Court Opinion

ID: 2649762
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-01-17 20:42:03.225946+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:33:11.804177
License: Public Domain

Filed 1/17/14 In re B.V. CA4/2

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
 California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
                                     or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION TWO

In re B.V., a Person Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.

SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES,                                            E058738

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                       (Super.Ct.No. J237589)

v.                                                                       OPINION

R.V. et al.,

         Defendants and Appellants.

         APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Cheryl C. Kersey,

Judge. Affirmed.

         Jesse McGowan, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Respondent, father.

         Donna P. Chirco, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Respondent, mother.

                                                             1
       Jean-Rene Basle, County Counsel, and Danielle E. Wuchenich, Deputy County

Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

                                              I

                                    INTRODUCTION

       Mother and father (parents) appeal from the juvenile court order terminating their

parental rights to their son, B.V. (born in 2006) under Welfare & Institutions Code

section 366.26.1 Parents contend the trial court erred in skipping the 12-month review

hearing (§ 366.21, subd. (f)), in violation of their due process rights. Father also contends

he was denied effective assistance of counsel because his attorney (1) did not object to

the court setting the 18-month review hearing without first holding a 12-month hearing

and (2) his attorney conceded that father could not gain custody of B.V. at the 18-month

review hearing. Mother joins in father’s arguments on appeal.

       The San Bernardino County Department of Children and Family Services (CFS)

argues that parents forfeited these objections by not raising them in the juvenile court and

are barred from raising their objections on appeal under the waiver rule because they did

not seek writ relief in connection with the 18-month hearing orders. We agree parents

forfeited their objections and are barred from raising them on appeal. Furthermore, any

error in not holding a 12-month hearing was harmless error. The judgment is affirmed.

       1  Unless otherwise noted, all statutory references are to the Welfare and
Institutions Code.

                                             2
                                             II

                    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Parents, who never married, had a history of domestic violence and substance

abuse. The instant juvenile dependency proceedings arose when, on February 17, 2011,

police arrested mother for possession of stolen goods. Joe, mother’s boyfriend, was also

arrested. At the time of their arrest, mother and Joe had been living together with B.V.

for about two years. The police contacted CFS, which removed B.V. from mother and

placed him in the care of his maternal great-aunt (great-aunt) and uncle.

       While interviewing B.V., who was four and a half years old, the CFS social

worker noticed B.V. had a bruise on his right cheek, a red raised mark on the left side of

his forehead, and cuts on the right and left sides of his lip. When asked how B.V.

received the injuries, B.V. said, “Joe did that” and “Joey did that too.” B.V. said Joe

slapped him and punched him, pointing to the left and right side of his top lip. When

asked about the knot on his forehead, B.V. said he and Joe were play fighting and Joe

socked him. The police informed CFS that mother and Joe had a history of domestic

violence. CFS records showed there had been at least four referrals involving domestic

violence. B.V.’s father was unavailable for an interview. B.V. told the social worker

B.V. visited father on weekends.

       Mother denied any domestic violence between her and Joe, but when the social

worker showed her photos of mother having been severely bruised, mother said father

had caused the bruises when B.V. was two years old.

                                             3
Detention Hearing

       CFS filed a juvenile dependency petition under section 300, subdivision (b),

alleging that Joe had physically abused B.V., mother and Joe had engaged in domestic

violence in B.V.’s presence, and father knew or should have known mother abused

alcohol, which placed B.V. at risk of harm and impaired her ability to care for and

supervise B.V. In addition, father had a history of violence and anger, which placed B.V.

at substantial risk of harm and father knew or should have known B.V. was being

physically abused by Joe but, nevertheless, left B.V. in mother’s care.

       On February 22, 2011, CFS filed a section 300 petition on behalf of B.V. At the

detention hearing, the juvenile court ordered B.V. detained and to remain with his great-

aunt. The court ordered reunification services and authorized monitored visitation for

parents, twice weekly, for one hour per visit.

Jurisdiction Hearing

       CFS reported in its jurisdiction/disposition report, filed on March 11, 2011, that

during father’s interview on February 28, 2011, he admitted he had been aware of the

domestic violence between mother and Joe. Father had seen the bruises and marks on

B.V.’s face. Father also knew that mother had an extensive history of abusing alcohol.

Father acknowledged he and mother had an extensive history of engaging in domestic

violence, including an incident in 2007.

       During mother’s interview on March 1, 2010, CFS learned that mother has a

serious alcohol addiction but was in denial of her problem. Mother’s substance abuse

                                             4
began when she was 15 years old. Mother was physically abused by her stepfather, while

her mother allowed it to occur. Her mother and stepfather engaged in domestic disputes,

as well. Mother met father when she was 19 years old. After B.V.’s birth, mother and

father engaged in physical and verbal altercations, leading to mother filing for restraining

orders against father and seeking custody of B.V. Mother denied that Joe had abused

B.V. She claimed B.V. was injured when visiting Joe’s mother. Also, B.V. played

rough. Mother acknowledged that many of her physical altercations occurred when she

was drinking. She admitted she had been hospitalized as a result of a .20 blood alcohol

content (BAC). She did not recall the incident but was told she fell off a balcony while

B.V. was present. During another interview on March 29, 2011, mother minimized the

domestic violence between her and Joe, and indicated she did not believe Joe physically

abused B.V.

       Father reportedly had a criminal history that included charges for assault and

driving without a license in 2005, failure to provide child restraint in 2009, and assault in

2010. As of March 2011, father was on probation for three years, for committing an

assault in 2010. Mother had been charged in 2002 for having a physical altercation with

her mother. Mother’s case plan included a domestic violence program, individual

counseling, parent education, a substance abuse program, substance abuse testing and a

12-step Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) program. Father’s case plan required him to

participate in individual counseling, parenting, and weekly supervised visits.

                                              5
       During B.V.’s interview on March 21, 2011, by The Children’s Assessment

Center, B.V. said that Joe went to jail for stealing “phones, money, dollars and toys and

he saw Joe do those things.” B.V. also stated, as previously reported, that Joe physically

abused him by hitting and punching him. Mother told Joe to stop and took him to the

doctor when he started bleeding. B.V. said he observed Joe pushing mother down when

he got mad at her for spilling beer on Joe.

       At the jurisdiction/disposition hearing on May 9, 2011, the court sustained the

petition as amended, ordered B.V. a dependent of the juvenile court, ordered family

reunification services for parents, authorized four hours of supervised visitation per week

for mother and one hour per week for father. The court further ordered that Joe was to

have no contact with B.V.

Six-Month Review Hearing

       CFS reported in the November 9, 2011 six-month status review report that parents

were living with family members and participating in services. Visits with B.V. were

going well and B.V. had adjusted well to living with his great-aunt and uncle. The court

authorized parents to receive unsupervised visits once a week, for one hour, at a neutral

location, with parents to visit B.V. separately.

       On November 28, 2011, parents participated in juvenile dependency mediation.

Mother agreed to continue domestic violence treatment, individual therapy, random

testing, and attending Narcotics Anonymous/Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. Mother

completed an after-care treatment program for substance abuse. Father agreed to

                                              6
complete a domestic violence program, attend parent-child interactive therapy, and

continue reunification services. It was further agreed mother would have weekly,

unsupervised visits for a minimum of one hour, at a neutral location, and one night a

week at the great-aunt’s home, until B.V. went to sleep. Father would have weekly,

unsupervised visits for a minimum of three hours, at a neutral location.

       In December 2011, the parties participated in a pretrial settlement conference,

which was continued to January 10, 2012. During the January 2012 conference, the

juvenile court ordered additional updated case plans and further reunification services,

and found that CFS had “provided reasonable services designed to overcome the

problems leading to the initial removal and the continued custody of the child.” The

court authorized mother to receive weekly, unsupervised visits for a minimum of three

hours, at a neutral location and one night a week at the great-aunt’s home, until B.V. went

to sleep. The court also authorized weekly, unsupervised day visits with father at his

residence, upon completion of live scan of individuals living in his home. The court

further set on June 25, 2012, the next hearing, described as an 18-month review hearing

under section 366.22.

       At a nonappearance review hearing in February 2012, the court ordered

compliance with parents’ amended case plans. The court also ordered mother to obtain

an AA sponsor and attend AA meetings five times a week. At a nonappearance review

hearing in April 2012, the court ordered visitation between mother and B.V. changed to

supervised visitation because mother was arrested in January 2012, for public

                                             7
drunkenness and disorderly conduct, and mother had not found an AA sponsor. Also,

mother had been terminated from therapy because of her high absenteeism, and she tested

positive for alcohol in March 2012. At the April 2012 hearing, the juvenile court

confirmed the section 366.22 hearing on June 25, 2012.

18-Month Hearing

       CFS recommended in its 18-month hearing report, filed on June 19, 2012, that the

juvenile court terminate reunification services. B.V. had been living with his great aunt

and uncle since his removal from mother’s care on February 17, 2011. Mother continued

to minimize her drinking problem and had not provided any records of AA attendance.

Although mother claimed she no longer had a relationship with Joe and there was a court

restraining order against him, mother continued to maintain contact with him. B.V.’s

care providers reported they suspected mother was drinking while at their home for visits.

On May 30, 2012, mother frequently went outside to smoke. The care providers noticed

her speech became slurred. They followed her out to the car and found beer cans in her

car, terminated her visit, and requested her to leave. The social worker reported that

mother had not put into practice any of the tools provided in her reunification services

programs. She continued to drink and remained involved with Joe in a toxic relationship.

On January 11, 2012, Joe was arrested for domestic violence involving mother, and

mother was arrested for public intoxication. A police officer observed Joe punching

mother while Joe and mother were sitting in a car. Joe was on parole at the time and

there was a restraining order prohibiting Joe from contact with mother.

                                             8
       CFS reported that father had stopped going to therapy and displayed a very

immature, childlike relationship with B.V. Father did not provide any parental structure

or guidance and told B.V. he did not have “‘any rules and he can do whatever he wants’”

when B.V. is at father’s home. Father allowed B.V., who was six years old, to watch an

“R” rated movie containing a lot of violence and profanity. Afterwards, B.V. was unable

to sleep for the next five nights. Father also took a photo of B.V. posing as if giving

someone the “middle finger.” B.V. reported he and father were outside throwing glass

tiles, causing B.V. to cut his hand. Father was living with B.V.’s paternal grandfather

(grandfather). Both parents had recently become employed.

       The social worker concluded in the June 2012 status report that, “At this point the

case is at the statutory time limit for services and neither parent is ready to assume the

role of parent on a full time basis. Mother continues to ignore and or minimize the

degree that alcohol has on her life. Father presents as a ‘buddy’ rather than a parent and

is not able to provide the structure that is needed for a young child.” The social worker

therefore requested the court to set a section 366.26 hearing. Mother was consistently

visiting B.V. and the visits went well. B.V. reportedly enjoyed his visits with mother and

father but looked forward to being cared for by his great-aunt and uncle, who provided

safety, structure and support.

       B.V.’s great-aunt reported in the Caregiver Information Form (JV-290), filed on

June 20, 2012, that father did not visit B.V. during the first five months B.V. lived with

great-aunt and currently was only visiting B.V. every other week. On one occasion,

                                              9
when mother and father did not show up for a scheduled visit, B.V. cried and wanted to

know “how could they let him down.” Parents were also an hour and a half late to B.V.’s

birthday party in 2011. On another occasion, father showed up over an hour late to a visit

in January 2012. B.V. exhibited aggressive behavior after visiting with father, and father

took B.V. to grandfather’s home, even though the home had not been approved for

visitation. B.V.’s great-aunt reported that she was concerned that father’s bigoted

involvement in “White Pride” would have a negative impact on B.V. Father had posted

on a social network site a picture of B.V., with the caption, “Salute the General White

Pride World Wide.” Father continued to have serious anger issues and had not dealt with

his domestic violence issues. Great-aunt was concerned father might lose control and

harm B.V. Great-aunt believed mother continued to have problems with alcohol and it

was unlikely she would overcome her alcohol problem because she was in denial.

Mother also was still involved with Joe.

       The 18-month hearing was continued to July 26, 2012, for a contested hearing. At

the hearing on July 26, 2012, father testified he had been living in an apartment with

grandfather. Grandfather had a criminal history, which included incarceration for violent

offenses. Father admitted he had not engaged in any counseling since January 2011.

After briefly consulting with father, father’s attorney informed the court that father was

aware that the hearing was a section 366.22 hearing, which meant the court was going to

determine whether B.V. would be ordered returned to parents and whether reunification

services would be terminated. Father’s attorney acknowledged that B.V. could not be

                                             10
returned to father because he was living with grandfather, who had a criminal record. In

addition, father had not completed counseling. Father’s attorney requested increasing

father’s unsupervised visits and objected to terminating reunification services.

       Mother’s attorney also acknowledged the hearing was a section 366.22 hearing,

which meant “[w]e’re out of time.” Mother’s attorney stated that mother did not have

appropriate housing, although she had recently started a new job. Mother objected to

termination of services and requested visitation remain the same.

       The juvenile court again found that CFS had provided reasonable services and that

CFS had complied with the case plan by making reasonable efforts to return the child to a

safe home and to complete whatever steps were necessary to finalize the permanent

placement of the child. The court further found that parents failed to participate regularly

and make substantive progress in their treatment plans. The court authorized

unsupervised visits for father twice a month, and supervised visits for mother twice a

month. The court terminated parents’ reunification services and set a section 366.26

hearing, with a recommended permanent plan of legal guardianship. The court also

advised parents of their rights to seek appellate review of the court’s July 26, 2012 order

by filing a petition for writ review. Parents did not petition for writ relief from the order.

Section 366.26 Hearing and Section 388 Petition

       In November 2012, the juvenile court ordered the section 366.26 hearing

continued because CFS had changed their recommended permanent plan from legal

                                              11
guardianship to adoption. Because of difficulty notifying father, the hearing was

continued again to May 9, 2013.

       CFS reported in its March 2013, section 366.26 hearing report that B.V. had lived

with his prospective adoptive parents (great-aunt and uncle) since February 17, 2011. He

had bonded with them and had adjusted well. B.V. knew who his birth parents were but

recognized his great-aunt and uncle as his parental figures. Great-aunt and uncle had

known B.V. since his birth and wished to adopt him, and B.V. emphatically stated he

wanted them to do so.

       B.V. had no current medical issues, was meeting his developmental milestones,

and was doing very well in school. B.V. became aggressive for a couple of days after his

twice monthly visits with father. Father acted as a “buddy,” rather than a parent, with

B.V. and let him do whatever he wanted. When the social worker discussed visitation

concerns with father, he became upset, yet did not follow through with counseling.

Mother was not consistent with her visits. She did not regularly visit or make phone

contact. B.V. viewed mother’s visits as “play dates” and often asked, “why is she

coming?” Mother was reportedly homeless, unable to support herself, and living a

transient lifestyle.

       At the section 366.26 hearing on May 9, 2013, the court continued the hearing to

the afternoon because parents contested the matter and wanted to call B.V. as a witness.

During the noon recess, mother filed a section 388 petition, requesting the court to vacate

the July 26, 2012 order terminating reunification services and setting the section 366.26

                                            12
hearing. Mother alleged in her section 388 petition that her circumstances had changed

in that she had obtained stable housing and had been consistently visiting B.V. Attached

to mother’s section 388 petition were her 2011 certificates of completion of substance

abuse, domestic violence, and parenting programs.

       After hearing argument, the juvenile court denied mother’s section 388 petition,

noting that mother’s attached certificates were dated prior to the July 2012 order

terminating reunification services. The court therefore concluded there were no changed

circumstances and denied mother’s section 388 petition.

       Upon resuming the contested section 366.26 hearing, father testified that he had

unsupervised, eight-hour visits with B.V. every other weekend. He would spend quality

time with B.V., going to breakfast, visiting grandfather, watching a movie or cartoons,

going to the park, or playing basketball. Father requested the court order guardianship so

that he would have an opportunity to regain custody. County counsel for CFS noted that,

according to B.V.’s caregivers, father had visited B.V. only once per month between

January 2013 and May 2013. Father disagreed but admitted he had not seen B.V. for the

last few weeks because father was injured.

       Mother testified she also preferred guardianship and acknowledged she was not

visiting B.V. regularly because of transportation. Mother said that B.V. called her

“mommy” and his caretakers “auntie” and “uncle.” B.V.’s attorney told the court she had

asked B.V. where he wished to live and B.V. initially said he wanted to live with his

                                             13
friend from school and would not mind living with parents, but if he could not live with

his parents, he wanted to stay with his great-aunt and uncle.

       The juvenile court ordered parental rights terminated, with adoption as B.V.’s

permanent plan. The court found that no exception to terminating parental rights applied

because parents had not visited B.V. enough within the past six months. In addition,

father had problems with parenting and taking responsibility, and parents did not have

stable housing. On the other hand, B.V. was doing extremely well living with his great-

aunt and uncle.

                                             III

                     SKIPPING THE TWELVE-MONTH HEARING

       Parents contend the trial court’s failure to hold a 12-month review hearing

deprived them of their procedural and substantive due process rights.

  A. Forfeiture of Objection

       CFS asserts that parents forfeited this objection by not raising it in the lower court.

We agree. Neither mother nor father objected in the juvenile court to the court not

holding a 12-month review hearing. When the court in January 2012 set the date for the

next hearing, the court described the next hearing as a “two, two” hearing, also known as

an 18-month review hearing under section 366.22. Parents did not object to setting an

18-month hearing, rather than a 12-month hearing.

       At the nonappearance hearing on April 9, 2012, the court confirmed that the

section 366.22, 18-month hearing would be held in June 2012, and provided notice to the

                                             14
parties. In June 2012, CFS filed an 18-month status review report recommending

termination of parental rights. The legal history section of the report showed that there

had not been a 12-month review hearing, with the next hearing in June 2012 identified as

an 18-month hearing. The notice of the hearing also stated that the hearing in June 2012

was an 18-month hearing. The notice further stated that CFS recommended terminating

reunification services and setting a section 366.26 hearing. At the June 2012, 18-month

hearing, parents requested a contested hearing, resulting in continuance of the 18-month

hearing to July 26, 2012.

       At no time did parents object to the court skipping the 12-month review hearing,

including at the June hearing or at the July 2012 contested 18-month hearing. Counsel

for CFS and parents all acknowledged the July 2012 hearing was a section 366.22, 18-

month hearing. Despite numerous opportunities to object to skipping the 12-month

hearing, parents did not object. As a consequence, parents forfeited their right to object

on appeal to the court not holding a 12-month hearing.

       “It is true that . . . a reviewing court ordinarily will not consider a challenge to a

ruling if an objection could have been but was not made in the trial court. [Citation.][]

The purpose of this rule is to encourage parties to bring errors to the attention of the trial

court, so that they may be corrected. [Citation.] [¶] Dependency matters are not exempt

from this rule. [Citations.]” (In re S.B. (2004) 32 Cal. 4th 1287, 1293.) “‘[A]ny other

rule would permit a party to . . . deliberately stand by in silence and thereby permit the

                                              15
proceedings to reach a conclusion in which the party could acquiesce if favorable and

avoid if unfavorable.’” (In re Dakota S. (2000) 85 Cal. App. 4th 494, 502.)

       Had parents timely brought to the juvenile court’s attention that the court had

omitted the 12-month review hearing, and requested such a hearing, the juvenile court

could have easily remedied this oversight. By not raising the issue in the juvenile court,

the parties cannot now raise the deficiency for the first time on appeal. (Marlene M. v.

Superior Court (2000) 80 Cal. App. 4th 1139, 1149 [mother waived lack of notice

argument by failure to object]; In re Levi U. (2000) 78 Cal. App. 4th 191, 201 [mother

waived due process claim]; In re Janee J. (1999) 74 Cal. App. 4th 198, 209-210 [mother

waived lack of notice claim]; In re Heidi T. (1978) 87 Cal. App. 3d 864, 876 [failure to

object in superior court waived issue of right to separate counsel for minors].)

       We recognize that application of the forfeiture rule is not automatic. (In re S.B.,

supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 1293.) However, this court’s discretion to excuse the forfeiture is

to be exercised “rarely and only in cases presenting an important legal issue.” (Ibid.) In

dependency cases, “the discretion must be exercised with special care. . . . Because these

proceedings involve the well-being of children, considerations such as permanency and

stability are of paramount importance. (§ 366.26.)” (Ibid.) In S.B., the Supreme Court

determined that the Court of Appeal did not abuse its discretion in entertaining the

mother’s challenge, notwithstanding her failure to object below, because the issue of

whether a juvenile court in a dependency case may delegate to the child’s legal guardian

                                             16
the authority to decide whether a parent may visit the child was an important issue of law

that had divided the Courts of Appeal at that time. (Id. at pp. 1292-1294.)

       Parents’ claim here is not on par with that addressed in In re S.B. The issue of

inadvertently failing to conduct a 12-month review hearing is not a new, significant issue

of first impression or one dividing the Courts of Appeal. There is no dispute among the

courts or parties that the juvenile court normally should conduct a 12-month hearing.

Failure to provide such a hearing does not constitute reversible error in the instant case

because the parties could have easily brought such oversight to the juvenile court’s

attention when the hearing was set in January 2012 or thereafter, and the hearing could

have then been held before proceeding with the 18-month hearing.

B. Waiver Rule

       Parents are further barred from raising the issue on appeal because they were

required to raise the issue by writ petition, before the juvenile court’s section 366.26

ruling terminating parental rights. (§ 366.26, subd. (l); Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.452; In

re Ricky H. (1992) 10 Cal. App. 4th 552, 561, 563 [Fourth Dist., Div. Two]; In re Tabitha

W. (2006) 143 Cal. App. 4th 811, 816 [Fourth Dist., Div. Two].)

       Under the waiver rule, “an appellate court in a dependency proceeding may not

inquire into the merits of a prior final appealable order on an appeal from a later

appealable order . . . .” (In re Meranda P. (1997) 56 Cal. App. 4th 1143, 1151.) This is

because, “[t]o permit a parent to raise issues which go to the validity of a final earlier

appealable order would directly undermine these dominant concerns of finality and

                                              17
reasonable expedition.” (Id. at p. 1152.) But “[a]s explained in In re Janee J. (1999) 74
Cal. App. 4th 198, 208, the Meranda P. rule is not absolute. ‘[T]he crux of Meranda P. [is

that] the waiver rule will be enforced unless due process forbids it.’ . . . Thus in the usual

case, application of the waiver rule will not offend due process.’” (In re S.D. (2002) 99
Cal. App. 4th 1068, 1079-1080.)

       Parents argue that omission of the 12-month hearing, and terminating reunification

services and setting a section 366.26 hearing at the 18-month hearing, violated their due

process rights. We disagree. Reunification services are not a “constitutional

entitlement.” (In re Aryanna C. (2005) 132 Cal. App. 4th 1234, 1242.) They are

statutorily mandated and there is no statutory minimum period for reunification. There is

only a statutory maximum period during which a child may be kept in foster care before a

permanent plan is established. (In re David H. (1995) 33 Cal. App. 4th 368, 388; Aryanna

C., at p. 1237.) For a child at least three years old, the default period for reunification

services is 12 months, with a maximum limit of 18 months, absent extraordinary

circumstances. (§ 366.22, subd. (a), Los Angeles County Dept. of Children etc. Services

v. Superior Court (1997) 60 Cal. App. 4th 1088, 1091-1092; In re Derrick S. (2007) 156
Cal. App. 4th 436, 445.) At the time of the July 2012 hearing in the instant case, the

maximum 18-month reunification period was about to run, with parents having received

over 17 months of services.

       Parents argue their due process rights were violated because, by skipping the 12-

month hearing, they were deprived a review hearing with less stringent requirements for

                                              18
continuing reunification services. The 12-month review hearing under section 366.21,

subdivision (g)(1), allows the court to order additional reunification services up until the

18-month limitation period is reached. For additional services, there must be a

substantial probability the child would be returned home within six months or a finding

reasonable services had not been provided. (§ 366.21, subds. (f), (g)(1) & (g)(4).)

       Unlike at the 12-month hearing, at the 18-month hearing, continuing reunification

services requires a finding of exceptional circumstances. (§ 366.22.) At the 18-month

review, governed by section 366.22, the court must set a section 366.26 hearing and

terminate services unless the court finds a “substantial probability that the child will be

returned to the physical custody of his or her parent . . . or that reasonable services have

not been provided.” (§ 366.22, subd. (b).) A finding that the child will be returned to the

parent, requires findings that the parents have “consistently and regularly contacted and

visited with the child,” made “significant and consistent progress” on the problems

leading to removal, and “demonstrated the capacity and ability both to complete the

objectives of his or her substance abuse treatment plan” and “to provide for the child’s

safety, protection, physical and emotional well-being, and special needs.” (§ 366.22,

subd. (b)(1)-(3).)

       But even under the less demanding requirements applicable at a 12-month review

hearing, it is not likely that the juvenile court would have ordered additional services for

parents. Had the court held a 12-month review hearing, such as in April 2012, the result

would have likely been the same. Mother had still not obtained an AA sponsor or

                                             19
provided proof of attending AA. She had reportedly relapsed and had been drinking and

smoking while visiting B.V. In addition, she had engaged in domestic violence with Joe

in January 2012, after completing a domestic violence course. Father had failed to show

up for three recommended therapy sessions in December 2011, resulting in the therapist

terminating his therapy in January 2012. There was also evidence father continued to

behave immaturely when with B.V. and did not maintain a parental role. In addition,

father’s home was not appropriate for B.V. because father was living with grandfather,

who had several hits on Live Scan. During the juvenile dependency proceedings, parents

received all of the due process protections necessary to ensure their rights were not

violated.

       Father argues that by not holding a 12-month review hearing, CFS “sandbagged”

him with new concerns at the final 18-month review hearing, such as father’s inadequate

housing and his failure to complete a domestic violence counseling program. Father

argues that had these concerns been raised earlier at a 12-month review hearing, he could

have addressed them earlier. But the record shows that father had ample notice that he

was required to provide suitable housing for B.V. and that he was required to attend

counseling. Even assuming there was some confusion as to the nature of the counseling

he was required to complete, there was no “sandbagging.” Father was advised the

hearing was an 18-month hearing, with the CFS recommending termination of

reunification services and setting a section 366.26 hearing. Father was aware he needed

to provide suitable housing for B.V. and that father’s residence had not been approved.

                                            20
Father also was advised his case plan required him to attend counseling and he was not in

compliance because he stopped attending counseling.

       Due process does not forbid enforcing the waiver rule in the instant case, since

parents were provided with over 17 months of reasonable reunification services, with the

focus of the proceedings on return of the child during the reunification period,

independent judicial review at least every six months, and notice to parent of all

proceedings and the right to counsel at all stages. (In re S.D., supra, 99 Cal.App.4th at

pp. 1079-1080; In re Meranda P., supra, 56 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1154-1155.) Although

the court skipped the 12-month hearing, the parties received proper notice of the 18-

month hearing and did not object to omitting the 12-month hearing, even though they had

numerous opportunities to do so. This case thus does not qualify as an “usual case,” in

which application of the waiver rule offends due process. (In re S.D., supra, 99

Cal.App.4th at pp. 1079-1080.)

       Parents are therefore barred from asserting their objection to the court skipping the

12-month hearing because they did not seek writ relief before raising the objection on

appeal. As this court explained in Tabitha W., a juvenile court order setting a section

366.26 hearing and terminating reunification services is not an appealable order, other

than by extraordinary writ. (In re Ricky H., supra, 10 Cal.App.4th at pp. 561-562;

§ 366.26, subd. (l); Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.452.) “Section 366.26, subdivision (l)(1)

currently provides that ‘An order by the court that a hearing pursuant to this section be

held is not appealable at any time unless’ a timely writ petition was filed, which

                                             21
‘substantively addressed the specific issues to be challenged and supported that challenge

by an adequate record’ and which ‘was summarily denied or otherwise not decided on the

merits.’ . . . ‘[S]ection 366.26 subdivision (l) bars direct appeals from orders setting a

section 366.26 hearing. The appellate court explained that its statutory interpretation is in

keeping with recent legislative efforts to expedite finality in dependency proceedings and

to achieve permanency for children in the system. [Citation.] In In re Anthony B.

[(1999)] 72 Cal.App.4th [1017], 1023, the Court of Appeal extended “the bar of section

366.26, subdivision (l) [to] all orders issued at a hearing in which a setting order is

entered.”’” (In re Tabitha W., supra, 143 Cal.App.4th at pp. 815-816.)

       At the 18-month hearing on July 26, 2012, the juvenile court advised parents of

their writ rights. The court told parents that if they disagreed with the court’s ruling, they

must file a petition for extraordinary writ in order to preserve their right to appeal the

decision, and this must be done within seven days. Parents did not file a petition for

extraordinary writ and therefore, under section 366.26, subdivision (l), they did not

preserve their right to object to the juvenile court not holding a 12-month review hearing

before entering its order on July 26, 2012, terminating reunification services and setting

the section 366.26 hearing.

                                              IV

              INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL CHALLENGE

       Father contends he received ineffective assistance of counsel (IAC) because his

attorney failed to object to the juvenile court setting and holding an 18-month review

                                              22
hearing, without having held a 12-month review hearing.

       Hoping to circumvent the waiver rule and forfeiture of his objection on appeal to

skipping the 12-month hearing, father contends he received IAC because his attorney (1)

failed to object during the hearing on January 10, 2012, to the juvenile court setting an

18-month review hearing, rather than a 12-month review hearing, (2) conceded the

hearing on July 26, 2012, was an 18-month hearing governed by section 366.22, and (3)

conceded father could not care for B.V. because father was living with grandfather.

       As the court in In re Carrie M. (2001) 90 Cal. App. 4th 530, noted, “A claim of

ineffective assistance of counsel in a dependency matter is generally cognizable in the

Court of Appeal on a petition for writ of habeas corpus. [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 533.) In

the instant case, father did not file a petition for writ of habeas corpus. We recognize the

rule requiring such a writ petition is not absolute. There is “an exception in cases where

‘there simply could be no satisfactory explanation’ for trial counsel’s action or inaction

[citations.]” (In re Eileen A. (2000) 84 Cal. App. 4th 1248, 1254.) The exception does not

apply here because there was a satisfactory explanation for father’s counsel not objecting

to skipping the 12-month hearing. Had the court set a 12-month hearing instead of an 18-

month hearing, the hearing would likely have been heard sooner, resulting in the

probability the court would terminate services even sooner. Furthermore, there was

reason for not objecting at the 18-month hearing because, by the time the hearing was

held, B.V. had been removed for over 17 months and it was highly unlikely the court

                                             23
would extend reunification services, even if the court deemed the hearing a 12-month

hearing.

       As stated in Denny H. v. Superior Court (2005) 131 Cal. App. 4th 1501, 1510, “. . .

the dependency law does not establish a minimum period of reunification. Rather,

emphasis is on ‘setting outside limits to the length of time a child may be kept in foster

care before a permanent plan is established.’ (In re David H., supra, 33 Cal.App.4th at p.

388.) Summing up this view, Seiser states: ‘[T]he statutory mandate for limiting

reunification services to a maximum of 18 months from the date of the original removal

will control over any conflict in the statutes.’ (Seiser[& Kumli, Cal. Juvenile Courts

Practice and Procedure (Lexis Nexis 2005)] § 2.153, p. 2-295.) This is because at the 18-

month benchmark, the focus of a dependency proceeding, shifts to the child’s needs for

permanency and stability. (In re Stephanie M. (1994) 7 Cal. 4th 295, 317.)”

       Although in several cases a juvenile court extended services beyond the 18–month

statutory period, this has occurred “only under extraordinary circumstances ‘involv[ing]

some external factor which prevented the parent from participating in the case plan.’” (In

re Denny H., supra, 131 Cal.App.4th at p. 1510, quoting Andrea L. v. Superior Court

(1998) 64 Cal. App. 4th 1377, 1388 [affirming lower court’s refusal to so extend

services].) In the absence of extraordinary circumstances, “the juvenile court’s extension

of services beyond 18-months was an abuse of discretion and in excess of its jurisdiction,

as limited by statute.” (Denny H., at p. 1511.)

                                             24
       Here, at the time of the 18-month hearing, B.V. had been removed from his

parents for 17 months and the trial court found that reasonable services had been

provided. The court also found it was not likely B.V. would be returned to parents within

the statutory time frame; custody by parents continued to be detrimental to B.V. and

would not be in his best interests; and parents failed to participate regularly and make

substantive progress in their treatment plans. Under these circumstances, father’s

attorney could have reasonably decided not to object to the court skipping the 12-month

hearing because the outcome likely would have been the same or even worse in the event

the 12-month hearing was heard sooner, with the court terminating services at that time.

(In re Denny H., supra, 131 Cal.App.4th at p. 1511.)

       There was also a satisfactory explanation for father’s counsel conceding custody

with father was inappropriate at the time of the 18-month hearing. Father could not have

custody of B.V. because father was living with grandfather. Grandfather’s home had not

been approved because of his criminal history and he could not visit with B.V. unless

visitation was supervised. Furthermore, it was apparent B.V. would not be placed with

father and it was not likely reunification services would be extended because father had

not completed his case plan. He had stopped going to counseling and he had exhibited

immature, inappropriate behavior and a failure to maintain a parental role while visiting

B.V. Under these circumstances, in which it was apparent the juvenile court would not

place B.V. with father or extend reunification services, it was reasonable for father’s

attorney to concede B.V. could not be placed with father.

                                             25
       Since there was a reasonable explanation for father’s attorney not objecting to the

court skipping the 12-month hearing and conceding B.V. could not reside with father,

father’s IAC challenge should have been brought by petition for writ of habeas corpus,

rather than by this appeal.

       Furthermore, father’s IAC challenge is not timely. Father’s IAC claim is barred

by the waiver rule because it relates to the January 2012 order and July 26, 2012 referral

order. Therefore, as discussed in the preceding section of this opinion, father was

required to raise his IAC challenge by either a writ petition for extraordinary relief or

writ petition for habeas corpus, challenging the referral order. “The right to habeas

corpus relief is, however, limited by the dependency order to which the claimed

ineffective assistance of counsel relates and the timing of the petition for writ of habeas

corpus. [Citation.]” (In re Carrie M., supra, 90 Cal.App.4th at p. 533, citing In re

Kristin H. (1996) 46 Cal. App. 4th 1635, 1667.)

       An IAC claim in connection with orders setting the 18-month hearing and the

orders entered at the 18-month hearing, terminating reunification services and setting a

section 366.26 hearing (referral order), may be raised in a timely petition for writ of

habeas corpus or writ petition for extraordinary relief, filed in connection with those

orders. This did not occur. The IAC claims may not be raised by an appeal from an

order terminating parental rights or by a habeas corpus petition filed in connection with

an appeal from an order terminating parental rights. (In re Carrie M., supra, 90

Cal.App.4th at p. 534; In re Meranda P., supra, 56 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1146, 1160-1166.)

                                             26
       Citing In re S.D., supra, 99 Cal.App.4th at pages 1079, 1080 and In re Janee J.,

supra, 74 Cal.App.4th at page 208, father argues the waiver rule does not apply because

the failure to hold a 12-month hearing constitutes a “defect that fundamentally

undermined the statutory scheme so that the parent would have been kept from availing

himself or herself of the protections afforded by the scheme as a whole.” (Janee J., at p.

208.) But, as discussed above, this exception to the waiver rule does not apply because

the failure to hold a 12-month hearing in the instant case did not fundamentally

undermine the statutory scheme and could have been corrected had the omission been

raised properly and at the appropriate time. (Id. at p. 209, In re Carrie M., supra, 90

Cal.App.4th at p. 534; In re Meranda P., supra, 56 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1146, 1160-1166.)

       In In re S.D., supra, 99 Cal. App. 4th 1068, the mother’s attorney conceded at the

jurisdiction hearing that the court had jurisdiction over S.D. under section 300,

subdivision (g) (failure to provide), solely because mother was incarcerated. But this

alone was not a sufficient basis for finding jurisdiction. Under section 300, subdivision

(g), the court was also required to find that the parent was unable to arrange for

alternative care for the child. The court in S.D. found this fundamental misunderstanding

of the law constituted IAC. Therefore the failure to timely appeal the jurisdiction order

by filing a writ petition did not waive the objection later raised on appeal following

termination of parental rights.

       S.D. is distinguishable. Here, father is not challenging the jurisdiction order and

there was no fundamental statutory misinterpretation. The instant case is also not one of

                                             27
those rare cases in which “the appellate record demonstrates ‘there simply could be no

satisfactory explanation’ for trial counsel’s action or inaction.” (In re S.D., supra, 99

Cal.App.4th at p. 1077.) Unlike S.D., this case is not an extraordinary case of IAC,

where there was patent error based on clear misinterpretation of a juvenile dependency

statute. Here, father’s attorney conceded at the 18-month hearing that B.V. could not at

that time be placed with father because father was residing with grandfather, who had a

criminal history, and father had not completed his case plan, including counseling. And

although father’s attorney and the court overlooked skipping the 12-month hearing, there

was no misinterpretation of the law. As discussed above, there were satisfactory reasons

for proceeding with the 18-month hearing at that point and conceding that B.V. could not

be placed with father at that time.

       Furthermore, father’s IAC claim lacks merit because he has not established

prejudice. In order to demonstrate IAC, father must show both that the acts of counsel

fell below an objective standard of conduct required of a competent, diligent juvenile

dependency advocate, and that he was prejudiced by counsel’s alleged failures. (In re

Kristin H., supra, 46 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1667-1668; Adoption of Michael D. (1989) 209
Cal. App. 3d 122, 136.) Father must thus demonstrate that it is reasonably probable that a

more favorable result would have been reached in the absence of the error. (Kristin H., at

p. 1668.) Father has not established this. It is not reasonably probable the outcome

would have been more favorable had his attorney insisted on a 12-month hearing at the

January 10, 2012, or July 26, 2012, hearings.

                                             28
                                       V

                                   DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed.

       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                                 CODRINGTON
                                                              J.

We concur:

RAMIREZ
                      P. J.

KING
                         J.

                                       29