Court Opinion

ID: 2757142
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-12-03 19:08:35.031905+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:24:58.516926
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                             MAR 08 2012
                                                          SUSAN M SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                            U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 1
 2
 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )       BAP No. NC-11-1426-DHSa
                                   )
 6   SWIFT INSTRUMENTS, INC.,      )       Bk. No. 06-50896-CN
                                   )
 7             Debtor.             )       Adv. No. 09-5335-CN
     ______________________________)
 8                                 )
     CAROLYN WU, Chapter 7 Trustee,)
 9                                 )
               Appellant,          )
10                                 )
     v.                            )       M E M O R A N D U M1
11                                 )
     STEPHEN H. SWIFT TRUST; ANNE )
12   H. SWIFT; STEPHEN H. SWIFT;   )
     SAMUEL H. SWIFT; QTIP TRUST #2)
13   OF HUMPHREY H. SWIFT TRUST - )
     1966 U/I DATED AUGUST 1, 1966,)
14                                 )
               Appellees.          )
15   ______________________________)
16                       Submitted on January 19, 2012
                          at San Francisco, California
17
                             Filed - March 8, 2012
18
                 Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
19                   for the Northern District of California
20            Honorable Charles Novak, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
21
     Appearances:   Kevin W. Coleman of Schnader Harrison Segal & Lewis
22                  LLP for Appellant Carol Wu; Marcia Gerston of Trepel
                    Greenfield Sullivan & Draa, LLP for Appellee QTIP
23
24        1
               This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
25   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may have
     (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value. See 9th
26   Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1.

                                       1
 1                     Trust #2 of Humphrey H. Swift Trust, 1966 U/I Dated
                       August 1, 1966; and Dennison Gallaudet, Trustee of
 2                     the Stephen H. Swift Trust, pro se.
 3
     Before:    DUNN, HOLLOWELL, and SALTZMAN,2 Bankruptcy Judges.
 4
 5            On the record submitted to the Panel, we AFFIRM the bankruptcy
 6   court’s summary judgment determination that certain claims are not
 7   subject to subordination pursuant to § 510(b).3
 8                                   I.   FACTS
 9        By agreement dated June 19, 1952 (“1952 Stock Restriction
10   Agreement”), Swift and Anderson, Inc., predecessor in interest to
11   Swift Instruments, Inc. (“Debtor”), agreed to repurchase and pay for
12   all the stock held by stockholders Stephen H. Swift (“Stephen”) and
13   Humphrey H. Swift (“Humphrey”) upon their deaths.    The terms of
14   repayment were to be “one-fifth of the purchase price in cash and
15   [the Debtor’s] promissory note or notes for four-fifths of the
16   purchase price payable in four equal annual installments with
17   interest at five per cent upon the unpaid balance. . . .”       By an
18   amendment (“1993 Amendment”) to the 1952 Stock Restriction
19   Agreement, dated June 25, 1993, the terms of repayment were changed
20   to provide that one-twelfth of the purchase price was payable in
21
          2
22             Hon. Deborah J. Saltzman, United States Bankruptcy Judge
     for the Central District of California, sitting by designation.
23
          3
               Unless otherwise specified, all chapter and section
24
     references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
25   all “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
     Procedure, Rules 1001-9037. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
26   are referred to as “Civil Rules.”

                                          2
 1   cash, with the eleven-twelfths balance to be paid by the Debtor’s
 2   promissory note or notes in eleven equal installments with simple
 3   interest at five percent on the unpaid balance.   The 1993 Amendment
 4   stated that the 1952 Stock Restriction Agreement was “still in
 5   effect solely with respect to [Stephen].”4   The 1993 Amendment was
 6   acknowledged and agreed to by the Stephen H. Swift and Caroline H.
 7   Swift Settlement Trust dated March 17, 1969 (“Divorce Settlement
 8   Trust”), and by the beneficiaries under the Divorce Settlement
 9   Trust:   Stephen Hyde Swift, Anne Hathaway Swift and Samuel Hyde
10   Swift.   As relevant to this appeal, the Divorce Settlement Trust was
11   funded by some of Stephen’s shares in the Debtor.
12        Stephen died in 1997.   Under his will, the 1000 Debtor shares
13   Stephen still owned personally were transferred to the Stephen H.
14   Swift Trust (“SHS Trust”).   At the time of Stephen’s death the stock
15   was valued at $100.65 per share.   In accordance with the 1952 Stock
16   Restriction Agreement and the 1993 Amendment, the Debtor was
17   obligated to repurchase the SHS Trust’s shares for a total purchase
18   price of $110,650.   One-twelfth of that amount was paid in cash, and
19   the Debtor issued a promissory note dated December 1, 1997 for the
20   $101,429.13 balance.5
21
22        4
               Notwithstanding this statement, Humphrey still was living
23   and remained a party to the 1952 Stock Restriction Agreement.

24        5
               At the time of Stephen’s death, Stephen Hyde Swift, Anne
     Hathaway Swift and Samuel Hyde Swift each received individual
25   promissory notes for their respective interests attributable to
26   Stephen’s stock owned by the Divorce Settlement Trust. Stephen Hyde
     Swift, Anne Hathaway Swift and Samuel Hyde Swift although named as
     appellees did not participate in this appeal.

                                        3
 1        After Stephen’s death, Humphrey and the remaining shareholders
 2   of the Debtor executed an “Amended and Restated Stock Restriction
 3   Agreement” dated October 12, 1999 (“1999 Restated Agreement”).6
 4   Substantial changes were made to the terms for required repurchase
 5   and payment for Humphrey’s stock upon his death.
 6        Humphrey died on January 20, 2002.   Upon his death, his estate
 7   sold his shares7 to the Debtor in accordance with the 1999 Amended
 8   and Restated Agreement.   The Debtor made a partial payment of
 9   $788,560.44 to Humphrey’s estate, using proceeds from a life
10   insurance policy bought for that purpose.8   The Debtor then executed
11   two promissory notes, payable to Humphrey’s estate for the balance
12   of the repurchase price for his shares.   The first note, dated
13
          6
14             Paragraph 14 of the 1999 Restated Agreement recited that
     prior stockholder agreements, including the 1952 Stock Restriction
15   Agreement and other agreements dated October 10, 1960 and April 28,
     1975, previously were rescinded and cancelled. The 1999 Restated
16   Agreement purported to amend and restate the agreement dated
17   September 15, 1977 between the Debtor and certain shareholders
     regarding the transfer of stock. Only the 1952 Stock Restriction
18   Agreement is included in the record on appeal.

19        7
               Excluded from Humphrey’s shares subject to repurchase by
     the Debtor were shares that Humphrey left to his daughter, Alison,
20   who succeeded to Humphrey’s position as Chief Executive Officer of
21   the Debtor upon his death.
          8
22             The 1999 Restated Agreement required the Debtor, upon the
     death of Humphrey, to use the entire proceeds of the “key man” life
23   insurance policy on Humphrey to redeem in cash all stock held by
     shareholder Harold Mercer. Any remaining proceeds were to be used
24
     to purchase Humphrey’s stock. As a result, Humphrey’s estate
25   received a cash payment equivalent to 25% of the value of Humphrey’s
     stock at the time of his death, rather than the one-twelfth cash
26   payment otherwise contemplated.

                                       4
 1   June 24, 2002, was in the amount of $1,635,551.21; the second note,
 2   dated March 13, 2003, was in the amount of $337,238.68.   These notes
 3   were consolidated into a single note dated April 15, 2003, in the
 4   amount of $2,012,749.89, made payable to the QTIP Trust #2 of The
 5   Humphey H. Swift Trust - 1966 u/I, dated August 1, 1966 (“HHS
 6   Trust”), based upon an assignment, also dated April 15, 2003.
 7         As early as October 2002, the Debtor began negotiations with
 8   the holders of the promissory notes representing the unpaid balances
 9   for the repurchase of Stephen and Humphrey’s shares to alter their
10   terms.   Between 1998 and 2002, Debtor’s overall sales declined by
11   27% with no corresponding decline in its operating expenses.     By
12   letter dated November 29, 2002, the Debtor advised Humphrey’s estate
13   that it would be unable to make the payments due in June 2003 on the
14   outstanding promissory notes without creating an “emergency
15   liquidation situation.”   In March 2003, the Debtor proposed to
16   convert 75% of the outstanding balances on the promissory notes due
17   Humphrey’s estate to equity.   Instead, the parties agreed to
18   restructure the obligation reflected in the note, now payable to the
19   HHS Trust, by deferring principal payments for approximately four
20   years.   In exchange for the deferral, the HHS Trust was given a
21   warrant for 10% of the amount of the Debtor’s current outstanding
22   stock at a $1.00 per share exercise price.   To effectuate the
23   restructuring, the Debtor executed a Restated Promissory Note
24   payable to the HHS Trust, dated January 31, 2004, in the amount of
25   ///
26   ///

                                       5
 1   $2,177,402.87.9
 2        The Debtor made the quarterly interest only payments on the
 3   restated promissory notes to Stephen Hyde Swift, Anne Hathaway
 4   Swift, Samuel Hyde Swift, and the HHS Trust through the payment due
 5   September 2005.
 6        On May 24, 2006, the Debtor filed a voluntary chapter 11
 7   petition.   The following claims were filed based upon the promissory
 8   notes for Debtor’s repurchase of Stephen and Humphrey’s stock:
 9   -    Claim No. 25, filed by Anne Hathaway Swift, asserting a general
10   unsecured claim in the amount of $299,020.19.
11   -    Claim No. 29, filed by the SHS Trust, asserting a general
12   unsecured claim in the amount of $80,336.63.
13   -    Claim No. 39, filed by Stephen Hyde Swift, asserting a general
14   unsecured claim in the amount of $234,746.90.
15   -    Claim No. 49, filed by Samuel Hyde Swift, asserting a general
16   unsecured claim in the amount of $226,407.09.
17   -    Claim No. 31, filed by the HHS Trust, asserting a general
18
          9
19             The record on appeal suggests that with respect to the
     promissory notes relating to the repurchase of Stephen’s stock, the
20   promissory notes held by Stephen Hyde Swift, Anne Hathaway Swift and
21   Samuel Hyde Swift also were restructured on January 31, 2004, but
     not the promissory note held by the SHS Trust. See (1) allegations
22   in the complaint (paragraphs 15-17, 23 and 29), (2) the answers
     filed by the SHS Trust, by Stephen Hyde Swift, and by Samuel Hyde
23   Swift (if Anne Hathaway Swift filed an answer to the complaint, it
     is not included in the record on appeal), and (3) SHS Trust’s
24
     memorandum in support of its motion for summary judgment (“The SHS
25   Trust was not asked to participate and did not participate in this
     exchange [for a restated promissory note] and holds no warrants to
26   purchase stock of the Debtor.”).

                                       6
 1   unsecured claim in the amount of $2,265,095.53.
 2        The bankruptcy court entered an order converting the case to
 3   chapter 7 on November 28, 2007, and Carol Wu was appointed the
 4   chapter 7 trustee (“Trustee”).   On December 16, 2009, the Trustee
 5   filed her complaint pursuant to § 510(b) of the Bankruptcy Code,
 6   seeking to subordinate the claims represented by the promissory
 7   notes to claims of general unsecured creditors.10   In their answers
 8   to the complaint, all defendants asserted that the Trustee was not
 9   entitled to equitable subordination of their claims pursuant to
10   § 510(b) because not only were they not, nor had they ever been,
11   equity owners and/or shareholders of the Debtor, but the Stock
12   Repurchase Agreement by its terms precluded them from being
13   shareholders.
14        The Trustee, the SHS Trust and the HHS Trust all filed cross-
15   motions for summary judgment.    None of the summary judgment motions
16   are in the record on appeal.    The only pleadings filed in connection
17   with the summary judgment motions included in the record before the
18
          10
19             The Trustee’s claim for relief for avoidance of transfers
     (the quarterly interest payments in the year before the Debtor filed
20   its bankruptcy petition) against Stephen Hyde Swift, Anne Hathaway
21   Swift, Samuel Hyde Swift, and the HHS Trust, were dismissed as
     untimely pursuant to § 546. No appeal was taken from that
22   determination of the bankruptcy court.
               The Trustee also sought to disallow the claims of Stephen
23   Hyde Swift, Anne Hathaway Swift, Samuel Hyde Swift, and the HHS
     Trust on the basis that they failed to return the alleged
24
     preferential transfers. The bankruptcy court did not grant summary
25   judgment on this claim for relief. However, the Trustee has
     stipulated to the dismissal of this claim for relief as to all
26   defendants.

                                        7
 1   Panel are:   the memorandum of the SHS Trust in support of its motion
 2   for summary judgment, the identical declarations of Preston H.
 3   Saunders filed (1) September 3, 2010 in support of HHS Trust’s
 4   motion for summary judgment and (2) October 10, 2010 in opposition
 5   to the Trustee’s motion for summary judgment, and the identical
 6   declarations of Alison C. Swift filed (1) September 3, 2010 in
 7   support of HHS Trust’s motion for summary judgment and
 8   (2) October 10, 2010 in opposition to the Trustee’s motion for
 9   summary judgment.
10        On December 14, 2010, the bankruptcy court entered its
11   Memorandum Decision and Order Granting Motion for Summary Judgment
12   (“Memorandum Decision”), stating that all parties have agreed that
13   no questions of fact exist regarding the Trustee’s § 510(b) claim
14   for relief, and that “this court’s sole task is to interpret that
15   code section and apply it to the undisputed facts.”   Holding that
16   § 510(b) is “aimed at equity interests attempting to elevate their
17   claim,” the bankruptcy court ruled that, in light of the mandate in
18   the 1952 Stock Restriction Agreement that the Debtor repurchase
19   Stephen and Humphrey’s shares upon their deaths, the defendants were
20   seeking only to enforce their debt instruments, i.e. the promissory
21   notes, and were not asserting claims that relied on or were tied to
22   the value of the Debtor’s stock, or to recharacterize a securities
23   or equity claim as debt.   On July 25, 2011, the bankruptcy court
24   entered judgment in favor of the defendants on the Trustee’s
25   § 510(b) claim for relief, and the Trustee timely appealed.
26

                                       8
 1                                II.    JURISDICTION
 2        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334
 3   and 157(b)(2)(A) and (O).     We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
 4   § 158.
 5                                      III.   ISSUE
 6        Whether the bankruptcy court erred when it ruled that the
 7   claims of the SHS Trust, Stephen Hyde Swift, Anne Hathaway Swift,
 8   Samuel Hyde Swift, and the HHS Trust were not subject to
 9   subordination under § 510(b).
10                          IV.    STANDARDS OF REVIEW
11        We review de novo a decision to grant summary judgment.              See
12   FTC v. Stefanchik, 559 F.3d 924, 927 (9th Cir. 2009).            De novo
13   review requires that we view the case from the same position as the
14   bankruptcy court.   See Lawrence v. Dep’t of Interior, 525 F.3d 916,
15   920 (9th Cir. 2008).   In our review of the grant of a motion for
16   summary judgment, we are governed by the same standard used by the
17   bankruptcy court under Civil Rule 56(c), applicable in the adversary
18   proceeding pursuant to Rule 7056.             See Suzuki Motor Corp. v.
19   Consumers Union, Inc., 330 F.3d 1110, 1131 (9th Cir.), cert. denied,
20   540 U.S. 983 (2003).   Summary judgment may be appropriate when a
21   mixed question of fact and law involves undisputed underlying facts.
22   See EEOC v. UPS, 424 F.3d 1060, 1068 (9th Cir. 2005).
23        We also review de novo the bankruptcy court’s interpretation of
24   a statute, including provisions of the Bankruptcy Code.            See Beeman
25   v. TDI Managed Care Svcs., 449 F.3d 1035, 1038 (9th Cir. 2006).
26

                                               9
 1                               V.   DISCUSSION
 2        At the outset, we note the difficulty imposed on us by the
 3   Trustee’s failure to provide a complete record of what was presented
 4   to the bankruptcy court.   Although “[c]omprehensive briefs were
 5   filed and an extended oral argument took place”11 before the
 6   bankruptcy court, the only summary judgment pleadings we have in the
 7   record before us are (1) the memorandum filed by the SHS Trust in
 8   response to the Trustee’s motion for summary judgment, and (2) two
 9   declarations, without the referenced exhibits attached, that were
10   filed in support of HHS Trust’s position in opposition to the
11   Trustee’s motion for summary judgment and in support of its own.      We
12   have no transcript of the “extended oral argument” on the cross-
13   motions for summary judgment.    The Trustee’s failure to provide a
14   complete record of material pleadings and documents, as well as the
15   hearing transcript, in itself constitutes a basis to dismiss this
16   appeal or summarily affirm the bankruptcy court’s decisions.    See
17   Kyle v. Dye (In re Kyle), 317 B.R. 390, 393 (9th Cir. BAP 2004);
18   Ehrenberg v. Cal. State Univ., Fullerton Found. (In re Beachport
19   Entm’t), 396 F.3d 1087-88 (9th Cir. 2005) (When the inadequacy of
20   the record provided to the Panel affords little choice but to
21   summarily affirm, we may do so.).
22        The problem created by the lack of record manifests itself, in
23   part, in this way:   “Ordinarily, we do not consider arguments that
24   were neither raised nor addressed before the bankruptcy court.”
25
          11
26             HHS Trust’s Opening Brief on Appeal at p. 6.

                                         10
 1   Charlie Y., Inc. v. Carey (In re Carey), 446 B.R. 384, 393 (9th Cir.
 2   BAP 2011), citing Cooper Indus., Inc. v. Aviall Servs., Inc., 543
 3   U.S. 168-69 (2004).    Because we do not have before us any memorandum
 4   the Trustee may have filed either in support of her own motion for
 5   summary judgment or in opposition to the cross motion filed by the
 6   HHS Trust or the transcript of the argument on the cross motions, we
 7   do not know what arguments included in the Trustee’s Opening Brief
 8   on Appeal (“Trustee’s Opening Brief”) were presented to the
 9   bankruptcy court.
10         The Trustee makes three arguments in this appeal.    First, the
11   bankruptcy court erred in its interpretation and application of the
12   Ninth Circuit’s decision in In re Betacom of Phoenix, 240 F.3d 823
13   (9th Cir. 2001), which the Trustee characterizes as “[t]he
14   controlling law in this Circuit regarding the possible subordination
15   of promissory notes arising from a sale of securities.”     Trustee’s
16   Opening Brief at pp. 11-12.    Second, the Trustee asserts that the
17   assignment of the claims subject to subordination does not alter the
18   Betacom analysis.     Id. at pp. 16-19.   Third, although she concedes
19   that the bankruptcy court correctly identified the policy underlying
20   § 510(b), the Trustee contends that the bankruptcy court erred when
21   it focused on the form of the claim rather than analyzing the risk
22   represented by the claim.    Because the bankruptcy court’s Memorandum
23   Decision contains no discussion of the legal effect of assignment,
24   we presume the argument was not raised by the Trustee and therefore
25   ///
26   ///

                                         11
 1   conclude that the Trustee waived that argument on appeal.12
 2        We therefore limit our de novo review to the bankruptcy court’s
 3   interpretation and application of § 510(b).
 4        Section 510(b) provides:
 5        For the purpose of distribution under this title, a claim
          arising from rescission of a purchase or sale of a
 6        security of the debtor or of an affiliate of the debtor,
          for damages arising from the purchase or sale of such a
 7        security, or for reimbursement or contribution allowed
          under section 502 on account of such a claim, shall be
 8        subordinated to all claims or interests that are senior to
          or equal the claim or interest represented by such
 9        security except that if such security is common stock,
          such claim has the same priority as common stock.
10
11        The principal cases in this circuit with respect to § 510(b)
12   are Betacom and American Wagering.13   In Betacom, the Ninth Circuit
13   ruled that a claim for damages for breach of a merger agreement was
14   properly subordinated under § 510(b) where the alleged breach was
15   the corporation’s failure to convey shares of stock.   In reaching
16   that decision, the Ninth Circuit suggested that assessing the
17   application of § 510(b) to any claim requires an analysis of “the
18   two main rationales for mandatory subordination: 1) the dissimilar
19
20        12
               In any event, it appears that the issue of assignment is
21   irrelevant in the bankruptcy court’s analysis. The bankruptcy court
     points out that, “No one contests that the notes result from the
22   Stock Restriction Agreement purchases.” Memorandum Decision at p. 6
     n.7. The bankruptcy court also states that the defendants, “and
23   their predecessors in interest,” i.e., Stephen and Humphrey’s
24   respective estates which last held actual stock, “removed themselves
     as equity holders when the company issued the promissory notes.”
25   Id. at 8:6-7.
          13
26             In re Am. Wagering, Inc., 493 F.3d 1067 (9th Cir. 2007).

                                      12
 1   risk and return expectations of shareholders and creditors; and
 2   2) the reliance of creditors on the equity cushion provided by
 3   shareholder investment.”   See, generally, Betacom, 240 F.3d at
 4   828-30.
 5        American Wagering concerned a claim based upon a judgment debt
 6   held by a financial advisor who had performed services relating to
 7   the initial public offering of the stock of debtor’s predecessor-in-
 8   interest.   Under his employment agreement, the financial advisor was
 9   to be paid $150,000 cash plus “4.5 percent of the final evaluation
10   in the form of . . . common stock.”    Overruling this Panel’s
11   decision (326 B.R. 449 (9th Cir. BAP 2005)), the Ninth Circuit
12   determined that the financial advisor’s claim was not subject to
13   subordination under § 510(b), because he never contracted to hold
14   shares of stock, only to receive compensation measured against the
15   value of stock.   He therefore never undertook the risks of a
16   shareholder.
17        The Trustee asserts on appeal that under Ninth Circuit
18   precedent, the claims of the SHS Trust, Stephen Hyde Swift, Anne
19   Hathaway Swift, Samuel Hyde Swift, and the HHS Trust are subject to
20   “mandatory” subordination to the claims of the Debtor’s general
21   unsecured creditors pursuant to § 510(b).   The Trustee cites Betacom
22   for the proposition that claims based on fixed payment promissory
23   notes must be subordinated under § 510(b) if they were “linked to”
24   the stock repurchase.   The Trustee contends that § 510(b) is to be
25   read “broadly” to include claims in which “there exists some nexus
26   or causal relationship between the claim and the purchase of the

                                       13
 1   securities. . . .”    Am. Wagering, 493 F.3d at 1072.
 2         In granting summary judgment against the Trustee, the
 3   bankruptcy court recognized that for purposes of § 510(b), the
 4   Debtor’s repurchase of Stephen and Humphrey’s stock constituted
 5   purchases of the Debtor’s securities.    Memorandum Decision at 5:26-
 6   27.   The bankruptcy court further recognized that contract claims
 7   and even claims by persons or entities who are not and never were
 8   shareholders of the debtor are subject to § 510(b) subordination.
 9   Id. at 5:27-6:2.     See also Betacom, 240 F.3d at 829 (“There is
10   nothing . . . to suggest that Congress’s concern with creditor
11   expectations and equitable risk allocation was limited to cases of
12   debtor fraud.”), and (“Nothing in § 510(b)’s text requires a
13   subordinated claimant to be a shareholder.”).    Finally, the
14   bankruptcy court agreed that § 510(b) was to be interpreted broadly.
15   Memorandum Decision at 6:6-8.    However, the bankruptcy court further
16   stated that the critical question it had to decide for purposes of
17   § 510(b) was whether the claims for damages for breach of contract,
18   i.e., for Debtor’s failure to pay the notes, “arose” from the
19   Debtor’s repurchase of Stephen and Humphrey’s stock.
20         The bankruptcy court rejected the Trustee’s assertion that
21   Betacom and American Wagering required the application of a “but
22   for” analysis, a mere nexus between the claim and the repurchase of
23   stock.   The bankruptcy court interpreted American Wagering as
24   requiring not simply that § 510(b) be interpreted broadly as the
25   Trustee suggested, but rather that it be interpreted broadly “to
26   give effect to the statute’s remedial goals.”    Id. at 6:6-7, citing

                                         14
 1   Am. Wagering, 493 F.3d at 1072.     The bankruptcy court thus rejected
 2   a mandatory application of § 510(b) in the absence of a
 3   determination that subordinating the claims satisfied the purposes
 4   of § 510(b).   Id. at 6:23-7:4, citing In re JTS Corp., 305 B.R. 529,
 5   545 (Bankr. N.D. Cal. 2003).
 6        We agree with the bankruptcy court that it is not appropriate
 7   to adopt a rule that all claims based on stock redemption notes must
 8   be subordinated.   The language of § 510(b) is not sufficiently clear
 9   to impose such a rule.     The Tenth Circuit provides a good analysis
10   both of the policies behind the addition of § 510(b) to the
11   Bankruptcy Code and of the ambiguity of the language of § 510(b).
12   See Allen v. Geneva Steel Co. (In re Geneva Steel Co.), 281 F.3d
13   1173 (10th Cir. 2002).14
14
          14
15             In enacting § 510(b), Congress adopted the position
     articulated in “an influential article written by law professors
16   John Slain and Homer Kripke. See John Slain & Homer Kripke, The
     Interface Between Securities Regulation and Bankruptcy-Allocating
17   the Risk of Illegal Securities Issuance Between Security Holders and
18   the Issuer's Creditors, 48 N.Y.U. L.Rev. 261 (1973).” Geneva Steel,
     281 F.3d at 1176.
19
          Slain and Kripke criticized the favorable treatment that
20        bankruptcy courts were extending to shareholder fraud
21        claims. Their argument rested on the bargain and reliance
          interests formed by creditors and equity-holders. They
22        pointed out that allowing equity-holders to become
          effectively creditors-by treating these two classes as
23        though they were one-gives investors the best of both
          worlds: a claim to the upside in the event the company
24
          prospers and participation with creditors if it fails. It
25        also dilutes the capital reserves available to repay
          general creditors, who rely on investment equity for
26                                                         (continued...)

                                         15
 1         In Betacom, the Ninth Circuit remanded two claims based on
 2   promissory notes to the bankruptcy court, with direction that the
 3   promissory note claims should be subordinated along with the claim
 4   for breach of the merger agreement, “[i]f the note claims are linked
 5   to the Merger Agreement.”   Betacom, 240 F.3d at 832.   Thus
 6   “[although Betacom indicates that promissory note claims can be
 7   subject to mandatory subordination under appropriate circumstances,
 8   it does not describe what type of circumstances justify
 9   subordination.”   JTS Corp., 305 B.R. at 546.   We therefore find no
10   error in the bankruptcy court’s determination that it was required
11   to decide whether subordinating the claims would satisfy the
12   purposes of § 510(b).15
13
14         14
            (...continued)
15         satisfaction of their claims. Giving shareholder claims
           the same priority as creditor claims, reasoned Slain and
16         Kripke, eliminates this safety cushion.
17
     Id.
18         15
               This approach is similar to that enunciated by the First
19   Circuit in the context of equitable subordination under § 510(c).
     Noting the Supreme Court has stated that “‘categorical reordering of
20   priorities that takes the place at the legislative level of
21   consideration is beyond the scope of judicial authority’ with
     respect to equitable subordination under section 510(c),” the First
22   Circuit rejected the “rule” that all claims based on stock
     redemption notes must be subordinated. Merrimac Paper Co., Inc. v.
23   Harrison (In re Merrimac Paper Co., Inc.), 420 F.3d 53, 62 (1st Cir.
     2005) (quoting U.S. v. Reorganized CF & I Fabricators of Utah, Inc.,
24
     518 U.S. 213, 229 (1996)). Instead, a court sitting in equity must
25   consider whether subordinating a particular claim would be fair
     based on the totality of the circumstances in the individual case.
26   Merrimac, 420 F.3d at 63.

                                       16
 1          Section 510 of the Bankruptcy Code is an integral part of
            the scheme established in subchapter I of chapter 5 of the
 2          Bankruptcy Code. That subchapter, consisting of sections
            501 through section 510, seeks to establish a fair
 3          allocation of estate assets among the many types of
            claimants in a liquidation or reorganization case.
 4          Subordination of a claim alters the otherwise applicable
            priority of that claim so that the subordinated claimant
 5          receives a distribution only after the claims of other
            identified creditors have been satisfied.
 6
 7   4 COLLIER ON BANKRUPTCY ¶ 510.01, at p. 510-3 (Alan N. Resnick &
 8   Henry J. Sommer, eds., 16th ed. 2011).
 9          As the Ninth Circuit explained in American Wagering, § 510(b)
10   “serves to effectuate one of the general principles of corporate and
11   bankruptcy law:    that creditors are entitled to be paid ahead of
12   shareholders in the distribution of corporate assets.”    Am.
13   Wagering, 493 F.3d at 1071.    Betacom directs that we look to the
14   origin of the promissory notes on which the claims are based to
15   determine whether they should be subordinated.    Betacom, 240 F.3d at
16   832.    However, merely because the debt represented in the promissory
17   notes is from the repurchase of Stephen and Humphrey’s stock does
18   not automatically mean that it is subject to subordination.     See
19   4 COLLIER ON BANKRUPTCY ¶ 510.04[6] at pp. 510-15-16.
20          Generally, state law governs the rights and status of the
21   claims of holders of promissory notes based on repurchased stock vis
22   a vis other unsecured creditors of the corporation.    See Butner v.
23   U.S., 440 U.S. 48 (1979).
24          Property interests are created and defined by state law.
            Unless some federal interest requires a different result,
25          there is no reason why such interests should be analyzed
            differently simply because an interested party is involved
26          in a bankruptcy proceeding. Uniform treatment of property

                                        17
 1        interests by both state and federal courts within a State
          serves to reduce uncertainty, to discourage forum
 2        shopping, and to prevent a party from receiving "a
          windfall merely by reason of the happenstance of
 3        bankruptcy." Lewis v. Manufacturers Nat’l Bank, 364 U.S.
          603, 609 . . . .
 4
 5   Id. at 55.
 6        The 1952 Stock Restriction Agreement, the 1993 Amendment, and
 7   the 1999 Restated Agreement all were executed in Massachusetts.
 8   Although only the 1999 Restated Agreement contains a choice of law
 9   provision (“[t]his agreement shall be construed under and governed
10   by the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts”), each version of
11   the agreement to repurchase the shares of Stephen and/or Humphrey
12   upon his death is governed by Massachusetts law.   Each of the notes
13   payable to the HHS Trust contains the following language: “The
14   execution, delivery and performance of this Note shall be governed
15   by and construed in accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth of
16   Massachusetts.”16
17        Under Massachusetts law, the effect on a corporation from a
18   distribution to a shareholder which occurs by repurchase of a
19   corporation’s shares is measured by the earlier of (I) the date the
20   debt was incurred by the corporation, or (ii) the date the
21   shareholder ceased to be a shareholder with respect to the
22   repurchase.   Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 156D, § 6.40(e)(1).   Further, a
23   corporation’s indebtedness to a shareholder created through a
24
25        16
               The promissory notes issued in connection with the
26   repurchase of Stephen’s stock are not in the record on appeal.

                                       18
 1   distribution (repurchase of shares) is at parity with the
 2   corporation’s indebtedness to its general, unsecured creditors
 3   except to the extent subordinated by agreement.   Id. at § 6.40(f).
 4   However,
 5        No distribution may be made by a corporation which is a
          going concern if, after giving it effect,
 6        (1) the corporation would not be able to pay its existing
          and reasonably foreseeable debts, liabilities and
 7        obligations, whether or not liquidated, matured, asserted
          or contingent, as they become due in the usual course of
 8        business. . . .
 9   Id. at 6.40(c).
10        Thus, outside of bankruptcy, the promissory notes were simply
11   debt instruments entitled to be paid on the same basis as the
12   Debtor’s other unsecured creditors in the absence of an evidentiary
13   record as to the Debtor’s solvency or insolvency during the relevant
14   time periods.17   The question we must address is whether § 510(b)
15   requires a different outcome once the Debtor corporation is in
16   bankruptcy.   In doing so, we evaluate the claims in light of the two
17   main reasons for § 510(b) subordination identified in Betacom:   the
18
          17
19             While the record before us, particularly the
     correspondence from the Debtor to Humphrey’s estate explaining that
20   insolvency was imminent unless the terms of payment for the
21   repurchased stock was restructured, suggests that the repurchase of
     Humphrey’s shares may have been in violation of Mass. Gen. Laws ch.
22   156D § 6.40(c), the Trustee made no effort to impose subordination
     on that basis, certainly not based on the record before us.
23   Accordingly, we assume for purposes of our review that the notes
     issued to the HHS Trust are valid.
24
          In contrast, in its summary judgment memorandum, the SHS Trust
25   alleged that the equity cushion for the Debtor at the time the notes
     for the repurchase of Stephen’s shares were issued was 2.9 times the
26   amount of the debt incurred through the repurchase.

                                       19
 1   dissimilar risk and return expectations of shareholders and
 2   creditors, and the reliance of creditors on the equity cushion
 3   provided by shareholder investment.
 4        Under Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 156D, § 6.40(e)(1), any right of
 5   Stephen to be a shareholder ended in 1997, when the Debtor issued
 6   the notes for the repurchase of Stephen’s stock.   Thus, as to the
 7   notes issued in 1997 to the SHS Trust, Stephen Hyde Swift, Anne
 8   Hathaway Swift and Samuel Hyde Swift, those parties held the risks
 9   and return expectations of creditors based only upon the terms of
10   the notes they held.   In addition, the bankruptcy court
11   affirmatively found that the Trustee presented no evidence that
12   creditors had relied upon equity created by Stephen’s stock in
13   deciding whether to extend credit to the Debtor.
14        Under Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 156D, § 6.40(e)(1), any right of
15   Humphrey to be a shareholder ended in 2003, when the Debtor issued
16   the notes for the repurchase of the then remaining shares of
17   Humphrey’s stock.   Thus, as to the notes issued in 2002 and 2003 to
18   the HHS Trust, it held the risks and return expectations of a
19   creditor based only upon the terms of the notes it held.   In
20   addition, the bankruptcy court affirmatively found that the Trustee
21   presented no evidence that creditors had relied upon equity created
22   by Humphrey’s stock in deciding whether to extend credit to the
23   Debtor.
24        The Trustee contends that the fact that the claimants (except
25   for the SHS Trust) held stock warrants issued in connection with the
26   Debtor’s issuance of the restated promissory notes in January 2004

                                       20
 1   changes the analysis.    We disagree.      Black’s Law Dictionary defines
 2   a stock warrant as a “[c]ertificate[] entitling the owner to buy a
 3   specified amount of stock at a specified time(s) for a specified
 4   price.”    Holding a stock warrant is not the equivalent of holding
 5   stock.    In the January 2004 renegotiation of the notes, the Debtor
 6   issued stock warrants to Stephen Hyde Swift, Anne Hathaway Swift,
 7   Samuel Hyde Swift, and the HHS Trust.       None of those stock warrants
 8   ever was exercised.    Further, no claim for the value of any stock or
 9   stock warrants that might fall within the ambit of § 510(b) was ever
10   filed.    The mere existence of the stock warrants does not taint the
11   claims based upon the promissory notes at issue in this appeal.
12   Most importantly, § 101(49)(B)(iv) specifically excludes warrants
13   from the definition of “security” for purposes of the Bankruptcy
14   Code.
15           Summary judgment is appropriate where there is no genuine issue
16   of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
17   matter of law.    Civil Rule 56(c).    The parties agreed that no
18   questions of fact existed with respect to the Trustee’s claim for
19   § 510(b) subordination of the claims of the SHS Trust, Stephen Hyde
20   Swift, Anne Hathaway Swift, Samuel Hyde Swift, and the HHS Trust.
21   We have analyzed the claims under the standards set forth in Betacom
22   and American Wagering, and we reach the same conclusion as did the
23   bankruptcy court.    The Trustee is not entitled to a judgment
24   subordinating, pursuant to § 510(b), the Appellees’ claims to the
25   claims of other general unsecured creditors.
26

                                           21
 1                             VI.   CONCLUSION
 2        We AFFIRM the bankruptcy court’s determination that the claims
 3   of the SHS Trust, Stephen Hyde Swift, Anne Hathaway Swift, Samuel
 4   Hyde Swift, and the HHS Trust were based on debt instruments and
 5   therefore not subject to subordination pursuant to § 510(b).
 6
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