or that it contributed to the crash. The evidence regarding

Chazarreta’s motivation in pursuing Young was that he believed that Young was a

burglary suspect and that Young’s driving not only violated traffic laws but constituted

a danger to the public, and thus Chazarreta’s pursuit would not have violated a policy

that prohibited pursuits based solely on traffic violations. In other words, as with the

other record evidence, the policy change is not enough to show subjective awareness

of fault, even if the evidence suggests that the department should have concluded that the

pursuit violated policy or contributed to the accident. See Doe v. City of Dallas, No. 05-

18-00771-CV, 2019 WL 2559755, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 21, 2019, pet. denied)

(mem. op.) (“Whether the cumulative evidence at least implies the City was responsible

for the injury is not [the] inquiry we make.”).

       The Mezas also argue that the City “ignores the fact that their own police

investigation concluded that ‘fleeing or evading arrest’ was one of the factors that

caused the accident.” The Mezas cite the crash report’s statement that Young had been

charged with “evading arrest/detention causing death.” We disagree that this report

statement indicates that the department found that a wrongful pursuit by Chazarreta

                                            23
was a cause of the crash. Young undisputedly sped and violated traffic laws to evade

arrest or detention by Wright, but nothing shows that the department believed that

Young was driving as he did down North Main because Chazarreta was pursuing him15

in violation of department policy.

      In summary, we do not determine whether it was reasonable for the City to

conclude that the pursuit did not violate policy, and neither do we determine whether

the evidence supports a belief that Young would not have driven the way he did without

the pursuit. Instead, the relevant inquiry is whether the City either had information that

led it to believe that a pursuit that violated department policy was potentially the cause,

or at least a cause, of Young’s driving or knew that the Mezas believed that to be the

case, such that the City could anticipate the Mezas’ filing suit. The only evidence in the

record about the City’s belief on that point was that the department had concluded that

the pursuit was within policy guidelines and that Alldredge believed that the pursuit did

not cause Young to drive recklessly into the Exchange intersection. No evidence

suggests that the City had subjective awareness that the pursuit contributed to Young’s

      15
        The only evidence explicitly mentioning whether Young even knew that he was
being pursued was Chazarreta’s deposition testimony in which he agreed that he did
not know what would have happened if he had backed off earlier in the pursuit but
then stated that he did not know if Young “knew [he] was behind him [because he] was
so far back. . . . And [Young] may have been running just to run.”

                                            24
decision to drive as he did or to the crash.16 See Tenorio, 543 S.W.3d at 778 (“[N]othing

in the crash report, witness statements, or case report indicate, either expressly or

impliedly, that the [police department] subjectively believed its officers acted in error

by initiating or continuing the pursuit such that they were in some manner responsible

for the injuries.”); Ortegren, 2006 WL 495387, at *5 (holding that the subjective-

knowledge standard was not met regardless of whether the government’s investigator

should have reached a different conclusion about the cause of the incident).

Consequently, the record does not raise a fact issue about whether the City had

subjective awareness of fault and therefore does not raise a fact issue about whether the

City had actual notice.

       Because the City did not have formal or actual notice of the Mezas’ claims, the

trial court did not have jurisdiction over the claims. We overrule the Mezas’ second

issue. Because the second issue is dispositive, we do not reach their remaining issues.

                                      Conclusion

       Having overruled the Mezas’ second issue, which is dispositive, we affirm the

trial court’s dismissal order.

       16
          Actual notice does not require the government to unconditionally confess fault.
Arancibia, 324 S.W.3d at 550. Thus, determining that the City had actual notice here
would not require the City to have expressly admitted that the pursuit was wrongful
and was the cause of Young’s dangerous driving and of the crash. But there must be
some indication in the record that the City had determined that it was at least potentially
at fault. We do not have any evidence of that here.

                                            25
                                /s/ Elizabeth Kerr
                                Elizabeth Kerr
                                Justice

Delivered: March 3, 2022

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