Court Opinion

ID: 2973321
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 17:01:02.200062+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:43:45.159369
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                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                     _________________

                                                    X
                               Plaintiff-Appellee, -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                     -
                                                     -
                                                     -
                                                         No. 04-1801
          v.
                                                     ,
                                                      >
 HANG LE-THY TRAN,                                   -
                           Defendant-Appellant. -
                                                    N
                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                 for the Western District of Michigan at Grand Rapids.
                 No. 03-00175—David W. McKeague, District Judge.
                                   Argued: November 9, 2005
                               Decided and Filed: January 5, 2006
                  Before: MERRITT, MOORE, and SUTTON, Circuit Judges.
                                       _________________
                                            COUNSEL
ARGUED: Frank E. Stanley, Grand Rapids, Michigan, for Appellant. Timothy P. VerHey,
ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Grand Rapids, Michigan, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: Frank E. Stanley, Grand Rapids, Michigan, for Appellant. Timothy P. VerHey,
ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Grand Rapids, Michigan, for Appellee.
                                       _________________
                                           OPINION
                                       _________________
         MERRITT, Circuit Judge. Defendant Hang Le-Thy Tran was convicted by a jury of two
counts of aiding and abetting another to commit arson in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 844(i). Tran was
sentenced by the district court to 72 months of imprisonment. She now appeals her conviction and
her sentence. On appeal, Tran asserts that: (1) the district court erred in denying Tran’s motion for
judgment of acquittal on the grounds that the government did not prove the interstate commerce
element of the offense; (2) the district court erred in denying her motion to sever counts; (3) the
district court erred in denying her motions to suppress evidence seized during searches of her
business and her mobile home; and (4) the sentence imposed by the district court violated the 6th
Amendment. For the following reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s rulings below, except we
VACATE the sentence of the district court and REMAND for re-sentencing consistent with the
Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005).

                                                 1
No. 04-1801           United States v. Tran                                                   Page 2

                       I. BACKGROUND FACTS AND PROCEDURE
        Defendant Hang Le-Thy Tran owned and operated two businesses, Mimi’s Family Hair Care
and Kimberly Beauty College, located in the suburbs of Grand Rapids, Michigan. On October 24,
2000, Mimi’s Family Hair Care was damaged by a small fire in the rear room of the salon. The fire
marshal concluded that the cause of the fire was arson, and all other causes were ruled out. The
Michigan State Police Laboratory was unable to identify the flammable liquid used to ignite the fire,
but there were acetone and several other flammable hair and nail care products in the salon. While
investigating a second fire at Kimberly Beauty College, a detective with the Kentwood Police
Department received a letter naming a suspect in the Mimi’s Family Hair Care fire. The detective
eventually located Hanh Ngo, a student at Kimberly Beauty College, who confessed to setting the
fire at Mimi’s Family Hair Care at the defendant’s behest.
         On March 24, 2002, Kimberly Beauty College was destroyed by fire, and an adjacent
business suffered fire and smoke damage. The basement of Kimberly Beauty College escaped
significant damage even though the fire completely destroyed the rest of the structure. The cause
of the fire was determined to be arson, ignited through the use of a flammable liquid in conjunction
with cotton, acting as a wick from the flammable liquid to other areas of the business. Acetone, a
flammable liquid commonly used in beauty salons, was found in the basement of Kimberly Beauty
College in unusually high quantities. The police were unable to identify the arsonist responsible for
the fire that destroyed Kimberly Beauty College.
        These offenses resulted in an indictment charging Tran with two counts of aiding and
abetting another to commit arson in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 844(i). Count 1 of the indictment
related to the fire at Mimi’s Family Hair Care in Kentwood, Michigan, on October 24, 2000. Count
2 of the indictment arose out of the fire at Kimberly Beauty College in Wyoming, Michigan, on
March 25, 2002. The case was tried by a jury on February 9, 2004, and following a five-day trial,
the defendant was found guilty of both counts. Thereafter, the defendant filed a motion for judgment
of acquittal pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29, arguing that sufficient evidence was
not presented by the government at trial to meet its burden of showing that Mimi’s Family Hair Care
and Kimberly Beauty College affected interstate commerce. The district court denied the motion.
On June 9, 2004, the defendant was sentenced to 72 months in prison on each count, to be served
concurrently. The defendant thereafter timely filed a notice of appeal.
                                II. INTERSTATE COMMERCE
        Tran argues on appeal that the government failed to introduce sufficient evidence to support
the verdict in this case. According to Tran, the government failed to prove that Mimi’s Family Hair
Care and Kimberly Beauty College affected interstate commerce, as it was required to do under
Jones v. United States, 529 U.S. 848 (2000). We review a district court’s refusal to grant a motion
for judgment of acquittal de novo. United States v. Kone, 307 F.3d 430, 433 (6th Cir. 2002). We
may reverse the district court’s decision only if, after viewing the facts in the light most favorable
to the government, we determine that no “rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307
(1979)).
        Title 18 U.S.C. § 844(i) provides for the imposition of federal criminal sanctions against any
person who “maliciously damages or destroys, or attempts to damage or destroy, by means of fire
or an explosive, any building, vehicle, or other real or person property used in interstate or foreign
commerce or in any activity affecting interstate or foreign commerce.” The statute thus
encompasses the arson of “any building that is either used in interstate commerce or that is used in
any activity affecting interstate commerce.” United States v. Laton, 352 F.3d 286, 291 (6th Cir.
2003). We conclude that the district court did not err in denying the defendant’s motion for
No. 04-1801           United States v. Tran                                                     Page 3

judgment of acquittal because Mimi’s Family Hair Care and Kimberly Beauty College were
commercial rental properties and their destruction by means of fire satisfies § 844(i)’s requirement
that the destroyed property be “used in interstate or foreign commerce or in any activity affecting
interstate or foreign commerce.”
         This case is governed by Russell v. United States, 471 U.S. 858 (1985), in which the
Supreme Court held that the arson of a two-unit apartment building that was used as rental property
fell within the purview of 18 U.S.C. § 844(i). In so holding, the Court noted that, although § 844(i)
“only applies to property that is ‘used’ in an ‘activity’ that affects commerce,” “[t]he rental of real
estate is unquestionably such an activity.” Id. at 862. As the Court explained, its determination that
rental property satisfies the interstate commerce requirement did not depend “on the connection
between the market for residential units and ‘the interstate movement of people’” because “the local
rental of an apartment unit is merely an element of a much broader commercial market in rental
properties.” Id. In its analysis, the Court noted that the original version of the bill proposing
§ 844(i) required that the building be used “for business purposes,” but that Congress deleted such
language before enactment in response to House members who indicated that they thought the
statute should protect schools, police stations, and churches. Id. at 860; see also id. at 860-61 nn.5-9
(quoting the relevant legislative history). The Court read this legislative history to suggest “that
Congress at least intended to protect all business property, as well as some additional property that
might not fit that description, but perhaps not every private home.” Id. at 862. Because the
apartments in the building were rented to tenants at the time of the fire, the Court concluded that the
property was “being used in an activity affecting commerce.” Id.
         The Supreme Court’s later ruling in Jones v. United States, 529 U.S. 848 (2000), did not
disturb the Court’s holding in Russell that the arson statute applies to rental properties. In Jones,
the Supreme Court held that § 844(i) does not apply to a private, owner-occupied residence where
its only relationship to interstate commerce is the receipt of natural gas, a mortgage, or an insurance
policy. Id. at 856. The Court emphasized the “qualifying words ‘used in,’” which mandate that “the
damaged or destroyed property must itself have been used in commerce or in an activity affecting
commerce.” Id. at 854. It then outlined a two-part inquiry for assessing the applicability of
18 U.S.C. § 844(i), which requires an analysis of the “function of the building itself, and then a
determination of whether that function affects interstate commerce.” Id. at 854-55. In its analysis,
the Court reasoned that for a building to be used in an activity affecting interstate commerce requires
“active employment for commercial purposes, and not merely a passive, passing, or past connection
to commerce.” Id. at 855. The Jones Court did not purport to overrule Russell and distinguished
its prior decision by pointing to the “dispositive fact” in Russell that the “[p]etitioner was renting
his apartment building to tenants at the time he attempted to destroy it by fire.” Id. at 853.
        In this case, there was sufficient evidence of an interstate commerce nexus to sustain the
defendant’s conviction for violating § 844(i). Specifically, the evidence presented at trial
established that the two buildings damaged or destroyed by fire were commercial rental properties.
During the trial, Tom Wiarda testified that Bretwood Centre, the owner of Bretwood Mall Shopping
Center, rented 1,715 square feet of its building to Tran for the purpose of operating Mimi’s Family
Hair Care. The term of the lease was 62 months commencing December 15, 1999, and Tran paid
approximately $1,500 a month in rent. Jon Bruinsma testified that he rented one unit of a three-unit
building to Tran, that the unit was used for the operation of Kimberly Beauty College, and that Tran
paid $3,000 a month in rent. These facts were sufficient to indicate that the buildings housing Tran’s
two businesses were being used by their owners as rental properties, and therefore, being used in an
activity that affects commerce within the meaning of § 844(i).
No. 04-1801            United States v. Tran                                                      Page 4

                                 III. SEVERANCE OF COUNTS
        Tran moved to sever the two counts of aiding and abetting another to commit arson in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 844(i) alleged in the indictment. The district court denied the motion. We
review the denial of a motion for severance under an abuse of discretion standard. United States v.
Carnes, 309 F.3d 950, 957 (6th Cir. 2002).
        Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 8(a) permits joinder of two or more offenses “if the
offenses charged . . . are of the same or similar character, or are based on the same act or
transaction, or are connected with or constitute parts of a common scheme or plan.” (emphasis
added). Joinder of the two arson counts was proper in this case because the evidence at trial
demonstrated that the offenses were, indeed, of the same or similar character and involved
overlapping proof. Each of the two businesses destroyed or damaged by fire within eighteen months
of each other was owned and operated by the defendant. The businesses set on fire were located in
neighboring communities less than seven miles apart. After each fire, an investigator concluded that
the cause of the fire was arson by flammable liquids, and that acetone was used as the accelerant.
After each fire, the defendant filed an insurance claim, specifically requesting reimbursement for
new equipment that supposedly had been delivered just prior to the fire. Moreover, there was
significant overlap of the witnesses presented on each offense. To require the government to put
on a separate trial to prove each arson offense, where the evidence of those counts is intertwined,
would violate the spirit of Rule 8(a), which is to “promote the goals of trial convenience and judicial
efficiency.” United States v. Wirsing, 719 F.2d 859, 862 (6th Cir. 1983). Therefore, we hold that
joinder of the counts was proper under Rule 8(a).
         We also hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to grant a
severance under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 14. Even when joinder is appropriate under
Rule 8(a), a district court may, in its discretion, grant the defendant a severance if it appears that the
defendant is prejudiced by a joinder of the offenses. Fed. R. Crim. P. 14. The resolution of a Rule
14 motion is left to the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed absent an abuse
of that discretion. United States v. McCoy, 848 F.2d 743, 744 (6th Cir. 1988). To establish an abuse
of discretion requires “a strong showing of prejudice.” United States v. Gallo, 763 F.2d 1504, 1525
(6th Cir. 1985). The movant must prove that joinder would compromise a specific trial right or
prevent the jury from making a reliable judgment about guilt or innocence. Zafiro v. United States,
506 U.S. 534, 539 (1993).
        The defendant has failed to show that she was prejudiced by a joinder of the offenses, and
“absent a showing of substantial prejudice, spillover of evidence from one [count] to another does
not require severance.” United States v. Johnson, 763 F.2d 773, 777 (6th Cir. 1985). Even if
prejudicial spillover actually occurred, the defendant would still need to prove that such a spillover
caused her substantial prejudice. No such showing has been made, even though there is a difference
in the amount of evidence produced on each count. A difference in the quantum of evidence as to
the two counts “is not grounds to overturn a denial of severance unless there is a substantial risk that
the jury could not compartmentalize or distinguish between the evidence” produced on each count.
United States v. Williams, 711 F.2d 748, 751 (6th Cir. 1983). The defendant’s conclusory statement
that the joinder of the counts “affected” the jury’s ability to render a fair and impartial verdict does
not suffice to show substantial prejudice. Therefore, the district court did not err in failing to grant
the defendant’s motion to sever counts under Rule 14.
                               IV. THE MOTIONS TO SUPPRESS
        The defendant challenges the denial of her motions to suppress evidence seized during the
search of her mobile home and Kimberly Beauty College, arguing that, because of alleged
deficiencies in the warrants and supporting affidavits, police obtained the evidence in violation of
No. 04-1801            United States v. Tran                                                      Page 5

the Fourth Amendment. There were two search warrants issued in connection with the investigation
of the defendant. On May 13, 2002, Detective Michael Struve obtained from Judge Steven Timmers
of the Wyoming District Court a warrant to search the basement of Kimberly Beauty College. On
the same day, he conducted the search and seized one gallon of acetone and two file cabinets. On
July 2, 2002, Detective Struve obtained from Judge Timmers a second warrant to search the mobile
home located at 338 Vinedale SE, Kentwood, Michigan. Detective Struve conducted the search that
same day and seized numerous documents, including bank and casino records.
        Tran moved to suppress the evidence seized in the search of Kimberly Beauty College
because the street number of the address on the warrant and the accompanying affidavit had been
altered. Tran also moved to suppress the evidence seized in the search of her mobile home on the
grounds that the warrant failed to establish the required nexus between the mobile home and the
defendant and hence lacked probable cause. The district court denied the motions to suppress the
evidence seized pursuant to the two warrants. First, the district court found that the inaccuracies in
the warrant for Kimberly Beauty College did not render the warrant invalid, and the warrant should
be upheld in any event on the basis of the good faith exception of United States v. Leon, 468 U.S.
897 (1984). Second, the district court ruled that the affidavit supporting the search of the
defendant’s mobile home, when read in a common sense manner, established the relationship of the
defendant to the place to be searched, and therefore, provided a substantial basis for concluding that
there was probable cause to issue the warrant.
       In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we defer to the district court’s factual
findings unless they are clearly erroneous. Legal conclusions, however, are reviewed de novo.
United States v. Carpenter, 360 F.3d 591, 594 (6th Cir. 2004).
                          A. The Warrant for Kimberly Beauty College
        The defendant claims that Detective Struve changed the street number of the address on the
affidavit and warrant to search Kimberly Beauty College after the magistrate had signed the warrant,
and the warrant was, therefore, invalid. The challenged alterations involve the address of Kimberly
Beauty College, 931 28th Street S.W., which was mistakenly typed as “937” 28th Street S.W. in the
warrant and accompanying affidavit. In each instance, Detective Struve corrected the mistake after
Judge Timmers had signed the warrant and without informing the judge of the mistake. We hold
that the alteration of the warrant and affidavit by the executing officer was improper, but that the
alteration did not eliminate probable cause or render the warrant invalid.
        It is clear that the incorrect address in the warrant and the affidavit does not itself invalidate
the search warrant. The Fourth Amendment requires a warrant to “particularly describ[e] the place
to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” U.S. Const. amend. IV; see United States
v. Blakeney, 942 F.2d 1001, 1026 (6th Cir. 1991). In determining whether the warrant describes
with sufficient particularity the place to be searched, we consider: “(1) whether the place to be
searched is described with sufficient particularity as to enable the executing officers to locate and
identify the premises with reasonable effort; and (2) whether there is reasonable probability that
some other premises may be mistakenly searched.” Knott v. Sullivan, 418 F.3d 561, 568 (6th Cir.
2005) (quoting United States v. Gahagan, 865 F.2d 1490, 1497 (6th Cir. 1989)). An error in
description does not, however, automatically invalidate a search warrant. United States v. Pelayo-
Landero, 285 F.3d 491, 496 (6th Cir. 2002). The test for determining whether a search warrant
describes the premises to be searched with sufficient particularity “is not whether the description
is technically accurate in every detail, but rather whether the description is sufficient to enable the
executing officer to locate and identify the premises with reasonable effort, and whether there is any
reasonable probability that another premises might be mistakenly searched.” Id. (citations omitted).
No. 04-1801           United States v. Tran                                                    Page 6

        We have repeatedly upheld warrants like the one at issue where one part of the description
is inaccurate, but the description has other accurate information to identify the place to be searched
with particularity. See, e.g., Pelayo-Landero, 285 F.3d at 497; United States v. Durk, 149 F.3d 464,
466 (6th Cir. 1998). In United States v. Durk, the house numbers of the searched residence had been
transposed from “4216” to “4612” in the warrant. We found that the warrant was valid because it
sufficiently described the homeowner’s residence despite the inaccuracies. The warrant at issue in
Durk identified the place to be searched as a single-family red brick ranch home on the north side
of Fulton Street and described a metal storage shed in the yard of the home. Durk, 149 F.3d at 466.
Similarly, in United States v. Pelayo-Landero, the warrant at issue identified the place to be searched
as a mobile home located at “1418 Mae Collins Road” when the home’s address was actually 1412
Mae Collins Road. Nevertheless, this Court found that the warrant included a sufficient description
of the place to be searched because the warrant described the mobile home by color, by certain
exterior trim, and by a wooden deck, and noted that the number “954” was displayed under a
window air conditioner on the right end of the mobile home. Pelayo-Landero, 285 F.3d at 497.
Moreover, in both Durk and Pelayo-Landero, we found that there were additional circumstances that
ensured that the inaccuracies in the warrant would not lead to a mistaken search of other premises,
and accordingly, we upheld the warrants based on these findings. Pelayo-Landero, 285 F.3d at 497
(the executing officer had prepared the affidavit incorporated into the warrant, had previously
conducted undercover transactions with the defendant, and had monitored an informant’s recent
marijuana purchase from the defendant at the search premises); Durk, 149 F.3d at 466 (the executing
officer had just come from the house to be searched, and he was the affiant on the warrant).
        In the present case, the warrant and supporting affidavit specified that the place to be
searched was “Kimberly Beauty College, 937 28th St. S.W., Wyoming, MI 49509. Specifically a
portioned off storage room in the lower level.” It is undisputed that two out of the three references
in the warrant to the place to be searched were accurate. Kimberly Beauty College was, in fact,
located on 28th Street S.W. in the 900 block, and there was a portioned-off storage room in the
lower level of that building. Thus, even though the street address was inaccurate, the executing
officers could still locate and identify Kimberly Beauty College with reasonable effort. Moreover,
as in Durk and Pelayo-Landero, additional circumstances indicate that there would not have been
a mistaken search of other premises. The executing officer, Detective Struve, was also the warrant’s
affiant and the principal investigator of the fire at Kimberly Beauty College. At the time he filled
out the affidavit, Detective Struve had already been to Kimberly Beauty College and had
accompanied members of the fire department into the College’s basement. Thus, the description in
the warrant to search Kimberly Beauty College was sufficiently particular despite the inaccuracies.
         We must still consider whether Detective Struve’s alteration of the warrant to search
Kimberly Beauty College invalidated the warrant. Since only a judicial officer may issue a warrant,
it necessarily follows that only a judicial officer may alter, modify, or correct the warrant. Fed. R.
Crim. P. 41(b). The executing officer who actually conducts a search should not himself or herself
amend or alter the search warrant but, instead, should submit the desired amendment or alteration
to a judicial officer for approval. United States v. Katoa, 379 F.3d 1203, 1208 (10th Cir. 2004)
(“[W]hen the face of a warrant contains a drafting defect or omission . . . , the warrant is made valid
if the issuing judge authorizes correction of the defect or omission via telephone during the search
and subsequently confirms that authorization in writing.”); United States v. Johnson, 944 F.2d 396,
403-04 (8th Cir. 1991) (holding that an incorrect address corrected by the issuing judge before the
execution of the warrant did not render the warrant invalid); United States v. Arenal, 768 F.2d 263,
267 (8th Cir. 1985) (holding that typographical mistakes corrected before execution of the warrant
and at the direction of the issuing judge did not render the warrant invalid); United States v. Bowler,
561 F.2d 1323, 1326 (9th Cir. 1977) (holding that the magistrate’s correction of a typographical
error in the affidavit and the warrant was “perfectly proper”); State v. Yoder, 534 P.2d 771, 773
(Idaho 1975) (“[A]n executing officer cannot correct or modify a warrant in the event of mistake.
Since only a judicial officer may issue a warrant, it necessarily follows that only a judicial officer
No. 04-1801           United States v. Tran                                                     Page 7

may alter, modify, or correct a warrant.”). It follows that the alteration in the instant case was an
improper attempt to exercise the judicial function. See Hernandez v. People, 385 P.2d 996, 1001
(Colo. 1963). However, we find no authority or reason to invalidate the entire warrant because of
the officer’s mistake. There was no bad faith, deception, or prejudice as a result. The officer simply
tried to correct a minor error and did not know that the document had now become a judicial matter.
The alteration did not eliminate probable cause or eliminate compliance with the requirements of
the Fourth Amendment.
                               B. The Warrant for 338 Vinedale SE
         Tran next claims that the warrant for her mobile home was lacking in probable cause since
it failed to state the required nexus between the place to be searched and the arson. In determining
whether there is probable cause to issue a search warrant, the task of the issuing magistrate is to
determine whether “there is a ‘fair probability,’ given the totality of the circumstances, that
contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” United States v. Shields, 978
F.2d 943, 946 (6th Cir. 1992). We must therefore assess whether the issuing magistrate had “a
substantial basis for finding that the affidavit established probable cause to believe that the evidence
would be found at the place cited.” Id. In evaluating the issuing magistrate’s probable cause
determination, we apply a flexible “totality of the circumstances” approach, which permits us to
evaluate the particular facts of each case. Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238 (1983). Furthermore,
a magistrate’s “determination of probable cause should be paid great deference by reviewing
courts.” Id. at 236 (quoting Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 419 (1969)).
        The affidavit supporting the search warrant for 338 Vinedale SE, Kentwood, Michigan,
described the residence with particularized detail, setting forth both the mobile home’s exact
location and its physical appearance. Likewise, it identified the items to be seized in an equally
detailed fashion, recounted the arson at Kimberly Beauty College on March 25, 2002, and connected
Tran with the arson. The underlying affidavit, however, neither explicitly connected the searched
residence located at 338 Vinedale SE to the fire at Kimberly Beauty College, nor stated that a person
connected with the arson lived at the searched residence. The affidavit contains no statement or
evidence that Tran lived at 338 Vinedale SE. In short, the affidavit did not indicate why Detective
Struve believed that the items to be seized would be located at 338 Vinedale SE or that the defendant
had a connection with the mobile home located at the given address. See Mills v. City of
Barbourville, 389 F.3d 568, 575 (6th Cir. 2004) (“Nothing is stated about why 801 North Allison
is being searched.”); United States v. Van Shutters, 163 F.3d 331, 336 (6th Cir. 1998) (“[T] affidavit
completely neglects to indicate why the affiant believed that Shutters himself had any connection
with the Tennessee Residence.”). Accordingly, Tran argues that the warrant is lacking in probable
cause since it fails to state a “nexus between the place to be searched and the evidence sought.” Van
Shutters, 163 F.3d at 336-37.
        In this circuit, the failure to establish an adequate nexus between the residence and any
criminal activity within the four corners of the affidavit is not necessarily fatal, provided that the
information is actually presented to the magistrate through sworn oral testimony. Shields, 978 F.2d
at 946. The Fourth Amendment does not require that the basis for probable cause be established in
a written affidavit; it merely requires that the information be given by “Oath or affirmation” before
a judicial officer. U.S. Const. amend. IV. Moreover, the Fourth Amendment “does not require that
statements made under oath in support of probable cause be tape-recorded or otherwise placed on
the record or made part of the affidavit.” Shields, 978 F.2d at 946. It follows that the issuing
magistrate may consider sworn, unrecorded oral testimony supplementing a duly executed affidavit
to determine whether there is probable cause upon which to issue a search warrant, see, e.g., id.;
United States v. Clyburn, 24 F.3d 613, 617 (4th Cir. 1994); Frazier v. Roberts, 441 F.2d 1224, 1226
(8th Cir. 1971), and that Detective Struve’s oral testimony could properly inform Judge Timmers’
decision to issue a warrant in this case.
No. 04-1801           United States v. Tran                                                      Page 8

        A review of Detective Struve’s written affidavit and sworn oral testimony given before Judge
Timmers reveals that probable cause existed to support the issuance of a search warrant for Tran’s
mobile home. Here, Detective Struve submitted a written affidavit that contained a sufficiently
detailed description of Tran’s residence, of the arson at Kimberly Beauty College, and of the items
to be seized. His oral testimony elaborated on the information provided by the affidavit. Detective
Struve testified at the suppression hearing that it was Judge Timmers’ practice to question officers
at length under oath about the relationship between the place to be searched and the investigation.
During such questioning, Detective Struve established that the defendant lived at the residence to
be searched, and that he believed that evidence of the arson would be found in the defendant’s
mobile home. Whatever deficiencies that may have existed in the establishment of probable cause
in Detective Struve’s affidavit were cured by Detective Struve personally during his appearance
before Judge Timmers. We hold that the affidavit and oral testimony together established a “fair
probability” that evidence of a crime would be found in Tran’s mobile home, see Gates, 462 U.S.
at 238, and accordingly supported the magistrate’s finding of probable cause.
                                         V. SENTENCING
       Tran asserts for the first time on direct appeal that she is entitled to re-sentencing in light of
the Supreme Court’s recent decisions in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S. Ct. 738
(2005), and Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004). The government recognizes that re-
sentencing is required under this circuit’s precedents, see United States v. Oliver, 397 F.3d 369 (6th
Cir. 2005); United States v. Barnett, 398 F.3d 516 (6th Cir. 2005), and we agree.
                                         VI. CONCLUSION
        For the foregoing reasons, we VACATE the sentence of the district court and REMAND for
re-sentencing in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Booker. As to the other errors raised by
the defendant, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.