Court Opinion

ID: 6346254
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-02 20:09:50.315377+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:17:31.101703
License: Public Domain

STATE OF LOUISIANA

                                         COURT OF APPEAL

                                          FIRST CIRCUIT

                                              2022 CW 0457

           OLIVIA LYN BEAN AND TRESHAWN DARAIE DAVIS

                                                 VERSUS

                       EMILY POUNDS AND REID POUNDS

                                          Consolidated with

                            IN RE: EMILY AND REID POUNDS
             APPLYING FOR PRIVATE ADOPTION [ OF A.G. B.]

                                                     Judgment Rendered      JUN o 2 2022

                 On review from the Twenty -Second Judicial District Court
                                   In and for the Parish of Washington
                                              State of Louisiana

                            Docket Number 114, 862 c/ w 115, 132, Div. K

                   The Honorable Patrice W. Oppenheim, Judge Presiding

   Bernadette Rocco Lee                                      Counsel for Plaintiffs/Relators,
   Sheila Willis                                             Olivia Lyn Bean and Treshawn
   Edith Henderson Morris                                    Daraie Davis
   Suzanne Ecuyer Bayle
   New Orleans, LA

   Mark L. James                                             Counsel for Defendants/ Respondents,
   Franklinton, Louisiana                                    Emily Pounds and Reid Pounds

    BEFORE: WHIPPLE, C. J., GUIDRY, MCDONALD, MCCLENDON, WELCH,
           THERIOT, HOLDRIDGE, CHUTZ, PENZATO, LANIER, WOLFE,
                                           AND HESTER, JJ.

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                                                P.              11
     The initials of the minor child are used to protect and maintain the privacy of the minor child
   involved in this proceeding. See Uniform Rules of Louisiana Courts of Appeal, Rule 5- 1 and Rule

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                                                  i iSG• /               JQ ',       S lr e F SG+^S•
Guidry, J.

       In this writ application, plaintiffs, Olivia Lyn Bean and Treshawn Daraie'

Davis, seek review of the trial court' s judgment denying their request that their minor

child, A.G.B.,   currently in the custody of defendants, Emily and Reid Pounds, be

returned to the custody of Bean, the child' s natural mother.              For the reasons that

follow, we grant the writ application and reverse the portion of the trial court' s

judgment denying Bean and Davis' s request that A.G.B. be returned to the custody

of her natural mother. We vacate any prior custody awards in this matter, grant Bean

and Davis' s request that custody of A.G. B. be returned to Bean, and remand this

matter to the trial court to facilitate the transfer of A.G.B. to her natural mother

within 20 days from the date of issuance of this opinion.

                       FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         The following extensive factual and procedural history of this protracted

litigation is taken from our prior opinion, Bean v. Pounds, 2021- 1549 ( La. App. 1st

Cir. 3/ 30/ 22), 2022 WL 951370 ( unpublished).

         On April 30, 2020, A.G. B. was born to Olivia Lyn Bean and Treshawn Daraie

Davis.    Four days later, on May 4, 2020, Bean and Davis signed acts of surrender

for the adoption of A.G.B.           by defendants, Emily Pounds and Reid Pounds

 collectively, " Poundses").      According to the parties, A.G.B. has remained in the

physical custody of the Poundses since her birth.

         On May 28, 2020, less than a month after signing the voluntary surrenders,

Bean and Davis sought to revoke their surrenders by filing an "                      Objection to

Adoption"    in Washington Parish.3 Bean and Davis alleged they are the biological

parents of A.G.B. and stated they " revoke any previous consent to adoption and

object to any adoption of [A.G.B.]." (           Emphasis in original).       The record before

2 Treshawn Daraie Davis' middle name is sometimes misspelled as " Dardie."

3 Bean and Davis' objection to adoption was assigned to a different division than the instant matter.

                                                 2
this court in Bean did not contain evidence regarding the disposition of Bean and

Davis' s objection to adoption.

        On July 13, 2020, Bean and Davis initiated the instant matter by filing a

 Petition for Custody" naming Emily Pounds and Reid Pounds as defendants.           The

case was assigned trial court docket number 114, 862 and was allotted to Division

 K" of the Twenty -Second Judicial District Court. In their petition for custody, Bean

and Davis alleged they are A.G. B.' s biological parents, and the Poundses have

physical custody of A.G.B. "      subject to an unfiled Adoption."     Bean and Davis

requested the trial court " establish custody of [A.G.B.]   in accordance with Louisiana

law."

        Following a conference on October 6, 2020, a hearing officer issued a report

recommending A.G.B. be returned to Bean and Davis, finding no adoption

proceedings had been initiated by the Poundses, and further finding "          no legal

authority for them to exercise custody."       On October 12, 2020, the Poundses filed

an objection to the hearing officer' s report, alleging A.G.B. would be in danger if

returned to Bean and Davis, and stating that an application for adoption would be

filed. Id. at* 1.

        On October 13, 2020, the Poundses filed an " Application for Court Approval

of Adoptive     Placement"    requesting A.G.B.     be placed    for adoption with the

Poundses.    The Poundses' application for adoption was assigned trial court docket

number 115, 132 and was allotted to Division " K"       of the Twenty -Second Judicial

District Court.     The Poundses attached the following documentation to their

application for adoption: ( 1)   the voluntary surrenders executed by Bean and Davis

on May 4, 2020; (   2)   documents related to criminal background checks for Emily

Pounds and Reid Pounds; ( 3)       an "   Adoption Assessment"   of Bean completed by

Angelle Escousse, a licensed clinical social worker; and (4) an affidavit by Escousse

wherein she attested that she met with Bean " in a two- hour clinical session" on May

                                              3
4, 2020.     The Poundses also attached an affidavit by Julie M. Knight, the attorney

who signed Bean' s voluntary surrender as her attorney.             In her affidavit, dated

October 6, 2020, Knight attested to the fact that she did not represent the Poundses

at any time,     and   stated "[   i] f the surrender has that I did represent both it is a

typographical error."'      Knight also stated she was not employed by " Mr. Arata"       and

                                                                                          The
only used his law office to interview clients in the Washington Parish area.'

Poundses also attached to their application for adoption a proposed order for the trial

court to approve Bean' s and Davis' s voluntary surrenders.            The proposed order

submitted by the Poundses was not signed by the trial court.

       On October 15, 2020, Bean and Davis filed a " Natural Parents' Opposition to

Adoption and Motion to Dissolve Acts of Surrender,"           in which they " revoke[ d] any

previous consent to adoption, Acts of Surrender, and object and oppose any

adoption of [A. G. B.]." (         Emphasis in original).   Bean and Davis moved the trial

court to deny the Poundses additional time to file Bean' s and Davis'               voluntary

surrenders, pointing out that under La. Ch. Code art. 1131 (          C), the Poundses had

three days after execution of the voluntary surrenders on May 4, 2020, to file them

with the trial court.    Bean and Davis noted that the Poundses waited more than 160

days after execution of the voluntary surrenders to file them, and failed to request

leave of court with good cause shown for the delay, as required by La. Ch. Code art.

1131 ( C).

       Bean and Davis included in their opposition to adoption a motion asking the

trial court to dissolve their voluntary surrenders based on multiple deficiencies in

both the substance of the surrenders and the procedures utilized to execute them, in

contravention of the applicable Louisiana Children' s Code articles.            In particular,

n Davis' s voluntary surrender was signed by Bryan A. Harris as Davis' s attorney and Knight as
 ATTORNEY FOR ADOPTIVE PARENTS[.]"

5 William Arata represented the Poundses in connection with a protective order sought by the
Poundses against Bean.

                                                 M
Bean asserted her voluntary surrender fails to comply with La. Ch. Code art. 1120

because she only participated in one, not two, pre -surrender counseling sessions with

a licensed clinical social worker prior to executing her voluntary surrender.     Bean

also argued it was unclear whether she was represented by independent legal counsel

at the time she executed the voluntary surrender, as required by La. Ch. Code art.

1121,   because while her voluntary surrender states that she was represented by

Knight at the time of execution, Davis' s voluntary surrender lists Knight as the

attorney for the Poundses.

        Bean also asserted her voluntary surrender fails to comply with several of the

statutory requirements set forth in La. Ch. Code art.     1122.   In particular, Bean' s

voluntary surrender does not list Davis as A.G.B.' s biological father, or provide his

current   address,   although that information was known to all parties at the time,

especially considering the fact Davis executed his voluntary surrender the same day

as Bean and at the same law office.          Additionally, Bean noted her voluntary

surrender does not contain the signature of the adoptive parents, the Poundses, or

their attorney.   Lastly, Bean pointed out that her voluntary surrender fails to comply

with La. Ch. Code arts. 1122 and 1130 because it was executed only four days after

A.G.B.' s birth. Id. at * 2.

        Davis moved to dissolve his voluntary surrender on the basis that it fails to

comply with La. Ch. Code art. 1120, because he never attended any pre -surrender

counseling sessions,     although his voluntary surrender incorrectly states that he

completed two pre -surrender counseling sessions.         Davis argued his voluntary

surrender fails to reflect that he was represented by independent legal counsel, as

required by La. Ch. Code art. 1121, because the attorney who represented him at the

time, Bryan Harris, is believed to have been an employee or associate of Arata and

Arata, the law firm representing the Poundses. Davis noted his voluntary surrender

does not contain the signature of the adoptive parents, the Poundses, or their

                                            E
attorney, as required by La. Ch. Code art.      1122.   Davis also pointed out that his

voluntary surrender incorrectly states that it was executed prior to the birth of

A.G. B.,   but was actually executed four days after her birth.

       On October 26, 2020, the Poundses filed an " Exception of Prescription for

Annulment or Attack on Voluntary Surrender" in Bean and Davis' s custody suit

trial court docket no. 114, 862). The Poundses argued that under La. Ch. Code art.

1148, Bean and Davis had only 90 days after execution of their voluntary surrenders

to bring an action to annul the surrenders. The Poundses further asserted the 90 -day

time limitation set forth in La. Ch. Code art. 1148 is peremptive, and applies to any

action to annul a voluntary surrender, for any reason. Accordingly, the Poundses

contended Bean and Davis were time- barred from attacking their voluntary

surrenders for any reason.

       The Poundses also argued that Bean' s and Davis' s voluntary surrenders

complied with the statutory requirements. The Poundses acknowledged that Bean' s

voluntary surrender was executed on May 4, 2020, four days after A.G.B.' s birth;

however, the Poundses claimed that on May 7, 2020, Bean met with Knight and

Emily Pounds at a pediatrician' s office in order to have Knight place her notary seal

on Bean' s surrender and that Bean " reaffirmed her signature and intent to surrender

 A. G.B.]" on that date. The Poundses argued that Davis waived any pre -surrender

counseling and pointed out that a biological father is not required to wait at least five

days after his child' s birth to execute a voluntary surrender. The Poundses urged the

trial court to "   consider a totality of the evidence and circumstances" when deciding

whether to approve the voluntary surrenders. The Poundses requested the trial court

 grant their exception of prescription as to petitioners[']       motion to   annul   the

voluntary surrenders of Olivia Bean and Treshawn Davis as to [ A.G.B.]"

       On October 27, 2020, the trial court consolidated Bean and Davis' s custody

suit with the Poundses' adoption proceedings.
       On November 10, 2020, Bean and Davis filed an opposition to the Poundses'

exception of prescription.'      Bean and Davis asserted their opposition to adoption and

motion to dissolve acts of surrender were not filed until October 15, 2020, because

the Poundses waited until October 13, 2020 to file their application for adoption

seeking approval of Bean' s and Davis' s voluntary surrenders.                    Bean and Davis

asserted they were not seeking to annul their surrenders under La. Ch. Code arts.

1147 and 1148 on the basis of fraud or duress, but were seeking to dissolve the

surrenders under La. Ch. Code art. 1122 based on the multiple statutory deficiencies.

Id. at * 3.

        On December 2, 2020, following a hearing on November 12, 2020,                      the trial

court signed a written judgment granting the Poundses'                exception of prescription

and ordering A.G.B. to remain in the custody of the Poundses.'                    Bean and Davis

appealed that judgment; however, on April 16, 2021, this court dismissed the appeal

for want of appellate jurisdiction,          finding the trial court' s December 2,            2020

judgment to be ambiguous as to the specific relief granted, and further finding the

judgment to be defective and not a final judgment for the purpose of appeal because

it did not contain the required decretal language. See Bean v. Pounds, 2020- 1336

 La. App. 1st Cir. 4/ 16/ 21),    2021 WL 1438311, * 2- 3 ( unpublished).

        On June 28, 2021, pursuant to a motion filed by Bean and Davis, the trial court

signed an amended judgment granting the Poundses' exception of prescription and

dismissing Bean and Davis' s claims in their opposition to adoption and motion to

6 Bean and Davis' s opposition to the Poundses' exception of prescription contains the captions for
both Bean and Davis' s custody suit and the Poundses' adoption proceedings, but only contained
the trial court docket number for the custody suit.

7 Judge Mary Clemence Devereux presided over the hearing.

8 The December 2, 2020 judgment consists of two pages. The first page contains the caption of
Bean and Davis' s custody suit (trial court docket no. 114, 862) and the judgment language granting
the Poundses' exception of peremption and ordering A.G.B. to remain in the custody of the
Poundses pending further order of the court. The second page contains the caption of Bean and
Davis' s custody suit ( trial court docket no. 114, 862), the order language setting and resetting the
Poundses' exception of prescription, and the trial court' s signature and date.

                                                  7
dissolve their acts of surrender. The June 28, 2021 judgment further ordered A.G.B.

to remain in the custody of the Poundses " until further order of this Court."'             Bean,

2022 WL 951370 at * 5.

       On July 2, 2021, Bean and Davis filed a " Supplemental Petition for Custody

and Request for Designation of Counsel Regarding the Request for Approval of the

Birth Parents' Surrenders"        in their custody suit ( trial court docket no. 114, 862).     Id.

In their supplemental petition for custody,                  Bean and Davis alleged that their

surrenders could not be approved by the trial court due to the multiple deficiencies

in form and substance.           Id.   at *   5- 6.   Additionally, Bean and Davis alleged the

Poundses failed to file the voluntary surrenders within three days of the execution

thereof, as required by La. Ch. Code art. 1131( A),              and failed to seek leave of court

with good cause shown for the delay in filing the voluntary surrenders, as required

by La. Ch. Code art. 1131( C).             Bean and Davis noted that under La. Ch. Code art.

1131( D), a trial court is required to " promptly review" voluntary surrenders once

filed, and if a voluntary surrender fails to comply with the statutory requirements,

the trial court is obligated to "      immediately" notify counsel of record to remedy the

defects.   Bean and Davis requested the trial court deny approval of their voluntary

surrenders, maintain their objection of the adoption of A. G. B., and return A.G.B. to

their custody immediately.          Id. at * 6.

        On July 19, 2021, the Poundses filed a pleading entitled " Res               Judicata and

Tolling of Peremptive Periods for Annulment or Attack on Voluntary Surrender" in

Bean and Davis' s custody suit (trial court docket no. 114, 862).           The Poundses argued

Bean and Davis' s supplemental petition for custody contained allegations regarding

9 Judge Patrice W. Oppenheim was the presiding trial court judge at this point and had the authority
to sign the June 28, 2021 judgment pursuant to La. R.S. 13: 4209( B). The June 28, 2021 judgment
contains the captions of Bean and Davis' s custody suit and the adoption proceedings, but lists only
the trial court docket number for the custody suit ( trial court docket no. 114, 862). The notice of
judgment for the June 28, 2021 judgment only contains the caption of Bean and Davis' s custody
suit ( trial court docket no. 114, 862).

                                                       E:3
the validity of their voluntary surrenders that were previously raised in their

objection to adoption and motion to dissolve surrenders.               The Poundses asserted

those issues were raised and considered by the trial court during the November 12,

2020 hearing on the Poundses'            exception    of   prescription,    and the   trial   court

ultimately found those claims to be perempted. The Poundses argued the trial court' s

June 28, 2021 judgment granting their exception of prescription is a res judicata bar

to the claims asserted by Bean and Davis in their supplemental petition for custody.

The Poundses also argued Bean' s and Davis' s voluntary surrenders are valid,

specifically arguing Knight' s placement of a notary stamp on Bean' s surrender on

May 7, 2020 corrected the premature execution of Bean' s surrender on May 4,

2020. 10   The Poundses further argued any action to annul Bean' s and Davis' s

voluntary surrenders is perempted under La. Ch. Code art. 1148.               Id.

       On November 10, 2021, following a hearing, the trial court signed two written

judgments relating to the Poundses' exception of res judicata.             One of the judgments

signed by the trial court denied Bean and Davis' s supplemental petition for custody

and their request that the trial court disapprove their surrenders based on its finding

that those claims were precluded on the basis of res judicata. The other judgment

granted the Poundses' exception of res judicata and denied as moot their exception

of peremption.    Id. at * 7.

       On December 13, 2021, Bean and Davis filed a writ application with this court

seeking review of the trial court' s November 10, 2021 judgments. On January 4,

2022, this court granted certiorari to consider the propriety of the judgments.               Id. at

 7.   Following a review of the record and oral argument, this court recognized the

 convoluted procedural history" of the case, including issues involving the filing of

10 There is no indication, from the face of Bean' s voluntary surrender, that it was signed by Bean
on May 7, 2020, notarized by Knight on May 7, 2020, or witnessed by the signing witnesses on
May 7, 2020. See La. Ch. Code art. 1122( E) and La. Civ. Code art. 1833.

                                                0
pleadings in the wrong consolidated matter, and the fact that the Poundses waited

more than 160 days after Bean and Davis executed their voluntary surrenders to file

them with the trial court.          This court also pointed out that although the Poundses

attached to their application for adoption a proposed order for the trial court to

approve Bean' s and Davis' s surrenders, there was no indication in the record of the

consolidated matters that the trial court reviewed the surrenders.          Id. at * 9.   This

court found that although Bean and Davis' s supplemental petition for custody

contained allegations involving the validity of their surrenders, most of which were

previously raised in their opposition to adoption and motion to dissolve acts of

surrender, exceptional circumstances warranted relief from any res judicata effect

of the trial court' s June 28, 2021 judgment. In particular, this court explained:

           To allow the trial court' s June 28, 2021 judgment to act as a res judicata
           bar to Bean' s and Davis' s request that the trial court undertake its
           statutory   obligation    to   review   their voluntary surrenders would
           completely frustrate the purpose of        La. Ch. Code art. 1131( D)— to
           ensure that an act of surrender meets the statutory requirements to be
           considered presumptive evidence of a legal voluntary surrender under
       La. Ch. Code art. 1104( B).          See Official Comment - 1999 to La. Ch.
           Code art. 1131.   The interests ofjustice would not be served by such a
               particularly considering the well- established rule that laws
           result,

       pertaining to adoption are in derogation of the natural rights of the
       biological parent to his or her child and must be strictly construed in
       favor of the biological parents. In re C. B., Applying for Adoption,
           94- 0755 ( La. 10/ 17/ 94), 643 So. 2d 1251, 1254.

Id. at *    10. Therefore, this court found the trial court erred by granting the Poundses'

exception of res judicata, and dismissing Bean and Davis' s supplemental petition

for custody and their request that the trial court disapprove their acts of surrender.

Id.   Accordingly, this court reversed the portion of the trial court' s November 10,

2021 judgment granting the Poundses' exception of res judicata and denied the

exception.       This court vacated the portion of the November 10, 2021 judgment

denying Bean and Davis' s supplemental petition and their request that the trial court

disapprove their surrenders.          This court remanded the matter to the trial court with

instructions to review the surrenders executed by Bean and Davis to determine their
sufficiency, as required by La. Ch. Code art.           1131( D), within 30 days from the

issuance of its March 30, 2022 judgment. Id. at * 11.

       Following remand from this court, the trial court signed an order on April 20,

2022, noting it had reviewed the voluntary surrenders executed by Bean and Davis

on May 4, 2020. In its order, the trial court stated it found both surrenders to be

deficient pursuant to La. Ch. Code art. 1122, and therefore, also found that the

surrenders could not be considered presumptive evidence of legal and voluntary

surrenders,   as provided in La. Ch. Code art. 1104.             Accordingly, the trial court

refused to accept the surrenders executed by Bean and Davis until the defects are

remedied."

       On April 25, 2022, Bean and Davis filed a "               Rule to Vacate Temporary

Custody Order, for Return of Child and for Civil Warrant, Alternatively for Ex Parte

Custody Pursuant to Civil Code of Procedure Art. 3945 and for Civil Warrant."                  In

their filing, Bean and Davis referenced the trial court' s April 20, 2022 order, stated

they have withdrawn their consent to the adoption of A.G. B.,            and have no intention

of remedying the defects contained within their surrenders. Accordingly, Bean and

Davis asserted, pursuant to La. Ch. Code art. 1123, the Poundses " have no legal

authority to maintain custody of the child as the adoption cannot proceed without

the voluntary consent of the parents, movers in this matter."           Bean and Davis noted

the trial court last awarded temporary custody of A.G.B. to the Poundses on June 28,

2021, when it granted the Poundses'          exception of prescription.        Bean and Davis

11 The language in the trial court' s April 20, 2022 order permitting the defects contained within
Bean' s and Davis' s surrenders to be remedied tracks the language of La. Ch. Code art. 1131( D),
which provides:

       D.  Upon filing, the court shall promptly review the surrender and any
       accompanying documents to ensure their sufficiency in accordance with Article
       1104. If any document fails to comply with the requirements of this Title, the court
       shall immediately notify all counsel of record and may refuse to accept the
       surrender until such time as the defects are remedied. If the surrender and
       documents are found to comply with the requirements of this Title, the court shall
       enter an order approving the surrender and immediately notify all counsel of record.

                                               11
argued that because the trial court found their voluntary surrenders to be insufficient,

the portion of the trial court' s June 28, 2021 judgment awarding temporary custody

to the Poundses should be vacated.          Bean and Davis stated their attorney had

contacted counsel for the Poundses to effectuate a peaceful transfer of custody of

A. G. B. from the Poundses to Bean and Davis,         but their attorney' s efforts have

proved unsuccessful.    Therefore, Bean and Davis requested the trial court issue an

order vacating the portion of its June 28, 2021 judgment awarding temporary

custody to the Poundses, and restore custody to Bean, the only biological parent

listed on A.G.B.' s birth certificate.   Additionally, considering restraining orders in

effect in favor of the Poundses and against Bean and Davis, Bean and Davis asked

that a civil warrant be issued directing the Washington Parish Sheriff's Department

or other law enforcement to transfer custody of A.G.B. to Bean. Alternatively, Bean

and Davis requested Bean be awarded ex parte temporary custody of A.G.B.

pursuant to La. Code Civ. P. art. 3945 on the basis that A.G.B. will suffer immediate

and irreparable harm if not returned to Bean.

       On April 25, 2022, on the draft order attached to Bean and Davis' s filing, the

trial court denied their request to vacate the prior temporary custody order in favor

of the Poundses, denied their request that Bean be granted custody of A.G.B.,        and

denied their request that a civil warrant be issued directing the Washington Parish

Sheriff s Office to transfer custody of A.G.B. to Bean.    Instead, the trial court noted

on the draft order that the matter was "   set for hearing on May 17, 2022."

       On April 28, 2022, Bean and Davis filed a writ application with this court

seeking expedited review of the trial court' s denial of their request that Bean be

given custody of A.G.B.      On May 17, 2022, the day the trial court scheduled a

custody hearing in the proceedings below, the parties filed a joint motion to continue

the hearing, which the trial court granted.    In their writ application, Bean and Davis

request this court return A.G.B. to the custody of Bean.

                                             12
                                       DISCUSSION

          As discussed, on April 20, 2022, the trial court signed an order finding the

acts of surrender executed by Bean and Davis on May 4, 2020 deficient, as they fail

to contain every element required by La. Ch. Code art. 1122, and therefore, cannot

be considered presumptive evidence of their legal and voluntary surrender of
                                                        12
A.G. B., as provided in La. Ch. Code art. 1104.

          We recognize that adoption is a creature of statute and all of the statutory

requirements must be strictly carried out, otherwise the adoption is an absolute

nullity. In re T.M.L., 2006- 1442      ( La. App. 1st Cir. 12/ 28/ 06),         951 So. 2d 364, 366.

          Title XI of the Louisiana Children' s Code provides the exclusive means by

which a parent can voluntarily relinquish his or her parental rights to a child for the

ultimate purpose of adoption.      La. Ch. Code art. 1101.

          Louisiana Children' s Code article 1193 states, in pertinent part:

          Unless rights have been terminated in accordance with Title X or XI,
          consent to the adoption of a child or relinquishment of parental rights

          shall be required of the following:

           1) The mother of the child.

           2) The father of the child, regardless of the child' s actual paternity, if
          any of the following apply:

           a) The child is a child born of the marriage in accordance with the
          Louisiana Civil Code or its legal equivalent in another state.

           b) The father is presumed to be the father of the child in accordance
          with the Louisiana Civil Code or its legal equivalent in another state.

           3) The alleged father of the child who has established his parental
          rights in accordance with Chapter 10 of Title XI.

           4)   The biological father of the child whose paternity has been
          determined by a judgment of filiation and who has established his
          parental rights in accordance with Chapter 10 of Title Xl.

12 Louisiana Children' s Code article 1104( B)       provides   that   an "   act of surrender shall be
presumptive evidence of a legal and voluntary surrender only if it contains every element required
by Article 1122, and is in all other respects executed in accordance with the provisions of this
Title."

                                                13
       Additionally, Louisiana Children' s Code article 1222( A)(4)       sets forth the

requirements for a petition for private adoption and specifically requires " the    name

of every parent whose consent to the adoption is required pursuant to Article 1 193 ( 1)

and ( 2) and proof of their consent, or the name of every parent and the reason such

consent is not required."

       Based on the trial court' s April 20, 2022 order finding Bean' s and Davis' s

acts of surrender lack the required elements of La. Ch. Code art. 1122, and are

insufficient to be considered presumptive evidence of Bean' s and Davis' s legal and

voluntary surrender of A.G. B.,       the application for court approval of adoptive

placement filed by Emily and Reid Pounds on October 13, 2020 cannot be granted.

La. Ch. Code arts. 1193 and 1222.

       Bean is A.G.B.' s natural mother and is the only parent listed on her birth

certificate.   A parent' s interest in her relationship with her child is "   manifestly a

liberty interest protected by the Fourteenth Amendment' s due process guarantee."

In re Adoption of B.G. S., 556 So. 2d 545, 549 ( La. 1990).           The United States

Supreme Court has declared it "` plain beyond the need for multiple citation' that a

biological parent' s right to ` the companionship, care, custody, and management' of

his children is a liberty interest far more important than any property right."        Id.

citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758- 59, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1397, 71 L.Ed.

2d 599 ( 1982),   and Lassiter v. Dept. of Social Services of Durham County, N. C.,

452 U. S. 18, 27, 101 S. Ct. 2153, 2160, 68 L. Ed. 2d 640 ( 1981)).

       We find, as the Poundses'        adoption of A.G. B. cannot be accomplished,

A.G. B. should be returned to the custody of her natural mother.       See Adoption of

Vest, 427 So. 2d 1359 ( La. App. 3d Cir. 1983).     We are not blind to the fact A.G.B.

has been in the custody of the Poundses since her birth, and this transition will be

difficult for all parties involved.   However, we are equally cognizant of the fact that

had the surrenders been filed within three days of their execution on May 4, 2020,

                                             14
and thereafter promptly reviewed by the trial court, as required by La. Ch. Code art.

1131, this regrettable situation could have been avoided. 13 Therefore, we find the

trial court erred by denying Bean and Davis' s request that A.G.B. be returned to the

custody of Bean.

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the above and foregoing reasons, we grant the writ application filed by

plaintiffs, Olivia Lyn Bean and Treshawn Daraie Davis, and reverse the portion of

the trial court' s judgment denying Bean and Davis' s request that A.G.B. be returned

to the custody of her natural another. We vacate any prior custody awards in this

matter, grant Bean and Davis' s request that custody of A.G.B. be returned to Bean,

and remand this matter to the trial court to facilitate the transfer of A. G. B. to her

natural another with said transfer to occur no later than 20 days from the date of

issuance of this opinion.

WRIT GRANTED WITH ORDER.                            JUDGMENT REVERSED IN PART;
REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.

13 We also note that La. Ch. Code art. 1122, which sets forth the required contents of an act of
surrender, provides   a "   fail- safe" form which incorporates all of the requirements of an act of
surrender. See La. Ch. Code art. 1122( F) and its Comments - 1991, comment m.

                                                   15
    OLIVIA LYN BEAN AND                                 NO. 2022 CW 0457
    TRESHAWN DARAIE DAVIS

    VERSUS                                              COURT OF APPEAL

    EMILY POUNDS AND REID
    POUNDS
                                                        FIRST CIRCUIT

    CONSOLIDATED WITH

    IN RE:   EMILY AND REID                             STATE OF LOUISIANA

    POUNDS APPLYING FOR
    PRIVATE ADOPTION [ OF A.G.B.]

k   HOLDRIDGE J. agrees in part and dissents in part.

          Under the unfortunate facts of this case, the majority directs the trial judge to

    facilitate the transfer of A.G.B.' s custody to her natural mother " no    later than 20

    days from the date of issuance of this opinion."    While I agree that custody of the

    minor child should be transferred to the natural mother, I strongly disagree that this

    court should order an immediate transfer of custody and set an arbitrary deadline

    without any knowledge or facts as to the ability of the natural mother to safely care

    for the child or the serious detrimental effects such a transfer may have on the

    minor child.   While the majority is properly concerned with the custody rights of

    the natural mother who signed a surrender causing a "     regrettable   situation,"   I am

    more concerned about the possible substantial harm that may be inflicted on an

    innocent child by the "   situation"   created by the acts of the natural mother, the

     adoptive parents,"   the attorneys involved, and even the court.   The well-being of

    an innocent, two-year- old child, who had no part in creating this legal quagmire,

    should be paramount to any injustice caused by the actions of all of the involved

    named parties.

          Therefore, I dissent from ordering any arbitrary deadline on the return of

    custody of the minor child, but instead I would order that the trial court conduct

    any hearings or order the preparation of any reports necessary to ensure that

    A.G.B. will not suffer substantial harm as a result of returning her to her natural
mother.   See La. C. C. art. 133.   If the minor child can be safely returned to the

custody of the natural mother, the trial court should adopt a plan for A.G.B.' s

transfer that considers the relationship the child has with the prospective adoptive

parents, who have raised the child since birth, and the natural mother, with whom

the child has had no contact.   In order to accomplish this enormously important and

difficult transition, the trial court should strongly consider appointing a mental

health expert in accordance with La. R.S. 9: 331 to facilitate the transfer of custody.

Any party who disagrees with the trial court' s proposed plan, may seek review

from this court, which will then have the benefit of the facts and evidence

concerning the ability of the natural mother to care for the child and the best

method of transferring custody that will cause the least harm to an innocent, two-

year- old child.
       OLIVIA LYN BEAN AND                                                    2022 CW 0457
       TRESHAWN DARAIE DAVIS

       VERSUS                                                             FIRST CIRCUIT

       EMILY POUNDS AND
       REID POUNDS

       CONSOLIDATED WITH                                             COURT OF APPEAL

       IN RE: EMILY AND REID
       POUNDS

       APPLYING FOR PRIVATE
       ADOPTION [ OF A.G.B.]                                     STATE OF LOUISIANA

ZT o   WELCH, J.,     dissenting.

             I respectfully, but vehemently, disagree with the majority' s decision in this

       matter.
                 To order the immediate transfer of physical custody of a two-year old child

       from the Pounds, who have provided the only home the child has ever known, to

       Ms. Bean will be traumatic to the physical and mental well-being of the child, is

       clearly contrary to what is in the child' s immediate best interest, and, without the

       assistance of a mental health expert, is unconscionable.

             I recognize that Ms. Bean, the biological mother of the minor child, has a

       fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and control of her child and thus,

       the paramount or superior right to custody.           However, this fundamental liberty

       interest and paramount right of custody is not absolute; it must be balanced with

       considerations regarding the welfare and best interests of the child.       See Cook v.

       Sullivan, 2020- 01471 ( 9/ 30/ 21),   330 So. 3d 152, 158.    To that end, La. C. C. art.

       133 was adopted to provide that "[     i] f an award of joint custody or of sole custody

       to either parent would result in substantial harm to the child, the court shall award

       custody to another person with whom the child has been living in a wholesome and

                                               Page 1 of 2
stable environment, or otherwise to any other person able to provide an adequate

and   stable    environment."     Although "[ t] he words ` substantial harm'      carry no

magical     connotation," "`    substantial harm'   includes parental unfitness,   neglect,

abuse inability to provide a home, and abandonment of rights."          Cook, 330 So. 3d

at 158.

         The two-year old minor child in this matter has been in the care and custody

of Pounds since the day she was born, the child has known no other home during

her life, and she does not even know Ms. Bean or Mr. Davis.                These factual

circumstances are attributable to the acts of surrender for adoption executed by Ms.

Bean and Mr. Davis, although those surrenders have subsequently been determined

to be legally insufficient. While the majority opinion recognizes the difficulties

that will result from its order that custody be immediately transferred from the

Pounds to Ms. Bean and notes that the " regrettable situation could have been

avoided,"      this Court is not powerless to consider the welfare and best interest of

the child.     Notably, notwithstanding the adoption proceedings, there is a custody

proceeding pending before the trial court.          The welfare and best interest of the

child would be best served by allowing the trial court to decide custody, including

the applicability of La. C. C. art. 133 and the issue of whether any substantial harm

would result to the child, prior to transferring custody of the child to Ms. Bean.

         Furthermore,    if an award of custody in favor of Ms. Bean is ultimately

rendered and a transfer of custody becomes necessary, the assistance of a mental

health expert will be essential for the minor child' s physical and mental well-

being.    Therefore, in the event of such circumstances, I would order the trial court

to appoint a mental health expert, in accordance with La. R. S. 9: 331, to facilitate

any necessary transfer of custody and to assist with any adjustment issues.

         For these reasons, I dissent.

                                          Page 2 of 2
                                     STATE OF LOUISIANA

                                       COURT OF APPEAL

                                          FIRST CIRCUIT

                                         2022 CW 0457

                      OLIVIA LYN BEAN AND TRESHAWN DARAIE DAVIS

                                              VERSUS

                              EMILY POUNDS AND REID POUNDS

                                       Consolidated with

                                IN RE: EMILY AND REID POUNDS

                        APPLYING FOR PRIVATE ADOPTION [ OF A. G. B.]

PMC   McClendon, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.
  y
  PVThe minor child involved in this matter has been in the custody of Emily and

      Reid Pounds since her birth. To hurriedly transfer custody of the child to a new

      home without the assistance of a mental health expert would be, in my opinion,

      not in the best interest of the child. Therefore, I would suggest that the trial court

      appoint a mental health expert, in accordance with La. R. S. 9: 331, to assist in

      facilitating the transfer of custody.
           OLIVIA LYN BEAN AND                                                 FIRST CIRCUIT

           TRESHAWN DARAIE DAVIS

           VERSUS                                                        COURT OF APPEAL

           EMILY POUNDS AND REID                                      STATE OF LOUISIANA

           POUNDS
                                                                                  2022 CW 0457
           CONSOLIDATED WITH

           IN RE:    EMILY AND REID

           POUNDS APPLYING FOR
           PRIVATE ADOPTION [ OF A.G.B.]

WA(,       CHUTZ, J.,      dissenting.
       r
                  Since the custody hearing previously set for May 17, 2022, was continued

           on a joint motion for continuance, the issue of custody is still pending before the

           trial court.   I believe any order by this court to transfer custody of A.G.B. prior to

           the trial court making a custody determination following a hearing on the issue is

           premature.     Accordingly, I would deny the writ.