Court Opinion

ID: 4257371
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-03-22 20:00:32.267161+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:45:50.386740
License: Public Domain

FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                            MAR 22 2018
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

NORIK BARAKEZYAN, as an                          No.   16-56094
individual, on behalf of himself, all others
similarly situated, and the general public,      D.C. No.
                                                 2:16-cv-00173-SJO-GJS
              Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v.                                              MEMORANDUM*

BMW OF NORTH AMERICA, LLC, a
Delaware Limited Liability Company;
DOES, 1 through 100, inclusive,

              Defendants-Appellees.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Central District of California
                     S. James Otero, District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted February 13, 2018
                              Pasadena, California

Before: McKEOWN and WARDLAW, Circuit Judges, and QUIST,** District
Judge.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Gordon J. Quist, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Michigan, sitting by designation.
      Norik Barakezyan appeals the dismissal with prejudice of his class action

alleging that BMW’s carbon ceramic brakes (“CCBs”) were defective and thereby

breached BMW’s express warranty and the implied warranty of merchantibility,

and violated California’s Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”), California Business &

Professions Code section 17200. We review de novo, Mollett v. Netflix, Inc., 795
F.3d 1062, 1065 (9th Cir. 2015), and we reverse and remand for further

proceedings.

      1.       Barakezyan’s Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”) contains

adequate, plausible allegations that the CCB defect was a manufacturing defect and

thereby violated BMW’s express warranty. The fact that the SAC alleges that all

BMW CCBs exhibit the defect does not preclude the defect from being a

manufacturing defect—under California law a manufacturing defect encompasses

instances where products differ, even uniformly, from a manufacturer’s intended

result or design. Barker v. Lull Eng’g Co., 20 Cal. 3d 413, 429 (1978); see also

Escola v. Coca Cola Bottling Co., 24 Cal. 2d 453, 459 (1944); Garrett v.

Howmedica Osteonics Corp., 153 Cal. Rptr. 3d 693, 706–07 (Cal. Ct. App. 2013);

In re Coordinated Latex Glove Litig., 121 Cal. Rptr. 2d 301, 315 (Cal. Ct. App.

2002), as modified on denial of reh’g (July 15, 2002). The SAC meets that

standard by alleging that BMW’s CCBs have tension relief cracks, deviating from

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BMW’s design. And furthermore, the SAC does not allege an entirely uniform

CCB defect because it states that the defect manifests at different mileages,

temperatures, and severities—allegations which must be taken as true when

adjudicating a motion to dismiss.

      2.     Barakezyan’s Third Amended Complaint (“TAC”) sufficiently alleges

that the CCB defect constitutes a substantial safety hazard and thereby breaches the

implied warranty of merchantibility. See Mexia v. Rinker Boat Co., 95 Cal. Rptr.
3d 285, 289 (Cal. Ct. App. 2009). Taking the allegations as true, the CCBs, when

engaged, emit an extremely loud, long, high-pitched noise, which has, on

numerous occasions, distracted Barakezyan and other BMW drivers, as well as

nearby pedestrians. That, along with allegations that the noise is intermittent and

manifests at different mileages, meaning that the noise has the potential to surprise,

at least plausibly pleads a safety hazard, even if the danger is somewhat less than

that caused by a malfunctioning sunroof that opens on a highway and causes a

blizzard of papers. Cf. Brand v. Hyundai Motor Am., 173 Cal. Rptr. 3d 454, 459,

461 (Cal. Ct. App. 2014).1 Barakezyan need not wait for a dangerous situation to

occur to vindicate his right to a vehicle free of substantial safety hazards.

      1
         We also note that the district court cited no authority for the rule that noise
alone cannot constitute a safety hazard, and no such authority has been presented
or located on appeal.
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      3.     As BMW admits, because Barakezyan sufficiently pleaded violations

of express and implied warranties, he sufficiently pleaded a violation of the

unlawful prong of the UCL. Berryman v. Merit Prop. Mgmt., Inc., 62 Cal. Rptr. 3d
177, 185–86 (Cal. Ct. App. 2007). BMW also admitted at oral argument that, as

for the UCL’s fraudulent prong, sufficiently pleading a substantial safety hazard

caused by a defect for merchantibility is also sufficient under a duty to disclose

theory, as pleaded here.

      Finally, as for the UCL’s unfair prong, the TAC is sufficient under either

test. Taking the allegations as true, the CCB’s price premium, acquired through

failing to disclose a substantial safety hazard, is a substantial consumer injury.

That injury is not reasonably avoidable by consumers and there is no

countervailing benefit to consumers or competition by BMW failing to disclose its

allegedly defective and dangerously loud CCBs. See Daugherty v. Am. Honda

Motor Co., 51 Cal. Rptr. 3d 118, 130 (Cal. Ct. App. 2006), as modified (Nov. 8,

2006). And those same facts constitute an anticompetitive business practice

harmful to consumers. See Belton v. Comcast Cable Holdings, LLC, 60 Cal. Rptr.
3d 631, 640–41 (Cal. Ct. App. 2007). Since the TAC alleges that other CCB

manufacturers make non-defective CCBs, the fact that those manufacturers fail to

make a disclosure is irrelevant.

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REVERSED; REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS.

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