Court Opinion

ID: 5142081
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-31 01:08:46.362084+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:02:17.616286
License: Public Domain

Amit Kumar v. State of Maryland, No. 21, September Term, 2021

VOIR DIRE – APPLICABILITY OF HOLDING TO PENDING CASES –
PRESERVATION FOR APPELLATE REVIEW – Court of Appeals held that holding
in Kazadi v. State, 467 Md. 1, 9, 47, 223 A.3d 554, 559, 581 (2020)—that, on request,
during voir dire, trial court must ask whether prospective jurors are unwilling or unable to
comply with jury instructions on certain fundamental principles and that Kazadi applied to
any other cases pending on direct appeal when opinion was filed where relevant question
was preserved for appellate review—applies to any case pending in trial or appellate court
that had not become final on direct appeal when Court issued opinion in Kazadi and in
which Kazadi issue was preserved for appellate review. In other words, holding in Kazadi
applies to cases in which there had not yet been final disposition, regardless of whether
notice of appeal had been filed at time opinion in Kazadi was issued, where issue had been
preserved for appellate review. Court concluded that Petitioner was entitled to benefit of
holding in Kazadi because there had not yet been final disposition in Petitioner’s case when
Court issued opinion in Kazadi and claim was preserved for appellate review.
           Circuit Court for Baltimore City
           Case No. 119053002
           Argued: November 9, 2021
                                                                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                                OF MARYLAND

                                                                                     No. 21

                                                                               September Term, 2021
                                                                     ______________________________________

                                                                                 AMIT KUMAR

                                                                                        v.

                                                                             STATE OF MARYLAND
                                                                     ______________________________________

                                                                               Getty, C.J.
                                                                               McDonald
                                                                               Watts
                                                                               Hotten
                                                                               Booth
                                                                               Biran
                                                                               Murphy, Joseph F., Jr. (Senior
                                                                               Judge, Specially Assigned),

                                                                                     JJ.
                                                                     ______________________________________
Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal Materials Act
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document
is authentic.
                                                                                Opinion by Watts, J.
                                                                           McDonald and Biran, JJ., concur.
                                           2021-12-28                ______________________________________
Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk
                                           15:00-05:00
                                                                               Filed: December 20, 2021
       In Kazadi v. State, 467 Md. 1, 9, 223 A.3d 554, 559 (2020), we held “that, on

request, during voir dire, a trial court must ask whether any prospective jurors are unwilling

or unable to comply with the jury instructions on the fundamental principles of presumption

of innocence, the State’s burden of proof, and the defendant’s right not to testify.” In so

holding, we overruled Twining v. State, 234 Md. 97, 100, 198 A.2d 291, 293 (1964), in

which this Court had previously held that a trial court was not required to ask such voir

dire questions. In Kazadi, we initially stated that our holding would apply to Kazadi and

to other cases prospectively as of the date on which the opinion was issued. Subsequently,

we replaced the language in Kazadi concerning its applicability to indicate that the holding

would apply to the case and “any other cases that [were] pending on direct appeal when

[the] opinion [was] filed, where the relevant question ha[d] been preserved for appellate

review.” Kazadi, 467 Md. at 47, 223 A.3d at 581 (citations omitted).

       In this case, we must determine whether our holding in Kazadi applies to cases in

which a defendant had not yet noted an appeal when the opinion was issued in Kazadi but

had preserved a Kazadi issue at trial. We hold that Kazadi applies to such cases. In

addition, we conclude that in this case the Kazadi issue was preserved for appellate review.

                                     BACKGROUND

                                   Charges and Verdict

       The State, Respondent, charged Amit Kumar, Petitioner, with first- and second-

degree murder of his wife, Ankita Verma, and openly carrying a dangerous weapon (a

knife) with the intent to injure. In the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, a jury found Kumar

guilty of first-degree murder and the weapon offense. Because the facts of the case are not
material to the issue before us, we will not provide a summary of the evidence. It suffices

to say that after a trial by jury, Kumar was convicted of first-degree murder and openly

carrying a dangerous weapon with the intent to injure after his wife had been found stabbed

to death in their apartment. The issue in this case concerns the jury selection process.

                                             Voir Dire

       On November 4, 2019, the circuit court conducted jury selection. Before voir dire,

Kumar submitted to the circuit court in writing a list of seventeen proposed voir dire

questions, which included the following Kazadi-type questions:

       15.    You must presume the defendant innocent of the charges now and
              throughout this trial unless and until, after you have seen and heard all
              of the evidence, the State convinces you of the defendant’s guilt
              beyond a reasonable doubt. If you do not consider the defendant
              innocent now, or if you are not sure that you will require the State to
              convince you of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt,
              please stand.

       16.    In a criminal case, like this one, each side may present arguments
              about the evidence, but the State has the only burden of proof. The
              defendant need not testify in his/her own behalf or present any
              evidence at all.

                      a. Would you tend to believe or disbelieve the testimony of a
                      witness called by the defense more than the testimony of a
                      prosecution witness?

                      b. Would you hold it against a defendant if [he/she/they]
                      chooses not to testify or chose not to present any evidence?

(Brackets in original) (citation omitted).

       While reviewing the parties’ proposed voir dire questions, the circuit court asked:

“Is there anything that is not included in the State’s voir dire that the defendant specifically

                                             -2-
requests?” Kumar’s counsel responded by requesting that the circuit court ask several voir

dire questions that he had proposed, including questions 15 and 16. The circuit court

denied Kumar’s counsel’s request to ask proposed voir dire questions 15 and 16, which

were the Kazadi questions. The following discussion occurred concerning voir dire

questions 15 and 16, the Kazadi case (which was pending before us at the time), and

Twining, 234 Md. 97, 198 A.2d 291 (which we overruled in Kazadi):

      [KUMAR’S COUNSEL]: I would ask that the Court propound . . . defense
      request for voir dire question number 15. There is currently a case, I think
      it’s in the Court of Special Appeals[1] right now --

      THE COURT: Yeah, it’s sitting there. Until they make a decision, the old
      law from about 50 years ago resumes. I’m with you, [defense counsel], but
      until the Court of Special Appeals makes that determination I’ll have to deny
      your request as to presumption of innocence. And if I’m thinking ahead of
      you as to number -- well, part of number 16.

      [KUMAR’S COUNSEL]: And I would also ask that the Court include
      question 16 as well.

      THE COURT: I’ll note the request.

      [KUMAR’S COUNSEL]: And, Judge, we would take exception --

      THE COURT: The exception is noted as to the Court’s denial of the
      defendant’s requested 15.

      [KUMAR’S COUNSEL]: And 16 as well.

      THE COURT: And exception is noted with regard to -- I haven’t denied it
      yet. I’ll deny the request as number 16. I will note again this issue is before
      the Court of Special Appeals, . . . but . . . that question at this moment is still
      improper, so I’ll deny 16 also. I’ll note your exception in that regard.

      1
        Kumar’s counsel mistakenly referred to the “Court of Special Appeals” and the
circuit court repeated the reference twice during the discussion above. At the time that
Kumar’s trial began, oral argument had occurred in this Court in Kazadi and the case was
awaiting the issuance of an opinion.

                                           -3-
(Paragraph breaks omitted).

       During the circuit court’s review of the proposed voir dire questions, there were

three instances in which Kumar’s counsel excepted to the circuit court’s refusal to ask a

proposed voir dire question. In the first two instances, Kumar’s counsel excepted to the

circuit court’s refusal to ask voir dire question 15 and to the circuit court’s refusal to ask

voir dire question 16—i.e., the Kazadi-type voir dire questions. In the third instance,

Kumar’s counsel excepted to the circuit court’s decision to ask an edited version of a

proposed supplemental voir dire question—question B—which concerned whether jurors

or their family members were trained or employed in the medical field.

       In all other instances, Kumar’s counsel did not except to the circuit court’s refusal

to ask proposed voir dire questions. Kumar’s counsel did not except to the circuit court’s

refusal to ask proposed voir dire questions 10 (which pertained to whether jurors had law

enforcement connections) and 17 (which was a catchall question). Similarly, Kumar’s

counsel did not except to the circuit court’s decision to ask an edited version of proposed

voir dire questions 9 (which pertained to whether jurors may have had biases against

certain groups of people) and 12 (which pertained to whether the jurors had connections to

certain advocacy organizations). In another instance, although the circuit court stated that

it would note Kumar’s counsel’s exception to the court’s refusal to ask a supplemental voir

                                           -4-
dire question—question A (which pertained to alcohol and drug use)—Kumar’s counsel

did not actually state that he excepted to the circuit court’s refusal to ask the question.2

       After the exchange above in which the circuit court declined to ask voir dire

questions 15 and 16 (the Kazadi questions) and indicated that Kumar’s counsel’s

exceptions to the court’s failure to ask the questions had been noted, the court asked the

voir dire questions of the jury panel as a group. Upon completion of the group questions,

before the court individually questioned prospective jurors who had responded

affirmatively, the following exchange occurred:

       THE COURT: Anything further from the defense?

       [KUMAR’S COUNSEL]: I’ll just ask the Court to note my continuing
       exception to the Court’s refusal --

       THE COURT: Does your client want to be here?

The circuit court did not ask Kumar’s counsel to elaborate concerning the “continuing

exception to the Court’s refusal[.]”

       2
        The record reflects that Kumar’s counsel submitted a request for two supplemental
voir dire questions—questions A and B. The circuit court declined to ask supplemental
question A concerning marijuana and alcohol use and after declining to ask the question,
the court stated, without prompting by Kumar’s counsel, that it would note Kumar’s
exception to its refusal to ask the question. Kumar’s counsel did not advise the circuit court
that an exception would be taken to the court’s refusal to ask the question.
       The record also reflects that the circuit court agreed, after rephrasing the question,
to ask supplemental voir dire question B concerning whether jurors or their family
members had been trained or employed in the medical field but stated: “I’m going to deny
the request specifically as to your request to B, 1, 2 and 3, whoever comes up at sidebar
voir dire, you can delve into that if you wish to, if they respond to your question B.” As
explained above, Kumar’s counsel advised that he would take an exception and the circuit
court noted the exception.

                                           -5-
                      Motion for a New Trial and Notice of Appeal

       On November 18, 2019, in the circuit court, Kumar filed a motion for a new trial,

contending, among other things, that the circuit court erred in declining to ask proposed

voir dire questions 15 and 16. In the motion for a new trial, Kumar’s counsel raised various

allegations of error but the only allegation raised concerning the circuit court’s failure to

ask proposed voir dire questions pertained to the court’s failure to ask the Kazadi questions.

On January 24, 2020, prior to the date of Kumar’s sentencing, we issued our opinion in

Kazadi and addressed the applicability of our holding as follows:

       Additionally, consistent with this Court’s case law, although we provide
       Kazadi “with the benefit of the holding[] in this case, we determine that our
       holding[] shall apply prospectively as of the date on which this opinion is
       filed.” Pearson, 437 Md. at 370, 86 A.3d at 1243. In other words, our
       holding exclusively applies to this case and future trials, and this opinion
       should not be construed as giving rise to any grounds for relief in cases in
       which voir dire occurred before today—i.e., cases in which trial courts
       operated under the assumption that Twining, 234 Md. at 100, 198 A.2d at
       293, remained good law.

(Alterations in original).

       On February 21, 2020, the circuit court conducted the sentencing proceeding in

Kumar’s case at which it heard argument on and denied the motion for a new trial. The

circuit court sentenced Kumar to life imprisonment for first-degree murder and a

consecutive sentence of three years’ imprisonment for the weapons offense. On March 2,

2020, we issued an Order replacing the language in Kazadi on the applicability of our

holding with the following:

       Additionally, consistent with this Court’s case law, we provide Kazadi with
       the benefit of the holding in this case, and we determine that our holding
       applies to this case and any other cases that are pending on direct appeal

                                           -6-
       when this opinion is filed, where the relevant question has been preserved
       for appellate review. See Hackney v. State, 459 Md. 108, 119, 184 A.3d 414,
       421 (2018); State v. Daughtry, 419 Md. 35, 77 n.26, 18 A.3d 60, 85 n.26
       (2011).

Kazadi, 467 Md. at 54, 223 A.3d at 586.

       On March 20, 2020, in the circuit court, Kumar filed a notice of appeal.

                        Opinion of the Court of Special Appeals

       On April 13, 2021, the Court of Special Appeals affirmed Kumar’s conviction for

first-degree murder and reversed for lack of sufficient evidence the conviction for openly

carrying a dangerous weapon with the intent to injure. See Amit Kumar v. State, No. 300,

Sept. Term, 2020, 2021 WL 1392142, at *7-8 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. Apr. 13, 2021).3 The

Court of Special Appeals held that the circuit court did not err or abuse its discretion in

declining to ask proposed voir dire questions 15 and 16. See Kumar, 2021 WL 1392142,

at *4. The Court of Special Appeals acknowledged that the State conceded that proposed

voir dire questions 15 and 16 were Kazadi-type voir dire questions—i.e., voir dire

questions that must be asked on request under Kazadi. See Kumar, 2021 WL 1392142, at

*3. The Court of Special Appeals noted, however, that it was not bound by concessions of

law. See id. at *4. The Court of Special Appeals reasoned that because the revised opinion

in Kazadi stated that its holding applied to “any [] cases that [were] pending on direct

appeal” when the opinion was filed and Kumar had not filed a notice of appeal until after

       3
        The Court of Special Appeals also held that the circuit court did not err in declining
to instruct the jury on self-defense and did not abuse its discretion denying a motion to
postpone sentencing. See Kumar, 2021 WL 1392142, at *6-7. Those issues, as well as the
question of whether the evidence was sufficient to support Kumar’s conviction for openly
carrying a dangerous weapon with the intent to injure, are not before us.

                                           -7-
the Kazadi opinion was issued, Kumar was not entitled to relief. Kumar, 2021 WL

1392142, at *4. The Court of Special Appeals determined that Twining, not Kazadi,

applied and that, as such, it need not address the State’s contention that Kumar’s Kazadi

claim was waived or unpreserved for appellate review. See Kumar, 2021 WL 1392142, at

*4.

                            Petition for a Writ of Certiorari

       On May 14, 2021, Kumar petitioned for a writ of certiorari, raising the following

two issues:

              1. Does the holding of Kazadi [] apply to all litigants who preserved
       the issue and whose cases were not yet final when the Kazadi opinion was
       issued, regardless of whether they had filed a notice of appeal by that date?

              2. Did the Court of Special Appeals violate [Kumar]’s constitutional
       right to equal protection by applying different law to [Kumar]’s case as
       compared to other similarly situated litigants?

On July 9, 2021, we granted the petition. See Kumar v. State, 475 Md. 3, 256 A.3d 270

(2021).

                                     DISCUSSION

       The State agrees with Kumar that this Court’s conclusion in Kazadi that its holding

would apply “to this case and any other cases that [were] pending on direct appeal when

[the] opinion [was] filed, where the relevant question has been preserved for appellate

review[,]” Kazadi, 467 Md. at 47, 223 A.3d at 581 (citations omitted), includes “cases that

were pending in the trial court when Kazadi was decided and had not yet become final on

direct appeal.” (Footnote omitted). Kumar points out that, because we indicated that the

applicability of the holding in Kazadi was consistent with case law such as Hackney and

                                         -8-
Daughtry, the holding applies to any case in which there had not yet been a final

disposition4 when the opinion in Kazadi was issued, regardless of whether the defendant

had filed a notice of appeal at the time. In agreement, the State adds that our opinion in

Kazadi and other case law indicate that, consistent with the United States Supreme Court’s

decision in Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314 (1987), Kazadi applies to all cases that were

pending on direct review or not yet final where the issue is preserved for appellate review.

       The parties are correct. In light of case law from the United States Supreme Court

and this Court and considerations of fairness, our holding in Kazadi applies to any case that

was pending in a trial or appellate court that had not become final on direct appeal when

this Court issued the opinion in Kazadi and in which the Kazadi issue had been preserved

for appellate review. In other words, our holding in Kazadi applies to cases in which there

had not yet been a final disposition, regardless of whether a notice of appeal had been filed

       4
        At various times, the parties use the term “final judgment” in discussing cases in
which appellate proceedings have not concluded. Citing Franklin v. State, 470 Md. 154,
186, 235 A.3d 1, 19 (2020), Kumar states that the term “final judgment” refers to “when
the judgment of conviction has been rendered, all appeals have been exhausted, and the
time for a petition for certiorari has elapsed.” In Franklin, id. at 186, 235 A.3d at 19,
however, we stated that the term “‘[f]inal disposition of the case’ means the point where
the judgment of conviction was rendered, the availability of (final) appeal exhausted, and
the time for petition for certiorari had elapsed.” (Cleaned up). In other words, the term
“final disposition” means the point at which a defendant has exhausted the right to a direct
appeal. On the other hand, “[a] final judgment is one that either determines and concludes
the rights of the parties involved or denies a party the means to prosecute or defend his or
her rights and interests in the subject matter of the proceeding”—i.e., a “final judgment is
one that puts a party out of court[.]” Brown v. State, 470 Md. 503, 549, 236 A.3d 488, 514
(2020) (cleaned up). For example, generally, “there is a final judgment for purposes of
appeal in a criminal case when the sentence is announced or imposed.” Id. at 550, 236
A.3d at 515 (citation omitted). In this case, to avoid confusion, when referring to the point
at which the right to a direct appeal has been exhausted, we use the term “final disposition”
instead of the term “final judgment.”

                                          -9-
at the time the opinion in Kazadi was issued, and in which the issue had been preserved for

appellate review.

       Because the Soule case, a case that involved a similar issue, provided the backdrop

for our revised opinion in Kazadi, we will briefly discuss the history of the case in this

Court. On March 20, 2019, Soule filed a petition for a writ of certiorari in which one of

the questions presented was whether case law in which this Court had concluded that it was

inappropriate for a trial court to ask voir dire questions concerning the presumption of

innocence should be revisited. We placed Soule’s petition on hold pending the disposition

of Kazadi.5

       On January 31, 2020, after the issuance of our opinion in Kazadi, Soule filed a

supplement to his petition for a writ of certiorari, contending that Kazadi applied to all

pending cases—i.e., cases in which the right to direct appeal had not yet been exhausted at

the time the Kazadi opinion was issued—where the issue is preserved for appellate review.

Soule requested that we revise the opinion in Kazadi to indicate that the holding applied to

cases in which the right to appeal had not been exhausted.6 On March 2, 2020, citing

Daughtry and Hackney, we issued the Order revising Kazadi to indicate that the holding

applied to all cases “pending on direct appeal” at the time the opinion was issued and where

       5
          On May 14, 2019, we had granted a petition for writ of certiorari filed by Kazadi
through counsel. See Kazadi v. State, 463 Md. 637, 207 A.3d 1215 (2019).
        6
          On February 3, 2020, although Soule was not a party to the case, Soule filed a line
in Kazadi attaching the supplement. On February 5, 2020, Kazadi filed a motion to strike
the line and the attachment, contending that Soule essentially sought reconsideration in
Kazadi, which he lacked standing to do because he was not a party to the case. Ultimately,
after replacing language in Kazadi concerning the applicability of the holding, we denied
Kazadi’s motion to strike as moot.

                                         - 10 -
the issue was preserved for appellate review. Kazadi, 467 Md. at 54, 223 A.3d at 586.7 As

such, our revision of the language in Kazadi concerning the applicability of its holding

occurred as a result of the supplement to the petition for a writ of certiorari filed in Soule.

       In the supplement, Soule requested that we revise Kazadi because under Griffith,

479 U.S. 314, and our existing case law, Kazadi would apply to pending cases—i.e., cases

in which the right to direct appeal had not yet been exhausted—where the issue is preserved

for appellate review. In Griffith, 479 U.S. at 322, the Supreme Court held that the “failure

to apply a newly declared constitutional rule to criminal cases pending on direct review

violates basic norms of constitutional adjudication.” Quoting Williams v. United States,

401 U.S. 667, 679 (1971) (Harlan, J., concurring), the Supreme Court explained that the

nature of judicial review “precludes us from ‘[s]imply fishing one case from the stream of

appellate review, using it as a vehicle for pronouncing new constitutional standards, and

then permitting a stream of similar cases subsequently to flow by unaffected by that new

rule.’” Griffith, 479 U.S. at 323 (alteration in original). In various instances in Griffith,

the Supreme Court used the terms “not yet final” and “pending on direct review”

interchangeably in referring to the cases to which the new rule should apply.8 Griffith, 479

       7
          On the same date, we granted the petition in Soule and issued a per curiam order
vacating the Court of Special Appeals’s judgment and remanding the case to that Court
with instructions to determine whether Kazadi applied. See Soule v. State, 467 Md. 689,
226 A.3d 234 (2020); Soule v. State, 467 Md. 432, 225 A.3d 415 (2020).
        8
          In addition, citing United States v. Johnson, 457 U.S. 537 (1982), in Griffith, the
Supreme Court observed that the Fourth Amendment ruling in Payton v. New York, 445
U.S. 573 (1980), barring police from making a warrantless, nonconsensual entry into a
person’s home to make a routine felony arrest, “applied retroactively to a case pending on
direct appeal.” Griffith, 479 U.S. at 321 n.7.

                                          - 11 -
U.S. at 316, 323, 328. This language indicates that, where the term “pending on direct

appeal” is used in Kazadi, the term indeed refers to cases that were not yet final—i.e., cases

in which there had not yet been final dispositions. That the replacement of the language in

Kazadi was made in light of the Supreme Court’s holding in Griffith demonstrates that our

holding in Kazadi applies to all cases pending appeal or pending direct review, i.e., cases

in which there had not yet been a final disposition as opposed to only cases in which a

notice of appeal had already been filed.9

       In addition, in the order revising the applicability of the holding in Kazadi, we cited

Hackney and Daughtry, stating that, “consistent with this Court’s case law, . . . we

determine that our holding applies to this case and any other cases that are pending on

direct appeal when this opinion is filed[.]” Kazadi, 467 Md. at 54, 223 A.3d at 586. The

use of the two cases indicates that the holding in Kazadi should have the same retroactive

effect as the retroactive application discussed in Hackney and Daughtry. In Hackney, 459

Md. at 119, 132, 184 A.3d at 421, 429, we adopted the prison mailbox rule and because

our holding was a new application of “constitutional provisions, statutes, or rules,” we

determined that Hackney was entitled to the benefit of the rule and “so too should any other

       9
        In addition, after the order revising the holding in Kazadi was issued, the discussion
of the Kazadi case in a recent dissenting opinion indicated that its holding involved an
application of Griffith. See Rochkind v. Stevenson, 471 Md. 1, 67 n.6, 236 A.3d 630, 669
n.6 (2020) (Watts, J., dissenting); see also Abruquah v. State, 471 Md. 249, 253, 240 A.3d
1205, 1207 (2020) (Watts, J., dissenting) (quoting Rochkind, 471 Md. at 67 n.6, 236 A.3d
at 669 n.6 (Watts, J., dissenting)). The observation in the dissent in Rochkind that Kazadi
implemented the principle expressed in Griffith that newly announced constitutional rules
apply to cases pending on direct appeal indicates that, consistent with Griffith, Kazadi
applies to cases in which there had not yet been a final disposition when the opinion was
issued, where the issue is preserved for appellate review.

                                            - 12 -
similarly situated prisoner whose case is pending receive the benefit of the rule we adopt

here.” In reaching this conclusion, among other cases, we cited Griffith. See Hackney,

459 Md. at 119, 184 A.3d at 421. Similarly, in Daughtry, 419 Md. at 77 n.26, 18 A.3d at

85 n.26, we indicated that application of a new rule would apply to “all other pending cases

where the relevant question has been preserved for appellate review.” (Cleaned up).

Consistent with Hackney and Daughtry, our holding in Kazadi applies (assuming that the

issue is preserved for appellate review) to pending cases—i.e., cases in which there had not

yet been a final disposition when we issued the opinion in Kazadi.

       Griffith, Hackney, and Daughtry are not the only cases that reinforce this principle.

In Polakoff v. Turner, 385 Md. 467, 487-88, 869 A.2d 837, 850 (2005), we observed that

“a new interpretation of a constitutional provision, statute, or rule has included the case

before us and all other pending cases where the relevant question has been preserved for

appellate review.” (Cleaned up). By contrast, “[g]enerally, judicially-initiated changes to

the common law apply prospectively, that is, they apply in the case before us and all similar

cases moving forward.” State v. Jones, 466 Md. 142, 164, 216 A.3d 907, 920 (2019)

(citations omitted). Our holding in Kazadi is subject to the principle set forth in Polakoff

because the holding was based on a constitutional provision and fundamental principles,

not the common law.10 Because Kazadi involved an interpretation of a constitutional

       10
         As we observed in Kazadi, 467 Md. at 45, 223 A.3d at 580, the right not to testify
emanates directly from a constitutional provision—namely, “[t]he Fifth Amendment to the
Constitution of the United States, which was ratified in 1791[ and] expressly enshrines the
right not to testify” in a criminal case. In Kazadi, the only instance in which we referred
to the common law was when we pointed out that, “[a]lthough the Constitution does not

                                         - 13 -
provision and fundamental principles, under Polakoff, its holding applies to “all other

pending cases where the relevant question has been preserved for appellate review.”

Polakoff, 385 Md. at 487-88, 869 A.2d at 850 (cleaned up).

          Further, considerations of fairness warrant our present holding. We agree with the

State that concluding otherwise would “create[] a strange ‘doughnut hole’ in Kazadi’s

application” in that the holding in Kazadi would apply to future cases and cases where

appeals were actually pending when we issued the opinion in Kazadi, but not to cases

falling between those two categories—i.e., ones in which defendants had been tried but not

yet noted appeals when Kazadi was issued. We do not see any principled reason to deny

relief under Kazadi to defendants simply because they noted appeals after the opinion was

issued.

          Having resolved the issue of the applicability of Kazadi, we turn to the outcome of

this case. Kumar requests that we reverse and remand the case to the circuit court for a

new trial. The State asks that we vacate the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals and

remand the case to that Court for it to address the issue of preservation for appellate review

as well as the “merits” of Kumar’s Kazadi claim.

          We decline the State’s request. As we see it, the merits of Kumar’s claim are the

same as the issue that we have already considered concerning the applicability of the

explicitly refer to the burden of proof or the presumption of innocence, both of those
principles existed under the common law at least since around the time of the country’s
founding.” Id. at 45, 223 A.3d at 580 (citations omitted). As such, in Kazadi, the common
law was mentioned only to explain that these fundamental principles arose from it centuries
ago at the time of our country’s founding.

                                           - 14 -
holding in Kazadi. Although the question before us was phrased in terms of whether this

is a case to which the holding in Kazadi would apply, it is the same question that forms the

merits of Kumar’s Kazadi claim. We have resolved the matter in accord with the position

taken by both parties and concluded that the holding in Kazadi applies to all cases in which

there was no final disposition at the time the Kazadi opinion was issued and in which the

issue is preserved for appellate review—regardless of whether a notice of appeal had been

filed in the case. The State has already acknowledged in the Court of Special Appeals that

proposed voir dire questions 15 and 16 are Kazadi-type voir dire questions—i.e., voir dire

questions that must be asked on request under Kazadi. See Kumar, 2021 WL 1392142, at

*3. So, if the issue is preserved, there is nothing left to decide with regard to the merits of

Kumar’s Kazadi claim.11

       Although the Court of Special Appeals declined to address the issue of preservation,

under Maryland Rule 8-131(b)(1), we have the discretion to consider an issue that was not

decided by the Court of Special Appeals and not raised in a petition or cross-petition for a

writ of certiorari.12 In this case, based on the record of the jury selection process and to

       11
          To the extent that the State asserts that the merits of Kumar’s Kazadi claim are not
before us because the first question presented in the petition for a writ of certiorari
concerned only the applicability of Kazadi in general, not whether Kumar is entitled to
relief under Kazadi, the State, in reality, does not contend that the merits of Kumar’s claim
are any different than the issue that we have already decided.
        12
          We disagree with Kumar’s contention that the State waived the issue of
preservation by not filing a cross-petition for a writ of certiorari. Given that the Court of
Special Appeals did not reach the issue, there was no determination on which the State
could base a cross-petition.
        That said, although Kumar argued on brief that the State waived the preservation
issue by not filing a cross-petition, at oral argument, on rebuttal, in response to questions

                                          - 15 -
avoid future unnecessary appellate proceedings, we believe it prudent to exercise our

discretion to reach the preservation issue. To be sure, it may be a general practice where

we reverse on an issue to remand a case to the Court of Special Appeals for it to address

issues not previously decided if the undecided issues that were before that Court are not

moot. While this may be a general practice, it is not an absolute requirement. We are not

required to remand to the Court of Special Appeals for further proceedings in every single

case in which an issue was not addressed.

       We have the discretion to decide such an appellate issue and have exercised our

discretion to do so in other cases, including Matthews v. Amberwood Assocs. Ltd. P’ship,

Inc., 351 Md. 544, 581, 719 A.2d 119, 137 (1998), in which we observed that, “on

occasions, where . . . the issue can be disposed of quickly, we have, in the interests of

judicial economy and expedition, deemed it appropriate to decide such an issue rather than

remand the matter to the Court of Special Appeals for decision.” (Cleaned up). In

Matthews, id. at 580-81, 719 A.2d at 136-37, we addressed an issue concerning

contributory negligence and assumption of risk that the Court of Special Appeals had not

decided because it was “one of those occasions in which the issue [could] be disposed of

quickly and easily” and because there was “no good reason to prolong appellate

proceedings[.]” Likewise, in Lizzi v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 384 Md. 199, 206,

862 A.2d 1017, 1022 (2004), we addressed an issue concerning res judicata that the Court

raised by the Court during the State’s presentation, Kumar’s counsel agreed that the Court
had the discretion to decide the issue, that the record contained everything the Court needed
to understand the issue, and that the Court could address the issue and hold that Kumar’s
trial counsel’s objection was preserved.

                                         - 16 -
of Special Appeals had not decided “to avoid the expense and delay of another appeal”—

i.e., to refrain from remanding “to the Court of Special Appeals for it to determine the issue

when it would, in all probability, end up back here.” (Cleaned up). When addressing issues

that the Court of Special Appeals had not decided, we have cited judicial economy or the

desire to avoid a remand to that Court. See, e.g., Suburban Hosp., Inc. v. Kirson, 362 Md.

140, 177, 763 A.2d 185, 205 (2000); Bundy v. State, 334 Md. 131, 148, 638 A.2d 84, 93

(1994); Sergeant Co. v. Pickett, 285 Md. 186, 193, 401 A.2d 651, 655 (1979).

       In this case, considerations of judicial economy and the desire to avoid unnecessary

appellate litigation persuade us to address the issue of preservation, given that it is an issue

that can be decided quickly and easily and that in all likelihood would wind up back in this

Court after a determination on remand. In other words, we are cognizant that, if we were

to remand to the Court of Special Appeals to address the issue, the non-prevailing party

would likely file a petition for a writ of certiorari, resulting in even more appellate

proceedings. We see no need to cause further appellate litigation in the case.

       We have everything that we need to determine whether Kumar’s Kazadi claim is

preserved for appellate review. We have the parties’ briefs in the Court of Special Appeals,

in which the parties addressed the preservation issue; and we have the transcript of the

entire jury selection process. We need only determine whether Kumar’s exceptions were

sufficient to preserve the Kazadi claim for appellate review. As the State acknowledged at

oral argument in this Court, our holding in State v. Ablonczy, 474 Md. 149, ___, 253 A.3d

598, 600 (2021) disposed of the State’s contention in the Court of Special Appeals that

Kumar waived his Kazadi claim by accepting the jury as empaneled. As such, we need

                                           - 17 -
only address the issue of preservation for appellate review, not waiver.

       This case is distinguishable from State v. Miller, 475 Md. 263, ___, 256 A.3d 920,

944 (2021), a case cited by the State at oral argument, in which this Court remanded a case

to the Court of Special Appeals for determination of an issue not decided by that Court. In

Miller, our holding concerned the admissibility of evidence at a criminal trial, and we

remanded the case to the Court of Special Appeals so that it could address an issue

pertaining to sentencing. Here, the issue we decided concerns the applicability of our

holding in Kazadi and we have already determined that Kazadi applies. The State asks us

to remand the case to the Court of Special Appeals for it to address whether the Kazadi

claim is preserved for appellate review. Because the two issues are interrelated and there

is not a non-Kazadi-related issue for the Court of Special Appeals to address, the remand

that the State requests would not be comparable to the one in Miller.

       In addition, it is not necessary to remand the case to the Court of Special Appeals

for that Court to consider the preservation issue in light of the disposition of Brigido Lopez-

Villa v. State of Maryland, No. 22, Sept. Term, 2021 (Md.), in which we heard oral

argument on December 2, 2021. Our disposition of the preservation issue in this case does

not depend on the disposition of Lopez-Villa because the circumstances of the cases are

very different. In Lopez-Villa, in the petition for a writ of certiorari, the question raised

concerning the jury selection process is:

       Where Petitioner submitted a written request for said voir dire questions and
       the trial court “reviewed” the questions and ruled that it was “not inclined to
       ask” them “because the Court will instruct on those areas of law,” did the
       Court of Special Appeals err in holding that Petitioner “failed to preserve his
       objection to the court’s refusal to read his proposed voir dire questions,”

                                            - 18 -
       because he “failed to ask or tell the court that he objected to the failure to ask
       those specific questions,” and because when, at the end of voir dire, the trial
       court inquired, “[d]id I miss any questions . . . what you previously objected
       to, which I will preserve for the record,” counsel responded “no”?

(Alteration and ellipsis in original). The question presented in Lopez-Villa is a very fact-

specific question. The question includes the circumstance that, when the trial court initially

reviewed requested voir dire questions with counsel, trial counsel did not object when the

court stated that it was not inclined to ask the Kazadi-type voir dire questions. The question

also includes the circumstance that, after the trial court asked the group voir dire questions,

counsel responded “no” to an inquiry from the court concerning whether any questions had

been missed. The circumstances of this case are nothing like those of Lopez-Villa. Here,

during the circuit court’s review of the proposed voir dire questions, Kumar’s counsel

expressly excepted to the court’s refusal to ask both of the Kazadi questions. Further, after

the circuit court asked the voir dire questions of the jury panel, when the court asked

whether there was anything further, Kumar’s counsel asked the court to note a continuing

exception. This case does not involve considering whether submitting a written request for

Kazadi-type voir dire questions is sufficient to preserve the issue for appellate review

where there is an alleged failure to object at all to a trial court not asking the questions.

Rather, the case involves the limited question of the sufficiency of Kumar’s counsel noting

a continuing exception after the group voir dire questions. There is no need for us to return

this case to the Court of Special Appeals to await the outcome of Lopez-Villa and decide

the preservation issue.

       Having decided to exercise our discretion to address the issue of preservation, we

                                           - 19 -
conclude that Kumar preserved the Kazadi claim for appellate review. At oral argument

in this Court and on brief in the Court of Special Appeals, the State contended that the issue

was not preserved because, when excepting after the group voir dire questions, Kumar’s

counsel did not identify the specific unasked proposed voir dire questions to which he

excepted. “Maryland Rule 4-323(c) delineates the method of objecting to the adverse

ruling of a trial court on a proposed voir dire question[.]” Ablonczy, 474 Md. at ___, 253

A.3d at 603. Under Maryland Rule 4-323(c), for purposes of review of a ruling or order

of a trial court other than one admitting evidence, “it is sufficient that a party, at the time

the ruling or order is made or sought, makes known to the court the action that the party

desires the court to take or the objection to the action of the court.”

       In this case, Kumar preserved the Kazadi claim for appellate review in accordance

with Maryland Rule 4-323(c) by making known his objection to the circuit court’s failure

to ask the Kazadi-type voir dire questions. Kumar requested the unasked Kazadi voir dire

questions at issue at least twice before the jury panel was questioned as a group—first in

writing and then orally during the process in which the circuit court reviewed with counsel

the voir dire questions that would be asked. Prior to the circuit court asking the proposed

voir dire questions, Kumar’s counsel specifically advised the court that he took exception

to the court’s refusal to ask questions 15 and 16—the Kazadi-type voir dire questions—

and the circuit court explicitly stated that each exception was noted.

       When given the opportunity to do so after the group voir dire questions were asked,

Kumar excepted to the circuit court’s refusal to ask proposed voir dire questions.

Specifically, after asking voir dire questions of the jury panel but before individually

                                           - 20 -
questioning prospective jurors, the circuit court asked whether there was “[a]nything

further from the defense[,]” and Kumar’s counsel responded: “I’ll just ask the Court to note

my continuing exception to the Court’s refusal --” The next line of the transcript indicates

that the circuit court asked Kumar’s counsel whether Kumar wanted to be present. The

State observed at oral argument that it is unclear whether Kumar’s counsel’s voice trailed

off after saying the word “refusal” or whether the circuit court interrupted him at the time.

       What is clear is that when Kumar’s counsel asked the circuit court to note his

“continuing exception to its refusal” he was referring to the court’s refusal to ask proposed

voir dire questions that he had requested. Before this Court, at oral argument, the State

acknowledged that Kumar’s counsel’s continuing exception referred to the circuit court’s

refusal to ask voir dire questions but contended that the exception was insufficient to

preserve the Kazadi issue because Kumar’s counsel did not identify the particular voir dire

question or questions to which he was referring.            By using the term “continuing

exception[,]” however, Kumar’s counsel indicated that he was re-raising a matter that he

had already raised. Throughout voir dire, the only instances in which Kumar’s counsel

specifically excepted to the circuit court’s failure to ask voir dire questions were the court’s

failure to ask voir dire questions 15 and 16—the Kazadi questions—and later the court’s

refusal to ask in its entirety supplemental question B pertaining to prospective jurors’ and

their family’s potential training or employment in the medical profession.

       Under the circumstances of this case, the only reasonable interpretation of Kumar’s

counsel’s reference to his “continuing exception to the Court’s refusal” is that he was

referring to the circuit court’s refusal to ask the proposed Kazadi voir dire questions—voir

                                           - 21 -
dire questions 15 and 16. During the discussion between the circuit court and Kumar’s

counsel at the time that the court declined to ask voir dire questions 15 and 16, both the

circuit court and Kumar’s counsel acknowledged that there was a case pending on appeal

that could potentially change the law concerning whether the questions should be asked.

Given Kumar’s counsel’s discussion with the circuit court concerning the case pending in

the “Court of Special Appeals” and the circuit court’s observation that, until the Court

made a decision, the “old law from about 50 years ago” would apply, it is difficult to

conceive that Kumar’s counsel’s noting of a continuing exception could have been

understood as anything other than applying to the circuit court’s refusal to ask the Kazadi-

type voir dire questions.

       Without deciding the issue of whether to preserve a Kazadi claim it is required that

an exception be made or renewed after voir dire questions are asked of a jury panel but

before individual questioning of prospective jurors,13 we conclude that Kumar’s counsel’s

continuing exception to the circuit court’s refusal to ask the proposed voir dire questions

complied with Maryland Rule 4-323(c) because it made “known to the court the action that

the party desire[d] the court to take or the objection to the action of the court.” To agree

with the State that Kumar’s Kazadi claim was unpreserved for appellate review, we would

need to determine that Kumar’s counsel’s noting of a continuing exception after the group

questioning was entirely meaningless because it was not specific as to any particular

       13
         We do not decide the issue concerning the potential effect of an alleged failure to
make or renew an objection after a trial court conducts group voir dire of a jury panel
because that issue involves a different set of circumstances and is not before the Court in
this case.

                                         - 22 -
unasked proposed voir dire question—even though he had excepted in only three instances

to the circuit court’s refusal to ask voir dire questions and two of the exceptions involved

the Kazadi-type questions. Or, we would need to conclude that, in noting a continuing

exception, Kumar’s counsel was referring only to the circuit court’s refusal to ask in its

entirety supplemental question B concerning whether jurors or their family members had

any connection to the field of medicine or to some other unasked voir dire question to

which he had not previously expressly excepted, and not to the circuit court’s refusal to ask

proposed voir dire questions 15 and 16 which concerned fundamental rights and involved

an issue that both the circuit court and Kumar’s counsel had discussed as pending in a case

on appeal.14

       This case is different from cases in which the Court of Special Appeals has held that

defendants failed to preserve for appellate review issues as to unasked proposed voir dire

questions where, after asking voir dire questions, trial courts either asked whether there

was anything to add or asked whether there were any comments or objections, and the

defendants’ counsel either said nothing or responded in the negative. See, e.g., Brice v.

State, 225 Md. App. 666, 679, 126 A.3d 246, 254 (2015), cert. denied, 447 Md. 298, 135

A.3d 416 (2016); Gilmer v. State, 161 Md. App. 21, 32-33, 866 A.2d 918, 925, vacated in

       14
         In addition to preserving an issue for appellate review, one of the purposes of
noting an exception or making an objection is to give a trial court the opportunity to correct
an alleged mistake. See Taylor v. State, 473 Md. 205, 227, 249 A.3d 810, 823
(2021). Given the discussion between the circuit court and Kumar’s counsel when the
court reviewed voir dire questions 15 and 16, it is difficult to conceive that the circuit court
would not have understood Kumar’s counsel’s noting of a continuing exception to apply
to the court’s refusal to ask the Kazadi-type voir dire questions.

                                           - 23 -
part on other grounds, 389 Md. 656, 887 A.2d 549 (2005). By contrast, here, when given

the opportunity, Kumar’s counsel noted a continuing exception to the circuit court’s refusal

to ask proposed voir dire questions. This is not a case in which a defendant allegedly

abandoned a request for an unasked proposed voir dire question by failing, when given the

opportunity, to make or renew an objection to the trial court’s failure to ask the question.

       In this case, in addition to excepting to the circuit court’s refusal to include the

Kazadi questions in the group voir dire questions and noting a continuing exception after

the group voir dire occurred, in the motion for a new trial, Kumar asserted that the circuit

court erred in refusing to ask the Kazadi-type voir dire questions. At the sentencing

proceeding, the circuit court heard argument on the motion, and neither the State nor the

court contended, or even mentioned the notion, that Kumar’s Kazadi claim was

unpreserved. To the contrary, the arguments made by the parties and the circuit court’s

ruling as to the Kazadi issue addressed the merits of the claim—namely, whether the

opinion in Kazadi should be retroactively applied to the case. The State maintained that,

as far as it was aware, Kazadi did not apply retroactively to convictions that occurred before

the opinion was issued. Kumar’s counsel responded that Kazadi should be applied

retroactively and that the nature of the case made it especially important for prospective

jurors to be asked about the presumption of innocence and the burden of proof. The circuit

court denied the motion for a new trial on the ground that Kazadi did not apply retroactively

and was not the law of Maryland at the time of the trial. Given that the circuit court ruled

on the merits of the Kazadi claim, it is clear that the court believed the issue to be

                                          - 24 -
preserved. Apparently, at that time, so did the State, for that matter, as the State did not

raise an issue as to preservation in response to the motion.

       The multiple steps that Kumar’s counsel took—requesting both in writing and orally

before the group voir dire that the Kazadi-type questions be asked, making before the group

voir dire began an individual exception to the circuit court’s refusal to ask each question,

noting a continuing exception to the court’s refusal to ask voir dire questions when given

the opportunity after the group voir dire, and re-raising the issue of the circuit court’s

refusal to ask the Kazadi voir dire questions in a motion for new trial—were certainly

sufficient to preserve the Kazadi claim for appellate review.

       For the reasons herein, we conclude that Kazadi applies to any case pending in a

trial or appellate court that had not become final on direct appeal when the opinion was

issued, i.e., cases in which there had not yet been a final disposition at the time that the

opinion was issued, and in which the issue was preserved for appellate review. In this case,

both circumstances are satisfied.15 We reverse the judgment of the Court of Special

Appeals and remand the case to the circuit court for a new trial on the first-degree murder

charge.16

       15
         Given our determination that the holding in Kazadi applies to cases in which there
had not yet been a final disposition when the opinion was issued, we need not reach
Kumar’s alternative argument that not applying Kazadi here would violate the Equal
Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Article 24 of the Maryland
Declaration of Rights.
       16
         At oral argument, the parties agreed that, because the Court of Special Appeals
reversed Kumar’s conviction for openly carrying a dangerous weapon with the intent to
injure on the ground of insufficient evidence, if there were a remand to the circuit court,
the new trial would be on the first-degree murder charge only.

                                         - 25 -
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL
APPEALS REVERSED AS TO CONVICTION
FOR FIRST-DEGREE MURDER.        CASE
REMANDED TO THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR
BALTIMORE CITY WITH INSTRUCTIONS TO
VACATE CONVICTION AND SENTENCE AND
FOR NEW TRIAL ON FIRST-DEGREE MURDER
CHARGE. RESPONDENT TO PAY COSTS.

   - 26 -
Circuit Court for Baltimore City
Case No. 119053002
Argued: November 9, 2021

                                         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                              OF MARYLAND

                                                   No. 21

                                             September Term, 2021
                                   ______________________________________

                                               AMIT KUMAR

                                                      v.

                                           STATE OF MARYLAND
                                   ______________________________________

                                             Getty, C.J.
                                             McDonald
                                             Watts
                                             Hotten
                                             Booth
                                             Biran
                                             Murphy, Joseph F., Jr. (Senior
                                             Judge, Specially Assigned),

                                                   JJ.
                                   ______________________________________

                                         Concurring Opinion by Biran, J.,
                                           which McDonald, J., joins.
                                   ______________________________________

                                             Filed: December 20, 2021
       I fully agree with the Court’s holding that Kazadi v. State, 467 Md. 1, 9 (2020),

“applies to cases in which there had not yet been a final disposition, regardless of whether

a notice of appeal had been filed at the time the opinion in Kazadi was issued, and in which

the issue had been preserved for appellate review.” Slip Op. at 9-10. I concur somewhat

more hesitantly in the determination that this Court should exercise its discretion to decide

whether Petitioner, Amit Kumar, preserved a Kazadi claim for appellate review, rather than

remand the case to the Court of Special Appeals to allow that Court to rule on preservation.

       The Opinion for the Court, of course, is correct in stating that we have discretion to

decide whether Kumar preserved the Kazadi issue. See Md. Rule 8-131(b)(1) (providing

that, in a case decided by an intermediate appellate court, “the Court of Appeals ordinarily

will consider only an issue that has been raised in the petition for certiorari or any cross-

petition and that has been preserved for review by the Court of Appeals”) (emphasis

added). In my view, several factors should inform this Court’s decision whether to decide

a question that, like the preservation issue here, was not decided by the intermediate

appellate court and has not been raised in a petition or cross-petition for certiorari. Among

those factors are: (1) whether the parties have asked the Court to exercise its discretion to

decide such a question, or whether the Court would be acting on its own initiative in doing

so; (2) whether the parties have had a fair opportunity to brief and argue their positions on

the question in both the intermediate appellate court and this Court, or whether they would

be prejudiced if this Court were to decide the question; and (3) whether there are any

unusual circumstances that warrant deviation from this Court’s normal practice to remand

the case to the intermediate appellate court for that court to decide the matter.
       Here, neither party has asked us to exercise our discretion to decide the preservation

issue. Although the State argued in the Court of Special Appeals that Kumar failed to

preserve an objection to the trial court’s failure to ask his proposed voir dire questions

number 15 and 16, the Court of Special Appeals expressly declined to “address the State’s

… failure-to-preserve argument[]” because it rejected Kumar’s claim of error on the

ground that Kazadi did not apply at all. Thus, because the Court of Special Appeals

exercised its discretion not to decide the preservation question, there was no decision from

the Court of Special Appeals on that point from which the parties could appeal. For that

reason, the State did not file a conditional cross-petition for certiorari raising the

preservation issue. Nor has the State asked us to exercise our discretion to decide the

preservation question. Rather, the State argued on brief and at oral argument that the

preservation issue is not properly before this Court, and that this Court therefore should

remand the case to the Court of Special Appeals to rule on preservation.

       Kumar also did not ask us in his briefs or at oral argument to exercise our discretion

to decide the preservation question. Rather, Kumar claimed that the State waived any

argument concerning preservation by failing to file a conditional cross-petition for

certiorari on that point. The Court correctly rejects that contention. Slip Op. at 15 n.12.

       Thus, the Court is acting on its own initiative in deciding the preservation issue.

That distinguishes this case from several of the cases the Court cites in explaining the

decision to address the preservation issue. For example, in Matthews v. Amberwood

Associates Ltd. P’ship, Inc., 351 Md. 544 (1998), in their cross-petition for a writ of

certiorari, the defendants-respondents requested that the Court review a question that the

                                            -2-
Court of Special Appeals had not decided concerning the defendants’ application to amend

their Answer to allege contributory negligence. This Court granted the plaintiffs’ petition

for certiorari and denied the cross-petition. Id. at 580-81. Nevertheless, in their brief to

this Court, the defendants argued that “[t]he trial court erred ... in refusing to instruct the

jury on the issue of contributory negligence.” Id. at 581. After resolving the substantive

issues in favor of the plaintiffs, the Court opted also to decide the question about

contributory negligence that the Court had initially declined to review. See id.

       In Lizzi v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., 384 Md. 199 (2004), the trial

court dismissed Lizzi’s claims on the ground of res judicata. The Court of Special Appeals

affirmed, but not on the ground of res judicata. After Lizzi filed a certiorari petition, the

respondent (WMATA) did not raise res judicata in its response to Lizzi’s petition, nor did

WMATA file a conditional cross-petition raising the issue. Id. at 205. However, WMATA

addressed the res judicata issue in its brief to this Court. The Court decided to reach the

res judicata question, rather than remanding the case to the Court of Special Appeals for

the intermediate appellate court to consider whether res judicata barred Lizzi’s claims.

Significant to the Court’s decision to exercise its discretion was the fact that res judicata

was “extensively briefed in WMATA’s brief before the Court of Special Appeals, as well

as in WMATA’s brief to this Court. Therefore, WMATA’s res judicata defense cannot be

said to have appeared out of thin air. It is not a surprise to petitioner. Additionally,

petitioner responded to the issue in this Court by referring the Court to his briefing of this

issue in the Court of Special Appeals.” Id. at 206 n.6; see also Suburban Hosp. Inc. v.

Kirson, 362 Md. 140, 177 (2000) (deciding to reach question concerning respondent’s

                                             -3-
alternate defense, despite the fact that respondent did not raise the issue in a cross-petition

for certiorari, “inasmuch as the issue has been briefed and argued here”).

       Although this case differs from Matthews, Lizzi, and Kirson given the Court’s sua

sponte exercise of discretion, importantly the party against whom we decide the

preservation question has not been prejudiced. At oral argument, in response to questioning

from the Court, the State addressed whether Kumar preserved the Kazadi claim for

appellate review. The State did not say that it was surprised by the Court’s inquiry

concerning the preservation question, or that it was unprepared to provide its position on

preservation. Nor did the State ask for an opportunity to submit supplemental briefing on

the question of preservation.1 Rather, the State presented an argument concerning

preservation that was consistent with its briefing in the Court of Special Appeals. In

addition, the State said that the Court had the record of voir dire in the Circuit Court, as

well the briefs of the parties in the Court of Special Appeals and their filings at the

certiorari stage, which “illuminate” the issue of preservation.

       In essence, the State at oral argument conceded the Court’s point that “[w]e have

everything that we need to determine whether Kumar’s Kazadi claim is preserved for

appellate review.” Slip Op. at 17. Thus, the State effectively has acknowledged that it has

had a fair opportunity to argue its position concerning preservation in both the Court of

Special Appeals and this Court, and therefore, that it has not been prejudiced by the Court’s

       1
         Notably, the State did offer at oral argument to submit a letter to the Court
providing citations to cases in which this Court has remanded to the Court of Special
Appeals to decide questions that the intermediate appellate court declined to address when
the cases were initially before it.

                                             -4-
decision to address the preservation issue. Had the State instead represented at oral

argument, in response to the Court’s raising the topic of preservation, that it had more to

say on the preservation issue than it had included in its Court of Special Appeals brief and

its response to Kumar’s petition for certiorari, we likely would not have concluded that

“[w]e have everything that we need to determine whether Kumar’s Kazadi claim is

preserved for appellate review.” In that event, we would have been well advised either to

invite the parties to submit supplemental briefs on the question of preservation, or to

remand the case to the Court of Special Appeals and allow the non-prevailing party there

to decide whether to seek further review of the preservation question in this Court.

       Given the State’s position at oral argument, I agree with the Court’s determination

that we should decide whether Kumar preserved his Kazadi claim for appellate review.2 I

also agree that Kumar preserved his claim of error based on Kazadi.

       2
         In reaching this conclusion, I do not rely on the circumstance that the substantive
Kazadi-related question we have decided in this case and the preservation question are
“interrelated and [that] there is not a non-Kazadi-related issue for the Court of Special
Appeals to address.” Slip Op. at 18. This Court previously has remanded cases to the Court
of Special Appeals, despite the interrelationship between an issue that was properly before
the Court and a question that was not decided by the intermediate appellate court. See, e.g.,
State v. Evans, 352 Md. 496, 509 n.10, 530 (1999), overruled on other grounds, Belote v.
State, 411 Md. 104 (2009) (where the Court of Special Appeals declined to decide whether
there was probable cause to arrest a defendant at the time he was detained, remanding to
the Court of Special Appeals to decide the probable cause issue after holding that the initial
detention constituted an arrest and that a search performed at the time of the detention was
a valid search incident to arrest). Conversely, in appropriate circumstances, this Court has
decided questions that were not interrelated with the questions contained in the parties’
certiorari petitions. See, e.g., Lizzi, 384 Md. at 202-03. At least as a general matter, I do
not perceive the salience of the interrelatedness of issues in assessing whether this Court
should exercise its discretion to address an issue that the Court of Special Appeals opted
not to decide, despite its interrelatedness with an issue that the intermediate appellate court
did decide.

                                             -5-
       The fact that deciding the preservation issue now furthers the goal of judicial

economy, and moots the possibility of the non-prevailing party in the Court of Special

Appeals filing a petition for certiorari, is not a compelling reason by itself to depart from

our normal practice to allow the Court of Special Appeals to decide a question that it did

not address when the case was previously before it. To at least some extent, the interests

of judicial economy and obtaining finality more quickly militate in favor of deciding all

remaining questions in every case. Yet we generally remand to the Court of Special

Appeals to decide a question that it previously did not decide and that was not raised in a

petition or cross-petition for certiorari. In my view, a consideration of intra-judicial comity

underlies our normal practice to remand to the Court of Special Appeals in such cases.

Where the Court of Special Appeals has exercised its discretion not to decide a question in

a case, we generally should respect that exercise of discretion and allow the Court of

Special Appeals the opportunity to decide the question if it becomes necessary to do so

after this Court has decided another question in the same case.

       That being the case, I believe we generally should refrain from deciding an issue

that the Court of Special Appeals elected not to decide and that was not raised by the parties

in their petitions for certiorari, in the absence of a request by one or both parties that we

do so, or in the absence of unusual circumstances that warrant deviation from this Court’s

normal practice.3 Nevertheless, if we are satisfied that neither party will be prejudiced by

our exercising discretion to reach the issue, it may be appropriate for us to do so.

       3
           An example of such unusual circumstances can be found in Sergeant Co. v. Pickett,

                                             -6-
       As discussed above, neither party in this case has asked us to exercise our discretion

to decide the preservation issue. In addition, there are no unusual circumstances here that

warrant a departure from our normal practice to remand to the Court of Special Appeals to

allow that Court to rule on the remaining issue. But for the State’s effective concession that

it is not prejudiced by this Court’s sua sponte exercise of discretion to decide the

preservation issue, I would remand to the Court of Special Appeals to rule on preservation

in the first instance. Given the State’s concession, I concur in the Court’s exercise of

discretion to decide the preservation question.

       Judge McDonald has authorized me to state that he joins in this opinion.

285 Md. 186 (1979). In that case, this Court opted to decide an issue instead of remanding
to the Court of Special Appeals, where there already had been a prior remand and the Court
of Special Appeals on that remand had not “proceed[ed] according to the tenor and
directions of [this Court’s] mandate[.]” Id. at 193. This Court explained: “In the usual
course of events, we would remand the case a second time to the Court of Special Appeals
and again direct that it determine the substantive issue as it should have done when the
appeal was before it in the first instance. But, considering the circumstances and the
tortuous history of what began as a simple appeal, fundamental fairness to the litigants and
the interest of judicial administration and economy dictate that the matter be resolved
without further ado.” Id.

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